bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paclobutrazol Soil Drenches Provide Partial Reductions in Symptoms of Apple Scab of Ornamental Trees and Guignardia Leaf Blotch of Horse Chestnut
Authors: Percival G.C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A three year field trial was conducted using established apple (Malus cv. Crown Gold) and horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) to assess the efficacy of paclobutrazol (PBZ) root drenches against the foliar pathogens apple scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Wint.,) and Guignardia leaf blotch (Guignardia aesculi (Peck) VB Stewart). In the case of horse chestnut, pathogen severity of Guignardia leaf blotch was less (23–79%) in each of the three-year experimental periods in PBZ-treated trees compared to non-treated controls. Pathogen severity of apple scab was not affected during the first year after PBZ application; however, less (25–73%) disease severity was recorded in years 2 and 3 compared to non-PBZ treated controls. An increased PBZ concentration was associated with lower pathogen severity of both fungal pathogens. Irrespective of species, less pathogen severity in PBZ-treated trees was accompanied with greater leaf chlorophyll fluorescence (16–49%) values as measures of leaf photosynthetic efficiency. Marked differences in growth regulation between apple cv. Crown Gold (tolerant) and horse chestnut (sensitive) were recorded. PBZ applications resulted in less mean stem extension in both tree species but only reduced mean leaf size of horse chestnut. Based on the results of this investigation it is suggested that PBZ root drenches potentially offer a means of reducing the severity of apple scab and Guignardia leaf blotch for professionals involved with the nursery industry. However, where a zero pathogen control policy is required supplementary fungicide sprays would be needed. Similarly, the potential loss of aesthetics due to excessive growth regulation needs to be weighed against the benefits of pathogen protection and failure of PBZ to achieve total pathogen control may result in strong selection pressure for PBZ resistance in surviving populations.
Herbicide Use in Propagation of Loropetalum chinense ‘Ruby’
Authors: Cochran Diana R. , Gilliam Charles H. , Eakes Donald J. , Wehtje Glenn R. , Knight Patricia R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Selected herbicides were evaluated during stem cutting propagation of Loropetalum chinense ‘Ruby’ to determine herbicide effects on rooting and subsequent plant growth. Herbicides evaluated were: Gallery (isoxaben), Ronstar (oxadiazon), or Regal O-O (oxyfluorfen + oxadiazon). Herbicides were applied as a single application during the propagation process: before sticking (BS), lightly rooted (LR), or fully rooted (FR). Before sticking treatments were applied to flats filled with standard medium prior to the cuttings being stuck. Once cuttings had roots 3 to 5 cm (1–2 in) long, the lightly rooted treatment was applied. Third stage of application (fully rooted) was applied once the cuttings were fully rooted. This study was repeated with the first study initiated on August 2, 2005, and the second study on September 22, 2005. Herbicides applied before sticking had the most impact on root growth. In the first study all cuttings treated with herbicides BS had less root coverage one year later than non-treated cuttings; however, shoot growth was not affected. In the second study, only Regal 0-0 reduced root coverage one year later; again, shoot growth was not affected. Cuttings treated with Gallery when lightly rooted or fully rooted were similar to non-treated cuttings one year later with both shoot and root growth. In general cutting response to Ronstar was similar to Gallery; however, Regal 0-0 tended to cause more growth suppression than Gallery or Ronstar regardless of the time of application.
