bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐Dimensional Palladium Diselenide with Strong In‐Plane Optical Anisotropy and High Mobility Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Gu Yiyi , Cai Hui , Dong Jichen , Yu Yiling , Hoffman Anna N. , Liu Chenze , Oyedele Akinola D. , Lin Yu‐Chuan , Ge Zhuozhi , Puretzky Alexander A. , Duscher Gerd , Chisholm Matthew F. , Rack Philip D. , Rouleau Christopher M. , Gai Zheng , Meng Xiangmin , Ding Feng , Geohegan David B. , Xiao Kai 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) palladium diselenide (PdSe2) has strong interlayer coupling and a puckered pentagonal structure, leading to remarkable layer‐dependent electronic structures and highly anisotropic in‐plane optical and electronic properties. However, the lack of high‐quality, 2D PdSe2 crystals grown by bottom‐up approaches limits the study of their exotic properties and practical applications. In this work, chemical vapor deposition growth of highly crystalline few‐layer (≥2 layers) PdSe2 crystals on various substrates is reported. The high quality of the PdSe2 crystals is confirmed by low‐frequency Raman spectroscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and electrical characterization. In addition, strong in‐plane optical anisotropy is demonstrated via polarized Raman spectroscopy and second‐harmonic generation maps of the PdSe2 flakes. A theoretical model based on kinetic Wulff construction theory and density functional theory calculations is developed and described the observed evolution of “square‐like” shaped PdSe2 crystals into rhombus due to the higher nucleation barriers for stable attachment on the (1,1) and (1,−1) edges, which results in their slower growth rates. Few‐layer PdSe2 field‐effect transistors reveal tunable ambipolar charge carrier conduction with an electron mobility up to ≈294 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is comparable to that of exfoliated PdSe2, indicating the promise of this anisotropic 2D material for electronics.
Defect Engineering for Fuel‐Cell Electrocatalysts
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Dongdong , Zhang Yiqiong , Tao Li , Wang Tehua , Zou Yuqin , Wang Yanyong , Chen Ru , Wang Shuangyin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe commercialization of fuel cells, such as proton exchange membrane fuel cells and direct methanol/formic acid fuel cells, is hampered by their poor stability, high cost, fuel crossover, and the sluggish kinetics of platinum (Pt) and Pt‐based electrocatalysts for both the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the anodic hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) or small molecule oxidation reaction (SMOR). Thus far, the exploitation of active and stable electrocatalysts has been the most promising strategy to improve the performance of fuel cells. Accordingly, increasing attention is being devoted to modulating the surface/interface electronic structure of electrocatalysts and optimizing the adsorption energy of intermediate species by defect engineering to enhance their catalytic performance. Defect engineering is introduced in terms of defect definition, classification, characterization, construction, and understanding. Subsequently, the latest advances in defective electrocatalysts for ORR and HOR/SMOR in fuel cells are scientifically and systematically summarized. Furthermore, the structure–activity relationships between defect engineering and electrocatalytic ability are further illustrated by coupling experimental results and theoretical calculations. With a deeper understanding of these complex relationships, the integration of defective electrocatalysts into single fuel‐cell systems is also discussed. Finally, the potential challenges and prospects of defective electrocatalysts are further proposed, covering controllable preparation, in situ characterization, and commercial applications.
Interfacial Engineering of MoO2‐FeP Heterojunction for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Coupled with Biomass Electrooxidation
Authors: Yang Ganceng , Jiao Yanqing , Yan Haijing , Xie Ying , Wu Aiping , Dong Xue , Guo Dezheng , Tian Chungui , Fu Honggang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSimultaneous highly efficient production of hydrogen and conversion of biomass into value‐added products is meaningful but challenging. Herein, a porous nanospindle composed of carbon‐encapsulated MoO2‐FeP heterojunction (MoO2‐FeP@C) is proposed as a robust bifunctional electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and biomass electrooxidation reaction (BEOR). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and theoretical calculations confirm the electron transfer from MoO2 to FeP at the interfaces, where electron accumulation on FeP favors the optimization of H2O and H* absorption energies for HER, whereas hole accumulation on MoO2 is responsible for improving the BEOR activity. Thanks to its interfacial electronic structure, MoO2‐FeP@C exhibits excellent HER activity with an overpotential of 103 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 48 mV dec−1. Meanwhile, when 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural is chosen as the biomass for BEOR, the conversion is almost 100%, and 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is obtained with the selectivity of 98.6%. The electrolyzer employing MoO2‐FeP@C for cathodic H2 and anodic FDCA production requires only a low voltage of 1.486 V at 10 mA cm−2 and can be powered by a solar cell (output voltage: 1.45 V). Additionally, other BEORs coupled with HER catalyzed by MoO2‐FeP@C also have excellent catalytic performance, implying their good versatility.
