bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
44 Days in Prague
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
After discovering that her grandmother had pro-German sympathies, Ann Shukman resolved to investigate her grandfather Walter Runciman’s 1938 Mission to Prague. This government-sponsored British delegation sought to broker peace between the Czechoslovak republic and its Sudeten German minority—a dispute that Hitler was aggravating with virulent anti-Czech propaganda and threats of invasion. Drawing fresh evidence from personal diaries, private papers, and Czech publications, 44 Days in Prague exposes the misunderstandings and official ignorance that provoked a calamitous series of betrayals. It reveals that, while Walter Runciman always supported Czechoslovakia’s integrity, his wife Hilda—whose role became crucial—publicly favored the German cause. This is a moving portrayal of Walter’s declining influence as tensions mounted, from the couple’s efforts to court a divided old aristocracy at glittering social occasions, to Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’s fatal undermining of the Mission, in his abrupt decision to negotiate directly with Hitler. Shukman’s vivid narrative combines personal insight with meticulous research to shine new light on this pivotal yet tragic episode of European history.
Days Thirty-Two to Thirty-Three and the Fifth Weekend
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
There is panic in London on account of German military preparations. Beneš abruptly offers the Fourth Plan including full concessions to the Carlsbad Program to the SdP. There are worries that Hitler will make demands for a plebiscite or territorial autonomy of the Sudetenland. Runciman tells Halifax this would be disastrous, but Chamberlain decides to proceed with Plan Z: not to approach Hitler, but to pressure Beneš. Ashton-Gwatkin fails to get any positive news from Henlein about Hitler’s intentions. The chapter describes the Stopford Plan and a summary of the new constitution. During a private visit to the Cardinal Archbishop of Prague, Runciman tells him of his definite proposal approved by both sides to bring about a peaceful solution and asks him to write to his close friend Beneš. The Cardinal pleads for an acceptance of autonomy in the German areas and in return, Czechoslovakia would receive a guarantee of its integrity, as war is the worst option. Hopes were high on the Runcimans’ return to Prague. On reading the Runciman Report after Munich, the Cardinal said he felt misled and disappointed in Runciman and felt he must have been worked on after his return to London.
Introduction
Authors: Anderson Noel 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines the book’s motivation and research questions. It unpacks the puzzle of intractable violence and draws connections between average conflict duration and the global prevalence of civil war. It then sketches a new explanation for protracted fighting that brings together battlefield bargaining dynamics, the escalatory pressures of interstate competition, and the systemic dimensions of geopolitical rivalry in civil wars. A central finding that emerges concerns the critical role of competitive interventions—opposing, simultaneous transfers of military assistance from different third-party states to both government and rebel combatants—in the dynamics, duration, and prevalence of internal conflict. The chapter defines key concepts, identifies scope conditions, and situates the argument within the wider literature. It concludes with a discussion of the book’s contributions to scholarship and to policy.
Conclusion
Authors: Anderson Noel 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by summarizing its key findings, contributions, and policy implications. It presents a shadow case study of competitive intervention in the Syrian civil war (2011–present) that further illustrates the veracity of the theory. This ancillary case provides valuable out-of-sample testing and additional within-case analysis of one of the most violent and deadly conflicts of the twenty-first century. Leveraging the book’s findings, the chapter suggests practical proposals for international engagement in contemporary civil wars afflicted by competitive intervention, explains the implications of the theoretical argument and empirical results for conflict management, and closes with some suggestions for future research on civil war, interstate competition, and competitive intervention.
Republicanizing the Panthéon, 1792–4
Authors: Gilks David 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how Quatremère directed the project to create the national temple soon called the Panthéon. It uses published and archival sources, sculptures, and images to reconstruct the Panthéon’s appearance and it shows how Quatremère selected and managed sculptors to ensure stylistic unity. The first part of the chapter shows that much of Quatremère’s original vision was designed or executed before the fall of the monarchy in August 1792, and that his sculptural programme articulated the same Feuillant discourse of constitutionalism, duties, legality, order, and the unity of the Crown, patrie, and France that he supported as a representative in the Legislative Assembly. The second part shows how, after the second revolution, he introduced changes and new designs to signal his support for the Republic, even though he also joined a clandestine counter-revolutionary committee. The chapter shows how he abandoned designs that smacked of royalism and federalism, assisted plans to pantheonize Lepeletier, Bara, and Viala, and defended a colossal allegorical figure of Renown as ‘the revolution’s victory over religious fanaticism’. It also analyses his colossal sculpture group depicting the Republic, which demonstrated his cynical mobilization of the visual language belonging to the Montagnard-dominated Convention.
