bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Protective Purpose of the Contract and the Liability of an Expert Towards a Third Party in Czech, Austrian, and German Private Law
Authors: Matějková Jitka , Pavelek Ondřej 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to describe the so-called protective purpose of the contract, by demonstrating the liability of experts for damage caused by an imperfect expert opinion, incorrect advice, or information. The comparative method will be used in conjunction with analyzing the Czech, Austrian, and German arrangements – their continuities and differences. Criteria for assessing whether this is a protective purpose of the contract and how these criteria vary in different legal frameworks are discussed in detail. The conceptual features of the expert as well as the assumptions of their responsibility for providing advice or information regulated in the individual jurisdictions are argued as well.
The article concludes that the protective purpose of the contract is demonstrated accurately in the case of the liability of the expert for damage which has been established on the basis of a contract. These are in particular cases where an expert draws up an opinion on behalf of the parties on the basis of a contract which is, however, concluded with merely one party. In the event of a breach of the contract, the expert is also responsible for the damage caused to a party that has not concluded the contract with an expert.
Fish Diversity in the Andharmanik River Sanctuary in Bangladesh
Authors: Ali Mir Mohammad , Ali Md. Lokman , Rahman Md. Jalilur , Wahab Md. Abdul 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Loss of fish biodiversity, especially in the inland and coastal areas, is a major concern in sustainable fish production. Indiscriminate fish catch, climate change and many other anthropogenic activities synergistically affect fish biodiversity. To formulate a sustainable fish biodiversity conservation plan, fish biodiversity in the Andharmanik River, a 40-km-long Hilsa shad sanctuary in the southern part of Bangladesh, was assessed. The study was conducted to understand the status of fish species diversity through sampling in three sampling stations between December 2014 and November 2015. A total of 93 fish species were found belonging to 66 genera, 45 families and 14 orders. Perciformes (27.65%) was found to be the most dominant order, followed by Cypriniformes (20.21%), Siluriformes (21.28%) Clupeiformes (7.45%) Mastacembeliformes (4.26%) and Channiformes (4.26%). Out of the 93 fish species of the river, the percentage compositions of the vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered and not threatened were found to be 14%, 11%, 6% and 59%, respectively. Four population indices viz. Shannon-Wiener’s diversity index (H), Simpson’s dominance index (D), Simpson’s index of diversity (1-D) and Margalef’s index (d) were applied to demonstrate species diversity, richness and evenness of fish species in sampling areas, and the overall values of the indices were 2.70-3.51, 0.10-0.12, 0.88-0.90 and 7.84-8.19, respectively. The main threats to fish biodiversity were reviewed and the measures for fish biodiversity conservation of the river recommended. Indiscriminate fishing using biodiversity destructive gears, as well as losing hydrological and ecological connectivity with the surrounding habitats, were identified as major threats to biodiversity in the Andharmanik River. Effective sanctuary-based co-management, immediate actions for habitat enhancement to conserve and improve fish biodiversity in the river were recommended. Necessary steps to improve hydrological and ecological connectivity for habitat protection and elimination of all destructive fishing gears in order to conserve biodiversity in the Andharmanik River were also suggested.
Using model forests as a form of balanced forestry in Ukraine
Authors: Cherchyk Larysa , Korchynska Liubov , Babenko Vitalina 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The relevance of the research topic is prompted by the need to improve the practical instruments of forest management and make them in line with the principles of sustainable development. The research is aimed at facilitating the implementation of environmental, social and economic functions of forest ecosystems in a long-term perspective. The study made use of the following methods: systemic structural analysis, clustering and comparative analysis to identify groups of administrative areas that correspond to certain strategic areas of sustainable forestry. The research is based on cybernetic modeling which helps determining the strategic zones of sustainable forestry. The stages of creating model forests were defined alongside formulating economic, organizational, social and environmental aspects of forest management. The methodology envisages grouping of administrative districts on the basis of a number of factors, including the percentage of forest land, social and economic indicators prompted. The methodology was implemented when analysing official data from several administrative districts in the Zhytomyr region. Several scenarios of sustainable forestry were detailed for each group of administrative districts. Three strategic options were pursued: 1) preserving the viability of forest ecosystems in Ukraine, 2) contributing to the welfare of Ukrainians, 3) ensuring economic development of the forestry sector. It follows from the research that the model forest is a powerful form of cost-effective business interaction in the process of sustainable development that shall bring into action the conservation of nature, provision of comfortable living conditions for territorial communities as well as the most capital-productive utilization of forest resources.
