bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurements meet perceptions: rheology–texture–sensory relations when using green, bio‐derived emollients in cosmetic emulsions
Authors: Huynh A. , Garcia A.G. , Young L.K. , Szoboszlai M. , Liberatore M.W. , Baki G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveProduct aesthetics and sensory performance can strongly influence a cosmetic product’s acceptance by consumers. However, classic sensory analysis is time‐consuming, expensive and does not provide information on the target group’s preference. In the previous phase of this project, we had untrained consumers evaluate six cosmetic emulsions based on their aesthetics using a check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) survey. In this project, our goals were to quantitatively characterize the rheology and textural properties of the six cosmetic emulsions containing green, bio‐derived emollients and identify statistical relationships between the consumers’ description of products and the instrumental measurements.MethodsSix emulsions were prepared—three with olive oil and three with heptyl undecylenate as an emollient. Four sensory‐like attributes, namely firmness, work of shear, stickiness and adhesiveness, were tested using a texture analyser. Rheological characterization included continuous flow testing and oscillatory measurements. Droplet size and stability were also evaluated. Statistical relationships were quantified between measurements in this study and sensory survey results published previously.ResultsThe textural and rheological results indicated that the emulsions were different—as designed. The texture and rheology measurements had analogous grouping outcomes to the consumers’ discrimination. Emulsions 1 and 2 were the firmest, hardest to spread, stickiest and had the highest viscosity, while Emulsions 5 and 6 were the least firm, easiest to spread, less sticky than Emulsions 1 and 2, and had the lowest viscosity. Emulsions 3 and 4 fell in between the other two groups. Using olive oil instead of heptyl undecylenate as an emollient increased firmness, spreading, stickiness, viscosity and droplet size of the emulsions in every case—when comparing emulsions within each pair. All six emulsions had a shear‐thinning behaviour. Viscosity and firmness directly correlated for the emulsions. Emulsions were visually stable at room temperature over the course of 6 months and viscosity remained relatively constant over this period also.ConclusionCertain sensory attributes can be reliably predicted with instrumental measurements. Identifying and quantifying sensory–texture–rheology relationships can contribute to achieving appropriate product characteristics tailored to suit market needs.
Optimal mixed charging schemes for traffic congestion management with subsidy to new energy vehicle users
Authors: Wu Zhongming , Cai Xingju , Li Min , Hu Leyu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTraffic congestion and emissions are two severe and urgent problems in the transportation field. To alleviate congestion and encourage green travel, this paper studies a mixed charging scheme for the multimodal transportation network including conventional vehicles (CV) and new energy vehicles (NEV). We exploit the optimal mixed charging schemes according to the mixed equilibria and system optimum model. The mixed equilibria characterized by the variational inequality system represents that the players follow either the user equilibrium or Cournot–Nash equilibrium principle in routing choice. The proposed mixed scheme comprises a regular tolling plan and a tradable credit plan for the CV and NEV users, respectively, where the tradable credits can be seen as a subsidy to the NEV users since they are issued free by the government. Moreover, the existence of the optimal mixed charging scheme is proved for the multimodal transportation network and demonstrated numerically by a concrete example.
