bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of milking interval on the total bacterial count in a
simulated automatic milking system
Authors: FROST ANDY R. , MOTTRAM TOBY T. , ALLEN CLIVE J. , WHITE RODGER P. 
Published: July 2002

An automatic milking system (AMS) uses a robot to attach the teatcups
and can
be continuously available for cows to present themselves to be milked with
minimal
human intervention. Milking in an AMS is therefore a continuous rather
than a batch
process, and the conventional practice of cleaning a milking system after
each batch
of cows has been milked is not applicable.Milk flow through an AMS is different in scale and in temporal distribution
from
that in a conventional system. These differences in flow patterns may be
significant
for hygiene. It has been suggested by Verheij (1992), for example, that
milk will flush
away much of the residue of the previous milking and that microbial growth
will be
retarded because of the bacteriostatic properties of fresh milk. Ordolff
& Bölling
(1992) reported experiments in which batches of milk were passed through
a milking
installation that was said to simulate an AMS. Their main conclusion was
that milk
residues left in the system for up to 60 min did not increase the bacterial
contamination of the next batch of milk. However, the practical relevance
of this
conclusion is not clear because the design of the simulated AMS was not
specified, so
it can not be compared to a practical AMS. Moreover, mixtures of fresh
and UHT
milk were used, with unknown consequences. The purpose of the experiment
reported in this paper was to strengthen the evidence on which to base
recommendations for effective cleaning procedures for AMS.The bacterial count of milk that had been passed through a system was
used as
the indicator of the cleanliness of the system. It was apparent from previous
work by
Ordolff & Bölling (1992) that this would produce results that
varied widely. The
experiment was therefore designed to be as simple as possible. In particular,
a simple,
easily defined laboratory rig was used rather than an AMS.
Added stresses because of the presence of FENE-P
bead–spring chains in a random velocity field
Authors: MASSAH HESHMAT , HANRATTY THOMAS J. 
Published: July 2002

FENE-P bead–spring chains unravel in the presence of large
enough velocity gradients.
In a turbulent flow, this can result in intermittent added stresses and exchanges of
energy between the chains and the fluid, whose magnitudes depend on the degree of
unravelling and on the orientations of the bead–spring chains. These effects
are studied
by calculating the average behaviour at different times of an ensemble of chains,
contained in a fluid particle that is moving around in a random velocity field
obtained
from direct numerical simulation of turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid in a channel.
The results are used to evaluate theoretical explanations of drag reduction
observed in very dilute solutions of polymers.In regions of the flow in which the energy exchange with the fluid is positive,
the possibility arises that turbulence can be produced by mechanisms other than the
interaction of Reynolds stresses and the mean velocity gradient field. Of particular
interest, from the viewpoint of understanding polymer drag reduction, is the finding
that the exchange is negative in velocity fields representative of the wall
vortices that
are large producers of turbulence. One can, therefore, postulate that polymers cause
drag reduction by selectively changing the structures of eddies that produce Reynolds
stresses. The intermittent appearance of large added shear stresses is
consistent with the
experimental finding of a stress deficit, whereby the total local shear stress
is greater
than the sum of the Reynolds stress and the time-averaged shear stress
calculated from
the time-averaged velocity gradient and the viscosity of the solvent.
Intentionality on the Instalment Plan
Authors: JACQUETTE DALE 
Published: July 2002

1. What's in a Name?Can philosophy of language do without the concept of intentionality? To approach this important question it may be useful to begin with the minimal explanatory requirements for a theory of reference that tries to explain the naming of objects as the simplest linguistic act. The limitations of trying to understand meaning without intentionality are therefore best illustrated by considering what is generally acknowledged to be the most thorough-going attempt to dispense altogether with intentional concepts in Frege's reputedly purely extensionalist semantics of proper names. I shall argue that despite his avowed anti-psychologism, Frege paradoxically needs to include psychological elements alongside his famous distinction between sense and reference in order to preserve the universal intersubstitutability of singular referring expressions salva veritate as an adequate extensional criterion of coreferentiality. In so doing, a revisionary Fregean semantics introduces the first instalment of intentionality at the foundations of naming, by which intentionality pervades the philosophy of language.
Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica
serotype Typhimurium phage-type DT104 among salmonellae
causing enteritis in Israel
Authors: METZER E. , AGMON V. , ANDOREN N. , COHEN D. 
