bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Green Lacewings and Water Sprays for Azalea Lace Bug Control1
Authors: Lee Jana C. , Finley Barry , Flores S. Michael , Graham Katerina Velasco , Woltz J. Megan , Wong Jessica S. , Rosetta Robin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The azalea lace bug, Stephanitis pyrioides, is a serious pest of azaleas and rhododendrons which is often controlled by systemic insecticides. However, the efficacy of softer approaches such as biological control and water sprays against this pest on rhododendrons is unknown. Therefore, we tested the commercially available green lacewing predator, Chrysoperla rufilabris, and water sprays on lace bug infestation in one laboratory and four field trials. First, 2nd instar predator larvae were confirmed to consume lace bug nymphs and sometimes adults. Second, tapping predator larvae from hexcel units over dry leaves of potted rhododendrons and shaking loose eggs over wet leaves were reliable application methods. Third, predator larvae released onto potted rhododendrons lowered lace bug counts for two weeks. Fourth, after four bi-weekly applications, plants receiving egg cards or water-sprays had reduced lace bug counts and fewer damaged leaves than control plants. Fifth, landscape plants receiving the sequential combination of water spray followed by predator egg releases had 44 to 90% lower lace bug abundance and fewer damaged leaves than the control. After lace bugs were initially dislodged, hatching predators might have consumed hatching lace bugs.
Index words: biological control, Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister), mechanical control, rhododendron, Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott)
Species used in this study: Azalea lace bug (Stephanitis pyrioides Scott), green lacewing (Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister), Rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.)
Effects of Biochar on Nutrient Leaching and Begonia Plant Growth1
Authors: Crutchfield Elizabeth F. , McGiffen Milton E. , Merhaut Donald J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBiochar is a highly adsorptive carbon substrate. A study was conducted to determine the ability of biochar to reduce fertilizer runoff from nurseries. Potting mix was augmented with biochar at different rates, ranging from 0% to 30% by volume, with some treatments planted with Begonia x semperflorens-cultorum hort. ‘Viva.' The pots were fertilized with a modified Hoagland solution and watered four times a week. The leachate was collected from each pot after watering and aggregated into weekly samples. Leachate from each week was analyzed photometrically for nitrate, ammonium and ortho-phosphate concentrations. Leaching of all three ions was reduced in the biochar-amended treatments. Biochar did not affect plant growth, nitrogen or phosphorus content of the plant material.Index words: Ammonium nitrate, phosphate, biochar, begonia, Begonia x semperflorens-cultorum hort. ‘Viva,' media, container productionSpecies used: Begonia x semperflorens-cultorum hort. ‘Viva'
Production of Thuja (T. standishii x T. plicata) Using an Automated Micro-Irrigation System and Routine Leaching Fraction Testing in a Container Nursery1
Authors: Million Jeff B. , Yeager Thomas H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A web-based, container irrigation scheduling program (CIRRIG) based on routine Leaching Fraction (LF=drainage/applied) testing and real-time weather monitoring was evaluated for its effect on plant growth and water use of Thuja (T. standishii x T. plicata) ‘Green Giant' in #15 [43 cm (17 inch)] containers in a commercial nursery in Florida. Independently-controlled irrigation zones each containing 830 plants were irrigated automatically with CIRRIG or with the nursery's traditional irrigation practice of a fixed daily rate. After 6 months, CIRRIG reduced the total volume of water applied by 51% [490 vs. 990 L/plant (129 vs. 262 gal/plant) but reduced growth in plant height and width by 15% and 10%, respectively. Routine LF testing indicated that the target LF of 25% was likely too low for the coarse pine bark substrate and spray-stake irrigation system. In light of stricter consumptive use permitting of water by governmental agencies, technologies such as CIRRIG may allow nurseries to produce more plants with less water.
Index words: CIRRIG, evapotranspiration, growth, landscape plant, programmable logic controller, water use
Species used in this study: Thuja Green Giant [Thuja (T. standishii x T. plicata) ‘Green Giant']
An Update of the Literature Supporting the Well-Being Benefits of Plants: A Review of the Emotional and Mental Health Benefits of Plants
Authors: Hall Charles , Knuth Melinda 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Consumers have historically shown an inclination to purchase plants that enhance their quality of life, meaning they will purchase items that positively influence their social, physical, psychological, cognitive, environmental, and spiritual well-being. Plants in native and improved landscapes (and interiorscapes) have been documented to influence each of six quality of life constructs. This paper summarizes publications regarding the emotional and mental health benefits associated with plants, addressing reduced anxiety and stress, attention deficit recovery, fractals and visual response, decreased depression, enhanced memory retention, greater happiness and life satisfaction, mitigation of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), increased creativity, enhanced productivity and attention, reduced effects of dementia, and improved self-esteem. This research should be strategically incorporated into both industry-wide and firm-specific marketing messages that highlight the quality of life value proposition in order to maintain the industry's sense of value and relevance to consumers of the future.
