bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expert or Esoteric? Philosophers Attribute Knowledge Differently Than All Other Academics
Authors: Starmans Christina , Friedman Ori 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAcademics across widely ranging disciplines all pursue knowledge, but they do so using vastly different methods. Do these academics therefore also have different ideas about when someone possesses knowledge? Recent experimental findings suggest that intuitions about when individuals have knowledge may vary across groups; in particular, the concept of knowledge espoused by the discipline of philosophy may not align with the concept held by laypeople. Across two studies, we investigate the concept of knowledge held by academics across seven disciplines (N = 1,581) and compare these judgments to those of philosophers (N = 204) and laypeople (N = 336). We find that academics and laypeople share a similar concept of knowledge, while philosophers have a substantially different concept. These experiments show that (a) in contrast to philosophers, other academics and laypeople attribute knowledge to others in some “Gettier” situations; (b) academics and laypeople are much less likely to attribute knowledge when reminded of the possibility of error, but philosophers are not affected by this reminder; and (c) non‐philosophy academics are overall more skeptical about knowledge than laypeople or philosophers. These findings suggest that academics across a wide range of disciplines share a similar concept of knowledge, and that this concept aligns closely with the intuitions held by laypeople, and differs considerably from the concept of knowledge described in the philosophical literature, as well as the epistemic intuitions of philosophers themselves.
Predators as drivers of insect defenses
Authors: Sugiura Shinji 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInsects have evolved various types of antipredator defenses. For example, many insects have evolved crypsis, and exhibit cryptic body colors and shapes for hiding from predators. Other insects produce toxins as a form of chemical defense against predators, and some toxic insects are aposematic, with conspicuous body colors for advertising their toxins. Insects can also develop hairs, spines or hard exoskeletons as morphological defenses to protect themselves from predation. In addition, insects can evolve behavioral defenses, in which insects exhibit autotomy or dropping, or feign death. This study investigated which predator types evoke these types of defenses, through a review of the effectiveness of antipredator defenses in insects against carnivorous animals that are commonly used as model predators in studies. These predators include other insects, spiders, fish, frogs, lizards, birds and mammals. The results provide the first step for clarifying the evolutionary drivers of antipredator defenses in insects. The following aspects should be considered for future studies: multiple predator species and sufficient replication, alternative prey and predator models, and tolerance to predators in insects.
Motor hyperactivation during cognitive tasks: An endophenotype of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
Authors: Caciagli Lorenzo , Wandschneider Britta , Centeno Maria , Vollmar Christian , Vos Sjoerd B. , Trimmel Karin , Long Lili , Xiao Fenglai , Lowe Alexander J. , Sidhu Meneka K. , Thompson Pamela J. , Winston Gavin P. , Duncan John S. , Koepp Matthias J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveJuvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is the most common genetic generalized epilepsy syndrome. Myoclonus may relate to motor system hyperexcitability and can be provoked by cognitive activities. To aid genetic mapping in complex neuropsychiatric disorders, recent research has utilized imaging intermediate phenotypes (endophenotypes). Here, we aimed to (a) characterize activation profiles of the motor system during different cognitive tasks in patients with JME and their unaffected siblings, and (b) validate those as endophenotypes of JME.MethodsThis prospective cross‐sectional investigation included 32 patients with JME, 12 unaffected siblings, and 26 controls, comparable for age, sex, handedness, language laterality, neuropsychological performance, and anxiety and depression scores. We investigated patterns of motor system activation during episodic memory encoding and verb generation functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tasks.ResultsDuring both tasks, patients and unaffected siblings showed increased activation of motor system areas compared to controls. Effects were more prominent during memory encoding, which entailed hand motion via joystick responses. Subgroup analyses identified stronger activation of the motor cortex in JME patients with ongoing seizures compared to seizure‐free patients. Receiver‐operating characteristic curves, based on measures of motor activation, accurately discriminated both patients with JME and their siblings from healthy controls (area under the curve: 0.75 and 0.77, for JME and a combined patient‐sibling group against controls, respectively;P < .005).SignificanceMotor system hyperactivation represents a cognitive, domain‐independent endophenotype of JME. We propose measures of motor system activation as quantitative traits for future genetic imaging studies in this syndrome.
Scavenger‐driven fish carcass decomposition and phosphorus recycling: Laboratory experiments with freshwater fish and crayfish
Authors: Boros Gergely , Czeglédi István , Erős Tibor , Preiszner Bálint 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Fish carcass decomposition can generate fluxes of nutrients to the water column at levels comparable to other major nutrient sources. However, relatively little is known about the biological processes modulating fish decay or the rates at which carcass‐bound nutrients are made available to the biota.

This study focused on quantifying scavenger‐mediated phosphorus (P) recycling, because the availability of this essential element can regulate the trophic state of aquatic ecosystems.

