bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermoset and thermoplastic polymer composites reinforced with flax fiber: Properties and application—A review
Authors: Islam Shahidul , Hasan Md. Byzed , Karim Fahmida‐E‐ , Kodrić Marija , Islam Md. Redwanul , Khatun Mst. Mohini , Motaleb K. Z. M. Abdul 
Published: December 2024

AbstractFlax fibers are a viable material for creating sustainable composites since they have mechanical qualities similar to those of synthetic fibers. Because of their unique hydrophilicity and strong mechanical properties, flax fibers should be taken into specific attention while creating composite materials. Vegetable fibers like flax are highly versatile and are frequently utilized in structural composites. Additionally, flax has shown potential in a variety of other uses, including as shipping, automotive, aerospace, and construction. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the state of advancement in flax fiber reinforcement composite research. The most important research on thermoset and thermoplastic composites reinforced with flax fiber is compiled and analyzed in this article. This article also summarizes the main properties of flax fibers, discusses chemically enhancing their qualities, explains the process of making and analyzing flax fiber composites, and identifies areas that require more research. The article concludes with a few critical ideas and future directions that emphasize the challenges that need to be handled in more in‐depth research and probable composites industrialization.Highlights
Flax fibers: Structure, composition, and extraction techniques explored.
Polymer matrices in flax fiber composites: Types and processing methods.
Mechanical properties of thermoset and thermoplastic flax fiber reinforced composites.
Applications of flax fiber composites in automotive, construction, and aerospace.
Future potential of flax fiber and hybrid composites in advanced materials.
MuGger Toxins: Exploring the Selective Binding Mechanism of Clostridial Glucosyltransferase Toxin B and Host GTPases
Authors: Camli Damla Nur , Iscil Haci Aslan Onur , Acuner Saliha Ece 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACT(a) Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) bacterium can cause severe diarrhea and its over‐colonization in the host's intestinal tract lead to the development of pseudomembranous colitis, generally due to antibiotic usage. The primary exotoxins involved are toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), the latter being more pathogenic. TcdB has glucosyltransferase activity and mediates monoglycosylation by targeting host cell enzymes (mainly Rho and Ras family of GTPases) with differential selectivity. Here, we aim to provide structural and dynamic insights into how TcdB impacts the host's intestinal epithelial cells focusing on the glycosylation mechanism of Rho GTPases, Cdc42, and Rac1, at the molecular level. To this aim, we modeled the unknown TcdB‐host protein complex structures, based on the available experimental structures of TcdB, through protein–protein docking. Then, we elaborated on TcdB‐Rho GTPase models as TcdB is known to selectively interact with GDP‐bound inactive states of Rho GTPases, over the GTP‐bound active ones, but the mechanism is unclear. Through a total of 6 μs‐long molecular dynamics simulation of TcdB and GTP/GDP‐bound Rac1 and Cdc42 complexes, TcdB's selective binding mechanism was revealed for Rac1. TcdB‐Rac1 complexes were further analyzed with enhanced sampling techniques such as well‐tempered metadynamics simulations and umbrella sampling to reveal selective binding mechanism between TcdB and GDP‐bound Rac1. Our results show that TcdB selectively binds to GDP‐bound Rac1, over the GTP‐bound one, driven by its affinity for the Mg2+ ion. A destabilized Mg2+ ion incapable of coordinating GDP disrupts Rac1's GTPase function, shedding light on the molecular basis of TcdB's pathogenic effects.
Adaptive Fixed‐Time Non‐Smooth Stabilization of Switched Systems With Output Constraints
Authors: Huang Jingxin , Cheng Jiani , Lin Xiangze , Park Ju H. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the adaptive non‐smooth fixed‐time state feedback stabilization problem of output‐constrained switched systems are investigated. In order to well deal with the output constrains and uncertain parameters, a common barrier Lyapunov function which includes a tangent‐type term of the system state and a quadratic term of the uncertain parameter estimation error is constructed. Adaptive fixed‐time state feedback controllers and parameter update laws are designed by virtue of adding a power integrator technique with some mild assumption imposed on the subsystem's nonlinear terms. Simulation results of a numerical example and a two‐tank liquid‐level system presented in this paper explicitly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in this paper. Subsystems powers considered in this article only need to be greater than zero, regardless of odd or even numbers, which make the structure of switched systems more general. The proposed method provides us to perform the design of the adaptive fixed‐time stabilizers for switched systems with/without output constraints simultaneously with the same controller structure, which means it has a unified nature.
