bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Psychology of Satire
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the internal structure and logic of satire, offering a deep dive into how satire and irony are comprehended and appreciated in the brain. Using various examples, the chapter unpacks, step by step, the way humor is processed by audience members. It defines the concepts of satire and irony and explores the cognitive complexity of these unique forms of humor, offering several competing theories to account for how and why they reduce the level of counterargumentation by audience members. The chapter also considers recent research on the impact of humor on affect and cognition, in particular how humor might affect persuasion.
The Psychological Roots of Humor’s Liberal Bias
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter integrates literature on the psychology of liberals and conservatives with the study of aesthetic preferences. It summarizes research illustrating how liberals and conservatives vary in their artistic and aesthetic tastes, and how these differences are shaped by the higher tolerance for ambiguity and need for cognition of those on the left. It then advances a key proposition: that irony is a particularly complex and ambiguous form of humor that requires a comfort with ambiguity and motivation to engage in complex cognitive tasks and hence is favored by those on the left. Also included is a consideration of the logic and spirit of improvisation, to which ambiguity is central. Finally, the chapter offers an exploration of the language, humor, and policies of President Donald Trump as a case study in cultural conservatism that is notably noncomic.
The Aesthetics of Outrage
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 8 describes the kind of programming and political aesthetics that ought to be most appealing to conservatives based on their psychological—and even physiological—characteristics: political content that offers explicit, unambiguous, emotionally charged, threat-oriented argumentation. This chapter builds on prior work of Jeffrey Berry and Sarah Sobieraj (2014) to suggest that the genre of outrage has been more successful on the right than the left because of these underlying differences in the psychology and physiology of liberals and conservatives. It presents data illustrating the ideological leaning of outrage and satire shows and original data on the tolerance for ambiguity among viewers of outrage and satire, split by audience party and ideology. Finally, the chapter argues that conservatives’ preference for outrage over satire is also enhanced by the moral certainty of the former and the ambiguous hybridity of the latter.
Playing against Type
Authors: Young Dannagal Goldthwaite 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 10 considers what it looks like when liberals and conservatives play against type—when liberals attempt to create outrage programming and conservatives attempt to create satire. It summarizes the story of the liberal “outrage” radio network Air America and the short-lived Fox News satire show The 1/2 Hour News Hour, illustrating the ways in which each failed to deliver on some of the central defining features of the genre it was intended to fit. The chapter argues that these failings stem from unique psychologies of the left and the right that make it challenging for the left to create “outrage” and for the right to create “satire.” The chapter ends with a consideration of how late-night comedy and satire changed under the Trump administration, suggesting that when progressive values are perceived to be under threat, some liberal comics might find it more difficult to remain in the state of play.
Clandestine Relations Matter
Authors: Auyero Javier , Sobering Katherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The first chapter situates this study in the scholarship on the state and its illicit networks with criminal organizations. It pays particular attention to the notion of intreccio and workings of what scholars call “state-sponsored protection rackets.” Both concepts clearly illustrate the existence of clandestine connections between participants in criminal activity and members of the state repressive apparatus, what at the ground level is known as el arreglo or “the arrangement.” While studies have signaled the importance of these clandestine connections, very few scholarly works have dissected the actual content of these covert relationships. This book not only fills this important gap but also draws connections between police-criminal collusion, drug market dynamics, policing practices, and the lived experiences of residents at the urban margins.
Patchworks of Protection
Authors: Auyero Javier , Sobering Katherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents two cases that deepen our understanding of the micro-dynamics of collusion and the ambivalent ways that the state operates at the urban margins. The first case takes us to Argentina’s northeastern border, where Los Pescadores smuggled drugs to distribute throughout the country. Given its transnational operations, the organization created a patchwork of protection to facilitate their illicit business. The chapter then returns to Buenos Aires to analyze the case of La Banda de Raúl, a smaller group that operates in a crowded drug market and relies on a broker to mediate their clandestine relationships with the police.
Conclusions
Authors: Auyero Javier , Sobering Katherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Police-criminal collusion like that examined in this book is common throughout Latin America and around the globe. This conclusion moves beyond the case of Argentina to consider the implications of its findings for understandings of the state. Unlike explanations that have focused either on the absence of the state or its violent presence, it argues that by including the clandestine dimensions of state actions, the state that emerges is a deeply ambivalent organization. While collusion is a patterned phenomenon, its structural character does not mean that this profound entanglement is permanent. In the rest of this conclusion, we reflect on well-documented cases of collusion at different times and in different places to consider how collusion can be can eradicated.
