bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sea as a Legal and Strategic Space
Authors: Frei Gabriela A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 serves as an introductory chapter, exploring the idea of the sea as a legal and strategic space. The concepts of freedom of the seas and sovereignty of the sea dominated the legal debates about the ownership of the seas. In wartime these concepts clashed as neutrals demanded freedom of the seas while belligerents claimed the sovereignty of the sea. The chapter explores the means to control the seas, in particular, blockade, the right of search and capture, and the rule of 1756. When Great Britain reassessed its strategic position in the mid-nineteenth century, it was John C. R. Colomb who emphasized the importance of imperial defence and the protection of trade in a future maritime conflict. The discussion on the effectiveness of economic warfare brought strategic and legal considerations together since both were concerned with the ability to control the sea.
The Making of the Neutrality Policy
Authors: Frei Gabriela A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the development of the concept of neutrality from the Middle Ages to the golden age of neutrality in the nineteenth century, and shows how Great Britain adopted a policy of neutrality after 1856. The chapter discusses Great Britain’s experience of the American Civil War as a neutral, and examines various instances of international conflict such as the Alexandra case, where Great Britain was accused of breaching neutrality. The negotiations of the Alabama claims tribunal resulted not only in the Treaty of Washington, which outlined neutrality more precisely, but also prompted a change in British domestic legislation, in particular the Foreign Enlistment Act. Both the treaty and the act defined Great Britain’s neutrality policy after 1870.
The Codification of International Maritime Law
Authors: Frei Gabriela A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the early efforts in codifying international maritime law. The 1860s saw successes in the adoption of the Lieber Code and the Geneva Convention, and it was hoped that states would adopt an international code of conduct in warfare. Yet, the Brussels Declaration of 1874 failed, and subsequently non-governmental organizations such as the Institut de droit international stepped up, advancing the codification of international maritime law. The chapter addresses the views of the supporters as well as those of the sceptics of codification and shows the importance of the Institut de droit international in this process. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the United States Naval War College drafted the first comprehensive Naval War Code, and the chapter presents the motivation of the drafters and examines the broader international debate.
Norges Bank 1816-2016
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This book traces the 200-year history of Norges Bank, which was established in 1816 with a dual purpose: to bring order and stability to the chaotic monetary system following the Napoleonic wars and provide Norway with a bank. The present Norges Bank is a modern well-functioning central bank, with strong likenesses to similar institutions in other countries. This book is particularly concerned with the relations between the bank and the political institutions. The bank’s role has been shaped and reshaped by perceptions of what kind of financial services Norway needed, how economic policy was coordinated, and how discretionary power was distributed between the elected bodies, the executive branch, and underlying institutions with a defined mandate. The central aim of this book is to trace and explain these changes over the past two centuries. It is also, to some extent, a contribution to the relatively broad literature on the history of national central banks.
The 1930s Crisis
Authors: Lie Einar 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Norges Bank during the 1930s. There is hardly any single year that stands out as prominently in the history of Western central banks as the year 1931. That was the year when the gold standard collapsed, caused by the severe banking crisis on the continent, negatively impacting the entire Western world and rapidly developing into a deep and widespread international crisis. In addition to that, problems brought forth by the crisis stretched beyond the sphere of the financial system. The aftermath of the crisis was dominated by bankruptcy and unemployment, with adverse effects that would persist for the entire decade. The year 1931 was one of economic crisis, yet one of the finest moments in Norges Bank’s institutional history. The new exchange rate policy prevented a tight policy with high interest rates to defend the value of the krone. This new policy also made room for support measures and a relatively flexible monetary policy, first during the run-up to the new banking crisis, and later as a more general policy throughout the decade.
