bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The twisted dark matter halo of the Milky Way
Authors: Shao Shi , Cautun Marius , Deason Alis , Frenk Carlos S 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We analyse systems analogous to the Milky Way (MW) in the eagle cosmological hydrodynamics simulation in order to deduce the likely structure of the MW’s dark matter (DM) halo. We identify MW mass haloes in the simulation whose satellite galaxies have similar kinematics and spatial distribution to those of the bright satellites of the MW, specifically systems in which the majority of the satellites (8 out of 11) have nearly coplanar orbits that are also perpendicular to the central stellar disc. We find that the normal to the common orbital plane of the coplanar satellites is well aligned with the minor axis of the host DM halo, with a median misalignment angle of only 17.3°. Based on this result, we infer that the minor axis of the Galactic DM halo points towards (l, b) = (182°, −2°), with an angular uncertainty at the 68 and 95 percentile confidence levels of 22° and 43°, respectively. Thus, the inferred minor axis of the MW halo lies in the plane of the stellar disc. The halo, however, is not homologous and its flattening and orientation vary with radius. The inner parts of the halo are rounder than the outer parts and well aligned with the stellar disc (that is the minor axis of the halo is perpendicular to the disc). Further out, the halo twists and the minor axis changes direction by 90°. This twist occurs over a very narrow radial range and reflects variations in the filamentary network along which mass was accreted into the MW.
Stability constrained characterization of multiplanet systems
Authors: Tamayo Daniel , Gilbertson Christian , Foreman-Mackey Daniel 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Many discovered multiplanet systems are tightly packed. This implies that wide parameter ranges in masses and orbital elements can be dynamically unstable and ruled out. We present a case study of Kepler-23, a compact three-planet system where constraints from stability, transit timing variations (TTVs), and transit durations can be directly compared. We find that in this tightly packed system, stability can place upper limits on the masses and orbital eccentricities of the bodies that are comparable to or tighter than current state of the art methods. Specifically, stability places 68 per cent upper limits on the orbital eccentricities of 0.09, 0.04, and 0.05 for planets b, c, and d, respectively. These constraints correspond to radial velocity signals ≲ 20 cm s−1, are significantly tighter to those from transit durations, and comparable to those from TTVs. Stability also yields 68 per cent upper limits on the masses of planets b, c, and d of 2.2, 16.1, and 5.8 M⊕, respectively, which were competitive with TTV constraints for the inner and outer planets. Performing this stability constrained characterization is computationally expensive with N-body integrations. We show that SPOCK, the Stability of Planetary Orbital Configurations Klassifier, is able to faithfully approximate the N-body results over 4000 times faster. We argue that such stability constrained characterization of compact systems is a challenging ‘needle-in-a-haystack’ problem (requiring removal of 2500 unstable configurations for every stable one for our adopted priors) and we offer several practical recommendations for such stability analyses.
Intracellular nickel accumulation induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human astrocytic cells
Authors: Yubolphan Ruedeemars , Phuagkhaopong Suttinee , Sangpairoj Kant , Sibmooh Nathawut , Power Christopher , Vivithanaporn Pornpun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Nickel, a heavy metal found in electronic wastes and fume from electronic cigarettes, induces neuronal cell death and is associated with neurocognitive impairment. Astrocytes are the first line of defense against nickel after entering the brain; however, the effects of nickel on astrocytes remain unknown. Herein, we investigated the effect of nickel exposure on cell survival and proliferation and the underlying mechanisms in U-87 MG human astrocytoma cells and primary human astrocytes. Intracellular nickel levels were elevated in U-87 MG cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner after exposure to nickel chloride. The median toxic concentrations of nickel in astrocytoma cells and primary human astrocytes were 600.60 and &gt;1000 µM at 48 h post-exposure, respectively. Nickel exposure triggered apoptosis in concomitant with the decreased expression of anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma protein (Bcl-2) and increased caspase-3/7 activity. Nickel induced reactive oxygen species formation. Additionally, nickel suppressed astrocyte proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner by delaying G2 to M phase transition through the upregulation of cyclin B1 and p27 protein expression. These results indicate that nickel-induced cytotoxicity of astrocytes is mediated by the activation of apoptotic pathway and disruption of cell cycle regulation.
