bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age of initiation of cigarillos, filtered cigars and/or traditional cigars among youth: Findings from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, 2013–2017
Authors: Chen Baojiang , Sterling Kymberle L. , Bluestein Meagan A. , Kuk Arnold E. , Harrell Melissa B. , Perry Cheryl L. , Pérez Adriana 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Early age of initiation of tobacco use is associated with sustained tobacco use and lower rates of smoking cessation. Although much is known about age of initiation of cigarette use, much less is known about the age of initiation of cigar product use among youth.

Methods
Survival analyses of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health youth annual datasets (ages 12–17) from 2013 to 2017 were conducted for any cigar product use, cigarillos or filtered cigars, and traditional cigars across four cigar use outcomes, age of initiation of: susceptibility to use, ever use, past 30-day use and “fairly regular” use. An interval censoring survival method was implemented to estimate the probability of each outcome for age of initiation of each cigar product overall. Differences in age of initiation by sex and race/ethnicity were assessed using weighted Cox proportional hazards models for interval-censored data.

Results
For each outcome across the three cigar products, striking increases in the probability of initiation begin before 17 years old. For cigarillo or filtered cigars, males had a higher risk of onset of susceptibility to use, initiating ever use, and initiating past 30-day use at earlier ages than females. Compared to Non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Other had lower risk of initiating ever use and past 30-day use at earlier ages. Non-Hispanic Black youth had higher risk of initiating past 30-day use and “fairly regular” use than Non-Hispanic White youth at earlier ages. Similar findings are reported for any cigar use and traditional cigar use.

Conclusion
Developmentally and culturally appropriate cigar use interventions and communication campaigns should be provided to youth before 17 years of age to prevent the onset and progression of cigar products. Regulatory policies that reduce appeal of all cigar products should be implemented to curb cigar initiation among youth.
Transmissibility of COVID-19 depends on the viral load around onset in adult and symptomatic patients
Authors: Kawasuji Hitoshi , Takegoshi Yusuke , Kaneda Makito , Ueno Akitoshi , Miyajima Yuki , Kawago Koyomi , Fukui Yasutaka , Yoshida Yoshihiro , Kimura Miyuki , Yamada Hiroshi , Sakamaki Ippei , Tani Hideki , Morinaga Yoshitomo , Yamamoto Yoshihiro 
Published: December 2020

Objective
To investigate the relationship between viral load and secondary transmission in novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods
Epidemiological and clinical data were obtained from immunocompetent laboratory-confirmed patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to and/or from whom viral loads were measured at Toyama University Hospital. Using a case-control approach, index patients who transmitted the disease to at least one other patient were analysed as “cases” (index patients) compared with patients who were not the cause of secondary transmission (non-index patients, analysed as “controls”). The viral load time courses were assessed between the index and non-index symptomatic patients using non-linear regression employing a standard one-phase decay model.

Results
In total, 28 patients were included in the analysis. Median viral load at the initial sample collection was significantly higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic patients and in adults than in children. Among symptomatic patients (n = 18), non-linear regression models showed that the estimated viral load at onset was higher in the index than in the non-index patients (median [95% confidence interval]: 6.6 [5.2–8.2] vs. 3.1 [1.5–4.8] log copies/μL, respectively). In adult (symptomatic and asymptomatic) patients (n = 21), median viral load at the initial sample collection was significantly higher in the index than in the non-index patients (p = 0.015, 3.3 vs. 1.8 log copies/μL, respectively).

Conclusions
High nasopharyngeal viral loads around onset may contribute to secondary transmission of COVID-19. Viral load may help provide a better understanding of why transmission is observed in some instances, but not in others, especially among household contacts.
O ensino desenvolvimental e a intervenção pedagógica na visão sócio-histórica: o PDI como instrumento mediador
Authors: Borges Maria Célia , Ribeiro Betânia de Oliveira Laterza , Ponciano Luhany Ercleide 
Published: December 2020

O artigo indica a teoria sócio-histórica e o ensino desenvolvimental, pela intervenção pedagógica tendo o Plano de Desenvolvimento Individual (PDI), como instrumento mediador. A avaliação diagnóstica indicará o nível de desenvolvimento real do estudante, orientando a intervenção na zona de desenvolvimento próxima para, em seguida, alcançar o desenvolvimento potencial do educando.
Private Developers’ Viewpoint on Residential Development in the Peri-Urban of Greater Bandung Area
Authors: Vitriana Anita 
Published: December 2020

