bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turing Patterning in Stratified Domains
Authors: Krause Andrew L. , Klika Václav , Halatek Jacob , Grant Paul K. , Woolley Thomas E. , Dalchau Neil , Gaffney Eamonn A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractReaction–diffusion processes across layered media arise in several scientific domains such as pattern-formingE. colion agar substrates, epidermal–mesenchymal coupling in development, and symmetry-breaking in cell polarization. We develop a modeling framework for bilayer reaction–diffusion systems and relate it to a range of existing models. We derive conditions for diffusion-driven instability of a spatially homogeneous equilibrium analogous to the classical conditions for a Turing instability in the simplest nontrivial setting where one domain has a standard reaction–diffusion system, and the other permits only diffusion. Due to the transverse coupling between these two regions, standard techniques for computing eigenfunctions of the Laplacian cannot be applied, and so we propose an alternative method to compute the dispersion relation directly. We compare instability conditions with full numerical simulations to demonstrate impacts of the geometry and coupling parameters on patterning, and explore various experimentally relevant asymptotic regimes. In the regime where the first domain is suitably thin, we recover a simple modulation of the standard Turing conditions, and find that often the broad impact of the diffusion-only domain is to reduce the ability of the system to form patterns. We also demonstrate complex impacts of this coupling on pattern formation. For instance, we exhibit non-monotonicity of pattern-forming instabilities with respect to geometric and coupling parameters, and highlight an instability from a nontrivial interaction between kinetics in one domain and diffusion in the other. These results are valuable for informing design choices in applications such as synthetic engineering of Turing patterns, but also for understanding the role of stratified media in modulating pattern-forming processes in developmental biology and beyond.
A Survey of Therapeutic Radiographers’ Knowledge, Practices, and Barriers in Delivering Health Behaviour Advice to Cancer Patients
Authors: Pallin Nickola D. , Beeken Rebecca J. , Jones Kathy Pritchard , Woznitza Nick , Fisher Abigail 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTherapeutic radiographers (TRs) are well-placed to deliver advice to cancer patients; however, limited research exists on their practices in providing advice on healthy lifestyle behaviours. Through an online survey, this study aimed to explore TRs’ current practices, barriers, and facilitators around delivering healthy behaviour advice to cancer patients. An online survey was sent to 72 radiotherapy departments in the UK and 583 TRs responded to the survey. Findings showed that levels of enquiry and provision of advice on healthy behaviours were low, with less than 25% advising patients on physical activity, healthy eating, weight management, smoking cessation, and reducing alcohol intake as standard practice. Lack of knowledge, resources, and training were identified as barriers, in addition to perceived lack of patient interest and lack of time. TRs reported a strong desire to undergo training to enable them to deliver health behaviour advice to patients, with an identified preference for online training. Cancer patients look to healthcare professionals for advice on health behaviours, and TRs are well-placed to deliver this advice. The findings of this study provide insight into the areas that need addressing to enable TRs to support positive health behaviours among cancer patients.
Towards Log-Less, Fine-Granular State Machine Replication
Authors: Skrzypzcak Jan , Schintke Florian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractState machine replication is used to increase the availability of a service such as a data management system while ensuring consistent access to it. State-of-the-art implementations are based on a command log to gain linear write access to storage and avoid repeated transmissions of large replicas. However, the command log requires non-trivial state management such as allocation and pruning to prevent unbounded growth.By introducing in-place replicated state machines that do not use command logs, the log overhead can be avoided. Instead, replicas agree on a sequence of states, and former states are directly overwritten. This method enables the consistent, fault-tolerant replication of basic data management primitives such as counters, sets, or individual locks with little to no overhead. It matches the properties of fast, byte-addressable, non-volatile memory particularly well, where it is no longer necessary to rely on sequential access for good performance. Our approach is especially well suited for small states and fine-granular distributed data management as it occurs in key-value stores, for example.
