bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatic ultrasonography in three breeds of healthy calves: Nellore, Curraleiro Pe‐duro and Pantaneiro
Authors: Lima Valesca Henrique , da Silva Nivan Antônio Alves , Rodrigues Milenna Karoline , da Silva Jéssica Alves , dos Santos Fabrício Carrião , Juliano Raquel Soares , Fioravanti Maria C. Soares , Borges Naida Cristina , da Cunha Paulo H. Jorge 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn ultrasonography was performed in 21 healthy male calves of Nellore (n = 8), Curraleiro Pe‐duro (n = 7) and Pantaneiro (n = 6) breeds, between 8 and 12 months, with the objective to display information about size, position and ultrasonographic parenchymal patterns of the liver, in addition to the topography of the gallbladder, right kidney and major vessels. The measurements used were dorsal margin distance (DMD) and ventral margin distance (VMD) of the liver, viewable extension (VE) of the liver, the caudal vena cava (CVC), width (CVCW) and depth (CVCD) and the portal vein (PV), width (PVW) and depth (PVD). The measures DMD, VMD and VE were similar, and the organ’s longest visible extension was in 11th ICS. CVC was more frequently observed in the 11th and 10th ICS, despite being visible from the 12th to the 9th ICS in Nellore and still 8th ICS in Curraleiro Pe‐duro and Pantaneiro. CVCD was lower in the 10th and 9th ICS in Nellore. The PV presented higher observation frequency in the 10th ICS. The measures PVD and PVW were higher in Nellore in the 11th, 10th and 9th ICS. To our knowledge, this report is the first to document ultrasonographic findings in three healthy calves. Considering the three breeds, the results show no differences in the ultrasonographic features as regard to the measurements and visualization of the position, size and vasculature of the liver and there was no additional information about the topography of the gallbladder and the right kidney.
The impact of caffeine consumption on clinical symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review
Authors: Frigerio Sofia , Strawbridge Rebecca , Young Allan H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesIn healthy populations, caffeine appears to have beneficial effects on health; however, patients with bipolar disorder (BD) are routinely advised to limit caffeine use in psychoeducation programmes. We aimed to examine all literature reporting whether caffeine intake/withdrawal impacts the natural course of BD, in terms of clinical outcomes.MethodsPubMed, Embase and PsycINFO were searched (up to 17/07/2020) and all studies reporting data on individuals with BD comparing a measure of caffeine use with illness severity (symptoms of mania, depression, psychosis, anxiety, sleep or suicidality) were included.ResultsOf the 1678 records reviewed, 17 studies met inclusion criteria (10 case reports, 1 retrospective cohort study, 5 cross‐sectional studies, 1 interventional study). Most case reports described people with BD switching to manic, hypomanic or mixed states after consuming caffeine in variable amounts and/or whose serum lithium concentrations increased after reducing caffeine consumption. The interventional study found that caffeine may suppress lithium concentrations, while the retrospective cohort study reported that participants who drank coffee had more suicidality than non‐drinkers.ConclusionsThe literature examining clinical effects of caffeine in patients with BD is not conclusive. Acute increases in caffeine consumption may precede the occurrence of manic symptoms in patients with BD, potentially through a direct stimulant effect, affecting sleep patterns and/or the metabolism of lithium or other medications, although increases in caffeine intake could also be a consequence of an ongoing manic relapse or a prodromal sign. Further research is needed to determine whether caffeine use impacts the long‐term prognosis of BD.
Ancient life and moving fluids
Authors: Gibson Brandt M. , Furbish David J. , Rahman Imran A. , Schmeeckle Mark W. , Laflamme Marc , Darroch Simon A.F. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTOver 3.7 billion years of Earth history, life has evolved complex adaptations to help navigate and interact with the fluid environment. Consequently, fluid dynamics has become a powerful tool for studying ancient fossils, providing insights into the palaeobiology and palaeoecology of extinct organisms from across the tree of life. In recent years, this approach has been extended to the Ediacara biota, an enigmatic assemblage of Neoproterozoic soft‐bodied organisms that represent the first major radiation of macroscopic eukaryotes. Reconstructing the ways in which Ediacaran organisms interacted with the fluids provides new insights into how these organisms fed, moved, and interacted within communities. Here, we provide an in‐depth review of fluid physics aimed at palaeobiologists, in which we dispel misconceptions related to the Reynolds number and associated flow conditions, and specify the governing equations of fluid dynamics. We then review recent advances in Ediacaran palaeobiology resulting from the application of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). We provide a worked example and account of best practice in CFD analyses of fossils, including the first large eddy simulation (LES) experiment performed on extinct organisms. Lastly, we identify key questions, barriers, and emerging techniques in fluid dynamics, which will not only allow us to understand the earliest animal ecosystems better, but will also help to develop new palaeobiological tools for studying ancient life.
