bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association between Vitamin D deficiency and risk of pre-diabetes among older adults
Authors: Trussler Emily , Navon Julia , Pojednic Rachele , Metallinos-Katsaras Elizabeth 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionType 2 Diabetes Mellitus is one of the most common conditions affecting older adults, and is one of few diseases with a distinct liminal stage: prediabetes. Dietitians and healthcare practitioners currently recognize prediabetes as a lifestyle disease,and “reversing” it relies largely on dietary modifications and increased exercise.Some research suggests that vitamin D may also be a target since its deficiency has been tentatively linked to many chronic conditions,5 and a high prevalence has been observed among subjects with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes.6, 7 The purpose of this study was to examine the association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of pre-diabetes in people 50 + years of age living in the United States.Materials and MethodsThis was a cross-sectional analysis of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2012) subjects, ages 50 + years, free of kidney/liver diseases and diabetes. Outcome: Prediabetes, was defined as: HbA1c level 5.7–6.5%, or fasting plasma glucose level 100–125 mg/dL, or Oral Glucose Tolerance Test result 140–199 mg/dL, with no laboratory value in the diabetic range. Those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) with no marker in the prediabetes/diabetes range were the comparison group. Exposure: subjects' vitamin D status was classified based on total serum 25(OH)D levels as follows: deficient = < 50 nmol/L, insufficient = 50–75 nmol/L, and sufficient = > 75 nmol/L. The final sample (n = 2,286) was sufficient to detect a 7% difference in odds of prediabetes (the average difference observed in the literature) with 80% power and 95% confidence. Multivariate logistic regression analysis included strata, cluster and weight variables. Models were adjusted for BMI, ethnicity, age and gender.ResultsThe final sample was 2,286 subjects, predominantly white (80.4%) and female (56.6%), with a mean age of 62.3 years; 1,387 had prediabetes (59.1%) and 899 were NGT (40.9%). Vitamin D status was associated with pre-diabetes (p = 0.03). Those with vitamin D deficiency were more likely to have prediabetes compared to vitamin D sufficient individuals (crude OR = 1.48 95%CI 1.15–1.91), which remained significant after adjustment for ethnicity, BMI, age and gender (aOR = 1.39 95%CI 1.02–1.89). There was no effect modification by BMI, gender or ethnicity.DiscussionOur results contributed to this existing literature by demonstrating that vitamin D status is associated with pre-diabetes in a nationally representative sample of older US adults.Vitamin D status was significantly associated with risk of prediabetes in Americans 50 + years of age. Prevention efforts should incorporate awareness of vitamin D.
Long-lasting behavioural consequences of neonatal iron deficiency in high-risk children
Authors: McCarthy Elaine , Murray Deirdre , Kenny Louise , Hourihane Jonathan , Irvine Alan , Kiely Mairead 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLittle consideration has been given to the long-term consequences of iron deficiency in new-born infants. Fetal iron accretion is compromised by multiple pregnancy complications including preterm birth, gestational diabetes mellitus and fetal growth restriction, while our work has identified increased risks from maternal lifestyle factors such as smoking and obesity for low iron stores at birth. Early-life events, including C-section delivery, also add to this cumulative risk of neonatal iron deficiency, predisposing infants to iron deficiency later in infancy and early childhood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of neonatal iron deficiency on neurological development up to 5 years of age in term-born participants of a maternal-infant birth cohort in Ireland. In the Cork BASELINE Birth Cohort, 697 maternal-infant dyads with prospectively collected lifestyle and clinical data from 15 weeks’ gestation had umbilical cord serum ferritin concentrations measured. Neurological assessments were performed at 2 (Bayley Scales of Infant Development and Child Behaviour Checklist [CBCL]) and 5 (Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test and CBCL) years of age. In the