bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transitions of electrons and holes drive diffusion in crystals, glasses and melts
Authors: Hoffmann H.‐J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDiffusion of atoms or molecules (generally: particles) is driven by differences and gradients of the chemical potential of the particles in their accessible space. If the difference of the chemical potential is due to differences of concentrations alone, one arrives at the diffusion equations of Fick. The diffusion coefficients are described in known models by vibrations of atoms in condensed matter which cause the exchange of preferentially neutral particles with neighbouring particles, impurities, interstitial places and vacancies near or on surfaces, grain boundaries, dislocation lines and in the homogeneous bulk. The rates of electronic transitions, however, increase also in melts and solids of chemically bonded particles with increasing temperature. Such transitions cause large fluctuating deviations of the local energy, the charge distribution and the local chemical and electrical potentials. The fluctuating deviations interact with the core ions and drive particles to interchange. This mechanism that supplements the known mechanisms of diffusion has not yet found adequate attention in the literature until now. Foundations, experimental results, evidence and consequences for diffusion are discussed.
Three‐dimensional MRI‐based treatment planning approach for non‐invasive ocular proton therapy
Authors: Fleury E. , Trnková P. , Erdal E. , Hassan M. , Stoel B. , Jaarma‐Coes M. , Luyten G. , Herault J. , Webb A. , Beenakker J.‐W. , Pignol J.‐P. , Hoogeman M. 
Published: December 2020

PurposeTo develop a high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based treatment planning approach for uveal melanomas (UM) in proton therapy.Materials/methodsFor eight patients with UM, a segmentation of the gross tumor volume (GTV) and organs‐at‐risk (OARs) was performed on T1‐ and T2‐weighted 7 Tesla MRI image data to reconstruct the patient MR‐eye. An extended contour was defined with a 2.5‐mm isotropic margin derived from the GTV. A broad beam algorithm, which we have called πDose, was implemented to calculate relative proton absorbed doses to the ipsilateral OARs. Clinically favorable gazing angles of the treated eye were assessed by calculating a global weighted‐sum objective function, which set penalties for OARs and extreme gazing angles. An optimizer, which we have named OPT’im‐Eye‐Tool, was developed to tune the parameters of the functions for sparing critical‐OARs.ResultsIn total, 441 gazing angles were simulated for every patient. Target coverage including margins was achieved in all the cases (V95% > 95%). Over the whole gazing angles solutions space, maximum dose (Dmax) to the optic nerve and the macula, and mean doses (Dmean) to the lens, the ciliary body and the sclera were calculated. A forward optimization was applied by OPT’im‐Eye‐Tool in three different prioritizations: iso‐weighted, optic nerve prioritized, and macula prioritized. In each, the function values were depicted in a selection tool to select the optimal gazing angle(s). For example, patient 4 had a T2 equatorial tumor. The optimization applied for the straight gazing angle resulted in objective function values of 0.46 (iso‐weighted situation), 0.90 (optic nerve prioritization) and 0.08 (macula prioritization) demonstrating the impact of that angle in different clinical approaches.ConclusionsThe feasibility and suitability of a 3D MRI‐based treatment planning approach have been successfully tested on a cohort of eight patients diagnosed with UM. Moreover, a gaze‐angle trade‐off dose optimization with respect to OARs sparing has been developed. Further validation of the whole treatment process is the next step in the goal to achieve both a non‐invasive and a personalized proton therapy treatment.
Robust autocalibrated structured low‐rank EPI ghost correction
Authors: Lobos Rodrigo A. , Hoge W. Scott , Javed Ahsan , Liao Congyu , Setsompop Kawin , Nayak Krishna S. , Haldar Justin P. 
