bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relapse and regression to severe wasting in children under 5 years: A theoretical framework
Authors: Schaefer Robin , Mayberry Amy , Briend André , Manary Mark , Walker Polly , Stobaugh Heather , Hanson Kerstin , McGrath Marie , Black Robert 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSystematic reviews have highlighted that repeated severe wasting after receiving treatment is likely to be common, but standardised measurement is needed urgently. The Council of Research & Technical Advice for Acute Malnutrition (CORTASAM) released recommendations on standard measurement of relapse (wasting within 6 months after exiting treatment as per recommended discharge criteria), regression (wasting within 6 months after exiting treatment before reaching recommended discharge criteria) and reoccurrence (wasting after 6 months of exit from treatment as per recommended discharge criteria). We provide a theoretical framework of post‐treatment relapse and regression to severe wasting to guide discussions, risk factor analyses, and development and evaluations of interventions. This framework highlights that there are factors that may impact risk of relapse and regression in addition to the impact of contextual factors associated with incidence and reoccurrence of severe wasting more generally. Factors hypothesised to be associated with relapse and regression relate specifically to the nutrition and health status of the child on admission to, during and exit from treatment and treatment interventions, platforms and approaches as well as type of exit from treatment (e.g., before reaching recommended criteria). These factors influence whether children reach full recovery, and poorer nutritional and immunological status at exit from treatment are more proximate determinants of risk of severe wasting after treatment, although post‐treatment interventions may modify risks. The evidence base for many of these factors is weak. Our framework can guide research to improve our understanding of risks of relapse and regression and how to prevent them and inform programmes on what data to collect to evaluate relapse. Implementation research is needed to operationalise results in programmes and reduce post‐treatment severe wasting at scale.
An efficient method to produce segregating populations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)
Authors: Emrani Nazgol , Hasler Mario , Patiranage Dilan S. R. , Nathaly Maldonado‐Taipe , Rey Elodie , Jung Christian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractQuinoa offers a promising alternative for staple food, considering its outstanding nutritional value and tolerance to abiotic stresses. To develop breeding programmes in quinoa, a reliable crossing method for increasing the genetic variation is required. In the following study, we aimed to develop segregating populations in quinoa. We tested the efficiency of three different crossing methods (hand emasculation, warm water emasculation and no emasculation). Moreover we developed a two‐stage selection strategy based on morphological traits and molecular markers for the selection of hybrid plants. We reported hand emasculation to be the most efficient crossing method, followed by warm water emasculation and no emasculation. Our results demonstrated that crosses in quinoa can be successfully performed, despite its complicated flower structure and high self‐pollination rate. Additionally, we developed 30 segregating populations from crosses between accessions of different origins with varying phylogenetic relationship, which offers a promising perspective for quinoa breeding programmes in the future.
Becoming a New Farmer: Agrarianism and the Contradictions of Diverse Economies*
Authors: Suryanata Krisnawati , Mostafanezhad Mary , Milne Nicole 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA resurgence of agrarianism has motivated new farmers to enter farming, not for profit, but for lifestyle and socio‐ecological values which are frequently associated with diverse economies. Proponents of diverse economies argue for an ontological reframing that accounts for non‐capitalist forms of economic exchange. However, these perspectives have not fully addressed the conditions—often structured by race and class—that facilitate participation in diverse economies. This paper is based on mixed‐methods research on the life cycle of new farmers in Hawai‘i that include participants of farmer training programs. We investigate what drives new farmers into farming, by what mechanisms they are able (or not) to establish a farm, and what limits the duration of their participation. Our analysis reveals three contradictions of diverse economies in agriculture: (1) the inadvertent undervaluation of farmwork that undermines broader efforts to improve the welfare of farm labor; (2) the tension between the value of scaling up and the vulnerability of cooptation; and (3) the ways in which the duration of new farmers' engagement is structured by their ability to mobilize unpaid labor and external resources. These contradictions challenge long‐term and inclusive participation in diverse economies in ways that constrain their emancipatory potential.
