bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Seismic Inversion for Shallow Site Characterization on the Hydrate Ridge Area
Authors: Son Jungrak , Esmailzadeh Saba , Jun Inok 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Geophysical seismic surveys have been applied to marine geo-site characterization to create images of the complex geological conditions under the seafloor. Accurate knowledge of the ground conditions is critical for geo-risk assessment purposes such as mapping shallow gas hydrate deposits, over-pressured zones, or geological anomalies. Traditional seismic reflection profiling is a relatively fast and flexible method of processing seismic data to recover information on the spatial variation in facies boundaries and subsurface structure. However, the method usually does not provide quantitative information on the composition of the sediments and their physical properties. Seismic inversion is a method to convert the wave signals from time-to space-domain and derive specific material properties by using iterative numerical modeling. In this paper, we introduce a probabilistic seismic inversion scheme to recover the vertical profiles of the shallow soil bulk density from marine seismic survey data. This acoustic impedance inversion is based on the geophysical seismic convolution method and the reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo (rj-MCMC) method. The rj-MCMC is a recently developed stochastic sampling technique that allows the modeling to free the number of layers under the seafloor. Hence the number of soil units is estimated from the data in an objective manner. We applied this new approach to a single trace of post-stack seismic data, collected from the Hydrate Ridge area on the west coast of Oregon. Since the purpose of this shallow seismic inversion is to support the design of the offshore foundation, we focused on the relatively short length of seismic signals near the seafloor. The inverted results of the bulk densities along the depth compare well with the field measurements performed at the nearby drilled borehole. This study introduces an advantage of the probabilistic seismic inversion approach to support shallow marine site characterization from low-frequency data, and we discuss the benefits of this new approach on geotechnical site characterization.
The Successful Completion of a Lower Tertiary Well with Depleted Zones Utilizing Single Trip Multi-Zone Technology
Authors: Techentien Bruce W. , Le Boeuf Chad P. , Knighten Jasper M. , Navaira Gilbert , Lanceslin Donald R. 
Published: April 2020

The Lower Tertiary play in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) was identified and completion approaches were developed in the early 2000s to address the complexities of the formation. The use of single-trip multi-zone completion technology was identified as a cost-effective solution to the stacked pay and has been applied by many operators in the GoM (Clarkson et al. 2008, Burger et al. 2010, Grigsby et al. 2016). As these fields have matured, some operators have experienced formation pressure depletion in some of the pay intervals within the proposed completion, challenging this common completion method.
The nature of a single-trip multi-zone completion dictates 1) all of the zones to be completed are perforated at the same time, and 2) the pressure gradients of these zones are similar enough that the well can be controlled by the well fluids. Early in the planning of this project, several of the zones within the pay interval of the target well were identified as depleted, which could result in fluid-loss-related control issues.
This paper will present a revised completion methodology to address the depletion problem. It will focus on the planning process, execution, and results of this type completion. It will review the identification of the problem, the different options identified to solve the problem, the planning that went into the preparation for the completion, the challenges that were seen during the completion process, and the results of the completion.
It is believed that although the challenge of depletion within the Lower Tertiary is new to this development, this situation will become more common as the Lower Tertiary fields are produced. It is the hope that this paper will assist the industry in dealing with this challenge.
Managing Your Digital Transformation
Authors: Rahimian Omeid 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAn enterprise's digital transformation is more than just curating a modern website and cultivating an online presence; a successful digital transformation increases the value of the company, provides employees with direction and motivation, and makes acquiring new customers easier. While the value of such an undertaking is obvious, the methods for creating and sustaining a digital transformation may be less well known.There are two components to an enterprise's successful digital transformation: correct project selection and proper implementation. Project selection addresses the issue of "analysis paralysis" (too many options and not enough resources) and project implementation highlights the framework used by Project Management Professionals (PMPs). To select projects that will yield meaningful results, two criteria must be understood: the needs of the company's employees (what does the employee need; what do they see as the company's greatest weaknesses or areas for improvement?), and the company's needs based on its strategic objectives. Project implementation, as described by the PMP framework, is part of the Project Management Institute's (PMI) Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). This framework includes 49 processes, which begins with initiating the project and identifying stakeholders and ends with a formal acceptance of the deliverables and project sign off. While the PMP framework is not new, the methods laid out here are more commonly seen within the manufacturing and construction disciplines (PMI, 2017). This paper will demonstrate the value of applying the structured PMP approach to digital transformation projects in the marketing discipline.Furthermore, such digital transformations not only depend on proper project selection and implementation, but on creating a digital presence both internally (for employees) and externally (for the public). Successfully transforming a company's internal and external digital presence will require a tailored approach specific to the enterprise, which is why using project selection methods and proper input criteria is of paramount importance.This paper provides functional managers, project managers, and project coordinators with the tools and methods necessary to implement standard project management practices in order to enable and sustain a company's digital transformation.
