bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery of Parasitoids of Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Their Seasonal Abundance in China Using Sentinel Host Eggs and Larvae
Authors: Li Fei , Zhang Yan-long , Wang Xiao-yi , Cao Liang-ming , Yang Zhong-qi , Gould Juli R , Duan Jian J 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), is a high-risk invasive forest pest worldwide. We surveyed Asian longhorned beetle parasitoid guilds and their seasonal abundance using field-deployed sentinel host logs infested with Asian longhorned beetle eggs or newly hatched (early-instar) larvae in three different sites of China (Beijing City, Shanghai City, and Jilin Province) from 2015 to 2018. Our survey detected 12 species of hymenopteran parasitoids (four Pteromalidae, three Braconidae, two Eupelmidae, one Eurytomidae, one Ichneumonidae, and one Bethylidae) attacking sentinel Asian longhorned beetle larvae or eggs deployed in these sites. Total parasitism by all the parasitoid species varied with different sites and across different years of the survey (averaging 7–16% in Beijing, 4–11% in Shanghai, and 0–0.2% in Jilin Province). In addition, the seasonal pattern of parasitism also differed among different sites, with parasitism peaking in July in the northern site (Beijing, 19%) and June in the southern site (Shanghai, 16%). Among all the parasitoid species recovered, Oxysychus sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was the most abundant parasitoid species in both Beijing and Shanghai (with 42–66% relative abundance and an average of 6% Asian longhorned beetle parasitism). The second most abundant species was Bracon planitibiae Yang, Cao et Gould (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), which accounted for 35% of the species collected and caused an average of 5% Asian longhorned beetle parasitism. Relevance of our findings to Asian longhorned beetle biocontrol is discussed.
Efficacies of Two Nano-Formulations of Tasmanian Blue Gum Essential Oil to Control Callosobruchus maculatus
Authors: Ya-Ali Pegah , Yarahmadi Fatemeh , Mehrnia Mohammad Amin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Botanical insecticides, including essential oils (EOs), can be considered as appropriate alternatives to synthetic insecticides for controlling stored product pests. In this study, potential of nano-formulations of the Tasmanian blue gum (TBG) EO to control Callosobruchus maculatus Fabricius (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) were evaluated under laboratory condition. Two nano-emulsion formulations of the EO were provided using gum Arabic and Span 80 as surfactants. Contact as well as fumigant toxicities of the formulations to the beetle adults were compared with the bulk EO in 1, 2, and 3 d after treatment. Results showed that all formulations were toxic to the adults. After 1, 2, and 3 d of treatment, the estimated LC50 values in contact and fumigant applications varied from 1.37 to 8.53 ppm and 0.05 to 0.44 ppm for various formulations. Both nano-formulations cause significant stability enhancement of the EO. Moreover, the EO had significant repellent and ovicidal effects on the insect. The insecticidal effects of the EO in nano-formulations were significantly greater than in the bulk form. The EO constituted 22 compounds, from 5 classes. Eucalyptol (43.79%) is the main constituent of the TBG EO.
Trade Credit and Product Pricing: The Role of Implicit Interest Rates
Authors: Amberg Niklas , Jacobson Tor , von Schedvin Erik 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We empirically investigate the proposition that firms charge premia on cash prices in transactions involving trade credit. Using a comprehensive panel data set on product-level transaction prices and firm characteristics, we relate trade credit issuance to price setting. In a recession characterized by tightened credit conditions, we find that prices increase significantly more on products sold by firms issuing more trade credit, in response to higher opportunity costs of liquidity and counterparty risks. Our results thus demonstrate the importance of trade credit for price setting and show that trade credit issuance induces a channel through which financial conditions affect prices.
Housing Wealth or Collateral: How Home Value Shocks Drive Home Equity Extraction and Spending
Authors: Andersen Henrik Yde , Leth-Petersen Søren 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We examine whether unanticipated changes in home values drive spending and mortgage-based equity extraction. To do this, we use longitudinal survey data with subjective information about current and expected future home values to calculate unanticipated home value changes. We link this information at the individual level to high quality administrative records containing information about mortgage borrowing as well as savings in various financial instruments. We find that the marginal propensity to increase mortgage debt is 3%–5% of unanticipated home value gains. We find no adjustment to other components of the portfolio, and we find that mortgage extraction leads to an increase in spending. The effect is driven by young households with high loan-to-value ratios, which is consistent with the effect being driven by collateral constraints. Further, we find that the effect is driven by home owners who actively take out a new mortgage. The price effect is magnified among fixed rate mortgage (FRM) borrowers who have an incentive to refinance their loans to lock in a lower market rate. These results point to the importance of the mortgage market in transforming price increases into spending and suggest that monetary policy can play an important role in transforming housing wealth gains into spending by affecting interest rates on mortgage loans.
