bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Different Complementary Feeding on Iron Deficiency Anemia and Growth in Breastfed Infants: Home-Made VS Commercial
Authors: Irawan Roedi , Widjaja Nur Aisiyah , Hanindita Meta Herdiana 
Published: February 2020

After approximately 6 months of age, term breastfed infants are increasingly depend on other sources of iron to avoid iron deficiency anemia, due to the depletion of the low concentration of iron in human milk. The appropriate complementary feeding must include a balance composition of foods containing an adequate amount of macro- and micronutrients to avoid iron deficiency anemia. This study aimed to compare the risk of iron deficiency and growth in breastfeed infants receiving commercial fortified complementary foods or home-made. A cross-sectional study was held on April-June 2016 to evaluate infants aged 6-24 months with breast feeding intake for 6 month of life. Complementary feeding practices were determined by questionnaire; an unquantified food frequency and feeding practices questionnaire was used to determine usual food intake. Biochemical assessment of haemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (SF) and serum iron (SI) level were measured. Anthropometric were assessed using WHO Child Growth Standard 2005. Statistical analysis used were Chi-square Test. Thirty eight infants were enrolled, mean age of 16.2 (SD 10.5) months. 17 infants consumed commercial complementary foods and 21 infants use home-made. Infants with home-made had lower Hb level, SF and SI than those receiving commercial complementary food, and had higher risk of underweight, stunted and wasted. Infants with home-made complementary food had lower haemoglobin, serum feritin and serum iron levels than those in fortified complementary food CF; and a higher risk of stunted and wasted than children with commercial fortified CF.
Rifampin Combination Therapy in Staphylococcal Prosthetic Joint Infections: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Karlsen Øystein , Borgen Pål , Bragnes Bjørn , Figved Wender , Grøgaard Bjarne , Rydinge Jonas , Sandberg Lars , Snorrason Finnur , Wangen Helge , Witsø Eivind , Westberg Marianne 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background The evidence supporting rifampin combination therapy in prosthetic joint infections (PJI) is limited due to the lack of controlled studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of adding rifampin to conventional antimicrobial therapy in early staphylococcal PJIs treated with debridement and retention of the implant (DAIR). Methods In this multicentre randomized controlled trial, 99 patients with PJI after hip and knee arthroplasties were enrolled. They were randomly assigned to receive rifampin or not in addition to standard antimicrobial treatment with cloxacillin, or vancomycin in case of methicillin resistance. The primary end point was no signs of infection after 2 years follow-up. Results 48 patients were included in the final analyses. There were no differences in patient characteristics or co-morbidities between the two groups. There was no significant difference in remission rate between the rifampin combination group (17 of 23 (74%)) and the monotherapy group (18 of 25 (72%), relative risk 1,03, 95% confidence interval 0,73 to 1,45, p=0.88). Conclusion Our study has not proven a statistically significant advantage by adding rifampin to the antibiotic treatment in staphylococcal PJIs.
Psycho-Sexual Influence of Sterilization on Women’s Quality of Life: A Path Model
Authors: Youseflu Samaneh , Sadatmahalleh Shahideh Jahanian 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: This study aimed to test a conceptual model considering the interrelated role of menorrhagia, body image concern, self-esteem, anxiety and depression, sexual function, on quality of life (QOL) of sterilized women.Methods: The current study was conducted as a retrospective cohort study on 200 sterilized women. Data were collected using a socio-demographic checklist, Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), Pictorial Blood Loss Assessment Chart (PBLAC), Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale.Results: Results show that anxiety (β =-0.51), sexual function (β =0.15) self-esteem (β =0.15), and body image dissatisfaction (β = -0.10) have a direct effect on women’s QOL. Higher level of anxiety, body dissatisfaction with direct effect can be reduce QOL. Anxiety (β =-0.05), sexual function (β =0.20), and menorrhagia (β =-0.09) with indirect effect impress QOL. Higher level of anxiety with indirect effect thorough self-esteem can worsen QOL (β =-0.05).Conclusion: Regarding the psycho-sexual influence of sterilization on women’s QOL, a comprehensive consultation about the negative consequence of sterilization before TL, and psychotherapeutic and psychosexual help after sterilization should be offered.
