bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovative Approach to the Mercury Control During Natural Gas Processing
Authors: Spiric Zdravko 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Natural gas, being produced from gas fields around the globe, along with a large number of other harmful substances (CO2, H2S, RSH, COS, etc.), often contains mercury. Mercury’s potentially harmful effect on humans and on the ecological system as a whole as well as the risk regarding mercury’s corrosive effects to the very sophisticated and expensive process material, equipment and catalysts is making its removal an imperative.
The frequently applied procedure to remove mercury as an impurity and environment pollutant from process streams utilizes adsorption on a fixed bed consisting of sulfur impregnated activated carbon.
This paper deals with data, results and more than seven years of practical field experience obtained by research of mercury removal unit efficiency during production and enhancement of natural gas at Molve, Croatia. Paper details the operating implications of handling and processing natural gas containing mercury, showing the results of the innovative approach in the process control, resulting in safety reliability and process efficiency improvements by plant modification due to change of gas flow direction.
Subsurface Transport and Fate of Natural Gas Processing Wastes: Implications for Risk Assessment and Remediation
Authors: Sorensen James , Gallagher John , Hawthorne Steven 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Fundamental data has been developed regarding the chemical nature and subsurface transport and fate of wastes generated by amine-based gas sweetening and glycol-based dehydration operations. Results indicate the mobility and biodegradability of both amine- and glycol-based wastes are variable depending primarily on soil type. The data suggest 1) a thorough understanding of site-specific waste and subsurface characteristics is necessary when predicting the fate of gas processing wastes, and 2) glycols may act as cosolvents for less mobile, but more highly regulated, hydrocarbons, thereby enhancing their transport. These data must be considered to accurately assess risk and develop appropriate remediation strategies.
Cost-Effective CO2 Sequestration Through Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Rao Dandina N. , Bassiouni Zaki A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The five-year long United Nations campaign for the reduction of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere culminated in the Kyoto protocol of 1997. Since this Kyoto conference attended by nearly 160 nations, sequestration of carbon dioxide from industrial flue gases and its storage and/or utilization have been receiving significantly enhanced attention. According to the US Department of Energy, very little research and development has been done in the United States on promising options that might address CO2 capture, reuse and storage technologies. An exception to this is the utilization of CO2 for enhanced oil recovery. Over a decade of industrial experience has accumulated at more than 70 enhanced oil recovery sites around the world where CO2 is injected to improve oil recovery from waterflooded reservoirs. The accumulated experience in the US, where about 32 million tons of CO2 per year are being utilized in EOR, has amply demonstrated that the retention of CO2 in the reservoir is very high when the original pressure is not exceeded. Thus, CO2 injected enhanced oil recovery presents itself as a mature field-tested technology for sequestering CO2 at a low net cost due to the revenues from recovered oil and gas.
Much of the CO2-EOR experience to date in the US involves the use of high-purity carbon dioxide for conducting miscible floods in conventional crude oil reservoirs. Due to the high costs associated with supplying high-purity CO2 to the reservoir, this process has seen limited commercial success. However, the past research at LSU and elsewhere has amply demonstrated that impure CO2 was also effective in enhancing oil recoveries. This makes the abundant supply of flue gases from fossil-fuel combustion operations a viable and cost-effective option without the need for separating CO2 from the flue gas mixtures. This paper attempts to review and synthesize the literature dealing with geologic sequestration of CO2 in EOR projects. The available data are analyzed both from EOR and CO2 sequestration points of view.
ESP’s Performance With Two Phase and Viscous Flow
Authors: Añez Delso J. , Kenyery Frank , Escalante Sharon I. , Teran Victor M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The free gas presence and the viscous fluids managing have been the two most controversial problems that the production engineer has had to face when selecting an ESP system. Growing demand of this method and failures occurred in Venezuelan wells (Orinoco Belt) have stimulated research on existing equipment and technological alternatives. An experimental test with GC-2900 pump was conducted at INTEVEP’s modified facilities. The experimental matrix included tests at different void fraction and pump intake pressure using air, water and mineral oil (375 Cp). Experimental results and analyses pertaining to the behavior of the pump operating at this condition are presented.
