bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current epidemiological aspects of streptococcal and poststreptococcal diseases in the Russian Federation
Authors: Aksenova A. V. , Abeldyaev D. V. , Glushkova E. V. 
Published: May 2020

Epidemiological situation related to the spread of streptococcal infection and post-streptococcal diseases in the world remains tense in recent decades. According to the World Health Organization, more than 616 million cases of streptococcal pharyngitis occur annually in the world. Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in infectious diseases and one of the main human pathogens. The prevalence of severe cases of GAS infections amounted to 18.1 million people worldwide. At the same time, in recent years outbreaks of scarlet fever have been recorded in some countries. In 2011, scarlet fever rate was 10 times higher than the average rate of the previous decade. In the past 3 years, epidemics of scarlet fever have been registered in the UK, with an increased incidence every year. Although there are significant achievements in the fight against rheumatic fever (RF), it keeps reminding of itself in the form of new outbreaks. Currently, acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is not a mass disease, but it is a serious problem associated with heart damage. In the article, we analyzed incidence and prevalence of RF, rheumatic heart disease (RHD), chronic pharyngitis, nasopharyngitis, sinusitis and rhinitis. We present the comparative characteristic among children, adolescents and adults. We also describe high epidemiological and social significance of the problem and possible increase of RF and RHD, which cause significant social and economic damage, remaining the urgent problem of public health in Russia. It was revealed that the situation with ARF and RHD in Russia remains unstable. Between 1997 and 2016, epidemiological indicators of streptococcal infection tend to increase moderately. ARF incidence significantly increases with an average growth rate (AGR) of 2.5 %, while its prevalence has the opposite tendency to decrease. AGR was –29.2 %. RFD incidence showed a significant indicators increase with AGR of +1.1 %. At the same time, the prevalence tended to decrease and STP was –2 %. The situation makes it necessary to strengthen the epidemiological control of streptococcal infection and increase the alertness of doctors regarding the new cases of ARF and RHD.
Cardiac and vascular remodeling in arterial hypertension: the role of concomitant obesity
Authors: Kandilova V. N. 
Published: May 2020

The aimof the study evaluation of the structural and functional changes of the heart and common carotid arteries (CCA) in patients with AH I–III degree with the definition of significant criteria for their remodeling in patients with the absence and presence of accompanying obesity (OB) of varying degrees.Materials and methods. 124 patients (86 men and 38 women) aged 27 to 81 years (average age 55.7 ± 1.01 years) were examined. In 19 of them (12 men and 7 women) AH of I degree, in 87 (65 men and 22 women) II degree AH, in 18 (9 men and 9 women) III degree AH was diagnosed. The diagnosis of AH and its degree was verified in accordance with the existing current clinical guidelines (European Society of Hypertension / European Society of Cardiology’s, 2013). Clinical-anamnestical and instrumental examination of patients were carried out with the assessment of their reflection of myocardial remodeling in accordance with the recommendations. Availability and degree of concomitant OB was carried out in accordance with the calculated body mass index and recommended gradations. Echocardiographic examination, ultrasound scanning were used to study the heart and CCA on both sides and reactive hyperemia test used for studying a number of parameters reflecting the remodeling of myocardium and arteries. Laboratory examination included determination of the main parameters of blood plasma lipid profile. The data analysis was carried out with the help of Statistica 12.6 application package.Results. Patients with AH and concomitant OB have a number of differences in the heart and arteries compared to patients with AH without OB. Heart: increased size and volume, myocardial mass, myocardial mass index, decreased contractility and more frequent detection of diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle of the heart. Arteries: increase in thickness of the intimamedia complex, decrease in intraadventitial diameter of the right and left common carotid arteries, more frequent detection of endothelial vasomotor function impairment using the right brachial artery as an example. The analysis of the obtained data confirmed the presence of significant remodeling of the cardiovascular system (CVS) in patients with AH, which is dependent on the presence and degree of concomitant OB: a more pronounced progress in remodeling of the heart and arteries was observed in some patients with AH with concomitant OB, partly dependent on the degree of the latter and, apparently, associated with hormonal changes that lead to an acceleration of processes underlying the formation of CVS remodeling.Conclusion. The combination of AH with OB of different degrees leads to an increase in the frequency of cases of remodeling of the CVS as a whole in comparison with patients with AH without accompanying OB, with changes in the lipid profile of the blood at the accompanying AH OB of different degrees characterized by an increase in its atherogenic fractions, exacerbated with the increase in the degree of OB.
Using Machine Learning to Estimate Unobserved COVID-19 Infections in North America
Authors: Vaid Shashank , Cakan Caglar , Bhandari Mohit 
Published: May 2020

Background:
The detection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases remains a huge challenge. As of April 22, 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic continues to take its toll, with >2.6 million confirmed infections and >183,000 deaths. Dire projections are surfacing almost every day, and policymakers worldwide are using projections for critical decisions. Given this background, we modeled unobserved infections to examine the extent to which we might be grossly underestimating COVID-19 infections in North America.

