bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial thinking in infancy: Origins and development of mental rotation between 3 and 10 months of age
Authors: Johnson Scott P. , Moore David S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMental rotation (MR) is the ability to transform a mental representation of an object so as to accurately predict how the object would look from a different angle (Sci 171:701–703, 1971), and it is involved in a number of important cognitive and behavioral activities. In this review we discuss recent studies that have examined MR in infants and the development of MR across the first year after birth. These studies have produced many conflicting results, yet several tentative conclusions can be reached. First, MR may be operational in infants as young as 3 months of age. Second, there may be sex differences in MR performance in infancy, in general favoring males, as there are in children and in adults. Third, there appear to be multiple influences on infants’ MR performance, including infants’ motor activity, stimulus or task complexity, hormones, and parental attitudes. We conclude by calling for additional research to examine more carefully the causes and consequences of MR abilities early in life.
Characterization of the major human STAG3 variants using some proteomics and bioinformatics assays
Authors: Lafta Inam J. , Kudhair Bassam K. , Alabid Noralhuda N. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
STAG3 is the meiotic component of cohesin and a member of the Cancer Testis Antigen (CTA) family. This gene has been found to be overexpressed in many types of cancer, and recently, its variants have been implicated in other disorders and many human diseases. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the major variants of STAG3. Western blot (WB) and immunoprecipitation (IP) assays were performed using two different anti-STAG3 antibodies that targeted the relevant protein in MCF-7, T-47D, MDA-MB-468, and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells with Jurkat and MCF-10A cells as positive and negative controls, respectively. In silico analyses were searched to study the major isoforms.

Results
WB and IP assays revealed two abundant polypeptides < 191 kDa and ~ 75 kDa in size. Specific bioinformatics tools successfully determined the three-dimensional (3-D) structure, the subcellular localization, and the secondary structures of the isoforms. Furthermore, some of the physicochemical properties of the STAG3 proteins were also determined.

Conclusions
The results of this study revealed the power of applying the biological techniques (WB and IP) with the bioinformatics assays and the possibility of their exploitation in understanding diseased genes. Exploring the major variants of STAG3 at the protein level could help decipher some disorders associated with their occurrence, along with designing drugs effective at least for some relevant diseases.
Application of Box–Behnken design and desirability function in the development and optimization of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system for enhanced dissolution of ezetimibe
Authors: Yadav Pragya , Rastogi Vaibhav , Verma Anurag 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
This study is focused on developing and optimizing a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of BCS class II drug (ezetimibe) through Box–Behnken design (BBD) and desirability function for enhanced dissolution.
Pseudoternary phase diagrams were created by taking oil (Peceol), surfactant (Tween80), and co-surfactant (Transcutol-P) and the concentration ranges were identified for generating BBD. The composition of ezetimibe-SNEDDS was optimized through various response variables viz. globule size (Y1), %transmittance (Y2), self-emulsification time (Y3), dissolution after 5 min and 40 min (Y4, Y5). Optimized formulation was characterized for various physicochemical properties.

Results
Pseudoternary phase diagram having maximum nano-emulsification area was selected to formulate SNEDDS. Derived polynomial equation and model graphs were exercised to investigate the impact of formulation variables on the responses. Significant effect of formulation composition on the responses was observed (p < 0.05). The formulation with least oil (10%) and high surfactant (60%) exhibited low globule size (24.4 ± 2.07 nm), low emulsification time (55 s) but high %transmittance (101.2%) and drug release (49.21% after 5 min; 95.27% after 40 min). Based on the desirability function, the optimized formulation was selected and reformulated. The optimized formulation (FF1) was found to be uniform, stable, and showed similar observed and predicted responses.

