bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a method for automotive engine control unit modification for achieving different operating modes using software correction
Authors: Nikolov N , Gotseva D 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article describes the development of a method for automotive fuel injection engine control unit (ECU) modification for aimed at achieving operating modes such as Economy (ECO) and Sport using software alteration. The article researches the offered pattern and demonstrates the experimental staging. An automotive ECU, microcontroller and software are used for the experimental stage. The ECO mode is used to achieve fuel economy and the Sport mode are used to achieve more engine power. The microprocessor used to switch between ECU modes is PIC18F14k22 and the ROM flash memory which stores the firmware for the two modes is AM29F400BB. The ECU used in the research is Sagem s2000. In the article, both the hardware and the software modifications are described as well as the experimental results.
Experimental investigation of the motorcycle braking properties when riding on different road surfaces
Authors: Barta Dalibor , Dižo Ján , Blatnický Miroslav , Vaňko Jozef 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe presence of motorcycles on the roads significantly affects road traffic and its safety. Avoidance manoeuvres requiring braking and acceleration are closely linked to motorcycle riding. This paper points out the influence of the type of motorcycle and the type of its tyres on the braking distance and the stability of the motorcycle. Two types of motorcycles are compared - road and off-road when riding on two different surfaces and also three ways of braking - only with the front brake, only with the rear brake and with both brakes. The work analyses the problem of braking and stability of a motorcycle. When a brake lever is suddenly pushed, the stability of the motorcycle can be lost. Authors have analysed, compared and evaluated braking distances of motorcycles. Results of investigation activities have shown, that reaching of maximal safe and the shortest braking distance on the certain road surface needs to choose a proper type of motorcycle and a tyre.
Plasma concentrations resulting from continuous infusion of meropenem in a community-based outpatient program: A case series
Authors: Legg Amy , Halford Melanie , McCarthy Kate 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Purpose
Traditionally meropenem has been considered too unstable in solution for continuous infusion. However, in the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, use of meropenem is becoming more frequently required, and the ability to facilitate its administration via community-based programs would be beneficial. There are some reassuring data about meropenem stability in solution, but data about actual drug exposure in patients and subsequent clinical outcomes are lacking.

Summary
Here we present a case series of 4 patients at a single tertiary center who received meropenem via continuous infusion coordinated through an outpatient parenteral antimicrobial treatment (OPAT) program. We provide plasma drug concentrations achieved and report on the patients’ clinical progress. All patients achieved drug concentrations of at least 2 times the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) while receiving meropenem via continuous infusion and had resolution of their infectious complications. No adverse effects of meropenem continuous infusion were noted.

Conclusion
Meropenem continuous infusion along with therapeutic drug monitoring was used successfully in a community-based program. Due to interpatient pharmacokinetic variability, we consider meropenem concentration monitoring compulsory during continuous-infusion meropenem therapy.
Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: is it all about being refractile to innate immune sensing of viral spare-parts?—Clues from exotic animal reservoirs
Authors: Shankar Esaki M , Che Karlhans F , Yong Yean K , Girija A S Smiline , Velu Vijayakumar , Ansari Abdul W , Larsson Marie 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTA vast proportion of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) individuals remain asymptomatic and can shed severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) type 2 virus to transmit the infection, which also explains the exponential increase in the number of COVID-19 cases globally. Furthermore, the rate of recovery from clinical COVID-19 in certain pockets of the globe is surprisingly high. Based on published reports and available literature, here, we speculated a few immunovirological mechanisms as to why a vast majority of individuals remain asymptomatic similar to exotic animal (bats and pangolins) reservoirs that remain refractile to disease development despite carrying a huge load of diverse insidious viral species, and whether such evolutionary advantage would unveil therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 infection in humans. Understanding the unique mechanisms that exotic animal species employ to achieve viral control, as well as inflammatory regulation, appears to hold key clues to the development of therapeutic versatility against COVID-19.
Social Media Communication and Loneliness Among Older Adults: The Mediating Roles of Social Support and Social Contact
Authors: Zhang Kunyu , Kim Kyungmin , Silverstein Nina M , Song Qian , Burr Jeffrey A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Social media communication offers a medium for helping older people stay socially and emotionally connected with others. This study investigated the association between social media communication with close social ties and loneliness among community-dwelling older adults. The study also examined the mediating roles of social support and social contact.

