bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SHATKORA (CITRUS MACROPTERA) IN A TRAY DRYER : EFFECT ON DRYING KINETICS AND PRODUCT QUALITY
Authors: Uddin M. Rakib , Akter Syeada Nelima , Pervez Md Shahria , Munusamy Thurga Devi , Rahman Khan Md Maksudur 
Published: October 2020

Citrus macroptera is a citrus fruit locally known as Shatkora and the fruit of this plant were used for various purposes especially for cooking and also as an odorant in perfume industries.In this research work, Shatkora peel was dried using a laboratory scale tray dryer. The experimental work was conducted at an inlet temperature of 40–60°C and velocities from 0.5–0.9 m/s. Besides, the thickness of the layer was varied between 2– 10 mm. The results demonstrated that the rate of drying was increased accordingly with rise in both air temperature and air velocity however a decreased in layer thickness was noticed. At high air temperature, moisture content of solid achieved equilibrium state within short period of time. On the other hand, moisture diffusivity of Shatkora was evaluated by applying Fick’s second law and the value was varied from 1.78 × 10-8 to 2.83 × 10-7. In addition, activation energy was determined by using Arrhenius type relation and 19.70 kJ/mol was obtained.
KAPOK AS AN ADSORBENT FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
Authors: Naharudin Alief Uzair , Shaarani Siti Hajar Noor , Rou Lim Mei , Hamidi Nor Hanimah , Ahmad Noormazlinah , Rasid Ruwaida 
Published: October 2020

The study focuses on investigating kapok fiber as an adsorbent for oily industrial wastewater. Kapok fiber, KF (Ceiba Pentandra) is a natural plant fiber that poses excellent hydrophobic-oleophilic characteristics, due to the presence of penetrable hollow lumen structure and waxy material on its surface. The objectives of this study are to investigate the morphology of raw and treated kapok fiber (KF) before and after adsorption of wastewater as well as to study the sorption capacity of KF (including raw KF, ethanol-treated KF and chloroform-treated KF) in wastewater. Hence, the morphology of raw KF and KF treated with oil are analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Besides, the sorption condition of different types of wastewater including emulsified wastewater, immiscible oil-and-liquid wastewater and non-oily wastewater on raw KF are studied in this experiment. From the study, the raw KF shows the best sorption capacity of oil (29.00g/g) compared to the ethanol-treated KF (18.22g/g) and Chloroform-treated KF (16.58g/g) as the treated KF has larger amount of cellulosic content (hydroxyl group) present on the wall of kapok, making it less oleophilic. On the other hand, raw KF has the lowest sorption capacity of water (0.59g/g) followed by ethanol-treated KF (3.05g/g) and chloroform-treated KF (3.20g/g) on non-oily wastewater. Kapok fiber shows great potential as oil sorbent on any type of oil owing to its excellent hydrophobicity-oleophilicity characteristic. In conclusion, the raw KF shows the best sorption capacity of oil compared to the ethanol-treated KF and chloroform-treated KF because the effectiveness is resulted from the hydrophobic waxy coating on the kapok surface. Besides that, the lower sorption capacity of water than oil is due to the incomplete removal of wax from the wall of kapok, making it a little hydrophilic (likes water) as compared to oleophilic (likes oil).
El ecumenismo del laico
Authors: Ruiz Velosa Juan Steban 
Published: October 2020

El presente artículo estudia el decreto conciliar Unitatis Redintegratio (1964), y el Directorio para la aplicación de los principios y normas sobre el ecumenismo (1993). Se emplean estos documentos con el objetivo de postular un escenario concreto para el laico de hoy, puesto que en ocasiones no es evidente cómo el seglar puede actuar ante las diferentes confesiones cristianas. El presente texto inicialmente se preocupará por el papel del laico en la Unitatis Redintegratio. En un segundo momento, estudiará el Directorio Ecuménico y cómo este influye en el quehacer del seglar en la Iglesia. Posteriormente se reflexionará sobre el rol de los laicos en el ecumenismo y se concluirá con algunas perspectivas de trabajo.
De la Historia Gothorum isidoriana a la Crónica de Alfonso III: Sobre la evolución de los demostrativos latinos
Authors: Leal Alfonso García 
Published: October 2020

SummaryIn this paper we analyze the use of the demonstrative pronouns hic, iste, ille, ipse, idem, is in two Iberian cronicae (the first one from the beginning of the 7th century, and the second one from the late 9th century), showing the evolution of that system.
On the Origin of Gerund and Gerundive in Latin: A New Reassessment
Authors: Garnier Romain 
Published: October 2020

