bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anomalous Extinction toward NGC 1938
Authors: De Marchi Guido , Panagia Nino , Milone Antonino P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Intrigued by the extended red giant clump (RC) stretching across the color–magnitude diagram of the stars in a 50 × 50 pc2 region of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) containing the clusters NGC 1938 and NGC 1939, we have studied the stellar populations to learn about the properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) in this area. The extended RC is caused by a large and uneven amount of extinction across the field. Its slope reveals anomalous extinction properties, with A

V
/E(B − V) ≃ 4.3, indicating the presence of an additional gray component in the optical contributing about 30% of the total extinction in the field and requiring big grains to be about twice as abundant as in the diffuse ISM. This appears to be consistent with the number of big grains injected into the surrounding ISM by the about 70 SN II explosions estimated to have occurred during the lifetime of the ∼120 Myr old NGC 1938. Although this cluster appears relatively small today and would be hard to detect beyond the distance of M31, with an estimated initial mass of ∼4800 M
⊙, NGC 1938 appears to have seriously altered the extinction properties in a wide area. This has important implications for the interpretation of luminosities and masses of star-forming galaxies both nearby and in the early universe.
Comparative Analyses of Plasma Properties and Composition in Two Types of Small-scale Interplanetary Flux-ropes
Authors: Huang Jin , Liu Yu , Liu Jihong , Shen Yuandeng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The origin of small-scale interplanetary magnetic flux-ropes (SIMFRs) and the relationship between SIMFRs and magnetic clouds (MCs) are still controversial. In this study, two populations of SMIFRs were collected, i.e., SIMFRs originating from the Sun (SIMFR-SUN) and those originating from the solar wind (SIMFR-SW). We defined the SIMFR-SUN (SIMFR-SW) as the SMIFRs that include (exclude) the counter-streaming suprathermal electrons and stay away from (close to) the heliospheric current sheet. After fitting with force-free flux-rope model, 52 SIMFR-SUN and 57 SIMFR-SW events observed by Advanced Composition Explorer from 1998 February to 2011 August were qualified. Using the approach of relating the measurements to their spatial position within the flux ropes, a comparative survey of plasma and composition characteristics inside the two populations of SIMFRs is presented. Results show that the two populations of SIMFRs have apparent differences. Compared with SIMFR-SW, SIMFR-SUN are MC-like, featuring lower central proton density, higher V
rad, higher low-FIP element abundances, higher and more fluctuate average ion charge-states and the ion charge-state ratios that are related to the heating in the low corona. In addition, for the ion charge-state distributions inside SIMFR-SUN, the sunward side is higher than earthward, which might be caused by the flare heating during eruption. Moreover, both SIMFR-SUN and MCs show anticorrelation between plasma β and the He/P trend. These characteristics indicate that SIMFR-SUN and MCs are very likely to have identical origination. This study supports the two-source origin of SIMFRs, i.e., the solar corona and the solar wind.
Prebiotic Precursors of the Primordial RNA World in Space: Detection of NH2OH
Authors: Rivilla Víctor M. , Martín-Pintado Jesús , Jiménez-Serra Izaskun , Martín Sergio , Rodríguez-Almeida Lucas F. , Requena-Torres Miguel A. , Rico-Villas Fernando , Zeng Shaoshan , Briones Carlos 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
One of the proposed scenarios for the origin of life is the primordial RNA world, which considers that RNA molecules were likely responsible for the storage of genetic information and the catalysis of biochemical reactions in primitive cells, before the advent of proteins and DNA. In the last decade, experiments in the field of prebiotic chemistry have shown that RNA nucleotides can be synthesized from relatively simple molecular precursors, most of which have been found in space. An important exception is hydroxylamine, NH2OH, which, despite several observational attempts, it has not been detected in space yet. Here we present the first detection of NH2OH in the interstellar medium toward the quiescent molecular cloud G+0.693-0.027 located in the Galactic Center. We have targeted the three groups of transitions from the J = 2−1, 3−2, and 4−3 rotational lines, detecting five transitions that are unblended or only slightly blended. The derived molecular abundance of NH2OH is (2.1 ± 0.9) × 10−10. From the comparison of the derived abundance of NH2OH and chemically related species, with those predicted by chemical models and measured in laboratory experiments, we favor the formation of NH2OH in the interstellar medium via hydrogenation of NO on dust grain surfaces, with possibly a contribution of ice-mantle NH3 oxidation processes. Further laboratory studies and quantum chemical calculations are needed to completely rule out the formation of NH2OH in the gas phase.
Implications of a Fast Radio Burst from a Galactic Magnetar
Authors: Margalit Ben , Beniamini Paz , Sridhar Navin , Metzger Brian D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A luminous radio burst was recently detected in temporal coincidence with a hard X-ray flare from the Galactic magnetar SGR 1935+2154 with a time and frequency structure consistent with cosmological fast radio bursts (FRBs) and a fluence within a factor of ≲10 of the least energetic extragalactic FRB previously detected. Although active magnetars are commonly invoked FRB sources, several distinct mechanisms have been proposed for generating the radio emission that make different predictions for the accompanying higher-frequency radiation. We show that the properties of the coincident radio and X-ray flares from SGR 1935+2154, including their approximate simultaneity and relative fluence

