bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smooth and slipless walking mechanism inspired by the open–close cycle of a beetle claw
Authors: Shima Daiki , Gan Jia Hui , Umezu Shinjiro , Sato Hirotaka 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study investigated the function of the beetle’s claw for its smooth and slipless walking and designed an artificial claw open–close cycle mechanism to mimic the beetle’s walking. First, the effects of claw opening and closing on beetles’ ability to attach to surfaces were examined. A beetle does not have an attachment pad, and only its claws work to grip the ground; its claw opens and closes and attaches with two sharp hooks. With their claws, beetles can smoothly walk, neither slipping on nor having their claws stuck in the surface. How do they perform smooth walking with sharp claws? In this study, we observed that beetles close their claws when they raise and swung their legs forward, while they open their claws when they lowered their legs to the ground. We then conducted non-destructive tests: their claws were forced open or closed. There was a significant difference in the trajectories of forced-closed claws compared to intact claws and forced-open claws. When their claws were forced-closed, this caused slippage in walking. On the other hand, when a claw was forced-open and its rotation was also inhibited, the claw stuck heavily in the surface, and the beetle could not walk. Based on these findings, we designed an artificial claw to open and close in the same cyclic manner as in the case of natural beetles. The performance of the artificial claw was consistent with the conclusions drawn from natural beetles: the locomotive robot with the artificial claw smoothly moved without slippage. Through these observations, non-destructive tests and performance of the bio-inspired artificial claws, this study confirmed the function of the open–close cycle of beetle claws and demonstrated and successfully adopted it for a locomotive robot.
Extreme event impacts on CO2 fluxes across a range of high latitude, shrub-dominated ecosystems
Authors: Treharne Rachael , Bjerke Jarle W , Tømmervik Hans , Phoenix Gareth K 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Arctic is experiencing an increased frequency of extreme events which can cause landscape-scale vegetation damage. Extreme event-driven damage is an important driver of the decline in vegetation productivity (termed ‘Arctic browning’) which has become an increasingly important component of pan-Arctic vegetation change in recent years. A limited number of studies have demonstrated that event-driven damage can have major impacts on ecosystem CO2 balance, reducing ecosystem carbon sink strength. However, although there are many different extreme events that cause Arctic browning and different ecosystem types that are affected, there is no understanding of how impacts on CO2 fluxes might vary between these, or of whether commonalities in response exist that would simplify incorporation of extreme event-driven Arctic browning into models.
To address this, the impacts of different extreme events (frost-drought, extreme winter warming, ground icing and a herbivore insect outbreak) on growing season CO2 fluxes of Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE), Gross Primary Productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) were assessed at five sites from the boreal to High Arctic (64°N-79°N) in mainland Norway and Svalbard. Event-driven browning had consistent, major impacts across contrasting sites and event drivers, causing site-level reductions of up to 81% of NEE, 51% of GPP and 37% of Reco. Furthermore, at sites where plot-level NDVI (greenness) data were obtained, strong linear relationships between NDVI and NEE were identified, indicating clear potential for impacts of browning on CO2 balance to be consistently, predictably related to loss of greenness across contrasting types of events and heathland ecosystems.
This represents the first attempt to compare the consequences of browning driven by different extreme events on ecosystem CO2 balance, and provides an important step towards a better understanding of how ecosystem CO2 balance will respond to continuing climate change at high latitudes.
