bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Moderating Impact of Attending Services on the Effect of Older Adults’ Discrimination Experiences on Loneliness
Authors: Kim Dahee , Lee Kyuho 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Research has shown that perceived discriminations impact physical and mental health in later life. Discrimination experiences could make older adults consider themselves as a social misfit and decrease their social interactions, which finally increases their loneliness. Religious behaviors has been reported as a key factor of a lower sense of isolation. Considering that religious behaviors provide opportunities to engage in more extensive social networks and have supportive social ties with community members, attending religious services might decrease the impact of older adults’ perceived discrimination on loneliness. The current research aims to examine the moderating role of religious services attendance in the association between older adults’ perceived discrimination and loneliness. We used data of 4,488 adults aged 50 to 80 (M=66.27, SD=10.15) from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) collected in 2012 and 2014. Linear regression analysis was performed to investigate whether older adults’ religious service attendance might decrease the impact of their perceived discriminations in daily life on the level of loneliness. The results indicated that more perceived discriminations older adults face on a daily basis were significantly associated with higher levels of loneliness. However, participants who frequently attended religious services showed a lower impact of perceived discriminations on their loneliness. These findings highlight the positive effects of engaging in religious activities on discriminated older adults’ social well-being. These findings also emphasize the role of the religious community as a social resource for socially marginalized older adults.
Distinctions on the Importance of Age-Friendly Services by Old Age Groups: A Comparative Study Between the USA and the EU
Authors: Bogataj David , Bogataj Marija , Hyer Kathryn , Black Kathy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Based on the initiative of the World Health Organization in 2007, when describing the global age-friendly cities by a guide to enhance active aging and the age-friendliness of communities, Black and Hyer (2019) presented generational distinctions on the importance of age-friendly community features by focusing efforts on the built, social, and service environment in USA. Their study aimed to examine the differential salience of community features by older generational age groups including Baby Boomers and younger persons 50 years and older, and older cohorts, born before and during WWII. They found that the Chi-square results indicate significant differences across the generational age groups in all domains. We wanted to compare the preference of the same age cohorts in Europe. The sizes of samples were half of the size of samples considered by Black and Hyer, therefore we used z+4 tests which also have shown the distinctions pertaining to preferences on housing and participation in social activities. The differences between ranking in importance of Age-Friendly Community Features by Older Age cohorts in USA and EU are presented and discussed.
Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Aging and Its Longitudinal Impact on Psychological Health
Authors: Choi Eun Young , Franco Yujin , Zelinski Elizabeth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Individuals with negative attitudes towards own aging (ATOA) experience worse psychological health in later life. At the intersection of sexism and ageism, women are likely to have greater concerns about growing older and hold more negative views of aging than their men counterparts. However, the impact of gender on the relationship between ATOA and psychological health is unclear. Moving forward, the current study aims to examine 1) gender differences in longitudinal changes in ATOA and 2) whether gender moderates the association of ATOA with cognitive function and depressive symptoms. Using three waves (2008, 2012, and 2016) from the Health and Retirement Study, a total of 6,675 adults aged 50+ (60% female) were analyzed. A series of multilevel growth curve analyses were performed to investigate the 8-year changes in ATOA and within- and between-person effects of ATOA on cognitive function and depressive symptoms. The models controlled for demographic, socio-economic, and physical health characteristics. Women had more negative ATOA at baseline compared to men, but not in rates of change. When levels of ATOA were more negative, both cognitive performance and depressive symptoms were poorer over time between individuals as well as within-person. We found that the detrimental effects of negative ATOA on depressive symptoms were stronger for women, but there were no significant gender differences in relation to cognitive functioning. Our findings demonstrated that women view aging more unfavorably than men, and the effects of endorsing negative ATOA are more pronounced on women’s mental health.
How Growing Older With Their Best Friend Changes Older Adult Men’s Perspectives on Aging
Authors: Mueller Ranell 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Knowledge of the deeper meaning of how growing older alongside companion animal dogs affects men’s perspectives of aging is limited. This study employed qualitative research methods utilizing individual interviews and panel discussions with older adult men in order to investigate the dynamic phenomenon of their personal experience of growing older alongside their aging companion animal dogs. Individual audio-recorded and in-depth interviews and repeated panel discussions with a sub-group of participants, convened as a panel over a three-month period, explored behavioral and emotional manifestations of aging along with a companion animal. Analysis involved open, axial, and selective coding of transcripts to reveal underlying patterns within the data. Outcomes included insight into the role of dogs in the men’s perspectives of attitudes toward aging, toward not only themselves as older adult men, but also toward their aging dogs. Findings reveal that the older adult men felt empathy for their aging dogs, which translated to feeling empathy for themselves as well as other older adults. The men revealed attitudes of being sympathetic and understanding of the aging process simply as a result of aging alongside their aging dogs. A prominent idea that emerged was a feeling of grace toward oneself, others and their aging dogs. This study offers insight into the deeper understanding of one effect caring for older companion animals has on older adult men’s attitudes toward aging. This study provides movement toward a theory of the role of dogs in the development of older adult men’s attitudes toward aging.
