bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of cell block preparation in diagnosis of paediatric abdominal neoplasms
Authors: Kanjilal Banhisikha , Das Ram Narayan , Chatterjee Uttara , Sengupta Moumita , Sarkar Ruchirendu , Saha Koushik 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundPaediatric abdominal neoplasms are fairly common. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is used for the initial evaluation of paediatric abdominal neoplasms. However, sometimes FNA interpretation can be difficult on limited material, owing to tumour heterogeneity and overlapping features. Therefore, we attempted to obtain additional information using cell block (CB) preparation from residual aspiration material along with immunohistochemistry (IHC) to enhance the diagnostic accuracy.AimTo evaluate the correlation between CB preparation and FNAC in diagnosis of paediatric abdominal tumours with the help of an extended panel of IHC markers and to highlight some of the diagnostic difficulties.Materials and methodsA total of 113 cases of paediatric abdominal masses were studied. In addition to routine FNA smears, CBs were prepared from the residual material for IHC analysis as considered appropriate.ResultsThis study included a total of 113 children with abdominal masses. Histopathology following surgical resection was available in 53 cases. Histology was taken as gold standard to measure the diagnostic accuracy with reference to sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value and negative predictive value. The Sn of FNA alone was 87.5% and Sp was 97.78%. The Sn and Sp increased with use of CB alone and were 100% and 97.78% respectively. The highest Sn and Sp were observed when CB was combined with IHC where both the values were 100%.ConclusionCB with IHC is a useful adjunct to the routine FNA smears that further contributes to enhance the accuracy of the cytopathological diagnosis and is useful for choosing pre‐operative chemotherapeutic regimen.
Ameliorative effect of a nano chromium metal–organic framework on experimental diabetic chronic kidney disease
Authors: Fakharzadeh Saideh , Kalanaky Somayeh , Argani Hassan , Dadashzadeh Simin , Torbati Peyman Mohammadi , Nazaran Mohammad Hassan , Basiri Abbas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMetal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are a new class of crystalline porous structures which can be used as a novel structure in diverse fields of medical science. Several studies have shown that chromium supplementation can be effective in amelioration of biochemical parameters of diabetes and its renal complications. Therefore, a chromium‐containing MOF (DIFc) was synthetized by nanochelating technology in the present study and then its effect on biochemical indices in diabetic rats was evaluated. Diabetes was induced by high‐fat diet consumption and streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) injection and then the treatment started 8 weeks after disease induction and continued for 8 weeks. The results showed that DIFc treatment decreased HOMA‐IR index, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid and malondialdehyde in plasma samples. This nano MOF also reduced albumin, malondialdehyde and 8‐isoprostane in urine specimen, while it increased creatinine clearance. In conclusion, DIFc MOF demonstrated promising results in the present study, indicating that it can be developed and evaluated in future investigations with the aim of designing a novel agent for management of diabetes and its renal complications.
Fenofibrate attenuates ischemia reperfusion‐induced acute kidney injury and associated liver dysfunction in rats
Authors: Kaur Jashanpreet , Kaur Tajpreet , Sharma Ashwani Kumar , Kaur Japneet , Yadav Harlokesh Narayan , Pathak Devendra , Singh Amrit Pal 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIschemia/reperfusion (I/R) is one of the common reasons for acute kidney injury (AKI) and we need to develop effective therapies for treating AKI. We investigated the role of fenofibrate against I/R‐induced AKI and associated hepatic dysfunction in rats. In male wistar albino rats, renal pedicle occlusion for 40 min and 24 h reperfusion resulted in AKI. I/R‐induced AKI was demonstrated by measuring serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, urea, uric acid, potassium, fractional excretion of sodium and urinary microproteins. Oxidative stress in rat kidneys was quantified by assaying superoxide anion generation, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and reduced glutathione levels. AKI‐induced hepatic damage was quantified by assaying serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels. Moreover, serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein and triglycerides were quantified. Hematoxylin–eosin staining of renal and hepatic tissues was done and the kidney and liver injury scores were determined. Immunohistology of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was done in rat kidneys. Fenofibrate was administered for 1 week before subjecting rats to AKI. In separate group, the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L‐nitroarginine methyl ester (L‐NAME) was administered prior to fenofibrate treatment. In I/R group, significant alteration in the serum/urine parameters indicated AKI and hepatic dysfunction along with marked increase in kidney and liver injury scores. Treatment with fenofibrate attenuated AKI and associated hepatic dysfunction. Moreover, I/R‐induced decrease in renal eNOS expression was abrogated by fenofibrate. Pre‐treatment with L‐NAME abolished fenofibrate mediated reno‐ and hepato‐protective effects. In conclusion, fenofibrate attenuates I/R‐induced AKI and associated hepatic dysfunction putatively through modulation of eNOS expression.
