bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pyruvate kinase controls signal strength in the insulin secretory pathway
Authors: Lewandowski Sophie L. , Cardone Rebecca L. , Foster Hannah R. , Ho Thuong , Potapenko Evgeniy , Poudel Chetan , VanDeusen Halena R. , Alves Tiago C. , Zhao Xiaojian , Capozzi Megan E. , Jahan Ishrat , Nunemaker Craig S. , Campbell Jonathan E. , Thomas Craig J. , Kibbey Richard G. , Merrins Matthew J. 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARYPancreatic β-cells couple nutrient metabolism with appropriate insulin secretion. Here, we show that pyruvate kinase (PK), which converts ADP and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) into ATP and pyruvate, underlies β-cell sensing of both glycolytic and mitochondrial fuels. PK present at the plasma membrane is sufficient to close KATPchannels and initiate calcium influx. Small-molecule PK activators increase β-cell oscillation frequency and potently amplify insulin secretion. By cyclically depriving mitochondria of ADP, PK restricts oxidative phosphorylation in favor of the mitochondrial PEP cycle with no net impact on glucose oxidation. Our findings support a compartmentalized model of β-cell metabolism in which PK locally generates the ATP/ADP threshold required for insulin secretion, and identify a potential therapeutic route for diabetes based on PK activation that would not be predicted by the β-cell consensus model.GRAPHICAL ABSTRACTThe consensus model for β-cell glucose sensing supports a dominant role for OxPhos. This model doesn’t fully explain the observed metabolic and electrophysiologic oscillations associated with glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Lewandowskiet al. challenge this model by mechanistically connecting the anaplerotic PEP cycle to the electrically silent triggering phase, and OxPhos to the electrically active secretory phase. Here, the allosteric recruitment of pyruvate kinase directs metabolic traffic between the two cycles and identifies potential therapeutic strategies for diabetes based on pharmacologic pyruvate kinase activation.HIGHLIGHTSCompartmentalized pyruvate kinase (PK) activity underlies β-cell fuel sensingMembrane-associated PK closes KATPchannels and controls calcium influxBy lowering ADP, PK toggles mitochondria between OxPhos and PEP biosynthesisPharmacologic PK activation increases oscillatory frequency and amplifies secretion
Reconstructing Genotypes in Private Genomic Databases from Genetic Risk Scores
Authors: Paige Brooks , Bell James , Bellet Aurélien , Gascón Adrià , Ezer Daphne 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSome organisations like 23andMe and the UK Biobank have large genomic databases that they re-use for multiple different genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Even research studies that compile smaller genomic databases often utilise these databases to investigate many related traits. It is common for the study to report a genetic risk score (GRS) model for each trait within the publication. Here we show that under some circumstances, these GRS models can be used to recover the genetic variants of individuals in these genomic databases—a reconstruction attack. In particular, if two GRS models are trained using a largely overlapping set of participants, then it is often possible to determine the genotype for each of the individuals who were used to train one GRS model, but not the other. We demonstrate this theoretically and experimentally by analysing the Cornell Dog Genome database. The accuracy of our reconstruction attack depends on how accurately we can estimate the rate of co-occurrence of pairs of SNPs within the private database, so if this aggregate information is ever released, it would drastically reduce the security of a private genomic database. Caution should be applied when using the same database for multiple analysis, especially when a small number of individuals are included or excluded from one part of the study.
Target of Rapamycin: function in abiotic stress tolerance in Arabidopsis and its involvement in a possible cross-talk with ribosomal proteins
Authors: Bakshi Achala , Moin Mazahar , Madhav M. S. , Gayatri Meher B. , Reddy Aramati B. M. , Datla Raju , Kirti P. B. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe Target of Rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase reprograms cellular metabolism under various environmental stresses. The overexpression ofTORin Arabidopsis resulted in increased plant growth including yield and biomass when compared with the wild type under both controlled and limited water conditions. In the present investigation, we report that Arabidopsis plants overexpressing TOR exhibited enhanced tolerance to the osmotic and salt stress treatments. Further to determine the role of TOR in abiotic stresses other than water limiting conditions, which were observed earlier in rice, we have treated high and mediumTORexpressing Arabidopsis plants, ATR-1.4.27 and ATR-3.7.32 respectively, with stress-inducing chemical agents such as Mannitol (100 mM), NaCl (150 mM), Sorbitol (200 mM) and PEG (7%). Both the lines, ATR-1.4.27 and ATR-3.7.32 exhibited enhanced tolerance to these stresses. These lines also had increased proline and total chlorophyll contents under stress conditions compared with their corresponding WT counterparts. The upregulation of several osmotic stress inducible genes in Arabidopsis transgenic lines indicated the role of TOR in modulating multi-stress tolerance. In the present investigation, we have also analyzed the transcriptional upregulation of ribosomal protein large and small subunit (RPL and RPS) genes inAtTORoverexpressing rice transgenic lines, TR-2.24 and TR-15.1 generated earlier (Bakshi et al., 2017a), which indicated that TOR also positively regulates the transcription of ribosomal proteins (RP) along with the synthesis of rRNAs. Also, the observations from phosphoproteomic analysis in SALK lines of various Arabidopsis T-DNA insertion mutants of ribosomal proteins showed differential regulation in phosphorylation of p70kDa ribosomal protein S6K1 and comparative analysis of phosphorylation sites for RSK (Ribosomal S6 Kinases) in RPL6, RPL18, RPL23, RPL24 and RPS28C proteins of Arabidopsis, Interestingly, rice showed similarity in their peptide sequences and Ser/Thr positions. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of S6K1 is controlled by loss/ inhibition of ribosomal protein function to switch ‘on’/ ‘off’ the translational regulation for balanced growth and the pathways of both RPs and TOR are interlinked in a cyclic manner via phosphorylation of S6K1 as a modulatory step.
Maximum CO2diffusion inside leaves is limited by the scaling of cell size and genome size
Authors: Théroux-Rancourt Guillaume , Roddy Adam B. , Earles J. Mason , Gilbert Matthew E. , Zwieniecki Maciej A. , Boyce C. Kevin , Tholen Danny , McElrone Andrew J. , Simonin Kevin A. , Brodersen Craig R. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryMaintaining high rates of photosynthesis in leaves requires efficient movement of CO2from the atmosphere to the chloroplasts inside the leaf where it is converted into sugar. Throughout the evolution of vascular plants, CO2diffusion across the leaf surface was maximized by reducing the sizes of the guard cells that form stomatal pores in the leaf epidermis1,2. Once inside the leaf, CO2must diffuse through the intercellular airspace and into the mesophyll cells where photosynthesis occurs3,4. However, the diffusive interface defined by the mesophyll cells and the airspace and its coordinated evolution with other leaf traits are not well described5. Here we show that among vascular plants variation in the total amount of mesophyll surface area per unit mesophyll volume is driven primarily by cell size, the lower limit of which is defined by genome size. The higher surface area enabled by smaller cells allows for more efficient CO2diffusion into photosynthetic mesophyll cells. Our results demonstrate that genome downsizing among the flowering plants6was critical to restructuring the entire pathway of CO2diffusion, facilitating high rates of CO2supply to the leaf mesophyll cells despite declining atmospheric CO2levels during the Cretaceous.
Jugnoo: expansion or consolidation
Authors: Waraich Sushmita Biswal , Chaturvedi Ajay 
Published: January 2020

