bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are Intuitions Quasi‐Perceptual “Presentations”?
Authors: Deutsch Max 
Published: October 2019

AbstractJohn Bengson has offered a detailed theory of the nature and epistemology of intuition according to which intuitions are quasi‐perceptual conscious experiences that “present” their contents as true. The paper offered here argues that Bengson’s terminology of “presentations” is difficult to interpret. Bengson does not provide a clear meaning for “presentation” or “presentational state,” and this makes it impossible to evaluate his proposal that intuitions are presentations. This paper argues, furthermore, that intuitions are not phenomenal mental states and therefore have no perception‐like phenomenology or epistemology. It concludes that Bengson’s theory fails to metaphysically, epistemologically, or methodologically legitimize intuitions.
Epistemic Rationality
Authors: Siegel Harvey 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMany epistemologists and philosophers of science, especially those with “naturalist” inclinations, argue that if there is to be any such thing as normativity or rationality in these domains, it must be instrumental—roughly, a matter of goal satisfaction—rather than something involving normative “oughts” that are independent of the satisfaction of our epistemic, cognitive, or other ends. This paper argues that while such an instrumental conception of epistemic rationality is perfectly respectable, even insofar as it concerns specifically epistemic ends, it cannot be the whole story about such normativity. Rather, it must be accompanied by a “categorical,” goal‐independent sort of normativity that cannot be reduced to instrumental rationality, both because instrumental rationality itself depends on a noninstrumental relationship between a belief/claim/theory and the evidence that renders it rational, and because the epistemic rationality of many beliefs is independent of the goals of their believers.
The EIT Food School Network: Integrating solutions to improve eating habits and reduce food wastage in secondary schoolchildren
Authors: Capper T. , Brennan S. , Woodside J. , McKinley M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractMost European children and adolescents do not meet dietary guidelines. Therefore, there is a need to develop and implement effective strategies to help young people adopt healthier dietary habits and maintain these into adulthood. The amount of time that children and adolescents spend in the school setting makes this an ideal environment in which to develop interventions that target healthy eating. Schools, however, are complex systems and a whole‐school approach that promotes consistent messages within the school environment and across the curriculum is needed to support positive food choices. Given current concerns about climate change and the environment, it is also important to ensure that any nutrition interventions implemented in the school setting are environmentally friendly and do not increase food wastage. This paper presents the results of stakeholder discussions on the topic of secondary school food in Northern Ireland, conducted as part of the recently developed European Institute for Innovation and Technology (EIT) Food School Network. The Network was established to facilitate the exchange of information within existing national schools programmes and to identify and develop strategies that positively impact on food choice and food wastage in schools across Europe. Improving schools’ adherence to the Food in Schools Policy and engaging pupils and parents to encourage a sense of ‘ownership’ of the school food system were identified as potential ways to positively impact on the dietary habits of children and adolescents.
Grocery store access and childhood obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Yamei , Luo Miyang , Wu Xinyin , Xiao Qian , Luo Jiayou , Jia Peng 
Published: October 2019

SummaryGrocery store is usually considered to be a healthy food outlet as it provides access to a variety of healthy food, such as fruits and vegetables, which may potentially improve overall dietary quality and protect against obesity. However, findings of the association between grocery store and childhood obesity are controversial. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence on the association between access to grocery stores and childhood obesity. A literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for articles published before January 1, 2019, using the combinations of three groups of keywords separately for grocery store, children and adolescents, and weight‐related behaviours and outcomes. A total of 27 cross‐sectional and eight longitudinal studies were identified. Controversial results existed among 24 studies, which examined the association between the access to grocery stores and weight‐related outcomes. A null association was observed in almost all meta‐analyses conducted by different measures of grocery stores and weight status, except the analysis between presence of grocery stores and overweight, which reached borderline significance. For weight‐related behaviours, mixed findings were reported between grocery stores and dietary behaviours, and no significant associations were found for physical activity. This systematic review and meta‐analysis suggested that access to grocery stores may have a rather small influence on child weight.
