bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Science by, with and for citizens: rethinking ‘citizen science’ after the 2011 Fukushima disaster
Authors: Kenens Joke , Van Oudheusden Michiel , Yoshizawa Go , Van Hoyweghen Ine 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study illustrates how citizen-driven radiation monitoring has emerged in post-Fukushima Japan, where citizens generate their own radiation data and measurement devices to provide public with actionable data about their environments. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in and around Fukushima Prefecture, it highlights the multifaceted character of these bottom-up, citizen-led efforts, contrasting these initiatives with the emergence of “citizen participatory” science policy discourses in Japan. Recognizing the contested nature of citizenship in Japan and in the nuclear arena, the article considers how terms and definitions shape the participation of citizens and other stakeholders (local communities, public authorities, regulators, and professional scientists) in science and technology in culturally and historically specific ways. It builds on these observations to open up new spaces of expertise, which engage all stakeholders through social-scientific intervention.
Gene drive and resilience through renewal with next generationCleave and Rescueselfish genetic elements
Authors: Oberhofer Georg , Ivy Tobin , Hay Bruce A. 
Published: April 2020

SignificanceGene drive can spread beneficial traits through populations, but will never be a one-shot project in which one genetic element provides all desired modifications, for an indefinitely long time. Here, we show that gene drive-mediated population modification inDrosophilacan be overwritten with new content while eliminating old, usingCleave and Rescue(ClvR) selfish genetic elements. The ability to carry out cycles of modification that create and then leave behind a modest genetic footprint while entering and exiting a population provides important points of control. It makes possible the replacement of broken elements, upgrades with new elements that better carry out their tasks, and/or provide new functions, all while promoting the removal of modifications no longer needed.
Nominalisations in scientific English
Authors: Hao Jing 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper examines nominalisation in scientific discourse in English, focusing on a distinction between what I
will refer to as ‘live’ and ‘dead’ grammatical metaphors. Live metaphors refer to a nominal realisation of an ideational discourse
semantic figure; dead metaphors are found in the same nominalisations as live metaphors, but they realise an entity rather than a
figure. The distinction is made by drawing on a tristratal approach that is informed by Systemic Functional Linguistics and that
considers nominalisation simultaneously from the perspectives of field, discourse semantics, and lexicogrammar. Although the paper
focuses on nominalisation, it illustrates a broader line of argumentation that can be extended to the analysis of ideational
discourse semantic meanings in general.
More than just a modal particle
Authors: Forker Diana 
Published: April 2020

AbstractModal particles have been intensively studied in German and a few other European languages, but investigations of modal particles from little-known languages are rare. This paper examines in detail the morphosyntactic and the semantic properties of the Sanzhi Dargwa (Nakh-Daghestanian) modal particle =q’al. It is shown that the particle possesses the morphosyntactic properties that are commonly assumed for modal particles. The particle is then analyzed as presupposition trigger that interacts with focus and marks clauses as declarative sentences. It triggers two presuppositions, namely uncontroversiality and contrast/correction. Furthermore, it can express finiteness. The analysis suggests that accounting for modal particles as grammatical rather than lexical items with head status seems promising for further research.
Ion acceleration with an ultra-intense two-frequency laser tweezer
Authors: Wan Y , Andriyash I A , Pai C H , Hua J F , Zhang C J , Li F , Wu Y P , Nie Z , Mori W B , Lu W , Malka V , Joshi C 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Ultra-intense lasers produce and manipulate plasmas, allowing to locally generate extremely high static and electromagnetic fields. This study presents a concept of an ultra-intense optical tweezer, where two counter-propagating circularly polarized intense lasers of different frequencies collide on a nano-foil. Interfering inside the foil, lasers produce a beat wave, which traps and moves plasma electrons as a thin sheet with an optically controlled velocity. The electron displacement creates a plasma micro-capacitor with an extremely strong electrostatic field, that efficiently generates narrow-energy-spread ion beams from the multi-species targets, e.g. protons from the hydrocarbon foils. The proposed ion accelerator concept is explored theoretically and demonstrated numerically with the multi-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations.
Mechanical properties and microstructure of longitudinal submerged arc welded joint of a new C–Mn steel sheet cladding fine grained ferrite in surface layer for a long distance transport pipeline
Authors: Fan J W , Luo J , Gao J J , Bo F H , Ren Q , Lin H X , Geng H B 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A new type of C–Mn pipeline steel plates with the ult5ra-fine grained ferrite in surface layer and the fine-grained ferrite in the central layer has been developed successfully. In order to manufacture the long distance oil pipelines using this new ultra-fine grain pipeline steel sheet, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded joints by the Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welding (LSAW), especially the impact toughness, need to be evaluated. Tensile tests, impact tests, are used to study the mechanical properties in this paper according the Chinese National standards. The metallographic technique and SEM are adapted to analyze the microstructure and impact fracture morphology of the LSAW joint. The research results show that the HAZ near the fusion line is a weak part of impact toughness of LSAW joint. However, the base metal is of the fine-grained and ultra-fine grained microstructure itself, and the heat treatment effects between the post-process welding seam and pre-process welding seam on the multi-layer and multi-pass submerged arc welding process, the impact toughness of the HAZ is greatly improved. The whole welded joint is better than the performance of ordinary pipeline steel, which is satisfied with the welding performance requirements of steel sheet engineering application, and can be used in long distance pipeline manufacturing projects.
A novel approach for the production and characterisation of aluminium–alumina hybrid metal matrix composites
Authors: R Thiraviam , V Ravisankar , K Pradeep Kumar , R Thanigaivelan , R Arunachalam 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this study, aluminium–alumina hybrid metal matrix composites were developed using stir–squeeze casting with ultrasonic stirring. Scrap aluminium alloy wheels (SAAWs) were used as the matrix material, with 1, 2, and 3 wt% of nanosized alumina ((Al2O3)n) particles as well as 4, 5.5, and 7 wt% of microsized alumina ((Al2O3)m) particles as reinforcement components. An experimental study was conducted using the Taguchi method with an L9 orthogonal array, and the multiobjective optimisation based on ratio analysis technique was used for optimisation. The effects of different ratios of nanosized and microsized alumina particles as well as ultrasonic parameters, namely amplitude and pulse time, on the microstructure and mechanical properties were evaluated and compared. Pin-on-disc wear tests were conducted in the dry condition under uniform load to determine the influence of nanosized and microsized alumina on the wear behaviour. The results revealed that SAAWs reinforced with 1 wt% of nanosized alumina particles and 5.5 wt% of microsized alumina particles and having an amplitude of 100% and pulse on-time of 180 s exhibited lower porosity and metal loss (wear) as well as higher hardness, tensile strength, and compressive strength than other composites.
Should Lawyers Be Loyal To Clients, the Law, or Both?
Authors: Wendel W Bradley 
Published: April 2020

