bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low rates of invasive fungal disease in patients with multiple myeloma managed with new generation therapies: Results from a multi‐centre cohort study
Authors: Lim Chhay , Sinha Priyadarshini , Harrison Simon J. , Quach Hang , Slavin Monica A. , Teh Benjamin W. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionA multi‐centre study to determine the outcomes and risks for invasive fungal disease (IFD) in myeloma (MM) patients treated with second‐generation immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies was conducted.MethodsClinical and microbiology records were reviewed to capture patient demographics, disease characteristics, treatment, IFD episodes and outcomes. Categorical and continuous variables between patients with IFD and without IFD were compared using chi‐square test, Fisher's exact test and Mann‐Whitney rank sum test, respectively, with P‐value < .05 considered statistically significant.ResultsFive out of 148 (3.4%) MM patients were diagnosed with five episodes of IFI: 3 were proven, 1 probable and 1 possible. Median time from commencement of new generation therapy to IFD diagnosis was 4.0 months (Interquartile range [IQR]: 3.4‐5.7). In patients with IFD, median cumulative steroid dose over 60 days was 1119 mg (IQR: 1066‐1333 mg). None of the patients with IFD had prolonged neutropenia (neutrophil count < 0.5 × 109/L for more than 10 days). Common sites of infection were the respiratory tract (40.0%) and bloodstream (40.0%). Cryptococcus neoformans (n = 2) and Candida krusei (n = 1) were the fungal pathogens isolated in the three proven cases. 30‐day mortality rate was 40.0%. Patients with IFD were younger (median 58 versus 68 years, P = .52) and treated with more lines of therapy (median 5 vs 3, P = .04).ConclusionIFD rate is low in heavily treated MM patients treated with second‐generation therapy including monoclonal antibodies. Patients do not appear to have traditional risk factors such as prolonged neutropenia.
Protective role of HO‐1 against acute kidney injury caused by cutaneous exposure to arsenicals
Authors: Srivastava Ritesh K. , Muzaffar Suhail , Khan Jasim , Traylor Amie M. , Zmijewski Jaroslaw W. , Curtis Lisa M. , George James F. , Ahmad Aftab , Antony Veena B. , Agarwal Anupam , Athar Mohammad 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLewisite and many other similar arsenicals are warfare vesicants developed and weaponized for use in World Wars I and II. These chemicals, when exposed to the skin and other epithelial tissues, cause rapid severe inflammation and systemic damage. Here, we show that topically applied arsenicals in a murine model produce significant acute kidney injury (AKI), as determined by an increase in the AKI biomarkers NGAL and KIM‐1. An increase in reactive oxygen species and ER stress proteins, such as ATF4 and CHOP, correlated with the induction of these AKI biomarkers. Also, TUNEL staining of CHOP‐positive renal tubular cells suggests CHOP mediates apoptosis in these cells. A systemic inflammatory response characterized by a significant elevation in inflammatory mediators, such as IL‐6, IFN‐α, and COX‐2, in the kidney could be the underlying cause of AKI. The mechanism of arsenical‐mediated inflammation involves activation of AMPK/Nrf2 signaling pathways, which regulate heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1). Indeed, HO‐1 induction with cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) treatment in arsenical‐treated HEK293 cells afforded cytoprotection by attenuating CHOP‐associated apoptosis and cytokine mRNA levels. These results demonstrate that topical exposure to arsenicals causes AKI and that HO‐1 activation may serve a protective role in this setting.
Comparison of short‐term light disturbance, optical and visual performance outcomes between a myopia control contact lens and a single‐vision contact lens
Authors: García‐Marqués José Vicente , Macedo‐De‐Araújo Rute Juliana , Cerviño Alejandro , García‐Lázaro Santiago , McAlinden Colm , González‐Méijome Jose Manuel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposeTo compare the optical and visual performance of a dual‐focus (DF) contact lens used for myopia control with a single‐vision (SV) contact lens of the same material.MethodsA randomised, double‐masked crossover study. Twenty‐eight healthy, myopic volunteers between 18 and 32 years of age (23.49 ± 4.07 years) participated in this study. The sensory dominant eye for distance vision was determined. Refraction, best‐corrected visual acuity (VA) and aberrations for 3 mm and 5 mm pupil diameters were quantified without a contact lens in situ. Subjects were fitted with two contact lens designs: DF and SV, both made of omafilcon A material. The Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire, over‐refraction, best‐corrected VA, stereopsis at 40 cm, best‐corrected photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity, light disturbance and aberrations were assessed 25 min after contact lens insertion.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences in best‐corrected VA and stereopsis between the baseline, DF and SV conditions. Photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity were lower for the DF contact lens at all frequencies, with the exception of the mesopic contrast sensitivity at 18 cycles per degree (p = 0.23). Higher order aberrations and light disturbance size and irregularity were higher for the DF contact lens (p < 0.001). No differences were found in higher order aberrations between baseline and the SV contact lens condition for each pupil diameter. QoV scores also revealed lower frequency, severity and bothersome scores with the SV contact lens than with the DF contact lens (p < 0.001).ConclusionsThe DF contact lens design decreased the psychophysical and psychometric visual quality scores in the short‐term under dim‐light conditions when compared with a single‐vision contact lens design of the same material. VA and stereopsis were unaffected by the lens design.
