bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaf shape influences the scaling of leaf dry mass vs. area: a test case using bamboos
Authors: Lin Shuyan , Niklas Karl J. , Wan Yawen , Hölscher Dirk , Hui Cang , Ding Yulong , Shi Peijian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Key message

A highly significant and positive scaling relationship between bamboo leaf dry mass and leaf surface area was observed; leaf shape (here, represented by the quotient of leaf width and length) had a significant influence on the scaling exponent of leaf dry mass vs. area.

Context
The scaling of leaf dry mass vs. leaf area is important for understanding how plants effectively intercept sunlight and invest carbon to do so. However, comparatively few, if any, studies have focused on whether leaf shape influences this scaling relationship.

Aims
In order to explore the effects of leaf shape on the scaling relationship between leaf dry mass and area, we examined 101 species, varieties, forms, and cultivars of bamboo growing in China and identified the relationship between the scaling exponent of leaf dry mass vs. area and leaf shape. This taxon was used because its leaf shape is conserved across species and, therefore, easily quantified.

Methods
Ten thousand and forty-five leaves from 101 bamboo species, varieties, forms, and cultivars growing in China were collected, and leaf dry mass, the quotient of leaf width and length, leaf area, and leaf dry mass per unit area were measured. The effect of leaf shape that can be easily quantified using the quotient of leaf width and length on the relevant and ecologically important scaling exponents was explored using this data base.

Results
Leaf dry mass and area differed significantly across bamboo genera, and even within the same genus. However, a statistically robust log-log linear and positive scaling relationship was observed for mass and area with a 1.115 scaling exponent (95% CI = 1.107, 1.122; r2 = 0.907). Leaf shape had a significant influence on the numerical values of the scaling exponent of leaf dry mass vs. area. When the median of the quotient of leaf width and length was below 0.125, the numerical value of the scaling exponent increased with increasing quotient of leaf width and length. When the median of the quotient of leaf width and length was above 0.125, the scaling exponent numerically decreased toward 1.0.

Conclusion
We show, for the first time, that a significant relationship exists between leaf shape and the numerical values of scaling exponents governing the scaling of leaf dry mass with respect to leaf area. In addition, we show that with the quotient of leaf width and length increasing mean LMA increases, which implies a negative correlation between mean LMA and the estimated exponent of leaf dry mass vs. area for the grouped data based on the sorted quotients of leaf width and length.
Suppression of magnetism and Seebeck effect in Na0.875CoO2 induced by SbCo dopants
Authors: Assadi M. H. N. , Mele Paolo , Fronzi Marco 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe examined the electronic property of Sb-doped Na0.785CoO2using density functional calculations based on GGA+Uformalism. We demonstrated that Sb dopants were the most stable when replacing Co ions within the complex Na0.875CoO2lattice structure. We also showed that the SbCodopants adopted the + 5 oxidation state introducing two electrons into the host Na0.875CoO2compound. The newly introduced electrons recombined with holes that were borne on Co4+sites that had been created by sodium vacancies. The elimination of Co4+species, in turn, rendered Na0.875(Co0.9375Sb0.0625)O2non-magnetic and diminished the compound’s thermoelectric effect. Furthermore, the SbCodopants tended to aggregate with the Na vacancies keeping a minimum distance. The conclusions drawn here can be generalised to other highly oxidised dopants in NaxCoO2that replace a Co.
State of the Art in Alcohol Sensing with 2D Materials
Authors: Boroujerdi Ramin , Abdelkader Amor , Paul Richard 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSince the discovery of graphene, the star among new materials, there has been a surge of attention focused on the monatomic and monomolecular sheets which can be obtained by exfoliation of layered compounds. Such materials are known as two-dimensional (2D) materials and offer enormous versatility and potential. The ultimate single atom, or molecule, thickness of the 2D materials sheets provides the highest surface to weight ratio of all the nanomaterials, which opens the door to the design of more sensitive and reliable chemical sensors. The variety of properties and the possibility of tuning the chemical and surface properties of the 2D materials increase their potential as selective sensors, targeting chemical species that were previously difficult to detect. The planar structure and the mechanical flexibility of the sheets allow new sensor designs and put 2D materials at the forefront of all the candidates for wearable applications. When developing sensors for alcohol, the response time is an essential factor for many industrial and forensic applications, particularly when it comes to hand-held devices. Here, we review recent developments in the applications of 2D materials in sensing alcohols along with a study on parameters that affect the sensing capabilities. The review also discusses the strategies used to develop the sensor along with their mechanisms of sensing and provides a critique of the current limitations of 2D materials-based alcohol sensors and an outlook for the future research required to overcome the challenges.
What composes desirable formal at-home elder care? An analysis for multiple service combinations
Authors: Sugawara Shinya 
Published: January 2020