Effectiveness of clear aligner therapy for orthodontic treatment: A systematic review
Authors: Robertson Lindsay , Kaur Harsimrat , Fagundes Nathalia Carolina Fernandes , Romanyk Dan , Major Paul , Flores Mir Carlos 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse through a systematic review the effectiveness of clear aligners by assessing: (a) predictability of clear aligners and (b) treatment outcome comparison of clear aligner therapy with fixed appliance therapy.MethodsAn electronic search was made from January 2014 to April 2019 using MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and LILACS databases without any limitations on language. Three reviewers independently assessed the articles. Quality assessment of observational studies and randomized control trial was done by using the ROBINS tool and Cochrane risk of bias tool, respectively. GRADE instrument was used to assess certainty level for each identified outcome.ResultsSeven eligible articles (one randomized controlled trial and six retrospective cohort) were included in our systematic review. Most of the studies (six out of seven) had a moderate risk of bias and one had a high risk of bias.Conclusions‘Low to moderate level’ of certainty in regard to specific clear aligner therapy tooth movements’ efficiency was identified. Clear aligners may produce clinically acceptable outcomes that could be comparable to fixed appliance therapy for buccolingual inclination of upper and lower incisors in mild to moderate malocclusions. However, not all potential clinical scenarios have been assessed in the included studies. Most of the tooth movements may not be predictable enough to be accomplished with only one set of trays with clear aligners despite the recent advances in technology.
CO2 supplementation dissociates cerebral oxygenation and middle cerebral artery blood velocity during maximal cycling
Authors: Hansen Rasmus K. , Nielsen Peter S. , Schelske Markus W. , Secher Niels H. , Volianitis Stefanos 
Published: October 2019

This study evaluated whether the reduction of prefrontal cortex oxygenation (ScO2) during maximal exercise depends on the hyperventilation‐induced hypocapnic attenuation of middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCA Vmean). Twelve endurance‐trained males (age: 25 ± 3 years, height: 183 ± 8 cm, weight: 75 ± 9 kg; mean ± SD) performed in three separate laboratory visits, a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) test, an isocapnic (end‐tidal CO2 tension (PetCO2) clamped at 40 ± 1 mmHg), and an ambient air controlled‐pace constant load high‐intensity ergometer cycling to exhaustion, while MCA Vmean (transcranial Doppler ultrasound) and ScO2 (near‐infrared spectroscopy) were determined. Duration of exercise (12 min 25 s ± 1 min 18 s) was matched by performing the isocapnic trial first. Pulmonary VO2 was 90 ± 6% versus 93 ± 5% of the maximal value (P = .012) and PetCO2 40 ± 1 versus 34 ± 4 mmHg (P < .05) during the isocapnic and control trials, respectively. During the isocapnic trial MCA Vmean increased by 16 ± 13% until clamping was applied and continued to increase (by 14 ± 28%; P = .017) until the end of exercise, while there was no significant change during the control trial (P = .071). In contrast, ScO2 decreased similarly in both trials (−3.2 ± 5.1% and −4.1 ± 9.6%; P < .001, isocapnic and control, respectively) at exhaustion. The reduction in prefrontal cortex oxygenation during maximal exercise does not depend solely on lowered cerebral blood flow as indicated by middle cerebral blood velocity.
Brexit and the Politics of the Rural
Authors: Brooks Sally 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article uses Woods’ (2005) term ‘politics of the rural’ as a lens to trace connections between ‘Brexit’ and countryside protests that erupted in the late 1990s following the disruption of a century old political settlement for governing rural areas. Historically, the intertwining of rurality, hierarchy and empire in national identity has shielded rural elite interests and the power structures that uphold them from progressive political developments in urban areas. The article highlights how a new political party, the UK Independence Party (UKIP), was able to occupy a space opened by Countryside Alliance and subsequently vacated by a modernising Conservative Party, to build a movement shaped by a similar type of settler populism. How these broader dynamics interacted with local contexts to structure perceptions and experiences underpinning support for Brexit calls for more contextualised, region‐specific research. ‘Politics of the rural’ provides one lens among others to bring to these analyses.
