bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of temperature gradient on the heavy quark–antiquark potential using a gravity dual model
Authors: Ganesh S , Mishra M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Thermal systems have traditionally been modeled via Euclideanized space by analytical continuation of time to an imaginary time. We extend the concept to static thermal gradients by recasting the temperature variation as a variation in the Euclidean metric. We apply this prescription to determine the quark–antiquark potential in a system with a thermal gradient. A naturally occurring QCD medium with thermal gradients is a quark–gluon plasma (QGP). However, the QGP evolves in time. Hence, we use a quasi-stationary approximation, which is applicable only if the rate of time evolution is slow. The application of our proposal to a quark–antiquark potential in QGP can be seen as a step towards a more exact theory that would incorporate time-varying thermal gradients. The effect of a static temperature gradient on the quark–antiquark potential is analyzed using a gravity dual model. A non-uniform black string metric is developed by perturbing the Schwarzschild metric, which allows us to incorporate the temperature gradient in the dual anti-de Sitter space. Finally, an expression for the quark–antiquark potential in the presence of a static temperature gradient is derived.
Innovative Care Delivery of Acute Rehabilitation for Patients With COVID-19: A Case Report
Authors: Livingston Tara , Sullivan Elle K , Wilske Grace , Gustavson Allison M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted acute rehabilitation delivery by challenging the reliance on in-person care and the standard practice of delivering separate physical and occupational therapy services. Health care systems are rapidly developing innovative models of care that provide essential acute rehabilitation services while mitigating viral spread. We present 2 case reports to illustrate how we used technology and COVID-19–specific decision-making frameworks to deliver acute rehabilitation.

Methods
We iteratively developed 2 decision-making models regarding care delivery and discharge planning in the context of the challenges to delivering care in a pandemic. We leveraged use of video communication systems installed in all COVID-19 rooms to reduce the number of in-room providers and frequency of contact. Two patients were admitted to the hospital with symptomatic COVID-19 (males, ages 65 and 40 years).

Results
With the use of a video communication system and the decision-making frameworks for care delivery and discharge planning, we avoided 7 in-person sessions. Both patients demonstrated functional gains and were dischargedhome.

Conclusion
The 2 case reports highlight the innovative use of a technology and COVID-19–specific decision-making processes to provide patient-centered care given the challenges to care delivery during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Impact
The use of technology and decision-making models allows for delivery of safe acute rehabilitation care that minimizes contact, conserves personal protective equipment, and prepares for COVID-19 surges. The discussion points raised have applicability to patients without COVID-19 and other health care systems. Future research is needed to determine the effectiveness, costs, and downstream effects of our novel approach to acute rehabilitation for patients with COVID-19.
Beyond death and afterlife: the complicated process of grief in the time of COVID-19
Authors: Corpuz Jeff Clyde G 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
COVID-19 has already killed more than one million people around the world. The pandemic had a profound impact on the emotional, social and spiritual life of the public. Due to self-isolation, prohibition of mass-gatherings and quarantine protocols, hospitals and healthcare facilities are closed to visitors. Clergy members are unable to be physically present with sick in their final moments. Many families cannot say goodbye to their loved ones, many people cannot attend funeral rites and many people cannot perform their final mourning rituals. These complicated situations have not only distressed some family members but also someone who is close to death. In this time of crisis, it is important to implore the global community to reflect on the unique and unusual process of grieving. This paper is a response to the recent correspondence published in this journal where the author noted the changing landscapes of death and burial practices in the context of COVID-19. This paper further adds to the emerging and complicated process of death, dying and grief and ways of coping with loss in the context of COVID-19 pandemic.
Foresight and trade-off analyses: Tools for science strategy development in agriculture and food systems research
Authors: Barrett Christopher B , Beaudreault Amy R , Meinke Holger , Ash Andrew , Ghezae Nighisty , Kadiyala Suneetha , Nigussie Mandefro , Smith Allison Grove , Torrance Lesley 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Foresight and trade-off analyses offer organizations such as CGIAR an opportunity to better prepare for alternative futures through adaptive research strategy and management. This essay introduces a set of papers that explore foresight and trade-off analyses within the context of the major reforms now occurring in the CGIAR. We tease out lessons not only for One CGIAR, but also for international development research organizations more broadly.
Divergence of Phyllosphere Microbial Communities Between Females and Males of the Dioecious Populus cathayana
Authors: Liu Liling , Lu Lu , Li Huilin , Meng Zhensi , Dong Tingfa , Peng Chao , Xu Xiao 
Published: December 2020

