bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photoemission Electron Microscopy Experiments with the Balzers Ke3 Metioscope
Authors: Hammond C. , Imam M. A. 
Published: June 2020

In the Balzers KE3 ’Metioscope’, photoelectron emission is stimulated by the action of four mercury arc U.V. lamps, the light from which is reflected onto the specimen surface from the anode plate. The specimen may be heated in a wire-wound furnace enclosure or by an electron beam. In both cases temperatures of the order of 1200°C are attainable. Surface oxidation and contamination may be removedin situby the use of an argon ion and/or neutral particle gun. The emitted electrons are imaged using electromagnetic lenses onto a fluorescent screen which is linked to a TV camera and recorder. Hence dynamic changes occurring at high temperatures or during heating or cooling may be recorded continuously.This paper will first briefly review recent published and unpublished work carried out using the Metioscope, which illustrate both the capabilities and limitations of the technique. Secondly, the results of a series of on-going experiments on ferrite nucleation and growth from austenite grain boundaries in low carbon alloy steels will be described and illustrated with video-recordings. The steels were austenitised at 975-950°C and either (a) rapidly cooled at 775-725°C and transformed isothermally or (b) continuously cooled at rates in the range 0.5-0.05°C/sec.
An Electron Diffraction Study on Litnerized Potato Starch
Authors: Jésior Jean-Claude , Vuong Roger , Chanzy Henri 
Published: June 2020

Starch is arranged in a crystalline manner within its storage granules and should thus give sharp X-ray diagrams. Unfortunately most of the common starch granules have sizes between 1 and 100μm, making them too small for an X-ray study on individual grains. There is only one instance where an oriented X-ray diagram could be obtained on one sector of an individual giant starch granule. Despite their small size, starch granules are still too thick to be studied by electron diffraction with a transmission electron microscope. The only reported study on starch ultrastructure using electron diffraction on frozen hydrated material was made on small fragments. The present study has been realized on thin sectioned granules previously litnerized to improve the signal to noise ratio.Potato starch was hydrolyzed for 10 days in 2.2N HCl at 35°C, dialyzed against water until neutrality and embedded in Nanoplast. Sectioning was achieved with a commercially available low-angle “35°” diamond knife (Diatome) after a very carefull trimming and a pre-sectioning with a classical “45°” diamond knife. Sections obtained at a final sectioning angle of 42.2° (compared with the usual 55-60°) and at a nominal thickness of 900Å were collected on a Formvar-carbon coated grid. The exact location of the starch granules in their sections was recorded by optical microscopy on a Zeiss Universal polarizing microscope (Fig. 1a). After rehydration at a relative humidity of 95% for 24 hours they were mounted on a Philips cryoholder and quench frozen in liquid nitrogen before being inserted under frozen conditions in a Philips EM 400T electron microscope equipped with a Gatan anticontaminator and a Lhesa image intensifier.
Chitin Systems Studied by Electron Diffraction, Diffraction-Contrast Electron Microscopy and Lattice Imaging
Authors: CHANZY Henri , Gaill Francoise , Giraud-Guille Marie-Madeleine , Persson Jan , Sugiyama Junji , Vuong Roger 
Published: June 2020

Chitin the poly β (1-4)-N Acetyl D glucosamine is widespread in nature and occurs normally as a crystalline fibrillar substance. As opposed to most of the crystalline polysaccharides, chitin is quite resistant to the electron beam. In particular, at room temperature, accumulated doses as high as 200 elec/nm2 at 120 kV can be used to record successful images showing crystalline details. For this reason, chitin can be studied without too much difficulty by electron diffraction (ED), diffraction contrast transmission electron microscopy (DCTEM) and lattice imaging. This study presents some of the diversity of chitin morphology.Several chitin rich specimens were studied. They include : 1) cross sections of an ovipositor from an ichneumon fly Rhyssa persuosaria ; 2) cross sections of fragments of demineralized crab cuticle ; 3) cross sections of a tube from the vestimentiferan worm Tevnia jerichonana ; 4) bundles of chitin microfibrils isolated from Tevnia tube fragments after deproteinization.