Effect of multiple injections of botulinum toxin into painful masticatory muscles on bone density in the temporomandibular complex
Authors: Raphael Karen G. , Janal Malvin N. , Tadinada Aditya , Santiago Vivian , Sirois David A. , Lurie Alan G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundAdverse effects of masticatory muscle injections of Botulinum Toxin (Btx) have been noted in animal and, less dramatically, human studies.ObjectiveAmong women treated in multiple community‐based private practices, to compare TMJ bone density and mandibular condylar volume between patients with myofascial TMJD receiving multiple masticatory muscle Btx treatments and similarly diagnosed women not receiving such treatment.MethodsCohorts consisted of women whose treatment charts indicated a diagnosis of myofascial TMJD: 35 received at least 2 Btx treatment cycles; 44 received none. Bone density at pre‐specified regions of interest (ROI) was defined by grey scale values from Cone Beam CT, adjusting for a fixed density phantom included in each scan. Mean bone density and mandibular condyle volume were compared between groups. Dose‐response effects were tested within the Btx‐exposed group.ResultsThe mean density of primary and secondary ROIs was similar between exposure groups, as was condylar volume. Among Btx‐exposed women, increasing dose of Btx to the temporalis muscle was inversely proportional to the density of the trabecular area of the mandible body. Many Btx‐exposed women received smaller doses of Btx to the masseter muscles than in most TMJD Btx clinical trials.ConclusionMasticatory muscle injections of Btx failed to produce clinically significant TMJ bone‐related changes. Should Btx receive regulatory approval for treatment of myofascial TMJD, a phase IV study is recommended to evaluate potential adverse effects of Btx on bone and muscle when administered at higher doses and/or for more treatment cycles.
Differential regulation of epithelial growth by gingival and periodontal fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Lu Emily Ming‐Chieh , Hobbs Carl , Dyer Carlene , Ghuman Mandeep , Hughes Francis J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms by which gingival and periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts regulate epithelial phenotype.BackgroundFibroblast populations regulate the epithelial phenotype through epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions (EMI). Previous studies have proposed that maintenance of the junctional epithelium (JE) is dependent on the differential effects from gingival and PDL tissues. However, these cell populations are undefined and the signalling mechanisms which may regulate JE are unknown.MethodsImmunohistochemical analyses were performed on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections of dentogingival tissues to identify phenotypic differences in fibroblast populations. The effect of distinct fibroblasts on epithelial phenotype was studied via 3D organotypic cultures, consisting of an H400 epithelium supported by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) or human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLF), embedded in collagen gel. To investigate the involvement of Wnt signalling in EMI, the Wnt antagonist rhDKK1 was added to HGF constructs. The gene expression of Wnt antagonists and agonists was tested via RNA extraction and qPCR. Specific gene silencing using RNA interference was performed on HPDLF/HGF constructs.ResultsGingival fibroblasts were characterized by Sca1 expression, and PDL fibroblasts, characterized by Periostin and Asporin expression. Through the construction of 3D organotypic cultures, we showed that HGF supported epithelial multilayering, whilst HPDLF failed to support epithelial cell growth. Furthermore, HGF constructs treated with rhDKK1 resulted in a profound reduction in epithelial thickness. We identified SFRP4 to be highly specifically expressed in HPDLF, at both the mRNA and protein levels. A knockdown of SFRP4 in HPDLF constructs led to an increase in epithelial growth.ConclusionThe study demonstrates the presence of phenotypically distinct fibroblast populations within dentogingival tissues and that these specific populations have different influences on the epithelium. Our data suggest that a downregulation of Wnt signalling within PDL may be important in maintaining the integrity and anatomical position of the JE.
A Referendum Experiment with Participation Quorums
Authors: Hizen Yoichi 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThis paper conducts a laboratory experiment focused on a yes/no referendum in which the outcome is valid only if voter turnout is greater than a predetermined level. Such a participation quorum is argued to induce the minority group of voters to abstain strategically in particular when the quorum is large. In our experiment, subjects are randomly divided into two groups yes and no in advance of voting, and the level of quorum changes round by round. We observe that (i) if the quorum is small, all subjects go to the polls, and (ii) if the quorum is large, subjects in the ex‐ante majority group go to the polls, whereas subjects in the ex‐ante minority group tend to abstain. As a result, if the quorum is large, it frequently happens that the outcome is rendered invalid because of low voter turnout. Furthermore, when the number of subjects in each referendum increases, subjects of the ex‐ante minority abstain more aggressively, and there arises room for the ex‐post minority to win if the expected number of members is similar between the two groups. Therefore, if policy makers would like to avoid the possibility of strategic abstention, then our results suggest that they should impose either no quorum or only a relatively small quorum which most voters expect will be dwarfed by the actual turnout. If policy makers also care about the possible determination of either yes or no with extremely low voter turnout, as well as strategic abstention, then a relatively small quorum is recommended.