High Spin Hall Conductivity in Large‐Area Type‐II Dirac Semimetal PtTe2
Authors: Xu Hongjun , Wei Jinwu , Zhou Hengan , Feng Jiafeng , Xu Teng , Du Haifeng , He Congli , Huang Yuan , Zhang Junwei , Liu Yizhou , Wu Han‐Chun , Guo Chenyang , Wang Xiao , Guang Yao , Wei Hongxiang , Peng Yong , Jiang Wanjun , Yu Guoqiang , Han Xiufeng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractManipulation of magnetization by electric‐current‐induced spin–orbit torque (SOT) is of great importance for spintronic applications because of its merits in energy‐efficient and high‐speed operation. An ideal material for SOT applications should possess high charge‐spin conversion efficiency and high electrical conductivity. Recently, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) emerge as intriguing platforms for SOT study because of their controllability in spin–orbit coupling, conductivity, and energy band topology. Although TMDs show great potentials in SOT applications, the present study is restricted to the mechanically exfoliated samples with small sizes and relatively low conductivities. Here, a manufacturable recipe is developed to fabricate large‐area thin films of PtTe2, a type‐II Dirac semimetal, to study their capability of generating SOT. Large SOT efficiency together with high conductivity results in a giant spin Hall conductivity of PtTe2thin films, which is the largest value among the presently reported TMDs. It is further demonstrated that the SOT from PtTe2layer can switch a perpendicularly magnetized CoTb layer efficiently. This work paves the way for employing PtTe2‐like TMDs for wafer‐scale spintronic device applications.
High External Quantum Efficiency in Fluorescent OLED by Cascade Singlet Harvesting Mechanism
Authors: Lee Kyung Hyung , Lee Jun Yeob 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe cascade singlet harvesting (CSH) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are devised to resolve the low quantum efficiency issue of fluorescent OLEDs by efficient singlet exciton harvesting of the fluorescent emitters. The CSH mechanism is realized by doping a fluorescent emitter in the singlet exciton harvesting matrix consisted of high energy exciplex and low energy exciplex. The high energy exciplex serves as the main component of the emitting layer and the low energy exciplex is a medium harvesting the singlet excitons of the fluorescent emitter. Both exciplexes are thermally activated delayed fluorescence type exciplexes to effectively harvest singlet excitons by reverse intersystem crossing process. The singlet excitons of the low energy exciplex are harvested by the high energy exciplex through Förster energy transfer and then the singlet excitons of the fluorescent emitter are harvested by the low energy exciplex through the second Förster energy transfer process. The CSH mechanism maximizes the singlet exciton formation in the fluorescent emitter, which significantly enhances the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of the fluorescent OLEDs. The optimization of the emitting layer structure provides high EQE of 19.9% in the fluorescent OLEDs compared with 10.4% of a conventional singlet harvesting fluorescent OLED.
Dimeric Thymosin β4 Loaded Nanofibrous Interface Enhanced Regeneration of Muscular Artery in Aging Body through Modulating Perivascular Adipose Stem Cell–Macrophage Interaction
Authors: Chen Wanli , Jia Sansan , Zhang Xinchi , Zhang Siqian , Liu Huan , Yang Xin , Zhang Cun , Wu Wei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRegenerating nonthrombotic and compliant artery, especially in the aging body, remains a major surgical challenge, mainly owing to the inadequate knowledge of the major cell sources contributing to arterial regeneration and insufficient bioactivity of delivered peptides in grafts. Ultrathin nanofibrous sheaths stented with biodegrading elastomer present opening channels and reduced material residue, enabling fast cell recruitment and host remodeling, while incorporating peptides offering developmental cues are challenging. In this study, a recombinant human thymosin β4 dimer (DTβ4) that contains two complete Tβ4 molecules is produced. The adult perivascular adipose is found as the dominant source of vascular progenitors which, when stimulated by the DTβ4‐loaded nanofibrous sheath, enables 100% patency rates, near‐complete structural as well as adequate functional regeneration of artery, and effectively ameliorates aging‐induced defective regeneration. As compared with Tβ4, DTβ4 exhibits durable regenerative activity including recruiting more progenitors for endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, when incorporated into the ultrathin polycaprolactone sheath. Moreover, the DTβ4‐loaded interface promotes smooth muscle cells differentiation, mainly through promoting M2 macrophage polarization and chemokines. Incorporating artificial DTβ4 into ultrathin sheaths of fast degrading vascular grafts creates an effective interface for sufficient muscular remodeling thus offering a robust tool for vessel replacement.