China in the Age of Unequal Treaties
Authors: Po Ronald C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of capitulations and unequal treaties in Sino-Western relations during the imperial era. Following the Qing Dynasty’s defeat in the First Opium War and the subsequent signing of the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842, a narrative of inevitable decline emerged within Chinese historiography, viewing the acceptance of over five hundred such treaties until the 1900s as a period of national humiliation and catastrophe. This conventional portrayal often obscures a critical assessment of the treaty system, as conceptualized by John King Fairbank. By adopting a less nationalistic and more nuanced perspective, this chapter investigates the legal and administrative dimensions of the treaties, questioning the extent to which they enabled the Qing to deter foreign aggression and preserve sovereignty in East Asia, challenging the prevailing narrative of unmitigated degradation.
Hawai‘i’s Sovereignty and Survival in the Age of Empire
Authors: Sai David Keanu 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
From archaic state to a British protectorate to a sovereign and independent state, the Hawaiian Kingdom’s evolution of governance during the imperial age is unparalleled in the world. While being the first country of Oceania to become a member of the international community of states since the nineteenth century, the Hawaiian Kingdom was not able to escape the tentacles of empire, but it was able to engage foreign aggression on its own terms and ultimately survive. This chapter covers the Hawaiian Kingdom from the death of Captain James Cook, the rise of the warrior king Kamehameha I—progenitor of the kingdom, government reform, independence, the overthrow of its government by United States forces, and its continued existence as a state under international law.
Survival and State Building in the Kingdom of Tonga
Authors: Gonschor Lorenz 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Throughout the nineteenth century, the Polynesian archipelago of Tonga engaged in a nation-building process. Under the firm and determined leadership of King Tupou I, whose longevity spanned virtually the entire century, Tonga was transformed from a traditional feudal society into a modern constitutional nation-state that toward the end of the century fulfilled almost all Western criteria of statehood and had extended relations with both its Pacific neighbors and the major Western powers. Although suffering major blows of British imperialist bullying, the kingdom managed to escape straightforward colonization and survive seven decades of British protectorate to re-emerge as a sovereign kingdom in the late twentieth century, a unique trajectory among Pacific Island nations. The chapter discusses the development of the Tongan state from its ancient, pre-European origins through the cultural, political, and constitutional changes of the nineteenth century to its partial subjugation and persistence in the twentieth century, with a special focus on its relations with both neighboring Pacific Island nations and the Western powers.
Principles
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Most people aspire to healthy living but protecting and improving health carry a cost—counted in money, effort, information, time, trust, and willpower. The wisdom of foresight can be framed as a conditional hypothesis: protecting and improving health are more likely to be favoured when individuals or populations can choose a low-cost method of averting, rapidly and certainly, a large threat to health, or of gaining a large benefit for health. The decisions that people make about health depend, not just on measurable hazards, risks, and time scales but also on the subjective values of everyone who has a stake in the outcome—individuals, governments, NGOs, businesses, and others. Prevention has been much more successful than reported through national health accounts—in the short term through targeted interventions against major risks and hazards, and in the long term through social and economic development. But the enormous, persistent, avoidable burden of ill-health is reason to make a persuasive case for investing still more.
Preventive care
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Prevention is an affordable part of primary healthcare in the sense that it is cheap compared with the mounting costs of medical treatment, and good value for money. The motives for investing in prevention differ at global (e.g. international vaccination initiatives), national (aspirations to Universal Health Coverage, UHC), and local levels (commitments to community health). But at all levels, there are ways to make prevention more attractive through efficiencies (low-cost preventive care targeted to people at high risk), technologies (novel vaccines and diagnostic devices), metrics (for health and wellbeing, not only death and disease), and partnerships (‘Prevention in All Policies’). There are, however, other obstacles to navigate. One is that funding is not transferable away from urgent medical care, so prevention needs additional, protected investment, which at first supplements but eventually supplants the treatment of illness.
