bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do readers adjust their lower‐ and higher‐level language skills according to text structures? Evidence from eye movements in Chinese text reading
Authors: Chen MingLei , Chen ChiaHsing 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundReading researchers have generally considered that reading is an interactive combination of top‐down (higher‐level language skill) and bottom‐up (lower‐level language skill) processes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms through which readers apply these skills for online text comprehension are unclear.MethodsThe present study thus used eight classical Chinese (CC) texts and their corresponding vernacular translation (VT) texts for controlling the text structure and meaning to explore such mechanisms in high school students.ResultsWith partial‐out to the influences of (a) students' language achievement scores, (b) word frequency and (c) word length, we observed no significant difference in comprehension accuracy between the CC and VT texts, and the CC texts involved a significantly lower reading speed than did the VT texts. Moreover, the first fixation duration, gaze duration, rereading time and total reading time for the CC texts were longer than those for the VT texts. For all events, CC text reading required a longer fixation duration and significantly longer rereading time and total reading time than did VT text reading. Further observations show that students comprehended CC texts by adjusting their lower‐ and higher‐level language skills.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that even if CC texts contain a relatively high number of low‐frequency words, as readers get more and more contextual information from the text, they can gradually apply higher‐level reading skills to understand the meaning of the text, which can ease the dependence on word decoding.HighlightsWhat is already known about this topic

Lower‐ and higher‐level language skills—which reflect lexical access and higher order text integration, respectively—affect reading comprehension.
Theory and research in reading comprehension have emphasised the interactive process of both language skills to lead to successfully understanding text.
What this paper adds

By using classical Chinese texts and their corresponding vernacular translations to control the meaning of texts, text event structures and the corresponding word sequence, we determined that high school students comprehended classical Chinese texts by adjusting their lower‐ and higher‐level language skills.
This study also revealed students' dynamical adjustment of lower‐ and higher‐level language skills within construction and integration phases according to various events.
Implications for theory, policy or practice

This study demonstrated that word‐based eye‐movement measures can reflect the processing of lower‐ and higher‐level components in online reading and can reveal the even construction and integration processes of construction–integration model theory.
By thoroughly examining reading strategies for texts structured according to events, this study revealed how high school students can achieve a certain degree of comprehension of classical Chinese texts through the use of higher‐level language skills.
Good Food in the City: How Cultural Ideas About Food Shape Street Vending Regulation
Authors: Hanser Amy 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhy, after years of restrictive regulation of street vending, and food vending in particular, have cities across North America welcomed new food carts and trucks? In this article I draw on a case study of Vancouver, Canada, to demonstrate the important effect of ideas about food on the regulatory and policy changes that have allowed food carts and trucks to proliferate. In particular, new cultural discourses have imbued food with a multivalent goodness. This goodness is understood to have the capacity to do good in the city by bringing good urban places into being. While these discourses favour the tastes of the privileged, ideas about ‘good’ food expand beyond the ‘gourmet’ to embrace health, environment, economy, cultural diversity and creativity, as well as community building, local identity and visions of vibrant, shared public spaces. The proliferation of discourses about ‘good food’ has produced a potent set of cultural ideas that animates popular and policy discussions about street food in the city; in Vancouver, these ideas provided the impetus to push for regulatory change and generated consensus around new, less restrictive regulation of food vending on streets and sidewalks.
Succession, power‐sharing and the development of representative institutions in medieval Europe
Authors: KOKKONEN ANDREJ , MØLLER JØRGEN 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHistorians have documented that in medieval Europe, bargaining over the loyalty of lay magnates and high clergy was most intense during successions and that this often forced monarchs to give political concessions. We argue that matters related to succession predict short‐term power‐sharing concessions by rulers but that – because they do not permanently alter the balance of power between ruler and elite – they only trigger lasting changes of political institutions if these changes are in the mutual interest of the ruler and the elite groups. It follows that successions are unlikely to have long‐term effects on representative institutions but that they may consolidate the rules regulating succession (the succession order). Using the natural deaths of monarchs as an instrument for successions, we confirm these claims with a new dataset that includes fine‐grained data on succession and parliament‐like assemblies in 16 European polities between 1000 and 1600. These findings shed new light on the development of representative institutions in medieval Europe, on the changes in succession orders that brought about clear rules about primogeniture and on the political leeway of legislatures in authoritarian regimes more generally.
