bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of the prograde PT history of high‐P migmatitic paragneisses via melt‐reintegration approach and thermodynamic modelling (Allochthonous Complexes, NW Iberian Massif)
Authors: Novo‐Fernández Irene , Albert Richard , Arenas Ricardo , Garcia‐Casco Antonio , Díez Fernández Rubén , Sánchez Martínez Sonia , Gerdes Axel , De Capitani Christian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe Upper Units of the allochthonous complexes of the NW Iberian Massif constitute a terrane with continental affinity. They represent the vestiges of a Cambrian magmatic arc developed in the periphery of Gondwana (West African Craton) which was involved in the Devonian Variscan collision, undergoing high‐P, high‐T metamorphism. This includes ultramafic rocks, high‐P mafic rocks (eclogites and granulites) and high‐P migmatitic paragneisses. The latter rocks show an extensive migmatization with the leucosomes oriented parallel to the regional foliation. The migmatitic paragneisses are composed of garnet, kyanite, biotite, quartz, plagioclase, K‐feldspar, rutile and Ti‐hematite. Thermodynamic modelling using the measured bulk composition in the NCKFMASTHO system indicates metamorphic peak conditions of ~15 kbar and ~800 to 835°C, followed by a significant cooling. The prograde evolution is assessed by means of a melt‐reintegration approach, using the composition of the garnet and its inclusions. An appropriate composition of liquid is added to the measured bulk composition to emulate the pre‐melting bulk composition. Modelling of this melt‐reintegrated composition allows to identify a colder high‐P episode below ~500°C. Zircon crystals extracted from the leucosomes show overgrowths crystallized from the partial melt at c. 389 Ma (U–Pb system). The P–T–t path proposed reveals a subduction of the peri‐Gondwanan arc‐derived section down to mantle depths. An isobaric heating stage occurred as a result of residence at great depths and/or inception of a transient oceanic basin at c. 395 Ma. The ensuing near‐isothermal exhumation occurred due to the extension related to the inception of the basin, reaching the thermal peak shortly before c. 389 Ma. Subsequent cooling is related to the underthrusting of colder oceanic and transitional crust below the HP‐HT Upper Units.
Systems, features, figures: Approaches to language and class vs. language and race
Authors: Lo Adrienne 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper contrasts different approaches taken in research on language and race vs. language and class. It looks at the timescales, units of analysis, and phenomena that have drawn scholars’ attention, and considers how each subfield approaches the study of language and inequality.본고는 언어와 인종주의 연구, 언어와 사회계층 연구의 두 분야에서 쓰이는 다양한 이론적 접근들을 비교·분석 한다. 본고는 기존연구들에서 쓰여진 시공간적 접근방법, 연구분석 단위와 분석방법 및 연구 현상을 면밀하게 검토하며 이러한 이론적 접근들을 언어와 사회 불평등 연구분야에 어떻게 적용시킬 수 있는지 알아본다.
Brief Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia in Parkinson's Disease: A Case Series Study1
Authors: Osawa Chihaya , Kamei Yuichi , Nozaki Kentaro , Furusawa Yoshihiko , Murata Miho 
Published: April 2020

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) patients frequently suffer from insomnia and insomnia can result in reduction of quality of life in PD. Although pharmacotherapy is most applicable for insomnia, it may cause side‐effects in PD. The purpose of the study was to investigate the efficacy of brief cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) in PD. A total of 11 PD patients aged 43–84 years with chronic insomnia received two sessions of CBTI. Patients reported a significant decrease in total score for the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). The total score for the Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS) improved. Although objective sleep measured by actigraph did not improve, subjective sleep measured by sleep diary improved. Functional impairment measured by the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) significantly decreased. These results revealed that brief CBTI was effective in improving insomnia in PD, with improvements extending to functional impairments that had been affected by insomnia. Additionally, this non‐pharmacotherapy treatment could be easily applied to PD patients who may have difficulty coming to the clinic frequently due to physical symptoms.
