bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COURTYARD OF THE HOUSING AREA IN THE EYES OF THREE GENERATIONS OF ITS INHABITANTS
Authors: Tkhorzhevska Tetiana , Vynohradova Kateryna 
Published: June 2020

This article examines changeability/non-changeability of the notions of the common communicative area at the example of one courtyard in the housing area of Odesa. Since "present city life includes numerous and various cultural features, styles of life and forms of owning of city space" (Holston, Appadurai, 1996), and anthropology gives a possibility to explore how exactly "global processes reflect on the particular person's life and the whole communities on the macrolevel" (Prato, Pardo, 2013), it seemed possible for us to choose as an exploration object one "courtyard", meaning the space in between of multi-story houses.

XX century's second half known as the time of global urbanization, as a result of which at the beginning of the XXI century most of humanity turns out in the cities. Soviet modernization, including urbanization, was a part of those processes. USSR's dissipation and Ukraine's formation led to the change of many of every day's practics. All those processes influenced human societies and various local communities. We tried to find out how courtyard's inhabitants under all those complex processes changed their view on the notion of common space. Chronologically this research covers the period since first settlers in the new houses (1979–1980 yy.) until today (the research was set in the spring of 2018 y.).
Were used methods of profound themed interview and mental mapping, with the help of which are explored views of three age groups of surrounding houses at common space between them. That way lets to embrace inhabitant's understanding of the courtyard as the common space for the examined period.
The main research strategy is started by structuralists method of binary oppositions. For the analysis of changeability/non-changeability of the notions about the courtyard's common space were used binary oppositions collective/individual, activity/indifference, owned/foreign.
Noticed by us tendencies of development of the notions about the courtyard's common space directed from collectiveness to individualism, from activity to indifference, from commonality and "our" space to the obscurity of foreign and incomprehension of owning the space."
Identification of Housing Crisis in a Confined Settlement: A study of Mohammadpur Geneva Camp
Authors: Rashid Masud Ur 
Published: June 2020

Urdu speaking people living in Geneva camp of Dhaka have become a marginally displaced community since 1971. Geneva camp is overcrowded as they have no chance of living outside of the camps because of their statelessness. The camp is a densely-populated settlement and have its own natural physical growth in terms of social and economic transformation day by day. This brings a lot of physical, socio-cultural and economic problems. Geneva camp is a compact and confined living place for its inhabitants. For many of them it is also income generating place and thus source of their livelihood. It is important to identify the problems of this settlement to take further necessary actions to mitigate those. This study illustrates the housing problems in different domains in the Geneva camp with their attributes. Lack of spaces and other facilities in a low-income settlement have their impact on the way of overall livelihood of the inhabitants. The physical characteristics and other major factors that affect the physical environment of settlement are discussed in this paper.
A combinatorial problem that arose in integer B3 Sets
Authors: Erazo Irene , López John , Trujillo Carlos 
Published: June 2020

Let A = {a1, a2, …, ak} be a set of positive integers with k ≥ 3,such that a1 ≤ a2 ≤ a3 … ak = N. Our problem is to investigate thenumber of triplets (ar, as, at) ∈ A3 with ar < as < at, satisfyingar + as - at < 0 y -ar + as + at > N.In this paper we give an upper bound for the maximum number of such a triplets in an arbitrary set of integers with k elements. We also find the number of triplets satisfying () for some families of sets in order to determine lower bounds for the maximum number of such a triplets that a set with k elements can have.
On a family of groups generated by parabolic matrices
Authors: Pommerenke Christian , Toro Margarita 
Published: June 2020

We study various aspects of the family of groups generated by the parabolic matrices A(t1 ζ), ... , A(tm ζ) where A(z) = ( 1 z0 1 ) and by the elliptic matrix ( 0 -1 1 0 ). The elements of the matrices W in such groups can be computed by a recursion formula. These groups are special cases of the generalized parametrized modular groups introduced in [16].We study the sets {z : tr W(z) ∈ [-2; +2]} [13] and their critical points and geometry, furthermore some finite index subgroups and the discretness of subgroups.
The curse of being serpentiform: Perceptions of snakelike animals in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Lima-Santos Jade , Costa Henrique C. , Molina Flavio de Barros 
Published: June 2020

