bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Federal Clean Water Act and the Maryland Water Quality Improvement Act: The Rationale For Developing a Water And Nutrient Management Planning Process For Container Nursery And Greenhouse Operations
Authors: Lea-Cox John D. , Ross David S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Newly enforced provisions of the Federal Clean Water Act of 1972 and new state laws like the Maryland Water Quality Improvement Act of 1998 are forcing agriculture to develop effective procedures to show that they are not polluting our nation's water resources. Formulating a water and nutrient management process for nursery and greenhouse operations that takes both water and nutrient applications into account is very important. Many operations already have implemented improved management practices to conserve water and nutrients. For those operations that do not have these procedures in place, it will be necessary to find cost-effective ways to ensure that these operations can comply with laws, and document that they can effectively reduce the risk of nutrient movement from their operations to a minimum.
Effect of Harvest Method on Seed Yield of Coreopsis lanceolata L. and Gaillardia pulchella Foug.
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , Aldrich James H. , Martin Frank G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seed of north Florida ecotypes of lanceleaf coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata L.) and blanketflower (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) were sown in February 1998 and harvested manually or mechanically (portable seed stripper) at two different times during the growing season. Mechanical harvesting of both species was more efficient based on the length of harvesting time relative to the yield of clean seed but hand harvesting yielded substantially more clean seed. Date of harvest (mid-July or early October) had several significant effects on blanketflower yield and quality. The July harvest resulted in 67% higher clean seed yield, 45% higher clean seed yield rate (a measure of harvesting efficiency), 9% greater seed mass, and 95% greater germination rate than the October harvest. Date of harvesting for lanceleaf coreopsis (late June and late August) had minimal effects on clean seed yield or quality.
Thidiazuron Increases Shoot Formation in Nandina
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Findley Douglas A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study conducted from 1997 to 2000 determined the effects of thidiazuron (TDZ) on shoot formation, whole plant size, and phytotoxicity in Nandina domestica Thunb. ‘Harbour Dwarf’ and ‘Compacta’ (2000 only). Single foliar applications of up to 4000 ppm TDZ increased shoot formation in both cultivars, with minimal effect on plant size or appearance. Single substrate drenches of up to 2500 ppm TDZ increased shoot formation in ‘Harbour Dwarf’ nandina but were severely phytotoxic, often resulting in foliar distortion and necrosis, or plant death.
Postemergence Prostrate Spurge (Chamaesyce prostrata) Control in Container-Grown Liriope
Authors: Altland James E. , Gilliam Charles H. , Olive John W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate herbicides for postemergence prostrate spurge (Chamaesyce prostrata (syn. Euphorbia prostrata)) control and tolerance of container-grown liriope (Liriope muscari). In Experiment 1, Manage, Image, Trimec Southern, and Roundup were applied at three rates each to single bib liners of ‘Big Blue’ liriope in 10.2 cm (4 in) pots. Pots were infested with prostrate spurge that were 1 to 2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 in) wide with no flower or seed structures. Only Roundup at 0.45 kg ai/ha (0.4 lb ai/A) provided effective postemergence spurge control (96%) and caused no short-term or long-term injury to ‘Big Blue’. In Experiment 2, Finale and Roundup were applied at three rates each to established ‘Big Blue’ in 3.8 liter (1 gal) containers. By 21 DAT, Finale at rates of 0.28 kg ai/ha (0.25 lb ai/A) or greater caused slight though significant injury to ‘Big Blue’ while Roundup caused no injury. No injury was observed on any plant at 60 DAT and the following spring, growth was similar among all treatments indicating no long-term effects. In Experiment 3, Finale and Roundup applications were made to recently divided liners of ‘Variegata’ liriope infested with mature spurge 17.0 to 20.1 cm (6.7 to 7.9 in) wide, which were flowering and seeding. Finale at 1.12 kg ai/ha (1.0 lb ai/A) and Roundup at 1.8 kg ai/ha (1.6 lb ai/A) provided effective spurge control (100 and 92.8%, respectively) and caused no short-term or long-term injury to ‘Variegata’. Lower rates were not effective in controlling mature spurge. In Experiment 4, Finale and Roundup were applied to recently divided liners of ‘Big Blue’ infested with mature spurge 23 to 31 cm (9.1 to 12.2 in) wide, which were flowering and seeding. At 21 DAT, Finale at 1.12 kg ai/ha (1 lb ai/A) and Roundup at 1.8 kg ai/ha (1.6 lb ai/A) provided 100% control, while lower rates of both herbicides provided poor control (14 to 85%). Both herbicides caused slight initial injury to ‘Big Blue’, however, injury was outgrown by 60 DAT and by the following spring all plants were similar in size and number of new bibs produced compared to non-treated controls.
