bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Z-Resolution: Theorem-Proving with Compiled Axioms
Authors: Dixon John K. 
Published: July 2002

An improved procedure for resolution theorem proving, called Z-resolution, is described. The basic idea of Z-resolution is to “compile” some of the axioms in a deductive problem. This means to automatically transform the selected axioms into a computer program which carries out the inference rules indicated by the axioms. This is done automatically by another program called the specializer. The advantage of doing this is that the compiled axioms run faster, just as a compiled program runs faster than an interpreted program.
A proof is given that the inference rule used in Z-resolution is complete, provided that the axioms “compiled” have certain properties.
Grammar Schemata
Authors: Gabrielian Armin , Ginsburg Seymour 
Published: July 2002

A solution is presented for the following problem: Determine a procedure that produces, for each full trio L of context-free languages (more generally, each trio of r.e. languages), a family of context-free (phrase structure) grammars which (a) defines L, (b) is simple enough for practical and theoretical purposes, and (c) in most cases is a subfamily of a well-known family of context-free (phrase structure) grammars for L if such a well-known family exists. (A full trio (trio) is defined to be a family of languages closed under homomorphism (ε-free homomorphism), inverse homomorphism, and intersection with regular sets.)
The key notion in the paper is that of a grammar schema. With each grammar schema there is associated a family of interpretations. In turn, each interpretation of a grammar schema gives rise to a phrase structure grammar. Given a full trio (trio) L of context-free (r.e.) languages, one constructs a grammar schema whose interpretations (ε-limited interpretations) then give rise to the desired family of grammars for L.
Supercomputer languages
Authors: Perrott R. H. , Zarea-Aliabadi A. 
Published: July 2002

The high-level languages proposed for supercomputers, such as vector and array processors, have been designed using one of the following two approaches: (1) an existing sequential language is adapted, (2) a new language based on the hardware is developed. Recently, there has emerged a third approach, which does not require the programmer to be aware of the sequential nature of the language or the hardware characteristics.
Examples of these language groups are examined to illustrate their main features and what is required of a programmer when using such languages. The study therefore enables a comparison of the different language approaches to be made.
Shapes in the Shadow: Evolutionary Dynamics of Morphogenesis
Authors: Hogeweg P. 
Published: July 2002

This article investigates the evolutionary dynamics of morphogenesis. In this study, morphogenesis arises as a side-effect of maximization of number of cell types. Thus, it investigates the evolutionary dynamics of side-effects. Morphogenesis is governed by the interplay between differential cell adhesion, gene-regulation, and intercellular signaling. Thus, it investigates the potential to generate complex behavior by entanglement of relatively “boring” processes, and the (automatic) coordination between these processes. The evolutionary dynamics shows all the hallmarks of evolutionary dynamics governed by nonlinear genotype phenotype mapping: for example, punctuated equilibria and diffusion on neutral paths. More striking is the result that interesting, complex morphogenesis occurs mainly in the “shadow” of neutral paths which preserve cell differentiation, that is, the interesting morphologies arise as mutants of the fittest individuals. Characteristics of the evolution of such side-effects in the shadow appear to be the following: (1) The specific complex morphologies are unique (or at least very rare) among the set of de novo initiated evolutionary histories. (2) Similar morphologies are reinvented at large temporal distances during one evolutionary history and also when evolution is restarted after the main cell differentiation pattern has been established. (3) A mosaic-like evolution at the morphological level, where different morphological features occur in many combinations, while at the genotypic level recombination is not implemented and genotypes diverge linearly and at a constant rate.
QOHELET AND THE EXIGENCIES OF THE ABSURD
Authors: Berger Benjamin Lyle 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article considers the Book of Qohelet in terms of its concerns and stylistics and with an eye towards the book's modern analogues. In particular, I look at the themes of toil and progress, time and memory, justice, and wisdom and knowledge while endeavouring to maintain the contradictory and self-negating dynamics of the text. Qohelet, I conclude, finds no ultimate good and no foundational principle in the universe. The declaration that all is judgement about the human experience of existence. Ours is not a world that admits human reason or responds to our longing for meaning-it is an absurd existence. Various stylistic strategies are employed in the text to support and sustain this message and these techniques combine to form a poetics of absurdity. The book is cast in an autobiographical voice, plays with the dynamics of aphorism and tautology, and, most significantly, builds itself around the poetics of contradiction. The text is engaged in a continual process of erasure whereby statements are made, explored, and then negated. I conclude by considering two modern analogues to the book of Qohelet, Albert Camus and Lev Shestov. These two thinkers parallel the book of Qohelet in both concern and style. They too find that the universe is infused with contradictions and does not bend to our longing for order and reason. Ultimately, all three sources convey a similar understanding of the human existential condition.