A serpentiform body is a morphological adaptation present in different groups of animals. This body form is often associated with snakes, which can result in the indiscriminate killing of animals with this form. Despite their great socioeconomic and ecological importance, snakes are commonly associated with feelings of aversion, fear, and disgust. Such feelings prevent conservation measures from being followed. The present work was conducted in the M'Boi Mirim Park, in São Paulo (Brazil) to register the popular knowledge and to discuss people’s feelings and attitudes towards snakes and other elongated legless animals. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 70 participants. The largest percentage of the interviewees identified snakes by the forked tongue and the cylindrical body shape, fast perceiving characteristics to human eyes. In an encounter with a serpentiform animal that may be a venomous snake, this behavior will make sense as it is better to deal with a false positive than with a false negative. However, this result demonstrated a lack of adequate knowledge about morphological characteristics seen exclusively in snakes. Many interviewees are afraid of snakes, which, along with misidentification, can cause disastrous encounters and can lead to indiscriminate killing of snakes and other snake-like animals. To reinforce this negative situation, it was detected that even in a large city, legends and myths about snakes and snake-like animals are passed on through generations. Additionally, people are unaware that some snake populations or even species are facing extinction threats. Our results point to the need for an educational programme that changes people attitudes towards snakes and snake-like animals at M’Boi Mirim and other Municipal parks.
TOXICITY TEST OF SMALL WHITE GINGER EXTRACT ON BHK-21 FIBROBLAST CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Robiansyah Robiansyah , Saputera Debby , Arifin Rahmad 
Published: June 2020

Background: Denture stomatitis is inflammation of the oral mucosa which supporting the denture that caused by Candida albicans. Candida albicans contamination can be prevented by immersing dentures into denture cleanser solution. One of the alternative ingredients that can be used as denture cleanser is small white ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum). Objective: This study aimed to analyze whether small white ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum) was toxic to BHK-21 fibroblast cells using the MTT assay method. Method: This study was conducted in 7 groups. Five groups consisted of extracts of 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 2 control groups comprised of media control and cell control. Absorbance was read using ELISA reader and cell viability was calculated. Results: The percentage of living cells of all groups of small white ginger extract treatment was 100%. The parametric analysis of One Way Annova showed p = 0.498 (p> 0.05) Conclusion: Small white ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. Amarum) is not toxic to BHK-21 fibroblast cells using the MTT Assay method because cell viability of all concentration groups is ≥ 60%.
THE IMMERSION EFFECT OF MIXTURE OF SMALL WHITE GINGER AND GARLIC EXTRACT ON COLOR CHANGES OF ACRYLIC PLATE
Authors: Pengasih Dea , Saputera Debby , Sukmana Bayu Indra 
Published: June 2020

Background: Heat cured acrylic resin is often used as a component of denture. One of the heat cured acrylic resin properties is water absorption that affects the change in acrylic color. An alternative using natural compound to minimize side effect is arising when compared to synthetic materials. A mixture of small white ginger and garlic extract can be used as natural denture cleanser. Objective: This study aimed to know the color changes of heat cured resin plate that immersed in a mixture of 70% small white ginger and 10% garlic extract. Method: This was a true experimental study with pretest and posttest with control group design, using simple random sampling. The sample was cylindrical acrylic with 15 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness. The research was done using 18 samples heat cured acrylic resins which were divided into 3 groups, the mixture of 70% small white ginger and 10% garlic extract, alkaline peroxide, and distilled water. The color change of the sample was tested using digital analysis tools set. Results: The mean value of color changes in heat cured acrylic resin plate after immersion in a group of mixed extracts, alkaline peroxide, and distilled water were 6.23, 3.65 and 2.48. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA parametric test and Dunnet T3 Post Hoc test. Conclusion: There is a difference in color changes of heat cured resin plate after the immersion in a mixture of extract and alkaline peroxide. Acrylic resin that immersed in mixed extract demonstrates a higher value of color change.
MANDIBULAR BONE QUALITY OF PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHS IN HIV-INFECTED CHILDREN
Authors: Firman Ria Noerianingsih , Sufiawati Irna , Primarti Risti Saptarini , Nurrachman Aga Satria , Damayanti Merry Annisa 
Published: June 2020

