bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 and Its Effect on Dentistry
Authors: Sharma Amil , Balpande Rupali , Shrivastava Arpit , Deshmukh Gayatri , Bargaje Pritee , Sharma Sharmishtha 
Published: November 2020

COVID-19 or normally known as a coronavirus disease has already been in a pandemic situation which almost grabs many countries in the world. Its outbreak is still at large and even grasping medical professionals too.COVID-19 is a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 that can trigger what doctors call a respiratory tract infection. It can affect the upper respiratory tract (sinuses, nose, and throat) or lower respiratory tract (windpipe and lungs). It spreads the same way other coronaviruses do, mainly through person-to-person contact. Infections range from mild to deadly. Although the mortality rate of this virus is low, it is especially potent against people with underlying systemic conditions. The practice of dentistry involves the use of rotary dental and surgical instruments, such as Handpieces or ultrasonic Scalars and air-water syringes. These instruments create a visible spray that can contain particle droplets of water, saliva, blood, microorganisms, and other debris. Dental health care professionals are at higher risk due to their close working field to the patient's oral cavity. The outbreak of COVID-19 has affected all businesses including general dental practices, which are suffering huge financial losses as they have been advised to give only emergency dental care because dentistry is a profession where the doctor as well as the dental staff works in close range of patients mouth. These recommendations should be appreciated as a positive step but they have caused serious financial implications for dental practices. It can be concluded that current dental practice globally is limited to the provision of emergency treatments only. So this article briefly discussed Covid-19 and a precautionary measurement needs to be taken by dental professionals
Progress in gynecologic cancer detection and treatment
Authors: Benedet J.L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSlow but steady progress has been made in the earlier diagnosis and better treatment of gynecological cancers, particularly over the last 50 years. Cervical cytology screening programs, where implemented, have led to a remarkable reduction in both the incidence and mortality from clinically invasive cervical cancer. This relatively simple technology has been truly one of the major success stories of modern medicine, but unfortunately this technique has not been uniformly applied to all women in the world, particularly to women in developing countries. New research into cervical cancer etiology, the role of HPV, and the development of vaccines against this virus offer a great hope particularly for developing countries. In addition, the combination of radiotherapy and chemotherapy has resulted in a marked improvement in outcome results for women with advanced cervical cancer. Ovarian cancer has seen the development of effective chemotherapy strategies for this disease. Currently this disease remains one of the major scourges in industrialized countries but the continued evolution of knowledge with regard to optimum sequencing of chemotherapeutic agents and surgery offers the prospect for better outcomes, less morbidity and a better quality of life. Ongoing research into the development of newer chemotherapeutic agents and a better understanding of the actual mechanisms regarding the efficacy of chemotherapy and drug resistance offers great promise for the future. Endoscopic surgery for staging and also for therapy shows promise for improved quality of life as well as outcomes for patients in the future and offers the challenge of trying to make this technology readily available to all women in the world. As we gain a better understanding of the molecular basis of disease and health we will truly be able to intervene in a preventive mode in the new millennium.
Attitudes, management and consequences of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in the United States and Canada
Authors: Mazzotta P. , Maltepe C. , Navioz Y. , Magee L.A. , Koren G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractBackground: Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) affects a large proportion of pregnant women. In 1983, Bendectin®, the only FDA‐approved drug for NVP, was removed from the market by its manufacturer due to legal costs based on claims of teratogenicity, which were subsequently proven to be unsubstantiated. In Canada, a generic form of Bendectin® (Diclectin®; a doxylamine/pyridoxine combination) has continued to be available, with increasing use over the last few years. Objective: To characterize the attitudes, management and consequences of NVP among pregnant women in the USA, where no approved drug for NVP is available, and in Canada, where such a drug is available. Design: Prospective, observational study. Results: Women suffering from NVP (N=1444) were interviewed, of which 42% were American and 58% were Canadian. The two groups had similar maternal characteristics and a similar distribution of severity of NVP, although among Canadian women the NVP continued for slightly longer. American respondents were treated significantly more often by an obstetrician as their primary caregiver, were more commonly advised by their caregiver to change their diet and/or lifestyle and to use non‐pharmacological agents to manage their NVP, and more often perceived anti‐emetics as posing an increased risk for malformations (all P<0.001). Canadian respondents reported a family physician as their primary caregiver significantly more often, were more commonly advised to take anti‐emetic medications and perceived their NVP as causing a concern to their unborn (all P<0.001). American women experienced significantly larger weight loss, more hospitalizations and more time lost from paid work. Conclusions: Lack of an approved drug for symptoms of NVP may be associated with unwarranted and preventable adverse health effects. Because this is an observational study, these associations do not necessarily prove causation.