Index words: benefits of plants, emotional health, mental health.
Tree Seedling Root Architecture Alteration by Tap Root Pruning1
Authors: Hankin Shanon , Lo Marvin , Balestri Frank , Watson Gary 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nursery production of strong taprooted woody plants typically includes pruning to interrupt taproot development. To discern the impact this practice could have on seedling root architecture, we quantified changes to root architecture after taproot pruning and restriction separately in Catalpa (Catalpa speciosa) and Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioicus). Taproot pruning resulted in a large and significant increase in the number of new, vertically oriented roots from the cut end of the primary root (regenerated taproots) in both species. Catalpa seedlings, which produced many strong laterals on unpruned taproots, showed greater reduction in lateral root number and size after taproot pruning than Kentucky coffee tree (with fewer and smaller natural lateral roots). The two species responded differently to restriction of the single, unpruned taproot by container depth (15, 30, 60 cm). For catalpa, with more shallow laterals naturally, the number of laterals was not significantly changed by restriction of the taproot by air pruning at any container depth, but lateral diameter was reduced by the 15 cm-deep container and biomass was reduced by the 30 cm-deep container, compared to the 60 cm-deep container. For Kentucky coffee tree with fewer natural laterals, restricting the taproot at 15 cm significantly increased the number and diameter of lateral roots compared to the 30 and 60 cm-deep containers, suggesting that restricting the taproot could increase the number of laterals in species that naturally produce fewer. Restricting multiple taproots on root-pruned plants generally did not affect lateral root development for either species, but this may have been due to the low number of lateral roots on those root systems.
Index words: root architecture, nursery production, urban soils
Species used in this study: Catalpa [Catalpa speciosa (Warder) Warder ex Engelm. ]; Kentucky coffee tree [Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) K. Koch]
Timing of Collection and Preparation of Hardwood Stem Cuttings for Propagating Hybrid Hazelnuts 1
Authors: Braun Lois , Wyse Donald 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn previous trials we had found that dormant hybrid hazelnuts crown suckers collected in the fall after leaf drop can be successfully rooted if they are chilled at least until January before being placed in low-cost humidity tents in a greenhouse. The first objective of this experiment was to determine if cuttings could be rooted if started earlier, so as to avoid the heat stress found in the greenhouse in late spring and early summer. The second objective was to see if rooting rates could be improved by collecting non-dormant crown suckers in September and October, before leaf drop. We hypothesized that by collecting stems at a time in the fall when woody plants are translocating resources from leaves to their root systems, we could direct those resources towards growth of adventitious roots. This hypothesis proved to be wrong: stems collected in full leaf died, even with measures to avoid moisture loss from leaves. However, we found that stems collected soon after leaf abscission, in early November, could be rooted if placed in the humidity tents in late November, after only three weeks of artificial chilling at 2 C (36 F). That is much less chilling than we previously thought was needed.Index words: propagation, Corylus americana (Walter), Corylus avellana (L.), rooting, chilling requirement.Chemicals used in this study: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).Species used in this study: hybrid hazelnuts [Corylus americana (Walter) x Corylus avellana (L.)].
