bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
0208 The Effect of Mastication on Psychomotor Vigilance Performance
Authors: Hansen D A , Hudson A N , Lawrence-Sidebottom D , Maislin G , Miquel S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sustained attention is important for optimal neurobehavioral performance, but many biological and environment factors (e.g., circadian rhythm, distraction) may cause sustained attention deficits. Mastication (chewing) has been suggested to provide a countermeasure to sustained attention deficits. To investigate this, we conducted a randomized, within-subjects, cross-over study of sustained attention with a mastication condition and a control condition.

Methods
N=58 adults (ages 18–45; 38 females) completed a 5h in-laboratory study. Subjects entered the laboratory at 09:00. Following training on performance tasks, they had a 1h break before beginning the first of two test bouts at 11:00. Each test bout was 40min long and included subjective rating scales, the Sustained Attention to Response Task, and the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT). Here we focus on PVT lapses of attention (RT &gt; 500 ms), false starts, and mean reaction time (RT) as measures of sustained attention. In between test bouts, subjects had a 1h break inside the laboratory. During one of the two test bouts, subjects were instructed to chew a piece of gum at a steady, comfortable rate. Mastication activity was verified via electromyography (EMG). Half of the sample was assigned to the mastication condition during the first test bout, the other half during the second test bout.

Results
Controlling for order of conditions, there were no significant differences between conditions for PVT lapses (F1,56=0.40, P=0.54) or false starts (F1,56=0.10, P=0.80). Mean RT was higher in the mastication condition by 8.9±2.5ms (F1,56 =12.68, P&lt;0.001).

Conclusion
Using this test paradigm, we were unable to detect any significant improvement in PVT performance, although mastication resulted in a very small increase in mean RT. However, subjects were not sleep-deprived, distracted, or otherwise perturbed. A follow-up study under conditions of sleep deprivation and/or with longer task duration may provide further insight into the countermeasure potential of mastication.

Support
Mars Wrigley Confectionery, U.S., LLC
0211 Sleep-Preparatory Behaviors Modulate Sleep Physiology in Mice
Authors: Tyan J L , Sotelo M I , Markunas C M , Morrow J G , Eban-Rothschild A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Prior to sleep, animals perform various sleep-preparatory behaviors, yet little is known about their contribution to sleep physiology. Sleep hygiene, which involves proper sleep preparation, is an effective treatment for insomnia in humans. The high prevalence of sleep disorders and drawbacks of available pharmacological interventions necessitate a better understanding of the ecological and evolutionary contexts of sleep. Nest-building is a sleep-preparatory behavior performed by many species. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the presence of a nest modulates sleep. Specifically, we investigated the effects of a nest on sleep/wake architecture and activity in wake-promoting neurons in mice.

Methods
To examine the role of nesting in sleep/wake architecture, we recorded EEG/EMG activity over 24 hrs (n=14, 7 males and 7 females) in the presence/absence of a nest. To determine whether the lack of a nest activates wake-promoting neurons, we utilized TRAP (targeted recombination in active populations) technology to label neurons activated by nest removal (n=4 mice per experimental group).

Results
Mice without nests exhibited increased latencies to NREM and REM sleep and spent less time asleep during the inactive/light phase. Mice without nests also exhibited shorter episodes of NREM and REM sleep and more transitions between arousal states. Additionally, our preliminary results suggest that nest removal significantly increases population activity in multiple brain regions, including several cortical and thalamic regions.

Conclusion
Our findings support the hypothesis that the presence of a nest facilitates and consolidates sleep. The causal role of specific neuronal populations in sleep fragmentation in the absence of a nest remains to be elucidated. Taken together, our findings provide the first evidence for a role of sleep-preparatory behaviors in the facilitation and consolidation of sleep and could shape the development of novel treatments for sleep disorders.