SummaryThis short paper addresses a very vexed issue, to which a huge literature has been dedicated so far: the origin of the so-called gerunds and gerundives in Latin. Any previous attempt has proved un- conclusive, mainly because of the proliferation of ad hoc rules assumed to account for the nd-forms and even more because of the plethora of solutions. Instead of assuming another etymon for the sake of antago- nism, this paper intends to reassess the whole issue within Latin itself: as shown by non-standard syntacti- cal features of Plautinian and Late Latin, there is a morphological relationship between the present parti- ciple and the ndō-gerund, used to express simultaneity. Whereas the previous scholarship has taken for granted the assumption that thematic verbs used to have a *-odno- suffix (cf. OLat. -und-), which led to tautological reconstructions totally unparalleled outside Italic, I would tentatively explain the unexpected o-grade of such forms by a crossing with the old o-grade participles (cf. OLat. *uoluns ‘willing’ reflected by uoluntās). Such an approach vindicates the ancient theory according to which -andus reflects *-ātan-ó- (< PIE *-eh2-t>mṇn-ó-), provided one assumes that a reanalysis of *-ātan-ó- was made as a “suffix” *-tanos following the thematic vowel of the first conjugation, which produced *fer-e-tnó- ‘ferendus’ from thematic *fer-e- ‘to bear’.
Libertae isdem coniugi T. Licinius Il problema della fossilizzazione del pronome idem1
Authors: Paulus Nóra 
Published: October 2020

SummaryWe know about a significant number of inscriptions – the major part of them were found in Rome - in which the pronoun idem, the form of the nominative masculine, stands in the place of another grammatical gender or case of the same word (usually a dative), or in the place of the adverb item. In the edited epigraphic corpora, this form is usually interpreted as adverbial and emendated for item. However, in similar context (as for example in the title), we can often see isdem too, the archaic form of the nominative masculine, which cannot be explained on the base of the phonology as derivated from item. In the 19th century, Friedrich Ritschl thought that these forms substituted in reality eidem (dative singular of idem), and explained the change based on phonology (eidem to idem), and then on analogy (idem to isdem). An explanation like this imply the fossilisation of the pronoun, since the variants of the nominative masculine occure in the place of another inflected form of the word, specifically in the dative. In 1907, E. H. Sturtevant published an article (Some Unfamiliar Uses of Idem and Isdem in Latin Inscriptions) in which he intended to refute Ritschl’s claim and to give another interesting interpretation. In his opinion, the fenomenon has different origins in Ostia and in Rome. In his theory, the occurrences of the form idem in a position, which is different from the nominative masculine of the pronoun, are dialectic variants of item if they are from Ostia; though the same forms registrated in Rome are interpreted as consciously used nominatives. In consequence, the fossilisation of the word would be a non-existent fenomenon. The aim of this study is to examine critically Sturtevant’s argumentation concerning the fossilisation of the pronoun idem and its eventual fusion with the adverb item.
Le datif et le génitif prépositionnels dans le latin mérovingien à travers l’étude des chartes des 7ème et 8ème siècles
Authors: Schaller Gaëtan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract:This paper intends to investigate the development of the periphrastic form for the dative and genitive in the Merovingian charters. The periphrastic forms are reserved in Classical Latin to some special uses: the indirect object after a verb that has the prefix ad- and the partitive function of the genitive they replace. These forms extend to new uses in the Late Latin and are the new majoritarian form for the indirect object, but remain a minoritarian variant for the functions of the classical genitive. The genitival functions adapt to new forms of expression: the periphrastic form and a fixed position in the sentence immediately after the noun, its complete. This paper tries to show and to corroborate by means of statistics and chosen examples of the 7th and 8th centuries the development of these forms, which were still rare in the classical period.
I prefissi verbali dal latino classico all'italiano: problemi di classificazione su base etimologica Il prefisso ad-
Authors: Jekl Ágnes 
Published: October 2020