Published: December 2020

PurposeWe propose and evaluate a new structured low‐rank method for echo‐planar imaging (EPI) ghost correction called Robust Autocalibrated LORAKS (RAC‐LORAKS). The method can be used to suppress EPI ghosts arising from the differences between different readout gradient polarities and/or the differences between different shots. It does not require conventional EPI navigator signals, and is robust to imperfect autocalibration data.MethodsAutocalibrated LORAKS is a previous structured low‐rank method for EPI ghost correction that uses GRAPPA‐type autocalibration data to enable high‐quality ghost correction. This method works well when the autocalibration data are pristine, but performance degrades substantially when the autocalibration information is imperfect. RAC‐LORAKS generalizes Autocalibrated LORAKS in two ways. First, it does not completely trust the information from autocalibration data, and instead considers the autocalibration and EPI data simultaneously when estimating low‐rank matrix structure. Second, it uses complementary information from the autocalibration data to improve EPI reconstruction in a multi‐contrast joint reconstruction framework. RAC‐LORAKS is evaluated using simulations and in vivo data, including comparisons to state‐of‐the‐art methods.ResultsRAC‐LORAKS is demonstrated to have good ghost elimination performance compared to state‐of‐the‐art methods in several complicated EPI acquisition scenarios (including gradient‐echo brain imaging, diffusion‐encoded brain imaging, and cardiac imaging).ConclusionsRAC‐LORAKS provides effective suppression of EPI ghosts and is robust to imperfect autocalibration data.
A preconditioned implicit difference scheme for semilinear two‐dimensional time–space fractional Fokker–Planck equations
Authors: Zhang Chengjian , Zhou Yongtao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTime–space fractional Fokker–Planck equations (TSFFPEs) are a class of very useful models for describing some practical phenomena in statistical physics. In the present article, we focus on the fast computation for semilinear two‐dimensional TSFFPEs. A stable implicit difference scheme with second‐order accuracy in time and space is derived. In order to accelerate the convergence rate of the scheme, a preconditioned strategy combining the Kronecker product splitting preconditioner and the generalized minimal residual method is suggested. Numerical experiments further confirm the theoretical accuracy of the difference scheme and computational advantage of the acceleration scheme.
The dysregulation of metabolic pathways and induction of the pentose phosphate pathway in renal ischaemia–reperfusion injury
Authors: Scantlebery Angelique ML , Tammaro Alessandra , Mills James D , Rampanelli Elena , Kors Lotte , Teske Gwendoline J , Butter Loes M , Liebisch Gerhard , Schmitz Gerd , Florquin Sandrine , Leemans Jaklien C , Roelofs Joris JTH 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLipid accumulation is associated with various forms of acute renal injury; however, the causative factors and pathways underpinning this lipid accumulation have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we performed lipidomic profiling of renal tissue following ischaemia–reperfusion injury (IRI). We identified a significant accumulation of cholesterol and specific phospholipids and sphingolipids in kidneys 24 h after IRI. In light of these findings, we hypothesised that pathways involved in lipid metabolism may also be altered. Through the analysis of published microarray data, generated from sham and ischaemic kidneys, we identified nephron‐specific metabolic pathways affected by IRI and validated these findings in ischaemic renal tissue. In silico analysis revealed the downregulation of several energy and lipid metabolism pathways, including mitochondrial fatty acid beta‐oxidation (FAO), peroxisomal lipid metabolism, fatty acid (FA) metabolism, and glycolysis. The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which is fuelled by glycolysis, was the only metabolic pathway that was upregulated 24 h following IRI. In this study, we describe the effect of renal IRI on metabolic pathways and how this contributes to lipid accumulation. © 2020 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Characterization of COVID‐19 disease in pediatric oncology patients: The New York‐New Jersey regional experience
Authors: Madhusoodhan P. Pallavi , Pierro Joanna , Musante Jordan , Kothari Prachi , Gampel Bradley , Appel Burton , Levy Adam , Tal Adit , Hogan Laura , Sharma Archana , Feinberg Shari , Kahn Alissa , Pinchinat Ashley , Bhatla Teena , Glasser Chana L. , Satwani Prakash , Raetz Elizabeth A. , Onel Kenan , Carroll William L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurposePediatric oncology patients undergoing active chemotherapy are suspected to be at a high risk for severe disease secondary to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection; however, data to support this are lacking. We aim to describe the characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in this population and also its impact on pediatric cancer care in the New York region during the peak of the pandemic.Patients and MethodsThis multicenter, retrospective study included 13 institutions. Clinical and laboratory information on 98 patients ≤21 years of age receiving active anticancer therapy, who tested positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 by nasopharyngeal swab polymerase chain reaction (PCR), was collected.ResultsOf the 578 pediatric oncology patients tested for COVID‐19, 98 were positive, of whom 73 were symptomatic. Most experienced mild disease, 28 required inpatient management, 25 needed oxygen support, and seven required mechanical ventilation. There is a slightly higher risk of severe disease in males and obese patients, though not statistically significant. Persistent lymphopenia was noted in severe cases. Delays in cancer therapy occurred in 67% of SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive patients. Of four deaths, none were solely attributable to COVID‐19. The impact of the pandemic on pediatric oncology care was significant, with 54% of institutions reporting delays in chemotherapy, 46% delays in surgery, and 30% delays in transplant.ConclusionIn this large multi‐institutional cohort, we observed that mortality and morbidity from COVID‐19 amongst pediatric oncology patients were low overall, but higher than reported in general pediatrics. Certain subgroups might be at higher risk of severe disease. Delays in cancer care due to SARS‐CoV‐2 remain a concern.