Abstract:
Loyalty is a central ideal in both legal ethics and fiduciary law, but recent theoretical approaches to legal ethics also emphasize the connection between the legal profession and the rule of law or democratic self-government. In order for lawyers to perform the role of securing relationships of mutual respect among citizens of a political community, the requirement of single-minded, partisan loyalty to clients may need to be relaxed. Fidelity to law may be in tension with fidelity to clients. This paper considers Daniel Markovits’s strong conception of loyalty and his argument that it follows from necessary conditions for democratic legitimacy. Markovits contends that partisan advocacy is necessary to transform the attitudes of citizens in a way that causes them to internalize the community’s scheme of legal rights and duties as the product of collective authorship by all affected citizens. In that sense, citizens can be said to internalize the requirements of the community’s law. The paper then defends a more modest internalist approach to legal legitimacy and authority, in which giving a legal justification for some action necessarily means committing oneself to a practical stance toward the law that assumes one’s membership in a political community and accepts the community’s laws as reasons for action.
Optimal Bayesian estimation for random dot product graphs
Authors: Xie Fangzheng , Xu Yanxun 
Published: April 2020

Summary
We propose and prove the optimality of a Bayesian approach for estimating the latent positions in random dot product graphs, which we call posterior spectral embedding. Unlike classical spectral-based adjacency, or Laplacian spectral embedding, posterior spectral embedding is a fully likelihood-based graph estimation method that takes advantage of the Bernoulli likelihood information of the observed adjacency matrix. We develop a minimax lower bound for estimating the latent positions, and show that posterior spectral embedding achieves this lower bound in the following two senses: it both results in a minimax-optimal posterior contraction rate and yields a point estimator achieving the minimax risk asymptotically. The convergence results are subsequently applied to clustering in stochastic block models with positive semidefinite block probability matrices, strengthening an existing result concerning the number of misclustered vertices. We also study a spectral-based Gaussian spectral embedding as a natural Bayesian analogue of adjacency spectral embedding, but the resulting posterior contraction rate is suboptimal by an extra logarithmic factor. The practical performance of the proposed methodology is illustrated through extensive synthetic examples and the analysis of Wikipedia graph data.
The upper airway volume effects produced by Hyrax, Hybrid-Hyrax, and Keles keyless expanders: a single-centre randomized controlled trial
Authors: Cheung Gordon C , Dalci Oyku , Mustac Simone , Papageorgiou Spyridon N , Hammond Shanya , Darendeliler M Ali , Papadopoulou Alexandra K 
Published: April 2020

Summary

Objective
To assess upper airway volume changes after rapid maxillary expansion (RME) with three different expanders.