The Effect of Nonessentialist Beliefs About Aging on Health Behavior Intentions
Authors: Oh Ga-Eun (Grace) 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Globally, as people expect the longer life expectancy than ever before, people have increasing concerns about their health and aging. Although what people believe regarding aging can affect their health behaviors, limited research has investigated which beliefs regarding aging influence health behaviors. Previous research has shown that essentialist beliefs about aging reflect beliefs that the aging process is fixed, while nonessentialist beliefs about aging reflect the beliefs that the aging process is rather malleable. Since beliefs in nonessentialism regarding aging imply the benefits of health-promoting behaviors, we examine if manipulating nonessentialist beliefs about aging could contribute to intentions to engage in health behaviors. We also investigate if age and income might moderate the effect of nonessentialist beliefs. We conducted an experiment with a sample of American participants of varied ages (n = 599). The results showed that compared to essentialist beliefs, nonessentialist beliefs regarding aging significantly increased an intention to eat healthy food but they did not improve intentions of other health-promoting behaviors in terms of regular exercise and consumption of fruits and vegetables. Income moderated the effect of essentialist beliefs on an intention to eat fruits and vegetables. Specifically, nonessentialist beliefs had a positive effect among high-income people but rendered a negative effect among low-income people. Together, the present findings provide initial evidence that nonessentialist beliefs have a potential to promote health behaviors and call for the further investigation of the effects of educating nonessentialist beliefs on actual health behaviors and the boundary conditions of the effects.
Ethnicity Moderating the Relationship of Cognition Function of Patients With Dementia on Caregiver Depression
Authors: Palmer Alan , Gomez Rowena , Taylor Eric , Steer Eliot , Frank Megan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to see if ethnicity (African-American and Caucasian) moderates the predictive effects of cognition functioning in patients with dementia on caregivers’ severity of depressive symptoms. Secondary data analyses were conducted from Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health (REACH II; 2001-2004). The participants consisted of 214 African American and 321 Caucasian participants (N = 535). The assessment battery included the Center for Epidemiologic Depression Scale (CES-D) to measure depression severity, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) to measure level of cognitive function, and demographic questionnaire to gain information about caregivers and care-recipients. ANOVAs and ANCOVAs were used to examine ethnic group differences in care-recipient cognitive functioning in predicting caregiver depression. Caucasian caregivers reported significantly higher levels of depression and care-recipients’ cognitive function compared to African American caregivers, ps&lt;.05. A custom ANCOVA indicated a significant interaction between ethnicity and care-recipient cognitive functioning on caregiver depression with greater effects of care-recipient cognitive function on caregiver depression for the African American caregivers than for the Caucasian caregivers, p=.02. Descriptively, the depression severity for the Caucasian caregivers remained relatively high across levels of care-recipients’ cognition. The findings indicated that ethnicity moderated the effects of care-recipient cognitive functioning on caregiver self-report of depressive symptoms. These findings suggest greater resiliency in African -American caregivers supporting their dementia or dementia-related condition care-recipients (Dias et al., 2015). These findings support the need to develop cultural specific interventions to better support the wellbeing of caregivers of care-recipients with dementia or dementia-related conditions.
Race and Educational Disparities in Advance Directive Completion: Encouraging Trends in the United States
Authors: Koss Catheryn , Hensley Rebecca 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Advance directives (AD) help to ensure patients’ wishes are honored and contribute to improved end-of- life care. Race and education disparities in advance directive completion have been extensively documented. This study examined five waves of U.S. Health and Retirement Study exit survey data (N = 7,067) to examine to what extent these disparities have expanded or diminished over the past decade. Overall, advance directive completion increased from about 63% among participants who died in 2005-06 to about 73% among those whose deaths occurred between 2015 and 2016. Non-Hispanic whites were almost four times as likely to have advance directives compared to Hispanics or African Americans across this time period (OR=3.90. p&lt;.0001). However, the growth rate in advance directive completion among non-Hispanic whites was significantly slower than for non-whites (OR=.90, p&lt;.01). Compared to those with a high school education or less, those with some college (OR=1.67, p&lt;.0001) and those with at least a college degree (OR=2.02, p&lt;.0001) were significantly more likely to have advance directives across the time period. There were no significant differences in growth rates of advance directive completion for the different educational categories. These results suggest that educational disparities in advance directive completion are fairly stable, but that race disparities may be diminishing.
