bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Screening in Preoperative Patients
Authors: Kertes Steven S 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Patients with the medical diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and those with undiagnosed OSA have greater chances for adverse events during surgical procedures related to their medical condition. Early identification of at-risk OSA patients can help mitigate associated adverse events. The purpose of this project was to implement a preoperative process to provide early identification of at-risk OSA patients in the preadmission unit, at a large military level I trauma center in central Texas. The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time (PICOT) question for this project is: “In the adult surgical population, how does the routine use of the STOP-Bang Questionnaire compared to non-standardized assessment influence the identification of OSA during the preadmission processing in a military health care treatment facility?” Following the implementation of the standardized use of the STOP-Bang Questionnaire, the identification of early at-risk OSA patients increased from 23% (based on a medical diagnosis of OSA) to 54% with an intermediate and high-risk OSA. Early identification of OSA has an impact on the decisions made to augment and enhance the patient-specific tailored care for each at-risk OSA surgical patient. Potential adverse events may be diminished or eliminated with the early identification of OSA patients. Preoperative policies that support the utilization of preoperative screening for OSA will improve the overall quality and safety of care provided to surgical patients.
Nursing’s Role in Preventing and Managing Back Pain in Military Members: Proceedings of the First Back Pain Summit
Authors: Talbot Laura A , Wilson Candy , Nayback-Beebe Ann , Metter E Jeffrey , Hatzfeld Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
This is a review of the proceedings of the first Military Nursing Back Pain Summit focusing on nursing’s role in preventing and managing back pain. The purpose of the summit was to present the state of the science in back pain and to identify key gaps in research, policy, education, and treatment that could be undertaken by military nurses, nurse leaders, nurse practitioners, and nurse scientists. Several key points were highlighted during the summit: (1) back pain is multifactorial and preventable; (2) military service members have unique risk factors for developing back pain; (3) both acute and chronic back pain impact readiness and sustaining readiness is the primary mission of military medicine; (4) back pain is most effectively managed with multiple treatment approaches; (5) military culture must pivot away from an attitude of ignoring persistent pain or “toughing it out” to prevent acute back pain from becoming chronic; (6) integrating military nurses within operational units will be important for effective prevention, education, screening, and treatment within dispersed Multi-Domain Operations; and (7) early self-management is an important area for nursing research and intervention to empower service members to maintain and sustain their back health. The various presentations and panels from the meeting are summarized.
Theory of ion holes in space and astrophysical plasmas
Authors: Aravindakshan Harikrishnan , Yoon Peter H , Kakad Amar , Kakad Bharati 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Coherent bipolar electric field structures, ubiquitously found in various space and astrophysical plasma environments, play an important role in plasma transport and particle acceleration. Most of the studies found in the literature about them pertain to bipolar structures with positive potentials interpreted in terms of electron holes. Magnetospheric Multiscale spacecraft have recently observed a series of coherent electric field structures with negative potential in the Earth’s bow shock region, which are interpreted as ion holes. The existing theoretical models of ion holes are inadequate because they entail stringent conditions on the ratio of ion to electron temperature. This letter presents a new theory that provides a satisfactory explanation to these observations. A salient point is that this letter incorporates the electron dynamics in the theoretical formalism, which removes ambiguities associated with existing theories, thus showing that the new theory for ion holes may be widely applicable for space and astrophysical plasmas.
JAM-A functions as a female microglial tumor suppressor in glioblastoma
Authors: Turaga Soumya M , Silver Daniel J , Bayik Defne , Paouri Evi , Peng Sen , Lauko Adam , Alban Tyler J , Borjini Nozha , Stanko Sarah , Naik Ulhas P , Keri Ruth A , Connor James R , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S , Rubin Joshua B , Berens Michael , Davalos Dimitrios , Lathia Justin D 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor and has a dismal prognosis. Previously, we identified that junctional adhesion molecule A (JAM-A), a cell adhesion molecule, is highly elevated in human GBM cancer stem cells and predicts poor patient prognosis. While JAM-A is also highly expressed in other cells in the tumor microenvironment, specifically microglia and macrophages, how JAM-A expression in these cells affects tumor growth has yet to be determined. The goal of this study was to understand the role of microenvironmental JAM-A in mediating GBM growth.

