bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dealing With Epistemic Uncertainties in Reliability-Based Pipeline Integrity Management
Authors: Lu Dongliang , Gong Peng , Tomic Aleksandar 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A key advantage of reliability-based integrity management is that it provides a consistent framework for explicit consideration of various uncertainties in the modelling and decision-making process. Uncertainties involved in reliability-based analyses are often classified into two categories, aleatory uncertainties, and epistemic uncertainties. Aleatory uncertainties are uncertainties considered “intrinsic” to system and thus are often challenging to further reduce, whereas epistemic uncertainties are subjective uncertainties that arise due to incomplete analyst knowledge. As such, epistemic uncertainties are often referred to as lack of knowledge uncertainties and they can be further reduced as new information comes to light.
There are two major implications stemming from the differentiation between aleatory and epistemic uncertainties: (1) the estimated reliability performance and risk level calculated from reliability-based models are the results from a combination of both aleatory and epistemic uncertainties, and thus differing from the actual reliability performance of a system due to additional uncertainties from the lack of complete knowledge; (2) the modelling and decision-making process involves understanding and characterizing aleatory and epistemic uncertainties, including evaluating options for further reduction of epistemic uncertainties for more refined risk and reliability results.
This paper discusses two commonly used approaches for dealing with epistemic uncertainties in reliability-based integrity management. The first approach is to have an explicit separation of epistemic and aleatory uncertainties involved in the analysis and produce a set of reliability and risk results corresponding to different levels of epistemic uncertainties. The advantage of this approach is that it can provide a simplified overview of the sensitivity of the results to epistemic uncertainties, which eases the evaluation of various options related to further reducing the epistemic uncertainties. However, for certain cases, the separation of epistemic and aleatory uncertainties can be challenging due to the subjectivity that is involved and potential correlations between epistemic and aleatory uncertainties. The second approach is to perform the full reliability-based analyses initially without considering the types of uncertainties. The differentiation of aleatory and epistemic uncertainties is performed in follow-up sensitivity analyses that evaluate the cost and benefits associated with various options to reduce epistemic uncertainty. This approach provides a more comprehensive analysis and decision-making process for dealing with epistemic uncertainties, but it could require significantly more modelling and analysis effort. Examples are presented in the paper to illustrate the two approaches and their advantages and disadvantages are demonstrated and discussed.
Prediction of Ductile Fracture Arrest in Natural Gas Pipelines Using the Crack Tip Opening Angle
Authors: Bassindale Chris , Wang Xin , Tyson William R. , Xu Su 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this paper, an analytical equation is developed to predict fracture arrest CTOA requirements for gas pipelines pressurized with natural gas that undergo single phase decompression using finite element (FE) analysis. The FE model is briefly reviewed. Dynamic pipe fracture simulations were performed to determine fracture resistance curves (crack velocity as a function of pressure at constant CTOA) for modern materials and geometries. American petroleum Institute (API) standard X80 and X100 steels were examined. Pipe diameters of 914 mm, 1219 mm, and 1422 mm, and diameter to thickness ratios ranging from 50 to 100 were considered. The commercial finite element code ABAQUS 2017x-explicit was used to generate the models and solve the analyses. The constant CTOA model was implemented through a user subroutine in conjunction with shell elements. Backfill effects were modelled using smooth particle hydrodynamics and the flap pressure profile was modelled using experimental data from previous burst tests. A CTOA-modified Two-Curve approach was used to determine the arrest CTOA for a given material and geometry. An equation for specification of the arrest CTOA as a function of steel grade and design parameters (thickness, diameter, and material properties) is presented for a gas that undergoes single-phase decompression. The proposed equation was validated through comparison with experimental data.
Comparative Fracture and Fatigue Testing of Selected Pipeline Microstructures in Gaseous Hydrogen Environment
Authors: Hopkin Sarah , Bezensek Bostjan , Martin Tom , Guijt Wim 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
An ongoing study is assessing the suitability of line pipe materials for use in gaseous hydrogen transmission pipelines. Previous publications present fracture and fatigue testing of the parent and seam weld centre line microstructures of an offshore 1970’s API 5L X60 grade SAW material from a 36″ diameter pipe joint.
This paper offers further results from this study, expanded to include a variety of other materials commonly present in Shell pipelines that are anticipated to be repurposed for use in hydrogen service, tested in near-pure H2 pressures up to 172 bara. This includes the heat affected zone of the same vintage X60 material, a 2010’s era sour rated seamless X65 pipe (SMLS 12″ OD) that has been strained and aged, with tests carried out on both the parent pipe and girth weld, and finally the parent pipe microstructure of a late 1960’s X60 high frequency electric resistance welded pipe sample (HF-ERW, 12″ OD).
