bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective dimensions of rural undergraduate training and the value of training policies for encouraging rural work
Authors: O'Sullivan Belinda G. , McGrail Matthew R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractContextThe implementation of rural undergraduate medical education can be improved by collecting national evidence about the aspects of these programmes that work well and the value of investing in national policies.ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore how different durations, degree of remoteness and number of rural undergraduate medical training placements relate to working rurally, and to investigate differences after the introduction of formal national training policies that fund short‐ and long‐term rural training experiences for medical students.MethodsA cohort of 6510 Australian‐trained doctors who completed the Medicine in Australia: Balancing Employment and Life survey recalled their participation in rural undergraduate medical training. Responses were categorised by duration, remoteness as defined by the Modified Monash Model levels 3‐4 and 4‐7 compared with 1, and total number of placements. Multivariate regression was used to test associations with working rurally in 2017, and differences between cohorts of students who graduated pre‐ and post‐2000, of which the latter were exposed to formal national training policies.ResultsAny rural undergraduate training was associated with working rurally (odds ratio [OR] 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3‐1.9) with incrementally stronger associations for longer duration (>1 year: OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.3‐4.0), greater remoteness (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5‐2.1) and three placements (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.9‐3.0) compared with none. Rural background (OR 2.6, 95% CI 2.3‐3.0) and general practice (OR 2.6, 95% CI 2.2‐2.9) were independently associated with working rurally; being female was negatively associated with rural work (OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.6‐0.8). The cohort of doctors who trained in a period when national rural training policies had been implemented included more graduates with a rural background and experience of undergraduate rural training but returned equivalent proportions of rural doctors to pre‐policy cohorts, and included proportionally more women and fewer general practitioners.ConclusionsRural undergraduate training should focus on multiple dimensions of duration, remoteness and number of rural undergraduate training experiences to grow the rural medical workforce. Formal national rural training policies may be an important part of the broader system for rural workforce development, but they rely on the uptake of general practice and the participation of female doctors in rural medicine.
Bacillus cereus AR156 triggers induced systemic resistance against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 by suppressing miR472 and activating CNLs‐mediated basal immunity in Arabidopsis
Authors: Jiang Chunhao , Fan Zhihang , Li Zijie , Niu Dongdong , Li Yan , Zheng Mingzi , Wang Qi , Jin Hailing , Guo Jianhua 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSmall RNAs play an important role in plant innate immunity. However, their regulatory function in induced systemic resistance (ISR) triggered by plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria remains unclear. Here, using Arabidopsis as a model system, one plant endogenous small RNA, miR472, was identified as an important regulator involved in the process of Bacillus cereus AR156 ISR against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000. The results revealed that miR472 was down‐regulated with B. cereus AR156 treatment by comparing small RNA profiles and northern blot analysis of Arabidopsis with or without B. cereus AR156 treatment. Plants overexpressing miR472 showed higher susceptibility to Pst DC3000; by contrast, plant lines with miR472 knocked down/out showed the opposite. The transcriptome sequencing revealed thousands of differentially expressed genes in the transgenic plants. Target prediction showed that miR472 targets lots of coiled coil nucleotide‐binding site (NBS) and leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) type resistance genes and the expression of these targets was negatively correlated with the expression of miR472. In addition, transgenic plants with knocked‐out target genes exhibited decreased resistance to Pst DC3000 invasion. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR results indicated that target genes of miR472 were expressed during the process of B. cereus AR156‐triggered ISR. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the miR472‐mediated silencing pathway is an important regulatory checkpoint occurring via post‐transcriptional control of NBS‐LRR genes during B. cereus AR156‐triggered ISR in Arabidopsis.