Methods:
We developed a machine-learning model to uncover hidden patterns based on reported cases and to predict potential infections. First, our model relied on dimensionality reduction to identify parameters that were key to uncovering hidden patterns. Next, our predictive analysis used an unbiased hierarchical Bayesian estimator approach to infer past infections from current fatalities.

Results:
Our analysis indicates that, when we assumed a 13-day lag time from infection to death, the United States, as of April 22, 2020, likely had at least 1.3 million undetected infections. With a longer lag time—for example, 23 days—there could have been at least 1.7 million undetected infections. Given these assumptions, the number of undetected infections in Canada could have ranged from 60,000 to 80,000. Duarte’s elegant unbiased estimator approach suggested that, as of April 22, 2020, the United States had up to >1.6 million undetected infections and Canada had at least 60,000 to 86,000 undetected infections. However, the Johns Hopkins University Center for Systems Science and Engineering data feed on April 22, 2020, reported only 840,476 and 41,650 confirmed cases for the United States and Canada, respectively.

Conclusions:
We have identified 2 key findings: (1) as of April 22, 2020, the United States may have had 1.5 to 2.029 times the number of reported infections and Canada may have had 1.44 to 2.06 times the number of reported infections and (2) even if we assume that the fatality and growth rates in the unobservable population (undetected infections) are similar to those in the observable population (confirmed infections), the number of undetected infections may be within ranges similar to those described above. In summary, 2 different approaches indicated similar ranges of undetected infections in North America.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level V. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Hip Replacement or Hip Resurfacing with a Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene Acetabular Bearing
Authors: Pritchett James W. 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Most surgeons strongly prefer total hip arthroplasty (THA) over hip resurfacing arthroplasty (HRA). However, it is unknown whether patients prefer the results of 1 procedure over the other. The purpose of this study was to answer 3 questions: (1) Do patients with an HRA on 1 side and a THA on the other notice a difference? (2) Do patients have a preference? (3) What are the reasons for their preference?

Methods:
Between 1998 and 2012, 332 patients underwent staged bilateral hip arthroplasties with cementless THA on 1 side and HRA on the other, with a highly cross-linked polyethylene acetabular component used for both. Patient preferences, Harris hip scores, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scores were recorded by blinded examiners. Patients provided reasons for their preference in semi-structured interviews using both quantitative and qualitative measures.

Results:
The mean follow-up was 11 years (range, 7 to 21 years). Of 324 patients with complete data, 279 (86%) preferred the HRA, 19 (6%) preferred the THA, and 26 (8%) had no preference. The most common reasons for preference for the HRA were better balance (n = 143), felt more normal (n = 141), better activity participation/more reliable hip during sports (n = 139), and stronger on stairs (n = 129). A fair or poor outcome was reported by the patient after 4 HRAs and 7 THAs. The remainder of the patients reported improved function and satisfactory pain relief and range of motion for both hips.