The clinical and electrophysiological characteristics of nonsustained repetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia from the left His‐Purkinje system
Authors: Wang Cheng , Ju Weizhu , Chen Hongwu , Yang Gang , Zhang Fengxiang , Zhou Lei , Chen Minglong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundRepetitive monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (RMVT) arising from the left His‐Purkinje system can occasionally be encountered during clinical practice. We describe eight cases as a unique entity in this study to characterize the clinical and electrophysiological features of the patients.MethodsEight patients with frequent palpitation (five men with median age of 28 years) were included in the study from January 2003 to July 2018. Twelve‐lead ECG (Electrocardiogram), Holter, and echocardiographic tests were performed after medical history interrogations and physical examinations. Antiarrhythmic drug therapy was essential to all patients, and catheter ablation was attempted if the patients could not tolerate or were not responsive to drug therapy.ResultsNo patients had a history of syncope and a family history of sudden cardiac death. ECGrecording was characterized by frequent ventricular extrasystoles, ventricular couplets, and salvos of nonsustained VT competitive with sinus rhythm. The QRS morphology of ectopic beats was in the right bundle branch block pattern with severe left axis deviation. The width of the QRS complex from ECG was 135 ms (120‐140) during ventricular tachycardia. Verapamil had no effect on all VT individuals. Enlargement of the left ventricle was found in two patients. Four out of six cases were successful with catheter ablation treatment.ConclusionRMVT arising from the left His‐Purkinje system is a special arrhythmic and nonverapamil‐sensitive entity. The electrophysiological mechanism of this treatment appears to be focal firing, which is amendable to catheter ablation in symptomatic and high‐burden patients.
Field detection of multiple RNA viruses/viroids in apple using a CRISPR/Cas12a‐based visual assay
Authors: Jiao Jian , Kong Kangkang , Han Jinmeng , Song Shangwei , Bai Tuanhui , Song Chunhui , Wang Miaomiao , Yan Zhenli , Zhang Hengtao , Zhang Ruiping , Feng Jiancan , Zheng Xianbo 
Published: September 2020

SummaryCo‐infection of apple trees with several viruses/viroids is common and decreases fruit yield and quality. Accurate and rapid detection of these viral pathogens helps to reduce losses and prevent virus spread. Current molecular detection assays used for apple viruses require specialized and expensive equipment. Here, we optimized a CRISPR/Cas12a‐based nucleic acid detection platform for the diagnosis of the most prevalent RNA viruses/viroid in apple, namely Apple necrotic mosaic virus (ApNMV), Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) and Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd). We detected each RNA virus/viroid directly from crude leaf extracts after simultaneous multiplex reverse transcription‐recombinase polymerase amplification (RT‐RPA) with high specificity. Positive results can be distinguished by the naked eye via oligonucleotide‐conjugated gold nanoparticles. The CRISPR/Cas12a‐RT‐RPA platform exhibited comparable sensitivity to RT‐qPCR, with limits of detection reaching 250 viral copies per reaction for ASPV and ASGV and 2500 copies for the others. However, this protocol was faster and simpler, requiring an hour or less from leaf harvest. Field tests showed 100% agreement with RT‐PCR detection for 52 samples. This novel Cas12a‐based method is ideal for rapid and reliable detection of apple viruses in the orchard without the need to send samples to a specialized laboratory.
