bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safe, mild ultraviolet‐B exposure: An essential human requirement for vitamin D and other vital bodily parameter adequacy: A review
Authors: Hawk J.L.M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe enigma of skin sunburning, skin ageing and skin cancer and essential vitamin D production both resulting from solar ultraviolet‐B (280‐315 nm) (UVB) exposure has long puzzled photobiologists. Advice to patients by non‐photobiological clinicians is now often to sunbathe to acquire vitamin D adequacy. However, modern work shows only mild UVB exposure is needed to maintain satisfactory levels, which have been demonstrated as very similar in summer and winter from about 25° to 70° north. Even very careful high protection factor 15 sunscreen use does not prevent adequate production, although it is slightly reduced, such that obsessive use of very protective screens of 50 + might. Dark skin pigmentation too usually at most minimally impairs production. However, confinement indoors and widespread clothing cover can, but oral supplementation overcomes any such deficiency. Thus, vitamin D adequacy needs just mild regular UVB skin exposure well under sunburning levels, unlikely to cause significant skin damage. This suggests mild UVB exposure may also be needed for other bodily requirements, which is indeed so. Thus, it also prevents the development of contact dermatitis and polymorphic light eruption through suppressing adaptive immunity. It also prevents the occurrence of multiple skin infections resulting from this suppression through stimulating innate immunity and cutaneous bacterial defensin production. Finally, blood pressure is reduced through low‐dose UVB‐induced production of the vasodilator nitric oxide (though UVA, 315‐400 nm, is more efficient). Thus, mild UVB exposure is important for several aspects of internal health, whereas high‐dose exposure is extremely detrimental to cutaneous health.
Equivalence of in vitro and in vivo methods for assessing the effectiveness of anti‐particulate matter pollution products
Authors: Kim Sanghun , Kim Sanghoon , Shon Dajung , Kim A Reum , Kim Hyoung‐June , Kim Eunjoo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe in vivo evaluation of antipollution products has attracted attention due to increasing global pollution levels; however, it is expensive, time‐consuming, and dangerous because of the harmful nature of fine dust. Therefore, this paper proposes an alternative in vitro assessment method and compares the fine dust blocking effectiveness of both methods for different antipollution products.Materials and methodsInitially, tests were conducted by spraying fine dust on human forearms and artificial leather without pretreatment for in vivo and in vitro samples, respectively. However, the same results were not obtained for both the methods. Therefore, we evaluated different leather conditions (color, drying time, and temperature) to determine the optimal artificial material for testing antipollution products before adopting beige artificial leather dried at 32°C for 30 minutes for further tests.ResultsThe initial tests exhibited a significant difference (P < .05) between the two methods; however, the revised tests exhibited no significant difference (P > .05) between the two methods for either beige leather dried at room temperature (20°C‐25°C) for 60 minutes or at 32°C for 30‐60 minutes or white leather dried at 32°C for 60 min. Therefore, the in vitro method was deemed equivalent to the in vivo method. The effectiveness of fine dust blocking (P < .05) and the equivalence between the evaluation methods (P > .05) were confirmed for each antipollution product.ConclusionThe proposed method is economical, efficient, and safe, making it a novel and valid alternative for the evaluation of antipollution products.
Expression of a carotenogenic gene allows faster biomass production by redesigning plant architecture and improving photosynthetic efficiency in tobacco
Authors: Moreno Juan C. , Mi Jianing , Agrawal Shreya , Kössler Stella , Turečková Veronika , Tarkowská Danuše , Thiele Wolfram , Al‐Babili Salim , Bock Ralph , Schöttler Mark Aurel 
Published: July 2020

SUMMARYBecause carotenoids act as accessory pigments in photosynthesis, play a key photoprotective role and are of major nutritional importance, carotenogenesis has been a target for crop improvement. Although carotenoids are important precursors of phytohormones, previous genetic manipulations reported little if any effects on biomass production and plant development, but resulted in specific modifications in carotenoid content. Unexpectedly, the expression of the carrot lycopene β‐cyclase (DcLCYB1) in Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi not only resulted in increased carotenoid accumulation, but also in altered plant architecture characterized by longer internodes, faster plant growth, early flowering and increased biomass. Here, we have challenged these transformants with a range of growth conditions to determine the robustness of their phenotype and analyze the underlying mechanisms. Transgenic DcLCYB1 lines showed increased transcript levels of key genes involved in carotenoid, chlorophyll, gibberellin (GA) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, but also in photosynthesis‐related genes. Accordingly, their carotenoid, chlorophyll, ABA and GA contents were increased. Hormone application and inhibitor experiments confirmed the key role of altered GA/ABA contents in the growth phenotype. Because the longer internodes reduce shading of mature leaves, induction of leaf senescence was delayed, and mature leaves maintained a high photosynthetic capacity. This increased total plant assimilation, as reflected in higher plant yields under both fully controlled constant and fluctuating light, and in non‐controlled conditions. Furthermore, our data are a warning that engineering of isoprenoid metabolism can cause complex changes in phytohormone homeostasis and therefore plant development, which have not been sufficiently considered in previous studies.
Point-of-care testing for sexually transmitted infections in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Martin Kevin , Roper Tom , Vera Jaime H. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective:
This review will explore how point-of-care tests for sexually transmitted infections have been implemented into health care systems in low- and middle-income countries, and the facilitators and barriers to implementation.