Environmental factors related to community-level functional traits in limestone hill forests along an altitudinal gradient: a case study in northern Thailand
Authors: Asanok Lamthai , Kamyo Torlarp , Marod Dokrak 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study investigated the environmental factors affecting functional traits, which have been shown to be important for species assembly in diverse forest stands on limestone hills in northern Thailand. We established 54 plots of 400 m2 in three forest sites (lower, middle, and upper) established along an altitudinal gradient on a limestone hill. The functional traits were assessed and then linked to environmental factors governing forest composition. Results indicated that elevation, rocky outcroppings, and sunlight were important factors affecting functional trait diversity at the study site. Areas with high values of these three factors exhibited increased community-level leaf size, specific leaf area, and leaf thickness, all of which are associated with light-demanding species. However, in areas with low values of these three factors, we observed increased community-level wood density and maximum plant height, which are characteristic of shade-tolerant species. Elevation also positively affected functional dispersion and functional richness values, indicating a wide functional trait space in higher elevation areas, but lower areas exhibited a narrower functional trait space. We suggest that combining a trait-based approach with environmental factors can reveal patterns of species composition in limestone forests.
There’s more to alternations than the main diagonal of a 2×2 confusion matrix: Improvements of MuPDAR and other classificatory alternation studies
Authors: Gries Stefan Th. , Barbara Santa , Liebig Justus , Deshors Sandra C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Corpus-based studies of learner language and (especially) English varieties have become more quantitative in nature and increasingly use regression-based methods and classifiers such as classification trees, random forests, etc. One recent development more widely used is the MuPDAR (Multifactorial Prediction and Deviation Analysis using Regressions) approach of Gries and Deshors (2014) and Gries and Adelman (2014). This approach attempts to improve on traditional regression- or tree-based approaches by, firstly, training a model on the reference speakers (often native speakers (NS) in learner corpus studies or British English speakers in variety studies), then, secondly, using this model to predict what such a reference speaker would produce in the situation the target speaker is in (often non-native speakers (NNS) or indigenized-variety speakers). Crucially, the third step then consists of determining whether the target speakers made a canonical choice or not and explore that variability with a second regression model or classifier.
Both regression-based modeling in general and MuPDAR in particular have led to many interesting results, but we want to propose two changes in perspective on the results they produce. First, we want to focus attention on the middle ground of the prediction space, i.e. the predictions of a regression/classifier that, essentially, are made non-confidently and translate into a statement such as ‘in this context, both/all alternants would be fine’. Second, we want to make a plug for a greater attention to misclassifications/-predictions and propose a method to identify those as well as discuss what we can learn from studying them. We exemplify our two suggestions based on a brief case study, namely the dative alternation in native and learner corpus data.
Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Thrombocyte to Lymphocyte Ratio, New Biochemical Parameters in Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Crișu Georgiana Cătălina , Atanasiu Valeriu , Marin Flavius Ștefan , Balaban Vasile Daniel , Găman Laura , Stoian Irina , Jinga Mariana 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background. Acute pancreatitis represents an inflammatory disease with different grades of severity, ranging from mild to severe presentation. In current practice there are a lot of biomarkers used in diagnosis and prognosis of pancreatitis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate de differences between a group with acute pancreatitis and a group of healthy people regarding the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), thrombocyte to lymphocyte ratio (TLR), as these two could help in the evaluation of prognosis and severity of acute pancreatitis.

Method. The study had two groups: group A, included 100 patients with acute pancreatitis and group B - 30 healthy people.

Results. In the group A there were 65% male and 35 % female with a mean age of 58.07±15.10 years, in the group B there were 50% male and 50% female with a mean age of 48.06±15.47 years. The majority of the people included in both groups were from the urban provenience. We obtained an important difference between group A and group B regarding the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and thrombocyte to lymphocyte ratio with an important statistical significance (p<0.001).

Conclusion. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and thrombocyte to lymphocyte ratio could be promising biochemical parameters in diagnosis and prognosis of acute pancreatitis.
D-Dimers, Potential Predictive Factor of Survival in Acute Ischemic Stroke in Patient with Diabetes
Authors: Pop Nicolae Ovidiu , Mohan Aurel George , Zaha Dana Carmen , Babeș Petru Aurel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Determination of plasma level of D-dimers in patient with acute ischemic stroke can be used as a potential predictor of survival and correlated with the degree of disability of the patient. This study shows a correlation between the serum level of D-dimers in the diabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke, which may result that the level of D-dimers could be a good predictor of survival in acute ischemic stroke but not a predictor of disability and prognosis.