Reliability of pelvimetry is affected by observer experience but not by breed and sex: A cross‐sectional study in beef cattle
Authors: Vernooij Johannes , de Munck Florine , van Nieuwenhuizen Evelien , Webb Edward , Jonker Herman , Vos Peter , Holm Dietmar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPelvis size plays an important role to prevent dystocia in cattle caused by the foeto‐maternal disproportion in commonly primiparous females. The reproducibility and repeatability are two important aspects for the reliability of the measurements to use in the selection of cattle for culling. Pelvic measures were taken with a Rice pelvimeter from 224 young cattle (180 females and 44 males) of four beef breeds in South Africa. One experienced and two inexperienced observers each measured pelvic height and width twice. The proportion measurements with a maximum difference of 0.5 cm within animal compared with the first measurement by the experienced observer are around 80% and by the inexperienced observers around 50% for pelvic height and around 60% for pelvic width. Breed and sex do not affect the reliability of pelvimetry by an experienced observer. Under‐ and overestimation of pelvis size were observed in inexperienced observers, which seems to be unrelated to breed and sex.
Factors associated with improvement in depressive symptoms among older persons after hospitalisation – a prospective design with two follow‐ups
Authors: Sjölund Britt‐Marie , Olsson Annakarin , Engström Maria 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundDepression is a common disorder in old age and increases with hospitalisation. The aim was to investigate whether improvement in depressive symptoms after hospitalisation is associated with education level, age, gender, living situation, self‐efficacy, activities in daily living and quality of life by (1) examining the prevalence of depressive symptoms at baseline and at 1st and 2nd follow‐up (2) examining different factors’ association with depressive symptoms at baseline and (3) examining different factors’ association with improvement in depressive symptoms at baseline and at 1st and 2nd follow‐up.MethodsThe study consisted of 145 patients, 65 years and older. Data were collected between February 2015 and September 2016 through interviews conducted using structured protocols. The instrument used was Katz index of ADL, Geriatric Depression Scale‐20, Life Satisfaction Questionnaire and the General Self‐Efficacy Scale. The participants were interviewed before discharge from hospital, after 1.5 month and after 3 months.ResultsThe prevalence of depressive symptoms in older persons was high after hospitalisation. Factors associated with improvement of depressive symptoms after hospitalisation were higher educational level, improvement in activities in daily living and quality of life. Non‐significant results were found for improvement of depressive symptoms and gender, age, living situation or self‐efficacy.ConclusionsDepression is a common health problem in older persons, especially after hospitalisation. It is therefore important that healthcare staff screen older persons for depression during hospitalisation, as this allows identification of those in need and a possibility to help them in an appropriate manner. Persons with lower educational level and depressive symptoms need special attention.
Sex differences in the effect of acute fasting on excitatory and inhibitory synapses onto ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons
Authors: Godfrey Nathan , Borgland Stephanie L. 
Published: September 2020

Key points
Fasting can increase motivation for food and can energize reward‐seeking.
Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine neurons respond to motivationally relevant information and fasting can influence mesolimbic dopamine concentration.
An acute overnight fast differentially alters food approach behaviours and excitatory synaptic transmission onto VTA dopamine neurons of male or female mice.
While inhibitory synapses onto VTA dopamine neurons are not altered by fasting in male or female mice, male mice had strengthened excitatory synapses whereas female mice had increased endocannabinoid‐mediated short‐term plasticity at excitatory synapses.
These results help us understand how fasting differentially influences excitatory synaptic transmission onto dopamine neurons and may inform different strategies for fasting‐induced food seeking by male and female mice.
AbstractDopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are important for energizing goal‐directed behaviour towards food and are sensitive to changes in metabolic states. Fasting increases the incentive motivation for food and the mobilization of energy stores and has sex‐dependent effects. However, it is unknown how acute fasting alters excitatory or inhibitory synaptic transmission onto VTA dopamine neurons. An acute 16 h overnight fast induced increased food‐seeking behaviour that was more predominant in male mice. Fasting increased miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency and amplitude in male, but not female, mice. This effect was not due to altered release probability as there was no change in the paired pulse ratio, nor was it due to an altered postsynaptic response as there was no change in the AMPA receptor/NMDA receptor ratio or response to glutamate uncaging. However, this effect was consistent with an increase in the number of release sites. In addition, depolarization‐induced suppression of excitation, a measure of short‐term endocannabinoid‐mediated plasticity, was enhanced in female but not male fasted mice. There were no fasting‐induced changes at inhibitory synapses onto dopamine neurons of male or female mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that fasting influences excitatory synapses differentially in male and female mice, but preserves inhibitory synapses onto dopamine neurons, indicating that the mesolimbic circuits of male and female mice respond differently to acute energy deprivation.
