bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Can Local Governments Address Pandemic Inequities?
Authors: Deslatte Aaron , Hatch Megan E. , Stokan Eric 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCOVID‐19 is exposing a nexus between communities disproportionately suffering from underlying health conditions, policy‐reinforced disparities, and susceptibility to the disease. As the virus spreads, policy responses will need to shift from focusing on surveillance and mitigation to recovery and prevention. Local governments, with their histories of mutual aid and familiarity with local communities, are capable of meeting these challenges. However, funding must flow in a flexible enough fashion for local governments to tailor their efforts to preserve vital services and rebuild local economies. The authors argue that the Community Development Block Grant and the Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant programs are mechanisms for providing funds in a manner that is adaptable to local context while also focusing on increasing social equity. Administrators must emphasize the fourth pillar of public administration—social equity—in framing government responses to the pandemic.
Collecting text messages from college students: Evaluating a novel methodology
Authors: Hussong Andrea M. , Jensen Michaeline R. , Morgan Sarah , Poteat Jade 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSocial interaction, particularly in older adolescents, increasingly involves computer‐mediated communication. Although studies of public computer‐mediated communication are increasingly common, studies of private text messaging remain rare. As approaches for obtaining such data evolve with technological advances, developmental scientists need designs in which to use such approaches that reduce sampling biases in both participants and text messages. In this study (n = 854; 46% male; 22% African American, 60% European American), we examined selection biases in the participant sample (i.e., factors associated with actual participation), procedural biases in the participant sample (i.e., factors related to failed data capture due to technological or procedural issues), and selection biases in the sample of text messages (i.e., based on self‐reported reasons for texting). Findings from our study suggest that studying human interaction directly through analysis of text message data is not only feasible, but also may be successfully undertaken with minimal biases regarding sample selection and text message selection among those who are engaged in research and engaged in text messaging outside of the study context. However, biases may occur depending on the type of platform (iPhone vs. Android) used by participants for texting.
Englishes in the cityscape of Muscat
Authors: Tuzlukova Victoria , Mehta Sandhya Rao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the linguistic landscape in Muscat with specific reference to its public spaces as reflected in street signs and commercial signage. Based on the multilingual theories of Landry and Bourhis (1997) and Cenoz and Gorter (2006), it explores the various ways in which English is localized, re‐shaped, and recreated to fit into the multi‐ethnic social fabric of the city. As much research suggests, the more Arabized version of English has become increasingly popular in the cosmopolitan structure of the city, providing space for a language which is at once structurally imaginative and colloquially accessible. This aptly reflects a city that is commercially ambitious, has an international resident population, and is aspiring to be a tourist hub.
Limitations of Natural Gas Lean Burn Spark Ignition Engines Derived From Compression Ignition Engines
Authors: Liu Jinlong , Dumitrescu Cosmin Emil 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Converting existing diesel engines to the spark ignition (SI) operation can increase the utilization of natural gas (NG) in heavy-duty applications, which can reduce oil imports in the US and curtail greenhouse-gas emissions. The NG operation at lean-burn conditions was evaluated inside a retrofitted heavy-duty direct-injection compression-ignition (CI) engine, where the diesel injector was replaced with a high-energy spark plug and NG was mixed with air in the intake manifold. Steady-state engine experiments that changed combustion phasing were performed at 13.3 compression ratio, lean equivalence ratio, medium load, and low-speed conditions, fueled with pure methane as NG surrogate. Results suggested that NG combustion inside such retrofitted engines is different from that in conventional SI engines due to the geometric characteristics of the diesel combustion chamber. In detail, the different conditions inside the bowl and the squish partitioned the combustion process into two distinct events in terms of timing and location. Moreover, the squish region helped stabilize the extreme lean operation by creating a highly turbulent flow into the bowl during the compression stroke. However, combustion efficiency and unburned hydrocarbon emissions were significantly affected by the fuel fraction that burned inside the squish region under less than optimal conditions during the expansion stroke. As a result, despite the combustion phasing being the primary control of engine’s indicated thermal efficiency, the combustion strategy for CI engines converted to NG SI should optimize the slower burning inside the squish region.
