bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dull, Dirty, and Dangerous
Authors: Boyle Michael J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 argues that drones will enable international organizations, NGOs, and advocacy groups to monitor human rights abuses, deliver relief, and pressure governments for change. Small surveillance drones are ideally suited for taking on the “dull, dirty, and dangerous” jobs that are needed in these situations. In the future, drones will be able to transport and drop food and medicine in response to crises in places where humanitarian organizations are reluctant to send their own personnel. Drones will ultimately give these actors another tool with which they can monitor events on the ground and possibly shame governments into stronger action. But drones may also increase the ambitions of IOs/NGOs to intensify the pace of humanitarian relief and social change, even if doing so is unsustainable.
Conclusion
Authors: Thuesen Peter J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Conclusion draws on the author’s interview with leading meteorologist Howard Bluestein to explore the state of contemporary tornado science, which helped inspire modern chaos theory. Just as the weather has taken Americans to the outer limits of theology, bedeviling them with the same unanswerable questions that have nagged humans for centuries, scientists now recognize fundamental limitations on their ability to predict a tornado. Thus, even though meteorologists continue to make lifesaving advances in forecasting outbreaks of severe weather, the tornado remains a uniquely American totem—a symbol of Americans’ quest for mastery, but the embodiment of primal, unconquerable mystery.
Improvisation and health
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses specifically upon the use of musical improvisation for health and well-being. It considers the fundamental features of improvisation and links them to possible improvements in health and well-being. A model showing the different types of communication processes involved is also presented. Improvisation has long been associated with the potential to bring about improvement in health. It is a key process used by music therapists and early texts outlining music therapy practice contained numerous examples of improvisational activities. This chapter draws these processes and potential outcomes together and explains four characteristics of musical improvisation identified as underpinning the health benefits: improvisation links conscious with unconscious processes; improvisation makes unique demands on cognition; improvisation facilitates creative interaction; and, improvisation enables the non-verbal expression of thoughts and feelings that may otherwise be difficult to express. When improvisation is viewed as a sophisticated form of social interaction, links to other non-musical contexts and the implications for health and well-being are clear.
The way forward
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapters presents conclusions and overarching summaries of key issues, outlining implications for future research. The accessibility of an arts practice that offers creative engagement at any level of virtuosity can have a transformative effect on music education and the ways we feel about making music in our everyday lives. The location of creative agency within a group, rather than within an individual, calls for a new psychology and musicology of improvisation. These issues and other aspects of the way ahead are discussed, with suggestions for new directions in studying, making, or researching music and other improvisatory arts in years to come. In the moments of improvisation, we have opportunities: to explore our identity; to connect with other people; to make conceptual breakthroughs and gain new insights; to develop our confidence or self-esteem; to be understood; to be misunderstood; and still to have fun within an artistic and expressive environment.
Conflict and Cooperation
Authors: Levin Jeff 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 traces the history of the encounter between religion and medicine from the therapeutic cults of the ancients, East and West, to the healing ministry of Christ and to the work and writings of myriad later figures. These include medieval physician-philosophers such as Moses Maimonides, John Wesley and the fathers of the natural hygiene movement, and pioneers of contemporary discourse on religion’s influences on health and healing. This history also involves important figures from Christianity, Judaism, and Islam and from Asian religions and new religious movements. Unpacking this history entails weighing competing narratives about the relations between the institutions of religion and medicine, which at times have been characterized by conflict and at other times by cooperation.
Healers and Healthcare
Authors: Levin Jeff 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 narrates the history of religious healers from the time of the ancients through developments in Asia and the Greco-Roman world and in the early church. The chapter also describes the origins of hospitals as religiously sponsored institutions of care for the sick. These institutions emerged globally, across faith traditions—in the pagan world, in Christianity, in Islam, in the global East—and they remain today largely an expression of religious outreach. This can be observed in the United States, for example, in the countless religiously branded hospitals, medical centers, and healthcare facilities in most communities that go by names such as Catholic, Lutheran, Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Adventist, Episcopal, Jewish, and so on.
