bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data‐Informed Design: A Call for Theory
Authors: Kvan Thomas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe future of urban design is implicitly connected with datasets. Thomas Kvan, founding director of AURIN, a national digital infrastructure to support urban research, and Professor of Architecture at the University of Melbourne, argues that architects have already lost ground to data scientists in this respect. The architectural profession and its education system must embrace urban data analysis as input for urban and building design of the future.
Design Principles for Aqueous Interactive Materials: Lessons from Small Molecules and Stimuli‐Responsive Systems
Authors: McCune Jade A. , Mommer Stefan , Parkins Christopher C. , Scherman Oren A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractInteractive materials are at the forefront of current materials research with few examples in the literature. Researchers are inspired by nature to develop materials that can modulate and adapt their behavior in accordance with their surroundings. Stimuli‐responsive systems have been developed over the past decades which, although often described as “smart,” lack the ability to act autonomously. Nevertheless, these systems attract attention on account of the resultant materials' ability to change their properties in a predicable manner. These materials find application in a plethora of areas including drug delivery, artificial muscles, etc. Stimuli‐responsive materials are serving as the precursors for next‐generation interactive materials. Interest in these systems has resulted in a library of well‐developed chemical motifs; however, there is a fundamental gap between stimuli‐responsive and interactive materials. In this perspective, current state‐of‐the‐art stimuli‐responsive materials are outlined with a specific emphasis on aqueous macroscopic interactive materials. Compartmentalization, critical for achieving interactivity, relies on hydrophobic, hydrophilic, supramolecular, and ionic interactions, which are commonly present in aqueous systems and enable complex self‐assembly processes. Relevant examples of aqueous interactive materials that do exist are given, and design principles to realize the next generation of materials with embedded autonomous function are suggested.
Single‐Junction Organic Photovoltaic Cells with Approaching 18% Efficiency
Authors: Cui Yong , Yao Huifeng , Zhang Jianqi , Xian Kaihu , Zhang Tao , Hong Ling , Wang Yuming , Xu Ye , Ma Kangqiao , An Cunbin , He Chang , Wei Zhixiang , Gao Feng , Hou Jianhui 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOptimizing the molecular structures of organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials is one of the most effective methods to boost power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). For an excellent molecular system with a certain conjugated skeleton, fine tuning the alky chains is of considerable significance to fully explore its photovoltaic potential. In this work, the optimization of alkyl chains is performed on a chlorinated nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) named BTP‐4Cl‐BO (a Y6 derivative) and very impressive photovoltaic parameters in OPV cells are obtained. To get more ordered intermolecular packing, the n‐undecyl is shortened at the edge of BTP‐eC11 to n‐nonyl and n‐heptyl. As a result, the NFAs of BTP‐eC9 and BTP‐eC7 are synthesized. The BTP‐eC7 shows relatively poor solubility and thus limits its application in device fabrication. Fortunately, the BTP‐eC9 possesses good solubility and, at the same time, enhanced electron transport property than BTP‐eC11. Significantly, due to the simultaneously enhanced short‐circuit current density and fill factor, the BTP‐eC9‐based single‐junction OPV cells record a maximum PCE of 17.8% and get a certified value of 17.3%. These results demonstrate that minimizing the alkyl chains to get suitable solubility and enhanced intermolecular packing has a great potential in further improving its photovoltaic performance.
A Bioinspired Hierarchical Underwater Superoleophobic Surface with Reversible pH Response
Authors: Huang Xia , Mutlu Hatice , Theato Patrick 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe development of oil‐repellent surfaces in liquid environments has received considerable attention because of the urgent demand for antifouling coatings in marine industry. Inspired by the unique nanostructure surface of filefish scale, hierarchical films that consist of poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) free standing micropillars grafted with pH responsive poly(methacrylic acid) nanobrushes are fabricated by anodic aluminum oxide templating method combined with a subsequent post‐polymerization modification strategy. The obtained films exhibit constantly underwater superoleophobicity, furthermore, a pH sensitive functionality, which enables reversible switching between low and high oil adhesion as a result of the adjustable oil sliding angle. This particular study provides a very mild method for the facile fabrication of bioinspired nanostructures with excellent oil‐repellent performance and switchable oil‐adhesion properties, thus paving the way toward novel functional materials with smart structures for promising applications, such as smart microfluidics, controllable bioadhesion, and intelligent materials for oil removal treatment and marine antifouling.
