bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods for Determining Free Amino Nitrogen in Wort and Beer and Viscosity of Wort and Beer
Authors: West Dwight B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The American Society of Brewing Chemists (ASBC) has released new methods for the determination of free amino nitrogen in wort and beer and for viscosity of wort and beer. The 4 procedures have been collaboratively tested by ASBC and the European Brewing Convention and adopted as official by both organizations. The free amino nitrogen methods use ninhydrin in the colorimetric reaction. The viscosity procedures measure flow times of the test materials against water. The methods have been adopted as official first action.
Semiautomated Method for Simultaneous Determination of Phosphorus, Calcium, and Crude Protein in Animal Feeds
Authors: Hambleton Larry G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A semiautomated method was developed for the simultaneous determination of phosphorus, calcium, and crude protein in animal feeds. Samples are digested with a block digestor, diluted to volume, and analyzed at the rate of 40 samples/hr. Protein is determined by the official AOAC method, by measuring the absorbance of an ammonia-salicylate complex at 660 nm. Phosphorus and calcium are determined by measuring the absorbances of the molybdovanadophosphate and calcium-cresolphthalein complexes at 420 and 570 nm, respectively. Samples are weighed according to the amount of protein they contain. Over 90% of the mixed animal feed samples analyzed for phosphorus and calcium fall within the range of the instrument; provisions are made for single determinations on those samples that fall outside the specified ranges. Results correlate well for the semiautomated method and official AOAC methods on mixed feed check samples and NBS Standard Reference Orchard Leaves.
Collaborative Study of an Assay for Progestational Steroids in Individual Contraceptive Tablets
Authors: Wu John Y P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A single tablet assay method has been developed for determining norethindrone, norethynodrel, and norgestrel in commercial contraceptive tablets. The steroid is separated from the tablet constituents on a diatomaceous earth column, the chloroform eluate is reacted with isonicotinic acid hydrazide, and the steroid is determined by colorimetry. Norethynodrel is isomerized to a conjugated ketosteroid before the colorimetric determination. Fourteen laboratories collaboratively tested the method. The average recoveries in 3 brands of tablets were as follows: 102.6% for the sample labeled as containing 0.35 mg norethindrone/tablet, 99.4% for the 2.5 mg norethynodrel/tablet, and 98.2% for the 0.5 mg norgestrel/tablet. The assay method has been adopted as official first action.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Diphenhydramine. HCl in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Maghssoudi Rostam H , Fawzi Ahmad B , Moosavi Meerkalaiee Majd Aldeen N 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A new Spectrophotometric method has been developed for determining diphenhydramine. HCl, based on solvent extraction into chloroform of the complex formed with bromocresol green. The complex solution in chloroform showed maximum absorption at 415 nm and obeyed Beer’s law over the concentration range of 3.0–12.0 μg/ml. The molar absorptivity of the complex was 2.02 × 104. Complex formation and extraction was complete and quantitative over the pH range from 2 to 5. The ratio of diphenhydramine to bromocresol green was 1:1. Excipients, coloring matter, flavoring agents, and other substances likely to be present in diphenhydramine preparations do not interfere in the determination. Direct determinations in tablet, capsule, sirup, and lotion preparations were carried out satisfactorily, and the average recovery was 100±1.0%.
Gas-Liquid Chromatography of Picogram Quantities of Pyrethroid Insecticides
Authors: Chapman Ralph A , Simmons Herbert S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A gas-liquid chromatographic method is described for 4 newly developed pyrethroid insecticides: 3-phenoxybenzyl(±)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2- dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(±)-2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl(±)-cis,trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, and (±)-α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (±)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate. The compounds were stable and separated at 230°C on columns of 5% OV-101 on Gas-Chrom Q. All are strongly electron-capturing, allowing quantitation at the 20 pg level with a 63Ni electron capture detector.