High-efficiency photoelectrochemical cathodic protection performance of the iron-nitrogen-sulfur-doped TiO2 nanotube as new efficient photoanodes
Authors: Momeni Mohamad Mohsen , Taghinejad Mohammad , Ghayeb Yousef , Bagheri Robabeh , Song Zhenlun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Novel iron-nitrogen-sulfur-tridoped titanium dioxide nanotubes (Fe-N-S-TiO2 NTs) have been synthesized via single step anodization of titanium using potassium ferricyanide, as a suitable additive, in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) electrolyte and applied as photoanodes in the photocathodic protection of stainless steel 403 (SS403). Photocurrent density, open circuit potential and Tafel polarization curves have been used to study the photocathodic protection effect of the samples prepared. Upon the addition of potassium ferricyanide to the anodizing electrolyte and titanium dioxide nanotube doping, the light absorption of the Fe-N-S-TiO2 NTs were increased to the visible region, comparable with pure TiO2 NTs, according to the results obtained. Enhanced photoelectro-response activity and photocathodic protection performance for 403 stainless steel are exhibited by Fe-N-S-TiO2 NTs under light illumination. In addition, the optimal sample electrode (FT4) potentials shifted negatively to −683 mV under illumination.
Effects of ageing on low-cycle fatigue (LCF) properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy wheel hub
Authors: Wang Jun , Yang Fulai , Ma Jin , zhang Tingyan , Cao Hui , Che Xin , Geng Liye , Zhang Zhimin , Wang Qiang , Yang Yongbiao 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A hollow billet Expanding-Reducing Extrusion (ERE) wheel hub forming process was carried out with AZ80 magnesium alloy. The effects of ageing on Low-cycle fatigue (LCF) properties were investigated, and the microstructure was characterized with scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The LCF testing results exhibited that the stress amplitude increased with increasing ageing time, while the plastic strain decreased with increasing ageing time. Cyclic softening followed by hardening was observed for 0 h and 16 h aged samples; however, there was no obvious cyclic softening or hardening for 36 h aged sample. The tension-compression asymmetry were not obvious due to the low strain, precipitation and the non typical basal texture. Fracture observations indicated that the fatigue cracks were initiated on the surface, and the crack propagation area decreased with increasing ageing time. Thus, it can be concluded that ageing has strong effects on the fatigue life for the studied magnesium alloy.
Fabrication of amorphous Al2O3 optical film with various refractive index and low surface roughness
Authors: Lan Yunping , Zou Yonggang , Ma Xiaohui , Xu Li , Shi Linlin , Zhang Jiabin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Alumina(Al2O3) thin film has been widely used in many applications due to its excellent properties, especially in optical films and semiconductor industries. Refractive index, amorphous property and surface roughness are essential parameters related to its applications. In this study, the fabrication method of preparing various refractive index Al2O3 optical films was proposed. The Al2O3 optical films were deposited at room temperature by electron beam evaporation(EBE) technique. The effects of deposition rate and post-annealed temperature on refractive index, vibration peak of molecular and atom, amorphous property and surface roughness were investigated. Refractive index ranging from 1.519 to 1.627 was realized by EBE method at different deposition rates and different post-annealed temperatures. The variable refractive index was very important in adjusting half-width of reflector band. Meanwhile, analysis showed that the suitable post-annealed temperature could not exceed 400 °C. In short, this work provided an effective approach to fabricate amorphous Al2O3 optical film, which was pretty important in its applications in UV antireflection films and blue light reflection films.
Hyperbolic metrics on open subsets of Ptolemaic spaces with sharp parameter bounds
Authors: Katz Neil 
Published: August 2020