Blood donor obesity is associated with changes in red blood cell metabolism and susceptibility to hemolysis in cold storage and in response to osmotic and oxidative stress
Authors: Hazegh Kelsey , Fang Fang , Bravo Marjorie D. , Tran Johnson Q. , Muench Marcus O. , Jackman Rachael P. , Roubinian Nareg , Bertolone Lorenzo , DʼAlessandro Angelo , Dumont Larry , Page Grier P. , Kanias Tamir 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundObesity is a global pandemic characterized by multiple comorbidities, including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to define the associations between blood donor body mass index (BMI) and RBC measurements of metabolic stress and hemolysis.Study Design and MethodsThe associations between donor BMI (<25 kg/m2, normal weight; 25‐29.9 kg/m2, overweight; and ≥30 kg/m2, obese) and hemolysis (storage, osmotic, and oxidative; n = 18 donors) or posttransfusion recovery (n = 14 donors) in immunodeficient mice were determined in stored leukocyte‐reduced RBC units. Further evaluations were conducted using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute RBC‐Omics blood donor databases of hemolysis (n = 13 317) and metabolomics (n = 203).ResultsEvaluations in 18 donors revealed that BMI was significantly (P < 0.05) and positively associated with storage and osmotic hemolysis. A BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater was also associated with lower posttransfusion recovery in mice 10 minutes after transfusion (P = 0.026). Multivariable linear regression analyses in RBC‐Omics revealed that BMI was a significant modifier for all hemolysis measurements, explaining 4.5%, 4.2%, and 0.2% of the variance in osmotic, oxidative, and storage hemolysis, respectively. In this cohort, obesity was positively associated (P < 0.001) with plasma ferritin (inflammation marker). Metabolomic analyses on RBCs from obese donors (44.1 ± 5.1 kg/m2) had altered membrane lipid composition, dysregulation of antioxidant pathways (eg, increased oxidized lipids, methionine sulfoxide, and xanthine), and dysregulation of nitric oxide metabolism, as compared to RBCs from nonobese (20.5 ± 1.0 kg/m2) donors.ConclusionsObesity is associated with significant changes in RBC metabolism and increased susceptibility to hemolysis under routine storage of RBC units. The impact on transfusion efficacy warrants further evaluation.
Development Approach of Actuators for High Loads Based on Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Maiwald Daniel , Bucht André , Zorn Wolfgang , Drossel Welf-Guntram 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In order to increase precision and productivity in production systems, active components are increasingly being used which operate on the basis of conventional principles such as electrodynamics, hydraulics or pneumatics. An increasing performance range leads to larger demands in terms of function and energy density, which conventional actuators can only fulfil to a limited extent. Thermal shape memory alloys are the basis of an actuator technology that can overcome these challenges, but have recently been researched and used mainly as wire actuators. The associated drawbacks regarding realizable forces and large installation space may be the reasons why shape memory alloys have not yet been established in the field of production technology. This paper presents an alternative form of using shape memory alloys, which makes it possible to realize significantly higher energy densities. Starting from specific use cases, the basic design is discussed and a developed design methodology for such actuators is presented. This methodology is validated by measurements. Finally, an exemplary actuator concept is presented.
Resistance-Based Temperature Monitoring Using Machine Learning and Adapted Activation for an SMA Locking System in Aircraft Interiors
Authors: Theren Benedict , Fahle Simon , Weirich Antonia , Kuhlenkötter Bernd 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This work presents a scenario in which machine learning (ML) adds value to the usability of an SMA actuator. The considered actuator is a locking device which is actuated by two antagonistically arranged SMA wires. The wires are activated using joule heating. The actuator is operated in aircraft interiors at ambient temperatures between −20°C and 70°C. Preliminary work has shown that the locking device can only be reliably operated in a temperature range from approx. 4°C to 40°C without adjusting the activation parameters. Below these temperatures, the wires must receive more heating energy to actuate the device. Above 40°C, the heating energy must be decreased. Otherwise, the wires could be severely damaged. Currently, a temperature sensor and thus an additional component is required for temperature detection. It is known from literature review and from our preliminary work that the characteristic course of electrical resistance during activation of SMA wires depends, among other things, on the ambient temperature. Therefore, it is possible to eliminate the temperature sensor and determine the ambient temperature by monitoring the electrical resistance during activation of the actuator wires. However, the resistance is additionally influenced by the state of wear which in turn is influenced by the actuator-specific load case and the activation frequency. Thus, temperature detection using monitoring the electrical resistance during activation is difficult to generalize beyond a specific load case. In this paper, the authors examined whether an ambient temperature between −20°C and 75°C can be correctly matched to a 5°C interval using a neural network trained with data from the course of the resistance and taking into account the state of wear for a specific actuator. To generate the necessary data, the actuator is operated in a climatic chamber until one of the wires breaks. The ambient temperature is varied between the two end temperatures. This test was carried out twice in total. A neural network was trained to test whether the ambient temperature of the wires can be determined. This procedure worked within the experiments. In a second step, the network was trained with data from experiment 1 to determine the ambient temperatures of experiment 2 and vice versa. This did not lead to a satisfactory result. Two different persons installed the wires in the actuator for the two different experiments. Therefore it can be concluded, that the installation of the actuator wires has a considerable influence on the applicability of machine learning in this scenario.