Lyssavirus Spp. – Rabies Viruses As A Still-Present Problem
Authors: Gałązka Przemysław , Kaczor Patryk , Grzelakowska Klaudyna , Leis Kamil 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The genus Lyssavirus spp. currently includes 14 species that are responsible for causing rabies, rabies-like and rabies-related diseases. The first symptoms of infection are similar to a cold and mainly include fever, headache and general fatigue. Then comes brain dysfunction and acute neurological symptoms, and ultimately – in most cases – death. Lyssaviruses are spread mainly through direct contact with the carrier that contains the viral reservoir. The gold standard in diagnostics is the method of direct immunofluorescence, through which viral antigens are detected – mainly in the saliva of a patient. Currently, rabies treatment is an experimental form of therapy according to the Milwaukee protocol.
1. Introduction. 2. Systematics. 2.1. Lagos bat virus. 2.2. Mokola virus. 2.3 Duvenhage virus. 2.4. European bat 1 lyssavirus. 2.5. European bat 2 lyssavirus. 2.6. Australian bat lyssavirus. 3. Characteristics. 3.1. Molecular structure. 3.2. Genome and gene expression. 3.3. Life cycle. 4. Pathogenicity. 4.1. Pathogenesis. 4.2. Rabies symptoms. 5. Prevention, prophylaxis, diagnostics, treatment. 5.1. Vaccinations. 5.2. Postexposure prophylaxis. 5.3. Diagnostics. 5.4. Experimental treatment. 6. Summary
The Prevalence Of Symptomatic Dermatophytoses In Dogs And Cats And The Pathomechanism Of Dermatophyte Infections
Authors: Łagowski Dominik , Gnat Sebastian , Nowakiewicz Aneta , Osińska Marcelina , Zięba Przemysław 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Dermatophytoses are skin diseases related to the infection of surface layers of skin and other keratinised structures such as hair and nails, caused by fungi referred to as dermatophytes. The scientific literature provides descriptions of over 50 dermatophytic species classified in the Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Nannizzia, Arthroderma, Lophophyton, and Paraphyton genera. Dermatophytes are regarded as pathogens; they are not a component of skin microbiota and their occurrence in animals and humans cannot be considered natural. The review of the scientific literature regarding the occurrence and prevalence of dermatomycoses in companion animals revealed significant differences in the prevalence of the infections. Two main factors are most frequently assumed to have the greatest epidemiological importance, i.e. the animal origin and the type of infection. In this aspect, interesting data are provided by investigations of the fungal microbiota present in cat and dog fur. Interestingly, an anthropophilic species Trichophyton rubrum was found to be one of the species of dermatophytes colonising the skin of animals that did not present symptoms of infection. Is the carrier state of this species important in the epidemiology of human infections? Additionally, animal breeders and veterinarians claim that only certain breeds of dogs and cats manifest high sensitivity to dermatophyte infections. The pathomechanism of dermatophyte infections has not yet been fully elucidated; however, three main stages can be distinguished: adhesion of arthrospores to corneocytes, their germination and development of mycelium, and fungal penetration into keratinised tissues. Importantly, the dermatophyte life cycle ends before the appearance of the first symptoms of the infection, which may pose an epidemiological threat. Dermatophyte virulence factors include various exoenzymes, mainly keratinase, protease, lipase, phospholipase, gelatinase, and DNase as well as toxins causing haemolysis responsible for nutrient supply to pathogens and persistence in the stratum corneum of the host. Clinical symptoms of the infection are external manifestations of the dermatophyte virulence factors.