RELIGIOUS ISSUES IN THE ALBERTA ELDERS' CREE DICTIONARY
Authors: Waugh Earle 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA new dictionary is always a kind of benchmark, reflecting current thinking on topics in subtle ways. The Alberta Elders' Cree Dictionary has been hailed as groundbreaking, and it has accumulated a number of awards. Yet in the 25 years of it's preparation, many religious issues had to be negotiated, since translation is often a reflection of the culture of the day. This article analyzes the principal problems in religion wrestled with in the Dictionary, and indicates how debates within the religion academy have impacted on the translation. The article ends with some observations on the contribution that Cree makes to current debates in Religious Studies.
A review of the genus Pseudocalotes (Squamata: Agamidae), with description of a new species from West Malaysia
Authors: Böhme Wolfgang , Hallermann Jakob 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA new species of the genus Pseudocalotes (P. dringi n. sp.) from the mountain forest of Western Malaysia is described. The holotype of the new species was formerly regarded as a syntype of P. floweri. A review of all species of the genus is given including a differential diagnosis and a key to the species. Diagnostic characters for the genera Bronchocela, Calotes, Dendragama were established. Paracalotes poilani and Pseudocophotis sumatrana, showing all diagnostic characters of the genus Pseudocalotes, are included in that genus. Members of Pseudocalotes of the Indochinese region can be differentiated from members inhabiting the Sunda region by the shape of the scales under the third toe.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL BEHAVIOURS IN THE MESOPHRAGMATICA GROUP OF SPECIES OF DROSOPHILA
Authors: Pino Francisco Del , Godoy-Herrera Raul 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe development of behaviours in larvae of six species of the mesophragmatica group of Drosophila was investigated. The goals were: (i) to uncover patterns of development and evolution of behaviours, and (ii) to establish behavioural phenograms in order to compare them with the phylogenetic relationships based on chromosomal and isoenzymatic marker studies. In the presence of food, feeding, locomotion, turning, rearing, retreat and bending were recorded. During the whole larval period (24-28 to 192-196 h of age) D. mesophragmatica and D. viracochi show clear, regular but contrasting patterns of development for these behaviours. Fluctuations across larval age were observed for the behaviours exhibited by D. pavani, D. gaucha, D. gasici and D. brncici. As larval development progressed the behaviour of the six species became more differentiated. Larvae of the six species also differed in behavioural organization. The preadults of the species showed high recurrence of feeding and locomotion. In D. mesophragmatica, D. viracochi and D. gasici some elements of behaviour tended to occur in triplets of regular sequence, whereas sequences of two elements were observed in larvae of D. pavani and D. brncici. D. gaucha larvae do not show sequential dependency of behavioural elements. Behavioural similarity among the six species tends to follow the phylogenetic relationships established by chromosomal and isoenzymatic studies. The findings suggest that genetic differences among the six species are expressed in the development of larval behaviours.
Carbon dioxide triggers recovery from dauer juvenile stage in entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditis spp.)
