bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacy Preparedness and Response for the Prevention and Control of COVID-19 in Aksum, Ethiopia; a Qualitative Exploration
Authors: Kasahun Gebremicheal Gebreslassie , Kahsay Gebremichael Mulu , Asayehegn Amha Teklu , Demoz Gebre Teklemariam , Desta Desilu Mahari , Gebretekle Gebremedhin Beedemariam 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Novel Coronavirus is a global pandemic affecting all walks of life and it significantly changed the health system practices. Pharmacists are at the front line and have long been involved in combating this public health emergency. Therefore, the study was aimed to explore pharmacy preparedness and response to prevent and control coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Methods
A qualitative study was conducted in six pharmacies in Aksum, Ethiopia in May, 2020. We conducted six in-depth interviews with purposively selected key informants. Direct observation measures were made to assess the activities made in the medicine retail outlets for the prevention and control of the pandemic. Interview data were audio-recorded, translated and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the data and OpenCode version 4.02 software was used to facilitate the data analysis.
Results
The thematic analysis has resulted in seven major themes. Good preparedness measures were undertaken to control and prevent COVID-19. Participants had good knowledge about the pandemic disease and reported they had used different resource materials to update themselves. Preparing of alcohol-based hand-rub; availing finished sanitizers and alcohol; and advising clients to maintain physical distancing were the major counseling information being delivered to prevent the disease. Some tendencies of irrational drug use and false claims of COVID-19 were observed at the beginning of the pandemic. Interview informants had reported they were working with relevant stakeholders and appropriate patient education and support were given to combat the pandemic disease.
Conclusion
The study revealed necessary pharmacy services has been rendered to all clients. However, availability of drugs and medical supplies were scarce which negatively affected the optimal delivery of pharmacy services. The government and other responsible bodies should work together to solve such problems and contain the pandemic disease.
The Dose Effect of Maternal Milk on Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Xu Yan , Yu Zhangbin , Li Qianqian , Zhou Jinjun , Yin Xiaoguang , Ma Yuelan , Yin Yujie , Jiang Shanyu , Zhu Rongping , Wu Yue , Han Liangrong , Gao Yan , Xue Mei , Qiao Yu , Zhu Lingling , Tu Wenjuan , Wu Mingfu , Wan Jun , Wang Weiyuan , Deng Xiaoyi , Li Shuangshuang , Wang Sannan , Chen Xiaoqing , Zhou Qin , Wang Jinxiu , Cheng Rui , Wang Jun , Han Shuping 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Human breast milk has potential protective effects against bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). However, limited multicenter research has been reported on the association between the dose of maternal milk and BPD in China. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the dose effects of maternal milk on BPD and other neonatal morbidities in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of preterm infants of gestational age ≤ 34 weeks and birth weight < 1500 g admitted to the multicenter clinical research database for breastfeeding quality improvement in Jiangsu province. Multivariate analysis was performed to compare the effect on neonatal outcomes of daily graded doses of maternal milk throughout the first 4 weeks of life versus a reference group receiving no maternal milk. Models were adjusted for potential confounding variables.
Results
Of 964 included infants, 279 (28.9%) received exclusive preterm formula, another 128 (13.3%) received 1–24 ml/kg, 139 (14.4%) received 25–49 ml/kg, and 418 (43.4%) received ≥ 50 ml/kg maternal milk for the first 4 weeks of life. Compared with infants receiving exclusive formula, those receiving the highest volume of maternal milk daily (≥ 50 ml/kg) had lower incidences of BPD (27.5% in ≥ 50 ml/kg maternal milk vs. 40.1% in formula), moderate and severe BPD (8.9% in ≥ 50 ml/kg maternal milk vs. 16.1% in formula), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC; 3.8% in ≥ 50 ml/kg maternal milk vs. 10.8% in formula), late-onset sepsis (LOS; 9.3% in ≥ 50 ml/kg maternal milk vs. 19.7% in formula), and extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR; 38.5% in ≥ 50 ml/kg maternal milk vs. 57.6% in formula). Logistic regression indicated that those receiving ≥ 50 ml/kg/day maternal milk had lower odds of BPD (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.453; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.309, 0.666), moderate and severe BPD (AOR 0.430; 95% CI: 0.249, 0.742), NEC (AOR 0.314; 95% CI: 0.162, 0. 607), LOS (AOR 0.420; 95% CI: 0.263, 0.673), and EUGR (AOR 0.685; 95% CI: 0.479, 0.979).
