bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Against Minimalist Responses to Moral Debunking Arguments
Authors: Korman Daniel Z. , Locke Dustin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Moral debunking arguments are meant to show that, by realist lights, moral beliefs are not explained by moral facts, which in turn is meant to show that they lack some significant counterfactual connection to the moral facts (e.g. safety, sensitivity, reliability). The dominant, “minimalist” response to the arguments—sometimes defended under the heading of “third-factors” or “pre-established harmonies”—involves affirming that moral beliefs enjoy the relevant counterfactual connection while granting that these beliefs are not explained by the moral facts. The authors argue that the minimalist gambit rests on a controversial thesis about epistemic priority: that explanatory concessions derive their epistemic import from what they reveal about counterfactual connections. They then challenge this epistemic priority thesis, which undermines the minimalist response to debunking arguments (both in ethics and elsewhere).
Introduction
Authors: Batt Jennifer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This book begins by exploring how the labouring-class poet Stephen Duck came to be used as a cautionary tale to warn against the dangers of social mobility. Duck’s story was a remarkable one: he was an agricultural labourer from Wiltshire whose writing, in 1730, won him the patronage of Queen Caroline. He wrote repeatedly about the pleasures of finding contentment in one’s current position, as well as of the dangers of ambition, but the circumstances of his life and death suggest he lived at odds with such ideas. This introduction explores how Duck’s life and writing have been read from the eighteenth century through to the present day, and sketches out the ways in which this book’s arguments complicate and challenge the accepted narratives of Duck’s life and death.
‘For Duck can thresh, you know, as well as write’
Authors: Batt Jennifer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how Stephen Duck’s public identity as ‘the famous Threshing Poet’ was forged as much by what was written about him as it was by anything he wrote himself. In the weeks and months after Queen Caroline’s patronage was announced, the poetic abilities of the agricultural labourer were debated in pamphlets, newspaper articles, poems, essays, and even dramatic scenes. What did the emergence of such a poet mean for contemporary literary culture? Could a labourer really merit the extraordinary acclaim that Duck had received, or was his present fame a symptom of a worrying decline in standards? Was he an isolated and unique case, or just the most visible exemplar of a growing group of ambitious and talented labouring-class men and women? And if there were more labouring-class poets like him, was that prospect to be welcomed or feared? This chapter explores how Duck’s contemporaries sought to answer these questions. For some, the thresher poet was an ill-educated rustic whose startling rise to fame was symptomatic of a debased literary sphere; for others, though, Duck was an important figurehead of an emerging movement of labouring-class writing.
‘The Duty of a grateful Muse’
Authors: Batt Jennifer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how Stephen Duck adapted to life as a poet at the court of George II and Queen Caroline. The patronage that Queen Caroline extended to Duck in 1730 transformed his life and opened up remarkable new opportunities to him. This chapter explores how Duck strove to repay her generosity. Tentatively at first, and then with more confidence, Duck developed into a reliable Hanoverian panegyrist, ready and able to dispense verse on royal birthdays, weddings, and funerals. Duck performed this role with increasing ambition until the Queen’s death in 1737 brought his close association with courtly pageantry to an abrupt end.
‘A very agreeable Conversation’
Authors: Batt Jennifer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how Stephen Duck used his increasing proficiency in classical learning to position himself in relation to male patrons and friends, including Henry Temple, Lord Palmerston, and Joseph Spence. The various models offered by Horace were particularly useful to Duck in this process. Initially, by imitating Horace’s odes Duck crafted non-threatening reflections on his achievements which were couched in a language of contentment and moderation. Later, with more daring, Duck adopted the Horatian satirical mode in order to reflect on his place in literary culture. The example of Horace enabled Duck to develop a confident poetic voice. By the early 1740s, his earlier, earnest sincerity was displaced by a witty willingness to make fun of his labouring-class origins.
Conclusion
Authors: Batt Jennifer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The concluding chapter explores how the narratives that developed around Stephen Duck’s life and works impacted upon subsequent labouring-class writers. As the eighteenth century progressed and increasing numbers of labouring-class men and women sought to publish their own verse and develop their own literary careers, Duck’s example was invoked again and again, by the poets themselves, their patrons, their reviewers, and their readers. Although the comparison was seldom intended as a compliment, these repeated references back to Duck cemented his position at the head of a developing tradition of labouring-class poetry. As Duck had throughout his life, so too after his death did he provide both opportunity and provocation for thinking through the contested and complex relationships that existed between class, patronage, and poetry in Hanoverian England.