Methods
Male and female wild-type (WT) and JAM-A–deficient mice were transplanted intracranially with the syngeneic glioma cell lines GL261 and SB28 and were assessed for differences in survival and microglial activation in tumors and in vitro. RNA-sequencing was performed to identify differentially regulated genes among all genotypes, and differences were validated in vitro and in vivo.

Results
We found that JAM-A–deficient female mice succumbed to GBM more quickly compared with WT females and JAM-A–deficient and male WT mice. Analysis of microglia in the tumors revealed that female JAM-A–deficient microglia were more activated, and RNA-sequencing identified elevated expression of Fizz1 and Ifi202b specifically in JAM-A–deficient female microglia.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that JAM-A functions to suppress pathogenic microglial activation in the female tumor microenvironment, highlighting an emerging role for sex differences in the GBM microenvironment and suggesting that sex differences extend beyond previously reported tumor cell–intrinsic differences.
Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines (NNAL, NNN, NAT, and NAB) Exposures in the US Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014)
Authors: Xia Baoyun , Blount Benjamin C , Guillot Tonya , Brosius Christina , Li Yao , Van Bemmel Dana M , Kimmel Heather L , Chang Cindy M , Borek Nicolette , Edwards Kathryn C , Lawrence Charlie , Hyland Andrew , Goniewicz Maciej L , Pine Brittany N , Xia Yang , Bernert John T , De Castro B Rey , Lee John , Brown Justin L , Arnstein Stephen , Choi Diane , Wade Erin L , Hatsukami Dorothy , Ervies Gladys , Cobos Angel , Nicodemus Keegan , Freeman Dana , Hecht Stephen S , Conway Kevin , Wang Lanqing 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) are an important group of carcinogens found in tobacco and tobacco smoke. To describe and characterize the levels of TSNAs in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study Wave 1 (2013–2014), we present four biomarkers of TSNA exposure: N′-nitrosonornicotine, N′-nitrosoanabasine, N′-nitrosoanatabine, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) which is the primary urinary metabolite of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone.

Methods
We measured total TSNAs in 11 522 adults who provided urine using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. After exclusions in this current analysis, we selected 11 004 NNAL results, 10 753 N′-nitrosonornicotine results, 10 919 N′-nitrosoanatabine results, and 10 996 N′-nitrosoanabasine results for data analysis. Geometric means and correlations were calculated using SAS and SUDAAN.

Results
TSNA concentrations were associated with choice of tobacco product and frequency of use. Among established, every day, exclusive tobacco product users, the geometric mean urinary NNAL concentration was highest for smokeless tobacco users (993.3; 95% confidence interval [CI: 839.2, 1147.3] ng/g creatinine), followed by all types of combustible tobacco product users (285.4; 95% CI: [267.9, 303.0] ng/g creatinine), poly tobacco users (278.6; 95% CI: [254.9, 302.2] ng/g creatinine), and e-cigarette product users (6.3; 95% CI: [4.7, 7.9] ng/g creatinine). TSNA concentrations were higher in every day users than in intermittent users for all the tobacco product groups. Among single product users, exposure to TSNAs differed by sex, age, race/ethnicity, and education. Urinary TSNAs and nicotine metabolite biomarkers were also highly correlated.

