bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where the UN Has Failed to Live Up to Its Mission: Looking Back to Look Forward
Authors: Jain Devaki 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn its seventy-fifth year, the UN needs to reflect more seriously on its value in the current global scenario, the current flow of ideas, and the current flow of power that is prevalent in the world. It is important to recall that the UN was founded after World War II as a way of addressing conflict at the negotiating table rather than on the battlefield. Negotiating peace, attempting to provide some form of justice, and affirmation of human rights seemed to be the aspiration. It is within this context that women engaged in affirming their own special location in society and economy. However, over the years the UN has revealed its inability to fulfill these goals. Perhaps in the midst of all these failures, the only category of people that has drawn strength from the UN, but now has to leave it behind, are women. Scattered as they were across a world of distances, women of different cultures and classes found strength in numbers and, through the UN system and the conferences they convened, became a power of their own. As part of the special issue on “The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Looking Back to Look Forward,” this essay argues that today, however, women do not need and cannot have their aspirations be facilitated by the UN, because in their engagement with one another they have also recognized their differences. Being of similar gender does not necessarily overcome other oppressive differences.
The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Where Are the Women in The United Nations Now?
Authors: Haack Kirsten , Karns Margaret P. , Murray Jean-Pierre 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFollowing the unsuccessful attempt to get a woman appointed as UN secretary-general in 2016 and the drop in women in senior posts in 2015, it appeared that gender equality at the UN was as distant as ever. Yet, gender equality within the Secretariat and UN system has been on the organization's agenda since 1970, with goals and target dates set for the level of women's participation and achievement. These have been met in some issue areas (for example, in so-called feminine portfolios) and organizations, but not others. As part of the special issue on “The United Nations at Seventy-Five: Looking Back to Look Forward,” this essay traces the evolution of efforts to increase the representation of women in the UN system and takes stock of their current representation therein, analyzing the data on the Secretariat and appointments to senior posts as well as in various operations and programs.
Constructing Universal Values? A Practical Approach
Authors: Lang Anthony F. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis essay explores the possibility of universal values. Universal values do not exist as Platonic ideals nor do they exist in clearly defined lists of rules or laws. Rather, universal ethical claims are constructed through the actions of individual political leaders, scholars, and activists. This essay explores how such normative constructions take place. It uses an initiative undertaken by the UN Office of Drugs and Crime to further education around corruption as an example of how such universal values come into existence. The initiative focused on developing teaching materials for higher education. The essay focuses on two particular modules, both their content and the process by which they were written.
Slow‐to‐Fast Deformation in Mafic Fault Rocks on an Active Low‐Angle Normal Fault, Woodlark Rift, SE Papua New Guinea
Authors: Mizera M. , Little T. , Boulton C. , Prior D. , Watson E. , Biemiller J. , White J. , Shigematsu Norio 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSlip on the active Mai'iu low‐angle normal fault in Papua New Guinea that dips 15–24° at the surface has exhumed in its footwall a single, continuous fault surface across a >25‐km‐wide dome. Derived from a metabasaltic protolith, the fault zone consists of a <3‐m‐thick zone of gouges and cataclasites that overprint a structurally underlying carapace of extensional mylonites. Detailed microstructural and geochemical data, combined with chlorite‐based geothermometry, reveal changing deformation processes and conditions in the Mai'iu fault rocks as they were exhumed. The microstructure of nonplastically deformed actinolite grains inherited from the fine‐grained (6–35 µm) metabasaltic protolith indicates that shearing at depth was controlled by diffusion creep accompanied by grain‐boundary sliding of these grains together with chlorite neo‐crystallization at T > 275°C–370°C. In a foliated cataclasite unit at shallower crustal levels (T ≈ 150°C–275°C), metasomatic reactions accompanied fluid‐assisted mass transfer processes that accommodated aseismic, distributed shearing; pseudotachylites and ultracataclasites in the same unit indicate that such creep was punctuated by episodes of seismic slip—after which creep resumed. At the shallowest levels (T < 150°C), gouges contain abundant saponite, a frictionally weak mineral that promotes creep on the shallowest dipping (≤24°), most poorly oriented part of the Mai'iu fault. Our field, microstructural and geochemical data of freshly exhumed fault rocks support geodetic, seismological, and geomorphic evidence for mixed seismic‐to‐aseismic slip on this active low‐angle normal fault.
