bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Implementation Science: Linking Fundamental Discovery Science and Innovation Science to Ending the HIV Epidemic at the Community Level
Authors: Eisinger Robert W. , Dieffenbach Carl W. , Fauci Anthony S. 
Published: November 2019

Background:
During the past 4 decades, substantial progress has been made in the development of strategies for HIV prevention, treatment, and care resulting from observational science, discovery and innovation science, and implementation science. Building on these fundamental discoveries, innovation science has led to novel, safe, and effective modalities for HIV treatment and prevention, including combination antiretroviral therapy and treatment as prevention and pre-exposure prophylaxis, respectively.

Setting:
In the United States and globally, there remains a major challenge in the optimal implementation of the strategies that we already have in the areas of HIV prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and care.

Methods:
Implementation science will be essential to the successful achievement of ending the global HIV epidemic by translating evidence-based interventions, resulting from discovery and innovation science, into real-world practice. Strategies are needed that integrate and implement the biomedical tools currently available within the social and structural contexts and across all stages of the HIV prevention and care continuum. Several of the latest methodologies and analytical approaches that are being actively pursued, as well as the research challenges and opportunities to conducting implementation science in the context of both the global and domestic responses to HIV, are the focus of this special supplement to the Journal of AIDS.

Conclusions:
Knowledge resulting from implementation science will be critical to define and refine the approaches to successfully bring HIV prevention and treatment interventions to scale and achieve the goal of ending the HIV epidemic in the United States and worldwide.
Applying the Chinese Wood Joinery Mortise-and-Tenon Principle to Repair Widening Surface Scars
Authors: Wang Di , Ma Ning , Wang Weixin , Chen Wen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We applied the classical Chinese wood joinery mortise-and-tenon principle to repair widening surface scars caused by incision tension. Along the outer margin of surface scars, the top half of the scar tissue was cut and removed. The authors designed serial tenon structures on the retained dermal surface of the scar and a series of corresponding mortise structures in the dermal tissue on the opposite side of the incision. Finally, the mortise and tenon structures were integrated and sutured, resulting in tensionless closure. Thirty-two surface scars were repaired with this method. The follow-up time ranged from 6 to 24 months. The incisions healed in the form of fine linear scars. No widening scars were observed in this series. The proposed mortise-and-tenon scar repair technique can effectively reduce incision tension and thus reduce scar formation at the incision site. The authors recommend this technique as an alternative effective method for revising widening surface scars.
Application of tpsDig2 Software in Nasal Angle Measurements
Authors: Kaur Tej , Krishan Kewal , Kaur Paramjit , Sharma Suresh K. , Kumar Adarsh 
Published: November 2019

Introduction and objectives:
Nose is considered to be a conspicuous feature of human face. Its different parameters like shape, size, nasal angles etc may indicate one's gender, age, race, adapted climatic conditions, and the environment to which one belongs to. Furthermore, it is an important component and determinant of an individual's physical outlook and appearance. The current study provides a new approach for the assistance of anthropologists and forensic experts in human identification and sex determination from the nasal angles.

Methodology:
The study was performed on a total of 500 subjects (250 males and 250 females) belonging to north India (Mandi, Himachal Pradesh State). In comparison to the classical and manual methods for nasal angle measurements, an automated approach was followed in the present study. A Windows-based software called tpsDig2 was used for nasal angle measurements by utilization of the landmarks (nasion, pronasale, subnasale, and alare). Three nasal angles (nasal prominence angle, inter-alar angle, and nasal tip angle) were measured in all the subjects and each measurement was repeated thrice to reduce the measurement error and increase the specificity and efficiency of the results. Discriminant function statistics was used for determination of sex from different nasal angles.

Results and Conclusion:
The results of the statistical analysis (ANOVA) performed using SPSS reveal the significant difference between males and females in all the 3 repeated measurements of nasal angles. The final discriminant classification statistics show that 64% of original grouped cases have been correctly classified and the designed statistical model can be used in several forensic scenarios for the sex determination on the basis of the available nasal angles. The study may be further useful in the identification cases pertaining to facial reconstruction. The investigation may also be helpful in providing specific correlation of the nasal angles with the other parts of the face in the cases of remodelling and reformation of craniofacial alterations and reconstructions in plastic surgery and aesthetics.
Comparison of Endoscope-Assisted Coblation Adenoidectomy to Conventional Curettage Adenoidectomy in Terms of Postoperative Eustachian Tube Function
Authors: Gülşen Secaattin , Çikrikçi Sercan 
Published: November 2019

Introduction:
Adenoidectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children in otorhinolaryngology practice. This study aims to compare the conventional curettage adenoidectomy (CCA) and the endoscope-assisted coblation adenoidectomy (EACA) in terms of the postoperative Eustachian tube function and the surgical outcomes.