Evaluation of Electrolytic Conductivity Detection for Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Screening of Some Organonitrogen Herbicides and Fungicides in Foods
Authors: Lawrence James F , McLeod Harry A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Electrolytic conductivity detection for the gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) screening of 15 organonitrogen herbicides and fungicides was investigated. Spiked samples of crop material were extracted with acetone and the filtered sample extracts were partitioned with methylene chloride-petroleum ether (1+1) followed by second and third extractions with methylene chloride. The combined organic extracts were evaporated to dryness and the residues were dissolved in hexane for cleanup on a 2% deactivated Fiorisil column. The pesticide fractions were determined directly by GLC. All pesticides could be detected at 0.1 ppm in the foods studied.
Column Chromatographic Analysis of Barbiturates in Their Dosage Forms. IV. Combinations with Parabens
Authors: Barkan Susan , Doyle Thomas D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The nature of the alkaline hydrolysis of some barbiturates in combinations with parabens (p-hydroxybenzoates) was studied with controlled variables, including temperature, viscosity, and concentrations of sodium hydroxide, barbiturate, and parabens. The kinetic studies showed that parabens could be completely hydrolyzed in strong base at 40°C in 1 hr, while the barbiturate remained intact and was readily isolated by partition chromatography. Based on the theoretical results, a partition chromatographic procedure for butabarbital with parabens was devised. Standard recoveries averaged 100.7 % with a standard deviation of 0.89. Kinetic data indicate that the hydrolysis of parabens could also be applied to analyze combinations with amo-, seco-, and pentobarbitals. Phenobarbital and parabens are readily separated by partition chromatographic methods without prior hydrolysis of the parabens. The low extraction constant for phenobarbital allowed its retention on a column against relatively strong solvents while the intact parabens are eluted. A slightly modified method was applied to the separation of phenobarbital from parabens. Standard recoveries average 99.9% with a standard deviation of 0.69.
Extraction and Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Hexachlorophene from Several Plant Tissues
Authors: Van Auken Oscar W , Hulse Michael 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Conditions are described for extraction, cleanup, derivatization, detection, and quantitation of hexachlorophene (HCP) residues from several types of plant material. Wet plant tissue was homogenized and extracted with ethyl ether, dried, and methylated with excess diazomethane. Samples were precleaned by column chromatography on silica gel with benzene-petroleum ether (1 + 1), and then 1–10 μI concentrated sample was chromatographed on a 6′ column of 3% SE-30 on 80–100 mesh Gas-Chrom Q. The detection limit for the electron capture detector was &lt;0.1 ng dimethoxyhexachlorophene and 1 ppb HCP in plant tissue. Recoveries (%) of 11–610 pph HCP added to tissue averaged 94.3 for tomatoes, 86.4 for green peppers, 92.6 for cucumbers, 93.3 for green beans, 93.7 for peanut hay, and 91.6 for peanut shells.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determining Ethylenethiourea in Potatoes, Spinach, Applesauce, and Milk: Collaborative Study
Authors: Onley John H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Eight laboratories collaboratively tested a gas-liquid chromatographic method for determining ethylenethiourea (ETU) in potatoes, spinach, applesauce, and milk. In the determinative step, ETU is converted to the S-butyl derivative (2-n-butylmercapto-2-imidazoline) which is detected by a flame photometric detector, sulfur mode. For unknown fortification levels of 0.06, 0.12, and 0.30 ppm, the collaborators reported an overall average recovery range of 85–97% in the various commodities. The method has been adopted as interim official first action.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Some Preservatives in Milk
Authors: Wahbi Abdel-Aziz M , Abdine Hassan , Blaih Salah M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Benzoic acid, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, and sorbic acid in milk have been determined by using the corresponding first derivative curves of absorption spectra of clarified milk samples. The ΔA/Δλ curves were computed and the concentration of each preservative was calculated using 1 point, 2 points, and/or 3 points. In all cases, the percentage error was within 2.4%.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Adult Stored Product Beetle Mandibles
