bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheological behavior of neat and carbon fiber‐reinforced poly(ether ketone ketone) for extrusion deposition additive manufacturing
Authors: Kishore Vidya , Ajinjeru Christine , Hassen Ahmed A. , Lindahl John , Kunc Vlastimil , Duty Chad 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTo develop new materials for extrusion additive manufacturing (AM) systems, a fundamental understanding of rheological properties is essential to correlate the effect of processing on material structure and its properties. In this work, the rheological properties of five different grades of neat and carbon fiber (CF)‐reinforced poly(ether ketone ketone) are reported. Rheological properties are essential to understand the effect of reinforcing fibers and AM process parameters such as time, temperature, environment, and shear rate on flow behavior during processing. Small‐amplitude oscillatory shear tests and steady shear tests indicated neat grades to exhibit less increase in viscosity over time when processed in air than the CF‐filled grades. The filled grades showed greater shear thinning and lower sensitivity to temperature. Overall, this rheological analysis provides a broad framework for determining appropriate processing conditions for extrusion deposition AM of such high‐temperature polymer systems.
Development of Nano‐Al Based Highly Metalized Fuel‐Rich Propellant for Water Ramjet Propulsion Applications
Authors: Ramakrishnan Murugesan , Chakravarthy Satyanarayanan R. , Kandasamy Jayaraman , Sarathi Ramanujam 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAluminium‐water reaction‐based ramjet propulsion system shows the higher theoretical performance when compared to the conventional solid propellant based propulsion system for high‐speed underwater applications. In the present study, investigations have been carried out on water ramjet propulsive performance using theoretical approach and also the primary combustion characteristics of the fuel‐rich propellant compositions studied experimentally. The aluminized fuel‐rich propellant compositions contain 40–50 % of aluminium with the average particle sizes of 18 μm, 250 nm, and 100 nm, and also comprise 34.5‐46 % of Ammonium Perchlorate (AP) in a total of 15 formulations, are tested over a pressure range of 0.2–3.1 MPa in CO2 atmosphere. Paraffin wax and Hydroxyl‐terminated Polybutadiene (HTPB) based binders are used for the preparation of the nano and micro aluminized propellants respectively. Primary combustion features are estimated using thermochemical calculation for the fuel‐rich propellants. The calculations show that the increase of metal fraction from 40–60 % in the composition leads to a marginal decrement in the combustion temperature whereas it favors the formation of a large fraction of condensed phase products and the presence of unreacted metals also increases considerably. Theoretical propulsive performance calculations show that higher Isp is ascertained with the higher metal content in the fuel‐rich propellants. By comparing with Magnesium (Mg) and Aluminium (Al) based propellants, a water ramjet‐powered using Boron (B)‐based propellant shows higher theoretical specific impulse for a ratio of water to fuel greater than 1. The primary combustion of propellants comprises 50 % aluminium by mass and causes more than 20 % of mass to leave as residue, which mainly contains unreacted aluminium, besides other condensed phase combustion products. Nano aluminized propellant compositions show a 2–5 times higher burning rate than the micro aluminized counterparts. These propellants exhibit a wide range of pressure indices (n) from 0.23 to 0.56. Morphology and elemental composition of condensed phase combustion products from primary combustion are also examined.