Restoration
Authors: Allsopp Niall 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Whereas most royalist panegyrists of the Restoration (including the penitent Cowley) reviled the ideological currents of the 1650s, Davenant, Waller, and their younger protégé Dryden continued to apply arguments from self-interest and the artificiality and contingency of sovereignty. They magnified Charles II’s exercise of clemency as the mark which betokened his sovereignty, while overriding church and parliament to ensure the reconciliation of ex-Cromwellians with the new regime. The second half of the chapter focuses on Dryden and Orrery’s heroic drama. It presents a new account of their engagement with Hobbes, and illustrates their precarious and artificial vision of sovereignty. The chapter challenges straightforwardly royalist readings of the heroic drama to show how the genre offered warnings and criticism of the regime—though this ultimately led Dryden to repudiate the sceptical model of sovereignty in his iconographical masterpiece of sacred kingship, The Conquest of Granada.
Respectable Citizens - Shady Practices
Authors: Farrall Stephen , Karstedt Susanne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Drawing on survey data from a comparative study of England and Wales and the former East and West Germany, this book examines economic crimes of ‘everyday life’, such as overestimating losses in insurance claims, cheating on taxes, misusing store or credit cards, and defrauding medical and social services. The book delves into the extent of both feelings of ‘victimization’ at the hands of insurers, restaurants who add additional charges, banks who make excessive charges, or other citizens during second-hand sales, and of offending, such as deliberately engaging in crimes of everyday life. The study explores the motivations for such offences and how citizens act to defend themselves against victimization and exploit weaknesses in the system to make illegal gains and ‘make good’ on losses. The comparative dimension allows for in-depth insights into the ways in which different national histories of economic transitions affect levels of engagement in crimes in the market place.
Change Regions and Changes in Normative Market Cultures
Authors: Farrall Stephen , Karstedt Susanne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the history of the three regions in Europe which are the focus of this work; namely, England and Wales, and the former East and West Germany. Their recent economic histories are recounted, as well as the nature of these economic and social changes, and which social groups are most likely to have been affected by them. These changes have increased the opportunities for crime in the marketplace for many citizens. The extent to which people living in these three areas report perceptions of change in their societies is examined, as well as trust in market institutions, cynicism about the law, and values related to contemporary citizenship, and how they differ between change regions and generations.
Use of combination therapy with acetaminophen and ibuprofen for closure of the patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates
Authors: Kimani Susan , Surak Aimann , Miller Michael , Bhattacharya Soume 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objective
To compare effectiveness and safety of combination therapy (acetaminophen and ibuprofen) to monotherapy (ibuprofen, indomethacin, or acetaminophen alone) in treatment of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature neonates.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of neonates admitted to a tertiary-level neonatal intensive care unit. Included neonates were born at &lt;32 weeks gestation and received pharmacotherapy for PDA closure. Based on the primary therapy received, our cohort was divided into the following four groups: indomethacin alone, ibuprofen alone, acetaminophen alone, and ibuprofen and acetaminophen (in combination). Baseline characteristics, effectiveness, safety, neonatal mortality, and morbidities rates between these groups were compared.

Results
One hundred and forty neonates were analyzed; 17 received combination therapy, and 123 neonates received monotherapy: 22 (17.9%) ibuprofen, 29 (23.6%) acetaminophen, and 72 (58.5%) indomethacin. The PDA closure rates were 41.7% for indomethacin, 41.2% for combination therapy, 37.9% for acetaminophen, and 31.8% for ibuprofen (P=0.100). Rates of adverse effects were comparable between the groups.

Conclusion
The rate of ductal closure was not different between combination therapy and monotherapy. The study did not demonstrate any increased adverse effects in the combination group. Future well-designed prospective clinical trials are needed to guide clinical practice.
