bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation of Ghost Noise on Ground Gears With Vibration Measurement and Detection of Surface Undulation
Authors: Matsumura Shigeki , Houjoh Haruo , Ohshima Shun-ichi , Nagoya Hiroaki 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this research, we discuss about the peculiar vibration behavior of a helical gear pair that appears at non-integer order of the meshing frequency. It is supposed that the vibration is generated because of the undulation on tooth surfaces having different cycles of transmission error from tooth mesh cycle. But, it is difficult to detect the undulation with direct measurement of tooth shapes because its amplitude is very small and the length of measured tooth profile is relatively short for spectrum analysis.
At first, characteristics of tooth surface undulation are discussed with spectra of measured gear vibration. It makes clear that there are integer order surface undulation components of gear rotation. Next, possibility of the spectrum analysis of measured tooth surface deviation is also discussed using Maximum Entropy Method.
Optimum Stiffener Layout for the Reduction of Vibration and Noise of Gearbox Housing
Authors: Inoue Katsumi , Yamanaka Masashi , Kihara Masahiko 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The vibration of gearbox housing causes the structure-borne noise. To reduce the noise as well as vibration, the stiffened plate construction is frequently used for the housing, and the rib stiffener layout is the key to this design. In this paper, the most effective position of stiffeners in reducing the vibration and noise radiation is searched and discussed.
The housing of a simplified single stage gearbox is modeled by triangular finite shell elements. It is excited by a set of harmonic forces which are applied at the bearing positions. The rib stiffener is modeled by beam elements, and its optimum layout is searched by a genetic algorithm. The vibration energy is adopted as the objective function to be minimized in case of the design for low vibration. On the other hand, the radiated sound power is the objective function for low noise. Though the noise is caused by the vibration, the optimum layout of stiffener for low noise is not always identical with the layout for low vibration because of the difference of radiation efficiency. This is numerically-clarified first from the view point of vibration mode of a plate. In case of the design of the gearbox housing concerned, the vibration mode which causes the difference of radiation efficiency is neglected. Consequently, the optimum stiffener is placed along the line from the point of excitation to the fixed point, which reduces the vibration displacement of the faces with bearings.
Contact Pressure Estimates of Tooth Surfaces of Gear Couplings
Authors: Mukoyama Hiroshi , Shimachi Shigeyuki , Hakozaki Yoshihide 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Recent demands for gear couplings are to reduce the backlash and to increase the shaft angle limit. On coping with these demands, the tooth contact pressure is recognized as the trade-off problem.
In the traditional estimation of tooth contact pressure, the deflection of tooth is calculated by using the formula for spur gear that has long contact bearing in the face width direction, although gear coupling has it in the tooth depth direction. And, the Hertz depression of the tooth surface is estimated as that of the infinite plane. Additionally, the traditional methods don’t consider about the edge contact on the tip or end of tooth.
A successive approximation method is established to find the load distribution on the mating teeth surfaces. As for the effect of the edge contact on the tip or end of tooth, it is cleared that the contact pressure distribution deforms itself severely, but the maximum pressure is almost constant. The expressions estimating the maximum pressure and the displacement of tooth base are constructed for 6 parameters as follows; total load coefficient, relative curvature of teeth surfaces, tooth module, ratio of tooth height to face width, angle of tip contact and deviation of end contact.
A New Development in Continuous Torque Monitoring Couplings
Authors: Corcoran Joe , D’Ercole Steve 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The use of continuous torque monitoring couplings is quickly becoming an integral part of many predictive maintenance programs in the petrochemical and process industries. More and more operating facilities are using instrumented torque-measuring couplings in order to know how their critical equipment is performing so that the intervals between scheduled shutdowns can be chosen appropriately. This paper will cover a brief history of torquemeters; ie., the basic measuring types which are 1) strain gage types and 2) torsional deflection types. Discussed will be the theories of operation on how they work. Also discussed will be the advances and limitation of these types. Included will be the accuracies that can be obtained by each one and the features and limitation of each. In addition, covered will be a new advance in the mechanical torsional deflection, or phase shift type, which improves the overall design so that mass elastic properties of the coupling with the torque meter are more compatible with high speed turbomachinery.
