bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly Automated Formal Proofs over Memory Usage of Assembly Code
Authors: Verbeek Freek , Bockenek Joshua A. , Ravindran Binoy 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe present a methodology for generating a characterization of the memory used by an assembly program, as well as a formal proof that the assembly is bounded to the generated memory regions. A formal proof of memory usage is required for compositional reasoning over assembly programs. Moreover, it can be used to prove low-level security properties, such as integrity of the return address of a function. Our verification method is based on interactive theorem proving, but provides automation by generating pre- and postconditions, invariants, control-flow, and assumptions on memory layout. As a case study, three binaries of the Xen hypervisor are disassembled. These binaries are the result of a complex build-chain compiling production code, and contain various complex and nested loops, large and compound data structures, and functions with over 100 basic blocks. The methodology has been successfully applied to 251 functions, covering 12,252 assembly instructions.
GASOL: Gas Analysis and Optimization for Ethereum Smart Contracts
Authors: Albert Elvira , Correas Jesús , Gordillo Pablo , Román-Díez Guillermo , Rubio Albert 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe present the main concepts, components, and usage of Gasol, a Gas AnalysiS and Optimization tooL for Ethereum smart contracts. Gasol offers a wide variety of cost models that allow inferring the gas consumption associated to selected types of EVM instructions and/or inferring the number of times that such types of bytecode instructions are executed. Among others, we have cost models to measure only storage opcodes, to measure a selected family of gas-consumption opcodes following the Ethereum’s classification, to estimate the cost of a selected program line, etc. After choosing the desired cost model and the function of interest, Gasol returns to the user an upper bound of the cost for this function. As the gas consumption is often dominated by the instructions that access the storage, Gasol uses the gas analysis to detect under-optimized storage patterns, and includes an (optional) automatic optimization of the selected function. Our tool can be used within an Eclipse plugin for which displays the gas and instructions bounds and, when applicable, the gas-optimized function.
A case report of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning: cholinesterase activities and analytical methods for diagnosis and clinical decision making
Authors: Amend N. , Langgartner J. , Siegert M. , Kranawetvogl T. , Koller M. , John H. , Pflügler C. , Mögele-Schmid C. , Worek F. , Thiermann H. , Wille T. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSuicidal ingestion of organophosphorus (OP) or carbamate (CM) compounds challenges health care systems worldwide, particularly in Southeast Asia. The diagnosis and treatment of OP or CM poisoning is traditionally based on the clinical appearance of the typical cholinergic toxidrome, e.g. miosis, salivation and bradycardia. Yet, clinical signs might be inconclusive or even misleading. A current case report highlights the importance of enzymatic assays to provide rapid information and support clinicians in diagnosis and rational clinical decision making. Furthermore, the differentiation between OP and CM poisoning seems important, as an oxime therapy will most probably not provide benefit in CM poisoning, but—as every pharmaceutical product—it might result in adverse effects. The early identification of the causing agent and the amount taken up in the body are helpful in planning of the therapeutic regimen including experimental strategies, e.g. the use of human blood products to facilitate scavenging of the toxic agent. Furthermore, the analysis of biotransformation products and antidote levels provides additional insights into the pathophysiology of OP or CM poisoning. In conclusion, cholinesterase activities and modern analytical methods help to provide a more effective treatment and a thorough understanding of individual cases of OP or CM poisoning.
Perihelion Librations in the Secular Three-Body Problem
Authors: Pinzari Gabriella 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA normal form theory for non-quasiperiodic systems is combined with the special properties of the partially averaged Newtonian potential pointed out in Pinzari (Celest Mech Dyn Astron 131(5):22, 2019) to prove, in the averaged, planar three-body problem, the existence of a plenty of motions where, periodically, the perihelion of the inner body affords librations about one equilibrium position and its ellipse squeezes to a segment before reversing its direction and again decreasing its eccentricity (perihelion librations).
Analyse des Stellenwertes von „eLearning“ in der Augenheilkunde und Evaluierung einer „eLearning-App“
Authors: Grabowski E. , Alten F. , Termühlen J. , Heiduschka P. , Brücher V. , Eter N. , Clemens C. R. 
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Ziel der Studie war die Analyse des Stellenwertes von „eLearning“ im Lern- und Fortbildungsverhalten von Augenärzten in Deutschland sowie die Bewertung der Akzeptanz einer neuen „eLearning“-Anwendersoftware (App).

