bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of the world Workshops on oral health and disease in HIV and AIDS (1988‐2020)
Authors: Greenspan John S , Challacombe Stephen J 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe first World Workshop on Oral AIDS was held in San Diego in 1988, organized by John and Deborah Greenspan who saw the need and advantages of getting together all those health workers globally who were interested in oral aspects of HIV with a common purpose of advancing the field collectively and collaboratively. Since that time and over the following 30 years, World Workshops on oral HIV have been held every four years or so. The aims of the first and all subsequent Workshops were to bring together clinicians and non‐clinical scientists who have an interest in the oral manifestations of HIV disease, to share worldwide perspectives, knowledge and understanding of oral health and disease in HIV infection, to agree on global definitions and classifications of oral diseases and to identify research needs taking account of the worldwide perspectives and opportunities. Thus, there have been clinical science, social science and basic science aspects of each World Workshop. The Workshops have achieved their aims and have had impact in all three fields, leading to robust research agendas, changes in national HIV policies and international collaborations. They have led to policy declarations of access to oral care as a basic human right for both HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative individuals and advancing the rights of all HIV‐positive healthcare workers to perform clinical practice.
Global inequalities in HIV infection
Authors: Challacombe Stephen J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHIV infection continues to be one of the world's greatest pandemics, affecting nearly every country on the globe. By September 2018, it is estimated that 38 million people were living with HIV, 30 million people are aware of their status, and 23 million people are taking anti‐retroviral therapy (8 million in 2010). Thus, currently 8 million people living with HIV are not aware that they are HIV‐positive and 15 million persons are not being treated. There are nearly 15 million orphans (aged 0–17). There is widespread inequality both in the prevalence of HIV infection and in the access to therapy. However, although the number of people living with HIV continues to increase, the number of new infections shows a steady decrease over the last 9 years and in 2018 was 1.7 million. Deaths from AIDS in 2018 also decreased to 750,000 from 1.2 million in 2010. The world prevalence of HIV is about 0.23% but is over 0.3% in South‐East Asia, Latin America, North America and Eastern Europe and with particularly high prevalence in the Caribbean (1.1%) and sub‐Saharan Africa (5.5%). It is approximately 0.5% in Indonesia. There were approximately 5,000 new HIV infections (adults and children) a day during 2018. About 61% were in sub‐Saharan Africa, nearly 50% were in females and 500 were in children. HIV therapy seems to have had a global impact, with AIDS‐related deaths decreasing by 33% since 2010, and new infections decreasing by 16%. Nevertheless, the majority of the world's HIV is in low and middle resource countries and social determinants are strongly related. Many people living with HIV or at risk for HIV still do not have access to prevention, care and treatment, and there is still no cure.
Oral manifestations of HIV: Can they be an indicator of disease severity? (A systematic review)
Authors: Indrastiti Ratna Kumala , Wardhany Indriasti I. , Soegyanto Anandina I. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo review the existing research literature on the paradigm that the oral lesions could be an indicator of the disease severity with the objective of documenting the current status of research, highlighting its major findings.Material and methodsPublications were identified through a careful search, of which a majority focused on oral lesions as an indicator for HIV progression. A PubMed journal search of 10 years OF period publication (2009–2019) for “oral lesion, oral manifestation, indicator, HIV and HIV‐associated” was performed and analysed. Various research methods were included within the study criteria including clinical study, clinical trial, comparative study and randomised control trial.ResultsA total 33 studies were obtained and analysed, including cohort study, cross‐sectional study, case–control study, clinical trial, retrospective observational analysis study, prospective observational study and randomised control trial. The most common oral lesions found in the studies were Kaposi sarcoma (KS), followed by oral candidiasis, periodontitis, necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), necrotising ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) and oral hairy leucoplakia (OHL). The early diagnosis and accurate treatment plan were very important to indicate the disease severity related to HIV infection.ConclusionOral lesions reported in 39% articles and could be an indicator of HIV disease severity due to its effects on decreased cluster‐differentiated (CD4+) T‐cell count and increased viral load.
