bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optogenetic Stimulation Reduces Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression After Stroke
Authors: Pendharkar Arjun V. , Smerin Daniel , Gonzalez Lorenzo , Wang Eric H. , Levy Sabrina , Wang Stephanie , Ishizaka Shunsuke , Ito Masaki , Uchino Haruto , Chiang Terrance , Cheng Michelle Y. , Steinberg Gary K. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPost-stroke optogenetic stimulation has been shown to enhance neurovascular coupling and functional recovery. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has been implicated as a key regulator of the neurovascular response in acute stroke; however, its role in subacute recovery remains unclear. We investigated the expression of nNOS in stroke mice undergoing optogenetic stimulation of the contralesional lateral cerebellar nucleus (cLCN). We also examined the effects of nNOS inhibition on functional recovery using a pharmacological inhibitor targeting nNOS. Optogenetically stimulated stroke mice demonstrated significant improvement on the horizontal rotating beam task at post-stroke days 10 and 14. nNOS mRNA and protein expression was significantly and selectively decreased in the contralesional primary motor cortex (cM1) of cLCN-stimulated mice. The nNOS expression in cM1 was negatively correlated with improved recovery. nNOS inhibitor (ARL 17477)-treated stroke mice exhibited a significant functional improvement in speed at post-stroke day 10, when compared to stroke mice receiving vehicle (saline) only. Our results show that optogenetic stimulation of cLCN and systemic nNOS inhibition both produce functional benefits after stroke, and suggest that nNOS may play a maladaptive role in post-stroke recovery.
Towards an integrated approach for red mud valorisation: a focus on titanium
Authors: Pietrantonio M. , Pucciarmati S. , Torelli G. N. , D’Aria G. , Forte F. , Fontana D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this work red mud, a highly alkaline waste product generated during alumina production process, was valorised as a source of valuable metals and as an adsorbent material. A hydrometallurgical process was developed in order to recover titanium from red mud. By a leaching step with hydrochloric acid followed by ammonia precipitation and a further purification step by solvent extraction with Cyanex 301 using toluene as a solvent, quantitative recovery of titanium with a high purity level (> 95%) was achieved. Red mud adsorption properties were also tested for metal removal from aqueous solutions. The results showed the red mud potential in applications such as environmental remediation. The adsorption order was found to be: iron > lead > copper > manganese, zinc. Red mud can be thus potentially valorised both as a source of secondary titanium and as an adsorbent material, according to the principles of Circular Economy which promote waste reduction and the preservation of natural resources.
Sandwiching Sulfur into the Dents Between N, O Co-Doped Graphene Layered Blocks with Strong Physicochemical Confinements for Stable and High-Rate Li–S Batteries
Authors: Shi Mengjiao , Zhang Su , Jiang Yuting , Jiang Zimu , Zhang Longhai , Chang Jin , Wei Tong , Fan Zhuangjun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe development of lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) is restricted by their poor cycle stability and rate performance due to the low conductivity of sulfur and severe shuttle effect. Herein, an N, O co-doped graphene layered block (NOGB) with many dents on the graphene sheets is designed as effective sulfur host for high-performance LSBs. The sulfur platelets are physically confined into the dents and closely contacted with the graphene scaffold, ensuring structural stability and high conductivity. The highly doped N and O atoms can prevent the shuttle effect of sulfur species by strong chemical adsorption. Moreover, the micropores on the graphene sheets enable fast Li+ transport through the blocks. As a result, the obtained NOGB/S composite with 76 wt% sulfur content shows a high capacity of 1413 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, good rate performance of 433 mAh g−1 at 10 C, and remarkable stability with 526 mAh g−1 at after 1000 cycles at 1 C (average decay rate: 0.038% per cycle). Our design provides a comprehensive route for simultaneously improving the conductivity, ion transport kinetics, and preventing the shuttle effect in LSBs.