Introduction:
Sexually transmitted infections contribute to significant global morbidity. In low- and middle-income countries, syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections is recommended. However, due to the limitations of syndromic management, there is increasing interest in the potential for point-of-care tests to be incorporated into models of care for sexually transmitted infections in low-resource settings. It is therefore important to explore how point-of-care tests for sexually transmitted infections have been used in these settings previously, and the facilitators and barriers to implementation on a wider scale.

Inclusion criteria:
This scoping review will consider studies that explore the use of point-of-care-testing for chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, or syphilis, and how they are implemented into models of care in low- and middle-income countries. Study participants may be those receiving sexually transmitted infection testing or health care professionals providing testing. HIV testing will not be covered. Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods study designs, as well as review papers will be considered for inclusion.

Methods:
The proposed scoping review will be conducted in accordance with JBI methodology for scoping reviews. The authors will search databases including MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, CINAHL, Scopus, LILACS, African Index Medicus, and the Cochrane library from 1998 onwards. Results will be screened by two independent reviewers and data extracted using a data extraction tool developed by the reviewers. Data will be presented both narratively and in tabular form.
Experimental Investigation of Flow Instability Between Two Vertical Parallel Channels Using Supercritical CO2
Authors: Saini Anantvir Singh , Chatoorgoon Vijay , Ghadge Dhanashree S. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Supercritical flow experiments were conducted at University of Manitoba using supercritical flow facility-vertical (SFF-V), which is a two vertical parallel channel assembly. The working fluid was CO2 at supercritical pressure and was driven by natural convective forces rather than a pump. Different system pressures (7.4 MPa–9.1 MPa), inlet temperatures (7 °C–30.1 °C) and various outlet-channel k-factors were used. A total of eleven parallel channel out-of-phase instability boundary points were obtained and the details of those cases are reported herein. These results can be used for code validation, to enrich the limited database of supercritical parallel-channel instability and to lend further insight into supercritical flow instability in heated parallel channels.
Efficacy of reminders for increasing volunteer engagement in translating Cochrane plain language summaries: a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Jakus Dora , Behmen Dalibora , Buljan Ivan , Marušić Ana , Puljak Livia 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to pilot test the effectiveness of reminders versus no intervention for increasing the number of translated Cochrane plain language summaries (PLSs) among volunteer translators.Study designParallel-group randomised controlled trial.SettingCochrane Croatia translation project.ParticipantsAdults who volunteered to translate Cochrane PLSs within the Cochrane Croatia translation project.InterventionThe participants were randomly allocated to intervention (receiving up to four bi-weekly email reminders to translate PLSs) or control group (no intervention).Primary outcomeThe number of translated PLSs within the 6-month trial period.ResultsWe included 80 participants. The median number of translated PLSs after 6 months was 9 in the intervention group (95% CI 2.0 to 15.0) and 4 in the control group (95% CI 2.9 to 7.0), but this was not significantly different (p=0.181, Mann-Whitney U test). There was no difference between the groups in the number of translations after 3 months, the average time-to-translation after 3 or 6 months, or the satisfaction at the end of the study period. The number of reminders received and the number of translated summaries were negatively correlated (r=−0.50; 95% CI −0.70 to −0.22).ConclusionsOur pilot trial showed that reminders do not seem to be significantly effective in increasing the number of PLS translations. Future studies could explore whether different frequency, timing and content of reminders have an influence on an increase in the engagement among volunteer translators of evidence synthesis.Trial registrationNCT03534791.
Central neurobiological effects of physical exercise in individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review
Authors: de Zoete Rutger M J , Chen Kenneth , Sterling Michele 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivePrimary objectives: to investigate the central neurobiological effects (using MRI) of physical exercise in individuals with chronic pain. Secondary objectives: (1) to investigate the associations between central changes and clinical outcomes and (2) to investigate whether different types and dosages of physical exercise exert different central changes.DesignSystematic review searching four electronic databases up to September 2018: AMED, CINAHL, Embase and MEDLINE. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of included studies using the Cochrane Collaboration’s Risk of Bias in Non-Randomised Studies-I tool. A standardised extraction table was used for data extraction, which was performed by two reviewers.InterventionsStudies reporting any physical exercise intervention in any chronic musculoskeletal pain condition were included. Eligibility of 4011 records was screened independently by two reviewers, and four studies were included in the review.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcome: any brain outcome assessed with any MR technique. Secondary outcomes: any self-reported clinical outcomes, and type and dosage of the exercise intervention.ResultsAll four studies had high risk of bias. There was heterogeneity between the brain areas studied and the types of exercise interventions delivered. All studies reported functional MRI changes in various brain areas following an exercise intervention. Insufficient data were available to conduct a meta-analysis or to answer the secondary aims.ConclusionsOnly a limited number of studies were available and all were at high risk of bias. None of the studies was randomised or included blinded assessment. Exercise may exert effects on brain neurobiology in people with chronic pain. Due to the high risk of bias, future studies should use a randomised study design. Investigation of morphological brain changes could be included.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42018108179.
Strength of the association between Turner syndrome and coeliac disease: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Al-Bluwi Ghada S M , Alnababteh Asma H , Al-Shamsi Saif , Al-Rifai Rami H 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionCoeliac disease (CD) is a genetic autoimmune disorder characterised by a permanent sensitivity to the gluten contained in some grains. Certain patient groups are considered high risk for the development of CD, including, but not limited to, those with chromosomal disorders such as Turner syndrome (TS). Here, we present a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis that aims to comprehensively summarise the literature, and quantitatively estimate the weighted strength of the association between TS and CD.Methods and analysisOur protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols 2015 guidelines. We will search PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase databases for relevant articles. Variant and broad search terms will be selected for identifying epidemiological studies reporting on the crude and/or adjusted association between TS and CD. Retrieved citations will be screened, and data from the eligible research reports against specific eligibility criteria will be extracted. We will then assess the risk of bias associated with the eligible studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The overall weighted strength of the pooled association will be quantified using the random-effects model.Ethics and disseminationThis review will use data from published literature; hence, ethical approval will not be needed. The resulting review will be the first to produce a comprehensive synthesis of the strength of the association between TS and CD. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed journal as well as in local and international conferences and symposiums. Results dissemination would help healthcare providers and policy-makers to make informed decisions regarding the diagnosis and management of CD in high-risk individuals.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019131881, dated 3 September 2019.
Structure of negative parity states at $${\mathbf {6}\,\lesssim \, \mathbf {E}_\mathbf {x} <{\mathbf {7.0}} }$$ MeV in $$\mathbf {^{208}}{} \mathbf{Pb}$$
Authors: Heusler A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn the doubly magic nucleus $$^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$$

