bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutrophils Are More Effective than Monocytes at Phagosomal Containment and Killing of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Okunnu Busola M , Berg Rance E 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes are innate immune cells essential for protection during Listeria monocytogenes infection. Although certain functions have been generally assigned to each of the cells, similarities and differences in functions necessary for bacterial clearance have not previously been investigated. In the current study, phagocytosis, phagosomal containment, bacterial killing, and cytokine production by neutrophils and monocytes during L. monocytogenes infection were studied. Data obtained via in vitro studies show that neutrophils are more effective at L. monocytogenes uptake, phagosomal containment, and killing than monocytes. However, monocytes were found to be more effective at cytokine production during L. monocytogenes infection, in vivo. Additionally, the data demonstrated that neutrophils and monocytes are also capable of producing IL-1α, a cytokine that does not yet have a clearly defined role during infection with L. monocytogenes. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate a population of monocytes producing both TNF-α and IL-α, concurrently. This study highlights the multifunctional capabilities of neutrophils and monocytes, further adding to our knowledge of these innate immune cells during L. monocytogenes infection.
Essai de valorisation des déchets verts de cuisine comme ingrédients pour améliorer la qualité nutritionnelle d’aliments de gallinacés et d’herbivores dans la ville de Mascara (Algérie)
Authors: Bouzid Aman , Benabdeli Kheloufi , Bouzid Khadidja 
Published: December 2019

The recycling and recovery of Household and Similar Waste represents a real potential in Algeria. The quantity generated is important with a significant annual growth of 1.23 kg/person/day with a total quantity generated in 2018 around 34 million tons. Therefore, Algeria is facing a real challenge to deal environmental problems. This report provides a first portrait of the potential use of fruit and vegetable peelings in farm animal feed. The purpose of this paper is to develop and test a green product-mix model as animal feed. Obtained results showed that fruits and vegetables wastes is a potentially valuable resource that can be valorised to new sources of alternative animal breeding feed.
Le recyclage et la valorisation des déchets ménagers et assimilés représentent un réel potentiel en Algérie. La quantité générée est d’environ 34 000 000 tonnes sur l’année 2018, soit 1,23 kg par habitant et par jour. L’Algérie est donc confrontée à un véritable défi pour résoudre les problèmes environnementaux et améliorer la récupération de ressources à partir des déchets produits. Cet article présente une évaluation de l’utilisation potentielle des épluchures de fruits et légumes dans l’alimentation des animaux d’élevage. Le but de l’étude est de développer et de tester un modèle de mélange de produits verts comme aliment pour animaux. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les déchets de fruits et de légumes constituent une ressource potentiellement précieuse qui peut être valorisée pour de nouvelles sources d’aliments alternatifs pour l’élevage.
Déchets du centre d’enfouissement technique de Sfax (Tunisie) : nature, composition et traitement
Authors: Smaoui Yosr , Bouzid Jalel 
Published: December 2019

Landfilling is the strategy adopted in Tunisia to ensure sustainable solid waste management. The Sfax controlled landfill is one of the technical landfills that have been set up. This study presents the main categories and characteristics of household waste buried in the Sfax controlled landfill, as well as the physic-chemical and micro-biological properties of the generated leachates. The leachates treatment processes applied at the station level are presented and their performance is discussed. The results of the waste characterization show the dominance of the potentially biodegradable fermentable fraction (69%). The distribution by particle size of the waste shows a dominance of the average fraction whose particle size is between 20 and 100mm. The characterization of leachates generated shows the presence of a high organic load that is difficult to biodegrade, a high content of ammoniacal nitrogen and recalcitrant compounds such as phenols. We also note the presence of some micro-pollutants minerals and certain pathogens. The toxic nature of leachates has been demonstrated by microtoxicity and phytotoxicity tests. The monitoring of the operation of the leachates treatment plant shows a significant variability of the quantities treated, which explains the filling of the storage ponds.
