bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
P2X7R promotes angiogenesis and tumour‐associated macrophage recruitment by regulating the NF‐κB signalling pathway in colorectal cancer cells
Authors: Yang Chunhui , Shi Shuang , Su Ying , Tong Jing‐Shan , Li Liangjun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOverexpression of P2X7R has been observed in several tumours and is related to cancer advancement and metastasis. However, the role of P2X7R in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients is not well understood. In the current study, overexpression of P2X7R and the effects at the molecular and functional levels in CRC were assessed in a mouse orthotopic model. Functional assays, such as the CCK‐8 assay, wound healing and transwell assay, were used to determine the biological role of P2X7R in CRC cells. CSC‐related genes and properties were detected via sphere formation and real‐time PCR assays. The underlying mechanisms were explored by Western blotting, real‐time PCR and Flow cytometry. In this study, we found that overexpression of P2X7R increases in the in vivo growth of tumours. P2X7R overexpression also increased CD31, VEGF and concurrent angiogenesis. P2X7R up‐regulates aldehyde dehydrogenase‐1 (ALDH1) and CSC characteristics. Transplanted tumour cells with P2X7R overexpression stimulated cytokines to recruit tumour‐associated macrophage (TAMs) to increase the growth of tumours. We also found that the NF‐κB signalling pathway is involved in P2X7R‐induced cytokine up‐regulation. P2X7R promotes NF‐κB–dependent cytokine induction, which leads to TAM recruitment to control tumour growth and advancement and remodelling of the stroma. Our findings demonstrate that P2X7R plays a key role in TAM recruitment, which may be a therapeutic target for CRC patients.
Assessing psychological and nutritional impact of suspected orthorexia nervosa: a cross‐sectional pilot study
Authors: Mitrofanova E. , Mulrooney H. , Petróczi A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundTo date, research on the dietary patterns of individuals with potential orthorexic symptoms is lacking. This cross‐sectional pilot study aimed to explore the feasibility of assessing dietary patterns with psychological traits and states of individuals with possible orthorexic tendencies.MethodsDietary intakes of 10 individuals (two males and eight females) were assessed using 24‐h recall. Mean age of participants was 28.3 years; mean body mass index was 21.2 kg m–2. Nutrient intakes were compared with current dietary guidelines and the Eatwell Guide (Public Health England, 2016). Participants completed the ORTO‐15, the Eating Attitude Test (EAT‐26), the Obsessive‐Compulsive Inventory‐Revised edition (OCI‐R), Paulhus's Spheres of Control (SoC), the Rosenberg's Self‐Esteem Scale (RSES) and the Multidimensional Body‐Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ).ResultsHigh levels of disparity across participants' psychometric scores and 24‐h recall results were observed. There was no single pattern of self‐imposed dietary restrictions among participants. Described dietary practices failed to meet the guidelines for several nutrients.ConclusionsThe results of this pilot study suggest that an extensive investigation of the diets of individuals with possible orthorexic tendencies in a large‐scale study would contribute to the understanding of this condition. In addition, the use of multiple psychometric instruments is recommended for diagnosing orthorexic nervosa.
