bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) interactively working with humans as a junior cyber analyst
Authors: Holder Eric , Wang Ning 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThere are many applications where artificial intelligence (AI) can add a benefit, but this benefit may not be fully realized, if the human cannot understand and interact with the output as required by their context. Allowing AI to explain its decisions can potentially mitigate this issue. To develop effective explainable AI methods to support this need, we need to understand both what the human needs for decision-making, as well as what information the AI has and can make available. This paper presents an example case of capturing those requirements. We explore how an operational planner (senior human analyst) for a cyber protection team could use a junior analyst virtual agent to scour, analyze, and present the data available on vulnerabilities and incidents on both the target systems as well as similar systems. We explore the interactions required to understand these outputs and to integrate additional knowledge held by the human. This is an exemplar case for integrating XAI into the real-world bi-directional workflow: the senior analyst needs to be able to understand the junior analysts results, particularly the assumptions and implications, in order to create a plan and brief it up the command chain. He or she may have further questions, or analysis needs to achieve this understanding. The application is the junior analyst agent and senior human analysts working together to create this understanding of threats, vulnerabilities, incidents, likely future attacks, and counteractions on the mission relevant cyber terrain that their unit has been assigned a mission on.
From archive to analysis: accessing web archives at scale through a cloud-based interface
Authors: Ruest Nick , Fritz Samantha , Deschamps Ryan , Lin Jimmy , Milligan Ian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper introduces the Archives Unleashed Cloud, a web-based interface for working with web archives at scale. Current access paradigms, largely driven by the scope and scale of web archives, generally involve using the command line and writing code. This access gap means that subject-matter experts, as opposed to developers and programmers, have few options to directly work with web archives beyond the page-by-page paradigm of the Wayback Machine. Drawing on first-hand research and analysis of how scholars use web archives, we present the interface design and underpinning architecture of the Archives Unleashed Cloud. We also discuss the sustainability implications of providing a cloud-based service for researchers to analyze their collections at scale.
An overview of the airport pavement management systems (APMS)
Authors: Miah Md. Tofail , Oh Erwin , Chai Gary , Bell Phil 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAirport Pavement Management System (APMS) is a useful tool, including a set of procedures for collecting, analyzing, maintaining, and reporting pavement data, thus assisting airports in finding optimum cost-effective treatments to preserve their pavement assets. The paper provides an in-depth overview of the APMS from an extensive literature review with the aim to identify numerous issues within APMS, such as the components, Pavement Condition Indices, software utilization, and the comprehensive implementation process. The methodology adopted for this research is a descriptive-based study approach on the various airport pavement manuals, guidelines and advisory circulars, journal articles, and book publications for the APMS applications. The airport pavement management systems and the case studies in various airports internationally will be included in the review. The study includes various subjects such as major components, benefit and cost approach, management in different levels, software utilization, maintenance, and rehabilitation (M&R) policies in the implementation of the APMS. Additionally, the research examines the pavement performance indicators that are the key elements for evaluating pavement conditions. Besides, the APMS software programs can store historical information, analyze data, develop models, and generate reports for M&R in association with the budget, including estimating future pavement life. The study summarizes the condition data required for the implementation and operation of an APMS, as well as the information generated by the APMS. The review highlights the benefits of an APMS in providing the airport operators and engineers far more informed position for decision-making to forecast future pavement maintenance requirements for an adequate and timely M&R.
Evaluating milling and baking quality associated with a Fusarium head blight resistance-enhancing genome deletion in wheat
Authors: Garvin David F. , Dykes Linda 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding involves improvement of a wide range of traits. However, selection for these traits is only acceptable if the end use quality of the wheat is not compromised. In hard red spring wheat, the predominant end use of flour is bread. In this study, milling and baking quality characteristics were compared in the hard red spring wheat ‘Apogee’ and a near-isogenic line of Apogee (‘A30’) that contains a spontaneous segmental deletion of the long arm of chromosome arm 3DL that is associated with enhanced resistance to Fusarium head blight caused by the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe). Apogee and A30 were grown together in replicated greenhouse experiments, and the resultant grain was used to compare a diverse spectrum of grain characteristics and milling and baking properties of the grain in the two wheat genotypes. The major difference detected was a significant increase in protein content in A30, which had nearly 21% more flour protein than Apogee. This difference did not affect any of the flour properties or baking characteristics evaluated, suggesting that the increased protein concentrations in A30 are not associated with the principal seed storage properties associated with baking quality. These results indicate that despite the size of the deletion in A30, no key genes associated with end use quality are located on that chromosome segment. The deletion may therefore find use in efforts to enhance Fusarium head blight in hard red spring wheat.
