bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineralogical Analysis of Selective Melting in Partially Coherent Rockslides: Bridging Solid and Molten Friction
Authors: Deng Yu , He Siming , Scaringi Gianvito , Lei Xiaoqin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFrictional shearing along the basal slip surface is the main energy dissipation mechanism in coherent landslides, which undergo little internal deformation during runout. Most landslide bodies, however, deform and break down more or less extensively; thus, only a portion of their potential energy is dissipated through basal shearing. The mineral components of rocks and soils have individual melting temperatures. Therefore, as temperature increases, selective melting will occur in a defined sequence. The product of such melting is termed frictionite. Here, we exploited a sliding block model to investigate the role of selective melting in the evolution of the frictional resistance (and hence mobility) of partially coherent landslides. We recognized three frictional stages, characterized by weakening, strengthening, and melt lubrication. As melting proceeds, a gradual transition from solid friction to viscous flow occurs, which can be modeled in terms of the molten mineral fraction. The chemical composition also evolves and so does its viscosity. Rocks with different mineral proportions (e.g., mafic vs. felsic rocks) will exhibit different frictional evolutions. Our model results are consistent with the recognized role of landslide thickness in defining its mobility. Moreover, the frictional strengthening stage is shown to become irrelevant under high confinement, thereby facilitating higher mobility, or sometimes shifting slip surface if weak layer exists. We also discussed the relevance of some strengthening‐upon‐melting behavior observed at the experimental scale, pointing out the role of the energy conversion coefficient, which is a proxy for landslide coherence.
Ensemble PM2.5 Forecasting During the 2018 Camp Fire Event Using the HYSPLIT Transport and Dispersion Model
Authors: Li Y. , Tong D. Q. , Ngan F. , Cohen M. D. , Stein A. F. , Kondragunta S. , Zhang X. , Ichoku C. , Hyer E. J. , Kahn R. A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBiomass burning releases a vast amount of aerosols into the atmosphere, often leading to severe air quality and health problems. Prediction of the air quality effects from biomass burning emissions is challenging due to uncertainties in fire emission, plume rise calculation, and other model inputs/processes. Ensemble forecasting is increasingly used to represent model uncertainties. In this paper, an ensemble forecast was conducted to predict surface PM2.5 during the 2018 California Camp Fire event using the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) HYSPLIT dispersion model at 0.1° horizontal resolution. Different combinations of four satellite‐based fire emission data sets (FEER, FLAMBE, GBBEPx, and GFAS), two plume rise schemes (Briggs and Sofiev), various meteorology inputs, and model setup options were used to create the forecast ensemble, for a total of 112 experiments. The performance of each ensemble member and the ensemble mean were evaluated using ground‐based observations, with four statistical metrics and an overall rank. The ensemble spread of the 112 members reached 1,000 μg/m3, highlighting the large uncertainty in wildfire forecast. The ensemble mean displayed the best performance. Each fire emission product contributed to one or more members among the top 10 performers, revealing the forecasting dependence on both the quality of fire emissions data and model representation of emission, transport, and removal processes. In addition, an ensemble size reduction technique was introduced. With the help of this technique, the ensemble size was reduced from 112 to 28 members and still produced an ensemble mean that yielded comparable or even better performance to that of the full ensemble.
Environmental Controls on Carbon and Water Fluxes in an Old‐Growth Tropical Dry Forest