Conclusions
A daily threshold amount of ≥ 50 ml/kg maternal milk in the first 4 weeks of life was associated with lower incidence of BPD as well as NEC, LOS, and EUGR in VLBW infants.
Trial registration:
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03453502
Surgical Management and Functional Outcome of Primary Convexity Subdural Empyema With Inter-hemispheric Extension: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Ahmed Moayad Moawia Zain Elabdin , Alias Shahd A.Y , Ali Mukashfi E. A. , Mohammed Zakaria Ibrahim 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background:Subdural empyema is the collection of pus beneath the dura matter, commonly manifests as a complication of oto-rhino-laryngeal infection and rarely locates in the inter-hemispheric subdural space either as an isolated collection or as extension from the convexity of the cerebral hemisphere.Case presentation:A case of right fronto-parietal convexity subdural empyema with inter-hemispheric extension in 19 years old male is presented patient presented with fever, left sided convulsions, hemiparesis and blurring of vision. Despite the use of broad spectrum antibiotics based on cultures, surgical intervention with craniotomy was the definitive intervention needed for good recovery.Conclusion:Subdural empyema located in inter-hemispheric area represents rare form of subdural empyema. The best investigation to choose to diagnose these lesions is definitely magnetic resonance imaging of the brain .craniotomy is the surgical intervention of choice in most of the cases and almost lead to complete evacuation of the collection followed by the use of empirical antibiotic for six weeks duration, both means of treatment are used in order to reach better functional outcome.
α-Linolenic acid induces clearance of Tau seed via Actin-remodeling in Microglia
Authors: Desale Smita Eknath , Chinnathambi Subashchandrabose 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background Tau seeds exhibit a detrimental role in the spread of disease in Alzheimer’s disease. These species are found to be neurotoxic and activate microglia. However, the activation of microglia in pro-inflammatory response further elevates neurodegeneration. Omega-3 dietary fatty acids, on the other hand; exert an anti-inflammatory response by microglia. Along with the receptor expression, omega-3 fatty acids influence various important cellular functions. The role of omega-3 fatty acids on actin remodeling, which is the basis of cellular functions such as migration and phagocytosis is not known. Here in this study, we focus on effect of dietary supplement of ALA on extracellular Tau internalization and assisted actin polymerization for the process. ALA is found to induce membrane ruffling and phagocytic cup formation along with cytoskeletal rearrangement to induce lamellipodia and filopodia at the front end to move forward and assist the cell to identify the target. ALA is observed to promote the internalization of Tau and necessary actin remodeling for phagocytosis. Methods α-Linolenic (ALA) acid has been used for the study. ALA was dissolved in 100% ethanol and solubilized at 50°C for 2 hours. The human Tau aggregates was prepared in vitro for the internalization study in microglia in presence of α-Linolenic acids (ALA) via fluorescence microscopy with Apotome. The studied the role α-Linolenic acids (ALA) actin remodeling in cellular processes in presence of Tau seed. The study of actin structures lamellipodia, filopodia, and membrane ruffling along with Iba-1 and Arp2/3 complex was observed on ALA exposure. Results Extracellular Tau species are found to internalize more presence of ALA in microglia. The extensive polarization and migration was observed as indicated by extensive lamellipodia and filopodia formation. The formation of extensive actin branching in lamellipodia and membrane ruffling was studied with the help of ARP2/3 complex for nucleating actin network. The high density of ARP2/3 complex at the leading ends of migratory microglia confirmed the extensive branching of actin filaments on ALA exposure. Enhanced formation of lamellipodia and filopodia helps in migration and internalization of tau seed. The actin dynamics supports the phagocytosis process. Conclusion Our approach provides the insights of beneficial role of ALA as anti-inflammatory dietary supplement to treat AD. ALA induces internalization of Tau and necessary actin remodeling for phagocytosis.