ARDEA—An MAV with skills for future planetary missions
Authors: Lutz Philipp , Müller Marcus G. , Maier Moritz , Stoneman Samantha , Tomić Teodor , von Bargen Ingo , Schuster Martin J. , Steidle Florian , Wedler Armin , Stürzl Wolfgang , Triebel Rudolph 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe introduce a prototype flying platform for planetary exploration: autonomous robot design for extraterrestrial applications (ARDEA). Communication with unmanned missions beyond Earth orbit suffers from time delay, thus a key criterion for robotic exploration is a robot's ability to perform tasks without human intervention. For autonomous operation, all computations should be done on‐board and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) should not be relied on for navigation purposes. Given these objectives ARDEA is equipped with two pairs of wide‐angle stereo cameras and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) for robust visual‐inertial navigation and time‐efficient, omni‐directional 3D mapping. The four cameras cover a vertical field of view, enabling the system to operate in confined environments such as caves formed by lava tubes. The captured images are split into several pinhole cameras, which are used for simultaneously running visual odometries. The stereo output is used for simultaneous localization and mapping, 3D map generation and collision‐free motion planning. To operate the vehicle efficiently for a variety of missions, ARDEA's capabilities have been modularized into skills which can be assembled to fulfill a mission's objectives. These skills are defined generically so that they are independent of the robot configuration, making the approach suitable for different heterogeneous robotic teams. The diverse skill set also makes the micro aerial vehicle (MAV) useful for any task where autonomous exploration is needed. For example terrestrial search and rescue missions where visual navigation in GNSS‐denied indoor environments is crucial, such as partially collapsed man‐made structures like buildings or tunnels. We have demonstrated the robustness of our system in indoor and outdoor field tests.
Quantitative assessment of plant‐available silicon extraction methods in rice paddy soils under different management
Authors: Wu Weida , Limmer Matt A. , Seyfferth Angelia L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAddition of Si into paddy soil is an effective way to increase plant Si and decrease the uptake of stress‐causing metal(loids) in rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, there are numerous methods to estimate plant‐available Si and some have limitations when Si has been applied. We evaluated four published extraction methods (1‐h CaCl2, 16‐h CaCl2, CH3COOH, and PO4) and a 4‐h CaCl2 extraction method. We related soil‐extractable Si to plant Si in Si‐rich rice straw and husk. Samples were collected from a 3‐yr field study in which rice was grown under a range of soil redox values (via water management) or continuously flooded and receiving different Si amendments. Straw Si concentration was a more stable measure of soil Si than husk Si concentration, regardless of the extraction method. Of the four published methods tested, the 16‐h CaCl2 extraction explained most of the variation in straw Si concentration (R2 = 0.67), followed by PO4 (R2 = 0.50), CH3COOH (R2 = 0.26), and 1‐h CaCl2 (R2 = 0.13). The Silicate‐treated soils deviated from linear relationships with straw Si for the CH3COOH and PO4 extractions. The 16‐h CaCl2 extraction method explained over 80% of the variation in the 4‐h extraction method (R2 = 0.82). Moreover, the 4‐h CaCl2 method explained nearly 60% of the variation in straw Si (R2 = 0.58), similar to the 16‐h CaCl2 method. We recommend using the 4‐ or 16‐h extraction methods to assess plant‐available Si in rice paddy soil, as these perform well regardless of soil management.
Computed tomographic analysis of the cranium of the early Permian recumbirostran ‘microsaur’ Euryodus dalyae reveals new details of the braincase and mandible
Authors: Gee Bryan M. , Bevitt Joseph J. , Reisz Robert R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRecumbirostran ‘microsaurs’ are a clade of Palaeozoic tetrapods that possess numerous morphological adaptations for fossorial ecologies. Re‐study of many ‘microsaurs’ using tomographic methods has provided substantial new data on poorly known anatomy that informs their debated phylogenetic position. Recent studies have identified suites of features among recumbirostrans that place the group within crown Amniota, contrary to hypothesized positions on the amniote stem or the lissamphibian stem. Herein we describe the cranial anatomy of the early Permian gymnarthrid Euryodus dalyae through tomographic analysis of the holotype from South Grandfield, Oklahoma and new specimens from karst deposits near Richards Spur. The braincase of E. dalyae is composed of well‐ossified pleurosphenoids, orbitosphenoids that brace against the skull roof, and unpaired median ossifications. The otic capsules are well‐ossified, and the occiput is unconsolidated. Analysis of the mandibles, typically obscured in articulated specimens, reveals a second tooth row on the dentary, a feature previously unknown in ‘microsaurs’ that is reminiscent of the condition of the co‐occurring captorhinid Captorhinus aguti. The Richards Spur specimens share many of these features, including the second tooth row, but the neurocranium of the scanned specimen (OMNH 53519) differs from that of the holotype of E. dalyae (e.g. absence of unpaired median ossifications), and these specimens are referred to Euryodus sp. These data add to the growing neurocranial dataset of ‘microsaurs’, which is essential for iterative reevaluation of early tetrapod phylogeny. This discovery of multiple tooth rows in ‘microsaurs’ provides further support for the hypothesized close relationships between ‘microsaurs’ and reptiles.
