bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomineralized Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles Potentiate Safe and Efficient Tumor Microenvironment Reprogramming for Anticancer Therapy
Authors: Qing Shuang , Lyu Chengliang , Zhu Li , Pan Chao , Wang Shuang , Li Feng , Wang Jianghua , Yue Hua , Gao Xiaoyong , Jia Rongrong , Wei Wei , Ma Guanghui 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) in solid tumors often dampens the efficacy of immunotherapy. In this study, bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are demonstrated as powerful immunostimulants for TME reprogramming. To overcome the obstacles of antibody‐dependent clearance and high toxicity induced by OMVs upon intravenous injection (a classic clinically relevant delivery mode), calcium phosphate (CaP) shells are employed to cover the surface of OMVs, which enables potent OMV‐based TME reprograming without side effects. Meanwhile, the pH‐sensitive CaP shells facilitate the neutralization of acidic TME, leading to highly beneficial M2‐to‐M1 polarization of macrophages for improved antitumor effect. Moreover, the outer shells can be integrated with functional components like folic acid or photosensitizer agents, which facilitates the use of the OMV‐based platform in combination therapies for a synergic therapeutic effect.
Emerging Prospects of Exosomes for Cancer Treatment: From Conventional Therapy to Immunotherapy
Authors: Nam Gi‐Hoon , Choi Yoonjeong , Kim Gi Beom , Kim Seohyun , Kim Seong A , Kim In‐San 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles of around 100 nm in diameter that are secreted by most cells and contain various bioactive molecules reflecting their cellular origin and mediate intercellular communication. Studies of these exosomal features in tumor pathogenesis have led to the development of therapeutic and diagnostic approaches using exosomes for cancer therapy. Exosomes have many advantages for conveying therapeutic agents such as small interfering RNAs, microRNAs, membrane‐associated proteins, and chemotherapeutic compounds; thus, they are considered a prime candidate as a delivery tool for cancer treatment. Since exosomes also provide an optimal microenvironment for the effective function of immunomodulatory factors, exosomes harboring bioactive molecules have been bioengineered as cancer immunotherapies that can effectively activate each stage of the cancer immunity cycle to successfully elicit cancer‐specific immunity. This review discusses the advantages of exosomes for treating cancer and the challenges that must be overcome for their successful clinical development.
An Organelle‐Specific Nanozyme for Diabetes Care in Genetically or Diet‐Induced Models
Authors: Zhou Yanfeng , Liu Chang , Yu Yun , Yin Min , Sun Jinli , Huang Jing , Chen Nan , Wang Hui , Fan Chunhai , Song Haiyun 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe development of nanozymes has made active impact in diagnosis and therapeutics. However, understanding of the full effects of these nanozymes on biochemical pathways and metabolic homeostasis remains elusive. Here, it is found that iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), a type of well‐established nanozyme, can locally regulate the energy sensor adenosine 5′‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) via their peroxidase‐like activity in the acidic lysosomal compartment, thereby promoting glucose metabolism and insulin response. Fe3O4 NPs induce AMPK activation and enhance glucose uptake in a variety of metabolically active cells as well as in insulin resistant cell models. Dietary Fe3O4 NPs display therapeutic effects on hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in Drosophila models of diabetes induced by genetic manipulation or high‐sugar diet. More importantly, intraperitoneal administration of Fe3O4 NPs stimulates AMPK activities in metabolic tissues, reduces blood glucose levels, and improves glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in diabetic ob/ob mice. The study reveals intrinsic organelle‐specific properties of Fe3O4 NPs in AMPK activation, glycemic control, and insulin‐resistance improvement, suggesting their potential efficacy in diabetes care.