Background: People living with HIV may have several pathologic conditions in its body and bone is one of the organs affected by HIV infection. HIV-infected patients have been associated frequently with osteoporosis and lower bone mineral density (BMD) which may lead to the increasing risk of bone fracture. This situation may become more complicated in children and young age as it will affect the long-term bone quality and development later in life until the peak BMD is reached. Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure the mandibular bone quality using the mandibular cortical index (MCI) and panoramic mandibular index (PMI) in panoramic radiographs of HIV-infected children. Method: This study used descriptive cross sectional research design which analyzed panoramic radiographs of HIV-infected children and measured its mandibular bone quality. Total 43 panoramic radiographs of HIV-infected children were observed and analyzed qualitatively using mandibular cortical index (MCI) and panoramic mandibular index (PMI) were used for the quantitave measurement, as it have been widely used for assesing mandibular bone quality in previous studies. Mandibular cortical index (MCI) has 3 categories of cortical bone quality: C1 (normal cortex), C2 (mildly to moderately eroded cortex), and C3 (severely eroded cortex), while the normal ratio of mental foramen-inferior border of mandible to mandibular cortical length in panoramic mandibuIar index is about 0.3. Result: Mandibular cortical index (MCI) of 43 HIV-infected children consist of 4 samples in C1, 38 in C2, 1 in C3, while the panoramic mandibular index (PMI) of 43 HIV-infected children consist of 23 less than normal, 5 normal, 15 more than normal. Conclusions: The most number of mandibular cortical index (MCI) was C2 (mildly to moderately eroded cortex) and the most number of panoramic mandibular index (PMI) was less than normal of HIV-infected children.
Analysis of Tools Used in Assessing Technical Skills and Operative Competence in Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgical Training
Authors: James Hannah K. , Chapman Anna W. , Pattison Giles T.R. , Fisher Joanne D. , Griffin Damian R. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Robust assessment of skills acquisition and surgical performance during training is vital to ensuring operative competence among orthopaedic surgeons. A move to competency-based surgical training requires the use of tools that can assess surgical skills objectively and systematically. The aim of this systematic review was to describe the evidence for the utility of assessment tools used in evaluating operative performance in trauma and orthopaedic surgical training.

Methods:
We performed a comprehensive literature search of MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar databases to June 2019. From eligible studies we abstracted data on study aim, assessment format (live theater or simulated setting), skills assessed, and tools or metrics used to assess surgical performance. The strengths, limitations, and psychometric properties of the assessment tools are reported on the basis of previously defined utility criteria.

Results:
One hundred and five studies published between 1990 and 2019 were included. Forty-two studies involved open orthopaedic surgical procedures, and 63 involved arthroscopy. The majority (85%) were used in the simulated environment. There was wide variation in the type of assessment tools in used, the strengths and weaknesses of which are assessor and setting-dependent.

Conclusions:
Current technical skills-assessment tools in trauma and orthopaedic surgery are largely procedure-specific and limited to research use in the simulated environment. An objective technical skills-assessment tool that is suitable for use in the live operative theater requires development and validation, to ensure proper competency-based assessment of surgical performance and readiness for unsupervised clinical practice.

Clinical Relevance:
Trainers and trainees can gain further insight into the technical skills assessment tools that they use in practice through the utility evidence provided.
Diagnosis and Management of Osteomyelitis in Children
Authors: Gornitzky Alex L. , Kim Arin E. , O’Donnell Jennifer M. , Swarup Ishaan 
Published: June 2020

» The most common causative organism of pediatric osteomyelitis is Staphylococcus aureus, although, more recently, organisms such as Kingella kingae and methicillin-resistant S. aureus have been increasing in prevalence.» Magnetic resonance imaging is the best diagnostic imaging modality for pediatric osteomyelitis given its high sensitivity and specificity.» Most cases of early osteomyelitis without a drainable abscess can be adequately treated with a short course of intravenous antibiotics followed by at least 3 weeks of oral antibiotics.» Surgical management of pediatric osteomyelitis is usually indicated in the presence of an abscess and/or failed treatment with antibiotic therapy.» Clinical examination, fever, and C-reactive protein testing should be used to guide the conversion to oral antibiotics, the total antibiotic regimen duration, and the need for an additional debridement surgical procedure.
Effectiveness of Ethanol Extract of Neem, Mahogany and Surian Seeds on Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus Larva (Tenebrionidae : Coleoptera)
Authors: Darwiati Wida , Darmawan Ujang Wawan , Syukur Cheppy 
Published: June 2020

