bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Investigation of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Performance Characterization Using New Variable Pitch Control Scheme
Authors: Mohammed Amin A. , Sahin Ahmet Z. , Ouakad Hassen M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
A double multiple streamtube model coupled with variable pitch methodology is used to analyze the performance characteristics of a small-scale straight-bladed Darrieus type vertical axis wind turbine (SB-VAWT). The numerical study revealed that a fixed pitch of −2.5 deg could greatly enhance the performance of the wind turbine. However, no improvement is observed in the starting torque capacity. Furthermore, the performance of upwind and downwind zones has been investigated, and it is found that the VAWT starting capacity is improved by increasing/decreasing the pitch angle upwind/downwind of the turbine. To optimize the performance, four cases of variable pitch angle schemes of sinusoidal nature were examined. The parameters of the sinusoidal functions were optimized using differential evolution (DE) algorithm with different cost functions. The results showed improvement in the power coefficient, yet with low starting capacity enhancement. Among the objective functions used in DE algorithm, the negative of the average power coefficient is found to lead to the best starting capacity with moderate peak power coefficient.
Life-threatening hypersensitivity pneumonitis secondary to e-cigarettes
Authors: Nair Nisha , Hurley Matthew , Gates Simon , Davies Patrick , Chen I-Ling , Todd Ian , Fairclough Lucy , Bush Andrew , Bhatt Jayesh Mahendra 
Published: November 2019

We report a case of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) in a young person secondary to vaping. He presented with a putative diagnosis of asthma and required extracorporeal membrane oxygenationbecause of intractable respiratory failure. He developed a critical illness and steroid myopathy and required prolonged rehabilitation. Our patient fulfils diagnostic criteria for HP secondary to e-cigarettes with a positive exposure history, deterioration after skin prick testing, specific serum IgM antibodies against the implicated liquid raising the possibility that the relevant antigen was present in that liquid and radiological and histopathological features compatible with acute HP. There are two learning points. The first is always to consider a reaction to e-cigarettes in someone presenting with an atypical respiratory illness. The second is that we consider e-cigarettes as ‘much safer than tobacco’ at our peril.
Rationale and design of a cross-sectional study to investigate and describe the chronotype of patients with type 2 diabetes and the effect on glycaemic control: the CODEC study
Authors: Brady Emer M , Hall Andrew P , Baldry Emma , Chatterjee Sudesna , Daniels Lois J , Edwardson Charlotte , Khunti Kamlesh , Patel Mubarak I , Henson Joseph J , Rowlands Alex , Smith Alice C , Yates Thomas , Davies Melanie J 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionA person’s chronotype is their entrained preference for sleep time within the 24 hours clock. It is described by the well-known concept of the ‘lark’ (early riser) and ‘owl’ (late sleeper). Evidence suggests that the ‘owl’ is metabolically disadvantaged due to the standard organisation of our society which favours the ‘lark’ and places physiological stresses on this chronotype. The aim of this study is to explore cardiometabolic health between the lark and owl in a population with an established metabolic condition - type 2 diabetes.MethodsThis cross-sectional, multisite study aims to recruit 2247 participants from both secondary and primary care settings. The primary objective is to compare glycaemic control between late and early chronotypes. Secondary objectives include determining if late-chronotype is associated with poorer cardiometabolic health and other lifestyle factors, including well-being, compared with early-chronotype; describing the prevalence of the five different chronotypes in this cohort and examining the trends in glycaemic control, cardiometabolic health, well-being and lifestyle factors across chronotype.AnalysisThe primary outcome (glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)), linear regression analysis will compare HbA1c between early and late chronotypes, with and without adjustment for confounding variables. Chronotype will be modelled as a categorical variable with all five levels (from extreme-morning to extreme-late type), and as a continuous variable to calculate p for trend across the five categories. A number of models will be created; unadjusted through to adjusted with age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, duration of diabetes, family history of diabetes, current medication and dietary habits. All secondary outcomes will be analysed using the same method.EthicsEthical approval from the West Midlands - Black Country Research Ethics Committee (16/WM/0457).DisseminationThe results will be disseminated through publication in peer-reviewed medical journal, relevant medical/health conferences and a summary report sent to patients.Trial
registration numberNCT02973412 (Pre-Results).
