bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of O‐1602 and CBD on TNBS‐induced colonic disturbances
Authors: Wei DanDan , Wang HuiChao , Yang JingNan , Dai ZhiFeng , Yang RuiLin , Meng ShuangShuang , Li YongYu , Lin XuHong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundThis study attempted to provide the effects and mechanisms of two cannabinoids, O‐1602 and cannabidiol (CBD), on colonic motility of 2,4,6‐trinitro‐benzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) colitis.MethodsTNBS was used to induce the model of motility disorder. G protein‐coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) expression was detected using real‐time PCR and immunohistochemistry in colon. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines and myeloperoxidase were also measured. The colonic motility was measured by upper GI transit in vivo and recorded using electrical stimulation organ bath technique in vitro. Freshly isolated smooth muscle from the rat colon were applied to determine the membrane potential and Ca2+‐ATPase activity, respectively.Key ResultsCBD or O‐1602 separately improved inflammatory conditions significantly in TNBS‐induced colitis rats. However, sole CBD pretreatment reduced GPR55 expression, which was up‐regulated in TNBS colitis. O‐1602 and CBD each lowered MPO and IL‐6 levels remarkably in TNBS colitis, while TNF‐α levels experienced no change. CBD rescued the downward colonic motility in TNBS colitis in vivo; however, it decreased the upward contraction of the smooth muscle strip under electrical stimulation in vitro. Pretreatment with CBD prevented against TNBS‐induced changes of Ca2+‐ATPase activity of smooth muscle cells. However, membrane potential of the smooth muscle cells decreased by TNBS experienced no change after O‐1602 or CBD import.Conclusions & InferencesThe present study suggested that CBD participated in the regulation of colonic motility in rats, and the mechanisms may be involved in the regulation of inlammatory factors and Ca2+‐ATPase activity through GPR55.
A three‐dimensional analysis of primary failure of eruption in humans and mice
Authors: Tokavanich Nicha , Gupta Aditi , Nagata Mizuki , Takahashi Akira , Matsushita Yuki , Yatabe Marilia , Ruellas Antonio , Cevidanes Lucia , Maki Koutaro , Yamaguchi Tetsutaro , Ono Noriaki , Ono Wanida 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesPrimary failure of eruption (PFE) is a genetic disorder exhibiting the cessation of tooth eruption. Loss‐of‐function mutations in parathyroid hormone (PTH)/parathyroid hormone‐related peptide (PTHrP) receptor (PTH/PTHrP receptor, PPR) were reported as the underlying cause of this disorder in humans. We showed in a PFE mouse model that PTHrP‐PPR signaling is responsible for normal dental follicle cell differentiation and tooth eruption. However, the mechanism underlying the eruption defect in PFE remains undefined. In this descriptive study, we aim to chronologically observe tooth eruption and root formation of mouse PFE molars through 3D microCT analyses.Setting and Sample PopulationTwo individuals with PFE were recruited at Showa University. A mouse PFE model was generated by deleting PPR specifically in PTHrP‐expressing dental follicle and divided into three groups, PPRfl/fl;R26RtdTomato/+(Control), PTHrP‐creER;PPRfl/+;R26RtdTomato/+(cHet), and PTHrP‐creER;PRRfl/fl;R26RtdTomato/+(cKO).Materials and MethodsImages from human PFE subjects were acquired by CBCT. All groups of mouse samples were studied at postnatal days 14, 25, 91, and 182 after a tamoxifen pulse at P3, and superimposition of 3D microCT images among three groups was rendered.ResultsMouse and human PFE molars exhibited a similar presentation in the 3D CT analyses. The quantitative analysis in mice demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in the eruption height of cKO first and second molars compared to other groups after postnatal day 25. Additionally, cKO molars demonstrated significantly shortened roots with dilacerations associated with the reduced interradicular bone height.ConclusionsMouse PFE molars erupt at a much slower rate compared to normal molars, associated with shortened and dilacerated roots and defective interradicular bones.
Paraphoma root rot of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Cao S. , Liang Q. W. , Nzabanita C. , Li Y. Z. 