Authors: Rojas‐Robles Nidia E. , Garatuza‐Payán Jaime , Álvarez‐Yépiz Juan C. , Sánchez‐Mejía Zulia M. , Vargas Rodrigo , Yépez Enrico A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTropical dry forests (TDF) are one of the most widely distributed tropical land‐cover types in Mexico, but their regional‐to‐global contribution to the carbon and water cycles is still highly uncertain. We measured CO2 and water vapor fluxes between the ecosystem and atmosphere using the eddy covariance technique from 2016 to 2018 in an old‐growth TDF in northwestern Mexico. First, we investigated the magnitude and seasonality of evapotranspiration (ET), net ecosystem production (NEP) and its contributing fluxes, gross ecosystem production (GEP), and ecosystem respiration (Reco). Second, we explored the main environmental factors controlling carbon and water fluxes as well as tested if this ecosystem acted as a net carbon source or sink. During the study period, all precipitation entering the ecosystem went back to the atmosphere through ET (738.9 ±58.26 mm y−1). Ecosystem respiration (2203.16 ±244.2 g C m−2 y−1) was consistently larger than GEP (1975.32 ±295.52 g C m−2 y−1), determining an annual NEP (−227.6 ±59.4 g C m−2 y−1) that resulted in net annual carbon losses. This forest maintained its water use efficiency (WUE; GEP/ET) across years (2.53–3.24), but water availability constrained light use and maximum carbon assimilation rates. Our results render relevance to the feedback between soil water content and net radiation as the main environmental variables controlling ecosystem fluxes in this old‐growth TDF.
Impacts of Degradation on Water, Energy, and Carbon Cycling of the Amazon Tropical Forests
Authors: Longo Marcos , Saatchi Sassan , Keller Michael , Bowman Kevin , Ferraz António , Moorcroft Paul R. , Morton Douglas C. , Bonal Damien , Brando Paulo , Burban Benoît , Derroire Géraldine , dos‐Santos Maiza N. , Meyer Victoria , Saleska Scott , Trumbore Susan , Vincent Grégoire 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSelective logging, fragmentation, and understory fires directly degrade forest structure and composition. However, studies addressing the effects of forest degradation on carbon, water, and energy cycles are scarce. Here, we integrate field observations and high‐resolution remote sensing from airborne lidar to provide realistic initial conditions to the Ecosystem Demography Model (ED‐2.2) and investigate how disturbances from forest degradation affect gross primary production (GPP), evapotranspiration (ET), and sensible heat flux (H). We used forest structural information retrieved from airborne lidar samples (13,500 ha) and calibrated with 817 inventory plots (0.25 ha) across precipitation and degradation gradients in the eastern Amazon as initial conditions to ED‐2.2 model. Our results show that the magnitude and seasonality of fluxes were modulated by changes in forest structure caused by degradation. During the dry season and under typical conditions, severely degraded forests (biomass loss ≥66%) experienced water stress with declines in ET (up to 34%) and GPP (up to 35%) and increases of H (up to 43%) and daily mean ground temperatures (up to 6.5°C) relative to intact forests. In contrast, the relative impact of forest degradation on energy, water, and carbon cycles markedly diminishes under extreme, multiyear droughts, as a consequence of severe stress experienced by intact forests. Our results highlight that the water and energy cycles in the Amazon are driven by not only climate and deforestation but also the past disturbance and changes of forest structure from degradation, suggesting a much broader influence of human land use activities on the tropical ecosystems.
Trends in Global Flood and Streamflow Timing Based on Local Water Year
Authors: Wasko Conrad , Nathan Rory , Peel Murray C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAnalysis of flood and streamflow timing has recently gained prominence as a tool for attribution of climatic changes to flooding. Such studies generally apply circular statistics to the day of maximum flow in a calendar year and use nonparametric linear trend tests to investigate changes in flooding on a local or regional scale. Here we investigate both the center timing of streamflow and the day of maximum flow using a local water year. For each station, the start of the water year is defined as the month of lowest average monthly streamflow. This definition of water year prevents ambiguity in the direction of computed trends and enables flood and streamflow timing to be described by a normal distribution. Using the assumption of normality, we calculate the historical trend in both flood and streamflow timing using linear regression. While shifts in flood and streamflow timing are consistent with climate change and are shifting in a similar direction, shifts in the timing of the annual maxima flood are approximately three times that of streamflow timing. The results here have implications for water resources and environmental management where streamflow and flood timing are critical to planning. The applicability of the normal approximation to flood and streamflow timing will enable future analyses to use parametric statistics.
B-cell maturation antigen expression across hematologic cancers: a systematic literature review
Authors: Dogan Ahmet , Siegel David , Tran Nguyet , Fu Alan , Fowler Jessica , Belani Rajesh , Landgren Ola 
Published: June 2020