Diversifying cropping systems enhances productivity, stability, and nitrogen use efficiency
Authors: St. Luce Mervin , Lemke Reynald , Gan Yantai , McConkey Brian , May William , Campbell Con , Zentner Robert , Wang Hong , Kroebel Roland , Fernandez Myriam , Brandt Kelsey 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLong‐term field experiments are useful for determining cropping system productivity, stability, and resource use efficiency. With 12 yr (2004–2015) of data from five cropping systems on a long‐term experiment (> 30 yr) under semiarid conditions in Saskatchewan, Canada, a systems‐approach was used to compare grain and protein yield, stability, nitrogen (N) dynamics, N fertilizer (FUEG,P), and available N use efficiency (NUEG,P) for grain and protein. Annualized grain and protein yields for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐canola (Brassica napus L.)‐wheat‐field pea (Pisum sativum L.; W‐C‐W‐P) were 2244 and 372 kg ha−1, respectively, 14 to 38% and 33 to 66% higher, respectively, than continuous wheat (ContW), summer fallow‐wheat‐wheat‐wheat (F‐W‐W‐W), F‐W‐W, and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) green manure‐wheat‐wheat (GM‐W‐W). Fallow systems were the most stable, but less productive and well‐adapted to low‐yielding conditions, while GM‐W‐W was the least stable and poorly adapted. The ContW had below‐average stability and was better suited to high‐yielding conditions for grain. The W‐C‐W‐P consistently produced above‐average yields, and was best suited for high‐yielding conditions for grain and protein. The ContW and W‐C‐W‐P had the highest NUEG (26.4 g kg−1) and NUEP (4.1 g kg−1), respectively, with GM‐W‐W having the lowest (18.1 and 2.7 g kg−1); FUE was the reverse of NUE. This long‐term study showed that diversified cropping systems that include pulses can more consistently produce higher grain and protein yields, regardless of growing conditions, than most other systems with lower N fertilizer inputs, thereby potentially reducing the negative environmental consequences associated with N fertilizer application.
Soil‐test biological activity with the flush of CO2: VI. Economics of optimized nitrogen inputs for corn
Authors: Franzluebbers Alan J. , Shoemaker Robert 
Published: March 2020

AbstractStandard N fertilizer rates for corn (Zea mays L.) production are often based on yield goal and a simplified N factor. Unfortunately, simplified systems generally ignore management history that affects soil health condition. We analyzed economic return to N fertilizer investment using a soil‐test biological activity (STBA)‐based approach compared with current approaches in the United States, and specifically in North Carolina (NC) and Virginia (VA). The STBA‐based approach addressed management history on 99 fields through cumulative effects on biological activity as an indicator of soil health. Economically optimum N fertilizer rate was determined for each field from replicated, small‐plot trials with four N rates applied to corn at sidedress and using four levels of cost‐to‐value threshold (CVT; i.e., 5, 10, 15, and 20 kg grain kg−1 N). Economic return was often greater using the STBA‐based method compared with current recommendation systems (US$4.10 ± 4.96 ha−1, $23.63 ± 5.30 ha−1, $49.36 ± 5.63 ha−1, and $83.22 ± 6.81 ha−1 with low, medium, high, and very high CVTs, respectively; mean ± standard error). Greater STBA led to greater economic return (i.e., $0.03 ha−1 [p = .58], $0.23 ha−1 [p < .001], $0.28 ha−1 [p < .001], and $0.33 ha−1 [p < .001] for every unit increase in STBA [mg kg−1] at low, medium, high, and very high CVTs, respectively). Farmers can increase profit by adopting soil‐health building practices and adjusting N fertilizer inputs in their nutrient management plan in response to conserved nutrient cycling in the biologically active organic fraction.