Published: December 2019

Root rot symptoms were observed in fields of alfalfa in Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia, China in 2016. Disease incidences of seven alfalfa varieties planted in 2014 ranged from 56% to 95%, while incidence of Gongnong No. 1 planted in 2016 was 8%, 31% and 76% in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Paraphoma isolates were consistently recovered from black necrotic root tissues of diseased plants with a frequency of 77.1%. Based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation factor 1‐α (EF1‐α) and β‐tubulin (TUB), this fungus was identified as Paraphoma radicina. Glasshouse pathogenicity experiments showed that P. radicina significantly reduced above‐ and below‐ground biomass of alfalfa plants 2 months after inoculation. Paraphoma radicina infected 70% of the plants inoculated with a root dip in conidia, and these symptoms were consistent with the symptoms in the field. Paraphoma radicina was successfully reisolated from disease roots of the inoculated alfalfa plants. This is the first report of P. radicina as the causal agent of alfalfa root rot in China.
The Law: “Witch Hunts” and the Rule of Law: Trump, the Special Counsel, and the Department of Justice
Authors: Harriger Katy J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article summarizes the previous behavior of presidents subjected to independent counsel investigations, and compares President Donald Trump's behavior to theirs. It concludes that while Trump's behavior is part of a larger pattern of presidential use of various executive prerogatives to try to counteract independent counsels, it departs from that pattern in several distinct ways. I conclude that several developments in the broader political environment over the last several decades have contributed to his distinctive behavior, including the highly fragmented media market, the degree of partisan polarization in the electorate, the conservative populist distrust of federal law enforcement, and the mainstreaming of the unitary executive theory in the courts and executive branch.
Nail StrainStress Meter NM 100: A novel in vivo method to characterize biomechanical properties of nails
Authors: Perugini Paola , Sacchi Stefano , Musitelli Giorgio 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundNowadays, nail care products are extremely important both in medical and cosmetic fields. Actually, there are only a very few “in vivo” methods to evaluate the safety and the efficacy of nail products.MethodsThe new apparatus, based on a recently patented technology, is developed for the “in vivo” evaluation of nails in terms of thickness, structural firmness, flattening, and bending properties. The device analyzes nails by an “in vivo” non‐invasive methodology in a timely way and with high accuracy. The assessment of the resistance to compression measures the cohesion of the nail matrix (nail firmness), while the evaluation of the resistance to transversal deformation detects the elasticity of the nail plate. Furthermore, the apparatus is able to assess the nail thickness and the flexibility of their distal edge.ResultsThe instrument provides nail thickness and several parameters reflecting mechanical properties of nail plate: Viscoelasticity expressed as viscoelasticity index (VI), structural strength/ firmness expressed as Firmness Index (FI), and viscoelasticity of the distal edge expressed as Bending Index (BI).ConclusionsThe instruments described in this work represent an innovative apparatus for the safety and efficacy evaluation of nail products in several fields: cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and medical devices.
Molecular phylogeny of the family Coccidae (Hemiptera, Coccomorpha), with a discussion of their waxy ovisacs
Authors: Choi Jinyeong , Lee Seunghwan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCoccidae is one of the major families of scale insects, with many species considered to be serious agricultural or horticultural pests. However, the phylogenetic relationships among coccid subfamilies, tribes and genera are poorly understood because existing hypotheses are based on morphological characters and cladistic analyses. Here, we present the first molecular phylogeny of the family Coccidae based on DNA fragments of a mitochondrial gene (COI), nuclear ribosomal RNA genes (18S and 28S), and elongation factor‐1α (EF‐1α). We found that some genera (Coccus Linnaeus and Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti), tribes (Coccini, Paralecaniini, Pulvinariini and Saissetiini) and subfamilies (Coccinae and Filippiinae) within the family are nonmonophyletic. Formation of a waxy ovisac and the distribution and structures of ventral tubular ducts have been used to define the tribe Pulvinariini morphologically; however, these were found to be homoplastic traits based on ancestral state reconstruction. Accordingly, we propose a new classification of certain groups as follows: (i) the Paralecaniini is raised to subfamily rank, Paralecaniinae stat.n., except that Neosaissetia Tao, Wong & Chang is retained as a member of Coccinae; (ii) Megapulvinaria Yang and Pulvinarisca Borchsenius are transferred from Coccinae to Pulvinariscinae stat.n.; and (iii) Metaceronema Takahashi is transferred from Filippiinae to Pulvinariscinae stat.n. We provide amended diagnoses for the newly proposed subfamilies.
