bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral albedo of coastal landfast sea ice in Prydz Bay, Antarctica
Authors: Hao Guanghua , Pirazzini Roberta , Yang Qinghua , Tian Zhongxiang , Liu Changwei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe surface spectral albedo was measured over coastal landfast sea ice in Prydz Bay (off Zhongshan Station), East Antarctica from 5 October to 26 November of 2016. The mean albedo decreased from late-spring to early-summer, mainly responding to the change in surface conditions from dry (phase I) to wet (phase II). The evolution of the albedo was strongly influenced by the surface conditions, with alternation of frequent snowfall events and katabatic wind that induce snow blowing at the surface. The two phases and day-to-day albedo variability were more pronounced in the near-infrared albedo wavelengths than in the visible ones, as the near-infrared photons are more sensitive to snow metamorphism, and to changes in the uppermost millimeters and water content of the surface. The albedo diurnal cycle during clear sky conditions was asymmetric with respect to noon, decreasing from morning to evening over full and patchy snow cover, and decreasing more rapidly in the morning over bare ice. We conclude that snow and ice metamorphism and surface melting dominated over the solar elevation angle dependency in shaping the albedo evolution. However, we realize that more detailed surface observations are needed to clarify and quantify the role of the various surface processes.
Use of information and communication technologies in small-scale dairy production systems in central Mexico
Authors: García-Villegas Juan de Dios , García-Martínez Anastacio , Arriaga-Jordán Carlos Manuel , Ruiz-Torres Monica Elizama , Rayas-Amor Adolfo Armando , Dorward Peter , Martínez-García Carlos Galdino 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe objective of the study was to characterize small-scale dairy production systems to identify the technological preferences according to the farmer and farm characteristics and to analyze the importance and role of the information communication technologies (ICTs) in the dissemination of information related to management and livestock activities. To collect the data, a survey was applied to 170 small-scale dairy farmers from central Mexico. To characterize the farms, a factor analysis (FA) and cluster analysis (CA) were performed. To compare and identify differences between groups, a Kruskal–Wallis test was conducted. Four factors that explain 70.93% of the accumulated variance were identified; these factors explain the use of technology, production characteristics, social connections, and use of ICTs. The cluster analysis identified four groups. Group 1 was integrated by farmers with more experience and the largest farms. Group 2 had higher studies and use of ICTs. Group 3 was formed by young farmers but had a low use of technology. Group 4 contained older farmers with a low use of technology. The young farmers with higher studies have begun to incorporate ICTs into their daily activities on the farm, as observed in Group 2. Smartphones were the most used and were considered important by the farmers of the four groups, since they enable interaction with other farmers and the dissemination of topics of interest related with the farm. In conclusion, four group of farmers were differentiated; therefore, different extension approaches should be implemented to take into account the preferences and the technologies considered most important for each group. The ICTs are emerging technologies among small-scale dairy farmers to communicate information related to livestock management, mainly by young farmers with studies of secondary, as observed in Group 2.
Underground Multiculturalism: Contentious Cultural Politics in Gold-Mining Regions in Chocó, Colombia
Authors: Jonkman Jesse 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article maps the contentious forms of political life that emerge when multicultural rights and non-formal gold extraction coincide. Specifically, it shows how, in the Colombian department of Chocó, Afro-descendant community councils have produced a unique form of mining governance that, while depending for its legitimacy on everyday uses of Afro-Colombian legislation, consists of the organisation, taxation and policing of mining activities that are in tension with official notions of extractive and multicultural law. In exploring such ‘underground’ cultural politics, the article highlights the limits of state-centric analyses of ‘neoliberal multiculturalism’ and, accordingly, underscores the instrumental role that governed subjects play in the on-the-ground unfolding of multicultural governance regimes.