Support
This work is supported by the Sloan Alfred P. Foundation, the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation, and the Eisenberg Translational Research Award.
0212 Questionnaire Assessment of Intraindividual Variability in Sleep: Inconsistent Sleep Can Be Worse Than Short Average Sleep
Authors: Gao C , Luster T , Bermudez V , Porro A , Scullin M K 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The consequences of short sleep are well-documented, but recent evidence indicates that night-to-night consistency in sleep may be just as important. For the current work, we developed an intraindividual variability in sleep (IIV) questionnaire to make IIV measurement possible in single-time-point studies. We investigated whether self-reported IIV explained unique variance in sleep quality and health beyond average total sleep time (TST), focusing on a critical transition period (first semester of college) in which high variability was predicted.

Methods
First-semester college students (N=126, Mage=18.28, 75.40% females) completed an IIV questionnaire in which participants indicated their average sleep duration, then estimated how much their sleep duration deviated from their average duration for each day of a typical week. We quantified IIV as the mean day-to-day change in sleep. Participants also completed standard questionnaires on global sleep quality, social jetlag, daytime sleepiness, depression, and stress.

Results
Participants reported substantial IIV in their sleep durations (M=1.77 hours, SD=0.86) that was largely distinguishable from measures of social jetlag (r=.25) and average TST (r=-.18). Patterns of IIV differed across race/ethnicities: in white/Asian students, IIV was strongly associated with social jetlag (r=-.44) whereas in underrepresented minority students, IIV and social jetlag were separate constructs (r=-.03), suggesting that fluctuations in the latter group occur across all days of the week. Greater IIV was associated with significantly worse global sleep quality (r=.24, p=.01), stress (r=.20, p=.03), and depression, r=.20, p=.03). These associations were significant after adjusting for average TST, and only marginally reduced when controlling for social jetlag.

Conclusion
IIV in sleep/wake patterns can be captured using a questionnaire, and such measurement provides unique explanatory power to understanding sleep quality and mental health. Future research is needed to compare IIV questionnaire data to actigraphy data and to understand the underlying mechanisms by which inconsistent sleep detrimentally affects individuals.

Support
National Science Foundation (NSF 1920730)
0215 Sleep Duration Associated with Degraded Performance in Marksmanship and Weapon Stability During a 72-Hour Mission Training Exercise
Authors: Brown S A , Burke T M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Military operations require vigilance and performance under stressful conditions while functioning with little to no sleep. Previous links between marksmanship performance and sleep restrictions have been shown primarily in novice Soldier populations, with significant decrements in reaction time and decision making skills rather than lethality, mobility, or weapon handling metrics. Additionally, previous research has focused on isolated static marksmanship tasks in laboratory settings. The research presented here assessed the relationship between changes in Soldier sleep duration as measured by actigraphy, and marksmanship performance when conducting a 72-hour military field training exercise.

Methods
Forty-six volunteers [42 males (age 24.5±4.2y; mean±SD)] across three platoons participated in this assessment of Soldier performance during a company-wide mission exercise. Sleep characteristics were collected via actigraphy throughout the mission. Marksmanship performance was assessed during pre-, mid-, and post-mission, utilizing an operationally relevant course that integrated a static self-paced shooting task with a dynamic, fast-paced multiple target task. Marksmanship was assessed in areas of lethality (e.g. accuracy, shot dispersion), mobility (e.g. acquisition, engagement times), and weapon handling stability (e.g. movement of barrel during aiming).

Results
Analysis utilized a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) with platoon as the independent variable and total sleep time over the previous 24-hours as the covariant, during the mid-session assessment. The results indicated that prior sleep does significantly modulate marksmanship performance in areas of lethality and stability (ps&lt;.05), but not mobility. Although all individuals received fewer hours of sleep than typical during the mission, those who received less sleep had greater inaccuracy and dispersion in their shot groups, and more barrel movement during weapon handling.

Conclusion
Marksmanship is a key military skill required of all Soldiers. This study has linked degradations in marksmanship lethality and stability performance in the field to naturally occurring sleep restrictions due to platoon-group variances during mission activities. Additionally, it is the first study to link weapon handling stability degradations to sleep loss. Further analysis will explore performance degradations associated with aspects of sleep quality, as well as individual platoon differences, such as leadership, qualifications, and resiliency.