Only hearing what they want to hear: Assessing when and why performance information triggers intentions to coproduce
Authors: Porumbescu Gregory A. , Cucciniello Maria , Bellé Nicola , Nasi Greta 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhile performance information is often used to communicate the importance of public policies and stimulate civic engagement, we know little about the processes that connect the two. This study proposes a conceptual model that links performance information to a specific form of public engagement: coproduction. Drawing on insights from information aversion theory, we argue that the effect of performance information on engagement in coproduction depends on levels of policy understanding and the valence of performance information that individuals are exposed to. Specifically, we predict that individuals exposed to positive performance information will understand the policy better than those exposed to negative performance information. Further, we predict that higher levels of policy understanding will increase coproduction engagement intentions. These predictions are examined using two experiments and a representative sample of US residents (n = 836). Findings indicate that participants best understood positive information and that understanding significantly increased coproduction engagement intentions.
Maternal glucose tolerance in pregnancy and child cognitive and behavioural problems in early and mid‐childhood
Authors: Xu Tingting , Faleschini Sabrina , Rifas‐Shiman Sheryl L. , Monthé‐Drèze Carmen , Oken Emily , Hivert Marie‐France , Tiemeier Henning 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundMaternal abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy may adversely affect offspring cognition and behaviour, but few prospective studies investigated this association at multiple points throughout childhood.ObjectivesWe hypothesised that maternal abnormal glucose tolerance is associated with child cognitive and behavioural outcomes in early and mid‐childhood.MethodsWe examined the associations of maternal abnormal glucose tolerance at 26‐28 weeks of pregnancy with offspring cognitive and behavioural scores in 1421 children in the Project Viva pre‐birth cohort. In early (mean 3.3 years) and mid‐childhood (mean 7.9 years), we measured child cognition using validated instruments, the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, and the Wide Range Assessment of Visual Motor Abilities (WRAVMA); we assessed parent‐ and teacher‐rated behavioural outcomes with the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Behavioural Rating Inventory of Executive Function. We used linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders (maternal race/ethnicity, pre‐pregnancy BMI, intelligence, age, parity, smoking status, education, and household income at enrolment, in addition to child's sex and age at assessment).ResultsOf 1421 mothers, 69 (4.9%) had gestational diabetes mellitus, 43 (3.0%) impaired glucose tolerance, 122 (8.6%) isolated hyperglycaemia, and 1187 (83.5%) normal glucose tolerance. Offspring born to women with gestational diabetes mellitus had lower total WRAVMA scores (−3.09 points; 95% CI −6.12, −0.05) in early childhood compared with offspring of women with normal glucose tolerance. None of the abnormal glucose tolerance categories during pregnancy were associated with any of the cognitive outcomes (verbal, non‐verbal, and visual motor scores) or behavioural measures in mid‐childhood.ConclusionsChildren born to mothers who had gestational diabetes mellitus had slightly lower scores on one cognitive test in early childhood. We found no evidence to support that maternal abnormal glucose tolerance was associated with cognitive or behavioural development in mid‐childhood.
A new Gini correlation between quantitative and qualitative variables
Authors: Dang Xin , Nguyen Dao , Chen Yixin , Zhang Junying 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe propose a new Gini correlation to measure dependence between a categorical and numerical variables. Analogous to Pearson R2 in ANOVA model, the Gini correlation is interpreted as the ratio of the between‐group variation and the total variation, but it characterizes independence (zero Gini correlation mutually implies independence). Closely related to the distance correlation, the Gini correlation is of simple formulation by considering the nature of categorical variable. As a result, the proposed Gini correlation has a simpler computation implementation than the distance correlation and is more straightforward to perform inference. Simulation and real data applications are conducted to demonstrate the advantages.
