bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemmnisse und Verbesserungspotenziale bei der Diagnose und der Therapie asylsuchender Tuberkulosepatienten in Deutschland: Ergebnisse einer qualitativen Untersuchung
Authors: Stadtmüller Sven , Menold Natalja , Schröder Jette , Ehlers Stefan 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungSeit 2014 ist die Zahl der Neuerkrankungen an Tuberkulose (TB) in Deutschland
um rund 20% angestiegen. Diese Entwicklung fällt mit einer
hohen Zuwanderung von Asylsuchenden zusammen, die z. T. aus Ländern
stammen, in denen die TB deutlich weiter verbreitet ist als hierzulande. Vor
diesem Hintergrund setzt sich der vorliegende Beitrag zum Ziel, Hemmnisse
bei der Diagnose und der Therapie asylsuchender TB-Patienten in Deutschland
zu identifizieren und zu erklären. Zugleich sollen
Verbesserungspotenziale in diesen Bereichen aufgezeigt werden. Als
Datengrundlage dienen 14 leitfadengestützte, problemzentrierte
Interviews mit Ärzten und Bediensteten des öffentlichen
Gesundheitswesens, die als Experten die Versorgerseite
repräsentieren. Auf der einen Seite bringen strukturelle Faktoren
die von den Experten benannten Hemmnisse hervor. So führt bspw. der
eingeschränkte Zugang zur Gesundheitsversorgung zu einer
verspäteten Diagnose, da Asylsuchende hierdurch später (oder
gar nicht) zum Arzt gehen. Entsprechend wird eine flächendeckende
Einführung einer elektronischen Gesundheitskarte vorgeschlagen. Auf
der anderen Seite spielen individuelle bzw. kulturelle Faktoren eine
wichtige Rolle. Hierzu zählen z. B. Sprachbarrieren, welche
die Anamnese (und damit die Diagnose), v. a. aber die Aufklärung des
Patienten erschweren und damit den Therapieerfolg gefährden. Zudem
resultiert aus der fehlenden Vertrautheit von Asylsuchenden mit dem
deutschen Gesundheitssystem die Gefahr einer Therapieunterbrechung.
Schulungsprogramme nach dem „train the trainer“-Konzept und
die Etablierung eines „Lotsen“, der asylsuchende
TB-Patienten durch das deutsche Gesundheitssystem navigiert, könnten
diese Probleme lindern.
Association Between Vitamin D and Uric Acid in Adults: A Systematic
Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Isnuwardana Ronny , Bijukchhe Sanjeev , Thadanipon Kunlawat , Ingsathit Atiporn , Thakkinstian Ammarin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAssociation between vitamin D and uric acid is complex and might be
bidirectional. Our study aimed to determine the bidirectional association
between vitamin D and uric acid in adults. Using MEDLINE via PubMed and Scopus,
we systematically searched for observational or interventional studies in
adults, which assessed the association between serum vitamin D and serum uric
acid, extracted the data, and conducted analysis by direct and network
meta-analysis. The present review included 32 studies, of which 21 had vitamin D
as outcome and 11 had uric acid as outcome. Meta-analysis showed a significant
pooled beta coefficient of serum uric acid level on serum 25(OH)D level from 3
studies of 0.512 (95% confidence interval: 0.199, 0.825) and a
significant pooled odds ratio between vitamin D deficiency and hyperuricemia of
1.496 (1.141, 1.963). The pooled mean difference of serum 25(OH)D between groups
with hyperuricemia and normouricemia was non-significant at 0.138
(−0.430, 0.707) ng/ml, and the pooled mean difference of serum
uric acid between categories of 25(OH)D were also non-significant at 0.072
(−0.153, 0.298) mg/dl between deficiency and normal, 0.038
(−0.216, 0.292) mg/dl between insufficiency and normal, and
0.034 (−0.216, 0.283) mg/dl between deficiency and
insufficiency. In conclusion, increasing serum uric acid might be associated
with increasing 25(OH)D level, while vitamin D deficiency is associated with
hyperuricemia. These reverse relationships should be further evaluated in a
longitudinal study.