Runet in Crisis Situations
Authors: Asmolov Gregory 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis chapter suggests that the Russian Internet has two different, though interrelated, faces. The first face is that of Runet in everyday life. The second is that of Runet in crisis situations. To explore the “crisis face” of Runet this chapter addresses a variety of crisis situations including terror attacks, natural disasters, political protests and international conflicts. Despite the diversity of these situations, an examination of the role of Runet in crisis situations allows us to identify a number of common features of the Russian Internet space and the crisis-related practices of Russian Internet users. To this end, this chapter examines the role that Runet plays in mediating the transition from everyday life to a crisis and the constitution of the user’s position in relation to crisis situations. The common features of the Russian Internet in crisis situations include: an increasing transparency around such situations and the shaping of a situational awareness, holding accountable the authorities in relation to how to they manage emergency responses and support for various forms of user participation in crisis-related activities and the crisis-related mobilisation of user resources. In addition, this chapter demonstrates how crisis situations can be considered as both moments of accelerated innovation and as moments for the accelerated development of new forms of control. The role of Runet in crisis situations is explored in the context of the structure of power relations between state and citizens and the specific role of crisis situations in Russian history and Russian political culture.
Quarkyonic phase from quenched dynamical holographic QCD model
Authors: Chen Xun , Li Danning , Hou Defu , Huang Mei 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chiral and deconfinement phase transitions at finite temperature T and quark number chemical potential μ are simultaneously studied in the quenched dynamical holographic QCD model within the Einstein-Dilaton-Maxwell framework. By calculating the corresponding order parameters, i.e., the chiral condensate and Polyakov loop, it is shown that the transition lines of these two phase transitions are separated in the T − μ plane. The deconfinement phase transition is shown to be always of crossover type and the transition line depends weakly on the baryon number density. Differently, the chiral transition is of crossover at small baryon number density and it turns to be of first order at sufficient large baryon number density. A critical endpoint (CEP), at which the transition becomes second order type, appears in the chiral transition line. This is the first time to realize the CEP of chiral phase transition in the (T, μ) plane using the holographic EMD (Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton) model for two flavour case. It is observed that between these two phase transition lines, there is a region with chiral symmetry restored and color degrees still confined, which could be considered as the quarkyonic phase. Qualitatively, this behavior is in consistent with the result in the Polyakov-loop improved Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) model.
Consistent truncations of supergravity and 1/2-BPS RG flows in 4d SCFTs
Authors: Faedo Antón F. , Nunez Carlos , Rosen Christopher 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
With the purpose of holographically describing flows from a large family of four dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 and $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 conformal field theories, we discuss truncations of seven dimensional supergravity to five dimensions. We write explicitly the reduced gauged supergravity and find BPS equations for simple configurations. Lifting these flows to eleven dimensions or Massive IIA supergravity, we present string duals to RG flows from strongly coupled conformal theories when deformed by marginal and/or relevant operators. We further discuss observables common to infinite families of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 and $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 QFTs in this context.
