bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tin Whisker Formation on Small Outline Transistors Assembled Using Bismuth-Containing Lead-Free Solder Alloys After Long-Term Ambient Temperature, High Humidity Storage Part 2: Statistical Analysis
Authors: Delhaise André , Meschter Stephan , Snugovsky Polina , Kennedy Jeff , Bagheri Zohreh 
Published: July 2020

With the introduction of environmental legislation such as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS), lead (Pb)-free materials have made their way into the electronics manufacturing industry. One issue that has emerged is that Pb-free solder alloys can initiate and grow tin whiskers under specific conditions. These whiskers are thin, highly conductive filaments which have the potential to grow and can cause field failures in many applications. Most concerning with respect to tin whiskering are high reliability applications such as aerospace, automotive, and medical.
Bismuth (Bi) is being considered for inclusion in solder alloys to replace the current industry standard (SAC 305) and provide improved thermomechanical and vibration reliability. In this paper, we discuss whisker formation of several Bi-bearing alloys after long-term (12,000 hours), ambient high humidity (25°C/85% RH) storage. Three alloys containing Bi, in addition to SAC 305 (Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu), were considered. These alloys were Violet (Sn-2.25Ag-0.5Cu-6.0Bi), Sunflower (Sn-0.7Cu-7.0Bi), and Senju (Sn-2.0Ag-0.7Cu-3.0Bi). The boards were fabricated with electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) and immersion tin (ImmSn) finishes and populated with parts having Cu and Fe42Ni alloy leads and chip parts, with half of assemblies cleaned and half cleaned and contaminated with low levels of NaCl.
This paper is the second in a series of three in which we share quantitative statistical analysis from the whisker inspection of the small outline transistor (SOT) components. It was found that on ImmSn surface finishes, the longest whiskers were found on SAC, however the longest whiskers were found on Bi-bearing alloys for ENIG. In addition, whiskers were found to generally grow in regions where the tin coverage is thin, and, on ENIG-finished assemblies, near the PCB, likely due to galvanic corrosion between the solder and the finish chemistry.
PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN STRUCTURE OF INTRAHEPATIC DUCTS AND CHOLEDOCH IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE AND CHRONIC CHOLANGITIS
Authors: Maloshtan O. V. , Nekliudov A. O. , Smachylo R. M. , Tyschenko A. M. , Кlyosova М. О. , Volchenko O. V. 
Published: July 2020

Summary. Aim. To determine the morphological state of bile duct wall cells in patients with acute and chronic cholangitis at different times after removal of bile hypertension.
Materials and methods. During laparotomy surgery, a bile duct wall biopsy was performed in 48 patients with cholangitis, conditionally divided into 4 groups depending on the period of removal of biliary hypertension: up to 5 days, 12-14 days, 28-30 days and 10-12 months. The control group included 12 patients with choledocholithiasis without clinical signs of cholangitis.
Results and its discussion. Acute cholestasis was recorded in the intrahepatic bile ducts, the expression of which occurred in the first 2 weeks. In the period of 28-30 days, residual effects of acute cholangitis and proliferation of connective tissue both in the walls of the ducts and around them were recorded. In the bile duct wall of patients with cholangitis, the largest changes were recorded within 3-5 days from the beginning of decompression in the form of edematous-desquamative and necrotic phenomena on the part of the epithelium. On the 12-14th day, “attenuation” and demarcation of the inflammatory process were noted, and on the 28-30th day – the development of connective tissue. In patients with long-term (6-12 months) chronic cholangitis, the phenomena of cholestasis, cholangiosclerosis and biliary cirrhosis of the liver were documented, which were not subjected to regression.
Conclusions. The most pleasant for reconstructive interventions after the elimination of cholangitis and biliary hypertension is a period of 3-6 weeks. With prolonged cholangitis, the phenomena of sclerosis and cirrhosis are not regressed.
COMPLICATION OF LAPAROSCOPIC PLASTIC OF VENTRAL HERNIAS
Authors: Sivogelezo A. V. , Sykal М. O. , Chugai V. V. , Tonkoglas O. A. 
Published: July 2020

