bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-objective optimization of Pulsed direct current magnetron sputtered titanium nitride thin film using Grey relational analysis
Authors: Prasath V , Krishnaraj V , Geetha Priyadarshini B , Kanchana J 
Published: September 2020

Titanium nitride coatings are extensively adopted as an intermediate adhesion layer in the cutting tools because of its superior mechanical properties. The interdependence of each process parameter during the deposition of such a coating process is nonlinear, and hence, it becomes a challenge to determine the output responses without carrying out a wide range of experiments. So to minimize the experiments, Taguchi-based L9 design of experiments were employed in this study with three factors and three levels such as Argon (Ar): Nitrogen (N2) gas mixture, Pulsed direct current power, and deposition time for depositing titanium nitride thin films on silicon (100) and tungsten carbide substrates using Pulsed direct current magnetron sputtering technique, where conventional direct current magnetron sputtering cannot be deployed using titanium nitride target. Multiple output responses such as average thickness, surface roughness, nano-hardness, Young’s modulus, wear track deformation, and coefficient of friction were measured by carrying out the systematic investigations, and a single optimum solution was obtained using Grey relational analysis. From the Grey relational analysis, the optimum Ar:N2 gas flow mixture, Pulsed direct current power, and deposition time for improved titanium nitride adhesion layer are 300 W, 10:5 sccm, and 5 min, respectively. Further, grazing incidence x-ray diffractometer profiles of deposited films exhibits (111) and (200) reflections corresponding to the titanium nitride phase, and the morphological analysis also revealed the existence of strongly faceted nano-grains with a triangular-shaped morphology.
Impact of organisational practices on the relationships between young people with disabilities and paid social support workers
Authors: Fisher Karen R , Robinson Sally , Neale Kate , Graham Anne , Johnson Kelley , Davy Laura , Hall Edward C 
Published: September 2020

Summary This article uses Ikäheimo’s concept of institutionally mediated recognition to explore how organisational norms and rules facilitate and constrain interpersonal recognition between a young person with disabilities and their paid support worker. The experience of recognition is important because it reflects the quality of this relationship and shapes the identity of both people in the paid support relationship. To understand the relationships between the pairs, Honneth’s interpersonal modes of recognition were applied as the theoretical lens. The data were generated from photovoice, social mapping, interviews and workshops with 42 pairs of young people and their support workers in six organisations. These data were then analysed for the ways institutional practices mediated the interpersonal relationships. Findings The findings revealed four practices in which the organisational context mediated interpersonal recognition: the support sites, application of organisation policies, practices to manage staff and practices to organise young people’s support. Some organisational practices facilitated recognition within the relationships, whereas others were viewed by the pair or managers as constraints on conditions for recognition. Some young people and support workers also exercised initiative or resisted the organisational constraints in the way they conducted their relationship. Applications The findings imply that to promote quality relationships, organisations must create the practice conditions for recognition, respond to misrecognition, and encourage practices that make room for initiative and change within the paid relationship. This requires supervision and training for and by support workers and people with disability.
Optimising intervals for abdominal aortic aneurysm surveillance: A pilot study analysing patient opinion
Authors: Robertson Lisa 
Published: September 2020

Introduction Optimising abdominal aortic aneurysm surveillance intervals will improve current surveillance programmes. To the author’s knowledge, no known study has exclusively asked patient opinion with regards to their surveillance interval. The aim of this study was to therefore determine a patient’s perspective of their optimal intervals, encouraging shared decision-making and creating a patient-focused service. Methods Fifty patients, currently under abdominal aortic aneurysm surveillance, were interviewed. Patients were asked their opinions before and after seeing a patient decision aid. A patient decision aid presents information of risk in an easy-to-understand format. This specific patient decision aid, designed and created for this study, informed patients of the ‘risk of exceeding the 5.5 cm surgical threshold’ with regards to various surveillance intervals. The chosen optimal surveillance interval was recorded for each patient, and a median interval was calculated for each abdominal aortic aneurysm group. Groups were categorised based upon maximum aortic diameter (3.0–3.4 cm, 3.5–3.9 cm, 4.0–4.4 cm and 4.5–4.9 cm). Results After assessing the patient decision aid, the median surveillance interval calculated for each abdominal aortic aneurysm group was 24 months (3.0–3.4 cm), 12 months (3.5–3.9 cm), 12 months (4.0–4.4 cm) and 6 months (4.5–4.9 cm), respectively. The majority of patients (78%, n = 39) agreed that the patient decision aid was a useful tool to help make an informed choice. Conclusion Overall, patients in abdominal aortic aneurysm groups 3.0–3.4 cm and 4.5–4.9 cm would choose to lengthen abdominal aortic aneurysm surveillance intervals. Lengthening the current surveillance intervals to 24 months (currently 12 months) for abdominal aortic aneurysm group 3.0–3.4 cm and to 6 months (currently 3 months) for abdominal aortic aneurysm group 4.5–4.9 cm would not only increase capacity but also reflect the needs and wishes of those using the National Health Service. The use of a patient decision aid is an effective way of communicating, to the patient, the risk of the proposed changes and thus alleviating potential anxiety.
Quantitative colour Doppler and greyscale ultrasound for evaluating prostate cancer
Authors: Ashi Khalid , Kirkham Brooke , Chauhan Anil , Schultz Susan M , Brake Bonnie J , Sehgal Chandra M 
Published: September 2020

