bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiotherapy in the management of glottic squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mendenhall William M. , Strojan Primož , Lee Anne W.M. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Eisbruch Avraham , Ng Wai Tong , Smee Robert , Ferlito Alfio 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionOur purpose is to review the role radiotherapy (RT) in the treatment of glottic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).MethodsA concise review of the pertinent literature.ResultsRT cure rates are Tis‐ T1N0, 90% to 95%; T2N0, 70% to 80%; low‐volume T3‐T4a, 65% to 70%. Concomitant cisplatin is given for T3‐T4a SCCs. Severe complications occur in 1% to 2% for Tis‐T2N0 and 10% for T3‐T4a SCCs. Patients with high‐volume T3‐T4 SCCs undergo total laryngectomy, neck dissection, and postoperative RT. Those with positive margins and/or extranodal extension receive concomitant cisplatin. The likelihood of local‐regional control at 5 years is 85% to 90%. Severe complications occur in 5% to 10%.ConclusionsRT is a good treatment option for patients with Tis‐T2N0 and low‐volume T3‐T4a glottic SCCs. Patients with higher volume T3‐T4 cancers are best treated with surgery and postoperative RT.
Sleep duration and risk of overall and 22 site‐specific cancers: A Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Titova Olga E. , Michaëlsson Karl , Vithayathil Mathew , Mason Amy M. , Kar Siddhartha , Burgess Stephen , Larsson Susanna C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStudies of sleep duration in relation to the risk of site‐specific cancers other than breast cancer are scarce. Furthermore, the available results are inconclusive and the causality remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the potential causal associations of sleep duration with overall and site‐specific cancers using the Mendelian randomization (MR) design. Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms associated with the sleep traits identified from a genome‐wide association study were used as instrumental variables to estimate the association with overall cancer and 22 site‐specific cancers among 367 586 UK Biobank participants. A replication analysis was performed using data from the FinnGen consortium (up to 121 579 individuals). There was suggestive evidence that genetic liability to short‐sleep duration was associated with higher odds of cancers of the stomach (odds ratio [OR], 2.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15‐4.30; P = .018), pancreas (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.32‐3.62; P = .002) and colorectum (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.12‐1.95; P = .006), but with lower odds of multiple myeloma (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.22‐0.99; P = .047). Suggestive evidence of association of genetic liability to long‐sleep duration with lower odds of pancreatic cancer (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.25‐0.79; P = .005) and kidney cancer (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.21‐0.90; P = .025) was observed. However, none of these associations passed the multiple comparison threshold and two‐sample MR analysis using FinnGen data did not confirm these findings. In conclusion, this MR study does not provide strong evidence to support causal associations of sleep duration with risk of overall and site‐specific cancers. Further MR studies are required.
The role of internal audit in the risk management process: A developing economy perspective
Authors: Weekes‐Marshall Diana 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCompanies in developing economies have faced a myriad of risks. Many of them due to external related party exposures and the potential risks of associated contagion. The function of Internal Audit (IA) has emerged as a significant governance mechanism in the management of risk in developing countries. This exploratory study sought to identify the role of IA across the developing economy of Barbados. Based upon the results of an online survey administered to the Barbados chapter of the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA), the paper examines IA involvement in the risk management process (RMP) of several types of companies. Findings reveal that IA is critical to the RMP and that it needs to be enhanced through improved risk education, exposure, and training, along with increased support from Audit Committee and Senior Management. The generalizability of the conclusions is however limited since the sample was drawn from a developing country. The paper adds to the existing literature as it highlights the challenges of IA as it develops in a developing economy while also dealing with their integration into the RM framework. Practical key take‐away from the paper suggests that (a) RM and the IAF are in a developmental stage primarily due to the need for increased exposure and understanding of international risks and best practices. This is especially since most companies maintain extensive international ties and are highly susceptible to contagion. (b) For an integrated RM system to be successful, the management of risk must be owned at all levels throughout the organization and not just at the Board of Directors and Executive Management, and (c) improved communication of roles and accountabilities especially for IA should be instituted to ensure proper diffusion of risk culture within the organization.
ACE2: Its potential role and regulation in severe acute respiratory syndrome and COVID‐19