Conclusions:
In conclusion, most patients in this study preferred the side on which the HRA had been done. Since essentially all current hip prostheses perform well, a paired bilateral study may be the optimal way to determine patient preferences and values of HRA compared with THA.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Psychosocial Syndemic of Suicidal Ideation: A Cross-sectional Study among Sexually Transmitted Infection Patients in Shanghai, China
Authors: Wang Suping , Ni Yang , Gong Ruijie , Shi Yuan , Cai Yong , Ma Jin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background: We sought to verify whether psychosocial health problems among patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) were associated with these patients’ suicidal ideation and to examine the syndemic effect of multiple psychosocial problems on suicidal ideation. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 519 STI patients at the Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital. Demographic, psychosocial, and suicidal ideation information about the participants was collected by questionnaire. Logistic regressions were performed to detect the association between demographic variables and suicidal ideation, as well as each individual psychosocial variable and suicidal ideation, and to verify the syndemic effect of psychosocial factors. Results: Of the participants, 25.0% (130/519) reported having suicidal ideation. In univariable analysis, low self-esteem, loneliness, depression, entrapment, defeat, and unsatisfied interpersonal needs were associated with suicidal ideation. Multivariable analysis found depression (odds ratio [OR]: 4.1; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3–7.2) and entrapment (OR: 2.1; 95%CI: 1.1–4.1) each had a more significant relation with suicidal ideation than the other psychosocial problems examined. STI patients who experienced two or more psychosocial health problems had approximately fourfold odds of suicide ideation (adjusted OR [AOR]: 4.2; 95%CI: 2.6–6.8) compared with those in the non-syndemic group, especially in the high-level (five or more psychosocial problems) group (AOR: 7.0; 95%CI: 3.9–12.5). Conclusions: The study found the participants had a high rate of suicidal ideation and suffered from severe psychosocial problems. These results show a syndemic effect of psychosocial problems on increasing the odds of suicidal ideation. Our findings suggest an urgent need for efforts to prevent suicidal ideation among STI patients toward improving the social and health conditions of this population.
Patients’ Perspectives on Health Information Seeking Throughout the Colorectal Cancer Experience: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Dau Hallie , Breau Genevieve , McTaggart-Cowan Helen , Loree Jonathan M. , Gill Sharlene , Vera Mary A. De 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
BACKGROUND: With limited research on how patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) access and apply health information, our objective was to explore patients’ perspectives on health information seeking.METHODS: We invited participants from Canada, 18 years of age or over, to participate. Semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted over the telephone and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were analyzed using an interpretive description approach.RESULTS: Among 34 participants with CRC, 18 were females (52.9%). Twenty (58.8%) were diagnosed with CRC on or after the age of 50 years and 14 (41.2%) before the age of 50 years. Sixteen (47.1%) were diagnosed with colon cancer, 12 (35.3%) with rectal cancer and 6 (17.7%) with cancer at both sites. We identified three themes that reflect participants’ health information seeking in terms of perspectives on sources primarily sought. These themes and specific sub-themes that suggest areas for improvement are: 1) perceived expectations of physicians – which included sub-themes of varied interactions and relationships with physicians and feeling abandoned after active treatment; 2) importance of personal and social connections – which included the sub-theme of experiencing gaps with current in-person cancer support groups; and 3) use of the Internet for information – which included the sub-theme of using credible Internet sources.CONCLUSION: Our study identified gaps with respect to availability, access to, or knowledge of resources for CRC. Understanding how individuals with CRC seek health information have implications for informing interactions with patients and developing resources across the continuum of CRC care.
Barriers to Menstrual Hygiene Management Faced by Adolescents and Young People with a Disability, and their Carers in the Kavrepalanchok District, Nepal
Authors: Wilbur Jane , Kayastha Shubha , Mahon Thérèse , Torondel Belen , Hameed Shaffa , Sigdel Anita , Gyawali Amrita , Kuper Hannah 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) is a recognised public health, social and educational issue, which must be achieved to allow the realisation of human rights. People with disabilities are likely to experience layers of discrimination when they are menstruating, but little evidence exists on this topic. Methods The study aims to investigate the barriers to MHM that people with a disability, and their carers, face in the Kavrepalanchok, Nepal, using qualitative methods. Twenty people with disabilities, aged 15 to 24, who menstruate and experience ‘a lot of difficult’ or more across one or more of the Washington Group functional domains were included, as well as 13 carers who provide menstrual support to these individuals. Two stages of purposive sampling and snowball sampling were applied to identify participants. We used different approaches to investigating barriers to MHM including: in-depth interviews, PhotoVoice and ranking, market survey of menstrual products and user preference with ranking, accessibility and safety audits of the water and sanitation facilities. We analysed data thematically, using Nvivo 11. Results Barriers to MHM experienced by people with disabilities differ according to the functional limitation. Inaccessible water, sanitation and hygiene facilities were a major challenge for people with mobility, self-care and visual limitations. People with intellectual impairments had difficulty accessing MHM information and their carers despaired when they showed their menstrual blood to others, which could result in abuse. No support mechanisms exist for carers for MHM and they felt overwhelmed and isolated. Menstrual discomfort was a major challenge; these were managed with home remedies, or not at all. Most participants followed menstrual restrictions, which were widespread and expected, for fear of being cursed if they did not. As disability is often viewed as a curse, this demonstrates the layers of discrimination faced. Conclusion Issues related to MHM for people with disabilities is more complex than for others in the population due to the additional disability discrimination and functional limitations experienced. Attention to, and resourcing for disability inclusive MHM must be prioritised for progress to be made towards the Sustainable Development Goals, which aims to ‘Leave No One Behind’.