Progress on the scaling up of HIV testing in South Africa through varied distribution models using the oral HIV self‐test kit
Authors: Majam Mohammed 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSelf‐Testing for HIV (HIVST) was approved as additional testing modality by the WHO in December 2016. The South African National Department of Health has adopted these guidelines and has sanctioned the assessment of various testing modalities to scale up HIV testing in response to the UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 targets. HIV self‐tests are targeted at reaching infrequent, under‐tested and high‐risk populations. Herewith, we present the progress to date on the testing of various models of distribution through public and private sector initiatives. The oral test, called OraQuick HIV1/2, was the first test to be WHO Pre‐Qualified for HIVST. Through the STAR Initiative, implementers have distributed oral HIVST kits to primary recipients (end‐users) and secondary distribution (to networks/partners) between January 2018 and August 2019. Models of distribution in the public sector include community‐ and facility‐based distribution which target high prevalence areas, high volume transport hubs and other facilities through which target groups can be reached. In the private sector, we have targeted workplaces, private pharmacies and waiting rooms of health professionals. For the period under review in this article, 1 231 138 were distributed. Follow‐up of users is through digital platforms such as WhatsApp, Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) and progressive web applications. Progress has been steady, and the full results of the STAR programme are expected by the end of 2020 once all tests have been distributed.
Clinical manifestations and risk factors for oral immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in Mexico
Authors: Castillejos‐García Itzel , Ramírez‐Amador Velia , Gómez‐Mejía Eduardo , Badial‐Hernández Florentino , Anaya‐Saavedra Gabriela 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a rare acute complication presenting in people living with HIV (PLWH) within the first 6 months of starting combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). While there is relevant information about its pathogenesis and clinical spectrum, IRIS‐oral lesions (IRIS‐OLs) have been scarcely described. Thus, to establish the incidence and clinical characteristics of IRIS‐OLs, data from a cohort of 158 HIV individuals starting cART, followed for 6 months, were obtained retrospectively. IRIS‐OLs developed in 11.4% of the individuals, in a median time of 87.5 days, with oral candidiasis being the most frequent manifestation detected in eight individuals (5.1%). The study emphasizes the importance of the correct diagnosis and management of these lesions.
Genetic variation of IRF6 and TGFA genes in an HIV‐exposed newborn with non‐syndromic cleft lip palate
Authors: Sufiawati Irna , Maskoen Ani Melani , Soemantri Eky Setiawan Soeria 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe present here the first reported case of a non‐syndromic cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) in an HIV‐exposed newborn of a mother on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Indonesia. Genetic testing was performed to confirm a suspected genetic condition. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood, and genetic variations of the interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6) rs642961 (Mspl) (G>A) and transforming growth factor alpha (TGFA) BamHI (rs11466297, A>C) and RsaI (rs3732248, C>T) were performed by PCR‐RFLP and IRF6 gene analysis by PCR sequencing. Genotyping of DNA sequence variants in the IRF6 gene showed both parents had genotype GA, while the child had genotype GG (genotype wild type). There was no difference observed in the TGFA BamHI gene variant between the child and her mother and father that were wild‐type polymorphisms (normal), while the Rsa1 polymorphisms of them were heterozygotes. A genetic variant of IRF6 might be a protective factor for NSCLP, while Rsa1 gene variant (A) allele can be considered to be the risk factor associated with NSCLP development. This case report also highlights the possible etiologic role of ART in NSCLP; therefore, early control of adverse effects of ART might be an important factor in decreasing the incidence of the congenital anomalies in HIV‐infected children.