Trial design
Three-arm parallel randomized clinical trial.

Methods
Sixty-six patients, 10–16 years old, in permanent dentition, with maxillary transverse deficiency were recruited and assigned with block randomization (1:1:1 ratio) and allocation concealment to three groups of 22 patients each (Hyrax, Hybrid-Hyrax, and Keles keyless expander). The primary outcome (overall upper airway volume change) and secondary outcomes (volume changes in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx) were blindly assessed on the initial (T0) and final (T1, 6 months at appliance removal) cone beam computed tomography. Differences across groups were assessed with crude or adjusted for confounders (gender, age, growth stage, skeletal pattern, baseline airway volume, and amount of expansion) linear regression models.

Results
Fifty-one patients were analysed (19, 19, and 13 in the Hyrax, Hybrid-Hyrax, and Keles groups). Maxillary expansion resulted in considerable increases in total airway volume in the Hybrid-Hyrax group (+5902.1 mm3) and less in the Hyrax group (+2537.9 mm3) or the Keles group (+3001.4 mm3). However, treatment-induced changes for the primary and all secondary outcomes were of small magnitude and no significant difference was seen among the three expanderes in the total airway volume in either crude or adjusted analyses (P &gt; 0.05 in all instances). Finally, among pre-peak patients (CVM 1–3), the Hybrid-Hyrax expander was associated with significantly greater increases in total airway volume compared to the Hyrax expander (P = 0.02).

Conclusions
RME resulted in relatively small increases in total upper airway volume and its separate compartments, with mostly no statistically significant differences across the Hyrax, Hybrid-Hyrax, and Keles groups.

Limitations
Significantly greater attrition was found in the Keles group due to appliance failure. The current trial might possibly be under-powered to detect differences between groups, if such exist.

Harms
Keles expanders blocked during activations and required substitution for completion of treatment.

Protocol
The protocol was not published before trial commencement.

Registration
Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ACTRN12617001136392).
Ethnic Classroom Composition and Minority Language Use among Classmates: Do Peers Matter for Students’ Language Achievement?
Authors: Seuring Julian , Rjosk Camilla , Stanat Petra 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between ethnic classroom composition and students’ language-related achievement. We investigate whether minority language use among classmates accounts for effects of ethnic composition on minority students’ German reading comprehension and their proficiency in the minority languages Russian and Turkish. We employ multilevel models using cross-sectional data from a sample of ninth-grade students participating in the German National Educational Panel Study. Our findings indicate that students’ minority language background rather than their ethnic origin accounts for ethnic composition effects. We find a negative relationship between the ethno-lingual classroom composition and students’ German reading comprehension, but the association is small and limited to minority students. Moreover, the ethno-lingual classroom composition is positively correlated with minority language proficiency, specifically among Turkish-speaking students. These associations are substantially reduced after controlling for students’ minority language use with their classmates, indicating that a higher proportion of minority language students in a classroom provides additional opportunities for acquiring or maintaining higher levels of proficiency in the minority language. Overall, the ethnic classroom composition does not appear to substantially reinforce existing inequalities between minority and majority students.
Sexual health services in community pharmacy for women on opioid substitution treatment: a qualitative study
Authors: Medina-Perucha Laura , Scott Jenny , Chapman Sarah , Barnett Julie , Dack Charlotte , Family Hannah 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Women on opioid substitution treatment (WOST) are at heightened risk for the sexual transmission of sexually transmitted infections and blood-borne viruses. This study aimed to explore the opportunities to promote their sexual health in community pharmacies in UK.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 WOST and 14 community pharmacists (CPs). A focus group was run with three CPs. Participants were recruited in drug services and a service for sex workers (WOST), and in CP. Data collection took place between October 2016 and September 2017. Data were analyzed using Framework Analysis and directed Content Analysis.

Results
CPs could play a role in promoting sexual health among WOST. Sexual health screening, treatment and condom supply were suggested as potential ways of delivering pharmacy-based sexual health services. These services should be actively offered to WOST, delivered in a private space and free of cost. We identified several challenges to overcome in order to design and implement sexual health services for WOST in community pharmacies.

