bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) international consensus document on how to prevent, diagnose, and treat cardiac implantable electronic device infections—endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), the Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases (ISCVID), and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)
Authors: Blomström-Lundqvist Carina , Traykov Vassil , Erba Paola Anna , Burri Haran , Nielsen Jens Cosedis , Bongiorni Maria Grazia , Poole Jeanne , Boriani Giuseppe , Costa Roberto , Deharo Jean-Claude , Epstein Laurence M , Sághy László , Snygg-Martin Ulrika , Starck Christoph , Tascini Carlo , Strathmore Neil 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Pacemakers, implantable cardiac defibrillators, and cardiac resynchronization therapy devices are potentially lifesaving treatments for a number of cardiac conditions but are not without risk. Most concerning is the risk of a cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infection, which is associated with significant morbidity, increased hospitalizations, reduced survival, and increased health care costs. Recommended preventive strategies such as administration of intravenous antibiotics before implantation are well-recognized. Uncertainties have remained about the role of various preventive, diagnostic, and treatment measures such as skin antiseptics, pocket antibiotic solutions, antibacterial envelopes, prolonged antibiotics post-implantation, and others. When compared with previous guidelines or consensus statements, the present consensus document gives guidance on the use of novel device alternatives, novel oral anticoagulants, antibacterial envelopes, prolonged antibiotics post-implantation, as well as definitions on minimum quality requirements for centres and operators and volumes. The recognition that an international consensus document focused on management of CIED infections is lacking, the dissemination of results from new important randomized trials focusing on prevention of CIED infections, and observed divergences in managing device-related infections as found in an European Heart Rhythm Association worldwide survey, provided a strong incentive for a Novel 2019 International State-of-the-art Consensus document on risk assessment, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CIED infections.
Bhagat Singh’s Atheism
Authors: Elam J Daniel 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Of the essays that Indian nationalist Bhagat Singh published in his lifetime, ‘Why I am an Atheist’ has remained especially popular. Bhagat Singh published the essay from jail in 1930, largely as a response to his critics among the revolutionaries, who worried that anticolonial stardom had gone to Bhagat Singh’s head – or alternatively that his anticolonial agitation had been motivated by arrogance and egotism. Quite different from the the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army’s response to M. K. Gandhi – ‘The Philosophy of the Bomb’ – ‘Why I am an Atheist’ marks a different philosophical territory, one that this essay will attempt to explore in detail. This essay demonstrates the productive relationship between religion and interwar philosophy that stands at the centre of Bhagat Singh’s concerns, the global conversation that he thus partakes in, and the relationship, ultimately, between doubt and anticolonialism. Treating this text as philosophical without reducing it to an anti-theological screed reveals the possibilities of an ethics that avoids the transcendent authority of both colonial rule and anticolonial response.
Dietary lysine affects amino acid metabolism and growth performance, which may not involve the GH/IGF-1 axis, in young growing pigs1
Authors: Hasan M Shamimul , Crenshaw Mark A , Liao Shengfa F 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Lysine is the first limiting amino acid (AA) in typical swine diets. Our previous research showed that dietary lysine restriction compromised the growth performance of late-stage finishing pigs, which was associated with the changes in plasma concentrations of nutrient metabolites and hormone insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). This study was conducted to investigate how dietary lysine restriction affects the plasma concentrations of selected metabolites and three anabolic hormones in growing pigs. Twelve individually penned young barrows (Yorkshire × Landrace; 22.6 ± 2.04 kg) were randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (n = 6). Two corn and soybean meal based diets were formulated to contain 0.65% and 0.98% standardized ileal digestible lysine as a lysine-deficient (LDD) and a lysine-adequate (LAD) diets, respectively. During the 8-week feeding trial, pigs had ad libitum access to water and their respective diets, and the growth performance parameters including average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) were determined. At the end of the trial, jugular vein blood was collected for plasma preparation. The plasma concentrations of free AA and six metabolites were analyzed with the established chemical methods, and the hormone concentrations were analyzed with the commercial ELISA kits. Data were analyzed with Student’s t-test. The ADG of LDD pigs was lower (P &lt; 0.01) than that of LAD pigs, and so was the G:F (P &lt; 0.05) since there was no difference in the ADFI between the two groups of pigs. In terms of free AA, the plasma concentrations of lysine, methionine, leucine, and tyrosine were lower (P &lt; 0.05), while that of β-alanine was higher (P &lt; 0.01), in the LDD pigs. The total plasma protein concentration was lower (P &lt; 0.02) in the LDD pigs, whereas no differences were observed for the other metabolites between the two groups. No differences were observed in the plasma concentrations of growth hormone (GF), insulin, and IGF-1 between the two groups as well. These results indicate that the lack of lysine as a protein building block must be the primary reason for a reduced body protein synthesis and, consequently, the compromised G:F ratio and ADG. The changes in the plasma concentrations of total protein and four AA suggest that the compromised growth performance might be associated with some cell signaling and metabolic pathways that may not involve the GH/IGF-1 axis.
