bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Has Congress Power to Incorporate a Bank?”
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chief Justice Marshall’s ambiguous opinion in McCulloch v. Maryland rejected the hard-line Jeffersonian argument that implied powers were only those strictly necessary to implementing the enumerated powers. But while McCulloch’s logic of implied powers held hugely expansive potential for national legislative authority, Marshall did not follow that logic to its conclusion and stopped short of aggressively nationalistic grounds for upholding the Second Bank of the United States. The Bank’s lawyers argued for placing the constitutionality of the Bank on broad terms that would endorse a theory of implied powers untethered to the enumerated powers. They also offered a less aggressive but still highly nationalistic theory of implied commerce powers that would support internal improvements. Marshall’s studied avoidance of the Commerce Clause was almost certainly intended to avoid committing the Court to a concept of implied commerce powers, which might have entailed federal powers over internal improvements and slavery.
“The Various Crises of Human Affairs”
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Civil War confronted the United States with its greatest constitutional crisis, raising three issues for which McCulloch v. Maryland has been most celebrated: the nationalist Constitution, implied powers, and the capable Constitution. With McCulloch offering potential legal support for the Union cause, and the Taney Court’s states’-rights jurisprudence in disrepute, circumstances seemed prime for McCulloch to re-emerge from its forty years of neglect. Despite its potential relevance, McCulloch’s influence on constitutional argument during the Civil War was limited. Arguments against secession were developed without noticeable reliance on McCulloch, despite later claims at the end of the century that John Marshall’s ideas influenced Lincoln and the Union cause. In issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, Lincoln eschewed congressional powers and with them McCulloch. Still, the few McCulloch references by leading congressmen on key implied powers issues, if not a full-scale McCulloch revival in itself, prefigured McCulloch’s re-emergence.
“The Painful Duty of This Tribunal”
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The emergence of McCulloch v. Maryland as a foundational case of constitutional law stemmed from several factors, each coming together on its own separate timeline, converging on the years 1895 to 1901. These factors included the personal interest in John Marshall’s jurisprudence held by Supreme Court justices John Marshall Harlan and Horace Gray; the emergence of an autonomous legal profession; the related transition from the Grand Style to a common-law style in constitutional opinion writing; the publication of Harvard Professor James Bradley Thayer’s first-ever constitutional law casebook; and the conservative judicial reaction against the Populist movement. Marshall was canonized in a 1901 “John Marshall Day” centennial celebration consisting of conservative and backward-looking speeches that used Marshall as a symbol to validate conservative judicial activism and laissez-faire jurisprudence.
“A Splendid Bauble”
Authors: Schwartz David S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Since 1969, scholars have insisted that McCulloch v. Maryland established the foundations of the modern welfare state, yet during this same period, the Supreme Court has retreated from implied commerce powers and broad Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment enforcement powers. In NFIB v. Sebelius (2012), five justices agreed that the implied powers doctrine should not be applied to the Commerce Clause, and in Gonzales v. Raich (2005), eight justices ignored McCulloch, appearing to believe that implied commerce powers were irrelevant to the decision. In Shelby County v. Holder (2015), five justices disregarded McCulloch’s deferential approach to “appropriate legislation” to enforce the Reconstruction Amendments. The treatment of McCulloch as a binding precedent doing doctrinal work in cases of implied commerce powers and implied Reconstruction Amendment enforcement powers was short lived. Liberal scholars seem to want to use McCulloch to exhort the Court to be more permissive toward implied congressional powers.
The Interviews
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Webber David , Koehler Daniel 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses the research methodology utilized to examine hypotheses about the different phases of the German extremists’ journey, as derived from the theoretical framework described in Chapter 4. Specifically, interviews were conducted with individuals who were formerly members of right-wing extremist organizations, but who have since left these groups behind. The chapter discusses important demographic characteristics of the interviewees, relating these characteristics to what is known about the demographics of right-wing extremists in Germany. Details of the interview process, as well as reasons for interview decisions, are discussed. Finally, the methodology used to content analyze the interviews is described, including details about the coding process and the calculation of interrater agreement.