Cryolipolysis—An update
Authors: Pennycook Keith , Lemchak David , Julian Carmen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundCryolipolysis is a noninvasive treatment for the reduction of localized adipose tissue. It is becoming an increasingly popular procedure since it received Food and Drug Administration approval in 2010. Localized collections of excess adipose tissue are cooled which results in selective apoptosis of adipocytes.AimsReview of effectiveness and side effects of cryolipolysis treatments.Materials and MethodsLiterature Review.ResultsStudies have demonstrated the effectiveness of cryolipolysis for the treatment of several body regions. Cryolipolysis is contraindicated for patients with cold‐induced conditions and other cutaneous disorders. Most side effects are minor including erythema and local discomfort which typically resolve within a few weeks of the procedure. A rare complication of treatment is paradoxical adipose hyperplasia.DiscussionThere are several other effective noninvasive modalities for reducing localized adipose tissue. Combining these treatments with cryolipolysis has been shown to be more effective. As technology improves, newer devices have been developed with improved applicators and beneficial results.ConclusionCosmetic procedures continue to increase in popularity and physicians should be familiar with cryolipolysis for the reduction of localized adipose tissue collections.
Field evidence of riparian vegetation response to groundwater levels in a gravel‐bed river
Authors: Martinetti Stefano , Fatichi Simone , Floriancic Marius , Burlando Paolo , Molnar Peter 
Published: November 2020

AbstractVegetation establishment, growth and succession in riparian ecosystems are linked to river flow dynamics and groundwater table fluctuations. This is especially true in Alpine gravel‐bed rivers with wide floodplains, geomorphically active floods and a strong river‐aquifer exchange. The role of short‐term groundwater fluctuations is not always clear in these ecosystems, as it is assumed that phreatophytic vegetation close to rivers is adapted to such conditions. Here, we provide data evidence of riparian plant response to short‐term groundwater table fluctuations in a braided gravel‐bed river (Maggia). We used indirect physiological variables for photosynthesis and transpiration—stomatal conductance gs and daily variation in stem diameter ΔDd—which we measured at six mature riparian trees of the Salicaceae family at two sites with different mean depths to groundwater during two growing seasons. The data demonstrate that (a) short‐term variation of the groundwater table affects riparian vegetation—at the site with deeper groundwater, the water table depth was the best predictor of gs variability, while at the site with shallower groundwater, temperature and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were the best predictors of ΔDd variability; (b) instantaneous stomatal conductance is related to VPD, but conditioned by groundwater levels, with higher stomatal conductance for the same radiative input and VPD when the water table was higher for all trees; and (c) local microclimate measured at tree locations had a stronger predictive power for gs than valley scale climate, suggesting local climate controls on vegetated stands on gravel bars. Our results provide evidence of riparian trees undertaking physiological adjustments to transpiration in response to groundwater stage, depending on their riparian floodplain setting.
Mycorrhizal type influences plant density dependence and species richness across 15 temperate forests
Authors: Jiang Feng , Lutz James A. , Guo Qingxi , Hao Zhanqing , Wang Xugao , Gilbert Gregory S. , Mao Zikun , Orwig David A. , Parker Geoffrey G. , Sang Weiguo , Liu Yankun , Tian Songyan , Cadotte Marc W. , Jin Guangze 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecent studies suggest that the mycorrhizal type associated with tree species is an important trait influencing ecological processes such as response to environmental conditions and conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD). However, we lack a general understanding of how tree mycorrhizal type influences CNDD strength and the resulting patterns of species abundance and richness at larger spatial scales. We assessed 305 species across 15 large, stem‐mapped, temperate forest dynamics plots in Northeastern China and North America to explore the relationships between tree mycorrhizal type and CNDD, species abundance, and species richness at a regional scale. Tree species associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi showed a stronger CNDD and a more positive relationship with species abundance than did tree species associated with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. For each plot, both basal area and stem abundance of AM tree species was lower than that of ECM tree species, suggesting that AM tree species were rarer than ECM tree species. Finally, ECM tree dominance showed a negative effect on plant richness across plots. These results provide evidence that tree mycorrhizal type plays an important role in influencing CNDD and species richness, highlighting this trait as an important factor in structuring plant communities in temperate forests.