Dielectric Microsphere Coupled to a Plasmonic Nanowire: A Self‐Assembled Hybrid Optical Antenna
Authors: Tiwari Sunny , Taneja Chetna , Sharma Vandana , Vasista Adarsh Bhaskar , Paul Diptabrata , Pavan Kumar G. V. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHybrid mesoscale structures that can combine dielectric optical resonances with plasmon‐polariton waves are of interest in chip‐scale nano‐optical communication and sensing. This experimental study shows how a fluorescent microsphere coupled to a silver nanowire can act as a remotely excited optical antenna. To realize this architecture, self‐assembly methodology is used to couple a fluorescent silica microsphere to a single silver nanowire. By exciting propagating surface plasmon polaritons at one end of the nanowire, remote excitation of the Stokes‐shifted whispering gallery modes (WGMs) of the microsphere is achieved. The WGM‐mediated fluorescence emission from the system is studied using Fourier plane optical microscopy, and the polar and azimuthal emission angles of the antenna are quantified. Interestingly, the thickness of the silver nanowires is shown to have direct ramification on the angular emission pattern, thus providing a design parameter to tune antenna characteristics. Furthermore, by employing 3D numerical simulations, electric near‐field of the gap junction between the microsphere and the nanowire is simulated and is transformed into far field. This work provides a self‐assembled optical antenna that combines dielectric optical resonances with propagating plasmons and can be harnessed in hybrid nonlinear nanophotonics and single‐molecule remote sensing.
Hybrid Membranes Dispersed with Superhydrophilic TiO2 Nanotubes Toward Ultra‐Stable and High‐Performance Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Ye Jiaye , Zhao Xiaoli , Ma Yanlong , Su Jun , Xiang Chengjie , Zhao Kaiqi , Ding Mei , Jia Chuankun , Sun Lidong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is a large‐scale energy storage technique and has been regarded as a promising candidate to integrate intermittent renewable energy with the grid. Its long‐term stability has so far been limited by the core component, an ion exchange membrane with low ion selectivity. Here a hybrid membrane with superhydrophilic TiO2 nanotubes dispersed in a Nafion matrix is reported. The VRFB single cell with the hybrid membrane exhibits an impressive performance with high coulombic efficiency (CE, ≈98.3%) and outstanding energy efficiency (EE, ≈84.4%) at 120 mA cm−2, which is higher than that of the commercial Nafion 212 membrane (CE, ≈94.5%; EE, ≈79.2%). More importantly, the cell maintains a discharge capacity of ≈55.7% after 1400 cycles (over 518 h), in obvious contrast to that of ≈20% after only 410 cycles for the one using commercial Nafion 212. This is attributed to the high ion selectivity of the hybrid membrane, because of, 1) the blocked and elongated ion diffusion pathway induced by the dispersed nanotubes and 2) binding and alignment of the sulfonic acid groups on nanotube surface. The high‐performance membranes may also find important applications in other fields, such as fuel cells, dialytic batteries, and water treatment.