Achieving remanufacturing inspection using deep learning
Authors: Nwankpa Chigozie , Eze Solomon , Ijomah Winifred , Gachagan Anthony , Marshall Stephen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDeep learning has emerged as a state-of-the-art learning technique across a wide range of applications, including image recognition, object detection and localisation, natural language processing, prediction and forecasting systems. With significant applicability, deep learning could be used in new and broader areas of applications, including remanufacturing. Remanufacturing is a process of taking used products through disassembly, inspection, cleaning, reconditioning, reassembly and testing to ascertain that their condition meets new products conditions with warranty. This process is complex and requires a good understanding of the respective stages for proper analysis. Inspection is a critical process in remanufacturing, which guarantees the quality of the remanufactured products. It is currently an expensive manual operation in the remanufacturing process that depends on operator expertise, in most cases. This research investigates the application of deep learning algorithms to inspection in remanufacturing, towards automating the inspection process. This paper presents a novel vision-based inspection system based on deep convolution neural network (DCNN) for eight types of defects, namely pitting, rust, cracks and other combination faults. The materials used for this feasibility study were 100 cm × 150 cm mild steel plate material, purchased locally, and captured using a USB webcam of 0.3 megapixels. The performance of this preliminary study indicates that the DCNN can classify with up to 100% accuracy on validation data and above 96% accuracy on a live video feed, by using 80% of the sample dataset for training and the remaining 20% for testing. Therefore, in the remanufacturing parts inspection, the DCNN approach has high potential as a method that could surpass the current technologies used in the design of inspection systems. This research is the first to apply deep learning techniques in remanufacturing inspection. The proposed method offers the potential to eliminate expert judgement in inspection, save cost, increase throughput and improve precision. This preliminary study demonstrates that deep learning techniques have the potential to revolutionise inspection in remanufacturing. This research offers valuable insight into these opportunities, serving as a starting point for future applications of deep learning algorithms to remanufacturing.
Effect of Particle size of monomodal 316L powder on powder layer density in powder bed fusion
Authors: Haferkamp Lukas , Spierings Adriaan , Rusch Marco , Jermann Dominik , Spurek Marvin A. , Wegener Konrad 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPowder layer density is an important measure for understanding the effect of powder on part quality in powder bed fusion. The density of thin layers, as they are deposited in powder bed fusion, differs from the density of powder in large containers. This study investigates this difference. Therefore, six monomodal powders with different particle size distributions, from coarse to fine, are spread in an 84.5 µm deep cavity to determine their powder layer densities for a single layer. A linear dependence of powder layer density on the D50 of powder is discovered for monomodal powders with good flowability. This dependence can be explained by the wall effect. Fine powders with low flowability show an increase in the standard deviation of the powder layer density. These findings suggest the existence of a particle size distribution that is sufficiently small to minimize the wall effect in a thin layer while still being sufficiently large to guarantee a good flowability of the powder.
Die Nullstufe der Bühne: Spielfläche und Schranken als historische Aufführungsdispositive im spätmittelalterlichen Theater
Authors: Velten Hans Rudolf 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag wendet sich gegen die vorherrschende Auffassung, die Simultanbühne sei die ›Grundform der Raumordnung‹ und zentraler Repräsentationstypus des mittelalterlichen Schauspiels und lege paradigmatisch dessen ästhetische und theaterhistorische Alterität in der Differenz zur neuzeitlichen Sukzessionsbühne offen. Gegen diese verkürzende Sichtweise wird die Vielheit von räumlichen Aufführungssituationen im geistlichen und weltlichen Schauspiel dokumentiert und insbesondere die Bedeutung der kreisförmigen, durch Schranken abgegrenzten Spielfläche anhand der Tiroler Neidharttradition und der Rosengartenspiele herausgearbeitet. Abschließend werden in zwölf Punkten Funktionalität und Medialität von Schranken als Aufführungsdispositiv skizziert.
