bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Amine Additive on Properties of Electrodeposited Nickel
Authors: Kim Hyoung Chan , Lee Wook Jin , Lee Sang Joon , Kim Yang Do 
Published: February 2020

Nickel and its alloys are commonly used as materials for electroforming process, and the electroforming of nickel alloys has been conducted to manufacture three-dimensional micro-structures and micro-components with high precision. Many studies have been performed to minimize internal stress of the electrodeposited nickel layer using pulse plating and/or various additives, as the internal stress and the hardness of the nickel layer are very important factors. This study was performed to investigate changes in the internal stress and the hardness of the electrodeposited nickel layer by amine additive.
Effect of amine additive was investigated using in-situ measurements of pH values adjacent to the electrode surface with a gold mesh electrode in the nickel sulfamate electrolyte. The internal stresses of the nickel layer from the same electrolyte were measured with bent strip test. Polarization curves and adjacent to surface pH values showed that the amine additive provided hydronium ion to lower the pH value adjacent to the electrode surface in the electrolyte. The zero internal stress of the nickel layer could be obtained with a small amount of amine additive. The hardness of the nickel layer also increased up to 550 Hv. X-ray diffraction and transmitted electron microscope analyses were adopted to evaluate the microstructure of the nickel layer.
Electrochemical Codeposition of Cobalt and Ruthenium from Acidic Chloride Electrolytes
Authors: Mech Krzysztof , Mech Justyna , Zabinski Piotr , Kowalik Remigiusz , Wojnicki Marek 
Published: February 2020

CoRu/Ru alternate nanostructures exhibit giant magnetoresistance (GMR). Enormous research effort is turned toward low-cost and simple preparation methods of materials, which display GMR. Position of cobalt and ruthenium on –logi0-dGM-H dependence allows on assumption that CoRu alloys can exhibit also high catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Generally CoRu alloys are obtained by physical (PVD) or chemical (CVD) vapor deposition techniques [1]. Electrodeposition of pure Ru as well as Ru containing alloys is quite complex process. The redox potentials of Ru are: 0.25V and 0.46V vs SHE for Ru3+(aq)/Ru2+(aq) and Ru2+(aq)/Ru(s), whereas of Co in acidic solution: +1.81V and –0.28V vs SHE for Co3+(aq)/Co2+(aq) and Co2+(aq)/Co(s), respectively [2]. The CoRu alloys deposited from sulphate-sulphamate electrolytes were reported by Juzikis et al. [3, 4]. In the work of Laszlo et al. one can find an informations concerning co-deposition of Co with Ru from chloride-sulfate bath [5]. In this work chloride complexes were used for the first time for RuCo codeposition. The work describes the mechanism responsible for formation of CoRu alloys through electroreduction of aquachloro complexes of Co(II) and Ru(III) in an aqueous acidic chloride electrolyte of pH=3. Identification of electrode reactions was performed based on voltammetric and electrogravimetric tests. Potential range for alloy deposition and current efficiency of electrolysis were determined by EQCM and voltammetric tests, respectively. UV-Vis spectrometry was used to examine electrolyte stability. The influence of concentration of various forms of Co(II) and Ru(III) complexes Σ[CoClx(H2O)6-x]2-x (x=0,1,2) (10–100 mM), Σ[RuCly(H2O)6-y]2-y(10 mM) as well as applied potential (from –0.5 to –0.9V vs Ag/AgCl), pH of electrolyte (1–3) and temperature range (25–70°C) were examined towards composition, structure and morphology of deposited CoRu alloys. The performed structural analysis showed a high influence of the synthesis conditions on the structure and morphology of the obtained alloys.
References
1. Zoll, S., et al., Competing Anisotropies and Magnetization Processes in Epitaxial Co/Ru Asymmetric Sandwich Structures. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 1995. 148(1-2): p. 145-147.
2. Antelman, S.M., The Encyclopedia of Chemical Electrode Potentials. 1982, Plenum Press: New York.
3. Juzikis, P., L. Gudaviciute, and E. Matulionis, Ruthenium-Cobalt Alloy Electrodeposition. Platinum Metals Review, 1995. 39(2): p. 68-71.
4. Juzikis, P., et al., Electrodeposition of Ru/Co compositionally modulated multilayers. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 1997. 27(8): p. 991-994.
5. Fesharaki, M.J., et al., Anomalous codeposition of cobalt and ruthenium from chloride-sulfate baths. Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2012. 16(2): p. 715-722.
(Invited) Pulsed Electrodeposition of Metallic Nanoparticles for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications
Authors: Karimi Shahram 
Published: February 2020

