bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influences of oceanic ozone deposition on tropospheric photochemistry
Authors: Pound Ryan J. , Sherwen Tomás , Helmig Detlev , Carpenter Lucy J. , Evans Mat J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The deposition of ozone to seawater is an important ozone sink. Despite constituting as much as a third of the total ozone deposition, it receives significantly less attention than the deposition to terrestrial ecosystems. Models have typically calculated the deposition rate based on a resistance-in-series model with a uniform waterside resistance. This leads to models having an essentially uniform deposition velocity of approximately 0.05 cm s−1 to seawater, which is significantly higher than the limited observational dataset. Following from Luhar et al. (2018) we include a representation of the oceanic deposition of ozone in the GEOS-Chem model of atmospheric chemistry and transport based on its reaction with sea-surface iodide. The updated scheme halves the calculated annual area-weighted mean deposition velocity to water from 0.0464 cm s−1 (25th and 75th percentiles of 0.0461 cm s−1 and 0.0471 cm s−1 respectively) to 0.0231 cm s−1 (25th and 75th percentiles of 0.0121 cm s−1 and 0.0303 cm s−1 respectively). The calculated ozone deposition velocity varies from 0.009 cm s−1 in polar waters to 0.040 cm s−1 at the tropics. This improves comparisons to observations. The variability is driven mainly by the temperature-dependent rate constant for the reaction between iodide and ozone, the temperature dependence of the solubility, and variations in the ocean iodide concentration. The calculated annual deposition flux of ozone to the ocean is reduced from 222 to 122 Tg yr−1, and overall deposition of ozone to all surface types reduces from 862 to 758 Tg yr−1. Tropospheric ozone burdens and global mean OH increase from 324 to 328 Tg, and from 1.17×106 to 1.18×106 molec.cm-3, respectively. A total of 34 % of surface grid boxes experience a 10 % or greater increase in ozone concentration. Comparisons between observations of surface ozone and the model are improved with the new parameterization notably around the Southern Ocean. Process-level representation of oceanic deposition of ozone thus appears essential for representing the concentration of surface ozone over the planet.
BPOP-v1 model: exploring the impact of changes in the biological pump on the shelf sea and ocean nutrient and redox state
Authors: Lovecchio Elisa , Lenton Timothy M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. The biological pump of the ocean has changed over Earth's history, from one dominated by prokaryotes to one involving a mixture of prokaryotes
and eukaryotes with trophic structure. Changes in the biological pump
are in turn hypothesized to have caused important changes in the
nutrient and redox properties of the ocean. To explore these hypotheses, we
present here a new box model including oxygen (O), phosphorus (P) and
a dynamical biological pump. Our Biological Pump, Oxygen and
Phosphorus (BPOP) model accounts for two – small and large – organic
matter species generated by production and coagulation,
respectively. Export and burial of these particles are regulated by
a remineralization length (zrem) scheme. We independently
vary zrem of small and large particles in order to study
how changes in sinking speeds and remineralization rates affect the
major biogeochemical fluxes and O and P ocean concentrations.
Modeled O and P budgets and fluxes lie reasonably close to present
estimates for zrem in the range of currently measured
values. Our results highlight that relatively small changes in
zrem of the large particles can have important impacts on
the O and P ocean availability and support the idea that an early
ocean dominated by small particles was nutrient rich due to the
inefficient removal of P to sediments. The results also suggest that
extremely low oxygen concentrations in the shelf can coexist with an
oxygenated deep open ocean for realistic values of zrem,
especially for large values of the small-particle
zrem. This could challenge conventional interpretations
that the Proterozoic deep ocean was anoxic, which are derived from
shelf and slope sediment redox data. This simple and computationally
inexpensive model is a promising tool to investigate the impact of
changes in the organic matter sinking and remineralization rates as
well as changes in physical processes coupled with the biological pump
in a variety of case studies.