Over the past 30 years, Bandung city has experienced with rapid urban land expansion. Together with nearby regencies, it has formed a conurbation urban area namely the Metropolitan Bandung Area. The growth of Greater Bandung is performed by the increasingly widespread of urban settlements in the outer surrounding region of Bandung city. Most of new residential areas are developed in the suburbs area and carried in formal land development initiated by private developers. The study aims to examine how spatial irregularities can be produced through the formal land development framework. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach. Primary data was obtained using purposive sampling interview. Interviewee came from 14 medium-large residential private developers. The data was written down in the interview transcript to be analysed with qualitative content analysis method. The result shows developers strive to develop profit-oriented land. They look for pragmatic solutions based on economic principles as long as no permit violation. Developers would not think deeply for the broader impact of the project since it is not their obligation. Developers will automatically support sustainable peri-urban development if the government provides clear, applicable and consistent rules and guidelines.
Research Methods: Information, systems and contexts
Authors: Wolske Martin 
Published: December 2020

We are all participants in changing communities. Indeed, as community informaticists, we often play a guiding role in that change, either through crafting technologies to advance community development goals, or as outside evaluators assessing the intersection of community and technology. Evaluation is an important component in the overall research cycle. Williamson and Johanson’s new edited volume Research Methods: Information, Systems and Contexts is a valuable resource, guiding consideration of which evaluation methods and techniques are most appropriate within different contexts. Written for the information sciences, it is approachable beyond those in formal roles as academic researchers.
Local Communities and Home Rule: Extending the Alberta SuperNet to Unserved Areas
Authors: Kozak Nadine I 
Published: December 2020

The Alberta SuperNet’s design strategy included fiber optic build-outs only to points of presence in cities, towns and villages. This strategy created a crucial role for local business and community involvement in providing high-speed internet service in rural areas. A paucity of private providers led individuals and communities to develop micro solutions to obtain broadband. Using the concept of home rule as a theoretical lens, this article chronicles and analyzes three approaches taken by individuals, communities, and businesses to illustrate the successes and weaknesses of both the local decisions and the Alberta government’s approaches.
Understanding Broadband Infrastructure Development in Remote and Rural Communities – a Staged and Reflexive Approach
Authors: Skogseid Ingjerd , Grøtte Ivar Petter , Strand Geir Liavåg 
Published: December 2020

Access to broadband telecommunication infrastructure is important for both urban and rural areas. In urban areas market forces ensures access to service providers. In many rural and remote areas this is not the case. Local actors need to initiate the development of the infrastructure. This paper contributes to the development of a staged model for infrastructure development. We explore how local stakeholders have initiated and sustained the development of broadband access in rural and remote areas of Norway. Our conclusion is that the model is relevant in a Norwegian context. However we see the need to extend and strengthen it with elements of local reflexive processes taking context, feedback, learning, and global change forces into account. In initiating a timely development to meet local needs it is important to have a staged reflexive approach. Such a model provides a path of development that allows local and regional initiatives to aggregate and grow.
Book Review - Favela Digital: The Other Side of Technology
Authors: Halabi Ammar 
Published: December 2020

David Nemer's photo book provides snapshots on the lives of residents of the Brazilian favela of Vitoria and their appropriation of digital technology. It is a visual collection that is intriguing for researchers and accessible to the general public.Today, where a significant amount of human interactions are carried over ICTs, it is ever more important to address the rights of digital access, usability, usefulness and literacy around technology. Favela Digital provokes this discussion from the ground-up using words and visions from people living in the favelas, making the message concrete, plausibly accessible and generative for policy and design contributions.
Community informatics as innovation in sociotechnical infrastructures
Authors: Carroll John M , Shih Patrick C , Kropczynski Jessica 
Published: December 2020

One trajectory for community informatics is sociotechnical innovation: integrated innovations in the information and technology infrastructures of communities that enable innovation in communities themselves as social systems. We describe community informatics research emphasizing technology affordances of mobility and hyperlocality, aggregation and suprathresholding, information analytics, local digital currencies, reputation management systems, and crowd-based coordination. We present an envisionment scenario for a community innovation infrastructure incorporating and leveraging these technologies.
Curriculum development for mobile digital literacy skills acquisition using a Design Science Approach
Authors: Van Biljon Judy , Traxler John , Van der Merwe Ronell , Van Heerden Dalize 
Published: December 2020

Mobile digital literacy skills development as part of digital inclusion is compellingly relevant but exactly what the curriculum should contain is less evident. In this paper, we report on the development of a mobile digital literacy skills development curriculum for teachers using a Design Science Research (DSR) methodology. The use of design science research for curriculum development is not common but appropriate where the relevance cycle ensured engagement with the needs of the community while the rigor cycle guided the evaluations by other stakeholders. The main contribution of this paper is the mobile digital literacy skills development curriculum as artifact. Furthermore, the paper provides insights gained on using the DSR methodology for community informatics research
Reflective evaluation of civil society development: A case study of RLabs Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Wills Gary Brian 
Published: December 2020