CLeANFIT – Contact‐Less Axial Nearfield‐Based Fluorescence Imaging Topography: A Method for 3D Micro‐ and Nanotopography Characterization
Authors: Ghaeli Ima , Adão Ricardo M. R. , Nieder Jana B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA nearfield‐based topographic imaging method is presented to obtain 3D micro‐/nanotopography in labelled structures over lateral ranges of hundreds of micrometers with an axial thickness from 1000 nm to thin layers of below 100 nm. The contactless axial nearfield‐based fluorescence imaging topography (CLeANFIT) nanometrology technique is based on a modified model used in nearfield‐based super‐resolution imaging and sensing. The modified approach allows converting fluorescence lifetimes into nanoscale thicknesses of a fluorescent material in the nearfield of a metal surface. CLeANFIT is used to characterize the drying process of a fluorophore‐doped poly(vinyl alcohol)/water droplet and it allows to quantify the nanomorphological patterns formed during and after drying. CLeANFIT allows axial resolution similar to tip scanning techniques, while remaining contact‐free. Therefore, no damage occurs to the target allowing in situ studies. The final drying stage of droplet is analyzed through quantifying contact line dynamics. The axial sensitivity of CLeANFIT, makes it an exceptional technique to study interactions and dynamic phenomena at the liquid/solid interfaces in nanoscale dimensions, relevant for the development of novel nanomaterials, nanocoatings, and hybrid nanotechnology‐enabled integrated chips, that may be fabricated via nanoinkjet printing, photolithography, nanoimprint lithography, or other micro‐/nanofabrication techniques.
Degradation of Black Phosphorus and Strategies to Enhance Its Ambient Lifetime
Authors: van Druenen M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExfoliation of black phosphorus (BP) into phosphorene has led to the discovery of its semiconducting properties and tunable bandgap, enabling its use in a range of applications including transistors, batteries, and sensors. However, BP's ambient instability poses a considerable challenge to its incorporation into functional devices. Observed changes to the surface chemistry of BP during degradation has recently provided insight into the degradation pathways. In this review, degradation mechanisms are discussed including the effect of oxidants, such as oxygen, water, and light, on BP degradation. Additionally, a comprehensive overview on the progress made in characterizing the surface chemistry of BP is provided, as well as the methods employed to enhance its ambient stability including capping layers, covalent and noncovalent functionalization, solvent passivation, and polymer‐based protection strategies. The effect of various protection strategies on the ambient lifetime of BP and their influence on the properties of BP are discussed.
Controlled Growth of Edge‐Enriched ReS2 Nanoflowers on Carbon Cloth Using Chemical Vapor Deposition for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhao Yajuan , Li Jianguo , Huang Jianfeng , Feng Liangliang , Cao Liyun , Feng Yongqiang , Zhang Zhaohui , Xie Yong , Wang Haolin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRhenium disulfide (ReS2) has attracted tremendous interests as a promising electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) due to its unique distorted 1T structure. However, the controllable synthesis of ReS2 with desired nanostructures is still a challenge for improving its catalytic performance. Here, ReS2 nanoflowers are constructed on conductive carbon cloth by means of ambient pressure chemical vapor deposition. Characterization results confirm that the nanoflower structure with enormous edges is attributed to its propensity of out‐of‐plane growth. To investigate the structure variation of the nanoflowers, systematic growth experiments are carried out. By tuning the growth temperature, gas flow rate, and precursor mass, the edge‐exposed architecture is achieved. The dependence of catalytic performance on microstructures is further established, revealing that the ReS2 nanoflowers with maximized edge sites exhibit optimal catalytic performance. These findings provide a guideline for optimizing the HER performance of ReS2 and broaden the vision of improving novel HER catalysts.
Controlled Cooperative Wetting Enabled Heterogeneous Structured 3D Morphing Transducers
Authors: Sridhar Sreepathy , Wang Cong , Terry Jonathan G. , Chen Xue , Sun Ansu , Li Zhenghong , Lv Haibao , Xu Ben Bin , Li Yifan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA unique microfluidics approach for functional hydrogel patterning with multilayered heterogeneous structures is presented. Prepolymer solution droplets with differentiated sodium acrylate concentrations are dispensed/printed in a wetting‐controlled “two‐parallel plate” (TPP, like a Hele‐Shaw Cell) system. The gelation within the system enables hydrogel bilayer structures with reconfigurable 3D deformations driven by in‐plane and through‐thickness heterogeneity under stimuli‐responsive mask‐less swelling/deswelling. The cooperation between swelling mismatch of functional groups results in a higher complexity of 3D reconfiguration in responding to discrete levels of stimulation inputs. This facile patterning technology with an in‐built ionic hierarchy can be scaled up/down with advanced transducing functionalities in various fields.