Metallic nanoparticles, including platinum, nickel and copper, were deposited on carbon substrates and titania nanotubes (TNTs) using a pulsed current electrodeposition technique with very low duty cycles, high peak current densities, and pulses delivered in both milli- and nano-second range employing triangular and ramp-down waveforms. The presence of nanoparticles, ranging from 2-50 nm in diameter, were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry. Further electrochemical characterization was performed utilizing cyclic voltammetry and frequency response analysis.
A simple yet robust mathematical model was developed to predict the influence of different electroplating parameters, including peak deposition current density, pulse waveform, pulse on-time and pulse off-time, on the size and catalytic activity of the resulting nano-catalyst layers. The model is based on progressive nucleation and considers contributions from both nucleation and growth currents. The model was further refined by considering all contributing factors towards growth current, including diffusion, ohmic and charge transfer phenomena as well as changing diffusion coefficients, during electrodeposition. According to the model, at high peak deposition current densities and low duty cycles, the ramp-down waveform yielded the highest nucleation rates, confirming the experimental findings in which nanoparticles generated with the above waveform produced the smallest average grain size, ranging from 2 to 5 nanometer in diameter for platinum nanocatalysts on carbon cloths and TNTs and 10 to 50 nm in diameter for nickel and copper nanoparticles deposited on TNTs.
Electrodeposited ZnO Nanostructures Onto Transparent Metallic Web Electrodes for Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Matei Elena , Diamandescu Lucian , Enculescu Monica , Zgura Irina , Enculescu Ionut 
Published: February 2020

Electrodeposition of ZnO is a process with a history of almost two decades and leads towards the straightforward fabrication of nanostructures with easy tunable properties[1,2]. Using metallic webs as working electrodes the electrodeposition from an aqueous bath results in the formation of hierarchical structures nanofiber/nanostructure with tailored morphology. Thus, an interesting combination of fibers/nanostructures is obtained in a straightforward manner. Taking advantage of the flexibility of the process one can easily design the desired properties by choosing the appropriate experimental parameters.
We employed metallic webs fabricated by the electrospinning of polymer fiber webs and subsequent metal sputter deposition as electrodes for the electrodeposition of ZnO. The electrodeposition parameters were tuned for controlling the morphology of the oxide nanostructures which further influence specific properties including optical, electrical or even the wettability [3,4]. Moreover the system of hierarchical fiber/nanostructures presents important photocatalytic properties which are strongly influenced by the morphology opening the way towards applications such as self cleaning surfaces.

References

[1] S. Peulon, D. Lincot, Cathodic electrodeposition from aqueous solution of dense or open‐structured zinc oxide films, Adv. Mater. 05 (1996) 166–170. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.19960080216/full (accessed September 29, 2014).
[2] M. Izaki, T. Omi, Transparent zinc oxide films prepared by electrochemical reaction, Appl. Phys. Lett. 68 (1996) 2439. doi:10.1063/1.116160.
[3] E. Matei, I. Enculescu, Electrodeposited ZnO films with high UV emission properties, Mater. Res. Bull. 46 (2011) 2147–2154.
[4] I. Enculescu, M. Sima, M. Enculescu, M. Enache, V. Vasile, R. Neumann, Influence of geometrical properties on light emission of ZnO nanowires, Opt. Mater. (Amst). 30 (2007) 72–75. doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2007.01.002.
Flexible CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell from Electrodeposited Precursors
Authors: Kim Youngho , Kim Daejung , Oh Hyunpil 
Published: February 2020

At present, CIGS thin film solar cell industry needs to overcome various hurdles including efficiency improvement, low cost fabrication, and long term reliability to survive in the market dominated by crystalline Si solar cell.

