bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Get a Free Item Pack with Every Activation!”
Authors: Busse Karoline , Amft Sabrina , Hecker Daniel , von Zezschwitz Emanuel 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Account security is an ongoing issue in practice. Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) is a mechanism which could help mitigate this problem, however adoption is not very high in most domains. Online gaming has adopted an interesting approach to drive adoption: Games offer small rewards such as visual modifications to the player’s avatar’s appearance, if players utilize 2FA. In this paper, we evaluate the effectiveness of these incentives and investigate how they can be applied to non-gaming contexts. We conducted two surveys, one recruiting gamers and one recruiting from a general population. In addition, we conducted three focus group interviews to evaluate various incentive designs for both, the gaming context and the non-gaming context. We found that visual modifications, which are the most popular type of gaming-related incentives, are not as popular in non-gaming contexts. However, our design explorations indicate that well-chosen incentives have the potential to lead to more users adopting 2FA, even outside of the gaming context.
Introduction: Emerging Directions for Family History Studies
Authors: Evans Tanya , de Groot Jerome 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This introduction charts the rise of family history across the globe and its international impact upon culture, biomedicine, and technology. It introduces the contributions to this special issue from interdisciplinary scholars based in the US, Canada, Brazil, Europe, Australia and India that have collaborated internationally over the past three years. It argues that public historians need to take the practice of family history seriously and that all scholars can learn from its collaborative, integrated, international practice. We are presented with overwhelming evidence of the need to decentralize and trouble the Eurocentrism of existing historical scholarship. This special issue provides a platform for the conversations we have been having about family history over the past three years and encourages others to join in.
Wieviel Mensch steckt in der Maschine?
Authors: Buder Jürgen 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungIn vielen Bereichen ist die Leistung von Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI) der Leistung von Menschen mittlerweile ebenbürtig oder überlegen. Dies gilt vor allem in Bereichen, in denen Regeln angewendet oder erkannt werden müssen. Dennoch sollten diese Fortschritte nicht darüber hinwegtäuschen, dass es noch immer gravierende Defizite in der Leistungsfähigkeit von KI gibt. In diesem Beitrag werden sechs solcher Defizite identifiziert. Forschung aus der Psychologie legt allerdings umgekehrt den Schluss nahe, dass eine KI nicht besonders intelligent sein muss, um von Menschen als menschenähnlich wahrgenommen zu werden. Auf der Basis der Literatur zum Thema Anthropomorphismus werden drei Bausteine der Vermenschlichung von Technologien diskutiert.
Der Fachinformationsdienst Buch-, Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft – eine Kurzvorstellung
Authors: Gierke Bettina 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungIm Rahmen des DFG Förderprogramms Fachinformationsdienste (FID) nahm der FID Buch- Bibliotheks- und Informationswissenschaft, eine Kooperation der Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel und der Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, im Oktober 2017 seine Arbeit auf. Ziel ist, die Spitzenversorgung mit Literatur für Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler dieser und angrenzenden Disziplinen sicher zu stellen. Dazu hat der FID BBI ein Discovery Tool entwickelt. Grundlage dafür ist die Open-Source-Software VuFind. Eine Herausforderung für den FID BBI ist die Auswertung unterschiedlichster Datenquellen, weil die Themengebiete des FID BBI sehr weit gefächert sind. Das Portal bietet einen schnellen Rechercheeinstieg. Es ist aber auch möglich komplexere Suchanfragen zu stellen. Der Kontakt zu der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft, die der FID BBI bedient, hat große Priorität, um die Ziele, die von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft gesetzt wurden, zu erfüllen. Ein erster Kontakt kann über das Nachweisportal hergestellt werden: https://katalog.fid-bbi.de.
What’s in a Name? The Case for Protecting the Reputation of Businesses under Article 1 Protocol 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Coe Peter , Brown James 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article approaches corporate reputation from an English law perspective. It argues that corporate reputation is at least as important as individual reputation, as it is not only vital for the health and prosperity of businesses themselves (whether large or small), but also for the communities within which they operate. Following analysis of conflicting jurisprudence from the European Court of Human Rights, which has led to a lack of clarity within English law, this paper contends that business reputation should be subsumed within the concept of property. Such an approach would then enable businesses to avail themselves of a positive right to the protection of reputation, as property, under Article 1 Protocol 1 of the European Convention of Human Rights.
