bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ion‐exchange resin and denitrification pretreatment for determining δ15N‐NH4+, δ15N‐NO3−, and δ18O‐NO3− values
Authors: Kawashima Hiroto , Yoshida Otoha , Suto Nana 
Published: December 2020

RationaleThere has never been a highly sensitive method for simultaneously measuring the δ15N and δ18O values of nitrate ions (NO3−) and the δ15N values of ammonium ions (NH4+) in particulate matter using denitrifying bacteria. In this study, we explored a method that combines use of an anion‐exchange resin and denitrifying bacteria to make such measurements.MethodsThe δ15N‐NH4+ values of samples obtained using the hypobromite and denitrifying bacteria method were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Tests (effect of flow rate, breakthrough, and acid concentration) were conducted to verify the removal of NO3− using an AG1‐X8 anion‐exchange resin for NH4+ measurements and the enrichment of NO3−. For aerosol samples, the optimized method was used to measure the δ15N‐NO3−, δ18O‐NO3−, and δ15N‐NH4+ values of atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5, aerodynamic diameter < 2.5 μm).ResultsThe δ15N‐NO3− and δ18O‐NO3− values measured following extraction with 1–6 mol/L HCl, at sample flow rates of 1–2 mL/min, with total anion amounts of less than 2.2 mmol, and in concentration tests were found to be in very close agreement with reagent values. The precisions and the accuracies of the δ15N‐NH4+ and δ15N‐NO3− values were in all cases less than 1‰. In addition, the accuracies for the δ18O‐NO3− values were less than 1.4‰ and generally acceptable. The δ15N‐NH4+, δ15N‐NO3−, and δ18O‐NO3− values in six PM2.5 samples were similar to those reported in previous studies.ConclusionsOur proposed method for removing anions using AG1‐X8 resin, for isotopic analysis using denitrifying bacteria, and for concentrating samples containing low concentrations of NO3− will make it possible to perform high‐precision and accurate analyses easily and inexpensively. These methods are applicable not only to aerosols, but also to samples from diverse locations such as rivers, oceans, and Antarctica.
Qualitative analysis on chemical constituents from different polarity extracted fractions of the pulp and peel of ginger rhizomes by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Man‐Qian , Hu Xue‐Yu , Wang Yan‐Zhi , Zhang Xiao‐Juan , Li Jian‐Peng , Song Zhi‐Min , Liu Yu‐Fei , Feng Wei‐Sheng 
Published: December 2020

RationaleGinger pulp is the dried rhizome scraped off the skin which originates from Zingiber officinale Rosc., a Zingiberaceae plant. Ginger peel is the dried rhizome skin of Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Zingiberaceae). The present work aims to investigate the different chemical constituents that are related to the medicinal properties of the ginger pulp and ginger peel.MethodsA rapid ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI‐QTOF/MS) method was developed for qualitative analysis of the constituents in different polarity extracted fractions of the pulp and peel of ginger rhizomes.ResultsA total of 83 compounds were identified from the pulp and peel of ginger rhizomes, including 36 diarylheptanoids, 25 gingerols and 22 other compounds. Nine of these were new compounds. In total, 46, 27, 65 and 51 compounds were identified from the crude extract, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and n‐butanol fractions of the ginger pulp, respectively, and 60, 30, 70 and 62 compounds were identified from the crude extract, petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, n‐butanol fractions of the ginger peel, respectively. Each identified compound is marked on the corresponding chromatogram.ConclusionsThe integrated method is sensitive and reliable for searching the different chemical constituents from different polarity extracted fractions of the ginger pulp and ginger peel. This work may provide a significant contribution to research into the medicinal properties of the ginger pulp and ginger peel.
Family history of type 2 diabetes and characteristics of children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes
Authors:   The Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register, Parkkola Anna , Turtinen Maaret , Härkönen Taina , Ilonen Jorma , Knip Mikael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Shared aetiopathogenetic factors have been proposed in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes and both diseases have been shown to cluster in families. Characteristics related to type 2 diabetes have been described in patients with type 1 diabetes with a positive family history of type 2 diabetes. We wanted to characterise the family history of type 2 diabetes and its possible effects on the phenotype and genotype of type 1 diabetes in affected children at diagnosis.

