bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endocannabinoids regulate cerebellar GABAergic transmission in a synapse type‐dependent manner
Authors: Hirono Moritoshi , Yanagawa Yuchio 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEndocannabinoids (eCBs) act as ubiquitous modulators of synaptic transmission via the activation of cannabinoid receptors (CBRs). Cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) make strong inhibitory synaptic contacts not only with neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) but also with Lugaro cells and globular cells, whose cell bodies are located underneath the PC layer. However, little is known about the modulatory actions of eCBs on GABA release from PC axon terminals. Here, we examined the effects of eCBs on the GABAergic transmission at PC‐globular cell synapses and PC‐large DCN neuron synapses electrophysiologically using mouse cerebellar slices. We showed that the types 1 and 2 CBR agonist WIN55212 did not affect either spontaneous or miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) in globular cells under control conditions and in a state of enhanced synaptic activity. By contrast, another Gi/o protein‐coupled receptor agonist, baclofen, significantly reduced the miniature IPSC frequency in globular cells. WIN55212 had no effects on IPSCs in large DCN neurons. A type 2 CBR agonist, HU308, also had no effects on IPSCs in either globular cells or large DCN neurons. Moreover, the PCs' target neurons did not elicit depolarization‐induced suppression of inhibition. These results suggest the lack of a functional role of CBRs at PCs' axon terminals. This is in sharp contrast to the fact that PCs receive abundant excitatory and inhibitory inputs that are under eCB‐mediated presynaptic inhibitory modulation. The actions of eCBs are selective to distinct synapses and possibly contribute to information processes and rigorous signal transmission in the cerebellum.
Phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibition improves bone regeneration at the early stages of ischemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head in rats
Authors: de Campos Pessoa André L. , de Oliveira Araújo Victor H. V. , Rosa Nascimento Ana L. , Elias Nelson , de Carvalho Jorge J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPosttraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) affects patients at different ages and may lead to functional limitation and joint replacement, with total hip arthroplasty, which is a costly procedure. Proposed methods to optimize ischemic tissue regeneration have been reported. Phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitors act by inhibiting the degradation of guanosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate in the nitric oxide pathway, increasing its bioavailability and promoting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐mediated neovascular recruitment and the induction of tissue regeneration in the traumatized bone. Thirty male Sprague–Dawley rats (6 months old) were subjected to an experimental model of traumatic ONFH divided into two groups, according to the administration of 5 mg/kg sildenafil or water (control group). Rats were then killed at 7, 14, and 21 days. Histological (Goldner's trichrome), histochemical (periodic acid–Schiff [PAS]), and immunohistochemical (VEGF and osteopontin [OPN]) techniques were used to quantify bone and vascular responses. Higher levels of VEGF (p < 0.01) and OPN (p < 0.01) immunostaining in the epiphysis, the greater formation of osteoid tissue (p < 0.01 on Day 7; p < 0.05 on Day 14), and higher levels of PAS staining (p < 0.01 on Day 7) were observed in the sildenafil‐treated group. The present study demonstrated that sildenafil optimized bone tissue regeneration by increasing VEGF signaling and OPN expression, with increased bone formation (osteoid and carbohydrate macromolecule deposition) in the early stages following traumatic ischemic insult. Thus, sildenafil treatment may improve the prognosis of patients with osteonecrosis.