Second‐Shell Coordination Environment Modulation for MnN4 Active Sites by Oxygen Doping to Boost Oxygen Reduction Performance
Authors: Lin Xuanni , Liu Dong , Shi Lei , Liu Feng , Ye Fenghui , Cheng Ruyi , Dai Liming 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAs a category of transition metal−nitrogen−carbon (M−N−C) catalysts, Mn‐based single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are considered as promising non‐precious metal catalysts for stable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) due to their Fenton‐inactive character (versus Fe) and more abundant earth reserves (versus Ni, Co). However, their ORR activity is unsatisfactory. Besides, the structure‐activity relationship via tuning the coordination environment of the second coordination shell for transition metal single sites is still elusive. Here, a Mn SAC with O doping in the second‐shell of atomically dispersed Mn centers (MnSAC‐O/C) as highly efficient and stable ORR catalyst is developed. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy combined with theoretical calculations verifies the O doping in the second‐shell of Mn center, and reveals the distortion of local environment of Mn center in the MnSAC‐O/C. The MnSAC‐O/C exhibits high ORR performance with a half‐wave potential of 0.898 V, superior to MnSAC‐C, commercial Pt/C and most reported non‐noble metal‐based SACs. More importantly, MnSAC‐O/C based zinc‐air batteries (ZABs) deliver outstanding durability with stable operation exceeding 930 h. Theoretical calculations confirm that O doping breaks the symmetry of charge distribution of MnN4 active center and facilitates OH* desorption, thus attributing to the promoted ORR activity.
Metaphors as Windows into Academic Vocabulary Learning
Authors: Chung Edsoulla , Newton Jonathan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAlthough teachers have access to a great deal of scholarship on teaching academic vocabulary (AV), much less is known about the experiences and perceptions of English language learners regarding AV. To address this gap, we used an online metaphor elicitation survey and follow‐up interviews to collect data from 432 undergraduates at a Hong Kong university on their experience of learning AV. For this paper, we focus on the 199 students whose metaphors related to difficulties or challenges. A thematic analysis of this data showed that about two‐thirds of this subgroup perceived AV to be inherently difficult, while for the other third, the challenge primarily concerned their negative perceptions of their experience or abilities. We conclude by arguing for the value of understanding learner perspectives and proposing specific teaching strategies for addressing each of the perceived challenges.
Dynamics of variable thermal conductivity and multiple slip conditions in a Carreau hybrid nanofluid flow past a stretching sheet
Authors: Sharma Ram Prakash , Badak Kirnu , Khan Umair , Ishak Anuar , Sherif El‐Sayed M. , Wróblewski Piotr 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe influence of thermal radiation, multiple slip boundary conditions, and binary chemical reaction on the three‐dimensional circulation of unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) natural convection Carreau hybrid nanofluid () across a stretching sheet comprised of heat source/sink (H‐SS) and variable thermal conductivity are investigated. Runge‐Kutta‐Fehlberg 4th‐5th order (RKF‐45), in conjunction with the shooting approach, is utilized for numerical computation. Computed solutions indicate that the volume fraction of silicon dioxide and velocity slip parameters tends to retard the velocity profile. It is inferred from the graphs that temperature profile upsurges with enhancing the magnitude of thermal Grashof number, H‐SS parameter, mass Grashof number, variable conductivity parameter, and radiative parameter, whereas converse effects for thermal slip parameter. The chemical reaction parameter and solutal slip constraint tend to decrease the concentration profile. Furthermore, the heat transfer phenomenon uplifts with the consideration of radiative effects, while the mass transfer rate diminishes with enhancing the magnitude of magnetic parameters and activation energy.
§ 6 Das Unternehmen gehört sich selbst – die Gesellschaft mit gebundenem Vermögen
Authors: Harke Jan Dirk 
Published: December 2024

