bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foodborne Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Induce Stronger Adverse Effects in Obese Mice than Non‐Obese Mice: Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis, Colonic Inflammation, and Proteome Alterations
Authors: Cao Xiaoqiong , Han Yanhui , Gu Min , Du Hengjun , Song Mingyue , Zhu Xiaoai , Ma Gaoxing , Pan Che , Wang Weicang , Zhao Ermin , Goulette Timothy , Yuan Biao , Zhang Guodong , Xiao Hang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe recent ban of titanium dioxide (TiO2) as a food additive (E171) in France intensified the controversy on safety of foodborne‐TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs). This study determines the biological effects of TiO2 NPs and TiO2 (E171) in obese and non‐obese mice. Oral consumption (0.1 wt% in diet for 8 weeks) of TiO2 (E171, 112 nm) and TiO2 NPs (33 nm) does not cause severe toxicity in mice, but significantly alters composition of gut microbiota, for example, increased abundance of Firmicutes phylum and decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum and Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus genera, which are accompanied by decreased cecal levels of short‐chain fatty acids. Both TiO2 (E171) and TiO2 NPs increase abundance of pro‐inflammatory immune cells and cytokines in the colonic mucosa, indicating an inflammatory state. Importantly, TiO2 NPs cause stronger colonic inflammation than TiO2 (E171), and obese mice are more susceptible to the effects. A microbiota transplant study demonstrates that altered fecal microbiota by TiO2 NPs directly mediate inflammatory responses in the mouse colon. Furthermore, proteomic analysis shows that TiO2 NPs cause more alterations in multiple pathways in the liver and colon of obese mice than non‐obese mice. This study provides important information on the health effects of foodborne inorganic nanoparticles.
In Situ TEM Observations of Discharging/Charging of Solid‐State Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries at High Temperatures
Authors: Wang Zaifa , Tang Yongfu , Zhang Liqiang , Li Meng , Shan Zhiwei , Huang Jianyu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the structural evolution of Li2S upon operation of lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries is inadequate and a complete decomposition of Li2S during charge is difficult. Whether it is the low electronic conductivity or the low ionic conductivity of Li2S that inhibits its decomposition is under debate. Furthermore, the decomposition pathway of Li2S is also unclear. Herein, an in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique implemented with a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) heating device is used to study the precipitation and decomposition of Li2S at high temperatures. It is revealed that Li2S transformed from an amorphous/nanocrystalline to polycrystalline state with proceeding of the electrochemical lithiation at room temperature (RT), and the precipitation of Li2S is more complete at elevated temperatures than at RT. Moreover, the decomposition of Li2S that is difficult to achieve at RT becomes facile with increased Li+ ion conduction at high temperatures. These results indicate that Li+ ion diffusion in Li2S dominates its reversibility in the solid‐state Li‐S batteries. This work not only demonstrates the powerful capabilities of combining in situ TEM with a MEMS heating device to explore the basic science in energy storage materials at high temperatures but also introduces the factor of temperature to boost battery performance.
Single Ni Atoms Anchored on Porous Few‐Layer g‐C3N4 for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction: The Role of Edge Confinement
Authors: Cheng Lei , Yin Hui , Cai Chao , Fan Jiajie , Xiang Quanjun 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIt is greatly intriguing yet remains challenging to construct single‐atomic photocatalysts with stable surface free energy, favorable for well‐defined atomic coordination and photocatalytic carrier mobility during the photoredox process. Herein, an unsaturated edge confinement strategy is defined by coordinating single‐atomic‐site Ni on the bottom‐up synthesized porous few‐layer g‐C3N4 (namely, Ni5‐CN) via a self‐limiting method. This Ni5‐CN system with a few isolated Ni clusters distributed on the edge of g‐C3N4 is beneficial to immobilize the nonedged single‐atomic‐site Ni species, thus achieving a high single‐atomic active site density. Remarkably, the Ni5‐CN system exhibits comparably high photocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction, giving the CO generation rate of 8.6 µmol g−1 h−1 under visible‐light illumination, which is 7.8 times that of pure porous few‐layer g‐C3N4 (namely, CN, 1.1 µmol g−1 h−1). X‐ray absorption spectrometric analysis unveils that the cationic coordination environment of single‐atomic‐site Ni center, which is formed by Ni‐N doping‐intercalation the first coordination shell, motivates the superiority in synergistic N–Ni–N connection and interfacial carrier transfer. The photocatalytic mechanistic prediction confirms that the introduced unsaturated Ni‐N coordination favorably binds with CO2, and enhances the rate‐determining step of intermediates for CO generation.