Summary:I examine verbal prefixation analyzing the functional changes of the Latin ad- prefix from Classical Latin to Italian. In order to conduct the research properly I needed to separate the verbs in ety- mological groups directly derived from Latin (Classical, Vulgar or Late Latin) from the verbs created in the Romance period and the Latin loan verbs. The different origin of the verbs influences our expectation regarding the analyzability of a given verb (the recognisability of the prefix as an independent element and its semantic value - which can be different from that of its Latin origin). This division is not as clear cut as it seems to be, because, in the case of the Italian, phonetic evidence in favour of one group or another is often missing. I present the possible solutions I found for the grouping problems using semantic evidence, comparison with the other Romance languages, dating of the given verb, etc. Furthermore, I highlight the general and specific factors which determine the assignment of a certain verb to a certain group in order to obtain a precise but still flexible set of verbal categories.
Wortbildung und Textsorte Verbalabstrakta in der spät(er)en Latinität
Authors: Panagl Oswald 
Published: October 2020

Summary:The paper deals with the derivational category of ‘action nouns’ both as a subject of general linguistics and as a problem of Indo-European morphology (primarily in the diachrony of Latin but also from the perspective of comparative philology). First of all, I elucidate the concepts used in the analysis of verbal abstracts – above all their well renowned definition by Walter Porzig as “Namen für Satzinhalte”. Subsequently, I interpret some passages occurring in comedies of Plautus and epigraphic documents of Old Latin illustrating the diachronic developments by accounting for some construction patterns under consideration of their ‘suprasyntactic’ aspects. In the paragraphs following, I discuss a variety of IE actional types (including the genesis of infinitives), also taking care of some significant relics of verbal constructions in Ancient Greek.The implication scale of increasing ‘concretization’, which I proposed and utilized in my studies so far, exhibits a development from action via the steps: result, instrument, location leading to (collective) agents. This thesis may also be corroborated by a number of Latin testimonies.According to my concept of correlation between frequency of nomina actionis and nomina acti on the one hand and the corresponding text type on the other, I present a number of examples taken from the authors Vitruvius, Frontinus, Petronius, Juvenalis, Justinus and Dares Phrygius. I describe and interpret them by means of qualitative criteria and quantitative parameters such as occurrence, semantic profile and competition in relation to alternative derivational types that employ cognate stems and affixes.
Zur Herkunft von leuga*
Authors: Simon Zsolt 
Published: October 2020

SummaryAccording to the communis opinio, Lat. leuga was a Gaulish loanword, survived in the Romance languages and was borrowed into Old English. However, this scenario faces three unsolved problems: the non–Celtic diphthong –eu–, the Proto–Romance form *legua and the fact that the Old English word cannot continue the Latin form on phonological grounds. This paper argues that all these problems can regularly be solved by the reconstructed West Germanic and Gothic cognates of the Old English word borrowed into Gaulish and early Romance dialects, respectively.
Introducción del discurso directo en el latín tardío
Authors: Mikulová Jana 
Published: October 2020

Summary:This paper examines verbs of speech used for introducing direct speech in Late Latin and changes which occurred from Classical to Late Latin. It focuses on four verbal forms which were previously identified as the most frequent in selected Late Latin texts, namely inquit, ait, dicens, and dixit. Their properties and patterns of use are examined and their development into quotative markers are considered. It is shown that while in Classical Latin inquit prevails, in Late Latin the range of verbal forms is wider and includes verbal forms that in Classical texts almost never appeared or had different functions than introducing direct speech. It is argued that despite some signs of grammaticalization, none of the examined forms has become a fully developed quotative marker. Thus, concerning the means for introducing direct speech, variability and heterogeneity are the basic characteristics of Late Latin texts.
Mutamenti pragmatici dall’alto e dal basso in latino tardo*
Authors: Molinelli Piera 
Published: October 2020

Summary:This study starts from Labov’s proposal that distinguishes linguistic changes from above and from below based on the awareness that speakers have of a change. The basic question of this work is whether these two levels are recognizable in some changes – essentially pragmatic – in late Latin. The development of politeness forms is proposed as a change from above, while the development of minimizers, which sometimes results in terms of negation, as a change from below. In fact, using titles and address forms, related to formality and politeness, requires the speaker/writer be strongly aware of the social characteristics of his own and the interlocutor. Documents of the first centuries as letters by the Popes and the Christian hierarchies show signs of a socio-cultural change that results in new definitions of the self and, consequently, in the use of new address forms. On the contrary, everyday linguistic use, from below, shows how some recurring pragmatic needs determine developments that can affect different levels of the system in several ways. We will exemplify these changes from below with the expressions of small quantities used as minimizers (micam, guttam), showing how these forms are common in late Latin.
Some Remarks on the Latin Curse Tablets from Pannonia1
Authors: Barta Andrea 
Published: October 2020