Fetal gastroschisis: Maternal and fetal methylation profile
Authors: Freitas Amanda Brasil de , Francisco Rossana Pulcineli Vieira , Centofanti Sandra Frankfurt , Damasceno Jullian Gabriel , Chehimi Samar Nasser , Osmundo‐Junior Gilmar de Souza , Kulikowski Leslie Domenici , Brizot Maria de Lourdes 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to describe the genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation profile in fetuses with gastroschisis, determine whether the profile was inherited, and investigate any possible correlations with maternal risk factors.MethodGenome‐wide DNA methylation analysis of 96 blood samples was performed using the Illumina Human Methylation 850K BeadChip. The blood samples were collected as follows: 32 from the umbilical cord of fetuses with gastroschisis, 32 from their respective mothers, 16 from the umbilical cord of fetuses without malformation, and 16 from their respective mothers.ResultsThe differential DNA methylation analysis showed a significant difference between the groups. The enrichment analysis resulted in 12 sites related to T‐cell activation (p = 0.0128). The sites with different methylation status contained 10 genes, three of which were related to the beta‐2‐microglobulin gene. The methylation profile observed in the fetuses with gastroschisis was not inherited from the mothers. In addition, there was no association between maternal urinary tract infection, smoking, and alcohol use and different methylated sites.ConclusionWe established the methylation profile of gastroschisis fetuses, which differs from that of normal fetuses. The profile was not inherited and did not correlate with maternal risk factors.
Geography, psychology and the ‘Big Five’ personality traits: Who moves, and over what distances, in the United Kingdom?
Authors: Shuttleworth Ian , Stevenson Clifford , Bjarnason Þóroddur , Finell Eerika 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPersonality, as measured by the ‘Big Five’ dimensions of agreeableness, openness, extroversion, neuroticism and conscientiousness, has been explored in the social psychological literature as a predictor of migration but so far has received very little attention in the geographical literature, which is surprising given its predictive importance and also evidence that the selectivity of migration shapes area personality profiles. Using the Understanding Society1 data set, this paper analyses how personality influences whether a respondent moves or not over a 5‐year period and, if they do, how far they move. After controlling for individual sociodemographic characteristics, it is found (a) that those who score higher on conscientiousness and neuroticism are more likely to expect to move in the next year; (b) that only those who score highly on extroversion actually made at least one move during the 5‐year period; (c) that openness is positively associated with making a long‐distance move (≥50 km); and (d) that the pattern for (c) is reversed for short‐distance moves (<10 km). These findings are significant for two reasons. First, they show that personality should be more central in migration studies and that geography can usefully seek disciplinary insights from social psychology. Second, they help us take a step towards a better understanding of the relationships between geography, personality and spatial mobility.