, as well as the duration and spectrum of the X-ray emission, are consistent with extant predictions for the synchrotron maser shock model. Rather than arising from the inner magnetosphere, the X-rays are generated by (incoherent) synchrotron radiation from thermal electrons heated at the same internal shocks that produce the coherent maser emission as ultrarelativistic flare ejecta collides with a slower particle outflow (e.g., as generated by earlier flaring activity) on a radial scale of

cm. Although the rate of SGR 1935+2154–like bursts in the local universe is not sufficient to contribute appreciably to the extragalactic FRB rate, the inclusion of an additional population of more active magnetars with stronger magnetic fields than the Galactic population can explain both the FRB rate and the repeating fraction, but only if the population of active magnetars are born at a rate that is at least 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of the SGR 1935+2154–like magnetars. This may imply that the more active magnetar sources are not younger magnetars formed in a similar way to the Milky Way population (e.g., via ordinary supernovae) but are instead formed through more exotic channels, such as superluminous supernovae, accretion-induced collapse, or neutron star mergers.
Picture Perfect: Anne Sexton’s "The Double Image" Reflects the Poet as Daughter, Mother, and Anorectic
Authors: Mehta Jessica 
Published: August 2020

Anne Sexton’s poem “The Double Image” is explored, delving into the complexities of the role of the author as confessional poet, daughter, mother, and anorectic. This piece begins by noting the differences between the final published piece and the earlier drafts of the poem, focusing on the subtle differences and attempting to decipher why these changes were made. The significance of Sexton’s childhood home in the poem is noted, as this is seen to infantilise the author and creates a narcissistic regression often seen in anorectic patients. Sexton’s recurrent mouth imagery is addressed, as it is the gateway for food (or lack thereof) and plays a crucial role in the works of Sexton throughout her work and life. This topic is further developed into using hunger and eating metaphorically by Sexton, noting that as a daughter she engulfed everything in her mother’s world. The placement of the portraits in the poem is another aspect that Sexton changes consistently throughout the drafts and this piece delves into theories of the significance the position of the portraits might have had. This piece ends with the importance the color green has for the author in her work, possibly linking it to the choice of using green for the wicked within the original technicolor version of The Wizard of Oz (LeRoy & Fleming, 1939).
Terapi Bermain Origami Untuk Menurunkan Kecemasan Anak Usia Prasekolah Selama Hospitalisasi
Authors: Da silva Gratsiana Florensiana , Yulianti Natalia Ratna , Ina Apolonia Antonilda 
Published: August 2020