Civil society is a defining feature in development theory and practice. This article using ethnographical methodology; reflective analysis of narratives from the community to aggregate qualitative factors identified by fifteen community participants, that were important in the development of grassroots, IT4D development project. The question we were asking of the actors was: “How did they achieve the formation of a civil community?” Factors include extended time period, a developed community, dedicated leadership, group ethos and dynamic sociological model of flows of information and people across group formation. A key feature is compassionate capitalism as a foundation of localised economic growth.
Data Murals: Using the Arts to Build Data Literacy
Authors: Bhargava Rahul , Kadouaki Ricardo , Bhargava Emily , Castro Guilherme , D'Ignazio Catherine 
Published: December 2020

Current efforts to build data literacy focus on technology-centered approaches, overlooking creative non-digital opportunities. This case study is an example of how to implement a Popular Education-inspired approach to building participatory and impactful data literacy using a set of visual arts activities with students at an alternative school in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. As a result of the project data literacy among participants increased, and the project initiated a sustained interest within the school community in using data to tell stories and create social change.
What Do Mobile-Connected Cambodians Do Online?
Authors: Richardson Jayson W. , Nash John , Lingat John Eric M. 
Published: December 2020

Considering recent developments related to government monitoring of the internet in Cambodia and a renewed push in civil society to improve access to information for Cambodian citizens, we wondered: what do Cambodian owners of smartphones do on the internet? This article reports how respondents use the Internet, smartphone use, perceive benefits of the Internet, and social media use. A survey was developed iteratively by the research team, with ongoing support from members of the in-country team located in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. A planned missing data design was utilized. The survey was disseminated to 35,000 Cambodia smart phone users. 429 responses were gathered on questions focusing on the personal, political, social media activities on the internet. This study adds to the growing body of knowledge on how various societies are getting access to the internet and what they do when they are on the internet.
Using Q-Sort Methodology to test the Non-hierarchical Online Learning Community (NHOLC) Framework
Authors: Kermish-Allen Ruth , Kastelein Kate 
Published: December 2020

The Non-Hierarchical Online Learning Community (NHOLC) conceptual framework was designed to leverage the understanding of sociocultural learning theory and community informatics to inform design principles for citizen science online learning communities that inspire online collaboration and local environmental action. The study presented here applies the NHOLC framework, using a Q-Sort methodology, to three online learning communities for citizens that were successful in fostering online collaboration and environmental actions. The findings of this paper provide tangible design principles that can be used to develop or revise online learning communities for citizen science instead of re-inventing the wheel for each newly emerging project.
Keeping Promises: Municipal communities struggle to fulfill promises to narrow the digital divide with Municipal Community Wireless Networks
Authors: Tapia Andrea H , Ortiz Julio Angel 
Published: December 2020

Some public elites assert that the digital divide is a serious social problem and that governments must intervene by affording wireless solutions to improve this social ill. Few studies, however, examine the relationship between the claims-making activities around such interventions, specifically in reference to closing the digital divide, and the perceptions of the actual impact of those initiatives on this divide. We bring together two data sets. The first dataset is from a previous study examining the public rhetoric surrounding these initiatives vis-à-vis the digital divide. The latter is part of a much larger study on the network’s impact on the divide. We conclude that these networks are necessary but insufficient in bridging the gap.
The i-REACH Project in Cambodia
Authors: Dara Kim , Dimanche Long , Ó Siochrú Seán 
Published: December 2020

The i-REACH project in Cambodia is an ambitious three year initiative building two pilot e-communities in rural Cambodia. Begun on May 2006, funded by IDRC of Canada, and managed by the Ministry of Commerce Cambodia, the goal is to deploy a range of ICTs, including telephony, internet, videoconferencing, radio and video, to bring social and economic benefits to villagers, eventually leading to the creation of community-owned ICT enterprises. Although already somewhat behind schedule, a solid team is in place in each pilot, the communities are mobilising around the initiative, and a range of services are on the point of launch.
Metropolitan Wi-Fi Research Network at the Los Angeles State Historic Park
Authors: Samanta Vidyut , Knowles Chase Laurelle Alexandria , Burke Jeff , Wagmister Fabian , Estrin Deborah 
Published: December 2020