The microscopic anatomy of endothelial cells in human atherosclerosis: Focus on ER and mitochondria
Authors: Perrotta Ida 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOnce regarded merely as a bland lipid storage disease consequence of aging, atherosclerosis is currently considered a slow and continuous inflammatory process (partially controllable by treatment) with complex etiology involving a multitude of genetic and environmental risk factors which ultimately result in the formation of the plaque. The vascular endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells (ECs), is an important regulatory "organ" critical for cardiovascular homeostasis in health which also contributes significantly to the pathomechanisms of several disease states, including atherosclerosis. Over the years, there has been evidence highlighting the central role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the maintenance of endothelial function and perturbations in ER biology have been proposed to adversely affect a diverse range of endothelial functions. Of particular interest is the evidence that under certain pathophysiological circumstances, abnormal ER ultrastructure correlates with altered ER function and signaling and can contribute to cell injury and apoptosis. Therefore, the ultrastructural traits of ER membranes can have important implications not only for their functional bearings but also for the etiology and pathophysiology of diverse human disorders. With regard to atherosclerosis, the focus of ER research has been centered on the molecular signals originated from the ER to manage conditions of stress, leaving the fine structure of this organelle an almost unexplored (but promising) area of studies. There is, also, increasing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in promoting cell apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, thereby contributing to atheroma growth. It is within this context that the present study has been undertaken to investigate the microscopic architecture of ECs in human atherosclerosis and to determine whether the potential structural abnormalities of ER and mitochondria may play a central pathogenic role in atherogenesis or may merely reflect the condition of a tissue whose integrity has already been disturbed or destroyed. For this purpose, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) remains a powerful technique that can not only provide information about the ultrastructural state of cell organelles but also allow the correlation between different subcellular alterations indicative of a certain pathophysiological condition and cellular response. The present study expands the spectrum of ultrastructural defects known to exist in human atherosclerosis and suggests that ER alterations may be of great importance in the pathogenesis of the disease. The architectural changes of ER may be considered early pathological events that precede any overt histologic abnormalities in the vascular endothelium and its subcellular organelles, primarily the mitochondrial pool.
Toxigenic Corynebacterium ulcerans associated with upper respiratory infections in cats and dogs
Authors: Abbott Y. , Efstratiou A. , Brennan G. , Hallanan S. , Leggett B. , Leonard F. C. , Markey B. K. , Tuite C. , Fry N. K. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesTo describe infection in companion animals with the zoonotic pathogen Corynebacterium ulcerans and to determine its prevalence in clinically‐affected and healthy animals.Materials and MethodsThe clinical presentation and treatment of three cases of C. ulcerans infection is described. Two studies to determine C. ulcerans prevalence rates were undertaken: (a) a prospective study of nasal samples from healthy animals, 479 dogs and 72 cats; (b) a retrospective analysis of records of nasal samples collected over a 10‐year period from 189 dogs and 64 cats affected by respiratory signs.ResultsToxigenic C. ulcerans was isolated from four cats with nasal discharge while concurrent C. ulcerans and mecC methicillin‐resistant S. aureus infection was detected in a dog suffering from chronic nasal discharge. Clinical features were not distinctive and all cases recovered following antimicrobial treatment. Multilocus sequence typing supported a common source for isolates from the shelter cats. Carriage rates of C. ulcerans in healthy animals were 0.42% (2/479) in dogs and 0.00% (0/72) in cats whereas in animals with signs of upper respiratory tract infection prevalence rates were 0.53% (1/189) in dogs and 6.25% (4/64) in cats.Clinical SignificanceClinicians should be aware that dogs and cats can be infected with (or carriers of) toxigenic C. ulcerans Considering the potential zoonotic risk, assistance from medical and public health colleagues should be sought in confirmed cases.
Morphological divergence and the Quaternary speciation ofActaea purpurea(Ranunculaceae) and its relatives
Authors: Chang Xiao‐Peng , Zhang Jiu‐Dong , Li Xiao‐Fei , Huang Lei , Tian Xian‐Hua , Ren Yi , Zhang Jian‐Qiang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTo understand the process and mechanism of speciation, a detailed analysis of origin and demographic history of recently diverged species pairs is necessary. Here, we investigate the evolutionary history ofActaea purpurea(P.K. Hsiao) J. Compton and its closest relatives,A. japonicaThunb. andA. biternata(Siebold and Zuccarini) Prantl. We aim to estimate important parameters of the divergence event, and to lay the foundation for further investigation of the speciation mechanism of this system. Floral and vegetative traits were measured and analyzed. Genetic structure, divergence history, and historical gene flow were also inferred from the plastid and single nucleotide polymorphism data. Floral traits were divergent, and a strong match between pollinator and floral traits was revealed. Genetically the two species were also well diverged, and the time of divergence was dated to the Pleistocene. The demographic modelling results suggest thatA. purpureahad continuous limited gene flow withA. japonicaandA. biternatasince divergence. More work is now needed to confirm that floral trait divergence was selected by pollinators, as well as to understand how pollinator isolation acts in conjunction with other reproductive barriers to reduce gene flow between the two species.