Kecemasan merupakan salah satu distres psikologis ketika anak dirawat di rumah sakit. Terapi bermain dapat diberikan untuk mengatasi persoalan tersebut. Salah satu terapi bermain yang sesuai dengan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak usia pra sekolah adalah kegiatan origami. Penelitian membuktikan kegiatan origami dapat menurunkan tingkat kecemasaan anak usia pra sekolah yang mengalami hospitalisasi, namun masih diperlukan pembuktian selanjutnya dengan menambahkan jumlah sampel dan dengan uji statistik yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh terapi bermain origami untuk menurunkan kecemasan pada anak usia pra sekolah. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah kuasi eksperimental dengan rancangan one group pretes-post test yang dilakukan di dua rumah sakit daerah di Jawa Tengah. Sampel penelitian ini adalah pasien anak usia pra sekolah sebanyak 70 orang yang mengalami kecemasan dan baru pertama kali dirawat di rumah sakit. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan consecutive sampling. Kecemasan anak diukur sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan terapi bermain origami menggunakan Preschool Anxiety Scale (PAS). Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji alternatif Wilcoxon dengan hasil p value < 0,001. Disimpulkan bahwa terapi bermain origami dapat menurunkan kecemasan anak usia pra sekolah yang mengalami hospitalisasi. Perawat dapat menerapkan terapi bermain origami pada anak usia pra sekolah yang mengalami kecemasan saat dirawat di rumah sakit dengan melibatkan orang tua. Penelitian selanjutnya dapat mengukur keefektifan terapi bermain origami untuk menurunkan kecemasan dengan kelompok kontrol dan dengan jumlah sampel yang lebih banyak. Kata kunci: anak usia pra sekolah; terapi bermain; hospitalisasi; kecemasan; origami
Pendidikan Kesehatan Tentang Jenis-Jenis Alat Kontrasepsi Terhadap Pemilihan Alat Kontrasepsi
Authors: Susanti Evy Tri , Sari Haniva Lukma 
Published: August 2020

Keluarga Berencana (KB) merupakan program pemerintah untuk menyeimbangkan kebutuhan dan jumlah penduduk dengan tujuan mewujudkan masyarakat yang sejahtera dengan kegiatan pokok penyuluhan dan pelayanan kontrasepsi. Kontrasepsi merupakan pengaturan kehamilan dengan menggunakan alat atau metode dengan tujuan menunda, menjarangkan kehamilan dan mengakhiri kesuburan. Alat kontrasepsi mempunyai banyak jenis yang memiliki manfaat serta kekurangan masing-masing. Pengetahuan mengenai alat kontrasepsi dibutuhkan untuk menunjang ketepatan memilih alat kontrasepsi. Karya tulis ilmiah ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan pemberian pendidikan kesehatan tentang jenis-jenis alat kontrasepsi dan gambaran memilih alat kontrasepsi yang tepat. Karya tulis ilmiah ini menggunakan metode studi kasus tentang pemberian pendidikan kesehatan tentang jenis-jenis alat kontrasepsi terhadap pemilihan alat kontrasepsi. Subyek pada studi kasus ini adalah Ny.L, usia 19 tahun, post sectio cesarea primipara, belum pernah mengikuti program KB, berencana mengikuti KB dan ditunggui oleh suami saat dilakukan pendidikan kesehatan, di Ruang Muzdalifah RS PKU Muhammadiyah Temanggung. Hasil studi kasus ini yaitu pendidikan kesehatan dilakukan secara tatap muka pada Ny.L dan suami dengan media lembar balik dan leaflet. Setelah diberikan pendidikan kesehatan tentang jenis-jenis alat kontrasepsi tingkat pengetahuan Ny.L bertambah dari sebelum diberikan pendidikan kesehatan hanya mampu menjawab 6 pertanyaan, pengetahuan kurang dan setelah diberikan pendidikan kesehatan mampu menjawab 12 pertanyaan dari 15 pertanyaan, pengetahuan baik. Ny.L dapat memilih alat kontrasepsi yang tepat yaitu Intra Uterine Device (IUD). Disimpulkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan Ny. L setelah pemberian pendidikan kesehatan tentang jenis-jenis alat kontrasepsi. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan dengan jumlah pertanyaan yang dijawab benar oleh Ny. L. Sebelum pemberian pendidikan kesehatan Ny.L hanya mampu menjawab 6 pertanyaan dengan benar, setelah pemberian pendidikan kesehatan Ny.L mampu menjawab 12 pertanyaan dengan benar. Ny. L juga telah memutuskan untuk memilih kontrasepsi IUD. Kata kunci : alat kontrasepsi, IUD, pendidikan kesehatan, pengetahuan
DESENVOLVIMENTO DA LINGUAGEM EM SITUAÇÕES DE INTERAÇÃO SOCIAL COM GRUPOS MINORITÁRIOS:
Authors: Nogueira Gabriela Medeiros 
Published: August 2020

