bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tonicity of oral rehydration solutions affects water, mineral and acid–base balance in calves with naturally occurring diarrhoea
Authors: Wilms Juliette N. , Echeverry‐Munera Juanita , Engelking Lauren , Leal Leonel N. , Martín‐Tereso Javier 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRecommendations for composition of oral rehydration solutions (ORS) for calves, particularly concerning Na+, glucose, and their combined effect on tonicity, are not in line with guidelines for humans. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of ORS tonicity on water, mineral and acid–base balance. Seventy‐two calves were selected based on the severity of dehydration and blood base excess (BE) on day 0. Five calves that did not develop diarrhoea were removed post‐inclusion from the study. Calves were allocated to blocks of four animals based on blood BE on day 1. Within each block, calves were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: (a) hypotonic ORS with low Na+ and lactose (HYPO); (b) isotonic ORS with low Na+and glucose (ISO); (c) hypertonic ORS with high Na+ and glucose (HYPER); and (d) control consisting of warm water including 5 g/L of whey powder (CON). Treatments were administered twice daily over a 3‐day period, in which calves were offered 2.0 L of treatment at 1300 and 2100 hr. Calves were fed 2.5 L of milk replacer at 0700 and 1630 hr from day 1 to 3 and 3.0 L from day 4 to 5, and had access to water. Calves were monitored for 5 days in which measurements included intakes, BW, blood sampling and collection of faeces on day 1 and urine from day 1 to 3. All ORS treatments maintained normal serum Na+, whereas CON did not. Calves in the HYPER group had lower blood pH and greater faecal Na+ losses than HYPO and ISO. Plasma expansion relative to baseline was higher in low tonicity ORS (+4.8%) when compared with CON (+1.0%). Urine osmolality was 30% higher in HYPER calves. In this experiment, low tonicity ORS were more effective at restoring water, mineral and acid–base balance than the hypertonic ORS.
Potential of indigenous Bacillus spp. as probiotic feed supplements in an extruded low‐fish‐meal diet for juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Niu Kai‐Min , Khosravi Sanaz , Kothari Damini , Lee Woo‐Do , Lee Bong‐Joo , Lim Sang‐Gu , Hur Sang‐Woo , Lee Sang‐Min , Kim Soo‐Ki 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA 12‐week feeding trial was designed to assess the probiotic potential of indigenous Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and/or Bacillus subtilis singly or in combination with Bacillus licheniformis in an extruded feed for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) juveniles. A high fish meal (FM) diet (control) and a low‐FM diet containing an alternative protein blend (30% FM replacement, FM30) were formulated. Three other experimental diets were prepared by inclusion of B. amyloliquefaciens (BA), B. subtilis (BS), or a mixture of B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, and B. licheniformis (BASL) into FM30 diet, with a final concentration of 106 CFU/g diet. Results indicated that the FM30 diet was well tolerated by flounder, and the overall performance was not affected by dietary treatments. Lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin level were significantly reduced in flounders when fed with the FM30 diet compared with the BASL and BA diets, respectively. The Bacillus additives neither enriched the relative abundance of the corresponding Bacillus spp. in the relevant gut microbiota of olive flounder nor modulated the presumptive gene functions of the gut microbiome. Despite the absence of growth‐promoting effect, the tested probiotics could still be economically viable for use as immunostimulants in commercial flounder diets with partial FM replacement.