Max‐infinitely divisible models and inference for spatial extremes
Authors: Huser Raphaël , Opitz Thomas , Thibaud Emeric 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFor many environmental processes, recent studies have shown that the dependence strength is decreasing when quantile levels increase. This implies that the popular max‐stable models are inadequate to capture the rate of joint tail decay, and to estimate joint extremal probabilities beyond observed levels. We here develop a more flexible modeling framework based on the class of max‐infinitely divisible processes, which extend max‐stable processes while retaining dependence properties that are natural for maxima. We propose two parametric constructions for max‐infinitely divisible models, which relax the max‐stability property but remain close to some popular max‐stable models obtained as special cases. The first model considers maxima over a finite, random number of independent observations, while the second model generalizes the spectral representation of max‐stable processes. Inference is performed using a pairwise likelihood. We illustrate the benefits of our new modeling framework on Dutch wind gust maxima calculated over different time units. Results strongly suggest that our proposed models outperform other natural models, such as the Student‐t copula process and its max‐stable limit, even for large block sizes.
Biochar addition mitigates nitrogen loss induced by straw incorporation and nitrogen fertilizer application
Authors: Li Na , Ma Xingxia , Xu Hongwei , Feng Yongzhong , Ren Guangxin , Yang Gaihe , Han Xinhui , Wang Xiaojiao , Ren Chengjie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBiochar has been shown to be potentially beneficial for enhancing yields and soil properties, and diminishing nitrogen (N) losses. However, it remains unclear how biochar regulates soil carbon (C) and N to mitigate N losses induced by straw mixing with N fertilizer in dryland soils. Therefore, we investigated the effects of straw mixing (S1), S1 with biochar (SB) and no straw inputs (S0), and routine urea application rates (N1) and 70% of routine rates (N0.7) on yields and N losses, and identify the relationship between N losses and soil C and N compounds. Results showed that N0.7 and N1 were suitable for the maize and wheat seasons, respectively, contributing to mitigating N losses without reducing crop yields. Moreover, in the maize season, N0.7‐SB significantly mitigated the straw‐induced NH3‐N and N2O‐N emissions by 106% and 81%, respectively. In the wheat season, N1‐SB reduced the straw‐induced NH3‐N and N2O‐N emissions by 35% and 66%, respectively. In addition, N0.7‐SB sharply reduced soil inorganic N (SIN) storage in the maize season. Furthermore, the NH3‐N and N2O‐N emission rates were negatively correlated with dissolved organic carbon/SIN content (0–20 cm) (DOC/SIN0‐20). N losses (N2O‐N and NH3‐N emissions and SIN storage) were positively correlated with SIN0‐20, but negatively correlated with soil organic carbon / SIN0‐20 (SOC/ SIN0‐20). This study provides further evidence that biochar with an appropriate N application rate decreased SIN0‐20 and increased DOC/SIN0‐20, thus reducing SIN storage and the straw‐induced gaseous N emissions without decreasing crop yields.
Early Time Modifications to the Buoyancy-Drag Model for Richtmyer–Meshkov Mixing
Authors: Youngs David L. , Thornber Ben 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Buoyancy-Drag model is a simple model, based on ordinary differential equations, for estimating the growth in the width of a turbulent mixing zone at an interface between fluids of different densities due to Richtmyer–Meshkov and Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities. The model is calibrated to give the required self-similar behavior for mixing in simple situations. However, the early stages of the mixing process are very dependent on the initial conditions and modifications to the Buoyancy-Drag model are then needed to obtain correct results. In a recent paper, Thornber et al. (2017, “Late-Time Growth Rate, Mixing, and Anisotropy in the Multimode Narrowband Richtmyer–Meshkov Instability: The θ-Group Collaboration,” Phys. Fluids, 29, p. 105107), a range of three-dimensional simulation techniques was used to calculate the evolution of the mixing zone integral width due to single-shock Richtmyer–Meshkov mixing from narrowband initial random perturbations. Further analysis of the results of these simulations gives greater insight into the transition from the initial linear behavior to late-time self-similar mixing and provides a way of modifying the Buoyancy-Drag model to treat the initial conditions accurately. Higher-resolution simulations are used to calculate the early time behavior more accurately and compare with a multimode model based on the impulsive linear theory. The analysis of the iLES data also gives a new method for estimating the growth exponent, θ (mixing zone width ∼ tθ), which is suitable for simulations which do not fully reach the self-similar state. The estimates of θ are consistent with the theoretical model of Elbaz and Shvarts (2018, “Modal Model Mean Field Self-Similar Solutions to the Asymptotic Evolution of Rayleigh-Taylor and Richtmyer-Meshkov Instabilities and Its Dependence on the Initial Conditions,” Phys. Plasmas, 25, p. 062126).
