bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Another threat to the Sovereignty of Indonesia’s territorial waters: Human trafficking in the fisheries industry
Authors: Kurniaty R , Kurniawan A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Human trafficking in the fisheries industry is one of the threats to the security and sovereignty of Indonesia’s territorial waters other than Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing. The research about workers in the field of fisheries has not been done much. This article focuses on human trafficking in the fishing industry that takes place in Benjina, Indonesia’s sovereign territory. Human trafficking is related to organized transnational crime and actions that violate human rights. This article uses library research as a writing method. This article aims to discuss international norms governing human trafficking, especially in the fishing industry. This article concludes that internationally there have been several relevant international conventions on ships in general and fishing vessels that have been in effect for a long time. However, Indonesia has not ratified some of them. Moreover, the efforts of the Indonesian government in handling human trafficking in its sovereign territory are divided through the handling of the defendant under Law No. 21 of 2007 on Crime of Human Trafficking and assisted the victims with assistance facilitated by IOM.
Towards an Urban-Rural-Environmental Relationship in the Metropolis: The case of Vila Bela
Authors: Luz V , Fabiano Jr. A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper presents principles, methods and results of a Final Graduation Work in which teaching, research and university extension are considered as an indivisible whole. This method is been realized though several years, where our choice of territory intervention constantly consists of look for locations on extreme edges of Sao Paulo’s metropolitan peripheral regions, with deep social fragility, contiguous to rural places and environmental preservation areas and impacted by the existence of at least one large metropolitan infrastructure. The search for alternative pacts in urban-rural-environmental relations begins with the understanding that these systems are inseparable and complementary. The experiment of sustainable development models in the field of higher education encompasses urban guidelines, territorial plans in diverse scales and architectural projects compromised with the site. All the work’s phases are articulated to commitments with the actual territory and its inhabitants, seeking to break through perverse conditions of the centre-periphery binomial and for new possibilities in the urban-rural-environmental relations in the metropolis. The work essays new paradigms in the relation between man-man and man-nature, assuming as urgent the environmental imbalance situation and the planetary social inequality, whose need for proposition is imperative and irreversible – regarding landscape, public spaces, habitat’s quality of life and infrastructure supply. The engagement is inseparable, constituting bonds of realizable commitments. The approach to the field is established through meetings and alignment with the community leaders and representatives, building close ties. The results of learning experience are the final research products, guidelines, an urban design of an exemplar cut and architecture projects realized, which are carried out under the guidance of this article’s authors, that are presented as a collection of alternatives to the region’s demands and priorities, and the complementary extra-disciplinary actions that are also established on voluntary bases, according to the emergences or wishes expressed.
Circular Economy for Fish Farms in Araucanía, Chile
Authors: Mardones A , Cabrera-Barjas G , Salas X 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In its freshwater phase, salmon farming generates environmental liabilities such as fish faeces, unconsumed food and the natural mortalities of the productive process. The latter are treated with formic acid and used integrally in the manufacture of flours for animal feed. In turn, it is estimated that approximately 10% of the food supplied to the fish is not consumed and that the remaining 90%, after being digested, produces 13% of faeces. Both residues go through a stabilising pre-treatment and concentration process and are then removed as sludge. At present, the sludge is mainly disposed of in sanitary landfills, where their stench affects local communities. Moreover, CO2 is released into the atmosphere due to sludge decomposition, contributing to the net carbon footprint of this industry and adding to the global problem of greenhouse gas emissions. In Chile, there are 957 freshwater fish farms, which generate 522,182 tons of sludge per year as a waste product. The management of this waste gives rise to considerable environmental, economic and social concern. Such a problem is mainly located in the Araucanía Region (Chile), where 53 industrial fish farms are located and two out of five of the salmon that Chile exports are born. In the context of the Circular Economy, our research group has been working on three research projects, aimed at adding value to the sludge. These are: 1. Use of sludge as raw material for obtaining heat energy, 2. Use of sludge as an amendment to agricultural and forest soils, and 3. Use of liquid waste from the sludge pressing process for fertigation. When using sludge as a source of renewable energy, previous studies corroborate that the calorific value of the obtained pellet ranges between 4,612 and 4,886 kcal/kg. Thus, such pellets have the potential to be used in the productive process of salmon farms, increasing their sustainability. A project has been developed to investigate and prototype a product we will call “soil amendment”, using a mixture of the sludge from fish farms and the resulting brush from the processing of algae. Finally, in order to reduce the sludge nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in clarification plants, the use of aquaponics and hydroponic techniques are studied. The flower known as chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum spp.) was selected as a model species because of its commercial value and ease of handling. In the present work, the results associated with these three local cases of Circular Economy in Chilean freshwater fish farms will be presented.
