bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The syntax, semantics and pragmatics of ‘optional’ wh-in situ in Greek
Authors: Vlachos Christos , Chiou Michalis 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Building on the relevant literature, this paper provides an up-to-now missing overarching approach to ‘optional’ wh-in situ questions in Greek, by arguing that some properties of wh-in situ are computed at the interface between syntax and semantics, other properties relate to the syntax-pragmatics interface, and yet others are derived at the interface between PF and pragmatics. Wh-in situ is not semantically (hence, syntactically) equivalent to wh-fronting, with the latter being the default strategy of Greek on empirical grounds. Wh-in situ assumes distinct syntax and semantics, while its pragmatics is computed partly by the way it is associated to the discourse, and partly by intonation.
Changing alignments in the Greek of southern Italy
Authors: Ledgeway Adam , Schifano Norma , Silvestri Giuseppina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article investigates a peculiar pattern of subject case-marking in the Greek of southern Italy. Recent fieldwork with native speakers, coupled with the consultation of some written sources, reveals that, alongside prototypical nominative subjects, Italo-Greek also licenses accusative subjects, despite displaying a predominantly nominative-accusative alignment. Far from being random replacements within a highly attrited grammar, the distribution of these accusative subjects obeys specific structural principles, revealing similarities with historical attestations of the so-called “extended accusative” in early Indo-European. On the basis of these data, Italo-Greek is argued to be undergoing a progressive shift towards an active-stative alignment, a claim supported by additional evidence from auxiliary selection, adverb agreement and sentential word order.
CITES and the African Elephant
Authors: Chakanyuka Tatenda Leopold 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article focuses on the impact of the ban of international trade of the ivory of the African elephant under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. This species is overpopulated in some countries and threatened in other countries. Overall, its current population and the level of decline suggest a species that is endangered. The population disparities have created misunderstandings in terms of how to address the issues. Controversy has surrounded the two instances of legal sales of ivory, and the continuing ban on ivory trade from 1989 has contributed to animosity between pro-ban Western ‘conservationists’ and anti-ban African countries, with accusations of ‘ecological imperialism’ being levelled at some of the protagonists. The article observes that the vast global ivory market has largely been sustained by countries that have failed to effectively enact laws and/or enforce them, as well as failing to deal with corruption and illegal markets within their jurisdictions. It is argued that identifying such culprit countries and their role in promoting elephant poaching and ivory trade, and identifying the reasons behind the poaching and illegal trade, is crucial in reducing the incidence of poaching. The article argues that with a better understanding of the illegal trade, CITES can take deliberate steps to assist countries involved in the ivory trade where they need that support.
Environmental Sustainability and Regulation in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Worika Ibibia Lucky , Etemire Uzuazo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Over the years, the overall quality of the environment in Rivers State, in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, has taken a significant downturn, which has attracted both national and international attention. This situation, among other things, raises questions about the quality of environmental laws and institutions in the state, with respect to their capacity to promote environmental sustainability. This article seeks to unravel this question. The analysis, with specific reference to certain standards, broadly reveals that on the whole, the current status and quality of environmental laws and institutions in Rivers State are largely incapable of ensuring environmental sustainability in the state, in terms of securing a healthy environment conducive to human wellbeing and development. Against this backdrop, recommendations are made regarding extensive law review/revision, the faithful implementation of improved laws, and the proper allocation and employment of adequate material and human resources with a view to strengthening the environmental regulatory system of Rivers State.