The transcriptomic responses of C4 grasses to subambient CO2 and low light are largely species specific and only refined by photosynthetic subtype
Authors: Watson‐Lazowski Alexander , Papanicolaou Alexie , Koller Fiona , Ghannoum Oula 
Published: October 2019

SummaryThree subtypes of C4 photosynthesis exist (NADP‐ME, NAD‐ME and PEPCK), each known to be beneficial under specific environmental conditions. However, the influence of photosynthetic subtype on transcriptomic plasticity, as well as the genes underpinning this variability, remain largely unknown. Here, we comprehensively investigate the responses of six C4 grass species, spanning all three C4 subtypes, to two controlled environmental stresses: low light (200 µmol m−2 sec−1) and glacial CO2 (subambient; 180 ppm). We identify a susceptibility within NADP‐ME species to glacial CO2. Notably, although glacial CO2 phenotypes could be tied to C4 subtype, biochemical and transcriptomic responses to glacial CO2 were largely species specific. Nevertheless, we were able to identify subtype specific subsets of significantly differentially expressed transcripts which link resource acquisition and allocation to NADP‐ME species susceptibility to glacial CO2. Here, low light phenotypes were comparable across species with no clear subtype response, while again, transcriptomic responses to low light were largely species specific. However, numerous functional similarities were noted within the transcriptomic responses to low light, suggesting these responses are functionally relatively conserved. Additionally, PEPCK species exhibited heightened regulation of transcripts related to metabolism in response to both stresses, likely tied to their C4 metabolic pathway. These results highlight the influence that both species and subtype can have on plant responses to abiotic stress, building on our mechanistic understanding of acclimation within C4 grasses and highlighting avenues for future crop improvements.
Phagosome‐endoplasmic reticulum contacts: Kissing and not running
Authors: Levin‐Konigsberg Roni , Grinstein Sergio 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in phagocytosis has been the subject of debate for over a decade. Proteomic determinations and dynamic microscopy of live cells led to conflicting conclusions. Recent insights into the existence of a variety of membrane contact sites (MCS) may help reconcile the seemingly disparate views. Specifically, earlier results can be rationalized considering that the ER forms specialized MCS with nascent and maturing phagosomes, without undergoing fusion. The composition and function of documented ER‐to‐phagosome contact sites is described. In addition, we speculate about the possible existence of additional phagosomal contact sites, based on available knowledge of interactions between the ER and other endocytic compartments. The interaction between phagosomes and the ER has been the subject of debate. Earlier observations that led to the suggestion that the ER fuses with the phagosomal membrane can now be explained in the light of recent evidence that intimate contacts form between the two organelles.
Multilateral stability and efficiency of trade agreements: A network formation approach
Authors: Jorzik Nathalie , Mueller‐Langer Frank 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe study the endogenous network formation of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements by means of hypergraphs and introduce the equilibrium concept of multilateral stability. We consider multicountry settings with a firm in each country that produces a homogeneous good and competes as a Cournot oligopolist in each market. Under endogenous tariffs, we find that a multilateral trade agreement governing the rules and norms of tariff setting, that is the WTO/GATT regime itself, together with a bilateral preferential trade agreement (PTA) is multilaterally stable. We also find that the existence of the WTO is necessary for the stability of the trading system. We further analyse the impact of PTAs on multilateral tariffs within the WTO. We find that the formation of PTAs increases countries' incentives for multilateral tariff reduction.
