bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
114 Monitoring the impact of shade and housing on physiological response in finishing beef cattle during the summer months in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Hernandez Shane r , Sims William M , Stelzleni Alexander M , Davis Dylan B , De Menezes Luís Fernando Glasenapp , McKee Robert W , Stewart Lawton 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of heat stress on blood-gas parameters of beef steers finished with or without shade in the Southeastern United States. Thirty-two steers (BW 453kg +/-4 kg) were assigned to one of four treatment groups including: inside with fans (CWF), inside no fans (CNF), outside with shade (SHADE), and outside without shade (OUT). All animals were placed into their treatment on d-10 and were given 10 days to acclimate. Animals were fed individually and served as the experimental unit. Animals were weighed and arterial blood was collected on d-10, 0, and 50. Data were analyzed in a completely randomized designed utilizing a one-way ANOVA. Initial (d-10) pCO2 values were similar for all treatments (P &gt;0.05). On d0, covered treatments (SHADE, CWF, and CNF) pCO2 values were greater than d-10 (P&lt; 0.01), OUT values did not differ from d-10 to d0 (P = 0.95). The change in pCO2 values between d-10 to d0 values were similar for covered groups (P &gt;0.14) and greater than OUT (P &lt; 0.02). On d50 all treatment pCO2 values returned to baseline values (P = 0.50), and the change in pCO2 from d0 to d50 was greater for covered groups than the OUT group (P &lt; 0.04) Initial d-10 pO2 values were similar for all treatments (P &gt;0.05). On d0, covered treatments (SHADE, CWF, and CNF) pO2 values were less than d-10 (P &lt; 0.01), OUT values did not differ from d-10 to d0 (P = 0.75). pCO2 values between d-10 to d0 were similar across all groups (P = 0.38). On d50 SHADE and CNF pO2 values were less than base line (P &lt; 0.02). d50 pO2 values for OUT and CWF returned to baseline values (P &gt;0.20). The change in O2 from d0 to d50 was similar across all groups (P = 0.84). These results suggest that there is a physiological difference between beef steers fed with cover versus beef steers outside.
189 What’s in a step? Evaluating the interrelationship between productivity and cattle behavior during a series of temperament tests
Authors: Daigle Courtney L , Hubbard Amanda J , Meneses Xandra , Grandin Temple 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To better understand the relationships among productivity, behavior, and emotion, in the context of Panksepps’ emotional circuits (FEAR, RAGE, PANIC, SEEKING), Bos indicus influence yearling steer behavior (n = 32) was quantified during a series of temperament evaluations. Exit velocities (EV) and chute scores (CS) were recorded at weaning. Starting three months post-weaning, ADG was measured across a 28-d period prior to testing commencement. Pen Scores (PS) from all steers were taken at the end of the 28-d period. Steers were video recorded during an Open Field Test (OFT), an Individual Startle Test (IST), a Group Startle Test (GST), and during a Bovine Zero Maze (BZM) evaluations, and the number of steps performed during each test recorded. Steers experienced each test twice, in random order, across a 50 day period with a 5-day minimum washout period between tests. Repeatability (Pearson’s correlation; PROC CORR), validity (relative to ADG; PROC REG), and reliability (Chronbach’s alpha; PROC CORR) were evaluated for PS, EV, CS, and the number of steps performed in the OFT, IST, GST, and BZM. Correlations among ADG, PS, EV, and CS illustrated that as ADG increased, EV (FEAR; R = -0.41; P = 0.02) and PS (PANIC; R = -0.42; P = 0.02) decreased. No relationship was observed between ADG and CS (RAGE). A positive relationship (R = 0.45; P = 0.01) was observed between PS (PANIC) and EV (FEAR). No relationship was observed between CS (RAGE) and EV nor between CS (RAGE) and PS (PANIC). The data separated (PROC VARCLUS) into the three primary clusters (FEAR, RAGE, and PANIC/SEEKING). The number of steps in the GST (FEAR) clustered with ADG and EV (FEAR). The number of steps in the BZM (PANIC/SEEKING), OFT (PANIC/SEEKING), and IST (PANIC/SEEKING) clustered together. Chute score (RAGE) did not cluster with any of the other variables. A model was developed to illustrate these relationships. CS, PS, and EV may be straightforward approaches to evaluating multiple components of temperament.