A Large-Eddy Simulation Study of Contrail Ice Number Formation
Authors: Lewellen David C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIce crystal number is a critical ingredient in the potential climate impact of persistent contrails and contrail-induced cirrus. We perform an extensive set of large-eddy simulations (LES) of ice nucleation and growth within aircraft exhaust jets with an emphasis on assessing the importance of detailed plume mixing on the effective ice-number emission index (EIiceno) produced for different conditions. Parameter variations considered include ambient temperature, pressure, and humidity; initial aerosol origin (exhaust or ambient), number, and properties; and aircraft engine size. The LES are performed in a temporal representation with binned microphysics including the basics of activation of underlying aerosol, droplet growth, and freezing. We find that a box-model approach reproduces EIiceno from LES well for sufficiently low aerosol numbers or when crystal production is predominantly on ambient aerosol. For larger exhaust aerosol number the box model generally overestimates EIiceno and can underestimate the fraction from ultrafine aerosol. The effects of different parameters on EIiceno can largely be understood with simpler analytic models that are formulated in low and high aerosol-number limits. The simulations highlight the potential importance of “cold” contrails, ambient ultrafine aerosols, crystal loss due to competition between different-sized crystals, and limitations on reducing EIiceno. We find EIiceno insensitive to engine size for lower aerosol numbers, but decreasing with increasing engine size for higher aerosol numbers. Temporal versus spatial representations for jet LES are compared in an appendix.
Upper-Ocean Eddy Heat Flux across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current in Drake Passage from Observations: Time-Mean and Seasonal Variability
Authors: Gutierrez-Villanueva Manuel O. , Chereskin Teresa K. , Sprintall Janet 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEddy heat flux plays a fundamental role in the Southern Ocean meridional overturning circulation, providing the only mechanism for poleward heat transport above the topography and below the Ekman layer at the latitudes of Drake Passage. Models and observations identify Drake Passage as one of a handful of hot spots in the Southern Ocean where eddy heat transport across the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is enhanced. Quantifying this transport, however, together with its spatial distribution and temporal variability, remains an open question. This study quantifies eddy heat flux as a function of ACC streamlines using a unique 20-yr time series of upper-ocean temperature and velocity transects with unprecedented horizontal resolution. Eddy heat flux is calculated using both time-mean and time-varying streamlines to isolate the dynamically important across-ACC heat flux component. The time-varying streamlines provide the best estimate of the across-ACC component because they track the shifting and meandering of the ACC fronts. The depth-integrated (0–900 m) across-stream eddy heat flux is maximum poleward in the south flank of the Subantarctic Front (−0.10 ± 0.05 GW m−1) and decreases toward the south, becoming statistically insignificant in the Polar Front, indicating heat convergence south of the Subantarctic Front. The time series provides an uncommon opportunity to explore the seasonal cycle of eddy heat flux. Poleward eddy heat flux in the Polar Front Zone is enhanced during austral autumn–winter, suggesting a seasonal variation in eddy-driven upwelling and thus the meridional overturning circulation.
Following the Girl Scout Trail in Schools for the Blind
Authors: Tomlinson Bertha E. 
Published: June 2020

