bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of social learning on the completion rate of massive online open courses
Authors: Crane R. A. , Comley S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMassive open online courses (MOOCs) are now well-established as a highly effective, flexible and large participation capacity distance learning tool. They have enabled unprecedented access to educational material for millions of people worldwide, however, still suffer from significant student non-completion. Various theories have been proposed but we still lack a comprehensive understanding of why such attrition occurs. Herein we have analysed data from all MOOCs offered by the University of Exeter (UK) in 2018 in order to investigate whether “Social Learners” (i.e. those which comment on MOOC forums) exhibit differential non-completion than “Non-Social Learners”. Results demonstrate that the former are considerably more likely to complete MOOCs, with median steps (i.e. “click points” within each MOOC) accessed (as a percentage of total steps) for Social and Non-Social Learners ranging from 50 to 100% and 9–46% respectively. In addition, the number of Non-Social Learners enrolled onto each MOOC was consistently greater than the number of Social Learners, with ratios of Non-Social Learners to Social Learners for each MOOC ranging from 1.75–11.30. Results therefore suggest that whilst Social Learners are in the minority Social Learning is an important tool to prevent student attrition. More research is therefore required in order to further understand the multifaceted value of Social Learning (i.e. technical vs purely social) in order to inform future MOOC design to maximise such benefits for students.
The Development and Growth of Non-Governmental Conservation in Peru: Privately and Communally Protected Areas
Authors: Shanee Sam , Shanee Noga , Lock Will , Espejo-Uribe Maria Jose 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhile legislation for the creation of protected areas in Peru has existed since the 1960s, legislation relating to privately and/or communally protected areas (PCPAs) dates only to the early 2000s, from which point the number of PCPAs has grown rapidly. We examine the growth of PCPAs in Peru, the laws key to their creation, and the actors who have shaped them, highlighting where national-level data obscures local dynamics that have driven or sustained their growth. Combined with ethnographic research in the region of San Martín, we show that while PCPAs have spread through processes of conservation contagion, increasing legal and economic requirements, lack of support, and negative interactions with state agents are discouraging local conservationists. At the same time, the promotion of conservation as an economic opportunity is encouraging foreign interest in developing market-based projects, risking increasing exclusion of local populations and ongoing sustainability of PCPAs in Peru.
Mitochondrial oxygen monitoring with COMET: verification of calibration in man and comparison with vascular occlusion tests in healthy volunteers
Authors: Ubbink R. , Wefers Bettink M. A. , van Weteringen W. , Mik E. G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMitochondria are the primary consumers of oxygen and therefore an important location for oxygen availability and consumption measurement. A technique has been developed for mitochondrial oxygen tension (mitoPO2) measurement, incorporated in the COMET. In contrast to most textbooks, relatively high average mitoPO2 values have been reported. The first aim of this study was to verify the validity of the COMET calibration for mitoPO2 measurements in human skin. The second aim was to compare the dynamics of mitoPO2 to several other techniques assessing tissue oxygenation. Firstly, we performed a two-point calibration. Mitochondrial oxygen depletion was achieved with vascular occlusion. A high mitoPO2 was reached by local application of cyanide. MitoPO2 was compared to the arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2). Secondly, for deoxygenation kinetics we compared COMET variables with the LEA O2C, SenTec OxiVenT™ and Medtronic INVOS™ parameters during a vascular occlusion test. 20 healthy volunteers were recruited and resulted in 18 datasets (2 times 9 subjects). The lowest measured mitoPO2 value per subject had a median [IQR] of 3.0 [1.0–4.0] mmHg, n = 9. After cyanide application the mitoPO2 was 94.1 mmHg [87.2–110.9] and did not differ significantly (n = 9, p = 0.5) from the PaO2 of 101.0 [98.0–106.0] mmHg. In contrast to O2C, OxiVenT™ and INVOS parameters, mitoPO2 declined within seconds with pressure on the probe. The kinetics from this decline are used to mitochondrial oxygen consumption (mitoVO2). This study validates the calibration of the COMET device in humans. For mitoVO2 measurements not only blood flow cessation but application of local pressure is of great importance to clear the measurement site of oxygen-carrying erythrocytes.