The Green’s function in linear elasticity
Authors: Sutton Adrian P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The elastostatic Green’s tensor function is the solution of a differential equation for the displacement field created by a unit point force in an infinite continuum. Its symmetry is derived using Maxwell’s reciprocity theorem. A general integral expression is derived for the Green’s function in anisotropic media. The Green’s function in isotropic elasticity is derived in closed form. The relation between the elastic Green’s function in a continuum and in a harmonic crystal lattice is shown. The application of the Green’s function to solving displacement fields of point defects exerting defect forces on neighbouring atoms leads to dipole, quadrupole, octupole, etc. tensors for point defects. Eshelby’s ellipsoidal inclusion problem is solved in isotropic elasticity. Using perturbation theory analytic expressions for the Green’s function in a weakly anisotropic cubic crystal are obtained in problem 3 of set 4. The derivation of the elastodynamic Green’s function in isotropic elasticity is outlined.
Post-Liberal Competitions?
Authors: Davies William 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Competitions have a “liberal” quality, where the traits they measure or reward have some connection to broader moral virtues, beyond the frame of a contest, and where they have transparency surrounding their norms and metrics of evaluation. This allows competitions to serve as consensus-forming procedures, which establish differentials of value in a publicly agreeable fashion. However, competitions can also be organized for the benefit of the organizer, in order to acquire information about participants and accrue competitive advantage in some larger competition. In the age of the digital platform, competitive performance is constantly monitored, but in ways that don’t produce public results or consensus. As in randomized controlled trials, the “world” as encountered by the participant looks very different from the one seen by the observer. This produces a format of “post-liberal competition,” in which (in Goffman’s terms) the “front stage” and “back stage” are radically split from each other.
The Function of Cynicism at the Present Time
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cynicism is usually seen as a provocative mode of dissent from conventional moral thought, casting doubt on the motives that guide right conduct. When critics today complain that it is ubiquitous but lacks the serious bite of classical Cynicism, they express concern that it can now only be corrosively negative. The Function of Cynicism at the Present Time takes a more balanced view. Re-evaluating the role of cynicism in literature, cultural criticism, and philosophy from 1840 to the present, it treats cynic confrontationalism as a widely employed credibility check on the promotion of moral ideals—with roots in human psychology. Helen Small investigates how writers have engaged with Cynic traditions of thought, and later more gestural styles of cynicism, to recalibrate dominant moral values, judgements of taste, and political agreements. The argument develops through a series of cynic challenges to conventional moral thinking: Friedrich Nietzsche on morality; Thomas Carlyle vs. J. S. Mill on the permissible limits of moral provocation; Arnold on the freedom of criticism; George Eliot and Ford Madox Ford on cosmopolitanism; Bertrand Russell, John Dewey, and Laura Kipnis on the conditions of work in the university. The Function of Cynicism treats topics of present-day public concern: abrasive styles of public argument, debasing challenges to conventional morality, free speech, moral controversialism, the authority of reason, and the limits of that authority, nationalism and resistance to nationalism, and liberty of expression as a core principle of the university.
On Nietzsche and Doing Less with Cynicism
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks to provide a more thorough account than has yet been offered of how far, and to what ends, Friedrich Nietzsche’s sceptical ‘realism’ was fashioned with an eye on Cynic styles of argument. Starting with the reappearance of Diogenes of Sinope in The Gay Science, it explores the histrionic characterization of der tolle Mensche and his ‘untimeliness’ in ways that open up Nietzsche’s sense of the typology and stylistic gambits of Cynicism as helpful but inadequate models for the lived practice of philosophy. The focus then moves to how Cynicism helps to drive Nietzsche’s thinking in two main respects: first, his attempts to articulate what may be required to be ‘free-spirited’ in one’s philosophizing and fashion a philosophical style in the assumption of that freedom; and, second, the important role of Cynicism in the articulation of the genealogy of morality.
Speech Beyond Toleration
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter treats one of the great confrontations in the history of British public moralism between cynical provocation and a more ‘responsible’ approach to freedom of expression: Thomas Carlyle’s deliberate offences against progressive sentiment in his ‘Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question’ (1849) and John Stuart Mill’s swift and uncharacteristically angry response. Nietzsche (in pursuit of higher values and still freer speech) thought that Carlyle did not go nearly deep enough in the challenges he posed to conventional political morality—but the ‘Occasional Discourse’ went far enough to make Carlyle’s own name a byword, still, for moral and political provocateurship. The chapter argues that his cynicisms and Mill’s astringent reply provide a helpful historical basis from which to consider similar challenges today to normative views of public argument and styles of expression.
In Praise of Idleness?
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter turns to the university, deepening the critical-historical focus on the institutional settings within which cynicism (for all its anti-institutionalism) resides as a modern critical practice. The primary concern here is with the university as a forum in which debate about the importance of, and the constraints on, free speech has in recent years generated unhappy and (in the USA) occasionally violent levels of conflict. Attending closely to advocacy for professional freedom of expression in the work of Bertrand Russell, John Dewey, and Laura Kipnis (the latter operating in the context of Title IX legal disputes and the #MeToo movement), the chapter examines the ways in which each of them has deployed cynicism in the course of advocacy for an ideal of the university as a place of free expression, while also anticipating and controlling charges of ‘mere’ cynicism.
