bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling past and future peatland carbon dynamics across the pan‐Arctic
Authors: Chaudhary Nitin , Westermann Sebastian , Lamba Shubhangi , Shurpali Narasinha , Sannel A. Britta K. , Schurgers Guy , Miller Paul A. , Smith Benjamin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe majority of northern peatlands were initiated during the Holocene. Owing to their mass imbalance, they have sequestered huge amounts of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. Although recent syntheses have filled some knowledge gaps, the extent and remoteness of many peatlands pose challenges to developing reliable regional carbon accumulation estimates from observations. In this work, we employed an individual‐ and patch‐based dynamic global vegetation model (LPJ‐GUESS) with peatland and permafrost functionality to quantify long‐term carbon accumulation rates in northern peatlands and to assess the effects of historical and projected future climate change on peatland carbon balance. We combined published datasets of peat basal age to form an up‐to‐date peat inception surface for the pan‐Arctic region which we then used to constrain the model. We divided our analysis into two parts, with a focus both on the carbon accumulation changes detected within the observed peatland boundary and at pan‐Arctic scale under two contrasting warming scenarios (representative concentration pathway—RCP8.5 and RCP2.6). We found that peatlands continue to act as carbon sinks under both warming scenarios, but their sink capacity will be substantially reduced under the high‐warming (RCP8.5) scenario after 2050. Areas where peat production was initially hampered by permafrost and low productivity were found to accumulate more carbon because of the initial warming and moisture‐rich environment due to permafrost thaw, higher precipitation and elevated CO2 levels. On the other hand, we project that areas which will experience reduced precipitation rates and those without permafrost will lose more carbon in the near future, particularly peatlands located in the European region and between 45 and 55°N latitude. Overall, we found that rapid global warming could reduce the carbon sink capacity of the northern peatlands in the coming decades.
Dramatic loss of inorganic carbon by nitrogen‐induced soil acidification in Chinese croplands
Authors: Raza Sajjad , Miao Na , Wang Peizhou , Ju Xiaotang , Chen Zhujun , Zhou Jianbin , Kuzyakov Yakov 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntensive crop production systems worldwide, particularly in China, rely heavily on nitrogen (N) fertilization, but left more than 50% of fertilizer N in the environment. Nitrogen (over) fertilization and atmospheric N deposition induce soil acidification, which is neutralized by soil inorganic carbon (SIC; carbonates), and carbon dioxide (CO2) is released to the atmosphere. For the first time, the loss of SIC stocks in response to N‐induced soil acidification was estimated for Chinese croplands from 1980 to 2020 and forecasts were made up to 2100. The SIC stocks in croplands in 1980 were 2.16 Pg C (16.3 Mg C/ha) in the upper 40 cm, 7% (0.15 Pg C; 1.1 Mg C/ha) of which were lost from 1980 to 2020. During these 40 years, 7 million ha of cropland has become carbonate free. Another 37% of the SIC stocks may be lost up to 2100 in China, leaving 30 million ha of cropland (37.8%) without carbonates if N fertilization follows the business‐as‐usual (BAU) scenario. Compared to the BAU scenario, the reduction in N input by 15%–30% after 2020 (scenarios S1 and S2) will decrease carbonate dissolution by 18%–41%. If N input remains constant as noted in 2020 (S3) or decreases by 1% annually (S4), a reduction of up to 52%–67% in carbonate dissolution is expected compared to the BAU scenario. The presence of CaCO3 in the soil is important for various processes including acidity buffering, aggregate formation and stabilization, organic matter stabilization, microbial and enzyme activities, nutrient cycling and availability, and water permeability and plant productivity. Therefore, optimizing N fertilization and improving N‐use efficiency are important for decreasing SIC losses from acidification. N application should be strictly calculated based on crop demand, and any overfertilization should be avoided to prevent environmental problems and soil fertility decline associated with CaCO3 losses.
