bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon and nitrogen uptake rates and macromolecular compositions of bottom-ice algae and phytoplankton at Cambridge Bay in Dease Strait, Canada
Authors: Kim Kwanwoo , Ha Sun-Yong , Kim Bo Kyung , Mundy C. J. , Gough Kathleen M. , Pogorzelec Nicole M. , Lee Sang Heon 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOur understanding of ice algal responses to the recent changes in Arctic sea ice is impeded by limited field observations. In the present study, environmental characteristics of the landfast sea-ice zone as well as primary production and macromolecular composition of ice algae and phytoplankton were studied in the Kitikmeot Sea near Cambridge Bay in spring 2017. Averaged total chlorophyll-a(Chl-a) concentration was within the lower range reported previously for the same region, while daily carbon uptake rates of bottom-ice algae were significantly lower in this study than previously reported for the Arctic. Based on various indicators, the region's low nutrient concentrations appear to limit carbon uptake rates and associated accumulation of bottom-ice algal biomass. Furthermore, the lipids-dominant biochemical composition of bottom-ice algae suggests strong nutrient limitation relative to the distinctly different carbohydrates-dominant composition of phytoplankton. Together, the results confirm strong nitrate limitation of the local marine system.
Definition and diagnosis of constitutional thinness: a systematic review
Authors: Bailly Mélina , Germain Natacha , Galusca Bogdan , Courteix Daniel , Thivel David , Verney Julien 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe existing literature about the definition and diagnostic criteria of constitutional thinness (CT) appears equivocal. The present work systematically reviewed the criteria used in the diagnosis of adult individuals with CT (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019138236). Five electronic bibliographic databases were searched between December 2018 and November 2019: MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL (Cochrane Library), Google Scholar and Clinical Trials. Search terms were combined with Medical Subject Headings terms. The search strategy included any clinical trials that enrolled adults with CT. Studies were systematically excluded if the state of thinness was not due to a well-identified constitutional origin. From the 689 references after duplicate removal, 199 studies were excluded based on title and 164 based on abstract. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 291 other studies were removed. Finally, thirty-five studies remained at the end of the process. The analysis of these studies showed high heterogeneity in the diagnostic criteria of CT. A real need emerged to adopt a common terminology and to systematically exclude potential non-constitutional origins of thinness such as eating disorders, associated pathology or over-exercising, with validated tools. Weight history, physiological menses and weight gain resistance are also important criteria to consider. The present systematic review revealed that our medical and scientific approaches of CT need to be harmonised in terms of terminology and diagnostic criteria. Although further studies are needed, we finally proposed recommendations and a decision tree to help in the recognition and diagnosis of CT.
EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF EXPLICIT PRONUNCIATION INSTRUCTION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF L2 PRONUNCIATION
Authors: Zhang Runhan , Yuan Zhou-min 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe current study compares the effects of two types of pronunciation instruction (segmental- and suprasegmental-based) on the development of second-year Chinese undergraduate students’ English pronunciation as against a group with no specific pronunciation (NSP) instruction. The participants were 90 university-level students in the Chinese mainland, from three intact classes. One class was taught with a segmental focus (N = 30) and the second with a suprasegmental focus (N = 31), while the third received NSP instruction (N = 29). The results showed that after an 18-week period of instruction, both the segmental and suprasegmental groups made statistically significant progress in pronunciation, as measured by comprehensibility on a sentence-reading task; however, only the suprasegmental group made statistically significant progress in comprehensibility at the spontaneous level, and it was also the only group that maintained these spontaneous gains on the delayed posttest. The positive effects of explicit pronunciation instruction in general and of suprasegmental instruction in particular account for the findings.
