bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gallic acid: A promising genoprotective and hepatoprotective bioactive compound against cyclophosphamide induced toxicity in mice
Authors: Shruthi S , Shenoy K. Bhasker 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCyclophosphamide (CP) is a potent chemotherapeutic agent and is also known to interact with specific biological molecules and produce numerous side effects such as genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity and nephrotoxicity. CP induces genotoxicity by generating oxygen/nitrogen derived free radicals during chemotherapy and causes DNA damage. Hence, to overcome such side effects of chemotherapeutic agents antioxidants are recommended. Gallic acid (GA) a phenolic compound is commonly exists in variety of fruits and in many plants. In the present study, genoprotecive effects of GA against CP induced genotoxicity in Swiss albino mice were evaluated by using comet assay, bone marrow, and peripheral micronucleus (MN) assays. CP produced oxidative stress induced hepatic damage was assessed by estimating the activity of liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione content (GSH), and also by examining the histological alterations induced by CP in hepatic tissue of mice. It was noticed that, GA pretreatment significantly reduced the frequency of MN and DNA strand breaks induced by CP. GA also protected the hepatic tissue against CP induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated damage and was evident by increased levels of liver SOD and GSH. GA ameliorated the histological changes induced by CP in hepatic tissue. These findings suggest that, GA is a versatile antioxidant with promising protection against CP induced genotoxicity and hepatic damage in Swiss albino mice.
Sorafenib reduces steatosis‐induced fibrogenesis in a human 3D co‐culture model of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Romualdo Guilherme Ribeiro , Da Silva Tereza Cristina , de Albuquerque Landi Marina Frota , Morais Juliana Ávila , Barbisan Luis Fernando , Vinken Mathieu , Oliveira Cláudia Pinto , Cogliati Bruno 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects around 25% of the worldwide population. Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the more progressive variant of NAFLD, is characterized by steatosis, cellular ballooning, lobular inflammation, and may culminate on hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation, thus increasing the risk for fibrosis, cirrhosis, and HCC development. Conversely, the antifibrotic effects of sorafenib, an FDA‐approved drug for HCC treatment, have been demonstrated in 2D cell cultures and animal models, but its mechanisms in a NAFLD‐related microenvironment in vitro requires further investigation. Thus, a human 3D co‐culture model of fatty hepatocytes and HSC was established by culturing hepatoma C3A cells, pre‐treated with 1.32 mM oleic acid, with HSC LX‐2 cells. The fatty C3A/LX‐2 spheroids showed morphological and molecular hallmarks of altered lipid metabolism and steatosis‐induced fibrogenesis, similarly to the human disease. Sorafenib (15 μM) for 72 hours reduced fatty spheroid viability, and upregulated the expression of lipid oxidation‐ and hydrolysis‐related genes, CPT1 and LIPC, respectively. Sorafenib also inhibited steatosis‐induced fibrogenesis by downregulating COL1A1, TGFB1, PDGF, and TIMP1 and by decreasing protein levels of IL‐6, TGF‐β1, and TNF‐α in fatty spheroids. The demonstration of the antifibrotic properties of sorafenib on steatosis‐induced fibrogenesis in a 3D in vitro model of NAFLD supports its clinical use as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH patients.