Civilianizing Industrialization
Authors: Kontorovich Vladimir 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Forced industrialization, which was launched under the First Five-Year Plan, was a formative event that set the course of the Soviet economy. Stalin and other Soviet rulers have repeatedly stated, with uncharacteristic candor, that the objective of industrialization was the creation of defense capability, as well as building socialism. The main feature of industrialization, primacy of heavy industry, was said to serve the same twin goals. The standard Sovietological account civilianizes industrialization by downgrading or omitting the objectives proclaimed by Stalin, and substituting growth for its own sake as the sole motive. It derives the priority of heavy industry from the writings of Marx and the obscure Soviet economists. This account disregards or glosses over contradictory Soviet sources, violates the basics of the economic approach, and fails to draw connections to similar policies in other countries and periods.
Beating Soviet Swords into Sovietological Ploughshares
Authors: Kontorovich Vladimir 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter describes the influences that inclined scholars in the field to recast their subject in civilian terms. Sovietologists belonged to a small, low-prestige field of economics. They were hired and promoted by their departmental colleagues working in the other fields of economics, and stood a higher chance of being treated favorably if their research could be seen as dealing with the issues of interest for the larger discipline, such as growth and economic development.
Civilianization Elsewhere
Authors: Kontorovich Vladimir 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Aversion of the discipline of economics to things military, which Sovietology, its peripheral field, emulated, is shown to be a part of a more general pattern in the social sciences. A survey of articles about the German economy in 1934–1939 finds that the authors largely ignored another great peacetime military buildup of the twentieth century. It was seen as a peculiar and successful variant of employment policy, with potential lessons for other Depression-stricken economies. Archeologists and anthropologists bypassed the evidence of warfare in pre-literate societies, or gave it strained pacific interpretations. Academic historians marginalized their colleagues specializing in military history. Civilianizing tendencies in the study of other countries and in other disciplines support some of my arguments about Sovietology, and at the same time make its case all the more instructive.
The Myth of the Perfect Pregnancy
Authors: Freidenfelds Lara 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Myth of the Perfect Pregnancy is a history of why Americans came to have the unrealistic expectation of perfect pregnancies and to mourn even very early miscarriages. The introduction explains that miscarriage is a common phenomenon and a natural part of healthy women’s childbearing: approximately 20 percent of confirmed pregnancies spontaneously miscarry, mostly in the first months of gestation. Eight topical chapters describe childbearing and pregnancy loss in colonial America; the rise of birth control from the late eighteenth century to the present; changes in parenting from the early nineteenth century to the present that increasingly focused attention on the emotional relationship between parent and child; the twentieth-century rise of prenatal care and maternal education about embryonic growth; the twentieth-century blossoming of a consumer culture that marketed baby items to pregnant women; the abortion debates from the mid-twentieth century to the present; the late twentieth-century introduction of obstetric ultrasound and its evolution into a pregnancy ritual of “meeting the baby” as early as eight weeks’ gestation; and the late twentieth-century introduction of home pregnancy testing and the identification of pregnancy as early as several days before a missed period. The conclusion offers suggestions for how women and their families, health-care providers, and the maternity care industry can better handle pregnancy and address miscarriage.
Is Scientific Rigor Declining?
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The findings of scientific research should be considered with caution both because there are uncertainties inherent in the respective procedures and because scientists can be subjective in their conclusions—and sometimes they can even be biased. Indeed, fraud and misconduct can be found in science, and this is a cause for concern. Nevertheless, this does not affect the overall value of scientific research. Science has strong foundations exactly because scientists are aware of these kinds of problems and do a lot to address them. One important criterion of the value of scientific research is its reproducibility; that is, the ability to use the same methods that other researchers have previously used and arrive at the same results. However, the rates of reproducibility (when they are available) indicate that it is relatively low. At the same time, scientists seem to face a “publish-or-perish” situation, even while retractions of published papers have increased. These are all reasons for concern. However, it is precisely the fact that scientist are aware of these issues that makes science trustworthy. The issue is not if science has flaws, but that its self-correcting nature can provide the means to deal with them.
Uncertainties in Climate Science
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Whereas there is broad agreement among most climate scientists that climate change is occurring and that it is mostly due to human activities, many people doubt this. There are several reasons for this. One is that, despite the solid evidence for climate change, uncertainties remain about its exact pace and mechanisms. Scientists may debate these issues among themselves, and this debate might be perceived as a lack of consensus among them even though this is not at all the case. Furthermore, the public representation of this topic often fails to show that the vast majority of climate scientists agree that climate change is happening because of what we humans do. At the same time, uncertainties remain, and so the predictions of scientists have limitations. What is necessary is for scientists to clearly communicate the evidence and explain that uncertainties may blur the details but not the big picture.