Conclusions
We have provided PATH Study estimates of TSNA exposure among US adult users of a variety of tobacco products. These data can inform future tobacco product and human exposure evaluations and related regulatory activities.
Victor Edelberg: LSE’s forgotten econometrician
Authors: Thomas Jim 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Given Lionel Robbins’s strong scepticism about the value of statistical analysis in economics, it is not surprising that early developments in Econometrics at LSE came from members of the Statistics Department at the School. However, Victor Edelberg, a graduate student in the Economics Department at LSE in the 1930s, published the second article in Econometrica with ‘Econometrics’ in the title and further econometric articles in the Review of Economic Studies. Despite these publications, his work has been forgotten and is not included in the history of econometrics at LSE, nor in the wider history of economics. This study has three objectives: (i) to provide information on the life of Victor Edelberg to explain why, despite his high academic achievements, he failed to establish an academic career, (ii) to evaluate his contributions to econometrics, given the standards of the time, and (iii) to suggest reasons why he would become LSE’s forgotten econometrician.
Rethinking ‘essential’ and ‘nonessential’: the developmental paediatrician’s COVID-19 response
Authors: Fung Alastair , Ricci M Florencia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
While terms such as ‘essential’ and ‘nonessential’ used amidst the COVID-19 pandemic may serve a practical purpose, they also pose a risk of obstructing our view of the harmful indirect health consequences of this crisis. SARS-CoV-2 cases and deaths in children are minimal compared to adults, but the pandemic impacts other ‘essential’ aspects of children’s health including child development and the associated areas of paediatric behaviour, mental health, and maltreatment. Alongside the management of severe SARS-CoV-2 cases in emergency rooms and intensive care units, continuing to care for children with developmental disabilities must also be concurrently championed as ‘essential’ during this crisis. The potentially devastating lifelong effects of the pandemic and isolation on an already vulnerable population demand that action be taken now. Video conferences and phone calls are ‘essential’ instruments we can use to continue to provide quality care for our patients.
RUNX1T1 rs34269950 is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome
Authors: Zhou Y , Hambly B D , Simmons D , McLachlan C S 
Published: June 2020

Summary

Background
Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1T1) isoforms are involved in adipogenesis. RUNX1T1 is mediated by the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO). However, the extent to which RUNX1T1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with obesity risk or metabolic abnormalities in a community population basis is unknown.

Methods
Samples were obtained from the Australian Crossroads study bio-bank. SNPs located in the coding region and 3′untranslated regions of RUNX1T1 with minor allele frequency ≥0.05 were analysed using Taqman genotyping assays.

Results
Eight candidate SNPs were genotyped successfully in 1440 participants. Of these SNPs only rs34269950 located in the ‘RRACH’ motif, the most common N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification site (recognized by FTO), was significantly associated with obesity risk and metabolic abnormalities. Specifically, compared to AA genotype, rs34269950 del/del genotype was associated with a 1.47 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–2.14, P = 0.042] fold higher rate of obesity risk. Additionally, the del/del genotype was associated with a 60% increased risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) [odds ratio (OR) = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.10–2.32, P = 0.015], in comparison to the AA genotype. Finally, rs34269950 del/del increased the risk of a larger waist circumference (OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.15–2.36, P = 0.007), but not other components of MetS.