AbstractB-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) plays a critical role in regulating B-cell proliferation and survival. There is evidence for BCMA expression in various hematologic malignancies, suggesting that BCMA may play an important role as a biomarker or therapeutic target in these diseases. Given advances in understanding the role of BCMA in B-cell development and the promise of BCMA as a therapeutic target, a systematic review is needed to rigorously assess the evidence for BCMA expression and identify areas of consensus and future research. The objective of this review was to summarize the evidence on BCMA protein and mRNA expression across hematologic malignancies. Using a PubMed database search up to 28 August 2019, a systematic literature review of publications reporting BCMA expression in patients with hematologic malignancies was conducted. Data from published congress abstracts presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the American Society of Hematology were also searched. Studies that assessed BCMA expression (protein or mRNA) in patients of any age with hematologic malignancies were included. A total of 21 studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the review. BCMA was expressed in several hematologic malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM), chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute B-lymphoblastic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and Hodgkin lymphoma. BCMA was expressed at uniformly high levels across all 13 MM studies and at low to moderate levels in acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These results suggest that BCMA is a relevant target in MM as well as in a subset of B-cell leukemia. BCMA expression in Hodgkin lymphoma and NHL varied across studies, and further research is needed to determine the utility of BCMA as an antibody target and biomarker in these diseases. Differences in sample type, timing of sample collection, and laboratory technique used may have affected the reporting of BCMA levels.
β-catenin promotes endothelial survival by regulating eNOS activity and flow-dependent anti-apoptotic gene expression
Authors: Tajadura Virginia , Hansen Marie Haugsten , Smith Joy , Charles Hannah , Rickman Matthew , Farrell-Dillon Keith , Claro Vasco , Warboys Christina , Ferro Albert 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIncreased endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis is associated with the development of atherosclerotic plaques that develop predominantly at sites exposed to disturbed flow (DF). Strategies to promote EC survival may therefore represent a novel therapeutic approach in cardiovascular disease. Nitric oxide (NO) and β-catenin have both been shown to promote cell survival and they interact in ECs as we previously demonstrated. Here we investigated the physiological role of β-catenin as a mediator of NO-induced cell survival in ECs. We found that β-catenin depleted human umbilical vein ECs (HUVEC) stimulated with pharmacological activators of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) showed a reduction in eNOS phosphorylation (Ser1177) as well as reduced intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels compared to control cells in static cultures. In addition, β-catenin depletion abrogated the protective effects of the NO donor, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, during TNFα- and H2O2-induced apoptosis. Using an orbital shaker to generate shear stress, we confirmed eNOS and β-catenin interaction in HUVEC exposed to undisturbed flow and DF and showed that β-catenin depletion reduced eNOS phosphorylation. β-catenin depletion promoted apoptosis exclusively in HUVEC exposed to DF as did inhibition of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) or β-catenin transcriptional activity. The expression of the pro-survival genes, Bcl-2 and survivin was also reduced following inhibition of β-catenin transcriptional activity, as was the expression of eNOS. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that β-catenin is a positive regulator of eNOS activity and cell survival in human ECs. sGC activity and β-catenin-dependent transcription of Bcl-2, survivin, BIRC3 and eNOS are essential to maintain cell survival in ECs under DF.
CsMYB60 directly and indirectly activates structural genes to promote the biosynthesis of flavonols and proanthocyanidins in cucumber
Authors: Li Jialin , Luan Qianqian , Han Jing , Zhang Cunjia , Liu Mengyu , Ren Zhonghai 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFlavonols and proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the main pigments in the black spines of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit, and CsMYB60 is a key regulator of the biosynthesis of flavonols and PAs. However, in cucumber, the tissue distribution pattern of flavonols and PAs and the mechanism of their biosynthesis regulated by CsMYB60 remain unclear. In this study, we clarified the tissue-specific distribution of flavonoids and the unique transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in cucumber. CsMYB60 activated CsFLS and CsLAR by binding to their promoters and directly or indirectly promoted the expression of CsbHLH42, CsMYC1, CsWD40, and CsTATA-box binding protein, resulting in the formation of complexes of these four proteins to increase the expression of Cs4CL and interact with CsTATA-box binding protein to regulate the expression of CsCHS, thereby regulating the biosynthesis of flavonols and PAs in cucumber. Our data provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of flavonoid biosynthesis, which will facilitate molecular breeding to improve fruit quality in cucumber.
A chromosome-scale reference genome of Aquilegia oxysepala var. kansuensis
