bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Method for Continuous Solid‐State Biaxial Orientation of Polymeric Films
Authors: Ghazaryan Gagik , Schaller Raphael , Tervoort Theo A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA new laboratory‐scale method for continuous solid‐state biaxial deformation of polymer materials is introduced. The tabletop biaxial drawing tool utilizes a heated metal disc‐like triangular mandrel, which allows for continuous solid‐state biaxial deformation of a precursor polymer tube with a controlled drawing speed. The new biaxial drawing tool features two independent heating zones. The main mandrel sets the biaxial drawing temperature. In addition, directly after the mandrel, an annealing unit with a separate heating zone is added for better control of important process parameters, such as post‐relaxation and strain‐induced crystallization. As such, the new biaxial drawing tool is a tabletop analogue of the industrial triple‐bubble process. Finally, a detailed theoretical model describing the deformation field and the forces needed to perform biaxial drawing as a function of the biaxial drawing ratio is presented and compared to experimental values, using isotactic polypropylene as model material. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci.2020,58, 352‐362
Three‐dimensional posture estimation of robot forceps using endoscope with convolutional neural network
Authors: Mikada Takuto , Kanno Takahiro , Kawase Toshihiro , Miyazaki Tetsuro , Kawashima Kenji 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn recent years, there has been significant developments in surgical robots. Image‐based sensing of surgical instruments, without the use of electric sensors, are preferred for easily washable robots.MethodsWe propose a method to estimate the three‐dimensional posture of the tip of the forceps tip by using an endoscopic image. A convolutional neural network (CNN) receives the image of the tracked markers attached to the forceps as an input and outputs the posture of the forceps.ResultsThe posture estimation results showed that the posture estimated from the image followed the electrical sensor. The estimated results of the external force calculated based on the posture also followed the measured values.ConclusionThe method which estimates the forceps posture from the image using CNN is effective. The mean absolute error of the estimated external force is smaller than the human detection limit.
Characterizing the formative assessment enactment of experienced science teachers
Authors: Dini Vesal , Sevian Hannah , Caushi Klaudja , Orduña Picón Raúl 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTeachers' use of formative assessment (FA) has been shown to improve student outcomes; however, teachers enact FA in many ways. We examined classroom videos of nine experienced teachers of elementary, middle, and high school science, aiming to create a model of FA enactment that is useful to teachers. We developed a coding scheme through a validation‐in‐use approach to characterize teachers' practices using three streams of data that included teachers' self‐interviews about the purposes and outcomes of their FAs, our analysis of their noticing/interpreting and acting, and their comments on intentions behind the teaching acts they considered significant. In contrast to cycles of eliciting‐noticing‐interpreting‐acting, we found noticing/interpreting to be central to FA enactment, driving teachers' eliciting or advancing acts. We characterized ways of noticing/interpreting as more authoritative or dialogic and observed that eliciting acts and advancing acts occurred along a similar range. Teachers' in‐the‐moment purposes and larger learning goals were synthesized as they made choices about teaching acts. The model is framed in terms of utility to teachers to examine their own FA practices, with the aim of becoming better equipped to strategically enact FA in intentional ways to achieve their purposes.
World heritage sustainable development policy & local implementation: Site management issues using a case study of Sri Ksetra at Pyu ancient cities in Myanmar
Authors: Liljeblad Jonathan , Oo Khin Thinn Thinn 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn November 2015, State Parties to the World Heritage Convention approved a resolution adopting a policy integrating sustainable development into World Heritage conservation (WH Policy). A central component of the WH Policy was an expectation for participatory models of management involving local communities in site management. This paper uses a case study of Sri Ksetra in Pyu Ancient Cities, Myanmar's first entry onto the World Heritage list, to identify how management practices toward local communities can frustrate the implementation of WH Policy goals. The paper argues that the implementation of WH Policy involves not only the contents of policy statements but also the actions of site management practices, such that efforts to promote sustainable development via community participation require consideration of both the articulation of appropriate management systems in formal policy documents as well as the practice of appropriate conduct by those systems.
Recreating Physiological Environments In Vitro: Design Rules for Microfluidic‐Based Vascularized Tissue Constructs
Authors: Tan Sin Yen , Leung Ziuwin , Wu Angela Ruohao 
Published: January 2020

AbstractVascularization of engineered tissue constructs remains one of the greatest unmet challenges to mimicking the native tissue microenvironment in vitro. The main obstacle is recapitulating the complexity of the physiological environment while providing simplicity in operation and manipulation of the model. Microfluidic technology has emerged as a promising tool that enables perfusion of the tissue constructs through engineered vasculatures and precise control of the vascular microenvironment cues in vitro. The tunable microenvironment includes i) biochemical cues such as coculture, supporting matrix, and growth factors and ii) engineering aspects such as vasculature engineering methods, fluid flow, and shear stress. In this systematic review, the design considerations of the microfluidic‐based in vitro model are discussed, with an emphasis on microenvironment control to enhance the development of next‐generation vascularized engineered tissues.
