bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinct Disease Severity Between Children and Older Adults With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impacts of ACE2 Expression, Distribution, and Lung Progenitor Cells
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Guo Liyan , Huang Li , Zhang Che , Luo Ruibang , Zeng Liang , Liang Huiying , Li Qiuhui , Lu Xiaoxia , Wang Xianfeng , Ma Chui Yan , Shao Jianbo , Luo Weiren , Li Le , Liu Li , Li Ziyue , Zhou Xiaoya , Zhang Xiaoxian , Liu Jie , Yang Jinjuan , Kwan Ka Yi , Liu Wei , Xu Yi , Jiang Hua , Liu Hongsheng , Du Hui , Wu Yanheng , Yu Guangyin , Chen Junhui , Wu Jieying , Zhang Jinqiu , Liao Can , Chen Huanhuan Joyce , Chen Zhiwei , Tse Hung-fat , Xia Huimin , Lian Qizhou 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Children and older adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) display a distinct spectrum of disease severity yet the risk factors aren’t well understood. We sought to examine the expression pattern of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the cell-entry receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the role of lung progenitor cells in children and older patients.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed clinical features in a cohort of 299 patients with COVID-19. The expression and distribution of ACE2 and lung progenitor cells were systematically examined using a combination of public single-cell RNA-seq data sets, lung biopsies, and ex vivo infection of lung tissues with SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in children and older adults. We also followed up patients who had recovered from COVID-19.

Results
Compared with children, older patients (&gt;50 years.) were more likely to develop into serious pneumonia with reduced lymphocytes and aberrant inflammatory response (P = .001). The expression level of ACE2 and lung progenitor cell markers were generally decreased in older patients. Notably, ACE2 positive cells were mainly distributed in the alveolar region, including SFTPC positive cells, but rarely in airway regions in the older adults (P &lt; .01). The follow-up of discharged patients revealed a prolonged recovery from pneumonia in the older (P &lt; .025).

Conclusions
Compared to children, ACE2 positive cells are generally decreased in older adults and mainly presented in the lower pulmonary tract. The lung progenitor cells are also decreased. These risk factors may impact disease severity and recovery from pneumonia caused by SARS-Cov-2 infection in older patients.
Rethinking the political economy of place: challenges of productivity and inclusion
Authors: Evenhuis Emil , Lee Neil , Martin Ron , Tyler Peter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe global financial crisis of just over a decade ago exposed longer-term systemic problems in global capitalism of which two of the most prominent are the slowdown in the underlying trend rate of productivity growth, alongside a rise in economic and spatial inequalities in many advanced economies. The Covid-19 pandemic looks set to further amplify these problems. This Editorial begins by discussing the scale of the productivity slowdown and of the widening inequalities that have emerged, particularly with regard to their spatial dimension: that is how the uneven and slow development of productivity and rise in inequalities have played out across and within regions and cities. It then briefly considers underlying factors that lie behind these trends, including financialisation / financial globalization, the diminishing role of organised labour, segmentation of the labour market favouring workers who play a key role in financialisation, together with the increasing polarisation within societies according to skill and, crucially, the impact of changing industrial composition particularly as it relates to the rise of the high-tech sectors. The Editorial then examines in what ways the slowdown of productivity and widening of economic and spatial inequalities, may be interrelated, and questions the notion of any efficiency-equity trade-off. Lastly, it considers whether the ‘inclusive growth’ agenda can potentially reconcile the two ambitions of improving productivity performance and lessening inequalities, reflecting on what inclusive growth could mean, and what it could imply in terms of policy. Thus far, it appears that an inclusive growth agenda has only gained some traction at the subnational level, which seems to reflect – at least in part – attempts by cities and regions to address gaps in policy left by national governments.
Taking the frozen elephant trunk technique to the next level by a stented side branch for a left subclavian artery connection: a feasibility study
Authors: Grabenwöger Martin , Mach Markus , Mächler Heinrich , Arnold Zsuzsanna , Pisarik Harald , Folkmann Sandra , Harrer Marie-Luise , Geisler Daniela , Moidl Reinhard , Winkler Bernhard , Bonatti Johannes , Czerny Martin , Weiss Gabriel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Our goal was to develop a modified frozen elephant trunk (FET) prosthesis with a stented left subclavian artery (LSA) side branch for LSA connection and to perform preclinical testing in a human cadaver model.

METHODS
We measured aortic diameters, distance between and diameters of supra-aortic vessels and the distance from the LSA offspring to the level of the left vertebral artery offspring in 70 patients. Based on these measurements, a novel FET prosthesis was developed (Cryolife/Jotec, Hechingen, Germany) featuring a stented side branch for an intrathoracic LSA connection. The feasibility and ease of implantation were tested in 2 human cadaver models at the Anatomical Institute of the Medical University Graz. A covered stent graft (Advanta V12™ by Atrium Medical Corp., Hudson, NH, USA) was used for an LSA extension.