1. Introduction. 2. Dermatophytoses in dogs and cats. 2.1. Diagnostic problems in zoophilic dermatophytoses. 2.2. The prevalence of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats. 2.3. Factors predisposing to dermatophytosis. 2.4. Breed predilections in dermatophyte infections. 3. Pathogenesis and dermatophyte virulence factors. 3.1. Development of dermatophyte infection. 3.2. The pathogenesis of infection. 3.3. Dermatophyte virulence factors. 3.4. Clinical symptoms in canine and feline dermatomycoses. 3.5. Host immune response. 4. Summary
Exopolysaccharide-Producing Lactic Acid Bacteria – Health-Promoting Properties And Application In The Dairy Industry
Authors: Berthold-Pluta Anna M. , Pluta Antoni St. , Garbowska Monika , Stasiak-Różańska Lidia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are one of the classes of extracellular biopolymers synthesized by bacteria. Some strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used in the dairy industry are able to synthesize EPS (EPS(+) strains). EPS may be secreted by a cell in the form of capsule or slime. Our review describes the factors influencing the activity of EPS production by LAB, the impact of the use of EPS(+) strains on the quality of fermented milk products (yoghurt, cheeses, etc.) and pro-health properties of EPS produced by LAB. The capability to synthesize EPS by LAB depends on many factors, e.g., affiliation to species and characteristics of strain, growth stage, composition of culture medium (type of carbon and nitrogen sources, and presence of other nutrients), temperature, pH, and presence of adjuvant microflora. The presence of EPS synthesized by LAB strains has a significant effect on changes in various properties of dairy products, including: yoghurt, kefir and many other fermented milk drinks, sour cream and cheeses. The EPS act as thickening, emulsifying and gelling agents, hence the use of EPS(+) strains may become a certain alternative to the use of thickeners in, e.g., fermented milks. During formation of a casein milk curd, EPS are able to bind water and thus reduce syneresis. The high water holding capacity of EPS has a positive effect on increasing viscosity and improving texture of low-fat cheeses. EPS are claimed to have health-promoting properties, like: anticarcinogenic, antioxidative, immunomodulatory and reducing blood cholesterol.
1. Introduction. 2. General characteristics of exopolysaccharides. 3. Factors affecting exopolysaccharides synthesis by lactic acid bacteria. 4. Effect of exopolysaccharides on the quality of fermented milk products. 4.1. Effect of EPS on the quality of yoghurts. 4.2. Effect of EPS on the quality of other fermented milk drinks. 4.3. Effect of EPS on the quality of cheeses. 5. Health-promoting properties of exopolysaccharides. 6. Conclusions
Gut Microbiota In Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Nalewajska Magdalena , Przybyciński Jarosław , Marchelek-Myśliwiec Małgorzata , Dziedziejko Violetta , Ciechanowski Kazimierz 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In health, the relationship between gut microflora and the host is of a mutualistic kind. Microbiota offers many benefits to the host, including harvesting energy, regulating host immunity, and the synthesis of vitamins. Alteration in gut microflora can lead to homeostasis disruption and development of various diseases. Dysbiosis is commonly observed in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Nutrient processing by gut microbiota results in the production of some uremic toxins, and these accumulate in CKD causing deleterious effects. Increased permeability of the intestinal barrier, which is also seen in CKD contributes to the development of the uremic state. These factors are associated with chronic inflammation and oxidative stress and therefore are involved in CKD-related complications, including disease progression, cardiovascular disease, anemia, mineral-metabolism, and insulin resistance. This review describes connections between altered gut microflora and development of CKD and its complications, as well as possible therapeutic options.
