bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of local and circulating bovine γδ T cell responses to respiratory BCG vaccination
Authors: Guerra-Maupome Mariana , McGill Jodi L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTheMycobacterium bovisBacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine is administered parenterally to infants and young children to prevent tuberculosis (TB) infection. However, the protection induced by BCG is highly variable and the vaccine does not prevent pulmonary TB, the most common form of the illness. Until improved TB vaccines are available, it is crucial to use BCG in a manner which ensures optimal vaccine performance. Immunization directly to the respiratory mucosa has been shown to promote greater protection from TB in animal models. γδ T cells play a major role in host defense at mucosal sites and are known to respond robustly to mycobacterial infection. Their positioning in the respiratory mucosa ensures their engagement in the response to aerosolized TB vaccination. However, our understanding of the effect of respiratory BCG vaccination on γδ T cell responses in the lung is unknown. In this study, we used a calf model to investigate the immunogenicity of aerosol BCG vaccination, and the phenotypic profile of peripheral and mucosal γδ T cells responding to vaccination. We observed robust local and systemicM. bovis-specific IFN-γ and IL-17 production by both γδ and CD4 T cells. Importantly, BCG vaccination induced effector and memory cell differentiation of γδ T cells in both the lower airways and peripheral blood, with accumulation of a large proportion of effector memory γδ T cells in both compartments. Our results demonstrate the potential of the neonatal calf model to evaluate TB vaccine candidates that are to be administered via the respiratory tract, and suggest that aerosol immunization is a promising strategy for engaging γδ T cells in vaccine-induced immunity against TB.
Nanopore sequencing improves the draft genome of the human pathogenic amoeba Naegleria fowleri
Authors: Liechti Nicole , Schürch Nadia , Bruggmann Rémy , Wittwer Matthias 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNaegleria fowleri is an environmental protist found in soil and warm freshwater sources worldwide and is known for its ability to infect humans and causing a rapid and mostly fatal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. When contaminated water enters the nose, the facultative parasite follows the olfactory nerve and enters the brain by crossing the cribriform plate where it causes tissue damage and haemorrhagic necrosis. Although N. fowleri has been studied for several years, the mechanisms of pathogenicity are still poorly understood. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge on the genomic level and the current reference assembly is limited in contiguity. To improve the draft genome and to investigate pathogenicity factors, we sequenced the genome of N. fowleri using Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT). Assembly and polishing of the long reads resulted in a high-quality draft genome whose N50 is 18 times higher than the previously published genome. The prediction of potentially secreted proteins revealed a large proportion of enzymes with a hydrolysing function, which could play an important role during the pathogenesis and account for the destructive nature of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. The improved genome provides the basis for further investigation unravelling the biology and the pathogenic potential of N. fowleri.
Short-term inhibition of fibrinolytic system restores locomotor function after spinal cord injury in mice
Authors: Shiraishi Yasuyuki , Kimura Atsushi , Matsuo Osamu , Sakata Yoichi , Takeshita Katsushi , Ohmori Tsukasa 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) is caused by an initial mechanical insult followed by a series of deleterious events that promote the progressive damage of affected tissues. Fibrinolysis, the process by which plasmin degrades cross-linked fibrin clots, has numerous functions in the central nervous system. However, the roles of the fibrinolytic system in SCI pathophysiology remain unknown. We investigated the roles of fibrinolysis in SCI, and explored therapeutic applications targeting fibrinolysis. Plasminogen-deficient (Plg−/−) mice exhibited significantly improved locomotor function in the early phase of SCI (the first 7 days post injury), with significant inhibition of bleeding and vascular permeability, but failed to demonstrate conclusive functional recovery. Consistent with these findings, the short-term administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) in wild-type mice over the first 3 days post injury significantly improved locomotor function after SCI, whereas prolonged TXA administration did not. Prolonged TXA administration resulted in significantly lower levels of matrix metalloproteinase activities in the spinal cord, suggesting that inhibition of the fibrinolytic system impaired tissue remodeling. Our results indicate that the fibrinolytic system has time-dependent biphasic actions following SCI. The temporally optimised modulation of fibrinolytic activity may thus be a novel therapeutic strategy to improve functional outcomes after SCI.
Using Visual Supports to Facilitate Audiological Testing for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: McTee Haley M. , Mood Deborah , Fredrickson Tammy , Thrasher Amy , Bonino Angela Yarnell 
Published: November 2019