Laboratory experiments can pre-design to address power and selection issues
Authors: Ding Weili 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this paper, motivated by aspects of preregistration plans we discuss issues that we believe have important implications for how experiments are designed. To make possible valid inferences about the effects of a treatment in question, we first illustrate how economic theories can help allocate subjects across treatments in a manner that boosts statistical power. Using data from two laboratory experiments where subject behavior deviated sharply from theory, we show that the ex-post subject allocation to maximize statistical power is closer to these ex-ante calculations relative to traditional designs that balances the number of subjects across treatments. Finally, we call for increased attention to (i) the appropriate levels of the type I and type II errors for power calculations, and (ii) how experimenters consider balance in part by properly handling over-subscription to sessions.
European Society for Sexual Medicine Consensus Statement on the Use of the Cavernous Nerve Injury Rodent Model to Study Postradical Prostatectomy Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Weyne Emmanuel , Ilg Marcus M. , Cakir Onur Omer , Muneer Asif , Roussel Delphine Behr , Albersen Maarten , Angulo Javier , Corona Giovanni , Bettocchi Carlo , Reisman Yacov , Castiglione Fabio 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionRodent animal models are currently the most used in vivo model in translational studies looking into the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy.AimThis European Society for Sexual Medicine (ESSM) statement aims to guide scientists toward utilization of the rodent model in an appropriate, timely, and proficient fashion.MethodsMEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for basic science studies, using a rodent animal model, looking into the consequence of pelvic nerve injury on erectile function.Main outcome measuresThe authors present a consensus on how to best perform experiments with this rodent model, the details of the technique, and highlight possible pitfalls.ResultsOwing to the specific issue—basic science—Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence criteria cannot be applied. However, ESSM statements on this topic will be provided in which we summarize the ESSM position on various aspects of the model such as the use of the Animal Research Reporting In Vivo Experiments guideline and the of common range parameter for nerve stimulation. We also highlighted the translational limits of the model.ConclusionThe following statements were formulated as a suggestive guidance for scientists using the cavernous nerve injury model. With this, we hope to standardize and further improve the quality of research in this field. It must be noted that this model has its limitations.
A comparison of systematic instruction, error-based learning and trial and error to train the use of smartphone memory apps after acquired brain injury: A three-armed phase II randomised controlled trial study protocol
Authors: Ramirez-Hernandez Diana , Stolwyk Renerus J. , Ownsworth Tamara , Wong Dana 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground:The uptake of smartphones as external compensatory memory aids following an acquired brain injury (ABI) in rehabilitation settings is low. Potential reasons for this include professionals not having evidence-based guidelines regarding the best methods to train smartphone use and prospective users not being familiar with technology and/or having memory and learning difficulties. This paper describes the protocol of a study that aims to compare the efficacy of three training methods (Systematic Instruction, Error-based Learning and Trial-and-Error) for training the use of a smartphone reminder app, in people with ABI presenting with memory complaints.Methods/Design:This is a three-armed, assessor-blinded, Phase II randomised controlled trial. The estimated sample size is 51 participants aged >18 years, who are equally randomised to one of the three training groups. They are seen across four sessions: one to conduct baseline measures; one for training the use of an app and two for follow-up assessments (1- and 6-weeks post-training). The main outcome measure is proficiency of performance in tasks with the trained app. Secondary outcomes include generalisation of skills to other apps, number of errors committed while attempting the tasks, frequency of smartphone usage in general and as a memory aid and confidence in smartphone use and memory self-efficacy. Outcome measures are collected by an independent blinded assessor. Proficiency of performance, generalisation of skills and error commission are measured immediately post-training and at the two follow-up sessions. The other secondary measures are taken pre-intervention and at the two follow-up sessions.Discussion:This study will provide initial evidence regarding the efficacy of three different methods to train ABI survivors with memory difficulties in how to use smartphone apps as compensatory memory aids. The results could inform a larger Phase III trial and advance knowledge concerning the advantages or disadvantages of using error-reducing and trial-and-error techniques. Further, the findings could determine the potential of error-based learning as an emerging training method for people with memory impairment within rehabilitation.
