bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Gut Microbial Endocrine Organ in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Massey William , Brown J Mark 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Historically, the focus of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) research has been on host metabolism and hormone action. However, emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiome, commensal microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract, also play a significant role in T2DM pathogenesis. Specifically, gut microbes metabolize what is available to them through the host diet to produce small molecule metabolites that can have endocrine-like effects on human cells. In fact, the meta-organismal crosstalk between gut microbe-generated metabolites and host receptor systems may represent an untapped therapeutic target for those at risk for or suffering from T2DM. Recent evidence suggests that gut microbe-derived metabolites can impact host adiposity, insulin resistance, and hormone secretion to collectively impact T2DM progression. Here we review the current evidence that structurally diverse gut microbe-derived metabolites, including short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, aromatic metabolites, trimethylamine-N-oxide, polyamines, and N-acyl amides, that can engage with host receptors in an endocrine-like manner to promote host metabolic disturbance associated with T2DM. Although these microbe-host signaling circuits are not as well understood as host hormonal signaling, they hold untapped potential as new druggable targets to improve T2DM complications. Whether drugs that selectively target meta-organismal endocrinology will be safe and efficacious in treating T2DM is a key new question in the field of endocrinology. Here we discuss the opportunities and challenges in targeting the gut microbial endocrine organ for the treatment of diabetes and potentially many other diseases where diet-microbe-host interactions play a contributory role.
Using a Reporter Mouse to Map Known and Novel Sites of GLP-1 Receptor Expression in Peripheral Tissues of Male Mice
Authors: Andersen Daniel B , Grunddal Kaare V , Pedersen Jens , Kuhre Rune E , Lund Mari L , Holst Jens J , Ørskov Cathrine 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation is used in the treatment of diabetes and obesity; however, GLP-1 induces many other physiological effects with unclear mechanisms of action. To identify the cellular targets of GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogues, we generated a Glp1r.tdTomato reporter mouse expressing the reporter protein, tdTomato, in Glp1r-expressing cells. The reporter signal is expressed in all cells where GLP-1R promoter was ever active. To complement this, we histologically mapped tdTomato-fluorescence, and performed Glp-1r mRNA in situ hybridization and GLP-1R immunohistochemistry on the same tissues. In male mice, we found tdTomato signal in mucus neck, chief, and parietal cells of the stomach; Brunner’s glands; small intestinal enteroendocrine cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes; and myenteric plexus nerve fibers throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Pancreatic acinar-, β-, and δ cells, but rarely α cells, were tdTomato-positive, as were renal arteriolar smooth muscle cells; endothelial cells of the liver, portal vein, and endocardium; aortal tunica media; and lung type 1 and type 2 pneumocytes. Some thyroid follicular and parafollicular cells displayed tdTomato expression, as did tracheal cartilage chondrocytes, skin fibroblasts, and sublingual gland mucus cells. In conclusion, our reporter mouse is a powerful tool for mapping known and novel sites of GLP-1R expression in the mouse, thus enhancing our understanding of the many target cells and effects of GLP-1 and GLP-1R agonists.
Alternative Kingdoms
Authors: Bellamy Carla 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Now a town in contemporary Madhya Pradesh, the former princely state of Jaora is home to a collection of shrines known as Husain Tekri. Unlike most subcontinental Muslim memorial structures, the shrines are unaffiliated with Sufi lineages and sponsored by both Sunni and Shia communities. Unencumbered by accountability to Sufi lineages, Husain Tekri was—and remains—an ideal site for Jaora's nawabs to assert sovereignty. In the colonial period, the hybrid nature of Husain Tekri facilitated the development of a mutually beneficial exchange between members of Bombay's Khoja community and Jaora's nawabs and a mutually defensive exchange between Jaora's nawabs and the British authorities. In postindependence India, Husain Tekri's ongoing status as a waqf institution directly controlled by the nawab has allowed for continued royal sovereignty. Husain Tekri has thus perpetuated links between political and social domains in ways that historian Nicholas Dirks has argued were dismantled in the colonial era.
Speaking Back to Sovereign Power
Authors: Raeymaekers Timothy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this short commentary, I will reflect on the contributions of this special section from an Africanist perspective, which shows both similarities and differences with the South Asian experiences. For a long time, the dogma has been that African states do not wield full sovereign power over their citizens. Because most colonial states did not make any effort to extend administrative presence much beyond urban populations as well as a few sites of natural resource extraction, it is argued, their ability to control and administer territories and populations consequently remained largely irrelevant to the modern conception of sovereignty in Africa. In this short commentary I will try to place Africanist scholarship in comparative perspective by elaborating on postcolonial sovereignties and the way in which these remain nested in both historical and contemporary global formations. Starting from the failed states paradigm, I will dedicate some space to the so-called extraversion argument, or the idea that African sovereignties are predominantly exerted through external forces. I will elaborate finally on more recent work by some anthropologists and historians who focus their attention on how sovereign state institutions actually work in practice.
The Force of Symbolic Power
Authors: Hansen Thomas Blom 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Most contemporary theorization and critique of sovereignty begins from the assumption of effective violence as the hard kernel of modern sovereignty. In this afterword, Hansen reflects on how the histories of provisional, overlapping, and divisible sovereignty in South Asia and elsewhere described in the special section “Rethinking Sovereignty” afford us a more differentiated view of the symbolic force of sovereignty—as a promise and a claim to inalienable property.
Imagining Worlds beyond the Nation-State
Authors: Collins Michael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In addressing the relationship between national and international worldmaking political projects, Adom Getachew's impressive and thought-provoking recent book, Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination, seeks to move beyond recent debates between those who posit an inevitability thesis about the triumph of the nation-state after 1945, on the one hand, and those who insist on the possibilities of alternative pathways, on the other. The argument is compelling in demonstrating that the transcendence of race hierarchies was integral to arguments and aspirations about meaningful sovereignty. Getachew's central characters were visionaries in terms of imagining possible worlds beyond the nation-state. The book is less convincing in demonstrating that an intractable nationalism and indeed underlying racial thinking were not serious impediments to the achievement of these goals.
Cilia density and flow velocity affect alignment of motile cilia from brain cells
Authors: Pellicciotta Nicola , Das Debasish , Kotar Jurij , Faucourt Marion , Spassky Nathalie , Lauga Eric , Cicuta Pietro 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
In many organs, thousands of microscopic ‘motile cilia’ beat in a coordinated fashion generating fluid flow. Physiologically, these flows are important in both development and homeostasis of ciliated tissues. Combining experiments and simulations, we studied how cilia from brain tissue align their beating direction. We subjected cilia to a broad range of shear stresses, similar to the fluid flow that cilia themselves generate, in a microfluidic setup. In contrast to previous studies, we found that cilia from mouse ependyma respond and align to these physiological shear stress at all maturation stages. Cilia align more easily earlier in maturation, and we correlated this property with the increase in multiciliated cell density during maturation. Our numerical simulations show that cilia in densely packed clusters are hydrodynamically screened from the external flow, in agreement with our experimental observation. Cilia carpets create a hydrodynamic screening that reduces the susceptibility of individual cilia to external flows.
Obraz Francji w wybranych rosyjskich przekładach A Sentimental Journey Sterne’a
Authors: Kaźmierczak Marta 
Published: December 2020