Published: July 2002

The relative frequency of salmonella strains isolated from hospitalized
and non-hospitalized
patients in Southern Israel changed during the period, 1994–6. Salmonella
enterica serotype
Typhimurium definitive phage-type 104 (DT104) appeared in Israel in 1994
and became the
most prevalent strain in 1996. An outbreak of enteritis due to Salmonella
enterica serotype
Agona occurred in Israel, in October 1994 and lasted for 4 months. The
relative frequency of
Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis remained almost constant
during these years, with
seasonal fluctuations only.The importance of the increase in the prevalence of Typhimurium DT104
has been the
epidemic spread of a multiresistant strain of R-type ACT (A, ampicillin;
C, chloramphenicol;
T, tetracycline) belonging to this phage-type. Since 1995 the frequency
of Typhimurium DT104
isolates that possess, in addition to the above R-type, a chromosomally
encoded resistance to
the quinolone drug, nalidixic acid, increased tenfold. In 1996, 27% of
the Typhimurium DT104
isolates were of R-type ACTN. S. Enteritidis exhibited over 95%
susceptibility to at least eight
of the most commonly used antibiotic drugs, and none of the isolates was
resistant to
quinolone or fluoroquinoline.
Theory and applications of explicit substitutions: Introduction
Authors: Kesner Delia 
Published: July 2002

This special issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science is dedicated to the theory
and applications of explicit substitutions, which have attracted a growing community of
researchers in the last decade, especially in the study of explicit substitutions as a means
of bridging the gap between theory and practice in the implementation of programming
languages, as well as theorem provers and proof checkers.Such implementations typically rely on formal calculi defined using implicit substitution
operations that are left at the meta-level, so that they need to turn these meta-level
operations into efficient executable code, and this is often fairly intricate and distant from
the formal calculi. This causes a significant gap between theory and practice.Explicit substitutions considerably reduce this gap by bringing the meta-level operations
down to the object-level calculus – where they are represented explicitly – allowing
us in this way to give formal and robust models for the techniques actually used in
implementations, and providing at the same time a more flexible tool for controlling the
intermediate steps of evaluation.All the papers in this issue were invited on the basis of their quality and relevance
to the domain, and subjected to the refereeing process of MSCS. Most of them are
substantially expanded and revised versions of work originally presented at Westapp'98
and Westapp'99, the first and second ‘Workshop on Explicit Substitutions: Theory and
Applications to Programs and Proofs’, which were held in conjunction with RTA'98 in
Tsukuba, Japan, and with Floc'99 in Trento, Italy, respectively.As guest editor, I would like to express my warm thanks both to the authors, for their
high-quality contributions to this special issue, and to the referees, whose scientific role
was essential in improving the presentation of these contributions.
Characterization of a Maize β-Amylase cDNA Clone and Its Expression during Seed Germination
Authors: Wang S. M. , Lue W. L. , Wu S. Y. , Huang H. W. , Chen J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A maize (Zea mays L.) cDNA clone (pZMB2) encoding β-amylase was isolated from a cDNA library prepared from the aleurone RNA of germinating kernels. The cDNA encodes a predicted product of 488 amino acids with significant similarity to known β-amylases from barley (Hordeum vulgare), rye (Secale cereale), and rice (Oryza sativa). Glycine-rich repeats found in the carboxyl terminus of the endosperm-specific β-amylase of barley and rye are absent from the maize gene product. The N-terminal sequence of the first 20 amino acids of a β-amylase peptide derived from purified protein is identical to the 5th through 24th amino acids of the predicted cDNA product, indicating the absence of a conventional signal peptide in the maize protein. Recombinant inbred mapping data indicate that the cDNA clone is single-copy gene that maps to chromosome 7L at position 83 centimorgans. Northern blot analysis and in vitro translation-immunoprecipitation data indicate that the maize β-amylase is synthesized de novo in the aleurone cells but not in the scutellum during seed germination.
