bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coping With Extreme Events: Growth and Water‐Use Efficiency of Trees in Western Mexico During the Driest and Wettest Periods of the Past One Hundred Sixty Years
Authors: Castruita‐Esparza Luis U. , Silva Lucas C.R. , Gómez‐Guerrero Armando , Villanueva‐Díaz José , Correa‐Díaz Arian , Horwath William R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUnderstanding how trees respond to extreme events is important to predict how climate change will impact forests in the future. In this study, we report changes in radial growth and tree‐ring carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) stable isotope ratios of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas‐fir) in western Mexico. Tree growth was compared with δ13C and δ18O ratios recorded during dry and wet periods caused by El Niño‐Southern Oscillation since 1850. The three driest and three wettest events during the studied period caused tree growth decline of up to 50% followed by 6–10 years of slow recovery until baseline growth was regained. Wet events resulted in up to 17% growth increase, a positive effect that persisted for no more than 3–5 years. Stable isotope ratios recorded physiological adjustments that in some cases correlated significantly with tree growth. Excursions in tree‐ring Δ13C and δ18O isotope ratios suggest that trees cope with dry and wet periods with proportional but divergent adjustments in photosynthesis versus stomatal conductance. Notably, the intrinsic water‐use efficiency—that is, the ratio between carbon assimilation and water loss through transpiration—was positively correlated with tree basal growth only during dry periods. We found no significant correlations between growth and intrinsic water‐use efficiency during wet periods. Contrary to expectations, rising CO2 levels over the past ~160 years did not affect tree growth response to precipitation variability.
Ensembles of Global Climate Model Variants Designed for the Quantification and Constraint of Uncertainty in Aerosols and Their Radiative Forcing
Authors: Yoshioka M. , Regayre L. A. , Pringle K. J. , Johnson J. S. , Mann G. W. , Partridge D. G. , Sexton D. M. H. , Lister G. M. S. , Schutgens N. , Stier P. , Kipling Z. , Bellouin N. , Browse J. , Booth B. B. B. , Johnson C. E. , Johnson B. , Mollard J. D. P. , Lee L. , Carslaw K. S. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTropospheric aerosol radiative forcing has persisted for many years as one of the major causes of uncertainty in global climate model simulations. To sample the range of plausible aerosol and atmospheric states and perform robust statistical analyses of the radiative forcing, it is important to account for the combined effects of many sources of model uncertainty, which is rarely done due to the high computational cost. This paper describes the designs of two ensembles of the Met Office Hadley Centre Global Environment Model‐U.K. Chemistry and Aerosol global climate model and provides the first analyses of the uncertainties in aerosol radiative forcing and their causes. The first ensemble was designed to comprehensively sample uncertainty in the aerosol state, while the other samples additional uncertainties in the physical model related to clouds, humidity, and radiation, thereby allowing an analysis of uncertainty in the aerosol effective radiative forcing. Each ensemble consists of around 200 simulations of the preindustrial and present‐day atmospheres. The uncertainty in aerosol radiative forcing in our ensembles is comparable to the range of estimates from multimodel intercomparison projects. The mean aerosol effective radiative forcing is −1.45 W/m2 (credible interval of −2.07 to −0.81 W/m2), which encompasses but is more negative than the −1.17 W/m2 in the 2013 Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project and −0.90 W/m2 in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report. The ensembles can be used to reduce aerosol radiative forcing uncertainty by challenging them with multiple measurements as well as to isolate potential causes of multimodel differences.