Experiential learnings from the Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala towards containment of infectious public health emergencies in India
Authors: Sahay Rima R. , Yadav Pragya D. , Gupta Nivedita , Shete Anita M. , Radhakrishnan Chandni , Mohan Ganesh , Menon Nikhilesh , Bhatnagar Tarun , Suma Krishnasastry , Kadam Abhijeet V. , Ullas P. T. , Anu Kumar B. , Sugunan A. P. , Sreekala V. K. , Khobragade Rajan , Gangakhedkar Raman R. , Mourya Devendra T. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) outbreak occurred in Kozhikode district, Kerala, India in 2018 with a case fatality rate of 91% (21/23). In 2019, a single case with full recovery occurred in Ernakulam district. We described the response and control measures by the Indian Council of Medical Research and Kerala State Government for the 2019 NiV outbreak. The establishment of Point of Care assays and monoclonal antibodies administration facility for early diagnosis, response and treatment, intensified contact tracing activities, bio-risk management and hospital infection control training of healthcare workers contributed to effective control and containment of NiV outbreak in Ernakulam.
A low threshold for neonatal intervention yields a high rate of biventricular outcomes in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum
Authors: Morgan Gareth J. , Narayan Srinivas A. , Goreczny Sebastian , Chubb Henry , Krasemann Thomas , Rosenthal Eric , Qureshi Shakeel A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAims:Management strategies for pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum are variable and are based on right ventricular morphology and associated abnormalities. Catheter perforation of the pulmonary valve provides an alternative strategy to surgery in the neonatal period. We sought to assess the long-term outcome in terms of survival, re-intervention, and functional ventricular outcome in the setting of a 26-year single-centre experience of low threshold inclusion criteria for percutaneous valvotomy.Methods and results:Retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum from 1990 to 2016 at a tertiary referral centre, was performed. Of 71 patients, 48 were brought to the catheterisation laboratory for intervention. Catheter valvotomy was successful in 45 patients (94%). Twenty-three patients (51%) also underwent ductus arteriosus stenting. The length of intensive care and hospital stay was significantly shorter, and early re-interventions were significantly reduced in the catheterisation group. There were eight deaths (17%); all within 35 days of the procedure. Of the survivors, only one has required a Fontan circulation. Twenty-eight patients (74%) have undergone biventricular repair and nine patients (24%) have one-and-a-half ventricle circulation. Following successful valvotomy, 80% of patients required further catheter-based or surgical interventions.Conclusions:A low threshold for initial interventional management yielded a high rate of successful biventricular circulations. Although mortality was low in patients who survived the peri-procedural period, the rate of re-intervention remained high in all groups.
A highly efficient GHz switching GaN-based synchronous buck converter module
Authors: Wentzel Andreas , Hilt Oliver , Würfl Joachim , Heinrich Wolfgang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe paper presents a highly efficient GaN-based synchronous buck converter suitable for switching in the lower GHz range. The module includes a very compact 2-stage GaN half-bridge converter MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) for low parasitic inductances between switches and drivers and a hybrid output network with core-less inductors to avoid ferrite losses. At 1 GHz switching frequency the buck converter achieves with pulse-width modulated (PWM) input signals power loop conversion efficiencies up to 78% for 40 V operation and output voltages up to 33 V. For 100 MHz the power loop efficiencies peak at 87.5% for 14.5 W conversion to 25 V. By changing the output network to a 2nd order low-pass with 700 MHz cut-off frequency the module has been characterized for the use as a supply modulator in very broadband envelope tracking systems with modulation bandwidths of up to 500 MHz. For 1 GHz switching frequency the power-added efficiency peaks at 74% for a 90% duty-cycle PWM input signal. The novelty of this work is that for the first time a buck converter design proves highest flexibility supporting different applications from very compact DC converters to microwave power amplifier efficiency enhancement techniques as well as efficient high frequency switching up to 1 GHz.
In-vivo evaluation of the effect of cyanoacrylate on prosthetic vascular graft infection – does cyanoacrylate increase the severity of infection?