Molar pregnancy in a 60‐year‐old woman
Authors: Davidson S.A. , Gottesfeld J. , La Rosa F.G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMolar pregnancy has not been reported in women past the age of 57 in the English literature. This report reviews a 60‐year‐old woman who presented with irregular bleeding and was diagnosed as having a complete hydatidiform mole. The patient underwent hysterectomy and had spontaneous return of her human chorionic gonadotropin levels to normal. Diagnosis in this age group depends on a high level of suspicion, and hysterectomy should be considered due to the high risk of postmolar gestational trophoblastic tumor after suction uterine evacuation.
Timing of insults causing abnormal outcome in preterm infants 1989–1992
Authors: Morikawa S. , Itakura A. , Hayakawa F. , Mizutani S. , Matsuzawa K. , Kurauchi O. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to clarify the influence of timing of brain insults causing abnormal outcome in preterm infants. Methods: One hundred and thirty‐one preterm infants were examined. The timing of brain insult was estimated from EEG or clinical findings. Development was assessed until a corrected age of 48 months. Results: 39% and 4% of infants, respectively, born before and after the 28‐week time point subsequently died (P < 0.05). Abnormal development was observed in 16% of the first group and 13% of the second (N.S.). None of those born before 28 weeks showed intrauterine injuries while nine of the infants which were born after this time showed intrauterine injuries (P < 0.05). Fetal distress was noted in all infants suffering neonatal death born after 28 weeks. Conclusion: Intrauterine brain insult was concluded to be the cause of neonatal death or abnormal development in many infants born after 28 weeks.
Heterochronous maturation of regional brain astroglia: neuronal modulation of striatal glial cells differentiation ex vivo
Authors: Napp Mónica I. , Colombo Jorge A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSubcultured astroglial cells from striatum, cerebral cortex and ventral mesencephalon obtained from primary cultures of fetal (E14, E17 and E21) or postnatal (days 5–6) rats showed different regional, age‐dependent morphological response (stellation) to cyclic AMP. While most of the cerebral cortex and ventral mesencephalic astroglial cell population was responsive at all ages tested, striatal cells at E14 and E17 were not. At age E21 striatal astroglia showed a significant shift toward a mature‐like type of response to cyclic AMP. Postnatal striatal astroglia responded to cyclic AMP as the cortical and ventral mesencephalic astroglia did, with generalized stellation. Prenatal striatal astroglia was characterized immunocytochemically as A2B5+, fibronectin+, vimentin+, S‐100+ and GFAP−. Failure of early prenatal (E14, E17) striatal astroglia to differentiate in response to cyclic AMP, was overcome by previous (5–7 days) co‐culture with primary cell dissociates from postnatal‐, but not from prenatal donors, from all brain regions tested including a non‐target region for striatal cells, such as septum. This effect was duplicated when striatal astroglia was co‐cultured with cell populations enriched in neurons through Percoll gradients. Only cell‐to‐cell contact co‐cultures were able to induce a change in the studied response. Dead neuron‐enriched populations obtained following various types of physical treatments were also able to change significantly striatal cell response toward cyclic AMP. Enriched astroglial populations from postnatal donors did not change striatal astroglial response toward cyclic AMP, except for ventral mesencephalic astroglia which induced a comparatively reduced but significant increase in striatal cell responsiveness. It is concluded that astroglial maturation and potential for phenotype expression during brain development proceeds with regional heterochrony. Also, that maturation of prenatal striatal astroglia responsiveness toward cyclic AMP is inducible by non‐diffusible factors, probably of neuronal origin, expressed in live or dead primary cultures from various, homotopic and heterotopic, postnatal brain regions. It is further suggested that striatal afferents and/or mature local striatal neurons express membrane associated molecules that regulate responsiveness for phenotype expression of striatal glial cells, thus reinforcing the concept of a highly interactive, continuous neuron‐glial developmental process that takes place during brain organization.