The utility of the basophil activation test in differentiating asthmatic subjects with and without allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Prasad Kuruswamy Thurai , Muthu Valliappan , Sehgal Inderpaul Singh , Dhooria Sahajal , Singh Pawan , Sachdeva Man Updesh Singh , Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Aggarwal Ashutosh N. , Agarwal Ritesh 
Published: March 2020

SummaryBackgroundAsthma with Aspergillus sensitisation (ASA) and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) are distinct clinical conditions, with different management strategies.ObjectiveTo determine the utility of the basophil activation test (BAT) in differentiating between asthmatic subjects with and without ABPA.MethodsWe performed the BAT using flow cytometry for the basophil activation markers CD63, CD193, and CD203c in consecutive subjects with unsensitised asthma (UA), ASA and ABPA. The BAT was performed unstimulated (baseline) and after stimulation with peanut and Aspergillus fumigatus antigens. Stimulation indices (SI) for CD63, CD193 and CD203c were compared between the study groups.ResultsWe enrolled 82 (UA [n = 25], ASA [n = 25], ABPA [n = 32]) subjects. Only those subjects without peanut sensitisation on serological testing were included in further analyses (n = 50). The receiver operating characteristic analysis of SI for CD63, CD193 and CD203c for the diagnosis of ABPA vs other asthmatics (UA and ASA) showed an area under the curve of 0.577, 0.317 and 0.625, respectively. The SI CD203c at a cut‐off of 1.2 (sensitivity 50.0%, specificity 88.9%) and the SI CD63 at a cut‐off of 1.3 (sensitivity 42.9%, specificity 91.7%) also had limited utility for the diagnosis of ABPA.ConclusionThe BAT cannot be used as a diagnostic test in distinguishing ABPA complicating asthma from ASA and UA.
Interplay between components of pupil‐linked phasic arousal and its role in driving behavioral choice in Go/No‐Go perceptual decision‐making
Authors: Schriver Brian J. , Perkins Sean M. , Sajda Paul , Wang Qi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn decision‐making tasks, neural circuits involved in different aspects of information processing may activate the central arousal system, likely through their interconnection with brainstem arousal nuclei, collectively contributing to the observed pupil‐linked phasic arousal. However, the individual components of the phasic arousal associated with different elements of information processing and their effects on behavior remain little known. In this study, we used machine learning techniques to decompose pupil‐linked phasic arousal evoked by different components of information processing in rats performing a Go/No‐Go perceptual decision‐making task. We found that phasic arousal evoked by stimulus encoding was larger for the Go stimulus than the No‐Go stimulus. For each session, the separation between distributions of phasic arousal evoked by the Go and by the No‐Go stimulus was predictive of perceptual performance. The separation between distributions of decision‐formation‐evoked arousal on correct and incorrect trials was correlated with decision criterion but not perceptual performance. When a Go stimulus was presented, the action of go was primarily determined by the phasic arousal evoked by stimulus encoding. On the contrary, when a No‐Go stimulus was presented, the action of go was determined by phasic arousal elicited by both stimulus encoding and decision formation. Drift diffusion modeling revealed that the four model parameters were better accounted for when phasic arousal elicited by both stimulus encoding and decision formation was considered. These results suggest that the interplay between phasic arousal evoked by both stimulus encoding and decision formation has important functional consequences on forming behavioral choice in perceptual decision‐making.
The Rise and Fall of the Nomad‐Dominated Empires of Eurasia
Authors: Osinsky Pavel 
Published: March 2020

The purpose of this article was to integrate the multidisciplinary studies of the nomad‐dominated empires of Eurasia in the field of historical sociology. The large polities of militarized pastoralists ruled over most of Inner Eurasia for about two millennia (c. 500 BC–c. 1500 AD). By examining five such polities (the Scythians, the Huns, the Xiongnu, the Turks, and the Mongols), this study addresses four research questions: Why did such states emerge? How did it happen? How did the nomadic rulers obtain resources to uphold their power? Why did the nomad‐dominated empires have a limited life span? In conclusion, I discuss the long‐term effects of the rise and fall of the steppe empires on state formation in the whole Eurasia.