Offshore LNG and Gas Monetization
Authors: Alabi Femi Adeoye 
Published: April 2020

An anticipated acceleration in LNG's commoditization, driven by factors such as increased natural gas demand and newfound confidence in its potential as a marine fuel and as the cleanest of the fossil fuels, having lower emissions than either coal or oil fired power generation is expected to hand it a much larger role in global energy markets. The deployment floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) facilities, becomes increasingly important as an option to achieve this task rather than an onshore facility. Jettyless LNG transfer concept could cut total project cost by 50%.
Recent policies in Europe have encouraged the use of renewables, with gas being the obvious complementary source of energy for power generation when these intermittent sources need backup power. A supply chain is the network of LNG from the upstream to the downstream called a distribution channel have three main flows which are the product, information and the finances flow. FLNG is an emerging technology for such fast and cost effective development of technology to unlock smaller, remote or environmentally sensitive fields. LNG Monetization will be thoroughly examined. FLNG however present some novel challenges less on the technical side and more to do with the supply chain, project management, stakeholder engagement, financing, regulation and tax. Understanding regulatory, legal, financing tax issues and engaging with the relevant stakeholders well ahead of investment decisions are keys. Flexibility is also being introduced in LNG Import Terminals, which have the potential to serve as a LNG Hub where LNG is received in bulk volumes from an LNG carrier and is then distributed out through gas pipeline. This solution is applicable when the visiting LNG carrier is connected to the onshore storage without a jetty. This solution enables small-scale LNG transfers to the LNG storage on shore or to the landlocked Floating Storage and Regasification Units. The international natural gas sector was geographically divided into distinct regional markets. The US and Europe supplied mainly by pipelines and Asia supplied by LNG. For all regions, there is a striking difference between the geopolitical context of international pipeline gas business and LNG which will be detailed in this work. The FSRU is lower in cost and can be reused while the land based terminals cannot be relocated. Geopolitics is a central concern for the oil and gas sector and can be viewed as a source of both risk and opportunity as identified by EY. Collaboration in adding values to the LNG business measured by total revenue will be examined in the work.
Optimizing Floating Offshore Multi-Wind-Turbine Design: A Parametric Study on Tower Inclination and Column Spacing
Authors: Udoh Ikpoto Enefiok , Zou Jun 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Multi-turbine floating offshore platforms (MUFOPs) are emerging as a viable concept for reducing levelized cost of energy in offshore wind developments. If properly designed, the cost per megawatt of electric power generated can be lower compared to single-turbine platforms. To maximize yield, minimize cost and ensure a safe design, the spacing between rotor-nacelle assemblies (RNAs), must be carefully considered. This spacing (R), is the sum of the platform column spacing (c), and tower horizontal projected length (h). Rotor diameters pose considerable challenges to the arrangement of multiple wind turbines on one platform; challenges pertaining to safe operations, feasibility of construction and transportation. Specific insights are necessary to facilitate the development of viable concepts. The parametric study presented in this paper discusses the optimization of MUFOPs using tower inclination and column spacing.
Representative configurations (adjusting tower inclination and / or column spacing) are developed with a multi-turbine semi-submersible-type platform and analyzed in time domain using coupled analysis. The configurations consist of two 5 WM reference turbines of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), U.S.A. A non-dimensional parameter (R/c), is used to characterize the configurations. Wind, wave, and current loads are applied in analysis to assess the behavior of the system holistically. Hydrodynamic, aerodynamic, elasto-dynamic, servo-dynamic and mooring-dynamic effects are captured interactively at each time-step of analysis. An operational turbine condition is simulated in analysis using full-field turbulent wind to capture spatial variations of wind loads acting on each turbine of the system.
Characteristic responses of the nacelle, tower and platform are assessed to determine the optimal combination which avoids both inadequate and excessively conservative designs of multi-wind-turbine platforms. By analyzing the spectral densities of the responses, the potential impact of the observed responses on fatigue design is qualified. Optimal configurations from the scenarios considered, allow minimal or no wake interactions, tolerable towerbase loads and acceptable accelerations and motions of the nacelle and platform. Results indicate that optimal solutions exist at R/c ratios greater than 1.0.