Distinguishing breathy consonants and vowels in Gujarati
Authors: Esposito Christina M. , Khan Sameer ud Dowla , Berkson Kelly H. , Nelson Max 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAcross languages, the acoustic and articulatory correlates of breathiness are similar whether they are associated with consonants or with vowels. This raises the question of whether breathy consonants are confusable with breathy vowels in languages in which a phonemically breathy vowel contrasts with a phonemically modal vowel that follows a breathy-aspirated consonant, e. g. Gujarati /ba̤ɾ/ ‘outside’ vs. /bʱaɾ/ ‘burden’, respectively. We investigate the perception of a minimal triplet of Gujarati words, with a breathy vowel vs. a breathy consonant vs. an all-modal sequence, via three tasks: free-sort, AX discrimination, and picture-matching identification. Results across the three tasks indicate that breathiness is indeed confusable across the association types. Specifically, while listeners do recognize the stronger breathiness in vowels following breathy consonants, they are not necessarily able to determine whether that breathiness is associated with the vowel or the consonant. Furthermore, they do not reliably recognize the subtler breathiness of breathy vowels, which often indicates that they are the same as or an acceptable realization of an all-modal sequence (/baɾ/ ‘twelve’). This suggests a potential perceptual merger in Gujarati, despite previously-reported evidence of a robust three-way contrast in production.
An alternative estimate for the numerical radius of Hilbert space operators
Authors: Hosseini Mohsen Shah , Moosavi Baharak , Moradi Hamid Reza 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe give an alternative lower bound for the numerical radii of Hilbert space operators. As a by-product, we find conditions such that$$\begin{array}{}
\displaystyle
\omega\left(\left[\begin{array}{cc}
0 & R \\
S & 0
\end{array}\right]\right)=\frac{\Vert R \Vert +\Vert S\Vert }{2}
\end{array}$$where R, S ∈ 𝔹(𝓗).
New types of the hybrid functional materials based on cage metal complexes for (electro) catalytic hydrogen production
Authors: Voloshin Yan Z. , Buznik Vyacheslav M. , Dedov Alexey G. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Successful using of cage metal complexes (clathrochelates) and the functional hybrid materials based on them as promising electro- and (pre)catalysts for hydrogen and syngas production is highlighted in this microreview. The designed polyaromatic-terminated iron, cobalt and ruthenium clathrochelates, adsorbed on carbon materials, were found to be the efficient electrocatalysts of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), including those in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) water electrolysers. The clathrochelate-electrocatalayzed performances of HER 2H+/H2 in these semi-industrial electrolysers are encouraging being similar to those for the best known to date molecular catalysts and for the promising non-platinum solid-state HER electrocatalysts as well. Electrocatalytic activity of the above clathrochelates was found to be affected by the number of the terminal polyaromatic group(s) per a clathrochelate molecule and the lowest Tafel slopes were obtained with hexaphenanthrene macrobicyclic complexes. The use of suitable carbon materials of a high surface area, as the substrates for their efficient immobilization, allowed to substantially increase an electrocatalytic activity of the corresponding clathrochelate-containing carbon paper-based cathodes. In the case of the reaction of dry reforming of methane (DRM) into syngas of a stoichiometry CO/H2 1:1, the designed metal(II) clathrochelates with terminal polar groups are only the precursors (precatalysts) of single atom catalysts, where each of their catalytically active single sites is included in a matrix of its former encapsulating ligand. Choice of their designed ligands allowed an efficient immobilization of the corresponding cage metal complexes on the surface of a given highly porous ceramic material as a substrate and caused increasing of a surface concentration of the catalytically active centers (and, therefore, that of the catalytic activity of hybrid materials modified with these clathrochelates). Thus designed cage metal complexes and hybrid materials based on them operate under the principals of “green chemistry” and can be considered as efficient alternatives to some classical inorganic and molecular (pre)catalysts of these industrial processes.