Authors: Xie Jinghe , Zhao Haifeng , Li Kunpeng , Zhang Rui , Jiang Yongchao , Wang Meimei , Guo Xuelian , Yu Ben , Kong Hongzhi , Jiao Yuannian , Xu Guixia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe genus Aquilegia (Ranunculaceae) has been cultivated as ornamental and medicinal plants for centuries. With petal spurs of strikingly diverse size and shape, Aquilegia has also been recognized as an excellent system for evolutionary studies. Pollinator‐mediated selection for longer spurs is believed to have shaped the evolution of this genus, especially the North American taxa. Recently, however, an opposite evolutionary trend was reported in an Asian lineage, where multiple origins of mini- or even nonspurred morphs have occurred. Interesting as it is, the lack of genomic resources has limited our ability to decipher the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying spur reduction in this special lineage. Using long-read sequencing (PacBio Sequel), in combination with optical maps (BioNano DLS) and Hi–C, we assembled a high-quality reference genome of A. oxysepala var. kansuensis, a sister species to the nonspurred taxon. The final assembly is approximately 293.2 Mb, 94.6% (277.4 Mb) of which has been anchored to 7 pseudochromosomes. A total of 25,571 protein-coding genes were predicted, with 97.2% being functionally annotated. When comparing this genome with that of A. coerulea, we detected a large rearrangement between Chr1 and Chr4, which might have caused the Chr4 of A. oxysepala var. kansuensis to partly deviate from the “decaying” path that was taken before the split of Aquilegia and Semiaquilegia. This high-quality reference genome is fundamental to further investigations on the development and evolution of petal spurs and provides a strong foundation for the breeding of new horticultural Aquilegia cultivars.
Germplasm resources and genetic breeding of Paeonia: a systematic review
Authors: Yang Yong , Sun Miao , Li Shanshan , Chen Qihang , Teixeira da Silva Jaime A. , Wang Ajing , Yu Xiaonan , Wang Liangsheng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMembers of the genusPaeonia, which consists of globally renowned ornamentals and traditional medicinal plants with a rich history spanning over 1500 years, are widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Since 1900, over 2200 new horticulturalPaeoniacultivars have been created by the discovery and breeding of wild species. However, information pertaining toPaeoniabreeding is considerably fragmented, with fundamental gaps in knowledge, creating a bottleneck in effective breeding strategies. This review systematically introducesPaeoniagermplasm resources, including wild species and cultivars, summarizes the breeding strategy and results of eachPaeoniacultivar group, and focuses on recent progress in the isolation and functional characterization of structural and regulatory genes related to important horticultural traits. Perspectives pertaining to the resource protection and utilization, breeding and industrialization ofPaeoniain the future are also briefly discussed.
The increasing likelihood of temperatures above 30 to 40 °C in the United Kingdom
Authors: Christidis Nikolaos , McCarthy Mark , Stott Peter A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs European heatwaves become more severe, summers in the United Kingdom (UK) are also getting warmer. The UK record temperature of 38.7 °C set in Cambridge in July 2019 prompts the question of whether exceeding 40 °C is now within reach. Here, we show how human influence is increasing the likelihood of exceeding 30, 35 and 40 °C locally. We utilise observations to relate local to UK mean extremes and apply the resulting relationships to climate model data in a risk-based attribution methodology. We find that temperatures above 35 °C are becoming increasingly common in the southeast, while by 2100 many areas in the north are likely to exceed 30 °C at least once per decade. Summers which see days above 40 °C somewhere in the UK have a return time of 100-300 years at present, but, without mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, this can decrease to 3.5 years by 2100.
A framework for on-implant spike sorting based on salient feature selection
Authors: Shaeri MohammadAli , Sodagar Amir M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOn-implant spike sorting methods employ static feature extraction/selection techniques to minimize the hardware cost. Here we propose a novel framework for real-time spike sorting based on dynamic selection of features. We select salient features that maximize the geometric-mean of between-class distances as well as the associated homogeneity index effectively to best discriminate spikes for classification. Wave-shape classification is performed based on a multi-label window discrimination approach. An external module calculates the salient features and discrimination windows through optimizing a replica of the on-implant operation, and then configures the on-implant spike sorter for real-time online operation. Hardware implementation of the on-implant online spike sorter for 512 channels of concurrent extra-cellular neural signals is reported, with an average classification accuracy of ~88%. Compared with other similar methods, our method shows reduction in classification error by a factor of ~2, and also reduction in the required memory space by a factor of ~5.
Structural characterization of a novel human adeno-associated virus capsid with neurotropic properties
Authors: Hsu Hung-Lun , Brown Alexander , Loveland Anna B. , Lotun Anoushka , Xu Meiyu , Luo Li , Xu Guangchao , Li Jia , Ren Lingzhi , Su Qin , Gessler Dominic J. , Wei Yuquan , Tai Phillip W. L. , Korostelev Andrei A. , Gao Guangping 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are currently considered the safest and most reliable gene delivery vehicles for human gene therapy. Three serotype capsids, AAV1, AAV2, and AAV9, have been approved for commercial use in patients, but they may not be suitable for all therapeutic contexts. Here, we describe a novel capsid identified in a human clinical sample by high-throughput, long-read sequencing. The capsid, which we have named AAVv66, shares high sequence similarity with AAV2. We demonstrate that compared to AAV2, AAVv66 exhibits enhanced production yields, virion stability, and CNS transduction. Unique structural properties of AAVv66 visualized by cryo-EM at 2.5-Å resolution, suggest that critical residues at the three-fold protrusion and at the interface of the five-fold axis of symmetry likely contribute to the beneficial characteristics of AAVv66. Our findings underscore the potential of AAVv66 as a gene therapy vector.
A proposal for reconciling diverse experiments on the superconducting state in Sr2RuO4
Authors: Kivelson Steven Allan , Yuan Andrew Chang , Ramshaw Brad , Thomale Ronny 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA variety of precise experiments have been carried out to establish the character of the superconducting state in Sr2RuO4. Many of these appear to imply contradictory conclusions concerning the symmetries of this state. Here we propose that these results can be reconciled if we assume that there is a near-degeneracy between a $${d}_{{x}^{2}-{y}^{2}}$$

