bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Generative Lexicon
Authors: Pustejovsky James 
Published: May 2020

The first formally elaborated theory of a generative approach to word meaning, The Generative Lexicon lays the foundation for an implemented computational treatment of word meaning that connects explicitly to a compositional semantics.
The Generative Lexicon presents a novel and exciting theory of lexical semantics that addresses the problem of the "multiplicity of word meaning"; that is, how we are able to give an infinite number of senses to words with finite means. The first formally elaborated theory of a generative approach to word meaning, it lays the foundation for an implemented computational treatment of word meaning that connects explicitly to a compositional semantics.
In contrast to the static view of word meaning (where each word is characterized by a predetermined number of word senses) that imposes a tremendous bottleneck on the performance capability of any natural language processing system, Pustejovsky proposes that the lexicon becomes an active—and central—component in the linguistic description. The essence of his theory is that the lexicon functions generatively, first by providing a rich and expressive vocabulary for characterizing lexical information; then, by developing a framework for manipulating fine-grained distinctions in word descriptions; and finally, by formalizing a set of mechanisms for specialized composition of aspects of such descriptions of words, as they occur in context, extended and novel senses are generated.
The subjects covered include semantics of nominals (figure/ground nominals, relational nominals, and other event nominals); the semantics of causation (in particular, how causation is lexicalized in language, including causative/unaccusatives, aspectual predicates, experiencer predicates, and modal causatives); how semantic types constrain syntactic expression (such as the behavior of type shifting and type coercion operations); a formal treatment of event semantics with subevents); and a general treatment of the problem of polysemy.
Language, Speech, and Communication series
Bradford Books imprint
Race in the Making
Authors: Hirschfeld Lawrence A. 
Published: May 2020

Race in the Making provides a new understanding of how people conceptualize social categories and shows why this knowledge is so readily recruited to create and maintain systems of unequal power.
Hirschfeld argues that knowledge of race is not derived from observations of physical difference nor does it develop in the same way as knowledge of other social categories. Instead, his central claim is that racial thinking is the product of a special-purpose cognitive competence for understanding and representing human kinds. The book also challenges the conventional wisdom that race is purely a social construction by demonstrating that a common set of abstract principles underlies all systems of racial thinking, whatever other historical and cultural specificities may be associated with them.
Starting from the commonplace observation that race is a category of both power and the mind, Race in the Making directly tackles this issue. Through a sustained exploration of continuity and change in the child's notion of race and across historical variations in the race concept, Hirschfeld shows that a singular commonsense theory about human kinds constrains the way racial thinking changes, whether in historical time or during childhood.
After surveying the literature on the development of a cultural psychology of race, Hirschfeld presents original studies that examine children's (and occasionally adults') representations of race. He sketches how a jointly cultural and psychological approach to race might proceed, showing how this approach yields new insights into the emergence and elaboration of racial thinking.
Bradford Books imprint
Sketches of Thought
Authors: Goel Vinod 
Published: May 2020

Vinod Goel argues that the cognitive computational conception of the world requires our thought processes to be precise, rigid, discrete, and unambiguous; yet there are dense, ambiguous, and amorphous symbol systems, like sketching, painting, and poetry, found in the arts and much of everyday discourse that have an important, nontrivial place in cognition.
Much of the cognitive lies beyond articulate, discursive thought, beyond the reach of current computational notions. In Sketches of Thought, Vinod Goel argues that the cognitive computational conception of the world requires our thought processes to be precise, rigid, discrete, and unambiguous; yet there are dense, ambiguous, and amorphous symbol systems, like sketching, painting, and poetry, found in the arts and much of everyday discourse that have an important, nontrivial place in cognition.
Goel maintains that while on occasion our thoughts do conform to the current computational theory of mind, they often are—indeed must be—vague, fluid, ambiguous, and amorphous. He argues that if cognitive science takes the classical computational story seriously, it must deny or ignore these processes, or at least relegate them to the realm of the nonmental.
As a cognitive scientist with a design background, Goel is in a unique position to challenge cognitive science on its own territory. He introduces design problem solving as a domain of cognition that illustrates these inarticulate, nondiscursive thought processes at work through the symbol system of sketching. He argues not that such thoughts must remain noncomputational but that our current notions of computation and representation are not rich enough to capture them.
Along the way, Goel makes a number of significant and controversial interim points. He shows that there is a principled distinction between design and nondesign problems, that there are standard stages in the solution of design problems, that these stages correlate with the use of different types of external symbol systems; that these symbol systems are usefully individuated in Nelson Goodman's syntactic and semantic terms, and that different cognitive processes are facilitated by different types of symbol systems.
Bradford Books imprint
Numerical Modeling of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD5) Load in Apa Mmini Stream
Authors: Daniel Ogbebor , Ify Nwaogazie L. , Yusuf Momoh O. L. , Onyedikachukwu Ndekwu B. 
Published: May 2020