Opioid-Related Disorders Among Pregnant Women with Sickle Cell Disease and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Darlington Francis , Acha Benjamina Mbah , Roshan Tasha , Ikeanyionwu Charles , Kutse Seun , Abajue Uzoamaka , Osazuwa Billy , Gomez Ian , Spooner Kiara K , Salemi Jason L , Dongarwar Deepa , Olaleye Omonike A , Salihu Hamisu M , Ndefo Uche Anadu 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objective
Opioid use during pregnancy has increased in recent years, parallel with the opioid epidemic in the general population. Opioids are commonly used as an analgesic for pain crisis, a hallmark symptom of sickle cell disease (SCD). With the amplified frequency and severity of SCD pain crisis during pregnancy, the use of opioids may increase concurrently. The aim of this study was to examine trends in opioid-related disorders (ORDs) among pregnant women with and without SCD, as well as assess the risk for preterm labor, maternal sepsis, and poor fetal growth among patients with SCD and ORD.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective analysis of inpatient pregnancy- and childbirth-related hospital discharge data from the 2002–2014 National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample database. The primary outcome was the risk of ORD in pregnant women with SCD and its impact on threatened preterm labor, fetal growth, and maternal sepsis.

Results
Among the &gt;57 million pregnancy-related hospitalizations examined, 9.6 per 10,000 had SCD. ORD in mothers with SCD was four times as prevalent as in those without SCD (2% vs 0.5%). A significant rise in ORD occurred throughout the study period and was associated with an increased risk of maternal sepsis, threatened preterm labor, and poor fetal growth.

Conclusions
Pregnant women with SCD have a fourfold increased risk of ORD compared with their non-SCD counterparts. The current opioid epidemic continues to worsen in both groups, warranting a tailored and effective public health response to reduce the resulting adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Aesthetic Reasons and the Demands They (Do Not) Make
Authors: Whiting Daniel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
What does the aesthetic ask of us? What claims do the aesthetic features of the objects and events in our environment make on us? My answer in this paper is: that depends. Aesthetic reasons can only justify feelings – they cannot demand them. A corollary of this is that there are no aesthetic obligations to feel, only permissions. However, I argue, aesthetic reasons can demand actions – they do not merely justify them. A corollary of this is that there are aesthetic obligations to act, not only permissions. So, I conclude, the aesthetic asks little of us as patients and much of as agents.
Capillary Electrophoresis of PCR fragments with 5’-labelled primers for testing the SARS-Cov-2
Authors: Gómez Juan , Melón Santiago , Boga José A. , Alvarez-Argüelles Marta E. , Rojo-Alba Susana , Leal-Negredo Alvaro , Castello-Abietar Cristian , Alvarez Victoria , Cuesta-Llavona Elías , Coto Eliecer 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundDue to the huge demand for SARS-Cov-2 determination, alternatives to the standard qtPCR tests are potentially useful for increasing the number of samples screened. Our aim was to develop a direct fluorescent PCR capillary-electrophoresis detection of the viral genome. We validated this approach on several SARS-Cov-2 positive and negative samples.Study designWe isolated the naso-pharingeal RNA from 20 positive and 10 negative samples. The cDNA was synthesised and two fragments of the SARS-Cov-2 were amplified. One of the primers for each pair was 5’-end fluorochrome labelled. The amplifications were subjected to capillary electrophoresis in ABI3130 sequencers to visualize the fluorescent peaks.ResultsThe two SARS-Cov-2 fragments were successfully amplified in the positive samples, while the negative samples did not render fluorescent peaks.ConclusionWe describe and alternative method to identify the SARS-Cov-2 genome that could be scaled to the analysis of approximately 100 samples in less than 5 hours. By combining a standard PCR with capillary electrophoresis our approach would overcome the limits imposed to many labs by the qtPCR (lack of reactive and real-time PCR equipment) and increase the testing capacity.
Evolution of behavioral resistance in host-pathogen systems
Authors: Amoroso Caroline R. , Antonovics Janis 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBehavioral resistance to parasites is widespread in animals, yet little is known about the evolutionary dynamics that have shaped these strategies. We show that theory developed for the evolution of physiological parasite resistance can only be applied to behavioral resistance under limited circumstances. We find that accounting explicitly for the behavioral processes, including the detectability of infected individuals, leads to novel dynamics that are strongly dependent on the nature of the costs and benefits of social interactions. As with physiological resistance, the evolutionary dynamics can also lead to mixed strategies that balance the costs of disease risk and the benefits of social interaction, with implications for understanding avoidance strategies in human disease outbreaks.
