bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a Sustainable and Harmonized Education in the Mapuche Context
Authors: Pino M Del , Berres S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The intercultural education in the Mapuche context has been generating many criticisms in the Chilean context. One of the main criticisms is that intercultural education programs have been imposed by the State, but do not respond to the educational needs or requirements of indigenous communities. Moreover, these programs have not been built in collaboration with the indigenous communities themselves. In this sense, a mayor question remains: what is actually meant by “interculturality” by the Mapuche people themselves, as they state that they are already intercultural because they know both their language (mapuzungun) and the official language of Chile (Castilian) and have forcibly accepted the institutionality and western rationality in Chile. In this context, it is worth asking how “interculturality” can contribute to a sustainable development of education in the Mapuche context. Since “sustainable development”, as implemented in “interculturality programs”, has a western epistemic base, it tends to lead to a homogenization of the knowledge and its further development. Therefore, if we want to think of education for sustainable development in a hypothetical and ideal way, then we should establish a broader or expanded epistemology that covers both language and action of indigenous epistemologies such as “balance” and “harmony” with the land, the rivers, the lakes, the forests, the people, the peoples and the cosmos; we observe that parts of the western epistemologies are aligning to that “balance” with the aim to valorise and recognize the importance of life in “community”. Thus, from the above, there emerges the need to rescue territorial and sociocultural components, which show epistemic and epistemological categories, from both western and indigenous rationalities, in order to generate an education in the framework of “sustainable development”, which can establish a dialogue of educational knowledge between the indigenous and the Chilean western context.
Animitas in the Araucanía: Mourning and Tragedies Crystallized in the Public Space
Authors: Mellado A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The animita is installed in the public space unrelated to any formal or institutional regulation, it is incorporated into the citizen’s traffic at the specific place where a tragedy has occurred; or where a violent or accidental death has occurred (murders or children murders, suicides, accidents to pedestrians, delinquents or travellers). The blood spilled together with candles lighted by the mourners, demarcates the point of orientation for the soul of the deceased and it will be the place where a new animita, (temple house), or whatever the constructive imaginary on a small scale permits. It is there where life and death give way to the ineffable; where the deceased becomes a Popular Saint through favours granted, and, thanks to them, he or she will be able to atone for his or her sins and conclude their mission, abruptly truncated in life. The animitas are incorporated into the urban or rural architectural scene, presenting themselves as areas for devotion and indirectly as a reminder of the fragility of life. Because they’re part of communal heritage and take place as social warrens, they represent a challenge for the architectural planning of the city and its road connectivity networks. The tension between the practices of the mortuary rite of the past and the present warns us about the challenges to think and reflect on the new intelligent city, which must dialogue in a respectful and sustainable way with its secular manifestations and its roots in cultural identity in southern Chile.
Living and Building in Nature. In search of an Ethical and Ecological Architectural Education in La Araucanía Region, Chile
Authors: Perez P , Eyquem M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
To establish a new school of architecture today, in Araucanía (a region in Chile that embodies a global heritage for its conserved original nature and cultures), proposes the challenge of re-contextualizing the architectural practice and teaching. This article seeks to account for the particular process of re-contextualization, from the pedagogical experience in “Introduction to Architecture” of the Universidad Catolica de Temuco. The Experience was articulated around two questions: 1) How can we approach an architecture that is more sensitive to nature? 2) What can we learn from the vision that the local cultures have about man, space, and nature? To approach these questions, we have proposed an experiential methodology focused on promoting a multimodal and holistic education through living and working in nature, and a transcultural dialogue with the local cultures through building together. The method proposes the direct experience of the natural and spatial factors, from which, a sensitive and subtle measure of space emerges, materialized in physical signs on the site. In this way, students learn to design from awareness, appreciation, and care of the natural context. This article summarizes the field experiences of the class and its learning outcomes, according to the perspective of its participants. It proposes the possibility of a new approach for the Architecture-Nature relationship, and the search for new learning methodologies, which emphasizes the training of professionals with a deep ecological and ethical sensitivity, relevant to an ecologically and culturally sensitive Territory. This article seeks to be an invitation to a more ethical, humane, and sustainable education.