Learning outcomes
The student will be able to understand the concept of spotting an opportunity and exploiting the same. The student will be able to comprehend the various challenges faced in the development of a business idea. The student will be able to understand the strategies that need to be adopted to cope with and grow, in a competitive business environment.

Case overview/synopsis
Samar Singla, the Chief Executive Officer of Jugnoo, had sensed a business opportunity in auto rickshaw aggregation. He was convinced that being among the initial players in the market of auto rickshaw aggregation, there would be very little competition. He only had to play his cards right, to become the top auto aggregator. As Singla started the business, there were challenges like inducting the auto rickshaw drivers as partners, training them, hiring the right team, putting the right strategies in place and to expand the business. Singla launched and achieved robust growth in the new business, in a short period of time. Soon, however, Jugnoo felt competition breathing down their neck – form cab aggregators who were already dominant players in the cabs aggregation segment, in the large cities. To hedge their risks, Singla added other services such as “Meal” (meal delivery) and “Fatafat” (goods delivery) – as B2C and B2B services. These services, however, had to be closed soon after because of stiff competition from the local players. Singla also adopted the inorganic growth path by acquiring “Sabkuch,” a grocery delivery logistics firm; “Yelo,” a platform that provided online access to businesses and “BookMyCab,” a taxi aggregation company. Faced with tapering growth after an initial steep rise, Singla had to confront a dilemma about the right method of ensuring growth in the face of competition.

Complexity academic level
Under graduate, masters in business administration and post graduation in the areas of entrepreneurship and strategy.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only.

Subject code
CSS 11: Strategy.
Skyworth TV: channel dynamics and growth in China's rural market
Authors: Luk Sherriff T.K. , Chen Ivy Siok Ngoh , Coombes John 
Published: January 2020

Subject area
Marketing.

