bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of hydroxychloroquine and metabolites in human whole blood
Authors: Austin Donna , John Catharine , Hunt Beverley J , Carling Rachel S. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an anti-malarial and immunomodulatory drug reported to inhibit the Corona virus, SARS-CoV-2, in vitro. At present there is insufficient evidence from clinical trials to determine the safety and efficacy of HCQ as a treatment for COVID-19. However, since the World Health Organisation declared COVID-19 a pandemic in March 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration issued an Emergency Use Authorisation to allow HCQ and Chloroquine (CQ) to be distributed and used for certain hospitalised patients with COVID-19 and numerous clinical trials are underway around the world, including the UK based RECOVERY trial, with over 1000 volunteers. The validation of a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of HCQ and two of its major metabolites, desethylchloroquine (DCQ) and di-desethylchloroquine (DDCQ), in whole blood is described.

Methods
Blood samples were deproteinised using acetonitrile. HCQ, DCQ and DDCQ were chromatographically separated on a biphenyl column with gradient elution, at a flow rate of 500 μL/min. The analysis time was 8 min.

Results
For each analyte linear calibration curves were obtained over the concentration range 50-2000 μg/L, the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 13 μg/L, the inter-assay relative standard deviation (RSD) was <10% at 25, 800 and 1750 μg/L and mean recoveries were 80, 81, 78 and 62% for HCQ, d4-HCQ, DCQ and DDCQ, respectively.

Conclusion
This method has acceptable analytical performance and is applicable to the therapeutic monitoring of HCQ, evaluating the pharmacokinetics of HCQ in COVID-19 patients and supporting clinical trials.
A Semi-Uniform Multigrid Algorithm for Solving Elliptic Interface Problems
Authors: Jo Gwanghyun , Kwak Do Young 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We introduce a new geometric multigrid algorithm to solve elliptic interface problems.
First we discretize the problems by the usual

P
1

{P_{1}}

-conforming finite element methods on a semi-uniform grid which is obtained by refining a uniform grid.
To solve the algebraic system, we adopt subspace correction methods for which we use uniform grids as the auxiliary spaces.
To enhance the efficiency of the algorithms, we define a new transfer operator between a uniform grid and a semi-uniform grid so that the transferred functions satisfy the flux continuity along the interface.
In the auxiliary space, the system is solved by the usual multigrid algorithm with a similarly modified prolongation operator.
We show

𝒲

{\mathcal{W}}

-cycle convergence for the proposed multigrid algorithm.
We demonstrate the performance of our multigrid algorithm for problems having various ratios of parameters.
We observe that the computational complexity of our algorithms are robust for all problems we tested.
The Five Models for State and Religion: Atheism, Theocracy, State Church, Multiculturalism, and Secularism
Authors: Cliteur Paul , Ellian Afshin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article deals with one of the perennial questions of legal and political philosophy, ie, how the state should relate to religion? It makes a distinction between five models: (i) the atheist state, (ii) the theocratic state, (iii) the model of an official state church, (iv) the multiculturalist state, and (v) the agnostic state (or secular state). The authors reflect on the legitimacy of each of these models. Some states reclaim their right to adopt an official religion as their state religion or as the religious Leitkultur of their country (model iii). Others favor the support of religion as long as this is premised on the equal rights of all religions (model iv). And others think that the state can only support equal citizenship if the state does not support any religion whatsoever (model v).
Development and performance improvement of a novel zero cross-correlation code for SAC-OCDMA systems
Authors: Li Xiang , Ding Qing-an , Nie Bowen , Liu Changqing , Wang Xiaojuan , Song Juan , Li Chaofan , Zhang Lijun 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In order to improve the performance of the Spectral Amplitude Coding-Optical Code Division Multiple Access (SAC-OCDMA) system, a zero cross-correlation (ZCC) code named double weight multi-diagonal (DW-MD) is proposed with constant weight (CW) or variable weight (VW). Mathematical results illustrate that it is feasible to reduce the number of filters without sacrificing system performance by using the CW DW-MD code instead of the multi-diagonal (MD) code. And for the VW DW-MD code, the supportable number of users for lower code weight W