An evapotranspiration model self-calibrated from remotely sensed surface soil moisture, land surface temperature and vegetation cover fraction: application to disaggregated SMOS and MODIS data
Authors: Ait Hssaine Bouchra , Merlin Olivier , Ezzahar Jamal , Ojha Nitu , Er-Raki Salah , Khabba Said 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. Thermal-based two-source energy balance modeling is essential to estimate the land evapotranspiration (ET) in a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. However, the use of thermal-derived land surface temperature (LST) is not sufficient to simultaneously constrain both soil and vegetation flux components. Therefore, assumptions (about either soil or vegetation fluxes) are commonly required. To avoid such assumptions, an energy balance model, TSEB-SM, was recently developed by Ait Hssaine et al. (2018b) in order to consider the microwave-derived near-surface soil moisture (SM), in addition to the thermal-derived LST and vegetation cover fraction (fc) normally used. While TSEB-SM has been successfully tested using in situ measurements, this paper represents its first evaluation in real life using 1 km resolution satellite data, comprised of MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) for LST and fc data and 1 km resolution SM data disaggregated from SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) observations. The approach is applied during a 4-year period (2014–2018) over a rainfed wheat field in the Tensift basin, central Morocco. The field used was seeded for the 2014–2015 (S1), 2016–2017 (S2) and 2017–2018 (S3) agricultural seasons, while it remained unploughed (as bare soil) during the 2015–2016 (B1) agricultural season. The classical TSEB model, which is driven only by LST and fc data, significantly overestimates latent heat fluxes (LE) and underestimates sensible heat fluxes (H) for the four seasons. The overall mean bias values are 119, 94, 128 and 181 W m−2 for LE and −104, −71, −128 and −181 W m−2 for H, for S1, S2, S3 and B1, respectively. Meanwhile, when using TSEB-SM (SM and LST combined data), these errors are significantly reduced, resulting in mean bias values estimated as 39, 4, 7 and 62 W m−2 for LE and −10, 24, 7, and −59 W m−2 for H, for S1, S2, S3 and B1, respectively. Consequently, this finding confirms again the robustness of the TSEB-SM in estimating latent/sensible heat fluxes at a large scale by using readily available satellite data. In addition, the TSEB-SM approach has the original feature to allow for calibration of its main parameters (soil resistance and Priestley–Taylor coefficient) from satellite data uniquely, without relying either on in situ measurements or on a priori parameter values.
Should We Stop Blaming Saturated Fats for Causing Coronary Heart Disease? A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies
Authors: Al Mashrafi Sulaiman , Al Shamsi Hilal , Almutairi Abdullah Ghthaith 
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. Saturated fats were known as a risk factor for CHD and dietary guidelines restrict the daily consumption of SFs. However, the association between SFs and higher risk of CHD is not clear. This systematic review includes 14 high-quality prospective cohort studies which reported the association between CHD and SFs. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to examine the association between SFs intake and higher risk of CHD among prospective cohort studies.DESIGN: A systematic review was conducted for published literaure in Scopus and ProQuest during the period 2000 to 2017. Studies included if they have a prospective cohort design with follow-up more than 4 years, published in English, and provide information about the association of interest. Data were extracted and summarised into three tables.RESULTS: A total number of 14 prospective cohort studies were included in this review in which all from developed countries and half of them were from the USA. The total number of participants ranging from 501 to 344,696 in follow-up period from 4.8 to 30 years where 26,322 events of CHD and 629 CHD deaths were reported. The highest positive association HR (95%CI) was 5.17 (1.64-16.36) for CHD mortality and 1.36 (0.98-1.88) for CHD incidence. In contrast, the highest inverse association was found 0.73 (0.53-1.01) for CHD mortality and 0.62 (0.35-1.11) for CHD incidence. CONCLUSION: This systematic review suggests that SFs intake was not associated with higher incidence or mortality of CHD.
