bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Response of River‐Resident Fish to Reservoir Freshet Releases of Varying Profiles Intended to Facilitate a Spawning Migration
Authors: Baker N. J. , Taylor M. J. , Cowx I. G. , Harvey J. P. , Nunn A. D. , Angelopoulos N. V. , Smith M. A. , Noble R. A. , Tinsdeall M. , Baxter J. , Bolland J. D. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNatural hydrological regimes encompass varying seasonal flow characteristics that provide fish with cues and opportunities for upstream spawning migrations, but these flows are often modified/absent in regulated rivers. Compensatory artificial flows (freshets) can be released from reservoirs to replicate these characteristics, but studies testing their effectiveness are limited. To address this, river‐resident brown trout, a species known to undertake spawning migrations, were manually tracked using radio telemetry in a regulated upland river in northern England in response to 11 freshet releases of differing timing, magnitude, and duration. Spawning migrations were not observed because extent of movement during freshets was generally small and the pattern of movement (i.e., directionality and relocation indices) was comparable between impact/control reaches. Movements during freshets were comparable with those observed the days immediately before/after and were small relative to the entire tracking period. In conclusion, freshet characteristic of those recommended to produce “naturalized” autumn/winter flow elevations did not stimulate/facilitate spawning migrations of river‐resident brown trout under the given seasonal conditions. Outside freshets, longer unidirectional movements occurred during low‐flow periods and elevated river level due to rainfall, including during periods of reservoir overtopping. Notwithstanding, fish in experimental reaches were significantly more active (total distance moved) and occupied a larger extent of river (range during freshet) than those in control reaches during short‐duration freshets. Therefore, during dry years/when (autumn/winter) reservoir overtopping events are unlikely, small‐magnitude freshets providing flows that allow fish short opportunities to search for/find superior local habitat while minimizing total water released are recommended.
Magnetic Structure of Fast‐Spread Oceanic Crust at Pito Deep
Authors: Maher S. M. , Gee J. S. , Doran A. K. , Cheadle M. J. , John B. E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMagnetic surveys at tectonic windows that expose magnetic polarity boundaries provide the unique opportunity to explore the pattern of magnetization variations within the oceanic crust and determine the spatially averaged magnetizations of source layers that contribute to marine magnetic anomalies. Here we investigate the C2An.2n/C2An.2r polarity boundary in the tectonic window of Pito Deep, which has exposed a cross‐section through lavas, dikes, and the uppermost kilometer of gabbros at fast‐spread ocean crust. Near‐bottom magnetic anomaly surveys from two expeditions have been incorporated into a penalized least squares inversion method. The application of this method to magnetic data allows us to account for complex bathymetry and differing observation altitudes. When correlated with rock type, the magnetization solution shows median values of 4.4 ± 2.7 A/m for lavas, 2.0 ± 1.9 A/m for dikes, and 1.9 ± 1.9 A/m for gabbros. On a regional scale, lavas and dikes have a different polarity of magnetization than the underlying gabbros. The geometry of the polarity boundary is compatible with a large (~6 km) horizontal offset or very shallow dip of isotherms at the dike/gabbro boundary, and indicates that the zone of melt is significantly wider across axis than predicted from seismic tomography models that suggest pervasive cooling throughout the lower crust within a few kilometers of the spreading center.
Influence of the Thickness of the Overriding Plate on Convergence Zone Dynamics
Authors: Hertgen Solenn , Yamato Philippe , Guillaume Benjamin , Magni Valentina , Schliffke Nicholas , van Hunen Jeroen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe important role played by the upper plate in convergence zones dynamics has long been underestimated but is now more and more emphasized. However, the influence of its thickness and/or strength on orogenic systems evolution remains largely unknown. Here we present results from 3D thermo‐mechanical numerical simulations of convergence zones (including oceanic subduction followed by continental subduction/collision), in which we vary the rheological profile of the overriding plate (OP). For this, we systematically modify the crustal thickness of the overriding lithosphere and the temperature at the Moho to obtain a thermal thickness of the overriding lithosphere ranging from 80 to 180 km. While all models share a common global evolution (i.e., slab sinking, interaction between slab and the 660 km discontinuity, continental subduction/collision, and slab breakoff), they also highlight first‐order differences arising from the variations in the OP strength (thermal thickness). With a thin/weak OP, slab rollback is favored, the slab dip is low, the mantle flow above the slab is vigorous, and the trench migrates at a high rate compared to a thick/strong OP. In addition, slab breakoff and back‐arc basin formation events occur significantly earlier than in models involving a thick OP. Our models therefore highlight the major role played by the thickness/strength of the OP on convergence zone dynamics and illustrate its influence in a quantitative way.
