bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The target of selection matters: An established resistance—development‐time negative genetic trade‐off is not found when selecting on development time
Authors: Bartlett Lewis J. , Visher Elisa , Haro Yazmin , Roberts Katherine E. , Boots Mike 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTrade‐offs are fundamental to evolutionary outcomes and play a central role in eco‐evolutionary theory. They are often examined by experimentally selecting on one life‐history trait and looking for negative correlations in other traits. For example, populations of the moth Plodia interpunctella selected to resist viral infection show a life‐history cost with longer development times. However, we rarely examine whether the detection of such negative genetic correlations depends on the trait on which we select. Here, we examine a well‐characterized negative genotypic trade‐off between development time and resistance to viral infection in the moth Plodia interpunctella and test whether selection on a phenotype known to be a cost of resistance (longer development time) leads to the predicted correlated increase in resistance. If there is tight pleiotropic relationship between genes that determine development time and resistance underpinning this trade‐off, we might expect increased resistance when we select on longer development time. However, we show that selecting for longer development time in this system selects for reduced resistance when compared to selection for shorter development time. This shows how phenotypes typically characterized by a trade‐off can deviate from that trade‐off relationship, and suggests little genetic linkage between the genes governing viral resistance and those that determine response to selection on the key life‐history trait. Our results are important for both selection strategies in applied biological systems and for evolutionary modelling of host–parasite interactions.
Quality attributes of partially hydrolyzed collagen in a liquid formulation used for skin care
Authors: Mejía‐Calvo Ignacio , López‐Juárez Leonardo E. , Vázquez‐Leyva Said , López‐Morales Carlos A. , Montoya‐Escutia Daniel , Merlos Rivera Pamela G. , Herbert‐Pucheta José Enrique , Zepeda‐Vallejo Luis Gerardo , Velasco‐Velázquez Marco , Pavón Lenin , Pérez‐Tapia Sonia M. , Medina‐Rivero Emilio 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe deterioration of the skin accentuates over time, affecting its aesthetic appearance. This is characterized by the weakening of the mechanisms involved in the regeneration and repair of the dermal matrix. Consequently, the skin losses elasticity and smoothness resulting in the formation of wrinkles. The alternatives for facial rejuvenation include surgery, injection of botulinum toxin, and the application of masks. Topic products are less invasive, can be self‐applied, and have an increased benefit/risk relationship.AimWe developed a liquid formulation containing collagen hydrolyzed and evaluated the product by cutting‐edge technology in order to define proper its quality attributes.MethodsWe employed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Additionally, we analyzed its cosmetical effect in five volunteers and we demonstrate the product safety.ResultsOur results demonstrate the following: (a) a stable secondary structure identity associated to the known triple helix arrangement in liquid and solid states; (b) a typical conformational flexibility depending on its hydration state; (c) thermal stability confirmed by liquid‐ and solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance schemes; and (d) a molecular mass distribution of peptides between 0.5 and 19.5 kDa. The product faded wrinkles in the forehead, an effect that remained after removing the mask. The formula was non‐irritating and hypoallergenic.ConclusionWe characterized, using state‐of‐the‐art methodologies, the quality attributes that are critical for the safety and beneficial effect of a new collagen‐containing formula.
Economic Crises, Crisis of Labour Law? Lessons from Weimar
Authors: Coutu Michel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLabour law has been thrown into turmoil in many large industrialized countries with democratic tradition and market economies. In fact, rapid economic globalization resulted in an irremediable decline in collective bargaining in most of the states that entered into the sphere of Anglo‐Saxon capitalism. On a first reading, the financial crisis of 2008 exacerbated this retreat of labour law back to its initial individualist and contractual forms. In analysing the contemporary crisis of labour law, the historical‐comparative method can be highly fruitful, especially if one considers the precedent of the economic crisis of 1929. On this basis, I first consider an influential text by Hugo Sinzheimer on the ‘crisis of labour law’ in Weimar Germany and a study by Otto Kahn‐Freund on the changing function of labour law in the same context. These works can be connected to the concept of the ‘labour constitution’, which Max Weber notably developed in an empirical sense, and which finds its extension in the later works of Thilo Ramm, a labour scholar of international reputation.
