bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of evening alcohol consumption on nocturnal autonomic and cardiovascular function in adult men and women: a dose–response laboratory investigation
Authors: de Zambotti Massimiliano , Forouzanfar Mohamad , Javitz Harold , Goldstone Aimee , Claudatos Stephanie , Alschuler Vanessa , Baker Fiona C , Colrain Ian M 
Published: July 2020

AbstractStudy ObjectivesTo investigate the dose-dependent impact of moderate alcohol intake on sleep-related cardiovascular (CV) function, in adult men and women.MethodsA total of 26 healthy adults (30–60 years; 11 women) underwent 3 nights of laboratory polysomnographic (PSG) recordings in which different doses of alcohol (low: 1 standard drink for women and 2 drinks for men; high: 3 standard drinks for women and 4 drinks for men; placebo: no alcohol) were administered in counterbalanced order before bedtime. These led to bedtime average breath alcohol levels of up to 0.02% for the low doses and around 0.05% for the high doses. Autonomic and CV function were evaluated using electrocardiography, impedance cardiography, and beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring.ResultsPresleep alcohol ingestion resulted in an overall increase in nocturnal heart rate (HR), suppressed total and high-frequency (vagal) HR variability, reduced baroreflex sensitivity, and increased sympathetic activity, with effects pronounced after high-dose alcohol ingestion (p’s &lt; 0.05); these changes followed different dose- and measure-dependent nocturnal patterns in men and women. Systolic blood pressure showed greater increases during the morning hours of the high-alcohol dose night compared to the low-alcohol dose night and placebo, in women only (p’s &lt; 0.05).ConclusionsAcute evening alcohol consumption, even at moderate doses, has marked dose- and time-dependent effects on sleep CV regulation in adult men and women. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential CV risk of repeated alcohol-related alterations in nighttime CV restoration in healthy individuals and in those at high risk for CV diseases, considering sex and alcohol dose and time effects.
Does a Patient’s Approach to Achieving Goals Influence His or Her Recovery Trajectory After Musculoskeletal Illness?
Authors: Vranceanu Ana-Maria , Reichman Mira , Mace Ryan A. , Mohamadi Amin , Chen Neal 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
The regulatory focus theory posits that, in general, people tend to be predominantly “promotion focused” or “prevention focused”, and each individual’s values and motivations influence which approach he or she may use when pursuing personal goals. People who are primarily promotion focused mostly see goals as opportunities to gain or advance (that is, play to win); people who are prevention focused mostly see goals as opportunities to stay safe (that is, play not to lose). Understanding the role of regulatory focus in the recovery of patients with orthopaedic conditions could provide novel insight into how surgeons can best communicate with patients to improve how they recover from illness or injury.

Question/purpose
Are improvements in pain intensity and disability over 6 months associated with a patient’s levels of promotion focus or prevention focus?

Methods
In this longitudinal observational study, we enrolled 144 patients with an upper extremity orthopaedic illness at a tertiary teaching hospital and followed them for 6 months. At baseline, patients completed validated self-reported measures of regulatory focus (Regulatory Focus Questionnaire), pain (Numerical Rating Scale), disability (the QuickDASH), and demographics. Assessments were repeated 6 months later, with 76% (110 of 144) of patients completing follow-up assessments. We examined whether regulatory focus was associated with recovery outcomes (level of pain and disability at 6 months). The patient’s regulatory focus was graded as two numerical scores on separate promotion-focus and prevention-focus continuums. Each individual received a score on promotion focus and one on prevention focus..

Results
An individual’s level of promotion (ΔR2 = 0.021; p = 0.03; small effect size), but not his or her level of prevention (ΔR2 = 0.003; p = 0.35; negligible effect size), was associated with improvement in disability over a 6-month period (R2 = 0.61; p < 0.001). Patients with high promotion (n = 20, b = 0.284; p = 0.001) had the greatest improvements in disability after 6 months compared with patients with moderate (n = 73, b = 0.422; p < 0.001) or low (n = 17, b = 0.561; p < 0.001) promotion. The levels of promotion (b = -0.22; p = 0.09) and prevention (b = -0.04; p = 0.65) were not associated with pain over time.