Unterricht in Zeiten von Corona: Ein Blick auf die Herausforderungen aus der Sicht von Unterrichts- und Instruktionsforschung
Authors: Voss Thamar , Wittwer Jörg 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Corona-Pandemie führte infolge der Schulschließungen zu einer Ausnahmesituation, die Lehrkräfte vor neue und unvorhersehbare Herausforderungen stellte. In diesem Artikel führen wir die Unterrichts- und Instruktionsforschung zusammen, um die Frage zu beantworten, wie es Lehrkräften trotz der Einschränkungen einer Pandemie gelingen kann, erfolgreichen Unterricht umzusetzen. Erstens stellen wir die Nachteile einer ausschließlichen Betrachtung der Sichtstrukturen für die Diskussion über guten Unterricht unter Pandemiebedingungen vor. Zweitens zeigen wir auf der Grundlage von Tiefenstrukturen die Herausforderungen einer Pandemie für die Gestaltung eines lernförderlichen Unterrichts im Sinne der kognitiven Aktivierung, konstruktiven Unterstützung und Effizienz des Klassenmanagements auf. Drittens konkretisieren wir anhand von Lehr-Lern-Elementen, wie Lehrkräfte auf der Grundlage von Lernzielen das Lernen von Schülerinnen und Schülern unter Pandemiebedingungen hinsichtlich Motivierung, Vermittlung, Weiterverarbeitung, Üben, Transfer und Rückmeldung fördern können. Dabei gehen wir auch auf die besondere Rolle der elterlichen Unterstützung ein. Viertens leiten wir Empfehlungen für das Unterrichten unter Pandemiebedingen ab und diskutieren, wie die Corona-Pandemie als Chance begriffen werden kann, um neue Erkenntnisse über die Gestaltung individuellen Lernens zu erhalten, die auch zukünftigen Unterricht bereichern können.
Hair cortisol concentration in anxiety disorders: exploration of relationships with symptom severity and inflammatory markers
Authors: Elnazer Hesham Y. , Lau Laurie C. K. , Amaro Hugo , Baldwin David S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground:Hair cortisol concentration (HCC) can be used to periodically assess hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function, and appears correlated with prolonged exposure to stress.Methods:Serial assessment (at Baseline, Week 6 and Week 12) of participants (n= 35) with anxiety disorders by psychopathological rating scales, with assays of HCC and levels of peripheral anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Patients underwent antidepressant treatment for an initial 6 weeks, followed by cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor-2 (COX-2) inhibitor (celecoxib) augmentation or ‘treatment as usual’ for a further 6 weeks.Results:At Baseline (n= 35), HCC was elevated in patients with single-episode but not recurrent-episode anxiety disorders, mean IL-12p70 levels were low, and mean TNF-α levels were elevated. Following 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment (n= 33), mean HCC was within the normal range but mean IL-2 level was low. Celecoxib augmentation (n= 18) was associated with a reduction in anxiety symptoms and normalisation of mean IL-2 levels.Limitations:Small sample size. Not all participants were assessed at all time points.Conclusion:Serial assessment of HCC is practicable in patients with anxiety disorders. These preliminary findings warrant further investigation in larger samples.
The association between dietary sodium intake, adiposity and sugar-sweetened beverages in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Grimes Carley A. , Bolton Kristy A. , Booth Alison B. , Khokhar Durreajam , Service Carrie , He Feng H. , Nowson Caryl A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHigher intakes of Na may contribute to weight gain. The primary aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the relationship between dietary Na intake and measures of adiposity in children and adults. Given the previous link between Na intake and the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB), which are a known risk factor for obesity, a secondary aim examining the relationship between Na intake and SSB consumption was assessed. A systematic literature search identified cross-sectional and longitudinal studies and randomised controlled trials (RCT) which reduced dietary Na (≥3 months). Meta-analysis was performed for outcomes with ≥3 studies. Cross-sectionally higher Na intakes were associated with overweight/obesity in adults (five studies; n 11 067; OR 1·74; 95 % CI 1·43, 2·13) and in children (three studies; n 3625, OR 3·29; 95 % CI 2·25, 4·80), and abdominal obesity (five studies; n 19 744; OR 2·04; 95 % CI 1·72, 2·42) in adults. Overall, associations remained in sensitivity analyses which adjusted for energy. Findings from longitudinal studies were inconsistent. RCT in adults indicated a trend for lower body weight on reduced-Na compared with control diets (fifteen studies; n 5274; −0·29 kg; 95 % CI −0·59, 0·01; P = 0·06); however, it is unclear if energy intakes were also altered on reduced-Na diets. Among children higher Na intakes were associated with higher intake of SSB (four studies, n 10 329, b = 22, 16 and 26 g/d); no studies were retrieved for adults. Overall, there was a lack of high-quality studies retrieved. While cross-sectional evidence indicates Na intake was positively associated with adiposity, these findings have not been clearly confirmed by longitudinal studies or RCT.