The First Experience with new Small-Sized Commercial Tem (TEM -100) and Biological Specimens
Authors: Vukovié Jovan 
Published: June 2020

Conventional electron microscope TEM -100 (Made by “ELECTRON”, Sumy, USSR; Fig. 1) was presented at the XI Int. Congress on Electron Microscopy (Kyoto) by I.S. Lyalko et al. (1,2). The purpose of the microscope constructors were to design a small-sized general conventional TEM for various application fields. The microscope have mini lenses, which winding is placed in closed casing and soaked in working liquid (low boiling temperature) but upper part of the casing being water cooled.In this communication we gave our first experience and impression as a customer, beginning from the montage, the instruction and the testing of the microscope to our application in the field of biological specimens. Just after montage of the microscope on the second floor, the test of the point resolution power was performed by Ir specimen. It was achieved 0.5 nm (Fig. 2 and 3) on the roll film (ORWO 22 DIN) with 300 OOOx magnification and anticontamination device. The ultimate vacuum (about 10exp-6 mm Hg, ion discharge pump) also achieved using large trap cooled by liquid nitrogen.
Optimal 3D Representation of Serial Transmission Electron Microscopy Data
Authors: Leitao Carlos , Trogadis Judy , Stevens John 
Published: June 2020

Three-dimensional representations of serial TEM data can provide useful visualization of morphological detail and spatial distributions of biological structures. The standard method of wireframe representation of 3D outlines of membrane contours can prove to be visually confusing. Thus alternate modelling for recreating biological surfaces from serial TEM data sets were investigated using the Icar 80.8 workstation (l).Serial TEM micrographs were collected from a PC12 cell whose nucleus had an invagination which contained organelles and microtubules. This nuclear tube is believed to play a role in nucleo-cytoplasmic exchange.Contours representing membrane boundaries of a nuclear tube as well as organelles found therein were traced and digitized from a set of serial electron micrographs using a data collection system described in (2). Lines representing the axes of microtubules were also collected.
Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy
Authors: Hecht M.H. , Bell L.D. , Kaiser W.J. 
Published: June 2020

Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy (BEEM) is a scanning-tunneling-microscopy-based technique which gives a plan view, nanometer scale image of electronic properties of a buried interface. Among the properties which can be imaged are barrier height, the edges of multiple conduction and valence bands, and carrier scattering. These properties can be correlated with strain, defects, and stoichiometry variations at the interface. A topographic image of the sample surface is aquired simultaneously with the interface image. BEEM data has been reported from six laboratories to date, including images of Au/Si, Au/GaAs, NiSi2/Si, and Au/CdTe. Several new systems, some designed for ultra-high-vacuum operation, are under construction.In the simplest implementation, electrons or holes are injected from a tunnel tip into the metal electrode of a metal-semiconductor diode (figure 1). The carriers are ballistically transported across the electrode and, if momentum, energy, and scattering criteria are satisfied, are collected in the semiconductor base. Momentum conservation requires the ballistic electron or hole beam to cross the interface within a small cone of solid angle, and hence the collected current only reflects injection into a small region of the Brillouin zone. This small critical angle cone is responsible for the high spatial resolution of BEEM. By varying the potential of the initial injected beam (i.e. tip voltage with respect to electrode), the electronic dispersion relation of the substrate can be spectroscopically probed.
Recurrent outbreaks of mumps in Lothian and the impact of waning immunity
Authors: Waugh C. J. , Willocks L. J. , Templeton K. , Stevenson J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Another large outbreak of mumps occurred in Lothian from October 2017, which coincided with the commencement of the higher education term. During this period 324 cases were notified, most of whom were aged 18–22 years old. Although previous outbreaks had a focus in student populations, 43% of current cases reported that they were not a student. There has been increases in private student housing where students from all universities live, which may have contributed to the wide spread of the outbreak and complicated outbreak control. Information on vaccination status was available for 244 cases (75%), of whom the majority (75.8%) reported having two MMR doses. To investigate potential waning vaccine immunity the mean length of time since last mumps containing vaccine was calculated as 14.3 years. The outbreak was declared over in May 2018 after case numbers returned to background levels. This outbreak highlighted that mumps outbreaks occur cyclically coinciding with new cohorts of susceptible students entering the Lothian population. The lessons from this outbreak are to encourage students to have two MMR doses and also be prepared for mumps outbreaks in the near future. In future outbreaks the utility of a third MMR for outbreak control could be examined.
