bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children, Responsibility for Self-Control Failures, and Narrative Capacity
Authors: Griffith Meghan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Children are often regarded as less morally blameworthy when they fail to control their behavior. If one regards failures of self-control as failures to do what one knows or judges to be best, then one must ask whether children are less blameworthy even when they “know better.” The author argues that children are less blameworthy for these failures because it is harder for them to exercise self-control. She argues that one important reason that it is harder for children to control themselves is that children are still in the process of developing what she calls “narrative capacity.” Her account of this capacity is informed by both psychological and philosophical accounts. The chapter spells out the characteristic features of narrative capacity and illustrates how these are required for self-control.
Empathic Self-Control
Authors: Shoemaker David 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
People with a high degree of self-control typically enjoy greater well-being than those with a low degree of self-control. They also tend to have a high degree of empathy. Further, those with low self-control also tend to have low empathy. But what possible connection could there be between self-control and empathy, given that how one regulates oneself seems to have no bearing on how one views others? This chapter aims to argue for a very tight relation between self-control and empathy, namely, that empathy is in fact one type of self-control, a previously unexplored feature of interpersonal lives. In addition, once one sees that the type of empathy exercised is also exercised when casting oneself into the shoes of one’s future self, it becomes evident how intrapersonal empathy better enables other more familiar types of self-control.
Negligence and Social Self-Governance
Authors: Vargas Manuel 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Self-control can involve more than just impulse inhibition. For some notions of self-control, especially those concerned with moral responsibility, sensitivity to reasons is the idea central to self-control. For these accounts, it is not obvious how to capture the idea that people are responsible for negligence and other instances of apparently non-volitional culpability. One blames people for failing to take into account some important moral consideration in deciding what to do, for failing to remember some commitment, and for failing to recognize situationally relevant things. This chapter proposes an account of this broader notion of self-control, one that solves the problem of control in non-volitional culpability cases, and that retains the idea that people in such cases could have complied with the demands of morality.
But now they denounce it as a mere excuse for bigotry
Authors: Koppelman Andrew 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A few high-profile struggles transformed the perception of religious liberty. Beginning as recently as 2014, the Left began to regard a few individuals who refused to facilitate same-sex weddings—wedding photographer Elaine Huguenin, Kentucky county clerk Kim Davis, baker Jack Phillips—as the paradigm for religious dissent. Soon the term came to be seen as an excuse for discrimination.
Worsening the divisions that helped elect Trump
Authors: Koppelman Andrew 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This controversy exacerbated the alienation of Religious Right from liberalism, and helped drive them to support Trump. It was part of the reason why Clinton lost the white Evangelical and Catholic votes so resoundingly, and thus the presidency. It reflects deeper antireligious tendencies on the Left. It facilitates Trump’s efforts to reshape not only American identity, but Christian identity.
Free speech principles are barely relevant
Authors: Koppelman Andrew 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Some have claimed that accommodation is mandated by free speech. In the Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado case, the Supreme Court was offered an impressive array of variations on this claim. Mostly they are bad arguments. Although merchants have the right to announce their disagreement with the law, speech principles cannot resolve the controversy. Free speech could be construed to protect businesses that produce expressive media, such as (some) photographers, but it can’t intelligibly be stretched to help others with equally pressing conscience claims, such as bakers. It thus addresses the issue in a morally arbitrary way.
Introduction
Authors: Nannicelli Ted 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the methods, arguments, and contents of the overall book. It outlines the central considerations in support of the production-oriented approach to the ethical criticism of art. It claims that judgments of an artwork’s ethical value are often made (and often should be made) in terms of how it was created and, furthermore, that this is in part because some art forms more readily lend themselves to this form of ethical appraisal. In addition, the chapter claims that among the ways in which we ethically criticize art, this production-oriented approach more often leads to practical consequences (censure, dismissal, prosecution, legislation) because its claim to objectivity is less contested than that of other sorts of ethical criticism.
The Production-Oriented Approach to the Ethical Criticism of Art
Authors: Nannicelli Ted 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter sketches the general argument for the production-oriented approach to the ethical criticism of art. It begins by noting that at least some artworks (of performance art, for example) are isomorphic with the actions by which they are created. Such artworks are open to ethical evaluation in the same way that any action of a moral agent is open to ethical appraisal. This clears the conceptual space for the production-oriented approach. The chapter goes on to show that the production-oriented approach has an advantage over the interpretation-oriented approaches advocated by Booth, Devereaux, and Gaut in virtue of its ability to assign praise or blame to real moral agents who are responsible for their artworks. The chapter then bolsters the rationale for the production-oriented approach by appealing to anti-empiricist arguments in the aesthetics literature before drawing upon an analogy to similar arguments in virtue ethics and virtue epistemology.