Automated Methods for Detecting Volcanic Deformation Using Sentinel‐1 InSAR Time Series Illustrated by the 2017–2018 Unrest at Agung, Indonesia
Authors: Albino F. , Biggs J. , Yu C. , Li Z. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRadar satellites, such as Sentinel‐1, are now able to produce time series of ground deformation at any volcano around the world, but atmospheric effects still limit the real‐time detection of unrest at tropical volcanoes. Here, we test two approaches to correct atmospheric errors—phase elevation correlations and global weather models—and assess the ability of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) time series to detect deformation anomalies using either a fixed threshold or a cumulative sum control chart. We use the 2017–2018 crisis at Agung volcano as a case example because strong atmospheric signals were originally misidentified as true deformation, and obscured the subtle deformation pattern associated with magmatic activity. We assess the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) of each method and found the average area under the ROC curve to be about 0.5 for the uncorrected data (corresponding to no discrimination capability), around 0.8 after combined atmospheric corrections (weather model and phase elevation approaches), and more than 0.95 using a cumulative sum control chart (where 1 corresponds to ideal separation between classes). Our results retrospectively show that uplift could have been detected to a 95% level of confidence for both ascending and descending time series by October 2017, 15 days after the start of the seismic swarm and 1 month prior to the eruption. Thus, our approach successfully flags anomalous behavior without relying on visual inspection or selection of an arbitrary threshold, and hence shows potential as a monitoring tool for volcano observatories globally.
Plume Dynamics of a Lateral River Tributary Influenced by River Discharge From the Estuary Head
Authors: Gong Wenping , Chen Lianghong , Zhang Heng , Yuan Lirong , Chen Zhaoyun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRiver plumes are important pathways for the transportation of terrigenous materials to coastal oceans. This study uses the Regional Ocean Modeling System to investigate the dynamics of a small river plume from a lateral river tributary discharging into an estuary. In particular, the plume is surface advected under buoyancy force alone, and the Earth's rotation helps to increase the plume's spread in a downstream‐biased pattern. Adding tides to the model changes the plume into a bottom‐advected one, and the plume is advected in an alongshore direction, with its spreading more upstream biased. Tide‐induced mixing and tidal advection are responsible for the changes in the plume structure, especially the tidal asymmetry between ebb and flood tides; the tidal residual circulation is insignificant. When river discharge from the estuary head is imposed, the plume is forced to propagate downstream extensively. This study offers insights into the transport and fate of riverine materials in tributaries that flow into semienclosed waterbodies.
Dense GNSS Profiles Across the Northwestern Tip of the India‐Asia Collision Zone: Triggered Slip and Westward Flow of the Peter the First Range, Pamir, Into the Tajik Depression
Authors: Metzger Sabrina , Ischuk Anatoly , Deng Zhiguo , Ratschbacher Lothar , Perry Mason , Kufner Sofia‐Katerina , Bendick Rebecca , Moreno Marcos 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAt the northwestern tip of the India‐Asia collision zone, the Pamir orocline overrides the Tajik Depression and the Tarim Basin and collides with the Tian Shan. Currently, the Pamir's northern edge exhibits localized shortening rates of 13–19 mm/yr. While the eastern Pamir and the Tarim Basin move northward nearly en block, north‐south shortening decreases westward along the Pamir front into the Tajik Depression. In the northeastern Tajik Depression, the wedge‐shaped crustal sliver of the Peter the First Range is squeezed between the dextral‐transpressive Vakhsh and the sinistral‐transpressive Darvaz faults. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data collected along two densely surveyed profiles detail the kinematics of north‐south shortening and westward lateral extrusion in the northwestern Pamir. The 2016 campaign data suggest a short‐duration dextral‐slip activation of the Darvaz fault, which we interpret as a far‐field effect triggered by the 2015, Mw7.2 Sarez, Central Pamir earthquake. 2013–2015 interseismic GNSS velocities and kinematic modeling show that the Darvaz fault zone accommodates ~15 mm/yr sinistral shear and ~10 mm/yr fault‐normal extension below a locking depth of 9.0 + 0.4/−1.1 km. The Vakhsh fault shows shortening rates of 15 + 4/−2 mm/yr and dextral shear rates of 16 ±3 mm/yr. Jointly, these faults accommodate NW‐SE shortening and southwestward material flow out of the Peter the First Range into the Tajik Depression. Together with seismic and geologic data, our and published geodetic surveys showcase the prolonged interaction of shortening and lateral material flow out of a plateau margin.