Intense Hurricane Activity Over the Past 1500 Years at South Andros Island, The Bahamas
Authors: Wallace E. J. , Donnelly J. P. , van Hengstum P. J. , Wiman C. , Sullivan R. M. , Winkler T. S. , d'Entremont N. E. , Toomey M. , Albury N. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHurricanes cause substantial loss of life and resources in coastal areas. Unfortunately, historical hurricane records are too short and incomplete to capture hurricane‐climate interactions on multi‐decadal and longer timescales. Coarse‐grained, hurricane‐induced deposits preserved in blue holes in the Caribbean can provide records of past hurricane activity extending back thousands of years. Here we present a high resolution record of intense hurricane events over the past 1500 years from a blue hole on South Andros Island on the Great Bahama Bank. This record is corroborated by shorter reconstructions from cores collected at two nearby blue holes. The record contains coarse‐grained event deposits attributable to known historical hurricane strikes within age uncertainties. Over the past 1500 years, South Andros shows evidence of four active periods of hurricane activity. None of these active intervals occurred in the past 163 years. We suggest that Intertropical Convergence Zone position modulates hurricane activity on the island based on a correlation with Cariaco Basin titanium concentrations. An anomalous gap in activity on South Andros Island in the early 13th century corresponds to a period of increased volcanism. The patterns of hurricane activity reconstructed from South Andros Island closely match those from the northeastern Gulf of Mexico but are anti‐phased with records from New England. We suggest that either changes in local environmental conditions (e.g., SSTs) or a northeastward shift in storm tracks can account for the increased activity in the western North Atlantic when the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern Caribbean are less active.
Retro‐foreland Basin Development in Response to Proto‐Tethyan Ocean Closure, NE Tibet Plateau
Authors: Yan Zhen , Fu Changlei , Aitchison Jonathan C. , Buckman Solomon , Niu Manlan , Cao Bo , Sun Yi , Guo Xianqing , Wang Zongqi , Zhou Renjie 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe compositions and ages of the sediments within retro or foreland basins that are formed and preserved adjacent to collisional orogens can reflect the nature of colliding tectonic elements. The nonmarine Yaoshuiquan and Huabaoshan formations in the South Qilian belt on the NE Tibetan Plateau deposited within a retro‐foreland basin setting during latest Ordovician to Late Silurian time in response to arc‐continent collision. Detritus derivation from a Cambro‐Ordovician arc‐ophiolite complex contains mixed 530‐480 Ma oceanic‐crust together with contributions from a 479‐450 Ma continental‐arc early in development of the basin. The Cambrian arc‐accretionary system and Central Qilian block united to form the basement of a continental arc at ~450 Ma, and both then contributed sediments to the Lianhuashan‐Huabaoshan basin. After the Hualong complex accreted to the north, a broad Andean‐type margin developed along the southern margin of the Central Qilian block from 450 to 440 Ma. These processes generated a wider basin that received detritus from both the south and the north. Consumption of the Proto‐Tethyan Ocean ended with collision between the Qaidam and Hualong blocks, which led to mass wasting of detritus from the Andean‐type igneous rocks and both blocks with the basin from 440 to 420 Ma.
Predicted climate shifts within terrestrial protected areas worldwide
Authors: Hoffmann Samuel , Irl Severin D. H. , Beierkuhnlein Carl 
Published: October 2019

AbstractProtected areas (PA) are refugia of biodiversity. However, anthropogenic climate change induces a redistribution of life on Earth that affects the effectiveness of PAs. When species are forced to migrate from protected to unprotected areas to track suitable climate, they often face degraded habitats in human-dominated landscapes and a higher extinction threat. Here, we assess how climate conditions are expected to shift within the world’s terrestrial PAs (n = 137,432). PAs in the temperate and northern high-latitude biomes are predicted to obtain especially high area proportions of climate conditions that are novel within the PA network at the local, regional and global scale by the end of this century. These PAs are predominantly small, at low elevation, with low environmental heterogeneity, high human pressure, and low biotic uniqueness. Our results guide adaptation measures towards PAs that are strongly affected by climate change, and of low adaption capacity and high conservation value.
