bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional numerical simulations of tsunamis on Puger beach, Jember
Authors: Kartini Lilik , Utami Agung Wiyono Retno , Denisio Edwin Rikarda Raden , Bagus Kurniawan Frendi , Halik Gusfan , Hidayah Entin , Bintang Pratama Munawir 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
On June 3, 1994, an earthquake located 200 km south of the island of Java triggered a devastating tsunami and caused losses of life and materials around beaches in the Jember, Lumajang, and Banyuwangi Regencies. It is highly important to study the process of tsunami occurrences, especially at Puger Beach, Jember. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to understand the mechanism of tsunamis in Puger Beach. Tsunami numerical simulation was performed using the Delft3D model to calculate the propagation of possible future tsunamis. Bathymetric data obtained from GEBCO_08 were utilized in this study. The tsunami model was validated using the survey data of the tsunami on June 3, 1994. Tsunami simulations were successfully performed in this study. From numerical simulations, it was shown that the fault model characteristics utilized in the model directly affected the tsunami height. Just after the initial surface elevation, the wave height decreased and the tsunami propagated at sea. As the wave propagated from offshore to shallower area, the tsunami height increased until reaching the maximum tsunami height in coastal areas such as Puger Beach. Tsunami mechanisms are clarified from both numerical simulations.
Effect of leaf inclination and rainfall intensity on the Canopy Wetness Index of Artocarpus Heterophyllus
Authors: Reza Kasury Ahmad , Sujono Joko , Jayadi Rachmad 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Canopy characteristics have a significant influence on the process of canopy surface wetting and water canalization into the canopy reservoir. Canopy surfaces that have increased wetting until the canopy is saturated will describe the process of rainfall redistribution that occurs throughout the canopy. Canopy wetting until saturated or the canopy wetting index (β) is an indicator of rainfall redistribution by a canopy. Canopy reservoir filling can occur after the canopy surface per unit area has been completely saturated. This research was conducted with changes in rainfall intensity (R), leaf slope (α), canopy porosity, and canopy flow distribution (Tf) on Artocarpus heterophyllus. This study found that the rainfall redistribution process was strongly influenced by leaf characteristics, depth, and rainfall duration. Leaf characteristics, especially leaf inclination, will create a pattern of water canal from the canopy surface to the canopy reservoir. The leaf inclination characteristic will increase canopy wetting across the canopy surface simultaneously, but will not make water flow uniformly to the canopy reservoir.
Optimization of Water Distribution to Support the Balance of Water Usage: A Case Study of the Sempor Irrigation System, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Purwadi Hanugerah , Montarcih Limantara Lily , Suhartanto Ery , Rispiningtati  
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe existence of irrigation in Indonesia is commonly quite influenced by environmental and social cultural characteristics, which the people have lived by and developed for a long time. Many factors cause changes in the pattern of water availability, which increases competition among stakeholders, as in the Sempor irrigation system area. It has four main dams, which are the Bojong Dam, Watubarut Dam, Rowokawuk Dam, and Sindut Dam; it provides approximately 5900 ha of services and receives supplies from the Great Sempor Dam (38 million m3). Currently there is a decline in the function of this dam due to sedimentation, making operational services less optimal, especially during the dry season. The methodology of this study is to perform water optimization for the balancing of water in the irrigation area. Meanwhile, the implementation of the water supply on the field considers the calculation of water availability, space, and time. In practice, the operation of water supply is held by a group system in the secondary blocks. In certain conditions, the water rotation in tertiary channels was performed by local cultural wisdom.
