bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling and simulation of lanthanum (La) and neodymium (Nd) leaching from monazite ore using METSTM
Authors: Yahya F N , Tbrahim W H W , Rasid R Abdul , Hisham A , Suli L N M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Digestion and leaching are known as part of the main processing pre-treatment method in the extraction of rare earth elements (REEs). This work aims to carry out the sensitivity analysis of the liquid–solid (L/S) ratio, the type of acids as well as the number of reactors for the recovery of REEs, namely lanthanum (La) and neodymium (Nd) from monazite concentrate through the leaching process. A model was developed and simulated by using METSIM, a software for modelling metallurgical processes. The process was modelled as a two-step process; the first is the digestion, followed by the leaching process to produce monazite leachate. The results show that the optimum L/S ratio was 8:1 to recover the highest amount of REEs, with HCl was found to perform better as a solvent for the recovery of REEs compared to H2SO4. In addition, the optimum recovery of REEs was achieved by using three reactors, which is in the range of 70-95%.
Simulation of leaching process of gold by cyanidation
Authors: Yahya F N , Ibrahim W H W , Aziz B A , Suli L N M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Sodium Cyanide (NaCN) has been used to recover gold from gold bearing ores. This work aims to develop a simulation model of leaching process by using cyanide solvent for the dissolution of gold by using HSC simulator. The results from this simulation were compared with other researcher which employed Aspen Plus and it shows very good agreement with very small error (<1.5%). The cases study was carried out using the developed process model where hydrochloric acid (HCl) was used as solvent, the effect of different concentration of Au in ores and the effect of different concentration of solvent as a leaching reagent. The results show that the chlorination process gives higher amount of gold (Au) dissolved in the solvent compared to cyanidation process. The develop process model provide an effective means for studying the solid liquid leaching process in the future.
Mechanical process and size characterisation of rice husk, mango bark and mango leaves as a drag reduction additive
Authors: At-Tasneem M A , Oumer A N , Azmi W H , Sulihaakma K 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In many drag reduction applications, polymer and organic fibre additives are mostly used because they alter the generation of turbulence at the core region. Nano-sized particles may able to reach the viscous region of the boundary layer and alter the internal turbulent structure near the wall. However, the challenge is that it is hard to find nano-sized organic particles in the market. This paper presents the preparation and characterisation of organic- based nanoparticles to be dispersed in a base fluid as drag reduction additives. Similar steps of nanoparticles preparation proposed by researchers were employed. The coarse powder of rice husk and raw samples of mango bark and mango leaves were ground using a domestic grinder. Then, the samples were further ground using planetary ball milling until reached nanoscale. The size of all samples was measured using Zetasizer. Then, all samples were ultrasonicated for three hours to de-agglomerate larger particles. It revealed that rice husk was able to produce 61% intensity of nanoparticles after four hours of the dry milling, five hours of wet milling and three hours of ultrasonication. The mango bark and mango leaves formed the maximum of only 6.7% and 4% intensity of nanoparticles after seven hours of wet milling and three hours of ultrasonication, respectively. However, mango bark and mango leaves remain stable after two months of observation, and rice husk showed significant sedimentation after two weeks of idle time.
Finite Element Analysis of a connecting rod in ANSYS: An overview
Authors: Muhammad A , Ali M A H , Shanono I H 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Automotive engineering design has recently focused majorly on the stress analysis and optimization of a connecting rod with keen emphases to the vital parameters such as deformation, stress, fatigue and strain, factor safety, life values among others. The performance of a connecting rod in an automobile engine is influenced by its design and weight. Hence, for the production of a durable, cheaper and lightweight connecting rod, analysis and optimization become necessary. This article provides a review of some vital work done by various researchers in designing, analyzing and optimization of connecting rod of an engine using Finite element analysis in ANSYS workbench A comprehensive comparison table and graphs for the reviewed research articles have been provided. The article will serve as a stepping stone for both old and new researchers in the field of automotive design.