Partisan politics and fiscal policy in the Canadian provinces
Authors: Haddow Rodney 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article evaluates the impact of partisanship on provincial fiscal policies over business‐ and electoral‐cycles between 1981 and 2016. There were partisan differences between left‐wing governments (the New Democratic Party and the Parti Québécois), on the one hand, and conservative ones, on the other. The evidence is particularly strong for business‐cycles, where left‐wing parties pursued much more countercyclical strategies than conservatives. In contrast, there was little difference between most Liberal administrations and conservative ones. Left‐wing fiscal policies nevertheless lost their distinctiveness during the last third of the study period. The article concludes by discussing possible explanations for this change.
Acute and chronic kidney disease after pediatric liver transplantation: An underestimated problem
Authors: Lacquaniti Antonio , Campo Susanna , Casuscelli Di Tocco Teresa , Rovito Stefania , Bucca Maurizio , Ragusa Antonino , Monardo Paolo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAcute and chronic kidney injuries represent critical issues after liver transplantation (LTx), but whereas renal dysfunction in adult transplant patients is well documented, little is known about its prevalence in childhood. It is a challenge to accurately evaluate renal function in patients with liver disease, due to several confounding factors. Creatinine‐based equations estimating glomerular filtration rate, validated in nephropathic patients without hepatic issues, are frequently inaccurate in end‐stage liver disease, underestimating the real impact of renal disease. Moreover, whereas renal issues observed within 1 year from LTx were often related to acute injuries, kidney damage observed after 5‐7 years from LTx, is due to chronic, irreversible mechanisms. Most immunosuppression protocols are based on calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) and corticosteroids, but mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus could play significant roles, also in children. Early diagnosis and personalized treatment represent the bases of kidney disease management, in order to minimize its close relation with increased mortality. This review analyzed acute and chronic kidney damage after pediatric LTx, also discussing the impact of pre‐existent renal disease. The main immunosuppressant strategies have been reviewed, highlighting their impact on kidney function. Different methods assessing renal function were reported, with the potential application of new renal biomarkers.
Long‐term outcome of persons with diabetic and non‐diabetic neuro‐osteoarthropathy after foot correction using external fixation
Authors: Spraul A. M. S. , Schönbach A. M. , Müller N. , Müller U. A. , Koller A. , Spraul M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimDiabetic neuro‐osteoarthropathy (Charcot foot) is a serious form of diabetic foot syndrome, often leading to severe deformity of the foot and subsequently to ulcers and osteomyelitis. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the success rate and long‐term outcomes for a Charcot foot operation using external fixation in 115 individuals who underwent surgery between July 2008 and December 2012.MethodsSome 115 consecutive persons, 78 (68%) men and 37 (32%) women, were enrolled in this study. The eligibility criterion for this retrospective study was reconstructive foot surgery using a Hoffmann II external fixator in diabetic and non‐diabetic neuro‐osteoarthropathy. The main examination parameters in the follow‐up were walking ability, amputation and mortality. Average follow‐up was 5.7 (± 3.2) years.ResultsNinety‐seven per cent of people were able to walk after the operation with bespoke shoes or an orthosis. At follow‐up, 77% were able to walk and 51% were fully mobile even outside the home. Subsequent amputations were performed in 29 individuals (26%), with 17 (15%) minor and 12 (11%) major amputations. Forty‐seven individuals died before follow‐up, the majority (53%) from cardiovascular events. Average survival time post surgery was 4.5 (± 2.9) years.ConclusionReconstruction surgery using external fixation is a very useful method for maintaining walking ability in the case of conservatively non‐treatable diabetic and non‐diabetic neuro‐osteoarthropathy. Individuals with severe Charcot foot disease had a low rate of major amputations. Osteomyelitis was the main reason for major amputations.
