bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children with nut allergies have impaired gene expression of Toll‐like receptors pathway
Authors: Poole Ashlyn , Song Yong , O'Sullivan Michael , Lee Khui Hung , Metcalfe Jessica , Guo Jing , Brown Helen , Mullins Ben , Loh Richard , Zhang Guicheng Brad 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundTrends in food allergies prompted investigation into the underlying mechanisms. Genetic and epigenetic factors are of high interest, and, in particular, the interplay between genes relating to immune factors directly and indirectly involved in food allergy pathogenesis. We sought to determine potential links between gene expression and epigenetic factors relating to Toll‐like receptor (TLR) pathways and childhood food allergies.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional study, samples from 80 children with and without food allergies were analysed for gene expression, DNA methylation and a range of immune factors relating to TLR pathways. TLR2, TLR4, CD14, IL5, IL13 and vitamin D were explored.ResultsThe importance of these immune factors appeared to vary between the different types of food allergies. Expression of TLR2 (P < .001), TLR4 (P = .014) and CD14 (P = .028) varied significantly between children with no food allergy, allergy to nuts and peanuts, and allergy to eggs. DNA methylation in the promoter regions of these genes had a significant association with gene expression. These trends persisted when subjects were stratified by nut allergy vs no nut allergy. Furthermore, TLR2 (P = .001) and CD14 (P = .007) expressions were significantly lower in children with food allergies when compared to those without.ConclusionGene expression of TLR pathway genes was directly related to food allergy type, and DNA methylation had an indirect effect. TLR2 pathways are of significant interest in nut allergies.
Intrauterine transfusion: an international review of practice and policy
Authors: Clarke Gwen 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundIntrauterine transfusion (IUT) is a treatment for fetal anemia. This technique involves ultrasound guided needle placement followed by transfusion of a specially prepared blood component. The most common indications include hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) and prenatal infection.MethodsThe literature was reviewed, and blood component characteristics and preparatory techniques identified. An international survey of IUT was conducted.ResultsComponent preparation for IUT differs from preparation for other transfusions. Differences relate to unique characteristics of the fetus including a small blood volume, invasive access for transfusion and immune deficiency. The techniques for preparation of red blood cells (RBC) are variable with limited evidence. Most use fresh concentrated RBC. Irradiation is uniformly recommended. RBC that are antigen negative for the maternal alloantibody are provided, and the product is selected or modified to minimize risk for cytomegalovirus transmission. Selection of ABO group and the degree of additional prophylactic phenotype matching are variable. While maternal RBC transfusion may be used, compatible allogeneic RBC are more common. For maternal antibodies to high prevalence antigens rare phenotype deglycerolized RBC may be used. There are challenges in providing RBC for IUT. Pre and post transfusion blood samples must be correctly managed in the medical record. Hemovigilance requires that both the fetus and the mother be documented as recipients. Preparation may be urgent, and sterile technique is required. Records of IUT must be conveyed to neonatal care providers as the transfused blood may mask the true blood group for weeks to months post transfusion, and component modifications may be required for any postnatal transfusion in neonates who were treated with IUT.
Quotativebe likein Trinidadian English
Authors: Deuber Dagmar , Hänsel Eva Canan , Westphal Michael 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper studies the sociolinguistics of quotativebe likein Trinidad and its relation to Trinidadian English Creole (TrinEC). Corpus evidence shows a significant association ofbe likeuse and young age as well as female gender, in line with global trends. Questionnaire data reveal that it does not detract from the perception of a speaker as educated and of high social status as long as utterances are grammatically standardized English (StE). TrinEC grammar triggers contrasting perceptions but the data also point to traditional social prejudice against TrinEC being transcended. This ties in with the finding thatbe likeusers tend not actually to be averse to using TrinEC. Overall the sociolinguistics ofbe likein Trinidad is shaped by global trends as well as the local sociolinguistic configuration.
Regional influence of nitric oxide on cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during exercise‐heat stress in young men
Authors: Schmidt Madison D. , McGarr Gregory W. , Muia Caroline M. , Fujii Naoto , Amano Tatsuro , Kenny Glen P. 
Published: March 2020

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Do regional differences exist in nitric oxide synthase (NOS)‐dependent cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during exercise‐heat stress in young men.
What is the main finding and its importance?
Exercise‐induced increases in cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating were greater on the chest and upper back compared to the forearm, although the NOS contribution to cutaneous vasodilatation was similar across all regions. Conversely, there was a greater NOS‐dependent rate of change in sweating on the chest compared to the forearm, with a similar trend on the back.
