bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Becoming Archaeologist
Authors: Cobb Hannah , Croucher Karina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Throughout this volume are a series of semi-fictional assemblages of learning as a means to illustrate the nuances of the arguments made. These merge the experiences of authors, students, and others who have shared their many learning and life assemblages with us. In turn, the semi-fictional accounts both structure debate and illuminate the learning assemblages that pervade archaeological practice. In Chapter 3, Student X is introduced. Their experience highlights the financial and social pressures of completing a degree, and introduces the challenges they face in their multiple environments, partly as a consequence of the marketization of higher education and broader neoliberal agendas. Chapter 3 also begins to introduce the diversity of student identities through accounts of their daily experiences.
Becoming Archaeologist
Authors: Cobb Hannah , Croucher Karina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter returns to the semi-fictional narrative of Student X, who is now attending her first excavation. Student X’s experiences on the excavation are a mixture of elation and increasing frustration, and they are compounded by her experiences of off-site dynamics, which in turn feed into her learning experience when she returns to the campus after the field school. This semi-fictional narrative demonstrates how learning assemblages do not exist in a politically neutral vacuum; teachers and learners alike bring a multitude of socio-political differences to the archaeological process, and the intersection of these with the materiality of the site, lab, or classroom creates and reproduces a microcosm of social relations and political inequalities.
Becoming Archaeologist
Authors: Cobb Hannah , Croucher Karina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 returns the reader to the semi-fictional narrative of Student X. Spoiler alert: Student X has a happy ending! The chapter follows Student X’s development over her degree and into her career beyond, exploring how she addressed the issues of discrimination and marginalization that are presented in Chapters 3 and 5 , and how this process of becoming extends into her professional life as she becomes Graduate X. One of the turning points in Student X’s learning experience (although there are many others that we do not cover here) is a lecture in which a piece of cake is used as a device to highlight the interconnected material assemblages of modern western capitalism.
The Origin of the Judges’ Rules
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The point at which the liberty of the subject can be subject to interference by force of the law is a critical issue and one reliant on the integrity of judicial oversight. Focusing on the start of the twentieth century, this chapter addresses the discontinuities in the then existing rules relating to the interrogation of suspected persons (embodied by the Judges’ Rules of 1912, whose obscure origins are discussed) and the divergent responses of different police forces to the cautioning and questioning process. From this it explores how the need for closer formal regulation arose and the role of Home Office officials (the very same as those involved in the Adolph Beck case) in drafting the first revision of the Judges’ Rules in 1918 which were to remain in force for almost fifty years. These inapt and inexpertly drafted Rules thereafter laid the foundations for policing regulation in jurisdictions around the world.
The Aftermath
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 traces the aftermath of the formulation of the Judges’ Rules over the period 1918–60 including their reissue and additional interpretations of 1930, 1946, and 1947. In this account the technical disarray over the meaning of the Rules is analysed and the consequences for policing practices. There is an emphasis both upon the impact upon police culture, particularly within the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) from its origins in 1878, and the emergence and intensification of various forms of police deviance and corruption. The chapter links these developments to the experiences of suspects subjected to police questioning practices alongside, in the age of capital punishment, accounts of early cases of miscarriages of justice including that of Timothy Evans for murders committed by John Reginald Christie. In the face of Home Office resistance, public pressure eventually forced the establishment of a Royal Commission on the Police (1962) and a separate review of the Judges’ Rules (1964).
The War of Attrition and the Vanquishing of the Judges
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter reveals how the judiciary succumbed to executive pressure in regard to subsequent drafts of the Judges’ Rules. This occurred in a manner which directly contests the constitutional principle that nothing should be said or done to shake confidence in the good sense and freedom from bias of those who have to administer justice, a principle earlier set out by the Home Office itself. The analysis shows the relevance of contemporaneous occurrences in criminal justice (including, but not limited to, the Sheffield Rhino Whip affair—where police officers assaulted prisoners not suspected of crimes; the Challenor incidents—in which bricks were planted on innocent people; and the Stephen Ward/Christine Keeler/John Profumo scandal—in which the police engaged in dubious arrest, detention, and interrogation practices at the behest of the executive) as it uncovers the constitutional struggle between the executive and the judiciary in which the judges were forced into a climb-down by political threats that went to the heart of British constitutional arrangements and the associated notion of judicial independence.
