bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catálisis asimétrica, una nueva era en la síntesis de fármacos: historia y evolución
Authors: Guevara-Pulido James O. , Caicedo Jennifer , David Fredy , Vela Miguel , González Jhon 
Published: March 2020

El entendimiento de la Química Orgánica a lo largo del tiempo, lleva a los científicos a proponer estrategias sintéticas que permiten la obtención de compuestos de interés biológico de manera enantio y diastereoselectiva. La preparación de estructuras quirales de forma enantiopura ha sido, desde la antigüedad, un logro que han pretendido alcanzar gran cantidad de químicos sintéticos. Inicialmente, se desarrollaron gran cantidad de transformaciones diastereoselectivas, las cuales implican que a partir de reactivos enantioméricamente puros (o creados de forma temporal durante la reacción, empleando sustancias auxiliares o plantillas quirales), es posible inducir la reacción en el sentido estéreo deseado teniendo como base los estereocentros existentes en estos compuestos de partida. También se conocen reacciones en donde se pueden obtener enantiómeros puros a partir de moléculas de origen natural, que poseen estereoquímica próxima a la deseada (chiral pool). Estos métodos aunque ofrecen algunas ventajas de síntesis presentan varios inconvenientes. En las últimas décadas, han ganado relevancia los métodos catalíticos enantioselectivos, que solucionan en gran parte los inconvenientes presentados en las otras metodologías. Se pueden clasificar en tres grandes grupos, totalmente complementarios: catálisis por metales, catálisis enzimática y organocatálisis. Está revisión pretende dar una visión general de los aportes de cada uno de los métodos de síntesis, profundizando en la organocatálisis, la estrategia más eficiente en la actualidad.
Profile of Prenatally Diagnosed Major Congenital Malformations in a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria
Authors: Oloyede Olufemi , Lamina Mustafa , Adefuye Peter Olubunmi 
Published: March 2020

Background: Prenatal diagnosis of major congenital abnormality is one of the main goals of antenatal care, because of its contribution to perinatal morbidity and mortality. Awareness of the profile in terms of rates and spectrum could aid management and prevention strategies. This study aims to determine the profile of congenital malformations, and the relationship between the rates and some maternal socio-demographic and obstetric variables.
Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of prenatally diagnosed congenital malformations in singleton pregnancies over a four-year period. The ultrasound scan findings and the findings of fetal ultrasonography, together with maternal socio-demographic and obstetric variables, were collected from the ultrasound scan reports or medical records of each pregnancy. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010.
Results: Among the 968 singleton pregnancies, 78 had major congenital malformation, giving an antenatal rate of 8.04/1000 (0.8%). The first trimester prevalence was comparable with other trimesters. Malformation mostly involved single systems (93.6%), which are mainly central nervous (48.7%) and gastrointestinal/abdominal systems (21.8%). The rate was statistically significant (< 0.0018) in women aged > 35 years. The mean maternal age and parity were 31.4 + 4.7 and 2.8 + 0.4, respectively. The rates of congenital malformation in spontaneously or assisted conceptions were not statistically significant (p = 0.073 and p = 0.085).
Conclusion: Maternal age > 35 years and multiparity are important risk factors for congenital malformation. The commonly involved systems are the central nervous and gastrointestinal systems.
Keywords: congenital malformations, prevalence, spectrum, antenatal ultrasound scan, Nigeria
Assessment of Serum Copper Level among Sudanese Patients with vitiligo
Authors: Muawia Mehad , H H Suad , Modawe Gad Allah 
Published: March 2020

