bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability of a compounded oral liquid formulation of clopidogrel for infants
Authors: Ellis David P. , Rozek Tomas , Milne Robert W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundClopidogrel is recommended to prevent thrombotic complications in at‐risk infants. No commercial liquid formulation is currently available. Published compounded liquid formulations have not accounted for chiral instability at recommended storage conditions, and studied strengths are problematic in measuring accurate doses for infants.AimThis study examined the stability of a low strength (1 mg/mL) oral liquid formulation of clopidogrel using a chiral chromatographic method to separate active S‐clopidogrel from its predominant degradation product R‐clopidogrel, as well as its acid products.MethodsClopidogrel mixtures (1 mg/mL) prepared using Plavix tablets (Sanofi‐Aventis, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia) in 1 : 1 Ora‐Plus : Ora‐Sweet (Perrigo, Minneapolis, MN, USA) were stored at room temperature (25°C) and under refrigeration (4°C). Samples stored were assayed periodically for S‐clopidogrel using chiral liquid chromatography to a minimum of 55 days. The percentage of S‐clopidogrel remaining (at least 90% of nominal content) was used to estimate shelf life. Physical and microbiological stability was also assessed.ResultsEstimated shelf lives at room temperature and under refrigeration were 12 and 46 days, respectively. When removed from refrigeration, kept at 25°C for 3 days and then returned to the refrigerator, the shelf life was reduced to 41 days. Physical stability was maintained during these periods, and there was no evidence of microbiological contamination.ConclusionIt is recommended that clopidogrel 1 mg/mL in an oral preparation containing Ora‐Plus : Ora‐Sweet be stored in the refrigerator (4°C) and discarded 6 weeks after compounding. If removed from the refrigerator to room temperature (25°C) for 3 days, so long as the suspension is returned to the refrigerator, it could be used at a reduced shelf life of 1 month.
A Simple and Efficient Method for Synthesis of sn‐Glycero‐Phosphoethanolamine
Authors: B. Gowda Siddabasave Gowda , Fuda Hirotoshi , Yamamoto Yusuke , Chiba Hitoshi , Hui Shu‐Ping 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAn efficient three‐step strategy for the convenient synthesis of Sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine (GroPEtn) from a commercially available 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine (DPPE) is reported. Direct hydrolysis of DPPE produces a complex inseparable mixture, hence a protection and deprotection strategy is employed to prepare GroPEtn. The primary amine of DPPE is protected with a highly stable acid‐labile trityl group, followed by strong base hydrolysis of N‐trityl‐DPPE gives N‐trityl‐GroPEtn. Further a mild, rapid, and efficient deprotection method is established using trifluoroacetic acid to remove N‐trityl moiety, affords GroPEtn as a single product. This is the first semisynthetic approach and efficient method to produce GroPEtn with a total yield of 66% in three steps. GroPEtn did not show any cytotoxicity against human kidney (HK‐2) cells and reporter gene assay for activation of Keap1‐Nrf2‐mediated antioxidant defense mechanism showed no significant effects.
Blocking ACAT‐1 Activity for Tumor Therapy with Fluorescent Hyperstar Polymer‐Encapsulated Avasimible
Authors: Bai Ting , Zhu Bobo , Shao Dongyan , Lian Ziyang , Liu Pei , Shi Junling , Kong Jie 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTargeting the distinct cholesterol metabolism of tumor cells is proposed as a novel way to treat tumors. Blocking acyl‐CoA cholesterol acyltransferase‐1 (ACAT‐1) by the inhibitor avasimible (Ava), which elevates intracellular free cholesterol levels, is shown to effectively induce apoptosis. However, Ava faces disadvantages of poor water solubility, a short half‐life, and no capability for fluorescence detection, which have greatly limited its application. Herein, a fluorescent hyperstar polymer (FHSP) is developed to encapsulate Ava to improve its ability to inhibit HeLa cells and K562 cells. The results of this study show that the obtained Ava–FHSP micelles possess a high drug loading capacity of 22.7% and bright green fluorescence. Ava and Ava–FHSP are cytotoxic to both HeLa and K562 cells and cause reductions in cell size, nuclear lysis, and chromatin condensation and hindered proliferation of both cell types by causing S phase cell cycle arrest. Further mechanistic analysis indicates that Ava–FHSP reduces the protein and messenger RNA expression of ACAT‐1 and significantly increases intracellular free cholesterol levels, which can increase endoplasmic reticulum stress and finally cause cell apoptosis. All these results suggest that this fluorescent hyperstar polymer represents a potential therapeutic tumor strategy by changing the cholesterol metabolism of tumor cells.