Gravity Hydraulic Fracturing: A Method to Create Self‐Driven Fractures
Authors: Salimzadeh Saeed , Zimmerman Robert W. , Khalili Nasser 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the possibility of using a high‐density fluid to induce downward fracture growth in a hydraulic fracturing process. We propose a mathematical model to calculate the minimum amount of a dense fluid required to trigger downward fracture propagation under gravity forces, and we verify the calculated minimum volume of the fluid through numerical simulations. Results show that when the injected fluid exceeds the minimum amount, a steady downward growth of the hydraulic fracture is obtained. The fracture propagation consists of two distinct responses: The first response can occur under either toughness‐dominated, viscosity‐dominated, or an intermediate hydraulic fracturing regime, depending on fluid rheology, rock properties, and injection scenario. The second response occurs mainly under the toughness‐dominated regime, meaning the predominant energy dissipation mechanism is to overcome the fracture toughness and break the rock. In the latter, the speed of the downward fracture growth depends on the viscosity and fluid weight.
Long‐Term Temporal Scale‐Dependent Warming Effects on the Mass Balance in the Dongkemadi Glacier, Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liang Liqiao , Cuo Lan , Liu Qiang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUnderstanding how climate change impacts glaciers is important in predicting their prospective response and crucial in forecasting water supplies and potential influences within surrounding lowland areas. This study evaluated annual, seasonal, and monthly warming effects on the mass balance in the Dongkemadi (DKMD) Glacier throughout 1960–2009. Results showed an increasing trend in annual, seasonal, and monthly scale air temperature variation: high during the cool season (0.0347°C a−1) and low during the warm season (0.0222°C a−1). Warming rates variability effects at all three scales were roughly the same. Seasonal and monthly warming rates produced roughly the same effect on glacier mass balance, while the annual warming rate overestimated annual mass balance by 20.0%. July produced the largest monthly warming effect overestimation at an annual warming rate (11.9 mm w.e.; 29.3%), followed by August and June. Furthermore, increases in annual melt energy (approximately 70%) throughout the study period primarily resulted from increases in net radiation and turbulent heat flux, which mainly occurred during the warm season (>96%). Proportional increases in warming‐induced rainfall caused a decrease in mass balance while contributing to differing warming rate effects through reductions in mass inputs and albedo rather than through increases in rain‐induced heat flux. Results confirmed the effectiveness of using seasonal scale warming rates to investigate warming effects on glacier and meltwater changes in the Dongkemadi Glacier. This study provides valuable information to accurately evaluate warming effects on energy/mass balance of glaciers worldwide.
