bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Flexible Film with SnS2 Nanoparticles Chemically Anchored on 3D‐Graphene Framework for High Areal Density and High Rate Sodium Storage
Authors: Sang Zhiyuan , Yan Xiao , Su Dong , Ji Huiming , Wang Sihui , Dou Shi Xue , Liang Ji 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe design and construction of flexible electrodes that can function at high rates and high areal capacities are essential regarding the practical application of flexible sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and other energy storage devices, which remains significantly challenging by far. Herein, a flexible and 3D porous graphene nanosheet/SnS2 (3D‐GNS/SnS2) film is reported as a high‐performance SIB electrode. In this hybrid film, the GNS/SnS2 microblocks serve as pillars to assemble into a 3D porous and interconnected framework, enabling fast electron/ion transport; while the GNS bridges the GNS/SnS2 microblocks into a flexible framework to provide satisfactorily mechanical strength and long‐range conductivity. Moreover, the SnS2 nanocrystals, which chemically bond with GNS, provide sufficient active sites for Na storage and ensure the cycling stability. Consequently, this flexible 3D‐GNS/SnS2 film exhibits excellent Na‐storage performances, especially in terms of high areal capacity (2.45 mAh cm−2) and high rates with superior stability (385 mAh g−1 at 1.0 A g−1 over 1000 cycles with ≈100% retention). A flexible SIB full cell using this anode exhibits high and stable performance under various bending situations. Thus, this work provide a feasible route to prepare flexible electrodes with high practical viability for not only SIBs but also other energy storage devices.
Remarkable Piezophoto Coupling Catalysis Behavior of BiOX/BaTiO3 (X = Cl, Br, Cl0.166Br0.834) Piezoelectric Composites
Authors: Zhou Xiaofeng , Yan Fei , Wu Shuanghao , Shen Bo , Zeng Huarong , Zhai Jiwei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPolarization field engineering of piezoelectric materials is considered as an advisable strategy in fine‐tuning photocatalytic performance which has drawn much attention recently. However, the efficient charge separation that determines the photocatalytic reactivities of these materials is quite restricted. Herein, a judicious combination of piezoelectric and photocatalytic performances of BiOX/BaTiO3 (X = Cl, Br, Cl0.166Br0.834) to enable a high piezophotocatalytic activity is demonstrated. Under the synergic advantages of chemical potential difference and piezoelectric potential difference in BiOX/BaTiO3 composites, the photoinduced carriers recombination is largely halted, which directly contributes to the significantly promoted piezophotocatalytic activity of piezoelectric composites. Inspiringly, the BiOBr/BaTiO3 composites under light irradiation with auxiliary ultrasonic activation result in an ultrahigh and stable photocatalytic performance, which is much higher than the total of those by isolated photocatalysis and piezocatalysis, and can rival current excellent photocatalytic system. In fact, the theoretical piezoelectric potential difference of BiOBr/BaTiO3 composites reaches 100 mV, which far exceeds the pure BaTiO3 of 31.21 mV and BiOBr of 30 mV, respectively. First, fabrication of BiOX/BaTiO3 piezoelectric composites and its remarkable piezophoto coupling catalysis behavior lays new ground for developing high‐efficiency piezoelectric photocatalysts in purifying wastewater, killing bacteria, and other piezophototronic processes.
Rationalizing the Effect of Oxygen Vacancy on Oxygen Electrocatalysis in Li–O2 Battery
Authors: Li Jiabao , Shu Chaozhu , Liu Chunhai , Chen Xianfei , Hu Anjun , Long Jianping 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAlbeit the effectiveness of surface oxygen vacancy in improving oxygen redox reactions in Li–O2 battery, the underpinning reason behind this improvement remains ambiguous. Herein, the concentration of oxygen vacancy in spinel NiCo2O4 is first regulated via magnetron sputtering and its relationship with catalytic activity is comprehensively studied in Li–O2 battery based on experiment and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The positive effect posed by oxygen vacancy originates from the up shifted antibond orbital relative to Fermi level (Ef), which provides extra electronic state around Ef, eventually enhancing oxygen adsorption and charge transfer during oxygen redox reactions. However, with excessive oxygen vacancy, the negative effect emerges because the metal ions are mostly reduced to low valence based on the electrical neutral principle, which not only destabilizes the crystal structure but also weakens the ability to capture electrons from the antibond orbit of Li2O2, leading to poor catalytic activity for oxygen evolution reaction (OER).
The rise and fall of worldwide income inequality, 1820–2035