ZusammenfassungAuf Initiative der Stiftung „Verantwortungseigentum“ legte eine Arbeitsgruppe von Wissenschaftlern im Jahr 2020 den ersten Entwurf für eine Ergänzung des Gesetzes betreffend die Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung vor. Sie enthielt Bestimmungen für eine Variante dieser Rechtsform, die zunächst nach dem Namen der Stiftung „GmbH in Verantwortungseigentum“ heißen sollte. Mit ihr wollte die Arbeitsgruppe den passenden Rahmen für die Tätigkeit von Unternehmern schaffen, denen es statt um die Maximierung des eigenen Profits allein um den Erhalt eines leistungsfähigen Unternehmens geht. Diese dem Credo der Nachhaltigkeit folgende Zielsetzung verleiht der Arbeit der Gesellschafter aus Sicht der Arbeitsgruppe einen treuhänderischen Charakter: Sie wollten das Unternehmen nicht im eigenen finanziellen Interesse, sondern für die Mitarbeiter und die kommenden Unternehmergenerationen führen. Einen gesetzlichen Ausdruck sollte dies darin finden, dass den Gesellschaftern ungeachtet ihrer Leitungsmacht der Zugriff auf das Gesellschaftsvermögen und den Unternehmensgewinn versagt bleibt. Umsetzbar ist ein solches Konzept schon nach geltendem Recht, wenn man sich des Instituts der Stiftung bedient. Dieser Weg erschien den Mitgliedern der Arbeitsgruppe aber deshalb schwergängig, weil Stiftungen nicht auf eine Unternehmensträgerschaft angelegt und in ihrer Leitung weniger flexibel als eine GmbH seien. Wo sie doch als Unternehmensträger eingesetzt werden, seien die Konstruktionen zu schwierig und ihre Errichtung zu kostenintensiv, als dass sie sich für mittelständische Unternehmen oder gar für start ups eigneten.
§ 7 Die Natur als Eigentümerin – Anthropozäne Eigentumsordnung und konviviales Nachhaltigkeitsprinzip
Authors: Kersten Jens 
Published: December 2024