Designing Advanced Catalysts for Energy Conversion Based on Urea Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Zhu Bingjun , Liang Zibin , Zou Ruqiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUrea oxidation reaction (UOR) is the underlying reaction that determines the performance of modern urea‐based energy conversion technologies. These technologies include electrocatalytic and photoelectrochemical urea splitting for hydrogen production and direct urea fuel cells as power engines. They have demonstrated great potentials as alternatives to current water splitting and hydrogen fuel cell systems with more favorable operating conditions and cost effectiveness. At the moment, UOR performance is mainly limited by the 6‐electron transfer process. In this case, various material design and synthesis strategies have recently been reported to produce highly efficient UOR catalysts. The performance of these advanced catalysts is optimized by the modification of their structural and chemical properties, including porosity development, heterostructure construction, defect engineering, surface functionalization, and electronic structure modulation. Considering the rich progress in this field, the recent advances in the design and synthesis of UOR catalysts for urea electrolysis, photoelectrochemical urea splitting, and direct urea fuel cells are reviewed here. Particular attention is paid to those design concepts, which specifically target the characteristics of urea molecules. Moreover, challenges and prospects for the future development of urea‐based energy conversion technologies and corresponding catalysts are also discussed.
Using an Integrated Population Model to Evaluate Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Responses to Management Actions
Authors: McCormick Joshua L. , High Brett 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe South Fork Snake River supports one of the few remaining robust populations of fluvial Yellowstone Cutthroat TroutOncorhynchus clarkii bouvieriin Idaho. Since the early to mid‐2000s, salmonid populations on the South Fork Snake River have been intensively monitored and managed to limit the abundance of introduced Rainbow TroutO. mykiss, which have been increasing in abundance relative to Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout. Integrated population models (IPMs) were built using multiple data sets (abundance, survival, and fecundity data) to evaluate the effectiveness of management actions. Modeling results suggested that Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout survival at ages 0 and 2 was influenced by inter‐ and intracohort competition with both adult Rainbow Trout and adult Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout. Decreasing minimum winter discharge from Palisades Reservoir appeared to negatively affect the population growth rate of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout; however, the effect on survival of individual life stages was minimal. Use of theIPMallowed for evaluation of life‐stage‐specific dynamics that would be lacking when using alternative analytical methods. It is apparent from the results of this study that the population bottlenecks for Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout in the South Fork Snake River occurred at ages 0 and 2 as a result of inter‐ and intraspecific density‐dependent mechanisms. Thus, management actions that target these life stages should be continued or expanded.
Energy Density Predictors for Argentine Anchovy Engraulis anchoita, a Key Species of the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Ciancio Javier Ernesto , Bartes Saia , Fernández Santiago , Harillo Camila , Lancelotti Julio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractForage fishes have a cosmopolitan distribution and constitute key species in marine trophic webs throughout the world. We estimated the energy density of the Argentine Anchovy Engraulis anchoita, a key component of the base of the food web in a large fraction of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. We also examined the relationships between energy density and different proxies (condition factor, fork length, and percent dry weight) and compared the relationship of energy density to percent dry weight for Argentine Anchovy to this relationship in other forage fishes. A regression model that includes percent dry weight and fork length was the best predictor for the energy density in this species. The Argentine Anchovy had similar energy density to percent dry weight to all species in the Engraulidae family (anchovies) and to most of the species in the Clupeidae family (sardines). Engraulidae species showed smaller mean energy density and smaller energy density to percent dry weight compared with the Clupeidae species. The difference in energy density between these two families could have direct implications on population dynamics of predators in oscillating sardine–anchovy systems or in regions where these two families are spatially segregated.
$$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 conformal supergravity: the complete actions
Authors: Butter Daniel , Ciceri Franz , Sahoo Bindusar 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The most general class of 4D $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 conformal supergravity actions depends on a holomorphic function of the scalar fields that parametrize an SU(1, 1)/U(1) coset space. The bosonic sector of these actions was presented in a letter [1]. Here we provide the complete actions to all orders in the fermion fields. They rely upon a new $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 density formula, which permits a direct but involved construction. This density formula also recovers the on-shell action for vector multiplets coupled to conformal supergravity. Applications of these results in the context of Poincaré supergravity are briefly discussed.