Coda
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A brief Coda wrestles with the scope of the claims made for a strategic cynicism. It begins with the uncomfortable play between sceptical cynicism and much more impoverished cynicisms in Dinaw Mengestu’s novel How to Read the Air (2010). It then turns to Bernard Williams’s Truth and Truthfulness, a book that sought to clarify the virtues of truthfulness as our main resource against cynicism. It takes Williams’s reworking of the Nietzschean genealogy as a prompt to think critically about the strengths and limitations of cynicism’s corrective or recalibrating role for today.
Natural Selection in Large Populations
Authors: Hartl Daniel L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter includes selection in haploid and diploid organisms, hard and soft selective sweeps, background selection, and the probability of ultimate survival of a new favorable mutation in a large population. It considers overdominance and heterozygote inferiority in detail as well as different types of equilibria and the fundamental theorem of natural selection. Various types of balancing selection are examined including mutation–selection balance, migration–selection balance, meiotic drive and gametic selection, and the theory of CRISPR-mediated gene drive to control natural populations. It closes with a discussion of other modes of selection and their implications.
The Modern State and the Society of Hyper-Order to 1939
Authors: Wilson T. K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
For the past 200 years the defining feature of most domestic contests between Western governments and armed opponents has tended to be their lopsided asymmetry. Since the later nineteenth century a recurrent phenomenon of Western societies have been hopeless micro-insurrections mounted against stable societies: the armed utopianism of the violently delusional. Time and again, it is only society’s dreamers and deranged who have dared to mount any kind of sustained violent challenge to the state. This chapter traces the emergence of such dominant state power from the late eighteenth century up until the eve of the Second World War.
The Modern State and the Society of Hyper-Order from 1939
Authors: Wilson T. K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter serves as a companion to its predecessor. It surveys the temporary dislocation of state power across much of Europe during the Second World War: before turning to its reinforcement and enhancement in the decades that followed. It examines the unfolding consequences of the 1968 crisis of legitimacy across Western societies: before noting the apparently unassailable position of the Western State against all violent challengers in the post-Cold War Brave New World of the early 1990s. Finally, it introduces the strikingly open-ended juncture of the early twenty-first century, setting up a more in-depth discussion in Chapter Three.
The Means of Destruction
Authors: Wilson T. K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter Five disaggregates political violence not by cause or group, but by basic technique. It identifies the key means that underpin violent repertoires: and attempt to trace their evolution in conjunction with some reference to other major social and technological changes. At heart, this is a structural approach that leans towards identifying emerging opportunities for violence. Yet, paradoxically, such a structuralist approach can also help to highlight the key roles of agency and contingency. Again and again, new and shocking trends in political violence turn out to be exploiting ideas that are not fundamentally new, though they may indeed be adapted or transformed in importantly novel ways. Likewise, violent techniques may be practised in a very limited way—and then very suddenly achieve widespread imitation. In short, contagion patterns can be very dramatic.
Gandhi’s Marvellous Revolution
Authors: Coovadia Imraan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The chapter examines Gandhi’s mature conceptions of decolonization and social change, which he developed alongside his interpretation of Tolstoy and Tolstoy’s understanding of colonialism. Gandhi seems to have expected social transformation to come immediately, as a kind of miracle of consciousness, yet he also imagined change as an indefinitely protracted process, dominated by delay and reversion, as a counter to the clarity and swiftness of revolutionary upheaval. He was particularly concerned with conversion of the adversary and control of the self as the motors of social change. The chapter considers the arguments of Hind Swaraj and the ways in which Gandhi referred to the example of South Africa even when in India, as well as the extent to which questions posed by Tolstoy in the ‘Letter to a Hindoo’ shaped Gandhi’s thinking.
Motivated Delusional Beliefs
Authors: Bortolotti Lisa 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the author argues that monothematic delusions that have been construed as responses to trauma or adversity have the potential for epistemic innocence. So-called ‘motivated’ delusions are irrational because they are the output of a mechanism enabling an agent’s desires to influence the agent’s beliefs, independent of the evidence available. Two examples are discussed in the chapter, erotomania and anosognosia. It is found that the adoption of motivated delusions contributes to managing negative emotions that could otherwise become overwhelming and negatively affect the agent’s epistemic functionality by causing depression. By presenting reality as better than it is, the motivated delusion prevents the agent’s disengagement from the surrounding environment and can be seen as temporarily beneficial.
