bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wisdom
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Human wisdom guides how we cope with perennial problems by relying on an unstable compound of often conflicting evaluations prompted by our personal history and the various social modes of evaluations prevalent in the context in which we live. For this we need to rely on considered judgments that weigh the relative importance of these conflicting evaluations. This is difficult because both personal and social evaluations change in response to changing conditions. And because making a considered judgment to override one of our own evaluations in favor of another requires violating one of our own s commitments. It makes matters even more difficult that no matter how well considered our judgments are, they may be mistaken and may themselves change in response to the changing internal and external conditions of our life. Human wisdom nevertheless enables us to make more reliable considered judgments by adhering to basic assumptions, cultivating reflective understanding, and growing in depth. These are the subjects of the following chapters.
Depth
Authors: Kekes John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Depth enables us to form a dispassionate view of ourselves, our context, and the ups and downs of our life in particular and of human lives in general. It provides a detached yet not indifferent point of view that restrains over-reactions to our faulty, ambivalent, and conflicted personal attitude and to the perennial problems that we have cope with throughout our life. It enables us to acknowledge the fallibility of our responses to the contingencies of life, to guard against losing heart and becoming disillusioned by the uncertainties of even our most reasonable efforts, and to understand that although we are at risk, we are not doomed. Depth enables us to view our situation from both a personal and impersonal point of view, to evaluate our personal attitude reasonably, and to avoid succumbing to comforting illusions and self-serving excuses.
Introduction
Authors: Domínguez-Redondo Elvira 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The introduction sets up the scene for the analysis that follows explaining the main topics addressed in the book. It succinctly explains how it seeks to challenge the conventional wisdom underpinning the presumption that politicization is a weakness of the international human rights system, through the lenses of the Special Procedures. It also addresses recent criticisms aimed at the international human rights machinery. The introduction also provides the reader with a map of the overall structure of the book and the main topics addressed.
American Mistakes
Authors: Zhang Feng , Lebow Richard Ned 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the policy mistakes that the Obama administration made in managing the Sino-American relationship. The Obama administration developed no distinct China strategy and was in fact averse to developing such a strategy. It chose to embed largely reactive China policies within a regional strategy of the so-called “pivot” or “rebalance” to the Asia-Pacific region. While China was relegated to a management issue, the rebalance strategy damaged the US-China relationship by deepening strategic mistrust between the two countries and agitating China to seek strategic adventures in Asia. The rebalance did not cause Chinese assertiveness by itself, but the geopolitical setting it created served to exacerbate China’s already fermenting assertive inclinations and prompted its strategic adventurism.
Deterrence
Authors: Zhang Feng , Lebow Richard Ned 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Deterrence attempts to prevent an undesired behavior by convincing the party that may be contemplating it that the cost will exceed any possible gain. Deterrence thinking fails to grasp the causes of competition and conflict and consequently addresses only symptoms of strategic tensions. The American strategy of hegemonic deterrence and the Chinese strategy of active defense risk mutual escalation of suspicions, increase reliance on worse-case analysis, and intensify rather than ameliorate their competition. Deterrence has a role to play in security policy, but overdose is likely to be dangerous. This chapter proposes a strategy of minimal deterrence for both countries to reduce the harms of aggressive deterrence and to make room for the more productive strategies of reassurance and diplomacy.
Kinetic Theory of Value I
Authors: Nail Thomas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter inverts the standard interpretation of “value in motion” so that value itself is woven from a continual pattern of action and is not some discrete thing that merely moves from point A to point B. Value needs to “stand with its feet on the ground” again by making movement genuinely primary to its being (C, 163). Marx’s theory of value is a fundamentally kinetic theory of value in which matter-in-motion forms the being of value. Value is not just a function of social, political, technical, and human relations. Matter-in-motion is primary to and constitutive of the being of value itself.
Sustaining Others
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOur need to belong gives us a need to sustain specific other people. This need is rooted in our narrow self-interest, our interests in the people we care about, and our interest in the group to which we belong. Not everyone who endures being not needed has a claim to be enabled to sustain others. Sometimes, it’s a matter of good fortune or tragedy if we get to be needed or not. Other times, however, we are victims of injustice if we are unable to sustain others. To secure our need to sustain others, we require the core social resources discussed in Chapter 1 (as well as material resources and temporal resources). If we are denied what we need to develop, maintain, and exercise our social resources, or are not taken seriously as social contributors, then we endure social contribution injustice.
