bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of the condensation of dust grains in Wolf–Rayet stellar winds
Authors: Gupta Anuj , Sahijpal Sandeep 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTWolf–Rayet (WR) stars are the evolutionary phases of very massive stars prior to the final supernova explosion stage. These stars lose substantial mass during the WN and WC stages. The mass losses are associated with diverse elemental and isotopic signatures that represent distinct stellar evolutionary processes. WR strong winds can host environments favourable for the condensation of dust grains with diverse compositions. The condensation of dust in the outflows of massive stars is supported by a number of observations. The present work is an attempt to develop a theoretical framework for the thermodynamics associated with the condensation of dust grains in the winds of the WN and WC phases. A novel numerical code has been developed for dust condensation. In addition to the equilibrium dust condensation calculations, we have attempted, perhaps for the first time, a set of non-equilibrium scenarios for dust condensation in various WR stages. These scenarios differ in terms of the magnitude of the non-equilibrium state, defined in terms of a simulation non-equilibrium parameter. Here, we attempt to understand the effect of the simulation non-equilibrium parameter on the condensation sequence of dust grains. In general, we found that mostly C (graphite), TiC, SiC, AlN, CaS and Fe-metal are condensed in WR winds. The extent of non-equilibrium influences the relative proportions of the earliest dust condensate compared with the condensates formed at later stages subsequent to the cooling of the gas. The results indicate that dust grains that are condensed in the WC phase may make a substantial contribution of carbon-rich dust grains to the interstellar medium.
Feeding of active galactic nuclei by dynamical perturbations
Authors: Tartėnas Matas , Zubovas Kastytis 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
There possibly was an active galactic nuclei (AGN) episode in the Galactic Centre (GC) about 6 Myr ago, powerful enough to produce the Fermi bubbles. We present numerical simulations of a possible scenario giving rise to an activity episode: a collision between a central gas ring surrounding the supermassive black hole (SMBH) and an infalling molecular cloud. We investigate different initial collision angles between the cloud and the ring. We follow the hydrodynamical evolution of the system following the collision using gadget-3 hybrid N-body/SPH code and calculate the feeding rate of the SMBH accretion disc. This rate is then used as an input for a 1D thin α-disc model in order to calculate the AGN luminosity. By varying the disc feeding radii, we determine the limiting values for possible AGN accretion disc luminosity. Small angle collisions do not result in significant mass transport to the centre of the system, while models with highest collision angles transport close to $40{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the initial matter to the accretion disc. Even with ring and cloud masses equal to $10^4 \, {\rm M_{\odot }}$, which is the lower limit of present-day mass of the circumnuclear ring in the GC, the energy released over an interval of 1.5 Myr can produce $\sim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of that required to inflate the Fermi bubbles. If the gas ring in the GC 6 Myr ago had a mass of at least $10^5 \, {\rm M_{\odot }}$, our proposed scenario can explain the formation of the Fermi bubbles. We estimate that such high-impact collisions might occur once every ∼108 yr in our Galaxy.
Transcriptional network dynamics during the progression of pluripotency revealed by integrative statistical learning
Authors: Kim Hani Jieun , Osteil Pierre , Humphrey Sean J , Cinghu Senthilkumar , Oldfield Andrew J , Patrick Ellis , Wilkie Emilie E , Peng Guangdun , Suo Shengbao , Jothi Raja , Tam Patrick P L , Yang Pengyi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The developmental potential of cells, termed pluripotency, is highly dynamic and progresses through a continuum of naive, formative and primed states. Pluripotency progression of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from naive to formative and primed state is governed by transcription factors (TFs) and their target genes. Genomic techniques have uncovered a multitude of TF binding sites in ESCs, yet a major challenge lies in identifying target genes from functional binding sites and reconstructing dynamic transcriptional networks underlying pluripotency progression. Here, we integrated time-resolved ‘trans-omic’ datasets together with TF binding profiles and chromatin conformation data to identify target genes of a panel of TFs. Our analyses revealed that naive TF target genes are more likely to be TFs themselves than those of formative TFs, suggesting denser hierarchies among naive TFs. We also discovered that formative TF target genes are marked by permissive epigenomic signatures in the naive state, indicating that they are poised for expression prior to the initiation of pluripotency transition to the formative state. Finally, our reconstructed transcriptional networks pinpointed the precise timing from naive to formative pluripotency progression and enabled the spatiotemporal mapping of differentiating ESCs to their in vivo counterparts in developing embryos.
Rationale and protocol of the Dapagliflozin And Prevention of Adverse outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD) randomized controlled trial
Authors: Heerspink Hiddo J L , Stefansson Bergur V , Chertow Glenn M , Correa-Rotter Ricardo , Greene Tom , Hou Fan-Fan , Lindberg Magnus , McMurray John , Rossing Peter , Toto Roberto , Langkilde Anna Maria , Wheeler David C ,   for the DAPA-CKD Investigators, Heerspink H J L , Wheeler D C , Chertow G , Correa-Rotter R , Greene T , Hou F-F , McMurray J , Rossing P , Toto R , Stefansson B , Langkilde A M , Pfeffer Marc A , Pocock Stuart , Swedberg Karl , Rouleau Jean L , Chaturvedi Nishi , Ivanovich Peter , Levey Andrew S , Christ-Schmidt Heidi , Mann Johannes , Held Claes , Varenhorst Christoph , Holmgren Pernilla , Hallberg Theresa , Douthat Walter , Filho Roberto Pecoits , Cherney David , Hou Fan Fan , Persson Frederik , Haller Hermann , Wittmann István , Tudományegyetem Pécsi , Khullar Dinesh , Naoki Kashihara , Correa-Rotter Richardo , Escudero Elizabeth , Isidto Rey , Iloilo Healthlink , Nowicki Michal , Batiushin Mikhail , Kang Shin-Wook , Teruel José Luis Górriz , Furuland Hans , Bilchenko Oleksandr , Mark Patrick , Dwyer Jamie , Van Bui Pham 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Recent cardiovascular outcome trials have shown that sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors slow the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk. Whether these benefits extend to CKD patients without type 2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease is unknown. The Dapagliflozin and Prevention of Adverse Outcomes in CKD (DAPA-CKD) trial (NCT03036150) will assess the effect of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin on renal and cardiovascular events in a broad range of patients with CKD with and without diabetes.

