bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Best practices for precipitation sample storage for offline studies of ice nucleation in marine and coastal environments
Authors: Beall Charlotte M. , Lucero Dolan , Hill Thomas C. , DeMott Paul J. , Stokes M. Dale , Prather Kimberly A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs) are efficiently removed from
clouds through precipitation, a convenience of nature for the study of these
very rare particles that influence multiple climate-relevant cloud
properties including ice crystal concentrations, size distributions and
phase-partitioning processes. INPs suspended in precipitation can be used to
estimate in-cloud INP concentrations and to infer their original
composition. Offline droplet assays are commonly used to measure INP
concentrations in precipitation samples. Heat and filtration treatments
are also used to probe INP composition and size ranges. Many previous
studies report storing samples prior to INP analyses, but little is known
about the effects of storage on INP concentration or their sensitivity to
treatments. Here, through a study of 15 precipitation samples collected at a
coastal location in La Jolla, CA, USA, we found INP concentration changes up
to > 1 order of magnitude caused by storage to concentrations of
INPs with warm to moderate freezing temperatures (−7 to
−19 ∘C). We compared four conditions: (1) storage at room
temperature (+21–23 ∘C), (2) storage at +4 ∘C, (3) storage at −20 ∘C and (4) flash-freezing samples with liquid nitrogen prior to storage at −20 ∘C. Results demonstrate that storage can lead to both
enhancements and losses of greater than 1 order of magnitude, with
non-heat-labile INPs being generally less sensitive to storage regime, but
significant losses of INPs smaller than 0.45 µm in all tested storage
protocols. Correlations between total storage time (1–166 d) and changes
in INP concentrations were weak across sampling protocols, with the
exception of INPs with freezing temperatures ≥ −9 ∘C in samples stored at room temperature. We provide the
following recommendations for preservation of precipitation samples from
coastal or marine environments intended for INP analysis: that samples be
stored at −20 ∘C to minimize storage artifacts, that
changes due to storage are likely an additional uncertainty in INP
concentrations, and that filtration treatments be applied only to fresh
samples. At the freezing temperature −11 ∘C, average INP
concentration losses of 51 %, 74 %, 16 % and 41 % were observed for
untreated samples stored using the room temperature, +4, −20 ∘C, and flash-frozen protocols, respectively.
Finally, the estimated uncertainties associated with the four storage protocols
are provided for untreated, heat-treated and filtered samples for INPs
between −9 and −17 ∘C.
Steinbeck's Phalanx Theory: Reflections on His Great Depression Novels and FDR's New Deal
Authors: Connor William James 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Steinbeck's use of the phalanx in his three Great Depression novels—In Dubious Battle, Of Mice and Men, and The Grapes of Wrath—mirrored the New Deal agenda set by President Franklin Roosevelt. Alexander Saxton summarizes the influence of Steinbeck's works on FDR: “They helped to justify its programs for Social Security, unemployment insurance, labor legislation, and agricultural subsidies” (260).
Du texte aux ressources multimodales : faire avancer la recherche en interprétation à partir d’un corpus déjà existant†
Authors: Bendazzoli Claudio , Bertozzi Michela , Russo Mariachiara 
Published: December 2020

En règle générale, la linguistique de corpus repose sur des sources textuelles et vise l’analyse d’instances représentatives de la langue orale ou écrite. Toutefois, le rôle des ressources non verbales et multimodales y est crucial, car ces dernières contribuent considérablement aux processus de création de sens, tant dans le cas de la communication directe que dans celui de la communication médiée. Ce rôle est d’autant plus essentiel pour les études en interprétation, où les transcriptions des interactions médiées ne peuvent refléter qu’une partie des échanges communicationnels. Des projets comme EPIC (European Parliament Interpreting Corpus) tentent donc d’inclure des ressources multimodales dans leur corpus (p. ex. les informations extralinguistiques, la vidéo et les enregistrements audios) et définissent de nouvelles bases pour les corpus d’interprétation conçus ultérieurement. Nous aborderons ici les développements de cet ordre et donnerons trois autres exemples de tels corpus : DIRSI (Directionality in Simultaneous Interpreting), EPTIC (European Parliament Translation and Interpreting Corpus), le corpus et la plateforme Anglintrad. Ces ressources linguistiques tirent de nouveaux avantages de la multimodalité et offrent des ressources textuelles et multimédias indépendantes ou alignées. Ces exemples montrent l’importance de conserver des formats et des structures souples lorsque l’on crée un corpus d’interprétations, de façon que les ressources ainsi constituées puissent faire progresser les études en interprétation au-delà d’un niveau strictement textuel.
