bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
128 Determining the effects of high phytase levels and feeding duration on growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Vier Carine , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Bergstrom Jon , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of high phytase levels and feeding duration on performance of growing finishing pigs. A total of 1,215 barrows and gilts (PIC 359×Camborough, initially 28.0±0.47 kg) were used in a 126-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 15 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal-dried distillers grains with solubles-based.Treatments were: 1) Control (no added phytase); 2) Grower phytase (1,500 FYT/kg added phytase fed from d 0 to 57, then no phytase from d 57 to market); and 3) Grow-finish phytase (1,500 FYT/kg added phytase fed throughout the study). Phytase (Ronozyme Hiphos GT 2500, heat-stable; DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) was assumed to release 0.146% digestible phosphorus (P), 0.166% available P, 0.102% STTD calcium, 53 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy, 42 kcal/kg of net energy (NE), and 0.0217, 0.0003, 0.00886, 0.0224, 0.0056, 0.0122, and 0.0163% standardized ileal digestible lysine, methionine, methionine+cysteine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and valine, respectively. Beef tallow and feed grade amino acids (AA) were added to the diets without phytase to balance NE and AA across treatments. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit.Overall, pigs fed diets with no phytase and pigs that were only fed phytase in the grower period had greater (P&lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F) than pigs fed the phytase-containing diets until market. Pigs fed the control and grower phytase treatments had greater (P&lt; 0.10) hot carcass weight (HCW) than the phytase throughout treatment. No evidence of differences (P &gt;0.10) were observed for other carcass characteristics. In summary, adding 1,500 FYT/kg of phytase and using full matrix values for minerals, AA, and energy had detrimental effects on ADG, G:F, and HCW in this study when applied to the entire grow-finish period.
89 Nutrition and Feeding of the Modern Hyperprolific Sow
Authors: Greiner Laura L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Over the last 25 years, the sow has developed to have a leaner body mass to address the need for leaner, fast growing offspring. The leaner body mass results in a female that biologically can have a lower feed intake. Furthermore, the number of pigs born per litter and milk production have also increased during the same timeframe. Much research has been conducted over the years to investigate the amino acid and energy requirements of both the lactating and gestating sow; however, application of the research has resulted in varied responses. The varied responses can be related to sow health, environmental influences, litter growth rates, and anticipated body reserve changes during lactation. Furthermore, calculations associated with the regression of reproductive tissue after farrowing can complicate the analysis of amino acid requirements. This presentation will discuss some of the recent research associated with feeding the modern sow, potentially challenging some of the differences in data, and offering some thoughts on looking towards the next 25 years of sow production.
276 Impact of pre-farrow feeding amount and timing on stillborn rate of sows
Authors: Miller Kayla , Kellner Trey A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pre-farrowing feeding allowance and timing are often based on logistical ease instead of optimizing farrowing performance. The objective of this experiment was to decrease the stillborn rate via the amount and timing of feeding prior to farrowing. A total of 245 PIC 1050 (PIC, Inc., Hendersonville, TN) individually housed bred females were randomly allotted to 1 of 3 treatments on d 0. The 3 pre-farrow feeding treatments consisted of: 1) 2 meals of 0.9 kg fed at 630 h and 1530 h; 2) 1 meal of 1.8 kg fed at 630 h; and 3) 2 meals of 2.7 kg fed at 630 h and 1530 h. Dietary treatment commenced on entry into the farrowing crate and continued until they farrowed (ranged from d 2 to d 10). Data were analyzed using Proc MIXED (SAS 9.4; Cary, NC) with treatment as the main effect and sow as the experimental unit. Females having a litter with a total born ≤ 11 or ≥ 21 or did not consume their allotted feed were considered outliers and were removed from the statistical analysis. Feeding 2 meals of 0.9 kg per day trended to reduce stillborn rate compared to the other 2 pre-farrow feeding treatments (2 meals of 0.9 kg = 5.6%, 1 meal of 1.8 kg = 8.6%, 2 meals of 2.7 kg = 9.0%; P = 0.090). Pre-farrow feeding amount and time had no impact on total born or mummies (P ≥ 0.270). As a bonus, feeding small meals multiple times a day will reduce the farm’s overall feed cost compared to providing full feed access pre-farrow. In conclusion, implementation of a pre-farrowing feeding strategy is a vehicle that can be used to reduce the stillborn rate in commercial production.