The Legacy of the 1964 Rules
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the aftermath of the executive–judicial conflict through an analysis of the impact of the 1964 version of the Judges’ Rules. This includes scrutiny of the technical-legal implications of the Rules, the impact upon police culture and police practices, and consistent failure of the Home Office to deal with police malpractices. It also examines the extraordinary turnaround in the stance of the judiciary, the long-term effects of which have since unfolded in an anti-adversarial culture exemplified in the form of so called ‘culture-change’ within the criminal justice system, now enshrined by the Criminal Procedure Rules (CrimPR). The discussion covers judicial decision-making as well as notorious miscarriages of justice and explains the deficiencies of the modern role assumed by judges, both under the auspices of the CrimPR, and in policy-making in the arena of criminal justice. The chapter shows how, over this period, the senior judiciary became transformed from guardians of individual liberty to architects of state policy.
Rule of Law and Common Law
Authors: McConville Mike , Marsh Luke 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the conflict earlier described between the executive and the judiciary should reset the debate about the meaning of the ‘rule of law’. To this end, it explores the implications that the history of the Judges’ Rules has for both the ‘Rule of Law’ and the role of judges in relation to the common law. By shedding light on the ambiguous nature of the Rules, it first questions whether they were ‘law’, and if so, whether judges could be said to legitimate authors of them—itself a controversial and heavily contested notion. In this regard, it examines the principal justifications for judicial law-making, and questions how these might relate to other major judicially created or endorsed features of the modern criminal justice landscape, namely, state-induced guilty pleas and the Criminal Procedure Rules (CrimPR). Additionally, it challenges the locus classicus of Tom Bingham as to the meaning of the ‘Rule of Law’. By focusing on the ignored value of adversarial proceedings, it demonstrates how Bingham’s celebrated analysis of the Rule of Law is flawed and its list of ‘ingredients’ left wanting. In consequence, it argues that those transformative initiatives conceived outside formal adversary structures (including the Judges’ Rules, state-induced guilty pleas, and the CrimPR) cannot meet the tests of legitimate policy-making or the rule of law. The chapter ends by looking beyond the debate on judicial law-making in order to address a related deep-seated problem that arises from judges’ involvement in setting criminal justice policy: their entrenched homogeneity.
Introduction
Authors: Fifield Peter 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This introduction argues that physical illness is an important category for literary modernism. Through a close reading of Virginia Woolf’s ‘On Being Ill’ (1926), the author argues that the altered, often intensified forms of embodied experience in illness, constitute an important subject, method, and manner of writing. Self-consciously ‘new’, Woolf’s proposal for a canon of illness writing resembles a voyage of self-discovery, a linguistic experiment, and a phenomenological study. Requiring innovative stylistic effects, physical illness reveals a world at once strange and familiar, in a manner central to modernism’s own distinctiveness. The emphasis on physical illness is clarified with regard to current and historical categorization, as is the relationship between illness, disability, and their attendant terminology. It also explains the predominant focus on textual rather than authorial illness, and on illness rather than medicine.
‘You ought to be supported by the state!’
Authors: Fifield Peter 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Richardson’s Pilgrimage uses illness to examine the operations of sympathy and the structures of care and responsibility. Pilgrimage is, in part, a realization of the aspiration to write a ‘dental novel’, where the surgery setting allows the depiction of a rich and distinctive social world. Consequently, the chapter shows the meaning of illness to be socially and politically determined. Analysis of the mechanisms of sympathy, empathy, and narrative method in the surgery leads to a discussion of public healthcare policy. Pilgrimage reflects the contemporary debate between sociological and moral models of healthcare, exemplified by the Fabian Society and the Charity Organisation Society. Pilgrimage balances, therefore, individual, sympathy-driven care against systematic, disinterested care.
Introduction
Authors: Toropova Anna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the wake of the cultural revolution (1928–32), the medium long held to be uniquely attuned to the feelings of the masses became Soviet power’s key ally in building the emotional landscape of a new historical epoch. The development of Soviet cinema’s repertoire of genres became vital to this task of emotional education. The belief that film genres gave form to the ‘psycho-ideology’ of a specific historical period pushed the Soviet film industry towards the creation of genres that could articulate the unique emotional values of the Stalin era. Soviet cinema’s ambitions in the sphere of emotional education are explored in this Introduction with reference to debates over Soviet laughter, whilst the limitations of this project are highlighted in sections on the critical disputes over Sergei Gerasimov’s 1948 film The Young Guard. The Introduction concludes by using the case of Stalinist emotional management to explore the questions that have dominated critical theory since the affective turn. Psychoanalytic theory’s conception of affect and discourse as co-entangled, the Introduction shows, offers a means of accounting for the role of emotions in securing the hold of Stalinism’s ideological agendas without nullifying their capacity to shift and expand official models of ‘Sovietn ess’.
