bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examination of weight status, parity and maternal education factors on intentions to breastfeed and breastfeeding duration in an Irish cohort.
Authors: Callaghan Shauna , Moore Rebecca L. , Geraghty Aisling A. , Yelverton Cara , McAuliffe Fionnuala 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionBreastfeeding can improve health outcomes for mothers and babies and is an important factor in the reduction of obesity. However, breastfeeding rates in Ireland are amongst the lowest internationally, with rates of 59.9% in 2016.Materials & MethodsThe objective of this study was to assess intention to breastfeed at booking, feeding status at hospital discharge, one and three months postnatal and influencing factors.Secondary data from 124 healthy pregnant women participating in an RCT in the National Maternity Hospital who recorded their intention to breastfeed at booking were included. Observational data including demographic and lifestyle data was collected from participants.ResultsOf the 124 women, 80.7% were Irish, 86.2% had achieved third level education, and 43.5% (n = 54) were multiparous. Mean age was 32.7years and mean BMI 24.9kg/m2. 91.1% (n = 113) reported intending to breastfeed at booking. Upon hospital discharge, 91% of those intending to breastfeed had initiated breastfeeding (n = 101/111). 78.6% (n = 77/98) and 66.7% (n = 58/87) of those who had intended to breastfeed remained breastfeeding at one and three months postnatal respectively. Intention to breastfeed in early pregnancy was significantly higher amongst women with third level education (p < 0.001). Intention to breastfeed did not differ significantly with maternal age, ethnicity, BMI, or parity, however, women who had breastfed previously were more likely to intend to breastfeed for future infants (p < 0.001). Women with higher education were more likely to breastfeed at discharge, one and three months postnatal (p < 0.05). Although maternal BMI was not associated with intention to breastfeed, women who did not initiate breastfeeding at hospital discharge had a significantly higher BMI (M = 27.22kg/m2, SD = 4.53, p = 0.018) compared to women who initiated breastfeeding (M = 24.68kg/m2, SD = 3.05). Similarly, of those intending to breastfeed, women who were not breastfeeding at three months postnatal had a significantly higher BMI (M = 26.33kg/m2, SD = 3.99, p = 0.01) than those continuing breastfeeding (M = 24.08kg/m2, SD = 2.61). There were no significant differences regarding feeding status with maternal ethnicity, age, or parity at discharge and one month postnatal (p > 0.05). However, primiparous women intending to breastfeed were significantly more likely to continue breastfeeding at three months compared to multiparous women (p < 0.05).DiscussionMany factors are shown to influence breastfeeding intention and duration including parity, education and BMI. It is important to identify these potentially inhibiting factors during pregnancy to develop support measures to encourage initiation and continuation of breastfeeding.
Estimates of Sodium and Potassium intake and their molar ratio in Irish children: Preliminary findings from NCFSII
Authors: Morrissey Eoin , Kehoe Laura , Heslin Aoibhin Moore , Buffini Maria , McNulty Breige , Nugent Anne , Kearney John , Flynn Albert , Walton Janette 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI) have set target maximum daily salt intakes for children (4–6y: 3 g, 7–10y: 5 g, 11–14y: 6g) while the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) have set Adequate Intakes (AI) for potassium of 1100mg/d, 1800mg/d and 2700mg/d for children of the same respective age groups. An individual's sodium to potassium (Na:K) intake ratio is an important predictor of hypertension and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend a Na:K intake ratio of ≤ 1.0mmol/mmol for both adults and children. Although the morbidities associated with hypertension may not be seen until adulthood, blood pressure in childhood has a significant association with blood pressure in adulthood. Therefore, estimation of Na:K intake ratios (best measured by urinary excretion) in children may predict their susceptibility to hypertension related diseases in later life. The aim of this study was to estimate sodium and potassium intake and mean molar Na:K intake ratio of Irish children and to assess compliance with dietary guidance.Morning spot urine samples were collected for 572 children aged 5–12 years (95% of total sample) as part of the nationally representative Irish National Children's Food Survey II (2017–2018) (NCFSII; www.iuna.net). Samples were transported, processed and stored using best practice procedures. Urinary excretion of sodium and potassium were measured using a Randox RX Daytona and were corrected for gender and age-specific 24-hour urine volume estimations based on 24-hour urine volume estimates from Australian children. SPSS Version 25 was used for all analyses.Mean 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was 2018mg/d, equivalent to an average salt excretion of 5.0g/d exceeding the FSAI maximum target intake for all age groups except 11–12 year olds. Mean 24-hour urinary potassium excretion was 1411mg/d with mean intakes below the AI from EFSA for all age groups with the exception of 5–6 year olds. The mean molar Na:K ratio of Irish children was 2.8 for boys and 3.4 for girls. Only 5% of Irish children met the WHO recommendation for a Na:K ratio of ≤ 1.0mmol/mmol.High intakes of sodium and low intakes of potassium reported in this study result in a low compliance with the WHO recommendation of a Na:K ratio ≤ 1.0mmol/mmol. This may lead to a higher risk of hypertension and related morbidities in later life. Based on these findings, dietary interventions to combat hypertension related diseases (such as lowering sodium and increasing potassium intakes) should be implemented from childhood.