Mother’s education level is associated with anthropometric failure among 3- to 12-year-old rural children in Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India
Authors: Khanra Pikli , Bose Kaushik , Chakraborty Raja 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMaternal education plays a central role in children’s health and nutrition. Living conditions and socioeconomic status are linked with mother’s education, which in turn determines the health and development of a child. The Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) is a single indicator that reflects overall rate of three conventional indices of undernutrition: underweight, stunting and wasting. The study was undertaken among 621 rural Bengalee children (308 boys and 313 girls) aged 3–12 years from the Purba Medinipur district of West Bengal, India. Height (cm) and weight (kg) were recorded and NCHS standard values used to calculate z-scores (<–2SD). The same data were used to calculate CIAF as an indicator of ‘anthropometric failure’ (AF) or undernutrition. The prevalence of AF among the children was 59.40%. Chi-squared analysis was employed to evaluate the significance of differences in the prevalence of CIAF between the sexes and the association between nutritional indicators and socioeconomic parameters in the two sexes. Multiple binary logistic regression (MBLR) analyses (including the forward stepwise method) were also performed. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to assess the risk of having AF. Results showed that mother’s education was significantly associated with undernutrition (AF) controlling for the other factors considered. A very high prevalence of undernutrition is persisting in this region of India despite national nutritional supplementation programmes being operational. More attention to the improvement of living conditions and hygiene, and more particularly the education of women, in this population might be effective in attaining improved child growth and health.
High-resolution analysis of baculovirus-induced host manipulation in the domestic silkworm,Bombyx mori
Authors: Hikida Hiroyuki , Katsuma Susumu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMany parasites manipulate host behaviour to enhance their transmission. Baculoviruses induce enhanced locomotory activity (ELA) combined with subsequent climbing behaviour in lepidopteran larvae, which facilitates viral dispersal. However, the mechanisms underlying host manipulation system are largely unknown. Previously, larval locomotion during ELA was summarized as the distance travelled for a few minutes at several time points, which are unlikely to characterize ELA precisely, as ELA typically persists for several hours. In this study, we modified a recently developed method using time-lapse recording to characterize locomotion ofBombyx morilarvae infected withB.morinucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) for 24 h at 3 s resolution. Our data showed that the locomotion of the mock-infected larvae was restricted to a small area, whereas the BmNPV-infected larvae exhibited a large locomotory area. These results indicate that BmNPV dysregulates the locomotory pattern of host larvae. Furthermore, both the mock- and BmNPV-infected larvae showed periodic cycles of movement and stationary behaviour with a similar frequency, suggesting the physiological mechanisms that induce locomotion are unaffected by BmNPV infection. In contrast, the BmNPV-infected larvae exhibited fast and long-lasting locomotion compared with mock-infected larvae, which indicates that locomotory speed and duration are manipulated by BmNPV.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND THE LIMITS OF RAWLSIAN LIBERTY
Authors: Sinnott Gillian 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the scope of John Rawls's theory of liberty. It first develops an account of how this theory, which Rawls presents in largely abstract terms, applies in specific cases. It then argues that this account reveals that the scope of Rawls's theory of liberty is surprisingly narrow and that it does not include such seemingly obvious liberal rights as the freedom to engage in the sexual behavior of one's choice or to have access to pornography.
