bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disseminated Mycobacterium marinum in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Unmasked by Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Authors: Manion Maura , Dulanto Chiang Augusto , Pei Luxin , Wong Chun-Shu , Khil Pavel , Hammoud Dima A , Anderson Megan , Laidlaw Elizabeth , Kuriakose Safia , Lisco Andrea ,   NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Zelazny Adrian M , Dekker John P , Sereti Irini 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Distinguishing disseminated Mycobacterium marinum from multifocal cutaneous disease in persons with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS can present a diagnostic challenge, especially in the context of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). In this work, we demonstrate the utility of flow cytometry and whole genome sequencing (WGS) to diagnose disseminated M. marinum unmasked by IRIS following initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Flow cytometry demonstrated robust cytokine production by CD4 T cells in response to stimulation with M. marinum lysate. WGS of isolates from distinct lesions was consistent with clonal dissemination, supporting that preexisting disseminated M. marinum disease was uncovered by inflammatory manifestations, consistent with unmasking mycobacterial IRIS.
Contribution of Swarming Motility to Dissemination in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa Murine Skin Abscess Infection Model
Authors: Coleman Shannon R , Pletzer Daniel , Hancock Robert E W 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Swarming motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a multicellular adaptation induced by semisolid medium with amino acids as a nitrogen source. By phenotypic screening, we differentiated swarming from other complex adaptive phenotypes, such as biofilm formation, swimming and twitching, by identifying a swarming-specific mutant in ptsP, a metabolic regulator. This swarming-deficient mutant was tested in an acute murine skin abscess infection model. Bacteria were recovered at significantly lower numbers from organs of mice infected with the ∆ptsP mutant. We also tested the synthetic peptide 1018 for activity against different motilities and efficacy in vivo. Treatment with peptide 1018 mimicked the phenotype of the ∆ptsP mutant in vitro, as swarming was inhibited at low concentrations (&lt;2 μg/mL) but not swimming or twitching, and in vivo, as mice had a reduced bacterial load recovered from organs. Therefore, PtsP functions as a regulator of swarming, which in turn contributes to dissemination and colonization in vivo.
The cabinet and the world: non-European objects in early modern European collections
Authors: Bleichmar Daniela 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Early modern European collectors proclaimed that their cabinets contained ‘the world’. What do collections from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries reveal about the ways in which those who assembled, owned and visited them understood objects from other regions and cultures? Inventories, catalogues and descriptions of European collections from the period reveal that the reception of non-European objects was characterized, above all, by practices of geographical and cultural indeterminacy, most notably: (1) empty attribution, (2) misattribution, (3) unstable attribution, and (4) lack of attribution. When considered as early versions of museums of ‘world cultures’, cabinets functioned not as sites for the production of knowledge but as sites of worldmaking, which absorbed, recontextualized and repurposed objects with specific geographical and cultural origins and meanings to create undifferentiated, fungible foreignness.
Psychological, Normative, and Environmental Barriers to Tobacco Cessation that Disproportionally Affect Sexual Minority Tobacco Users
Authors: Wheldon Christopher W , Wiseman Kara P 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionSexual minority populations—particularly gay/lesbian and bisexual women—use tobacco at higher rates than their heterosexual peers. Evidence-based biopsychosocial interventions for tobacco cessation are available; however, research is lacking on the specific barriers to tobacco cessation in these populations. The purpose of this study is to describe the psychological, normative, and environmental barriers to cessation that disproportionally affect sexual minority tobacco users.MethodsData from wave 1 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health were used to explore differences by sexual identity across psychosocial barriers and facilitators of tobacco cessation. The analytic sample consisted of current tobacco users (including cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, pipes, hookah, dissolvable snus, and smokeless products). Psychosocial barriers/facilitators were modeled using logistic regression analyses, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, poverty, education, census region, and urbanicity and were stratified by sex. Models accounted for the complex study design and nonresponse.ResultsSubstance use and internalizing/externalizing behavioral problems were more common among gay/bisexual men. Bisexual, but not gay/lesbian, women also had higher odds of these behavioral problems. Bisexual men and women reported less normative pressure to quit than their heterosexual peers (no differences in gay/lesbian tobacco users). Gay men had more environmental barriers to quit, being more likely to receive tobacco promotion materials, and live with another tobacco user.ConclusionsSeveral barriers to tobacco cessation were identified as disproportionally affecting sexual minority groups in this study; however, there were considerable differences between sexual minority men and women, as well as between gay and bisexual participants.ImplicationsSeveral important psychological, normative, and environmental barriers to tobacco cessation were identified that disproportionally affect sexual minorities. There was considerable heterogeneity in the prevalence and relative difference of these barriers across sexual minority subgroups, suggesting that community-based tobacco cessation programs should be responsive to differences in gay and bisexual men and women.
