bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Write–Reach–Repeat
Authors: Boylorn Robin M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the role, importance, and impact of public intellectualism on the future of qualitative research. The chapter argues that the move toward technology and the public dissemination of information via the internet requires a shift in how and what we research with an expressed intention of reaching a broader and nonacademic audience. The chapter considers the relationship between the private and public sphere, and the so-called “bastardization” of intellectualism to explain the role and rise of public intellectualism in qualitative research. By considering issues such as personal subjectivity, accountability, representation, and epistemological privilege, the chapter discusses how public contexts inform qualitative research and, conversely, how qualitative research can inform the public.
The Future of Music Trademarks under Dastar
Authors: Fishman Joseph P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Trademarks on recordings are routinely used to ensure the accuracy of identifying information that music consumers may care about. Yet under the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2003 decision in Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., the federal trademark statute is not concerned with the source of intangible content such as music (or pictures, literature, etc.). The relevant statutory provision’s reference to “origin of … goods,” the Court held, extends only to physical products. Lower courts have tended to read this case expansively. The upshot of these readings is that physical objects, not intangible ones like expressive works, are the only goods whose source matters in trademark law. Though courts almost certainly do not intend this result, their reasoning requires the conclusion that accuracy over expression’s source is something that trademark law cannot police. This chapter provides a descriptive account of the disruption that these cases would create for music trademarks if their legal reasoning were taken seriously. Dastar would prevent recording artists and labels from using trademark law to manage how they designate themselves as the source of their primary product: recorded music. Recordings are simply not a relevant good for which a mark could ever indicate legally cognizable source to begin with. The chapter concludes by arguing that false advertising claims should be available to musicians, labels, and publishers to do what trademark law cannot—prevent competitors from falsely attributing authorship either to themselves or to others—whenever such factual statements of authorship are material to consumers.
International Trade Finance from the Origins to the Present: Market Structures, Regulation, and Governance
Authors: Accominotti Olivier , Ugolini Stefano 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes how the structure and governance of international trade finance—the oldest domain of international finance—evolved from the Middle Ages until today. Trade finance products initially consisted of idiosyncratic assets issued by local merchants and bankers. The financing of international trade then became increasingly centralized and credit instruments were standardized through the diffusion of the local standards of consecutive leading trading centers (Antwerp, Amsterdam, London). This process of market centralization/product standardization culminated in the nineteenth century when London became the global center for international trade finance and the sterling bill of exchange emerged as the most widely used trade finance instrument. The structure of the trade finance market then evolved considerably following World War I and disintegrated during the interwar deglobalization and Bretton Woods period. The reconstruction of global trade finance in the post-1970 period gave way to the decentralized market structure that prevails nowadays.
The Nazaretha, Zionists, and Other Rebels in Segregated South Africa
Authors: Jarvis Lauren V. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Zionist churches proliferated in South Africa’s segregation era amid a global revival of the doctrine of divine healing. Among the nearly eight hundred new denominations that emerged were some of the largest Zionist churches, including Ignatius Lekganyane’s Zion Christian Church (ZCC) and Isaiah Shembe’s Nazaretha Church. All of these new denominations took root in the absence of government recognition and during a period when church-state relations were in flux. Many Zionists found ways to work around and in spite of segregation-era laws, but these efforts occasionally ended in disaster—as at Bulhoek in 1921. For scholars, Zionist churches have long posed problems of categorization. Scholars once imagined Zionists as embodying a distinctively African expression of faith, but important new scholarship has challenged this understanding. The time is ripe, however, to reassess what made Zionists different. This entry looks to Zionists’ doctrine and methods of evangelism to understand them as segregation-era rebels.
Religion, Politics, and the State
Authors: Hernández Sandoval Bonar L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The historiography of religion and politics in Central America during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries delves into three key historical periods: (1) the era of nation-building and anticlericalism during the nineteenth century; (2) the age of liberal dictatorship and the resurgence of Catholicism during the first part of the twentieth century; and (3) the rise of progressive Catholicism and concurrent expansion of Protestantism during the Cold War. Writing on the subject has emphasized the relationship between religion and politics and the interaction between clerics and lay people. Scholars have moved beyond a purely functionalist approach to the study of religion. They have uncovered the two-sided nature of church–state relations, one marked by conflict and cooperation, the connection between religion and politics, the link between Central American Catholicism, and the global Catholic Church, and the history of lay agency within religious institutions.