Conclusions
To support improvements in disability for patients with upper extremity orthopaedic conditions, surgeons’ communication strategies, including explanations of diagnoses and recovery trajectories, should focus on increasing patients’ level of promotion (for example, by emphasizing gains and promoting positive thinking), rather than prevention (for example, by providing reassurance and problem-solving what might go wrong).

Level of Evidence
Level II, prognostic study.
The association between weight-promoting medication use and weight gain in postmenopausal women: findings from the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Stanford Fatima Cody , Cena Hellas , Biino Ginevra , Umoren Olivia , Jimenez Monik , Freeman Marlene P. , Shadyab Aladdin H. , Wild Robert A. , Womack Catherine R. , Banack Hailey R. , Manson JoAnn E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objective:
With the rise in obesity, there has been a concomitant increase in prescription medications associated with weight gain. The objective of this study is to quantify the magnitude of association between putative weight-promoting medications and 3-year weight change in a diverse cohort of postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative (WHI).

Methods:
This is a prospective observational cohort study, considering 40 sites in the WHI and a cohort of seventy six thousand two hundred fifty-two postmenopausal women aged 50-79 years, with weight measured at both baseline and 3 years, in the WHI-Observational Study. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were measured at baseline and 3 years. An in-clinic medication inventory identified prescribed medications, including antidepressants, beta-blockers, insulin, and/or glucocorticosteroids. Generalized linear models evaluated if intermittent or persistent use of weight-promoting drugs was associated with increased BMI and WC during a 3-year follow up.

Results:
Women with overweight or obesity at baseline were more likely to be taking antidepressants, beta-blockers, and/or insulin. Taking at least one putative weight-promoting medication was associated with a greater increase in BMI (0.37 vs 0.27 kg/m2, P = 0.0045) and WC (1.10 cm vs 0.89 cm, P = 0.0077) over the course of 3 years compared to women not on these medications. Both BMI and WC increased with the number of weight-promoting drugs prescribed (P for trend per medication used < 0.00001 for both variables). Those who took either antidepressants or insulin, or a combination of antidepressants and beta-blockers, were most likely to have a significant increase in BMI compared to nonusers.

Conclusions:
Antidepressants, beta-blockers, and insulin were associated with weight gain in postmenopausal women. This information may help to inform clinical decision-making and efforts to mitigate medication-related weight gain.

Video Summary:
http://links.lww.com/MENO/A617.
Association of SBP and BMI with cognitive and structural brain phenotypes in UK Biobank
Authors: Ferguson Amy C. , Tank Rachana , Lyall Laura M. , Ward Joey , Welsh Paul , Celis-Morales Carlos , McQueenie Ross , Strawbridge Rona J. , Mackay Daniel F. , Pell Jill P. , Smith Daniel J. , Sattar Naveed , Cavanagh Jonathan , Lyall Donald M. 
Published: July 2020

Objective:
To test for associations between SBP and BMI, with domain-specific cognitive abilities and examine which brain structural phenotypes mediate those associations.

Methods:
Using cross-sectional UK Biobank data (final N = 28 412), we examined SBP/BMI vs. cognitive test scores of pairs-matching, matrix completion, trail making test A/B, digit symbol substitution, verbal–numerical reasoning, tower rearranging and simple reaction time. We adjusted for potential confounders of age, sex, deprivation, medication, apolipoprotein e4 genotype, smoking, population stratification and genotypic array. We tested for mediation via multiple structural brain imaging phenotypes and corrected for multiple testing with false discovery rate.

Results:
We found positive associations for higher BMI with worse reaction time, reasoning, tower rearranging and matrix completion tasks by 0.024–0.067 SDs per BMI SD (all P < 0.001). Higher SBP was associated with worse reasoning (0.034 SDs) and matrix completion scores (−0.024 SDs; both P < 0.001). Both BMI and SBP were associated with multiple brain structural metrics including total grey/white matter volumes, frontal lobe volumes, white matter tract integrity and white matter hyperintensity volumes: specific metrics mediated around one-third of the associations with cognition.