Mechanisms of imipridones in targeting mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells
Authors: Bonner Erin R , Waszak Sebastian M , Grotzer Michael A , Mueller Sabine , Nazarian Javad 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
ONC201 is the first member of the imipridone family of anticancer drugs to enter the clinic for the treatment of diverse solid and hematologic cancers. A subset of pediatric and adult patients with highly aggressive brain tumors has shown remarkable clinical responses to ONC201, and recently, the more potent derivative ONC206 entered clinical trials as a single agent for the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) cancers. Despite the emerging clinical interest in the utility of imipridones, their exact molecular mechanisms are not fully described. In fact, the existing literature points to multiple pathways (e.g. tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) signaling, dopamine receptor antagonism, and mitochondrial metabolism) as putative drug targets. We have performed a comprehensive literature review and highlighted mitochondrial metabolism as the major target of imipridones. In support of this, we performed a meta-analysis of an ONC201 screen across 539 human cancer cell lines and showed that the mitochondrial caseinolytic protease proteolytic subunit (ClpP) is the most significant predictive biomarker of response to treatment. Herein, we summarize the main findings on the anticancer mechanisms of this potent class of drugs, provide clarity on their role, and identify clinically relevant predictive biomarkers of response.
Epidemiology of brainstem high-grade gliomas in children and adolescents in the United States, 2000-2017
Authors: Patil Nirav , Kelly Michael E , Yeboa Debra Nana , Buerki Robin A , Cioffi Gino , Balaji Sweta , Ostrom Quinn T , Kruchko Carol , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Limited population-based data exist for the brainstem gliomas for children ages ≤19 years, which includes high-grade aggressively growing tumors such as diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). We examined the overall incidence and survival patterns in children with brainstem high-grade glioma (HGG) by age, sex, and race and ethnicity.

Methods
We used data from Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States (CBTRUS), obtained through data use agreements with the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) from 2000 to 2017, and survival data from the CDCs National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR), from 2001 to 2016 for malignant brainstem HGG for ages ≤19 years (per WHO ICD-O-3 codes). HGG was determined by established histologic and/or imaging criteria. Age-adjusted incidence rates and survival data were used to assess differences overall and by age, sex race, and ethnicity.

Results
The incidence of brainstem HGG was higher among the female and Non-Hispanic population. Majority (69.8%) of these tumors were diagnosed radiographically. Incidence was higher in children aged 1-9 years compared to older children. Whites had a higher incidence compared to Blacks. However, the risk of death was higher among Blacks and Other race compared to Whites. There was no difference in survival by sex.

Conclusions
We report the most comprehensive incidence and survival data on these lethal brainstem HGGs. Incidence and survival among patients with brainstem HGGs differed significantly by race, ethnicity, age-groups, and grade.
Acute Effects of Heated Tobacco Product (IQOS) Aerosol Inhalation on Lung Tissue Damage and Inflammatory Changes in the Lungs
Authors: Bhat Tariq A , Kalathil Suresh G , Leigh Noel , Muthumalage Thivanka , Rahman Irfan , Goniewicz Maciej L , Thanavala Yasmin M 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIntroductionEmerging heated tobacco products (HTPs) were designed to reduce exposure to toxicants from cigarette smoke (CS) by avoiding burning tobacco and instead heating tobacco. We studied the effects of short-term inhalation of aerosols emitted from HTP called IQOS, on lung damage and immune-cell recruitment to the lungs in mice.MethodsNumerous markers of lung damage and inflammation including albumin and lung immune-cell infiltrates, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines were quantified in lungs and bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid from IQOS, CS, or air-exposed (negative control) mice.ResultsImportantly, as a surrogate marker of lung epithelial-cell damage, we detected significantly increased levels of albumin in the BAL fluid of both HTP- and CS-exposed mice compared with negative controls. Total numbers of leukocytes infiltrating the lungs were equivalent following both IQOS aerosols and CS inhalation and significantly increased compared with air-exposed controls. We also observed significantly increased numbers of CD4+IL-17A+ T cells, a marker of a T-cell immune response, in both groups compared with air controls; however, numbers were the highest following CS exposure. Finally, the numbers of CD4+RORγt+ T cells, an inflammatory T-cell subtype expressing the transcription factor that is essential for promoting differentiation into proinflammatory Th17 cells, were significantly augmented in both groups compared with air-exposed controls. Levels of several cytokines in BAL were significantly elevated, reflecting a proinflammatory milieu.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that short-term inhalation of aerosols from IQOS generates damage and proinflammatory changes in the lung that are substantially similar to that elicited by CS exposure.ImplicationsExposure of mice to IQOS, one of the candidate modified-risk tobacco products, induces inflammatory immune-cell accumulation in the lungs and augments the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the BAL fluid. Such an exacerbated pulmonary proinflammatory microenvironment is associated with lung epithelial-cell damage in IQOS-exposed mice, suggesting a potential association with the impairment of lung function.
