bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of Exacerbated Gender Inequality in Child Care Obligations in Canada and Australia during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Johnston Regan M. , Sheluchin Anwar , van der Linden Clifton 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHouseholds in Canada and Australia have exhibited similar trends in the gendered allocation of additional child care responsibilities resulting from policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we employ survey data to analyze the extent to which policy interventions related to COVID-19 have exacerbated gender disparities in child care obligations. We find that existing asymmetrical distributions of child care obligations in Canada and Australia have been amplified during the pandemic, resulting in a disproportionate burden on women. During the pandemic we also find that, in households with children, women tend to report experiencing poorer mental health than men.
Promotion, prevention and treatment interventions for mental health in low- and middle-income countries through a task-shifting approach
Authors: Purgato Marianna , Uphoff Eleonora , Singh Rakesh , Thapa Pachya Ambika , Abdulmalik Jibril , van Ginneken Nadja 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRecently, mental health and ill health have been reframed to be seen as a continuum from health to ill health, through the stages of being asymptomatic ‘at risk’, to experiencing ‘mental distress’, ‘sub-syndromal symptoms’ and finally ‘mental disorders’. This new conceptualisation emphasised the importance of mental health promotion and prevention interventions, aimed at reducing the likelihood of future disorders with the general population or with people who are identified as being at risk of a disorder. This concept generated discussion on the distinction between prevention and treatment interventions, especially for those mental health conditions which lie between psychological distress and a formal psychiatric diagnosis. The present editorial aims to clarify the definition of promotion, prevention and treatment interventions delivered through a task-shifting approach according to a global mental health perspective.
Depth of Solute Generation Is a Dominant Control on Concentration‐Discharge Relations
Authors: Botter M. , Li L. , Hartmann J. , Burlando P. , Fatichi S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSolutes in rivers often come from multiple sources, notably precipitation (above) and generation from the subsurface (below). The question of which source is more influential in shaping the dynamics of solute concentration cannot be easily addressed due to the general lack of input data. An analysis of solute concentrations and their dependence on discharge across 585 catchments in nine countries leads us to hypothesize that both the timing and the vertical distribution of the solute generation are important drivers of solute export dynamics at the catchment scale. We test this hypothesis running synthetic experiments with a tracer‐aided distributed hydrological model. The results reveal that the depth of solute generation is the most important control of the concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relation for a number of solutes. Such relation shows that C‐Q patterns of solute export vary from dilution (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, and Cl−) to weakly enriching (dissolved organic carbon). The timing of the input imposes a signature on temporal dynamics, most evident for nutrients, and adds uncertainty in the exponent of the C‐Q relation.
Deep Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Tropical Pacific From Lagrangian Floats
Authors: Delpech A. , Cravatte S. , Marin F. , Ménesguen C. , Morel Y. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAt the ocean surface, satellite observations have shown evidence of a large spectrum of waves at low latitudes. However, very little is known about the existence and properties of the deep variability. Most of the subsurface observations rely on localized measurements, which do not allow for a global estimation of this variability. In this study, we use velocity estimates, provided by Argo float drifts at 1,000 m, to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of the deep eddy kinetic energy (EKE) and its spectral signature with an unprecedented time and space coverage. In the tropical Pacific, high EKE is found along the equator, at the western boundary and poleward of 7°N. EKE meridional distribution is also found to vary at the scale of the meridionally alternating mean zonal jets: it is higher inside eastward currents. We develop an original statistical scale analysis to determine the temporal and spatial scale dependence of this deep EKE footprint. We show the presence of periodic features whose characteristics are compatible with theoretical equatorial waves dispersion relations. Annual and semiannual Rossby waves are observed at the equator, as well as ∼30‐day Yanai waves, consistent with surface tropical instability waves. The location and intensification of these waves match the downward energy propagation predicted by ray tracing linear theory. Short‐scale variability (with ∼70‐day periods and 500‐km wavelength) has also been detected poleward of 7°N. The generation mechanisms of this variability are discussed, as well as its potential importance for the mean circulation.