Accounting for the burden and redistribution of health care costs: Who uses care and who pays for it
Authors: Carman Katherine Grace , Liu Jodi , White Chapin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo measure the burden of financing health care costs and quantify redistribution among population groups.Data SourcesA synthetic population using data combined from multiple sources, including the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF)/Health Research Educational Trust (HRET) Employer Health Benefits Survey, American Community Survey (ACS), and National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA).Study DesignWe estimate two dollar amounts for each individual in the synthetic population: (a) payments to finance health care services, which includes all payments by a household and their employers to finance health care, including premiums, out‐of‐pocket payments, federal and state taxes, and other payments; and (b) the dollar value of health care services received, which equals the amount paid to providers for those services.Data Extraction MethodsWe linked the nationally representative survey data using statistical matching. We allocated health care expenditures from the NHEA to individuals and households based on expenditures reported in the MEPS.Principal FindingsWe show that higher‐income households pay the most to finance health care in dollar amounts, but the burden of payments as a share of income is greater among lower‐income households.ConclusionsAccounting for all sources of payments provides a clear picture of the burden of financing health care costs, and how that burden is spread under our current financing system.
Is mortality readmissions bias a concern for readmission rates under the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program?
Authors: Papanicolas Irene , Orav E. John , Jha Ashish K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether the exclusion of patients who die from adjusted 30‐day readmission rates influences readmission rate measures and penalties under the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program (HRRP).Data Sources/Study Setting100% Medicare fee‐for‐service claims over the period July 1, 2012, until June 30, 2015.Study DesignWe examine the 30‐day readmission risk across the three conditions targeted by the HRRP: acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF), and pneumonia. Using logistic regression, we estimate the readmission risk for three samples of patients: those who survived the 30‐day period after their index admission, those who died over the 30‐day period, and all patients who were admitted to see how they differ.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsWe identified and extracted data for Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries admitted with primary diagnoses of AMI (N = 497 931), CHF (N = 1 047 552), and pneumonia (N = 850 552).ResultsThe estimated hospital readmission rates for the survived and nonsurvived patients differed by 5%‐8%, on average. Incorporating these estimates into overall readmission risk for all admitted patients changes the likely penalty status for 9% of hospitals. However, this change is randomly distributed across hospitals and is not concentrated amongst any one type of hospital.ConclusionsNot accounting for variations in mortality may result in inappropriate penalties for some hospitals. However, the effect of this bias is low due to low mortality rates amongst incentivized conditions and appears to be randomly distributed across hospital types.
