bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prkar1a haploinsufficiency ameliorates the growth hormone excess phenotype in Aip-deficient mice
Authors: Schernthaner-Reiter Marie Helene , Trivellin Giampaolo , Roetzer Thomas , Hainfellner Johannes A , Starost Matthew F , Stratakis Constantine A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mutations of the regulatory subunit (PRKAR1A) of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA), leading to activation of the PKA pathway, are the genetic cause of Carney complex which is frequently accompanied by somatotroph tumors. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) mutations lead to somatotroph tumorigenesis in mice and humans. The mechanisms of AIP-dependent pituitary tumorigenesis are still under investigation and evidence points to a connection between the AIP and PKA pathways. In this study, we explore the combined effects of Aip and Prkar1a deficiency on mouse phenotype and, specifically, pituitary histopathology. Aip+/− mice were compared with double heterozygous Aip+/−, Prkar1a+/− mice. The phenotype (including histopathology and serological studies) was recorded at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age. Detailed pituitary histological and immunohistochemical studies were performed at 12 months. Twelve-month old Aip+/− mice demonstrated phenotypic and biochemical evidence of GH excess including significantly elevated insulin-like growth factor 1 levels, larger weight and body length, higher hemoglobin and cholesterol levels and a higher frequency of growth plate thickening in comparison to Aip+/, Prkar1a+/− mice. Pituitary histopathology did not uncover any pituitary adenomas or somatotroph hyperplasia in either group. These results demonstrate a slow progression from elevated GH release to the formation of overt somatotropinomas in Aip+/− mice; the acromegalic phenotype of these mice is surprisingly ameliorated in Aip+/−, Prkar1a+/− mice. This highlights the complexities of interaction between the AIP and PKA pathway. Specifically targeting GH secretion rather than somatotroph proliferation may be an advantage in the medical treatment of AIP-dependent human acromegaly.
Can the Court normalize the exception in non-emergency cases? Palestinian cases before the Israeli Supreme Court
Authors: Jabareen Hassan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The leading legal literature published after 9/11 recognizes the exception only in emergency. These writings follow the concept that “necessity knows no law” and, as Manin puts it, “security is the only acceptable principle” which justifies arbitrary coercion in liberal theory. Although Carl Schmitt criticized such liberal legal writing, including Hobbes’s sovereign, in that it does not recognize the power of the political identity, Schmitt’s sovereign also appears to decide on the exception only in “extreme emergency.” Accordingly, the judiciary’s political role is marginalized as the court always arrives too late, due to the urgent need to respond immediately. Based on this literature, court decisions always fall within the realm of legality, especially in non-emergency cases. In this article, I argue that the exception also appears in non-emergency cases and that the judiciary plays a serious role in normalizing the exception when the government acts without any legislative authorization. I further argue that these judicial decisions tell us about the very essence of the state’s political identity as it is linked to the authorities’ understanding of the state’s sovereignty. The case study that I examine is Israeli Supreme Court decisions that deal with cases brought by Palestinian citizens of Israel concerning territoriality claims, such as the right of property and the right to live in specific places with basic services. These cases were decided after the enactment of the Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty in 1992, which is considered to be part of the “constitutional revolution” in Israeli legal discourse.
Methods of Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for Downstream Biological Assays
Authors: Patterson Edward I , Prince Tessa , Anderson Enyia R , Casas-Sanchez Aitor , Smith Shirley L , Cansado-Utrilla Cintia , Solomon Tom , Griffiths Michael J , Acosta-Serrano Álvaro , Turtle Lance , Hughes Grant L 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe scientific community has responded to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic by rapidly undertaking research to find effective strategies to reduce the burden of this disease. Encouragingly, researchers from a diverse array of fields are collectively working towards this goal. Research with infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is undertaken in high-containment laboratories; however, it is often desirable to work with samples at lower-containment levels. To facilitate the transfer of infectious samples from high-containment laboratories, we have tested methods commonly used to inactivate virus and prepare the sample for additional experiments. Incubation at 80°C, a range of detergents, Trizol reagents, and UV energies were successful at inactivating a high titer of SARS-CoV-2. Methanol and paraformaldehyde incubation of infected cells also inactivated the virus. These protocols can provide a framework for in-house inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in other laboratories, ensuring the safe use of samples in lower-containment levels.