Expression of Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 in Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of the Lung
Authors: Morotti Raffaella A. , Gutierrez Maria C. , Askin Fred , Profitt Sherri A. , Wert Susan E. , Whitsett Jeffrey A. , Greco M. Alba 
Published: July 2002

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is an abnormality of branching morphogenesis of the lung. CCAM types 1, 2, and 3 exhibit a cellular composition that is different from that of CCAM type 4 when evaluated with bronchiolar and alveolar cell markers. Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) regulates early lung development. To evaluate the potential role of TTF-1 in the development of CCAM, TTF-1 expression in CCAM was compared to that of fetal lungs at varying gestational ages. Twenty-three CCAM cases (17 type 1, two type 2, two type 3, and two type 4) and 11 fetal lungs (3 pseudoglandular, 4 canalicular, and 4 terminal sac stages) were analyzed using a rabbit polyclonal antiserum to rat TTF-1. Nuclear staining for TTF-1 was observed in ciliated and nonciliated cells of the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia and in cells lining the distal air spaces by 12 weeks gestational age. By mid-gestation, proximal bronchial cells were TTF-1 negative, except for the basal cells, while TTF-1 staining was maintained in distal bronchiolar and alveolar cells. TTF-1 expression decreased in both bronchial, bronchiolar, and alveolar epithelia with advancing gestational age and cytodifferentiation. At term, TTF-1 expression persisted in a few bronchial and bronchiolar basal cells and in all alveolar type II cells, whereas type I cells were negative. In CCAM, TTF-1 was detected in the nuclei of epithelial cells lining the cysts. TTF-1 was expressed in a majority of the bronchiolar-like epithelial cells of the cysts in CCAM types 1, 2, and 3, where almost 100% of the cells were TTF-1 positive. In contrast, TTF-1 expression in the alveolar-like epithelium of CCAM type 4 cysts was restricted to type II cells and only 30%–60% of the lining cells were TTF-1 positive. These results support the hypothesis that CCAM types 1, 2, and 3 reflect abnormalities in lung morphogenesis and differentiation that are distinct from those for CCAM type 4. The role played by TTF-1 in the development of CCAM, if any, is not clear.
Renin Gene Expression in Fetal Kidneys of Pregnancies Complicated by Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome
Authors: Kilby Mark D. , Platt Craig , Whittle Martin J. , Oxley Jill , Lindop George B.M. 
Published: July 2002

Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) complicates one in five monochorionic pregnancies and is generally associated with high mortality and morbidity. One twin (the recipient) grows appropriately and has polyhydramnios while the other (the donor) may have a reduced growth velocity and severe oligohydramnios. The disparities in amniotic fluid volumes represent differences in fetal urine output. These differences occur secondary to hemodynamic changes, in which the vascular arrangement of placental anastomoses in TTTS leads to unidirectional flow from the donor to the recipient twin. A better understanding of the pathophysiology may contribute to improved management of this morbid condition. We studied three consecutive prospectively diagnosed stillborn twin pairs affected by early-onset TTTS. Renin gene expression was studied in sections of fetal kidneys with immunocytochemistry using a renin anti-serum and with in situ hybridization using riboprobes complementary to renin mRNA, and renin-secreting cells (RCC) were counted. The overall maturation of the renal cortex was assessed by the percentage of immature glomeruli. The donor twin kidneys were smaller than those of the recipients, but the maturation of the renal cortex was not significantly different (28.2% immature glomeruli in the donor and 24.4% in the recipient kidney). The donor kidney showed increased renin gene expression with hyperplastic juxtaglomerular apparatuses (JGAs) that contained excess RCCs (median 20.02 [25th–75th centiles, 5.4, 25.1 RCCs per 100 glomeruli]). In contrast, the recipient kidney was virtually devoid of these cells (0.04 [0, 0.36] RCCs per 100 glomeruli; P < 0.05). In the donor kidney, increased renin release may, by a local action, contribute to renal vasoconstriction and oliguria. Increased renin and/or angiotensin II in the blood passing through the placental anastomoses may, by an endocrine action, suppress renin synthesis in the recipient kidney, thereby increasing renal blood flow and causing polyuria and polyhydramnios. These changes in the renal RAS could thus contribute to the pathogenesis of TTTS. The renal renin changes noted here may represent a contributory or compensating mechanism, the success of which may dictate the overall survival of the twin pregnancy and allow better understanding of the pathophysiology and perhaps therapy that may be employed in this condition.