Analysis of the Mechanical and Thermal Behaviour of Mortars Manufactured with Combined Use of Different Waste Products
Authors: Badilla P , Letelier V , Aros P , Careau F 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The present study analyses the incorporation of wastes into mortars, and the mechanical and physical response in mortars to the incorporation of these materials. Dosing must be such as to ensure that the test samples present a nominal degree of resistance of G-30. Recycled aggregates (RA) were obtained from the waste area of the prefabricated pieces production plant of Industrial y Comercial Burzio, Temuco, Chile, while biomass ash (BM) and crumb rubber (CR) were supplied by companies interested in the treatment and recycling of their waste. The matrix for the distribution of the replacement percentages was drafted using Taguchi statistical design, replacing natural aggregates with RA in proportions of 25% and 50%; CR was used to replace fine aggregates in proportions of 10% and 20%, and BM in proportions of 10%, 15% and 20%. Use of the study materials showed that with 10% of R, the mechanical properties were reduced; and that as the percentage of CR increased, the thermal conductivity diminished. The substitution of BM in a proportion of 10% increased the compression resistance and diminished conductivity by 20%. In the case of RA, the mechanical resistance was not diminished considerably compared to the control test samples, while the thermal conductivity diminished as the percentages of replacement material increased. The results showed that series S1 (0% RA, 0% R, 10% BM) and S2 (50% RA, 0% R, 15% BM) provided a compression resistance greater than 30 MPa, precisely the series which include no CR in the dosing. This result suggests that superficial pre-treatment of crumb rubber must be included in future experiments.
Agro-industrial Waste as Precursor Source for Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Synthesis Using a New Technical of Solvent Autoignition
Authors: Hidalgo P , Coronado G , Sánchez A , Hunter R 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The objective of this research was to evaluate a novel technique of synthesis by solvent autoignition. The CNTs were synthesized using two methods of solvent autoignition: radiation assisted by a microwave oven and autoignition by muffle-furnace. Synthesized CNTs were examined by dynamic light scattering, UV-VIS spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that the physicochemical properties of CNTs were influenced by synthesis method. Biochars obtained by autoignition through the muffle-furnace produced higher CNTs concentration and smaller hydrodynamic diameter and show a higher degree of wall graphitization, suggesting superior CNT quality. These results are promising for application in the construction industry and as a sustainable lignocellulosic residual biomass management solution.
Breakdown of the Use of Energy in Common Areas of Residential Buildings in Chile
Authors: Rouault F , González-Levin P , Valderrama-Ulloa C , Peña D 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the last 15 years the population of the Metropolitan Region has increased by 16.10%. Due to this greater densification, many people have had to live in residential buildings. By accepting this condition, residents have also accepted a monthly payment of common expenses. The reality shows that the latter are unpredictable prior to the operation of the building and once in operation their distribution and origin, allowing for the planning of resources, is not known. Based on the foregoing, we propose an energy calculation method to estimate the electricity and gas consumption of hot water for both domestic use and heating of the facilities present in the common areas of buildings. The method was applied in 2 residential buildings in Santiago with similar characteristics in order to compare the results obtained with the calculation method versus the actual consumption information. The results show that the most consumed basic services correspond to gas used for boilers at 67.5% and electricity at 29%. Regarding electricity, cold water pumps generated the highest energy consumption followed by lighting of parking areas. The percentage difference between the estimated monthly expenditure and the monthly expense charged for electricity was 11.50% and 9.19% for Building A and B, respectively. Moreover, in the case of gas, the difference was 21.10% for Building A and 17.09% for Building B.
Effect of Freeze-Thaw and Wet-Dry Cycles on the Mechanical and Hydraulic Characteristics of Geothermal Mortars
Authors: Zamora-Barraza D , Vilches J , Sierra F , Bravo H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The appropriate performance of a vertical geothermal exchanger depends not only on the thermal properties of the elements that composed it, but also on the close contact between them to ensure the heat transfer. This contact can be affected by temperature, moisture and seismic tremor variations within the ground, generating cracks and leaks in the grout and thus compromising the integrity of the system. Grouts usually have a high water/cement ratio to provide an appropriate fluidity during the borehole filling, and bentonite is used to keep the cement of the mixture on suspension. The main purpose of this research is to determine according to the bentonite amount, the effects generated by the seasonal freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles on the mechanical properties of a geothermal borehole grout. Adherence tests from the grout to the exchanger, as well as compressive and flexural strength tests to a mortar with bentonite in percentages of the cement weight (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%) has been carried out during the curing period and under the effects of 7 freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles, which simulates the annual freezing during the heating period and the movements of ground waters, respectively. According to the results, it is concluded that mechanical properties of the mortar decrease as the bentonite amount increases and the pipe-mortar adherence is the most affected by the freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles.
Development of a GIS Tool for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems Evaluation
Authors: Barreto W , Ramos N , Castro K , Torres J , Torres R , Picón R 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Climate change is forcing the development of new adaptation techniques. Drainage in the cities does not escape to this fact, requiring new techniques that allow the adaptation to the new changing scenarios. Usually, these new techniques for urban drainage systems are based in complex and detailed evaluation methods; therefore, they need to be easy to apply and have a strong physical basis for modelling the rainfall-runoff processes. This paper shows the integration of a geographic information system with a hydrodynamic model. The tool was developed in python language and is able to incorporate all the Low Impact Development techniques (LIDs) contained in the Storm Water Management Model. It was applied to an extreme rainfall event in the city of Cabudare in Venezuela. The drainage system of the city was tested with and without LIDs for comparison and validation of the tool. Results show that the tool is able to model the main drainage features in the city (streets, pipes and channels), showing a good performance. Also, it is a user-friendly tool for urban drainage evaluation.
A Method to Calibrate Building Simulation Model Through Visual Inspection and Smart Meter
Authors: Gonzalez-Caceres A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Several energy programs worldwide have used building inspection to overcome the lack of knowledge on technical parameter that are needed to upgrade existing buildings to make them more efficient. Due to the large amount of existing buildings that require to be renovated, energy policies have introduced energy certification as a way to increase the renovation rate, by providing information on several benefits such as energy savings, indoor environment improvements and financial support. However, these procedures are often simplified due to the high cost that field measurements represent. The most common procedure for residential buildings is a walkthrough or visual inspection and the use of statistical data from a sample of buildings to estimate key characteristics. These simplifications can be seen in certification or labelling programs in order to analyse the building performance and to propose energy conservation measures. This study uses a case study to propose a method that in combination with building inspection can provided accurate data of the building performance and technical parameters such as U-values, ventilation rate, infiltration and internal load. The method as a firsts step tailored the information gather during the walkthrough in order to be used in the second step which is a calibration based on collected data from the smart meter. The study case corresponds to a wooden terraced dwelling located in Oslo, the set temperature during winter are different in certain rooms of the dwelling as well their operational schedules. The results show that the uses of smart meter data can effectively improve the results from energy certificate and labelling in existing building, allowing to provide quality information to homeowners and policy makers.
Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Development Environmental Indicators Between Worldwide, Portugal and Brazil and Between two Universities within these Countries
Authors: Rosa F , Kern A , Bragança L 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Measuring the environmental performances by indicators is considered as a crucial step to keep track of progress towards sustainability. This study compares trends in environmental sustainability indicators worldwide, Portugal, Brazil and two universities in these countries. The data collection is done based on findings from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) between 2007 and 2017, and reports from both universities between 2010 and 2018. As a result, it can be seen that global Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions decreased (10.6 to 9 ton/capita). Portugal also reduced its CO2 till 2014 (5.2 to 4.6 ton/capita) but experienced a raise in its rates in the following years. Brazil experienced a growth in its CO2 (1.7 to 2 ton/capita), as did the Portuguese university (0.85 to 0.87ton/alumnus). World municipal waste decreased (541.8 to 524.4 kg/capita), as well as in Portugal until 2013 (513.7 to 436.7 kg/capita), but in the following years increased. Similarly, Brazil reduced the indexes until 2011 (271.9 to 266.8 kg/capita) and increased in 2012. In the Portuguese university, the rates increased until 2014 (4.02 to 9.02 kg/student) and reduced in 2015, as in the Brazilian university that increased until 2018 (19.53 to 25.08kg/student). Portugal, Brazil, and the two universities pointed out a trend of increasing emissions and waste while the world data a reduction. The Brazilian university had higher municipal waste rates than Portugal. The consumption of water and energy in the Portuguese university decreased while it increased the Brazilian university. Actions have already been undertaken at universities to lower the environmental burden by improving the energy efficiency of buildings through the use of cleaner energy, setting up mobility studies, and campaigns to reduce consumption and cut down waste generation.