Uncertainties in Vaccination
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Whereas vaccines have helped save millions of lives over the past several decades, today there is a significant anti-vaccination (anti-vaxx) movement, especially in the United States, that questions their safety. The problem is that these anti-vaxx arguments focus on rare cases of side effects or—even worse—on unfounded connections between the administration of vaccines and particular conditions such as autism. Such reactions make people overlook the fact that several diseases that in the past killed millions of people have been completely or almost completely eradicated thanks to vaccines. Even though vaccine side effects are a real possibility, one has to weigh the risk of facing those (which is very low and arise in relatively rare cases) against the hundreds or thousands of children who, thanks to the vaccine, will avoid hospitalization or even death. Uncertainties always exist, and we cannot be absolutely certain about the efficacy and safety of any vaccine. But for many of them, there is solid evidence that the problems are rare, and certainly the affected individuals are a lot fewer than those who might suffer and even die from the disease.
Uncertainties in Human Evolution
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Human evolution is a hotly debated topic despite the vast amount of evidence (anatomical, biochemical, DNA, fossil) about our ape origins. Worse than that, the uncertainties about the details of human evolution are often used to question the fact of human evolution. Therefore, it is important to explain why these uncertainties are not enough to blur the big picture. And even if we never come to know all the details of human evolution, this does not entail that we should not accept it as fact. The problems with this acceptance do not stem from a lack of scientific evidence in support of evolution, but rather from the perceived threat to some people’s worldviews.
Uncertainties in Genetic Testing
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Genetic tests are becoming increasingly affordable; however, the way they are marketed might make people think that they can provide more answers than they actually can. There are many uncertainties involved. Even if we are sure that a person carries a particular DNA variant and that this variant is implicated in a particular disease—which for many variants is not entirely clear—there is not much that we can do with this information until the underlying biological mechanism is understood. It is only after understanding what problem is caused by the particular variant that specific recommendations can be made. However, the way genetic tests are usually marketed is not explicit about these uncertainties. On the contrary, it is often promised that such tests reveal information that is actually impossible to obtain.
Understanding Versus Being Certain
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas , McCain Kevin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Understanding, rather than certainty, is the true aim of science. This is something that scientists and philosophers agree upon for good reasons. There are two main reasons for this. The first reason is that understanding is particularly valuable. It is widely acknowledged that understanding is a cognitive achievement that is even more valuable than knowledge. So, when aiming at understanding, science aims at an intellectual good that is very valuable. The second reason is that, as the aim of science, focusing on understanding instead of certainty provides a solid account of the success of science. If certainty were the aim of science, then science has not been very successful since it never achieves certainty. However, science has continually achieved deeper understanding of natural phenomena, so if understanding is the aim, science has been tremendously successful.
For Rome or for Augustus?
Authors: Lange Carsten Hjort 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The greatest honor and the grandest spectacle Rome could bestow on a military commander was the glory of celebrating a triumph. In the period 29–19 bce eight people who were not related to Augustus triumphed. L. Balbus proved to be the very last commander to do so. Accordingly, the Fasti Triumphales concludes with the name of a man whose uncle, L. Balbus (maior), was a native of Spain who became the first foreigner to be made consul. This chapter reflects on who these eight victors were and how they chose to celebrate their own victories, a task hampered by the fact that much of our evidence centers on Augustus himself, chiefly Cassius Dio, our main historical narrative source. Was it possible for these men to create their own triumphal history, to personalize their celebration and triumphal afterlife, or did their success end up becoming part of the Augustan ideology?
Egyptian Victories
Authors: Havener Wolfgang 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The first princeps placed the newly conquered province of Egypt not under a senatorial governor but an equestrian prefect. This constituted a precedent in various respects. Being a new form of provincial administration, the prefecture offered its holders ample opportunity to distinguish themselves, not least in the field of military glory. This chapter addresses the questions of how the first praefecti, C. Cornelius Gallus, L. Aelius Gallus, and P. Petronius, exploited these opportunities and how their efforts were perceived by the princeps and the members of the senatorial elite. The praefectura provides an excellent case study to analyze the mechanisms underlying the development of a new elite in the Augustan era, as well as the ambitions and limitations of its individual members.