La mise en décharge est le mode de gestion adoptée en Tunisie pour assurer une gestion des déchets solides. Le centre d’enfouissement technique (CET) de la région de Sfax constitue l’un des principaux centres qui ont été mis en place en Tunisie depuis 2009. L’objectif de ce travail est d’identifier les principales catégories et caractéristiques des déchets ménagers enfouis dans le CET de Sfax, ainsi que les propriétés physico-chimiques et microbiologiques des lixiviats générés. Dans ce travail, les procédés de traitement appliqués aux lixiviats du CET de Sfax ont également été présentés et évalués.Les résultats de la caractérisation des déchets montrent la prédominance de la fraction fermentescible potentiellement biodégradable (69 %). La répartition granulométrique des déchets montre une prépondérance de la fraction moyenne dont la granulométrie est comprise entre 20 et 100 mm. La caractérisation des lixiviats générés montre la présence d’une forte charge organique difficilement biodégradable, une forte teneur en azote ammoniacal et en composés récalcitrants tels que les phénols. On note également la présence de quelques micropolluants minéraux et de certains germes pathogènes. Le caractère toxique des lixiviats a été démontré à travers les tests de microtoxicité et de phytotoxicité. Les fluctuations de débit et de charge sont responsables des perturbations observées dans le fonctionnement de la station.
Plastiques compostables : biodégradabilité anaérobie et contribution à la production de méthane
Authors: Constans Laure , Rouez Maxime , Lespielle Marion , Auclair Justine , Percheron Benjamin , Decottignies Virginie , Magnié Marie-Claire 
Published: December 2019

Compostable plastics benefit from a favorable image among the general public, politicians and principals, in particular to selectively collect biowaste. In order to evaluate their behavior in mesophilic methanisation and their contribution to the production of biomethane, the present study compares the anaerobic biodegradability of 10 compostable plastics and 4 paper bags that can be used for the selective collection of biowaste. The results show that compostable plastics have relatively little or no anaerobic biodegradability (0 to 136 mL(CH4)/gVM) or generate an inhibition of the biological process of methanisation. Comparatively, the 4 paper bags tested showed methanogenic potentials of 214 to 313 mL(CH4)/gVM and standard production kinetics. Moreover, the co-digestion of compostable plastics with biowaste seems to promote the anaerobic biodegradability of materials despite a lag phase at the initiation of digestion. Maintaining the physical integrity of compostable plastics after methanisation could present an operational risk related to their accumulation in the digester as well as the generation of (micro) plastics in the digestates. Thus, in industrial context, compostable plastics must be, in the same way as conventional plastics, withdrawn from fermentable organic matter, upstream of digestion, by mechanical pre-treatment of the incoming deposit.
Les plastiques compostables bénéficient d’une image favorable auprès du grand public, des politiques et des donneurs d’ordre, notamment pour collecter sélectivement les biodéchets. Afin d’évaluer leur comportement en méthanisation mésophile et leur contribution à la production de biométhane, la présente étude compare la biodégradabilité anaérobie de 10 plastiques compostables et de 4 sacs en papier utilisables pour la collecte sélective de biodéchets. Les résultats montrent que les plastiques compostables ont une biodégradabilité anaérobie relativement faible ou nulle (0 à 136 mL(CH4)/gMV) ou génèrent une inhibition du procédé biologique de méthanisation. Comparativement, les 4 sacs en papier testés ont présenté des potentiels méthanogènes de 214 à 313 mL(CH4)/gMV et des cinétiques standards de production. Par ailleurs, la co-digestion de certains plastiques compostables avec des biodéchets semble favoriser leur biodégradabilité anaérobie malgré une phase de latence à l’initiation de la digestion. Le maintien de l’intégrité physique des plastiques compostables constaté après méthanisation peut présenter un risque opérationnel relatif à leur accumulation dans le digesteur ainsi que la génération de (micro)plastiques dans les digestats. Ainsi, les plastiques compostables doivent être, au même titre que les plastiques conventionnels, soutirés de la matière organique fermentescible, en amont de la digestion, par prétraitement mécanique du gisement entrant.