Belize
Authors: Moberg Mark 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Belize’s history and politics reflect the country’s anomalous position between the Anglophone Caribbean and Hispanic Central America. Older historical narratives emphasized its exceptionalism as the region’s sole British colony, associating national identity with its creole (English-speaking) residents. Official discourses belied the country’s actual ethnic complexity, and patterns of wealth and land distribution that mirrored the inequities of the neighboring countries. Recent historiography has emphasized its arduous path to independence, which was complicated by colonial intransigence to self-governance and a long-standing Guatemalan territorial claim. Belize’s contemporary challenges stem from its political affinities with the Commonwealth and geographic location in Central America. Like most of the Caribbean, its agricultural economy has been wracked by market liberalization, caused by the loss of EU trade preferences. Migration from other Central American countries and between Belize and the United States has reshaped the country’s demography, heightening inequities rooted in the colonial era.
Ethical Dimensions of Psychotherapy Side Effects
Authors: Linden Michael 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Side effects are unwanted events caused by appropriate treatment. They must be discriminated from negative developments which are unrelated to treatment or which are caused by improper treatment. The assessment of side effects requires several professional but also value decisions: What is negative? What is proper treatment? What is treatment related? Scientifically there is a lack of generally accepted instruments and of guidelines on how to assess side effects in clinical trials. There is growing evidence that about 10 percent of psychotherapy patients experience relevant negative consequences of psychotherapy. Therapists should be aware of the possibility of side effects and inform patients. Acknowledgment of side effects can improve treatment and also advance the development of the field of psychotherapy.
Patient Information on Evidence and Clinical Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Authors: Blease Charlotte , Kelley John M. , Trachsel Manuel 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on what information should be provided to patients about the evidence base supporting the clinical effectiveness of psychotherapy. In particular, the authors consider whether research on the relative efficacy of different forms of psychotherapy should be provided to patients, as well as whether patients should be provided with information on the relative importance of common factors versus specific factors as the causal agents of clinical improvement. After a critical review and discussion of the relatively few scholarly papers that have previously addressed this question, the authors conclude that patients should be provided with an honest, transparent, and impartial summary of the evidence related to their treatment options including information about the common factors. The authors offer this conclusion even while acknowledging that considerable controversy persists about how to interpret the psychotherapy research evidence base. Finally, the authors strongly support continued research into these questions, especially given the relatively limited scholarly attention they have received to date.
The Scottish Labour Party
Authors: Hassan Gerry , Shaw Eric 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLabour started in the dominant position politically in Scotland after devolution in votes, parliamentary seats, ideology, and values. Yet over the course of two decades, from the New Labour triumph in 1997 and establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999, the party has managed to whittle away its impressive inheritance, first losing to the SNP in 2007, and subsequently relegated to third party status. This chapter addresses the evolution of Scottish Labour in recent decades and in particular over the devolution period. It looks at its organizational development, electoral performance, leadership, and political direction since the establishment of the Scottish Parliament, concluding with looking at the current state of the party. The thread of how the party has fallen from being the leading party of the country to third place, runs through the chapter, which ends with a brief assessment of its future prospects and choices.
Smaller Parties
Authors: Clark Alistair 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSmall parties in Scotland have played a number of roles in the post-devolution party system. In some areas they have been trailblazers for broader developments, whilst in others they have met some success but had little longer impact. Understanding this is crucial for a broader understanding of party competition and the Scottish party system. The first section of the chapter addresses thorny theoretical issues around what counts as a ‘small’ party, and the relation between smallness and relevance. The second section discusses key small parties that have had some level of success in Scotland. These include the Greens, Scottish Socialist Party, UKIP, Scottish Senior Citizens Unity Party, and the ‘Others’ who have also been successfully elected in Scotland, including the Liberal Democrats, given their changing fortunes over time. The final section considers reasons for the rise of smaller parties, whilst examining the broader effect on the Scottish party system and putting Scotland into comparative perspective in relation to the role of small parties.
Devolution
Authors: Harvey Malcolm 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The UK remains de jure a unitary state in the legal sense but de facto operates as a decentralized polity with a number of constraints on sovereign authority in the UK Parliament. This chapter assesses the role devolution has played on the development of this de facto reality. By placing Scottish devolution in context alongside developments in Northern Ireland and Wales, the chapter assesses some of the important aspects of devolution that have led to this new constitutional reality, such as the competencies of the Scottish Parliament and the Sewel Convention. The chapter also discusses the impact that Brexit is having on the UK territorial constitution.