d

x

2

−

y

2

(B1g in group theory nomenclature) and a $${g}_{xy({x}^{2}-{y}^{2})}$$

g

x
y

(

x

2

−

y

2

)

(A2g) superconducting state. From a weak-coupling perspective, such an accidental degeneracy can occur at a point at which a balance between the on-site and nearest-neighbor repulsions triggers a d-wave to g-wave transition.
Analysis of the influence of flame sterilization included in sampling operations on shake-flask cultures of microorganisms
Authors: Takahashi Masato , Honzawa Takafumi , Tominaga Ryuichi , Aoyagi Hideki 
Published: June 2020

AbstractShake-flask cultures of microorganisms involve flame sterilization during sampling, which produces combustion gas with high CO2 concentrations. The gaseous destination has not been deeply analyzed. Our aim was to investigate the effect of flame sterilization on the headspace of the flask and on the shake-flask culture. In this study, the headspace CO2 concentration was found to increase during flame sterilization ~0.5–2.0% over 5–20 s empirically using the Circulation Direct Monitoring and Sampling System. This CO2 accumulation was confirmed theoretically using Computational Fluid Dynamics; it was 9% topically. To evaluate the influence of CO2 accumulation without interference from other sampling factors, the flask gas phase formed by flame sterilization was reproduced by aseptically supplying 99.8% CO2 into the headspace, without sampling. We developed a unit that can be sampled in situ without interruption of shaking, movement to a clean bench, opening of the culture-plug, and flame sterilization. We observed that the growth behaviour of Escherichia coli, Pelomonas saccharophila, Acetobacter pasteurianus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was different depending on the CO2 aeration conditions. These results are expected to contribute to improving microbial cell culture systems.