AbstractI estimate the relationship between combinations of multiple services for formal at-home elder care and health status. As a reasonable substitute for expensive institutional care, at-home formal elderly care is gaining popularity in developed countries. Because at-home care is composed of many small and complementary services, the relationship between multiple service combinations and health status requires analysis. However, the high dimensionality of these combinations makes estimation difficult. This study employs a regression analysis using care service combinations as cross-dummy explanatory variables. To reduce the combination dimensions, I select the combinations that are purchased jointly by a sufficient number of the elderly using basket analysis. I apply this method to claims data for Japanese long-term care, for which the social insurance program has resulted in the emergence of a market that offers many care services for the elderly. The empirical results show that only 200 combinations of 14 at-home care services are used by more than 0.03% of the insured in Japan. Of these combinations, rehabilitation services have a considerable positive correlation with the health status of the elderly. However, their use is limited owing to regional disparities in the location of such services.
It's time to rethink DDoS protection
Authors: Reynolds Roy 
Published: January 2020

When you think of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, chances are you conjure up an image of an overwhelming flood of traffic that incapacitates a network. This kind of cyber attack is all about overt, brute force used to take a target down. Some hackers are a little smarter, using DDoS as a distraction while they simultaneously attempt a more targeted strike, as was the case with a Carphone Warehouse hack in 2015. 1 But in general, DDoS isn't subtle. Retailers are having to rethink how they approach distributed denial of service (DDoS) protection following the rise of a stealthier incarnation of the threat. There has been a significant increase in small-scale DDoS attacks and a corresponding reduction in conventional large-scale events. The hacker’s aim is to remain below the conventional ‘detect and alert’ threshold that could trigger a DDoS mitigation strategy. Roy Reynolds of Vodat International explains the nature of the threat and the steps organisations can take to protect themselves.
Baseline diet modifies the effects of dietary change
Authors: Pickering R. T. , Bradlee M. L. , Singer M. R. , Moore L. L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating pattern has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP) in previous clinical trials. In the PREMIER study, an established behavioural intervention, with or without DASH, promoted greater weight loss than an advice-only control group, but effects of the DASH intervention on BP were weaker. In these analyses, PREMIER data were used to evaluate whether change in dairy product or fruit and vegetable (FV) intake during the first six intervention months impacted changes in weight and/or BP. Study participants were classified as having low or high intakes of dairy products (<1·5 v. ≥1·5 servings/d) and FV (<5 v. ≥5 servings/d) at baseline and 6 months. For dairy products, in particular, participants with higher baseline intakes tended to decrease their intakes during the intervention. In these analyses, subjects consuming <1·5 dairy servings/d at baseline whose intake increased during the intervention lost more weight than those whose intake decreased or remained low throughout (10·6 v. 7·0 pounds (4·8 v. 3·2 kg) lost, respectively, P = 0·002). The same was true for FV intake (11·0 v. 5·9 pounds (5·0 v. 2·7 kg) lost, P < 0·001). We also found synergistic effects of dairy products and FV on weight loss and BP reduction. Specifically, subjects who increased their intakes of dairy products and also consumed ≥5 servings of FV/d lost more weight and had greater reductions in BP than other groups; in addition, higher FV intakes had the greatest benefit to BP among those consuming more dairy products. These results provide evidence that the DASH pattern was most beneficial to individuals whose baseline diet was less consistent with DASH.