Authors: Kvenberg John E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Adult stored product beetle mandibles were used as a subject for this scanning electron microscopic study. A total of 34 species are represented. Discussion is organized taxonomically by family, and comparisons are made between species where possible. Established terminology for morphological processes has been applied to all characteristics of mandibles reported in earlier literature ; however, several new terms have been added in an attempt to better describe specific attributes of a species.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Food for Folates
Authors: Clifford Carolyn K , Clifford Andrew J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The multiplicity of naturally occurring chemical forms of folates and the lack of technology to measure these forms individually stimulated the application of high pressure liquid chromatographic procedures to the separation and quantitation of these compounds. Optimum conditions for separating a mixture of tetrahydrofolic acid (THF), N5-methyltetrahydrafolic acid (N5-CH3-THF), dihydrofolic acid (DHF), and folic acid (FA) were established for a pellicular strong anion exchange resin (0.01 × 300 cm) and a potassium chloride gradient in phosphate buffer at pH 7.5, 40°C, flowing at 15.2 ml/hr. The order of elution was THF, N5-CH3-THF, DHF, and FA. The coefficients of variation for standard peak area responses ranged from 5 to 8%, and for retention times from 1.3 to 1.8%. Separations were dependent on the substitution on the pteridine portion of the molecule and were independent of the number of glutamic acid residues. Compounds were completely separated in less than 75 min. The smallest amount of folic acid which could be measured reliably was 0.035 nmole/10 μl placed on the column. Peak area response to each folate increased linearly to at least 0.21 nmole/10 μl. The relative contribution of each of the 4 folates to the total folate content of a number of fruit juices and foods differed markedly and may be related to the relative availability of folate from these sources.
Polarographic Determination of Robenidine Residues in Chicken Tissues, Eggs, Litter, Soil, and Plant Tissue
Authors: Smith John E , Pasarela N Robert , Wyckoff John C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Polarographic residue methods have been developed for determining robenidine (Robenz), 1,3-bis[(p-chlorobenzylidene)amino]. guanidine monohydrochloride, in chicken tissues, eggs, litter, soil, and plants. The compound is extracted from chicken fat, skin, muscle, liver, and eggs with ethyl acetate; from blood with acetone; from plant tissue, litter, and kidney with acidic acetone; and from soil with basic methanol. After extraction by high-speed blending or overnight shaking, the extract is cleaned up by evaporation, solvent partition, and/or elution from CG-50 ion exchange resin. Robenidine is quantitated by differential cathode ray polarography, using acidic aqueous methanol or acetic acid (1+1) supporting electrolyte. Recoveries ranged from 64 to 125% with an average overall recovery of 90%. The validated sensitivity is 0.1 ppm for chicken tissues, soil, and plants, 0.01 ppm for eggs, and 1 ppm for litter.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Saccharin in Alcoholic Products
Authors: Tenenbaum Milton , Martin Glenn E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
After preliminary cleanup, sodium saccharin can be quantitatively determined in wines and proprietary drugs by using high pressure liquid chromatography. The preliminary cleanup removes materials that cause column deterioration, loss of baseline stability, and interfering peaks. The average experimental error found in analyses of 6 wines for sodium saccharin content was 2.3% and the standard deviation was 0.01. In the analysis of 10 cough medicines and vitamin preparations, the difference between declared and experimental values for sodium saccharin averaged 5.7%. The recovery for the extraction process ranged from 97.8 to 101.6%.
Comparison of Methods for Determining Probenecid in Tablets and Flavored Oral Suspensions Containing Ampicillin
Authors: Vollmer Paul J , Chastonay Richard , Haneke Carol , Kantor Nathan , Blyth Robert 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Several methods for quantitating probenecid were compared: USP XIX method for probenecid in tablets, a modified USP extraction method for probenecid in tablets, a new column extraction method for probenecid in tablets and oral suspensions containing ampicillin, and a high pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for probenecid in tablets and oral suspensions containing antibiotics. The first 3 methods were satisfactory for probenecid in bulks and tablets but proved unsatisfactory for oral suspensions containing flavors. The flavors gave positive interference for probenecid in oral suspensions. The HPLC method, although more time-consuming, separated probenecid from excipients, thus eliminating positive interference from flavors.