Sensitizing jurors to eyewitness evidence using a counterfactual mindset induction
Authors: Rodriguez Dario N. , Berry Melissa A. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryCounterfactual thinking is a form of mental simulation that informs causal judgments regarding the role antecedent events played in producing present outcomes. We examined whether inducing participants to think counterfactually about a case involving eyewitness evidence would sensitize them to variations in eyewitness evidence quality. Participants read a transcript of a murder trial in which we manipulated the quality of witnessing and identification conditions associated with the prosecution's eyewitness. A counterfactual mindset induction manipulation was embedded in the defense's closing arguments. The counterfactual induction produced a sensitization effect. Participants in the counterfactual condition rated the prosecution's eyewitness as weaker and convicted less frequently when the eyewitness evidence conditions were unfavorable to accuracy. However, evaluations and convictions did not increase when these conditions were favorable to accuracy. Verdicts among participants in the control condition did not differ as a function of the eyewitness evidence manipulation.
Highly Conductive, Scalable, and Machine Washable Graphene‐Based E‐Textiles for Multifunctional Wearable Electronic Applications
Authors: Afroj Shaila , Tan Sirui , Abdelkader Amr M. , Novoselov Kostya S. , Karim Nazmul 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGraphene‐based textiles show promise for next‐generation wearable electronic applications due to their advantages over metal‐based technologies. However, current reduced graphene oxide (rGO)‐based electronic textiles (e‐textiles) suffer from poor electrical conductivity and higher power consumption. Here, highly conductive, ultraflexible, and machine washable graphene‐based wearable e‐textiles are reported. A simple and scalable pad−dry−cure method with subsequent roller compression and a fine encapsulation of graphene flakes is used. The graphene‐based wearable e‐textiles thus produced provide lowest sheet resistance (≈11.9 Ω sq−1) ever reported on graphene e‐textiles, and highly conductive even after 10 home laundry washing cycles. Moreover, it exhibits extremely high flexibility, bendability, and compressibility as it shows repeatable response in both forward and backward directions before and after home laundry washing cycles. The scalability and multifunctional applications of such highly conductive graphene‐based wearable e‐textiles are demonstrated as ultraflexible supercapacitor and skin‐mounted strain sensors.
Single‐Material Graphene Thermocouples
Authors: Harzheim Achim , Könemann Fabian , Gotsmann Bernd , van der Zant Herre , Gehring Pascal 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOn‐chip temperature sensing on a micro‐ to nanometer scale is becoming more desirable as the complexity of nanodevices keeps increasing and their downscaling continues. The continuation of this trend makes thermal probing and management more and more challenging. This highlights the need for scalable and reliable temperature sensors, which have the potential to be incorporated into current and future device structures. Here, it is shown that U‐shaped graphene stripes consisting of one wide and one narrow leg form a single material thermocouple that can function as a self‐powering temperature sensor. It is found that the graphene thermocouples increase in sensitivity with a decrease in leg width, due to a change in the Seebeck coefficient, which is in agreement with previous findings and report a maximum sensitivity of ΔS ≈ 39 μV K−1.
Large‐Scale Synthesis of a New Polymeric Carbon Nitride—C3N3 with Good Photoelectrochemical Performance
Authors: Feng Jiaxin , Li Ming 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPolymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has been extensively researched in recent years. This research has mainly focussed on C3N4 because types of PCN are quite limited and other types are not easily synthesized. Therefore developing new types of easily‐synthesized PCN beyond C3N4 offers new opportunities. C3N3 has been predicted but it has not been successfully synthesized before. Herein it is prepared in large scale from cheap cyanuric chloride on a copper surface under nonvacuum conditions. The C3N3 has a good photoelectrochemical (PEC) activity for water splitting and can be exfoliated to 2D polymeric films. This breakthrough work not only enlarges the family of PCN, but also opens the door for large‐scale synthesis of other similar C–C bonded 2D conjugated polymers based on Ullmann polymerization. Similar to graphene and C3N4, follow‐up research related to this C3N3 in different fields may emerge in the near future.