Ultraviolet‐Assisted Construction of Nitrogen‐Rich Ag@Ti3C2Tx MXene for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis and Supercapacitor
Authors: Yuan Zeyu , Wang Lili , Cao Junming , Zhao Lianjia , Han Wei 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTo achieve highly efficient energy storage and conversion in electrochemical energy devices, the research of rationally designed method is crucial to improve performances of MXene‐based catalysts and electrodes. Herein, an ultraviolet‐assisted strategy is demonstrated to synthesize Ag@N‐doping Ti3C2Tx (Ag@N‐Ti3C2Tx) composites and N‐promoted free electron number and the electron bound in Mxene are used to generally boost the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysis and supercapacitor performance. The prepared Ag@N‐Ti3C2Tx catalyst displays a high catalytic ability with an overpotentials of −153 mV and corresponding Tafel slopes (137.9 mV dec−1) lower than pristine Ti3C2Tx catalysts (−156.7 mV dec−1). Theoretical analysis and refined structural characterization indicate that the HER activity correlates well with the structural characteristic, active components, and electronic structure. As an electrode material for supercapacitors, the nano‐Ag@N‐Ti3C2Tx exhibits high specific capacity of 223.3 F g−1, outstanding capacity retention rate of about 68% from 1 to 10 A g−1 in rate performance and 96% capacity retention after 2000 cycles in stable performance. The synthetic approach offers a new vision for tuning the electrocatalytic activities of N‐rich Ag@MXene materials.
On‐Chip Multi‐Mode Manipulation via 2D Refractive‐Index Perturbation on a Waveguide
Authors: Yao Chunhui , Wang Zhen , Wang Hongwei , He Yu , Zhang Yong , Su Yikai 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGeneration and manipulation of optical modes are of general interest to the photonics community. Mode conversion is an essential requirement in mode‐division multiplexed systems. In this paper, a scalable method to simultaneously manipulate multiple waveguide modes on chip is proposed. As one experimental demonstration, simultaneous multi‐mode conversion processes have been achieved on a waveguide. The device is realized via an all‐dielectric 2D structure on the silicon waveguide by shallow etching with hexagonal patterns. In the experiment, the device simultaneously converts the TEi modes to the TEi+3 (i = 0, 1, and 2) modes. The length of the multi‐mode converter is 16.2 µm. The TE0–TE3, TE1–TE4, and TE2–TE5 mode conversion processes exhibit low insertion losses (0.4 to 1.0 dB) and reasonable crosstalk values (−14.1 to −16.5 dB) at 1538 nm. The scalability of the converter is also verified by simulations.
Facile Microfluidic Fabrication of 3D Hydrogel SERS Substrate with High Reusability and Reproducibility via Programmable Maskless Flow Microlithography
Authors: Shin Yoonkyung , Jeon Inkyu , You Younghoon , Song Gwangho , Lee Tae Kyung , Oh Jongwon , Son Changil , Baek Dahye , Kim Dowon , Cho Heesu , Hwang Hyeri , Kim Taeyoung , Kwak Sang Kyu , Kim Jungwook , Lee Jiseok 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the field of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), advances in nanotechnology and surface chemistry have contributed to fabricating the metal substrates with highly sophisticated architectures and strong binding affinity to target molecules which enhanced the sensitivity to target molecules. However, the elaborate yet complicated steps for the synthesis, patterning, and surface modification of metal substrates have often resulted in compromising the reliability, reproducibility, and reusability as SERS substrates. Here, a fully programmable and automated digital maskless flow microlithography process that spatiotemporally controls the fluid flow, UV irradiation, and the shape and location of SERS polymer matrix is provided to fabricate a reliable, reproducible, and reusable hydrogel‐based 3D SERS substrate. The SERS substrates are located inside the microfluidic device in the form of disk‐shaped hydrogels. By rationally designing the functional group chemistry of the hydrogel microposts, Ag nanoparticles are homogeneously synthesized in situ, a target molecule is amplified by 25‐fold inside the microposts, and an enhancement factor as high as 2.4 × 108 is observed. Furthermore, a highly reusable multitarget sensing capability is demonstrated by a sequential analysis of multiple analytes without the trace of former analytes via the intermittent washing step.
Medical Micro/Nanorobots in Precision Medicine
Authors: Soto Fernando , Wang Jie , Ahmed Rajib , Demirci Utkan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAdvances in medical robots promise to improve modern medicine and the quality of life. Miniaturization of these robotic platforms has led to numerous applications that leverages precision medicine. In this review, the current trends of medical micro and nanorobotics for therapy, surgery, diagnosis, and medical imaging are discussed. The use of micro and nanorobots in precision medicine still faces technical, regulatory, and market challenges for their widespread use in clinical settings. Nevertheless, recent translations from proof of concept to in vivo studies demonstrate their potential toward precision medicine.
