bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Determination of Free Fatty Acids and Esterified Fatty Acids in Rice Oil by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Ichihara Ken'ichi , Kohsaka Chihiro , Yamamoto Yoshihiro , Masumura Takehiro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFree fatty acids (FFA) in crude rice oil were selectively and stoichiometrically derivatized to fatty acid N,N‐dimethylamides (FADMA) by catalytic condensation at 45 °C, and then esterified fatty acids (eFA) were directly converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) at 37 °C. The mixture of FADMA and FAME formed in a single test tube was injected into the capillary column of a gas chromatograph (GC). No mutual contamination occurred between FFA and eFA, and reliability of the method was confirmed by comparison between GC data obtained by this method and by a conventional isolation method. The advantages of the present method are that no FFA isolation procedures are required, the reactions proceed under mild temperature conditions, and FFA and eFA can be analyzed simultaneously by GC.
Hydrogen effect on the molecular weight distribution of polymers obtained by polymerization of ethylene and α‐olefins over supported titanium‐magnesium catalysts
Authors: Matsko Mikhail A. , Nikolaeva Marina I. , Zakharov Vladimir A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractComparative data on the molecular weight distribution of polymers obtained by polymerization of ethylene, propylene and 1‐hexene, and copolymerization of ethylene with α‐olefins over the titanium‐magnesium catalysts (TMC) in the absence and presence of hydrogen are presented. In contrast to the ethylene polymerization, in the cases of propylene and 1‐hexene polymerization and copolymerization of ethylene with α‐olefins, the hydrogen addition is characterized by noticeable narrowing of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) due to lower contribution of the MWD component with high molecular weight. This result is an evidence of the increased reactivity of TMC active sites producing high molecular weight poly‐α‐olefins and copolymers of ethylene with α‐olefins in the chain transfer reaction with hydrogen. It is suggested that the increased reactivity of these sites in the transfer reaction with hydrogen appears after the 2,1‐addition of α‐olefin to the growing polymer chain.
Improving the dispersion of MWCNT and MMT in PVDF melts employing controlled extensional flows
Authors: de Goes Marcel Andrey , Woicichowski Luciano Allan , da Rosa Renan Vinicius Viera , Santos João Paulo Ferreira , Carvalho Benjamim de Melo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPoly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) has been widely explored to produce polymer nanocomposites possessing outstanding combinations of properties. In this work, the impact of extensional melt flows on the dispersion, relaxation and crystallinity of PVDF nanocomposites filled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and montmorillonites (MMT) was studied. Extrusion was employed to produce nanocomposites containing 3 wt% of fillers, named: (i) PVDF/3 wt% MWCNT, (ii) PVDF/3wt%MMT, and (iii) PVDF/1.5wt%MWCNT/1.5 wt% MMT. The results showed that applying a sequence of extensional flows through the melts improved the dispersion of both fillers in the PVDF matrix. Moreover, extensional flows significantly enhanced the viscosity and relaxation of MWCNT nanocomposite, but had marginal effects on MMT nanocomposite. On the other hand, MMT favored the crystallization of the β piezoelectric phase of PVDF over the α phase and the extensional flow enhanced its crystallinity content. Therefore, these new insights prospect a vast horizon toward the use of extensional flows for tailoring synergic combinations of properties in hybrid PVDF/MWCNT/MMT systems.
Exploiting the dynamics of eye gaze to bias intertemporal choice
Authors: Liu Hong‐Zhi , Lyu Xiao‐Kang , Wei Zi‐Han , Mo Wan‐Li , Luo Jiong‐Rui , Su Xiao‐Yu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntertemporal choices refer to decisions involving tradeoffs between costs and benefits at different times. Two types of models, namely, attribute‐ and alternative‐based models, have been developed to account for the intertemporal choices of individuals. Although behavioral evidence favors attribute‐based models, eye‐tracking data have produced mixed evidence. Examining the causal link between eye gaze and intertemporal choice may help resolve the controversy in these two intertemporal models. This study then performs a gaze‐contingent manipulation to direct the gaze time of the participants while they are choosing between two intertemporal options. The intertemporal choices of these participants were found to be biased toward a randomly determined target when their gazes were directed to the target attribute (Study 1, N = 45), but their choices were not biased when their gazes were directed to the target option (Study 2, N = 45). The gazed longer attribute also mediated the effect of gaze‐contingent manipulation on intertemporal choice. These findings suggest a causal link between intertemporal choices and the gaze‐contingent manipulation of the attribute‐based gaze pattern and contribute to the theoretical understanding of the mechanisms and processes involved in making intertemporal choices.