<em>Neem, mahogany, and surian seeds contain secondary metabolites that can be used as biopesticides. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of neem, mahogany, and surian seed extracts to the larvae of the </em>Tenebrio molitor<em> L. (Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera) </em><em>at laboratory scale. The stages of the research were the preparation of seed extracts, phytochemical analysis of the extracts, and efficacy of extracts against </em>T. molitor<em> larvae. Dried seeds of neem, sur</em><em>ian, and mahogany (water content &lt; 10%) were ground (100 mesh) and macerated with 95% ethanol solvent for seven hours at 70 <sup>o</sup>C. The alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids/the triterpenoid were then analyzed. The effectiveness of the extracts was tested</em><em>against the 3<sup>rd</sup> larva of </em>T. molinor<em>. The experiment</em><em> designed in Randomize block design, three replications, each with ten larvae. The first factor was seed extracts (neem, surian, and mahogany), while the second factor was five levels of extract concentration (</em><em>0 mg;l<sup>-1</sup>, 9 mg.l<sup>-1</sup>, 15 mg.l<sup>-1</sup>, 30 mg.l<sup>-1</sup> and 45 mg.l<sup>-1</sup>). Phytochemical analysis showed that mahogany seeds contained alkaloids and triterpenoids. Meanwhile, surian seeds contained tannin, alkaloid, steroid/triterpenoid, but neem seeds contained saponin and alkaloids. The mahogany, surian, and neem seed extracts were effective in causing significant mortality to </em>T. molitor<em> larvae. Ethanol extract of neem seeds was more toxic to larvae (LC<sub>50</sub> = 0.72 mg.l<sup>-1</sup>), compared to mahogany (LC<sub>50</sub> = 5.2 mg.l<sup>-1</sup>) and sur</em><em>ian (LC<sub>50</sub> = 7.02 mg.l<sup>-1</sup>). Mimba seed extract is more prospective to be developed as a botanical insecticide.</em>
Respon Varietas Padi Berpotensi Hasil Tinggi terhadap Pemupukan Nitrogen pada Inceptisols Bertekstur Ringan dan Berat
Authors: Setyorini Diah , Widowati Ladiyani Retno , Kasno Antonius 
Published: June 2020