Rapid tranquillisation in a psychiatric emergency hospital in Lebanon: TREC-Lebanon – a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of intramuscular haloperidol and promethazine v. intramuscular haloperidol, promethazine and chlorpromazine
Authors: Dib Joseph E. , Yaacoub Hiba Edward , Ikdais Werner Henry , Atallah Elie , Merheb Tony Jean , Ajaltouni Jean , Akkari Myriam , Mourad Marc , Nasr Maria Elias , Hachem Dory , Kazour Francois , Tahan Fouad , Haddad Georges , Azar Jocelyn , Zoghbi Marouan , Haddad Chadia , Hallit Souheil , Adams Clive E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundAgitated patients constitute 10% of all emergency psychiatric treatment. Management guidelines, the preferred treatment of clinicians differ in opinion and practice. In Lebanon, the use of the triple therapy haloperidol plus promethazine plus chlorpromazine (HPC) is frequently used but no studies involving this combination exists.MethodA pragmatic randomised open trial (September 2018–July 2019) in the Lebanese Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross in Beirut Lebanon involving 100 people requiring urgent intramuscular sedation due to aggressive behaviour were given intramuscular chlorpromazine 100 mg plus haloperidol 5 mg plus promethazine 25 mg (HPC) or intramuscular haloperidol 5 mg plus promethazine 25 mgResultsPrimary outcome data were available for 94 (94%) people. People allocated to the haloperidol plus promethazine (HP) group showed no clear difference at 20 min compared with patients allocated to the HPC group [relative risk (RR) 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47–1.50].ConclusionsNeither intervention consistently impacted the outcome of ‘calm’, or ‘asleep’ and had no discernible effect on the use of restraints, use of additional drugs or recurrence. If clinicians are faced with uncertainty on which of the two intervention combinations to use, the simpler HP is much more widely tested and the addition of chlorpromazine adds no clear benefit with a risk of additional adverse effects.
Procreative Liberty in the Era of Genomics
Authors: Robertson John A. 
Published: January 2021

Twentieth century biology began with the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's work on peas and ended with the sequencing of the human genome. In between came Thomas Morgan's studies of fruit flies, the grand synthesis between genetics and evolutionary biology in the 1930s, and Watson and Crick's publication in 1953 of the double helix structure of deoxyribose nucleic acid (“DNA”), the substance in the nucleus of cells, which carries the genetic code of all eukaryotic life.The genetics of the second half of the century focused on learning how DNA coded for proteins, how to splice, clone, and recombine pieces of DNA, and how genetic mutations caused disease. In the late 1980s, a project to identify the actual sequence of all 3.2 billion base pairs of the human genome began. In June 1999, President Clinton and Prime Minister Blair announced that a working draft of the human genome was complete, with the final completed draft to 99.9% accuracy expected in May 2003, fifty years after the publication of Watson and Crick's landmark paper.
Gender and judging at the International Criminal Court: Lessons from ‘feminist judgment projects’
Authors: Grey Rosemary , McLoughlin Kcasey , Chappell Louise 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo date, analyses of gender justice at the International Criminal Court (ICC) have focused primarily on critiques of, and shifts within, the Office of the Prosecutor. This article takes a different approach by focusing on the ICC’s judiciary. We being by arguing that state parties can and should do more than electing a balance of male and female judges – they can also ensure gender-sensitivity on the Bench by supporting candidates with expertise in gender analysis, and by backing judges who bring a feminist approach to their work once elected. Next, we explain the concept of the ‘feminist judgment-writing’ and suggest that this method offers a useful framework for embedding gender-sensitive judging at the ICC. To illustrate this argument, we highlight opportunities for ICC judges to engage in gender-sensitive judging in relation to interpreting the law, making findings of fact, and deciding procedural questions. The final section of the article discusses how best to institutionalize the practice of gender-sensitive judging at the ICC.
First Aid Practices for Injured Children in Rural Ghana: A Cluster-Random Population-Based Survey
Authors: Gyedu Adam , Stewart Barclay , Otupiri Easmon , Donkor Peter , Mock Charles 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIntroduction:The majority of injury deaths occur outside health facilities. However, many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) continue to lack efficient Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Understanding current first aid practices and perceptions among members of the community is vital to strengthening non-EMS, community-based prehospital care.Study Objective:This study sought to determine caregiver first aid practices and care-seeking behavior for common household child injuries in rural communities in Ghana to inform context-specific interventions to improve prehospital care in LMICs.Methods:A cluster-randomized, population-based household survey of caregivers of children under five years in a rural sub-district (Amakom) in Ghana was conducted. Caregivers were asked about their practices and care-seeking behaviors should children sustain injuries at home. Common injuries of interest were burns, laceration, choking, and fractures. Multiple responses were permitted and reported practices were categorized as: recommended, low-risk, or potentially harmful to the child. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between caregiver characteristics and first aid practices.Results:Three hundred and fifty-seven individuals were sampled, representing 5,634 caregivers in Amakom. Mean age was 33 years. Most (79%) were mothers to the children; 68% had only completed basic education. Most caregivers (64%-99%) would employ recommended first aid practices to manage common injuries, such as running cool water over a burn injury or tying a bleeding laceration with a piece of cloth. Nonetheless, seven percent to 56% would also employ practices which were potentially harmful to the child, such as attempting manual removal of a choking object or treating fractures at home without taking the child to a health facility. Reporting only recommended practices ranged from zero percent (burns) to 93% (choking). Reporting only potentially harmful practices ranged from zero percent (burns) to 20% (fractures). Univariate regression analysis did not reveal consistent associations between various caregiver characteristics and the employment of recommended only or potentially harmful only first aid practices.Conclusions:Caregivers in rural Ghanaian communities reported using some recommended first aid practices for common household injuries in children. However, they also employed many potentially harmful practices. This study highlights the need to increase context-appropriate, community-targeted first aid training programs for rural community populations of LMICs. This is important as the home-based care provided for injured children in these communities might be the only care they receive.
