bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical solutions for phase noise due to pointing jitter with the LISA telescope
Authors: Vinet Jean-Yves , Christensen Nelson , Dinu-Jaeger Nicoleta , Lintz Michel , Man Nary , Pichot Mikhaël 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The aim of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is to detect gravitational waves through a phase modulation in long (2.5 Mkm) laser light links between spacecraft. Among other noise sources to be addressed are the phase fluctuations caused by a possible angular jitter of the emitted beam. The present paper follows our preceding one (Vinet et al 2019 Class. Quant. Grav.
36, 205 003) based on an analytical study of the far field phase. We address here a numerical treatment of the phase, to first order in the emitted wavefront aberrations, but without any assumptions on the static bias term. We verify that, in the phase change, the higher order terms in the static mispointing are consistent with the results found in our preceding paper.
Dye-based covalent organic networks
Authors: Freitas Sunny K S , Oliveira Felipe L , Merlini Claudia , Justo Elizanne P S , Gioda Adriana , Esteves Pierre M 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This contribution presents four dye-based CONs derived from the reaction of triformylphloroglucinol with thionin acetate (RIO-43), safranin chloride (RIO-51), phenosafranin (RIO-47), and Bismarck brown Y (RIO-55). These materials, called Covalent Organic Networks (CONs), are insoluble solids formed by organic lamellar stacked structures and present permanent porosity, light absorption across the whole visible spectrum, fluorescence, ion exchange capability, and ion and electron conductivity. Periodic DFT calculations carried out indicated that the bent nature of most of those building blocks affords conductive extended materials containing pores with the shape of three-petal flowers, with the anion positioned at the petals. The turbostratic disorder makes only the center of the flower-shaped pores accessible, decreasing the specific surface areas. The material that has a higher surface area is the one derived from thionin acetate (RIO-43), such as the highest electrical conductivity (1.96 × 10–5 S cm−1), followed by RIO-47 (1.12 × 10–7 S cm−1), RIO-55 (1.58 × 10–7 S cm−1) and RIO-51 (3.26 × 10–7 S cm−1).
Fabrication of extracellular matrix-like membranes for loading piezoelectric nanoparticles
Authors: Licciardello Michela , Tonda-Turo Chiara , Gallina Andrea , Ciofani Gianni , Ciardelli Gianluca 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Piezoelectric ceramic nanomaterials have recently attracted attention in the biomedical field thanks to their interesting electrical properties in response to mechanical stimulation (and vice versa) combined with a good biocompatibility and the ability to promote the regeneration of electrically sensitive tissues. In tissue engineering approaches, in order to obtain smart scaffolds these materials must be combined with other biomaterials for processing through conventional as well as non-conventional technologies. In this work, a novel composite electrospun membrane was produced by combining extracellular matrix-like gelatin nanofibers with barium titanate nanoparticles (BTNPs). The electrospinning process was optimized to achieve a high BTNP load, reducing the formation of aggregates which could alter the morphology and stability of the membrane. A complete morphological, mechanical and chemical–physical characterization of the composite membranes was performed, confirming the integration of the BTNPs into the polymer fibers. Furthermore, the biocompatibility of the developed membranes was assessed using a sarcoma osteogenic cell line (SaOS-2).
Gold and silver nanoparticles used for SERS detection of S. aureus and E. coli
Authors: Ankamwar Balaprasad , Gharpure Saee 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is emerging as a robust analytical method used in sensing applications in chemical as well as biological systems. SERS has been reported to be used in fast detection of micro-organisms up to the specificity of strain identification. However, use of SERS is tricky because of difficulties involved in selection of SERS active substrate so as to give uniform, sensitive as well as reproducible results. We have synthesized silver and gold nanoparticles using chemical, electrochemical and microwave-assisted methods followed by their characterization. Uses of these nanoparticles in association with micro-organisms such as S. aureus and E. coli have been analyzed using SERS to generate signature spectra. This demonstrates use of so synthesized gold and silver nanoparticles as SERS active substrates for rapid detection of micro-organisms which pave way to find applications in disease diagnostics.
Valsartan Reduces Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Ovariectomized Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Ding Hong , Li Ning-ying , Zhang Xiang , Zhang Pan-pan , Yu Jing 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the effects of valsartan on left ventricular mass, function, and oxidative stress in ovariectomized spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR).