Zinsänderungsrisiken und langfristige Zins-bindung vor dem Hintergrund der hessischen Zinsswaps
Authors: Weichenrieder Alfons , Kasinger Johannes , Nöh Lukas 
Published: January 2020

Zusammenfassung
Johannes Kasinger, Lukas Nöh und Alfons Weichenrieder nehmen die derzeitige Niedrigzinsphase und die Debatte um den Einsatz von Zinsswaps in Hessen zum Anlass, die Fristigkeitsstruktur der Staatsschulden sowie den Einsatz von langfristigen Zinsswaps zu erörtern. Die Autoren betonen, dass im Gegensatz zu einem privaten Bauherrn der Staat nicht für sich wirtschaftet, sondern als Sachwalter der Steuerzahler agieren sollte. Den Zinserhöhungsrisiken des Staates stehen Zinserhöhungschancen der Steuerzahler in deren Funktion als Kreditgeber gegenüber. Letzteres schwächt das Argument für langfristige Verschuldung, sei es durch die Emission langfristiger Anleihen oder durch den Einsatz von Finanzderivaten. Grundsätzlich kann eine Glättung der Zinslast allerdings dabei helfen, die für den Schuldendienst notwendigen Steuern zu glätten und die Zusatzlast der Besteuerung zu mindern.
Siedlungsgrößen und Abstände zwischen Siedlungsstandorten – eine geostatistische Analyse von Transektdaten
Authors: Schmidt Sophie C. 
Published: January 2020

ZusammenfassungIn mehreren siedlungsarchäologischen Arbeiten wird die Frage aufgeworfen, welchen Abstand zwei Funde mindestens zueinander haben müssen, um zwei unterschiedliche Fundstellen zu denotieren. Seit den 1960er Jahren wird eine empirische Untersuchung zu diesem Thema gefordert. Dieser Beitrag greift die Debatte auf und entwickelt unter Bezugnahme der deutschsprachigen und englischsprachigen Theoriedebatte um die Begriffe „Fundplatz“, „Fundstelle“, „site“ und „Siedlung“ eine Methode, die diese Frage zu beantworten sucht. Genutzt wird dafür eine Transektgrabung in Sachsen-Anhalt und die einzelnen dort aufgedeckten Befunde der Schnurkeramik, Frühbronzezeit, Spätbronzezeit und frühen Eisenzeit, um kulturspezifische Aussagen treffen zu können. Die Befunde werden im Sinne der off-site Archäologie als sich in der Landschaft kontinuierlich verbreitende Decke angesehen. Die Abgrenzung von Clustern, die Schätzung von Siedlungsgrößen und ihre Abstände zueinander werden mit Hilfe von Kerndichteschätzungen und kumulativen Entfernungen berechnet. Damit wird eine Methode der intra-site-Analyse auf die inter-site Ebene gehoben. Es zeigt sich, dass dies ein gewinnbringender Ansatz ist, der insbesondere bei Straßen- und Pipeline-Grabungen zum Einsatz kommen kann.
Brunei Darussalam: country report on children’s environmental health
Authors: Lee Shirley H.F. , Cunningham Anne , Gharif Rafidah , Koh David , Lai Linda , Petra Dk Haryanti , Wong Justin , Yussof Siti Rosemawati 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis is the country report for Brunei Darussalam pertaining to children’s environmental health. It covers the current landscape of environmental risk factors which affect children’s health, existing local policies, as well as strategies for moving forward in alignment with the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
A quantum ampere
Authors: Callegaro Luca 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The revision of the International System of Units (SI), implemented since 20 May 2019, has redefined the unit of electric current, the ampere ( A), linking it to a fixed value of the elementary charge. This paper discusses the new definition and the realisation of the electrical units by quantum electrical metrology standards, which every year become more and more accessible, reliable and user friendly.