AbstractWhile it is established that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an important modulator of forearm cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during an exercise‐heat stress in young men, it remains unclear if regional differences exist in this response. In 15 habitually active young men (24 ± 4 (SD) years), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and local sweat rate (LSR) were assessed at three body regions. On each of the dorsal forearm, chest and upper‐back (trapezius), sites were continuously perfused with either (1) lactated Ringer solution (control) or (2) 10 Mm Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine (l‐NNA, NOS inhibitor), via microdialysis. Participants rested in the heat (35°C) for ∼75 min, followed by 60 min of semi‐recumbent cycling performed at a fixed rate of heat production of 200 W m−2 (equivalent to ∼42% ). During exercise, the chest and upper‐back regions showed higher CVC and LSR responses relative to the forearm (all P < 0.05). Within each region, l‐NNA attenuated CVC and LSR relative to control (all P < 0.05). However, the NOS contribution was not different across regions for the rate of change and plateau for CVC or for the LSR plateau (all P > 0.05). Conversely, there was a greater NOS contribution to the rate of change for LSR at the chest relative to the forearm (P < 0.05) with a similar trend for the back. In habitually active young men, NOS‐dependent cutaneous vasodilatation was similar across regions while the NOS contribution to LSR was greater on the chest relative to the forearm. These findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms influencing regional variations in cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating during an exercise‐heat stress.
X-Ray Propagation-Based Phase-Enhanced Imaging of Fuel Injectors
Authors: Lee Wah-Keat , Fezzaa Kamel , Wang Jin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
X-ray propagation-based phase-enhanced imaging is a powerful new technique that uses the x-ray beam coherence to greatly improve the image contrast. With the high x-ray beam brilliance (or alternately, good beam coherence) available at third-generation synchrotron sources, such as the Advanced Photon Source (APS), propagation-based phase-enhanced imaging can be easily accomplished. The power of this technique lies in its simplicity — it is an in-line geometry and requires little or no beam manipulation, and it works over the entire range of accessible energies (10–100 keV). Unlike conventional radiography, its contrast mechanism is mostly due to Fresnel diffraction and not absorption. The technique works for soft biological samples, as well as thick (several millimeters) stainless-steel samples. In this paper, we demonstrate the utility of this technique to study several fuel injectors and compare the results with conventional absorption radiography. The possibility of extending this technique to time-resolved imaging studies on the fuel injector will be discussed.
Simulation of Multiphase Flow With Vaporization in DGI Engine Injector
Authors: Alajbegovic Ales , Meister Gerhard , Greif David , von Kuensberg Sarre Christopher , Tatschl Reinhard , Basara Branislav 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The purpose of the paper is to present a simulation concept, which is able to take into account the most important phenomena that occur in the high-pressure swirl injector fuel flows, typical for the direct gasoline injection (DGI) engines. Used are two- (air, gasoline liquid) and three-phase (air, gasoline liquid and vapor) flow models. The most important characteristics of the flow were predicted. Both two- and three-phase flow simulation results show the formation of a thin conical sheet with an air core. Vaporization in the air core due to pressure drop below the saturation conditions was predicted in the three-phase flow simulation.
Reducing Grid Dependency in Droplet Collision Modeling
Authors: Schmidt David P. , Rutland Christopher J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A faster, more accurate replacement for existing collision algorithms has been developed. The method, called the NTC algorithm, is not grid dependent, and is much faster than older algorithms. Calculations with sixty thousand parcels required only a few CPU minutes. However, there is a significant need to develop mesh-independent momentum coupling between the gas and spray, so that the collision algorithm’s full accuracy can be fully realized.
Quantitative X-Ray Measurements of Diesel Spray Cores
Authors: Powell Christopher F. , Yue Yong , Wang Jin , Lai Ming-Chia , Schaller Johannes 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A detailed knowledge of the fuel injection process is recognized as a key to the design of clean-burning and efficient combustion engines. As standards for pollutant emissions are tightened worldwide, such knowledge becomes more critical. Computer modeling of the combustion process relies on accurate measurements of the spray throughout its lifetime, and in particular knowledge of the near-nozzle region of the spray is of great importance.
A number of techniques have been developed to study the properties of fuel sprays. However, all of these techniques are significantly limited in the region near the nozzle of high-pressure sprays. No mechanical or visible light probe is able to make non-intrusive and quantitative measurements of the spray in this region.
We have been developing techniques to study sprays using synchrotron x-rays from the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. We are using an intense, monochromatic x-ray beam as a probe to make time-resolved, quantitative measurements, of intermittent fuel sprays. These experiments have demonstrated that x-rays overcome many of the limitations of other techniques, allowing quantitative characterization of the spray with high time and position resolution. The x-ray technique enables us to make a time-resolved mapping of the mass distribution near the spray nozzle, even immediately adjacent to the orifice. With such a mapping of the mass a number of spray characteristics can be determined, such as the fuel volume fraction, the injection rate and total mass, the speed of the leading and trailing edges of the spray, etc. These quantitative measurements should allow more realistic computational modeling of sprays with better predictive power.