208

Pb

states at excitation energies $$6\,\lesssim \, E_x <7.0$$

6

≲

E
x

<
7.0

MeV populated by the inelastic proton scattering via the doublet isobaric analog resonances g$$_{{ 7}/{2}}$$

7
/
2

+d$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

in $$^{209}\mathrm{Bi}$$

209

Bi

are studied. Sixteen states containing dominant strengths of the configurations g$$_{{ 7}/{2}}$$

7
/
2

p$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

, d$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

p$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

, g$$_{{ 7}/{2}}$$

7
/
2

f$$_{{ 5}/{2}}$$

5
/
2

, d$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

f$$_{{ 5}/{2}}$$

5
/
2

are newly assigned spins from $$2^-$$

2
-

to $$6^-$$

6
-

, among them ten states are newly identified. Amplitudes with relative signs of up to four one-particle one-hole configurations with strengths down to 0.05% are determined in 40 states with spins from 1$$^-$$

-

to $$6^-$$

6
-

. Amplitudes of configurations d$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

p$$_{{ 1}/{2}}$$

1
/
2

, d$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

p$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

, d$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

f$$_{{ 5}/{2}}$$

5
/
2

for fourteen states and amplitudes of g$$_{{ 7}/{2}}$$

7
/
2

p$$_{{ 1}/{2}}$$

1
/
2

, g$$_{{ 7}/{2}}$$

7
/
2

p$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

, g$$_{{ 7}/{2}}$$

7
/
2

f$$_{{ 5}/{2}}$$

5
/
2

for twenty-seven states are determined. Total strengths up to the full strength are found for configurations d$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

p$$_{{ 1}/{2}}$$

1
/
2

, d$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

p$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

, d$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

f$$_{{ 5}/{2}}$$

5
/
2

with spins from $$1^-$$

1
-

to $$3^-$$

3
-

and for g$$_{{ 7}/{2}}$$

7
/
2

p$$_{{ 1}/{2}}$$

1
/
2

, g$$_{{ 7}/{2}}$$

7
/
2

p$$_{{ 3}/{2}}$$

3
/
2

, g$$_{{ 7}/{2}}$$

7
/
2

f$$_{{ 5}/{2}}$$

5
/
2

with spins from 1$$^-$$

-

to $$6^-$$

6
-

.
Maintaining Triangle Queries under Updates
Authors: Kara Ahmet , Ngo Hung Q. , Nikolic Milos , Olteanu Dan , Zhang Haozhe 
Published: July 2020