Histidine adsorption onto modified montmorillonite under prebiotic chemistry conditions: a thermodynamic and kinetic study
Authors: Samulewski Rafael Block , Guimarães Regiane Tamires Damasceno , Zaia Dimas Augusto Morozin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe origin of life from inanimate matter is still an open question, and our knowledge is still very limited. In this sense, prebiotic chemistry seeks to study and understand how chemical reactions may have contributed to the origin of life. Minerals are of great relevance to prebiotic chemistry, as they may have preconcentrated precursors of biomolecules or biomolecules from diluted solutions, provided protection for biomolecules against UV radiation and hydrolysis, catalysing their reactions and played the role of a primitive genetic code. Montmorillonite, a prebiotic mineral, was shown to be able to adsorb adenine and later also histidine. In addition, histidine adsorption did not displace adenine from the montmorillonite. Kinetic experiments showed that using a whole period of time (7 days) it was not possible to adjust the data to any mathematical kinetic model. Thus, the data were separated into four different adsorption ranges: range 1 (0–60 min), range 2 (60–4320 min), range 3 (4320–7200 min) and range 4 (7200–10 080 min). Range 1 showed adsorption that was too fast, meaning no variations in the adsorption data, and the data of range 3 did not fit in any model used in this work. Thus, range 2 (60–4320 min) and range 4 (7200–10 080 min) were analysed. The adsorption kinetics of histidine adsorption indicated two reaction steps, a quick step (60–4320 min), following the pseudo-first-order model, followed by a slower step (7200–10 080 min) of the pseudo-second order. With these results, isotherms were constructed with times of 1 h and 7 days. The results of the quick step (1 h) showed a reaction that was not thermodynamically favoured. For this time range, Gibbs energy values obtained ranged between 5 and 10 kJ mol−1 at temperatures of 20, 35 and 50°C, and the adsorption occurred due to the balance shift of increase in histidine concentrations. The isotherms of the slow step (7 days) presented negative values, showing a more favourable reaction with Gibbs energy values ranging between −5 and −11 kJ mol−1. The mathematical modelling of the data indicates that seawater ions are crucial in the adsorption process. Thus, the study provided essential information for prebiotic chemistry, showing that time and the reaction medium should always be taken into account.
Low-loss single-mode hybrid-lattice hollow-core photonic-crystal fibre
Authors: Amrani Foued , Osório Jonas H. , Delahaye Frédéric , Giovanardi Fabio , Vincetti Luca , Debord Benoît , Gérôme Frédéric , Benabid Fetah 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRemarkable recent demonstrations of ultra-low-loss inhibited-coupling (IC) hollow-core photonic-crystal fibres (HCPCFs) established them as serious candidates for next-generation long-haul fibre optics systems. A hindrance to this prospect and also to short-haul applications such as micromachining, where stable and high-quality beam delivery is needed, is the difficulty in designing and fabricating an IC-guiding fibre that combines ultra-low loss, truly robust single-modeness, and polarisation-maintaining operation. The design solutions proposed to date require a trade-off between low loss and truly single-modeness. Here, we propose a novel IC-HCPCF for achieving low-loss and effective single-mode operation. The fibre is endowed with a hybrid cladding composed of a Kagome-tubular lattice (HKT). This new concept of a microstructured cladding allows us to significantly reduce the confinement loss and, at the same time, preserve truly robust single-mode operation. Experimental results show an HKT-IC-HCPCF with a minimum loss of 1.6 dB/km at 1050 nm and a higher-order mode extinction ratio as high as 47.0 dB for a 10 m long fibre. The robustness of the fibre single-modeness is tested by moving the fibre and varying the coupling conditions. The design proposed herein opens a new route for the development of HCPCFs that combine robust ultra-low-loss transmission and single-mode beam delivery and provides new insight into IC guidance.