Conclusion
Our study demonstrates that RUNX1T1 rs34269950, located in a potential FTO recognition motif, is significantly associated with waist circumference. This provides novel evidence to suggest SNPs located in RRACH motif may be involved in RNA m6A modification and mechanistic pathways that influence abdominal obesity.
The orbitofrontal cortex spontaneously encodes food health and contains more distinct representations for foods highest in tastiness
Authors: Londerée Allison M , Wagner Dylan D 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The human orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has long been associated with food reward processing and is thought to represent modality-independent signals of value. Food tastiness and health are core attributes of many models of food choice and dietary self-control. Here we used functional neuroimaging to examine the neural representation of tastiness and health for a set of 28 food categories selected to be orthogonal with respect to both dimensions. Using representational similarity analysis, in conjunction with linear mixed-effects modeling, we demonstrate that the OFC spontaneously encodes food health, whereas tastiness was associated with greater neural dissimilarity. Subsequent analyses using model dissimilarity matrices that encode overall tastiness magnitude demonstrated that the neural representation of foods grows more distinct with increasing tastiness but not with increasing health. In a separate study, we use lexical analysis of natural language descriptions of food to show that food tastiness is associated with more elaborate descriptions of food. Together these data show not only that the OFC spontaneously encodes the dimensions of health and tastiness when viewing appetitive food cues, but also that the neural and cognitive representations of food categories that are the highest in tastiness are more refined than those lower in tastiness.
Seasonal fluctuation of nonstructural carbohydrates reveals the metabolic availability of stemwood reserves in temperate trees with contrasting wood anatomy
Authors: Furze Morgan E , Huggett Brett A , Chamberlain Catherine J , Wieringa Molly M , Aubrecht Donald M , Carbone Mariah S , Walker Jennifer C , Xu Xiaomei , Czimczik Claudia I , Richardson Andrew D 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) play a critical role in plant physiology and metabolism, yet we know little about their distribution within individual organs such as the stem. This leaves many open questions about whether reserves deep in the stem are metabolically active and available to support functional processes. To gain insight into the availability of reserves, we measured radial patterns of NSCs over the course of a year in the stemwood of temperate trees with contrasting wood anatomy (ring porous vs diffuse porous). In a subset of trees, we estimated the mean age of soluble sugars within and between different organs using the radiocarbon (14C) bomb spike approach. First, we found that NSC concentrations were the highest and most seasonally dynamic in the outermost stemwood segments for both ring-porous and diffuse-porous trees. However, while the seasonal fluctuation of NSCs was dampened in deeper stemwood segments for ring-porous trees, it remained high for diffuse-porous trees. These NSC dynamics align with differences in the proportion of functional sapwood and the arrangement of vessels between ring-porous and diffuse-porous trees. Second, radial patterns of 14C in the stemwood showed that sugars became older when moving toward the pith. The same pattern was found in the coarse roots. Finally, when taken together, our results highlight how the radial distribution and age of NSCs relate to wood anatomy and suggest that while deeper, and likely older, reserves in the stemwood fluctuated across the seasons, the deepest reserves at the center of the stem were not used to support tree metabolism under usual environmental conditions.
Caloric Intake and Energy Expenditures in India
Authors: Eli Shari , Li Nicholas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Total energy expenditures for the Indian population between 1983 and 2012 are estimated to shed light on the debate concerning falling measured caloric intake during the period (A. Deaton and J. Drèze. 2009. “Food and Nutrition in India: Facts and Interpretations.” Economic and Political Weekly 44(7): 42–65). Anthropometric, time-use, and detailed employment surveys are used to estimate the separate components of total energy expenditure related to metabolism and physical activity levels. Despite a significant drop in adult physical activity levels, total energy expenditures are flat overall between 1983 and 2012. Rising metabolic requirements due to increases in weight dampened the effect of falling activity levels on total energy expenditure. In addition, the 10 percent decline in the population share of children in the period raised average total energy expenditures considerably as children have much lower metabolic requirements and activity levels than adults.
The Effect of Evaluator Training on Inter- and Intrarater Reliability in High-Stakes Assessment in Simulation
Authors: Holland Ann E. , Tiffany Jone , Blazovich Linda , Bambini Deborah , Schug Vicki 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

AIM
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a training intervention in achieving inter- and intrarater reliability among faculty raters conducting high-stakes assessment of clinical performance in simulation.

BACKGROUND
High-stakes assessment of simulation performance is being adopted in nursing education. However, limited research exists to guide best practices in training raters, which is essential to ensure fair and defensible assessment.

METHOD
A nationwide sample of 75 prelicensure RN program faculty participated in an experimental, randomized, controlled study.

RESULTS
Participants completing a training intervention achieved higher inter- and intrarater reliability than control group participants when using a checklist evaluation tool. Mixed results were achieved by participants when completing a global competency assessment.