Sulforaphane-cysteine inhibited migration and invasion via enhancing mitophagosome fusion to lysosome in human glioblastoma cells
Authors: Zhou Yan , Wang Yalin , Wu Sai , Yan Yuting , Hu Yabin , Zheng Zhongnan , Li Juntao , Wu Wei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHere we uncovered the involved subcellular mechanisms that sulforaphane-cysteine (SFN-Cys) inhibited invasion in human glioblastoma (GBM). SFN-Cys significantly upregulated 45 and downregulated 14 microtubule-, mitophagy-, and invasion-associated proteins in GBM cells via HPLC–MS/MS and GEO ontology analysis; SFN-Cys disrupted microtubule by ERK1/2 phosphorylation-mediated downregulation of α-tubulin and Stathmin-1 leading to the inhibition of cell migration and invasion; SFN-Cys downregulated invasion-associated Claudin-5 and S100A4, and decreased the interaction of α-tubulin to Claudin-5. Knockdown of Claudin-5 and S100A4 significantly reduced the migration and invasion. Besides, SFN-Cys lowered the expressions of α-tubulin-mediated mitophagy-associated proteins Bnip3 and Nix. Transmission electron microscopy showed more membrane-deficient mitochondria and accumulated mitophagosomes in GBM cells, and mitochondria fusion might be downregulated because that SFN-Cys downregulated mitochondrial fusion protein OPA1. SFN-Cys increased the colocalization and interplay of LC3 to lysosomal membrane-associated protein LAMP1, aggravating the fusion of mitophagosome to lysosome. Nevertheless, SFN-Cys inhibited the lysosomal proteolytic capacity causing LC3II/LC3I elevation but autophagy substrate SQSTM1/p62 was not changed, mitophagosome accumulation, and the inhibition of migration and invasion in GBM cells. These results will help us develop high-efficiency and low-toxicity anticancer drugs to inhibit migration and invasion in GBM.
BAFF-driven NLRP3 inflammasome activation in B cells
Authors: Lim Ken-Hong , Chen Lih-Chyang , Hsu Kate , Chang Chia-Ching , Chang Chia-Yu , Kao Chen-Wei , Chang Yi-Fang , Chang Ming-Chih , Chen Caleb Gonshen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBAFF supports B-cell survival and homeostasis by activating the NF-κB pathway. While NF-κB is also involved in the priming signal of NLRP3 inflammasome, the role of BAFF in NLRP3 inflammasome regulation is unknown. Here we report BAFF engagement to BAFF receptor elicited both priming and activating signals for NLRP3 inflammasomes in primary B cells and B lymphoma cell lines. This induction of NLRP3 inflammasomes by BAFF led to increased NLRP3 and IL-1β expression, caspase-1 activation, IL-1β secretion, and pyroptosis. Mechanistically, BAFF activated NLRP3 inflammasomes by promoting the association of cIAP-TRAF2 with components of NLRP3 inflammasomes, and by inducing Src activity-dependent ROS production and potassium ion efflux. B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation on the Lyn signaling pathway inhibited BAFF-induced Src activities and attenuated BAFF-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings reveal an additional function of BAFF in B-cell homeostasis that is associated with BCR activities.
Regulation of fruit ripening by the brassinosteroid biosynthetic gene SlCYP90B3 via an ethylene-dependent pathway in tomato
Authors: Hu Songshen , Liu Lihong , Li Shuo , Shao Zhiyong , Meng Fanliang , Liu Haoran , Duan Wenyi , Liang Dongyi , Zhu Changqing , Xu Tao , Wang Qiaomei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe essential role of ethylene in fruit ripening has been thoroughly studied. However, the involvement of brassinosteroids (BRs) in the regulation of fruit ripening and their relationship with the ethylene pathway are poorly understood. In the current study, we found that BRs were actively synthesized during tomato fruit ripening. We then generated transgenic lines overexpressing or silencing SlCYP90B3, which encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of BR synthesis. The expression level of SlCYP90B3 was positively related to the contents of bioactive BRs as well as the ripening process in tomato fruit, including enhanced softening and increased soluble sugar and flavor volatile contents. Both carotenoid accumulation and ethylene production were strongly correlated with the expression level of SlCYP90B3, corroborated by the altered expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes as well as ethylene pathway genes in transgenic tomato fruits. However, the application of the ethylene perception inhibitor 1-methycyclopropene (1-MCP) abolished the promotion effect of SlCYP90B3 overexpression on carotenoid accumulation. Taken together, these results increase our understanding of the involvement of SlCYP90B3 in bioactive BR biosynthesis as well as fruit ripening in tomato, thus making SlCYP90B3 a target gene for improvement of visual, nutritional and flavor qualities of tomato fruits with no yield penalty.