Influence of heat removal using fine bubbles
Authors: Jiamrittiwong P , Kokoo R , Srisurat T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Cooling towers are necessary units used to cool down hot water from industrial processes. These units use high air volume metric flow rate and make up water. These are the disadvantages of using cooling towers. This research applied bubbling technique to cool down hot water. The bubble column was used in this study at different air flow rate. Hot water filled in the column was set at 40°C. Water loss and the reduction of temperature of water were observed. The results showed that the highest evaporation rate of water and the shortest of bubbling time were observed at the highest air flow rate. On the other hand, the lowest amount of air used was observed at the lowest of air flow rate which is the optimum condition of this study. In addition, the rate of heat transfer increases when the turbulent flow in the bubble column was formed.
Viability of hydrogen production from a dedicated offshore wind farm-underground storage in the Irish Sea in 2030
Authors: Dinh Van Nguyen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a concept of hydrogen production (H2P) from a dedicated offshore wind farm (OWF) and stored underground. A new model is introduced to assess the viability of a fixed-bottom OWF in a potential offshore wind pipeline in the Irish Sea, where all costs are projected in 2030. It explains the need to develop market opportunities for the vast offshore wind potential in Ireland, to ascertain both decarbonisation and energy security in multiple sectors, where dedicated HP-OWFs are potential drivers. It reviews hydrogen storage methods and shows artificial underground salt caverns suitable to store hydrogen at large scales and long- terms. The OWF consists of 16×6.33MW turbines and proton exchange membrane electrolysers. The net present values and discounted payback periods (DPBs) are calculated at offloading periods of 2, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days, and in good agreement, where the DPBs are 7.8, 8.6, 10.0, 12.1 and 20.3 years, respectively. Both economic indicators show that the H2P-OWF is profitable with the hydrogen price at €5/kg but marginal at €3/kg. Offloading at shorter periods of 2-15 days is more profitable. A seven-day offloading period requiring 120 ton storage capacity and compatible to the future tankers is recommended.
Converting an electric all-terrain vehicle into a hybrid vehicle with range extender
Authors: Asus Z , Che Daud Z H , Dadou J , Chrenko D , Maxwell A , Mazali I I , Muhamad Said M F 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this paper a full electric all-terrain vehicle (ATV) owned by the automotive laboratory of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia is converted into a series hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) with a range extender. Before the transformation, it is required to predetermine the amount of power that should be used to extend the autonomy of the battery. Experiments are conducted to define the vehicle parameters and characteristics for the development of the simulation model. By using the developed model, simulations are conducted by considering NEDC cycle for a work-commuter who wants to use a vehicle 5 hours per week (30 min one way) without having to charge the battery. It is assumed that the battery is charged at the beginning of the week and must not be discharged under 0.2 state of charge (SOC) for safety reasons. Two control strategies are considered to obtain this objective; the always on engine and the delayed use of the engine. After simulation both controls use the same amount of fuel. As conclusion, the addition of the engine is proven to be effective in prolonging the distance range of the vehicle.
Powering electric cars in Malaysia with green electricity produced from oil palm biomass
Authors: Sivasamy Vanee , Yusoff Nooryusmiza , Abd-Rahman Adlansyah 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Generation of electricity and transportation in Malaysia are largely dominated by fossil fuel sources. These non-renewable fossil fuel sources generate approximately 0.77 kgCO2eq for every kWh of electricity generated and 2.31 kgCO2eq per liter of petrol for every kilometer traveled by a typical car contributing adversely to global warming. A possible solution to promote green electricity generation and reduce fossil fuel utilization is to use oil palm biomass to generate electricity to power electric vehicles (EVs) in Malaysia. With 454 palm oil mills (POMs) processing a total capacity of 112,187,800 tons of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) per year, there is ample source of oil palm biomass available in Malaysia. Each ton of FFB produces biomass waste of 7% palm kernel shell (PKS), 14% palm mesocarp fiber (MF) and 23% empty fruit bunch (EFB). By storing and transporting this excess electricity in a mobile energy storage system to power EVs in Malaysia, CO2 emission reduction of 0.9 tCO2eq per EV per year can be realised, and may be a cheaper alternative to fuelling up with gasoline by 2030.