Changes in Land Use in the Lombok River Basin and Their Impacts on River Basin Management Sustainability
Authors: Wiyono Wit Saputra Anggara , Azazi Zakaria Nor , Ngai Weng Chan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Sustainable management in water resources development strategies depends on the knowledge of phenomena of changes in land use in the river basin as a significant tool in understanding the interactions of environment and human activities. Changes that occur within a certain period on the land cover or land use impacts the basin characteristics, which will ultimately affect river basin management. This paper studies the change of land use in the Lombok river basin in Indonesia based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land use/land cover data version 6 from the years of 2001, 2010, and 2016 which were derived using MODIS Terra and Aqua reflectance supervised classification data. Land use data was then classified into fifteen land use categories according to SWAT classification. QGIS and MapWindow software were applied to analyse the features of land use in the study area, and the SWAT simulation model was applied to simulate the impacts of changing land use in the sub-basin. The study concludes that areas with occurrences of changes in land use impacted the river runoff in the sub-basin. Analysis of river basin land use, when combined with simulation in water resources management, will contribute to optimal and sustainable river basin planning.
Sensitivity of methods for estimating potential evapotranspiration to climate change
Authors: Wayan Sutapa I , Saparuddin  , Wicana Satya 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Global climate change occurs because of the addition of absorbing gases into the atmosphere, which can be interpreted as the greenhouse effect. Changes that occur in temperature will be followed by changes in other climatic elements, including rainfall, solar radiation, air humidity, and wind speed. The purpose of this study is to determine the sensitivity of potential evapotranspiration calculation methods to climate change and to determine the diversity of results based on differences in the calculation structure and the needed data. The utilized methods to estimate the sensitivity of potential evapotranspiration (ETp) to climate change were the Thornthwaite, Blaney-Criddle, FAO without correction, Makkink, Ivanov, Hargreaves-74, Modified Penman, and Penman-Monteith methods. The analysis was carried out using climate data from three climatological station locations in Central Sulawesi, which are the Singkoyo, Kulawi, and Bora Stations. The calculation results showed that the Thornthwaite and Blaney-Criddle methods were relatively the most sensitive to temperature changes, followed by the Penman-Monteith, Ivanov, Hargreaves 74, and Modified Penman methods. The FAO and Makkink methods showed relatively little sensitivity.
Monitoring the rainfall intensity at two active volcanoes in Indonesia and Japan by small-compact X-band radars
Authors: Syarifuddin Magfira , Indri Hapsari Ratih , Legono Djoko , Oishi Satoru , Ganara Mawanda Hanggar , Aisyah Nurnaning , Shimomura Makoto , Nakamichi Haruhisa , Iguchi Masato 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Since 2015, collaborative research conducted by Indonesian and Japan scientists has initiated the installation of small X-band Multi-Parameter (X-MP) radars to mitigate the occurrence of rainfall-induced lahar in three active volcanoes in Indonesia and Japan: Merapi, Sinabung, and Sakurajima. This paper discusses the technical aspects of data acquisition, processing, and performance of the X-MP radar at the Merapi and Sakurajima volcanoes by comparing the estimated rainfall intensity acquired by the radar to three empirical radar-rainfall algorithms. The algorithms are based on radar reflectivity factor (ZHH), specific differential phase shift (KDP), and differential reflectivity (ZDR). A new method of Constant Altitude Plan Position Indicator (CAPPI) interpolation by linear regression is also proposed for a more efficient computation. The first algorithm by Marshall-Palmer, which relies on ZHH, gave the lowest average and maximum rainfall values compared with the other algorithms for all rainfall event cases. On the other hand, the other two algorithms, which involve the MP of radar by Bringi and Chandrasekar and Park et al., gave closer rainfall intensity values with the estimated rainfall intensity acquired by the X-MP radar. These three rain rates give a closer temporal fluctuation when they are compared to the rain gauge-based rainfall intensity.
Predictability of Naïve Bayes classifier for lahar hazard mapping by weather radar
Authors: Indri Hapsari Ratih , Ahida Indaka Sugan Bima , Novianto Dandung , Andrie Asmara Rosa , Oishi Satoru 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study is to develop lahar hazard vulnerability as a warning system by introducing radar-rainfall observation to data mining technique of Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC). NBC is used to estimate lahar occurrences based on the posterior probability of rainfall, topographic factor, soil moisture, and soil type as predictors. Rainfall intensity and working rainfall were obtained from a weather radar. The soil moisture is derived from SMAP satellite imagery. A river on Mount Merapi, a very active volcano in Indonesia, was selected as the target basin. Observed rainfall and recorded lahar events in Gendol River from October 2016 to February 2018 were divided into a training dataset and a testing dataset. Qualitative evaluation through visual assessment of the hazard map product reveals that the model could estimate the occurrences of lahar. The performance of the model in terms of accuracy, Brier score, and quantitative dichotomous quality indices showed a reasonable skill. The study suggests that the NBC technique is advantageous for estimating lahar occurrences that are displayed on hazard maps. This work is expected to contribute to debris flow hazard mitigation by the data mining approach in volcanic regions.
