bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Autonomist Biopolitics of Education: Reproduction, Resistance, and the Specter of Constituent Bíos
Authors: Bourassa Gregory N. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn considering the enigmatic relationships between philosophy, politics, and pedagogy, this essay attempts to map some of the currents in educational scholarship, particularly those running between reproduction theories and resistance theories. While these two theoretical frameworks have been at odds with one another, Gregory Bourassa suggests that both share orthodox commitments that prevent them from appreciating the constituent dimensions of revolutionary subjectivity. In seeking an alternative orientation, Bourassa proposes an autonomist biopolitics of education. This framework inverts the traditional circuits of resistance and suggests that schools follow behind and resist the constituent life forms (constituent bíos) of students. If resistance theory only attempts to identify the ways in which students resist school practices, it risks obscuring the potentiality of constituent bíos as a social ontology that is primary, always already present, and subject to the resistant practices of the school. Therefore, a key contribution of this essay is its development of an autonomist biopolitics of education. Within this framework, constituent bíos is recognized as the foundational and constitutive motor to which schools are constantly reacting. The adoption of this perspective, alongside more conventional understandings of resistance, offers a more nuanced conception of the relation between forms of life and schools.
Never mind the gap: Formative assessment confronted with Dewey's and Gadamer's concept of experience
Authors: Egelandsdal Kjetil , Riese Hanne 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe notion of “closing the learning gap” is widely used in the conceptualisation of formative assessment. It builds on an unarticulated assumption that students' learning can and should be controlled towards predefined outcomes. This article discusses this control assumption in the light of the concept of the American philosopher John Dewey and the German philosopher Hans‐Georg Gadamer. Their conceptualisation challenges the idea of learning as a linear and controllable process that results in stable and predictable outcomes. Using the concept of experience, we argue that learning follows a continuous circular movement where previous experiences condition future interpretations and that every experience changes the subject. This process of change is both unpredictable and diverse and requires that attention is paid to the uniqueness of each situation and to students as subjects. Following the discussion, we propose a model for considering the extensiveness and rigidity of formative assessment practices and that authors pay attention to whether they conceptualise formative assessment in a way that promotes student and teacher “gap closing” and control.
Light and temperature mediate algal stimulation of heterotrophic activity on decomposing leaf litter
Authors: Pope Cody A. , Halvorson Halvor M. , Findlay Robert H. , Francoeur Steven N. , Kuehn Kevin A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Recent evidence suggests that periphytic algae stimulate plant litter heterotrophs (fungi and bacteria) in the presence of light, but few studies have tested whether this stimulation varies across gradients of light, which may covary with temperature.

We exposed field‐conditioned Typha domingensis litter to fully‐crossed, short‐term gradients of temperature (15, 20, 25, and 30°C) and light (0, 25, 53, 123, and 388 µmol quanta m−2 s−1) and measured responses of litter‐associated algal, fungal, and bacterial production rates and β‐glucosidase, β‐xylosidase, and phenol oxidase enzyme activities in the laboratory.

Increased light stimulated algal production rates, from immeasurable production under darkness to >200 µg algal C g−1 detrital C hr−1 at the highest light level, with the greatest light sensitivity and maximal photosynthetic rates at 25°C. In turn, increased light stimulated fungal production rates, especially at the two highest temperatures and most strongly at 25°C where light stimulated fungal production by a mean of 65 µg C g−1 detrital C hr−1, indicating 2.1‐fold stimulation by light. Bacterial production rates also responded to light, indicated by stimulation of a mean of 16 µg C g−1 detrital C hr−1 (1.6‐fold) at 15°C, but stimulation was weaker at higher temperatures. Enzyme activities increased strongly with elevated temperature but were not affected by light.

