bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Setosphaeria turcica ATR turns off appressorium‐mediated maize infection and triggers melanin‐involved self‐protection in response to genotoxic stress
Authors: Zeng Fanli , Meng Yanan , Hao Zhimin , Li Pan , Zhai Weibo , shen Shen , Cao Zhiyan , Dong Jingao 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEukaryotic organisms activate conserved signalling networks to maintain genomic stability in response to DNA genotoxic stresses. However, the coordination of this response pathway in fungal pathogens remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which the northern corn leaf blight pathogen Setosphaeria turcica controls maize infection and activates self‐protection pathways in response to DNA genotoxic insults. Appressorium‐mediated maize infection by S. turcica was blocked by the S‐phase checkpoint. This repression was dependent on the checkpoint central kinase Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), as inhibition of ATR activity or knockdown of the ATR gene recovered appressorium formation in the presence of genotoxic reagents. ATR promoted melanin biosynthesis in S. turcica as a defence response to stress. The melanin biosynthesis genes StPKS and StLac2 were induced by the ATR‐mediated S‐phase checkpoint. The responses to DNA genotoxic stress were conserved in a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi, including Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Cochliobolus carbonum, Alternaria solani, and Alternaria kikuchiana, which are known causal agents for plant diseases. We propose that in response to genotoxic stress, phytopathogenic fungi including S. turcica activate an ATR‐dependent pathway to suppress appressorium‐mediated infection and induce melanin‐related self‐protection in addition to conserved responses in eukaryotes.
Medication adherence and predictive factors in patients with cardiovascular disease: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Al‐Ganmi Ali Hussein Alek , Alotaibi Abdulellah , Gholizadeh Leila , Perry Lin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAdherence to cardiac medications makes a significant contribution to avoidance of morbidity and premature mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. This quantitative study used cross‐sectional survey design to evaluate medication adherence and contributing factors among patients with cardiovascular disease, comparing patients who were admitted to a cardiac ward (n = 89) and those attending outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (n = 31) in Australia. Data collection was completed between October 2016 and December 2017. Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted to identify medication adherence and determine factors independently predictive of medication adherence. Participants from cardiac rehabilitation had significantly lower adherence to cardiac medications than those recruited from the cardiac ward (58.1 vs 64.0%, respectively). Self‐efficacy was significantly associated with participants' medication adherence in both groups. The ability to refill medications and beliefs about cardiac medications were independently significantly predictive of cardiac medication adherence. These findings indicate areas where clinical nurses could expand their role to improve cardiac patients' medication self‐management.
Digging deeper: what the critical zone perspective adds to the study of plant ecophysiology
Authors: Dawson Todd E. , Hahm W. Jesse , Crutchfield‐Peters Kelsey 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe emergence of critical zone (CZ) science has provided an integrative platform for investigating plant ecophysiology in the context of landscape evolution, weathering and hydrology. The CZ lies between the top of the vegetation canopy and fresh, chemically unaltered bedrock and plays a pivotal role in sustaining life. We consider what the CZ perspective has recently brought to the study of plant ecophysiology. We specifically highlight novel research demonstrating the importance of the deeper subsurface for plant water and nutrient relations. We also point to knowledge gaps and research opportunities, emphasising, in particular, greater focus on the roles of deep, nonsoil resources and how those resources influence and coevolve with plants as a frontier of plant ecophysiological research.
A tetrasomic inheritance model and likelihood‐based method for mapping quantitative trait loci in autotetraploid species
Authors: Chen Jing , Leach Lindsey , Yang Jixuan , Zhang Fengjun , Tao Qin , Dang Zhenyu , Chen Yue , Luo Zewei 
Published: January 2020

Summary

Dissecting the genetic architecture of quantitative traits in autotetraploid species is a methodologically challenging task, but a pivotally important goal for breeding globally important food crops, including potato and blueberry, and ornamental species such as rose. Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is now a routine practice in diploid species but is far less advanced in autotetraploids, largely due to a lack of analytical methods that account for the complexities of tetrasomic inheritance.

We present a novel likelihood‐based method for QTL mapping in outbred segregating populations of autotetraploid species. The method accounts properly for sophisticated features of gene segregation and recombination in an autotetraploid meiosis. It may model and analyse molecular marker data with or without allele dosage information, such as that from microarray or sequencing experiments.

The method developed outperforms existing bivalent‐based methods, which may fail to model and analyse the full spectrum of experimental data, in the statistical power of QTL detection, and accuracy of QTL location, as demonstrated by an intensive simulation study and analysis of data sets collected from a segregating population of potato (Solanum tuberosum).

