bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV)-induced gene silencing in a medicinal plant, Lithospermum erythrorhizon
Authors: Izuishi Yuki , Isaka Natsumi , Li Hao , Nakanishi Kohei , Kageyama Joji , Ishikawa Kazuya , Shimada Tomoo , Masuta Chikara , Yoshikawa Nobuyuki , Kusano Hiroaki , Yazaki Kazufumi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLithospermum erythrorhizon is a medicinal plant that produces shikonin, a red lipophilic naphthoquinone derivative that accumulates exclusively in roots. The biosynthetic steps required to complete the naphthalene ring of shikonin and its mechanism of secretion remain unclear. Multiple omics studies identified several candidate genes involved in shikonin production. The functions of these genes can be evaluated using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) systems, which have been shown advantageous in introducing iRNA genes into non-model plants. This study describes the development of a VIGS system using an apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vector and a target gene, phytoene desaturase (LePDS1). Virus particles packaged in Nicotiana benthamiana were inoculated into L. erythrorhizon seedlings, yielding new leaves with albino phenotype but without disease symptoms. The levels of LePDS1 mRNAs were significantly lower in the albino plants than in mock control or escape plants. Virus-derived mRNA was detected in infected plants but not in escape and mock plants. Quantitative PCR and deep sequencing analysis indicated that transcription of another hypothetical PDS gene (LePDS2) also decreased in the defective leaves. Virus infection, however, had no effect on shikonin production. These results suggest that virus-based genetic transformation and the VIGS system silence target genes in soil-grown L. erythrorhizon.
RNA-Seq based genetic variant discovery provides new insights into controlling fat deposition in the tail of sheep
Authors: Bakhtiarizadeh Mohammad Reza , Alamouti Ali A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGenetic basis of fat deposition in sheep tail have not been completely elucidated yet. Understanding the genetic mechanisms controlling fat-tail size can improve breeding strategies to modulate fat deposition. RNA sequencing has made it possible to discover genetic variants that may underlie various phenotypic differences. Hence, to identify genetic variants that are important for describing different fat-tail phenotypes in sheep, RNA sequencing was used for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) calling in two Iranian sheep breeds (Lori-Bakhtiari, fat-tailed; n = 4, vs Zel, thin-tailed; n = 4). Using a stringent pipeline, a total of 112,344 known SNPs were genotyped, of which 30,550 and 42,906 SNPs were shared by at least two Lori-Bakhtiari and Zel, respectively. Comparing these SNPs showed 2,774 (including 209 missense and 25 deleterious SNPs) and 10,470 (including 1,054 missense and 116 deleterious SNPs) breed-specific SNPs in Lori-Bakhtiari and Zel sheep, respectively. Potential breed-specific SNPs were detected by considering those located in QTL regions associated with fatness or reported as important candidates in previous similar studies. Of the breed-specific SNPs, 724 and 2,905 were located in the QTL regions. Functional enrichment analysis of the affected genes revealed several enriched gene ontologies and KEGG pathways related to fat metabolism. Based on the results, several affected genes were proposed to be strongly linked with fat deposition such as DGAT2, ACSL1, ACACA, ADIPOQ, ACLY, FASN, CPT2, SCD, ADCY6, PER3, CSF1R, SLC22A4, GFPT1, CDS2, BMP6, ACSS2, ELOVL6, HOXA10 and FABP4. Moreover, several SNPs were found in the candidate genes related to fatty acid oxidation introducing them as promising candidates responsible for lower fat content in tail of Zel. Our findings provided new insights into the genetic mechanisms of fat deposition in sheep, which can serve to designing appropriate breeding programs.
Seasonal effects on miRNA and transcriptomic profile of oocytes and follicular cells in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Capra Emanuele , Lazzari Barbara , Russo Marco , Kosior Michal Andrzej , Valle Giovanni Della , Longobardi Valentina , Stella Alessandra , Consiglio Anna Lange , Gasparrini Bianca 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSeason clearly influences oocyte competence in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis); however, changes in the oocyte molecular status in relation to season are poorly understood. This study characterizes the microRNA (miRNA) and transcriptomic profiles of oocytes (OOs) and corresponding follicular cells (FCs) from buffalo ovaries collected in the breeding (BS) and non-breeding (NBS) seasons. In the BS, cleavage and blastocyst rates are significantly higher compared to NBS. Thirteen miRNAs and two mRNAs showed differential expression (DE) in FCs between BS and NBS. DE-miRNAs target gene analysis uncovered pathways associated with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and circadian clock photoperiod. Oocytes cluster in function of season for their miRNA content, showing 13 DE-miRNAs between BS and NBS. Between the two seasons, 22 differentially expressed genes were also observed. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis of miRNA target genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in OOs highlights pathways related to triglyceride and sterol biosynthesis and storage. Co-expression analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs revealed a positive correlation between miR-296-3p and genes related to metabolism and hormone regulation. In conclusion, season significantly affects female fertility in buffalo and impacts on oocyte transcriptomic of genes related to folliculogenesis and acquisition of oocyte competence.
Die Nümbrechter Osteoporoseschule: ein stationäres und auch ambulantes Osteoporose-Schulungsprogramm
Authors: Peters Klaus M. , Bode Monika 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungZur Behandlung der Osteoporose stehen seit vielen Jahren wirksame Medikamente zur Verfügung. Eine S3-Leitlinie zur Prophylaxe, Diagnostik und Therapie der Osteoporose der postmenopausalen Frauen und bei Männern erleichtert die Versorgung der Erkrankten. Die Compliance einer spezifischen medikamentösen Therapie der Osteoporose ist aber weiterhin nicht gut. Zur Verbesserung der Compliance wurden zahlreiche osteoporosespezifische Schulungen für Patienten eingeführt. Bei der Nümbrechter Osteoporoseschule, veröffentlicht 2008, handelt es sich um ein standardisiertes evaluiertes Schulungsprogramm, das multiprofessionell durchgeführt wird. Das Schulungsprogramm ist modular aufgebaut und besteht aus neun Modulen, die sowohl stationär als auch ambulant absolviert werden können. Zielgruppen der Schulung sind sowohl Osteoporosebetroffene, als auch Osteoporosegefährdete und an der Krankheit Interessierte. Nach Durchlaufen der Nümbrechter Osteoporoseschule führten 72 % der Patienten ihre Osteoporosemedikation nach 6 Monaten fort, nach 12 Monaten waren es noch 62 % (Tuncel et al. 2017). Nach durchgeführter Schulung erfolgt heutzutage eine standardisierte telefonische Befragung der Patienten nach 6 bzw. 24 Monaten. Danach führten 24 Monate nach erfolgtem Schulungsprogramm 89 % ihre erlernten Übungen regelmäßig weiter durch, 87 % gaben an, sich knochengesund zu ernähren, und 76 % führten ihre spezifische Osteoporosemedikation regelmäßig fort.
Ergogenic Effects of Bihemispheric Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Fitness: a Randomized Cross-over Trial
Authors: Codella Roberto , Alongi Rosario , Filipas Luca , Luzi Livio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSeveral types of routines and methods have been experimented to gain
neuromuscular advantages, in terms of exercise performance, in athletes and
fitness enthusiasts. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact
of biemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation on physical fitness
indicators of healthy, physically active, men. In a randomized,
single-blinded, crossover fashion, seventeen subjects (age:
30.9 ± 6.5 years, BMI: 24.8±3.1 kg/m2)
underwent either stimulation or sham, prior to: vertical jump, sit &
reach, and endurance running tests. Mixed repeated measures anova revealed a
large main effect of stimulation for any of the three physical fitness
measures. Stimulation determined increases of lower limb power
(+ 5%), sit & reach amplitude
(+ 9%) and endurance running capacity
(+ 12%) with respect to sham condition
(0.16<ηp2 < 0.41; p<0.05).
Ratings-of-perceived-exertion, recorded at the end of each test session, did
not change across all performances. However, in the stimulated-endurance
protocol, an average lower rate-of-perceived-exertion at iso-time was
inferred. A portable transcranial direct current stimulation headset could
be a valuable ergogenic resource for individuals seeking to improve physical
fitness in daily life or in athletic training.
