bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain cancer induces systemic immunosuppression through release of non-steroid soluble mediators
Authors: Ayasoufi Katayoun , Pfaller Christian K , Evgin Laura , Khadka Roman H , Tritz Zachariah P , Goddery Emma N , Fain Cori E , Yokanovich Lila T , Himes Benjamin T , Jin Fang , Zheng Jiaying , Schuelke Matthew R , Hansen Michael J , Tung Wesley , Parney Ian F , Pease Larry R , Vile Richard G , Johnson Aaron J 
Published: September 2020

AbstractImmunosuppression of unknown aetiology is a hallmark feature of glioblastoma and is characterized by decreased CD4 T-cell counts and downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II expression on peripheral blood monocytes in patients. This immunosuppression is a critical barrier to the successful development of immunotherapies for glioblastoma. We recapitulated the immunosuppression observed in glioblastoma patients in the C57BL/6 mouse and investigated the aetiology of low CD4 T-cell counts. We determined that thymic involution was a hallmark feature of immunosuppression in three distinct models of brain cancer, including mice harbouring GL261 glioma, B16 melanoma, and in a spontaneous model of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. In addition to thymic involution, we determined that tumour growth in the brain induced significant splenic involution, reductions in peripheral T cells, reduced MHC II expression on blood leucocytes, and a modest increase in bone marrow resident CD4 T cells. Using parabiosis we report that thymic involution, declines in peripheral T-cell counts, and reduced major histocompatibility complex class II expression levels were mediated through circulating blood-derived factors. Conversely, T-cell sequestration in the bone marrow was not governed through circulating factors. Serum isolated from glioma-bearing mice potently inhibited proliferation and functions of T cells both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the factor responsible for immunosuppression in serum is non-steroidal and of high molecular weight. Through further analysis of neurological disease models, we determined that the immunosuppression was not unique to cancer itself, but rather occurs in response to brain injury. Non-cancerous acute neurological insults also induced significant thymic involution and rendered serum immunosuppressive. Both thymic involution and serum-derived immunosuppression were reversible upon clearance of brain insults. These findings demonstrate that brain cancers cause multifaceted immunosuppression and pinpoint circulating factors as a target of intervention to restore immunity.
Reversal of Age-Related Neuronal Atrophy by α5-GABAA Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulation
Authors: Prevot Thomas D , Sumitomo Akiko , Tomoda Toshifumi , Knutson Daniel E , Li Guanguan , Mondal Prithu , Banasr Mounira , Cook James M , Sibille Etienne 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAging is associated with reduced brain volume, altered neural activity, and neuronal atrophy in cortical-like structures, comprising the frontal cortex and hippocampus, together contributing to cognitive impairments. Therapeutic efforts aimed at reversing these deficits have focused on excitatory or neurotrophic mechanisms, although recent findings show that reduced dendritic inhibition mediated by α5-subunit containing GABA-A receptors (α5-GABAA-Rs) occurs during aging and contributes to cognitive impairment. Here, we aimed to confirm the beneficial effect on working memory of augmenting α5-GABAA-R activity in old mice and tested its potential at reversing age-related neuronal atrophy. We show that GL-II-73, a novel ligand with positive allosteric modulatory activity at α5-GABAA-R (α5-PAM), increases dendritic branching complexity and spine numbers of cortical neurons in vitro. Using old mice, we confirm that α5-PAM reverses age-related working memory deficits and show that chronic treatment (3 months) significantly reverses age-related dendritic shrinkage and spine loss in frontal cortex and hippocampus. A subsequent 1-week treatment cessation (separate cohort) resulted in loss of efficacy on working memory but maintained morphological neurotrophic effects. Together, the results demonstrate the beneficial effect on working memory and neurotrophic efficacy of augmenting α5-GABAA-R function in old mice, suggesting symptomatic and disease-modifying potential in age-related brain disorders.
