bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Critical transition to woody plant dominance through microclimate feedbacks in North American coastal ecosystems
Authors: Huang Heng , Anderegg Leander D. L. , Dawson Todd E. , Mote Safa , D’Odorico Paolo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractClimate warming is facilitating the expansion of many cold‐sensitive woody species in woodland–grassland ecotones worldwide. Recent research has demonstrated that this range expansion can be further enhanced by positive vegetation–microclimate feedbacks whereby woody canopies induce local nocturnal warming, which reduces freeze‐induced damage and favors the establishment of woody plants. However, this local positive feedback can be counteracted by biotic drivers such as browsing and the associated consumption of shrub biomass. The joint effects of large‐scale climate warming and local‐scale microclimate feedbacks on woody vegetation dynamics in these ecotones remain poorly understood. Here, we used a combination of experimental and modeling approaches to investigate the effects of woody cover on microclimate and the consequent implications on ecological stability in North American coastal ecosystems. We found greater browsing pressure and significant warming (~2°C) beneath shrub canopies compared to adjacent grasslands, which reduces shrub seedlings’ exposure to cold damage. Cold sensitivity is evidenced by the significant decline in xylem hydraulic conductivity in shrub seedlings when temperatures dropped below −2°C. Despite the negative browsing–vegetation feedback, a small increase in minimum temperature can induce critical transitions from grass to woody plant dominance. Our framework also predicts the threshold temperature of −7°C for mangrove–salt marsh ecotones on the Atlantic coast of Florida. Above this reference temperature a critical transition may occur from salt marsh to mangrove vegetation, in agreement with empirical studies. Thus, the interaction between ongoing global warming trends and microclimate feedbacks may significantly alter woody vegetation dynamics and ecological stability in coastal ecosystems where woody plant expansion is primarily constrained by extreme low temperature events.
Spatial and temporal changes in aeolian redistribution of sediments and nutrients following fire
Authors: Roehner Clayton , Pierce Jennifer L. , Yager Elowyn M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWildfires can profoundly alter rates, magnitudes, and ecological influences of aeolian redistribution of sediments and nutrients. This study examines the influence of fire in a semi‐arid ecosystem using 2 years of continuous passive dust trap data in the northern Great Basin, USA. We analyse the mass flux, organic material content, grain size distribution, and geochemistry of the collected samples to trace the fingerprint of the 2015 Soda Fire through space and time. In areas not affected by fire, dust is characterized by silt‐sized median grains, a geochemical signature consistent with a playa source area, and spatially consistent but seasonally variable dust flux rates. Following fire, dust flux increases significantly within and near the burned area. At burned and topographically sheltered sites, dust deposition in the eighth month following fire was 190% higher than dust deposition 2 years post‐revegetation. Topographically exposed sites recorded only modest increases in dust deposition following fire. Analysis of organic matter indicates all dust samples (both burned and unburned) contained an average of 45% organic matter compared to a watershed average of 1.6% organic matter in soils.Geochemical and seasonal dust deposition data from 12 dust traps at a range of elevations indicate that with the removal of stabilizing vegetation after wildfire, differences in topographic position and wind direction lead to preferential redistribution of material across a burned landscape over hillslope scales (0–10 km). We posit post‐fire aeolian redistribution of locally derived material to topographically controlled positions is an important control on the spatial variability of soil depth and characteristics in drylands with complex topography. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moral Foundations
Authors: Hubin Donald C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractInstitutional researchers can be confronted with ethical quandaries. Pressures from their institutions can conflict with professional standards and general ethical requirements. Analyses that appear to be neutral can conceal hidden assumptions that are unintentionally harmful to those individuals whom institutions have a responsibility to protect. Resolving these quandaries ethically requires recognizing them when they occur and understanding that they cannot be adequately addressed by appeal to a simple professional code of conduct. An ethical resolution requires the application of moral imagination and impartial judgment.
A Statement for a New Era: The Association for Institutional Research Statement of Ethical Principles
Authors: Appel Michelle S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter begins with an overview of the history of the Association for Institutional Research's use of ethical guidelines. The Association reworked these principles during 2019, the next chapter discusses the rationale and process for this rework. Next, AIR's new Statement of Ethical Principles is presented and discussed, and finally the chapter closes with a discussion of next steps.
Bisphosphonate‐Induced Deterioration of Osteomalacia in Undiagnosed Adult Fanconi Syndrome
Authors: Cundy Tim , Que Lorna , Hassan Ibrahim M , Hughes Louise 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTWe describe two women with a misdiagnosed fracturing bone disease who were treated erroneously with i.v. zoledronate. Over the next year, they suffered marked clinical and radiographic deterioration in skeletal disease. Both were eventually diagnosed with hypophosphatemic osteomalacia secondary to acquired Fanconi syndrome (caused by light‐chain myeloma in one case and tenofovir treatment in the other). Appropriate treatment with phosphate supplementation was instituted with clinical improvement. These cases illustrate the importance of not missing osteomalacia in adults presenting with fractures, and the potentially damaging effects of treatment with long‐acting inhibitors of bone resorption in these circumstances. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Gene Expression Profile and Acute Gene Expression Response to Sclerostin Inhibition in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Bone
Authors: Surowiec Rachel K , Battle Lauren F , Schlecht Stephen H , Wojtys Edward M , Caird Michelle S , Kozloff Kenneth M 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTSclerostin antibody (SclAb) therapy has been suggested as a novel therapeutic approach toward addressing the fragility phenotypic of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Observations of cellular and transcriptional responses to SclAb in OI have been limited to mouse models of the disorder, leaving a paucity of data on the human OI osteoblastic cellular response to the treatment. Here, we explore factors associated with response to SclAb therapy in vitro and in a novel xenograft model using OI bone tissue derived from pediatric patients. Bone isolates (approximately 2 mm3) from OI patients (OI type III, type III/IV, and type IV, n = 7; non‐OI control, n = 5) were collected to media, randomly assigned to an untreated (UN), low‐dose SclAb (TRL, 2.5 μg/mL), or high‐dose SclAb (TRH, 25 μg/mL) group, and maintained in vitro at 37°C. Treatment occurred on days 2 and 4 and was removed on day 5 for TaqMan qPCR analysis of genes related to the Wnt pathway. A subset of bone was implanted s.c. into an athymic mouse, representing our xenograft model, and treated (25 mg/kg s.c. 2×/week for 2/4 weeks). Implanted OI bone was evaluated using μCT and histomorphometry. Expression of Wnt/Wnt‐related targets varied among untreated OI bone isolates. When treated with SclAb, OI bone showed an upregulation in osteoblast and osteoblast progenitor markers, which was heterogeneous across tissue. Interestingly, the greatest magnitude of response generally corresponded to samples with low untreated expression of progenitor markers. Conversely, samples with high untreated expression of these markers showed a lower response to treatment. in vivo implanted OI bone showed a bone‐forming response to SclAb via μCT, which was corroborated by histomorphometry. SclAb induced downstream Wnt targets WISP1 and TWIST1, and elicited a compensatory response in Wnt inhibitors SOST and DKK1 in OI bone with the greatest magnitude from OI cortical bone. Understanding patients' genetic, cellular, and morphological bone phenotypes may play an important role in predicting treatment response. This information may aid in clinical decision‐making for pharmacological interventions designed to address fragility in OI. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Demand and supply of invasive and noninvasive ventilators at the peak of the COVID‐19 outbreak in Okinawa
Authors: Kuniya Toshikazu , Nakama Yasunori , Tokuda Yasuharu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhile Okinawa has been facing outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, healthcare collapse should be prevented by sufficient supply of ventilators for caring the rapidly growing number of critically ill patients with COVID‐19. We estimated the number of invasive and noninvasive ventilators that would be required in Okinawa at the peak of the COVID‐19 outbreak based on recent data of COVID‐19 cases in Okinawa and data on the proportion of patients with COVID‐19 in the ICU requiring ventilation. Based on our results using the current supply of all ventilators, demand for ventilators could be prepared for patients with COVID‐19 who would require it and demand for noninvasive ventilators could also be prepared for those with COVID‐19 who would require it. The higher supply over the demand would be achieved by flattening the epidemic curve by implementing public health interventions to delay and suppress the epidemic peak in Okinawa.