Authors: Jessen Peter , Luttmann Reiner , Ehlers Ralf-Udo , Strauch Olaf , Wyss Urs 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHeterorhabditis spp. (Rhabditida: Nematoda) live in a close symbiosis with the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. For biocontrol purposes the nematodes are produced in liquid culture pre-incubated with P. luminescens. The bacteria produce a food signal, inducing dauer juveniles (DJ) to initiate development. In rhabditid nematodes the exit from this developmentally arrested third stage DJ is called recovery. Attempts to produce Heterorhabditis spp. in liquid culture have often failed due to low and delayed recovery of the inoculated DJ. The influence of carbon dioxide as a recovery co-factor was investigated. Increasing concentrations of CO2 enhanced DJ recovery in the presence of the bacterial food signal. The effect could not be related to a decline of the pH caused by increasing CO2 concentrations. On the contrary, at lower pH the DJ recovery decreased. In one experiment a considerable spontaneous recovery was observed in the absence of a food signal. This phenomenon and a variable threshold response of the DJ to CO2 lead to the assumption that they are differently pre-disposed to respond to recovery inducing signals. Providing the results can be confirmed in laboratory scale bioreactors, the control of carbon dioxide during nematode liquid culture can help to improve the bioreactor process technology.Heterorhabditis spp. (Rhabditida: Nematoda) leben in enger Symbiose mit dem Bakterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Für die biologische Bekämpfung werden die Nematoden in Flüssigkulturen vermehrt, die vorher mit P. luminescens inkubiert wurden. Die Bakterien produzieren ein Nahrungssignal, das die Dauerlarven (DJ) veranlasst, ihre Entwicklung wieder aufzunehmen. Bei rhabditiden Nematoden wird das Verlassen des entwicklungsphysiologisch gehemmten Dauerlarvenstadiums als “recovery” bezeichnet. Versuche, Heterorhabditis spp. in Flüssigkultur zu produzieren sind oft aufgrund einer niedrigen oder verspäteten “recovery” gescheitert. Der Einfluß von Kohlendioxid als Einflussfaktor auf die “recovery” wurde untersucht. Zunehmende CO2 Konzentrationen förderten die “recovery” bei Anwesenheit des Nahrungssignals. Einem mit zunehmender CO2-Konzentration fallenden pH-Wert konnte die Wirkung nicht zugeschrieben werden. Im Gegenteil, bei niedrigen pH-Werten nahm die “recovery” ab. In einem Experiment wurde eine spontane “recovery” beobachtet, ohne dass ein Nahrungssignal vorhanden war. Dieses Phänomen und die variable Antwort der Dauerlarven auf gleiche CO2-Konzentrationen lassen den Schluss zu, dass die Dauerlarven unterschiedlich prädisponiert sind in ihrer Reaktion auf die “recovery” induzierenden Signale. Vorausgesetzt die Ergebnisse können in LaborBioreaktoren bestätigt werden, ist die Regelung des Kohlendioxidgehalts während der Nematoden-Flüssigkultur eine Hilfe die Prozesstechnik zu optimieren.
On the histological anatomy of Benthimermis megala Petter, 1987, a giant nematode from the Norwegian deep-sea (Nematoda: Benthimermithidae)
Authors: Tchesunov Alexei , Miljutin Dmitry 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFree-living adult stages of Benthimermis megala Petter, 1987, the biggest species (body length 78 - 148 mm) of the genus, have been found in bottom sediments of the deep-sea off the Norway coast and studied histologically. The head region includes six subcuticular sensilla, four minute cephalic setae and pore-like amphids. Numerous tiny sensilla are distributed throughout the lateral sides of the body. An axial spine is present on the posterior body terminus. Hypodermal glands are associated with the somatic sensilla. There are eight chords in the hypodermis. Mouth opening is absent. Vestigial pharynx is glandular and devoid of an internal lumen. Midgut is a trophosome made up of large radial cells and a very thin axial internal lumen. The trophosome cells are filled with various inclusions, which are reduced in size and number with age. A few cuticular grains are present in a vestigial rectum. The nerve ring is embedded in the anterior trophosome. The female genital system is amphidelphic. The germinal zone of the ovaries extends the length of the gonad (hologonic ovary), whereas the ovaries of smaller Benthimermis species are telogonic. Neither spermatozoa nor spermatheca in female ducts were identified. No males of B. megala were found. Obviously, larval stages parasitise benthic invertebrates, while non-feeding adult stages dwell freely in sediment and reproduce.
