bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The clinical feasibility and effect of online ExacTrac 6 degree-of-freedom system for head-and-neck cancer
Authors: Zhao Li-Rong , Qian Jin-Dong , Duan Xiao-Juan , Yang Ding-Qiang , Zhou Yi-Bing , Li Guang-Hui , Sun Jian-Guo 
Published: December 2019

Purpose:
Online adaptive correction in image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy appears to be a promising approach for precision radiation treatment in head-and-neck tumors. This research is designed to evaluate the setup uncertainties in the left-right (L-R), superior-inferior (S-I), and anterior-posterior (A-P) directions and rotational variations: pitch, roll, and yaw for head-and-neck cancer (HNC) patients with the ExacTrac 6 degree-of-freedom (6D) image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) system.

Materials and Methods:
The setup errors measured by ExacTrac 6D IGRT system at the treatment unit with respect to the planning computed tomography were recorded for 40 patients with head-and-neck tumors. The residual setup errors were computed and quantitatively analyzed.

Results:
The results indicated that the setup errors measured in the S-I direction were larger than the other two directions. For the three rotational angles, the results were very close. The verifications showed that after the first correction, the overall setup errors were generally <0.32 mm in the L-R, S-I, and A-P directions and <0.2° in the three rotational variations: pitch, roll, and yaw. According to the results of verifications, we know that ExacTrac 6D IGRT system was accurate and clinical feasibility.

Conclusion:
The results of our study have shown that daily image guidance with ExacTrac 6D image-guided system for HNC patients is effective. These data suggest it allows a high accurate of setup errors.
La formación universitaria en comunicación de la RSC: Análisis de las titulaciones especializadas en RSC en España (2017-18)
Authors: Compte-Pujol M. , Matilla K. , Marca-Francès G. 
Published: December 2019

<p>Existe unanimidad en la literatura consultada en cuanto al papel determinante que juegan las relaciones públicas y la comunicación en la difusión de la Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC). Partiendo de esta base, nuestra investigación identifica y analiza los planes de estudio de la formación superior de grado y de master especializada en RSC en España, en el curso 2017-2018, con la finalidad de comprobar si aparecen en ellos contenidos específicos sobre relaciones públicas y comunicación. En total, hemos identificado cuatro asignaturas de master vinculadas directa o tangencialmente con las relaciones públicas y la comunicación, por lo que ambos conceptos presentan una presencia muy fragmentada y prácticamente residual en los planes de estudio analizados. Una realidad contraria a los principios propugnados por los académicos y a las necesidades crecientes del sector profesional de la comunicación.</p>
Articulación curricular con líneas de investigación operativas en Posgrado Universitario de Argentina
Authors: De Angelis P. G. 
Published: December 2019

<p>Se ha realizado un análisis crítico del curriculum de la carrera de posgrado universitario de Especialización en Derecho Aeronáutico, Espacial y Aeroportuario de Argentina. La pregunta central es: ¿cómo promover la articulación entre el recorrido de los cursos destinados a la investigación y la elaboración del trabajo final de la carrera? Se logra plasmar una experiencia de innovación educativa con dimensión institucional, resultante de un proceso de investigación acción práctica, en equipo docente. Se busca explorar conceptos claves desde la posición de docentes investigadores que se involucran en la participación de todas las fases. Como resultado, se pone al curriculum en acción al diseñar y materializar un plan organizado con un modelo de integración curricular, basado en líneas de investigación operativa formativa. Emerge el planteo de que los límites difusos entre las asignaturas necesitan de la vigilancia epistemológica como actitud permanente de los docentes investigadores. La reunión de los profesores como pareja pedagógica también colabora con el control del saber evitando los desvíos. Esta propuesta concreta está en curso de estudio y aplicación reciente desde hace dos años académicos -2017/ 2019-. Se espera que esta propuesta de enseñanza enriquezca el aprendizaje investigativo de los estudiantes y la producción de textos académicos, resultados que podrán comenzar a validarse con la aplicación en una cohorte completa.</p>
Perceived important managerial competencies for healthcare managers at a tertiary healthcare institution in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Okonkwo Uchenna , Ekpeyoung Bernadine , Ndep Antor 
Published: December 2019