Pulsating Flow Past a Square Cylinder: Analysis of Force Coefficient Spectra and Vortex Structure Development
Authors: Fowler Thomas S. , Witherden Freddie D. , Girimaji Sharath S. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This study examines the changes in force coefficients and wake flow structures of a square cylinder subject to pulsating in-flow at different frequencies. The Reynolds number is 200, according to previous literature. Over a range of forcing frequencies, a regime is observed where the shedding frequency scales with the forcing frequency rather than the natural shedding frequency, known as the lock-in phenomenon in literature. The change in spectral character across three frequency regimes—pre-lock-in, lock-in, and post-lock-in—are examined and characterized. During pre-lock-in, the shedding frequency remains equal to the natural shedding frequency. However, the corresponding peak in lift coefficient (CL) power spectral density (PSD) is a single decade larger than that of neighboring minima. This contrasts greatly with subsequent regimes where the amplitudes of the peaks are observed to be substantially larger than the amplitudes of neighboring minima. The onset of lock-in is sharp, and the corresponding excitation frequency is identified. The shedding frequency becomes a function of the forcing frequency within this regime, and the corresponding CL PSD peak is four decades larger than that of neighboring minima. The transition beyond the lock-in regime is gradual with peaks of the spectra broadening until separating into multiple discrete peaks. To comprehend the changes in the force coefficients, the vortex structure in the wake is characterized at different frequencies. The connection between the vortex development sequence and force profile is investigated, and z-vorticity probes are utilized to correlate these qualitative observations with prior quantitative analysis. Three-dimensional flow effects are also examined.
Rayleigh–Taylor Instability With Varying Periods of Zero Acceleration
Authors: Aslangil Denis , Farley Zachary , Lawrie Andrew G. W. , Banerjee Arindam 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe present our findings from a numerical investigation of the acceleration-driven Rayleigh–Taylor Instability, modulated by varying periods without an applied acceleration field. It is well known from studies on shock-driven Richtmyer–Meshkov instability that mixing without external forcing grows with a scaling exponent as ≈t0.20−0.28. When the Rayleigh–Taylor Instability is subjected to varying periods of “zero” acceleration, the structural changes to the mixing layer remain remarkably small. After the acceleration is re-applied, the mixing layer quickly resumes the profile of development it would have had if there had been no intermission. This behavior contrasts in particular with the strong sensitivity that is found to other variable acceleration profiles examined previously in the literature.
Reconstructing crustal thickness evolution from europium anomalies in detrital zircons
Authors: Tang Ming , Ji Wei-Qiang , Chu Xu , Wu Anbin , Chen Chen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA new data compilation shows that in intermediate to felsic rocks, zircon Eu/Eu* [chondrite normalized Eu/ ] correlates with whole rock La/Yb, which has been be used to infer crustal thickness. The resultant positive correlation between zircon Eu/Eu* and crustal thickness can be explained by two processes favored during high-pressure differentiation: (1) supression of plagioclase and (2) endogenic oxidation of Eu2+ due to garnet fractionation. Here we calibrate a crustal thickness proxy based on Eu anomalies in zircons. The Eu/Eu*-in-zircon proxy makes it possible to reconstruct crustal thickness evolution in magmatic arcs and orogens using detrital zircons. To evaluate this new proxy, we analyzed detrital zircons separated from modern river sands in the Gangdese belt, southern Tibet. Our results reveal two episodes of crustal thickening (to 60–70 km) since the Cretaceous. The first thickening event occurred at 90–70 Ma, and the second at 50–30 Ma following Eurasia-India collision. These findings are temporally consistent with contractional deformation of sedimentary strata in southern Tibet.
Differential effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor and low-carbohydrate diet on body composition and metabolic profile in obese diabetic db/db mice
Authors: Kusakabe Toru , Yokota Shigefumi , Shimizu Mika , Inoue Takayuki , Tanaka Masashi , Ohue-Kitano Ryuji , Muranaka Kazuya , Yamakage Hajime , Wada Hiromichi , Hasegawa Koji , Satoh-Asahara Noriko 
Published: September 2020

IntroductionTreatment using sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) 2 inhibitor and low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) for obesity and type 2 diabetes are similar in terms of carbohydrate limitation. However, their mechanisms of action differ, and the effects on the body remain unclear. We investigated the effects of SGLT2 inhibitor and LCD on body composition and metabolic profile using the db/db mouse model for obesity and type 2 diabetes.Research design and methodsEight-week-old male db/db mice were divided into four groups: mice receiving normal diet and vehicle or canagliflozin (Cana) administration and mice receiving LCD and vehicle or Cana administration for 8 weeks. Consumed calories were adjusted to be equal among the groups.ResultsBoth Cana administration and LCD feeding resulted in significant weight gain. Cana administration significantly decreased plasma glucose levels and increased plasma insulin levels with preservation of pancreatic β cells. However, LCD feeding did not improve plasma glucose levels but deteriorated insulin sensitivity. LCD feeding significantly reduced liver weight and hepatic triglyceride content; these effects were not observed with Cana administration. Combined treatment with LCD did not lead to an additive increase in blood β-ketone levels.ConclusionsSGLT2 inhibitors and LCD exert differential effects on the body. Their combined use may achieve better metabolic improvements in obesity and type 2 diabetes.