Methods
DAPA-CKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, trial in which ∼4300 patients with CKD Stages 2–4 and elevated urinary albumin excretion will be enrolled. The vast majority will be receiving a maximum tolerated dose of a renin–angiotensin system inhibitor at enrolment.

Results
After a screening assessment, eligible patients with a urinary albumin:creatinine ratio ≥200 mg/g and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 25 and 75 mL/min/1.73 m2 are randomly assigned to placebo or dapagliflozin 10 mg/day. Enrolment is monitored to ensure that at least 30% of patients do not have diabetes and that no more than 10% have an eGFR &gt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The primary endpoint is a composite of a sustained decline in eGFR of ≥50%, end-stage renal disease, renal death or cardiovascular death. The trial will conclude when 681 primary renal events have occurred, providing 90% power to detect a 22% relative risk reduction (α level of 0.05).

Conclusion
DAPA-CKD will determine whether the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin, added to guideline-recommended therapies, safely reduces the rate of renal and cardiovascular events in patients across multiple CKD stages with and without diabetes.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Epilepsy: Systematic Review of Technique, Indications, and Outcomes
Authors: Youngerman Brett E , Save Akshay V , McKhann Guy M 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDFor patients with focal drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), surgical resection of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) may offer seizure freedom and benefits for quality of life. Yet, concerns remain regarding invasiveness, morbidity, and neurocognitive side effects. Magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRgLITT) has emerged as a less invasive option for stereotactic ablation rather than resection of the EZ.OBJECTIVETo provide an introduction to MRgLITT for epilepsy, including historical development, surgical technique, and role in therapy.METHODSThe development of MRgLITT is briefly recounted. A systematic review identified reported techniques and indication-specific outcomes of MRgLITT for DRE in human studies regardless of sample size or follow-up duration. Potential advantages and disadvantages compared to available alternatives for each indication are assessed in an unstructured review.RESULTSTechniques and outcomes are reported for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, hypothalamic hamartoma, focal cortical dysplasia, nonlesional epilepsy, tuberous sclerosis, periventricular nodular heterotopia, cerebral cavernous malformations, poststroke epilepsy, temporal encephalocele, and corpus callosotomy.CONCLUSIONMRgLITT offers access to foci virtually anywhere in the brain with minimal disruption of the overlying cortex and white matter, promising fewer neurological side effects and less surgical morbidity and pain. Compared to other ablative techniques, MRgLITT offers immediate, discrete lesions with real-time monitoring of temperature beyond the fiber tip for damage estimates and off-target injury prevention. Applications of MRgLITT for epilepsy are growing rapidly and, although more evidence of safety and efficacy is needed, there are potential advantages for some patients.
Leukemic infiltration in the settings of acute respiratory failure
Authors: Fayed M , Evans T , Abdulhaq H 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Hematological malignancies need special attention in the intensive care unit (ICU). Leukemia has numerous presentations in the ICU. Most commonly, these patients present with complications of therapy. Infection and neutropenia are major reasons for ICU admission. Pulmonary complications in patients with leukemia are often due to pneumonia, hemorrhage, edema or drug toxicity; however, pulmonary leukemic infiltration is a well-known complication in all types of pneumonia but is not well described in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. It can contribute to a rapid decline in respiratory status. Distinguishing among infection, pulmonary edema and leukemic infiltrates can be challenging. Characteristic radiological patterns have been described but are still challenging to recognize. Critical care management in these cases can have a large impact, and early intervention could be lifesaving in the appropriate clinical setting.