Methods
A total of 4993 children under the age of 15 years with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes from the Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register were recruited (56.6% boys, median age of 8.2 years) for a cross-sectional, observational, population-based investigation. The family history of diabetes at diagnosis was determined by a structured questionnaire, and markers of metabolic derangement, autoantibodies and HLA class II genetics at diagnosis were analysed.

Results
Two per cent of the children had an immediate family member and 36% had grandparents with type 2 diabetes. Fathers and grandfathers were affected by type 2 diabetes more often than mothers and grandmothers. The children with a positive family history for type 2 diabetes were older at the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (p < 0.001), had higher BMI-for-age (p = 0.01) and more often tested negative for all diabetes-related autoantibodies (p = 0.02).

Conclusions/interpretation
Features associated with type 2 diabetes, such as higher body weight, older age at diagnosis and autoantibody negativity, are more frequently already present at the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children with a positive family history of type 2 diabetes.

Graphical abstract
Koexistente septische Arthritis und Spondylodiszitis als wichtige Differenzialdiagnose bei immunsupprimierten Patienten
Authors: Pfahler S. , Pflugmacher R. , Karakostas P. , Dabir D. , Schäfer V. S. 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDie septische Arthritis und Spondylodiszitis stellen bei immunsupprimierten Patienten eine wichtige Differenzialdiagnose des Gelenk- oder Wirbelsäulenschmerzes dar. Hierbei kommt es zu einem Erregerbefall eines Gelenks bzw. einer Bandscheibe und angrenzender Wirbelkörper. Es zeigen sich meist unspezifische Symptome wie lokaler Gelenk- oder Rückenschmerz, Fieber und verringerter Allgemeinzustand. Diagnostisch kann bei klinischem Verdacht die bakterielle Besiedelung durch eine Gelenkpunktion und Blutkulturen nachgewiesen werden. Zur Diagnosefindung einer Spondylodiszitis sollte eine bildmorphologische Darstellung mittels Magnetresonanztomographie erfolgen. Neben einer adäquaten Schmerztherapie und empirischer antibiotischer Therapie sollte bei einer septischen Arthritis die chirurgische Entfernung des infektiösen Materials aus dem Gelenk angestrebt werden. Eine chirurgische Versorgung der Spondylodiszitis sollte bei auftretenden Komplikationen erfolgen. Die folgende Kasuistik stellt den gleichzeitigen Befund einer septischen Polyarthritis und Spondylodiszitis bei einem immunsupprimierten Patienten mit HIV-Infektion vor und zeigt eindrücklich das Auftreten von Komplikationen bei Verzögerung einer adäquaten Therapie.
Beyond acts and omissions: remark-able criminal conduct
Authors: Dsouza Mark 
Published: December 2020

AbstractI argue that instead of analysing a criminal offence's conduct element in terms of acts and omissions, we should ask whether the defendant has belied a contextually salient expectation as to how she should, or routinely would, conduct herself. Slightly different sets of expectations are salient depending on whether our interest is in questions of criminalisation, or the proper interpretation of existing offences, but the criminal law is normally interested only in conduct-tokens that belie a relevant expectation. Belying such an expectation need not itself suggest culpability, but it does mark out the conduct as remark-able, in the sense of being ‘worthy of remark’.I argue that this ‘Remark-able Conduct Requirement’ (RCR) analysis helps us narrow the field of conduct-tokens that are normatively appropriate candidates for criminalisation, and when adapted for use in interpreting existing offences it: (a) generates familiar and plausible liability outcomes; (b) simplifies the application of the law; (c) offers a principled argument to limit the scope of offences drafted in overly broad terms, by excluding innocuous doings from potential criminal liability; and (d) suggests ways to make progress on philosophical puzzles about how we should conduct ourselves.
Mythographical topography, textual materiality and the (dis)ordering of myth: the case of Antoninus Liberalis
Authors: Delattre Charles , Hawes Greta 
Published: December 2020