The social order of transnational migration markets
Authors: SHIRE KAREN 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe ‘infrastructural turn’ in labour migration studies has shifted attention away from the experiences of migrants to the role of public authorities and private actors in facilitating migrant mobilities. As part of a broader turn towards studying transnational mobilities rather than immigration and settlement, this research shows that the formalization of transnational labour migration has made mobility both freer and more difficult. In this article, I reinterpret mobility infrastructures from a market sociological perspective. Transnational labour migration, I argue, is more clearly conceptualized as the organized ‘making’ of cross‐border labour markets. Moreover, from a market sociological perspective the construction of cross‐border labour exchanges is at the same time a question of how the uncertainties inherent in market exchanges are coordinated by market actors. In its focus on how exchanges across borders are possible at all, a market sociological perspective makes note of the conflicting interests, power imbalances and uncertainties that must be handled for a social order of transnational migration markets to emerge. An important question concerns whether alternatives to the less regulated neo‐liberal market order that is evident in most migration corridors are possible and under what conditions. With reference to the challenges facing the regulation of cross‐border labour markets, in my conclusion, I map an agenda for future research.
Histories of law and economic life in the Islamic world
Authors: Bishara Fahad Ahmad 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this article, I survey the long‐standing debate on the place of Islamic law in the history of capitalism. I first mark out a literature that has thought, either explicitly or implicitly, in comparative terms about the capitalist trajectories of the Islamic world and “the West,” and has grappled with the place of Islamic law in shaping that trajectory; I then explore a parallel literature that sidestepped the question of capitalist development altogether in favor of a more textually grounded approach to the study of Islamic law and Muslim economic life. I end with a set of reflections on how to better situate the study of Islamic law and capitalism in a more textured historical context, drawing on a nuanced literature on colonial legal history. Rather than studying Islamic law and capitalism within a sealed‐off civilizational container, as many had done in the past, I suggest that a more fruitful approach might involve embracing a broader world of connections, circulations, and historical entanglements.
Réglementation et avenir du travail: la relation de travail facilite l'innovation
Authors: ALOISI Antonio , DE STEFANO Valerio 
Published: April 2020

RésuméLa transformation numérique et la réorganisation des entreprises font apparaître de nouvelles modalités de travail fort éloignées de la relation de travail typique. Selon les partisans de la rupture numérique, le cadre juridique actuel n'est pas adapté aux formes de travail et modèles d'entreprises «innovants». Pourtant, la réglementation du travail peut faciliter l'innovation et la flexibilité, comme l'emploi typique peut être un moyen d'améliorer l'efficacité et de réduire les coûts. En effet, la relation de travail permet le plein exercice des prérogatives de l'employeur et le déploiement interne de la main‐d'œuvre; c'est aussi un bon moyen d'assurer formation et montée des compétences.
Observation of yttrium oxide segregation in a ZrO2‐SiO2 glass‐ceramic at nanometer dimensions
Authors: Fu Le , Wang Yiren , Riekehr Lars , Räthel Jan , Engqvist Håkan , Xia Wei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDopant segregation at grain boundaries (GBs) in ceramics has been widely reported, while whether similar segregation behavior occurs in glass‐ceramics remains unknown. The distribution of dopant in glass‐ceramics may be totally different due to the existence of glass phase. This study examines the distribution of Y3+ ions in a ZrO2‐SiO2 glass‐ceramic. Two samples were prepared by hot pressing, yttrium oxide‐doped, and undoped 65 mol% ZrO2‐35 mol% SiO2 nanocrystalline glass‐ceramics (NCGCs). The NCGCs had the same microstructure, that is, ZrO2 nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in an amorphous SiO2 matrix. XRD results showed that the undoped NCGC was composed of 20.9 wt% (weight percentage) monoclinic ZrO2 (m‐ZrO2) and 79.1 wt% tetragonal ZrO2 (t‐ZrO2), while the yttrium oxide‐doped NCGC was composed of 9.6 wt% m‐ZrO2 and 90.4 wt% t‐ZrO2. X‐ray energy‐dispersive spectrometry (EDS) results in scanning electron transmission microscopy (STEM) mode demonstrated that Y3+ ions segregated both on the surface of ZrO2 NPs and within the thin intergranular glass film (with a thickness of approximately 7 Å) between ZrO2 NPs in the yttrium oxide‐doped NCGC. Interestingly, no obvious Y signals were detected in the amorphous SiO2 matrix. Density functional theory calculation results showed that Y3+ ions had a strong segregation tendency in the GB area and the segregation of Y3+ ions increased the work of separation of GB layer. These findings provide new understanding of the segregation behavior of dopant in glass‐ceramics, which may offer useful guidance for other researchers to tailor the properties of glass‐ceramics through GB engineering.