272 Hybrid rye may replace up to 75% of the corn in diets for gestating and lactating sows without negatively impacting sow and piglet performance
Authors: McGhee Molly L , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that hybrid rye can replace corn in gestation and lactation diets without negatively affecting sow and litter performance. For gestation and lactation, a corn-soybean meal control diet and 3 additional diets in which hybrid rye replaced 25, 50, or 75% of corn were formulated. Sows were randomly allotted by parity to treatments, with 45 replicate sows per treatment. Sows were individually housed for the duration of the experiment. Sow BW were recorded on d 7 and d 105 of gestation, as well as within 24 h after farrowing and on the day of weaning (approximately d 20 of lactation). Number and weights of live born, still born, and mummified piglets were determined within 24 h of farrowing. Data related to piglet mortality were analyzed using SAS Proc Glimmix with binomial distribution, whereas all other data were analyzed using Proc Mixed. The statistical models included the fixed effects of diet and parity. Diet did not influence sow BW or sow ADG at any point in the experiment (Table 1). Diet did not affect number or weights of total, live, or still born pigs, but there was an increase and then a reduction in the number of pigs weaned, litter wean weight, and litter ADG as the inclusion of hybrid rye in the diets increased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05). Piglet mortality, as well as the proportion of piglets crushed by sows, tended (P &lt; 0.10) to be quadratically reduced as hybrid rye was added to the diet. In conclusion, replacing corn with hybrid rye in gestation and lactation diets had no effect on sow BW changes nor on number or birthweights of piglets, and overall, diets with 25% and 50% corn replacement rate with rye resulted in improved sow lactation performance.
145 Nutritional Advances in Fetal and Neonatal Development: Methyl Donors
Authors: Batistel Fernanda 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this presentation is to discuss and review research on methyl donors in the developmental programming of dairy cattle. One-carbon metabolism is catalyzed by several enzymes in the presence of dietary micronutrients, including methionine, choline, betaine, and folate, and generates S-adenosylmethionine. S-adenosylmethionine is crucial for numerous cellular functions such as DNA and histone methylation as well as protein synthesis. Despite the biological role of S-adenosylmethionine, there is a limited understanding of the impact of dietary methyl donors’ supply to pregnant dairy cows and neonatal calves. The majority of research related to methyl donors in fetal and neonatal development and physiology has been generated supplying methyl donors to dairy cows during the end of gestation. The results from recent studies are not conclusive, but overall they indicate that methyl donors supply during the end of pregnancy enhance calf performance and ameliorate immune response. A better understanding of the impact of methyl donors may offer new ways to augment development, performance and immune function of growing replacement heifers.
107 Effects of increasing doses of trenbolone acetate and estradiol on finishing phase growth performance and carcass trait responses in beef steers
Authors: Smerchek Dathan , Smith Zachary K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Continental × English beef steers (n = 240; allotment BW = 365 kg [SD 22.5]) were used in a randomized complete block design feedlot study to evaluate the effects of increasing doses of trenbolone acetate (TBA) and estradiol-17β (E2) on finishing phase growth performance and carcass trait responses. Steers were allotted to 30 concrete surface pens (n = 8 steers/pen) at the Ruminant Nutrition Center (RNC) in Brookings, SD 36 d prior to being implanted. Pens were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) No implant (NI), 2) Synovex Choice [100 mg TBA + 10 mg E2; CH], or 3) Synovex Plus [200 mg TBA + 20 mg E2; PL] on d 1. Cattle were fed for 124 d post-implantation. This experiment was part of a factorial experiment that included bedding application. No interactions between implant and bedding were detected (P ≥ 0.09). A common diet was fed that contained 2.09 Mcal/kg of NEm and 1.39 Mcal/kg of NEg and provided 30 g/ton of monensin sodium to diet DM. The first 6 pen replicates began on test 14 d prior to the last 4 pen replicates. Pen was the experimental unit; an α of 0.05 determined significance. There was a linear increase for both ADG (P = 0.01) and DMI (P = 0.02) with increasing doses of TBA and E2. There was a quadratic effect (P = 0.01) on carcass adjusted final BW. A quadratic effect on G:F was observed, increasing by 21.1%% and 19.5% for CH and PL respectively, compared to NI. No linear (P ≥ 0.14) or quadratic (P ≥ 0.40) effects were observed for dressing percentage, backfat, calculated yield grade, or marbling. A quadratic increase (P = 0.01) in HCW and a linear increase (P = 0.01) in REA was detected with increasing doses of TBA and E2. Combination TBA + E2 implants increased final BW, ADG, DMI, gain efficiency, HCW, and REA at equal BF accumulation without detriment to marbling score.