Threatening the Unthinkable: Strategic Stability and the Credibility of North Korea's Nuclear Threats
Authors: Kodama Nick 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWith the spread of nuclear weapons to regional actors facing adversaries with superior conventional and nuclear forces, the prospect of deliberate nuclear first use is no longer unthinkable. This is especially the case with North Korea, which not only faces strong incentives for first use in a crisis but also has made the threat of first use a key component of its nuclear posture. To analyze the emerging US-DPRK deterrence relationship, this article presents a framework for outlining North Korea's calculus of when first use is rational, and examines the interaction between North Korea's threshold for first use and the United States’ perception of that threshold. By conceptualizing this interaction with four ideal-typical dyads, this article argues that the most stable dyad is one in which the United States recognizes that North Korea has the capability and willingness to use nuclear weapons at low crisis thresholds.
Update from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
Authors: O’Leary Sean T , Maldonado Yvonne A , Kimberlin David W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), a group of medical and public health experts, meets 3 times per year to develop recommendations for vaccine use in the United States. There are usually 15 voting members; members’ terms are for 4 years. ACIP members and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention staff discuss the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccine research, effectiveness, safety data, and results from clinical trials. Representatives from the American Academy of Pediatrics (Y. A. M., D. W. K.) and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (S. T. O.) are present as liaisons to the ACIP. The ACIP met on 23–24 October 2019 to discuss pertussis vaccines, the child/adolescent and adult immunization schedule, influenza vaccine effectiveness and safety, Ebola vaccine, orthopoxvirus vaccines, Dengue vaccine, rabies vaccine, measles, and vaccine safety update.
Hope Among Refugee Children Attending the International School of Peace on Lesbos
Authors: Ben Asher Smadar , Sagy Shifra , Srour Anan , Walden Tsvia , Huss Ephrat , Shahar Eitan , Alsraiha Kassim 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The study focuses on refugee children who live in a temporary transit camp on the Island of Lesbos in Greece, and attend a unique school, which, in the camp’s temporary conditions, endeavours to provide the children with safety, security, and an adaptive learning experience. It examines hope among the refugee children by means of the Children’s Hope Scale (Snyder, 1997), which was administered to 132 children aged 6-16 who attend the school. The general hope scores among the refugee children were similar to those found in other children’s populations. Hope scores in the Adolescent group (aged 12-16) were lower than in the other groups, and highest in the Intermediate group (aged 9-12). Additionally, differences were found between groups of children from different countries of origin. The findings indicate that the Adolescent children are more aware of the difficulties and dangers entailed in fleeing, and of the price they have paid for leaving their homes and being cut off from their extended family and community. The findings highlight the school’s contribution as a space, albeit temporary, where the children can function normatively as students in a safe environment that enables new growth in cognitive, emotional, and social realms.
Charles Kingsley’s Hypatia, Visual Culture and Late-Victorian Gender Politics
Authors: Mills Victoria 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Charles Kingsley’s Hypatia or New Foes with an Old Face was first published in Fraser’s Magazine in 1852, but was reissued in numerous book editions in the late nineteenth century. Though often viewed as a novel depicting the religious controversies of the 1850s, Kingsley’s portrayal of the life and brutal death of a strong female figure from late antiquity also sheds light on the way in which the Victorians remodelled ancient histories to explore shifting gender roles at the fin de siècle. As the book gained in popularity towards the end of the century, it was reimagined in many different cultural forms. This article demonstrates how Kingsley’s Hypatia became a global, multi-media fiction of antiquity, how it was revisioned and consumed in different written, visual and material forms (book illustrations, a play, painting and sculpture) and how this reimagining functioned within the gender politics of the 1880s and 1890s. Kingsley’s novel retained a strong hold on the late-Victorian imagination, I argue, because the perpetual restaging of Hypatia’s story through different media facilitated the circulation of pressing fin-de-siècle debates about women’s education, women’s rights, and female consumerism.
Hall effect in protostellar disc formation and evolution