Research Design and Methods
Four waves of data from the Health and Retirement Study (2010/2012 and 2014/2016) were used to address the research questions (N = 7,524). A path model was estimated to examine the association between social media communication and older adults’ loneliness. We also examined whether the association between social media communication and loneliness was mediated by perceived social support from close social ties (children, other family members, and friends) and frequency of contact with social network members (phone, in-person contact, and writing letters/e-mail).

Results
The results showed that frequent social media communication was associated with lower levels of loneliness, adjusting for previous levels of loneliness. The relationship between social media communication and loneliness was mediated by perceived social support and social contact. Thus, social media communication was associated with higher levels of perceived social support and social contact, which were related to lower levels of loneliness among older adults.

Discussion and Implications
These findings suggested that social media communication may be considered an intervention to reduce loneliness among older people by increasing levels of social support and social contact.
Body Size and Cuticular Hydrocarbons as Larval Age Indicators in the Forensic Blow Fly,Chrysomya albiceps(Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Alotaibi Fayeza , Alkuriji Mohammed , AlReshaidan Salwa , Alajmi Reem , Metwally Dina M , Almutairi Bassam , Alorf Majed , Haddadi Rania , Ahmed Ashraf 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChrysomya albiceps (Wiedemann 1819) is one of the most important insects in forensic entomology. Its larval developmental and survival rates are influenced by nutritional resources, temperature, humidity, and geographical regions. The present study investigated the possibility of relying on body size and cuticular hydrocarbon composition as indicators for age estimation of the different larval instars of C. albiceps. Larvae were maintained in standardized laboratory conditions at different experimental temperatures. All larval instars (first, second, and third) were randomly collected for measuring their body sizes and for estimating their cuticular hydrocarbons at different rearing temperatures (30, 35, 40, and 45°C) using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results indicated that the duration of larval stage was temperature dependent as it gradually decreased on increasing the rearing temperature (30, 35, and 40°C) except 45°C at which larval development was ceased. In contrary, larval body size, in terms of length, width, and weight, was temperature dependent as it gradually increased with larval development on increasing rearing temperature except at 45°C at which larval development was ceased. The GC–MS showed a significant difference in the extracted components of cuticular hydrocarbons between different larval instars reared in the same temperature and between the same larval instar that reared at different temperatures. Furthermore, the highest and lowest amounts of cuticular hydrocarbons were detected at 35 and 40°C, respectively. Overall, larval body size and cuticular hydrocarbon components were temperature dependent within the range 30–40°C, which may suggest them as possible reliable age indicators for estimating the postmortem interval in the field of medicolegal entomology.
Somatic Focal Copy Number Gains of Noncoding Regions of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Genes in Treatment-Resistant Epilepsy
Authors: Vasudevaraja Varshini , Rodriguez Javier Hernaez , Pelorosso Cristiana , Zhu Kaicen , Buccoliero Anna Maria , Onozato Maristela , Mohamed Hussein , Serrano Jonathan , Tredwin Lily , Garonzi Marianna , Forcato Claudio , Zeck Briana , Ramaswami Sitharam , Stafford James , Faustin Arline , Friedman Daniel , Hidalgo Eveline Teresa , Zagzag David , Skok Jane , Heguy Adriana , Chiriboga Luis , Conti Valerio , Guerrini Renzo , Iafrate A John , Devinsky Orrin , Tsirigos Aristotelis , Golfinos John G , Snuderl Matija 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Epilepsy is a heterogenous group of disorders defined by recurrent seizure activity due to abnormal synchronized activity of neurons. A growing number of epilepsy cases are believed to be caused by genetic factors and copy number variants (CNV) contribute to up to 5% of epilepsy cases. However, CNVs in epilepsy are usually large deletions or duplications involving multiple neurodevelopmental genes. In patients who underwent seizure focus resection for treatment-resistant epilepsy, whole genome DNA methylation profiling identified 3 main clusters of which one showed strong association with receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) genes. We identified focal copy number gains involving epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and PDGFRA loci. The dysplastic neurons of cases with amplifications showed marked overexpression of EGFR and PDGFRA, while glial and endothelial cells were negative. Targeted sequencing of regulatory regions and DNA methylation analysis revealed that only enhancer regions of EGFR and gene promoter of PDGFRA were amplified, while coding regions did not show copy number abnormalities or somatic mutations. Somatic focal copy number gains of noncoding regulatory represent a previously unrecognized genetic driver in epilepsy and a mechanism of abnormal activation of RTK genes. Upregulated RTKs provide a potential avenue for therapy in seizure disorders.