1. Microbiota – short characteristic. 2. Mechanisms leading to alterations in gut microbiota and their effects on intestinal barrier permeability. 3. Causes of chronic kidney disease progression related to gut microbiota alterations. 4. Complications of chronic kidney disease related to gut microbiota alterations. 4.1. Cardiovascular disease. 4.2. Anemia. 4.3. Bone metabolism disorders. 4.4. Insulin resistance in CKD. 5. Therapeutic options. 6. Summary
Possibilities Of Prevention And Treatment Of Human Cytomegalovirus Infections Including New Drugs And Compounds With Potential Application
Authors: Majewska Anna , Młynarczyk-Bonikowska Beata , Malejczyk Magdalena , Majewski Sławomir , Młynarczyk Grażyna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (hCMV) or human herpesvirus 5 (HHV5) is one of the most common pathogens. Studies indicate the presence of infection in 60–100% of individuals. The ability to cause asymptomatic, infection and a latency promotes the persistence and spread of the virus. hCMV infection is usually asymptomatic and does not require treatment, but in some cases especially in immunocompromised persons (e.g., transplant recipients, patients with hematological malignancies, untreated HIV infected individuals) symptoms can be serious and life-threatening. The paper presents drugs currently used for treatment or prevention of hCMV infection, as well as the prospect of new treatment options. Currently, ganciclovir or valganciclovir are used as the first-line drugs and foscarnet and cidofovir are used alternatively. These drugs usually allow to control hCMV infections, however, there are important limitations. These include the toxicity and the possibility of the development of resistance, including the cross-resistance to all four drugs because they have a common mechanism of action, inhibition of viral DNA polymerase. Therefore, the creation of new drugs, with different mechanisms of action, lower toxicity and better pharmacokinetic parameters is important. Recently, the new drug, letermovir have been registered. Letermovir acts as hCMV DNA terminase inhibitor and due to the different mechanism of action the drug is active against hCMV strains resistant to DNA polymerase inhibitors, and potentially can act synergistically with them. The other drugs that are in the research stage or clinical studies include: brincidofovir, a cidofovir derivative, maribavir, a competitive inhibitor of ATP, cyclopropavir, a guanosine analog and antiviral peptides.
1. Introduction – epidemiology of hCMV infections and prophylaxis schemes. 2. Drugs approved for use in the prevention and treatment of hCMV infections. 2.1. Nucleoside analogues: ganciclovir and valganciclovir. 2.2. Foscarnet. 2.3. Cidofovir. 2.4. Letermovir. 3. Compounds with potential use in the treatment of hCMV infections. 3.1. Brincidofovir. 3.2. Maribavir. 3.3. Cyclopropavir 3.4. Antiviral peptides. 4. Summary
Chitinases As The Key To The Interaction Between Plants And Microorganisms
Authors: Kisiel Anna , Jęckowska Katarzyna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chitin is the main structural component of fungal cells and of the exoskeletons of insects. Plant and bacterial cells are equipped with chitinases, enzymes that break down chitin. Chitinases participate in many interactions between organisms, including symbiosis and antagonism. These interactions are significant drivers of many ecosystem functions and are important for the health of plants and animals. Additionally, due to the common occupation of habitat, fungi and bacteria engage in complex interactions that lead to critical changes in the behavior of microorganisms like endosymbiotic bacteria of mycorrhizal fungi. Thus, chitinases are of interest in environmental science, medicine and biotechnology. The present review describes the role of plant and bacterial chitinases in mutual interactions.
1. Introduction. 2. Differentiation of chitinases. 3. Chitinases in interactions with the environment. 3.1. Plant chitinases in interactions with microorganisms. 3.2. Bacterial chitinases in interactions with other microorganisms. 4. Practical application of chitinases. 5. Summary
Poly-3-Hydroxybutyrate As An Example Of A Biopolymer Produced By Methanotrophic Bacteria
Authors: Kubaczyński Adam , Pytlak Anna , Stępniewska Zofia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The objective of this review paper is to present the current state of knowledge about poly-3-hydroxybutyrate produced by methanotrophic bacteria. Methanotrophs are a large group of microorganisms, which live in different kinds of environment, but they preferably occupy places with high methane production, such as swamps, peat bogs, rice fields, or widely understood geological deposits. Methanotrophic bacteria are an important object of research for specialists of environmental biotechnology, are increasingly identified in environmental samples. Methanotrophs are Gram-negative microorganisms, they belonging to the group of Proteobacteria and classified as methylotrophs. In their metabolic cycle, they use methane as the main source of coal and energy. PHB is a linear polyester of 3-hydroxybutyric acid, PHB is accumulated in microorganisms during physiological stress, triggered by the deficit of biogenic elements, such as nitrogen or phosphorus and when the concentration of carbon source is high. Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate belongs to a large group of biodegradable polymers known as polyhydroxyalkanoates. PHB has a similar physico-chemical properties as conventional polymers. PHB is environmentally friendly due to the fast biodegradation and production non-toxic waste during degradation. For this reason poli-3-hydroxybutyrate is an interesting alternative to petrochemical polymers. PHB found a lot of applications in industry, medicine and pharmacy.
