bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of the Combustion Behavior of Single-Nozzle Liquid-FLOX®-Based Burners on an Atmospheric Test Rig
Authors: Izadi Saeed , Zanger Jan , Kislat Oliver , Enderle Benedict , Grimm Felix , Kutne Peter , Aigner Manfred 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As an alternative to the commonly used swirl burners in microgas turbines (MGT), the FLOX®-based combustion concept promises great potential for the nitric oxide emission reduction and increased fuel flexibility. Despite having to deal with a new set of challenges while utilizing liquid fuel in the burner, first steps are taken to gain more information on the influencing operational parameters. In this regard, a FLOX®-based liquid fuel burner is developed to fit into a newly designed combustor for the Capstone C30 MGT. The C30 combustor operates with three burners arranged tangentially to an annular combustion chamber and provides a total thermal power of 115 kW. In this work, operational properties of merely one of the three C30 liquid fuel burners are investigated and the rest of the two burners are emulated in form of hot cross-flow. As for the liquid burners, the experiments are conducted with three geometrically different single-nozzle burners at atmospheric pressure. The cross-flow is realized by utilizing a 20–nozzle FLOX®-based natural gas combustor. Measurements include visualization of the reaction zone and analysis of the exhaust gas emissions. By detecting the hydroxyl radical chemiluminescence (OH*-CL) emissions, the position of the heat release zone within the combustion chamber is attained. Correspondingly, the flame height above burner and the flame length are calculated. The investigated design parameters include air preheat temperature up to 733 K, equivalence ratio, burner geometry, and thermal power. Through variation of thermal power, the effect of liquid fuel preparation, i.e., atomization, evaporation, and mixing on combustion properties and exhaust gas emissions are examined. The results show that the burners with the medium diameter consistently performed remarkably at different flame temperatures and thermal powers. The lowest NOx and CO emissions for the medium diameter burner lied between 5 to 7 ppm and 8 to 10 ppm, respectively.
On the Transversely Isotropic, Hyperelastic Response of Central Nervous System White Matter Using a Hybrid Approach
Authors: Pan Yi , Shreiber David I. , Pelegri Assimina A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A numerical and experimental hybrid approach is developed to study the constitutive behavior of the central nervous system white matter. A published transversely isotropic hyperelastic strain energy function is reviewed and used to determine stress–strain relationships for three idealized, simple loading scenarios. The proposed constitutive model is simplified to a three-parameter hyperelastic model by assuming the white matter's incompressibility. Due to a lack of experimental data in all three loading scenarios, a finite element model that accounts for microstructural axons and their kinematics is developed to simulate behaviors in simple shear loading scenarios to supplement existing uniaxial tensile test data. The parameters of the transversely isotropic hyperelastic material model are determined regressively using the hybrid data. The results highlight that a hybrid numerical virtual test coupled with experimental data, can determine the transversely isotropic hyperelastic model. It is noted that the model is not limited to small strains and can be applied to large deformations.
Heat Transfer Enhancement Through Array Jet Impingement on Strategically Placed High Porosity High Pore-Density Thin Copper Foams
Authors: Rajamuthu Varun Prasanna , Panse Sanskar S. , Ekkad Srinath 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
High porosity, high pore-density (pores per inch: PPI) metal foams are a popular choice in high heat flux cooling applications as they offer large heat transfer area over a given volume, however, accompanied by a concomitant increase in pumping power requirements. This experimental study aims toward developing a novel metal-foam based cooling configuration featuring thin copper foams (3 mm) subjected to orthogonal air jet array impingement. The foam configurations allowed strategic and selective placement of high pore-density (90 PPI) and high porosity (∼96%) copper foam on the heated surface with respect to the jet array in the form of foam stripes aiming to enhance heat transfer and reduce pressure drop penalty. The thermal-hydraulic performance was evaluated over range of Reynolds numbers, jet-to-jet (x/dj, y/dj) and jet-to-target (z/dj) spacings and compared with a baseline smooth