Democracy’s Expanding Reach
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that the problem of overdoing democracy is inherent within the democratic ideal; we tend to overdo democracy in our pursuit of responsible democratic practice. Thus the problem is not due to an infiltration of some antidemocratic norm or tendency into democratic society. Rather, the democratic ideal of self-government among equals lends itself to progressively expanding conceptions of the social reach of democratic politics. This chapter defines the site, scope, and reach of politics, and discusses majoritarian, minimalist, particpationalist, and deliberativist views of democracy. The latter view is what we are trying to do, and, more importantly for present purposes, it is most often what we see ourselves as doing when we engage politically.
Civic Friendship
Authors: Talisse Robert B. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a prescription for addressing the problem of overdoing democracy. As politics always involves loss, democratic citizens need to cultivate within themselves capacities required for sustaining democratic commitments even in the face of political loss; they need to be able to regard one another as political equals even when they also see each other as severely mistaken about justice. Civic friendship is the blanket term used to refer to these capacities. Belief polarization under political saturation creates civic enmity, so the solution to the problem of overdoing democracy is to figure out how to cultivate civic friendship. It is argued that more or even better democratic engagement is likely to be counterproductive, and that the relevant capacities can be nurtured only by means of nonpolitical cooperative endeavors. A plan is put forward for doing this.
Introduction
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter orients the reader to the importance of studying Islam in Malaysia as a window into understanding the wider history of global Islam. I begin with a discussion of problems in the extant literature on Islam in Malaysia. This is followed by the book’s methodological contribution, that is, the approach of “entwined history,” which involves the long-term interrelationships, interplay, connections, exchanges, and nexus between four key forces of history: global currents and local realities, the conduct of states and the everyday life in Muslims in society, scholarly and popular pieties, and, more importantly, Muslims and non-Muslims. Upon explaining the methodology and how it can enrich our understanding of Islam in Malaysia, the chapter moves to discuss a new periodization that captures the course of Islamization in Malaysia from the eleventh to the twenty-first centuries.
Sufis, Sufism, and Conversion Narratives
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 bridges the gradualist with the populist phase of Islamization later in this book. It considers the emotive and mystical dimensions of the infusion and reception of Islam among the Malays. It explains how the Sufis gained Muslim converts through spiritual and cultural means. The Sufis employed wayang kulit (shadow puppet plays), dikir barat (lyrical verse debate), folk tales, religious stories, magic, and other forms of mystical arts as Islamizing tools. We then transition to what Tijana Krstić termed as “Islamic tradition of conversion narratives” found in Malay hikayat texts inspired by Sufi and mystical themes. These narratives are valuable in helping us understand how early Malay Muslims made sense of and sought to explain the significance of their conversion to Islam as a means to persuade the wider society to adopt the new faith. Sufi and mystical themes served another function: they masked underlying pragmatic and strategic motives that prompted Malay elites to accept Islam in the age of the expansion of Islamic empires.
Kerajaan Proselytism
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the role of kingdoms in transforming Islam into a force to be reckoned with in Malaysia. Be it through diplomacy, conquest, trade, or tribute, the rajas worked hand in hand with overseas Muslim and non-Muslim empires as well as local societies to infuse Islam in all corners of Malaysia. The states of Kedah, Terengganu, Kelantan, Pahang, Johor, and, most illustrious of all, Melaka positioned themselves as Islamizers and defenders of the faith akin to the Safavids and the Ottomans that these states hoped to emulate up until the eighteenth century. Muslim kings employed a range of subtle and hard strategies to widen their command over non-Muslim polities.
Islam and Colonialism
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 looks at institutions and other policies created by the British to address Muslim affairs. The Majlis Ugama Islam (Islamic Religious Councils) was one of these. Although modeled upon British experience in Egypt and India with the aim of bureaucratizing Islam in Malaysia, these institutions were also platforms for the propagation of Islam as local Muslims collaborated with the British in restructuring Muslim lives. Orientalism under the sponsorship of colonial states also helped to create deeper appreciation on the part of the Muslims about their own faith and history. Although regulated, the hajj continued as an avenue where reformist and modernist ideas flowed into and out of Malaysia. Colonialism was, in hindsight, Islamization by other means, or “colonial Islamization.” This chapter provides a counterargument against previously held beliefs that colonialism in Malaysia arrested the infusion of Islam. The reverse held true, though it must also be acknowledged that colonialism did result in fragmentation of the Muslim community into Anglophones and British-compliant elites. Divide and rule was the British way of keeping Muslims in check.