Variation in hyphal production rather than turnover regulates standing fungal biomass in temperate hardwood forests
Authors: Cheeke Tanya E. , Phillips Richard P. , Kuhn Alexander , Rosling Anna , Fransson Petra 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSoil fungi link above‐ and belowground carbon (C) fluxes through their interactions with plants and contribute to C and nutrient dynamics through the production, turnover, and activity of fungal hyphae. Despite their importance to ecosystem processes, estimates of hyphal production and turnover rates are relatively uncommon, especially in temperate hardwood forests. We sequentially harvested hyphal ingrowth bags to quantify the rates of Dikarya (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) hyphal production and turnover in three hardwood forests in the Midwestern United States, where plots differed in their abundance of arbuscular (AM)‐ vs. ectomycorrhizal (ECM)‐associated trees. Hyphal production rates increased linearly with the percentage of ECM trees and annual production rates were 66% higher in ECM‐ than AM‐dominated plots. Hyphal turnover rates did not differ across the mycorrhizal gradient (plots varying in their abundance of AM vs. ECM trees), suggesting that the greater fungal biomass in ECM‐dominated plots relates to greater fungal production rather than slower fungal turnover. Differences in hyphal production across the gradient aligned with distinctly different fungal communities and activities. As ECM trees increased in dominance, fungi inside ingrowth bags produced more extracellular enzymes involved in degrading nitrogen (N)‐bearing relative to C‐bearing compounds, suggesting greater fungal (and possibly plant) N demand in ECM‐dominated soils. Collectively, our results demonstrate that shifts in temperate tree species composition that result in changes in the dominant type of mycorrhizal association may have strong impacts on Dikarya hyphal production, fungal community composition and extracellular enzyme activity, with important consequences for soil C and N cycling.
Anuran Traits of the United States (ATraiU): a database for anuran traits‐based conservation, management, and research
Authors: Moore Chloe E. , Helmann Jacob S. , Chen Ye , St. Amour Sabine M. , Hallmark Mackenzi A. , Hughes London E. , Wax Noah , Mims Meryl C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe United States is home to many anuran species, each with traits that set them apart from one another. Understanding trait variation within and between anurans is key to many successful conservation, management, and research efforts. However, compiling trait data is intensive and time consuming. Trait databases can meet this need, but currently there is no detailed database that collates trait data for anurans of the contiguous United States. into a single location with transparency regarding original data sources. Furthermore, many currently available trait databases rarely report multiple data points for a given species’ trait, frequently reporting a single averaged value. We present an anuran traits database for the contiguous United States that includes trait data from 411 unique references. We collated trait values for 106 native and nonnative species using a tiered search protocol. First, we digitized trait data from 33 state guide books for 12 ecological, morphological, and life history traits commonly reported in the literature. We then performed a targeted search of the primary literature to address data gaps, ultimately identifying an additional 356 peer‐reviewed publications, theses, and agency reports with data fitting our criteria. Finally, we digitized trait data from 22 national and regional guidebooks. Following data compilation, we conducted an intensive data quality check procedure that included both manual and statistical analyses. For full transparency, all trait values are traceable to their original reference with additional metrics (e.g., reference count, data tier) to allow users to easily filter the full data set to fit the user’s needs. Overall, we report 89% of included species with trait values for at least half of the 12 traits included, providing high coverage for interspecific analyses. With a high degree of transparency, inclusion of all original data sources, and a tiered system for cataloguing data source type, ATraiU can uniquely contribute to anuran ecology and conservation in the United States. Please cite this data paper when using the data. If using a specific trait value or values, please cite the original reference(s).
Handheld reflectance confocal microscopy: Personalized and accurate presurgical delineation of lentigo maligna (melanoma)
Authors: Elshot Yannick S. , Zupan‐Kajcovski Biljana , Klop William M. C. , Bekkenk Marcel W. , Crijns Marianne B. , de Rie Menno A. , Balm Alfons J. M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe surgical treatment of lentigo maligna melanoma is associated with high rates of local recurrence. Handheld reflectance confocal microscopy (HH‐RCM) allows for in vivo presurgical detection of subclinical lentigo maligna (melanoma) (LM/LMM).MethodsA single‐center retrospective study from December 2015 to July 2017. Frequency and extent of negative surgical margins, and the diagnostic accuracy of presurgical mapping by HH‐RCM was determined.ResultsTwenty‐six consecutive patients with LM/LMM were included. In 45.8%, HH‐RCM detected subclinical LM with a sensitivity of 0.90 and specificity of 0.86. The management was changed in two (7.7%) patients. Of the 24 remaining lesions, 95.8% were excised with negative margins with a mean histological margin of 3.1 and 5.3 mm for LM and LMM, respectively. At a mean follow‐up of 36.7 months, there was one (4.8%) confirmed recurrence.ConclusionsOur method of presurgical delineation by HH‐RCM appears to provide a reliable method for the surgical treatment of LM/LMM with a limited rate of overtreatment.