Some results on optimal stopping under phase-type distributed implementation delay
Authors: Lempa Jukka 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe study optimal stopping of strong Markov processes under random implementation delay. By random implementation delay we mean the following: the payoff is not realised immediately when the process is stopped but rather after a random waiting period. The distribution of the random waiting period is assumed to be phase-type. We prove first a general result on the solvability of the problem. Then we study the case of Coxian distribution both in general and with scalar diffusion dynamics in more detail. The study is concluded with two explicit examples.
Effects of short-term cannabidiol treatment on response to social stress in subjects at clinical high risk of developing psychosis
Authors: Appiah-Kusi E. , Petros N. , Wilson R. , Colizzi M. , Bossong M. G. , Valmaggia L. , Mondelli V. , McGuire P. , Bhattacharyya S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Rationale
Stress is a risk factor for psychosis and treatments which mitigate its harmful effects are needed. Cannabidiol (CBD) has antipsychotic and anxiolytic effects.

Objectives
We investigated whether CBD would normalise the neuroendocrine and anxiety responses to stress in clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) patients.

Methods
Thirty-two CHR patients and 26 healthy controls (HC) took part in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) and their serum cortisol, anxiety and stress associated with public speaking were estimated. Half of the CHR participants were on 600 mg/day of CBD (CHR-CBD) and half were on placebo (CHR-P) for 1 week.

Results
One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant effect of group (HC, CHR-P, CHR-CBD (p = .005) on cortisol reactivity as well as a significant (p = .003) linear decrease. The change in cortisol associated with experimental stress exposure was greatest in HC controls and least in CHR-P patients, with CHR-CBD patients exhibiting an intermediate response. Planned contrasts revealed that the cortisol reactivity was significantly different in HC compared with CHR-P (p = .003), and in HC compared with CHR-CBD (p = .014), but was not different between CHR-P and CHR-CBD (p = .70). Across the participant groups (CHR-P, CHR-CBD and HC), changes in anxiety and experience of public speaking stress (all p’s < .02) were greatest in the CHR-P and least in the HC, with CHR-CBD participants demonstrating an intermediate level of change.

Conclusions
Our findings show that it is worthwhile to design further well powered studies which investigate whether CBD may be used to affect cortisol response in clinical high risk for psychosis patients and any effect this may have on symptoms.
Spatial patterns of tau deposition are associated with amyloid, ApoE, sex, and cognitive decline in older adults
Authors: Pereira Joana B. , Harrison Theresa M. , La Joie Renaud , Baker Suzanne L. , Jagust William J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPurposeThe abnormal deposition of tau begins before the onset of clinical symptoms and seems to target specific brain networks. The aim of this study is to identify the spatial patterns of tau deposition in cognitively normal older adults and assess whether they are related to amyloid-β (Aβ),APOE, sex, and longitudinal cognitive decline.MethodsWe included 114 older adults with cross-sectional flortaucipir (FTP) and Pittsburgh Compound-B PET in addition to longitudinal cognitive testing. A voxel-wise independent component analysis was applied to FTP images to identify the spatial patterns of tau deposition. We then assessed whether tau within these patterns differed by Aβ status,APOEgenotype, and sex. Linear mixed effects models were built to test whether tau in each component predicted cognitive decline. Finally, we ordered the spatial components based on the frequency of high tau deposition to model tau spread.ResultsWe found 10 biologically plausible tau patterns in the whole sample. There was greater tau in medial temporal, occipital, and orbitofrontal components in Aβ-positive compared with Aβ-negative individuals; in the parahippocampal component in ε3ε3 compared with ε2ε3 carriers; and in temporo-parietal and anterior frontal components in women compared with men. Higher tau in temporal and frontal components predicted longitudinal cognitive decline in memory and executive functions, respectively. Tau deposition was most frequently observed in medial temporal and ventral cortical areas, followed by lateral and primary areas.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that the spatial patterns of tau in asymptomatic individuals are clinically meaningful and are associated with Aβ,APOEε2ε3, sex and cognitive decline. These patterns could be used to predict the regional spread of tau and perform in vivo tau staging in older adults.
