bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Peoples and Cultural Heritage
Authors: Dorough Dalee Sambo , Wiessner Siegfried 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores Indigenous peoples’ culture and cultural heritage, a global treasure in urgent need for safeguarding and space for flourishing. It arrives at four conclusions. First, Indigenous peoples’ rights are essentially culturally grounded and culturally bounded. They are intended to sustain and intensify the colours of the tapestry of global cultural diversity. Second, Indigenous cultural heritage encompasses a wide variety of tangible and intangible elements. To effectively safeguard them, a holistic definition is needed. Third, the right to self-determination empowers Indigenous peoples to define their identity through their own interpretation, continuation, or modification of their ways of life. Lastly, access to and use of their traditional lands, territories, and resources is essential to the survival and flourishing of Indigenous cultural heritage. Other manifestations of their culture are to be safeguarded as well, cherishing their traditions and values in the quest for an inclusive world order of human dignity.
Cultural Heritage and Intellectual Property
Authors: Burri Mira 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the protection of both cultural heritage and intellectual property. The relationship between cultural heritage and intellectual property evolves in a profoundly complex setting—with many institutions and actors involved, often with very different or even divergent interests, and within a fragmented legal regime. Although intellectual property law has developed sophisticated rules with regard to a variety of intellectual property forms, it is based on certain author-centred and mercantilist premises that do not work so well with the protection of traditional knowledge (TK) and traditional cultural expressions (TCE). Nevertheless, in the fields of patent, trademark, and copyright protection, there are tools that may provide some, albeit imperfect, protection of TK and TCE. The chapter maps the mismatches and the gaps and asks whether these can be addressed in some viable way—be it through adjusting the existing rules or through the creation of new tailored models of protection.
National Treasures at the Intersection between Cultural Heritage and International Trade Law
Authors: Voon Tania 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the extent to which international trade law accommodates the export and import control measures that States commonly adopt in order to prevent illicit trade in cultural property in accordance with the 1970 UNESCO Convention. It examines the exception for ‘national treasures’ found in World Trade Organization (WTO) law and other international economic agreements. The definition of cultural property in the relevant UNESCO treaty is not necessarily identical to the meaning of national treasures in WTO law. Moreover, the WTO Appellate Body has shown reluctance to apply non-WTO law in determining WTO disputes, so a conflict between UNESCO and WTO provisions or domestic regulations might not necessarily be resolved as expected. This conclusion provides one example of the limitations of the current Appellate Body approach to international law and suggests, with respect to cultural property, that closer alliance in treaty drafting may be required to enhance coherence.
Alternative Dispute Settlement Mechanisms
Authors: Chechi Alessandro 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines existing ‘Alternative Dispute Resolution’ (ADR) options—such as negotiation, mediation, conciliation, and arbitration—with a view to assessing their efficacy in relation to cultural heritage disputes. Indeed, even a cursory consideration of the practice reveals that the vast majority of restitution claims arising in the past few decades have been settled through such means. Admittedly, this is due to the fact that ADR procedures combine important virtues. The first advantage of ADR resides in the parties’ power to tailor the settlement process according to their interests and the circumstances of the dispute. Second, private settlement is likely to be speedier and cheaper. Third, these mechanisms provide for flexibility and creativity. Fourth, since disputes are resolved out of the public eye, extra-curial resolution ensures confidentiality. Lastly, ADR entails neutrality and fairness.
Codes of Ethics
Authors: Frigo Manlio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the role of ethical rules in the field of art law and international protection of cultural heritage. The examination of the legal nature of the codes of ethics and of their effectiveness is preceded by the analysis of their role which is frequently twofold. On the one hand, ethical codes can inspire market regulation by establishing or by confirming a catalogue of good practices in this field. This is the case of the CINOA (International Confederation of Art and Antique Dealers) Code of Ethics and the ICOM (International Council for Museums) Code of Ethics. In such cases, the codes of ethics may have a direct and/or an indirect effect to the functioning of the commercial transactions in this sector. Ethical codes may also represent a source of inspiration for the development of law rules, at both national and international levels.
Africa
Authors: Shyllon Folarin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes cultural heritage law and management in Africa. Whether in the field of tangible and intangible heritage or the domain of movable and immovable cultural heritage, sub-Saharan Africa legislation and administration of cultural property have been blighted by the colonial past. Independence has not always been used as opportunity for a breaking off or breaking forth with the cultural heritage protection system installed by the former colonial power. It appears that the formulation and elaboration of cultural heritage laws are often designed on European concepts of the protection of cultural property. The laws are, therefore, not often adapted to the present African realities. This is a legacy of the colonial past. The chapter then considers the AFRICA 2009 programme, which has helped in many ways to enhance in manifold ways the conservation of immovable cultural heritage in sub-Saharan Africa through a sustainable development process.
