bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Halysis Høeg, 1932 — an ancestral tabulate coral from the Ordos Basin, North China
Authors: Zheng Li-Jing , Jiang Hong-Xia , Wu Ya-Sheng , Bao Hong-Ping , Zhang Yue-Yang , Ren Jun-Feng , Huang Zheng-Liang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe problematic calcareous microfossil Halysis is abundant in the Middle Ordovician Darriwilian Stage of the western edge of the Ordos Basin, North China. The rich and well-preserved specimens of Halysis in this area facilitate detailed studies for its skeletal construction and tube microstructure. Halysis differs from calcified cyanobacteria and calcareous red and green algae in morphology, skeletal construction and microstructure, as well as reproduction mode. Halysis typically consists of multiple juxtaposed parallel tubes arranged in sheets (‘multiple-tube’ type) or is just composed of one tube (‘single-tube’ type). In ‘multiple-tube’ Halysis, tube fission by bifurcation results from the insertion of a microcrystalline wall at the center of a mother tube. This study demonstrates for the first time that the tube walls of Halysis have a laminofibrous (fibronormal) microstructure, composed of fibrous calcite perpendicular to wall surface, and recognizes the ‘single-tube’ type Halysis composed of one tube; in addition, for the first time, this study finds out that ‘multiple-tube’ Halysis develops buddings from the conjunction of two tubes and ‘single-tube’ Halysis shows wide-angle Y-shaped branchings. Based on these findings, this study further compares Halysis with tabulate corals. Halysis appears stratigraphically earlier than Catenipora and Aulopora, and has a smaller tube size. ‘Multiple-tube’ Halysis resembles Catenipora and ‘single-tube’ Halysis resembles Aulopora in skeletal construction and microstructure, and in their tube walls of laminofibrous microstructure composed of fibrous calcite perpendicular to the tube wall surface. Catenipora and Halysis are both characterized by the absence of septal spines. The similarities suggest that Halysis may be the ancestor of Catenipora-like and Aulopora-like tabulate corals.
Association between epilepsy and challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Deb Shoumitro , Akrout Brizard Basma , Limbu Bharati 
Published: September 2020

Background
Previous systematic reviews showed no significant association between epilepsy and challenging behaviours in adults with intellectual disabilities.

Aims
To identify whether there is an association between epilepsy and challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disabilities by carrying out a systematic review of published data. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020178092.

Method
We searched five databases and hand-searched six journals. Two authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full articles using a standardised eligibility checklist. Several meta-analyses were carried out.

Results
The narrative analysis of data from 34 included articles (14 168 adults with intellectual disabilities, 4781 of whom also had epilepsy) showed no significant association between epilepsy and challenging behaviour. Meta-analysis was possible on data from 16 controlled studies. This showed no significant intergroup difference but after sensitivity analysis meta-analysis of 10 studies showed a significantly higher rate of overall challenging behaviour in the epilepsy group (effect size: 0.16) compared with the non-epilepsy group. Aggression and self-injurious behaviour both showed a statistically significant higher rate in the epilepsy group, with very small effect sizes (0.16 and 0.28 respectively). No significant intergroup difference was observed in the rate of stereotypy.