To explore the role of some important macroscopic aquatic scavengers in P recycling, laboratory experiments were conducted where carcasses of two fish species (common bleak Alburnus alburnus; pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus) were offered to two size classes of black bullhead (Ameiurus melas) and two crustacean species (spiny‐cheek crayfish Faxonius limosus; narrow‐clawed crayfish Astacus leptodactylus).

Our results show that the black bullhead and the two crayfish species are highly efficient macroscopic decomposers as the P contents of scavenged carcasses were reduced at significantly higher rates compared to those of microbially decomposed (control) carcasses.

Pumpkinseed carcasses proved to be more resistant to rapid decomposition, as they typically lost lower proportions of their P content than bleak carcasses during the course of the experiments.

Scavengers sequestered a relatively large fraction (up to 33% in black bullhead and 36% in crayfish) of total carcass P in their bodies. This suggests that the consumer species used in this study can transfer/return considerable quantities of carcass‐derived nutrients directly to higher trophic levels incorporated into their own tissues, and may serve as an additional, short‐term sink of these nutrients.
Geographies of hiding: power, vulnerability and agency in secret spaces
Authors: Gavard‐Suaire Valentine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article explores situations of forced hiding that affect migrants and sex workers – two groups regularly pushed out of site or out of sight. It argues that hiding is an important angle through which geographies of exclusion and abandonment can be approached. The first part of the paper uncovers the governance of hiding patterns, showing how stigmatised groups can be pushed to hide. The paper reveals that it is their right to appear as political actors that is under attack, not their mere visibility or physical presence. The second part focuses on the agentic potential that survives while people are hiding, highlighting how they negotiate the conditions of their truncated presence. Both sections show that hiding needs to be addressed distinctly from other forms of invisibility and absence, and underline the importance of uncovering geographies of hiding to understand how power is inconspicuously negotiated at different scales.
Assemblages and complex adaptive systems: A conceptual crossroads for integrative research?
Authors: Spies Michael , Alff Henryk 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn human geography and beyond, assemblage thinking has increasingly gained attention as a perspective from which to investigate the emergence and dynamics of more‐than‐human entanglements. Similarly, in the interdisciplinary field of social‐ecological systems analysis, theories of complex adaptive systems have been employed to investigate how social and ecological dynamics and actors interact with each other on different scales. Nonetheless, despite the success of these conceptual perspectives in their respective research fields, there have been few attempts so far to bring these theoretical strands together to explore their common ground and investigate how they could cross‐fertilize each other. This contribution seeks to address this gap, by investigating the ontological compatibility of these two approaches and exploring the potential for meaningful syntheses that could be utilized for integrative research—combining perspectives, approaches, and methods taken from social and environmental sciences for the analysis of human‐environmental relations. Based on a comparative discussion of four selected “guiding principles” found in assemblage thinking and complex adaptive systems, namely, socio‐nature, emergence/historicity, relationality, and self‐organization, we find not only significant common ground between the two perspectives but also discrepancies that may be utilized for cross‐fertilization. In particular, we argue complex adaptive systems would benefit from a deeper engagement with society‐nature theorizations found in the assemblage literature, while assemblage thinking could borrow from complex adaptive systems to broaden its conception of how elements relate to and co‐function with each other.
Authenticity, Coherence, and Power Shifts: A Framework for Assessing Community Engagement Across the Criminal Justice System
Authors: WERTH S. ROSE , COMFORT MEGAN , DEMICHELE MATTHEW , LATTIMORE PAMELA K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCriminal justice agencies increasingly use community engagement practices in efforts to improve public safety and garner legitimacy. While crime rates can be measured, improved legitimacy is harder to gauge. This article provides a framework to assess the influence of community engagement practices in the criminal justice system on legitimacy in three areas: authenticity, coherence in structure, and shifts in power dynamics. We explore each component through case studies of community policing, consent decrees, and community courts, respectively. We propose that this framework could be used to assess or build the capacity of community engagement to repair relationships with marginalised communities.
Potential anti‐ageing effect of chondroitin sulphate through skin regeneration
Authors: Min D. , Park S. , Kim H. , Lee S. H. , Ahn Y. , Jung W. , Kim H.‐J. , Cho Y. W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveSkin ageing is inevitably exposed through its typical features such as wrinkles and sagging. Therefore, skin anti‐ageing is a major issue in cosmetic research to prevent and improve ageing symptoms using effective ingredients. Chondroitin sulphate (CS), a type of glycosaminoglycan, is an important structural component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and is involved in various biological processes, such as cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of CS on skin regeneration and examine its efficacy as a potential safe and effective skin anti‐ageing ingredient.MethodsWe investigated the effects of CS on cell proliferation in normal human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Then, cell migration, ECM synthesis and related signalling pathways were examined in fibroblasts through gene and protein expression analysis. Finally, the effect on skin wound healing and regeneration was validated using a full‐thickness skin wound model and an aged skin model.ResultsChondroitin sulphate treatment increased the proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. It also stimulated the migration and synthesis of ECM components of fibroblasts. Further analysis revealed that CS induced the expression of type I procollagen by activating the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathway. Using a full‐thickness skin wound model and an aged skin model, we confirmed that CS treatment promoted skin wound healing and regeneration.ConclusionTogether, our results indicated that CS has the potential to facilitate skin regeneration, implying that CS could be clinically applied to improve skin ageing.