Measuring functional disability in children with developmental disorders in low-resource settings: validation of Developmental Disorders-Children Disability Assessment Schedule (DD-CDAS) in rural Pakistan
Authors: Hamdani Syed Usman , Huma Zill-e , Wissow Lawrence , Rahman Atif , Gladstone Melissa 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Developmental disorders (DDs) in children are a priority condition and guidelines have been developed for their management within low-resource community settings. However, a key obstacle is lack of open access, reliable and valid tools that lay health workers can use to evaluate the impact of such programmes on child outcomes. We adapted and validated the World Health Organization's Disability Assessment Schedule for children (WHODAS-Child), a lay health worker-administered functioning-related tool, for children with DDs in Pakistan.

Methods
Lay health workers administered a version of the WHODAS-Child to parents of children with DDs (N = 400) and without DDs (N = 400), aged 2–12 years, after it was adapted using qualitative study. Factor analysis, validity, reliability and sensitivity to change analyses were conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the adapted outcome measure.

Results
Among 800 children, 58% of children were male [mean (s.d.) age 6.68 (s.d. = 2.89)]. Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed a robust factor structure [χ2/df 2.86, RMSEA 0.068 (90% CI 0.064–0.073); Tucker–Lewis Index (TLI) 0.92; Comparative Fit Index (CFI) 0.93; Incremental Fit Index (IFI) 0.93]. The tool demonstrated high internal consistency (α 0.82–0.94), test–retest [Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) 0.71–0.98] and inter-data collector (ICC 0.97–0.99) reliabilities; good criterion (r −0.71), convergent (r −0.35 to 0.71) and discriminative [M (s.d.) 52.00 (s.d. = 21.97) v. 2.14 (s.d. = 4.00); 95% CI −52.05 to −47.67] validities; and adequate sensitivity to change over time (ES 0.19–0.23).

Conclusions
The lay health worker administrated version of adapted WHODAS-Child is a reliable, valid and sensitive-to-change measure of functional disability in children aged 2–12 years with DDs in rural community settings of Pakistan.
The Two Faces of Terror
Authors: Farer Tom J. 
Published: July 2020

To know where we are, we have to see ourselves from a distance. Otherwise the remarkable becomes commonplace.I see the Military Commissions Act of 2006 from a temporal distance, specifically from the era of state-terror regimes in Latin America during which I served for eight years (1976 -1983) as a member of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, a principal arm of the Organization of American States (OAS). Those were the years in which governments scattered across the South American continent and the Central American isthmus, anticipating the policy views announced by United States Vice President Dick Cheney in an interview on “Meet the Press” in 2001, decided to go to what Cheney called the “dark side,” or, in the case of those who had long made that side their principal area of operations, decided to move a larger proportion of their respective peoples into it. Throughout the period, reports about the hell on earth my six colleagues and I exposed (in the somewhat stilted idiom official agents are driven to adopt) would appear episodically in the American press. Their implicit subtext was that these horrors were perpetrated by brutes as alien to American life as the venues where they operated.
European Communities —Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products. WT/DS291/R, WT/DS292/R, & WT/DS293/R
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , Lester Simon 
Published: July 2020

European Communities—Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products. WT/DS291/R, WT/DS292/R, & WT/DS293/R. At <http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/dispu_status_e.htm>.World Trade Organization Panel, September 29, 2006 (adopted November 21, 2006).In what was by far the longest panel report in the World Trade Organization’s history, a WTO panel ruled last September that various parts of the European Communities’ regulatory regime for the approval and marketing of “biotech products” (that is, products that contain, or are made from or with, genetically modified organisms (GMOs)) violated the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). The panel report was not appealed and was adopted by the WTO Dispute Settlement Body on November 21, 2006.In recent years, a heated international debate has developed regarding the production and consumption of food made from or with GMOs. Among the key players in this debate, the United States, supported by many companies who have developed GMO-based products, has pushed for their acceptance; by contrast, the European Communities (EC) and its member states, backed by consumer groups and other activists, have tried to restrict their use through various regulations.