Transition to adulthood of refugee and immigrant children in Canada
Authors: Yoshida Yoko , Amoyaw Jonathan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe majority of refugees are children and youth and their integration and life-course transitions are a research priority. This paper examines the timing of refugee children and youths’ entrance into the labour market and family formation (marriage/common law union and parenthood). It does so by examining how admission category, knowledge of a host country’s official languages, and age at arrival shape their transition to adulthood. Using data from the Canadian Longitudinal Immigration Database and Heckman selection estimation, the paper finds minimal variation in refugee children and youths’ entry into the labour market compared to children of other immigrant streams. It also finds that refugee children and youth start forming families at a younger age than children of economic class immigrants, but at an older age than family class children. The analysis also shows limited effects of knowledge of official language prior to arrival while age at arrival has a robust impact on their adulthood transitions. These findings shed light on the unique patterns of life-course transition among refugee children and youth and contribute to a better conceptualization of their experiences relative to children and youth of other immigrants.
Association between season of vaccination and antibody levels against infectious diseases
Authors: Abreu T. C. , Boshuizen H. , Mollema L. , Berbers G. A. M. , Korthals Altes H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractVaccination has reduced the disease burden of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, the extent to which seasonal cycles of immunity could influence vaccine-induced immunity is not well understood. A national cross-sectional serosurveillance study performed in the Netherlands (Pienter-2) yielded data to investigate whether season of vaccination was associated with antibody responses induced by DT-IPV (diphtheria, tetanus and poliomyelitis), MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) and meningococcus C (MenC) vaccines in children. In total, 434 children met the inclusion criteria to study DT-IPV immunity, 811 for MMR and 311 for MenC. Differences in log(antibody levels) by season of vaccination were investigated with linear multivariable regression analyses. Seroconversion rates varied according to season of vaccination for rubella (90% of autumn-vaccinated childrenvs.99% of winter-vaccinated had concentrations above cut-off levels). Summer-vaccinated boys showed a slower decline of tetanus antibodies (6% per month), in comparison with winter-vaccinated boys. In conclusion, season of vaccination showed little association with immunological protection. However, a number of associations were seen with aP-value of about 0.03; and adding data from a just-completed nationwide serological study might add more power to the current study. Further immunological and longitudinal investigations could help understand the mechanisms of seasonal influence in vaccine-induced responses.
The drivers, trends and dietary impacts of non-nutritive sweeteners in the food supply: a narrative review
Authors: Russell Cherie , Grimes Carley , Baker Phillip , Sievert Katherine , Lawrence Mark A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPoor diets, including excess added sugar consumption, contribute to the global burden of disease. Subsequently, many nutrition policies have been implemented to reduce added sugar intake and improve population health, including taxes, education, labelling and environmental interventions. A potential consequence of these policy actions is the substitution of added sugars with non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) in a variety of foods and beverages. NNS are used to reduce the energy and sugar content of foods and beverages while maintaining their palatability. Evidence of the toxicological risks of NNS is inconsistent, though concerns have been raised over the potential substitution effects of ultra-processed foods containing NNS for whole foods. This review aimed to provide an overview of current NNS food supply and consumption patterns, assess added sugar-reduction policies and their impact on NNS, and determine the impact of NNS on food choice, energy intake and diet quality. NNS are widely available in a variety of products, though most commonly in carbonated beverages, dairy products, confectionery, table-top sweeteners and fruit drinks. However, the longitudinal trends of different product categories, and differences between geographies and economy-income levels, require further study. Few studies have examined NNS consumption trends globally, though an increase in NNS consumption in beverages has been observed in some regions. Research examining how the increased availability of low-sugar, NNS-containing products affects global dietary patterns is limited, particularly in terms of their potential substitution effects.
Tail bounds on hitting times of randomized search heuristics using variable drift analysis
Authors: Lehre P. K. , Witt C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDrift analysis is one of the state-of-the-art techniques for the runtime analysis of randomized search heuristics (RSHs) such as evolutionary algorithms (EAs), simulated annealing,etc. The vast majority of existing drift theorems yield bounds on the expected value of the hitting time for a target state, for example the set of optimal solutions, without making additional statements on the distribution of this time. We address this lack by providing a general drift theorem that includes bounds on the upper and lower tail of the hitting time distribution. The new tail bounds are applied to prove very precise sharp-concentration results on the running time of a simple EA on standard benchmark problems, including the class of general linear functions. On all these problems, the probability of deviating by anr-factor in lower-order terms of the expected time decreases exponentially withr. The usefulness of the theorem outside the theory of RSHs is demonstrated by deriving tail bounds on the number of cycles in random permutations. All these results handle a position-dependent (variable) drift that was not covered by previous drift theorems with tail bounds. Finally, user-friendly specializations of the general drift theorem are given.