Kaolinite hydroxyls in dimethylsulphoxide-intercalated kaolinites at 77 K – a Raman spectroscopic study
Authors: Frost R. L. , Kristof J. , Horvath E. , Kloprogge J. T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractKaolinite hydroxyls in dimethylsulphoxide-intercalated (DMSO-intercalated) kaolinites have been determined using Raman spectroscopy at 298 and 77 K. The inner surface hydroxyl frequencies at 3650, 3670, 3684 and 3693 cm-1 move to higher wavenumbers upon cooling to 77 K and are observed at 3659, 3676, 3692 and 3702 cm-1. The inner hydroxyl frequency is at 3620 cm-1 at 298 K and is at 3615 cm-1 at 77 K. Upon intercalation with DMSO, additional bands are found at 3660, 3536 and 3501 cm-1 for the low-defect kaolinite and at 3664, 3543 and 3509 cm-1 for the high-defect kaolinite at 298 K. The 3660 cm-1 band at 298 K is resolved into two bands at 3658 and 3663 cm-1 at 77 K for the low-defect kaolinite and these bands are assigned to the inner surface hydroxyl groups, hydrogen-bonded to the DMSO molecule. It is proposed that the DMSO molecule exists with two different orientations in the intercalate and these two molecular forms are differentiated by the OH-stretching bands of the inner surface hydroxyl groups. This band for the high-defect kaolinite is found at 3664 cm-1 at 298 K and resolves into two bands at 3664 and 3673 cm-1 at 77 K.
Clay diagenesis and low-grade metamorphism of Tithonian and Berriasian sediments in the Cameros Basin (Spain)
Authors: Barrenechea J. F. , Rodas M. , Frey M. , Alonso-Azcárate J. , Mas J. R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe clay mineral assemblages of the Tithonian and Berriasian sediments (Tera and Oncala Groups) in the eastern part of the Cameros basin are investigated at seven localities. The lowest-grade assemblage, located on the southern border of the basin, contains calcite + quartz + hematite + kaolinite + mixed-layer illite-smectite (R = 1, 65 85% illite layers) + discrete illite (IC = 0.5 0.65Δ°2θ). Systematic increases in the illite and chlorite crystallinities suggest increasing metamorphic grade from the northwest part of the basin to the southeast. This trend does not follow the pattern previously described for the overlying late Berriasian–early Aptian sediments (Urbión and Enciso Groups), which exhibit a higher metamorphic grade. This may result from local variations in sedimentary facies, as well as the circulation of hot migratory fluids. Tertiary compression occurring long after the main metamorphic event is considered to be responsible for the enhanced illite and chlorite crystallinities measured in the SE extreme of the basin.
Influence of montmorillonite on Fe(II) oxidation products
Authors: Krishnamurti G. S. R. , Violante A. , Huang P. M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractGoethite and maghemite are the stable species of Fe oxyhydroxides-oxides formed an acidic and alkaline environments from the oxidation of Fe(II) perchlorate solutions. The influence of montmorillonite on the oxidation products of 0.02 M ferrous perchlorate at pHs of 6.0 and 8.0 was studied by X-ray diffraction, infrared and transmission electron microscopic analyses. Increased rate of OH consumption during the oxidation at constant pH indicated that the presence of montmorillonite accelerated the rate of Fe(II) oxidation. The presence of montmorillonite, with high surface reactivity, at an initial montmorillonite/Fe (w/w) ratios of 1.4 and 3.4 retarded the formation of goethite, lepidocrocite and maghemite, and maghemite and goethite, and promoted the formation of ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite at pHs of 6.0 and 8.0, respectively. Kaolinite, on the other hand, with relatively low surface reactivity had no influence on the nature of the Fe(II) oxidation products formed at either pH.
Precursor-support interactions in the preparation of sepiolite-supported Ni and Pd catalysts
Authors: Anderson J. A. , Galan-Fereres M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractNaturally occurring sepiolite has been used as a support in the preparation of Ni and Pd catalysts. A precipitation procedure has been applied for both metals to deposit the precursor on to the support surface. The interaction between the sepiolite and the metal precursor has been studied by use of IR and solid-state MAS-NMR. Results show that SiOH groups are consumed in forming the Ni precursor whereas no specific interactions occur in the case of the Pd. However, strong interactions between metal precursor and the tetrahedral sheet occur for both metals leading to precursors which show a high stability under reducing conditions.
