bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-41 Effect of Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid on gene expression in goat blood
Authors: Ekwemalor Kingsley , Worku Mulumebet 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Polyinosinic-polycytidylic [poly(I:C)] acid on gene activation in goat blood. Polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid is a synthetic dsRNA analogue that binds to Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3. Synthetic TLR agonists are promising immune modulators. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of BoerXSpanish goats (n = 3) into tubes containing an anticoagulant. Whole blood was treated with the 12.5 µg/ml of poly I:C or 200µl of PBS which served as control. Cells were incubated at 37°C with 5% CO2 and 85% humidity for 30 minutes. Total RNA was isolated from the pellet using Trizol and then converted to cDNA using RETROscript kit (Qiagen). The expression of 84 genes in the human TLR signaling pathway RT2 PCR Array was evaluated using real-time PCR. Fold change in gene expression was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCt method. The housekeeping gene GAPDH, ACTB, HPRT1, TBP, and YWHAZ was used to normalize the data. Fold change was set at a cutoff of 2. Following treatment with poly I:C, 24 genes were up-regulated, 15 genes were down-regulated. The gene MAPK8 was induced by poly I:C treatment. Only 74 genes were expressed in the control. Thirty-nine genes were expressed in both the control group and poly I:C treatment group. Treatment with poly I:C also down-regulated some of the genes tested. Our results show that treatment poly I:C modulated the expression of genes in the TLR signaling pathway and provides insights into how goats respond to viral pathogens for the design of adjuvants to enhance the immune response.
PSX-32 Prediction of energy requirements for maintenance and growth of female Korean black goats
Authors: Lee Jinwook , Lee Sang Hoon , Lee Sung Soo , Kim Dong Kyo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The consumption of goat has changed from medicinal to meat in Korea. Thus, the population of Korean black goats (KBG) are continuously increased in recent years. However, the nutrition requirement of KBG has not been clearly defined. Therefore, this study was conducted to predict the energy requirements for maintenance and growth of female Korean black goats during their growth and pregnancy phases. Fifty female goats (18.7±0.27 kg) in their growth phase with an average age of 5 months were stratified by weight and randomly assigned into 5 groups. They were fed 5 diets varying in metabolic energy (ME) [2.32 (G1), 2.49 (G2), 2.74 (G3), 2.99 (G4), and 3.24 (G5) Mcal/kg] until they were 9-month-old. After natural breeding, 50 female goats (30.7±0.59 kg) were stratified by weight and randomly assigned into 5 groups. They were fed 5 diets varying in ME [2.32 (P1), 2.43 (P2), 2.55 (P3), 2.66 (P4), and 2.78 (P5) Mcal/kg]. The average feed intake ranged between 1.5 and 2.0% of the body weight (BW), and there was no significant difference between the treatment groups with goats in growth or pregnancy phases. Average daily gain (ADG) in diet demand during the growth phase increased with an increasing ME density and ranged from 46 to 69 g/d (P &lt; 0.01). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) improved with the ME density during the growth phase (P &lt; 0.01). The intercept of the regression equation between ME intake and ADG indicated that energy requirement for maintenance of goats during growth and pregnancy phases was 103.53 kcal/BW0.75 and 102.7 kcal/BW0.75, respectively. These results may serve as a basis for the establishment of goat feeding standards in Korea. Further studies are required to assess the nutrient requirement of goats using various methods for improving accuracy.