Sagittaria trifolia tuber: bioconstituents, processing, products, and health benefits
Authors: Zhang Yang , Yang Guihong , Wang Xinyu , Ni Gaoyang , Cui Zhumei , Yan Zhaowei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSagittaria trifolia is an aquatic plant that is distributed worldwide. The edible tuber part of S. trifolia is a very common and popular vegetable in China. The aim of the present review is to discuss the discovery of nutraceuticals from S. trifolia tuber by reviewing its major constituents, food processing, food products, and health‐promoting benefits. Sagittaria trifolia tuber comprises a series of nutritional and bioactive constituents, including dietary fibers, amino acids, minerals, starches, non‐starch polysaccharides, diterpenoids, colchicine, phenols, and organic acids. Food processing affects its flavor, biocomponents, and bioactivity. Numerous S. trifolia tuber‐based food products and nutraceuticals have been developed, but new categories of products and the anticipated functions still need to be explored. The non‐starch polysaccharides could be the central ingredients that contribute to the plant's antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, lipid‐regulating, and immunostimulatory properties. Of these, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects have been thoroughly investigated. Procedures for the extraction and purification of polysaccharides influence their health‐promoting actions. Overall, S. trifolia tuber is an underutilized aquatic vegetable species that is an emerging subject for nutraceutical research. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of ryegrass canopy and roots on the distribution characteristics of eroded sediment particles during heavy rainfall events on steep loess‐cinnamon slopes in Zhangjiakou, China
Authors: Liu Xiaona , Yu Xinxiao , Fan Dengxing , Jia Guodong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo evaluate the effects of ryegrass (Lolium perenne) canopy and roots on eroded sediment particle distribution characteristics, simulated rainfall tests were implemented on grass caopy, roots, and bare slopes. The grass coverage density were 0, 20, 40, and 60%. The results showed that ryegrass canopies mainly contributed to runoff reduction and ryegrass roots primarily contributed to erosion reduction. With increasing rainfall duration, smaller particles (clay and fine silt particles) increased and larger particles (coarse silt and sand particles) decreased in the eroded sediment on the grass slope while the opposite trend was observed for the roots and bare slopes. Moreover, the clay and sand particles were eroded as aggregates and most silt particles were transported in the form of primary particles. Compared to the original soil, larger particles in the eroded sediment mainly occurred on the grass slopes because smaller particles were intercepted by the grass canopies, while smaller particles primarily occurred in the eroded sediment of the root slopes because grass roots inhibited soil erosion. These results illustrate that grass cover can prevent the loss of small particles in the topsoil and avoid soil coarsening, which provides guidance for the comprehensive control of soil erosion.
Photoluminescent Behaviors of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Polymeric Emitters in Nanofibers
Authors: Li Chensen , Liu Yuchao , Zhao Zhennan , Liu Junteng , Ren Zhongjie , Yan Shouke 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAnisotropic 1D nanostructures with high surface‐area‐to‐volume ratio display the enhanced optoelectronic properties of light‐emitting compounds compared to bulk or 2D systems. To study the effect of nanometer‐constrained space on photoluminescent behavior of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) polymeric emitters, electrospinning technique is used to produce nanofibers of TADF emitters. Herein, two TADF polymer (P1 and P3) nanofibers with 90% polyacrylonitrile (PAN) are fabricated and their photophysical properties are studied and compared with their spin‐coated film counterparts. The distinguishing polarized photoluminescencent properties of P1/PAN or P3/PAN electrospun nanofibers are obtained due to high orientation degree and superior molecular arrangement. Moreover, the better TADF properties in nanofibers can be observed comparing with their spin‐coated films, including longer‐lived excited states, higher photoluminescence quantum efficiency, lower internal conversion decay rate, and higher reverse intersystem crossing rate constant.
Pantoea ananatis carotenoid production confers toxoflavin tolerance and is regulated by Hfq‐controlled quorum sensing
Authors: Choi Okhee , Kang Byeongsam , Lee Yongsang , Lee Yeyeong , Kim Jinwoo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCarotenoids are widely used in functional foods, cosmetics, and health supplements, and their importance and scope of use are continuously expanding. Here, we characterized carotenoid biosynthetic genes of the plant‐pathogenic bacterium Pantoea ananatis, which carries a carotenoid biosynthetic gene cluster (including crtE, X, Y, I, B, and Z) on a plasmid. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis revealed that the crtEXYIB gene cluster is transcribed as a single transcript and crtZ is independently transcribed in the opposite direction. Using splicing by overlap extension with polymerase chain reaction (SOE by PCR) based on asymmetric amplification, we reassembled crtE–B, crtE–B–I, and crtE–B–I–Y. High‐performance liquid chromatography confirmed that Escherichia coli expressing the reassembled crtE–B, crtE–B–I, and crtE–B–I–Y operons produced phytoene, lycopene, and β‐carotene, respectively. We found that the carotenoids conferred tolerance to UV radiation and toxoflavin. Pantoea ananatis shares rice environments with the toxoflavin producer Burkholderia glumae and is considered to be the first reported example of producing and using carotenoids to withstand toxoflavin. We confirmed that carotenoid production by P. ananatis depends on RpoS, which is positively regulated by Hfq/ArcZ and negatively regulated by ClpP, similar to an important regulatory network of E. coli (HfqArcZ →RpoS Ͱ ClpXP). We also demonstrated that Hfq‐controlled quorum signaling de‐represses EanR to activate RpoS, thereby initiating carotenoid production. Survival genes such as those responsible for the production of carotenoids of the plant‐pathogenic P. ananatis must be expressed promptly to overcome stressful environments and compete with other microorganisms. This mechanism is likely maintained by a brake with excellent performance, such as EanR.
