bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child Health in Japan
Authors: Fujiwara Takeo , Nawa Nobutoshi , Matsuyama Yusuke 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We discuss child health in Japan over recent decades and consider some of the important public health problems for children and adolescents which remain to be solved. The maternal and child health system, school lunch programme, and improvements in quality and diversity of children’s diets led to increased growth and taller adults. Prevalence of dental caries has declined although water fluoridation is not used in Japan. Contemporary problems include increase in incidence of low birth weight, vaccination hesitancy, including human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination. Economic recession has had an impact on levels of poverty and inequality, and on child health, especially weight-gain and obesity. There have been recent increases in the child suicide rate, and reports of child maltreatment and bullying.
Political Power and Othello
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out and considers political readings of Othello, which is more commonly interpreted in an ethical or psychological frame. The plot puts sovereign state power into contradistinction and competition with patriarchal authority, with social antagonisms and oppressions, notably racism, with the political and moral claims of open frank speech, and with the ‘machiavellian’ strategies of hypocrisy, trickery, and ruthlessness. Shakespeare’s dramatizations of these powers and structures both emphasizes how ethical inter-personal and intimate relationships are shaped by political and social factors and forces, and also brings into question the claims of sovereignty and patriarchy vis-à-vis the forces of social antagonism. The claims of frank public speech in relation to political power are ambiguous: free public speech is a necessary condition of political life properly speaking, but is always risky and often compromised.
Politics and Theatre
Authors: Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The plot and action of Hamlet include dramatization of dilemmas of sovereignty, patriarchy, supernatural forces, political strategy, political violence, regicide, kinship, popular sovereignty—all forms of power and modes of conduct which are juxtaposed and intertwined. This chapter focuses on the play’s treatment of the theatrical nature of politics, and the way that the play can be interpreted as an exemplification of political theatre, treating as it does contemporary allusions to matters of succession and legitimate rule, in particular the rights and wrongs of women and power. The plot of a theatrical performance as a device to reveal wrongdoing raises the more general question of uses of theatre for political purposes.
Motion of a particle in three-dimensional fields
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the central field, the energy and angular momentum are conserved. It allows for the reduction of this problem to the problem of the motion of the particle in the effective one-dimensional field. Here the motion of a particle in Coulomb field or in the field of the isotropic harmonic oscillation with small perturbations are the most important ones. The authors discuss how the motion of a particle in the given central field can be described qualitatively for different values of the angular momentum and of the energy. Several problems deal with the motion of a particle in the Coulomb field under influence of weak constant uniform electric or magnetic fields (the classical analog of the Stark or Zeeman effect). In addition, the authors consider the motion of a charged particle in the field of the magnetic monopole and magnetic dipole. The motion of the Earth–Moon system in the field of the Sun is considered in some approximation. The displacement of the Coulomb orbit under the influence of a small force of radiation damping.
Small oscillations of systems with one degree of freedom
Authors: Kotkin Gleb L. , Serbo Valeriy G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the small free oscillations for particle moving near the minimum of the potential energy, an oscillator with friction under action of a given force, and the stable oscillations of an oscillator which is acted upon by a periodic force. The authors also discuss the differential cross section for the oscillator which excited to an given energy by a fast particle and a harmonic oscillator in the field of the travelling wave.
Land Law
Authors: Cooke Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book is an account of the land law of England and Wales written in the Clarendon style: as a letter to a friend, with a minimum of footnotes and statutory material. It explains the origins of land law in the feudal system, its transformation by the legislation of 1925, and the modern regime in which registration is the key to the validity and enforceability of interests in land. The unique role of the trust in English law is explored, and the many complications that can arise where ownership of land is shared (whether concurrently or consecutively). Themes of the book include the management of complexity in land law, and the tension between dynamic and static security. The law of mortgages, leases, easements, and covenants is explained. Recent decisions of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court are discussed, as are reform proposals by the Law Commission.
Property Rights in Land
Authors: Cooke Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the origins of land law in the feudal system and the concepts of tenure and estate. It considers freehold, leasehold, and commonhold ownership and explains the beginnings of law and equity and the distinction between law and equity. The chapter also introduces the trust and its development as a way of organizing entitlement to land. Non-ownership rights are explained, and the pre-1925 rules of enforceability of legal and equitable property rights are described in preparation for the next chapter.