Emotional Education
Authors: Toropova Anna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Soviet cinema’s ‘affective turn’ in the 1930s took shape in the context of far-ranging scientific debates about emotion and perceptual management. The Soviet film industry’s attention to emotional appeal and push to develop its genre repertoire at the end of the 1920s were closely linked, this chapter shows, to a broader re-evaluation of emotional life in Soviet psychology, as well as to a new scientific interest in the effects of cultural production on audiences. At the end of the 1920s, psychologists including Lev Vygotsky and Aleksandr Luria began to discredit the physiological reading of emotion that had held sway over the human sciences. Alongside its integration into the processes of the mind by the 1930s, emotion was rendered inextricable from the social environment and thereby amenable to cultivation and direction. The setting forth of ‘emotional education’ as a crucial cultural agenda spurred a wave of enquiries into the emotional impact of Soviet cinema. I explore how these sociological and psycho-physiological investigations not only re-conceptualized film viewing as predominantly an emotional experience, but established a correlation between the spectator’s emotional engagement and a film’s use of familiar narrative structures and clear genre markers. The chapter concludes by discussing Stalinist cinema’s commitment to increasing genre variety as both the corollary of an increased audience mindedness, and a symptom of its desire to better manage and guide audience response.
‘If we cannot laugh like that, then how can we laugh?’
Authors: Toropova Anna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Elaborating an appropriate form of Soviet laughter was one of the most pressing tasks faced by the film industry in the 1930s. Increasingly sensitive to the ideological perils of failing to deliver more Soviet comedies to the public, industry bosses turned the development of this genre into a high priority. Such efforts, however, were persistently hindered by anxieties about facilitating the ‘mindless’ laughter of comic gags rather than the ‘meaningful’ laughter of triumphant celebration or satirical condemnation. Drawing on psychoanalytic readings of the comic, this chapter explores how the play with process of signification and disruption of habitual sense-making patterns became increasingly difficult to reconcile with the objectives of socialist realism. The thorny debates surrounding Konstantin Iudin’s two pre-war comedies, A Girl with Character (1939) and Hearts of Four (1941), are used to demonstrate the ways in which the project of creating film comedy based on Soviet material had come to a standstill by the beginning of the 1940s. The war against ‘mindless’ and ‘mechanical’ laughter pushed filmmakers to abandon the comic mode that had been so central to early Soviet cinema in preference for ego-affirming humour. The new paradigm of realistic comedy purged from the ‘excess’ of comic devices, however, little satisfied the expectations of Soviet audiences. Whilst the stultifying demands previously placed on the genre briefly eased as the Soviet public’s right to the ‘laughter of victors’ was granted after the end of WWII, the onset of the Zhdanovshchina brought post-war concessions in the sphere of comedy to a halt.
Pathos, Powerlessness, and the Persistence of the Melodramatic Mode
Authors: Toropova Anna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter uncovers the new generic guises assumed by the melodramatic mode after the cultural revolution—the ‘literary adaptation’ and the ‘bytovaia drama’ (the drama of everyday life). From the late 1930s, the Stalin-era screen saw an influx of films about the problems of contemporary byt which set new standards of gender relations, ethics, and morality in Soviet society through melodramatic unmasking of discrepancies between seeming and being, public duty and private desire. Offering tear-jerking portrayals of gender and social exploitation of the pre-revolutionary era, screen adaptations of literary classics similarly deployed the melodramatic mode to articulate the new contours of Soviet morality. Whilst the melodrama’s moral Manichaeism was highly amenable to Stalinism’s inquisitorial drive to unmask the ‘true’ essence of the individual, filmmakers struggled to fully align the affective structures of melodrama with the new demand for ‘optimistic tragedies’ that would inspire confidence in the power of the human will and arouse a desire to fight injustice. Even as Stalinist melodramas took on obligatory happy endings, their pathos continued to rest on the representation of insurmountable conflicts. The imperative of establishing an emotionally direct mode of address during the Great Patriotic War secured the continued release of dramas that drew audience tears by staging the dislocation of desire and fulfilment and placing the spectator in a position of powerlessness. The leniency towards melodramatic pathos did not persist into peacetime; in the post-war period, the ideological task of moral education came to dwarf the considerations of emotional effectiveness. Yet industry discussions reveal that even as post-war Stalinist cinema experienced a ‘waning of affect’, pressures to make Soviet cinema more emotionally resonant were steadily mounting behind the scenes.
Epilogue
Authors: Toropova Anna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The epilogue probes the anxieties at the root of Soviet cinema authorities’ distrust towards ‘excessive’ emotionality. Contemporary discussions and reviews repeatedly conflated bourgeois filmmaking with the cultivation of ‘thoughtless’, ‘mechanical’, and ‘empty’ affective responses. Soviet cinema, by contrast, emerged as the cinema of reasoned emotion and a sense of measure. Examining the writings of Leonid Sobolev and Béla Balázs on sentimentality, as well as the psychologist Pavel Iakobson on ‘meaningful’ aesthetic emotions, the epilogue shows how the Stalin-era suspicion of ‘unruly’ forms of emotional response was fuelled by affective life’s uncoupling from the domain of the body and its investment with social and political significance.