Probing delayed-end reionization histories with the 21-cm LAE cross-power spectrum
Authors: Weinberger Lewis H , Kulkarni Girish , Haehnelt Martin G 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We model the 21-cm signal and Lyman-α emitter (LAE) population evolution during the epoch of reionization in order to predict the 21-cm LAE cross-power spectrum. We employ high-dynamic-range simulations of the intergalactic medium to create models that are consistent with constraints from the cosmic microwave background, Lyman-α forest, and LAE population statistics. Using these models we consider the evolution of the cross-power spectrum for a selection of realistic reionization histories and predict the sensitivity of current and upcoming surveys to measuring this signal. We find that the imprint of a delayed end to reionization can be observed by future surveys, and that strong constraints can be placed on the progression of reionization as late as z = 5.7 using a Subaru–SKA survey. We make predictions for the signal-to-noise ratios achievable by combinations of Subaru/PFS (Prime Focus Spectrograph) with the MWA, LOFAR, HERA, and SKA interferometers for an integration time of 1000 h. We find that a Subaru–SKA survey could measure the cross-power spectrum for a late reionization at z = 6.6 with a total signal-to-noise ratio greater than 5, making it possible to constrain both the timing and bubble size at the end of reionization. Furthermore, we find that expanding the current Subaru/PFS survey area and depth by a factor of three would double the total signal-to-noise ratio.
RELICS: spectroscopy of gravitationally lensed z ≃ 2 reionization-era analogues and implications for C iii] detections at z &gt; 6
Authors: Mainali Ramesh , Stark Daniel P , Tang Mengtao , Chevallard Jacopo , Charlot Stéphane , Sharon Keren , Coe Dan , Salmon Brett , Bradley Larry D , Johnson Traci L , Frye Brenda , Avila Roberto J , Ogaz Sara , Zitrin Adi , Bradač Maruša , Lemaux Brian C , Mahler Guillaume , Paterno-Mahler Rachel , Strait Victoria , Andrade-Santos Felipe 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Recent observations have revealed the presence of strong C iii] emission (EW$_{\rm {C\,{\small III}]}}\gt 20$ Å) in z &gt; 6 galaxies, the origin of which remains unclear. In an effort to understand the nature of these line emitters, we have initiated a survey targeting C iii] emission in gravitationally lensed reionization-era analogues identified in Hubble Space Telescope imaging of clusters from the Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey. Here, we report initial results on four galaxies selected to have low stellar masses (2–8 × 107 M⊙) and J125-band flux excesses indicative of intense [O iii] + H β emission (EW$_{\rm {[O\,{\small III}]+H\,\beta }}$ = 500–2000 Å), similar to what has been observed at z &gt; 6. We detect C iii] emission in three of the four sources, with the C iii] EW reaching values seen in the reionization era (EW$_{\rm {C\,{\small III}]}}\simeq 17\!-\!22$ Å) in the two sources with the strongest optical line emission (EW$_{\rm {[O\,{\small III}]+H\,\beta }}\simeq 2000$ Å). We have obtained a Magellan/FIRE (Folded-port InfraRed Echellette) near-infrared spectrum of the strongest C iii] emitter in our sample, revealing gas that is both metal poor and highly ionized. Using photoionization models, we are able to simultaneously reproduce the intense C iii] and optical line emission for extremely young (2–3 Myr) and metal-poor (0.06–0.08 Z⊙) stellar populations, as would be expected after a substantial upturn in the star formation rate of a low-mass galaxy. The sources in this survey are among the first for which C iii] has been used as the primary means of redshift confirmation. We suggest that it should be possible to extend this approach to z &gt; 6 with current facilities, using C iii] to measure redshifts of objects with IRAC excesses indicating EW$_{\rm {[O\,{\small III}]+H\,\beta }}\simeq 2000$ Å, providing a method of spectroscopic confirmation independent of Ly α.
Evolution of primordial black hole spin due to Hawking radiation
Authors: Arbey Alexandre , Auffinger Jérémy , Silk Joseph 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Near extremal Kerr black holes (BHs) are subject to the Thorne limit $a\lt a^*_{\rm lim}=0.998$ in the case of thin disc accretion, or some generalized version of this in other disc geometries. However, any limit that differs from the thermodynamics limit a* &lt; 1 can in principle be evaded in other astrophysical configurations, and in particular if the near extremal BHs are primordial and subject to evaporation by Hawking radiation only. We derive the lower mass limit above which Hawking radiation is slow enough so that a primordial black hole with a spin initially above some generalized Thorne limit can still be above this limit today. Thus, we point out that the observation of Kerr BHs with extremely high spin should be a hint of either exotic astrophysical mechanisms or primordial origin.