Cultivating Custom
Authors: Elsky Stephanie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Could women and non-elite writers participate in the poetics of custom? This chapter responds with a resounding “yes” by showing how Isabella Whitney’s 1573 A Sweet Nosgay immersed itself in the conceptual and philosophical world of common law. In particular, Whitney’s poetry draws upon and responds to the increased dissemination and popularization of knowledge about common law’s status as custom, while also posing challenges to that process. While nowhere in her volume does she mention the term custom, it is powerfully present in both the volume’s structure and in its poetics of the commonplaces and common places of Renaissance London in her mock last will and testament. Perhaps appropriately, it is a lower-class writer who is able to realize poetically the democratizing possibilities of custom’s literary properties.
Conclusion
Authors: Elsky Stephanie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The conclusion explores the implications of custom’s centrality to Renaissance literature, as well as to the discipline of law and literature. First, it shows us that literary writers viewed their productions as a collective rather than singular endeavor over a long duration of time. Second, attending to custom requires us to see the political realm as indispensable to law and literature. Finally, it leads to a reconsideration of literary history and poetic and political periodization. That is, instead of modernity’s singular focus on novelty, custom’s vivid sense of the presence of the past demonstrates that different kinds, modes, and tempos of change can open rather than foreclose radical literary and political possibilities.
Kinematical Theory of Scattering
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chapter introduces the kinematical theory of scattering, which is based on the Born approximation. It is shown that the neutron scattering response function can be written as the time Fourier transform of a correlation function, or intermediate scattering function. Several general properties of the correlation function are derived, and the response function is shown to satisfy the Principle of Detailed Balance. The distinction between static and dynamic correlations is explained, and their correspondence to elastic and inelastic scattering is established. The meaning of the static approximation is explained, and the link between the dynamical part of the response function and the absorptive part of the generalized susceptibility via the Fluctuation-Dissipation theorem is established. Some general sum rules are proved, and a spectral-weight function is defined. Response functions are obtained for some simple models.
The Interaction Potential
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The interaction potentials and their spatial Fourer transforms are derived for nuclear and magnetic scattering, as well as for interactions with atomic electric fields. For the nuclear interaction, the Fermi pseudopotential is introduced and the scattering length operator is defined. The neutron spin dependence of the nuclear and magnetic interaction is calculated, and general expressions for spin-dependent scattering are obtained. The longitudinal and XYZ polarization analysis methods are described, and the technique of spherical neutron polarimetry is explained. The Blume-Maleev equation which gives the final neutron polarization for an arbitrary incident polarization are derived.
Nuclear Scattering
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter contains an overview of the different types of structural dynamics found in condensed matter, and the associated neutron scattering cross-sections. The scattering dynamics of the harmonic oscillator is discussed, and an expression for the Debye-Waller factor is obtained. In the case of crystalline solids, the vibrational spectrum in the harmonic approximation is described, including the phonon dispersion and the cross-sections for one-phonon coherent and incoherent scattering. Multi-phonon scattering is discussed briefly. For non-crystalline matter, the time-dependent van Hove correlation and response functions are introduced, and their relation to the scattering cross-section established. An approximate expression for the correlation function is obtained from the classical form. Partial correlation and response functions are defined for multicomponent systems. The technique of neutron Compton scattering as a probe of single-particle recoil dynamics is described. Quasielastic and neutron spin-echo spectroscopy are introduced, as well as examples of relaxational dynamics which these techniques can measure.
Cryptographic Primitives in Blockchain Technology
Authors: Bolfing Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Many online applications, especially in the financial industries, are running on blockchain technologies in a decentralized manner, without the use of an authoritative entity or a trusted third party. Such systems are only secured by cryptographic protocols and a consensus mechanism. As blockchain-based solutions will continue to revolutionize online applications in a growing digital market in the future, one needs to identify the principal opportunities and potential risks. Hence, it is unavoidable to learn the mathematical and cryptographic procedures behind blockchain technology in order to understand how such systems work and where the weak points are. The book provides an introduction to the mathematical and cryptographic concepts behind blockchain technologies and shows how they are applied in blockchain-based systems. This includes an introduction to the general blockchain technology approaches that are used to build the so-called immutable ledgers, which are based on cryptographic signature schemes. As future quantum computers will break some of the current cryptographic primitive approaches, the book considers their security and presents the current research results that estimate the impact on blockchain-based systems if some of the cryptographic primitive break. Based on the example of Bitcoin, it shows that weak cryptographic primitives pose a possible danger for the ledger, which can be overcome through the use of the so-called post-quantum cryptographic approaches which are introduced as well.