Quantitative Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Method for Sodium Fluoroacetate
Authors: Stahr Henry M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The original gas-liquid chromatographic method for determining sodium fluoroacetate, 1080, involving the preparation of the methyl ester, has been modified for quantitative application to biological tissue, food, and bait samples. Changes include increasing the sample size to 20 g, increasing the esterification reaction time to 20 hr, and increasing the amount of ethyl ether extractant to 120 ml. With these modifications, recoveries of radiolabeled 1080 averaged 85%.
The effect of reproductive loss on the performance of a research flock
Authors: Shorten Paul R , Edwards Sara J , Juengel Jenny L 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe reproductive performance of a sheep flock is dependent on a multitude of complex interacting factors. Achieving optimal flock performance requires knowledge of the reproductive steps and how these are linked and related to available measurements of the state and performance of the flock. The goal was to use previously collected data from a research flock that had undergone selection for fecundity (11,369 lambing records), to model the key reproductive steps affecting flock reproductive performance. The model was used to investigate how changes in liveweight, age, ovulation rate, number of fetuses at midpregnancy, number of lambs born, and birthweight affect the number of lambs weaned and the weaning weight of each lamb in this flock. The data available from the research flock were used to parameterize models of each reproductive step and assess the role of ewe age and premating liveweight on each reproductive step. These models were then linked together as a simulation tool to assess the role of different parameters on flock reproductive performance, which was defined as the total weight of lambs weaned per ewe exposed to the ram. Flock elasticities were calculated that characterize the relative importance of the effect of average premating ewe liveweight (0.81), average ovulation rate (0.33), variance in ovulation rate (−0.095), embryo survival (0.72), lamb survival (1.03), conception failure (0.35), and average ewe age (0.056) on the total kilograms of lamb liveweight at weaning per ewe exposed to the ram. The largest elasticity for lamb survival indicated that a 1% increase in lamb survival is expected to have a 1.03% increase in the total kilograms of lamb liveweight at weaning per ewe exposed to the ram in this flock. Assuming similar costs, interventions to increase lamb survival for this flock will provide the largest increase in the total kilograms of lamb liveweight at weaning per ewe exposed to the ram, which is a key metric of flock performance.
Influence of sodium chlorate, ferulic acid, and essential oils on Escherichia coli and porcine fecal microbiota
Authors: Arzola-Alvarez Claudio , Hume Michael E , Anderson Robin C , Latham Elizabeth A , Ruiz-Barrera Oscar , Castillo-Castillo Yamicela , Olivas-Palacios Ana Luisa , Felix-Portillo Monserrath , Armendariz-Rivas Ruth L , Arzola-Rubio Alejandro , Ontiveros-Magadan Marina , Bautista-Martínez Yuridia , Salinas-Chavira Jaime 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The influence of sodium chlorate (SC), ferulic acid (FA), and essential oils (EO) was examined on the survivability of two porcine diarrhetic enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains (F18 and K88) and populations of porcine fecal bacteria. Fecal bacterial populations were examined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and identification by 16S gene sequencing. The treatments were control (no additives), 10 mM SC, 2.5 mg FA /mL, a 1.5% vol/vol solution of an EO mixture as well as mixtures of EO + SC, EO + FA, and FA + SC at each of the aforementioned concentrations. EO were a commercial blend of oregano oil and cinnamon oil with water and citric acid. Freshly collected porcine feces in half-strength Mueller Hinton broth was inoculated with E. coli F18 (Trial 1) or E. coli K88 (Trial 2). The fecal-E. coli suspensions were transferred to crimp top tubes preloaded with the treatment compounds. Quantitative enumeration was at 0, 6, and 24 h. All treatments reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the counts of E. coli F18 at 6 and 24 h. With the exception of similarity coefficient (%SC), all the other treatments reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the K88 counts at 24 h. The most effective treatments to reduce the F18 and K88 CFU numbers were those containing EO. Results of DGGE revealed that Dice percentage similarity coefficients (%SC) of bacterial profiles among treatment groups varied from 81.3% to 100%SC. The results of gene sequencing showed that, except for SC at 24 h, all the other treatments reduced the counts of the family Enterobacteriaceae, while Lactobacillaceae and Ruminococcaceae increased and Clostridiaceae decreased in all treatments. In conclusion, all treatments were effective in reducing the ETEC, but EO mixture was the most effective. The porcine microbial communities may be influenced by the studied treatments.