Effects of boron compounds on human reproduction
Authors: Bolt Hermann M. , Başaran Nurşen , Duydu Yalçin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBecause of the high pKa of boric acid, inorganic borates, when taken up by the human or animal organism, exist in the body almost exclusively in the form of non-dissociated boric acid. Therefore, the variety of inorganic boron compounds is commonly addressed in the toxicological literature as “boron” (B). There is a discussion concerning categorisation of inorganic boron compounds as reproductive toxins. Boron treatment of rats, mice and dogs was dose-dependently associated with testicular toxicity, characterised by inhibited spermiation at lower dose levels and by reduction of epididymal sperm counts at higher dose levels. The NOAEL for such fertility effects of boric acid in male rats (oral feeding, Sprague Dawley strain) was evaluated to be 17.5 mg B/kg bw per day. As far as developmental toxicity is concerned, oral dosing of 9.6 mg B/kg bw daily to female pregnant Sprague Dawley rats remained without effects, with foetal skeletal effects observed at higher doses. Therefore, 9.6 mg B/kg bw (oral dosing) was evaluated as NOAEL for developmental effects of boric acid. The blood level in rats, equivalent to this NOAEL, is 1270 ng B/g. As far as B-exposed humans are concerned, field studies on the effect of boron on human reproduction are possible only in a few boron-rich geographical areas. Published field studies were conducted in China’s Liaoning province, the Argentinian Andes and Western Anatolia/Turkey. Particularly relevant are studies on occupationally B-exposed groups, because the potential exposure to boron is much higher in occupational compared to environmental settings. Comparison of estimated daily B exposure levels in humans and actually measured B blood levels confirms the preference of biomonitoring for exposure assessment in environmental and occupational studies. A boron blood level scaling shows that the levels of high occupational B exposures reported in China and in Turkey are compatible. Compared to the experimental B blood levels at boron-related NOAELs for male fertility and for developmental toxicity in rats, the human blood level means of the highest occupational exposure groups in China and in Turkey are lower by factors of > 4 and > 2, respectively. Basically, concentrations of B within the body that exert reproductive toxicity in humans are not reached under the conditions of human normal handling and use, including conditions of extreme occupational exposures. In consequence, all relevant results of studies into human reproductive toxicity of B are basically negative. Considering the effective doses, there is no scientific contradiction between experimental and human results of B reproductive toxicity.
An improved demand curve for analysis of food or drug consumption in behavioral experiments
Authors: Newman Mark , Ferrario Carrie R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe incorporation of microeconomics concepts into studies using self-administration procedures has provided critical insights into the factors that influence consumption of a wide range of food and drug reinforcers. In particular, the fitting of demand curves to consumption data provides a powerful analytic tool for computing objective metrics of behavior that can be compared across a wide range of reward types in both human and animal experiments. The results of these analyses depend crucially on the mathematical form used to fit the data. The most common choice is an exponential form proposed by Hursh and Silberberg, which is widely used and has provided fundamental insights into relationships between cost and consumption, but it also has some disadvantages. In this paper, we first briefly review the use of demand curves to quantify the motivating effects of food and drugs, then we describe the current methodology and highlight some potential issues that arise in its application. To address these issues, we propose a new mathematical framework for the analysis of consumption data, including a new functional form for the demand curve. We show that this proposed form gives good fits to data for a range of different reinforcers and experimental protocols, while allowing for straightforward calculation of key metrics of demand, including preferred consumption level, maximum response, price at maximum response, and price elasticity of demand. We provide software implementing our entire analysis pipeline, including data fits, data visualization, and the calculation of demand metrics.
Beech wood modification based on in situ esterification with sorbitol and citric acid
Authors: Mubarok Mahdi , Militz Holger , Dumarçay Stéphane , Gérardin Philippe 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this study, modification of European beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) through in situ esterification of sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA) was investigated at two curing temperatures, 140 and 160 °C. In order to determine the optimum condition for modification, an aqueous solution of SorCA at varying concentrations was evaluated (10, 20, 30, and 55% w/w). Physical, mechanical, chemical, and durability properties of the modified wood were examined. Results have disclosed that among different SorCA concentrations, treatment with SorCA at 30% w/w was considered as the optimum concentration independent of the curing temperature. Under these conditions, anti-swelling efficiency increased to approx. 55% and modulus of elasticity increased slightly with approx. 9% in comparison with untreated wood. Decay resistance against white-rot (Trametes versicolor), brown-rot (Coniphora puteana), and soft-rotting microfungi classified the SorCA-30%-modified wood as very durable. In addition, thermogravimetric study evidenced that SorCA 30%-modified wood has a lower thermal decomposition temperature in comparison with untreated wood/wood control by 20 °C difference, indicating that the SorCA-modified wood possibly has fire-retardant properties. However, due to the acidic properties of the SorCA solution, modulus of rupture (MOR) and mainly work to maximum load in bending decreased considerably.