Data analysis onnonstandardspaces
Authors: Huckemann Stephan F. , Eltzner Benjamin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe task to write ondata analysis on nonstandard spacesis quite substantial, with a huge body of literature to cover, from parametric to nonparametrics, from shape spaces to Wasserstein spaces. In this survey we convey simple (e.g., Fréchet means) and more complicated ideas (e.g., empirical process theory), common to many approaches with focus on their interaction with one‐another. Indeed, this field is fast growing and it is imperative to develop a mathematical view point, drawing power, and diversity from a higher level of abstraction, for example, by introducing generalized Fréchet means. While many problems have found ingenious solutions (e.g., Procrustes analysis for principal component analysis [PCA] extensions on shape spaces and diffusion on the frame bundle to mimic anisotropic Gaussians), more problems emerge, often more difficult (e.g., topology and geometry influencing limiting rates and defining generic intrinsic PCA extensions). Along this survey, we point out some open problems, that will, as it seems, keep mathematicians, statisticians, computer and data scientists busy for a while.This article is categorized under:Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Analysis of High Dimensional Data
Location Data as Contractual Counter-Performance: A Consumer Perspective on Recent EU Legislation
Authors: Efroni Zohar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter analyses recent developments in the area of digital consumer law in the EU while focusing on the ‘data as counter-performance’ quandary and its application to location data. The immense technological and economic significance of location data in smart urban spaces renders them a relevant subject for inquiry in the context of ongoing legal efforts to protect consumers who grant permission to use their location data in exchange for digital goods and services.
Supplemental cerclage wiring in angle stable plate fixation of distal tibial spiral fractures enables immediate post-operative full weight-bearing: a biomechanical analysis
Authors: Sandriesser Sabrina , Förch Stefan , Mayr Edgar , Schrödl Falk , von Rüden Christian , Augat Peter 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposeDistal tibial fractures generally require post-operative weight-bearing restrictions. Especially geriatric patients are unable to follow these recommendations. To increase post-operative implant stability and enable early weight-bearing, augmentation of the primary osteosynthesis by cerclage is desirable. The purpose of this study was to identify the stabilizing effects of a supplemental cable cerclage following plate fixation of distal tibial spiral fractures compared to solitary plate osteosynthesis.MethodsIn eight synthetic tibiae, a reproducible spiral fracture (AO/OTA 42-A1.1c) was stabilized by angle stable plate fixation. Each specimen was statically loaded under combined axial and torsional loads to simulate partial (200 N, 2 Nm) and full (750 N, 7 Nm) weight-bearing. Tests were repeated with supplemental cable cerclage looped around the fracture zone. In a subsequent stepwise increased dynamic load scenario, construct stiffness and interfragmentary movements were analyzed.ResultsWith supplemental cable cerclage, construct stiffness almost tripled compared to solitary plate osteosynthesis (2882 ± 739 N/mm vs. 983 ± 355 N/mm;p < 0.001). Under full weight-bearing static loads, a supplemental cerclage revealed reduced axial (− 55%;p = 0.001) and shear movement (− 83%;p < 0.001), and also lowered shear movement (− 42%;p = 0.001) compared to a solitary plate under partial weight-bearing. Under dynamic loads supplemental cerclage significantly reduced axial (p = 0.005) as well as shear movements (p < 0.001).ConclusionSupplemental cable cerclage significantly increases fixation stiffness and reduces shear movement in distal tibial spiral fractures. This stabilizing effect enables from a biomechanical point of view immediate mobilization without any weight-bearing restrictions, which may improve the quality of care of orthopedic patients and may trigger a change towards early weight-bearing regimes, especially geriatric patients would benefit from.
Acute-on-chronic subdural hematoma: a new entity for prophylactic anti-epileptic treatment?
Authors: Won Sae-Yeon , Dubinski Daniel , Freiman Thomas , Seifert Volker , Gessler Florian , Strzelczyk Adam , Konczalla Juergen 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Acute-on-chronic subdural hematoma (acSDH) describes acute bleeding into a chronic subdural hematoma (SDH), after surgery or second trauma. Because seizures are a well-known complication of SDH, associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, we aimed to analyze the incidence of acute symptomatic seizures (ASz), including status epilepticus, and determine the functional outcomes in this specific cohort of patients.

Methods
A retrospective analysis was performed, including patients with acSDH who were admitted to our department between 2010 and 2019. The incidence and timely onset of ASz and status epilepticus were evaluated. Functional outcomes at discharge and at 3–6 month follow-up were analyzed based on the modified Rankin scale.

