bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Charge-exchange emission and cold clumps in multiphase galactic outflows
Authors: Wu Kinwah , Li Kaye Jiale , Owen Ellis R , Ji Li , Zhang Shuinai , Branduardi-Raymont Graziella 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTLarge-scale outflows from starburst galaxies are multiphase, multicomponent fluids. Charge-exchange lines that originate from the interfacing surface between the neutral and ionized components are a useful diagnostic of the cold dense structures in the galactic outflow. From the charge-exchange lines observed in the nearby starburst galaxy M82, we conduct surface-to-volume analyses and deduce that the cold dense clumps in its galactic outflow have flattened shapes, resembling a hamburger or a pancake morphology rather than elongated shapes. The observed filamentary H α features are therefore not prime charge-exchange line emitters. They are stripped material torn from the slow-moving dense clumps by the faster moving ionized fluid, which are subsequently warmed and stretched into elongated shapes. Our findings are consistent with numerical simulations that have shown that cold dense clumps in galactic outflows can be compressed by ram pressure, and also progressively ablated and stripped before complete disintegration. We have shown that some clumps could survive their passage along a galactic outflow. These are advected into the circumgalactic environment, where their remnants would seed condensation of the circumgalactic medium to form new clumps. The infall of these new clumps back into the galaxy and their subsequent re-entrainment into the galactic outflow form a loop process of galactic material recycling.
A model for core formation in dark matter haloes and ultra-diffuse galaxies by outflow episodes
Authors: Freundlich Jonathan , Dekel Avishai , Jiang Fangzhou , Ishai Guy , Cornuault Nicolas , Lapiner Sharon , Dutton Aaron A , Macciò Andrea V 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
We present a simple model for the response of a dissipationless spherical system to an instantaneous mass change at its centre, describing the formation of flat cores in dark matter haloes and ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs) from feedback-driven outflow episodes in a specific mass range. This model generalizes an earlier simplified analysis of an isolated shell into a system with continuous density, velocity, and potential profiles. The response is divided into an instantaneous change of potential at constant velocities due to a given mass-loss or mass-gain, followed by energy-conserving relaxation to a new Jeans equilibrium. The halo profile is modelled by a two-parameter function with a variable inner slope and an analytic potential profile, which enables determining the associated kinetic energy at equilibrium. The model is tested against NIHAO cosmological zoom-in simulations, where it successfully predicts the evolution of the inner dark matter profile between successive snapshots in about 75 per cent of the cases, failing mainly in merger situations. This model provides a simple understanding of the formation of dark matter halo cores and UDGs by supernova-driven outflows, and a useful analytic tool for studying such processes.
Cosmological constraints from cosmic shear two-point correlation functions with HSC survey first-year data
Authors: Hamana Takashi , Shirasaki Masato , Miyazaki Satoshi , Hikage Chiaki , Oguri Masamune , More Surhud , Armstrong Robert , Leauthaud Alexie , Mandelbaum Rachel , Miyatake Hironao , Nishizawa Atsushi J , Simet Melanie , Takada Masahiro , Aihara Hiroaki , Bosch James , Komiyama Yutaka , Lupton Robert , Murayama Hitoshi , Strauss Michael A , Tanaka Masayuki 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We present measurements of cosmic shear two-point correlation functions (TPCFs) from Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC) first-year data, and derive cosmological constraints based on a blind analysis. The HSC first-year shape catalog is divided into four tomographic redshift bins ranging from $z=0.3$ to 1.5 with equal widths of $\Delta z =0.3$. The unweighted galaxy number densities in each tomographic bin are 5.9, 5.9, 4.3, and $2.4\:$arcmin$^{-2}$ from the lowest to highest redshifts, respectively. We adopt the standard TPCF estimators, $\xi _\pm$, for our cosmological analysis, given that we find no evidence of significant B-mode shear. The TPCFs are detected at high significance for all 10 combinations of auto- and cross-tomographic bins over a wide angular range, yielding a total signal-to-noise ratio of 19 in the angular ranges adopted in the cosmological analysis, $7^{\prime }&lt;\theta &lt;56^{\prime }$ for $\xi _+$ and $28^{\prime }&lt;\theta &lt;178^{\prime }$ for $\xi _-$. We perform the standard Bayesian likelihood analysis for cosmological inference from the measured cosmic shear TPCFs, including contributions from intrinsic alignment of galaxies as well as systematic effects from PSF model errors, shear calibration uncertainty, and source redshift distribution errors. We adopt a covariance matrix derived from realistic mock catalogs constructed from full-sky gravitational lensing simulations that fully account for survey geometry and measurement noise. For a flat $\Lambda$ cold dark matter model, we find $S\,_8 \equiv \sigma _8\sqrt{\Omega _{\rm m}/0.3}=0.804_{-0.029}^{+0.032}$, and $\Omega _{\rm m}=0.346_{-0.100}^{+0.052}$. We carefully check the robustness of the cosmological results against astrophysical modeling uncertainties and systematic uncertainties in measurements, and find that none of them has a significant impact on the cosmological constraints.
Gender diversity training in Canadian paediatric postgraduate medical education: A needs assessment survey
Authors: Marr Alexa , Tang Ken , Feder Stephen H , Khatchadourian Karine , Lawson Margaret L , Robinson Amy 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Objectives
Evaluate the current state of postgraduate medical education on gender diversity in Canadian paediatric residency programs, exploring both resident and program director perceptions.