58 The relationship between the first harmonic intensity levels among boer goat siblings from birth to weaning
Authors: Burke Thomas A , Quandt Rachael C , Bartley Samantha S , Forshey Brandon 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine whether the intensity levels of the first harmonic in small ruminants, such as Boer goats, are common among siblings or are affected by the environment in which they are raised. The first harmonic of a vocalization is the lowest frequency heard from that vocalization. All sequential harmonics are based upon the first. Three pens (2.44m x 3.05m) were created to control the external sound stimuli to which the kids (n=13) were exposed to. Pen 1 (n=4; 6, 7, 8, 9) was set up adjacent to the dams to ensure adult goat vocalizations were heard. Pen 2 (n=5; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) involved a recording of a human voice played on a CD player. Pen 3 (n=4; 10, 11, 12, 13) was set up to limit external sound stimuli. Kids were placed in each pen upon birth order with the exception of one set of twins in pen 2. A set of triplets was included in the study with one sibling in each pen. Recordings were conducted using VoceVista Video software 1x/wk for 7 wk, from birth to weaning. Intensity levels of the first harmonic from each recording of each kid were compared to intensity levels of any of its siblings included in the study. One example of same sex siblings showed a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) from each other’s first harmonic intensity levels. Siblings of opposite genders showed no difference in intensity level in the first harmonics. The results of this study indicate that the intensity levels of the first harmonic of goat kids in the first 7 wks could be a result of relatedness rather than the influence of external sound. Additionally, the development the first harmonic intensity level among siblings is independent of external sound and gender.
PSV-1 A Subcutaneous Ear Implant to Deliver an Anaplasmosis Vaccine to Dairy Steers
Authors: Curtis Andrew K , Reif Kathryn , Kleinhenz Michael , Martin Miriam S , Skinner Brandt , Kelly Sean , Jones Douglas , Reppert Emily , Montgomery Shawnee , Narasimhan Balaji , Anantatat Tippawan , Jaberi-Douraki Majid , Coetzee Johann 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Bovine anaplasmosis is the most prevalent tick-transmitted disease of cattle worldwide and a major obstacle to beef production. The objective of the study was to test the ability of a single-dose delivery platform to produce long-lasting immunity against anaplasmosis infections. Twelve Holstein steers were administered a 3-stage, single-dose vaccine against Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 1a. The vaccine consisted of a soluble vaccine administered subcutaneously for immune priming, a biodegradable polyanhydride depot for intermediate slow-release of the vaccine for boosting the immune response, and an immune-isolated vaccine platform for extended antigen release deposited subcutaneously in the ear. Six calves were randomly assigned to two vaccine constructs that featured rods and implants containing a combination of two adjuvants (DEAE-Dextran and Quil-A). The remaining 6 calves were randomly assigned to two vaccine constructs that featured rods and implants containing the same adjuvant (DEAE-Dextran or Quil-A). Twenty months post-implantation, calves were challenged with Anaplasma marginale stabilate and were monitored weekly for signs of fever, decreased packed cell volume (PCV) and bacteremia. Outcome variables (fever, PCV, bacteremia) were analyzed using a linear mixed model (PROC GLMMIX; SAS University Edition v9.04.01, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Two-tailed chi-squared tests were used to compare need for antibiotic intervention between vaccine constructs. Calves within the combination adjuvant construct group (DEAE-D and Quil-A) exhibited significantly (P = .006) higher PCV than calves within the single adjuvant construct group (DEAE-Dextran or Quil-A). Likewise, calves within the combination adjuvant group required significantly (P = .014) fewer antibiotic interventions compared with calves in the single adjuvant group. Findings of this study suggest that calves exhibited significantly diminished clinical signs of anaplasmosis when vaccine was delivered with a combination of adjuvants as opposed to a single adjuvant in a single-dose delivery platform.