Global and regional potential of wastewater as a water, nutrient and energy source
Authors: Qadir Manzoor , Drechsel Pay , Jiménez Cisneros Blanca , Kim Younggy , Pramanik Amit , Mehta Praem , Olaniyan Oluwabusola 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThere is a proactive interest in recovering water, nutrients and energy from waste streams with the increase in municipal wastewater volumes and innovations in resource recovery. Based on the synthesis of wastewater data, this study provides insights into the global and regional “potential” of wastewater as water, nutrient and energy sources while acknowledging the limitations of current resource recovery opportunities and promoting efforts to fast‐track high‐efficiency returns. The study estimates suggest that, currently, 380 billion m3 (m3 = 1,000 L) of wastewater are produced annually across the world which is a volume five‐fold the volume of water passing through Niagara Falls annually. Wastewater production globally is expected to increase by 24% by 2030 and 51% by 2050 over the current level. Among major nutrients, 16.6 Tg (Tg = million metric ton) of nitrogen are embedded in wastewater produced worldwide annually; phosphorus stands at 3.0 Tg and potassium at 6.3 Tg. The full nutrient recovery from wastewater would offset 13.4% of the global demand for these nutrients in agriculture. Beyond nutrient recovery and economic gains, there are critical environmental benefits, such as minimizing eutrophication. At the energy front, the energy embedded in wastewater would be enough to provide electricity to 158 million households. These estimates and projections are based on the maximum theoretical amounts of water, nutrients and energy that exist in the reported municipal wastewater produced worldwide annually. Supporting resource recovery from wastewater will need a step‐wise approach to address a range of constraints to deliver a high rate of return in direct support of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 6, 7 and 12, but also other Goals, including adaptation to climate change and efforts in advancing “net‐zero” energy processes towards a green economy.
Comparison of Commercial Kits for Recovery and Analysis of Bacterial DNA From Fingerprints
Authors: Assenmacher Daniel M. , Fields Stephen D. , Crupper Scott S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn forensic science, fingerprints are a common source of evidentiary information. However, latent examination is not always successful and trace human DNA cannot always be obtained. Thus, examining the fingerprint microbiome may offer a suitable alternative to more traditional methods of forensic identification. The Zymo Research ZR Bacterial/Fungal DNA MicroPrep™ Kit, Qiagen QIAmp® DNA Mini Kit, Promega Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit, and the MPBio FastDNA® Spin Kit were compared for their ability to yield a sufficient amount of bacterial DNA for next‐generation sequencing in order to obtain a microbiome profile. Prints were deposited onto slides, allowed to sit for up to 1 month, and total DNA isolated and quantified using each kit. The kit from Zymo Research yielded the most concentrated DNA sample (0.0084 ng/µL) in the least amount of time as compared to other kits examined. Although this amount of DNA was far below the recommended DNA concentration threshold recommended for next‐generation sequencing, a microbiome profile was successfully obtained. As interest in using the microbiome of an individual as a forensic tool continues to increase, there is the possibility that the microbiome of a fingerprint could complement traditional human DNA profiling in the future. This study provides evidence that trace amounts of bacterial DNA from fingerprints is quantifiable and sufficient for microbiome analysis.
Evaluating the Potential for Unintentional Occupational Exposure to Fentanyl and Fentanyl Analogues Among Medicolegal Death Investigators and Autopsy Technicians
Authors: Chiu Sophia K. , Li Jessica F. , Nolte Kurt B. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRecent increases in deaths in the United States from synthetic opioids such as fentanyl and fentanyl analogues (fentanyls) have raised concerns about possible occupational exposures to these potent agents. Medicolegal death investigators and autopsy suite staff might perform job tasks involving exposure to fentanyls. The potential for exposure to fentanyls among medicolegal death investigators and autopsy technicians at a state medical examiner's office was evaluated through review of caseload characteristics, injury and illness logs, and procedures and policies and discussions with management and employee representatives. The evaluation showed that this medical examiner's office had low potential for work‐related exposure to fentanyls; its standard operating procedures and personal protective equipment requirements should reduce the potential for occupational exposure. Medicolegal death investigation agencies can develop and implement guidance to control exposures and provide workforce education and training to reduce the potential for work‐related exposure to fentanyls.