Scientists and Scholars
Authors: Levin Jeff 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 summarizes the extensive body of empirical research studies that identify health impacts of religious practice, identity, and beliefs. These include thousands of epidemiologic, clinical, social, and behavioral studies, as well as investigations from other fields, notably health services research, the biomedical sciences, and psychiatry and clinical psychology. Population-health studies are emphasized, and the latest findings are summarized on the impact of religion, for better or worse, on medical and psychiatric outcomes and rates of morbidity, mortality, and disability, both in the United States and globally, and across religious affiliation. The work of Jeff Levin and his colleagues is highlighted here. Also summarized and critiqued are the controversial clinical trials of healing prayer that have received so much attention since the late 1980s
Prescriptions and Proscriptions
Authors: Levin Jeff 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A history of the important contributions of religious and theological scholars to the birth and growth of the field of medical ethics. Religious values influence medical decision-making in the clinical setting and across the life course for many controversial issues, such as abortion and euthanasia. However, conclusions regarding those procedures or courses of action that are proscribed (forbidden or discouraged) or prescribed (mandated or recommended) by respective religious codes (e.g., halachah, or Jewish law) often differ across and among Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish bioethicists and those of other faith traditions. The work of leading scholars in this field is discussed, with special reference to difficult medical decisions at the beginning and end of life.
Challenges and Choices
Authors: Levin Jeff 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 outlines the many ongoing challenges to establish and maintain alliances and partnerships between the faith-based and medical sectors. These include serious questions that remain to be addressed regarding legal and constitutional issues, the politics of policy development, jurisdictional and turf disputes across sectors, professional and training requirements, ethical concerns of many types, and the special challenges of research and evaluation. Prospects for the future of such partnerships are critically assessed, and agendas for future programmatic and scholarly work are offered. The takeaway point for the book is stated and discussed, namely that the intersections of the faith-based and medical sectors are multifaceted and of long standing.
Introduction
Authors: Hoof Florian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter establishes the book’s goal of recovering the media history of consulting and determining what the global growth of consulting knowledge can tell us about the modern world. The time span of the investigation, from 1880 to 1930, covers three parallel developments, which lead to a fundamental transformation of industrial knowledge structures. First, there is the constitution of an independent form of managerial activity in industry. Second, there is the establishment of the field of corporate consulting. Third, there is the emergence of a series of visualization techniques after 1880, which are at the disposal of the first two spheres, management and corporate consulting. These three tropes lead to a new form of visual management that follows from oral and written forms of management. The introduction describes the interdisciplinary approach the author adopts to trace the visual culture and historical epistemology of business consulting and consulting knowledge between media and business history and theory.
Visual Culture and Consulting
Authors: Hoof Florian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of visual management and shows how visual charting, simulation devices, and calculation devices were used in business organizations. It describes the installation of planning and charting rooms, centralized spaces in which business data were collated and visualized. With this, different scenarios could be devised, graphically compared, and interpolated into the future. This form of visual management enabled a fast reaction to production disruptions, which needed to be facilitated in planning processes and accounting. Corporate consultants such as Harrington Emerson or Frederick W. Taylor designed and described the fundamental methods of accounting and refined manufacturing norms on the factory floor. Visual aids such as logarithmic slide rules and nomographic machine cards became standard practice in the regulation of machines in factory-floor production routines. Gantt charts facilitated the coordination of interlinked production processes.
Consulting, Cinematic Utopia, and Organizational Restraints
Authors: Hoof Florian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses Frank and Lillian Gilbreth’s understanding of media and the attempts at implementing their consulting model in the business world as a solution for tackling the crisis of corporate control. It describes the strong ties of their film-based motion studies to Montessori pedagogy and how their approach was used to train typewriter operators and employees in corporations. It outlines that for the Gilbreths media technology was more than a mere useful instrument for corporate consulting. They associated the new media of this period, and above all film, with utopian ideas about the efficacy of these new visual forms of representation. The chapter shows that in the corporate reality of a consulting project, these ideas could only be realized to a limited degree. Their approach was part of a whole series of other reform-oriented attempts that were introduced in what was at the time a corporate environment receptive to innovation.
Conclusion
Authors: Hoof Florian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Conclusion sums up the key issues of the book. It characterizes media and business consulting as a historically emergent relation between loose and solid coupling. It shows how business consultants strategically use “new media” to create new services or rebrand existing offers. In the context of business consulting and management, media techniques and apparatuses function as discursive channels for factors that were until then incapable of being articulated or represented. The graphic media network translated the heterogeneous fields of management and consulting into a loose visual coupling: the basic prerequisite for the definition of generally valid concepts, and the formation of an accepted canon of managerial methods. This leads to a politics of consulting that shifts the power structures in society.