Evaluation of Rosa Species Accessions for Resistance to Eriophyid Mites1
Authors: Solo K. M. , Collins S. B. , Schneider L. G. , Hajimorad M. R. , Hale F. A. , Wilkerson J. B. , Windham A. S. , Byrne D. H. , Windham M. T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRose rosette disease, caused by rose rosette virus (RRV), is an epidemic affecting nearly every rose cultivar in the United States. The only hosts for Phyllocoptes fructiphilus, the eriophyid mite that vectors RRV, are Rosa species. Eighteen Rosa species were evaluated for mite resistance by collecting foliage samples from July to November in 2016 and 2017, from which mites were extracted. Mites were isolated through a series of sieves and counted using a stereomicroscope. The response variable was expressed as the number of mites per gram of optimal rose tissue. Mite data were evaluated to determine the peak week for mite populations for each year. The mite populations varied by rose species (α = 0.05) in 2016 but not 2017. Due to high variability in mite counts, the species were not as clearly distinguishable as expected. This high variability is likely due to factors such as differential growth rates of the roses, weather, presence of RRV in the rose, and the quality of the tissue collected throughout the season. Experimental design revisions are proposed for future studies looking at Rosa species resistance to eriophyid mite populations.Index words: rose rosette virus, rose rosette disease, Phyllocoptes fructiphilus Keifer, virus, vector.Species used in this study: Phyllocoptes fructiphilus (Keifer), Prairie Rose [Rosa arkansana (Porter), Forest Farm]; Carolina Rose [Rosa carolina (L.), Forest Farm]; Rosa clinophylla (Thory), Rogue Valley Rose; White Prairie Rose [Rosa foliolosa (Nutt.), Rogue Valley Rose]; White Prairie Rose [Rosa foliolosa (Nutt.) Antique Rose Emporium]; Father Hugo Rose [Rosa hugonis, Rogue Valley Rose]; Musk Rose [Rosa moschata (J. Herrm.), Antique Rose Emporium]; Multiflora Rose [Rosa multiflora (Thunb.)]; Shining Rose [Rosa nitida (Willd.), Rogue Valley Rose]; Shining Rose [Rosa nitida (Willd.), Antique Rose Emporium]; Nootka Rose [Rosa nutkana (C. Presl.), Rogue Valley Rose]; Tea Rose [Rosa odorata (Andrews), Foundation Plant Services, Davis, CA]; Swamp Rose [Rosa palustris (Marshall), Antique Rose Emporium]; Swamp Rose [Rosa palustris (Marshall), Ever Blooming Antique Rose Emporium]; Chestnut Rose [Rosa roxburghii (Tratt.), Antique Rose Emporium]; ‘Plena' Chestnut Rose [Rosa roxburghii (Tratt.), Rogue Valley Rose]; Rugosa Rose [Rosa rugosa (Thunb.), Bailey's Nursery]; ‘Alba' Rugosa Rose [Rosa rugosa (Thunb.), Bailey's Nursery]; Climbing Prairie Rose [Rosa setigera (Michx.), Antique Rose Emporium]; Rosa soulieana (Crép.), Ralph Moore; Virginia Rose [Rosa virginiana (Mill.), Forest Farm]; Porterfolia Memorial Rose [Rosa wichuraiana (Crép.), Antique Rose Emporium]; Mountain Woods' Rose [Rosa woodsii (Lindl.), Rogue Valley Rose].
Sulfur Amendment of Soil Improves Establishment and Growth of Firs in a Field Naturally Infested with Phytophthora1
Authors: Cowles Richard S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Acidification of soil from pH 6 to 4 by incorporating elemental sulfur reduced mortality and improved color and initial growth of Fraser fir, Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir., and Canaan fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. phanerolepis Fernald, planted into a field that had previously experienced significant losses consistent with phytophthora root rot. Acidifying the soil improved tree color starting the year of planting and persisting through five years. During their second year after planting, extension of terminal growth was 12.5 vs. 5.6 cm (4.9 vs. 2.2 in) for plots with soil pH of 4 and 6, respectively, averaged across tree species. In subsequent years, the growth rate of trees was unaffected by having acidified the soil. Over the course of five years, the average annual mortality rate for the trees was 1.4, 4.0, 9.7, and 12.2% for Canaan fir (pH 4), Canaan fir (pH 6), Fraser fir (pH 4), and Fraser fir (pH 6), respectively. However, all tree mortality for Canaan fir planted into acidified soil occurred during the first two years. A root dip with potassium phosphite at the time of planting only benefitted Fraser fir. Minimizing losses of trees in this field would require planting species less susceptible or resistant to phytophthora root rot infection and soil acidification.