Females and males of dioecious plants have evolved sex-specific characteristics in terms of their morphological and physiological properties. However, the differentiation of phyllosphere microbiota in dioecious plants remains largely unexplored. Here, the diversity and composition of female and male Populus cathayana phyllosphere bacterial and fungal communities were investigated using 16S rRNA/ITS1 gene–based MiSeq sequencing. The divergences of bacterial and fungal community compositions occurred between females and males. Both females and males had their unique phyllosphere bacterial and fungal microbiota, such as bacterial Gemmata spp. (5.41%) and fungal Pringsheimia spp. (0.03%) in females and bacterial Chitinophaga spp. (0.009%) and fungal Phaeococcomyces spp. (0.02%) in males. Significant differences in the relative abundance of phyla Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes bacteria and phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota fungi (P < 0.05) were also found between females and males. Some bacterial species of genera Spirosoma and Amnibacterium and fungal genera Venturia, Suillus, and Elmerina spp. were significantly enriched in males (P < 0.05). In contrast, levels of fungal genera Phoma and Aureobasidium spp. were significantly higher in females than in males (P < 0.05). The mineral, inorganic, and organic nutrients content contributed differently to the divergence of female and male phyllosphere microbial communities, with 87.08 and 45.17% of the variations being explained for bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. These results highlight the sexual discrimination of phyllosphere microbes on the dioecious plants and provide hints on the potential host-associated species in phyllosphere environments. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Does the Predominant Pain Location Influence Functional Outcomes, Satisfaction and Return to Work After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion for Cervical Radiculopathy?
Authors: Goh Graham S. , Yue Wai-Mun , Guo Chang-Ming , Tan Seang-Beng , Chen John Li-Tat 
Published: December 2020

Study Design.
Retrospective review of prospectively-collected registry data.

Objectives.
The aim of this study was to determine how different combinations of preoperative neck pain (NP) and arm pain (AP) influence functional outcomes, patient satisfaction, and return-to-work in patients undergoing anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for degenerative cervical radiculopathy (DCR).

Summary of Background Data.
Surgeons often base decisions on the traditional belief that the predominance of radicular upper extremity symptoms is a stronger indication for cervical spine surgery than axial pain. However, there is a paucity of literature supporting this notion.

Methods.
A prospectively maintained registry was reviewed for all patients who underwent primary ACDF for DCR. Patients were categorized into three groups depending on predominant pain location: AP predominant ([APP]; AP > NP), NP predominant ([NPP]; NP > AP), and equal pain predominance ([EPP]; NP = AP). Patients were prospectively followed for at least 2 years.

Results.
In total, 303 patients were included: 27.4% APP, 38.9% NPP, and 33.7% EPP cases. The APP group was significantly older (P = 0.030), although there were no other preoperative differences among the three groups. After adjusting for baseline differences, the SF-36 Physical Component Summary was significantly better in the APP group at 6 months (P = 0.048) and 2 years (P = 0.039). In addition, they showed a trend towards better 6-month Neck Disability Index (P = 0.077) and 2-year SF-36 Mental Component Summary (P = 0.059). However, an equal proportion of patients in each group achieved the Minimal Clinically Important Difference for each outcome, were satisfied, and returned to work 2 years after surgery.