Conclusions
This study highlights the potentially key role CPs can have promoting sexual health and addressing health inequities among WOST. Improvements in pharmacists’ training are required in order to address stigma towards WOST, and promote trust and positive rapport. Structural changes are also needed to broaden the services available for this group of women and improve their access to healthcare.
Intestinal Enterococcus abundance correlates inversely with excessive weight gain and increased plasma leptin in breastfed infants
Authors: Laursen Martin Frederik , Larsson Melanie Wange , Lind Mads Vendelbo , Larnkjær Anni , Mølgaard Christian , Michaelsen Kim F , Bahl Martin Iain , Licht Tine Rask 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTEpidemiological evidence indicates that breastfeeding provides protection against development of overweight/obesity. Nonetheless, a small subgroup of infants undergo excessive weight gain during exclusive breastfeeding, a phenomenon that remains unexplained. Breast milk contains both gut-seeding microbes and substrates for microbial growth in the gut of infants, and a large body of evidence suggests a role for gut microbes in host metabolism. Based on the recently established SKOT III cohort, we investigated the role of the infant gut microbiota in excessive infant weight gain during breastfeeding, including 30 exclusively breastfed infants, 13 of which exhibited excessive weight gain and 17 controls which exhibited normal weight gain during infancy. Infants undergoing excessive weight gain during breastfeeding had a reduced abundance of gut Enterococcus as compared with that observed in the controls. Within the complete cohort, Enterococcus abundance correlated inversely with age/gender-adjusted body-weight, body-mass index and waist circumference, body fat and levels of plasma leptin. The reduced abundance of Enterococcus in infants with excessive weight gain was coupled to a lower content of Enterococcus in breast milk samples of their mothers than seen for mothers in the control group. Together, this suggests that lack of breast milk-derived gut-seeding Enterococci may contribute to excessive weight gain in breastfed infants.
Spent mushroom substrate for a second cultivation cycle of Pleurotus mushrooms and dephenolization of agro-industrial wastewaters
Authors: Economou Christina N , Philippoussis Antonios N , Diamantopoulou Panagiota A 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of Pleurotus ostreatus was supplemented with wheat bran and soybean flour and used as substrate for a new cultivation cycle of the oyster mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus pulmonarius. The bioconversion efficiency of mushrooms produced over substrate (BE%) used and the chemical composition of sporophores were evaluated. The concentration of mycelial mass, crude exopolysaccharide content and laccase enzyme activity were also determined at the supplemented SMS before inoculation, at 50% and 100% of colonization stages in the new cultivation and in the final re-utilized SMS. The laccase enzyme was extracted to examine SMS potential for the dephenolization of olive mill and winery wastewaters. Results showed that both Pleurotus species exhibited BE over 185%, demonstrating this bioprocess could represent a promising strategy to convert SMS into nutritional food. Data also indicate the strong positive impact that SMS could have in the solid wastes’ management and agribusiness enhancement.
‘That Ever-Blurry Line Between Us and the Criminals’: African Noir and the Ambiguity of Justice in Mũkoma Wa Ngũgĩ’s Black Star Nairobi and Leye Adenle’s When Trouble Sleeps
Authors: Naidu Sam 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article, which focuses on African noir as a variety of neo-noir literature, begins by outlining the intertextual and intercultural relationships between classic noir and African noir. Thereafter, the postcolonial, postmodernist and transnational elements of African noir are described utilizing Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ’s novel Black Star Nairobi (2013) and Leye Adenle’s When Trouble Sleeps (2018) as exemplars. Arguing that African noir draws on various genres and discourses, the article demonstrates how issues of socio-political justice, ontological and existential dilemmas, aesthetic concerns and the epistemological quest are rendered as ambiguous and murky. Based on a close reading of Black Star Nairobi and When Trouble Sleeps, the article concludes that the predominant chiaroscuro effect of African noir is not so much a ‘dark’ sensibility as one of abstruseness and poignant Afro-pessimism.
Patient Inventory: a quality improvement method
Authors: Knudsen Søren Valgreen , Hermansen Sabina Bay , Holmskov Jens , Johnsen Søren Paaske , Mainz Jan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Providing high quality care requires that patient care pathways are organized according to the needs of the patient. The organization of high-quality integrated patient care requires methods to assess ‘appropriateness’ of the care pathways to identify challenges in delivering the right procedure, for the right person at the right time and setting and with the most appropriate use of resources. There is a need for methods to assess appropriateness that can easily be implemented in daily clinical practice. The Patient Inventory method is such a method. Patient Inventory is a special type of audit that provides a ‘snapshot’ of the patient population in an entire hospital, a ward or another clinical unit. It maps the bed occupancy situation, as well as coordination, continuity and communication associated with the individual patient pathway. The aim is to identify inappropriate or wasteful events and to facilitate reflections on the underlying causes. These reflections are used to identify focus areas for quality improvement efforts. The method answers the question: ‘Is it the right patient in the right place at the right time, and is the correct pathway for the patient organized with the most appropriate use of resources?’ The aim of this method paper is to describe the background, definitions and methodologies for Patient Inventory, to offer a practical guidance for application of the method and to describe the current experiences with the method.