CRISPR/Cas 9-Mediated Mutations as a New Tool for Studying Taste in Honeybees
Authors: Değirmenci Laura , Geiger Dietmar , Rogé Ferreira Fábio Luiz , Keller Alexander , Krischke Beate , Beye Martin , Steffan-Dewenter Ingolf , Scheiner Ricarda 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHoneybees rely on nectar as their main source of carbohydrates. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose are the main components of plant nectars. Intriguingly, honeybees express only 3 putative sugar receptors (AmGr1, AmGr2, and AmGr3), which is in stark contrast to many other insects and vertebrates. The sugar receptors are only partially characterized. AmGr1 detects different sugars including sucrose and glucose. AmGr2 is assumed to act as a co-receptor only, while AmGr3 is assumedly a fructose receptor. We show that honeybee gustatory receptor AmGr3 is highly specialized for fructose perception when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. When we introduced nonsense mutations to the respective AmGr3 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 in eggs of female workers, the resulting mutants displayed almost a complete loss of responsiveness to fructose. In contrast, responses to sucrose were normal. Nonsense mutations introduced by CRISPR/Cas9 in honeybees can thus induce a measurable behavioral change and serve to characterize the function of taste receptors in vivo. CRISPR/Cas9 is an excellent novel tool for characterizing honeybee taste receptors in vivo. Biophysical receptor characterization in Xenopus oocytes and nonsense mutation of AmGr3 in honeybees unequivocally demonstrate that this receptor is highly specific for fructose.
Socio-Mediated Scandals: Theorizing Political Scandals in a Digital Media Environment
Authors: Zulli Diana 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPolitical scandals are a conspicuous characteristic of American democracy, and yet they have received little theoretical attention that might nuance our understanding of their nature and form. One key context yet to be extensively explored is digital technology and the enabling of vernacular discourses in the scandal narrative. Thus, this article develops a theoretical framework for studying political scandals in the digital age. I discuss this as a transformation from mediated scandals to socio-mediated scandals. Socio-mediated scandals: (a) reflect a more collaborative process, (b) are increasingly personalized, (c) are subject to amplified partisanship, and (d) are characterized by liveness, wherein scandals are quick, explosive, and then dissipate. The implications of this framework and opportunities for future research are discussed.
A case report: delayed right ventricular pericardial fistula and aneurysm following penetrating traumatic injury—a controversial aetiology
Authors: Steinmaurer Martina , Cupido Blanche , Hannington Matthew , Manganyi Rodgers 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Right ventricular aneurysms (RVAs) are rare. We present a case with a combined RVA and right ventricular pericardial fistula resulting in a pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. The RVA was detected 47 days after the patient suffered a gunshot wound. This report adds to the body of scarce literature on RVA aetiology, diagnoses, and treatment.

Case summary
A 30-year-old male patient presented with worsening respiratory distress over a 7-day period with clinical signs of cardiac tamponade following a history of a gunshot (with associated liver laceration, pulmonary embolism, right nephrectomy, and sepsis) 47 days prior. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a large circumferential pericardial effusion and an RVA. The patient was emergently taken for surgical repair of the RVA.

Discussion
Our case presents a delayed presentation of a gunshot heart and an aetiology with indications of and against a true aneurysm. It brings attention to possible complications of penetrating precordial injuries, with the need for consideration and possible evaluation at follow-up. The literature on the operative excision of RVA is reviewed and various aetiological factors and consequences are discussed.
Three broken vessels in a peripartum patient: a rare case report of spontaneous triple vessel coronary artery dissection
Authors: Lak Hassan , Rehman Karim Abdul , Jaber Wael A , Cho Leslie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is a frequently underdiagnosed entity that carries a significant risk of morbidity and mortality. Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is increasingly recognized as an important cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and, the majority of SCAD patients are young healthy women.