Results
Of 506 patients with chronic SDH, 29 patients (5.7%) were diagnosed with acSDH. The overall incidence of ASz and status epilepticus were 72.4% and 10.3%, respectively. Favorable outcomes were identified in 11 patients (52.4%) in the ASz group compared with 6 patients (75%) in the non-ASz group. The mortality rate was higher in the ASz group compared with that in the control group (29% vs 0%). At follow-up, favorable outcomes were similar to those observed at discharge (52.4% in the ASz group and 71.4% in the control group). The mortality rate was still higher in the ASz group, at 32% compared with 14% for the control group.

Conclusion
AcSDH has a high risk for ASz, including status epilepticus, and is associated with unfavorable outcomes and high mortality. Thus, prophylactic treatment with antiepileptic drugs should be considered among this specific cohort of patients.
Patientenaufkommen, Diagnosen und Verletzungsmechanismen eines überregionalen Traumazentrums mit Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie im Vergleich zum Mittelwert der 3 Vorjahre
Authors: Graulich T. , Gerhardy J. , Gräff P. , Örgel M. , Omar Pacha T. , Krettek C. , Macke C. , Liodakis E. 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Im Rahmen der COVID-19-Pandemie wurden zur Reduktion der Infektionszahlen politische Entscheidungen getroffen, die die soziale Interaktion reduzieren sollen. Ziel hierbei war das Schaffen von Kapazitäten zur innerhospitalen Versorgung der erkrankten Patienten.

Ziel der Arbeit
Ob seit Beginn der getroffenen Maßnahmen auch eine Reduktion des unfallchirurgischen Patientenaufkommens im Vergleich zum Mittelwert der 3 Vorjahre zu beobachten ist, sollte geprüft werden.

Material und Methoden
Es wurden retrospektiv alle Patienten, die sich in unserer unfallchirurgischen Notaufnahme im Zeitraum vom 01.03.2020 bis 15.04.2020 vorgestellt haben, mit dem Mittelwert der Patienten der 3 Vorjahre 2017–2019 verglichen. Es wurden Alter der Patienten, Vorstellungszeitpunkt, Diagnosen, Verbleib der Patienten, stationär oder ambulant, Anzahl und Dauer der operativen Versorgung und benötigte Kapazität auf Normal- und Intensivstation erhoben. Der Verletzungsmechanismus wurde ebenfalls untersucht.

Ergebnisse
Es wurden insgesamt 4967 Patienten im Beobachtungszeitraum vom 01.03.–15.04. eingeschlossen. Im Schnitt der 3 Vorjahre wurden insgesamt 1348 Patienten, d. h. pro Tag 29,3 Patienten vorstellig. Im Jahr 2020 wurden insgesamt 923, d. h. pro Tag 20 Patienten vorstellig (p < 0,01).
Im Schnitt der Vorjahre wurden 227 (24,6 %) im Vergleich zu 2020 311,5 (23,1 %) stationär aufgenommen. Im Schnitt der Vorjahre resultierten 143 im Vergleich zu 2020 mit 136 Operationen hieraus. Die stationären Tage waren von 2442 im Schnitt der Vorjahre, im Jahr 2020, mit 1172 Tagen um 52,1 % reduziert. Die Anzahl der Tage auf der ICU betrug im Mittel der Vorjahre 450 Tage und im Jahr 2020 303 Tage (−32,7 %).

Diskussion
Das Patientenaufkommen in der unfallchirurgischen Notaufnahme war im Beobachtungszeitraum im Jahr 2020 im Vergleich zum Mittelwert der 3 Vorjahre deutlich reduziert. Hierdurch sind direkt Ressourcen für die Betreuung von COVID-19-Patienten frei geworden.