PD1 expression on bone marrow T‐cells in newly diagnosed Egyptian AML patients: Correlation with hematological parameters, aberrant antigens expression, and response to induction therapy
Authors: Bassiouny Noha , El‐Hoda Nour , Khalifa Ibtesam M , Ibrahim Sara , Salem Lamyaa , Annaka Layla 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundProgramed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) is a key mediator for the development of T cell exhaustion that develops in response to persistent antigen stimulation.AimIn this study, we measured PD1 expression on CD3 positive bone marrow T‐lymphocytes in newly diagnosis AML patients and its relation to clinical/ prognostic outcomes in addition to response to induction therapy (day 28).MethodsThis study was conducted on 59 newly diagnosed AML patients and 20 healthy controls. Complete blood counts, flow cytometry using acute leukemia panel in addition to PD1 monoclonal antibodies were performed on bone marrow lymphocytes (CD3+), whereas cytogenetic/molecular studies were used to determine risk group. The patients’ remission status following induction therapy was determined.ResultsPD1 was brightly expressed in 91.5% of the cases than control sample with highly significant difference (P = .001). A cutoff of 3.5 for mean fluorescence intensity was used to divide patients into two groups (higher vs normal PD1 expression). A significant difference between the two groups regarding platelet count and aberrant CD7 expression (P = .007 and .023, respectively) was found. Those normally expressed PD1 respond better to induction therapy.ConclusionPD1 expression on BM T‐cells had a predictive value and providing an immunotherapeutic target for AML.
Quantification of heparin's antimetastatic effect by single‐cell force spectroscopy
Authors: Liebsch Aaron G. , Schillers Hermann 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn circulation, cancer cells induce platelet activation, leading to the formation of a cancer cell‐encircling platelet cloak which facilitates each step of the metastatic cascade. Since cancer patients treated with the anticoagulant heparin showed reduced metastasis rates and improved survival, it is supposed that heparin suppresses the cloak's formation by inhibiting the interaction between platelet's adhesion molecule P‐selectin with its ligands on cancer cells. To quantify this heparin effect, we developed a single‐cell force spectroscopy approach and quantified the adhesion (maximum adhesion force [FA] and detachment work [WD]) between platelets and human non‐small cell lung cancer cells (A549). A configuration was used in which A549 cells were glued to tipless cantilevers and force‐distance (F‐D) curves were recorded on a layer of activated platelets. The concentration‐response relationship was determined for heparin at concentrations between 1 and 100 U/mL. Sigmoid dose‐response fit revealed half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 8.01 U/mL (FA) and 6.46 U/mL (WD) and a maximum decrease of the adhesion by 37.5% (FA) and 38.42% (WD). The effect of heparin on P‐selectin was tested using anti‐P‐selectin antibodies alone and in combination with heparin. Adding heparin after antibody treatment resulted in an additional reduction of 9.52% (FA) and 7.12% (WD). Together, we quantified heparin's antimetastatic effect and proved that it predominantly is related to the blockage of P‐selectin. Our approach represents a valuable method to investigate the adhesion of platelets to cancer cells and the efficiency of substances to block this interaction.
Gas‐phase studies of copper(I)‐mediated CO2 extrusion followed by insertion of the heterocumulenes CS2 or phenylisocyanate
Authors: Yang Yang , Canty Allan J. , O'Hair Richard A.J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe gas‐phase extrusion–insertion reactions of the copper complex [bathophenanthroline (Bphen)CuI(O2CC6H5)]2−, generated via electrospray ionization, was studied in a linear ion trap mass spectrometer with the combination of collision‐induced dissociation (CID) and ion‐molecule reaction (IMR) events. Multistage mass spectrometry (MSn) experiments and density functional theory (DFT) demonstrated that extrusion of carbon dioxide from [(Bphen)Cu(O2CC6H5)]2− (CID) gives the organometallic intermediate [(Bphen)Cu(C6H5)]2−, which subsequently reacts with carbon disulfide (IMR) via insertion to yield [(Bphen)Cu (SC(S)C6H5)]2−. The fragmentation of the product ion resulted in the formation of [Bphen]2−, [(Bphen)Cu]− and C6H5CS2− under CID conditions. The formation of the latter two charge separation products thus provides evidence of C–C bond formation in the IMR step. Although analogous studies with isocyanate, which is isoelectronic with CS2, showed a poor reactivity in the gas phase, the mechanistic understanding obtained from these model studies encourages future development of a solution phase protocol for the synthesis of amides from carboxylic acids and isocyanates mediated by copper(I) complexes.