Optimization of food deprivation and sucrose preference test in SD rat model undergoing chronic unpredictable mild stress
Authors: He Li‐Wen , Zeng Li , Tian Na , Li Yi , He Tong , Tan Dong‐Mei , Zhang Qian , Tan Yi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model has long been considered the best model for exploring the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying depression. However, there are no widely recognised standards for strategies for modeling and for behavioral testing. The present study aimed to optimize the protocols for food deprivation and the sucrose preference test (SPT) for the CUMS model.MethodsWe first evaluated the effects of different long periods of food deprivation on the body weight of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by testing food deprivation for 24 hours (8:00‐8:00+), food deprivation for 12 hours during the daytime (8:00‐20:00) and food deprivation for 12 hours at night (20:00‐8:00+). Next, we established a SD rat CUMS model with 15 different stimulations, and used body weight measurement, SPT, forced swim test (FST), open field test (OFT) and Morris water maze (MWM) test to verify the success of the modeling. In the SPT, consumption of sucrose and pure water within 1 and 12 hours was measured.ResultsTwelve hours of food deprivation during the daytime (8:00‐20:00) had no effect on body weight, while 12 hours of food deprivation at night (20:00‐8:00+) and 24 hours of food deprivation (8:00‐8:00+) significantly reduced the mean body weight of the SD rats. When SPT was used to verify the successful establishment of the CUMS rat model, sucrose consumption measured within 12 hours was less variable than that measured within 1 hour.ConclusionsTwelve hours of food deprivation in the daytime (8:00‐20:00) may be considered a mild stimulus for the establishment of a CUMS rat model. Measuring sucrose consumption over 12 hours is recommended for SPT.
Why Is AUG the Start Codon?
Authors: Demongeot Jacques , Seligmann Hervé 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe rational design of theoretical minimal RNA rings predetermines AUG as the universal start codon. This design maximizes coded amino acid diversity over minimal sequence length, defining in silico theoretical minimal RNA rings, candidate ancestral genes. RNA rings code for 21 amino acids and a stop codon after three consecutive translation rounds, and form a degradation‐delaying stem‐loop hairpin. Twenty‐five RNA rings match these constraints, ten start with the universal initiation codon AUG. No first codon bias exists among remaining RNA rings. RNA ring design predetermines AUG as initiation codon. This is the only explanation yet for AUG as start codon. RNA ring design determines additional RNA ring gene‐ and tRNA‐like properties described previously, because it presumably mimics constraints on life's primordial RNAs.
An undergraduate course on model‐based system engineering for embedded systems
Authors: Rashid Muhammad 
Published: March 2020

AbstractModel‐based system engineering (MBSE) is becoming an industrial standard to design embedded systems. Therefore, its integration in electrical and computer engineering education is critical. This article presents an undergraduate course on MBSE for embedded systems through the formulation of course learning outcomes, identification of the course contents, and the construction of a holistic view for the contents. The holistic view of the course binds the contents by providing the modeling methodology, the transformation engine, and the simulation environment of an end‐to‐end framework. Furthermore, students obtain integrated design experience, through problem‐based learning, using three case studies. Assessment through quantitative evaluation and students' feedback show the viability of the presented course.
Nitroreductase‐Mediated Release of Inhibitors of Lysine‐Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) from Prodrugs in Transfected Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Cells
Authors: Herrlinger Eva‐Maria , Hau Mirjam , Redhaber Desiree Melanie , Greve Gabriele , Willmann Dominica , Steimle Simon , Müller Michael , Lübbert Michael , Miething Christoph Cornelius , Schüle Roland , Jung Manfred 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLysine‐specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) has evolved as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment, especially in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). To approach the challenge of site‐specific LSD1 inhibition, we developed an enzyme‐prodrug system with the bacterial nitroreductase NfsB (NTR) that was expressed in the virally transfected AML cell line THP1‐NTR+. The cellular activity of the NTR was proven with a new luminescent NTR probe. We synthesised a diverse set of nitroaromatic prodrugs that by design do not affect LSD1 and are reduced by the NTR to release an active LSD1 inhibitor. The emerging side products were differentially analysed using negative controls, thereby revealing cytotoxic effects. The 2‐nitroimidazolyl prodrug of a potent LSD1 inhibitor emerged as one of the best prodrug candidates with a pronounced selectivity window between wild‐type and transfected THP1 cells. Our prodrugs are selectively activated and release the LSD1 inhibitor locally, proving their suitability for future targeting approaches.