Conclusion:
Our findings add to the body of evidence that addressing cardiovascular risk factors may also preserve cognitive function, via specific aspects of brain structure.
Vertical shear pelvic ring injuries: do transsacral screws prevent fixation failure?
Authors: Tisano Breann K. , Kelly Drew P. , Starr Adam J. , Sathy Ashoke K. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objectives:
To determine the frequency of fixation failure after transsacral-transiliac (TS) screw fixation of vertical shear (VS) pelvic ring injuries (OTA/AO 61C1) and to describe the mechanism of failure of TS screws.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Level 1 academic trauma center.

Patients/Participants:
Twenty skeletally mature patients with unilateral, displaced, unequivocal VS injuries were identified between May 1, 2009 and April 31, 2016. Mean age was 31 years and mean follow-up was 14 months. Twelve had sacroiliac dislocations (61C1.2) and eight had vertical sacral fractures (61C1.3).

Intervention:
Operative treatment with at least one TS screw.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Radiographic failure, defined as a change of >1 cm of combined displacement of the posterior pelvis compared with the intraoperative position on inlet and outlet radiographs.

Results:
Radiographic failure occurred in 4 of 8 (50%) vertical sacral fractures. Posterior fixation was comprised of a single TS screw in 3 of these 4 failures. The dominant mechanism of screw failure was bending. All of these failures occurred early in the postoperative period. No fixation failures occurred among the sacroiliac dislocations. There were no deep infections or nonunions.

Conclusions:
This is the first study to describe the mechanism of failure of TS screws in a clinical setting after VS pelvic injuries. We caution surgeons from relying on single TS screw fixation for vertically unstable sacral fractures. Close radiographic monitoring in the first few weeks after surgery is advised.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Changes in gastrointestinal microbial communities influence HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade
Authors: SahBandar Ivo N. , Chew Glen M. , Corley Michael J. , Pang Alina P.S. , Tsai Naoky , Hanks Nancy , Khadka Vedbar S. , Klatt Nichole R. , Hensley-McBain Tiffany , Somsouk Ma , Vujkovic-Cvijin Ivan , Chow Dominic C. , Shikuma Cecilia M. , Ndhlovu Lishomwa C. 
Published: July 2020

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between gut microbial communities in HIV-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (cART), and the peripheral HIV-Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell responses before and after ex-vivo immune checkpoint blockade (ICB).

Design:
Thirty-four HIV-seropositive, 10 HIV-seronegative and 12 HIV-seropositive receiving faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) participants were included. Gut microbial communities, peripheral and gut associated negative checkpoint receptors (NCRs) and peripheral effector functions were assessed.

Methods:
Bacterial 16s rRNA sequencing for gut microbiome study and flow-based assays for peripheral and gut NCR and their cognate ligand expression, including peripheral HIV-Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell responses before and after ex-vivo anti-PD-L1 and anti-TIGIT ICB were performed.

Results:

Fusobacteria abundance was significantly higher in HIV-infected donors compared to uninfected controls. In HIV-infected participants receiving Fusobacteria-free FMT, Fusobacteria persisted up to 24 weeks in stool post FMT. PD-1 TIGIT and their ligands were expanded in mucosal vs. peripheral T cells and dendritic cells, respectively. PD-L1 and TIGIT blockade significantly increased the magnitude of peripheral anti-HIV-Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Higher gut Fusobacteria abundance was associated with lower magnitude of peripheral IFN-γ+ HIV-Gag-specific CD8+ T-cell responses following ICB.