Material und Methoden
Ophthalmologische Weiterbildungsassistenten und Fachärzte wurden im Rahmen von Fortbildungsveranstaltungen mittels eines Fragebogens nach ihren Fortbildungsaktivitäten befragt. Des Weiteren erfolgte nach Vorstellung und Anwendung einer „eLearning-App“ eine strukturierte Bewertung.

Ergebnisse
Es nahmen 149 Augenärzte an der Befragung teil. Während der überwiegende Teil der Kollegen (74,3 %) analoge Fachzeitschriften wöchentlich oder monatlich zur Weiterbildung nutzt, verwenden 45,9 % der Augenärzte digitale Printmedien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, Artikel) sowie 46,5 % Fachbücher in gedruckter Form. Lediglich 35 % der Befragten bilden sich über Online-Fortbildungsplattformen, z. B. digitale Kurse (CME-Kurse) oder Portale zum Abrufen aufgezeichneter Vorträge, fort. Die Nutzung der angebotenen „eLearning-App“ ging insgesamt mit einer positiven Akzeptanz einher; 91,7 % der befragten Kollegen würden diese Form der interaktiven Lernvermittlung weiterempfehlen.

Diskussion
Trotz fortschreitender Digitalisierung in allen Lebensbereichen nimmt „eLearning“ als Lernmedium in der ophthalmologischen Fort- und Weiterbildung weiterhin einen geringen Stellenwert ein. Interessanterweise ergab die Bewertung der App-Nutzer eine hohe Benutzerakzeptanz, unabhängig von Alter oder Arbeitsbereich.
Fine wine or sour grapes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of red wine polyphenols on vascular health
Authors: Weaver Samuel R. , Rendeiro Catarina , McGettrick Helen M. , Philp Andrew , Lucas Samuel J. E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPurposeRed wine polyphenols (RWP) are plant-based molecules that have been extensively studied in relation to their protective effects on vascular health in both animals and humans. The aim of this review was to quantify and compare the efficacy of RWP and pure resveratrol on outcomes measures of vascular health and function in both animals and humans.MethodsComprehensive database searches were carried out through PubMed, Web of Science and OVID for randomised, placebo-controlled studies in both animals and humans. Meta-analyses were carried out on acute and chronic studies of RWP in humans, alongside sub-group analysis where possible. Risk-of-bias assessment was carried out for all included studies based on randomisation, allocation, blinding, outcome data reporting, and other biases.Results48 animal and 37 human studies were included in data extraction following screening. Significant improvements in measures of blood pressure and vascular function following RWP were seen in 84% and 100% of animal studies, respectively. Human studies indicated significant improvements in systolic blood pressure overall (− 2.6 mmHg, 95% CI: [− 4.8, − 0.4]), with a greater improvement in pure-resveratrol studies alone (− 3.7 mmHg, 95% CI: [− 7.3, − 0.0]). No significant effects of RWP were seen in diastolic blood pressure or flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery.ConclusionRWP have the potential to improve vascular health in at risk human populations, particularly in regard to lowering systolic blood pressure; however, such benefits are not as prevalent as those observed in animal models.
Enhancing task-demands disrupts learning but enhances transfer gains in short-term task-switching training
Authors: Sabah Katrina , Dolk Thomas , Meiran Nachshon , Dreisbach Gesine 
Published: April 2020

