bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: 2020 Update of the Decompressive Craniectomy Recommendations
Authors: Hawryluk Gregory W J , Rubiano Andres M , Totten Annette M , O’Reilly Cindy , Ullman Jamie S , Bratton Susan L , Chesnut Randall , Harris Odette A , Kissoon Niranjan , Shutter Lori , Tasker Robert C , Vavilala Monica S , Wilberger Jack , Wright David W , Lumba-Brown Angela , Ghajar Jamshid 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
When the fourth edition of the Brain Trauma Foundation's Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury were finalized in late 2016, it was known that the results of the RESCUEicp (Trial of Decompressive Craniectomy for Traumatic Intracranial Hypertension) randomized controlled trial of decompressive craniectomy would be public after the guidelines were released. The guideline authors decided to proceed with publication but to update the decompressive craniectomy recommendations later in the spirit of “living guidelines,” whereby topics are updated more frequently, and between new editions, when important new evidence is published. The update to the decompressive craniectomy chapter presented here integrates the findings of the RESCUEicp study as well as the recently published 12-mo outcome data from the DECRA (Decompressive Craniectomy in Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury) trial. Incorporation of these publications into the body of evidence led to the generation of 3 new level-IIA recommendations; a fourth previously presented level-IIA recommendation remains valid and has been restated. To increase the utility of the recommendations, we added a new section entitled Incorporating the Evidence into Practice. This summary of expert opinion provides important context and addresses key issues for practitioners, which are intended to help the clinician utilize the available evidence and these recommendations.
The full guideline can be found at: https://braintrauma.org/guidelines/guidelines-for-the-management-of-severe-tbi-4th-ed#/.
Overexpression of HGF/MET axis along with p53 inhibition induces de novo glioma formation in mice
Authors: Qin Yuan , Musket Anna , Kou Jianqun , Preiszner Johanna , Tschida Barbara R , Qin Anna , Land Craig A , Staal Ben , Kang Liang , Tanner Kirk , Jiang Yong , Schweitzer John B , Largaespada David A , Xie Qian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Aberrant MET receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation leads to invasive tumor growth in different types of cancer. Overexpression of MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) occurs more frequently in glioblastoma (GBM) than in low-grade gliomas. Although we have shown previously that HGF-autocrine activation predicts sensitivity to MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in GBM, whether it initiates tumorigenesis remains elusive.

Methods
Using a well-established Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon strategy, we injected human HGF and MET cDNA together with a short hairpin siRNA against Trp53 (SB-hHgf.Met.ShP53) into the lateral ventricle of neonatal mice to induce spontaneous glioma initiation and characterized the tumors with H&E and immunohistochemistry analysis. Glioma sphere cells also were isolated for measuring the sensitivity to specific MET TKIs.

Results
Mixed injection of SB-hHgf.Met.ShP53 plasmids induced de novo glioma formation with invasive tumor growth accompanied by HGF and MET overexpression. While glioma stem cells (GSCs) are considered as the tumor-initiating cells in GBM, both SB-hHgf.Met.ShP53 tumor sections and glioma spheres harvested from these tumors expressed GSC markers nestin, GFAP, and Sox 2. Moreover, specific MET TKIs significantly inhibited tumor spheres’ proliferation and MET/MAPK/AKT signaling.

Conclusions
Overexpression of the HGF/MET axis along with p53 attenuation may transform neural stem cells into GSCs, resulting in GBM formation in mice. These tumors are primarily driven by the MET RTK pathway activation and are sensitive to MET TKIs. The SB-hHgf.Met.ShP53 spontaneous mouse glioma model provides a useful tool for studying GBM tumor biology and MET-targeting therapeutics.
Comparison Between Supraclavicular Versus Video-Assisted Intrathoracic Phrenic Nerve Section for Transfer in Patients With Traumatic Brachial Plexus Injuries: Case Series
Authors: Socolovsky Mariano , Cardoso Marcio de Mendonça , Lovaglio Ana , di Masi Gilda , Bonilla Gonzalo , de Amoreira Gepp Ricardo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The phrenic nerve has been extensively reported to be a very powerful source of transferable axons in brachial plexus injuries. The most used technique used is supraclavicular sectioning of this nerve. More recently, video-assisted thoracoscopic techniques have been reported as a good alternative, since harvesting a longer phrenic nerve avoids the need of an interposed graft.

OBJECTIVE
To compare grafting vs phrenic nerve transfer via thoracoscopy with respect to mean elbow strength at final follow-up.

