bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supertwistor description of ambitwistor strings
Authors: Berkovits Nathan , Guillen Max , Mason Lionel 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A new ambitwistor string is constructed based on a ten-dimensional super-twistor model for the massless superparticle. Although covariant quantization is complicated by reducibility issues, a light-cone gauge analysis can be easily performed. We show that with this analysis, this supertwistor ambitwistor string is equivalent to the RNS ambitwistor string in light-cone gauge. In order to make the comparison, we develop the light-cone gauge analysis of the RNS ambitwistor string which has some novel features in terms of its expression of the scattering equations through interaction point operators.
MJO teleconnections to crop growing seasons
Authors: Anderson Weston , Muñoz Ángel G. , Goddard Lisa , Baethgen Walter , Chourio Xandre 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhile many Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) teleconnections are well documented, the significance of these teleconnections to agriculture is not well understood. Here we analyze how the MJO affects the climate during crop flowering seasons, when crops are particularly vulnerable to abiotic stress. Because the MJO is located in the tropics of the summer hemisphere and maize is a tropical, summer-grown crop, the MJO teleconnections to maize flowering seasons are stronger and more coherent than those to wheat, which tends to be grown in midlatitudes and flowers during the spring. The MJO significantly affects not only daily average precipitation and soil moisture, but also the probability of extreme precipitation, soil moisture and maximum temperatures during crop flowering seasons. The average influence on the probability of extreme daily precipitation, soil moisture, and maximum temperature events is roughly equal. On average the MJO modifies the probability of a 5th or 95th, 10th or 90th, and 25th or 75th percentile event by$$\sim $$∼2.5%,$$\sim $$∼4% and$$\sim $$∼7%, respectively. This means that an exceptionally dry (10th percentile) soil moisture value, for example, would become$$\sim $$∼40% more common (happening 14% of the time) during certain MJO phases. That the MJO can simultaneously dry soils and raise maximum air temperatures may be particularly damaging to crops because without available soil water during times of heat stress, plants are unable to transpire to cool leaf-level temperatures as a means of avoiding long-term damage. As a result, even though teleconnections from the MJO last only a few days to a week, they likely affect crop growth.
Fleshing out the theory of planned of behavior: Meat consumption as an environmentally significant behavior
Authors: Çoker Elif Naz , van der Linden Sander 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe meat industry is a leading cause of climate change in the Western world, and while reducing meat consumption has often been studied as a health behavior, it is equally important to understand its significance as a pro-environmental behavior. In a national sample of the United Kingdom (N = 737, Time 1, N = 468, Time 2) we sought to evaluate to what extent the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is an effective model for understanding people’s intentions to reduce their meat consumption. Overall, we find that attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived control explain 57% of the variation in intentions to reduce meat consumption. In turn, past behavior and intention explain 31% of the variance in self-reported meat consumption behavior four weeks later. Somewhat surprisingly, habit did not have any predictive utility over and above the TPB constructs. The effectiveness of the TPB and implications for devising pro-environmental interventions are discussed.
China’s public policies toward rare earths, 1975–2018
Authors: Shen Yuzhou , Moomy Ruthann , Eggert Roderick G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper summarizes and evaluates China’s policies toward the rare-earth industry from 1975 to 2018. We define five stages over this period and focus on China’s purpose, the underlying economic background in each stage, and the connections between stages. By reviewing a broad set of original policy documents, we find that the purpose of China’s policies has evolved, affected by the market players, the development of the mineral industry, and the state of the Chinese economy. Initially, the Chinese government encouraged the development of the upstream rare-earth sector. Since the early 1990s, China has focused on the development of downstream activities that use rare earths in the manufacture of intermediate and final products. Since the early 2000s, China has focused additionally on the problems of disorder in the rare-earth industry with particular reference to the environmental degradation caused by rare-earth production, as well as industrial reorganization to discourage unsanctioned production.
