bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A dysfunctional endolysosomal pathway common to two sub-types of demyelinating Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
Authors: Edgar James R. , Ho Anita K. , Laurá Matilde , Horvath Rita , Reilly Mary M. , Luzio J. Paul , Roberts Rhys C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAutosomal dominant mutations in LITAF are responsible for the rare demyelinating peripheral neuropathy, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1C (CMT1C). The LITAF protein is expressed in many human cell types and we have investigated the consequences of two different LITAF mutations in primary fibroblasts from CMT1C patients using confocal and electron microscopy. We observed the appearance of vacuolation/enlargement of late endocytic compartments (late endosomes and lysosomes). This vacuolation was also observed after knocking out LITAF from either control human fibroblasts or from the CMT1C patient-derived cells, consistent with it being the result of loss-of-function mutations in the CMT1C fibroblasts. The vacuolation was similar to that previously observed in fibroblasts from CMT4J patients, which have autosomal recessive mutations in FIG4. The FIG4 protein is a component of a phosphoinositide kinase complex that synthesises phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate on the limiting membrane of late endosomes. Phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate activates the release of lysosomal Ca2+ through the cation channel TRPML1, which is required to maintain the homeostasis of endosomes and lysosomes in mammalian cells. We observed that a small molecule activator of TRPML1, ML-SA1, was able to rescue the vacuolation phenotype of LITAF knockout, FIG4 knockout and CMT1C patient fibroblasts. Our data describe the first cellular phenotype common to two different subtypes of demyelinating CMT and are consistent with LITAF and FIG4 functioning on a common endolysosomal pathway that is required to maintain the homeostasis of late endosomes and lysosomes. Although our experiments were on human fibroblasts, they have implications for our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and approaches to therapy in two subtypes of demyelinating Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease.
Efficient verification of parallel matrix multiplication in public cloud: the MapReduce case
Authors: Bagheri Ramtin , Amini Morteza , Dolatnezhad Samarin Somayeh 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWith the advent of cloud-based parallel processing techniques, services such as MapReduce have been considered by many businesses and researchers for different applications of big data computation including matrix multiplication, which has drawn much attention in recent years. However, securing the computation result integrity in such systems is an important challenge, since public clouds can be vulnerable against the misbehavior of their owners (especially for economic purposes) and external attackers. In this paper, we propose an efficient approach using Merkle tree structure to verify the computation results of matrix multiplication in MapReduce systems while enduring an acceptable overhead, which makes it suitable in terms of scalability. Using the Merkle tree structure, we record fine-grained computation results in the tree nodes to make strong commitments for workers; they submit a commitment value to the verifier which is then used to challenge their computation results’ integrity using elected input data as verification samples. Evaluation outcomes show significant improvements comparing with the state-of-the-art technique; in case of 300*300 matrices, 73% reduction in generated proof size, 61% reduction in the proof construction time, and 95% reduction in the verification time.
Efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of VAP in critically ill ICU patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials
Authors: Batra Priyam , Soni Kapil Dev , Mathur Purva 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is reported as the second most common nosocomial infection among critically ill patients with the incidence ranging from 2 to 16 episodes per 1000 ventilator days. The use of probiotics has been shown to have a promising effect in many RCTs. Our systematic review and meta-analysis were thus planned to determine the effect of probiotic use in critically ill ventilated adult patients on the incidence of VAP, length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, the incidence of diarrhea, and the incidence of oropharyngeal colonization and in-hospital mortality.

Methodology
Systematic search of various databases (such as Embase, Cochrane, and Pubmed), published journals, clinical trials, and abstracts of the various major conferences were made to obtain the RCTs which compare probiotics with placebo for VAP prevention. The results were expressed as risk ratios or mean differences. Data synthesis was done using statistical software - Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.4 (The Cochrane Collaboration, 2020).