Study on Load Equilibrating and Vibration Reducing of Three-Ring Gear Reducer
Authors: Li Huamin , Liang Yongsheng , Xin Shaojie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A new-style transmission pattern — two stage three-ring gear reducer (TRGR), which eccentric phase difference between middle ring plate and side ring plates is 180° and mass of middle ring plate is twice of that of side ring plate, is put forward in this paper. Analysis of internal gear ring plate inertial force and inertial torque and primary manufacturing and assembling errors that affect on load distribution between ring plates are presented. A new-style load equilibrating mechanism — elastic load equilibrating metal ring (ELEMR) which are placed between bearing outer ring and bearing seat of first input shaft and secondary output shaft is put forward. Experimental studies are performed on load equilibrating and vibrating reducing of original reducer without ELEMR and modified reducer with ELEMR. The experimental result indicates that it’s evident in load equilibrating and vibration reducing effectiveness. Load equilibrating non-uniform coefficient (LDNC) Kp changes form 1.314 of original reducer to 1.073 of modified reducer. Under rated torque and rated speed, radial vibration acceleration of secondary output shaft bearing seat changes from 26.6m/s2 of original reducer to 3.35m/s2 of modified reducer, radial vibration velocity of secondary output-shaft bearing seat change from 9.40mm/s of original reducer to 1.19mm/s of modified reducer.
Thermal Behavior Evaluation During Mechanical Design: Validation of Thermal Numerical Gearbox Models
Authors: Manin Lionel , Play Daniel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In todays mechanical design, static and dynamic numerical models are widely used, and thermal models are needed to make robust design. Thermal models, based on the thermal network method, are now available. Several hypotheses are made as physical phenomena are complex and experimental validation is necessary.
A thermal model of gearbox has been already presented and compared to few experimental results that had allowed global validation of the model. Now, the experimental validation is concerned with thermal transient and steady state behavior of gearbox versus transmitted power and lubrication conditions in order to finely validate the model. The test gearbox is compound of 3 spur gears supported by 6 spherical roller bearings, a housing and a lubrication circuit cooled by an oil-air exchanger. The maximum transmitted power is 500 kW. Gears, bearings, housing, shafts, and the lubrication circuit have been equipped with thermocouples, flux-meters and flow-meters. Heat flux were measured on the internal and external side walls of the housing. Oil flowing on a side wall has been measured. Experiments were run under several transmitted powers and oil flows at meshing. Thermal map at steady state and transient temperature rises of technological elements are obtained for each test.
Finally, transient temperature rises and steady state from numerical and experimental results are compared. The comparison shows a good agreement, and the importance of taking into account oil flowing on the inside walls of the housing is brought to the fore. The difficulty of evaluating the oil flowing on the internal walls of a housing is discussed and illustrated with numerical results.
Geometric Non-Linear Influence of a Payload Fairing on Dynamic Displacement Response
Authors: Ramamurti V. , Rajarajan S. , Rao G. V. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Finite element method using three noded plate and shell element and 3D beam element in conjunction with mode superposition method is used for studying the large dynamic displacement response of a typical payload fairing due to separation impulse. Incremental technique is used for solving the geometric non-linear problem. Linear formulations are assumed and a step-by-step analysis is performed on the deformed state of each previous time step. The geometry is updated and the stiffness matrix recomputed after every finite time step and the eigenvalue analysis repeated.
Surface Fatigue Strength of Carburized Gear Material for Long Fatigue Lives Based on Reliability Evaluation
Authors: Hsu L. H. , Cheng H. Y. , Hsu K. C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The study used a fatigue test model to investigate the surface fatigue strength of a specific carburized gear material, i.e. AISI 4118. A set of test specimens is designated to simulate the mechanics of gear tooth meshing. A friction, wear, and tribological tester is used to conduct the surface contact stress generated between the test specimens. The surface fatigue lives of the test specimens under different levels of contact stresses have been detected. Based on the maximum likelihood method proposed by Ling and Pan, the R-S-N curves of the surface durability of the specific material have been established using the experimental data of the fatigue test. Especially the fatigue strength for long fatigue lives at required reliability can be estimated.