Injection‐Induced Earthquakes on Complex Fault Zones of the Raton Basin Illuminated by Machine‐Learning Phase Picker and Dense Nodal Array
Authors: Wang Ruijia , Schmandt Brandon , Zhang Miao , Glasgow Margaret , Kiser Eric , Rysanek Sarah , Stairs Ryan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSeismicity in the Raton Basin over the past two decades suggests reactivation of basement faults due to waste‐water injection. In the summer of 2018, 96 short period three‐component nodal instruments were installed in a highly active region of the basin for a month. A machine‐learning based phase picker (PhaseNet) was adopted and identified millions of picks, which were associated into events using an automated algorithm—REAL (Rapid Earthquake Association and Location). After hypocenter relocation with hypoDD, the earthquake catalog contains 9,259 ML −2.2 to 3 earthquakes focused at depths of 4–6 km. Magnitude of completeness (Mc) varies from −1 at nighttime to −0.5 in daytime, likely reflecting noise variation modulated by wind. The clustered hypocenters with variable depths and focal mechanisms suggest a complex network of basement faults. Frequency‐magnitude statistics and the spatiotemporal evolution of seismicity are comparable to tectonic systems.
BRPF3-HUWE1-mediated regulation of MYST2 is required for differentiation and cell-cycle progression in embryonic stem cells
Authors: Cho Hye In , Kim Min Seong , Lee Jina , Yoo Byong Chul , Kim Kyung Hee , Choe Kwang-Min , Jang Yeun Kyu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBrpf-histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes have important roles in embryonic development and regulating differentiation in ESCs. Among Brpf family, Brpf3 is a scaffold protein of Myst2 histone acetyltransferase complex that plays crucial roles in gene regulation, DNA replication, development as well as maintaining pluripotency in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). However, its biological functions in ESCs are not elucidated. In this study, we find out that Brpf3 protein level is critical for Myst2 stability and E3 ligase Huwe1 functions as a novel negative regulator of Myst2 via ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Importantly, Brpf3 plays an antagonistic role in Huwe1-mediated degradation of Myst2, suggesting that protein–protein interaction between Brpf3 and Myst2 is required for retaining Myst2 stability. Further, Brpf3 overexpression causes the aberrant upregulation of Myst2 protein levels which in turn induces the dysregulated cell-cycle progression and also delay of early embryonic development processes such as embryoid-body formation and lineage commitment of mouse ESCs. The Brpf3 overexpression-induced phenotypes can be reverted by Huwe1 overexpression. Together, these results may provide novel insights into understanding the functions of Brpf3 in proper differentiation as well as cell-cycle progression of ESCs via regulation of Myst2 stability by obstructing Huwe1-mediated ubiquitination. In addition, we suggest that this is a useful report which sheds light on the function of an unknown gene in ESC field.
Growth-related trophic changes of Thunnus thynnus as evidenced by stable nitrogen isotopic values in the first dorsal spine
Authors: Rumolo Paola , Bonanno Angelo , Genovese Simona , Romeo Teresa , Mazzola Salvatore , Basilone Gualtiero , Gherardi Serena , Battaglia Pietro , Andaloro Franco , Barra Marco 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, is a highly migratory and long-living fish at the top of the pelagic food web. As top predator, it plays a key role in the stability of marine food webs by exerting top-down control on its prey. The diet composition of bluefin tuna varies in relation to its growth, seasons and migratory patterns, making it difficult to evaluate spatial and temporal effects. This latter aspect is further complicated to be determined during the first months of life, whenT. thynnusspecimens have a rapid growth rate leading to changes in the trophic status. In this study, the potential collagen-related effects on δ15N and δ13C values were evaluated on the whole spine of adult tuna specimens collected in the central Mediterranean Sea. Obtained results showed non-significant differences between extracted and non-extracted collagen samples for δ15N in whole spine, allowing adopting the isotopic analysis both forannuliin the spine section of adults and for younger specimens, whose spine size does not permit the collagen extraction. Specifically, isotopic analysis of whole spine of the young of the year specimens, showed a rapid change in δ15N values with length, following an exponential model. For older specimens, δ15N values were higher and varied around a plateau, likely due to a higher specificity in the choice of prey and/or to change in the geographical location. Such variability was also mirrored inannuliof spines sections of adult tunas. As far as δ13C values are concerned, a strong collagen-related effect was evidenced, likely highlighting the influence of lipids. Consequently, δ13C analysis may be used only on adult specimens where collagen extraction is possible. This research also showed how isotopic analysis of both whole sample and sequence ofannuliin the cross-section of dorsal spine might produce isotopic profiles useful to detect specific trophic dynamics along the bluefin tuna growth.