Case summary
A 23-year-old female G5P4 presented to the emergency room for severe sub-sternal chest pain, associated with shortness of breath. Past medical history was significant for pre-eclampsia. Initial electrocardiogram was remarkable for ST depressions in V5–V6 with inverted T waves to V1–V2. Troponin I was elevated to 1.13 ng/mL. Two-dimensional echo showed reduced left ventricular function with an ejection fraction of 40%. Cardiac catheterization showed triple vessel dissection involving the left main trunk extending into mid-left anterior descending and dissection extending from ostium of left circumflex artery into large first obtuse marginal branch. She was started on aspirin and heparin. After 48 h she was loaded with clopidogrel. Computed tomography angiography of head, neck, abdomen, and pelvis showed findings compatible with fibromuscular dysplasia. She was haemodynamically stable and symptom free and did not want surgery. She was recommended to continue dual antiplatelet therapy for 12 months and subsequently aspirin and beta blocker only lifelong.

Discussion
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare condition which is underdiagnosed. A thorough history and high degree of suspicion is required to diagnose in a timely manner and it should be high on differential in a postpartum female presenting with signs and symptoms of ACS.
On Financial Nationalism and International Law: Sovereignty, Cooperation and Hard/Soft Governance in International Finance
Authors: Borlini Leonardo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The prevailing view among legal scholars over the last decade is that international financial collaboration is a resolutely cooperative venture that cannot be reduced to the interests or relative power of individual states. Moving along this line, the book under review shows that the protection of financial nationalism contributes to the creation of global systemic risks. In this review essay, I discuss the three overarching themes addressed in the book – namely, the logic of financial nationalism, the role of soft and hard law in the international governance of finance and the related problem of compliance. International financial law is still emerging as a discipline and the issues under discussion are at the heart of the ongoing debate about how to devise adequate international structures and international norms to govern markets and control systemic risks in finance. Proceeding from a critical approach to the international law of finance, I analyse the book’s focus on financial nationalism and the limits of its juxtaposition with the economic logic of externalities; the case for strengthened formalization; and, finally, the extent to which the theoretical framework proposed in the book is relevant for rethinking the logic and prospect of compliance in international finance.
After Failure: American Foreign Policy at the End of the Post–Cold War Era
Authors: Ettinger Aaron 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe close of the Obama presidency prompted considerable thinking about the state of American foreign policy. With the election of Donald Trump, it appeared as if the United States and the world were on the brink of a new relationship. Decades-old language of American international leadership was replaced with a doctrine of America First. In other words, the post–Cold War era had come to an end. This review essay addresses five texts published at this inflection point in American foreign policy history, when the core assumptions are being challenged by domestic and global forces. It accounts for the parlous state of American foreign policy in the post–Cold War era, the causes of foreign policy failure, where the world might be heading, and what it means for American foreign policy scholarship.
A new species ofAkodonMeyen, 1833 (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) endemic from the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Brandão Marcus Vinicius , Percequillo Alexandre Reis , D’Elía Guillermo , Paresque Roberta , Carmignotto Ana Paula 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAkodon is the second most diverse genus of sigmodontine rodents, comprising 40 extant species. Widely distributed through different environments of South America, the genus ranges from forested to open-vegetation areas, from semiarid to mesic regions, and from Andean altitudes to the lowlands of eastern Brazil. In Brazil, most species are from the Atlantic Forest, inhabiting lowland and montane habitats, with a few taxa also present in areas transitional with the Cerrado and Pantanal. Based on an integrative approach of genetics (cytogenetic and molecular data) and morphology (qualitative and quantitative external and craniodental data), we present in this contribution the hypothesis of a new species of Akodon based on specimens collected in the southwestern limit of the Cerrado domain, in the seasonally dry forests of the Serra da Bodoquena, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The new species was recovered as a distinct lineage sister to Akodon philipmyersi, a poorly known species from the Northern Campos grasslands of Misiones Province, Argentina, and can be distinguished from its congeners by its karyotype (2n = 40, FN = 40), morphology (morphometric, pelage, and skull characters), as well as by its degree of genetic divergence (above 7.5% in Cytb sequences). This new species is endemic to the Cerrado, one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, and to Serra da Bodoquena, one of the top priority areas for conservation in Brazil. Moreover, the new species increases the number of lineages of Akodon in Brazil, emphasizing the richness and endemism currently found in the Cerrado domain, and the importance of the open formations to the diversification of Neotropical taxa.
