bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From ‘La Grande Chartreuse’ to The British Album
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
By analysing the late-eighteenth-century reception of ‘The Album of the Fathers’ at the Monastery of the Grande Chartreuse, the chapter offers an exemplary instance of the issues at stake in album culture. The book was instrumental in promoting the elite practice of inscribing occasional texts in albums. In 1789 fashionable newspapers the World and the Oracle publicly fought over ownership of a transcript from the album and of ‘Della Cruscan’ poetry. The quarrel gave rise to scurrilous journalism, satirical prose, and parodic verse in which the term ‘album’ and its occasional and heterogeneous aesthetic was claimed and contested. In William Gifford’s attack on the Della Cruscans, Bell’s poetry anthology The British Album (1790) became shorthand for poetry’s debasement through cultural feminization. The Grande Chartreuse album disappeared during the French Revolution, but created a grand origin myth for the Romantic album.
‘Here you may trace a pigmy hand, / And there a Giant strength’
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Albums kept by Sara Coleridge, Edith May Southey, and Dora Wordsworth between the early 1820s and late 1840s show that that although the Wordsworth circle daughters’ access to their famous fathers’ literary networks resulted in books exceptionally rich in album verse by well-known contemporary poets, their poet-fathers’ practical assistance and symbolic influence exacerbated the anxiety of reception for amateur contributors, and complicated each woman’s role as agent and subject of her own book. In the Wordsworth circle albums, scribal publication is perilously close to conventional publication, and contributors negotiate between fulfilling the woman owner’s wishes and articulating awareness of the revered older poets’ scepticism or downright hostility to feminized album culture. The poet-father’s presence turns albums into contested textual spaces where generational, gender, and power dynamics are played out in poetry.
‘New Agnosticism’, Imaginative Challenge, and Religious Experience
Authors: Leech David 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter makes a contribution to recent discussions within new conceptual territory for agnosticism opened up by John Schellenberg’s work in the philosophy of religion. Critics have recently questioned whether Schellenberg’s defence of non-doxastic imaginative faith in ultimism is the most adequate non-doxastic faith stance or the most adequate proposal for a new research programme in the philosophy of religion. I consider here two possible challenges to ultimism as a non-doxastic faith stance and as a research programme: one from Kantian-inspired religious pluralism; and one from the claim that a broader religious framework proposition (‘ietsism’) is more adequate for these purposes than ultimism. The analysis pays particular attention to the role of religious experience. I conclude that notwithstanding the prima facie force of these two objections, it is still appropriate for an agnostic to embrace ultimistic non-doxastic faith.
Integrity, Self-Absorption, and Clean Hands
Authors: Nili Shmuel 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Political realities often mean that familiar moral constraints—against lying, manipulating, coercing, and the like—cannot be upheld without serious consequences for a very large number of vulnerable people. It is commonly argued that, under these ubiquitous political circumstances, putting much weight on non-consequentialist integrity reasons amounts to a self-absorbed preoccupation with “clean hands.” This chapter presents an elaborate response to this self-absorption charge, pivoting on two key claims. First, the familiar equation of “integrity” with “clean hands” is misleading: there are important cases where integrity might be compatible with “dirty hands,” and may even actively push agents to dirty their hands. Second, setting up our policy dilemma as a binary choice between “dirtying our hands” and imposing grave costs on many vulnerable people is often problematic. More often than not, such a binary presentation of the policy situation is misleading and self-serving.
“All the Demagogue’s Men”
Authors: Nili Shmuel 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter revolves around “media demagogues”: politicians who rely on their mastery of the media, and on recurrent lies, as they exploit the electorate’s worst fears and prejudices to gain and retain power. The rise of media demagogues produces integrity complexity for the political actors who surround them, including both political operatives who are considering whether to serve the demagogue, and fellow politicians, who are considering whether to ally with him. From the perspective of both of these kinds of political actors, it may appear as if integrity’s dictates are indeterminate. Should one wash one’s hands clean of the demagogue in the name of personal integrity, or collaborate with him to limit the threats he poses to the polity’s collective integrity? Taking up the cases of Donald Trump, Silvio Berlusconi, and Benjamin Netanyahu, the chapter shows how the integrity framework can offer a systematic solution to this problem.
Epilogue
Authors: James Alison 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This closing reflection reconsiders the book’s argument retrospectively, from the point of view of the current obsession with facts. It offers evidence that a number of contemporary writers (Annie Ernaux, François Bon, Emmanuel Carrère) directly repudiate fiction in the 1980s and 1990s and turn to experiments with documentary or factual narration. The writers associated with the Inculte group (Maylis de Kerangal, Emmanuelle Pireyre) privilege documentary investigation without rejecting fiction, while Éric Vuillard, Yannick Haenel, or Laurent Binet mobilize the historical archive in documentary or docufictional works. This proliferation of documentary forms reconnects with and expands the earlier documentary practices studied in this book, while also responding to the omnipresence of data and information in the digital age.