cohort, median [IQR] cord ferritin concentrations were 200.9 [139.0,265.8] μg/L; 7.5% had neonatal iron deficiency (< 76μg/L). Using the risk factors for neonatal iron deficiency that we previously identified (smoking, obesity, C-section delivery, SGA) in this cohort, as selection criteria, we conducted an a priori sensitivity analysis in 306 children. Of the 306 children identified as high-risk, 12.4% had neonatal iron deficiency. Those with neonatal iron deficiency had higher median [IQR] CBCL internal (9.0 [5.3,12.0] vs. 5.0 [3.0,10.0]), external (7.5 [4.0,14.8] vs. 5.0 [2.0,10.0]) and total problem (24.5 [15.3,40.8] vs. 16.0 [10.0,30.0], all P < 0.05) scores at 5 years compared to those without neonatal deficiency. This adverse effect was especially apparent in children of obese mothers (n = 85) who were iron deficient at birth, with a total problem score at 5 years of 42.0 [24.5,54.5] compared to 16.0 [8.8,29.3] in those not deficient (P = 0.008). Associations were robust to adjustment for confounding factors. No effect on cognition or intelligence at 2 or 5 years was observed in this cohort. This study has identified behavioural consequences of neonatal iron deficiency. Interventions targeting the fetal/neonatal period could, therefore, represent a key opportunity for prevention of iron deficiency and its associated long-term neurological consequences. A dual approach is required, comprising public health strategies targeting prevention, through improving nutrition and health in women, and the development of screening strategies for early detection of iron deficiency in new-borns.
Acceptability to parents of a baby-led approach to introducing solids
Authors: Bacchus Sabina , Taylor Rachael , Fleming Elizabeth , Williams Sheila , Wheeler Benjamin , Taylor Barry , Heath Anne-Louise 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn Baby-Led Weaning (BLW), infants are offered foods they can pick up and feed themselves from the start of complementary feeding. Infants who are fully BLW are not spoonfed at all by their parents, feeding themselves all their foods instead. The Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS) study was a randomised controlled trial of the effect of a modified version of BLW5 on infant growth, iron status, and risk of choking, and provides an opportunity to investigate parents’ experiences of using a baby-led approach to infant feeding. Complementary feeding methods are usually chosen by parents, so it is important to ascertain whether parents find a baby-led method of introducing solids acceptable if they are assigned to follow it. This is both to determine whether it would be feasible to randomise them to follow BLW in future randomised controlled trials and because, if beneficial effects of BLW are shown, policy makers need to know whether parents would find it acceptable to follow BLW. The aim of this analysis was to determine the acceptability to parents of a baby-led approach to complementary feeding when their infant was 7 to 12 months of age. In total, 206 participants were randomised to Control (n = 101) or BLISS (n = 105) groups in the third trimester of pregnancy. When the infants were 7, 8, 9, and 12 months of age, questionnaires were administered to determine parents’ happiness and frustration with their feeding method, and attitudes regarding its convenience, mess, and expense. Food cost was estimated using supermarket prices linked to a 3-day weighed diet record collected at 7 months of age. Both groups reported high levels of happiness and convenience, but also reported finding complementary feeding very frustrating. There were two significant differences between the groups – the BLISS group reported less messiness, and were more likely to perceive their method as expensive. The actual food cost per day was not statistically significantly different between the two groups (NZ$1.70 for BLISS, NZ$1.90 for Controls). In conclusion, parents did not find a baby-led approach to introducing solids any less acceptable than control parents found standard infant feeding. It is, therefore, feasible to run studies where parents are randomised to follow a baby-led approach to complementary feeding and, should health advantages to BLW be identified, parents are likely to find BLW acceptable to follow.
Adipose tatty acid composition and gene expression in obesity, and response to chronic marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation.