AbstractContent variability was previously suggested to promote stronger learning effects in cognitive training whereas less variability incurred transfer costs (Sabah et al. Psychological Research,10.1007/s00426-018-1006-7, 2018). Here, we expanded these findings by additionally examining the role of learners’ control in short-term task-switching training by comparing voluntary task-switching to a yoked control forced task-switching condition. To this end, four training conditions were compared: (1) forced fixed content, (2) voluntary fixed content, (3) forced varied content, and (3) voluntary varied content. To further enhance task demands, bivalent stimuli were used during training. Participants completed baseline assessment commencing with task-switching and verbal fluency blocks, followed by seven training blocks and last by task-switching (near transfer) and verbal fluency (far transfer) blocks, respectively. For the baseline and transfer task-switching blocks, we used the exact same baseline and first transfer block from Sabah et al. (Psychological Research,10.1007/s00426-018-1006-7, 2018), employing univalent stimuli and alternating-runs task sequence. Our results pointed again to the contribution of content variability to task-switching performance. No indications for far transfer were observed. Allowing for learners’ control was not found to produce additional transfer gains beyond content variability. A between-study comparison suggests that enhanced task demands, by means of bivalency, promoted higher transfer gains in the current study when compared to Sabah et al. (Psychological Research,10.1007/s00426-018-1006-7, 2018). Taken together, the current results provide further evidence to the beneficial impact of variability on training outcomes. The lack of modulatory effect for learners’ control is discussed in relation to possible methodological limitations.
Introducing a new method for classifying skull shape abnormalities related to craniosynostosis
Authors: Kronig Otto D. M. , Kronig Sophia A. J. , Vrooman Henri A. , Veenland Jifke F. , Jippes Mariëlle , Boen Terence , Van Adrichem Léon N. A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe present a novel technique for classification of skull deformities due to most common craniosynostosis. We included 5 children of every group of the common craniosynostoses (scaphocephaly, brachycephaly, trigonocephaly, and right- and left-sided anterior plagiocephaly) and additionally 5 controls. Our outline-based classification method is described, using the software programs OsiriX, MeVisLab, and Matlab. These programs were used to identify chosen landmarks (porion and exocanthion), create a base plane and a plane at 4 cm, segment outlines, and plot resulting graphs. We measured repeatability and reproducibility, and mean curves of groups were analyzed. All raters achieved excellent intraclass correlation scores (0.994–1.000) and interclass correlation scores (0.989–1.000) for identifying the external landmarks. Controls, scaphocephaly, trigonocephaly, and brachycephaly all have the peak of the forehead in the middle of the curve (180°). In contrary, in anterior plagiocephaly, the peak is shifted (to the left of graph in right-sided and vice versa). Additionally, controls, scaphocephaly, and trigonocephaly have a high peak of the forehead; scaphocephaly has the lowest troughs; in brachycephaly, the width/frontal peak ratio has the highest value with a low frontal peak.Conclusion: We introduced a preliminary study showing an objective and reproducible methodology using CT scans for the analysis of craniosynostosis and potential application of our method to 3D photogrammetry.

What is Known:• Diagnosis of craniosynostosis is relatively simple; however, classification of craniosynostosis is difficult and current techniques are not widely applicable.

