bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific Dermatophagoides farinae extract for canine immunotherapy
Authors: Moya Raquel , Ramió‐Lluch Laura , Parody Nuria , Brazis Pilar , Puigdemont Anna , Carnés Jerónimo 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundCanine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a pruritic allergic skin disease most often caused by Dermatophagoides farinae. Differences in the sensitization profile to D. farinae have been reported between people and dogs. However, allergic dogs traditionally have been treated with extracts intended for human immunotherapy.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo develop a specific allergen immunotherapy for veterinary practice enriched in canine major allergens and to demonstrate its in vitro efficacy.AnimalsTwenty privately owned dogs, clinically diagnosed with cAD, and three healthy dogs.Methods and materialsA veterinary D. farinae allergen extract was manufactured and characterized compared to D. farinae extract used for human immunotherapy. The protein profile was analysed by SDS‐PAGE and size exclusion chromatography and Der f 15 and Der f 18 allergens quantified by mass spectrometry. The allergenic profile was studied by immunoblot and the biological potency by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay‐inhibition assays. The extract’s capacity to induce cytokine production [interleukin (IL)‐10, interferon (IFN)‐Ɣ] by peripheral blood mononuclear cells also was evaluated.ResultsThe veterinary extract showed a higher content of high molecular weight proteins, preferentially recognized by atopic dog sera. The fold‐increases in Der f 15 and Der f 18 with respect to the human extract were 2.07 ± 0.32 and 1.63 ± 0.15, respectively. The veterinary extract showed higher biological potency (0.062 versus 0.132 µg required for 50% inhibition of dogs sera) compared to the human extract and induced significantly higher levels of IL‐10 (1,780 pg/mL) and IFN‐Ɣ (50.4 pg/mL) with respect to the negative control.Conclusions and clinical importanceA veterinary D. farinae extract with a higher content of dog major allergens was developed and in vitro efficacy demonstrated by immunological parameters.
Molecular and morphological systematics of the Bunomys division (Rodentia: Muridae), an endemic radiation on Sulawesi
Authors: Handika Heru , Achmadi Anang S. , Esselstyn Jacob A. , Rowe Kevin C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSulawesi is the largest, most topographically complex island in the Wallacean biogeographic zone, and it has a rich fauna of endemic small mammals, dominated by rodents of the family Muridae. Among murids, the Bunomys division is the most species‐rich radiation on Sulawesi. In total, the division contains 11 genera and 32 species, five and 20 of which are endemic to Sulawesi. We combined a five‐locus phylogeny and linear cranial morphology to better understand the taxonomy and local scales of endemism within the Bunomys division on Sulawesi. Phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA placed B. fratrorum among other genera and inferred Paruromys as sister to the type species of Taeromys (T. celebensis). We resolve these issues by resurrecting Frateromys, a genus under which B. fratrorum was once placed, and returning Paruromys dominator to Taeromys. Within three species, F. fratrorum, T. callitrichus, and T. taerae, we recovered Pleistocene age divergences between populations sampled across the northern peninsula of Sulawesi; divergence between western and eastern populations of F. fratrorum may reflect the existence of two species.
The anaerobic threshold: 50+ years of controversy
Authors: Poole David C. , Rossiter Harry B. , Brooks George A. , Gladden L. Bruce 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe anaerobic threshold (AT) remains a widely recognized, and contentious, concept in exercise physiology and medicine. As conceived by Karlman Wasserman, the AT coalesced the increase of blood lactate concentration ([La−]), during a progressive exercise test, with an excess pulmonary carbon dioxide output (). Its principal tenets were: limiting oxygen (O2) delivery to exercising muscle→increased glycolysis, La−and H+production→decreased muscle and blood pH→with increased H+buffered by blood [HCO3−]→increased CO2release from blood→increasedand pulmonary ventilation. This schema stimulated scientific scrutiny which challenged the fundamental premise that muscle anoxia was requisite for increased muscle and blood [La−]. It is now recognized that insufficient O2isnotthe primary basis for lactataemia. Increased production and utilization of La−represent the response to increased glycolytic flux elicited by increasing work rate, and determine the oxygen uptake () at which La−accumulates in the arterial blood (the lactate threshold; LT). However, the threshold for a sustained non‐oxidative contribution to exercise energetics is the critical power, which occurs at a metabolic rate often far above the LT and separates heavy from very heavy/severe‐intensity exercise. Lactate is now appreciated as a crucial energy source, major gluconeogenic precursor and signalling molecule but there is noipso factoevidence for muscle dysoxia or anoxia. Non‐invasive estimation of LT using the gas exchange threshold (non‐linear increase ofversus) remains important in exercise training and in the clinic, but its conceptual basis should now be understood in light of lactate shuttle biology.image
Validation of the New Gamma Exponent Model for Axial Crack Assessment in Oil and Gas Pipelines
Authors: Scott Colin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the researchers of the NG-18 committee at the Battelle Institute in Columbus, Ohio completed a seminal study on the failure pressures of flaws in oil and gas pipelines. One of the key developments was the “log-secant” equation for the assessment of axial crack-like flaws. The model was later modified to improve its accuracy and precision.