Cryogenic orthogonal turning of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Stampfer Benedict , Golda Philipp , Schießl Robert , Maas Ulrich , Schulze Volker 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCooling of machining operations by liquid nitrogen is a promising approach for reducing cutting temperatures, increasing tool life and improving the workpiece surface integrity. Unfortunately, the cooling fluid tends to evaporate within the supply channel. This induces process variations and hinders the use of nitrogen cooling in commercial applications. In this work, the coolant is applied via the tool’s rake face during orthogonal turning of Ti-6Al-4V. The effect of a nitrogen supply pressure adjustment and a subcooler usage—proposed here for the first time for machining—is analyzed in terms of process forces, tool temperatures and wear patterns, taken dry cutting as a reference. Thereby, reliable cooling strategies are identified for cryogenic cutting.
Adding a Preoperative Dose of LMWH may Decrease VTE Following Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Abdelsalam Ahmed Mohammed , ElAnsary Ahmed Mohammed Salah Eldeen , Salman Mohammed Abdallah , Nassef Sahar Abdelrahman , Elfergany Hala Mostafa , Aisha Hesham Ahmed Abou 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundBariatric procedures are the most effective management for obesity. There is no standard venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis for both dosing and duration of anticoagulation following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Our purpose was to assess the optimum regimen for VTE prophylaxis in bariatric procedures and to reduce the incidence of perioperative bleeding.Methods and materialsThis is a prospective randomized study which involved 100 morbidly obese patients, subdivided into two groups; group A received postoperative low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) prophylaxis alone starting from day 1 to day 15 in dose 1 mg/kg/day in a maximum dose 120 mg/day, and group B received both pre‐ and postoperative LMWH; at night of surgery 12 h preoperatively and postoperative starting from day 1 to day 15 with the same dose. All patients underwent mesenteric and bilateral lower limbs duplex 15 days postoperative using Philips iU machine and linear (L9‐3), convex (C5‐1) and sector (S5‐1) probes.ResultsRegarding postoperative VTE, we found statistically significant increase in postoperative VTE in patients of group A (four cases) without any case complicated with VTE in patients of group B (P value = 0.041). Regarding postoperative bleeding, we found statistically insignificant percent of cases complicated with postoperative bleeding in group B compared to group A (P value 0.315).ConclusionPreoperative as well as a postoperative prophylactic anticoagulant as LMWH is recommended to prevent perioperative VTE. There was an insignificant increase in postoperative bleeding in patients who received preoperative prophylactic anticoagulants.
Modal reconstruction of transverse mode-locked laser beams
Authors: Schepers Florian , Hellwig Tim , Fallnich Carsten 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTransverse mode-locking in an end-pumped solid state laser by amplitude modulation with an acousto-optic modulator was investigated. Using the stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm the modal power coefficients and the modal phases of the transverse mode-locked (TML) laser beam were reconstructed from the measured spatial and spatio-temporal intensity distributions, respectively. The distribution of the reconstructed modal power coefficients revealed that the average mode order of the transverse mode-locking process could be increased by a factor of about 8 compared to previous works, corresponding to an increase in the normalized oscillation amplitude by a factor of about 3. Furthermore, we found that besides a non-Poissonian modal power distribution, strong aberrations of the modal phases occurred in the experiment, resulting in a deformation of the oscillating spot. Additionally, we demonstrated the generation of up to four spots oscillating simultaneously on parallel traces by operating the TML laser on a higher mode order in the orthogonal direction to the transverse mode-locking process. TML lasers are of interest, e.g., for beam scanning purposes, as they have the potential to enable spot resolving rates in the multi-GHz regime.
