bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanoscopic X-ray tomography for correlative microscopy of a small meiofaunal sea-cucumber
Authors: Ferstl Simone , Schwaha Thomas , Ruthensteiner Bernhard , Hehn Lorenz , Allner Sebastian , Müller Mark , Dierolf Martin , Achterhold Klaus , Pfeiffer Franz 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn the field of correlative microscopy, light and electron microscopy form a powerful combination for morphological analyses in zoology. Due to sample thickness limitations, these imaging techniques often require sectioning to investigate small animals and thereby suffer from various artefacts. A recently introduced nanoscopic X-ray computed tomography (NanoCT) setup has been used to image several biological objects, none that were, however, embedded into resin, which is prerequisite for a multitude of correlative applications. In this study, we assess the value of this NanoCT for correlative microscopy. For this purpose, we imaged a resin-embedded, meiofaunal sea cucumber with an approximate length of 1 mm, where microCT would yield only little information about the internal anatomy. The resulting NanoCT data exhibits isotropic 3D resolution, offers deeper insights into the 3D microstructure, and thereby allows for a complete morphological characterization. For comparative purposes, the specimen was sectioned subsequently to evaluate the NanoCT data versus serial sectioning light microscopy (ss-LM). To correct for mechanical instabilities and drift artefacts, we applied an alternative alignment procedure for CT reconstruction. We thereby achieve a level of detail on the subcellular scale comparable to ss-LM images in the sectioning plane.
Site of clear corneal incision in cataract surgery and its effects on surgically induced astigmatism
Authors: Piao Junjie , Joo Choun-Ki 
Published: March 2020

AbstractClear corneal incision (CCI) is a commonly used surgical approach in cataract surgery. In this prospective study, we evaluated the effect of CCI site on surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) and other postoperative astigmatic changes. CCIs were constructed based on the steep meridian of the total corneal refractive power in the 4.0-mm-zone (TCRP4.0), and patients were divided into four groups: temporal, superotemporal, superonasal, and superior according to the site of the incision. TCRP4.0 analysis demonstrated a statistically significant reduction of astigmatism with superior incisions (P < 0.001), and the combined mean polar values for SIA changed significantly in the temporal (Hotelling T2 = 1.977), superotemporal (Hotelling T2 = 0.544), superonsal (Hotelling T2 = 1.066), and superior incision groups (Hotelling T2 = 1.134) (all P < 0.001). The posterior axis alignment should be considered in cataract surgery with CCI, and the SIA is affected by axis rotation, and incision orientation.
Holocene ENSO variability in the South China Sea recorded by high-resolution oxygen isotope records from the shells of Tridacna spp.
Authors: Shao Da , Mei Yanjun , Yang Zhongkang , Wang Yuhong , Yang Wenqing , Gao Yuesong , Yang Lianjiao , Sun Liguang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the principal climatic system in the modern Pacific Ocean, and it potentially influences the global climate. The South China Sea (SCS), in the western tropical Pacific, is significantly affected by ENSO activity. We have conducted a high-resolution oxygen isotope study of the shells of one modern and four fossil Tridacna from the Xisha Islands in the SCS. The results for the modern sample reveal that the shells of Tridacna are a good proxy of ENSO variability. We used the results of the oxygen isotope composition of four fossil Tridacna to produce high-resolution records of ENSO activity during four time slices in the Holocene. The results indicate that ENSO variability in the early Holocene was comparable to that of today, and that a minimum in the frequency and intensity of ENSO activity occurred in the mid Holocene. These findings are consistent with paleoclimatic results from corals, mollusks and sedimentary records. However, the observed extremely low frequency and moderate ENSO intensity at 4.7 ka indicate an anomalous pattern of ENSO changes within this interval of climatic transition. In addition, seasonal temperature variations during the Holocene were different from those of today and extreme seasonality may also occur during warmer periods.
