bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ 13CO2 labelling of rubber trees reveals a seasonal shift in the contribution of the carbon sources involved in latex regeneration
Authors: Duangngam Ornuma , Desalme Dorine , Thaler Philippe , Kasemsap Poonpipope , Sathornkich Jate , Satakhun Duangrat , Chayawat Chompunut , Angeli Nicolas , Chantuma Pisamai , Epron Daniel 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are the main source of natural rubber, extracted from latex, which exudes from the trunk after tapping. Tapped trees require large amounts of carbon (C) to regenerate the latex after its collection. Knowing the contribution of C sources involved in latex biosynthesis will help in understanding how rubber trees face this additional C demand. Whole crown 13CO2 pulse labelling was performed on 4-year-old rubber trees in June, when latex production was low, and in October, when it was high. 13C content was quantified in the foliage, phloem sap, wood, and latex. In both labelling periods, 13C was recovered in latex just after labelling, indicating that part of the carbohydrate was directly allocated to latex. However, significant amounts of 13C were still recovered in latex after 100 d and the peak was reached significantly later than in phloem sap, demonstrating the contribution of a reserve pool as a source of latex C. The contribution of new photosynthates to latex regeneration was faster and higher when latex metabolism was well established, in October, than in June. An improved understanding of C dynamics and the source–sink relationship in rubber tree is crucial to adapt tapping system practices and ensure sustainable latex production.
Limitations imposed by optical turbulence profile structure and evolution on tomographic reconstruction for the ELT
Authors: Farley O J D , Osborn J , Morris T , Fusco T , Neichel B , Correia C , Wilson R W 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
The performance of tomographic adaptive optics (AO) systems is intrinsically linked to the vertical profile of optical turbulence. First, a sufficient number of discrete turbulent layers must be reconstructed to model the true continuous turbulence profile. Secondly over the course of an observation, the profile as seen by the telescope changes and the tomographic reconstructor must be updated. These changes can be due to the unpredictable evolution of turbulent layers on meteorological time-scales as short as minutes. Here, we investigate the effect of changing atmospheric conditions on the quality of tomographic reconstruction by coupling fast analytical AO simulation to a large data base of 10 691 high-resolution turbulence profiles measured over two years by the Stereo-SCIDAR instrument at ESO Paranal, Chile. This work represents the first investigation of these effects with a large, statistically significant sample of turbulence profiles. The statistical nature of the study allows us to assess not only the degradation and variability in tomographic error with a set of system parameters (e.g. number of layers and temporal update period), but also the required parameters to meet some error threshold. In the most challenging conditions where the profile is rapidly changing, these parameters must be far more tightly constrained in order to meet this threshold. By providing estimates of these constraints for a wide range of system geometries as well as the impact of different temporal optimization strategies we may assist the designers of tomographic AO for the extremely large telescope to dimension their systems.
The H i mass function of group galaxies in the ALFALFA survey
Authors: Jones Michael G , Hess Kelley M , Adams Elizabeth A K , Verdes-Montenegro Lourdes 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We estimate the H i mass function (HIMF) of galaxies in groups based on thousands of ALFALFA (Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA survey) H i detections within the galaxy groups of four widely used SDSS (Sloan Digital Sky Survey) group catalogues. Although differences between the catalogues mean that there is no one definitive group galaxy HIMF, in general we find that the low-mass slope is flat, in agreement with studies based on small samples of individual groups, and that the ‘knee’ mass is slightly higher than that of the global HIMF of the full ALFALFA sample. We find that the observed fraction of ALFALFA galaxies in groups is approximately 22 per cent. These group galaxies were removed from the full ALFALFA source catalogue to calculate the field HIMF using the remaining galaxies. Comparison between the field and group HIMFs reveals that group galaxies make only a small contribution to the global HIMF as most ALFALFA galaxies are in the field, but beyond the HIMF ‘knee’ group galaxies dominate. Finally, we attempt to separate the group galaxy HIMF into bins of group halo mass, but find that too few low-mass galaxies are detected in the most massive groups to tightly constrain the slope, owing to the rarity of such groups in the nearby Universe where low-mass galaxies are detectable with existing H i surveys.
Corporate R&D intensity decomposition: different data, different results?
Authors: Moncada-Paternò-Castello Pietro , Amoroso Sara , Cincera Michele 
Published: March 2020