The hydromechanics in arteriogenesis
Authors: Ma Tianqi , Bai Yong‐Ping 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCoronary heart diseases are tightly associated with aging. Although current revascularization therapies, such as percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), improve the clinical outcomes of patients with coronary diseases, their application and therapeutic effects are limited in elderly patients. Thus, developing novel therapeutic strategies, like prompting collateral development or the process of arteriogenesis, is necessary for the treatment of the elderly with coronary diseases. Arteriogenesis (ie, the vascular remodeling from pre‐existent arterioles to collateral conductance networks) functions as an essential compensation for tissue hypoperfusion caused by artery occlusion or stenosis, and its mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this review, we will summarize the roles of the major hydromechanical components in laminar conditions in arteriogenesis, and discuss the potential effects of disturbed flow components in non‐laminar conditions.
Empowering Features and Outcomes of Homeless Interventions: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis
Authors: O’Shaughnessy Branagh R. , Michelle Greenwood Ronni 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this systematic review and narrative synthesis was to identify homeless interventions with empowering features and evaluate their effectiveness for developing the psychological empowerment of services users. To identify and evaluate intervention studies, we combined the theoretical frameworks of empowering settings and psychological empowerment (PE). Our conceptualization of PE included outcomes aligned with the intrapersonal, interactional, and behavioral components. Relational outcomes were also included and conceptualized as antecedents for PE development. After systematic searching and screening, 37 studies were included for review. Interventions with empowering features included supported housing, case management, skills and knowledge acquisition, and mutual support. Interventions that were competency‐building effectively improved outcomes aligned with the intrapersonal PE component. Interventions that were collaborative and competency‐building effectively improved outcomes aligned with the behavioral PE component. Weak evidence suggested that interventions with empowering features may effectively improve outcomes aligned with the interactional PE component. Interventions that promoted and developed support effectively improved relational antecedents. Findings align the empirical evidence for homeless interventions with theoretical conceptions of empowering features and processes. Findings may be applied to the design and implementation of homeless interventions to incorporate empowering features and to facilitate the development of homeless services users’ PE.
Highlights

Empowerment theory was applied to review homeless interventions literature.

Empowering homeless interventions included supported housing and mutual support, for example.

Empowering interventions contributed to indicators of emotional and behavioral empowerment.

Fewer empowering interventions contributed to indicators of cognitive empowerment.

Service user involvement may facilitate improvements in indicators of psychological empowerment.
Process re‐intensification strategy for butyl acrylate manufacturing: Enhancement, scaling‐up and economical evaluation
Authors: Constantino Dânia S. M. , Faria Rui P. V. , Ribeiro Ana M. , Rodrigues Alírio E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSignificant improvements in the butyl acrylate production have emerged with process intensification strategies that combine reaction and separation processes in the same equipment. Meanwhile, a new approach based on process re‐intensification concept has been addressed. This was accomplished by combining two different separation processes with reaction, in this case, membrane pervaporation and simulated moving bed technology, with reaction, giving rise to the simulated moving bed membrane reactor (PermSMBR) technology. In this work, the PermSMBR was significantly enhanced by removing the extract stream and, consequently, reducing the number of operating sections, from four to three (PermSMBR‐3s), leading to a considerable reduction of the eluent consumption by 98% and improving the productivity by 34%. Additionally, the scaling up of the PermSMBR‐3s at industrial scale is also addressed considering a competitive production capacity, 50 000 tBAc·year−1. With that, a reduction of 56% in the eluent consumption was obtained relatively to the simulated moving bed reactor at the same scale, with a significant productivity enhancement of 49%. Moreover, a brief economic analysis showed that this process presents an economic potential of 491 €·tBAc−1. Since this value is inside of the range obtained for other process intensification strategies (454‐593 €·tBAc−1) presented in the literature, so far, PermSMBR‐3s seems to be a very promising and competitive strategy for butyl acrylate manufacturing.
