bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adam Smith and the Stoic principle of suicide
Authors: Lustila Getty L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA substantial portion of Adam Smith's discussion of Stoicism in TMS VII is dedicated to the Stoic “principle of suicide,” according to which suicide is sometimes morally required. While scholars agree that Stoicism exercised considerable influence over Smith, no recent work has explored his views on suicide, despite the central role it plays in his treatment of Stoicism. I argue that Smith opposes the principle of suicide on both epistemic and moral grounds, providing an important critique of Stoicism. I also show how Smith departs from other early modern accounts of suicide by offering a notably humane analysis of this tragic act. I conclude by considering what Smith's discussion of Stoicism and suicide tells us about how his moral theory, and I forward a reading of Smith as a skeptic.
Cluster validation in clustering‐based one‐class classification
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ruiz Jorge , Monroy Raúl , Medina‐Pérez Miguel Angel , Loyola‐González Octavio , Cervantes Bárbara 
Published: November 2019

AbstractReconstruction‐based one‐class classification has shown to be very effective in a number of domains. This approach works by attempting to capture the underlying structure of the normal class, typically, by means of clusters of objects. It has the main disadvantage, however, that one has to indicate the number of clusters in advance, for this yields an efficient way of computing a clustering. In this paper, we introduce a new algorithm, OCKRA++, which achieves a better performance, by enhancing a clustering‐based one‐class ensemble classifier (OCKRA) with a cluster validity index that is used to set the best number of clusters during the classifier's training process. We have thoroughly tested OCKRA++ in a particular domain, namely masquerade detection. For this purpose, we have used the Windows‐Users and ‐Intruder simulation Logs data set repository, which contains 70 different masquerade data sets. We have found that OCKRA++ is currently the algorithm that achieves the best area under the curve, with a significant difference, in masquerade detection using the file system navigation approach.
Quality improvement for all seasons: Administrative doctrines after New Public Management
Authors: Pflueger Dane 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper systematically analyzes the discourse of quality in public policies and reforms of the U.K. National Health Service (NHS) between 1983 and 2013. It identifies a subtle and cumulative but highly significant movement in which “quality” is transformed from a vague and largely undefined promise related to the pursuit and extension of New Public Management (NPM) doctrines into a set of catch‐all and seemingly apolitical norms for contemplating and undertaking reform. This finding contributes to debates about whether and to what extent NPM is “dead,” “comatose,” “very much alive,” and so forth, showing that quality simultaneously displaces NPM as the source of catch‐all administrative norms, and also reinvigorates and embeds them within and as part of medical professionalism though with new points of emphasis and twists. Pointing to generalizable mechanisms underlying this transformation, this paper highlights a growing international quality improvement movement as offering a new and consequential set of reform doctrines, to borrow Hood's terms, “for all seasons.”
Fatigue assessment of a marine structural steel and comparison with Thermographic Method and Static Thermographic Method
Authors: Corigliano Pasqualino , Cucinotta Filippo , Guglielmino Eugenio , Risitano Giacomo , Santonocito Dario 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFatigue properties are of fundamental importance and extremely time consuming to be assessed. The aim of this research activity is to apply the Thermographic Method (TM) and the Static Thermographic Method (STM) during fatigue and tensile tests to correlate the temperature trend to the fatigue properties of an S355 steel. The material was retrieved from an in‐service port crane. Traditional fatigue tests were performed in order to evaluate the S‐N curve with a scatter band. Step load tests were carried out deriving the fatigue limit and the Energy Parameter of the material. Static tensile tests were performed to obtain the stress at which the temperature trend deviates from the thermoelastic behavior. The fatigue properties obtained by means of the energetic methods were compared to the traditional ones showing a good agreement.
Postcolonial geographies and colonialism's mutations: The geo‐graphing of South Asia
Authors: Ashutosh Ishan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article builds on postcolonial geography's concepts of imaginative geographies, worlding, and subaltern geopolitics by applying them to an examination of South Asia's regional formation in the mid‐20th century. Following a review of debates in postcolonial geography, I analyze the mutations of colonialism as they shaped the dynamics of South Asia in the wake of formal decolonization. First, the Indian subcontinent's partition inscribed colonial knowledge onto the imaginative geographies of postcolonial nation‐states. Second, South Asia was symptomatic of the Cold War's process of worlding, as reflected in the division of global space and the forms of knowledge generated by American area studies. Third, decolonization and postcolonial migrations provided subaltern geopolitical configurations of the region in tension with the nation‐state. This analysis emphasizes postcolonial geography's value in tracking colonialism's shifts across networks of empire and in the passage from anticolonial movements to postcolonial state territorialization.