AbstractResearch and Development (R&D) indicators are used to facilitate international comparisons and as targets for research and innovation policy. An example of such an indicator is R&D intensity. The decomposition of the aggregate corporate R&D intensity is able to explain the differences in R&D intensity between countries by determining whether is the result of firms’ underinvestment in R&D or of the differences across sectors. Despite its importance, the literature of corporate R&D intensity decomposition has been developed only recently. This article reviews for the first time the different methodological frameworks of corporate R&D intensity decomposition and how they are used in practice, shedding light on why sometimes empirical results seem to be contradictory. It inspects how the use of different data sources and analytical methods affect R&D intensity decomposition results, and what the analytical and policy implications are. The article also provides methodological and analytical guidance to analysts and policymakers.
Screening for diabetic kidney disease in primary care
Authors: Deem Michelle , Rice Jennifer , Valentine Kathleen , Zavertnik Jean Ellen , Lakra Manju 
Published: March 2020

Abstract:
Gaps in care currently exist between diabetic kidney disease (DKD) guidelines and diabetes management in primary care settings. Implementation of quality improvement (QI) initiatives often improves these gaps in care. This article outlines a QI initiative exploring whether a local Federally Qualified Health Center could improve rates of screening for microalbuminuria, diagnosis of DKD, and treatment of the disorder in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
MRI Evaluation of the Posterior Pelvic Bony and Soft Tissue Injuries With Tile C Displaced Pelvic Fractures in Young Children
Authors: Kenawey Mohamed 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Disruption through the weak iliac apophysis growth plate is characteristic in unstable pediatric posterior pelvic injuries. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans would help in the assessment of bony injuries in addition to the trunk and abdominal wall muscles and the posterior sacroiliac and pelvic floor ligaments.

Methods:
All children with displaced pelvic fractures Tile C and open triradiate cartilage between September 2010 and December 2017 who had computed tomography evidence of iliac apophysis avulsion and available MRI scans were reviewed. The paravertebral, anterior abdominal wall and iliacus muscles, and the sacroiliac and pelvic floor ligaments were evaluated.

Results:
Eight patients had pelvic MRI scans in addition to the standard computed tomography. All were males and the average age was 7.5 years (4 to 14 y). The iliac apophysis was attached posteriorly to the quadratus lumborum and erector spinae muscles and to the posterior sacroiliac complex. The bony iliac wing lost its connection to the axial skeleton and its muscular attachment to the erector spinae and quadratus lumborum. The iliacus muscle was elevated of the iliac fossa in all cases. The anterior sacroiliac ligaments were disrupted in all while the pelvic floor ligaments were disrupted in 5 patients, intact in 2 and could not be clearly visualized in 1 patient. In 2 patients, anterior abdominal wall muscles were split in 2 layers, the external oblique attached to the displaced bony ilium and the internal oblique and transversus abdominis attached to the iliac crest apophysis. This deep layer was continuous distally with the iliacus muscle. This could be explained by the anatomic arrangement of the thoracolumbar fascia and its middle layer.

Conclusions:
The posterior pelvic ring would be disrupted through the weak chondro-osseous connection between the bony ilium and its well-fixed iliac crest apophysis which is attached to the posterior sacroiliac complex, paravertebral muscles, and the posterior and middle layers of the thoracolumbar fascia. This is central to our understanding for the pathomechanics of those injuries and for operative fixation.
The Economic and Social Burden of Low Back Pain in Spain
Authors: Alonso-García Marcos , Sarría-Santamera Antonio 
Published: March 2020

Study Design.
Economic evaluation of the costs of low back pain (LBP) in Spain from a societal perspective, including direct and indirect costs, based on a national representative sample of the general population, the National Health Survey of 2017 (NHS 2017).