Political CSR at the Coalface – The Roles and Contradictions of Multinational Corporations in Developing Workplace Dialogue
Authors: Reinecke Juliane , Donaghey Jimmy 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhile political CSR scholarship has focused on the role of dialogue between MNCs and civil society actors at the transnational level in creating global governance standards, we seek to understand how political CSR might play out at the ‘coalface’ where labour rights violations occur. We draw on insights from Industrial Democracy to examine how political CSR may be extended to enable democratic processes at the workplace level. Studying the introduction of workplace dialogue in Bangladesh apparel factories, we highlight how MNCs leverage their position as lead actors in the supply chain in three ways: as guarantors, capacity‐builders and enforcers of workplace dialogue. Our findings also show that dialogue reveals dialectical tensions emerging from the structured antagonism of the supply chain relationship. Our contribution focuses on understanding how MNCs may enable deliberative spaces in their supply chain, but also how this is likely to change the nature of pCSR.
Determination of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate assimilation by postlarval whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei using stable 13C isotope tracing
Authors: Ludevese‐Pascual Gladys , Ahmed Farhana , De Troch Marleen , Amar Edgar , Laranja Joseph Leopoldo , Bode Samuel , Boeckx Pascal , Bossier Peter , De Schryver Peter 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA preliminary study was conducted to demonstrate fate of the bacterial storage compound poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) once ingested and degraded in vivo in crustaceans. The 2% supplementation of 13C‐labeled Ralstonia eutropha DSM545 containing 75% PHB on dry weight in postlarval whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei resulted in consistent enrichment of two fatty acids (containing 14–24 carbons [C] in length) pentadecanoic acid (15:0) and palmitic acid (16:0) in all lipid fractions. This could indicate that 13C signal may not only originate from the PHB but partly from the structural components of the bacterial cell. There was a trend of lower 13C enrichment in various lipid fractions of the postlarvae as compared to the diet. These findings may have important implications as to potential of PHB as energy source rather than as building block. There was a rapid transfer of 13C in the postlarvae as seen by the significant 13C enrichment in the tissues 4 hr after feeding with labeled bacterial cells. Overall, the assimilation of PHB in crustacean tissues is demonstrated for the first time. Our results indicate that PHB once ingested is rapidly assimilated in the tissues and could probably act as an energy source rather than as a building block.
The Ecclesial Ethics of John Howard Yoder’s Abuse
Authors: Villegas Isaac Samuel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn the last decade – now that his sexual abuse is no longer deniable – Christian ethicists have had to reconsider John Howard Yoder’s theological contributions in the late twentieth century. This essay considers how the witness of the women who survived his abuse exposes the sexism latent in his development of a framework for moral discernment and community discipline. Yoder designed an ecclesiology that was congruent with his pursuit of unaccountable power over the women he used as subjects for working out his exploitative sexuality. His theological contributions, I argue, cannot be separated from his behavior.
Volume and position change of the stomach during gastric accommodation and emptying: A detailed three‐dimensional morphological analysis based on MRI
Authors: Banerjee Sreerup , Pal Anupam , Fox Mark 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe proximal and distal regions of the stomach are thought to have different roles during gastric accommodation and emptying; however, regional changes in gastric structure and function during and after a meal have not been described in detail. This study applied non‐invasive imaging to study changes in regional gastric volume and morphology during accommodation and emptying of a liquid nutrient meal.MethodMRI studies were performed on 16 healthy volunteers. Three‐dimensional (3D) gastric morphology was reconstructed by validated image processing technology. The 3D models were segmented into seven regions. The relative contribution of each region to gastric accommodation and emptying was assessed. Changes in morphology were documented by tracking movements of four distinct gastric landmarks.Key ResultsThe initial 100 mL liquid nutrient increases distal stomach volume more than that of other gastric regions (∆V7 = 28 ± 6% ∆TGV; P ≤ .05). Subsequent volume is accommodated mainly in the proximal stomach (∆V1 = 42 ± 10% ∆TGV; P ≤ .05). Early‐phase emptying occurs from distal stomach with proximal stomach volume remaining stable. Subsequently, distal stomach volume remains stable while proximal stomach volume decreases progressively. During gastric filling, the stomach elongates and expands anteriorly and inferiorly (15.2 ± 7.4 mm and 32.3 ± 8.4 mm, respectively, for the incisural midpoint) with torsion indicated by ~70° difference in the movements of proximal and distal gastric landmarks.Conclusions and InferencesNon‐invasive MRI describes volume change and distribution of a liquid meal within proximal and distal stomach during gastric accommodation and emptying. Additionally, novel observations of changes to 3D gastric morphology within the abdomen are documented.