Aim: The study aimed at utilizing finite element modeling approach for extrapolation of BOD5 along the longitudinal length of the stream.
Study Design: The linear element method was used for analyzing the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) transport along the longitudinal length of the stream using the Advective dispersive equation (ADE) as the governing equation. In this study, it was assumed that dispersion was negligible.
Methodology: The BOD5 transport within the stream was modeled using finite element approach. The equation for the stream water pollution modeling was used and the descriptive variables are described as; D is the dispersion coefficient, C is the unknown or state variable (concentration of pollutant or dissolved salt), V is the velocity or convection parameter, k is the applied source or sink and t is the time coordinates.
Results: Prediction results of the finite element model showed that BOD5 decreased downstream from the point of slaughterhouse effluent expulsion. It was observed that both the observed and predicted values of BOD5 correlated strongly with a correlation coefficient of 0.9686. The decrease in BOD5 downstream proves that there is a low rate of re-aeration of the stream; hence the effluent still exceeds the FMEnv recommended standard of 50 mg/l as it travels downstream along the stream profile. The prediction discloses that the river is highly polluted for long stretch of the watercourse, thus implying that selected system of treatment method must be put in place.
Conclusion: Finite element modeling approach was utilized for the extrapolation of BOD5 in Apa Mmini stream. The outcomes of the simulation showed that the Apa Mmini stream is highly polluted with BOD5 of 111.8 mg/l which is far above the FMEnv recommended standard of 50 mg/l.
Synthetic Triterpenoid CDDO-Me Inhibits Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion in GBM8401 and GBM8901
Authors: Chang Chih-Hui , Tsai Hung-Pei , Kuo Shih-Hsun , Loh Joon-Khim , Lin Chien-Ju , Lin Chih-Lung , Kwan Aij-Lie 
Published: May 2020

Objectives:
We determined the anticancer potency of CDDO-Me in glioblastoma cell lines and the underlying mechanisms in vitro.

Summary:
CDDO-Me is a synthetic triterpenoid with more potent anticancer and cancer preventive actions compared with the original triterpenoid CDDO.

Methods:
Two glioblastoma cell lines, GBM8401 and GBM8901, were utilized to test the effect of CDDO-Me on cell viability, cell migration, and cell invasion using the MTT, wound healing, and transwell migration assays, respectively. Additionally, Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression levels of N-cadherin, cyclin D1, and vascular endothelial growth factor.

Results:
At nanomolar concentrations, CDDO-Me inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion in both cell lines. In addition, CDDO-Me exhibited a dose-dependent downregulation in the protein levels of N-cadherin, cyclin D1, and vascular endothelial growth factor in GBM8401 and GBM8901 cells.