Conclusion
Authors: Nannicelli Ted 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the book’s central claims and looks at paths for future work on the applied ethics of artistic creation and ethical criticism. It suggests the need for two parallel strands of inquiry: On the one hand, as the term “applied ethics” suggests, there is a need for a finer-grained understanding of both the artistic and ethical contexts of artistic creation—an understanding that will need to be informed by research across a number of fields, including anthropology, art history, and moral psychology. On the other hand, whatever details of that context are revealed by this fine-grained analysis, there will be a more abstract conceptual challenge about how to reconcile the norms of that art-historical and ethical context with those in currency in the art-historical and ethical context from which one is judging the work. So, the parallel path of inquiry is in metaethics.
The partial skeletons
Authors: Ward Carol V. , Haeusler Martin , Zipfel Bernhard 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Sterkfontein is notable not only for its wealth of isolated bones but also for the fortuitous preservation of two partial skeletons, both attributed to Australopithecus africanus, Sts 14 and StW 431 from Member 4. This short chapter reviews the history of recovery and preservation of these skeletons. Sts 14 was the first partial skeleton of any australopith ever found, including 19 associated bones recovered in a single block of breccia in 1947. The skeleton was too fragile to be removed by mechanical preparation techniques, so was only removed from the block using acid preparation in the late 1960s. Additional rib fragments were only recently identified and accessioned with this skeleton. StW 431 was recovered in 1987, with four additional elements identified and published in 2003. Although this skeleton did not derive from a single block of breccia, their proximity within the sediments and similar preservation indicate that these bones are associated. Given the small size of Sts 14 and compared to the much larger size of StW 431, they are likely female and male individuals respectively. Subsequent chapters describe individual skeletal elements by anatomical region.
Scapula, clavicle, and proximal humerus
Authors: Green David J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes parts of four scapulae, two clavicles, and three proximal humeri, and provides information on the functional anatomy of the Sterkfontein hominin pectoral girdle and shoulder joint. The clavicle resembles that of other hominins, which indicates a more horizontal orientation than in apes. Comparative analysis of these scapulae, though, suggests that the glenohumeral joint of Australopithecus africanus is more cranially oriented than typical for humans, perhaps even more so than seen in East African early hominins. This morphology may also indicate features of dorsal scapular shape, which could impact potential areas of attachment as well as line of action of dorsal rotator cuff muscles. The glenohumeral joint morphology and orientation implies the possibility of more arboreality in the A. africanus locomotor repertoire.
Antonin Scalia and American Constitutionalism
Authors: Purcell, Jr. Edward A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Antonin Scalia and American Constitutionalism is a critical study of Justice Antonin Scalia’s jurisprudence, his work on the U.S. Supreme Court, and his significance for an understanding of American constitutionalism. After tracing Scalia’s emergence as a hero of the political right and his opposition to many of the decisions of the Warren Court, this book examines his general jurisprudential theory of originalism and textualism, arguing that he failed to produce either the objective method he claimed or the “correct” constitutional results he promised. Focusing on his judicial performance over his thirty years on the Court, the book examines his opinions on virtually all of the constitutional issues he addressed, from fundamentals of structure to most major constitutional provisions. The book argues that Scalia applied his jurisprudential theories in inconsistent ways and often ignored, twisted, or abandoned the interpretive methods he proclaimed, in most cases reaching results that were consistent with “conservative” politics and the ideology of the post-Reagan Republican Party. Most broadly, it argues that Scalia’s jurisprudence and career are particularly significant because they exemplify—contrary to his own persistent claims—three paramount characteristics of American constitutionalism: the inherent inadequacy of “originalism” and other formal interpretive methodologies to produce “correct” answers to controverted constitutional questions; the relationship—particularly close in Scalia’s case—between constitutional interpretations on one hand and substantive personal and political goals on the other; and the truly and unavoidably “living” nature of American constitutionalism itself. As a historical matter, the book concludes, Scalia stands as a towering figure of irony because his judicial career disproved the central claims of his own jurisprudence.
Theorist
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Justice Antonin Scalia’s jurisprudence and his advocacy of what he called “public meaning” originalism in contrast to Robert Bork’s “original intent” originalism. The U.S. Constitution was properly construed, Scalia maintained, only by focusing on the text of the document itself and, where necessary, on the public writings of the Founders and well-established national “traditions.” Scalia rejected all other interpretive theories and lumped them together as “nonoriginalist” types of subjective and antidemocratic theories of “living” constitutionalism. This chapter examines the elements and assumptions behind his jurisprudence and offers a severe critique of both. It summarizes and draws on an extensive literature undermining the claims of his constitutional “originalism and concludes that his jurisprudential ideas were deeply flawed for a variety of reasons.
