bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporality, the Gift, and Being Born
Authors: Stone Alison 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores how birth bears on the temporality of human life. Temporally, lived human existence is future-oriented towards death and past-oriented towards birth. When we take our natal orientation towards the past into account, we see that when we project forward and create meaning we are always extending inherited horizons that we have received in and from the past. The chapter also considers whether birth can rightly be said to be a gift given to us by our mothers. Although that view has problems, thinking of birth as a gift illuminates some connections between our natality and the relational setting of our ethical lives and obligations. Finally, the chapter sums up the book’s main theses about how human existence is shaped by the fact that we are born.
Introduction
Authors: Stone Alison 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe introduction sets out the project of this book, which is to explore how our existence is shaped by our being born. This is an exploration of how human existence is natal, that is, is the way it is because we are born. Taking birth and natality into account transforms our view of human existence. It sheds new light on our mortality, foregrounds the extent and depth of our dependency on one another, and brings additional phenomena—such as the relationality of the self and the temporality of human life—together in a new way. The introduction sketches these topics and explains how this inquiry is located within and draws on existentialism, psychoanalysis, and feminist philosophy.
History is a Map 1
Authors: Nelson Claudia , Morey Anne 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines E. Nesbit’s The Story of the Amulet (1906), C. S. Lewis’s The Silver Chair (1953), Roger Lancelyn Green’s Mystery at Mycenae (1957), Caroline Lawrence’s Roman Mysteries series (2001–9), K. M. Peyton’s Roman Pony trilogy (2007–9), Katherine Marsh’s The Night Tourist (2007) and The Twilight Prisoner (2009), and Tony Abbott’s Underworlds series (2011–12). All these texts involve journeys that can be plotted upon maps geographical and/or chronological, with the consequence that the major cognitive metaphor is HISTORY IS A MAP. Here family is not the site of trauma but rather a zone for the exercise of agency on the part of the young protagonist who must effectively visit an underworld to retrieve or make a family relationship and to come to terms with death. These books suggest that while the past is associated with death, it is also a haven from death.
Prosaic Suffering
Authors: Hernandez Alex Eric 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the uses and meanings of prose in tragedy during the eighteenth century. It offers a close, comparative reading of Aaron Hill’s The Fatal Extravagance (1721) and Edward Moore’s The Gamester (1753), and places the developing conventions of bourgeois tragedy in conversation with the insights of Samuel Richardson, Denis Diderot, Jean-Baptiste Greuze, and the actors called upon to embody its emotion. In doing so, this chapter argues that prosaic suffering performed its grief under an illusion of immediacy, in ways that were absorptive rather than theatrical, and provocatively disenchanted in their implications. Hence, bourgeois drama’s “natural picture” adapted the novel’s “writing to the moment” and embodied emotional practices characterized by quotidian concerns and an ambivalence about middle-rank life.
An Introduction to Bourgeois Tragedy
Authors: Hernandez Alex Eric 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This Introduction situates bourgeois tragedy in relation to the period’s literature, social history, and critical theories of tragedy. Against claims of tragedy’s demise in the period, it argues that depictions of middle-rank misfortune formed a vital body of text and performance in the eighteenth century, encompassing not only the drama but also early novels and other cognate forms concerned with the serious representation of what it defines as “ordinary suffering.” Briefly tracing the genre’s history, and reflecting upon the conditions of its emergence in early modernity, the Introduction recuperates these texts as part of a more capacious canon of tragedy that predated and therefore complicates post-Kantian philosophies of the tragic. In doing so, it reads the enactment, depiction, and discourse of everyday affliction enabled by this genre in light of contemporary work on affect theory and the history of emotion. It concludes with an outline of the chapters to follow.
The Aristocrazia Consolare
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to the urban aristocracy, the aristocrazia consolare, with an in-depth study of the aristocracy of Pisa, a city chosen for the richness of its sources and the power of its historiography. It begins with the growth and topography of the medieval city and moves on to discuss the establishing of the commune and the context in which this took place. The characteristics of the aristocrazia consolare are discussed in detail, including the range of their material interests. Some attention is given to the aristocracy and the sea. Their individual domination of various areas of the city is examined in detail together with their habitations (torri) and the contribution they made to the growth of the city. City politics are examined and particular attention is given to interpreting the judgement or lodo of Archbishop Daiberto. Cooperation and competition within aristocratic life in the city are given equal attention.