Our experimental evidence suggests algae differentially stimulate litter‐associated bacteria and fungi in a light‐dependent manner that further depends on temperature. These findings advance understanding of the onset of algal stimulation of heterotrophy, including algal‐induced priming effects during litter decomposition, in response to common covarying environmental gradients subject to global change.
Survival and migration patterns of naturally and hatchery‐reared Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts in a Lake Ontario tributary using acoustic telemetry
Authors: Larocque Sarah M. , Johnson Timothy B. , Fisk Aaron T. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts are often stocked into rivers to supplement natural reproduction, yet hatchery‐reared fish have lower survival compared to wild conspecifics. However, few studies have assessed riverine migratory performance and survival differences in hatchery and wild smolts, or more specifically naturally reared smolts (hatchery fish released earlier as parr), particularly in rivers with weirs which may further reduce survival.

Using acoustic telemetry, including a subset of fish with novel transmitters that identify predation events, we assessed survival and migration patterns of hatchery‐ (2017: n = 32; 2018: n = 30) and naturally reared Atlantic salmon smolts (2017: n = 8; 2018: n = 30) in a Lake Ontario tributary with two weirs to better understand their ecology and assess the influence of environmental parameters on migration.

Naturally reared smolts were 13.9 times more likely to survive than hatchery‐reared smolts and mark–recapture models indicated that weirs did not reduce survival for either group. Survival per km was lowest at the release site, indicating pre‐migration mortality, and specifically high stocking‐related mortality of hatchery‐reared smolts. Speed and times of day fish migrated (i.e. migratory performance) did not vary by rearing group, suggesting that the high mortality of hatchery‐reared smolts may be due to other factors related to hatchery and stocking operations. Overall mean (± SD) migration speed for smolts was 0.70 ± 0.39 km/hr and movements occurred significantly more frequently at night (18:00–06:00).

Smolts were detected in Lake Ontario after they left the river; however, the array in Lake Ontario was not conducive to providing much detail regarding movement patterns. There was no predation of the two predation tags detected in Lake Ontario, indicating that movements were made by smolts and not predators.

With ongoing restoration efforts of Atlantic salmon in Lake Ontario, it was important to understand the smolt migration patterns and success of the stocked fish. Our findings of similar migratory performance yet different relative survival of hatchery‐ and naturally reared smolts help inform management with regards to stocking strategies that could improve Atlantic salmon reintroduction success.
A mouse model for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo with genetic predisposition for displaced otoconia
Authors: Dror Amiel A. , Taiber Shahar , Sela Eyal , Handzel Ophir , Avraham Karen B. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAbnormal formation of otoconia, the biominerals of the inner ear, results in balance disorders. The inertial mass of otoconia activates the underlying mechanosensory hair cells in response to change in head position primarily during linear and rotational acceleration. Otoconia associate exclusively with the two gravity receptors, the utricle and saccule. The cristae sensory epithelium is associated with an extracellular gelatinous matrix known as cupula, equivalent to otoconia. During head rotation, the inertia of endolymphatic fluids within the semicircular canals deflects the cupula of the corresponding crista and activates the underlying mechanosensory hair cells. It is believed that detached free‐floating otoconia particles travel ectopically to the semicircular canal and cristae and are the culprit for benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). The Slc26a4 mouse mutant harbors a missense mutation in pendrin. This mutation leads to impaired transport activity of pendrin and to defects in otoconia composition and distribution. All Slc26a4
loop/loop homozygous mutant mice are profoundly deaf but show inconsistent vestibular deficiency. A panel of behavioral tests was utilized in order to generate a scoring method for vestibular function. A pathological finding of displaced otoconia was identified consistently in the inner ears of mutant mice with severe vestibular dysfunction. In this work, we present a mouse model with a genetic predisposition for ectopic otoconia with a clinical correlation to BPPV. This unique mouse model can serve as a platform for further investigation of BPPV pathophysiology, and for developing novel treatment approaches in a live animal model.
Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma: clinicopathological and molecular analysis of seven cases highlighting frequent BRAF and occasional NRAS mutations
Authors: Agaimy Abbas , Skalova Alena , Franchi Alessandro , Alshagroud Rana , Gill Anthony J , Stoehr Robert , Baumhoer Daniel , Bauer Sebastian 
Published: January 2020