METHODS
A retrospective analysis was conducted among patients who underwent phrenic nerve transfer for elbow flexion at 2 centers from 2008 to 2017. All data analysis was performed in order to determine statistical significance among the analyzed variables.

RESULTS
A total of 32 patients underwent supraclavicular phrenic nerve transfer, while 28 underwent phrenic nerve transfer via video-assisted thoracoscopy. Demographic characteristics were similar in both groups. A statistically significant difference in elbow flexion strength recovery was observed, favoring the supraclavicular phrenic nerve section group against the intrathoracic group (P = .036). A moderate though nonsignificant difference was observed favoring the same group in mean elbow flexion strength. Also, statistical differences included patient age (P = .01) and earlier time from trauma to surgery (P = .069).

CONCLUSION
Comparing supraclavicular sectioning of the nerve vs video-assisted, intrathoracic nerve sectioning to restore elbow flexion showed that the former yielded statistically better results than the latter, in terms of the percentage of patients who achieve at least level 3 MRC strength at final follow-up. Furthermore, larger scale prospective studies assessing the long-term effects of phrenic nerve transfers remain necessary.
Diffusion Timescales of Magmatic Processes in the Moinui Lava Eruption at Mauna Loa, Hawai`i, as Inferred from Bimodal Olivine Populations
Authors: Couperthwaite F K , Thordarson T , Morgan D J , Harvey J , Wilson M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The 2·1 ka Moinui lava flow field, erupted from the southwest rift zone of Mauna Loa, Hawai`i, exhibits striking textural and geochemical variations, that can be used to interpret magma processes pre-, syn- and post-eruption. From this lava flow, the duration of magma storage and storage conditions, the timescales over which magma is transported to the surface, and flow emplacement mechanisms at Mauna Loa are determined. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) and diffusion chronometry of olivine crystals identify two distinct crystal populations: a primitive, polyhedral olivine population with core compositions of Fo90–88 and a more evolved, platy olivine population with core compositions of Fo83–82. Fe–Mg diffusion modelling of these olivine populations gives distinct timescales for each population; platy olivines yield timescales of days up to a few weeks, while polyhedral olivines yield timescales of months to years. Despite the nature of a well-insulated pāhoehoe flow, meaning that post-emplacement diffusion continues for some time, a wealth of time information can be retrieved concerning pre-eruptive magmatic processes as well as the processes associated with the lava extrusion. The short timescales obtained from the platy olivine crystals and the observed equilibrium between its cores and ambient melt suggest late-stage nucleation and crystal growth in the shallow conduit and during lava emplacement. Conversely, the longer timescales and olivine-melt disequilibrium of the polyhedral olivine crystals suggests accumulation from a deeper source and subsequent transportation to shallow magma storage beneath the summit of Mauna Loa months, or even years before eruption. The chemical and textural details of the Moinui lava reflect the mode of flow emplacement and may have implications for the interpretation of the distribution of spinifex and cumulate olivine within komatiites; high-temperature, low-viscosity lavas, common in the Archean.
Uncertainty, Investor Sentiment, and Innovation
Authors: Dicks David , Fulghieri Paolo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We develop a theory of innovation waves, investor sentiment, and merger activity based on Knightian uncertainty. Uncertainty-averse investors are more optimistic on an innovation when they can make contemporaneous investments in multiple uncertain projects. Innovation waves occur when there is a critical mass of innovative companies, and are characterized by stronger investor sentiment, higher equity valuation, and hot initial public offering markets. Our approach to investor sentiment is not based on erroneous beliefs disjoint from economic fundamentals, but depends on uncertainty on the fundamentals. Our model can explain sector-specific booms uncorrelated with aggregate economic activity and the overall stock market.
Anaemia in asymptomatic parasite carriers living in urban, rural and peri-urban settings of Gabon
Authors: Moutongo Mouandza R , M'bondoukwe N P , Obiang Ndong G P , Nzaou Nziengui A , Batchy Ognagosso F B , Nziengui Tirogo C , Moutombi Ditombi B , Mawili-Mboumba D P , Bouyou-Akotet M K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
This cross-sectional study was carried out in different settlements of Gabon to determine the influence of single or multiple parasite carriage on haemoglobin (Hb) levels.

Methods
Between April 2015 and June 2016, healthy volunteers from urban, peri-urban and rural areas were screened for malaria, blood filariasis and intestinal parasitic infections using microscopic methods. Hb concentration was measured with a Hemocue analyser. The association between parasite carriage and anaemia was assessed.