Investor's Pessimistic and False Belief About Trustworthiness and Stake Size in Trust Decision1
Authors: Kuroda Kiri , Kamijo Yoshio , Kameda Tatsuya 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTrust is a vital element of any society. Previous studies using trust games have provided insight into understandings of trusting behavior. However, investors' behaviors can be confounded by their risk preferences in the game, and little is known about the relationship between stake size and beliefs of others' good intentions underlying trust. We thus used a variant of the trust game and conducted two experiments to examine how stake size affects investors' beliefs about receivers' trustworthiness, with model‐based analyses. We showed that, when holding all else equal, investors trusted more, but their expectations of reciprocation declined as stake size increased. However, actual receivers' reciprocation rates showed the opposite trend to investors' pessimistic beliefs. Furthermore, following previous studies in social psychology, we hypothesized that investors' social preferences (social value orientation) moderated the beliefs underlying trust, but they had no explanatory powers in investors' expectations of reciprocation. These results suggest that peoples' naive beliefs about stake size play a more important role in trust decisions than expected.
A multicenter randomized controlled trial of medium‐chain triglyceride dietary supplementation on epilepsy in dogs
Authors: Berk Benjamin A. , Law Tsz H. , Packer Rowena M. A. , Wessmann Annette , Bathen‐Nöthen Andrea , Jokinen Tarja S. , Knebel Anna , Tipold Andrea , Pelligand Ludovic , Meads Zoe , Volk Holger A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundMedium‐chain triglyceride (MCT) enriched diet has a positive effect on seizure control and behavior in some dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE).ObjectiveTo evaluate the short‐term efficacy of MCTs administered as an add‐on dietary supplement (DS) to a variable base diet to assess seizure control and antiseizure drug's (ASD) adverse effect profiles.AnimalsTwenty‐eight dogs with International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force Tier II (IVETF) level diagnosis of treated IE with 3 or more seizures in the last 3 months were used.MethodsA 6‐month multicenter, prospective, randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled crossover trial was completed, comparing an MCT‐DS with a control‐DS. A 9% metabolic energy‐based amount of MCT or control oil was supplemented to the dogs' diet for 3 months, followed by a control oil or MCT for another 3 months, respectively. Dogs enrolled in this study satisfied most requirements of IE diagnosis stated by the IVETF II level. If they received an oil DS or drugs that could influence the metabolism of the investigated DS or chronic ASD, the chronic ASD medication was adjusted, or other causes of epilepsy were found, the dogs were excluded from the study.ResultsSeizure frequency (median 2.51/month [0‐6.67] versus 2.67/month [0‐10.45];P= .02) and seizure‐day frequency were significantly (1.68/month [0‐5.60] versus 1.99/month [0‐7.42],P= .01) lower when dogs were fed MCT‐DS in comparison with the control‐DS. Two dogs were free of seizures, 3 had ≥50% and 12 had <50% reductions in seizure frequency, and 11 dogs showed no change or an increase in seizure frequency.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThese data show antiseizure properties of an MCT‐DS compared to a control oil and support former evidence for the efficacy of MCTs as a nutritive, management option for a subpopulation of drug‐resistant dogs with epilepsy.
The impact of seed deficiency on productivity and on negative drought effect in semi‐natural grassland
Authors: Stampfli Andreas , Zeiter Michaela 
Published: April 2020

AbstractQuestionsVegetative re‐sprouting and recruitment from seed determine grassland recovery after severe drought, but the mechanisms determining vegetation composition are not fully understood. We ask how the timing of drought and seed availability modify the drought legacy effects on composition and function in a temperate, semi‐natural grassland.LocationNegrentino, southern Alps, Switzerland.MethodsUnder automated rainout shelters, we simulated extreme seasonal drought events in a late summer and in the following spring, added rainwater to simulate normal conditions in no‐drought controls and maintained haymaking at times of normal practice. Towards the end of the summer drought, we added seeds of ten local species in a three‐factor split‐plot arrangement with seven blocks as the replicated unit. We measured fine‐scale variation in soil depth. We assessed the biomass of graminoids and forbs at regular harvesting dates and the species frequencies of established plants and recruits before treatment start, repeating these assessments for three years thereafter. We measured the biomass proportions of post‐drought annual recruit cohorts in year 4 after drought.ResultsOne‐time seed addition augmented recruits, modified species composition and enhanced species diversity; these effects propagated to increased reproductive shoots of recruits and community biomass four years later. Single and repeated seasonal droughts only caused low adult plant mortality but clearly reduced recruitment from seed, while post‐drought establishment was slightly enhanced. Seed augmentation compensated the negative spring drought effect on forb recruits and in turn mitigated the negative impact of drought on species diversity after drought.ConclusionsOur experiment shows that seed deficiency limits productivity and that seed deficiency compensation can help to stabilize diversity and productivity in semi‐natural grassland. Releasing the current constraints of management on seed supply in grassland would therefore assist in mitigating negative drought impacts.