Results
Nine studies met our inclusion criterion and were included in the meta-analysis. The incidence of VAP (risk ratio: 0.70, CI 0.56, 0.88; P = 0.002; I2 = 37%), duration of mechanical ventilation (mean difference −3.75, CI −6.93, −0.58; P 0.02; I2 = 96%), length of ICU stay (mean difference −4.20, CI −6.73, −1.66; P = 0.001; I2 = 84%) and in-hospital mortality (OR 0.73, CI 0.54, 0.98; P = 0.04; I2 = 0%) in the probiotic group was significantly lower than that in the control group. Probiotic administration was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in length of hospital stay (MD −1.94, CI −7.17, 3.28; P = 0.47; I2 = 88%), incidence of oro-pharyngeal colonization (OR 0.59, CI 0.33, 1.04; P = 0.07; I2 = 69%), and incidence of diarrhea (OR 0.59, CI 0.34, 1.03; P = 0.06; I2 = 38%).

Discussion
Our meta-analysis shows that probiotic administration has a promising role in lowering the incidence of VAP, the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, and in-hospital mortality.
Limited evidence for return to sport testing after ACL reconstruction in children and adolescents under 16 years: a scoping review
Authors: Dietvorst Martijn , Brzoskowski Maarten H. , van der Steen Marieke , Delvaux Eugenie , Janssen Rob P. A. , Van Melick Nicky 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSpecific return to sport criteria for children and adolescents after anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction are unknown. The aim of this scoping review is to provide an overview of current tests regarding return to sport for children and adolescents. This scoping review was performed according to the PRISMA statement. A systematic search was performed on PubMed and EMBASE. The inclusion criteria were diagnostic and prognostic studies evaluating tests regarding return to sport after ACL injury and reconstruction in children/adolescents (age < 18 years). Twenty-six studies were included, of which 22 studies evaluated tests in the age category of 16 to 18 years. All studies evaluated tests after ACL reconstruction, no studies have been conducted in non-operative patients. Strength tests, movement quality and patient reported outcomes measures (PROMs) are investigated most frequently. Clearance for return to sport should be based on a test battery including strength tests, movement quality during sport-specific tasks and (paediatric) patient reported outcome measures. There are no recommendations on which specific tests regarding quantity and quality of movement should be used. Future research should aim at at developing and validating a test battery including movement quality and neuromotor control in a sport-specific context for both younger children and adolescents after both operative and non-operative treatment.
Children of the reform and opening-up: China’s new generation and new era of development
Authors: Li Chunling 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChina’s new generation, born during the 1980s and 1990s, is a social cohort that has grown up in the era of reform and opening-up. They are simultaneously influenced by and play a critical role in a series of significant historical events in the aftermath of the reform and opening-up. The life course of this generation is intertwined with significant social changes, such as fast economic growth, the one-child policy, education expansion, the rise of the Internet, marketization, industrialization, urbanization, and globalization. These changes greatly affect their living circumstances and opportunities, shaping the generational characteristics while widening the intergenerational gap between them and the previous generations. At the same time, however, China’s new generation is unable to break the constraints of the social structure. The shared generational identity fails to eliminate the socioeconomic disparities within the generation. In contrast, marketization has strengthened the Chinese class structure through intergenerational transmission. In China’s new era of development, promoting equal opportunities and narrowing socioeconomic inequality among the new generation now proves to be a new challenge.
How to compare market efficiency? The Sharpe ratio based on the ARMA-GARCH forecast
Authors: Liu Lin , Chen Qiguang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper derives a new method for comparing the weak-form efficiency of markets. The author derives the formula of the Sharpe ratio from the ARMA-GARCH model and finds that the Sharpe ratio just depends on the coefficients of the AR and MA terms and is not affected by the GARCH process. For empirical purposes, the Sharpe ratio can be formulated with a monotonic increasing function of R-squared if the sample size is large enough. One can utilize the Sharpe ratio to compare weak-form efficiency among different markets. The results of stochastic simulation demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. The author also constructs empirical AR-GARCH models and computes the Sharpe ratio for S&P 500 Index and the SSE Composite Index.
Influence of biodegradable polymer membrane on new bone formation and biodegradation of biphasic bone substitutes: an animal mandibular defect model study