Preliminaries
Authors: Bolfing Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Blockchains are heavily based on mathematical concepts, in particular on algebraic structures. This chapter starts with an introduction to the main aspects in number theory, such as the divisibility of integers, prime numbers and Euler’s totient function. Based on these basics, it follows a very detailed introduction to modern algebra, including group theory, ring theory and field theory. The algebraic main results are then applied to describe the structure of cyclic groups and finite fields, which are needed to construct cryptographic primitives. The chapter closes with an introduction to complexity theory, examining the efficiency of algorithms.
Information Security in Software Systems
Authors: Bolfing Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The rapid progress of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) continuously intensifies the interest in the two disciplines of security and privacy. This chapter introduces the most important concepts of information security, which essentially include the three major security mechanisms identification, authentication and authorization. These mechanisms are used to obtain the most important security goals, namely confidentiality, integrity, availability and non-repudiation, which are standardized by many international organisations. The next section deals with the possible attacks against distributed systems, which are mainly the Denial-of-Service (DoS) and the Sybil attack. The chapter then concludes by introducing one possible defense mechanism against such attacks, which is now publicly known as Proof-of-Work (PoW).
Introduction to Blockchain Technology
Authors: Bolfing Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter gives an introduction to blockchain technology which was proposed by the pseudonymous Nakamoto (2008) with his well-known Bitcoin paper to enable online payments in a decentralized digital cash system, solving the double-spending problem where someone can make two payments with the same coin. The chapter starts with an informal outline of the application of a blockchain and a brief explanation of how a blockchain network is able to reach consensus about the common state of a transaction history. Furthermore, it introduces the Proof-of-Work (PoW) algorithmwhich needs to be donein order to extend the blockchain with new blocks. Since the PoW is a very costly computational algorithm, the transaction data is stored in previous blocks resistant to modification, and thus the PoW safeguards the order of blocks, forming a tamper-proof history of transactions. As a last step, it examines the double-spending attack, which is a fundamental attack to the integrity of a blockchain based system.
From Kinship to Consumerism
Authors: Butler Lise 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the intellectual context for the Consumers’ Association, which Young operated from the headquarters of the Institute of Community Studies from 1956 onwards, and the way in which Young, Townsend, and other members of the Institute of Community Studies grappled with the social changes associated with increased affluence such as suburbanization and increasing identification with the middle class. It argues that Young’s concern with consumerism was informed by ethical concerns about quality of life, and challenges conceptual divisions between the Labour ‘revisionist’ tradition concerned with distributive questions and the more humanistic or ethical socialism associated with Young and other left-wing sociologists. Drawing on the Institute of Community Studies’ work on suburban communities in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and Young’s sociology lectures at Cambridge delivered between 1961 and 1963, I show that Young’s consumerism derived from his evolving view of the family. While Young had argued that the extended family had represented an important site of mutual aid and solidarity for working-class women in industrial society, he now suggested that suburbanization and affluence had returned the nuclear family to a position of social and economic pre-eminence.
Facing the Future
Authors: Butler Lise 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Young’s work as founding chair of the Social Science Research Council between 1965 and 1968 in the Labour government led by Harold Wilson. It describes how Young responded to increasing anxieties about the nature of planning and expertise in the British civil service by arguing that the social sciences should play a more prominent role in government policy making. The chapter focuses mainly on Young’s Committee on the Next Thirty Years, and his proposals for an Institute of Forecasting Studies, which he unsuccessfully sought to develop as part of a transnational forecasting movement with the support of foreign intellectuals such as the American sociologist Daniel Bell and the French futurologist Bertrand de Jouvenel. The chapter also discusses the intellectual networks associated with the popular social science journal New Society, showing that this group promoted libertarian and state-critical perspectives on urban planning, and radical economic ideas like negative income tax. While the Next Thirty Years Committee was short-lived, it reflected Young’s career-long conviction that public policy should be guided by interdisciplinary social science.