Authors: Zhao Bo , Caselli Paola , Li Zhi-Yun , Krasnopolsky Ruben , Shang Hsien , Lam Ka Ho 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
The Hall effect is recently shown to be efficient in magnetized dense molecular cores and could lead to a bimodal formation of rotationally supported discs (RSDs) in the first core phase. However, how such Hall dominated systems evolve in the protostellar accretion phase remains unclear. We carry out 2D axisymmetric simulations including Hall effect and ohmic dissipation, with realistic magnetic diffusivities computed from our equilibrium chemical network. We find that Hall effect only becomes efficient when the large population of very small grains (VSGs: ≲100 Å) is removed from the standard Mathis–Rumpl–Nordsieck size distribution. With such an enhanced Hall effect, however, the bimodality of disc formation does not continue into the main accretion phase. The outer part of the initial ∼40 au disc formed in the anti-aligned configuration ($\boldsymbol {\Omega \cdot B}\lt 0$) flattens into a thin rotationally supported Hall current sheet as Hall effect moves the poloidal magnetic field radially inward relative to matter, leaving only the inner ≲10–20 au RSD. In the aligned configuration ($\boldsymbol {\Omega \cdot B}\gt 0$), disc formation is suppressed initially but a counter-rotating disc forms subsequently due to efficient azimuthal Hall drift. The counter-rotating disc first grows to ∼30 au as Hall effect moves the magnetic field radially outward, but only the inner ≲10 au RSD is long lived like in the anti-aligned case. Besides removing VSGs, cosmic ray ionization rate should be below a few 10−16 s−1 for Hall effect to be efficient in disc formation. We conclude that Hall effect produces small ≲10–20 au discs regardless of the polarity of the magnetic field, and that radially outward diffusion of magnetic fields remains crucial for disc formation and growth.
A spectroscopic, photometric, polarimetric, and radio study of the eclipsing polar UZ Fornacis: the first simultaneous SALT and MeerKAT observations
Authors: Khangale Z N , Potter S B , Woudt P A , Buckley D A H , Semena A N , Kotze E J , Groenewald D N , Hewitt D M , Pretorius M L , Fender R P , Groot P , Bloemen S , Klein-Wolt M , Körding E , Le Poole R , McBride V A , Townsend L , Paterson K , Pieterse D L A , Vreeswijk P 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We present phase-resolved spectroscopy, photometry, and circular spectropolarimetry of the eclipsing polar UZ Fornacis. Doppler tomography of the strongest emission lines using the inside-out projection revealed the presence of three emission regions: from the irradiated face of the secondary star, the ballistic stream and the threading region, and the magnetically confined accretion stream. The total intensity spectrum shows broad emission features and a continuum that rises in the blue. The circularly polarized spectrum shows the presence of three cyclotron emission harmonics at ∼4500, 6000, and 7700 Å, corresponding to harmonic numbers 4, 3, and 2, respectively. These features are dominant before the eclipse and disappear after the eclipse. The harmonics are consistent with a magnetic field strength of ∼57 MG. We also present phase-resolved circular and linear photopolarimetry to complement the spectropolarimetry around the times of eclipse. MeerKAT radio observations show a faint source that has a peak flux density of 30.7 ± 5.4 $\mu$Jy beam−1 at 1.28 GHz at the position of UZ For.
Physical correlations of the scatter between galaxy mass, stellar content, and halo mass
Authors: Bradshaw Christopher , Leauthaud Alexie , Hearin Andrew , Huang Song , Behroozi Peter 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We use the UniverseMachine to analyse the source of scatter between the central galaxy mass, the total stellar mass in the halo, and the dark matter halo mass, for massive (Mvir &gt; 1013 M⊙) haloes. We also propose a new halo mass estimator, the cen+N mass: the sum of the stellar mass of the central and the N most massive satellites. We show that, when real space positions are perfectly known, the cen+N mass has scatter competitive with that of richness-based estimators. However, in redshift space, using a simple cluster finder, the cen+N mass suffers less from projection effects in the UniverseMachine model. The cen+N mass is therefore a potential candidate to constrain cosmology with upcoming spectroscopic data from DESI. We analyse the scatter in stellar mass at fixed halo mass and show that the total stellar mass in a halo is uncorrelated with secondary halo properties, but that the central stellar mass is a function of both halo mass and halo age. This is because central galaxies in older haloes have had more time to grow via accretion. If the UniverseMachine model is correct, this implies that haloes selected using the centrals stellar mass will be biased old and that accurate galaxy-halo modelling of mass selected samples therefore needs to consider halo age in addition to mass.
Safety and efficacy of iron isomaltoside 1000/ferric derisomaltose versus iron sucrose in patients with chronic kidney disease: the FERWON-NEPHRO randomized, open-label, comparative trial
Authors: Bhandari Sunil , Kalra Philip A , Berkowitz Mario , Belo Diogo , Thomsen Lars L , Wolf Myles 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
The optimal intravenous (IV) iron would allow safe correction of iron deficiency at a single infusion over a short time. The FERWON-NEPHRO trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of iron isomaltoside 1000/ferric derisomaltose (IIM) in patients with non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease and iron deficiency anaemia.