Influence of Coating Layer to Reduce Thermal Stresses in Cylindrically Formed Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Okumus Fuat , Turgut Aydin , Sancaktar Erol 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this study, the use of coating layers is investigated to reduce thermal stresses in the metal matrix composites which have a mismatch in coefficients of thermal expansions in fiber and matrix components. The thermoelastic solutions are obtained based on a three-cylinder model. It is shown that the effectiveness of the layer can be defined by the product of its coefficient of thermal expansion and thickness. Consequently, a compensating layer with a sufficiently high coefficient of thermal expansion can reduce the thermal stresses in the metal matrix. The study is based on a concentric three cylinder model isolating individual steel fibers surrounded with a coating layer and an aluminum matrix layer. Only monotonic cooling is studied.
Changes in demand for emergency ambulances during a nationwide lockdown that resulted in elimination of COVID-19: an observational study from New Zealand
Authors: Dicker Bridget , Swain Andrew , Todd Verity Frances , Tunnage Bronwyn , McConachy Emma , Drake Haydn , Brett Michelle , Spearing Dan , Howie Graham John 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo examine the impact of a 5-week national lockdown on ambulance service demand during the COVID-19 pandemic in New Zealand.DesignA descriptive cross-sectional, observational study.SettingHigh-quality data from ambulance electronic clinical records, New Zealand.ParticipantsAmbulance records were obtained from 588 690 attendances during pre-lockdown (prior to 17 February 2020) and from 36 238 records during the lockdown period (23 March to 26 April 2020).Main outcome measuresAmbulance service utilisation during lockdown was compared with pre-lockdown: (a) descriptive analyses of ambulance events and proportions of event types for each period, (b) absolute rates of ambulance attendance (event types/week) for each period.ResultsDuring lockdown, ambulance patients were more likely to be attended at home and less likely to be aged between 16 and 25 years. There was a significant increase in the proportion of lower acuity patients (Status 3 and Status 4) attended (p<0.001) and a corresponding increase in patients not transported from scene (p<0.001). Road traffic crashes (p<0.001) and alcohol-related incidents (p<0.001) significantly decreased. There was a decrease in the absolute number of weekly ambulance attendances (ratio (95% CI), 0.89 (0.87 to 0.91), p<0.001), attendances to respiratory conditions (0.74 (0.61 to 0.86), p=0.01), and trauma (0.81 (0.77 to 0.85), p<0.001). However, there was a significant increase in ambulance attendances for mental health conditions (1.37 (1.22 to 1.51), p=0.005).ConclusionsDespite the relative absence of COVID-19 in the community during the 5-week nationwide lockdown, there were significant differences in ambulance utilisation during this period. The lockdown was associated with an increase in ambulance attendances for mental health conditions and is of concern. In considering future lockdowns, the potential implications on a population’s mental well-being will need to be seriously considered against the benefits of elimination of virus transmission.