Index words: soil acidification, phytophthora root rot, potassium phosphite, root dip
Species used in this study: Fraser fir; Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.; Canaan fir; Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. var. phanerolepis Fernald
Chemicals used in this study: acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard 50WDG); clothianidin (Arena 50WDG); imidacloprid (Xytect 2F); potassium phosphite (Helena Prophyt); sulfur
Rooting Efficiency of Amur Maple Seedless Selections Produced by Mutagenesis1
Authors: Noyszewski Andrzej K. , Smith Alan G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Amur maple (Acer ginnala Maxim.) is a widely planted small tree with attractive red fall foliage. In many states, it is classified as a noxious weed and regulations restrict propagation and sale, limiting customer choice. Stem cuttings are commonly used as a means of asexual propagation of Amur maple, with softwood cuttings being the easiest to root. Here we report adventitious rooting efficiency of seedless Amur maple selections using four indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 500, 1,500, 5,000, 10,000 ppm) and four naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 100, 500, 1,500, 5,000 ppm) treatments and a no hormone control. Overall, cuttings treated with 5,000 or 10,000 ppm IBA and 5,000 ppm NAA resulted in the highest percent rooting (PR), mean number of roots (MNR), and mean length of the longest root (MRL) across all seedless selections. Seedless selections SW-30-14 and SW-30-130 had the highest PR, 66% and 67%, respectively, and will perform well in commercial propagation. This level of rooting was greater than that of the cultivar ‘Bailey Compact' that had 46% PR, and the seedless selection SW-30-159 that had the lowest PR (10.3%), MNR (0.3), and MRL (0.2 in) averaged across all treatments. Cuttings from 4 of the 5 seedless selections treated with 1,500 ppm NAA had the greatest PR, whereas ‘Bailey Compact' and SW-30-159 had the greatest PR with 5,000 ppm NAA. Results indicate that rooting efficiency was impacted by mutagenesis in some selections, which may require optimization of propagation methods for those selections.
Index words: adventitious rooting, auxin, vegetative propagation, sterile, non-native invasive.
Species used in this study: Amur maple (Acer ginnala Maxim.).
Chemicals used in this study: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 500, 1,500, 5,000, 10,000 ppm) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA; 100 500, 1,500 5,000 ppm).
Effects of Irrigation Rate and Media on Growth of Acer rubrum L. in Large Containers
Authors: Martin Chris A. , Ponder Harry G. , Gilliam Charles H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Acer rubrum L. seedlings were grown in 38 1 (# 10) containers with 4 irrigation rates of 50%, 100%, 200%, 400% replacement of net evaporation and 3 media types of 100% pine bark; pine bark:sand (4:1 by vol); pine bark:sand (3:2 by vol). A spray stake irrigation system was used to irrigate. Height growth was not affected by irrigation rate. Caliper growth increased cubicly and linearly with increased irrigation rate during the first and second years, respectively. Media affected height and caliper growth the second year only. Height and caliper growth increased linearly with increased sand content. An increase in irrigation rate produced a larger root system, while an increase in sand content increased primary and secondary root growth.
Effect of Transplanting Practices on Growth and Water Relations of ‘Colt’ Cherry Trees During Reestablishment
Authors: Ranney T.G. , Bassuk N.L. , Whitlow T.H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Dormant pruning, a film antitranspirant, and soil-applied paclobutrazol were evaluated as transplanting treatments in newly transplanted ‘Colt’ cherry trees under irrigated and water-stressed conditions. Under irrigated conditions all three treatments were effective in reducing plant water loss. However, all three treatments resulted in large reductions in mean growth rate, mean relative growth rate, root dry weight, and root surface area. The pruning treatment had no effect on the leaf area:root area ratio whereas the antitranspirant treatment resulted in an increased leaf area:root area ratio, a response considered undesirable. Paclobutrazol decreased the leaf area:root area ratio but also induced abnormal radial enlargement of plant roots. Under water-stressed conditions all three treatments were effective in reducing plant water loss and were successful in delaying plant water stress. Both pruned and antitranspirant treated plants had improved relative growth rates as compared to the controls.
Influence of Growth Medium pH on the Growth of Container-grown Fraser Fir Seedlings
Authors: Bryan James A. , Seiler John R. , Wright Robert D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seedlings of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.) were grown in sphagnum peat amended with 0 to 8 kg dolomitic limestone/m3 (0 to 13.5 lb/yd3). Initial pH ranged from 3.9 to 6.7. Best growth (21.2 cm (8.3 in) mean height at 19 months) was achieved with 1 and 2 kg/m3 (1.7 and 3.4 lb/yd3), with initial mean pH 4.2 and 4.5. Seedlings grown in media amended with 4 and 8 kg/m3 (6.7 and 13.5 lb/yd3) grew more slowly (17.4 (6.9 in) and 9.5 cm (3.7 in) in 19 months), and many were chlorotic, with poorly formed, blackened roots. At the conclusion of the first growth cycle (10 months), the slowest growth occurred in the most heavily limed peat (8 kg/m3 (13.5 lb/yd3), initial pH 6.8). Slower growth at 4 kg/m3 (6.7 lb/yd3, initial pH 5.0) became evident only after three growth cycles. Seedlings grew best within a fairly narrow range of pH (4.2 to 4.5), which is considerably more acidic than is generally recommended for conifers.