New insight into the formation and oxygen barrier mechanism of carbonaceous oxide interlayer in a multicomponent carbide
Authors: Ye Ziming , Zeng Yi , Xiong Xiang , Qian Tianxiao , Lun Huilin , Wang Yalei , Sun Wei , Chen Zhaoke , Zhang Lijun , Xiao Ping 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTEarly transition metal carbides are considered to be superior candidate materials for oxidizing environments at temperatures exceeding 2000°C. Generally, the remarkable oxidation resistance is largely attributed to a carbonaceous oxide interlayer (eg, Hf–O–C, Zr–O–C, and Ta–O–C), located at the interface between the external oxide layer and internal carbide (eg, HfC, ZrC, and TaC), acting as the primary oxygen barrier. However, the oxygen barrier mechanism of the carbonaceous oxide interlayer remains unclear. Herein, through studying the oxidation behavior of a novel multicomponent carbide Hf0.5Zr0.3Ti0.2C in oxidizing environments up to 2500°C, the oxygen barrier mechanism of the carbonaceous oxide was recently revealed. We found that the oxygen barrier resulted from the slow oxygen diffusion through the inner grains of Hf‐Zr–Ti–O due to the presence of carbon formed at the grain boundaries because of the existence of compact external oxide layer, beneath which the Hf–Zr–Ti–O–C interlayer possesses much lower oxygen activity and temperature that allow carbon to exist stably. This as‐formed carbon strongly retarded the fast diffusion of oxygen along the grain boundaries of oxides. Additionally, desirable synergisms of the designed multicomponent system, particularly, the outward short‐circuit diffusion of Ti, lead to the self‐healing of the external oxide layer, evidently enhancing integral protection performance against oxidizing environments.
Onychomycosis: a review
Authors: Gupta A.K. , Stec N. , Summerbell R.C. , Shear N.H. , Piguet V. , Tosti A. , Piraccini B.M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOnychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail, causing discoloration and thickening of the affected nail plate, and is the most common nail infection worldwide. Onychomycosis was initially thought to be predominantly caused by dermatophytes; however, new research has revealed that mixed infections and those caused by non‐dermatophyte moulds (NDMs) are more prevalent than previously thought, especially in warmer climates. Microscopy and fungal culture are the gold standard techniques for onychomycosis diagnosis, but high false‐negative rates have pushed for more accurate methods, such as histology and PCR. As NDMs are skin and laboratory contaminants, their presence as an infectious agent requires multiple confirmations and repeated sampling. There are several treatment options available, including oral antifungals, topicals and devices. Oral antifungals have higher cure rates and shorter treatment periods than topical treatments, but have adverse side effects such as hepatotoxicity and drug interactions. Terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole are most commonly used, with new oral antifungals such as fosravuconazole being evaluated. Topical treatments, such as efinaconazole, tavaborole, ciclopirox and amorolfine have less serious side effects, but also have generally lower cure rates and much longer treatment regimens. New topical formulations are being investigated as faster‐acting alternatives to the currently available topical treatments. Devices such as lasers have shown promise in improving the cosmetic appearance of the nail, but due to a high variation of study methods and definitions of cure, their effectiveness for onychomycosis has yet to be sufficiently proven. Recurrence rates for onychomycosis are high; once infected, patients should seek medical treatment as soon as possible and sanitize their shoes and socks. Prophylactic application of topicals and avoiding walking barefoot in public places may help prevent recurrence.