Support
CCDC Soldier Center and Military Operational Medicine Research Program.
0216 Is There a Daily Rhythm in Alcohol Craving and Does It Vary by Circadian Timing?
Authors: Hisler G , Pedersen S , Clark D , Rothenberger S , Hasler B 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
People with later circadian timing tend to consume more alcohol, potentially due to altered rhythms in when and how much they crave alcohol throughout the day. However, whether circadian factors play a role in alcohol craving has received scant attention. Here, we investigated if the daily rhythm of alcohol craving varied by circadian timing in two independent studies of late adolescent and young adult drinkers.

Methods
In Study 1, 32 participants (18–22 years of age; 61% female; 69% White) completed momentary reports of alcohol craving five times a day for 14 days. Participants wore wrist actigraphs and completed two in-lab assessments of dim light melatonin onset (DLMO). Average actigraphically-assessed midpoint of sleep on weekends and average DLMO were used as indicators of circadian timing. In Study 2, 231 participants (21–35 years of age; 28% female; 71% White) completed momentary reports of alcohol craving six times a day for 10 days. Average midpoint of self-reported time-in-bed on weekends was used to estimate circadian timing.

Results
Multilevel cosinor analysis revealed a 24-hour daily rhythm in alcohol craving which was moderated by circadian timing in both studies (p’s&lt;0.05). In both Study 1 and 2, people with later circadian timing had a later timed peak of craving. In Study 1, but not Study 2, later circadian timing predicted a blunted amplitude in craving.

Conclusion
Findings support a daily rhythm in craving that varies by individual differences in circadian timing. Because craving is an important predictor of future alcohol use, the findings implicate circadian factors as a useful area to advance alcohol research and potentially improve interventions.

Support
R21AA023209; R01DA044143; K01AA021135; ABMRF/The Foundation for Alcohol Research.
0220 Sleep Deprivation Increases Self-Reported But Not Behavioral Avoidance
Authors: Campbell R L , Lindsay E , Vance A , Nguyen A , Feldner M , Leen-Feldner E 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
A common form of emotion regulation is avoidance, in which attention toward negative stimuli results in avoiding (Elliot, 2006). Dysfunctional avoidance is linked to negative outcomes in various forms of psychopathology (Kashdan, Barrios, Forsyth, & Steger, 2006). Sleep challenges have been identified as a mechanism in numerous mental health disorders (Kryger, Roth, & Dement, 2017). These two mechanisms may be related. We hypothesized sleep deprived individuals would demonstrate more avoidance compared to baseline and a sleep as usual group as indexed by lower scores on a behavioral approach task (BAT) and more self-reported avoidance.

Methods
Fifty-two undergraduates (mean age: 18.87, white: 45, female: 35) without mental health disorders, sleep apnea symptoms, or use of medications that may impact sleep or wakefulness were recruited. Participants completed a Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale (CBAS modified) in which all questions were modified to elucidate present moment avoidance (ex. I would avoid attending social activities) and a BAT in which they were presented with a bedpan made to look and smell dirty. They were asked to complete seven hierarchical levels of engagement ex. (1) touching it with a tissue, (7) touching it with both hands then touching your face. The task ended when a participant declined to complete a step or they completed all seven. They were randomly assigned to 26 hours of sleep deprivation or sleep as usual. Students completed the CBAS modified and the BAT the next morning.

Results
After conducting a mixed ANOVA, there were no significant differences between or within groups in BAT steps completed. There were significant increases in self-reported behavioral social (p &lt; .001) and nonsocial (p &lt; .001), and cognitive nonsocial (p = .006), and social (p = .031) avoidance in the sleep deprivation group.

Conclusion
The study demonstrated a discrepancy between behavioral and self-report avoidance, suggesting a response bias after sleep loss. This investigation illuminates the effects of sleep loss on the transdiagnostic mechanism, avoidance. Note, there are no psychometric data for the modified CBAS. Future work should examine social forms of behavioral avoidance.