Gene regulatory network analysis with drug sensitivity reveals synergistic effects of combinatory chemotherapy in gastric cancer
Authors: Lee Jeong Hoon , Park Yu Rang , Jung Minsun , Lim Sun Gyo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe combination of docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil (DCF) is highly synergistic in advanced gastric cancer. We aimed to explain these synergistic effects at the molecular level. Thus, we constructed a weighted correlation network using the differentially expressed genes between Stage I and IV gastric cancer based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and three modules were derived. Next, we investigated the correlation between the eigengene of the expression of the gene network modules and the chemotherapeutic drug response to DCF from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) database. The three modules were associated with functions related to cell migration, angiogenesis, and the immune response. The eigengenes of the three modules had a high correlation with DCF (−0.41, −0.40, and −0.15). The eigengenes of the three modules tended to increase as the stage increased. Advanced gastric cancer was affected by the interaction the among modules with three functions, namely cell migration, angiogenesis, and the immune response, all of which are related to metastasis. The weighted correlation network analysis model proved the complementary effects of DCF at the molecular level and thus, could be used as a unique methodology to determine the optimal combination of chemotherapy drugs for patients with gastric cancer.
AppendiXNet: Deep Learning for Diagnosis of Appendicitis from A Small Dataset of CT Exams Using Video Pretraining
Authors: Rajpurkar Pranav , Park Allison , Irvin Jeremy , Chute Chris , Bereket Michael , Mastrodicasa Domenico , Langlotz Curtis P. , Lungren Matthew P. , Ng Andrew Y. , Patel Bhavik N. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe development of deep learning algorithms for complex tasks in digital medicine has relied on the availability of large labeled training datasets, usually containing hundreds of thousands of examples. The purpose of this study was to develop a 3D deep learning model, AppendiXNet, to detect appendicitis, one of the most common life-threatening abdominal emergencies, using a small training dataset of less than 500 training CT exams. We explored whether pretraining the model on a large collection of natural videos would improve the performance of the model over training the model from scratch. AppendiXNet was pretrained on a large collection of YouTube videos called Kinetics, consisting of approximately 500,000 video clips and annotated for one of 600 human action classes, and then fine-tuned on a small dataset of 438 CT scans annotated for appendicitis. We found that pretraining the 3D model on natural videos significantly improved the performance of the model from an AUC of 0.724 (95% CI 0.625, 0.823) to 0.810 (95% CI 0.725, 0.895). The application of deep learning to detect abnormalities on CT examinations using video pretraining could generalize effectively to other challenging cross-sectional medical imaging tasks when training data is limited.
Machine-learning computation of distance modulus for local galaxies
Authors: Elyiv A. A. , Melnyk O. V. , Vavilova I. B. , Dobrycheva D. V. , Karachentseva V. E. 
Published: March 2020

Context.Quickly growing computing facilities and an increasing number of extragalactic observations encourage the application of data-driven approaches to uncover hidden relations from astronomical data. In this work we raise the problem of distance reconstruction for a large number of galaxies from available extensive observations.Aims.We propose a new data-driven approach for computing distance moduli for local galaxies based on the machine-learning regression as an alternative to physically oriented methods. We use key observable parameters for a large number of galaxies as input explanatory variables for training: magnitudes inU,B,I, andKbands, corresponding colour indices, surface brightness, angular size, radial velocity, and coordinates.Methods.We performed detailed tests of the five machine-learning regression techniques for inference ofm−M: linear, polynomial,k-nearest neighbours, gradient boosting, and artificial neural network regression. As a test set we selected 91 760 galaxies atz <  0.2 from the NASA/IPAC extragalactic database with distance moduli measured by different independent redshift methods.Results.We find that the most effective and precise is the neural network regression model with two hidden layers. The obtained root–mean–square error of 0.35 mag, which corresponds to a relative error of 16%, does not depend on the distance to galaxy and is comparable with methods based on the Tully–Fisher and Fundamental Plane relations. The proposed model shows a 0.44 mag (20%) error in the case of spectroscopic redshift absence and is complementary to existing photometric redshift methodologies. Our approach has great potential for obtaining distance moduli for around 250 000 galaxies atz <  0.2 for which the above-mentioned parameters are already observed.