Conclusions:
CDDO-Me exhibited anticancer effects at low nanomolar concentrations and should be considered as a potential chemotherapeutic agent for glioblastoma.
Characterization of PHGDH expression in bladder cancer: potential targeting therapy with gemcitabine/cisplatin and the contribution of promoter DNA hypomethylation
Authors: Yoshino Hirofumi , Enokida Hideki , Osako Yoichi , Nohata Nijiro , Yonemori Masaya , Sugita Satoshi , Kuroshima Kazuki , Tsuruda Masafumi , Tatarano Shuichi , Nakagawa Masayuki 
Published: May 2020

d‐3‐Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) conducts an important step in the synthesis of serine. Importantly, the PHGDH gene is often amplified in certain cancers. Our previous studies revealed that PHGDH gene amplification was associated with poor overall survival in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and that metabolic reprogramming of serine synthesis through PHGDH recruitment allowed ccRCC cells to survive in unfavorable environments. There have been no investigations of the role of PHGDH expression in bladder cancer (BC). In this investigation, we examined the clinical importance of PHDGH in BC. Furthermore, we asked whether PHGDH expression could be exploited for BC therapy. Finally, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms that modulated the expression of PHGDH. Using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we found that patients with high‐grade BC had significantly higher PHGDH expression levels than did those with low‐grade BC. In addition, patients with high PHGDH expression did not survive as long as those with low expression. PHGDH downregulation by si‐RNAs or an inhibitor in BC cell lines significantly inhibited proliferative ability and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, combined treatment using a PHGDH inhibitor and gemcitabine/cisplatin achieved synergistic tumor suppression compared to use of a single agent both in vitro as well as in vivo. Mechanistic analyses of PHGDH regulation showed that PHGDH expression might be associated with DNA copy number and hypomethylation in BC. These findings suggest novel therapeutic strategies could be used in BC. Finally, our data enhance our understanding of the role of PHGDH in BC.
Cardiac troponin and tropomyosin bind to F‐actin cooperatively, as revealed by fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Solís Christopher , Robinson John M. 
Published: May 2020