“Aerial Security Law.” Case No. 1 BvR 357/05. 115 BVerfGE 118
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , Naske Nina , Nolte Georg 
Published: July 2020

“Aerial Security Law.” Case No. 1 BvR 357/05. 115 BVerfGE 118. Available at <http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de>.Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court of Germany), February 15, 2006.On February 15,2006, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany (Bundesverfassungsgericht) held the Aerial Security Act to be unconstitutional. This act authorized the use of military force against any aircraft intended to be used for the killing of human beings, if the use of such force was the only means to avert an immediate danger. The Court based its ruling on two grounds: first, that the federal level of government had no legislative power to enact such a law, and second, that the act's authorization of military force infringed upon the guarantee of human dignity as embodied in Article 1(1) of the German Constitution, or Basic Law (Grundgesetz).On January 5, 2003, a small airplane circled over the Frankfurt banking district. For a few moments people saw themselves confronted with a terror attack, recalling 9/11 and the pictures of the burning World Trade Center. The police evacuated several buildings and two Air Force fighter jets arrived before it was established that the pilot was not a terrorist but merely a mentally confused person. A year later, in January 2004, the federal government proposed a draft federal Aerial Security Act. The government argued that the attacks of 9/11, along with the Frankfurt incident, made clear that in order to protect against such attacks, it was necessary to clarify the roles of the federal and state (Länder) governments. “This draft is meant to achieve that aim … and to establish quick and efficient mechanisms for information gathering and decision.”
Natural Resources Defense Council v. Environmental Protection Agency. 464 F.3d 1
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , Knox John H. 
Published: July 2020

Natural Resources Defense Council v. Environmental Protection Agency. 464 F.3d 1.United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, August 29, 2006.In Natural Resources Defense Councilv. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit held that certain decisions of the parties acting under the international legal regime to protect the ozone layer are not “law” with which EPA must comply under the Clean Air Act. In dicta, the court suggested that holding the decisions to be “‘law’ would raise serious constitutional questions in light of the nondelegation doctrine, numerous constitutional procedural requirements for making law, and the separation of powers” (p. 9).The purpose of the international ozone regime—in particular, the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer—is to protect stratospheric ozone, which intercepts harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Unlike oxygen (O2), ozone (O3) is unstable: when a chlorine or bromine compound reaches the stratosphere, it sets off chemical chain reactions that destroy thousands of ozone molecules. As industrial production of such compounds has increased, stratospheric ozone has been depleted, allowing more ultraviolet radiation to reach the Earth, where it causes skin cancer and cataracts, reduces agricultural productivity, and harms the environment. The ozone regime reduces ozone-depleting substances (ODS) in the stratosphere by phasing out their production.
Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , Bradley Curtis A. 
Published: July 2020

Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, 126 S.Ct. 2669.United States Supreme Court, June 28, 2006.In Sanchez-Llamas v. Oregon, a majority of the U.S. Supreme Court held that suppression of evidence is not an appropriate remedy for violations of Article 36 of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and that U.S. states may apply their regular procedural default rules to bar claims brought under Article 36. The Court reached the latter conclusion despite contrary reasoning by the International Court of Justice (ICJ).Article 36(1)(b) of the Vienna Convention provides that when one party country arrests nationals of another party country, it shall inform the foreign nationals without delay that they have the right to have their consulate notified of the arrest, and to communicate with the consulate. Article 36(2) adds that these rights “shall be exercised in conformity with the laws and regulations of the receiving State, subject to the proviso, however, that the said laws and regulations must enable full effect to be given to the purposes for which the rights accorded under this Article are intended.” The United States ratified the Vienna Convention in 1969, along with a protocol to the Convention providing that disputes between nations arising under the treaty could be heard in the ICJ.