A 50-Year Retrospective of the Forest Productivity Cooperative in the Southeastern United States: Regionwide Trials
Authors: Carter David R , Allen H Lee , Fox Thomas R , Albaugh Timothy J , Rubilar Rafael A , Campoe Otávio C , Cook Rachel L 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn 2019, the Forest Productivity Cooperative (FPC) celebrated its 50th anniversary. The mission of the FPC is and has been creating innovative solutions to enhance forest productivity and value through the sustainable management of site resources. This industry-government-university partnership has generated seminal research with sweeping implications for increasing productivity throughout the southeastern United States and Latin America. To commemorate this semicentennial, we highlighted some of the pivotal findings in the southeastern United States from the past 50 years derived from our large, regional experiments: regionwide trials.
The diversity of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) on buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) is markedly lower than on native grasses in an urban landscape
Authors: Palmer Christopher M , Mound Laurence A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) is a perennial tussock grass native to parts of Africa and southern Asia but is now distributed throughout much of mainland Australia. Corresponding with its presence in Australia has been an alteration of fire regimes and soil nutrients, and a reduction in floral diversity. We investigated whether buffel grass supported a less diverse community of thrips (order Thysanoptera) compared to the native grasses Cymbopogon ambiguus and Themeda triandra growing in Alice Springs, central Australia. The survey data showed that abundance was highest on buffel grass; however, the thrips community was almost entirely dominated by one species. The thrips communities on the native grasses were similar and markedly more diverse than that on buffel grass, both in terms of species richness and functional feeding groups. Flower feeders constituted the greatest proportion of thrips on all three grasses, but the native grasses also supported leaf feeders and predators. The results indicate that thrips are sensitive to vegetation change, and we suggest that active removal of buffel grass and replacement with local native grasses would help reverse the loss of biodiversity and normal ecological function in urban areas like Alice Springs. We also suggest that the order Thysanoptera is under-utilised in biodiversity research.
Introduction
Authors: Argenton Cédric , Geradin Damien , Stephan Andreas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter is a brief overview on cartels. It first defines what a cartel is in the modern sense and differentiates it from other forms of cooperation that do not typically apply to the European Union's (EU) competition rules. The chapter then considers the advantages and disadvantages of cartels. It describes a history in which cartels are tolerated and even encouraged, contrasting these instances with the modern view that horizontal cartel arrangements are generally very harmful to consumers and to markets. From there, the prevalence of cartels in modern economies is explored. Here, the chapter provides some model estimates for the prevalence of cartels, before discussing the broader implications of this study.
Cartel Detection
Authors: Argenton Cédric , Geradin Damien , Stephan Andreas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with cartel detection, through market monitoring, inspections, or well-designed leniency programs. It analyses three methods competition authorities regularly use to detect, and adduce evidence about, cartels. First, competition authorities can detect cartels by monitoring and screening markets. Second, competition authorities can conduct inspections at the business premises or private homes of cartel participants. Third, given the limitations of the first two methods, competition authorities can incentivize companies to report the cartels in which they may be involved by rewarding them for their cooperation. Pursuant to so-called leniency programmes, companies that choose to cooperate will, depending on the quality of the information provided and the time at which it is provided, benefit from full immunity from fines or significant fine reductions (partial immunity). Following in the footsteps of the US Department of Justice, the European Commission adopted a Leniency Notice in 1996, the application of which has allowed it to uncover a vast number of cartels.
Civil Damages
Authors: Argenton Cédric , Geradin Damien , Stephan Andreas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with private litigation. It begins with some discussion of the general issues surrounding private enforcement and an overview of the United States, where the level of private enforcement in cartel cases has historically far exceeded that of public cases. The chapter then provides a summary of the state of private enforcement in each of the EU's current twenty-eight Member States, before the EU Damages Directive was adopted. In this respect, it attempts to give a summary of national initiatives in the absence of an EU framework but excludes reforms made in response to, or in direct anticipation of, the EU Damages Directive. This background is important to understand the issues that shaped the Directive. Finally, the chapter discusses the thorny issue of damage estimation.
Introduction
Authors: Strong SI 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to a new, multi-faceted empirical study on legal reasoning in commercial disputes by describing existing scholarship on legal reasoning as well as best practices in empirical legal studies.. In so doing, the discussion not only provides novel insights into general practices involving legal reasoning but also lays the foundation for further analysis by considering standard assumptions about differences in reasoning arising along the judicial–arbitral, domestic–international, and common law–civil law divides. These assumptions are tested throughout the book to determine whether and to what extent legal reasoning differs according to the nature of the decision-maker, the scope of the dispute or the legal tradition in which the matter is set.