Background
Primary care providers are seeing more gender diverse children and youth in their offices, along with an exponential growth in referrals to Canadian specialty clinics and potential for significant mental health comorbidities. Gender-affirming support and management have been shown to improve overall outcomes. There is no mandatory curriculum on gender diversity for Canadian paediatric residency programs.

Methods
Cross-sectional online surveys in English and French distributed to program directors (PDs) and paediatric residents in the 17 Canadian paediatric residency programs. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics with 95% confidence intervals.

Results
Response rate was 88.2% from PDs and 24.5% from paediatric residents. Among PDs, 14.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.3, 22.3) reported a formal curriculum for gender diversity teaching. Sixty-four per cent (53.3, 75.2) of PDs estimated their residents received ≤ 2 hours teaching on gender diversity. Residents reported comfort levels ≤ 50% on specific topics. Among residents, 73.8% (67.9, 79.6) reported that mandatory time in a gender diversity clinic would be the most effective teaching tool while PDs favoured an online module (66.7% [58.2, 75.1]). Barriers to more teaching included lack of time in a busy curriculum. Over 90% of resident indicated that more teaching on gender diversity is required.

Conclusions
Significant variability in education on gender diversity is seen amongst Canadian paediatric residency programs. Discussion regarding a formal paediatric curriculum on gender diversity is needed.
Chronic Pain and Sleep Disturbances: A Pragmatic Review of Their Relationships, Comorbidities, and Treatments
Authors: Husak Aubrey J , Bair Matthew J 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this review is to answer three questions: 1) How are chronic pain severity and pain duration affected in patients with chronic pain and sleep disturbances that occur simultaneously? 2) What are common comorbidities and pain-related symptoms seen in patients with chronic pain and sleep disturbances? and 3) What are potentially effective pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment options for both conditions?MethodsOvid Medline and PubMed were searched. Search terms included sleep wake disorder, chronic pain, fibromyalgia, treatment outcome, psychotherapy, complementary therapies, and therapeutics. Studies that assessed outcomes between individuals with chronic pain and those with concurrent chronic pain and sleep disturbances were included. Randomized controlled clinical trials of treatments for both conditions were included.ResultsSixteen studies indicated that patients with both chronic pain and sleep disturbances have greater pain severity, longer duration of pain, greater disability, and are less physically active than those without sleep disturbances. Patients with both conditions are more likely to have concurrent depression, catastrophizing, anxiety, and suicidal ideation. Thirty-three randomized controlled trials assessed treatment for both chronic pain and sleep disturbances. Pregabalin was the most frequently studied medication, showing improvement in pain and sleep symptoms. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia showed long-term improvement in sleep for patients with chronic pain.ConclusionsIndividuals with chronic pain and sleep disturbances have greater symptom severity, longer duration of symptoms, more disability, and additional comorbidities. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments may be useful in the treatment of concurrent chronic pain and sleep disturbances, but further study is needed.
Anesthesiologist Specialization and Use of General Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Cobb B.T. , Lane-Fall M.B. , Month R.C. , Onuoha O.C. , Srinivas S.K. , Neuman M.D. 
Published: November 2019