L
(3) at bit error rate (BER) of 10−3 (voice) is 43, medium code weight W

M
(4) at BER of 10−9 (data) is 29, and higher code weight W

H
(5) at BER of 10−12 (video) is 32. Finally, the analysis about the position of chips “1” is given, and the simulation setups show that the CW DW-MD code outperforms the MD code when Gaussian optical filter is used.
CD34 immunostain increases sensitivity of the diagnosis of fetal vascular malperfusion in placentas from ex-utero intrapartum treatment
Authors: Stanek Jerzy 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objectives
EXIT (ex-utero intrapartum treatment) procedure is a fetal survival-increasing modification of cesarean section. Previously we found an increase incidence of fetal vascular malperfusion (FVM) in placentas from EXIT procedures which indicates the underlying stasis of fetal blood flow in such cases. This retrospective analysis analyzes the impact of the recently introduced CD34 immunostain for the FVM diagnosis in placentas from EXIT procedures.

Methods
A total of 105 placentas from EXIT procedures (48 to airway, 43 to ECMO and 14 to resection) were studied. In 73 older cases, the placental histological diagnosis of segmental FVM was made on H&E stained placental sections only (segmental villous avascularity) (Group 1), while in 32 most recent cases, the CD34 component of a double E-cadherin/CD34 immunostain slides was also routinely used to detect the early FVM (endothelial fragmentation, villous hypovascularity) (Group 2). Twenty-three clinical and 47 independent placental phenotypes were compared by χ2 or ANOVA, where appropriate.

Results
There was no statistical significance between the groups in rates of segmental villous avascularity (29 vs. 34%), but performing CD34 immunostain resulted in adding and/or upgrading 12 more cases of segmental FVM in Group 2, thus increasing the sensitivity of placental examination for FVM by 37%. There were no other statistically significantly differences in clinical (except for congenital diaphragmatic hernias statistically significantly more common in Group 2, 34 vs. 56%, p=0.03) and placental phenotypes, proving the otherwise comparability of the groups.