Pruning Method Affects Flowering and Sprouting on Crapemyrtle
Authors: Gilman Edward F. , Knox Gary W. , Gomez-Zlatar Patricia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
‘Natchez’ (Lagerstroemia indica × fauriei) and ‘Carolina Beauty’ (Lagerstroemia indica L.) crapemyrtle were pruned in three manners including topping, pollarding, and pencil-pruning plus a non-pruned control for four years to determine influence on flowering and sprouting. The topping and pollarding of ‘Natchez’ delayed appearance of the first flower up to one month compared to non-pruned trees for the first two years following initial pruning. In contrast, topping and pollarding ‘Carolina Beauty’ induced flowering by as much as one week sooner one and three years following initial pruning with no effect in years two and four. Topping both cultivars delayed peak flowering date compared to non-pruned trees. Topping ‘Natchez’ the first and second year following initial pruning and pollarding in the second year reduced duration of flowering period compared to the non-pruned trees. Flower effect (panicle number × panicle volume) was not influenced by pruning method on ‘Carolina Beauty’ for any year. Flower effect for topped ‘Natchez’ was significantly smaller than for pollarded and pencil-pruned trees the first year after pruning; flower effect on non-pruned ‘Natchez’ was no different from any of the pruning treatments. Pruning cut diameter was inversely correlated with number of days ‘Natchez’ trees were in flower, number of flower panicles, and date of flowering; however, cut diameter influence on flower effect was not predictable for ‘Carolina Beauty’. Sprouting along the trunk and from the roots increased with diameter of the pruning cut. Topping took less time to complete than other pruning methods in all but the last year which probably accounts for its popularity. Topped trees grew in height following pruning faster than pollarded trees, which grew faster than pencil-pruned trees, which grew faster than non-pruned trees for both cultivars.
Limited Inductive Photoperiod Affects Herbaceous Perennials Grown Under Nursery Conditions in the Southern United States
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Kessler J. Raymond , Stephenson James C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine if limited inductive photoperiod (LIP) initiated in late winter could be used to control stem elongation in ‘Goldsturm’ coneflower (Rudbeckia fulgida ‘Goldsturm’), ‘Moonbeam’ coreopsis (Coreopsis verticillata ‘Moonbeam’), or ‘Early Sunrise’ coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora ‘Early Sunrise’), grown outdoors under nursery conditions in the southern United States, without negating the benefits of earlier flowering from night-interrupted lighting (NIL). Treatments were NIL beginning on February 1 and ending on February 15, March 1, March 15, or April 1,2002, plus a natural photoperiod (NP) treatment. The experiment was repeated in 2003 with the inclusion of an additional NIL treatment ending on April 15. LIPs of at least 15 to 30 days, 30 to 45 days, and 30 to 45 days promoted earlier flowering of ‘Early Sunrise’ coreopsis, ‘Moonbeam’ coreopsis, and ‘Goldsturm’ coneflower, respectively. Flower counts and quality ratings of the three cultivars that received LIPs were similar to or higher than those of plants under a NP, except for a reduction in flowering and quality ratings of ‘Goldsturm’ coneflower exposed to LIPs ending on March 1 and March 15, 2002, and on March 1, 2003, and later. LIP effects on plant height were mixed, although there was at least one duration of LIP that resulted in earlier flowering of the three cultivars and plants similar to or shorter than plants under a NP.
Online Gardening Search Activities and Purchases
Authors: Behe Bridget K. , Harte Brittany , Yue Chengyan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Consumers have readily adopted personal computers and Internet technology with many seeking information and/or make purchases online. However, the extent to which horticultural consumers seek information and make purchases online is not well documented. A survey of 1588 consumers, representative of the United States on average, was conducted in 2004 to provide baseline information about online gardening search and purchase activities. Nearly 28% searched for gardening information at least once; of those, more than 50% of the participants searched for information at least weekly. There were differences in gardening-related searches by age and marital status, but not by region of residence, income, or gender. Nearly 50% of the study respondents made an online purchase in the year prior to the survey but only 7.4% made a gardening related purchase online. Over 50% had made a gardening-related purchase in-person. The same respondents who made in-person purchases were the individuals who made the online gardening purchases, so the Internet provided a supplemental shopping venue. There were demographic differences between those who made online gardening purchases and solely in-person gardening purchases. More males, younger and slightly less affluent participants were more likely to make online purchases than solely in-person purchases for gardening products, supplies, and services while more females who were slightly older and more affluent were more likely to make in-person gardening-related purchases.