Poverty and Prosperity: Political Economics in Eighteenth-Century Ireland
Authors: Hight Marc A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractI draw attention to a group of thinkers in Ireland in the first half of the eighteenth century that made significant contributions to the philosophy of political economy. Loosely organized around the Dublin Philosophical Society founded in 1731, these individuals employed a similar set of assumptions and shared a common interest in the well-being of the Irish people. I focus on Samuel Madden (1686-1765), Arthur Dobbs (1689-1765), and Thomas Prior (1680–1751) and argue for two main theses. First, these Irish thinkers shared a number of commonalities with the English mercantilist thinkers of the eighteenth century, and to the degree that they did, their proposals to aid Ireland and reduce poverty were largely doomed to failure. Second, these Irish thinkers also importantlydivergedfrom typical eighteenth-century mercantilist thinking in several ways. These modifications to mercantilism resulted in large part from the unusual political situation of Ireland (as a nation politically dependent on England) and helped orient their economic thinking along more institutional lines. In particular, the emphasis of the Irish on full employment and on the modification of social as well as political institutions is an early step forward in making political economy more sophisticated.
Dietary inflammatory index significantly affects lipids profile among	adults: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Vajdi Mahdi , Farhangi Mahdieh Abbasalizad , Mahmoudi-Nezhad Mahsa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Background: The available data on the relationship between dietary inflammatory index (DII®) and serum lipids are controversial. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the relationship between DII® and serum lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) in general populations. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and Cochrane electronic databases were systematically searched from inception to December 2019. Case-control, cohort or cross-sectional studies that evaluated the relationship between DII® and serum lipids were included. The random-effects model was applied to evaluate the pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: In total, twenty-four cross-sectional and one case-control studies with a total sample size of 129,759 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that the highest category of DII® was associated with 5.16 mg/dl increase in TC (Pooled WMD: 5.16; 95% CI: 0.58–9.73, p = 0.02) and 3.99 mg/dl increase in LDL-C (Pooled WMD: 3.99; 95% CI: 1.16–6.81, p = 0.006). However, no significant association between DII® scores, HDL-C and TG was found. In subgroup analysis, the geographical region, gender, and dietary assessment methods were potent sources of heterogeneity. Conclusion: This study showed that a higher level of DII® was associated with higher levels of TC and LDL-C in apparently healthy populations. Since the included studies had observational designs, therefore, no conclusion of causality was possible. More studies with interventional designs are required to elucidate the causality of the observed association between DII® and the risk of abnormal lipid profile.
Faktorielle und kriteriale Validität von BiSpra 2 – 4
Authors: Heppt Birgit , Volodina Anna , Eglinsky Jenny , Stanat Petra , Weinert Sabine 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung. Bildungssprachliche Kompetenzen sind für den Schulerfolg unabdingbar. Jedoch mangelt es bisher an validen Instrumenten zu ihrer Erfassung. Im vorliegenden Beitrag stellen wir das Testinstrument BiSpra 2 – 4 vor, mit dem sich verschiedene Facetten des Verständnisses von Bildungssprache bei Grundschulkindern der Klassenstufen 2 bis 4 bestimmen lassen. Anschließend werden Ergebnisse aus zwei Validierungsstudien berichtet. Studie 1 ( N = 3 658 Grundschulkinder) dient der Überprüfung der faktoriellen Validität von BiSpra 2 – 4. In Studie 2 ( N = 714 Grundschulkinder) wird die kriteriale Validität anhand von Zusammenhängen mit zeitgleich und zeitversetzt erhobenen schulischen Leistungstests betrachtet. Konfirmatorische Faktorenanalysen bestätigen die theoretisch angenommene dreifaktorielle Struktur von BiSpra 2 – 4. Korrelativ zeigen sich zudem positive Zusammenhänge zwischen den Untertests von BiSpra 2 – 4 mit dem Leseverständnis, den arithmetischen Fertigkeiten und dem mathematischen Problemlösen. Auch unter Kontrolle eher allgemeiner Wortschatzkenntnisse und des Satzverständnisses bestehen signifikante Korrelationen mit den Testleistungen in den Schulleistungstests, was auf die kriteriale Validität von BiSpra 2 – 4 hinweist.