Support
This study was conducted using the University of Arkansas SONA system.
0222 The Association of Habitual Physical Activity with 24-Hour Sleep Outcomes in Preschoolers
Authors: St Laurent C W , Spencer R 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sedentary behavior, physical activity (PA), and sleep are health behaviors that contribute significantly to overall and early childhood health. Although interactive relationships of these behaviors have been reported in adults and school-aged children, there is limited evidence that PA is associated with sleep using objective measures in younger children and findings have been mixed. The purpose of this study was to determine if objectively measured PA and sleep behavior outcomes are associated in preschoolers.

Methods
Participants (n=77, age: 4.34±177;0.91 years; 55.8% female) were included in this cross-sectional study. Actiwatch Spectrum monitors (wrist-worn, triaxial accelerometers) were worn 24-hours for 16-days to measure PA (total PA counts, sedentary time [ST], light PA, and moderate-to-vigorous PA [MVPA]) and sleep (24-hour, nighttime, and nap sleep duration, bedtime, wake after sleep onset [WASO], and sleep efficiency).

Results
Multiple linear regression models adjusted for age and wear time during wake periods indicated that greater MVPA was associated with less nighttime sleep duration (β=-3.48, p&lt;0.001), less total 24-hour sleep duration (β=-3.38, p&lt;0.001), and a later bedtime (β=0.07, p&lt;0.001). Total PA counts were associated with less nighttime sleep duration (β=-0.0002, p=0.001), less total 24-hour sleep duration (β=-0.0002, p=0.001), and a later bedtime (β=4.83, p=0.001). Greater ST was associated with greater total 24-hour sleep duration (β=1.92, p=0.006) and an earlier bedtime (β=-0.36, p=0.02). Percent time spent in light PA was not associated with any sleep outcomes and no PA variables were associated with nap sleep duration, WASO, or sleep efficiency.

Conclusion
As these findings are in contrast to previous studies reporting null or beneficial associations, further analyses are warranted to examine potential mediators/effect modifiers (e.g., sleep timing, gender, body mass index, and socioeconomic status) and temporal relationships between these movement behaviors in young children.

Support
NIH R01 HL111695
0224 Optogenetic Manipulation of Basal Forebrain Parvalbumin Neurons Modulates Vigilant Attention and Rescues Sleep Deprivation Induced Impairments
Authors: Schiffino F L , McNally J M , Hassler A N , Brown R E , Strecker R E 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep disruption leads to attention impairments, excessive daytime sleepiness, and is a major contributor to accident rates and decreased workplace productivity. The basal forebrain (BF) region has long been associated with promoting cortical arousal and wakefulness. Recently, selective excitation of BF parvalbumin (PV) GABAergic neurons has been shown to produce high frequency cortical activation and brief periods of wakefulness. Here we test the hypothesis that BF PV neurons are involved in vigilant attention using bidirectional optogenetic manipulations in a signaled reaction time task.

Methods
Brief optogenetic excitation (ChR2) and inhibition (ArchT) of BF PV neurons was applied during a lever release version of the rodent psychomotor vigilance task (rPVT). Mice were trained to hold a lever down to initiate a trial and after a random delay, a 200ms cue light signaled the mouse to quickly release the lever within 1s to receive a sucrose pellet reward. The reaction time between cue light onset and lever release was the primary measure of attentional performance. Sleep deprivation (8h) produced by gentle handling was also investigated. Laser parameters: brief (1s) of continuous (non-pulsatile) laser stimulation was delivered beginning 500ms prior to cue light onset (5mW 473nm blue light for ChR2-mediated excitation; 10mW 530nm green light for ArchT-mediated inhibition).

Results
BF PV excitation led to faster reactions times (N=6, 14% faster, p&lt;.001), interpreted as an enhancement of attention. Sleep deprivation slowed reaction times (20% slower, p&lt;.01) and BF PV excitation rescued the sleep deprivation induced impairments. BF PV inhibition significantly slowed reaction times (25% slower, p&lt;.02), an effect that resembled the effects of sleep deprivation.

Conclusion
This is the first demonstration of a role for BF PV neurons in attention and in the attention deficits produced by sleep deprivation.