Germination response of invasive plants to soil burial depth and litter accumulation is species‐specific
Authors: Sonkoly Judit , Valkó Orsolya , Balogh Nóra , Godó Laura , Kelemen András , Kiss Réka , Miglécz Tamás , Tóth Edina , Tóth Katalin , Tóthmérész Béla , Török Péter 
Published: April 2020

AbstractQuestionsPlant invasions are considered among the biggest threats to biodiversity worldwide. In a full‐factorial greenhouse experiment we analysed the effect of soil burial depth and litter cover on the germination of invasive plants. We hypothesised that: (a) burial depth and litter cover affect the germination of the studied species; (b) the effects of burial and litter cover interact with each other, and (c) the effects are species‐specific, but dependent on seed size.MethodsWe tested the germination and seedling growth of 11 herbaceous invasive species in a full‐factorial experiment using four levels of seed burial depths and litter cover. We analysed the effect of burial, litter cover, and their interactions on germination, seedling length and biomass across species and at the species level.ResultsSoil burial depth and litter cover had a significant effect on the germination of the studied species, but there were considerable differences between species. We observed a general trend of species with bigger seeds being not or less seriously affected by soil burial and litter cover than smaller‐seeded species. Correlations between seed weight and effect sizes mostly confirmed this general trend, but not in the case of soil burial.ConclusionsOur findings confirmed that seed size is a major driver of species’ response to litter cover and to the combined effects of litter cover and soil burial, but there is no general trend regarding the response to soil burial depth. Despite its very small seeds, the germination of Cynodon dactylon was not affected by soil burial. The germination of Ambrosia artemisiifolia was hampered by both soil burial and litter cover despite its relatively large seeds. Thus, specific information on species’ response to burial depth and litter accumulation is crucial when planning management or restoration in areas threatened by plant invasions.
Translation inhibition from a distance: The small RNA SgrS silences a ribosomal protein S1‐dependent enhancer
Authors: Azam Muhammad S. , Vanderpool Carin K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMany bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) efficiently inhibit translation of target mRNAs by forming a duplex that sequesters the Shine‐Dalgarno (SD) sequence or start codon and prevents formation of the translation initiation complex. There are a growing number of examples of sRNA–mRNA binding interactions distant from the SD region, but how these mediate translational regulation remains unclear. Our previous work in Escherichia coli and Salmonella identified a mechanism of translational repression of manY mRNA by the sRNA SgrS through a binding interaction upstream of the manY SD. Here, we report that SgrS forms a duplex with a uridine‐rich translation‐enhancing element in the manY 5ʹ untranslated region. Notably, we show that the enhancer is ribosome‐dependent and that the small ribosomal subunit protein S1 interacts with the enhancer to promote translation of manY. In collaboration with the chaperone protein Hfq, SgrS interferes with the interaction between the translation enhancer and ribosomal protein S1 to repress translation of manY mRNA. Since bacterial translation is often modulated by enhancer‐like elements upstream of the SD, sRNA‐mediated enhancer silencing could be a common mode of gene regulation.
Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (s.l.) oil‐in‐water emulsions drastically reduced Rhipicephalus microplus larvae outbreak population on artificially infested grass
Authors: Marciano A. F. , Golo P. S. , Coutinho‐Rodrigues C. J. B. , Camargo M. G. , Fiorotti J. , Mesquita E. , Corrêa T. A. , Perinotto W. M. S. , Bittencourt V. R. E. P. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRhipicephalus microplus Canestrini, 1887 (Arachnida: Ixodidae) is a mandatory bloodsucking ectoparasite, and it is considered one of the main sanitary problems in livestock. In the development of new technologies for controlling ticks, Metarhizium anisopliae complex (M. anisopliae s. l.) Sorokın, 1883 (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) have been shown to be an effective and safe alternative. However, when applied in the field, abiotic factors may directly influence their microbial activity, and different oily adjuvants enhance fungal efficacy, stability and viability under environmental conditions. Here, the efficacy of two Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. isolates (CG 148 and CG 347) were compared in mineral oil (MO) or vegetable oil (VO) emulsions to control cattle ticks under semi‐natural conditions, as well as their persistence in the soil over time. Engorged female ticks were placed on the soil of grass pots previously treated or not with conidial oil‐in‐water emulsions. Both M. anisopliae s.l. oil‐in‐water emulsions tested were able to control R. microplus, achieving up to 100% daily efficacy, and remained viable in the soil for up to 60 days after treatment. These results show the prospective applicability of Metarhizium spp. to control the cattle tick and a real possibility for its control in the environment.
Predicting use of high‐flow nasal cannula therapy following extubation in paediatrics
Authors: White Deborah K. , Daubney Esther S. , Harvey Mark E. , Kayani Riaz , Pathan Nazima 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundHigh‐flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy is widely used for respiratory support within paediatrics, most commonly used as a supportive measure in acute respiratory failure, aiming to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). It is increasingly being used following extubation of critically ill children potentially at a higher risk of requiring re‐intubation. Less data indicate the use for post‐extubation HFNC therapy or possible clinical outcomes of this therapy.Aims and objectivesTo identify reasons for, and variables to predict, the use of HFNC therapy post‐extubation.DesignThis was a retrospective case‐control study.MethodsAll children admitted to a nine‐bedded regional paediatric intensive care unit requiring IMV between 18 December 2017 and 28 November 2018 were identified. The demographic data and bedside clinical and laboratory variables of the patients requiring HFNC therapy were compared with those who did not require HFNC.ResultsThere was no statistical difference in the median age and weight of children receiving HFNC therapy post‐extubation compared with children not receiving it. In a logistic regression model, the highest ventilation (peak inspiratory pressure) and oxygen requirements in the first 24 hours of admission, along with the presence of comorbidity and use of HFNC therapy prior to intubation, predicted the use of HFNC following extubation, (r2 0.42, area under the receiver operating curve 0.843, P < .0001).ConclusionsThe direct correlation between high initial ventilatory requirements and pre‐existing comorbidity was significant for the use of post‐extubation HFNC therapy. This may be useful to stratify children in the use of HFNC therapy post‐extubation in the critically ill population.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study provides evidence that it may be possible to predict the use of HFNC therapy post‐extubation. Avoiding unnecessary use of this therapy improves patient care while providing a positive economic impact.
An Eight‐Year Follow‐Up Study on the Treatment of Single‐Level Cervical Spondylosis Through Intervertebral Disc Replacement and Anterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion
Authors: Guo Hao , Sheng Jun , Sheng Wei‐Bin , Liang Wei‐Dong , Wang Jian , Xun Chuan‐Hui 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy and safety of the postoperative long‐term effect of the treatment of single‐level cervical spondylosis through anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and artificial cervical disc replacement (ACDR).MethodsThis is a retrospective contrastive study, which was conducted for the period of January 2007 and January 2009 at the Department of Spine Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University. A total of 113 patients were divided into two groups depending on the operation method: ACDF group (fusion group, n = 66) and ACDR group (replacement group, n = 47). The ACDR group comprised of 23 males and 24 females. The age of these patients ranged from 31–60 years, with an average age of 42.89 ± 6.30 years. The ACDF group comprised of 38 males and 28 females. The age of these patients ranged from 28–73 years old, with an average age of 49.38 ± 9.89 years old. The evaluation index included the visual analogue scale (VAS), neck disability index (NDI), range of motion, dysphagia, adjacent vertebral disease, and related complications (prosthesis displacement, heterotopic ossification, etc.).ResultsA total of 113 patients met the inclusion criteria, and these patients receive more than 96 months of follow‐up. The VAS and NDI of these two groups of patients significantly improved, when compared with those before the operation. In the last follow‐up visit, the range of motion in the ACDR group and ACDF group was 43.22 ± 3.58 and 32.54 ± 2.82, respectively, and both are significantly different comparing to the values measured before the operation (P < 0.05). The dysphagia incidence of the ACDR group was higher than that of the ACDF group at the 36th month, but was lower than that of the ACDF group in other points time. In the last follow‐up visit, six patients (12.77%) in the ACDR group and 18 patients (27.27%) in the ACDF suffered from adjacent segment degeneration (ASD). The general complication rate in the replacement group and fusion group was 38.31% and 37.88%, respectively, but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).ConclusionOverall, the clinical efficacy and related complication rate of single‐level cervical spondylosis after an anterior cervical approach operation was superior in the ACDR group when compared to the ACDF group.
