bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine20—The Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55,000 cal BP)
Authors: Heaton Timothy J , Köhler Peter , Butzin Martin , Bard Edouard , Reimer Ron W , Austin William E N , Bronk Ramsey Christopher , Grootes Pieter M , Hughen Konrad A , Kromer Bernd , Reimer Paula J , Adkins Jess , Burke Andrea , Cook Mea S , Olsen Jesper , Skinner Luke C 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTThe concentration of radiocarbon (14C) differs between ocean and atmosphere. Radiocarbon determinations from samples which obtained their14C in the marine environment therefore need a marine-specific calibration curve and cannot be calibrated directly against the atmospheric-based IntCal20 curve. This paper presents Marine20, an update to the internationally agreed marine radiocarbon age calibration curve that provides a non-polar global-average marine record of radiocarbon from 0–55 cal kBP and serves as a baseline for regional oceanic variation. Marine20 is intended for calibration of marine radiocarbon samples from non-polar regions; it is not suitable for calibration in polar regions where variability in sea ice extent, ocean upwelling and air-sea gas exchange may have caused larger changes to concentrations of marine radiocarbon. The Marine20 curve is based upon 500 simulations with an ocean/atmosphere/biosphere box-model of the global carbon cycle that has been forced by posterior realizations of our Northern Hemispheric atmospheric IntCal2014C curve and reconstructed changes in CO2obtained from ice core data. These forcings enable us to incorporate carbon cycle dynamics and temporal changes in the atmospheric14C level. The box-model simulations of the global-average marine radiocarbon reservoir age are similar to those of a more complex three-dimensional ocean general circulation model. However, simplicity and speed of the box model allow us to use a Monte Carlo approach to rigorously propagate the uncertainty in both the historic concentration of atmospheric14C and other key parameters of the carbon cycle through to our final Marine20 calibration curve. This robust propagation of uncertainty is fundamental to providing reliable precision for the radiocarbon age calibration of marine based samples. We make a first step towards deconvolving the contributions of different processes to the total uncertainty; discuss the main differences of Marine20 from the previous age calibration curve Marine13; and identify the limitations of our approach together with key areas for further work. The updated values forΔR, the regional marine radiocarbon reservoir age corrections required to calibrate against Marine20, can be found at the data basehttp://calib.org/marine/.
Acute mastoiditis in infants aged six months or younger
Authors: Zavras P , Potamianos S , Psarommati M-Z , Psarommatis I 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveBibliographic data for the management of acute mastoiditis in infants aged six months or less are very limited. This study investigated the presenting symptomatology, diagnostic and treatment options, and final outcomes in this age group.MethodA retrospective review was conducted of all infants aged six months or less suffering from acute mastoiditis, admitted to our department between 2007 and 2017.ResultsEleven infants were identified. All of them developed the typical symptomatology of acute mastoiditis, while a higher rate of subperiosteal abscess formation was observed. Imaging was necessary in three cases only. Parenteral antibiotics and myringotomy were applied in all infants. A drainage procedure was also included in the infants with a subperiosteal abscess. Antrotomy was reserved for non-responsive cases. No intracranial complications were observed. All infants were cured without further complications or sequelae.ConclusionAcute mastoiditis in infants aged six months or less can be safely diagnosed and treated using a standardised algorithmic approach, similar to that used for older children.
Philosophical Speech Acts
Authors: Shields Matthew 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe prevailing view among contemporary analytic philosophers seems to be that, as philosophers, we primarily issue assertions. Following certain suggestions from the work of Rudolf Carnap and Sally Haslanger, I argue that the non-assertoric speech act of stipulation plays a key role in philosophical inquiry. I give a detailed account of the pragmatic structure of stipulations and argue that they are best analyzed as generating a shared inferential entitlement for speaker and audience, a license to censure those who give uptake to the stipulation but do not abide by this entitlement, and as justified on the basis of the speaker and audience's shared ends. In presenting this account, I develop a novel taxonomy for making sense of criticisms of speech act performances generally and clarify the notions of successful speech act performance and uptake. To demonstrate the fruitfulness of this view of stipulation for recasting and advancing philosophical disputes, I apply my account to two case studies – the first concerns Iris Marion Young's analysis of the concept of oppression and the second involves Saul Kripke's and Hilary Putnam's accounts of the concept of reference.