Vergleich von Intelligenztestleistungen bei monolingualen und bilingualen Kindern und Jugendlichen in den Intelligence and Development Scales–2 (IDS-2)
Authors: Schweizer Florine , Grieder Silvia , Bünger Anette , Grob Alexander 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Studie untersucht Mittelwertdifferenzen bei Monolingualen und Bilingualen in der allgemeinen Intelligenz sowie 7 Faktoren mit je 2 Untertests mit den Intelligence and Development Scales-2 (IDS-2; Grob & Hagmann-von Arx, 2018 ). Die Stichprobe besteht aus je 132 gepaarten monolingualen, simultan bilingualen und sukzessiv bilingualen Kindern und Jugendlichen der Normierungs- und Validierungsstichprobe ( MAlter = 12.34, SDAlter = 4.44; 48 % Jungen). In einer einfaktoriellen Varianzanalyse wurde in der allgemeinen Intelligenz 5 – 7 %, im Langzeitgedächtnis 3 % und im Denken Verbal 11 % der Varianz durch die Gruppenzugehörigkeit erklärt: Die sukzessiv Bilingualen erzielten in der allgemeinen Intelligenz, im verbalen Langzeitgedächtnis und im verbalen Denken niedrigere Werte als die Monolingualen und teilweise auch als die simultan Bilingualen, während die Unterschiede zwischen simultan Bilingualen und Monolingualen nicht bedeutsam waren. Die Befunde implizieren, dass ein möglicher sprachlicher Nachteil für Personen mit fremdsprachigem Hintergrund bei der Interpretation der Intelligenz-Testergebnisse in den IDS-2 berücksichtigt werden muss.
Joint Inversions of Ground Deformation, Extrusion Flux, and Gas Emissions Using Physics‐Based Models for the Mount St. Helens 2004–2008 Eruption
Authors: Wong Ying‐Qi , Segall Paul 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWith the increasing quantity and quality of data collected at volcanoes, there is growing potential to incorporate all the data into analyses of magmatic systems. Physics‐based models provide a natural and meaningful way to bring together real‐time monitoring data and laboratory analyses of eruption products, with the goal of better understanding volcanic processes. We develop a framework for joint inversions of diverse time series data using the physics‐based model for dome‐forming eruptions from Wong and Segall (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JB017585). Applying this method to the 2004–2008 eruption at Mount St. Helens, we estimate essential system parameters, including chamber geometry, pressure, volatile content, and material properties, from extruded volume, ground deformation, and carbon dioxide emissions time series. The model parameter space is first sampled using the neighborhood search algorithm (Sambridge, 1999b, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.00876.x). The resulting ensemble of models is resampled to generate posterior probability density functions on the parameters (Sambridge, 1999a, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00900.x). We find models that fit all three data sets well. Posterior probability density functions suggest an elongate chamber with aspect ratio less than 0.55, located at 9–17 km depth. Since the model calculates pressure change during the eruption, we can constrain chamber volume to 64–256 km3. Volume loss in the chamber during the eruption is 20–66 million m3. At the top of the chamber, total (dissolved and exsolved) water contents are 5.0–6.4 wt% and total carbon dioxide contents are 1,600–3,900 ppm, giving a porosity of 5%–16% depending on the conduit length. Compared to previous inversions using a steady‐state conduit model, we obtain a lower magma permeability scale, radius, and friction coefficient.