Magnesium and calcium concentration in the pregnant and non‐pregnant myometrium
Authors: Cunze T. , Rath W. , Osmers R. , Martin M. , Warneke G. , Kuhn W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: To investigate the effect of labor on the magnesium and calcium concentrations in the human myometrium and to compare them with the concentrations in the non‐pregnant uterus. Method: Samples of the isthmic part of the uterus were taken from 42 patients not in labor, 31 patients in regular labor during a cesarean section, and 37 premenopausal patients on whom a hysterectomy was performed. Results: (i) The magnesium concentration dropped significantly during labor; (ii) the calcium concentration in the tissue showed no significant changes during labor; (iii) the magnesium and calcium concentrations were significantly higher during pregnancy; (iv) the distribution of electrolytes in the myometrium differed significantly in the corpus, isthmus and cervix uteri. Conclusions: The electrolyte concentration in the myometrium depends on the place of removal. A low magnesium concentration in the pregnant human myometrium could be a cause of premature labor.
NMDA receptors in mouse barrel cortex during normal development and following vibrissectomy
Authors: Głażewski S. , Kossut M. , Skangiel‐Kramska J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe development of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the effects of vibrissectomy upon [3H]MK‐801 binding were examined in the barrel cortex of mice. Autoradiograhic studies showed that initially very low binding of [3H]MK‐801 sharply increased during the second postnatal week reaching the adult level by the end of the third week. Scatchard analysis performed on cortical membrane preparations indicated that this rise of [3H]MK‐801 labelling was due to an increase in the number of binding sites and a decrease of Kd at postnatal day 15 and 28. The interlaminar differences of labelling were registered from postnatal day 8. Changes of interlaminar distribution were found during the second and third postnatal weeks. In adult barrel cortex the highest binding was found in supragranular layers. In layer IV of the cortex, the pattern of binding resembled the pattern of barrels. Unilateral denervation of vibrissae performed in neonatal and adult mice did not alter the intensity of [3H]MK‐801 labelling or the laminar distribution of binding sites. These results suggest that NMDA receptor binding does not reflect the plastic changes occurring in the barrel cortex.
Maternal infectious diseases during pregnancy and obstetric complications in the etiology of distinct subtypes of schizophrenia: further evidence from maternal hospital records
Authors: Franzek E , Stöber G 
Published: July 2002

SummaryOn the basis of 24 maternity hospital records, the current study investigated the validity of maternal recall and the relationship of maternal infections during pregnancy and obstetric complications (OCs) to different diagnostic subgroups of endogenous psychoses on which we reported previously in this journal. Maternal recall showed good agreement to maternity hospital records in the Lewis and Murray scale (ϑ = 0.74). With regard to infectious diseases during pregnancy maternal recall and records showed a weaker, but also good correlation (ϑ = 0.18). Psychoses with low genetic loading had more OCs than psychoses with high genetic loading. Maternal infectious diseases, especially during the fourth or fifth month of gestation, were significantly allocated to Leonhard's systematic schizophrenias. Data from maternity hospital records support our report that infectious diseases during midgestation and further perinatal complications seem to be important etiologic factors in systematic forms of schizophrenia without marked familial loading.