Depicting the battle between nectarine and Monilinia laxa: the fruit developmental stage dictates the effectiveness of the host defenses and the pathogen’s infection strategies
Authors: Balsells-Llauradó Marta , Silva Christian J. , Usall Josep , Vall-llaura Núria , Serrano-Prieto Sandra , Teixidó Neus , Mesquida-Pesci Saskia D. , de Cal Antonieta , Blanco-Ulate Barbara , Torres Rosario 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInfections by the fungus Monilinia laxa, the main cause of brown rot in Europe, result in considerable losses of stone fruit. Herein, we present a comprehensive transcriptomic approach to unravel strategies deployed by nectarine fruit and M. laxa during their interaction. We used M. laxa-inoculated immature and mature fruit, which was resistant and susceptible to brown rot, respectively, to perform a dual RNA-Seq analysis. In immature fruit, host responses, pathogen biomass, and pathogen transcriptional activity peaked at 14–24 h post inoculation (hpi), at which point M. laxa appeared to switch its transcriptional response to either quiescence or death. Mature fruit experienced an exponential increase in host and pathogen activity beginning at 6 hpi. Functional analyses in both host and pathogen highlighted differences in stage-dependent strategies. For example, in immature fruit, M. laxa unsuccessfully employed carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) for penetration, which the fruit was able to combat with tightly regulated hormone responses and an oxidative burst that challenged the pathogen’s survival at later time points. In contrast, in mature fruit, M. laxa was more dependent on proteolytic effectors than CAZymes, and was able to invest in filamentous growth early during the interaction. Hormone analyses of mature fruit infected with M. laxa indicated that, while jasmonic acid activity was likely useful for defense, high ethylene activity may have promoted susceptibility through the induction of ripening processes. Lastly, we identified M. laxa genes that were highly induced in both quiescent and active infections and may serve as targets for control of brown rot.
Genomics of the Argentinian cholera epidemic elucidate the contrasting dynamics of epidemic and endemic Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Dorman Matthew J. , Domman Daryl , Poklepovich Tomás , Tolley Charlotte , Zolezzi Gisella , Kane Leanne , Viñas María Rosa , Panagópulo Marcela , Moroni Miriam , Binsztein Norma , Caffer María Inés , Clare Simon , Dougan Gordon , Salmond George P. C. , Parkhill Julian , Campos Josefina , Thomson Nicholas R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn order to control and eradicate epidemic cholera, we need to understand how epidemics begin, how they spread, and how they decline and eventually end. This requires extensive sampling of epidemic disease over time, alongside the background of endemic disease that may exist concurrently with the epidemic. The unique circumstances surrounding the Argentinian cholera epidemic of 1992–1998 presented an opportunity to do this. Here, we use 490 Argentinian V. cholerae genome sequences to characterise the variation within, and between, epidemic and endemic V. cholerae. We show that, during the 1992–1998 cholera epidemic, the invariant epidemic clone co-existed alongside highly diverse members of the Vibrio cholerae species in Argentina, and we contrast the clonality of epidemic V. cholerae with the background diversity of local endemic bacteria. Our findings refine and add nuance to our genomic definitions of epidemic and endemic cholera, and are of direct relevance to controlling current and future cholera epidemics.
Influence of interapplicator distance on multibipolar radiofrequency ablation during physiological and interrupted liver perfusion in an in vivo porcine model
Authors: Poch F. G. M. , Neizert C. A. , Geyer B. , Gemeinhardt O. , Bruder L. , Niehues S. M. , Vahldiek J. L. , Bressem K. K. , Kreis M. E. , Lehmann K. S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a curative treatment option for early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Vascular inflow occlusion to the liver (Pringle manoeuvre) and multibipolar RFA (mbRFA) represent possibilities to generate large ablations. This study evaluated the impact of different interapplicator distances and a Pringle manoeuvre on ablation area and geometry of mbRFA. 24 mbRFA were planned in porcine livers in vivo. Test series with continuous blood flow had an interapplicator distance of 20 mm and 15 mm, respectively. For a Pringle manoeuvre, interapplicator distance was predefined at 20 mm. After liver dissection, ablation area and geometry were analysed macroscopically and histologically. Confluent and homogenous ablations could be achieved with a Pringle manoeuvre and an interapplicator distance of 15 mm with sustained hepatic blood flow. Ablation geometry was inhomogeneous with an applicator distance of 20 mm with physiological liver perfusion. A Pringle manoeuvre led to a fourfold increase in ablation area in comparison to sustained hepatic blood flow (p < 0.001). Interapplicator distance affects ablation geometry of mbRFA. Strict adherence to the planned applicator distance is advisable under continuous blood flow. The application of a Pringle manoeuvre should be considered when compliance with the interapplicator distance cannot be guaranteed.