The Sucrose Non-Fermenting 1-Related Protein Kinase 2 (SnRK2) Genes Are Multifaceted Players in Plant Growth, Development and Response to Environmental Stimuli
Authors: Mao Xinguo , Li Yuying , Rehman Shoaib Ur , Miao Lili , Zhang Yanfei , Chen Xin , Yu Chunmei , Wang Jingyi , Li Chaonan , Jing Ruilian 
Published: December 2019

AbstractReversible protein phosphorylation orchestrated by protein kinases and phosphatases is a major regulatory event in plants and animals. The SnRK2 subfamily consists of plant-specific protein kinases in the Ser/Thr protein kinase superfamily. Early observations indicated that SnRK2s are mainly involved in response to abiotic stress. Recent evidence shows that SnRK2s are multifarious players in a variety of biological processes. Here, we summarize the considerable knowledge of SnRK2s, including evolution, classification, biological functions and regulatory mechanisms at the epigenetic, post-transcriptional and post-translation levels.
Anti-Intellectualism, Populism, and Motivated Resistance to Expert Consensus
Authors: Merkley Eric 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Scholars have maintained that public attitudes often diverge from expert consensus due to ideology-driven motivated reasoning. However, this is not a sufficient explanation for less salient and politically charged questions. More attention needs to be given to anti-intellectualism—the generalized mistrust of intellectuals and experts. Using data from the General Social Survey and a survey of 3,600 Americans on Amazon Mechanical Turk, I provide evidence of a strong association between anti-intellectualism and opposition to scientific positions on climate change, nuclear power, GMOs, and water fluoridation, particularly for respondents with higher levels of political interest. Second, a survey experiment shows that anti-intellectualism moderates the acceptance of expert consensus cues such that respondents with high levels of anti-intellectualism actually increase their opposition to these positions in response. Third, evidence shows anti-intellectualism is connected to populism, a worldview that sees political conflict as primarily between ordinary citizens and a privileged societal elite. Exposure to randomly assigned populist rhetoric, even that which does not pertain to experts directly, primes anti-intellectual predispositions among respondents in the processing of expert consensus cues. These findings suggest that rising anti-elite rhetoric may make anti-intellectual sentiment more salient in information processing.
Two Is a Crowd: An Australian Case Study on Legislative Process, Law Reform Commissions and Dealing with Duplicate Offences
Authors: Chen Jianlin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article utilizes the sexual offence reform in Australian Capital Territory, Tasmania, and Western Australia as a case study to critically examine the perils and causes of duplicate offences. For perils, this article demonstrates that the failure to abolish a lesser offence (i.e. the procurement by false pretence offence) that was rendered redundant by a statutory expansion of the primary offence (i.e. rape vis-à-vis sex obtained by fraud) would create structural incoherency in the legal framework and impede the court from giving full effect to the plain words of the amended provision. For causes, this article identifies the positive but insufficient role of law reform commissions in ensuring appropriate treatment of the lesser duplicate offence by the legislature. The article proposes that law reform commissions should be more forcefully explicit when making recommendations relating to the abolishment of redundant offences.
The Aura of Chips: Material Engagements and the Production of Everyday Religious Difference in British Asian Street Kitchens
Authors: Zavos John 
Published: December 2019