Niche conservatism promotes speciation in cycads: the case of Dioon merolae (Zamiaceae) in Mexico
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Ortega José Said , Salinas‐Rodríguez María Magdalena , Ito Takuro , Pérez‐Farrera Miguel Angel , Vovides Andrew P. , Martínez José F. , Molina‐Freaner Francisco , Hernández‐López Antonio , Kawaguchi Lina , Nagano Atsushi J. , Kajita Tadashi , Watano Yasuyuki , Tsuchimatsu Takashi , Takahashi Yuma , Murakami Masashi 
Published: May 2020

Summary

Niche conservatism is the tendency of lineages to retain the same niche as their ancestors. It constrains biological groups and prevents ecological divergence. However, theory predicts that niche conservatism can hinder gene flow, strengthen drift and increase local adaptation: does it mean that it also can facilitate speciation? Why does this happen? We aim to answer these questions.

We examined the variation of chloroplast DNA, genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms, morphological traits and environmental variables across the Dioon merolae cycad populations. We tested geographical structure, scenarios of demographic history, and niche conservatism between population groups.

Lineage divergence is associated with the presence of a geographical barrier consisting of unsuitable habitats for cycads. There is a clear genetic and morphological distinction between the geographical groups, suggesting allopatric divergence. However, even in contrasting available environmental conditions, groups retain their ancestral niche, supporting niche conservatism.

Niche conservatism is a process that can promote speciation. In D. merolae, lineage divergence occurred because unsuitable habitats represented a barrier against gene flow, incurring populations to experience isolated demographic histories and disparate environmental conditions. This study explains why cycads, despite their ancient lineage origin and biological stasis, have been able to diversify into modern ecosystems worldwide.
Comparison of Patient Satisfaction Between Medial Pivot Prostheses and Posterior‐Stabilized Prostheses in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Lin Yuanyuan , Chen Xueyan , Li Li , Li Zhenxing , Zhang Yu , Fan Pei 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveTo compare medial pivot (MP) prostheses to two types of posterior‐stabilized (PS) prostheses (NexGen and NRG) in terms of patient satisfaction, causes of dissatisfaction, and risk factors for dissatisfaction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsA total of 453 patients who underwent primary TKA by one senior surgeon from August 2016 to August 2018 were investigated in a retrospective study, including 121, 219, and 113 patients in the MP, NexGen, and NRG groups, respectively. The mean age and follow‐up time of patients were 70.82 ± 7.06 years and 20.64 ± 3.88 months. A survey was designed and responses were collected by telephone, WeChat, and outpatient follow up. Patient satisfaction, causes of dissatisfaction, post‐TKA pain on a numeric rating scale (NRS), and range of motion (ROM) were compared among groups, and risk factors were investigated. Patient satisfaction included a five‐level satisfaction rating (very satisfied, satisfied, neutral, dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied), with five options for causes of dissatisfaction (persistent pain, limited ROM, knee instability, asthenia, and/or other factors).ResultsOverall, 89.84% of patients were satisfied with the results of primary TKA. There were no significant differences among the three groups regarding the side of the operation, the length of hospitalization in days, or the average follow‐up time. Patient satisfaction was similar among the MP (87.38%), NexGen (89.89%), and NRG groups (90.32%). Persistent pain after TKA was the major cause of dissatisfaction (32/40), but no difference in the frequency of this complaint was found among the groups (P = 0.663). The NRS score (P = 0.598) and the ROM (P = 0.959) of the MP group were not significantly different from those of the NexGen and NRG groups. Gender, length of hospitalization, and follow‐up time were all uncorrelated with patient satisfaction, but age showed a very weak correlation with patient satisfaction (r = 0.110, P = 0.033). Moreover, the NRS score (r = 0.459, P < 0.000) and the ROM (r = −0.175, P = 0.001) were significantly correlated with patient dissatisfaction. The odds ratio of dissatisfaction was 6.37 (P < 0.000) in patients with moderate to severe pain (NRS ≥ 3) compared to patients with mild pain (NRS < 3).ConclusionPatient satisfaction and function were not found to be higher in the MP group than in the two PS groups, and persistent pain was the major cause of and an important risk factor for patient dissatisfaction.