The Gamma Exponent Model (GEM) was recently developed for assessment of axial crack-like flaws in pipelines. The developer recognized that the NG-18 log-secant model was theoretically derived on length, and then empirically corrected for depth. The new GEM was theoretically derived on depth, and then empirically corrected for length. The new model is similar in mathematical form to the original NG-18 log-secant model, but there are some key differences.
This work is a validation study of the GEM using axial crack failure pressure data from the industry literature. Laboratory tests with machined flaws, and hydrotest and in-service failures with natural metallurgical flaws, are also considered. The results of the GEM are compared to the equivalent failure predictions using other models. The strengths and limitations of the new model are discussed in the context of improved accuracy and precision for crack assessments.
Optimization of Selected Parameters and Procedures in Small Punch Test Methodology
Authors: Kopriva Radim , Klatovska Petra , Rusnakova Katerina , Gal Petr , Eliasova Ivana , Tonarova Dana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Assessment of reactor pressure vessels and other industrial components structural materials properties is currently based on the principles of using standardized and long-term employed methods of mechanical properties testing (e.g. impact tests, tensile tests). For the assessment of the current state and degradation prediction of an operated component, implementation of structural materials tests is nonetheless very complicated in terms of the availability of the material volume required to realization of tests in accordance with current normative documentation requirements. Due to the problematic material sampling from the operated component without affecting its integrity, more and more attention is paid to the implementation of perspective methods of evaluation of mechanical properties in processes of industrial component safe operation evaluation.
These methods are mainly based on a semi-destructive approach allowing direct sampling of small volumes of material from the operated component and subsequent determination of mechanical properties using miniaturized test specimens. One of the most widespread perspective methods is the small punch test (SPT) - method based on the controlled deformation of thin sheets. The subject of the paper is the optimization of selected small punch test parameters, preparation technology of testing specimens and determination of suitable geometry of experimental fixtures, that are used for experiments in the testing laboratories. Within the experimental program attention is especially paid to the comparison of receiving hole edge configuration - radius/chamfer edge.
The aim of the paper is to solve several open questions in the current state of small punch testing methodology and to obtain a comprehensive basis for the implementation of resulting recommendations into the process of currently ongoing standardization within the normative organizations ASTM and EN. This is achieved through a program of experimental tests and computational analyses (FEM) on the IAEA correlation material A533B (JRQ).
Alloy Selection and C-276 Code Design Value Extension for Advanced Molten Salt Technology Test Facilities Experimentation
Authors: Ren Weiju , Robb Kevin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Molten halide salts are being considered as working fluids for nuclear and concentrated solar power applications. High temperature molten fluoride and chloride salts are known to preferentially attack and deplete Cr in alloys, which leads to the use of high-Ni low-Cr alloys in test facilities for advanced molten salt technology. Alloy C-276 is a commercially available Ni alloy that has adequate Cr contents and is qualified to the maximum temperature of 677°C (1,251°F) in the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The alloy has good corrosion resistance to acids, is resistant to stress-corrosion cracking, and has long track records of use in the chemical industry. Therefore, it has been considered as a structural material for test facilities that require operations at 700°C (1,292°F) or greater to develop high-temperature molten salt technology. To meet the requirements, predictions of the Maximum Allowable Stress above the usage temperatures permitted by the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code were developed with experimental data as an extension to the current code design values. Analysis showed that above current Codified maximum temperature, strength of the alloy is mainly controlled by creep rupture life under the average stress, although the Sc creep rate criterion is close to the Favg.Savg rupture criterion. This paper presents the intended test facilities and the design requirements, alloy selection considerations, literature review, data analysis, and proposed allowable stress extension based on some creep test data for C-276 at temperatures greater than 677°C (1,251°F). Further research activities are also briefly mentioned.
Relief Valve Impact Analysis
Authors: Reich Alton 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In nuclear power plants power actuated pressure relief valves serve several purposes. They act as safety valves and open automatically in response to unusually high pressures in the primary system. They also act as power operated valves and are used to relieve steam in response to automatic or manually initiated control signals. These valves are required to lift completely over a short duration from the time that they receive an actuation signal, or the system pressure exceeds the set point. This short lift time results in the valve disk moving at high velocities, and can result in high impact forces on the piston and stem when the valve fully opens.
In order to evaluate and improve the performance of a two-stage power actuated relief valve, an analysis was performed to calculate the impact force on the main disk piston when it opened and the resulting stresses. The analysis was based on the main disk piston velocity measured during valve testing. Of particular interest were the stresses in the threaded connection between the stem and the main disk piston.
Significance of Ms and Validation of Reference Stress Solutions for Crack Like Flaws: Part 1
Authors: Ishizaki Yoichi , Thorwald Greg 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This is Part 1 of two papers discussing the significance of two key factors of crack like flaw assessment in the Fitness for Service assessment.
While FEM analysis technology has been advancing amazingly in recent years, and FEM based fitness-for-service assessment of damaged components, such as crack like flaws and local metal loss assessment, has become mainstream in assessments, it is still important to understand the reference stress solution and the role of each factor in the failure mode to operate the damaged component safely until the end of its life.
In API 579-1/ASME FFS-1[1], Part 9, Assessment of Crack like Flaws, those reference stress solutions were developed based on the limit load analysis using Folias factor Mt and surface correction factor Ms. Folias factor Mt and surface correction factor Ms, are factors that account for the bulging effect around flaws. Those factors enable prediction of a maximum allowable pressure of a damaged cylindrical shell from a simple flat plate model that contain same size of defected area.
As for Folias factor, Mt, it is well known to express the relationship between the reference stress of a through-wall crack flat plate and a through-wall crack cylinder. The application of Mt is clearly defined in ASME/API 579 FFS-1 part 9C [1], as well as papers by Folias et al. [2][3]. The significance of the surface correction factor for surface flaw, Ms, has not been commonly understood well enough in general. Unfortunately, API 579-1/ASME FFS-1[1] also does not clearly mention its significance and how Ms is to be applied in the stress analysis. Also the detailed discussion of the derivation process of each reference solution was rooted in several papers with different nomenclature and slightly different definition of factors, which can be very confusing. At a glance, surface correction factor, Ms, looks like a similar factor to Mt, and it is tempting to simply apply Ms to primary membrane stress term like Mt, but that is not correct. Eventually, an incorrect application of Ms would lead to an incorrect discussion of a flaw characterization. Often, there is a question about ASME/API 579 FFS-1[1] Part 9C reference stress solutions, especially for ASME/API 579 FFS-1[1] eq.9C.76, from the misunderstanding meaning of the Ms factor. Addressing this issue is important to maintain the understanding and integrity of the Fitness-For-Service technology.
In this Part 1 of two papers, authors reviewed and reorganized step by step procedure of each reference stress solutions for flat plates and cylinders. Through this discussion, authors clarified the significance of Mt and Ms that are defined in ASME/API 579 FFS-1[1] Part 9C.
In part 2, validation of equations obtained in this paper is discussed based on FEM analysis.
Temperature Prediction of a Used Nuclear Fuel Cask With Different Gas Backfills
Authors: Higley Megan , Hadj-Nacer Mustafa , Greiner Miles 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this work, a two-dimensional (2D) geometrically-accurate model of the TN-32 cask is generated in ANSYS/Fluent to investigate the effect of backfill gases and their pressures on the peak cladding temperature (PCT). This model is similar to the cask being used in high-burnup (HBU) spent fuel data project lead by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). Helium, nitrogen, argon, and water vapor fill gases are investigated at pressures ranging from atmospheric (∼105 Pa) to 100 Pa. Steady-state computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations that include the effect of gas rarefaction (temperature-jump) at the gas-solid interfaces are conducted. The PCT as a function of heat generation rate and pressure is reported as well as the heat generation rate that brings the cladding temperature to the radial hydride formation limit. The results show that there are competing effects between the temperature-jump and the thermal conductivity of the gas to increase the fuel rods’ temperature. The low pressures increased the PCT, with the increase being most significant for the helium backfill.
Thermal Analysis Evaluations Using the Dry Cask Simulator
Authors: Suffield S. R. , Richmond D. J. , Fort J. A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Different thermal analysis models were developed to simulate the dry cask simulator (DCS). The DCS is an experiment designed to simulate dry storage of a single boiling water reactor fuel assembly under a variety of heat loads and internal pressures. The DCS was set up and tested in both a vertical and horizontal configuration to determine cladding temperatures in vertical and horizontal dry cask storage systems. The models included a detailed STAR-CCM+ model with the fuel assembly geometry explicitly modeled, a porous STAR-CCM+ model with the fuel assembly geometry modeled as a porous media region with calculated effective properties, and a COBRA-SFS model. COBRA-SFS is a thermal-hydraulic code developed for steady-state and transient analysis of multi assembly spent-fuel storage and transportation systems. STAR-CCM+ is a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. Both a detailed and porous STAR-CCM+ model were developed to look at the effective thermal conductivity (keff) approach to modeling a fuel assembly. A keff fuel model is typically modeled in CFD thermal analyses due to its significantly lower computational costs. The models were run for a combination of low and high canister pressures (100 kPa and 800 kPa) and low and high internal heat loads (0.5 kW and 5 kW). Results from all three models were compared against experimental data taken from the DCS for the peak cladding temperature (PCT) and inlet air mass flow.