Authors: Ku Jeong-Kui , Kim Young-Kyun , Yun Pil-Young 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of biodegradable polycaprolactone membrane on new bone formation and the biodegradation of biphasic alloplastic bone substitutes using animal models.Materials and methodsIn this study, bony defect was formed at the canine mandible of 8 mm in diameter, and the defects were filled with Osteon II. The experimental groups were covered with Osteoguide as barrier membrane, and the control groups were closed without membrane coverage. The proportion of new bone and residual bone graft material was measured histologically and histomorphometrically at postoperative 4 and 8 weeks.ResultsAt 4 weeks, the new bone proportion was similar between the groups. The proportion of remaining graft volume was 27.58 ± 6.26 and 20.01 ± 4.68% on control and experimental groups, respectively (P< 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in new bone formation and the amount of residual bone graft material at 8 weeks.ConclusionThe biopolymer membrane contributes to early biodegradation of biphasic bone substitutes in the jaw defect but it does not affect the bone formation capacity of the bone graft.
Usefulness of electrophysiology in the prediction of outcome of Bell’s palsy patients
Authors: Abdelal Ibrahim Tharwat , Eliwa Enas Abdelkader , Ebaid Amany Mohammad , Abdelfattah Marwa Mohammad 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundBell’s palsy (BP) is a common idiopathic cranial mononeuropathy. The electrophysiological tests are one of supportive tools for localizing the site of facial nerve lesion, and to determine the severity and prognosis of the injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of electrophysiology in the prediction of outcome of patients with Bell’s palsy. This study was carried out on 30 adult patients with Bell’s palsy. All study subjects were assessed clinically by Sunnybrook facial nerve grading score (SBS) and electrophysiologically by electroneurography (ENoG), blink reflex (BR), and electromyography (EMG); first evaluation was within 7th to10th day from onset, the second evaluation was done at 20th day, and the follow-up visit was after 1 month to assess the clinical grading system (SBS).ResultsAt 1 month, 20 patients (66.7%) had good recovery, while 10 patients (33.3%) had poor recovery according to the Sunnybrook scale. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the most significant predictive indicator of BP recovery was ENoG value and R1 latency of BR test. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed ENoG degeneration index of 74.6%, considered as a critical cutoff value of non-recovery, with the sensitivity 95% and specificity 90%, and the highest specificity was with blink reflex parameters (R1, R2 latency) 100%.ConclusionBR and ENoG were the best predictors of non-recovery of facial function, while EMG findings did not add any prognostic significance. The combination of both tests BR and ENoG, along with clinical findings can be considered a good indication in the acute phase of BP for the possibility to develop palsy residua.
Innervation of GnRH Neuron Distal Projections and Activation by Kisspeptin in a New GnRH-Cre Rat Model
Authors: Yip Siew Hoong , Campos Pauline , Liu Xinhuai , Porteous Robert , Herbison Allan E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The neural mechanisms generating pulsatile GnRH release from the median eminence (ME) remain unclear. Studies undertaken in the mouse demonstrate that GnRH neurons extend projections to the ME that have properties of both dendrites and axons, termed “dendrons,” and that the kisspeptin neuron pulse generator targets these distal dendrons to drive pulsatile GnRH secretion. It presently remains unknown whether the GnRH neuron dendron exists in other species. We report here the generation of a knock-in Gnrh1-Ires-Cre rat line with near-perfect targeting of Cre recombinase to the GnRH neuronal phenotype. More than 90% of adult male and female GnRH neurons express Cre with no ectopic expression. Adeno-associated viruses were used in adult female Gnrh1-Ires-Cre rats to target mCherry or GCAMP6 to rostral preoptic area GnRH neurons. The mCherry tracer revealed the known unipolar and bipolar morphology of GnRH neurons and their principal projection pathways to the external zone of the ME. Synaptophysin-labeling of presynaptic nerve terminals revealed that GnRH neuron distal projections received numerous close appositions as they passed through the arcuate nucleus and into the median eminence. Confocal GCaMP6 imaging in acute horizontal brain slices demonstrated that GnRH neuron distal projections lateral to the median eminence were activated by kisspeptin. These studies indicate the presence of a dendron-like arrangement in the rat with GnRH neuron distal projections receiving synaptic input and responding to kisspeptin.
Central and Peripheral Postexercise Blood Pressure and Vascular Responses in Young Adults with Obesity
Authors: BUNSAWAT KANOKWAN , LEFFERTS ELIZABETH C. , GRIGORIADIS GEORGIOS , WEE SANG OUK , KILIANEK MELISSA M. , FADEL PAUL J. , CLIFFORD PHILIP S. , FERNHALL BO , BAYNARD TRACY 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Adults with obesity are at an increased risk of incident hypertension. Regular aerobic exercise is recommended for the prevention and treatment of hypertension, but whether young adults with obesity exhibit impaired postexercise blood pressure (BP) and vascular responses remains unclear.