Accurate intravoxel incoherent motion parameter estimation using Bayesian fitting and reduced number of low b‐values
Authors: Ye Chen , Xu Daoyun , Qin Yongbin , Wang Lihui , Wang Rongpin , Li Wuchao , Kuai Zixiang , Zhu Yuemin 
Published: May 2020

PurposeIntravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) magnetic resonance imaging is a potential noninvasive technique for the diagnosis of brain tumors. However, perfusion‐related parameter mapping is a persistent problem. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the IVIM parameter mapping of brain tumors using Bayesian fitting and low b‐values.MethodsBayesian shrinkage prior (BSP) fitting method and different low b‐value distributions were used to estimate IVIM parameters (diffusion D, pseudo‐diffusion D*, and perfusion fraction F). The results were compared to those obtained by least squares (LSQ) on both simulated and in vivo brain data. Relative error (RE) and reproducibility were used to evaluate the results. The differences of IVIM parameters between brain tumor and normal regions were compared and used to assess the performance of Bayesian fitting in the IVIM application of brain tumor.ResultsIn tumor regions, the value of D* tended to be decreased when the number of low b‐values was insufficient, especially with LSQ. BSP required less low b‐values than LSQ for the correct estimation of perfusion parameters of brain tumors. The IVIM parameter maps of brain tumors yielded by BSP had smaller variability, lower RE, and higher reproducibility with respect to those obtained by LSQ. Obvious differences were observed between tumor and normal regions in parameters D (P < 0.05) and F (P < 0.001), especially F. BSP generated fewer outliers than LSQ, and distinguished better tumors from normal regions in parameter F.ConclusionsIntravoxel incoherent motion parameters clearly allow brain tumors to be differentiated from normal regions. Bayesian fitting yields robust IVIM parameter mapping with fewer outliers and requires less low b‐values than LSQ for the parameter estimation.
Modeling hydraulic fracture propagation in permeable media with an embedded strong discontinuity approach
Authors: Liu Fushen 
Published: May 2020

SummaryThe paper presents an embedded strong discontinuity approach to simulate single hydraulic fracture propagation in the poroelastic medium under plane‐strain conditions. The method enriches the strain field with the discontinuous deformation mode and allows the fracture to be modeled inside elements. The Mode‐I fracture initiation and propagation are described by the trilinear cohesive law, which is implemented by the penalty method. The enhanced permeability inside the fractured elements is dependent on the fracture aperture. Hydraulic fracture propagation is driven by the high pressure gradient near the fracture. Fluid transfer between the fracture and bulk rock is automatically captured within the poroelastic framework. The numerical framework is verified by the comparisons with the asymptotic analytical solutions for single hydraulic fracture propagation.
‘MN‐Clearwater’, the first food‐grade intermediate wheatgrass (Kernza perennial grain) cultivar
Authors: Bajgain Prabin , Zhang Xiaofei , Jungers Jacob M. , DeHaan Lee R. , Heim Brett , Sheaffer Craig C. , Wyse Donald L. , Anderson James A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract‘MN‐Clearwater’ (Reg. no. CV‐287, PI 692651) is the world's first commercial food‐grade intermediate wheatgrass [IWG;Thinopyrum intermedium(Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey subsp.intermedium] grain cultivar. It was developed as a synthetic population at the University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, and released in August 2019. Intermediate wheatgrass is a perennial grain crop currently undergoing domestication and is known for its extensive long root system that can recycle soil nutrients and sequester carbon. MN‐Clearwater (experimental designation MN1504) was created by intercrossing seven parents selected for high grain yield, reduced shattering, high free grain threshing, reduced lodging, and uniform maturity. MN‐Clearwater was advanced for two generations before being evaluated in statewide yield trials, after which the fourth seed generation was released as the cultivar in a limited public release. In variety trials across Minnesota, MN‐Clearwater produced 696 kg ha−1(621 lb ac−1) of grain with minimal lodging and negligible disease levels. The first 2 yr produce the highest grain yields under Minnesota conditions, and third‐year yields are significantly lower (average reduction of 77%) than the first 2 yr. As the first IWG cultivar released for sale under the Kernza trade name (The Land Institute), we expect this population to be a cornerstone resource for the IWG research community as well as for interested growers, food processors, and commercial partners. MN‐Clearwater grain is sold as Kernza perennial grain.
Registration of ‘Coho’ light red kidney bean
Authors: Kelly James D. , Varner Gregory V. , Chilvers Martin I. , Cichy Karen A. , Wright Evan M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract‘Coho’ light red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. no. CV‐330, PI 692133), developed by Michigan State University AgBioResearch, was released in 2019 as an upright, full‐season cultivar that possesses acceptable canning quality and partial resistance to common bacterial blight and root rots. Coho was developed using the pedigree breeding method to the F4 generation followed by pure line selection for disease, agronomic, and quality traits. In 4 yr of field trials, Coho yielded 3,644 kg ha−1, flowered in 39 d, and matured in 99 d on average. Plants averaged 50 cm in height, with lodging resistance score of 1.1 and seed weight of 53.8 g 100 seed−1. Coho is resistant to race 73 of anthracnose and produced a top necrosis reaction to strain NL 3 of Bean common mosaic necrosis virus. Coho produces seed that meets industry standards for dry seed packaging and was rated satisfactory in overall canned bean quality in the light red kidney bean seed class.