Dietary taurine stimulates the hepatic biosynthesis of both bile acids and cholesterol in the marine teleost, tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes)
Authors: Xu Houguo , Zhang Qinggong , Kim Shin-Kwon , Liao Zhangbin , Wei Yuliang , Sun Bo , Jia Linlin , Chi Shuyan , Liang Mengqing 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTaurine (TAU) plays important roles in the metabolism of bile acids, cholesterol and lipids. However, little relevant information has been available in fish where TAU has been identified as a conditionally essential nutrient. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary TAU on the metabolism of bile acids, cholesterol and lipids in tiger puffer, which is both an important aquaculture species and a good research model, having a unique lipid storage pattern. An 8-week feeding trial was conducted in a flow-through seawater system. Three experimental diets differed only in TAU level, that is, 1·7, 8·2 and 14·0 mg/kg. TAU supplementation increased the total bile acid content in liver but decreased the content in serum. TAU supplementation also increased the contents of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol in both liver and serum. The hepatic bile acid profile mainly includes taurocholic acid (94·48 %), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (4·17 %) and taurodeoxycholic acid (1·35 %), and the contents of all these conjugated bile acids were increased by dietary TAU. The hepatic lipidomics analysis showed that TAU tended to decrease the abundance of individual phospholipids and increase those of some individual TAG and ceramides. The hepatic mRNA expression study showed that TAU stimulated the biosynthesis of both bile acids and cholesterol, possibly via regulation of farnesoid X receptor and HDL metabolism. TAU also stimulated the hepatic expression of lipogenic genes. In conclusion, dietary TAU stimulated the hepatic biosynthesis of both bile acids and cholesterol and tended to regulate lipid metabolism in multiple ways.
The Ulli Beier Archives at the Centre for Black Culture and International Understanding (CBCIU), Nigeria, and a Summary of Holdings
Authors: Oluwafunminiyi RAHEEM 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe Centre for Black Culture and International Understanding (CBCIU) was established on 7 January 2009. Located behind the Osun State Secretariat, southwest Nigeria, the CBCIU prides itself on being the inheritor of the archival estate of Ulli Beier, the late German connoisseur and African culture enthusiast. Housed in its Archive and Documentation Room/Unit, this repository contains very rich archival materials that include over 700 photographs with carefully preserved negatives and slides all dating back to the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s, and thousands of works of literature published between 1921 and the 2000s on virtually all aspects of Yoruba art, culture, philosophy and intellectual history. Based on fieldwork conducted at the CBCIU in 2018 and 2019, this study embarks on three mutually-connected transactions. First, it examines Ulli Beier's ‘cultural border-crossings’ into Yorubaland, particularly in Osogbo, southwest Nigeria, where his diverse cultural interactions facilitated the revival of a diminishing culture. Second, the study discusses the genesis of the CBCIU dating back to Ulli Beier's emergence in Nigeria in 1950. Third, it analyses what it means for the CBCIU to inherit an invaluable material legacy. This is done by giving an account of the inventories and a summary of the holdings in the Archives. While the Archive forms the very nucleus of what the CBCIU stands for, I argue that this agency serves as a worthy inheritor of a material legacy that continually seeks cultural relevance and perpetuity.
Unusual Lessons Learned from the SL9 Radio Observations and their Potential Consequences to Earth's Radiation Belts