(144) Rumen Fluid Metabolites as Potential Biomarkers of Feed Efficiency in Angus Steers
Authors: Clemmons Brooke A , Powers Joshua B , Campagna Shawn R , Ault Taylor B , Embree Mallory M , Meyer Phillip R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Beef cattle is the most consumed red meat in the United States, and the United States is the largest producer and consumer of beef cattle globally. Feed is one of the largest input costs for the beef cattle industry, accounting for 40–60% of the total input costs. Identifying methods for improving feed efficiency in beef cattle herds could result in decreased cost to both producers and consumers, as well as increased animal protein available for global consumption. Identification of feed efficiency biomarkers could aid in the selection of more feed-efficient animals. To identify potential biomarkers of feed efficiency, rumen fluid was collected from low- (n = 14) and high-RFI (n = 15) Angus steers based on RFI ± 0.5 SD around the mean following a 70d feed efficiency trial to determine rumen metabolites associated with variations in feed efficiency. Steers were 7 months of age, weighing 264±2.7 kg. Rumen fluid was collected via gastric tubing, filtered through a 0.22 µM syringe filter, extracted for metabolomic analysis using 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile:water:methanol (2:2:1), and injected into the Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC system with an Exactive Plus Orbitrap MS. Peaks for known metabolites were identified using MAVEN and analyzed using MetaboAnalyst 4.0 and SAS. Significance was determined using an α ≤ 0.05. Based on fold change (high/low RFI), eight metabolites were greater in low-RFI steers compared to high-RFI steers, including 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate, 4-pyridoxate, citraconate, hypoxanthine, succinate/methylmalonate, thymine, uracil, and xylose (P ≤ 0.05), while 12 metabolites differed by ≥ 2-fold. These metabolites were predominantly involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism. Rumen fluid metabolomes differed in steers of varying feed efficiencies. These metabolites may be used as biomarkers of feed efficiency and may provide insight as to factors contributing to differences in feed efficiency that may be exploited to improve feed efficiency in beef cattle herds.
178 Use of silvopastures and woodlands to expand the grazing opportunity for small ruminants
Authors: Karki Uma 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pasture-based small-ruminant farming is a popular enterprise in the Southeast, especially for small and limited-resource producers. Although woodlands occupy a majority of the land cover in the South and can be a promising resource for raising small ruminants, not much attention has been given on using such resources. A series of studies were conducted at the facilities of Tuskegee University with the overall objective of exploring the potential of using silvopastures and woodlands for raising small ruminants. Grazing studies were conducted from 2015 to 2019 using meat goats and hair sheep in silvopastures and woodland plots. Silvopastures were developed by thinning down the existing woodlands and planting suitable cool- and warm-season forages. Grazing facilities were installed in the study plots and animals were rotationally stocked each year during both cool- and warm-season grazing periods. In 2017, non-pine plants in woodlands were cut to three different heights (ground level and 0.9 m and 1.5 m from the ground level) or left uncut (control) to see the effects on understory vegetation biomass production and utilization by small ruminants. Data on vegetation biomass and quality, canopy height, animal performance and behavior, browsing height, and vegetation preference were collected and analyzed. Small ruminants were found to utilize all planted forages (silvopastures) well and most of the understory plants in woodlands. Vegetation biomass in woodlands increased in areas where non-pine plants were cut versus the control (36–106%; P &lt; 0.0001). Mature animals maintained a desirable body condition score (≥2.6) and FAMACHA score (≤2.6) in woodlands. However, young, growing animals showed a poor live weight gain, especially during some portion of the study. Animals performed well when they were stocked in silvopastures. Both species showed a similar preference for most plant species available in woodlands. Results show a tremendous potential of using silvopastures and woodlands for expanding the grazing opportunity for small ruminants. However, the provision of some supplements would be necessary while stocking young animals in woodlands.