Authors: Connors Joseph , Gwartney James , Montesinos‐Yufa Hugo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe development process and the demographic changes that are a central element of it explain both the nearly two centuries of increasing income inequality prior to 2000 and the reversal of this trend that followed. There are at least four phases of the development process: (1) Malthusian pre‐development, (2) initial growth, (3) improved productivity, and (4) receding growth. Prior to the industrial revolution, the entire world was in the Malthusian Phase 1. During 1820–1950, about 20 countries, mostly in Western Europe, North America, and Oceania, moved out of Phase 1 and began to grow more rapidly. But, per capita income levels in the rest of the world continued to stagnate and worldwide income inequality widened continuously for at least 150 years following the Industrial Revolution. Around 1960, developing countries began to escape the Malthusian trap and move into Phase 2 of development. By the latter part of the 20th century, many developing countries were achieving growth rates equal to or greater than the high‐income countries, slowing the rise in inequality. By 2000–2015 most developing countries were in either Phases 2 or 3 of development, while most of the high‐income countries were moving into Phase 4, leading to a sharp reduction in worldwide income inequality. The recent reductions in worldwide income inequality are likely to continue in the near term because of the continuation of the more favorable demographic changes in developing compared to high‐income countries.
European Union and National Responses to Migrants with Irregular Status: Is the Fortress Slowly Crumbling?
Authors: Delvino Nicola 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter outlines the evolution of EU and national legislation and policies responding to the presence of irregular migrants in Europe. It describes how the legal and policy responses of the EU and its member states have evolved around a predominantly ‘exclusionary approach’ towards irregularly-staying migrants that has contributed to building ‘Fortress Europe’. Besides the evolution of the EU immigration acquis, this chapter explores national developments in policy domains other than immigration legislation, including criminal law and social policies, aimed at marginalising irregular migrants to encourage their departure. However, as totally exclusionary policies have not succeeded in their final goal of eradicating the presence of irregular migrants, European countries have partially re-thought their approach to take account of that presence and the social needs arising from it. Against an over-arching, continuing exclusionary focus in law and policy, this chapter identifies a more recent counter-trend of policies slowly but increasingly showing instances of inclusion of irregular migrants, such as instances of de-criminalisation of irregular migration, extension of access to services, and victim support for migrants with irregular status.
GSTM1 null and GSTT1 null: predictors of cisplatin-caused acute ototoxicity measured by DPOAEs
Authors: Budai Barna , Prekopp Péter , Noszek László , Kovács Erika R. , Szőnyi Márta , Erdélyi Dániel J. , Bíró Krisztina , Géczi Lajos 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Preventing the ototoxicity caused by cisplatin is a major issue yet to be overcome. Useful preventive treatments will soon be available. Consequently, the next step is to filter out those patients who are more prone to develop ototoxicity. The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate potential predictive markers of acute ototoxicity as determined by measures of distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). A total of 118 patients from our previous DPOAE analysis were put under evaluation. Ototoxic cases were divided according to unilateral (n = 45) or bilateral (n = 23) involvement. The clinicopathological characteristics, hearing test results, germline GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1 polymorphisms, and common laboratory parameters were included in the new analysis. Univariate and multivariate statistical tests were applied. According to multivariate logistic regression, the only independent predictor of unilateral ototoxicity (vs. non-affected) was a GSTM1 null genotype (OR = 4.52; 95%CI = 1.3–16.3), while for bilateral damage, the GSTT1 null genotype (OR = 4.76; 1.4–16) was a predictor. The higher starting serum urea level was characteristic of bilateral ototoxicity; however, the only independent marker of bilateral (vs. unilateral) ototoxicity was the presence of GSTT1 null genotype (OR = 2.44; 1.23–4.85). Different processes, involving the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes, respectively, govern the development of acute unilateral and bilateral ototoxicities. Further research is needed to clarify these processes. Based on the above findings, patients whom are at risk may be selected for otoprotective therapies.