A Citizen-Defined Vision for the City’s Future. A New Contribution to the Discourse of Citizen Participation in Piura, Peru
Authors: Schroeder S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Many urban projects have shown that there is a lack of exchanges between the different communal actors. Inhabitants are poorly informed about urban development and are not included in it. In managing current challenges in urban development, a balance must be struck between common sense approaches and local needs. Therefore, the active participation of target groups is an important prerequisite for the success and sustainability of projects and programs. To address this gap in urban development in the city of Piura, Peru, an urban vision was developed along with many Piurans. A discursive space was created that invites to formulate ideas about urban development with which it is possible to collect, value and promote local knowledge of the citizen about places, challenges and opportunities of urban planning as well as their creativity to achieve the empowerment of the population and boost new bottom-up activities. Based on 600 ideas, a first version of the urban vision was developed. The vision is meant to serve as a participatory counterpart to the official plans of the city: a constructive contribution to the discussion, which reveals the weaknesses of public programs and shows the power in the ideas of citizens.
Social Sustainability in the Use of Public Space
Authors: Quiroga S , Cayuqueo P 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Public space is a bone of contention between different groups that try to impose their own values and interests. Both the way of devising the pattern of roads and their names, monuments, architectural works, and the uses and transits given to all these elements, result in a subjective construction that when imposed unilaterally or in a context of plurality consensus, give rise to social conflict or sustainability in relations, exchanges and coexistence within the “polis”. A review of the manner in which the public space of the city of Temuco has been organized can provide an intimation for, on one hand, understanding the conflicts arising therein, and, on another, thinking of social sustainability solutions to those conflicts where interacting groups can identify with and feel represented by that public space.
Effects on the Compressive Strength and Thermal Conductivity of Mass Concrete by the Replacement of Fine Aggregate by Mussel Shell Particulate
Authors: Figueroa J , Fuentealba M , Ponce R , Zúñiga M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The behaviour of mussel shell particulate as fine aggregate for mass concrete has been analysed. The shells were washed and mechanically crushed to obtain a particle size similar to that of the natural aggregate (fine) to be replaced, which was dried at 140 °C. The Faury-Joisel method was used to design the H-35(95)-20-6 structural mass concrete sample, with 0%, 10%, 30% and 60% replacements of fine aggregate by mussel shell particulates, performing compressive strength and thermal conductivity analyses at 7 and 28 days. The results indicate that in order to maintain the compressive strength of H-35(95)-20-6 structural mass concrete, the replacement percentage should not exceed 40%. On the other hand, as the mussel shell particulates in the concrete increase, the thermal conductivity decreases, turning into a material with a tendency to increase thermal insulation, which would help to improve the new demands on energy saving and efficiency in households, if used as coating. Hence, it can be concluded that it is feasible to replace fine aggregate with mussel shell particulate matter, which would be useful in increasing the recycling of this residue and in reducing its natural exploitation.
Comparative Economic Sustainability of Commonly used Flat Roofs in Portugal
Authors: Ribas D , Curado A , Cachim P 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The construction of new buildings as well as its retrofitting processes should be ruled by sustainability concepts considered since the design and project phases. The materials and the construction processes used at each stage have a direct influence on the sustainability of the final solution at all parts of the “before use” stage of a building life cycle, namely: “pre-construction”, “product” and “construction process”. The aim of this paper is to compare three different construction solutions for flat roofs, commonly used in Portuguese buildings regarding their economical sustainability. All the solutions have the same functional equivalent, i.e. they are designed to have similar thermal, acoustical and fire protection performance. In order to evaluate the economical sustainability of the different construction solutions, the EcoSust methodology, based on the European standards framework, will be applied. According to this methodology the result of the economic performance is expressed in monetary units and the result of the sustainability performance by an index of economical sustainability (A+, A, B, C, D, E).
Determining the Degree of Reliability of Energy Simulation Based on a Model of Organizational Capacity and Maturity
Authors: Bugueño W , Lobos D 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The maturity and capacity of a business are parameters that are directly associated to its quality and experience. In the specialized field of energy performance, these parameters are a determining factor on the reliability of results. In Chile, a lack of codes, standards or norms on energy simulation, it is of vital importance to have a system that is precise in its predictions. This study is centered on determining the level of uncertainty by analyzing different specialized firms in this field, taking into account their level of experience and internal capacities.
