bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food Outlets Dietary Risk (FODR) assessment tool: study protocol for assessing the public health nutrition risks of community food environments
Authors: Pulker Claire Elizabeth , Trapp Georgina S. A. , Fallows Mark , Hooper Paula , McKee Heather , Pollard Christina Mary 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Availability and accessibility of nutritious foods can vary according to the food outlets present within a neighbourhood or community. There is increasing evidence that community food environments influence food choice, diet and the risk of diet-related chronic disease, however contemporary community food environments assessments (e.g. unhealthy fast food outlets versus healthy supermarkets or fruit and vegetable shops) may be too simplistic to accurately summarise the complexities of their impacts on food choice. This study protocol describes the development of the Food Outlets Dietary Risk (FODR) assessment tool for use by local government in Perth, Western Australia.

Methods
Similar to food safety risk assessment, the FODR assessment tool rates the potential harmful public health nutrition impact of food outlets by identifying and characterising the issues, and assessing the risk of exposure. Scores are attributed to six public health nutrition attributes: 1) availability of nutrient-poor foods; 2) availability of nutritious foods; 3) acceptability and appeal; 4) accessibility; 5) type of business operation; and 6) complex food outlet considerations. Food retail outlets are then classified as having a low, medium, high or very high dietary risk based on their total score.

Discussion
A local government administered tool to rate the public health nutrition risk of food outlets requires data which can be collected during routine assessments or sourced from the internet. The ongoing categorical classification of foods available within food outlets as either unhealthy or nutritious will require nutrition scientists’ input. An objective risk assessment of the dietary impact of food retail outlets can guide local government planning, policies and interventions to create supportive community food environments. It is intended that locally relevant data can be sourced throughout Australia and in other countries to apply the local context to the FODR assessment tool. Utility and acceptability of the tool will be tested, and consultation with environmental health officers and public health practitioners will inform future iterations.
Health consequences of drought in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region: hotspot areas and needed actions
Authors: Bellizzi Saverio , Lane Chris , Elhakim Mohamed , Nabeth Pierre 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Over the past four decades, drought episodes in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) of the of the World Health Organization (WHO) have gradually become more widespread, prolonged and frequent. We aimed to map hotspot countries and identified key strategic actions for health consequences.

Methods
We reviewed scientific literature and WHO EMR documentation on trends and patterns of the drought health consequences from 1990 through 2019. Extensive communication was also carried out with EMR WHO country offices to retrieve information on ongoing initiatives to face health consequences due to drought. An index score was developed to categorize countries according vulnerability factors towards drought.

Results
A series of complex health consequences are due to drought in EMR, including malnutrition, vector-borne diseases, and water-borne diseases. The index score indicated how Afghanistan, Yemen and Somalia are “hotspots” due to poor population health status and access to basic sanitation as well as other elements such as food insecurity, displacement and conflicts/political instability. WHO country offices effort is towards enhancing access to water and sanitation and essential healthcare services including immunization and psychological support, strengthening disease surveillance and response, and risk communication.

Conclusions
Drought-related health effects in the WHO EMR represent a public health emergency. Strengthening mitigation activities and additional tailored efforts are urgently needed to overcome context-specific gaps and weaknesses, with specific focus on financing, accountability and enhanced data availability.
Exosome-based immunotherapy: a promising approach for cancer treatment
Authors: Xu Zhijie , Zeng Shuangshuang , Gong Zhicheng , Yan Yuanliang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the era of the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy, there is a high level of interest in the application of cell-released small vesicles that stimulate the immune system. As cell-derived nanovesicles, exosomes show great promise in cancer immunotherapy because of their immunogenicity and molecular transfer function. The cargoes carried on exosomes have been recently identified with improved technological advances and play functional roles in the regulation of immune responses. In particular, exosomes derived from tumor cells and immune cells exhibit unique composition profiles that are directly involved in anticancer immunotherapy. More importantly, exosomes can deliver their cargoes to targeted cells and thus influence the phenotype and immune-regulation functions of targeted cells. Accumulating evidence over the last decade has further revealed that exosomes can participate in multiple cellular processes contributing to cancer development and therapeutic effects, showing the dual characteristics of promoting and suppressing cancer. The potential of exosomes in the field of cancer immunotherapy is huge, and exosomes may become the most effective cancer vaccines, as well as targeted antigen/drug carriers. Understanding how exosomes can be utilized in immune therapy is important for controlling cancer progression; additionally, exosomes have implications for diagnostics and the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This review discusses the role of exosomes in immunotherapy as carriers to stimulate an anti-cancer immune response and as predictive markers for immune activation; furthermore, it summarizes the mechanism and clinical application prospects of exosome-based immunotherapy in human cancer.
Ex-vivo quantification of ovine pia arachnoid complex biomechanical properties under uniaxial tension
Authors: Conley Natividad Gabryel , Theodossiou Sophia K. , Schiele Nathan R. , Murdoch Gordon K. , Tsamis Alkiviadis , Tanner Bertrand , Potirniche Gabriel , Mortazavi Martin , Vorp David A. , Martin Bryn A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
The pia arachnoid complex (PAC) is a cerebrospinal fluid-filled tissue conglomerate that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Pia mater adheres directly to the surface of the brain while the arachnoid mater adheres to the deep surface of the dura mater. Collagen fibers, known as subarachnoid trabeculae (SAT) fibers, and microvascular structure lie intermediately to the pia and arachnoid meninges. Due to its structural role, alterations to the biomechanical properties of the PAC may change surface stress loading in traumatic brain injury (TBI) caused by sub-concussive hits. The aim of this study was to quantify the mechanical and morphological properties of ovine PAC.