CONCLUSION
The training intervention was effective in helping participants to achieve a shared mental model for use of a checklist, but more time may be necessary to achieve consistent global competence decisions.
The allergic eye: recommendations about pharmacotherapy and recent therapeutic agents
Authors: Kimchi Nofar , Bielory Leonard 
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review
Ocular allergies affect an estimated 40% of the population, 98% of which are because of allergic conjunctivitis. With the current advent of both repurposed drugs for ocular allergies, as well as novel drugs and methods of administration, there is a need for an updated review of current available medications. A clear characterization of each treatment will ultimately allow treating physicians to restore patients’ quality of life and decrease burden of disease.

Recent findings
Currently, there are a number of reformulated antihistamines, with cetrizine being the most recent ophthalmic solution available. Nevertheless, there is ongoing research in the field of immunotherapy, steroids, flavonoids, cannabis, and drug-delivery systems.

Summary
Although dual-activity agents remain the keystone for treatment, newer drugs and drug-delivery systems offer other novel directions for delivering appropriate relief with minimal adverse effects.
Clinical Outcomes of Triplane Fractures Based on Imaging Modality Utilization and Management: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Gaudiani Michael A. , Knapik Derrick M. , Liu Raymond W. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
Because of the complex nature and relatively rare prevalence of triplane fractures, ideal imaging and optimal treatment remain controversial. The purpose of this investigation was to systematically review and compare clinical outcomes in skeletally immature patients with triplane fractures on the basis of imaging modalities [radiography alone vs. radiography+computed tomography (CT)] and fracture management (operative vs. nonoperative).

Methods:
A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement using a PRISMA checklist. All the literature related to skeletally immature patients with triplane fractures published from January 1988 to March 2020 were identified. Inclusion criteria consisted of skeletally immature patients with triplane fractures with reported imaging modality performed during diagnosis, fracture management, and postoperative outcomes on the basis of functional scores and the incidence of any complications.

Results:
A total of 11 articles met inclusion criteria, comprising a total of 203 skeletally immature patients with 203 documented triplane fractures. Male individuals were significantly older at the time of injury (14.2±0.6 y) when compared with female individuals (12.6±0.9 y) (P=0.006). Fracture diagnosis and management were evaluated using radiography+CT in 63% (128/203) of patients, whereas 37% (75/203) underwent radiography only. No significant differences in good/excellent Modified Weber Protocol scores were reported in patients treated nonoperatively versus those undergoing operative treatment (P=0.78), whereas Modified Weber Protocol scores were significantly higher in patients using radiography alone (P=0.02). No significant difference in complication incidence was reported on the basis of management type (nonoperative, 16%; operative, 15%; P=0.47).

Conclusions:
Patients undergoing operative management of triplane fractures achieved comparable functional outcomes scores without an increased incidence of complications when compared with patients undergoing nonoperative treatment. Further investigations analyzing outcomes at middle and long-term follow-up are necessary to determine the clinical utility of CT and various treatment modalities for the management of triplane fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—Systematic review.
Regression of liver fibrosis: evidence and challenges
Authors: Sun Ya-Meng , Chen Shu-Yan , You Hong 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
It has been reported that liver fibrosis could be reversed after eliminating liver injuries. This article systematically summarizes the evidence of fibrosis regression based on histology, liver stiffness, and serum biomarkers, and discusses several clinically relevant challenges. Evidence from liver biopsy has been regarded as the gold standard in the assessment of fibrosis regression. Semi-quantitative staging and grading systems are traditionally and routinely used to define regression. Recently, the predominantly regressive, indeterminate, and predominantly progressive score was proposed, based on the regressive features from “hepatic repair complex”, to provide additional information regarding the quality of fibrosis. For non-invasive assessment, although liver stiffness and serum biomarkers could be applied to reflect the dynamic changes of liver fibrosis, other confounding factors such as liver inflammation have to be considered. In conclusion, both histology and non-invasive methods can provide evidence regarding fibrosis regression. The predictive value of fibrosis regression in long-term prognosis warrants further investigation.