Dendrite development and target innervation of displaced retinal ganglion cells of the chick (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Mey Jörg , Johann Verena 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe avian accessory optic system (AOS) processes visual signals of translational and rotational flowfields resulting from self‐motion. It has been investigated extensively with physiological methods and, because of its anatomical distinction from other retinofugal projections, is well suited for the investigation of dendritic differentiation and axonal pathfinding. Displaced retinal ganglion cells (dRGC) constitute the retinal origin of the AOS. Since little is known about the time course of the development of this projection, we studied the dendritic differentiation of dRGC, their innervation of the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) and the histological development of this target area. dRGC, visualized by retrograde 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethyl‐indocarbocyanine perchlorate labeling, migrated into the inner nuclear layer of the retina and subsequently developed their characteristic dendritic morphology between E9 and E14. At this stage, dendrites were unistratified in the inner plexiform layer and displayed characteristic branches with 45–90° angles. The frequency of dendritic branches increased from an average of 44 branches per cell at E9 to an average of 155 at E15. This phase was followed by a period of dendritic pruning, E15–E17, where a large number of small branches were eliminated. At the time of hatching, dRGC were morphologically mature with mean dendritic field sizes of 0.28 mm2 and an average of 108 dendritic branches per cell. Retinal innervation of the nBOR occurred between E8 and E11, and tracer injections at later stages revealed no further changes. In addition to the predominant contralateral projection, we have also described a connection to the ipsilateral nBOR. This ipsilateral pathway persisted at least to juvenile stages (P14). The histological development of the nBOR proceeded such that calretinin‐immunoreactive neurons were observed from E10 onwards and morphologically described cell types evolved after E12.
Do early‐life events permanently alter behavioral and hormonal responses to stressors?
Authors: Anisman Hymie , Zaharia Marilee D. , Meaney Michael J. , Merali Zul 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEarly‐life stimulation (e.g. brief handling) attenuates the behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to stressors encountered in adulthood, particularly with respect to activation of hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) activity. In contrast, if neonates were subjected to a more severe stressor, such as protracted separation from the dam or exposure to an endotoxin, then the adult response to a stressor was exaggerated. These early‐life experiences program HPA functioning, including negative feedback derived from stimulation of hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors, and corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) coexpression in PVN neurons, to modify the response to subsequent stressor experiences. The persistent variations of HPA activity observed in handled/stimulated animals may stem from alterations in dam–pup interactions (e.g. increased arched‐back feeding, licking, grooming). In addition genetic makeup is critical in determining stress reactivity. For instance, BALB/cByJ mice are more reactive to stressors than C57BL/6ByJ mice, exhibiting greater HPA hormonal alterations and behavioral disturbances. BALB/cByJ also fail to acquire a spatial learning response in a Morris water‐maze paradigm, which has been shown to be correlated with hippocampal cell loss associated with aging. Early‐life handling of BALB/cByJ mice prevented these performance deficits and attenuated the hypersecretion of ACTH and corticosterone elicited by stressors. The stressor reactivity may have been related to maternal and genetic factors. When BALB/cByJ mice were raised by a C57BL/6ByJ dam, the excessive stress‐elicited HPA activity was reduced, as were the behavioral impairments. However, cross‐fostering the more resilient C57BL/6ByJ mice to a BALB/cByJ dam failed to elicit the behavioral disturbances. It is suggested that genetic factors may influence dam–pup interactive styles and may thus proactively influence the response to subsequent stressors among vulnerable animals. In contrast, in relatively hardy animals the early‐life manipulations may have less obvious effects.