The circle of Willis revisited: Forebrain dehydration sensing facilitated by the anterior communicating artery
Authors: Fenrich Matija , Habjanovic Karlo , Kajan Josip , Heffer Marija 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe hypothesize that threat of dehydration provided selection pressure for the evolutionary emergence and persistence of the anterior communicating artery (ACoA – the inter‐arterial connection that completes the Circle of Willis) in early amniotes.The ACoA is a hemodynamically insignificant artery, but, as we argue in this paper, its privileged position outside the blood‐brain barrier gives it a crucial sensing function for the osmolarity of the blood against the background of the rest of the brain, which efficiently protects itself from dehydration. Till now, the questions of why the ACoA evolved, and what its physiological function is, have remained unsatisfactorily answered. The traditional view—that the ACoA serves as a collateral source of vascularization in case of arterial stenosis—is anthropocentric, and not in accordance with principles of natural selection that apply more generally. Diseases underlying arterial stenosis are associated with aging and the human lifestyle, so this cannot explain why the ACoA formed hundreds of millions of years ago and persisted in amniotes to this day.The peculiar hemodynamic properties of the ACoA could be selected traits that allowed for more efficient forebrain detection of dehydration and complex behavioral responses to water loss, a major advantage in the survival of early amniotes. This hypothesis also explains insufficient hydration often seen in elderly humans.
The glenoid and humeral head in shoulder osteoarthritis: A comprehensive review
Authors: Alashkham Abduelmenem , Soames Roger 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe key management of glenohumeral osteoarthritis is shoulder arthroplasty which aims to reduce pain and restore full shoulder function: it has increased in recent years. A detailed understanding of the anatomy of the glenoid and humeral head, as well as morphological changes of the glenoid in osteoarthritis, are important factors to consider when deciding on replacement components. This review begins with a brief introduction of the glenohumeral joint itself, and then considers the detailed anatomy of the glenoid fossa and humeral head, both of which are reported to have variable morphology. Several studies have been undertaken to assess various parameters, especially of the glenoid fossa including its shape, height, width, and articular surface area, version and inclination, in an attempt to define a standard classification that can be applied to surgical intervention. Nevertheless, no definitive consensus concerning the classification of these morphologies has been forthcoming, hence the need for this review. Following a consideration of these morphologies, the current state of knowledge regarding glenoid deformity in osteoarthritis, as well as its surgical management, is considered.
Courses Based on iGEM/BIOMOD Competitions Are the Ideal Format for Research‐Based Learning of Xenobiology
Authors: Schmitt Franz‐Josef , Frielingsdorf Stefan , Friedrich Thomas , Budisa Nediljko 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSynthetic biology and especially xenobiology, as emerging new fields of science, have reached an intellectual and experimental maturity that makes them suitable for integration into the university curricula of chemical and biological disciplines. Novel scientific fields that include laboratory work are perfect playgrounds for developing highly motivating research‐based teaching modules. We believe that research‐based learning enriched by digital tools is the best approach for teaching new emerging essentials of academic education. This is especially true when the scientific field as such is still not canonized with text books and best‐practice examples. Our experience shows that iGEM/BIOMOD competitions represent an excellent basis for designing research‐based courses in xenobiology. Therefore, we present a report on “iGEM–Synthetic Biology” offered at the Technische Universität Berlin as an example.
How do parole board members in England and Wales construct decisions about whether to release perpetrators of intimate partner violence from prison?