Reflections
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The book closes by reflecting on a number of features of aristocratic society, beginning with lordship and clientage. The chapter then turns to the issue of space and to ‘landscapes of lordship’. Then there are the issues of centre and locality and public versus private. The chapter then turns to the communal dimension to aristocratic life. Collective action, however, was by no means antithetical to vertical ties; in fact they flourished together. Finally, we need to address the question of what prompted, or indeed governed, change within aristocratic society. There are three approaches here, looking to: changes that were intrinsic to the aristocratic world itself; developments within the societies which the aristocracy strove to dominate; and to exogenous factors. The separation of approaches is, however, an illusion. The reality was more complex, and few developments, if any, were totally monocausal. The attitudes and behavioural traits which have been emphasized in this book underpinned and conditioned how the aristocracies responded to the multiple stimuli.
Lutheran and Reformed Debates in the Early 1560s
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the changes Brenz made to his Christology in 1562 and 1564 in response to Peter Martyr Vermigli’s defence of the supposital union. It shows how Jakob Andreae, Brenz’s follower, further adapted Brenz’s views and attempted to defend them against a variety of Reformed responses, found in Theodore Beza and Heinrich Bullinger, and in the discussions at the Colloquy of Maulbronn (1564). In distinction from Brenz, Andreae reduces the human nature’s possession of divine powers merely to the activity of the relevant powers in the human nature, construed as an instrument of the divine person.
The Genus Maiestaticum in Non-Brenzian Christologies
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the views of three Lutheran theologians, writing in the late 1560s, who accept the genus maiestaticum without any of Brenz’s distinctive Christological metaphysics: namely, Jacob Schegk, Joachim Wigand, and Martin Chemnitz in the first edition of his De duabus naturis in Christo. The difference between these thinkers is described, as is the complex influence of Melanchthon, Brenz, and Andreae on their various Christological positions. The chapter shows how the theologians reacted to the divergence between Brenz and Andreae on the character of the human nature’s possession of divine attributes
The Formula of Concord and Lutheran Christology in the 1570s
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter gives an account of the debates between the followers of Melachthon and the followers of Brenz in the years immediately prior to the Formula of Concord (1577). It then describes the formula itself, and finally the later Christology of Martin Chemnitz, which differs sharply from his earlier views in a number of key respects. It shows that the two parts of the formula, composed respectively by Andreae and Chemnitz, while agreeing that Christ’s human nature possesses divine attributes, diverge in numerous ways on questions of both Christological metaphysics and Christological semantics, and that these divergences render the two parts prima facie incompatible.
A Sordid, Futureless Mess?
Authors: Marsh John 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The first part of the chapter surveys how love fared in the film and literary fiction of the period, including the scandalous pre-Code film Baby Face, John O’Hara’s BUtterfield 8, and Mary McCarthy’s The Company She Keeps. In those works, love is a lost cause, mired in a cauldron of selfishness, venereal disease, and general tawdriness that reflected the hard times love had fallen on during the decade. After this survey of 1930s sordidness and lovelessness, the chapter offers a theory as to why so many writers and, for a time, the culture at large may have suddenly lost faith in love. (In short, the economy did it.) Its final take on the decade is that heterosexual love, like the economy with which its fate so closely intertwined, eventually recovered from the Depression that it, too, had been thrown into.
Definitions and Parameters
Authors: Siwicki Christopher 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the idea of architectural restoration in the Roman world—how ancient authors wrote about it as a subject. It also includes a review of existing scholarship on the subject, defines the concept of built heritage and its applicability to the study of antiquity, and explains the chronological and geographical parameters of the investigation. The final part of the chapter presents a survey of developments in Roman architecture as well as the transformation that the city of Rome underwent between the Great Fire of ad 64 and the early ad 120s, thereby establishing the context in which many of the subsequent discussions can be understood.
1914–18—Keeping the Spiritual Home Fires Burning
Authors: Field Clive D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The First World War has traditionally been thought to have had a catastrophic and long-standing impact on organized religion in Britain, but this bleak picture has been qualified in recent historiography. By seriously disrupting the Churches’ work and Sunday observance, and broadening the range and affordability of secular leisure opportunities, the war proved an ‘accelerant’ rather than a novel agent of secularization. Religious allegiance held fairly steady, although the Free Churches continued to lose ground, there was (speculatively) some increase in religious ‘nones’, and growth in Spiritualism. One million Sunday scholars were permanently lost during the war, partly as a consequence of the falling birth rate. In Protestant Churches, there was a short-lived surge in attendance at the start of the war, fuelling hopes of religious revival, but it quickly gave way to ongoing decline, which was not reversed after the conflict. There were modest rises in Catholic and Jewish populations.
