Abstract PR08: The genomic landscape of metastatic urothelial carcinoma from circulating tumor DNA
Authors: Vandekerkhove Gillian R. , Annala Matti , Lavoie Jean-Michel , Sundahl Nora , Walz Simon , Sano Takeshi , Murtha Andrew , Todenhöfer Tilman , Ost Piet , Chi Kim N. , Black Peter C. , Eigl Bernhard , Wyatt Alexander W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The recent expansion of treatment options for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) has emphasized the need for molecular biomarkers in this setting. However, knowledge of the somatic genome landscape in mUC is limited; large-scale sequencing efforts have relied on primary tumor tissue from muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), revealing a molecularly heterogeneous disease characterized in particular by high somatic mutation rates. Putative prognostic and predictive biomarkers described from primary tissue need validation in metastatic tumors. Given the challenge of obtaining metastatic tissue, we sought to utilize circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) to characterize the somatic landscape in mUC. We collected 162 whole-blood samples from 90 mUC patients. Targeted next-generation sequencing was performed on cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and matched leukocyte DNA utilizing a custom 50-gene panel. Somatic alteration frequencies in our metastatic cohort were compared to those reported for primary MIBC by TCGA (Cell 2017, n=412), with data obtained via cBioPortal. Our cohort of 90 mUC patients included 14% with upper tract disease. The median cfDNA sequencing depth was 986x, with ctDNA detectable in at least one blood collection for 81% (73/90) of mUC patients. In 10/73 patients, the estimated tumor mutation burden was ≥30 mutations per Mb. TP53 was the most frequently mutated gene (46/73 ctDNA-positive patients). Chromatin modifiers were also frequently altered: ARID1A 27%, and 25% for KDM6A and KMT2D. Genes mutated in the PI3K pathway included PIK3CA (22%), PTEN (5.5%), and PIK3R1 (1.4%). FGFR3 mutations were identified in 8.2% of patients. ERBB2 mutations were present in 12.3% of patients, and amplification was detected in eight patients. Thus, the metastatic somatic landscape closely resembles primary disease; however, comparison to TCGA dataset revealed mutations in TP53 and FGFR1 were enriched for in the metastatic setting (TP53: 63.0% vs. 48.1%, p = 0.022; FGFR1: 5.5% vs. 1.5%, p = 0.049; two-sided Fisher's exact test). Profiling of ctDNA from a large mUC cohort suggests a relatively similar somatic landscape to primary MIBC. However, alterations in key driver genes are potentially over- or underrepresented in metastatic disease, which has prognostic implications. In mUC, ctDNA profiling is a powerful alternative to metastatic tissue biopsy.
This abstract is also being presented as Poster B19.
Citation Format: Gillian R. Vandekerkhove, Matti Annala, Jean-Michel Lavoie, Nora Sundahl, Simon Walz, Takeshi Sano, Andrew Murtha, Tilman Todenhöfer, Piet Ost, Kim N. Chi, Peter C. Black, Bernhard Eigl, Alexander W. Wyatt. The genomic landscape of metastatic urothelial carcinoma from circulating tumor DNA [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Bladder Cancer: Transforming the Field; 2019 May 18-21; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(15_Suppl):Abstract nr PR08.