We consider the problem of incrementally maintaining the triangle queries with arbitrary free variables under single-tuple updates to the input relations.
We introduce an approach called IVMϵ that exhibits a trade-off between the update time, the space, and the delay for the enumeration of the query result, such that the update time ranges from the square root to linear in the database size while the delay ranges from constant to linear time.
IVMϵ achieves Pareto worst-case optimality in the update-delay space conditioned on the Online Matrix-Vector Multiplication conjecture. It is strongly Pareto optimal for the triangle queries with no or three free variables and weakly Pareto optimal for the remaining triangle queries with one or two free variables.
IVMϵ recovers prior work such as the suboptimal classical view maintenance approach that uses delta query processing and the worst-case optimal approach that computes all triangles in a static database.
The Role of the Shariʿa Court in Divorce in Palestine
Authors: Polfus Turid Smith 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The article analyzes four decrees from the shariʿa court in Ramallah (2010–13) that introduce procedural reforms regarding divorce, to inquire what role the court envisages for itself as Palestine prepares for statehood. The study finds that the legal maxim “Ṭalāq is in the hands of the husband,” ergo not the court, ensures that the court does not represent a real alternative to privatized justice, and thus fails to contribute to the state-building process. The court upholds its construction of men as sovereign, over whom the court has no jurisdiction in ṭalāq cases. It regards ṭalāq as a matter between the husband and God. Wives need intermediaries to obtain a unilateral divorce, but the court is reluctant to take on that role.
Analysis of Emotions of High School Students Participating in a School SSI Club Project Related to Climate Change
Authors: Kim Ji-Ho , Kim Chan-Jong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This study explored types and intensities of students’ emotions related to participation in school-based SSI club project related to climate change (CE). Ten high school students participated twice a week for 7 weeks in club activities to model causes/ impacts of CE, explore local problems related to CE, and plan and participate in social action. Researchers used the control-value theory to analyze how students’ emotions changed over time and found that while some initially reported negative emotions persisted after the club activities concluded (anxiety, fear, guilt, and despair), students also reported more positive emotions (sense of accomplishment, confidence) than before. Students’ emotions became more positive when planning and participating in social action and some emotions (guilt, anxiety, and expectation) helped to drive students to action. We discuss implications for club activities as a way to educate students about CE and we raise questions for future research.
The Development of Science Education During the Ability-Driven Phase in Singapore, 1997–2011
Authors: Vinodhen Vanessa 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper presents historical analysis of the development of science education in Singapore from 1997 to 2011 with the aim of understanding the impact of education initiatives introduced during this period known as the ability-driven phase in Singapore. To provide context for the research, the author first describes the state of governance and education in Singapore during this period and then provides an introduction to the Thinking Schools, Learning Nation vision, and two main educational initiatives: the Teach Less, Learn More initiative and the Information Technology Masterplan. Next the impact of these initiatives on science education is explored and the impact on science culture and science education in Singapore is discussed. The author concludes with a discussion about value of historical analysis examining the impact of policy on educational practice and a discussion about the implications of this research for science and science education in Singapore in the future.
Myocardial blush grade: a determinant of left ventricular ejection fraction and adverse outcomes in STEMI
Authors: Rehman Adeel-ur , Malik Jahanzeb , Javed Nismat , Iftikhar Imran , Sharif Hamid 
Published: July 2020

Background and aims Despite restoration of blood flow, subtle microvascular obstruction can occur. This obstruction can be graded using myocardial blush grade. We aimed to investigate the role of myocardial blush grade in ejection fraction and adverse outcomes, after percutaneous intervention. Methods A prospective, observational study was conducted at our institute with a calculated sample size. Variables such as age, gender, and ejection fraction were noted before the intervention. The patients were followed for 3 months to determine the outcomes. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS software version 26.0. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant for the statistical tests. Results There were 74 male and 36 female participants in the study. The mean age was 52.20 ± 10.02 years. The most common adverse outcome was heart failure (18%). There was a significant Pearson’s correlation between myocardial blush grade and improvement in ejection fraction (p < 0.05). Improvement in myocardial blush grade was significantly related to a decrease in adverse outcomes (p < 0.05). Regression analysis proved myocardial blush grade and diabetes status as independent predictors of percentage increase in ejection fraction (p < 0.05). Conclusion High myocardial blush grade is one of the independent predictors of better outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction.