bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Application of Ultrasound in Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Weakness
Authors: Patel Sunil , Bear Danielle , Patel Brijesh , Puthucheary Zudin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) is common and prolongs the duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU length of stay and is also a leading cause of physical restriction up to five years later. Developing diagnostic tools that allow early identification and risk stratification in all critically ill patients is vital. Ultrasound is a cheap, reproducible and noninvasive imaging modality that can be used to assess multiple muscle groups. It has advantages over other imaging techniques that entail risks of radiation as well as the logistical concerns of moving critically ill patients. Ultrasound muscle indices can be monitored over time and may serve as predictors for ventilatory weaning and long-term outcomes. The diaphragm is frequently perturbed during critical illness, specifically when mechanical ventilation is initiated. Diaphragm thickness and excursion have been shown to support extubation strategy with the former serving as a marker of inspiratory effort in the absence of more specialist tests. The techniques are reproducible with appropriate training and practice and have been applied in clinical trials. Peripheral skeletal muscle ultrasound has been the subject of intense research in ICU-acquired muscle weakness. The technique has also been found to be reproducible and can serve as a surrogate marker to current volitional and non-volitional tests in the assessment of muscle ICUAW. This article outlines the application of musculoskeletal ultrasound and its role in the early recognition of ICUAW in three distinct muscle groups: (1) diaphragm (2) rectus femoris and introduces the potential of (3) parasternal muscles.
Prävention von Schlaganfall und Demenz in der Hausarztpraxis: Evaluation des Projektes INVADE
Authors: Bickel Horst , Block Marc , Gotzler Othmar , Hartmann Julia , Pürner Klaus , Sander Dirk , Förstl Hans 
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Schlaganfall und Demenz haben zahlreiche modifizierbare Risikofaktoren gemeinsam. Im hausärztlichen Präventionsprojekt INVADE (INterventionsprojekt VAskuläre Hirnerkrankungen und Demenz im Landkreis Ebersberg) wurden diese vaskulären Risikofaktoren systematisch erfasst und evidenzbasiert behandelt.
Methoden Alle über 50-jährigen Versicherten der AOK Bayern mit Wohnsitz im oberbayerischen Landkreis Ebersberg erhielten das Angebot zur Teilnahme an INVADE, rund 1 Drittel schrieb sich in das Programm ein. Durch hausärztliche Untersuchungen, Selbstauskünfte der Versicherten, Laboranalysen und eine Duplexsonografie der extrakraniellen Halsgefäße wurden individuelle Risikoprofile erstellt, aus denen sich die Interventionsmaßnahmen ableiteten. In jedem Quartal dokumentierten die Hausärzte Behandlung und Gesundheitszustand der Teilnehmer, nach jeweils 2 Jahren wurde das gesamte Untersuchungsprogramm wiederholt. Der Erfolg der Intervention wurde am Landkreis Dachau bemessen, wo die Versicherten die übliche hausärztliche Versorgung erhielten. Als Endpunkte wurden administrative Daten der Kranken- und Pflegekasse für den Zeitraum von 2013 bis 2016 verwendet. Primäre Endpunkte bestanden in der Mortalität und im Eintritt von Pflegebedürftigkeit, sekundäre Endpunkte in den stationären Behandlungen infolge von zerebrovaskulären Erkrankungen.
Ergebnisse Der Vergleich zwischen den Versicherten im Landkreis Ebersberg (n = 10 663) und im Landkreis Dachau (n = 13 225) fiel sowohl in den primären klinischen Endpunkten als auch im kombinierten sekundären Endpunkt zugunsten des Präventionsprogramms aus. Mortalitätsrisiko (HR = 0,90; 95 %-Konfidenzintervall: 0,84–0,97), Pflegebedürftigkeitsrisiko (HR = 0,88; 95 %-KI 0,81–0,96) und die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer stationären Behandlung aufgrund zerebrovaskulärer Erkrankungen (OR = 0,87; 95 %-KI 0,77–0,97) waren signifikant reduziert.
Diskussion Die Ergebnisse stützen die Annahme, dass durch eine intensivierte hausärztliche Identifikation und Behandlung vaskulärer Risikofaktoren das Auftreten von zerebrovaskulären Erkrankungen und Demenzen gesenkt werden kann und sich damit Lebenserwartung und von Pflegebedürftigkeit freie Lebenserwartung erhöhen lassen. Registrierung clinicaltrials.gov, NCT1107548, Registrierungsdatum: 21.04.2010, drks.de, DRKS00 011348, Registrierungsdatum: 29.12.2016
Clinical and Molecular Update on Genetic Causes of Pituitary Adenomas
Authors: Vasilev Vladimir , Daly Adrian F. , Zacharieva Sabina , Beckers Albert 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPituitary adenomas are benign tumors with variable functional characteristics that can have a significant impact on patients. The majority arise sporadically, but an inherited genetic susceptibility is increasingly being recognized. Recent advances in genetics have widened the scope of our understanding of pituitary tumorigenesis. The clinical and genetic characteristics of pituitary adenomas that develop in the setting of germline-mosaic and somatic GNAS mutations (McCune–Albright syndrome and sporadic acromegaly), germline MEN1 mutations (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1), and germline PRKAR1A mutations (Carney complex) have been well described. Non-syndromic familial cases of isolated pituitary tumors can occur as familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA); mutations/deletions of the AIP gene have been found in a minority of these. Genetic alterations in GPR101 have been identified recently as causing X-linked acro-gigantism (X-LAG) leading to very early-onset pediatric gigantism. Associations of pituitary adenomas with other tumors have been described in syndromes like multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4, pheochromocytoma-paraganglioma with pituitary adenoma association (3PAs) syndrome and some of their genetic causes have been elucidated. The genetic etiologies of a significant proportions of sporadic corticotropinomas have recently been identified with the discovery of USP8 and USP48 mutations. The elucidation of genetic and molecular pathophysiology in pituitary adenomas is a key factor for better patient management and effective follow-up.
Role of Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors in Improving Urodynamic Parameters in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Iqbal Muzzain , Chhiber Sarbjit Singh , Wazir Baldev Singh , Ramzan Altaf Umar , Wani Mohammad Saleem 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objective To analyze role of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors on urodynamic parameters in patients with suprasacral spinal cord injury.
Materials and Methods This was a prospective observational hospital-based study conducted on a cohort of patients, aged between 18 and 65 years with suprasacral spinal cord injury, who were registered in Department of Neurosurgery/Urology. Cutoff period since injury was 2 years. After taking consent, baseline urodynamic study was performed, which was repeated 2 hours after taking single oral dose of 20 mg tadalafil. Urodynamic parameters such as maximum detrusor filling/voiding pressures, maximum bladder capacity, and bladder compliance before and after taking drug were compared for final results and conclusion.
Results Following administration of 20 mg of tadalafil, maximum bladder capacity in mL showed statistically significant improvement from 268.39 ± 130.0 to 298.55 ± 112.0.(p < 0.05). Bladder compliance improved from 18.68 ± 6.4 to 20.25 ± 7.5 mL/cm H2O (p > 0.05). Maximum detrusor filling pressure improved from 36.03 ± 20.54 to 32.90 ± 16.47 cm H2O (p > 0.05). Maximum detrusor voiding pressure improved from 64.65 ± 33.19 to 58.13 ± 20.7 cm H2O (0 > 0.05). In patients with injury above D6 spinal cord level, statistically significant improvement was seen in maximum bladder capacity and bladder compliance after 2 hours of single oral dose of tadalafil (p < 0.05).
Conclusion Our study suggests a positive role of PDE inhibitors in improving urodynamic parameters in patients with suprasacral spinal cord injury with improvement in parameters such as bladder capacity, detrusor pressures, and bladder compliance. Because this is a small study group, more studies such as this are required to reach to final conclusion.
Influence of saturable absorber saturation power, modulation depth and relaxation time on pulse parameters of a soliton fibre laser
Authors: Mastin A.A. , Ryabochkina P.A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe influence of the saturable absorber saturation power, modulation depth and relaxation time on the energy and shape of fibre soliton laser pulses has been studied by numerical simulation. The results suggest that the use of a saturable absorber with a lower saturation power in a fibre laser ensures pulsed lasing onset at a lower gain. The fibre laser pulse energy decreases as the saturation power of the absorber or the relaxation time of its open state increases at a constant gain coefficient. In addition, increasing the absorber saturation modulation depth at a constant gain coefficient has been shown to reduce the pulse peak power and energy.