Intensivmedizin und COVID-19
Authors: Roedl Kevin , Kluge Stefan , Wichmann Dominic 
Published: October 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIm Dezember 2019 kam es zur Ausbreitung von SARS-CoV-2, welches zu einer weltweiten Pandemie führte. Neben den Einschränkungen im täglichen Alltag sah sich die Medizin mit bisher nicht dagewesenen Problemen konfrontiert. In einigen Ländern führte ein rasanter Anstieg an SARS-CoV-2 bzw. Erkrankungen mit COVID-19 zu einer Überforderung der Gesundheitssysteme, unter anderem aufgrund eines Mangels an Intensivbetten und Beatmungsgeräten. In der Intensivmedizin bestanden initial große Unsicherheiten bezüglich des Einsatzes von nichtinvasiven Beatmungsformen aufgrund der potenziellen Aerosolbelastung. Ca. 5 % der infizierten Patienten mussten zur weiteren Therapie auf die Intensivstation aufgenommen werden, im Regelfall aufgrund einer schweren Pneumonie. Es kann sich im Verlauf der Erkrankung das Vollbild eines akuten Lungenversagens ausbilden, welches mit einer hohen Mortalität vergesellschaftet ist. Da es sich bei COVID-19 um eine gänzlich unerforschte virale Erkrankung handelt, war die Erforschung der Todesursache und die Charakterisierung von Organschäden sehr wichtig. Mehrere Obduktionsstudien konnten zeigen, dass es bei Patienten mit COVID-19 zu einem vermehrten Auftreten von venösen und arteriellen Thrombosen kommt. Neben klassischen Lungenembolien kommt es auch zur Ausbildung von Mikrothromben in der pulmonalen Endstrombahn. Zudem ließ sich eine Neoangiogenese nachweisen, die bisher im Rahmen des diffusen Alveolarschadens bei pathologischen Untersuchungen noch nicht beschrieben wurde.
COVID-19 und das Herz
Authors: Westermann Dirk , Lindner Diana , Blankenberg Stefan 
Published: October 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGBei Patienten mit COVID-19 sind Herzbeteiligungen relativ häufig. Dabei ist eine Erhöhung des Troponins als Ausdruck der kardialen Beteiligung am häufigsten zu sehen. Doch auch Arrhythmien und Herzinfarkte aufgrund von systemischen Thrombosen sind als Folgen der COVID-19-Erkrankung beschrieben.Durch eine Autopsie-Studie konnten wir zeigen, dass das Herz (neben anderen Organen) ebenfalls durch SARS-CoV-2 infiziert werden kann. Das führt zu einer Veränderung in der Expression von inflammatorischen Botenstoffen, aber nicht zu einer Myokarditis im Sinne einer Einwanderung von Entzündungszellen in das Herzgewebe. Damit ist eine direkte Beteiligung des Herzens unter COVID-19 nachgewiesen. Ob aber diese Mitbeteiligung zu einem langfristigen Schaden führt, ist noch völlig unklar und kann nur durch weitere Studien nachgewiesen werden.
COVID-19 – eine vaskuläre Systemerkrankung
Authors: Werlein Christopher , Braubach Peter , Schmidt Vincent , Dickgreber Nicolas J. , Märkl Bruno , Laenger Florian , Jonigk Danny 
Published: October 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie aktuelle COVID-19-Pandemie verzeichnet mittlerweile über 18 Millionen Erkrankte und 680 000 Todesfälle weltweit. Für die hohe Variabilität sowohl der Schweregrade des klinischen Verlaufs als auch der Organmanifestationen fanden sich zunächst keine pathophysiologisch zufriedenstellenden Erklärungen. Bei schweren Krankheitsverläufen steht in der Regel eine pulmonale Symptomatik im Vordergrund, meist unter dem Bild eines „acute respiratory distress syndrome“ (ARDS). Darüber hinaus zeigen sich jedoch in unterschiedlicher Häufigkeit Organmanifestationen in Haut, Herz, Nieren, Gehirn und anderen viszeralen Organen, die v. a. durch eine Perfusionsstörung durch direkte oder indirekte Gefäßwandschädigung zu erklären sind. Daher wird COVID-19 als vaskuläre Multisystemerkrankung aufgefasst. Vor dem Hintergrund der multiplen Organmanifestationen sind klinisch-pathologische Obduktionen eine wichtige Grundlage der Entschlüsselung der Pathomechanismen von COVID-19 und auch ein Instrument zur Generierung und Hinterfragung innovativer Therapieansätze.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of P-Stereogenic Phosphines: Beyond Precious Metals