Effect of salt reduced bread alone or with dietary counselling on 24-hour excretion of sodium, potassium and sodium/potassium ratio
Authors: Riis Nanna Louise , Bjørnsbo Kirsten , Lassen Anne Dahl , Trolle Ellen , Frederiksen Amalie , Andreasen Anne Helms , Toft Ulla 
Published: June 2020

AbstractExcess dietary sodium plays an important role in hypertension, a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). To counteract some of the negative effects of sodium, an increased intake of potassium has shown beneficial effects on blood pressure. In fact, the sodium to potassium ratio might be a stronger risk factor for CVD than either sodium or potassium alone. The objective of the present study was to estimate the effect of A) a salt reduction strategy (providing salt reduced bread) and B) a salt reduction and potassium promoting strategy (providing salt reduced bread combined with dietary counselling), on intake of sodium, potassium and the sodium/potassium ratio. The study is a 4-month cluster randomized controlled trial with families randomly assigned to either intervention A, intervention B or control. Participants in intervention A received bread gradually reduced in salt content from 1.2 g salt/100 g to 0.6 g salt/100 g in ryebread and 0.4 g salt/100 g in wheat bread. Participants in intervention B received the same salt reduced bread and in addition dietary counselling on how to eat food with less salt and more potassium. The control group received standard bread (1.2 g salt/100g). Sodium and potassium intake were measured through three consecutive 24-hour urine measurements in adults and one in children at baseline and follow-up. Changes in outcomes were assessed using linear mixed models. Eighty-nine families, including 155 adults (46.5 % men) and 156 children (51.9 % boys), from the suburb of Copenhagen, Denmark, participated in the study. The sodium/potassium ratio was significantly reduced by -0.57 ± 0.19 mmol/L (P = 0.003) in intervention B compared to control group, resulting from a non-significant lower sodium and increased potassium intake. No significant differences were found between intervention A and control group (preliminary results). These findings support future actions to reduce salt intake, focusing on a combination of structural and educational strategies.
Response to vitamin D supplementation in different latitudes: results from two parallel placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials
Authors: Mendes Marcela , Hart Kathryn , Botelho Patrícia , Lanham-New Susan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractVitamin D is vital to bone health and prolonged severe deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia/osteoporosis in adults. Vitamin D is an exceptional nutrient in that its main source is exposure of the skin to UV rays, whilst it can also be ingested through diet. This study aimed to investigate the relative contribution of vitamin D supplementation and individual sunlight exposure in raising vitamin D levels, throughout winter, in ethnically identical adult women living in opposite latitudes. Within two parallel placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (RCT), with identical study designs, 135 Brazilian women, (England, n = 56, 51˚N; Brazil, n = 79, 16˚S), were randomized to receive daily 15 μg vitamin D3 supplements or placebo, for 12 weeks. Oral vitamin D supplementation of 15 μg daily was effective at raising 25-hydroxivitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations over winter, regardless of latitude, and the response was dependent on baseline vitamin D status. In both latitudes, supplementation prevented the seasonal concomitant increase in plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. Additionally, the individual UV radiation level was strongly correlated with 25(OH)D concentrations. The research also showed: 1) an optimal vitamin D status for bone health around 70–80 nmol/l; 2) the required UV radiation to achieve this status was 1.5 SED; 3) the vitamin D dietary intakes required to achieve these serum levels were 4.5 μg/d at a low latitude (16˚S) and 37 μg/d at high latitude (51˚N). The strength of these results is the novel analysis that directly links human in vivo individual sunlight radiation, increased vitamin D intake and 25(OH)D status, within two parallel RCTs in opposite latitudes. This study demonstrated that a daily supplement of 15 μg vitamin D3 was an effective strategy to significantly raise vitamin D status throughout the winter months in adult females, with important implications for bone health through the simultaneous lowering of PTH, regardless of latitude. Our data gives a two-fold contribution to the vitamin D field: firstly it will help raise awareness of the risk for vitamin D deficiency in low latitude regions such as most countries in South America as well as amongst South-Americans living in higher latitudes, particularly in the UK; secondly it provides key data for setting appropriate vitamin D recommendations for Brazil (which currently follows US recommendations) as well as for similar latitudes.