ZusammenfassungIm Anthropozän sind die Menschen – genauer: die Menschen des Globalen Nordens – selbst zu einer Naturgewalt geworden. Das exponentielle Artensterben, die dynamische Klimakatastrophe und die globale Vermüllung sind der sichtbarste Ausdruck dieser anthropozänen Entwicklung. Für die besondere Dynamik dieser Entwicklung ist vor allem auch die Eigentumsordnung der Gesellschaften des Globalen Nordens verantwortlich. Die Unterwerfung der Natur kommt in dem eigentumsrechtlichen Grundsatz „Natur hat man zu haben“ zum Ausdruck. Deshalb ist es an der Zeit, eine anthropozäne Eigentumsordnung zu entwickeln, in der die Natur eine Eigentümerin ist.
The Effects of Thermomagnetic Treatment on the Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Fe–O and Fe-Co–O Pressed Compacts
Authors: Lileev A. S. , Kargin J. , Konyukhov Y. V. , Zhukov D. G. , Cornejo H. Sanchez , Seo Ji Won , Holmes S. N. , Aguiar J. Albino , Barnes C. H. W. , De Los Santos Valladares L. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe influence of thermal and thermomagnetic treatment on the magnetic properties of iron—cobalt oxides compacts fabricated by powder metallurgy is studied. The influence of magnetic pulse processing (MPP) on the formation of the phase composition and magnetic properties of nanocrystalline α-Fe (50%) + Fe2O3 (50%); α-Fe (50%) + Fe2O3 (40%) + Co3O4 (10%) and α-Fe (50%) + Fe2O3 (30%) + Co3O4 (20%) pressed powder compacts during synthesis in a high-energy mill and subsequent annealing have been investigated. According to the X-ray diffraction analysis, annealing α-Fe (50%) + Fe2O3 (50%) pressed samples at 250 ℃ in air, promotes the oxidation of α-Fe and FeO to magnetite (Fe3O4). Additional annealing of the compact in vacuum at 250 ℃ increases its remnant magnetization and magnetic anisotropy. Whereas, increasing the concentration of Co3O4 oxide has no strong effect on the coercivity and residual magnetization of the compacts. Eventually, thermomagnetic treatment of the α-Fe (50%) + Fe2O3 (30%) + Co3O4 (20%) system does not improve its magnetic properties.
Regulation of the blood-brain barrier function by peripheral cues in health and disease
Authors: Devraj Kavi , Kulkarni Onkar , Liebner Stefan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by microvascular endothelial cells which are ensembled with pericytes, astrocytes, microglia and neurons in the neurovascular unit (NVU) that is crucial for neuronal function. Given that the NVU and the BBB are highly dynamic and regulated structures, their integrity is continuously challenged by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Herein, factors from peripheral organs such as gonadal and adrenal hormones may influence vascular function also in CNS endothelial cells in a sex- and age-dependent manner. The communication between the periphery and the CNS likely takes place in specific areas of the brain among which the circumventricular organs have a central position due to their neurosensory or neurosecretory function, owing to physiologically leaky blood vessels. In acute and chronic pathological conditions like liver, kidney, pulmonary disease, toxins and metabolites are generated that reach the brain via the circulation and may directly or indirectly affect BBB functionality via the activation of the immunes system. For example, chronic kidney disease (CKD) currently affects more than 840 million people worldwide and is likely to increase along with western world comorbidities of the cardio-vascular system in continuously ageing societies. Toxins leading to the uremic syndrome, may further lead to neurological complications such as cognitive impairment and uremic encephalopathy. Here we summarize the effects of hormones, toxins and inflammatory reactions on the brain vasculature, highlighting the urgent demand for mechanistically exploring the communication between the periphery and the CNS, focusing on the BBB as a last line of defense for brain protection.
Desire and Motivation in Predictive Processing: An Ecological-Enactive Perspective
Authors: Kiverstein Julian , Miller Mark , Rietveld Erik 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe predictive processing theory refers to a family of theories that take the brain and body of an organism to implement a hierarchically organized predictive model of its environment that works in the service of prediction-error minimization. Several philosophers have wondered how belief-like states of prediction account for the conative role desire plays in motivating a person to act. A compelling response to this challenge has begun to take shape that starts from the idea that certain predictions are prioritized in the predictive processing hierarchy. We use the term “first priors” to refer to such predictions. We will argue that agents use first priors to engage in affective sense-making. What has been missing in the literature that seeks to understand desire in terms of predictive processing is a recognition of the role of affective sense-making in motivating action. We go on to describe how affective sense-making can play a role in the context-sensitive shifting assignments of precision to predictions. Precision expectations refer to estimates of the reliability of predictions of the sensory states that are the consequences of acting. Given the role of affect in modulating precision-estimation, we argue that agents will tend to experience their environment through the lens of their desires as a field of inviting affordances. We will show how PP provides a neurocomputational framework that can bridge between first-person phenomenological descriptions of what it is to be a desiring creature, and a third-person, ecological-enactive analysis of desire.
The entrepreneur’s well-being: current state of the literature and main theories
Authors: Barbosa Rodrigo Morency Arouca , Pérez-Nebra Amalia Raquel , Villajos Esther , González-Ladrón-De-Guevara Fernando 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis study aims to identify the main trends, theories, and possible future research directions on entrepreneurs’ well-being, a topic related to venture performance and exit intentions. To achieve this, we proceeded with a scoping review of the entrepreneurs’ well-being. We first identified articles that discussed the entrepreneur’s well-being and used bibliometric tools to analyze trends. Secondly, we used scientific mapping to identify distinct research clusters and qualitatively analyze the main theories used in each cluster. We identified four main theoretical models on this growing subject: (a) job-demand resource model, (b) self-efficacy model, (c) stress models, and (d) entrepreneurship models. As future research directions, we identified the need to use more theories that consider contextual variables, more studies from and about developing countries, and an expansion of studies on possible interventions to improve entrepreneurial well-being.
The Origins of Agriculture in the Bronze Age Indus Civilization
Authors: Bates Jennifer 
Published: December 2024