A structured model for COVID-19 spread: modelling age and healthcare inequities
Authors: James A. , Plank M. J. , Binny R. N. , Lustig A. , Hannah K. , Hendy S. C. , Steyn N. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTWe use a stochastic branching process model, structured by age and level of healthcare access, to look at the heterogeneous spread of COVID-19 within a population. We examine the effect of control scenarios targeted at particular groups, such as school closures or social distancing by older people. Although we currently lack detailed empirical data about contact and infection rates between age groups and groups with different levels of healthcare access within New Zealand, these scenarios illustrate how such evidence could be used to inform specific interventions. We find that an increase in the transmission rates amongst children from reopening schools is unlikely to significantly increase the number of cases, unless this is accompanied by a change in adult behaviour. We also find that there is a risk of undetected outbreaks occurring in communities that have low access to healthcare and that are socially isolated from more privileged communities. The greater the degree of inequity and extent of social segregation, the longer it will take before any outbreaks are detected. Well-established evidence for health inequities, particularly in accessing primary healthcare and testing, indicates that Maori and Pacific peoples are at higher risk of undetected outbreaks in Aotearoa New Zealand. This highlights the importance of ensuring that community needs for access to healthcare, including early proactive testing, rapid contact tracing, and the ability to isolate, are being met equitably. Finally, these scenarios illustrate how information concerning contact and infection rates across different demographic groups may be useful in informing specific policy interventions.
The PAXFOXO1s trigger fast trans-differentiation of chick embryonic neural cells into alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma with tissue invasive properties limited by S phase entry inhibition
Authors: Gonzalez Curto Gloria , Der Vartanian Audrey , Frarma Youcef , Manceau Line , Baldi Lorenzo , Prisco Selene , Elarouci Nabila , Causeret Frédéric , Rigolet Muriel , Aurade Frédéric , De Reynies Aurélien , Contremoulins Vincent , Relaix Frédéric , Faklaris Orestis , Briscoe James , Gilardi-Hebenstreit Pascale , Ribes Vanessa 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe chromosome translocations generating PAX3FOXO1 and PAX7FOXO1 chimeric proteins are the primary hallmarks of the paediatric cancer, Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS). Despite the ability of these transcription factors to remodel chromatin landscapes and promote the expression of tumour driver genes, they only inefficiently promote malignant transformationin vivo. The reason for this is unclear. To address this, we developed anin ovomodel to follow the response of spinal cord progenitors to PAXFOXO1s. Our data demonstrate that PAXFOXO1s, but not wild-type PAX3 and PAX7, trigger the trans-differentiation of neural cells into ARMS-like cells with myogenic characteristics. In parallel expression of PAXFOXO1s remodels the neural pseudo-stratified epithelium into a cohesive mesenchyme capable of tissue invasion. Surprisingly, gain for PAXFOXO1s, as for wild-type PAX3/7, reduces the levels of CDK-CYCLIN activity and arrests cells in G1. Introduction of CYCLIN D1 or MYCN overcomes PAXFOXO1s mediated cell cycle inhibition and promotes tumour growth. Together, our findings reveal a mechanism underpinning the apparent limited oncogenicity of PAXFOXO1 fusion transcription factors and support a neural origin for ARMS.
