bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Conclusion: Revisiting the Past, Looking to the Future
Authors: Panagariya Arvind 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks back at post-independence economic history to understand the stranglehold that socialism acquired on the Indian economy in the early years, the launch of reforms in 1991 under Prime Ministers Narasimha Rao and Atal Bihari Vajpayee, partial reversals under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, and a return to reforms under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It particularly emphasizes the role that a socialistically inclined bureaucracy plays in continuing to hold back reforms. The chapter concludes by making the case that despite a slowdown in growth at the present time, India’s future is bright—but only if the leadership stays the course on economic reforms. The chapter concludes with a number of cautionary notes relating to policy. These relate to policy stability, the necessity of migrating half or more of the agricultural workforce to industry and services, creating an ecosystem that would help firms to grow larger, the centrality of success in export markets, and the need for investment in labor-intensive sectors of the economy.
Home
Authors: Colls Robert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 sees the parish as a platform for belonging, and sport and custom as celebrations of that belonging. It opens with Edwin Butterworth, a well-connected journalist working for Edward Baines, the radical newspaper owner, who was writing a history of Lancashire. Charged in 1835 with surveying a county deep in the throes of industrialization, and keen to establish the state of ‘Customs, Habits, &c’, Butterworth’s findings do not show the sudden death of parochial custom any more than they show the rising up of a great new factory system. Instead, they show parochial culture dying in some places but flourishing (and changing) in others. The chapter goes on to look more widely at how this old parochial culture had bound people to their sense of place—what the old Poor Law called ‘settlement’. At the same time the chapter notes how from the 1830s to the 1880s, the welfare functions that had underpinned settlement were being removed and given to quasi-national bodies. Apart from Church of England clergy who were not quite insiders or outsiders, the parish had insiders who were enemies as well. Primitive Methodists were anti-sport and counter-parochial for all of the nineteenth century. They brought disruption with a new kind of belonging.
Bloods
Authors: Colls Robert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 gets away from the school side of things to the boys’ and girls’ side. Bloods’ is an old word for a certain kind of aristocratic young man taken up by the public schools to mean a leading man of fashion, or a captain of sport, or both. It never applied to girls but it is quite clear that there were sporty girls who could take the daring part and all girls’ schools, like all boys’ schools, were periodically rocked over what to wear and the best way to wear it. Sport was the main inspiration for fashion, and sporting fashion was the key to the true standing of a ‘Blood’. In all these things, schools had to negotiate with their pupils. The extent to which they were able to do so determined the sort of school it was and the boys and girls side of things led, first in the 1920s and again in the 1960s, to the creation of the modern university as a place where students enjoyed boarding-house life and the liberty to play and have fun. Chapter 7 also describes the crisis in elite masculinity in the 1850s, a crisis over military failure but also to do with perceived failings in the character and personality of elite young men. Sport was never far away from this crisis, both as the cause and the solution.
Sounding Out the Divine
Authors: Williams Richard David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
From Vedic sacrifices to kīrtan podcasts, sound art and music shape how Hindu religions are experienced. Nonetheless, the social and discursive value of music is easily underemphasized in accounts of religious practice and thought: frequently, music is either viewed as a technical field—best left alone by non-specialists—or taken for granted and dismissed as part of the ‘background’ in rituals and texts. However, the auditory dimensions of religion have very real consequences: historically, musical transmission has been crucial in the dissemination of ideas and texts, while soundscapes and performance genres continue to cultivate identities and moral positions. There is more to music than decoration or mediation: in some contexts, it is possible to consider music and sonic practices as the substance of a theological system, the centre of gravity for doctrine, behaviour, and soteriology.
Gandhi, Hinduism, and Humanity
Authors: Devji Faisal 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
While Gandhi spoke frequently about humanity and humanitarianism, he was deeply suspicious of any attempt to serve or even speak in the name of the human race. In Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule, his manifesto from 1909, he wrote, ‘I am so constructed that I can only serve my immediate neighbours (āspās vastā mānaso in the Gujarati text), but in my conceit I pretend to have discovered that I must with my body serve every individual in the Universe. In thus attempting the impossible, man (mānas jāt) comes in contact with different natures, different religions, and is utterly confounded’ (Gandhi 2008: 42). Gandhi considered the effort to address mankind as a whole fundamentally violent, and often described it as a sin. This was because man’s universality could only become manifest by destroying the social particularities that both obscured and made it possible.