Spatial Arrangement Drastically Changes the Neural Representation of Multiple Visual Stimuli That Compete in More Than One Feature Domain
Authors: Wiesner Steven , Baumgart Ian W. , Huang Xin 
Published: January 2020

Natural scenes often contain multiple objects and surfaces. However, how neurons in the visual cortex represent multiple visual stimuli is not well understood. Previous studies have shown that, when multiple stimuli compete in one feature domain, the evoked neuronal response is biased toward the stimulus that has a stronger signal strength. We recorded from two male macaques to investigate how neurons in the middle temporal cortex (MT) represent multiple stimuli that compete in more than one feature domain. Visual stimuli were two random-dot patches moving in different directions. One stimulus had low luminance contrast and moved with high coherence, whereas the other had high contrast and moved with low coherence. We found that how MT neurons represent multiple stimuli depended on the spatial arrangement. When two stimuli were overlapping, MT responses were dominated by the stimulus component that had high contrast. When two stimuli were spatially separated within the receptive fields, the contrast dominance was abolished. We found the same results when using contrast to compete with motion speed. Our neural data and computer simulations using a V1-MT model suggest that the contrast dominance found with overlapping stimuli is due to normalization occurring at an input stage fed to MT, and MT neurons cannot overturn this bias based on their own feature selectivity. The interaction between spatially separated stimuli can largely be explained by normalization within MT. Our results revealed new rules on stimulus competition and highlighted the impact of hierarchical processing on representing multiple stimuli in the visual cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPrevious studies have shown that the neural representation of multiple visual stimuli can be accounted for by a divisive normalization model. By using multiple stimuli that compete in more than one feature domain, we found that luminance contrast has a dominant effect in determining competition between multiple stimuli when they are overlapping but not spatially separated. Our results revealed that neuronal responses to multiple stimuli in a given cortical area cannot be simply predicted by the population neural responses elicited in that area by the individual stimulus components. To understand the neural representation of multiple stimuli, rather than considering response normalization only within the area of interest, one must consider the computations including normalization occurring along the hierarchical visual pathway.
Neuronal Mitochondria Modulation of LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation
Authors: Harland Micah , Torres Sandy , Liu Jingyi , Wang Xinglong 
Published: January 2020

Neuronal mitochondria dysfunction and neuroinflammation are two prominent pathological features increasingly realized as important pathogenic mechanisms for neurodegenerative diseases. However, little attempt has been taken to investigate the likely interactions between them. Mitofusin2 (Mfn2) is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein regulating mitochondrial fusion, a dynamic process essential for mitochondrial function. To explore the significance of neuronal mitochondria in the regulation of neuroinflammation, male and female transgenic mice with forced overexpression of Mfn2 specifically in neurons were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a widely used approach to model neurodegeneration-associated neuroinflammation. Remarkably, LPS-induced lethality was almost completely abrogated in neuronal Mfn2 overexpression mice. Compared with nontransgenic wild-type mice, mice with neuronal Mfn2 overexpression also exhibited alleviated bodyweight loss, behavioral sickness, and myocardial dysfunction. LPS-induced release of IL-1β but not TNF-α was further found greatly inhibited in the CNS of mice with neuronal Mfn2 overexpression, whereas peripheral inflammatory responses in the blood, heart, lung, and spleen remained unchanged. At the cellular and molecular levels, neuronal Mfn2 suppressed the activation of microglia, prevented LPS-induced mitochondrial fragmentation in neurons, and importantly, upregulated the expression of CX3CL1, a unique chemokine constitutively produced by neurons to suppress microglial activation. Together, these results reveal an unrecognized possible role of neuronal mitochondria in the regulation of microglial activation, and propose neuronal Mfn2 as a likely mechanistic linker between neuronal mitochondria dysfunction and neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOur study suggests that Mfn2 in neurons contributes to the regulation of neuroinflammation. Based on the remarkable suppression of LPS-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and dynamic abnormalities by neuronal Mfn2, this study centered on Mfn2-mediated neuroinflammation reveals novel molecular mechanisms that are involved in both mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. The pharmacological targeting of Mfn2 may present a novel treatment for neuroinflammation-associated diseases.
ВЗАЄМИНИ ГУЦУЛЬСЬКОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ ІЗ ЗАХІДНОУКРАЇНСЬКОЮ НАРОДНОЮ РЕСПУБЛІКОЮ
Authors: Мушинка Микола 
Published: January 2020

9 січня 1919 р. на багатотисячному вічі у селі Ясіня на Закарпатті була обрана 42-членна Українська Народна Рада із 12-членною Головною Управою, яка проголосила Гуцульську Республіку як самостійну державу. У перші дні Гуцульська Республіка завʼязала стосунки із Західноукраїнською Народною Республікою (далі ЗУНР), прохаючи від неї військової допомоги. Неофіційна допомога у формі 23 старшин ЗУНР надійшла 18 січня 1919 р. під час походу війська Гуцульської Республіки (Національної Оборони) на Мараморошський Сиґіт, де воно зазнало поразки з боку румунської армії. З квітня 1919 р. при ЗУНР у Станиславові існувало постійне представництво Української Центральної Ради в Хусті. У червні 1919 р. Гуцульська Республіка була ліквідована румунською армією, а її представники, разом зі С. Клочураком арештовані у Брашеві. У вересні 1919 р. Дипломатична місія ЗУНР визволила гуцулів із тюрми і створила на їх основі Гуцульську сотню ЗУНР на чолі зі С. Клочураком, яка брала участь у кількох військових операціях ЗУНР, а після поразки ЗУНР залишки сотні опинилися у Чехословаччині.