Methods
Twelve-week-old female SHRs were randomly divided into ovariectomy (OVX) control (n = 12), OVX + valsartan (n = 12), sham control (Sham, n = 13), and Sham + valsartan (n = 14) groups. Valsartan (30 mg/kg/day) or double-distilled water was given by oral gavage. After 12 weeks of valsartan or water treatment, left ventricular wall thickness and function, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were assessed.

Results
There was a significant interaction between ovariectomy and valsartan on interventricular end-diastolic septum thickness (IVSTd), end-systolic interventricular septum thickness (IVSTs), left ventricular end-diastolic posterior wall thickness (LVPWTd), and left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVEDD) (P &lt; 0.05). Valsartan treatment in OVX rats decreased IVSTd, IVSTs, LVPWTd, and LVPWTs compared to OVX control (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with Sham + control group, LVESP and ±dP/dt of LV were decreased while LVEDP was increased in OVX + control group (all P &lt; 0.05). After valsartan treatment, LVESP and ±dP/dt of LV were increased and LVEDP was decreased in ovariectomized rats (all P &lt; 0.05). Ovariectomy decreased GSH and SOD levels and increased 8-OHdG levels, which were reversed by valsartan treatment (all P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusion
Valsartan treatment decreases oxidative stress, reduces LV hypertrophy, and improves cardiac function in overiectomized SHR.
Process analysis of procalcitonin monitoring within community hospitals
Authors: Peña Kelsey , Cooper Mandelin , Greer Nickie , Elders Ty , Septimus Edward 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Purpose
Monitoring of procalcitonin (PCT) levels may support appropriate antibiotic discontinuation. The purpose of this study was to determine the current state of PCT monitoring at community hospitals across the United States.

Methods
Data from adult patients who were admitted to community hospitals affiliated with a large healthcare system between August 1, 2016, and July 31, 2017, and who received antibiotics were evaluated for the number of PCT levels drawn and the timing between multiple levels. Data from eligible patients were evaluated for the discontinuation of antibiotics after meeting prespecified PCT thresholds for discontinuation of therapy, namely, a PCT measurement of &lt;0.5 μg/L or a decrease of ≥80% from a previous peak value.

Results
PCT levels were evaluated for 103,913 patient data sets collected from 136 hospitals. Of these, 70% of the data sets showed a single PCT level drawn, and approximately 30% (30,887) of the data sets showed multiple levels drawn. The first PCT measurement was drawn within 36 hours of antibiotic initiation in 96% of the patients. Of those with multiple levels, 23% (7,089) had levels drawn 24 to 72 hours apart. A small proportion (20% [6,127]) of the patients with multiple levels were eligible for evaluation of appropriate antibiotic discontinuation. Of these, 1,973 (32.2%) patients had antibiotics discontinued within 36 hours of meeting the prespecified PCT thresholds; these patients had a mean duration of antibiotic therapy of 6.1 days with a median of 4.7.