Study level/applicability
Target audience this decision case has been tried and tested in a classroom setting with final-year undergraduate BBA students and postgraduate students studying an MSc in marketing. The specific course in which this case was used was marketing management in China. This case may also be suitable for an undergraduate or masters level courses in consumer behaviour, distribution management or marketing in China. The case covers environment analysis, market segmentation, consumer behaviour and distribution channels.

Case overview
Skyworth, a Chinese manufacturer of television sets, was faced with some major decisions. Government subsidies on consumer purchases of household appliances had stimulated demand for TV sets especially in rural areas. However, there were limited distribution channels serving rural areas. Large-scale nationwide chain stores like Gome and Suning served mainly urban areas and top-tier cities. These retailer chains were less interested in selling TV sets as their profit margins were lower. How should Skyworth set up its distribution network to take advantage of the growth in rural markets? Establishing its own channel network would involve huge investments that would affect Skyworth's profits in the next few years. Relying on existing retailer chains may not give it the coverage it wanted. Skyworth's brand reputation had also suffered because of poor product quality and customer support. Can the distribution channel network help to improve its brand reputation and customer loyalty? This case highlights how government policies in China can shape the growth of the household appliance market and change consumption patterns.

Expected learning outcomes
By studying this case, students will: 1. Examine how environmental factors affect television manufacturers in China; 2. Understand the buying behaviour of rural households for household appliances; 3. Examine distribution channels in an emerging market; 4. Evaluate a company's product portfolio strategy; and5. Suggest segmentation bases for the market for television sets in China.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or e-mail support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
Predictability of precious metals and adaptive market hypothesis
Authors: Shahid Muhammad Naeem , Jehanzeb Malik , Abbas Aamir , Zubair Ahsan , Akbar Mahmood A. Hussain 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to boost the existing literature on adaptive market hypothesis (AMH) as it first time links predictability of gold, silver and metal returns with AMH which permits the predictability of returns to vary over time.

Design/methodology/approach
To know whether commodity (gold, silver and metal) market is efficient or not, the commodity returns are observed by using appropriate linear time series tests (variance ratio test, runs test and auto-correlation test). To capture the varying efficiency of three commodities, the study employs subsamples of five years and all sub-samples are exposed to linear econometric tests to reveal how market efficiency (independency of returns) has behaved over time.

Findings
It is found that the commodity market (gold, silver and metal) is adaptive because fluctuation is observed in the market efficiency. Returns of all three commodities go under the periods of efficiency and inefficiency. Thus, AMH is the better description of behavior of commodity markets than traditional efficient market hypothesis.

Research limitations/implications
Choice of sub-sample in the study is the first limitation as the authors employ a sub-sample comprising five years. Second, commission, fee and taxes (transection cost) are ignored in the study. Finally, the results are reported on the basis of linear econometric tests. In future, longer time period sub-sample analysis is suggested by the study to explore the varying nature of the commodities. Moreover, rolling window analysis may be a more appropriate method to elucidate the idea of AMH in further research. It is further suggested that the method used in the study could be helpful and adapted to examine other commodities (metal and agriculture), bonds and equity markets around the world.

Practical implications
The study will provide a better investment model which can enable the investors to seek more returns in future. Moreover, this research can be extended to explore multiple issues like adaptive behavior of returns from crypto currencies, bonds, stocks and real estate investment trusts.

Social implications
As all the linear tests reveal that almost all the commodities show inefficient behavior in full sample period, it is clear that past prices widely would be helpful to predict the future prices at NYSE; furthermore, investors can use the time-varying information to reduce the risk of investment at NYSE. The study is helpful for individual investors as well as portfolio managers and brokers to forecast the prices on the bases of findings.

Originality/value
The paper identifies the need to study why behavior of commodity returns varies over time.
Care ethics and the responsible management of power and privacy in digitally enhanced disaster response
Authors: Hayes Paul , Jackson Damian 
Published: January 2020

PurposeThis paper aims to argue that traditional ethical theories used in disaster response may be inadequate and particularly strained by the emergence of new technologies and social media, particularly with regard to privacy. The paper suggests incorporation of care ethics into the disaster ethics nexus to better include the perspectives of disaster affected communities.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents a theoretical examination of privacy and care ethics in the context of social media/digitally enhanced disaster response.FindingsThe paper proposes an ethics of care can fruitfully by used by public and private agents in disaster management. Its relational ontology restores the priority of fostering good relationships between stakeholders, thus giving central importance to values such as transparency and trust and the situated knowledge of disaster-affected communities.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper presents theoretical research and is limited by the availability of empirical data. There is opportunity for future research to evaluate the impact of a conscious adoption of an ethics of care by disaster management agents.Practical implicationsAn ethos of care ethics needs to be mainstreamed into disaster management organisations and digital initiatives.Social implicationsThis paper argues that power asymmetry in disaster response renders the public vulnerable to abuse, and that the adoption of care ethics can support disaster management agents in recognising this power imbalance and wielding power responsibly.Originality/valueThis paper examines the applicability of an alternative ethical framework to novel circumstances.
Are US antidumping cases being crowded out by other forms of protectionism?
Authors: Desai Prashant , Feinberg Robert M. 
Published: January 2020

Purpose
The issue of substitutability between various modes of import protection has been studied by economists in various ways. Since President Donald Trump came into office and soon started imposing tariffs, the need by US firms to file antidumping (AD) cases would seem to have been reduced. This study aims to examine whether such a reduction in AD cases has occurred.