Deep learning for high-resolution and high-sensitivity interferometric phase contrast imaging
Authors: Lee Seho , Oh Ohsung , Kim Youngju , Kim Daeseung , Hussey Daniel S. , Wang Ge , Lee Seung Wook 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn Talbot-Lau interferometry, the sample position yielding the highest phase sensitivity suffers from strong geometric blur. This trade-off between phase-sensitivity and spatial resolution is a fundamental challenge in such interferometric imaging applications with either neutron or conventional x-ray sources due to their relatively large beam-defining apertures or focal spots. In this study, a deep learning method is introduced to estimate a high phase-sensitive and high spatial resolution image from a trained neural network to attempt to avoid the trade-off for both high phase-sensitivity and high resolution. To realize this, the training data sets of the differential phase contrast images at a pair of sample positions, one of which is close to the phase grating and the other close to the detector, are numerically generated and are used as the inputs for the training data set of a generative adversarial network. The trained network has been applied to the real experimental data sets from a neutron grating interferometer and we have obtained improved images both in phase-sensitivity and spatial resolution.
Enhanced Surface Plasmon Resonance Wavelength Shifts by Molecular Electronic Absorption in Far- and Deep-Ultraviolet Regions
Authors: Tanabe Ichiro , Tanaka Yoshito Y. , Watari Koji , Inami Wataru , Kawata Yoshimasa , Ozaki Yukihiro 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this study, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) wavelength shifts due to molecular electronic absorptions in the far-ultraviolet (FUV, < 200 nm) and deep-ultraviolet (DUV, < 300 nm) regions were investigated by attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy. Due to the strong absorption in the DUV region, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) significantly increased the SPR wavelength shift of Al film. On the other hand, no such shift enhancement was observed in the visible region for Au film because DMF does not have absorbance compared to non-absorbing materials such as water and alcohols. The enhanced SPR wavelength shift, caused by the overlap between SPR and molecular resonance wavelengths in FUV-DUV region, is expected to result in high sensitivity for resonant materials.
Validation of barley 2OGO gene as a functional orthologue of Arabidopsis DMR6 gene in Fusarium head blight susceptibility
Authors: Low Yee Chen , Lawton Michael A. , Di Rong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium graminearum (Fg) is a devastating disease of crops, especially wheat and barley, resulting in significant yield loss and reduced grain quality. Fg infection leads to the production of mycotoxins, whose consumption is toxic to humans and livestock. The Arabidopsis DMR6 gene encodes a putative 2-oxoglutarate Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase (2OGO) and has been identified as a susceptibility factor to downy mildew. We generated site-specific mutations in Arabidopsis At2OGO by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. The resulting At2OGO knock-out (KO) mutants display enhanced resistance to Fg in a detached inflorescence infection assay. Expression profiling of defense genes revealed that impairment of At2OGO function resulted in the upregulation of defense genes that are regulated by salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) pathways. Complementation of the At2OGO-KO lines with a barley (cv. Conlon) orthologue, Hv2OGO, restored susceptibility to Fg. This result indicates that the Hv2OGO gene is functionally equivalent to its Arabidopsis counterpart and, hence, may have a similar role in conditioning susceptibility to FHB in barley. These results provide a molecular basis for proposing 2OGO as a plant immunity suppressor in Arabidopsis and potentially in barley plants and establish a rationale and strategy for enhancing FHB resistance in barley.