Background: Vitiligo is a common skin disease of unknown etiology characterized clinically by depigmented patches, which can be localized or generalized; it usually runs a chronic course with an un predictable outcome and failure of complete cure in many affected individuals. Many communities consider it a contagious disease which leads to a great psychological and social stigma for patients; previous studies showed that copper might be associated with the pathogenesis of vitiligo. The aim of this study was to assess copper level in Sudanese vitiligo patients.
Methods: This is a case-control study conducted in dermatology clinics in Khartoum state during the period from November 2018 to February 2019. Blood samples were obtained from 100 participants, 50 from vitiligo patients and 50 from non-vitiligo subjects representing a control group. Serum copper was measured by mind-ray (automation).
Results: A highly significant increase (P-value = 0.000) in the copper level was seen in vitiligo patients compared with the control group. Of the total number of patients, 17 (34%) were females and 33 (66%) were males. According to the duration of the disease, the copper level was significantly increased in patient group with a disease duration of > one year compared to the patient group six months–one year and patient group < 6 months; we found no significance of the family history, 18% of the case group had a family history while 42 (82%) had no family history. Discussion: The relationship between the serum level of copper and vitiligo has been assessed by many studies. Copper is one of the trace elements that was found to be important for tyrosinase enzyme that catalyzes the first steps in melanin synthesis in the skin. Some studies showed that the disease was associated with low serum levels of copper and since vitiligo is a disease that is characterized clinically by white areas of skin with no melanin, these studies seem to be logical. However, in this study, the serum level of copper was found to be high in vitiligo patients which might be justified by the release of copper from the destroyed melanocytes. Another justification might be a defect in the carrier protein for copper.
Conclusion: The study found that the serum copper was significantly increased in vitiligo patients compared to the control and it is recommended that serum copper level and copper profile should be assessed routinely in vitiligo patients.
Keywords: vitiligo, depigmentation, copper, Sudanese
Aktivitas Antiangiogenesis Ekstrak Daun Dewandaru (Eugenia uniflora L.) pada Retina Tikus Wistar yang Diinduksi Streptozotocin
Authors: Nilamsari Karina Ayu , Fatimah Nurmawati , Prabowo Gwenny Ichsan 
Published: March 2020

Retinopati diabetik adalah komplikasi vaskular yang paling spesifik dari kedua tipe diabetes. Penyebab retinopati diabetik adalah adanya angiogenesis. Angiogenesis diinduksi oleh aktivasi Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Kandungan Quercetin, salah satu flavonoid yang ada dalam daun Dewandaru (Eugenia uniflora L.) dapat menghambat VEGF. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui akativitas angiogenesis ekstrak Eugenia uniflora L. pada retina tikus yang diinduksi Streptozotocin (STZ). Penelitian ini menggunakan True Experimental Laboratory melalui metode Randomized Posttest Only Controlled Group Design dengan tikus wistar jantan yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif (K-) yang hanya diberikan diet standar tikus, pemberian STZ yaitu dengan dosis 40 mg/kgBB secara injeksi di intraperitoneal diberikan pada kelompok kontrol positif (K+), dan kelompok perlakuan (P1, P2, P3) dan dosis pemberian ekstrak Eugenia uniflora L. yaitu P1=50mg/kgBB, P2=100mg/kgBB, dan P3=200mg/kgBB secara peroral sehari sekali. Selama 1 bulan perlakuan, hasil glukosa darah 1 dan 2, kelompok K (-), K (+), dan P3 menunjukkan peningkatan kadar glukosa, sedangkan P1 dan P2 menunjukkan penurunan kadar glukosa. Selama penelitian K (-), K (+), P1, P2, P3 menunjukkan peningkatan berat badan. Hasil pewarnaan HE didapatkan penurunan jumlah pembuluh darah pada kelompok perlakuan dengan perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok penelitian (p<0.05). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak Eugenia uniflora L. pada retina tikus Wistar yang diinduksi STZ berpotensi menurunkan respon angiogenesis pada retina tikus yaitu dengan menurunkan jumlah pembuluh darah retina tikus.
Technical advance articles Composite CDE: modeling composite relationships between common data elements for representing complex clinical data
Authors: Kim Hye Hyeon , Park Yu Rang , Kim Ju Han 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Semantic interoperability is essential for improving data quality and sharing. The ISO/IEC 11179 Metadata Registry (MDR) standard has been highlighted as a solution for standardizing and registering clinical data elements (DEs). However, the standard model has both structural and semantic limitations, and the number of DEs continues to increase due to poor term reusability. Semantic types and constraints are lacking for comprehensively describing and evaluating DEs on real-world clinical documents.
Methods: We addressed these limitations by defining three new types of semantic relationship ( dependency , composite , and variable ) in our previous studies. The present study created new and further extended existing semantic types ( hybrid atomic and repeated and dictionary composite common data elements [CDEs]) with four constraints: ordered , operated , required , and dependent . For evaluation, we extracted all atomic and composite CDEs from five major clinical documents from five teaching hospitals in Korea, 14 Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) resources from FHIR bulk sample data, and MIMIC-III (Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care) demo dataset. Metadata reusability and semantic interoperability in real clinical settings were comprehensively evaluated by applying the CDEs with our extended semantic types and constraints.
Results: All of the CDEs ( n =1142) extracted from the 25 clinical documents were successfully integrated with a very high CDE reuse ratio (46.9%) into 586 CDEs (259 atomic and 20 unique composite CDEs), and all of CDEs (n=238) extracted from the 14 FHIR resources of FHIR bulk sample data were successfully integrated with high CDE reuse ration (59.7%) into 96 CDEs (21 atomic and 28 unique composite CDEs), which improved the semantic integrity and interoperability without any semantic loss. Moreover, the most complex data structures from two CDE projects were successfully encoded with rich semantics and semantic integrity.
Conclusion: MDR-based extended semantic types and constraints can facilitate comprehensive representation of clinical documents with rich semantics, and improved semantic interoperability without semantic loss.
Closing the (incarceration) gap: Assessing the socio-economic and clinical indicators of Indigenous males by lifetime incarceration status
Authors: Shepherd Stephane M , Spivak Benjamin , Ashford Linda Joyce , Williams Isabel , Trounson Justin , Paradies Yin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background