196 Animal Nutrition: How are we serving our clientele through Extension?
Authors: Mullenix Kimberly , Gadberry Shane , Stewart Lawton 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Nutritional management is a crucial component of animal production and enterprise economic sustainability. Nutritional value of feedstuffs and nutrient requirements of livestock are often misunderstood by producers and feedstuff providers. Extension specialists support the continuing education of the livestock industry by communicating nutritional research results to county agents and clientele. A survey of Extension specialists in the ASAS Southern Section was conducted to understand the current state of nutritional education strategies in the region. The goal was to identify: 1) specialist background knowledge, 2) industries specialists serve, and 3) processes, tools, and resources used to maximize nutritional efficiency. The survey was answered by 25 specialists from 13 states. Among the 13 states, 1 state has 5 or more specialists providing nutritional assistance, while 6 indicated only 1 or 2, and the average number of specialists was 2.8 per state. Of the specialists, 13% indicated their background was feedlot nutrition, 47% forages, and 40% both. Animal industries supported included 85% for beef cattle, 3.5% for sheep and goats, and the remainder for other species such as dairy and horses. Currently, 9 states offer forage/feed analysis, and in the states that do not offer the service, specialists indicated that commercial laboratories were utilized. More specialists indicated they may require a forage analysis (70%) compared to grain/byproduct feeds (55%) before providing recommendations. When formulating feed recommendations, specialists indicated that 33% were performed by hand and 67% by computer program. All states indicated that they perform at least 1 agent and (or) stakeholder training per year on ration balancing. Additionally, when asked to characterize the nutritional knowledge of agents, specialists indicated 16% were capable of handling most nutritional issues, 23% could handle some issues, 41% had minimal familiarity with animal nutrition, and 19% were considered focused on other areas. These results indicate specialist knowledge base and tools to understand feedstuffs are present in the region. Stakeholders may benefit by understanding information required for nutritional assessment and recommended changes to meet production goals. Additionally, there is potential to work across state lines to utilize expertise in specific areas.
158 The effect of sire fecal egg count estimated breeding value on antibody production of grazing Katahdin lambs
Authors: Bentley Kelsey , Weaver Andrew R , Burke Joan M , Morgan Jim , Wright Lee , Greiner Scott P , Bowdridge Scott A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Over the past two years of mating high (Hi) or low (Lo) fecal egg count (FEC) EBV Katahdin rams randomly mated to Katahdin ewes, reduced FEC in lambs has been the hallmark trait observable at weaning. Upon additional analysis, death loss in lambs also segregated with sire FEC EBV; whereas, HiFEC-sired lambs had a death loss of 29.9% in 2018 and 14.5% in 2019. Yet, LoFEC-sired lambs had a death loss of 10% in both years. Increased death loss in 2018 may have been due to an outbreak of Clostridium perfringens Type-A and as a result lambs in 2019 were vaccinated for Clostridium type A. Regardless, this had no impact on death loss in LoFEC-sired lambs. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that sire FEC EBV indirectly selects for enhanced, generalized immunity. To initially test this hypothesis, serum was collected from HiFEC- and LoFEC-sired lambs weekly, prior to and after typical clostridium toxoid vaccination and boostering. Lamb serum was pooled by week and within sire, where there were 4 sires per FEC EBV group. Serum was analyzed for total immunoglobulin-G (IgG) by using absorbance at 450nm as the metric. Data were analyzed by using the general linear model of SAS with fixed effects of sire EBV type and week. A comparison of means was conducted by using the LS means procedure with Bonferroni adjustment. Absorbance of serum from LoFEC-sired lambs was higher across all time points than that of serum from HiFEC-sired lambs (1.66 vs. 1.41 ± 0.04; P &lt; 0.0001), meaning that LoFEC-sired lambs had higher circulating IgG than lambs sired by HiFEC rams. Taken together, these data provide preliminary evidence that indicate segregation of lamb generalized immunity by sire FEC EBV.
10 Behavior and Landscape-Use Pattern of Small Ruminants Co-grazed in Woodlands with different Vegetation Characteristics
Authors: Paneru Bidur , Karki Uma , Ellis Nevershi , Bhattrai shailes , Karki Lila B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Woodland is the major landcover in Alabama (69%) and other states of the Southeast (≈60%). The understory vegetation present in woodlands can be a great feed resource for small ruminants when woodland grazing is practiced well, for which the understanding of animals’ landscape-use pattern is important. The study objective was to determine the diurnal behavior and landscape-use pattern of Kiko wethers and Katahdin rams co-stocked in woodlands. Eight Kiko wethers (77±2.5 kg. LW) and five Katahdin rams (92±4.6 kg. LW) were co-stocked rotationally in three woodland plots (0.4-ha. each) during May–August 2019 in Atkins Agroforestry Research and Demonstration site, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama. Each study plot contained four treatments, where the average canopy height were 0.82 m, 1.34 m, 1.67 m and 1.73 m. The diurnal behavior (grazing, browsing, loafing, lying) and landscape-use pattern of animals were monitored from dawn to dusk when they were in each study plot at each rotation. Diurnal period was categorized into morning (dawn–11:00 am), midday (11:00 am–3:00 pm), and post-midday (3:00 pm–dusk) for the analysis and diurnal behavior and distribution pattern of animals were analyzed in SAS 9.4, GLM procedure with MANOVA option. Animal species differed in their feeding behavior (P &lt; 0.0001), with wethers mostly browsing and rams grazing. Significant interaction effects of animal species and diurnal period occurred on all behavior categories, except loafing and lying (P &lt; 0.0001). Wethers spent less time grazing (84–88%), but more time browsing (90%) during morning and post-midday vs. rams. Animals were actively feeding when the weather was nice and cool, and resting when it was hot. Feeding behavior was dominant during the post-midday period (3 PM–dusk) and lying during midday (11 AM–3 PM). The specific behavior and landscape-use pattern observed in this study can be useful to design and utilize woodland resources more efficiently.