Local Velocity Measurements and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulations of Swirling Flow in a Cylindrical Cyclone Separator
Authors: Erdal Ferhat M. , Shirazi Siamack A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Local measurements and 3-D CFD simulations in Gas-Liquid cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC©) separators are scarce. The main objective of this study is to conduct local measurements and 3-D CFD simulations to understand the swirling flow behavior in a cylindrical cyclone with one inclined tangential inlet. Axial and tangential velocities and turbulent intensities across the GLCC© diameter were measured at 24 different axial locations (12.5″ to 35.4″ below the inlet) by using a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV). The liquid flow rate was 72GPM, which corresponds to an average axial velocity of 0.732 m/s and Reynolds number of 66,900. Measurements are used to create color contour plots of axial and tangential velocity and turbulent kinetic energy. Color contour maps revealed details of the flow behavior. Additionally, 3-D CFD simulations with different turbulence models are conducted. Simulations results are compared to LDV measurements.
The Kvaerner Multiphase Pump System for Deepwater Applications
Authors: Jahnsen Ove F. , Yardley John , High Geoff , Thorkilsen Brede 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper describes Kvaerner’s prototype subsea multiphase pump system and the DEMO 2000 development program (current test completion date 2nd Q2001). Reference is also made to service proven sub-systems, components and subsea expertise incorporated into the pump module and system design. Availability and reliability consideration together with novel plans for the future is presented.
The Subsea Multiphase Pump and motor are packaged into a modular system solution that is readily adaptable to template and manifold configurations and maximises the use of existing qualified components and sub-systems. A guidewireless system is adopted and Kvaerner’s design ensures self-alignment upon installation at simple flowbase interfaces, making it ideal for deepwater applications. Due to the individual 40 tonne weight, and moonpool dimensions, of both flow base and pump module, light monohull vessels can be utilised to execute installation and retrieval.
The pump unit is Bornemann twin-screw design, service proven and modified for subsea use up to 2000-meter water depth, driven by an oil-filled Loher electric motor that provides efficient power with corresponding low weight. Some main pump features are flexible operation covering all gas-liquid ratios together with tolerance for slug flow and some sand. Of particular importance, compared to centrifugal pump designs, the twin-screw volumetric arrangement is able to maintain the pressure boost specification independent of gas content at the pump inlet, and without an upstream mixing tank.
Comparison of the Performance of Drag Reducing Agent Between 2.5 cP Oil and 6.0 cP Oil in Multiphase Flow in Horizontal Pipes
Authors: Kang C. , Jepson W. P. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Experimental studies have been performed in a 10 cm diameter, 36 m long, multiphase flow loop to examine the effect of drag reducing agents using 6 cP oil. Studies were performed for superficial liquid velocities of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m/s and superficial gas velocities between 2 and 12 m/s. Carbon dioxide was used as the gas phase. The drag reducing agent (DRA) concentrations were 20 and 50 ppm. The system was maintained at a pressure of 0.13 MPa and a temperature of 25 °C. The comparison of the conditioning of flow with DRA between 2.5 cP oil and 6 cP oil is presented.
The results show that pressure drop in both 2.5 cP oil and 6 cP oil was reduced significantly in multiphase flow with addition of DRA. A DRA concentration of 50 ppm was more effective than 20 ppm DRA for all cases.
As the oil viscosity was increased from 2.5 cP to 6 cP oil, the transition to annular flow was observed to occur at lower superficial gas velocities.
For slug flow and lower superficial gas velocities, the effectiveness in 2.5 cP oil was much higher than that in 6 cP oil with addition of DRA. However, for higher superficial gas velocities, the effectiveness in both oils was similar. For annular flow, the effectiveness in 2.5 cP oil was higher than in 6 cP oil with 50 ppm DRA.