Storms and the Depletion of Ammonia in Jupiter: II. Explaining the Juno Observations
Authors: Guillot Tristan , Li Cheng , Bolton Scott J. , Brown Shannon T. , Ingersoll Andrew P. , Janssen Michael A. , Levin Steven M. , Lunine Jonathan I. , Orton Glenn S. , Steffes Paul G. , Stevenson David J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObservations of Jupiter's deep atmosphere by the Juno spacecraft have revealed several puzzling facts: The concentration of ammonia is variable down to pressures of tens of bars and is strongly dependent on latitude. While most latitudes exhibit a low abundance, the Equatorial Zone of Jupiter has an abundance of ammonia that is high and nearly uniform with depth. In parallel, the Equatorial Zone is peculiar for its absence of lightning, which is otherwise prevalent most everywhere else on the planet. We show that a model accounting for the presence of small‐scale convection and water storms originating in Jupiter's deep atmosphere accounts for the observations. Where strong thunderstorms are observed on the planet, we estimate that the formation of ammonia‐rich hail (“mushballs”) and subsequent downdrafts can deplete efficiency the upper atmosphere of its ammonia and transport it efficiently to the deeper levels. In the Equatorial Zone, the absence of thunderstorms shows that this process is not occurring, implying that small‐scale convection can maintain a near‐homogeneity of this region. A simple model satisfying mass and energy balance accounts for the main features of Juno's microwave radiometer observations and successfully reproduces the inverse correlation seen between ammonia abundance and the lightning rate as function of latitude. We predict that in regions where ammonia is depleted, water should also be depleted to great depths. The fact that condensates are not well mixed by convection until far deeper than their condensation level has consequences for our understanding of Jupiter's deep interior and of giant‐planet atmospheres in general.
Utilization of Nonequilibrium Phase Change Approach to Analyze the Nonisothermal Multiphase Flow in Shallow Subsurface Soils
Authors: Tamizdoust Mohammadreza Mir , Ghasemi‐Fare Omid 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe prediction of coupled nonisothermal multiphase flow in porous media has been the subject of many theoretical and experimental studies in the past half a century. In particular, the evaporation phenomenon from the shallow subsurface has been extensively studied based on the notion of equilibrium phase change between liquid water and water vapor (i.e., instantaneous phase change). One of the frequent assumptions in equilibrium phase change approach is that liquid water is hydraulically connected throughout the vadose zone. Furthermore, classical soil‐water retention curves (e.g., van Genuchten model), which have been extensively used in the literature to model evaporation process, are only valid for high and intermediate saturation degrees. Although these limitations have been addressed and improved in separate studies, they have not yet been rigorously incorporated in the numerical modeling of nonisothermal multiphase flow in shallow subsurface of in‐field soils. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the coupled heat, liquid, and vapor flow in soil media through the Hertz‐Knudsen‐Schrage (HKS) phase change model and by incorporating a water retention model which captures the soil‐water characteristics from full to oven‐dried saturation degrees. A numerical model is developed and validated against the in‐field experimental data. Reasonable agreements between the calculated and measured values of water contents at all depths, as well as the temperature, and cumulative evaporation are observed. Results also confirm that the contribution of the film flow in overall mass flow in the medium is required for accurate modeling and cannot be ignored.
