bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancient City Protection and Urban Renewal Development in QI County: Selected Examples
Authors: Miao Li , Cheng Lei , Li Bing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Shanxi Province, in northern China, is rich in cultural heritage resources, because it was, historically, an important section of the ancient tea road. Many of its heritage towns have been meticulously protected. However, there exist some small historical towns whose precious heritages have not been protected and adaptively reused due to the local government’s shortage of funds and technical resources. With respect to this situation, international cooperation is an effective way to solve such problems. “Demonstration Project in Ancient City Protection and Urban Renewal Development in Qi County” is a representative example of such projects. The Qi County government is collaborating with the French Development Agency to undertake this project to embrace the Qi County ancient city as a source for regional sustainable development. This paper discusses the historical evolution of this ancient city, the local features of its cultural heritage, the orientation of its development and the integration of its regional resources, etc. Three example projects have been analysed in this paper. The first is the protection and restoration of the “Qujia Courtyard”. The second is the renewal of the “Cross Street”, which encompasses the commercial streets in the centre of the ancient town. The third example is the “Changyuan River National Wetland Park”, which is an important natural landscape in the Qi County region. Moreover, this paper focuses on how the local government uses the loans and technical support provided by the French Development Agency. The two sides solve a series of problems in the process of this demonstration project, such as concept conflict, positioning deviation and design accuracy. They finally achieve sustainability not only in the domain of heritage protection, restoration and adaptive reuse but also in urban public space transformation. Finally, this paper proposes a method for heritage protection with cultural localisation, value localisation, protection localisation and management localisation. Furthermore, it analyses the advantages which can result from international cooperation mode in the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage and natural heritage.
The Model for the Description of the Dynamic Behaviour of the Project Processing
Authors: Vytlačil Dalibor 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The paper deals with the problem of many projects – the difference between designed activities processing and real project implementation. The reason is the rework of many activities that is omitted in the project proposal. The consequences are the project delay and the budget overrun. The reason for the described problems is the low quality of same processed activities and the changes in project goals. This research work is focused on the development of the dynamic model that describes the project processing. The model is based on the system dynamics methodology. The main stocks are the amount of the activities expressed as the number of man-days. The changes in the stocks are influenced by the flows. The main flow is processing rate and reworking rate that influence the project dynamics. The auxiliary subsystem deals with human resources. The number of workers has the relationship to all flows of the system. The model can be used for the simulation of the dynamic behaviour of the complex projects. The outputs from the designed model are compared with model that is based on standard approach. It means the project model includes only unprocessed activities and processed activities with one processing flow. This model does not include rework activities. The results of the simulations present the difference in time according to the quality rate and the change rate. It can help to understand the key reasons for the project delay and consequently for the budget overrun.
Comparison of Composite, Steel and Reinforced Concrete Columns
Authors: Sonnenschein Robert , Gajdosova Katarina , Gramblicka Stefan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Architects now often require the use of slender load-bearing structures, but they must be sufficiently resistant to all loads. The use of the composite steel-concrete columns joins the main advantages of the individual materials. The most commonly used composite is the steel-concrete. Depending on the amount, shape, location and utilization rate of the steel or concrete, the composite columns are closer to the steel or reinforced concrete columns. The composite steel-concrete structures utilize high compressive strength of concrete and high tensile resistance of the structural steel. The steel-concrete connection is therefore highly efficient, and by combining, it is possible to produce relatively lightweight structures with wide use in high-rise buildings and bridges. The composite steel-concrete columns have high strength with a relatively small cross-sectional area. Composite efficiency also depends on the type of composite steel-concrete column. The most commonly used type is a steel tube filled with concrete. In the case of a steel tube filled with concrete, it is possible to use the confining effect of a steel tube, which prevents lateral deformation of the concrete and at the same time, the concrete core prevents compression of the steel tube. These two effects increase the total resistance of the composite steel-concrete column. Other types are partially or fully concrete-encased steel section. The use of a fully concrete-encased steel cross-section increases the fire resistance of the cross-section as the steel profile is protected by concrete against the effects of fire. The criterion for selecting the appropriate shape and type of the steel part of the column cross-section, the design of the global structural system of the object should be taken into account. Not only one European standard is needed to design composite steel-concrete structures. In addition to the standard EN 1994-1-1 Design of composite steel and concrete structures, it is also necessary to use standards EN 1992-1-1 Design of concrete structures and EN 1993-1-1 Design of steel structures.