A system concept representation framework and its testing on patents, urban architectural patterns, and software patterns
Authors: Menshenin Yaroslav , Crawley Edward 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe development of a concept for a system is a key step toward creating the system's architecture. Most previous concept development approaches focus on the procedures for the conceptual design activity—the sequence of activities and tasks. Our work is motivated by the desire to elaborate in details the notional content of a system concept and to provide the means of encoding and analyzing it in a digital environment. The objective of this work is to develop a system concept representation framework that can systematically represent the concept's constituents, their definitions, and interconnections. In order to demonstrate the utility of this framework, we have conducted three studies: mapped eight selected US patents, nine selected urban architectural patterns, and three selected software patterns to the framework. Patents, urban architectural patterns, and software patterns each contain a rich body of knowledge about the system they describe, and therefore they must logically contain a description of the concepts underlying them. We show that the main features of proposed framework can be found in patents, urban architectural patterns, and software patterns. The major utility of the framework is that it provides the means to encode existing system concepts and to inform the conceptual design of new systems, contributing to the INCOSE Model‐Based Conceptual Design initiative.
Dioscorea nipponicaMakino suppressesTPA‐induced migration and invasion through inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in human cervical cancer cells
Authors: Lee Chung‐Yuan , Chou Ying‐Erh , Hsin Min‐Chien , Lin Chiao‐Wen , Wang Po‐Hui , Yang Shun‐Fa , Hsiao Yi‐Hsuan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDioscorea nipponicaMakino has been used for the treatment of chronic bronchitis, rheumatoid arthritis, cough, and asthma. Several studies have established the antitumor effect ofD. nipponicaMakino extract (DNE). However, no investigations have considered the antimetastatic potential of DNE in cervical cancer cells. The present study examined the effects of DNE on cervical cancer cells treated with 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate and characterized the possible molecular mechanisms. MTT assay results indicated that DNE exhibited very low cytotoxicity, and DNE significantly reduced the invasion and migration abilities of cervical cancer cells. Gelatin zymography analysis revealed that DNE significantly inhibited matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) activity. Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction assay results revealed that DNE treatment inhibited the MMP‐9 mRNA levels of HeLa and SiHa cells. Western blot results revealed that DNE significantly diminished the ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, we revealed that the antimetastatic effects of DNE on cervical cancer cells are due to its inhibition of MMP‐9 expression through the ERK1/2 pathway.
Climate change impacts on Australia's eucalypt and coral species: Comparing and sharing knowledge across disciplines
Authors: Booth Trevor H. , Muir Paul R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTwo of Australia's most iconic ecosystems have recently sustained heavy damage related to climatic changes: the extensive eucalypt forests from catastrophic bushfires and the Great Barrier Reef from mass coral bleaching. Despite obvious differences, eucalypt trees and reef corals share some similarities in biology and ecology, particularly in relation to climate change impacts and adaptation. Both groups are the focus of an increasing research effort to characterize and respond to climate changes and here we examine how sharing research experiences can benefit both fields. Four key areas of research are considered: (a) modeling current distributions, (b) assessing impacts of climate change on future distributions, (c) using human‐assisted migration to improve survival, and (d) applying genetic enhancement to improve the species’ survival. Examples of each research area are used to examine potential crossovers, limitations of the methods, and future requirements. We conclude that eucalypt and coral researchers, and indeed researchers for many other endangered taxa, can gain much by comparing experiences and methods, despite the apparent differences in their respective taxa.This article is categorized under:Assessing Impacts of Climate Change > Observed Impacts of Climate Change
Path and the Standards of Rural School Consolidation in China Since 2000
Authors: Wu Zhihui 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe one-child policy implemented by governments in China since 1971 and the large-scale migration of people from the countryside to cities since the 1980s have led to a natural reduction in number and space flow of school-aged children in the countryside. This has compelled education departments to promote a larger scale of rural school closure and consolidation. Closure and consolidation of rural primary and middle schools in China exhibit the following macro features. First, the scale of rural school closure and consolidation was the largest in the first 10 years of the twenty-first century (or 2000–2010). From 1976 to 2016, approximately 946,100 compulsory schools including primary and middle schools disappeared. A total of 386,500 schools among them were shut down between 2000 and 2016, accounting for 41% of the total number of schools that disappeared in the past 40 years. On average, approximately 66 schools disappeared every day. Moreover, from 2000 to 2010, the decrease in the number of schools was the highest (about 304,100 schools), and approximately 83 schools were closed every day on average. Second, school consolidation has primarily occurred in rural areas since 2000. A total of 357,000 compulsory schools that disappeared after 2000 were rural schools, accounting for 92.36% of the total number (about 386,500 schools). Approximately 61 compulsory schools in the countryside were shut down every day. Third, rural primary schools were the main target of school consolidation. A total of 333,900 primary schools in rural areas were closed, accounting for 93.53% of the total decreasing number of rural schools (about 357,000) and 86.39% of the total decreasing number of schools in urban and rural areas. Why did rural schools disappear rapidly after 2000? What is the development trend? What are the standards for rural school closure and consolidation in China? These are the research questions to be addressed in the chapter.