Central and South America
Authors: Lixinski Lucas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the protection of cultural heritage in Central and South America. The key defining features of Central and South American regional efforts in the field of heritage are the use of heritage as a tool for development and the connection between heritage and indigeneity. With respect to development, the main approach is policy-driven, explained both by the nature of the objective (economic) and by the fact that most organizations engaging in this area have reduced mandates for rule-making with respect to heritage. With indigeneity, rule-making is stronger, engaging a proud tradition of international lawmaking in the region, which started as part of a Pan-American reliance on the rules of international law to shield Central and South American nations from European colonialism and US neo-colonialism. In the specific area of heritage, there is certainly a conversation between the regional and the global that needs to be accounted for.
Europe
Authors: Smith Rachael Craufurd 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the protection of cultural heritage in Europe. Within Europe, the Council of Europe (CoE) and the European Union (EU) have played a central role in supporting, coordinating, and supplementing domestic initiatives in the cultural field. Both organizations arose out of the devastation of the two world wars and the determination of key European leaders to put in place systems of cooperation that would prevent further armed conflict, yet only one had an explicit cultural remit. This chapter explores the evolving structures and powers of the two institutions and the initiatives they have taken to preserve and enhance cultural heritage. Though the EU is an increasingly confident player in the cultural field at both international and European levels, the CoE’s wider membership and extensive experience means that it is likely to play a pivotal role in shaping cultural policy at the regional level well into the future.
Dynamical modelling of disc vertical structure in superthin galaxy ‘UGC 7321’ in braneworld gravity: an MCMC study
Authors: Komanduri Aditya , Banerjee Indrani , Banerjee Arunima , Sengupta Soumitra 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Low surface brightness (LSBs) superthins constitute classic examples of very late-type galaxies, with their disc dynamics strongly regulated by their dark matter haloes. In this work, we consider a gravitational origin of dark matter in the braneworld scenario, where the higher dimensional Weyl stress term projected on to the three-brane acts as the source of dark matter. In the context of the braneworld model, this dark matter is referred to as the ‘dark mass’. This model has been successful in reproducing the rotation curves of several LSB and high surface brightness galaxies. Therefore, it is interesting to study the prospect of this model in explaining the vertical structure of galaxies which has not been explored in the literature so far. Using our two-component model of gravitationally coupled stars and gas in the external force field of this dark mass, we fit the observed scale heights of stellar and atomic hydrogen (H i) gas of superthin galaxy ‘UGC7321’ using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach. We find that the observed scale heights of ‘UGC7321’ can be successfully modelled in the context of the braneworld scenario. In addition, the model predicted rotation curve also matches the observed one. The implications on the model parameters are discussed.
Association of supratotal resection with progression-free survival, malignant transformation, and overall survival in lower-grade gliomas
Authors: Rossi Marco , Gay Lorenzo , Ambrogi Federico , Conti Nibali Marco , Sciortino Tommaso , Puglisi Guglielmo , Leonetti Antonella , Mocellini Cristina , Caroli Manuela , Cordera Susanna , Simonelli Matteo , Pessina Federico , Navarria Piera , Pace Andrea , Soffietti Riccardo , Rudà Roberta , Riva Marco , Bello Lorenzo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Supratotal resection is advocated in lower-grade gliomas (LGGs) based on theoretical advantages but with limited verification of functional risk and data on oncological outcomes. We assessed the association of supratotal resection in molecularly defined LGGs with oncological outcomes.

Methods
Included were 460 presumptive LGGs; 404 resected; 347 were LGGs, 319 isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)–mutated, 28 wildtype. All patients had clinical, imaging, and molecular data. Resection aimed at supratotal resection without any patient or tumor a priori selection. The association of extent of resection (EOR), categorized on volumetric fluid attenuated inversion recovery images as residual tumor volume, along with postsurgical management with progression-free survival (PFS), malignant (M)PFS, and overall survival (OS) assessed by univariate, multivariate, and propensity score analysis. The study mainly focused on IDH-mutated LGGs, the “typical LGGs.”