Constructing a Malay-Triumphalist Islam
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the postcolonial state’s quest to construct a “Malay-triumphalist Islam.” This was achieved through legal measures as evinced in the enshrining of Islam in the constitution and through the construction of national mosques and other Islamic monuments. The state also created enforcement agencies, organized mass events, and promulgated slogans to generate a Malaysian-centric Islam colored with strong pro-Malay undertones. The racial riots that broke out on May 13, 1969, further accelerated the process of Islamization in the country in favor of the Malay Muslims. Such policies yielded contradictory outcomes. While uniting Malay Muslims under the banner of Islam, the state policies also brought about unhappiness on the non–Malay Muslims and the non-Muslims in the country who saw Malay-triumphalist Islam as an infringement of their status as equal citizens in the country.
Nationalizing Islam, Islamizing the Nation
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This concluding chapter turns the reader’s attention to global Islamic resurgence as an alternative form of triumphalist Islamization. The state attempted, on many occasions, to tame this resurgent and equally Malay-triumphalist Islam through coercive and co-optation strategies. The effectiveness of these policies reached its zenith in 1998 on the eve of the Reformasi Movement. Islamic movements and Islamic opposition parties closed ranks and battled against the state’s hegemony. They derived their strength and inspiration from a globalized Islam. Amidst this struggle between the state and civil society actors, the notion of a total Islamization of society, of “halalization” and the implementation of the shari’a to cover all aspects of Muslim life bound the opposing groups together, causing much anxiety for non-Muslims and inspiring the development of counter-Islamization and liberal civil society groups. This book closes with brief reflections on recent developments in Malaysia. After a millennium’s journey analyzed through the lenses of entwined history, it is clear to me that Islamization in Malaysia is now in a state of flux. Debates over halal (permissible) food, the hudud, the prohibition of the use of “Allah” by non-Muslims, sectarianism among Sufis and Salafis, culture wars between liberals and conservatives, and regime change that saw the end of UMNO’s dominance in Malaysian politics, among many others, indicate that Islam in Malaysia is, without a doubt, a riveting case study that can shed light on the ways in which Islam in other parts of the world has developed over time. This book is an invitation to a deeper attentiveness to that past and to recognizing that the histories and destinies of Muslims, wherever they may be, have always been entwined.
Inequity Embodied
Authors: Dominguez Tyan Parker 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines African American women’s disproportionate risk of low birth weight, preterm delivery, and infant and maternal mortality, and the ways in which race, gender, and class oppression create a unique matrix of stress burden that increases allostatic load (i.e., weathering or wear and tear on the body), thereby increasing risk for these adverse pregnancy-related outcomes. The chapter describes how traditional risk factors, such as health behavior, medical risk, and lower socioeconomic status, do not account for racial disparities in childbearing health, and it utilizes a stress paradigm for explaining how the intersectional burden of race, gender, and class inequity can affect African American pregnancy women. The chapter concludes by noting several mobilization efforts that are underway to eliminate health disparities in adverse birth outcomes by promoting health equity that is fair and just opportunities to be healthy.
Rural Girls’ Educational Empowerment in Urbanizing China
Authors: Seeberg Vilma , Na Ya , Li Yu , Clark Debra L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Secondary schooling may empower rural girls migrating to the cities in China to control resources, improve family well-being intergenerationally, and become leaders in their communities. Majority Han and minority Mongolian girls live in very different socioeconomic and policy environments, are affected by different schooling, have inherited different gendered cultural norms, and expect to thrive in different socioeconomic and political futures. Interviews exploring their aspirations and agency show that senior secondary schooling enables both Mongolian and Han girls to act forcefully on their own behalf but differences by ethnicity and socioeconomic location. Mongolian girls benefit from Mongolian traditions of valuing women more highly by developing greater independence compared to Han girls, who lack confidence compelled by Confucian patriarchal traditions. Mongolian girls foresee professional futures, although they worry about Mongolian language limitations; Han girls aspire to finding and keeping simple stable work. Implications for diverse educational and economic policies for the two regions are drawn.