Full structure of the thermal plasma including the ion isothermal drag
Authors: Khoram M. , Masoudi S. F. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn order to study the ion temperature effect on the space-charge structure and the plasma variables on the wall, the ion thermal force has been added to the ion motion equation in the plasma fluidal model. In the eigenvalue problem of plasma, the plasma equations are numerically solved in a whole area from the plasma center to the wall and it is displayed that the ion temperature has significant effects on the plasma structure and floating variables. However, the fluidal theory of plasmas introduces a singular point among the space charge of plasma boundary layer if the static pressure and the inertial mass of the thermal ions are taken into account at the same time. Finding a full numerical solution for the thermal plasma equations needs to cross the singular point. The singular point and how crossing the point will be depicted too.
Identifying social media user demographics and topic diversity with computational social science: a case study of a major international policy forum
Authors: Brandt John , Buckingham Kathleen , Buntain Cody , Anderson Will , Ray Sabin , Pool John-Rob , Ferrari Natasha 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhen the world’s countries agreed on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, they recognized that equity and inclusion should be at the center of implementing the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 15, which calls for protecting, restoring, and promoting the sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, has spurred commitments to restore 350 million hectares of land by 2030. These commitments, primarily made in a top-down manner at the international scale, must be implemented by actively engaging individual landholders and local communities. Ensuring that diverse and marginalized audiences are engaged in the land restoration movement is critical to equitably distributing the economic benefits of restoration. This publication uses social network analysis and machine learning to understand how important the voices of Africans, women, and young people are in governing restoration in Africa. We analyze location- and machine learning-identified demographics from Twitter data collected during the Global Landscapes Forum (GLF), which is the world’s largest platform for promoting sustainable land use practices. Our results suggest that convening the GLF in Nairobi, Kenya elevated the voices of African leaders in comparison to the previous GLF in Bonn, Germany. We also found significant demographic differences in topic-level engagement between different ages, races, and genders. The primary contributions of this paper are a novel methodology for quantifying demographic differences in social media engagement and the application of social media and social network analysis to provide critical insights into the inclusivity of a large political conference aimed at engaging youth and African voices.
BILATERAL RISK SHARING WITH HETEROGENEOUS BELIEFS AND EXPOSURE CONSTRAINTS
Authors: Boonen Tim J. , Ghossoub Mario 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper studies bilateral risk sharing under no aggregate uncertainty, where one agent has Expected-Utility preferences and the other agent has Rank-dependent utility preferences with a general probability distortion function. We impose exogenous constraints on the risk exposure for both agents, and we allow for any type or level of belief heterogeneity. We show that Pareto-optimal risk-sharing contracts can be obtained via a constrained utility maximization under a participation constraint of the other agent. This allows us to give an explicit characterization of optimal risk-sharing contracts. In particular, we show that an optimal risk-sharing contract contains allocations that are monotone functions of the likelihood ratio, where the latter is obtained from Lebesgue’s Decomposition Theorem.
A network investigation of core symptoms and pathways across duration of illness using a comprehensive cognitive–behavioral model of eating-disorder symptoms
Authors: Christian Caroline , Williams Brenna M. , Hunt Rowan A. , Wong Valerie Z. , Ernst Sarah E. , Spoor Samantha P. , Vanzhula Irina A. , Tregarthen Jenna P. , Forbush Kelsie T. , Levinson Cheri A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn the past decade, network analysis (NA) has been applied to psychopathology to quantify complex symptom relationships. This statistical technique has demonstrated much promise, as it provides researchers the ability to identify relationships across many symptoms in one model and can identify central symptoms that may predict important clinical outcomes. However, network models are highly influenced by node selection, which could limit the generalizability of findings. The current study (N= 6850) tests a comprehensive, cognitive–behavioral model of eating-disorder symptoms using items from two, widely used measures (Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire and Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory).MethodsWe used NA to identify central symptoms and compared networks across the duration of illness (DOI), as chronicity is one of the only known predictors of poor outcome in eating disorders (EDs).ResultsOur results suggest that eating when not hungry and feeling fat were the most central symptoms across groups. There were no significant differences in network structure across DOI, meaning the connections between symptoms remained relatively consistent. However, differences emerged in central symptoms, such that cognitive symptoms related to overvaluation of weight/shape were central in individuals with shorter DOI, and behavioral central symptoms emerged more in medium and long DOI.ConclusionsOur results have important implications for the treatment of individuals with enduring EDs, as they may have a different core, maintaining symptoms. Additionally, our findings highlight the importance of using comprehensive, theoretically- or empirically-derived models for NA.