Authors: Yolgosteren Atıf , Kumtepe Gencehan , Payaslioglu Melda , Ozakin Cuneyt 
Published: April 2020

Summary. Background: Prosthetic vascular graft infection (PVGI) is a complication with high mortality. Cyanoacrylate (CA) is an adhesive which has been used in a number of surgical procedures. In this in-vivo study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between PVGI and CA. Materials and methods: Thirty-two rats were equally divided into four groups. Pouch was formed on back of rats until deep fascia. In group 1, vascular graft with polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) was placed into pouch. In group 2, MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected into pouch. In group 3, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece was placed into pouch and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. In group 4, 1 cm 2 vascular graft with PET piece impregnated with N-butyl cyanoacrylate-based adhesive was placed and MRSA strain with a density of 1 ml 0.5 MacFarland was injected. All rats were scarified in 96th hour, culture samples were taken where intervention was performed and were evaluated microbiologically. Bacteria reproducing in each group were numerically evaluated based on colony-forming unit (CFU/ml) and compared by taking their average. Results: MRSA reproduction of 0 CFU/ml in group 1, of 1410 CFU/ml in group 2, of 180 200 CFU/ml in group 3 and of 625 300 CFU/ml in group 4 was present. A statistically significant difference was present between group 1 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 2 and group 4 (p < 0.01), between group 3 and group 4 (p < 0.05). In terms of reproduction, no statistically significant difference was found in group 1, group 2, group 3 in themselves. Conclusions: We observed that the rate of infection increased in the cyanoacyrylate group where cyanoacrylate was used. We think that surgeon should be more careful in using CA in vascular surgery.
Predictability Horizons in the Global Carbon Cycle Inferred From a Perfect‐Model Framework
Authors: Spring Aaron , Ilyina Tatiana 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOn interannual timescales the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 is largely controlled by the response of the land and ocean carbon sinks to climate variability. Yet, it is unknown to what extent this variability limits the predictability of atmospheric CO2 variations. Using perfect‐model Earth System Model simulations, we show that variations in atmospheric CO2 are potentially predictable for 3 years. We find a 2‐year predictability horizon for global oceanic CO2 flux with longer regional predictability of up to 7 years. The 2‐year predictability horizon of terrestrial CO2 flux originates in the tropics and midlatitudes. With the predictability of the isolated effects of land and ocean carbon sink on atmospheric CO2 of 5 and 12 years respectively, land dampens the overall predictability of atmospheric CO2 variations. Our research shows the potential of Earth System Model‐based predictions to forecast multiyear variations in atmospheric CO2.
Aurora Basin, the Weak Underbelly of East Antarctica
Authors: Pelle Tyler , Morlighem Mathieu , McCormack Felicity S. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) has the potential to raise global sea levels by ∼52 m. Here, we model the evolution of select EAIS catchments to 2100 using three basal melt rate parameterizations and force our model with surface mass balance and ocean thermal anomalies from 10 global climate models. While the domain loses mass under low‐emission scenarios, it gains ∼10‐mm sea‐level rise equivalent ice volume (SLRe) under high‐emission scenarios. The primary region of thinning is within 50 km upstream of Totten Glacier's grounding line. Totten's glacial discharge is modulated by the migration of its grounding line, which is sensitive to brief intrusions of ocean water at temperatures higher than present. Once the grounding line is dislodged, Totten's ice velocity increases by up to 70% of present‐day values, resulting in ∼6‐mm SLRe loss from this sector.
