bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catalase Gene Therapy in Experimental Optic Neuritis: Immunocytochemistry Study
Authors: Qi Xiaoping , Guy John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Catalase is one of the several important antioxidant enzymes that detoxifies hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to nontoxic H2O+O2. While previous studies prove that catalase plays an important role in the mechanism of enzymatic antioxidant defenses, the basal level of catalase is inadequate to deal widi excessive generation of H2O2 during ischemia and inflammation of me central nervous system. Although administered exogenous catalase can significantly reduce free oxygen radical damage in inflammatory response and demyelination disorders, it does not eliminate H2O2. Moreover, catalase has to be administered daily to increase its level. Recently, viral mediated gene delivery has been successfully demonstrated in many mammalian tissues, including in vivo gene transfer into ocular tissue. Gene expression was observed in retinal photoreceptor, RPE, Corneal endothelial and trabecular meshwork. Although it has already been reported that in vitro human endothelial cells express a 2-4 fold increase in catalase level within 24 hours after administration of the viral-catalase cDNA complex, there is no information available regarding in vivo human catalase gene transfer.
Investigation of DNA Loop Domains using Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization (FISH) and Epifluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Klaus Angela V , McCarthy Siobhan , McCarrey John , Ward W Steven 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The average sperm nucleus is only 8 micrometers long, but contains 1 meter of DNA. We have previously described how the sperm cell is able to package this DNA into the small volume of the sperm head. The only DNA structure that exists in both somatic cells and sperm nuclei is the organization of DNA loop domains that are attached at their bases to the nuclear skeleton, the nuclear matrix. We compared the structure of one gene in sperm nuclei to that of spermatogenic and adult cells.
Individual loop domains of the 5S rRNA gene cluster were visualized by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Nuclei were isolated from hamster spermatozoa, spermatogonia, pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatids, and adult liver cells. They were then extracted to remove the protamines or histones, fixed, hybridized to a biotinylated 5S rDNA probe, then viewed by epifluorescence microscopy.
Suppression of Gastrin Production after Cisplatin Treatment in Rats
Authors: Wang Y , Aggarwal S K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Cisplatin, a commonly used broad spectrum chemotherapeutic drug, has been proven effective in the treatments of bladder, lung, ovarian, head and neck, testicular and breast cancers. One of the major side effects of this drug is its gastrointestinal toxicity, which includes severe nausea, vomiting and in case of rats bloating of the stomach and gastric ulceration. In case of rats, it manifests as bloating of the stomach and gastric ulceration since the rats don't have vomiting reflex. This has been attributed to hypocalcemia induced by cisplatin treatment which results in the suppression of acetylcholine and constitutive nitric oxide release inducing a bloating of the stomach. This has further been shown to induce an increase in the acid content of the stomach. There are no studies available on any changes of gastric protection after cisplatin treatment Gastrin has been shown to have gastroprotective effects against injury by maintaining the gastric mucosal integrity and gastric mucosal blood flow.
Immunocytochemical Analysis of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages Treated with “Poly-Plat”, an in Vitro and in Vivo Study
Authors: Muenchen H J , Aggarwal SK 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Poly-[(trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinumj-carboxyamylose (“poly-plat“) is a second generation analog of cisplatin which enhances the immune system with greater efficacy in vitro and in vivo “Poly-plat” contains 1/5 the platinum of CDDP and demonstrates less toxicity. In order to understand the mechanism of action of this compound an in vitro and in vivo study was performed. Swiss Webster mice and isolated murine peritoneal macrophages were treated with “poly-plat” (10 mg/kg). The Swiss Webster mice were given bolus injections and sacrificed at 2 and 12 days. Peritoneal macrophages were then isolated and allowed to incubate in culture for 24 h. Peritoneal macrophages were also isolated from normal mice and treated with the drugs for 2 h. After treatments the macrophages were placed in fresh media and allowed to incubate 24 h. Supematants were isolated at various times during culture for immunocytochemical analysis.
Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed enhanced immunostimulation after their respective treatments.
The Centriole-Centrosome Complex is Affected by Microgravity During Cell Division and in Cilia of Sea Urchin Embryos: Results from Space Flight Experiments
Authors: Schatten Heide , Chakrabarti Amitabha , Taylor Meghan , Crosser Michael , Mitchell Kirk 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Sea urchins have been used for over a century as a remarkable animal model system in which to study cell, molecular, and developmental biology. The studies presented here have used sea urchin eggs and embryos for pioneering experiments to explore the effects of microgravity on the cytoskeleton during a space flight on the space shuttle Endeavor. The culture conditions followed those described previously utilizing the Aquatic Research Facility (ARF) to fertilize and culture eggs and embryos up to the pluteus stage under controlled temperature (12°C) and fixation conditions. To achieve a final fixation with 0.5% glutaraldehyde and 4μM taxol, concentrated fixation fluid was injected at preselected time points to preserve microtubules, centrioles, centrosomes, microfilaments, mitochondria, and cell membranes.