The dissolution mechanisms of water in silicate melts; a synthesis of recent data
Authors: Kohn S. C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDissolved water has significant effects on the physical and chemical properties of silicate melts. Some of the different approaches towards understanding these effects are reviewed here. Spectroscopic measurements on hydrous glasses quenched from melts provide good models for the structure of the melts at the glass transition temperature (Tg). Such measurements suggest that the mechanism of dissolution of water in silicate melts varies strongly with the bulk composition. In particular framework aluminosilicate compositions seem to have very different dissolution mechanisms from Al-free compositions. The water speciation reactions are temperature dependent, with some of the molecular water which is present in glasses at room temperature being converted to hydroxyl at high temperatures. This conversion probably occurs only above Tg. Data on the kinetics of the speciation reaction and the dynamics of microscopic processes in hydrous silicate melts are also discussed. Finally some important aims of future work on hydrous silicate melts are suggested
Woodallite, a new chromium analogue of iowaite from the Mount Keith nickel deposit, Western Australia
Authors: Grguric B. A. , Madsen I. C. , Pring A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWoodallite is a new Cr-rich member of the hydrotalcite group from the large, low-grade Mount Keith nickel deposit, in the northeastern Goldfields district of Western Australia. Woodallite occurs as whorls and clusters of minute platelets up to 6 mm across in lizardite+brucite-altered dunite. Individual platelets are typically 10–100 µm in maximum dimension and are often curved. Associated minerals include chromite, lizardite, iowaite, pentlandite, magnetite, tochilinite and brucite. Electron microprobe analysis gave: Mg 25.90 wt.%; Cr 10.81; Fe 4.86; Al 0.68; Cl 9.89; S 0.03; Si 0.01; Ni 0.01; Na 0.01, yielding (after correction for loss of volatiles) an empirical formula of Mg6.19(Cr1.21Fe0.51Al0.15)∑1.87(OH)16[Cl1.62(CO3)0.17(SO4)0.01]·4H2O, by analogy with the hydrotalcite group. The simplified formula is Mg6Cr2(OH)16Cl2·4H2O. Combined thermogravimetric analysis and mass spectroscopy showed a two-stage weight loss of 12.7% and 27.3% occurring over the ranges 25–300°C and 300–660°C, respectively. The first weight loss is attributed to loss of interlayer water, chlorine-bearing species (e.g. HCl) and some CO2, the second to loss of hydroxide water, remaining CO2 and Cl species. The mineral is deep magenta to purple in colour, transparent, with a resinous to waxy lustre, and a perfect basal {0001} cleavage. Woodallite has a Mohs hardness of 1.5–2, and a pale-pink to white streak. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder pattern are [dobs (Iobs) (hkl)] 8.037 (100) (003); 4.021 (48) (006); 2.679 (1) (009); 2.624 (3) (012); 2.349 (5) (015); 2.007 (6) (0,0,12); 1.698 (2) (0,1,11); 1.524 (2) (23). These lines were indexed on a hexagonal cell with a = 3.103(2), c = 24.111(24)Å, V = 201.14 Å3 and Z = 3/8. The new mineral is isostructural with the hydrotalcite group and has space group Rm. The measured density is 2.062 gm/cm3. Woodallite is uniaxial negative with ω = 1.555 and ε = 1.535 (white light); pleochroism is distinct from violet to pinkish lilac. Woodallite forms as a result of hydrothermal alteration of primary magmatic chromite by Clrich solutions at temperatures <320°C. Relict chromite fragments are frequently present in the whorls, and associated magnetite is altered extensively to iowaite. The mineral is named after Roy Woodall, eminent Australian industry geologist.
The occurrence, detection and significance of moganite (SiO2) among some silica sinters
Authors: Rodgers K. A. , Cressey G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMoganite, monoclinic SiO2, is a component of microcrystalline, quartz-bearing, sinters of New Zealand derived from crystallization of non-crystalline and paracrystalline opaline silicas. It occurs at levels of <13 vol.% of the SiO2phases present in sinters between 20,000 and 200,000 y old but is generally either absent or below the level of detection in Tertiary sinters. Unambiguous identification of moganite is most readily accomplished by laser Raman spectroscopy; the technique allows individual microtextural elements of a sinter's fabric to be analysed. Conventional scanning X-ray powder diffraction procedures are limited in their ability to discern the characteristic moganite diffraction lines from the very similar quartz pattern, especially in those samples where moganite is at low concentration and/or unanticipated. However, powder diffraction, using a position-sensitive detector system, allows not only the identification of the moganite pattern in the presence of a large proportion of quartz, but also semiquantitative estimates of the different silica phases present in bulk sinter samples of ~450 mg. Moganite is part of the sinter maturation sequence. It occurs as a metastable phase that will ultimately transform to quartz, given sufficient time or a change in ambient conditions.