Biometric recognition system performance measures for lossy compression on EEG signals
Authors: Nguyen Binh , Ma Wanli , Tran Dat 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Electroencephalogram (EEG) plays an essential role in analysing and recognizing brain-related diseases. EEG has been increasingly used as a new type of biometrics in person identification and verification systems. These EEG-based systems are important components in applications for both police and civilian works, and both areas process a huge amount of EEG data. Storing and transmitting these huge amounts of data are significant challenges for data compression techniques. Lossy compression is used for EEG data as it provides a higher compression ratio (CR) than lossless compression techniques. However, lossy compression can negatively influence the performance of EEG-based person identification and verification systems via the loss of information in the reconstructed data. To address this, we propose introducing performance measures as additional features in evaluating lossy compression techniques for EEG data. Our research explores if a common value of CR exists for different systems using datasets with lossy compression that could provide almost the same system performance with those using datasets without lossy compression. We performed experiments on EEG-based person identification and verification systems using two large EEG datasets, CHB MIT Scalp and Alcoholism, to investigate the relationship between standard lossy compression measures and our proposed system performance measures with the two lossy compression techniques, discrete wavelet transform—adaptive arithmetic coding and discrete wavelet transform—set partitioning in hierarchical trees. Our experimental results showed a common value of CR exists for different systems, specifically, 70 for person identification systems and 50 for person verification systems.
Hybrid Intelligent Model to Predict the Remifentanil Infusion Rate in Patients Under General Anesthesia
Authors: Jove Esteban , Gonzalez-Cava Jose M , Casteleiro-Roca José-Luis , Quintián Héctor , Méndez Pérez Juan Albino , Vega Vega Rafael , Zayas-Gato Francisco , de Cos Juez Francisco Javier , León Ana , MartÍn María , Reboso José A , Woźniak Michał , Luis Calvo-Rolle José 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Automatic control of physiological variables is one of the most active areas in biomedical engineering. This paper is centered in the prediction of the analgesic variables evolution in patients undergoing surgery. The proposal is based on the use of hybrid intelligent modelling methods. The study considers the Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI) to assess the pain in the patient and remifentanil as intravenous analgesic. The model proposed is able to make a one-step-ahead prediction of the remifentanil dose corresponding to the current state of the patient. The input information is the previous remifentanil dose, the ANI variable and the electromyogram signal. Modelling techniques used are Artificial Neural Networks and Support Vector machines for Regression combined with clustering methods. Both training and validation were done with a real dataset from different patients. Results obtained show the potential of this methodology to calculate the drug dose corresponding to a given analgesic state of the patient.
The problem with relying on profit-driven models to produce pandemic drugs
Authors: Heled Yaniv , Rutschman Ana Santos , Vertinsky Liza 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this article, we explain why profit-driven models for developing treatments for epidemic pathogens produce sub-optimal and sometimes negative public health outcomes. Using the example of the drug remdesivir, we demonstrate how the divergence of private incentives from public health needs has led to such outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude that policy responses to this and future pandemics ought to be conceived and designed in ways that narrow the divergence of private interests from public health needs, including through greater public-sector involvement in pharmaceutical R&D.
Explaining the Politics of Security: Syrian Refugees in Turkey and Lebanon
Authors: Secen Sefa 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnder what conditions do governments view and respond to the arrival of refugees primarily as a security threat? Comparatively analyzing the securitization of Syrian refugees in two host countries, Turkey and Lebanon, this paper proposes a domestic political context–based theory and typology of securitization. Based on a quantitative and qualitative content analysis of the media data including mainstream national Turkish and Lebanese newspaper articles, this research first differentiates between different levels of securitization and finds that moderate securitization in Lebanon during the early years of the refugee crisis (2013–2014) coincided with an open border policy, inaction, legal ambiguity, and benign neglect. From 2015, a marked increase of securitization in Lebanon coincided with controlled borders, restrictive policies, and heightened tension. Securitization of Syrian refugees has followed a somewhat different trajectory in Turkey, where the state switched from non-recognition (2013–2014) to recognition (2014–2016) and then from recognition to integration (2016–present), while a decrease in securitization mapped onto this policy trajectory despite the opposition's and the public's increasing discontentment with the presence of refugees. Then, this paper argues that the low level of securitization in Turkey is an outcome of the incumbent party's Islamist political ideology that motivates transnational religious solidarity, whereas the high level of securitization in Lebanon is a consequence of elite divisions and the country's unique historical experiences with Palestinian refugees that engender competing security perspectives and agendas on Syrian refugees. Overall, this study demonstrates how contextual or domestic factors are key to explaining government attitudes toward refugee groups and contributes to our understanding of the sources and processes of securitization.
Isolated complete transection of common hepatic artery in a fall accident: a case report
Authors: Danial Aghyad Kudra , Bedon Mario , Kalaji Nour , Nasra Nasri , Khalil Hayat 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBlunt abdominal trauma is the most frequent external injury to the abdomen, which is rarely due to falling. However, not often does a blunt trauma cause injury to the common hepatic artery. Isolated injury of the common hepatic artery has rarely been reported in the literature. This report describes an unusual case of a falling accident from a height of 5 meters that results in complete transection of the common hepatic artery, yet all other abdominal organs are normal. The case was initially diagnosed by a Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma exam and confirmed with an exploratory laparotomy. The successful management would be an end-to-end anastomosis of the dissected artery. We hope we would raise awareness of such injury in order to facilitate its diagnosis and management and improve its outcome.