Conclusion
The potential of SNEDDS in improving the dissolution profile of weakly soluble drug and the applicability of BBD with desirability function in optimizing a SNEDD formulation has made it possible to identify the impact of various independent variables on optimization of the formulation for better responses.
Why care about integrated care? Part I. Demographics, finances and workforce: immovable objects facing mental health services
Authors: Tracy Derek K. , Holloway Frank , Hanson Kara , James Adrian , Strathdee Geraldine , Holmes Dez , Kalidindi Sridevi , Shergill Sukhwinder S. 
Published: March 2020

SUMMARYDemands on health and social care are growing in quantity and complexity, with resources and staffing not projected to match this. The landmark NHS Long Term Plan calls for services in England to be delivered differently through integrated care systems (ICSs) that will better join commissioners and providers, and health and social care. The scale of these changes is immense, and the detail can feel confusing. However, they are important and will affect all clinicians in the public service. This three-part series provides a primer on integrated care, explaining why it is happening, how services are changing and why clinicians should get involved. In this first article we focus on the changing demographics, and the workforce and financial resources required to address these.
Autism trait prevalence in treatment seeking adolescents and adults attending specialist gender services
Authors: Lehmann Katrin , Rosato Michael , McKenna Hugh , Leavey Gerard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background.
To assess the prevalence of autism traits in individuals accessing gender affirming treatments, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in the regional specialist gender services in Northern Ireland.

Methods.
One hundred and twenty-three individuals (38 adolescents and 69 adults) currently attending or who previously attended specialist gender services in Northern Ireland were recruited. Fifty-six individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB) and 66 individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB) took part in the study. Main outcome measures: Autism Quotient (AQ), Cambridge Behavior Scale (EQ), and RAADS-14.

Results.
Autism trait prevalence rates of 19.5% (AQ); 25.4% (RAADS-14); and 35.8% (poor empathy traits). A combined measure comprising all three provided a prevalence of 17.2%. There were no mean differences in the scores between AMAB (assigned male at birth) individuals and AFAB (assigned female at birth) individuals.

Conclusions.
Autism traits present additional challenges during the assessment and treatment of individuals with gender dysphoria. Autism screening tools can aid in the identification of individual with additional needs.
Ten-Year Update of a Randomized, Prospective Trial of Conventional Fractionated Versus Moderate Hypofractionated Radiation Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Avkshtol Vladimir , Ruth Karen J. , Ross Eric A. , Hallman Mark A. , Greenberg Richard E. , Price Robert A. , Leachman Brooke , Uzzo Robert G. , Ma Charlie , Chen David , Geynisman Daniel M. , Sobczak Mark L. , Zhang Eddie , Wong Jessica K. , Pollack Alan , Horwitz Eric M. 
Published: March 2020

PURPOSE The previously published single institution randomized prospective trial failed to show superiority in the 5-year biochemical and/or clinical disease failure (BCDF) rate with moderate hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiation therapy (H-IMRT) versus conventionally fractionated IMRT (C-IMRT). We now present 10-year disease outcomes using updated risk groups and definitions of biochemical failure. METHODS Men with protocol-defined intermediate- and high-risk prostate adenocarcinoma were randomly assigned to receive C-IMRT (76 Gy in 38 fractions) or H-IMRT (70.2 Gy in 26 fractions). Men with high-risk disease were all prescribed 24 months of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and had lymph node irradiation. Men with intermediate risk were prescribed 4 months of ADT at the discretion of the treating physician. The primary endpoint was cumulative incidence of BCDF. We compared disease outcomes and overall mortality by treatment arm, with sensitivity analyses for National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) risk group adjustment. RESULTS Overall, 303 assessable men were randomly assigned to C-IMRT or H-IMRT. The median follow-up was 122.9 months. Per updated NCCN risk classification, there were 28 patients (9.2%) with low-risk, 189 (62.4%) with intermediate-risk, and 86 (28.4%) with high-risk prostate cancer. The arms were equally balanced for clinicopathologic factors, except that there were more black patients in the C-IMRT arm (17.8% v 7.3%; P = .02). There was no difference in ADT use ( P = .56). The 10-year cumulative incidence of BCDF was 25.9% in the C-IMRT arm and was 30.6% in the H-IMRT arm (hazard ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.82 to 2.11). The two arms also had similar cumulative 10-year rates of biochemical failure, prostate cancer–specific mortality, and overall mortality; however, the 10-year cumulative incidence of distant metastases was higher in the H-IMRT arm (rate difference, 7.8%; 95% CI, 0.7% to 15.1%). CONCLUSION H-IMRT failed to demonstrate superiority compared with C-IMRT in long-term disease outcomes.
Translating Ramp V˙O2 into Constant Power Output: A Novel Strategy that Minds the Gap
Authors: CAEN KEVIN , BOONE JAN , BOURGOIS JAN G. , COLOSIO ALESSANDRO L. , POGLIAGHI SILVIA 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
This study aimed to model the dissociation in the V˙O2/power output (PO) relationship between ramp incremental (RI) and constant work rate (CWR) exercise and to develop a novel strategy that resolves this gap and enables an accurate translation of the RI V˙O2 response into a constant PO.