Key messages

The acute ototoxicity was determined by DPOAE in 118 testicular cancer patients.

GSTM1 null was the only marker of unilateral ototoxicity (vs. non-affected).

The only marker of bilateral hearing loss (vs. non-affected) was the GSTT1 null.

GSTT1 null was also the marker of bilateral vs. unilateral ototoxicity.

A high-risk group may be selected for new, individualized otoprotective treatment.
Necrotizing Fasciitis: A Predictable Burden in Rural Kenya
Authors: Lunar Joyce , Ranketi Sinkeet S. , Owino Beverly , Oloo Mark , Parker Robert K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundNecrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a devastating disease with substantial morbidity and mortality. Poor outcomes are attributed to delayed diagnosis and management. Tenwek Hospital, a teaching and referral center in rural Kenya, manages many cases despite variable resources. We aimed to understand the burden of NF.MethodsAll patients with admission NF diagnosis who presented in 2017 were reviewed for demographics, investigations, treatment, and outcomes. The primary outcome was unfavorable outcome defined as in‐hospital mortality or amputation. Secondary outcomes were discharge diagnosis of NF and cost. Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis (LRINEC) score was calculated. Logistic regression models were utilized to assess the impact of risk factors.ResultsSixty‐seven patients were identified with an average age of 49.2 (±21) years. Medical comorbidities were present in 48% and history of trauma in 58%. Discharge diagnosis of NF occurred in 61% (N = 41). Overall, mortality occurred in 10% (N = 7) of patients with an initial NF diagnosis. At discharge, patients without NF had favorable outcomes in 96% (N = 25) compared to 78% (N = 32) with NF (p = 0.043). Final NF diagnosis costs 122,098 Kenyan Shillings more (95% confidence interval 36,142–208,054) than non‐NF diagnosis (p value = 0.006). Factors associated with unfavorable outcome include diabetes mellitus, any comorbidity, increased heart rate, fever, hyperglycemia, anemia, and discharge NF diagnosis. Increased LRINEC score was associated with discharge NF diagnosis (p = 0.0006) and unfavorable outcome (p = 0.0157).ConclusionsPatients with NF in rural Kenya experience delays to presentation, unfavorable outcomes, and substantial costs. Certain factors, including LRINEC score, help predict diagnosis and outcome.
Verification Study of Residual Activity Measurements After Yttrium-90 Radioembolization with Glass Microspheres
Authors: Ebbers S. C. , Kunnen B. , van Nierop B. J. , Bemelmans J. L. M. , Krijger G. C. , Lam M. G. E. H. , Braat A. J. A. T. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objective
After yttrium-90 (90Y) radioembolization, residual activity and its consequences for dosimetric calculations are often not reported. The manufacturer for glass microspheres prescribes standard residual activity measurements by a survey meter, but the validity lacks evidence. This study aims to verify the accuracy of the survey meter approach for measuring residual activity of glass microspheres after treatment with glass microspheres.

Methods
To validate the accuracy of the survey meter approach, the measured residual activity of glass microspheres by survey meter was compared with measurements by PET. A sample of these waste containers was also measured by dose calibrator to confirm the accuracy of the PET.

Results
Twenty-four waste containers from glass microsphere treatments were prospectively scanned with 90Y-PET/CT. Bland–Altman plots showed substantial disagreement in residual activity measured by survey meter versus the residual activity measured by PET and dose calibrator, whereas the correlation between PET and dose calibrator was excellent (ρ = 0.99).