IBA, Juvenility, and Position on Ortets Influence Propagation of Carolina Buckthorn from Softwood Cuttings
Authors: Graves William R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Carolina buckthorn (Rhamnus caroliniana Walt.) has horticultural potential but is not often propagated or grown as a nursery crop. My objective was to determine how three concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) affect foliar quality of cuttings, callus development, and rooting of terminal and subtending softwood cuttings from both juvenile and mature stock plants (ortets). Twelve cuttings were assigned to each of 12 factorial treatment combinations and held under intermittent mist for five weeks. Fewer than 10% of cuttings not treated with IBA rooted. Rooting ≥75% resulted when IBA at 3 or 8 g/kg (3000 or 8000 ppm) was applied unless the cuttings were from terminal positions on mature ortets. High quality and dry weight of leaves were associated with subtending cuttings that were juvenile and with terminal cuttings that were mature, but these foliar traits did not lead to particularly high rooting percentages. Juvenile cuttings with IBA at 8 g/kg (8000 ppm) formed the most primary roots and developed root systems with the greatest weight, and dry weight of roots on juvenile cuttings that were subtending (25.6 mg) was about four times that ofjuvenile, terminal cuttings (6.5 mg). The longest individual roots were on juvenile cuttings with IBA at 3 or 8 g/kg (3000 or 8000 ppm). Frequency of callus on the cut end of stems decreased as IBA concentration increased and was 94 and 75%, respectively, for cuttings from juvenile and mature ortets. Nearly all cuttings with IBA at 3 or 8 g/kg (3000 or 8000 ppm) developed callus on wounds that had been made along the sides of their stems. The frequency of side callus was greater for juvenile, subtending cuttings than for juvenile, terminal cuttings; the opposite was true for mature cuttings. These results confirm the sensitivity of stem cuttings of Carolina buckthorn to IBA. The data also demonstrate that use of subtending wood will improve rooting percentages of cuttings from mature ortets, and that use of subtending cuttings from juvenile plants and of IBA at 8 g/kg (8000 ppm) will increase the number and dry weight of roots.
Expanded Polystyrene as a Substitute for Perlite in Rooting Substrate
Authors: Cole Janet C. , Dunn Diane E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings of rose-of-sharon (Hibiscus syriacus L. ‘Jeanne d'Arc’), barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC. ‘Crimson Pygmy’), juniper (Juniperus horizontalis Moench. ‘Plumosa Compacta’), and arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis L. ‘Woodwardii’) were rooted in substrates consisting of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% (by vol) perlite or expanded polystyrene beads with peat. Percentage of rose-of-sharon cuttings rooted and root ratings were lower with polystyrene than with perlite. Statistically, more barberry cuttings rooted with polystyrene (78.8%) than with perlite (78.3%), but the difference in rooting between polystyrene and perlite was not horticulturally significant. More juniper and arborvitae cuttings rooted with 50% perlite than with other perlite concentrations. Percentage of rooted juniper cuttings decreased but percentage of rooted arborvitae cuttings increased as polystyrene concentration in the substrate increased. More roots and longer roots formed on juniper cuttings with perlite than with the same concentration of polystyrene in the substrate. In contrast, arborvitae cuttings had more roots with 25% perlite than with 25% polystyrene, but arborvitae cuttings in 50%, 75%, or 100% polystyrene had more roots than cuttings in the same concentration of perlite. Results indicate expanded polystyrene is a reasonable substitute for perlite in rooting substrate for barberry, juniper, and arborvitae if appropriate ratios of polystyrene to peat are used.