Blind Spots and Shortcuts
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Much of our awareness about the world is the product of obligatory illusions, particularly in the moral domain, a minefield of implicit biases, obligatory blind spots, “connecting the dots” heuristics leading us astray from more balanced and compassionate decisions, attitudes, and judgments about others, but also about ourselves. There are markedly different levels at which we perceive and infer characteristics in people. These levels vary in depth and complexity, affecting our memories, judgments, and social attitudes. What makes us invariably switch processing levels, from surface to deep and, inversely, is familiarity and affiliation, whether the other is perceived as either proximal or distal in relation to our multiple categorical spheres of comfort and alliance: same versus different group, team, membership, family, cohort, gender, race, class—you name it—all the forced contrasts that make us think the world in black and white.
India-China War, 1962
Authors: Frankel Francine R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Opposing perspectives among key policymakers account for India’s failure to prepare for the possibility of an attack by China to enforce its claim lines on the northern border. Prime Minister Nehru, influenced by Zhou Enlai’s assurances that China would never cross the McMahon Line, was reinforced by Defense Minister Krishna Menon’s belief that China, as a communist state, would never invade. They turned aside recommendations from the COAS, K. S. Thimayya, that India had to build up its forces to meet a potential Chinese attack. The war exposed Asianism as an illusion and nonalignment as unrealistic for a weak military power.
Forecasting Socioeconomic Distributions on Small-Area Spatial Domains for Count Data
Authors: Papalia Rosa Bernardini , Fernandez-Vazquez Esteban 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Statistical information for empirical analysis is frequently available at a higher level of aggregation than is desired. The spatial disaggregation of the socioeconomic data is considered complex due to the inherent spatial properties and relationships of the spatial data, namely, spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. The spatial dependence, spatial heterogeneity, and effect of scale produce major technical issues that largely impact the accuracy of the regional forecast disaggregation. In this chapter, we propose entropy-based spatial forecast disaggregation methods for count areal data that use all available information at each level of aggregation even if it is incomplete. The proposed methods are validated through Monte Carlo simulations using ancillary information. An empirical application to real data is also presented.
Introduction
Authors: Skeel Sharon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Philadelphia Ballet and Littlefield School provided a much-needed American ballet infrastructure through or from which aspirants could study and make their careers. While other dance figures produced works with American themes, Catherine Littlefield was the first to train the full force of an established school, large professional company, and personal ambition on making ballets that thoroughly reflected America. Although she died in the prime of her life with her full potential left unrealized, her accomplishments proved foundational to the flourishing of classical ballet in the United States.
“I had never had a dancing lesson in my life, but somehow, I knew I could train those other children, and I did.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Catherine Littlefield’s great-grandparents, Gottlieb and Catherine Doebele, are German immigrants who settle in Philadelphia in the 1850s and raise six children. Gottlieb dies from injuries sustained while serving with a German regiment in the Civil War, and Catherine Doebele becomes a surrogate parent to her granddaughter, Caroline Doebele, after the girl’s parents divorce. Catherine Doebele (Grandma Doebele) is very religious and disapproves of Caroline’s early interest in dancing but provides her with piano lessons instead. James H. Littlefield, born and raised in Maine, serves in the US Cavalry and later takes a job with the PRR-YMCA in Philadelphia. He loves music and theater and meets Caroline. They marry in 1904.
“Now I know that it was really real.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Catherine premieres the first full-length, full-scale Sleeping Beauty in the United States in February 1937. Agent Arnold Meckel invites the Philadelphia Ballet to tour Europe in the spring. In preparation, Catherine creates her first major ballets on American subjects, Barn Dance and Terminal (the latter including dancers in blackface). Both feature designs by Philadelphia painters Salvatore and Angelo Pinto. Marion Cuyjet, a light-skinned black dancer “passing” as white, enrolls at the Littlefield School. She is dismissed when it becomes widely known that she is African American. The company travels to Europe on the Ile de France and arrives in Paris.