The Influence of Work Status Preference, Health, and Gender on Informal Caregiving Status
Authors: Koreshi Shanika 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Current, literature has found a negative relationship between caregiving responsibilities and paid employment. There are two possible causal explanations; people with low employment prospects self-select into care and caregiving is time-consuming therefore, it require carers to accommodate this by reducing work. While there is considerable work on the influences of caregiving on work, there is limited research investigating how employment influences informal caregiving decisions. We investigated longitudinal associations between work status preferences (over-employed, underemployed, satisfied) and informal caregiving among older adults in New Zealand. The present study also explored whether gender and perceived health moderated the relationship between work status preference and caregiving. The study used data provided by three waves of the New Zealand Health, Work and Retirement Study. The findings suggest that underemployed and overemployed participants were more prone to taking up caregiving compared to participants who were satisfied with their work status. Regression analyses revealed that females with poor self-reported health were most vulnerable to experience incongruent work status preferences. The direct effects of work status preference on willingness to care may imply conflict between policies promoting full time labour force participation and social welfare policies that are continuing to rely on family carers to support the community. This evidence has implications for care policy given the importance of informal care in sustaining ageing in place policies.
Perceptions of Caregiving: Racial Examinations of Resiliency and Stress
Authors: Koumoutzis Athena , Cichy Kelly 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Adult children are at risk of emotional strain when parental caregiving needs emerge. Pearlin’s Stress Process Model (1990) and caregiver studies suggest minority caregivers report lower subjective caregiving burden, however, few studies simultaneously consider both the stresses and rewards of caregiving. Using data from Wave II of the Family Exchange Study (N = 243), we examine racial differences in midlife adults’ perceptions (i.e., stress and rewards) of assisting their parents with activities of daily living (ADLs) and the associations between perceptions of ADL assistance and emotional well-being among adults who help their parents with ADLs. Compared to non-minority caregivers (M = 4.18, SD = 0.91), minority caregivers (M = 4.45, SD = 0.84) found it more rewarding to help their mother (t(314) = -2.54, p &lt; .05), whereas non-minority caregivers (M = 2.25, SD = .1.27) found it more stressful to help their father than did minority caregivers (M = 1.64, SD = 0.99), t(162) = 3.01, p &lt; .01). After controlling for demographics and ADL needs, linear regression analyses revealed that the stress of helping parents predicted depression (F(6, 189) = 5.30, p &lt; .001) and race moderated the association (p &lt; .01); the association was only significant for minority caregivers (p &lt; .05). Implications will be discussed.
The Impacts of Discrimination and Filial Caregivers’ Age on Aspects of Physical Health
Authors: Hodgdon Barbara , Wong Jen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Filial caregivers (e.g., individuals caring for a parent or parent-in-law) are a part of the growing number of family caregivers in midlife and late adulthood. The responsibilities that filial caregivers navigate in midlife and late adulthood may expose them to multiple types of discrimination that may decrease their physical health, though this relationship has been understudied. As numbers of family caregivers grow, it is important to examine the potential vulnerability of younger and older filial caregivers’ physical health in the context of discrimination. Informed by the life course perspective, this study compares the physical health of younger (aged 34-64) and older (aged 64-74) filial caregivers who experience discrimination. Filial caregivers (N=270; Mage=53; SD=9.37) from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS-II) Survey reported on demographics, family caregiving, daily discrimination, self-rated physical health, and chronic conditions via questionnaires and phone interviews. Regression analyses showed no differences between younger and older adults’ self-rated physical health or average chronic conditions. However, moderation analyses revealed that younger filial caregivers who experienced greater discrimination reported poorer self-rated physical health than their older counter parts as well as younger and older filial caregivers who experienced less discrimination. Additionally, younger caregivers with greater discrimination exposure exhibited more number of chronic conditions as compared to other caregivers. The study results highlight the impact of the intersection between filial caregivers’ age and discrimination on physical health. Findings have the potential to inform programs that could promote the health of filial caregivers in the face of discrimination.