Subject in Education for the Twenty-First Century: A Discursive Analysis of the Impacts of PISA in Brazil
Authors: Mascia Márcia Aparecida Amador 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the external assessment production of subjects in education for the twenty-first century. It argues that the external assessment, PISA, is establishing a “new” regime of truth regarding subjects in education that will be understood as discursive practices of tension between success and failure. The corpus consists of the discourses that are related to the documents of PISA on the website of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and on the website of the Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (INEP) in Brazil. The methodological framework is the Post-critical perspective within Discourse Analysis and Foucault’s genealogical studies. The findings of the analysis point to the production of a future generation, conceived as global citizen and transformed into scientific objects by PISA whose truth can be told in numbers which give the illusion of transparency. In relation to Brazil, what PISA does is only giving international visibility to the problems we already know, and it does not give a solution.
Imagining School as Standards-Driven and Students as Career-Ready! A Comparative Genealogy of US Federal and European Transnational Turns in Education Policy
Authors: Krejsler John Benedicto 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter maps in a comparative perspective the complex genealogies of the US federal and the European transnational turns in school and education policy. It maps how particular truth regimes of comparability were gradually produced, which discursively linked school and education to the performance of the economy by means of discursive imaginaries and associated ideas about optimization of human capital. Hereby, discourse about the purpose of school and education and what counts as public good were fundamentally transformed. It identifies the driving discursive force at work on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean in the form of Knowledge Economy discourse. This discourse motivates by telling the story about fierce global competition where a nation and a region will fall behind if it does not optimize its human capital, that is, produce “employable” or “career-ready” subjects for the economy.The chapter aims at identifying the genealogies of the new relationships between federal and state levels in the United States as well as the more recently created relationships between transnational organizations (the OECD, EU, and the Bologna Process in particular) and European nation states in relation to school and education. In both cases, the federal and transnational levels have traditionally mainly dealt with economic cooperation, whereas school and education have until recently been issues that were taken care of in the United States by the state and in Europe at nation state level.Consequently, imaginaries about school, education, and their purpose are increasingly negotiated according to a format of comparability in and between the United States and Europe, as national economies become increasingly interconnected in so-called global Knowledge Economies. This format has brought about a proliferation of power technologies, parameters, and procedures by which these two globally influential regions mutually compare and rank their constituent member subjects (i.e., states and nation states) in order to determine who is in the lead and who is lagging behind internally, as well as who is the most successful among the two regions.The chapter mainly draws on Foucauldian and post-Foucauldian theoretical approaches with a focus upon genealogy, discourse, and governmentality.
The Idea of the University and Its Specters: On the Ghostly Return of the “Excluded”
Authors: Friedrich Daniel S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this essay, I use the tools provided by “The Spectral Turn” to flip the Idea of the University implied in Derrida’s The University Without Condition. The goal will be to reconsider the ways in which the exclusions embedded in the unconditional university specter its own project. A different reading of the university’s project through a problematization of exclusion/inclusion may hopefully lead to rethinking the mission of the university to come.In order to anchor the text, I will refer to the policies that framed the foundation of a recent batch of public universities in Argentina. These institutions have the particularity of having been created with the explicit purpose of including those traditionally excluded from higher education, by being located in geographical areas with high poverty rates, providing high-quality free education, and rethinking their academic offering to match the needs of the surrounding communities.Throughout this chapter, I will argue that while these new universities have upended the notion of higher education as a public good, the new institutions are spectered by several ghosts, highlighting the fact that every effort to differentiate the new from the old re-inscribes the difficulty, and perhaps the impossibility, of the new. As the excluded haunt a project of inclusion, they highlight the limitation of policies that focus exclusively on presence.