Race, Ethnicity, and Clinical Outcomes in Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative, Node-Negative Breast Cancer in the Randomized TAILORx Trial
Authors: Albain Kathy S , Gray Robert J , Makower Della F , Faghih Amir , Hayes Daniel F , Geyer Charles E , Dees Elizabeth C , Goetz Matthew P , Olson John A , Lively Tracy , Badve Sunil S , Saphner Thomas J , Wagner Lynne I , Whelan Timothy J , Ellis Matthew J , Wood William C , Keane Maccon M , Gomez Henry L , Reddy Pavan S , Goggins Timothy F , Mayer Ingrid A , Brufsky Adam M , Toppmeyer Deborah L , Kaklamani Virginia G , Berenberg Jeffrey L , Abrams Jeffrey , Sledge George W , Sparano Joseph A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Black race is associated with worse outcomes in early breast cancer. We evaluated clinicopathologic characteristics, the 21-gene recurrence score (RS), treatment delivered, and clinical outcomes by race and ethnicity among women who participated in the Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment.

Methods
The association between clinical outcomes and race (White, Black, Asian, other or unknown) and ethnicity (Hispanic vs non-Hispanic) was examined using proportional hazards models. All P values are 2-sided.

Results
Of 9719 eligible women with hormone receptor–positive, HER2-negative, node-negative breast cancer, there were 8189 (84.3%) Whites, 693 (7.1%) Blacks, 405 (4.2%) Asians, and 432 (4.4%) with other or unknown race. Regarding ethnicity, 889 (9.1%) were Hispanic. There were no substantial differences in RS or ESR1, PGR, or HER2 RNA expression by race or ethnicity. After adjustment for other covariates, compared with White race, Black race was associated with higher distant recurrence rates (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.60, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.07 to 2.41) and worse overall survival in the RS 11-25 cohort (HR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.15) and entire population (HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.90). Hispanic ethnicity and Asian race were associated with better outcomes. There was no evidence of chemotherapy benefit for any racial or ethnic group in those with a RS of 11-25.

Conclusions
Black women had worse clinical outcomes despite similar 21-gene assay RS results and comparable systemic therapy in the Trial Assigning Individualized Options for Treatment. Similar to Whites, Black women did not benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy if the 21-gene RS was 11-25. Further research is required to elucidate the basis for this racial disparity in prognosis.
Disfiguring high-flow cervicofacial arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Nabawi Alaa , Abraham Nader , Nabawi Ayman 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are congenital vascular anomalies resulting from defects in angiogenesis. Approximately 40% of AVMs go undetected after birth and only experience the delayed clinical onset of symptoms in adulthood. AVMs are rare, representing only 1.5% of all vascular anomalies. The most common sites for the aberrant vascular nidus are the oral cavity and maxillofacial region, which represent 50% of the cases. AVMs are the most challenging and life-threatening form of vascular malformation. Exsanguination, thrombus detachment and embolization are the most hazardous operative risks. Small case series revealed a 75% recurrence rate during a 5-year follow-up, which adds another layer of complexity to their management. Large lesions in the head and neck cause deformation to the patient and present a challenge to the surgeon during their excision among vital structures and reconstruction of the 3D complex defects.
The Feminine Ending -at in Shammari Arabic: a Response to Marijn Van Putten
Authors: Alshammari Wafi Fhaid 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Attempting to interpret palatalization of the feminine marker -at to -ay in the Shammari dialect of Najd, Putten (2017) assumes that such change constitutes evidence that this dialect cannot be derived histori-cally from Classical Arabic, and that its development did not participate in the at &gt; ah change in all positions. In this response, I view this change to follow the same path Classical Arabic came across, but with an additional internal change peculiar to this variety. I argue for an intermediate stage of -at &gt; -ah &gt; -ay in the Shammari dialect of Najd. Therefore, I consider this phenomenon an initial stage of imāla (an incipient imāla) wherein palatalization diffuses within certain lexically-conditioned categories.