Understanding Steps and Challenges to Take-home Naloxone and Buprenorphine/naloxone Implementation in Québec Emergency Rooms: Suboxed Project
Authors: Talbot Annie , Khemiri Rania , Londei-Leduc Luc , Robin Christine , Marcotte Suzanne , Therrien Guenièvre , Goulet Geneviève , Beaudet-Hillman Geneviève , Ouellette Christine , Brissette Suzanne , Sako Aïssata , Martin Marcel , Lauzon Pierre 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
BackgroundDeaths attributable to drug abuse are on the rise across Canada. It is estimated that there were more than 13,900 opioid-related deaths from January 2016 to June 2019 in the country. Emergency departments (EDs) are often on the frontline of care provided to people at risk of opioid overdose within Québec’s healthcare system. A variety of programs to implement take-home naloxone distribution and/or the provision of opioid agonist treatment for ED patients who are at risk for overdose have been created in the United States and in Europe. However, few EDs in Canada have developed protocols for the provision of take-home naloxone and/or opioid agonist treatment by ED doctors.MethodsA clinical algorithm for take home naloxone (THN) and prescription of buprenorphine/naloxone (B/N) was implemented in three EDs of Québec, Canada. This first phase of the SuboxED project required selecting clinical experts, describing the patient population, and creating partnerships with pharmacists and opioid agonist treatment clinics.Results:The clinical experts developed tools based on literature reviews and national and international guidelines. They also created educational tools and trained over 328 ED clinical staff. In addition, SuboxED ensured that a supply of take-home naloxone and B/n was available in the three ED sites for the study.ConclusionImplementing the proposed clinical algorithm for THN and prescription of B/N was challenging: drug supply and ED staff’s buy-in were among the most notable difficulties of SuboxED. Planning training sessions at three different institutions, each with its own governance structure and clinical culture, local realities and harm reduction priorities was complicated. Engaging already overworked ED teams consistently working in a gridlocked environments, revealed in itself to be a difficult endeavour.In the next phase of SuboxED, we will focus on data collection and analysis to evaluate both the implementation of the protocol through a retrospective review of electronic health records and satisfaction surveys of patients and healthcare professionals.Trial registration: noneContribution to the literatureIn the midst of the opioid overdose crisis, initiating a clinical algorithm for take-home naloxone and prescription of B/n in three operationally different Canadian emergency departments was feasible.Implementing a clinical algorithm for take-home naloxone and prescription of B/n is challenging; significant barriers involve drug supply, ED staff buy-in, training, engaging already overworked ED team.