Introduction Although transrectal ultrasound is routinely performed for imaging prostate lesions, colour Doppler imaging visualizing vascularity is not commonly used for diagnosis. The goal of this study was to measure vascular and echogenic differences between malignant and benign lesions of the prostate by quantitative colour Doppler and greyscale transrectal ultrasound. Methods Greyscale and colour Doppler ultrasound images of the prostate were acquired in 16 subjects with biopsy-proven malignant or benign lesions. Echogenicity and microvascular flow velocity of each lesion were measured by quantitative image analysis. Flow velocity was measured over several cardiac cycles and the velocity–time waveform was used to determine microvascular pulsatility index and microvascular resistivity index. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to compare the malignant and benign groups. Results Median microvascular flow velocity of the malignant lesions was 1.25 cm/s compared to 0.36 cm/s for the benign lesions. Median pulsatility and resistive indices of the malignant lesions were 1.55 and 0.68, respectively versus 6.38 and 1.0 for the benign lesions. Malignant lesions were more hypoechoic relative to the surrounding tissue, with median echogenicity of 0.24 compared to 0.76 for the benign lesions. The differences between the malignant and benign groups for each measurement were significant (p < 0.01). Conclusion Marked differences were observed in flow velocity, microvascular pulsatility, microvascular resistance, and echogenicity of prostate cancer measured with quantitative colour Doppler and greyscale ultrasound imaging. Vascular differences measured together with echogenicity have the combined potential to characterize malignant and benign prostate lesions.
Discrepancies in conservative treatment for thumb carpometacarpal arthritis: a comparison between different specialities and patient characteristics
Authors: Billig Jessica I. , Kane Robert L. , Yue Molin , Wang Lu , Chung Kevin C. 
Published: September 2020

Non-surgical treatment is successful in controlling pain and preventing disease progress in treating thumb carpometacarpal arthritis. We used Optum’s de-identified Clinformatics® Data Mart Databases between 2015 and 2018 to conduct a study of the patient and provider characteristics associated with three types of non-surgical treatment (hand therapy, splinting and corticosteroid injection) prior to surgery. In this population-based cohort study, we found that non-surgical providers were more likely to provide three different types of non-surgical treatments, as compared with hand surgeons. In addition, women and patients with comorbid conditions, including carpal tunnel syndrome, obesity, chronic pain and depression, were less likely to exhaust the available non-surgical management options for thumb carpometacarpal arthritis. Therefore, we suggest that these specific patient populations can potentially benefit from additional non-surgical treatments that may delay or obviate surgery for this disease. These groups are target populations for future efforts to ensure that all patients receive equitable care. Level of evidence: II
Outcome of primary tendon grafts for open Zone 3 extensor tendon injuries
Authors: Ecker Jeff , Andrijich Courtney , Pavleski Karolina , Badur Nicole , Crepaldi Bruno E. 
Published: September 2020

Open injuries of the extensor mechanism in Zone 3 (dorsum of the proximal interphalangeal joint) have poor outcomes. We retrospectively analysed the outcomes of treating 19 Zone 3 extensor tendon injuries in 17 patients. The treatment comprised wound excision and debridement, primary tendon graft to reconstruct the damaged/missing extensor tendon, skeletal fixation when required, local flaps to vascularize the zone of injury and immediate short arc motion therapy. Using the criteria defined by Geldmacher et al., the outcome was predicted to be poor in nine, satisfactory in seven and good in three cases. In this study the outcomes were excellent in 10, good in six and satisfactory in three cases. Mean range of motion was 75° (range 25°–115°) at the proximal interphalangeal joint. We conclude that using the protocol described there should no longer be the perception of a dismal outcome for these complex Zone 3 extensor tendon injuries. Level of evidence: IV
Exploratory data analysis on large data sets: The example of salary variation in Spanish Social Security Data
Authors: Nicodemo Catia , Satorra Albert 
Published: September 2020