Introduction
Authors: Whatmore-Thomson Helen J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Local populations interacted and engaged with their nearby Nazi camps whether in perpetrator or occupied nations, and these interactions continued with whatever became of the camps after the war. The introduction situates the book between historiographical debates that span wartime experience and post-war national memory cultures, and discusses the conceptual relevance of bystanders as a category of analysis. It shifts the perspective of KZ history to the durable intertwinement of camp and community and argues that local engagement with sites of terror is a critical vector in KZ history and memory.
Pragmatism and Memorialization
Authors: Whatmore-Thomson Helen J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
After the internment camps closed, the KZs were used in further pragmatic capacities. Chapter 3 reviews how the refunctionalization of the KZs at Vught and Neuengamme displaced the connotations of Nazi history by inscribing new narratives onto the local landscape, and how the new institutions gave the sites more prevalent associations with the present than with the past. The chapter also assesses the ways in which memory culture began to develop at the three sites, with or without the presence of an official (national) KZ monument. It evaluates local contributions to rites and rituals, the occasions when the KZ site was used as the stage for alternative forms of commemoration, and the practical and administrative implications of hosting a KZ monument on local territory. It closes by analysing how KZ memory was not limited to the KZ site (in former occupied Europe) and assesses other contexts in which KZ memory affected local identity and self-understanding.
The Press and the People
Authors: Fox Adam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This is the first full-length study of cheap print in early modern Scotland. It traces the production and distribution of ephemeral publications from the nation’s first presses in the early sixteenth century through to the age of Burns in the late eighteenth. It explores the development of the Scottish book trade in general and the production of slight and popular texts in particular. Focusing on the means by which these works reached a wide audience, it illuminates the nature of their circulation in both urban and rural contexts. Specific chapters examine single-sheet imprints such as ballads and gallows speeches, newssheets and advertisements, as well as the little pamphlets that contained almanacs and devotional works, stories and songs. The book demonstrates just how much more of this reading matter was once printed than now survives and argues that Scotland had a much larger market for such material than has been appreciated. By illustrating the ways in which Scottish printers combined well-known titles from England with a distinctive repertoire of their own, The Press and the People transforms our understanding of popular literature in early modern Scotland and its contribution to British culture more widely.
Introduction
Authors: Fox Adam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The introduction to this book argues that no general study of cheap print and popular literature has yet been undertaken for Scotland in the period between the advent of the nation’s first presses in the early sixteenth century and the eve of the French Revolution in the late eighteenth. It demonstrates that far more of this kind of ephemeral work aimed at a wide audience was once produced than has now survived and that the scale of its output has been insufficiently appreciated. The book sets out to show that Scotland both produced and imported a far more extensive range of reading matter for the mass market than has been acknowledged and that no understanding of contemporary society can be complete without it.
Creating a Reading Public
Authors: Fox Adam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines the creation of a reading public in early modern Scotland. It charts the expansion of basic education both in the formal setting of schools and the informal environment of the home. It highlights the way in which the ability to read a simple printed text in English spread down through Lowland Scottish society so as to become commonplace. The price of cheaply printed works in the form of single sheets, pamphlets, and unbound tracts is documented and set alongside the data of wages and prices so as to assess the changing cost of such material in real terms and emphasise its relative affordability. Finally, the broader context of press regulation and output in Scotland is surveyed across the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries.
The Edinburgh Book Trade and Popular Wares, 1660–1785
Authors: Fox Adam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces the continued development of the book trade in Edinburgh during the later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, focusing in particular on the lower end of the market. It examines the printers who specialised in cheap wares, the booksellers who purveyed them in the city, and the chapmen who carried them out into the towns and villages of Lowland Scotland. It examines the roles of book auctions and circulating libraries, of cheap reprints and popular imports, in extending the reach of popular works down through society in Edinburgh and beyond.