Performance Analyses of Photovoltaic Thermal Integrated Concentrator Collector Combined With Single Effect Absorption Cooling Cycle: Constant Flow Rate Mode
Authors: Meraj Md. , Khan M.E. , Azhar Md. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the present communication, performance analyses of interconnected N number of fully covered semitransparent photovoltaic thermal integrated concentrator collectors combined with single effect vapor absorption refrigeration system have been carried out. The proposed system was analyzed under the constant mass flowrate of collectors’ fluid. Mathematical expressions have also been derived for generator temperature of the absorption unit as a function of both design and operating parameters. Further, simulations have been performed for a typical day of May month of New Delhi climatic conditions. Performance parameters have been evaluated such as collector exit temperature, generator inlet temperature, electrical power output, electrical efficiency, overall thermal energy gain, instantaneous thermal efficiency, overall exergy gain and coefficient of performance of the absorption system. The simulation code has been written in matlab. From the present analyses, the following salient conclusions have been drawn: Operating generator temperature of the absorption system is suitable for five number of photovoltaic thermal-integrated parabolic concentrator collector connected in series. The proposed system will continue operating for 5 h during May month in New Delhi climate conditions. The maximum solar coefficient of performance, refrigeration coefficient of performance, and exergy coefficient of performance are reported as 0.1551, 0.8344, and 0.2697, respectively, for the proposed novel system under given design and operating conditions. Additionally, the effects of other design parameters of this novel system have also been investigated.
Identification of Instantaneous Frequency and Damping From Transient Decay Data
Authors: Jin Mengshi , Chen Wei , Brake Matthew R. W. , Song Hanwen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Jointed interfaces, damage, wear, or non-idealized boundary conditions often introduce nonlinear characteristics to assembled structures. Consequently, extensive research has been carried out regarding nonlinear system identification. The development of nonlinear system identification is also enabling the intentional application of nonlinearities towards practical fields such as vibration control and energy harvesting. This research proposes a nonlinear identification procedure that consists of two steps: first, the raw data is filtered by the Double Reverse Multimodal Decomposition method that involves system reconstruction, expansion, and filtering twice. Second, the Peak Finding and Fitting method is applied to the filtered signal to extract the instantaneous amplitude and frequency. The identification procedure is applied to the measured responses from a jointed structure to assess its efficacy. The results are compared with those obtained from other well-known methods—the Hilbert transform and zero-crossing methods. The comparison results indicate that the Peaking Finding and Fitting method extracts the amplitude of the response signal more accurately. Consequently, this yields a higher signal-to-noise ratio in the extracted damping values. As a recommended last step, uncertainty assessment is conducted to calculate the 95% confidence intervals of the nonlinear properties of the system.
Indenter–Foam Dampers Inspired by Cartilage: Dynamic Mechanical Analyses and Design
Authors: Han Guebum , Boz Utku , Liu Lejie , Henak Corinne R. , Eriten Melih 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Articular cartilage is a thin layer of a solid matrix swollen by fluid, and it protects joints from damage via poroviscoelastic damping. Our previous experimental and simulation studies showed that cartilage-like poroviscoelastic damping could widen the range of damping methods in a low-frequency range (&lt;100 Hz). Thus, the current study aimed to realize cartilage-like damping capacity by single- and two-indenter–foam poroviscoelastic dampers in a low-frequency range. Multiple single-indenter–foam dampers were designed by combining foam sheets with different pore diameters and indenters with different radii. Their damping capacity was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis in a frequency range of 0.5–100 Hz. Single-indenter–foam dampers delivered peak damping frequencies that depended on the foam’s pore diameter and characteristic diffusion length (contact radii). Those dampers maximize the damping capacity at the desired frequency (narrowband performance). A mechanical model combined with simple scaling laws was shown to relate poroelasticity to the peak damping frequencies reasonably well. Finally, combinations of single-indenter–foam dampers were optimized to obtain a two-indenter–foam damper that delivered nearly rate-independent damping capacity within 0.5–100 Hz (broadband performance). These findings suggested that cartilage-like poroviscoelastic dampers can be an effective mean of passive damping for narrowband and broadband applications.