The fracture performance of the SMLS material was found to be very similar to the parent pipe of the vintage SAW material in comparing the Kth values, however the slopes of the JR curves were very different after crack initiation. The HF-ERW material showed lower Kth values. Fatigue crack growth results were more similar among the materials and match trends already reported. The impact of the results on hydrogen pipeline design, pipeline reuse, and integrity management is also discussed.
Convert or Not to Convert? Practical Scoping Considerations for Converting Pipelines to Carbon Dioxide Service
Authors: Robertson Nicki , King Graeme , Brimacombe Mark 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
With the move to Net Zero there has been increased demand to utilize pipelines to transport carbon dioxide. As part of these efforts, repurposing hydrocarbon pipelines is an attractive option. The advantages of repurposing existing pipelines rather than building new ones include minimum disturbance to people and the environment, and reduced capital expenditure. While existing documents provide guidance of an overall process to convert, they do not delve into granularity surrounding scoping metrics to screen potential opportunities from impractical applications. Interdependencies of key considerations such as capacity, operating pressure, fluid composition and phase composition will be described with a sequential decision-based methodology proposed.
The purposed methodology is a front-end project screening tool recommended to be used in collaboration with business development prior to investing in detailed engineering evaluations of selected candidate pipelines. This further evaluation is required after screening to evaluate the current state of the asset, define specific flow capacities under both summer and winter conditions, class location assessment, detailed consequence modelling and project risk registry to capture all risks. Cost considerations applicable to the detailed assessment will be discussed to support high level assessment of project viability.
Examples of typical hydrocarbon pipelines in Alberta are provided to demonstrate the application of the methodology in scoping potential conversion projects. From these examples, it is evident that conversion to gas phase service is typically feasible whereas there are fewer pipelines capable of conversion to dense phase service. Even with conversion being technical feasible, the project must be commercially viable. Gas phase conversion candidates may struggle to meet capacity demands. Whereas, dense phase conversion candidates may be hindered by additional costs associated with modifications identified in detailed engineering. The final decision on whether to convert or not to convert depends on accurate detailed assessments of all the details including the cost of the assessment itself. This paper provides an approach to screen projects for viability before undertaking detailed engineering assessments to provide a more tactical approach to building out carbon dioxide pipeline networks.
Managing Pipelines’ Total Stress Landscape With Advancements in In-Line Inspection-Based Bi-Axial Stress Measurement Technology
Authors: ElSeify Mohamed , Buttle David , Worthington Steve , Yablonskikh Inessa 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Over 15 years ago, pipeline operators requested the development of an in-line inspection (ILI) axial strain measurement tool to support their geohazard management programs. Since then, Axial Strain Measurement Inspection Service (AXISS™) has been employed on over 25,000kms of pipeline with many high strain locations successfully identified and mitigated. Like any new technology, it took the axial strain tool a few years to become a unique, established and proven tool for a pipeline operator to assess geohazards, movement and other strain-related threats.
Over the years, the operators’ experience has provided key insights as to where the current technology strengths lie and of course where enhancement with additional information could further enhance their integrity engineer’s more complete understanding of stress and strain-based threats to then develop proactive mitigation strategies and importantly conduct more cost-effective repair programs — ensuring their pipeline’s safe and continuing operation.
This paper presents a response to these learned and clearly defined needs. It introduces a new bi-axial stress measurement inspection technology AXISS™ EPS that adopts these needed advancements by providing detailed information on the entire stress landscape of both active loading and residual stresses. This proprietary sensing technology used by this new tool is an evolution of a mature stress measurement technique that has successfully delivered bi-axial stress measurements for steel structures for the last 3 decades in a range of industries including flexible pipeline riser systems in the offshore oil and gas industry as well as nuclear, automotive, aerospace and rail.
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the new bi-axial stress tool technology, its rigorous validation and test results. In addition to that, it gives an insight to some of the novel and unique capabilities it provides to further discriminate the criticality of the pipeline stress condition at any given location along the pipeline driving necessary and timely repair. Furthermore, comparison of this new bi-axial stress/strain data relative to the earlier axial strain inspection data is possible and demonstration of these new capabilities will be described as to benefits it will provide in efficiently and effectively managing pipeline strain-based threats.