Effectiveness of chest pain centre accreditation on the management of acute coronary syndrome: a retrospective study using a national database
Authors: Sun Pengfei , Li Jianping , Fang Weiyi , Su Xi , Yu Bo , Wang Yan , Li Chunjie , Chen Hu , Wang Xingang , Zhang Bin , Li Yuxi , Momin Mohetaboer , Shi Ying , Wang Haibo , Zhang Yan , Xiang Dingcheng , Huo Yong 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundLarge-scale real-world data to evaluate the impact of chest pain centre (CPC) accreditation on acute coronary syndrome (ACS) emergency care in heavy-burden developing countries like China are rare.MethodsThis study is a retrospective study based on data from the Hospital Quality Monitoring System (HQMS) database. This study included emergency patients admitted with ACS to hospitals that uploaded clinical data continuously to the database from 2013 to 2016. Propensity score matching was used to compare hospitals with and without CPC accreditation during this period. A longitudinal self-contrast comparison design with mixed-effects models was used to compare management of ACS before and after accreditation.ResultsA total of 798 008 patients with ACS from 746 hospitals were included in the analysis. After matching admission date, hospital levels and types and adjusting for possible covariates, patients with ACS admitted to accredited CPCs had lower in-hospital mortality (OR=0.70, 95% CI 0.53 to 0.93), shorter length of stay (LOS; adjusted
multiplicative effect=0.89, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.94) and more percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures (OR=3.53, 95% CI 2.20 to 5.66) than patients admitted in hospitals without applying for CPC accreditation. Furthermore, when compared with the ‘before accreditation’ group only in accredited CPCs, the in-hospital mortality and LOS decreased and the usage of PCI were increased in both ‘accreditation’ (for in-hospital mortality: OR=0.86, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.93; for LOS: 0.94, 95% CI 0.93 to 0.95; for PCI: OR=1.22, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.26) and ‘after accreditation’ groups (for in-hospital mortality: OR=0.90, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.97; for LOS: 0.89, 95% CI 0.89 to 0.90; for PCI: OR=1.36, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.39). The significant benefits of decreased in-hospital mortality, reduced LOS and increased PCI usage were also observed for patients with acute myocardial infarction.ConclusionsCPC accreditation is associated with better management and in-hospital clinical outcomes of patients with ACS. CPC establishment and accreditation should be promoted and implemented in countries with high levels of ACS.
Accessing abortion outside jurisdiction following legalisation of abortion in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Bras Sierou , Gomperts Rebecca , Kelly Michaela , Aiken Abigail R A , Conlon Catherine 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundAfter having one of the most restrictive abortion laws worldwide, Ireland legalised abortion in January 2019. We examine how legalisation impacted on demand for online telemedicine outside the jurisdiction.MethodsWe analysed anonymised data from 534 people from Ireland seeking online telemedicine abortion prior to legalisation (January–March and October–December 2018) and in the first 3 months following legalisation (January–March 2019). Numbers, characteristics and reasons for seeking the service before and after legalisation were compared. Content analysis of emails from people seeking the service following legalisation explored reasons for seeking care.ResultsHalf as many people contacted Women on Web in the 3 months immediately after legalisation as compared with contacts 12 months prior (103 vs 221). Of these, the proportion receiving the service reduced, from 72% prior to legalisation to 26% after legalisation (p≤0.001). After legalisation, access related reasons for seeking online telemedicine featured less while reasons relating to privacy, stigma and avoiding protestors featured more.ConclusionsPeople continued to seek abortion through online telemedicine after legalisation, though the number of contacts reduced by half and the proportion receiving the service decreased considerably. To address access issues, policy measures should promote normalisation of abortion, legislate for safe zones around providers, and consider access in situations of coercive control or abuse including the role of telemedicine in the local model of care. Abortion provided through online telemedicine continues to be an important part of providing safe, accessible abortion even after legalisation.
The influence of proton pump inhibitor therapy on the outcome of infliximab therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a patient-level meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies
Authors: Lu Thomas X , Dapas Matthew , Lin Erika , Peters Trevor , Sakuraba Atsushi 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveIn treating patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), how concomitant medications influence the response to infliximab is largely unexplored. We aim to evaluate whether proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) affect the response to infliximab therapy in patients with IBD.DesignPatient-level data of adult patients with moderate-to-severe IBD treated with infliximab were obtained from the Yale Open Data Access Framework. Multivariable analysis and propensity score-matched analysis were performed to assess week 30 remission rates, week 54 remission rates and hospitalisation rates in patients on infliximab therapy with and without PPI exposure.ResultsAmong the five randomised controlled studies, there were 147 and 889 patients on infliximab with and without PPI therapy, respectively. Patients on PPI were older, more likely to be Caucasian and were less likely to be on immunomodulator therapy. Patients on PPI were significantly less likely to achieve week 30 remission on multivariable analysis (OR 0.45, p<0.001). Following propensity score matching adjusting for baseline difference in patient characteristics, the week 30 remission rates were 30% and 49% in patients with and without PPI therapy, respectively (p<0.001). Analysing separately for disease, the findings remained statistically significant in Crohn’s disease but did not reach significance in UC. Similar results were seen with week 54 remission rates. Patients on PPI were also more likely to be hospitalised (15% vs 8%, p=0.007). Rates of adverse events such as gastroenteritis were not different between the two groups.ConclusionIn this patient-level meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies, we found that patients with IBD taking PPI were less likely to achieve remission while on infliximab therapy. The results of our study warrant further investigation into the effect of PPI on IBD outcomes and therapies.