Highly Efficient All‐Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells with Appropriate Active Layer Morphology by Side Chain Engineering of Donor Molecules and Thermal Annealing
Authors: Qiu Beibei , Chen Zeng , Qin Shucheng , Yao Jia , Huang Wenchao , Meng Lei , Zhu Haiming , Yang Yang (Michael) , Zhang Zhi‐Guo , Li Yongfang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIt is very important to fine‐tune the nanoscale morphology of donor:acceptor blend active layers for improving the photovoltaic performance of all‐small‐molecule organic solar cells (SM‐OSCs). In this work, two new small molecule donor materials are synthesized with different substituents on their thiophene conjugated side chains, including SM1‐S with alkylthio and SM1‐F with fluorine and alkyl substituents, and the previously reported donor molecule SM1 with an alkyl substituent, for investigating the effect of different conjugated side chains on the molecular aggregation and the photophysical, and photovoltaic properties of the donor molecules. As a result, an SM1‐F‐based SM‐OSC with Y6 as the acceptor, and with thermal annealing (TA) at 120 °C for 10 min, demonstrates the highest power conversion efficiency value of 14.07%, which is one of the best values for SM‐OSCs reported so far. Besides, these results also reveal that different side chains of the small molecules can distinctly influence the crystallinity characteristics and aggregation features, and TA treatment can effectively fine‐tune the phase separation to form suitable donor–acceptor interpenetrating networks, which is beneficial for exciton dissociation and charge transportation, leading to highly efficient photovoltaic performance.
Seeing the Unseen: The Role of Liquid Crystals in Gas‐Sensing Technologies
Authors: Esteves Carina , Ramou Efthymia , Porteira Ana Raquel Pina , Moura Barbosa Arménio Jorge , Roque Ana Cecília Afonso 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFast, real‐time detection of gases and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is an emerging research field relevant to most aspects of modern society, from households to health facilities, industrial units, and military environments. Sensor features such as high sensitivity, selectivity, fast response, and low energy consumption are essential. Liquid crystal (LC)‐based sensors fulfill these requirements due to their chemical diversity, inherent self‐assembly potential, and reversible molecular order, resulting in tunable stimuli‐responsive soft materials. Sensing platforms utilizing thermotropic uniaxial systems—nematic and smectic—that exploit not only interfacial phenomena, but also changes in the LC bulk, are demonstrated. Special focus is given to the different interaction mechanisms and tuned selectivity toward gas and VOC analytes. Furthermore, the different experimental methods used to transduce the presence of chemical analytes into macroscopic signals are discussed and detailed examples are provided. Future perspectives and trends in the field, in particular the opportunities for LC‐based advanced materials in artificial olfaction, are also discussed.
Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Indoles and Related (Hetero)arenes: A Ligandless and Solvent‐free Approach
Authors: Pandey Dilip K. , Shabade Anand B. , Punji Benudhar 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA ligandless and solvent‐free copper‐catalyzed method for the regioselective C−H bond arylation of indoles and related heteroarenes is reported. The use of CuCl efficiently catalyzes the direct coupling of diverse heteroarenes with aryl iodides via chelation‐assistance. This reaction could tolerate sensitive and structurally diverse functionalities, including halides, ethers, thioethers, amines, indolyl, pyrrolyl and carbazolyl groups. The directing group, 2‐pyridinyl can be smoothly removed to generate C‐2 arylated free‐NH indoles, and the arylated indoles can further be functionalized into Tryptamine derivatives. Preliminary mechanistic study revealed a radical pathway for the arylation reaction.magnified image
2D Material Optoelectronics for Information Functional Device Applications: Status and Challenges
Authors: Tan Teng , Jiang Xiantao , Wang Cong , Yao Baicheng , Zhang Han 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGraphene and the following derivative 2D materials have been demonstrated to exhibit rich distinct optoelectronic properties, such as broadband optical response, strong and tunable light–mater interactions, and fast relaxations in the flexible nanoscale. Combining with optical platforms like fibers, waveguides, grating, and resonators, these materials has spurred a variety of active and passive applications recently. Herein, the optical and electrical properties of graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, MXene, and their derivative van der Waals heterostructures are comprehensively reviewed, followed by the design and fabrication of these 2D material‐based optical structures in implementation. Next, distinct devices, ranging from lasers to light emitters, frequency convertors, modulators, detectors, plasmonic generators, and sensors, are introduced. Finally, the state‐of‐art investigation progress of 2D material‐based optoelectronics offers a promising way to realize new conceptual and high‐performance applications for information science and nanotechnology. The outlook on the development trends and important research directions are also put forward.