"Desenvolvimento da Linguagem em situações de interação social com grupo minoritários" compreende uma entrevista realizada com Célia Renata Rosemberg, da Facultad de Filosofía y Letras da Universidad de Buenos.
Célia é professora titular de “Investigación y Estadística Educacional I". Desde 2016, atua como diretora do “Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigacionesen Psicología Matemática y Experimental (CIIPME)”. E ainda, é investigadora do “Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas”, com uma longa trajetória de pesquisa no campo da alfabetização. Conta com uma vasta produção de artigos científicos publicados em âmbito nacional e internacional, de livros acadêmicos e também livros para crianças, visando o desenvolvimento da linguagem. Temáticas como alfabetização multicultural, alfabetização bilíngue, interculturalidade, são recorrentes em suas produções, assim como, narração e leitura de contos, compreensão da leitura, vocabulário e intercâmbio verbal.
Dada a relevância dessa pesquisadora e dimensão de seu trabalho, entende-se que a entrevista contribui imensamente com a temática deste dossiê, bem como para ampliar o diálogo com alfabetizadores e fortalecer a interlocução entre pesquisadores da América Latina.
Effects of Educational Video on PPKn Subject Learning In Elementary School
Authors: Setiawan Agung Arifin 
Published: August 2020

This development aims to design, produce and test the validity of the product and test the validity of the product and find out its effectiveness in the presentation of citizenship education subjects for an elementary school in the form of video media. While the material in developing video media is the subjects of discipline, this study uses the ADDIE which consists of stages (1) Analysis, (2) Design, (3) Development, (4) Implementation, (5) Evaluation. This product development was followed by validation of material experts, media experts and field audiences. To determine the effectiveness of the instructional media products development, the Garum student test phase was taken as many as 25 peoples. From the table above, all students experience an increase in learning and fulfiling SKM (≥70). The avarege score on the pre-test was 71,77% and the [ost-test 93,28%. So than in increase in the score of learning outcomes in the overall field test totaled 546 with a presentage increase of 21,84%. Before the use of learning video media that fulfilled SKM by 56% increase to 100% after using learning video media. As for the students learning value data as a whole the learning outcomes of students who achived SKM (≥70).. were obtained after using the learning media video of 100%. With the increase in several presentations of learning in all students, this showing this video media is effectively used in the teaching and learning precess in improving student learning achievement.
Review of John Locke: Les idees et les choses. Avec les manscript inedit "Notes upon Mr. John Lock's Essay concerning Human Understanding de William Whiston fils by Luisa Simonutti
Authors: Di Biase Giuliana 
Published: August 2020

A review of Luisa Simonutti's recent book John Locke: Les idees et les choses. Avec les manscript inedit "Notes upon Mr. John Lock's Essay concerning Human Understanding" de William Whiston fils (Milan: Editions Mimesis, 2019).
Sailing Speed and Fleet Deployment Optimization for Intercontinental Container Liner Shipping Considering Cargo Time Value
Authors: Xing Yuwei , Yang Hualong , Yang Zaili 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article collectively addresses the issues of optimizing the sailing speed of containerships and fleet deployment in intercontinental container liner shipping, taking cargo time values into consideration. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming model is developed to maximize the gross profits of a container shipping line. The sailing speed is divided into 0.1 knot intervals and a reciprocal-discretization method is proposed to transform the model into an integer-based linear programming model, which can be solved using optimization solvers such as CPLEX. A case study is conducted based on the Far East-West America liner route of a global container shipping line to assess the effectiveness of the proposed model and the reciprocal-discretization method. The results show that when the cargo time value is taken into consideration, the increased sailing speed of containerships on long legs and the decreased number of deployed containerships will generate greater operating profits for the container shipping line. The rise in bunker price will lead to a stepwise decline in sailing speed of containerships and a stepwise growth in the number of deployed containerships. Moreover, the downward trend of sailing speed due to the increase of bunker price will be somewhat delayed as the unit container cargo value increases. Several useful insights are drawn from analysis of the results.
The State of Incoterm® Research
Authors: Vogt John , Davis Jonathan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThere is a paucity of research on Incoterms®. The article reviews the evolution of Incoterms®, the current state of research and use of Incoterms®, and sets the foundation for future research. Incoterms® are the globally accepted terms in a contract of sale that define the obligations, costs, and risks, that the buyers’ and sellers’ organizations must undertake. The authors classify currently published research into four categories: Incoterms® focused on a country; the comparison between the different versions of Incoterms®; Incoterms® in trade and legal issues; and understanding of Incoterms®. There is no depth of research published on the use of Incoterms® in trade agreements between buyer and sellers, in the implications for the supply chains of both buyer and seller, on the choice of the Incoterm®, nor in the conflict with other legal systems and commercial codes. Further, there is substantial confusion in the industry about Incoterms® and when and how to apply them in practice.
Rechtszekerheid en redelijkheid en billijkheid in het erfrecht
Authors: Reijnen T.F.H. 
Published: August 2020