A cathode support structure for use in a magnetron oscillator experiment
Authors: Black Daylon , Harper Ryan , Ward Patrick , Davlin Jacob , Bentancourt Omar , Plumlee Donald , Browning Jim 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA low temperature co‐fired ceramic (LTCC) material system has been used to develop a protype field emission cathode structure for use in an experimental magnetron oscillator. The structure is designed for used with 30 gated field emission array (GFEA) die electrically connected through silver metal traces and electrical vias. To approximate a cylinder, the cathode structure (48 mm long and 13.7 mm in diameter) is comprised of 10 faceted plates which cover the GFEA dies. Slits in the facet plates allow electron injection. The GFEA die (3 mm × 8 mm) are placed in axial columns of 3 and spaced azimuthally around a cylindrical support structure in a staggered configuration resulting in 10 azimuthal locations. LTCC manufacturing techniques were developed in order to fabricate the newly designed cathode with seven layers wrapped to form the cylinder with electrical traces and vias. Two different cathode wrapping techniques and two different via filling techniques were studied and compared. Two different facet plate manufacturing techniques were studied. Finally, four different support stand configurations for firing the cylindrical structure were also compared with a square post stand having the best circularity and linearity measurements of the fired structure.
Complement activation by human IgG antibodies to galactose‐α‐1,3‐galactose
Authors: Bernth Jensen Jens Magnus , Laursen Nick Stub , Jensen Rasmus Kjeldsen , Andersen Gregers Rom , Jensenius Jens Christian , Sørensen Uffe B. Skov , Thiel Steffen 
Published: June 2020

SummarySome human antibodies may paradoxically inhibit complement activation on bacteria and enhance pathogen survival in humans. This property was also claimed for IgG antibodies reacting with terminal galactose‐α‐1,3‐galactose (Galα3Gal; IgG anti‐αGal), a naturally occurring and abundant antibody in human plasma that targets numerous different pathogens. To reinvestigate these effects, we used IgG anti‐αGal affinity isolated from a pool of normal human IgG and human hypogammaglobulinaemia serum as a complement source. Flow cytometry was performed to examine antibody binding and complement deposition on pig erythrocytes, Escherichia coli O86 and Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 9V. Specific nanobodies were used to block the effect of single complement factors and to delineate the complement pathways involved. IgG anti‐αGal was capable of activating the classical complement pathway on all the tested target cells. The degree of activation was exponentially related to the density of bound antibody on E. coli O86 and pig erythrocytes, but more linearly on S. pneumoniae 9V. The alternative pathway of complement amplified complement deposition. Deposited C3 fragments covered the activating IgG anti‐αGal, obstructing its detection and highlighting this as a likely general caveat in studies of antibody density and complement deposition. The inherent capacity for complement activation by the purified carbohydrate reactive IgG anti‐αGal was similar to that of normal human IgG. We propose that the previously reported complement inhibition by IgG anti‐αGal relates to suboptimal assay configurations, in contrast to the complement activating property of the antibodies demonstrated in this paper.
The effect of bright light therapy on depressive symptoms in adults with intellectual disabilities: Results of a multicentre randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hamers Pauline C. M. , Festen Dederieke A. M. , Bindels Patrick J. E. , Hermans Heidi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundAlthough a large number of adults with intellectual disabilities have depressive symptoms, non‐pharmacological treatments are scarce. The present authors investigated whether bright light therapy (BLT) is effective in decreasing depressive symptoms compared to care as usual.MethodsThis multicentre randomized controlled trial consisted of three study groups (10,000 lux BLT, dim light BLT and a no‐BLT group). Participants received BLT for 30 min in the morning (14 consecutive days), additional to their regular care. Primary outcome was as follows: depressive symptoms measured with the ADAMS Depressive Mood subscale 1 week after the end of BLT (same time period in the no‐BLT group).ResultsForty‐one participants were included in our trial. In both BLT groups, a significant decrease in depressive symptoms was seen. No significant differences were found between 10,000 lux BLT and no‐BLT (p = .199) and no significant differences between dim light BLT and no‐BLT (p = .451). A minimum amount of side effects and no adverse events were reported.ConclusionsIn both BLT interventions, a decrease in depressive symptoms was seen. With 10,000 lux BLT, depressive symptoms decreased even below the clinical cut‐off point, which makes BLT a promising intervention for clinical practice.