What is New:• We introduce a novel technique for classification of skull deformities due to craniosynostosis, an objective and reproducible methodology using CT scans resulting in characteristic curves. The method is applicable to all 3D-surface rendering techniques.• Using external landmarks and curve analysis, specific and characteristic curves for every type of craniosynostosis related to the specific skull deformities are found.
Analyzing journeys in sound: usability of graphical interpolators for sound design
Authors: Gibson Darrell , Polfreman Richard 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGraphical interpolation systems provide a simple mechanism for the control of sound synthesis by providing a level of abstraction above the engine parameters, allowing users to explore different sounds without awareness of the underlying details. Typically, a graphical interpolator presents the user with a two-dimensional pane where a number of synthesizer presets, each representing a collection of synthesis parameter values, can be located. Moving an interpolation cursor within the pane results in the calculation of new parameter values, based on its position, the relative locations of the presets, and the mathematical interpolation function, thus generating new sounds. These systems supply users with two sensory modalities in the form of sonic output and visual feedback from the interface. A number of graphical interpolator systems have been developed over the years, with a variety of user-interface designs, but few have been subject to formal user evaluation. Our testing studied both user interaction with, and the perceived usability of, graphical interpolation systems by comparing alternative visualizations in order to establish whether the visual feedback provided by the interface aids the locating of sounds within the space. The outcomes of our study may help to better understand design considerations for graphical interpolators and inform future designs.
The impact of the aortic cusps fusion pattern and valve disease severity on the aortic wall mechanics in patients with bicuspid aortic valve
Authors: Kalinowski Mariusz E. , Szulik Mariola , Pawlak Szymon , Rybus-Kalinowska Barbara , Zembala Marian , Kalarus Zbigniew , Kukulski Tomasz 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe ascending aorta dilatation in the bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) patients is often attributed to congenital abnormalities of the aortic wall, but it may be related to hemodynamic disturbances in the course of BAV disease. At present, ascending aortic diameter is used as almost sole but weak predictor of aortic dissection and rupture in BAV. We examined the association between aortic wall mechanics and severity of aortic valve disease including different cusps fusion patterns using conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). We prospectively studied 106 BAV patients: 72 with right-left (R-L) coronary cusp fusion were matched 1:1 to 34 patients with right-noncoronary (R-N) cusp fusion obtaining 34 pairs of patients. Peak systolic radial velocity and acceleration of the ascending aortic wall, measured by TDI, were used as an index of hemodynamic stress imposed on the aorta. Paired analysis showed higher aortic wall radial velocity (4.71 ± 1.61 cm/s vs. 3.33 ± 1.44 cm/s, p = 0.001) and acceleration (1.08 ± 0.46 m/s2 vs. 0.80 ± 0.34 m/s2, p = 0.015) in-R-L compared to R-N fusion. Pearson correlation showed association of ascending tubular aortic diameter with age (r = 0.258, p = 0.012), weight (r = 0.323, p = 0.001), peak aortic valve gradient (r = 0.386, p = 0.0001), aortic root diameter (r = 0.439, p < 0.0001), and R-N fusion pattern (r = 0.209, p = 0.043). Aortic root diameter was related to male gender (r = 0.296, p = 0.003), weight (r = 0.381, p = 0.0001), ascending aortic diameter (r = 0.439, p < 0.0001), and severity of aortic regurgitation (r = 0.337, p = 0.0009). Regional differences in aortic wall motion between different BAV cusp fusion patterns and association of aortic diameters with the severity of aortic valve disease, both suggest a deleterious hemodynamic impact of cusp fusion patterns and aortic valve dysfunction on ascending aortic wall. Assessment of aortic hemodynamic by TDI is feasible and could be potentially used to improve prediction of acute aortic complications, thus helping to establish optimal timing of aortic surgery in BAV patients.
Two algorithms for the exchange lemma
Authors: Barańczuk Stefan , Szydło Bogdan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this note, we present two new algorithms for the Steinitz Exchange Lemma. They are grounded on a single application of a procedure (finding either a row echelon form or a basic minor) that has to be applied repeatedly in previously known algorithms. Proving correctness of both the algorithms, we obtain two new, direct proofs of the Exchange Lemma.
Abberant inverted U-shaped brain pattern and trait-related retinal impairment in schizophrenia patients with combined auditory and visual hallucinations: a pilot study