The causal effect of resilience on risk for drug abuse: a Swedish national instrumental variable, co-relative and propensity-score analysis
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Ohlsson Henrik , Clouston Sean , Fagan Abigail A. , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundWe sought to quantify and investigate the causal nature of the association between resilience at age 18 and future drug abuse (DA).MethodIn a national sample of Swedish men (n = 1 392 800), followed for a mean of 30.3 years, resilience was assessed during military conscription and DA defined from medical, criminal and pharmacy registers. For causal inference, we utilized three methods: (i) instrumental variable analyses with the month of birth as the instrument; (ii) co-relative analyses using the general population, cousins, siblings and monozygotic twins; and (iii) propensity scoring on a subsample (n = 48 548) with strong resilience predictors. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to examine survival time till DA diagnosis.ResultsLow resilience was most robustly predicted from internalizing symptoms. Lower levels of standardized resilience strongly predicted the risk for DA (HR = 2.31, 95% CIs 2.28–2.33). In instrumental, co-relative, and propensity score analyses, the association between resilience and DA was estimated at HR = 3.06 (2.44–3.85), 1.34 (1.28–1.39), and 1.40 (1.28–1.53), respectively. Sensitivity analyses suggested that our instrument was weak and, despite our large sample, likely under-estimated confounding.ConclusionsLow resilience strongly predicts DA risk. Three different causal analysis methods, with divergent assumptions, concurred in estimating that an appreciable proportion of this association was causal, probably around 40%, with the remainder arising from confounding variables many of which are likely familial. Consistent with prior interventions focused on substance use prevention, our results suggest that prevention programs that increase resilience in adolescence should meaningfully reduce the long-term risk for DA.
Affordances, response conflict, and enhanced-action tendencies in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an ERP study
Authors: Dayan-Riva Adi , Berger Andrea , Anholt Gideon Emanuel 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent, intrusive thoughts and/or behaviors. OCD symptoms are often triggered by external stimuli. Therefore, it has been suggested that difficulty inhibiting responses to stimuli associated with strong action tendencies may underlie symptoms. The present electrophysiological study examined whether stimuli evoking a strong automatic response are associated with enhanced action tendencies in OCD participants relative to healthy controls.MethodsThe lateralized readiness potential (LRP) and the N2 event-related potential (ERP) components were used as measures of action tendencies and inhibition, respectively. ERPs were recorded while 38 participants diagnosed with OCD and 38 healthy controls performed a variation of the Stroop task using colored arrows.ResultsThe OCD group presented with larger LRP amplitudes than the control group. This effect was found specifically in the incongruent condition. Furthermore, an interaction effect was found between group and congruency such that the OCD group showed a reduced N2 in the incongruent condition compared to the congruent condition, whereas the control group demonstrated the opposite effect. Results support the hypothesis that OCD is characterized by stronger readiness-for-action and impaired inhibitory mechanisms, particularly when the suppression of a dominant response tendency is required. Our results were supported by source localization analyses for the LRP and N2 components. These findings were specific to OCD and not associated with anxiety and depression symptoms.ConclusionsThe present results support the notion of stronger habitual behavior and embodiment tendencies in OCD and impaired inhibitory control under conditions of conflict.