Authors: Rezaei Mitrasadat , Ziai Seyed Ali , Fakhri Sajad , Pouriran Ramin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCOVID‐19, a new disease caused by the 2019‐novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2), has swept the world and challenged its culture, economy, and health infrastructure. Forced emergence to find an effective vaccine to immunize people has led scientists to design and examine vaccine candidates all over the world. Until a vaccine is developed, however, effective treatment is needed to combat this virus, which is resistant to all conventional antiviral drugs. Accordingly, more about the structure, entry mechanism, and pathogenesis of COVID‐19 is required. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the gateway to SARS‐CoV and SARS‐CoV‐2, so our knowledge of SARS‐CoV‐2 can help us to complete its mechanism of interaction with ACE2 and virus endocytosis, which can be interrupted by neutralizing small molecules or proteins. ACE2 also plays a crucial role in lung injury.
Expression of Concern: Th17 and Treg cells function in SARS‐CoV2 patients compared with healthy controls
Authors: Sadeghi Armin , Tahmasebi Safa , Mahmood Arshad , Kuznetsova Maria , Valizadeh Hamed , Taghizadieh Ali , Nazemiyeh Masoud , Aghebati‐Maleki Leili , Jadidi‐Niaragh Farhad , Abbaspour‐Aghdam Sanaz , Roshangar Leila , Mikaeili Haleh , Ahmadi Majid 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the course of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), raising and reducing the function of Th17 and Treg cells, respectively, elicit hyperinflammation and disease progression. The current study aimed to evaluate the responses of Th17 and Treg cells in COVID‐19 patients compared with the control group. Forty COVID‐19 intensive care unit (ICU) patients were compared with 40 healthy controls. The frequency of cells, gene expression of related factors, as well as the secretion levels of cytokines, were measured by flow cytometry, real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay techniques, respectively. The findings revealed a significant increase in the number of Th17 cells, the expression levels of related factors (RAR‐related orphan receptor gamma [RORγt], IL‐17, and IL‐23), and the secretion levels of IL‐17 and IL‐23 cytokines in COVID‐19 patients compared with controls. In contrast, patients had a remarkable reduction in the frequency of Treg cells, the expression levels of correlated factors (Forkhead box protein P3 [FoxP3], transforming growth factor‐β [TGF‐β], and IL‐10), and cytokine secretion levels (TGF‐β and IL‐10). The ratio of Th17/Treg cells, RORγt/FoxP3, and IL‐17/IL‐10 had a considerable enhancement in patients compared with the controls and also in dead patients compared with the improved cases. The findings showed that enhanced responses of Th17 cells and decreased responses of Treg cells in 2019‐n‐CoV patients compared with controls had a strong relationship with hyperinflammation, lung damage, and disease pathogenesis. Also, the high ratio of Th17/Treg cells and their associated factors in COVID‐19‐dead patients compared with improved cases indicates the critical role of inflammation in the mortality of patients.
Aggressive Langerhans cell histiocytosis following T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Jansen Chandler , Dykstra Jordan , Callaway Daniel , Lynch Douglas , Cunningham Arwyn , Frohm Marcus L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA 4‐year‐old female child developed cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis 6 months following a diagnosis of T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Imaging revealed no evidence of systemic disease. Seven months later, the first systemic lesion was discovered on laryngoscopy. Restaging Positron Emission Tomography ‐ Computed Tomography at that time revealed new 18‐fluorodeoxyglucose‐positive lesions in the left apical pleural margin, right lower peri‐esophageal region, left ventricular myocardium, pancreas, upper pole of the left kidney, and inguinal and gluteal regions consistent with progressive systemic disease. Genomic testing revealed a low tumor mutational burden as well as mutations in KRAS G12A, ARID1A Q524, CDKN2A/B loss, and an alteration in NOTCH1.
Superwettable Surface Engineering in Controlling Cell Adhesion for Emerging Bioapplications
Authors: Cui Haijun , Wang Wenshuo , Shi Lianxin , Song Wenlong , Wang Shutao 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe dynamic liquid environment of live cells makes it necessary to consider the surface wettability when designing biomaterials and related devices. Especially superwettability, as the extreme state of wettability, has become a unique platform for regulating cell behaviors elaborately including adhesion, spreading, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, which elicits the promising applications on biomedicine and advanced biodevices. In this review, the controlling cell adhesion on superwettable engineering surfaces is summarized. Next, the related bioapplications utilizing the surface superwettability are recapitulated, including reversible surface wettability for cell capture/adhesion, superwettability‐based patterns for cell arrays/aggregations construction, superwettability for antiplatelet adhesion, and superwettable surfaces as antimicrobial materials. Several design concepts are concluded on the emerging bioapplications of superwettable surface. Although so many efforts have been made for revealing the mechanism of cell functions on the superwettable surface, the complexity and variability between superwettable surface and liquid environment in physiological activities of organisms still requires impeccable theories, and the remaining unclear mechanisms of superwettability for biological systems are also discussed. As an outlook, the surface superwettability is just beginning to demonstrate its great potential in biology, offering great opportunities in tissue engineering, implantable devices, biosensors, drug‐screening, and cancer diagnostics.