Abstract:This article introduces a new analytical framework, ‘mythographic topography’. This approach recognizes the materiality of mythographic writing as preserved by the manuscript tradition and the significance of the spatial dynamics it produces. Mythographic topography encompasses both the formal properties of textual organization and how these shape the reader’s imaginative experience of space and narrative. As an analytical framework, it involves interrogating a text according to three categories (each an ancient meaning of topos): its arrangement of textual passages, its use of space and its activation of narrative tropes. Using the Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis as a case study, we demonstrate how this text requires the reader to consider issues of order, disorder and reordering within a culturally familiar narrative paradigm.
Speusippus, teleology and the metaphysics of value: Theophrastus’ Metaphysics 11a18–26
Authors: Cheng Wei 
Published: December 2020

Abstract:This paper re-examines Theophrastus’ Metaphysics 11a18–26, an obscure testimony about Speusippus, the second head of the Platonic Academy. As opposed to the traditional interpretation, which takes this passage as Theophrastus’ polemic against Speusippus’ doctrine of value, I argue that he here makes dialectical use of, rather than launching an attack on, the Platonist. Based on this new reading, I further propose a revision and a reassessment of the ‘gloomy metaphysics’ of Speusippus which will shed new light on his ethics.
Prioritisation of areas for early detection of southward movement of arctic fox rabies based on historical surveillance data in Quebec, Canada
Authors: Aenishaenslin C. , Page D. , Gagnier M. , Massé A. , Fehlner-Gardiner C. , Lambert L. , Hongoh V. , Tinline R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Arctic rabies virus variant (ARVV) is enzootic in Quebec (Canada) north of the 55th parallel. With climate change, increased risk of re-incursion of ARVV in more densely populated southern regions raises public and animal health concerns. The objective of this study was to prioritise geographical areas to target for an early detection of ARVV incursion south of the 55th parallel based on the historical spatio-temporal trends of reported rabies in foxes in Quebec. Descriptive analyses of fox rabies cases from 1953 to 2017 were conducted. Three periods show increases in the number of fox rabies cases in southern regions and indicate incursion from northern areas or neighbouring provinces. The available data, particularly in central and northern regions of the province, were scarce and of low spatial resolution, making it impossible to identify the path of spread with precision. Hence, we investigated the use of multiple criteria, such as historical rabies cases, human population density and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) relative abundance, to prioritise areas for enhanced surveillance. This study underscores the need to define and maintain new criteria for selecting samples to be analysed in order to detect rapidly ARVV cases outside the current enzootic area and any potential re-incursion of the virus into central and southern regions of the province.
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae urinary tract infections