Authors: Glueck David S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMetal-catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of P-stereogenic phosphines is a potentially useful approach to a class of chiral ligands with valuable applications in asymmetric catalysis. We introduced this idea with chiral platinum and palladium catalysts, exploiting rapid pyramidal inversion in diastereomeric metal–phosphido complexes (ML*(PRR′)) to control phosphorus stereochemistry. This Account summarizes our attempts to develop related synthetic methods using earth-abundant metals, especially copper, in which weaker metal–ligand bonds and faster substitution processes were expected to result in more active catalysts. Indeed, precious metals were not required. Without any transition metals at all, we exploited related P-epimerization processes to prepare enantiomerically pure phosphiranes and secondary phosphine oxides (SPOs) from commercially available chiral epoxides.1	Introduction2	Copper-Catalyzed Phosphine Alkylation3	Copper-Catalyzed Tandem Phosphine Alkylation/Arylation4	Nickel-Catalyzed Phosphine Alkylation5	Proton-Mediated P-Epimerization in Synthesis of Chiral Phosphiranes6	Diastereoselective Synthesis of P-Stereogenic Secondary Phosphine Oxides (SPOs) from (+)-Limonene Oxide7	Conclusions
Potassium tert-Butoxide Mediated Reductive C–P Cross-Coupling of Arylvinyl Sulfides through C–S Bond Cleavage
Authors: Zeng Qingle , Feng Jie , Zhang Qiaoling , Li Fuhai , Yang Lu , Kuchukulla Ratnakar Reddy 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA transition-metal-free t-BuOK-mediated reductive C–P cross-coupling reaction of arylvinyl sulfides with diarylphosphine oxides through C–S bond cleavage has been developed. This protocol not only permits the synthesis of diaryl(2-arylethyl)phosphine oxides, but also achieves an unprecedented construction of a C–P bond through C–S bond cleavage and reduction of a C–C double bond in one pot.
Solid oxide fuel cells based on ceramic membranes with mixed conductivity: improving efficiency
Authors: Pikalova Elena Yu. , Kalinina Elena G. 
Published: October 2020

Modern approaches to increasing the efficiency of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) based on electrolytic membranes with mixed conductivity are considered. These approaches are based on material-science concepts (expansion of the electrolytic domain boundary due to the doping of basic oxides and development of various composite materials) and various technological solutions (application of electron-blocking layers on the anode and cathode sides, rational selection of the electrolyte thickness, and optimization of the electrolyte and electrode structures by synthesizing heterostructures). The methods of mathematical modelling of devices with an electrolytic membrane having mixed conductivity are analyzed in order to determine the most efficient design and optimal operation conditions for SOFCs. The application of nanocomposite electrolytes with a core – shell structure and salt composites is considered. Data on new design solutions — single-layer and single-chamber SOFCs — are presented. The prospects of the proposed approaches are evaluated.The bibliography includes 384 references.
Nonstoichiometry, structure and properties of nanocrystalline oxides, carbides and sulfides
Authors: Valeeva Albina A. , Rempel Andrey A. , Rempel Svetlana V. , Sadovnikov Stanislav I. , Gusev Aleksandr I. 
Published: October 2020

The results of recent experimental studies of the influence of the size of oxide, carbide and sulfide nanoparticles on changes in their nonstoichiometry are analyzed and generalized. In relation to intrinsically nonstoichiometric titanium oxides and niobium and vanadium carbides, on the one hand, and stoichiometric silver sulfides, on the other hand, it is shown that a decrease in the particle size to the nano scale has a strong impact on the chemical composition of nanocrystalline compounds, viz., it leads to the occurrence of or increase in nonstoichiometry. A conclusion is drawn that interplay between the particle size and nonstoichiometry is common to all solid nanocrystalline substances and should be taken into account in studies on the synthesis, structure and properties of these systems.
The bibliography includes 260 references.
Widely accessible 3D printing technologies in chemistry, biochemistry and pharmaceutics: applications, materials and prospects
Authors: Gordeev Evgeniy G. , Ananikov Valentine P. 
Published: October 2020

Representative examples of the application of 3D printing in organic synthesis, biochemistry, biotechnology, analytical chemistry, pharmaceutics and chemical education are considered. It is shown that additive technologies open up new prospects for the development of these fields of science. The characteristics of widely used 3D printing methods (fused deposition modelling and stereolithography) are discussed in the context of chemical applications. It is noted that the key feature of these methods is the wide accessibility of technologies and materials.The bibliography includes 498 references.