Tracing the patterns of non‐marine turtle richness from the Triassic to the Palaeogene: from origin to global spread
Authors: Cleary Terri J. , Benson Roger B. J. , Holroyd Patricia A. , Barrett Paul M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTurtles are key components of modern vertebrate faunas and their diversity and distributions are likely to be affected by anthropogenic climate change. However, there is limited baseline data on turtle taxonomic richness through time or assessment of their past responses to global environmental change. We used the extensive Triassic–Palaeogene (252–223 Ma) fossil record of terrestrial and freshwater turtles to investigate diversity patterns, finding substantial variation in richness through time and between continents. Globally, turtle richness was low from their Triassic origin until the Late Jurassic. There is strong evidence for high richness in the earliest Cretaceous of Europe, becoming especially high following the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum and declining in all continents by the end‐Cretaceous. At the K–Pg boundary, South American richness levels changed little while North American richness increased, becoming very high during the earliest Palaeogene (Danian). Informative data are lacking elsewhere for this time period. However, the Selandian–Thanetian interval, approximately 5 myr after the K–Pg mass extinction, shows low turtle richness in Asia, Europe and South America, suggesting that the occurrence of exceptional turtle richness in the post‐extinction Paleocene fauna of North America is not globally representative. Richness decreased over the Eocene–Oligocene boundary in North America but increased to its greatest known level for Europe, implying very different responses to dramatic climatic shifts. Time series regressions suggest number of formations sampled and palaeotemperature are the primary influencers of face‐value richness counts, but additional factors not tested here may also be involved.
Incorporating Message Framing into Narrative Persuasion to Curb E‐Cigarette Use Among College Students
Authors: Liu Sixiao , Yang Janet Z. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study examines the interaction effect of message format (narrative vs. nonnarrative) and message framing (gain vs. loss) in e‐cigarette prevention targeting young adults. Results of a two‐way experiment (N = 439) revealed that transportation and discrete emotions mediated message effect on risk perception and behavioral intention. Compared to the gain‐framed nonnarrative, the gain‐framed narrative reduced feelings of guilt, and guilt was negatively related to risk perception and positively related to behavioral intention. Thus, the gain‐framed narrative achieved desirable persuasive outcome through guilt—increasing risk perception and decreasing intention to use e‐cigarette. Similarly, the loss‐framed narrative evoked greater sadness, which also led to increased risk perception and decreased behavioral intention. Transportation and discrete emotions mediated message effect in a serial order. This research not only contributes to the literature on narrative persuasion and emotion, but also provides insight for health communication designed for e‐cigarette prevention.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Howard Nina 
Published: May 2020

International Journal of English and Cultural Studies (IJECS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJECS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 3, Number 1 Ali Dabbagh, Gonbad Kavous University, IranChia-Cheng Lee, Portland State University, USAEllie Boyadzhieva, South-West University, Blagoevgrad, BulgariaJerald Sagaya Nathan, St. Joseph’s College, IndiaLeo H. Aberion, Niversity of San Jose-Recoletos, PhilippinesShashi Naidu, Ball State University, United StatesSangeeta Bagga-Gupta, Jönköping University, SwedenJelena Timotijevic, University of Brighton, United Kingdom
Imbalanced Kernel Extreme Learning Machines for Fault Detection of Aircraft Engine
Authors: Zhao Yong-Ping , Chen Yao-Bin , Hao Zhao , Wang Hao , Yang Zhe , Tan Jian-Feng 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