Methods
Nine young men completed two RI tests (30 and 15 W·min−1) and CWR tests at seven intensities across exercise intensity domains. The V˙O2/PO relationship for RI and CWR exercise was modeled, and the dissociation was compared in terms of PO. The accuracy of three translation strategies was tested in the moderate-intensity (i.e., zone 1) and heavy-intensity (i.e., zone 2) domain. Strategy 1 comprised a simple mean response time correction, whereas strategies 2 and 3 accounted for the loss of mechanical efficiency in zone 2 by applying an extra correction that was based on, respectively, the difference between s
2 − CWR and s
2 − ramp and the ratio s
2/s
1.

Results
For all intensities, differences in PO were found between CWR and RI exercise (P < 0.001). Overall, these differences were smaller for the 15-W·min−1 compared with the 30-W·min−1 protocol (P = 0.012). Strategy 1 was accurate for PO selection in zone 1 (bias = 0.4 ± 7.3 W), but not in zone 2 (bias = 17.1 ± 15.9 W). Only strategy 2 was found to be accurate for both intensity zones (bias = 2.2 ± 14.2 W) (P = 0.107).

Conclusion
This study confirmed that a simple mean response time correction works for PO selection in the moderate-intensity but not in the heavy-intensity domain. A novel strategy was tested and validated to accurately prescribe a constant PO based on the RI V˙O2 response in a population of young healthy men.
Chronic Exposure to Low-Dose Carbon Monoxide Alters Hemoglobin Mass and V˙O2max
Authors: SCHMIDT WALTER F. J. , HOFFMEISTER TORBEN , HAUPT SANDRA , SCHWENKE DIRK , WACHSMUTH NADINE B. , BYRNES WILLIAM C. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
By blocking the oxygen binding sites on the hemoglobin molecule, chronic low-dose carbon monoxide (CO) administration may produce similar effects to those of exposure to altitude.

Purpose
This study aimed to determine the effect of chronic low-dose CO application on hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and V˙O2max.

Methods
For 3 wk, 11 healthy and moderately trained male subjects inhaled a CO bolus five times per day to increase their HbCO concentration by ~5%. Another 11 subjects received a placebo. Hbmass, serum erythropoietin concentration, ferritin, and basic hematological parameters were determined before and weekly during and until 3 wk after the CO inhalation period. V˙O2max tests on a cycle ergometer were performed before and after the CO administration period.

Results
In the CO group, Hbmass increased from 919 ± 69 to 962 ± 78 g in week 3 (P < 0.001) and was maintained for the following 3 wk. Reticulocytes (%) and immature reticulocyte fraction significantly increased after 1 wk. Serum erythropoietin concentration tended to increase after 1 wk (P = 0.07) and was suppressed in the postperiod (P < 0.01). Ferritin decreased during the inhalation period (from 106 ± 37 to 72 ± 37 ng·mL−1, P < 0.001). V˙O2max tended to increase from 4230 ± 280 to 4350 ± 350 mL·min−1 (P < 0.1) immediately after the inhalation period and showed a significant relationship to the change in Hbmass (y = 4.1x − 73.4, r = 0.70, P < 0.001).