The Brave New World of Rem Koolhaas
Authors: Serdyńska Joanna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In 1972, Rem Koolhaas presented his thesis project at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. The work was a collaboration of four authors: Koolhaas himself, architect Elia Zenghelis, artist Madelon Vriesendorp, and painter Zoe Zenghelis. Titled Exodus, or the Voluntary Prisoners of Architecture, it used a pictographic storyboard to present an alternative scenario for the contemporary metropolis. The text, illustrated by eighteen drawings, watercolours and collages, envisioned the creation of a restricted (albeit expansive) enclave in central London. The new urban tissue, protected from any external influence by high walls, was designed to cut through the existing structure of the city, offering the metropolis an alternative – and superior – social environment. With this project, Rem Koolhaas joined a group of visionaries, and the work itself ultimately was a catalyst for the formation of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture. Studying Exodus, one cannot help noticing a number of literary parallels. The title explicitly refers to the Second Book of the Biblical Old Testament, but the design itself also bears some resemblances to the utopian novel The New Atlantis by Francis Bacon and Aldous Huxley’s notorious dystopia Brave New World, written over 300 years later. It is sure, however, that all three had a tremendous impact on shaping the mind-set of generations of readers. Drawing on Koolhaas’s merging of architecture and literature, the author seeks to offer an interdisciplinary approach to Exodus that would echo the multifaceted spirit of Koolhaas’s work. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to show that interpreting Exodus alongside these three texts allows us to see it in a new light. The author argues that the literary context allows for a more comprehensive approach to Koolhaas’s Exodus, making it possible to see him as a future “prophet of a new modern architecture”.
Ma’an – a new approach to the autonomous building
Authors: Wyciślok Piotr , Wyciślok Agata 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The paper describes the general principles of autonomous building operation. Derived from those, a building concept, which ensures energy and water self-sufficiency, has been presented. Another important benefit is the minimization of a carbon footprint – both during construction and operation. The proposed solutions are based on a system combining the technology of a cooling tower and a solar updraft tower enhanced with reverse osmosis technology and others. All of this has been achieved by creating an original architecture that matches its place of origin and functions.
The Poetics of Access Apparatuses in Contemporary Lyric Exhibition Spaces
Authors: Hapenciuc Alma-Dia (Preda) , Anghel Anamaria Andreea , Mohora Irina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Cultural architecture of exhibition spaces is a complex program, which oftentimes relies on dualities and contrasts that transcend the visual, material or functional experience, thus, sometimes imperceptibly creating a dialogue between the palpable and the intangible. As a fundamental architectural theme, that, in spite of extensive research, cannot be mathematically quantified, but only holistically experienced through an accumulation of senses, feeling, thought, imagination, personal memory and identity, the intangible may be regarded as an additional dimension only experienced in profoundly designed spaces that shelter an intrinsic emotion of architecture. These spaces of cultural, historical, social representation and remembrance succeed in “speaking” without using any “words”, or even if they do, they come to rather represent the space between the “words”… The intangible aspect of representation spaces can only be analysed in regard with the human factor, as it is the one that, both through the process of creation and through the one of experimentation, doubled by the measure of time, can generate this additional dimension and lyric depth, transforming space into experience, mere visual assimilation into transcendental synaesthesia. The main feature of these spaces based on collective memory, emotions and reflexion beyond their tangible features is thus, given by their innate spatial and temporal identity. But when does this transformation from the epic to the lyric genre take place in architecture? Having this query in mind, we aim to study when and how this poetic dimension occurs, as cultural exhibition spaces are actual, physical buildings, part of tangible cities. Therefore, focusing on the boundary between the exterior and the interior of contemporary cultural spaces of exhibition, we intend to analyse and categorize types of access apparatus as part of welcoming gates into spaces with different types of immaterial depth and atmosphere. Generated through addition, subtraction, volume reinterpretation, contrast, dialogue, geometrical transformation or story-telling successive approach, accesses are the first tools the architect can use in order to design an experience. Being previously involved in collectives that designed innovative remembrance or exhibition spaces, our research will be based on both existing models and personally designed ones, as well as on both the experience of the user and the one of the architect, therefore, decoding the relationship between practice, empirical design and experiential environmental poetry. Focusing on the gateway between the pragmatic exterior and the interior intrinsic spatial consciousness, an expression of their dialogue will be revealed.
