bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity in Early- and Mid-Adulthood Are Independently Associated With Longitudinal Memory Trajectories in Later Life
Authors: Kraal A Zarina , Dotterer Hailey L , Sharifian Neika , Morris Emily P , Sol Ketlyne , Zaheed Afara B , Smith Jacqui , Zahodne Laura B 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundPhysical activity (PA) in later life may reduce dementia risk, but little is known regarding long-term cognitive effects of PA that occurred earlier in adulthood or mechanisms underlying associations. PA patterns at different ages may independently contribute to dementia risk, which would implicate multiple critical periods for intervention. The current study tested whether retrospective reports of PA in early and mid-adulthood were independently associated with later-life longitudinal memory outcomes and whether associations were mediated by late-life cardiometabolic diseases.MethodParticipants comprised 5200 Health and Retirement Study Life History Mail Survey respondents. Latent growth curves estimated independent associations between retrospectively reported PA in early adulthood (age 18–29) and mid-adulthood (age 40–49) and 16-year episodic memory trajectories. Indirect pathways involving the maintenance of PA from early- to mid-adulthood and the influence of PA on later-life cardiometabolic diseases (hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease) were also estimated.ResultsPA in early- and mid-adulthood independently predicted higher initial memory level and slower memory decline in later life, respectively. Early-adulthood PA was indirectly associated with later-life memory level through higher mid-adulthood PA and lower rates of later-life hypertension, as well as with subsequent memory decline through higher mid-adulthood PA.ConclusionsThe current findings highlight the importance of PA throughout adulthood, such that initiating and/or maintaining exercise in early- or mid-adulthood may be protective for later-life cognitive health, and hypertension appears to represent a key mediator of these effects.
PSHA of the southern Pacific Islands
Authors: Johnson K L , Pagani M , Styron R H 
Published: November 2020

Summary
The southern Pacific Islands region is highly seismically active, and includes earthquakes from four major subduction systems, seafloor fracture zones and transform faults, and other sources of crustal seismicity. Since 1900, the area has experienced &gt;350 earthquakes of M &gt; 7.0, including 11 of M ≥ 8.0. Given the elevated threat of earthquakes, several probabilistic seismic hazard analyses have been published for this region or encompassed subregions; however, those that are publicly accessible do not provide complete coverage of the region using homogeneous methodologies. Here, we present a probabilistic seismic hazard model for the southern Pacific Islands that comprehensively covers the Solomon Islands in the northwest to the Tonga islands in the southeast. The seismic source model accounts for active shallow crustal seismicity with seafloor faults and gridded smoothed seismicity, subduction interfaces using faults with geometries defined based on geophysical datasets and models, and intraslab seismicity modelled by a set of ruptures that occupy the slab volume. Each source type is assigned occurrence rates based on sub-catalogues classified to each respective tectonic context. Subduction interface and crustal fault occurrence rates also incorporate a tectonic component based on their respective characteristic earthquakes. We demonstrate the use of non-standard magnitude-frequency distributions to reproduce the observed occurrence rates. For subduction interface sources, we use various versions of the source model to account for epistemic uncertainty in factors impacting the maximum magnitude earthquake permissible by each source, varying the interface lower depth and segmentation as well as the magnitude scaling relationship used to compute the maximum magnitude earthquake and subsequently its occurrence rate. The ground motion characterisation uses a logic tree that weights three ground motion prediction equations for each tectonic region. We compute hazard maps for 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years on rock sites, discussing the regional distribution of peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration with a period of 1.0 s, honing in on the hazard curves and uniform hazard spectra of several capital or populous cities and drawing comparisons to other recent hazard models. The results reveal that the most hazardous landmasses are the island chains closest to subduction trenches, as well as localised areas with high rates of seismicity occurring in active shallow crust. We use seismic hazard disaggregation to demonstrate that at selected cities located above subduction zones, the PGA with 10% probability of exceedance in 50 years is controlled by Mw &gt; 7.0 subduction interface and intraslab earthquakes, while at cities far from subduction zones, Mw &lt; 6.5 crustal earthquakes contribute most. The model is used for southern Pacific Islands coverage in the Global Earthquake Model Global Hazard Mosaic.