Monitoring great ape heart health through innovative electrocardiogram technology: Training methodologies and welfare implications
Authors: Cloutier Barbour Christina , Danforth Marietta D. , Murphy Hayley , Sleeper Meg M. , Kutinsky Ilana 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAssessing and treating cardiovascular disease (or heart disease) is a growing concern for institutions housing great apes, as it is a major cause of mortality in all four taxa managed in human care. As part of a proactive monitoring plan, zoological managers and veterinarians often elect to perform electrocardiograms (ECGs) on their great ape populations. ECGs noninvasively evaluate cardiac electrical activity, and are thereby capable of providing information regarding heart function. This electrical signature is transcribed as a visual display of waveforms, referred to as telemetry strips, and can detect irregularities in heart rhythm, also known as arrhythmia. While traditional 6‐ or 12‐lead ECGs are recommended periodically as part of a thorough heart performance evaluation, here we discuss the KardiaMobile (KM) device as an additional primate welfare tool. KM is a small, Food and Drug Administration‐cleared, clinical‐grade mobile ECG monitor that requires only 30 s of pressure to flag heart rate or arrhythmic abnormalities. We detail the training process and applicability to great apes in human care.
Educating for Enterprise
Authors: Luckman Susan , Andrew Jane 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter will provide a necessarily brief historical overview of the models of training available to support skills development for the applied arts in Australia, from colonial cottage industries to the educational experiences of the contemporary craftspeople and designer makers who participated in this study. In doing so, it will highlight significant contemporary Australian federal and state government political and economic policy agendas that have directly and indirectly influenced changes to the nature, form and institutional investment in education supporting the development of contemporary Australian makers. The second half of this chapter reports on the research participants’ educational experiences and sense of how well prepared they were upon graduating to establish and sustain a viable creative enterprise.
What Does ‘Handmade’ Mean Today?
Authors: Luckman Susan , Andrew Jane 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe phrase ‘designer maker’ is being employed increasingly in the contemporary craft and design marketplace, especially among those seeking to make a full-time living from their practice. It marks those makers who may undertake original design and prototyping themselves, but who, in order to scale up their production in ways not always possible for a solo hand maker, outsource some or all subsequent aspects of production to other makers or machine-assisted manufacturing processes. But despite widespread use of this phrase, some makers remain keen to manage the scale of their business. As a result, many of those craftspeople and designer makers we spoke to who were in a position to scale-up their production while stepping back from the making themselves were reluctant to go down this path. Elsewhere we have explored these issues in terms of balancing making income with quality of life, as well as in terms of the desire to be a maker, to be doing the creative work oneself, and thus not ‘get too big’ with the added pressures and responsibilities of being an employer (Luckman, Cultural Trends, 27(5), 313–326 (2018)). In this chapter, we home in more on what upscaling and outsourcing reveals about competing definitions of, and attitudes towards, the idea of ‘the handmade’. We also explore attitudes towards handmaking versus other forms of production, including outsourcing and the use of digital tools.
Creative Craft and Design Microenterprise in the Age of Social Media
Authors: Luckman Susan , Andrew Jane 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter reports upon how makers experience and negotiate the increasing demands of social media, in particular the highly visual and stylised world of Instagram. While a recurrent theme through the research was how ‘easy’ it is to establish an online retail presence, the work involved in maintaining and building their brand was identified consistently as the real challenge. It is in this context that the demands of social media as a new normal baseline eating up time makers would rather spend making appear as part of the new administrative burden facing the self-employed and creative microenterprises. The chapter finishes on a final note acknowledging, but also problematising, the ongoing role of locality-based support organisations in the digital age.
Cannabidiol im Kontext erstmaliger verkehrsmedizinischer Fahreignungsabklärungen in der Schweiz
Authors: Goldberg E. , Lakämper S. 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung
Cannabidiol (CBD) ist neben Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) ein bedeutender Bestandteil der Cannabis-Pflanze (C. sativa und C. indica). Dem CBD selbst wird keine bedeutsame psychoaktive Wirkung zugeschrieben und es wird nicht zu den Betäubungsmitteln gezählt; klinisch sind aber sedierende/entspannende Effekte bestätigt. Seit dem Jahr 2014 sind in der Schweiz CBD-haltige Tabakersatzprodukte mit einem THC-Gehalt <1 % frei verkäuflich.