Methods
In this randomized, open-label and multi-centre trial conducted in the USA, patients were randomized 2:1 to a single dose of 1000 mg IIM or iron sucrose (IS) administered as 200 mg IV injections up to five times within a 2-week period. The co-primary endpoints were serious or severe hypersensitivity reactions and change in haemoglobin (Hb) from baseline to Week 8. Secondary endpoints included incidence of composite cardiovascular adverse events (AEs).

Results
A total of 1538 patients were enrolled (mean estimated glomerular filtration rate 35.5 mL/min/1.73 m2). The co-primary safety objective was met based on no significant difference in the incidence of serious or severe hypersensitivity reactions in the IIM and IS groups [0.3% versus 0%; risk difference: 0.29% (95% confidence interval: –0.19; 0.77; P &gt; 0.05)]. Incidence of composite cardiovascular AEs was significantly lower in the IIM versus IS group (4.1% versus 6.9%; P = 0.025). Compared with IS, IIM led to a more pronounced increase in Hb during the first 4 weeks (P ≤ 0.021), and change in Hb to Week 8 showed non-inferiority, confirming that the co-primary efficacy objective was met.

Conclusions
Compared with multiple doses of IS, a single dose of IIM induced a non-inferior 8-week haematological response, comparably low rates of hypersensitivity reactions, and a significantly lower incidence of composite cardiovascular AEs.
Pipeline Embolization Device for Treatment of Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Pseudoaneurysms: A Multicenter Evaluation of Safety and Efficacy
Authors: Akinduro Oluwaseun O , Gopal Neethu , Hasan Tasneem F , Nourollah-Zadeh Emad , Vakharia Kunal , De Leacy Reade , Burkhardt Jan-Karl , Yamamoto Junichi , Mocco J , Castilla Leonardo Rangel , Tze Man Kan Peter , Boulos Alan , Levy Elad , Tawk Rabih G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
There is a paucity of literature regarding treatment options for extracranial pseudoaneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA). To date, Pipeline Embolization Device (PED; Medtronic Inc) use for the treatment of extracranial pseudoaneurysms of the ICA has only been reported from single-center case series.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of PED for the treatment of extracranial ICA pseudoaneurysms.