Authors: Zhuo Chuanjun , Xiao Bo , Chen Ce , Jiang Deguo , Li Gongying , Ma Xiaoyan , Li Ranli , Wang Lina , Xu Yong , Zhou Chunhua , Lin Xiaodong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSchizophrenic patients often experience auditory hallucinations (AHs) and visual hallucinations (VHs). However, brain and retinal alterations associated with combined AHs and VHs in schizophrenic patients are unknown. This study aimed o investigate brain and retinal alterations in first episode un-treated schizophrenic patients with combined AHs and VHs (FUSCHAV). FUSCHAV patients (n = 120), divided into four groups according to severity of AH and VH symptoms, were compared to healthy controls (n = 30). Gray matter volume (GMV) and global functional connectivity density (gFCD) were recorded to reflect brain structure and functional alterations. Total retinal thickness was acquired by optical coherence tomography to assess retinal impairment. The majority of FUSCHAV patients (85.8%) demonstrated both GMV reduction and gFCD increases along with retinal thinning compared to healthy controls. The severity of GMV reduction and gFCD increase differed between patient groups, ranked from highest to lowest severity as follows: severe AHs combined with severe VHs (FUSCHSASV, 20 patients), moderate AHs combined with severe VHs (FUSCHMASV, 23 patients), severe AHs combined with moderate VHs (FUSCHSAMV, 28 patients), and moderate AHs combined with moderate VHs (FUSCHMAMV, 26). Retinal impairment was similar among the four FUSCHAV groups. GMV reduction and gFCD increases in the frontal-parietal lobule show an inverted U-shaped pattern among FUSCHAV patients according to AH and VH severity, while retinal impairment remains stable among FUSCHAV groups. These findings indicate a reciprocal deterioration in auditory and visual disturbances among FUSCHAV patients.
Strategies to solve the reverse inference fallacy in future MRI studies of schizophrenia: a review
Authors: Zhuo Chuanjun , Li Gongying , Lin Xiaodong , Jiang Deguo , Xu Yong , Tian Hongjun , Wang Wenqiang , Song Xueqin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFew advances in schizophrenia research have been translated into clinical practice, despite 60 years of serum biomarkers studies and 50 years of genetic studies. During the last 30 years, neuroimaging studies on schizophrenia have gradually increased, partly due to the beautiful prospect that the pathophysiology of schizophrenia could be explained entirely by the Human Connectome Project (HCP). However, the fallacy of reverse inference has been a critical problem of the HCP. For this reason, there is a dire need for new strategies or research “bridges” to further schizophrenia at the biological level. To understand the importance of research “bridges,” it is vital to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the recent literature. Hence, in this review, our team has summarized the recent literature (1995–2018) about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of schizophrenia in terms of regional and global structural and functional alterations. We have also provided a new proposal that may supplement the HCP for studying schizophrenia. As postulated, despite the vast number of MRI studies in schizophrenia, the lack of homogeneity between the studies, along with the relatedness of schizophrenia with other neurological disorders, has hindered the study of schizophrenia. In addition, the reverse inference cannot be used to diagnose schizophrenia, further limiting the clinical impact of findings from medical imaging studies. We believe that multidisciplinary technologies may be used to develop research “bridges” to further investigate schizophrenia at the single neuron or neuron cluster levels. We have postulated about future strategies for overcoming the current limitations and establishing the research “bridges,” with an emphasis on multimodality imaging, molecular imaging, neuron cluster signals, single transmitter biomarkers, and nanotechnology. These research “bridges” may help solve the reverse inference fallacy and improve our understanding of schizophrenia for future studies.
Aberrant static and dynamic functional connectivity of the executive control network in lung cancer patients after chemotherapy: a longitudinal fMRI study
Authors: Hu Lanyue , Chen Huiyou , Su Wen , Zhang Yujie , You Jia , Gu Wei , Xiong Zhenyu , Yin Xindao , Chen Yu-Chen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objective
The purpose of the current study was to investigate chemotherapy-related variations in the intrinsic static and dynamic functional connectivity (sFC and dFC, respectively) of the executive control network (ECN) in lung cancer patients.

Materials and methods
In this study, we evaluated 18 lung cancer patients scanned before and after adjuvant chemotherapy treatment and compared the patients with 21 healthy controls (HCs). All subjects underwent resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). We constructed the sFC and dFC of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using a sliding-window approach, and the correlations between the changed sFC or dFC and cognitive performance were analyzed.

Results
Whole-brain sFC analysis showed that the lung cancer patients showed significant FC pattern changes in the bilateral DLPFC, mainly in the bilateral superior frontal gyrus (SFG), bilateral middle frontal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, left inferior parietal lobe and the right insula. Furthermore, after chemotherapy, the lung cancer patients showed significantly reduced dFC variability between the right DLPFC and right precuneus compared with HCs. In addition, the decreased dFC between the right DLPFC and left SFG in the lung cancer patients after chemotherapy in state 1 and between the right DLPFC and left insula in the lung cancer patients before chemotherapy in state 2 were negatively correlated with MoCA scores ((r = -0.520, p = 0.039; r = -0.548, p = 0.028, respectively).

Conclusions
Our results reveal that dynamic connectivity analysis is more effective and sensitive than methods that assume static brain states for linking brain FC patterns and chemotherapy.