PSX-8 Effects of hair sheep breed and region of origin on feed dry matter required for maintenance without and with a marked feed restriction
Authors: Tadesse Dereje , Puchala Ryszard , Goetsch Arthur L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Effects of hair sheep breed and region of origin on feed required for maintenance without and with a substantial restriction were determined with 46 Dorper, 47 Katahdin, and 41 St. Croix females (initial BW of 62, 62, and 51 kg, respectively, SEM=1.43; 3.8±0.18 yr of age, 1.2–11.7) from 45 commercial farms in midwest, northwest, southeast, and central Texas regions of the USA. A 50% concentrate pelleted diet was fed, with the amount varied in the first 4 wk for stable BW and average DM intake in wk 3–4 relative to BW0.75 considered DM required for maintenance without restriction (DMm-m). Feed offered in wk 6–10 was 55% of DMm-m, with DM intake relative to BW0.75 in wk 9–10 considered the requirement with feed restriction (DMm-r). Region had little effect on any measure. The DMm-m was slightly greater (P &lt; 0.05) for St. Croix than for Dorper and Katahdin (49.4, 48.9, and 50.9 g/kg BW0.75 for Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively; SEM=0.48). The decline in BW during the restriction phase was relatively small and similar among breeds (wk 9–10 vs. 3–4: 3.6, 3.2, and 2.9 kg for Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively; SEM=0.21). The DMm-r averaged 43% less than DMm-m, again being greater (P ≤ 0.056) for St. Croix than for Dorper and Katahdin (28.3, 27.9, and 29.1 g/kg BW0.75 for Dorper, Katahdin, and St. Croix, respectively; SEM=0.28). The DMm-m and DMm-r were highly related, indicating that animals would rank similarly at both levels of intake, and variation was similar among breeds. In conclusion, the amount of feed required for BW maintenance was greatest for St. Croix regardless of feed restriction, but differences were minor. The hair sheep exhibited considerable capacity for decreasing the feed requirement for maintenance when offered feed was markedly restricted.
PSXIII-23 Dietary glutamine, glutamate, and aspartate supplementation improves morphology and intercellular junction of small intestine in piglets
Authors: Wang Jing , Tan Bi E , Li Jianjun , Qi Ming , Ren Wenkai , Yin Yulong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Weaning-stress decreases the digestive and absorptive capacity of small intestine in piglets, resulting in reduction in energy intake for intestine cells and defects in epithelial structure. As glutamine (Gln), glutamate (Glu), and aspartate (Asp) are major energy sources for small intestine; thus, this study was conducted to test the hypotheses that supplementation with Gln, Glu, and Asp in diets will improve the intestinal morphology and tight junction in weaning piglets. 198 weaned piglets were assigned to the following treatments: i) Control (Basal diet + 1.59% L-Alanine); ii) T1 (Basal diet + 1% L-Glutamine + 0.5% L-Glutamate + 0.1% L-Aspartate); iii) T2 (Low energy diet + 1% L-Glutamine + 0.5% L-Glutamate + 0.1% L-Aspartate). The small intestinal samples were obtained on 5 or 21-day-post-weaning. The results showed that basal dietary supplementation with Gln, Glu, and Asp in basal diet improved the final body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG) of piglets on 21-day of post-weaning. Supplementation with Gln, Glu, and Asp in diet with low energy decreased the villus height and crypt depth in ileum of piglets on 5-day-post-weaning, but increased villus height and goblet cell number in jejunum on 21-day post-weaning compared with those in control group. On 5-day-post-weaning, high mRNA levels of voltage-gated potassium (Kv) 1.1 in ileum and Kv 1.5 in jejunum were observed in T 1 and T 2 groups, respectively. Other indicators were higher than those in control piglets on day 5 or 21 post-weaning, including protein abundances of claudin-1, laudin-3 and occluding, and the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells in jejunum and ileum in T 1 or T 2 groups. Collectively, these findings indicated that Gln, Glu, and Asp can alleviate the intestinal barrier injury in piglets induced by weaning stress even under low energy diet.