Cataract Hospitalizations in 96 Grade ⅢA Hospitals in China
Authors: Zhu ZhiHong , Zheng Zhong , Zhang Ying , Ying Jun , Song Yanan , Li Wanyue 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: To examine the demographic, medical care and financial characteristics of cataract inpatients in China, based on analysis of a large national database.Design: A multicenter, cross-sectional, 6-year period retrospective study.Subjects: This study included 185147 inpatients with a principal or secondary diagnosis of cataract, between 2009 and 2014, in China.Methods: All types of cataract-related hospitalization information from 96 grade ⅢA hospitals, over a 6-year period (from 2009 to 2014), were identified and the data from 230250 eyes (185147 inpatients) were retrospectively analyzed statistically.Main Outcome Measures: Age, sex, location, visit time, hospitalization duration, type of cataract surgery, medical costs.Result: The male to female sex ratio was 97.66:100, and the mean age was 64.50 ± 16.72 years (56.08% aged 60–79 years). Bilateral cataract accounted for 25.04% and age-related cataract was present in 68.85% of patients. The spatio-temporal distribution of hospitalization was concentrated in the northwest (23.14%) and southwest (25.29%) of China (P < 0.01). The estimated hospitalization rate was highest in the northwest (0.23%). Hospitalization peaked biannually, in the summer (27.96%) and winter (27.75%). Phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation was the most common surgery (97.15%) and was increasingly performed over the study period, doubling within 6 years. The overall average hospitalization stay was 6.72 ± 1.70 days. The average financial cost for treatment was ¥8861.81 ± 6818.04 per person. Specifically, the average operation cost was ¥2283.00 ± 2139.14, while the average medicine cost was ¥971.53 ± 2007.69. All-source social medical insurance covered 52.25% of the hospitalizations.Conclusion: These findings illustrate the status quo of cataract-related hospitalizations in China and reveal significant regional variations in the prevalence and medical service conditions, based on a population-scale analysis. Cataracts remain an important public health problem in China. Poverty-stricken areas, such as the northwest and southwest regions of the country, face more challenges. Continuing development and implementation of cataract surgery and further improvement of the medical security system and care level are needed to advance blindness prevention programs in China.
Poor Uterine Contractility as Maternal Predisposition to Postpartum Hemorrhage Among Low-Risk Women: An Analysis of Large-Scale Database
Authors: Nishida Keiko , Sairenchi Toshimi , Uchiyama Koji , Haruyama Yasuo , Watanabe Mariko , Hamada Hiromi , Satoh Toyomi , Miyashita Susumu , Fukasawa Ichio , Kobashi Gen 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a major cause of maternal mortality. Even seemingly low-risk women may suddenly develop postpartum hemorrhage, and these cases are often unpredictable and threatens maternal life. We hypothesized that innate poor uterine contractility may be a risk factor of PPH. In this study, we examined the association between the innate poor uterine contractility, suggested by the characteristics of labor and PPH in obstetrically low-risk women.Methods We used the Japan Perinatal Registry database of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology registered in 2013–2016. With exclusion of women with well-known risk factors for PPH (maternal basal disease of hematologic disease, uterine leiomyoma, pregnancy by assisted reproductive technology, placenta abruption, placenta accrete, low-lying placenta, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, macrosomia, polyhydramnios, or epidural analgesia), we analyzed 174,082 primiparous women who had one live singleton birth via vaginal delivery in cephalic presentation at 37 weeks’ gestation. Information about abnormal labor patterns (hypotonic uterine dysfunction, prolonged labor, and arrest of labor) diagnosed by obstetricians were also used in this study. In order to focus on innate maternal poor uterine contractility, we classified subjects into four classes according to whether they were diagnosed with abnormal labor patterns and whether they had used uterotonics, and Odds ratios and their 95% CI were calculated as well.Results Among the enrolled women, 10,508 (6.0%) had PPH. Abnormal labor patterns, including hypotonic uterine dysfunction (adjusted OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.22 to 1.34), prolonged labor (adjusted OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.52) and arrest of labor (adjusted OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.78 to 2.29) were significantly associated with an increased risk of PPH. Compared to women who were not diagnosed any abnormal labor patterns and did not use any uterotonics, women who were diagnosed with abnormal labor patterns were at a significantly increased risk for PPH regardless of whether they had used uterotonics(adjusted OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.10 to 1.37) or not (adjusted OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.37).Conclusion Our study suggests that innate poor uterine contractility is a significant predisposing risk factor in otherwise low-risk women.Trial Registration: This study is retrospectively registered.
Music Therapy Reduced Nauseas and Pain Of The Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation Autologous (Randomized Clinical Trial)
Authors: DORO CARLOS ANTONIO , Neto Jose Zanis , Kowalski Sergio 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose: The autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT Aut) is a therapeutic medical treatment for various neoplastic hematologic, congenital, genetic or acquired disorders. In this procedure which combines high-dose chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy and has a high degree of cytotoxicity, the patient experiences solitary confinement, which causes psychological distress, anxiety, mood, fatigue, nauseas, pain and can lead him/her to depression. Music therapy applied with the purpose of decreasing this social confinement. This is a randomized clinical trial. Method: n=45 patients were selected randomly. n=24 were selected for the Experimental Music Therapy Group (EMG) and n=21 received music therapy intervention for the Control Group (CG) who received the standard treatment. The intervention of live music was applied using music therapy methods and techniques. Assessment and quantification made using the visual analog scale (VAS). The dependent variables were nauseas and pain of patients. Results: The student t test applied, (p <0.05) considered statistically significant when comparing the groups, reducing nauseas and pain significantly Conclusion: Music therapy reduced nausea and pain of the patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cells transplantation autologous, providing bio-psychosocial welfare.