Manipulation of Airy Beams in Dynamic Parabolic Potentials
Authors: Liu Feng , Zhang Jingwen , Zhong Wei‐Ping , Belić Milivoj R. , Zhang Yu , Zhang Yanpeng , Li Fuli , Zhang Yiqi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe propagation of finite energy Airy beams in dynamic parabolic potentials, including uniformly moving, accelerating, and oscillating potentials, is investigated. The propagation trajectories of Airy beams are strongly affected by the dynamic potentials, but the periodic inversion of the beam remains invariant. The results may broaden the potential applications of Airy beams, and also enlighten ideas on Airy beam manipulation in nonlinear regimes.
Stereospezifische asymmetrische Synthese tertiärer Allylalkohol‐ Derivate über katalytische [2,3]‐Meisenheimer‐Umlagerungen
Authors: Yu Xin , Wannenmacher Nick , Peters René 
Published: March 2020

AbstractChirale azyklische tertiäre Allylalkohole sind bedeutende Synthesebausteine, deren enantioselektive Synthese eine anspruchsvolle Aufgabe ist. Eine wesentliche Einschränkung bei katalytisch asymmetrischen 1,2‐Additionen an Ketone ist die Enantioseitendifferenzierung durch sterische Unterscheidung beider Ketonreste. Um dieses Problem zu überwinden, entwickelten wir eine katalytisch asymmetrische Meisenheimer‐Umlagerung, die auf stereospezifische Weise abläuft. Dabei können selbst Produkte, bei denen die Reste am generierten quartären Stereozentrum einen ähnlichen sterischen Anspruch aufweisen, mit hoher Enantioselektivität hergestellt werden. Niedrige Katalysatorbeladungen genügen, und die Bedingungen sind mild genug, um reaktive funktionelle Gruppen wie enolisierbare Aldehyde, primäre Tosylate oder Epoxide zu tolerieren. Unsere Untersuchungen lassen auf eine intramolekulare Umlagerung schließen.
C/W emulsion‐templated macroporous anionic monolith: Application for dye removal
Authors: Zhang Yunxia , Cao Liqin , Yue Fan , Wang Jide 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA clean, sulfonated, highly adsorptive macroporous monolith was constructed using a carbon dioxide‐in‐water (C/W) high internal phase emulsion template. The random copolymerization of N‐hydroxyethyl acrylamide and sodium styrene sulfonate in the water phase was initiated with persulfate. The chemical composition of the novel sulfonated monolith was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and the interconnected pore structure was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the void sizes were 47–92 μm and that the interconnected pore throats were approximately 10–30 μm. Such a hydrophilic, anionic macroporous material exhibited excellent adsorption properties for cationic dyes. The maximum adsorption capacity of the monolith for methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG) reached 1,316 and 2,624 mg/g, respectively, in 500–800 mg/L dye solution at 25°C. Furthermore, the kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process were examined. Experimental data exhibited that adsorption kinetically followed the pseudo‐second‐order model. The removal rates of MG and MB both exceeded 90% after six regenerations. The adsorption mechanism of the adsorbent was demonstrated preliminarily. The dynamic adsorption operation of MB was conducted in a fixed column, and the breakthrough curve data were fitted using the Thomas and bed depth service time models. All these findings indicated the potential industrial applications of adsorptive sulfonated macroporous monolith.
Development of biodegradable natural rubber latex composites by employing corn derivative bio‐fillers
Authors: Jayathilaka Lokuvithana P. I. , Ariyadasa Thilini U. , Egodage Shantha M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the viability of employing corn‐based fillers (powdered corn grain [CG], corn flour [CF] and cornstarch [CS]) to improve the biodegradability of natural rubber latex (NRL) composites by varying filler loading from 0 to 50 phr. Notable variation in both physical and mechanical properties were observed for the different filler types, with CG‐filled NRL demonstrating the better adhesion with NRL. Thus, CG‐filled composites were selected for investigation of biodegradability. Increased CG loading in NRL compounds enhanced biodegradation; with over 70% degradation observed for 50 phr CG loading upon 15 weeks of soil burial. However, the trade‐off between mechanical properties and biodegradability limits the CG loading in the NRL matrix to 20 phr for manufacturing NRL‐based products. It was observed that NRL with CG filler loading of 20 phr conforms to the ASTM D3578 standard for manufacturing rubber gloves; with 50% biodegradation upon 15 weeks of soil burial.