“Educators of the blind are doing a great deal in helping them to become self-supporting and useful members of society. Scouting with its splendid program of physical, mental, and moral development is capable of aiding greatly. “Since the object of all education is to better fit us to do our part in building a saner, kindlier world, Girl Scouting with its splendid program of home making, outdoor activities, community service, and character building should greatly benefit any girl.” —From letters of Emeline Brandeen.
Glucose Homeostasis in Obese Women Is Not Associated to Unacylated Ghrelin Plasma Levels
Authors: Veiga Luisa , Brito Miguel , Silva Carina , Silva-Nunes José 
Published: June 2020

Introduction: Unacylated ghrelin (UAG) is the major form of circulating ghrelin. Initially considered as a nonfunctional peptide, soon after, UAG has been associated to an insulin sensitizing action and to a negative action on energy balance. The aim of this study was to analyze the association between the serum levels of UAG and glucose metabolism parameters in obese women, independently from eventual influence of anthropometrics. Methods: One hundred lean and 254 obese Caucasian women were studied. Each woman was characterized for anthropometrics, fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and UAG. In addition, obese women were subjected to a classic oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) to assess glucose and insulin at 120 minutes. Insulin resistance was assessed by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). Obese women were classified in 3 glycemic status subgroups (normoglycemia, prediabetes, and diabetes) according to HbA1c and to fasting and oGTT glucose values. Results: In comparison with the lean group, significantly lower levels of UAG were observed in obese women. However, no significant difference was observed through obesity classes I to III. UAG levels were not significantly different among glycemic status subgroups and did not show any association with glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, or HbA1c. Conclusions: Although anthropometry can influence the level of the unacylated form of ghrelin, UAG plasma levels do not associate to glucose homeostasis parameters.
Perspectives of caregivers with child welfare involvement in a supportive housing program
Authors: Rosenwald Mitchell , Bazazzadeh Shima , Shine Agnes , Taylor Cierra 
Published: June 2020

Summary The literature is absent on qualitative research that documents perspectives of caregivers involved in child welfare and who participated in a U.S. Housing First supportive housing intervention. A program evaluation of a social work-led, Housing First intervention was conducted, and this study reports the qualitative findings of the evaluation. Drawing on the focus group method, nine caregivers, involved in child welfare and with a history of homelessness risk, shared their perspectives on the Housing First intervention as well as the impact of the Housing First intervention on their families. Findings Using two-cycle coding for theme analysis, researchers independently analyzed the focus group transcripts and jointly identified seven themes. The themes include: (1) experience with adversity, (2) spiritual impact, (3) resources and services, (4) role of support of staff, (5) housing stability, (6) self-sufficiency, and (7) family stability. Applications This research provides insight into for social work administrators to develop a trauma-informed, strengths-based Housing First program to assist child welfare-involved families. Further, specific roles are delineated that social workers occupy when working with families in a Housing First program; these roles include educator, advocate, and nurturer. This information can provide supervisors and grant writers with specific staff functions that can be helpful in creating staffing patterns, providing job descriptions, and detailing program support. Finally, the themes of housing stability, family stability, and self-sufficiency support the U.S Children’s Bureau’s goals of safety, permanency, and well-being and meet the social work profession’s obligation to protect children and improve family functioning
Novel triple coaxial system to navigate 9 French balloon guiding catheter into common carotid artery
Authors: Yasuda Ryuta , Toma Naoki , Suzuki Yume , Miura Yoichi , Shiba Masato , Suzuki Hidenori 
Published: June 2020

Background It is often hard to navigate a 9 French (F) balloon guiding catheter in patients with type III or bovine aortic arch. Also, a common carotid artery stenosis is challenging, because a guidewire cannot be advanced distally. We developed the combination of a 4F Simmons-type catheter and a 6F distal access catheter as a coaxial inner catheter to navigate a 9F balloon guiding catheter to overcome these difficulties. Materials and methods Medical record at our institution was retrospectively reviewed and carotid artery stenting cases in which the 4F Simmons-6F distal access catheter system was employed as a coaxial catheter to navigate a 9F balloon guiding catheter were identified. To construct this system, a 4F 145 cm SY3 (Hanako Medical, Saitama, Japan) and a 6F 118 cm Cerulean DD6 (Medikit Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) were usually employed. A rotating hemostatic valve should be as short as possible and was attached to only a 9F balloon guiding catheter. The length of a 0.035-in. guidewire needed to be 180 cm or longer. Results During the study period, 106 carotid artery stenting cases were identified. Of these, this system was employed in 29 cases that included 5 cases with a steno-occlusive lesion at common carotid artery/external carotid artery, 10 with type III or bovine arch, and 11 harboring both. In all the cases, a 9F balloon guiding catheter was successfully navigated. Conclusion The 4F Simmons-6F distal access catheter system was useful in navigating a 9F balloon guiding catheter in patients with a common carotid artery stenosis, an external carotid artery occlusion, and an in-stent restenosis, especially when they also harbored type III or bovine aortic arch.
Dynamics of a specialized and complex health care system: Exploring general practitioners’ management of multimorbidity
Authors: Nissen Nina Konstantin , Aarhus Rikke , Ørtenblad Lisbeth 
Published: June 2020