Results
Median follow-up was 6.8 years (interquartile range, 5–8). Out of 319 IDH-mutated LGGs, 190 (59.6%) progressed, median PFS: 4.7 years (95% CI: 4–5.3). Total and supratotal resection obtained in 39% and 35% of patients with IDH1-mutated tumors. In IDH-mutated tumors, most patients in the partial/subtotal group progressed, 82.4% in total, only 6 (5.4%) in supratotal. Median PFS was 29 months (95% CI: 25–36) in subtotal, 46 months (95% CI: 38–48) in total, while at 92 months, PFS in supratotal was 94.0%. There was no association with molecular subtypes and grade. At random forest analysis, PFS strongly associated with EOR, radiotherapy, and previous treatment. In the propensity score analysis, EOR associated with PFS (hazard ratio, 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01–0.13). MPFS occurred in 32.1% of subtotal total groups; 1 event in supratotal. EOR, grade III, previous treatment correlated to MPFS. At random forest analysis, OS associated with EOR as well.

Conclusions
Supratotal resection strongly associated with PFS, MPFS, and OS in LGGs, regardless of molecular subtypes and grade, right from the beginning of clinical presentation.
Mitigating Shirking Contracting Performance in Buyer-Initiated Service Triads
Authors: Nullmeier Fabian , Wynstra Finn , van der Valk Wendy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Buyers that operate in buyer-initiated service triads must deal with the repercussions of service suppliers failing to satisfy the buyer’s customer. Performance-based contracting (PBC) can be used to shift the risks associated with performance shortfalls to service suppliers. Attaining specified performance outcomes can, however, be highly uncertain in service triads where there are many factors outside the supplier’s control. In such situations of high outcome uncertainty, suppliers may be induced to shirk their responsibilities since the direct customer–supplier link inherent to triadic structures gives suppliers an opportunity to engage in shirking without being detected. According to established theory, PBC is less effective in such situations, and behavior-based contracting (BBC) is more effective in achieving performance outcomes that are satisfactory to buyers. However, these insights are based on the long-standing assumption that PBC and BBC are substitutes. This assumption has been criticized as not being representative of empirical reality. Therefore, this chapter studies whether combining these contracting approaches during the contract design and contract management phases mitigates shirking of responsibility by suppliers. Using a data set derived from a survey questionnaire, the chapter finds that combining PBC and BBC during the contract design phase does not reduce shirking. However, the results do reveal that responsibility shirking can be mitigated by combining PBC and BBC during the contract management phase. This study provides purchasing managers with new insights concerning how to use PBC to achieve satisfactory performance outcomes, even in uncertain contexts such as service triads.
Ritualizing Christian Iconic Texts
Authors: Parmenter Dorina Miller 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Christian iconic texts are easily recognizable books and images that signify Christian scripture. From the earliest forms of Christianity until the present day, Christians have used their iconic texts, such as Bibles and Gospel books, in rituals such as processions and displays that create and maintain the legitimacy of the tradition and its adherents. Related to the incarnational theology of God’s Word, early Christian rituals often claimed to make Christ present in ritual spaces, so that Bibles operated as icons. After the Reformation and Protestants’ denials of most objects and images for worship, the Bible became the primary ritual object and image for Christian salvation. It is this ritual dimension of scripture that adds value, meaning, and power to the text when it is read or performed.
Ritualizing Muslim Iconic Texts
Authors: Svensson Jonas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter suggests an explanatory framework for the iconic dimension of the Qur’an as sacred scripture; that is, of physical copies of the book, for example as objects of veneration, respect, and protection, and as sources of a power with perceived effects on health and well-being. It suggests that diverse beliefs and practices within the iconic dimension are consequences of a “personification” of the scripture, which in turn can be explained as a result of two basically human mental abilities and proclivities: conceptual blending and psychological essentialism. The chapter also notes different aspects of the iconic dimension identified in previous research and discusses it in relation to the overall theoretical framework. Finally, it suggests that the framework has wider application for the iconic dimensions of sacred scriptures in general, it and can be useful for explaining the psychological infrastructure of human sacralization as such.
The Hittites Serve Their Gods
Authors: Beckman Gary 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the universe of the Hittites, humans had but a single duty—to serve their deities by providing them with sustenance, praise, and entertainment. This responsibility was organized by the king (T/Labarna), who functioned as both the overseer of his subjects and their representative before their divine masters. On the one hand, in return for their loyal support, the men and women of Hatti received from their gods the boons of agricultural and pastoral plenty, victory in battle, and long years and good health. On the other hand, negligence in regard to the pantheon could result in chastisement in the form of drought, plague, barrenness, military defeat, etc. The cuneiform archives recovered from the Hittite capital and increasingly from provincial cities were compiled precisely to facilitate the supervision by the monarch and his entourage of the performance of the duties of the human community. Most numerous among these texts are programs for the ceremonies of the regular state cult, whose contents provide a detailed picture of the attention required by and accorded to the gods and goddesses of the Hittites.