Qualitative investigation of relatives’ and service users’ experience of mental healthcare for suicidal behaviour in bipolar disorder
Authors: Clements Caroline , Kapur Navneet , Jones Steven H , Morriss Richard , Peters Sarah 
Published: November 2019

ObjectivePeople with bipolar disorder are known to be at high risk of engaging in suicidal behaviours, and those who die by suicide have often been in recent contact with mental health services. The objective of this study was to explore suicidal behaviour in bipolar disorder and how this is monitored and managed by mental health services.AimsTo identify themes within relatives’ and service users’ accounts of mental healthcare, related to management and prevention of suicidal behaviour in bipolar disorder.DesignThematic analysis of 22 semistructured interviews.ParticipantsParticipants were aged 18 years or over, fluent in written and spoken English, and either had bipolar disorder with a history of suicidal behaviour, or were relatives of people with bipolar disorder who had died by suicide.SettingEngland, UK.Primary outcomeThemes identified from participants’ accounts of mental healthcare for suicidal behaviours in bipolar disorder.ResultsTwo main themes were identified. ‘Access to care’ was characterised by a series or cycle of potential barriers to care (eg, gate-keepers, lack of an accurate diagnosis) which had the potential to increase risk of suicidal behaviour if failure to access care continued over time. ‘Problems with communication’ captured the importance of maintaining open routes of communication between all parties involved in care to ensure successful monitoring and management of suicidal behaviours in bipolar disorder.ConclusionsMental health services need to be accessible and respond rapidly to people with suicidal behaviour in bipolar disorder. Open communication and inclusion of relatives in care, where appropriate, could help closer monitoring of changes in symptoms that indicate increased risk.
Exercise and adiposity in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a systematic review with network meta-analysis of randomised trials
Authors: Kelley George A , Kelley Kristi S , Pate Russell R 
Published: November 2019

ObjectivesDetermine both the effects and hierarchy of effectiveness for exercise interventions (aerobic, strength training or both) on selected measures of adiposity (body mass index (BMI) in kg/m2, fat mass and per cent body fat) in overweight and obese children and adolescents.DesignNetwork meta-analysis of randomised exercise intervention trials.SettingAny setting where a randomised trial could be conducted.ParticipantsOverweight and obese male and/or female children and adolescents 2–18 years of age.InterventionsRandomised exercise intervention trials>4 weeks, published between 1 January 1973 and 22 August 2018, and which included direct and/or indirect evidence for aerobic, strength training or combined aerobic and strength training.Primary outcomesChanges in BMI in kg/m2, fat mass and per cent body fat.ResultsFifty-seven studies representing 127 groups (73 exercise, 54 control) and 2792 participants (1667 exercise, 1125 control) met the criteria for inclusion. Length of training (X-± SD) averaged 14.1±6.2 weeks, frequency, 3.3±1.1 days per week and duration 42.0±21.0 min per session. Significant and clinically important reductions in BMI, fat mass and per cent body fat were observed in aerobic versus control comparisons (BMI, mean, 95% CI -1.0, 1.4 to −0.6; fat mass -2.1, –3.3 to −1.0 kg; per cent fat -1.5, –2.2 to −0.9%) and combined aerobic and strength versus control comparisons (BMI -0.7, –1.4 to −0.1; fat mass -2.5, –4.1 to −1.0 kg; per cent fat, -2.2, –3.2 to −1.2%). A significant reduction in per cent fat was also found for strength vs control comparisons (-1.3,–2.5 to −0.1%). Combined aerobic and strength training was ranked first for improving both fat mass (kg) and per cent body fat while aerobic exercise was ranked first for improving BMI.ConclusionsAerobic and combined aerobic and strength training are associated with improvements in adiposity outcomes in overweight and obese children and adolescents.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017073103.
Adapting the Diabetes Prevention Program for low and middle-income countries: protocol for a cluster randomised trial to evaluate ‘Lifestyle Africa’
Authors: Catley Delwyn , Puoane Thandi , Tsolekile Lungiswa , Resnicow Ken , Fleming Kandace , Hurley Emily A , Smyth Joshua M , Vitolins Mara Z , Lambert Estelle V , Levitt Naomi , Goggin Kathy 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionLow and middle-income countries like South Africa are experiencing major increases in burden of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular conditions. However, evidence-based interventions to address behavioural factors related to these diseases are lacking. Our study aims to adapt the CDC’s National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) within the context of an under-resourced urban community in Cape Town, South Africa.Methods/analysisThe new intervention (Lifestyle Africa) consists of 17 weekly sessions delivered by trained community health workers (CHWs). In addition to educational and cultural adaptations of DPP content, the programme adds novel components of text messaging and CHW training in Motivational Interviewing. We will recruit overweight and obese participants (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) who are members of 28 existing community health clubs served by CHWs. In a 2-year cluster randomised control trial, clubs will be randomly allocated to receive the intervention or usual care. After year 1, usual care participants will also receive the intervention and both groups will be followed for another year. The primary outcome analysis will compare percentage of baseline weight loss at year 1. Secondary outcomes will include diabetes and cardiovascular risk indicators (blood pressure, haemoglobin A1C, lipids), changes in self-reported medication use, diet (fat and fruit and vegetable intake), physical activity and health-related quality of life. We will also assess potential psychosocial mediators/moderators as well as cost-effectiveness of the programme.Ethics/disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the University of Cape Town and Children’s Mercy. Results will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals and training curricula will be disseminated to local stakeholders.Trial registration numberNCT03342274.