Conclusion:
The gut colonization of Fusobacteria in HIV infection is persistent and may influence anti-HIV T-cell immunity to PD-1 or TIGIT blockade. Strategies modulating Fusobacteria colonization may elicit a favourable mucosal immune landscape to enhance the efficacy of ICB for HIV cure.
High abundance of genus Prevotella is associated with dysregulation of IFN-I and T cell response in HIV-1-infected patients
Authors: Pinacchio Claudia , Scagnolari Carolina , Iebba Valerio , Santinelli Letizia , Innocenti Giuseppe P. , Frasca Federica , Bitossi Camilla , Scordio Mirko , Oliveto Giuseppe , Ceccarelli Giancarlo , Antonelli Guido , Mastroianni Claudio Maria , d’Ettorre Gabriella 
Published: July 2020

Objective:
HIV-1-associated dysbiosis is most commonly characterized by overall decreased diversity, with abundance of the genus Prevotella, recently related to inflammatory responses.

Design:
A pilot study including 10 antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV-1-infected men and 50 uninfected controls was performed to identify the main gut dysbiosis determinants (e.g. Prevotella enrichment), that may affect mucosal antiviral defenses and T cell immunity in HIV-1-infected individuals.

Methods:

16rRNA gene sequencing was applied to the HIV-1-infected individuals’ fecal microbiota and compared with controls. Measurements of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation [CD38, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, CD38 HLA-DR] and frequencies of Th17, obtained from lamina propria lymphocytes isolated from five different intestinal sites, were performed by flow cytometry. IFNβ, IFNAR1 and MxA gene expression level was evaluated by real-time PCR in lamina propria lymphocytes. Nonparametric t tests were used for statistical analysis.

Results:
HIV-1-infected men had a significant fecal microbial communities’ imbalance, including different levels of genera Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, Alistipes and Bacteroides, compared with controls. Notably, Prevotella abundance positively correlated with frequencies of CD4+ T cells expressing CD38 or HLA-DR and coexpressing CD38 and HLA-DR (P < 0.05 for all these measures). The same trend was observed for the activated CD8+ T cells. Moreover, Prevotella levels were inversely correlated with IFN-I genes (P < 0.05 for IFNβ, IFNAR1 and MxA genes) and the frequencies of Th17 cells (P < 0.05). By contrast, no statistically significant correlations were observed for the remaining bacterial genera.

Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that Prevotella enrichment might affect gut mucosal IFN-I pathways and T cell response in HIV-1-infected patients, thus contributing to immune dysfunction.
The Anatomical Distribution of the Pudendal Nerve Block Injection: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Takashima Yoko , Handler Stephanie J. , Zeno Aldene , Alvarez Pedro , Miyazaki Brian , Del Canto Isabel , Khamis Charles , Yazdany Tajnoos , Le Tam Hoang 
Published: July 2020

Objective
The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of commonly used injection locations of the pudendal nerve block by examining the proximity of the injected dye to the pudendal nerve in a cadaveric model.

Methods
Pudendal block injections at 4 sites were placed transvaginally on 5 cadaveric pelvises. These sites were 1 cm proximal to the ischial spine (black dye), at the ischial spine (red dye), 1 cm distal to the ischial spine (blue dye), and 2 cm lateral and 2 cm distal to the ischial spine (green dye). The cadavers were dissected via a posterior approach.

Results
We measured the shortest distance from the center of the dye-stained tissue to the pudendal nerve. As expected, the injections at the ischial spine (red) resulted in a distribution of dye closest to the pudendal nerve, averaging 3.0 ± 0.95 mm. Dyes at other sites were close to the nerve: 3.1 ± 1.00 mm (black), 3.6 ± 1.14 mm (blue), and 4.05 ± 1.28 mm (green).