Conclusion.
Although patients with NPP had slightly poorer function and quality of life, all patients experienced a clinically meaningful improvement in patient-reported outcomes, regardless of the predominant pain location. High rates of satisfaction and return-to-work were also achieved. In the context of proper indications, these findings suggest that ACDF can be equally effective for DCR patients with varying combinations of NP or AP.

Level of Evidence: 3
Genetic Variants of CHD7 Are Associated with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Wu Zhichong , Dai Zhicheng , Yuwen Wang , Liu Zhen , Qiu Yong , Cheng Jack Chun-Yiu , Zhu Zezhang , Xu Leilei 
Published: December 2020

Study Design.
A case–control association study.

Objectives.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether CHD7 was associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in Chinese Han population and to further explore the functional role of CHD7 in the development of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Summary of Background Data.
Several studies have explored the association of CHD7 with scoliosis in patients of European descent, while the results were inconsistent. There was a lack of study investigating the association of CHD7 with AIS in Chinese Han population.

Methods.
Variants within CHD7 were genotyped in 965 AIS patients and 976 healthy controls. Whole exome sequencing was performed in 96 AIS patients. Paraspinal muscles of 43AIS patients and 38 lumbar disc herniation patients were collected for the evaluation of the gene expression. Intergroup comparison was performed with the χ
2 test for genotyping data or Student t test for tissue expression. The relationship of CHD7 expression with clinical phenotypes was determined by the Pearson correlation.

Result.
Variant rs121434341 of CHD7 was significantly associated with AIS. AIS patients were found to have a remarkable higher frequency of allele G when compared with healthy controls (2.89% vs. 1.57%, P = 0.0018), with an odds ratio value of 1.89. A pathogenic mutation affecting normal splicing was identified in a patient. Moreover, the expression level of CHD7 in AIS patients was significantly lower than in the controls (0.0008437 ± 0.00004583 vs. 0.001129 ± 0.00003773, P < 0.001), and CHD7 expression was positively correlated with bone mineral contents (P = 0.036, r = 0.32).

Conclusion.
Genetic variants of CHD7 were significantly associated with AIS. Moreover, the decreased expression of CHD7 may be involved in the abnormal bone mass of AIS patients. Further studies are warranted to investigate the functional role of CHD7 in the pathogenesis of AIS.

Level of Evidence: 3
Fear-avoidance and Patients’ Reported Outcomes are Strongly Correlated With Biomechanical Gait Parameters in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Patients
Authors: Haddas Ram , Boah Akwasi , Block Andrew 
Published: December 2020

Study Design:
This was a prospective cohort study.

Objective:
The aim was to explores whether fear-avoidance is associated with altered gait patterns in cervical spinal myelopathy (CSM) patients.

Summary of Background Data:
Fear-avoidance is associated with activity restriction and emotional distress in chronic pain patients and with poorer spine surgery outcomes. In adults with spinal deformity, fear and avoidance correlates with gait pattern disruptions. Patients having CSM also display distorted gait.

Methods:
Ninety CSM patients completed the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) questionnaire, and the Fear-avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ). Each patient performed a series of gait trials. Pearson’s product correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the self-reported fear of movement measures and the objective gait biomechanical data.

Results:
The TSK total score was correlated with walking speed (P=0.003), cadence (P=0.012), stride (P=0.010) and step (P=0.036) time, and stride (P=0.018) and step (P=0.035) length. The FABQ physical dimension was correlated with walking speed (P<0.001), cadence (P<0.001), stride (P<0.001) and step (P=0.006) time, stride (P<0.001) and step (P<0.001) length, and gait deviation index (P<0.001). The FABQ work dimension was correlated with walking speed (P=0.001), cadence (P=0.001), stride (P=0.001) and step (P=0.008) time, and stride (P=0.014) and step (P=0.002) length.