The analysis of the results revealed that the centriole-centrosome complex during cell division and cilia formation showed alterations in samples that had been exposed to microgravity while control cells cultured in a centrifuge at lg in space and those cultured on ground appeared normal.
Ultrastructure of Septa from the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus Nidulans
Authors: Richardson Elizabeth A , Momany Michelle 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans partitions its cells by laying down septa at regularly spaced intervals in response to nuclear division. Physiological and genetic studies of the temperature-sensitive sep mutants have been especially useful in dissecting the regulation of septation. Electron microscopic studies of the sep mutants should be equally useful in dissecting the structural intermediates of septation. In preparation for ultrastructural studies of the sep mutants, we have examined septa in wild-type A. nidulans fixed by freeze substitution.
Dialysis membranes were placed on rich medium plates and inoculated with A. nidulans spore suspensions. After 12 hours at 30°C, the dialysis membranes with adhering fungal hyphae were cut into square pieces measuring approximately 5mm on each side. The pieces were plunged into liquid propane and processed according to the procedures of Hoch. Serial sections were cut using a diamond knife and post stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.
Ivermectin-Induced Hypertrophic Changes in Adult Canine Heartworm (Dirofilaria Immitis) Gut Epithelium
Authors: Steffens W L , McCall J W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ivermectin is a drug widely utilized for its anthelminthic activity over a diverse range of animal parasites. It has proved to be particularly useful in the prophylaxis of infection by the heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs and cats. Although its application in this respect has been as a filaricide in preventing early growth and maturation of naturally acquired larvae, it is known to have activity against young adults as well. Previous studies have shown that in vitro exposure to ivermectin induces somatic muscle paralysis in the nematode Haemonchus contortus, resulting in pharyngeal dysfunction and disruption of normal ingestion. Experiments were performed to determine the effect of in vivo exposure of adult canine heartworms to this drug.
Adult heartworms were harvested from groups of dogs treated monthly with ivermectin beginning four to five months after inoculation of infective larvae and from untreated control dogs. Live worms from both experimental and control dogs were fixed, embedded, and sectioned for conventional transmission electron microscopy.
Characterization of the Cell Surface of Perkinsus marinus, a Pathogen of the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica Utilizing Electron Microscopy, Light Microscopy and Epifluorescent Microscopy.
Authors: Neimark Julie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Perkinsus marinus is a protistan parasite that infects the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and is one factor responsible for the reduced productivity of oyster fisheries. This parasite (or related species) has a wide distribution and has also been found to infect the oysters in the Tampa Bay region. A significant aspect of this organism has been its enigmatic taxonomic position. Originally classified in two separate fungal genera, it currently is considered an Apicomplexan (Kingdom Protista) based on transmission electron microscopy studies of the zoospore revealing an apical complex. However, rRNA studies have shown that P. marinus may be more closely related to the dinoflagellates. The focus of my study has been on surface features of certain developmental stages that may aid in a definitive taxonomic placement of this organism.
Transmission electron microscopy observations of the trophozoite and hypnospore stages show variation in both the size of the organism and the presence of a cell wall.
Size and Density Variation in Microtriches from Bothriocephalus Species Found in Cyprinus Carpio from Lake Powell, UTAH.
Authors: Bingham I , Bingham L , Heckmann R A , Gardner J S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Absorption enhancing microtriches of Bothriocephalus sp. were studied in relation to location, size, density, structure, and possible function using SEM.
Carp, C. carpio, were collected by gill nets set in Lake Powell, Utah. Tapeworms were collected from the carp intestine and relaxed in a cold water bath for 12 hours, placed in 1% cacodylate buffered glutaraldehyde, washed in a cacodylate buffer, soaked overnight in 1% OsO4, washed in buffer, dehydrated in an ETOH series, critical point dried, attached to stubs, and sputter coated for four minutes with gold. Bothriocephalus was viewed at varying magnifications using the JEOL 6100 scanning electron microscope. Density counts and measurements were conducted using digitized images and the program Semafore. Images were collected from the scolex and 8 equal body sections. Microtriches were measured from the tip to the base.
Bioremediation: Utilization of Aircraft Paint Waste as a Nutrient Source by Pseudomonas SP. VM1
Authors: Thurmond J E , Norton WN , Howard GT 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The standard organic coatings applied to Navy aircraft consist of an epoxy primer and a polyurethane topcoat. The old coatings are routinely stripped in order for new layers to be applied. The stripping process involves removing the coating by sandblasting the aircraft with small plastic pellets. Although unpublished, we have demonstrated an ability of Pseudomonas sp. VM1 to biodegrade the waste products associated with the sandblasting process. A primary objective of this investigation was to determine the growth kinetics associated with the utilization of paint waste products as a sole carbon source for Pseudomonas. Another objective was to ascertain the nature of morphologic changes that occur among the particles of paint during biodegradation. In addition, the study was designed to determine whether phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), a recognized inhibitor of proteolytic enzymes, is capable of modifying the biodegradative process of paint waste by Pseudomonas.