Local Dynamic Stability of Self-Paced Treadmill Walking Versus Fixed-Speed Treadmill Walking
Authors: Qian Yuyang , Yang Kaiming , Zhu Yu , Wang Wei , Wan Chenhui 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of gait stability induced by treadmill accelerations during self-paced treadmill walking (SPW). Local dynamic stability of three-dimensional (3D) upper body accelerations and hip angles were quantified. The results demonstrated that SPW was more unstable and had higher risk of falling than fixed-speed treadmill walking (FSW) under the impact of treadmill accelerations. The frequency domain analysis of treadmill speed indicated that intrastride treadmill speed variation was the dominating cause of the instability, and self-paced control strategies which can reduce the intrastride variation may achieve higher gait stability during SPW.
Robustness Metric for Robust Design Optimization Under Time- and Space-Dependent Uncertainty Through Metamodeling
Authors: Wei Xinpeng , Du Xiaoping 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Product performance varies with respect to time and space in many engineering applications. This paper discusses how to measure and evaluate the robustness of a product or component when its quality characteristics (QCs) are functions of random variables, random fields, temporal variables, and spatial variables. At first, the existing time-dependent robustness metric is extended to the present time- and space-dependent problem. The robustness metric is derived using the extreme value of the quality characteristics with respect to temporal and spatial variables for the nominal-the-better type quality characteristics. Then, a metamodel-based numerical procedure is developed to evaluate the new robustness metric. The procedure employs a Gaussian Process regression method to estimate the expected quality loss that involves the extreme quality characteristics. The expected quality loss is obtained directly during the regression model building process. Four examples are used to demonstrate the robustness analysis method. The proposed method can be used for robustness analysis during robust design optimization (RDO) under time- and space-dependent uncertainty.
Aerosol Dynamics Modeling With Chemkin-Pro Surface-Kinetics User-Routines
Authors: Hubbard Joshua A. , Omana Michael A. , Cheng Meng-Dawn 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Chemkin-Pro Application Programming Interface (API) was used to implement surface-kinetics user-routines to expand current aerosol dynamics models. Phase change mechanisms were expanded to include homogeneous nucleation in supersaturated environments, and particle size-dependent vapor condensation and evaporation. Homogeneous nucleation of water droplets was modeled with classical nucleation theory (CNT) and a modified form of nucleation theory published by Dillmann, A., and Meier, G. E. A. (1991, “A Refined Droplet Approach to the Problem of Homogeneous Nucleation From the Vapor-Phase,” J. Chem. Phys., 94(5), pp. 3872–3884). The Chemkin-Pro homogeneous nucleation module, developed in this work, was validated against published data for nucleation fluxes at varying pressures, temperatures, and vapor concentrations. A newly released feature in Chemkin-Pro enabled particle size-dependent surface reaction rates. A Chemkin-Pro vapor condensation and evaporation module was written and verified with the formulation published in Hinds, W. C. (1999, Aerosol Technology: Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particles, Wiley, New York). Lastly, Chemkin-Pro results for coagulation in the transition regime were verified with the semi-implicit method developed by Jacobson, M. Z. (1999, Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY). Good performance was observed for all three Chemkin-Pro modules. This work illustrates the utility of the Chemkin-Pro API, and the flexibility with which models can be developed using surface-kinetics user-routines. This paper illustrates that Chemkin-Pro can be developed to include more physically representative aerosol dynamics processes where rates are defined based on physical and chemical parameters rather than Arrhenius rates. The methods and modules developed in this work can be applied to industrial problems like material synthesis (e.g., powder production), processes involving phase change like heat exchangers, as well as more fundamental scientific processes like cloud physics.
