bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender diversity in firms
Authors: Azmat Ghazala , Boring Anne 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This paper explores the recent efforts by the corporate world and public policy to increase the number of women in leadership positions in the workplace. We review and empirically evaluate the ‘business case’ for gender equality, showing some evidence in favour of it. Despite the evidence and growing support, progress towards more diversity in leadership positions has been slow. We study the importance of supply-side constraints, as well as the main diversity policies (gender quotas, mentoring and network programmes, diversity training to change firm culture, and family friendly policies) that have been implemented. We focus on the effectiveness of these policies, their shortcomings, as well as potential future steps that could help guide policy.
Facet joint syndrome treated with interventional procedures: a review article with an update on the current evidence and practice
Authors: Valerio Pace , Marzano Fabrizio , Milazzo Federico , De Larrea Antonio Eduardo , Placella Giacomo , Caraffa Auro , Rinonapoli Giuseppe 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Facet Joint Syndrome (FJS) is a common progressive disease affecting small joints of the spine and can have painful symptoms. When conservative treatment measures fail, there are a wide range of interventional procedures that can be used. Varied results have been obtained with different procedures, and standardized indications and guidelines are unclear. The authors aimed to review the most current evidence on indications, utilization of interventional procedures, results, and complication risks for the treatment of FJS.

Methods:
Customized structured electronic searches were performed in PubMed and Cochrane databases. Meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials (RCT), and systematic reviews on FJS treated with interventional minimally invasive procedures published from 1st of January 2015 to 29th of February 2020 were included. We initially selected 320 studies, and 25 studies (two meta-analyses, six systematic reviews, and 17 RCT) were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results:
A certain amount of improvement of pain was reported in 100% of the patients, with no significant complications reported. Most studies showed efficacy of all interventional procedures at all levels of evidence, without providing definitive data on indications and superiority of one procedure over others.

Conclusions:
The authors suggest a standardized stepladder approach to the management of FJS, with conservative measures initially and interventional procedures if those measures fail. All procedures were reported to be safe and efficient when clinically indicated and properly performed. Further studies with appropriate methodology are needed.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Early complications of antibiotic prophylaxis with cefazolin protocols versus piperacillin-tazobactam for open fractures: a retrospective comparative study
Authors: Frantz Travis L. , Everhart Joshua S. , Kanney Jill M. , McDermott Sean M. , Phieffer Laura S. , Ly Thuan V. 
Published: September 2020

Background:
We sought to determine the rates of superficial infection and wound healing complications, return to the operating room for deep infection, and acute nephrotoxicity after treatment of Gustilo type II or III open fractures treated with cefazolin, cefazolin plus aminoglycoside, or piperacillin-tazobactam, in addition to operative debridement and fracture fixation.

Methods:
A retrospective review of a level 1 trauma center from January 2012 to December 2017 identified 202 patients with Gustilo type II or III open fractures of the extremities treated with either cefazolin (n=65), cefazolin plus an aminoglycoside (n=47), or piperacillin-tazobactam (n=90), in addition to irrigation and debridement and fracture fixation. Associations between antibiotic regimen and rates of superficial infection, wound healing complications, return to the operating room for deep infection, and acute nephrotoxicity were determined.

Results:
Compared to piperacillin-tazobactam, both cefazolin-based regimens had higher risks of delayed wound healing or superficial infection [Odds Ratio (OR) 2.49; P=0.047 & OR 3.35; P=0.005]. Compared to piperacillin-tazobactam, use of cefazolin alone had higher independent odds of deep infection requiring return to the operating room (OR 3.65; P=0.009). Compared to piperacillin-tazobactam, there was a trend toward higher odds of nephrotoxicity with use of cefazolin plus an aminoglycoside (OR 3.29; P=0.08).

Conclusions:
Compared to cefazolin based antibiotic regimens, with or without an aminoglycoside, piperacillin-tazobactam single agent therapy may lower the risk of superficial infection or wound healing complications after operative fixation of type II and III open fractures and may also decrease inpatient risk of nephrotoxicity.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Postmyocardial Infarction Statin Exposure and the Risk of Stroke with Weighting for Outcome Misclassification
Authors: Gravel Christopher A. , Filion Kristian B. , Reynier Pauline M. , Platt Robert W. 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Observational healthcare data can be used for drug safety and effectiveness research. The use of inverse probability of treatment weights (IPW) reduces measured confounding under the assumption of accurate measurement of the outcome variable; however, many datasets suffer from systematic outcome misclassification.

Methods:
We introduced a modification to IPW to correct for the presence of outcome misclassification. To demonstrate the utility of these modified weights in realistic settings, we investigated postmyocardial infarction statin use and the 1-year risk of stroke in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Results:
We computed an IPW-adjusted odds ratio (OR = 0.67; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.48, 0.93). We employed a technique to modify IPW for the presence of outcome misclassification using linked hospital records for outcome validation (modified IPW adjusted OR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.52, 1.15) and compared the results with a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (pooled OR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.74, 0.87). Finally, we present simulation studies to investigate the impact of model selection on bias reduction and variability.