Establishing a cost recovery system for drugs, Bo, Sierra Leone
Authors: Thuray H , Samai O , Fofana P , Sengeh P ,   (The Bo PMM Team)
Published: July 2002

AbstractPreliminary studies:Focus group discussions and health facility inventories in a rural district hospital indicated a shortage of basic drugs and supplies.Interventions:The project procured obstetric drugs and supplies through a commercial source outside normal government channels. They were managed through the standard district system and made available at prices calculated to cover costs and an 85% mark‐up. Obstetric emergency drug packs were created to ensure 24‐h availability. Patients from the study area unable to pay at time of treatment were given credit and followed up.Results:No shortages of obstetric drugs occurred after interventions were introduced. Prices of drugs to obstetric patients ranged from 46% to 68% of the prices charged by the government hospital and private pharmacies. Of 26 obstetric patients from the study area who received drugs in 1993, 12 paid in full and nine paid in part. The total amount billed during 1993 was US $2537, of which $1451 was recovered.Costs:Improvements cost approximately $17 500, of which 83% was used for the initial supply of drugs.Conclusions:Cost recovery systems for drugs can help maintain consistent drug supplies at health facilities. Careful pricing is critical. For the system to be sustainable, the mark‐up must cover defaulters. © 1997 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
Evidence‐based intrapartum care: evidence from the Cochrane library
Authors: Neilson J.P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To describe the concepts on which systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials are based, and to explore the evidence for effectiveness of clinical interventions during labor and delivery. Methods: Review of systematic reviews of interventions during labor and delivery, published in the Cochrane Library. Results: Some commonly applied clinical interventions are supported by evidence; others are not. Conclusion: It is possible to classify interventions during labor and delivery according to their effectiveness, to improve clinical care, identify priorities where resources are scarce, and help set clinical research agendas.
Chondrocytic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells sequentially exposed to transforming growth factor‐β1 in monolayer and insulin‐like growth factor‐I in a three‐dimensional matrix
Authors: Worster Allison A. , Brower‐Toland Brent D. , Fortier Lisa A. , Bent Stephen J. , Williams Janice , Nixon Alan J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study evaluated chondrogenesis of mesenchymal progenitor stem cells (MSCs) cultured initially under pre‐confluent monolayer conditions exposed to transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), and subsequently in three‐dimensional cultures containing insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I). Bone marrow aspirates and chondrocytes were obtained from horses and cultured in monolayer with 0 or 5 ng of TGF‐β1 per ml of medium for 6 days. TGF‐β1 treated and untreated cultures were distributed to three‐dimensional fibrin disks containing 0 or 100 ng of IGF‐I per ml of medium to establish four treatment groups. After 13 days, cultures were assessed by toluidine blue staining, collagen types I and II in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, proteoglycan production by [Chondrocytic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells sequentially exposed to transforming growth factor‐β1 in monolayer and insulin‐like growth factor‐I in a three‐dimensional matrix35S]‐sulfate incorporation, and disk DNA content by fluorometry. Mesenchymal cells in monolayer cultures treated with TGF‐β1 actively proliferated for the first 4 days, developed cellular rounding, and formed cell clusters. Treated MSC cultures had a two‐fold increase in medium proteoglycan content. Pretreatment of MSCs with TGF‐β1 followed by exposure of cells to IGF‐I in three‐dimensional culture significantly increased the formation of markers of chondrocytic function including disk proteoglycan content and procollagen type II mRNA production. However, proteoglycan and procollagen type II production by MSC's remained lower than parallel chondrocyte cultures. MSC pretreatment with TGF‐β1 without sequential IGF‐I was less effective in initiating expression of markers of chondrogenesis. This study indicates that although MSC differentiation was less than complete when compared to mature chondrocytes, chondrogenesis was observed in IGF‐I supplemented cultures, particularly when used in concert with TGF‐β1 pretreatment. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Expression ofneu and Neu differentiation factor in the olfactory mucosa of rat
Authors: Salehi‐Ashtiani Kourosh , Farbman Albert I. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe growth and differentiation of olfactory sensory neurons are regulated tightly. We had shown previously, by immunohistochemistry, that transforming growth factor‐α (TGF‐α) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor are present in the olfactory epithelium of untreated adult rats and that TGF‐α is a potent mitogen of olfactory epitheliumin vitro. Expression of EGF receptor and TGF‐α was detected primarily in horizontal basal cells and supporting cells but rarely in globose basal cells, which suggested that EGF receptor is not a likely candidate for the mitotic regulator of sensory neurons. In order to expand the search for candidate regulators, we have now examined other members of the EGF family of receptors and ligands. By utilizing reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) methodology, we have detected the messenger RNA encoding the protein of theneu gene (p185neu) and Neu differentiation factor (NDF) isoforms in the olfactory mucosa. Immunohistochemical localization of p185neu and NDF indicates expression of these proteins in the olfactory epithelium of adult rats in regions where globose basal cells and immature sensory neurons are found, as well as in the ensheathing cells of the olfactory nerve. The presence ofneu and NDF transcripts in the olfactory tissue and the localization of their encoded polypeptides to proliferative regions of the epithelium suggest involvement of these gene products in the regulated proliferation/differentiation of the sensory neurons.