What is the hemodynamic effect of the Woven EndoBridge? An in vivo quantification using time-density curve analysis
Authors: Gölitz Philipp , Luecking Hannes , Hoelter Philip , Knossalla Frauke , Doerfler Arnd 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Using the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) for aneurysm treatment has emerged as endovascular approach aiming for flow disruption in aneurysm sac. Since quantifiable data confirming the hemodynamic effect are lacking, we investigated in vivo aneurysmal flow alterations using time-density curve (TDC) analysis. Additionally, we evaluated whether flow parameters could be identified as independent factor to predict aneurysm occlusion.

Methods
Forty cerebral aneurysm patients treated with WEB were enrolled. Pre- and postinterventional digital subtraction angiography series were postprocessed and TDCs generated. TDCs were quantified calculating the parameters aneurysmal inflow velocity, outflow velocity, mean flow velocity, and relative time-to-peak (rTTP) of aneurysm filling. Pre- and postinterventional values were compared and related to occlusion rate.

Results
WEB implanting induced highly significant rTTP prolongation by 52% (p = 0.001) and highly significant decrease of aneurysmal inflow, outflow, and mean flow velocity (p < 0.001). While outflow velocity was reduced by 49%, inflow velocity was reduced by 33% only. No statistically significant difference between the occluded and the non-occluded group was observed. No flow parameter reached significance level concerning predicting aneurysm occlusion.

Conclusion
Flow quantification confirms a significant flow-disrupting effect of WEB reducing more the outflow than the inflow velocity. In our small cohort, no flow parameter reached statistical significance to show predictive value regarding complete aneurysm occlusion. The hemodynamic effect of WEB is on comparable level to flow-diverting stents meaning that aneurysm closure can be delayed. In case of only slight inflow changes and high aneurysmal hemodynamic stress, some aneurysms might not be adequately protected in the short term.
Clinical practice of language fMRI in epilepsy centers: a European survey and conclusions by the ESNR Epilepsy Working Group
Authors: Bargalló N. , Cano-López I. , Rosazza C. , Vernooij M. W. , Smits M. , Vitali P. , Alvarez-Linera J. , Urbach H. , Mancini L. , Ramos A. , Yousry T. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To assess current clinical practices throughout Europe with respect to acquisition, implementation, evaluation, and interpretation of language functional MRI (fMRI) in epilepsy patients.

Methods
An online survey was emailed to all European Society of Neuroradiology members (n = 1662), known associates (n = 6400), and 64 members of European Epilepsy network. The questionnaire featured 40 individual items on demographic data, clinical practice and indications, fMRI paradigms, radiological workflow, data post-processing protocol, and reporting.

Results
A total of 49 non-duplicate entries from European centers were received from 20 countries. Of these, 73.5% were board-certified neuroradiologists and 69.4% had an in-house epilepsy surgery program. Seventy-one percent of centers performed fewer than five scans per month for epilepsy. The most frequently used paradigms were phonemic verbal fluency (47.7%) and auditory comprehension (55.6%), but variants of 13 paradigms were described. Most centers assessed the fMRI task performance (75.5%), ensured cognitive-task adjustment (77.6%), trained the patient before scanning (85.7%), and assessed handedness (77.6%), but only 28.6% had special paradigms for patients with cognitive impairments. fMRI was post-processed mainly by neuroradiologists (42.1%), using open-source software (55.0%). Reporting was done primarily by neuroradiologists (74.2%). Interpretation was done mainly by visual inspection (65.3%). Most specialists (81.6%) were able to determine the hemisphere dominance for language in more than 75% of exams, attributing failure to the patient not performing the task correctly.

Conclusion
This survey shows that language fMRI is firmly embedded in the preoperative management of epilepsy patients. The wide variety of paradigms and the use of non-CE-marked software underline the need for establishing reference standards.