Date of Potting and Fertilization Affects Plant Growth, Mineral Nutrient Content, and Substrate Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Ivy R. Lee , Bilderback Ted E. , Warren Stuart L 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The landscape industry uses containerized plant material throughout the year. Thus, traditional spring potting at many nurseries has changed to potting throughout the year. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of potting date and rate of fertilization on plant growth and mineral nutrient content, substrate electrical conductivity (EC) and pH, and winter injury. To complete this objective, rooted stem cuttings of Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Compacta’ and Viburnum awabuki K. Koch. ‘Chindo’ were potted in Raleigh, NC, July 17, 1998; September 7, 1998; October 29, 1998; March 25, 1999; and May 13, 1999. Two controlled-release fertilizers [Wilbro/Polyon 15N–1.8P–7.5K (15N–4P2O5–9K2O) and Scotts 23N–1.8P–6.6K (23N–4P2O5–8K2O)] were applied at four rates: a split application with 0.5X incorporated at potting and surface application of the remaining 0.5X six months after potting date [X = manufacturers' recommended rate per 3.8 liter (4 qt) container], and 1X, 1.5X, and 2X incorporated at potting. Plant growth and mineral nutrient content were determined one year after initial potting date. Substrate EC and pH were measured monthly. ‘Compacta’ holly and ‘Chindo’ viburnum potted in September or October were larger than plants potted in March regardless of fertilizer and rates of fertilization. In general, holly and viburnum were smaller when fertilized with 0.5/0.5X compared to 1X regardless of fertilizer and date of potting. Within each rate of fertilization, viburnum potted in September had significantly greater N and P content compared to viburnum potted in March or May. Nitrogen and P content were highly correlated to plant dry weight (r &gt; 0.79, P = 0.0001). Mineral nutrient content of holly responded similarly. No plants were injured by winter temperatures regardless of potting date or rate of fertilization throughout the study period. Plants potted in July, September, or October had the highest substrate EC values in March, whereas plants potted in March or May had highest EC values in August regardless of species, fertilizer or rate of fertilization. Substrate pH was unaffected by date of potting, but pH decreased with increasing rates of fertilization.
Comparison of the Cold Hardiness of Landscape Tree and Shrub Cultivars Growing at Two Disparate Geographic Locations
Authors: McNamara Steve , Pellett Harold , Florkowska Malgorzata , Lindstrom Orville 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The stem cold hardiness of 5 tree and 5 shrub cultivars was evaluated monthly from September 1998 through April 1999 on plants growing both at Griffin, GA (33° 15′ N), and Chanhassen, MN (44° 50' N), to determine whether cultivar hardiness varied with latitudinal differences in photoperiod and temperature conditions. On September 22, hardiness levels of five of the ten cultivars growing in Georgia were greater than or equal to those of their counterparts growing in Minnesota. After this date, however, all cultivars acclimated much more slowly in Georgia than in Minnesota, with the site-related hardiness differential on November 11 ranging from 13C (23F) for ‘Cully’ river birch to 25C (45F) for ‘Sunrise’ forsythia. The forsythia cultivars ‘Lynwood Gold’ and ‘Spring Glory’ were seriously injured in the Minnesota planting in early January when outdoor minimum temperatures were between−28 and−31C (−18 and−24F) for several days. All other taxa attained their maximum detected cold hardiness levels by January 13 in Minnesota, while some in Georgia continued to harden through February 10. With the exception of ‘Tristis’ weeping willow, all of the cultivars attained greater midwinter hardiness levels in Minnesota than in Georgia. All cultivars deacclimated much more rapidly in Georgia than in Minnesota. These results indicate that rates of cold acclimation and deacclimation and maximum midwinter hardiness levels of temperate zone woody plant taxa are strongly influenced by local photoperiod and temperature conditions. To accurately evaluate the geographic range of adaptability of woody plant taxa, cold hardiness evaluations need to be conducted regionally on locally grown plants.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Larvae of Pyrrhalta Viburni, a New Pest of Viburnums
Authors: Weston Paul A. , Eshenaur Brian , Baird Joel M. , Lamboy Jana S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pyrrhalta viburni (Paykull), a newly introduced pest of viburnums in the United States, causes extensive defoliation, and eventually death, of a number of species of Viburnum commonly used in managed landscapes and occurring in native habitats. We evaluated several foliar and systemic insecticides for their ability to control the larvae of this leaf-feeding pest. Several foliar insecticides (Conserve SC, Dursban, and Pyronyl Crop Spray) significantly reduced defoliation by larvae, but the most effective products were two systemic insecticides (Merit and Meridian) that were applied before egg hatch. The ability of the soil-applied systemic products to be translocated throughout the plant, to remain active for very long durations (a year or longer), and to have minimal impact on foliar-dwelling natural enemies make them well suited for managing this pest until more sustainable forms of control can be developed.