PurposeOne in 59 children is diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Due to overlapping symptoms between hearing loss and ASD, children who are suspected of having ASD require an audiological evaluation to determine their hearing status for the purpose of differential diagnosis. The purpose of this article is twofold: (a) to increase audiologists' knowledge of ASD by discussing the challenges associated with testing and interpreting clinical data for children with ASD or suspected ASD and (b) to provide visual supports that can be used to facilitate audiological assessment.MethodEight children (ages 4–12 years) were recruited as video model participants. Videos were filmed using scripts that used concise and concrete language while portraying common clinical procedures. Using the video models, corresponding visual schedules were also created.ConclusionAlthough obtaining reliable hearing data from children with ASD is challenging, incorporating visual supports may facilitate testing. Video models and visual schedules have been created and made freely available for download online under a Creative Commons License (Creative Commons–Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License). Incorporating visual supports during clinical testing has the potential to reduce the child's and family's stress, as well as to increase the probability of obtaining a reliable and comprehensive audiological evaluation. Future research is warranted to determine the effectiveness and feasibility of implementing these tools in audiology clinics.Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.10086434
Optimal control of a hydrogen microgrid based on an experiment validated P2HH model
Authors: Hu Qiang , Lin Jin , Zeng Qing , Fu Chen , Li Jiarong 
Published: November 2019

Converting electricity into hydrogen (power‐to‐hydrogen – P2H) is proved to be an effective means of energy storage. However, the conversion efficiency of commercial electrolyzers is currently among 60–70% and the storage and transportation cost of hydrogen is relatively high. On this basis, this study promotes the comprehensive usage of P2H as a flexible load in renewable power systems as well as heat sources in the heat network. The model of power‐to‐heat and hydrogen (P2HH) is established, considering the utilisation of waste heat. This model has further experimentally verified with alkaline electrolyzer groups rated at 46.5 kW. The authors established an optimal control model of a P2HH microgrid and carried out a case study on this model; the results show that temperature plays an important role in the P2HH process because it directly influences the proportion of electricity to generate hydrogen and the proportion of electricity to generate heat. Besides, P2HH helps improve the overall system efficiency despite the possible efficiency reductions of the power to hydrogen process itself.
Warm and thick corona for a magnetically supported disk in galactic black hole binaries
Authors: Gronkiewicz D. , Różańska A. 
Published: November 2019

Context. We self-consistently model a magnetically supported accretion disk around a stellar-mass black hole with a warm optically thick corona based on first principles. We consider the gas heating by magneto-rotational instability dynamo.
Aims. Our goal is to show that the proper calculation of the gas heating by magnetic dynamo can build up the warm optically thick corona above the accretion disk around a black hole of stellar mass.
Methods. Using the vertical model of the disk supported and heated by the magnetic field together with radiative transfer in hydrostatic and radiative equilibrium, we developed a relaxation numerical scheme that allowed us to compute the transition form the disk to corona in a self-consistent way.
Results. We demonstrate here that the warm (up to 5 keV) optically thick (up to 10 τes) Compton-cooled corona can form as a result of magnetic heating. A warm corona like this is stronger in the case of the higher accretion rate and the greater magnetic field strength. The radial extent of the warm corona is limited by local thermal instability, which purely depends on radiative processes. The obtained coronal parameters are in agreement with those constrained from X-ray observations.
Conclusions. A warm magnetically supported corona tends to appear in the inner disk regions. It may be responsible for soft X-ray excess seen in accreting sources. For lower accretion rates and weaker magnetic field parameters, thermal instability prevents a warm corona, giving rise to eventual clumpiness or ionized outflow.
Resonant scattering as a cause for the registration of scattering layers in the thermosphere and imaginary aerosol formations in the middle atmosphere
Authors: Bychkov Vasily , Perezhogin Andrey , Seredkin Ilya 
Published: November 2019