National Review and the Changing Narrative of Civil Rights Memory 1968–2016
Authors: Greene Robert 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the National Review’s shifting narratives and historical memories of the contentious relationship between the modern conservative movement, Martin Luther King Jr., and the US civil rights movement. National Review writers largely opposed the civil rights movement up until the mid-1960s, casting Black freedom activists and their goals as threats to civilized order and the spirit of the US Constitution. Yet, the National Review would ultimately take on a leading role in reconsidering the conservative movement’s animosity toward King and civil rights—drawing parallels between conservative principles and civil rights claims, and even making fraught color-blind conservative claims to King’s legacy.
Bridging the Marginal and the Mainstream
Authors: Major Mark 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the growth of the “liberal media” discourse by analyzing its historical formation in terms of public sphere theory. The chapter advances a discursive institutionalist approach to conservative news that is rooted in sustained analysis of the actors, ideas, and institutions that give conservative news its cultural form and force. Conservative journalists, commentators, and media activists began conceptualizing the “liberal media” within the institutions of the conservative countersphere by the 1950s and early 1960s. Once this discourse had been crystalized and legitimized among conservative commentators and their audiences, Richard Nixon, Spiro Agnew, and other prominent Republican voices promoted its circulation far beyond the conservative countersphere, as it moved into the national public sphere at large.
Difference
Authors: Glăveanu Vlad P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter proposes difference as an engine of possibility, in particular self–other differences. The presentation starts with a discussion of developmental trajectories defining our awareness of differences and our reaction to them from an early age. This developmental perspective raises a concern for intersubjectivity or the constitution of the self through engagement with the difference of others. It is important that, in the process of establishing intersubjective bounds, the “otherness” of the other is not fully appropriated by the self but leaves space for surprise, new understandings, and, with them, new possibilities. These reflections shed a new light on discussions of diversity: its benefits but also the challenges it poses in today’s fragmented, polarized world. In summary, this chapter outlines the notion of differences in perspective as fundamental to becoming aware of and exploring an expanded field of possibilities for both self and other.
Global Health Law
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O. , Sirleaf Matiangai V. S. , Friedman Eric A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an understanding of the legal foundations of human rights, examining human rights under international law as a basis for social justice in public health. International human rights law has codified the rights first enumerated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), evolving through the politics of the Cold War to develop the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). This seminal covenant and the international treaties that derived from it have framed the legal foundations of the human right to health and the evolution of health-related human rights. Yet, where challenges remain in responding to the health needs of a globalizing world, scholars and advocates have looked to a shift from international health law to global health law, facilitating collaboration between state and nonstate actors in an expanding global health policy landscape.
The Peculiar Case of the superbia Group
Authors: Baraz Yelena 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter shifts back to the lexical approach and zeroes in on superbia, the one pride term whose etymology has the potential for developing a positive conception of the emotion. It shows that superbia is not attested in a positive meaning in the republican period and that the baseline of the traditional conceptualization of pride in our sources is as a negative emotion. It discusses some possible exceptions as well as antonyms to negative pride, none of which develops into a robust expression of the positive version of the emotion. As explanations for this peculiar lack, the chapter emphasizes the symbolic significance of the figure of Tarquinius Superbus, the last of the legendary Roman kings, deposed and expelled for his tyrannical behavior, to the articulation of the republican values of the governing elite, and offers a pride-centered reading of Livy’s narrative at the end of book one.
Style in Narrative
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Style has often been understood both too broadly and too narrowly. In consequence, it has not defined a psychologically coherent area of study. In the opening chapter, Hogan first defines style so as to make possible a systematic theoretical account through cognitive and affective science. This definition stresses that style varies by both scope and level—thus, the range of text or texts that may share a style (from a single passage to an historical period) and the components of a work that might involve a shared style (including story, narration, and verbalization). Hogan illustrates the main points of this chapter by reference to several works, prominently Woolf’s Mrs. Dalloway. Subsequent chapters in the first part focus on under-researched aspects of literary style. The second chapter explores the level of story construction for the scope of an authorial canon, treating Shakespeare. The third turns to verbal narration in a single work, Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying. Part two, on film style, begins with another theoretical chapter. It turns, in chapter five, to the perceptual interface in the genre of “painterly” films, examining works by Rodriguez, Mehta, Rohmer, and Husain. The sixth chapter treats the level of plot in the postwar films of Ozu. The remaining film chapter turns to visual narration in a single work, Lu’s Nanjing! Nanjing! The third part addresses theoretical and interpretive issues bearing on style in graphic fiction, with a focus on Spiegelman’s Maus. An Afterword touches briefly on implications of stylistic analysis for political critique.