PSXIII-30 Analysis of gene expression profiles in liver and muscle tissue of pigs divergent in feed efficiency
Authors: Vigors Stafford , Sweeney Torres 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The improvement of feed efficiency is a key economic goal within the pig production industry. The objective of this study was to examine transcriptomic differences in both the liver and muscle in pigs divergent for feed efficiency, thus improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms influencing feed efficiency and enabling the identification of candidate biomarkers. Residual feed intake (RFI) was calculated in two populations of pigs from two different farms of origin. The 6 most efficient (LRFI) and 6 least efficient (HRFI) animals in each population were selected for further analysis of Longissimus Dorsi muscle and liver. Three different analysis were performed: 1) Identification of differentially expressed genes (DE) in liver, 2) Identification of DE genes in muscle and 3) Identification of genes commonly DE in both tissues. Hierarchical clustering revealed that transcriptomic data segregated based on the RFI value of the pig rather than farm of origin. A total of 6464 genes were identified as being differentially expressed (DE) in muscle, while 964 genes were identified as being DE in liver. In the muscle-only analysis, genes associated with RNA, protein synthesis and energy metabolism were downregulated in the LRFI animals while in the liver-only analysis, genes associated with cell signalling and lipid homeostasis were upregulated in the LRFI animals. Genes that were commonly DE between muscle and liver (n = 526) were used for the joint analysis. These 526 genes were associated with protein targeting to membrane, extracellular matrix organization and immune function. There are pathways common to both muscle and liver in particular genes associated with immune function. In contrast, tissue-specific pathways contributing to differences in feed efficiency were also identified with genes associated with energy metabolism identified in muscle and lipid metabolism in liver. This study identifies key mechanisms driving changes in feed efficiency in pigs.
Cerium Nitrate Treatment Provides Eschar Stabilization through Reduction in Bioburden, DAMPs, and Inflammatory Cytokines in a Rat Scald Burn Model
Authors: Qian Li-Wu , Evani Shankar J , Chen Ping , Brandenburg Kenneth S , Weaver Alan J , Fourcaudot Andrea B , Abercrombie Johnathan J , Sebastian Eliza A , Leung Kai P 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this study, we used a clinically relevant rat scald burn model to determine the treatment effects of cerium nitrate (CN) for stabilizing burn eschars through reduction of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), inflammatory cytokines, and bioburden. Forty-two male Sprague–Dawley rats were anesthetized before undergoing a scald burn at 99°C for 6 seconds to create a 10% full-thickness burn. The test groups included sham burn, burn with water bathing, and burn with CN bathing. End point parameters included circulating DAMPs, proinflammatory cytokines, tissue myeloperoxidase activity, and quantification of resident flora in burn skin. The high mobility group protein box 1 was found to be elevated in burn animals at postoperative days (POD) 1 and 7. CN significantly alleviated the increase (P &lt; .05 at POD 1 and P &lt; .01 at POD 7). CN also lessened the heightened levels of hyaluronan in burn animals (P &lt; .05 at POD 7). Additionally, CN significantly reduced the burn-induced increases in interleukin-1β, growth-regulated oncogene/keratinocyte chemoattractant, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α in burn wounds. The anti-inflammatory effect of CN was also demonstrated in its ability to mitigate the upregulated circulatory xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase and increased tissue neutrophil infiltration in burn animals. Last, CN suppressed postburn proliferation of resident skin microbes, resulting in a significant 2-log reduction by POD 7. In conclusion, these results suggest that CN attenuates the burn-induced DAMPs, tissue inflammatory responses, and regrowth of resident skin flora, all of which collectively could improve the quality of burn eschar when applied at the point of injury in prolonged field care situations.
Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Clinical Practice Guideline on the Management of Bile Acid Diarrhea
Authors: Sadowski Daniel C , Camilleri Michael , Chey William D , Leontiadis Grigorios I , Marshall John K , Shaffer Eldon A , Tse Frances , Walters Julian R F 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background and Aims
Chronic diarrhea affects about 5% of the population overall. Altered bile acid metabolism is a common but frequently undiagnosed cause.

Methods
We performed a systematic search of publication databases for studies of assessment and management of bile acid diarrhea (BAD). The certainty (quality) of evidence and strength of recommendations were rated according to the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Patient population, intervention, comparator and outcome questions were developed through an iterative process and were voted on by a group of specialists.