Randomised clinical trial of an emergency department-based peer recovery support intervention to increase treatment uptake and reduce recurrent overdose among individuals at high risk for opioid overdose: study protocol for the navigator trial
Authors: Goedel William C , Marshall Brandon D L , Samuels Elizabeth A , Brinkman Mark G , Dettor Debra , Langdon Kirsten J , Mahoney Linda A , Merchant Roland C , Nizami Tarek , O'Toole George A , Ramsey Susan E , Yedinak Jesse L , Beaudoin Francesca L 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionEffective approaches to increase engagement in treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) and reduce the risk of recurrent overdose and death following emergency department (ED) presentation for opioid overdose remain unknown. As such, we aim to compare the effectiveness of behavioural interventions delivered in the ED by certified peer recovery support specialists relative to those delivered by licensed clinical social workers (LCSWs) in promoting OUD treatment uptake and reducing recurrent ED visits for opioid overdose.Methods and analysisAdult ED patients who are at high risk for opioid overdose (ie, are being treated for an opioid overdose or identified by the treating physician as having OUD) (n=650) will be recruited from two EDs in a single healthcare system in Providence, Rhode Island into a two-arm randomised trial with 18 months of follow-up postrandomisation. Eligible participants will be randomly assigned (1:1) in the ED to receive a behavioural intervention from a certified peer recovery support specialist or a behavioural intervention from an LCSW. The primary outcomes are engagement in formal OUD treatment within 30 days of the initial ED visit and recurrent ED visits for opioid overdose within 18 months of the initial ED visit, as measured through statewide administrative records.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol was approved by the Rhode Island Hospital institutional review board (Approval Number: 212418). Data will be presented at national and international conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberNCT03684681.
Physical activity and health-related quality of life in former elite and recreational cricketers from the UK with upper extremity or lower extremity persistent joint pain: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Bullock Garrett Scott , Collins Gary , Peirce Nicholas , Arden Nigel K , Filbay Stephanie R 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveTo evaluate and compare physical activity (PA) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in former elite and recreational cricketers with upper extremity (UE), lower extremity (LE) or no joint pain.Study designCross-sectional cohort.SettingDespite the high prevalence of joint pain in former athletes, the impact of UE pain and LE pain on PA and HRQoL and potential differences between former recreational and elite athletes are poorly understood.Participants703 former cricketers aged ≥18 years (mean age 58.7, SD 12.9, played an average of 30 (IQR 20–40) seasons, 72% of whom had played at a recreational level) were recruited through the Cricket Health and Wellbeing Study and met eligibility requirements (UE pain, LE pain or no joint pain (defined as pain on most days of the past month)).Primary and secondary outcomesThe International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form collected weekly metabolic equivalents (METS), while the Short-Form 8 collected physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component scores. Kruskal-Wallis tests with Dunn’s post-hoc and multivariable linear regressions were performed.ResultsWeekly METS were similar in former cricketers with UE pain (median (IQR) 2560 (722–4398)), LE pain (2215 (527–3903)) and no pain (2449 (695–4203), p=0.39). MCS were similar between groups (UE pain 56.0 (52.1–60.0); LE pain 55.2 (51.1–59.4); no pain 54.7 (50.7–58.7), p=0.38). PCS were more impaired in former cricketers with UE pain (49.8 (44.9–54.8)) or LE pain (46.7 (41.0–51.9)) compared with no pain (54.2 (51.5–56.9), p<0.0001). Former cricketers with LE pain reported worse PCS than those with UE pain (p=0.04). Similar relationships were observed in former elite and recreational cricketers.ConclusionDespite impaired physical components of HRQoL in former cricketers with UE pain or LE pain, pain was not related to PA levels or mental components of HRQoL. Physical components of HRQoL were most impaired in those with LE pain, and findings were similar among former elite and recreational cricketers.