Blue water use and greenhouse gas emission in Dutch diets and its association with health
Authors: Vellinga Reina , Temme Elisabeth HM. , van de Kamp Mirjam , Toxopeus Ido B. , van Rossum Caroline TM. , de Valk Elias , Hollander Anne 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionFood consumption is important for population as well as planetary health. Globally, fresh water is a scarce resource. For both fresh water use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions a risk of exceeding the planetary boundaries exists. Food production accounts for approximately 90% of the global water footprint and for 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, the Dutch food consumption patterns are evaluated for blue water use and greenhouse gas emission and its association with dietary quality (Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015).Materials and MethodsFood consumption was assessed, in 2012–2016, by two non-consecutive 24 h recalls, in Dutch children and adults aged 1–79 y (n = 4313) (www.wateetnederland.nl). Environmental impact of foods was quantified using life cycle assessment for e.g. indicators (blue) water use and GHG emission. For each participant aged ≥ 18 y (n = 2078), a score was calculated for the Dutch Healthy Diet 2015 index (DHD15) to quantify the quality of diet with respect to health. Statistical analyses were stratified for age and gender.ResultsDaily diets in the Netherlands were associated with 0.14 ± 0.10 m3 blue water use and 5.3 ± 2.4 kg CO2-equivalents GHG emission. Non-alcoholic beverages, nuts and fruits were most important food groups for use of blue water, and meat, dairy and non-alcoholic beverages for GHG emission. DHD15 score was 4.2 ± 1.5 for men and 4.9 ± 1.4 for women. Diets with a higher DHD15 score had a higher blue water use (r = 0.17) and a lower GHG emission (r = -0.35).DiscussionDifferent associations of environmental indicators (blue water use and GHG emission) with health aspects of diets need to be considered when aligning diets for health and sustainability.
The buckwheat iminosugar D-fagomine attenuates sucrose-induced steatosis and hypertension in rats
Authors: Ramos-Romero Sara , Hereu Mercè , Atienza Lidia , Amézqueta Susana , Casas Josefina , Torres Josep Lluís 
Published: June 2020

AbstractD-Fagomine (1,2 dideoxynojirimycin) is an iminosugar, a carbohydrate analogue that includes an endocyclic nitrogen instead of oxygen, that is naturally present in buckwheat and buckwheat-based foodstuffs. This study examines the long-term functional effect of d-fagomine on sucrose-induced factors of metabolic syndrome and explores possible molecular mechanisms behind its action. We evaluated Wistar Kyoto rats fed a standard diet were given a 35% sucrose (glucose/fructose) solution with d-fagomine (or not, for comparison) or mineral water (controls) for 24 weeks. The variables measured were body weight and energy intake; glucose tolerance (oral glucose tolerance test); plasma leptin concentration; plasma lipid profile; the populations of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, bacteroidales, clostridiales, enterobacteriales, and Escherichia coli in feces; blood pressure; urine uric acid and F2t isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs); perigonadal fat deposition and hepatic histology and diacylglycerols (DAGs) in liver and adipose tissue. We found that d-Fagomine reduced sucrose induced hypertension, urine uric acid, F2-IsoPs as markers of oxidative stress (OS), steatosis and liver DAGs (32:1, 32:2, 34:1 and 36:2) without affecting perigonadal (visceral) fat deposition or DAG levels in visceral adipose tissue. It showed a slight tendency to reduce sugar induced impaired glucose tolerance. d-Fagomine also promoted excretion of enterobacteriales generated by the dietary intervention. We postulate that fructose increases visceral fat deposition independently of liver de novo liposynthesis and that d-fagomine attenuates steatosis and blood pressure mainly by reducing liver fructose levels. The reduction of blood pressure may be associated with an effect on uric acid synthesis while the reduced levels of selected active liver DAGs may explain the weak effect on sucrose-induced impaired glucose tolerance, which may be primarily induced by visceral fat deposition. In conclusion, the increased populations of excreted enterobacteriales may be connected to the levels of excreted uric acid. d-Fagomine counteracts sucrose-induced steatosis and hypertension presumably by reducing the postprandial levels of fructose in the liver as a consequence of intestinal sucrase inhibition.