Methods
Ovine brain samples (n = 10) were removed from the skull and tissue was harvested within 30 min post-mortem. To access the PAC, ovine skulls were split medially from the occipital region down the nasal bone on the superior and inferior aspects of the skull. A template was used to remove arachnoid samples from the left and right sides of the frontal and occipital regions of the brain. 10 ex-vivo samples were tested with uniaxial tension at 2 mm s−1, average strain rate of 0.59 s−1, until failure at < 5 h post extraction. The force and displacement data were acquired at 100 Hz. PAC tissue collagen fiber microstructure was characterized using second-harmonic generation (SHG) imaging on a subset of n = 4 stained tissue samples. To differentiate transverse blood vessels from SAT by visualization of cell nuclei and endothelial cells, samples were stained with DAPI and anti-von Willebrand Factor, respectively. The Mooney-Rivlin model for average stress–strain curve fit was used to model PAC material properties.

Results
The elastic modulus, ultimate stress, and ultimate strain were found to be 7.7 ± 3.0, 2.7 ± 0.76 MPa, and 0.60 ± 0.13, respectively. No statistical significance was found across brain dissection locations in terms of biomechanical properties. SHG images were post-processed to obtain average SAT fiber intersection density, concentration, porosity, tortuosity, segment length, orientation, radial counts, and diameter as 0.23, 26.14, 73.86%, 1.07 ± 0.28, 17.33 ± 15.25 µm, 84.66 ± 49.18°, 8.15%, 3.46 ± 1.62 µm, respectively.

Conclusion
For the sizes, strain, and strain rates tested, our results suggest that ovine PAC mechanical behavior is isotropic, and that the Mooney-Rivlin model is an appropriate curve-fitting constitutive equation for obtaining material parameters of PAC tissues.
Do malignant cells sleep at night?
Authors: Cortés-Hernández Luis Enrique , Eslami-S Zahra , Dujon Antoine M. , Giraudeau Mathieu , Ujvari Beata , Thomas Frédéric , Alix-Panabières Catherine 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBiological rhythms regulate the biology of most, if not all living creatures, from whole organisms to their constitutive cells, their microbiota, and also parasites. Here, we present the hypothesis that internal and external ecological variations induced by biological cycles also influence or are exploited by cancer cells, especially by circulating tumor cells, the key players in the metastatic cascade. We then discuss the possible clinical implications of the effect of biological cycles on cancer progression, and how they could be exploited to improve and standardize methods used in the liquid biopsy field.
Time trends, geographical, socio-economic, and gender disparities in neonatal mortality in Burundi: evidence from the demographic and health surveys, 2010–2016
Authors: Yaya Sanni , Zegeye Betregiorgis , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku , Ameyaw Edward Kwabena , Seidu Abdul-Aziz , Shibre Gebretsadik 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Programmatic and research agendas surrounding neonatal mortality are important to help countries attain the child health related 2030 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). In Burundi, the Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) is 25 per 1000 live births. However, high quality evidence on the over time evolution of inequality in NMR is lacking. This study aims to address the knowledge gap by systematically and comprehensively investigating inequalities in NMR in Burundi with the intent to help the country attain SDG 3.2 which aims to reduce neonatal mortality to at least as low as 12 per 1000 live births by 2030.

Methods
The Burundi Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) data for the periods of 2010 and 2016 were used for the analyses. The analyses were carried out using the WHO’s HEAT version 3.1 software. Five equity stratifiers: economic status, education, residence, sex and subnational region were used as benchmark for measuring NMR inequality with time over 6 years. To understand inequalities from a broader perspective, absolute and relative inequality measures, namely Difference, Population Attributable Risk (PAR), Ratio, and Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) were calculated. Statistical significance was measured by computing corresponding 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs).