Development of health care workers' mental health during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Switzerland: two cross-sectional studies
Authors: Spiller Tobias R. , Méan Marie , Ernst Jutta , Sazpinar Onur , Gehrke Samuel , Paolercio Francesca , Petry Heidi , Pfaltz Monique C. , Morina Naser , Aebischer Oriane , Gachoud David , von Känel Roland , Weilenmann Sonja 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundVirus outbreaks such as the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic are challenging for health care workers (HCWs), affecting their workload and their mental health. Since both, workload and HCW's well-being are related to the quality of care, continuous monitoring of working hours and indicators of mental health in HCWs is of relevance during the current pandemic. The existing investigations, however, have been limited to a single study period. We examined changes in working hours and mental health in Swiss HCWs at the height of the pandemic (T1) and again after its flattening (T2).MethodsWe conducted two cross-sectional online studies among Swiss HCWs assessing working hours, depression, anxiety, and burnout. From each study, 812 demographics-matched participants were included into the analysis. Working hours and mental health were compared between the two samples.ResultsCompared to prior to the pandemic, the share of participants working less hours was the same in both samples, whereas the share of those working more hours was lower in the T2 sample. The level of depression did not differ between the samples. In the T2 sample, participants reported more anxiety, however, this difference was below the minimal clinically important difference. Levels of burnout were slightly higher in the T2 sample.ConclusionsTwo weeks after the health care system started to transition back to normal operations, HCWs' working hours still differed from their regular hours in non-pandemic times. Overall anxiety and depression among HCWs did not change substantially over the course of the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Constructing a hero–victim identity through reminiscing: a phenomenological study on rural Chinese elders
Authors: Liu Yanping , van Schalkwyk Gertina J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractReminiscing contributes to the formulation of identity in later adulthood through integrating individuals’ recomposed past, perceived present and envisioned future. Aiming to understand rural Chinese elders’ identity construction through reminiscing, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 elders living in ShiGo, a village located in the south-west of China. Data analysis suggests the rural elders in this study constructed a hero–victim identity through telling stories about the hardships they went through and the sacrifices they made. The participants narrated suffering from lack of basic living needs in the past, in particular before the 1980s while they were involved in turmoil brought on by wars and national movements, from destructive relationships, from making sacrifices for the country and their families, and from adapting to challenges brought on by the hardships. The rural elders shared life experiences with other villagers in daily life through bitter-sweet telling and wanted their suffering and sacrifices to be witnessed. Witnessing connects suffering, sacrifice, hero and victim into a self-enforcing system that helps the elders maintain interdependence and defence against existential concerns like death anxiety. A hero–victim dialectic model was presented to capture the self-enforcing attribute of the hero–victim identity. Findings of this study could be used to make sense of rural ageing in China and benefit clinical professionals working with rural Chinese elders.
A Closed-Loop Framework for the Inverse Kinematics of the 7 Degrees of Freedom Manipulator
Authors: Song Guoli , Su Shun , Li Yingli , Zhao Xingang , Du Huibin , Han Jianda , Zhao Yiwen 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARYThe 7 degrees of freedom (DOF) redundant manipulator greatly improves obstacle/singularity avoidance capability and operational flexibility. However, the inverse kinematics problem of this manipulator is very difficult to solve because it has an infinite number of solutions. This paper uses a new numerical sequence processing method with a closed-loop framework to solve the inverse kinematics of the 7-DOF redundant manipulator. Simulation and experiment show that this method has high commonality. No special structure of the robot is required, and this method has improved computational efficiency and reliability.