The influence of maternal and child FADS genotype on cord blood polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrations
Authors: Conway Marie C. , Mulhern Maria S. , McSorley Emeir M. , Strain J.J. , van Wijngaarden Edwin , Davidson Phil W. , Myers Gary J. , Wahlberg Karin , Shamlaye Conrad F. , Pineda Daniela , Broberg Karin , Yeates Alison J 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOptimal maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) status is essential for foetal development. The desaturase enzymes, encoded by the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes, are involved in the endogenous synthesis of long chain (LC)PUFA and influence maternal LCPUFA concentrations. The minor allele of various FADS SNPs has been associated with increased maternal concentrations of the precursors linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA), and lower concentrations of the LCPUFA arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); however, there is limited research to date on the influence of FADS genotype on cord PUFA status. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of maternal and child genetic variation on cord blood PUFA status in a high fish-eating cohort.Cord blood samples collected from mother-child pairs (n = 1088) taking part in the Seychelles Child Development Study (SCDS) Nutrition Cohort 2 (NC2) were analysed for total serum PUFA. Maternal (n = 1088) and child genotype (n = 592) were determined for the FADS SNPs rs174537, rs174561, rs174575, and rs3834458. Regression analysis determined associations between maternal and child FADS genotype and cord PUFA status. In all regression models, the major allele homozygote genotype for each SNP was used as the reference group.Directions of significant associations were as predicted. In mothers, the minor allele homozygote genotype for SNPs rs174537, rs174561 and rs3834458 was associated with lower cord DHA and lower total n-3 PUFA when compared to the major allele homozygous genotype (p < 0.05 for all). The heterozygous genotype was associated with increased concentrations of LA compared to the reference genotype for rs174561 (p = 0.021) and rs383448 (p = 0.023). In children, the heterozygous genotype was associated with lower AA concentrations and lower cord n-6:n-3 ratio for all SNPs (p < 0.05 for all) compared to those with the major allele homozygous genotype. A lower cord AA:LA ratio was also observed for children heterozygous for rs174547, rs174561 and rs174575 (p < 0.05 for all). Contrary to expected, there were no associations between cord PUFA concentrations and child minor allele homozygous genotype.The current study indicates that variation in maternal and child FADS genotype influences cord PUFA concentrations, despite the high intake of preformed dietary LCPUFA from fish in this population. The sample size for minor allele homozygous children was likely too small to observe any statistically significant associations in the current analysis. Further research is needed to determine whether increased dietary intake can compensate for lower PUFA status as a result of FADS genotype.