Contrasting patterns of local adaptation along climatic gradients between a sympatric parasitic and autotrophic tree species
Authors: Walters Sheree J. , Robinson Todd P. , Byrne Margaret , Wardell‐Johnson Grant W. , Nevill Paul 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSympatric tree species are subject to similar climatic drivers, posing a question as to whether they display comparable adaptive responses. However, no study has explicitly examined local adaptation of co‐occurring parasitic and autotrophic plant species to the abiotic environment. Here we test the hypotheses that a generalist parasitic tree would display a weaker signal of selection and that genomic variation would associate with fewer climatic variables (particularly precipitation) but have similar spatial patterns to a sympatric autotrophic tree species. To test these hypotheses, we collected samples from 17 sites across the range of two tree species, the hemiparasite Nuytsia floribunda (n = 264) and sympatric autotroph Melaleuca rhaphiophylla (n = 272). We obtained 5,531 high‐quality genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for M. rhaphiophylla and 6,727 SNPs for N. floribunda using DArTseq genome scan technology. Population differentiation and environmental association approaches were used to identify signals of selection. Generalized dissimilarly modelling was used to detect climatic and spatial patterns of local adaptation across climatic gradients. Overall, 322 SNPs were identified as putatively adaptive for the autotroph, while only 57 SNPs were identified for the parasitic species. We found genomic variation to associate with different sets of bioclimatic variables for each species, with precipitation relatively less important for the parasite. Spatial patterns of predicted adaptive variability were different and indicate that co‐occurring species with disparate life history traits may not respond equally to selective pressures (i.e., temperature and precipitation). Together, these findings provide insight into local adaptation of sympatric parasitic and autotrophic tree species to abiotic environments.
Occurrence, site fidelity, and associations of oceanic common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) off northeastern New Zealand
Authors: Zaeschmar Jochen R. , Tezanos‐Pinto Gabriela , Dwyer Sarah L. , Peters Catherine H. , Berghan Jo , Donnelly David , Meissner Anna M. , Visser Ingrid N. , Weir Jody S. , Judkins Alastair G. , Brough Tom , Guerra Marta , Kozmian‐Ledward Lily , Stockin Karen A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTwo ecotypes of the common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) occur in New Zealand waters: a widely studied Nationally Endangered coastal ecotype and a little‐known oceanic ecotype. Site fidelity and association patterns of the oceanic ecotype, and home range overlap with the coastal ecotype, are examined from photo‐identification records collected off northeastern New Zealand between 2005 and 2016. The oceanic ecotype occurs widely in the study area: distance from shore ranged from <1 to ~150 km and home ranges of the two ecotypes overlap in some areas. Forty‐nine percent of the 478 identified distinctive or very distinctive individuals were sighted during more than 1 year and resightings spanned over 10 years and 650 km. All individuals were linked by association in a single, albeit clustered, social network. Unlike the coastal ecotype, interspecific associations with false killer (Pseudorca crassidens) and southern long‐finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas edwardii) were frequent, occurring during 84% of encounters. Only one oceanic individual matched any of the individuals from the coastal ecotype photo‐identification catalogues throughout the study area, suggesting that the two ecotypes co‐occur parapatrically. We recommend that the two ecotypes be considered independent management units for conservation purposes due to their divergent ecologies.
Social behavior increases in multipod aggregations of southern Alaska resident killer whales (Orcinus orca)
Authors: Olsen Daniel W. , Matkin Craig O. , Mueter Franz J. , Atkinson Shannon 
Published: July 2020

AbstractKiller whales (Orcinus orca) are highly social and occasionally gather in large aggregations that reach 150 individuals. During 338 encounters with Southern Alaska resident killer whales, we collected 1,352 hr of behavioral data to assess the probability of various behaviors based on season, number of pods present, presence of rarely sighted pods, and number of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes present. A binomial generalized linear model was used to estimate the role of these factors in the probability of four behaviors, foraging, resting, socializing, and traveling. The presence of “rarely sighted” pods (sighted in <5% of encounters) significantly increased probability of social behavior, and significantly decreased probability of resting. The number of pods present also significantly increased probability of increased social behavior. The presence of rarely sighted pods and the number of pods present did not have a significant interaction. Ordinal day and number of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes appears to not have changed the probability of any behavior. Foraging remained the predominant behavior throughout all factors. The concurrent increase in social behavior and decrease in resting behavior with rarely sighted pods present implies an unusually high importance of social behavior in the lives of resident killer whales.