Authors: Fisk Helena , Ayres Rob , Childs Caroline , Miles Elizabeth , Clarke-Harris Rebecca , Lillycrop Karen , Calder Philip 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Obesity is an excess of adipose tissue (AT) and is linked with increased inflammation that enhances risk of type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The BIOCLAIMS study assessed the effect of obesity on AT fatty acid composition and gene expression, and the responses of these to chronic omega-3 FA supplementation.Materials and methods:AT biopsies were collected pre- and post-12 week supplementation with 1.1 g EPA + 0.8 g DHA/day or corn oil. The composition of FA in the total lipid extract of AT from 37 normal-weight and 44 obese subjects was assessed by gas chromatography, whole AT transcriptome from 10 normal-weight and 10 obese subjects was assessed by RNA-Sequencing, and selected gene expression in AT of 27 normal-weight and 38 obese subjects was assessed by qRT-PCR.Results:789 AT genes were differentially expressed (623 upregulated, 175 downregulated) in obesity compared to normal-weight (FC > 2, P < 0.05). Differentially expressed genes included EGFL6, MMP-7 and -9, 5-LOX, WNT3 and WNT10B, DACT2, CNR1, SLC27A2 and PLA2G7, and were associated with immune and inflammatory response, cell proliferation, activation and movement, Wnt signalling, remodelling and expansion, and lipid incorporation and degradation.Chronic supplementation with EPA + DHA increased the concentration of AT EPA, DPA and DHA in normal-weight subjects (P < 0.01), and EPA in obese subjects (P = 0.006). EPA + DHA modulated the expression of 26 genes (14 upregulated, 12 downregulated) in normal-weight subjects and 7 genes (3 upregulated, 5 downregulated) in obese subjects (FC > 2, P < 0.05). Of note, EPA + DHA downregulated IGLV1-44, IGLV1-51, PROK2, and TREM1 in normal weight subjects (P < 0.05), and IGLV1-44, IGLV1-47, DACT2 and IDO1 obese subjects (P < 0.05). Genes of note upregulated by EPA + DHA included KCNH2, GCGR, SLC36A2 and FOXC2 in normal-weight subjects, and MAB21L1, LRRTM4, and COX-2, in obese subjects. Differentially expressed genes were associated with a decrease in complement activation and immunoglobulin secretion, negative regulation of cell proliferation, and positive regulation of remodelling, amino acid and glucose transport, and COX pathway metabolite synthesis.Discussion:These data indicate an altered AT transcription profile and gene expression in obesity suggesting enhanced immune and inflammatory response, tissue expansion and remodelling, and changes to lipid metabolism, as well as dysregulation in response to supplementary EPA + DHA at a gene expression level. EPA + DHA are able to modulate AT gene expression predominantly associated with reducing immune response, but obesity may involve resistance to the effects on tissue remodelling and nutrient transport.
UPLC-MS/MS characterization of phenolic constituents in fennel seed extracts (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)
Authors: Zorić Zoran , Repajić Maja , Kruk Valentina , Levaj Branka , Bursać Kovačević Danijela , Landeka Jurčević Irena , Dragović-Uzelac Verica 
Published: June 2020

AbstractReports in the recent literature indicate that consumption of phytochemicals (e.g. plant polyphenols) has been associated with a wide range of health benefits. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is common Mediterranean plant that has been widely used as medicinal and aromatic herb. Numerous studies reported the use of fennel extracts (plant or seed) due to its diversity of phenolic compounds to whom inhibitory effects against several diseases are prescribed. Hence, phenolic compounds isolated from fennel are of the great interest for the use in food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries.In order to obtain the highest quality of the fennel extracts, the selection of an effective extraction procedure is required. Nowadays, innovative extraction techniques have been introduced for isolation of bioactive compounds from plant material, among which pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was reported as automated extraction procedure that combines effects of elevated temperature and pressure to increase the efficiency of the extraction process. Improved efficiency is also achieved by selecting the right solvent and by optimizing processing conditions (temperature, static time, cycle number).Thus, PLE was applied for the extraction of phenolic compounds from fennel seeds. The effects of exhaustive extraction (acetone followed by methanol) as well as extraction temperatures (75 and 100 °C), static time (5 and 10 min) and cycle number (1,2,3) on the phenolic compounds concentrations were evaluated. A total of 27 phenolic compounds were identified and characterized by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS whereas 6 different categories are distinguished: (1) simple phenolic acid derivatives, (2) hydroxycinnamoylquinic acid derivatives, (3) flavonoid diglycosides, (4) flavonoid O-rhamnoglucosides, (5) flavonoid glucuronides and (6) flavonoid glycosides. Phenolic compounds were identified by comparing retention time and m/z values obtained by MS and MS/MS with the mass spectra from corresponding standards whereas the quantification was made on the basis of their peak areas and comparison with calibration curve obtained with the corresponding standards. Obtained results indicated that hydroxycinnamoylquinic acid derivatives (10 compounds) and flavonoid glucuronides (3 compounds) were found as the most abundant phenolics in acetone and methanol extracts, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that optimized PLE conditions for the most effective extraction of phenolic compounds were as follows: 100 °C/10 min/3 cycles for acetone and 100 °C/5 min/3 cycles for methanol extracts. In conclusion, PLE might be considered as a rapid and effective extraction procedure that could be useful in production of fennel seeds extracts.