Applications of Soft X-Ray and other Microscopy Techniques to Elucidate the Structure of Parasitic Metazoa
Authors: Kozek W J , Brown J , Meyer-Ilse W , Larabell C , Moronne M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The small size of many parasitic organisms requires the use of election microscopy for adequate elucidation of their structure. While both transmission and scanning electron microscopy can provide complementary results which allow considerable degree of structural correlation, each technique has its inherent limitations. Since previous studies have demonstrated that soft X-ray microscopy could be used to study parasitic protozoa and provide new information, the objective of this study was to determine whether soft X-ray microscopy could also be used to elucidate the morphology of small metazoa to complement the data obtained by other microscopy techniques.
Newborn larvae, approximately 7 μm × 110 μm in size, of parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis were used as a model system. Some of the larvae, deposited by adult females maintained in vitro, were isolated and processed for examination by transmission and scanning electron microscopy as described in our previous studies, others were fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde (Millonig's buffer) and examined in the X-ray microscope XM-1, and in the BioRad MRC 1024 confocal laser (krypton/argon) microscope of the Advanced Light Source, Berkeley National Laboratory.
Fibrinogen Kurashiki (γ G268E) Fibrin Network Structure
Authors: DiOrio J P , Mosesson M W , Matsuda M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Upon thrombin-catalyzed proteolytic conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, fibrinopeptide A release exposes an N-terminal polymerization site (‘EA’) in the central E domain that interacts with a constitutive complementary site in each outer D domain (‘Da’) to drive the molecular assembly process by end-to-middle domain non-covalent ‘Da:EA’ interactions. End-to-end aligned doublestranded fibrils are formed in coordination with another recently described constitutive self-association site (termed ‘D:D’)that is situated at the outer end of each D domain. The D:D site contributes to end-to-end molecular alignment of fibrin molecules within each fibril strand. Concomitant branching and lateral fibril associations to form thick fibers, lead to formation of the mature fibrin clot.
Fibrinogen ‘Kurashiki’ is a unique congenital dysfibrinogenemia that was identified in a homozygous father and his heterozygous son. The abnormality involves a γ chain amino acid mutation (γ G268E) and is characterized by delayed and abnormal fibrin polymerization.
Effect of Prematurity on the Presence of Weibel-Palade Bodies in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell In Situ
Authors: Tabatabaei N , Albertine KH , Wenhua L , Lorant DE 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Newborn, premature infants have greater susceptibility to infection compared to older newborn infants. Although the reason for greater susceptibility to bacterial infection in premature infants is unknown, there are many reports that focus on polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) as the defective cell type in the immature neonatal system. However, we have recently reported that in an rat model of inflammation, neutrophils from adult rats failed to migrate efficiently in neonatal rats. Furthermore, we found that this defect was associated with decreased expression of P-selectin on the surface of neonatal endothelial cells in situ. P-selectin is an adherence molecule that is expressed by activated endothelial cells and serves as the counterligand for CD11/CD18, the β2- integrin that is expressed by activated neutrophils.
We hypothesized that endothelial cell P-selectin expression would be less in human umbilical cord veins from prematurely born (preterm) infants compared to normal term infants. To test this hypothesis, we collected umbilical cords from preterm infants (&lt;27 weeks gestation) and term infants (&gt;38 weeks gestation).
Temporal and Spatial Expression Patterns of PDGF Receptors in Embryonic Rat Heart as Detected Through Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy.
Authors: Thielen T , Carver W , Simpson DG , Borg TK , Terracio L , Price RL 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The active form of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) is a dimeric combination of two polypeptide chains: PDGF-A and PDGF-B. The protein can exist as a heterodimer (PDGF-AB) or as one of two homodimers (PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB), resulting in three isoforms. Two types of PDGF receptors also exist: PDGFRα and PDGFRß. The PDGFRß binds only the PDGF-B chain, while PDGFRα can bind both PDGF-A and -B chains. Both of these receptors show specific temporal and spatial expression patterns that are related to cellular responses including mitogenesis, cell migration, chemotaxis, adhesion and differentiation in a variety of cell types.
Spontaneous mutants in which the PDGFRα is absent exhibit fatal defects during fetal development in mice. Some of these malformities include cardiac septal, valve, and outflow tract defects. Similar defects occur when the function of PDGF-A is disrupted by blocking antibodies. Disruption of PDGF-B function, results in ventricular and atrial dilation, hyper-trabeculation and reduction of the ventricular wall to the thickness of a single cell layer.