Active matrix QD‐LED with top emission structure by UV lithography for RGB patterning
Authors: Nakanishi Yohei , Takeshita Tomohiro , Qu Yang , Imabayashi Hiroki , Okamoto Shota , Utsumi Hisayuki , Kanehiro Masayuki , Angioni Enrico , Boardman Edward A. , Hamilton Iain , Zampetti Andrea , Berryman‐Bousquet Valerie , Smeeton Tim M. , Ishida Takeshi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe have developed full colour top emitting quantum dot light‐emitting diode (QD‐LED) display driven by a 176‐ppi active matrix of metal oxide thin‐film transistors. Red, green and blue (RGB) QD‐LED subpixel emission layers are patterned by our original UV photolithography process and materials. We also demonstrate the potential to achieve high resolution such as 528 ppi using this process.
Nutrient retention by the littoral vegetation of a large lake: Can Lake Ohrid cope with current and future loading?
Authors: Vermaat Jan E. , Matzinger Andreas , Trajanovska Sonja , Talevska Marina , Schneider Susanne C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNitrogen and phosphorus budgets were compiled for the littoral (29 km2) and pelagic (329 km2) of ancient, deep, clear, and hard water Lake Ohrid (Albania and North Macedonia), to assess the importance of the littoral in nutrient retention. P originates mainly from domestic point sources (73%), for N this is karst seepage (50%). Total littoral loads are estimated at 1700 kg P and 23,200 kg N km−2 (area of littoral) yr−1; net littoral retention is 31% ± 13% for P and 40% ± 16% for N, largely in the dense charophyte belt. P retention is mainly due to detritus burial, but also due to coprecipitation; N retention is due to both detritus burial and denitrification. A Monte‐Carlo plausibility analysis balanced the budget by increasing nonconnected domestic household inputs (from 20% to 27% of external load), and decreasing pelagic sediment P burial by 27% and littoral denitrification by 25%. Scenario projections for 2100 corresponding to SRES A2 and B1 were linked to an AQUASIM lake ecosystem model. Under B1, the changes were small compared to the present. A2, however, led to a major reduction in precipitation, an increase in evapotranspiration, a reduction in river outflow (to ∼ 20%), a doubling in P‐loading, a drop in lake level of ∼ 1.5 m, and a decline in the extent of the charophyte belt. Areal loading of the littoral would increase accordingly, but water transparency would not decline much. Also, the littoral vegetation will witness a shift in species composition, and an increase in filamentous Cladophora cover.
Microsteatosis in Livers From Donation After Circulatory Death Donors Is Associated With Inferior Outcomes Following Liver Transplantation
Authors: Bath Natalie M. , Leverson Glen , Al‐Adra David P. , D’Alessandro Anthony M. , Mezrich Joshua D. , Foley David P. 
Published: May 2020

The acceptable threshold remains unknown for the percentage of macrosteatosis (MaS) and microsteatosis (MiS) to yield optimal outcomes after donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver transplantation (LT). The purpose of this analysis was to determine the impact of donor liver MaS and MiS on DCD LT outcomes. Using the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database, we analyzed pretransplant biopsy results from adult, solitary, DCD livers transplanted between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2017. Kaplan‐Meier analysis was used to assess graft and patient survival based on MaS and MiS severity. MiS was divided into the groups MiS ≤10% and >10%. MaS was divided into the groups MaS ≤15% and >15%. Of 7757 recovered DCD livers, 11.4% (n = 885) were biopsied and transplanted. Patients who received DCD livers with MaS >15% had significantly worse patient survival (P < 0.04), and those with MiS >10% demonstrated inferior graft and patient survival (P < 0.02). In multivariate analyses including known risk factors, both MaS >15% and MiS >10% were associated with increased risk of graft failure and patient mortality (P < 0.03). Recipient and donor age >60 years were also associated with increased risk of graft failure and patient death. This analysis demonstrates that MaS >15% and MiS >10% are additional risk factors for graft loss and patient mortality in DCD LT.