Historical Significance of Das Leben Jesu
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to determine the historical significance of Strauß’s most famous book, Das Leben Jesu, which was first published in 1835. The book had a major religious and political significance. Its religious significance lay in undermining faith in the historical testimony behind the New Testament, which had been the chief reason for belief in the Bible in orthodox Protestantism. Its political significance came from undermining the belief in Christian revelation, which had been the main rationale for the authority of the state. Strauß also formulated the famous distinction between right- and left-wing Hegelianism, which became the main focus of political debate in the 1830s and 1840s.
Strauß’s Method and Its Problems
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The main subject of this chapter is Strauß’s method in Das Leben Jesu. It argues that Strauß’s method was simply historical and that it had no definite philosophical or theological presuppositions. Its aim was simply to determine the reliability of the historical statements in the New Testament; Strauß took into consideration all the factors determining that reliability, viz., the reliability of witnesses, their consistency among each other, whether their account was first- or second-hand. The role of the principle of causality in Strauβ’s method is then discussed. This chapter also considers the charge that Strauß’s method was too negative, guaranteeing its results by simply presupposing the principle of causality. It is argued that Strauß’s method was not only critical but also hermeneutic, attempting a historical understanding of the intentions behind a text. Finally, the question is broached of the Hegelian influence on Strauß’s method. It is argued that Strauß presupposed no Hegelian metaphysics in the application of his method, but that certain aspects behind its form—that it is hermenetical and internal—are still Hegelian.
The Rogue’s Gallery
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter treats Strauß’s Streitschriften, his chief polemical writing against the first critics of Das Leben Jesu. These critics came from many quarters, from young Hegelians to orthodox pietists and Lutherans. The Streitschriften are very revealing about Strauß’s ambivalence on certain issues, viz., whether the dogma of Christ’s resurrection was necessary for Christianity; they also show that Strauß held out the possibility of an allegorical interpretation of the Bible. The Streitschriften are most interesting about the reasons for Strauß’s allegiance to criticism and the authority of reason. Here we see why Strauß believed that critique was essential for religious belief.
Custom, Common Law, and the Constitution of English Renaissance Literature
Authors: Elsky Stephanie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Custom, Common Law, and the Constitution of English Renaissance Literature argues that, ironically, custom was a supremely generative literary force for a range of Renaissance writers. Custom took on so much power because of its virtual synonymity with English common law, the increasingly dominant legal system that was also foundational to England’s constitutionalist politics. The strange temporality assigned to legal custom, that is, its purported existence since “time immemorial,” furnished it with a unique and paradoxical capacity—to make new and foreign forms familiar. This monograph shows that during a time when novelty was suspect, even insurrectionary, appeals to the widespread understanding of custom as a legal concept justified a startling array of fictive experiments. This is the first monograph to reveal fully the relationship between Renaissance literature and legal custom. It shows how writers were able to reimagine moments of historical and cultural rupture as continuity by appealing to the powerful belief that English legal custom persisted in the face of conquests by foreign powers. Custom, Common Law, and the Constitution of English Renaissance Literature thus challenges scholarly narratives in which Renaissance art breaks with a past it looks back upon longingly and instead argues that the period viewed its literature as imbued with the aura of the past. In this way, through experiments in rhetoric and form, literature unfolds the processes whereby custom gains its formidable and flexible political power. Custom, a key concept of legal and constitutionalist thought, shaped sixteenth-century literature, while this literature, in turn, transformed custom into an evocative mythopoetic.
Introduction
Authors: Elsky Stephanie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The introduction offers a definition of custom as the basis of England’s common law and provides a lexicon of legal custom, including terms like time immemorial, the ancient constitution, consent, and commons, each of which contribute to the significance and power of custom as a legal concept. It argues that custom appealed to English literary writers who were experimenting with genre and form because of their society’s broad skepticism of novelty and thus it was crucial to ideas of Renaissance authorship. It situates the project within the larger body of work on early modern law and literature by showing how the latter can illuminate changes in the former. It further argues that the study of early modern law and literature should inform how we understand periodization because it offers different models of how the Renaissance understood itself and the past.
Forgetting Custom?