Methods:
A prospective, randomized, controlled study was carried out at a tertiary referral center and private hospital. Seventy-two adenoid hypertrophy patients without middle ear disease were randomly assigned to 2 groups to be operated via CCA and EACA techniques prior to surgery. Parameters including middle ear pressure values (MEPV), operative time, intraoperative hemorrhage, postoperative residual adenoid tissue, and postoperative pain were compared between groups.

Results:
In the CCA group for both ears, there was a statistically significant difference between preoperative mean MEPV and mean MEPV of postoperative day 1, while MEPV returned to normal ranges at the postoperative day 7. No statistically significant differences were observed in mean MEPV on preoperatively and 1st and 7th postoperative days in the EACA group for both right and left ears. Mean operative time was significantly higher in the EACA group compared to the CCA group (P < 0.001). Eight (22.2%) out of 36 patients who underwent CCA had a residual adenoid tissue postoperatively, while there was no residual adenoid tissue in any patients who operated via the EACA technique. Mean pain score on postoperative day 1 and 2 and blood loss were significantly less in the EACA group than the CCA group.

Conclusion:
Endoscope-assisted coblation adenoidectomy may serve a reasonable alternative to conventional curettage adenoidectomy because it provides Eustachian tube functions preserved, decreased intraoperative hemorrhage, complete resection of the adenoid tissue, and lower pain score.
Prognosis of Pediatric Patients With Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland
Authors: Li Mo-Zi , Mao Ming-Hui , Feng Zhi-En , Li Jin-Zhong , Li Hua , Qin Li-Zheng , Li Jian-Hua , Huang Xin , Xing Ru-Dong , Han Zheng-Xue 
Published: November 2019

Objective:
To summarize the prognosis of pediatric patients with mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of the parotid gland.

Methods:
Pediatric patients with MEC of parotid gland who were surgically treated at the Capital Medical University School of Stomatology from 2000 to 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical characteristics, pathology reports, and operation records were reviewed and analyzed.

Results:
In total, 33 patients with an average age of 13.2 years were enrolled. The 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival were 95.8% and 84.4%, respectively. The disease-free survival and overall survival rates were lower in the under-10 age group (75.0 versus 87.7% and 83.3% versus 100%), though no statistically significant difference was found (P = 0.279 and P = 0.075). The patients who underwent complete resection all had a good prognosis without any recurrence or death regardless of whether the cut margin was 1.0 cm, 0.5 cm, or only extracapsular. One patient experienced 3 recurrences within 18 months and eventually died of disease.

Conclusion:
Good outcomes were achieved in pediatric patients with MEC of the parotid gland. Radical resection ensured a good prognosis regardless of the extent of resection. Frequent recurrence in a short period was associated with a poor prognosis.
Trial registration: None.
Removal of Circulating Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Components With an Immobilized Polymyxin B Filter: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Gocho Takayoshi , Mori Hisatake , Islam Md. Monirul , Maruchi Yuki , Takenaka Nobuyoshi , Tomino Atsutoshi , Tsuda Masanobu , Kano Hideki , Takeyama Naoshi 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Components of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are released into the circulation by neutrophils and contribute to microcirculatory disturbance in sepsis. Removing NET components (DNA, histones, and proteases) from the circulation could be a new strategy for counteracting NET-dependent tissue damage. We evaluated the effect of hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B (PMX) cartridge, which was originally developed for treating gram-negative infection, on circulating NET components in patients with septic shock, as well as the effect on phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated neutrophils obtained from healthy volunteers. Ex vivo closed loop hemoperfusion was performed through PMX filters in a laboratory circuit. Whole blood from healthy volunteers (incubated with or without PMA) or from septic shock patients was perfused through the circuit. For in vivo experiment blood samples were collected before and immediately after hemoperfusion with PMX to measure the plasma levels of cell-free NETs. The level of cell-free NETs was assessed by measuring myeloperoxidase-associated DNA (MPO-DNA), neutrophil elastase-associated DNA (NE-DNA), and cell-free DNA (cf-DNA). Plasma levels of MPO-DNA, NE-DNA, and cf-DNA were significantly increased after 2 h of PMA stimulation. When the circuit was perfused with blood from septic shock patients or PMA-stimulated neutrophils from healthy volunteers, circulating levels of MPO-DNA, NE-DNA, and cf-DNA were significantly reduced after 1 and 2 h of perfusion with a PMX filter compared with perfusion without a PMX filter. In 10 patients with sepsis, direct hemoperfusion through filters with immobilized PMX significantly reduced plasma levels of MPO-DNA and NE-DNA. These ex vivo and in vivo findings demonstrated that hemoperfusion with PMX removes circulating NET components. Selective removal of circulating NET components from the blood could be effective for prevention/treatment of NET-related inappropriate inflammation and thrombogenesis in patients with sepsis.
Presenilin 1 intronic polymorphism in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease in a Northern Chinese population
Authors: Fan Chunqiu , Huang Xiaoqin , Song Haiqing , Jia Jianping 
Published: November 2019

Background:
Two types of alleles exist within intron 3′ and exon 8 in the presenilin 1 (PS1) gene at nucleotide 16: allele 1 (A at site 16) and allele 2 (C at site 16), and three genotypes (1/1, 1/2, and 2/2) are formed with a combination of these alleles. The present study aims to investigate the association between the intronic polymorphism of PS1 gene and the occurrence of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease in a northern Chinese population.