(Anesthesiology. 2019;130(2):237–246)
Neuraxial anesthesia (ie, spinal or epidural anesthesia), rather than general anesthesia, is recommended for most women undergoing cesarean delivery. There are a paucity of data regarding the role of obstetric anesthesiologist specialization in influencing anesthesia choice and outcomes for cesarean delivery. Knowledge of associations of anesthesia subspecialist care (compared with generalist anesthesiologist care) and patterns of anesthesia use may improve staffing in health systems, inform accreditation standards, and determine future purchasing by health care payers. This study compared use of general anesthesia for cesarean delivery among patients cared for by generalist versus obstetric-specialized anesthesiologists.
Comparison Between General, Spinal, Epidural, and Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery: A Network Meta-analysis
Authors: Kim W.H. , Hur M. , Park S.K. , Yoo S. , Lim T. , Yoon H.K. , Kim J.T. , Bahk J.H. 
Published: November 2019

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2019;37:5–15)
As the rate of cesarean deliveries has increased in the United States, the choice of anesthesia for this surgery has been discussed at length. Although spinal anesthesia is the preferred anesthetic choice of many anesthesiologists, general anesthesia is still used in circumstances such as time constraints or neuraxial anesthesia failure. Numerous studies have assessed neonatal outcomes with the various anesthetic techniques available, but direct comparisons of all 4 commonly used techniques are lacking. Therefore, this study used the network meta-analysis statistical technique, which allows comparisons of different drugs and treatments that have not previously been directly compared through randomized controlled trials. The aim of this network meta-analysis was to determine which anesthetic technique is associated with the best maternal and neonatal outcomes during cesarean delivery.
Structural Factors Shape the Effects of the Opioid Epidemic on Pregnant Women and Infants
Authors: Kozhimannil K.B. , Admon L.K. 
Published: November 2019

(JAMA. 2019;321(4):352–353)
Understanding the context of drug use is important to fully understanding the opioid epidemic, and with it, neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). NAS is associated with opioid exposure and manifests with hyperirritability at birth, difficulty feeding, and respiratory problems. NAS occurs alongside prescription as well as nonprescription opioid use, including buprenorphine and methadone prescribed to pregnant women for the treatment of opioid addiction. New insights on the structural, social, and community factors that influence neonatal outcomes were described in a recent report by Patrick and colleagues, which examined county-level data from 8 states.
The Relationship Between Blood Loss and Post-CD Hemoglobin (Hb), and Whether Their Correlation Varies According to Type of Measurement
Authors: Fedoruk K. , Seligman K.M. , Carvalho B. , Butwick A.J. 
Published: November 2019

(Anesth Analg. 2019;128(5):926–932)
Although postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a strong independent risk factor for postpartum anemia following a cesarean delivery (CD), relatively little is known about the relationship between overall blood loss and post-CD hemoglobin (Hb) levels. This study investigated whether such a relationship could be used to predict postpartum anemia.
Capsaicin-induced Pain and Sensation in the Postpartum Period
Authors: Street L.M. , Harris L. , Curry R.S. , Eisenach J.C. 
Published: November 2019

(Br J Anaesth. 2019;122(1):103–110)
As observed in previous studies, a more rapid recovery from pain in the postoperative weeks following a cesarean delivery occurs than in other standard surgical procedures. Peripheral and central oxytocin release increases at the time of delivery and persists throughout lactation. A role for oxytocin in modulating pain neurotransmission is suggested by the recovery of animals from hypersensitivity after surgery in the postpartum period by the injection of intrathecal antagonists of oxytocin action. The primary goal of this study was to determine whether endogenous pain sensitization or inhibition was altered in postpartum women compared with an age-matched control group.
Affordable and Low-maintenance Obstetric Devices
Authors: Ayres-de-Campos D. , Stones W. , Theron G. 
Published: November 2019

(Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2019;146(1):25–28)
Health budget restrictions among low- resource and medium-resource countries can limit important resources for obstetric care, in turn having a negative impact on maternal and fetal outcomes. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Safe Motherhood and Newborn Health Committee acquired information on different low-maintenance essential obstetric devices.
A Prospective Observational Study of the Change in Regional Cerebral Oxygen Saturation During Cesarean Delivery in Women Receiving Phenylephrine Prophylaxis for Spinal Hypotension
Authors: Kornilov E. , Orbach-Zinger S. , Hoshen M. , Weiniger C.F. , Fein S. , Fireman S. , Firman S. , Aviram A. , Eidelman L.A. 
Published: November 2019

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2019;37:29–35)
During cesarean delivery (CD) performed under spinal anesthesia, the incidence of hypotension has been reported to be as high as 70% to 80%. Previous studies have shown that this spinal-induced hypotension leads to decreased regional cerebral oxygen saturation (ScO2), and treatment with ephedrine has returned ScO2 to baseline levels. In current practice, though, a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion is frequently used to prevent spinal hypotension during CD. There has been limited research on the effect of phenylephrine on ScO2. This prospective, observational cohort study was performed to investigate the change in ScO2 using near infrared spectroscopy in women receiving a prophylactic phenylephrine infusion during CD under spinal anesthesia.
Maternal and Newborn Outcomes With Elective Induction of Labor at Term
Authors: Souter V. , Painter I. , Sitcov K. , Caughey A.B. 
Published: November 2019

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220:273.e1–273.e11)
Induction of labor has been compared with expectant management of pregnancy in several studies and found to be associated with a lower rate of cesarean delivery and reduced perinatal death and morbidity. Two recent randomized controlled trials have found no increase or a decrease in cesarean birth rate in women who were induced at term, but these studies focused on specific age groups and may not speak to outcomes in the general population. This study aimed to compare neonatal and maternal outcomes in women undergoing elective induction of labor at 39 weeks gestation or beyond with the outcomes of women whose pregnancies were managed expectantly.
The Impact of Extending the Second Stage of Labor to Prevent Primary Cesarean Delivery on Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes
Authors: Zipori Y. , Grunwald O. , Ginsberg Y. , Beloosesky R. , Weiner Z. 
Published: November 2019

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(2):191.e1–191.e7)
Vaginal delivery is associated with lower morbidity and mortality than cesarean delivery (CD). Labor dystocia, or abnormal descent of the fetal head, is an indication for primary CD in one third of all CDs. Traditionally, labor dystocia has been defined in relation to the Friedman curve; however, there is a growing argument that adherence to the Friedman curve may not be best practice. In 2014, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) allowed an additional 1 hour of pushing before diagnosing second-stage arrest. The aim of this study was to compare the mode of delivery and maternal and fetal outcomes before and after the ACOG/SMFM recommendations were implemented.
Opportunistic Salpingectomy: An Appropriate Procedure During All Pelvic Surgeries
Authors: Nezhat F.R. , Martinelli V.T. 
Published: November 2019

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(1):10–11)
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological disease in the United States, with 70% of patients presenting with late-stage III and IV disease. As there is no standard screening method for detecting early ovarian cancer, prevention has become an important goal. Salpingo-oophorectomy has been recommended for those with high risks of ovarian cancer once they are finished having children. The role of the uterine tubes in the development of ovarian cancer has come into focus in recent studies. Portions left in situ after bilateral tubal ligation may still pose a risk of cancer with no added benefit to health. A prior study found that opportunistic salpingectomy compared with tubal ligation at the time of pelvic surgery decreased the risks of developing ovarian cancer.
Transient Tachypnea of Newborns Is Associated With Maternal Spinal Hypotension During Elective Cesarean Delivery: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Singh S. , Lumbreras-Marquez M. , Farber M.K. , Xu X. , Singh P. , Gorman T. , Palanisamy A. 
Published: November 2019

(Anesth Analg. 2019;129(1):162–167)
During the newborn stage, transient tachypnea is a frequent element involved in respiratory distress, and is thought to be connected to delayed fetal lung fluid clearance. Transient tachypnea of newborns is found to be more common in cesarean deliveries than in vaginal deliveries, but not much research has been done to examine potential transient tachypnea risk factors found in an elective cesarean delivery setting. Because neuraxial anesthesia (frequently used during cesarean delivery) is associated with maternal hypotension, Singh and colleagues conducted their study to examine the relationship between predelivery maternal hypotension and transient tachypnea of newborns born via elective cesarean delivery.
The DiPEP Study: An Observational Study of the Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Assessment, D-dimer and Chest X-ray for Suspected Pulmonary Embolism in Pregnancy and Postpartum
Authors: Goodacre S. , Horspool K. , Nelson-Piercy C. , Knight M. , Shephard N. , Lecky F. , Thomas S. , Hunt B.J. , Fuller G. 
Published: November 2019