Authors: Elsky Stephanie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The final chapter explores the most extreme political usage of custom: to resist or even overturn a monarch. I argue that just as custom was invoked to justify popular rebellion during the sixteenth century, so too is it called upon to navigate their contentious staging in The Book of Sir Thomas More, a play that William Shakespeare is generally thought to have helped revise after its censorship, and Hamlet. I explore how the former play makes use of proverbs to recuperate rebellion from the charge of innovation while the latter play uses custom within a narratio, or description of offstage events by a messenger, to open up a space for the possibility of revolution, a concept and practice associated with breaking from the past. Drawing on political theology, this chapter contends that Hamlet discloses the possibility of custom’s enduring, generative power.
Love's Forgiveness
Authors: Lippitt John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book combines a discussion of the nature and ethics of forgiveness with a discussion—inspired by Kierkegaard—of the implications of considering interpersonal forgiveness as a ‘work of love’. It introduces the reader to some key questions that have exercised recent philosophers of forgiveness, discussing the relationship between forgiveness and an extended notion of resentment; considering whether forgiveness should be ‘conditional’ or ‘unconditional’ (showcasing a particular understanding of the latter); and arguing that there are legitimate forms of ‘third party’ forgiveness. It then introduces the idea of forgiveness as a work of love through a discussion of Kierkegaard, key New Testament passages on forgiveness, and some contemporary work on the philosophy of love. Drawing on both philosophy and the New Testament, it offers an understanding of forgiveness that incorporates both agapic love and a proper concern for justice. It explores religious and secular uses of key metaphors for forgiveness, and the idea of ‘forgivingness’ as a character trait, suggesting that seeking to correct for various cognitive biases is key to the development of such a virtue, and connecting it to other putative virtues, such as humility and hope. It draws on both Kierkegaard’s ‘discourse literature’ and contemporary philosophical work on these latter characteristics, before turning to a discussion of the nature of self-forgiveness. Throughout the book, the philosophical and theological literature is rooted in a discussion of various ‘forgiveness narratives’, including Prejean’s Dead Man Walking, Elva and Stranger’s South of Forgiveness, and McEwan’s Atonement.
The standing to forgive and the standing to be forgiven
Authors: Lippitt John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores two key questions: who has the standing to forgive? And who has the standing to be forgiven? Under the first, the question whether third-party forgiveness is ever possible or morally fitting is explored, the argument being that since not all third-party forgiveness is forgiveness on behalf of the victim, in at least some circumstances, third-party forgiveness is indeed possible and fitting. The discussion explores primary, secondary and tertiary victims, and the status of moral bystanders. The second question introduces whether forgiveness should be ‘conditional’ or ‘unconditional’, and if ‘unconditional’ forgiveness can be legitimate (as it is argued that it can), of what kind of unconditional forgiveness is this true? The case is put for the value of distinguishing between two types of unconditional, and two types of conditional, forgiveness. Objections that may legitimately be made against one kind of unconditional forgiveness (associated with, e.g. Derrida) are not taken to apply to the other.
Metaphors for forgiveness
Authors: Lippitt John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter further explores the significance of the accounts of forgiveness found in the Hebrew Bible and (especially) the New Testament, paying particular attention to the resonances of the Greek terms aphesis (letting go or cancelling a debt) and charizomai (gratuitous gift-giving). It next explores (largely through a discussion of the work of Lucy Allais and Christopher Bennett) how such distinctions map on to metaphors for forgiveness that survive into secular philosophical discourse, and the differences between understanding forgiveness in terms of either a wronged party or a wrongdoer ‘wiping the slate clean’ and understanding it in terms of the wronged party ‘turning the other cheek’. In particular, it shows the limitations of the former image as a model of interpersonal forgiveness, and argues that a Kierkegaardian approach enables us to get beyond the element of arbitrariness implied by Allais’s account of forgiveness.
Forgiving, forgetting and reframing
Authors: Lippitt John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses two issues. First, forgiving is often connected with—but distinguished from—forgetting. The chapter returns to Kierkegaard’s typically overlooked distinction between forgetting per se and ‘forgetting in forgiveness’. Like Kierkegaard, Jeffrey Blustein is unusual in taking the idea of forgetting in forgiveness seriously. However, through a dialogue with Blustein, it is argued that ‘forgetting’ is not the best way of capturing the position for which both he and Kierkegaard are trying to make space. The discussion also draws on Blustein to start to explore what might make the disposition of ‘forgivingness’ a virtue. The second issue is the important question of cognitive biases. Through a discussion of some recent work in social psychology and behavioural ethics, the role such biases might play in blocking our ability to forgive is considered, as is how important transcending them might be to the process of ‘reframing’ the wrongdoer.