The results of lidar and ionospheric observations from August to November 2017 are discussed. Resonance scattering was detected at wavelengths of 532.08 and 561.106 nm in the altitude range of 200-400 km and in the middle atmosphere. A possible mechanism for the formation of a resonant scattering signal on excited ions of the main gas components of the atmosphere is presented. The possibility of estimating the spectra of precipitated electrons is shown.
It is shown that the complete profile of the backscattering signal can be restored in the region of 10–25 km using an additional channel for recording the attenuated signal separated from the main signal. Thus, it becomes possible to estimate the energies of electron flows in the entire region from the lower thermosphere to the stratosphere.
Protective Role of Casuarinin from Melaleuca leucadendra against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Rats
Authors: Al-Sayed Eman , Michel Haidy E. , Khattab Mohamed Abdelrazik , El-Shazly Mohamed , Singab Abdel Nasser 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGastric ulcer is a major health problem. Current treatment options of gastric ulcer, including antagonists of histamine H2 receptor and inhibitors of the proton pump, do not cure gastric ulcers, but only provide temporary relief of symptoms and can be associated with severe side effects. The lack of effective and safe medications for this global health problem urges for the discovery of novel classes of compounds with potent activity and an acceptable safety profile. Ethanol-induced ulceration in rats was used to evaluate the gastroprotective activity of casuarinin, an ellagitannin isolated from Melaleuca leucadendra. Casuarinin (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) reduced the ulcer area by 45, 78, and 99%, respectively, compared with the ulcer group. Casuarinin (100 mg/kg) increased mucin content by 1.8-fold and reduced acidity by 42%. At the same dose, it also increased the levels of reduced glutathione by 194%, catalase by 586%, and prostaglandin E2 to its normal level. In contrast, it attenuated the ethanol-increased levels of malondialdehyde by 56%, TNF-α by 58%, and caspase-3 by 87%. Histological findings demonstrated that casuarinin exhibited a protective effect against tissue alterations in response to the ethanol-induced ulcer. Casuarinin suppressed the immunoexpression of nuclear factor-kappa B, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase to their normal values. It also induced the expression of heat shock protein-70, reaching up to 4.9-fold in comparison with the ulcer group. The potent gastroprotective effect of casuarinin was thus attributed to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic effects. Our results suggest the potential application of casuarinin as an antiulcer agent from natural sources.
Redo Bentall’s Procedure for Annuloaortic Ectasia with Severe Aortic Regurgitation: A Video Presentation
Authors: Sankhyan Lakshmi Kumari , Chowdhury Ujjwal K. , George Niwin , Singh Sukhjeet , Gudala Vasubabu , Gayatri B Sushma , Kapoor Poonam Malhotra 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA 25-year old female patient with repaired ventricular septal defect and aortic valvular reconstruction underwent successful aortic root replacement using a composite graft with mechanical valve.
Imaginary agents exist perceptually for children but not for adults
Authors: Moriguchi Yusuke , Kanakogi Yasuhiro , Okumura Yuko , Shinohara Ikuko , Itakura Shoji , Shimojo Shinsuke 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMental imagery refers to representations and the accompanying experience of sensory information in the absence of appropriate sensory input. Little is known about children’s social imagery, imagery about an agent. It is possible that children’s social imagery may qualitatively differ from that of adults by involving more perceptual characteristics. We conducted three experiments to investigate the perceptual existence of social imagery when induced by verbal cues. Experiment 1 was a precondition for Experiments 2 and 3, and we examined whether children’s and adults’ predictive eye movements were disrupted by the presence of a real person’s face. Preschool children (n = 20) and adults (n = 20) watched a video where a woman, with/without her face shown, placed balls into a bucket. Participants’ gazes were less predictive of the woman’s actions in ‘Face’ versus ‘No-Face’ videos, indirectly indicating the perceptual presence of agents. Next, we examined whether adults’ and children’s predictive eye movements were affected by imagining a person. In Experiment 2, adult participants were presented with a video where the balls moved automatically and were asked to either watch the video (Ball condition,n = 20) or imagine that an invisible person moved the balls (Imagination condition,n = 20). Adult gazes did not differ between conditions. However, in Experiment 3, preschool children’s gazes were less predictive when imagining an invisible person’s actions (Invisible condition,n = 20) than when not imagining anything (Ball condition,n = 20) or when imagining an object (Fan condition,n = 20). The results suggest that children experience realistic social imagery induced by verbal cues.
Reduction-dependent siderophore assimilation in a model pennate diatom
Authors: Coale Tyler H. , Moosburner Mark , Horák Aleš , Oborník Miroslav , Barbeau Katherine A. , Allen Andrew E. 
Published: November 2019

Significance
Diatoms can access inorganic iron with remarkable efficiency, but this process is contingent on carbonate ion concentration. As ocean acidification reduces carbonate concentration, inorganic iron uptake may be discouraged in favor of carbonate-independent uptake. We report details of an iron assimilation process that needs no carbonate but requires exogenous compounds produced by cooccurring organisms. We show this process to be critical for diatom growth at high siderophore concentrations, but ineffective at acquiring iron from low-affinity organic chelators or lithogenic particulates. Understanding the caveats associated with iron source preference in diatoms will help predict the impacts of climate change on microbial community structure in high-nitrate low-chlorophyll ecosystems.
Resilience of T cell-intrinsic dysfunction in transplantation tolerance
Authors: Miller Michelle L. , McIntosh Christine M. , Wang Ying , Chen Luqiu , Wang Peter , Lei Yuk Man , Daniels Melvin D. , Watkins Elyse , Mora Solano Carolina , Chong Anita S. , Alegre Maria-Luisa 
Published: November 2019