At low superficial gas velocities, DRA in 2.5 cP oil was more effective in reducing the slug frequency. This led to a higher average pressure drop reduction in 2.5 cP oil. However, at higher superficial gas velocities, the slug frequency decreased in both oils almost the same magnitude.
Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC©) Compact Separators for Wet Gas Applications
Authors: Wang Shoubo , Gomez Luis E. , Mohan Ram S. , Shoham Ovadia , Kouba Gene E. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC©1) separators are becoming increasingly popular as attractive alternatives to conventional separators as they are simple, less expensive, have low-weight, and require little maintenance. However, present studies focus on GLCC designs and applications at relatively lower gas velocities (below the minimum velocity for onset of liquid carry-over in the form of mist flow). With appropriate modifications GLCCs can be used for wet gas and high gas oil ratio (GOR) applications, characterized by higher gas velocities, to knock out the liquid droplets from the gas core. The objectives of this study are to design a novel GLCC capable of separating liquid from a wet gas stream; conduct experimental investigations to evaluate the GLCC performance improvement in terms of operational envelope for liquid carryover; and, measure the liquid extraction from the gas stream. Specific design guidelines for wet gas GLCC are also formulated based on the experimental studies. This investigation provides new capabilities for compact separators for wet gas and high GOR (exceeding 90%) applications.
Comparison of the Method of Cells With the Mori-Tanaka in Predicting Damaged Elasto-Plastic Behavior of Laminated Composite Materials
Authors: Deliktas Babur , Voyiadjis George Z. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Two commonly used micromechanical methods, namely the method of cell and the Mori-Tanaka averaging scheme are compared in this work. Their performance is evaluated in the reference to the mechanical behavior of the composite materials. Their respective homogenization schemes are compared and evaluated through the respective strain concentration tensors that are governed by these models. The damaged elasto plastic behavior of the laminated composite system (90)(8s) and (0/90)(4s) are analyzed and compared for the two methods for the case of uniaxial loading. The Lagoudas et. a (1991) modification of the Mori-Tanaka scheme as applied to elasto-plastic constitutive models is used in this work.
Fiber Breakage in Plain Woven Glass Fabric Composites Under Tension/Shear Biaxial Cyclic Stress
Authors: Maeyama Hiroyuki , Okubo Kazuya , Fujii Toru 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Fiber breakage occurring in fiber bundles of plain-woven glass fabric composites is investigated under tension/shear biaxial cyclic stress. The experimental results show an existence of the strong effect of biaxial stress ratio on fiber breakage and its accumulation. Under pure tension (uniaxial) loading, the variation of fiber breakage ratio with respect to loading cycles is divided into two stages in the longitudinal fiber bundles. In the first stage, the fiber breakage scarcely occurs. In the final stage, fibers in a fiber bundle are broken remarkably. Under the biaxial cyclic stress, the fiber breakage in the longitudinal fiber bundle is observed in initial fatigue stage. In the case of the biaxial stress with large shear stress component, the fiber breakage is also observed in the transverse fiber bundle. The fiber breakage is accelerated by the combined stress with large shear stress component, which is called the shear constraint effect.
Computations of the Numerical Solutions of Higher Class of Navier-Stokes Equations: 2D Newtonian Fluid Flow
Authors: Surana K. S. , Nayak H. Vijayendra 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper presents formulations, computations, investigations and consequences of the various aspects of the numerical solutions of classes C00 and C11 of the two dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variables u, v, p, τxx, τxy and τyy for incompressible, isothermal and laminar Newtonian fluid flows using p-version Least Squares Finite Element Formulations (LSFEF). The stick-slip problem is used as a model problem in all investigations since this model problem is typical of many other flow situations like contraction, expansion etc. The major thrust of the work presented is to attempt to resolve the local behavior of the solutions in the immediate vicinity of the stick-slip point.