The study enables QTL mapping analysis to be conducted in autotetraploid species under a rigorous tetrasomic inheritance model.
Empirical Correlates of Cosmopolitan Orientation: Etiology and Functions in a Worldwide Representative Sample
Authors: Liu James H. , Zhang Robert Jiqi , Leung Angela K.‐Y. , Gil de Zúñiga Homero , Gastardo‐Conaco Cecilia , Vasiutynskyi Vadym , Kus‐Harbord Larissa 
Published: January 2020

Psychology has begun contributing to social theory by providing empirical measures of actually existing cosmopolitanism that complements more purely theoretical conceptions of the construct common in philosophy and sociology. Drawing from two waves of research on representative adult samples from 19 countries (N = 8740), metric invariance was found for the three factors of cosmopolitan orientation (COS): cultural openness (CO), global prosociality (GP), and respect for cultural diversity (RCD). In terms of etiology, among Wave 1 measures, the personality factor of agreeableness was the best predictor of the cosmopolitan factors of GP and RCD at Wave 2, whereas openness of personality best predicted CO. Wave 1 measures of education, political liberalism, and self‐reported social status independently also explained a small amount of variance in COS. Functionally, COS was shown to predict less prejudice against immigrants, and more support for global civil society, even after controlling for social dominance orientation. All three COS factors independently predicted better attitudes towards immigrants. GP was the best predictor of trust in the United Nations, whereas RCD was the best predictor of support for environmental protection. The three‐factor model of COS appears well‐calibrated for assessing actually existing cosmopolitanism across cultures.
Culture Marker Versus Authority Marker: How Do Language Attitudes Affect Political Trust?
Authors: Hu Yue 
Published: January 2020