Self‐recording the skin hydration and Trans‐Epidermal Water Loss parameters: A pilot study
Authors: Cointereau‐Chardon Suzy , Caberlotto Elisa , Vicic Marco , Flament Frederic 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the reliability of data self‐recorded by subjects enrolled in a study for skin surface hydration and Trans‐Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL).MethodsA connected device, previously described, simultaneously records both the hydration status and the TEWL on the same skin site. The effects of a Xanthane‐based gel containing low concentrations of glycerol (3% or 7%) applied on both face and forearms of Caucasian women, were self‐recorded at various times for 24 hours, outside of Research facility.ResultsIn the first‐hour post application, the skin hydration and TEWL values show a sharp increase and decrease, respectively. They progressively recover their initial values 24 hours post washing, on both skin sites. A significant dose effect of glycerol (ie, 3% vs 7%) was obtained on both skin sites. The repeatability of data was found acceptable in both parameters, although more precise on arms than face, probably linked to an easier handling of the device.ConclusionThe use of this skin measuring connected device outside of Research facility, following a training of subjects, leads to reliable data. Such approach could be extended to other connected devices.
Permeability and Effective Stress in Dipping Gas Shale Formation With Bedding—Experimental Study
Authors: Chen Yufei , Jiang Changbao , Yin Guangzhi , Wojtanowicz Andrew K. , Zhang Dongming 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Shale gas well deliverability and economics depend on extremely low permeability that is not only dependent on the rock bedding trend but also controlled by in situ stresses. The purpose of this study was to determine relative contributions of normal and tangential stresses with respect to the rock bedding plane on permeability evolution of shale. The study involved an analysis of the rock bedding structure, followed by triaxial testing of rock samples and theoretical modeling. Also simulated were the effects of stress-bedding and load cycling. The results showed shale permeability reduction during the stress loading process and its gradual recovery during the unloading process. Permeability change was more pronounced in response to normal stress but some effects of the tangential stresses were also observed. Moreover, a theoretical model was derived to describe permeability change with effective stress in the presence of normal and tangential stresses. The model was empirically matched with the experimental results. The assessment of relative contributions of normal and tangential stresses was quantified with the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The analysis revealed significance levels of normal stress, and two tangential stresses σt1 and σt2 on shale permeability as 81%, 5%, and 14%, respectively. An almost 20-percent contribution of tangential stress loading to permeability response indicates a need for the improvement in computing effective stress. Therefore, a new method was suggested to determine effective stress when predicting permeability evolution of shale.
Freezing Degrees of Freedom During Motor Learning: A Systematic Review
Authors: Guimarães Anderson Nascimento , Ugrinowitsch Herbert , Dascal Juliana Bayeux , Porto Alessandra Beggiato , Okazaki Victor Hugo Alves 
Published: March 2020

According to Bernstein, the central nervous system solution to the human body’s enormous variation in movement choice and control when directing movement—the problem of degrees of freedom (DF)—is to freeze the number of possibilities at the beginning of motor learning. However, different strategies of freezing DF are observed in literature, and the means of selection of the control strategy during learning is not totally clear. This review investigated the possible effects of the class and objectives of the skill practiced on DF control strategies. The results of this review suggest that freezing or releasing the DF at the beginning of learning does not depend on the class (e.g., discrete skill class: football kick, dart throwing; continuous skill class: athletic march, handwriting) or objective of the skill (e.g., balance, velocity, and accuracy), in isolation. However, an interaction between these two skill elements seems to exist and influences the selection of the DF control strategy.
Detection ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin Infected Tissues by New Species-Specific Immunohistological Procedures
Authors: Coetsier Christophe , Havaux Xavier , Mattelard Francois , Sadatte Sanaa , Cormont Francoise , Buergelt Klaus , Limbourg Bernard , Latinne Dominique , Bazin Herve , Denef Jean-Francois , Cocito Carlo 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTWe have previously described the cloning and sequencing of a gene portion coding for the terminal part of a 34-kDa protein ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis, the etiological agent of Johne’s disease (P. Gilot, M. De Kesel, L. Machtelinckx, M. Coene, and C. Cocito, J. Bacteriol. 175:4930–4935, 1993). The recombinant polypeptide (a362) carries species-specific B-cell epitopes which do not cross-react with other mycobacterial pathogens (M. De Kesel, P. Gilot, M.-C. Misonne, M. Coene, and C. Cocito, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:947–954, 1993). The present work describes the preparation of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies directed against a362 and the use of these immunoglobulins for histopathological diagnosis of Johne’s disease. The new immunohistological procedures herewith detailed proved to be able to identifyM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisantigens in the intestinal tissues and lymph nodes of cattle affected by either the paucibacillary or pluribacillary form of the disease. They yielded negative responses not only with healthy animals but also with those affected by tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis). Both immunohistological procedures proved to be as sensitive as or more sensitive than Ziehl-Neelsen staining and, in addition, to be endowed with species specificity.