Influence on Early Christian Worship
Authors: Bradshaw Paul F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the various ways in which the cultic language and imagery of the Hebrew Scriptures influenced and shaped the liturgical thought and ritual practices of early Christianity, from the first to the fourth century ce. At first, this was primarily through the metaphorical or spiritual application of such concepts as priesthood and sacrifice, but eventually there are indications of the beginnings of the adoption of a more literal correspondence between some elements of the Temple cult and aspects of Christian worship. Both corporate and individual practices of prayer are covered, including the use of the canonical psalms, as well as the appropriation of traditional ritual gestures and the emergence of Christian holy days out of biblical festivals.
The Ethics of Worship
Authors: Davies Eryl 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The chapter examines the relation between ethics and worship in ancient Israel. It focusses on the way in which the cult was instrumental in instructing the people of Israel and Judah in the basic tenets of the moral life by drawing clear distinctions between the ways of the good and those of the wicked. It was in the context of worship that the people were reminded of the moral aspects of the character of God, and some psalms suggest that his character should be imitated in the lives of the pious. The chapter discusses the prophetic critique of Israel’s worship, especially their focus on the disconnect between the conspicuous displays of piety and the lack of ethical behavior on the part of the people. Some aspects of Israel’s worship are highly problematic from the ethical point of view, and the chapter discusses the so-called “imprecatory psalms,” which reflect a tone of resentment and a hunger for retaliation on the part of the worshipper.
The Economics of Worship in Ancient Israel and Judah
Authors: Schaper Joachim 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In addressing the problem of the “economics of worship” in ancient societies it is advisable first to ascertain on what area of “worship” we should focus our investigation. And while one could indeed attempt to explore the economics of, say, the practices of family religion in ancient Israel and Judah, this does not seem to contribute much to deepening our understanding of the economics of worship generally—not because family religion was not representative of the overall practice of religion in that part of the world, but because, due to its very nature, it did not produce hubs of economic activity and therefore gives us no decisive insights into the correlation between economic and religious practices. By contrast, temples are indeed such hubs; this is true today and was no less true of ancient Israel and Judah. In fact, it was probably more obvious then than it is now that temples hosted economic transactions of various kinds and that some of them were veritable economic hubs of huge significance for the whole of the social formation that had brought them forth. Biblical and other ancient Near Eastern texts do not obfuscate the central significance of the economic basis and the economic consequences of cultic activity; on the contrary, they address them without any qualms.
Introduction
Authors: Balentine Samuel E. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The conceit in the title of this volume is that ritual, however expansively it may be defined, is ineluctably tethered to religion and worship. It has a primal connection to the idea that a transcendent order—numinous and mysterious, supranatural and elusive, divine and wholly other—gives meaning and purpose to life. The construction of rites and rituals enables humans to conceive and apprehend this transcendent order, to symbolize it and interact with it, to postulate its truths in the face of contradicting realities and to repair them when they have been breached or diminished. The focus of this Handbook is on ritual and worship from the perspective of biblical studies, particularly on the Hebrew Bible and its ancient Near Eastern antecedents. Within this context, attention will be given to the development of ideas in Jewish, Christian, and Muslim thinking, but only insofar as they connect with or extend the trajectory of biblical precedents. The volume reflects a wide range of analytical approaches to ancient texts, inscriptions, iconography, and ritual artifacts. It examines the social history and cultural knowledge encoded in rituals and explores the way rituals shape and are shaped by politics, economics, ethical imperatives, and religion itself. Toward this end, the volume is organized into six major sections: Historical Contexts, Interpretive Approaches, Ritual Elements (participants, places, times, objects, practices), Cultural and Theological Perspectives, History of Interpretation, Social-Cultural Functions, and Theology and Theological Heritage.
God, Gods, and Humankind (Worldview)
Authors: Hartenstein Friedhelm 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe chapter gives a working definition of the concepts of God/gods in ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean cultures and describes the character of the Israelite god YHWH against this background as a participant in the temple cult on the basis of Biblical texts. As a deity that was above all imagined as a king, YHWH received ritual gifts, which he reciprocated through the effects of his salvific presence for Israel. The sacrificial practice in the temple cella (“food offering” on a table) and in the courtyard (burnt offering on the altar) signaled the acceptance by God while it preserved his transcendence. For the imagination of the human participants, the gracious reception by the king YHWH must have been as real as other social facts. The “anthropomorphism” of the worldview expressed by biblical texts should be specified as “sociomorphism,” since the ritual encounter with the divine followed primarily social (courtly) rules.