Reconstructing the Source and Growth of the Makran Accretionary Complex: Constraints From Detrital Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology
Authors: Esmaeili R. , Xiao W. , Griffin W. L. , Moghadam H. Shafaii , Zhang Z. , Ebrahimi M. , Zhang J. , Wan B. , Ao S. , Bhandari S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe have used U‐Pb zircon ages and Hf isotopic compositions for detrital zircons from Eocene and Cretaceous‐Triassic sedimentary rocks of the Makran accretionary complex (MAC, Iran) to understand the source and growth of the MAC during Mesozoic and Cenozoic time. The Cenozoic sandstones reveal the main age distribution from Paleocene to Eocene with a peak at 54 Ma and show εHf(t) values of −47.7 to +12.1. Our compiled U‐Pb‐Hf data from both the Urumieh‐Dokhtar Magmatic Belt magmatic zircons and the Paleogene Makran detrital zircons reveal that both Makran continental arc and Urumieh‐Dokhtar Magmatic Belt are important suppliers of the Makran detrital zircons. Mesozoic zircons show dominant peaks at 94–91 (Late Cretaceous), 151 (Late Jurassic), and 229 Ma (Triassic). Detrital zircons with peaks at 91 and 151 Ma with εHf(t) values of −42.5 to +15.2 can be supplied by the erosion of Makran ophiolitic rocks, although negative εHf(t) values indicate some Makran detrital zircons came from reworking of the magmatic rocks of the Sanandaj‐Sirjan zone of Iran. Late Cretaceous detrital zircons (~94–91 Ma) were also supplied from erosion of the nascent Makran arc. Middle to Late Jurassic zircons (163–151 Ma) can also come from erosion of the rifting‐related magmatic rocks within the Bajgan‐Durkan complex, although zircon U‐Pb ages show middle Jurassic ages (170–165 Ma) for the Bajgan‐Durkan magmatic rocks. Triassic zircons with εHf(t) values between −17 and +6.9 probably were supplied by the Bajgan‐Durkan complex and/or by Central Iran magmatic rocks. Paleozoic detrital zircons show major peaks at 330 (Carboniferous) and 460 Ma (Ordovician). Their εHf(t) values range from −51 to +18.2 and −9.5 to +4.6, respectively. Carboniferous detrital zircons may have come from the erosion of alkaline gabbros and A‐type granites reported from the NW, NE, SE, and central segments of the Sanandaj‐Sirjan zone and/or may have been supplied from reworking of Carboniferous strata of the Bajgan‐Durkan complex. Late Neoproterozoic‐Early Cambrian detrital zircons with εHf(t) values from −42.9 to +32.4 are suggested to be derived from the Cadomian magmatic rocks of Iran and Anatolia. The pre‐Cadomian detrital zircons with εHf(t) values of −28.9 to +27.5 are consistent with derivation from magmatic rocks of the Arabian‐Nubian Shield. Archean (2.5 Ga) and Paleoproterozoic (2.4–1.8 Ga) detrital zircons probably come from the Afro‐Arabian Craton and Saharan Metacraton. New data from detrital zircons imply that the MAC evolved from Triassic to Eocene and incorporated all orogenic elements including the continental lithosphere, oceanic crust, and its nearby continental arcs during its evolutionary cycle.