In cardiac muscle, binding of troponin (Tn) and tropomyosin (Tpm) to filamentous (F)‐actin forms thin filaments capable of Ca2+‐dependent regulation of contraction. Tpm binds to F‐actin in a head‐to‐tail fashion, while Tn stabilizes these linkages. Valuable structural and functional information has come from biochemical, X‐ray, and electron microscopy data. However, the use of fluorescence microscopy to study thin filament assembly remains relatively underdeveloped. Here, triple fluorescent labeling of Tn, Tpm, and F‐actin allowed us to track thin filament assembly by fluorescence microscopy. It is shown here that Tn and Tpm molecules self‐organize on actin filaments and give rise to decorated and undecorated regions. Binding curves based on colocalization of Tn and Tpm on F‐actin exhibit cooperative binding with a dissociation constant Kd of ~ 0.5 µm that is independent of the Ca2+ concentration. Binding isotherms based on the intensity profile of fluorescently labeled Tn and Tpm on F‐actin show that binding of Tn is less cooperative relative to Tpm. Computational modeling of Tn‐Tpm binding to F‐actin suggests two equilibrium steps involving the binding of an initial Tn‐Tpm unit (nucleation) and subsequent recruitment of adjacent Tn‐Tpm units (elongation) that stabilize the assembly. The results presented here highlight the utility of employing fluorescence microscopy to study supramolecular protein assemblies.
Higher Disability in Women Than Men Scheduled for Total Knee Arthroplasty for Degenerative Osteoarthritis: A Cross‐Sectional Analysis From India
Authors: Devasenapathy Niveditha , Malhotra Rajesh , Mittal Kanchan , Garg Bhavuk , Kumar Vijay , Zodpey Sanjay , Dogra Hardik , Maddison Ralph , Belavy Daniel L. 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveHigher level impairments and activity limitation among those scheduled for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is known. Sex differences in participation restriction which is the final domain of disablement pathway is not known. No data from developing countries exist on sex differences in disability levels at the time of TKA.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional analysis of 240 patients (188 women; 72 men) scheduled for TKA, impairment (pain, symptoms, quadricep muscle strength, and knee range of motion [ROM]), activity limitation (self‐reported and objective performance‐based measurements), and participation restriction were compared. Multivariable regression analyses were used to adjust for key sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Associations between impairments and participation restriction were analyzed.ResultsCompared with men, women were more likely to have higher levels of impairment (knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome pain score adjusted mean difference [aMD]: −6.9 [95% confidence interval {CI} −13.7 to −0.18]; flexion ROM of less than 100° adjusted odds ratio: 5.7 [95% CI 1.6‐20.3]; and 36% lower muscle strength [95% CI 24%‐49%]) and lower objectively measured functional ability (walking speed aMD: −0.12 m/s [95% CI −0.23 to −0.02]; stair climbing time aMD: 9.5 s [95% CI 1.5‐17.5]). Participation restriction was higher in women compared with men. Of the impairment measures (pain, ROM, and muscle strength), pain contributed to participation restriction in both sexes.ConclusionThis study demonstrated higher levels of disability in women than in men at the time of TKA. Effect of pain on participation restriction was higher compared with muscle strength and ROM. Evidence of delay in decision‐making to undergo TKA and reasons for delay need to be studied specifically in the context of lower middle–income countries.
Probiotic Use and Psoriatic Arthritis Disease Activity
Authors: Grinnell Madison , Ogdie Alexis , Wipfler Kristin , Michaud Kaleb 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveProbiotics have been hypothesized to mediate inflammation through gut microbiome modulation. Spondyloarthropathies have subclinical gut inflammation associated with inflammatory disease that may benefit from probiotic use. We aimed to evaluate associations between probiotic use and patient‐reported outcomes in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA).MethodsUsing FORWARD, The National Databank for Rheumatic Diseases, we examined probiotic use among patients with PsA and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a comparator in which gut inflammation is less clearly related to pathogenesis. Patient‐reported outcome measures such as pain and physical function were compared for probiotic users and nonusers among patients with PsA and RA. Patients were propensity score–matched for taking a probiotic by demographics and nonmedication supplements.ResultsMore patients have reported probiotic use over the past decade, with less than 1% reporting use in 2008 and approximately 7% in 2018. Probiotic users are more likely to be white women with higher education, income, and supplement use. Following propensity score matching, probiotic users with PsA had significantly lower Short Form 36 Physical Component Summary (SF‐36 PCS) scores and higher pain scores than nonusers with PsA (33.11 ± 11.50 vs. 40.82 ± 11.03; P = 0.04 and 4.78 ± 3.09 vs. 3.00 ± 2.58; P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in Patient Activity Scale II, Health Assessment Questionnaire II, SF‐36 PCS, and Short Form 36 Mental Component Summary scores or pain among users with PsA before and after probiotic initiation.ConclusionWe found increasing probiotic use in patients with PsA and important differences between users and nonusers. After accounting for these differences, we found no statistical difference in health outcomes after probiotic use.
