bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN ECOLOGIC STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEAN BIRTH WEIGHT, TEMPERATURE AND CALORIE CONSUMPTION LEVEL IN JAPAN
Authors: MATSUDA SHINYA , FURUTA MIZUHO , KAHYO HIROAKI 
Published: July 2002

This study reports an ecologic analysis of the relationship between mean birth weight (MBW) and nutritional, medical and social variables, using 1982 data for 47 prefectures in Japan.Correlation analysis showed that variables that correlated significantly with MBW were mean temperature (r=0·63), total calorie intake (r=0·56), and body mass index of women (r=0·60). It is concluded that the MBW level in a given community represents the long and short term nutritional condition of mothers, and that the level may follow Bergman’s law: ‘In the same species, the body size of an animal increases along with latitude; that is, the lower the temperature, the larger the body size’.
Action of cardosin A from Cynara humilis on ovine and caprine caseinates
Authors: SILVA SOFIA V. , MALCATA F. XAVIER 
Published: July 2002

In the Iberian Peninsula, the proteinases present in the flowers of members of the
Cynara genus, C. cardunculus, C. humilis and C. scolymus, have for many years been
successfully used in the manufacture of traditional cheeses from ovine and/or caprine
milk on individual farms (Vieira de Sá & Barbosa, 1972; Trujillo et al. 1994). In
Portugal, C. cardunculus is the species most frequently employed. Although
commercial thistle was tentatively assumed to be pure in taxonomic terms, accurate
analyses have shown that the flowers of C. cardunculus are often mixed with flowers
of C. humilis (Pires et al. 1994). The clotting activity of C. humilis is due to an
aspartic proteinase, currently designated cardosin A and similar to another enzyme
obtained from C. cardunculus. This enzyme is similar in specificity and activity to
chymosin (Pires et al. 1994).The action of cardosin A from C. cardunculus upon ovine and caprine caseins has
been reported recently (Ramalho-Santos et al. 1996; Simo4es, 1998; Sousa & Malcata,
1998), but as yet there is no information on the proteolytic activity of the proteinase
from C. humilis upon caseins from milks other than bovine. Caseins from small
ruminants' milks are the usual substrates of cardosin during milk coagulation and
cheese ripening, and sodium caseinate represents an intermediate system between
isolated caseins and the cheese matrix that is free from interference by fat. Thus
ovine and caprine caseinates may be useful substrates for investigating the
proteolytic activity of cardosin.The aim of the present study was to compare the action of pure cardosin A,
obtained from C. humilis, on caprine and ovine caseinates, and to assess the in vitro
contribution of this enzyme to the overall proteolytic action of thistle rennet.
Augustine in Byzantium
Authors: LÖSSL JOSEF 
Published: July 2002

As Cornelius Mayer wrote recently, the massive output of literature
on Augustine (c. 50,000 extant titles) cannot hide the fact that
‘much scholarly work remains to be done on the enormous variety
and scope of Augustine's influence’. One area of which this is particularly
true is Augustine's impact on Byzantine theology.While Augustine's own use of Greek patristic literature and contacts
with the Greek patristic world have been investigated for some time and
in some detail, his influence on Greek authors – especially during the later
Byzantine era – has been sadly neglected. However, recent research on
such authors as Maximos Planudes (c. 1255–1305), Gregory Palamas
(1296–1359) and Prochoros Kydones (c. 1333–c. 1370) has done
something to remedy that situation. This paper seeks to present a
summary of that development and provide a context for further study.
God's Disputed Acre
Authors: DYMOND DAVID 
Published: July 2002