Sequential Synthesis and Active‐Site Coordination Principle of Precious Metal Single‐Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction and PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Liu Qingtao , Li Yongcheng , Zheng Lirong , Shang Jiaxiang , Liu Xiaofang , Yu Ronghai , Shui Jianglan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCarbon‐supported precious metal single‐atom catalysts (PM SACs) have shown promising application in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, the coordination principle of the active site, consisting of one PM atom and several coordinating anions, is still unclear for PM SACs. Here, a sequential coordination method is developed to dope a large amount of PM atoms (Ir, Rh, Pt and Pd) into a zeolite imidazolate framework (ZIF), which are further pyrolyzed into nitrogen‐coordinated PM SACs. The PM loadings are as high as 1.2–4.5 wt%, achieving the highest PM loadings in ZIF‐derived SACs to date. In the acidic half‐cell, Ir1‐N/C and Rh1‐N/C exhibit much higher oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activities than nanoparticle catalysts Ir/C and Rh/C. In the contrast, the activities of Pd1‐N/C and Pt1‐N/C are considerably lower than Pd/C and Pt/C. Density function theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the ORR activity of PM SAC depends on the match between the OH* adsorption on PM and the electronegativity of coordinating anions, and the stronger OH* adsorption is, the higher electronegativity is needed for the coordinating anions. PEMFC tests confirm the active‐site coordination principle and show the extremely high atomic efficiency of Ir1‐N/C. The revealed principle provides guidance for designing future PM SACs for PEMFCs.
Irrigation scheduling technologies reduce water use and maintain turfgrass quality
Authors: Serena Matteo , Velasco‐Cruz Ciro , Friell Joshua , Schiavon Marco , Sevostianova Elena , Beck Leslie , Sallenave Rossana , Leinauer Bernd 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSmart irrigation controllers have demonstrated potential for turfgrass water conservation in humid and temperate environments but have not been comprehensively tested in arid environments. The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of a wireless capacitance sensor over a wide soil moisture range and to ascertain if smart irrigation controllers resulted in water savings without reducing quality of tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.] and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.). A two‐yr study was conducted to compare turfgrass quality, root morphology, and water use of plots irrigated with a constant run time to plots for which irrigation was scheduled using soil moisture sensors (SMS), evapotranspiration (ET) [Climate Logic (CL)] controllers, or 80% of historic ET (ET80) for tall fescue and 60% (ET60) for bermudagrass. Sensors accurately tracked soil moisture up to salinity levels of 4 dS m−1. Turf performance and root morphology were not affected by irrigation treatments for either grass. Compared to tall fescue plots irrigated with constant run time, plots irrigated using ET80 and CL required 38% less water, and SMS plots used 44% less than tall fescue. Scheduling bermudagrass irrigation by ET60, CL, and SMS resulted in a 29, 42, and 39% reduction in water applied compared to constant run time. The majority of water savings was in spring and fall. Water requirement for bermudagrass during the summer did not differ between the scheduling treatments. Our study confirms that smart irrigation controllers can be used as an effective measure to conserve water in an arid environment.