Procedural Justice and Narrow Instrumentalism
Authors: Watson Gabrielle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
One persistent aspect of accounts of procedural justice relates to the role and value of ‘respect’ in citizens’ encounters with the police. In privileging procedures over outcomes, procedural justice—as standardly conceived—provides an optimistic view of the capacity of the police to bridge differences, interests, and values through respectful practices and decision-making. This chapter reflects on that familiar narrative and proposes that respectful relations have become—however unintentionally—a subsidiary concern of policing scholars and practitioners alike. Crime control outcomes increasingly occupy a central place on the intellectual agenda and, in practice, there is evidence of procedural justice being pursued on largely pragmatic ‘law and order’ grounds. When these instrumental concerns are not held in their proper place, we risk the erosion not only of respect but also of a range of other intrinsic values—transparency, neutrality, fairness, recognition, voice—that, taken together, comprise the very idea of procedural justice itself.
Hegel and the Ancient World
Authors: Desmond Will D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hegel is one of the most influential thinkers of modernity. Less recognized, but equally significant is his life-long engagement with ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. As a student of the Stuttgart Gymnasium, sometime headmaster of the Nürnberg Gymnasium, contemporary of philhellenes like Goethe and Hölderlin as well as seminal classical scholars like August Wolf and Niebuhr, Hegel developed his encyclopedic system at a time when classical scholarship was being institutionalized as Altertumswissenschaft, and when Hellenic studies in particular were experiencing a ‘renaissance’, especially in Germany. This chapter surveys Hegel’s life, education, publications, and persistent ideas, placing these in their immediate context in the revolutionary era after 1776. Hegel’s persistent and many-faceted return to antiquity—to the Romans as well as the Greeks—is clear in his Berlin lecture series on politics, art, religion, philosophy, and history. These themes form the core of Hegel’s philosophy of ‘spirit’, and are here outlined as the focus of subsequent chapters.
Beautiful City, Lawful Empire, Rational State
Authors: Desmond Will D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hegel’s exposition of the ‘rational’ state in The Philosophy of Right draws on ancient ethics, politics, and history, and cannot be fully understood without reference to his Lectures on the Philosophy of History. This chapter seeks to explore the many ‘moments of antiquity’ in the Philosophy of Right, when ancient practices or ideas infiltrate Hegel’s more abstract analysis of ethico-political phenomena. It does so by following the tripartite division of the Philosophy of Right: for example, the analysis of property in ‘Abstract Right’ is incomplete without appreciating Hegel’s response to ancient forms of slavery and the Roman ‘law of things’; the second section on ‘Morality’ is primarily Kantian, yet is also implicitly in dialogue with Socratic thinkers for its evaluation of virtue, the Good, and conscience; finally, Hegel’s innovative concept of ‘Ethical Life’ is significantly indebted to his understanding of the Greek and Roman families, ancient constitutional arrangements, and Justinian’s Code. Turning from these and other ‘moments of antiquity’, the chapter then offers a more continuous presentation and evaluation of Hegel’s understanding of Greek and Roman histories, explaining how his concept of the ‘beautiful’ Greek polis and ‘lawful’ Roman empire were for him the two historically necessary stages in the development of the modern ‘rational state’.
On Hospitals
Authors: Watson Sethina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This book offers a fundamental reconception of the place of welfare institutions in the medieval church, and so of the significance of welfare in Western Christianity. It takes as its subject the treatment of hospitals, xenodochia, almshouses, and leprosaria in church law from the late antique period to the fourteenth century, when the council of Vienne issued its so-called ‘magna carta of hospitals’. The place of hospitals ‘between church and world’ has long caused confusion, not least because popes, canonists, and bishops seem not to have cared about their wayward state. This book charts the legal development of a distinctively Western form of welfare. It goes beyond the councils, collections, and commentaries that made up canon law, into Carolingian capitularies, Justinian’s Code and Novels, and late Roman testamentary law. In so doing, it identifies new legislation and legal initiatives in every period, the contradictory products of law-makers who were working without legal precedent. Here, at the fringes of law, pioneers worked, and forgers played. Their efforts shed light on councils, both familiar and forgotten, and on major figures, including Abbot Ansegis of Saint Wandrille, Abbot Wala of Corbie, the Pseudo-Isidorian forgers, Pope Alexander III, Bernard of Pavia, and Robert de Courson. A new and fundamentally European history of the hospital emerges, which reveals the central place, across a thousand years, of caritas in medieval Christianity. It also charts the rise of a Christian institution that belonged not to bishops and canon law but to any of the faithful.