Biomass‐Derived Multilayer‐Structured Microparticles for Accelerated Hemostasis and Bone Repair
Authors: Liu Jia‐Ying , Hu Yang , Li Long , Wang Chao , Wang Jia , Li Yang , Chen Dafu , Ding Xiaokang , Shen Chuanan , Xu Fu‐Jian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt is very desirable to develop advanced sustainable biomedical materials with superior biosafety and bioactivity for clinical applications. Herein, biomass‐derived multilayer‐structured absorbable microparticles (MQxTy) composed of starches and plant polyphenols are readily constructed for the safe and effective treatment of bone defects with intractable bleeding by coating multiple layers of quaternized starch (Q+) and tannic acid onto microporous starch microparticles via facile layer‐by‐layer assembly. MQxTy microparticles exhibit efficient degradability, low cytotoxicity, and good blood compatibility. Among various MQxTy microparticles with distinct Q+/T− double layers, MQ2T2 with outmost polyphenol layer possess the unique properties of platelet adhesion/activation and red blood cell aggregation, resulting in the best hemostatic performance. In a mouse cancellous‐bone‐defect model, MQ2T2 exhibits the favorable hemostatic effect, low inflammation/immune responses, high biodegradability, and promoted bone repair. A proof‐of‐concept study of beagles further confirms the good performance of MQ2T2 in controlling intractable bleeding of bone defects. The present work demonstrates that such biomass‐based multilayer‐structured microparticles are very promising biomedical materials for clinical use.
Grain yield, quality, and spectral characteristics of wheat grown under varied nitrogen and irrigation
Authors: Walsh Olga S. , Torrion Jessica A. , Liang Xi , Shafian Sanaz , Yang Rui , Belmont Kelli M. , McClintick‐Chess Jordan R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNitrogen and water are two key factors for wheat production due to their major roles in plant growth and development, photosynthesis, yield, and grain protein content. Plant uptake of water and N is fundamentally interactive. Our objectives were: (a) to analyze the effects of different irrigation (IR) and N rates on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield and grain protein, and spectral indices (relative greenness [SPAD] and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index [NDVI]), and (b) to identify the optimum IR and N requirements for wheat grain production in semi‐arid conditions of Montana and Idaho. This article details the results from field experiments conducted at three locations for two growing seasons (6 site‐years). Relative greenness measured by SPAD chlorophyll meter was used to assess plant N status, whereas NDVI was used for both plant N status and estimation of wheat yield. Both SPAD and NDVI values increased as N and IR application rates increased. The SPAD and NDVI values explained 80 and 84% of the variation in wheat yield, respectively. We found that IR at 75% of evapotranspiration (ET) throughout the growing season is adequate to optimize wheat yield and grain protein. Nitrogen rate was not correlated with wheat yield at any of the site‐years. Based on this study's results, approximately 150 kg N ha−1 (total, soil residual N plus N added as fertilizer) may be sufficient to optimize yield and grain protein content of irrigated spring wheat in semi‐arid cropping systems.
Soil organic matter, greenhouse gas emissions, and sorghum yield in semi‐arid drylands
Authors: Salehin Sk. Musfiq‐Us‐ , Ghimire Rajan , Angadi Sangamesh V. , Mesbah Abdel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] serves as a low‐cost alternative to corn (Zea mays L.) in semi‐arid regions of the world because of its high N and water use efficiencies. However, there has been a concern regarding N loss to the atmosphere as nitrous oxide (N2O) from semi‐arid drylands. This study investigated various soil C and N components, including CO2 and N2O emissions, and crop yield with a dairy compost (13.5 Mg ha−1) and four rates of chemical N fertilizer (0, 22.4, 44.8, and 67.3 kg ha−1) in dryland sorghum. There was no significant difference in soil C and N fractions among N fertilizer rates, although compost addition numerically increased soil C storage and 67.3 kg ha−1 N rate resulted the highest yield in both years. Potential nitrogen mineralization (PNM) was negatively related to crop yield and positively related to grain N content. Soils with greater inorganic N and PNM had a lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, while soils with greater potential C mineralization (PCM) had lower N2O emissions. The results of this study show no significant improvements in yield of dryland sorghum in the semi‐arid environment of southern Great Plains in the short term. However, compost and 44.8 kg N ha−1 applications appeared to be beneficial when both yield and quality were compared.