Characterization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtiiZygote-Specific cDNAs That Encode Novel Proteins Containing Ankyrin Repeats and WW Domains1
Authors: Kuriyama Hideo , Takano Hiroyoshi , Suzuki Lena , Uchida Hidenobu , Kawano Shigeyuki , Kuroiwa Haruko , Kuroiwa Tsuneyoshi 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Genes that are expressed only in the young zygote are considered to be of great importance in the development of an isogamous green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Clones representing the Zys3 gene were isolated from a cDNA library prepared using zygotes at 10 min after fertilization. Sequencing of Zys3 cDNA clones resulted in the isolation of two related molecular species. One of them encoded a protein that contained two kinds of protein-to-protein interaction motifs known as ankyrin repeats and WW domains. The other clone lacked the ankyrin repeats but was otherwise identical. These mRNA species began to accumulate simultaneously in cells beginning 10 min after fertilization, and reached maximum levels at about 4 h, after which time levels decreased markedly. Genomic DNA gel-blot analysis indicated that Zys3 was a single-copy gene. The Zys3 proteins exhibited parallel expression to the Zys3mRNAs at first, appearing 2 h after mating, and reached maximum levels at more than 6 h, but persisted to at least 1 d. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed their localization in the endoplasmic reticulum, which suggests a role in the morphological changes of the endoplasmic reticulum or in the synthesis and transport of proteins to the Golgi apparatus or related vesicles.
Passive Nitrate Transport by Root Plasma Membrane Vesicles Exhibits an Acidic Optimal pH Like the H+-ATPase
Authors: Pouliquin Pierre , Boyer Jean-Christophe , Grouzis Jean-Pierre , Gibrat Rémy 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe net initial passive flux (J Ni) in reconstituted plasma membrane (PM) vesicles from maize (Zea mays) root cells was measured as recently described (P. Pouliquin, J.-P. Grouzis, R. Gibrat [1999] Biophys J 76: 360–373).J Ni in control liposomes responded to membrane potential or to NO3 − as expected from the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz diffusion theory.J Ni in reconstituted PM vesicles exhibited an additional component (J Nif), which was saturable (K m for NO3 − approximately 3 mm, withJ Nifmax corresponding to 60 × 10−9 mol m−2 s−1 at the native PM level) and selective (NO3 − = ClO3 − &gt; Br− &gt; Cl− = NO2 −; relative fluxes at 5 mm: 1:0.34:0.19). J Nif was totally inhibited by La3+ and the arginine reagent phenylglyoxal. J Nif was voltage dependent, with an optimum voltage at 105 mV at pH 6.5. The activation energy of J Nif was high (129 kJ mol−1), close to that of the H+-ATPase (155 kJ mol−1), and JNif displayed the same acidic optimal pH (pH 6.5) as that of the H+ pump. This is the first example, to our knowledge, of a secondary transport at the plant PM with such a feature. Several properties of the NO3 − uniport seem poorly compatible with that reported for plant anion channels and to be attributable instead to a classical carrier. The physiological relevance of these findings is suggested.
Fluoroorotic Acid-Selected Nicotiana plumbaginifoliaCell Lines with a Stable Thymine Starvation Phenotype Have Lost the Thymine-Regulated Transcriptional Program
Authors: Santoso Djoko , Thornburg Robert 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We have selected 143 independent Nicotiana plumbaginifolia cell lines that survive in the presence of 5-fluoroorotic acid. These lines show several diverse phenotypes. The majority of these cell lines showed reduced levels of UMP synthase. However, one particular phenotype, which represents 14% of the total independent lines (20 cell lines), showed an unexpected, high level of UMP synthase and was therefore analyzed in detail. The selected cell lines showed no differences with wild-type cells with respect to uptake of orotic acid, affinity of UMP synthase for its substrates, or UMP synthase gene-copy number. Alternative detoxification mechanisms were also excluded. The elevated enzyme activity was correlated with elevated UMP synthase protein levels as well as elevated UMP synthase mRNA levels. In contrast to wild-type cell lines, the fluoroorotic acid-selected cell lines did not respond to thymine or to other biochemicals that affect thymine levels. In addition, there was also a concomitant up-regulation of aspartate transcarbamoylase, however, dihydroorotase and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase are not up-regulated in these cell lines.