Conclusions
The findings are contradictory and must be interpreted with caution because of the difficulty in pooling data from varied studies, which is likely to introduce confounding. Where significant differences were found, effect sizes are small and may not be clinically significant, and there are major methodological flaws in the included studies, which should be addressed in future large-scale properly controlled studies.
New Horizons: Emerging Therapies and Targets in Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Ringel Matthew D 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The treatment of patients with progressive metastatic follicular cell-derived and medullary thyroid cancers that do not respond to standard therapeutic modalities presents a therapeutic challenge. As a deeper understanding of the molecular drivers for these tumors has occurred and more potent and specific compounds are developed, the number of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments for thyroid cancer has expanded. In addition, with the advent of disease-agnostic target-directed FDA approvals an ever-broadening number of therapeutic options are available for clinicians and patients. However, to date, complete remissions are rare, the average durations of response are relatively modest, and toxicities are common. These factors accentuate the need for further understanding of the mechanisms of resistance that result in treatment failures, the development of biomarkers that can improve patient selection for treatment earlier in the disease process, and the continued need for new therapeutic strategies. In this article, recent approvals relevant to thyroid cancer will be discussed along with selected new potential avenues that might be exploited for future therapies.
New Aspects of Cytochrome c: 3D Domain Swapping, Membrane Interaction, Peroxidase Activity, and Met80 Sulfoxide Modification
Authors: Hirota Shun , Nagao Satoshi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Cytochrome (cyt) c is a multifunctional water-soluble heme protein. It transfers electrons from the cyt bc1 complex (Complex III) to cyt c oxidase (Complex IV) in the respiratory chain of mitochondria, and can trigger apoptosis as well. Although cyt c has been studied for more than a century, its new aspects are still being elucidated. For example, we found that cyt c molecules can form oligomers and polymers by 3D domain swapping (3D-DS), where the C-terminal α-helix is exchanged between molecules. 3D-DS is observed in other c-type cyts—although the swapping regions may differ—indicating that 3D-DS is a common feature for c-type cyts. 3D-DS of c-type cyt can occur during protein folding and expression in cells. The electron transfer ability of cyt c decreases by 3D-DS, due to the dissociation of Met80 from the heme iron, whereas the peroxidase activity increases. The cyt c electron transfer partners, Complex III and Complex IV, are embedded in the inner mitochondria membrane, whereas positively charged cyt c interacts with negatively charged cardiolipin (CL) molecules at the inner mitochondrial membrane. We have recently elucidated the CL-interaction site of cyt c at atomic level by NMR spectroscopy using CL-containing bicelles. The membrane interaction site of cyt c is relatively wide and similar to the interaction site for Complex III and Complex IV, indicating that cyt c interacts with lipid membranes and partner proteins in a similar way. When cyt c interacts strongly with CL, Met80 dissociates from the heme iron and the peroxidase activity of cyt c increases. We have shown that the proton concentration at the CL-containing membrane is higher than that in the bulk solution, which may enhance the peroxidase activity of cyt c. The Met80-dissociated cyt c has been shown to oxidize CL, increasing the permeability of cyt c through the membrane. We found that when Met80 is dissociated from the heme iron in cyt c, Met80 can be oxidized to methionine sulfoxide by the peroxidase reaction of the heme of cyt c or its reaction with molecular oxygen under reduced conditions. Met80-oxidized cyt c depicts a higher peroxidase activity compared to that of unmodified cyt c; thus Met80 oxidation may enhance lipid oxidation and eventually apoptosis. These new findings not only help in understanding the structure-function relationships of multifunctional cyt c but also show that there are still hidden properties in well-studied proteins.
Local diagnostic reference levels in pediatric CT examinations: a survey at the largest children’s hospital in Greece
Authors: Ploussi Agapi , Syrgiamiotis Vasileios , Makri Triantafillia , Hatzigiorgi Christiana , Efstathopoulos Efstathios P. 
Published: September 2020

Objectives: The increased frequency of pediatric CT examinations and the high radiosensitivity of children entail the need to determine DRLs and optimize CT protocols. The aim of the study was twofold. Firstly, to establish pediatric LDRLs according to age and weight for the most common types of CT examinations at the largest children’s hospital in Greece. Secondly, to compare LDRLs with European DRLs. Methods: A total of 756 pediatric patients who underwent head, chest, and abdomen-pelvis CT examinations were included. Patients were categorized into age groups according to the hospital’s protocols. All CT examinations were performed using iterative reconstruction algorithm and AEC. LDRLs were determined in terms of 75th percentile of CTDIvol and DLP. Values of LDRLs were subsequently regrouped into weight categories and compared with European DRLs. Results: Gathering all age groups for head CT examinations and all weight groups for body CT examinations, LDRLs were ranged from (22-68, 2-5, 2-10) mGy in terms of CTDIvol; (317-786, 22-168, 58-425) mGy.cm in terms of DLP per acquisition and (324-838, 42-265, 85-498) mGy.cm in terms of total DLP for head, chest and abdomen-pelvis CT examinations, respectively. Conclusion: CTDI LDRLs were comparable to European DRLs for head and either comparable or lower than European DRLs for body CT examinations. DLP LDRLs were higher than European DRLs for head and lower for body CT examinations. Advances in knowledge: Age- and weight-based LDRLs for pediatric CT examinations were established for the largest children’s hospital in Greece. Further investigations across the country are required for the establishment of national pediatric DRLs in Greece.
Frequency of hyponatremia caused by sodium picosulfate solution when used as a bowel cleansing agent for colonoscopy
Authors: Rasheed Tazeen , Alvi Haris , Shaikh Majid Ahmed , Ali Faiza Sadaqat , Zuberi Bader Faiyaz , Subhan Wara 
Published: September 2020