The discovery of radio halos in the frontier fields clusters Abell S1063 and Abell 370
Authors: Xie C. , van Weeren R. J. , Lovisari L. , Andrade-Santos F. , Botteon A. , Brüggen M. , Bulbul E. , Churazov E. , Clarke T. E. , Forman W. R. , Intema H. T. , Jones C. , Kraft R. P. , Lal D. V. , Mroczkowski T. , Zitrin A. 
Published: March 2020

Context. Massive merging galaxy clusters often host diffuse megaparsec-scale radio synchrotron emission. This emission originates from relativistic electrons in the ionized intracluster medium. An important question is how these synchrotron emitting relativistic electrons are accelerated.
Aims. Our aim is to search for diffuse emission in the Frontier Fields clusters Abell S1063 and Abell 370 and characterize its properties. While these clusters are very massive and well studied at some other wavelengths, no diffuse emission has been reported for these clusters so far.
Methods. We obtained 325 MHz Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) and 1–4 GHz Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) observations of Abell S1063 and Abell 370. We complement these data with Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observations.
Results. In our sensitive images, we discover radio halos in both clusters. In Abell S1063, a giant radio halo is found with a size of ∼1.2 Mpc. The integrated spectral index between 325 MHz and 1.5 GHz is −0.94 ± 0.08 and it steepens to −1.77 ± 0.20 between 1.5 and 3.0 GHz. This spectral steepening provides support for the turbulent reacceleration model for radio halo formation. Abell 370 hosts a faint radio halo mostly centered on the southern part of this binary merging cluster, with a size of ∼500−700 kpc. The spectral index between 325 MHz and 1.5 GHz is −1.10 ± 0.09. Both radio halos follow the known scaling relation between the cluster mass proxy Y500 and radio power, which is consistent with the idea that they are related to ongoing cluster merger events.
Episodic accretion constrained by a rich cluster of outflows
Authors: Nony T. , Motte F. , Louvet F. , Plunkett A. , Gusdorf A. , Fechtenbaum S. , Pouteau Y. , Lefloch B. , Bontemps S. , Molet J. , Robitaille J.-F. 
Published: March 2020

Context. The accretion history of protostars remains widely mysterious, even though it represents one of the best ways to understand the protostellar collapse that leads to the formation of stars.
Aims. Molecular outflows, which are easier to detect than the direct accretion onto the prostellar embryo, are here used to characterize the protostellar accretion phase in W43-MM1.
Methods. The W43-MM1 protocluster hosts a sufficient number of protostars to statistically investigate molecular outflows in a single, homogeneous region. We used the CO(2–1) and SiO(5–4) line datacubes, taken as part of an ALMA mosaic with a 2000 AU resolution, to search for protostellar outflows, evaluate the influence that the environment has on these outflows’ characteristics and put constraints on outflow variability in W43-MM1.
Results. We discovered a rich cluster of 46 outflow lobes, driven by 27 protostars with masses of 1−100 M⊙. The complex environment inside which these outflow lobes develop has a definite influence on their length, limiting the validity of using outflows’ dynamical timescale as a proxy of the ejection timescale in clouds with high dynamics and varying conditions. We performed a detailed study of Position–Velocity diagrams of outflows that revealed clear events of episodic ejection. The time variability of W43-MM1 outflows is a general trend and is more generally observed than in nearby, low- to intermediate-mass star-forming regions. The typical timescale found between two ejecta, ~500 yr, is consistent with that found in nearby protostars.
Conclusions. If ejection episodicity reflects variability in the accretion process, either protostellar accretion is more variable, or episodicity is easier to detect in high-mass star-forming regions than in nearby clouds. The timescale found between accretion events could result from instabilities associated with bursts of inflowing gas arising from the close dynamical environment of high-mass star-forming cores.