Materials and methods:
The genotype and allele frequencies of PS1 gene were compared for 90 sporadic Alzheimer’s disease patients and 90 healthy controls. The intronic polymorphism of the PS1 gene was determined by the PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism method.

Result:
PS1 alleles (allele 1 [A at site 16] and allele 2 [C at site 16]) and genotypes (1/1, 1/2, and 2/2) were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for both Alzheimer’s disease and control subjects. The frequencies of PS1 intronic genotype 1/1 and allele 1 in the sporadic Alzheimer’s disease group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P < 0.005). The genotype 2/2 was significantly lower among the patients with sporadic Alzheimer’s disease compared with the controls. The onset of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease was positively associated with PS1 intronic allele 1 (odds ratio = 2.14) and negatively associated with PS1 intronic allele 2 (odds ratio = 0.48).

Conclusions:
A polymorphism of the PS1 gene is associated with sporadic Alzheimer’s disease risk in a northern Chinese population. PS1 intronic allele 1 is a risk factor, and PS1 intronic allele 2 is a protective factor for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease.
Discrete scattering by a pair of parallel defects
Authors: Sharma Basant Lal , Maurya Gaurav 
Published: November 2019

Scattering of a time-harmonic anti-plane shear wave due to either a pair of crack tips or a pair of rigid constraint tips on square lattice is considered. The two problems correspond to the so-called zero-offset case of scattering due to a pair of identical Sommerfeld screens. The peculiar structural symmetry allows the reduction of coupled equations to two scalar Wiener–Hopf equations and a total of four geometrically reduced problems on lattice half-plane. Exact solution of each problem for incidence from the bulk lattice, as well as from an associated lattice waveguide, is constructed. A suitable superposition of the four expressions is used to construct the solution of the main problem. The discrete paradigm involving the wave mode incident from the waveguide is relevant for modern applications where an investigation of mechanisms of electronic and thermal transport at nanoscale remains an interesting problem.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling of dynamic phenomena and localization in structured media (part 2)’.
Supersonic kinks and solitons in active solids
Authors: Gorbushin N. , Truskinovsky L. 
Published: November 2019

To show that steadily propagating nonlinear waves in active matter can be driven internally, we develop a prototypical model of a topological kink moving with a constant supersonic speed. We use a model of a bi-stable mass-spring (Fermi–Pasta–Ulam) chain capable of generating active stress. In contrast to subsonic kinks in passive bi-stable chains that are necessarily dissipative, the obtained supersonic solutions are purely anti-dissipative. Our numerical experiments point towards the stability of the obtained kink-type solutions and the possibility of propagating kink-anti-kink bundles reminiscent of solitons. We show that even the simplest quasi-continuum approximation of the discrete model captures the most important features of the predicted active phenomena.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling of dynamic phenomena and localization in structured media (part 2)’.
On the universality of the frequency spectrum and band-gap optimization of quasicrystalline-generated structured rods
Authors: Morini Lorenzo , Gokay Tetik Zafar , Shmuel Gal , Gei Massimiliano 
Published: November 2019