DPD Simulations of Homopolymer–Copolymer–Homopolymer Mixtures: Effects of Copolymer Structure and Concentration
Authors: Lemos Tiago , Abreu Charlles , Pinto José Carlos 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBlends prepared by mixing incompatible homopolymers with a compatibilizing copolymer attract high technological interest due to their self‐assembling behavior. In the present work, 281 dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations are performed in order to evaluate the influence of copolymer microstructure and concentration on properties of these systems. The results show that alternate copolymers are arranged between the homopolymeric phases while nanodomains rich in each of the components are formed in the copolymeric matrix. Dispersion in block lengths increases the size of these nanodomains, so that they can properly allocate homopolymer chains. Besides, dispersions in chain lengths and chemical compositions of diblock copolymers, which can form self‐assembled mesostructures, also lead to development of larger mesophase domains. Larger dispersions of chain lengths and chemical compositions cause the increase of the amount of copolymers necessary to bring about changes in the mixing behavior, when compared to non‐dispersed copolymers. It can be concluded that microstructural properties of the copolymer exert a decisive impact on molecular interactions and, consequently, on the characteristics of the mesophases generated during the blending process. Therefore, microstructure control methods, stemming from both polymer‐reaction engineering and polymer‐purification techniques, are important for the design and resulting performance of the analyzed blends.
Hyperpolarized [1‐13C] alanine production: A novel imaging biomarker of renal fibrosis
Authors: Nielsen Per Mose , Mariager Christian Østergaard , Mølmer Maria , Sparding Nadja , Genovese Federica , Karsdal Morten Asser , Nørregaard Rikke , Bertelsen Lotte Bonde , Laustsen Christoffer 
Published: May 2020

PurposeRenal tubulointerstitial fibrosis is strongly linked to the progressive decline of renal function seen in chronic kidney disease. State‐of‐the‐art noninvasive diagnostic modalities are currently unable to detect the earliest changes associated with the onset of fibrosis. This study was undertaken to evaluate the potential for detecting the earliest alterations in fibrogenesis using a biofluid‐based method and metabolic hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate imaging.MethodsWe evaluated renal fibrosis in a combined ischemia reperfusion–induced and streptozotocin‐induced diabetic nephropathy rodent model by hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate MRI and correlated the metabolic MRI parameters with biomarkers of fibrosis measured on renal tissue and plasma/urine.ResultsThe hyperglycemic rats experienced maladaptive injury repair after the ischemic insults, as shown by the elevation in the injury markers kidney injury molecule‐1 and neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin. Renal function was significantly impaired in the ischemic hyperglycemic kidney, as seen in the reduced perfusion and single‐kidney glomerular filtration rate. A deranged energy metabolism was detected in the ischemic hyperglycemic kidney, as seen in the reduced fractional perfusion of lactate. Renal fibrosis biomarkers correlated significantly with the alanine production.ConclusionHyperpolarized carbon‐13 MRI provides a promising approach to assess renal fibrosis in an animal model of fibrotic chronic kidney disease. In particular, the metabolic supply of amino acids for fibrogenesis (alanine production) correlates well with biomarkers of fibrosis. Thus, [1‐13C]pyruvate‐to‐[1‐13C]alanine conversion might be a candidate for noninvasive assessment of renal fibrogenesis.
An extended stochastic pseudo‐spectral Galerkin finite element method (XS‐PS‐GFEM) for elliptic equations with hybrid uncertainties
Authors: Varghese Mathew Tittu , Rebbagondla Jayamanideep , Natarajan Sundararajan 
Published: May 2020

SummaryNouy and Clement introduced the stochastic extended finite element method to solve linear elasticity problem defined on random domain. The material properties and boundary conditions were assumed to be deterministic. In this work, we extend this framework to account for multiple independent input uncertainties, namely, material, geometry, and external force uncertainties. The stochastic field is represented using the polynomial chaos expansion. The challenge in numerical integration over multidimensional probabilistic space is addressed using the pseudo‐spectral Galerkin method. Thereafter, a sensitivity analysis based on Sobol indices using the derived stochastic extended Finite Element Method solution is presented. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed novel framework against conventional Monte Carlo methods is elucidated in detail for a few one and two dimensional problems.