OCT-A characterisation of recurrent type 3 macular neovascularisation
Authors: Sacconi Riccardo , Battista Marco , Borrelli Enrico , Miere Alexandra , Corbelli Eleonora , Capuano Vittorio , Querques Lea , Souied Eric H , Bandello Francesco , Querques Giuseppe 
Published: March 2020

PurposeTo investigate optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) findings in recurrent type 3 macular neovascularisation (MNV).MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study, consecutive patients with type 3 MNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration underwent OCT-A at three different time points: baseline, after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment with complete resolution of the exudative signs (ie, non-exudative stage) and at the recurrence of exudation (ie, recurrence stage). Demographics and clinical findings were analysed, including OCT-A features of type 3 MNV recurrence.ResultsTwelve eyes (12 patients, mean age 78±7 years) were included. Using OCT-A, at baseline all type 3 MNVs showed the presence of detectable flow downgrowing from the deep vascular complex (DVC) to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/sub-RPE space. 6/12 eyes (50%) showed anomalous flow under the RPE, while the other 6 eyes showed flow reaching the RPE without anomalous flow in the sub-RPE space. At the non-exudative stage (after treatment), BCVA and CMT significantly improved (p=0.004 and p=0.036), and flow inside the retinal lesions reduced; interestingly the connection to the RPE/sub-RPE space regressed. At the time of recurrence, all type 3 MNVs showed the presence of intra/sub-retinal exudation with restoration of the flow deepening from the DVC to the RPE/sub-RPE space.ConclusionsDetectable flow deepening from the DVC to the RPE/sub-RPE space using OCT-A is mandatory to have a new exudation secondary to recurrent type 3 MNV. Early detection of type 3 MNV recurrence by OCT-A characterisation may prompt retreatment and potentially prevent progression to late stages of the disease.
The impact of scaling up cervical cancer screening and treatment services among women living with HIV in Kenya: a modelling study
Authors: Perez-Guzman Pablo Noel , Chung Michael Hoonbae , De Vuyst Hugo , Dalal Shona , Mutai Kennedy K , Muthoni Karanja , Kigen Bartilol , Kilonzo Nduku , Hallett Timothy B , Smit Mikaela 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionWe aimed to quantify health outcomes and programmatic implications of scaling up cervical cancer (CC) screening and treatment options for women living with HIV in care aged 18–65 in Kenya.MethodsMathematical model comparing from 2020 to 2040: (1) visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) and cryotherapy (Cryo); (2) VIA and Cryo or loop excision electrical procedure (LEEP), as indicated; (3) human papillomavirus (HPV)-DNA testing and Cryo or LEEP; and (4) enhanced screening technologies (either same-day HPV-DNA testing or digitally enhanced VIA) and Cryo or LEEP. Outcomes measured were annual number of CC cases, deaths, screening and treatment interventions, and engaged in care (numbers screened, treated and cured) and five yearly age-standardised incidence.ResultsAll options will reduce CC cases and deaths compared with no scale-up. Options 1–3 will perform similarly, averting approximately 28 000 (33%) CC cases and 7700 (27%) deaths. That is, VIA screening would yield minimal losses to follow-up (LTFU). Conversely, LTFU associated with HPV-DNA testing will yield a lower care engagement, despite better diagnostic performance. In contrast, option 4 would maximise health outcomes, averting 43 200 (50%) CC cases and 11 800 (40%) deaths, given greater care engagement. Yearly rescreening with either option will impose a substantial burden on the health system, which could be reduced by spacing out frequency to three yearly without undermining health gains.ConclusionsBeyond the specific choice of technologies to scale up, efficiently using available options will drive programmatic success. Addressing practical constraints around diagnostics’ performance and LTFU will be key to effectively avert CC cases and deaths.