It is shown that a construction of Z. Zhang and Y. Xiao on open subsets of Ptolemaic spaces yields, when the subset has boundary containing at least two points, metrics that are Gromov hyperbolic with parameter

log
⁡
2

\log 2

and strongly hyperbolic with parameter

1
1

with no further conditions on the open set. A class of examples is constructed on Hadamard manifolds showing that these estimates of the parameters are sharp.
On quadratic forms in multivariate generalized hyperbolic random vectors
Authors: Broda Simon A , Zambrano Juan Arismendi 
Published: August 2020

Summary
This article presents exact and approximate expressions for tail probabilities and partial moments of quadratic forms in multivariate generalized hyperbolic random vectors. The derivations involve a generalization of the classic inversion formula for distribution functions (Gil-Pelaez, 1951). Two numerical applications are considered: the distribution of the two-stage least squares estimator and the expected shortfall of a quadratic portfolio.
Easing diagnosis and pushing the detection limits of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Kiran Uday , Gokulan C G , Kuncha Santosh Kumar , Vedagiri Dhiviya , Chander Bingi Thrilok , Sekhar Aedula Vinaya , Dontamala Suchitra , Reddy Arakatla Lohith , Tallapaka Karthik Bharadwaj , Mishra Rakesh K , Harshan Krishnan Harinivas 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rigorous testing is the way forward to fight the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Here we show that the currently used and most reliable reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-based severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) procedure can be further simplified to make it faster, safer, and economical by eliminating the RNA isolation step. The modified method is not only fast and convenient but also at par with the traditional method in terms of accuracy, and therefore can be used for mass screening. Our method takes about half the time and is cheaper by ∼40% compared to the currently used method. We also provide a variant of the new method that increases the efficiency of detection by ∼30% compared to the existing procedure. Taken together, we demonstrate a more effective and reliable method of SARS-CoV-2 detection.
The Inquiry Cycle and Applied Inquiry Cycle: Integrated Frameworks for Field Studies in the Environmental Sciences
Authors: Feinsinger Peter , Rodríguez Iralys Ventosa , Izquierdo Andrea E , Buzato Silvana 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEmpirical place-based studies remain the research mode of most environmental field scientists. For their own sake and that of synthetic analyses based on them, such studies should follow rigorous, integrated frameworks for formulating, designing, executing, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting investigations. The inquiry cycle and applied inquiry cycle provide such frameworks: research questions complying with strict guidelines, research design following 17 detailed steps, and ordered sequences of reflections on data that begin with possible causes of their general tendencies and exceptions (outliers) and then consider possibilities involving other spatiotemporal scales. The applied inquiry cycle evaluates alternative place-based management guidelines. In these studies, reflection on results can lead to implementing the most promising alternative examined, monitoring the consequences, and engaging in adaptive management. The integration from start to finish and the numerous reality checks of the two frameworks provide field researchers with tools to carry out the best, or least flawed, field investigations possible.
European Society of Cardiology methodology for the development of quality indicators for the quantification of cardiovascular care and outcomes
Authors: Aktaa Suleman , Batra Gorav , Wallentin Lars , Baigent Colin , Erlinge David , James Stefan , Ludman Peter , Maggioni Aldo P , Price Susanna , Weston Clive , Casadei Barbara , Gale Chris P 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimsIt is increasingly recognized that tools are required for assessing and benchmarking quality of care in order to improve it. The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) is developing a suite of quality indicators (QIs) to evaluate cardiovascular care and support the delivery of evidence-based care. This paper describes the methodology used for their development.Methods and resultsWe propose a four-step process for the development of the ESC QIs. For a specific clinical area with a gap in care delivery, the QI development process includes: (i) the identification of key domains of care by constructing a conceptual framework of care; (ii) the construction of candidate QIs by conducting a systematic review of the literature; (iii) the selection of a final set of QIs by obtaining expert opinions using the modified Delphi method; and (iv) the undertaking of a feasibility assessment by evaluating different ways of defining the QI specifications for the proposed data collection source. For each of the four steps, key methodological areas need to be addressed to inform the implementation process and avoid misinterpretation of the measurement results.ConclusionDetailing the methodology for the ESC QIs construction enables healthcare providers to develop valid and feasible metrics to measure and improve the quality of cardiovascular care. As such, high-quality evidence may be translated into clinical practice and the ‘evidence-practice’ gap closed.
Common carotid artery true lumen flow impairment in patients with type A aortic dissection
Authors: Kreibich Maximilian , Desai Nimesh D , Bavaria Joseph E , Szeto Wilson Y , Vallabhajosyula Prashanth , Beyersdorf Friedhelm , Czerny Martin , Siepe Matthias , Rylski Bartosz , Itagaki Ryo , Okamura Homare , Yamaguchi Atsushi , Kimura Naoyuki 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Our aim was to evaluate clinical and neurological effects of common carotid artery (CCA) true lumen flow impairment or occlusion in patients with type A aortic dissection.

METHODS
Characteristics and imaging data of patients with dissected CCA secondary to acute type A aortic dissection from 3 institutions were analysed. We defined true lumen blood flow as unimpaired when the maximum true lumen diameter exceeded 50% of the complete CCA diameter, as impaired when the true lumen was compressed to ˃50% of the complete lumen, or as occluded.

RESULTS
Out of 440 patients, 207 presented unimpaired CCA flow, 172 impaired CCA flow and CCA occlusion was present in 61 patients. Preoperative shock (P = 0.045) or a neurological deficit (P &lt; 0.001) were least common in patients with unimpaired CCA flow and most common in those with CCA occlusion. Non-cerebral, other-organ malperfusion was common in 37% of all patients, but the incidence was similar (P = 0.69). In patients with CCA occlusion, postoperative stroke (P &lt; 0.001) and in-hospital mortality (0.011) were significantly higher, while the incidences were similar between patients with unimpaired and impaired CCA flow. Mixed-effects logistic regression models showed that CCA flow impairment (P = 0.23) or occlusion (P = 0.55) was not predictive for in-hospital mortality, but CCA occlusion was predictive for in-hospital stroke (odds ratio 2.166, P = 0.023)