Hypocrisy, Standing to Blame and Second‐Personal Authority
Authors: Piovarchy Adam 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper identifies why hypocrites lack the standing to blame others for certain wrongs. By identifying problems with thinking of hypocritical blame as inappropriate and examining how the concept of standing is used in other contexts, I argue that we should think of standing to blame as a status that grants agents a normative power. Using Darwall's account of second‐personal obligations, I argue that hypocrites lack the standing to blame because they lack the authority to blame. Hypocrites lack this authority because they fail to accept other people's second‐personal authority to make similar demands on them.
The Contemporary Presidency: Two Presidents, Two Crises: Bush Wrestles with 9/11, Trump Fumbles COVID‐19
Authors: Mayer Jeremy D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article compares the response of Presidents George W. Bush and Donald Trump to the two largest crises since the Cuban missile affair: 9/11 and the COVID‐19 pandemic. In examining how each president handled the early warnings, crisis communication, decision making, bureaucratic management, and the public response, we find a mixed picture. Employing these five criteria, it seems at this juncture that while the Bush response ultimately had some successes and some troubling long‐term consequences, the Trump crisis response is destined, in the absence of some dramatic change in events, to be ranked as among the worst in presidential history.Keywords: Trump, Bush, Covid‐19, 9/11, presidents, presidency, crisis management
Age and ageing: What do they mean?
Authors: Räsänen Joona 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article provides a philosophical overview of different approaches to age and ageing. It is often assumed that our age is determined by the amount of time we have been alive. Here, I challenge this belief. I argue that there are at least three plausible, yet unsatisfactory, accounts to age and ageing: the chronological account, the biological account, and the experiential account. I show that all of them fall short of fully determining what it means to age. Addressing these problems, I suggest the Two‐tier principle of age: whenever the three accounts of age contradict, combine the two accounts that differ the least, and reject the third. However, while this principle does solve some difficulties, it is itself vulnerable to problems; therefore I propose we should jettison it. I conclude that there are no accounts to ageing that are satisfactory; they all come with a bullet to bite.
Policy uncertainty and foreign direct investment
Authors: Choi Sangyup , Furceri Davide , Yoon Chansik 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhile foreign direct investment (FDI) is known to be the most stable type of international capital flows, it may be particularly susceptible to heightened uncertainty because of its high fixed costs. We investigate the effect of domestic policy uncertainty on FDI inflows into 16 host countries using the OECD bilateral FDI panel data set and the economic policy uncertainty index from 1985 to 2013. The bilateral structure of the data enables us to disentangle pull factors of FDI from its push factors, thereby obtaining a cleaner causal identification of the higher domestic policy uncertainty effect. To alleviate remaining endogeneity concerns, we use the timing of “exogenous” elections as an instrument. We find that domestic policy uncertainty in a host country robustly reduces the FDI inflows, with the effect being larger in countries with less financial development.
Adaptor proteins: Flexible and dynamic modulators of immune cell signalling
Authors: Borowicz Paweł , Chan Hanna , Hauge Anette , Spurkland Anne 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTo maintain homeostasis, all cells respond to environmental cues via a multitude of surface receptors. In order to act appropriately in their environment, cells are dependent on the transduction of the incoming signal through tightly regulated and interconnected signalling pathways to the cell nucleus. In particular, cells implicated in the immune system greatly depend on such systems to respond in a flexible and dynamic manner to environmental challenges. One major group of intracellular proteins that are involved in these signalling pathways are adaptor proteins. Although adaptor proteins are essential for normal immune cell operation, the functional role of this group of signalling proteins remains to be fully appreciated. So far, research on adaptor proteins has revealed their unique potential in building transient complexes in a reversible, dynamic and inducible manner. In this review, we explore the roles of adaptor proteins – in space and time of intracellular signalling – and their associations with human disease. Examples of adaptor proteins expressed in hematopoietic cells highlight their crucial role in the immune system. Lastly, we present challenges faced in elucidating roles of adaptor proteins, as illustrated by the T cell–specific adaptor (TSAd) protein encoded by theSH2D2Agene.