Objective: To determine the frequency of hyponatremia in patients taking Sodium Picosulfate Solution (SPS) solution for bowel preparation prior to colonoscopy and to compare serum sodium levels before and after SPS.
Methods: This interventional study was conducted at Dr. Ruth K. M. Pfau, Civil Hospital Karachi between June 2019 to November 2019. Patients undergoing colonoscopy were included in the study. All patients were given SPS. Two samples of blood for electrolytes were taken, one 30 minutes before taking SPS solution and another 30 minutes before colonoscopy. Paired sample t-test was used to determine the difference between serum sodium level before taking the colonoscopy solution and serum sodium level before colonoscopy.
Results: Fifty- four patients fulfilling inclusion criteria were included. Out of the 54 patients 28 (51.9%) were males and 26 (48.1%) were females. Mean sodium levels before taking colonoscopy solution was 139.7±3.5 mEq/L and mean sodium level before colonoscopy was 138.9±3.8 mEq/L. The difference between serum sodium level before taking SPS colonoscopy solution and before colonoscopy was found to be statistically insignificant (t (53) = 1.308; p = 0.196).
Conclusion: No serious adverse effects were reported in any of our patients. There was no significant difference in the serum sodium level of patients undergoing colonoscopy before taking SPS bowel preparation solution and serum sodium level before colonoscopy.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.2376
How to cite this:Rasheed T, Alvi H, Shaikh MA, Ali FS, Zuberi BF, Subhan W. Frequency of hyponatremia caused by sodium picosulfate solution when used as a bowel cleansing agent for colonoscopy. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(7):1651-1654. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.7.2376
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Stakeholder perceptions of curriculum design, development and delivery for continuing e-learning for nurses
Authors: Connolly Michael , Browne Freda , Regan Geraldine , Ryder Mary 
Published: September 2020

Background: This paper reports the qualitative findings from stage 5 of an action research project which involved the redesign of continuing professional education (CPE) courses in one organisation. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore key stakeholders perceptions of the teaching, learning and outcomes of a new curriculum design for CPE involving e-learning. Method: This project used participatory action research, involving stakeholders as participants in a process of inquiry about the change. The study took place in an academic teaching hospital and consisted of three focus group interviews with a total of 20 nurses. Participants included stakeholders who had developed curricula and managers from clinical areas where CPE courses had been undertaken. Findings: Four main themes emerged, revealing staff perceptions on the process of change and their own ‘lightbulb moments’ experienced during this process. Results also indicate that the change has resulted in learner-focused CPE, with a range of opportunities for continued educational development in future. Conclusion: Key stakeholders' experience is seldom reported in studies related to CPE. This study provides an insight into the experiences of key stakeholders in relation to the development and delivery of CPE courses. Stakeholders indicated that they were able to see the benefits of implementing new CPE curricula they had contributed to. They also commented that clinical-pertinent and competence-based courses were more learner focused as a result of combining online content with supported workshops.
Rural-Urban Geographical Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence Among US Adults, 2004–2017
Authors: Wong Robert J. , Saab Sammy , Konyn Peter , Sundaram Vinay , Khalili Mandana 
Published: September 2020

INTRODUCTION:
To evaluate impact of urbanicity and household income on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence among US adults.

METHODS:
HCC incidence was evaluated by rural–urban geography and median annual household income using 2004–2017 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results data.

RESULTS:
Although overall HCC incidence was highest in large metropolitan regions, average annual percent change in HCC incidence was greatest among more rural regions. Individuals in lower income categories had highest HCC incidence and greatest average annual percent change in HCC incidence.