Anoxygenic photosynthesis and iron–sulfur metabolic potential ofChlorobiapopulations from seasonally anoxic Boreal Shield lakes
Authors: Tsuji J M , Tran N , Schiff S L , Venkiteswaran J J , Molot L A , Tank M , Hanada S , Neufeld J D 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAquatic environments with high levels of dissolved ferrous iron and low levels of sulfate serve as an important systems for exploring biogeochemical processes relevant to the early Earth. Boreal Shield lakes, which number in the tens of millions globally, commonly develop seasonally anoxic waters that become iron rich and sulfate poor, yet the iron–sulfur microbiology of these systems has been poorly examined. Here we use genome-resolved metagenomics and enrichment cultivation to explore the metabolic diversity and ecology of anoxygenic photosynthesis and iron/sulfur cycling in the anoxic water columns of three Boreal Shield lakes. We recovered four high-completeness and low-contamination draft genome bins assigned to the class Chlorobia (formerly phylum Chlorobi) from environmental metagenome data and enriched two novel sulfide-oxidizing species, also from the Chlorobia. The sequenced genomes of both enriched species, including the novel “Candidatus Chlorobium canadense”, encoded the cyc2 gene that is associated with photoferrotrophy among cultured Chlorobia members, along with genes for phototrophic sulfide oxidation. One environmental genome bin also encoded cyc2. Despite the presence of cyc2 in the corresponding draft genome, we were unable to induce photoferrotrophy in “Ca. Chlorobium canadense”. Genomic potential for phototrophic sulfide oxidation was more commonly detected than cyc2 among environmental genome bins of Chlorobia, and metagenome and cultivation data suggested the potential for cryptic sulfur cycling to fuel sulfide-based growth. Overall, our results provide an important basis for further probing the functional role of cyc2 and indicate that anoxygenic photoautotrophs in Boreal Shield lakes could have underexplored photophysiology pertinent to understanding Earth’s early microbial communities.
Suppressive myeloid cells are expanded by biliary tract cancer-derived cytokines in vitro and associate with aggressive disease
Authors: Ware Michael B. , Zaidi Mohammad Y. , Yang Jennifer , Turgeon Michael K. , Krasinskas Alyssa , Mace Thomas A. , Keenan Kaitlin , Farren Matthew R. , Ruggieri Amanda N. , Li Yiman , Zhang Chao , Chen Zhengjia , Young Gregory S. , Elnaggar Omar , Che Zheng , Maithel Shishir K. , Bekaii-Saab Tanios , El-Rayes Bassel , Lesinski Gregory B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
BTC is an aggressive disease exacerbated by inflammation and immune suppression. Expansion of immunosuppressive cells occurs in biliary tract cancer (BTC), yet the role of BTC-derived cytokines in this process is unclear.

Methods
Activated signalling pathways and cytokine production were evaluated in a panel of human BTC cell lines. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with BTC supernatants, with and without cytokine neutralising antibodies, and analysed by flow cytometry or immunoblot. A human BTC tissue microarray (TMA, n = 69) was stained for IL-6, GM-CSF, and CD33+S100a9+ cells and correlated with clinical outcomes.

Results
Immunomodulatory factors (IL-6, GM-CSF, MCP-1) were present in BTC supernatants. BTC supernatants expanded CD33dimCD11b+HLA-DRlow/− myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) from human PBMCs. Neutralisation of IL-6 and GM-CSF in BTC supernatants inhibited activation of STAT3/5, respectively, in PBMCs, with heterogeneous effects on MDSC expansion in vitro. Staining of a BTC TMA revealed a positive correlation between IL-6 and GM-CSF, with each cytokine and more CD33+S100a9+ cells. Increased CD33+S100a9+ staining positively correlated with higher tumour grade, differentiation and the presence of satellite lesions.

Conclusion
BTC-derived factors promote suppressive myeloid cell expansion, and higher numbers of CD33+S100a9+ cells in resectable BTC tumours correlates with more aggressive disease.
High yield manufacturing of fully screen-printed organic electrochemical transistors
Authors: Zabihipour Marzieh , Lassnig Roman , Strandberg Jan , Berggren Magnus , Fabiano Simone , Engquist Isak , Andersson Ersman Peter 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe potential of the screen printing method for large-scale production of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), combining high production yield with low cost, is here demonstrated. Fully screen-printed OECTs of 1 mm2 area, based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrensulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), have been manufactured on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates. The goal of this project effort has been to explore and develop the printing processing to enable high yield and stable transistor parameters, targeting miniaturized digital OECT circuits for large-scale integration (LSI). Of the 760 OECTs manufactured in one batch on a PET sheet, only two devices were found malfunctioning, thus achieving an overall manufacturing yield of 99.7%. A drain current ON/OFF ratio at least equal to 400 was applied as the strict exclusion principle for the yield, motivated by proper operation in LSI circuits. This consistent performance of low-footprint OECTs allows for the integration of PEDOT:PSS-based OECTs into complex logic circuits operating at high stability and accuracy.