Results
NMR in Burundi in 2010 and 2016 were 36.7 and 25.0 deaths per 1000 live births, respectively. We recorded large wealth-driven (PAR = -3.99, 95% CI; − 5.11, − 2.87, PAF = -15.95, 95% CI; − 20.42, − 11.48), education related (PAF = -6.64, 95% CI; − 13.27, − 0.02), sex based (PAR = -1.74, 95% CI; − 2.27, − 1.21, PAF = -6.97, 95% CI; − 9.09, − 4.86), urban-rural (D = 15.44, 95% CI; 7.59, 23.29, PAF = -38.78, 95% CI; − 45.24, − 32.32) and regional (PAR = -12.60, 95% CI; − 14.30, − 10.90, R = 3.05, 95% CI; 1.30, 4.80) disparity in NMR in both survey years, except that urban-rural disparity was not detected in 2016. We found both absolute and relative inequalities and significant reduction in these inequalities over time - except at the regional level, where the disparity remained constant during the study period.

Conclusion
Large survival advantage remains to neonates of women who are rich, educated, residents of urban areas and some regions. Females had higher chance of surviving their 28th birthday than male neonates. More extensive work is required to battle the NMR gap between different subgroups in the country.
Unravelling the importance of the eukaryotic and bacterial communities and their relationship with Legionella spp. ecology in cooling towers: a complex network
Authors: Paranjape Kiran , Bédard Émilie , Shetty Deeksha , Hu Mengqi , Choon Fiona Chan Pak , Prévost Michèle , Faucher Sébastien P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Cooling towers are a major source of large community-associated outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease, a severe pneumonia. This disease is contracted when inhaling aerosols that are contaminated with bacteria from the genus Legionella, most importantly Legionella pneumophila. How cooling towers support the growth of this bacterium is still not well understood. As Legionella species are intracellular parasites of protozoa, it is assumed that protozoan community in cooling towers play an important role in Legionella ecology and outbreaks. However, the exact mechanism of how the eukaryotic community contributes to Legionella ecology is still unclear. Therefore, we used 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to characterize the eukaryotic communities of 18 different cooling towers. The data from the eukaryotic community was then analysed with the bacterial community of the same towers in order to understand how each community could affect Legionella spp. ecology in cooling towers.

Results
We identified several microbial groups in the cooling tower ecosystem associated with Legionella spp. that suggest the presence of a microbial loop in these systems. Dissolved organic carbon was shown to be a major factor in shaping the eukaryotic community and may be an important factor for Legionella ecology. Network analysis, based on co-occurrence, revealed that Legionella was correlated with a number of different organisms. Out of these, the bacterial genus Brevundimonas and the ciliate class Oligohymenophorea were shown, through in vitro experiments, to stimulate the growth of L. pneumophila through direct and indirect mechanisms.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that Legionella ecology depends on the host community, including ciliates and on several groups of organisms that contribute to its survival and growth in the cooling tower ecosystem. These findings further support the idea that some cooling tower microbiomes may promote the survival and growth of Legionella better than others.
Line, please? An analysis of the rehearsed speech characteristics of native Korean speakers on the English Oral Proficiency Interview—Computer (OPIc)
Authors: Gates Gwyneth , Cox Troy L. , Bell Teresa Reber , Eggington William 
Published: November 2020