Tendencies of the Green Construction in Russia
Authors: Shushunova Tatiana , Shushunova Natalia , Pervova Elizaveta , Dernov Roman , Nazarova Kseniya 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
With the development of scientific and technological progress and the dense development of large metropolitan areas, the issue of ecology is particularly relevant. The purpose of the study is the study of new technologies that allow existing a green roof. Research methods include analysis, comparison and detailed study of the components of a green roof. We examined in detail the components of the green building on green rooftops in different countries and analyzed the main elements of the green building coverings system. In this article, using concrete examples, the solution of a whole complex of highlighted problems, with the intensive development of green innovations is shown. The result of the research is an evaluation of the effectiveness of the different tendencies of green construction, including the use of green coverings.
A comparative meta-analysis of residential green building policies and measures in the EU, and their impact on overall energy patterns
Authors: Jabbour Naim 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Data shows residential energy consumption constituting a significant portion of the overall energy end use in the European Union (EU), ranging between 15% and 30%. Furthermore, the EU’s dependency on foreign fossil fuel-based energy imports has been steadily increasing since 1993, constituting approximately 60% of its primary energy. This paper provides an analytical review of diverse residential building/energy policies in targeted EU countries, to shed insight on the impact of such policies and measures on the energy use and efficiency trends. Accordingly, the adoption of robust residential green and energy efficient building policies in the EU has increased in the past decade. Moreover, the data from the EU energy efficiency and consumption databases attributes 44% of total energy savings since 2000 to energy upgrades and improvements within the residential sector. Consequently, many EU countries and organizations are continuously evaluating residential building energy consumption patterns to increase the sector’s overall energy performance. To that end, the energy efficiency gains in EU households were measured at 1% in 2000 compared to 27.8% in 2016, a 2600% increase. Accordingly, 36 policies have been implemented successfully since 1991 across the EU targeting improvements in residential energy efficiency and reductions in the energy use. Moreover, the adoption of National Energy Efficiency Actions Plans (NEEACP) across the EU has been a major driver of energy savings and energy efficiency. Most energy efficiency plans have followed a holistic multi-dimensional approach targeting the following areas, legislative actions, financial incentives, fiscal tax exemptions, and public education and awareness programs and campaigns. These measures and policy instruments have cumulatively generated significant energy savings and measurable improvements in the energy performance across the EU since their inception. As a result, the EU residential energy consumption trends show a consistent decrease over the past decade. The purpose of this analysis is to explore, examine, and compare the various green building and energy-related policies in the EU, highlighting some of the more robust and progressive aspects of such policies. Lastly, the paper analyzes the multiple policies and guidelines across targeted EU nations.
Typology of canteen facilities in modern manufacturing plants
Authors: Pieczara Marta 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to investigate the potential impact that the concept of the fourth generation industry can have on the architectural design of canteen facilities in the modern manufacturing plants. The concept of Industry 4.0 initiates an important shift regarding the architectural design of industrial plants. This research paper will look in more detail at the spatial and functional features of canteen facilities in manufacturing plants of the fourth generation. More specifically, it will search to answer the question of whether the labour organisation systems that are typical for Industry 4.0 vision will have an impact on the typology of canteen facility applied to a specific architectural project. The research methods used are multiple case studies and comparative analysis, including typological and functional analysis of factory layouts, while the sources of material are designs of manufacturing plants developed by architecture master students at the Poznań University of Technology. Despite being realised by students within the framework of a design studio, the projects selected for the study are accurate and realistic works, based in each individual case on a thorough analysis of existing relevant examples as well as of the future-oriented trends in industry development. The effects of the research include observations concerning the canteen’s situation on the factory plan, its type, as well as its spatial and functional characteristics. The conclusions comprise an identification of further research directions with particular potential for development, as well as some existing trends that link canteen typology with work organisation system.