Fast automatic segmentation of thalamic nuclei from MP2RAGE acquisition at 7 Tesla
Authors: Datta Ritobrato , Bacchus Micky K. , Kumar Dushyant , Elliott Mark A. , Rao Aditya , Dolui Sudipto , Reddy Ravinder , Banwell Brenda L. , Saranathan Manojkumar 
Published: December 2020

PurposeThalamic nuclei are largely invisible in conventional MRI due to poor contrast. Thalamus Optimized Multi‐Atlas Segmentation (THOMAS) provides automatic segmentation of 12 thalamic nuclei using white‐matter‐nulled (WMn) Magnetization Prepared Rapid Gradient Echo (MPRAGE) sequence at 7T, but increases overall scan duration. Routinely acquired, bias‐corrected Magnetization Prepared 2 Rapid Gradient Echo (MP2RAGE) sequence yields superior tissue contrast and quantitative T1 maps. Application of THOMAS to MP2RAGE has been investigated in this study.MethodsEight healthy volunteers and five pediatric‐onset multiple sclerosis patients were recruited at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and scanned at Siemens 7T with WMn‐MPRAGE and multi‐echo‐MP2RAGE (ME‐MP2RAGE) sequences. White‐matter‐nulled contrast was synthesized (MP2‐SYN) from T1maps from ME‐MP2RAGE sequence. Thalamic nuclei were segmented using THOMAS joint label fusion algorithm from WMn‐MPRAGE and MP2‐SYN datasets. THOMAS pipeline was modified to use majority voting to segment bias corrected T1‐weighted uniform (MP2‐UNI) images. Thalamic nuclei from MP2‐SYN and MP2‐UNI images were evaluated against corresponding nuclei obtained from WMn‐MPRAGE images using dice coefficients, volume similarity indices (VSIs) and distance between centroids.ResultsFor MP2‐SYN, dice > 0.85 and VSI > 0.95 was achieved for five larger nuclei and dice > 0.6 and VSI > 0.7 was achieved for seven smaller nuclei. The dice and VSI were slightly higher, whereas the distance between centroids were smaller for MP2‐SYN compared to MP2‐UNI, indicating improved performance using the MP2‐SYN image.ConclusionsTHOMAS algorithm can successfully segment thalamic nuclei in MP2RAGE images with essentially equivalent quality as WMn‐MPRAGE, widening its applicability in studies focused on thalamic involvement in aging and disease.
Results on existence and controllability results for fractional evolution inclusions of order 1 < r < 2 with Clarke's subdifferential type
Authors: Mohan Raja M. , Vijayakumar V. , Udhayakumar R. , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn our paper, we primarily concentrate on the existence and controllability results for fractional evolution inclusions of order 1 < r < 2 with Clarke's subdifferential type. By applying the facts related to the measure of noncompactness, fractional calculus, and fixed‐point technique, the principal results are proved. Initially, we are concentrating the existence and continue to prove the controllability of the fractional evolution system. In the end, we present an example to demonstrate the theory.