The biomechanical effects of pronated foot function on gait. An experimental study
Authors: Dodelin Damien , Tourny Claire , L’Hermette Maxime 
Published: July 2020

The relationship between foot kinematics and the development of lower extremity musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) has been the focus of recent attention. However, most studies evaluated static foot type and not dynamic foot function. The purpose was to compare lower limb and foot kinematics, and plantar pressures during gait in physically active individuals with pronated and non‐pronated foot function. Foot function in 154 adult participants was documented as pronated (n = 63) or neutral (n = 91) using 2 established methods: The Foot Posture Index and the Center of Pressure Excursion Index. Difference between the groups in triplanar motion of the lower limb during barefoot gait was evaluated using a 3D motion capture system incorporating the Oxford Foot Model. Dynamic parameters of plantar pressure were recorded using a pressure platform. Anterior‐posterior pelvic tilt range of motion (ROM), peak knee internal rotation, forefoot dorsiflexion ROM, peak forefoot abduction, and rearfoot eversion were all increased in those with pronated foot function. Hallux contact time and time to peak force under the medial forefoot were increased with pronated foot function, and maximal force under the lateral forefoot was reduced. Pronated foot function affected the whole lower limb kinematic chain during gait. These kinematic alterations could increase the risk of developing MSD. Further studies should elucidate the relationship between pronated foot function and MSD, and, if confirmed, foot function should be evaluated in clinical practice for patients with lower limb and low back pain.
Mechanical Consequence of Induced Intervertebral Disc Degeneration in the SPARC-Null Mouse
Authors: Whittal Mitchel C. , Molladavoodi Sara , Zwambag Derek P. , Millecamps Magali , Stone Laura S. , Gregory Diane E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is associated with low back pain (LBP) and accompanied by mechanical changes to the spine. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a protein that contributes to the functioning and maintenance of the extracellular matrix. SPARC-null mice display accelerated IVD degeneration and pain-associated behaviors. This study examined if SPARC-null mice also display altered spine mechanics as compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Lumbar spines from SPARC-null (n = 36) and WT (n = 18) mice aged 14–25 months were subjected to cyclic axial tension and compression to determine neutral zone (NZ) length and stiffness. Three separate mechanical tests were completed for each spine to determine the effect of the number of IVDs tested in series (one versus two versus three IVDs). SPARC-null spine NZs were both stiffer (p &lt; 0.001) and smaller in length (p &lt; 0.001) than WT spines. There was an effect of the number of IVDs tested in series for NZ length but not NZ stiffness when collapsed across condition (SPARC-null and WT). Correlation analysis revealed a weak negative correlation (r = −0.24) between age and NZ length in SPARC-null mice and a weak positive correlation (r = 0.30) between age and NZ stiffness in WT mice. In conclusion, SPARC-null mice had stiffer and smaller NZs than WT mice, regardless of the number of IVDs in series being tested. The increased stiffness of these IVDs likely influences mobility at these spinal joints thereby potentially contributing to low back pain.
Design and Validation of a Low-Cost Bodyweight Support System for Overground Walking
Authors: MacLean Mhairi K. , Ferris Daniel P. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Walking with bodyweight support is a vital tool for both gait rehabilitation and biomechanics research. There are few commercially available bodyweight support systems for overground walking that are able to provide a near constant lifting force of more than 50% bodyweight. The devices that do exist are expensive and are not often used outside of rehabilitation clinics. Our aim was to design, build, and validate a bodyweight support device for overground walking that: (1) cost less than $5000, (2) could support up to 75% of the users' bodyweight (BW), and (3) had small (±5% BW) fluctuations in force. We used pairs of constant force springs to provide the constant lifting force. To validate the force fluctuation, we recruited eight participants to walk at 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 m/s with 0%, 22%, 46%, and 69% of their bodyweight supported. We used a load cell to measure force through the system and motion capture data to create a vector of the supplied lifting force. The final prototype cost less than $4000 and was able to support 80% of the users' bodyweight. Fluctuations in vertical force increased with speed and bodyweight support, reaching a maximum of 10% at 1.6 m/s and 69% BW support.