An assessment of a range of tower inclinations and column spacing for optimal design of multi-wind-turbine platforms is a study that has not been documented in literature, and deserves attention considering current industry trends for floating offshore wind turbines. This paper offers significant insights on the characteristics of optimal tower and column arrangements for such platforms and provides reliable benchmarks for future designs.
Wave Data Assimilation in Support of Wave Energy Converter Power Prediction: Yakutat, Alaska Case Study
Authors: Dallman Ann , Khalil Mohammad , Raghukumar Kaus , Jones Craig , Kasper Jeremy , Flanary Christopher , Chang Grace , Roberts Jesse 
Published: April 2020

Integration of renewable power sources into grids remains an active research and development area, particularly for less developed renewable energy technologies such as wave energy converters (WECs). WECs are projected to have strong early market penetration for remote communities, which serve as natural microgrids. Hence, accurate wave predictions to manage the interactions of a WEC array with microgrids is especially important. Recently developed, low-cost wave measurement buoys allow for operational assimilation of wave data at remote locations where real-time data have previously been unavailable.
This work includes the development and assessment of a wave modeling framework with real-time data assimilation capabilities for WEC power prediction. The availability of real-time wave spectral components from low-cost wave measurement buoys allows for operational data assimilation with the Ensemble Kalman filter technique, whereby measured wave conditions within the numerical wave forecast model domain are assimilated onto the combined set of internal and boundary grid points while taking into account model and observation error covariances. The updated model state and boundary conditions allow for more accurate wave characteristic predictions at the locations of interest.
Initial deployment data indicated that measured wave data from one buoy that were assimilated into the wave modeling framework resulted in improved forecast skill for a case where a traditional numerical forecast model (e.g., Simulating WAves Nearshore; SWAN) did not well represent the measured conditions. On average, the wave power forecast error was reduced from 73% to 43% using the data assimilation modeling with real-time wave observations.
Using Composite as a Long-Term Repair on Pressure Boundary Components in the Offshore Industry
Authors: Filho David Fernandes Gonçalves , Araujo Sandro Santos Pires 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This work aims to demonstrate the advances in the use of composite material as a long-term repair element in high-pressure hydrocarbon pipeworks and essential system fluids in offshore units. The approach is based on the pressure exerted by classificatory bodies against the indiscriminate use of this incipient technology, reason why the risk of accidents has substantially increased in Offshore units, many of them caused by fire. Since safety is a key factor for the Oil and Gas industry, MODEC has invested in development and certification of this technology, guaranteeing that composite repair installers suit this new reality.
Brazil Pre-Salt, Santos Basin: Feasibility Study for the Application of Borehole Gravity to Improve Reservoir Monitoring
Authors: Du Zhijun , Topham Adrian , Lofts Jeremy Jez C. , Seshia Ashwin A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBrazilian Pre-Salt reservoir characterization and monitoring is a challenge for surface geophysical methods due to the inherently minute observable signals from the reservoirs, located below the massive salt, in depth ranges &gt; 5000 m.The status of a program to develop a wireline deployed 3-axis gravity sensor with a target sensitivity of ~ 5 μGal is firstly introduced. This is followed by a feasibility study for the potential deployment as a time-lapse gravity survey (4D gravity monitoring) within the pre-salt. A conceptual pre-salt reservoir model for the Libra field, Santos Basin, the offshore of Brazil, is developed, built on available pre-salt knowledge provided from seismic imaging and well log data, including reservoir and production characteristics. The model is based on water substituting oil over 6 months within and through the reservoir, with adoption of an oil production rate for the field published in 2017 by the ANP. These data are used to forward model gravity to understand the potential for a detectable signal and thereby establish a baseline for a time-lapse gravity survey (4D gravity) that could be used to monitor the Libra Field.A clear gravity response &gt;80 μGal is observed over a six month period in the reservoir, due to water replacing oil, at the defined oil production rate. In a three-axis measurement the vertical axis is directly related to the magnitude of the fluid substitution and the two horizontal axes are sensitive to the fluid movement directions. Together, these suggest that an annual survey with a limited well stock could be effective in monitoring this type of reservoir and that a wireline deployed 3-axis gravity tool is likely to provide significant additional surveillance to constrain a reservoir production strategy through better appreciation of the direction of water movement. The follow-on step would be to model further field data and run a baseline survey to develop a novel reservoir surveillance method within the Pre-Salt.