Summary. LGP passed test time, and its popularity grows. Today more and more surgeons readily accept it. Thanks to standardization of methods we can minimize quantity of postoperative complications and improve results of treatment of patients with ventral hernias.
Materials and methods. In clinic of surgery department No. 2 on the basis of surgical department of Regional Hospital from 2017 performed 1231 operations of ventral hernias. At 411 (33 %) patients the laparoscopic hernioplasty is executed.
Results and discussion. Intraoperative bleedings, intestines injuries, a surgical infection, an infection of a mesh, seroma and others belong to specific intraoperative and extra operational complications of laparoscopic hernioplasty of ventral hernias. We observed bleedings from an abdominal wall in 6 cases and from abdominal organs at 2 patients from 411 patients that made 1,9 %. In 3 cases it is noted infection of a mesh after laparoscopic hernioplasty (0,8 %). At 2 patients the inflammation managed to be liquidated in the conservative way, at 1 patient were forced to remove abscess with the part of a mesh. The most widespread complication after laparoscopic hernioplasty, according to our data - the seroma is noted at 34 of 411 patients (8,2 %).
Conclusion. Laparoscopic interventions concerning ventral hernias demand care in time and after operation, early recognition of complications and their timely treatment, important for reduction of the risks.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF NECROTIZING INFECTION OF THE SOFT TISSUES OF THE NECK
Authors: Svirepo P. V. 
Published: July 2020

Summary. Early diagnosis and timely surgical treatment of necrotizing soft tissue infection of the neck is an urgent problem of modern medicine, far from a definitive solution.
The purpose of the work is to optimize the surgical treatment of patients with necrotizing infection of the soft tissues of the neck.
Materials and methods. The results of surgical interventions of 76 patients with odontogenic phlegmon of the neck that were treated at the surgical ward were analyzed.
Results and discussion. The essential condition for successful treatment of phlegmon neck is immediate surgery. Indications for surgery in the mediastinum should be considered in the total involvement in the necrotic process of the deep and superficial cell spaces of the neck. Preventive antibiotic therapy in patients after surgery on the neck helps to reduce the incidence of postoperative inflammatory complications and improve the quality of life of patients.
Conclusions. Mortality in acute purulent odontogenic mediastinitis depends on timely hospitalization, diagnosis and early surgical treatment using extracorporeal detoxification methods.
SURGICAL CORRECTION OF THE SYNDROME OF ENTERAL INSUFFICIENCY AT PATIENTS WITH ABDOMINAL SEPSIS
Authors: Solovey Yu. M. , Polovuy V. P. , Solovey M. M. 
Published: July 2020

Summary. The analysis of the treatment of 38 patients with abdominal sepsis. In the surgical treatment of patients of the main group on abdominal sepsis the main group used its own developed method of total decompression, rehabilitation and electrostimulation of the small and large intestine by applying two dual channel probes (one with a larger diameter for aspiration of intestinal contents (decompression), another smaller one for the implementation of the reorganization and the introduction of drugs, with copper conductors, spirally placed between a thick and a thin channel diameter of 2 mm, for electrostimulation.
Results of the study and their discussion. Evaluated the effectiveness of the developed method of correction of a syndrome of enteral nedostatocne in complex treatment of patients with abdominal sepsis. After the initial operation is set to increase in clearance of reorganization in the primary group to (91,3±4,8) % vs (83,5±3,4) % in the control group (p<0.05). application of the developed method of correction of a syndrome of enteral insufficiency in the complex treatment of abdominal sepsis leads to a decrease in the concentration of products of lipid peroxidation, the degree of oxidative modification of proteins and helps to preserve antioxidant enzymes activity in the process flow
Conclusions: the Use in the surgical treatment of patients with abdominal sepsis developed method of total decompression, Sanz and electrostimulation of the small and large intestine after the first operation allows to reduce microbial contamination of the abdominal cavity to (91,3±4,8) % vs (83,5±3,4) % in the control group (p<0.05).
PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY EFFECTS ON MICROFLORA IN THE TREATMENT OF PURULATORY-NECROTIC PROCESSES OF SOFT TISSUES (CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL WORK)
Authors: Khvorostov Y. D. , Morozov S. O. , Herasymov H. M. , Derikolenko V. V. , Solodovidchenko S. S. 
Published: July 2020