Effective callus induction and plant regeneration in callus and protoplast cultures of Nigella damascena L.
Authors: Klimek-Chodacka Magdalena , Kadluczka Dariusz , Lukasiewicz Aneta , Malec-Pala Aneta , Baranski Rafal , Grzebelus Ewa 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this study we report the development of effective in vitro systems for a medicinal plant Nigella damascena L. comprising: (1) callus induction, (2) somatic embryogenesis in callus cultures with subsequent plant regeneration, and (3) isolation and regeneration of callus-derived protoplasts. Callus development was achieved on 83–100% of hypocotyl and cotyledon explants, whereby Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with 3 mg L−1 6-benzylaminopurine and 0.5 mg L−1α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; BN medium) was more advantageous than MS with kinetin and NAA (KN medium). Histological observations of calli revealed the presence of embryogenic zones from which somatic embryos developed on the hormone-free medium. Plant regeneration was observed on 76–95% of calli. A high capacity to form somatic embryos and regeneration was maintained in long-lasting cultures, i.e. even in 2 year old callus.The obtained callus was also a good source tissue for protoplast isolation. By applying a mixture of cellulase and pectolyase, the acceptable yield of viable protoplasts was achieved, especially from hypocotyl-derived callus maintained on BN medium. Protoplasts embedded in an alginate matrix and cultured in modified Kao and Michayluk media re-constructed their cell wall and re-entered mitotic divisions. About 30% of small cell aggregates formed microcalli, which, after the release from alginate, proliferated continuously on KN and BN media, irrespective of the tissue variant used as the protoplast source. Somatic embryo formation and plant regeneration were successful on hormone-free media. An effective plant regeneration system of N. damascena protoplast cultures has been developed and is being reported for the first time.
Quality of life and mental health in breast cancer survivors compared with non-cancer controls: a study of patient-reported outcomes in the United Kingdom
Authors: Carreira Helena , Williams Rachael , Dempsey Harley , Stanway Susannah , Smeeth Liam , Bhaskaran Krishnan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
There is limited high-quality evidence on quality of life, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in breast cancer survivors and women with no history of cancer. We aimed to address this by comparing patient-reported outcomes between breast cancer survivors and women with no history of breast cancer.

Methods
Breast cancer survivors and women with no prior cancer were selected from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD primary care database, which includes population-based primary care electronic health record data. Breast cancer survivors and controls were frequency matched by age and primary care practice. Outcomes were assessed with validated instruments via postal questionnaire. Linear and logistic regression models were fitted to estimate adjusted associations between breast cancer survivorship and outcomes.

Results
A total of 356 breast cancer survivors (8.1 years post diagnosis) and 252 women with no prior cancer participated in the study. Compared with non-cancer controls, breast cancer survivors had poorer QoL in the domains of cognitive problems (adjusted β (aβ) = 1.4, p = 0.01), sexual function (aβ = 1.7, p = 0.02) and fatigue (aβ = 1.3, p = 0.01), but no difference in negative feelings, positive feelings, pain, or social avoidance. Breast cancer survivors had higher odds of borderline-probable anxiety (score ≥ 8) (adjusted OR = 1.47, 95%CI:1.15–1.87), but no differences in depression. Advanced stage at diagnosis and chemotherapy treatment were associated with poorer QoL.

Conclusions
Compared with women with no history of cancer, breast cancer survivors report more problems with cognition, sexual function, fatigue, and anxiety, particularly where their cancer was advanced and/or treated with chemotherapy.

Implications for Cancer Survivors
Breast cancer survivors with more advanced disease and/or treated with chemotherapy should be closely monitored and, when possible, offered evidence-based intervention for fatigue, cognitive dysfunction, and sexual problems.