Authors: Dyke Chris , Schucan Bird Karen , Rivas Carol 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundExisting research explores Parole Board decision‐making, but not specifically for perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV), a special case due to the gendered and secretive nature of IPV and the role of control in predicting reoffending.AimTo identify associations between case variables in England and Wales Parole Board decisions regarding perpetrators of IPV and explore how these variables help construct the decision.MethodsLogistic regressions regarding decisions in a sample of all 137 male prisoners who had abused women and applied for release or progression to open conditions in England and Wales from April 2018 to September 2019, developed into latent class analyses.Thematic analyses of six interviews with Parole Board members about decision‐making in IPV cases.ResultsRelease decisions were strongly predicted by the recommendations of offender managers, offender supervisors and psychologists, mediated by the Parole Board's confidence in their ability. Decisions were also significantly associated with custodial behaviour and attendance on courses, mediated by the Board's confidence in the prisoner's insight and honesty. Thematic analysis was both consistent with these findings and provided a context in which the associations could be understood.ConclusionsThe findings have implications for understanding the dynamics between professional decisions and the Parole Board's decision; for the importance of offender managers demonstrating their expertise and ability to manage risk; for Parole Board members' reflection and development; for academic research into IPV; and for those who have experienced IPV and are looking to understand parole decisions about their abuser.
Apical muscular ventricular septal defect closure via hybrid approach using a right ventricular stay suture
Authors: Escobar Antonio J. , Levi Daniel S. , Van Arsdell Glen S. , Perens Gregory S. , Mohan Uthara R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTranscatheter closure of large apical muscular ventricular septal defects (VSDs) can be performed via transfemoral or hybrid approach. A very large apical muscular VSD was closed via a hybrid approach. A strategy for deployment of a right ventricular stay suture was utilized to minimize the risk of device embolization without the use of bypass and without externalization of a portion of the device.
Mixed large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the colon: detailed molecular characterisation of two cases indicates a distinct colorectal cancer entity
Authors: Woischke Christine , Jung Peter , Jung Andreas , Kumbrink Jörg , Eisenlohr Sibylle , Auernhammer Christoph Josef , Vieth Michael , Kirchner Thomas , Neumann Jens 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe present two rare cases of mixed large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the colon. A literature search revealed only three published cases with similar histology but none of these reports provided profound molecular and mutational analyses. Our two cases exhibited a distinct, colon‐like immunophenotype with strong nuclear CDX2 and β‐catenin expression in more than 90% of the tumour cells of both components. We analysed the two carcinomas regarding microsatellite stability, RAS, BRAF and PD‐L1 status. In addition, next‐generation panel sequencing with Ion AmpliSeq™ Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 was performed. This approach revealed mutations in FBXW7, CTNNB1 and PIK3CA in the first case and FBXW7 and RB1 mutations in the second case. We looked for similar mutational patterns in three publicly available colorectal adenocarcinoma data sets, as well as in collections of colorectal mixed neuroendocrine‐non‐neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) and colorectal neuroendocrine carcinomas. This approach indicated that the FBXW7 point mutation, without being accompanied by classical adenoma–carcinoma sequence mutations, such as APC, KRAS and TP53, likely occurs at a relatively high frequency in mixed neuroendocrine and squamous cell carcinoma and therefore may be characteristic for this rare tumour type. FBXW7 codifies the substrate recognition element of an ubiquitin ligase, and inactivating FBXW7 mutations lead to an exceptional accumulation of its target β‐catenin which results in overactivation of the Wnt‐signalling pathway. In line with previously described hypotheses of de‐differentiation of colon cells by enhanced Wnt‐signalling, our data indicate a crucial role for mutant FBXW7 in the unusual morphological switch that determines these rare neoplasms. Therefore, mixed large cell neuroendocrine and a squamous cell carcinoma can be considered as a distinct carcinoma entity in the colon, defined by morphology, immunophenotype and distinct molecular genetic alteration(s).