To deal with class imbalance learning (CIL) problems, a novel algorithm is proposed based on kernel extreme learning machine (KELM), named KELM-CIL. To solve it, two algorithms are developed from the dual and primal spaces, respectively, thus yielding D-KELM-CIL and P-KELM-CIL. However, both D-KELM-CIL and P-KELM-CIL are not sparse algorithms. Hence, a sparse strategy based on Cholesky factorization is utilized to realize their sparseness, producing CD-KELM-CIL and CP-KELM-CIL. For large-size problems, a probabilistic trick is applied to accelerate them further, hence obtaining PCD-KELM-CIL and PCP-KELM-CIL. To test the effectiveness and efficacy of the proposed algorithms, experiments on benchmark datasets are carried out. When the proposed algorithms are applied to fault detection of aircraft engine, they show good generalization performance and real-time performance, especially for CP-KELM-CIL and PCP-KELM-CIL, which indicates that they can be developed as candidate techniques for fault detection of aircraft engine.
A Mathematical Model on Heat Mass Transfer Including Relaxation Time for Different Geometries During Drying of Foods
Authors: Upadhyay Subrahamanyam , Rai K. N. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a single phase lag model on heat mass transfer in application of food drying has been developed. The present model is a generalization of the diffusion model. The whole analysis is presented in nondimensional form. The effects of shape parameter, relaxation time parameters, Luikov number, Kirpichev number, Biot number, Kossovich number, and Predvoditelev number on heat and mass transfer are discussed in detail. For experimental validation, we have taken examples of banana, mango, and cassava. Our simulations show that the present model is more suitable than diffusion model. The present model is in good agreement with experimental data. The moisture potential of slab food is higher than cylindrical food and moisture potential of cylindrical food is higher than spherical food for boundary condition of first, second, and third kinds. It has been observed that the moisture potential is highest in boundary condition of second kind and lowest in boundary condition of the third kind while in between in boundary condition of the first kind. We conclude that for complete drying, the spherical shape foods takes lesser time than cylindrical shape and cylindrical shape takes lesser time than slab shape.
Trends in Total Physical Activity Time, Walking, and Vigorous Physical Activity Time in Queensland Adults From 2004–2018
Authors: Griffin Alison , Roselli Tim , Clemens Susan L. 
Published: May 2020

Background: Health benefits of physical activity (PA) accrue with small increases in PA, with the greatest benefits for those transitioning from inactivity to any level of PA. This study examined whether self-reported PA time in Queensland adults changed between 2004 and 2018. Methods: The Queensland government conducts regular cross-sectional telephone surveys. Between 2004 and 2018, adults aged 18–75 years answered identical questions about their weekly minutes of walking, moderate PA, and vigorous PA. Hurdle regression estimated the average annual change in weekly minutes of PA overall and by activity type, focusing on sociodemographic differences in trends. Results: The sample size averaged 1764 (2004–2008) and 10,188 (2009–2018), totaling 107,171 participants aged 18–75 years. Unadjusted PA increased by 10 minutes per week per year (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.8–11.1) overall, with increases for most subgroups. Adjusted PA increased by 10.5 minutes per week per year (95% CI, 9.4–11.7). Trends differed by employment—employed adults and those not in the labor force increased by 14.3 (95% CI, 12.8–15.8) and 2.2 minutes per week per year (95% CI, 0.4–4.0), respectively, with no increase for unemployed adults. The increases were due to both an increased prevalence of doing any activity and an increased average duration among active adults. Conclusions: Since 2004, PA time has increased for Queensland adults, with substantial variability by employment status.