Observational study of inflammatory arthritis treatment by etanercept originator switched to an etanercept biosimilar
Authors: Felis-Giemza Anna , Chmurzyńska Kornelia , Nałęcz-Janik Jolanta , Romanowska-Próchnicka Katarzyna , Świerkocka Katarzyna , Wudarski Mariusz , Olesińska Marzena 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to assess the safety and efficacy of switching an etanercept originator to an etanercept biosimilar in rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis patients.Material and methodsIn 162 patients etanercept originator treatment had been replaced with the biosimilar (Group 1), and in six patients the biosimilar was initiated as the first biological agent (Group 2). The efficacy and safety of the treatment were monitored at 3–6 months.ResultsIn the majority of patients in Group 1 (n = 138) the etanercept biosimilar was well tolerated, whereas in 24 patients a switch back to the originator was required. The loss of efficacy was confirmed in nine patients using clinical scoring system, and nine patients reported subjective loss of efficacy; 13 patients reported adverse events, most often headache (n = 3) and skin lesions (n = 3). In four patients injection site reactions were present. The adverse events (AE) and/or the loss of the biosimilar efficacy were more commonly observed in women, patients with rheumatoid arthritis (especially in those who did not receive methotrexate), and in patients with a previous history of any other biological treatment. In patients in Group 2 the therapy was effective and no adverse events were observed.ConclusionsThe etanercept biosimilar seems to be effective and well-tolerated in the majority of patients. Nevertheless, in some cases, switching from the originator to the biosimilar was associated with AEs or loss of efficacy.
Systemic lupus erythematosus: genetic variants in Xq28 region
Authors: Doudar Noha , Abdelshafy Sanaa , Rady Shaimaa , Mokhtar Asmaa 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesMethyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MECP2) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK1) are encoded by adjacent X-linked genes and recognized for their role in regulation of inflammation. The present case control study was conducted to detect the genetic association between MECP2 (rs1734791) and IRAK1 (rs1059703) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and the possible association of these SNPs and severity of SLE.Material and methodsFifty patients with SLE and 100 healthy controls were included in this study. Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) criteria were used to classify SLE patients and the activity of the disease was assessed by SLEDAI score. Disease severity was assessed by the SLICC damage index (SLICC DI). Genetic association of both SNPs with SLE was assessed by Taq Man allelic discrimination technique.ResultsAnalyses of MECP2 (rs1734791) SNP genotypes revealed that homozygous TT genotype was significantly higher in the control group than SLE patients (p < 0.001, odds ratio [OR] = 0.120). Frequency of allele (A) was significantly higher in SLE patients, (p < 0.001, OR = 0.334). SLE patients had significantly higher frequency of the homozygous AA and heterozygous AG genotype of IRAK1 (rs1059703) SNP in comparison to healthy controls (p = 0.0029, OR = 4.17 and 6.30 respectively). T+G and T+A of rs1734791 and rs1059703 SNPs are protective haplotypes (OR = 0.47 and 0.3, p = 0.0046 and < 0.012 respectively). No significant association between either SNP and disease activity or severity was found.ConclusionsThere is a possible genetic association between both rs1734791 and rs1059703 SNPs and susceptibility to SLE, while no significant association between either SNP and disease activity or severity was detected.
Adaptation, Allegory and the Archive: Contextualising Epistolary Narratives in Contemporary Portuguese Cinema
Authors: Barradas Jorge Nuno 
Published: December 2019

Epistolarity in cinema is commonly understood as a narrative device either fitting the so-called essay film, or resulting from filmic adaptation of literary works. A more nuanced understanding of the workings of this device is observed in films of disparate contemporary Portuguese filmmakers which adapt, rephrase and remediate letters. This article centres its attention on possible tendencies concerning epistolarity in this context, examining films that make use of the personal archive and epistolary voice, or that adapt letters to screen. It also examines filmic works that use the epistolary device to negotiate between emotional expression and historical materiality. Among others, this article discusses films such as Yama No Anata (Aya Koretzy, 2011), Correspondences (Rita Azevedo Gomes, 2016), Letters from War (Ivo M. Ferreira, 2016) and works directed by Pedro Costa and Miguel Gomes.