The global changing pattern of the oral manifestations of HIV
Authors: Tappuni Anwar R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe significance of the oral manifestations of HIV has been widely recognised since the start of the epidemic. It is estimated that more than 38 million people are living with HIV currently, with more than a third presenting with oral manifestations. Access to optimum clinical management and effective treatment in resource‐rich countries has led to a remarkable decrease in some of the oral manifestations in the HIV population but this is not mirrored in developing countries, where most HIV‐positive patients reside. In this paper, a review of the literature since the start of the HIV infection in different parts of the world is presented to highlight the current significance of the oral conditions in this population. Oral candidiasis was repeatedly reported as the most encountered oral manifestation of HIV in different countries, including in studies on groups on anti‐retroviral therapy. Over time salivary gland disease was reported less in developed countries but was encountered more in developing countries. There is evidence to show that the prevalence of oral warts increased with the establishment of anti‐retroviral therapy. A review of the worldwide prevalence of HIV‐related oral conditions indicates that except for oral hairy leucoplakia, the prevalence of all other nine commonly reported oral conditions remained the same or increased over time. Oral opportunistic infections in HIV‐infected patients are an ongoing clinical burden mainly in developing countries. Maintaining research in the subject and improving access to HIV treatment will help address the oral health inequalities around the world.
Innate immune mechanisms to oral pathogens in oral mucosa of HIV‐infected individuals
Authors: Weinberg Aaron , Tugizov Sharof , Pandiyan Pushpa , Jin Ge , Rakshit Srabanti , Vyakarnam Annapurna , Naglik Julian R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA crucial aspect of mucosal HIV transmission is the interaction between HIV, the local environmental milieu and immune cells. The oral mucosa comprises many host cell types including epithelial cells, CD4 + T cells, dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages, as well as a diverse microbiome predominantly comprising bacterial species. While the oral epithelium is one of the first sites exposed to HIV through oral‐genital contact and nursing infants, it is largely thought to be resistant to HIV transmission via mechanisms that are still unclear. HIV‐1 infection is also associated with predisposition to secondary infections, such as tuberculosis, and other diseases including cancer. This review addresses the following questions that were discussed at the 8th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS held in Bali, Indonesia, 13 September —15 September 2019: (a) How does HIV infection affect epithelial cell signalling? (b) How does HIV infection affect the production of cytokines and other innate antimicrobial factors, (c) How is the mucosal distribution and function of immune cells altered in HIV infection? (d) How do T cells affect HIV (oral) pathogenesis and cancer? (e) How does HIV infection lead to susceptibility to TB infections?
HIV in Indonesia and in neighbouring countries and its social impact
Authors: Riono Pandu , Challacombe Stephen J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHIV incidence is still increasing in parts of Indonesia and in several Asian Countries. New cases of HIV in Indonesia have risen from 7,000 per year in 2006 to 48,000 per year in 2017. In spite of this increase, the number of newly diagnosed cases of AIDS has decreased from a peak of over 12,000 in 2013 to a little over 9,000 in 2017. The mean prevalence of HIV in Indonesia is 0.41% but there is a ten‐fold difference in the prevalence in different regions with the highest in Papua (5%). Women represent over 35% of new infections per year and of the total (640,000) in Indonesia. Over 50% of HIV diagnoses are made when patients already have AIDS. Stigma and discrimination are still strong barriers in prevention and treatment but also there are considerable challenges in access to appropriate anti‐retroviral therapy. There is a need for further investment in HIV Programs in Indonesia so that prevention can be enhanced, and diagnosis made at an earlier stage. Health Professionals including dentists should be readily willing to provide joint prevention efforts and care to people at risk and with HIV and other infectious diseases to help meet the WHO aims of 2030. Public health programmes are needed to make certain that the general public is aware of HIV testing and the role of dental healthcare workers in facilitating this, thereby further normalising attitudes to people living with HIV.