Desmopressin oral lyophilisate in young children: new insights in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Authors: Dossche Lien , Michelet Robin , De Bruyne Pauline , Van Herzeele Charlotte , Gasthuys Elke , Rittig Søren , Vermeulen An , Vande Walle Johan 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveTo study the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of desmopressin (dDAVP) oral lyophilisate in children below the age of 8 years with special emphasis on age-related and size-related differences in bioavailability.DesignOpen label, non-randomised, interventional PK and PD trial.SettingSingle-centre study.PatientsChildren (age: 6 months to 8 years) with nocturnal polyuria, including both children with uropathy or nephropathy (glomerular filtration rate >60 mL/min/1.73 m²) and children (age: 5–8 years) with severe monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis, who were unresponsive to treatment with 400 µg of the dDAVP tablet for at least 1 month.InterventionsAfter a water load, dDAVP was administered sublingually as a single dose of oral lyophilisate. Subsequently, blood and urine samples were collected until 7 hours post-administration.Main outcome measuresNon-compartmental analysis of PK parameters was performed based on dDAVP concentrations in both plasma and urine. To evaluate the effect of dDAVP lyophilisate (PD parameters), the urinary concentration capacity (urine osmolality (mOsm/kg)) and antidiuretic effect (diuresis rate (mL/kg/h)) were calculated.ResultsThe PK data support the need for size-dependent dosing in children. Body weight was shown to be a significant covariate for apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F). A double absorption peak of dDAVP lyophilisate in the first 2 hours post-administration was demonstrated.ConclusionsFor the first time, a double absorption profile of dDAVP lyophilisate was found in children, questioning extrapolation of bioequivalence from adults towards children. Moreover, the need for size-adapted dosing regimens of dDAVP lyophilisate in young children is indicated.Trial registration numberNTC02584231.
Parafoveal atrophy after human amniotic membrane graft for macular hole in patients with high myopia
Authors: Tsai Der-Chong , Huang Yu-Hsuan , Chen Shih-Jen 
Published: July 2020

PurposeTo report the surgical outcome and postoperative hypopigmented change around fovea among patients with high myopia who received human amniotic membrane (hAM) graft transplantation for macular hole (MH).MethodThis retrospective, interventional case series included 10 eyes of 10 consecutive patients (5 (50%) male) with high myopia (axial length over 26.5 mm) who received hAM graft to treat persisted or chronic MH with or without retinal detachment in two hospitals. Postoperative parafoveal atrophy was identified with colour fundus picture and structure optical coherent tomography. Baseline characteristics and short-term visual outcome were analysed.ResultsThe preoperative mean (±SD) axial length and MH diameter were 29.9 (±1.8) mm and 881.8 (±438.5) μm, respectively. After hAM transplantation, seven (70%) eyes had complete MH closure and the mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved from 1.26 (±0.48) logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) before operation to 1.11 (±0.44) logMAR on the last visit (p=0.074). Patchy atrophy-like depigmentation developed around the MH lesion in four (40.0%) eyes as early as in the first month after surgery. None of them had visual worsening. In terms of demographics, axial length, MH size, ocular history, preoperative BCVA and postoperative BCVA, there was no significant difference between those with and without the parafoveal atrophy. No graft rejection and inflammation happened during the follow-up.ConclusionParafovea atrophy, a rare complication in the conventional MH surgery, was observed in 40% of eyes with highly myopic MH after hAM graft transplantation. The pathogenesis and long-term consequence need further investigations.