Trends in engineering education for additive manufacturing in the industry 4.0 era: a systematic literature review
Authors: Motyl Barbara , Filippi Stefano 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAdditive manufacturing represents one of the most promising and innovative technologies of the moment. In fact, it is considered among the nine technological pillars on which Industry 4.0 is based. In particular, it has received a lot of interest from industries, educational institutions and government agencies. For these reasons, it is necessary to develop and train a specialised workforce and to prepare it for these new opportunities. This work aims to investigate, through the completion of a survey based on a systematic review of the literature, the current state of education and dissemination of educational practices related to the training of young engineers at university on the issues of additive manufacturing and related to Industry 4.0. The results show that the introduction of additive manufacturing education represents an important leverage in the preparation of young engineers who benefit from it both in terms of personal preparation and in terms of learning and refining different skills. However, certain aspects, linked to the need to have adequate equipment and a properly trained teaching staff, should not be overlooked.
A two-stage stochastic MILP model for generation and transmission expansion planning with high shares of renewables
Authors: Micheli Giovanni , Vespucci Maria Teresa , Stabile Marco , Puglisi Cinzia , Ramos Andres 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the generation and transmission expansion planning of large-scale energy systems with high penetration of renewable energy sources. Since expansion plans are usually provided for a long-term planning horizon, the system conditions are generally uncertain at the time the expansion plans are decided. In this work, we focus on the uncertainty of thermal power plants production costs, because of the important role they play in the generation and transmission expansion planning by affecting the merit order of thermal plants and the economic viability of renewable generation. To deal with this long-term uncertainty, we consider different scenarios and we define capacity expansion decisions using a two-stage stochastic programming model that aims at minimizing the sum of investment, decommissioning and fixed costs and the expected value of operational costs. To be computationally tractable most of the existing expansion planning models employ a low level of temporal and technical detail. However, this approach is no more an appropriate approximation for power systems analysis, since it does not allow to accurately study all the challenges related to integrating high shares of intermittent energy sources, underestimating the need for flexible resources and the expected costs. To provide more accurate expansion plans for power systems with large penetration of renewables, in our analysis, we consider a high level of temporal detail and we include unit commitment constraints on a plant-by-plant level into the expansion planning framework. To maintain the problem computationally tractable, we use representative days and we implement a multi-cut Benders decomposition algorithm, decomposing the original problem both by year and by scenario. Results obtained with our methodology in the Italian energy system under a 21-year planning horizon show how the proposed model can offer professional guidance and support in strategic decisions to the different actors involved in electricity transmission and generation.
Verteilungspolitische Interventionen
Authors: Krämer Hagen 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, auf welche Art und Weise die Verteilungspolitik in der heutigen Zeit ausgestaltet werden kann. Welches sind denkbare Ziele, welches mögliche Instrumente von verteilungspolitischen Interventionen in einer marktwirtschaftlichen Ordnung? Sind weitgehende Eingriffe in Marktprozesse unvermeidbar, wenn die Ungleichheit der Einkommensverteilung reduziert werden soll? Oder sollten diese weitgehend vermieden werden?Zur Beantwortung dieser Fragen wird zunächst ein kurzer Überblick über wesentliche Denkrichtungen in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften gegeben, die sich damit beschäftigt haben, ob und wie stark der Staat die Einkommensverteilung beeinflussen sollte. Danach werden verschiedene Kriterien für distributive Gerechtigkeit besprochen. Anschließend wird ein vereinfachtes Schema für verschiedene Verteilungstypologien entwickelt, das unterschiedliche Vorstellungen von distributiver Gerechtigkeit abbilden kann. Abschließend wird der Versuch einer neuen Systematisierung der Distributionspolitik vorgestellt, mit der eine Erweiterung des üblichen Schemas „Primär- versus Sekundärverteilung“ vorgenommen wird.