Harvest aids for improved bermudagrass sod shelf‐life and transplant success
Authors: Minaev Nikolay , Tomaso‐Peterson Maria , Tseng Te‐Ming Paul , Chesser Daniel , Barickman T. Casey , McCurdy James D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractShelf‐life and transplant success of sodded and sprigged turfgrasses are negatively affected by harvest and post‐harvest handling/storage conditions. Research was conducted to evaluate effects of several commercially available fungicides, a bio‐nutritional plant extract, and a commonly used plant growth regulator on sod shelf‐life and transplant success. Field studies were conducted in 2018 and 2019 on ‘Latitude 36’ hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy]. Treatments included: the experimental bio‐nutritional plant extract ACA‐3434; the fungicides fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin, fluopyram + trifloxystrobin, and azoxystrobin; and the plant growth regulator trinexapac‐ethyl. Sod was harvested, stacked to a height of 12 layers, and stored for 72 h; treated and untreated sod were stored at ambient field temperature (28 °C average). To evaluate storage refrigeration on sod establishment, an additional untreated check was stored at 4 °C refrigeration. Sod was installed on an adjacent prepared native soil, and the treatment effects on bermudagrass transplanting were measured visually, by spectral reflectance, and by root analysis. Research failed to simulate heating inside stored sod masses, and treatments failed to affect internal storage temperatures. Nevertheless, refrigeration and, in some cases, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin application, increased plant health characteristics of transplanted sod. None of the treatments affected recovery of areas from which sod was harvested. Albeit often unrealistic, refrigeration of harvested sod may be the best practice to extend sod shelf‐life. When applied prior to harvest, fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin fungicides provided slight improvements in post‐installation sod health; however, little is known about the mechanism by which this occurs.
Experimental and Computational Study on the Reaction Pathways of Diradical Intermediates Formed from Myers‐Saito Cyclization of Maleimide‐Based Enediynes
Authors: Lu Haotian , Zhang Mengsi , Li Baojun , Ma Hailong , Wang Wenbo , Ding Yun , Li Xinxin , Hu Aiguo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGreat efforts have been dedicated to studying the thermal‐induced Myers‐Saito cyclization (MSC) of enyne‐allene as the resulting diradicals hold significant potential in various fields, especially in antitumor applications. Besides abstracting hydrogen from DNA backbone and further inducing tumor cell death, the diradicals might react through multiple pathways and lose their efficiency in antitumor applications. The in‐depth understanding of the reaction pattern of these highly reactive diradical intermediates will provide clear guidelines for the design of new enyne‐allene with high antitumor potency. Herein, we report detailed studies to reveal the reaction mechanism of ketal‐conjugated enediynes, which are hydrolyzed and tautomerized into enyne‐allene structures in acidic condition and produce diradicals through MSC. Further 1,3‐hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)/6‐endo cyclization to yield pyran‐type product or 5‐endo cyclization/1,4‐HAT to yield furan‐type product were confirmed and rationalized through computational studies. The proposed reaction pathways were further verified with deuterium labeling experiments. Based on these new findings, a new enediyne with asymmetric structure and tertbutyl group to block the HAT process was synthesized, which demonstrated much higher cytotoxicity against the HeLa cell line with a half inhibition concentration (IC50 value) down to submicromolar level.
Nonclassicality via the Superpositions of Photon Addition and Subtraction and Quantum Decoherence for Thermal Noise
Authors: Meng Xiang‐Guo , Wang Ji‐Suo , Zhang Xiao‐Yan , Yang Zhen‐Shan , Liang Bao‐Long , Zhang Zhen‐Tao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTwo new photon‐modulated states are introduced by operating a more general coherent superposition on two classical states (coherent and thermal) and their nonclassicality caused by the operation is investigated via examining the squeezing, sub‐Poissonian statistics, nonclassical depth, and negativity of Wigner distribution. Their density‐operator and Wigner‐distribution evolutions in the thermal channel are also explored. It is found that the high‐order operation has better performance in creating nonclassicality for certain ratios r and more robustness against decoherence of the two photon‐modulated states for thermal noise. For convenience, a new three‐variable special polynomial and its generating function are introduced via the normal ordering of operators.