surface. The effect of pore density was further analyzed by studying 40 PPI copper foam and compared with corresponding 90 PPI foam arrangement. The thermal-hydraulic performance was found to be governed by combinational interaction of three major factors: heat transfer area, ease of jet penetration, and foam volume usage. Strategic placement of metal foam stripes allowed better utilization of the foam heat transfer area and available foam volume by aiding penetration of coolant fluid through available foam thickness, thus performing better than the case where entire heat transfer area was covered with foam. For a fixed pumping power of 10 W, the optimal metal foam-jet configuration showed ∼50% higher heat transfer with negligible increase in pumping power requirements.
Well Control Simulation With Nonaqueous Drilling Fluids
Authors: Chagas Felipe , Ribeiro Paulo R. , Santos Otto L. A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The demand for energy has increased recently worldwide, requiring new oilfield discoveries to supply this need. Following this demand increase, challenges grow in all areas of the petroleum industry especially those related to drilling operations. Due to hard operational conditions found when drilling complex scenarios such as high-pressure/high-temperature (HPHT) zones, deep and ultradeep water, and other challenges, the use nonaqueous drilling fluids became a must. The reason for that is because this kind of drilling fluid is capable to tolerate these extreme drilling conditions found in those scenarios. However, it can experience changes in its properties as a result of pressure and temperature variations, requiring special attention during some drilling operations, such as the well control. The well control is a critical issue since it involves safety, social, economic, and environmental aspects. Well control simulators are a valuable tool to support well control operations and preserve the well integrity, verifying operational parameters and to assist drilling engineers in the decision-making process during well control operations and kick situations. They are also important computational tools for rig personnel training. This study presents well control research and development contributions, as well as the results of a computational well control simulator that applies the Driller's method and allows the understanding the thermodynamic behavior of synthetic drilling fluids, such as n-paraffin and ester base fluids. The simulator employed mathematical correlations for the drilling fluids pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) properties obtained from the experimental data. The simulator results were compared to a test well data set as well to the published results from other kick simulators.
A Novel Active Optimization Approach for Rapid and Efficient Design Space Exploration Using Ensemble Machine Learning
Authors: Owoyele Opeoluwa , Pal Pinaki 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this work, a novel design optimization technique based on active learning, which involves dynamic exploration and exploitation of the design space of interest using an ensemble of machine learning algorithms, is presented. In this approach, a hybrid methodology incorporating an explorative weak learner (regularized basis function model) that fits high-level information about the response surface and an exploitative strong learner (based on committee machine) that fits finer details around promising regions identified by the weak learner is employed. For each design iteration, an aristocratic approach is used to select a set of nominees, where points that meet a threshold merit value as predicted by the weak learner are selected for evaluation. In addition to these points, the global optimum as predicted by the strong learner is also evaluated to enable rapid convergence to the actual global optimum once the most promising region has been identified by the optimizer. This methodology is first tested by applying it to the optimization of a two-dimensional multi-modal surface and, subsequently, to a complex internal combustion (IC) engine combustion optimization case with nine control parameters related to fuel injection, initial thermodynamic conditions, and in-cylinder flow. It is found that the new approach significantly lowers the number of function evaluations that are needed to reach the optimum design configuration (by up to 80%) when compared to conventional optimization techniques, such as particle swarm and genetic algorithm-based optimization techniques.
Rehabilitation interventions need more than methodological standardisation: an individualised approach
Authors: Welch Neil , Richter Chris , Moran Kieran , Franklyn-Miller Andy 
Published: November 2020