A new airway spiral stent designed to maintain airway architecture with an atraumatic removal after full epithelization—Research of feasibility and viability in canine patients with tracheomalacia
Authors: Serrano‐Casorran Carolina , Lopez‐Minguez Sandra , Rodriguez‐Zapater Sergio , Bonastre Cristina , Guirola Jose A. , De Gregorio Miguel A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveSurgical management of tracheomalacia is a challenge, with current treatments still presenting numerous complications. In the field of veterinary medicine, this same pathology is present in a significant number of dogs. For this reason, we present an experimental clinical trial performed on canines with tracheobronchomalacia, using a new atraumatic removable tracheal spiral stent (SS). Both implantation procedure and clinical improvement have been analyzed in this study.MethodsIn this study, four small dogs, a mean weight of 4.89 kg and body condition scores IV‐V, were included. SS was implanted by two different surgical approaches. Image and clinical follow‐up have been performed during 90 days. Symptoms were evaluated from 1 to 10 every week.ResultsThis study achieved 100% technical and clinical success. Median tracheal diameters were as follows: cervical 10.85 (3.3), inlet 7.75 (2.1), and carina 7.75 (1.9) mm, and length was 77.5 (26) mm. A 12 × 10 × 100‐mm SS was implanted in all cases. Goose honk cough punctuation improved from 8 to 1; also, there were important changes in exercise intolerance, a mean weight loss of 8.76%. The values of modified Karnofsky scale varied from 50 (20) before surgery to 90 (10) after 30 days of surgery. Neither granuloma tissue nor fractures of the prosthesis was observed.ConclusionThe results in dogs are promising, and a new therapeutic alternative seems to be available for veterinarian field. The similarity of this disease between dogs and newborns suggests that this SS design can also be useful for human trials.
Geographic variation in sexual communication in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Gao Ke , Torres‐Vila Luis M , Zalucki Myron P , Li Yiping , Griepink Frans , Heckel David G , Groot Astrid T 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDGeographic variation in male response to sex pheromone lures has been studied in the field in a number of moth species. However, only a few studies have investigated geographic variation in female calling and sex pheromone under field conditions. For an effective field implementation of sex pheromone lures, it is essential to know the local sex pheromone blend and local timing of sexual communication. We investigated the level and extent of geographic variation in the sexual communication of the important agricultural pest Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in three continents.RESULTSWe found there is no genetic variation in the calling behavior of H. armigera. In the female sex pheromone, we found more between‐population variation than within‐population variation. In male response experiments, we found geographic variation as well. Strikingly, when adding the antagonistic compound Z11‐16:OAc to the pheromone blend of H. armigera, significantly fewer males were caught in Australia and China, but not in Spain. This variation is likely not only due to local environmental conditions, such as photoperiod and temperature, but also to the presence of other closely related species with which communication interference may occur.ConclusionFinding geographic variation in both the female sexual signal and the male response in this pest calls for region‐specific pheromone lures. Our study shows that the analysis of geographic variation in moth female sex pheromones as well as male responses is important for effectively monitoring pest species that occur around the globe. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Preparation of a CubeSat LEO radio wave propagation campaign at Q and W bands
Authors: Cuervo Félix , Martín‐Polegre Arturo , Las‐Heras Fernando , Vanhoenacker‐Janvier Danielle , Flávio Joel , Schmidt Michael 
Published: May 2020

SummaryDue to the congestion of the spectrum and the need for wider bandwidths, ultrahigh throughput satellites (UHTSs) are moving towards the use of higher frequency bands (Q/V and W bands). These frequencies are however severely impaired by atmospheric phenomena causing attenuation, scintillation and depolarization and compromising the quality of service (QoS). In order to study the Earth‐space link, several experimental campaigns have been performed up to the Q band with geostationary (GEO) satellites. This paper introduces a new propagation experiment that will extend the characterization of the Earth‐space channel up to the W band and low Earth orbits (LEOs).