Transdimensional Markov Chain Monte Carlo joint inversion of direct current resistivity and transient electromagnetic data
Authors: Peng Ronghua , Yogeshwar Pritam , Liu Yajun , Hu Xiangyun 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARYJoint inversion of multiple geophysical data sets with complementary information content can significantly reduce the non-uniqueness inherent to each individual data set and, therefore, can improve subsurface characterization. Gradient-based joint inversion methods depend on the choice of model regularization and usually produce one single optimal model, and rely on linearization to estimate model parameter uncertainty. However, a quantitative evaluation of the parameter uncertainty of the derived model parameters is crucial for reliable data interpretation. In this study, we present a transdimensional Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method for the joint inversion of direct current resistivity and transient electromagnetic data, which provides a rigorous assessment of the uncertainty associated with the derived model. The transdimensional property of the algorithm allows the number of unknown model parameters to be determined adaptively by the data. This usually favours models with fewer parameters through the parsimony criterion of the Bayesian method by choosing suitable prior distributions. In this paper, we demonstrate that the transdimensional MCMC method combines complementary information contained in each data set and reduces the overall uncertainty using synthetic examples. Furthermore, we successfully applied the new joint inversion scheme to field data from Azraq, Jordan. The transdimensional MCMC inversion results are in good agreement with the results obtained by deterministic inversion techniques. From the MCMC inversion results we identified the thickness of a basalt formation and a conductive zone, which were uncertain and not interpreted in prior studies, adding to the geological interpretation.
Conceptualizing the role of courts in peace processes
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Arcila Beatriz Botero 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
What role do courts play in peace processes? Relying on case studies of South Africa and Colombia, we identify two functions. First, by invalidating some peripheral provisions constitutional courts can enhance the legitimacy of those agreements by adding the imprimatur of legalism to the political support the agreements already have. Second, the international law of impunity can be an obstacle to reaching a peace agreement, but domestic courts can weaken that impediment by deferring a confrontation with that law by creative interpretation of both the peace agreement and international law, thereby postponing to the indefinite future any actual confrontation between the agreement and international law.
(Un)constitutional change rooted in peace agreements
Authors: Ozcelik Asli , Olcay Tarik 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Peace agreements aiming to end intra-state armed conflicts often provide for radical constitutional change, with more than 100 peace agreements concluded since 1989 containing provisions on constitutional reform. When such constitutional change is envisaged to take place within the framework of an existing constitution, as opposed to the making of a new constitution, hard-achieved deals between peace-making parties are exposed to “the unconstitutionality challenge.” Although there is ample literature on the making of a new constitution during transitions from conflict to peace, implementing a peace agreement within an existing constitutional framework and “the unconstitutionality challenge” to peace reforms has not been fully examined to date. In this article, we first identify the modalities in which “the unconstitutionality challenge” is directed at constitutional change rooted in peace agreements. We do so through a comparative survey and by particular reference to peace processes in Colombia (with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia—People’s Army, FARC) and the Philippines (regarding the Mindanao conflict). We then examine the promise and limitations of three legal strategies in addressing the unconstitutionality challenge: (i) recourse to international law in assessing unconstitutionality, (ii) transitionalism in judicial review, and (iii) attributing supra-constitutional or international legal status to peace agreements. We conclude that while each strategy has some merit, their effectiveness may be limited where they lack legal feasibility or political purchase. The resulting intractability of the unconstitutionality challenge, particularly in jurisdictions where there is a strong commitment to legalism, warrants a rethinking of the relationship between peace-making and constitutional reform, and existing constitutional frameworks in transitional countries.