Conclusion
Additional standardization of ongoing PCT monitoring and education regarding the appropriate discontinuation of antibiotics when thresholds are reached could aid in the use of this biomarker in support of antibiotic and laboratory stewardship.
The Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP), Severe Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa (SETA), Surveillance of Enteric Fever in India (SEFI), and Strategic Typhoid Alliance Across Africa and Asia (STRATAA) Population-based Enteric Fever Studies: A Review of Methodological Similarities and Differences
Authors: Carey Megan E , MacWright William R , Im Justin , Meiring James E , Gibani Malick M , Park Se Eun , Longley Ashley , Jeon Hyon Jin , Hemlock Caitlin , Yu Alexander T , Soura Abdramane , Aiemjoy Kristen , Owusu-Dabo Ellis , Terferi Mekonnen , Islam Sahidul , Lunguya Octavie , Jacobs Jan , Gordon Melita , Dolecek Christiane , Baker Stephen , Pitzer Virginia E , Yousafzai Mohammad Tahir , Tonks Susan , Clemens John D , Date Kashmira , Qadri Firdausi , Heyderman Robert S , Saha Samir K , Basnyat Buddha , Okeke Iruka N , Qamar Farah N , Voysey Merryn , Luby Stephen , Kang Gagandeep , Andrews Jason , Pollard Andrew J , John Jacob , Garrett Denise , Marks Florian 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Building on previous multicountry surveillance studies of typhoid and others salmonelloses such as the Diseases of the Most Impoverished program and the Typhoid Surveillance in Africa Project, several ongoing blood culture surveillance studies are generating important data about incidence, severity, transmission, and clinical features of invasive Salmonella infections in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. These studies are also characterizing drug resistance patterns in their respective study sites. Each study answers a different set of research questions and employs slightly different methodologies, and the geographies under surveillance differ in size, population density, physician practices, access to healthcare facilities, and access to microbiologically safe water and improved sanitation. These differences in part reflect the heterogeneity of the epidemiology of invasive salmonellosis globally, and thus enable generation of data that are useful to policymakers in decision-making for the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs). Moreover, each study is evaluating the large-scale deployment of TCVs, and may ultimately be used to assess post-introduction vaccine impact. The data generated by these studies will also be used to refine global disease burden estimates. It is important to ensure that lessons learned from these studies not only inform vaccination policy, but also are incorporated into sustainable, low-cost, integrated vaccine-preventable disease surveillance systems.
Development and external validation of an acute kidney injury risk score for use in the general population
Authors: Bell Samira , James Matthew T , Farmer Chris K T , Tan Zhi , de Souza Nicosha , Witham Miles D 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Improving recognition of patients at increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the community may facilitate earlier detection and implementation of proactive prevention measures that mitigate the impact of AKI. The aim of this study was to develop and externally validate a practical risk score to predict the risk of AKI in either hospital or community settings using routinely collected data.

Methods
Routinely collected linked datasets from Tayside, Scotland, were used to develop the risk score and datasets from Kent in the UK and Alberta in Canada were used to externally validate it. AKI was defined using the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes serum creatinine–based criteria. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed with occurrence of AKI within 1 year as the dependent variable. Model performance was determined by assessing discrimination (C-statistic) and calibration.

Results
The risk score was developed in 273 450 patients from the Tayside region of Scotland and externally validated into two populations: 218 091 individuals from Kent, UK and 1 173 607 individuals from Alberta, Canada. Four variables were independent predictors for AKI by logistic regression: older age, lower baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate, diabetes and heart failure. A risk score including these four variables had good predictive performance, with a C-statistic of 0.80 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80–0.81] in the development cohort and 0.71 (95% CI 0.70–0.72) in the Kent, UK external validation cohort and 0.76 (95% CI 0.75–0.76) in the Canadian validation cohort.

Conclusion
We have devised and externally validated a simple risk score from routinely collected data that can aid both primary and secondary care physicians in identifying patients at high risk of AKI.
Inherent Immune Cell Variation Within Colonic Segments Presents Challenges for Clinical Trial Design
Authors: Tyler Christopher J , Guzman Mauricio , Lundborg Luke R , Yeasmin Shaila , Perez-Jeldres Tamara , Yarur Andres , Behm Brian , Dulai Parambir S , Patel Derek , Bamias Giorgos , Rivera-Nieves Jesús 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background and Aims
Intestinal biopsy sampling during IBD trials represents a valuable adjunct strategy for understanding drug responses at the tissue level. Given the length and distinctive embryonic origins of the proximal and distal colon, we investigated whether inherent regional differences of immune cell composition could introduce confounders when sampling different disease stages, or pre/post drug administration. Here, we capitalise on novel mass cytometry technology to perform deep immunophenotyping of distinct healthy colonic segments, using the limited numbers of biopsies that can be harvested from patients.

Methods
Biopsies [2.8 mm] were collected from the caecum, transverse colon, descending colon, and rectum of normal volunteers. Intestinal leukocytes were isolated, stained with a panel of 37 antibodies, and mass cytometry data acquired.