Meter as Rhythm
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Rhythm is often regarded as one of the most problematic and least understood aspects of music. Restricted to those attributes that are susceptible to calibration and measurement, rhythm is usually identified with meter, durational pattern, or durational proportion. But how shall one account for those attributes of rhythm that point to the particularity and spontaneity of aesthetic experience as it is happening? Drawing on insights from the modern “process” philosophy of Henri Bergson, William James, and A. N. Whitehead, this book releases meter from its mechanistic connotations and recognizes it as a concrete, visceral agent of musical expression. It reinterprets oppositions of law and freedom, structure and process, determinacy and indeterminacy to form a theory that engages diverse repertories and aesthetic issues. Ultimately, this revised 20th anniversary edition of Christopher Hasty’s Meter as Rhythm facilitates the work’s current contexts of application, from new subfields in ethnomusicology and music cognition to non-music fields like literary studies, physics, and biology
General Character of the Opposition
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents the opposition of rhythm and meter as a contrast of (1) rhythm as variegated pattern and meter as periodic repetition; and (2) rhythmic and metric accent or, more broadly, rhythm as event and meter as a measurement of the duration of that event. These oppositions are sufficiently commonplace that it has not been necessary to invoke the work of specific theorists except to document the most radical interpretation of metrical accent as durationless. In one form or another, these two interpretations can be found in most current writing on rhythm and meter. Although these interpretations need not be seen as incompatible, there has been a tendency in more systematic treatments to posit one or the other as fundamental. Ultimately, it is in the opposition of meter and rhythm that one encounters most poignantly the opposition of law versus freedom, mechanical versus organic, general versus particular, or constant repetition of the same versus spontaneous creation of the ever new.
Evaluations of Rhythm and Meter
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines various opinions on rhythm and meter. To begin with a relatively neutral assessment, one may turn first to the thought of Alfred Lorenz. Lorenz assimilates both meter and rhythm to form and refers the difference between regularity and irregularity—or rational and irrational—to a difference of time scale. In equating form and rhythm, Lorenz designates meter as rationale Rhythmik, one means of rhythmic formation among many. Moritz Hauptmann also identifies the metrical with the rational but insists upon a strict separation between meter and rhythm in which rhythm itself is viewed as irrational. Meanwhile, Friedrich Neumann proposes a much starker separation of meter and rhythm. Neumann characterizes meter as “quantitative/outer time”—time viewed in relation to space. Rhythm, on the other hand, is “qualitative/inner time”—time viewed from the standpoint of being and becoming, past and future, and memory and anticipation. The chapter also looks at Thrasybulos Georgiades' argument that it is precisely meter, newly conceived as a relatively autonomous “concept,” that is the hallmark of High Classical style.
Discontinuity of Number and Continuity of Tonal “Motion”
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the opposition of metrical and tonal organization that appears in many current theories of musical rhythm. This disparity arises from conceiving of duration as abstract quantity or “time span” rather than as endurance or the process through which something comes to endure. In this abstraction, “motion,” “energy,” and “tension and relaxation” are ascribed to things that happen “in” time—and not to time itself. Abstract duration, conceived as quantitatively determinant time span, is solely the product of measurement; and to take a measurement, one must isolate points of initiation and termination. These points, even if they are not represented by numbers, have the properties of numbers, among which is the property of discontinuity. Meanwhile, the idea of continuous tonal motion, based on the notions of co-presence and the priority of whole over part, points to a way of detaching duration from numerical measurement.
Precedents for a Theory of Projection
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the work of two theorists who have discussed in detail the phenomenon of “projection.” Friedrich Neumann's concept of the rhythmic pair differs from this book's account of projection most obviously in its isolation of the pair as an autonomous “whole,” its separation of rhythm and meter, and its invocation of time point for the determination of an event's boundaries. Although Neumann describes the process through which a rhythmic pair might become unified as a “higher order” discrimination, he does not consider the process through which equality is produced and removes projection from meter in order to characterize an exclusively rhythmic order that in many respects resembles Hugo Reimann's dynamic, “organic” model. By contrast, Moritz Hauptmann is concerned with the process whereby determinate duration and equality are created and proposes a theory in which meter, quite apart from rhythm, is regarded as a dynamic, organic phenomenon arising from an innate human disposition for equal measure. The chapter then considers Hauptmann's analysis of the formation of duple meter.