‘places consecrated to God [should] be venerated by all, and by no
means profaned or in any way violated by a jarring or unsuitable
activity, whether in working, jesting or playing …; [there should be] no
laughter, shouting, immoderate mirth, indecent and indiscreet dances,
indecent mockeries and harmful plays proper to the market-place or the
stage’: letter of Bishop Edmund Lacy of Exeter, 1451Old churchyards enshrine vast amounts of personal and social
history, although most of it, sadly, is not recoverable.
Furthermore, they often display a romantic and touching beauty.
When exploring villages and towns in all parts of Britain, many of us have
been moved by the sight of a raised platform of hummocky turf
surrounding an ancient Christian church, walled and gated, crossed by
narrow paths, shaded by mature trees, dotted with leaning headstones
and lichened table-tombs, perhaps with the weathered stump of a
medieval preaching cross. Above all we are impressed by the thought
that most of the local population, over many centuries, lies here, ‘each in
his narrow cell for ever laid’. For example, a rural churchyard of half an
acre at Widford in Hertfordshire is estimated to hold more than 5,000
burials, laid to rest over a period of at least 900 years. Such places have
witnessed many solemn rituals: consecration by a bishop, occasional
claims of sanctuary, sad clusters of mourners around open graves, the
commemorative prayers and bell-ringing of All Saints' and All Souls'
days, parochial processions on Palm Sunday or Corpus Christi, and at all
periods the lonely vigils of the bereaved. Repeatedly opened and re-filled
by generations of gravediggers, churchyards are potent reminders of
human mortality which the living have mostly treated with respect, deep
reflection and some superstition.
Direct simulation of the turbulent boundary layer along a compression ramp at M = 3 and Reθ = 1685
Authors: ADAMS NIKOLAUS A. 
Published: July 2002

The turbulent boundary layer along a compression ramp with a deflection angle of 18° at a free-stream Mach number of M = 3 and a Reynolds number of Reθ = 1685 with respect to free-stream quantities and mean momentum thickness at inflow is studied
by direct numerical simulation. The conservation equations for mass, momentum,
and energy are solved in generalized coordinates using a 5th-order hybrid compact-
finite-difference-ENO scheme for the spatial discretization of the convective fluxes
and 6th-order central compact finite differences for the diffusive fluxes. For time
advancement a 3rd-order Runge–Kutta scheme is used. The computational domain is
discretized with about 15 × 106 grid points. Turbulent inflow data are provided by a
separate zero-pressure-gradient boundary-layer simulation. For statistical analysis, the flow is sampled 600 times over about 385 characteristic timescales δ0/U∞, defined by the mean boundary-layer thickness at inflow and the free-stream velocity. Diagnostics show that the numerical representation of the flow field is sufficiently well resolved.Near the corner, a small area of separated flow develops. The shock motion is
limited to less than about 10% of the mean boundary-layer thickness. The shock
oscillates slightly around its mean location with a frequency of similar magnitude
to the bursting frequency of the incoming boundary layer. Turbulent fluctuations
are significantly amplified owing to the shock–boundary-layer interaction. Reynolds-stress maxima are amplified by a factor of about 4. Turbulent normal and shear stresses are amplified differently, resulting in a change of the structure parameter.
Compressibility affects the turbulence structure in the interaction area around the
corner and during the relaxation after reattachment downstream of the corner.
Correlations involving pressure fluctuations are significantly enhanced in these regions. The strong Reynolds analogy which suggests a perfect correlation between velocity and temperature fluctuations is found to be invalid in the interaction area.
Camassa–Holm, Korteweg–de Vries and related
models for water waves
Authors: JOHNSON R. S. 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we first describe the current method for obtaining the Camassa–Holm
equation in the context of water waves; this requires a detour via the Green–Naghdi
model equations, although the important connection with classical (Korteweg–de
Vries) results is included. The assumptions underlying this derivation are described
and their roles analysed. (The critical assumptions are, (i) the simplified structure
through the depth of the water leading to the Green–Naghdi equations, and, (ii)
the choice of submanifold in the Hamiltonian representation of the Green–Naghdi
equations. The first of these turns out to be unimportant because the Green–Naghdi
equations can be obtained directly from the full equations, if quantities averaged
over the depth are considered. However, starting from the Green–Naghdi equations
precludes, from the outset, any role for the variation of the flow properties with depth;
we shall show that this variation is significant. The second assumption is inconsistent
with the governing equations.)Returning to the full equations for the water-wave problem, we retain both parameters
(amplitude, ε, and shallowness, δ) and then seek a solution as an asymptotic
expansion valid for, ε → 0, δ → 0, independently. Retaining terms O(ε), O(δ2) and
O(εδ2), the resulting equation for the horizontal velocity component, evaluated at
a specific depth, is a Camassa–Holm equation. Some properties of this equation,
and how these relate to the surface wave, are described; the role of this special
depth is discussed. The validity of the equation is also addressed; it is shown that
the Camassa–Holm equation may not be uniformly valid: on suitably short length
scales (measured by δ) other terms become important (resulting in a higher-order
Korteweg–de Vries equation, for example). Finally, we indicate how our derivation
can be extended to other scenarios; in particular, as an example, we produce a
two-dimensional Camassa–Holm equation for water waves.
Subgrid-scale modelling for the large-eddy