AimsAmeloblastic fibrosarcoma (AFS) is an aggressive odontogenic neoplasm featuring malignant mesenchymal stroma in addition to an ameloblastic epithelial component, and is hence considered to be the malignant counterpart of ameloblastic fibroma (AF). AFS is exceedingly rare, with <110 cases having been reported so far. Although BRAF mutations are recognised driver mutations in ameloblastoma, the molecular pathogenesis of AFS remains elusive.Methods and resultsWe herein describe seven AFSs that were analysed, for the first time, for mutations in the BRAF–NRAS pathway. The patients were four females and three males aged 23–57 years (median, 26 years). Three tumours developed after one or multiple recurrences of AF (4–20 years after initial diagnosis), two showed transition from AF‐like bland areas, and two developed de novo. All patients were treated with surgery; adjuvant chemotherapy was given to one patient. At the last follow‐up, five patients were alive and well (19–344 months). The remainder were lost to follow‐up. Histological examination showed variable sarcomatous overgrowth with varying degrees of atypia and increased mitotic activity. The epithelial component varied greatly according to the degree of sarcomatous overgrowth. Molecular testing revealed BRAF V600E mutations in five cases and NRAS p.Gln61Lys mutation in one case. One tumour was wild‐type.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first study on BRAF/NRAS mutations in AFS. Given the activity of RAF and MEK inhibitors across different cancers harbouring V600E mutations, our data strongly suggest that all AFS cases should be genetically tested, and that targeted treatment approaches for this extremely rare sarcoma subtype should be clinically investigated.
Moral distress revisited: the viewpoints and responses of nurses
Authors: Woods M. 
Published: January 2020