“Closing the Gap” is an Australian government strategy that was established to address the inequality in health and education outcomes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Although some gains have been realised, progress has been ostensibly slow. One potential obstacle is the large number of Indigenous Australians in prison. Approximately 1 in 5 to 1 in 6 Indigenous Australian males are currently imprisoned or have previously been imprisoned. Recent work has also pointed to a widening socio-economic gap within the Indigenous population. Given the myriad social, wellbeing and environmental risk factors associated with justice-involvement, it is conceivable that incarceration may contribute to the increasing disparities found within the Indigenous population. This study aimed to explore the presence and extent of an ‘incarceration gap’ within the Indigenous population and to uncover which social factors characterise the disparity.

Methods

The study utilised data from the 2014-5 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey (NATSISS). A number of socio-economic, environmental and clinical factors were compared by life-time incarceration status. Chi-square tests were used to examine the association between incarceration status and each of the comparison variables.

Results

Disparities were observed within the Indigenous Australian population across a number of important health and socio-economic markers by incarceration status - the most pronounced being for educational obtainment – year 10 completion (Never incarcerated 73%, Ever incarcerated 50%), labour force participation (Never incarcerated 56%, Ever incarcerated 26%) and drug/alcohol problems (Never incarcerated 7%, Ever incarcerated 29%). Never-incarcerated Indigenous males yielded aggregate proportions across numerous variables that approximated or matched general Australian population estimates.