Postoperative psychosis in homocystinuria
Authors: Eschweiler GW , Rosin R , Thier P , Giedke H 
Published: July 2002

SummaryYoung homocystinuria patients suffering from lens dislocation frequently have to undergo eye surgery. We describe a 16-year-old girl with mild mental retardation who became psychotic-delirant immediately after the last of three lentectomia operations performed under general thiopental anaesthesia. Because methionine, homocysteine, its oxidation product homocysteate and cysteine are potent glutamate agonists, the disturbance of the sulphur containing amino acid (SCAA) metabolism in homocystinuria patients may alter the function of cerebral glutamatergic transmission. The chronic and acute neurological and psychiatric symptoms of homocystinuria patients offer a clue to studies of the neurotoxic but also antipsychotic potency of glutamate agonists like the SCAAs in humans.
Who needs needs?
Authors: Priebe S. , Huxley P. , Burns T. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe idea of assessing needs both in individuals and in populations is popular in health and social care, but has serious conceptual shortcomings. The concept of needs does not distinguish between the identification of a problem and its solution. It inhibits a consideration of the probabilities as to how effective various interventions may be in any given case — nor does it reflect the iterative process that is the reality of most health and social care. It does not specify goals and oversimplifies evaluation of outcome because it does not take into account different degrees of
change. In assessing population needs, there is the special risk of equating service use with service need, thereby entrenching the status quo. Instead of assessing needs, it is proposed that we identify problems, specify goals and choose interventions on the basis of probabilities of effectiveness. The outcome of any given intervention can be repeatedly reviewed with respect to its goals, and priorities may be reset accordingly.
Mitral valve repair in heart failure
Authors: Smolens Iva A. , Pagani Francis D. , Bolling Steven F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMitral regurgitation (MR) is a frequent complication of end‐stage heart failure. Historically, these patients were either managed medically or with mitral valve replacement, both associated with poor outcomes. Mitral valve repair via an ‘undersized’ annuloplasty repair is safe and effectively corrects MR in heart‐failure patients. All of the observed changes contribute to reverse remodeling and restoration of the normal left‐ventricular geometric relationship. Mitral valve repair offers a new strategy for patients with MR and end‐stage heart failure.
An evaluation of symptom classification systems used for the assessment of patients with heart failure in France
Authors: Gibelin P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMany systems have been proposed to assess the degree of functional impairment in patients with chronic heart failure in order to be able to draw comparisons between patients and assess the development of the disease in the same patient. The NYHA classification is subjective and insufficiently reproducible and has no real predictive value with respect to the exertion test. The Canadian classification does not contribute much in terms of validation. The Feinstein and Duke University classifications are too complex, not very easy to use and have never been validated. The scale of activity proposed by Goldman gives details on functional impairment by using examples from daily activities, selected for their variety and grouped according to the energy that they require. This classification is highly reproducible and is concordant with the exertion test (duration of the exertion test, VO2 max). However, it is not suitable for France. The examples are not precise enough: in addition, they do not eliminate contradictions that can make the patient impossible to classify. We propose a scale of activity specifically designed for use in France. It is reproducible and the VO2 peaks are highly concordant. Lastly, the questions the patient is asked are progressive, thus avoiding contradictory answers. This classification could prove to be useful in everyday life and also for multi‐center studies in French‐speaking countries.
Evaluation of Fall and Fracture Risk Among Men With Prostate Cancer Treated With Androgen Receptor Inhibitors
Authors: Myint Zin W. , Momo Harry D. , Otto Danielle E. , Yan Donglin , Wang Peng , Kolesar Jill M. 