Is public trust in government representatives (i.e., bureaucrats, police, public servants) affected by the language they use? The conventional theory holds that, in a multilingual society, people favor government representatives who speak the listeners' dialects because it indicates a shared cultural identity, that is, the “culture‐marker” effect. This article offers an alternative mechanism in which people's attitudes can be affected by the government designating the official language as a marker of political authority. Listeners will then project their respect for the political authority to the government representatives who speak this marker language. This mechanism is named an “authority marker” effect. Using a set of adjusted matched‐guise experiments in China, this study examines the culture‐marker and authority‐marker effects. The results support the authority‐marker effect by showing that listeners have significantly more trust in the bureaucrats who speak the official language than in those who speak the dialects of the listeners. The study also finds that this is a unique effect for speakers when they represent the government. Without that political identity, listeners will still respond more positively to speakers of their own dialects.
On Quantifying Expert Opinion about Multinomial Models that Contain Covariates
Authors: Elfadaly Fadlalla G. , Garthwaite Paul H. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe paper addresses the task of forming a prior distribution to represent expert opinion about a multinomial model that contains covariates. The task has not previously been addressed. We suppose that the sampling model is a multinomial logistic regression and represent expert opinion about the regression coefficients by a multivariate normal distribution. This logistic–normal model gives a flexible prior distribution that can capture a broad variety of expert opinion. The challenge is to find meaningful assessment tasks that an expert can perform and which should yield appropriate information to determine the values of parameters in the prior distribution, and to develop theory for determining the parameter values from the assessments. A method is proposed that meets this challenge. The method is implemented in interactive easy-to-use software that is freely available. It provides a graphical interface that the expert uses to assess quartiles of sets of proportions and the method determines a mean vector and a positive definite covariance matrix to represent the expert's opinions. The assessment tasks chosen yield parameter values that satisfy the usual laws of probability without the expert being aware of the constraints that this imposes. Special attention is given to feedback that encourages the expert to consider his or her opinions from a different perspective. The method is illustrated in an example that shows its viability and usefulness.
“We Don't Know How to Do This”: Rural Parents' Perspectives on and Roles in Enrollment at a Private, Selective Liberal Arts College
Authors: Tieken Mara Casey 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRural youth trail their non‐rural counterparts in college enrollment and attainment, especially for degrees from selective schools; these gaps further spatial inequality in the United States. Much research has focused on rural parents as impediments to rural college‐going: many rural parents did not attend college, and their educational aspirations for their children are lower than those of urban parents. However, every year, thousands of rural students do head to college, even to selective schools, and little is known about their parents' influence on their enrollment. This qualitative study focuses on rural parents without a bachelors degree, investigating the roles they play in their children's aspirations and enrollment at a private, selective liberal arts college and examining their perspectives on this type of school. The results suggest that parents are an important source of social capital, supporting aspirations and enrollment. They also show that these parents see a liberal arts education as a path to a remunerative and rewarding career, and, in supporting their children's college choice, they value factors—financial aid, proximity, and a welcoming school culture—that mitigate the social, cultural, and moral boundaries separating home from college.
Calcium balance in hemodialysis: More uncertainty than certainty
Authors: Kirmizis Dimitrios , Basile Carlo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThere is controversy about the choice of dialysate calcium concentration (DCa), with strong arguments both in favor of and against the use of a low or high DCa, as they can both be potentially harmful. Evidence suggests that calcium mass balance is positive with a DCa 3.5 mEq/L, negative or neutral with the use of DCa 2.5 mEq/L, whereas both positive and negative balances have been observed with the use of DCa 3.0 mEq/L. Overall, the use of DCa >2.5 mEq/L is usually associated with an increase in serum calcium level and a decrease in serum PTH level and use of lower vitamin D analogue dose, with the opposite effects usually observed with the use of lower DCa. Most of the available evidence is from small‐sized and crossover studies; hence, evidence should be regarded with caution and applied in a patient‐specific manner. As there are a lot of significant unanswered questions regarding calcium balance and the optimal DCa in hemodialysis patients, further high‐quality research is needed to clarify many still unclear aspects of calcium homeostasis and balance in these patients. In conclusion, with the existing evidence the choice of DCa needs to be individualized and contextualized in the setting of each patient's calcium balance needs and homeostatic response, taking also into account oral calcium intake (dietary and medicinal), any other relevant therapy administered, such as vitamin D analogues, the type of renal mineral bone disorder, and associated cardiovascular comorbidity.
Finding the city in sociology: Broadening and deepening the geographic scope of the urban and inequality literatures
Authors: Prener Christopher G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCities have long been the object of fascination within sociology. Key portions of sociological literatures on inequality and globalization, for instance, have focused on urban spaces as essential sites for the production and reproduction of social life, and urban sociology itself is one of the oldest fields in the discipline. For all of this prominence, however, locating the city itself in these literatures can be difficult. Much of our understanding of urban life and urban social problems is derived from a relatively small number of American cities. Moreover, cities are often relegated to a supporting role as a research site rather than an institution worthy of interrogation. This article reviews the path that has brought a specific set of cities to the fore of American sociological analyses. In response, broadening literatures to cities in the literal and figurative American South and producing deeper literatures of specific cities can give sociology the opportunity to produce more representative and contextually rich analyses of inequalities, urban social life, and urban form. The literature on St. Louis, Missouri is presented as an example of what such a broader and deeper literature could encompass.
Association between treatment with oral third‐generation cephalosporin antibiotics and mortality outcomes in Ebola virus disease: a multinational retrospective cohort study