Association between cannabinoid 1 receptor availability and glutamate levels in healthy controls and drug-free patients with first episode psychosis: a multi-modal PET and 1H-MRS study
Authors: Borgan Faith , Veronese Mattia , Reis Marques Tiago , Lythgoe David J. , Howes Oliver 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCannabinoid 1 receptor and glutamatergic dysfunction have both been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, it remains unclear if cannabinoid 1 receptor alterations shown in drug-naïve/free patients with first episode psychosis may be linked to glutamatergic alterations in the illness. We aimed to investigate glutamate levels and cannabinoid 1 receptor levels in the same region in patients with first episode psychosis. Forty volunteers (20 healthy volunteers, 20 drug-naïve/free patients with first episode psychosis diagnosed with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder) were included in the study. Glutamate levels were measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. CB1R availability was indexed using the distribution volume (VT (ml/cm3)) of [11C]MePPEP using arterial blood sampling. There were no significant associations between ACC CB1R levels and ACC glutamate levels in controls (R = − 0.24, p = 0.32) or patients (R = − 0.10, p = 0.25). However, ACC glutamate levels were negatively associated with CB1R availability in the striatum (R = − 0.50, p = 0.02) and hippocampus (R = − 0.50, p = 0.042) in controls, but these associations were not observed in patients (p > 0.05). Our findings extend our previous work in an overlapping sample to show, for the first time as far as we’re aware, that cannabinoid 1 receptor alterations in the anterior cingulate cortex are shown in the absence of glutamatergic dysfunction in the same region, and indicate potential interactions between glutamatergic signalling in the anterior cingulate cortex and the endocannabinoid system in the striatum and hippocampus.
Treatment of rheumatic immune-related adverse events due to cancer immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors—is it time for a paradigm shift?
Authors: Chatzidionysiou Katerina , Liapi Matina , Tsakonas Georgios , Gunnarsson Iva , Catrina Anca 
Published: September 2020

AbstractImmunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment during the last years. Several monoclonal antibodies that are specific for regulatory checkpoint molecules, that is, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have been approved and are currently in use for various types of cancer in different lines of treatment. Cancer immunotherapy aims for enhancing the immune response against cancer cells. Despite their high efficacy, ICIs are associated to a new spectrum of adverse events of autoimmune origin, often referred to as immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which limit the utility of these drugs. These irAEs are quite common and can affect almost every organ. The grade of toxicity varies from very mild to life-threatening. The pathophysiological mechanisms behind these events are not fully understood. In this review, we will summarize current evidence specifically regarding the rheumatic irAEs and we will focus on current and future treatment strategies. Treatment guidelines largely support the use of glucocorticoids as first-line therapy, when symptomatic therapy is not efficient, and for more persistent and/or moderate/severe degree of inflammation. Targeted therapies are higher up in the treatment pyramid, after inadequate response to glucocorticoids and conventional, broad immunosuppressive agents, and for severe forms of irAEs. However, preclinical data provide evidence that raise concerns regarding the potential risk of impaired antitumoral effect. This potential risk of glucocorticoids, together with the high efficacy and potential synergistic effect of newer, targeted immunomodulation, such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 blockade, could support a paradigm shift, where more targeted treatments are considered earlier in the treatment sequence.
Higher education and sustainable development goal 16 in fragile and conflict-affected contexts
Authors: Milton Sansom 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSustainable Development Goal 16 commits to ‘promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels’. While the concerns of SDG16 with violence reduction, rule of law, and governance are relevant to all societies, this paper focuses on fragile and conflict-affected countries, many of which have the hardest task in achieving SDG16. It analyses how higher education can contribute towards—or detract from—SDG16 through teaching, research, governance, and external leadership. It then analyses four dynamics influencing the agency of universities in fragile and conflict-affected contexts in engaging with SDG16: resource mobilisation and the public good; securitisation; academic freedom, insecurity, and politicisation; and tensions between demands for localisation and the universalising logics of liberal peacebuilding models and the SDGs.
The inter-relationship between no harm, equitable and reasonable utilisation and cooperation under international water law
Authors: Tanzi Attila M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe chapter addresses the no-harm principle as a core pillar of the international water law regime, and its inter-relationship with the principles of equitable and reasonable utilisation and cooperation. No harm will be described in its harmonised relation to the latter two principles under the “community interest” approach to transboundary watercourses, as enunciated by the Permanent Court of International Justice and later corroborated by the International Court of Justice. Such a harmonised construction of the three-pronged body of international water law will be illustrated as one disproving any alleged priority or, conversely, subservience of either principle with respect to the others. It will also be shown how the same construction emphasises the integration and inter-relationship between the legal principles at hand.