Fabrication and rheological behavior of tape‐casting slurry for ultra‐thin multilayer transparent ceramics
Authors: Zhao Han , Tang Fei , Xie Yongzhen , Wen Zicheng , Tian Kangzhen , Nie Xinming , Cao Yongge , Tang Dingyuan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDisk transparent ceramics with multilayer composite structure serves well as laser gain medium because of its excellent thermal and optical properties. For such a type of material, the preparation of corresponding outstanding slurry is the first yet most essential step, and it may determine the quality of both subsequent green tape and the sintered ceramics. In this work, the tape‐casting slurry with typically pseudoplastic behavior was carefully modulated in the mixture solvent of anhydrous ethanol and ethyl acetate, and its rheological property was systematically investigated using fine‐controlled rotary rheometer. The obtained result reveals 4wt.% fish oil to be the best dispersed agent. With the obtained slurry for tape‐casting followed by lamination and warm isostatic‐pressing, the multilayer ultrathin TCs was successfully fabricated via high‐temperature vacuum sintering technology. The obtained full‐dense microstructure with high optical quality may endow the studied ceramic with great potential for highly efficient solid‐state laser gain medium.
Welfare Index of Migrant Workers in the Gulf: the Case of Qatar
Authors: Diop Abdoulaye , Al‐Ali Mustafa Semsia , Ewers Michael , Le Trung Kien 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn December 2010, Qatar won the rights to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup games. The FIFA announcement came with increasing pressure from international human rights organizations, media and other groups for Qatar to reform its labour law, which governs the lives and working conditions of foreign workers in the country. Although Qatar continues to develop and implement major reforms to its labour laws, until now there was no one unique tool based on survey data to evaluate the impact of the government’s policies on guest workers. The objective of this article is to present the Qatar Guest Workers’ Welfare Index (GWWI),1 a multi‐dimensional comprehensive tool based on survey data of migrant workers developed by the Social and Economic Survey Research Institute (SESRI). In addition to assessing and tracking the welfare of this population, the objective of the index is to identify areas of improvement to guide policy formulation.
Ethical considerations relating to healthcare resource allocation decisions
Authors: Olver Ian , Dodds Susan , Kenner Jeremy , Kerridge Ian , McGovern Kevin , Milligan Eleanor , Mortimer Robin ,   on behalf of the Australian Health Ethics Committee of the National Health and Medical Research Council
Published: November 2019

AbstractPublic policy decisions about patients' access to limited healthcare resources must be defensible and responsive to the interests of those affected. Decision‐makers should articulate their reasoning and recommendations so that citizens can judge them. While the context of policy decisions will differ, their legitimacy depends upon the transparency of the reasoning, the accountability of the decision‐makers, the testability of the evidence used to inform the decision‐making and the inclusive recognition of those the decision affects. An example of applying this framework to resource allocation is that of approving effective high‐cost anticancer drugs in a timely fashion.
Why we should stop performing vertebroplasties for osteoporotic spinal fractures
Authors: Buchbinder Rachelle , Busija Lucy 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhile vertebroplasty enjoys continued use in some settings, there is now high‐moderate quality evidence based on systematic review that includes five placebo‐controlled trials that it provides no benefits over placebo and these results do not differ according to pain duration (≤6 vs >6 weeks). A clinically important increased risk of incident symptomatic vertebral fractures or other serious adverse events cannot be excluded due to small event numbers. Serious harms including cord compression, ventricular perforation, pulmonary embolism, infection and death have been reported. This unfavourable risk–benefit ratio should be convincing doctors and patients to stop the use of vertebroplasty. At the very least, clinicians should fully inform their patients about the evidence including the likelihood of improving without vertebroplasty and the potential harms, so that patients can make evidence‐informed decisions about their treatment. They should also warn patients about the pitfalls of relying on information sourced from the internet or from ‘awareness raising’ campaigns.