Authors: Aluisio Adam R. , Perera Shiromi M. , Yam Derrick , Garbern Stephanie , Peters Jillian L. , Abel Logan , Cho Daniel K. , Woldemichael Dayan , Kennedy Stephen B. , Massaquoi Moses , Sahr Foday , Liu Tao , Levine Adam C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the association between oral third‐generation cephalosporin antibiotic treatment and mortality in Ebola virus disease (EVD).MethodsThis retrospective cohort studied EVD‐infected patients admitted to five Ebola Treatment Units in Sierra Leone and Liberia during 2014–15. Empiric treatment with cefixime 400 mg once daily for five days was the clinical protocol; however, due to resource variability, only a subset of patients received treatment. Data on sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, malaria status and Ebola viral loads were collected. The primary outcome was mortality compared between cases treated with cefixime within 48 h of admission to those not treated within 48 h. Propensity scores were derived using clinical covariates. Mortality between treated and untreated cases was compared using propensity‐matched conditional logistic regression and bootstrapped log‐linear regression analyses to calculate an odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR), respectively, with associated 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsOf 424 cases analysed, 360 (84.9%) met the cefixime treatment definition. The mean age was 30.5 years and 40.3% were male. Median cefixime treatment duration was 4 days (IQR: 3, 5). Among cefixime‐treated patients, mortality was 54.7% (95% CI: 49.6–59.8%) vs. 73.4% (95% CI: 61.5–82.7%) in untreated patients. In conditional logistic regression, mortality likelihood was significantly lower among cases receiving cefixime (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.32–0.71; P = 0.01). In the bootstrap analysis, a non‐significant risk reduction was found with cefixime treatment (RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.64–1.16, P = 0.11).ConclusionEarly oral cefixime may be associated with reduced mortality in EVD and warrants further investigation.
Endocytosis, cadherins and tissue dynamics
Authors: Katsuno‐Kambe Hiroko , Yap Alpha S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBy happy chance, the founding of Traffic in 1999 coincided with a clutch of reports that documented the endocytosis and recycling of classical cadherin adhesion receptors. This stimulated a concerted effort to elucidate the molecular regulation of cadherin endocytosis and to identify its functional implications. In particular, endocytosis provided new perspectives to understand how cadherins are modulated during tissue morphogenesis. In this short article, we consider some of what we have learnt about this problem and identify open questions for future research.
Immediate and residual antifungal activity of compounds used for whole body and adjuvant topical therapy against Microsporum canis: an in vitro study
Authors: Moriello Karen A. 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundTopical antifungal therapy is recommended to disinfect hairs of dermatophyte‐infected animals.ObjectiveTo determine the immediate and residual (24, 48 and 72 h) antifungal activity of commonly used products for focal (n = 11) and whole body application (n = 3).AnimalsHair samples from naturally infected kittens.Methods and materialsImmediate antifungal activity was assessed using isolated infected spores. In a more robust challenge, toothbrushes containing whole infected hairs were repeatedly treated with products until culture‐negative. Residual activity was determined by treating 0.04 g of uninfected hair with test products, allowing hairs to dry and then plating hairs onto fungal culture plates inoculated with Microsporum canis. Residual activity was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 h post‐treatment.ResultsAll products showed good efficacy against isolated infected spores. Two products required three treatments to disinfect whole infected hairs (miconazole 0.2% and ketoconazole 0.15%); all other products were efficacious after one treatment. For each product residual activity at 24, 48 and 72 h was similar. For the whole body products, lime sulfur and enilconazole showed residual activity, but as expected none was detected for 2% miconazole nitrate/ 2% chlorhexidine shampoo. For focal therapy products, residual activity was detected for clotrimazole 1%, terbinafine 1%, miconazole at 0.2, 1 or 2% (with or without chlorhexidine), climbazole 0.5% with chlorhexidine gluconate, and ketoconazole 1% with chlorhexidine gluconate. A ketoconazole 0.15% with 0.15% chlorhexidine gluconate showed no residual activity.Conclusions and clinical importanceFindings support twice weekly application of enilconazole and lime sulfur, and application of adjuvant focal topical therapy daily or every other day.
Prevalence and Correlates of Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Healthy Beliefs, and Lifestyle Behaviors in First‐Year Graduate Health Sciences Students
Authors: Hoying Jacqueline , Melnyk Bernadette Mazurek , Hutson Elizabeth , Tan Alai 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundGraduate and professional students are reported to have higher than average rates of depression compared to age‐ and gender‐matched populations. Further, more than half of student health visits are due to anxiety, yet little is known about the relationships among depression, anxiety, and healthy lifestyle behaviors in this population as well as what factors predict depression and anxiety.AimsThe purposes of this study were as follows: (a) to examine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, physical health, healthy beliefs, and lifestyle behaviors in incoming first‐year health sciences professional students; (b) to describe the relationships among these variables; and (c) to determine predictors of depression and anxiety.MethodsA descriptive correlational study design was used with baseline data collected from first‐year graduate health sciences students from seven health professions colleges who were participating in a wellness onboarding intervention program, including Dentistry, Medicine, Nursing, Optometry, Pharmacy, Social Work, and Veterinary Medicine.ResultsSeventeen percent of incoming students reported moderate‐to‐severe depressive symptoms with 6% reporting suicidal ideation. In addition, 14% of the participating students reported moderate‐to‐severe anxiety. Factors that predicted depression and anxiety included having less than 7 hr of sleep per night, worse general health, lower healthy lifestyle beliefs, lower healthy lifestyle behaviors, higher stress, and a perceived lack of control.Linking Evidence to ActionThese findings highlight the need to routinely screen incoming health sciences students for depression and anxiety upon entrance into their academic programs so that evidence‐based interventions can be delivered and students who report severe depression or suicidal ideation can be immediately triaged for further evaluation and treatment. Providing cultures of well‐being and emphasizing self‐care throughout academic programs also are essential for students to engage in healthy lifestyles.
Evolution of highly pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza viruses in Mexico
Authors: Trovão Nídia Sequeira , Talavera Guadalupe Ayora , Nelson Martha I. , Perez de la Rosa Juan Diego 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHighly pathogenic H7N3 influenza A viruses have persisted in poultry in Mexico since 2012, diversifying into multiple lineages that have spread to three Mexican states, as of 2016. The H7N3 viruses segregate into three distinct clades that are geographically structured. All 2016 viruses are resistant to adamantane antiviral drugs and have an extended 24‐nucleotide insertion at the HA cleavage site that was acquired from host 28S ribosomal RNA.