Conclusion
This study found a significant disagreement between the residual activities measured by the survey meter, compared to measurements by PET and dose calibrator. If relatively high amounts of residual activity are encountered using the exposure rate measurement with a survey meter, additional quantification should be considered using either PET/CT or a dose calibrator measurement.
Predictive and reactive changes in antioxidant defence system in a heterothermic rodent
Authors: Jefimow Małgorzata , Przybylska-Piech Anna S. , Wojciechowski Michał S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLiving in a seasonal environment requires periodic changes in animal physiology, morphology and behaviour. Winter phenotype of small mammals living in Temperate and Boreal Zones may differ considerably from summer one in multiple traits that enhance energy conservation or diminish energy loss. However, there is a considerable variation in the development of winter phenotype among individuals in a population and some, representing the non-responding phenotype (non-responders), are insensitive to shortening days and maintain summer phenotype throughout a year. Differences in energy management associated with the development of different winter phenotypes should be accompanied by changes in antioxidant defence capacity, leading to effective protection against oxidative stress resulting from increased heat production in winter. To test it, we analysed correlation of winter phenotypes of Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) with facultative non-shivering thermogenesis capacity (NST) and oxidative status. We found that in both phenotypes acclimation to winter-like conditions increased NST capacity and improved antioxidant defence resulting in lower oxidative stress (OS) than in summer, and females had always lower OS than males. Although NST capacity did not correlate with the intensity of OS, shortly after NST induction responders had lower OS than non-responders suggesting more effective mechanisms protecting from detrimental effects of reactive oxygen metabolites generated during rewarming from torpor. We suggest that seasonal increase in antioxidant defence is programmed endogenously to predictively prevent oxidative stress in winter. At the same time reactive upregulation of antioxidant defence protects against reactive oxygen species generated during NST itself. It suggests that evolution of winter phenotype with potentially harmful characteristics was counterbalanced by the development of protective mechanisms allowing for the maintenance of phenotypic adjustments to seasonally changing environment.
Improving forecasts of El Niño diversity: a nonlinear forcing singular vector approach
Authors: Tao Lingjiang , Duan Wansuo , Vannitsem Stephane 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObservations indicate that two types of El Niño events exist: one is the EP-El Niño with a warming center in the eastern tropical Pacific, and the other is the CP-El Niño with large positive SST anomalies in the central tropical Pacific. Most current numerical models are not able to accurately identify the different types of El Niño. The present study examines the dynamic properties of the ENSO forecast system NFSV-ICM which combines an intermediate-complexity ENSO model (ICM) with a nonlinear forcing singular vector (NFSV)-based tendency perturbation forecast model. This system is able to distinguish the different types of El Niño in predictions. Hindcasts show that the NFSV-ICM system is able to capture the horizontal distribution of the SST anomalies and their amplitudes in the mature phase of not only EP-El Niño events but also CP-El Niño events. The NFSV-ICM is also able to describe the evolution of SST anomalies associated with the two types of El Niño up to at least two-season lead times, while the corresponding forecasts with the ICM are limited to, at most, one-season lead times. These improvements are associated with the modifications of the atmospheric and ocean processes described by the ICM through the NFSV-based tendency perturbations. In particular, the thermocline and zonal advection feedback are strongly modified, and the conditions of the emergence of both EP- and CP-El Niño events are improved. The NFSV-ICM therefore provides a useful platform for studying ENSO dynamics and predictability associated with El Niño diversities.
People have modest, not good, insight into their face recognition ability: a comparison between self-report questionnaires
Authors: Matsuyoshi Daisuke , Watanabe Katsumi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhether people have insight into their face recognition ability has been intensely debated in recent studies using self-report measures. Although some studies showed people’s good insight, other studies found the opposite. The discrepancy might be caused by the difference in the questionnaire used and/or the bias induced using an extreme group such as suspected prosopagnosics. To resolve this issue, we examined the relationship between the two representative self-report face recognition questionnaires (Survey, N = 855) and then the extent to which the questionnaires differ in their relationship with face recognition performance (Experiment, N = 180) in normal populations, which do not include predetermined extreme groups. We found a very strong correlation (r = 0.82), a dominant principal component (explains > 90% of the variance), and comparable reliability between the questionnaires. Although these results suggest a strong common factor underlying them, the residual variance is not negligible (33%). Indeed, the follow-up experiment showed that both questionnaires have significant but moderate correlations with actual face recognition performance, and that the correlation was stronger for the Kennerknecht’s questionnaire (r =  − 0.38) than for the PI20 (r =  − 0.23). These findings not only suggest people’s modest insight into their face recognition ability, but also urge researchers and clinicians to carefully assess whether a questionnaire is suitable for estimating an individual’s face recognition ability.
Systematic review: the effect of right hemicolectomy for cancer on postoperative bowel function
Authors: Hope C. , Reilly J. , Lund J. , Andreyev HJN 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Right-sided cancer accounts for approximately 30% of bowel cancer in women and 22% in men. Colonic resection can cause changes in bowel function which affect daily activity. The aims are to assess the impact of right hemicolectomy for cancer on bowel function and to identify useful treatment modalities for managing bowel dysfunction after right hemicolectomy.