The patient encounter index: a novel method of measuring clinical workload in a paediatric cardiology service
Authors: Harrison Michael J. , Barry Oliver M. , Hounsell Rachel A. , De Decker Rik 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTechnological advances have led to better patient outcomes and the expansion of clinical services in paediatric cardiology. This expansion creates an ever-growing workload for clinicians, which has led to workflow and staffing issues that need to be addressed. The objective of this study was the development of a novel tool to measure the clinical workload of a paediatric cardiology service in Cape Town, South Africa: The patient encounter index is a tool designed to quantify clinical workload. It is defined as a ratio of the measured duration of clinical work to the total time available for such work. This index was implemented as part of a prospective cross-sectional study design. Clinical workload data were collected over a 10-day period using time-and-motion sampling. Clinicians were contractually expected to spend 50% of their daily workload on patient care. The median patient encounter index for the Western Cape Paediatric Cardiac Service was 0.81 (range 0.19–1.09), reflecting that 81% of total contractual working time was spent on clinical activities. This study describes the development and implementation of a novel tool for clinical workload quantification and describes its application to a busy paediatric cardiology service in Cape Town, South Africa. This tool prospectively quantifies clinical workload which may directly influence patient outcomes. Implementation of this novel tool in the described setting clearly demonstrated the excessive workload of the clinical service and facilitated effective motivation for improved allocation of resources.
Significant Contribution of Mesoscale Overturning to Tropical Mass and Energy Transport Revealed by the ERA5 Reanalysis
Authors: Chen Xingchao , Pauluis Olivier M. , Leung L. Ruby , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: January 2020

Key Points

The multiscale atmospheric overturning in the ERA5 and ERA‐Interim global reanalyses is compared using isentropic analysis
Observed outgoing longwave radiation suggests that the mesoscale overturning in the tropics is better captured by ERA5 than ERA‐Interim
Mesoscale overturning plays a comparable role to large‐scale overturning in vertical mass and energy transport over the tropics
Isotope Constraints on the Sources of Particulate Organic Carbon in a Subtropical Deep Reservoir
Authors: Zheng Li‐Wei , Li Dawei , Ding Xiaodong , Lee Tsung‐Yu , Zheng Zhenzhen , Shiah Fuh‐Kwo , Zheng Xufeng , Hsu Ting‐Chang , Huang Jr‐Chuan , Kao Shuh‐Ji 
Published: January 2020

AbstractReservoirs are active sites in the terrestrial environment in terms of carbon transformation and storage. Continuous reservoir construction reinforces the importance of such artificial storage; however, knowledge pertaining to the sources, cycling, and preservation of autochthonous/allochthonous particulate organic carbon (POC) in reservoirs remains incomplete. We monitored the flux and carbon isotope composition of sinking particles in a subtropical deep reservoir, and the results were compared with the isotopic signatures of potential POC sources (soil) and the sedimentary sink. We found that the typhoon‐induced POC flux was transported laterally at intermediate water depths within the reservoir and that it contributed more than 70% of the annual deposition. An isotope ternary mixing model showed that over 87% of the POC preserved in sediments was allochthonous. Although the autochthonous POC from primary production was preferentially degraded, the preserved autochthonous POC (42 ± 14 gC m−2 yr−1) was comparable to the observed carbon dioxide uptake (35 gC m−2 yr−1) by the reservoir, suggesting a high efficiency of carbon preservation in subtropical deep reservoirs.
Magneto-optical painting of heat current
Authors: Wang Jian , Takahashi Yukiko K. , Uchida Ken-ichi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractActive control of heat flow is crucial for the thermal management of increasingly complex electronic and spintronic devices. In addition to conventional heat transport engineering, spin caloritronics has received extensive attention as a heat control principle owing to its high controllability and unique thermal energy conversion symmetry. Here we demonstrate that the direction of heat currents generated by spin-caloritronic phenomena can be changed simply by illuminating magnetic materials with visible light. The optical control of heat currents is realized through a combination of the spin-driven thermoelectric conversion called an anomalous Ettingshausen effect and all-optical helicity-dependent switching of magnetization. This approach enables not only pinpoint manipulation and flexible design of the heat current distribution by patterning the illuminating light but also on/off control of the resulting temperature modulation by tuning the light polarization. These versatile heat control functionalities will open up a pathway for nanoscale thermal energy engineering.