Identifying and mapping biopsychosocial factors associated with pain in adults with advanced liver disease: protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Gorospe Franklin , Istanboulian Laura , Puts Martine , Wong David , Lee Elizabeth , Dale Craig 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionPain is highly prevalent in the adult population diagnosed with liver disease. Those progressing to advanced liver disease often experience persistent pain and poor pain relief. There is presently limited guidance for the management of pain and associated symptoms in this population. The current literature lacks attention on how physical, psychological and social domains of liver disease modulate the pain experience. In this paper, we outline our scoping review protocol to systematically review the literature from academic bibliographic databases and grey sources to identify and map the biopsychosocial factors associated with pain in adults with advanced liver disease.Methods and analysisArksey and O’Malley’s methodology, and Tricco et al’s Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews, will guide the process for this scoping review. The literature search will include electronic and hand-searching methods using scholarly and grey sources. Scholarly databases include Medline, Embase, Allied and Complementary Medicine and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Grey databases will focus on research studies not captured in the scholarly databases including those by government agencies and professional organisations. Two members of the research team will independently screen the resulting publications following specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality appraisal of the included research studies will employ the use of the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool version 2018. Data collection and extraction of study characteristics will use a data extraction tool developed iteratively by the research team. Analysis of the factors associated with pain outcomes will be mapped and described according to the domains of the biopsychosocial model of pain.Ethics and disseminationThe scoping review involves analysis of the published literature on pain and advanced liver disease and does not require ethics approval. The results will be shared with expert stakeholders to help establish clinical significance. We will disseminate the findings through publication in a scholarly journal: local, provincial, national and international scientific and professional conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019135677
Investigating the association between early years foundation stage profile scores and subsequent diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder: a retrospective study of linked healthcare and education data
Authors: Wright Barry , Mon-Williams Mark , Kelly Brian , Williams Stefan , Sims David , Mushtaq Faisal , Sohal Kuldeep , Blackwell Jane Elizabeth , Wright John 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveWe set out to test whether the early years foundation stage profile (EYFSP) score derived from 17 items assessed by teachers at the end of reception school year had any association with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis in subsequent years. This study tested the feasibility of successfully linking education and health data.DesignA retrospective data linkage study.Setting and participantsThe Born in Bradford longitudinal cohort of 13, 857 children.Outcome measuresWe linked the EYFSP score at the end of reception year with subsequent diagnosis of an ASD, using all ASD general practitioner Read codes. We used the total EYFSP score and a subscore consisting of five key items in the EYFSP, prospectively identified using a panel of early years autism experts.ResultsThis study demonstrated the feasibility of linking education and health data using ASDs as an exemplar. A total of 8,935 children had linked primary care and education data with 20.7% scoring <25 on the total EYFSP and 15.2% scoring <10 on a EYFSP subscore proposed by an expert panel prospectively. The rate of diagnosis of ASDs at follow-up was just under 1% (84 children), children scoring <25 on the total EYFSP had a 4.1% chance of ASD compared with 0.15% of the remaining children. Using the prospectively designed subscore, this difference was greater (6.4% and 0.12%, respectively).ConclusionsWe demonstrate the feasibility of linking education and health data. Performance on teacher ratings taken universally in school reception class can flag children at risk of ASDs. Further research is warranted to explore the utility of EYFSP as an initial screening tool for ASD in early school years.
‘Reduced’ HUNT model outperforms NLST and NELSON study criteria in predicting lung cancer in the Danish screening trial
Authors: Røe Oluf Dimitri , Markaki Maria , Tsamardinos Ioannis , Lagani Vincenzo , Nguyen Olav Toai Duc , Pedersen Jesper Holst , Saghir Zaigham , Ashraf Haseem Gary 
Published: November 2019

HypothesisWe hypothesise that the validated HUNT Lung Cancer Risk Model would perform better than the NLST (USA) and the NELSON (Dutch‐Belgian) criteria in the Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial (DLCST).MethodsThe DLCST measured only five out of the seven variables included in validated HUNT Lung Cancer Model. Therefore a ‘Reduced’ model was retrained in the Norwegian HUNT2-cohort using the same statistical methodology as in the original HUNT model but based only on age, pack years, smoking intensity, quit time and body mass index (BMI), adjusted for sex. The model was applied on the DLCST-cohort and contrasted against the NLST and NELSON criteria.ResultsAmong the 4051 smokers in the DLCST with 10 years follow-up, median age was 57.6, BMI 24.75, pack years 33.8, cigarettes per day 20 and most were current smokers. For the same number of individuals selected for screening, the performance of the ‘Reduced’ HUNT was increased in all metrics compared with both the NLST and the NELSON criteria. In addition, to achieve the same sensitivity, one would need to screen fewer people by the ‘Reduced’ HUNT model versus using either the NLST or the NELSON criteria (709 vs 918, p=1.02e-11 and 1317 vs 1668, p=2.2e-16, respectively).ConclusionsThe ‘Reduced’ HUNT model is superior in predicting lung cancer to both the NLST and NELSON criteria in a cost-effective way. This study supports the use of the HUNT Lung Cancer Model for selection based on risk ranking rather than age, pack year and quit time cut-off values. When we know how to rank personal risk, it will be up to the medical community and lawmakers to decide which risk threshold will be set for screening.