The Rop GTPase Switch Controls Multiple Developmental Processes in Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Hai , Shen Jun-Jiang , Zheng Zhi-Liang , Lin Yakang , Yang Zhenbiao 
Published: July 2002

AbstractG proteins are universal molecular switches in eukaryotic signal transduction. The Arabidopsis genome sequence reveals no RAS small GTPase and only one or a few heterotrimeric G proteins, two predominant classes of signaling G proteins found in animals. In contrast, Arabidopsis possesses a unique family of 11 Rop GTPases that belong to the Rho family of small GTPases. Previous studies indicate that Rop controls actin-dependent pollen tube growth and H2O2-dependent defense responses. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the Rop GTPase acts as a versatile molecular switch in signaling to multiple developmental processes in Arabidopsis. Immunolocalization using a general antibody against the Rop family proteins revealed a ubiquitous distribution of Rop proteins in all vegetative and reproductive tissues and cells in Arabidopsis. The cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter-directed expression of constitutively active GTP-bound rop2 (CA-rop2) and dominant negative GDP-bound rop2 (DN-rop2) mutant genes impacted many aspects of plant growth and development, including embryo development, seed dormancy, seedling development, lateral root initiation, morphogenesis of lateral organs in the shoot, shoot apical dominance and growth, phyllotaxis, and lateral organ orientation. The rop2 transgenic plants also displayed altered responses to the exogenous application of several hormones, such as abscisic acid-mediated seed dormancy, auxin-dependent lateral shoot initiation, and brassinolide-mediated hypocotyl elongation. CA-rop2 and DN-rop2expression had opposite effects on most of the affected processes, supporting a direct signaling role for Rop in regulating these processes. Based on these observations and previous results, we propose that Rop2 and other members of the Rop family participate in multiple distinct signaling pathways that control plant growth, development, and responses to the environment.
The crystal structure of hypothetical protein MTH1491 from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum
Authors: Christendat Dinesh , Saridakis Vivian , Kim Youngchang , Kumar Ponni A. , Xu Xiaohui , Semesi Anthony , Joachimiak Andzrej , Arrowsmith Cheryl H. , Edwards Aled M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAs part of our structural proteomics initiative, we have determined the crystal structure of MTH1491, a previously uncharacterized hypothetical protein from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. MTH1491 is one of numerous structural genomics targets selected in a genome‐wide survey of uncharacterized proteins. It belongs to a family of proteins whose biological function is not known. The crystal structure of MTH1491, the first structure for this family of proteins, consists of an overall five‐stranded parallel β‐sheet with strand order 51234 and flanking helices. The oligomeric form of this molecule is a trimer as seen from both crystal contacts and gel filtration studies. Analysis revealed that the structure of MTH1491 is similar to that of dehydrogenases, amidohydrolases, and oxidoreductases. Using a combination of sequence and structural analyses, we showed that MTH1491 does not belong to either the dehydrogenase or the amidohydrolase superfamilies of proteins.
Effects of Random Perturbations in Plastic Optical Fibers
Authors: Garito A. F. , Wang J. , Gao R. 
Published: July 2002

REVIEW
The most important feature of an optical fiber waveguide is its bandwidth, which defines its information-carrying capacity. A major limitation on the bandwidth of multimode glass and plastic optical fibers is modal dispersion, in which different optical modes propagate at different velocities and the dispersion grows linearly with length. However, in plastic optical fibers, experimental and theoretical results indicate that the modes are not independent but are highly coupled, which leads to a characteristic square-root length dependence and an unanticipated large enhancement of the bandwidth to gigahertz levels. The ever increasing demands for low-cost, high-bandwidth communications media for voice, video, and data transmission in short- and medium-distance applications are generating a new assessment of multimode optical fibers to serve as high-speed fiber links.