Thrombotic Microangiopathy in Interferon‐beta‐Treated Multiple Sclerosis Patient
Authors: Malekzadeh Masoud Mohammad , Alizadeh Reza , Aghsaeifard Ziba , Sahraian Mohammad Ali 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA 43‐year‐old man who was treated with interferon‐beta for multiple sclerosis was presented with hypertension, headache, nausea/vomiting, blurred vision, and renal dysfunction. The treatment with drugs and dialysis relieved the symptoms. Despite plasmapheresis is known to cause improvement in renal function, no such improvement was seen in patient.
Direct‐Contact Heat Transfer during n‐Pentane Vaporization in a Two‐Dimensional Water Column
Authors: Fu Hailing , Ma Lianjie , Wang Haiyan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDirect‐contact vaporization heat transfer is investigated by analyzing the heat transfer coefficient with the area of liquid‐liquid direct‐contact interface. The interface areas of liquid‐liquid heat transfer are determined by stroboscopic images. At higher temperature, the heat transfer area per unit volume decreases. The water temperature has no significant influence on the heat transfer coefficient. The effects on droplet size distributions of operating variables including inlet water temperature, n‐pentane flow rate, and test position with packing and without packing are compared.
Performance Modelling of the Bioelectrochemical Glycerol Oxidation by a Co‐Culture of Geobacter Sulfurreducens and Raoultella Electrica
Authors: Kubannek Fabian , Thiel Simone , Bunk Boyke , Huber Katharina , Overmann Jörg , Krewer Ulrike , Biedendieck Rebekka , Jahn Dieter 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAn effectively operating microbial electrolysis cell requires an inexpensive electron donor in combination with a defined and stable electron‐transferring microbial community. Here, a defined co‐culture of Raoultella electrica and Geobacter sulfurreducens was established to generate current during glycerol oxidation. Maximum current densities of 0.20 mA cm−2 and coulombic efficiencies of 21 % were achieved. Glycerol metabolization into acetate by R. electrica and further acetate utilization by the current‐producing G. sulfurreducens were detected. Based on these observations, a physico‐chemical model was established and used to describe quantitatively the relationships between current density, metabolite concentrations and bacterial growth. The competition for acetate between G. sulfurreducens and R. electrica was identified as the major limitation of the system. This detailed quantitative understanding of the physiological interactions opens the door for target‐oriented genetic engineering of the microbes.
Liquid‐Phase Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanostructured Materials and Their Applications
Authors: Li Heng , Zhu Ying‐Jie 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOwing to their high natural abundance, low cost, easy availability, and excellent magnetic properties, considerable interest has been devoted to the synthesis and applications of iron oxide nanostructured materials. Liquid‐phase synthesis methods are economical and environmentally friendly with low energy consumption and volatile emissions, and as such have received much attention for the preparation of iron oxide nanostructured materials. Herein, the liquid‐phase synthesis methods of iron oxide nanostructured materials including the co‐precipitation method, microemulsion method, conventional hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, microwave‐assisted heating method, sonolysis method, and other methods are summarized and reviewed. Many iron oxide nanostructured materials, self‐assembled nanostructures, and nanocomposites have been successfully prepared, which are of great significance to enhance their structure‐dependent properties and applications. The specific roles of liquid‐phase chemical reaction parameters in regulating the chemical composition, structure, crystallinity, morphology, particle size, and dispersive behavior of the as‐prepared iron oxide nanostructured materials are emphasized. The biomedical, environmental, and electrochemical energy storage applications of iron oxide nanostructured materials are discussed. Finally, challenges and perspectives are proposed for future investigations on the liquid‐phase synthesis and applications of iron oxide nanostructured materials.