AimTo present and discuss the main themes that were revealed following an analysis of the qualitative research findings that were extracted from a national survey regarding the causes and effects of moral distress amongst New Zealand nurses.Background/IntroductionMoral distress continues to be a major concern amongst nurses around the world. In New Zealand, a country where nurses have just been on strike over their working conditions and the deteriorating state of their roles within the health services, it remains a major issue.MethodIn the original research project, large numbers of nurses supplied not only quantitative data that revealed the extent and impact of moral distress on their practices, but also extensive notes that more specifically explained the causes and effects of their moral distress. This material has since been thematically analysed and is now presented.Findings/resultsThe data strongly suggested that New Zealand nurses experienced and attempted to respond to several major issues; that is, they were not properly supported by ‘the system’, frequently experienced problems with managers and bullying, witnessing poor care practices and collegial incompetence, and suffered from ongoing problems caused by moral residue.ConclusionUnder current working conditions, nurses are struggling under an increasing weight of moral residue to maintain their ethical standards within an increasingly difficult ethical climate.Implications for nursing and health policyThis research suggests that although nurses clearly seek out and use various ways to cope with moral distress in their practices, there is a continuing need for moral courage and strengthening of moral resilience that involves greater input from not just nurses themselves, but nurse managers, educators and other health services representatives.
Enhanced photoluminescence quantum yield of red‐emitting CdTe:Gd3+ QDs for WLEDs applications
Authors: Wu Zhan‐Chao , Yang Zhen , Zhang Xing‐Xing , Jiao Ming‐Xia , Liu Jie , Ma Li , Wang Xiao‐Jun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn order to improve the quantum yield of red‐emitting CdTe quantum dots (QDs), CdTe:Gd3+ QDs were synthesized by a facile one‐step aqueous method. The composition, morphology, and photoluminescence property of CdTe:Gd3+ QDs were characterized. The results show that the doping of Gd3+ not only leads to a red‐shift in the emission wavelength but also improves the photoluminescence quantum yield (PL QY) of CdTe QDs up to 85.74%. Doping of Gd element causes the Te dangling bond on the surface of CdTe QDs to be destroyed, thus reducing the nonradiative surface recombination, which is considered to be the reason of the increase in PL QY of CdTe QDs. Finally, high color rendition white light was generated from the CdTe:Gd3+ QDs‐assisted phosphor‐converted white light‐emitting diode (WLED). Under operation of 50 mA forward bias current, the fabricated WLED emitted bright warm white light with a high color rendering index of 86, a low correlated color temperature (CCT) of 4020 K, a suitable Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage color coordinates of (0.3651, 0.3223), and an enhanced luminous efficiency of 68.52 lm/W.
Photoprotection of the future: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Krutmann J. , Passeron T. , Gilaberte Y. , Granger C. , Leone G. , Narda M. , Schalka S. , Trullas C. , Masson P. , Lim H.W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe use of sunscreens is an important and essential component of photoprotection. Since their introduction during the first half of the last century, sunscreens have benefited enormously from major technological advances such as the development of novel UV filters; as a result, their efficacy in preventing UV‐induced erythema is unequivocal. More recently, however, new challenges have appeared, which have prompted a robust discussion about the safety of sunscreens. These include topics directly related to photoprotection of human skin such as improved/alternative methods for standardization of assessment of the efficacy of sunscreens, but also many others such as photoprotection beyond UV, concerns about human toxicity and ecological safety, the potential of oral photoprotective measures, consequences of innovative galenic formulations. On a first glance, some of these might raise questions and doubts among dermatologists, physicians and the general public about the use sunscreens as a means of photoprotection. This situation has prompted us to critically review such challenges, but also opportunities, based on existing scientific evidence. We conclude by providing our vision about how such challenges can be met best in the future in an attempt to create the ideal sunscreen, which should provide adequate and balanced protection and be easy and safe to use.
Size of supernumerary teats in sheep correlates with complexity of the anatomy and microenvironment
Authors: Hardwick Laura J. A. , Phythian Clare J. , Fowden Abigail L. , Hughes Katherine 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSupernumerary nipples or teats (polythelia) are congenital accessory structures that may develop at any location along the milk line and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of mastitis. We describe the anatomy and histology of 27 spontaneously occurring supernumerary teats from 16 sheep, delineating two groups of teats – simple and anatomically complex – according to the complexity of the anatomy and microenvironment. Anatomically complex supernumerary teats exhibited significantly increased length and barrel diameter compared with simple supernumerary teats. A teat canal and/or teat cistern was present in anatomically complex teats, with smooth muscle fibres forming a variably well‐organised encircling teat sphincter. Complex supernumerary teats also exhibited immune cell infiltrates similar to those of normal teats, including lymphoid follicle‐like structures at the folds of the teat cistern–teat canal junction, and macrophages that infiltrated the peri‐cisternal glandular tissue. One complex supernumerary teat exhibited teat end hyperkeratosis. These anatomical and histological features allow inference that supernumerary teats may be susceptible to bacterial ingress through the teat canal and we hypothesise that this may be more likely in those teats with less well‐organised encircling smooth muscle. The teat cistern of anatomically complex teats may also constitute a focus of milk accumulation and thus a possible nidus for bacterial infection, potentially predisposing to mastitis. We suggest that size of the supernumerary teat, and relationship to the main teats, particularly in the case of ‘cluster teats’, should be considerations if surgical removal is contemplated.
Definite bacterial infection in recently vaccinated febrile infants
Authors: Raba Ali A , Krebit Ibraheem 
Published: January 2020