simulation of high-Reynolds-number boundary layers
Authors: KOSOVIĆ BRANKO 
Published: July 2002

It has been recognized that the subgrid-scale (SGS) parameterization

represents

a critical component of a successful large-eddy simulation (LES). Commonly
used

linear SGS models produce erroneous mean velocity profiles in LES of high-Reynolds-number boundary layer flows. Although recently proposed approaches

to solving this

problem have resulted in significant improvements, questions about the
true nature

of the SGS problem in shear-driven high-Reynolds-number flows remain open.We argue that the SGS models must capture inertial transfer effects including

backscatter of energy as well as its redistribution among the normal SGS
stress

components. These effects are the consequence of nonlinear interactions
and

anisotropy.

In our modelling procedure we adopt a phenomenological approach whereby
the

SGS stresses are related to the resolved velocity gradients. We show that
since the

SGS stress tensor is not frame indifferent a more general nonlinear model
can be

applied to the SGS parameterization. We develop a nonlinear SGS model capable
of

reproducing the effects of SGS anisotropy characteristic for shear-driven
boundary

layers. The results obtained using the nonlinear model for the LES of a
neutral

shear-driven atmospheric boundary layer show a significant improvement
in

prediction of the non-dimensional shear and low-order statistics compared
to

the linear

Smagorinsky-type models. These results also demonstrate a profound effect
of the

SGS model on the flow structures.
Fluid flow in a tube with an elastic membrane insertion
Authors: PEDRIZZETTI GIANNI 
Published: July 2002

The unsteady flow of a viscous incompressible fluid in a circular
tube with an elastic
insertion is studied numerically. The deformation of the elastic membrane
is obtained
by the theory of finite elasticity whose equations are solved simultaneously
with the
fluid equations in the axisymmetric approximation. The elastic wall expands
outwards
due to the positive transmural pressure and represents an idealized model
for the
response of pathologies in large arteries.It is found that if either the fluid discharge or the reference pressure
are imposed
downstream of the insertion, the fluid–wall interaction develops
travelling waves along
the membrane whose period depends on membrane elasticity; these are unstable
in a
perfectly elastic membrane and are stabilized by viscoelasticity. In the
reversed system,
when the fluid discharge is imposed on the opposite side, the stable propagation

phenomenon remains the same because of symmetry arguments. Such arguments
do
not apply to the originally unstable behaviour. In this case, even when
the membrane
is perfectly elastic, propagation is damped and two natural fluctuations
appear in the
form of stationary waves. In all cases the resonance of the fluid–wall
interaction has
been analysed. Comparisons with previously observed phenomena and with
results
of analogous studies are discussed.
An experimental investigation of
a three-dimensional turbulent boundary layer in
an ‘S’-shaped duct
Authors: BRUNS J. M. , FERNHOLZ H. H. , MONKEWITZ P. A. 
Published: July 2002