Progress in Materials Development for Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells and Future Prospects
Authors: Mishra Snehangshu , Ghosh Subrata , Singh Trilok 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as an established technology during the last decade, with the record efficiency of such solar cells having increased from 3.8 % to 25.5 %. Recently, flexible perovskite solar cells (fPSCs) have received much attention from the academic and the industrial communities, owing to their potential for various niche applications, including portable electronics, wearable power sources, electronic textiles, and large‐scale industrial roofing. fPSCs are lightweight, bendable, and suitable for roll‐to‐roll industrial production and can be integrated easily over any surface. This Review discusses the recent development of materials for fPSCs based on various flexible substrates, including plastic, metal, and other flexible substrates, as well as fiber‐shaped perovskite solar cells, with a focus on the device structure, material selection for each layer, mechanical flexibility and the environmental stability of the fPSC devices. Finally, future applications and the outlook for fPSCs are also discussed.
Scheibenschubversuche an Ziegelmauerwerk mit unterschiedlichen Versuchsrandbedingungen
Authors: Triller Petra , Tomaževič Miha , Gams Matija 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUm das Schubtragverhalten von Mauerwerkswänden in Versuchen realistisch abzubilden, sollten die Versuchsrandbedingungen möglichst den Verhältnissen in Gebäuden entsprechen. Andernfalls würden in den Versuchen ein unrealistisches Verhalten und möglicherweise unzutreffende Bruchmechanismen erzielt. Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses unterschiedlicher Versuchsrandbedingungen wurden am ZAG Ljubljana acht Wände aus Ziegelmauerwerk mit Normalmauermörtel unter vier unterschiedlichen Randbedingungen auf Scheibenschub geprüft. Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigen den deutlichen Einfluss der Versuchsrandbedingungen auf die Tragfähigkeit und Verformungsfähigkeit der Wände.
Diagnostic efficacy of EBUS‐TBNA in benign diseases in a population with a high prevalence of tuberculosis
Authors: Batum Özgür , Katgı Nuran , Özdemir Özer , Yılmaz Ufuk 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSettingAlthough endobronchial ultrasonography‐transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) has a well‐known place in the staging and diagnosis of lung cancer, the place of EBUS is not clear in the diagnosis of benign diseases, especially in countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis.AimThe aim of this study is to investigate the diagnostic efficacy of EBUS‐TBNA in benign diseases in a population with a high prevalence of tuberculosis.Material and MethodsBetween October 2011 and March 2018, 1077 EBUS‐TBNA was applied.ResultsThe diagnosis was reached with mediastinoscopy or video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) in 41 (74.5%) and with the second EBUS‐TBNA performed in 14 (25.5%) of 55 EBUS practices in 41 patients with malignancy diagnosis. The final diagnosis was achieved with clinical/radiological features in 7 (77.7%) cases of sarcoidosis, with VATS/mediastinoscopy in 2 (22.2%) cases, with EBUS‐TBNA performed for the second time in 6 (54.5%) tuberculosis cases and with acid‐resistance bacilli reproduction in Lowenstein‐Jensen culture in 5 (45.4%) cases. Two hundred and ninety‐five (79.7%) patients were accepted as “benign disease” due to the absence of radiological and clinical progression of lesions in the follow‐up.ConclusionThe diagnostic accuracy of EBUS‐TBNA is high in benign diseases such as sarcoidosis and tuberculosis.
Advanced production routes for metal matrix composites
Authors: Mussatto Andre , Ahad Inam UI , Mousavian Reza Taherzadeh , Delaure Yan , Brabazon Dermot 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe use of metal matrix composites (MMCs) in a variety of products is significantly increasing with time due to the fact that their properties can be tailored and designed to suit specific applications. However, the future usage of MMC products is very much dependent on their beneficial aspects and hence it is critical to ensure in a robust repeatable manner the superior physical property advantages compared to conventional unreinforced monolithic metal counterparts. Although numerous routes are available for production of MMC products, each of them has their own advantages and disadvantages. This article provides an overview of advanced production routes for MMCs. The discussion also highlights challenges and presents a future prospectus for MMCs. Powder metallurgy and casting routes are still extensively used for production of MMCs. Aluminum alloys are today the most commonly used matrix materials in MMC products. Carbides (eg, SiC, TiC, and B4C), carbon allotropes (eg, CNTs and graphene), and alumina (Al2O3)are currently the most used reinforcement materials. Nevertheless, the use of nano and of hybrid reinforcements are seeing increased usage in niche applications. Additive manufacturing (AM) is discussed as a novel production route for MMC products. This process represents a promising method for the production of MMC products.