Evaluation of an Operator’s Horizontal Directional Drilling Pipeline Installation Inventory and Recommended Practices
Authors: Babcock Joel , Kushner David , Charlesworth Coleby , Dewar Doug 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is a common pipeline installation method increasingly preferred to avoid challenging terrain, geohazards, and environmentally sensitive areas that would otherwise be encountered with conventionally trenched installations. However, HDD pipeline installations (HDDPIs) are not always designed to avoid geohazard threats, with pipelines often drilled through areas vulnerable to watercourse floodplain erosion or landslides. This can increase pipeline susceptibility to failure up to 15 times compared to conventionally trenched pipelines [1]. Failure to adequately design for, monitor, assess and manage geohazard threats to HDDPIs has resulted in failures, environmental impacts, lengthy pipeline outages and costly HDDPI replacements.
This paper presents an operator’s review of 429 HDDPIs and a proposed standard for classifying, evaluating, monitoring, and mitigating landslide and watercourse threats to both planned and existing HDDPIs. Geotechnical HDDPI hazard sites are classified and assessed by drill path position and ground/pipeline monitoring. Hydrotechnical HDDPI hazard sites are reviewed based on depth of cover, historical air photos, and river geomorphology, and categorized according to likelihood of failure based on potential free span length as related to river size, and estimated time to pipeline exposure. Depending on categorizations, various ground and pipeline monitoring, investigations, and mitigations are prescribed.
Reduction of Methane Leaks Through Corrosion Mitigation Pre-Treatments for Pipelines With Field Applied Coatings
Authors: Lee Kenneth Y. , Thompson Neil G. , Taylor Christopher , Evans Kenneth , Land Jason , Sridhar Narasi , Matocha Garry 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Corrosion of buried, coated steel pipelines transporting natural gas is a significant source of methane emissions, from pipeline venting required for maintenance and repairs and from pipeline leaks and incidents. Corrosion of steel under field applied coatings is an important safety concern for the pipeline industry. This project investigates the application of a field applied alloy over girth welds to mitigate external corrosion of buried coated steel pipelines.
Various metallic coating options were considered, which were required to meet several criteria: (1) it must resist corrosion under open-circuit or mild cathodic protection conditions, (2) it must protect the substrate steel, and (3) it must not negatively affect the adhesion of the field coating. Finite element models and lab testing were performed of alloy coating compositions to identify promising alloy types underneath disbonded coatings. Polarization curves of coating alloys were generated to provide the boundary conditions for the COMSOL model to compute potential and current distributions around coated areas.
Sacrificial and corrosion-resistant metal alloy coatings were evaluated and optimized using corrosion modeling and laboratory electrochemical testing, where aluminum alloy 5356 (5% Mg) and steel alloy B9 (9% Cr) were selected. Corrosion test coupons were designed and fabricated using flame-sprayed aluminum 5356 and welded B9 steel overlays on API 5L grade X42 line pipe steel. The corrosion test coupons, with simulated pipe coating damage, were tested in a laboratory soil box and a field pipeline site in Texas for 3-months. Corrosion test coupons were then tested for 6-months at field pipeline sites in Texas and Tennessee to quantify corrosion rates and performance of the aluminum and steel alloys under polyethylene tape and 2-part epoxy coatings, various coating holidays, and with and without cathodic protection.
Advancing Leak Detection in Natural Gas Pipelines: A Novel Approach Using Real-Time Transient Modeling for Methane Emissions Mitigation
Authors: Ghasvari-Jahromi Hamed , Ekram Fatemeh , Mokamati Satya 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Currently, methane emissions account for approximately 25% of human-induced global warming, with the oil and gas sector ranking among the leading contributors. Early detection of methane leaks in pipelines significantly reduces the greenhouse gases emissions, aiding in the mitigation of adverse economic and environmental consequences associated with climate change. Computational Pipeline Monitoring (CPM) systems, tailored for leak detection, provide continuous pipeline monitoring and offer early identification of leaks while minimizing false alarms. This study harnesses advancements in tracking and estimation methodologies and integrates them with physics-based models to address the intricacies of modeling gas pipelines and introduces a real-time transient model (RTTM) used for leak detection of natural gas pipelines.
Does Sampling Frequency Affect the Accuracy of ActiGraph’s ActiLife and Moving Average Vector Magnitude Step-Count Algorithms?
Authors: Aguiar Elroy J. , Lucas Kayli J. , Benitez Cristal J. , Adandom Israel I. , Toth Lindsay P. , Ducharme Scott W. 