Foreword
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter is divided into four parts, corresponding to the partitioning of the essays in the volume. Part I, on neo-Fregeanism in the philosophy of mathematics develops replies to Demopolous, Heck, Rosen and Yablo, Boolos and Edwards; Part II, on vagueness, intuitionistic logic and the Sorites Paradox develops replies to Rumfitt and Schiffer; Part III, on revisionism in the philosophy of logic develops replies to Shieh and Tennant; and Part IV, on the epistemology of metaphysical possibility develops a reply to Hale. In each section, Crispin Wright offers an overview of the relevant area and outlines and refines his views on the relevant topics. Inter alia, he offers detailed replies to each of the ten contributed essays in the volume.
Paediatric injuries due to falls from windows and balconies: an 8-year prospective and retrospective review
Authors: Rajagopal Manasi , Kundra Manu , Mabood Neelam , Ali Samina , Rankin Tara , Dow Nadia , Craig William 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundUnintentional falls from windows and balconies pose a serious health risk to children. Limited Canadian data describing such falls currently exist. This study aimed to describe the frequency, demographic characteristics, injury patterns, and risk factors associated with paediatric falls from windows and balconies.MethodsThis study employed both prospective data collection and retrospective medical record review. Prospectively, consenting families were enrolled from February 2015 to February 2017; retrospectively, charts from January 2009 to December 2014 were reviewed. Children 0 to 16 years of age, who presented to the Stollery Children’s Hospital (Edmonton, Alberta) emergency department due to a fall from a window or balcony, were included.ResultsA total of 102 children were included; thirty were enrolled prospectively and 72 retrospectively. Median age was 4.5 years (interquartile range 2.83 to 6.83) with 63.7% (65 of 102) males. About 87.2% (89 of 102) of falls were from windows and 12.8% (13 of 102) from balconies. The median estimated height of fall was 4.1 m (interquartile range 3.04 to 4.73). About 58.4% (59 of 101) had at least one major injury (i.e., concussion, fractured skull, internal injury, fractured limb, severe laceration), 36.6% had minor injuries only (i.e., abrasions, contusions, sprains), and 5.0% had no documented injuries. There were no fatalities. About 30.4% (31 of 102) were admitted, with 48.4% of these children (15 of 31) requiring surgery.ConclusionMost falls from windows and balconies occurred in children under the age of 5 years and were associated with serious morbidity, high admission rates, and need for surgery. Child supervision as well as installation of key safety features in windows may help minimize paediatric fall-related injuries.
Household Inequality, Entrepreneurial Dynamism, and Corporate Financing
Authors: Braggion Fabio , Dwarkasing Mintra , Ongena Steven 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEconomic theories posit conflicting hypotheses on how wealth inequality affects entrepre-neurial dynamism. We investigate the impact of wealth inequality on business dynamics by constructing local measures of household wealth inequality based on financial rents, home equity, and 1880 farmland. We then identify the effect of wealth inequality on entrepre-neurship by instrumenting it with land distribution under the 1862 Homestead Act. Wealth inequality decreases firm entry and exit, and the proportion of high-tech businesses across metropolitan statistical areas. Wealth inequality also lowers the supply of public goods, such as education. Growth in income per capita consequently lags.
Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) position statement: support increased knowledge and efforts to address the financial burden associated with cancer treatment
Authors: Asche Carl V , Watson Karriem , Baumgartner Meredith Greer , Buscemi Joanna , Fitzgibbon Marian , Simon Melissa , Winn Robert , Henley Candace , Glenn Joanne , Hong Susan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Millions of individuals and their families struggle with both treatment-related and out-of-pocket (OOP) economic repercussions of a cancer diagnosis, an effect increasingly referred to as “financial toxicity.” In 2014, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) estimated the total U.S. expenditures for cancer at $87.8 billion dollars with patient OOP costs accounting for $3.9 billion dollars (2014). These figures do not take into account indirect costs, such as those from lost earnings. As a result, financial toxicity can extend well beyond the active treatment phase and have a substantial impact on a household’s economic reserve and financial resilience well into the future. Of the 9.5 million U.S. adults aged 50 years and older diagnosed with cancer (2000–2012), 42.2% have depleted their assets at 2 years and 38.2% were financially insolvent in 4 years. Bankruptcy rates are 2.65 times higher among cancer survivors than matched controls. A full 70% of Americans want to have conversations about the costs of care with their health care providers, but only 28% report doing so. Delaying or deferring these conversations can have major financial consequences for patients. According to a polling conducted for the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) by Avalere Health, almost 20% of patients report forgoing care when they have questions about costs. A critical element to achieve this is to have accurate cost information, including health care insurance coverage policies. Specifically, while patients and their families look to their health care providers to help them better navigate the cost implication of their treatment choices, most who are willing to undertake this challenging task need to have accessible and comprehensive (including direct and indirect) cost information to facilitate the discussion.