Treating and controlling digital dermatitis in dairy cattle
Authors: Bell Nick , Vanhoudt Arne 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundDigital dermatitis (DD) is one of the main causes of lameness in dairy cattle, and is prevalent in most dairy herds worldwide and is of major welfare and economic significance.Aim of the articleThis article focuses on current concepts of DD treatment and control strategies, but will not go into detail about most concepts relating to prevention – namely biosecurity, improving foot hygiene, nutrition and genetics. The article includes concepts related to disease screening, treatment at both an individual cow level and with footbaths, and the control of DD through foot disinfection using footbaths. Readers are referred to other detailed reviews where appropriate, such as Plummer and Krull (2017) and Orsel and others (2018).
Obesity diminishes response to PD-1-based immunotherapies in renal cancer
Authors: Boi Shannon K , Orlandella Rachael M , Gibson Justin Tyler , Turbitt William James , Wald Gal , Thomas Lewis , Buchta Rosean Claire , Norris Katlyn E , Bing Megan , Bertrand Laura , Gross Brett P , Makkouk Amani , Starenki Dmytro , Farag Kristine I , Sorge Robert E , Brown James A , Gordetsky Jennifer , Yasin Hesham , Garje Rohan , Nandagopal Lakshminarayanan , Weiner George J , Lubaroff David M , Arend Rebecca C , Li Peng , Zakharia Yousef , Yang Eddy , Salem Aliasger K , Nepple Kenneth , Marquez-Lago Tatiana T , Norian Lyse A 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundObesity is a major risk factor for renal cancer, yet our understanding of its effects on antitumor immunity and immunotherapy outcomes remains incomplete. Deciphering these associations is critical, given the growing clinical use of immune checkpoint inhibitors for metastatic disease and mounting evidence for an obesity paradox in the context of cancer immunotherapies, wherein obese patients with cancer have improved outcomes.MethodsWe investigated associations between host obesity and anti-programmed cell death (PD-1)-based outcomes in both renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subjects and orthotopic murine renal tumors. Overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were determined for advanced RCC subjects receiving standard of care anti-PD-1 who had ≥6 months of follow-up from treatment initiation (n=73). Renal tumor tissues were collected from treatment-naive subjects categorized as obese (body mass index, ‘BMI’ ≥30 kg/m2) or non-obese (BMI <30 kg/m2) undergoing partial or full nephrectomy (n=19) then used to evaluate the frequency and phenotype of intratumoral CD8+ T cells, including PD-1 status, by flow cytometry. In mice, antitumor immunity and excised renal tumor weights were evaluated ±administration of a combinatorial anti-PD-1 therapy. For a subset of murine renal tumors, immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry and immunogenetic profiles were evaluated via nanoString.ResultsWith obesity, RCC patients receiving anti-PD-1 administration exhibited shorter PFS (p=0.0448) and OS (p=0.0288). Treatment-naive renal cancer subjects had decreased frequencies of tumor-infiltrating PD-1highCD8+ T cells, a finding recapitulated in our murine model. Following anti-PD-1-based immunotherapy, both lean and obese mice possessed distinct populations of treatment responders versus non-responders; however, obesity reduced the frequency of treatment responders (73% lean vs 44% obese). Tumors from lean and obese treatment responders displayed similar immunogenetic profiles, robust infiltration by PD-1int interferon (IFN)γ+CD8+ T cells and reduced myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), yielding favorable CD44+CD8+ T cell to MDSC ratios. Neutralizing interleukin (IL)-1β in obese mice improved treatment response rates to 58% and reduced MDSC accumulation in tumors.ConclusionsWe find that obesity is associated with diminished efficacy of anti-PD-1-based therapies in renal cancer, due in part to increased inflammatory IL-1β levels, highlighting the need for continued study of this critical issue.