ROS and GSH Dual‐Responsive GEM Prodrug Micelles for ROS‐Triggered Fluorescence Turn on Bioimaging and Cancer Therapy
Authors: Su Xin , Zhuang Weihua , Yu Tao , He Haiyang , Ma Boxuan , Chen Liang , Yang Li , Li Gaocan , Wang Yunbing 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNanocarriers with minimal drug leakage in blood and sufficient drug release at tumor sites are essential for tumor targeted drug delivery and bioimaging. Herein, a reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) dual‐responsive aggregation‐induced quenching (ACQ) prodrug micelle system is developed based on PMPC‐P (Se‐co‐RB)‐P (SS‐GEM) copolymer to avoid drug leakage and specifically locate the tumor via a ROS‐triggered fluorescence turn on manner. Selenium (Se) group is designed to respond to the ROS environment of tumor so as to turn on the fluorescence of Rhodamine B (RB) and Gemcitabine (GEM) is conjugated to the copolymer via a disulfide bond. These GEM prodrug micelles exhibit small particle size of 166.3 nm with uniformed size distribution, a very weak fluorescence emission, and minimal drug release with only 3.33% drug release under physiological conditions after 48 h. However, ROS (0.1% H2O2) and GSH (10 × 10−3 m) could synergistically promote disassembly of the micellar structure which causes accelerated drug release up to around 91.57% after 48 h. These prodrug micelles exhibit great in vitro and in vivo antitumor ability with minimal side effects. This novel drug delivery system provides new possibilities for designing stimuli‐responsive nanocarriers for tumor therapy and bioimaging.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Radical Defluoroborylation of Trifluoromethyl Alkenes: An Access to gem‐Difluoroallylboranes
Authors: Chen Guojun , Wang Liling , Liu Xiaozu , Liu Peijun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA photoredox‐catalyzed defluoroborylation of trifluoromethyl alkenes with N‐heterocyclic carbene boranes is described for the synthesis of gem‐difluoroallylboranes. This protocol exhibits a broad substrate scope and good functional group compatibility, which enables the late‐stage functionalization of structurally complex compounds. Further transformations of the defluoroborylation products to valuable CF2‐containing molecules are also demonstrated.magnified image
An Efficient Approach to Functionalized Indoles from λ3‐Iodanes via Acyloxylation and Acyl Transfer
Authors: Jeyakannu Palaniraja , Chandru Senadi Gopal , Chiang Chun‐Hsien , Kumar Dhandabani Ganesh , Chang Yu‐Ching , Wang Jeh‐Jeng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractVersatile role of λ3‐iodanes has been identified between the reaction of hydroquinone and β‐enaminones for the synthesis of 5‐acyloxy‐4‐hydroxy indoles. The reaction is proposed to proceed through an intermolecular C−C bond formation, intramolecular cyclization, acyloxylation and 1,4‐acyl migration. The important features of this work include various acyloxylation from λ3‐iodanes and broad functional group tolerance to deliver 34 examples in moderate to good yields.magnified image
Hydrophosphination of Activated Alkenes by a Cobalt(I) Pincer Complex
Authors: Nolla‐Saltiel Roberto , Geer Ana M. , Taylor Laurence J. , Churchill Olivia , Davies E. Stephen , Lewis William , Blake Alexander J. , Kays Deborah L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHerein we report the synthesis of three heteroleptic first‐row transition metal(II) complexes containing carbazolido NNN pincer ligands and conversion to the corresponding metal(I)‐carbonyl complexes via a reductive carbonylation route. These complexes are precatalysts for the hydrophosphination of activated alkenes, affording a cobalt‐catalysed hydrophosphination process that solely and selectively yields the β addition (anti‐Markovnikov) product. The scope of this transformation has been investigated using a variety of activated alkenes. Isolation and characterisation of substrate‐coordinated intermediates reveal available coordination sites, which provide insight into the proposed catalytic cycle.magnified image
MAPT haplotype–stratified GWAS reveals differential association for AD risk variants
Authors: Strickland Samantha L. , Reddy Joseph S. , Allen Mariet , N'songo Aurelie , Burgess Jeremy D. , Corda Morgane M. , Ballard Travis , Wang Xue , Carrasquillo Minerva M. , Biernacka Joanna M. , Jenkins Gregory D. , Mukherjee Shubhabrata , Boehme Kevin , Crane Paul , Kauwe John S. , Ertekin‐Taner Nilüfer ,   Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroductionMAPT H1 haplotype is implicated as a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsUsing Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC) genome‐wide association study (GWAS) data (n = 18,841), we conducted a MAPT H1/H2 haplotype–stratified association to discover MAPT haplotype–specific AD risk loci.ResultsWe identified 11 loci—5 in H2‐non‐carriers and 6 in H2‐carriers—although none of the MAPT haplotype–specific associations achieved genome‐wide significance. The most significant H2 non‐carrier–specific association was with a NECTIN2 intronic (P = 1.33E‐07) variant, and that for H2 carriers was near NKX6‐1 (P = 1.99E‐06). The GABRG2 locus had the strongest epistasis with MAPT H1/H2 variant rs8070723 (P = 3.91E‐06). Eight of the 12 genes at these loci had transcriptome‐wide significant differential expression in AD versus control temporal cortex (q < 0.05). Six genes were members of the brain transcriptional co‐expression network implicated in “synaptic transmission” (P = 9.85E‐59), which is also enriched for neuronal genes (P = 1.0E‐164), including MAPT.DiscussionThis stratified GWAS identified loci that may confer AD risk in a MAPT haplotype–specific manner. This approach may preferentially enrich for neuronal genes implicated in synaptic transmission.