Compulsive collectors
Authors: Krakus Anna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Oscar-winning film director Andrzej Wajda (1929–2016) was an avid collector of all information relating to himself and his film-making. In 1978 he made a documentary film about a fellow collector, Ludwig Zimmerer (1924–1987), who accumulated thousands of paintings and objects of Polish folk art. This article tells the stories of these two men and their collections. I suggest that an investigation into the lives and times of Wajda and Zimmerer can shed new light on the psychological processes that inform collecting. Rather than dismissing the compulsion to collect as a product of neurosis, as some previous interpretations have done, I argue here that we should read it as a productive and compensatory method for curing addictions.
Evaluating Treatment Tolerability in Cancer Clinical Trials Using the Toxicity Index
Authors: Gresham Gillian , Diniz Márcio A , Razaee Zahra S , Luu Michael , Kim Sungjin , Hays Ron D , Piantadosi Steven , Tighiouart Mourad , Yothers Greg , Ganz Patricia A , Rogatko André 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
The National Cancer Institute Moonshot research initiative calls for improvements in the analysis and reporting of treatment toxicity to advise key stakeholders on treatment tolerability and inform regulatory and clinical decision making. This study illustrates alternative approaches to toxicity evaluation using the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project R-04 clinical trial as an example.

Methods
National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project R-04 was a neoadjuvant chemoradiation trial in stage II–III rectal cancer patients. A 2 x 2 factorial design was used to evaluate whether the addition of oxaliplatin (Oxa) to 5-fluorouracil (5FU) or capecitabine (Cape) with radiation therapy improved local-regional tumor control. The toxicity index (TI), which accounts for the frequency and severity of toxicities, was compared across treatments using multivariable probabilistic index models, where Pr A &lt; B indicates the probability that higher values of TI were observed for A when compared with B. Baseline age, sex, performance status, body mass index, surgery type, and stage were evaluated as independent risk factors.

Results
A total of 4560 toxicities from 1558 patients were analyzed. Results from adjusted probabilistic index models indicate that oxaliplatin-containing regimens had statistically significant (P &lt; .001) probability (Pr) for higher TI compared with regimens without oxaliplatin (Pr 5FU &lt; 5FU + Oxa = 0.619, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.560 to 0.674; Pr 5FU &lt; Cape + Oxa = 0.627, 95% CI = 0.568 to 0.682; Pr Cape &lt; 5FU + Oxa = 0.587, 95% 0.527 to 0.644; and Pr Cape &lt; Cape + Oxa = 0.596, 95% 0.536 to 0.653). When compared with other existing toxicity analysis methods, TI provided greater power to detect differences between treatments.

Conclusions
This article uses standard data collected in a cancer clinical trial to introduce descriptive and analytic methods that account for the additional burden of multiple toxicities. These methods may provide a more accurate description of a patient’s treatment experience that could lead to individualized dosing for better toxicity control. Future research will evaluate the generalizability of these findings in trials with similar drugs.