The investigations reveal the following: a) The manner in which the stresses are non-dimensionalized in the governing differential equations (GDEs) influences the performance of the iterative procedure of solving non-linear algebraic equations and thus, computational efficiency. b) Solutions of the class C00 are always the wrong class of solutions and thus are always spurious. c) In the flow domains, containing sharp gradients of dependent variables, conservation of mass is difficult to achieve specially at lower p-levels. d) C11 solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are in conformity with the continuity considerations in the GDEs. e) An augmented form of the Navier-Stokes equations is proposed that always ensures conservation of mass regardless of mesh, p-levels and the nature of the solution gradients. This approach yields the most desired class of C11 solutions. f) It is mathematically established and numerically demonstrated using stick-slip problem that τij are in fact zero at the stick-slip point and the peak values of τxx and τyy must occur, and in fact do, past the stick-slip point in the free field and that peak values of τxy must occur before the stick-slip point on the no-slip boundary. Thus, there is no singularity of τij in the stick-slip problem at the stick-slip point. A significant finding is that imposition of symmetry boundary condition (necessary based on physics) at the stick-slip point even in C11 interpolations is not possible without deteriorating τij behavior in the vicinity of the stick-slip point. However, with the boundary condition, the peak of τxy does occur before the stick-slip point, while the locations of τxx and τyy remain past the stick-slip point in the free field. h) A significant feature of our research work is that we utilize straightforward p-version LSFEF with C00 and C11 type interpolation without linearizing GDEs and that SUPG, SUPG/DC, SUPG/DC/LS operators are neither needed nor used. All numerical studies are conducted and presented using three different meshes (progressively refined and graded) for two different velocities (0.01 and 100 m/s).
Solutions of Higher Class and Their Computations for Polymer Flows Using Giesekus Constitutive Model
Authors: Surana K. S. , Nayak H. Vijayendra 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper presents formulations, computations and investigations of the solutions of classes C00 and C11 for two dimensional viscoelastic fluid flows in u, v, p, τijp, τijs with Giesekus constitutive model using p-version least squares finite element formulation (LSFEF). The main thrust of the research work presented in the paper is to employ ‘right classes of interpolations’ and the ‘best computational strategy’ 1) to obtain numerical solutions of governing differential equations (GDEs) for increasing Deborah numbers 2) to investigate the nature of the computed solutions with the aim of establishing limiting values of the flow parameters beyond which the solutions may be possible to compute, but may not be meaningful.
The investigations presented in this paper reveal the following: a) The manner in which the stresses are non-dimensionalized significantly influences the performance of the iterative procedure of solving non-linear algebraic equations. b) Solutions of the class C00 are always the wrong class of solutions of GDEs in variables u, v, p, τijp and τijs and thus spurious. c) C11 class of solutions are the right class of solutions of the GDEs in variables u, v, p, τijp and τijs. d) In the flow domains, containing sharp gradients of the dependent variables, conservation of mass is difficult to achieve at lower p-levels (worse for coarse meshes). e) An augmented form of GDEs are proposed that always ensure conservation of mass at all p-levels regardless of the mesh and the nature of the solution gradients. f) Stick-slip problem is used as a model problem. Dimensions, fluid properties and flow rates used correspond to MIT experiments [20]. We demonstrate that converged solutions are possible to compute for all flow rates reported in ref [20] and that the detailed examination of the solution characteristics reveals them to be in agreement with all the physics of the flow, g) Numerical studies with graded meshes and high p-levels presented in this paper are aimed towards establishing and demonstrating detail behavior of local as well as global nature of the computed solutions, h) Various norms are proposed and tested to judge local and global dominance of elasticity or viscous behavior i) New definitions are proposed for elongational (extensional) viscosity. The proposed definitions are more in conformity and agreement with the flow physics compared to currently use definitions j) A significant aspect and strength of our work is that we utilize straightforward p-version LSFEF with C00 and C11 type interpolations without linearizing GDEs and that SUPG, SUPG/DC, SUPG/DC/LS operators are neither needed nor used.