Anti-inflammatory dietary intervention improved metabolic profile and body composition of obese adults
Authors: Jovanović Gordana Kenđel , Žeželj Sandra Pavičić , Majanović Sanja Klobučar , Šutić Ines Mrakovčić , Krešić Greta 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIt has become evident that chronic low-grade inflammation associated with excess adipose tissue plays an important role in the etiology of insulin resistance and other obesity related metabolic disturbances. Weight loss intervention focusing on anti-inflammatory dietary modification might help to attenuate and eventually reverse these disturbances. In this random case-control nutrition intervention study we hypothesized that obese patients will improve their inflammatory and metabolic status together with body composition following anti-inflammatory diet during 24 weeks. Body composition parameters of 42 obese patients, who completed the study, were determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis (Seca®, mBCA 515 Medical Body Composition Analyzer). Their inflammatory status was assessed with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and insulin resistance with HOMA index. The inflammatory potential of their diet was assessed by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), based on 37 food parameters which derived from 123-item food frequency questionnaire. A positive DII® designates a diet with pro-inflammatory potential, while negative DII® designates a diet with anti-inflammatory potential. Data and z-scores were analyzed with Statistica v13.3 (StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, USA) for baseline and study end parameters differences. Obtained results have shown that, at the end of study, the patients significantly reduced their body weight (-3.3 %, p < 0.001), BMI (-3.2 %, p < 0.001), waist circumference (-1.9 %, p < 0.001), total (-3.3 %, p < 0.001) and visceral body fat (-10.4 %, p < 0.001), total (-3.1 %, p < 0.001) and extracellular water (-2.9 %, p < 0.001). The patients also significantly reduced hs-CRP (-37.7 %, p = 0.0025). Although we observed noteworthy -10.7 % reduction of HOMA index, this finding did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.862). The inflammatory potential of patients’ diet changed significantly from -0.45 to -1.73 on average (p < 0.001). With presented dietary intervention study it could be concluded that the change of the diet toward more anti-inflammatory milieu had significant influence on body weight, total and visceral body fat reduction. Consequently, those changes could have been involved in observed significant improvement of their inflammatory status. However, mild reduction of insulin resistance and rather small study group pointed out the need for further studies with more comprehensive dietary intervention.