Since the efficiency enhancement of a solar cell asks considerable time and efforts, it is hardly accomplished to get an immediate and straightforward solution for CIGS.

Then, a viable way to last for the time being is creating a niche market with specific advantages of CIGS such as flexibility, light-weight, and esthetic value so on.

In addition, an economic process of manufacture to mass production in good yields is another matter of concern and this problem could be solved by the electrodeposition thanks to its rapid roll to roll processing, high material utilization, and low waste emissions.

Cu/In/Ga precursors were electrodeposited on flexible STS/SiOx/Mo substrates and processed to CIGS devices in this study and their physiochemical properties and performances were discussed.
An Electrochemical Study of Sb and Ni Doped SnO2 Electrodes for Ozone Electrolysis
Authors: Sandin Staffan , Bäckström Joakim , Cornell Ann 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemical formation of ozone as an alternative to gas phase formation via the corona discharge process (CDP) has been investigated for several decades. Most anode materials show very low current efficiency at room temperature[1] because of the competing oxygen formation reaction. Up until ten years ago, the most promising material in this respect was PbO2 coated anodes, reaching a current efficiency of ~13% at room temperature[2]. Boron doped diamond (BDD) as electrode coating has also shown promising results for the ozone formation reaction[3]. Ten years ago Wang et al.[4] discovered that antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) additionally doped with nickel (NATO) could produce ozone at high current efficiency at low overpotentials. Since then, current efficiencies as high as ~50% at room temperature have been reached, enabling the process to be as, or more energy efficient than CDP[5] while avoiding the expensive BDD and toxic PbO2. In the studies concerning ozone formation on NATO, SnCl4.5H2O has been used as the source of tin. This is a very volatile specie, making the composition of the oxide coating unpredictable and potentially very different from the precursor solution used for preparation. In this study, SnCl2.2H2O has been used as an alternative source of tin. Because of its lower volatility, the electrode coating can be made with a much higher deposition efficiency, thus yielding a cheaper and faster preparation process. As most previous studies have optimized the precursor solution composition based on tin tetrachloride, we suspect that the dopant concentrations in the final coating have been underestimated. We have here varied the concentrations of antimony and nickel in relation to tin, and compared to our previous study of SnO2 from the two different tin sources. To evaluate the kinetics and selectivity, the electrodes were examined by polarization curves and cyclic voltammetry as well as in situ ozone measurement during potential sweep and galvanostatic electrolysis.
[1] Y-H Wang and Q-Y Chen. Journal of Electrochemistry, 2013:1-7, 2013.
[2] P.C. Foller. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 129(3):506, 1982.
[3] P-A. Michaud. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 33(2):151-154, 2003.
[4] Y-H Wang et al. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 152(11):D197, 2005.
[5] P.A. Christensen et al. Ozone: Science and Engineering, 31(4):287-293, Jul 2009.
Paired Electro-Synthesis of PbO2 and Pb As Lead Storage Battery Active Materials Using Pb(NO3)2 as a Precursor
Authors: WANG Yaqiong , LI Baotong , Xu Wenlin 
Published: February 2020

The preparation of PbO2 and Pb as lead storage battery active materials were investigated by paired electro-synthesis method, using lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) as a precursor , which was converted from waste lead-acid battery pastes.
Lead oxides, such as PbO and PbO2, present as important components in waste lead-acid battery pastes, and together account for up to 50% of the paste by weight. The principle is based upon the solubility of PbO in aqueous nitrate acid solution. The paste was treated by nitrate acid leaching to convert PbO to Pb(NO3)2 and Pb(NO3)2 can be isolated from the waste battery paste as raw material by the nitrate acid leaching and refining process. The paired electro-synthesis of PbO2 and Pb as the lead storage battery active materials using Pb(NO3)2 as a precursor was investigated and the optimal synthesis conditions were determined by investigating the effect of the concentration of Pb(NO3)2, current density, temperature, and operating time. Experimental results have shown that lead can be recovered effectively as Pb(NO3)2 , and the precursor can be readily converted to PbO2 and Pb for directly making lead-battery pastes by controlling the electrochemical process
The route is suitable for large scale operations which in turn entail large scale movement of battery waste materials. The process can avoid smelting, desulphurisation and electro-winning, and achieve lead recovery simultaneously.