Results
The certainty of evidence was generally rated as very low. Therefore, 16 of 17 recommendations are conditional. In patients with chronic diarrhea, consideration of risk factors (terminal ileal resection, cholecystectomy or abdominal radiotherapy), but not additional symptoms, was recommended for identification of patients with possible BAD. The group suggested testing using 75selenium homocholic acid taurine (where available) or 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, including patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, functional diarrhea and Crohn’s disease without inflammation. Testing was suggested over empiric bile acid sequestrant therapy (BAST). Once remediable causes are managed, the group suggested cholestyramine as initial therapy, with alternate BAST when tolerability is an issue. The group suggested against BAST for patients with extensive ileal Crohn’s disease or resection and suggested alternative antidiarrheal agents if BAST is not tolerated. Maintenance BAST should be given at the lowest effective dose, with a trial of intermittent, on-demand administration, concurrent medication review and reinvestigation for patients whose symptoms persist despite BAST.

Conclusions
Based on a systematic review, BAD should be considered for patients with chronic diarrhea. For patients with positive results from tests for BAD, a trial of BAST, initially with cholestyramine, is suggested.
Heterodox markets and ‘market distortions’ in the global trading system
Authors: Lang Andrew 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
An important context for contemporary trade frictions is the emergence, since the 1990s, of a wide range of new forms of market capitalism, of which China’s hybrid market economy is the most significant. Institutional diversity of this kind is a source of strength and dynamism for the global trading system, but it is also the cause of very serious friction. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/World Trade Organization system has dealt with this problem before, but the existing settlement regarding the legitimate boundaries of institutional diversity is under pressure and needs to be revisited. One concept that has been incorporated into World Trade Organization trade defence law (and elsewhere) to help draw these boundaries is the concept of the ‘market distortion’. The concept can be a useful one, but it has so far been interpreted and applied with an inadequate appreciation of its serious conceptual and practical difficulties. The potential result is a system of trade defences targeted in a discriminatory and even punitive manner against heterodox institutional forms, in ways that may excessively disincentivize institutional experimentation. In response, this paper argues for an approach to the interpretation and application of this concept, which proceeds from an understanding of the institutionally embedded character of markets. This does not take the form of a readily available ‘solution’, but rather a messy and evolving set of legal techniques that, in the best case, can form the legal basis of a practical and justifiable approach to the tensions caused by institutional diversity. A toolkit of legal techniques of this kind clearly cannot take the place of a more foundational political settlement of some sort, but it is a necessary accompaniment to it, if we are to preserve the aspiration towards a genuinely non-discriminatory and rules-based global economic order.
Malaria and Dengue Mosquito Vectors from Lao PDR Show a Lack of the rdl Mutant Allele Responsible for Cyclodiene Insecticide Resistance
Authors: Marcombe Sebastien , Thammavong Phoutmany , Luangamath Phonesavanh , Chonephetsarath Somsanith , Phommavanh Nothasin , Lakeomany Khaitong , Nilaxay Somphat , Rahmani Zuhal , Saverton Penelope J , Abdullateef Omobolanle H , Forward Jordan , Jacob Anna E , Khadam Safina , Ali Wlaa , Boer Chloé , Kakinuma Hayato , Hawkins Joseph , Longstreeth Rosie , Portwood Natalie M , Smee Madeleine , Brown Natasha , Kuyucu Nursu C , Lechmere Susannah , Stieger Gabriela , Maithaviphet Santi , Nambanya Simone , Brey Paul T , Jones Andrew K 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, RDL, plays important roles in neuronal signaling and is the target of highly effective insecticides. A mutation in RDL, commonly A296S, underlies resistance to several insecticides such as cyclodienes. Even though the use of cyclodienes has been banned, the occurrence of mutations substituting A296 is notably high in mosquitoes from several countries. Here, we report a survey investigating the prevalence of the Rdl mutant allele in mosquitoes from Laos, a country where mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue fever are health concerns. Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes were collected from 12 provinces in Laos. Adult bioassays on Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) showed that all the populations tested were susceptible to dieldrin (4%) following WHO protocols. Exon 7 from a total of 791 mosquitoes was sequenced to identify the amino acid encoded for at 296 of RDL. Only one of these mosquitoes, Anopheles maculatus rampae Harbach and Somboon (Diptera: Culicidae) from Attapeu, carried the mutant allele being heterozygous for A296S. We therefore found a general lack of the Rdl mutant allele indicating that mosquitoes from Laos are not exposed to insecticides that act on the GABA receptor compared to mosquitoes in several other countries. Identifying the prevalence of the Rdl mutation may help inform the potential use of alternative insecticides that act on the GABA receptor should there be a need to replace pyrethroids in order to prevent/manage resistance.