METHODS
This is a multicenter retrospective study involving 6 high-volume tertiary academic institutions in the United States. We analyzed patients with extracranial ICA pseudoaneurysms treated with PED between January 1, 2011, and January 1, 2019. Clinical assessment was performed pre- and postintervention using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and National Institution of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at a minimum of 4-mo follow-up.

RESULTS
A total of 28 pseudoaneurysms with a mean diameter of 17.7 mm (range: 4.1-52.5 mm) were treated with PED in 24 patients at 6 participating centers. The mean age was 52.1 yr (17-73) ± 14.3 with 14 females and 10 males. At a mean of 21-mo (range 4-66 mo) follow-up, complete occlusion was achieved in 89% (n = 25/28), with near-complete occlusion (>90% occlusion) in the remainder. There were no periprocedural complications. Postprocedure NIHSS was 0 in 88% (n = 21/24) and 1 in 12% (n = 3/24) of patients, and mRS was 0 in 83% (n = 20/24) and 1 in 17% (n = 4/24) of patients.

CONCLUSION
The treatment of extracranial ICA pseudoaneurysms with PED is safe and effective in selected patients. Randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies are needed to establish the role of flow diversion for ICA pseudoaneurysms.
Mortality Among People With HIV Treated for Tuberculosis Based on Positive, Negative, or No Bacteriologic Test Results for Tuberculosis: The IeDEA Consortium
Authors: Humphrey John M , Mpofu Philani , Pettit April C , Musick Beverly , Carter E Jane , Messou Eugène , Marcy Olivier , Crabtree-Ramirez Brenda , Yotebieng Marcel , Anastos Kathryn , Sterling Timothy R , Yiannoutsos Constantin , Diero Lameck , Wools-Kaloustian Kara 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
In resource-constrained settings, many people with HIV (PWH) are treated for tuberculosis (TB) without bacteriologic testing. Their mortality compared with those with bacteriologic testing is uncertain.

Methods
We conducted an observational cohort study among PWH ≥15 years of age initiating TB treatment at sites affiliated with 4 International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS consortium regions from 2012 to 2014: Caribbean, Central and South America, and Central, East, and West Africa. The exposure of interest was the TB bacteriologic test status at TB treatment initiation: positive, negative, or no test result. The hazard of death in the 12 months after TB treatment initiation was estimated using a Cox proportional hazard model. Missing covariate values were multiply imputed.

Results
In 2091 PWH, median age 36 years, 53% had CD4 counts ≤200 cells/mm3, and 52% were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) at TB treatment initiation. The adjusted hazard of death was higher in patients with no test compared with those with positive test results (hazard ratio [HR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–2.26). The hazard of death was also higher among those with negative compared with positive tests but was not statistically significant (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.91–1.81). Being on ART, having a higher CD4 count, and tertiary facility level were associated with a lower hazard for death.

Conclusions
There was some evidence that PWH treated for TB with no bacteriologic test results were at higher risk of death than those with positive tests. Research is needed to understand the causes of death in PWH treated for TB without bacteriologic testing.
Engineered variants of a lipase from Yarrowia lipolytica with improved trypsin resistance for enzyme replacement therapy
Authors: Zhang Huitu , Liu Huan , Zhang Ying , Sun Tongwei , Wu Guoguo , Zhou Cuixia , Wu Xiaonong , Zhang Jing , Yue Rong , Wang Haikuan , Dai Yujie , Liu Fufeng , Lu Fuping 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
To improve the proteolytic stability of the lipase LIP2 from Yarrowia lipolytica, the peptide bonds susceptible to trypsin in LIP2 were analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry and redesigned by site-directed mutagenesis. Different variants of the enzyme were expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 and their biochemical properties were subsequently investigated. Although most of the variants were still cleaved by trypsin, some of them did show an evident increase of resistance against proteolytic degradation. The most stable mutant was LIP2-C5, in which five trypsin-cleavage sites were replaced by non-preferred amino acids. Upon incubation with human trypsin for 80 min at 37°C, the mutant LIP2-C5 was found to retain &gt;70% of its initial activity, compared to only 10% for the wild-type.