Conclusions:
These results provide a framework for further investigation of the relationship between psychosocial factors and objectively measured function in patients with CSM. This study demonstrates a strong correlation between fear and avoidance of movement, as measured with the TSK and FABQ and multiple biomechanical gait parameters, as measured with gait analysis. The current results may imply that fear and avoidance may compound and worsen functional deficits arising from CSM, and strongly suggest that fear and avoidance beliefs should be included as a component of presurgical diagnostic process for CSM patients.
Development and Validation of the Patient-Reported Submental Fat Rating Scale and the Patient-Reported Submental Fat Impact Scale
Authors: Lupo Mary , Dover Jeffrey S. , Baradaran Sarah , Patel Vaishali , Drinkwater Adrienne 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND
No validated assessment tools are available to evaluate patient-reported outcomes specifically related to submental fat (SMF).

OBJECTIVE
To develop and validate scales measuring the severity (Patient-Reported SMF Rating Scale [PR-SMFRS]) and psychological impact (Patient-Reported SMF Impact Scale [PR-SMFIS]) of SMF.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature review, content validation interviews (concept elicitation [n = 29] and cognitive debriefing [n = 15]) in adults with SMF, and expert interviews (n = 3) were conducted to develop the PR-SMFRS and PR-SMFIS. Psychometric validity (acceptability, reliability, and validity) for the PR-SMFRS and PR-SMFIS was assessed using data from 1 phase 2 and 5 phase 3 ATX-101 studies in patients with excess SMF.

RESULTS
The PR-SMFRS was constructed as a single-item, 5-point rating of the SMF amount/size. The PR-SMFIS was constructed as a 6-item scale, with an 11-point numeric rating for each item. Both scales demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties (test–retest reliability and internal consistency). The anchor-based minimally important difference analysis suggests a 1-point improvement on the PR-SMFRS (scale of 0‒4) and a 3-point improvement on the PR-SMFIS (scale of 0‒10) represent clinically meaningful change.

CONCLUSION
The PR-SMFRS and PR-SMFIS are reliable, valid instruments for assessing the severity and psychosocial impact, respectively, of SMF and detecting clinically meaningful change with intervention.
Arterial hypertension and cerebral hemodynamics: impact of head-down tilt on cerebral blood flow (arterial spin-labeling-MRI) in healthy and hypertensive patients
Authors: Seiller Ian , Pavilla Aude , Ognard Julien , Ozier-Lafontaine Nathalie , Colombani Sylvie , Cepeda Ibarra Yamilet , Mejdoubi Mehdi 
Published: December 2020

Objective:
Hypertension affects cerebrovascular autoregulation and increases the risk of cerebrovascular events and dementia. Notably, it is associated with cerebrovascular remodeling and lower resting cerebral blood flow (CBF). We wanted to determine, using arterial spin-labeling-MRI, the impact of a head-down tilt (HDT) dynamic maneuver on CBF in hypertensive patients.

Methods:
The current prospective study measured 36 patients’ CBFs (18 normotensive individuals; 18 hypertensive patients) on 1.5T arterial spin-labeling-MRI in the supine position and after 4 min at −15° HDT. We reconstructed CBF maps of left and right subcortical nuclear gray matter, cortical gray matter and white matter (16 structures) to explore cerebrovascular autoregulation modification under dynamic conditions.

Results:
Normotensive and hypertensive participants had no significant CBF differences in the supine position. After HDT, CBF mean variations (CBF-mVs) across all structures declined (mean −5.8%) for the whole population (n = 36), with −6.6 and −7.6% decreases, respectively, in white matter and gray matter (P < 0.001). Left and right accumbens nuclei had the largest changes (−9.6 and −9.2%, respectively; P < 0.001). No CBF-mV difference (0/16) was found in hypertensive patients after HDT, whereas normotensive participants’ CBF-mVs changed significantly in four structures (left and right accumbens, putamen and left caudate nucleus) and gray matter. Hypertensive patients exhibited fewer CBF-mVs in left caudate nuclei (P = 0.039) and cortical gray matter (P = 0.013). Among hypertensive patients, people with diabetes had smaller CBF-mVs than people without diabetes.