91 Growth performance of landrace hair sheep lambs under different forage environments
Authors: Wildeus Stephan , O’Brien Dahlia , Pent Gabriel J , Payne Kathryn 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Lambs for the project were produced under semi-continuous lambing using accelerated mating in a dual flock system of landrace hair sheep (Barbados Blackbelly and St. Croix). Lamb cohorts were born every 4 mo. At 4 mo of age, lambs were rotationally stocked on pastures consisting of either tall fescue, summer and winter annual forage mixtures, or were provided bermudagrass hay in sacrifice pastures. Lambs were rotated based on forage availability, and forage was sampled for nutrient analysis at each rotation. Soyhull pellets were provided at 1–3% BW. Lambs were removed as they reached 36 kg. Weights were recorded (n = 1945) from 7 cohorts between December 2017 and September 2019 as lambs moved between forage environments (6 to 40 d). The grazing lamb flock was made up of two cohorts (initial size: 25–53 lambs) at any given time. The effect of breed, sex, cohort class (4–7 mo, and 8–11 mo), and forage environment (classified as cool and warm season annual, perennial pasture, and hay) on ADG was determined. Mean ADG was higher in St. Croix than Barbados Blackbelly (105 vs. 93 g/d; P&lt; 0.05), and ram than ewe lambs (115 vs. 84 g/d; P &lt; 0.001). Older cohorts in each grazing period had higher ADG than younger cohorts (105 vs. 94 g/d; P &lt; 0.05). There was a wide range in ADG for individual weigh periods (16 to 310 g/d), but warm and cool season annuals and hay feeding forage environments produced similar ADG (110–117 g/d); while summer perennial forage grazing was lower (56 g/d; P &lt; 0.001). Supplementing forage with soyhull may have masked differences in lamb growth between forage environments despite higher crude protein and TDN in the annual forages (11 to 20%; and 55 to 85%) than in hay and perennial summer grazing (8 to 10%; and 50 to 55%).
66 Effects of level of protein supplementation on intake of wheat straw and drinking water varying in salinity by Boer and Spanish goats
Authors: Merera Chala , Keli Abdelhafid , Puchala Ryszard , Scronce Adaven , Ribeiro Luana P , Lourencoin Raquel , Wang Wei , Goetsch Arthur L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The effect of level of supplemental protein on intake of wheat straw by yearling meat goats drinking saline water was determined. Eighteen Boer and 18 Spanish wethers (initial BW 37.5±0.97 and 34.0±0.41 kg, respectively) consumed straw ad libitum supplemented with soybean meal DM at 0.14 or 0.28% BW (LP and HP, respectively) during 2 4-wk phases. Phase-1 water treatments were fresh water [FW; 233 ppm total dissolved salts (TDS)] and FW with 10,000 and 15,000 ppm TDS added via NaCl (MS and HS, respectively). The added TDS level for HS was 20,000 ppm in phase 2. In the preceding 8 wk, MS- and HS-wethers consumed water with 5,000 and 10,000 ppm TDS, respectively. There were no interactions between supplement and water treatments in water or DMI in the last 2 wk of phases. In phase 1, water intake varied among water treatments (1,075, 1,080, and 1,362 g/d; SEM=74.9) but was not influenced by supplement treatment (1,150 and 1,195 g/d; SEM=61.1), and DMI was similar for both water (603, 598, and 640 g/d for FW, MS, and HS, respectively; SEM=30.0) and supplement treatments (627 and 600 g/d for LP and HP, respectively; SEM=24.5). In phase 2, there was a breed×water treatment interaction (P = 0.039) in water intake (1,038, 1,178, and 1,907 for Boer and 744, 1,029, and 1,340 g/d for Spanish consuming FW, MS, and HS, respectively; SEM=77.7). However, straw intake was not influenced by water (717, 736, and 759 g/d for FW, MS, and HS, respectively; SEM=36.4) or supplement treatment (732 and 743 g/d for LP and HP, respectively; SEM=29.7). In conclusion, with relatively high levels of TDS in drinking water achieved by NaCl addition, a high level of supplemental protein did not enhance intake of wheat straw. However, future research should address other types of saline water.