The Association Between Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis and the Progress of Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Lee Inhwa , Kim Hyeung Kyoo , Soh Euy Young , Lee Jeonghun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundWhether chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT) influences the risk of development and the progression of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) remains uncertain. We investigated the effects of CLT on the clinicopathologic features and prognosis of PTC.MethodsTwo thousand nine hundred twenty‐eight consecutive patients with PTC treated between 2009 and 2017 were divided into two groups: one with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and one without; 1174 (40%) of the patients had coincident CLT.ResultsIn univariate analysis, CLT correlated positively with small tumor size, frequent extrathyroidal extension, multifocal diseases, and p53 but negatively with central lymph node (LN) metastasis and BRAF mutation. In multivariate analysis, CLT was associated with extrathyroidal extension and multifocal disease; however, it was not a prognostic factor for recurrence even though it was associated with two aggressive factors. Compared with patients with PTC alone, there were more retrieved central LNs in the PTC + CLT group, and these patients also underwent more invasive diagnostic tests such as fine needle aspiration cytology and frozen biopsy of LN.ConclusionsThe CLT patients with PTC had better behavior features and prognoses than did those with PTC alone despite frequent multifocality and extrathyroidal extension. However, precaution may be necessary to avoid performing invasive diagnostic procedures for lateral LN metastasis and to manage the patients appropriately.
Surgical Task‐Sharing to Non‐specialist Physicians in Low‐Resource Settings Globally: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Falk Ryan , Taylor Robert , Kornelsen Jude , Virk Roohina 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundAs the global community increasingly recognizes the large and unmet burden of surgical disease, a new emphasis is being placed on strengthening the health system at the first‐level hospital. The shortage of surgical care providers at this district and rural level can be met by surgical task‐shifting/sharing to non‐physician clinicians (NPCs) and non‐specialist physicians (NSPs). While the role of NPCs in low–middle‐income countries (LMICs), in particular in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), has been well documented in the literature, there has been little focus on NSPs. In addition to providing essential surgical services, this physician cadre also practices generalist medicine, an advantage at the first‐level hospital. The present study seeks to explore where, across all country income groups, NSPs are providing surgical services and what additional surgical training, if any, is available in each identified country.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was performed, following PRISMA guidelines. Medline, EMBASE, EBM Reviews, and CINAHL were searched. Including hand‐searching for further references, 53 publications met inclusion/exclusion criteria and were identified for data extraction purposes. Gray literature was also explored within the time limits for this study.ResultsSurgical task‐shifting/sharing to NSPs occurs across all country income groups; some provide surgical obstetrics, while others also provide a broader scope of surgical services. Within LMIC countries, the majority are in SSA. In SSA, 16 of 54 countries were included in the reviewed articles, only 4 of which (Ethiopia, Niger, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone) have a formal surgical program beyond the regular medical officer/general practitioner training. Canada and Australia have established programs for both surgical obstetrics and the broader scope, while the USA has several programs for surgical obstetrics and is developing a new, broad‐scope program.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated that NSPs are providing surgical services across all income groups, with varying degrees of additional training specific to the surgical needs of their district/rural location. To “close the gap” in needed surgical services at the first‐level hospital, more task‐sharing needs to occur to both NSPs (the focus of this study) and NPCs. Collaboration between practitioners and training programs, given the shared challenges and practice environments, would help support task‐sharing at the first‐level hospital and improve access to the 5 billion underserved people.
Emergency Surgery for Blunt Cardiac Injury: Experience in 43 Cases
Authors: Gao Jin‐Mou , Du Ding‐Yuan , Kong Ling‐Wen , Yang Jun , Li Hui , Wei Gong‐Bin , Li Chang‐Hua , Liu Chao‐Pu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundBlunt cardiac injury (BCI) increases with traffic accidents and is an important cause of death in trauma patients. In particular, for patients who need surgical treatment, the mortality rate is extremely high unless the patient is promptly operated on. This study aimed to explore early recognition and expeditious surgical intervention to increase survival.MethodsAll patients with BCIs during the past 15 years were reviewed, and those who underwent operative treatment were analyzed retrospectively regarding the mechanism of injury, diagnostic and therapeutic methods, and outcome.ResultsA total of 348 patients with BCIs accounted for 18.3% of 1903 patients with blunt thoracic injury (BTI). Of 348 patients, 43 underwent operative treatment. The main cause of injury was traffic accidents, with an incidence of 48.8%. Of them, steering wheel injuries occurred in 15 patients. In 26 patients, a preoperative diagnosis was obtained by echocardiography, CT scanning, etc. In the remaining 17, who had to undergo urgent thoracotomy without any preoperative imaging, a definitive diagnosis of BCI was proven during the operation. The volume of preoperative infusion or crystalloid was <1000 ml in 31 cases. Preoperative pericardiocentesis was not used in anyone. In 12 patients, the operation commenced within 1 h. Overall mortality was 32.6%. The death was caused by BCI in 9.ConclusionsFacing a patient with BTI, a high index of suspicion for BCI must be maintained. To manage those requiring operations, early recognition and expeditious thoracotomy are essential. Preoperatively, limited fluid resuscitation is emphasized. We do not advocate preoperative pericardiocentesis.