Conclusions
The use of CD34 immunostain increases the sensitivity of placental examination for FVM by 1/3, which may improve the neonatal management by revealing the increased likelihood of the potentially life-threatening neonatal complications.
Drei Bedeutungen von ‚Identität‘ bei Kant, Fichte und Hegel
Authors: Oehl Thomas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper distinguishes between three meanings of “identity”: logical identity, identity of self-consciousness, and personal identity. It raises the question of how these three meanings are related to one another and reconstructs Kant’s, Fichte’s and Hegel’s answers to this question. Kant conceives of logical identity and the identity of self-consciousness as two different species of the genus “identity”. Fichte holds that logical identity is to be deduced from the identity of self-consciousness. Nevertheless, Kant and Fichte agree that “personal identity” is homonymous with these two meanings of identity. Hegel objects to this, arguing that identity of self-consciousness is only conceivable as an aspect of personal identity and that logical identity is an abstraction of the understanding.
The Problem of Schematism in Kant and its Transformation in Southwest Neo-Kantianism
Authors: Krijnen Christian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The meaning and validity of Kant’s Kant’s doctrine of schematism remains contested until today. In neo-Kantianism and post-War transcendental philosophy, Kant’s schematism of the pure concepts of understanding is transformed drastically. Kant’s thesis of heterogeneity is overcome by taking it back into the internal relationships of the structure of cognition. The spontaneity of thought, performing schematizations, is retained, but Kant’s project of conceiving of the foundations of knowledge in the fashion of a theory of apperception of the I as well as the externality of the given and the determination of the given that goes along with it is sublated by an objective order of validity-noematic constitution and regulation. Kant’s doctrine of schematism, then, shows to be methodology.
Cohen’sLogik der reinen Erkenntnisand Cassirer’sSubstanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff
Authors: Pringe Hernán 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper compares Cohen’sLogic of Pure Knowledgeand Cassirer’sSubstance and Functionin order to evaluate how in these works Cohen and Cassirer go beyond the limits established by Kantian philosophy. In hisLogic, Cohen seeks to ground in pure thought all the elements which Kant distinguishes in empirical intuition: its matter (sensation) as well as its form (time and space). In this way, Cohen tries to provide an account of knowledge without appealing to any receptivity. In accordance with Cohen’s project of reformulating the Kantian theory of sensibility, Cassirer undertakes inSubstance and Functionthe task of developing an alternative doctrine of pure and empirical manifolds. But whereas Cohen analyzes the laws of pure thought, Cassirer aims to highlight the functional character of concepts in the development of modern mathematics and physics. I will discuss these two different approaches to the problems raised by Kantian philosophy and I will argue that Cassirer went further than Cohen in the project of critical idealism.
A Tutorial on the Classical Theories of Electromagnetic Scattering and Diffraction
Authors: Mansuripur Masud 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStarting with Maxwell’s equations, we derive the fundamental results of the Huygens-Fresnel-Kirchhoff and Rayleigh-Sommerfeld theories of scalar diffraction and scattering. These results are then extended to cover the case of vector electromagnetic fields. The famous Sommerfeld solution to the problem of diffraction from a perfectly conducting half-plane is elaborated. Far-field scattering of plane waves from obstacles is treated in some detail, and the well-known optical cross-section theorem, which relates the scattering cross-section of an obstacle to its forward scattering amplitude, is derived. Also examined is the case of scattering from mild inhomogeneities within an otherwise homogeneous medium, where, in the first Born approximation, a fairly simple formula is found to relate the far-field scattering amplitude to the host medium’s optical properties. The related problem of neutron scattering from ferromagnetic materials is treated in the final section of the paper.
Free-standing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) membrane for salt-rejecting solar desalination via size effect
Authors: Zhuang Pengyu , Fu Hanyu , Xu Ning , Li Bo , Xu Jun , Zhou Lin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Interfacial solar vapor generation has revived the solar-thermal-based desalination due to its high conversion efficiency of solar energy. However, most solar evaporators reported so far suffer from severe salt-clogging problems during solar desalination, leading to performance degradation and structural instability. Here, we demonstrate a free-standing salt-rejecting reduced graphene oxide (rGO) membrane serving as an efficient, stable, and antisalt-fouling solar evaporator. The evaporation rate of the membrane reaches up to 1.27 kg m−2 h−1 (solar–thermal conversion efficiency ∼79%) under one sun, out of 3.5 wt% brine. More strikingly, due to the tailored narrow interlayer spacing, the rGO membrane can effectively reject ions, preventing salt accumulation even for high salinity brine (∼8 wt% concentration). With enabled salt-antifouling capability, flexibility, as well as stability, our rGO membrane serves as a promising solar evaporator for high salinity brine treatment.
Determination of hydrophobic degree of paper packaging materials by a tracer-assisted headspace gas chromatography
Authors: Dai Yi , Yu Zhen-Hua , Wang Hao , Zhan Jian-Bo , Xie Jiao , Yue Bao-Shan , Xie Wei-Qi , Chai Xin-Sheng 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The present work reports on a method for the determination of hydrophobic degree of paper packaging material by tracer-assisted headspace gas chromatography. The method was based on adding 40 μL of methanol-water drop on the paper surface for 20 s. After removing the excess water by turning the sample vertically, the sample is placed in a vial and the amount of residual tracer attached on the material surface was accurately quantified by full evaporation headspace gas chromatography. The results show that the present method has a good precision (less than 4.1 %). The present method is simple and accurate and it can be an efficient tool for testing the hydrophobic degree of paper packaging material in batch.
Partial circuit closure of filtrate in an ECF bleaching plant