Risk Factors for Stroke in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Timofte Delia , Dragoș Dorin , Măndiţă Adina , Balcangiu-Stroescu Andra-Elena , Tănăsescu Maria-Daniela , Bălan Daniela Gabriela , Răducu Laura , Avino Adelaida , Ionescu Dorin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Stroke is a public health problem especially in developed countries, being an important cause of death and disability. The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population varies from country to country. The percentage of afflicted patients is on the rise, mainly due to the high incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) complicated with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and of the kidney vascular diseases (hypertensive nephroangiosclerosis and ischemic nephropathy). In patients with CKD, strokes are relatively frequent, especially hemorrhagic ones, due to a host of risk factors, both modifiable and unmodifiable.
Cardiovascular complications (which may be prevented by risk factors control) are the main culprit for the relatively high mortality rate of CKD patients, frequently leading to their death before the initiation of renal replacement treatment (dialysis, kidney transplant).
Boardroom Empires?: A Study of Ownership Influence in the Swedish Press
Authors: Ohlsson Jonas 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The question of how ownership impacts on the performance of the press is a perennial one. Despite the extensive attention devoted to the perceived consequences of ownership, information about what newspaper owners actually do remains limited. This article discusses an alternative path for research on media ownership. It involves the board of directors, the main agency that is expected to exercise ownership power. The article presents a study that focuses specifically on the decision-making in and around the boardrooms of three Swedish newspaper firms between 1955 and 2005. Building on analyses of board meeting minutes and interviews with board members, the study shows that the impact of ownership is established, and develops, in an intricate web of interacting forces, internal and external to the firm. It thus underlines the need for both a multi-theoretical foundation and a multi-method design in research on ownership influence in the media.
News Behind the Wall: An Analysis of the Relationship Between the Implementation of a Paywall and News Values
Authors: Kvalheim Nina 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article explores the relationship between the implementation of a paywall and the editorial content profile in a local newspaper. The premise of the article is that the content published behind the wall is the content the newspaper values the most, and the article aims to contribute to an understanding of the interplay between strategic and economic decisions regarding news production and the editorial content. The Norwegian newspaper Fædrelandsvennen and its online initiative fevennen.no serve as cases in the study, and the article asks two questions: What are the most prominent news values behind the paywall, and how do they relate to commercial strategies regarding the introduction of the wall?
Changing Magazine Journalism: Key Trends in Norwegian Women’s Magazines
Authors: Ytre-Arne Brita 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article analyses developments in Norwegian magazine journalism in the last decade, focusing on the broad and varied spectrum of magazines targeting women. The analysis is based on multiple methods and data sources, aiming to connect the production and reception of magazine journalism to the texts of magazines. This article will identify and discuss five key trends: fragmentation, digitalization, Nordic inspiration, redefinition of the political and beautification. The trends are discussed in light of public sphere theory and selected orientations in Nordic journalism research.
A Small Exclusive Circle: An Institutional Approach to Business News
Authors: Lindén Carl-Gustav 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article features a comparative study of the making of business news based upon interviews (2005 to 2010) with senior business journalists in Finland and Sweden as well as communication managers at two global telecom companies, Nokia and Ericsson. The article shows the complex and fluid dynamics of social construction. There are spans when corporate power over editorial practices is strong and other periods when business reporters and their supervisors effectively exert their control over these news processes and the construction of meaning. Communicative outcomes are not determined or predictable; rather, they are influenced by a socially grounded understanding of what is “appropriate”. This case study shows that formal rules can be of limited value when assessing social processes.
Strong and Weak Forms of Mediatization Theory: A Critical Review
Authors: Ampuja Marko , Koivisto Juha , Väliverronen Esa 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
During recent years, the concept of mediatization has made a strong impact on media and communication studies, and its advocates have attempted to turn it into a refined and central theoretical framework for media research. The present article distinguishes two forms of mediatization theory: a strong form based on the assumption that a ‘media logic’ increasingly determines the actions of different social institutions and groups, and a weak form that questions such a logic, though the latter form emphasizes the key role of the media in social change and singles out mediatization as a central ‘meta-process’ today. Exponents of the weak form have convincingly criticized the notion of media logic. However, the weaker version of mediatization is itself problematic, as its advocates have failed to produce a clear explanatory framework around the concept. We argue that, although the analytical status of mediatization is unclear, fascination with the concept will, in all probability, continue in the years to come, due to the promises of heightened disciplinary coherence and status that this notion has conveyed for media and communication studies.