Key words
: paired electro-synthesis, lead nitrate, lead monoxide, lead dioxide, lead storage battery
Paired Electro-Synthesis of PbO2 and Pb As Lead Storage Battery Active Materials Using PbSO4 As a Precursor
Authors: WANG Yaqiong , Zhao Xuan , Xu Wenlin 
Published: February 2020

Given the toxicity and economy of lead, it is important to achieve good recovery in the recycling of waste lead storage batteries. Lead sulfate (PbSO4), which plays an important part in reactions of the lead storage battery, is formed in accordance with Faraday's law during discharge.
PbSO4, is the main component in a waste battery paste and account for up to 50% of the paste by weight. PbSO4 can be isolated from the waste battery paste as raw material by the nitrate acid leaching-ammoniacal ammonium sulfate leaching-refining and solid-liquid separation process. First, the paste was treated by nitrate acid leaching to convert PbO to lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2), then leach residue containing lead sulfate and lead dioxide was leached with ammoniacal ammonium sulfate, based upon the solubility of PbSO4 in aqueous ammoniacal ammonium sulfate solution. After solid-liquid separation the solution is then purified, PbSO4 was obtained by removal of free ammonia and heating. The paired electro-synthesis of PbO2 and Pb as lead storage battery active materials using PbSO4 as a precursor was investigated. Optimal synthesis conditions were determined by investigating the effect of the particle diameter and distribution of the precursor, current density, temperature, and operating time. Experimental results show that lead can be recovered effectively as PbSO4, and as a precursor, can be readily converted to PbO2 and Pb for directly making lead-battery pastes by controlling the electrochemical process and the particle diameter and distribution of the precursor in microscale powders.
Results in this work are used to underpin the development of a new process that can be used for recovering lead from lead battery pastes. The route is suitable for large scale operations which in turn entail large scale movement of battery waste materials. The new process can avoid both smelting, desulphurisation and electro-winning. PbSO4, as a precursor, can be readily converted to PbO2 and Pb for directly making lead storage battery pastes for achieving lead recovery simultaneously.

Key words
: paired electro-synthesis, lead storage battery, lead sulfate, lead monoxide, lead dioxide
(Invited) Thermoelectrochemical Impedance Method Fundamental Aspect and Applications
Authors: Aaboubi OMAR 
Published: February 2020

In previous works we have shown the great importance to control of solution temperature (isothermal process) or the working electrode temperature (non-isothermal process) what has led us to develop a new transfer function based on the sine wave modulation of the electrode temperature [1, 2]. Thus the thermoelectrochemical (TEC) transfer function has been experimentally measured and compared with theoretical models for mass transport controlled systems and charge transfer controlled system involving adsorbed species (i.e. nickel electrodeposition from Watts solution or silver electrodeposition from nitric and tartaric bath (Fig. 1)) [3]. In addition, the use of a superimposed thermal gradient should be able to give further information about the whole electrochemical process, since the TEC method has revealed its ability, as well as a technique of mass-transport analysis, as for the determination of characteristic parameters of adsorption or kinetic process [4, 5].
Fig. 1. TEC transfer function diagrams measured at various polarizations DEp for silver electrodeposition.
(¡) Ep = 0.39 /V vs SCE; (u) Ep = 0.365 V/SCE; (o) Ep = 0.34 /V vs SCE and () Ep = 0.29 /V vs SCE. DT = 2 K; C* = 0.01 mol dm-3 and Tb= 298K.
[1] P. Grundler, A. Kirbs, L. Dunsch, “Modern Thermoelectrochemistry” ChemPhysChem, 10 (2009) 1722.
[2] Z.A.Rotenberg, Russ. J. Electrochem., 37 (2001)113.
[3] A. Olivier, E. Merienne, J.-P. Chopart, O. Aaboubi, Electrochim. Acta, 37 (1992) 1945.
[4] I. Citti, O. Aaboubi, J.-P. Chopart, C. Gabrielli, A. Olivier, B. Tribollet, J. Electrochem. Soc. 144, (1997) 2263.
[5] O. Aaboubi, A. Housni, J. Electroanal.Chem., 677-680 (2012) 63–68.
(Invited) EIS Analysis of the Water Uptake Process in Model Epoxy Coatings and Free Films
Authors: Vosgien Lacombre Coralie , Bouvet Geoffrey , Trinh Dao , Mallarino Stéphanie , Touzain Sébastien 
Published: February 2020