(BJOG. 2019;126(3):383–392)
Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a leading cause of maternal mortality during pregnancy and postpartum, therefore symptomatic at-risk women are commonly seen in emergency departments and maternity units to rule out PE. Recommendations regarding diagnosis of PE vary among various professional societies. Recent reviews have not found sufficient evidence to suggest that D-dimer is an effective tool in detecting PE, mainly due to the low prevalence of PE in study subjects. The aim of this study was to determine whether clinical features or D-dimer could be used during pregnancy and postpartum to select women for diagnostic imaging.
Epidural Hematoma Following Low Molecular-weight Heparin Prophylaxis and Spinal Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Pujic B. , Holo-Djilvesi N. , Djilvesi D.J. , Palmer C.M. 
Published: November 2019

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2019;37:118–121)
Epidural hematoma is a rare complication of spinal anesthesia while cesarean delivery (CD) is a risk factor for maternal venous thromboembolism. The more frequent use of pharmacologic prophylaxis with unfractionated or low–molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) in higher risk women has been recommended as a strategy to decrease venous thromboembolism. This case report described the development of a spinal-epidural hematoma in a parturient who received spinal anesthesia for a planned, repeat CD after receiving LMWH thromboprophylaxis.
School-Based Telehealth Programs May Benefit Children with Chronic Diseases
Authors: Rosenberg Karen 
Published: November 2019

According to this study:

School-based telehealth programs that focus on asthma and other chronic pediatric diseases may improve the health of children living in rural and medically underserved communities.Analysis of the asthma subsample in this study showed that the telehealth program was associated with an approximately 21% relative decrease in the likelihood of ED visits.
Heart Rate Control during Experimental Sepsis in Mice
Authors: Bedet Alexandre , Voiriot Guillaume , Ternacle Julien , Marcos Elisabeth , Adnot Serge , Derumeaux Geneviève , Mekontso Dessap Armand 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
Tachycardia is a hallmark of sepsis. An elevated heart rate could impair ventricular filling and increase myocardial oxygen demand. β-Blockers and ivabradine (a selective inhibitor of If channels in the sinoatrial node) are both able to control sinus tachycardia, with the latter drug being devoid of negative inotropic effect. This work aimed at assessing the hemodynamic effects of ivabradine as compared with a β-blocker (atenolol) during murine peritonitis.

Methods
Ivabradine (3 μg/g), atenolol (3 μg/g), or placebo was administered intraperitoneally 2 h after induction of peritonitis (cecal ligation and puncture) in male C57BL6 mice. The authors used invasive (left ventricular catheterization) and noninvasive (transthoracic echocardiography) monitoring to assess hemodynamics 20 h after surgery, including heart rate, blood pressure, left ventricular systolic, and diastolic function (n = 10 mice/group). The authors also assessed overall mortality 30 and 60 h after surgery in a distinct subset of animals (n = 20 mice/group). Descriptive data are presented as median (25th to 75th percentile).

Results
As compared with placebo (601 beats/min [547 to 612]), ivabradine (447 beats/min [430 to 496]) and atenolol (482 beats/min [412 to 505]) blunted sepsis-induced tachycardia assessed by transthoracic echocardiography in awake animals (P < 0.001 and P = 0.004, respectively). Unlike ivabradine, atenolol reduced cardiac output, systolic blood pressure, and left ventricular systolic function (as assessed by ejection fraction, maximal left ventricular pressure rise, and anterior wall strain rate) as compared with septic mice receiving placebo. There was no difference in survival 60 h after sepsis induction with ivabradine (6 of 20, 30%) or atenolol (7 of 20, 35%), as compared with placebo (5 of 20, 25%; P = 0.224).

Conclusions
Heart rate control could be similarly achieved by ivabradine or atenolol, with preservation of blood pressure, cardiac output, and left ventricular systolic function with the former drug.