Developing Wide Bandgap Polymers Based on Sole Benzodithiophene Units for Efficient Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Xiaopeng , Lee Young Woong , Woo Han Young , Li Ying , Peng Qiang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this work, a series of sole benzodithiophene‐based wide band gap polymer donors, namely PBDTT, PBDTS, PBDTF and PBDTCl, were developed for efficient polymer solar cells (PSCs) by varying the heteroatoms into the conjugated side chains. The effects of sulfuration, fluorination and chlorination were also investigated systematically on the overall properties of these BDT‐based polymers. The HOMO levels could be lowered gradually by introducing sulfur, fluorine and chlorine atoms into the side chains, which contributed to the stepwise increased Voc (from 0.78 V to 0.84 V) in the related PSCs using Y6 as the electron acceptor. This side‐chain engineering strategy could promote the polymer chain interactions and fine‐tune the phase separation of active blends, leading to enhanced absorption, ordered molecular packing and crystallinity. Among them, the chlorinated PBDTCl exhibited not only high level absorption and crystallinity, but also the most balanced hole/electron charge transport and the most optimized morphology, giving rise to the best PCE of 13.46 % with a Voc of 0.84 V, a Jsc of 23.16 mA cm−2 and an FF of 69.2 %. The chlorination strategy afforded PBDTCl synthetic simplicity but high efficiency, showing its promising photovoltaic applications for realizing low‐cost practical PSCs in near future.
Hit to Leads with Cytotoxic Effect in Leukemic Cells: Total Synthesis Intermediates as a Molecule Treasure Chest
Authors: Bjørsvik Hans‐René , Gjertsen Bjørn Tore , Elumalai Vijayaragavan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA previously designed and developed 12‐step total synthesis that includes [1,1′‐biphenyl]‐2‐amine and carbazole intermediates and that ultimately produces the carbazole alkaloid carbazomycin G was exploited as a screening compound library with the goal of identifying potential lead compound(s) with cytotoxic effect. These compounds were investigated by using in‐vitro tests involving the two human cell lines HL‐60 and MOLM‐13, which both model acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). The in‐vitro biological test results were used together with the molecular structures of the various intermediates in a concise SAR analysis. Several of the intermediates revealed cytotoxicity (IC50<10−4 M), although the final natural product carbazomycin G did not reveal cytotoxicity versus the two said human cell lines.
Current applications of molecular testing on body cavity fluids
Authors: Pinto Daniel , Schmitt Fernando 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionEffusion cytology has a high sensitivity for the diagnosis of malignancy and provides abundant material for molecular testing. Effusion draining is a minimally invasive procedure with few complications.Materials and methodsWe performed a review of publications regarding the use of molecular testing in serous effusions.ResultsIn diagnostics, BAP‐1 IHC and CDKN2A FISH are powerful tools for the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma. FISH, PCR, and EBER‐ISH work well in lymphomas. RT‐PCR may enhance the diagnosis of secondary epithelial malignancies. In theranostics, molecular testing on serous effusions is widely reported for the detection of alterations in genes related to lung carcinomas, such as EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and BRAF. PD‐L1 expression testing by immunohistochemistry (IHC) also seems to be viable in this type of sample. HER2 FISH and IHC provide actionable results in the context of breast malignancies. Results in serous effusions seem to be equivalent to tissue biopsies for most applications and across different molecular techniques. The most interesting technology is next‐generation sequencing (NGS), given its ability to sequence multiple genes on a single sample and the decreasing costs that have closely followed increasing throughputs. Cell‐free DNA from effusion supernatants might be the most promising area for future research, showing superiority to serum and even to cell‐block samples in limited studies.ConclusionsMolecular tests are viable in serous effusion specimens when sufficient material is available. Given the rising importance of molecular testing we expect this to be an active field of research in the near future.
COVID‐19 treatment by repurposing drugs until the vaccine is in sight
Authors: Phadke Mrudula , Saunik Sujata 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCorona virus disease (COVID‐19) has created pandemic in the world as declared by WHO on March 12, 2020. It is a viral disease caused by SARS‐CoV 2 virus and has affected large populations in over 120 countries. There is no specific treatment available and management is empirical. Until such time that an effective vaccine is available for COVID‐19 viral infection, one can repurpose known therapeutic drug molecules such as angiotensin receptor 2 blocker, a commonly used antihypertensive drug, to control COVID‐19 virus from gaining entry into the host cell by blocking the angiotensin receptor. Clinical trials should also be undertaken to use statins, which are lipid‐lowering drugs but have anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties to prevent acute lung injury in COVID‐19 infection.