FRB coherent emission from decay of Alfvén waves
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Bošnjak Željka 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTWe present a model for fast radio bursts (FRBs) where a large-amplitude Alfvén wave packet is launched by a disturbance near the surface of a magnetar, and a substantial fraction of the wave energy is converted to coherent radio waves at a distance of a few tens of neutron star radii. The wave amplitude at the magnetar surface should be about 1011 G in order to produce an FRB of isotropic luminosity 1044 erg s−1. An electric current along the static magnetic field is required by Alfvén waves with non-zero component of transverse wave vector. The current is supplied by counter-streaming electron–positron pairs, which have to move at nearly the speed of light at larger radii as the plasma density decreases with distance from the magnetar surface. The counter-streaming pairs are subject to two-stream instability, which leads to formation of particle bunches of size of the order of c/ωp, where ωp is the plasma frequency. A strong electric field develops along the static magnetic field when the wave packet arrives at a radius where electron–positron density is insufficient to supply the current required by the wave. The electric field accelerates particle bunches along the curved magnetic field lines, and that produces the coherent FRB radiation. We provide a number of predictions of this model.
Determination of the orbits of 62 moons of asteroids based on astrometric observations.
Authors: Emelyanov N V , Drozdov A E 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Based on all published astrometric observations, we have determined the moon orbits for asteroids using a model of the fixed Keplerian orbit. We applied 5–114 observations for each moon. As a result, we have determined the orbits of 62 moons. All results, including the orbital parameters obtained, are presented in the tables that are provided as supplementary material, available online. These data can be used to calculate the ephemerides of the moons of the asteroids. Among the moons considered, 13 belong to asteroids of the main asteroid belt, two are the moons of Jupiter Trojan asteroids, while the rest are trans-Neptunian objects. Our results are in good agreement with the corresponding results published in the literature. We argue that reliable estimates of the accuracy for the ephemerides can be only made using parameter covariance matrices. These matrices that we have obtained are also given in the supporting information.
Elaboration of the Corticosteroid Synthesis Pathway in Primates through a Multistep Enzyme
Authors: Olson-Manning Carrie F 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMetabolic networks are complex cellular systems dependent on the interactions among, and regulation of, the enzymes in the network. Although there is great diversity of types of enzymes that make up metabolic networks, the models meant to understand the possible evolutionary outcomes following duplication neglect specifics about the enzyme, pathway context, and cellular constraints. To illuminate the mechanisms that shape the evolution of biochemical pathways, I functionally characterize the consequences of gene duplication of an enzyme family that performs multiple subsequent enzymatic reactions (a multistep enzyme) in the corticosteroid pathway in primates. The products of the corticosteroid pathway (aldosterone and cortisol) are steroid hormones that regulate metabolism and stress response in tetrapods. These steroid hormones are synthesized by a multistep enzyme Cytochrome P450 11B (CYP11B) that performs subsequent steps on different carbon atoms of the steroid derivatives. Through ancestral state reconstruction and in vitro characterization, I find that the primate ancestor of the CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 paralogs had moderate ability to synthesize both cortisol and aldosterone. Following duplication in Old World primates, the CYP11B1 homolog specialized on the production of cortisol, whereas its paralog, CYP11B2, maintained its ability to perform multiple subsequent steps as in the ancestral pathway. Unlike CYP11B1, CYP11B2 could not specialize on the production of aldosterone because it is constrained to perform earlier steps in the corticosteroid synthesis pathway to achieve the final product aldosterone. These results suggest that enzyme function, pathway context, along with tissue-specific regulation, both play a role in shaping potential outcomes of metabolic network elaboration.
Order
Authors: Whitehead Andrew L. , Perry Samuel L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this chapter we demonstrate how Christian nationalists are deeply invested in ensuring family life in the United States reflects a particular order prioritizing patriarchy, heterosexuality, and cisgender identification. The family is viewed as the building block of society and the ultimate litmus test for any moral decay within a society. Using attitudes toward gender roles and identity, divorce, and same-sex marriage, this chapter illustrates the diversity of attitudes among the four responses to the Christian nation narrative. Using multiple waves of national survey data, we also explore change over the last decade concerning how Christian nationalism is related to views of the family. We show that Christian nationalism is concerned with ensuring families in the United States reflect a particular order. Finally, we show that contrary to prior chapters, Christian nationalism and personal religiosity can at times work in the same direction but for differing reasons.
Pyramidal Socialization
Authors: Adraoui Mohamed-Ali 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights how French Salafists try to promote a type of relationship with the rest of the society that is built upon their feeling that they are the elect. This is not so much a cult that Salafists try to identify with as a sort of religious aristocracy in which they consider themselves superior to other Muslims and, of course, non-Muslims. By embracing a certain conception of politics, as well as by appealing to certain economic and cultural customs, habits, and norms, Salafists have been building a countersociety. It may seem that they therefore wish to split from the rest of the society, but they are actually promoting another type of socialization, one built upon the desire to appear as a sort of cast.