High Pressure Testing of a Pilot Subsea Compact Flotation Unit
Authors: Zhao He , Berg Jens Kristian , Stinessen Kjell Olav , Solumsmoen Gyri Brigitte , Kolbu Jostein , Johnsen Kristin Høines , Knudsen Børre Leif , Gudbrandsen Karen Anne , Rondon Marianna , Berthelot Aurelie , Pedenaud Pierre 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Produced water is the largest volume waste stream in oil and gas production and is a particular problem for late-life operation of oil fields. The huge waste volumes result in two obvious consequences and cost drivers; fast declining reservoir pressure and tremendous power used to handle it. Produced water reinjection has been used as a main strategy for both managing produced water volumes and supporting reservoir pressure. Treating produced water subsea as close as possible to the production wells has several advantages such as smaller topside footprint, minimizing the energy demand and associated emissions, reducing the well back pressure and increasing production rates. While some work has been done in the past on subsea use of deoiling hydrocyclones, robust high performance subsea produced water treatment equipment and processes have not yet been made available. The Compact Flotation Unit (CFU) is a well proven technology for topside use and has been considered promising for subsea use, but never before been tested at subsea relevant pressures. Aker Solutions with partners Aker BP, Equinor and Total and support from Research Council of Norway have successfully run a joint industry project to qualify this technology for subsea application.
Pilot testing of a subsea CFU was carried out in Equinor's large scale test facilities in Porsgrunn, using crude oil, natural gas and synthetic produced water. The pilot CFU was tested with pressures significantly above that used for conventional topside CFUs, and at various temperatures. Gas bubbles were injected by use of ejectors designed to provide the desired bubble size. Oil droplet size, flow rate and oil in water concentration were the major control variables in addition to pressure and temperature. The effect of injection of flocculant was also investigated. The main topic of interest was the oil removal efficiency of the CFU under high pressure.
The analyses of the results showed that the CFU's efficiency improved with increase of the operational pressure. This was likely to be related to the changes of physical properties of gas, oil and water as pressure increases, and the changing balance between physical phenomena in the process. The CFU also demonstrated robust performance with a large turndown ratio.
Test of flocculant at high pressure showed instant and substantial improvement in the CFU efficiency, and the effect of flocculant was not compromised by the high pressure.
The promising results suggest that CFU performs well at elevated pressure and is a viable solution for subsea produced water treatment.
Flexible Riser Fatigue Counter Powered by Digital Techniques
Authors: Engebretsen Rasmus , Nilsen-Aas Christoffer , Muren Jan , Hondebrink Luke Johan , Kajolli Besmir 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper describes developments in the fatigue counter methodology and how digitalization is used to deliver valuable online technical service.
The fatigue counter methodology consists of using a combination of autonomous and online motion response sensors directly installed on the riser and interfacing Floating Production Storage and Offloading vessel (FPSO) structures. The measured environmental data, FPSO and riser response data are utilized in a machine learning (ML) environment to build more realistic riser response and fatigue prediction models. The results of this is significant reduction in uncertainties, enabling live riser fatigue predictions and providing a basis for life extension and improved accuracy of riser and vessel response analysis. As there is a need to run some risers at higher pressures, the optimum time periods for such high-pressure service can be found without compromising the flexible riser service life.
A recent field case is presented whereby the fatigue counter ingest, process and present data on a modern digital infrastructure. The full service was setup based on available onboard sensors including a 6 degree of freedom (DOF) vessel motion response unit (MRU), temperature and pressure transmitters and forecast model for weather. Input and output data are shared through well documented and safe application program interfaces (APIs) between the operating company and the fatigue counter 3rd party service. The operating company receives live updates of accumulated fatigue damage and remaining service life. This enables the operating company to build contextualized and high value dashboards presented on their organizational front end.
The paper illustrates the power and applicability of combining modern numerical methods with digital techniques, made possible by streaming input and output data on safe and well documented APIs.
Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Dissolvable Alloys with Artificial Intelligence for Applications in Deep-Water and Unconventionals
Authors: Chen Ting , Shenoy Ram , Wilkinson Christian , Roy Indranil 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Technology developed to harness extended reach deviated (ERD) wells for deep-water and longer laterals for unconventionals demand the use of reliable "Dissolvable Alloys". Furthermore, an economic prediction mechanism to assess the degree of dissolution of deployed dissolvable hardware is highly coveted. This is one of the bottlenecks preventing the increased adoption of dissolvables in both deep-water and multistage stimulation (MSS). DAMORPHE was founded to take advantage of recent Mechanical-Materials-Electrical (MME) innovations for development and commercialization of "Game-Changing" technologies through the selective use of amorphous and nanocrystalline dissolvable alloys with Artificial Intelligence (AI). Here we discuss a couple of applications where dissolvable materials bring enhanced functionality over traditional methods and present a case for how replacing these with intelligent materials can bring further benefits to the end users.