Objective To explore general practitioners’ (GPs’) experiences of cooperation with hospital-based physicians regarding multimorbid patients and to identify challenges as well as strategies in managing such challenges. Study setting: Three medical practices in a provincial town in Denmark. Study design A qualitative methodological design was used with explorative data collection among GPs. Data collection/Extraction methods: Participant observation, qualitative interviews and a focus group interview were conducted. Interpretive description was used as the analytical framework. Principal findings: The GPs appreciated cooperating with physicians in optimizing treatment of multimorbid patients. However, three main challenges were experienced: insufficient communication and coordination; unclear divisions of roles and responsibilities; and differences in the way of approaching patients. The GPs navigated these challenges and complexities by taking advantage of their personal relationships and by developing creative and patient-centred ad hoc solutions to difficulties in cross-sectorial cooperation. A hospital initiative to support care for multimorbid patients has not been adopted by the GPs as a preferred strategy. Conclusions The structures of the health care system severely challenged cooperation regarding multimorbid patients; nevertheless, these GPs were aware of the advantages of cooperation, and their mainstay strategy in this involved personalized solutions and flexibility.
Presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of prostatic abscess: comparison of three treatment modalities
Authors: Alnadhari Ibrahim , Sampige Venkata Ramana Pai , Abdeljaleel Osama , El Ansari Walid , Ali Omar , Salah Morshed , Shamsodini Ahmad 
Published: June 2020

Purpose: The lack of available guidelines for the management of prostatic abscess (PA) results in inconsistencies in its management. The most commonly used management modalities were conservative treatment with parenteral antibiotics alone, transrectal ultrasound-guided (TRUS) needle aspiration, or transurethral deroofing (TUD). The current study is a retrospective study and examines prostatic abscess cases treated by either one or more of the different modalities. We assess and compare presentation, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of prostatic abscess and we compare the outcomes of the three management modalities. Methods: We retrieved the records of all patients ( n = 23) admitted to the Urology department at Al Wakra hospital with the computed tomography (CT) diagnosis of prostatic abscess from January 2013 to March 2018. Data collected included demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings, as well as management modality, duration of hospital stay, duration of follow up, outcome, and recurrence. Results: A total of nine (39.1%) patients had conservative treatment only; eight (34.8%) had TUD, and six (26.1%) had TRUS needle aspiration. The mean age was 52.7 years. Lower urinary tract symptoms and fever were the most common presentations (95.7% and 82.6%, respectively). CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis with contrast was undertaken for all patients and it showed that multiple abscesses were observed in 14 (60.9%) cases. The overall mean hospital stay was 8.45 days (range 2–21 days). We observed no recurrences for patients treated conservatively or those who undertook TUD, but three patient (50%) recurrences were noted in TRUS aspiration patients. There was no mortality across the sample. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of prostatic abscess and prompt management may have decreased the morbidity and mortality. Conservative management can succeed in subcentimeter abscesses but TUD is the definite therapy for large and multiloculated abscess. TRUS aspiration does have a role in treatment, but it has higher recurrence and longer hospital stay.
Effectiveness and safety of leflunomide compared with cyclophosphamide as induction therapy in Takayasu’s arteritis: an observational study
Authors: Dai Xiaomin , Cui Xiaomeng , Sun Ying , Ma Lili , Jiang Lindi 
Published: June 2020