We analyzed 32 consulting firms in function of their capacities and experience through a matrix of organizational capacity and maturity adapted to the energy efficiency field. To do this, we proposed the following elements of analysis: type of system used for simulation (static-dynamic), qualification of the staff in charge of each study, certification in national or international standards related to the specialty, use of internal work protocols and the existence of a quality assurance system for their processes.
It can be expected that the level of reliability increases with firm maturity due to the ponderation that is assigned to each level. At the same time good performance is assured when there exist objective procedures that sustain internal capacities in such a way that the highest levels of predictability are achieved in an optimized atmosphere complemented with quality assurance systems.
This tool can serve as a reference for firms in the project design phase, in such way that they can determine the confidence level of a simulation in function of the specialist’s quality and experience.
Double Skin Facade Buildings: Configurations and Technologies in Brazil
Authors: Márcio de Salles T , Mela D 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Among the possibilities of intelligent buildings facades, Double Skin has been used more frequently in the construction industry. The application of this type of facade in tropical climate countries such as Brazil is recent. This indicates the need for further research on the subject, mainly to establish guidelines for achieving better quality of buildings that incorporate such technological solution, as well as for the well-being of end-users. The objective of this paper is to characterize double skin facades and how they are being used in the Brazilian context. The methodology included literature review to identify the types of second skin being used in these facades in Brazil, and multiple case studies to identify and analyse their configurations. Results pointed out that the characteristics and configurations of the systems are like the classification of double skin facades used in countries with mild climates. However, its main function in the Brazilian context is to serve as an element for shadowing and protection of the building. Due to the lack of information related to this type of facade in the Brazilian architecture, this research expands the possibilities and stimulates other evaluations on the theme. It is believed that more in-depth knowledge of the characteristics of this system will contribute to guidelines for designing double skin facades in hot climates.
Social Contribution of Housing on Vulnerable Populations: A Case Study for the Region of La Araucanía
Authors: Maldonado V , Sierra-Varela L , Loyola M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Within the framework of social sustainability, the studies that measure the contribution of houses allocated to the country’s most vulnerable population are limited. This article presents a case study that assesses the contribution of a social housing project to social sustainability in the Region of La Araucanía, Chile. Here, the degree of social contribution for the Amuley Ruka project in Pitrufquén, Region of La Araucanía is determined. In this study, a pre-post assessment was used by triangulating the data obtained in field visits, interviews and document reviews. Thus, appropriate indicators were adjusted to measure multiple evaluation criteria and the measurement scales were standardized. All this makes it possible to determine the vulnerable situation of the beneficiaries, the effects on the context and the criteria to improve. The results obtained clarify the partial and total contribution of the social housing project. It is detected that the criteria “Connectivity and access” and “Family support” do not present significant differences resulting from the project. In addition, the criteria “Community Health and Safety” and “Recreation infrastructure” show a reduction in their contribution with respect to the social housing intervention.
Public Transport as a Public Place: Urban Insertion Strategies of the Coquimbo – La Serena Light Rail Project
Authors: Hidalgo R 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The public transport systems, as much for its infrastructure magnitude as for the importance of its services, have been addressed from the urban design theory and practice as potential structure elements of the contemporary urban experience. They are presented as privileged meeting points, and as possible protagonists of the form, culture and identity of a city. The Coquimbo-La Serena light rail project arises as an alternative to improve the connectivity through public transportation of this conurbation, a new metropolitan area of almost half million inhabitants, which has undergone far-reaching changes in its mobility habits in the last decades. The use of private cars has doubled in detriment of the use of public transport and walking, which consequently produces congestion and pollution problems. This project proposes a new longitudinal connection, a clean, efficient and interconnected backbone of public transport, which links isolated residential sectors with the city town areas and the main public infrastructure of both cities. It is presented as a “complete street” project that unites important elements of history, geography and city life, being a new urban landmark that conveys the will of diverse actors accomplished as a public-private project through the MOP (Acronym for Ministry of Public Works) concession system.