Poxvirus-encoded TNF receptor homolog dampens inflammation and protects from uncontrolled lung pathology during respiratory infection
Authors: Al Rumaih Zahrah , Tuazon Kels Ma. Junaliah , Ng Esther , Pandey Pratikshya , Pontejo Sergio M. , Alejo Alí , Alcamí Antonio , Chaudhri Geeta , Karupiah Gunasegaran 
Published: October 2020

SignificanceViruses have coevolved with their hosts and developed strategies to dampen, evade, or subvert the host immune response to provide an advantage to the virus. We show that ectromelia virus (ECTV) encodes a TNF receptor (TNFR) homolog, which provides an advantage to the host and virus by dampening TNF levels and inflammation. Infection of ECTV-resistant mice with a mutant virus lacking viral TNFR (vTNFR) caused significant lung pathology and death due to secretion of excessive levels of TNF and other inflammatory cytokines. In vitro, recombinant vTNFR from ECTV and other orthopoxviruses bound to membrane-associated TNF and down-regulated inflammatory gene expression through reverse signaling. vTNFR benefits the host by enabling survival, potentially facilitating virus spread, which should advantage the virus.
Effect of border policy on exposure and vulnerability to climate change
Authors: Benveniste Hélène , Oppenheimer Michael , Fleurbaey Marc 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Migration is increasingly presented as an adaptation solution to climate change. When populations move, they change their level of exposure and vulnerability to climate change impacts. We analyze how different border policies might affect people’s exposure and vulnerability. We propose a substantial methodological innovation by including explicit migration and remittance dynamics in one of the models typically used to compute climate change damages. We find that restrictive border policy can increase exposure and vulnerability, by trapping people in areas where they find themselves more exposed and vulnerable than where they would otherwise migrate.
Nucleus accumbens cytoarchitecture predicts weight gain in children
Authors: Rapuano Kristina M. , Laurent Jennifer S. , Hagler Donald J. , Hatton Sean N. , Thompson Wesley K. , Jernigan Terry L. , Dale Anders M. , Casey B. J. , Watts Richard 
Published: October 2020

SignificanceAs the prevalence of pediatric obesity continues to rise, determining neurobiological mechanisms underlying longitudinal childhood weight gain is critically important for informing early intervention and prevention strategies. We use an MRI technique to probe nucleus accumbens (NAcc) tissue microstructure and predict waist circumference after 1 y. We find that increased cell density in the NAcc is strongly associated with obesity in a large cohort of children and predicts future weight gain independent of waist circumference at baseline. These results extend animal studies showing a vicious cycle in which diet-induced neuroinflammation leads to disruption of the brain’s reward circuitry and subsequently promotes further unhealthy eating and weight gain.
Coupling stabilizers open KV1-type potassium channels
Authors: Silverå Ejneby Malin , Wallner Björn , Elinder Fredrik 
Published: October 2020

SignificanceVoltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane pores responsible for the generation and transmission of nervous impulses. They are also obvious targets for pharmaceutical drugs against neurological diseases. A challenge is to develop compounds that target a specific ion channel. Here, we report on the discovery of a large family of compounds that specifically open one subfamily of potassium channels. These compounds act on the linker between the channel’s voltage sensor and gate to keep the channel open. These findings open up an avenue for the development of ion-channel modulators.
Glycomic analysis of host response reveals high mannose as a key mediator of influenza severity
Authors: Heindel Daniel W. , Koppolu Sujeethraj , Zhang Yue , Kasper Brian , Meche Lawrence , Vaiana Christopher A. , Bissel Stephanie J. , Carter Chalise E. , Kelvin Alyson A. , Elaish Mohamed , Lopez-Orozco Joaquin , Zhang Bin , Zhou Bin , Chou Tsui-Wen , Lashua Lauren , Hobman Tom C. , Ross Ted M. , Ghedin Elodie , Mahal Lara K. 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Influenza virus infection causes a range of outcomes from mild illness to death. The molecular mechanisms leading to these differential host responses are currently unknown. Herein, we identify the induction of high mannose, a glycan epitope, as a key mediator of severe disease outcome. We propose a mechanism in which activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) upon influenza virus infection induces cell surface high mannose, which is then recognized by the innate immune lectin MBL2, activating the complement cascade and leading to subsequent inflammation. This work is the first to systematically study host glycomic changes in response to influenza virus infection, identifying high mannose as a key feature of differential host response.
Trapped topoisomerase II initiates formation of de novo duplications via the nonhomologous end-joining pathway in yeast
Authors: Stantial Nicole , Rogojina Anna , Gilbertson Matthew , Sun Yilun , Miles Hannah , Shaltz Samantha , Berger James , Nitiss Karin C. , Jinks-Robertson Sue , Nitiss John L. 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Transcription and replication of DNA create topological problems that are resolved by topoisomerases. These enzymes nick DNA strands to allow strand passage and then reseal the broken DNA to restore its integrity. Topoisomerase II (Top2) nicks complementary DNA strands to create double-strand break (DSB) intermediates that can be stabilized by chemotherapeutic drugs and are toxic if not repaired. We identified a mutant form of yeast Top2 that forms stabilized cleavage intermediates in the absence of drugs. Overexpression of the mutant Top2 was associated with a unique mutation signature in which small, unique segments of DNA are duplicated. These de novo duplications required the nonhomologous end-joining pathway of DSB repair, and their Top2 dependence has clinical and evolutionary implications.