UCLA is deploying a metropolitan-scale Wi-Fi mesh network near Downtown Los Angeles. It supports research in community-based urban participatory sensing, which focuses on how people can use their everyday mobile phones as sensors for data gathering on personal, community, and urban scales. Moreover, we will use it to explore Cultural Civic Computing, a service-oriented urban computing model in which neighborhoods power the processes of imagining, specifying, and designing technology infrastructure for public places. This work provides infrastructure with which to explore the potential that a large scale Wi-Fi deployment offers multicultural communities in investigating and reclaiming their own environments, and creating healthy and livable cities. It also enables public exploration of creativity and cultural identity, as well as the diverse histories of our cities and neighborhoods.
Too Old For Technology? How The Elderly Of Lisbon Use And Perceive ICT
Authors: Neves Bárbara Barbosa , Amaro Fausto 
Published: December 2020

The elderly have traditionally been an excluded group in the deployment of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). Even though their use of ICT is increasing, there is still a significant age-based digital divide. To empower elderly people’s usage of ICT we need to look at their patterns of usage and perceptions. To understand how Portugal’s elderly (65 and above) use and perceive mobile phones, computers and the Internet, we surveyed a random stratified sample of 500 individuals over 64 years of age, living in Lisbon. Of those surveyed, 72% owned a mobile phone, 13% used computers, and 10% used the Internet. The quantitative data was followed-up by ten qualitative (semi-structured) interviews. The implications of the results are discussed herein. Keywords: Elderly, Aging, ICT, Ageism, Digital Divide, Mobile phones, Computers, Internet, Portugal, “faux users”
Community Radio Provides Elderly a Platform to Have Their Voices Heard in rural Macha, Zambia
Authors: Van Stam Gertjan , Mweetwa Fred 
Published: December 2020

Preservation of (African) Intangible Cultural Heritage is an important part of healthy and sustainable progress of rural communities in Africa. Experience at Vision Community Radio Macha indicates that radio provides a platform for dissemination of cultural knowledge and wisdom in a community that operates mainly in primary orality. The most popular program at Radio Macha is one for which elderly people have organized themselves to facilitate a discussion program on culture. The program provides a beacon for identity in a community in flux in a fast changing world.
The Rhetoric of Transparency and its Reality: Transparent Territories, Opaque Power and Empowerment
Authors: Raman Bhuvaneswari 
Published: December 2020

This paper examines the purported links between transparency, citizens’ participation and empowerment through a focus on the governance of spatial information in Indian cities. It suggests that the data transparency paradigm need to be critically examined as the effects of data visibility and mobility differ according to the nature of information disclosed and conflicts surrounding it. Both information and technology that supports it visibility are embedded in power relations. Three themes are eloborated in the paper namely, the continued difficulty with retreiving information on land and territory; the complexities involved in capturing and representing accurately the dynamics of territory use and ownership claims and the emerging governmentality relating to spatial governance that renders power opaque.
Some Observations on the Practice of “Open Data” As Opposed to Its Promise
Authors: Cole Roland J. 
Published: December 2020

This note is a contribution to the continuing debates and analyses about what can and should be done to make public data “open.” In this note, I share some observations about current practices surrounding public data. In general, these observations lead to the insight that “absolutely open” public data is and will continue to be rare. Instead, various types of data are apt to be more or less open, and the reasons for the degree of openness may vary from one situation to another, that is type of data, by country, by type of institution, etc.
Improving community health equity: the potential role for mHealth in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Loring Belinda Jane , Friel Sharon , Matheson Don , Kitau Russell , Ake Isaac , Kitur Urarang , Rosewell Alexander , Randall Heather , Posanai Enoch 
Published: December 2020

Papua New Guinea (PNG) faces formidable health equity challenges. Technology and information is a key part of an effective health system and a determinant of community health equity. Innovative uses of mHealth technologies are proliferating in PNG and can facilitate improvements in the flow of data and information in the PNG health system. However in isolation these are unlikely to lead to positive change in health equity. This paper considers the implications of mHealth interventions within the broader PNG health system, and discusses the importance of evaluation to ensure mHealth contributes to improved community health outcomes and health equity.
Qualitative Research without money: Experiences with a home-grown Qualitative Content Analysis tool
Authors: Bytheway Andy 
Published: December 2020

Experience with young research students in South Africa, most of whom have few or no resources and are not supported by research infrastructure by their universities, shows that they have great difficulty in learning the techniques of qualitative research. Beginning as a simple idea, the development of an ad-hoc package intended to assist with the coding and categorisation of qualitative data led to a useful suite of facilities that contributed to at least four projects, one of which had the texts of 52 interviews to work with. It proved possible to import, structure and organise the research data in a way that then permitted useful export of charts, tables and text into papers and theses. With appropriate skills, researchers also found it possible to apply their own SQL queries to data that was now well structured and fully normalised (in terms of database design). Comparison with two commercial packages shows that many of the proclaimed features of the commercial packages were replicated, and in at least one instance they seem to have been exceeded.