Conclusions

There appears to be evidence for a substantial ‘incarceration gap’ within the Indigenous Australian population. It is evident that the national ‘closing the gap’ strategy necessitates contending with Indigenous over-incarceration.
Differences in results and related factors between Hospital-at-Home modalities in Catalonia: a cross sectional study
Authors: Torre Jorge Arias de la , Zioga Evangelia Anna María , Macorigh Lizza , Muñoz Laura , Estrada Oriol , Mias Montse , Estrada Maria-Dolors , Puigdomenech Elisa , Valderas Jose M , Martín Vicente , Molina Antonio J , Espallargues Mireia 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background Hospital-at-home (HaH) is a healthcare modality that provides active treatment by healthcare staff in the patient’s home for a condition that would otherwise require hospitalization. Previous studies have described two basic types of HaH: hospital admission avoidance and early discharge The aims of this study were: To describe the characteristics of different types of hospital-at-home (HaH) contacts; to assess readmission, mortality, and mean length of stay for each HaH modality; and to examine which factors could be related to these results. Methods A cross-sectional study based on data from all 2014 HaH contacts from Catalonia was designed. The following HaH modalities were considered: admission avoidance (n=7,214; 75.1%) and early discharge (n=2,387; 24.9%). The main outcome indicators were readmission, mortality, and mean length of stay (days). Contact characteristics were compared at bivariable level and indicators were calculated for each HaH modality. Multivariable General linear models were fitted to assess the association between explanatory factors and outcomes. Results Differences in contact characteristics between HaH modalities were observed at bivariable level. In the hospital avoidance modality there were 8.3% readmissions, 0.9% mortality, and a mean length of stay (SD) of 9.6 (10.6) days. In the early discharge one, these figures were 7.9%, 0.5%, and 9.8 (11.1), respectively. In both modalities, readmission and mean length of stay were related to comorbidity and type of hospital, and mortality with age. Conclusions The results show that the HaH results in Catalonia are acceptable and similar to those observed in other contexts. The factors related to these results could help improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the different HaH modalities.
Relationship of possible biomarkers with malignancy of thymic tumors: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zeng Huilan , Yang Weilin , Xu Bo , Zou Jianyong , Su Chunhua , Zhong Beilong , Zhu Haoshuai , Chen Zhenguang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background : Role of biomarkers for promotion of tumor proliferation (BPTPs) and for promotion of apoptosis (BPAs) in thymic malignant tumors is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between BPTPs and/or BPAs and malignancy of thymic malignant tumors. Methods : Studies on thymic malignant tumors and biomarkers were searched in PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Embase databases, and all statistical analyses were conducted using Review Manager. Results: Twelve articles related to biomarkers and thymic malignant tumors were selected and analyzed. A relationship between BPAs and Masaoka stage was demonstrated for four markers, namely Bax, p73, Casp-9 and Bcl-2, included 138 stage I/II patients and 74 stage III/IV patients, and BPAs were significantly correlated with high Masaoka staging (P = 0.03). We further found a relationship between BPAs and degree of malignancy for four markers, namely Bax, p73, Casp-9 and Bcl-2, included 176 thymoma patients and 36 thymic carcinoma patients, and BPAs were significantly correlated with thymic carcinoma (P = 0.010). In addition, a relationship between BPTP and Masaoka staging was demonstrated for seven markers, namely Podoplanin, Glut-1, Muc-1, Egfr, Igf1r, c-Jun, and n-Ras, included 373 patients with stage I/II and 212 patients with stage III/IV, and BPTPs were significantly correlated with high Masaoka staging (P < 0.001). We also found a relationship between BPTPs and degree of malignancy for ten markers, namely Mesothelin, c-Kit(CD117), Egfr, Lat-1, Muc-1,Ema, Glut-1, Igf1r, c-Jun, and n-Ras , included 748 thymoma patients and 280 thymic carcinoma patients, and BPTPs were significantly correlated with thymic carcinoma (P < 0.001). Conclusion: These findings show that high levels of BPTPs or BPAs are more closely related to thymic carcinoma and Masaoka stage III/IV, suggesting that BPTPs and BPAs may play an important role in the occurrence and development of thymic malignant tumors.
Effect Of Smoking On Treatment Outcome Among Tuberculosis Patients In Malaysia; A Multicentre Study
Authors: Khan Amer Hayat , Sulaiman Syed Azhar Syed , Hassali Mohamed Azmi , Khan Kashif Ullah , Ming Long Chiau , Mateen Umer , Malik Obaid Ullah 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background : Smoking plays a key role in the development of tuberculosis (TB) infection and is also a predictor of poor TB treatment prognosis and outcomes. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of smoking and to assess the effects of smoking on treatment outcomes among TB patients. Methods : A multi-center retrospective study design was used to collect data from TB patients in four different states of Malaysia, namely Penang, Sabah, Sarawak, and Selangor. The study included medical records of TB patients admitted to the selected hospitals in the period from January 2006 to March 2009. Medical records with incomplete data were not included. Patient demographics and clinical data were collected using a validated data collection form. Results: Of all patients with TB (9337), the prevalence of smokers was 4313 (46.2%). Among smoker’s, 3584 (83.1%) were associated with pulmonary TB, while 729 (16.9%) were associated with Extra-pulmonary TB. Male gender (OR= 1.43, 95% CI 1.30-1.58), Chinese ethnicity (OR= 1.23, 95% CI 1.02-1.49), Sarawak indigenous ethnicity (OR= 0.74, 95% CI 0.58-0.95), urban residents (OR= 1.46, 95% CI 1.33-1.61), employed individuals (OR= 1.21, 95% CI 1.09-1.34), alcoholics (OR= 4.91, 95% CI 4.04-5.96), drug abusers (OR= 7.43, 95% CI 5.70-9.60) and presence of co-morbid condition (OR= 1.27, 95% CI 1.16-1.40) showed significant association with smoking habit. This study found that 3236 (75.0 %) patients were successfully treated in the smoker group, while 4004 (79.7 %) patients were non-smokers. The proportion of death rate 283 (6.6%), defaulters 284 (6.6%) and treatment interruption 204 (4.7%) was high in the smoker's group. Conclusions: Smoking had a strong influence on TB and is a major barrier towards treatment success (OR= 0.76, 95% CI 0.69-0.84, p< 0.001). Therefore, the findings point out that smoking cessations are an effective way to decrease treatment failure and drug resistance.
The prevalence of hrHPV among the isolated community in the Highland of Bario, Sarawak, East Malaysia
Authors: Jerip Abigail Rembui , Kipli Mardiana , New Nadia Diyana Hamzah , Tan Cheng-Siang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Malaysia has introduced the free Pap smear as the primary cervical cancer screening program since the 1960s but has only achieved the national coverage of 22%. The coverage would be much lower in the rural communities especially in Sarawak where many villages and communities are still living in low resource settings and inaccessible by road. In this study, we have evaluated Qiagen’s careHPV system as a point-of-careHPV diagnostic test together with the visualization using acetic acid (VIA) in the isolated communities in the Highland of Bario, Sarawak, East Malaysia.