Hydrodynamic simulation of a dam breach of Cipanas Dam using HEC-RAS 5.0.5
Authors: Iqbal Ikromi Akhmad , Nandi Wardhana Pradipta 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Dams have many benefits for living creatures. On the other hand, dam breaks may also become disasters that cause potential losses of life and property. The Cipanas Dam has been planned for construction in Sumedang, West Java, and will have a storage capacity of up to 210 million m3. The area downstream of the Cipanas Dam contains many major infrastructures such as the Cikopo-Palimanan Toll Road and Kertajati International Airport that can be impacted by dam breach floods. This study analysed Cipanas Dam breach flow using HEC-RAS 5.0.5. The simulation assumed that a dam breach occurred through piping with 5 scenarios of breach time formation. The simulation resulted in flood hydrographs and flood inundation maps of the area downstream of the dam. The findings revealed that a breach formation time of 1 hour had the greatest flood effect. The maximum flood discharge was 38, 823.3 m3s-1 with a released water volume from the reservoir of 178, 814, 590 m3. The arrival time of the flood at the Cikopo-Palimanan Toll Road Bridge was 3 hours 45 minutes after the breach occurred, and the maximum flood depth was 15.78 m. Kertajati International Airport was not affected by the flood discharge.
Selective Fermentation and Prebiotic Index of Sago (Metroxylon sagu) Resistant Starches Type III by Rat Fecal Cultures
Authors: Zi-Ni T , Rosma A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
One of the criteria for prebiotic substance is its selective fermentation by beneficial gut microbes. Previously, sago resistant starch type III (RS3) produced from Metroxylon sagu starch had been proven to resist digestion by gastrointestinal acidity and enzymes. In this research, sago RS3 was evaluated for its selective fermentation and prebiotic potential by fecal cultures. Sago RS3 was incubated with fecal microbial cultures for 72 hours at 37°C and samples were measured for microbial growth, prebiotic index, organic acid concentration and β-glucuronidase activity during the fermentation. Commercial prebiotics FOS (fructooligosaccharides) and inulin were used as comparison. Sago RS3 was selectively fermented by fecal beneficial lactobacilli and bifidobacteria while decreasing the growth of detrimental bacteroides, clostridia and enterobacteria. The prebiotic index of sago RS3, FOS and inulin was +12.19, +9.45 and +6.82, respectively. The butyric acid molar concentration in media with sago RS3 was comparable with FOS and inulin, and low activity of β-glucuronidase was detected in medium with sago RS3. Sago RS3 exhibited prebiotic characteristics comparable with commercial prebiotics and their potential prebiotic function is worth for further in vivo assessment.
Inhibition of Carbohydrate Hydrolysing Enzymes, Antioxidant Activity and Polyphenolic Content of Beilschmiedia Species Extracts
Authors: Tay Y N , Bakar M H A , Azmi M N , Saad N A , Awang K , Litaudon M , Kassim M A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The goal of the present study was to provide in vitro evidence for potential inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes and antioxidant activities of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts from barks of two different Beilschmiedia species. These extracts were tested on α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, mode of enzyme inhibition, total polyphenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capabilities. Methanolic bark extract of Beilschmiedia insignis demonstrated optimum inhibitory effects against α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 3.233 µg/mL and 12.357 µg/mL, respectively. Further analysis of inhibition mode revealed that the extract demonstrated a mixed inhibition against both enzymes. In comparison to other extracts, methanolic bark extract of Beilschmiedia insignis demonstrated the highest TPC content of 420.393 mg GAE/g extract, lowest IC50 value of 12.103 µg/mL for DPPH radical scavenging ability and highest FRAP value of 1904.247 µM Fe (II)/mg extracts, indicating the antioxidant potential of the extract. A significant strong correlation coefficient was observed between TPC with FRAP (r = 0.994, p < 0.01) and TPC with DPPH (r = -0.860, p < 0.01), signifying that antioxidant activity and reducing capability were contributed by the polyphenolic compounds present in the crude extract. Collectively, methanolic bark extract of Beilschmiedia insignis possessed significant carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme inhibitory effects and antioxidant activity, suggesting its possible alternative application for diabetes and postprandial hyperglycemia treatment.