Objective.
To estimate the costs attributable to LBP in Spain.

Summary of Background Data.
LBP has a high prevalence and is associated with lower quality of life, functional status, and increased use of health services. Studies that assess the socio-economic burden of LBP from a general population perspective have not been published yet in Spain.

Methods.
Data from NHS 2017 were used. Direct costs (consultations—general practitioner, specialist and emergency departments-, diagnostic tests, hospitalizations, physiotherapy, psychologist, and medication consumption) and indirect costs (absenteeism and presenteeism) were assessed. Multivariate models were obtained to determine the independent attributable effect of LBP in each variable. Costs were determined through existing regional healthcare services public data.

Results.
Prevalence of LBP was 17.1% for men and 24.5% for women, and increased with age, low educational status, higher body mass index, and was associated with less physical activity, and lower self-perceived health. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that LBP was independently associated with a significant increase both in the utilization of all health services and on work day losses. Attributable costs of LBP were 8945.6 million euros, of which 74.5% implied indirect costs, representing overall 0.68% of Spanish Gross Domestic Product.

Conclusion.
Spain is paying a heavy price for LBP, mostly associated with its significant impact on absenteeism and presenteeism, as well as a noteworthy effect on excess health services utilization. These findings underscore the need to address this considerable public health and social problem through interventions that address widely LBP and that have demonstrated to be cost-effective.

Level of Evidence: 3
Conditional Survival Analysis for Spinal Chondrosarcoma Patients After Surgical Resection
Authors: Song Kehan , Lin Kaiyuan , Guan Hanfeng , Li Feng 
Published: March 2020

Study Design.
Retrospective analysis.

Objective.
To evaluate conditional survival after surgical resection for spinal chondrosarcoma patients.

Summary of Background Data.
Survival estimates are usually reported as survival from the time of surgery, but survival probabilities can change over time. Conditional survival, which is a measure of prognosis for patients who have survived a defined period of time, may be more clinically precise and relevant. However, data on conditional survival for spinal chondrosarcoma patients after surgical resection are still lacking.

Methods.
We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to identify 436 spinal chondrosarcoma patients who underwent surgical resection from 1994 and 2013. Kaplan–Meier analyses and Cox regression modeling were performed to evaluate prognostic factors associated with overall survival. Five-year conditional survival (i.e., probability of surviving an additional 5 years, given that a patient has already survived x years) was calculated as 5–CS(x) = OS(x+5)/OS(x). The effect of prognostic factors on conditional survival was also explored.

Results.
Four hundred thirty six patients were included in the study cohort. Overall, 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival were 92.8%, 79.1%, and 70.3%, respectively. Five-year conditional survival at 1, 3, and 5 years after surgery were 72.9%, 79.0%, and 87.5%. The overall survival rates were lower in cases of age more than or equal to 60 years, male patient, dedifferentiated subtype, Grade III tumor, tumor size more than or equal to 10 cm, distant metastasis, and radiotherapy. Conditional survival improved over time in each subgroup divided by age, sex, race, year of diagnosis, grade, tumor size, extent of disease (EOD), and radiotherapy. In addition, patients with the least favorable prognosis at baseline experienced the greatest increase in 5-year conditional survival over time (e.g., Grade I/II: 78.0%–89.7%, Δ11.7% vs. Grade III: 36.5%–66.6%, Δ30.1%; Localized/Regional: 72.9%–88.1%, Δ15.2% vs. Distant: 43.5%–74.1%, Δ30.6%).

Conclusion.
Conditional survival for spinal chondrosarcoma patients after surgical resection improves over time, especially for patients with initial high-risk characteristics. Information derived from conditional survival analysis may provide individualized approaches to surveillance and treatment of spinal chondrosarcoma.