Transthoracic echocardiographic findings in patients admitted with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Authors: Schott Jason P. , Mertens Amy N. , Bloomingdale Richard , O’Connell Thomas F. , Gallagher Michael J. , Dixon Simon , Abbas Amr E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)–infected patients commonly have elevated troponin and D‐dimer levels, but limited imaging exists to support most likely etiologies in efforts to avoid staff exposure. The purpose of this study was to report transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) findings in SARS‐CoV‐2 patients with correlating troponin and D‐dimer levels.MethodsWe identified 66 SARS‐CoV‐2 patients (mean age 60 ± 15.7 years) admitted within a large, eight‐hospital healthcare system over a 6‐week period with a TTE performed. TTE readers were blinded to laboratory data with intra‐observer and inter‐observer analysis assessed.ResultsSixty‐six of 1780 SARS‐CoV‐2 patients were included and represented a high‐risk population as 38 (57.6%) were ICU‐admitted, 47 (71.2%) had elevated D‐dimer, 41 (62.1%) had elevated troponin, and 25 (37.9%) died. Right ventricular (RV) dilation was present in 49 (74.2%) patients. The incidence and average D‐dimer elevation was similar between moderate/severe vs. mild/no RV dilation (69.6% vs 67.6%, P = 1.0; 3736 ± 2986 vs 4141 ± 3351 ng/mL, P = .679). Increased left ventricular (LV) wall thickness was present in 46 (69.7%) with similar incidence of elevated troponin and average troponin levels compared to normal wall thickness (66.7% vs 52.4%, P = .231; 0.88 ± 1.9 vs 1.36 ± 2.4 ng/mL, P = .772). LV dilation was rare (n = 6, 9.1%), as was newly reduced LV ejection fraction (n = 2, 3.0%).ConclusionTTE in SARS‐CoV‐2 patients is scarce, technically difficult, and reserved for high‐risk patients. RV dilation is common in SARS‐CoV‐2 but does not correlate with elevated D‐dimer levels. Increased LV wall thickness is common, while newly reduced LV ejection fraction is rare, and neither correlates with troponin levels.
Anxious arousal alters prefrontal cortical control of stopping
Authors: Roxburgh Ariel D. , White David J. , Cornwell Brian R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAnxiety heightens vigilance and stimulus‐driven attention to the environment, which may in turn disrupt cognitive control processes such as response inhibition. How this unfolds at the neural level is unclear. Previous evidence implicates the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) as an important cortical node in both stimulus‐driven attention and inhibitory control. Here we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to investigate the neural mechanisms involved in the relationship between threat‐induced anxiety and stopping during a stop‐signal task, where a visual go signal was occasionally followed by an auditory stop signal. Healthy individuals (N = 18) performed the task during the threat of unpredictable shocks and safety to modulate anxious arousal. Behaviorally, we observed that stopping was impaired during threat (i.e. slower estimated stop‐signal reaction times), indicating that anxious arousal weakens inhibitory control. MEG source analyses revealed that bilateral IFG and right dorsal prefrontal cortex showed increased beta‐band activity (14–30 Hz) to the stop signal that varied as a function of successful stopping during nonanxious (safe) conditions only. Moreover, peak beta‐band responses from right IFG were inversely correlated with stopping efficiency during nonanxious conditions. These findings support theoretical claims that beta oscillations function to maintain the current sensorimotor state, and that the lack of differential beta‐band activity in prefrontal cortices underlies anxiety‐related deficits in inhibitory control. We specifically argue that altered right IFG functioning might directly link impaired cognitive control to heightened stimulus‐driven responding in anxiety states.