Physical Activity Attenuates Increased Obesity Risk Associated with the High-Risk Genotype of the FTO Gene in a UK Adult Population
Authors: Holton Juliet , Graham Catherine , Mavrommatis Yiannis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionObesity is an international epidemic. Worldwide, 1.9 billion adults are overweight, and 650 million adults are obese. Obesity has many chronic comorbidities, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obesity's cause is positive energy balance involving environmental and biological factors.Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) suggest that the A/T expression of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) rs9939609 within the Fat-Mass and Obesity-Associated (FTO) gene significantly influences adiposity. The high-risk A allele is associated with increased Body Mass Index (BMI) (0.36kg/m2 per A allele) and a preference for increased fat and protein intake. FTO encodes for 2-oxoglutarate-dependant-nucleic-acid-demethylase, which is involved in energy homeostasis and lipolysis. Previous studies show that a high physical activity level (PAL) attenuates the increased BMI risks associated with the high-risk allele. However, results have been contradictory. This study aims to elucidate the links between FTO SNP rs9939609, PAL, BMI and food preference.MethodsAn observational cross-sectional study including 37 UK adults was performed. Participant height, weight and body fat% (BF%) (using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis) were measured. A food frequency questionnaire was completed, a saliva sample was collected for DNA analysis and PAL was assessed using participants active hours.A two-way MANOVA was performed to determine differences in BMI and BF% between FTO rs9939609 genotypes and PALs. A Chi-squared test was performed to determine potential genotype associations with food preference.ResultsParticipant BMI was significantly higher in AA participants compared to AT (3.99kg/m2 ± 1.69, p = 0.027) and TT (3.7kg/m2 ± 1.73, p = 0.043) participants. Participant BMI was higher in low PAL participants compared to medium PAL participants (4.62kg/m2 ± 1.35, p = 0.002). Genotype did not significantly influence participant BF% (p = 0.281).A combination of PAL and genotype was significantly associated with BMI and BF% (p = 0.009). BMI was significantly increased in AA participants compared to TT participants (7.15kg/m2 ± 2.68, p = 0.013) and AT participants (8.15kg/m2 ± 2.77, p = 0.007) with low PAL. This difference was not seen as PAL increased.No significant associations were found between genotype and food preference (p = 0.717).DiscussionThis study suggests that combining genotype and PAL significantly influences BMI and BF%. Participants homozygous for the risk allele AA with low PAL have significantly higher BMI than AT/TT participants with low PAL. However, the obesogenic effects of the risk genotype are diminished as PAL increases. This suggests that PAL attenuates genetic predisposition for obesity associated with the FTO rs9939609 A allele. These results may be applied in obesity intervention programmes particularly for encouragement of genetically predisposed individuals.
The prevalence and economic burden of obesity in Hungary
Authors: Imre Rurik. , Tímea Ungvári. , Csilla Semánová , Gabriella Iski 
Published: June 2020

Abstract IntroductionThe prevalence of obesity is growing continuously worldwide, even in Hungary. Since 1988, when the first professional wide-range evaluation was performed, only limited data were available. There were no reports of health care expenses related to obesity.MethodsAnthropometric parameters were measured, presence of metabolic diseases were questioned in primary&community care settings. Data were compared with previous data from 1988.Yearly data of the Hungarian National Health Insurance Fund Administration (NHIFA) were collected, regarding finances of secondary care, hospital services and health insurance reimbursement for medications, based on selected morbidities linked to obesity.ResultsData of 0.55 percent of the population above 18 year were registered in all geographical regions of Hungary (43,287 persons; 17,901 males and 25,386 females), close to the proper national representativeness.The overall prevalence rate of overweight among men was 40%, while obesity 32%, by women both was close to 32%. In the different age groups of men, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was: 18–34 y = 32.7% and 18.2%, between 35–59 y = 40.1% and 34.4%, over 60 y = 43.5% and 38.8%. Among women, in the same age categories were: 19.6% and 5.7%, 36.8% and 38.7%, 36.5% and 39.7%. Data of BMIs and waist-circumference were presented according to age, by decades and by type of residency as well. The highest ratio of overweight was registered among men with the highest educational level, while highest ratio of obesity among women having the lowest education. Obesity according to BMI and abdominal obesity was the highest in the villages, especially among females. Registered metabolic morbidities were strongly correlated with BMIs and both were inversely related to the level of urbanization.The estimated total public health expenditures were 58,986 Million HUF (190.3 Million EUR) and the financial contribution of patients was calculated as 25,316 Million HUF (82 Million EUR). These data represent 9,3 % of the whole national health services budget (908,011 Million HUF - 2929 Million EUR)) and 30 % of the whole drug-reimbursement budget (296,024 Million HUF - -955 Million EUR).ConclusionsOver the previous decades, the ratio of the overweight and even the obese persons increased significantly, it was most prominent among males, mainly in younger generation.Expenditures for all obesity related pathologies could be estimated between 0.5–1 % of the national GDP.Obesity means a serious medical, public health and economic problem, requires higher public and political awareness.