Joint measurement of time–frequency entanglement via sum frequency generation
Authors: Liu Han , Helmy Amr S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe propose, analyze, and evaluate a technique for the joint measurement of time–frequency entanglement between two photons. In particular, we show that the frequency sum and time difference of two photons could be simultaneously measured through the sum-frequency generation process, without measuring the time or frequency of each individual photon. We demonstrate the usefulness of this technique by using it to design a time–frequency entanglement based continuous variable superdense coding and a quantum illumination protocol. Performance analysis of these two protocols suggests that the joint measurement of strong time–frequency entanglement of non-classical photon pairs can significantly enhance the performance of joint-measurement based quantum communication and metrology protocols.
Tunable 3D/2D magnetism in the (MnBi2Te4)(Bi2Te3)m topological insulators family
Authors: Klimovskikh Ilya I. , Otrokov Mikhail M. , Estyunin Dmitry , Eremeev Sergey V. , Filnov Sergey O. , Koroleva Alexandra , Shevchenko Eugene , Voroshnin Vladimir , Rybkin Artem G. , Rusinov Igor P. , Blanco-Rey Maria , Hoffmann Martin , Aliev Ziya S. , Babanly Mahammad B. , Amiraslanov Imamaddin R. , Abdullayev Nadir A. , Zverev Vladimir N. , Kimura Akio , Tereshchenko Oleg E. , Kokh Konstantin A. , Petaccia Luca , Di Santo Giovanni , Ernst Arthur , Echenique Pedro M. , Mamedov Nazim T. , Shikin Alexander M. , Chulkov Eugene V. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFeasibility of many emergent phenomena that intrinsic magnetic topological insulators (TIs) may host depends crucially on our ability to engineer and efficiently tune their electronic and magnetic structures. Here we report on a large family of intrinsic magnetic TIs in the homologous series of the van der Waals compounds (MnBi2Te4)(Bi2Te3)m with m = 0, ⋯, 6. Magnetic, electronic and, consequently, topological properties of these materials depend strongly on the m value and are thus highly tunable. The antiferromagnetic (AFM) coupling between the neighboring Mn layers strongly weakens on moving from MnBi2Te4 (m = 0) to MnBi4Te7 (m = 1) and MnBi6Te10 (m = 2). Further increase in m leads to change of the overall magnetic behavior to ferromagnetic (FM) one for (m = 3), while the interlayer coupling almost disappears. In this way, the AFM and FM TI states are, respectively, realized in the m = 0, 1, 2 and m = 3 cases. For large m numbers a hitherto-unknown topologically nontrivial phase can be created, in which below the corresponding critical temperature the magnetizations of the non-interacting 2D ferromagnets, formed by the MnBi2Te4 building blocks, are disordered along the third direction. The variety of intrinsic magnetic TI phases in (MnBi2Te4)(Bi2Te3)m allows efficient engineering of functional van der Waals heterostructures for topological quantum computation, as well as antiferromagnetic and 2D spintronics.
Effect of lysine side chain length on histone lysine acetyltransferase catalysis
Authors: Proietti Giordano , Wang Yali , Rainone Giorgio , Mecinović Jasmin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHistone lysine acetyltransferase (KAT)-catalyzed acetylation of lysine residues in histone tails plays a key role in regulating gene expression in eukaryotes. Here, we examined the role of lysine side chain length in the catalytic activity of human KATs by incorporating shorter and longer lysine analogs into synthetic histone H3 and H4 peptides. The enzymatic activity of MOF, PCAF and GCN5 acetyltransferases towards histone peptides bearing lysine analogs was evaluated using MALDI-TOF MS assays. Our results demonstrate that human KAT enzymes have an ability to catalyze an efficient acetylation of longer lysine analogs, whereas shorter lysine analogs are not substrates for KATs. Kinetics analyses showed that lysine is a superior KAT substrate to its analogs with altered chain length, implying that lysine has an optimal chain length for KAT-catalyzed acetylation reaction.