This paper describes the evolution of an incompressible turbulent boundary layer on
the flat wall of an ‘S’-shaped wind tunnel test section under the influence of changing
streamwise and spanwise pressure gradients. The unit Reynolds number based on the
mean velocity at the entrance of the test section was fixed to 106 m−1, resulting in Reynolds numbers Reδ2, based on the
streamwise momentum thickness and the local freestream velocity, between 3.9 and
11 × 103. The particular feature of the experiment
is the succession of two opposite changes of core flow direction which causes a sign
change of the spanwise pressure gradient accompanied by a reversal of the spanwise
velocity component near the wall, i.e. by the formation of so-called cross-over velocity
profiles. The aim of the study is to provide new insight into the development of the
mean and fluctuating flow field in three-dimensional pressure-driven boundary layers,
in particular of the turbulence structure of the near-wall and the cross-over region.Mean velocities, Reynolds stresses and all triple correlations were measured with a
newly developed miniature triple-hot-wire probe and a near-wall hot-wire probe which
could be rotated and traversed through the test plate. Skin friction measurements
were mostly performed with a wall hot-wire probe. The data from single normal wires
extend over wall distances of y+ [gsim ] 3 (in wall units), while the triple-wire probe covers
the range y+ [gsim ] 30. The data show the behaviour of the mean flow angle near the
wall to vary all the way to the wall. Then, to interpret the response of the turbulence
to the pressure field, the relevant terms in the Reynolds stress transport equations are
evaluated. Finally, an attempt is made to assess the departure of the Reynolds stress
profiles from local equilibrium near the wall.
Does Science Persecute Women? The case of the 16th–17th Century Witch-hunts
Authors: GREEN KAREN , BIGELOW JOHN 
Published: July 2002

I. Logic, rationality and ideologyHerbert Marcuse once claimed that the ‘“rational” is a mode of thought and action which is geared to reduce ignorance, destruction, brutality, and oppression.’ He echoed a widespread folk belief that a world in which people were rational would be a better world. This could be taken as an optimistic empirical conjecture: if people were more rational then probably the world would be a better place (a trust that ‘virtue will be rewarded’, so to speak). However, it is also worth considering a stronger hypothesis: that if something did not reduce ignorance, destruction, brutality, and oppression then it would not constitute rationality. On this view there is no mere correlation between rationality and a propensity toward reduction in ignorance and the rest, it is the propensity to reduce ignorance, destruction, brutality and oppression which in part constitutes rationality. Call this a broad conception of rationality, because it expands beyond the epistemic goal of reducing ignorance, and reaches out to moral concerns like oppression.
Long-term morbidity associated with delayed treatment of first
admission schizophrenic patients: a re-analysis of the Camarillo State
Hospital data
Authors: WYATT R. J. , GREEN M. F. , TUMA A. H. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The authors examined data from a
follow-up study of first admission schizophrenic patients treated with
and without antipsychotic medications, who were discharged from the
hospital within 6 months. It was predicted that patients who did not
require antipsychotic medications for discharge would have a more
favourable long-term outcome.Methods. The subjects were part of the Camarillo State
Hospital study conducted by May and colleagues in the late 1950s and
early 1960s. Patients had been randomly assigned to treatment with and
without antipsychotic medications. The number of rehospitalization
days and total prescribed chlorpromazine equivalents were calculated
for each patient for the 2 years following discharge. In order to
assess patients' continuing ability to function, 11 patients from
each group who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia were matched for
age, educational status at first admission, race, and gender; their
Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) score was estimated
across a period of 6–7 years following discharge.Results. During the second year following discharge,
patients initially treated with antipsychotic medications required
fewer rehospitalization days than the initially non-medicated
patients. Furthermore, 6–7 years following initial discharge,
those patients initially treated with medications were functioning at
a higher level, as measured by GAF scores, than patients not initially
treated with antipsychotic medications.Conclusions. The results of this study suggest that, at
least for this subgroup of patients, early treatment with
antipsychotic medications both decreases the immediate morbidity
associated with schizophrenia, and prevents detrimental changes
possibly related to prolonged untreated psychosis.
The effects of unemployment on psychiatric illness during young
adulthood
Authors: FERGUSSON D. M. , HORWOOD L. J. , LYNSKEY M. T. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The aims of this study were to examine
the associations between exposure to unemployment following school
leaving and rates of psychiatric disorder using data gathered on a
birth cohort of New Zealand young people studied up to the age of
18.Methods. At age 18 cohort members were assessed on:
(a) duration of exposure to unemployment from age 16;
(b) DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for major depression, anxiety
disorders, conduct disorder, nicotine dependence, other substance
abuse/dependence and attempted suicide. This information was
integrated into longitudinal data gathered on the social
circumstances, family background and adjustment of the cohort up to
the age of 18.Results. Increasing exposure to unemployment was
associated with increasing risks of psychiatric disorder in
adolescence. Those exposed to 6 months or more unemployment had rates
of disorder that were 1·5 to 5·4 times higher than those
not exposed to unemployment. However, most of the elevated risk of
disorder among those unemployed was explained by family and personal
factors that were present prior to school leaving age. Nonetheless,
even after control for these factors those exposed to unemployment had
significantly higher rates of anxiety disorder and substance use
disorders.Conclusions. To a large extent the relationships between
unemployment and psychiatric disorder seen in this cohort were
explained by social, family and personal factors that were present
before school leaving age. Nonetheless, young people exposed to
unemployment had higher rates of substance use and anxiety
disorder.
Suicidal behaviour: an epidemiological and genetic study
Authors: STATHAM D. J. , HEATH A. C. , MADDEN P. A. F. , BUCHOLZ K. K. , BIERUT L. , DINWIDDIE S. H. , SLUTSKE W. S. , DUNNE M. P. , MARTIN N. G. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Psychiatric history, familial history of suicide