Economic growth, openness, industry and CO2 modelling: are regulatory policies important in Turkish economies?
Authors: Kılavuz Emine , Doğan İbrahim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As a result of economic growth, demand for energy increases as well as raw materials. The fact that energy sources are mostly fossil fuels has increased interest in causation between growth and environmental pollution. As global warming and climate changes gain importance in recent years, environmental pollution continues to be discussed in the economic literature. As Turkey’s economy grows rapidly, its increasing energy needs are often met with fossil fuels because they are cheaper than other options. This study analyzes the availability of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, which analyzes an inverse U-shaped relation among carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita and output for Turkey in the period 1961–2018. The study used the autoregressive distributed lag to demonstrate the short- and long-term relationship between CO2 emissions per capita, real income per capita, industry and trade openness. The conclusions do confirm that there is a quadratic relation between income and CO2 emissions, supporting EKC relation in the long term. The results also demonstrate that the CO2, which is a major component of greenhouse gases, are mainly specified by income in the long term and short term. The contribution of industry to CO2 is minimal in the long run, while trade openness does not have any effect.
Metabolic Flexibility in Response to Within-Season Temperature Variability in House Sparrows
Authors: Swanson D L , Agin T J , Zhang Y , Oboikovitz P , DuBay S 
Published: November 2020

SynopsisThe climatic variability hypothesis (CVH) posits that more flexible phenotypes should provide a fitness advantage for organisms experiencing more variable climates. While typically applied across geographically separated populations, whether this principle applies across seasons or other conditions (e.g., open vs. sheltered habitats) which differ in climatic variability remains essentially unstudied. In north-temperate climates, climatic variability in winter usually exceeds that in summer, so extending the CVH to within-population seasonal variation predicts that winter phenotypes should be more flexible than summer phenotypes. We tested this prediction of the within-season extension of the CVH by acclimating summer and winter-collected house sparrows (Passer domesticus) to 24, 5, and −10°C and measuring basal metabolic rate (BMR) and summit metabolic rate (Msum = maximum cold-induced metabolic rate) before and after acclimation (Accl). To examine mechanistic bases for metabolic variation, we measured flight muscle and heart masses and citrate synthase and β-hydroxyacyl coA-dehydrogenase activities. BMR and Msum were higher for cold-acclimated than for warm-acclimated birds, and BMR was higher in winter than in summer birds. Contrary to our hypothesis of greater responses to cold Accl in winter birds, metabolic rates generally decreased over the Accl period for winter birds at all temperatures but increased at cold temperatures for summer birds. Flight muscle and heart masses were not significantly correlated with season or Accl treatment, except for supracoracoideus mass, which was lower at −10°C in winter, but flight muscle and heart masses were positively correlated with BMR and flight muscle mass was positively correlated with Msum. Catabolic enzyme activities were not clearly related to metabolic variation. Thus, our data suggest that predictions of the CVH may not be relevant when extended to seasonal temperature variability at the within-population scale. Indeed, these data suggest that metabolic rates are more prominently upregulated in summer than in winter in response to cold. Metabolic rates tended to decrease during Accl at all temperatures in winter, suggesting that initial metabolic rates at capture (higher in winter) influence metabolic Accl for captive birds.