Rechtszekerheid en redelijkheid en billijkheid in het erfrecht. Een verhandeling naar aanleiding van Hof Den Haag 12 mei 2020
Naar aanleiding van het arrest van het gerechtshof Den Haag van 12 mei 2020 wordt ingegaan op het belang van rechtszekerheid en de rol van de redelijkheid en billijkheid in het erfrecht. De conclusie is dat de rechtszekerheid belangrijk is, maar niet groter dan in andere rechtsgebieden.
JUVENTUDE NEGRA PERIFÉRICA E DIREITO À CIDADE: UM ESTUDO DE CASO
Authors: Lage Daniel Gouveia Victor , Cota Daniela  Abritta 
Published: August 2020

Este trabalho busca refletir sobre alternativas de planejamento urbano, a partir da percepção de jovens negros da periferia de São João del Rei, MG. O estudo revelou que a vivência urbana desses sujeitos é bastante restrita e violenta, tanto na periferia quanto nas áreas centrais da cidade. Entretanto, apesar das dificuldades, a juventude negra periférica resiste por meio de manifestações socioculturais, vinculadas principalmente ao Hip Hop. Acredita-se que é preciso um novo tipo de planejamento, em que essas práticas sejam reconhecidas, viabilizando, de fato, o “direito à cidade” para esses indivíduos.
The Effect of an Advance Organizer, Cognitive Set, and Post Organizer on the Learning and Retention of Written Materials
Authors: Romberg Thomas A. , Wilson James W. 
Published: August 2020

This study investigated the effect of an advance organizer (AO), cognitive set (CS), and post organizer (PO) in learning and retention of written mathematics materials. Self-instructional booklets were designed so that the pages containing the AO, CS, and PO varied according to experimental treatment in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Booklets were randomly assigned within 9 Algebra 2 classes.A significant (p<.05p<.05) interaction between the AO and the PO and a significant main effect (p<.05p<.05) for CS was found on the retention test. Examination of the cell means indicated (a) a facilitating effect for CS, and (b) either an AO or a PO was facilitating, but used together they were not facilitating.
Mathematics Learning and the Sexes: A Review
Authors: Fennema Elizabeth 
Published: August 2020

It has long been accepted as true that boys learn mathematics better than girls do. To determine the validity of this belief, 36 studies concerned basically or tangentially with sex differences in mathematics achievement were reviewed and two others were analyzed in depth. The data from one study (Parsley, et al., 1964), which often has been quoted as supportive of boys' mathematics superiority, was reevaluated with the conclusion that the data from this study do not support the idea that boys are superior to girls in mathematics achievement. Data concerned with sex differences in achievement from the National Longitudinal Study of Mathematics Achievement were also presented.No significant differences between boys' and girls' mathematics achievement were found before boys and girls entered elementary school or during early elementary years. In upper elementary and early high school years significant differences were not always apparent. However, when significant differences did appear they were more apt to be in the boys' favor when higher-level cognitive tasks were being measured and in the girls' favor when lower-level cognitive tasks were being measured. No conclusion can be reached concerning high school learners.