A modular microfluidic system based on a multilayered configuration to generate large-scale perfusable microvascular networks
Authors: Yue Tao , Zhao Da , Phan Duc T. T. , Wang Xiaolin , Park Joshua Jonghyun , Biviji Zayn , Hughes Christopher C. W. , Lee Abraham P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe vascular network of the circulatory system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in the human body. In this paper, a novel modular microfluidic system with a vertical two-layered configuration is developed to generate large-scale perfused microvascular networks in vitro. The two-layer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) configuration allows the tissue chambers and medium channels not only to be designed and fabricated independently but also to be aligned and bonded accordingly. This method can produce a modular microfluidic system that has high flexibility and scalability to design an integrated platform with multiple perfused vascularized tissues with high densities. The medium channel was designed with a rhombic shape and fabricated to be semiclosed to form a capillary burst valve in the vertical direction, serving as the interface between the medium channels and tissue chambers. Angiogenesis and anastomosis at the vertical interface were successfully achieved by using different combinations of tissue chambers and medium channels. Various large-scale microvascular networks were generated and quantified in terms of vessel length and density. Minimal leakage of the perfused 70-kDa FITC-dextran confirmed the lumenization of the microvascular networks and the formation of tight vertical interconnections between the microvascular networks and medium channels in different structural layers. This platform enables the culturing of interconnected, large-scale perfused vascularized tissue networks with high density and scalability for a wide range of multiorgan-on-a-chip applications, including basic biological studies and drug screening.
Two novel nickel cluster substituted polyoxometalates: syntheses, structures and their photocatalytic activities, magnetic behaviors, and proton conduction properties
Authors: Chen Yi , Guo Zheng-Wei , Chen Ya-Peng , Zhuang Zan-Yong , Wang Guo-Qiang , Li Xin-Xiong , Zheng Shou-Tian , Yang Guo-Yu 
Published: January 2021

A Ni12-substituted POM and a Ni6-substituted POM have been synthesized and characterized. The compounds show a moderate catalytic activity in visible-light-driven CO2 reduction reactions, and can serve as potential proton conduction materials.
Neurodevelopmental Outcome in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Exposed to Donor Milk
Authors: Patra Kousiki , Greene Michelle M. , Tobin Grace , Casini Gina , Esquerra-Zwiers Anita L. , Meier Paula P. , Patel Aloka L. 
Published: January 2021

Objective This study was aimed to evaluate the impact of donor milk (DM) received in the first 28 days of life (DOL) on neurodevelopmental (ND) outcome at 20-months corrected age (CA) in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.
Study Design A total of 84 infants born in 2011 to 2012 who received only mother's own milk (MOM) and/or preterm formula (PF) was compared with 69 infants born in 2013 to 2014 who received MOM and/or DM. Daily enteral intake of MOM, DM, and PF was collected through 28 DOL. ND outcomes were assessed with the Bayley-III. Multiple regression analyses adjusted for the effect of social and neonatal risk factors alongside era of birth on ND outcome.
Results Infants exposed to DM were born to older mothers (p < 0.01) and had higher incidence of severe brain injury (p = 0.013). Although DM group infants received first feed at earlier DOL (p < 0.001), there were no differences in MOM intake at DOL 14 or 28 between the two groups. In regression analyses, DM group did not predict 20-month ND outcome.
Conclusion There were no differences in ND outcome between infants born before and after the introduction of DM. This may have been due to the similar percent of MOM at DOL 14 and 28 in the two eras.
Key Points
A high-efficiency cross-band Cerenkov microwave generator with a resonant reflector
Authors: Zhao Chenyu , Chi Hang , Ge Xingjun , Song Lili , He Juntao , Zhang Jun 
Published: January 2021

High efficiency and short saturation time have great significance on the practical work of high power microwave devices. A dual-band Cerenkov microwave generator with high-efficiency based on electrical tuning is presented in this paper. Two-segment slow wave structures for the C-band and X-band separately are adopted, which are isolated by a drift cavity. The collimating hole is replaced by a resonant reflector, which can effectively shorten the saturation time. Moreover, in order to realize dual-band microwave output, the electrical tuning method is used in this paper. In particle-in-cell simulation, when the guiding magnetic field is 0.7 T, the output microwaves at the X-band can be obtained with an efficiency of 38% and saturation time for nearly 20 ns; when the guiding magnetic field is 1.5 T, the output microwaves at the C-band can be obtained with an efficiency of 32% and saturation time for nearly 20 ns. Thus, microwaves at the X-band and C-band can be generated separately by modulating the guiding magnetic field, which can be realized just by altering the current in the magnetic coil. It should be mentioned that such a modulating method is much more convenient than mechanical modulation.