Legal Change and Water Market Transaction Costs in Colorado
Authors: Womble Philip , Hanemann W. Michael 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWater markets are commonly described as failing to achieve efficient water management because of transaction cost barriers to trade. In the western United States, two sources of legal conflict frequently drive transaction costs: (1) negative externalities of trading and (2) uncertain property rights. Conflicts arise because water law applies a no‐injury rule that prevents water transfers from modifying water available to third‐party water rights and defines water rights by historical water use, among other reasons. Existing literature suggests many legal changes to reduce transaction costs, but no studies in the western United States quantify transaction costs under proposed future changes. Here we developed statistical models of transaction costs for water transfer proponents under four specific legal changes in the state of Colorado. Two legal changes would modify the no‐injury rule, and two aim to clarify property rights. Colorado hosts active markets and has recently experienced debate over such legal changes. By surveying 100 legal and hydrologic experts, we elicited transaction cost estimates and rankings of which legal changes were most likely to increase third‐party injury. The legal changes that aim to clarify property rights had significantly lower likelihoods of increasing injury. One of these legal changes, which would not limit transferable water to historical use in certain circumstances, also had the greatest reductions in proponents' transaction costs. Meanwhile, the legal changes that directly modify the no‐injury rule project substantial transaction cost savings but much higher likelihoods of increased injury. The results demonstrate trade‐offs between reducing transaction costs and increasing third‐party effects.
Combined Effects of Mean Flow and Turbulence on Sediment Pickup Rate
Authors: Cheng N. S. , Wei M. X. , Chiew Y. M. , Lu Y. S. , Emadzadeh A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper aims to explore the combined main flow and turbulence influence on sediment pickup rates by investigating four purposely devised cases, namely, (1) unobstructed flow over a plane bed; (2) unobstructed flow over a rigid‐dune bed; (3) flow obstructed by a horizontal pipe; and (4) flow obstructed by a vertical pipe. The four cases were used to represent typical scenarios of mean flow combined with turbulence of varying intensities. By analyzing the dependence of sediment pickup rate on different combinations of the mean and turbulent flow parameters, a modified densimetric Froude number, incorporating both the bulk‐averaged velocity and maximum root‐mean‐square value of the fluctuating velocity, is found to be reasonably correlated with the measured pickup rates for all the four cases. Consequently, by relating the pickup rate with the dimensionless particle diameter and the modified densimetric Froude number, a generalized equation that predicts the pickup rates under both unobstructed as well as obstructed flow conditions is obtained.
Long-term hippocampal interneuronopathy drives sex-dimorphic spatial memory impairment induced by prenatal THC exposure
Authors: de Salas-Quiroga Adán , García-Rincón Daniel , Gómez-Domínguez Daniel , Valero Manuel , Simón-Sánchez Samuel , Paraíso-Luna Juan , Aguareles José , Pujadas Mitona , Muguruza Carolina , Callado Luis F. , Lutz Beat , Guzmán Manuel , de la Prida Liset Menéndez , Galve-Roperh Ismael 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPrenatal exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the most prominent active constituent of cannabis, alters neurodevelopmental plasticity with a long-term functional impact on adult offspring. Specifically, THC affects the development of pyramidal neurons and GABAergic interneurons via cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1R). However, the particular contribution of these two neuronal lineages to the behavioral alterations and functional deficits induced by THC is still unclear. Here, by using conditional CB1R knockout mice, we investigated the neurodevelopmental consequences of prenatal THC exposure in adulthood, as well as their potential sex differences. Adult mice that had been exposed to THC during embryonic development showed altered hippocampal oscillations, brain hyperexcitability, and spatial memory impairment. Remarkably, we found a clear sexual dimorphism in these effects, with males being selectively affected. At the neuronal level, we found a striking interneuronopathy of CCK-containing interneurons in the hippocampus, which was restricted to male progeny. This THC-induced CCK-interneuron reduction was not evident in mice lacking CB1R selectively in GABAergic interneurons, thus pointing to a cell-autonomous THC action. In vivo electrophysiological recordings of hippocampal LFPs revealed alterations in hippocampal oscillations confined to the stratum pyramidale of CA1 in male offspring. In addition, sharp-wave ripples, a major high-frequency oscillation crucial for learning and memory consolidation, were also altered, pointing to aberrant circuitries caused by persistent reduction of CCK+ basket cells. Taken together, these findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the long-term interneuronopathy responsible for the sex-dimorphic cognitive impairment induced by prenatal THC.