HIV and stigma in the healthcare setting
Authors: Yuvaraj Anandi , Mahendra Vaishali S. , Chakrapani Venkatesan , Yunihastuti Evy , Santella Anthony J. , Ranauta Amitha , Doughty Janine 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPeople living with HIV (PLHIV) continue to endure stigma and discrimination in the context of health care despite global improvements in health outcomes. HIV stigma persists within healthcare settings, including dental settings, manifesting itself in myriad, intersecting ways, and has been shown to be damaging in the healthcare setting. Stigmatising practices may include excessive personal protective equipment, delaying the provision of care or unnecessary referral of PLHIV to specialist services in order to access care. The workshop entitled “HIV and Stigma in the Healthcare Setting” provided an overview of the concept and manifestation of HIV stigma and explored the disproportionate burden it places on groups that face additional disadvantages in accessing care. The final part of the workshop concluded with a review of institutional and community‐based interventions that worked to reduce HIV stigma and group discussion of the ways in which these strategies might be adapted to the dental workforce.
Linking political and bureaucratic representation: Does minority representation on city councils affect the outcomes of street‐level service?
Authors: Choi Heasun , Hong Sounman 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis study examines whether minority representation in democratic institutions impacts frontline public service outcomes, investigating specifically the association between the shares of ethnic minorities on California city councils and the measured level of racial disparities practised by the police in the corresponding jurisdictional areas. The findings suggest that an increase in ethnic minority council members is associated with a respective decrease in racial disparities against ethnic minority groups only if ethnic minority groups are well represented in police forces. This study is among the first to empirically examine the link between political representation and bureaucratic behaviours at the street level. The findings have implications for understanding how political representation can contribute to the democratic accountability of street‐level bureaucracy and how political and bureaucratic representations can complement each other.
IgE‐reactivity profiles to allergen molecules in Russian children with and without symptoms of allergy revealed by micro‐array analysis
Authors: Elisyutina Olga , Lupinek Christian , Fedenko Elena , Litovkina Alla , Smolnikov Evgenii , Ilina Nataliya , Kudlay Dmitry , Shilovskiy Igor , Valenta Rudolf , Khaitov Musa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe analysis of longitudinal birth cohorts with micro‐arrayed allergen molecules has provided interesting information about the evolution of IgE sensitization in children. However, so far no cross‐sectional study has been performed comparing IgE sensitization profiles in children with and without symptoms of allergy. Furthermore, no data are available regarding molecular IgE sensitization profiles in children from Russia.MethodsWe recruited two groups of age‐ and gender‐matched children, one (Group 1: n = 103; 12.24 ± 2.23 years; male/female: 58/45) with symptoms and a second (Group 2: n = 97; 12.78 ± 2.23 years; male/female: 53/44), without symptoms of allergy according to international ISAAC questionnaire. Children were further studied regarding symptoms of allergy (rhinitis, asthma, atopic dermatitis) according to international guidelines, and skin prick testing with a panel of aeroallergen extracts was performed before sera were analyzed in an investigator‐blinded manner for IgE specific to more than 160 micro‐arrayed allergen molecules using ImmunoCAP ISAC technology.ResultsIgE sensitization = or >0.3 ISU to at least one of the micro‐arrayed allergen molecules was found in 100% of the symptomatic children and in 36% of the asymptomatic children. Symptomatic and asymptomatic children showed a comparable IgE sensitization profile; however, frequencies of IgE sensitization and IgE levels to the individual allergen molecules were higher in the symptomatic children. Aeroallergen sensitization was dominated by sensitization to major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1, and major cat allergen, Fel d 1. Food allergen sensitization was due to cross‐sensitization to PR10 pollen and food allergens whereas genuine peanut sensitization was absent.ConclusionThis is the first study analyzing molecular IgE sensitization profiles to more than 160 allergen molecules in children with and without symptoms of allergy. It detects similar molecular IgE sensitization profiles in symptomatic and asymptomatic children and identifies Bet v 1 and Fel d 1 as the predominant respiratory allergen molecules and PR10 proteins as the major food allergens and absence of genuine peanut allergy in Moscow region (Russia).