The Effects of Reading Engagement on Older Adults’ Resource Allocation in Reading and Cognition
Authors: McCall Giavanna , Hwang Sueyoun , George Takudzwa , Liu Xiaomei , Stine-Morrow Elizabeth A L 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
With aging, print exposure has been shown to predict effective resource allocation during reading, as well as to account for growth in certain abilities. To test the hypothesis that literacy engagement has causal effects on reading processes and the cognitive abilities on which they depend, we developed a home-based literacy intervention administered via iPads. Participants (64% female; 60-79 years of age; &lt; 10hrs/week of reading at baseline) were randomly assigned to an 8-week reading intervention group (developed in collaboration with a Champaign Library adult literacy specialist) or to a puzzle control, both of which involved ~8hrs/week of activity engagement. At pretest and posttest, participants performed a self-paced reading task to assess resource allocation to word and conceptual processing, and completed a battery of cognitive measures assessing episodic memory, working memory, and verbal fluency (alphas ≥ .79). Based on one-tailed tests, results showed greater positive change in working memory, t(57)=1.69, p&lt;.05, for the literacy group relative to the control, and a marginally significant difference in change in episodic memory, t(57)=1.62, p&lt;.06, but not in verbal fluency, t&lt; 1. In addition, there was a significant difference between conditions in change in resource allocation to conceptual processing, t(53)=1.75, p&lt;.05. Changes in working memory and conceptual processing were positively correlated (r=.27, p=.02). These findings suggest that reading engagement may be beneficial for older adults’ growth in fluid ability, which impacts reading processes, so as to create a “virtuous spiral” of resilience between literacy engagement and ability.
Provider-Identified Deprescribing Facilitators and Strategies for Older Adults in Primary Care: A Team Alice Study
Authors: Brady Laura , LaValley Susan , Ranahan Molly , Clark Collin , Monte Scott , Jacobs David , Wahler Robert , Singh Ranjit 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) may harm adults over the age of 65, yet PIMs are prescribed at high rates. The process of deprescribing PIMs is challenging in the primary care setting, particularly among older adult patients with multiple chronic conditions. While barriers to deprescribing are well known, less data are available on the facilitators and strategies that primary care providers consider key to successful deprescribing. This study examines providers’ perceptions and attitudes of deprescribing to identify individual and systems-level facilitators and strategies for successful deprescribing. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 20 providers recruited from primary care practices located in Western New York. Rapid thematic analysis was used to identify the facilitators and strategies providers perceived as important to successful deprescribing. Facilitators included providers adapting their approach to deprescribing PIMs based on their knowledge of the patient. Providers’ own characteristics were also important, as were those of their organization, including whether a clinical pharmacist was available to consult. Strategies for deprescribing were patient-focused (e.g., adapting to patient’s lifestyle), process-focused (e.g., patient education on polypharmacy), and medication-focused (e.g., tapering). It is clear that many of the primary care providers who treat a larger number of older adults are aware of the importance of deprescribing PIMs. However, deprescribing in a busy primary-care setting is challenging. Findings detailing providers’ perceptions of facilitators and strategies for deprescribing can guide future interventions and target support to reduce the risk of harm from PIMs in older adults.
Interpersonal Relationships in Assisted Living: Findings From a Survey of Family Members and Staff
Authors: Falzarano Francesca , Reid M Cary , Schultz Leslie , Pillemer Karl 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In recent decades, assisted living facilities (ALFs) have grown dramatically as an alternative to nursing homes. Research in nursing homes has shed light on the nature of the relationships that exist between family members and staff. However, little is known about family-staff relations within ALFs. We present data from the first study to describe the prevalence of conflict and positive and negative family-staff interactions in ALFs and to examine whether positive and negative aspects of the relationship contribute to salient staff and family outcomes. We use data collected from 252 family members and 472 staff members across 20 ALFs from the Partners in Care in Assisted Living (PICAL) study. Participants completed measures including interpersonal conflict, depression, perception of treatment, and stress-related to caregiving. Results showed that conflict among family and staff members is relatively low in ALFs. For staff, interpersonal conflict and treatment by family members significantly predicted burnout and depression. For families, only gender significantly predicted burden. Subgroup analyses, however, indicated that the effect of interpersonal conflict was significantly associated with perceived caregiver burden among family members whose relative has dementia. Despite the relatively harmonious relationships identified among family members and staff in ALFs, sources of conflict and negative interactions were identified, revealing the influence these relationships have on both family and staff outcomes. These findings can inform intervention efforts targeting family-staff interactions within ALFs.