The Effect of Plasma Boundaries on the Dynamic Evolution of Relativistic Radiation Belt Electrons
Authors: Wang Dedong , Shprits Yuri Y. , Zhelavskaya Irina S. , Effenberger Frederic , Castillo Angelica M. , Drozdov Alexander Y. , Aseev Nikita A. , Cervantes Sebastian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamic evolution of relativistic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts during both storm and nonstorm times is a challenging task. The U.S. National Science Foundation's Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) focus group “Quantitative Assessment of Radiation Belt Modeling” has selected two storm time and two nonstorm time events that occurred during the second year of the Van Allen Probes mission for in‐depth study. Here, we perform simulations for these GEM challenge events using the 3D Versatile Electron Radiation Belt code. We set up the outer L* boundary using data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites and validate the simulation results against satellite observations from both the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites and Van Allen Probe missions for 0.9‐MeV electrons. Our results show that the position of the plasmapause plays a significant role in the dynamic evolution of relativistic electrons. The magnetopause shadowing effect is included by using last closed drift shell, and it is shown to significantly contribute to the dropouts of relativistic electrons at high L*. We perform simulations using four different empirical radial diffusion coefficient models for the GEM challenge events, and the results show that these simulations reproduce the general dynamic evolution of relativistic radiation belt electrons. However, in the events shown here, simulations using the radial diffusion coefficients from Brautigam and Albert (2000) produce the best agreement with satellite observations.
Laboratory Research on Gas Transport in Shale Nanopores Considering the Stress Effect and Slippage Effect
Authors: Sun Zexiang , Zhou Shixin , Li Jing , Chen Kefei , Zhang Chen , Zhang Yuhong , Li Pengpeng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe low permeability of shale, in accretionary complexes and passive continental margins, influences pore pressure generation, and thus induces deformation and fault slip behavior. It is also key in hindering the ability to evaluate shale gas production. Gas is commonly used in measuring the permeability of shale and generally yields high values than that of liquids, due to slippage effect. Separation of the slippage effect from gas permeability is a critical task in the study of low‐permeability media. This study measured the gas permeability (Kg) of the Longmaxi shale parallel to bedding (L1P) and perpendicular to bedding (L1V) under different confining pressures (Cp) and pore pressures (Pp), while simultaneously measuring porosity for different values ofCp. Additionally, a new approach is proposed to define the effective stress coefficient and boundary condition for the Klinkenberg correction. The results show that theKgof L1P is almost unaffected by the slippage effect, while, for L1V, the Klinkenberg correction is required. The Klinkenberg plot of L1V follows the quadratic model from the study by Ashrafi Moghadam and Chalaturnyk (2014,https://doi.org.10/1016/j.coal.2013.10.008), rather than the classic linear Klinkenberg equation. The results also show that, as theCpincreases and/or thePpdecreases, the contribution of the slippage effect to the L1VKgincreased from 20% to 86.5%. Finally, based on the Knudsen number (Kn), the flow regime of L1P changes from Darcy flow (Kn < 0.01) to slip flow (0.01 < Kn < 0.1), and that of L1V is slip flow.
The 2018 Mw 7.9 Offshore Kodiak, Alaska, Earthquake: An Unusual Outer Rise Strike‐Slip Earthquake
Authors: Guo Rumeng , Zheng Yong , An Chao , Xu Jianqiao , Jiang Zhongshan , Zhang Lupeng , Riaz Muhammad Shahid , Xie Jun , Dai Kun , Wen Yangmao 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe rupture process of the 2018 Mw 7.9 offshore Kodiak (Alaska) earthquake is still in hot dispute because of a lack of offshore observations, thus causing difficulties for understanding seismogenic tectonics and tsunami hazards. In this study, teleseismic body waves, high‐rate GPS, seismic waves preceding tsunami waves, static GPS, and tsunami data are jointly used to resolve the faulting geometry and coseismic slip distribution of the offshore Kodiak earthquake. Tests of a series of finite fault rupture models illustrate that an optimal five‐fault model can reconcile all available data sets well. The results reveal that the asperity on each fault segment is located near the hypocenter, with peak slip of ~7.8 m. The aftershock loci appear to be complementary to the mainshock slips, demonstrating the velocity‐strengthening regions that predominantly slip aseismically. Based on a tectonic stress field analysis, we propose that the 2018 Kodiak earthquake is attributed to a combination of enhanced tensional stress following the 1964 Mw 9.2 Alaska earthquake and compressional stress produced by the collision of the Yakutat terrane with North America.