Britanin Exhibits Potential Inhibitory Activity on Human Prostate Cancer Cell Lines Through PI3K/Akt/NF-κB Signaling Pathways
Authors: Zeng Qi , Zeng Yun , Zhan Yonghua , Nie Xu , Guo Yingying 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBritanin, a natural pseudoguaiacane sesquiterpene lactone, has significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, but little is known about its tumor inhibitory activity and the underlying mechanism. Here, we demonstrated in vitro and in vivo that britanin inhibited the growth of human prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3, PC-3-LUC, and DU-145). Through in vitro study, the results showed that britanin significantly decreased cell proliferation, migration, and motility. The moderate toxicity of britanin was determined with an acute toxicity study. A luciferase-labeled animal tumor xenograft model and bioluminescence imaging were applied, combining with biological validation for assessing the tumor progression. In vivo results demonstrated that britanin inhibited the growth of PC-3-LUC. The interleukin-2 level in mice was upregulated by britanin, which indicated that britanin induced antitumor immune activation. In addition, britanin
downregulated the expression of nuclear factor (NF)-κB p105/p50, pp65, IκBα, pIκBα, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, pPI3k, Akt (protein kinase B, PKB), and pAkt proteins and upregulated expression of Bax. We discovered that britanin inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo by regulating PI3K/Akt/NF-κB-related proteins and activating immunity. These findings shed light on the development of britanin as a promising agent for prostate cancer therapy.
High-performance Countercurrent Chromatography to Access Rhodiola rosea Influenza Virus Inhibiting Constituents
Authors: Langeder Julia , Grienke Ulrike , Döring Kristin , Jafari Mahtab , Ehrhardt Christina , Schmidtke Michaela , Rollinger Judith M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn a cytopathic effect inhibition assay, a standardized Rhodiola rosea root and rhizome extract, also known as roseroot extract (SHR-5), exerted distinct anti-influenza A virus activity against HK/68 (H3N2) (IC50 of 2.8 µg/mL) without being cytotoxic. For fast and efficient isolation and identification of the extractʼs bioactive constituents, a high-performance countercurrent chromatographic separation method was developed. It resulted in a three-stage gradient elution program using a mobile phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate/n-butanol/water (1 : 4 : 5 → 2 : 3 : 5 → 3 : 2 : 5) in the reversed-phase mode. The elaborated high-performance countercurrent chromatographic method allowed for fractionation of the complex roseroot extract in a single chromatographic step in a way that only one additional orthogonal isolation/purification step per fraction yielded 12 isolated constituents. They cover a broad polarity range and belong to
different structural classes, namely, the phenylethanoid tyrosol and its glucoside salidroside, the cinnamyl alcohol glycosides rosavin, rosarin, and rosin as well as gallic acid, the cyanogenic glucoside lotaustralin, the monoterpene glucosides rosiridin and kenposide A, and the flavonoids tricin, tricin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and rhodiosin. The most promising anti-influenza activities were determined for rhodiosin, tricin, and tricin-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside with IC50 values of 7.9, 13, and 15 µM, respectively. The herein established high-performance countercurrent chromatographic protocol enables fast and scalable access to major as well as minor roseroot constituents. This is of particular relevance for extract standardization, quality control, and further in-depth pharmacological investigations of the metabolites of this popular traditional herbal remedy.
Basal Cisternostomy in Traumatic Brain Injury: An Idea whose Time has Come?
Authors: Goyal Nishant , Kumar Punit , Chaturvedi Jitender , Siddiqui Saquib Azad , Agrawal Deepak 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTraumatic brain injury is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Since the introduction of decompressive craniectomy more than a century ago, no major surgical advancement has been introduced in this field in spite of neurosurgery having seen a sea change in general. Basal cisternostomy, introduced recently, is said to have great promise. In this regard, neurosurgeons need to understand the theory behind the recently introduced basal cisternostomy and whether it holds any merit or not.
Synthesis of Chiral N-Nitro-oxazolidin-2-ones and O-(β-Nitraminoalkyl) Carbamates in Liquefied 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane Medium
Authors: Zlotin Sergei G. , Arabadzhi Svetlana S. , Zharkov Mikhail N. , Kuchurov Ilya V. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA convenient synthesis of chiral N-nitro-oxazolidin-2-ones by nitration of α-amino acid derived 1,3-oxazolidin-2-ones containing one or two stereogenic centers with dinitrogen pentoxide in liquefied 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane medium has been developed. The obtained N-nitroheterocycles were converted into enantiomerically pure O-(β-nitraminoalkyl) carbamates by treatment with ammonia or amines in the same solvent. The synthesized N-nitro compounds are slightly toxic in vitro to Human Embryonic Kidney 293 (HEK293) cells.
Reductive Cross-Coupling of Vinyl Electrophiles
Authors: Shu Xing-Zhong , Pang Xiaobo , Peng Xuejing 
Published: August 2020

The synthesis of alkenes (olefins) is a central subject in the synthetic community. The transition-metal-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of vinyl electrophiles has emerged as a promising tool to produce alkenes with improved flexibility, structural complexity, and functionality tolerance. In this review, we summarized the progress in this field with respect to cross-electrophile couplings and reductive Heck reactions using vinyl electrophiles.1	Introduction2	Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Vinyl Electrophiles3	Reductive Heck Reaction of Vinyl Electrophiles4	Summary and Outlook
Which Inotropic Drug, Dobutamine or Milrinone, Is Clinically More Effective in the Treatment of Postligation Cardiac Syndrome in Preterm Infants?
Authors: Korkmaz Levent , Ozdemir Ahmet , Pamukçu Özge , Güneş Tamer , Ozturk Mehmet Adnan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objective This study aimed to detect which of the two main medicines suggested in the treatment of postligation cardiac syndrome (PLCS)—dobutamine or mirinone—possesses a more therapeutic effect. While doing this, clinicians are provided with a broader perspective on the treatment and follow-up of cases. The desire was to increase the treatability and monitor ability of the cases in question and hence their survivability.
Study Design A retrospective review of a cohort of infants with PLCS was conducted between March 2012 and December 2018. In the treatment of infants with PLCS, dobutamine (dobutamine study group-DSG) or milrinone (milrinone study group-MSG) was used. The respiration, cardiac, echocardiography, and perfusion parameters of the cases were assessed both before and after ligation. Based on the data obtained, both the effects of the medicines on PLCS and the difference between their therapeutic effects were studied. The accuracy of prognostication was assessed with receiver operating characteristic analyses.
Results PLCS was detected in 29 (34.1%) of 85 patent ductus arteriosus ligation cases in total. Of all the PLCS cases, 13 (44.8%) were treated with dobutamine and 16 (55.2%) with milrinone. It was observed that the effects of the medicines on the respiratory system and cardiovascular system manifested in the third and 6th hour, respectively. It was detected that both medicines had more effect on the systolic blood pressure (SBP) (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.997/0.996, p = 0.001/0.002) than on the diastolic blood pressure (AUC: 0.911/0.843, p = 0.032/0.046).
Conclusion Dobutamine and milrinone, two primary medicines that can be used in the treatment of cases with PLCS, possess similar therapeutic effects on this pathology. In addition, their postoperative therapeutic effects on the SBP are more in the foreground.
A century of educational inequality in the United States
Authors: Jackson Michelle , Holzman Brian 
Published: August 2020

Significance
There has been widespread concern that the takeoff in income inequality in recent decades has had harmful social consequences. We provide evidence on this concern by assembling all available nationally representative datasets on college enrollment and completion. This approach, which allows us to examine the relationship between income inequality and collegiate inequalities over the full century, reveals that the long-standing worry about income inequality is warranted. Inequalities in college enrollment and completion were low for cohorts born in the late 1950s and 1960s, when income inequality was low, and high for cohorts born in the late 1980s, when income inequality peaked. This grand U-turn means that contemporary birth cohorts are experiencing levels of collegiate inequality not seen for generations.
Neural transcription factor Pou4f1 promotes renal fibrosis via macrophage–myofibroblast transition
Authors: Tang Patrick Ming-Kuen , Zhang Ying-ying , Xiao Jun , Tang Philip Chiu-Tsun , Chung Jeff Yat-Fai , Li Jinhong , Xue Vivian Weiwen , Huang Xiao-Ru , Chong Charing Ching-Ning , Ng Chi-Fai , Lee Tin-Lap , To Ka-Fai , Nikolic-Paterson David J. , Lan Hui-Yao 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceMacrophage–myofibroblast transition (MMT) is a newly discovered pathogenic process by which TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling promotes tissue scarring. However, systemic targeting of Smad3 may impair host T cell immunity; therefore, it is preferable to focus on downstream mechanisms to identify antifibrotic therapies that avoid targeting Smad3 per se. In this study, we revealed a brain-specific transcription factor Pou4f1 as the key regulator by which TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling executes MMT. Macrophage-specific silencing of Pou4f1 effectively blocked progression of renal fibrosis in two mouse kidney disease models. Thus, Pou4f1 represents a therapeutic target in MMT-driven renal diseases.