<p><strong>AbstraK.</strong> Nitrogen adalah salah satu unsur hara makro esensial yang dibutuhkan untuk meningkatkan hasil tanaman padi sawah. Tanpa pemupukan N hasil padi sangat rendah dan relatif sama dengan hasil padi yang tidak dipupuk sama sekali. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan dosis rekomendasi pupuk N untuk padi berpotensi hasil tinggi varietas Inpari 4, Mekongga dan hibrida H6444. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan di Inceptisols Plemahan yang bertekstur berat dan Inceptisols Gurah yang bertekstur ringan, di Kabupaten Kediri, Provinsi Jawa Timur. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan petak terpisah dengan tiga varietas padi sebagai petak utama dan dosis pupuk N sebagai anak petak, pada Musim Kemarau (MK) 2012. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan dan hasil gabah padi hibrida H6444 lebih tinggi sekitar 14-21% dibandingkan Inpari 4 dan Mekongga. Semakin tinggi dosis N, pertumbuhan dan hasil gabah semakin meningkat. Interaksi antara perlakuan varietas dan dosis N hanya terjadi pada parameter hasil gabah. Dosis maksimum pupuk Urea untuk padi sawah pada tanah bertekstur ringan di desa Gurah berturut-turut adalah 680 dan 715 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> untuk Inpari 4 dan Mekongga serta 450 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> untuk H6444. Pada tanah bertekstur berat di Plemahan adalah 580 dan 560 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> berturut-turut untuk Inpari 4 dan Mekongga dan 350 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> untuk H6444.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong>. Nitrogen is one of macro essential nutrients needed to increase rice yield. In the absence of N fertilization, the rice yield is very low and similar to the rice yield with no fertilization. The objective of the study was to determine recommended dose of N fertilizer for high yielding rice varieties of Inpari 4, Mekongga and H6444 hybrid varieties. Research has been carried out in Inceptisols Plemahan Village with heavy soil texture and Inceptisols in Gurah Village, in Kediri District, East Java Province with light soil texture. The study used a split plot design consisted of three rice varieties as the main plot and six levels of N dose as subplots, in the dry season of 2012. The results showed that the growth and yield of H6444 hybrid variety were 14-21% higher than Inpari 4 and Mekongga. The higher the N dose, the higher were the rice growth and yield. The interaction between varieties and N level was observed in grain yields. The maximum doses of Urea fertilizer for lowland rice in light textured soils in Gurah were 680 and 715 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> for Inpari 4 and Mekongga, respectively, and 450 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> for H6444. For heavy textured soils in Plemahan is 580 and 560 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> for Inpari 4 and Mekongga, respectively, and 350 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> for H6444<span style="text-align: justify; font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif; color: #222222;" lang="EN">.</span></p>
Maternal effects shape the alternative splicing of parental alleles in reciprocal cross hybrids of Megalobrama amblycephala x Culter alburnus
Authors: Ren Li , Yan Xiaojing , Gao Xin , Cui Jialin , Yan Pengcheng , Wu Chang , Li Wuhui , liu shaojun 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background Maternal effects contribute to adaptive significance for shaping various phenotypes of many traits. Potential implications of maternal effects are the cause of expression diversity, but these effects on mRNA expression and alternative splicing (AS) have not been fully elucidated in hybrid animals. Results Two reciprocal cross hybrids following hybridization of Megalobrama amblycephala (blunt snout bream, BSB) and Culter alburnus (topmouth culter, TC) were used as a model to investigate maternal effects. In a comparison of BSB- and TC- homoeolog expression from the two reciprocal cross hybrids, we identified 49–348 differentially expressed BSB-homoeologous genes and 54–354 differentially expressed TC-homoeologous genes. 2402, 2959, and 3418 AS events between the two reciprocal cross hybrids were detected in Illumina data of muscle, liver, and gonads, respectively. Moreover, 21,577 (TC-homoeologs) and 30,007 (BSB-homoeologs) AS events were found in the 20,131 homoeologous gene pairs of TBF3 based on PacBio data, while 30,561 (TC-homoeologs) and 30,305 (BSB-homoeologs) AS events were found in BTF3. These results further improve AS prediction at the homoeolog level. The various AS patterns in bmpr2a belonged to the bone morphogenetic protein family were selected as an AS model to investigate expression diversity and their potential effects to body shape traits.Conclusions The distribution of differentially expressed genes and AS in BSB- and TC-subgenomes exhibited various changes between the two reciprocal cross hybrids, suggesting that maternal effects were the cause of expression diversity. These findings provide a novel insight into mRNA expression changes and AS under maternal effects in lower vertebrates.
Applicability of the Five Case Model to African eHealth investment decisions
Authors: Broomhead Sean C , Mars Maurice , Scott Richard E. , Jones Tom 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background: eHealth programmes in African countries face fierce competition for scarce resources. Such initiatives should not proceed without adequate appraisal of their probable impacts, thereby acknowledging their opportunity costs and the need for appraisals to promote optimal use of available resources. However, since there is no broadly accepted eHealth impact appraisal framework available to provide guidance, and local expertise is limited, African health ministries have difficulty completing such appraisals. The Five Case Model, used in several countries outside Africa, has the potential to function as a decision-making tool in African eHealth environments and serve as a key component of an eHealth impact model for Africa. Methods: This study identifies internationally recognised metrics and readily accessible data sources to assess the applicability of the model’s five cases to African countries. Results: Ten metrics are identified that align with the Five Case Model’s five cases, including nine component metrics and one summary metric that aggregates the nine. The metrics cover the eHealth environment, human capital and governance, technology development, and finance and economics. Fifty-four African countries are scored for each metric. Visualisation of the metric scores using spider charts reveals profiles of the countries’ relative performance and provides an eHealth Investment Readiness Assessment Tool. Conclusion: The utility of these comparisons to strengthen eHealth investment planning suggests that the five cases are applicable to African countries’ eHealth investment decisions. The potential for the Five Case Model to have a role in an eHealth impact appraisal framework for Africa should be validated through field testing.