Summary. The effect of PDT on the wound healing process and the Bacterial composition of wounds has not been fully studied.
Material and methods. The effects of PDT of various wavelengths on the most common microflora of purulent wounds and the course of the wound process are investigated.
Results and discussion. The application of PDT increased the sensitivity of microflora to ABD, and also stimulated reparative processes — the growth of granulation tissue and marginal epithelization.
Conclusions. The application of PDT in the complex treatment of wounds favorably affects wound healing, expanding the possibilities of AB therapy
THE STATE OF THE MOTOR-EVACUATOR FUNCTION OF THE DIGITAL CHANNEL IN PATIENTS AFTER SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ACUTE OBSTRUCTION OF SMALL INTESTINE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON ITS COURSE
Authors: Dzubanovsky I. Ya. , Benedykt V. V. , Prodan A. M. 
Published: July 2020

Summary. Disruption of the motor-evacuation function of the digestive canal is an integral cause of the adverse course of acute obstruction of the small intestine and as a consequence of high lethality in this pathology.
Purpose of the study. To study the motor activity of the gastrointestinal tract in patients with acute obstruction of the small intestine and its effect on the course of the disease in the postoperative period to create effective, sound methods of treatment of these patients.
Materials and methods. Complexly after surgery, 221 patients with acute obstruction of the small intestine were examined. Used clinical and instrumental methods for the study of motor-evacuation function of the gastrointestinal tract (electrogastrography, electroenterography, phonoenterography), determined the degree of intoxication syndrome (leukocyte index of intoxication, molecules of medium mass), nonspecific resistance to organism operating-anesthetic index on ASA scale.
Results and its discussion. Functional state of the patient with acute obstruction of the small intestine, its comorbidity affects the degree of operativeanesthesiological risk and the state of the motor-evacuation function of the digestive canal. It was found that inhibition of the motor function of the digestive tract in the first three days after surgery led to an increase in the level of intoxication, requiring its mandatory correction.
Conclusions. A promising direction in the treatment of patients with acute obstruction of the small intestine is to develop measures that contribute to the preservation, protection and restoration of motility of the digestive tract at all stages of treatment.
PECULIARITIES OF ACUTE ALIMENTARY PANCREATITIS AND THE RISK OF COMPLICATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH A COMBINATION OF PRSS1 AND SPINKI1 GENE MUTATIONS
Authors: Avdosiev Yu. V. , Pankiv K. M. , Hіmіch S. D. , Bеlоzorоv І. V. , Kudrevich О. М. , Hitruk С. V. , Ustymenko О. S. , Shostatska М. О. 
Published: July 2020

Summary. Aim. To evaluate the features of acute alimentary pancreatitis and the risk of complications in patients with a combination of PRSS1 and SPINKI1 gene mutations.
Materials and methods. 70 patients with acute alimentary pancreatitis were examined. The mean age was 45.4±13.87 years. The study group included 48 (68.57 %) men and 22 (31.43 %) women. In 34 (48.57 %) patients there was a severe course of acute pancreatitis, in 25 (35.72 %) – moderate severity, in 11 (15.71 %) – mild. Complicated disease was diagnosed in 59 (84.29 %) patients, 11 (15.71 %) – uncomplicated. The severity of the course and the presence of complications were evaluated using the Atlanta Classification, 2012. The polymorphism of the PRSS1 and SPINKI1 genes was determined by all subjects. Statistica 13 was used for statistical analysis.
Results and discussion. The combined effect of the PRSS1 and SPINKI1 gene mutation is associated with a higher risk of severe alimentary pancreatitis. The presence of a combined mutational status increases the chances of developing peritonitis, pleurisy, pancreatic accumulation, pseudocysts and pancreatogenic diabetes mellitus. In addition, these patients have proven significantly higher chances of formation of purulent peritonitis, phlegmon, suppuration of pseudocysts, development of systemic complications – systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ failure syndrome.
Conclusions. The reliable connection between the presence of a combination of mutations of the studied genes and the development of severe course of acute alimentary pancreatitis and the formation of complications have been proved.
INDICATIONS TO SURGICAL TREATMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROTIC IMPACT OF THE CAROTID ARTERIES
Authors: Puliayeva I. S. 
Published: July 2020