Aims: The objective of this study was to investigate the outcomes of leflunomide (LEF) compared with those of cyclophosphamide (CYC) as induction against active Takayasu’s arteritis (TA) in Chinese patients. Methods: This was an observational study based on a prospective cohort that included TA patients diagnosed in large third-level first-class general hospitals in East China from January 2009 to September 2018. LEF- or CYC-induced active patients were enrolled for comparative effectiveness analysis. One-to-more paired cohorts of LEF versus CYC were derived by propensity-score matching (PSM). The primary outcome was complete remission (CR) at 9-month follow up, and secondary endpoints included partial remission (PR) and effectiveness rate (ER). Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify statistical significance. Results: A total of 131 enrolled patients with at least 3-months treatment included 53 receiving a regimen of glucocorticoid (GC) and LEF and 78 receiving GC and CYC. Compared with the CYC group, the LEF group showed higher CR rate {LEF versus CYC: 84.6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 74.5–94.8%] versus 59.0% (47.8–70.1%); relative risk (RR) = 0.3 (0.1–0.6), p = 0.002} and lower daily GC dose [10.0 (5.0–12.5) versus 12.5 (10.0–15.0) mg, p = 0.043] at the end of the 9-month induction. In the matched analysis, the LEF group ( n = 23) still indicated a higher CR rate than the CYC group ( n = 54) after PSM [RR = 0.1 (0.0–0.6), p = 0.003]. Four LEF-treated patients had mild side effects, and one died unrelated to LEF. Conclusion: LEF could be an alternative induction therapy against TA, showing good effectiveness and tolerance compared with CYC.
Improving Foundation Year doctors’ confidence with routine suprapubic catheter change using an easily reproducible simulation model
Authors: Sathanapally Ganesh SS , Henry Mei-Ling , Burbidge Oliver 
Published: June 2020

Objective: Previous studies report low confidence levels amongst junior doctors in changing suprapubic catheters (SPC). We aimed to assess and improve foundation doctors’ confidence in changing an SPC, and to identify factors contributing to a lack in confidence. A teaching session using an easily reproducible simulation model was delivered to improve confidence. Method: A teaching session on routine SPC changes was delivered to a cohort of 30 Foundation Year 2 doctors within a single hospital. The teaching session comprised a short presentation followed by a practical session with the teaching models. Trainees completed a questionnaire on self-reported confidence levels in catheterisation prior to, and directly after, the session. Results: The self-reported confidence level with SPC changes was measured using a 5-point scale (1 = not very confident, 5= very confident), and following the session, the median score increased from 1 to 4. 100% ( N = 28) of trainees felt the teaching session increased their confidence with routine SPC changes and that the simulation model was a useful tool. Conclusion: Some junior doctors report low confidence levels with SPC changes. A teaching session on routine SPC changes using a simulation model may improve confidence Level of evidence: 2c
Reduction of postoperative swelling with a negative pressure treatment—A prospective study
Authors: Saul Dominik , Fischer Ann-Christin , Lehmann Wolfgang , Dresing Klaus 
Published: June 2020

Purpose: Perioperative swelling and edema are the main factors that influence the time to definitive operative care, healing rate, as well as postoperative infection rate. Device-based negative pressure treatment is a new method to reduce post-traumatic and postoperative swelling of the upper extremities. The objective of this study was to evaluate a new negative pressure treatment with LymphaTouch® (Helsinki, Finland) to reduce perioperative swelling in upper extremity injuries. Methods: We analyzed 45 patients (26 female and 19 male) after operative treatment of upper extremity injuries. A predefined treatment algorithm of 30 min using LymphaTouch® was performed on the patients every day for five consecutive days. Swelling was measured according to the neutral-zero method with six points of measurement. Results: A total of 16 patients underwent an operation on their upper arm. An average of 3.5 measurements was performed per patient, with the start of therapy at a mean of 5.13 days after the operation. All of the measured circumferences except the elbow and 10 cm below the elbow were reduced from day 0 to 3. The percent reduction of swelling (relative to day 0) was 10.36%, 11.35%, 17.34%, and 3.25% for days 1–4, respectively. The greatest reduction of circumference was obtained in the metacarpus (−51.6%) and wrist (−33.1%). Conclusion: The LymphaTouch® system and a 30-min treatment program can reduce postoperative swelling of the upper arm, wrist, and hand on the first 5 days after surgery. The ease of learning and self-applicability of LymphaTouch® makes it interesting for further controlled randomized trials.