Awakening Verse
Authors: Roberts Wendy Raphael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Beginning with Isaac Watts’s Horae Lyricae (1706) and concluding with the burgeoning poetic print culture of the early nineteenth century, Awakening Verse unfolds how evangelical ministers, itinerants, and laypeople in colonial British North America capaciously engaged prevailing ideas about literary taste and created a distinct transatlantic poetics grounded in Watts’s notion of the “plainest capacity.” From the evangelical women who were instrumental in the development of bountiful verse ministries and the creation of poetic coteries to the itinerant ministers for whom poetics and its attendant sociability were central, evangelicals produced new forms of the “poet-minister,” “print itinerancy,” and “espousal poetics” that emerged as crucial practices of revivalism and facilitated rearrangements of ecclesiastical, gendered, and racialized authority. Well-known poet-ministers, such as the Scottish Ralph Erskine, the Bostonian Sarah Moorhead, and the Virginian James Ireland, reimagined formal poetic elements in the service of saving souls. Others, like Samuel Davies and Phillis Wheatley, became enmeshed in critical debates over the racialization of evangelical verse. Countless others, in print and in manuscript, joined with Watts to save poetry from its “profligate” uses. Awakening Verse shows that American literary and religious histories that regularly exclude one hundred years of verse severely impoverish the understanding of early evangelicalism and American poetry. Taking revival poets and their verse as seriously as they and their contemporaries did provides an entirely new understanding of eighteenth-century evangelical and literary culture, one in which poetry serves as one of the primary actors in the creation, maintenance, and adaptation of evangelical culture and religious enthusiasm animates American poetics.
Introduction
Authors: Zeidman Lawrence A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Despite knowledge since the postwar period and the efforts of neurologist Leo Alexander, the neuroscience community has been slow to recognize its involvement in the racial hygiene policies of the Third Reich. Part of this has been denial, but part of it protective of past perpetrators. However, since the popularization of medicine in the Nazi era in the 1980s, the fall of the Berlin Wall making previously unavailable patient data in the 1990s, and some astute articles in the neurology literature, neuroscience in the Nazi era has emerged as a scientific topic. Pioneering works by Shevell and Peiffer highlighted the unethical involvement of even famed German neuroscientists such as Julius Hallervorden. In the 2000s a growing body of literature has begun to show common threads between the exile of persecuted neuroscientists and the rise of increasingly destructive policies toward neurologic patients, and the exploitation of these patients for scientific research.
Composing Peace
Authors: Bove Vincenzo , Ruffa Chiara , Ruggeri Andrea 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The book explores how diversity in United Nations’ peace mission composition affects peacekeeping effectiveness. It identifies four key dimensions of composition: Blue Helmets’ field diversity, top mission leadership diversity (between Force Commander and Special Representative of the Secretary General), vertical leadership distance (Leadership-Blue Helmets), and horizontal distance with the local population. Each dimension of diversity of mission is measured as linguistic, geographical, and religious distance. Our book conceptualizes original mechanisms—i. resolve commitment; ii. informative trust; iii. informative communicability; iv. skilled persuasion—through which diversity can shape mission effectiveness such as trust, communicability, deterrence, and persuasion. It then evaluates each dimension separately through three pathway case studies—the UN missions in Lebanon, in Mali, and in the Central African Republic—and quantitative analyses based on a global dataset of peacekeeping operations deployed since the end of the Cold War. The book finds that diversity of Blue Helmets and diversity of top leadership may increase the mission’s capacity to reduce battle-field violence and civilian victimization. At the same time, the effects of diversity are contextual and contingent. In fact, looking at the relation between peacekeepers and Force Commanders, proximity between them is generally associated with better performances. Furthermore, homogeneity between local populations and peacekeepers, or low distance between them, is also related to low levels of hostility and casualties. This book crucially demonstrates why diversity of mission composition is a key variable to consider when trying to enhance peacekeeping effectiveness.
Diversity within Mission Leadership
Authors: Bove Vincenzo , Ruffa Chiara , Ruggeri Andrea 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the issue of diversity within mission’s leadership: between the Special Representatives of the Secretary-General (SRSG) and the Force Commanders (FC). It asks how this affects operational performances. In three case studies, UNIFIL II, MINUSMA and MINUSCA, the chapter finds the presence of communication and coordination problems, mainly related to personalities rather than diversity. Occasionally, the problem was a lack of experience of leadership. Another issue that emerges is the difficulty of SRSGs to act as the principal in relation to security issues. Yet, with learning and expert advisors these dimensions can easily be overcome. The chapter then introduces new data on SRSGs and FCs for all the operations in the post-Cold War period. The quantitative analysis shows a negative correlation between diversity within a mission’s leadership and the level of civilian victimization and battle deaths. As such, diversity seems to have beneficial conflict reduction effects.