Synchrotron X-Ray Measurement of Direct Injection Gasoline Fuel Sprays
Authors: Yue Y. , Powell C. , Cuenca R. , Poola R. , Wang J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A quantitative and time-resolved radiographic has been used to characterize direct-injection (Dl) gasoline sprays in near-nozzle region. The highly penetrative nature of x-rays promises the direct measurements of dense sprays that are difficult to study by visible-light optical techniques. Appropriate models were developed to determine the fuel volume fraction as a function of time and positions. The results also show quantitatively the strong asymmetry of the hollow-cone sprays studied here.
Analytical and Computational Modeling of High Pressure Gas Injection
Authors: Kirkpatrick Allan , Li Yuan , Mitchell Charles , Willson Bryan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The topic of this paper is the analytical and computational modeling of the gas injection process in a large bore natural gas fueled engine. At high injection pressures, the overall gas injection and mixing process includes compressible flow features such as rarefaction waves and shock formation. The injection geometries examined in the paper include both a two dimensional slot and an axisymmetric nozzle. The computations examine the effect of the injection pressure/back pressure ratio, with ratios ranging from 3 to 80. The computational modeling was validated by comparison with results obtained from a 2D analytical method of characteristics solution. The validation process evaluated factors such as pressure and Mach number profiles, jet boundary shape and shock location.
Influence of Aromatic Type on Diesel Emissions Investigated by Blending Narrow-Cut Components and Pure Hydrocarbons Into a Base Fuel
Authors: Neill W. S. , Chippior W. L. , Gülder Ö. L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The influence of fuel aromatic content and type on the exhaust emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine were investigated by blending predetermined amounts of aromatic compounds with a known chemical structure into a low-aromatic base fuel. Seven test fuels were blended with constant cetane numbers and densities, but with mono-, di-, and tri-aromatic contents ranging from 10 to 30%, 0 to 10%, and 0 to 8%, respectively. The engine experiments were run using the AVL eight-mode steady-state simulation of the EPA transient test procedure. The results show that fuel total aromatic content or type did not significantly affect the engine’s PM emissions. NOx emissions, however, increased by 4.3% as the fuel mono-aromatic content increased from 10 to 30%.
Child with acute weakness: don’t forget the salts
Authors: Boyle Kathryn , McNaughten Ben , Thompson Andrew , Mullen Stephen 
Published: March 2020

Case summaryA 10-year-old boy presented with severe progressive generalised weakness on a background of 3 days of diarrhoea and vomiting. Vital signs were normal. Peripheral neurological examination revealed grade 1–2 power in all limbs, hypotonia and hyporeflexia. Sensation was fully intact. Cranial nerve examination and speech were normal. The ECG (figure 1) and initial venous blood gas (figure 2) are shown.Figure 1ECG.Figure 2Venous blood gas.Question 1What abnormalities are present on the ECG?Peaked T waves, prolonged PR segment and loss of P waves?Shortening of the QT interval and Osborn waves (J waves)?T wave flattening/inversion, prominent U waves and long QU interval?Prolonged QT interval with multiple atrial and ventricular ectopics?Question 2How would you manage this patient’s hypokalaemia?Question 3What is the likely diagnosis?Conversion disorder.Myasthenia gravis.Periodic paralysis.Guillain-Barré syndrome.Botulism.Question 4What interventions can be considered for long-term treatment of this condition?Answers can be found on page 2.
Effect of CETP inhibition with evacetrapib in patients with diabetes mellitus enrolled in the ACCELERATE trial
Authors: Menon Venu , Kumar Anirudh , Patel Divyang R , St John Julie , Riesmeyer Jeffrey , Weerakkody Govinda , Ruotolo Giacomo , Wolski Kathy E , McErlean Ellen , Cremer Paul C , Nicholls Stephen J , Lincoff A Michael , Nissen Steven E 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundHigh-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels are inversely associated with cardiovascular risk. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition with evacetrapib results in a marked increase in HDL and reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. We evaluated the impact of treatment with evacetrapib versus placebo in the subset of 8236 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) enrolled in the Assessment of Clinical Effects of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition with Evacetrapib in Patients at a High Risk for Vascular Outcomes trial.Methods and resultsTime to first occurrence of any component of the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, revascularization, and hospitalization for unstable angina was compared among patients with DM randomized to treatment with evacetrapib (n=4127) or placebo (n=4109) over a median of 26 months of follow-up. The mean baseline LDL at initiation was 80 mg/dL with a mean baseline HDL of 44 mg/dL. In patients with DM, evacetrapib resulted in a 131% mean increase in HDL levels and a 32% mean decrease in LDL at 3 months that was sustained during the course of the trial. At 6 months, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were lower with evacetrapib than placebo (7.08% vs 7.15%, p=0.023). Composite event rates were higher in patients with DM than without DM (Kaplan-Meier estimates: 15.2% vs 10.6%, HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.64, p<0.001). In the DM group, event rates for the composite endpoint (14.5% evacetrapib vs 16% placebo, HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.07, p=0.38) and individual components of the composite were similar for both evacetrapib and placebo groups. No significant treatment interaction between treatment assignment and diabetes status was noted.ConclusionDespite a favorable increase in HDL, and decreases in LDL and HbA1c levels in patients with DM, we observed no benefits of treatment with evacetrapib on prespecified clinical outcomes in this high-risk population.