Reproduction and reproductive tract morphology of male and female pigs whose mothers were heat stressed during the second month of gestation
Authors: Bernhard Cathy J , Sharp Katharine G , Safranski Timothy J , Lamberson William R , Lucy Matthew C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The primary objective was to assess the development of fetal gonads and measure the subsequent reproductive capacity of boars and gilts whose mother was either subjected to gestational heat stress (GHS) or thermoneutral (GTN; control) conditions during pregnancy. Gilts were subjected to either GHS (28 to 38 °C; 65% to 88% relative humidity [RH]; n = 30) or GTN (17 to 22 °C; 56% to 65% RH; n = 29) for the second month of gestation (a period that coincides with a critical window of gonadal development). A subset of GHS (n = 12) and GTN (n = 11) gilts was sacrificed immediately following treatment for the collection of pregnancy data. The remaining gilts (n = 18 GHS and n = 18 GTN) were allowed to farrow. Female offspring from the farrowed gilts were studied through puberty, first insemination, and early pregnancy when fetal tissues were again collected. During the treatment period, GHS gilts had greater (P &lt; 0.001) rectal temperature and respiration rate at both measurement time points (morning and afternoon) compared with GTN gilts. When assessed at the end of the second month of gestation, the total number of viable fetuses did not differ (P &gt; 0.10) for GHS vs. GTN. Likewise, the weight of the fetus, placenta, fetal testes, and fetal ovaries were similar (P &gt; 0.10) for GHS and GTN pregnancies. There was a tendency for an effect of treatment (63.3 ± 2.3 vs. 70.1 ± 2.6; GHS vs. GTN; P &lt; 0.073) on the number of oogonia per histological section in the fetal ovaries. There was no effect of treatment on the number of prespermatogonia per histological section in the fetal testis. For gilts farrowing after treatment, litter size, piglet birth weight, and weaning weight were similar (P &gt; 0.10) for the GHS and GTN gilts. Testes collected from castrated GHS boars had fewer prespermatogonia per seminiferous tubule cross section (P &lt; 0.049). Female offspring from the GHS (n = 30) or GTN (n = 37) sows reached puberty at a similar age, and their pregnancies (ninth week of gestation) had fewer corpora lutea (15.6 ± 0.5 vs. 17.1 ± 0.4; GHS vs. GTN; P &lt; 0.038) but the number of fetuses was similar for GHS and GTN. In summary, compared with GTN, GHS during a critical window of gonadal development tended to reduce the number of oogonia in the fetal ovary, reduced the number of prespermatogonia in the neonatal testes, and reduced ovulation rate at first pregnancy in gilts.
Multilateralizing Investment Facilitation at the WTO: Looking for the Added Value
Authors: Calamita N Jansen 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Since 2017, World Trade Organization members have been engaged in Structured Discussions aimed at agreeing on a multilateral framework on investment facilitation for development. The negotiations focus on establishing binding disciplines for investment facilitation, which will likely be made subject to the World Trade Organization Dispute Settlement Understanding. Investment facilitation, however, is that something states already do. Over the past decade, states have adopted record numbers of reforms at the domestic, regional, and international levels to facilitate foreign investment. These reforms show no signs of slowing. This begs an important question regarding the World Trade Organization initiative: given all the attention that investment facilitation already receives from states and international organizations, how, if at all, would the conclusion of a World Trade Organization Framework bring added value to states, i.e. value that cannot be achieved by ongoing efforts? Examining this question is the focus of this paper.
Resolving Conflict in Real Time: Operationalizing Culture Transformation in Deployments
Authors: Weber Eric D 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Preparation is the key to performance. The Army invests substantially in team and unit preparation prior to deployments. However, despite the time and training to build camaraderie and confidence in one another, conflict still arises within units. Most training does not address the underlying mindset that is the source of conflict. Army medicine has utilized training material that addresses the mindset source of conflict to improve team and organizational collaboration and outcomes in hospital settings. We adapted this current Army training to conditions in a deployment environment and improved the culture and reduced the conflict in the unit.