Development of a Structural Health Monitoring Methodology in Reinforced Concrete Structures Using FBGs and Pattern Recognition Techniques
Authors: Amaya Alejandra , Alvarez-Montoya Joham , Sierra-Pérez Julián 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a branch of structural engineering which seeks for the development of monitoring systems that provide relevant information of any alteration that may occur in an engineering structure. This work presents the implementation of an SHM methodology in a prototype structure made of reinforced concrete by using fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs), a type of fiber optic sensor capable of measuring strain and temperature changes due to external stimuli. The SHM system includes an interrogation device and signal processing algorithms which are intended to study the physical variations on the FBGs measurements in order to detect anomalies in the structure promoted by a damage occurrence. The structure prototype is a porticoed structure which contains 48 embedded sensors: 32 of them are destinated for the strain measurement and are located in both columns and beams of the structure, 16 are temperature sensors which have been embedded for thermal compensation. Strain datasets for both pristine and damaged conditions were obtained for the structure while it was excited with a mechanical shaker which induced dynamic loading conditions resembling earthquakes. By using classification algorithms based on pattern recognition, it is intended to process the datasets with the aim of reaching the first level of SHM in the structure (damage detection).
Photo-Triggered Soft Materials With Differentiated Diffusive Pathways
Authors: Makhoul-Mansour Michelle M. , Freeman Eric C. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Controlled diffusive transport between regions within a compartmentalized structure is an essential feature of cellular-inspired materials. Using the droplet interface bilayer (DIB) technique, biomolecular soft materials can be constructed in an oil medium by connecting multiple lipid-coated microdroplets together through interfacial bilayers. While traditionally achieved through the incorporation of pore forming toxins (PFTs), signal propagation within DIB assemblies can be remotely controlled through the integration of photopolymerizable phospholipids (23:2 DiynePC) into the aqueous phase. Since such strategy allows for the formation of UV-C triggered pathways only between droplets both containing DiynePC, polymerizable phospholipids have shown an advantage of reducing undesired diffusion and forming conductive pathways.
The partial polymerization of lipid bilayers formed through the DIB platform is still to this date underexplored in the literature. In a previous work, we have shown that the incorporation of 23:2 DiynePC into lipid bilayers allows for the creation of patterned conductive pathways in a 2D DIB structure. The properties of photosensitive bilayers were also investigated but not their channel activity. The functionalization of bilayers-based photosensitive structures through transmembrane channels remains an under-investigated mean of achieving further differentiated conductive channels. This work explores the reconstitution of several transmembrane channels such as alpha-hemolysin (αHL) and alamethicin (ALM) into partially polymerized lipid bilayers. We believe that the ability to incorporate transmembrane channels into photosensitive DIB soft structures allows for further differentiation of signal propagation pathways by including both edge-defect induced pores as well as more traditional and bio-derived transporters.
Implementation and Investigation of a Compact, Powerful System for Diagnosis and Control of Shape Memory Alloys in Technical Applications
Authors: Kaiser Max , Neblung Nils , Gurka Martin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this paper we present the development, implementation and testing of a compact system for diagnosis and control of actuators based on metallic shape memory alloys (SMA). Using NiTi-SMA, very compact, cost-effective and lightweight actuation systems can be realized. In applications where the SMA is activated by internal Joule heating or its condition is diagnosed by the self-sensing of its electrical resistance, an electrical system capable of reliably measuring very small resistance changes (&lt; 1 ohm) without affecting the phase-state of the SMA is required. In addition, the system must offer the possibility to evaluate the nonlinear, hysteresis-afflicted behavior of the SMA and to handle this difficulty, e.g. utilizing a model-based control. This paper presents a simple compact and adaptive system based on a microcontroller that meets these requirements. Detailed functional tests were carried out with the system to establish a correlation between the change in electrical resistance in the range &lt; 200 mOhm and the current strain state of the actuator. For this purpose, a first series of tests was performed, with the SMA wires working against a constant load. In a second tests series, the SMA wires worked against springs of different stiffness. The use of a microcontroller enables simple implementation of different control strategies. The control system for the non-linear resistance change utilizes a fuzzy logic which divides the control algorithm into three regimes. In the regime of the martensitic phase transformation a PI-controller is used. The state of actuators with an absolute electrical resistance &lt; 1 Ohm and a resistance change &lt; 200 mohm associated with the phase transformation can be precisely measured and controlled with an accuracy &lt; 10 mohm. The system can be configured with little effort for different tasks and shape memory systems of different sizes. Furthermore, it is possible to implement more complex control algorithms up to model-based controllers.