Results
Among the 775 volunteers examined, 319 (41.2%) were from rural villages and 76.0% were adults. Filariasis, intestinal parasitic infections, Plasmodium falciparum and polyparasitism were detected in 15.6, 14.6, 9.5 and 6.8% of participants, respectively. Anaemia prevalence was 72.6%, with rates of mild, moderate and severe anaemia being 30.9, 61.1 and 8.0%, respectively. The median Hb level was lowest in the presence of hookworms (7.1 g/dl [interquartile range {IQR} 6.8–7.5]), Schistosoma intercalatum (6.9 g/dl), Trichuris trichiura (10.1 g/dl [IQR 8.9–11.5]) and Plasmodium falciparum (10.0 g/dl [IQR 9.1–11.2]) compared with filariaemia (12.1 g/dl [IQR 10.5–13.2]) (p=0.03). Moderate to severe anaemia predominated among those single-infected with P. falciparum (69.5%) or co-infected with intestinal parasitic infections and P. falciparum (76.2%), while it was found in only 23.2% of individuals with filariasis. All participants with soil-transmitted helminths and more than half with a Blastocystis sp. (68.8%) infection had moderate anaemia.

Conclusions
The prevalence of anaemia is high. Asymptomatic parasite carriage is associated with anaemia in this surveyed population in Gabon.
Complications: Second Victim
Authors: Herring John A. 
Published: June 2020

Introduction:
Physicians and surgeons in all specialties encounter and manage complications throughout their careers. Little attention has been given to a surgeon’s emotional experience and reaction to the stresses of managing complications.

Methods:
The author has reviewed relevant literature and added observations from 4 decades of experience with a pediatric orthopedic faculty. The author also reviewed the types of complications and principles of successful management of surgical complications.

Results and Discussion:
A small number of published articles dealing with the issues of physician and surgeon responses to stressful occurrences were found. Proper management of complications will markedly reduce the stress upon the surgeon. Analysis of the complications with colleagues is essential to the reduction of feelings of guilt, and are useful in preventing future events. Discussions of the accompanying stress between the surgeon and colleagues, family, and occasionally counselors are helpful in achieving resolution and emotional healing.

Conclusions:
Greater attention to emotional stress issues affecting caregivers, and especially surgeons, is needed. This should happen at all levels of education from medical school through postgraduate training, and in the everyday practice of surgery. Research to clarify the effectiveness of various interventions is needed.
Thromboxane A2 receptor contributes to the activation of rat pancreatic stellate cells induced by 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Li , Li Fei , Cui Ye-Qing , Liu Shuang , Sun Hai-Chen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundPancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) activation plays a critical role in the development of chronic pancreatitis. Previous studies confirmed that thromboxane A2 receptor (TxA2r) was overexpressed in activated PSCs in rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TxA2r in the activation of PSCs induced by 8-epi-prostaglandin F2α(8-epi-PGF2α).MethodsTxA2r expression in both quiescent and activated PSCs was detected by immunocytochemistry and immunoblot assay. Isolated PSCs were treated with 8-epi-PGF2α(10−6, 10−7, 10−8mol/L) for 48 h, and SQ29548 (10−4, 10−6, and 10−7mol/L), a TxA2r-specific antagonist for 48 h, respectively, to identify the drug concentration with the best biological effect and the least cytotoxicity. Then isolated PSCs were treated with SQ29548 (10−4 mol/L) for 2 h, followed by 10−7mol/L 8-epi-PGF2αfor 48 h. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and collagen I. Comparisons between the groups were performed using Student'sttest.ResultsTxA2r was up-regulated in activated PSCsin vitrocompared with quiescent PSCs (allP < 0.001). Compared with the control group, different concentrations of 8-epi-PGF2αsignificantly increased mRNA levels of α-SMA (10−6 mol/L: 2.23 ± 0.18vs.1.00 ± 0.07,t = 10.70,P < 0.001; 10−7mol/L: 2.91 ± 0.29vs.1.01 ± 0.08,t = 10.83,P < 0.001; 10−8mol/L, 1.67 ± 0.07vs.1.00 ± 0.08,t = 11.40,P < 0.001) and collagen I (10−6 mol/L: 2.68 ± 0.09vs.1.00 ± 0.07,t = 24.94,P < 0.001; 10−7mol/L: 2.12 ± 0.29vs.1.01 ± 0.12, t = 6.08,P < 0.001; 10−8mol/L: 1.46 ± 0.15vs.1.00 ± 0.05,t = 4.93,P = 0.008). However, different concentrations of SQ29548 all significantly reduced the expression of collagen I (10−4 mol/L: 0.55 ± 0.07vs.1.00 ± 0.07,t = 10.47,P < 0.001; 10−6mol/L: 0.56 ± 0.10vs.1.00 ± 0.07,t = 6.185,P < 0.001; 10−7mol/L: 0.27 ± 0.04vs.1.00 ± 0.07,t = 15.41,P < 0.001) and α-SMA (10−4 mol/L: 0.06 ± 0.01vs.1.00 ± 0.11,t = 15.17,P < 0.001; 10−6mol/L: 0.28 ± 0.03vs.1.00 ± 0.11,t = 11.29,P < 0.001; 10−7mol/L: 0.14 ± 0.04vs.1.00 ± 0.11,t = 12.86,P < 0.001). After being treated with SQ29548 (10−4 mol/L) and then 8-epi-PGF2α(10−7 mol/L), the mRNA levels of α-SMA (0.20 ± 0.08vs.1.00 ± 0.00,t = 17.46,P < 0.001) and collagen I (0.69 ± 0.13vs.1.00 ± 0.00,t = 4.20,P = 0.014) in PSCs were significantly lower than those of the control group.ConclusionsThe results show that 8-epi-PGF2αpromoted PSCs activation, while SQ29548 inhibited PSCs activation induced by 8-epi-PGF2α. The result indicated that TxA2r plays an important role during PSC activation and collagen synthesis induced by 8-epi-PGF2αin vitro. This receptor may provide a potential target for more effective antioxidant therapy for pancreatic fibrosis.
Clinical Outcomes of Allogeneic Ocular Surface Stem Cell Transplantation in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Cheung Albert Y. , Sarnicola Enrica , Eslani Medi , Wright Elizabeth , Goebel Jens , Hooper David K. , Govil Amit , Kurji Khaliq H. , Holland Edward J. 
Published: June 2020