Objectives: The main aim in the current study was to use a single-subject analysis to profile the physical performance characteristics of individuals within an injured group and a between-group approach to profile the group as a whole. These profiles were then used to inform single-subject and between-group rehabilitation interventions. Methods: Fifty-three (28 with athletic groin pain and 25 non-injured) Gaelic football players (24.8 years±7.1 years; 179 cm±5.5 cm; 79.7 kg±9.2 kg) underwent 3D biomechanical analysis, which was used to measure a series of physical performance characteristics. The non-injured group was used to create a ‘performance database’ to compare the injured individuals, and a between-group analysis was also conducted. The scores from each analysis were used to inform the targets of interventions. Results: The analysis highlighted the variety of profiles that existed across the tested individuals and that these profiles differed from that of the between-group analysis. By analysing individuals in a single-subject approach, detail can be seen that is lost with between-group analysis.
Soil organic carbon content: decreases partly attributed to dilution by increased depth of cultivation in southern Ontario
Authors: Warren C.J. , Saurette D.D. , Gillespie A.W. 
Published: November 2020

Soil organic carbon contents and depths of Ap horizons (i.e., cultivated topsoil) from Ontario soil survey reports were reviewed, analyzed, and compared from 1950 to 2019. Organic carbon concentrations have declined from 2.85% to 2.34% in Ap horizons, whereas depths have increased by 40%. Considering the entire Ap horizon depth, we show that soil carbon stocks (kg C·ha−1) may be constant or increasing. Losses of organic carbon due to cultivation should not be discounted; however, dilution of organic carbon within a deeper plow layer may contribute significantly to observed decreases in organic carbon concentrations in topsoil.
Charmed $$\Omega _c$$ weak decays into $$\Omega $$ in the light-front quark model
Authors: Hsiao Yu-Kuo , Yang Ling , Lih Chong-Chung , Tsai Shang-Yuu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMore than ten $$\Omega _c^0$$

Ω
c
0

weak decay modes have been measured with the branching fractions relative to that of $$\Omega ^0_c\rightarrow \Omega ^-\pi ^+$$

Ω
c
0

→

Ω
-

π
+

. In order to extract the absolute branching fractions, the study of $$\Omega ^0_c\rightarrow \Omega ^-\pi ^+$$

Ω
c
0

→

Ω
-

π
+

is needed. In this work, we predict $${{\mathcal {B}}}_\pi \equiv {{\mathcal {B}}}(\Omega _c^0\rightarrow \Omega ^-\pi ^+)=(5.1\pm 0.7)\times 10^{-3}$$

B
π

≡
B

(

Ω
c
0

→

Ω
-

π
+

)

=

(
5.1
±
0.7
)

×

10

-
3

with the $$\Omega _c^0\rightarrow \Omega ^-$$

Ω
c
0

→

Ω
-

transition form factors calculated in the light-front quark model. We also predict $${{\mathcal {B}}}_\rho \equiv {{\mathcal {B}}}(\Omega _c^0\rightarrow \Omega ^-\rho ^+)=(14.4\pm 0.4)\times 10^{-3}$$

B
ρ

≡
B

(

Ω
c
0

→

Ω
-

ρ
+

)

=

(
14.4
±
0.4
)

×

10

-
3

and $${{\mathcal {B}}}_e\equiv {{\mathcal {B}}}(\Omega _c^0\rightarrow \Omega ^-e^+\nu _e)=(5.4\pm 0.2)\times 10^{-3}$$

B
e

≡
B

(

Ω
c
0

→

Ω
-

e
+

ν
e

)

=

(
5.4
±
0.2
)

×

10

-
3

. The previous values for $${{\mathcal {B}}}_\rho /{{\mathcal {B}}}_\pi $$

B
ρ

/

B
π

have been found to deviate from the most recent observation. Nonetheless, our $${{\mathcal {B}}}_\rho /{{\mathcal {B}}}_\pi =2.8\pm 0.4$$

B
ρ

/

B
π

=
2.8
±
0.4

is able to alleviate the deviation. Moreover, we obtain $${{\mathcal {B}}}_e/{{\mathcal {B}}}_\pi =1.1\pm 0.2$$