Results
Site-specific patterns of leukocyte localisation were observed. The proximal colon featured increased CD8+ T cells [particularly resident memory], monocytes, and CD19+ B cells. Conversely, the distal colon and rectum tissues exhibited enrichment for CD4+ T cells and antibody-secreting cells. The transverse colon displayed increased abundance of both γδ T cells and NK cells. Subsets of leukocyte lineages also displayed gradients of expression along the colon length.

Conclusions
Our results show an inherent regional immune cell variation within colonic segments, indicating that regional mucosal signatures must be considered when assessing disease stages or the prospective effects of trial drugs on leukocyte subsets. Precise protocols for intestinal sampling must be implemented to allow for the proper interpretation of potential differences observed within leukocyte lineages present in the colonic lamina propria.
Integrating evolution into medical education for women’s health care practitioners
Authors: Power Michael L , Snead Carrie , Reed Eda G , Schulkin Jay 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEvolution is a fundamental principle in biology; however, it has been neglected in medical education. We argue that an evolutionary perspective is especially important for women’s health care providers, as selection will act strongly on reproductive parameters, and the biological costs of female reproduction are generally more resource expensive than for men (e.g. due to gestation and lactation) with greater effects on health and wellbeing. An evolutionary perspective is needed to understand antibiotic resistance, disease and health risks associated with mismatches between our evolved adaptations and current conditions, the importance of the microbiome and the maternal role in how infants acquire and develop their early-life microbiome (vaginal birth, lactation), and the importance of breastmilk as a biochemical signal from mothers to their babies. We present data that obstetrician–gynecologists’ views regarding the inclusion of evolution within their training is generally positive, but many barriers are perceived. Requiring coursework in evolutionary biology with an emphasis on evolutionary medicine prior to enrollment in medical school may be a solution.
Norms in practice: people-centric governance in ASEAN and ECOWAS
Authors: Glas Aarie , Balogun Emmanuel 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) both recently adopted and institutionalized the norm of people-centric governance. This is potentially transformative for both, signalling a reorientation away from their private and elite-led normative foundations. In practice, however, the norm is understood and enacted in different ways by officials at each organization and with radically different effects. In ASEAN, the norm is understood and enacted in a limited and defensive way. Its institutionalization has led only to selective engagement with civil society and has not altered established modes of regional governance. In ECOWAS, however, the norm is understood as a means to render the organization more inclusive of civil society groups and has transformed the regional project in important ways, shaping the logic and form of regional intervention and conflict prevention. To explore these experiences—convergence in adoption and institutionalization of a norm and variation in its practice and effect—we develop a practice theoretic framework and rely on 76 interviews with regional and state officials. We show that each organizational case is usefully conceptualized as a community of practice wherein external norms are understood and practiced in particular ways and with particular effect.
Terrestrial Locomotion in American Eels (Anguilla rostrata): How Substrate and Incline Affect Movement Patterns
Authors: Redmann Erica , Sheikh Alina , Alqahtani Areej , McCarty-Glenn Mica , Syed Shazrah , Mehta Rita S , Ward Andrea B 
Published: April 2020