Rule-Making for a Digital Court Process
Authors: Etherton Terence 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out the challenges of developing procedural rules for digital court processes, which will become a significant feature of the civil justice landscape in the coming years. The present HMCTS Reform Programme is to deliver a more efficient, effective and high performing courts system through the use of new technology. Experience to date in developing digital dispute resolution initiatives in each of the individual existing jurisdictions—Civil, Family and Tribunal—has made clear the need for a different way of approaching rule making. On the one hand, there must be proper judicial oversight of, and input into, the technical design work of the programmers designing the new digital processes. On the other hand, these processes are constantly being refined in light of testing and user feedback and it would be unworkable if every change required a new rule. There are also considerable technical challenges in developing digital processes. We must be careful not to be overly ambitious in developing such processes, or forget the needs of those who struggle to use them. However, early experience in this jurisdiction, particularly with the Online Civil Money Claims project, and other jurisdictions around the world, suggests that this initiative will provide a great improvement to access to justice for the many tens of thousands of people with small or modest claims and for those with limited resources.
Lord Woolf, Multi-Party Situations, and Limitation Periods
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
More than twenty years ago, Lord Woolf MR recommended the implementation of a regime which could cater for opt-in or opt-out class actions. It was not until 1 October 2015 that such a regime was enacted—and solely for competition law grievances of either a follow-on or a stand-alone nature. A key aspect of any class action design is how to handle limitation periods for the representative claimant and for class members. In his seminal report, Lord Woolf flagged up that appropriate provisions for limitation periods would be a proper subject for primary, rather than secondary, legislation. Accordingly, limitation periods duly became the subject of careful drafting in the 2015 regime, courtesy of section 47E of the Competition Act 1998. This chapter reflects upon some of the key comparative drafting lessons of class action regimes elsewhere which were helpful and instructive for that drafting exercise.
Liberal Nationalism’s Precarious Prospects
Authors: Walker Neil 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter pays tribute to the concerns that animate Sadurski’s work by examining one of the more intractable sets of reasons why liberty—and liberalism—demand eternal vigilance. The immediate political context of the liberal regime is typically the sovereign nation state. Equally, the immediate political context of the illiberal regime is also the sovereign nation state. This is no coincidence. Liberalism and illiberalism alike identify sovereignty and nationalism as important enabling conditions, and there is sufficient overlap in the manner in which and the consequences with which enabling operates in these ostensibly contrasting regimes that there is inevitable seepage from one to the other. Illiberalism, then, should be considered as the shadow and temptation of liberalism, as much as a reaction against it. The chapter assesses and compares the apparently rising prospects of populist illiberalism today in both Central and Western European states, keeping that close relationship in mind.
The Disruptive Power of RCTs
Authors: Morduch Jonathan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Two very different kinds of RCTs are used by economists, although they often get lumped together. The first kind is evaluative, used to assess whether a policy or intervention worked or not. Critics worry that privileging these RCTs over other evaluation methods can narrow knowledge. The second kind of RCT is exploratory, asking how behavior, institutions, and markets react to changing prices, contracts, and other economic features. By disrupting status quo economic conditions through experimental design, these exploratory RCTs open new questions for empirical micro-economics in ways that other methods cannot. One can be ambivalent about putting evaluative RCTs on a pedestal while also encouraging exploratory RCTs. Examples from RCTs of insurance, microcredit, and digital money illustrate the arguments.
Ethics of RCTs
Authors: Abramowicz Michel , Szafarz Ariane 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Equipoise is defined by Freedman (1987: 141) as a “state of genuine uncertainty on the part of the clinical investigator regarding the comparative therapeutic merits of each arm in a trial.” This principle is grounded in the ethical motivation that any ex-ante preference for a given option would undermine the interests of those who are offered another. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in development economics disregard the equipoise requirement by typically disadvantaging the control group. This chapter investigates how the equipoise principle is formalized in the medical literature and discusses whether and how it should be taken into consideration by economists. It argues that equipoise is especially relevant when double (or even single) blindness is excluded and when the control group includes already vulnerable individuals. More generally, this chapter advocates for developing a vibrant ethics conversation on the design and fairness of RCTs in social sciences.