Optimal portfolio choice with tontines under systematic longevity risk
Authors: Gemmo Irina , Rogalla Ralph , Weinert Jan-Hendrik 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe derive optimal portfolio choice patterns in retirement (ages 66–105) for a constant relative risk aversion utility maximising investor facing risky capital market returns, stochastic mortality risk, and income-reducing health shocks. Beyond the usual stocks and bonds, the individual can invest his assets in tontines. Tontines are cost-efficient financial contracts providing age-increasing, but volatile cash flows, generated through the pooling of mortality without guarantees, which can help to match increasing financing needs at old ages. We find that a tontine invested in the risk-free asset dominates stock investments for older investors without a bequest motive. However, with a bequest motive, it is optimal to replace the tontine investment over time with traditional financial assets. Our results indicate that early in retirement, a tontine is only an attractive investment option, if the tontine funds are invested in a risky asset. In this case, they crowd out stocks and risk-free bonds in the optimal portfolios of younger investors. Over time, the average optimal portfolio weight of tontines decreases. Introducing systematic mortality risks noticeably reduces the peak allocation to tontines.
Growth and development of spring crops in competition with oat in the dryland Mediterranean climate of eastern Washington
Authors: Manuchehri Misha R. , Fuerst E. Pat , Guy Stephen O. , Shafii Bahman , Pittmann Dennis L. , Burke Ian C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWeed management during spring crop production in eastern Washington presents many challenges. Many spring crops are weak competitors with weeds. In May of 2010 and 2011, two spring crop trials were initiated near Pullman, WA, to compare the relative competitiveness of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), and pea (Pisum sativum L.) using cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.) as a surrogate for wild oat (Avena fatua L.) competition. The experiment was arranged as a split-block split-plot design with four replications. One set of main plots included three oat density treatments (0, 63, and 127 plants m−2), while a second set included each crop species. Crop species main plots were then split into subplots of two different seeding rates (recommended and doubled). Crop populations decreased as oat density increased and increased as crop seeding rate increased. As oat density increased, preharvest crop biomass decreased for all crops, while oat biomass and yield increased. Oat biomass and yield were greater in legume plots compared with cereal plots. Increasing oat density decreased yields for all crops, whereas doubling crop seeding rate increased yields for barley and wheat in 2010 and barley in 2011. Compared with legumes, cereals were taller, produced more biomass, and were more competitive with oat.
GLOBE Observer Data: 2016–2019
Authors: Amos Helen M. , Starke Matthew J. , Rogerson Tina M. , Colón Robles Marilé , Andersen Travis , Boger Rebecca , Campbell Brian A. , Low Russanne D. , Nelson Peder , Overoye David , Taylor Jessica E. , Weaver Kristen L. , Ferrell Trena M. , Kohl Holli , Schwerin Theresa G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis technical report summarizes the GLOBE Observer data set from 1 April 2016 to 1 December 2019. GLOBE Observer is an ongoing NASA‐sponsored international citizen science project that is part of the larger Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) Program, which has been in operation since 1995. GLOBE Observer has the greatest number of participants and geographic coverage of the citizen science projects in the Earth Science Division at NASA. Participants use the GLOBE Observer mobile app (launched in 2016) to collect atmospheric, hydrologic, and terrestrial observations. The app connects participants to satellite observations from Aqua, Terra, CALIPSO, GOES, Himawari, and Meteosat. Thirty‐eight thousand participants have contributed 320,000 observations worldwide, including 1,000,000 georeferenced photographs. It would take an individual more than 13 years to replicate this effort. The GLOBE Observer app has substantially increased the spatial extent and sampling density of GLOBE measurements and more than doubled the number of measurements collected through the GLOBE Program. GLOBE Observer data are publicly available (at observer.globe.gov).