Capabilities and the Limits of Liberal Development
Authors: Harrison Graham 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter makes a critical assessment of the capabilities approach (CA). It sets out the core features of the CA and highlights its focus on local livelihoods and its development vision of incremental change. It notes the normative attractiveness of this position, and its focus on individual experiences. It then goes on to identify a series of limitations to this approach. It argues that the CA is excessively inclusive, using rights-speak to see all change as either good or bad. It also has a weak understanding of social relations because it focuses on individuals at the expense of structures. It argues that its liberal understanding of individual agency means that it fails to understand the social construction of agency. The chapter ends by sketching how the inability of capabilities to generate a theory of structural change leaves it limited in ambition and inattentive to history.
Realism, Values, and Development
Authors: Harrison Graham 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe chapter identifies the core normative concern with transformative approaches to development: the coercion involved in generating capitalist development. It rejects a utilitarian solution to this problem and questions the idealism of mainstream normative political theory. It sets out a realist normative approach that accepts an antagonism in the values of development. It emphasizes how normativity is constructed not deduced and identifies the value-in-contention within development. It sets out a modified realist approach in which the basic legitimacy of developmentalism is based on both authoritative governance and the construction of a commonwealth. It finishes by making some illustrations of how norms can be understood in development contexts.
Liberals I
Authors: Pierson Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of what we mean by liberalism. It continues with an evaluation of the views that liberals have taken of the justification of property. I first consider the broadly utilitarian case developed by William Paley, James Mill, and Jeremy Bentham. I then assess the distinctive view taken (in France) by Benjamin Constant and (in the US) by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. I devote careful attention to the work of John Stuart Mill, who is a key source for a distinctively modern (or ‘new’) liberal view in which property is not so much a right of persons as a social institution, legitimately open to collective regulation. The chapter ends with an outline of the liberal case for communal ownership of the land made by the American journalist Henry George.
Liberals II
Authors: Pierson Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter continues the evaluation of ideas about property within the modern liberal tradition. Much of this thinking has its origins in the later work of John Stuart Mill. I begin with some key ‘new’ liberals: T. H. Green, J. T. Hobhouse, and J. A. Hobson. These thinkers take a varyingly radical view of the provisionality of individual claims to private property. Following a short interlude on interwar liberalism, I turn to the development of liberal ideas on property in the US. My two key thinkers here are John Dewey and John Rawls. Both of these iconic liberal thinkers take a view of property which emphasizes its function as a social institution, one which has to be justified by its societal outcomes rather than its private and personal origins.
Social Democrats II
Authors: Pierson Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter continues the evaluation of ideas about property amongst social democrats in the period after 1945. It explores how in the period between 1945 and 1975, social democrats came to de-emphasize the importance of ownership as a political force (my exemplar is Britain). In the second half of the chapter, I turn to social democratic responses when this orientation faltered (after 1975). Of particular interest here is the experience of Swedish social democrats and their initiative for Wage-Earners’ Funds. After a brief consideration of ideas surrounding a ‘Third Way’, I complete my survey with an assessment of a number of recent property alternatives generated by social democrats. These include asset-based egalitarianism, predistribution, basic capital and basic income, property-owning democracy, and market socialism. The most important thinkers discussed here are Durbin, Crosland, Marshall, Childs, Karelby, Adler-Karlsson, Meidner, White, Hacker, Van Parijs, Meade, and Nove.
Radical Conservatives I
Authors: Pierson Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of what we mean by conservatism (and reactionary). The focus here is upon those conservatives who can be considered ‘radical’: that is, those who want to resist change but who believe that this resistance means taking a radical stand against that which is becoming the new orthodoxy. In this chapter, I start out with a group of thinkers who are really ‘reactionary’: that is, they want to take us back to an order which has been replaced. These real reactionaries include Joseph de Maistre, Louis de Bonald, and Donoso Cortés. I also discuss at length the property-focused work of Alexis de Tocqueville. Although Tocqueville’s conservatism is qualified—and he might be as well be considered an unconventional liberal—he is clear in his hostility to many of the consequences of modernity, including the rise of commercial values and the emergence of socialism. He develops some characteristically conservative arguments about how property should look in the face of these challenges.