Conclusion:
Our results highlight the significantly different CBF reactions to HDT of normotensive and hypertensive participants. They support the hypothesis that hypertension is responsible for deficient cerebrovascular autoregulation.
PREVALENCE OF VITREOUS CORTEX REMNANTS IN EYES WITH PRIMARY RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT UNDERGOING VITRECTOMY
Authors: Assi Alexandre , Khoueir Ziad 
Published: December 2020

Background/Purpose:To evaluate the prevalence and extent of vitreous cortex remnants (VCR) on the surface of the retina in eyes with primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and posterior vitreous detachment.Methods:Triamcinolone acetonide was injected in the vitreous cavity of 100 consecutive cases of acute primary RRD undergoing pars plana vitrectomy. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine any association between the presence and pattern of stained VCR on the surface of the retina and the following variables: age, diabetes, axial length, phakic status, extent of RRD, and macular status.Results:Vitreous cortex remnants were found in 42 eyes. These were focal in eight eyes and diffuse in 34 eyes. Age was the only strong and independent risk factor associated with the presence of VCR (P= 0.0019). Age (P< 0.0001), axial length (P= 0.0037), and phakia (P= 0.01) were independent risk factors associated with the diffuse pattern. Neither diabetes, extent of RRD, nor macular status were significant risk factors for the presence or extent of VCR.Conclusion:Older patients with primary RRD and posterior vitreous detachment seem to be at a higher risk of having diffuse VCR. Further studies are needed to investigate the relevance of VCR in the pathogenesis, progression and treatment of RD.
How Perceived Structural Racism and Discrimination and Medical Mistrust in the Health System Influences Participation in HIV Health Services for Black Women Living in the United States South: A Qualitative, Descriptive Study
Authors: Randolph Schenita D. , Golin Carol , Welgus Hayley , Lightfoot Alexandra F. , Harding Caressa J. , Riggins Linda F. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
There are racial and geographic disparities for HIV in the United States; Black women have nearly 20 times the risk of White women in being infected with HIV, and lifetime HIV risk is greatest for people living in the southern United States. These disparities, layered with the structural racism and discrimination that is more prominent in the south, is a public health issue. The purpose of this article is to share Black women's perspectives of how perceived structural racism and discrimination, and medical mistrust in the health care system contribute to their participation in health services. In this formative study, we conducted seven focus groups among women living in 10 low-income housing communities. Results indicate that there are barriers to the utilization of health services that are grounded in personal experiences and historical mistrust for the health care system. Understanding these barriers is critical to combating the HIV epidemic for this population.
Screening Strategies for Deafness Genes and Functional Outcomes in Cochlear Implant Patients
Authors: Nisenbaum Eric , Prentiss Sandra , Yan Denise , Nourbakhsh Aida , Smeal Molly , Holcomb Meredith , Cejas Ivette , Telischi Fred , Liu Xue Zhong 
Published: December 2020

Objectives:
To review the current state of knowledge about the influence of specific genetic mutations that cause sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) on cochlear implant (CI) functional outcomes, and how this knowledge may be integrated into clinical practice. A multistep and sequential population-based genetic algorithm suitable for the identification of congenital SNHL mutations before CI placement is also examined.

Data Sources, Study Selection:
A review was performed of the English literature from 2000 to 2019 using PubMed regarding the influence of specific mutations on CI outcomes and the use of next-generation sequencing for genetic screening of CI patients.

Conclusion:
CI is an effective habilitation option for patients with severe-profound congenital SNHL. However, it is well known that CI outcomes show substantial inter-patient variation. Recent advances in genetic studies have improved our understanding of genotype–phenotype relationships for many of the mutations underlying congenital SNHL, and have explored how these relationships may account for some of the variance seen in CI performance outcomes. A sequential genetic screening strategy utilizing next-generation sequencing-based population-specific gene panels may allow for more efficient mutation identification before CI placement. Understanding the relationships between specific mutations and CI outcomes along with integrating routine comprehensive genetic testing into pre-CI evaluations will allow for more effective patient counseling and open the door for the development of mutation-specific treatment strategies.