Evaluation of Vulnerability to Heavy Precipitation of the Roofs of Historic Chilean Buildings with Wooden Structure. A Methodology to Apply at an Early Stage
Authors: Herrera A , A Gálvez M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Deck areas prone to leaking rainwater can be identified at an early stage, even before the filtration process begins to occur. The identification of the factors that determine the degree of roof vulnerability to rainfall and their rainwater drainage system and the elaboration of a diagnostic procedure to be applied is fundamental, above all, for the preventive maintenance of historic buildings. In the absence of Chilean regulations on the sizing of the roof rainwater drainage system, the European standard BS EN 12056-3, the Manual for the Design of Roof Drainage Systems, the Chilean road study procedure manuals and other documents were reviewed, and the principles, concepts, dimensioning parameters, constructive recommendations, etc., were transformed into graphically represented processes to facilitate the evaluation of the safety and vulnerability of the various constructive elements to the filtration of rainwater. The factors that determine the degree of vulnerability of the roof to the filtration of rainwater are given by its conformation, its materiality, its dimensioning and its environment, primarily affecting elements such as the roof, gutters and outlets. The result that the evaluator can expect from the proposed methodology is the identification of the aspects that make both the roof and the rainwater drainage system vulnerable, distributed in space, providing him or her with the basis for designing an intervention plan and preventive actions, and this practice should be implemented for sustainable heritage conservation.
Thermal Comfort Analysis in Both Naturally Ventilated and Air-Conditioned Classrooms in a Warm and Humid Climate
Authors: Souza J , Nogueira B L , Lima A V P , Leder S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Thermal discomfort in schools can compromise students and teachers well being and health; in addition, many cognitive processes are influenced by thermal environment. One solution to avoid thermal discomfort in a tropical climate can be the installation of air conditioning devices. However, little do we know about the thermal comfort in air-conditioned school buildings, specially considering the particularities of a tropical climate. This study aims to analyse the perception and sensation of thermal comfort in school buildings. Naturally ventilated and air-conditioned classrooms of public schools in João Pessoa, northeast Brazil, were investigated. A number of 352 children, aged 8 to 11 years old, were interviewed. The research’s methodology consisted in measuring environmental variables (air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, air velocity), while questionnaires were applied to the children, containing four questions regarding their sensation and preference towards the thermal environment. In the naturally ventilated rooms, we observed the average air temperature of 28,78 °C, with 45,53% of the children feeling discomforted by heat, and 22,77% of them discomforted by cold, also 47,97% of the children reported a preference for a colder room and 24,39% reported a preference for a warmer room. In the air-conditioned rooms, we observed the average air temperature of 26,99 °C, with 39,37% of the children discomforted by heat, and 25,57% of them discomforted by cold, also 55,68% of the children reported a preference for a colder room and 14,46% reported a preference for a warmer room. The study emphasizes the occurrence of different votes of thermal sensation at the same air temperature range. The results also showed divergence between PMV and children real votes in air-conditioned rooms, encouraging the questioning about the indiscriminate use of air condition systems.
Public Open Spaces Urbanity: A Confrontation Between the Physical and Social Dimension at the Parque Germânia
Authors: Edelweiss R K , Bortoli F 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Public open spaces have historically been places of political action. Contemporary life, on the other hand, raises challenges to the city and its places of urbanity: they need to meet multiple demands, which indirectly include political action, but also involve leisure, entertainment, sport and social interaction, for example. Understanding the city as a place of encounter, and public open spaces as essential facilities for social interaction, leads to an approach to public open spaces from the perspective of urbanity. This article analyses the case study of Parque Germânia in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The case study considers a confrontation between the built environment as a physical dimension and appropriation as a social dimension. The study analyzes public use of the park through non-participant observation focusing on the following concepts: diversity and tolerance; visibility and flexibility. Diversity and tolerance is considered as a way of understanding the dynamic of appropriation by different social groups and their relationships; visibility is considered as a concept related to urban security, and flexibility is analyzed from the seasonal nature of different scenarios of use in the same space. The study analyzes the physical dimension by presenting a layered map that focuses on urban insertion, environmental aspects and design. Urban insertion is considered from the perspective of urban planning, such as use of the surrounding areas, access points and mobility; the environmental aspects consider areas of environmental preservation and hydrography; design considers the design of the park and its facilities as support for community activities and its multifunctional ability to serve different uses. The article presents a possible approach to public open spaces from the perspective of urbanity by considering both physical and social dimensions, and specifically builds a structured analysis of Parque Germânia.