Conclusion
Authors: Strong SI 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter concludes the analysis by putting the new empirical research discussed earlier in the book into a larger practical and scholarly context. The chapter begins by considering how the empirical data measures up to theoretical studies in this area of law, pulling together select elements from the three research strands (i.e. the international survey, semi-structured interviews, and coding exercise) and focusing on particular issues of interest across the three major areas of comparison (i.e. the judicial–arbitral, domestic–international, and common law–civil law divides). While this summation is not intended to be comprehensive, it nevertheless provides a high-level overview of general research outcomes. Next, the chapter discusses certain unanticipated data that was generated during the course of the study and seeks to situate that information within the academic understanding of legal reasoning. Finally, the focus turns to the various ways that studies in legal reasoning might develop in the future as a result of the research reflected herein.
The shift from pulmonary colonization to Pneumocystis pneumonia
Authors: Le Gal Solène , Bonnet Pierre , Huguenin Antoine , Chapelle Célia , Boulic Pierrick , Tonnelier Jean-Marie , Moal Marie-Christine , Gut-Gobert Christophe , Barnier Aude , Nevez Gilles 
Published: December 2020

Summary
Pulmonary specimen pairs from five patients who presented with pulmonary colonization and later developed Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PcP) were retrospectively examined for P. jirovecii genotyping. A match of genotypes in pulmonary specimen pairs of three patients was observed, whereas a partial match and a mismatch were observed in the fourth and fifth patients, respectively. The genotyping results suggest that the colonization state can differ from PcP but can also represent the incubation period of PcP. Clinicians should not systematically rule out the treatment of putative colonized patients and should at least discuss the initiation of prophylaxis on a case-by-case basis.
Planet Hunters TESS II: findings from the first two years of TESS
Authors: Eisner N L , Barragán O , Lintott C , Aigrain S , Nicholson B , Boyajian T S , Howell S , Johnston C , Lakeland B , Miller G , McMaster A , Parviainen H , Safron E J , Schwamb M E , Trouille L , Vaughan S , Zicher N , Allen C , Allen S , Bouslog M , Johnson C , Simon M N , Wolfenbarger Z , Baeten E M L , Bundy D M , Hoffman T 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the results from the first two years of the Planet Hunters TESS (PHT) citizen science project, which identifies planet candidates in the TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) data by engaging members of the general public. Over 22 000 citizen scientists from around the world visually inspected the first 26 sectors of TESS data in order to help identify transit-like signals. We use a clustering algorithm to combine these classifications into a ranked list of events for each sector, the top 500 of which are then visually vetted by the science team. We assess the detection efficiency of this methodology by comparing our results to the list of TESS Objects of Interest (TOIs) and show that we recover 85 per cent of the TOIs with radii greater than 4 R⊕ and 51 per cent of those with radii between 3 and 4 R⊕. Additionally, we present our 90 most promising planet candidates that had not previously been identified by other teams, 73 of which exhibit only a single-transit event in the TESS light curve, and outline our efforts to follow these candidates up using ground-based observatories. Finally, we present noteworthy stellar systems that were identified through the Planet Hunters TESS project.
Tracing the Genetic Legacy of the Tibetan Empire in the Balti
Authors: Yang Xing-Yan , Rakha Allah , Chen Wei , Hou Juzhi , Qi Xue-Bin , Shen Quan-Kuan , Dai Shan-Shan , Sulaiman Xierzhatijiang , Abdulloevich Najmudinov Tojiddin , Afanasevna Manilova Elena , Ibrohimovich Khudoidodov Behruz , Chen Xi , Yang Wei-Kang , Adnan Atif , Zhao Ruo-Han , Yao Yong-Gang , Su Bing , Peng Min-Sheng , Zhang Ya-Ping 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The rise and expansion of Tibetan Empire in the 7th to 9th centuries AD affected the course of history across East Eurasia, but the genetic impact of Tibetans on surrounding populations remains undefined. We sequenced 60 genomes for four populations from Pakistan and Tajikistan to explore their demographic history. We showed that the genomes of Balti people from Baltistan comprised 22.6–26% Tibetan ancestry. We inferred a single admixture event and dated it to about 39–21 generations ago, a period that postdated the conquest of Baltistan by the ancient Tibetan Empire. The analyses of mitochondrial DNA, Y, and X chromosome data indicated that both ancient Tibetan males and females were involved in the male-biased dispersal. Given the fact that the Balti people adopted Tibetan language and culture in history, our study suggested the impact of Tibetan Empire on Baltistan involved dominant cultural and minor demic diffusion.