Consecuencias de la crisis económica en la producción editorial en Extremadura (2007-2015)
Authors: Soto-Vázquez José , Jaraíz-Cabanillas Francisco Javier , Gutiérrez-Gallego José Antonio , Pérez-Parejo Ramón , Tena Fernández Ramón 
Published: December 2019

Este estudio analiza la evolución de la producción editorial en la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura (España) en el periodo 2007-2015, esto es, en una etapa de grave crisis económica global. Tras presentar los objetivos e hipótesis, se muestran los datos editoriales realizando comparativas entre España y Extremadura prestando especial atención a variables como el tipo de soporte y el carácter de los agentes editoriales. Como conclusiones más destacadas, la crisis económica produce graves alteraciones en el tejido editorial de la región; desde 2007 hasta 2010 continúa creciendo la producción, pero desde entonces hasta 2016 disminuye progresivamente; hay más empresas y se publican más libros en la provincia de Badajoz; la producción de libros electrónicos es escaso; con la crisis económica aumentó el número de empresas editoriales privadas y perdieron peso las institucionales; la intervención de las instituciones resulta decisiva en el dinamismo de la industria editorial en la región.
Displacing Fear from Education: Regaining Cognitive Compassion and Democracy
Authors: Tinnirello Maurizio , Samuels Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Critical globalization scholars argue that democracy is in crisis, negatively affecting political systems, social relations, and education. Most think education and democracy ought to play a progressive role in advancing the common good for humanity. We demonstrate that education has become a reflection of neoliberalism, replacing mutual concern and compassion with fear of uncertainty, which results in preserving global capitalism's negative processes. We propose that to achieve real democracy, education, and radical emancipatory processes that can overturn neoliberalism, we ought to make individuals aware of the role of freedom under capitalism, in warping the foundation of modern societies. To do this, education ought to be conceived as the pillar of cognitive compassion and not as a component of neoliberalism. Education must be directed at overcoming the capitalist ideology and promoting cognitive compassion. This is the path toward a good society and ultimately real democracy.
Overview and Context
Authors: Grönlund Kimmo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCan the people rule? This question has divided politicians and political scientists for decades, if not centuries. It is also the explicit topic of the second part of James Fishkin's new book, and the problem that infuses the first part's rich case studies with their significance. The arguments and the evidence he provides suggest that the answer is “yes”—assuming the existence of a carefully designed framework. In the process, Democracy When the People Are Thinking provides a defense of deliberative democracy and an empirically grounded plan for addressing its institutional realization that will shape all future research—and may shape actual practice.
Democracy in the Open
Authors: Chambers Simone 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
While acknowledging the monumental and important contribution James Fishkin has made to deliberative democracy theory, I argue that his very pessimistic view of citizen competency outside of Deliberative Polls limits his ability to develop a full theory of democracy. I also suggest that he is hampered by a narrow focus on the Deliberative Poll as the primary institution of democratic reform.
Deliberative Polls and the Systemic Democratization of Democracy
Authors: Sintomer Yves 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
James Fishkin has had a crucial role when linking the literature and experiments based on randomly selected mini-publics with the theory of deliberative democracy. He has been one of the major actors in the first wave of mini-publics, which were top-down one-shot devices, controlled by their inventors, embodying deliberative democracy, advisory and complementary to representative democracy. Fishkin's last book shows part of the evolution towards a second wave, where mini-publics are more open to hybridization, are articulated to direct and participatory democracy and not only to representative government, and begin to be institutionalized. However, it falls short of taking the structural power relations and the importance of social movements seriously, which makes more difficult to link randomly selected mini-publics with a systemic democratization of democracy.