Weakening of the Extratropical Storm Tracks in Solar Geoengineering Scenarios
Authors: Gertler Charles G. , O'Gorman Paul A. , Kravitz Ben , Moore John C. , Phipps Steven J. , Watanabe Shingo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSolar geoengineering that aims to offset global warming could nonetheless alter atmospheric temperature gradients and humidity and thus affect the extratropical storm tracks. Here, we first analyze climate model simulations from experiment G1 of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project, in which a reduction in incoming solar radiation balances a quadrupling of CO2. The Northern Hemisphere extratropical storm track weakens by a comparable amount in G1 as it does for increased CO2 only. The Southern Hemisphere storm track also weakens in G1, in contrast to a strengthening and poleward shift for increased CO2. Using mean available potential energy, we show that the changes in zonal‐mean temperature and humidity are sufficient to explain the different responses of storm‐track intensity. We also demonstrate similar weakening in a more complex geoengineering scenario. Our results offer insight into how geoengineering affects storm tracks, highlighting the potential for geoengineering to induce novel climate changes.
On the Functional Relationship Between Fluorescence and Photochemical Yields in Complex Evergreen Needleleaf Canopies
Authors: Maguire Andrew J. , Eitel Jan U. H. , Griffin Kevin L. , Magney Troy S. , Long Ryan A. , Vierling Lee A. , Schmiege Stephanie C. , Jennewein Jyoti S. , Weygint William A. , Boelman Natalie T. , Bruner Sarah G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRecent advancements in understanding remotely sensed solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence often suggest a linear relationship with gross primary productivity at large spatial scales. However, the quantum yields of fluorescence and photochemistry are not linearly related, and this relationship is largely driven by irradiance. This raises questions about the mechanistic basis of observed linearity from complex canopies that experience heterogeneous irradiance regimes at subcanopy scales. We present empirical data from two evergreen forest sites that demonstrate a nonlinear relationship between needle‐scale observations of steady‐state fluorescence yield and photochemical yield under ambient irradiance. We show that accounting for subcanopy and diurnal patterns of irradiance can help identify the physiological constraints on needle‐scale fluorescence at 70–80% accuracy. Our findings are placed in the context of how solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence observations from spaceborne sensors relate to diurnal variation in canopy‐scale physiology.
Deepening responses associated with improved progression-free survival with ixazomib versus placebo as posttransplant maintenance in multiple myeloma
Authors: Goldschmidt Hartmut , Dimopoulos Meletios A. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Weisel Katja C. , Moreau Philippe , Chng Wee-Joo , Mikala Gábor , Cavo Michele , Ramasamy Karthik , Suryanarayan Kaveri , Teng Zhaoyang , Labotka Richard , Mateos Maria Victoria 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn the TOURMALINE-MM3 study, post-autologous stem cell transplantation maintenance therapy with the oral proteasome inhibitor ixazomib versus placebo significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS), with a favorable safety profile. With ixazomib versus placebo maintenance, deepening responses occurred in 139/302 (46%) versus 60/187 (32%) patients with very good partial response or partial response (VGPR/PR) at study entry (relative risk 1.41, P = 0.004), and median time to best confirmed deepened response was 19.9 versus 30.8 months (24-month rate: 54.2 versus 41.4%; hazard ratio (HR): 1.384; P = 0.0342). Median PFS in patients with VGPR/PR at study entry was 26.2 versus 18.5 months (HR: 0.636, P < 0.001) with ixazomib versus placebo; in a pooled analysis across arms, in patients with versus without deepening responses, the median PFS was not reached versus 15.9 months (HR: 0.245, P < 0.001). In patients with deepening responses, 24-month PFS rate was 77.4 versus 68.3% with ixazomib versus placebo (HR: 0.831; P = 0.466); in patients without deepening responses, median PFS was 17.9 versus 14.1 months (HR: 0.741; P = 0.028). These analyses demonstrate the significantly higher rate of deepening responses with ixazomib versus placebo maintenance and the association between deepening response and prolonged PFS.