The effectiveness of a low-fat vegan diet for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review
Authors: Webb Alex , Lane Katie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGlobal diabetes prevalence is projected to rise from 382 million in 2013 to 592 million in 2030 with type 2 diabetes (T2D) accounting for 90–95% of cases(1,2). Approximately 4.7 million people in the UK had diabetes in 2018, this is estimated to rise to over 5 million by 2025(2) costing the NHS £15.1bn by 2035(3).Low-fat vegan (LFV) diets are associated with improvements in T2D biomarkers(4) however, to date no systematic review has evaluated the effectiveness of LFV diets in prevention and management of T2D. The aim of this study was to assess effects of LFV diets on T2D biomarkers in controlled trials for those with, or at risk of developing T2D.The review followed the PRISMA checklist for systematic reviews and used Cochrane Collaboration search strategies, which support the identification of randomised controlled trials (RCT's)(5). Searches were conducted and titles and abstracts screened for relevance by two independent review authors (AW or KEL). Studies that evaluated a LFV diet to reduce the risk of, or manage T2D using controlled trials were included with publication range from January 2003 to June 2018.Search criteria identified 130 articles, which reduced to 21 upon abstract and title screening. Further application of inclusion/exclusion criteria led to identification of six key studies. Four studies were RCT's, and two were cluster-controlled trials at corporate sites, one of which was randomised. In three of the studies participants were previously diagnosed with T2D, in two of the studies participants had a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 and/or were previously diagnosed with T2D, and one study had participants with BMI between 28 and 40 kg/m2. Four studies had a control group (non-intervention) two of which had a conventional diabetes diet (American Dietetic Association(6)) as a comparison group. Mean study length was 28.3 weeks; ranging from 16–74 weeks. An intention-to-treat and medication adjusted analysis was carried out; significant effects for BMI, body weight, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, LDL, HDL and total cholesterol were reported in most of the studies.Results from this systematic review demonstrate that a LFV diet is an effective alternative therapy to improve T2D biomarkers in those with, or at elevated risk of developing the disease. The LFV diet showed consistent positive effects on T2D biomarkers. Its effects are comparable to conventional T2D diets and energy restrictive diets, despite absence of restrictions on energy intake or portion sizes.
The impact of food industry reformulation, innovation and consumer preference on dietary intakes in Ireland: a probabilistic intake model
Authors: Cushen Maeve , Rogers Noel , Barron Rebecca , Wonik Jasmin , Stanek Beata , Pigat Sandrine , Doherty Dermot , Sturat-Trainor Linda , McNamara Cronan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStrong evidence exists linking poor diet to increased risk of overweight, obesity and non-communicable diseases. Reformulation initiatives, whereby the food industry gradually reduces energy, sodium, sugar, fat and saturated fat content of their products, are identified as important strategies to improve dietary intakes. The analysis aimed to examine the impact of voluntary reformulation, changes to products on the market and changes in consumer preferences on dietary intakes in Ireland from 2005 to 2017. Data on composition and volume sales (kg/ year) of products available on the market in 2005 and 2017 were collected from 15 Food Drink Ireland (FDI) member companies via online templates. These products were assigned to appropriate food and beverage groups identified in four Irish University Nutrition Alliance (IUNA) surveys of preschool children (1–4 years), children (5–12 years), teenagers (13–17 years) and adults (18–90 years). Assignment of FDI products to IUNA foods and beverages was carried out using weighted distributions for a given group of foods. The weightings were taken from the sales volumes of similar products relative to one another in a given category in a given year. Monte Carlo simulations were used to run the IUNA survey consumption data with both sets of weighted composition data from 2005 and 2017. The Creme Global intake model was used to estimate daily energy and nutrient intakes for all four populations during 2005 and 2017. The Wilcoxon-signed rank test was used to test for differences between the two years. Changes in both the products available on the market and market share of these products were observed from 2005 to 2017. The nutrient with the greatest intake reduction between the two years for all ages was sugar. Children and teens were the most affected, where total sugar intakes reduced by 3.2g/d and 2.7g/d, respectively. This reduction was primarily driven by the beverage category. There were modest saturated fat intake reductions observed for teens and adults (0.2g/d and 0.5g/d, respectively). Energy, total fat and sodium intakes for all ages remained relatively stable between the two years. This analysis highlights the impact of not only food industry efforts but also consumer choices on nutrient intakes in Ireland. It is worth noting that the data collected predates the sugar tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in Ireland. Reductions in sugar intakes were not compensated by total fat or energy increases.