Conclusions
Chronic continuous exposure to low-dose CO enhances erythropoietic processes resulting in a 4.8% increase in Hbmass. The individual changes in Hbmass were correlated to the corresponding changes in V˙O2max. Examination of ethical and safety concerns is warranted before the implementation of low-dose CO inhalation in the clinical/athletic setting as a tool for modifying Hbmass.
Marital experiences of women with obstetric fistula: a systematic review of qualitative studies
Authors: Tembo Nchimunya Nambala , Kwaleyela Concepta , Mukwatokatowa Patricia , Odland Jon , Zulu Joseph Mumba , Maimbolwa Margaret C 
Published: March 2020

Background/Aims Obstetric fistula is a serious birthing injury with medicosocial consequences including infertility and marital disharmony. Obstetric fistula has been eliminated in developed countries but remains highly prevalent in Africa and Asia. The aim of this study was to identify and analyse the marital experiences of women with obstetric fistula in order to guide interventions to help women cope with their situation, as well as improving partner support towards women living with this condition. Methods A range of electronic databases were searched for studies conducted worldwide, published between 2003 and 2018. English language publications were searched for using relevant keywords. Three main themes were identified based on the content of the interview questions and the respondents' views and experiences, and how these related to the study objectives. Results A total of 33 studies were included. Three main themes in the marital experiences of women with obstetric fistulas were identified: ‘loss of marriage’ (n=25), ‘marital and sexual life is no longer joyful’ (n=17), and ‘partner support’ (n=22). Conclusions Obstetric fistula can have significant impacts on a woman and her partner. Healthcare professionals should be aware of these concerns and surgical repair should be encouraged. Counselling should be provided for women with obstetric fistula and their partners.
In situ repair of partial-thickness rotator cuff tears: a critical analysis review
Authors: Rossi Luciano A. , Ranalletta Maximiliano 
Published: March 2020

After failed conservative management, operative intervention is typically indicated for patients with partial-thickness rotator cuff tears (PTRCTs) with persistent pain and disability symptoms. For PTRCTs involving < 50% of the tendon thickness, debridement with or without acromioplasty resulted in favourable outcomes in most studies. For PTRCTs involving > 50% of the tendon thickness, in situ repair has proven to significantly improve pain and functional outcomes for articular and bursal PTRCTs. The few available comparative studies in the literature showed similar functional and structural outcomes between in situ repair and repair after conversion to full-thickness tear for PTRCTs. Most non-overhead athletes return to sports at the same level as previous to the injury after in situ repair of PTRCTs. However, rates of return to preinjury level of competition for overhead athletes have been generally poor regardless of the utilized technique. During long-term follow-up, arthroscopic in situ repair of articular and bursal PTRCTs produced excellent functional outcomes in most patients, with a low rate of revision.Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:138-144. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190010
Adolescents Obtaining Abortion Without Parental Consent: Their Reasons and Experiences of Social Support
Authors: Coleman‐Minahan Kate , Jean Stevenson Amanda , Obront Emily , Hays Susan 
Published: March 2020

CONTEXTMost states require adolescents younger than 18 to involve a parent prior to obtaining an abortion, yet little is known about adolescents’ reasons for choosing abortion or the social support received by those who seek judicial bypass of parental consent for abortion.METHODSIn‐depth interviews were conducted with 20 individuals aged 16–19 who sought judicial bypass in Texas between 2015 and 2016 to explore why they chose to get an abortion, who they involved in their decision and what their experiences of social support were. Data were analyzed thematically using stigma and social support theories.RESULTSParticipants researched their pregnancy options and involved others in their decisions. They chose abortion because parenting would limit their futures, and they believed they could not provide a child with all of her or his needs. Anticipated stigma motivated participants to keep their decision private, although they desired emotional and material support. Not all male partners agreed with adolescents’ decisions to seek an abortion, and agreement by some males did not guarantee emotional or material support; some young women described their partners’ giving them the “freedom” to make the decision as avoiding responsibility. After a disclosure of their abortion decision, some participants experienced enacted stigma, including shame and emotional abuse.CONCLUSIONSAbortion stigma influences adolescents’ disclosure of their abortion decisions and limits their social support. Fears of disclosing their pregnancies and abortion decisions are justified, and policymakers should consider how laws requiring parental notification may harm adolescents. Further research is needed on adolescents’ experiences with abortion stigma.
Watt-level diode-pumped continuous-wave Pr:LiYF4 laser at 670  nm and simultaneous dual-wavelength operation at 639 and 670  nm
Authors: Qu Biao , Huang Qilu 
Published: March 2020