Design and verification of a tunable metamaterial and its sensing application
Authors: Zhong Min 
Published: June 2020

In this study, the authors present a single‐band tunable metamaterial absorber in the 3.00–6.00 THz region. This absorption peak (90.00% amplitude) is excited by the cavity resonance at the resonance frequency of 4.55 THz. The cavity resonance mode is achieved in the spacer cavity formed by the metal/strontium titanate (STO)/SU‐8 photoresist (SU‐8)/STO/metal layers. The effect of structural parameters on this absorption peak is measured in two groups of experiments. As the diameter of holes array D increases, the cavity resonance peak is enhanced to 94.00% and shifted to 4.79 THz. However, for the increase in the thickness of the SU‐8 layer T3, this peak is increased to 98.00% and moved to 3.88 THz. To verify the dual detection functions, two sets of experiments are carried out. In the third set of experiments, this absorption peak is increased to 99.80% and shifted to 5.60 THz with the increasing environmental temperature. In the fourth set of experiments, samples are covered by three liquids, and both the absorption amplitude and the resonance frequency are reduced. This tunable metamaterial absorber shows possibilities for applications in environmental temperature sensing and liquid sensing.
Urolithiais bei einer Heimtier-Ratte (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Ewringmann Anja , Meinhardt Christin 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungKonkremente der Harnwege sind bei Ratten selten zu finden. Dieser Bericht beschreibt den Fall einer männlich-kastrierten Ratte mit Harnabsatzstörungen, die auf eine bakterielle Zystitis sowie auf einen Blasenstein, bestehend aus Struvit und Whewellit, zurückzuführen waren. Nach Zystotomie und antibiotischer sowie analgetischer Behandlung erholte sich das Tier schnell und war beschwerdefrei.
Daten zur Multiplen Sklerose in Deutschland und ihre Abbildung im Register des ambulanten Netzwerkes NeuroTransData (NTD)
Authors: Weih Markus , Roßnagel Fabian , Dikow Heidi , Wehrle Knut , Braune Stefan , Bergmann Arnfin 
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung
Anliegen und Methodik Beschreibung der Basisdaten, der häufigsten Symptome und deren medikamentöser, nichtmedikamentöser und kombinierter symptomatischer Behandlung in einer großen Stichprobe von MS-Patienten, die sich in ambulanter Behandlung der Mitgliedspraxen des NeuroTransData (NTD)-Arztnetzwerkes in Behandlung befinden.
Ergebnisse Aktuell sind 21407 Patienten im Register. Das Durchschnittsalter betrug 49,0 ± 13,0 Jahre, der Frauenanteil lag bei 72,3 %, die Krankheitsdauer bei 14,3 ± 8,9 Jahren. Eine schubförmig-remittierende MS (RRMS) lag in 77 % vor, 15 % sekundär-progrediente MS, primär-progrediente MS (PPMS) 5 %. Der durchschnittliche EDSS-Score der Gesamtstichprobe lag bei 2,8 (Range 0,5–8). Fatigue war in allen Subtypen das häufigste Symptom (96 %), gefolgt von der Spastik (31 %), v.a. bei der SPMS (47 %) und PPMS (36 %). Hinsichtlich der medikamentösen, nichtmedikamentösen und kombinierten symptomatischen Behandlung zeigte sich eine große Variationsbreite. Während in der Gesamtpopulation die Spastik in 81 % behandelt wurde, erhalten nur 21 % der Patienten eine Behandlung der Fatigue. Auch Defäkations- und Miktionsstörungen waren in unserer Stichprobe häufig noch unbehandelt (69 % bzw. 56 %).
Schlussfolgerungen Aufbau, kontinuierliche Weiterentwicklung und Pflege eines Registers stellen bei komplexen und chronischen Erkrankungen wie der MS ein wichtiges Instrument zur Beurteilung und damit auch zur Verbesserung und zum Vergleich der Behandlungsart und ihrer Defizite dar.Unsere Ergebnisse sind methodisch schwer vergleichbar mit der Stichprobe des MS-Registers der DMSG. Die Fatigue war aber in beiden Registern das häufigste Symptom.