Comparison between 940 nm Laser Diode and Topical 5 % Potassium Nitrate for Tooth Desensitization. Randomized Controlled Clinical trial
Authors: Tocarruncho Oscar , Espitia Robayo Xiomara Alexandra , Ibáñez Pinilla Edgar , Ríos-Osorio Néstor Raúl 
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of two dental desensitization therapies, 940 nm laser diode and potassium nitrate, in patients with dental hypersensitivity (DH) symptoms. Methods: This randomized clinical trial included 30 patients who initially underwent basic periodontal therapy and presented gingival recessions Class I and II (Miller 1985) with symptoms of DH. Subjects were randomly assigned into two groups. The first group (n = 15) received laser 940 nm application for 90 seconds on the surface of the recession and were given a tube of glycerin to be applied daily in order to avoid generating bias. Patients in the second group (n = 15) were exposed to inactive laser simulating the actual application of the laser, and they were given a desensitizing gel containing 0.5 g of potassium nitrate to be applied twice daily during 14 days. Controls were carried out at 15 minutes, 8 days, 15 days, and 4 weeks. Data obtained were filled out in an Excel table. For comparison between groups the Mann Whitney U and t student tests were used (p=0.05). Results: All patients involve in the study experienced reduction in DH (p<0.01) and differences between the two interventions performed. Conclusions: Laser and nitrate therapies were effective to manage DH after basic periodontal therapy. However, a statistically significant higher sensitivity reduction was observed in laser therapy group.
Ferrograph Analysis With Improved Particle Segmentation and Classification Methods
Authors: Wang Shuo , Wu Tonghai , Wang Kunpeng , Sarkodie-Gyan Thompson 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Ferrograph analysis has been adopted over decades for determining the root causes of on-going wear faults. After decades of manual operation, this traditional technique is being driven by intelligent algorithms for automatic identification of wear debris. However, the accuracy and robustness of this algorithm remain marginalized when applied in industries due to various types and color blurry of particles. To address this issue, this paper introduces an automatic ferrograph analysis model with a segmentation method and a two-level classification strategy. In order to obtain wear particles from the color ferrograph image, an adaptive Otsu threshold is adopted in three channel images to solve the color blurry in particle segmentation. By grouping particle parameters into shape and morphology ones, a two-level identification strategy is proposed. The first one is to classify rubbing, cutting, and spherical particles, referring to the fuzzy approach degree of shape parameters. In the second level, the shape-close particles are classified with imperceptible textures and back propagation neural network (BPNN). These objective parameters are constructed by applying the principal component analysis into seven texture features and inputted into a BPNN-based model to classify fatigue and severe sliding particles. In order to train the BPNN, more than 100 ferrograph images are sampled together, whereby standard ferrograph analysis is performed on the particle identification. The performance of the identification exhibits an accuracy exceeding 90% for rubbing, cutting, and spherical particles, whereas about 80% accuracy has been registered for both severe sliding and fatigue particles.
Thermal Error Modeling of Feed Axis in Machine Tools Using Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Generalized Regression Neural Network
Authors: Li Guolong , Ke Hao , Li Chuanzhen , Li Biao 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper demonstrates the development of a thermal error model that is applied on the feed axis of machine tools and based on the neural network. This model can accurately predict the value of the axial thermal error that appears on machine feed axis. In principle, there is the generalized regression neural network (GRNN), which has the good nonlinear mapping ability and serves to construct the error model. About variables, the data of temperature and axial thermal error of machine feed axis are the inputs and outputs, respectively. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a component of this model, which serves to optimize the smoothing factor in GRNN, and the particle swarm optimization-based generalized regression neural network (PSO-GRNN) model is built. From experiment, the datum is acquired from a machining centre in four different feed rates. Thereafter, the back propagation (BP) neural network model, the traditional GRNN model, and the PSO-GRNN model were established, and the data collected from the experimentation are input in three models for prediction. Compared with the other two models used in this paper, the PSO-GRNN model can maintain higher prediction accuracy at different feed speed, and the prediction accuracy of it changes less in different feed rates. The proposed model solved the problem of generalization ability of the neural network at different feed rate, which shows good performance and lays a good foundation for further research like thermal error compensation.