Treatment outcomes among children treated for uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition: a retrospective study in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Takyi Abena , Tette Edem , Goka Bamenla , Insaidoo Genevieve , Alhassan Yakubu , Nyarko Mame Yaa , Stepniewska Kasia 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectives:The objectives of the study were to describe outcomes of children with uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) attending community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) treatment centres in Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) and explore factors associated with non-adherence to clinic visits and defaulting from the treatment programme.Design:A retrospective cohort study analysing routinely collected data on children with uncomplicated SAM enrolled into CMAM in 2017 was conducted.Setting:Study was conducted at seven sites comprising Princess Marie Louise Children’s Hospital, three sub-metropolitan health facilities and three community centres, located in five sub-metropolitan areas in AMA.Participants:Children with uncomplicated SAM aged 6–59 months, enrolled from community-level facilities (pure uncomplicated SAM, PUSAM) or transferred after completing inpatient care (post-stabilisation uncomplicated SAM, PSSAM), participated in the study.Results:Out of 174 cases studied (105 PUSAM, sixty-nine PSSAM), 56·3 % defaulted, 34·5 % recovered and 8·6 % were not cured by 16 weeks. No deaths were recorded. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) increased by 2·2 (95 % CI 1·8, 2·5) mm/week with full compliance and 0·9 (95 % CI 0·6, 1·2) mm/week with more than two missed visits. In breast-feeding children, MUAC increased at a slower rate than in other children by 1·3 (95 % CI 1·0, 1·5) mm/week. Independent predictors of subsequent missed visits were diarrhoea and fever, while children with MUAC < 110 mm on enrolment were at increased risk of defaulting.Conclusion:A high default rate and a long time to recovery are challenges for CMAM in AMA. Efforts must be made to improve adherence to treatment to improve outcomes.
Azospirillum brasilense increases corn growth and yield in conventional low input cropping systems
Authors: Coelho Steliane Pereira , Galvão João Carlos Cardoso , Giehl Jeferson , de Jesus Édio Vicente , Mendonça Beatriz Ferreira , Campos Silvane de Almeida , Brito Lamara Freitas , dos Santos Tamara Rocha , Dourado Emuriela da Rocha , Kasuya Maria Catarina Megumi , Silva Marliane de Cássia Soares , Cecon Paulo Roberto 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe supplementation of nitrogen can be increased by the use of nitrogen-fixing, diazotrophic bacteria such as Azospirillum brasilense. These bacteria can act to promote plant growth in various plant species, including corn (Zea mays L.). However, there is a need to understand the behavior of these bacteria in different agricultural systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect on the growth and yield of corn inoculated with A. brasilense, and to identify the type of farming system which benefited most from the use of A. brasilense-based inoculants. The experiment conducted over two corn crop seasons was arranged in a 6 × 2 factorial scheme, consisting of six farming systems and the presence or absence of inoculation with the bacteria A. brasilense. The farming systems were derived from a long-term experiment with different fertilization systems that has been conducted since 1984. Among these systems, there were three conventional systems (CNT1: conventional no-till without fertilizer; CNT2: conventional no-till with 150 kg ha−1 of mineral fertilizer + 50 kg ha−1 of urea; CNT3: conventional no-till with 300 kg ha−1 of mineral fertilizer + 100 kg ha−1 of urea), and three organic systems (ONT1: organic no-till with 40 m3 ha−1 of organic compost; ONT2: organic no-till with 20 m3 ha−1 of organic compost; ONT3: organic no-till with 40 m3 ha−1 of organic compost and intercropped with Canavalia ensiformis). Although the Azospirillum population in the soil before planting was the same for all six systems, the count in the rhizospheric soil was higher in the organic systems, and there was no increase in that count due to inoculation. In this study, the only difference observed was within the CNT1 system, between the inoculated (CNT1-I) and uninoculated (CNT1-NI) treatments. In this system, inoculation resulted in an increase in plant height, in addition to higher concentrations of foliar N and P, and a higher plant survival rate, which culminated in higher yield. Corn inoculated with A. brasilense in the CNT1-I treatment showed a significant increase in yield—2839 kg ha−1 higher than that recorded for CNT1-NI. This study shows that, in the conventional low input treatment CNT1-I, inoculation with A. brasilense resulted in an increase in corn growth and yield.