Accuracy of optical coherence tomography for diagnosing glaucoma: an overview
of systematic reviews
Authors: Michelessi Manuele , Li Tianjing , Miele Alba , Azuara-Blanco Augusto , Qureshi Riaz , Virgili Gianni 
Published: June 2020

Aims
To assess the diagnostic accuracy (DTA) of optical coherence tomography
(OCT) for detecting glaucoma by systematically searching and appraising
systematic reviews (SRs) on this issue.

Methods
We searched a database of SRs in eyes and vision maintained by the
Cochrane Eyes and Vision United States on the DTA of OCT for detecting
glaucoma. Two authors working independently screened the records, abstracted
data and assessed the risk of bias using the Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews
checklist. We extracted quantitative DTA estimates as well as qualitative
statements on their relevance to practice.

Results
We included four SRs published between 2015 and 2018. These SRs included
between 17 and 113 studies on OCT for glaucoma diagnosis. Two reviews were at
low risk of bias and the other two had two to four domains at high or unclear
risk of bias with concerns on applicability. The two reliable SRs reported the
accuracy of average retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness and found a
sensitivity of 0.69 (0.63 to 0.73) and 0.78 (0.74 to 0.83) and a specificity of
0.94 (0.93 to 0.95) and 0.93 (0.92 to 0.95) in 57 and 50 studies, respectively.
Only one review included a clear specification of the clinical pathway. Both
reviews highlighted the limitations of primary DTA studies on this
topic.

Conclusions
The quality of published DTA reviews on OCT for diagnosing glaucoma was
mixed. Two reliable SRs found moderate sensitivity at high specificity for
average RNFL thickness in diagnosing manifest glaucoma. Our overview suggests
that the methodological quality of both primary and secondary DTA research on
glaucoma is in need of improvement.
Distance travelled by military recruits during basic training is a significant risk factor for lower limb overuse injury
Authors: Whittle Richard S. 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionMilitary initial training results in a high incidence of lower limb overuse injuries (stress fractures and medial tibial stress syndrome). This study aimed to determine whether the distance travelled by recruits, both on and off duty, was a risk factor for overuse injury.Methods14 male airborne infantry recruits from three training platoons carried global positioning system receivers throughout the first 19 weeks of basic military training. Total distance travelled each day was recorded. This was compared with time of clinical manifestation of 52 lower limb overuse injuries (stress fractures and medial tibial stress syndrome) collected from the 276 airborne infantry recruits in the period immediately preceding the study.ResultsRecruits travelled significantly farther than the UK average male population in 17 of 18 measured weeks. Pearson correlation between distance travelled per week and injuries was not significant (p=0.4448); however, correlation between distance travelled per week and injuries two weeks later was significant (p=0.0263). A generalised linear model found distance travelled as a significant covariate (p=0.0144) to the expected number of injuries two weeks later.ConclusionRecruits travel long distances during basic training, particularly in the first few weeks when they are not yet conditioned. This distance travelled is likely a contributing risk factor to the high incidence of overuse injuries seen during training, and strategies to reduce this distance should be explored.