Estimating the Natural History of Cervical Carcinogenesis Using Simulation Models: A CISNET Comparative Analysis
Authors: Burger Emily A , de Kok Inge M C M , Groene Emily , Killen James , Canfell Karen , Kulasingam Shalini , Kuntz Karen M , Matthijsse Suzette , Regan Catherine , Simms Kate T , Smith Megan A , Sy Stephen , Alarid-Escudero Fernando , Vaidyanathan Vivek , van Ballegooijen Marjolein , Kim Jane J 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
The natural history of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cervical cancer (CC) is not directly observable, yet the age of HPV acquisition and duration of preclinical disease (dwell time) influences the effectiveness of alternative preventive policies. We performed a Cancer Intervention and Surveillance Modeling Network (CISNET) comparative modeling analysis to characterize the age of acquisition of cancer-causing HPV infections and implied dwell times for distinct phases of cervical carcinogenesis.

Methods
Using four CISNET-cervical models with varying underlying structures but fit to common US epidemiological data, we estimated the age of acquisition of causal HPV infections and dwell times associated with three phases of cancer development: HPV, high-grade precancer, and cancer sojourn time. We stratified these estimates by HPV genotype under both natural history and CC screening scenarios, because screening prevents cancer development that affects the mix of detected cancers.

Results
The median time from HPV acquisition to cancer detection ranged from 17.5 to 26.0 years across the four models. Three models projected that 50% of unscreened women acquired their causal HPV infection between ages 19 and 23 years, whereas one model projected these infections occurred later (age 34 years). In the context of imperfect compliance with US screening guidelines, the median age of causal infection was 4.4–15.9 years later compared with model projections in the absence of screening.

Conclusions
These validated CISNET-CC models, which reflect some uncertainty in the development of CC, elucidate important drivers of HPV vaccination and CC screening policies and emphasize the value of comparative modeling when evaluating public health policies.
The Application of Teachings by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
Authors: Helmersen Sondre Torp 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Scholars have examined the role of ‘teachings’ (or ‘literature’, ‘doctrine’ or ‘scholarship’) in various international courts and tribunals, but never the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS). This article analyses the general weight ITLOS judges assign to teachings, how the judges distinguish between more and less significant teachings, and how and why different judges use teachings differently. ITLOS judges generally seem to assign teachings low weight, albeit with some exceptions. Some teachings are seen as more important, on the basis of their quality and on the fact that multiple writers agree. Judges treat teachings somewhat differently, with Judge Laing being a significant outlier, responsible for roughly half of all citations.
Message-Elicited Brain Response Moderates the Relationship Between Opportunities for Exposure to Anti-Smoking Messages and Message Recall
Authors: Kranzler Elissa C , Schmälzle Ralf , Pei Rui , Hornik Robert C , Falk Emily B 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCampaign success is contingent on adequate exposure; however, exposure opportunities (e.g., ad reach/frequency) are imperfect predictors of message recall. We hypothesized that the exposure-recall relationship would be contingent on message processing. We tested moderation hypotheses using 3 data sets pertinent to “The Real Cost” anti-smoking campaign: past 30-day ad recall from a rolling national survey of adolescents aged 13–17 (n = 5,110); ad-specific target rating points (TRPs), measuring ad reach and frequency; and ad-elicited response in brain regions implicated in social processing and memory encoding, from a separate adolescent sample aged 14–17 (n = 40). Average ad-level brain activation in these regions moderates the relationship between national TRPs and large-scale recall (p &lt; .001), such that the positive exposure-recall relationship is more strongly observed for ads that elicit high levels of social processing and memory encoding in the brain. Findings advance communication theory by demonstrating conditional exposure effects, contingent on social and memory processes in the brain.