Association between frailty and disability among rural community-dwelling older adults in Sri Lanka: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Siriwardhana Dhammika Deepani , Weerasinghe Manuj Chrishantha , Rait Greta , Scholes Shaun , Walters Kate R 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveWe examined the association between frailty and disability in rural community-dwelling older adults in Kegalle district of Sri Lanka.DesignA population-based cross-sectional study.ParticipantsA total of 746 community-dwelling adults aged ≥60 years.Primary and secondary outcome measuresFrailty was assessed using the Fried phenotype. Disability was operationalised in terms of having one or more activity limitation/s in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and basic activities of daily living (BADL).ResultsThe median age of the sample was (median 68; IQR 64–75) years and 56.7% were female. 15.2% were frail and 48.5% were prefrail. The prevalence of ≥1 IADL limitations was high, 84.4% among frail adults. 38.7% of frail adults reported ≥1 BADL limitations. Over half of frail older adults (58.3%) reported both ≥1 physical and cognitive IADL limitations. Being frail decreased the odds of having no IADL limitations, and was associated with a higher count of IADL limitations. No significant association was found between prefrailty and number of IADL limitations.ConclusionsThe prevalence of ≥1 IADL limitations was high among rural community-dwelling frail older adults. Findings imply the greater support and care required for rural Sri Lankan frail older adults to live independently in the community.
Systematic review and network meta-analysis with individual participant data on cord management at preterm birth (iCOMP): study protocol
Authors: Seidler Anna Lene , Duley Lelia , Katheria Anup C , De Paco Matallana Catalina , Dempsey Eugene , Rabe Heike , Kattwinkel John , Mercer Judith , Josephsen Justin , Fairchild Karen , Andersson Ola , Hosono Shigeharu , Sundaram Venkataseshan , Datta Vikram , El-Naggar Walid , Tarnow-Mordi William , Debray Thomas , Hooper Stuart B , Kluckow Martin , Polglase Graeme , Davis Peter G , Montgomery Alan , Hunter Kylie E , Barba Angie , Simes John , Askie Lisa 
Published: March 2020

IntroductionTiming of cord clamping and other cord management strategies may improve outcomes at preterm birth. However, it is unclear whether benefits apply to all preterm subgroups. Previous and current trials compare various policies, including time-based or physiology-based deferred cord clamping, and cord milking. Individual participant data (IPD) enable exploration of different strategies within subgroups. Network meta-analysis (NMA) enables comparison and ranking of all available interventions using a combination of direct and indirect comparisons.Objectives(1) To evaluate the effectiveness of cord management strategies for preterm infants on neonatal mortality and morbidity overall and for different participant characteristics using IPD meta-analysis. (2) To evaluate and rank the effect of different cord management strategies for preterm births on mortality and other key outcomes using NMA.Methods and analysisSystematic searches of Medline, Embase, clinical trial registries, and other sources for all ongoing and completed randomised controlled trials comparing cord management strategies at preterm birth (before 37 weeks’ gestation) have been completed up to 13 February 2019, but will be updated regularly to include additional trials. IPD will be sought for all trials; aggregate summary data will be included where IPD are unavailable. First, deferred clamping and cord milking will be compared with immediate clamping in pairwise IPD meta-analyses. The primary outcome will be death prior to hospital discharge. Effect differences will be explored for prespecified participant subgroups. Second, all identified cord management strategies will be compared and ranked in an IPD NMA for the primary outcome and the key secondary outcomes. Treatment effect differences by participant characteristics will be identified. Inconsistency and heterogeneity will be explored.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval for this project has been granted by the University of Sydney Human Research Ethics Committee (2018/886). Results will be relevant to clinicians, guideline developers and policy-makers, and will be disseminated via publications, presentations and media releases.Registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) (ACTRN12619001305112) and International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42019136640).