The Japan-South Korea Rift
Authors: Sakaki Alexandra 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Although Japan–South Korea relations have been volatile throughout the postwar era, ties deteriorated to an unprecedented degree after 2011, with mutual mistrust hitting unseen heights. Focusing on this time period, the chapter analyzes the causes of the downturn. Previous studies show that bilateral tensions stem from clashes in the two countries’ national identity conceptions and historical disagreements more generally. While this chapter acknowledges the continuing relevance of these underlying sources of friction, it argues that ties have come under additional pressure from two spheres. First, pressure has built from the “inside”—the domestic-societal contexts—pushing the respective political leaders, who are mindful of public support and electoral effects, toward more nationalist positions vis-à-vis the other country. Consequently, the political room for mutual accommodation and compromise has shrunk. Second, pressure has built from the “outside”—from changes in the international arena. Tokyo and Seoul hold differing views on how to prioritize and respond to key international challenges, sowing mutual strategic mistrust. At the same time, Japan’s relative importance to Korea has fallen amid shifting economic ties in the region. With rising pressure from both “inside” and “outside,” the traditional bonds underpinning mutual cooperation have eroded, sending relations to their lowest point in the history of bilateral normalized relations since 1965.
For a Sociology of Sectarianism
Authors: Majed Rima 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the study of sectarianism in the Middle East. It argues that, because it has often been treated as an area studies topic, the study of sectarianism has long been absent from mainstream sociological literature. By bridging between disciplinary knowledge production and the area-specific research agenda, this chapter proposes some conceptual and methodological notes to advance an understanding of the sectarian phenomenon in the Middle East. This chapter is a call for the development of a “sociology of sectarianism,” one that moves beyond Middle East exceptionalism to study the phenomenon of sectarianism in its complexity by locating it historically and analyzing it globally within the broader interlocking systems of social stratification.
The Transformation of Islamic Law in Modernity
Authors: March Andrew F. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the process of modernizing Muslim majority states in the 19th and 20th centuries, Islamic law was often replaced with foreign legal codes. But in many areas of the law, Islamic legal norms were not replaced but rather transformed from an uncodified “jurists’ law” applied by qadis into legal codes applied by sovereign states. This process involved the transformation of not only many aspects of the substance of Islamic law, but also the methods, agents, and epistemologies by which Islamic law is known and enforced. This chapter explores this revolution in Islamic law from the 19th-century Ottoman Tanzimat reforms to the 20th-century national appropriations of Islamic law in a few select areas, particularly family and personal status law.
Peaceful Change in Northeast Asia
Authors: Singh Bhubhindar 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Northeast Asia is usually associated with conflict and war. Out of the five regional order transitions from the Sinocentric order to the present post–Cold War period, only one was peaceful, the Cold War to post–Cold War transition. In fact, the peaceful transition led to a state of minimal peace in post–Cold War Northeast Asia. As the chapter discusses, this was due to three realist-liberal factors: America’s hegemonic role, strong economic interdependence, and a stable institutional structure. These factors not only ensured development and prosperity but also mitigated the negative effects of political and strategic tensions between states. However, this minimal peace is in danger of unraveling. Since 2010, the region is arguably in the early stages of another transition fueled by the worsening Sino-US competition. While the organizing ideas of liberal internationalism—economic interdependence and institutional building—will remain resilient, whether or not minimal peace is sustainable will be determined by the outcome of the US-China competition.
Trash: Language, Sexuality, and Social Class
Authors: Barrett Rusty 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers four linguistic areas related to the intersection of sexuality and social class. The first is the link among sexual promiscuity, stereotypes of working-class sexuality, and ideologies of “vulgar” or “obscene” language. The second area considers the role of class in patterns of language change and changes in sexual normativity, both of which show movement from the middle class outward. The third area considered is the relationship between stereotypes of social class and LGBTQ+ identities, where negative portrayals of the working class remain constant across contrasting views of LGBTQ+ identities. The final area considered is the way in which language related to sexuality reproduces social forms of class inequality, particularly though diminishing the potential for sexual pleasure among the working class.
From “Gay Lisp” to “Fierce Queen”: The Sociophonetics of Sexuality’s Most Iconic Variable
Authors: Calder Jeremy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The sound of the queer voice has captured the intrigue of the popular and sociolinguistic imagination, spurring a wave of research investigating what makes someone “sound gay.” This chapter follows the trajectory of the sociophonetics of LGBTQ+ speakers, focusing on what is perhaps the most robustly studied phonetic variable in queer linguistics: the /s/ sound. The chapter explores how a group of non-normative drag queens in San Francisco use acoustic dimensions of /s/ to project radical queerness, illustrating how this community’s practices bear on greater conversations in sociolinguistics involving the connection between phonetic variation and the articulation of identity.
War in Deuteronomy
Authors: Pitkänen Pekka 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the war motif in Deuteronomy. After listing passages that refer or allude to war in Deuteronomy, it outlines developments of the war motif in the history of interpretation, including the linking of Deuteronomy with the reform of Josiah by W. M. L. de Wette and seminal work on war in the Old Testament by Gerhard von Rad. This is followed by a digest of representative works in current discussion. Finally, the chapter uses recent sociological studies of war, violence, settler colonialism, migration, and genocide to reanalyze the literary significance of the war motif in Deuteronomy and how it functions as part of the wider literary work of Genesis-Joshua.