Biopsychosoziales Betreuungskonzept für Kinder mit X‑chromosomaler Hypophosphatämie (XLH)
Authors: Schnabel Dirk 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungPatienten mit einer schweren, seltenen und komplexen Erkrankung benötigen das multiprofessionelle biopsychosoziale Betreuungskonzept eines Sozialpädiatrischen Zentrums für chronisch kranke Kinder und Jugendliche. Am Beispiel der Multiorganerkrankung X‑chromosomale Hypophosphatämie (XLH), der häufigsten angeborenen Rachitisform, wird das Betreuungskonzept dargestellt.Der Erkrankung liegen inaktivierende Mutationen im „Phosphate-regulating gene with Homologies to Endopeptidases on the X‑chromosome“(PHEX)-Gen zugrunde, die zu einer vermehrten Synthese und Sekretion des Fibroblastenwachstumsfaktors 23 (FGF23) führen. FGF23 hat eine wichtige Funktion in der Phosphathomöostase. Durch die hohen FGF23-Konzentrationen kommt es über den renalen Phosphatverlust zur schweren Hypophosphatämie mit der Folge erheblicher Mineralisationsstörungen des Skelettsystems und der Zähne. Stand bis vor Kurzem nur eine konventionelle medikamentöse Therapie aus Phosphat und aktivem Vitamin D zur Verfügung, so ist nun mit dem neutralisierenden FGF23-Antikörper eine gezielte Therapie der Erkrankung möglich. Das multiprofessionelle Betreuungskonzept umfasst zahlreiche ärztliche Spezialisten und ein psychosoziales Team. Ziel der Betreuung ist es, den Patienten mit ihrer schweren chronischen Erkrankung eine altersentsprechende Partizipation ohne größere Teilhabestörung zu ermöglichen. Die Fortsetzung der Betreuung im Erwachsenenalter muss durch eine implementierte Transition sichergestellt werden.
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for the direct analysis of glyphosate: method development and application to beer beverages and environmental studies
Authors: Wimmer Benedikt , Pattky Martin , Zada Leyla Gulu , Meixner Martin , Haderlein Stefan B. , Zimmermann Hans-Peter , Huhn Carolin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this study, we developed and validated a CE-TOF-MS method for the quantification of glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) and its major degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in different samples including beer, media from toxicological analysis with Daphnia magna, and sorption experiments. Using a background electrolyte (BGE) of very low pH, where glyphosate is still negatively charged but many matrix components become neutral or protonated, a very high separation selectivity was reached. The presence of inorganic salts in the sample was advantageous with regard to preconcentration via transient isotachophoresis. The advantages of our new method are the following: no derivatization is needed, high separation selectivity and thus matrix tolerance, speed of analysis, limits of detection suitable for many applications in food and environmental science, negligible disturbance by metal chelation. LODs for glyphosate were < 5 μg/L for both aqueous and beer samples, the linear range in aqueous samples was 5–3000 μg/L, for beer samples 10–3000 μg/L. For AMPA, LODs were 3.3 and 30.6 μg/L, and the linear range 10–3000 μg/L and 50–3000 μg/L, for aqueous and beer samples, respectively. Recoveries in beer samples for glyphosate were 94.3–110.7% and for AMPA 80.2–100.4%. We analyzed 12 German and 2 Danish beer samples. Quantification of glyphosate and AMPA was possible using isotopically labeled standards without enrichment, purification, or dilution, only degassing and filtration were required for sample preparation. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the method for other strong acids, relevant in food and environmental sciences such as N-acetyl glyphosate, N-acetyl AMPA (present in some glyphosate resistant crop), trifluoroacetic acid, 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, glufosinate and its degradation product 3-(methylphosphinico)propionic acid, oxamic acid, and others.
Financial Risk Protection and Hospital Admission for Trauma in Cameroon: An Analysis of the Cameroon National Trauma Registry
Authors: Shah Pooja A. , Christie S. Ariane , Motwani Girish , Dissak‐Delon Fanny Nadia , Mefire Alain Chichom , Mekolo David , Ngono Gertrude Mete , Dicker Rochelle , Etoundi Georges Alain‐Mballa , Juillard Catherine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundHalf of the global population is at risk for catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in the event that they require surgery. Universal health coverage fundamentally requires protection from CHE, particularly in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). Financial risk protection reports in LMICs covering surgical care are limited. We explored the relationship between financial risk protection and hospital admission among injured patients in Cameroon to understand the role of health insurance in addressing unmet need for surgery in LMICs.MethodsThe Cameroon National Trauma Registry, a database of all injured patients presenting to the emergency departments (ED) of three Cameroonian hospitals, was retrospectively reviewed between 2015 and 2017. Multivariate regression analysis identified predictors of hospital admission after injury and of patient report of cost inhibiting their care.ResultsOf the 7603 injured patients, 95.7% paid out‐of‐pocket to finance ED care. Less than two percent (1.42%) utilized private insurance, and more than half (54.7%) reported that cost inhibited their care. In multivariate analysis, private insurance coverage was a predictor of hospital admission (OR 2.17, 95% CI: 1.26, 3.74) and decreased likelihood of cost inhibiting care (OR 0.34, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.60) when compared to individuals paying out‐of‐pocket.ConclusionThe prevalence of out‐of‐pocket spending among injured patients in Cameroon highlights the need for financial risk protection that encompasses surgical care. Patients with private insurance were more likely to be admitted to the hospital, and less likely to report that cost inhibited care, supporting private health insurance as a potential financing strategy.