162 The Effects of a Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Product on the Digestibility of an Annual Rye Grass Hay Based Finishing Diet for Lambs
Authors: Burt Justin C , Boyd Jamie A , Baxter Lisa , Perron Brittany 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Interest in the use of yeast fermentation products has grown in recent years as a natural feed additive for the growth of ruminants in a feedlot setting. The purpose of this study was to determine if the supplementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation product (SCFP) had an effect on apparent digestibility in Katahdin lambs offered an annual ryegrass hay-based finishing diet. Six Katahdin wethers (n = 6) were divided into two groups CON and TRT and placed into individual metabolism crates in a temperature-controlled room, (21.1° C), and fitted with fecal collection bags. Lambs were offered a TMR diet that was formulated to be isocaloric and isonitrogenous at 14% CP, and annual ryegrass hay based with a top dress of ground corn to be used as a carrier. The TRT received the yeast supplement at a rate of 4g/head/day. The diet was offered ad libitum with orts collected daily to maintain a 5% refusal rate. Lambs were housed in the metabolism crates for 1-wk before the start of the study for adjustment, followed by 4 days of data collection. Feed, orts, fecal, and urine samples were collected and recorded daily during the collection period for each wether and compiled by animal for chemical analysis of DM, NDF, ADF, CP, and ether extract. Indigestible ADF was used as a digestibility marker to determine apparent digestibility. Data were analyzed by PROC GLM for statistical significance. There was no statistical significance found for apparent digestibility of DM (CON=64.6 ±2.5; TRT=63.4±2.5), CP (CON=65.0 ±2.1; TRT=65.9±2.1), NDF (CON=41.2±1.9; TRT=43.0±1.9), or ADF (CON=26.1 ±4.7; TRT=33.8±4.7) between the two groups (P &gt; 0.05). This study concluded that the supplementation of a SCFP had no significant effect on the apparent digestibility of Katahdin wether lambs that were offered an annual ryegrass hay-based finishing diet.
78 Evaluation of extended hair sheep ram semen stored as liquid at 5°C
Authors: Godfrey Robert W , Keiper Sabrina , Lakos Sue 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the quality of extended hair sheep ram semen stored as a liquid at 5°C. St Croix White (STX; n = 6) and Dorper x STX (DRPX, n = 5) rams were collected weekly for 3 wk using estrus ewes fitted with an intravaginal collection vial. Semen was kept at 32°C during transport to the lab and during processing. Semen was evaluated for percent motility (MOT), viability (LIVE) using eosin-nigrosin stain and concentration using a hemocytometer counting chamber. Semen was extended to a final concentration of 250 x 106/mL in a one-step dilution with a skim UHT milk extender with 10% egg yolk by volume and packaged into 0.5 mL straws. Straws were stored in a styrofoam box in a refrigerator at 5°C for 96 h, or in an Equitainer® set up using the manufacturer’s instructions, for 24 h at which time they were transferred to the styrofoam box in the refrigerator for 72 h. Semen was evaluated for MOT and LIVE at -1, 0, 24, 48 72 and 96 h relative to cooling. Semen traits were analyzed using GLM of SAS for repeated measures with ram, time, breed and cooling method in the model. There was no difference (P &gt; 0.10) in MOT or LIVE over time between breeds or cooling method. One STX ram did not produce any samples that survived extension; one STX and four DRPX rams produced at least one sample that did not survive extension and all were removed from analysis. The MOT decreased (P &lt; 0.0001) from 81.7 ± 2.9 % at -1 h to 52.2 ± 2.9% at 96 h. The LIVE decreased (P &lt; 0.0001) from 83.1 ± 3.6% at -1 h to 50.4 ± 3.6% at 96 h. These results show that ram semen stored as a liquid at 5°C can maintain motility and viability for 96 h. Further studies will be conducted to evaluate cooling of extended ram semen and fertility after artificial insemination.