Level of Evidence: 4
Butylphthalide has an Anti-Inflammatory Role in Spinal Cord Injury by Promoting Macrophage/Microglia M2 Polarization via p38 Phosphorylation
Authors: Wang Lin , Wu Jian-ping , He Xi-jing 
Published: March 2020

Study Design.
An experimental animal study of treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI).

Objective.
This report aims to evaluate the in vivo effects of butylphthalide NBP on SCI biology and to explore its potential mechanism.

Summary of Background Data.
SCI causes great damage to humans. The inflammatory and reconstructive processes after SCI is regulated by activation of astroglial and microglial cells. Activated microglia/macrophages can be divided into M2 (anti-inflammatory) and M1 (pro-inflammatory) phenotypes. Butylphthalide (3-n-butylphthalide or NBP) treatment can significantly alleviate ischemic brain damage, and further study has confirmed that central neuroprotective effects can be realized by converting M1 polarized microglia/macrophages to the M2 phenotype. Thus far, it remains unknown whether NBP can modulate the transition of macrophages/microglia between the M1 and M2 phenotypes.

Methods.
We randomly divided male mice into three groups (sham group, SCI group, SCI+ NBP group). Molecular and histological tests were performed to detect the macrophage/microglia polarization as well as the potential mechanism of NBP in vivo and in vitro.

Result.
It was found that NBP treatment significantly attenuated the motor dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis induced by SCI. Treatment with NBP could also reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine release after SCI and could facilitate macrophage/microglia M2 polarization and inhibit M1 polarization after SCI. To verify the findings in animal experiments, we examined the effect of NBP on BV2 cell polarization, the results showed that NBP treatment could enhance M2 polarization and inhibit M1 polarization, and that M2 polarization occurred in a p38-dependent manner.

Conclusion.
NBP plays an important role in the anti-inflammatory response in SCI via the facilitation of macrophage/microglia M2 polarization as well as the inhibition of macrophage/microglia M1 polarization. The M2 polarization of macrophages/microglia occurs via activation of p38 pathway.

Level of Evidence: 3
Differences in hypertension phenotypes between Africans and Europeans: role of environment
Authors: Faconti Luca , McNally Ryan J. , Farukh Bushra , Adeyemi Olusoji , Cruickshank J. Kennedy , Wilkinson Ian B. , Chowienczyk Phil J. , Ojji Dike 
Published: March 2020

Objectives:
Hypertension phenotypes differ between Africans and Europeans, with a greater prevalence of low renin salt-sensitive hypertension and greater predisposition to adverse cardiac remodelling in Africans. To elucidate the roles of inheritance and environment in determining hypertension phenotypes in sub-Saharan Africans and white-Europeans, we compared phenotypes in white individuals in the UK (n = 132) and in African individuals in the UK (n = 158) and Nigeria (n = 179).

Methods:
Biochemistry, blood pressure, left ventricular structure (echocardiography) and 24-h urinary collections of sodium and potassium were measured.