We report on blue-diode-pumped continuous-wave

P
r

:

L
i
Y
F

4

(YLF) visible lasers involving a less investigated 670 nm laser emission. In the free-running regime, a simultaneous dual-wavelength operation at 670 and 639 nm is achieved with a maximum output power of 1.67 W and a slope efficiency of 20.4%. Using a

Y

3

A
l

5

O

12

(YAG) plate as an intracavity etalon, we have suppressed the 639 nm emission, and then a single-wavelength laser at 670 nm has been achieved with a maximum output power of 0.96 W and slope efficiency of 12.7%. The directly generated 670 nm laser source from Pr:YLF crystal with watt-level output power has advantages over diode laser or frequency-doubled

N
d

:

Y
V
O

4

lasers operating at a similar laser wavelength, which could be used in biomedical technologies.
Risk-Adapted Cutoffs in Colorectal Cancer Screening by Fecal Immunochemical Tests
Authors: Peng Le , Balavarca Yesilda , Niedermaier Tobias , Weigl Korbinian , Hoffmeister Michael , Brenner Hermann 
Published: March 2020

INTRODUCTION:
Fecal immunochemical tests (FITs) for hemoglobin are increasingly used in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. The use of uniform positivity thresholds (cutoffs) within screening populations is expected to imply lower positive predictive values (PPVs) and higher numbers of colonoscopies needed (numbers needed to scope [NNSs]) to detect advanced neoplasms among screening participants at lower risk compared with those at higher risk. We aimed to assess such variation and its potential implications in a large screening cohort.

METHODS:
A quantitative FIT (FOB Gold; Sentinel Diagnostics, Milan, Italy) was conducted in fecal samples collected by 4,332 participants of screening colonoscopy before bowel preparation. Participants were classified into 3 risk groups (low, medium, and high) by tertiles of a previously derived risk-factor-based risk score. We determined the variation of PPVs and NNSs for detecting advanced neoplasms (i.e., CRC or advanced adenoma) when using the same FIT cutoffs and variation of FIT cutoffs that would yield uniform PPVs across risk groups.

RESULTS:
When a fixed FIT cutoff of 10 μg/g was used, the PPV increased from 23.3% to 41.8% from the low- to the high-risk group, with NNS decreasing from 4.3 to 2.4 (P < 0.001). Similar variations of PPVs and NNSs across risk groups were observed at higher FIT cutoffs. When risk group-specific cutoffs were defined to achieve fixed PPVs of 25%, 30%, and 35% across all risk groups, cutoffs varied from 5.3 to 11.4, 6.5 to 18.7, and 7.5 to 31.0 μg hemoglobin/g feces, respectively, between high- and low-risk groups (P < 0.05 for all differences).

DISCUSSION:
Using risk-adapted cutoffs may help to achieve target levels of PPV and NNS and might be an option to consider for personalized FIT-based CRC screening.
Ancient Schwannoma of the Gallbladder
Authors: de Bakker J. K. , Witteveen E. , van den Bergh J. , Daams F. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Schwannomas are benign tumors which arise in the Schwann cells of the peripheral nerves. They develop anywhere in the human body but are less frequent found in the digestive tract. A 67-year-old female patient was referred to our tertiary HPB department with a asymptomatic mass of the gallbladder. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography revealed a rather homogeneous, well-circumscribed, high-density ovoid mural mass. An open cholecystectomy was performed. A final diagnosis of schwannoma with degenerative atypia, so-called “ancient schwannoma”, was made. Clinical recovery and follow-up was uneventful, with no signs of recurrence.