‘For all are born to the Ideal’: Joseph Joachim and Bettina von Arnim
Authors: Eshbach Robert Whitehouse 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Although Joseph Joachim came of age in the milieu of the German Romantic salon, his biographers have largely ignored the critical influence of women on his artistic development. Amongst Joachim’s many mentors, Bettina von Arnim’s sway over the young musician is difficult to overstate. Once an intimate friend of Goethe and Beethoven, Bettina was an ardent music lover and amateur composer with outspoken aesthetic views. Through her mentorship, Joseph was confirmed in the Romantic cult of Beethoven veneration that Bettina helped create, as well as in Kunstreligion—the sacralization of art—as practiced in the Arnim household. Significantly, Bettina also helped influence Joachim away from Franz Liszt, whom she had at first revered, but with whom she quarreled. Using many hitherto unpublished sources, this article explores the influence that Bettina had on the young Joachim, and through him on conflicts and attitudes toward music current in the long nineteenth century.
Deuterium fractionation of nitrogen hydrides: detections of NHD and ND2
Authors: Bacmann A , Faure A , Hily-Blant P , Kobayashi K , Ozeki H , Yamamoto S , Pagani L , Lique F 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Although ammonia is an abundant molecule commonly observed towards the dense interstellar medium, it has not yet been established whether its main formation route is from gas-phase ion–molecule reactions or grain-surface hydrogen additions on adsorbed nitrogen atoms. Deuterium fractionation can be used as a tool to constrain formation mechanisms. High abundances of deuterated molecules are routinely observed in the dense interstellar medium, with the ratio between deuterated molecules and the main isotopologue enhanced by several orders of magnitude with respect to the elemental D/H ratio. In the case of ammonia, the detection of its triply deuterated isotopologue hints at high abundances of the deuterated intermediate nitrogen radicals, ND, NHD, and ND2. So far however, only ND has been detected in the interstellar medium. In this paper, to constrain the formation of ammonia, we aim at determining the NHD/NH2 and ND2/NHD abundance ratios, and compare them with the predictions of both pure gas-phase and grain-surface chemical models. We searched for the fundamental rotational transitions of NHD and ND2 towards the class 0 protostar IRAS16293−2422, towards which NH, NH2 and ND had been previously detected. Both NHD and ND2 are detected in absorption towards the source. The relative abundance ratios NH2:NHD:ND2 are close to 8:4:1. These ratios can be reproduced by our gas-phase chemical model within a factor of 2–3. Statistical ratios as expected from grain-surface chemistry are also consistent with our data. Further investigations of the ortho-to-para ratio in ND2 , both theoretical and observational, could bring new constraints to better understand nitrogen hydride chemistry.
Ly α forest power spectrum as an emerging window into the epoch of reionization and cosmic dawn
Authors: Montero-Camacho Paulo , Mao Yi 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Conventional wisdom was that thermal relics from the epoch of reionization (EOR) would vanish swiftly. Recently, however, it was shown that these relics can survive to lower redshifts (z ∼ 2) than previously thought, due to gas at mean density being heated to T ∼ 3 × 104 K by reionization, which is inhomogeneous, and shocks. Given the high sensitivities of upcoming Ly α forest surveys, this effect will be a novel broad-band systematic for cosmological application. From the astrophysical point of view, however, the imprint of inhomogeneous reionization can shed light on the EOR and cosmic dawn. We utilize a hybrid method – which includes two different simulation codes capable of handling the huge dynamical range – to show the impact of patchy reionization on the Ly α forest and its dependence on different astrophysical scenarios. We found statistically significant deviations in the 1D Lyαpower spectrum at k = 0.14 cMpc−1 that range from $\sim \! 1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at z = 2 up to almost $\sim \! 20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at z = 4. The deviations in the 3D Ly α power spectrum, at the same wavenumber, are large and range from a few per cent at z = 2 up to $\sim \! 50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ at z = 4, although these deviations ignore the effect of He ii reionization and active galactic nucleus feedback at z &lt; 4. By exploiting different k-dependence of power spectrum among various astrophysical scenarios, the effect of patchy reionization on the Ly α forest power spectrum can open a new window into cosmic reionization and possibly cosmic dawn.