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a widely used technique to study the organic coatings degradation. Thanks to capacitance measurements in the high frequency (HF) domain, EIS allows measuring the water uptake into the coating, using different models. Usually, a three electrodes cell is used to perform such measurements but if the sole HF domain is considered to assess the water uptake during the beginning of the immersion period, then the reference electrode (RE) can be deleted and a two electrodes cell can be used.
In this work, model epoxy coatings (DGEBA/DAMP), with or without pigments (TiO2), were prepared as free films or were applied onto steel panels (Q-Panel). The different samples were immerged in a NaCl 3 wt% saline solution and water uptake was followed by EIS using a two or three electrodes cell. EIS spectra obtained without RE show new time constants in the HF domain which can be related to intrinsic properties of the system. This leads to a better understanding of the water uptake phenomenon into organic coatings and offers the possibility to modify well-known water uptake models.
Gentle, Nondestructive Monitoring of Wound Healing in Cell-Based Assays Using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Wanzenboeck Heinz , Bertagnolli Emmerich 
Published: February 2020

Electrical impedance spectroscopy is a soft analysis methods for living cell cultures, that is non-destructive for cell cultures and allows continuous measurement of cellular changed in real-time. In this work we report on an in vitro impedimetric sensors that measures the confluence and the density of human epithelial cell layers. A mechanically inflicted damage in a confluent cell layer leads to a reduction of the impedance, while the healing of the cell layer was closing the holes and increased impedance. The entire healing process could be tracked in real time via the impedance.
To advance existing in vitro cell impedance spectroscopy we have not only used opwn metal electrodes but also electrically insulated interdigitated microelectrodes. The influence of the insulation on sensor performance is experimentally and theoretically analyzed A circuit model was established. In a comparison between open (not passivated) electrodes was made. The best setup for sensitivity and repeatability, which are crucial parameters for cell analysis, will be presented. The presented novel sensor design allows for the integration of alternative electrode materials such as aluminum. This enables cost-effective fabrication of large-volume sensor arrays.
(Invited) Effect of Mechanical Stress on the Passivity of Steel
Authors: Thierry Dominique , Nazarov Andrej , Vivier Vincent 
Published: February 2020

The influence of the elastic and plastic tensile stress on the electrochemical properties of mild carbon steel and austenitic stainless steel was studied using Scanning Kelvin Probe (SKP) and Localized Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (LEIS) techniques. These two methods give complementary information on the surface of the stressed electrode. SKP characterizes the thermodynamic (surface potential) and LEIS is informative on the conditions of the passive oxide (capacitance of the film).
The Volta potential and the admittance were mapped across an area with stress concentrator (notch) “in situ” under load. It was found that the elastic deformation slightly influences both the potential and the capacitance. The plastic strain decreases the potential measured in the lab air for both steels by 150 to 300 mV. LEIS shows an increase of the capacitance measured in borax electrolyte above the yielded surface in the notch relatively to the surrounding surface. Thus, the change inf the potential is reciprocal to the change of the capacitance.
After straining, in load free conditions, stainless steel saved low potentials in the area containing residual stresses. It corresponds to LEIS data that shows an increased capacitance. In opposite, unloading of strained mild steel redistributes the surface potential. Mainly the surface increased the potential showing the passivation. However, low potential locations related to residual stress were also found by SKP. Mapping of the capacitance by LEIS also shows partial passivation of the steel. Thus, locations with concentrated stress, which are prone to localized corrosion can be recognized using local electrochemical techniques.
After experiments, the strained surfaces were characterized by XPS and AFM. The effect of the plastic tensile strain was explained by the formation and emerging of dislocations and dislocations pile-ups. The dislocations rupture the oxide film making it more defective that weaken the steel passivity. On the other hand, the formation of the stepped surfaces decreased the potential that decreased the activation energy of anodic dissolution of the steel.