Method
The review was conducted in line with PRISMA. Eligible studies evaluated the impact of right hemicolectomy on bowel function in those treated for colorectal neoplasia or assessed the effect of surgical technique or other intervention on bowel function after right hemicolectomy. Right hemicolectomy for inflammatory bowel disease or benign cases only were excluded. Articles were limited to studies on human subjects written in English published between January 2008 and December 2018.

Results
The searches identified 7531 articles. Nine articles met the inclusion criteria, of which eight were cohort studies and one was a randomised trial. Loose stool, increased bowel frequency and/or nocturnal defaecation following right-sided colectomy occurs in approximately one in five patients. Some of these symptoms may improve spontaneously with time. Bile acid malabsorption and/or small bowel bacterial overgrowth may be the cause for chronic dysfunction. Some studies report that no or little difference in outcome between right-sided and rectal resections likely suggests poor function after right-sided resection.

Conclusion
Right hemicolectomy can result in changes to bowel function. Patients should be counselled preoperatively, and follow-up should be designed to identify and effectively treat significantly altered bowel function.
Phänomenologisch-hermeneutische Struktur- und Prozessdiagnostik in der Existenzanalyse
Authors: Görtz Astrid 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungDie neuere Existenzanalyse nach Alfried Längle ist durch die Entwicklung theoretischer Modelle auf Basis der existenzanalytischen Anthropologie gekennzeichnet, nämlich des Strukturmodells der existentiellen Grundmotivationen und des Prozessmodells der Personalen Existenzanalyse. Beide Theoreme stellen eine Grundlage für die Diagnose von personalen Ressourcen und Defiziten der Patient_innen am Beginn sowie im Laufe des Therapie-Prozesses dar. Entsprechend der phänomenologischen Grundhaltung der Existenzanalyse werden jegliche Erkenntnisse und Diagnosen während des therapeutischen Prozesses im Sinne einer phänomenologischen Epoché laufend überprüft und weiterentwickelt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag soll anhand einer Einzelfall-Analyse veranschaulicht werden, wie eine sowohl struktur- als auch prozessorientierte existenzanalytische Diagnostik den therapeutischen Prozess begleitet und nicht zuletzt eine systematische Erforschung der therapeutischen Wirkelemente im Wege qualitativer Einzelfallforschung ermöglicht.
Kommunale Finanzen in der Corona-Krise: Effekte und Reaktionen
Authors: Freier Ronny , Geißler René 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungDie kommende Rezession hat über die Gewerbe- und Einkommensteuer direkte Auswirkungen auf die Gemeindefinanzen. Infolge der unterjährigen Vorauszahlungen werden diese Rückgänge bereits kurzfristig wirksam. Die Autoren schätzen die finanziellen Effekte unter Berücksichtigung von Änderungen der Gewerbesteuerumlage und regional unterschiedlicher Wirtschaftskraft. Die Länder sollten bestimmte Regelungen des Haushaltsrechts befristet aussetzen, um finanzielle Blockaden und prozyklische Haushaltspolitik der Kommunen zu verhindern, sie sollten die Ausfälle der Gewerbesteuer ausgleichen und somit verlässliche Haushaltsplanungen ermöglichen. Da die Wirtschaftskrise unterschiedlich wirkt und die Kommunen über unterschiedliche Rücklagen verfügen, sind regionale Differenzierungen der Hilfen angebracht.