Authors: de Pater Imke , Brecht Stephen H. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMotivated by the editor's request to write a Radio Science paper as part of the AGU Grand Challenge series, we decided to use our work on radio observations of the 1994 impact of comet D/Shoemaker‐Levy 9 (SL9) on Jupiter. Our intention is to relate this work to potential consequences for Earth. The scenario being considered is an asteroid on a direct impact path to Earth, and the consequences of shattering it into pieces small enough to not hit Earth's surface. Such fragments would explode in the atmosphere, and because there are numerous such explosions, the ionosphere and trapped radiation (van Allen) belts might be significantly modified, as occurred with SL9.
Mechanisms of Long‐Term Variability and Recent Trend of Salinity Along 137°E
Authors: Ogata Tomomichi , Nonaka Masami 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTo investigate the mechanisms for observed features along 137°E, such as freshening trends since the 1990s and decadal variability, the spatial pattern of salinity anomalies at σθ = 25.4 kg m−3 isopycnal surfaces and their variability were investigated based on ocean general circulation model (OGCM) outputs. While sea surface salinity (SSS) is restored to its climatology in the OGCM, the model captures recent salinity trends and meridionally coherent interannual to decadal variability at 137°E. The trend signal seems to be traced back over the eastern North Pacific (around 30°N, 160°W). Despite the limited SSS variability, the meridional shift of the outcrop line caused by sea surface temperature variation is found to determine the decadal spiciness variability subducting on the isopycnal surface at σθ = 25.4 kg m−3, that is, warm‐saltier anomalies with a southward shift and cold‐fresh anomalies with a northward shift as colder‐fresher water distributes to the north at the sea surface. Furthermore, we conducted tracer experiments with/without mesoscale eddies to examine possible roles of mesoscale eddies in the propagation of spiciness anomalies. Tracers diffuse across the mean stream line by mesoscale eddies and spread from 10°N to 25°N. However, in the tracer experiment with steady mean flow (i.e., without mesoscale eddies), the center of the tracer propagates along the mean stream line and does not diffuse across the mean stream line. This suggests that mesoscale eddies are important for the synchronized salinity trend and variability found from 10°N to 30°N.
Trends in Physical Properties at the Southern New England Shelf Break
Authors: Harden B. E. , Gawarkiewicz G. G. , Infante M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe analyze 11 years (2003–2013) of repeat temperature and salinity sections from across the New England shelf break south of Cape Cod during early summer (June–July). The mean sections resolved the shelf break front which supports the Shelf Break Jet, a vital component of the regional circulation. Individual sections showed a great deal of variability associated with meanders in the shelf break front consistent with previous studies in the region. Over the 11 year record, the shelf region (inshore of the 100 m isobath) warmed by 0.26 °C yr
, with the majority of this warming occurring shallower than 20 m (0.58 °C yr
). The full‐depth trend agrees well with previous studies of shelf warming to the north and the south of our study region. The temperature and salinity of the offshore edge of the Cold Pool Water on the shelf did not change significantly during this period. The surface warming on the shelf resulted in a decrease in near‐surface density of 0.12 kg m
yr
and an increase in stratification between 10 and 15 m of
s
yr
. Offshore of the shelf break, the Slope Water also warmed and became more saline by 0.21 °C yr
and 0.04 yr
respectively, resulting in a maximal reduction in density of 0.01 kg m
yr
. In the Shelf Break Front, there is some evidence of freshening and a reduction in density, which may have resulted from an offshore shift in the Cold Pool but the statistical significance is small.
Wet and Dry Nitrogen Depositions in the Pearl River Delta, South China: Observations at Three Typical Sites With an Emphasis on Water‐Soluble Organic Nitrogen
Authors: Yu Xu , Pan Yuepeng , Song Wei , Li Sheng , Li Dan , Zhu Ming , Zhou Huaishan , Zhang Yanli , Li Dejun , Yu Jianzhen , Wang Xuemei , Wang Xinming 
Published: January 2020