Defining Surface Types of Mars Using Global CRISM Summary Product Maps
Authors: Kamps O. M. , Hewson R. D. , van Ruitenbeek F. J. A. , van der Meer F. D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFor many regions on Mars, the surface composition and its geological history have been debated in the literature. Because of the limited surface coverage of in situ measurements, either new data or new processing methodologies are required to get a better understanding of the Martian geology. This paper presents the results of a multivariate, unsupervised, analysis on underutilized CRISM (Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer) multispectral mapping mode data set for surface type analysis. The devised summary products of Pelkey et al. (2007) and Viviano‐Beck et al. (2014) are averaged for the CRISM ~5° × 5° mosaic grids and used to analyze the variability in this data set. The averaged summary product values are studied using correlation coefficients calculated between summary products, as well as the correlation with dust coverage and elevation. The degree of correlation is used to interpret the summary products for the global distribution of mafic and secondary minerals and the effect of external factors such as ice, atmosphere, and dust coverage. With unsupervised clustering, all grid pixels are classified based on the spectral variability. These clusters are plotted as global maps and interpreted for geological variations in the CRISM data. Some clusters spatially correspond with previously recognized compositional distinct regions Northern Lowlands, Southern Highlands, Meridiani Planum, Syrtis Major, and Nili Fossae. Several other clusters are described here for the first time such as Solis Planum, Ophir Planum, and Hellas Basin. These regions cover known geological units, but the interpretation of the spectral variability is uncertain whether it relates to geological or external factors.
A New Digital Terrain Model of the Huygens Landing Site on Saturn's Largest Moon, Titan
Authors: Daudon C. , Lucas A. , Rodriguez S. , Jacquemoud S. , Escalante López A. , Grieger B. , Howington‐Kraus E. , Karkoschka E. , Kirk R. L. , Perron J. T. , Soderblom J. M. , Costa M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRiver valleys have been observed on Titan at all latitudes by the Cassini‐Huygens mission. Just like water on Earth, liquid methane carves into the substrate to form a complex network of rivers, particularly stunning in the images acquired near the equator by the Huygens probe. To better understand the processes at work that form these landscapes, one needs an accurate digital terrain model (DTM) of this region. The first and to date the only existing DTM of the Huygens landing site was produced by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) from high‐resolution images acquired by the DISR (Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer) cameras on board the Huygens probe and using the SOCET SET photogrammetric software. However, this DTM displays inconsistencies, primarily due to nonoptimal viewing geometries and to the poor quality of the original data, unsuitable for photogrammetric reconstruction. We investigate a new approach, benefiting from a recent reprocessing of the DISR images correcting both the radiometric and geometric distortions. For the DTM reconstruction, we use MicMac, a photogrammetry software based on automatic open‐source shape‐from‐motion algorithms. To overcome challenges such as data quality and image complexity (unusual geometric configuration), we developed a specific pipeline that we detailed and documented in this article. In particular, we take advantage of geomorphic considerations to assess ambiguity on the internal calibration and the global orientation of the stereo model. Besides the novelty in this approach, the resulting DTM obtained offers the best spatial sampling of Titan's surface available and a significant improvement over the previous results.