Endemic infections
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Stable, familiar endemic infections are rarely seen as health emergencies, even though they kill millions of people each year. But there are ways to remedy the neglect, here illustrated by tuberculosis. Because curative treatment is currently the best form of prevention, the immediate priority for TB control is early diagnosis and chemotherapy, aided by developing novel diagnostics (easier) and therapeutics (harder), and carried out in the context of primary healthcare. This reinforces three major goals of global health at the same time—strengthen primary healthcare, reach Universal Health Coverage (UHC), and put TB on a path to elimination. Other motivating strategies have supporting roles: highlight new dangers from old hazards, such as the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains; neutralize major risks for TB, especially co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); and mitigate the large number of weaker TB risks that have co-benefits for other health conditions (diabetes, undernutrition) and for society more widely (homelessness, crowding). Vaccination is the ultimate, transformative, preventive tool for TB but awaits a high-efficacy companion or successor to BCG. Whatever the virtues of new technologies for TB control, none will succeed without understanding the means and incentives for implementing them, as illustrated by the roll-out of antiretroviral therapy for HIV/AIDS and TB control in southern Africa.
Global Governance on the Ground
Authors: Kortendiek Nele 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The book is an in-depth study about why and how international organizations (IOs) govern in the field. Through a close look at the case of migration and asylum, the book shows that IOs govern global challenges not only through rules, standards, and numbers but also through practice on the ground. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork at the European external border, interviews at the headquarters of seven organizations—the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), the European Asylum Support Office (EASO), and three humanitarian non-governmental organizations (NGOs)—as well as an extensive document analysis, the book demonstrates that field staff improvise to organize collective action on underregulated issues in the field. Headquarter staff consolidate and diffuse their improvised solutions across operations. Field and headquarter staff, who organize across organizational boundaries and levels, thereby exert considerable influence on the life choices of individual governance addressees and define how global issues are treated in practice. They directly regulate global issues in the spaces where they become virulent, in different locations across the globe. The book offers important findings on this provisional governance mode that operates at a low institutional threshold but largely determines the de facto governance of new, contested, and crisis-ridden global problems, which is crucial for understanding how IOs govern given the crisis of the multilateral order. It also offers important insights into the global governance of mixed migration.
Stabilization
Authors: Kortendiek Nele 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns to processes of standardizing and diffusing frontline practices. It shows that governing at the border is embedded in larger inter- and intra-organizational expert networks. In the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Global Learning Center, the Frontex Capacity Building Division, the EASO training department, and interagency initiatives like the International Maritime Rescue Federation (IMRF) and the Global Camp Coordination and Camp Management Cluster (CCCM), international organization (IO) staff consolidate local practices into training tools. They devise detailed scripts for best practices and compile rosters of international trainers to instruct fieldworkers about how to, inter alia, search and rescue, manage camps, interview and relocate asylum seekers, and organize returns. The chapter analyzes who drives these stabilization dynamics and which content gets codified and diffused—effectively determining how mixed migration is governed in the absence of formal regulation. It also discusses feedback effects of global governance on the ground on formal policies and mandates.
Laser Desorption Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Laser desorption mass spectrometry is demonstrated in this chapter as a general tool for the analysis of solid materials, including fullerenes, metals, inorganic compounds, and biomolecules. These experiments use a pulsed Nd:YAG laser coupled with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. When the laser intensity is low, intact molecules can be desorbed from a surface and ionized, allowing their identification. When the laser intensity is higher, vaporization of material can produce a plasma like that seen in the LIBS experiments, and new atomic clusters can form as their vapor condenses. A digital oscilloscope collects the time-resolved ion signals from either an electron multiplier tube or microchannel plate detector. The derivation of mass assignments from the signal-vs-time data is discussed, as are the factors determining mass resolution and isotopic abundances. Background information is provided about fullerenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, metal atom clusters, and the technique of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI).
Electronic Spectroscopy of Iodine using REMPI
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Experiments involving resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) of molecular iodine are described. Two-photon excitation of the 1g state of I2 followed by one-photon ionization demonstrates the unique contribution that REMPI brings to molecular spectroscopy. The I2 1g state is forbidden in normal absorption or emission spectroscopy but allowed in two-photon excitation. REMPI provided the first observation of this and many other states of molecules. A scan of the REMPI spectroscopy of iodine from 370 nm to 600 nm shows many other states which can be examined as well. This experiment involves a simple glass cell containing a wire collector for ions and electrons. An inexpensive, low-power, tunable dye laser is employed for these experiments.