Purpose
We tested the hypothesis that young adults with obesity exhibit attenuated postexercise hypotension (PEH) and postexercise peripheral vasodilation compared with young adults without obesity.

Methods
Thirty-six normotensive adults without and with obesity (11 men and 7 women per group) underwent measurements of brachial and central BP, and leg blood flow (Doppler ultrasound) at baseline and at 30, 60, and 90 min after acute 1-h moderate-intensity cycling. Leg vascular conductance (LVC) was calculated as flow/mean arterial pressure.

Results
Both groups exhibited similar brachial and central PEH (peak change from baseline, −2 and −4 mm Hg for brachial and central systolic BPs, respectively, for both groups; time effect, P < 0.05). Both groups also exhibited postexercise peripheral vasodilation, assessed via LVC (time effect, P < 0.05), but its overall magnitude was smaller in young adults with obesity (LVC change from baseline, +47% ± 37%, +29% ± 36%, and +20% ± 29%) compared with young adults without obesity (LVC change from baseline, +88% ± 58%, +59% ± 54%, and +42% ± 51%; group effect, P < 0.05).

Conclusions
Although obesity did not impair PEH after acute moderate-intensity exercise, young adults with obesity exhibited smaller postexercise peripheral vasodilation compared with young adults without obesity. Collectively, these findings have identified evidence for obesity-induced alterations in the peripheral vasculature after exercise.
Eating versus skipping breakfast has no discernible effect on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bohan Brown Michelle M. , Milanes Jillian E. , Allison David B. , Brown Andrew W. 
Published: October 2020

Background:Eating or skipping breakfast for weight interests scientific and lay communities. Our objective was to systematically review and meta-analyze causal effects of eating versus skipping breakfast on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes in humans.Methods:Six databases were searched for obesity- and breakfast-related terms (final search: 02 JAN 2020). Studies needed to isolate eating versus skipping breakfast in randomized controlled trials. Mean differences were synthesized using inverse variance random effects meta-analysis for each outcome. Positive estimates indicate higher outcomes in breakfast conditions (e.g., weight gain). Leave-one-out analysis for sensitivity and a secondary baseline habit-by-breakfast assignment analysis were performed. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool.Results:Ten articles (12 comparisons; 6d to 12wk) were included. Conditions included recommendations to eat versus skip breakfast, or provision of some or all meals. 95% confidence intervals of all main analyses included the null value of no difference for each outcome: body weight (0.17 kg [-0.40,0.73], k=12, n=487, I2=74.5), BMI (0.07 kg/m2[-0.10,0.23, k=8, n=396, I2=54.1), body fat percentage (-0.27% [-1.01,0.47], k=6, n=179, I2=52.4), fat mass (0.24 kg [-0.21,0.69], k=6, n=205, I2=0.0), lean mass (0.18 kg [-0.08,0.44], k=6, n=205, I2=6.7), waist circumference (0.18 cm [-1.77,2.13], k=4, n=102, I2=78.7), waist:hip ratio (0.00 [-0.01,0.01], k=4, n=102, I2=8.0), sagittal abdominal diameter (0.19 cm [-2.35,2.73], k=2, n=56, I2=0.0), and fat mass index (0.00 kg/m2[-0.22,0.23], k=2, n=56, I2=0.0). Subgroup analysis showed only one statistically significant result. The interaction effect for BMI (–0.36[-0.65,-0.07]) indicates assignment to conditions consistent with baseline habits had lower BMI. Leave-one-out analysis did not indicate substantial influence of any one study.Conclusions:There was no discernible effect of eating or skipping breakfast on obesity-related anthropometric measures when pooling studies with substantial design heterogeneity and sometimes statistical heterogeneity.Registration:PROSPEROCRD42016033290.
Risk factors for composite adverse outcomes of postpartum haemorrhage, Mpilo Central Hospital, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
Authors: Ngwenya Solwayo 
Published: October 2020