Preliminary study on the growth of Tetraselmis suecica in centred-light photobioreactor (CLPBR)
Authors: Serri N A , Anbalagan L , Norafand N Z , Kassim M A , Abu Mansor MS 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a sustained research on renewable fuel known as biofuel due to the reliance upon fossil fuel. Oil obtained from microalgae is a viable approach for biodiesel production to reduce the reliability on fossil fuel. In this study, the Tetraselmis suecica is cultivated in 5L centred-light Photobioreactor (CLPBR) to investigate the effect of pH and light intensity on cell concentration and lipid content of microalgae. Different pH (6.5, 8.5, 10.5) and light intensity (200 lux, 1000 lux, 2000 lux) were used to test their effect on algal growth and lipid production. The results showed that the highest cell concentration (4 mL/mL) and lipid content (18 %) was obtained at pH of 10.5. At 1000 lux light intensity, the highest cell concentration and lipid content was 0.898 mL/mL and 19% respectively. The two models that are tested to determine the growth kinetics are Logistic and Gompertz model. The R2 obtained from Logistic and Gompertz model was 0.8852 and 0.8736 respectively. The results demonstrate that both models was least accurate to predict the algal growth.
Design and development of centred-light photobioreactor for microalgae cultivation system
Authors: Mustapa N S , Abu Mansor M S , Serri N A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The cultivation of microalgae within a controlled condition allows the production of biomass with lower contamination and suitable for high value pharmaceutical products. The controlled environment for microalgae growing can be accomplished by utilizing photobioreactor as a platform for introducing the basic needs needed by microalgae to grow effectively. However, due to some problems of high cost, low illumination and complicated cultivation systems which referring to available photobioreactors had contributed to low biomass production. This study deals with designing a new lab scale photobioreactor for overcoming the problems contributed by the available photobioreactors. During the developing process of the photobioreactor, the user needs are identified, and the most suitable concept based on the user needs was generated. The concept was then fabricated to prototype and its performance was validated. A centred-light photobioreactor was successfully developed for lab scale usage and being tested by cultivating Chlorella vulgaris species. A maximum of 0.281 g/L cell concentration was achieved using white light source during cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris.
Isolation and characterization of novel acidophilic microalgae from abandoned mining site area for carbohydrate biosynthesis and its kinetic growth study in photobioreactor
Authors: Tan K M , Kassim M A , Ng Z J , Lalung J 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMicroalgae have gained attention as an alternative feedstock for biofuel production due to its potential to accumulate carbohydrate, protein and lipid. However, current microalgae culture technology has been impeded by low biomass production, carbohydrate accumulation and contamination issue. In order to overcome this limitation, this study involves the isolation, screening and identification of acidophilic microalgae from Frog Hill. Then, the effect of different initial pH on growth and carbohydrate productivity was studied toward the selected microalgae. Further cultivation was done in indoor and outdoor using 15L fabricated PBR under optimize pH condition. At the end of experiment, the growth kinetic and carbohydrate productivity for both conditions were evaluated. Total of 4 native acidophilic microalgae were successfully isolated and was identified using 18s RNA. TheScenedesmusparvuswas exhibited highest biomass production and carbohydrate productivity up to 1.2640 ± 0.001 g L−1and 15.47 ± 0.048 mg L−1d−1under highly acidic condition. It also showed a better performance under outdoor cultivation up to 9.54% compared to indoor cultivation. Hence, this research paper showed that the potential of novel acidophilic microalgae survives under extremely condition with high carbohydrate biosynthesis, which could be useful for industrial application.