Constitutional Unamendability in the Region
Authors: Roznai Yaniv 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A central feature within constitutional design is the amendment procedure or formula, through which formal changes to the constitution can take place. There is a growing trend in global constitutionalism to impose various limitations on constitutional amendment powers (‘unamendability’). These restrictions on the ability to amend constitutions may be procedural, for example by demanding special procedural conditions for amending the constitution. Others are temporal and require constitutional actors to adhere to certain specifications as to the timing of various steps in the formal amendment process, either at the proposal or ratification stages, or both. More contentious is the imposition of substantive limitations on amending constitutional subjects (provisions, principles, rules, symbols, or institutions) through the formal constitutional amendment provision (‘substantive unamendability’). Substantive unamendability of a constitutional subject may be explicit in the form of –what is often termed – eternity or unamendable clauses, or may be implicit as result of courts’ interpretation of the constitutional text, declaring that even in the absence of explicit unamendability, certain constitutional principles are implicitly unamendable. The Chapter focuses on unamendability in the Caribbean. It reviews some of the formal or temporal limitations that we find in Caribbean Constitutions; then reviews explicit substantive limitations, focusing on Cuba, Haiti and Dominican Republic, and implied substantive limitations, as applied in Belize and hinted in Puerto Rico. The Chapter demonstrates that the global trend of limitations on formal constitutional change finds its manifestations also in Caribbean Constitutions.
The Constitutional Framework of the French Caribbean
Authors: Marrani David , Sydoryk Sacha 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
France is a unitary State. As such, it only has one unique parliament, one unique government, and one unique constitution, which lays down the framework for the governance of its territories around the world. Included amongst these territories are Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Martin and Saint Barthelemy, which are located in the Caribbean. This chapter focuses on the general framework of their functioning within the French Constitution. It begins by discussing the history of the French Caribbean. It then considers how the different territories are currently governed as an integral part of the State. It argues that the French Caribbean should not be regarded as a mere replica of the functioning of the administrative subdivisions of mainland France. The four French Caribbean territories are, to various degrees, more independent from the State’s interference than the other administrative subdivisions in mainland France.
The constitution of puerto rico
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel I. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter seeks to provide an answer to the question of ‘What is the constitution of Puerto Rico?’ It traces the development of the Constitution of Puerto Rico since the establishment of a Western (that is, non-indigenous) legal system in the island. The chapter will show that although there is a document titled ‘Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico’ (Constitución del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico), that document is far from containing all the written norms that have formal constitutional status in the island. This is a direct result of the evolution of Puerto Rico’s territorial relationship with its metropolis and was dramatically exemplified by the recent adoption of the Puerto Rico Oversight, Management, and Economic Stability Act, 2016 (PROMESA) by the U.S. Congress (and Act that altered in fundamental ways the functions and powers of the ordinary institutions of government in the island).
The Interpretation of Commonwealth Caribbean Constitutions
Authors: O’Brien Derek 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the differing approaches of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Caribbean Court of Justice towards the interpretation of the independence Constitutions of the Commonwealth Caribbean. Critiquing the lack of autochthony and the lack of meaningful public participation in the drafting of the region’s independence Constitutions, a number of influential Caribbean constitutional scholars have advocated a much more judicially creative approach to the interpretation of the region’s constitutions than the more conservative approach that has dominated the JCPC’s more recent jurisprudence. I call the approach advocated by these scholars the holistic approach because it treats the constitution as a whole as greater than the sum of its parts. The Caribbean Court of Justice in two recent judgments on appeals from Barbados and Guyana respectively has now adopted this approach. Notwithstanding its undoubted attraction in terms of resolving some of the deficiencies and flaws in the region’s independence Constitutions, it will be argued that the holistic approach risks undermining not only the whole interpretive process, but also the whole constitutional order.