Acidity enhancement of α‐carbon of beta diketones via hydroxyl substituents: A density functional theory study
Authors: Rahimi Mona , Fattahi Alireza 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDensity functional theory method and B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level of theory were used to determine the acidity of α‐carbon in the hydroxyl derivatives of beta diketones in the gas phase. An investigation of acidity strength in the gas phase indicates that α‐carbon of hydroxyl derivatives of beta diketones become stronger acids than the α‐carbon of beta diketone itself as their conjugate bases gain more stability via both enolate and hydrogen bond formation. Natural bond orbital and quantum theory of atoms in molecules analyses also confirm the role of hydrogen bond interactions on increasing the acidity of α‐carbon of hydroxyl derivatives of beta diketones.
High‐resolution minirhizotrons advance our understanding of root‐fungal dynamics in an experimentally warmed peatland
Authors: Defrenne Camille E. , Childs Joanne , Fernandez Christopher W. , Taggart Michael , Nettles W. Robert , Allen Michael F. , Hanson Paul J. , Iversen Colleen M. 
Published: December 2020

Societal Impact StatementMycorrhizal fungi enable plants to thrive in the cold, waterlogged, organic soils of boreal peatlands and, with saprotrophic fungi, largely contribute to the sequestration of atmospheric carbon in peat. Hence, fungi support the contribution of peatlands to global climate regulation, on which society depends. Here we used high‐resolution minirhizotrons for an unprecedented glimpse of the belowground world of a forested bog and highlighted linkages between environmental change and the abundance, dynamics, and morphology of vascular plant fine roots and fungal mycelium. These changes may have implications for peat carbon accumulation on the boreal landscape.Summary

Minirhizotron technology has rarely been deployed in peatlands which has limited our understanding of root‐fungal dynamics in one of planet's most carbon‐dense ecosystems.
We used novel, high‐resolution minirhizotrons in a forested bog to explore temporal variation in the abundance and growth of plant fine roots and fungal mycelium with changes in peat temperature and moisture. We utilized the framework of the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments experiment and focused on two minirhizotron tubes installed at the coldest (+0, elevated CO2) and warmest (+9°C, elevated CO2) ends of the experimental temperature gradient, respectively.
We found that in warmer and drier peat, ericaceous shrub roots and ectomycorrhizal fungal rhizomorphs were more abundant, and the growth of rhizomorphs and sporocarps was greater. In turn, fine roots of trees, ectomycorrhizas, and dark‐colored fungal hyphae were more abundant in colder, wetter peat. Ultimately, the belowground active season for both plant roots and fungi was extended by 62 days at the warmest compared to the coldest end of the gradient, with implications for belowground carbon, water, and nutrient fluxes.
High‐resolution minirhizotrons in peatlands provided an unprecedented view of ericaceous shrub and tree fine roots and their mycorrhizal fungal partners in situ. Therefore, this technology advanced our understanding of linkages between environmental change and the abundance, morphology, and dynamics of vascular plant fine roots and fungal mycelium.
SPC scheme to monitor surgery duration
Authors: Shore Haim 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA unified statistical process control (SPC) scheme is developed to monitor work‐process duration of repetitive processes (constant work content), semi‐repetitive (work content somewhat varies between cycles) and memoryless (no typical work content). As a basic paradigm to develop the new scheme, we monitor surgery duration (SD), known to represent durations of all three types of work processes. Recently, a new bi‐variate model for SD was developed and empirically validated. Based on the new model, we derive an approximation to the distribution of SD sample average and use it to construct a two‐stage SPC scheme (for a medically specified subcategory of surgeries). In the first stage, SD distributional shape, as reflected in third and fourth moments, is monitored to determine that no shape‐changing assignable causes are active (e.g., work‐content variation is stable); in the second stage, location and scale parameters are separately monitored via a traditional Shewhart scheme. Using an existent database of surgery times, application of the new scheme is demonstrated, and average‐run‐length properties explored. Extensions (like incorporating co‐variates) and generalizations are addressed.