SynopsisFishes overcome a variety of challenges in order to invade the terrestrial environment. Terrestrial invasions by fish occur over a variety of environmental contexts. In order to advance their bodies on land, fishes capable of terrestrial excursions tend to use one of three different types of locomotor modes: axial-based, appendage-based, or axial-appendage-based. Elongate species with reduced appendages, such as the American eel, Anguilla rostrata, rely on axial based locomotion in water and on land. When eels move from water to land as part of their complex life cycle, they inevitably encounter a variety of substrates and must traverse variable degrees of incline. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of substrate and incline on the terrestrial locomotion of the American eel. In order to do this, eels were filmed from a dorsal view on three substrates and four inclines: sand, loose pebbles, and fixed (glued) pebbles at 0°, 5°, 10°, and 15°. We digitized 20 evenly spaced points along the body to examine the following characteristics of locomotion: velocity, distance ratio (DR), and wave parameters such as wave amplitude, frequency, and length and assessed whether substrate, incline, or body position affected these parameters. DR, our metric of movement efficiency, was highest on the flat sand condition and lowest on 15° pebble conditions. Efficiency also varied across the body. Velocity followed a similar pattern being highest on sand at 0° and lowest at the steepest inclines. Wave amplitude generally increased toward the tail but was similar across substrates and inclines. Wave frequency was relatively consistent across the body on both pebble substrates, but on sand, frequency was higher toward the head but decreased toward the tail. Wavelengths on sand were the longest at 0° near the head and shorter wavelengths were observed on steeper inclines. Both pebble substrates elicited lower wavelengths that were more similar across the body. Overall, A. rostrata were more effective in navigating compliant substrates but struggled at steeper inclines. Our findings provide insight into locomotor challenges that American eels may encounter as they move from and between bodies of water.
Zika Virus Circulates at Low Levels in Western and Coastal Kenya
Authors: Gobillot Theodore A , Kikawa Caroline , Lehman Dara A , Kinuthia John , Drake Alison L , Jaoko Walter , Mandaliya Kishorchandra , John-Stewart Grace , McClelland R Scott , Overbaugh Julie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Zika virus (ZIKV) was discovered over 70 years ago in East Africa, but little is known about its circulation and pathogenesis there.

Methods
We screened 327 plasma samples collected 2–12 months after febrile illness in Western and coastal Kenya (1993–2016) for binding and neutralizing antibodies to distinguish ZIKV and dengue virus (DENV) responses, which we found were common in coastal Kenya.

Results
Two cases had durable ZIKV-specific antibodies and 2 cases had ZIKV antibodies at similar levels as DENV antibodies.

Conclusions
This suggests low-level ZIKV circulation in Kenya over 2 decades and sets a baseline for future surveillance efforts in East Africa.
Physiological and behavioral sexual maturity of female red deep-sea crabs Chaceon quinquedens (Smith, 1879) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Geryonidae) in the Mid-Atlantic Bight
Authors: Martínez-Rivera Stephanie , Long William Christopher , Stevens Bradley G 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe describe the physiological and behavioral maturity of the red deep-sea crab, Chaceon quinquedens (Smith, 1879), using ovary and oocyte development and morphological features to estimate the size at 50% sexual maturity (SM50) for females in the Mid-Atlantic Bight. This economically important species inhabits the continental shelf and slope of the western Atlantic from Nova Scotia, Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Samples were collected by trawling in 2011–2013 and by traps in 2014–2016. We used histological analysis to describe the stages of ovarian development. Five stages of ovarian development were identified: 1, immature; 2, early maturing; 3, late maturing; 4, mature; and 5, redeveloping. A logistic model was used to estimate the SM50 using maximum likelihood methods. Physiological SM50 varied among geographic locations and was estimated at 61.2 mm CL and 70.8 mm CL for females collected near Hudson Canyon and Baltimore and Norfolk canyons, respectively. Behavioral SM50 decreased with latitude and was estimated at 53.9 mm CL, 62.5 mm CL and 65.5 mm CL for Hudson, Baltimore, and Norfolk canyons, respectively. Results implied asynchrony between physiological and behavioral sexual maturity, suggesting that mating occurs prior to completion of ovarian development. This study provides the first evidence of a latitudinal trend in sexual maturity for C. quinquedens. Further investigation is needed to understand the cause of the latitudinal trend as our study presented limitations. Results provide useful information for fisheries management about the reproductive biology of C. quinquedens.
The ECCC’s Contribution to Substantive ICL
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this short essay, I will argue that the ‘civilian population’ requirement in crimes against humanity (CAH) provisions (e.g. Article 7(1) ICC Statute) must either be radically restricted by way of a teleological (purpose-based) interpretation or — even better — abolished in future CAH provisions. While the traditional International Humanitarian Law approach certainly needs to be adjusted with regard to CAH, such an adjustment does not resolve the considerable limitation of the protective scope of CAH due to the ‘civilian population’ requirement. The contribution of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia to the debate is to be welcomed and serves as a useful starting point for the more radical interpretation and necessary reform of CAH.