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity by Chlorella sp. in immobilised matrix under carbon dioxide rich cultivation condition.
Authors: Kassim M A , Adnan M F I M , Tan K M , Bakar M H A , Lalung J , Mohamed M S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The continuous release of global CO2 and greenhouse gases into the atmophere is considered one of the major contributors for global warming. Currently, microalgal biosequestration using enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) has been reported to be one approach that could be applied to overcome the issue. Eventhough this enzyme has been proven to show its potential to convert atmospheric CO2 to bicarbonates, there are remaining issues related to its stability and production parameters that need to be addressed. In this study, the activity of CA produced by immobilized microalgae Chlorella sp. cultivated in a laboratory environment was investigated. For this study, the influence of cultivation conditions such as pH value ranging from 4.00 to 12.00, light intensity ranging from 330 lux to 1000 lux and CO2 concentration ranging from 0.04% to 25% on CA activity were investigated. This present study indicates that the highest CA activity of 1.908 U/min was observed for the cultivation was performed using 15% CO2 with a pH of 8.00 and a light intensity of 550 lux. This suggested that the entrapment of microalgal using a suitable matrix carrier could produce higher CA activity which could be further utilised for extended biomimetic CO2 capture systems.
Potential use of eco-enzyme for the treatment of metal based effluent
Authors: Hemalatha M. , Visantini P. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Conversion of wastes into value added products is potentially profitable besides creating a clean environment. Eco-enzyme is one such product produced from fermentation of citrus fruit wastes and the effectiveness of the enzyme in treating metal based effluent was investigated. The characteristics of effluent before and after treatment with eco-enzyme were analysed. There was a great reduction in the level of BOD from 80.0 mg/L to 22.3 mg/L. Eco-enzyme also inhibits the growth of microorganisms in the wastewater. These results confirmed that eco enzyme is capable to treat metal based effluent. Besides, sludge treated with eco-enzyme was studied for its potential use in enhancing the growth of chili and aloe vera. Soil containing eco-enzyme treated sludge promotes better growth in chili. Meanwhile, aloe vera grown on soil containing eco-enzyme treated sludge grown almost equally and healthy in comparison with control. This study provides a solution to prevent sludge dumping to ensure clean environment.
Response surface optimization of the forward extraction of jacalin from jackfruit seeds using AOT/isooctane reverse micellar system
Authors: Mohamad S F S , Said F M , Munaim M S A , Mohamad S , Sulaiman W M A W 
Published: February 2020

AbstractJacalin is the major protein contained in the crude extract of jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed that specifically recognizes and binds reversibly to galactose. Conventionally, purification of jacalin is carried out using the tedious and costly chromatographic techniques. In this study, extraction of jacalin from jackfruit seed crude extract were done using the sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT)-based reverse micellar system. Reverse micellar extraction is an attractive alternative for downstream processing of various proteins. A successful reverse micellar extraction consists of two basic steps: forward and backward extraction. Forward extraction transfers a target protein from an aqueous solution into the reverse micellar solution, while backward extraction releases the protein from the reverse micelles structure into a new aqueous solution. The effects of the aqueous phase pH, NaCl concentration and AOT concentration on the forward extraction efficiency (FEE) are investigated using the response surface methodology (Box-Behnken Design). The main effects and interactions of the parameters are analyzed through the 3D surface plots. The optimum conditions for forward extraction were determined as follows: aqueous phase pH 4.58, 125 mM NaCl and 40 mM AOT. Under the optimal conditions, the FEE reached 88.04±1.30%, closer to 87.99% predicted by the model. The results indicated that AOT/isooctane reverse micelle system is effective in extracting jacalin from the jackfruit seed crude extract and verified the practicability of the BBD model for optimizing the main parameters in the forward extraction of jacalin.