Conclusion:
Ignoring outcome misclassification yielded biased estimates whereas the use of the modified IPW approach produced encouraging results when compared with the meta-analytic RCT findings.
Local Glaucomatous Defects of the Circumpapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Show a Variety of Patterns of Progression
Authors: Kim Ha Min , McKee William E. , Malendowicz Katarzyna B. , Thenappan Abinaya A. , Tsamis Emmanouil , Eguia Melvi D. , De Moraes C. Gustavo , Ritch Robert , Hood Donald C. 
Published: September 2020

Precis:
The region of glaucomatous progression, seen on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (cRNFL), increases in width and depth in all eyes, but shows a variety of different patterns of loss across eyes.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to examine the patterns of cRNFL loss secondary to glaucomatous progression in a region associated with the superior hemifield of the 24-2/30-2 visual field (VF).

Methods:
Twenty-four eyes (20 patients) with a diagnosis of glaucoma and evidence of progression on OCT had OCT disc cube scans on at least 3 separate visits (mean follow-up 7.4 y; range: 3.9 to 11.4). Circumpapillary b-scans were derived after enface images were aligned to assure that the study region (ie, 0 to −135 degrees, where 0 degree is 9 o’clock, on a right eye) coincided. Within this region, a region of progression (ROP) was defined based on the loss in cRNFL thickness between the first and subsequent visits. The width of the ROP was determined, along with the locations of its leading (close to fixation) and trailing edges. In addition, for each ROP, the location and depth at the point of maximal loss, total loss, and average remaining retinal nerve fiber layer were measured.

Results:
The ROP proceeded both toward and away from fixation. Across eyes, the ROP varied widely in width (32 to 131 degrees, mean 82.7 degrees), location, and loss at point of deepest loss (22 to 99 μm, mean 52.9 μm), as well as total cRNFL loss.

Conclusions:
All eyes showed a widening and deepening of the ROP, but a variety of different patterns of progressive cRNFL loss. Thus, one should expect considerable variation in patterns of VF loss. Furthermore, conventional metrics (global or quadrant cRNFL thickness) do not fully depict the progressive changes that can be appreciated by inspecting OCT images.
Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein-4 and Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 Expression in Orbitally-Invasive Versus Nodular Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Lajoie Juliann E. , Lau Kevin W. , Adam Alejandro P. , Wladis Edward J. 
Published: September 2020

Purpose:
To compare the expression of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) in nodular and orbitally-invasive forms of basal cell carcinoma (BCC).

Methods:
Immunohistochemical staining for CTLA-4 and LAG-3 was performed on the pathology specimens of BCC from orbital exenteration and nodular forms. The numbers of positively-staining cells/×40 field were counted across 5 consecutive fields of each specimen and statistical analysis was performed to calculate the difference in expression between the 2 groups.

Results:
Nine cases of orbitally-invasive BCC and 6 cases of nodular BCC were studied. The mean numbers of CTLA-4-positively staining cells were 11.51 cells/×40 field (median = 6.60 cells/×40 field, range = 0.4–31.8 cells/×40 field) in invasive BCC and 0.90 cells/×40 field (median = 0.60 cells/×40 field, range = 0.0–2.8 cells/×40 field) in nodular specimens. The difference between the 2 groups was statistically significant (p = 0.0030). The mean number of LAG-3-positively staining cells was 0.58 cells/×40 field (median = 0.0, range = 0.0–2.8 cells/×40 field) in invasive BCC and 3.13 cells/×40 field (median = 0.0, range = 0.0–18.18 cells/×40 field). There was no significant difference in LAG-3 positivity between tumor groups (p = 0.5564).

Conclusions:
CTLA-4 expression was enriched in orbitally invasive BCC compared with nodular forms of BCC, whereas LAG-3 expression did not differ between these entities. CTLA-4 mediated immune suppression may facilitate the development of orbitally invasive BCC. Treatment strategies that use existing medications to target CTLA-4 may decrease the requirement for orbital exenteration and provide enhanced survival outcomes.
In Vitro and in Vivo Biocompatibility and Degradability Evaluation of Modified Polydioxanone Plate
Authors: Kim Sunje , Yang Heesang , Kim Taek-Kyun , Jeong Jae-Yong , Shin Chungmin , Oh Sang-Ha 
Published: September 2020

Background:
Polydioxanone (PDS) has been widely used in the medical field over the past 30 years. In the 2000s, PDS plate began to be used for rhinoplasty and septoplasty. However, in Asia PDS plates are not widely used due to lack of awareness and high prices. The authors devised a method of producing a modified PDS (m-PDS; Rhinoblock Material & Design Co., Gyeonggi-do, Sothh Korea) at low cost, and compared the biocompatibilities and degradabilities of plates produced with m-PDS and commercial PDS plates (Ethicon, Somerville, NJ) in vivo and in vitro.