Authors: de Almeida Batista Leonard , Silva Claudio Mudadu , Nascimben Santos Erika , Colodette Jorge Luiz , Rezende Ana Augusta Passos , Cola Zanuncio José 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The bleaching sector of the wood pulp industry is its largest effluent generator. The aim of this study was to reuse the bleaching filtrate in order to reduce water consumption. The experiment was conducted by simulating the D0(EP)D1 bleaching sequence and recirculating different amounts of filtrate from the oxidation stage to control the pulp consistency of the delignification stage (pre-O). Physical, mechanical, chemical and optical properties of the pulp were studied. The accumulation of the non-process elements (NPE) and their effects were evaluated with the Aspen-Plus® computer simulator. The results of the computational modeling were satisfactory. The recirculation of filtrates increased the saturation index of the system by 19 %, but remained at sub-saturation levels. The pulp viscosity and elongation remained statistically stable. Recirculation of up to 50 % of the filtrate did not produce differences in pulp brightness; however, there were slight losses in the pulp resistances. In order to maintain 84 % ISO brightness, there was a higher consumption of the bleaching reagents. Up to 50 % of recirculation of the filtrates was accomplished without jeopardizing the system and the pulp quality and resulted in a savings of 55 m3 h−1 of water – 7 % of the consumption of the entire mill.
Development and characterization of ethyl cellulose nanosponges for sustained release of brigatinib for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Ahmed Mohammed Muqtader , Fatima Farhat , Anwer Md. Khalid , Ansari Mohammad Javed , Das Sabya Sachi , Alshahrani Saad M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) contributes to about 85% of lung cancer. By 2040, lung cancer cases estimated to rise to 3.6 million globally. Brigatinib (BG) acts as tyrosine kinase inhibitors that target the epidermal growth factor receptor of the epithelial lung cancer cells. BG loaded nanosponges (NSs) were prepared by the emulsion solvent evaporation technique using ethylcellulose (EC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a stabilizer. Eight formulations were developed by varying the concentration of the drug (BG), EC and PVA followed by optimization through particle characterization; size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), drug entrapment and loading efficiency. The optimized formulation BGNS5 showed particles size (261.0 ± 3.5 nm), PDI (0.301) and ZP(−19.83 ± 0.06 Mv) together with entrapment efficiency (85.69 ± 0.04%) and drug loading (17.69 ± 0.01%). FTIR, DSC, XRD, and SEM showed drug-polymer compatibility, entrapment of drug in EC core, non-crystallinity of BG in NS and confirm spherical porous nature of the NS. BGNS5 reflects drug release in a sustained manner, 86.91 ± 2.12% for about 12 h. BGNS5 significantly decreased the cell viability of A549 human lung cancer cell lines with less hemolytic ratio compared to pure drug BG and EC. Based on the aforementioned results BGNS5 could be used in the effective treatment of NSCLC.
Polysulfone nanofiltration membranes enriched with functionalized graphene oxide for dye removal from wastewater
Authors: Abdelhamid Ahmed E. , El-Sayed Ahmed A. , Khalil Ahmed M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Composite-nanofiltration membranes based on polysulfone (PSU) and functionalized graphene oxide (f-GO) were prepared for dye removal from aqueous media. Graphene oxide (GO) was introduced to enhance the performance of these membranes. GO was functionalized using an aminated heterocyclic compound, namely 6-amino-4-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-methyl-4-phenyl-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-b]pyridine-5carbonitrile. The f-GO was incorporated into the PSU membrane matrix in different weight ratios (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 wt %). Characterizing the produced membranes with scanning electron microscope, Fourier Transform Infrared - Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and X-ray diffraction indicated the well dispersion of f-GO in the membrane matrix. The obtained membranes were applied to remove Congo red and methylene blue, as typical anionic and cationic dyes respectively from water. The modified membranes showed superior efficiency in terms of water flux and dye rejection upon being compared with the control membrane. The composite membranes loaded with f-GO exhibited promising dye removal efficiency for both dyes.
Urban Public Health? Ohne HiaP nicht denkbar
Authors: Moebus Susanne , Skodra Julita , Sutcliffe Robynne 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Städte müssen in gesundheitsfördernde und resiliente Orte transformiert werden, die u.a. Gesundheitsförderung, Nachhaltigkeit und Governance integrativ behandeln. Für Urban Public Health bedarf es eines Paradigmenwechsels von Krankheitsbekämpfung hin zu verhältnisbezogener Gesundheitsförderung sowie einer engen Kooperation mit den Bereichen Stadtplanung, Logistik, Verkehr und Umwelt in Praxis und Forschung. Eine gesundheitsfördernde Stadtentwicklung ist ohne die Verankerung von Gesundheit in allen Politikfeldern nicht denkbar.
The effect of nanoparticles on gas permeability with polyimide membranes and network hybrid membranes: a review
Authors: Gao Chengyun , Liao Jiayou , Lu Jingqiong , Ma Jiwei , Kianfar Ehsan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Polyimide membranes and network hybrid membranes exhibit high permeability despite good thermal and chemical stability, and high selectivity in gas mixture separation. In this study, the effect of nanoparticle distribution on the network polymer network, and changes in permeability, selectivity, and structure of the composite lattice membrane are investigated. According to the obtained permeability results, this increase in permeability was due to the increase of polymer network free volume and the formation of cavities in the nanoparticle-polymer interface. The significant results were that the permeability growth of gases with larger molecular size such as methane and nitrogen was higher than other gases. A comparison of the permeability growth of gases with the increasing volume fraction of nanoparticles confirms the dominance of the molecular sieve mechanism and the type of membrane transport mechanism change over polyimide and network Hybrid.
North Korea’s Evolving Cyber Strategies: Continuity and Change
Authors: Raska Michael 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Pyongyang sees the Korean Peninsula as entrenched in a geopolitical deadlock among great powers, with the United States continuing to employ what the North Korean regime sees as a “hostile policy” detrimental to its survival, its ability to shape relevant events, and the country’s political and economic development. While the core security concerns of South Korea and the United States are North Korea’s growing nuclear weapons and ballistic missile capabilities, the alliance must increasingly also prioritize the continuous development of North Korea’s cyber capabilities, both offensive and defensive. North Korea aims to gain strategic advantage by pursuing cost-effective, asymmetric military capabilities, including cyber strategies, to gather intelligence, coerce its rivals, financially extort others, and otherwise exert influence in ways that are resistant to traditional deterrence and defense countermeasures. Seoul and Washington need a full-spectrum military readiness posture against the full range of potential North Korean provocations, while European democracies need to strengthen their cyber readiness posture to effectively track and counter North Korea’s evolving global cyber operations.
Propp Revisited: A Structural Analysis of Vuk Karadžić’s Collection Serbian Folk Fairy Tales
Authors: Vučković Dijana , Bratić Vesna 
Published: September 2020