Evaluation of Selected Bactericides for the Control of Fire Blight on Crabapple
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Akridge J. R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Agrimycin 17 21.2W (streptomycin sulfate), Aliette WDG (fosetyl-Al), Kocide 101 77W (copper hydroxide), Phyton 27 (copper sulfate pentahydrate), and the experimental fungicide fluazinam 500F were evaluated for the control of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) on field-grown crabapple. A block of bare-root flowering crabapple (Malus sp.) ‘Snowdrift’ was established in 1995, and the study was conducted in 1996, 1997, and 1998 at the Brewton Experiment Field in Brewton, AL (USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 8a). In all three years, streptomycin sulfate was the only product that significantly reduced the severity of fire blight. Typically, damage on the Agrimycin 17-treated trees was unobtrusive and restricted to the death of a few scattered bloom clusters (strikes). In two of three years, fire blight damage levels on the Kocide 101-treated trees were intermediate between those sprayed with streptomycin sulfate and the unsprayed control. Although intermediate disease control was also obtained in 1996 with Phyton 27, this fungicide/bactericide failed to significantly reduce disease severity in 1997 and 1998 as compared to the unsprayed control. In all three years, no significant reduction in the severity of fire blight was obtained with Aliette WDG or fluazinam 500F.
Bagworm Survival and Feeding Preferences as Indicators of Resistance among Maples
Authors: Klingeman William E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The bagworm (Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Haworth)) is a polyphagous, native pest of numerous deciduous and evergreen ornamental plants. Bagworm larvae were used to investigate host plant susceptibility among ten species and cultivars of maples that are economically important and commonly encountered in landscapes in the eastern United States. Data analyses from 48-hour choice assays, conducted in the laboratory during 2000 and 2001, indicated that differences existed among maples for bagworm feeding preferences and host plant susceptibility. Results from the 48-hour trials were not as accurate as seasonal no-choice assays, however. No-choice assays during both seasons quantified resistance among maples that limited larval bagworm survival and development. Measurements of larval feeding injury demonstrated resistance in paperbark maple (Acer griseum (Franch.) Pax) and trident maple (A. buergerianum Miq.) when compared with other maples. Laboratory results were corroborated during 2001 by a no-choice field assay, in which early instar bagworm larvae performed well on the majority of maples. In contrast, paperbark maple and trident maple were resistant to bagworm feeding, while ‘Autumn Blaze’ Freeman maple (A. x freemanii E. Murray), a hybrid cross obtained by breeding A. rubrum with A. saccharinum, showed moderate resistance.
Leaf Curl and Water Relations of Kousa Dogwoods Showing Resistance to Summer Stress
Authors: Augé Robert M. , Windham Mark T. , Moore Jennifer L. , Witte Will T. , Kubikova Elena , Klingeman William E. , Evans Richard M. , Reiss Jeanese H. , Flanagan Phillip C. , Saxton Arnold M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Kousa dogwood (Cornus kousa Hans.) trees often develop unattractive leaf curling throughout canopies during hot and/or dry weather. Aesthetically superior trees were compared to control trees for their ability to tolerate summer stress, in an established kousa dogwood plantation in 2000 and 2001. An index of leaf curl revealed that superior trees showed less curling than controls during June, July and August of 2000 and 2001. Superior trees often had higher stomatal conductance than trees in both control groups during both years, with seasonal averages 16 to 40% higher in superior than in control trees. Leaf water status, characterized by leaf osmotic potential, remained similar in superior trees and control trees throughout the 2000 summer season. Leaf temperatures were similar between groups during each summer. We confirmed that trees initially selected as having superior visual appearance had measurable differences in foliar characteristics compared to control trees, and that these trees better tolerated summer stress.