Methods:
The melting point and decomposition rate of m-PDS were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis and its tensile strength was also measured. Implants (1 cm × 1 cm × 0.15 mm sized) were inserted subcutaneously into mice and harvested en bloc 2, 5, 10, 15, or 25 weeks later. Tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or Masson's trichrome to evaluate inflammation, extracellular matrix deposition, and vascularization, and plate degradability was also assessed.

Results:
No significant difference was observed between the thermal analysis and tensile test results of m-PDS and PDS plates. m-PDS started to degrade in vivo from around 10 weeks, and commercial PDS plates from around 15 weeks. After 25 weeks in vivo, both products were completely degraded and not observed in tissue slides. Histologic analysis of excised specimens showed m-PDS and PDS were similar in terms of inflammation, extracellular matrix deposition, and vascularization.

Conclusion:
In vivo and in vitro experiments detected no significant difference between the biocompatibilities and degradabilities of modified and commercial PDS plates. The results of this study suggest that the modified PDS can be used to produce versatile, low cost, absorbable graft materials for rhinoplasty and septoplasty.
RaFAH: A superior method for virus-host prediction
Authors: Coutinho FH , Zaragoza-Solas A , López-Pérez M , Barylski J , Zielezinski A , Dutilh BE , Edwards RA , Rodriguez-Valera F 
Published: September 2020

AbstractViruses of prokaryotes are extremely abundant and diverse. Culture-independent approaches have recently shed light on the biodiversity these biological entities1,2. One fundamental question when trying to understand their ecological roles is: which host do they infect? To tackle this issue we developed a machine-learning approach named Random Forest Assignment of Hosts (RaFAH), based on the analysis of nearly 200,000 viral genomes. RaFAH outperformed other methods for virus-host prediction (F1-score = 0.97 at the level of phylum). RaFAH was applied to diverse datasets encompassing genomes of uncultured viruses derived from eight different biomes of medical, biotechnological, and environmental relevance, and was capable of accurately describing these viromes. This led to the discovery of 537 genomic sequences of archaeal viruses. These viruses represent previously unknown lineages and their genomes encode novel auxiliary metabolic genes, which shed light on how these viruses interfere with the host molecular machinery. RaFAH is available athttps://sourceforge.net/projects/rafah/.
Applying SCA for high-accuracy cortical auditory ERPs in children
Authors: Bruzzone S.E.P. , Haumann N. T. , Kliuchko M. , Vuust P. , Brattico E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOverlapping neurophysiological signals are the main obstacle preventing from using cortical event-related potentials (ERPs)in clinical settings. Children ERPs are particularly affected by this problem, as their cerebral cortex is still maturing. To overcome this problem, we applied a new version of Spike-density Component Analysis (SCA), an analysis method recently introduced, to isolate with high accuracy the neural components of auditory ERP responses (AEPs) in 8-year-old children. Electroencephalography was used with 33 children to record AEPs to auditory stimuli varying in spectrotemporal features. Three different analysis approaches were adopted: the standard ERP analysis procedure, SCA with template-match (SCA-TM), and SCA with half-split average consistency (SCA-HSAC). SCA-HSAC most successfully allowed the extraction of AEPs for each child, revealing that the most consistent components were P1 and N2. An immature N1 component was also detected.Superior accuracy in isolating neural components at the individual level even in children was demonstrated for SCA-HSAC over other SCA approaches. Reliable methods of extraction of neurophysiological signals at the individual level are crucial for the application of cortical AEPs for routine diagnostic exams in clinical settings both in children and adults.HighlightsSpike-density component analysis (SCA) was validated on children ERPsSCA extracted overlapping neural components from auditory ERPs (AEPs)Child AEPs were modelled at the individual level
Wide variabilities identified among spike proteins of SARS Cov2 globally-dominant variant identified
Authors: Pal Abantika , Pal Aruna 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSARS Cov2 is a newly emerged virus causing pandemic with fatality and co-morbidity. The greatest limitations emerged is the lack of effective treatment and vaccination due to frequent mutations and reassortment of the virus, leading to evolvement of different strains. We identified a wide variability in the whole genome sequences as well as spike protein variants (responsible for binding with ACE2 receptor) of SARS Cov2 identified globally. Structural variations of spike proteins identified from representative countries from all the continents, seven of them have revealed genetically similar, may be regarded as the dominant type. Novel non-synonymous mutations as S247R, R408I, G612D, A930V and deletion detected at amino acid position 144. RMSD values ranging from 4.45 to 2.25 for the dominant variant spike1 with other spike proteins. This study is informative for future vaccine research and drug development with the dominant type.
The quantitative metabolome is shaped by abiotic constraints
Authors: Akbari Amir , Yurkovich James T. , Zielinski Daniel C. , Palsson Bernhard O. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLiving systems formed and evolved under governing constraints that characterize their interactions with the inorganic world. These interactions are definable using basic physico-chemical principles. Here, we formulate a comprehensive set of ten governing abiotic constraints that define possible quantitative metabolomes. We apply these constraints to a metabolic network ofEscherichia colithat represents 90% of its metabolome. We show that the quantitative metabolomes allowed by the abiotic constraints are consistent with metabolomic and isotope labeling data. We find that: (i) Network-wide characterization of charge-, proton- and magnesium-related constraints shape transcriptional regulatory responses to osmotic stress; (ii) Proton and charge imbalance underlie transcriptional regulatory responses to acid stress; (iii) Abiotic constraints drive the evolution of transport systems, such as high-affinity phosphate transporters. Thus, quantifying the constraints that the inorganic world imposes on living systems provides insights into their key characteristics, helps understand the outcomes of evolutionary adaptation, and should be considered as a fundamental part of theoretical biology and for understanding the constraints on evolution.
DIMT1, a regulator of ribosomal biogenesis, controls β-cell protein synthesis, mitochondrial function and insulin secretion
Authors: Verma Gaurav , Bowen Alexander , Hamilton Alexander , Esguerra Jonathan , Karagiannopoulos Alexandros , Cataldo Luis Rodrigo , Lyons Claire , Cowan Elaine , Fex Malin , Mulder Hindrik 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe previously reported that transcription factor B1 mitochondrial (TFB1M) is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) owing to mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we describe that dimethyladenosine transferase 1 homolog (DIMT1), a homologue of TFB1M, is expressed and active in pancreatic β-cells. Like TFB1M, it has been implicated in control of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) but its role in β-cells or T2D remains to be identified. Silencing ofDIMT1impacted mitochondrial function, leading to reduced expression of mitochondrial OXPHOS proteins, reduced oxygen consumption rate (OCR), dissipated mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and caused a lower rate of ATP production (mATP). In addition,DIMT1knockdown slowed the rate of protein synthesis. In accordance with these findings, DIMT1-deficiency perturbed insulin secretion in rodent and human β-cell lines. These effects are likely a result of destabilization of ribosomal assembly, involving NIN1 (RPN12) binding protein 1 homolog (NOB-1) and Pescadillo ribosomal biogenesis factor 1 (PES-1). These are two critical ribosomal subunits proteins, whose interactions were perturbed upon DIMT1-deficiency, thereby disturbing protein synthesis in β-cells. Thus, we have here highlighted a role of DIMT1 in ribosomal biogenesis that perturbs protein synthesis, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and disrupted insulin secretion, both being potential pathogenetic factors in T2D.
Pleiotropic function of theoca2gene underlies the evolution of sleep loss and albinism in cavefish
Authors: O’Gorman Morgan , Thakur Sunishka , Imrie Gillian , Moran Rachel L. , Duboue Erik , Rohner Nicolas , McGaugh Suzanne E. , Keene Alex C. , Kowalko Johanna E. 
Published: September 2020