Detectable HBV DNA during nucleos(t)ide analogues stratifies predictive hepatocellular carcinoma risk score
Authors: Kaneko Shun , Kurosaki Masayuki , Joko Kouji , Marusawa Hiroyuki , Kondo Masahiko , Kojima Yuji , Uchida Yasushi , Kimura Hiroyuki , Tsuji Keiji , Yagisawa Hitoshi , Kusakabe Atsunori , Kobashi Haruhiko , Akahane Takehiro , Tamaki Nobuharu , Kirino Sakura , Abe Takehiko , Yoshida Hideo , Matsushita Tomomichi , Hasebe Chitomi , Izumi Namiki 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNucleos(t)ide analogs (NA) suppress hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and reduce the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, NA cannot suppress carcinogenesis completely in patients with chronic hepatitis B. The aims of this study were to identify risk factors for HCC and develop a refined carcinogenesis prediction model. Patients receiving NA therapy (n = 1,183) were recruited retrospectively from the 16 hospitals. All patients had been receiving NA continuously for more than 1 year until the end of the follow-up. During a median follow-up of 4.9 (1.0–12.9) years, 52 (4.4%) patients developed HCC. A multivariate analysis revealed that male gender, older age, lower platelet counts at the baseline, and detectable HBV DNA during NA therapy were independent predictive factors of HCC development. The PAGE-B score was calculated by using these factors. 240 (20.3%), 661 (55.9%), and 282 (23.8%) patients were classified into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, respectively. In the intermediate- and high-risk group, detectable HBV DNA was significantly associated with a higher risk of HCC development compared with continuously undetectable HBV DNA, respectively (HR 3.338; 95% CI 1.045–10.66/HR 3.191; 95% CI 1.543–6.597). PAGE-B–DNA, which is the combined PAGE-B and HBV DNA status, was valuable for a more refined stratification of PAGE-B.
The role of kaolin and kaolin/ZnO nanoadsorbents in adsorption studies for tannery wastewater treatment
Authors: Mustapha S. , Tijani J. O. , Ndamitso M. M. , Abdulkareem S. A. , Shuaib D. T. , Mohammed A. K. , Sumaila A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn the present study, comparative studies of kaolin and kaolin/ZnO nanocomposites for the adsorption of Cr(VI), Fe(III), COD, BOD, and chloride from tannery wastewater were investigated. ZnO nanoparticles and kaolin/ZnO nanocomposites were prepared by sol–gel followed by wet-impregnation methods. The prepared adsorbents were characterized using different analytical tools such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, selective area electron diffraction and Brunauer Emmett–Teller (BET) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The HRSEM/EDS/XPS analysis confirmed successful immobilization of clay structural network on the lattice layers of zincite hexagonal structure of ZnO nanoparticles. BET measurement showed an increase in the surface area of kaolin/ZnO nanocomposites (31.8 m2/g) when compared to kaolin (17 m2/g). Batch adsorption studies were carried out by varying the parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dosage and temperature. The maximum removal of Cr(VI) (100%), Fe(III) (98%), COD (95%), BOD (94%) and Chloride (78%) was obtained at 15 min by kaolin/ZnO composites. While 78% Cr(VI), 91% Fe(III), 91% COD, 89% BOD and 73% Chloride were removed by kaolin under the same conditions. The kaolin/ZnO nanocomposites exhibited better adsorption performance than kaolin due to higher surface area of the former than the latter. It was found that the Jovanovic isotherm model fitted the adsorption experimental data most with the highest correlation (R2 > 0.99) for both nanoadsorbents and indicate the occurrence of adsorption on monolayer and heterogeneous surfaces. The mechanism for the adsorption of metal ions in tannery wastewater onto the nano-adsorbents was examined using Weber Morris intra-particle diffusion model and Boyd plot which showed that the adsorption process was both intra-particle and film diffusion controlled. The thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change showed that that adsorption of metal ions and other parameters was feasible, spontaneous and endothermic. The ZnO/clay nanocomposites exhibited excellent recyclable and re-useable properties even after six repeated applications and can, therefore, be applied in wastewater treatment for removal of heavy metals and other physicochemical parameters.