RESULTS
Accurate deployment of the novel FET prosthesis with anatomical orientation of the stented side branch towards the LSA ostium followed by consecutive stent graft deployment was feasible in both cases. Proximalizing the distal anastomosis level from zone 3 to zone 1 not only diminished the complexity of the procedure but substantially facilitated the completion of the distal anastomosis. A 2.5-cm long extension stent graft was sufficient to seal to the LSA and to maintain left vertebral artery patency in both cases.

CONCLUSIONS
This initial study in human anatomical bodies could demonstrate the feasibility of implanting a newly designed FET prosthesis. This evolution of the FET technique has the potential to substantially ease total aortic arch replacement by proximalization of the distal anastomosis into zone 1 and by shortening spinal and lower body hypothermic circulatory arrest times via a stented side branch to the LSA. This direct connection enables early restoration of systemic perfusion.
Health-related quality of life among rural adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Kang Ning , Liu Xiaotian , Liao Wei , Tu Runqi , Sang Shengxiang , Zhai Zhihan , Hou Jian , Wang Chongjian , Wang Xiaoqiong , Li Yuqian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Previous reports about health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) concentrated on general patients rather than patients in rural areas with poor infrastructure and limited resources. Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate the HRQoL of diabetics in the countryside and explore its influencing factors.

Methods
A total of 23 053 participants aged from 18 to 79 years were drawn from the Henan Rural Cohort Study for this cross-sectional study. The HRQoL of participants were assessed by utility index and VAS-score of European Quality of Life Five Dimension Five Level Scale (EQ-5D-5L) instrument. Binary logistic regression, generalized linear and tobit regression models were used to estimate the potential influencing factors on HRQoL.

Results
This study (23 053 participants) included 2231 T2DM patients with a crude prevalence of 9.68%. The utility index and VAS-score in health group were 0.96 ± 0.10 and 78.85 ± 14.53, while in T2DM group were 0.93 ± 0.15 and 74.09 ± 16.09, respectively. In total, most diabetics reported problem about pain/discomfort dimension. Being old, poverty, low physical activity, and with comorbidities was negatively related to HRQoL of diabetics, while high educational level was positively related to HRQoL.

Conclusion
HRQoL of rural T2DM patients depended on several sociodemographic factors. More attention should be paid to diabetics with poor socioeconomic status in rural areas.