AbstractReligious difference is a significant index of social plurality in contemporary Britain. State discourses frequently project society as multi-faith, while simultaneously signaling religious others as a potential threat to social cohesion. Acknowledging the social power of these contrasting projections, this article analyses religious difference as an everyday feature of British urban pluralism. The article draws on Stuart Hall’s recognition of processes of diaporic identification, shaped in the context of the pathologizing of racial identity as a fixed form of difference. It argues that an emphasis on identification, rather than identity, invokes a critique of agential approaches to everyday religious practices. Tim Ingold’s proposition of material engagements as a “dance of animacy” provides an analytical tool to explore the production of religious difference beyond agency in this way. The article focuses on sensory engagements and diaspora food cultures in Sikh and Muslim street kitchen initiatives to explore these themes.
Effective Altruism as an Ethical Lens on Research Priorities
Authors: Garrett K. A. , Alcalá-Briseño R. I. , Andersen K. F. , Brawner J. , Choudhury R. A. , Delaquis E. , Fayette J. , Poudel R. , Purves D. , Rothschild J. , Small I. M. , Thomas-Sharma S. , Xing Y. 
Published: December 2019

Effective altruism is an ethical framework for identifying the greatest potential benefits from investments. Here, we apply effective altruism concepts to maximize research benefits through identification of priority stakeholders, pathosystems, and research questions and technologies. Priority stakeholders for research benefits may include smallholder farmers who have not yet attained the minimal standards set out by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals; these farmers would often have the most to gain from better crop disease management, if their management problems are tractable. In wildlands, prioritization has been based on the risk of extirpating keystone species, protecting ecosystem services, and preserving wild resources of importance to vulnerable people. Pathosystems may be prioritized based on yield and quality loss, and also factors such as whether other researchers would be unlikely to replace the research efforts if efforts were withdrawn, such as in the case of orphan crops and orphan pathosystems. Research products that help build sustainable and resilient systems can be particularly beneficial. The “value of information” from research can be evaluated in epidemic networks and landscapes, to identify priority locations for both benefits to individuals and to constrain regional epidemics. As decision-making becomes more consolidated and more networked in digital agricultural systems, the range of ethical considerations expands. Low-likelihood but high-damage scenarios such as generalist doomsday pathogens may be research priorities because of the extreme potential cost. Regional microbiomes constitute a commons, and avoiding the “tragedy of the microbiome commons” may depend on shifting research products from “common pool goods” to “public goods” or other categories. We provide suggestions for how individual researchers and funders may make altruism-driven research more effective.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Improving natural product research translation: From source to clinical trial
Authors: Sorkin Barbara C. , Kuszak Adam J. , Bloss Gregory , Fukagawa Naomi K. , Hoffman Freddie Ann , Jafari Mahtab , Barrett Bruce , Brown Paula N. , Bushman Frederic D. , Casper Steven J. , Chilton Floyd H. , Coffey Christopher S. , Ferruzzi Mario G. , Hopp D. Craig , Kiely Mairead , Lakens Daniel , MacMillan John B. , Meltzer David O. , Pahor Marco , Paul Jeffrey , Pritchett‐Corning Kathleen , Quinney Sara K. , Rehermann Barbara , Setchell Kenneth D. R. , Sipes Nisha S. , Stephens Jacqueline M. , Taylor D. Lansing , Tiriac Hervé , Walters Michael A. , Xi Dan , Zappalá Giovanna , Pauli Guido F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhile great interest in health effects of natural product (NP) including dietary supplements and foods persists, promising preclinical NP research is not consistently translating into actionable clinical trial (CT) outcomes. Generally considered the gold standard for assessing safety and efficacy, CTs, especially phase III CTs, are costly and require rigorous planning to optimize the value of the information obtained. More effective bridging from NP research to CT was the goal of a September, 2018 transdisciplinary workshop. Participants emphasized that replicability and likelihood of successful translation depend on rigor in experimental design, interpretation, and reporting across the continuum of NP research. Discussions spanned good practices for NP characterization and quality control; use and interpretation of models (computational through in vivo) with strong clinical predictive validity; controls for experimental artefacts, especially for in vitro interrogation of bioactivity and mechanisms of action; rigorous assessment and interpretation of prior research; transparency in all reporting; and prioritization of research questions. Natural product clinical trials prioritized based on rigorous, convergent supporting data and current public health needs are most likely to be informative and ultimately affect public health. Thoughtful, coordinated implementation of these practices should enhance the knowledge gained from future NP research.
Incidence of Pediatric Venous Thromboembolism After Elective Spine and Lower-Extremity Surgery in Children With Neuromuscular Complex Chronic Conditions: Do we Need Prophylaxis?
Authors: Shore Benjamin J. , Hall Matt , Matheney Travis H. , Snyder Brian , Trenor Cameron C. , Berry Jay G. 
Published: December 2019

Background:
The incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after elective surgery in children with mobility impairments, including those with a neuromuscular complex chronic condition (NCCC), is unknown. Therefore, our objectives were to assess the incidence of VTE after elective spine and lower-extremity surgery in children with NCCC.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis of children with NCCC undergoing elective lower-extremity and/or spinal surgeries from 2005 to 2009 included in the Pediatric Health Information Systems Plus (PHIS+) database. VTE during hospitalization for surgery was assessed through abstraction and review of ultrasound (U/S) and computed tomography results by 2 independent reviewers. VTEs related to pre-existing central venous catheters were excluded.

Results:
There were 4,583 children with NCCC who underwent orthopaedic surgery during the study period at 6 centers. Most were male (56.3%), non-Hispanic whites (72.7%), and had private insurance (52.2%). The most common NCCC diagnoses were cerebral palsy (46.7%), brain and spinal cord malformations (31.1%), and central nervous system degenerative conditions (14.5%). Forty children (0.9%) underwent U/S to assess VTE. Eighteen children (0.4%) underwent computed tomography to assess VTE. Four children (with cerebral palsy) had a positive U/S for a lower-extremity VTE (10-18 y of age), yet 2 had their VTE before surgery. Therefore, the adjusted VTE rate for children with NCCC undergoing orthopaedic lower-extremity or spine surgery was 4 per 10,000 (2 cases per 4583 surgeries). Each of the 2 cases had a known coagulation disorder preoperatively. Only 10% of the cohort used compression devices, 3% enoxaparin, and 1.6% aspirin for prophylaxis.

Conclusion:
The rate of non–central-venous-catheter-related VTE associated with orthopaedic surgery in children with NCCC is very low and lower than rates reported in healthy children.

Significance:
To our knowledge, this is the first multi-institutional study reporting the incidence of VTE in children with NCCCs undergoing elective hip and spine surgery. These data support no additional prophylaxis is required in children with NCCC undergoing elective hip and spine surgery unless other known risk factors are also present.