Fermi Resonance in CO2
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Infrared and Raman spectroscopy provides information on allowed fundamental molecular vibrations, overtones, and combination bands. In 1931 Enrico Fermi noted that the frequency of the first overtone of the doubly degenerate ν2 vibration of carbon dioxide was approximately equal to that of the allowed symmetric stretch ν1 vibration. By symmetry, excitation of the ν2 vibration is a forbidden Raman transition but the first overtone 2ν2 vibration is Raman allowed. This gives rise to what is called a Fermi resonance in the spectra. First discovered for the CO2 molecule, Fermi resonances are seen for many molecules. In this chapter Raman spectroscopy of dry ice under liquid nitrogen is analyzed using the Fermi resonance theory.
Laser-Induced Crystal Growth
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that mechanical perturbations such as agitation, mechanical shock, or pressure gradients can cause supersaturated solutions to crystallize. In this experiment, we use focused laser excitation to cause absorption which produces such a mechanical perturbation. Laser-induced crystallization is investigated for sample such as sodium bromate or tartaric acid. Varying experimental conditions such as the laser power or solution concentration are used to investigate the mechanism of laser-induced crystal growth.
International Trade and International Policies
Authors: Cigno Alessandro , Rosati Furio C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Trade and foreign direct investment raise productivity and thus income (though not in the same measure for everybody). Their effects on education and child labour depend on initial conditions. If a sufficiently large share of a country’s adult population is educated to the level required to attract skill-intensive investment from abroad, trade and investment liberalization encourages education, and discourages child labour and fertility. Otherwise, it may have the opposite effect. An international ban on the importation of goods produced with child labour, or mild forms of boycott such as labels certifying that a good is child-labour-free, may be ineffective, or even counterproductive, if they are not accompanied by subsidies to the countries that effectively reduce child labour. Emigration has mixed effects on the country of origin. It may help reduce child labour if emigrants’ remittances are large and persist long enough.
Sense and nonsense
Authors: Brown Gillian R. , Lala Kevin N. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the rationale for the book, which is to describe and evaluate how evolutionary theory has been, and is currently being, applied to the study of human behaviour. The application of evolutionary theory to our own species is often controversial, as demonstrated by historical abuses of evolutionary theory. Despite such controversies, a number of schools of thought have arisen within this contemporary field of research, with sometimes conflicting positions. This chapter explains that the goal of the book is to provide a balanced and impartial ‘guide for the bewildered’ when describing and evaluating these contemporary sub-fields. It introduces the concept of ‘genetic determinism’ and discusses the role of culture and learning in human evolution, which are themes that recur in later chapters.
Comparing and integrating approaches
Authors: Brown Gillian R. , Lala Kevin N. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter starts with a short summary of what has been covered in the preceding chapters and reminds the reader about the contemporary sub-fields that were described and evaluated. The chapter then discusses how comparisons of humans with other species can also shed light on human behaviour and cognition. The next section attempts to integrate the contemporary sub-fields, focusing specifically on the levels of explanation and the methods of hypothesis generation and hypothesis testing, using infanticide and social learning of foraging skills as examples of integrative research. The following section discusses points of contention, focusing on how the different sub-fields view human culture, whether the concept of ‘human nature’ is useful, and how the ‘extended evolutionary synthesis’ is relevant for the future of this research field. The concluding section offers some reflections on what has been learnt through comparing and contrasting evolutionary perspectives on human behaviour.
Languages of Minority
Authors: Dechamma CC Sowmya 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This work seeks to understand how the languages of minorities in India have been constructed and understood throughout colonialism and nationalist periods up to the present day. By using certain examples, the work also attempts to chart how concepts and practices of orality and writing, the concept of the vernacular, and the thought and act of translation are crucial in our understanding of languages. More importantly, the work points to different axes of power that (un)make language communities. The work also presents how the role of English within India is complex and perhaps the desire for English needs to be understood differently for minoritized people.
The Political Returns to Cultural Revival
Authors: Robinson Amanda Lea 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the theoretical argument for how a cultural revival can be used to increase ethnic party support. It argues that ethnic visibility is not inherent to ethnic identities, and, in fact, that it varies significantly across cleavages, groups, and individuals. It then explains the two mechanisms that lead more ethnically visible individuals to express more support for coethnic politicians and political parties: expectations of targeted patronage and fear of collective persecution. Finally, the chapter posits that elite-led cultural revivals serve as a powerful tool for reifying distinctive group characteristics and incentivizing the adoption of ethnic markers by (1) engendering demand for cultural distinctiveness by stoking group-based pride and (2) supplying the means to achieve it through explicit cultural instruction.