Hypothesis testing of process capability index Cpk from the perspective of generalized fiducial inference
Authors: Meng Fanbing , Yang Jun , Huang Shuo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHypothesis testing of is an essential part for decision making on process capability. The difficulty to test the hypothesis of is the complexity of the natural estimator distribution even under the normal distribution. Thus, traditional methods of the hypothesis testing of based on the natural estimator only give the approximate test method under the normal distribution and seldom discuss the hypothesis testing under some commonly used but complex non‐normal distributions. The emerging generalized fiducial inference (GFI) in recent years is an effective method for statistical inference on complex statistics. Thus, we first propose a novel hypothesis testing method for based on generalized p‐value. For application, the mathematic expression of the proposed method for the commonly used normal distribution, Gamma distribution, Weibull distribution, and two‐parameter exponential distribution is derived in detail. Next, to study the performance of the proposed method in terms of the frequency property, the real probabilities of Type I error and Type II error are calculated through simulation. The calculated results show that the proposed method has satisfactory performance for different distributions. Finally, the implementation of the proposed method is illustrated by two real examples.
The carbon stable isotope compositions of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA): Improved analytical sensitivity and first application to environmental water matrices
Authors: Limon A. Williams , Moingt Matthieu , Widory David 
Published: December 2020

RationaleThe presence of glyphosate and its degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in the environment has adverse effects on environmental quality, raising the need to better constrain their fates, in particular the processes that control their production and degradation. Our aim was to improve the sensitivity of their δ13C analysis and demonstrate the feasibility of measuring them in natural surface water.MethodsThe δ13C values of dissolved glyphosate and AMPA were determined using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) (Delta V Plus instrument) coupled to a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) unit, where glyphosate and AMPA were separated on a Hypercarb column.ResultsWe demonstrated an improved sensitivity of the δ13C analysis for glyphosate and AMPA by LC/IRMS compared with previous studies. For waters from the carbonate and silicate hydrofacies, while no pretreatment was required for the isotope analysis of glyphosate, removal by H3PO4 acidification of dissolved inorganic carbon, that co‐elutes with AMPA, was required prior to its analysis. We successfully tested a freeze‐drying pre‐concentration method showing no associated isotope fractionation up to concentration factors of 500 and 50 for glyphosate and AMPA, respectively.ConclusionsWe demonstrated, for the first time, the feasibility of measuring the δ13C values of glyphosate and AMPA in natural surface waters with contrasted hydrofacies (calcium carbonate and silicate types). This opens new fields in pesticide research, especially on the characterization of processes that control their degradation and the production of their secondary byproducts.
Bronchoplasty for the treatment of carcinoid tumour
Authors: Zribi Hazem , Ben Ayed Ahmed , Abdelkbir Amina , Bouassida Imen , Maazaoui Sarra , Marghli Adel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLung carcinoid tumours are rare neoplasms with a favourable prognosis. Bronchoplasty can be a conservative treatment for typical carcinoid tumours and can be applied for patients with limited respiratory function. We report the case of a 34‐year‐old woman, with a polypoid tumour located at the distal right main bronchus. Bronchial biopsy showed a typical carcinoid tumour. After resection of the tumour in the right main bronchus, bronchoplasty was performed by end‐to‐end anastomosis of the remaining right main bronchus, right upper lobar bronchus, and the upper bronchus intermedius. Bronchoscopy showed a good quality anastomosis with slightly reduced endoluminal calibre only. The post‐operative period was uneventful and the patient was discharged at the seventh day. One year later, no complications occurred and the patient is still being followed up regularly.
Traumatic iatrogenic chylothorax after external electrical cardioversion
Authors: Ralli Maria , Justesen Tobias , Frevert Susanne C. , Schultz Anders N. Ø. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChylothorax, an uncommon cause of pleural effusion, results from the accumulation of lymph in the pleural space due to damage or obstruction of the thoracic duct. Chylothorax can be due to several aetiologies, many of which are rare, and it is often a diagnostic challenge to identify the cause. This case report refers to a patient with rapid recurrent episodes of bilateral pleural chylothorax due to damage of the thoracic duct after external electrical cardioversion treatment. The diagnosis took place by the method of exclusion, when all known causes of chylothorax, both non‐traumatic and traumatic, were ruled out. A review of the literature on chylothorax was performed using PubMed to assess the different aetiologies, investigations, and treatments usually performed. Chylothorax is usually secondary to malignancy, trauma, congenital diseases, and infections. However, even non‐invasive thoracic procedures, such as the one described in our case report, can be the cause.