PSVII-12 Acceptability of Milne blueberry juice and blueberry puree in horse feed
Authors: Halpin Michael Y , Douthit Teresa , Evans Caitlin E , Braun Michaela B , Stark Charles R , Paulk Chad B , Lattimer James M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of liquid blueberry juice (BJ65) or blueberry puree (BP30) used as a binding agent on pellet durability and palatability of a typical equine concentrate when included at 4% of the pellet. Molasses was used as a control. Production data, pellet durability and moisture content were evaluated in 1 replicate for each treatment. Because moisture content of condition mashes were 17.59% and 18.11% for BJ65 and BP30 treatments, respectively, greater inclusion of blueberry product would likely cause roller slippage and complicate the pelleting process due to increased liquid (Fahrenholz, 2012). Pellet durability met industry standards for all treatments. Pellets were fed in a 3 x 3 Latin square design to 9 two-year-old horses to determine the effect of blueberry products on acceptability. All animals were allowed 10 minutes to consume 1.36 kg at 0700 h and 1700 h each day for 3 d. Consumption time and amount consumed were recorded to calculate intake, intake rate, and intake ratio (IR). No horse consumed all pellets within the allotted time, and thus, there were no differences between intake rate and intake. Period tended to impact intake (P = 0.0909), with horses consuming less during period 1 than period 3 (P = 0.0317), but period had no effect (P = 0.2881) on IR. Treatment influenced intake (P &lt; 0.0001), with decreased intake of BP30 compared to control and BJ65 (P ≤ 0.0001). Intake ratio was greater (P = 0.0075) for BJ65 than BP30 with IR of 0.5069 and 0.4227, respectively. Consumption of BJ65 was no different than control. Fahrenholz, A. 2012. Evaluating factors affecting pellet durability and energy consumption in a pilot feed mill and comparing methods for evaluating pellet durability. Doctoral thesis. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.
PSVII-3 Effect of feeding finishing steers two different commercially available blends of essential oils with or without benzoic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality
Authors: Wang Lydia M , Bohrer Benjamin M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study examined the effects of feeding two different commercially available blends of essential oils with or without benzoic acid on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of finishing steers. Angus-based crossbred steers (N = 76; allocation BW = 429 ± 30 kg; starting BW = 466 kg ± 31 kg) were assigned by allocation weight into two blocks. Within each block, steers were randomly assigned to one of seven dietary treatments for a 100 d finishing period. Treatments were: 1) a negative control with no additives; 2) a positive control with supplementation of monensin/tylosin; 3) essential oil blend #1 (Victus Liv, DSM Nutritional Products); 4) essential oil blend #2 (Fortissa Fit 45, Provimi Canada); 5) benzoic acid (VevoVitall, DSM Nutritional Products); 6) a combination of essential oil blend #1 and benzoic acid; and 7) a combination of essential oil blend #2 and benzoic acid. All feed additives were supplemented at dosage levels according to manufacturer instructions. Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality were evaluated. Individual animal feed intake was collected using an Insentec feeding system, therefore steer was the experimental unit for all analyses. Data were analyzed using a RCBD with fixed effect of treatment and random effect of block. Final BW, ADG, DMI, and G:F were similar (P &gt; 0.25) among treatments. There were no treatment differences (P &gt; 0.15) for the carcass characteristics or the meat quality parameters evaluated in this study. Overall, steers supplemented with the commercial blends of essential oils with or without benzoic acid had similar growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality parameters as steers fed CON or M/T, indicating that these products may have potential as replacements for monensin and/or tylosin.