Clinical trial registration
The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699) http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=11375.
Temperate forests respond in a non-linear way to a population gradient of wild deer
Authors: Ramirez J Ignacio , Jansen Patrick A , den Ouden Jan , Li Xuqing , Iacobelli Palma , Herdoiza Natalie , Poorter Lourens 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Wild deer exert strong top–down control on forest composition by browsing on palatable trees, and these effects are exacerbated as red, fallow, and roe deer populations increase in northern temperate forests. However, the relationship between deer abundance and plant recruitment remains poorly documented. Here, we combined camera trap and vegetation plot data to quantify the shape of the relationship between habitat utilization by deer (red, fallow and roe deer) with different components of the forest understory in ten sites distributed across a temperate mixed forest in the Veluwe, the Netherlands. The list of forest attributes included the density, richness and diversity of saplings, the proportion of conifers to broadleaves, the number of browsed broadleaves and conifers, the forest basal area, the understory cover of shrubs, moss and bare soil and the depth of the litter layer. When applying General Linear Mixed Models to those camera trap data, six of the eleven forest variables were related to the utilization level (UL) by deer. With increasing UL by fallow deer, there was a decrease in sapling species richness (β = −0.26). With increasing UL by red deer, there was a decrease in litter depth (β = −0.14) and an increase in browsed broadleaf stems (β = 0.40). With increasing UL by roe deer, there was a decrease in species richness of sapling plants (β = −0.26), Shannon diversity (β = −0.11) and shrub cover (β = −0.36), whereas there was an increase in stem density (β = 0.06). When combining all deer species into one guild, a negative relation was found between UL by deer and sapling richness (β = −0.21), diversity (β = −0.09) and litter depth (β = −0.14) and a positive relation with sampling density (β = 0.04). The relationship between UL by deer and different forest attributes followed a linear log10 shape. When back transforming, the response was curvilinear with large changes at a low UL and small changes when the UL was high. Yet, the exact shape of the curve varied according to (a) biotic factors specific to each study location. The conservation of temperate forests can benefit from limiting the size of deer populations and the time deer spend browsing in forest patches with high biodiversity value.
Insights into How Spinosad Seed Treatment Protects Onion From Onion Maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Moretti Erica A , Taylor Alan G , Wickings Kyle , Nault Brian A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Onion maggot, Delia antiqua (Meigen), is a serious pest of onion Allium cepa L. in northern temperate regions. Over the last decade, D. antiqua has been managed principally using a pesticide seed treatment package containing the reduced-risk insecticide spinosad. While spinosad protects onion seedlings from D. antiqua, very little is known regarding how protection occurs. The main objectives of this study were to assess susceptibility of 1- and 2-wk-old larvae to spinosad through two different modes of exposure: ingestion and contact, and to evaluate larval feeding behavior in choice and no-choice tests with onion seedlings grown from treated and untreated seeds. Results showed that spinosad was more than twice as lethal to 1-wk than 2-wk-old larvae when it was ingested, but was equally toxic to both larval ages via contact exposure. In choice assays, larvae preferred feeding on untreated plants; however, without a choice, larvae fed and survived equally well on untreated and treated plants, suggesting that spinosad may have a deterrent effect. In a field study, levels of spinosad within young onion plants and in the soil around roots were monitored in addition to the cumulative number of onion seedlings killed by D. antiqua. Spinosad was detected in the soil and in both aboveground and belowground plant tissue, indicating that spinosad translocates into foliage, but declines in plant tissue and soil as plant mortality from D. antiqua feeding increases. Together, these results provide valuable insight into how spinosad protects onion seedlings and reveal key areas in need of further investigation.
Parallel reaction pathways accelerate folding of a guanine quadruplex
Authors: Harkness Robert W , Hennecker Christopher , Grün J Tassilo , Blümler Anja , Heckel Alexander , Schwalbe Harald , Mittermaier Anthony K 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
G-quadruplexes (G4s) are four-stranded, guanine-rich nucleic acid structures that can influence a variety of biological processes such as the transcription and translation of genes and DNA replication. In many cases, a single G4-forming nucleic acid sequence can adopt multiple different folded conformations that interconvert on biologically relevant timescales, entropically stabilizing the folded state. The coexistence of different folded conformations also suggests that there are multiple pathways leading from the unfolded to the folded state ensembles, potentially modulating the folding rate and biological activity. We have developed an experimental method for quantifying the contributions of individual pathways to the folding of conformationally heterogeneous G4s that is based on mutagenesis, thermal hysteresis kinetic experiments and global analysis, and validated our results using photocaged kinetic NMR experiments. We studied the regulatory Pu22 G4 from the c-myc oncogene promoter, which adopts at least four distinct folded isomers. We found that the presence of four parallel pathways leads to a 2.5-fold acceleration in folding; that is, the effective folding rate from the unfolded to folded ensembles is 2.5 times as large as the rate constant for the fastest individual pathway. Since many G4 sequences can adopt many more than four isomers, folding accelerations of more than an order of magnitude are possible via this mechanism.
Human resources for health coordination mechanisms: lessons from Bauchi and Cross River states of Nigeria
Authors: Okech M , Okoroafor S C , Mohammed B , Ojo O 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Background
Addressing the challenges of the health crisis requires collaboration by multiple sectors and stakeholders with a complementary role in a single platform that coordinates policy and programs relating to the health workforce for sustainability.

Methods
Information from purposefully selected stakeholders involved in human resources for health programs in two selected states of Nigeria was collected during a workshop attended by 60 participants drawn from government, multilateral agencies, the private sector, bilateral agencies, academia, professional associations, and regulatory bodies.

Results
Lessons learnt from Bauchi and Cross River states HRH platforms included successful joint planning and implementation human resources for health strategies that significantly mobilized resources and improved performance. Human resources for health coordination platforms with strong governance structures are sustainable.

Conclusion
The coordination platforms require governance structures for inter-sectoral coordination and collaboration. This enhances joint planning, implementation and monitoring of HRH activities.
The Massacre at Gracias a Dios: Mobility and Violence on the Lower Rio Grande, 1821–1856
Authors: Baumgartner Alice L 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
On March 20, 1856, Mexican forces massacred a band of Lipan Apaches at a river crossing known as Gracias a Dios. Historians have described the massacre as an example of the growing violence against Native peoples in Mexico, motivated by a desire to control movement across the U.S.-Mexico border. But given the long history of border crossings in the region, why did Mexican forces massacre the Lipan Apaches in 1856, rather than at some earlier point? The Lipan Apaches had long used the border to their advantage, forging alliances with Mexico in 1822, with the Republic of Texas in 1838, and again with Mexico in 1853. These alliances show that the Lipans were important to the history of the U.S.-Mexico borderlands not only because their raids wrought devastation, but also because they were geopolitical actors in their own right. To understand why Mexican forces turned on their Native allies, we must examine how the policies of neighboring nations interacted with—and shaped—one another. Convinced that Mexico’s Native allies were raiding their ranches with impunity, Texans decided to launch an expedition against the Lipans in Mexico in 1855. This attack made Mexico’s alliance with the Lipans into a liability rather than an advantage. The massacre that resulted shows that the shift toward greater violence against Native peoples was, at its core, a transnational process.
The latest in systemic lupus erythematosus-accelerated atherosclerosis: related mechanisms inform assessment and therapy
Authors: Appleton Brenna D. , Major Amy S. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of Review
Accelerated atherosclerosis is a significant comorbidity and the leading cause of death for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). It is now apparent that SLE-accelerated atherosclerosis is not driven solely by traditional cardiovascular risk factors, adding complexity to disease characterization and mechanistic understanding. In this review, we will summarize new insights into SLE-accelerated atherosclerosis evaluation, treatment, and mechanism.