Simplified method for estimating the optimal cut‐off time of closed‐end border irrigation*
Authors: Nie Wei‐Bo , Li Yi‐Bo , Ma Xiao‐Yi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractClosed‐end border irrigation has been widely used in China; however, such irrigation is usually associated with poor performance. Therefore, the performance of closed‐end border irrigation must be improved. The objectives of this study were to develop and verify a simplified method for estimating the optimal cut‐off time (Tcop) for closed‐end border irrigation. The simulated results revealed that the relationship between Tcop and the time when water advanced to 75% of the length of the border (T0.75L) can be characterized by using a power function. The comprehensive irrigation performance indicator Y (which is the geometric mean of the application efficiency and Christiansen's uniformity) obtained using the proposed method was consistent with that obtained using existing methods. The mean absolute value of the relative error and the standard error of Y between the proposed method and existing methods was 3.35 and 0.69%, respectively. This result indicates that the proposed method has high reliability. Moreover, in the proposed method, only T0.75L is required to determine Tcop for closed‐end border irrigation. Therefore, the proposed method has high practicality and can be used to improve the performance of closed‐end border irrigation.
The role of toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) in cancer progression: A possible therapeutic target?
Authors: Kashani Bahareh , Zandi Zahra , Pourbagheri‐Sigaroodi Atieh , Bashash Davood , Ghaffari Seyed H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe toll‐like receptor (TLR) family consists of vital receptors responsible for pattern recognition in innate immunity, making them the core proteins involved in pathogen detection and eliciting immune responses. The most studied member of this family, TLR4, has been the center of attention regarding its contributory role in many inflammatory diseases including sepsis shock and asthma. Notably, mounting pieces of evidence have proved that this receptor is aberrantly expressed on the tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment in a wide range of cancer types and it is highly associated with the initiation of tumorigenesis as well as tumor progression and drug resistance. Cancer therapy using TLR4 inhibitors has recently drawn scientists’ attention, and the promising results of such studies may pave the way for more investigation in the foreseeable future. This review will introduce the key proteins of the TLR4 pathway and how they interact with major growth factors in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, we will discuss the many aspects of tumor progression affected by the activation of this receptor and provide an overview of the recent therapeutic approaches using various TLR4 antagonists.
Lactate and TGF‐β antagonistically regulate inflammasome activation in the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Tu Cheng‐e , Hu Ying , Zhou Peirong , Guo Xuxue , Gu Chuncai , Zhang Yali , Li Aimin , Liu Side 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe tumor microenvironment significantly affects tumor progression, and tumor cells can also remodel the tumor microenvironment through complex interaction. Inflammasomes are innate immune system receptors/sensors that regulate an inflammatory response mainly mediated by the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐like receptors in macrophages, which can also influence the formation, progression and therapeutic response of cancer. However, the effects of tumor‐derived factors in the microenvironment on inflammasomes have rarely been reported. In this study, we found that lactate, as the main metabolite of tumor cells could specifically activate the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain‐containing protein 3 inflammasome through increasing the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in THP‐1‐derived macrophages. Furthermore, we showed that transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), a cytokine accumulated in the tumor microenvironment, could be induced by lactate treatment in tumor cells, and in turn inhibit inflammasome activation induced by lactate and other canonical ligands in macrophages. In addition, TGF‐β might induce autophagy of macrophages in a SMAD‐dependent manner, leading to ROS clearance and eventually inhibiting the activation of inflammasomes. Collectively, these results indicated that in the tumor microenvironment, tumor‐derived lactate could act as a danger signal alerting innate immunity, but nevertheless tumor cells produced more TGF‐β to avoid immune surveillance.
SOD3 deficiency induces liver fibrosis by promoting hepatic stellate cell activation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Sun Yu‐Ling , Bai Tao , Zhou Lin , Zhu Rong‐Tao , Wang Wei‐Jie , Liang Ruo‐Peng , Li Jian , Zhang Chi‐Xian , Gou Jian‐Jun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is suggested to potentially promote HSC activation. Superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) is an extracellular antioxidant defense against oxidative damage. Here, we found downregulation of SOD3 in a mouse model of liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). SOD3 deficiency induced spontaneous liver injury and fibrosis with increased collagen deposition, and further aggravated CCl4‐induced liver injury in mice. Depletion of SOD3 enhanced HSC activation marked by increased α‐smooth muscle actin and subsequent collagen synthesis primarily collagen type I in vivo, and promoted transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1)‐induced HSC activation in vitro. SOD3 deficiency accelerated EMT process in the liver and TGF‐β1‐induced EMT of AML12 hepatocytes, as evidenced by loss of E‐cadherin and gain of N‐cadherin and vimentin. Notably, SOD3 expression and its pro‐fibrogenic effect were positively associated with sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression. SOD3 deficiency inhibited adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling to downregulate SIRT1 expression and thus involving in liver fibrosis. Enforced expression of SIRT1 inhibited SOD3 deficiency‐induced HSC activation and EMT, whereas depletion of SIRT1 counteracted the inhibitory effect of SOD3 in vitro. These findings demonstrate that SOD3 deficiency contributes to liver fibrogenesis by promoting HSC activation and EMT process, and suggest a possibility that SOD3 may function through modulating SIRT1 via the AMPK pathway in liver fibrosis.