The effects of noise levels on pain, anxiety, and sleep in patients
Authors: Aydın Sayılan Aylin , Kulakaç Nurşen , Sayılan Samet 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundIntensive care is a noisy environment for patients and one that affects pain, anxiety levels, and sleep quality.Aims and objectivesTo determine the relationship between noise levels and pain, anxiety, and sleep levels in patients in intensive care units.DesignA descriptive and observational study design was used.MethodsThis study was conducted between June and December 2018 in a public hospital and included 111 patients admitted to surgical critical care for at least 24 hours. Three Benetech Gm1351 manual sound level metres were used to measure noise. A Patient Information Form, a pain Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Richards Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ) were used for data collection.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 57.29 years. The mean noise level detected in the intensive care unit was 66.52 dB (dB). Patients' mean pain VAS score was 3.79 ± 1.72, the mean State Anxiety Inventory score was 39.74 ± 2.98, and the mean total RCSQ score was 25.10 ± 13.17. Our findings show that patients in the intensive care unit are exposed to high noise levels and that, while this has no effect on pain, it significantly impacts anxiety and quality of sleep.ConclusionsNoise levels in intensive care units significantly exceed recommended thresholds, and this adversely affects patients' anxiety levels and sleep quality. It is important for suitably restful conditions to be provided for patients, to be aware of the potential for anxiety, and for these factors to be borne in mind when planning nursing interventions.Relevance to clinical practiceFurther studies on the effects of noise levels on pain, anxiety, and sleep levels in patients admitted to intensive care units are needed.
Value of defibrillation threshold testing in children with nontransvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillators: Are routine DFT tests indicated?
Authors: Backhoff David , Müller Matthias J. , Dakna Mohammed , Leha Andreas , Schneider Heike , Krause Ulrich , Paul Thomas 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundNontransvenous implanted cardioverter defibrillators (NT‐ICD) are used in infants and small children with life‐threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias. With growth, shock vector shift may result in increase of defibrillation threshold (DFT) and fatal ICD failure.ObjectivesTo date, the only way to verify ICD function in children with NT‐ICD is repetitive DFT testing, which is potentially harmful and may even be life threatening. The aim of the study was to analyze data from NT‐ICD DFT testing to prospectively predict individual DFT.Patients and methodsData from all pediatric patients with NT‐ICD implanted in our center from July 2004 to August 2019 were collected. Postoperative DFT testing was scheduled according to individual DFT but at least annually. Surgical revision of NT‐ICD was performed if DFT was > 25 J. Selected noninvasive parameters from DFT testing were analyzed as predictors for DFT using a logistic regression model.ResultsA total of 46 children with NT‐ICD underwent a total of 402 DFT tests. Mean age at implantation had been 5.4 ± 3.3 years, mean follow‐up was 5.6 ± 3.7 years in 5 (1%) DFT testing, maximum device output failed, and external defibrillation was necessary. A retrospective multiple mixed logistic regression model was able to predict a DFT ≥25 J (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.836). However, when prospectively validated the model showed moderate performance only (AUC = 0.70).ConclusionA significant number of NT‐ICD failures were detected by serial DFT testing. Serial DFT testing was safe in pediatric patients with an NT‐ICD as all induced arrhythmia could be terminated. Prediction of DFT with noninvasive markers remains difficult and might help to schedule intervals for routine DFT tests to avoid unnecessary tests.
CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated Knockout of SIRT6 Imparts Remarkable Antiproliferative Response in Human Melanoma Cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Garcia‐Peterson Liz M. , Ndiaye Mary A. , Chhabra Gagan , Singh Chandra K. , Guzmán‐Pérez Glorimar , Iczkowski Kenneth A. , Ahmad Nihal 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMelanoma is one of the most aggressive, potentially fatal forms of skin cancer and has been shown to be associated with solar ultraviolet radiation‐dependent initiation and progression. Despite remarkable recent advances with targeted and immune therapeutics, lasting and recurrence‐free survival remain significant concerns. Therefore, additional novel mechanism‐based approaches are needed for effective melanoma management. The sirtuin SIRT6 appears to have a pro‐proliferative function in melanocytic cells. In this study, we determined the effects of genetic manipulation of SIRT6 in human melanoma cells, in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated knockout (KO) of SIRT6 in A375 melanoma cells resulted in a significant (1) decrease in growth, viability and clonogenic survival and (2) induction of G1‐phase cell cycle arrest. Further, employing a RT2 Profiler PCR array containing 84 key transformation and tumorigenesis genes, we found that SIRT6 KO resulted in modulation of genes involved in angiogenesis, apoptosis, cellular senescence, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition, hypoxia signaling and telomere maintenance. Finally, we found significantly decreased tumorigenicity of SIRT6 KO A375 cells in athymic nude mice. Our data provide strong evidence that SIRT6 promotes melanoma cell survival, both in vitro and in vivo, and could be exploited as a target for melanoma management.
Characterization of Acidovorax citrulli strains isolated from solanaceous plants
Authors: Chalupowicz Laura , Reuven Michal , Dror Orit , Sela Noa , Burdman Saul , Manulis‐Sasson Shulamit 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAcidovorax citrulli is the causal agent of bacterial fruit blotch disease of cucurbits. Strains of this pathogen are distributed into two major groups: Group I strains have been mainly isolated from melon and other non‐watermelon cucurbits, while Group II strains have been mainly recovered from watermelon. Here we report the characterization of strains T1 and EP isolated from diseased tomato and eggplant plants, respectively, and further confirmed to belong to A. citrulli species. Based on PCR, PFGE, and rep‐PCR, these strains showed high similarity to the Group II strain 7a1. Sequencing and comparative analyses revealed that the genomes of T1 and EP aligned with that of the Group II model strain AAC00‐1, over 97.88% and 99.22%, respectively. The virulence of T1, EP, and 7a1 determined on tomato, eggplant, and watermelon was similar and significantly higher than that of Group I strain M6. In contrast, M6 was more virulent on melon. Expression levels of seven virulence genes measured 24 hr after inoculation of tomato, eggplant, watermelon, and melon showed that the expression pattern was generally similar in strains 7a1, T1, and EP, whereas for M6 the expression was high only on melon. Overall, our results indicate that the solanaceous strains belong to Group II. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that reports characterization of A. citrulli strains isolated from solanaceous species. The fact that A. citrulli is able to naturally colonize and cause disease in non‐cucurbit crops poses additional challenges for management of this important pathogen.
Gray matter volume differences between lower, average, and higher pain resilience subgroups
Authors: Li Fenghua , Jackson Todd 
Published: July 2020

AbstractResilience refers to the capacity to function well despite adversity and facilitates adaptation to various stressors, including pain. Previous studies have operationalized resilience via questionnaires or task performance behaviors that do not always correlate with one another and tested extreme (lower vs. higher) resilience subgroup differences that do not permit the assessment of nonlinear associations between resilience and brain matter volume. To address these limitations, we identified high (HPR, N = 21), moderate (MPR, N = 20), and low (LPR, N = 16) pain resilience subgroups from a trait resilience questionnaire as well as behavioral performance on a laboratory pain task. Subsequently, resilience subgroup differences in gray matter volume (GMV) and behavior responses to a novel numerical interference task (NIT) were assessed. Behavioral results indicated the LPR subgroup was slower in responding to NIT trials accompanied by pain compared to MPR, and especially, HPR subgroups. Voxel‐based morphology analyses indicated the LPR subgroup had more GMV in the left postcentral gyrus than did MPR and HPR subgroups. LPR and MPR subgroups displayed larger GMV in the right inferior temporal gyrus than did the HPR subgroup. Nonlinear relations reflecting less regional GMV in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG)/putamen, orbitofrontal cortex and left IFG/insula were also observed for the MPR subgroup compared to LPR and HPR subgroups. In sum, lower pain resilience is characterized, in part, by comparatively greater GMV in pain processing regions and reduced GMV in “resilience” regions, though regional GMV also has several nonlinear associations with resilience.