Activities and Postantibiotic Effects of Gemifloxacin Compared to Those of 11 Other Agents against
Haemophilus influenzae
and
Moraxella catarrhalis
Authors: Davies Todd A. , Kelly Linda M. , Hoellman Dianne B. , Ednie Lois M. , Clark Catherine L. , Bajaksouzian Saralee , Jacobs Michael R. , Appelbaum Peter C. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The activity of gemifloxacin against
Haemophilus influenzae
and
Moraxella catarrhalis
was compared to those of 11 other agents. All quinolones were very active (MICs, ≤0.125 μg/ml) against 248 quinolone-susceptible
H. influenzae
isolates (40.7% of which were β-lactamase positive); cefixime (MICs, ≤0.125 μg/ml) and amoxicillin-clavulanate (MICs ≤4.0 μg/ml) were active, followed by cefuroxime (MICs, ≤16.0 μg/ml); azithromycin MICs were ≤4.0 μg/ml. For nine
H. influenzae
isolates with reduced quinolone susceptibilities, the MICs at which 50% of isolates are inhibited (MIC
50
s) were 0.25 μg/ml for gemifloxacin and 1.0 μg/ml for the other quinolones tested. All strains had mutations in GyrA (Ser84, Asp88); most also had mutations in ParC (Asp83, Ser84, Glu88) and ParE (Asp420, Ser458), and only one had a mutation in GyrB (Gln468). All quinolones tested were equally active (MICs, ≤0.06 μg/ml) against 50
M. catarrhalis
strains; amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefixime, cefuroxime, and azithromycin were very active. Against 10
H. influenzae
strains gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, sparfloxacin, and trovafloxacin at 2× the MIC and ciprofloxacin at 4× the MIC were uniformly bactericidal after 24 h, and against 9 of 10 strains grepafloxacin at 2× the MIC was bactericidal after 24 h. After 24 h bactericidal activity was seen with amoxicillin-clavulanate at 2× the MIC for all strains, cefixime at 2× the MIC for 9 of 10 strains, cefuroxime at 4× the MIC for all strains, and azithromycin at 2× the MIC for all strains. All quinolones except grepafloxacin (which was bactericidal against four of five strains) and all ß-lactams at 2× to 4× the MIC were bactericidal against five
M. catarrhalis
strains after 24 h; azithromycin at the MIC was bactericidal against all strains after 24 h. The postantibiotic effects (PAEs) against four quinolone-susceptible
H. influenzae
strains were as follows: gemifloxacin, 0.3 to 2.3 h; ciprofloxacin, 1.3 to 4.2 h; levofloxacin, 2.8 to 6.2 h; sparfloxacin, 0.6 to 3.0 h; grepafloxacin, 0 to 2.1 h; trovafloxacin, 0.8 to 2.8 h. At 10× the MIC, no quinolone PAEs were found against the strain for which quinolone MICs were increased. Azithromycin PAEs were 3.7 to 7.3 h.
Antagonism between Aminoglycosides and β-Lactams in a Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Isolate Involves Induction of an Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzyme
Authors: Ida Takashi , Okamoto Ryoichi , Nonoyama Masato , Irinoda Kazuhiko , Kurazono Mizuyo , Inoue Matsuhisa 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

We encountered three clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
which were susceptible to netilmicin and arbekacin in the absence of β-lactam antibiotics but which were resistant to them in the presence of β-lactam antibiotics. One of these strains, KU5801, was used to further investigate the antagonism between aminoglycosides and β-lactam antibiotics. β-Lactam antibiotics induced bacterial synthesis of aminoglycoside-6′-
N
-acetyltransferase and 2"-
O
-phosphotransferase [AAC(6′)-APH(2")] in association with decreased antimicrobial activities of aminoglycosides. A 14.4-kb
Eco
RI fragment that included the genes that control for β-lactam-inducible aminoglycoside resistance was cloned from a 31-kb conjugative plasmid present in KU5801. Restriction fragment mapping and PCR analysis suggested that a Tn
4001
-like element containing a gene encoding AAC(6′)-APH(2") was located downstream from a truncated
blaZ
gene. The DNA sequence between
blaR1
and a Tn
4001
-like element was determined. The Tn
4001
-IS
257
hybrid structure was cointegrated into the
blaZ
gene, and the typical sequences for the termination of transcription were not found between these regions. We deduced that antagonism of aminoglycosides by β-lactam antibiotics in isolate KU5801 involved transcription of the
aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2")-Ia
gene under the influence of the system regulating penicillinase production.
Molecular and Physiological Responses of Two Classes of Marine Chromophytic Phytoplankton (Diatoms and Prymnesiophytes) during the Development of Nutrient-Stimulated Blooms
Authors: Wyman Michael , Davies John T. , Crawford David W. , Purdie Duncan A. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Generic taxon-specific DNA probes that target an internal region of the gene (
rbcL
) encoding the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) were developed for two groups of marine phytoplankton (diatoms and prymnesiophytes). The specificity and utility of the probes were evaluated in the laboratory and also during a 1-month mesocosm experiment in which we investigated the temporal variability in RubisCO gene expression and primary production in response to inorganic nutrient enrichment. We found that the onset of successive bloom events dominated by each of the two classes of chromophyte algae was associated with marked taxon-specific increases in
rbcL
transcription rates. These observations suggest that measurements of RubisCO gene expression can provide an early indicator of the development of phytoplankton blooms and may also be useful in predicting which taxa are likely to dominate a bloom.