Using videoconsultations to deliver dietary advice to children with chronic kidney disease: a qualitative study of parent and child perspectives
Authors: Trace S. L. , Collinson A. , Searle A. J. , Lithander F. E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundChildren with chronic kidney disease require specialist renal paediatric dietetic care, regardless of disease severity or geographical location; however, under‐resourcing makes this challenging. Videoconsultation may offer a solution but research exploring its acceptability is limited. The present study explored parent/carer and child perspectives of videoconsultation as an alternative or supplement to existing regional dietetic care.MethodsChildren and families using a regional paediatric nephrology service were recruited through purposeful sampling techniques. Renal paediatric dietitians used existing hospital software to host videoconsultations with families. Perspectives were subsequently explored in telephone interviews with the children, their parents and separately with the renal dietitians. Data were transcribed verbatim and an inductive framework analysis conducted.ResultsTwelve families took part in the study, comprising 13 parents and five children (aged 9 months to 14 years). Two renal dietitians were also interviewed. Six themes emerged which were ‘Logistics’, ‘Understanding Information’, ‘Family Engagement’, ‘Establishing Trust’, ‘Willingness to Change’ and ‘Preferences’. Satisfaction with the videoconsultations was high, with no data security fears and only minor privacy concerns. Parents reported that screen‐sharing software enhanced their understanding, generating greater discussion and engagement compared to clinic and telephone contacts. Parents praised efficiencies and improved access to specialist advice, requesting that videoconsultations supplement care. Children preferred videoconsultations outright.ConclusionsDietetic videoconsultations were acceptable to families and perceived to be a feasible, high‐quality complement to regional specialist dietetic care. Enhanced understanding and engagement might improve self‐care in adolescents. The acceptability and feasibility of videoconsultations could address inequitable regional service provision.
Association between nursing care delivery models and patients' health outcomes in a university hospital: A retrospective cohort study based on the Diagnostic Procedure Combination database
Authors: Higaonna Miki , Morimoto Takeshi , Ueda Shinichiro 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimThis study aims to examine the association between nursing delivery models (fixed‐team nursing model and Partnership Nursing System® [PNS®]) and patients' health outcomes (30‐day in‐hospital mortality and functional decline, indicated by a decline in Barthel Index or in‐hospital mortality).MethodsThis study used a retrospective cohort design based on the data from the Diagnostic Procedure Combination database, which included routinely collected health data for Japanese administrative claims. Participants were inpatients aged 20–99 years admitted between July 2010 and August 2012 (fixed‐team nursing period) and July 2014 and August 2017 (PNS® period) to an academic teaching hospital in Japan. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using multivariable logistic models.ResultsWe included 24,108 and 23,872 patients for the analyses of 30‐day in‐hospital mortality and functional decline, respectively (median age: 62 years; 52% women). The 30‐day mortalities in both fixed‐team nursing and PNS® groups were 0.5%. There was no significant association between the nursing delivery models and 30‐day in‐hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio = 1.15, 95% confidence interval = 0.78–1.70). However, the PNS® group was found to have a higher proportion of patients with functional decline (2.7%) than the fixed‐team nursing group (2.2%; p = .030). The adjusted odds ratio of declined function in the PNS® group, compared to the fixed‐team nursing group, was 1.40 (95% confidence interval = 1.17–1.68, p < .001).ConclusionsFurther studies are needed to examine how the PNS® model influences patient outcomes, especially nurse‐sensitive patient outcomes.
Factors associated with core competencies of emergency‐room nurses in tertiary hospitals in China
Authors: Li Xinxia , Zhou Mei , Wang Hui , Hao Wennv 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAimQuantitative studies using validated questionnaires on core competencies of emergency nurses in China are rare and the baseline core competencies must first be evaluated before improvizations to the competencies can be implemented. This study aimed to investigate the factors potentially involved in the level of core competencies of emergency nurses from tertiary hospitals in northwest China.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, male and female emergency nurses (n = 277) from tertiary hospitals of northwest China were enrolled to complete the Competency Inventory for Registered Nurses (CIRN) questionnaire comprising of a total of seven dimensions with 58 items. General self‐efficacy and perceived stress were also evaluated. Pearson correlation test and multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis were performed to assess the association between various factors associated with core competencies.ResultsSenior nurses had higher CIRN scores than junior nurses (p < .001). Married and widowed nurses had higher CIRN scores than unmarried and divorced nurses (p = .008). Nurses satisfied with their career had better CIRN scores than those who were dissatisfied (p < .001). CIRN scores were correlated with age (r = .356, p < .001), working years (r = .374, p < .001), and the general self‐efficacy scale (r = .547, p < .001). Multivariable stepwise linear regression analysis showed that higher professional titles and job satisfaction were independently associated with higher CIRN scores (both p < .001).ConclusionsEmergency nurses from tertiary hospitals of northwest China with senior titles and job satisfaction had high CIRN scores which necessitates empowering the junior nurses by way of education and training programs to gain higher core competencies in order to deliver better nursing care to patients.