Semiglobal fixed‐time output feedback stabilization for a class of nonlinear systems
Authors: Yao Qijia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this article, the fixed‐time output feedback stabilization for a class of lower‐triangular nonlinear systems only subject to Hölder continuous condition is investigated. First, a fixed‐time state observer is designed to estimate the unmeasured system states. Then, a fixed‐time full‐state feedback controller is designed under the assumption that all system states are measurable. Finally, a fixed‐time output feedback controller is designed by integrating the fixed‐time full‐state feedback controller with the fixed‐time state observer. Rigorous theoretical analysis for the semiglobal fixed‐time stability of the resulting closed‐loop system is provided. Numerical simulations are performed on a flexible‐joint single‐link robotic manipulator with a DC motor to illustrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control method.
First Vesicular Self‐assembly of a Trihydroxy‐Diterpenoid Andrographolide in Aqueous Medium: Entrapment and Release of Fluorophore and Anti‐Cancer Drug Doxorubicin
Authors: Ghorai Subrata , Bag Braja Gopal 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAndrographolide, a naturally occurring trihydroxy diterpenoid, was extracted from the leaves of Andrographis paniculata. The molecule spontaneously formed vesicular self‐assemblies in aqueous binary liquid mixtures such as DMSO‐water (1 : 2), THF‐water (1 : 2), DMF‐water (1 : 2) and cyclohexanol‐water (2 : 1). The characterizations of the vesicular self‐assemblies were carried out by optical, atomic force and electron microscopic techniques, x‐ray diffraction and FTIR studies. The encapsulation of anionic fluorophore carboxyfluorescein and the cationic fluorophores rhodamine B and anti‐cancer drug doxorubicin by the self‐assemblies of andrographolide was also demonstrated. The entrapped drug molecules were released on treatment with the vesicle‐rupturing agent Triton X‐100.
Improve the Conductivity of CuBTC by in‐situ Reduction to Core‐Shell CuTCNQ@CuBTC
Authors: Meng Chunfeng , Chen Hantao , Hu Pinfei , Yuan Aihua 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn recent years, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely used in the fields of hydrogen storage, gas separation, catalysts, and so on. It is inspiring to apply MOFs in the field of electrochemistry, whereas the intrinsic low electric conductivity of MOFs limits their promising future. Herein, a new approach to improve the electronic conductivity of Cu‐MOF (CuBTC) is developed, by adopting LiTCNQ solution as the reductant to generate CuTCNQ@CuBTC (BTC=1,3,5‐benzenetricarboxylic acid; TCNQ=7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane) core‐shell nanoparticles with conductive CuTCNQ as the shell and non‐conductive CuBTC as the core, and the reaction conditions are optimized. Mutually validated data indicate that conductive CuTCNQ shell grows thicker with a higher temperature (60 °C) and prolonged time (24 h). With this method, the conductivity of the CuBTC material is effectively improved from 3.84×10−9 to 2.94×10−7 S cm−1.
Influence of C5‐Substituents on Repair of O4‐Methyl Adducts of Pyrimidines by O6‐Alkylguanine DNA Alkyltransferases
Authors: Sacre Lauralicia , Pontarelli Alexander , Bahsoun Yehya , Wilds Christopher J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe DNA repair protein O6‐alkylguanine‐DNA alkyltransferase (AGT), found in numerous organisms, can remove methyl groups from the O6‐ and O4‐atoms of 2′‐deoxyguanosine and thymidine in DNA. AGT variants demonstrate different repair efficiencies towards these lesions. To understand the influence of C5 nucleobase substituents on O4‐methyl removal by AGTs, DNA duplexes containing 5‐chloro‐, 5‐bromo‐ 5‐iodo‐ and 5‐trifluoromethyl‐O4‐methyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine were studied. UV thermal denaturation revealed a stability reduction of 11 °C for the O4‐methyl halogen series and 5‐trifluoromethyl analog relative to their controls. For the 5‐chloro analog efficient repair was observed by human and E.coli AGTs. For the larger halogens (5‐bromo and 5‐iodo) and 5‐trifluoromethyl analog, human AGT showed moderate repair of the O4‐methyl adduct. E.coli OGT and Ada‐C readily repaired most adducts with reduced efficiency for the larger groups, except C5‐iodo. These results suggest electronic contributions and favourable interactions of the C5‐halogens within the AGT active site contribute to efficient dealkylation.