B
e

/

B
π

=
1.1
±
0.2

, which is consistent with the current data.
Antiquissima Christianità: Indian Religion or Idolatry?
Authors: Županov Ines G. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Jesuit mission among the “ancient Christians” on the Malabar coast in today’s Kerala was one of the watershed moments—as I argued a decade ago—in their global expansion in Asia in the sixteenth century, and a prelude to the method of accommodation as it had been theorized and practiced in Asia. In this article I want to emphasize the invocation of comparisons with and the use of Mediterranean antiquity in crafting the identities, memory, and history of Indian Christianity. Jesuit ethnographic descriptions concerning the liturgy, rites, and customs of māppila nasrānikkal, also known as St. Thomas Christians, triggered a series of debates involving various missionaries, Catholic Church authorities in Goa and Rome, as well as Syrian bishops and St. Thomas Christian priestly families. Caught up in the contrary efforts at unifying and homogenizing Christianity under two distinct helms of the Portuguese king and the Roman pope, the missionaries generated different intellectual tools and distinctions, all of which contributed to further jurisdictional struggles. The St. Thomas Christian community became a model of “antique” Christianity for some and a heretical or even idolatrous sect for others. It became a mirror for the divided Christianity in Europe and beyond. In India, it was precisely the vocabulary and the historicizing reasoning that was invested in analyzing and defining these Indian homegrown Christians that would be subsequently applied by comparison, analogy, or contrast to formalize and reify other Indian “religions.” The dating and the autonomous or derivative status of Indian (“pagan”) antiquities emerged, a century later, as a major orientalist problem.
Like No Other in the World: Ippolito Desideri on Tibetan Religion
Authors: Pomplun Robert Trent 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Jesuit Ippolito Desideri (1684-1733) is commonly thought to have written the first genuinely scientific account of Tibetan culture for European audiences, but the description of Tibetan religion in the Jesuit’s Notizie istoriche de’ Regni del Thibet is notoriously confusing. Although he insists that Tibetan religion was “unlike any other in the world,” Desideri describes Tibetans with the well-worn categories of unbelievers, idolaters, and gentiles. He further complicates matters by describing their beliefs, opinions, laws, and religion as idolatrous, superstitious, perverse, and mythical. The sheer variety of terms gives the distinct impression that Desideri’s description of Tibetan religion has neither rhyme nor reason. But if one traces the evolution of Desideri’s descriptions of Tibetans and their religion through his writings—and reads his vocabulary in light of the scholasticism in which he was trained—order arises from chaos. In point of fact, Desideri’s description of Tibetan religion takes specific stances on important debates in early modern scholastic theology and is a notable exception to contemporary accounts of so-called “Oriental” philosophy.
The Many Meanings of Iconoclasm: Warrior and Christian Temple-Shrine Destruction in Late Sixteenth Century Japan
Authors: Strathern Alan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The conversion of certain warlords in Kyushu, Japan, (1560–1580 CE) represents one of the most important breakthroughs for Christianity in the early modern world, and it was accompanied by striking acts of destruction of the local sacred sites and objects. Yet shrine and temple destruction had already become a relatively commonplace feature of warfare in this period of internecine struggle, exemplified by the activities of Oda Nobunaga. How was the iconoclasm of Christian converts interpreted in this context? This article is particularly concerned with the implications of iconoclasm for a raging struggle of “empirical religiosity” – in which Christians and their opponents argued about the immanent power of the gods and their capacity to take revenge on iconoclasts. It also suggests that prevailing Buddhist and Confucian discourses presented important limits to how damaging such empirical arguments were to local religion. These issues are also explored in relation to the case of the Christianizing Ōtomo house, and their relations with the important Usa Hachiman shrine.
Proportionality and the Human Rights of Companies Under the ECHR – Whose Interests are at Stake?
Authors: Gill-Pedro Eduardo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article considers whose interests may be at stake when a company claims its human rights under the European Convention on Human Rights (echr). In order to do that, the article will first investigate whether it makes sense to conceive of companies as persons capable of having their own interests. It finds that it is possible to do so. The article proceeds to analyse the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in respect of claims regarding their companies’ right to property, free expression and respect for home, considering whether, when the Court assesses the proportionality of the alleged interference, it is the interests of the company claiming the rights that are at stake. The article concludes it is possible to understand the case law of the court as not necessarily placing the interests of the company in the balance when assessing the proportionality of interferences with the Convention rights of companies. The article suggests that such an understanding is normatively desirable if we consider human rights as instruments for the protection of human beings.