The Vestiges of Colonial Constitutionalism
Authors: Cross Jane E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Post-colonial Caribbean constitutions have incorporated inherited political constructs. Using these legacies, Caribbean countries have struggled to adapt their constitutional components after independence. Notably, the pathways of post-colonial constitutions have distinct progressions in common law and civil law countries. In Commonwealth Caribbean countries, new nations adopted constitutions that incorporated the Westminster model. After decades of independence, these constitutions have remained relatively static even though there have been efforts to update and reform their outmoded features. In contrast, after independence, civil law countries have undergone numerous, significant modifications. Cuba provides a compelling example of how post-colonial constitutions have evolved due regime change and political ideology. In both legal systems, democratically reinforced political development remains an important vehicle for altering or eliminating the vestiges of colonial constitutionalism
Gravitational radiation by magnetic field: application to millisecond magnetars
Authors: Nazari Elham , Roshan Mahmood 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We investigate the direct contribution of the magnetic field to the gravitational wave (GW) generation. To do so, we study the post-Newtonian (PN) energy–momentum tensor of the magnetized fluid and the PN expansion of the gravitational potential in the wave zone. We show that the magnetic field appears even in the first PN order of the multipole moment tensor. Then, we find an explicit relativistic correction containing the magnetic field contribution to the well-known quadrupole formula. As an application of this derivation, we find that the B-field part of the GWs released in the early stages of a millisecond magnetar’s life can be as much as one-hundredth of the signals due to the deformed rotating neutron stars. We show that although the event rate of this system is small, the signal would lie in the sensitivity range of the next generation of detectors.
The slow demise of the long-lived SN 2005ip
Authors: Fox Ori D , Fransson Claes , Smith Nathan , Andrews Jennifer , Azalee Bostroem K , Brink Thomas G , Bradley Cenko S , Clayton Geoffrey C , Filippenko Alexei V , Fong Wen-fai , Gallagher Joseph S , Kelly Patrick L , Kilpatrick Charles D , Mauerhan Jon C , Miller Adam M , Montiel Edward , Stritzinger Maximilian D , Szalai Tamás , Van Dyk Schuyler D 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The Type IIn supernova (SN IIn) 2005ip is one of the most well-studied and long-lasting examples of an SN interacting with its circumstellar environment. The optical light curve plateaued at a nearly constant level for more than five years, suggesting ongoing shock interaction with an extended and clumpy circumstellar medium (CSM). Here, we present continued observations of the SN from ∼1000 to 5000 d post-explosion at all wavelengths, including X-ray, ultraviolet, near-infrared (NIR), and mid-infrared. The UV spectra probe the pre-explosion mass loss and show evidence for CNO processing. From the bolometric light curve, we find that the total radiated energy is in excess of 1050 erg, the progenitor star’s pre-explosion mass-loss rate was ${\gtrsim}1 \times 10^{-2}\, {\rm M_{\odot }~ yr}^{-1}$, and the total mass lost shortly before explosion was ${\gtrsim}1\, {\rm M_\odot }$, though the mass lost could have been considerably larger depending on the efficiency for the conversion of kinetic energy to radiation. The ultraviolet through NIR spectrum is characterized by two high-density components, one with narrow high-ionization lines, and one with broader low-ionization H i, He i, [O i], Mg ii, and Fe ii lines. The rich Fe ii spectrum is strongly affected by Lyα fluorescence, consistent with spectral modelling. Both the Balmer and He i lines indicate a decreasing CSM density during the late interaction period. We find similarities to SN 1988Z, which shows a comparable change in spectrum at around the same time during its very slow decline. These results suggest that, at long last, the shock interaction in SN 2005ip may finally be on the decline.
Shaping the structure of a GMC with radiation and winds
Authors: Decataldo D , Lupi A , Ferrara A , Pallottini A , Fumagalli M 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We study the effect of stellar feedback (photodissociation/ionization, radiation pressure, and winds) on the evolution of a Giant Molecular Cloud (GMC), by means of a 3D radiative transfer, hydrosimulation implementing a complex chemical network featuring H2 formation and destruction. We track the formation of individual stars with mass $M\gt 1\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ with a stochastic recipe. Each star emits radiation according to its spectrum, sampled with 10 photon bins from near-infrared to extreme ultraviolet bands; winds are implemented by energy injection in the neighbouring cells. We run a simulation of a GMC with mass $M=10^5\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$, following the evolution of different gas phases. Thanks to the simultaneous inclusion of different stellar feedback mechanisms, we identify two stages in the cloud evolution: (1) radiation and winds carve ionized, low-density bubbles around massive stars, while FUV radiation dissociates most H2 in the cloud, apart from dense, self-shielded clumps; (2) rapid star formation (SFR$\simeq 0.1\, {\rm M}_{\odot }\, {\rm yr}^{-1}$) consumes molecular gas in the dense clumps, so that UV radiation escapes and ionizes the remaining $\mathrm{H\,{\small I}}$ gas in the GMC. H2 is exhausted in 1.6 Myr, yielding a final star formation efficiency of 36 per cent. The average intensity of FUV and ionizing fields increases almost steadily with time; by the end of the simulation (t = 2.5 Myr) we find 〈G0〉 ≃ 103 (in Habing units), and a ionization parameter 〈Uion〉 ≃ 102, respectively. The ionization field has also a more patchy distribution than the FUV one within the GMC. Throughout the evolution, the escape fraction of ionizing photons from the cloud is fion, esc ≲ 0.03.