Lifting Date Influences the Ability of Auxins to Promote Root Regeneration of Colorado Spruce
Authors: Carter Joseph E. , Tripepi Robert R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The inability of older conifer seedlings to regenerate new roots after bare-root transplanting can lead to plant death. Lifting date and auxin treatments were evaluated for their effects on root regeneration of Colorado spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.). Roots of five-year-old plants were treated monthly during fall and spring with 1000, 5000, or 10,000 mg/L of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 5000 mg/L of phenyl indole-3-thiolobutyrate (P-ITB), or 100% ethanol (control). After treatment, plants were grown in a greenhouse for 30 days before total number, length and dry weight of new roots were determined. Spruces treated with 1000 and 5000 mg/L of IBA in November had the greatest new root weight (1.4 g) and number (5000), respectively, per plant compared to 0.1 g and 200 roots per plant for controls. Plants dug in May produced the least number, weight and length of new roots for all treatments. Plants treated with P-ITB produced consistently greater numbers of new roots over the first three lifting dates than did controls. Absolute ethanol appeared to inhibit root regeneration. Data indicate that lifting date affected the ability of auxin to stimulate root regeneration on bare-root Colorado spruce.
Nitrogen Nutrition of Container Grown Hemerocallis × ‘Stella de Oro’
Authors: Perry Leonard P. , Adam Sinclair A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We compared growth for plants 90 days from potting in 4 1 (# 1) nursery pots and growing outd oors in either peat moss: sandy loam: perlite (2:2:3 by vol) or peat moss : pine bark : perlite (1:1:1 by vol). Both media received the same nutrient charge and fertilizer treatments. During the 1985 season we applied weekly fertilizer levels of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 ppm of reagent grade ammonium nitrate, to which was added 125 ppm potassium chloride. During the 1986 season we repeated the study with fertilizer levels of 0, 400, 800, and 1200 ppm ammonium nitrate. For fertilizer levels there were significant differences in plant width, grade, fresh and dry weights and sum of fans—sum of fan diameters 2 cm (0. 8 in) above soil surface—both years with 400 ppm resulting in optimum growth. For media there were no differences during 1985, but there were significant differences for fresh and dry weights during 1986, and for root dry weight and fresh weight gain, with the highe st means from the soil-based medium.
Leaf and Stem Cold Hardiness of 17 Broadleaf Evergreen Taxa
Authors: Dirr Michael A. , Lindstrom Orville M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The leaves and stems of 17 broadleaf evergreen taxa were screened for cold hardiness in laboratory tests. Leaves of Ilex were generally less cold hardy than stems. However, the leaves of I. × koehneana ‘Wirt L. Winn’, Ilex latifolia and Ilex ‘Lydia Morris’ were equal to or more cold hardy than the stems. Maximum cold hardiness of most taxa occurred in mid-January. Ilex opaca, Ilex opaca, ‘Greenleaf’, and Ilex × attenuata ‘Foster's #2,’ were the most cold hardy. Among the Ilex × attenuata cultivars, ‘Foster's #2’ was more cold tolerant than ‘Savannah’ and ‘East Palatka.’ Ilex latifolia and Ilex ‘Lydia Morris’ were least cold hardy. I. ‘Nellie Stevens’ and I. × koehneana ‘Wirt L. Winn’ were intermediate.
Osmanthus heterophyllus ‘Gulftide’ was the hardiest tea-olive, followed by Osmanthus americanus, Osmanthus × fortunei and Osmanthus heterophyllus ‘Rotundifolius’.
Prunus laurocerasus ‘Zabeliana’ was hardier than ‘Schipkaensis’ than ‘Otto Luyken’. The actual differences, however, were slight.
Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Rates on Severity of Xanthomonas Leaf Spot of Schefflera
Authors: Chase A.R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Brassaia actinophylla plants were grown with various N-P-K regimes prior to inoculation with Xanthomonas campestris pv. hederae. Increased rates of N, P, and K reduced the number of lesions. The number of leaves, height, and shoot quality decreased as the nitrogen rate increased, but were not consistently affected by phosphorus or potassium rates. Severity of Xanthomonas leaf spot on Brassaia actinaphylla can be minimized with slight to moderate increased N, P, or K rates with N rate having the greatest impact on disease severity.