SummaryThis paper gives a short review of the research from recent years on texts of Latin curse tablets from Pannonia. In the last decade, four new lead tablets of quite long and well-readable texts came to light in well documented archeaological context in Pannonia. On one hand, these findings have not only doubled the small corpus, but they presented new data from both the field of magic and linguistics. On the other, in connection with the examination of the new pieces, the reconsideration of earlier ones could not be delayed any longer.
50 años del servicio de aborto feminista de Jane en Chicago
Authors: Drovetta Raquel Irene 
Published: October 2020

Este trabajo se propone recuperar, reunir, y analizar documentos sobre la organización de mujeres de Chicago, conocidas como Jane, quienes llevaron adelante un servicio de aborto clandestino, entre 1969 y 1973.
Elaboramos una reconstrucción histórica de los aspectos centrales de la experiencia con el objetivo de mostrar las estrategias que desarrollaron para para implementar el servicio, aun sin contar con instrucción formal en medicina.
Se consultaron archivos conformado por materiales producidos por la organización y entrevistas de ex integrantes del grupo, disponibles en el marco del proyecto de archivo documental HerStory de Chicago Women's Liberation Union. Este procedimiento de trabajo con fuentes fue complementado, por datos secundarios obtenidos a partir de artículos de divulgación, periódicos y filmes, y en publicaciones científicas producidas en las últimas cuatro décadas.
Entre las conclusiones centrales destacamos la centralidad que ocupó para la organización Jane la lucha por el aborto libre y la importancia otorgada al modo de atención de las mujeres basado en una praxis feminista. Remarcamos que se trata de demandas con notable vigencia en el contexto latinoamericano actual.
Comparación de la fitorremediación con especies nativas en las aguas drenadas en la bocamina de tangana en el distrito de Huachocolpa – Huancavelica
Authors: AMADEO ENRIQUEZ DONAIRES  , LUZ MARINA ACHARTE LUME  , LUIS QUISPEALAYA ARMAS  , DANIEL LOVERA  , JENY MARIBEL ASTO GONZALES  , KENWI ALBERTO DIEGO LÁZARO  , VÍCTOR HUAMANI RIVERA  
Published: October 2020

En el Distrito de Huachocolpa de la Provincia de Angaraes del Departamento de Huancavelica, existen yacimientos mineros polimetalicos como la Mina Tangana, pese a la elevada contaminación de cadmio y plomo por las aguas drenadas de la bocamina mencionada. La presente investigación tuvo el objetivo de determinar la concentración de plomo y cadmio por bioacumulacion en raíces, tallos y hojas de las especies nativas Putacca (Familia Apiaceae) y Totora (Scirpus californicus). Las muestras biológicas, plantas, y de agua, fueron tomadas de la bocamina Tangana y se conservaron en recipientes y conservadas en sistema de recirculación constante de agua durante el tiempo que se realizó el estudio, además se colocaron bombas para oxigenar a las plantas. se efectuaron los procesos de digestión, preparación de estándares y curvas de calibración, finalmente se usó método espectrofotómetro de Absorción Atómica Flama. La Putacca y la Totora bioacumulan metales en sus raíces y hojas. El agua del recipiente con Putacca, en el Tiempo inicial tuvo una concentración de Cadmio de 0.2661 mgCd/L y en tiempo final 0.0020 mgCd/L y el agua del recipiente con totora en tiempo inicial fue 0.2661 mgCd/L y en tiempo final 0.0007 mgCd/L, obteniendo como resultado de este análisis que la Putacca tiene mejor absorbancia que la Totora, en el caso del plomo la Putacca, en el tiempo inicial tuvo una concentración de Plomo de 25.7220 mgPb/L y en tiempo final 0.0948 mgPb/L, y en la totora en el tiempo inicial 25.7220 mgPb/L y en el tiempo final 0.0037 mgPb/L concluyendo que en ambos metales la Putacca tiene mayor absorbancia en sus raíces y tallos que la Totora.
Determinación de la eficiencia del sistema de filtros de esponjas colgantes continuas (DHS) en el tratamiento de aguas residuales del centro Poblado de Marian – Huaraz (Perú)
Authors: HUAMÁN CARRANZA MARTÍN , FLORES ALBORNOZ YUDITH , POLO SALAZAR ROSARIO , ARAUJO JAMANCA NINO , DEPAZ CELI KIKO 
Published: October 2020