A unique arginine cluster in PolDIP2 enhances nucleotide binding and DNA synthesis by PrimPol
Authors: Kasho Kazutoshi , Stojkovič Gorazd , Velázquez-Ruiz Cristina , Martínez-Jiménez Maria Isabel , Laurent Timothée , Pérez-Rivera Aldo E. , Jenninger Louise , Blanco Luis , Wanrooij Sjoerd 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTReplication forks often stall at damaged DNA. Resumption of DNA synthesis can occur by replacement of the replicative DNA polymerase with specialized, error-prone translesion DNA polymerases (TLS), that have higher tolerance for damaged substrates. Several of these polymerases (Polλ, Polη and PrimPol) are stimulated in DNA synthesis through interaction with PolDIP2, however the mechanism of this PolDIP2-dependent stimulation is still unclear. Here we show that PrimPol uses a flexible loop to interact with the C-terminal ApaG-like domain of PolDIP2, and that this contact is essential for PrimPol’s enhanced processivity. PolDIP2 increases PrimPol’s primer-template and dNTP binding affinity, which concomitantly enhances PrimPol’s nucleotide incorporation efficiency. This activity is dependent on a unique arginine cluster in PolDIP2 and could be essential for PrimPol to functionin vivo, since the polymerase activity of PrimPol alone is very limited. This mechanism, where the affinity for dNTPs gets increased by PolDIP2 binding, could be common to all other PolDIP2-interacting TLS polymerases, i.e. Polλ, Polη, Polζ and REV1, and might be critical for theirin vivofunction of tolerating DNA lesions at physiological nucleotide concentrations.
Bioinformatic analysis for the identification of potential gene interactions and therapeutic targets in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Yu Shandong , Yu Jinyu , Guo Yong , Chu Yanpeng , Zhang Heping 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent tachycardia. The major injuries caused by AF are systemic embolism and heart failure. Although AF therapies have evolved substantially in recent years, the success rate of sinus rhythm maintenance is relatively low. The reason is the incomplete understanding of the AF mechanisms.Material and methodIn this study, profiles were downloaded from the GEO database (GSE79762). Bioinformatic analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO analysis and KEGG analysis were performed to identify the most enriched terms and pathways. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed to determine regulatory genes. Key modules and hub genes were identified by MOCDE and cytoHubba. Transcription factors (TFs) were predicted by PASTAA.ResultsSeventy-seven up-regulated DEGs and 236 downregulated DEGs were identified. In the GO biological process, cellular components, and molecular function analysis, positive regulation of cell migration, anchoring junction and cell adhesion molecule binding were the most significant enrichment terms. The Hippo signaling pathway was the most significantly enriched pathway. In the PPI network analysis, we found that Class A/1 (rhodopsin-like receptors) may be the critical module in AF. Ten hub genes were extracted, including 4 upregulated genes and 6 downregulated genes. CXCR2, TLR4 and CXCR4 may play critical roles in AF. In TF prediction, we found that Irf-1 may be implicated in AF.ConclusionOur study found that the CXCR4, TLR4, CXCR2; Hippo signaling pathway; and class A/1 (rhodopsin-like receptors) modules may play critical roles in AF occurrence and maintenance. This may provide novel targets for AF treatment.
Temperature variability alters the stability and thresholds for collapse of interacting species
Authors: Dee Laura E. , Okamtoto Daniel , Gårdmark Anna , Montoya Jose M. , Miller Steve J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTemperature variability and extremes can have profound impacts on populations and ecological communities. Predicting impacts of thermal variability poses a challenge because it has both direct physiological effects and indirect effects through species interactions. In addition, differences in thermal performance between predators and prey and non-linear averaging of temperature-dependent performance can result in complex and counterintuitive population dynamics in response to climate change. Yet the combined consequences of these effects remain underexplored. Here, modeling temperature-dependent predator-prey dynamics, we study how changes in temperature variability affect population size, collapse, and stable coexistence of both predator and prey, relative to under constant environments or warming alone. We find that the effects of temperature variation on interacting species can lead to a diversity of outcomes, from predator collapse to stable coexistence, depending on interaction strengths and differences in species’ thermal performance. Temperature variability also alters predictions about population collapse – in some cases allowing predators to persist for longer than predicted when considering warming alone, and in others accelerating collapse. To inform management responses that are robust to future climates with increasing temperature variability and extremes, we need to incorporate the consequences of temperature variation in complex ecosystems.