Flaviviral disease mosquito vector surveillance in Incheon Metropolitan City and the Hwaseong area, Gyeonggi‐Do, Republic of Korea, in 2015
Authors: Bahk Young Yil , Jun Hojong , Jegal Seung , Kim‐Jeon Myung‐Deok , Roh Jong Yul , Lee Wook‐Gyo , Park Seo Hye , Ahn Seong Kyu , Lee Jinyoung , Gong Young Woo , Kwon Mun Ju , Kim Tong‐Soo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOwing to global climate change, the global resurgence of vector‐borne infectious diseases and their potential to inflict widespread casualties among human populations has emerged as a pivotal burden on public health systems. In this study, the prevalence of flaviviral diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, and their target vector diversity, abundance, and distribution was investigated to enable the mapping of hotspots for these diseases. For the surveillance of the vector mosquitoes carrying flaviviruses during April to November 2015, female mosquitoes were collected to study whether they carried pathogens from abroad at seven locations in Incheon Metropolitan City (Incheon) as a typical urban area and Hwaseong‐si (= city, Hwaseong) of Gyeonggi‐do (= province) as a rural area. A total of 15 species belonging to seven genera (29,102 female mosquitoes) were collected with black‐light and BG‐Sentinel™ traps at a collection rate of 260 per trap/night from whole collection locations. The most collected mosquito species in Incheon were Aedes vexans nipponii (species ratio (SR), 29.9%) and the Culex pipiens complex (SR, 28.8%), followed by Anopheles sinensis s.l. (SR, 27.9%) and Ochlerotatus koreicus (SR, 7.1%). From the results of viral RNA detection, five flaviviruses were found in 20,981 individuals (excluding An. sinensis; 696 pools) in the Cx. pipiens complex and Ae. vexans nipponii. Three Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)‐positive pools were from the Cx. pipiens complex, a Chaoyang virus pool was found from Ae. vexans nipponii, and the remaining unidentified flavivirus pool was from Cx. pipiens. The three JEV‐positive pools were phylogenetically grouped as genotype V. The results of our study demonstrate that enhanced monitoring and long‐term surveillance of these vector viruses are of great public health importance.
Authentication of honeys from Caramulo region (Portugal): Pollen spectrum, physicochemical characteristics, mineral content, and phenolic profile
Authors: Silva Luís R. , Gonçalves Ana C. , Nunes Ana R. , Alves Gilberto 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to analyze the botanical origin, quality parameters, phenolic compounds, and minerals of 20 honey samples from Caramulo region (Portugal). Six samples were monofloral from Eucalyptus sp., being this one the predominant pollen in the analyzed samples, followed by Castanea sativa. The average values obtained for the physicochemical parameters were as follows: 4.7 pH; 16.8% moisture; 81.4 Brix; 0.3% ash; 512.8 µS/cm electrical conductivity; 22.6 meq/kg free acidity; 12.4 meq/kg lactonic acidity; 35.1 meq/kg total acidity; 2.1 mg/kg hydroxymethylfurfural; and 16.3 °Gothe for diastase activities. A total of 18 phenolics were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector. Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and protocatechuic acid were the major ones. Nine minerals were detected by atomic absorption spectrometry; potassium and phosphorus were the predominant mineral elements. This is the first study about honeys from Caramulo region, which revealed to have a good quality and be a rich source of essential minerals and phenolics.Practical ApplicationThe interest in the analysis of honey has increased significantly in recent years, concerning its characterization, safety implications, and health impact. Given these facts, the authentication of honeys, based on the geographical and botanical origins, has been assuming great importance, being mainly associated with high‐quality honeys. Therefore, we decided to analyze physicochemical parameters, phenolic composition, and mineral content of 20 Caramulo honey samples. Our results indicate that Caramulo honeys possess high‐quality levels, good freshness, maturity, and proper processing, and are also rich in several bioactive substances with health‐promoting properties, including phenolic compounds, potassium, and phosphorus.