Pre-hospital hypothermia is associated with transfusion risk after traumatic injury
Authors: Jivraj Naheed K. , Kaustov Lilia , Hao Kennedy Ning , Strauss Rachel , Callum Jeannie , Tien Homer , Alam Asim Q. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTObjectivesIn traumatically injured patients, excessive blood loss necessitating the transfusion of red blood cell (RBC) units is common. Indicators of early RBC transfusion in the pre-hospital setting are needed. This study aims to evaluate the association between hypothermia (<36°C) and transfusion risk within the first 24 hours after arrival to hospital for a traumatic injury.MethodsWe completed an audit of all traumatically injured patients who had emergent surgery at a single tertiary care center between 2010 and 2014. Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, we evaluated the association between pre-hospital hypothermia and transfusion of ≥1 unit of RBC within 24 hours of arrival to the trauma bay.ResultsOf the 703 patients included to evaluate the association between hypothermia and RBC transfusion, 203 patients (29%) required a transfusion within 24 hours. After controlling for important confounding variables, including age, sex, coagulopathy (platelets and INR), hemoglobin, and vital signs (blood pressure and heart rate), hypothermia was associated with a 68% increased odds of transfusion in multivariable analysis (OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.11-2.56).ConclusionsHypothermia is strongly associated with RBC transfusion in a cohort of trauma patients requiring emergent surgery. This finding highlights the importance of early measures of temperature after traumatic injury and the need for intervention trials to determine if strategies to mitigate the risk of hypothermia will decrease the risk of transfusion and other morbidities.
Can a screening tool safely identify low risk cardiac patients to be transported with primary care flight paramedics?
Authors: Godbout Justin , Moore Sean W. , Sawadsky Bruce , Pan Andy , Vaillancourt Christian 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTObjectivesWe aimed to determine the rate of adverse events during interfacility transport of cardiac patients identified as low risk by a consensus-derived screening tool and transported by primary care flight paramedics (PCP(f)).MethodsWe conducted a health records review of adult patients diagnosed with a cardiac condition who were identified as low risk by the screening tool and transported by PCP(f). We excluded patients transported by an advanced care crew, those accompanied by a clinical escort from hospital, and those transported from a scene call, by rotary wing or ground vehicle. We recorded patient and transportation parameters using a piloted-standardized collection tool. We defined adverse events during transport a priori. We report descriptive statistics using mean (standard deviation), [range], (percentage).ResultsWe included 400 patients: mean age 66.9 years old, 66.5% male. Mean transport duration was 136.2 (74.9) minutes. Most common comorbidities were hypertension (50.3%) and coronary artery disease (39.5%). Most transports originated out of Northern Ontario and were for cardiac catheterization (61.8%) or coronary artery bypass grafting (26.8%). Overall, the adverse event rate was low (0.3%), with no serious event such as cardiac arrest, death, or airway intervention.ConclusionsA screening tool can identify cardiac patients at low risk for clinical deterioration during air-medical transport. We believe patients screened with this tool can be transported safely by a PCP(f) crew, leading to potentially significant resource savings.
Abdominal ultrasound image acquisition and interpretation by novice practitioners after minimal training on a simulated patient model
Authors: Waterman Bradley , Van Aarsen Kristine , Lewell Michael , Tien Homer , Myslik Frank , Peddle Michael , Doran Sean 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) exam is a rapid ultrasound test to identify evidence of hemorrhage within the abdomen. Few studies examine the accuracy of paramedic performed FAST examinations. The duration of an ultrasound training program remains controversial. This study's purpose was to assess the accuracy of paramedic FAST exam interpretation following a one hour didactic training session.MethodsThe interpretation of paramedic performed FAST exams was compared to the interpretation of physician performed FAST examinations on a mannequin model containing 300ml of free fluid following a one hour didactic training course. Results were compared using the Chi-square test. Differences in accuracy rate were deemed significant if p < 0.05.ResultsFourteen critical care flight paramedics and four emergency physicians were voluntarily recruited. The critical care paramedics were mostly ultrasound-naive whereas the emergency physicians all had ultrasound training. The correct interpretation of FAST scans was comparable between the two groups with accuracy of 85.6% and 87.5% (∆1.79 95%CI -33.85 to 21.82, p = 0.90) for paramedics and emergency physicians respectively.ConclusionsThis study determined that critical care paramedics were able to use ultrasound to detect free fluid on a simulated mannequin model and interpret the FAST exam with a similar accuracy as experienced emergency physicians following a one hour training course. This suggests the potential use of prehospital ultrasound to aid in the triage and transport decisions of trauma patients while limiting the financial and logistical burden of ultrasound training.