Data Analytics Supported Quality Control of Serial-Produced SMA-Actuators for Space Applications
Authors: Roj Robin , Theiß Ralf , Dültgen Peter , Schummer Florian , Bachler Jakob , Konlechner Roland , Würl Sebastian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Due to their manifold application possibilities, shape memory alloys (SMA) become more and more common in all kinds of industrial tasks. For an operation in mass-manufactured products, it is inevitable to investigate the fundamental properties of the respective material and to perfect the fabrication process. A potential use of SMAs in aerospace is even more demanding, since the testing and qualification is quite complex, and the components are solely built in small batch series. In order to prove possible approaches for manufacturing, for this paper several specimens of two generations of an intelligent redundant spacecraft actuator were assembled. Evaluating the intrinsic effect of SMA-wires, it was possible to detect signs of fatigue in the material and realize preventive maintenance. Beside a description of the manufacturing steps of both generations, the test results are presented in detail and it can be concluded that the second generation is, due to its design, more suitable for a serial production as well as more robust and efficient. It is shown that over the lifetime of the actuator the properties of the SMA-material are continuously changing.
SMA Antagonistic-Micro-Wire Bundle: First Measurement Results
Authors: Kirsch Susanne-Marie , Welsch Felix , Bevilacqua Domenico , Naso David , Seelecke Stefan , Rizzello Gianluca , Motzki Paul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Shape memory alloys (SMA) are used as an attractive technology in the field of actuators and sensors due to their versatile geometry, lightweight, high energy density, and low cost. The thermal activation principle, however, makes SMA application generally suitable for low-frequency (few Hz) regimes. In this work, a novel SMA-based antagonistic actuation system and its manufacturing process are presented for the first time. The main feature of the novel actuator concept is the possibility of being operated at frequencies up to at least 20 Hz. It spares the usual complex and time-consuming manufacturing of such a system. First parameter studies of a rotary actuation system are performed. The relationship existing between the pulse energy, frequency, and the resulting rotation angle is investigated through an extensive experimental campaign.
An Affordable and Portable Palpable System for Sensing Breast Tissue Abnormalities
Authors: Clarke Cody J. , Eberz Simeon R. , Zegeye Ephraim F. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Due to the high cost of equipment and lack of trained personnel, manual palpation is a preferred alternative breast examination technique over mammography. The process involves a thorough search pattern using trained fingers and applying adequate pressure, with the objective of identifying solid masses from the surrounding breast tissue. However, palpation requires skills that must be obtained through adequate training in order to ensure proper diagnosis. Consequently, palpation performance and reporting techniques have been inconsistent. Automating the palpation technique would optimize the performance of self-breast examination, optimize clinical breast examinations (CBE), and enable the visualization of breast abnormalities as well as assessing their mechanical properties. Various methods of reconstructing the internal mechanical properties of breast tissue abnormalities have been explored. However, all systems that have been reported are bulky and rely on complex electronic systems. Hence, they are both expensive and require trained medical professionals. The methods also do not involve palpation, a key element in CBE. This research aims in developing a portable and inexpensive automated palpable system that mimics CBE to quantitatively image breast lumps. The method uses a piezoresistive sensor equipped probe consisting of an electronic circuit for collecting deformation-induced electrical signals. The piezoresistive sensor is made by spraying microwave exfoliated graphite/latex blend on a latex sheet. Lumps can be detected by monitoring a change in electrical resistance caused by the deformation of the sensor which is induced by abnormalities in the breast tissue. The electrical signals are collected using a microcontroller and a pixelated image of the breast can be reconstructed. The research is still in progress, and this report serves as proof of concept testing by pressing the probe with hand pressure and reconstructing the electrical signals using Microsoft Excel. Four maps were created for qualitatively analyzing the result. The pressure maps clearly display areas where pressure was applied, indicating the potential of the probe in detecting breast tissue abnormalities. The pressure maps show the feasibility for using such a sensor for the application in CBE. Furthermore, a sensor such as this is also possible of detecting the depth and size of masses within breast tissue, which, may lead to a more accurate diagnosis. Better manufacturing, accuracy, precision, and realtime data feeds are areas of future consideration for this project. This project involves knowledge and applications from mechanical, electrical, computational, and materials engineering.