Diversity between Blue Helmets and Locals
Authors: Bove Vincenzo , Ruffa Chiara , Ruggeri Andrea 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter turns to the external dimension of mission composition and explores to what extent similarity between the peacekeepers and the local population matters for mission’s effectiveness. In the qualitative part, it finds that smaller cultural distances might imply the existence of shared norms, practices, and languages, and these qualities might simplify day-to-day interactions. Cultural proximity also affects the perception of impartiality and unbiasedness of the Blue Helmets. Turning to a large-N analysis, the chapter shows that greater diversity between the peacekeeping force and the host country’s population correspond to higher levels of violence against civilians and higher battle-related deaths. Therefore, optimizing peacekeeping deployments at lower levels of cultural distance seems to be beneficial in terms of mission performance.
Doris Lessing’s Evolutionary Epic
Authors: Hanson Clare 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 reads Doris Lessing’s space fiction sequence Canopus in Argus: Archives as a critical response to the sociobiology controversy of the 1970s. It argues that Lessing deploys the Sufi theory of cosmic evolution to challenge the atomism and reductionism of neo-Darwinian sociobiology and draws attention to the parallels between Lessing’s reflections on the encounter between subject and world and the philosophy of A.N. Whitehead. It also argues that Lessing’s fiction undermines the stereotypes of race and sex which are associated with sociobiology’s genetic determinism. It is suggested that The Marriages between Zones Three, Four and Five offers a close analysis of the biosocial formation of gendered dispositions while the Canopus sequence as a whole underscores the co-implication of genetics, race, and empire, in the colonial past as well as in the intergalactic future.
Clone Lives
Authors: Hanson Clare 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on fiction which responds to the prospect of human cloning following the birth of Dolly the sheep. Eva Hoffman’s novel The Secret deploys the trope of the clone to figure the sense of inauthenticity experienced by many second-generation Holocaust survivors and goes on to examine cloning’s potential to dislodge sexual reproduction as the cornerstone of the social order. Drawing on the work of Catherine Malabou, the chapter follows Hoffman’s representation of the clone as a figure portending the disruption of genealogy. Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go is read in the light of Giorgio Agamben’s theorization of ‘bare life’ and ‘states of exception’ and the novel’s clones are seen to represent those who are relegated to the category of bare life in contemporary global biopolitics, notably refugees and asylum seekers. The clones are also linked with Agamben’s understanding of the enigmatic relationship between the human and the animal and his concept of indifference and emphasis on a subjectivity which precedes the construction of identity and difference.
Postgenomic Histories
Authors: Hanson Clare 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores literary texts which develop postgenomic perspectives. Margaret Drabble’s novel-memoir The Peppered Moth mobilizes neo-Lamarckian theories to challenge neo-Darwinian views of inheritance. In tracing the experience of social defeat and its impact across generations, it invokes a process close to transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, opening up questions about the biological transmission of social disadvantage. Jackie Kay’s memoir Red Dust Road also pushes against the limits of neo-Darwinian theory, demonstrating that nurture as well as nature can be somatically inscribed, anticipating research in epigenetics which demonstrates that experience can act as a cue for the modification of gene expression. It contrasts the love Kay receives in early life, which builds an enduring resilience, with the experience of racism associated with her brother’s adoption, which generates lasting insecurity. Catherine Malabou’s work on positive and negative plasticity illuminates these divergent trajectories.
Equity Is Not a Single Thing
Authors: Smith Lionel 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, I ask whether it is possible to identify the philosophical foundations of Equity as it was defined by Frederic Maitland: the body of rules and principles that were developed over the centuries by the Court of Chancery. My answer is that there is no single purpose, approach, philosophy, or norm that characterizes Equity so defined. What is characteristic about Equity is a unique manner comprehending the juridical nature of some obligations, which grew out of Equity’s regulation of uses and trusts. This approach reveals three dimensions. First, Equity requires that one who owes such an obligation perform it, if necessary by substitution; there is no option of breaching and paying compensation for loss caused. Secondly, these obligations are understood by Equity in a manner that has the effect of depersonalizing the burden of these obligations. In the civil law tradition and in the common law (in the narrow sense that excludes Equity), an obligation is a bilateral relationship. Equity’s unique philosophy in relation to some obligations turned them into something like property rights and created the office of trusteeship. Finally, Equity understood some obligations not as freestanding particles but as elements of a particular kind of relationship, and this relationship is capable of itself generating new primary obligations. All these elements taken together facilitated the creation of an enduring conceptual toolkit for the juridical apprehension of relationships in which one person acts for and on behalf of another.