This article, which is the first academic work about the project, highlights the role of the public transport infrastructure as a central element of the sustainable construction and development of the city, and it discusses the light rail suitability in this sense, particularly compared to the BRT option. Through the presentation of the urban insertion strategies of the Coquimbo–La Serena light rail project, it is stated that a public transportation infrastructure constitutes “place” when it is integrated to the structure, landscape and urban public spaces in a sustainable way.
Effects of the Built Environment on Pedestrian Accessibility in Neighbourhoods in Southern Chile. The case of Temuco, Chile
Authors: Zumelzu A , Estrada M , Jara C , Peña C 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe aim of this article is to evaluate the effects of the built environment on pedestrian accessibility in two neighborhoods in the area of Alemania Avenue, in the city of Temuco, Chile. The methodology integrates three evaluation methods: the methodMorphoto explore the morphological conditions that influence walkability; The method developed by Emily Talen to measure walking distance to local services and facilities; andPeople Followingmethod from Space Syntax theory to evaluate which spatial factors influence the choice of routes and to explore the distance that people walk between their points of interests. Results show that the choice of routes that people take to reach a destination is not defined by the shortest route, but rather by the spatial quality of streets and street frontages. The study suggests that elements such as blind walls, the absence of green spaces and the decrease in the size of sidewalks on streets affects negatively in the choice of routes, and consequently pedestrian accessibility. The article concludes with recommendations for urban planning neighborhoods towards a more sustainable future.
Hearing Children’s Voices: The Role of Public Space in Vulnerable Communities. The case of the Hills of Valparaíso, Chile
Authors: Soto M , León J , Escobar A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The relationship of childhood and public space is increasingly distant. Various factors, both social and governmental (from violence to the planning processes themselves), have gradually led to an environment in which what is public becomes alien. In this context, the analysis of public space and its relationship to children’s lives must draw attention to not only children’s perceptions of these spaces but also the role they should accommodate. In this respect, the research aims to identify children’s activity patterns and safety perceptions about public spaces in communities highly vulnerable to socio-natural disasters. To this end, three case studies are presented, corresponding to three public spaces located in the hills of the city of Valparaíso, a territory which, in addition to having a lack of green areas, is characterized by recurring socio-natural disasters such as earthquakes and fires. Additionally, these three public spaces were chosen according to the level of inclusion of the child population in their respective design processes. Six focus groups with children between the ages of 8 and 11 years old who study in educational establishments near the squares were conducted to identify the children’s perceptions of these public spaces and understand their roles as safe spaces amid anthropogenic or natural risks. The results show that the children feel more involved in and closer to public spaces when they have participated in their design; however, they do not consider these spaces areas of protection against socio-natural disasters.
Urban Ecology. Bird Diversity in Cities in Southern Chile
Authors: Muñoz-Pedreros A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Urbanisation is a dominant demographic trend and an important component of the earth’s global transformation. It has unprecedented socioeconomic, cultural and environmental implications, and poses a threat to the conservation of biodiversity, as it can provoke alterations in ecological systems and lead to poor functioning of urban systems as they are currently structured. From the ecological point of view, the city is a fragmented, heterogeneous, complex mosaic of habitats, including ecosystems with different degrees of alteration. Urban systems contain only small areas of fragments of original vegetation and/or artificial green spaces, leading to a drastic decrease from their original abundance and diversity. However, green spaces, including original fragments, can help to conserve bird diversity, improving the functioning of these artificial systems in the medium term. This study looks at the characteristics and benefits of urban ecology in the framework of sustainable development, and carries out a meta-analysis of research into bird diversity in four cities in southern Chile, using ecological indices (Shannon-Wiener, β diversity between cities). The results reveal that there is low evenness in the four cities and that the city with the highest evenness is Valdivia (J = 0.78). There is clear dominance by a few bird species (e.g. the exotic species house sparrow Passer domesticus and rock pigeon Columba livia, and the native species rufous-collared sparrow Zonotricia capensis, austral thrush Turdus falklandii, southern lapwing Vanellus chilensis, and chimango caracara Milvago chimango). β diversity is low as the four cities show similarity greater than 50%. Birds reject paved surfaces in squares and prefer areas with native bushes and trees, with nearby bodies of water and large spaces (parks rather than squares). The study proposes technical recommendations and suggests further research.