Nationality and National Identity
Authors: McCrone David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on different ways of measuring national identity, and examines the relationship between politics and national identity since the late 1990s. It concludes that this relationship is correlative rather than causal. Focusing on elections at Scottish and British levels, as well as the Independence referendum of 2014 and the Brexit referendum in 2016, it is clear that there is no simple relationship between ‘politics’ and national identity, which is best understood as a prism through which politics is refracted. The point is that ‘politics’ is not a passive process, simply the expression of social and cultural attitudes; nor does politics, in turn, determine such attitudes. Whilst in recent years there has been a tightening up of the relationship between politics and national identity—voting ‘Yes’ in 2014, for example, was strongly associated with ‘being Scottish’—these remain relatively autonomous. National identity is best thought of as a cultural prism through which ‘politics’ is interpreted, and helps to explain why political behaviour in Scotland and England has diverged in the last thirty years.
The Political Class in Scotland
Authors: Keating Michael , Cairney Paul , Intropido Stefano 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the period following the Second World War, Scottish MPs formed a distinct group. Scottish Labour MPs were more likely to be working class and Scottish Conservative MPs more upper class than their counterparts elsewhere in the UK. Over time, both groups became more middle class, but the differences between the nations remained. Devolution produced a step change, as Members of the Scottish Parliament were more likely to be drawn from the professional middle classes than MPs across the UK. This trend has continued. The new generation of Scottish Conservative MPs and MSPs following the Conservative revival after 2014 resemble their SNP and Labour counterparts in their background. There was an increase in female representation with the first generation of MSPs but progress has since stalled. In Scotland, as at Westminster, a notable feature has been the rise of the professional politician from a ‘politics-facilitating’ background.
Scotland and Europe
Authors: Hughes Kirsty 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses how the Brexit process has unfolded in Scotland since the 2016 vote. With the UK as a whole voting to leave the EU whilst Scotland, and Northern Ireland, voted to Remain, political tension was inherent in the relationship between the Scottish and UK governments over Brexit from the start. This tension worsened during the subsequent two to three years as the Article 50 process got under way. Scottish support for remaining in the EU is compared to that across the UK, together with polling evidence on the subsequent evolution of support for Remain and for another EU referendum (a ‘people’s vote’). Political responses in Scotland are then considered, focusing in particular on the varying positions of the Scottish Government. The Scottish Government took a more strategic approach to Brexit in the initial weeks after the Brexit vote, which was then replaced by a more tactical emphasis on staying in the EU’s single market and defending the devolution settlement. This shifted again in autumn 2018 when the Scottish Government came out in favour of a people’s vote and put more emphasis on Remain over a ‘soft’ Brexit; this position was strengthened through 2019. How the politics of Brexit and the politics of independence have intertwined since 2016 is also briefly considered.
Dante and the Medieval City
Authors: Pike David L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the paradox that the most sustained and influential literary representation of the medieval city is set in the afterlife. The chapter begins with a discussion of Dante’s reproduction of the vertical Christian cosmos within the horizontality of everyday life in the city. It then looks at the place of hell within this city, the types of urban experience represented within it, and the relationship of the infernal city to the heavenly city as which Dante figures paradise. The final section of the chapter surveys the dissemination of this urban model into the diverse cityscapes of Boccaccio, Chaucer, François Villon, and Christine de Pizan. The chapter concludes that late medieval urban representations are characterized by the growing insistence on the city as a site of representational difference and local autonomy that remains nevertheless deeply embedded in the spatial dynamics of verticality.
The Romance of the Rose
Authors: Hult David F. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Romance of the Rose occupies a unique position in the medieval French literary tradition, widely recognized as the most circulated and well-known French narrative poem across Europe, from the late thirteenth to the early sixteenth century. This chapter attempts to situate the two parts of the romance, attributed to two authors, within the production of verse narrative in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. By evoking the transition from orally-produced epic poetry to learned adaptations of Latin and Celtic narratives in the French vernacular, it attempts to articulate the profound impact of the Rose upon the establishment of the figure widely known as the clerkly narrator. The first author, Guillaume de Lorris, definitively developed the figure of the first-person narrator/lover figure, while the second, Jean de Meun, used the fictional ambiguity of dual authorship to create a paradigm of the deceptive narrator that will have a rich afterlife in late medieval literature.
Chaucer and the Textualities of Troy
Authors: Desmond Marilynn 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the transmission of the matter of Troy from its entrance into the textual traditions of the Latin West until Chaucer’s composition of Troilus and Criseyde. This tradition includes late antique Latin prose texts attributed to Dares and Dictys, the twelfth-century Roman de Troie composed by Benoît de Sainte-Maure, Boccaccio’s Filostrato, Guido delle Colonne, as well as the Histoire ancienne jusqu’à Cèsar. The narrator of Chaucer’s Troilus exhibits the poet’s self-conscious awareness of this complex textual network. The subject-position of Criseyde as a woman living within a city under siege is the product of this textual tradition. The second book of Chaucer’s House of Fame stages the poetic authority for the textual traditions on Troy.