Experiences of self-management support in patients with diabetes and multimorbidity: a qualitative study in Norwegian general practice
Authors: Sørensen Monica , Groven Karen Synne , Gjelsvik Bjørn , Almendingen Kari , Garnweidner-Holme Lisa 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAim:The purpose of this study was to explore how patients with diabetes and multimorbidity experience self-management support by general practitioners (GPs), nurses and medical secretaries in Norwegian general practice.Background:Self-management support is recognised as an important strategy to improve the autonomy and well-being of patients with long-term conditions. Collaborating healthcare professionals (cHCPs), such as nurses and medical secretaries, may have an important role in the provision of self-management support. No previous study has explored how patients with diabetes and multimorbidity experience self-management support provided by cHCPs in general practice in Norway.Methods:Semi-structured interviews with 11 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with one or more additional long-term condition were performed during February–May 2017.Findings:Patients experienced cHCPs as particularly attentive towards the psychological and emotional aspects of living with diabetes. Compared to GPs, whose appointments were experienced as stressful, patients found cHCPs more approachable and more likely to address patients’ questions and worries. In this sense, cHCPs complemented GP-led diabetes care. However, neither cHCPs nor GPs were perceived to involve patients’ in clinical decisions or goal setting during consultations.
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and later cardiovascular disease risk in mothers and children
Authors: Plummer Michelle D. , Andraweera Prabha H. , Garrett Amy , Leemaqz Shalem , Wittwer Melanie , Aldridge Emily , Arstall Margaret A. , Dekker Gustaaf A. , Roberts Claire T. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPreeclampsia (PE) and gestational hypertension (GH) are pregnancy-specific diseases that occur in around 10% of pregnancies worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests that women whose pregnancies were complicated by PE or GH, and their offspring, are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) later in life. We hypothesised that PE and GH would associate with CVD risk factors 8–10 years after the first pregnancy in the mother and child and that differences in cardiovascular risk profile would be seen between 8- and 10-year-old male and female children. This is a follow-up study of the Adelaide SCOPE pregnancy cohort where 1164 nulliparous women and their babies were recruited between 2005 and 2008. Haemodynamic function was assessed using non-invasive USCOMBP+ and USCOM1A devices. Microvascular function was assessed by post-occlusive reactive hyperaemia. Of the 273 mother–child pairs followed up, 38 women had PE and 20 had GH during pregnancy. Augmentation index (Aix) and suprasystolic pulse pressure (ssPP) were increased, whereas measures of microvascular function were decreased in children who were born to PE compared to uncomplicated pregnancies. Female children had decreased Aix and ssPP compared to male children after in utero exposure to PE. Women who developed GH during their first pregnancy had increased systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures compared to women who had uncomplicated pregnancy. Our data suggest that GH is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in women 8–10 years after first pregnancy and PE is associated with increased offspring risk at 8–10 years of age, highlighting differences between these two hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Constraining the Global Ocean Cu Cycle With a Data‐Assimilated Diagnostic Model
Authors: Roshan Saeed , DeVries Tim , Wu Jingfeng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCopper (Cu) is a biologically important trace metal for marine plankton, but it is also toxic at high concentrations. Understanding the global distribution of Cu and the processes controlling its cycling in the ocean is important for understanding how the distribution of this important element can respond to climate change. Here, we use available observations of dissolved copper, an artificial neural network, and an ocean circulation inverse model, to derive a global estimate of the three‐dimensional distribution and cycling of dissolved Cu in the ocean. We find that there is net removal by bio‐assimilation and/or scavenging of dissolved Cu in the surface ocean at a rate of ~1.7 Gmol yr−1 and that both the concentration and export of dissolved Cu are highest in the Southern Ocean. In the subsurface above the near‐sediment layer, dissolved Cu is removed at a net rate of ~2.4 Gmol yr−1, consistent with scavenging onto sinking particles, contributing to an increase in the flux of particulate Cu with depth. This removal of Cu by scavenging in the interior ocean is balanced by a net near‐sediment source of dissolved Cu, which sustains a gradual increase in the concentration of dissolved Cu with depth. Globally, this net near‐sediment source is estimated at ~2.6 Gmol yr−1 in the deep ocean and ~0.8 Gmol yr−1 along continental shelves and slopes. Our results suggest an active oceanic dissolved Cu cycle with a mean internal ocean residence time of ~530 years, highlighting the potential for climate‐driven changes in the marine Cu cycle.