Dysfunction of serotonergic activity and emotional responses across the light‐dark cycle in mice lacking melatonin MT2 receptors
Authors: Comai Stefano , De Gregorio Danilo , Posa Luca , Ochoa‐Sanchez Rafael , Bedini Annalida , Gobbi Gabriella 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMelatonin (MLT) levels fluctuate according to the external light/dark cycle in both diurnal and nocturnal mammals. We previously demonstrated that melatonin MT2 receptor knockout (MT2−/−) mice show a decreased nonrapid eye movement sleep over 24 hours and increased wakefulness during the inactive (light) phase. Here, we investigated the role of MT2 receptors in physiological light/dark cycle fluctuations in the activity of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin (5‐HT) neurons and anxiety‐ and depression‐like behavior. We found that the 5‐HT burst‐firing activity was tonically reduced across the whole 24 hours in MT2−/− mice compared with MT2+/+ mice. Importantly, the physiological changes in the spontaneous firing activity of DRN 5‐HT neurons during the light/dark cycle were nullified in MT2−/− mice, with a higher DRN 5‐HT neural firing activity during the light phase in MT2−/− than in MT2+/+ mice. The role of MT2 receptors over DRN 5‐HT neurons was confirmed by acute pharmacological studies in which the selective MT2 receptors agonist UCM1014 dose dependently inhibited DRN 5‐HT activity, mostly during the dark phase. Compared with MT2+/+, MT2−/− mice displayed an anxiety‐like phenotype in the novelty‐suppressed feeding and in the light/dark box tests; while anxiety levels in the light/dark box test were lower during the dark than during the light phase in MT2+/+ mice, the opposite was seen in MT2−/− mice. No differences between MT2+/+ and MT2−/− mice were observed for depression‐like behavior in the forced swim and in the sucrose preference tests. These results suggest that MT2 receptor genetic inactivation impacts 5‐HT neurotransmission and interferes with anxiety levels by perturbing the physiologic light/dark pattern.
Assessment of the anatomical course of the canalis sinuosus using cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Lello R.I.E. , Bornstein M.M. , Suter V.G.A. , Bischof F.M. , von Arx T. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to analyse the course of the canalis sinuosus (CS) until its termination in the anterior maxilla and chart its anatomical relationship with surrounding structures using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT).MethodsThis study retrospectively analysed 100 CBCT scans (Accuitomo 170, Morita Corp., Kyoto, Japan) of the maxillary sinuses of patients at the Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern. Vertical and horizontal distances between various anatomical structures and the CS were recorded.ResultsThe study included 62 females and 38 males with 45 right‐ and 55 left‐sided CBCTs selected by randomization. The mean age was 55.9 years (range 21–82 years). When comparing right‐ and left‐sided scans, there were statistically significant differences between a number of measurements. These included the most inferior point of the orbital rim and the floor of the nasal cavity (P = 0.04), the origin of the CS and the anterior loop of the descending CS (P = 0.034), and the origin of the CS and floor of the nasal cavity (P = 0.025).ConclusionsThe use of CBCT allowed investigation of the course of the CS as it progresses across the anterolateral wall of the maxillary sinus to be more accurately defined radiographically than has been previously described. There were some statistically significant differences between vertical measurements comparing left and right side, but none for age or gender. The rate of the identification of the CS using CBCT was 100%.