The Women of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe Reservation
Authors: Soto Claradina , Handboy Toni , Supranovich Ruth , Weiss Eugenia L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the impact of colonialism on indigenous women with a focus on the experience of the Lakota women on the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe Reservation in South Dakota. It explores the experiences of indigenous women as related to history, culture, intrapersonal violence, and internalized oppression. A case study of a Lakota woman is provided as an example of strength and triumph in overcoming adversity and being empowered despite the challenges of marginalization faced by many Native Americans in the United States and indigenous women throughout the world. The chapter discusses how readers can be advocates and actively engage in decolonizing and dismantling systems of oppression to protect future generations and to allow indigenous communities to heal and revitalize.
Women’s Voices in Egypt and Globally
Authors: Kimball Gayle 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter reports on Egyptian feminist activism to make the experiences and thoughts of these feminists heard and empowered. The chapter quotes brave women who spoke up for gender equality from 1919 to 2018, in opposition to the censorship of state feminism, Islamic extremists, and the traditional belief that a woman’s place is in the home subordinate to her father or husband. Following feminist standpoint theory, grassroots feminist organizers were interviewed, including a teenager who participated in the front lines of the revolution of January 2011 that ousted President Hosni Mubarak. Interviewees were pessimistic about freedom under current president General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, whose government jails activists, even for social media posts. However, groups such as Girls Revolution and Young Egyptian Feminists League rely on the relative safety of social media to lobby for equal rights. The internet and cell phones provide women with the ability to organize from the safety of their homes, without scrutiny from police or family—a global phenomenon. With increased access to education and the internet, a “social nonmovement” is occurring, described by Iranian Asef Bayat as lifestyle rebellions that gradually create real change.
Child Marriage in the United States
Authors: Wahi-Singh Aditi , Zaleski Kristen 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
According to the United Nations, child marriage often is a result of gender bias and discrimination by families that choose boys over girls to pursue education. Advocates argue that early marriage creates a permanent end to a girl’s childhood more often than a boy’s childhood because of early forced sexual encounters, early pregnancy, and premature exit from school to attend to household chores for the new husband. Child marriages have consistently been linked with early, more frequent, and more unwanted pregnancies compared with adult marriages in developing countries. Women married as children often experience significantly greater life stressors and higher rates of suicidal thoughts and attempts than do women married as adults. Despite what is known globally about child marriage, the United States continues to legally allow the practice. This chapter explores the limited information on American child brides and discusses policy and practice implications of this phenomenon.
Peacebuilding and Gender Inclusivity
Authors: Gregorian Adrineh 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The work of women’s groups and organizations in conflict zones is underestimated and underresourced, yet these groups continue to be a voice of the marginalized. By examining the case of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, this chapter seeks to demonstrate how women’s role in peacebuilding is pivotal and should not be trivialized. Women have proven to be more nonviolent, they have differentiated needs in conflict, and they are more successful at utilizing out-of-the-box methods. When official top-down approaches fail women, civil society organizations step in to fill the gaps. Whereas formal negotiation tactics often seem to be fruitless, out-of-the-box tools are created to develop connections and safe spaces to share, listen, and build empathy. These steps should not be overlooked; instead, they underscore that women’s inclusion in peace processes is imperative.
Feminine Stereotypes and the Advantages of Association
Authors: Valdini Melody E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on one variable in the inclusion calculation: the incongruity benefit. It begins with an analysis of feminine stereotypes and illustrates the common assumptions that women in politics are more honest and committed to democracy than men. It then presents the results of an original survey of citizens in the United States and Canada, which suggests that most citizens continue to value men over women as leaders, yet see women as potentially bringing valuable traits to leadership. The chapter then expands on my central argument underlying the mechanism of the incongruity benefit, explaining that, because of women’s assumed personality traits, having them associated with the party or government can be valuable to men. Thus, male elites can strategically increase the presence of women legislators to give citizens the impression of a new embrace of honesty or even democracy, even though those elites may have no sincere interest in increasing women’s power.
The Method of Inclusion Matters Too
Authors: Valdini Melody E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 looks beyond candidate selection to consider the adoption of gender quotas in the aftermath of a massive corruption scandal. It argues that the prevalence of gender quotas today demonstrates that elites see an advantage to this particular method of inclusion and suggests several reasons why a quota offers the benefits of feminization while simultaneously limiting some of the costs of women’s inclusion. The chapter asserts that a gender quota potentially allows elites more control over women’s presence and power than any other method of inclusion and is thus often the elites’ optimal method. In addition, it presents case study analyses of the adoption of legislated gender quotas in two countries—Italy and Argentina—and argues that quota adoption was driven by both the benefit of strategically associating with women in the post-scandal environment as well as the particular advantages of this method of inclusion in these contexts.