“You’ve Got Reason to Be Afraid”
Authors: Doering Jan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates aldermanic politics, especially the roles crime and race played in electoral campaigning. Since white residents in particular worried about crime, electoral contenders could try to mobilize fear by highlighting the dangers of street crime. At the same time, this strategy could backfire if it was successfully portrayed as divisive racial fearmongering. Analyzing approximately thirty years of political history in both Rogers Park and Uptown, the chapter shows that despite falling rates of crime, electoral hopefuls running against incumbents frequently centered their campaigns on the alleged threat of street crime. Incumbents pushed back by deploying racial challenges that discredited their opponents. The chapter reveals that political histories have left important local marks within the two neighborhoods and their communities.
Crime and Gentrification beyond Black and White
Authors: Doering Jan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Despite Rogers Park and Uptown’s impressive ethnoracial heterogeneity, almost all community activists who engaged with the politics of crime and gentrification were African Americans or non-Hispanic whites. This chapter examines why this was the case by portraying the social situation of largely uninvolved immigrant communities. Specifically, it discusses Rogers Park’s Latinos, Uptown’s Southeast Asians, and Sub-Saharan Africans residing in either neighborhood. All of these communities experienced crime and gentrification in different ways. Latinos and Asians could, to a certain extent, isolate themselves in their ethnic enclaves, but African immigrants could sometimes not avoid becoming entangled in neighborhood conflict.
Conclusion
Authors: Doering Jan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the book’s main findings and discusses them in conversation with scholarly literatures on urban change, racial inequality, and criminal justice bias. It suggests that scholars should examine the ways civic pressure encourages or produces invasive forms of social control. It highlights the importance of community organizations and local political fields in shaping urban communities and landscapes. In relation to the sociology of race and racism, the conclusion aggregates findings about the contexts and effects of racial challenges and neutralizations and calls on scholars to more systematically analyze the discursive interplay of these rhetorical practices.
Rationales for Space Exploration
Authors: Schwartz James S.J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers and rejects traditional spaceflight rationales, accenting the insubstantial evidence that is usually offered in their support. It uses regression analyses and public opinion data to show that spaceflight activities do not have a clear impact on either STEM degree conferral rates or overall scientific literacy within the United States. Next, it uses public opinion data to show that the general public is not especially interested in astrobiology or in the scientific search for extraterrestrial life. It also uses genetics and anthropological research to show that there is no innate human biological compulsion to explore space. Finally, it describes and criticizes the “space frontier” metaphor as well as basic arguments for space resource exploitation and space settlement.
The Value and Function of Copyright
Authors: Gray Joanne Elizabeth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In a political debate dominated by private industries, the public interest in copyright law is often obscured. But the copyright debate matters to us all. Copyright impacts our daily lives, our cultural conditions, our experience of democracy, and the distribution of power in society. The conventional ideas and theories of copyright present copyright as a private property right. While these ideas and theories are not without merit, they are incomplete. They tend to narrow our understanding of copyright’s value and function and marginalize the public interest; and they fail to grapple with the full range of copyright stakeholders, the public in particular, but also stakeholders like Google who do not fit neatly into the private property orthodoxy.
Google’s Private Copyright Rule-Making and Algorithmic Enforcement
Authors: Gray Joanne Elizabeth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter evaluates Google’s approach to copyright enforcement across its own platforms. Increasingly, Google self-regulates and negotiates with rightsholders to privately devise copyright rules. Google then deploys algorithmic regulatory technologies to enforce those rules. Indeed, over the past decade, Google has developed a range of algorithmic tools it uses to deter copyright infringement, enforce copyrights, and remunerate rightsholders. These activities limit transparency and accountability in digital copyright governance and privilege private interests and values over the public interest. In a digital environment dominated by powerful private actors, the use of algorithmic regulatory systems poses a critical problem for public rights and democratic, accountable systems of governance, now and into the future.
Resisting Whiteness, Claiming Feminism
Authors: Lépinard Éléonore 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how racialized feminists have forged specific political vocabularies to name and politicize their relationships with white feminists in the context of the headscarf debates. Their discourses are articulated with a set of emotions and moral dispositions. This chapter captures the formation of (collectively produced) moral, political, and ethical dispositions that are intimately linked to and shaped by the context of postcolonialism and postsecularism in France and Quebec. This chapter argues that by calling themselves feminists, racialized feminists in both contexts enter—among other processes—in relation with white feminists, a relation that they attempt to fashion with their own vocabulary, concepts, and discourses. Racialized feminists seek to create a new language from within a dominant discourse. The chapter explores the political emotions, such as indignation, frustration, pain, unease, anger, or lassitude, that sustain racialized feminists’ relationship to white feminists, and the forms of moral address they convey to white feminists through both resistance and resentment.