Fast pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch in an auger reactor: bio-oil composition and characteristics
Authors: Rasid Nurul Suhada Ab. , Asadullah M , Malek N H , Amin N A S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Fast pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) has been conducted in an auger reactor to produce bio-oil. The reactor was a continuous feeding auger reactor heated by gas-fired external heater. The experiments were conducted under different operating temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 650 °C, different nitrogen flow rates ranging from 1 to 4 L/min, and various feeding rates ranging from 2 to 8 kg/h. The maximum yield of bio-oil from EFB was 58.67 % obtained at temperature of 500 °C with feeding rate of 8 kg/h under 1 L/min of nitrogen gas flow rate. The average moisture content of bio-oil was varied between 30 and 40 % and the bio-oil produced at 500 °C provided the maximum HHV of 27.38 MJ/kg, respectively. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) spectra shows bio-oil contains high phenolic compounds. This paper explains the fast pyrolysis of empty fruit bunch using auger reactor to enhance the bio-oil yield and characteristics.
Optimization of reaction conditions for the production of cyclodextrin (CD) using cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) immobilized on hollow fiber membrane
Authors: Suhaimi S , Man R C , Jamil N , Arshad Z I M , Shaarani S M , Mudalip S K A , Sulaiman S Z , Ramli A N M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) is an enzyme that convert starch into cyclodextrin (CD) by transglycosylation reaction. The CD has been used in various industries due to the unique characteristics. However, the production of CD is usually restricted due to the instability of the enzyme which easily denatured during the reaction process. Thus, enzyme immobilization technique was applied and optimization of reaction conditions was conducted to enhance the amount of CD production. In this study, CGTase was immobilized on polyvinylidiene difluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane by adsorption. The optimization of the reaction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) on the production of CD was studied. Under optimized conditions (2.8% w/v of soluble potato starch concentration, 45.2°C of reaction temperature and pH 5.6), the production of CD was 5.65 mg/mL, about 2-fold compared to the value before optimization process. Therefore, the immobilized CGTase on hollow fiber membrane proved to be valuable for the enhancement of CD production.
Syngas production via dry reforming of methane over Nibased catalysts
Authors: Farooqi Ahmad Salam , Al-Swai Basem M. , Binti Ruslan Farida Hamimi , Mohd Zabidi Noor Asmawati , Saidur R. , Faua’ad Syed Muhammad Syed Anuar , Abdullah Bawadi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Dry reforming of methane (DRM) is emerging as an enticing research area due to the crucial requirement to mitigate global environmental issues and offers as an alternative energy resource. However, the DRM commercialized prospect and industrial utilization are curbed due to the weak prospect of sustained activity of the catalysts. The objective of this research is to find out the effects of the addition of CeO2 and La2O3 as promoters on the performance of the catalyst. In this work, catalysts such as Ni/Al2O3, Ni/Al2O3-CeO2, Ni/Al2O3-La2O3 were prepared by sol-gel method. The prepared catalysts have been characterized by XRD, BET analysis, and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). BET results revealed that the addition of CeO2 and La2O3 slightly decreased the BET surface area of the synthesized catalyst because of the deposition on the porous structure of the support and filling its pores. The performance of the catalysts in DRM at 800°C shows that catalyst with CeO2 have the highest and stable conversion, while La2O3 has a significant role towards the stability of the reaction during the 8 h reaction on stream.
Computational Fluid Dynamic Studies of Autothermal Spiral Reactor
Authors: Swadchaipong N , Srisurat T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This research applied the fundamental concept of spiral heat exchanger to design a new reactor for autothermal coupling endo- and exothermic reactions. The autothermal coupling endo- and exothermic reactor can be used when heat have to be removed from exothermic reactions (heat source). Such heat is then used for endothermic reactions (heat sink) that requires high operating temperature. This brings various benefits in terms of energy saving, economics and environment. In this study, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was utilized to predict the performance of the spiral heat exchanger. The optimal operating conditions i.e. pressure drop, velocity and temperature distribution were studied. Low fluid velocity was observed without dead and hot spot zone along the radius flow of the channel and good temperature distribution was noticed.