Authors: Vachvanichsanong P. , McNeil E. B. , Dissaneewate P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae urinary tract infections (UTIs) is increasing worldwide. We investigated the prevalence, clinical findings, impact and risk factors of ESBL E. coli/K. pneumoniae UTI through a retrospective review of the medical records of children with UTI aged <15 years admitted to Prince of Songkla University Hospital, Thailand over 10 years (2004–2013). Thirty-seven boys and 46 girls had ESBL-positive isolates in 102 UTI episodes, compared with 85 boys and 103 girls with non-ESBL isolates in 222 UTI episodes. The age of presentation and gender were not significantly different between the two groups. The prevalence of ESBL rose between 2004 and 2008 before plateauing at around 30–40% per year, with a significant difference between first and recurrent UTI episodes of 27.3% and 46.5%, respectively (P = 0.003). Fever prior to UTI diagnosis was found in 78.4% of episodes in the non-ESBL group and 61.8% of episodes in the ESBL group (P = 0.003). Multivariate analysis indicated that children without fever (odds ratio (OR) 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23–3.74) and those with recurrent UTI (OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.37–5.19) were more likely to yield ESBL on culture. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract were not linked to the presence of ESBL UTI. In conclusion, ESBL producers represented one-third of E. coli/K. pneumoniae UTI episodes but neither clinical condition nor imaging studies were predictive of ESBL infections. Recurrent UTI was the sole independent risk factor identified.
Dreams of a Spirit-Seer and Kant’s Critical Method: Comments on Stephen R. Palmquist’s Kant and Mysticism
Authors: McQuillan J. Colin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn his new book, Kant and Mysticism, Stephen Palmquist argues that Kant had already formulated his critical method by the mid-1760s and that it emerged from his reflections on Swedenborg’s mystical visions. In order to evaluate these claims, I consider Kant’s correspondence with Charlotte von Knobloch and Moses Mendelssohn before and after the publication of Dreams of a Spirit-Seer; the context in which Kant published Dreams; and the method he employs when he discusses Swedenborg’s visions in that work. I conclude that Kant’s critical method was not well-formed during the 1760s and did not emerge from Kant’s reflections on Swedenborg.
Survey data of adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health in selected local governments in southeast Nigeria
Authors: Mbachu Chinyere Ojiugo , Agu Ifunanya Clara , Onwujekwe Obinna 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA cross-sectional survey of adolescents and heads of households was done in six urban and rural local government areas in Ebonyi state, Nigeria in August 2018. Modified cluster sampling technique was used to select households from which eligible adolescent boys and girls were recruited. This data article describes two datasets that, for the first time, expansively describe adolescents’ sexual and reproductive behaviors in Nigeria. The datasets include variables on adolescents’ demographic and socioeconomic characteristics; family relationships; sexual behaviors; awareness and use of contraceptives; access to sexual and reproductive health information and services; gender norms and ideology about adolescent sexuality; and potential strategies for reducing unwanted teenage pregnancies and unsafe abortions. This dataset would be useful to public health researchers and social scientists investigating drivers of adolescent sexual and reproductive behaviour, as well as programme managers seeking potential strategies for improving adolescent health outcomes. The datasets also provide a template that could be replicated for national or regional surveys on adolescent sexual and reproductive behaviours.
Molecular mapping of a new recessive wheat leaf rust resistance gene originating from Triticum spelta
Authors: Dinkar Vishal , Jha S. K. , Mallick Niharika , Niranjana M. , Agarwal Priyanka , Sharma J. B. , Vinod  
Published: December 2020