Mismatch sensing by nucleofilament deciphers mechanism of RecA-mediated homologous recombination
Authors: Huang Xingyuan , Lu Ying , Wang Shuang , Sui Mingyu , Li Jinghua , Ma Jianbing , Ma Dongfei , Jia Qi , Hu Shuxin , Xu Chunhua , Li Ming 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Homologous recombination (HR) is a major pathway for repair of double-stranded DNA break. The RecA proteins form a helical nucleofilament on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with a periodicity of ∼18 bases, which searches a donor DNA that is homologous to the ssDNA. The key point in HR is how the filament senses the sequence of the donor DNA. We designed a series of mismatch-containing donor DNAs to study HR and found that the strand exchange was blocked remotely by the mismatches. Our data suggest that the strand exchange progresses iteratively with the sequences being checked successively in ∼9-bp steps in the frontier of the extending synapsis, followed by a transitional segment that leads the post-strand-exchanged duplex.
Magnon Bose–Einstein condensation and superconductivity in a frustrated Kondo lattice
Authors: Volkov Pavel A. , Gazit Snir , Pixley Jedediah H. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Magnetically frustrated Kondo lattices are correlated metals not governed by symmetry-breaking quantum criticality, offering a new perspective on the puzzling phenomenology of strange metal behavior and unconventional superconductivity. While this concept is likely to be realized in certain heavy-fermion compounds, the corresponding models are notoriously difficult to solve, hindering robust theoretical predictions. Here we provide a comprehensive solution for a 1D Kondo ladder with a frustrated valence bond solid ground state in the presence of a magnetic field. We prove the stability of the field-induced magnon Bose–Einstein condensation and demonstrate the emergence of unconventional superconductivity. We also present strong evidence that our results carry over to two and three dimensions. These findings anchor future studies of frustrated heavy fermion systems.
Decreasing snow cover alters functional composition and diversity of Arctic tundra
Authors: Niittynen Pekka , Heikkinen Risto K. , Luoto Miska 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Plant functional traits are central instruments in developing understanding and predicting biodiversity patterns and ecosystems processes. Snow is an important ecological factor in cold climates, but its contribution to the evolution of functionality of tundra vegetation is poorly known and insufficiently addressed in the research. We show here that snow has a fundamental effect in mediating climate change impacts on functional composition and diversity of Arctic tundra vegetation. As a whole, Arctic landscapes may lose spatial heterogeneity because plant communities will be functionally more alike, although the local functional diversity may increase. Our results highlight that future snow conditions and their fine-scale variability should be acknowledged in the next generation of Arctic vegetation−ecosystem models.
MicroRNA-dependent inhibition of PFN2 orchestrates ERK activation and pluripotent state transitions by regulating endocytosis
Authors: Sangokoya Carolyn , Blelloch Robert 
Published: August 2020

Significance
The fibroblast growth factor–extracellular signal-regulated kinase (FGF-ERK) signaling pathway drives embryonic stem cells (ESCs) toward lineage commitment. How FGF-ERK signaling is regulated during this developmental window is poorly understood. Here we show that Profilin-2 (PFN2), an actin/dynamin-binding protein, controls FGF-ERK signaling in ESCs by regulating endocytosis. Members of the developmentally regulated miR-290 microRNA family suppress PFN2, enabling maximal FGF signaling, ESC proliferation, and ESC differentiation. These findings define a previously unknown axis of post-transcriptional control, endocytosis, and signal transduction important for ESC biology.
Mucosal delivery of ESX-1–expressing BCG strains provides superior immunity against tuberculosis in murine type 2 diabetes
Authors: Sathkumara Harindra D. , Muruganandah Visai , Cooper Martha M. , Field Matt A. , Alim Md Abdul , Brosch Roland , Ketheesan Natkunam , Govan Brenda , Rush Catherine M. , Henning Lars , Kupz Andreas 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceTuberculosis (TB) susceptibility and disease are significantly exacerbated in people with type 2 diabetes. The underlying mechanisms are incompletely understood, and it is not known if new TB vaccine candidates will be safe and provide protection in the context of diabetes. Using a long-term diet-induced murine model of type 2 diabetes, we demonstrate that increased susceptibility to TB is caused by impaired mycobacterial recognition and killing in the diabetic lung. Importantly, we show that mucosal vaccination of diabetic mice with Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) strains expressing the ESX-1 secretion system fromMycobacterium tuberculosiscan overcome this defect and provide superior immunity against TB. Our data warrant a consideration of ESX-1–containing BCG strains as effective TB vaccines in older individuals and diabetics.