Summary
In the mid-19th century Vuk Stefanović Karadžić collected folk tales in the broader South-Slavic region and published them in a collection titled Serbian Folk Tales. Folk fairy tales make the major part of the collection. In this paper, the authors determine the folk fairy tale structure according to the methodology proposed by Vladimir Propp in the Morphology of the Folktale. The aim of the paper is to investigate, whether these fairy tales can be fully described using Propp’s Morphology. Propp’s model of the meta-folk fairy tale was developed inductively based on a rich, comprehensive, yet limited, corpus of Russian folk fairy tales, which opens up space for further testing of the proposed model.
The hypothesis was set that the analyzed folk fairy tales completely conform to the plot structure of the meta-folk fairy tale with a maximum of 31 functions as proposed by Propp. The hypothesis is grounded in: 1. the time when the folktales were collected (mid-19th century, the same time as the Russian collection analyzed by Propp) and 2. the similarity of the South Slavic peoples with the peoples of the Slavic East.
However, after categorial and structural analyses of the corpus were performed, it was clear that the hypothesis could not be accepted in its entirety. In the analyzed folk fairy tales, no new functions were found as compared to the 31 functions identified by Propp, but some of these functions were altered as compared to those to be expected in folk tales. This alteration occurred not only regarding the changed order of functions, assimilation and cases of dual morphological meanings of functions, but also in terms of the fantastic category of the marvelous, which is the core feature of the fairy tale genre, whose nature was changed. The study identified the rationalization of some magical motifs, which partially mitigates the quality of the miraculous in the fairy tale and found out that, in some cases, the marvelous was mitigated and “shifted” towards the (merely) fantastic. This was achieved by introducing oniric elements. One of the important conclusions of our study of the fairy tale is that these fairy tales, although labeled as folk tales, feature significant authorial intervention.