attempts, and certain traumatic life
events are important predictors of suicidal thoughts and behaviour.
We examined the epidemiology
and genetics of suicidality (i.e. reporting persistent suicidal
thoughts or a plan or suicide attempt)
in a large community-based sample of MZ and DZ twin pairs.Method. Diagnostic telephone interviews were conducted
in 1992–3 with twins from an Australian
twin panel first surveyed in 1980–82 (N=5995 respondents).

Data were analysed using logistic
regression models, taking into account twin pair zygosity and the history
of suicidality in the
respondent's co-twin.Results. Lifetime prevalence of suicidal thoughts and attempts

was remarkably constant across birth
cohorts 1930–1964, and across gender. Major psychiatric correlates
were history of major
depression, panic disorder, social phobia in women, alcohol dependence
and childhood conduct
problems. Traumatic events involving assault (childhood sexual
abuse, rape or physical assault) or
status-loss (job loss, loss of property or home, divorce), and
the personality trait neuroticism, were
also significantly associated with suicide measures. Prevalence
of serious suicide attempts varied as
a function of religious affiliation. After controlling for these
variables, however, history of suicide
attempts or persistent thoughts in the respondent's co-twin
remained a powerful predictor in MZ
pairs (odds ratio=3·9), but was not consistently predictive in DZ
pairs.
Overall, genetic factors
accounted for approximately 45% of the variance in suicidal thoughts and
behaviour (95%
confidence interval 33–51%).Conclusions. Risk of persistent suicidal thoughts and
suicide attempts is determined by a complex
interplay of psychiatric history, neuroticism, traumatic life
experiences, genetic vulnerability specific
for suicidal behaviour and sociocultural risk or protective factors.
Psychiatric co-morbidity and hospital utilization in
the general medical sector
Authors: SAVOCA ELIZABETH 
Published: July 2002

Background. This article provides evidence about the relationship
between psychiatric disorders,
physical disorders and hospital use in the general medical sector using
a broadly based survey of the
US population.Methods. The data are from the 1989 National Health Interview
Survey. This survey contains
medical and mental health evaluations for the entire sample. In a multivariate
framework, the
author estimates the effect of mental illness on the probability of being
admitted to a general
hospital, the number of admissions and the length of stay.Results. Hospital use in the general medical sector is significantly
higher for persons with coexisting
physical and psychiatric conditions than for those with no psychiatric
disorders. For a wide range
of medical conditions, the predicted number of hospital admissions and
the length of a hospital stay
increase substantially when the physical illness is accompanied by a psychiatric
condition.Conclusions. One implication of this finding is that economic
evaluations of alternative psychiatric
treatments should consider any differences in hospital costs related to
the treatment of coexisting
medical conditions. Another implication pertains to health care systems
where insurers have some
discretion over which individuals to insure. In the absence of adequate
adjustments in insurance
payments for high-risk potential enrollees, psychiatrically disabled persons
may have more limited
access to health insurance.