Background: Management in healthcare industry has evolved over the years. There is increasing need for healthcare managers to acquire new skill sets particularly those related to strategic planning and business management.Aims: We sought to determine managerial competencies perceived as importsnt for healthcare managers in a tertiary healthcare institution in Calabar, Nigeria.Methods: A structured questionnaire (modeled after the Health Leadership Alliance competency questionnaire) was self-administered to 266 randomly selected managers comprising 5 strategic managers, 53 middle managers and 208 operational managers. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.Results: A total of 266 managers were included in this study with a M: F ratio of 1.3: 1. The findings of this study showed that operational, middle and strategic managers rated 27, 37 and 46 of the competencies as contributing significantly with a mean rating of ≥ 4. Important/essential competencies differed between the three tiers of management. Competencies related to financial/business management were not considered very important. The result from qualitative arm synchronized with the quantitative arm to some extent, and provided insight to the managers’ perspective.Conclusions: The findings of this study highlights the incongrous paradigm between managerial level and perceived important management competencies and supports the belief that there is inadequate managerial capacity especially those related to financial/business management.
Immunization Adherence in Children With Sickle Cell Disease: A Single-Institution Experience
Authors: Infanti Lisa M. , Elder Joshua J. , Franco Kyle , Simms Stephanie , Statler Victoria A. , Raj Ashok 
Published: December 2019

OBJECTIVES
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends additional immunizations for people with asplenia or functional asplenia, such as children with sickle cell disease. Adherence rate to the recommended immunization schedule for functional asplenia remains low for children with sickle cell disease. The purpose of this study was to assess the immunization adherence for this population at a single institution in Kentucky and to evaluate the use of the Kentucky Immunization Registry (KYIR) by providers.

METHODS
A single-center retrospective chart review was conducted for 107 children with sickle cell disease ages 2 through 18 years. Immunization histories were obtained from the hospital EMRs, the sickle cell clinic EMR, the KYIR, and by requesting records from primary care physicians. Each patient was documented as either missing or having complete records in the KYIR.

RESULTS
The complete adherence rate to the ACIP-recommended immunization schedule for children with functional asplenia was 6% (6 of 107). Nearly all children were compliant with the Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccination, whereas the adherence rate for the meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccines ranged from 25% to 77%. The lowest immunization rate was observed in children eligible for the meningococcal B vaccine (25%). Only 3 patients had a complete immunization history documented in the KYIR.

CONCLUSIONS
Adherence to the ACIP-recommended immunization schedule for functionally asplenic patients is poor among children with sickle cell disease included in this study. Quality improvement measures should focus on increasing immunization adherence and improving documentation of immunization records in the KYIR for this patient population.
Comparison of the Efficacy of Posaconazole Delayed Release Tablets and Suspension in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology Patients
Authors: Wass Erika N. , Hernandez Elvin A. , Sierra Caroline M. 
Published: December 2019

OBJECTIVES
Posaconazole is effective in preventing invasive fungal infections in neutropenic pediatric patients. The oral suspension has challenges in administration and absorption that are theorized to be minimized with delayed release tablets. However, this has not been validated in the pediatric population. This study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of posaconazole suspension and delayed release tablets in pediatric hematology/oncology patients.

METHODS
A retrospective chart review in pediatric hematology/oncology patients was conducted from February 2013 to February 2017. Data collected include patient demographic data; posaconazole formulation, dose, and serum concentrations; and adverse events.

RESULTS
Sixty-five patients with 353 serum posaconazole concentrations were included; 51.6% of concentrations drawn while patients were receiving posaconazole suspension were therapeutic, whereas 62.5% of concentrations drawn while patients were receiving posaconazole delayed release tablets were therapeutic (p = 0.035). Serum concentrations drawn while taking acid suppression (histamine receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors) and posaconazole suspension were less likely to be therapeutic (p &lt; 0.0001) compared with those taken while receiving delayed release tablets. Adverse event profiles were similar between both formulations.

CONCLUSIONS
Delayed release tablets proved more effective in achieving therapeutic serum posaconazole concentrations than posaconazole suspension, with minimal difference in adverse events, in pediatric hematology/oncology patients.
Microbial Contamination of Neonatal Injectable Lipid Emulsions at 12 and 24 Hours' Infusion Time With Evaluation of Infection Control Measures
Authors: Omran Eman A. , Eisa Faten F. , Bakr Wafaa M.K. 
Published: December 2019

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to assess the microbial contamination rate of injectable lipid emulsion (ILE) repackaged syringes at 12 and 24 hours of their infusion time. Probable risk factors associated with contamination of the ILEs were also assessed. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the bacterial isolates was also determined.

METHODS
Samples of ILE were collected from 152 repackaged syringes and their infusion lines after 12 hours and 24 hours of infusion time (73 and 79 samples, respectively). Samples were cultured, the isolates were identified, and the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the bacterial isolates was identified. A checklist was completed throughout the study to observe the compliance to infection control measures by pharmacists (who prepare) and nurses (who administer) the ILE infusions. Results of septic neonatal cultures were taken from records.

