Modeling Water Reduction on 10 Mole% Gadolinia-Doped Ceria (GDC10) Porous Electrodes
Authors: Valdes-Espinosa Honorio , Stuve Eric M. , Adler Stuart B. 
Published: February 2020

Currently, the most widely considered material for solid oxide fuel and electrolysis cells is the nickel/yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ) cermet1. However, issues such as low resistance to poisoning, coking, and changes in the microstructure have pushed for the use of new materials. Mixed ionic conductors2 alleviate the shortcomings of Ni/YSZ and can achieve more efficient use of the electrode material, since a three-phase boundary is not required for reaction. Among these materials, doped ceria has shown promise, yet little is known regarding the reaction mechanism for water electrolysis. The advent of techniques such as ambient-pressure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AP-XPS) has helped to provide a better picture of the surface, as well as the species involved in the reaction. Unfortunately, there is still controversy regarding the nature of the rate-determining step3,4. In addition, most work has made use of electrochemical impedance spectroscope (EIS), a linear technique that cannot differentiate among rate determining scenarios. The use of nonlinear techniques such as non-linear EIS (NLEIS) has been shown to be a powerful tool that is sensitive to different reaction mechanisms5.
In order to elucidate these rate limiting phenomena, porous 10% doped gadolinia-doped ceria /YSZ electrochemical cells were analyzed at 750 and 800 °C under different H2-H2O gas environments using both EIS and NLEIS. The experimental results were then analyzed using a macro-homogeneous model6 involving oxygen vacancies and the chemical potential of electrons7. Multiple modeling scenarios were considered including one-dimensional and multidimensional transport, as well as the presence or absence of surface diffusion of hydroxyl species in the surface.

References

Nakamura, T; Kobayashi, T; Yashiro, K; Kaimai, A; Otake, T; Sato, K; Mizusaki, J; Kawada, T. Electrochemical Behaviors of Mixed Conducting Oxide Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. J Electrochem Soc.
2008, 155, B563-B569

Nakamura, T; Yashiro, K; Kaimai, A; Otake, T; Sato, K; Kawada, T; Mizusaki, J. Determination of the Reaction Zone in Gadolinia-Doped Ceria Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. J Electrochem Soc.
2008, 155, B1244-B1250

Zhang, C; Yu, Y; Grass, M. E; Dejoie, C; Ding, W; Gaskell, K; Jabeen, N; Hong, Y. P; Shavorskiy, A; Bluhm, H; Li, W. X; Jackson, G. S; Hussain, Z; Liu, Z; Eichhom, B. W. Mechanistic Studies of Water Electrolysis and Hydrogen Electro-Oxidation on High Temperature Ceria-Based Solid Oxide Electrochemical Cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2013
, 135, 11572-15579

Feng, Z. A; El Gabaly, F; Ye, X; Shen, Z. X; Chueh, W. C. Fast vacancy-mediated oxygen ion incorporation across the ceria-gas electrochemical interface. Nature Comm.
2014
, 5, 4374

Wilson, J. R; Schwartz, D. T; Adler, S. B. Nonlinear electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for solid oxide fuel cell cathode materials. Electrochimica Acta.
2006, 51, 1389-1402

Adler, S. B; Lane, J. A; Steele, B. C. H. Electrode Kinetics of Porous Mixed-Conducting Oxygen Electrodes. J. Electrochem Soc.
1996, 143, 3554-3564

Wang, S; Kobayashi, T; Dokiya, M; Hashimoto, T. Electronic and Ionic Conductivity of Gd-Doped Ceria. J Electrochem Soc.
2000, 147, 3606-3609