Pro-death signaling of cytoprotective heat shock factor 1: upregulation of NOXA leading to apoptosis in heat-sensitive cells
Authors: Janus Patryk , Toma-Jonik Agnieszka , Vydra Natalia , Mrowiec Katarzyna , Korfanty Joanna , Chadalski Marek , Widłak Piotr , Dudek Karolina , Paszek Anna , Rusin Marek , Polańska Joanna , Widłak Wiesława 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHeat shock can induce either cytoprotective mechanisms or cell death. We found that in certain human and mouse cells, including spermatocytes, activated heat shock factor 1 (HSF1) binds to sequences located in the intron(s) of the PMAIP1 (NOXA) gene and upregulates its expression which induces apoptosis. Such a mode of PMAIP1 activation is not dependent on p53. Therefore, HSF1 not only can activate the expression of genes encoding cytoprotective heat shock proteins, which prevents apoptosis, but it can also positively regulate the proapoptotic PMAIP1 gene, which facilitates cell death. This could be the primary cause of hyperthermia-induced elimination of heat-sensitive cells, yet other pro-death mechanisms might also be involved.
Hillock assisted p-type enhancement in N-polar GaN:Mg films grown by MOCVD
Authors: Rocco Emma , Licata Olivia , Mahaboob Isra , Hogan Kasey , Tozier Sean , Meyers Vincent , McEwen Benjamin , Novak Steven , Mazumder Baishakhi , Reshchikov Michael , Douglas Bell L. , Shahedipour-Sandvik F. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe report on the enhanced incorporation efficiency of magnesium dopants into facets of hexagonal hillock structures in N-polar GaN, studied by comparative analysis of GaN:Mg films grown by MOCVD on high and low hillock density GaN template layers. Total magnesium concentration in planar regions surrounding a hillock structure is comparable to that within hillock sidewall facets measured at 1.3 × 1019 cm−3 by atom probe tomography, and clustering of Mg atoms is seen in all regions of the film. Within individual hillock structures a decreased Mg cluster density is observed within hillock structures as opposed to the planar regions surrounding a hillock. Additionally, the Mg cluster radius is decreased within the hillock sidewall. The favorable incorporation of Mg is attributed to Mg dopants incorporating substitutionally for Ga during growth of semi-polar facets of the hillock structures. Enhanced p-type conductivity of GaN:Mg films grown on high hillock density template layers is verified by optical and electrical measurement.
Nonrelativistic electron–electron Møller scattering in a nonadiabatic tunnel-ionizing surface plasmon field
Authors: Greig S. R. , Khurgin J. B. , Elezzabi A. Y. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUltrafast processes occurring on nanoscale surfaces can be probed with ultrafast low-energy electron pulses. Specifically, for metallic samples, the interaction of free electrons with surface plasmon fields provides insight into the nanoscale electron dynamics at the surface. Current models and experiments include the interaction of electrons with the sample, but ignore electron–electron and electron–plasmon interactions. Here we show that secondary electrons and their interaction with the incident primary electrons via nonrelativistic Møller scattering in the presence of optical and surface plasmon fields significantly alters the electron dynamics probed with ultrafast low-energy electron microscopy. Modeling this electron–plasmon interaction is key for interpreting ultrafast electron dynamics on metallic surfaces.
Management of Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy: An Electroencephalogram-Oriented Novel Approach
Authors: Jaseja Harinder 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCerebral palsy (CP) is commonly associated with spasticity though the exact pathophysiology is still unknown. Management of spasticity is an important aspect of care because it can adversely affect quality of life. Patients with CP also commonly exhibit interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) on their electroencephalograms (EEGs) even without clinical epilepsy. This brief article studies the relationship between spasticity and IEDs. Based on the intrinsic relationship between the two and available pathophysiological evidence of spasticity, the author suggests a mandatory EEG in all patients with CP and spasticity and consideration for initiation of IEDs when detected.
An Update on Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Ivan Catalin V. , Stephenson James A. , Shah Vikas , Sandrasegaran Kumaresan , Rajesh Arumugam 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn recent years, there have been further advances in understanding of the acute pancreatic inflammation and its complications. Among these are emerging concepts such as peripancreatic necrosis and main duct injury secondary to necrotizing pancreatitis. To remain relevant to the clinical teams, radiologists need to be aware of these advances in knowledge and their reports should provide key points of information that may impact patient management. This article provides an up to date review of acute pancreatitis.