Conclusions
Regardless of the injection site, all dyes were close the pudendal nerve, indicating accuracy. We observed wide variation in the dye distribution even though all injections were performed by the same provider, implicating lack of precision. Based on our findings, we propose that the most effective injection location is at the ischial spine because it is the closest to the pudendal nerve; however, all injections were within 4 mm of the pudendal nerve, suggesting that only 1 to 2 injections may be sufficient.
Failing to control Maedi-Visna
Authors: Jones Scott , Houghton Lily , Eden Laura , McKay Heather , Curwen Alice , Davies Peers , Dunham Stephen , Lovatt Fiona , Tarlinton Rachael 
Published: July 2020

Maedi-Visna is a lentivirus of sheep that causes lung disease and chronic wasting. It has been designated an “Iceberg disease” by the UK sheep industry levy board with a very large burden of subclinical disease that is often not apparent until losses in an individual flock become catastrophic. Disease prevalence in the UK is thought to have doubled in the last 10 years, however farmer and veterinary awareness of the disease is poor. There is no vaccine and treatment is not cost effective, meaning that the only realistic control option is culling of affected animals.
Current testing protocols use MV gag protein ELISAs. A long lag time between infection and antibody production means that many animals are missed on flock screening and repeated rounds of testing over a period of years are necessary remove all infected animals. Preliminary testing of flocks that have attempted eradication indicates that those that do not keep testing until all animals are negative fail to eliminate the disease and that prevalence rates can even increase substantially in these flocks. The viruses extreme variability confounded attempts to develop a qPCR capable of detecting all variants, indeed deep sequencing was required to establish which strains of virus are currently present in UK sheep as there has been substantial genetic drift since the last sequencing studies (performed more than 20 years ago). More promisingly virus was detectable in nasal swabs of experimental animals at least offering a possibility for sampling methods that can be done by farmers themselves.
Characterisation of anti-pseudomonad activity of hyper-arid Micromonospora species
Authors: Mark David , DeWald Jan , Dorador Cristina , Tucker Nicholas , Herron Paul 
Published: July 2020

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of nosocomial infections, and has been categorised by the World Health Organisation as a “Priority 1: Critical” target for research and development of novel antibiotics owing to its intrinsic multi-resistance and ability to acquire novel resistance mechanisms.
One strategy for discovering novel antibiotics is the identification and characterisation of metabolites with antimicrobial activity. Members of the bacterial phylum Actinobacteria are historic source of these metabolites, in particular the genus Streptomyces. However, other genera have not received this same level of interest despite sharing the capacity to biosynthesise a diverse array of metabolites. One such genus is Micromonospora, responsible for production of the broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin (M. purpurea).
Here we present three Micromonospora species isolated from the Atacama Desert, Chile; that possess anti-pseudomonad bioactivity inducible by culture on International Streptomyces Project (ISP) Media. In addition, preliminary data indicates that this activity can be affected by the addition of P. aeruginosa conditioned media. In parallel, short-read Illumina sequencing was used to assemble draft genomes for these strains, enabling antiSMASH analysis of putative biosynthetic gene clusters. In addition to this, estimated Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) as calculated by the autoMLST server indicates that these strains may all be novel Micromonospora species.
The results of this work serve to highlight the biosynthetic capacity of an understudied genus of bacteria, as well as the value of examining underexplored environments and habitats in the search for novel bioactive molecules.
The selection and co-selection of antimicrobial resistance by non-antibiotic drugs and plant protection products
Authors: Murray Laura , Boxall Alistair , Snape Jason , Gaze William , Murray Aimee 
Published: July 2020

Non-antibiotic compounds including metals and biocides co-select for clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Presently, there is little research looking at the effects of plant protection products (PPPS) such as herbicides and insecticides on the development and spread of resistance. Agricultural activities require the direct application of PPPs in large quantities and at high concentrations to soil. These chemicals are applied alongside antibiotics and manures which may contain antibiotic residues, other selective agents and resistant bacteria. The selection pressure exerted by this mixture of chemicals may result in enrichment of resistant bacteria and/or the exchange of resistance genes between environmental and clinically relevant bacteria. The impact of these chemicals on AMR and microbial diversity in terrestrial environments is poorly understood.
PPPs from different substance groups were tested for antimicrobial activity using the SELECT method developed by Murray et al. (2019; under review). In this method, bacterial communities were exposed to PPPs and selective concentrations were identified by a significant reduction in community growth. Results from these experiments determined the concentration at which long term evolution experiments were carried out in soil microcosms. Selection for AMR was investigated using metagenomic analysis and targeted real-time PCR.