SummaryAdaptation to novel environments often involves the evolution of multiple morphological, physiological and behavioral traits. One striking example of multi-trait evolution is the suite of traits that has evolved repeatedly in cave animals, including regression of eyes, loss of pigmentation, and enhancement of non-visual sensory systems [1,3]. The Mexican tetra,Astyanax mexicanus, consists of fish that inhabit at least 30 caves in Northeast Mexico and ancestral-like surface fish which inhabit the rivers of Mexico and Southern Texas [6]. CaveA. mexicanusare interfertile with surface fish and have evolved a number of traits that are common to cave animals throughout the world, including albinism, eye loss, and alterations to behavior [8–10]. To define relationships between different cave-evolved traits, we phenotyped 208 surface-cave F2 hybrid fish for numerous morphological and behavioral traits. We found significant differences in sleep between pigmented and albino hybrid fish, raising the possibility that these traits share a genetic basis. In cavefish and many other species, mutations inoculocutaneous albinism 2(oca2) cause albinism [11–15]. Surface fish with CRISPR-induced mutations inoca2displayed both albinism and reduced sleep. Further, this mutation inoca2fails to complement sleep loss when surface fish harboring this engineered mutation are crossed to different, independently evolved populations of albino cavefish with naturally occurring mutations inoca2, confirming thatoca2contributes to sleep loss. Finally, analysis of theoca2locus in wild caught cave and surface fish suggests thatoca2is under positive selection in at least three cave populations. Taken together, these findings identifyoca2as a novel regulator of sleep and suggest that a pleiotropic function ofoca2underlies the adaptive evolution of both of albinism and sleep loss.