Laser and thermooptical characteristics of a laser head based on a thin Yb : YAG slab
Authors: Starobor A.V. , Kuznetsov I.I. , Mukhin I.B. , Palashov O.V. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAmplification and thermally induced phase distortions in a cw pumped laser head with an active element in the form of a thin Yb : YAG slab are experimentally studied. Lasing characteristics of an emitter based on this laser head are examined. Laser radiation is obtained with an average power of 32 W and a slope efficiency with respect to the absorbed pump powerη= 68 %.
Generation of gamma radiation by a subterawatt ultrashort laser pulse: optimisation of preplasma and pulse duration
Authors: Shulyapov S.A. , Tsymbalov I.N. , Ivanov K.A. , Gospodinov G.A. , Volkov R.V. , Bychenkov V.Yu. , Savel’ev A.B. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We report an experimental and numerical study of the acceleration of electrons in a plasma interacting with a subterawatt laser pulse (intensity of ∼3 × 1018 W cm−2 at a pulse duration of 50 fs). A preplasma layer on the surface of a molybdenum target is formed by an additional laser pulse with a duration of 8 ns and an intensity of ∼2 × 1012 W cm−2. It is shown that an increase in the laser pulse duration to 1700 fs at a constant energy (and a proportional decrease in intensity) leads to an increase in the yield of bremsstrahlung γ-radiation by more than an order of magnitude when the nanosecond pulse is ahead of the femtosecond one by 15 − 25 ns. Interferometry data and results of diagnostics of optical and γ-radiation of a plasma demonstrate that the collisional ionisation of atoms by electrons oscillating in the field of such a laser pulse plays an essential role in the formation of electron density profile. The sensitivity of the described effect to the level of amplified spontaneous emission is determined, despite the nanosecond pulse impact. Numerical simulations show that at a large pulse duration, the acceleration of electrons is stipulated by the beaking of plasma waves excited during stimulated Raman scattering of laser radiation.
Numerical simulation of dispersion and nonlinear characteristics of microstructured silica fibres with a thin suspended core in a wide range of their parameters
Authors: Anashkina E.A. , Andrianov A.V. , Leuchs G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDispersion and nonlinear characteristics of microstructured silica fibres with a thin suspended core surrounded by three, four or six air holes have been studied theoretically in the wavelength range 1 – 2 μm. It has been shown that, owing to strong fundamental mode confinement near the core, the Kerr nonlinearity coefficient can exceed the nonlinearity coefficient of standard telecom fibre SMF28e by two orders of magnitude. The large waveguide contribution allows for effective group velocity dispersion management. Estimates are presented that demonstrate the feasibility of using suspended core fibre exhibiting Kerr nonlinearity for generating non-classical light: a state with squeezed quantum fluctuations in one of the quadrature components of a cw laser signal at a wavelength near 1.55 μm.
Two-stage nonlinear compression of high-power femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Ginzburg V.N. , Yakovlev I.V. , Zuev A.S. , Korobeynikova A.P. , Kochetkov A.A. , Kuzmin A.A. , Mironov S.Yu. , Shaykin A.A. , Shaikin I.A. , Khazanov E.A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Two-stage compression of laser pulses with a power of 250 TW is experimentally realised by broadening their spectrum during self-phase modulation in fused silica and subsequent dispersion compensation upon reflection from chirping mirrors. A five-fold decrease in the duration is demonstrated, from 75 to 15 fs, with a B-integral value of about 5 at each stage. It is possible to avoid small-scale self-focusing due to self-filtering of the laser beam during free propagation in vacuum. With optimal parameters of the dispersive mirror, the pulse can be compressed to a duration of less than 5 fs.