Antiretroviral Therapy Based Hiv Prevention Targeting Young Female-Sex Workers: A Mixed Method Approach to Understand the Implementation of Prep in a Rural Area of Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Chimbindi Natsayi , Mthiyane Nondumiso , Zuma Thembelihle , Baisley Kathy , Pillay Deenan , McGrath Nuala , Harling Guy , Sherr Lorraine , Birdthistle Isolde , Floyd Sian , Dreyer Jaco , Nakasone Sarah , Seeley Janet , Shahmanesh Maryam 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Introduction: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has the potential to alter the HIV epidemic in South Africa. Between 2016 and 2018 PrEP was rolled-out for 18-24 year-old female-sex workers (FSW) in a rural KwaZulu-Natal subdistrict with very high HIV incidence among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW). Using a ‘framework of access’ model, we describe PrEP access, awareness and uptake for AGYW, including community members’ attitudes towards PrEP for young people.Methods: We enrolled a cohort of 2184 AGYW aged 13-22 living within the subdistrict and quantitatively measured their eligibility, awareness and uptake of PrEP and other HIV prevention interventions in 2017 and 2018. We supplemented this insight with in depth exploration by conducting 19 group discussions with young people and community members, nine stakeholder key informant interviews, 58 in-depth interviews with 15-24 year-olds and 33 with implementing partners, and participatory observations. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.Results: PrEP awareness increased from 2% to 9% from 2017 to 2018. Among 965 AGYW sexually-active by 2018, 13.4% (95%CI: 11.4-15.7%) reported transactional sex and 10.6% (95%CI: 8.8-12.7%) sex for money. Of these latter 194 PrEP-eligible AGYW, 21 were aware of PrEP, but none had ever used it. Wider community members were generally unaware of PrEP but imagined it would benefit young people, HIV-serodiscordant couples and those in long-distance relationships. Youth saw PrEP as a positive alternative to condoms since it “will be in their system” and not get in the way of sex. Teachers and healthcare providers were more apprehensive: worrying that PrEP would lower personal responsibility for sexual health.Conclusions: Although PrEP awareness increased and it was generally acceptable, uptake was low even among eligible AGYW, i.e., who reported FSW activity. Condom use remained undesirable suggesting a need to include PrEP in offers of alternative HIV prevention technologies to comdoms. The targeted nature of public-sector PrEP for FSW may have limited the reach, and the future broader roll-out, of PrEP in this setting. Inclusive approaches to PrEP provision integrated with wider sexual healthmay help improve demand and access to PrEP.
Investigation of Robustness of Radiomics Features Generated With Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Image Analysis
Authors: Tamal Mahbubunnabi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Quantification of heterogeneous radiotracer uptake in PET has the potential to be used as a biomarker of prognosis. Textural features accounting for both spatial and intensity information have recently been applied to FDG-PET images and used to predict treatment response. However, textural features have been predicted to strongly depend on volume. Other factors affecting textural features such as segmentation and quantization have previously been investigated on clinical data while image contrast and noise have not been assessed systematically. This study aims to investigate the relationships between textural features and these factors using phantom data.Methods: The torso NEMA phantom was first filled with 18F solutions to yield different contrasts between the six hot spheres (0.5-27 cm3) and the colder uniform background (2:1, 4:1, 8:1) and scanned on the TrueV PET-CT scanner for 120min. Images were reconstructed using OSEM (4 iterations, 21 subsets) for different scan durations (15-120min) and smoothed with a 4-mm Gaussian filter. The phantom with two heterogeneous spherical inserts (8.2 and 18.8 cm3) was then scanned and reconstructed using same protocol for contrast 4:1 only. All spheres were delineated using three approaches 1) the exact boundaries based on their known diameters, 2) 40% fixed threshold and 3) adaptive threshold. Textural features were derived from the co-occurrence matrix using different quantization levels (8-256). Results: Some textural features (contrast, dissimilarity, entropy, correlation) increase while others (homogeneity, energy) decrease with quantization at different rates depending on sphere volume. When using the exact delineation, contrast and scan duration (noise) have a lesser effect on textural features than sphere volume. When applying the same exact regions on the uniform background (no partial volume), the relationships between textural features and volume are comparable to when applied to the respective spheres except for correlation. Textural features are indirectly related to noise and contrast via segmentation with adaptive threshold being superior compared to the fixed threshold. Conclusion:Among the six textural features, homogeneity and dissimilarity are the most suitable for measuring PET tumour heterogeneity with quantization 64 if regions are segmented using methods that are robust to noise and contrast variations. To use these textural features as prognostic biomarkers, changes in textural features between baseline and treatment scans should always be reported along with the changes in volumes.
Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S)
Authors: Barrios Iván , Ríos-González Carlos , O’Higgins Marcelo , González Israel , García Oscar , Díaz Noelia Ruiz , Castaldelli-Maia João Mauricio , Ventriglio Antonio , Torales Julio 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Globally, mental health impairments have been described based on the fear of the infection generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study is to test the psychometric properties of the Spanish validation the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), which has been recently developed to measure fear quantitatively. Participants were recruited through an Internet-based survey. 1077 subjects were included. To establish construct validity, an exploratory factor analysis was performed using the KMO test, which was adequate, and the Bartlett sphericity test, which was significant (p <.0001). The CFI, NFI, GFI, TLI and RMSEA indices were used to evaluate the model and showed good adjustment. Cronbach’s alpha showed valid internal consistency (α=0.86). This validation is supported by significant correlation (p <.001) with the HADS scale for anxiety and depression and with the Fear Questionnaire scale for specific phobia. In conclusion, the Spanish version of the FCV-19S is a 7-item scale with two dimensions, psychological symptoms (items 1, 2, 4, and 5) and physiological symptoms (items 3, 6, and 7) with robust psychometric properties.
Health Related Quality of Life in Men After Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Białkowska Monika , Stołtny Tomasz , Pasek Jarosław , Mielnik Michał , Szyluk Karol , Kasperczyk Sławomir , Cieślar Grzegorz , Koczy Bogdan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Hip osteoarthritis is a substantial health-related, social, and economic problem.The aim of the study was assessment of life quality in men with degenerative hip disease, after total hip arthroplastyor metaphyseal surgery.Material and methods: 118male patients were subjects of the study, being in the age range from 31 to 79years of age, qualified for the procedure of total hip arthroplasty. The study was a questionnaire study, in which for assessing Quality of Life in patients, the abbreviated version of WHOQoL-BREF,as well as EQ-5D-5L, and SF-36 scale. The assessment of life quality was performed before the surgery, during the first follow-up visit (6 weeks after surgery) and 6 months after the surgery. Results: The results from WHOQoL-BREF questionnaire demonstrated a statistically significant improvement regarding the assessed quality of life after the surgery –in the 6th week after the procedure by 4% and 21% (p<0.001), after 6 months by 13% and 42% (p<0.001), respectively. The most significant improvement was found in the somatic domain –by 5% after 6 weeks, and by 6% after 6 months(p<0.001). The quality of life according to the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire revealed statistically significant improvement after 6 weeks, by 18-24% (p<0.001), while after 6 months by 41-48% (p<0.001). The most considerable improvement was achieved in reducing pain complaints and enhancing the ability to move.In the SF-36 questionnaire, in turn, statistically significant improvement 6 months after the surgery refer to both physical (by 44%),and mental condition(by 54%) (p<0.001). Conclusions: The total hip arthroplasty results in improvement quality of life in examined group ofmen withhip osteoarthrosis, as early as 6 weeks after the procedure, while the improvement is more perceptible 6 months after the procedure, mainly the less severe pain experienced, and better functioning of examined patients.
Political Actors Participation within Nation-Wide Social Distancing during CoVID-19 Pandemic in Twitter
Authors: Setiadi Tatak 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Government of Indonesia’s decision after concerning the increasing of CoVID-19 confirmed case evidences is conducted by stating that there must be required an initial step to reduce its spread, that is by nation-wide social distancing (PSBB). Accordingly, this PSBB issue was then responded by citizen in many ways, including through social media Twitter. The aim of the research is to extract the issues and key actors within the social network of Twitter in Indonesia. The research mined around 5,000 tweets on May 6th, 2020, which included the keyword ’psbb’ and hashtag ‘#psbb’. The implementation of PSBB in nation scale actually impacted some sectors in society. By using text mining and Social Network Analysis (SNA), it is found some important key points. First, the issue of PSBB in social media Twitter in Indonesia are mostly about annecdotal terms of PSBB became ‘social distancing ends up to relationship break’ which is initially popularized by entertainer named FiersaBesari rather than the origin ‘nation-wide social distancing’. Second, looking deeper into the core network, it is found that the most influential Twitter user is named yunartowijaya, an executive director of political consultant institution Charta Politika. Third, online news media which actively involved within PSBB issue are detikcom and CNNIndonesia. And fourth, despite each actor’s political interest, especially those of Demokrat Party, almost all key users in this networks are critizing the Government of Indonesia’s ideas and policies of PSBB during CoVID-19 pandemic.