Acoustic Detection of Black Vine Weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Larval Infestations in Nursery Containers
Authors: Mankin R. W. , Fisher J. R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Acoustic detection systems have been developed to locate and target hidden infestations of root weevil larvae in container-grown nursery crops. Tests were conducted in laboratory and field environments with natural and artificial infestations of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) in containers with different nursery plants to determine whether the larvae were large enough for acoustic detection during late fall when scouting for infestation often occurs at commercial nurseries in Oregon. The rootballs of tested plants were examined to verify the presence or absence of larvae. All of the containers rated at high likelihood of infestation contained O. sulcatus larvae (29% of those tested). No larvae were found in any containers rated at low likelihood of infestation (20%). Sporadic sounds were detected but failed to exhibit periodicity suggestive of infestation in 51% of the containers (rated at medium likelihood). Fifty seven percent of these medium-rated containers were infested. Experience with the use of the acoustic system in field environments suggested improvements in user-friendliness and robustness that could improve its utility for early detection and targeting applications in commercial nurseries.
Buffered Phosphorus Fertilizer Improves Growth and Drought Tolerance of Woody Landscape Plants
Authors: Zhang Yuan-Ji , Kuhns Larry , Lynch Jonathan P. , Brown Kathleen M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effects of alumina-buffered phosphorus (Al-P) were evaluated on growth and drought tolerance of woody plants and on seedling establishment of several tree species grown in containers with soilless media. Al-P reduced phosphorus leaching in all species. Vegetative growth of rhododendron (Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. cv. ‘English Roseum’), forsythia (Forsythia intermedia Zab. cv. ‘Spring Glory’), Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra Willd.), and bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.), measured as plant height, stem caliper, or biomass, was as fast or faster with Al-P as with Osmocote (17–6–10) or monoammonium phosphate fertilizer. Imposition of summer drought during the first growth season slightly reduced growth of rhododendron, with a stronger effect in the second year, while forsythia was more affected in the first season. Rhododendron plants fertilized with Al-P wilted more slowly than controls fertilized with Osmocote. Al-P fertilized forsythia plants grew faster than controls whether drought was imposed or not. Rhododendron plants produced more flower buds in the first year when fertilized with Al-P than with conventional phosphorus fertilizers. At the lower desorbing concentration, drought caused no reduction in percent of plants producing flower buds. A recharging treatment was tested at the beginning of the second season to replace P lost from the Al-P. Recharged Al-P reduced branching and flowering of rhododendron at the end of the second season, possibly as a result of damage from the recharging treatment.
Natural Height Control of Container Grown Eupatorium fistulosum
Authors: Allbritton Gale , Norcini Jeffrey G. , Aldrich James H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eupatorium fistulosum, Joe-Pye Weed, is a tall [up to 3 m (10 ft)], upright, native perennial that produces large panicles of rosy purple flowers in the summer. However, its height limits its production in containers because tall plants easily blow over and can be difficult to ship. Rooted liners were transplanted into 3.8 liter (#1) containers on two different dates in the spring to shorten the period of vegetative growth before plants initiated flowers in late spring/early summer. Height increase was essentially halted when flowers were initiated, shortly before plants would be shipped. While plants were at least 64% taller than the maximum acceptable height of 61 cm (24 in), it was evident that manipulating the transplant date could be used to reduce the natural height of this species for container production. Moreover, it was shown that a low rate of controlled release fertilizer could be used in production, thereby reducing nutrient runoff. There was no strong evidence that fertilizer rate affected plant height or quality.