Dielectric multi-momentum meta-transformer in the visible
Authors: Jin Lei , Huang Yao-Wei , Jin Zhongwei , Devlin Robert C. , Dong Zhaogang , Mei Shengtao , Jiang Menghua , Chen Wei Ting , Wei Zhun , Liu Hong , Teng Jinghua , Danner Aaron , Li Xiangping , Xiao Shumin , Zhang Shuang , Yu Changyuan , Yang Joel K. W. , Capasso Federico , Qiu Cheng-Wei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMetasurfaces as artificially nanostructured interfaces hold significant potential for multi-functionality, which may play a pivotal role in the next-generation compact nano-devices. The majority of multi-tasked metasurfaces encode or encrypt multi-information either into the carefully tailored metasurfaces or in pre-set complex incident beam arrays. Here, we propose and demonstrate a multi-momentum transformation metasurface (i.e., meta-transformer), by fully synergizing intrinsic properties of light, e.g., orbital angular momentum (OAM) and linear momentum (LM), with a fixed phase profile imparted by a metasurface. The OAM meta-transformer reconstructs different topologically charged beams into on-axis distinct patterns in the same plane. The LM meta-transformer converts red, green and blue illuminations to the on-axis images of “R”, “G” and “B” as well as vivid color holograms, respectively. Thanks to the infinite states of light-metasurface phase combinations, such ultra-compact meta-transformer has potential in information storage, nanophotonics, optical integration and optical encryption.
Molecular features of the UNC-45 chaperone critical for binding and folding muscle myosin
Authors: Hellerschmied Doris , Lehner Anita , Franicevic Nina , Arnese Renato , Johnson Chloe , Vogel Antonia , Meinhart Anton , Kurzbauer Robert , Deszcz Luiza , Gazda Linn , Geeves Michael , Clausen Tim 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMyosin is a motor protein that is essential for a variety of processes ranging from intracellular transport to muscle contraction. Folding and assembly of myosin relies on a specific chaperone, UNC-45. To address its substrate-targeting mechanism, we reconstitute the interplay between Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-45 and muscle myosin MHC-B in insect cells. In addition to providing a cellular chaperone assay, the established system enabled us to produce large amounts of functional muscle myosin, as evidenced by a biochemical and structural characterization, and to directly monitor substrate binding to UNC-45. Data from in vitro and cellular chaperone assays, together with crystal structures of binding-deficient UNC-45 mutants, highlight the importance of utilizing a flexible myosin-binding domain. This so-called UCS domain can adopt discrete conformations to efficiently bind and fold substrate. Moreover, our data uncover the molecular basis of temperature-sensitive UNC-45 mutations underlying one of the most prominent motility defects in C. elegans.
Plasmonic layer-selective all-optical switching of magnetization with nanometer resolution
Authors: Ignatyeva D. O. , Davies C. S. , Sylgacheva D. A. , Tsukamoto A. , Yoshikawa H. , Kapralov P. O. , Kirilyuk A. , Belotelov V. I. , Kimel A. V. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAll-optical magnetization reversal with femtosecond laser pulses facilitates the fastest and least dissipative magnetic recording, but writing magnetic bits with spatial resolution better than the wavelength of light has so far been seen as a major challenge. Here, we demonstrate that a single femtosecond laser pulse of wavelength 800 nm can be used to toggle the magnetization exclusively within one of two 10-nm thick magnetic nanolayers, separated by just 80 nm, without affecting the other one. The choice of the addressed layer is enabled by the excitation of a plasmon-polariton at a targeted interface of the nanostructure, and realized merely by rotating the polarization-axis of the linearly-polarized ultrashort optical pulse by 90°. Our results unveil a robust tool that can be deployed to reliably switch magnetization in targeted nanolayers of heterostructures, and paves the way to increasing the storage density of opto-magnetic recording by a factor of at least 2.
A comprehensive study of metabolite genetics reveals strong pleiotropy and heterogeneity across time and context
Authors: Gallois Apolline , Mefford Joel , Ko Arthur , Vaysse Amaury , Julienne Hanna , Ala-Korpela Mika , Laakso Markku , Zaitlen Noah , Pajukanta Päivi , Aschard Hugues 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGenetic studies of metabolites have identified thousands of variants, many of which are associated with downstream metabolic and obesogenic disorders. However, these studies have relied on univariate analyses, reducing power and limiting context-specific understanding. Here we aim to provide an integrated perspective of the genetic basis of metabolites by leveraging the Finnish Metabolic Syndrome In Men (METSIM) cohort, a unique genetic resource which contains metabolic measurements, mostly lipids, across distinct time points as well as information on statin usage. We increase effective sample size by an average of two-fold by applying the Covariates for Multi-phenotype Studies (CMS) approach, identifying 588 significant SNP-metabolite associations, including 228 new associations. Our analysis pinpoints a small number of master metabolic regulator genes, balancing the relative proportion of dozens of metabolite levels. We further identify associations to changes in metabolic levels across time as well as genetic interactions with statin at both the master metabolic regulator and genome-wide level.