A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of Adhesive Pad Development in the Frog
Authors: Ba-Omar TA , Downie JR 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We have been investigating the development of the toe-pads of the frog Phyllomedusa irinhuiis. Several families of frog appear to have evolved rather similar digits with expanded terminal pads where ventral surfaces are specialised for adhesion. Although toe-pad structure has been extensively studied, development - which may gives clues to evolution - has not.
Adult and eggs of P. Iriniialis were collected from Trinidad, West Indies. Tadpoles were grown in our aquarium in Glasgow. We fixed front and hind digits of tadpoles at Gosner (1960) stages 37-42, froglets at stage 43-46, and adults. Pads were then processed for SEM.
Adult toe pads have a specialised epidermis with a surface layer of hexagonallyshaped cells, separated by deep clefts into which mucus glands open. Each pad is separated from the rest of the digit by a circumferal groove (Fig. 1).
Ultrastructure and Elemental Distribution in Foliage of Manganese-Treated Sugar Maple Seedlings: Comparison of Freeze-substitution Fixatives
Authors: McQuattie C J , Schier G A , Burns S , Heckman J W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Trace metals, such as manganese (Mn) and aluminum (Al), show increased solubility as soil acidity increases. Uptake of these elements may approach toxic concentrations in some plant species growing in acid forest soils. Previously, we had excellent results when chromium trioxide (CrO3) was used as the freeze substitution fixative in examining Al-treated plant and fungal tissue.1-2 However, when the fixative was used to study Mn toxicity, peak overlap (CrK β and MnKα) made it difficult to determine the location of Mn. In contrast, osmium tetroxide (OsO4) has no overlapping peak with Mn and is an excellent freeze substitution fixative. This study compares the use of OsO4 and CrO3 as fixatives for energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis (EDS) of the effect of Mn on ultrastructure and element localization in sugar maple leaves.
Selection Bias Encountered in the Systematic Linking of Historical Census Records
Authors: Antonie Luiza , Inwood Kris , Minns Chris , Summerfield Fraser 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTLinked historical records typically are unrepresentative of the population from which they are drawn even if the method of linking is restricted to time-invariant matching criteria. An example drawn from Canadian census records illustrates the nature of bias that may afflict even a carefully linked sample. The use of potentially time-varying match criteria doubles the size of a linked sample at a modest cost in terms of additional bias. This trade-off is attractive for some research purposes if care is taken in the uses to which the data are put. Reweighting to mitigate the effects of bias in visible characteristics is desirable.
The unequal distribution of household carbon footprints in Europe and its link to sustainability
Authors: Ivanova Diana , Wood Richard 
Published: July 2020

Non-technical summary
The distribution of household carbon footprints is largely unequal within and across countries. Here, we explore household-level consumption data to illustrate the distribution of carbon footprints and consumption within 26 European Union countries, regions and social groups. The analysis further sheds light on the relationships between carbon footprints and socially desirable outcomes such as income, equality, education, nutrition, sanitation, employment and adequate living conditions.
Quantifying the Relationship Between Short‐Wavelength Dynamic Topography and Thermomechanical Structure of the Upper Mantle Using Calibrated Parameterization of Anelasticity
Authors: Richards Fred D. , Hoggard Mark J. , White Nicky , Ghelichkhan Siavash 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOceanic residual depth varies on
5,000 km wavelengths with amplitudes of ±1 km. A component of this short‐wavelength signal is dynamic topography caused by convective flow in the upper ∼300 km of the mantle. It exerts a significant influence on landscape evolution and sea level change, but its contribution is often excluded in geodynamic models of whole‐mantle flow. Using seismic tomography to resolve buoyancy anomalies in the oceanic upper mantle is complicated by the dominant influence of lithospheric cooling on velocity structure. Here, we remove this cooling signal from global surface wave tomographic models, revealing a correlation between positive residual depth and slow residual velocity anomalies at depths <300  km. To investigate whether these anomalies are of sufficient amplitude to account for short‐wavelength residual depth variations, we calibrate an experimentally derived parameterization of anelastic deformation at seismic frequencies to convert shear wave velocity into temperature, density, and diffusion creep viscosity. Asthenospheric temperature anomalies reach +150°C in the vicinity of major magmatic hot spots and correlate with geochemical and geophysical proxies for potential temperature along mid‐ocean ridges. Locally, we find evidence for a ∼150 km‐thick, low‐viscosity asthenospheric channel. Incorporating our revised density structure into models of whole‐mantle flow yields reasonable agreement with residual depth observations and suggests that ±30 km deviations in local lithospheric thickness account for a quarter of total amplitudes. These predictions remain compatible with geoid constraints and substantially improve the fit between power spectra of observed and predicted dynamic topography. This improvement should enable more accurate reconstruction of the spatiotemporal evolution of Cenozoic dynamic topography.