What do we know about university academics' mental health? A systematic literature review
Authors: Urbina‐Garcia Angel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThere has been a growing interest in the negative influence that the environment of higher education institutions has on the mental health of academics. The current climate of global education‐competition places extreme expectations on academics. A number of factors influence academics' mental health, such as teaching, supervising, generating research income, among others, and there is evidence to suggest that the university environment is jeopardising academics' physical and psychological health. This study sought to review the international literature with a view to ascertaining what the most commonly used measures are to investigate this topic, including the main stressors and coping strategies reported/used by academics and their lived experiences. A thorough review of the literature was conducted, and 28 studies were identified and critically analysed. The review concludes that there is compelling evidence that the university environment is triggering high levels of stress and burnout and low levels of well‐being for academics. There is extremely limited research on the perceptions and lived experiences of academic staff. It is virtually unknown, what coping strategies academics use to face job demands, and our knowledge about burnout seems to be limited by the use of one particular measure without cultural adaptations. Practical implications and directions for future research are proposed.
An Overview and Future Perspectives of Rechargeable Zinc Batteries
Authors: Shi Yuchuan , Chen Ye , Shi Lei , Wang Ke , Wang Biao , Li Long , Ma Yaming , Li Yuhan , Sun Zehui , Ali Wajid , Ding Shujiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAqueous rechargeable zinc‐based batteries have sparked a lot of enthusiasm in the energy storage field recently due to their inherent safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Although remarkable progress has been made in the exploration of performance so far, there are still many challenges such as low working voltage and dissolution of electrode materials at the material and system level. Herein, the central tenet is to establish a systematic summary for the construction and mechanism of different aqueous zinc‐based batteries. Details for three major zinc‐based battery systems, including alkaline rechargeable Zn‐based batteries (ARZBs), aqueous Zn ion batteries (AZIBs), and dual‐ion hybrid Zn batteries (DHZBs) are given. First, the electrode materials and energy storage mechanism of the three types of zinc‐based batteries are discussed to provide universal guidance for these batteries. Then, the electrode behavior of zinc anodes and strategies to deal with problems such as dendrite and passivation are recommended. Finally, some challenge‐oriented solutions are provided to facilitate the next development of zinc‐based batteries. Combining the characteristics of zinc‐based batteries with good use of concepts and ideas from other disciplines will surely pave the way for its commercialization.
The polarization process of ferroelectric materials in the framework of variational inequalities
Authors: Pechstein Astrid S. , Meindlhumer Martin , Humer Alexander 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe are concerned with the mathematical modeling of the polarization process in ferroelectric media. We assume that this dissipative process is governed by two constitutive functions, which are the free energy function and the dissipation function. The dissipation function, which is closely connected to the dissipated energy, is usually non‐differentiable. Thus, a minimization condition for the overall energy includes the subdifferential of the dissipation function. This condition can also be formulated by way of a variational inequality in the unknown fields strain, dielectric displacement, remanent polarization and remanent strain. We analyze the mathematical well‐posedness of this problem. We provide an existence and uniqueness result for the time‐discrete update equation. Under stronger assumptions, we can prove existence of a solution to the time‐dependent variational inequality. To solve the discretized variational inequality, we use mixed finite elements, where mechanical displacement and dielectric displacement are unknowns, as well as polarization (and, if included in the model, remanent strain). It is then possible to satisfy Gauss' law of zero free charges exactly. We propose to regularize the dissipation function and solve for all unknowns at once in a single Newton iteration. We present numerical examples gained in the open source software package Netgen/NGSolve.
Importance of Smallholder Farms as a Relevant Strategy to Increase Food Security
Authors: Hazell Peter 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter enumerates the importance of small farms for food security, pulling together available studies and quantitative evidence on the current status of small farms in terms of their number, share of total farms, share in farmed area, employment share, age, gender, poverty and food insecurity status, importance in marketed surpluses of food staples, income diversification, etc. To the extent possible, trends in these variables are also enumerated, focusing on key questions such as: are small farms getting smaller (not just the average size of all farms); are they are becoming less important in total food supplies, especially marketed surpluses (needed to feed the cities); how successfully do they use high-value agriculture and nonfarm income diversification to offset smaller farm sizes. To the extent possible, differences in patterns between regions and types of countries are identified. Finally, some scenarios for the future are developed.
Channels and Barriers of Cross-Border Online Circulation: Central and Eastern Europe as a Digital Periphery
Authors: Szczepanik Petr 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter looks beneath the purely quantitative data on cross-border availability by investigating audiovisual industry practices of online distribution from a peripheral, small-market perspective, using the example of export from the Czech Republic. Its key research question is: How have transnational VOD services integrated into the local industry ecosystem and to what extent have they changed the circulation trajectories of Czech films and TV series? First, it places online distribution within the local industry ecosystem and reveals the systemic barriers that discourage producers and distributors from strategically focusing on foreign markets. Second, it identifies the key intermediaries and practices of cross-border online distribution, focusing on the approach of global VOD services to distributing small nation content across borders. The chapter concludes with a typology of cross-border online distribution to distinguish different strategies and tactics employed by key players when approaching foreign markets. Thus, it calls for a more nuanced perspective on the position of “digital peripheries” in cross-border cultural networks and flows.