The dynamical properties of periodic two-component phononic rods, whose elementary cells are generated adopting the Fibonacci substitution rules, are studied through the recently introduced method of the toroidal manifold. The method allows all band gaps and pass bands featuring the frequency spectrum to be represented in a compact form with a frequency-dependent flow line on the surface describing their ordered sequence. The flow lines on the torus can be either closed or open: in the former case, (i) the frequency spectrum is periodic and the elementary cell corresponds to a canonical configuration, (ii) the band gap density depends on the lengths of the two phases; in the latter, the flow lines cover ergodically the torus and the band gap density is independent of those lengths. It is then shown how the proposed compact description of the spectrum can be exploited (i) to find the widest band gap for a given configuration and (ii) to optimize the layout of the elementary cell in order to maximize the low-frequency band gap. The scaling property of the frequency spectrum, that is a distinctive feature of quasicrystalline-generated phononic media, is also confirmed by inspecting band-gap/pass-band regions on the torus for the elementary cells of different Fibonacci orders.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling of dynamic phenomena and localization in structured media (part 2)’.
Influenza forecasting for the French regions by using EHR, web and climatic data sources with an ensemble approach ARGONet
Authors: Poirier Canelle , Hswen Yulin , Bouzillé Guillaume , Cuggia Marc , Lavenu Audrey , Brownstein John S , Brewer Thomas , Santillana Mauricio 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEffective and timely disease surveillance systems have the potential to help public health officials design interventions to mitigate the effects of disease outbreaks. Currently, healthcare-based disease monitoring systems in France offer influenza activity information that lags real-time by 1 to 3 weeks. This temporal data gap introduces uncertainty that prevents public health officials from having a timely perspective on the population-level disease activity. Here, we present a machine-learning modeling approach that produces real-time estimates and short-term forecasts of influenza activity for the 12 continental regions of France by leveraging multiple disparate data sources that include, Google search activity, real-time and local weather information, flu-related Twitter micro-blogs, electronic health records data, and historical disease activity synchronicities across regions. Our results show that all data sources contribute to improving influenza surveillance and that machine-learning ensembles that combine all data sources lead to accurate and timely predictions.Author summaryThe role of public health is to protect the health of populations by providing the right intervention to the right population at the right time. In France and all around the world, Influenza is a major public health problem. Traditional surveillance systems produce estimates of influenza-like illness (ILI) incidence rates, but with one-to three-week delay. Accurate real-time monitoring systems of influenza outbreaks could be useful for public health decisions. By combining different data sources and different statistical models, we propose an accurate and timely forecasting platform to track the flu in France at a spatial resolution that, to our knowledge, has not been explored before.
Detection of parasite-derived transrenal DNA for the diagnosis of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection
Authors: Madrigal Ana G. , Marcus Rachel , Gilman Robert , Scott Alan L. , Shiff Clive 
Published: November 2019

AbstractChagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, is a potentially life-threatening infection endemic to Latin America that has emerged as a global public health issue due to globalization and emigration patterns. Diagnosis of T. cruzi infection is complex, especially for the chronic phase of the disease that is characterized by a low to moderate burden of the difficult to detect, tissue-dwelling, intracellular form of the parasite. Diagnosis relies on a multistep indirect serological detection approach that requires positive results in at least two independent anti-T. cruzi antibody tests. With no gold standard diagnostic method for chronic T. cruzi, new approaches are needed that can more directly test for the presence of the parasite. Here, we report on of the potential utility of a noninvasive diagnostic approach that specifically detects T. cruzi-derived cell-free repeat DNA in the urine of patients who are both serologically positive and negative.
Diversified RACE Sampling on Data Streams Applied to Metagenomic Sequence Analysis
Authors: Coleman Benjamin , Geordie Benito , Chou Li , Elworth R. A. Leo , Treangen Todd J. , Shrivastava Anshumali 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe rise of whole-genome shotgun sequencing (WGS) has enabled numerous breakthroughs in large-scale comparative genomics research. However, the size of genomic datasets has grown exponentially over the last few years, leading to new challenges for traditional streaming algorithms. Modern petabyte-sized genomic datasets are difficult to process because they are delivered by high-throughput data streams and are difficult to store. As a result, many traditional streaming problems are becoming increasingly relevant. One such problem is the task of constructing a maximally diverse sample over a data stream. In this regime, complex sampling procedures are not possible due to the overwhelming data generation rate. In theory, the best diversity sampling methods are based on a simple greedy algorithm that compares the current sequence with a large pool of sampled sequences and decides whether to accept or reject the sequence. While these methods are elegant and optimal, they are largely confined to the theoretical realm because the greedy procedure is too slow in practice. While there are many methods to identify common elements in data streams efficiently, fast and memory-efficient diversity sampling remains a challenging and fundamental data streaming problem with few satisfactory solutions. In this work, we bridge the gap with RACE sampling, an online algorithm for diversified sampling. Unlike random sampling, which samples uniformly, RACE selectively accepts samples from streams that lead to higher sequence diversity. At the same time, RACE is as computationally efficient as random sampling and avoids pairwise similarity comparisons between sequences. At the heart of RACE lies an efficient lookup array constructed using locality-sensitive hashing (LSH). Our theory indicates that an accept/reject procedure based on LSH lookups is sufficient to obtain a highly diverse subsample. We provide rigorous theoretical guarantees for well-known biodiversity indices and show that RACE can nearly double the Shannon and Simpson indices of a genetic sample in practice, all while using the same resources as random sampling. We also compare RACE against Diginorm and coreset-based diversity sampling methods and find that RACE is faster and more memory efficient. Our algorithm is straightforward to implement, easy to parallelize, and fast enough to keep pace with the overwhelming data generation rates. We expect that as DNA sequence data streams become more mainstream and faster, RACE will become an essential component for many applications.1