Historiography
Authors: Akbari Suzanne Conklin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses Chaucer’s chief model for the writing of universal history: the early fourteenth-century Anglo-Norman chronicle of Nicholas Trevet. The first section sketches out the overall nature of Trevet’s world history, indicating its scope and showing what view it presents of English national identity, especially in terms of genealogical descent and territorial claims. It then turns to the Constance narrative that provided a model for the Man of Law’s Tale, illustrating how Trevet’s version highlights the role of language in the establishment of national identity, and in the mediating of fundamental changes in that national identity. Selected other passages in Trevet’s work also illustrate the role of language in articulating the boundaries that separate nations and, sometimes, bring them together. The chapter closes by identifying what it is that Trevet’s historical vision offers readers of Chaucer’s histories, such as Troilus or the Knight’s Tale: namely, a capacious temporal scope that makes room for a plural vision of multiple historical contexts—biblical, apostolic, Trojan, Roman, Theban, British, Saxon, and English.
Medicine and Science in Chaucer’s Day
Authors: Harvey E. Ruth 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Henry Daniel was an older contemporary of Chaucer, who lived, for at least part of his life, in or near London. He was a pioneer in medieval English science, who completed two large works in English: an exhaustive treatise on uroscopy and a very large herbal-cum-medical encyclopaedia. He put together and created a medical and scientific vocabulary in English, and wrote the first serious scientific textbook in the vernacular. His contribution to learning and medical history has been unaccountably neglected; and his contributions to our knowledge of Chaucer’s language and society have been largely ignored.
Chaucer’s Travels for the Court
Authors: Brown Peter 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChaucer travelled extensively in Britain and abroad as a representative of the court. His reading and cosmopolitan life in London meant that mainland Europe was a vivid part of Chaucer’s cultural awareness even before his visits there. There are records of fourteen trips overseas of varying duration and level of importance. Most were to Flanders and France but others were to Spain and Italy. Their purposes included war, marriage negotiations and financial transactions. Chaucer was at best an ancillary but his travelling companions and contacts included the kind of people who formed the audience for his poetry. He appears to have narrowly missed meeting other writers such as Machaut, Deschamps, Petrarch, and Boccaccio. Nevertheless Chaucer’s visits to Italy in the 1370s coincide with the onset of his interest in Italian literature.
Anti-Judaism/Anti-Semitism and the Structures of Chaucerian Thought
Authors: Kruger Steven F. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter considers the significance of medieval Christian anti-Judaism and anti-Semitism for Chaucer’s work, both for poems like the Prioress’s Tale that explicitly foreground Jews and for those where Jews are largely absent. Although there were no active Jewish communities in Chaucer’s England, from which Jews had been expelled in 1290, thinking about Jewishness remained central to late-medieval structures of thought. The chapter argues that anti-Jewish and anti-Semitic ideas are particularly salient for an understanding of Chaucer’s treatment of (1) questions about temporality and history, and specifically a dynamic in which the new (Christianity) supersedes the old (Judaism); (2) the metaphysical distinction between the spiritual and the corporeal, with the latter in its negative forms often associated with Jewishness; and (3) constructions of space, where Jewish presence is seen as threatening to a Christian hegemony.
Old Books and New Beginnings North of Chaucer
Authors: Higgins Iain Macleod 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStarting from the claim that Chaucer’s profoundest legacy to his fifteenth- and sixteenth-century successors was his dynamic, dialogic use of literary form, this chapter shows how the two Scottish works that most fully respond to him (The Kingis Quair and Robert Henryson’s The Testament of Cresseid) use their textual frames to revise Chaucer’s unsettling modes of mediating a story. They do so in particular to shape new beginnings of and altered endings to familiar genres and stories. Adapting framing modes from Troilus, the Book of the Duchess, the Parliament, and even the Canterbury Tales, The Kingis Quair (attributed to James I of Scotland) remakes the Boethian dream vision as an optimistic celebration of faithful heterosexual love. Revising Chaucer negatively, Henryson’s Testament brings beginnings and ends together by inserting itself into a narrative gap in the final book of Troilus, audaciously framing itself ‘within’ and ideologically prying open a prior work.