Scalar Power Spectra and Scalar Structure Function Evolution in the Richtmyer–Meshkov Instability Upon Reshock
Authors: Noble Christopher D. , Herzog Josh M. , Rothamer David A. , Ames Alex M. , Oakley Jason , Bonazza Riccardo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Richtmyer–Meshkov instability of a twice-shocked gas interface is studied using high-speed planar laser-induced fluorescence in the Wisconsin Shock Tube Laboratory's vertical shock tube. The initial condition is a shear layer with broadband diffuse perturbations at the interface between a helium–acetone mixture and argon. This initial condition is accelerated by a shock of nominal strength M = 1.9, and then accelerated again by the transmitted shock that reflects off the end wall of the tube. Three individual experiments are analyzed, the energy spectrum and the structure functions of the light gas mole fraction field are calculated and compared.
Experiments and Simulations on the Turbulent, Rarefaction Wave Driven Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
Authors: Morgan R. V. , Jacobs J. W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractExperiments were performed to observe the growth of the turbulent, Rayleigh–Taylor unstable mixing layer generated between air and SF6, with an Atwood number of A=(ρ2−ρ1)/(ρ2+ρ1)=0.64, where ρ1 and ρ2 are the densities of air and SF6, respectively. A nonconstant acceleration with an average value of 2300g0, where g0 is the acceleration due to gravity, was generated by interaction of the interface between the two gases with a rarefaction wave. Three-dimensional, multimode perturbations were generated on the diffuse interface, with a diffusion layer thickness of δ=3.6 mm, using a membraneless vertical oscillation technique, and 20 experiments were performed to establish a statistical ensemble. The average perturbation from this ensemble was extracted and used as input for a numerical simulation using the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) Miranda code. Good qualitative agreement between the experiment and simulation was observed, while quantitative agreement was best at early to intermediate times. Several methods were used to extract the turbulent growth constant α from experiments and simulations while accounting for time varying acceleration. Experimental, average bubble and spike asymptotic self-similar growth rate values range from α=0.022 to α=0.032 depending on the method used, and accounting for variable acceleration. Values found from the simulations range from α=0.024 to α=0.041. Values of α measured in the experiments are lower than what are typically measured in the literature but are more in line with those found in recent simulations.
Importance of Sub-Grid Scale Modeling for Accurate Aerodynamic Simulations
Authors: Ekman Petter , Venning James , Virdung Torbjörn , Karlsson Matts 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Ahmed body is one of the most well-investigated vehicle bodies for aerodynamic purposes. Despite its simple geometry, the flow around the body, especially at the rear, is very complex as it is dominated by a large wake with strong interaction between vortical structures. In this study, the flow around the 25 deg Ahmed body has been investigated using large eddy simulations and compared to high-resolution particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Special emphasis was put on studying three commonly used sub-grid scale (SGS) models and their ability to capture vortical structures around the Ahmed body. The ability of the SGS models to capture the near-wall behavior and small-scale dissipation is crucial for capturing the correct flow field. Very good agreement between simulations and PIV measurements were seen when using the dynamic Smagorinsky-Lilly and the wall-adopting local eddy-viscosity SGS models, respectively. However, the standard Smagorinsky-Lilly model was not able to capture the flow patterns when compared to the PIV measurements due to shortcomings in the near-wall modeling in the standard Smagorinsky-Lilly model, resulting in overpredicted separation.