RESULTS
Microbial contamination was found in 15.8% of ILE samples. The 2 most common pathogens found among positive samples were Klebsiella pneumoniae (29.2%) and Candida albicans (20.8%). Microbial contamination of repackaged syringes increased from 9.6% at 12 hours to 21.5% at 24 hours. This difference was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.044). A similar trend of predominance of those 2 pathogens, in both ILE and neonatal cultures, was observed. There was a statistically significant better performance of infection control measures of pharmacists rather than nurses. The K pneumoniae isolates (n = 7) showed antibiotic resistance in the following pattern: gentamicin (71.4%), cefazolin (85.7%), and cefoxitin (85.7%).

CONCLUSIONS
The rate of ILE contamination was less at 12 hours' than at 24 hours' infusion time. However, contamination rates at 12 hours were unacceptably high. Klebisella pneumoniae and C albicans were the most common pathogens isolated from ILE. Compliance with infection control measures was significantly worse among nurses compared with pharmacists.
Photochemical Transformations Involving Organoboron
Authors: Mellerup Soren K. , Wang Suning 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Boron gets its name from the term borax, the mineral from which it was originally isolated, by analogy with carbon due to their chemical similarities. Unlike its neighbor on the periodic table, however, boron only possesses enough valence electrons to form three covalent bonds. This means that organoboron compounds are inherently electron deficient and typically adopt a trigonal‐planar (sp
2
‐hybridized) geometry with the empty p

z

orbital of boron lying orthogonal to the bonding plane. In this form, boron is isoelectronic and isostructural with a positively charged carbocation, which gives rise to many of the applications often associated with trivalent organoboranes (e.g., organic synthons and electron‐transport materials). Coordinatively saturating these systems with anionic or neutral Lewis bases yields tetrahedral, four‐coordinated boron compounds with a formal negative charge. This new bonding arrangement significantly alters the orbital composition of the resulting molecules, imparting new features such as intense charge transfer (CT) luminescence and, in some cases, unique photochemical reactivities such as photochromism or photoelimination. This chapter will document recent progress in photochemical transformation based on organoboron compounds. A brief overview of concepts related to photophysical and photochemical processes will be presented, followed by an introduction to photochromic systems and a comprehensive review of organoboron photochemistry. Several recently discovered classes of photoresponsive organoboron molecules and their potential applications will be presented.
Models of Clouds, Precipitation, and Storms
Authors: Flossmann Andrea I. , Wobrock Wolfram 
Published: December 2019

AbstractClouds play an important role in life on Earth. Apart from influencing the radiative balance of the atmosphere and the lifetime of atmospheric trace constituents, they are the essential element in the hydrological cycle.This article provides an introduction to the complex subject of cloud modeling, from their formation up to the production of precipitation, and the development of cloud and storm systems. The elements intervening in cloud modeling are exposed, starting from a description of the physical phenomena. On the basis of the occurring scale problem, a number of approaches for simplification are presented. These simplifications concern the dynamics as well as the microphysics. Bulk and bin modeling approaches as well as cumulus parameterizations are explained. Some numerical problems are discussed. This approach gives an insight into the current state‐of‐the‐art cloud modeling and the necessary balance between the degree of parameterization, the number of physical and chemical processes relevant to a particular problem, and the available computing resources.
Erosion and Sediment Transport by Water on Hillslopes
Authors: Parsons Anthony J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article deals with the erosion and sediment transport on hillslopes as a result of rainfall. Sediment detachment and transport occurs because of transfer of some of the energy of the raindrops to particles on the hillslope surface. Where rainfall is sufficient to cause runoff, that runoff may further transport sediment detached by raindrops as well as detach and transport sediment itself. The study of erosion and sediment transport by water on hillslopes has three aspects: first, attempts to understand the mechanics of detachment and sediment transport; secondly, attempts to measure rates of these processes; and, finally, attempts to model and predict them. Advances in each of these three aspects are uneven, and progress in one area often fails to inform activity in another.
Low Impact Development Technologies for Highway Stormwater Runoff
Authors: Henderson Derek , Hayes Gail , Burgis Charles , Smith James A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe linear nature of highways and other transportation settings makes management of stormwater runoff (SWR) generated by those surfaces a special consideration compared to stormwater management in urban settings. This article summarizes the most significant pollutants found in SWR from highways as well as the best management practices, with an emphasis on low impact development (LID), used to alleviate the impact of these pollutants on the waterways with which they come in contact. LID strategies discussed in terms of construction and pollutant attenuation capabilities include vegetated roadsides, vegetated filter strips, swales, bioretention filters, bioslopes, compost‐amended soils, and pervious pavements.
Electrolytic Release of Metal Cations in Water
Authors: L. Hill Courtney , A. Smith James 
Published: December 2019