Seizures with paroxysmal arousals in sleep‐related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE): Dissecting epilepsy from NREM parasomnias
Authors: Loddo Giuseppe , Baldassarri Lorenzo , Zenesini Corrado , Licchetta Laura , Bisulli Francesca , Cirignotta Fabio , Mondini Susanna , Tinuper Paolo , Provini Federica 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveSleep‐related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE) is a focal epilepsy characterized by seizures occurring mostly during sleep, ranging from brief seizures with paroxysmal arousals (SPAs) to hyperkinetic seizures and ambulatory behaviors. SPAs are brief and stereotypic seizures representing the beginning of a major seizure. Distinguishing SPAs from disorders of arousal (DOAs) and their briefest episodes called simple arousal movements (SAMs) is difficult. We performed a characterization of SPAs and SAMs to identify video‐polysomnographic (VPSG) features that can contribute to the diagnosis of SHE or DOA.MethodsFifteen SHE, 30 DOA adult patients, and 15 healthy subjects underwent full‐night VPSG. Two neurologist experts in sleep disorders and epilepsy classified all the sleep‐related movements and episodes recorded. For each SPAs and SAMs, sleep stage at onset, duration, limb involvement, progression, and semiology have been identified.ResultsA total of 121 SPAs were recorded, emerging mostly during stage 1‐2 non–rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (median duration: 5 seconds). At the beginning, the SPAs motor pattern was hyperkinetic in 78 cases (64%), involving more than three non‐contiguous or all body parts. The standard was a constant progression of movements during SPAs without any motor arrests. In DOA patients a total of 140 SAMs were recorded (median duration: 12 seconds) mostly emerging during stage 3 NREM sleep. In SAMs, we did not observe any tonic/dystonic or hypermotor patterns or stereotypy; motor arrest was present over the course of about half of the episodes. In comparison with both DOA and healthy subjects, SHE patients showed a higher number of sleep‐related movements per night and a reduction of sleep efficiency.SignificanceSPAs and SAMs present different semiological and clinical features. Their recognition could be useful to drive the diagnosis when major episodes are not recorded during VPSG in patients with a clear clinical history of SHE or DOA.
Managing the Risks of Schooling, Securing Middle‐Class Belonging: Russian, Palestinian, and Jewish Mothers in Israel
Authors: Golden Deborah , Erdreich Lauren , Roberman Sveta 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA major sphere of action in which parents engage in the management of risk on behalf of their children—primarily through the gendered work of mothering—is that of education and schooling. This article explores the endeavors on the part of middle‐class Israeli mothers hailing from three social‐cultural groups—immigrants from the former Soviet Union, Palestinian Israelis, and Jewish Israelis—to manage the risks of schooling, as they perceive these to be. We ask: What do the women share, and how do they differ in their understandings of the failings of school and the risks attached? How do they choose to act in response to these perceived risks? In posing these questions, we seek to explore the ways in which the perception of risk, the experience of anxiety, and the navigation of schooling are shaped at the nexus of class, culture, and social positioning.
Spatial and temporal variability of soil N2O and CH4 fluxes along a degradation gradient in a palm swamp peat forest in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Hergoualc’h Kristell , Dezzeo Nelda , Verchot Louis V. , Martius Christopher , van Lent Jeffrey , del Aguila‐Pasquel Jhon , López Gonzales Mariela 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMauritia flexuosa palm swamp, the prevailing Peruvian Amazon peatland ecosystem, is extensively threatened by degradation. The unsustainable practice of cutting whole palms for fruit extraction modifies forest's structure and composition and eventually alters peat‐derived greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We evaluated the spatiotemporal variability of soil N2O and CH4 fluxes and environmental controls along a palm swamp degradation gradient formed by one undegraded site (Intact), one moderately degraded site (mDeg) and one heavily degraded site (hDeg). Microscale variability differentiated hummocks supporting live or cut palms from surrounding hollows. Macroscale analysis considered structural changes in vegetation and soil microtopography as impacted by degradation. Variables were monitored monthly over 3 years to evaluate intra‐ and inter‐annual variability. Degradation induced microscale changes in N2O and CH4 emission trends and controls. Site‐scale average annual CH4 emissions were similar along the degradation gradient (225.6 ± 50.7, 160.5 ± 65.9 and 169.4 ± 20.7 kg C ha−1 year−1 at the Intact, mDeg and hDeg sites, respectively). Site‐scale average annual N2O emissions (kg N ha−1 year−1) were lower at the mDeg site (0.5 ± 0.1) than at the Intact (1.3 ± 0.6) and hDeg sites (1.1 ± 0.4), but the difference seemed linked to heterogeneous fluctuations in soil water‐filled pore space (WFPS) along the forest complex rather than to degradation. Monthly and annual emissions were mainly controlled by variations in WFPS, water table level (WT) and net nitrification for N2O; WT, air temperature and net nitrification for CH4. Site‐scale N2O emissions remained steady over years, whereas CH4 emissions rose exponentially with increased precipitation. While the minor impact of degradation on palm swamp peatland N2O and CH4 fluxes should be tested elsewhere, the evidenced large and variable CH4 emissions and significant N2O emissions call for improved modeling of GHG dynamics in tropical peatlands to test their response to climate changes.