CONCLUSIONS
Shock and non-cerebral, other-organ malperfusion are common in patients with CCA dissection. While there is a high risk for stroke in patients with CCA occlusion, CCA flow impairment and occlusion were not predictive for in-hospital mortality. Surgery should not be denied to patients with CCA flow impairment or occlusion.
Bacteria but not fungi respond to soil acidification rapidly and consistently in both a spruce and beech forest
Authors: Choma Michal , Tahovská Karolina , Kaštovská Eva , Bárta Jiří , Růžek Michal , Oulehle Filip 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTAnthropogenically enhanced atmospheric sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) deposition has acidified and eutrophied forest ecosystems worldwide. However, both S and N mechanisms have an impact on microbial communities and the consequences for microbially driven soil functioning differ. We conducted a two-forest stand (Norway spruce and European beech) field experiment involving acidification (sulphuric acid addition) and N (ammonium nitrate) loading and their combination. For 4 years, we monitored separate responses of soil microbial communities to the treatments and investigated the relationship to changes in the activity of extracellular enzymes. We observed that acidification selected for acidotolerant and oligotrophic taxa of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria decreased bacterial community richness and diversity in both stands in parallel, disregarding their original dissimilarities in soil chemistry and composition of microbial communities. The shifts in bacterial community influenced the stoichiometry and magnitude of enzymatic activity. The bacterial response to experimental N addition was much weaker, likely due to historically enhanced N availability. Fungi were not influenced by any treatment during 4-year manipulation. We suggest that in the onset of acidification when fungi remain irresponsive, bacterial reaction might govern the changes in soil enzymatic activity.
Bacteriophytochrome from Magnetospirillum magneticum affects phototactic behavior in response to light
Authors: Chen Haitao , Li Dandan , Cai Yao , Wu Long-Fei , Song Tao 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Phytochromes are a class of photoreceptors found in plants and in some fungi, cyanobacteria, and photoautotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria. Although phytochromes have been structurally characterized in some bacteria, their biological and ecological roles in magnetotactic bacteria remain unexplored. Here, we describe the biochemical characterization of recombinant bacteriophytochrome (BphP) from magnetotactic bacteria Magnetospirillum magneticum AMB-1 (MmBphP). The recombinant MmBphP displays all the characteristic features, including the property of binding to biliverdin (BV), of a genuine phytochrome. Site-directed mutagenesis identified that cysteine-14 is important for chromophore covalent binding and photoreversibility. Arginine-240 and histidine-246 play key roles in binding to BV. The N-terminal photosensory core domain of MmBphP lacking the C-terminus found in other phytochromes is sufficient to exhibit the characteristic red/far-red-light-induced fast photoreversibility of phytochromes. Moreover, our results showed MmBphP is involved in the phototactic response, suggesting its conservative role as a stress protectant. This finding provided us a better understanding of the physiological function of this group of photoreceptors and photoresponse of magnetotactic bacteria.
Is Exposure to Epidemic Associated With Older Adults’ Health Behavior? Evidence From China’s 2002–2004 SARS Outbreak
Authors: Zou Hong , Wen Sha , Xu Hongwei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo determine whether exposure to an epidemic is associated with better health behaviors.MethodsUsing nationally representative survey data collected in 2011 and 2014, we identified middle-aged and older Chinese adults whose communities experienced an outbreak of the 2002–2004 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). We estimated logistic models of health behaviors in the years after the SARS epidemic.ResultsCompared to those who lived in communities not hit by the epidemic, respondents who lived in communities with a SARS outbreak in 2002–2004 were more likely to get a physical examination in 2010–2011 and have their blood pressure checked and participate in regular physical exercise in the years following the SARS epidemic. These associations varied by gender and rural–urban residence.DiscussionExposure to the SARS epidemic could be positively associated with health behavior among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.
Frequency-dependent spherical-wave nonlinear AVO inversion in elastic media
Authors: Cheng Guangsen , Yin Xingyao , Zong Zhaoyun 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARY
The plane-wave reflection coefficient (PRC) plays a remarkable role in conventional amplitude variation with offset (AVO) analysis and inversion. Compared with the widely exploited PRC that breaks down at the near- and supercritical incidence angles, the spherical-wave reflection coefficient (SRC) can overcome the influence of wide-angle reflection and give an accurate description of the actual seismic wave reflection phenomenon based on spherical-wave fronts. However, SRC is not widely used in AVO inversion due to its nonlinearity and computational complexity. In our study, the characteristics of frequency–depth-dependent monochromatic SRC are discussed and a novel three-parameter SRC is derived. Compared with the conventional six-parameter SRC, the novel three-parameter SRC improves the stability of spherical-wave AVO inversion. In addition, the concept of SRC within the Fresnel zone is proposed, and the accuracy of SRC within the Fresnel zone in the deep subsurface is tested. Finally, a nonlinear spherical-wave AVO inversion method for elastic media is proposed, which can make full use of all frequency components of wavelet. The robustness of the proposed method is verified by the application on synthetic seismogram with white Gaussian noise. The feasibility and practicability of this method are verified by comparing the spherical-wave AVO inversion results with the filtered well logs at the known well location.