Origin and ontogeny of lung macrophages: from mice to humans
Authors: Evren Elza , Ringqvist Emma , Willinger Tim 
Published: November 2019

SummaryMacrophages are tissue‐resident myeloid cells with essential roles in host defense, tissue repair, and organ homeostasis. The lung harbors a large number of macrophages that reside in alveoli. As a result of their strategic location, alveolar macrophages are critical sentinels of healthy lung function and barrier immunity. They phagocytose inhaled material and initiate protective immune responses to pathogens, while preventing excessive inflammatory responses and tissue damage. Apart from alveolar macrophages, other macrophage populations are found in the lung and recent single‐cell RNA‐sequencing studies indicate that lung macrophage heterogeneity is greater than previously appreciated. The cellular origin and development of mouse lung macrophages has been extensively studied, but little is known about the ontogeny of their human counterparts, despite the importance of macrophages for lung health. In this context, humanized mice (mice with a human immune system) can give new insights into the biology of human lung macrophages by allowing in vivo studies that are not possible in humans. In particular, we have created humanized mouse models that support the development of human lung macrophages in vivo. In this review, we will discuss the heterogeneity, development, and homeostasis of lung macrophages. Moreover, we will highlight the impact of age, the microbiota, and pathogen exposure on lung macrophage function. Altered macrophage function has been implicated in respiratory infections as well as in common allergic and inflammatory lung diseases. Therefore, understanding the functional heterogeneity and ontogeny of lung macrophages should help to develop future macrophage‐based therapies for important lung diseases in humans.
The Collage Workshop: Exploring the Image as Argumentative Tool
Authors: de Bruijn Willem 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article describes a pedagogical approach to collage based on the work of art historians John Berger (1926–2017) and Aby Warburg (1866–1929). Its aim is to understand how images can be used to develop critical visual thinking skills within the context of architectural education and architectural theory in particular. Drawing on the notions of ‘visual literacy’ and ‘visual learning’ familiar from educational theory, the article proposes collage as a means to challenge the predominantly verbal modes of assessment prevalent in contextual and critical studies, where ‘contextual’ refers to the wider contexts (cultural, social, historical, theoretical) within which architecture is situated. The Collage Workshop, which the author has developed over the last five years whilst working closely with students at both undergraduate and postgraduate level, is a concrete attempt to implement visually oriented forms of learning and reduce the reliance on written assignments across the curriculum. By analysing some examples of collages produced by students who participated in the workshop, the article hopes to show how images can be used in the construction of an argument and, perhaps more crucially, how seeing assumes meaning in an image‐saturated world.
Using an augmented reality game to teach three junior high school students with intellectual disabilities to improve ATM use
Authors: Kang Ya‐Shu , Chang Yao‐Jen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) may have difficulties in performing daily living tasks. Among other daily living tasks, independent automated teller machine (ATM) skills are an essential life skill for people with intellectual disabilities.Materials and MethodsThree junior high school students in a special education class participated in the experiment. We employed the augmented reality (AR) technology to gamify ATM skill training. Specifically, a multiple baseline design was adopted to demonstrate the relation between game‐based intervention and using an ATM independently.ResultsData showed that the percentage of correct task steps increased among all three participants. Social validity results showed the teachers considered the AR game was very useful and it had helped their students learn the ATM skills effectively.ConclusionsThe proposed AR game can be used for effective training of students with intellectual disabilities using an ATM independently.
Why mountains matter for biodiversity
Authors: Perrigo Allison , Hoorn Carina , Antonelli Alexandre 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMountains are arguably Earth's most striking features. They play a major role in determining global and regional climates, are the source of most rivers, act as cradles, barriers and bridges for species, and are crucial for the survival and sustainability of many human societies. The complexity of mountains is tightly associated with high biodiversity, but the processes underlying this association are poorly known. Solving this puzzle requires researchers to generate more primary data, and better integrate available geological and climatic data into biological models of diversity and evolution. In this perspective, we highlight emerging insights, which stress the importance of mountain building through time as a generator and reservoir of biodiversity. We also discuss recently proposed parallels between surface uplift, habitat formation and species diversification. We exemplify these links and discuss other factors, such as Quaternary climatic variations, which may have obscured some mountain‐building evidence due to erosion and other processes. Biological evolution is complex and the build‐up of mountains is certainly not the only explanation, but biological and geological processes are probably more intertwined than many of us realize. The overall conclusion is that geology sets the stage for speciation, where ecological interactions, adaptive and non‐adaptive radiations and stochastic processes act together to increase biodiversity. Further integration of these fields may yield novel and robust insights.