Pretense Part I
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Three related questions—metaphysical, epistemological, and psychological—about pretense and its relationship to imagination are distinguished. Answers to the metaphysical and epistemological questions are defended in the balance of the chapter. In response to the metaphysical question of what it is to pretend, it’s argued that we need not invoke a sui generis notion of imagination, nor a concept of pretend, in order to say what qualifies someone as pretending. To pretend that x is y is, roughly, to intentionally make some x y-like while believing that x will not, in the process, become a y. Nor, in answer to the epistemological question, need we hold that the recognition of pretense in others requires attributing to them sui generis imaginings, or a primitive mental state concept of pretend. Pretense can be recognized—when it is recognizable at all—via superficial features of a person’s behavior.
Consuming Fictions Part III
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Further challenges to the idea that sui generis imaginings account for our affective responses to fiction are developed. The chapter then undertakes an extended analysis of the “paradox of fiction”—viz., the claim that it is irrational or inappropriate to respond emotionally to mere fictions—and proposes a novel solution. A number of theorists have held that special features of imagination play a role in resolving the paradox. It is argued that these proposals fail on their own terms and that the paradox can nevertheless be resolved in a way consistent with our emotional reactions to fiction being grounded in beliefs and desires. Coming to terms with the paradox requires both understanding why the “rug-pull” structure of the examples typically used to motivate it are disanalogous to our experience of fictions, and appreciating the specific emotional norms relevant to fiction-appreciation.
The Morality of Harm
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe methodological debate about the morality of war has tended to confuse different questions. It has led to a polarization, where on the one hand people see the morality of war as a primarily collectivist and institutionalized subject and on the other simply as a matter of questions of individual responsibility. These are not the only options, and we need a more nuanced approach. Rejecting the existence and significance of collective agency, or the authority of the commands of unjust states to go to war, should not incline us to ignore other facts about relationships between individuals that are morally important.
Fighting for One’s Own
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter addresses the significance of political and personal relationships in the ethics of war—the extent to which such relationships and political communities give people reason to fight, the kind of reasons they are, and what implications they have in the ethics of war. It is mainly sceptical that such relationships can make an otherwise unjust war permissible, but it defends the view that they can make otherwise permissible conduct required. It also addresses the question whether contractual duties ground permissions and duties in war. Finally, the chapter argues that it is sometimes permissible to fight in unjust wars.
The Significance of Intentions
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter draws together and develops a range of arguments that an agent’s intentions make a difference to the permissibility of her actions. It considers both cases where one person either uses another, or another is useful to a person’s ends, as well as cases where a person performs an act that could be justified, but does so for bad reasons. Intentions ground permissibility and wrongness in both kinds of case, it is argued. Sometimes, the need to act on good intentions for one’s act to be justified explains why a person acts wrongly, even where her conduct could be justified..
Why It Is Wrong to Kill Non-Responsible Threats
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter argues that it is wrong to kill a non-responsible lethal threat, even where this is necessary to save the life of the person threatened. It clarifies the distinction between agent-neutral and agent-relative arguments for the permissibility of killing non-responsible threats. It clarifies the main agent-neutral argument against permissibility, and considers several objections to that argument. It then offers a new and decisive argument against permissibility on agent-neutral grounds. It then shows that agent-relative arguments in favour of permissibility fail.
Causation and Liability
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with whether it makes a difference to a person’s liability to avert a threat whether she caused that threat or causally contributed to it. It argues against the view that causation is necessary for liability. It tentatively argues for the significance of causation to liability. It then considers a wide range of versions of the view that the magnitude of a person’s causal contribution affects the magnitude of her liability. It does so by exploring different ideas that people might have in mind when they claim that some causal contribution to a threat is greater or lesser. It defends mostly sceptical conclusions. In some cases, the magnitude of a person’s causal contribution to a threat may make a difference to her liability to defensive harm. But where this is true, it is normally because causation is relevant to something else, such as moral responsibility, that affects liability.
Involving patients and publics in healthcare
Authors: McKevitt Christopher , Fudge Nina , Pinel Clémence 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Patients and patient organizations, and other members of the public and communities are widely recognized as important stakeholders in processes through which healthcare systems and services are designed, delivered, and monitored. Their involvement in these processes is promoted not only as a strategy to enhance the quality of systems and services, but also as an act of democratic participation. Yet putting involvement into practice is not straightforward. This chapter outlines the field of involvement in healthcare, focusing on some of the key areas of debate. These include definitions of involvement, the rationales put forward, involvement as represented in policy, and the methods used. The chapter summarizes some current key debates in relation to questions of who is involved, power, and evidence of effectiveness.