Significance
Activated naïve T cells acquire a memory state that improves their ability to respond to second antigen encounter. Whether activated T cells in tolerant settings can develop memory is less clear. Using a mouse model of cardiac transplantation, we show that alloreactive T cells failed to acquire phenotypic and functional characteristics of memory cells, but instead developed cell-intrinsic hyporesponsiveness. Acquiring the dysfunctional state depended on alloantigen persistence and duration of alloantigen exposure. Following infection-dependent abrogation of established tolerance, alloreactive T cells remained dysfunctional. The resilience of the hyporesponsive state, including the inability to differentiate into memory T cells, may explain why episodes of transplant rejection in the clinic do not preclude subsequent successful weaning from immunosuppressive drugs.
Gender stereotyping
Authors: Dziallas Kristina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAcross languages, the head and sexualized body parts (i.e., vagina, breasts, penis, testicles) are conceptualized in a number of ways, for example as fruits and vegetables: heads are conceptualized as cabbages, vaginas as figs, breasts as melons, penises as carrots, and testicles as olives, to only name a few. The present study draws on the theories of conceptual metaphor and metonymy byLakoff & Johnson (1980)to analyze the conceptualizations of the five body parts as fruits and vegetables in English, Spanish and French. For this purpose, a slang dictionary-based database of 184 conceptualizations was compiled. Research on the head and sexualized body parts is particularly interesting as they represent the core of intellect and sexuality respectively, which makes them prone to being conceptualized in a variety of expressive and euphemistic ways. The results of the present study show that female body parts are primarily conceptualized as sweet fruits, while the penis as well as the head are mostly understood of as savory vegetables. This finding suggests a case of gender stereotyping, whereby sweet-natured women are denied intelligence as the head is stereotypically seen as a male body part (i.e., as a savory vegetable).
Resources not rulebooks
Authors: Cushing Ian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper explores the way that teachers use metaphors to think and talk about grammar and what this means for classroom practice. It does so by employing conceptual metaphor theory to analyse teachers’ metalinguistic discourse, focusing particularly on construals of grammar and grammar teaching. Based on a series of interviews with 24 UK-based secondary school English teachers, the findings suggest that teachers make extensive use of metaphor, often mapping the abstract domain ofgrammarwith concrete domains such asconstruction materialandrulebook. The discipline of English studies itself was often construed as a series of separate parts, withgrammaroccupying a physical space that was often seen as disconnected to other aspects of the curriculum. The findings are discussed in relation to sociocultural contexts, including the current climate of English teaching in the UK, educational policy discourse, public and professional views on language, and the place of grammar on the curriculum.
Actitudes y papel de los padres en la transmisión y en el aprendizaje del español como lengua minoritaria en dos tipos
de enseñanza bilingüe en Finlandia
Authors: Ansó Ros Judith 
Published: November 2019

Resumen
En este estudio se analiza, por un lado, el beneficio de ser bilingüe y, por otro, cómo las familias planifican
este hecho y qué actitudes motivacionales (instrumentales o integrativas) llevan a los padres a inscribir a sus hijos en programas
de enseñanza bilingüe. Los datos se han obtenido mediante cuestionarios y entrevistas a los padres de alumnos de dos tipos de
programas bilingües finés-español en Finlandia. El análisis muestra el papel destacado de la madre en el mantenimiento y
aprendizaje de la lengua minoritaria incluso cuando no es su lengua nativa, así como el papel del padre y subraya, además, cómo
los matrimonios mixtos facilitan el proceso de aprendizaje de la lengua minoritaria. Los resultados describen un patrón
determinado de familia y el uso de la lengua minoritaria en el hogar.
Second language vocabulary learning through subtitling
Authors: Lertola Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This article aims to contribute to shedding light on subtitling in the field of second language vocabulary
learning while indicating possible directions for future research. In view of previous research, it investigates the effects of
subtitling on incidental vocabulary acquisition. It is based on an experimental study carried out, after extensive piloting, with
25 English native speakers studying Italian as a Foreign Language (levels A1–A2) at the National University of Ireland, Galway. By
triangulating quantitative and qualitative data, the experimental study shows that interlingual subtitling promotes the incidental
acquisition of new word meanings in terms of productive recall.
El efecto de la evaluación y la retroalimentación en la autonomía, la motivación y el aprendizaje del español como L3
Authors: García Pujals Alberto , Lasagabaster David 
Published: November 2019

Resumen
La práctica de la lengua meta mediante las destrezas productivas lleva al aprendiz a elaborar hipótesis. Aquí, la evaluación y la retroalimentación fomentan el aprendizaje autónomo partiendo de los propios errores, lo que supone una fuente de motivación. En este estudio empírico se realizó una propuesta didáctica con autoevaluación, evaluación entre iguales, tutoría y evaluación sumativa de tareas de redacción y presentación en 11 cursos de español en Alemania con 97 participantes. Con el análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de los datos obtenidos de un cuestionario se pretendía averiguar qué tipo de evaluación o retroalimentación influía más en la percepción de aprendizaje, autonomía y motivación. La evaluación sumativa de redacciones y presentaciones combinada con la autoevaluación durante un semestre confirmó una mejoría en la motivación y el aprendizaje. Además, la evaluación entre iguales y la tutoría de la expresión oral fueron percibidas como más motivadoras que en periodos de aprendizaje anteriores.