The Adoption of Robotics by Government Agencies: Evidence from Crime Labs
Authors: Whitford Andrew B. , Yates Jeff , Burchfield Adam , Anastasopoulos Jason L. , Anderson Derrick M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTwo decades of research have helped show that government agencies can be innovative under certain conditions. We test hypotheses about the adoption and use of robotics as a key emerging leading‐edge technology as advanced economies undergo the latest technological revolution. We focus on the case of U.S. crime laboratories as a core component of the “evidence assembly process” in the U.S. justice system. Using data from the census of crime labs, we show that the adoption of robotics depends on familiar “push‐and‐pull” factors: the push of agency professionalism, the pull of agency task environments, and the supporting capability of resources. Together these findings suggest that agencies can be early adopters of robotics as advanced technologies if they have the capacity (and need) to do so.
Taking Goldschmidt to the Woods: Timberland Ownership and Quality of Life in Alabama*
Authors: Bailey Conner , Gopaul Abhimanyu , Thomson Ryan , Gunnoe Andrew 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe use a database of property tax records for 13.6 million acres representing every parcel of privately owned timberland in 48 rural Alabama counties to test two hypotheses inspired by Walter Goldschmidt relating land ownership and quality of life. Our data show private ownership is highly concentrated and 62 percent is absentee owned. We employed Pearson correlations alongside Poisson and negative binomial regression models to estimate influence of both concentrated private ownership and absentee ownership of timberland. Our findings support Goldschmidt‐inspired hypotheses that concentrated and absentee ownership of timberland exhibit a significant adverse relationship with quality of life as measured by educational attainment, poverty, unemployment, food insecurity, eligibility for free or reduced price lunch at public schools, Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program participation, and population density. Low property taxes in Alabama limit the ability of local governments to generate revenue to support public education or meet other infrastructural or service needs in rural areas. We call on rural sociologists and kindred spirits to pay more attention to the fundamental importance of land ownership which shapes the foundations of power and inequality affecting rural life in America and beyond.
The prospects of single‐cell analysis in autoimmunity
Authors: Sulen André , Islam Shahinul , Wolff Anette S. B. , Oftedal Bergithe E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the last decade, there has been a tremendous development of technologies focused on analysing various molecular attributes in single cells, with an ever‐increasing number of parameters becoming available at the DNA, RNA and protein levels. Much of this progress has involved cells in suspension, but also in situ analysis of tissues has taken great leaps. Paralleling the development in the laboratory, and because of increasing complexity, the analysis of single‐cell data is also constantly being updated with new algorithms and analysis platforms. Our immune system shares this complexity, and immunologists have therefore been in the forefront of this technological development. These technologies clearly open new avenues for immunology research, maybe particularly within autoimmunity where the interaction between the faulty immune system and the thymus or the target organ is important. However, the technologies currently available can seem overwhelming and daunting. The aim of this review is to remedy this by giving a balanced overview of the prospects of using single‐cell analysis in basal and clinical autoimmunity research, with an emphasis on endocrine autoimmunity.
Media Consumption and Racial Residential Preferences
Authors: Korver‐Glenn Elizabeth , Emmanuel Sylvia , Campbell Mary E. , Keith Verna M. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo what extent do mainstream media, social media, and ethnic media consumption, as dominant and counter‐dominant forms of public discourse, connect to where people prefer to live? We unpack whether media consumption influences such preferences in Texas, a racially segregated and increasingly racially diverse state.MethodsUsing the Texas Diversity Survey (n = 1,322), we run a series of logit regression models, stratified by respondent race (Black, Latinx, Multiracial, and White), to measure the relationship between media consumption and racial residential preferences.ResultsWe find that racial residential preferences are shaped not only by expected attributes (e.g., age, education, racial composition of current neighborhood of residence) but also by whether mainstream media are consumed for Latinx respondents. Whites who consume ethnic media are significantly more likely to prefer living in Black and Latinx communities.ConclusionThese findings suggest that public discourse is connected to residential preference formation and a “sense of group position”—but how this happens depends on the media source as well as the group in question.