Norwegian Media and the Cold War 1945–1991
Authors: Bastiansen Henrik G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The theme of this article is how the Cold War influenced the media – but also how the media influenced the Cold War. In order to study this, the article connects Norwegian media to the broader international Cold War history between 1945 and 1991. The aim is to show the relevance of the Cold War for media development and of the media for research on the Cold War. The goal is to construct a tentative fundament for further research on the role of the media during the Cold War.
A Quest for Communitas: Rethinking Mediated Memory Existentially
Authors: Lagerkvist Amanda 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Despite the fragmentation of audience behaviour and the pluralization of platforms within the media cultures of the digital age, cultural memory practices retain an important feature: They echo a basic existential quest for communitas. The present article compares two seemingly incomparable regimes of memory of our time: the anniversaries of 9.11 on Swedish television and web communities of commemoration of lost loved ones. It suggests through these contrasting examples that existential themes are pursued in the face of three challenges: the temporality of instantaneity, the all-pervasive networked individualism that makes memory into a matter of elective affinities, and the technological capacities that subject memory to endless revision. The article explores the existential dimension of these memory practices in line with research within the culturalist emphasis on the study of media and religion. This debate recognizes the need for a broader understanding of the mediated qualities of religion and the religious qualities of the media. The article argues that both televisual anniversaries of trauma that invite audiences to an annual return, and our new multiple and fragmented media memories compel us to conceive of our hyper-contingent, late-modern digital age as a quest for meaning, transcendence and cohesion – for what Victor Turner (1969) called existential communitas.
Considering Dispositional Moral Realism
Authors: Singh Prabhpal 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMy aim in this paper is to consider a series of arguments against Dispositional Moral Realism and argue that these objections are unsuccessful. I will consider arguments that try to either establish a dis-analogy between moral properties and secondary qualities or try to show that a dispositional account of moral properties fails to account for what a defensible species of moral realism must account for. I also consider criticisms from Simon Blackburn (1993), who argues that there could not be a corresponding perceptual faculty for moral properties, and David Enoch (2011), who argues that Dispositional Moral Realism does not most plausibly explain the difference between moral disagreements and disagreements of mere preference. Finally, I examine a novel criticism concerning the relationship between the diverse variety of moral properties and the range of our normative affective attitudes, arguing that the view has no problem accounting for this diversity.
Interview with Invited Speaker Michela Massimi, Philosophy as a Way of Life
Authors: West Peter , Massimi Michela 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Michela Massimi is a Professor of Philosophy of Science at the University of Edinburgh and was the keynote speaker for Philosophy as a Way of Life. She is currently the PI for an ERC-funded project ʽPerspectival Realism. Science, Knowledge, and Truth from a Human Vantage Point.ʼ Massimi has extensive experience working on interdisciplinary projects and has frequently engaged in public philosophy. In this interview, she discusses the future of research in the UK post-Brexit, the challenges and rewards of interdisciplinary research, shares some thoughts on the history of philosophy and science and our relationship with it, and emphasises the importance of bringing philosophy into the public sphere. She also offers advice for early career researchers and graduate students in philosophy.
Air Mission Commander. Command and Control
Authors: Iordache Mihai 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the fight management, the military commander, who is assimilated to a leader has, most of the time, the most important role. Today, in addition to the traditional missions to defend the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity of the state, the military forces also carry out missions according to the obligations assumed by NATO or EU membership: peacekeeping, peace enforcement, humanitarianism, post conflict reconstruction, terrorism, security and collective defense. These missions require the adoption of modern forms and methods of leadership, especially as they are largely executed outside the national territory, which provokes new cultural expectations and demands, involves ethical issues and legal advice whose value is not fully known.
Comparative Study on the Implementation of Combat Sports – Martial Arts – in the Physical Training of Military Students
Authors: Martinescu-Bădălan Fabiana 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the current context, martial arts continue to evolve and constantly develop, capturing the attention and the interest of the population of the entire world, the branch of these being diversified, offering individuals the possibility to be practiced, even by those with physical or mental disabilities. Nowadays, the large categories of armed forces of the world use martial arts as part of general physical training, with the purpose of self-defence against the enemy, discipline, improved physical and mental condition, improvement of the ability of the military to adapt to harsh conditions, as well as fighting without using weapons.