Verbal Narration
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
While the second chapter of Style in Narrative addressed authorial canon (scope) and story (level), the third chapter considers a single work (scope) and narration (level). Faulkner’s novel As I Lay Dying seems to present a straightforward case of multiple narration. However, attention to details reveals that the novel is much more complex and apparently contradictory. In other words, the narrational style is marked by ambiguity and hints of untrustworthiness, along with unresolved issues of narrator definition (including, for example, hints that Addie could be in effect narrating the entire novel). The chapter shows not only the relevance of narration to style (and of stylistic analysis to narration), but the relevance of indeterminacy and ambivalence to style (and stylistic analysis) as well. The chapter concludes by examining some thematic implications of these features of narrational style and what they may suggest about Faulkner’s relation to American literature and literary modernism.
Film Style
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The fourth chapter of Style in Narrative turns from literature to cinema. Since a great deal of style is common to both literature and film, this chapter is necessarily shorter than its counterpart (chapter 1). Moreover, it focuses on the differences between literary and film style, thus what is not common to the two. The areas of divergence are principally a matter of the medium or perceptual interface. In consequence, the chapter focuses particularly on the visual and aural aspects of film. On the other hand, these aspects are more encompassing than is sometimes recognized, including for example aspects of narration. It also addresses differences in the authorship of films, and the status of Hollywood “continuity editing” as a broad stylistic norm for which there is no parallel in literature. The chapter ends with some brief comments on the way James Franco, in his film adaptation of As I Lay Dying, dealt with the (relatively underdiscussed) levels of perceptual narration and cinematic emplotment.
Choosing Church
Authors: Coffman Elesha J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Margaret Mead’s parents were both social scientists and not religious, so their daughter was not baptized as a baby. Instead, she chose to be baptized into the Episcopal Church at age eleven, a decision to which she ascribed great significance for her spiritual life. Mead spent the rest of her years balancing her family legacy with her independently chosen religious commitments.
Student Marriage
Authors: Coffman Elesha J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The state of being in fundamental agreement, yet also at odds, characterized Mead’s marriage to Luther Cressman. They both gravitated toward socially oriented, modernist Christianity and became active in church ministry. They both eventually decided that further education and work as a social scientist were more congenial than parish service. They differed in their assessment of their brief marriage. She called it her “student marriage,” because it coincided with the years of her graduate education. That descriptor pained him, as it seemed to classify their union as an adolescent phase, on par with young people cohabiting rather than making a solid commitment. He was committed to her, and to their marriage. The commitment was less wholehearted on her part, for so many reasons that it is difficult to pinpoint which one mattered most.
The Irish Border
Authors: Harvey Colin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Northern Ireland, a jurisdiction within the UK acutely affected by the nature of the Brexit debate and the process. It is a contested region that is divided along ethno-national lines and still emerging from a violent conflict. Removing Northern Ireland from the EU against its wishes will have long-term consequences that remain difficult to predict. One result is a more intense discussion of the region’s place within the UK, with Irish reunification acknowledged to be a way to return to the EU. The chapter then analyses the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland attached to the Withdrawal Agreement which regulates the single most controversial issue in the Brexit process: namely, the Irish border question. It looks at the difficulties connected to the fragile peace process in Northern Ireland and explains the creative solution that was ultimately agreed in the withdrawal treaty to prevent the return of a hard border in the island of Ireland through regulatory alignment, while also indicating the challenges that the Protocol creates.
Decision-Making and Dispute Settlement
Authors: Larik Joris 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses other governance aspects of the Withdrawal Agreement, focusing on its institutional provisions on decision-making and adjudication. Following Brexit, the days when the UK government had a vote in the Council of the EU, including a veto in many sensitive areas, or when there were UK-elected Members of the European Parliament or a UK-nominated judge at the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU), are over. With the UK now a ‘third country’, its immediate post-Brexit relations with the EU are no longer governed through the latter’s complex institutional framework and ‘complete system of legal remedies’, but instead by the Withdrawal Agreement as an instrument of international law. The chapter then explains how the decision-making and dispute settlement provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement put the UK into a temporary limbo between, on the hand, the long shadow of EU law and the CJEU’s jurisdiction, and, on the other, a future as a third country that is facing the EU on the other side of the negotiating table or as an opposing party in international arbitration. It also looks at the new inter-party arbitration mechanism.