Ketamine disinhibits dendrites and enhances calcium signals in prefrontal dendritic spines
Authors: Ali Farhan , Gerhard Danielle M. , Sweasy Katherine , Pothula Santosh , Pittenger Christopher , Duman Ronald S. , Kwan Alex C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA subanesthetic dose of ketamine causes acute psychotomimetic symptoms and sustained antidepressant effects. In prefrontal cortex, the prevailing disinhibition hypothesis posits that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists such as ketamine act preferentially on GABAergic neurons. However, cortical interneurons are heterogeneous. In particular, somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons selectively inhibit dendrites and regulate synaptic inputs, yet their response to systemic NMDAR antagonism is unknown. Here, we report that ketamine acutely suppresses the activity of SST interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of the awake mouse. The deficient dendritic inhibition leads to greater synaptically evoked calcium transients in the apical dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons. By manipulating NMDAR signaling via GluN2B knockdown, we show that ketamine’s actions on the dendritic inhibitory mechanism has ramifications for frontal cortex-dependent behaviors and cortico-cortical connectivity. Collectively, these results demonstrate dendritic disinhibition and elevated calcium levels in dendritic spines as important local-circuit alterations driven by the administration of subanesthetic ketamine.
Siah2 control of T-regulatory cells limits anti-tumor immunity
Authors: Scortegagna Marzia , Hockemeyer Kathryn , Dolgalev Igor , Poźniak Joanna , Rambow Florian , Li Yan , Feng Yongmei , Tinoco Roberto , Otero Dennis C. , Zhang Tongwu , Brown Kevin , Bosenberg Marcus , Bradley Linda M. , Marine Jean-Christophe , Aifantis Ioannis , Ronai Ze’ev A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms underlying anti-tumor immunity is pivotal for improving immune-based cancer therapies. Here, we report that growth of BRAF-mutant melanoma cells is inhibited, up to complete rejection, in Siah2−/− mice. Growth-inhibited tumors exhibit increased numbers of intra-tumoral activated T cells and decreased expression of Ccl17,Ccl22, and Foxp3. Marked reduction in Treg proliferation and tumor infiltration coincide with G1 arrest in tumor infiltrated Siah2−/− Tregs in vivo or following T cell stimulation in culture, attributed to elevated expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27, a Siah2 substrate. Growth of anti-PD-1 therapy resistant melanoma is effectively inhibited in Siah2−/− mice subjected to PD-1 blockade, indicating synergy between PD-1 blockade and Siah2 loss. Low SIAH2 and FOXP3 expression is identified in immune responsive human melanoma tumors. Overall, Siah2 regulation of Treg recruitment and cell cycle progression effectively controls melanoma development and Siah2 loss in the host sensitizes melanoma to anti-PD-1 therapy.
Coherence distillation machines are impossible in quantum thermodynamics
Authors: Marvian Iman 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe role of coherence in quantum thermodynamics has been extensively studied in the recent years and it is now well-understood that coherence between different energy eigenstates is a resource independent of other thermodynamics resources, such as work. A fundamental remaining open question is whether the laws of quantum mechanics and thermodynamics allow the existence of a coherence distillation machine, i.e., a machine that, by possibly consuming work, obtains pure coherent states from mixed states, at a nonzero rate. This is related to another fundamental question: Starting from many copies of noisy quantum clocks which are (approximately) synchronized with a reference clock, can one distill synchronized clocks in pure states, at a non-zero rate? Surprisingly, we find that the answer to both questions is negative for generic (full-rank) mixed states. However, at the same time, it is possible to distill a sub-linear number of pure coherent states with a vanishing error.