Propagation of Selected Clones of Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis) by Stem Cuttings
Authors: Wooldridge John M. , Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments, one utilizing softwood cuttings and the other semi-hardwood cuttings, were conducted to investigate the influence of growth stage and auxin treatment on rooting four related clones of eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis L.). The four clones were ‘Flame’ (C. canadensis L. ‘Flame’), dwarf white, and two selections (NC99-6-1 and NC99-6-2) of an F1 generation derived from a cross of ‘Flame’ and dwarf white. At each growth stage, rooting responses of the clones varied and were influenced greatly by auxin treatment, demonstrating the variable rooting potential of the genotypes. In both studies, ‘Flame’ rooted well [63% rooting in the softwood study when treated with the potassium (K) salt (K-salt) of indolebutyric acid (IBA) at 5000 mg·L−1 (ppm), 83% rooting when treated in the semi-hardwood study with K-IBA at 10,000 mg·L−1], indicating stem cuttings may be a commercially feasible means of propagation for ‘Flame.’ Softwood cuttings of dwarf white (46%) and NC99-6-2 (75%) rooted best when treated with K-IBA at 15,000 mg·L−1, whereas softwood cuttings of NC99-6-1 rooted best (46%) when treated with K-IBA at 10,000 mg·L−1. Dwarf white and the F1s rooted poorly in the semi-hardwood study.
Impact of Improved Landscape Quality and Tree Cover on the Price of Single-Family Homes
Authors: Stigarll Andrea , Elam Emmett 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Impacts of the quality of landscaping and percentage of tree cover on home prices were estimated from a sample of 75 home sales within the Melonie Park neighborhood in Lubbock, TX, from 2003 to 2005. Estimates were derived using a regression of house sale price on house characteristics, landscape quality, and tree cover. Homes that improved landscaping from average quality to good or excellent quality increased selling price by 5.7 and 10.8%, respectively. Approximately 30% of the increase in sale value was accounted for by added tree cover. The results show that each $1.00 invested in upgrading an average landscape to excellent quality returns $1.35 in added property value.
Pruning Roots Affects Tree Quality in Container-Grown Oaks
Authors: Gilman Edward F. , Harchick C. , Wiese C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Height and trunk growth of Quercus virginiana ‘SDLN’ Cathedral Oak® tops was not affected by root pruning that occurred each time trees were potted into a larger container, beginning when rooted cuttings were planted into #3 containers. All trees produced in air root-pruning Accelerator® containers without mechanical root pruning produced enough circling roots to make them culls according to Florida and California standards for nursery stock. Removing root defects by pruning roots when trees are potted to the next larger size reduced culls from 100% to 40% of the crop and is recommended for quality tree production. Root pruning when trees were potted from one container size to the next size had no influence on the number of primary structural roots that grew directly from the trunk base. Root pruning had no impact on the number of roots that were deflected down. Waiting to root prune until #3 containers were potted into #15 containers did not increase the number of straight roots compared to non-pruned controls. Slicing the root ball edges vertically from top to bottom in several places appears to reduce circling roots capable of forming stem girdling roots. But slicing in the manner described in this study did little to reduce the descending root defects.
Anthracnose on Wintercreeper Euonymus is not Reduced with Polyethylene Sheeting or Sodium Hypochlorite
Authors: Cole Janet C. , Boyer Cheryl R. , Payton Mark E. , Conway Kenneth E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Wintercreeper euonymus (Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. ‘Emerald ‘n Gold’) plants were grown in containers on gravel beds that were covered or not covered with black polyethylene sheeting. Half of the beds in each bed treatment were sprayed with a 0.6% sodium hypochlorite (10% bleach) solution immediately after rating plants or performing needed cultural practices such as shearing and weeding (about monthly) to attempt to suppress anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. Plants were rated for disease severity monthly from May through September at one site in 2005 and at two sites in 2006. Presence or absence of polyethylene sheeting or sodium hypochlorite did not affect disease ratings. Disease ratings increased curvilinearly as the growing season progressed. In vitro tests showed that sodium hypochlorite did not inhibit mycelia growth of C. gloeosporioides but eliminated conidial germination.