Tectonics, Dynamics, and Plio‐Pleistocene Magmatism in the Central Tyrrhenian Sea: Insights From the Submarine Transitional Basalts of the Ventotene Volcanic Ridge (Pontine Islands, Italy)
Authors: Conte A. M. , Perinelli C. , Bosman A. , Castorina F. , Conti A. , Cuffaro M. , Di Vincenzo G. , Martorelli E. , Bigi S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the Tyrrhenian back‐arc basin, the Ventotene Volcanic Ridge (VR) represents a NW‐SE‐oriented morphological high, located 25 km north of Ventotene Island in the Eastern Pontine Islands. It is considered part of an alignment of volcanic edifices developed in the central‐eastern Tyrrhenian Sea, from the western Pontine Islands (WPI) to the Campanian Volcanic Region. The samples dredged along the VR are basalts to trachybasalts belonging to the transitional (TR) rock‐series, with a 40Ar‐39Ar age of 2.760 ± 0.039 Ma. Petrological and geochronological data link the VR basalts to the TR peralkaline rhyolites cropping out at the WPI (∼1.6‐1.1 Ma); here, during a time span of ∼4.5‐1.0 Ma highly differentiated products of high‐potassium calc‐alkaline (HKCA, ∼4.5‐2.9 Ma) and K‐alkaline (KA, ∼1 Ma) series were also erupted. Notably, the parental melts of the three rock‐series were recognized in the continental slope close to the WPI (TR, HKCA) and eastward, namely in eastern Pontine Islands (KA), at the VR (TR), and in the Campanian Plain (HKCA). All the parental melts show typical orogenic geochemical signatures being originated from a similar heterogeneous suprasubduction mantle source, without the involvement of anorogenic sources. Tectonically, the faults bordering the VR, associated to the Pliocene E‐W directed rifting stage of the Tyrrhenian back‐arc basin were characterized by a more intense activity during the time span ∼5.0‐2.0 Ma (the emplacement time of HKCA and TR series), while KA products are related to a later stage of extension deformation (<∼2.0 Ma) when the extensional direction changed to NW‐SE and the VR fault activity decreased.
Aerosol Forcing Masks and Delays the Formation of the North Atlantic Warming Hole by Three Decades
Authors: Dagan Guy , Stier Philip , Watson‐Parris Duncan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe North Atlantic warming hole (NAWH) is referred to as a reduced warming, or even cooling, of the North Atlantic during an anthropogenic‐driven global warming. A NAWH is predicted by climate models during the 21st century, and its pattern is already emerging in observations. Despite the known key role of the North Atlantic surface temperatures in setting the Northern Hemisphere climate, the mechanisms behind the NAWH are still not fully understood. Using state‐of‐the‐art climate models, we show that anthropogenic aerosol forcing opposes the formation of the NAWH (by leading to a local warming) and delays its emergence by about 30 years. In agreement with previous studies, we also demonstrate that the relative warming of the North Atlantic under aerosol forcing is due to changes in ocean heat fluxes, rather than air‐sea fluxes. These results suggest that the predicted reduction in aerosol forcing during the 21st century may accelerate the formation of the NAWH.
On the Thermal Signature of the Residual Foam in Breaking Waves
Authors: Masnadi Naeem , Chickadel C. Chris , Jessup Andrew T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractQuantifying energy dissipation due to wave breaking remains an essential but elusive goal for studying and modeling air‐sea fluxes of heat, gas, and momentum. Previous observations have shown that lifetimes of bubble plumes and surface foam are directly related to the dissipated energy. Specifically, the foam decay time can be used to estimate the timescale of the subsurface bubble plume and the energy dissipated in the breaking process. A mitigating factor is that the foam decay time can be significantly affected by the surfactant concentration. Here we present an experimental investigation of a new technique that exploits the thermal signature of cooling foam to infer wave breaking dynamics. The experiments were conducted in a laboratory wave tank using artificial seawater with and without the addition of a surfactant. We show that the time from the start of the breaking process to the onset of cooling scales with the bubble plume decay time and the dissipated energy, and is not significantly affected by the presence of additional surfactants. We confirm observations from the field of the spatial variability of the temperature of foam generated by an individual breaking event, which has implications for inferring the spatial variability of bubble plume depth.