Physical and chemical strain-hardening during faulting in poorly lithified sandstone: The role of kinematic stress field and selective cementation
Authors: Pizzati Mattia , Balsamo Fabrizio , Storti Fabrizio , Iacumin Paola 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this work, we report the results of a multidisciplinary study describing the structural architecture and diagenetic evolution of the Rocca di Neto extensional fault zone developed in poorly lithified sandstones of the Crotone Basin, Southern Italy. The studied fault zone has an estimated displacement of ∼90 m and consists of: (1) a low-deformation zone with subsidiary faults and widely spaced deformation bands; (2) an ∼10-m-wide damage zone, characterized by a dense network of conjugate deformation bands; (3) an ∼3-m-wide mixed zone produced by tectonic mixing of sediments with different grain size; (4) an ∼1-m-wide fault core with bedding transposed into foliation and ultra-comminute black gouge layers. Microstructural investigations indicate that particulate flow was the dominant early-stage deformation mechanism, while cataclasis became predominant after porosity loss, shallow burial, and selective calcite cementation. The combination of tectonic compaction and preferential cementation led to a strain-hardening behavior inducing the formation of “inclined conjugate deformation band sets” inside the damage zone, caused by the kinematic stress field associated with fault activity. Conversely, conjugate deformation band sets with a vertical bisector formed outside the damage zone in response to the regional extensional stress field. Stable isotope analysis helped in constraining the diagenetic environment of deformation, which is characterized by mixed marine-meteoric signature for cements hosted inside the damage zone, while it progressively becomes more meteoric moving outside the fault zone. This evidence supports the outward propagation of fault-related deformation structures in the footwall damage zone.
Molecular analysis of α-thalassemia and β-thalassemia in Quanzhou region Southeast China
Authors: Zhuang Jianlong , Jiang Yuying , Wang Yuanbai , Zheng Yu , Zhuang Qianmei , Wang Junyu , Zeng Shuhong 
Published: October 2019

AimsThalassemia is one of the most prevalent inherited disorders in south China. However, there still has no comprehensive research on molecular characterisation of α-thalassemia and β-thalassemia in the Quanzhou region of Fujian province, a city with high incidence of thalassemia in Southeast China.MethodsA total of 11 668 cases were collected in Quanzhou region from January 2013 to June 2019. The deletions of α-thalassemia were detected by Gap-PCR, α-thalassemia and β-thalassemia mutations were detected by DNA reverse dot blot hybridisation. Rare thalassemia gene testing and DNA sequencing were performed to detect rare and novel thalassemia mutation for suspected rare thalassemia carriers.ResultsAmong 11 668 subjects, 4796 (41.10%) subjects were diagnosed with thalassemia. 3298 (28.27%) subjects were α-thalassemia carriers, 26 types of α-thalassemia mutations were identified, with the common α-thalassemia genotypes being --SEA/αα (71.47%), -α3.7/αα (17.13%) and -α4.2/αα (3.49%). 1407 (12.06%) subjects were β-thalassemia carriers, 18 types of β-thalassemia mutations were identified. The common five genotypes of β-thalassemia were βIVS-II-654/βN(36.53%), βCD41-42/βN(30.28%), βCD17/βN(17.13%), βCD26/βN(5.12%) and β-28/βN(4.62%). Additionally, 91 (0.78%) subjects with composite α-thalassemia and β-thalassemia were identified. Furthermore, 9 α-thalassemia and β-thalassemia gene mutations (CAP +40–43 (-AAAC), IVS-I-1 (G>T), IVS-I-5 (G>C), SEA-HPFH, CD53 (-T), CD37 (A>G), −90 (C>T), CD3 (T>C), -α6.9) were identified for the first time in the region. Among them, CD53 (-T), CD37 (A>G) and −90 (C>T) mutations were identified for the first time in Fujian province. Moreover, CD3 (T>C), -α6.9mutations were first identified in Chinese individual.ConclusionsQuanzhou region of South China has high incidence of thalassemia mutations. In this study, several cases of rare thalassemia mutations have been identified, providing reference for clinical consultation. The completion of this study is of great significance to strengthen the prevention and control of thalassaemia in the Quanzhou region.