Lysosomal dysfunction–induced autophagic stress in diabetic kidney disease
Authors: Zheng Hui Juan , Zhang Xueqin , Guo Jing , Zhang Wenting , Ai Sinan , Zhang Fan , Wang Yaoxian , Liu Wei Jing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe catabolic process that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to the lysosome for degradation, known as autophagy, is thought to act as a cytoprotective mechanism in response to stress or as a pathogenic process contributing towards cell death. Animal and human studies have shown that autophagy is substantially dysregulated in renal cells in diabetes, suggesting that activating autophagy could be a therapeutic intervention. However, under prolonged hyperglycaemia with impaired lysosome function, increased autophagy induction that exceeds the degradative capacity in cells could contribute toward autophagic stress or even the stagnation of autophagy, leading to renal cytotoxicity. Since lysosomal function is likely key to linking the dual cytoprotective and cytotoxic actions of autophagy, it is important to develop novel pharmacological agents that improve lysosomal function and restore autophagic flux. In this review, we first provide an overview of the autophagic‐lysosomal pathway, particularly focusing on stages of lysosomal degradation during autophagy. Then, we discuss the role of adaptive autophagy and autophagic stress based on lysosomal function. More importantly, we focus on the role of autophagic stress induced by lysosomal dysfunction according to the pathogenic factors (including high glucose, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), urinary protein, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid overload) in diabetic kidney disease (DKD), respectively. Finally, therapeutic possibilities aimed at lysosomal restoration in DKD are introduced.
Genome‐wide DNA methylation profile analysis in thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum
Authors: Fan Tianqi , Meng Xiangyu , Sun Chuiguo , Yang Xiaoxi , Chen Guanghui , Li Weishi , Chen Zhongqiang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum (TOLF) causes serious spinal canal stenosis. The underlying aetiology may relate to genetic and inflammatory factors. DNA methylation plays a critical role in osteogenesis and inflammation, whereas there is no genome‐wide DNA methylation analysis about TOLF. The two subtypes of TOLF (single‐level and multiple‐level) have distinct clinical features. Using micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT), we showed the ossification arose from the joint between two vertebrae at one/both sides of ligament flavum. With Illumina Infinium Human Methylation 850 BeadChip arrays, genome‐wide DNA methylation profile was measured in ligament flavum of eight healthy and eight TOLF samples. Only 65 of the differentially methylated cytosine‐phosphate‐guanine dinucleotides were found in both subtype groups. Principal component analysis and heat map analysis showed a different methylation pattern in TOLF samples, and methylation patterns of two subtypes are also distinct. The Gene Ontology enrichment analysis was significantly enriched in differentiation and inflammation. Pyrosequencing analysis and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction were performed to validate the arrays results and expression levels, to test six differentially methylated genes (SLC7A11, HOXA10, HOXA11AS, TNIK, homeobox transcript antisense RNA, IFITM1), using another independent samples (P < 0.05). Our findings first demonstrated an altered Genome‐wide DNA methylation profile in TOLF, and implied distinct methylated features in two subtypes.
Bmi deficiency causes oxidative stress and intervertebral disc degeneration which can be alleviated by antioxidant treatment
Authors: Zhang Qunhu , Li Jie , Li You , Che Hui , Chen Ying , Dong Jianghui , Xian Cory J. , Miao Dengshun , Wang Liping , Ren Yongxin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe transcriptional repressor Bmi‐1 is involved in cell‐cycle regulation and cell senescence, the deficiency of which has been shown to cause oxidative stress. This study investigated whether Bmi‐1 deficiency plays a role in promoting disc degeneration and the effect of treatment with antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) on intervertebral disc degeneration. Bmi‐1−/− mice were treated with the antioxidant NAC, supplied in drinking water (Bmi‐1−/−+NAC). For in vitro experiments, mouse intervertebral discs were cultured under low oxygen tension and serum‐limiting conditions in the presence of tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β in order to mimic degenerative insult. Disc metabolism parameters in these in vitro and in vivo studies were evaluated by histopathological, immunohistochemical and molecular methods. Bmi‐1−/− mice showed lower collagen Ⅱ and aggrecan levels and higher collagen Ⅹ levels than wild‐type and Bmi‐1−/−+NAC mice. Bmi‐1−/− mice showed significantly lower superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐1, SOD‐2, glutathione peroxidase (GPX)‐1 and GPX‐3 levels than their wild‐type littermates and Bmi‐1−/−+ NAC mice. Relative to Bmi‐1−/− mice, the control and Bmi‐1−/−+NAC mice showed significantly lower p16, p21, and p53 levels. These results demonstrate that Bmi‐1 plays an important role in attenuating intervertebral disc degeneration in mice by inhibiting oxidative stress and cell apoptosis.