Results:
Twenty-four-hour urinary sodium/potassium ratio was lower in individuals living in Europe (both African and white: 2.32 ± 0.15 and 2.28 ± 0.17) than in individuals in Nigeria (4.09 ± 0.26, both P < 0.001) reflecting proportionately higher potassium intake in Europeans (African or white) than African residents. Plasma renin was lower in Africans irrespective of residency than white Europeans, but aldosterone was higher in Africans in Europe than those in Africa (466.15 ± 32.95 vs. 258.60 ± 17.42 pmol/l, P < 0.001). Left ventricular mass index adjusted for blood pressure and other confounders was greatest in Africans in Europe (103.27 ± 2.32 g/m2) compared with those in Africa (89.28 ± 1.98 g/m2) or white Europeans (86.77 ± 2.63 g/m2, both P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Despite a similar low renin state in African origin individuals living in Europe and Africa, a higher aldosterone level, possibly related to higher potassium intake or other environmental factors, may contribute to greater cardiac remodelling in Africans in Europe.
“Living in Contaminated Areas”—Consideration of Different Perspectives
Authors: Abend Michael , Nisbet Anne , Gering Florian , Averin Viktor , Andersson Kasper , Schneider Thierry , Mothersill Carmel , Zeeb Hajo , Scholz-Kreisel Peter , Yamashita Shunichi , Pölz-Viol Christina , Port Matthias 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Following large-scale nuclear power plant accidents such as those that occurred at Chernobyl (Ukraine) in 1986 and Fukushima Daiichi (Japan) in 2011, large populations are living in areas containing residual amounts of radioactivity. As a key session of the ConRad conference, experts were invited from different disciplines to provide state-of-the-art information on the topic of “living in contaminated areas.” These experts provided their different perspectives on a range of topics including radiation protection principles and dose criteria, environmental measurements and dose estimation, maintaining decent living and working conditions, evidence of health risks, and social impact and risk communication. A short summary of these different perspectives is provided in this paper.
A New Smartphone Application to Predict Hematologic Acute Radiation Syndrome Based on Blood Cell Count Changes—The H-module App
Authors: Majewski Matthäus , Rozgic Marco , Ostheim Patrick , Port Matthias , Abend Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Treatment regimens for acute radiation syndrome have been improved over the past years. The application of appropriate therapy relies on rapid and high-throughput tests ideally conducted in the first 3 d after a radiation exposure event. We have examined the utility of blood cell counts (BCCs) 3 d post irradiation to predict clinical outcome for hematologic acute radiation syndrome (HARS). The BCCs and HARS severity information originated from data available in the System-for-Evaluation-and-Archiving-of-Radiation Accidents-based-on-Case-Histories (SEARCH). We found an almost complete discrimination of unexposed (HARS score H0) vs. irradiated individuals during model development and validation (negative predictive value > 94%) when using BCC data for all 3 d. We also found that BCC data increased the correct prediction of exposed individuals from day 1 to day 3. We developed spreadsheets to calculate the likelihood of correct diagnoses of the worried-well, requirement of hospitalization (HARS 2-4), or development of severe hematopoietic syndrome (HARS 3-4). In two table-top exercises, we found the spreadsheets were confusing and cumbersome, so we converted the spreadsheets into a smartphone application, named the H-module App, designed for ease of use, wider dissemination, and accommodation of co-morbidities in the HARS severity prediction algorithm.
Effects of Early Postoperative Physical Therapy Evaluation After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty on Discharge Disposition
Authors: Tsirakidis Lana , DeLucia Lauren , Elsabrout Kerri 
Published: March 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate whether early initiation of postoperative physical therapy for patients after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is associated with discharge disposition.

Methods:
For this retrospective project, a total of 118 patients with THA and 129 patients with TKA were included. Cases included elective single THA and TKA performed between October 2016 and September 2017. Retrospective chart data were analyzed to identify the association between physical therapy initiation on postoperative day (POD) 0 and POD 1, and discharge disposition.

Results:
Initiating physical therapy POD 0 was associated with discharge to home. In the combined THA/TKA analysis, patients who received physical therapy on POD 0 were significantly more likely to be discharged home, when compared with those starting physical therapy on POD 1 (72% and 53%, respectively), χ2(1) = 8.3 [χ2(1) = 8.3, P = .004]. After controlling for age, gender, and length of stay (LOS), physical therapy initiation on POD 0 increased the odds of discharge to home 2.4 times. For men, initiating physical therapy on POD 0 was associated with a 54% improvement in the proportion of patients who were discharged home (POD 0 = 79.7%, POD 1 = 51.7%), χ2(1) = 7.8, P = .005, Cramer's V = 0.28, P = .005. Significantly more patients aged 60 to 70 were discharged home when physical therapy was initiated on POD 0, compared with POD 1 (84.4% and 58.8%, respectively), χ2(1) = 7.8, P = .005, Cramer's V = 0.28.

Conclusions:
We found that providing physical therapy beginning on POD 0 after THA/TKA was associated with an increased proportion of patients discharged home, particularly among men between the ages of 60 and 70 years.