Characterization and Design of Programmable Self-Folding Polymer Films
Authors: George Derosh , Madou Marc , Peraza Hernandez Edwin A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents the characterization and design aspects of a novel fabrication method that integrates photolithography and self-folding to create polymer polyhedral structures. A two-step UV exposure process is used to produce patterned polymer films with flexible folds of low cross-linking density and stiff faces of high cross-linking density. Solvent is diffused into the folds during the development step of the photolithography process due to their low cross-linking density. The solvent concentration is non-uniform across the thickness of the folds and causes a strain gradient at these regions when the solvent is removed by heating the films, which enables self-folding. Experiments are performed to calibrate an equation that relates the dimensions of the folds and their achieved fold angle. An analytical model is introduced to elucidate the form of the equation and provide physical meaning to the calibration parameter. The formula is incorporated into a computational implementation of the unfolding polyhedra method that considers smoothly bent folds. This method, enhanced with the experimentally calibrated formula, enables the design of planar films programmed to self-fold into target three-dimensional shapes when heated. Polyhedral shapes are fabricated to demonstrate the developed method for origami-based fabrication. A parametric study quantifying the accuracy of the designed polyhedral forms with smooth folds as compared against those with idealized creased folds is performed.
Enhancing Adaptable Topological Wave Bandwidth in Piezoelectric Metamaterials via Circuitry and Lattice Symmetry Control
Authors: Dorin Patrick , Wang K. W. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Recently, an electromechanical metamaterial with integrated resonant circuit elements was developed that enables on-demand tailoring of the operating frequency and interface routes for topological wave transmission. However, limitations to the operating frequency region still exist, and a full exploration of the adaptive characteristics of the topological electromechanical metamaterial has yet to be undertaken. To advance the state of the art, this study investigates the ability to enhance the range of operating frequencies for topological wave transmission in a piezoelectric metamaterial by the reconfiguration of lattice symmetries and connection of negative capacitance circuitry. In addition, the capability to modify the interface mode localization is analyzed. The plane wave expansion method is utilized to define a working frequency region for protected topological wave transmission by evaluating a local topological charge. Numerical simulations verify the existence of topologically protected interface modes and illuminate how the localization and shape of these modes can be altered via external circuit parameters. Results show that the reconfiguration of the lattice structure and connection to negative capacitance circuity enhances the operating frequency bandwidth and interface mode localization control, greatly expanding the adaptive metamaterial capabilities.
Highly Stretchable Resistive Strain Sensors Using Multiple Viscous Conductive Materials
Authors: Shi Hongyang , Qi Xinda , Cao Yunqi , Sepúlveda Nelson , Wang Chuan , Tan Xiaobo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a highly stretchable strain sensor using viscous conductive materials as resistive element and introduces a simple and economic fabrication process by encapsulating the conductive materials between two layers of silicone rubbers Ecoflex 00-30. The fabrication process of the strain sensor is presented, and the properties of the viscous conductive materials are studied. Characterization shows that the sensor with conductive gels, toothpastes, carbon paint, and carbon grease can sustain a maximum tensile strain of 200% and retain good repeatability, with a strain gauge factor of 2.0, 1.75, 3.0, and 7.5, respectively. Furthermore, strain sensors with graphite and carbon nanotubes mixed with conductive gels are fabricated to explore how to improve the gauge factor. With a focus on the most promising material, conductive carbon grease, cyclic stretching tests are conducted and show good repeatability at 100% strain for 100 cycles. Lastly, it is demonstrated that the stretchable strain sensor made of carbon grease is capable of measuring finger bending. With its easy and low-cost fabrication process, large strain detection range and good gauge factor, the conductive materials-based strain sensors are promising for future biomedical, wearable electronics and rehabilitation applications.
Part Authentication Using Indirect Electromechanical Impedance Measurements
Authors: Albakri Mohammad I. , Tarazaga Pablo A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Motivated by its success as a structural health monitoring solution, electromechanical impedance measurements have been utilized as a means for non-destructive evaluation of conventionally and additively manufactured parts. In this process, piezoelectric transducers are either directly embedded in the part under test or bonded to its surface. While this approach has proven to be capable of detecting manufacturing anomalies, instrumentation requirements of the parts under test have hindered its wide adoption. To address this limitation, indirect electromechanical impedance measurement, through instrumented fixtures or testbeds, has recently been investigated for part authentication and non-destructive evaluation applications.
In this work, electromechanical impedance signatures obtained with piezoelectric transducers indirectly attached to the part under test, via an instrumented fixture, are numerically investigated. This aims to better understand the coupling between the instrumented fixture and the part under test and its effects ON sensitivity to manufacturing defects. For this purpose, numerical models are developed for the instrumented fixture, the part under test, and the fixture/part assembly. The frequency-domain spectral element method is used to obtain numerical solutions and simulate the electromechanical impedance signatures over the frequency range of 10–50 kHz. Criteria for selecting the frequency range that is most sensitive to defects in the part under test are proposed and evaluated using standard damage metric definitions. It was found that optimal frequency ranges can be preselected based on the fixture design and its dynamic response.