Experimental and numerical investigation of vertical through‐plate for concrete‐filled steel tube column to H‐beam connections
Authors: Chang HakJong , Kim JunHee , Choi Insub , Gencturk Bora 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the structural behavior of concrete‐filled steel tube (CFT) column to H‐beam connections with vertical through‐plate through full‐scale experiments and examine retrofit methods using the finite element method to improve the connection performance. For this purpose, monotonic loading tests were performed on three full‐scale specimens with varying thickness of vertical through‐plate. The experiments showed that the specimens suffer from a brittle failure due to the stress concentrations and residual stresses at the welds before the beams reach their plastic moment capacity. A series of sectional analyses were conducted to evaluate the effects of the thermally induced residual stresses due to welding and then the strain concentrations in the welded connection were estimated by comparing the experimental maximum strain and the analytical mean strain values. Based on these results, a retrofit model for reinforcing a stiff plate on the upper flange of the beam was proposed and analyzed to reduce the stress concentrations in the welded connection. The results showed that using the proposed retrofit approach, the stress concentration at the connection between the vertical through‐plate and the top flange is reduced by 72%, and the strength of the connection is increased by 70%, which is 10% higher than the analytical plastic moment capacity of the beam.
Choosing the right time granularity for analysis of digital biomarker trajectories
Authors: Wakim Nicole I. , Braun Thomas M. , Kaye Jeffrey A. , Dodge Hiroko H. ,   for ORCATECH
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe use of digital biomarker data in dementia research provides the opportunity for frequent cognitive and functional assessments that was not previously available using conventional approaches. Assessing high‐frequency digital biomarker data can potentially increase the opportunities for early detection of cognitive and functional decline because of improved precision of person‐specific trajectories. However, we often face a decision to condense time‐stamped data into a coarser time granularity, defined as the frequency at which measurements are observed or summarized, for statistical analyses. It is important to find a balance between ease of analysis by condensing data and the integrity of the data, which is reflected in a chosen time granularity.MethodsIn this paper, we discuss factors that need to be considered when faced with a time granularity decision. These factors include follow‐up time, variables of interest, pattern detection, and signal‐to‐noise ratio.ResultsWe applied our procedure to real‐world data which include longitudinal in‐home monitored walking speed. The example shed lights on typical problems that data present and how we could use the above factors in exploratory analysis to choose an appropriate time granularity.DiscussionFurther work is required to explore issues with missing data and computational efficiency.
Isolation of peste des petits ruminants virus using primary goat kidney cell culture from kidneys obtained at slaughter
Authors: Begum Shahana , Nooruzzaman Mohammed , Hasnat Azmary , Parvin Mst. Murshida , Parvin Rokshana , Islam Mohammad Rafiqul , Chowdhury Emdadul Haque 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundTraditionally isolation of peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is performed in Vero cells that takes several blind passages before observing typical cytopathic effects (CPEs). As an alternate, researchers have been using lamb kidney (LK) cells but day‐old lambs are difficult to obtain and requires animal sacrifice.ObjectiveWe established a primary goat kidney (GK) cell culture from the kidneys obtained at slaughter.MethodsThe kidney of Black Bengal goats were collected from slaughter house and processed to make single cell suspension. The cells were resuspended in appropriate culture medium and maintained under optimum culture condition.ResultsThe 80% confluent monolayer of GK cells was obtained after 15–20 days post seeding. Upon infection with a field isolate of PPRV, the well‐developed CPEs characterized by cell rounding, vacuolation in the cytoplasm and fusion of cells were observed after 48 hr post infection. Virus quantification in the culture supernatant revealed more viral RNA in GK cells than LK cells. The multicycle growth analysis of PPRV showed a steady increase in the virus loads in the culture supernatant of infected GK cells, suggesting an adaptation of the PPRV in GK cells.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that primary GK cells can be successfully prepared from the mature kidney cortical tissues and can be used for the isolation of PPRV. This system could reduce the unnecessary sacrifice of lambs or kids. Since kidneys of slaughtered goats are available throughout the year, using this protocol primary cell culture from mature goat kidney can provide primary cells to the laboratory throughout the year.