Extraction and characterization of hydroxyapatite‐based materials from grey triggerfish skin and black scabbardfish bones
Authors: Ideia Pedro , Degli Esposti Lorenzo , Miguel Carla Caseiro , Adamiano Alessio , Iafisco Michele , Castilho Paula C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe conversion of food industry by‐products to compounds with high added value is nowadays a significant topic, for social, environmental, and economic reasons. In this paper, calcium phosphate‐based materials were obtained from black scabbardfish (Aphanopus carbo) bones and grey triggerfish (Balistes capriscus) skin, which are two of the most abundant fish by‐products of Madeira Island. Different calcination temperatures between 400 and 1000°C were employed. Materials obtained from calcination of bones of black scabbard fish were composed by homogeneous mixtures of hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HAp) and β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐Ca3(PO4)2, β‐TCP). Because of the high biocompatibility of HAp and the good resorbability of β‐TCP, these natural biphasic materials could be very relevant in the field of biomaterials, as bone grafts. The ratio between HAp and β‐TCP in the biphasic compound was dependent on the calcination temperature. Differently, the material obtained from skin of grey triggerfish contained HAp as the main phase, together with small amounts of other mineral phases, such as halite and rhenanite, which are known to enhance osteogenesis when used as bone substitutes. In both cases, the increase of calcination temperature led to an increase in the particles size with a consequent decrease in their specific surface area. These results demonstrate that from the fish by‐products of the most consumed fishes in Madeira Island it is possible to obtain bioceramic materials with tunable composition and particle morphology, which could be promising materials for the biomedical field.
Effect of cooking temperature on texture and flavour binding of braised sauce porcine skin
Authors: Xu Chunyan , Wang Ying , Pan Daodong , Zhou Changyu , He Jun , Cao Jinxuan 
Published: September 2020

SummaryTo investigate the effect of cooking temperature (55, 65, 75, 85 and 95 °C) on texture and flavour binding of braised sauce porcine skin (BSPS), sensory acceptance, microstructure and flavour‐binding capacity were investigated during the processing of BSPS. Samples cooked at 85 and 95 °C showed better texture and aroma scores. Hardness and chewiness of BSPS were obviously improved at 85 and 95 °C than control group. Collagen structure was significantly destroyed over 85 °C. The porcine skin collagen heated at 85 and 95 °C showed relatively higher flavour‐binding capacity than other samples. The improvement of texture of BSPS was mainly attributed to the degradation of collagen. Higher aroma scores of BSPS were related to intense binding abilities with aroma compounds at 85 and 95 °C. Cooking at 85 or 95 °C could be an optimal cooking temperature for BSPS.
The East African highland cooking bananas ‘Matooke’ preferences of farmers and traders: Implications for variety development
Authors: Akankwasa Kenneth , Marimo Pricilla , Tumuhimbise Robooni , Asasira Moreen , Khakasa Elizabeth , Mpirirwe Innocent , Kleih Uli , Forsythe Lora , Fliedel Geneviève , Dufour Dominique , Nowakunda Kephas 
Published: September 2020

Summary‘Matooke’ is a staple food made from Highland cooking bananas in the Great Lakes region of East Africa. Genetic improvement of these bananas for resistance to pests and diseases has been a priority breeding objective. However, there is insufficient information on fruit quality characteristics that different users prefer, resulting in sub‐optimal adoption of new varieties. This study identified matooke characteristics preferred by farmers and traders, using survey data from 123 farmers, 14 focus group discussions and 40 traders. Gender differences were considered. The main characteristics that were found to drive variety preferences were agronomic (big bunch, big fruits) and quality (soft texture, good taste, good aroma, yellow food). There were minimal geographical and gender differences for trait preferences. Quality characteristics need to be defined in terms of physical–chemical underpinnings so that breeding programmes can apply accurate high‐throughput systems, thereby improving adoption and impact of new banana varieties.