AbstractElectrolytic water disinfection via metallic ions is a promising technology for water and wastewater treatment. This approach has relatively limited detrimental environmental effects and does not change the taste or odor of the treated water. The mechanisms of electrolytic silver and copper release were investigated, including the current efficiency, the relation between ion generation and current in the systems, and previously examined water chemistries. A comparison of pathogen inactivation rates and pathogen reduction for various combinations of free chlorine and electrolytically generated silver and copper ions has been previously reported. Silver and chlorine do not disinfect as well as free chlorine, but it can be used in combination with low levels of free chlorine to produce disinfection rates comparable to higher levels of free chlorine. These results lay a strong foundation to investigate the use of electrolytic systems in a developing‐world context, particularly where water from the municipal tap contains chlorine but is at risk for recontamination during storage. Upon review of the literature, it was found that more research should be conducted to understand how organic loads and water chemistry affect ion generation and disinfection kinetics in these systems.
Water and Global Development Goals: The Role of Engineering and Social Science in Meeting International Policy Outcomes
Authors: Ali Saleem , Grasso Domenico 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Water remains an essential part of global development projects. The physical needs of human societies for water as well as its embedded significance in delivering agricultural and industrial output is self‐evident. At the same time, mismanagement of water systems can also be a major impediment to development as a results of flooding or impairment of water quality that can lead to loss of infrastructure and prevalence of disease. In this chapter we provide a review of how the international community has approached the relationship between water and development. The launching of the
sustainable development goals
(
SDGS
) by the United Nations and clear target setting for 2030 provides an important anchor for our analysis. We review the latest research on development linkages to water quantity and quality meeting the targets for these goals and the need for international governance mechanisms for water resources in order to most efficiently and effectively deliver development outcomes.
Formation of Ice on Surface Water
Authors: Lind Lovisa 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSurface water in cold regions is characterized by hydrological processes that control flow regime and water levels. One of the most important processes is the formation, growth, and melting of ice. Surface ice can be formed on sea, lakes, and rivers, and depending on where ice is formed, it will go through a number of different developmental phases. Surface ice serves many different functions such as a habitat, providing shelter from predators, and platforms for seasonal transportation. Understanding and predicting ice formation is important because it can have large impacts and implications on, for example, fish and vegetation communities, hydropower production, and infrastructure. Significant changes in ice conditions could develop with projected changes in climate, which would have important geomorphologic, ecological, and socioeconomic implications. This article examines how ice is formed by summarizing current research and consequences of a changing climate.
Theory and Practice of Slug Tests for Aquifer Characterization
Authors: Malama Bwalya , Montgomery Mikenna , Aurelius Stephanie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Slug tests are a widely used method for characterizing aquifers because they can be performed quickly, with minimal equipment and labor, and without the need to dispose of produced water. They involve rapid displacement of the water level in a well, followed by continuous measurement of the water level as it reequilibrates. Several mathematical models available in the hydrogeology literature are summarized here. The tests are classified according to: (i) the type of perturbation (solid versus pneumatic slug); (ii) the type of response (overdamped versus oscillatory); and (iii) the type of aquifer (confined versus unconfined). Examples are included of the graphical approach using slug‐test data to estimate aquifer properties. Computational tools and software available for more complex models are mentioned briefly. Emerging works on slug tests focus on the use of slug tests to characterize heterogeneity through their integration into hydraulic tomography. They are used in multilevel single‐well tests and in cross‐hole tests with packers and with direct‐push technology to generate vertical logs of hydraulic parameters including hydraulic conductivity and storage.
Fundamentals of the Meteorology of Storm Systems
Authors: Doswell Charles A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A definition for an atmospheric storm system is as a “disturbance” of the weather. In the context of water science, precipitation can occur when air containing water vapor rises in a storm system. Since atmospheric weather systems have diverse spatial and temporal scales, many different physical processes can result in the development of precipitation. Large‐scale storms are the primary means for mitigating the unequal heating of the Earth's surface owing to variations in topographic, latitudinal, and seasonal factors. They export heat from the tropics to the polar regions and from near the surface to upper levels by their airflows, which also transport the water vapor important for precipitation. Moving downscale to the so‐called mesoscale storm systems, these are dynamically diverse because in this scale domain, it is not possible to make many simplifying assumptions. A number of different mesoscale storm systems are described, including processes associated with topography and “free” mesoscale processes tied to different internal dynamics. Finally, small‐scale storm systems are discussed, many of which involve buoyancy effects and are described as convective storm systems – these are mostly individual thunderstorms. Severe convective storms can produce high precipitation rates leading to flash floods, large hailstones, damaging straight‐line winds, and tornadoes.