DISCUSSION:
Disparities in HCC incidence by urbanicity and income likely reflect differences in risk factors, health-related behaviors, and barriers in access to healthcare services.
Is YouTube being used to its full potential? Proposal for an indicator of interactivity for the top YouTuber content in Spanish
Authors: Tur-Viñes Victoria , González-Río María-José 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between views (popularity) and social interaction generated by YouTuber videos in Spanish. A quali-quantitative analysis is conducted on a sample of 100 videos, 10 YouTube channels, 997 minutes of video, with 116,934,321 views, 12,297,021 likes/dislikes, and 1,041,191 comments on YT, 306,000 retweets/favorites on TW and 140,852 comments, shares, and reactions on FB. The existence of social media tools on YouTube does not in itself guarantee interaction by users who prefer to watch videos and adopt a passive attitude. In this analysis, we propose a social interaction indicator that takes into account the total number of social media reactions made on social networks (YT, TW, and FB) and the age of the video. Cultivating realistic conversation and interaction on platforms with audiences numbering in the millions represents a serious challenge for YouTubers.
Beyond committing and presupposing in Yurakaré conversations: Investigating the interactional functions of epistemic markers through their sequential distributions
Authors: Gipper Sonja 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper outlines a method for studying the sequential distributions of epistemic markers with the purpose of gaining insight into their interactional functions. The method is exemplified with a case study of two epistemic markers of Yurakaré (isolate, Bolivia),=la“commitment” and=se“presupposition”. The investigation reveals that the two markers show different distributions across initial and responsive utterances. Moreover, each marker functions differently when used in initial utterances and responses. It is argued that these distributions show that the interactional functions of the two markers go beyond the marking of commitment and presupposition, and that they contrast in terms of two scales, one capturing the poles of “highly initiating” and “highly responsive”, the other concerning high vs. low degrees of “thematic agency”. While the commitment marker=lais associated with the responsivity pole and with a low degree of thematic agency, the presupposition marker=seshows a tendency toward the initiating pole and toward a high degree of thematic agency. These findings then support the view that epistemic markers are employed to co-construct epistemic perspectives in interaction rather than to make explicit some internal epistemic state held by the speaker.
Dynamic simulation for the process of mining subsidence based on cellular automata model
Authors: Chen Qiuji , Li Jiye , Hou Enke 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnder the background of the ecological civilization era, rapidly obtaining coal mining information, timely assessing the ecological environmental impacts, and drafting different management and protection measures in advance to enhance the capacity of green mine construction have become the urgent technical problems to be solved at present. Simulating and analyzing mining subsidence is the foundation for a land reclamation plan. The Cellular Automata (CA) model provides a new tool for simulating the evolution of mining subsidence. This paper takes a mine in East China as a research area, analyses the methods and measures for developing a model of mining subsidence based on the theories of CA and mining technology, then discusses the results of simulation from different aspects. Through comparative analysis, it can be found that the predicted result is well consonant with the observation data. The CA model can simulate complex systems. The system of mining subsidence evolution CA is developed with the support of ArcGIS and Python, which can help to realize data management, visualization, and spatial analysis. The dynamic evolution of subsidence provides a basis for constructing a reclamation program. The research results show that the research methods and techniques adopted in this paper are feasible for the dynamic mining subsidence, and the work will continue to do in the future to help the construction of ecological civilization in mining areas.
The Continued Relevance of MUL.APIN in Late Babylonian Astronomy
Authors: Steele John 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe astronomical compendium MUL.APIN was composed sometime before the seventh century BC and is known from many copies dating between the Neo-Assyrian and the Seleucid period. In this paper I argue that MUL.APIN continued to be read and understood throughout this period, and that there was still an active tradition of astronomy founded upon MUL.APIN until the end of cuneiform astronomy.
Some features of solving an inverse backward problem for a generalized Burgers’ equation
Authors: Lukyanenko Dmitry V. , Prigorniy Igor V. , Shishlenin Maxim A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we consider an inverse backward problem for a nonlinear singularly perturbed parabolic equation of the Burgers’ type.
We demonstrate how a method of asymptotic analysis of the direct problem allows developing a rather simple algorithm for solving the inverse problem in comparison with minimization of the cost functional.
Numerical experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
Linguistic fieldwork in a pandemic: Supervised data collection combining smartphone recordings and videoconferencing
Authors: Leemann Adrian , Jeszenszky Péter , Steiner Carina , Studerus Melanie , Messerli Jan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Linguistic data collection typically involves conducting interviews with participants in close proximity. The safety precautions related to the COVID-19 pandemic brought such data collection to an abrupt halt: Social distancing forced linguistic fieldwork into involuntary hibernation in many parts of the world. Such hardship, however, can inspire innovation. In this contribution, we present an approach that – we believe – enables a reliable switch from in-person, face-to-face interviews to virtual, online data collection. In this approach, participants remain at home and navigate a smartphone application, enabling high-quality audio recordings and multisensory presentation of linguistic material, while they are being supervised via videoconferencing (Zoom 2020https://zoom.us/ (accessed 11 August 2020)). The smartphone app and the infrastructure presented are open source, accessible, and adaptable to researchers’ specific needs. To explore whether participants’ experiences of in-person data collection are different from participation in a virtual setting, we conducted a study with 36 participants. Overall, findings revealed a substantial degree of overlap in interview experience, setting a methodological baseline for future work. We end this contribution by discussing the benefits and pitfalls of this new approach.
Effect of introducing ozone in elemental chlorine free bleaching of pulp on generation of chlorophenolic compounds
Authors: Tripathi Sandeep Kumar , Bhardwaj Nishi Kant , Ghatak Himadri Roy 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Effect of using ozone before elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching of oxygen delignified wheat straw pulp produced following soda-anthraquinone pulping on bleaching effluent and pulp properties was studied. The effluent generated during bleaching of pulp contains high amount of adsorbable organic halogens (AOX), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and highly toxic chlorophenolic compounds. This study is aimed to utilise green chemistry approach during bleaching of one of the abundantly used agro residue wheat straw for improving the quality of bleaching effluent and pulp properties. Introducing ozone stage before ECF bleaching resulted in significant reduction of chloriphenolic compounds like chlorocatechols by 48.9 %, chloroguaiacols by 33.3 %, chlorovanillins by 28.4 % and chlorophenols by 26.7 % in the effluent compared to those of control. Incorporation of ozone before ECF bleaching BOD, COD, AOX and colour were reduced by 40.0 %, 41.1 %, 46.7 % and 57.8 %, respectively, as compared to control. Optical properties like brightness and whiteness of the pulp bleached using ozone were also improved by 2.5 units and 4.0 units, respectively as compared to that with control.