Vimentin filaments drive migratory persistence in polyploidal cancer cells
Authors: Xuan Botai , Ghosh Deepraj , Jiang Joy , Shao Rachelle , Dawson Michelle R. 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Polyploidal cells have been shown to correlate with poor patient outcomes in the clinic, as well as with increased chemoresistance and tumorigenicity. They are also implicated in cancer aggression due to their highly migratory phenotype. There is a serious lack of understanding of the underlying biophysical mechanisms that drive their increased migration. Here we address this lack of knowledge and show that vimentin is key to their migratory phenotype, especially in the context of cellular jamming. We also propose a therapeutic avenue that can be adapted in the clinic to mitigate the deleterious effects of these giant cancer cells on patient outcomes.
Human disturbance increases trophic niche overlap in terrestrial carnivore communities
Authors: Manlick Philip J. , Pauli Jonathan N. 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Niche theory posits that species must limit overlap in the use of space, time, or resources to minimize competition. However, human disturbances are rapidly altering ecosystems with uncertain consequences for niche partitioning. Dietary niche partitioning is the primary way many species limit interspecific competition, and it is particularly important for carnivores because diet overlap can trigger interference competition and interspecific killing. We used stable isotope analyses to examine carnivore diets across the Great Lakes region in the United States and show that carnivores inhabiting disturbed ecosystems consume more human foods, leading to significant increases in both niche breadth and dietary niche overlap among competing species. These results suggest that carnivores in human-dominated landscapes experience significant interspecific competition and conflict due to the consumption of human food subsidies.
EXO70D isoforms mediate selective autophagic degradation of type-A ARR proteins to regulate cytokinin sensitivity
Authors: Acheampong Atiako Kwame , Shanks Carly , Cheng Chia-Yi , Schaller G. Eric , Dagdas Yasin , Kieber Joseph J. 
Published: October 2020

SignificanceOne of the central regulators of plant growth and development is the phytohormone cytokinin. Likewise, it has become increasingly apparent that autophagy is a critical regulatory process in both plants and animals. Our work provides a mechanistic link between these regulatory processes, demonstrating that autophagy can fine-tune cytokinin perception by modulating the level of the type-A ARRs, which negatively regulate the cellular response to cytokinin. Further, our work sheds light on the mechanism of selective autophagy and on how a particular cargo is targeted for autophagic degradation by a novel autophagy receptor belonging to the EXO70D gene family.
Annually resolved Atlantic sea surface temperature variability over the past 2,900 y
Authors: Lapointe Francois , Bradley Raymond S. , Francus Pierre , Balascio Nicholas L. , Abbott Mark B. , Stoner Joseph S. , St-Onge Guillaume , De Coninck Arnaud , Labarre Thibault 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Atlantic multidecadal sea surface temperature variability (AMV) strongly influences the Northern Hemisphere’s climate, including the Arctic. Here using a well-dated annually laminated lake sediment core, we show that the AMV exerts a strong influence on High-Arctic climate during the instrumental period (past ∼150 y) through atmospheric teleconnection. This highly resolved climate archive is then used to produce the first AMV reconstruction spanning the last ∼3 millennia at unprecedented temporal resolution. Our terrestrial record is significantly correlated to several sea surface temperature proxies in the Atlantic, highlighting the reliability of this record as an annual tracer of the AMV. The results show that the current warmth in sea surface temperature is unseen in the context of the past ∼3 millennia.
Physics successfully implements Lagrange multiplier optimization
Authors: Vadlamani Sri Krishna , Xiao Tianyao Patrick , Yablonovitch Eli 
Published: October 2020

Significance
All through human civilization, optimization has played a major role, from aerodynamics to airline scheduling, delivery routing, and telecommunications decoding. Optimization is receiving increasing attention, since it is central to today’s artificial intelligence. All of these optimization problems are among the hardest for human or machine to solve. It has been overlooked that physics itself does optimization in the normal evolution of dynamical systems, such as seeking out the minimum energy state. We show that among such physics principles, the idea of minimum power dissipation, also called the Principle of Minimum Entropy Generation, appears to be the most useful, since it can be readily implemented in electrical or optical circuits.