Purpose:
To describe the outcomes of allograft ocular surface stem cell transplantation (OSST) and the complication profile of systemic immunosuppression (SI) in pediatric patients with limbal stem cell deficiency.

Methods:
This was a retrospective interventional case series from a single tertiary referral institution of 20 eyes from 13 patients who 1) underwent allograft OSST surgery, 2) were 18 years or less at time of OSST, and 3) received SI with 4) a minimum of 12-months follow-up. The main outcome measures were ocular surface stability, visual acuity, and SI adverse events.

Results:
The mean age of patients was 15.1 ± 3.2 years (range 9–18 years). The mean follow-up was 5.6 ± 5.0 years after OSST. At the last follow-up, 15 eyes (75%) had a stable ocular surface, 1 eye (5%) developed partial failure, and 4 eyes (20%) developed total surface failure. Preoperative mean logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity 1.5 improved to 1.1 at the last follow-up (P = 0.1); when 4 eyes of 3 nonadherent patients were excluded, the results were more pronounced and statistically significant (1.5 improved to 1.0, P = 0.002). SI was tolerated well by all patients with minimal adverse events.

Conclusions:
OSST provides a stable ocular surface and is a successful treatment option for pediatric patients with limbal stem cell deficiency. SI is well-tolerated with a minimal complication profile.
Surgical Treatment for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Patients With Inner Ear Malformations
Authors: Bois Emilie , Demondion Sophie , Elmaleh Monique , François Martine , Teissier Natacha , Van Den Abbeele Thierry 
Published: June 2020

Objective:
The aim of this study is to present our technique of surgical closure in a series of patients suffering from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak due to inner ear malformations.

Study Design and Setting:
We conducted a retrospective study in our tertiary care academic department of pediatric otolaryngology.

Patients:
We did include all patients who presented a CSF leak or bacterial meningitis (one episode or recurrent) related to a malformation of the inner ear.

Intervention(s):
Through a retro-auricular or endaural approach we performed a filling of the vestibule cavity with multiple fragments of cartilage with perichondrium introduced through the oval window, after stapedectomy until a near-complete sealing was obtained. After the surgery, all patients received a treatment with acetazolamide during 15 days.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
We did evaluate our technics with the recurrence of CSF leak.

Results:
Thirteen patients, from 1 to 14, were operated with our technics. With a follow-up of 4.4 ± 4.7 years, only one patient needed a second intervention. None had a novel episode of meningitis. We observed no complication. The leak was observed in the oval fossa in 11 cases.