Inefficacy of Evaluation of Temperatures in Overdriven Steady Wave Fronts Using Thermoelastic Theory
Authors: Sano Yukio , Abe Akihisa , Yamasaki Akira 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The temperature distributions in overdriven steady wave fronts in 2024 Al shocked up to 80 GPa were predicted using the thermoelastic theory (Wallace theory), where the viscous stress is neglected, and the thermoviscous theory (Sano-Abe theory). The Wallace theory was improved by applying a more exact equation to the bulk modulus. As shock loading was increased, the difference between the temperature distributions predicted using each theory was greater. This tendency of the difference was similar for shocks up to 250 GPa in Pt. Thus, temperature distributions in overdriven steady wave fronts cannot be effectively evaluated using thermoelastic theory.
A New Theoretical and Computational Framework for Computing Solution of Higher Classes With Application to Gasdynamics in Eulerian Frame of Reference
Authors: Surana K. S. , Ahmadi Ali R. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a new computational strategy along with a computational and mathematical framework for computing non-weak numerical solutions of stationary and time dependent partial differential equations. This approach utilizes strong form of the governing differential equations (GDE) and least squares approach in constructing the integral form. This new proposed approach is applied to one dimensional transient gasdynamics equation in Eulerian frame of reference using ρ, u, T as dependent variables. The currently used finite element approaches seek convergence of a solution in a fixed order space by h, p, or hp-adaptive processes. The fundamental point of departure in the proposed approach is that we seek the convergence of the computed converged solution over the spaces of different orders containing the basis functions. With this approach, dramatically higher convergence rates than those obtained for h, p, or hp-processes are achievable and the sequence of progressively converged solutions over the spaces of progressively increasing order in fact converge to the strong solution (analytical or theoretical) of the partial differential equation. It is demonstrated using one-dimensional transient Navier-Stokes equations for compressible fluid flow in Eulerian frame of reference, that in the presence of physical diffusion and dissipation, our computed solutions have exactly the same characteristics as the strong solutions. Riemann shock tube is used as a model problem.
Theory for Estimating Temperatures in Steady Wave Fronts
Authors: Sano Yukio , Abe Akihisa 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to establish an Inside Temperature (IT) method for estimating temperatures in steady wave fronts in a thermoviscous material. A fundamental assumption that the material in the wave front, was approximately in an equilibrium state was used in this method. A further assumption that heat transport was neglected was used in the ITdQ=0 method, while in the ITIM method, the work done by the thermal stress was offset by heat transport. Two irreversible thermodynamic equations for the temperature in the wave front derived were connected with the Hugoniot function and the Mie-Grüneisen equation, respectively. To verify the efficacy of the IT method, three temperature distributions were estimated qualitatively using an equation for entropy including no assumption on heat transport, that including the assumption used in the ITdQ=0 method, and that in the ITIM method. These three distributions suggested that the temperatures were overestimated by the ITdQ=0 method, while the ITIM method was effective for shock compressions where the effect of viscosity was distinguished.
Tectonic and Overpressured Zones, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Syngaevsky Pavel E. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We observe two different events happening in a Matagorda Island area. Faults may act as a seal and enhance the shale sealing. Changes in pore pressure calculated from sonic/resistivity logs are steep, “transitional” zone is about a 100–150′ thick and almost invisible at a whole well scale. Because of such sharp changes these zones are hard to recognize on MWD, however typically one casing point required to separate it from upper normally pressured section.
Another option — fault causes partial damage, possibly through micro-fractures in shales. Shale sealing properties are decreased pore pressure in reservoir sands is lower, that in neighboring blocks. Sealing zone possess gradual changes in pore pressure with lower values that expected. Such zones are up to 2000′ thick and could be observed on MWD as well as on conventional log diagrams. Several casing points required in order to drill through such zone.
By incorporating this information into the geological model one can predict whether the fault will act as a pressure-formation liquids “semi-conductor” or as a good seal. Faults that damage the seal above overpressured zone might result in unexpected shallow overpressure and/or shallow gas. Such faults should be determined, mapped and avoid when possible from drilling.