On the Use of Synthetic Populations to Assess Health Risks of Complex Disasters
Authors: Swarup Samarth , Gohlke Julia M. , Bohland James R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The pathways from climate change and related disasters to health outcomes can be conceptualized as direct (primary) or indirect (secondary or tertiary). How these pathways impact the health of a given population are the result of complex interactions between climate-induced forcing functions, non-climatic environmental risk factors, community socio-economic structures and processes, and the health attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups. These interactions vary by place and over time to create a complex mosaic of health risks. To address the complexity of the consequences of climate change across space and time, planning and policy approaches have typically used post-hoc analyses and have extrapolated relationships temporally without the ability in most instances to account for new contextual conditions at a place.
The focus of this handbook chapter is to describe and illustrate how agent-based modeling of synthetic populations could be used to create reasonable scenarios of current and future health risks associated with climate change and related disasters. As an example of the utility of the platform, the chapter provides an estimate of extreme heat exposures of individuals in one region of the United States. Additionally, it gives examples of further applications of synthetic population modeling for assessing health risks following an acute natural disaster, such as a hurricane or earthquake.
Ezekiel and Israel’s Legal Traditions
Authors: Lyons Michael A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the similarities and differences in form, content, and vocabulary between the book of Ezekiel and the commands, motivations, and sanctions in the Pentateuch. It considers how legal traditions in the broad sense—that is, not just “laws,” but also statements about obligation, benefits, and punishments—are used in the book of Ezekiel. The logic of the book is deeply indebted to priestly ideology and its notions of purity and holiness. This chapter also examines the possibility, nature, and direction of dependence, both conceptual and literary, between the book of Ezekiel and Israel’s legal traditions (Deuteronomic, Priestly, and Holiness) that were textualized and incorporated into what became the Pentateuch.
Mexico’s Democratic Transition and Consolidation since 1977
Authors: Lewis Stephen E. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In 1977, Mexico’s hegemonic ruling party, the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), initiated an incremental transition to democracy that was propelled forward at significant moments by civil society, a more independent media, and political and economic crises. The PRI finally lost its absolute majority in the Chamber of Deputies in 1997 and conceded the presidency three years later to Vicente Fox of the center-right PAN (Partido de Acción Nacional). Mexican democratization focused on running clean elections and strengthening political parties, leaving authoritarian legal and police institutions intact. Moreover, the administrations of PANistas Fox and Felipe Calderón (2000–2012) failed to dismantle Mexico’s corrupt corporatist political system. Democratic consolidation marched hand in hand with spiraling violence and lackluster economic performance. The PRI’s disastrous return to power in 2012 brought the party’s culture of corruption and impunity into clear focus, while the violence raged unabated. In the 2018 elections, Mexicans exercised their hard-fought democratic rights to reject the establishment and deliver stunning victories to populist Andrés Manuel López Obrador and his fledgling party, Morena. At this time, it is unclear whether AMLO’s self-proclaimed “fourth transformation” of Mexican political life will include a further consolidation of Mexico’s democratic institutions and practices.
Of Markets and Principles
Authors: Hennette Vauchez Stéphanie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses how blood, tissue, and cells are retrieved and circulated in Europe. It investigates the ongoing tug of war between two main regulatory paradigms in the field of human body parts and cells: a human/fundamental rights–inspired paradigm on one hand, and a market–inspired one on the other hand. It also recasts the familiar opposition that is often found in comparative work in the field of health and biomedical law between a European “human rights” model of regulation and a North American “market” one as overly simplistic. As it highlights the status of the actual actors that evolve in the field of biomedicine concerned in blood, tissue, and cells circulation as well as the corresponding normative rationales, it complements Natalie Ram’s “incomplete commodification” paradigm in the United States to that of the market creep that is taking place in Europe.
Introduction to Fraud and Abuse Law
Authors: Elliott Tracey A. , Krause Joan H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on healthcare fraud and the range of legal solutions provided to address fraud in the United States and Europe on a federal level. It provides key examples of the range of approaches to healthcare fraud that are adopted within Europe. It also analyzes the manner in which healthcare systems in the United States and Europe are funded and organized, considering that fraud is dynamic and dependent on the mechanisms for funding in the relevant system. This chapter reviews the issue of what qualifies as healthcare fraud, and it considers both the definitional problem and the interplay between the moral and ethical content of fraud and legal definitions of fraudulent conduct. It discusses operational issues in the identification, prevention, and punishment of healthcare fraud in the United States and Europe.