Preemergence Herbicide Applications to Six Containerized Woody Ornamental Rootstocks do not Affect Winter Grafting Success
Authors: LeBude Anthony V. , Upchurch Brian L. , Neal Joe 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Five common preemergence herbicides [Scotts OH2 (oxy fluorfen and pendimethalin), Snapshot TG (trifluralin and isoxaben), Ronstar (oxadiazon), SureGuard (flumioxazin), or BroadStar (flumioxazin)] were each applied at the highest labeled rates at 6 to 8 week intervals over the growing season to six species of container-grown seedling rootstocks. Dormant scions were bench-grafted to their respective rootstocks the following winter. Research was conducted in 2006–2007 and repeated in 2007–2008. Treatment effects were compared to non-treated control plants. Preemergence herbicide treatments had no effect on grafting success for any of the cultivars. Data indicate that these preemergence herbicides, labeled for use in container-grown nursery crops, can be used in accordance with label recommendations to control weeds in containerized rootstocks without affecting subsequent grafting success.
Degradation and Nitrogen Release of Zein-based Bioplastic Containers
Authors: Helgeson Matthew S. , Graves William R. , Grewell David , Srinivasan Gowrishankar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Environmental problems caused by petroleum-based plastics have led to interest in alternatives made from biodegradable polymers (bioplastics), but little effort has been made to evaluate horticultural containers made from these materials. We hypothesized the stability and longevity of containers made from polymers of the hydrophobic corn (Zea mays L.) protein, zein, is sufficient to make commercial use of zein-based containers feasible. Our objectives were to fabricate containers from zein, to determine longevity under conditions typical of horticultural production, and to identify limitations of the containers that might be overcome by further research. Zein-based, bioplastic containers of two wall thicknesses were filled with either a peat-based, soilless potting substrate or with coarse perlite and irrigated every 2 or 4 days. After 10 weeks, weight loss of containers was determined as a measure of their degradation. Containers filled previously with soilless substrate lost nearly twice as much weight as containers filled with perlite, and irrigation every 4 days led to greater weight loss than irrigation every 2 days. The containers released nitrogen (N) as they degraded; as much as 208 mg N·kg−1 was present in leachate after irrigation with water. In a second experiment, to simulate the potential practice of installing plants in the landscape without container removal, bioplastic containers of two sidewall thicknesses were filled with the soilless potting substrate and planted in either drained or saturated field soil, and the two substrates were either sterilized (autoclaved) or nonsterilized. After 12 weeks, containers in drained soils had greater weight loss than containers in saturated soils regardless of substrate sterilization treatment. Zein-based, bioplastic containers appear suitable for crops having production cycles of ≤ 3 months, and the containers will decompose and release N if installed with plants in the landscape. Further research is needed to increase the longevity of zein-based containers for crops with longer production cycles. In addition, the influence of containers made from zein on plant growth needs to be determined, and potential effects of degrading containers installed in the landscape on the establishment of transplants warrant investigation.
Implementing and Assessing an Onsite Bilingual Educational Program for Hispanic Nursery Workers in Ohio
Authors: Acuna Alejandra , Mathers Hannah 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Technical training plays a significant role in job retention, advancement and increased remuneration potential. Bilingual content has been shown to improve Hispanics understanding of the subject matter and English skills. Family income is a major stabilization or destabilization force in families. We hypothesized that by providing a series of three bilingual training sessions to Hispanic nursery workers related to American culture/life skills (LS) and/or horticulture skills (HS) that could potentially lead to job advancement opportunities, we could improve workers' self-esteem, work motivation and family-relations. There were three main objectives to this study: 1) to assess the validity of a Spanish translated version of The Index of Family Relations (IFR) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) to evaluate family adjustment problems and self-esteem, respectively, when administered to 97 adult Hispanic nursery employees in seven Ohio nurseries in 2005 and 2006; 2) to determine if nurseries differed in their training needs; and, 3) to define which type of training LS or HS (without LS) could improve family adjustment and/or self-esteem. Ninety seven (43% female, 57% male) of 150 employees originally contacted (35%), completed all three trainings and both pre-and post-testing, which were requirements for inclusion in the analyses. The 35% attrition rate (26% with males, 8% with females, averaged over 7 nurseries) indicates the difficulties in offering even a free, on-farm training program for Hispanic nursery employees. The results of the Chronbach's alpha for the IFR and RSE were 0.8 and 0.68 before and 0.86 and 0.7 after the training, respectively, indicating that the IFR and RSE (&gt; 0.6 required validity) tests were valid and marginally valid, respectively, for this audience. Differences in RSE (p &lt; 0.0078) and IFR (p &lt; 0.0625) scores were detected using before and after scores across nurseries with non-opposing or identical distributions. The results indicate that self-esteem and to a lesser extent family relations can be improved by providing nursery need specific training and LS training having the greatest effect across nurseries. At one nursery IFR scores above 30 were observed with only LS lowering scores to non-critical. At some sites basic LS trainings seemed critical before successful HS training discharge. This study seems to identify problem employers and could be fundamental in improving employer/worker relationships within the nursery industry.