Killed in action (KIA): an analysis of military personnel who died of their injuries before reaching a definitive medical treatment facility in Afghanistan (2004–2014)
Authors: Webster Stacey , Barnard E B G , Smith J E , Marsden M E R , Wright C 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionThe majority of combat deaths occur before arrival at a medical treatment facility but no previous studies have comprehensively examined this phase of care.MethodsThe UK Joint Theatre Trauma Registry was used to identify all UK military personnel who died in Afghanistan (2004–2014). These data were linked to non-medical tactical and operational records to provide an accurate timeline of events. Cause of death was determined from records taken at postmortem review. The primary objective was to report time between injury and death in those killed in action (KIA); secondary objectives included: reporting mortality at key North Atlantic Treaty Organisation timelines (0, 10, 60, 120 min), comparison of temporal lethality for different anatomical injuries and analysing trends in the case fatality rate (CFR).Results2413 UK personnel were injured in Afghanistan from 2004 to 2014; 448 died, with a CFR of 18.6%. 390 (87.1%) of these died prehospital (n=348 KIA, n=42 killed non-enemy action). Complete data were available for n=303 (87.1%) KIA: median Injury Severity Score 75.0 (IQR 55.5–75.0). The predominant mechanisms were improvised explosive device (n=166, 54.8%) and gunshot wound (n=96, 31.7%).In the KIA cohort, the median time to death was 0.0 (IQR 0.0–21.8) min; 173 (57.1%) died immediately (0 min). At 10, 60 and 120 min post injury, 205 (67.7%), 277 (91.4%) and 300 (99.0%) casualties were dead, respectively. Whole body primary injury had the fastest mortality. Overall prehospital CFR improved throughout the period while in-hospital CFR remained constant.ConclusionOver two-thirds of KIA deaths occurred within 10 min of injury. Improvement in the CFR in Afghanistan was predominantly in the prehospital phase.
Occupational exposure to whole-body vibrations and pregnancy complications: a nationwide cohort study in Sweden
Authors: Skröder Helena , Pettersson Hans , Albin Maria , Gustavsson Per , Rylander Lars , Norlén Filip , Selander Jenny 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesPregnancy complications are common contributors to perinatal mortality and morbidity. Still, the cause(s) of gestational hypertensive disorders and diabetes are largely unknown. Some occupational exposures have been inconsistently associated with pregnancy complications, but exposure to whole-body vibrations (WBV) has been largely overlooked even though it has been associated with adverse birth outcomes. Therefore, the aim was to assess whether occupational WBV exposure during pregnancy is associated with pregnancy complications in a nationwide, prospective cohort study.MethodsThe Fetal Air Pollution Exposure cohort was formed by merging multiple Swedish, national registers containing information on occupation during pregnancy and diagnosis codes, and includes all working women who gave birth between 1994 and 2014 (n=1 091 044). WBV exposure was derived from a job-exposure matrix and was divided into categories (0, 0.1–0.2, 0.3–0.4 and ≥0.5 m/s2). ORs with 95% CIs were calculated using logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsAmong women working full time (n=646 490), we found increased risks of all pregnancy complications in the highest exposure group (≥0.5 m/s2), compared with the lowest. The adjusted ORs were 1.76 (95% CI 1.41 to 2.20), 1.55 (95% CI 1.26 to 1.91) and 1.62 (95% CI 1.07 to 2.46) for preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes, respectively, and were similar in all sensitivity analyses. There were no clear associations for part-time workers.ConclusionsThe results suggest that women should not be exposed to WBV at/above the action limit value of 0.5 m/s2(European directive) continuously through pregnancy. However, these results need further confirmation.
Updated constraints on superconducting cosmic strings from the astronomy of fast radio bursts
Authors: Imtiaz Batool , Shi Rui , Cai Yi-Fu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this article we update constraints on superconducting cosmic strings (SCSs) in the light of the recent observational developments of fast radio bursts (FRBs) astronomy. Assuming strings follow an exponential distribution characterized by a current, we show that two parameters in our context, which are the characteristic tension ($$G\mu $$Gμ) and a parameter which describes the aforementioned exponential distribution ($$I_c$$Ic), can be constrained by FRB experiments. Particularly, we investigate data sets from Parkes and ASKAP. We looked at a parameter space where $$G\mu \sim [10^{-17}, 10^{-12}]$$Gμ∼[10-17,10-12] and $$I_c\sim [10^{-1}, 10^{2}]$$Ic∼[10-1,102] GeV, and found our results show that Parkes jointly with ASKAP can constrain the parameter space for SCSs.