Published: December 2024

Background: ActiGraph activity counts are sensitive to sampling frequency (in hertz). However, it is unclear if ActiGraph’s ActiLife and Moving Average Vector Magnitude (MAVM) step-count algorithms are similarly affected. Methods: Forty-eight participants (22.1 ± 4.0 years) completed 4 × 3-min treadmill bouts at 2–5 mph while wearing three ActiGraph GT9X devices, initialized at 30, 80, and 100 Hz, on the hip in a randomized order. Criterion steps were hand-counted, and ActiGraph steps were obtained using the ActiLife and MAVM algorithms. Performance relative to the criterion was assessed using mean and SD of the error, mean absolute percent error, modified Bland–Altman analysis, and equivalence testing. Results: The ActiLife algorithm generally performed the best relative to the criterion at 30 Hz (range across speeds: mean error −0.8 to −21.7 steps/min; SD ±0.6 to ±20.2 steps/min; mean absolute percent error 0.7%–22.2%) versus 80 Hz (−1.2 to −22.0 steps/min; ±1.5 to ±19.1 steps/min; 1.1%–22.7%) versus 100 Hz (−2.4 to −23.6 steps/min; ±3.8 to ±17.6 steps/min; 2.1%–24.2%), respectively. For the modified Bland–Altman analysis, the 30-Hz data yielded the tightest 95% limits of agreement across speeds, followed by 80 Hz, and then 100 Hz. Similar trends were observed in equivalence testing. The MAVM algorithm did not appear to be affected by sampling frequency; however, it generally displayed less precision. Conclusion: The ActiLife algorithm is sensitive to sampling frequency, whereas the MAVM algorithm is not. When step count is the primary measurement outcome, a sampling frequency of 30 Hz is recommended.
Exploring the Influence of Mental Health, Sociocultural Pressures, Body Dissatisfaction, and Self-Efficacy on Mothers’ Reengagement in Team Sports Postpartum
Authors: Boardman Jessie J. , Liddelow Caitlin 
Published: December 2024

Mothers undergo extensive changes after birth and are a priority group at risk of mental health issues and physical inactivity. Team sport participation often provides additional social and mental benefits beyond physical activity. This study aimed to understand the influence of mental health, sociocultural pressures, body dissatisfaction, and self-efficacy on postpartum mothers’ reengagement in team sports. A cross-sectional study with 232 Australian mothers (M = 32.0, SD = 5.14) who had a biological child aged 0–3 years was conducted. A hierarchical multiple regression assessing body dissatisfaction found that the combined variables explained 31.8% of the variance in body dissatisfaction, with breastfeeding (b = −4.25), number of children (b = 1.90), depression (b = 29.38), and sociocultural pressures (b = 22.32) being significant. Body dissatisfaction was not directly associated with sport reengagement. However, a mediation analysis found that self-efficacy significantly mediated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and sport reengagement. Overall, this study suggests that to improve postpartum mothers’ engagement in sports, there needs to be a focus on building their self-efficacy for participating, such as through game adaptations or participation flexibility to suit their changing body and needs.
What research evidence is required on violence against women to inform future pandemic preparedness? A scoping review of the research evidence and gaps
Authors: Brennan-Wilson Aoibheann , Ain Qurat Ul , Ozkaya Canan , Amin Avni , García-Moreno Claudia , Thurston Allen , Mackenzie Alison , Lagdon Susan , Stark Patrick , Lohan Maria 
Published: December 2024

IntroductionViolence against women (VAW) during the COVID-19 pandemic was described as the ‘shadow pandemic’ with an increase in reports of VAW. As countries now focus on becoming more resilient to future pandemics, it is critical to understand what we learnt about evidence on VAW burden, prevention, and response during the COVID-19 pandemic. The WHO commissioned this scoping review to gain an understanding of the research evidence on VAW during COVID-19 and to inform future pandemic preparedness efforts.MethodsTerms relating to VAW and COVID-19 were used to search six databases between 1 January 2020 and 11 February 2023, inclusive of all study designs. Data on thematic focus (ie, burden of violence and/or interventions/services), types of violence, study design, study setting and participant characteristics were synthesised.ResultsOf 25 080 identified records, 694 publications were reviewed in full text and 419 publications were included. The majority (>95%) of the published research was devoted to documenting the burden of VAW, while only 6.2% studied solutions (interventions/services), with even less emphasis on identifying how to prevent VAW in a pandemic context (1%). Gaps in research on VAW that existed prior to the pandemic on women who face multiple intersecting forms of disadvantage endured. Outstanding also was the gap in research on digital-mediated violence (<5%), even as reports of online facilitated violence soared. Additionally, gaps in evidence on specific types of violence such as femicide, forced marriage and acid attacks persisted.ConclusionThat VAW will be a critical concern, and its impacts worsened during pandemics in the future is certain. The research community does not need to spend more on understanding the burden of forms of VAW but pivot to research to adapt and innovate how to deliver prevention and support services, especially to populations who are disproportionately impacted. In addition to addressing this broader gap in prevention and response during pandemics, further evidence is required on the specific area of technology-mediated violence, femicide, forced marriage and acid attacks.