Multifunctional Structures for Attitude Control
Authors: Vedant  , Allison James T. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Engineering Systems Design Lab (ESDL) at the University of Illinois introduced Strain-Actuated Solar Arrays (SASAs) as a solution for precise satellite Attitude Control System (ACSs). SASA is designed to provide active mechanical vibration (jitter) cancellation, as well as small slew maneuver capabilities to hold a pose for short time periods. Current SASA implementations utilize piezoelectric distributed actuators to strain deployable structures, and the resulting momentum transfer rotates the spacecraft bus. A core disadvantage, however, is small strain and slew capability. Initial SASA systems could help improve pointing accuracy, but must be coupled with another ACS technology to produce large reorientations. A novel extension of the original SASA system is presented here that overcomes the small-displacement limitation, enabling use of SASA as a sole ACS for some missions, or in conjunction with other ACSs. This extension, known as Multifunctional Structures for Attitude Control (MSAC), can produce arbitrarily-large rotations, and has the potential to scale to large spacecraft. The system utilizes existing flexible deployable structures (such as solar arrays or radiators) as multifunctional devices. This multi-role use of solar panels extends their utility at a low mass penalty, while increasing reliability of the spacecraft ACS.
Nonreciprocal Wave Transmission in Metastable Modular Metastructures Utilizing Asymmetric Dual-Threshold Snap-Through
Authors: Liu Xiang , Cai Guoping , Wang K. W. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this research, the nonreciprocal wave transmission features in one-dimensional and two-dimensional metastable modular metastructures are studied. Unlike previous work, in which the nonreciprocal transmission in metastable metastructures is realized by utilizing the supratransmission phenomenon when the excitation frequency is inside the linearized bandgap, a new approach is explored to achieve nonreciprocal wave transmission exploiting metastability and asymmetric dual-threshold snap-through. It is found that because of the asymmetry of potential energy wells of the equilibria, there will be two excitation amplitude thresholds for a metastable component when it is initially at the high-potential-energy equilibrium with excitation frequency within the passband. When the excitation amplitude increases and exceeds the first threshold, the metastable component will snap to the low-potential-energy equilibrium and maintain intrawell motion around this stable point, which will cause a significant decrease of the wave transmission. And when the excitation amplitude exceeds the second threshold, the metastable component will start to perform interwell motion, and now the wave transmission will increase suddenly. By using this “dual-threshold” phenomenon, nonreciprocal wave transmission in a one-dimensional structure is realized by connecting a metastable chain with a linear periodic part. Because of the wave attenuation effect of the linear part of the system, the excitation amplitude thresholds on different sides of the one-dimensional structure will be discrepant. Therefore, nonreciprocal wave transmission can be developed when the excitation amplitude is within certain ranges. It is interesting to note that the direction of nonreciprocal wave transmission can be changed by setting the excitation amplitude to different values. By changing the configuration of the metastable chain, the operation frequency and excitation amplitude ranges of the nonreciprocal transmission can be tuned. For a two-dimensional metastable metastructure, nonreciprocal wave transmission can be realized by adjusting the parameters of some metastable modules in the metastructure in the manner that the potential energy and energy thresholds of the adjusted modules and the unadjusted modules are different, but the passbands of the adjusted modules and the unadjusted modules will overlap in some frequency regions. Numerical studies provide clear insight of the proposed nonreciprocal wave transmission approach.