Laparoscopic Myomectomy
Authors: Andou Masaaki , Yanai Shiori , Shirane Akira , Kanno Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLaparoscopic myomectomy is minimally invasive treatment for patients suffering from fibroids, especially those wishing to maintain their fertility sparing potential. While this surgery requires intensive training in surgical skills such as intracorporeal suturing and specimen extraction, patients can also expect less adhesion and a quick return to normal activity. This surgery can be broken into three stages, each presenting its own specific and unique challenges—enucleation, reapproximation of the myoma bed, and specimen extraction. To prepare for the broad spectrum of cases where the size and number of fibroids can differ greatly, we have mastered several techniques for each stage of the procedure. To keep the surgery safe, we train for unexpected scenarios by practicing minimally invasive repair and reconstruction techniques. By following basic tenets and understanding the laparoscopic anatomy, we define the targets and boundaries of our dissection to ensure completeness. In this paper, techniques for the enucleation, reapproximation, and extraction will be presented in detail.
Knowledge of Women on Early Symptoms of Cancer in Rural and Urban Areas of Mangalore
Authors: Jacob Sonia , D'Silva Fatima 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA descriptive cross sectional survey design was adopted for the study to assess and compare the level of knowledge of women on early symptoms of cancer. The sample consisted of 200 women, 100 from urban area of Jeppu and 100 from rural area of Natekal PHC. Stratified Sampling technique was used for selection of the samples. The data was collected by a demographic pro forma and a knowledge questionnaire which consisted of 23 multiple choice and 11 dichotomous (Yes/No) questions.Reliability of the tool was assessed using split half method and the reliability coefficient was found to be 0.9.Though the overall knowledge score of urban women was comparatively higher (38.26) than their rural counterparts (34.79), It was encouraging to note that rural women (53.6%) had better knowledge regarding risk factors and etiology of cancer when compared to urban women (51.02%).In India cancer related mortality is very high due to lack of awareness of the early symptoms leading to delayed screening and increased exposure rate of the risk factors. Nurses play a significant role in the disease prevention and health promotion of patients with cancer. Educational programs on healthful living with cost effective and motivating teaching strategies can be undertaken for the community so as to curb the mortality and morbidity associated with cancer
The Range of Pollex-Index Approximations in Opposition
Authors: Kumar Arunachalam 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPinch gripping is an evolved hominid attribute: the modification of the first carpo-metacarpal articulation into a sellar type enables an opposable thumb; The pinch, preferentially performed by approximation of the pollex-index fingertip pulps shows variation in range of purchase between these digits depending on the power of grip. This brief report analyzes the area of surface contact between the pollex and index tip in both, light and tight pinch-grip.The possible role of index anatomy in enhancing the level of efficiency of pinch-grip in opposition is discussed.
Low Birth Weight and Prematurity Are Associated with Hypertensive Disorder of Pregnancy in Later Life: A Cross-Sectional Study in Japan
Authors: Kurabayashi Takumi , Mizunuma Hideki , Kubota Toshiro , Nagai Kazue , Hayashi Kunihiko 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objective We previously reported that hypertensive disorder of pregnancy (HDP) was a risk factor for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia in later life. Additionally, the age-adjusted odds ratio (OR) of HDP was 2.72 for Japanese women whose mothers had a history of HDP versus those whose mothers did not. This study aimed to clarify the association of HDP with birth weight and gestational age.
Study Design A self-administered baseline survey of the Japanese Nurses' Health Study (JNHS) cohort was conducted from 2001 to 2007. Data on 17,278 parous female nurses who knew their own birth weights were extracted from the JNHS baseline survey (n = 49,927) and subjected to cross-sectional, retrospective analysis. Data on weeks of gestation, birth weight, and history of HDP were collected.
Results The age-adjusted ORs for HDP were 1.62 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20–2.19) for birth weight <2,000 g, 1.24 (CI: 1.04–1.48) for 2,000 to 2,499 g, 1.11 (CI: 1.00–1.23) for 2,500 to 2,999 g, and 1.08 (CI: 0.94–1.24) for ≥3,500 g compared with 3,000 to 3,499 g. The age-adjusted ORs for HDP were 1.27 (95% CI: 1.04–1.54) for a gestational age < 37 weeks and 0.93 (0.70–1.23) for ≥42 weeks compared with 37–41 weeks. The age-adjusted OR of the birth weight score for HDP in later life was 0.98 (CI: 0.94–1.03; Cochran–Armitage trend test: z = 0.401, p = 0.688).