Identification and characterization of Cardiac Glycosides as senolytic compounds
Authors: Triana-Martínez Francisco , Picallos-Rabina Pilar , Da Silva-Álvarez Sabela , Pietrocola Federico , Llanos Susana , Rodilla Verónica , Soprano Enrica , Pedrosa Pablo , Ferreirós Alba , Barradas Marta , Hernández-González Fernanda , Lalinde Marta , Prats Neus , Bernadó Cristina , González Patricia , Gómez María , Ikonomopoulou Maria P. , Fernández-Marcos Pablo J. , García-Caballero Tomás , del Pino Pablo , Arribas Joaquín , Vidal Anxo , González-Barcia Miguel , Serrano Manuel , Loza María I. , Domínguez Eduardo , Collado Manuel 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCompounds with specific cytotoxic activity in senescent cells, or senolytics, support the causal involvement of senescence in aging and offer therapeutic interventions. Here we report the identification of Cardiac Glycosides (CGs) as a family of compounds with senolytic activity. CGs, by targeting the Na+/K+ATPase pump, cause a disbalanced electrochemical gradient within the cell causing depolarization and acidification. Senescent cells present a slightly depolarized plasma membrane and higher concentrations of H+, making them more susceptible to the action of CGs. These vulnerabilities can be exploited for therapeutic purposes as evidenced by the in vivo eradication of tumors xenografted in mice after treatment with the combination of a senogenic and a senolytic drug. The senolytic effect of CGs is also effective in the elimination of senescence-induced lung fibrosis. This experimental approach allows the identification of compounds with senolytic activity that could potentially be used to develop effective treatments against age-related diseases.
Lighting the wick in the candle of learning: generating a prediction stimulates curiosity
Authors: Brod Garvin , Breitwieser Jasmin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCuriosity stimulates learning. We tested whether curiosity itself can be stimulated—not by extrinsic rewards but by an intrinsic desire to know whether a prediction holds true. Participants performed a numerical-facts learning task in which they had to generate either a prediction or an example before rating their curiosity and seeing the correct answer. More facts received high-curiosity ratings in the prediction condition, which indicates that generating predictions stimulated curiosity. In turn, high curiosity, compared with low curiosity, was associated with better memory for the correct answer. Concurrent pupillary data revealed that higher curiosity was associated with larger pupil dilation during anticipation of the correct answer. Pupil dilation was further enhanced when participants generated a prediction rather than an example, both during anticipation of the correct answer and in response to seeing it. These results suggest that generating a prediction stimulates curiosity by increasing the relevance of the knowledge gap.
Atrial Fibrillation Detection from Wrist Photoplethysmography Signals Using Smartwatches
Authors: Bashar Syed Khairul , Han Dong , Hajeb-Mohammadalipour Shirin , Ding Eric , Whitcomb Cody , McManus David D. , Chon Ki H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDetection of atrial fibrillation (AF) from a wrist watch photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal is important because the wrist watch form factor enables long term continuous monitoring of arrhythmia in an easy and non-invasive manner. We have developed a novel method not only to detect AF from a smart wrist watch PPG signal, but also to determine whether the recorded PPG signal is corrupted by motion artifacts or not. We detect motion and noise artifacts based on the accelerometer signal and variable frequency complex demodulation based time-frequency analysis of the PPG signal. After that, we use the root mean square of successive differences and sample entropy, calculated from the beat-to-beat intervals of the PPG signal, to distinguish AF from normal rhythm. We then use a premature atrial contraction detection algorithm to have more accurate AF identification and to reduce false alarms. Two separate datasets have been used in this study to test the efficacy of the proposed method, which shows a combined sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 98.18%, 97.43% and 97.54% across the datasets.