Feminists II
Authors: Pierson Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter continues the evaluation of ideas about property amongst feminists. Feminists have always been concerned with questions of the (female) body and who owns it. I begin by outlining two sharply contrasting views of this relationship. Cecile Fabre argues that, once sufficiency has been secured for all, women should be free to use (and sell) their bodies as they see fit. By contrast, Carole Pateman argues that seeing women’s relationship to their own bodies in contractual terms will always disadvantage them over against men who have already set the terms of exchange in their prior agreement (amongst themselves) of a Sexual Contract (of access to women’s bodies). I follow through the consequences of these opposing view in three key policy areas much discussed in recent feminist work: prostitution, pornography, and surrogacy. I focus on the work of Donna Dickenson and Anne Phillips. Finally, I turn to the radical utopian alternative posed in Sophie Lewis’s Full Surrogacy Now.
Conclusion
Authors: Pierson Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the Conclusion, I return to the key questions raised at the very opening of the first volume of Just Property: what should we do if present levels of wealth inequality cannot be justified? and what consequences follow for our property order from a recognition that the physical resources upon which life on Earth depends are running out? I first establish what present levels of wealth inequality on a global scale look like. I suggest that both (libertarian) arguments from a natural right to appropriate, and alternative strategies built around a ‘no-property’ regime cannot do the work required to make them persuasive. I argue that we need a legal property order, but that it must be grounded in something other than individual natural right. Working through arguments in American critical legal studies, I argue that we need a property regime that is democratically chosen—but in a democracy which is substantially re-tooled. On the issue of depleting resources, I turn to work on ‘green property’ which suggests ways in which we can incorporate a concern with sustainability and limits into our understanding of what and how we can own. Although we have very limited reasons for optimism, I finish by identifying three policy options that might accord with this revised view of a good property order: land value taxation, basic capital/income, and an amplified system of sovereign wealth funds.
Introduction
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChapter 1 introduces the book by briefly discussing the Eurozone crisis and how it has contributed to Europe’s crisis of legitimacy. The chapter begins by describing EU actors’ initial responses to the Eurozone crisis, focused on “governing by the rules and ruling by the numbers” and characterized by policies of austerity and structural reform. It then discusses such actors’ subsequent shift to reinterpreting the rules “by stealth” in reaction to deteriorating economic performance and growing political discontent. The chapter next connects the problems related to Eurozone policies, politics, and processes to questions of legitimacy. It defines legitimacy in the EU studies terms of input (political legitimacy), output (performance legitimacy), and throughput (procedural legitimacy) and considers how the EU’s institutional context has complicated Eurozone crisis governance. It then sketches out EU actors’ different pathways to legitimacy, related to their differences in power, position, and bases for legitimacy. The chapter ends with a methodological note about the book’s analytic framework of discursive institutionalism, explaining how its focus on ideas and discursive interactions in institutional context provides a useful bridge to considerations of both power and legitimacy.
Russomania
Authors: Beasley Rebecca 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Russomania: Russian Culture and the Creation of British Modernism provides a new account of modernist literature’s emergence in Britain. British writers played a central role in the dissemination of Russian literature and culture during the early twentieth century, and their writing was transformed by the encounter. This study restores the thick history of that moment, by analyzing networks of dissemination and reception to recover the role of neglected as well as canonical figures, and institutions as well as individuals. The dominant account of British modernism privileges a Francophile genealogy, but the turn-of-the century debate about the future of British writing was a triangular debate, a debate not only between French and English models, but between French, English, and Russian models. Francophile modernists associated Russian literature, especially the Tolstoyan novel, with an uncritical immersion in ‘life’ at the expense of a mastery of style, and while individual works might be admired, Russian literature as a whole was represented as a dangerous model for British writing. This supposed danger was closely bound up with the politics of the period, and this book investigates how Russian culture was deployed in the close relationships between writers, editors, and politicians who made up the early twentieth-century intellectual class—the British intelligentsia. Russomania argues that the most significant impact of Russian culture is not to be found in stylistic borrowings between canonical authors, but in the shaping of the major intellectual questions of the period: the relation between language and action, writer and audience, and the work of art and lived experience. The resulting account brings an occluded genealogy of early modernism to the fore, with a different arrangement of protagonists, different critical values, and stronger lines of connection to the realist experiments of the Victorian past, and the anti-formalism and revived romanticism of the 1930s and 1940s future.