Design/methodology/approach
Quarterly US AD filings via a negative binomial regression analysis are explained. Patterns based on data from 1995 through 2016 are obtained first and then predict US AD petitions for 2017 and 2018.

Findings
The authors reject a hypothesis of substitution away from AD in the Trump era of general protectionism but do find some support for the notion that protection moves downstream, with greater than predicted AD filings in downstream metals sectors.

Originality/value
This is the first study to examine the possibility of trade policy substitutability in the Trump era.
Spreadable processed cheese using natural goat cheese ripened
Authors: Burgos Laura , Pece Nora , Maldonado Silvina 
Published: January 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to establish the degree of ripening of natural goat cheese used as a raw material; to formulate a spreadable processed cheese with creamy consistency; and to determine the level of each process variable.Design/methodology/approachCheeses of various ripening times were selected for the formulation through cluster analysis. The effect of the final moisture was studied using the same proportion of fresh and ripened cheeses in the formulation, and three melting temperatures were tested.FindingsGoat cheeses ripened for 10, 20 and 40 days were chosen for the formulation of spreadable processed cheese. Final moisture content of 63.0 ± 0.1 per cent was selected (p= 0.0008). Melting temperature at 85.0 ± 0.1°C for 9.0 ± 0.5 min was suitable to homogenize the cheese mass (p= 0.001). The level of variables was validated by changing the proportions of natural goat cheeses selected. Four formulations were obtained with a consistency similar to that of the commercial reference.Practical implicationsProcessed cheese is produced by blending shredded natural cheeses of different types and degrees of ripening. The use of ripening goat cheeses as a raw material in processed cheeses contributes to the added value of the local goat milk chain. Goat cheeses have an acid and slightly salty taste and medium to long persistence.Originality/valueThe results of this work can be used by processed cheese manufacturers to better understand the impact of goat cheese ripening on processed cheese quality. The industry can also use these results to introduce the product onto the market and plan their marketing campaign.
Grape juice and aerobic exercise on blood pressure
Authors: Leal Juliane Barroso , Leal Juçara Barroso , Leal Joaline Barroso Portela , Borges Yan de Lima , de Moura Maria Ivone Leal , Teixeira-Araujo Alfredo Anderson , da Costa Venilson Serafim , Carvalho Ferdinando Oliveira 
Published: January 2020

PurposeThis paper aims to verify the effect of 12 weeks of grape juice (GJ) consumption associated with aerobic exercise on the variation of the hypertensive elderly pressure.Design/methodology/approachA total of 45 hypertensive elderly of both sexes were distributed into: control group (CG,n= 10), exercise group (EG,n= 10), juice group (JG,n= 12) and juice and exercise group (JEG,n= 13). Blood pressure and heart rate were checked weekly before exercise in JG and JEG, and before and after intervention in all groups, with JG and JEG supplemented with 200 mL of GJ. Three weekly sessions of moderate walking were applied.FindingsThere was a reduction in EG, JG and JEG for systolic pressure and diastolic only for JG and JEG. The GJ consumption to the practice of aerobic exercise provided reductions in the arterial pressure of hypertensive, in addition to stabilization of the diastolic pressure.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the objective of the study was to compare the effect and value of intervention with controls, the study had no intervention in food consumption, which could have led to more significant results. There was a limitation in the control drink, leading the study not to be blind, which may have impaired the results. However, it is probably not a bias, as the groups were divided by residence area, and therefore, had no direct contact with the other groups. Another limitation was that the sample size was still small, which would lead to more reliable results. Finally, although the existing limitations cannot be disregarded, the results of this research are very promising, especially when the objective is the effect of GJ and aerobic exercise on blood pressure, with the possibility of implementing supplemental GJ and the inclusion or not of exercise to the hypertensive elderly.Originality/valueThe paper deals with the benefits of GJ consumption associated with aerobic physical exercise on the blood pressure of elderly hypertensive patients. Considering that GJ along with physical exercise was enough to reduce the blood pressure of hypertensive elderly, this may be a new model to be used to reduce and/or control blood pressure, and GJ and the exercise to be part of the daily life of the population.