AAIT: A novel prognostic model for HIV-negative patients with cryptococcal meningoencephalitis New Scoring Model for Non-HIV Patients with CM
Authors: Cai Qun , Wang Hao , Ruan Sihan , Zhu Mingyan , Duan Jinnan , Sun Shanshan , Sheng Jifang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is a common opportunistic infection in HIV-negative patients, with mortality rates as high as those in the HIV-negative population. This requires accurate initial clinical decision-making, warranting the development of a prognostic score. Two groups of patients were investigated separately to develop a novel prognostic model (AAIT) for HIV-negative patients with CM. A retrospective analysis of 201 HIV-negative patients with CM was conducted to develop the CM prognostic score. In addition, the CM cohort (n = 21) was recruited longitudinally to verify the new prognostic score. Meanwhile, the association between the prognostic score and 1-year mortality of CM was expounded. AAIT (age, albumin, combined bacterial infection, and total triiodothyronine) is a novel prognostic score based on age, albumin level, combined bacterial infection, and total triiodothyronine (TT3) level, which were significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors (0.68 [−0.70 to 1.55] vs − 1.72 [−3.75 to −0.73], P &lt; .00). Regarding the AAIT-predicted 1-year mortality, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) value was 0.857, whereas it was 0.965 for the validation cohort. In the induction period, different treatment options did not seem to significantly improve the 1-year survival rate. AAIT is a straightforward and clear prognostic score that can add value to predict the outcomes in HIV-negative patients with CM. In addition, controlling infection and increasing the albumin and TT3 levels may help improve clinical outcomes in HIV-negative patients with CM.
Quasi-equilibrium models of high-redshift disc galaxy evolution
Authors: Furlanetto Steven R 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
In recent years, simple models of galaxy formation have been shown to provide reasonably good matches to available data on high-redshift luminosity functions. However, these prescriptions are primarily phenomenological, with only crude connections to the physics of galaxy evolution. Here, we introduce a set of galaxy models that are based on a simple physical framework but incorporate more sophisticated models of feedback, star formation, and other processes. We apply these models to the high-redshift regime, showing that most of the generic predictions of the simplest models remain valid. In particular, the stellar mass–halo mass relation depends almost entirely on the physics of feedback (and is thus independent of the details of small-scale star formation) and the specific star formation rate is a simple multiple of the cosmological accretion rate. We also show that, in contrast, the galaxy’s gas mass is sensitive to the physics of star formation, although the inclusion of feedback-driven star formation laws significantly changes the naive expectations. While these models are far from detailed enough to describe every aspect of galaxy formation, they inform our understanding of galaxy formation by illustrating several generic aspects of that process, and they provide a physically grounded basis for extrapolating predictions to faint galaxies and high redshifts currently out of reach of observations. If observations show violations from these simple trends, they would indicate new physics occurring inside the earliest generations of galaxies.
Engagement among physicians fighting COVID-19: the mediating role of autonomy
Authors: Zhang H , Zhao Y , Zou P , Liu Y , Gan L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Keeping and improving work engagement among physicians fighting COVID-19 is important to healthy medical systems. In line with the job demands-resources model, optimism was expected to positively relate with job resources, leading to higher work engagement. However, the underlying mechanism between optimism, autonomy and work engagement has not been explored.

Aims
To examine whether optimism has a positive impact on work engagement via autonomy among physicians fighting COVID-19 in China.

Methods
This study was conducted among physicians in March 2020. A convenience sample was used to recruit physicians from the Wuhan Leishenshan Hospital and Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital. One hundred and four Chinese physicians working in the COVID-19 epidemic completed a survey measuring levels of autonomy, optimism and work engagement. The PROCESS macro (model 4) was used to test hypotheses about mediation.

Results
This current study found that optimism was related to increased autonomy, and autonomy was related to increased work engagement. The results of the bias-corrected bootstrap method suggested the indirect effect of optimism on work engagement via autonomy (Effect = 0.16, SE = 0.08, lower level confidence interval = 0.04, upper level confidence interval = 0.37), indicating a mediated relationship, in which autonomy is one mechanism to explain the link between optimism and increased work engagement.

Conclusions
This study follows an observational design, with in-depth analysis of the relationship between optimism, autonomy and work engagement. When management implements strategies to improve work engagement among physicians working in the COVID-19 epidemic, the mediating impact of autonomy on the association between optimism and work engagement should be considered.