Las aguas residuales en zonas rurales se tratan generalmente mediante tanques sépticos por ser un sistema de baja complejo. La aplicación de reactores, con filtrantes como esponjas endurecidas (llamados también reactor DHS) fue desarrollada como un tratamiento secundario de efluente de un tanque séptico. Los medios filtrantes de los reactores han sido elaborados con esponjas de poliuretano de resina epóxica. Los sistemas se instalaron y se desarrollaron en la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de la localidad de Marian (Huaraz - Perú), donde se logró que el efluente del tanque séptico ingrese continuamente al reactor DHS. Los sistemas se desarrollaron a una temperatura que osciló de 11.25 a 15.30 °C y una concentración de pH de 7.3 a 8.11. Los reactores DHS mostraron eficiencia de remoción de contaminantes, se evaluó los porcentajes de remoción de la DBO5; y se observó que las esponjas G1, G3 y G6 obtuvieron la remoción del 50%. Se verificó que la remoción de la materia orgánica fue lenta debido a la adaptación de los microorganismos. Evaluando los porcentajes de remoción de la DQO; se pudo observar que las esponjas G1, G3 y G6 mostraron remoción menor al 50%, la mejor eficiencia que se obtuvo fue en la eliminación de los sólidos suspendidos totales (SST) con remoción cerca al 100%, demostrando que las esponjas filtraron los SST. En la esponja G6 se observó la mayor eficiencia; evidencia que estos tratamientos permiten la oxidación de los compuestos nitrogenados generándose Nitrato, elemento nutritivo para el desarrollo de las plantas. Se concluye que los parámetros analizados han sido removidos eficientemente por el sistema DHS con esponjas endurecidas.
Przemiany nabożeństwa drogi krzyżowej w XX wieku w świetle teorii aktów mowy (wybrane aspekty)
Authors: Sieradzka-Mruk Agnieszka 
Published: October 2020

W artykule opisano zmiany, które zachodzą w nabożeństwie drogi krzyżowej w ciągu ostatniego stulecia. Analiza opiera się na klasyfikacji aktów mowy Searle’a oraz na teorii funkcji wypowiedzi Bühlera-Jakobsona. Siła illokucyjna jest traktowana jako jeden z elementów gatunku mowy, tzw. aspekt pragmatyczny. Materiał badawczy obejmuje 100 tekstów nabożeństwa drogi krzyżowej wydanych przed soborem watykańskim II, w pierwszej połowie XX wieku, i 100 tekstów współczesnych, posoborowych.
Okazuje się, że w badanym okresie zmienia się udział poszczególnych aktów mowy w całości tekstu. Między innymi można zauważyć zmniejszenie roli aktów ekspresywnych, a jednocześnie wzrost roli aktów dyrektywnych. Ponadto o wiele mniejszą wagę we współczesnym nabożeństwie przywiązuje się do aktu deklaratywnego polegającego na uzyskaniu odpustu. Jednakże podstawowy zespół aktów mowy nie zmienia się i w tym sensie można mówić o stałości nabożeństwa drogi krzyżowej.
Godzinki moskalofilskie Telesfora Chełchowskiego – uwagi o strukturze i stylu
Authors: Klimek-Grądzka Jolanta 
Published: October 2020

Będące przedmiotem analizy Godzinki moskalofilskie. 300 dni łaski carskiej za każdorazowe odmówienie tych godzinek z pokorą i skruszonym sercem T. Chełchowskiego to tekst odpowiadający poetyce polonijnych sporów politycznych przełomu XIX i XX wieku, a przy tym czerpiący z polskiej tradycji literackiej. Za sprawą nawiązania do modlitewnego wzorca – godzinek, i uwzględniając ich genezę, Godzinki moskalofilskie uznać można za trawestację (w ujęciu Nycza) lub okaz (w ujęciu Wojtak) wzorca modlitewnego. Nawiązanie to przejawia się w siedmioczęściowej budowie (jutrznia, pryma, tercja, seksta, nona, nieszpory i kompleta) z zaczęciem, hymnem, wersetami i responsoriami, modlitwą; konsekwentnie stosowany w wezwaniach i hymnach wzorzec metryczny; apostroficzne otwarcie hymnów; wersety i responsoria następujące po hymnie i/lub modlitwie; nawiązania stylistyczne i semantyczne (wezwania do cara i bohaterów hymnów na wzór apostrof do Boga i Maryi; parafrazy kolokacji biblijnych i modlitewnych). Odstępstwem od wzorca kanonicznego są: zredukowana forma ofiarowania (tylko antyfona), brak modlitwy, modyfikowane w każdej z godzin zaczęcie.