Recent findings
Recent work highlights the need to incorporate inflammatory biomarkers into cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk assessments. This is especially true for SLE patients, in which mechanisms of immune dysfunction likely drive CVD progression. There is new evidence that commonly prescribed SLE therapeutics hinder atherosclerosis development. This effect is achieved both by reducing SLE-associated inflammation and by directly improving measures of atherosclerosis, emphasizing the interconnected mechanisms of the two conditions.

Summary
SLE-accelerated atherosclerosis is most likely the consequence of chronic autoimmune inflammation. Therefore, diligent management of atherosclerosis requires assessment of SLE disease activity as well as traditional cardiovascular risk factors. This supports why many of the therapeutics classically used to control SLE also modulate atherosclerosis development. Greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying this condition will allow for the development of more targeted therapeutics and improved outcomes for SLE patients.
Update on the cellular pathogenesis of lupus
Authors: Gensous Noémie , Boizard-Moracchini Andrea , Lazaro Estibaliz , Richez Christophe , Blanco Patrick 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
Aberrations in the innate and in the adaptive arms of the immune system play both important roles in the initiation and progression of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to provide an update on the most recent findings on the cellular pathogenesis of SLE. Our overview focused particularly on results obtained over the last 18 months.

Recent findings
Recent observations have provided an improved understanding of the importance of low-density granulocytes, a highly proinflammatory subset of neutrophils. We also highlighted in this work recent descriptions of the various cellular sources associated with the interferon signature. In addition, novel contributions have also developed our understanding of the potential importance of extrafollicular T–B-cell interactions in SLE pathogenesis. Finally, the role of recently described B and T-cell subsets, that is, atypical memory B cells, T-peripheral helper cells, and Th10 T cells, were also reviewed.

Summary
Recent findings in the cellular pathogenesis of SLE give a deeper comprehension of previously described mechanisms which drive SLE pathogenesis and shed light on novel players in immune dysregulation that could help to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Cellular aspects of the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis
Authors: Chang Anthony , Clark Marcus R. , Ko Kichul 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
Lupus nephritis is a common severe manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. Despite recent advances in therapeutics and understanding of its pathogenesis, there are still substantial unmet needs. This review discusses recent discoveries in these areas, especially the role of tubulointerstitial inflammation (TII) in lupus nephritis.

Recent findings
Non-white ethnicity is still a major risk and poor prognostic factor in lupus nephritis. TII and fibrosis have been found to be associated with worse renal outcome but the current lupus nephritis treatment guidelines and trials are based on the degree of glomerular inflammation. In combination with mycophenolate mofetil, a B-cell-targeted therapy (belimumab) and a calcineurin inhibitor (voclosporin) have shown efficacy in recent lupus nephritis trials. However, response rates have been modest. While lupus glomerulonephritis results from immune complex deposition derived from systemic autoantibodies, TII arises from complex processes associated with in situ adaptive cell networks. These include local antibody production, and cognate or antigen-induced interactions between T follicular helper cells, and likely other T-cell populations, with antigen presenting cells including B cells, myeloid dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells.

Summary
Better understanding of the pathogenesis of TII will identify novel therapeutic targets predicted to improve outcomes in our patients with lupus nephritis.
Double-negative T cells in autoimmune diseases
Authors: Li Hao , Tsokos George C. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
TCRαβ+CD4-CD8- double-negative T (DNT) cells, a principal subset of mature T lymphocytes, have been closely linked with autoimmune/inflammatory conditions. However, controversy persists regarding their ontogeny and function. Here, we present an overview on DNT cells in different autoimmune diseases to advance a deeper understanding of the contribution of this population to disease pathogenesis.

Recent findings
DNT cells have been characterized in various chronic inflammatory diseases and they have been proposed to display pathogenic or regulatory function. The tissue location of DNT cells and the effector cytokines they produce bespeak to their active involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases.

Summary
By producing various cytokines, expanded DNT cells in inflamed tissues contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. However, it is unclear whether this population represents a stable lineage consisting of different subsets similar to CD4+ T helper cell subset. Better understanding of the possible heterogeneity and plasticity of DNT cells is needed to reveal interventional therapeutic opportunities.