Vulnerability indicators for natural hazards: an innovative selection and weighting approach
Authors: Papathoma-Köhle Maria , Schlögl Matthias , Fuchs Sven 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTo prepare for upcoming extreme events, decision makers, scientists and other stakeholders require a thorough understanding of the vulnerability of the built environment to natural hazards. A vulnerability index based on building characteristics (indicators) rather than empirical data may be an alternative approach to a comprehensive physical vulnerability assessment of the building stock. The present paper focuses on the making of such an index for dynamic flooding in mountain areas demonstrating the transferability of vulnerability assessment approaches between hazard types, reducing the amount of required data and offering a tool that can be used in areas were empirical data are not available. We use data from systematically documented torrential events in the European Alps to select and weight the important indicators using an all-relevant feature selection algorithm based on random forests. The permutation-based feature selection reduced the initial number of indicators from 22 to seven, decreasing in this way the amount of required data for assessing physical vulnerability and ensuring that only relevant indicators are considered. The new Physical Vulnerability Index (PVI) may be used in the mountain areas of Europe and beyond where only few empirical data are available supporting decision-making in reducing risk to dynamic flooding.
PKM2 regulates endothelial cell junction dynamics and angiogenesis via ATP production
Authors: Gómez-Escudero Jesús , Clemente Cristina , García-Weber Diego , Acín-Pérez Rebeca , Millán Jaime , Enríquez José A. , Bentley Katie , Carmeliet Peter , Arroyo Alicia G. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAngiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing ones, occurs in pathophysiological contexts such as wound healing, cancer, and chronic inflammatory disease. During sprouting angiogenesis, endothelial tip and stalk cells coordinately remodel their cell-cell junctions to allow collective migration and extension of the sprout while maintaining barrier integrity. All these processes require energy, and the predominant ATP generation route in endothelial cells is glycolysis. However, it remains unclear how ATP reaches the plasma membrane and intercellular junctions. In this study, we demonstrate that the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2) is required for sprouting angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo through the regulation of endothelial cell-junction dynamics and collective migration. We show that PKM2-silencing decreases ATP required for proper VE-cadherin internalization/traffic at endothelial cell-cell junctions. Our study provides fresh insight into the role of ATP subcellular compartmentalization in endothelial cells during angiogenesis. Since manipulation of EC glycolysis constitutes a potential therapeutic intervention route, particularly in tumors and chronic inflammatory disease, these findings may help to refine the targeting of endothelial glycolytic activity in disease.
Enhanced terahertz conductivity in ultra-thin gold film deposited onto (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTMS)-coated Si substrates
Authors: Lee Youjin , Kim Dasom , Jeong Jeeyoon , Kim Jugyoung , Shmid Volodymyr , Korotchenkov Oleg , Vasa Parinda , Bahk Young-Mi , Kim Dai-Sik 
Published: October 2019

AbstractVarious material properties change considerably when material is thinned down to nanometer thicknesses. Accordingly, researchers have been trying to obtain homogeneous thin films with nanometer thickness but depositing homogeneous few nanometers thick gold film is challenging as it tends to form islands rather than homogenous film. Recently, studies have revealed that treating the substrate with an organic buffer, (3-mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) enables deposition of ultra-thin gold film having thickness as low as 5 nm. Different aspects of MPTMS treatment for ultra-thin gold films like its effect on the structure and optical properties at visible wavelengths have been investigated. However, the effect of the MPTMS treatment on electrical conductivity of ultra-thin gold film at terahertz frequency remains unexplored. Here, we measure the complex conductivity of nanometer-thick gold films deposited onto an MPTMS-coated silicon substrate using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Following the MPTMS treatment of the substrate, the conductivity of the films was found to increase compared to those deposited onto uncoated substrate for gold films having the thickness less than 11 nm. We observed 5-fold enhancement in the conductivity for a 7 nm-thick gold film. We also demonstrate the fabrication of nanoslot-antenna arrays in 8.2-nm-thick gold films. The nanoslot-antenna with MPTMS coating has resonance at around 0.5 THz with an electric field enhancement of 44, whereas the nanoslot-antenna without MPTMS coating does not show resonant properties. Our results demonstrate that gold films deposited onto MPTMS-coated silicon substrates are promising advanced materials for fabricating ultra-thin terahertz plasmonic devices.