1. Introduction. 2. General characteristic of methanotrophic bacteria. 3. Biosynthesis of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate by methanotrophic bacteria. 4. Polyhydroxyalkanoates and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate characteristic. 5. Application of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate. 6. Biodegradation of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in the environment. 7. Summary
Biosynthesis And The Possibility Of Using Ectoine And Hydroxyectoine In Health Care
Authors: Goraj Weronika , Stępniewska Zofia , Szafranek-Nakonieczna Anna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The global production of L-amino acids is largely based on microbiological synthesis. The largest bioproduction concerns L-glutamic acid (1.5 million tons per year), and L-lysine (850,000 tons per year). Among other amino acids, ectoine and hydroxyectoine are mentioned in the growing demand. Currently, the main producer of ectoine based on the biotechnology process is the German company Bitop. The organism used in the ectoine production is Halomonas elongata isolated from a solar salt facility on Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles. The production of ectoine described in the literature is based on the so-called “milking” process. The great demand for amino acids is related to their properties and potential use. Ectoine, as a kosmotropic substance, has the property of stabilizing the structure of water molecules. Just like other osmolytes in aqueous solutions, ectoine increases the hydration of macromolecules, preventing them from denaturation. The industrial use of ectoine is based mainly on the ability to protect the skin and alleviate its inflammation but also applies to other, broad possibilities of its application in biotechnology, cosmetology, medicine and pharmacy.
1. Introduction. 2. Properties of ectoine. 3. The use of ectoine. 4. Chemical and biotechnological production of ectoine 5. Microorganisms synthesizing ectoine. 5.1. Methanotrophic bacteria. 6. Summary
Endotoxemia And Intestinal Barrier Disorders Associated With Overweight And Obesity
Authors: Janczy Agata , Kochan Zdzisław , Małgorzewicz Sylwia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the widespread problem of overweight and obesity is the fifth most important risk factor for deaths in the world. The most frequently mentioned are the genetic and environmental factors that lead to the absorption of excess energy from food and to accumulate it in the form of spare adipose tissue. Another important fact is that even the use of a low-energy diet does not support the effective reduction of excessive body weight. It turns out that the cause may be intestinal microbiota, the composition of which changes in people with overweight and obesity. The intestinal microbiota dysbiosis is additionally perceived by many researchers as the cause of the development of metabolic diseases, including obesity or type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, Gram-negative bacteria constituting a component of the intestinal ecosystem are the source of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), responsible for the development of systemic inflammation and endotoxemia. Based on a literature review related to the subject, it can be concluded that intestinal microbiota disorders, intestinal barrier damage and increased LPS levels in patients adversely affect the obesity and components of the metabolic syndrome and hinder the treatment of these diseases.
1. Introduction. 2. Intestinal barrier function. 3. Intestinal barrier disorders and endotoxemia. 4. Summary
Killer Yeasts And Their Application
Authors: Błaszczyk Urszula 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A killer phenotype, associated with the production and secretion of killer toxins, is widespread among yeasts and in competitive conditions gives an advantage to killer yeast strains in relation to other, sensitive microorganisms colonizing the same ecological niche. Killer toxins are proteins, usually glycoproteins, that are able to kill strains of susceptible yeasts. Each killer toxin has unique properties that vary depending on the strain of yeast that produces it. These differences concern the location of genes that encode toxins, molecular weight, as well as mechanisms of action. Some strains of killer yeast are characterized by a wide range of antagonistic activity, inhibit the development of a number of yeast strains, as well as molds, and have been studied for many years in terms of their biotechnological potential. Killer yeast and its toxins can find potential application in many fields: in the production of food and beverages, especially during wine fermentation and maturation, in biological control of plant pathogens, in yeast biotyping and as new antifungal agents.
1. Introduction. 2. Biosynthesis and structure of killer toxins. 3. Properties of killer proteins. 4. The mechanism of action of killer toxins. 5. Use of killer yeasts and their toxins. 5.1. Application in viticulture. 5.2. Potential application in medicine. 5.3. Combating fungal diseases of plants. 5.4. Transgenic plants producing killer toxins. 5.5. Use of killer yeasts in the marine environment. 6. Summary