Introduction. An American Project
Authors: Amorosa Paolo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The introduction sets the historiographical and political stakes of narrating and analyzing Scott’s campaign for the Spanish origin of international law, drawing on current methodological discussions and the role of the concept of equality in our political discourse. It also explains the relation of the book with previous scholarship on Scott and literature on the rise of international legal networks in the Americas in the early twentieth century. Moreover, it elaborates on the reasons for the primarily descriptive style the text adopts and on certain related choices of language. The introduction ends with an outline of the structure of the book and of the individual chapters.
Historical perspective and initial conditions
Authors: Nayyar Deepak 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a historical perspective on Asia in the world economy with a focus on the colonial era, and sketches a profile of the prevalent initial conditions when Asian countries became independent. Two centuries ago, Asia accounted for two-thirds of world population and almost three-fifths of world income. Its decline and fall during the colonial era, associated with deindustrialization, was attributable to its integration with the world economy, through trade and investment, driven by imperialism. Fifty years ago, then, Asia was the poorest continent in the world. Its even worse demographic and social indicators of development epitomized its underdevelopment. Such initial conditions were the starting point in its journey to development. But most Asian countries did have a long history of well-structured states, and cultures, which were not entirely destroyed by colonialism. Their different pasts, embedded in histories albeit shaped by colonial legacies, also influenced future outcomes in development.
Macroeconomics of growth
Authors: Nayyar Deepak 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Economic growth over fifty years in the Asian-14 has been stunning. Investment and savings, which rose rapidly, were the main drivers of growth. Education was also a sustained driver of growth on the supply-side. From the demand-side, growth was primarily private-consumption-expenditure led and investment led. The interaction between the supply-side and the demand-side suggests a virtuous circle of cumulative causation, where rapid investment growth coincided in time with rapid export growth, leading to rapid GDP growth. In macroeconomic management, the successful countries did not follow orthodox prescriptions of balanced budgets and price stability. Their primary macroeconomic objectives were economic growth and employment creation. Their macroeconomic policies were also more versatile in their use of policy instruments. Their success in maintaining high growth rates increased their degrees of freedom, which enabled them to finance government deficits and raise sustainable levels of government borrowing, while making higher inflation rates politically more acceptable, which would not have been possible if economic growth was slow.
Structural change and economic transformation
Authors: Nayyar Deepak 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Development in Asia has been associated with a structural transformation of economies. In this process, economic growth drove structural change from the demand-side as incomes rose and production activities followed, while structural change drove economic growth from the supply-side as labour moved from low-productivity to higher-productivity activities. Such labour transfer between sectors was growth-promoting in earlier stages, while productivity increase within sectors was growth-promoting in later stages. There was an exit of labour from agriculture everywhere, while the services sector progressively became the largest employer, with the highest output-share, across Asia. The process of structural transformation remains incomplete. In many countries it is necessary to address the neglect of agriculture and renew the emphasis on manufacturing, just as it is essential to exploit the synergies between manufacturing and services. Economic growth cannot be sustained and structural transformation cannot be completed even if one of three sectors is a weak link in the chain.
Openness and industrialization
Authors: Nayyar Deepak 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The past fifty years witnessed a marked increase in the degree of economic openness in Asia, reflected in its rising share of world trade and investment flows. There were, of course, differences between countries, depending upon their size. The pace of industrialization was also impressive. For Asia, and the Asian-14, the share of manufacturing in GDP rose from one-tenth in 1970 to one-fourth in 2016. But industrialization was most unequal even among the Asian-14. Economic openness has performed a critical supportive role in the process, wherever it has been in the form of strategic integration with, rather than passive insertion into, the world economy. Analysis of the industrialization experience in the Asian-14 shows that openness, while necessary, was not sufficient. It was conducive to industrialization only when combined with sensible industrial policy that was implemented by effective governments. In future, however, technological learning and technological capabilities are also essential to provide the foundations for sustaining industrialization.
Markets, governments, and politics
Authors: Nayyar Deepak 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows that governments performed a critical role, ranging from leader to catalyst or supporter, in the economic transformation of Asia spanning half a century, while their willingness and ability to do so depended on the nature of the state, which in turn was shaped by politics. It argues that the state and the market are complements rather than substitutes and that the two institutions must adapt to each other in an interactive co-operative manner over time. Success at development in Asia was about managing this evolving relationship between states and markets, by finding the right balance in their respective roles, which also changed over time. This experience suggests that efficient markets and effective governments, in tandem, provided the way forward to development. It is only institutionalized checks and balances that can make governments more development-oriented and people-friendly. Thus, for Asia’s continuing journey in development, democracy is clearly better than the alternatives.