AbstractTSD276-2, a wheat genetic stock derived from the cross Agra Local/T. spelta 276 showed broad spectrum resistance against leaf rust pathogen. Genetic analysis was undertaken using F1, F2, F2:3 and BC1F1 generations derived from the cross TSD276-2/Agra Local. The results revealed a single recessive gene for leaf rust resistance, tentatively named as LrTs276-2, in TSD276-2. Molecular mapping of leaf rust resistance gene LrTs276-2 in TSD276-2 was done using SNP-based PCR and SSR markers. For Bulked Segregant Analysis (BSA), two bulks viz. resistant bulk and susceptible bulk, and the parents TSD276-2 and Agra Local were genotyped for SNPs using AFFYMETRIX 35K Wheat Breeders' AXIOM array. T. spelta 276 was also genotyped and used as a check. BSA indicated that the gene for leaf rust resistance in TSD276-2 is located on chromosome arm 1DS. Putatively linked SNPs on chromosome arm 1DS were converted into PCR-based markers. Polymorphic SSR markers on chromosome arm 1DS were also identified. Final linkage map was constructed using one SNP-based PCR and three SSR markers. The rust reaction and chromosomal location suggest that LrTs276-2 is a new leaf rust resistance gene which may be useful in broadening the genetic base of leaf rust resistance in wheat.
A functional linear modeling approach to sleep–wake cycles in dogs
Authors: Woods Hope J. , Li Ming Fei , Patel Ujas A. , Lascelles B. Duncan X. , Samson David R. , Gruen Margaret E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe study of companion (pet) dogs is an area of great translational potential, as they share a risk for many conditions that afflict humans. Among these are conditions that affect sleep, including chronic pain and cognitive dysfunction. Significant advancements have occurred in the ability to study sleep in dogs, including development of non-invasive polysomnography; however, basic understanding of dog sleep patterns remains poorly characterized. The purpose of this study was to establish baseline sleep–wake cycle and activity patterns using actigraphy and functional linear modeling (FLM), for healthy, adult companion dogs. Forty-two dogs were enrolled and wore activity monitors for 14 days. FLM demonstrated a bimodal pattern of activity with significant effects of sex, body mass, and age; the effect of age was particularly evident during the times of peak activity. This study demonstrated that FLM can be used to describe normal sleep–wake cycles of healthy adult dogs and the effects of physiologic traits on these patterns of activity. This foundation makes it possible to characterize deviations from normal patterns, including those associated with chronic pain and cognitive dysfunction syndrome. This can improve detection of these conditions in dogs, benefitting them and their potential as models for human disease.
Colour-assisted variation in elytral ICP-OES-based ionomics in an aposematic beetle
Authors: Orłowski Grzegorz , Niedzielski Przemysław , Karg Jerzy , Proch Jędrzej 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVery little is known about how the elemental composition (ionome) of an insect cuticle varies as a result of different colouration. Using inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), we established ionomic profiles in microsamples of two adjacent regions of an insect cuticle with a contrasting colour pattern, namely, the black and orange regions of the elytra of the aposematic burying beetle Nicrophorus vespillo. The analysis revealed 53 elements (ranging in atomic weight from Na to Bi) occurring above the detection limit. The frequency of detectability of individual elements varied strongly, and only ten elements (Ba, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Rb, Sb and Zn) were present in concentrations exceeding the detection limit in all the samples. The sum of concentrations of all elements in the orange regions of the elytra was 9% lower than in the black ones. The opposite distribution was displayed by the rare earth elements (REEs), the sum of which was 17% lower in the black elytral regions than in the orange ones. The concentrations of six elements were significantly higher in the black than in the orange regions: Al (by 97%), Cu (41%), Mn (14%), Na (46%), Se (97%) and W (47%). The concentrations of essential elements measured in both the black and orange regions exhibited very considerable variance: Ca (σ2 = 1834; 1882, respectively), K (145; 82) P (97; 76), Na (84; 53), Mg (24; 26) and Ba (9; 13). This, in part, could be attributed to individual differences, e.g. those resulting from the consumption of animal carcasses of different quality/chemical composition, but interference between elements and the consequent lowering of measurement quality are also possible. We highlight the fact that deeper insight into the basic relationship between insect colouration and variation in elemental composition requires micro-sampling of the homogeneous layers of an exoskeleton.
Intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography reflects hemodynamics and predicts prognosis in patients with heart failure
Authors: Yoshihisa Akiomi , Watanabe Koichiro , Sato Yu , Ishibashi Shinji , Matsuda Mitsuko , Yamadera Yukio , Ichijo Yasuhiro , Yokokawa Tetsuro , Misaka Tomofumi , Oikawa Masayoshi , Kobayashi Atsushi , Takeishi Yasuchika 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe aimed to clarify clinical implications of intrarenal hemodynamics assessed by intrarenal Doppler ultrasonography (IRD) and their prognostic impacts in heart failure (HF). We performed a prospective observational study, and examined IRD and measured interlobar renal artery velocity time integral (VTI) and intrarenal venous flow (IRVF) patterns (monophasic or non-monophasic pattern) to assess intrarenal hypoperfusion and congestion in HF patients (n = 341). Seven patients were excluded in VTI analysis due to unclear imaging. The patients were divided into groups based on (A) VTI: high VTI (VTI ≥ 14.0 cm, n = 231) or low VTI (VTI < 14.0 cm, n = 103); and (B) IRVF patterns: monophasic (n = 36) or non-monophasic (n = 305). We compared post-discharge cardiac event rate between the groups, and right-heart catheterization was performed in 166 patients. Cardiac index was lower in low VTI than in high VTI (P = 0.04), and right atrial pressure was higher in monophasic than in non-monophasic (P = 0.03). In the Kaplan–Meier analysis, cardiac event rate was higher in low VTI and monophasic groups (P < 0.01, respectively). In the Cox proportional hazard analysis, the combination of low VTI and a monophasic IRVF pattern was a predictor of cardiac events (P < 0.01). IRD imaging might be associated with cardiac output and right atrial pressure, and prognosis.