Abstract Two assumptions of speaking proficiency tests are that the speech produced is spontaneous and the the scores on those tests predict what examinees can do in real-world communicative situations. Therefore, when examinees memorize scripts for their oral responses, the validity of the score interpretation is threatened. While the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) Proficiency Guidelines identify rehearsed content as a major hindrance to interviewees being rated above Novice High, many examinees still prepare for speaking tests by memorizing and rehearsing scripts hoping these "performances" are awarded higher scores. To investigate this phenomenon, researchers screened 300 previously rated Oral Proficiency Interview-computer (OPIc) tests and found 39 examinees who had at least one response that had been tagged as rehearsed. Each examinee’s responses were then transcribed, and the spontaneous and rehearsed tasks were compared. Temporal fluency articulation rates differed significantly between the spontaneous and rehearsed segments; however, the strongest evidence of memorization lay in the transcriptions and the patterns that emerged within and across interviews. Test developers, therefore, need to be vigilant in creating scoring guidelines for rehearsed content.
Identification of bioactive compounds by GC-MS and α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. and Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz: an in vitro and in silico approach
Authors: Swargiary Ananta , Daimari Manita 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe practice of ethnomedicine remains to be the primary source of healthcare in many parts of the world, especially among the tribal communities. However, there is a lack of scientific outlook and investigation to authenticate and validate their medicinal values.ObjectiveThe present study investigated the trace and heavy metal content, bioactive compounds, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity ofRauvolfia tetraphyllaandOroxylum indicumusing in vitro and in silico methods.MethodsTrace and heavy metal content ofRauvolfia tetraphyllaandOroxylum indicumwere detected using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Bioactive compounds were analyzed and identified by the GC-MS technique. α-Amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the plants were studied using the spectrophotometric method using UV/VIS-Spectrophotometer. In silico molecular docking was carried out in AutoDock vina and the structures visualized using PyMol and Biovia Discovery Studio software. Statistical and graphical representations were performed using Excel and OriginPro.ResultsThe trace and heavy metallic content such as Zn, Ni, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Mn were reported from both the plant. No Cd was detected in both the plants. GC-MS analysis revealed four major compounds inR. tetraphyllaand seven inO. indicum. Biochemical studies showed that the leaf extract ofO. indicumposses the strongest α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.R. tetraphyllashowed weaker enzyme inhibition. Molecular docking study revealed that three compounds fromO. indicum(O2, O3, and O6) and two fromR. tetraphylla(R1 and R2) showed strong binding affinity to α-amylase and α-glucosidase. However, leaf extract ofO. indicumshowed better binding affinity with the enzymes compared toR. tetraphylla.ConclusionInhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in an important strategy of diabetes control. The present study revealed the in vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity ofRauvolfia tetraphyllaandOroxylum indicum.In conclusion, the study identified that the leaf extract ofO. indicumas a potential inhibitor of glucose metabolizing enzymes and could be a source of antidiabetic agents.
Coloration principles of the Great purple emperor butterfly (Sasakia charonda)
Authors: Stavenga Doekele G. , Leertouwer Hein L. , Arikawa Kentaro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe dorsal wings of male Sasakia charonda butterflies display a striking blue iridescent coloration, which is accentuated by white, orange-yellow and red spots, as well as by brown margins. The ventral wings also have a variegated, but more subdued, pattern. We investigated the optical basis of the various colors of intact wings as well as isolated wing scales by applying light and electron microscopy, imaging scatterometry and (micro)spectrophotometry. The prominent blue iridescence is due to scales with tightly packed, multilayered ridges that contain melanin pigment. The scales in the brown wing margins also contain melanin. Pigments extracted from the orange-yellow and red spots indicate the presence of 3-OH-kynurenine and ommochrome pigment. The scales in the white spots also have multilayered ridges but lack pigment. The lower lamina of the scales plays a so-far undervalued but often crucial role. Its thin-film properties color the majority of the ventral wing scales, which are unpigmented and have large windows. The lower lamina acting as a thin-film reflector generally contributes to the reflectance of the various scale types.
Relationship of Weight Change Patterns From Young to Middle Adulthood With Incident Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Liu Mengyi , Zhang Zhuxian , Zhou Chun , He Panpan , Zhang Yuanyuan , Li Huan , Li Qinqin , Liu Chengzhang , Wang Binyan , Li Jianping , Zhang Yan , Xu Xin , Wang Xiaobin , Xu Xiping , Huo Yong , Hou Fan Fan , Qin Xianhui 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Context
The effect of weight change patterns on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remains uncertain.

Objective
We aim to examine the relation of weight change patterns and absolute weight change from young adulthood to midlife with incident CVD.

Design
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2016.

Participants
A total of 20 715 US adults aged 40 through 79 with recalled weight at young adulthood (25 years) and midlife (10 years before baseline).

Main Outcome Measure
CVD status was determined by self-report of a prior diagnosis, and age at diagnosis was used to establish time of CVD onset. CVD events was defined as the first occurrence of a congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, heart attack, or stroke.

Results
After 9.76 years of follow-up, compared with participants who remained at normal weight, those in maximum overweight, changing from nonobese to obese, changing from obese to nonobese, maintaining obesity between young and middle adulthood had a 39% (hazard ratio [HR], 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-1.62), 93% (HR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.64-2.28), 125% (HR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.29-3.94), and 132% (HR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.68-3.20) higher risk of CVD, respectively. In addition, compared with weight change within 2.5 kg, weight gain ≥ 10.0 kg was associated with higher risk of CVD.

Conclusions
Both nonobese to obese, obese to nonobese, and stable obese from young to middle adulthood were associated with increased risks of CVD. The findings emphasize the importance of maintaining normal weight throughout the adulthood for preventing CVD in later life.