The neurophysiological architecture of semantic dementia: spectral dynamic causal modelling of a neurodegenerative proteinopathy
Authors: Benhamou Elia , Marshall Charles R. , Russell Lucy L. , Hardy Chris J. D. , Bond Rebecca L. , Sivasathiaseelan Harri , Greaves Caroline V. , Friston Karl J. , Rohrer Jonathan D. , Warren Jason D. , Razi Adeel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe selective destruction of large-scale brain networks by pathogenic protein spread is a ubiquitous theme in neurodegenerative disease. Characterising the circuit architecture of these diseases could illuminate both their pathophysiology and the computational architecture of the cognitive processes they target. However, this is challenging using standard neuroimaging techniques. Here we addressed this issue using a novel technique—spectral dynamic causal modelling—that estimates the effective connectivity between brain regions from resting-state fMRI data. We studied patients with semantic dementia—the paradigmatic disorder of the brain system mediating world knowledge—relative to healthy older individuals. We assessed how the effective connectivity of the semantic appraisal network targeted by this disease was modulated by pathogenic protein deposition and by two key phenotypic factors, semantic impairment and behavioural disinhibition. The presence of pathogenic protein in SD weakened the normal inhibitory self-coupling of network hubs in both antero-mesial temporal lobes, with development of an abnormal excitatory fronto-temporal projection in the left cerebral hemisphere. Semantic impairment and social disinhibition were linked to a similar but more extensive profile of abnormally attenuated inhibitory self-coupling within temporal lobe regions and excitatory projections between temporal and inferior frontal regions. Our findings demonstrate that population-level dynamic causal modelling can disclose a core pathophysiological feature of proteinopathic network architecture—attenuation of inhibitory connectivity—and the key elements of distributed neuronal processing that underwrite semantic memory.
Arabidopsis, tobacco, nightshade and elm take insect eggs as herbivore alarm and show similar transcriptomic alarm responses
Authors: Lortzing Tobias , Kunze Reinhard , Steppuhn Anke , Hilker Monika , Lortzing Vivien 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPlants respond to insect eggs with transcriptional changes, resulting in enhanced defence against hatching larvae. However, it is unknown whether phylogenetically distant plant species show conserved transcriptomic responses to insect eggs and subsequent larval feeding. We used Generally Applicable Gene set Enrichment (GAGE) on gene ontology terms to answer this question and analysed transcriptome data from Arabidopsis thaliana, wild tobacco (Nicotiana attenuata), bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara) and elm trees (Ulmus minor) infested by different insect species. The different plant–insect species combinations showed considerable overlap in their transcriptomic responses to both eggs and larval feeding. Within these conformable responses across the plant–insect combinations, the responses to eggs and feeding were largely analogous, and about one-fifth of these analogous responses were further enhanced when egg deposition preceded larval feeding. This conserved transcriptomic response to eggs and larval feeding comprised gene sets related to several phytohormones and to the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, of which specific branches were activated in different plant–insect combinations. Since insect eggs and larval feeding activate conserved sets of biological processes in different plant species, we conclude that plants with different lifestyles share common transcriptomic alarm responses to insect eggs, which likely enhance their defence against hatching larvae.