УКРАЇНСЬКЕ ПЕДАГОГІЧНЕ ТОВАРИСТВО “РІДНА ШКОЛА” (1881–1939 рр.)
Authors: Шологон Лілія 
Published: January 2020

У статті проаналізовано діяльність Українського педагогічного товариства “Рідна школа” впродовж 1881–1939 рр. спрямовану на створення мережі україномовних початкових шкіл, класичних та реальних гімназій, учительських семінарій та інших фахових шкіл. З’ясовано суспільно-політичні фактори, що впливали на результати його праці наприкінці ХІХ – початку ХХ ст., у період Першої світової війни та Західно-Української Народної Республіки, у складі Польської держави у 20-х – 30-х рр. ХХ ст. Встановлено, що “Рідна школа” зуміла консолідувати національносвідоме українство на захист української школи, яку польська влада в Галичині поступово намагалася ліквідувати, та створити наймасовішу національну педагогічну організацію в краї.
СТОЛІТТЯ ВІДНОВЛЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ДЕРЖАВНОСТІ: НЕВИВЧЕНІ УРОКИ ІСТОРІЇ
Authors: Гаврилів Ігор 
Published: January 2020

Сучасні негаразди в процесі становлення та розбудови Української держави спонукають, кот- рий раз, звернутися до гіркого досвіду історичного минулого. А він вчить, що надія на об’єктивний хід державотворення великого європейського народу не дає підстав нехтувати елементарними заходами, що спонукають до утвердження національної диктатури перед зовнішніми та внутрішніми викликами, які дезорганізовують українство впродовж віків. Тому аналіз подій та проведення історичних паралелей сприятиме осмисленню минулого, усвідомленню теперішнього та реально прогнозованого прийдешнього у справі скріплення незалежної державності України як європейської та світової геополітичної потуги. Історична пам’ять кличе до боротьби, щоб не повторити долю попередників – жертв трагічного ХХ ст., яке призвело до геноциду українців, що переполовинило їхню чисельність.
Evolution of the Sedimentary Basin of the Continental Margin of Antarctica in the Cooperation Sea (from Results of Numerical Modeling)
Authors: Leitchenkov G.L. , Galushkin Yu.I. , Guseva Yu.B. , Dubinin E.P. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
—We discuss the structure of the Earth’s crust the seismic stratigraphy, thermal evolution, and stretching of the lithosphere in the sedimentary basin of the Cooperation Sea located on the continental margin of Antarctica in the south of the Indian Ocean. The sedimentary basin includes intracontinental and marginal rifts; the former is located on the shelf, and the latter, in the deep-water area. A seismostratigraphic analysis has revealed four sequences in the sedimentary cover of the intracontinental rift, which formed from middle Permian to late Cenozoic, and nine sequences in the sedimentary cover of the marginal rift, which have been deposited since the Middle Jurassic. One-dimensional numerical modeling of the thermal regime and the basement subsidence was performed over 18 points along the profile crossing the basin from the shelf to the lower continental rise. Based on the results of modeling and seismostratigraphic analysis, we have established variations in rock temperature with depth and in the degree of lithosphere stretching throughout the basin rift history. The modeling showed that the depth of the basement subsidence and the thickness of the crystalline part of the basin crust are governed by the lithosphere stretching before sedimentation. The maximum stretching is reached at the depocenters of rift structures (where the crust is the thinnest), being 2.8 before sedimentation and 1.16 after it in the intracontinental rift and 4.6 and 1.4, respectively, in the marginal rift.