Conclusions:
Our “minimally invasive” technique of vestibular obliteration with cartilage inserted through the oval window after stapedectomy did demonstrate its safety and reliability.
Ventricular Weight Increases Proportionally With Total Heart Weight in Postmortem Population
Authors: Loper Nicole , Garland Jack , Ondruschka Benjamin , Lamberts Regis R. , Stables Simon , Tse Rexson 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Heart weight is routinely measured at postmortem examination and is critical to determine whether the heart is enlarged (ie, cardiomegaly). Cardiomegaly has the potential to cause sudden death by being electrically unstable, resulting in fatal arrhythmias. The majority of fatal cardiac arrhythmias is ventricular in origin and is assumed that ventricular size is disproportionately larger in cardiomegaly. This prospective study compared ventricular weight (VW) and total heart weight (THW) in 40 consecutive cases. The results, unexpectedly, showed that VW increases proportionally and linearly with THW in normal and enlarged hearts (THW, >500 g) and did not increase disproportionally with increased THW. The ratio of VW/THW did not have any significant correlation or difference with sex, height, weight, and cardiac causes of death but did have a negative correlation with age. Further studies are indicated to document the morphological changes when the heart enlarges, which may aid in understanding the pathophysiology of sudden death from cardiomegaly.
Predictors of Serious Opioid-Related Adverse Drug Events in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Minhaj Faisal Syed , Rappaport Stephen H. , Foster Justin , Gashlin Lauren Z. 
Published: June 2020

Objective
Opioids are high-risk medications in the inpatient setting because of their potential for significant patient harm. The primary objective was to identify risk factors that predispose inpatients to develop opioid-related adverse drug events (ORADE) requiring the use of naloxone.

Methods
In a retrospective case-control study, patients were included according to the following criteria: 18 years or older, 1 administered opioid doses or more, and admitted for 24 hours or more. Patients were excluded if they had a prehospital drug overdose, other indications for naloxone use, or were admitted to an intensive care unit, psychiatric medical unit, or in the emergency department. Patients were classified as cases if naloxone was administered and a selection of controls were frequency matched 2:1 based on medical or surgical status. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate for risk factors for ORADE.

Results
A total of 275 cases and 592 control patients were included into the final analysis. Variables that were associated with greater odds of naloxone administration included age of 65 years or older, female, length of stay, pulmonary diagnoses, use of gabapentinoids, and patient-controlled analgesia use. Antihistamines, continuous infusion, and intermittent nurse administered intravenous bolus routes had a negative association with naloxone use.

Conclusions
Several risk factors were found to be associated with ORADE supporting many of the previously described risk factors, and the discovery of potential new ones, such as gabapentinoid use. Health care providers should consider the risk factors for hospitalized patients receiving opioids who may warrant lower doses, additional monitoring, or alternative agents.
Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia on Ultrasonography-Guided Vacuum-Assisted Biopsy of the Breast
Authors: Kim Ji Hee , Han Kyunghwa , Kim Min Jung , Moon Hee Jung , Yoon Jung Hyun , Park Vivian Youngjean , Kim Eun-Kyung 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The purposes of this study are to evaluate the upgrade rate of atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) diagnosed with ultrasonography (US)-guided vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) to malignancy and to identify the factors behind the underestimation. We retrospectively reviewed the pathologic results of US-guided VAB of the breast. A total of 50 ADH lesions that were surgically excised or with more than 12 months of follow-up were included. The upgrade rate of ADH was determined by dividing the number of lesions that were proven malignant on surgical excision by the total number of ADH diagnosed on VAB. Clinical, radiologic, procedural, and pathologic variables were analyzed to identify the factors behind the underestimation. The upgrade rate of ADH was found to be 16.0% (8/50 lesions). In univariable and multivariable analyses, the upgrade rates of ADH did not significantly differ among variables. In a subgroup analysis, according to history of breast cancer, the upgrade rates of ADH were significantly lower for lesions of mass than for lesions of nonmass (0% [0/23 lesions] vs 28.6% [4/14 lesions], P = 0.015), and for lesions without calcifications than for lesions with calcifications (0% [0/22 lesions] vs 26.7% [4/15 lesions], P = 0.021) in the negative history subgroup. ADH lesions in masses or without calcifications in patients without a family or personal history of breast cancer were associated with low upgrade rates. Thus, we suggest that ADH with these features can be followed rather than surgically excised after US-guided VAB.