Fragestellung
Es ist unklar, ob und bei welchen Konzentrationen CBD einen Einfluss auf die Fahrfähigkeit (FF) und Fahreignung (FE) hat. Bei Konsum von Tabakersatzprodukten mit einem THC-Gehalt <1 % kann der Blutgrenzwert für THC (in der Schweiz: 1,5 µg/l) überschritten werden, was automatisch zu gesetzlicher Fahrunfähigkeit führt. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der Stellenwert von CBD bei erstmaligen verkehrsmedizinischen Fahreignungsabklärungen von Cannabiskonsumenten untersucht.

Methode
Retrospektive stichwortbasierte Recherche und Analyse der Datenbank der Abteilung Verkehrsmedizin des Instituts für Rechtsmedizin der Universität Zürich. Deskriptive statistische Analyse. Einschlusskriterien: abgeschlossene verkehrsmedizinische Gutachten im Administrativverfahren aufgrund von erstmaligem Fahren unter Cannabiseinfluss (Fahren unter Drogeneinfluss, FuD). Ausschluss von Konsum sonstiger Betäubungsmittel. Untersuchungszeitpunkt zwischen 01.01.2016 und 31.12.2019. Analyse nach Alter, Geschlecht und Beurteilungsentscheid.

Resultat
Im untersuchten Zeitraum insgesamt 62.997 Fälle, davon 1082 Erst-FuD unter Cannabinoiden. Keine Fälle vor 01.01.2016, jedoch dann stetige Zunahme, bis 15,17 % aller Cannabis-Begutachtungen im Jahr 2019. (Bei‑)Konsum von CBD: 62 Fälle (5,7 %). Die meisten CBD-Konsumenten sind männlich (91,9 %). Unterschiedliche Altersverteilung zwischen CBD und THC-Konsumenten mit auffälliger Häufung bei 30- bis 40-jährigen Exploranden. Kaum Unterschiede in der Beurteilung der Fahreignung.

Schlussfolgerung
Cannabidiol spielt in dieser Untersuchung zwar eine untergeordnete, jedoch zunehmende Rolle bei der Begutachtung erstmaligen Fahrens unter Cannabiseinfluss. Ein Einfluss von CBD auf die FF ist daraus somit nicht ableitbar und ergibt sich auch nicht aus anderen publizierten Untersuchungen. Aus Sicht der Autoren bedarf es klinisch-prospektiver Forschungsprojekte zur Klärung der Wirkung von CBD unter Berücksichtigung von subjektiver Fahrfähigkeitswahrnehmung und Fahrleistungsdefiziten.
„Flying Forensic Nursing“ in der Versorgung und Beratung von Gewaltbetroffenen
Authors: Hofer V. , Galli J. , Thali M. J. , Martinez R. M. 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
„Forensic Nursing“ als eine Spezialisierung des Pflegeberufs hat sich in der Schweiz zwar mittlerweile in einzelnen Institutionen durchgesetzt und wird schrittweise in den Krankenhausalltag implementiert. Doch längst nicht alle Institutionen beschäftigen forensisch spezialisierte Pflegefachpersonen. Somit kann ein uneingeschränktes Dienstleistungsangebot, z. B. ereignisnahe körperliche Untersuchungen nach Gewalt oder Untersuchungen bei V. a. Fahrunfähigkeit, nicht aufrechterhalten werden.

Ziel der Arbeit
Grundlage der vorliegenden Studie ist die Abschlussarbeit einer Certificate-of-Advanced-Studies(CAS)-Absolventin im Fachbereich „Forensic Nursing“ zum Thema „Flying Forensic Nurse“ [1]. Die Studienergebnisse und die praktischen Erfahrungen einer realen Flying Forensic Nurse sollen die dort getroffenen Schlussfolgerungen ergänzen und das Konzept des Flying Forensic Nursing weiterverfeinern. Damit könnten sich in Zukunft neue Perspektiven in der modernen Versorgung von Gewaltbetroffenen ergeben.