New challenges arise in data visualization when the research involves a sizable database. With many data points, classical scatterplots are non-informative due to the cluttering of points. On the contrary, simple plots, such as the boxplot that are of limited use in small samples, offer great potential to facilitate group comparison in the case of an extensive sample. This article presents exploratory data analysis methods useful for inspecting variation across groups in crucial variables and detecting heterogeneity. The exploratory data analysis methods (introduced by Tukey in his seminal book of 1977) encompass a set of statistical tools aimed to extract information from data using simple graphical tools. In this article, some of the exploratory data analysis methods like the boxplot and scatterplot are revisited and enhanced using modern graphical computational devices (as, for example, the heat-map) and their use illustrated with Spanish Social Security data. We explore how earnings vary across several factors like age, gender, type of occupation, and contract, and in particular, the gender gap in salaries is visualized in various dimensions relating to the type of occupation. The exploratory data analysis methods are also applied to assessing and refining competing regressions by plotting residuals-versus-fitted values. The methods discussed should be useful to researchers to assess heterogeneity in data, across-group variation, and classical diagnostic plots of residuals from alternative models fits. JEL CLASSIFICATION: C55; J01; J08; Y10; C80
Occupational risk prevention, education and support in black, Asian and ethnic minority health worker in the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Morris Nicholas H , Elneil Sohier , Morris David , Ellis Peter , Arulkumaran Sabaratnam 
Published: September 2020

The onset of the COVID-19 in the UK has resulted in an inordinate amount of deaths affecting Black, Asian and Ethnic Minority (BAME) healthcare workers. The occupational risk to this group is thought to be a contributory factor, but other factors include race, genetics, medical co-morbidities, socio-economic status, and access to personal protection equipment. Why COVID-19 appears to be more deadly in BAME members remains unknown, but the UK government is investigating this now. It does appear that certain factors may worsen the disease process in BAME members, but which ones are pertinent to prevention remain to be determined, until a vaccine is available. Thus, the onus should rest on risk prevention, education, and support for all. Some of the safety strategies that may be instituted to help guide those in the workplace include education, treating potential therapeutic targets and ensuring protection in the working environment. The consideration of a compensation scheme, for families of healthcare workers that have suffered because of COVID-19, would go some way to support the recovery process.
Absent B cells, agammaglobulinemia, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in folliculin-interacting protein 1 deficiency
Authors: Saettini Francesco , Poli Cecilia , Vengoechea Jaime , Bonanomi Sonia , Orellana Julio C. , Fazio Grazia , Rodriguez Fred H. , Noguera Loreani P. , Booth Claire , Jarur-Chamy Valentina , Shams Marissa , Iascone Maria , Vukic Maja , Gasperini Serena , Quadri Manuel , Barroeta Seijas Amairelys , Rivers Elizabeth , Mauri Mario , Badolato Raffaele , Cazzaniga Gianni , Bugarin Cristina , Gaipa Giuseppe , Kroes Wilma G. M. , Moratto Daniele , van Oostaijen-ten Dam Monique M. , Baas Frank , van der Maarel Silvère , Piazza Rocco , Coban-Akdemir Zeynep H. , Lupski James R. , Yuan Bo , Chinn Ivan K. , Daxinger Lucia , Biondi Andrea 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Agammaglobulinemia is the most profound primary antibody deficiency that can occur due to an early termination of B-cell development. We here investigated 3 novel patients, including the first known adult, from unrelated families with agammaglobulinemia, recurrent infections, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Two of them also presented with intermittent or severe chronic neutropenia. We identified homozygous or compound-heterozygous variants in the gene for folliculin interacting protein 1 (FNIP1), leading to loss of the FNIP1 protein. B-cell metabolism, including mitochondrial numbers and activity and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathway, was impaired. These defects recapitulated the Fnip1−/− animal model. Moreover, we identified either uniparental disomy or copy-number variants (CNVs) in 2 patients, expanding the variant spectrum of this novel inborn error of immunity. The results indicate that FNIP1 deficiency can be caused by complex genetic mechanisms and support the clinical utility of exome sequencing and CNV analysis in patients with broad phenotypes, including agammaglobulinemia and HCM. FNIP1 deficiency is a novel inborn error of immunity characterized by early and severe B-cell development defect, agammaglobulinemia, variable neutropenia, and HCM. Our findings elucidate a functional and relevant role of FNIP1 in B-cell development and metabolism and potentially neutrophil activity.
DESMEX: A novel system development for semi-airborne electromagnetic exploration
Authors: Becken M. , Nittinger C. G. , Smirnova M. , Steuer A. , Martin T. , Petersen H. , Meyer U. , Mörbe W. , Yogeshwar P. , Tezkan B. , Matzander U. , Friedrichs B. , Rochlitz R. , Günther T. , Schiffler M. , Stolz R. ,   the DESMEX Working Group
Published: September 2020