The Absent Dialogue
Authors: Mukherjee Anit 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Civilian control over the military is widely hailed as among the biggest successes of India’s democracy. This is a rarity, especially among postcolonial states, and is rightfully celebrated. But has this come at a cost? The Absent Dialogue argues that the pattern of civil–military relations in India has hampered its military effectiveness. Indian politicians and bureaucrats have long been content with the formal and ritualistic exercise of civilian control, while the military continues to operate in institutional silos, with little substantive engagement between the two. In making this claim, the book closely examines the variables most associated with military effectiveness—weapons procurement, jointness (the ability of separate military services to operate together), officer education, promotion policies, and defense planning. India’s pattern of civil–military relations—best characterized as an absent dialogue—adversely affects each of these processes. Theoretically, the book adopts the “unequal dialogue” framework proposed by Eliot Cohen but also argues that, under some conditions, patterns of civil–military relations may more closely resemble an “absent dialogue.” Informed by more than a hundred and fifty interviews and recently available archival material, the book represents a deep dive into understanding the power and the limitations of the Indian military. It sheds new light on India’s military history and is essential reading for understanding contemporary civil–military relations and recurring problems therein. While the book focuses on India, it also highlights the importance of civilian expertise and institutional design in enhancing civilian control and military effectiveness in other democracies.
Forging the Sword
Authors: Mukherjee Anit 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains the book’s theoretical underpinnings. It begins by discussing the contrasting views of Samuel Huntington and Eliot Cohen on the preferred role and “balance” of civil–military relations. Next, it examines patterns of democratic civil–military relations to argue that they are shaped largely by three factors—the struggle over military autonomy, the issue of civilian expertise, and institutional design, specifically the manner in which the Ministry of Defence interacts with the services. The next section discusses the concept of military effectiveness as adopted in this book. Drawing inspiration from previous works, it examines five processes associated with effective militaries. These variables, analyzed subsequently in separate chapters, are weapons procurement, jointness, professional military education, officer promotion policies, and defense planning. The chapter then discusses the study of the Indian military and its effectiveness and concludes by describing the analytical framework adopted in the rest of the book.
Simply the Best?
Authors: Mukherjee Anit 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines officer promotion and selection policies in India. It begins with a conceptual discussion of the role of civilians in this process, examining its practice in other democracies. Thereafter it describes the historical evolution in the Indian military’s officer promotion and selection policies. In doing so it makes three broad arguments. First, promotion policies are an almost exclusive military affair, and civilians have little to do with the processes. As in other established democracies, senior officer promotions are subject to the approval of political authorities; but, exceptions apart, there is little evidence that civilians have actively shaped these policies. Second, a lack of civilian guidance exacerbates parochial divisions within the military. Third, military promotion policies would be better served with greater (but informed) civilian oversight. There is a need therefore to create conditions for a dialogue on promotion, selection, and placement policies. Such a measure, however, also needs to create safeguards to prevent politicization of the military.
Bossa Mundo
Authors: Goldschmitt K.E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Bossa Mundo chronicles how Brazilian music has been central to Brazil’s national brand in the United States and the United Kingdom since the late 1950s. Scholarly texts on Brazilian popular music generally focus on questions of music and national identity, and when they discuss the music’s international popularity, they keep the artists, recordings, and live performances as the focus, ignoring the process of transnational mediation. This book fills a major gap in Brazilian music studies by analyzing the consequences of moments when Brazilian music was popular in Anglophone markets, with a focus on the media industries. With subject matter as varied as jazz, film music, dance fads, DJ/remix culture, and new models of musical distribution, the book demonstrates how the mediation of Brazilian music in an increasingly crowded transnational marketplace has had lasting consequences for the creative output celebrated by Brazil as part of its national brand. Through a discussion of the political meaning of mass-mediated music in chronologically organized chapters, the book shifts the scholarly focus on the music’s transnational popularity from the scholarly framework of representing Otherness to broader considerations of a media environment where listeners and intermediaries often have differing priorities. The book provides a new model for studying music from culturally rich countries in the Global South where local governments often leverage stereotypes in their national branding project.
Sherrington's Loom
Authors: McComas Alan J. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
‘Sherrington’s Loom’ provides a historical account of the research that has led to recognition of key mechanisms underlying consciousness. Evidence is assembled from a rich variety of sources–neurological patients, animal behavior, laboratory studies and, especially, brain stimulation and recording in humans and animals. Among the remarkable advances in the field has been the ability to identify nerve cells in the human brain that store memories of specific people, places and objects. In addition to dealing with the issue of ‘free will,’ the book assembles the information into possible working schemes for sensations, intentions and actions. The book concludes by considering the possibility of consciousness in artificially intelligent systems.