AbstractInorganic nitrogen (N) deposition in China is among the highest in the world, yet organic N deposition in the country has not been well constrained. In this study, wet and dry depositions of both organic and inorganic N were observed for 2 years at three contrasting sites (urban‐rural‐forest) in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, South China. Determined annual total dissolved N (TDN) deposition rates were 39.8, 33.8, and 52.0 kg N ha−1 year−1 at the urban, rural, and forest sites, respectively. The contributions of NO3−‐N, NH4+‐N, and water‐soluble organic N (WSON) to total N deposition were 26.7–37.8%, 34.6–40.9%, and 26.1‐32.3%, respectively. Wet N deposition accounted for about 54–68% in total N deposition at the sites. It is worth noting that the deposition rates of WSON in the PRD were among the highest in developed regions in the world. In wet depositions, the concentrations and proportions of WSON were significantly higher during the harvest seasons, especially at the non‐urban sites, mainly due to enhanced biomass burning in the period. In dry deposition, the seasonal pattern of WSON was inconsistent with that of NO3−‐N or NH4+‐N. Biological/soil organic N might be the important sources of WSON in dry deposition. Our results suggest that WSON contributed significantly to atmospheric N deposition in the PRD and more attentions should be paid to the WSON to get a true picture of N depositions and its impacts on the ecosystem.
Carbon System Simulation in the Pearl River Estuary, China: Mass Fluxes and Transformations
Authors: Liang B. , Hu J. T. , Li S. Y. , Ye Y. X. , Liu D. H. , Huang J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA carbon cycle model is built to describe the behavior of carbon materials in the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), China. The distributions and transformations of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and particulate organic carbon (POC) are simulated in the water column and sediment for the year 2006. The terrestrial carbon input is the dominant factor that determines the seasonal variation of carbon, while physical and biochemical processes contribute to the spatial‐temporal circulation of carbon. The simulation results reveal that the PRE acts as a net source for atmospheric CO2 throughout the year, and it buffers the export of DIC from the river and sediment to the adjacent system via the DIC consumption by primary production. As a consequence of biochemical processes, the PRE exports more organic carbon to the sediment and adjacent marine ecosystems than the amount that it receives from upstream river reaches. POC burial in sediment and refractory DOC export to the adjacent marine ecosystems are the main carbon fixation pathways in the PRE. The total amount of carbon fixation in PRE is estimated 6.92 × 1010 mol C year−1. Carbon fixation analysis shows that (1) 20.4% of the POC deposited into sediment is fixed through burial, while the remaining continues to participate in the circulation of carbon materials, and (2) the combined effects of river discharge and monsoon dominate the amount and direction of refractory DOC exports.
Late Eocene–Oligocene High Relief Paleotopography in the North Central Tibetan Plateau: Insights From Detrital Zircon U–Pb Geochronology and Leaf Wax Hydrogen Isotope Studies
Authors: Lin Jie , Dai Jin‐Gen , Zhuang Guangsheng , Jia Guodong , Zhang Laiming , Ning Zijie , Li Yalin , Wang Chengshan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe knowledge of provenance and paleoelevation of late Cretaceous‐Cenozoic terrestrial basins is crucial in discriminating different topography growth models for Tibetan Plateau. The Hoh Xil Basin is located in the north central Tibetan Plateau, and its thick sediments provide an excellent record for investigating the growth history of Tibetan Plateau. Here we present an integrated study by applying detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology and leaf wax n‐alkane hydrogen isotope analysis to the Yaxicuo Group in the Tuotuohe subbasin of the southern Hoh Xil Basin. Maximum depositional age from the youngest detrital zircon U–Pb ages, along with previous palynological data, indicates that the Yaxicuo Group was deposited during late Eocene–Oligocene. Provenance analysis shows that the Yaxicuo Group was mainly sourced from the northern Qiangtang and Songpan‐Ganzi terranes. Detrital zircon age spectra of the Yaxicuo Group samples show 33–50 Ma age group in the Tuotuohe subbasin, which is distinctive from those in the Erdaogou subbasin to the north, suggestive of formation of watershed within the Hoh Xil Basin and the tectonic transition from foreland to hinterland basin. The most negative leaf wax hydrogen isotope value yields an estimate of paleoelevation of ~4 km, which records the high elevation of the source regions in the northern Qiangtang. We argue that sedimentary record of the Yaxicuo Group with the interpreted transition from foreland to hinterland basin is the result of the northward propagation of the upper crustal shortening, which in combination with other deep processes caused the surface uplift of the Hoh Xil Basin.