Metrical Particularity
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the flexible and complex operation of meter. The meter signature indicates a grouping of equal beats that is often repeated in the course of the piece; and there may be situations in which such beats can be felt even when they are not explicitly articulated. In many cases, one can, and often do, count pulses or beat time without consulting the notation. The notated or felt bar thus seems to be a privileged measure. Typically, the duration of the bar accommodates a comfortable projective potential. Although the bar is often a favorable environment for projection, projection itself is not limited to the bar and does not require a homogeneous train of pulses. If meter is identified with projection, there will be no reason to identify meter with bar or to presuppose an invariant procession of equal beats. In this case, the rhythmic particularity of a bar will be inseparable from its metrical particularity. And each measure or each metrical unit could be viewed as a unique projective situation in which uniqueness or particularity arises both from the measure's internal constitution and from its assimilation of prior events.
Obstacles to a View of Meter as Process
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the obstacles to viewing meter as a process in which the determinacy of the past is molded to the demands of the emerging novelty of the present. “Novelty” here implies freedom—the freedom to make decisions and to create experiences that are not mere repetitions and that are not, therefore, predetermined. Viewed in this way, meter is not distinct from rhythm as “general” is from “particular” or as “law” is from “freedom.” There are, however, two customary interpretations of meter that do support such a distinction and therefore demand refutation. The first is the reduction of meter to the mechanical repetition of equal durations conceived as habit. The second is the identification of meter with measures conceived as time spans that contain rhythmic events and which can be joined as contents of yet larger containers.
Problems of Meter in Early-Seventeenth-Century and Twentieth-Century Music
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses meter in early-seventeenth-century and twentieth-century music. Specifically, it analyzes compositions by Monteverdi, Schütz, Webern, and Babbitt. Monteverdi's “Ohimè, se tanto amate” from the fourth book of madrigals presents a metrical subtlety rarely encountered in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century music. Here the projective field is very mobile, and mensural determinacy is restricted to relatively small measures. Meanwhile, Schütz's concertato motet “Adjoro vos, filiae Jerusalem” from the Symphoniae sacrae, Book I (1629), demonstrates extremely subtle rhythmic detail and great projective contrast used in the service of a compelling larger gesture. Here the repetition of small melodic figures is used for the creation of complex projective fields that serve the continuity of phrases and sections. The chapter then looks at the much smaller measures and much greater ambiguity in some music of the twentieth century.
Toward a Music of Durational Indeterminacy
Authors: Hasty Christopher 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the intense reduction of projective potential observed in Webern's op. 22 and carried even further by the brokenness of the projective field in Babbitt's Du invites comparison with efforts in the years following the Second World War to eliminate meter's hold on the attention and its involvement in the formation of those more or less determinate sonic durations called “phrases.” Boulez's le marteau sans maître's nine movements offers a great variety of approaches to musical continuity. Excerpts from this work thus lead to the end of the present study—a consideration of rhythm in music that has attempted to renounce meter's efficacy in the formation of phrase. An examination of these excerpts allows for a consideration of some more general questions of rhythm and some of the novel experiences offered by “the New Music.” The chapter also discusses the distinction of “constituent” and “phrase” in detail.
Introduction
Authors: Garrett Greg 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Hollywood films offer a blueprint for the treatment of race and representation in the larger American culture, moving as they do from explicitly racist content in early films to attempts at greater equity and justice to, at last, stories written by, made by, and starring the people they represent. In the process, they remind us how we use culture to make meaning, why film can be both a negative and a positive influence for us, and how our wisdom traditions both reflect and stand in opposition to the culture. Even hateful films like The Birth of a Nation (1915) offer us the opportunity to reflect on how Americans have thought about race—and how they might think about it now.
The Birth of a Nation
Authors: Garrett Greg 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Birth of a Nation is one of the most popular and most reviled films in American history, and it continues to influence racial discourse, drawing a clear line from its release in 1915 to white supremacism today. A film can shape the way we see ourselves and see others and can even be the cause of violence when it encourages violent responses to societal issues. White supremacist marchers in Charlottesville one hundred years later were echoing the derogatory messages of this film, the first to be screened in the White House. Yet despite its hateful messages, the film is a cinematic masterpiece. Part of our attempt to grapple with The Birth of a Nation is our recognition that, as James Baldwin noted, the film is simultaneously an artistic gem and a work of vile propaganda.