Interference effects in the formation of the light bullet spectrum under axicon focusing
Authors: Zaloznaya E.D. , Kompanets V.O. , Chekalin S.V. , Dormidonov A.E. , Kandidov V.P. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Specific features of the anti-Stokes band of the light bullet supercontinuum spectrum under filamentation of 1900-nm femtosecond pulses, focused by an axicon in fused silica and calcium fluoride, have been experimentally, numerically, and analytically investigated. It is found that the formation of two or more light bullets in a filament leads to modulation of spectral components’ intensity. The oscillation period of spectral components, defined as the wavelength interval between adjacent intensity minima, decreases with decreasing their wavelength. On a logarithmic scale, the relative change in the oscillation period in the spectrum is proportional to the spectral component wavelength and is independent of the pulse energy and the position of the light bullet formation region in the filament. It is established that the modulation in the spectrum is due to the interference of the broadband supercontinuum emitted by light bullets, and its period decreases with increasing interval between them.
Dependence of emittance on the length of an electron bunch during laser-plasma acceleration in guiding structures
Authors: Veisman M.E. , Andreev N.E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe report a theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of the dynamics of transverse emittance of an electron bunch during its acceleration in wake fields generated by a laser pulse in a weakly nonlinear mode. Analytical expressions are obtained for the main factors affecting the emittance growth during acceleration and the case is considered when the characteristic transverse size of the injected bunch exceeds the matched radius determined by the focusing force at the injection point, the initial emittance and the electron bunch energy, and the resulting value of emittance is much larger than the initial one. The dynamics of the emittance growth during acceleration as a function of the length of the electron bunch is described, and the length of the bunch is found at which there occurs a complete phase mixing of betatron oscillations of electrons and the emittance increases to its maximum value determined by the bunch parameters and the focusing force at the injection point. Analytical expressions are in good agreement with the results of numerical simulation.
Generation of few-cycle pulses in media with alternating sign of effective cubic nonlinearity
Authors: Frolov S.A. , Trunov V.I. , Bagayev S.N. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
An original technique is developed for spectral broadening of femtosecond pulses with compensation for the nonlinear spatial phase during the propagation through nonlinear media with effective cubic nonlinearity of different signs. It was shown that in the region of 1.5 μm, the proposed scheme with BBO crystals at the first stage and NaCl at the second stage allows, using chirped mirrors, the formation of few-cycle pulses of about 7 fs duration with a small B-integral. The possibility of focusing of pulses compressed in the proposed scheme with a large Strehl ratio is demonstrated.
Regulatory mechanism for the transmembrane receptor that mediates bidirectional vitamin A transport
Authors: Zhong Ming , Kawaguchi Riki , Costabile Brianna , Tang Yuyan , Hu Jane , Cheng Guo , Kassai Miki , Ribalet Bernard , Mancia Filippo , Bok Dean , Sun Hui 
Published: April 2020

Significance
Vitamin A has diverse biological functions and is transported to target tissues through the specific interaction between its blood transport protein (RBP) and its multitransmembrane domain receptor. However, how this receptor is regulated was completely unknown. Both insufficient or excessive vitamin A uptake has deleterious effects. Through unbiased mass spectrometry analysis and mechanistic studies, this study identified a cellular mechanism that profoundly influences receptor-mediated cellular vitamin A influx and efflux and may point to new directions to treat diseases associated with vitamin A imbalance.
Constructionalization and the Sorites Paradox
Authors: Flach Susanne 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article discusses the relationship between
“constructionalization” and
“constructional change” (Traugott & Trousdale, 2013). Expanding
on recent critical reviews, the paper argues that the problems with
constructionalization arise from the ambiguity of the concept: it
refers simultaneously to processes leading to the creation of a new
node and to the point of node creation itself. The issues are
illustrated by tracking the emergence of the
into-causative: the data show that a series of
interrelated changes in multiple parts of the network provided
necessary and facilitating conditions, some of which predate the
into-causative by several generations. The
suggestion is that constructionalization should be reserved for its
point reading, while aspects of its process reading are better
captured by “constructional emergence”.
Constructionalization, constructional competition and
constructional death
Authors: Sommerer Lotte 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper revisits POSS DEM constructions in Old
English (OE) by analyzing 13 OE prose texts from the
York-Toronto-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Old English
Prose (YCOE). It aims to explain the marginalization
and ultimate demise of this constructional family by discussing how
the emergence of a new node (“constructionalization”) but also the
reorganization of node-external, vertical and horizontal links can
lead to constructional competition and ultimately to the
disappearance of (a) node(s) in the network. It will especially
discuss frequency effects and cognitive factors like strong/weak
entrenchment or analogical thinking as driving forces of network
change, especially constructional loss. Additionally, this paper
makes some suggestions on how constructions should be annotated and
sketched in networks.