Perinatal characteristics and schizophrenia : electrodermal activity as a mediating link in a vulnerability‐stress perspective
Authors: Hultman Christina M. , Öhman Arne 
Published: July 2002

AbstractVulnerability‐stress models of schizophrenia assert that the disorder results from an interaction between genetic or biologically acquired vulnerability and unfavourable environmental conditions. As our knowledge of early environmental factors for schizophrenia evolves, the question of links between early factors and a development of schizophrenia becomes more important. In this article, we analyse the relationship between obstetrical complications (OCs) and adult schizophrenia and methodological concerns in the search for pre‐ and perinatal risk factors. We review findings of aberrant electrodermal activity in schizophrenic patients and suggest that OCs may induce insults to cerebral structures that are critically involved in the control of orienting and of autonomic responses.
Quantitative assessment of dynamic electroencephalogram (EEG) organization as a tool for subtyping depressive syndromes
Authors: Ulrich G. , Fürstenberg U. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryUp until now, no subclassification of affective psychoses has been validated biologically. This follows unavoidably from a research practice of defining diagnostic subtypes in consensus conferences and only thereafter allowing their validation. There is evidence that electroencephalograms (EEG) may be a useful tool in psychiatry, provided that the relevant information is extracted.Our EEG quantification procedure aims at an assessment of both the amount and range of variation of spontaneous changes of topographical alpha-power distribution, developing within a certain period of recording under resting conditions. Our measures were designed to characterize the dynamic organization of the EEG. This is quite obviously an eyeball evaluation but it has nevertheless been neglected in research. The study design was done retrospectively. Included were inpatients with a primary depressive disorder. Main exclusion criteria were an age older than 62 years and psychotropic drugs other than antidepressants. The psychopathology and other clinical data were routinely assessed within three days after admission by the AMDP documentation. An EEG was also routinely performed at admission. We made use of robust, generally known non-parametric statistics.Those patients who exhibited a dynamically rigid EEG are especially prone to recurrences, have a relative late onset of their illness, and show an acute symptomatology characterized by organic-like features.The findings lend support to our contention that the quantitative assessment of the dynamics of the EEG-Gestalt allows the delimitation of a clinically important subtype that is characterized both cross-sectionally and in long-term respects.
Breastfeeding: How Could it be Enhanced? The Perceptions of Vietnamese Women in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Rossiter Joh Chin , Yam Bernard M.C. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTIn Australia, the prevalence and duration of breastfeeding is on the decline. The low incidence of breastfeeding includes the immigrant Vietnamese. The purpose of this study was to examine Vietnamese women's perceptions of factors that might influence their choice of infant feeding and how breastfeeding could be promoted and maintained by nurses, midwives, other health professionals, and the health care system as a whole.A convenience sample of 124 postnatal Vietnamese women from community agencies in western and southwestern suburbs of Sydney was interviewed. Content analysis showed that factors that affect their choice of infant feeding method were language difficulties in communicating with health professionals concerning breastfeeding, lack of social support and follow‐up care, and attitudes of health professionals toward breastfeeding. To promote and maintain breastfeeding within the Vietnamese community in Sydney, Australia, appropriate health care planning and implementation based on their social, cultural, and language backgrounds and practices need to be considered.