Interventions to improve quantitative measures of parent satisfaction in neonatal care: a systematic review
Authors: Sakonidou Susanna , Andrzejewska Izabela , Webbe James , Modi Neena , Bell Derek , Gale Chris 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveInterventions improving parent satisfaction can reduce parent stress, may improve parent-infant bonding and infant outcomes. Our objective was to systematically review neonatal interventions relating to parents of infants of all gestations where an outcome was parent satisfaction.MethodsWe searched the databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, HMIC, Maternity and Infant Care between 1 January 1946 and 1 October 2017. Inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials (RCT), cohort studies and other non-randomised studies if participants were parents of infants receiving neonatal care, interventions were implemented in neonatal units (of any care level) and ≥1 quantitative outcome of parent satisfaction was measured. Included studies were limited to the English language only. We extracted study characteristics, interventions, outcomes and parent involvement in intervention design. Included studies were not sufficiently homogenous to enable quantitative synthesis. We assessed quality with the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool (randomised) and the ROBINS-I tool (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies - of Interventions) (non-randomised studies).ResultsWe identified 32 studies with satisfaction measures from over 2800 parents and grouped interventions into 5 themes. Most studies were non-randomised involving preterm infants. Parent satisfaction was measured by 334 different questions in 29 questionnaires (only 6/29 fully validated). 18/32 studies reported higher parent satisfaction in the intervention group. The intervention theme with most studies reporting higher satisfaction was parent involvement (10/14). Five (5/32) studies reported involving parents in intervention design. All studies had high risk of bias.ConclusionsMany interventions, commonly relating to parent involvement, are reported to improve parent satisfaction. Inconsistency in satisfaction measurements and high risk of bias makes this low-quality evidence. Standardised, validated parent satisfaction measures are needed, as well as higher quality trials of parent experience involving parents in intervention design.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017072388.
Asylum seeking children and adolescents in Australian immigration detention on Nauru: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Zwi Karen , Sealy Louise , Samir Nora , Hu Nan , Rostami Reza , Agrawal Rishi , Cherian Sarah , Coleman Jacinta , Francis Josh , Gunasekera Hasantha , Isaacs David , Larcombe Penny , Levitt David , Mares Sarah , Mutch Raewyn , Newman Louise , Raman Shanti , Young Helen , Norwood Christy , Lingam Raghu 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionImmigration detention has a profound and negative impact on the physical health, mental health, development and social-emotional well-being of children, adolescents and their families. Australian clinicians will report results from detailed health and well-being assessments of asylum seeking children and adolescents who have experienced prolonged immigration detention.Methods and analysisThis is a national, multicentre study with a longitudinal cohort design that will document health and well-being outcomes of the children and adolescents who have been detained in offshore detention on the remote island of Nauru. Outcome measures will be reported from the time arrival in Australia and repeated over a 5-year follow-up period. Measures include demographics, residency history and refugee status, physical health and well-being outcomes (including mental health, development and social-emotional well-being), clinical service utilisation and psychosocial risk and protective factors for health and well-being (eg, adverse childhood experiences). Longitudinal follow-up will capture outcomes over a 5-year period after arrival in Australia. Analysis will be undertaken to explore baseline risk and protective factors, with regression analyses to assess their impact on health and well-being outcomes. To understand how children’s outcomes change over time, multilevel regression analysis will be utilised. Structural equation modelling will be conducted to explore the correlation between baseline factors, mediational factors and outcomes to assess trajectories over time.Ethics and disseminationThis research project was approved by the Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network Human Research Ethics Committee. Subsequent site-specific approvals have been approved in 5 of the 11 governing bodies where the clinical consultations took place. In order to ensure this research is relevant and sensitive to the needs of the cohort, our research team includes an asylum seeker who has spent time in Australian immigration detention. Results will be presented at conferences and published in peer-reviewed Medline-indexed journals.