Activating the Mutual Assistance Clause of the Treaty on the European Union and the Right of Self-defence
Authors: Berdud Carlos Espaliú 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Following the 2015 Paris attacks, one of the most discussed issues is whether the Paris incidents constitute an ‘armed attack’ requisite to trigger the right of self-defence in light of the wording of Article 51 of the UN Charter of 1945. Indeed, should the responses of the Member States to the Paris attacks, activating the mutual assistance clause, be seen as a move towards the formation of a new customary rule reshaping the content of the right of individual or collective self-defence in accordance with Article 51 of UN Charter and customary law? Or should that invocation of Article 42 (7) TEU be considered a violation of the UN Charter law of self-defence? This chapter examines the textual and contextual elements of Article 51 of the UN Charter and the practice of States since then, mainly in the context of the activity of the UN Security Council. After a careful examination of those elements, it concludes that if it can be said that the existing rule in international law in both conventional and customary law allowing states to have recourse to the use of force in self-defence can only be legally exercised in the presence of an armed attack committed by a state, it can be argued that the current practice of states appears to be heading in another direction. For the drafters of Article 51 of the UN Charter the right of self-defence was already ‘inherent’. If they had been in the current situation, they may have extended this right to cases of major terrorist attacks. In view of this context, the invocation of Article 42 (7) TEU in response to a serious terrorist attack, like those in Paris in November 2015, cannot be considered a violation of Article 51 of the UN Charter. Many of the EU Member States are prepared to entertain a new interpretation of that provision, at least that portion which respects the scope of the ratione personae.
The Crisis of Privacy and Sacrifice of Personal Data in the Name of National Security
Authors: Nesterova Irena 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Edward Snowden’s surveillance revelations in 2013 raised the issue of privacy and security in the public spotlight. These revelations underlined the need for a strong data protection framework. At the same time, the pressing demand to address security concerns and the threat of terrorist attacks might weaken privacy and data protection standards. Two landmark judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union, namely the Digital rights Ireland judgment (which invalidates the Data Retention Directive) and the Schrems judgment (which invalidates the Safe Harbour Decision forming a legal basis for transatlantic data transfers) are of great significance in strengthening the rights to privacy and data protection in the context of digital mass surveillance. They continue to have far-reaching implications for EU and national data retention mechanisms, as well on the cross-border data transfer framework. Through the lens of the CJEU, the chapter reveals the key challenges that data protection law faces both at national and EU level that have to be addressed in response to mass surveillance in order to maintain a proper balance between privacy and national security.
The Future We Want
Authors: Dubava Ilze 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Sustainable development is currently acknowledged as a new paradigm in international investment protection law—to be taken into account when planning domestic investment policies and drafting future investment agreements. This chapter aims to provide a recontextualization of the current investment regime, integrating emphasis on protection of interests that go beyond sheer economic value in the application of investment law. To achieve this aim, this chapter incorporates two conceptual parts. The first provides an analysis of the term ‘economic development’ as the object and purpose of the existing international investment regime. The analysis suggests that economic development is a generic term whose meaning today must be contextualized by sustainable development, a concept that essentially seeks an equitable balance of economic development, social development, and environmental protection. Thus, sustainable development—being the recognized object and purpose of investment protection law today—requires equilibrium between the state’s regulatory responsibilities and the foreign investor’s interests. In the second part, the author suggests that, in pursuit of balance, sustainable development—again, the inherent objective of investment protection—may alter perceptions of applicable law and guide contextual and effective interpretations of investment protection standards towards a focus on wider interests than those of foreign investors alone. As a result, it may influence the methodologies that are used in order to establish violations of investment guarantees.
Personality
Authors: Nicholson Rowan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to produce a definition of the concept of personality in international law. It also discusses the meaning of such concepts as norms, facts, rights, and other legal relations. It draws on, among other things, the work of WN Hohfeld. The chapter defines an international legal person as an entity that is constructed as a fact by norms of international law and to which such norms give at least one right or duty in Hohfeld’s sense. This departs from definitions that treat personality as a ‘capacity’. It emphasizes instead that personality is about conduct: international law regulates conduct by persons towards other persons.