AimThere is insufficient evidence regarding the best approach to evaluating recently vaccinated (RV) infants presenting to the paediatric emergency department with fever. The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of bacterial infections in infants presenting with fever within 72 h after vaccination.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical record of infants aged between 6 and 12 weeks who presented with a fever ≥38°C to the emergency department from January 2016 to December 2018. Febrile infants who were vaccinated within 72 h prior to their emergency department presentation were matched to those who had not received their vaccines in the previous 72 h. Definite serious bacterial infection was diagnosed based on culture results.ResultsA total of 198 infants (age: 9 ± 1.84 weeks, male: 119 (60.1%)) were enrolled in this study. Overall, 60 of 138 (30.3%) had received their vaccines within the previous 72 h. The prevalence of bacterial infection in RV infants was 5% compared to 15.2% in non‐RV infants (P = 0.056). Interestingly, all vaccinated infants who had proven bacterial infection presented to the emergency department with fever within 24 h of vaccination, and all bacterial infections in that group were urinary tract infections.ConclusionsThe prevalence of bacterial infection among non‐RV febrile infants is relatively higher than those RV. However, fever should not be attributed only to the vaccinations, and all febrile RV infants should be carefully evaluated, and at least urine testing should be performed regardless of the time of vaccination.
Therapeutic effects of saponin components on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus‐infected piglets
Authors: Hu Yiyi , Zhang Bicheng , Wang Wei , Zhou Jinzhu , Li Bin , He Kongwang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of Anemoside B4 (AB4),Panax notoginsengsaponins (PNS), Notoginsenoside R1 (SR1), Saikosaponin A (SSA) and Saikosaponin D (SSD) on piglets infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). A total of 132 completely healthy piglets were randomly divided into 22 groups consisting of six animals each. Control piglets were intramuscularly injected with 2 ml of PRRSV (NJGC strain) solution containing 106 TCID50 virus/ml. For low‐, middle‐ and high‐dose saponin treatment groups, the piglets were initially administrated with the same volume of PRRSV solution, followed by intraperitoneal injection with AB4, PNS, SR1, SSA or SSD at 1, 5 or 10 mg/kg b.w. on day 3. The piglets in drug control group were intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg b.w. of each saponin without prior PRRS challenge, while those in blank control group were injected with the same amount of normal saline. The results indicated that all the five saponin components could decrease the incidence and severity of PRRSV‐induced immunopathological damages, including the elevated body temperature, weight loss, anaemia and internal inflammation. Moreover, the saponin components could enhance protein absorption and immune responses. Taken together, this study reveals that the saponin components are effective against PRRSV infection and strengthen the immune system and thus may serve as potential antiviral therapeutic agents.
Functional markers to predict forest ecosystem properties along a rural‐to‐urban gradient
Authors: Cardou Françoise , Aubin Isabelle , Bergeron Alexandre , Shipley Bill 
Published: January 2020

AbstractQuestionsWith increasing focus on urban sustainability, new tools are needed to manage urban woodlands for resilience and ecosystem service provision. Functional traits can provide quantitative and testable links between urban plant communities and specific ecosystem properties (functional markers). We ask whether commonly described multivariate patterns of trait association with urbanization (trait syndromes) capture changes in ecosystem properties associated with urbanization. Given that environmental heterogeneity can generate weak or non‐linear trait–ecosystem property relationships, we ask whether linear methods can yield functional markers with significant power for different ecosystem properties.LocationMontreal metropolitan area (Canada).MethodsWe documented the functional composition of 43 woodlands along an urbanization gradient and measured proxies of three ecosystem properties: plant colonization, soil water infiltration and organic matter decomposition. We use redundancy analysis to identify traits associated with urbanization, and multiple linear regression and model selection to identify response and effect traits that best predict actual differences in ecosystem properties. We compare the resulting linear model with a non‐linear equivalent.ResultsTraits associated with urbanization (urban syndrome) were inconsistently selected as best predictors of ecosystems properties (functional markers). Although predictive power varied between ecosystem properties, all three could be significantly predicted from community‐weighted traits (functional markers), with both response and effect traits contributing to the final model. When we fitted equivalent non‐linear models, we found that traits had largely non‐linear relationships with ecosystem properties.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that community‐weighted traits of urban woodlands can yield functional markers that capture ecosystem properties, but these are inconsistently identified by “trait syndrome” approaches. In linear combinations, such functional markers provide a testable and generalizable way to quantify ecosystem properties in urban woodlands. Capturing such properties is one important step toward management of woodlands for their continued ability to provide ecosystem services into the future.