Improving LNG Plant Piping: Or How LNG Plants Are Improving Piping
Authors: Weyer Robert 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
An LNG plant is essentially a variety of static and rotating mechanical equipment interconnected by piping. LNG plants contain a significant amount of piping that is characterised by one or more of the following: large diameter, high design pressure, cryogenic temperatures, stainless steel, high velocity gas flow, large diameter-to-thickness (D/t) ratios and load cases not explicitly addressed by design codes.
One of the most commonly used piping codes in LNG plant construction, ASME B31.3, has its basis in petroleum refining. However, recent editions of ASME B31.3 (as well as other industry standards) include updates addressing issues which are of particular relevance to LNG plant piping. Aside from the benefits to LNG piping, these improvements will benefit all piping falling under the ASME B31.3 code.
This paper will discuss some of the engineering challenges inherent to LNG plant piping. Recent changes to relevant codes and standards will be highlighted. The focus will be on ensuring mechanical integrity rather than the process side.
Characterisation of the Microstructure Evolution of Aged Grade 91 Steel
Authors: Che Chang , Liu Xiang , Huang Youqiao , Pan Qingchuan , Qian Gong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Grade 91 steel has high creep strength and has been used as the material of piping in 600°C USC power plants in China. The Grade 91 materials used in actual power plants are useful in estimating the changes of material properties caused by long-term aging and damage at low stress conditions. An understanding of the long-term microstructural evolution under actually used conditions is a key for the improvement of these heat resistant steels. In this article, microstructural evolution of Grade 91 steel under different service conditions in Chinese power plants was studied using optical microscope (OM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. The results show, M23C6, MX (V-rich particles; Nb-rich particles), and Laves phases were found to precipitate. A quantitative characterisation of microstructure evolution was evaluated during long-term exposure, focusing on the size of precipitates (M23C6 carbides, Laves phase, MX phase) for the Grade 91 steel after long-term service.
Examination of Oscillating Frequencies Generated by Combustion Oscillation Considering Temperature Distribution in a Combustor Tube Fueled by Natural Gas and Hydrogen Mixture
Authors: Uemichi Akane , Mitani Kan , Yamasaki Yudai , Kaneko Shigehiko 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A combustion oscillation experiment fueling a mixture of hydrogen and natural gas was performed. The results showed oscillating frequencies of around 350 Hz in the case of the town gas only, whereas oscillating frequencies of around 200 and 400 Hz were observed in the hydrogen-containing fuel case. We hypothesized that the oscillating frequencies shift may occur by changing the temperature-distribution inside the tube, which was caused by different combustion conditions with the fuel mixture. As a result, the possible oscillating frequencies of not only around 350 Hz but also around 200 and 400 Hz were obtained. Although three types of possible oscillating frequencies were obtained in our previous study, more detailed temperature distributions should be considered to clarify the effect of the changing fuel mixture composition. In this paper, representative one-dimensional temperature distributions were formed by the combination of measured and calculated temperature distributions in the combustion tube for the corresponding fuel mixture. To include the detailed temperature distributions, the acoustic network model was divided into enough small elements to express the temperature distributions, where each element was connected by the transfer matrix. Then, the possible oscillating frequencies were calculated, taking account of the influence of the temperature distributions.
Evaluation of Material Compatibility for Hydrogen Applications Using Performance Factors Obtained by In-Situ SP Test
Authors: Shin Hyung-Seop , Yeo Juho , Custodio Nick A. , Baek Un-Bong , Nahm Seung-Hoon 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Recently, a simple screening technique based on the quantitative evaluation of the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) sensitivity of the metallic materials using an in-situ small-punch (SP) test method was developed by the author group. The in-situ SP test can be easily carried out even under a high-pressure hydrogen gas environment. It makes possible to investigate the HE behaviors of metallic materials quantitatively adopting as a characterizing performance factor of the relative reduction of thickness (RRT) measured at the fractured parts of specimen after SP tests. In this paper, the application of the newly established in-situ SP test method for the hydrogen compatibility screening of austenitic stainless steels was performed at room and low temperatures. The influence of punch velocity on RRT of the HE sensitivity was examined for various austenitic stainless steels. Their HE sensitivities were evaluated quantitatively using RRT and checked by comparing to a factor, the relative reduction of area (RRA) obtained by SSRT tests.