Material und Methode
Eine systematische Auswertung der Istsituation in der Schweiz wurde vorgenommen. In der Projektarbeit waren die formellen und organisatorischen Möglichkeiten der Einbindung einer Flying Forensic Nurse in der Schweiz evaluiert und dargelegt worden. Im Rahmen der Evaluation organisatorischer Aspekte musste zunächst z. B. eruiert werden, ob es sinnvoll ist, dass eine Forensic Nurse „on demand“ zur Verfügung steht. Weiterhin galt es, die formellen Rahmenbedingungen, d. h. Anforderungen an eine Forensic Nurse, die Gestaltung eines Aufgabenportfolios und dessen Stellenwert im Kontext rechtlicher Anforderungen, abzuklären.

Ergebnisse
Die Istsituation ist für alle Beteiligten und die involvierten Institutionen als unbefriedigend zu bezeichnen und bedarf der Verbesserung. Zur professionellen, nachhaltigen und einheitlichen Lösung bestehender Lücken in der forensisch-medizinischen Versorgung von gewaltbetroffenen Personen kann die dedizierte Einbindung einer Flying Forensic Nurse beitragen. Dieser Ansatz sieht vor, dass forensisch ausgebildete Pflegefachpersonen entweder an ihrem bestehenden Arbeitsort oder auf Abruf einbezogen werden.

Schlussfolgerungen
Die Einbeziehung einer Flying Forensic Nurse in die Untersuchung, Befunderhebung und allfällige Spurensicherung bei Gewaltdelikten ist sinnvoll. Einige Aspekte bedürfen der vorherigen Abklärung. Beispielsweise muss das Anstellungsverhältnis zwischen der Flying Forensic Nurse und dem Auftraggeber klar geregelt werden. Hierzu gehören die Lohn- und Versicherungsverhältnisse sowie die Frage der Qualitätssicherung durch eine definierte Stelle. Diese Aufgaben sollten aber in naher Zukunft lösbar sein.
Checkpoint-Inhibitoren – Indikation und Verwendung bei Melanompatienten
Authors: Lamos C. , Hunger R. E. 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungDie gesamte Onkologie wurde durch die Einführung von Ipilimumab, einem Checkpoint-Inhibitor, im Jahr 2011 revolutioniert. Seitdem wurden weitere effektive Checkpoint-Inhibitoren, wie die PD-1-Antikörper Nivolumab und Pembrolizumab entwickelt. Die Ergebnisse sind bahnbrechend, insbesondere beim fortgeschrittenen malignen Melanom, welches bis vor Kurzem in den meisten Fällen nach wenigen Monaten zum Tode führte. Die Anwendung der Checkpoint-Inhibitoren wurde mit vielversprechenden Ergebnissen auf weitere Tumorentitäten ausgeweitet.
The associations between late effects of cancer treatment, work ability and job resources: a systematic review
Authors: Boelhouwer Ingrid G. , Vermeer Willemijn , van Vuuren Tinka 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Objective
The aim of this review is to evaluate associations between possible late effects of cancer treatment (i.e. physical complaints, fatigue, or cognitive complaints) and work ability among workers beyond 2 years after cancer diagnosis who returned to work. The role of job resources (social support, autonomy, leadership style, coaching, and organizational culture) is also evaluated.

Methods
The search for studies was conducted in PsycINFO, Medline, Business Source Premier, ABI/Inform, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. A quality assessment was used to clarify the quality across studies.

Results
The searches included 2303 records. Finally, 36 studies were included. Work ability seemed to decline shortly after cancer treatment and recover in the first 2 years after diagnosis, although it might still be lower than among healthy workers. No data were available on the course of work ability beyond the first 2 years. Late physical complaints, fatigue and cognitive complaints were negatively related with work ability across all relevant studies. Furthermore, social support and autonomy were associated with higher work ability, but no data were available on a possible buffering effect of these job resources on the relationship between late effects and work ability. As far as reported, most research was carried out among salaried workers.

Conclusion
It is unknown if late effects of cancer treatment diminish work ability beyond two years after being diagnosed with cancer. Therefore, more longitudinal research into the associations between possible late effects of cancer treatment and work ability needs to be carried out. Moreover, research is needed on the buffering effect of job resources, both for salaried and self-employed workers.