Support
T32 HL007901, I01 BX002774, P01 HL095491, R01 MH039683, I01 BX004500, IK2 BX002130, Stonehill College SURE program, I01 BX001356
0225 Do Associations Between Daily Stress and Sleep Vary by Work Shift? A Within-Person Analysis in Nurses
Authors: Dietch J R , Slavish D C , Messman B , Wardle-Pinkston S , Kelly K , Ruggero C J , Taylor D J 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Longitudinal studies have shown daily stress and sleep are bidirectionally associated. Nurses are particularly likely to experience sleep disturbances and high stress due to demanding work environments. Night shift work may be a unique stressor for nurses that exacerbates associations between stress and sleep. Using a within-person design, we examined the daily bidirectional associations between stress and sleep and moderation by nightly work shift (day/off shift vs. night shift) in a large sample of nurses.

Methods
Participants were 393 nurses (91% female; 77% white, mean age = 38.4 years) recruited from two hospitals. Participants completed 14 days of sleep diaries and actigraphy to assess total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency (SE). They simultaneously completed assessments of stress on the previous day (0 = “not at all” to 4 = “extremely”) and daily work schedule (day/off shift vs. night shift [work between 9pm-6am]).

Results
Results indicated greater daily stress was associated with shorter diary TST (b = -9.49, p&lt;.0001) and actigraphy TST (b = -4.48, p&lt;.01), as well as lower diary SE (b = -0.56, p&lt;.001). When examining reverse pathways of sleep predicting next day stress, both diary TST (b = -0.0004, p&lt;.0001) and actigraphy TST (b = -0.0002, p = .03) predicted higher next-day stress. Lower diary SE predicted higher next-day stress (b = -0.005, p&lt;.001). Only the association between daily stress and nightly diary SE was moderated by daily work shift: only when nurses worked a day or off shift did they have a negative association between daily stress and diary SE (b = -0.68, p&lt;.0001).

Conclusion
Daily stress and sleep disturbances occurred in a bidirectional fashion for night- and day-shift working nurses. Most associations were similar regardless of daily type of work shift. Objective and subjective short TST and low subjective SE may contribute to a cycle of increased stress and are prime targets for a tailored sleep intervention in nurses. More research is needed to develop interventions to address the unique sleep health challenges faced by nurses.

Support
NIAID R01AI128359-01
0230 Sleep and Interrogation: Does Losing Sleep Impact Criminal History Disclosure?
Authors: Krizan Z , Miller A , Meissner C 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Despite centuries of using sleep deprivation during interrogation, there is virtually no scientific evidence on how sleep shapes behavior in interrogation settings. Moreover, investigative interviews are often conducted at night, or with fatigued subjects. To evaluate the impact of sleeplessness on subjects’ behavior during investigative interviews, an experimental study examined the impact of moderate sleep restriction on information disclosure and behavioral reactions during interviews about past illegal acts.

Methods
Healthy participants (N=120) were recruited from the university community and randomly assigned to either maintain or curb their sleep (up to 4 hours a night) across two days. Back in the laboratory individuals privately indicated whether they committed various illegal acts. Participants were interviewed while video-recorded about the most severe act they acknowledged. After the initial disclosure, participants listened to a ‘model’ statement, an unrelated example of a person’s detailed event account designed to encourage additional disclosure, after which they again provided information about their offense. Key variables were the severity of the illegal behavior reported and the amount of information provided before and after the model statement (blindly coded from transcripts for quantity and quality).

Results
Sleep-restricted participants slept on average 4.5 hours less (confirmed via actigraphy), reported no differences in perceived treatment by the interviewer, and tended to report less severe offenses. Critically, sleep-restricted participants provided almost 20% less information during their initial disclosure (d = .53, p =.01). After the model statement, however, disclosure was generally higher and similar across conditions (d = .15, p = .35). Sleep-restricted individuals also reported less overall motivation to recall information (d=.27, p = .01).

Conclusion
Results suggest that even moderate sleep loss can inhibit criminal disclosure during interviews, and that reduced motivation could play a role. Also, the use of the model statement could compensate for this effect.

Support
N/A