Blood product transfusion during air medical transport: A needs assessment
Authors: MacDonald Russell D. , Ramjaun Aliya 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTObjectivesEarly administration of blood products to patients with hemorrhagic shock has a positive impact on morbidity and mortality. Smaller hospitals may have limited supply of blood, and air medical systems may not carry blood. The primary outcome is to quantify the number of patients meeting established physiologic criteria for blood product administration and to identify which patients receive and which ones do not receive it due to lack of availability locally.MethodsElectronic patient care records were used to identify a retrospective cohort of patients undergoing emergent air medical transport in Ontario, Canada, who are likely to require blood. Presenting problems for blood product administration were identified. Physiologic data were extracted with criteria for transfusion used to identify patients where blood product administration is indicated.ResultsThere were 11,520 emergent patient transports during the study period, with 842 (7.3%) where blood product administration was considered. Of these, 290 met established physiologic criteria for blood products, with 167 receiving blood, of which 57 received it at a hospital with a limited supply. The mean number of units administered per patient was 3.5. The remaining 123 patients meeting criteria did not receive product because none was unavailable.ConclusionIndications for blood product administration are present in 2.5% of patients undergoing time-sensitive air medical transport. Air medical services can enhance access to potentially lifesaving therapy in patients with hemorrhagic shock by carrying blood products, as blood may be unavailable or in limited supply locally in the majority of patients where it is indicated.
SUITABILITY OF ACID-SOLUBLE AND ACID-INSOLUBLE LEATHER FRACTIONS IN RADIOCARBON DATING
Authors: Tate Alyssa M , Hundman Brittany , Heile Jonathan 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTLeather has been produced by a variety of methods throughout human history, providing researchers unique insight into multiple facets of social and economic life in the past. Archaeologically recovered leather is often fragile and poorly preserved, leading to the use of various conservation and restoration efforts that may include the application of fats, oils, or waxes. Such additives introduce exogenous carbon to the leather, contaminating the specimen. These contaminants, in addition to those accumulated during interment, must be removed through chemical pretreatment prior to radiocarbon (14C) dating to ensure accurate dating. DirectAMS utilizes organic solvents, acid-base-acid (ABA) and gelatinization for all leather samples. Collagen yield from leather samples is variable due to the method of production and the quality of preservation. However, evaluating the acid-soluble collagen fraction, when available, provides the most accurate 14C dates for leather samples. In instances where gelatinization does not yield sufficient material, the resulting acid-insoluble fraction may be dated. Here we examine the effectiveness of the combined organic solvent and ABA pretreatment with gelatinization for leather samples, as well as the suitability of the acid-insoluble fraction for 14C dating.
Contesting Labels: Revisiting old Questionnaires
Authors: Yücel Şebnem , Ada Serhan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAs a response to several questionnaires, manifestos, interviews, and letters that were included in the book Modern Art in the Arab World: Primary Documents, this article carries out a new questionnaire with seven artists form various backgrounds and geographies, in an attempt to update and re-question some of the issues that were highlighted in the collected essays. The questionnaire includes three questions, each focusing on a different issue. The first issue considers the validity of the term “Arab Art,” the second tries to identify the main dynamics of contemporary artistic production, and the last one questions the relation of contemporary production of arts to geography and history. The following interviews have been edited for consistency and clarity.