Conclusion Among women in Japan, a history of low birth weight and prematurity are risk factors for HDP in later life. The risk of HDP among women born with low birth weight and/or premature deserves attention.
In vitro selection of ribozyme ligases that use prebiotically plausible 2-aminoimidazole–activated substrates
Authors: Walton Travis , DasGupta Saurja , Duzdevich Daniel , Oh Seung Soo , Szostak Jack W. 
Published: March 2020

Significance
Current models for the origin of life include an earlier period when prebiotic chemistry dictated the nonenzymatic copying of RNA polymers, followed by a period of ribozyme-catalyzed reactions using nucleoside-5′-triphosphate (NTP) substrates. Our study addresses the transition from nonenzymatic to ribozyme-catalyzed RNA template copying by determining whether ribozymes could have used substrates activated with 2-aminoimidazole, a prebiotically plausible leaving group, instead of NTPs. We identify ligase ribozymes that use RNA substrates activated with 2-aminoimidazole, thereby proving that ribozyme catalysis is compatible with the reactants of nonenzymatic template-directed ligation. This work suggests that the transition from nonenzymatic to ribozyme-catalyzed RNA replication could have involved ribozymes that utilize inherently reactive RNA substrates.
Class A PBPs have a distinct and unique role in the construction of the pneumococcal cell wall
Authors: Straume Daniel , Piechowiak Katarzyna Wiaroslawa , Olsen Silje , Stamsås Gro Anita , Berg Kari Helene , Kjos Morten , Heggenhougen Maria Victoria , Alcorlo Martín , Hermoso Juan A. , Håvarstein Leiv Sigve 
Published: March 2020

Significance
Peptidoglycan, the main structural component of the bacterial cell wall, is made of glycan strands cross-linked by short peptides. It has long been assumed that class A penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are the only enzymes capable of synthesizing glycan strands from lipid II. Recently, however, it was discovered that two non-PBP proteins, FtsW and RodA, constitute the core peptidoglycan polymerizing enzymes of the divisome and elongasome, respectively. What, then, is the role of class A PBPs in the construction of the bacterial cell wall? In contrast to previous assumptions, our results strongly suggest that class A PBPs are not an intrinsic part of the divisome and elongasome but have important autonomous roles in construction of the fully mature bacterial cell wall.
The effects of evolutionary adaptations on spreading processes in complex networks
Authors: Eletreby Rashad , Zhuang Yong , Carley Kathleen M. , Yağan Osman , Poor H. Vincent 
Published: March 2020

Significance
In this article, we bridge the disconnect between how spreading processes propagate and evolve in real life and the current mathematical and simulation models that ignore evolutionary adaptations. We propose a mathematical theory that reveals the effects of evolutionary adaptations on spreading processes in complex networks and highlights the shortcomings of classical epidemic models that do not capture evolution. Our work provides substantive developments to the classical theory of network epidemics and paves the way for exploring depths and revealing insights on the emergence phenomenon.
Insights from studying statistical learning
Authors: Frost Rebecca L.A. , Monaghan Padraic 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Acquiring language is notoriously complex, yet for the majority of children this feat is accomplished with remarkable ease. Usage-based accounts of language acquisition suggest that this success can be largely attributed to the wealth of experience with language that children accumulate over the course of language acquisition. One field of research that is heavily underpinned by this principle of experience is statistical learning, which posits that learners can perform powerful computations over the distribution of information in a given input, which can help them to discern precisely how that input is structured, and how it operates. A growing body of work brings this notion to bear in the field of language acquisition, due to a developing understanding of the richness of the statistical information contained in speech. In this chapter we discuss the role that statistical learning plays in language acquisition, emphasising the importance of both the distribution of information within language, and the situation in which language is being learnt. First, we address the types of statistical learning that apply to a range of language learning tasks, asking whether the statistical processes purported to support language learning are the same or distinct across different tasks in language acquisition. Second, we expand the perspective on what counts as environmental input, by determining how statistical learning operates over the situated learning environment, and not just sequences of sounds in utterances. Finally, we address the role of variability in children’s input, and examine how statistical learning can accommodate (and perhaps even exploit) this during language acquisition.