New Insights From Long‐Term Measurements of Inner Belt Protons (10s of MeV) by SAMPEX, POES, Van Allen Probes, and Simulation Results
Authors: Li Xinlin , Xiang Zheng , Zhang Kun , Khoo Lengying , Zhao Hong , Baker Daniel N. , Temerin Michael A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) mission provided long‐term measurements of 10s of megaelectron volt (MeV) inner belt (L < 2) protons (1992–2009) as did the Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite‐18 (POES‐18, 2005 to present). These long‐term measurements at low‐Earth orbit (LEO) showed clear solar cycle variations which anticorrelate with sunspot number. However, the magnitude of the variation is much greater than the solar cycle variation of galactic cosmic rays (>GeV) that are regarded as a source of these trapped protons. Furthermore, the proton fluxes and their variations sensitively depend on the altitude above the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region. With respect to protons (>36 MeV) mirroring near the magnetic equator, both POES measurements and simulations show no obvious solar cycle variations at L > 1.2. This is also confirmed by recent measurements from the Van Allen Probes (2012–2019), but there are clear solar cycle variations and a strong spatial gradient of the proton flux below L = 1.2. A direct comparison between measurements and simulations leads to the conclusion that energy loss of trapped protons due to collisions with free and bound electrons in the ionosphere and atmosphere is the dominant mechanism for the strong spatial gradient and solar cycle variation of the inner belt protons. This fact is also key of importance for spacecraft and instrument design and operation in near‐Earth space.
Flat Subduction Versus Big Mantle Wedge: Contrasting Modes for Deep Hydration and Overriding Craton Modification
Authors: Li Zhong‐Hai 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSubduction‐induced deep hydration and water cycling may strongly control the modification of overriding cratonic lithosphere. Two contrasting modes are generally proposed: (1) flat subduction (FS) regime with slab subducting subhorizontally beneath the overriding lithosphere and (2) big mantle wedge (BMW) regime with slab flattening at the bottom of mantle transition zone. Here, systematic numerical models are built to study the subduction‐induced deep hydration processes in the contrasting FS and BMW regimes as well as their effects on the modification of overriding lithosphere. The model results indicate that the dehydration process in the FS regime can significantly modify the overriding lithosphere for a region of about 600 km from the trench. During the progressive flat subduction, the partial melting and magmatism migrate toward the inner land of the overriding plate, which will be reversed and backward to the trench during the transition from flat to steep slab subduction. On the other hand, the deep hydration in the BMW regime is strongly dependent on the subcrustal serpentinite layer in the subducting slab, whereas the oceanic crust cannot carry water to the transition zone. The modification of the overriding lithosphere in the BMW regime occurs in a larger region of >1,000 km from trench, which is, however, generally slower and weaker. Thus, the flat subduction of Izanagi plate may play a more significant role in the modification of North China Craton in the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous, which could be accompanied by the effects of deep water cycling in the BMW regime.
Anthropogenic and Biophysical Controls on Low Flow Hydrology in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Ledford Sarah H. , Zimmer Margaret , Payan Denise 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe original paradigm of urban hydrology identified links between urbanization and changes in hydrologic processes. One of the prominent relationships identified was increased impervious surface coverage decreased subsurface recharge and subsequently low flows. This does not consider watershed‐specific biophysical or anthropogenic characteristics that could increase low flows, such as direct discharge from wastewater treatment plants and indirect recharge to groundwater from leaking pipes and infiltration‐based green infrastructure. Here, in an effort to sharpen this original paradigm, we take a statistical approach to evaluate relationships between natural and human‐impacted watershed characteristics and a suite of low flow metrics that describe mean annual low flow magnitudes and interannual variability in 54 watersheds over 15 years in the Piedmont physiographic region of the southeastern United States. We find that annual low flow magnitudes are most strongly correlated to biophysical watershed factors, including positive relationships with topography and precipitation and negative relationships with poorly drained soils. In contrast, interannual variability is positively correlated to land use characteristics, including forest, and negatively related to urbanization. Similarities in best fit models across long‐term average, wet, and dry years indicate a robustness of hydrologic drivers across watershed wetness conditions. Our results also showcase that while the original paradigm of urban hydrology may hold across traditional low flow metrics, such as baseflow index, extreme low flow drivers are complex and counterintuitive. Understanding these first‐order controls on baseflow magnitude and variability across an urbanization gradient is needed to conceptualize the impacts that continued, rapid urbanization will have on low flow dynamics.