Deliberative Polling and the Democratic Innovations Agenda
Authors: Warren Mark E. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
James Fishkin's Democracy When the People Are Thinking (2018) is a comprehensive account of why Deliberative Polling is now the gold standard for a type of deliberative mini-public. Fishkin's book is nicely theorized, and counts as a major contribution to the empirical study of democratic innovations. The book does, however, leave a number of questions open that we need to frame and answer as we look forward to using innovative processes such as Deliberative Polling to deepen democracy. These include questions of (1) the democratic legitimacy of randomly selected bodies; (2) the boundaries of relevant publics, particularly when they do not correspond to established jurisdictions; (3) managing legitimate exclusions of special interests that are powerful enough to undermine deliberative mini-publics; (4) when and why political elites might have incentives to use deliberative mini-publics; (5) when and where divisions of labor among venues and activities deepen democracy, and (6) locating democratic possibilities outside of electoral democracy, particularly within governance systems.
Rendering Sensible Salient
Authors: Lessig Lawrence 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this essay, the author identifies the central challenge for democracy—crafting better ways to elicit a “we the people” that the people can respect. James Fishkin's work has pointed the way. This essay takes a few additional steps. First, the author discusses the influence of technology on democracy and the importance of building understanding of the need for Deliberative Polling in the “post-broadcast age.” He then suggests methods to make Deliberative Polling efficacious on a national level.
The World-Brain and the Watershed: The Spatiality of Steinbeck's Environmental Vision
Authors: Wyse Lowell 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Steinbeck's To a God Unknown includes a provocative passage in which the “brain of the world” is imagined sitting on a high peak overlooking valleys filled with farms and houses. In this article, Lowell Wyse builds upon this image to analyze an underappreciated aspect of Steinbeck's environmental imagination: spatiality and geography. Through an examination of scenes in To a God Unknown and East of Eden, this article shows how an interpretive focus on the geographical construct of the watershed highlights the author's understanding of spatiality as a key component of a more holistic approach to representing place. In addition to placing these novels within the Salinas Watershed, Steinbeck portrays human settlement there as both an ongoing environmental negotiation and a set of spatial practices revolving around the crucial problem of water access. From cartographical and historical perspectives to headwaters and dowsing rods, Steinbeck creates a sense of place as geographically connected and dynamically alive, with water as the unifying element.
Business and Immigration: As Relevant Today as in Steinbeck's Times
Authors: Gladstein Mimi Reisel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article explores immigration from the era of the Okies to the present, thus illustrating Steinbeck's ongoing significance. It also surveys Steinbeck's portrayal of businesspeople in several of his novels. Many are positive portrayals. It concludes that Steinbeck in both his presentation of immigration and business has continuing relevance for our own times.
John Steinbeck on East European Markets
Authors: Čerče Danica 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The article examines the fortunes of Steinbeck's works in East European countries as they were in the grip of communist rule and as they are since the change in the political systems. In their struggle for working-class uniformity, these countries constituted an eager market for class-conscious works. Evaluated through an ideological lens, the sole value of literary works was seen to reside in their utility to oppressive political regimes. Given Steinbeck's international reputation in the 1940s and 1950s as an ardent advocate for the downtrodden, the writer inadvertently served as a political tool against the social order of capitalism. His works that largely conformed to the communist regime's ideology were critically acclaimed and widely translated, whereas several others were unjustifiably marginalized or consigned to oblivion.
On Teaching The Grapes of Wrath
Authors: Carr Beth Linder 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This personal essay traces my experiences as both a reader and teacher of The Grapes of Wrath over the course of the last twenty-five years, in my capacity as a high school teacher of Advanced Placement English Literature. The opening line makes clear that the piece is not a lesson plan, nor a curriculum guide, but rather an attempt to show the degree to which the book has been important to me personally, and to show the ways I've found to make it accessible to my students. This essay includes scenes with my students, as well as research to provide background information about Steinbeck, about the censorship of the work, about the work of Dorothea Lange, about Frank Galati's adaptation of the novel for the stage, which I directed in my capacity as theater teacher.