PSVII-6 Effects of heat stress on proteolysis in dairy cattle skeletal muscle
Authors: Roths Melissa S , Abeyta Megan A , Rudolph Tori , Wilson Brittany , Hudson Matthew B , Rhoads Robert P , Baumgard Lance H , Selsby Joshua T 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) occurs when internal body temperatures are elevated above a thermoneutral zone in response to extreme environmental temperatures. In the U.S. dairy industry, HS results in economic loss due to decreased feed intake, milk quality, and milk yield. Previous work has demonstrated increased plasma urea nitrogen in heat stressed dairy cattle which is thought to originate from increased skeletal muscle proteolysis, however this has not been empirically established. The objective of this investigation was to determine the extent to which HS promotes proteolysis in skeletal muscle of dairy cattle. We hypothesized HS would increase activation of the calpain and proteasome systems in skeletal muscle. To test this hypothesis, following a 3-d acclimation period in individual box stalls, all lactating dairy cows were held under thermoneutral (TN) conditions for 4-d for collection of baseline measures and then exposed to TN or HS conditions for 7-d followed by a biopsy of semitendinosus (n=8/group). To induce HS, cattle were fitted with electric heating blankets, which they wore for the duration of the heating period. This approach increased rectal temperature 1.1°C (P&lt; 0.05), respiratory rate by 33 bpm (P&lt; 0.05), plasma urea nitrogen by 19% (P=0.08) and milk urea nitrogen by 26% (P&lt; 0.05), and decreased dry matter intake by 32% (P&lt; 0.05) and milk production by 26% (P&lt; 0.05) confirming HS. Contrary to our expectations, we discovered that calpain I and II abundance and activation, and calpain activity were similar between groups. Likewise, protein expression of E3 ligases, MafBx and Murf1, were similar between groups as was total ubiquitinated proteins and proteasome activity. Collectively, and counter to our hypothesis, these results suggest skeletal muscle proteolysis is not increased following 7-d of HS. These data question the presumed dogma that increased blood urea nitrogen is due to elevated proteolysis in skeletal muscle.
PSII-18 Dietary Strategy for Gilt Development
Authors: Johnston Michael E , McCormick Katherine A , Petersen Grant I , Eden Chris L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to determine a dietary strategy for gilt development that would improve reproductive performance. One thousand eighty-three gilts (DNA) were blocked by weight (average initial weight = 27.5 ± 4.8 kg) and allocated to one of four dietary treatments (267-273 gilts per treatment). Treatments included: 1) standard grower/finisher (SGF) diet; 2) maximize bone growth (MB) diet with increased available P and Ca; 3) maximize growth (MG) diet with increased energy and AA levels, or 4) maximize both bone and growth (MBG) diet. Each treatment had five phases with all gilts fed a common gestation diet after insemination. At 20 weeks of age, gilts fed MG and MBG diets were heavier (P &lt; 0.05) than gilts fed other diets. Gilts fed the MG diet were heavier (116.9 kg; P &lt; 0.05) at 23 weeks (start of boar exposure) than gilts fed other diets (SGF, 112 kg; MB, 110.3 kg; MBG, 114.6 kg). Gilts fed the MG diet were heavier (143.8 kg; P &lt; 0.05) at mating (29 weeks of age) than gilts fed other diets (SGF, 139.0 kg; MB, 136.8 kg; MBG, 139.6 kg). Upon entering farrowing stalls, gilts fed the MG diet continued to be heavier (P &lt; 0.05). More gilts farrowed (P &lt; 0.05) when fed the MG diet (MG, 89.8%; MBG, 86.8%; MB, 82.2%; SGF, 81.9%). Dietary treatment had no impact on number of pigs born alive per litter, total pigs born per litter, or piglet birth and weaning weights. There was a tendency (P &lt; 0.10) for gilts to remain in the sow herd to farrow their second litter when fed either the MG or MBG diet. Overall, feeding higher energy and AA levels to maximize growth increased gilt development weights, improved the number of gilts that farrowed, and tended to increase sow retention.