Banerjee, Duflo, Kremer, and the Rise of Modern Development Economics*
Authors: Olken Benjamin A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn 2019, Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer received the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. These three scholars were recognized “for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty”. This paper reviews the contributions of these three scholars in the field of development economics, to put this contribution in perspective. I highlight how the experimental approach helped to break down the challenges of understanding economic development into a number of component pieces, and I contrast this to understanding development using macroeconomic aggregates. I discuss pioneering contributions in understanding the challenges of education, service delivery, and credit markets in developing countries, as well as how the experimental approach has spread to virtually all aspects of development economics.
Subjective and objective skin colour of a farmworker group in the Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Linde Karlien , Wright Caradee Yael , du Plessis Johannes Lodewykus 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundFarmworkers in the Limpopo Province, South Africa, are at risk of excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (sUVR) due to both their work and the sUVR environment in the geographic area. However, the natural protection provided by this group's skin against sUVR has not been quantified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the subjective and objective skin colour of a group of farmworkers in order to classify the natural photoprotection provided by melanin and to evaluate the different measurement methods.Materials and MethodsSkin colour was established by using the subjective Fitzpatrick skin phototype system (FST) questionnaire and two objective methods, namely the individual typology angle (ITA°) and melanin index (MI). A total of 71 farmworkers participated in the study.ResultsBlack Africans tended to perceive their skin to be lighter than objectively measured, potentially due to cultural factors. The constitutive skin colour of most farmworkers was objectively classified in the FST V/brown group. Significant differences were found between the ITA° and MI of sun‐exposed (constitutive) and non–sun‐exposed (facultative) skin in Black African and White farmworkers. A strong correlation was found between ITA° and MI on different anatomical positions indicating both methods are appropriate to determine skin colour in deeply pigmented skin.ConclusionThe evaluation of skin colour with the use of both subjective and objective methods may be used to design an effective photoprotection programme for farmworkers in the Limpopo Province.
Anarchival Materiality in Film Archives: Toward an Anthropology of the Multimodal
Authors: Smith Trudi Lynn , Hennessy Kate 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTIn this article, we propose an anthropologyofthe multimodal, based on research‐creation work in fugitive film archives. We foreground the material dimension of anthropological research and describe film technology and its use in anthropology as ideologically and materially situated. Through our work with magenta film, we theorize anarchival materiality as a force of entropy in archives and collections. Attention to anarchival materiality raises questions about the persistence and reliability of the products of contemporary multimodal practices in anthropology.
Ethnographic Installation and “The Archive”: Haunted Relations and Relocations
Authors: Vidali Debra , Phillips Kwame 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the haunted relationality of ethnographic archives and anthropology, and the potential for multimodal installations to highlight these tensions while bringing anthropology toward new audiences and new types of collaborations. We argue that experimental ethnographic installations can be used to foreground complex relations among fieldwork, archives, re/dislocation, and aspiration, through nonlinear forms of argumentation and engagement. The particular cases considered are as follows: (1) Vidali’s corpus of material collected in Zambia (1986–90) and (2) Phillips and Vidali’s remixed and relocated “radio program” based on these materials and installed as a multisensorial, multimodal ethnographic exhibition in Washington, DC, Paris, and London.
Dark Play: The Ethnographic Archive as Site of Embodiment in Zanele Muholi’s Somnyana Ngonyama Series
Authors: Farber Leora 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTIn this article, I explore the affective responses that Zanele Muholi’s Somnyana Ngonyama series of photographic (self‐)portraits evoke for me as a white, South African woman. In this provocative series, Muholi presents a body of images that form an archive in and of itself, and uses her body as an “archive of personal experience.” In so doing, she creates a “new” archival body through the figuration of her own body. This new archival form offers possibilities for the imagination of what a decolonial (an)archive might look like. I suggest that the series’ importance as a decolonial (an)archive is strongly connected to what it reveals to me in relation to how I view the work through the lenses of racialized, gendered, and classed power, as a result of my (white) positionality.