Allostructions, homostructions or a constructional
family?
Authors: Percillier Michael 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The network of prepositional secondary predicate
constructions has undergone massive changes throughout the history
of English. While in Old English forms marked with to (e.g. crown someone as king) used to dominate, forms marked with as dominate
in Present-Day English (e.g. crown someone as king). The present
paper studies the changes in the network of such constructions
marked with as, for, into, and to in the Middle English
period by analysing changes in frequency and semantic similarity. A
corpus study in the PPCME2 was conducted, based on a Distributional
Semantic Model. The results indicate a sudden turning point in the
early Middle English period whereby to-marked forms
quickly lost their importance. In addition to providing insights
into the (changing) nature of polysemic links and allostructions,
the description of constructions copied from Anglo-Norman introduces
a language contact component to the framework of Diachronic
Construction Grammar.
Noun phrase complexity in young Spanish EFL learners’ writing
Authors: Díez-Bedmar María Belén , Pérez-Paredes Pascual 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The research reported in this article examines Noun Phrase (NP) syntactic complexity in the writing of Spanish EFL
secondary school learners in Grades 7, 8, 11 and 12 in the International Corpus of Crosslinguistic Interlanguage. Two
methods were combined: a manual parsing of NPs and an automatic analysis of NP indices using the Tool for the
Automatic Analysis of Syntactic Sophistication and Complexity (TAASSC). Our results revealed that it
is in premodifying slots that syntactic complexity in NPs develops. We argue that two measures, (i) nouns and modifiers (a
syntactic complexity index) and (ii) determiner + multiple premodification + head (a NP type obtained as a result of a
corpus-driven analysis), can be used as indices of syntactic complexity in young Spanish EFL learner language development. Besides
offering a learner-language-driven taxonomy of NP syntactic complexity, the paper underscores the strength of using combined
methods in SLA research.
The role of L1 use by high-proficiency learners in L2 vocabulary
development
Authors: Sato Masatoshi , Angulo Isidora 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This study investigated second language (L2)
learners’ use of first language (L1) as a means to resolve lexical
issues during collaborative writing tasks (i.e., L1 languaging).
Participants were 34 8th grade high-proficiency English learners in
Chile who shared their L1 (Spanish). Their vocabulary development
was tested via the vocabulary knowledge scale (VKS). Their
interactions during the collaborative writing tasks were
audio-recorded. The transcripts were first analysed in light of L1
focus such as content, language, and task management. Then, lexical
language-related episodes (LREs) involving L1 were examined. The
regression models of the VKS and LRE scores showed that L1
languaging was associated with higher gains in vocabulary
knowledge.
Languaging when providing and processing peer feedback
Authors: Storch Neomy , Alshuraidah Ali 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Two commonly used activities in second language
(L2) writing classes are collaborative writing and peer response.
Our study compared the quantity and quality of languaging generated
by these two activities. In this study, conducted in Saudi Arabia,
34 college English language learners worked in the same
self-selected small groups (predominantly pairs) on three successive
activities. They completed a collaborative writing task, provided
written feedback on a text written by another group, and revised
their text in response to the peer feedback received. Analysis of
recorded talk during these three activities found that the
collaborative writing activity generated more languaging episodes
than the other activities. We discuss the implications of these
findings for L2 writing pedagogy and propose research
directions.
Talking about language
Authors: Gánem-Gutiérrez Gabriela Adela , Roehr-Brackin Karen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This qualitatively oriented study
investigated the role of second language (L2) metalinguistic
knowledge in languaging during performance on two pedagogic
tasks – a gap-fill and a dictogloss. It involved 14 L1
English university-level learners of L2 Spanish
(N = 8) and L2 German
(N = 6). Drawing on individual
think-aloud protocols and learners’ pair-work interactions,
we investigated the extent to which metalinguistic knowledge
was used during task completion, its purposes, and whether
it was associated with successful task performance. Although
considerable inter-learner variation was in evidence, we
identified a relationship not only between the use of
metalinguistic knowledge and successful task completion but
also between the purpose for which metalinguistic knowledge
was employed during languaging and the balance of expertise
between partners.