How do sexual expression, reproductive phenology and reproductive success relate to sexual systems in Fissidens Hedw. (Fissidentaceae)? A case study comparing two different sexual systems in mosses
Authors: dos Santos W. L. , Maciel‐Silva A. S. , Pôrto K. C. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Reproductive performance is known to differ between co‐sexual and non‐co‐sexual species. Thus, our aim was to determine whether: (i) the distance between sex structures is negatively associated with sex expression; (ii) male gametangia take longer to mature in rhizautoicous species than in gonioautoicous species; and (iii) the gonioautoicous sexual system has greater reproductive success (i.e. percentage of ramets with sporophyte) than the rhizautoicous sexual system.

One population each of the mosses Fissidens scariosus and F. submarginatus, rhizautoicous and gonioautoicous, respectively, in a remnant of Atlantic Forest in Brazil were sampled monthly from September 2016 until August 2017. The number and phenophases of antheridia, archegonia and sporophytes were analysed for each species. Sexual expression and reproductive success were calculated, and reproductive phenology compared across environmental variables.

As expected, sexual expression was significantly higher for the gonioautoicous species, which produced antheridia throughout the year and archegonia over many months, while gametangia production by the rhizautoicous species occurred only during the rainy season. Mean number of gametangia per perigonium and perichaetium were slightly higher for the rhizautoicous species (6.84 antheridia; 11.38 archegonia) than for the gonioautoicous species (4.39; 7.62). Gametangia and sporophyte production in the rhizautoicous species were markedly seasonal compared to that of the gonioautoicous species, although reproductive success did not differ.

Therefore, we infer that the rhizautoicy (i.e. a functional dioicy) promotes lower expression of gametangia compared to gonioautoicy but is more efficient and so obtains the same reproductive success.
The effect of emotional communication on infants' distinct prosocial behaviors
Authors: Walle Eric A. , Reschke Peter J. , Main Alexandra , Shannon Roisin M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDiscrete emotions convey distinct relational meanings that inform the response of a social partner, such as how to help. Although prosocial behaviors can take different forms and are observed in a variety of contexts across development, distinct forms of helping are often studied in forced‐choice settings in limited emotional contexts. This study examined the prevalence of three prosocial behaviors (instrumental helping, comforting, and indirect helping) by 16‐, 19‐, and 24‐month‐old infants in response to situations involving an experimenter reacting emotionally (anger, disgust, fear, sadness, and joy) to an event (a broken toy; an unknown object). Instrumental helping was more prevalent in response to sadness than fear, anger, disgust, and joy, with instrumental helping in joy contexts emerging at 24 months. Conversely, comforting was largely absent in joy and disgust contexts in comparison to the other emotional contexts and increased overall with age. Indirect helping was rarely observed in response to disgust and joy and was most frequent in response to sadness. Furthermore, both 24‐ and 19‐month‐olds were more likely to engage in indirect helping compared with 16‐month‐olds. This study supports the view that infant prosocial behavior is influenced by emotional cues and that distinct forms of helping emerge gradually in infancy.