The impact of food processing on the phenolic content in products made from juneberry (Amelanchier lamarckii) fruits
Authors: Mikulic‐Petkovsek Maja , Koron Darinka , Rusjan Denis 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds were analyzed in the fruits of juneberry (Amelanchier lamarckii). Different food products were made from fresh juneberry fruits: jam, liqueur, juice, and tea. A detailed analysis of the phenolic component was performed using high‐pressure liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and the content of phenolics in different products was compared with the control treatment (fresh fruits extracted with 70% methanol: 27% water: 3% formic acid; v/v/v). Four sugars and six organic acids were determined in the fruits. The main sugars were glucose (61 g/kg fresh weight [FW]) and fructose (64 g/kg FW) and the acids: malic (5.85 g/kg FW) and citric acid (2.6 g/kg) were abundant. Hydroxycinnamic acids, anthocyanins, and flavonol glycosides were the major phenolic groups in juneberry fruits. Fruit processing significantly affected the content of phenolic compounds in the different fruit products. Liqueur had 17% higher phenolic acid contents than the control treatment (fresh fruits extracted with a solution of 70% MeOH/27% H2O/3% formic acid) and jam had 14% higher content than the control, calculated on the dry mass of fruit. Juneberry juice had the highest content of total analyzed phenolics (298 mg/100 mL), followed by liqueur (108 mg/100 mL) and tea (8 mg/100 mL). Fruits of juneberry are rich in bioactive compounds and a useful source for the food industry for making various health snacks, jellies, marmalades, alcoholic drinks, juices, and so on.Practical ApplicationJuneberry is becoming a desirable organically grown fruit species with many views as new functional food. The content of phenolic compounds has been measured in different food products made from juneberries. The results could be useful for food and nutraceutical industry.
Shaping the Fate of Life on Earth: The Post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework
Authors: Erdelen Walter R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLoss of biological diversity continues at alarming rates, despite valiant UN efforts aided by the international community. The 2010 Target for biodiversity has been missed. The Aichi Targets, adopted in 2010, may also not be met by their timeline of 2020. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its partners are now preparing a post‐2020 global framework for biodiversity, to be adopted in October 2020, at its 15th Conference of the Parties. The initiative presented here is meant to provoke further thought on how to accelerate efforts toward stopping biodiversity loss. Ten proposals are briefly introduced and discussed, with emphasis on three priority fast track initiatives: (1) the creation of as extensive as possible a worldwide protected area network; (2) a complete halt to deforestation and the restoration of forest ecosystems; and (3) a massive reduction in or (ideally) a halt to further environmental pollution. Following a discussion of approaches at national, regional and global levels, the proposals are related to a generic scenario comprising the biodiversity‐related institutional landscape and its governance systems and trends in biodiversity and its global distribution resulting from the interplay between human impacts, conservation efforts and uncertainties about the future course of evolution.
Neural Substrates Underlying Eyeblink Classical Conditioning in Adults With Alcohol Use Disorders
Authors: Cheng Dominic T. , Rice Laura C. , McCaul Mary E. , Rilee Jessica J. , Faulkner Monica L. , Sheu Yi‐Shin , Mathena Joanna R. , Desmond John E. 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundExcessive alcohol consumption produces changes in the brain that often lead to cognitive impairments. One fundamental form of learning, eyeblink classical conditioning (EBC), has been widely used to study the neurobiology of learning and memory. Participants with alcohol use disorders (AUD) have consistently shown a behavioral deficit in EBC. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study is the first to examine brain function during conditioning in abstinent AUD participants and healthy participants.MethodsAUD participants met DSM‐IV criteria for alcohol dependence, had at least a 10‐year history of heavy drinking, and were abstinent from alcohol for at least 30 days. During fMRI, participants received auditory tones that predicted the occurrence of corneal airpuffs. Anticipatory eyeblink responses to these tones were monitored during the experiment to assess learning‐related changes.ResultsBehavioral results indicate that AUD participants showed significant conditioning deficits and that their history of lifetime drinks corresponded to these deficits. Despite this learning impairment, AUD participants showed hyperactivation in several key cerebellar structures (including lobule VI) during conditioning. For all participants, history of lifetime drinks corresponded with their lobule VI activity.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that excessive alcohol consumption is associated with abnormal cerebellar hyperactivation and conditioning impairments.