Frequency and prognosis of associated malignancies in 504 patients with lymphomatoid papulosis
Authors: Melchers R.C. , Willemze R. , Bekkenk M.W. , de Haas E.R.M. , Horvath B. , van Rossum M.M. , Sanders C.J.G. , Veraart J.C.J.M. , Putter H. , Jansen P.M. , Vermeer M.H. , Quint K.D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundLymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) can be associated with other haematological malignancies (HM), but reported percentages vary from 20% to over 50%.ObjectiveTo evaluate the frequency and prognostic significance of associated HM and non‐HM in LyP patients.MethodsIn this multicentre cohort study, the complete Dutch LyP population was included from the Dutch Cutaneous Lymphoma Registry between 1985 and 2018. Clinical and histopathological information was retrieved from every individual patient.ResultsAfter a median follow‐up of 120 months (range, 6–585), an associated HM was observed in 78/504 (15.5%) patients. Most common associated HM were mycosis fungoides (MF; n = 31) and anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma (ALCL; n = 29), while 19 patients had another HM of B‐cell (n = 14) or myeloid origin (n = 5). Even after a 25‐year follow‐up period, percentages of associated HM did not exceed 20%. Thirty‐nine of 465 patients (8.4%) without a prior or concurrent associated HM developed an associated HM during follow‐up, after a median of 68 months (range of 3–286 months). Nine of 78 patients died of associated HM, including 6/22 patients developing extracutaneous ALCL, while all patients with associated MF or skin‐limited ALCL had an excellent prognosis. Compared with the general population, LyP patients showed an increased risk (relative risk, 2.8; 95% confidence intervals, 2.4–3.3) for non‐HM, in particular cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma and intestinal/lung/bladder cancer.ConclusionsAn associated HM was reported in 15.5% of the LyP patients, particularly MF and ALCL. Although the frequency of associated HM is lower than suggested and the prognosis of most patients with associated HM is excellent, a small subgroup will develop aggressive disease, in particular extracutaneous ALCL. Furthermore, LyP patients have a higher risk of developing other malignancies. Clinicians should be aware of these risks, and LyP patients require close monitoring.
Fuzzy logic–based clinical decision support system for the evaluation of renal function in post‐Transplant Patients
Authors: Improta Giovanni , Mazzella Valeria , Vecchione Donatella , Santini Stefania , Triassi Maria 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesIn the context of the gradual development of artificial intelligence in health care, the clinical decision support systems (CDSS) play an increasing crucial role in improving the quality of the therapeutic and diagnostic efficiency in health care. The fuzzy logic (FL) provides an effective means for dealing with uncertainties in the health decision‐making process; therefore, FL‐based CDSS becomes a very powerful tool for data and knowledge management, being able to think like an expert clinician. This work proposes an FL‐based CDSS for the evaluation of renal function in posttransplant patients.MethodBased on the data provided by the Department of Nephrology of the University Hospital Federico II of Naples, a statistical sample is selected according to appropriate inclusion criteria. Four fuzzy inference systems are implemented monitoring the renal function by the level of proteinuria and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).ResultsThe systems show an accuracy of more than 90% and the outputs are provided through easy to read graphics, so that physicians can intuitively monitor the patient's clinical status, with the objective to improve drugs dosage and reduce medication errors.ConclusionsWe propose that the CDSSs for the assessment and follow‐up of kidney‐transplanted patients built in this study are applicable to clinical practice.
Evidences for genetic differentiation within the highly endemic and endangered annual fish Austrolebias nigrofasciatus (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae)
Authors: Barbosa Crislaine , Garcez Daiana K. , Volcan Matheus V. , Robe Lizandra J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSamples of Austrolebias nigrofasciatus (n = 103), an endangered species of annual fish endemic to a small area of the Patos‐Mirim lagoon system encompassing the São Gonçalo Channel lowlands, were collected from eight isolated temporary ponds, four located at the known distribution range of the species and four located along the Piratini River lowlands, where morphologically different individuals were found. In the laboratory, fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (coI), cytochrome b (cytb) and nuclear rhodopsin (rho) genes were amplified, purified and sequenced for 100, 99 and 58 of these individuals, respectively. Samples were further analysed using phylogenetic and phylogeographic methods to evaluate the patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation presented within and between populations, while assessing their evolutionary history, in order to guide the application of further conservation strategies. We found that the four new populations from the Piratini River lowlands encompass a different lineage of A. nigrofasciatus that diverged from that encountered in the São Gonçalo Channel at approximately 0.165 M years before present, during a population expansion and did not yet attain reciprocal monophyly. This divergence was associated with a glacial event that was preceded by an interglacial period putatively associated with the dispersal. Moreover, significant levels of genetic differentiation and a high number of exclusive haplotypes could be encountered even in micro‐geographical scales, as in the comparisons between populations located within the same major lineage, indicating each of them may encompass independent management units. Conservation actions are certainly urgent, especially in the face of signs of a recent bottleneck.