Hydrogen and carbon monoxide derivation over metal supported on fibrous silica KCC-1
Authors: Fatah N A A , Jalil A A , Din K N L K 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Methane is the major component of natural gas that greatly contributes to a rise in global concentration of greenhouse gases. The greenhouses gases emission can be significantly reduced by partial oxidation of methane (POM) to the syngas. Additionally, syngas is an important gas material for the production of valuable chemicals and fuels in the industry. In this study, mesoporous silica KCC-1 catalyst was successfully prepared by using microwave assisted hydrothermal technique. Meanwhile, Rh/KCC-1 catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method using (RhCl3.xH2O) as a precursor. Their catalytic activity towards POM reaction was investigated by using fixed bed quartz reactor. Physicochemical properties of both catalysts were characterized with field emission spectroscopy (FESEM), nitrogen physisorption and pyrrole probed infrared spectroscopy. The results obtained suggest that KCC-1 and Rh/KCC-1 exhibited spherical morphology with a high surface area of 812 and 700 m2/g, respectively. In addition, both catalysts demonstrated a uniform mesopores with the presence of inter and intra-particle porosity. Pyrrole probed IR spectroscopy results showed that Rh/KCC-1 has low concentration of basic sites than KCC-1. The reduction of basic sites concentration gave a better selectivity of syngas product which caused the suppression of side reactions. Rh/KCC-1 exhibited better catalytic activity than KCC-1 with 99.92% conversion of methane and 97.54% selectivity of H2 at 973 K. It was noteworthy that the addition of Rh significantly increased the rate of methane conversion and selectivity towards main product.
Photocatalytic activity for degradation of sulfamethoxazole by Bivo4 using visible light
Authors: Nong L X , Nguyen V H , Bach L G , Tran T V , Nguyen T D 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this study, B1VO4 photocatalysts have been successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method and were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis diffusion reflectance spectra (UV-Vis DRS), and Raman spectroscopy. From XRD, Raman, and UV-Vis DRS results, the as-synthesized B1VO4 showed monoclinic scheelite structure and narrow band gap energy (Eg = 2.35 eV). The morphology of as-prepared powder showed a small crystallite size with different shapes. The photocatalytic performances of the as-prepared sample were evaluated by the degradation of sulfamethoxazole under visible light. Also, H2O2 was added to enhance the photocatalytic activity of BiVO4. It has been noticed that 70% photodegradation of antibiotic occurs on the catalyst surface with visible light irradiation. Besides, the effects of pH and organic salts are also discussed in this study.
Selective synthesis of methanol by photoelectrocatalytic reduction of CO2 over PANI-CuFe2O4 hybrid catalyst
Authors: Rezaul Karim K M , Tarek M , Sarkar S M , Ong H R , Abdullah H , Cheng C K , Rahman Khan M M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this work, a hybrid photocatalyst, PANI-CuFe2O4 was synthesized, characterized and used as a photocathode for the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) reduction of CO2 to methanol selectively under 470 nm wavelength light irradiation at applied potential -0.4 V vs NHE. The PEC results showed that the combination of PANI with CuFe2O4 could increase the rate of PEC CO2 reduction to methanol owing to the increase of CO2 chemisorption at the photocathode surface and at the same time by facilitating the separation of photogenerated electron-hole (e−/h+) pairs during CO2 reduction. The rate of methanol formation was found maximum as 49.2 μmole g−1.h−1 with 73% Faradaic efficiency. The incident photon current efficiency (IPCE) and quantum efficiency (QE) for PEC CO2 reduction was achieved as 7.11% and 23.9% respectively. The PEC results demonstrated that the bias potential played a significant role in the separation of e−/h+ pairs and enhanced the PEC CO2 reduction activity of the hybrid photocatalyst.