There is a clear demand to increase detection depths in the context of raw material exploration programs. Semi-airborne electromagnetic (semi-AEM) methods can address these demands by combining the advantages of powerful transmitters deployed on the ground with efficient helicopter-borne mapping of the magnetic field response in the air. The penetration depth can exceed those of classic airborne EM systems because low frequencies and large transmitter-receiver offsets can be realized in practice. A novel system has been developed that combines high-moment horizontal electric bipole transmitters on the ground with low-noise three-axis induction coil magnetometers, a three-axis fluxgate magnetometer, and a laser gyro inertial measurement unit integrated within a helicopter-towed airborne platform. The attitude data are used to correct the time series for motional noise and subsequently to rotate into an earth-fixed reference frame. In a second processing step, and as opposed to existing semi-AEM systems, we transform the data into the frequency domain and estimate the complex-valued transfer functions between the received magnetic field components and the synchronously recorded injection current by regression analysis. This approach is similar to the procedure used in controlled-source EM. For typical source bipole moments of 20–40 kAm and for rectangular current waveforms with a fundamental frequency of approximately 10 Hz, we can estimate reliable three-component (3C) transfer functions in the frequency range from 10 to 5000 Hz over a measurement area of [Formula: see text] for a single source installation. The system has the potential to be used for focused exploration of deep targets.
ICPis-Induced Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type 2: A Review of the Literature and a Protocol for Optimal Management
Authors: Shi Yun , Shen Min , Zheng Xuqin , Chen Yang , Zhao RuiLing , Gu Yong , Yang Tao 
Published: September 2020

AbstractContextImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis) targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and its ligand (PD-L1) are now approved to treat a variety of cancers. However, ICPis therapy is associated with a risk of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS-2) is a rare endocrine irAE.Evidence AcquisitionSeveral databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Scopus) were searched up to February 18, 2020, for case reports on endocrine irAEs and ICPis. The reported side effects and adverse events of the ICPis therapy in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) adverse events pharmacovigilance registries are also included.Evidence SynthesisHere, we provide an overview of all published and reported cases (n = 30) of ICPis-induced APS-2. We summarize the clinical characteristics, autoantibodies, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes, and therapies and propose an APS-2 screening strategy.ConclusionsGiven the life-threatening risks of endocrine dysfunction if it is not promptly recognized (such as diabetic ketoacidosis and acute adrenal crisis), physicians (especially endocrinologists and oncologists) should be familiar with APS-2. After diagnosis of an autoimmune disease induced by ICPis (especially PD-1 inhibitors), patients with a high-risk HLA allele (HLA-DR4) require close monitoring for the development of APS-2.
The Biology of Intimacy: Lamarckian Evolution and the Sentimental Novel
Authors: Schuller Kyla 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article explores the enabling intimacy between sentimentalism and biopolitics by turning to a less-than-obvious and yet characteristic example of the sentimental mode: the ubiquitous orphan tale of the mid- to late nineteenth century. It argues that individual orphan heroines of domestic plots not only function as tropes of domestic and national belonging, as has been widely recognized, but also of population regulation at the biological level of species. Sentimentalism functions as a mode of evolutionary theory, one that articulated the Lamarckian belief that sensory impressions shape the development of the individual body and of the species. Sentimental Lamarckism extended across literature, reform, and scientific theory and preceded naturalism’s deep engagement with evolutionary thought by decades. The sentimental orphan trope figures as a key aesthetic technology for regulating the growth of the population. Sentimental novels about orphans are not just about children who transform through their experiences; they were also directed at children readers and crafted to elicit emotional identification that could spur similar changes off the page.
LFA-1 signals to promote actin polymerization and upstream migration in T cells
Authors: Roy Nathan H. , Kim Sarah Hyun Ji , Buffone Alexander , Blumenthal Daniel , Huang Bonnie , Agarwal Sangya , Schwartzberg Pamela L. , Hammer Daniel A. , Burkhardt Janis K. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
T cell entry into inflamed tissue requires firm adhesion, cell spreading, and migration along and through the endothelial wall. These events require the T cell integrins LFA-1 and VLA-4 and their endothelial ligands ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, respectively. T cells migrate against the direction of shear flow on ICAM-1 and with the direction of shear flow on VCAM-1, suggesting that these two ligands trigger distinct cellular responses. However, the contribution of specific signaling events downstream of LFA-1 and VLA-4 has not been explored. Using primary mouse T cells, we found that engagement of LFA-1, but not VLA-4, induces cell shape changes associated with rapid 2D migration. Moreover, LFA-1 ligation results in activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and ERK pathways, and phosphorylation of multiple kinases and adaptor proteins, whereas VLA-4 ligation triggers only a subset of these signaling events. Importantly, T cells lacking Crk adaptor proteins, key LFA-1 signaling intermediates, or the ubiquitin ligase cCbl (also known as CBL), failed to migrate against the direction of shear flow on ICAM-1. These studies identify novel signaling differences downstream of LFA-1 and VLA-4 that drive T cell migratory behavior.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.