THE ORIGINS OF EXTREME WEALTH INEQUALITY IN THE TALENT VERSUS LUCK MODEL
Authors: CHALLET DAMIEN , PLUCHINO ALESSANDRO , BIONDO ALESSIO EMANUELE , RAPISARDA ANDREA 
Published: June 2020

While wealth distribution in the world is highly skewed and heavy-tailed, human talent — as the majority of individual features — is normally distributed. In a recent computational study by Pluchino et al. [Talent vs luck: The role of randomness in success and failure, Adv. Complex Syst. 21(03–04) (2018) 1850014], it has been shown that the combined effects of both random external factors (lucky and unlucky events) and multiplicative dynamics in capital accumulation are able to clarify this apparent contradiction. We introduce here a simplified version (STvL) of the original Talent versus Luck (TvL) model, where only lucky events are present, and verify that its dynamical rules lead to the same very large wealth inequality. We also derive some analytical approximations aimed to capture the mechanism responsible for the creation of such wealth inequality from a Gaussian-distributed talent. Under these approximations, our analysis is able to reproduce quite well the results of the numerical simulations of the simplified model in special cases. On the other hand, it also shows that the complexity of the model lies in the fact that lucky events are transformed into an increase of capital with heterogeneous rates, which yields a nontrivial generalization of the role of multiplicative processes in generating wealth inequality, whose fully generic case is still not amenable to analytical computations.
Fuzzy Numbers and Fractional Programming in Making Decisions
Authors: Stanojević Bogdana , Dzitac Simona , Dzitac Ioan 
Published: June 2020

This study surveys the use of fuzzy numbers in classic optimization models, and its effects on making decisions. In a wide sense, mathematical programming is a collection of tools used in mathematical optimization to make good decisions. There are many sectors of economy that employ it. Finance and government, logistics and manufacturing, the distribution of the electrical power are worth to be first mentioned. When real life problems are modeled mathematically, there is always a trade-off between model’s accuracy and complexity. By this survey, we aim to present in a concise form some mathematical models from the literature together with the methods to solve them. We will focus mainly on fuzzy fractional programming problems. We will also refer to but not describe in detail the multi-criteria decision-making problems involving fuzzy numbers and linear fractional programming models.
A TGFβ-Dependent Stromal Subset Underlies Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Efficacy in DNA Mismatch Repair–Deficient/Microsatellite Instability-High Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Endo Eisei , Okayama Hirokazu , Saito Katsuharu , Nakajima Shotaro , Yamada Leo , Ujiie Daisuke , Kase Koji , Fujita Shotaro , Endo Hisahito , Sakamoto Wataru , Saito Motonobu , Saze Zenichiro , Momma Tomoyuki , Ohki Shinji , Mimura Kosaku , Kono Koji 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Patients with DNA mismatch repair–deficient (dMMR)/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) colorectal cancer represent a biomarker-defined population with distinct clinicopathologic features who are susceptible to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). However, their survival outcomes vary considerably and nearly half of them exhibit primary resistance to current ICIs, suggesting substantial molecular heterogeneity even among tumors with dMMR/MSI-H. We conducted an extensive analysis of the tumor microenvironment (TME) using multiple transcriptomic, proteomic, and IHC cohorts of colorectal cancer, comprising 222 dMMR/MSI-H and 1440 MMR-proficient/microsatellite stable tumors. We developed a TGFβ-responsive stromal gene signature and then identified a unique poor prognostic subgroup of patients with dMMR/MSI-H colorectal cancers, characterized by the upregulation of transcriptional programs, including the TGFβ-rich active TME, angiogenesis, M2 macrophage polarization, and the extracellular matrix signature predictive of ICI resistance. The TGFβ-dependent stromal subset within dMMR/MSI-H tumors exhibiting poor survival outcomes was further recapitulated by proteomic datasets and IHC for VCAN protein expressed by cancer-associated fibroblasts. Meanwhile, this dMMR/MSI-H stromal subgroup was enriched neither with CD8+ T-cell infiltration nor common genomic alterations, such as mutation density and BRAF mutations, compared with dMMR/MSI-H tumors without TGFβ-dependent stromal activation. In conclusion, this study revealed a novel stromal subgroup of patients with dMMR/MSI-H colorectal cancer, demonstrating a TGFβ-rich tumor-promoting TME and unfavorable survival outcomes.

Implications:
Dual inhibition of immune checkpoints and TGFβ signaling may offer a promising strategy for these patients.