Published: November 2020

ImportanceA high incidence of fall and fracture in a subset of patients treated with androgen receptor inhibitors (ARIs) has been reported, although the relative risk (RR) of fall and fracture for patients who receive ARI treatment is unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether treatment with ARIs is associated with an elevated relative risk for fall and fracture in patients with prostate cancer.Data SourcesCochrane, Scopus, and MedlinePlus databases were searched from inception through August 2019.Study SelectionRandomized clinical trials comparing patients with prostate cancer treated with any ARI or placebo were included.Data Extraction and SynthesisTwo independent reviewers used a standardized data extraction and quality assessment form. A mixed effects model was used to estimate the effects of ARI on relative risk, with included studies treated as random effects and study groups treated as fixed effects in the pooled analysis. Sample size for each study was used to weight the mixed model. Statistical analysis was performed from August to October 2019.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was RR of fall and fractures for patients receiving ARI treatment.ResultsEleven studies met this study’s inclusion criteria. The total population was 11 382 men (median [range] age: 72 [43-97] years), with 6536 in the ARI group and 4846 in the control group. Participants in the ARI group could have received enzalutamide, apalutamide, or darolutamide in combination with androgen deprivation therapy or other enzalutamide combinations; patients in the control group could have received placebo, bicalutamide, or abiraterone. The reported incidence of fall was 525 falls (8%) in the ARI group and 221 falls (5%) in the control group. The incidence of fracture was 242 fractures (4%) in the ARI group and 107 fractures (2%) in the control group. Use of an ARI was associated with an increased risk of falls and fractures: all-grade falls (RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.42-2.24; P &amp;lt; .001); grade 3 or greater fall (RR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.27-2.08; P &amp;lt; .001); all-grade fracture (RR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.35-1.89; P &amp;lt; .001), and likely grade 3 or greater fracture (RR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.12-2.63; P = .01).Conclusions and RelevanceUse of ARI was associated with an increase in falls and fractures in patients with prostate cancer as assessed by a retrospective systematic review and meta-analysis. Further studies are warranted to identify and understand potential mechanisms and develop strategies to decrease falls and fractures associated with ARI use.
Adverse Effects of Low‐Dose Methotrexate in a Randomized Double‐Blind Placebo‐Controlled Trial: Adjudicated Hematologic and Skin Cancer Outcomes in the Cardiovascular Inflammation Reduction Trial
Authors: Vanni Kathleen M.M. , Berliner Nancy , Paynter Nina P. , Glynn Robert J. , MacFadyen Jean , Colls Joshua , Lu Fengxin , Xu Chang , Ridker Paul M. , Solomon Daniel H. 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveLow‐dose methotrexate (LD‐MTX), a cornerstone in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, is associated with a moderately increased risk of anemia, leukopenia, and skin cancers, but the risks of myelosuppression and malignancy during LD‐MTX use remain incompletely described. We examined the risks of cytopenias and skin cancers among patients taking LD‐MTX versus placebo in a large randomized controlled trial (RCT).MethodsWe prespecified secondary analyses of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled RCT that included adults with known cardiovascular disease and diabetes or metabolic syndrome in the United States and Canada. Subjects were randomly allocated to LD‐MTX (20 mg/week maximum) or placebo. All subjects received folic acid (1 mg daily for 6days/week). We assessed the frequency of blindly adjudicated hematologic and malignant adverse events (AEs).ResultsA total of 2391 subjects were randomized to LD‐MTX (mean dosage 14.9 mg/week), and 2395 were randomized to placebo. During follow‐up, in the LD‐MTX arm, simultaneous two‐line cytopenias (n = 92 [3.9%]) or pancytopenia (n = 13 [0.54%]) were infrequent. Pancytopenia developed as soon as 4 months and as late as 3.5 years after beginning LD‐MTX, though the latter subject had been recently diagnosed with multiple myeloma. Overall skin cancer risk was increased in users of LD‐MTX compared with users of placebo, which driven largely by a statistically significant increased risk of squamous cell skin cancer (hazard ratio [HR] 3.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.63‐6.71). Melanoma was increased in LD‐MTX, but this was not statistically significant (HR 2.33; 95% CI 0.60‐9.01).ConclusionsAmong subjects using LD‐MTX, simultaneous two‐line cytopenias and pancytopenia were uncommon. We found more cases of skin cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinomas, in the LD‐MTX arm than the placebo arm.