“Conflict” or “Cooperation”: A Study on The Spontaneous Order of Urban Public Space Development from The Perspective of Stakeholders
Authors: Haoyu Cheng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Urban public space nourishes social relations, at the same time, the evolution and development of public space are also influenced by social relations. As an important factor affecting the development of public space, the interest relation of citizens presents the characteristics of conflict or cooperation in the occupation of public spaces and finally presents itself in the space form. Based on the point, this paper attempts to explain the evolution and development of urban public space from the perspective of stakeholders, and on this basis investigates the generation mechanism of spontaneous order in the development of urban public space. To meet the research aims, this paper first clarified the inherent meaning that space reflects and shapes social relations, and then selected a certain urban area of Jinan in northern China for the case study. Through the data collected from Google earth history images, interviews, and published reports, the evolution of the major public spaces in this case from 2003 to 2020 was objectively presented. On this basis, the author analysed the social relations, appeals, and actions of various stakeholder groups (such as local people and non-local traders) in different periods in this case, as well as the staged outcomes of their effects on the public space. Finally, a game model of stakeholders was established. The results indicated that the development of a city is a process that mitigates the conflict between social and public space resources. In the occupation of public space resources, the relationship between the stakeholders is dynamic: when the cost is high and the return is low, the stakeholders show a trend of “conflict”; when costs are low and returns are high, the tendency to “conflict” diminishes.; When costs and benefits reach some kind of equilibrium, “cooperation” tends to rise and gradually leads to spontaneous order. Although this spontaneous order has its limitations due to the limited rationality of its participants, it still can play a positive role in the development of urban public space. In the concluding section, the paper proposes an optimization strategy of interest integration and coordination for urban space development, which may be of reference value for architects and government management to actively guide this spontaneous order in urban planning and urban governance.
Hydraulic Modelling of Riverbed Embankment Under the Hričov Weir
Authors: Pavúček Martin , Rumann Ján , Dušička Peter 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The weir of the Hričov water structure has an untypical shortened stilling basin, which affects significant scour development in the downstream riverbed. A rockfill embankment structure adjacent to the stilling basin was constructed to prevent the formation of scours in the riverbed. However, increased flows at the weir erode this fortification and it is necessary to replenish the material back to the embankment after the flow situations. A 2D hydraulic model constructed in a flume of the Hydraulic laboratory was used for the research of new downstream fortification, which would be better resist the scouring effects. The model was created according to Froude’s modelling similarity as a 2D model of the weir structure with control gates and part the downstream riverbed consisting of gravel. Different designs of the embankment were not allowed to interfere with the existing construction of the water structure. The construction of the embankment was designed as a concrete “secondary” stilling basin adjacent to the existing one. Tested variants of the embankment were of different length and depth of the stilling basin. The length varied from 11 to 24 m and the depths varied from 0 to 1,8 m. Overall 11 different design of the embankment were investigated. Each design was tested for three different flow rates on the model simulating common and extreme flow situations at the weir. The flows were selected to simulate also different hydraulic phenomena at the weir – overflow, outflow, and free overflow. After each flow simulation the scour in the riverbed was measured. The measured scour parameters were depth of the scour, the distance of the deepest point from the existing water structure and the amount of the material carried away. The resulting parameters were assessed with respect to each other for the corresponding flow rates. The best results in scour reduction were achieved for horizontal embankment with the depth of 0 m. The designs with increased depth were causing secondary hydraulic jump in the riverbed which increased the scours. The tested designs of the embankments were able to reduce scour size by up to 45% for the outflow, by less than 20% for free overflow and by more than 80% at the overflow.
Dynamic Response Analysis of Trapezoidal Basins on Numerical Models
Authors: Özaslan Bilal , Emre Haşal M. , Khanbabazadeh Hadi , Akbaş Merve , İyisan Recep 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe severity and spatial distribution of ground motion are affected by geological and geotechnical conditions as well as earthquake source properties. The characteristics of ground motion at a particular site depend on many factors such as tectonics of the region, rupture mechanism, source distance, geological formations and local soil conditions and subsurface topography. Thus, the estimation of surface ground motion during earthquakes is a challenging issue in civil engineering. Consequently, the research investigates an answer to the question of how the surface movement would change as a result of combinations of basic wave phenomena in alluvial basins with soil nonlinearity where basin width is comparable to depth. In this study, one and two-dimensional dynamic analyses were performed under different levels of bedrock motion excitation by using idealized symmetrical basin models to research the effects of geotechnical site conditions and bedrock inclination of basin edge for soft site class defined by seismic codes. Geotechnical properties of the soft soil layers in the models were defined as site class E that mostly needed site specific dynamic analysis by classification of NEHRP 2015 provisions. The top layers of basin models are soft cohesive alluvium underlain by stiffer material. In the basin models, the soil layers were assumed to extend horizontally and limited with basin edges having a constant slope. The acceleration time histories and response spectrums were calculated at surface points with equal interval on the top of the basin performing one and two-dimensional dynamic analyses by excitation of 22 strong ground motions. The response spectrum values and amplifications calculated for different sections of the basin from the two and one dimensional (2D and 1D) dynamic analyses. Consequently, the impact factors of the basin effect could be derived depending on location and periods as Sae(T)2D/Sae(T)1D.