Syngas production through steam and CO2 reforming of methane over Ni-based catalyst-A Review
Authors: Arman A , Hagos F Y , Abdullah A A , Mamat R , Aziz A R A , Cheng C K 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
CH4 and CO2 are the two foremost greenhouse gases which are accountable for global warming. Controlling of their emissions and proper utilization has become significant challenge in the field of energy researches. Reforming of CH4 with steam and CO2 is one of the feasible solutions to convert the primary sources of greenhouse gases into syngas. Nowadays, syngas is an essential resource for many industrial applications to produce beneficial value-added products. Besides, it has been referred to as a transition from the fossil fuel towards pure hydrogen energy in the stationary internal combustion engines. Methane reforming with steam or CO2 occurs as a result of the reaction between methane and steam or CO2 in the presence of a catalyst at high temperature. Reaction routes need to be controlled to achieve the desired outputs. To control the reaction path, there are several parameters need to be technically optimized. Reaction kinetic is also necessary to find the reaction rate and select the convenience type of catalyst that can enhance the reaction rate. Catalyst selection and preparation are essential in the reaction because they contribute to the reaction outputs mainly of the syngas ratio (H2/CO). This manuscript is intended to observe the trend of technology improvements on thermodynamic analysis and kinetic study of steam and CO2 reforming of methane reactions over the Ni-based catalyst. It also presents the evaluation of the catalytic effect/properties and their relationship with the performance of the catalyst needed for the design and suitable for steam and dry reforming of methane reactions.
A novel enhancement for the start-up of methane fermentation reactor by inoculating the acclimated sludge as a seeding material
Authors: Dinh N. T. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the strategy for accelerating the start-up of anaerobic reactor treating glycerol. The experiment was carried out for 25 days duration in two cases: (1) gradually increase of glycerol content in substrate from 33% to 67% to 100% after 13 days (runs: G1 and B1); (2) feeding with 100% glycerol content in substrate from the start (runs: G2 and B2). G1 and G2 were inoculated by one third of acclimated granular sludge to treat glycerol and two third of granular sludge taken from a brewery wastewater treatment system. In results, the average methane production rate (L CH4 L−1 day−1) of runs G1; B1; G2; B2 was 0.56; 0.39; 0.42; and 0.14, respectively. G1 was the best performance among runs. G2 and B1 were unstable during the start-up. B2 was fluctuant throughout the duration time. The methane production rate of G1 and B1 was highly correlated and DNA concentration of Genus Trichococcus in the sludge. This study suggests that gradual feeding substrate during start-up could provide a stable performance compare to the shock feeding. Acclimated sludge which contained functional microorganisms of treating glycerol could accelerate the start-up of new anaerobic digester.
Immobilization of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in membrane: Fouling mechanism at different enzyme concentration
Authors: Ismail F H , Marpani F , Him N R N 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Fouling induced enzyme immobilization on polymer membrane with controlled variables can retain enzyme stability and performance. In this study, the effect of enzyme concentration towards the fouling-induced enzyme immobilization was investigated. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was used as model enzyme to be immobilized on poly(ether) sulfone (PES) membrane at different concentration (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 g/L). The transmembrane pressure and pH were fixed at 2 bar and pH 7 respectively during the process takes place. The result shows that higher enzyme concentration gives higher loading efficiency with 83.95%. Hermia’s model predicted that standard and intermediate blocking dominating the fouling mechanism at all enzyme concentration tested.
Improvement of ionic conductivity of titanium dioxide incorporated PVDF-HFP/cellulose acetate electrolyte membrane
Authors: Sugumaran J , Ahmada A L , Zaulkiflee N D 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This work aims to improve the lithium ion conductivity by incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO2) in Polyvinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) and Cellulose acetate (CA) electrolyte membrane. The morphology of the prepared membrane was observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the ability of the membrane to uptake liquid electrolyte was also tested. The SEM results show that the electrolyte membrane has porous, interconnected network but the addition of TiO2 resulted in a reduction in porosity. Despite reduced porosity, the electrolyte uptake of PVDF-HFP+CA+TiO2 is the highest among others with value up to 287.5%, this increase is due to the improvement in the amorphous phase. The ionic conductivity increases by 21.29% compared to PVDF-HFP electrolyte membrane with the addition of TiO2. The generation of more mobile lithium ion and prevention of crystallization of polymer through Lewis acid-base reaction leads to improvement in ionic conductivity.