Hope in the task of forgiveness
Authors: Lippitt John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A second putative virtue key to forgivingness is hope. This chapter compares the hope that Kierkegaard labels as a variety of ‘expectancy’ [Forventning] with what Philip Pettit has called ‘substantial’ (as opposed to ‘superficial’) hope, focusing in particular on their mutual capacity to provide what Pettit calls ‘cognitive resolve’. Such hope, it is argued, can itself be understood as a work of love, returning to the earlier discussion of Helen Prejean’s relation to the Death Row inmate Pat Sonnier in Dead Man Walking to discuss how such hope can ‘scaffold’ normative change. This view of hope is defended against objections in the context of considering the role of hope in the task of interpersonal forgiveness.
Neutron Optics
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The description of neutron optical phenomena within the framework of dynamical diffraction theory is described. The coherent wave and optical potential are introduced, and an expression for the complex neutron refractive index in terms of the scattering length density and attenuation coefficient is obtained. The extension to magnetic media and polarized neutrons is covered. Neutron reflectivity is defined, and the wavevector dependence of the reflectivity profile is derived by a transfer matrix method and an optical method. Exact results are compared with the Born approximation. The technique of neutron imaging is described, including neutron radiography and computed tomography. Several optical phenomena that occur in Bragg diffraction from near-perfect crystals, including Pendellösung oscillations, and primary and secondary extinction.
Distributed Systems
Authors: Bolfing Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers distributed systems by their properties. The first section studies the classification of software systems, which is usually distinguished in centralized, decentralized and distributed systems. It studies the differences between these three major approaches, showing there is a rather multidimensional classification instead of a linear one. The most important case are distributed systems that enable spreading of computational tasks across several autonomous, independently acting computational entities. A very important result of this case is the CAP theorem that considers the trade-off between consistency, availability and partition tolerance. The last section deals with the possibility to reach consensus in distributed systems, discussing how fault tolerant consensus mechanisms enable mutual agreement among the individual entities in presence of failures. One very special case are so-called Byzantine failures that are discussed in great detail. The main result is the so-called FLP Impossibility Result which states that there is no deterministic algorithm that guarantees solution to the consensus problem in the asynchronous case. The chapter concludes by considering practical solutions that circumvent the impossibility result in order to reach consensus.
Bitcoin
Authors: Bolfing Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Bitcoin was proposed by Nakamoto (2008) as the first electronic payment system, which fully relies on cryptographic primitives in order to work over a purely peer-to-peer system, where everyone can participate in spending funds to other users without the need for a trusted third party. This chapter first introduces the basic ideas of Satoshi Nakamoto, who defined an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures. It explains how the addresses in Bitcoin are derived, and how the elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) key pair is used in order to transact funds from one user to another. For this, it shows how the transactions are constructed in Bitcoin, based on the most common transaction, which is the Pay-to-Public-Key-Hash transaction. The last section then shows how the transactions are permanently stored in the public ledger, the blockchain, and how the miners solve the Proof-of-Work in order to safeguard the records.
Introduction to Quantum Computing
Authors: Bolfing Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter gives a brief introduction to quantum computing, which is the discipline of studying algorithms based on the principles of quantum theory. It outlines the two fundamental quantum algorithms, which are known as Grover’s and Shor’s algorithm, which are able to solve number-theoretical problems that are intractable for present conventional computers. Thus, this chapter also shows the impact of these quantum algorithms on present cryptography under the assumption of the existence of a large-scale quantum computer, concluding that quantum computing poses a serious threat to public-key cryptosystems, because their underlying mathematical problems can be solved efficiently by using Shor’s algorithm.
Bitcoin Under Broken Crypto Primitives
Authors: Bolfing Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Bitcoin’s security relies solely on cryptographic primitives, namely on digital signatures, hash functions and Merkle trees. This chapter discusses the security of the Bitcoin system if some primitives become weaker due to advances in cryptanalysis, an increasing computing power of the adversaries or improper software implementations. The chapter starts with a general overview of the primitives in use, explaining possible attack strategies against each of them, which is followed by combined attack strategies. The chapter closes by showing the consequences of Grover’s and Shor’s quantum algorithms for Bitcoin’s security.
1754–1833: Passion and the Frailty of Human Nature
Authors: Conley Carolyn A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Attitudes towards violent women changed during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. The police gradually replaced informers and the attitude towards the underclasses and the Irish hardened. The legal status of neonaticide changed to reflect the reality of juries’ attitudes towards the crime. Women were still largely held fully accountable for their crimes—in fact the percentage of death sentences that were carried out increased—but homicidal women were much more likely to be seen as having succumbed to passion rather than having made a wicked decision. The growth of newspapers meant greatly enhanced coverage of homicide trials which became fashionable sites for entertainment.