The Role of Proportionality in International Investment Law and Arbitration: A System-Specific Perspective
Authors: De Brabandere Eric , da Cruz Paula Baldini Miranda 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this article, we examine the place of proportionality and related tests in international investment law and arbitration by looking specifically at the challenges faced by this field on applying proportionality coherently and consistently. We also assess where proportionality has been used in international investment law and arbitration. We argue that a sound appreciation of proportionality in international investment law requires taking into account the inherently imbalanced conception of international investment agreements, the incoherence of the international investment law regime, and the ad hoc dispute settlement method tasked with applying and interpreting a variety of imprecise and diverging norms. Therefore, international investment law and arbitration have not developed an institutionalised approach towards proportionality. Since investment agreements and international investment arbitration form a rather incoherent collective of cases and, as a result, have not developed a single or uniform approach towards proportionality, there is a tendency to individually approach cases.
Experiments in the Making: Instruments and Forms of Quantification in Francis Bacon’s Historia Densi et Rari
Authors: Jalobeanu Dana 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Historia densi et rari, published posthumously in 1658, is probably Francis Bacon’s most complex natural and experimental history. It contains observations and experimental reports, quantitative estimates and tables, and theoretical and methodological considerations, in a structure which has never been fully investigated. I provide here a fresh reading of this text from the perspective of scientific practices. I claim that Historia densi et rari represents a quantitative and instrumental investigation assembled with the help of Bacon’s philosophy of experiment as developed in the Novum organum. I first discuss the role played in the Historia densi et rari by the various instances of special power in delineating the object of research. I then analyze the ways in which a special class of instances of special power, the “mathematical instances,” are used in the Historia densi et rari to make the inquiry both more precise, and more abstract. Bacon used mathematical instances to transform traditional recipes of pneumatics into quantitative, more general investigations into universal motions and processes. Finally, I discuss two examples of scientific practice at work: the attempt to use instruments to gradually define and clarify “proper” (i.e., scientific) notions of “rarefaction” and “condensation,” and the redefinition of a metaphysical concept (plica materiae) in instrumental and operational terms.
The Right to International Solidarity and Humanitarian Assistance in the Era of covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Askary Pouria , Fallah Farzad 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
From an international law point of view, the covid-19 pandemic could be described as a ‘disaster’ which has led to various calls especially from the UN system for harmonized international cooperation and global solidarity. This article focuses on the meaning of ‘solidarity’ in the context of international human rights, and elaborates on the implications of solidarity on the international law of humanitarian assistance in the current situation of the coronavirus outbreak.
Wicked Problems in a Technological World
Authors: de Vries Marc J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this article, the morality in the “wickedness” of design problems as wicked problems is explored. I will use for that purpose the characteristics of wicked problems as identified by Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber. These characteristics suggest interdisciplinary thinking for solving such problems. An awareness of the wicked nature of design problems can stimulate proper use of the concept of utopias for solving these problems. I will use the philosophy of Herman Dooyeweerd to provide a framework for understanding the nature of design problems as wicked problems.
Wicked Solutions to Wicked Problems? A Christian Ethical Reflection on Synthetic Biology as Nature Conservation
Authors: Kotzé Manitza 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
While a distinction should be made between wicked problems as first defined by Churchman (1967) and Rittel and Webber (1973) and problems that are merely challenging and difficult to solve, in this contribution, I argue that climate change and the resulting destruction of nature could be explained as a wicked problem. One of the proposed solutions to climate change, making use of synthetic biology for nature conservation, has the potential to be classified not only as a wicked solution but as a solution that spawns a number of other wicked problems. I will examine the ethical issues raised by synthetic biology as a wicked solution to this super wicked problem from the perspective of Christian ethics, drawing in particular on the resources available in Christian ecotheology and, specifically, notions of interdependence, relationality, responsible stewardship, and global justice.