The Indus civilization in South Asia (c. 320 – 1500BC) was one of the most important Old World Bronze Age cultures. Located at the cross-roads of Asia, in modern Pakistan and India, it encompassed ca. one million square kilometers, making it one the largest and most ecologically, culturally, socially, and economically complex among contemporary civilisations. In this study, Jennifer Bates offers new insights into the Indus civilisation through an archaeobotanical reconstruction of its environment. Exploring the relationship between people and plants, agricultural systems, and the foods that people consumed, she demonstrates how the choices made by the ancient inhabitants were intertwined with several aspects of society, as were their responses to social and climate changes. Bates' book synthesizes the available data on genetics, archaeobotany, and archaeology. It shows how the ancient Indus serves as a case study of a civilization navigating sustainability, resilience and collapse in the face of changing circumstances by adapting its agricultural practices.
“The Anti-Woke Academy”: Dutch Far-Right Politics of Knowledge About Gender
Authors: Segers Iris B. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The Dutch parliamentary far right has been considered a relatively liberal outlier to the gender politics of the European far right, yet recent years have shown the increasing anti-gender mobilization of the party Forum voor Democratie(FvD). Based on a theoretical framework of anti-gender mobilization, the far right, and politics of knowledge, this article explores anti-gender politics as a form of alternative knowledge production through a qualitative content analysis of the FvD’s online presence. Through applying Verloo’s concept of the episteme, this article’s findings show that the FvD mobilizes against epistemic institutions by claiming they disseminate dangerous knowledge about gender, which they argue presents a fundamental threat to society, captured in conspiratorial terms like “transgender ideology” and “woke.” Simultaneously, the party promotes illiberal gender politics through the establishment of alternative epistemic institutions. This article shows how far-right actors may promote anti-gender politics by presenting themselves as “alternative intellectuals” who seek to carve out an epistemic niche alongside the mainstream.
SATISFACTION CLASSES WITH APPROXIMATE DISJUNCTIVE CORRECTNESS
Authors: ENAYAT ALI 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The seminal Krajewski–Kotlarski–Lachlan theorem (1981) states that every countable recursively saturated model of

$\mathsf {PA}$

(Peano arithmetic) carries a full satisfaction class. This result implies that the compositional theory of truth over

$\mathsf {PA}$

commonly known as

$\mathsf {CT}^{-}[\mathsf {PA}]$

is conservative over

$\mathsf {PA}$

. In contrast, Pakhomov and Enayat (2019) showed that the addition of the so-called axiom of disjunctive correctness (that asserts that a finite disjunction is true iff one of its disjuncts is true) to

$\mathsf {CT}^{-}[\mathsf {PA}]$

axiomatizes the theory of truth

$\mathsf {CT}_{0}[\mathsf {PA}]$

that was shown by Wcisło and Łełyk (2017) to be nonconservative over

$\mathsf {PA}$

. The main result of this paper (Theorem 3.12) provides a foil to the Pakhomov–Enayat theorem by constructing full satisfaction classes over arbitrary countable recursively saturated models of

$\mathsf {PA}$

that satisfy arbitrarily large approximations of disjunctive correctness. This shows that in the Pakhomov–Enayat theorem the assumption of disjunctive correctness cannot be replaced with any of its approximations.
The Interannual Variability of Antarctic Fast‐Ice Thickness in McMurdo Sound and Connections to Climate
Authors: Richter Maren Elisabeth , Leonard Greg H. , Smith Inga J. , Langhorne Pat J. , Parry Matthew 
Published: December 2024

AbstractLand‐fast sea‐ice (fast ice) in McMurdo Sound grows through heat loss to the atmosphere and through heat loss to the ocean due to the presence of supercooled water. In this paper, we present a fast‐ice thickness data set covering 1986–2022, providing a baseline of interannual variability in fast‐ice thickness. Fast ice thicknesses are related to atmospheric and oceanic drivers on monthly and seasonal timescales to provide one of the longest timeseries of drivers of interannual fast‐ice thickness variability from high‐quality, in situ observations. We select a 14 km by 20 km area of level fast‐ice over which atmospheric and oceanic drivers have negligible spatial variation, allowing us to resolve temporal variability in drivers and thickness. A statistical significance testing approach is adopted which only considers drivers that have a plausible physical mechanism to influence fast‐ice thickness. We demonstrate that the fast‐ice cover in McMurdo Sound is thicker in years when surface air temperature is colder, average (southerly) wind speed is higher, and there are fewer southerly storms. Nonetheless, we show that monthly averaged drivers have limitations and often do not produce strong correlations with thickness or fast‐ice persistence. Consequently, most of the variability in fast‐ice thickness cannot be explained by a single driver. No long‐term trend in fast‐ice thickness was found in eastern McMurdo Sound, thickness being influenced by a combination of drivers. Future event‐based analyses, relating storms to fast‐ice persistence, are needed. The present study provides a baseline against which these extreme events and long‐term trends can be assessed.