Effects of Irrigation Volume and Frequency on Shrub Establishment in Florida
Authors: Gilman E.F. , Wiese C.L. , Paz M. , Shober A.L. , Scheiber S.M. , Moore K.A. , Brennan M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Irrigation frequency and volume effects were evaluated on recently installed #3 container grown shrubs of three taxa, Ilex cornuta Lindl. & Paxt. ‘Burfordii Nana’, Pittosporum tobira Thunb. ‘Variegata’, and Viburnum odorotissimum Ker Gawl. Irrigation frequency and volume had no effect on Pittosporum at any time for any measured root or shoot parameter. Irrigation frequency and volume had no effect on Ilex and Viburnum canopy biomass, root biomass, root dry weight:canopy dry weight ratio, and stem water potential at any time after planting. Canopy growth was affected by irrigation treatment only for Viburnum plants installed in May 2004, and growth response to more frequent irrigation only occurred while plants were irrigated, with no lasting impact on growth once irrigation ceased. Root spread and root spread:canopy spread ratio for only one species, Ilex, were influenced by irrigation treatment. Applying excessive irrigation volume (in this case 9L) reduced root dry weight: shoot dry weight ratio for Ilex and could increase the time needed for plants to grow enough roots to survive without irrigation. Our study found only slight influences on shrub growth from the tested values of irrigation frequency and volume regardless of the time of year when data was collected. This indicates that these shrubs can be established with 3 liters irrigation applied every 4 days until roots reach the edge of the canopy under the mostly above normal rainfall conditions of this study. Applying more volume or irrigating more frequently did not increase survival or growth. Canopy growth and plant quality data combined with past research suggest that establishment of these shrub species may be more influenced by environmental conditions such as rainfall than by the irrigation frequency and volume used in this test.
Cutting Back Stock Plants Promotes Adventitious Rooting of Stems of Quercus bicolor and Quercus macrocarpa
Authors: Naalamle Amissah J. , Bassuk Nina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Studies were conducted to investigate the severity of cutting back stock plants on adventitious rooting of layered stems and stem cuttings of Quercus bicolor Willd. (swamp white oak) and Quercus macrocarpa Michx. (bur oak). Rooting averaged 77% in Q. bicolor and 70% in Q. macrocarpa layered stems from the cutback stock plant group, compared to air layered stems from intact plants which averaged 1% in Q. bicolor and 0% in Q. macrocarpa. In another experiment cuttings were taken from three stock plant heights [4 cm (1.6 in), or 100 cm (39.4 in) stumps and intact plants ∼ 170 cm (66.9 in)] which were either etiolated or grown in natural light and rooted under mist. The best rooting (59%) and average number of roots (9.3) were found in etiolated Q. bicolor cuttings taken from 4 cm (1.6 in) stumps. Q. macrocarpa cuttings rooted poorly with only 7% of the cuttings rooting. By taking cuttings a week earlier for rooting (2 weeks, at the softwood stage), rooting in Q. macrocarpa was possible, with the best rooting (46%) found in etiolated cuttings taken from 4 cm (1.6 in) stumps. Overall, the highest rooting and greatest number of roots occurred in etiolated layers and cuttings from the 4 cm cutback group. Rooting generally increased with increasing extent of stock plant cutback