Type IV Collagen 7S Is the Most Accurate Test For Identifying Advanced Fibrosis in NAFLD With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Ishiba Hiroshi , Sumida Yoshio , Seko Yuya , Tanaka Saiyu , Yoneda Masato , Hyogo Hideyuki , Ono Masafumi , Fujii Hideki , Eguchi Yuichiro , Suzuki Yasuaki , Yoneda Masashi , Takahashi Hirokazu , Nakahara Takashi , Mori Kojiro , Kanemasa Kazuyuki , Shimada Keiji , Imajo Kento , Yamaguchi Kanji , Kawaguchi Takumi , Nakajima Atsushi , Chayama Kazuaki , Shima Toshihide , Fujimoto Kazuma , Okanoue Takeshi , Itoh Yoshito ,   the Japan Study Group of NAFLD
Published: November 2020

This study aimed to examine whether the diagnostic accuracy of four noninvasive tests (NITs) for detecting advanced fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is maintained or is inferior to with or without the presence of type 2 diabetes. Overall, 874 patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD were enrolled. After propensity‐score matching by age, sex, and the prevalence of dyslipidemia, 311 patients were enrolled in each group of with or without diabetes. To evaluate the effect of diabetes, we compared the diagnostic accuracy of the fibrosis‐4 (FIB‐4) index, the NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), the aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI), and type IV collagen 7S (COL4‐7S) in patients with NAFLD with and without diabetes. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for identifying advanced fibrosis in patients without diabetes were 0.879 for the FIB‐4 index, 0.851 for the NFS, 0.862 for the APRI, and 0.883 for COL4‐7S. The AUROCs in patients with diabetes were 0.790 for the FIB‐4 index, 0.784 for the NFS, 0.771 for the APRI, and 0.872 for COL4‐7S. The AUROC of COL4‐7S was significantly larger than that of the other NITs in patients with NAFLD with diabetes than in those without diabetes. The optimal high and low cutoff points of COL4‐7S were 5.9 ng/mL and 4.8 ng/mL, respectively. At the low cutoff point, the accuracy of COL4‐7S was better than that of the other NITs, especially in patients with diabetes. Conclusion: COL4‐7S measurement might be the best NIT for identifying advanced fibrosis in NAFLD, especially in NAFLD with diabetes.
A study on the motivation of Indian patients to consult complementary and alternative medicine practitioners to treat coronary artery disease
Authors: Singh Arti , Dixit Shikha 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn India, the use of traditional medicine for health problems is a part of the cultural discourse on treatment, but the introduction of Western medicines has adversely affected their popularity. However, with the rapid spread of chronic diseases like coronary artery disease (CAD), many Indians are reverting to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments. Although previous literature has identified several motivational factors underlying CAM usage, we know little from the perspective of its practitioners.AimThe aim of the present study was to investigate the motivations behind the use of CAM treatments among Indian patients with CAD.MethodUsing semi‐structured interviews, we collected data from 15 CAM practitioners and 14 CAD patients utilising CAM treatments alongside conventional biomedical (BM) treatment. We used the Clarke and Braun (2006) method of thematic analysis.Result and ConclusionOur findings suggest that the use of CAM treatments depends on various factors working at multiple levels viz., personal factors, disease’ characteristics, perceived treatment characteristics (positive attributes of CAM and negative attributes of BM) and external facilitators. Furthermore, our analysis also identifies the role of two underlining forces—push and pull—in motivating CAD patients to choose CAM treatments. The push force comprises factors that participants found to have a repelling nature, whereas pull forces were regarded as advantageous for CAM usage. Although some reasons behind the usage of CAM treatments according to patients and practitioners were overlapping, both groups also provided many distinct insights into the studied health behaviour.