Eleazer’s Cross
Authors: Meer Sarah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that claimants became fodder for mid-century periodicals, and they provided an imagery for anti-slavery rhetoric. It examines Frederick Douglass’s use of illegitimacy in his speech on the Fourth of July, and his deployment of ‘Yankee’ tropes to protest against segregation. It links them to his efforts to cultivate a transatlantic community through Frederick Douglass’ Paper, work involving personal and political bonds with British colleagues—William and Mary Howitt, and Julia Griffiths. The paper was both local and national in its reach, as was its fascination with claimants like Eleazer Williams and Monsieur Ben, two candidates for the ‘Lost Dauphin’. Monsieur Ben was the subject of a long-lost column by James McCune Smith, in the series ‘Heads of the Colored People’.
Amelia’s Bloomers
Authors: Meer Sarah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws on the discussions in chapter 4 (illegitimacy, links with British editors, Julia Griffiths’s role), to read the reprinting of Bleak House in Frederick Douglass’ Paper. This brings out the novel’s proximity to claimant themes, and it ties the reprinting to dialogues with other periodicals, particularly Dickens’s Household Words. It suggests how Bleak House might read differently in Douglass’s paper, linking crossing sweepers with race, but sitting uncomfortably with its radical readership, particularly in matters of women’s rights and reform. It examines J. R. Johnson’s Uncle William’s Pulpit, an homage to Dickens published by Douglass.
Hank’s Night Shirt
Authors: Meer Sarah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Claimants were not only a lifelong preoccupation for Mark Twain, they represent a powerful impulse in his writing; he sought on multiple occasions to write himself into a historical literary tradition that stretched back to the English middle ages. Twain’s irony and ambivalence have obscured his fascination with tradition, but the figure of the claimant captures his characteristic tension between distance and identification. A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court is a prime example of this impulse; the chapter suggests that it also harks back to the claimant’s origins in Yankee drama, as it is structured like a trip play.
Introduction
Authors: Clarke-Doane Justin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
I discuss specialization in philosophy, and the threat it poses to understanding “how things hang together.” I illustrate the problem using naturalism, a prominent view which combines realism about the sciences with anti-realism about value. Whether this view is tenable depends on whether one can be a mathematical realist and a moral anti-realist. But nobody knows whether one can, because metaethics and the philosophy of mathematics are mutually insulated research fields. I conclude that whether one can be a moral anti-realist and a mathematical realist, or whether metaethics and the philosophy of mathematics have anything else to teach us about how things “hang together,” requires bringing the areas into meaningful contact.
Observation and Indispensability
Authors: Clarke-Doane Justin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that mathematical beliefs have no better claim to being empirically – i.e., a posteriori -- justified than our moral beliefs. It shows that Harman’s influential argument to the contrary is fallacious. It then formulates a better argument for a lack of parity between the cases, in terms of indispensability. It argues that, while the necessity of mathematics is no bar to developing a mathematics-free alternative to empirical science, the contents of our arithmetic beliefs, realistically and even objectively construed, do seem to be indispensable to metalogic. But this at most shows that a subset of our mathematical beliefs have better claim to being empirically justified. Surprisingly, however, the range of moral beliefs that we actually have may be so justified, in a more direct way. The chapter concludes with the prospect that there is no principled distinction between intuition and perception, and, hence, between a priori and a posteriori justification.
Genealogical Debunking Arguments
Authors: Clarke-Doane Justin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Genealogical Debunking Arguments. It argues that they misunderstand the significance of explanatory indispensability. Debunkers observe that whether the proposition that P is implied by some explanation of our coming to believe that P is predictive of its having epistemically desirable qualities when the fact that P would be causally efficacious if it obtained. The problem is that these things are independent when the fact that P would be causally inert, as moral facts would be according to Genealogical Debunking Arguments. The chapter formulates a principle governing undermining defeat, Modal Security. This constitutes a criterion of adequacy for debunking arguments. It says that if such arguments undermine our beliefs, then they give us reason to doubt their safety or sensitivity. But they do not. The chapter concludes that the real problem to which Genealogical Debunking Arguments point is an application of the Benacerraf–Field Challenge. But this challenge has nothing to do with explanatory indispensability.
Introduction
Authors: Zahl Simeon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This introduction presents the relationship between theological ideas and Christian experience as a fundamental question for contemporary theology. It identifies a number of reasons why theology needs to turn its attention once more to “experience,” including the relevance of the topic to wider questions about the intellectual and spiritual plausibility of Christianity in late modernity, recent misunderstandings of the theological legacy of the Protestant Reformation through inattention to questions of experience, and the need to make theological sense of the global success of Pentecostal Christianity over the past century. The introduction concludes with an overview of the book as whole.