Background Globally, primary postpartum haemorrhage continues to cause considerable maternal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for composite adverse outcomes of postpartum haemorrhage. The findings could potentially be used to anticipate and prevent composite adverse outcomes of postpartum haemorrhage. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out at Mpilo Central Hospital, a government tertiary referral centre, covering the period 1 July 2016 to 30 November 2019. Participants were included in the study if they had a diagnosis of postpartum haemorrhage. Those variables that had a p<0.2 from the univariate logistic regression analyses were considered for multivariable logistic regression. The association between independent variables and the dependent variable was assessed using odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals, to identify independent risk factors for composite adverse outcomes in PPH. A p< 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results The independent risk factors for composite adverse outcomes of postpartum haemorrhage were place of dwelling (AOR 4.57, 95% CI 1.87-11.12, p=0.01), prior Caesarean section (AOR 2.57, 95% CI 1.10-6.00, p=0.03), antepartum haemorrhage (AOR 5.45, 95% CI 2.23-13.27, p<0.0001), antenatal haemoglobin level (AOR 19.64, 95% CI 1.44-268.50, p=0.03), and current delivery by Caesarean section (AOR 10.21, 95% CI 4.39-23.74, p<0.0001). Blood loss was also an independent risk factor for composite adverse outcomes of postpartum haemorrhage with the following blood loss; 1001-1500ml (AOR 9.94, 95% CI 3.68-26.88, p<0.0001), 500-1000ml (AOR 41.27, 95% CI 11.32-150.54, p<0.0001), and 2001ml (AOR 164.77, 95% CI 31.06-874.25, p<0.0001). Conclusion This study found that the independent predictors for composite adverse outcomes of PPH were rural dwelling, prior Caesarean section, antenatal haemoglobin level, current delivery by Caesarean section, and blood loss. In low- and middle-income countries such information could help in increasing clinical vigilance and policy making, and preventing maternal deaths.
Effect of vitamin E supplementation on orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats: a prelimary study
Authors: Sufarnap Erliera , Siregar Darmayanti , Lindawati Yumi 
Published: October 2020

Background: Tooth movement induced by the application of orthodontic force was initiated by inflammatory process. Studies have shown that vitamin E has an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which perhaps could inhibit the tooth to move. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin E supplementation on orthodontic tooth movement in Wistar rats. Methods: Wistar rats (n=56) were divided into two groups. Group 1 served as the control groups, while group 2 was given vitamin E for 14 days before application of orthodontic force. Each group was divided into four subgroups (n=7), corresponding to the number of days orthodontic force lasted, i.e. 0, 1, 3, 7 days. At each of these four time points, distance measurements and quantity of osteoblasts-osteoclasts were measured in each rat. Results: Tooth movement distance was increased for group 2 than group 1 for all time intervals, but this difference was only statistically different on day 3 (p=0.001). For both groups, tooth movement was significantly different between each time interval in each group (p=0.041). The mean number of osteoblast cells was increased for group 2 compared to group 1 for all time intervals (p<0.05), but was not significant different between time intervals (p=0.897). The number of osteoclasts was not significantly different between groups, but it was statistically different between time intervals (p=0.004). Conclusion: The outcome of this study demonstrated that group 2 resulted a better tooth movement compared to group 1 on day 3, based on the distance measurement. The osteoclast cell numbers were the same within control groups, whilst the number of osteoblast cells in group 2 was significantly higher than those in group 1.