Summary. Goal. To analyze the indications for surgical treatment of symptomatic and asymptomatic stenosis of the internal carotid artery.
Materials and methods. The well-known tactics of performing carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients still need to be divided into groups with symptomatic and asymptomatic ICA stenosis, depending on the clinical course of the disease and the risk of developing stroke. Of the 140 patients enrolled in the study, 60 patients formed patients with symptomatic ICA lesions, namely: a) 50 patients with symptomatic ICA stenosis; b) 10 patients with visual impairment and ICA stenosis. Of 80 asymptomatic patients with verified atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries without manifestations of acute ischemic cerebral circulation during the last 6 months, of which.
Discussion and results. Patients with symptomatic ICA lesions are the most at-risk group for the development of recurrent stroke, they require comprehensive treatment depending on the size of the lesion and the risk of hemorrhagic complication.
Conclusions. Patients with multifocal atherosclerosis should be screened for carotid artery screening to reduce the risk of ischemic stroke in the postoperative period. Patients with ischemic stroke should perform an MRI to confirm the focus of the first stage, followed by ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries. In the case of carotid lesions, patients undergo carotid CT scans to establish indications for surgical treatment.
FEATURES OF EMERGENCY SURGERY IN PATIENTS WITH LOCALLY ADVANCED GASTRIC CANCER
Authors: Boyko V. V. , Krivorotko I. V. , Lazirsky V. A. 
Published: July 2020

Summary. Materials and methods. The work is based on an analysis of the results of surgical treatment of 418 patients with complicated locally advanced gastric cancer. Patients are divided into two groups: comparisons — 212, and the main — 206 patients who were treated from 2006 to 2010. and from 2011 to 2015 respectively. The complications rating was: bleeding in 252 (60.3 %) patients, stenosis in 89 (21.3 %), perforation in 15 (3.5 %), and their combination in 62 (14.8 %).
Results and discussion. Radical operations were performed in 212 (50.7 %) patients, in 145 (34.6 %) — palliative and symptomatic. Postoperative complications occurred in 82 patients (19.6 %), postoperative mortality was 7.2 % (30 patients). A two-stage surgical tactics has been developed, which involves the implementation of minimally invasive endoscopic and endovascular surgical interventions at the first stage with the implementation of a delayed or planned surgical intervention at the second stage.
Conclusions. Urgent operations decreased from 21.7 to 6.3 %, which reduced the number of palliative and symptomatic operations from 50.4 to 18.4 %.
FORMATION OF THE COLON ANASTOMOSIS IN ORDER TO PROVIDE HIGH LEVEL OF MECHANICAL STRENGTH AND HERMETICITY
Authors: Rusyn V. I. , Chobey S. M. , Dutko O. O. 
Published: July 2020