Methods
Women attending the cervical cancer outreach program were recruited. Consent was obtained and a cervical swab was clinician-collected and screened for High-risk HPV DNA using the careHPV system. Cervical examination using VIA was offered to all women age <50-year. hrHPV positive women were recruited during their follow-up session and the second cervical swab was collected for HPV genotyping using consensus primer-nested PCR to elucidate the infecting HPV genotypes.

Results
Seventy-five women aged 27-83 (mean age 55) attended the cervical cancer screening clinic and 8% (n=6/75) of them were positive for hrHPV. Only 33 women were screened using VIA and 21.2% (n=7/33) were found to be positive. A majority of the women (58.6%) were above the age of 50-year and not recommended for VIA to be performed. Thus, it was not feasible to correlate the results obtained from the HPV DNA test and VIA. Only four hrHPV positive women returned for follow-up and genotyping revealed HPV52 in 2 of four women tested suggesting that HPV52 may be the predominant genotype in Bario.

Conclusions
The careHPV system is portable and can be used in low resource settings as long as reliable electricity is available. We found that careHPV HPV DNA test is more objective compared to VIA and can be used to screen women outside the recommended eligible age. This is especially true for older women in the rural who have never had any form of cervical cancer screening before.
Enhanced antitumor efficacy in colon cancer using EGF functionalized PLGA nanoparticles loaded with 5-Fluorouracil and perﬂuorocarbon
Authors: Wu pingping , Zhou Qing , Zhu Huayun , Zhuang Yan , Bao Jun 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Tumor recurrence and metastasis occur at a high rate in patients with colon cancer. Identification of effective strategies for the treatment of colon cancer is critical. Recently, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) has been shown to have potential as a broad therapeutic drug delivery system. We designed a dual-loaded nanoparticle drug delivery system to overcome the limitations of chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat colon cancer.
Methods: We developed epidermal growth factor (EGF) functionalized PLGA nanoparticles (NPs) co-loaded with 5-fluorouracil (5Fu) and perﬂuorocarbon (PFC) (EGF-PLGA@5Fu/PFC) for targeted treatment of colon cancer. CCK-8 assay, Hoechst33342 staining and flow cytometry were performed to investigate the functions of EGF-PLGA@5Fu/PFC NPs in SW620 cells. Beside, animal experiment, histological analysis and immunofluorescence staining were adopted to further confirm the role of EGF-PLGA@5Fu/PFC NPs in vivo.
Results: The findings showed that EGF-PLGA@5Fu /PFC NPs had an average size 200 nm and a 5Fu-loading efficiency of 7.29%. Furthermore, in vitro release was pH-sensitive. Targeted EGF-PLGA@5Fu/PFC NPs exhibited higher cellular uptake than non-targeted NPs into colon cancer cells. In addition, EGF-PLGA@5Fu/PFC NPs suppressed cell viability and induced apoptosis in SW620 cells to a greater extent than non-targeted NPs. In tumor xenografted mice, EGF-PLGA@5Fu/PFC NPs suppressed tumor growth more effectively than 5Fu, PLGA@5Fu or PLGA@5Fu/PFC NPs. Histopathological analysis further demonstrated that EGF-targeted NPs inhibited tumor growth to a greater extent than non-targeted or non-NP treatments. The improved therapeutic outcomes observed in this study were due to relief of tumor hypoxia by transport of oxygen by PFC to the tumors.
Conclusion: We constructed a biocompatible nanodrug delivery system based on functionalized nanoparticles that provided a novel strategy for selective delivery of chemotherapy drugs to tumors.