Perspectives on healthcare quality and safety
Authors: Russ Stephanie , Sevdalis Nick 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers an introduction to the recently developed applied health science fields of patient safety, improvement, and implementation sciences. Healthcare is a high-risk activity because of the complexity of its systems and processes. Errors arise frequently and these can impact negatively on patients by causing adverse events. Errors and adverse events are generally attributable to defective systems for organizing care, which create conditions in which errors arise. This represents a failure of risk management. Patient safety science takes a scientific approach to understanding why errors occur and how to prevent their occurrence or minimize their impact. Learning from analysis of patient safety incidents, through root-cause analysis, enables an organization or service to learn and avoid repeating similar failures in the future. Patient safety incidents represent one aspect of the wider problem of poor-quality care. Improvement science offers standardized tools and measurements that can be used to monitor and improve healthcare delivery. The Model for Improvement employs repeated Plan–Do–Study–Act (PDSA) cycles to quantify problems and to develop and test potential solutions. Engagement with stakeholders is an essential part of this process. Implementation science can contribute by providing methods to promote the uptake of new research evidence into healthcare practice. It can address the second translational gap by facilitating the widespread adoption of strategies for improving health-related processes and outcomes, and advancing knowledge on how best to replicate intervention effects from trials into real-world settings. These new scientific fields provide well-established approaches to addressing some of the key problems arising in healthcare. Modern public health needs to reap the benefits of these newly emerged sciences to address the burden of adverse events and harm that arises in the delivery of healthcare and to promote evidence-based practice.
Health services for health promotion and disease prevention
Authors: Smith Jenifer , Mapstone James 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The importance of social and environmental factors in determining the health status of a population provides the context for the role of health services in health promotion and disease prevention. Health service providers play important roles as advocates, leaders, and partners in disease prevention and health promotion strategies. The initial sections of this chapter discuss the definition of prevention, levels of prevention, and the place of population-wide and high-risk approaches. It then discusses some of the public health skills that are required in prevention programmes, including assessing needs and priorities, evidence of effectiveness, the role of behavioural and implementation sciences, and the importance of evaluation. The chapter illustrates these principles using examples from communicable and non-communicable disease control.
Developmental Stages of the Law and of the Legal Process
Authors: Treiber Hubert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Max Weber's ideal-typical developmental stages of the law and of the legal process. These stages include charismatic revelation by law prophets; empirical lawmaking and lawfinding by legal honoratiores; imposition of law by the secular imperium and theocratic power; and specialist administration of justice by legally educated jurists, on the basis of scholarly and formally logical education. Here it is a question of developments which ultimately proceed in the West in the direction of rational law, if not always in a linear way, and in which Weber particularly emphasizes, if not overstates, the ‘role’ of logic. For one thing, the development of rational law can have both a material and a formal character; for another, the stage of highest rationality, where Weber's ideal-typical ‘system’ of law is to be found, has, it must be admitted, never actually been reached in history. Moreover, it is important to remember that Weber ‘did not want to write legal history’ in his ‘Sociology of Law’. Rather, his discussion of legal history always has to be read in the light of his cognitive interest, so that ‘when integrated into a sociological or theoretical system of the law, historical detail will always be a little different to what it was before’.
Conclusion
Authors: Treiber Hubert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes Max Weber's theory of legal rationalization. In the beginning is the word, in the form of the charismatic revelation of the law by legal prophets. Alongside Moses, Muhammad acts as an example to illustrate this, since Islamic holy law is a ‘book religion’ which was inspired prophetically. It is decisive for the further development of the law towards rationalization that a ‘secular law’, detached from the ‘holy commandments’ and from holy law, arises to settle disputes involving ‘conflicts of interest indifferent to religion’ and also that there is a successful ‘separation between ethics and law’. If secular law has separated itself from holy law, then two relatively autonomous paths of development become apparent: towards a ‘rational and formal law which is either more logical or more empirical in nature’, as could be observed, on the one hand, in continental Europe and, on the other, in Rome and in England. Instructively, Weber distils each of these two possibilities down to two contrasting ideal-types: theoretical legal education in universities (with an entirely novel carrier stratum of legal academics) and empirical craft-like legal training by practitioners (legal honoratiores, attorneys). One strand of development leads towards a ‘system’, and the other towards casuistry.