Summary. Aim of the study. Development and implementation of colon anastomoses formation method to improve their mechanical strength and biological hermeticity.
Materials of the study. A comparative morphological study of the original and traditional two-row colonic anastomoses was performed in the experiment on 18 rabbits, and an assessment of their mechanical strength and biological hermeticity. The assessment of mechanical strength was defined by using a pneumopression technique. The assessment of biological hermeticity was defined by the method of culturing flushing water from the area of the anastomosis to the growth medium, species identification of isolated microorganisms using test systems and calculating the number of colony-forming units by quantitative method.
Results of the research. The mechanical strength of one-row manual intra-nodular colonic anastomosis is higher by 66.3–85.4 %, respectively, of the first and seventh day of observations compared with the two-row manual anastomosis. During biological hermeticity assessment in the experimental group, in which colonic anastomosis was performed in the original method, the cultures were sterile at all stages of the sampling, whereas in the control group, where the traditional two-row manual anastomosis was formed, only from the seventh day all the cultures were sterile.
Conslusions. The mechanical strength of one-row manual intra-nodular colonic anastomosis using atraumatic suture 4/0 without suturing the mucosa is higher by 66.3-85.4 %, respectively, of the first and seventh day of observations compared with the two-row manual anastomosis. Biological hermeticity of one-row manual intra-nodular colonic anastomosis is 100 % compared with the two-row manual anastomosis (28,5 %).
A Large Population of Obscured AGN in Disguise as Low-luminosity AGN in Chandra Deep Field South
Authors: Lambrides Erini L. , Chiaberge Marco , Heckman Timothy , Gilli Roberto , Vito Fabio , Norman Colin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Population synthesis models of actively accreting supermassive black holes (or active galactic nuclei (AGN)) predict a large fraction that must grow behind dense, obscuring screens of gas and dust. Deep X-ray surveys are thought to have provided the most complete and unbiased samples of AGN, but there is strong observational evidence that a portion of the population of obscured AGN is being missed. In this paper, we use a sample of AGN derived from the deepest X-ray survey to date, the Chandra 7 Ms GOODS-South Survey, to investigate the nature of low-flux X-ray sources. We make full use of the extensive multiwavelength coverage of the GOODS-South field and cross-match our objects with wavelengths from the radio to the IR. We find that the low X-ray flux AGN in our sample have X-ray luminosities that indicate low-luminosity AGN classification, while their radio, IR, and optical counterparts indicate moderate to powerful AGN classification. We find that the predicted column densities are, on average, an order of magnitude higher than the calculated column densities via X-ray detections for X-ray-faint sources. We interpret our results as evidence of obscured AGN disguised as low-luminosity AGN via their X-ray luminosities. When we compare the estimation of the obscured AGN space density with and without these objects, we find a difference of 40% in the lowest X-ray luminosity regime probed by our sample.
Oscillating Strange Quark Matter Objects Excited in Stellar Systems
Authors: Kutschera Marek , Jałocha Joanna , Bratek Łukasz , Kubis Sebastian , Kędziorek Tomasz 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It is shown that strange quark matter (SQM) objects, stars, and planets, can very efficiently convert the mechanical energy into hadronic energy when they oscillate. This is because the mass density at the edge of SQM objects,

, is the critical density below which SQM is unstable with respect to decay into photons, hadrons, and leptons. We consider here radial oscillations of SQM objects that could be induced in stellar or planetary systems where tidal interactions are ubiquitous. Oscillations of

radius amplitude already result in

per unit baryon number excitation near the surface of SQM stars. The excitation energy is converted into electromagnetic energy in a short time of

, during a few oscillations. Higher amplitude oscillations result in faster energy release that could lead to fragmentation or dissolution of SQM stars. This would have significant consequences for hypothetical SQM star binaries and planetary systems of SQM planets with regard to gravitational wave emission.
Atmospheric Erosion by Giant Impacts onto Terrestrial Planets
Authors: Kegerreis J. A. , Eke V. R. , Massey R. J. , Teodoro L. F. A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We examine the mechanisms by which the atmosphere can be eroded by giant impacts onto Earth-like planets with thin atmospheres, using 3D smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations with sufficient resolution to directly model the fate of low-mass atmospheres. We present a simple scaling law to estimate the fraction lost for any impact angle and speed in this regime. In the canonical Moon-forming impact, only around 10% of the atmosphere would have been lost from the immediate effects of the collision. There is a gradual transition from removing almost none to almost all of the atmosphere for a grazing impact as it becomes more head-on or increases in speed, including complex, nonmonotonic behavior at low impact angles. In contrast, for head-on impacts, a slightly greater speed can suddenly remove much more atmosphere. Our results broadly agree with the application of 1D models of local atmosphere loss to the ground speeds measured directly from our simulations. However, previous analytical models of shock-wave propagation from an idealized point-mass impact significantly underestimate the ground speeds and hence the total erosion. The strong dependence on impact angle and the interplay of multiple nonlinear and asymmetrical loss mechanisms highlight the need for 3D simulations in order to make realistic predictions.