The Image of France in Selected Russian Translations of Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey
The paper discusses issues connected with the history and evolution of translation practices with respect to the representation of a third culture. The aim is to outline the tendencies in linguistic and cultural profiling of the image of France in Russian 19th- and 20th-century renditions of Laurence Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey. The author surveys third-language intrusions and toponyms, as well as the image of the French, their national character and social behaviour in passages not marked by heterolingualism. She claims that precisely the passages pronouncing judgements or opinions are of great importance in forming the image of a third culture in translated texts.
Temporal trend of early pregnancy high body mass index in Australian women: risk factors and outcomes
Authors: Khajehei Marjan , Assareh Hassan 
Published: December 2020

Background There is a shift toward the increasing weight gain among women of reproductive age. Aim To assess changes in the prevalence of high body mass index (BMI) (including both overweight and obese) in early pregnancy in Australian women, and its risk factors and association with selected birth outcomes from 2011–2017. Methods Records of pregnant women who received antenatal care and gave birth at an Australian tertiary hospital during 2011–2017 were evaluated and trends of high BMI were investigated. Results The risk of high BMI at early pregnancy increased by 3% annually and rose from 37% in 2011 to 44% in 2017. The risk of high BMI was greater in women who were more than 35 years old, multiparous, were smoking during pregnancy, and who had neurological disorders. High maternal BMI was associated with greater risks of having assisted conception, caesarean section and larger neonate. Conclusion The rate of high BMI in early pregnancy increased between 2011–2017.
Midwives' recommendation of electronic cigarettes as a smoking cessation strategy in pregnancy
Authors: Broadfield Amy , Ahmadi Keivan , Ayre Helen 
Published: December 2020

Introduction Electronic cigarettes have been described as a public health crisis. Approximately 10.6% of pregnant women smoke conventional cigarettes at the time of delivery, but the prevalence of e-cigarette use during pregnancy is unknown. Objectives To assess the extent of midwives' current knowledge and attitudes on electronic cigarettes as a smoking cessation strategy during pregnancy. Methods Electronic databases were searched. These were supplemented by manual searches, which were completed to include reports from Public Health England and the Royal College of Midwives. Results A total of 22 papers were identified, reviewed and are presented as a narrative literature review. Topics such as epidemiology, organisational stances, opinions of smoking cessation in pregnancy and opinions from stop smoking services were explored. There have been conflicting ideas regarding the use of electronic cigarettes in pregnancy and women who have recently given birth. Conclusions Whilst the current literature regarding electronic cigarettes as a smoking cessation strategy during pregnancy is well explored, there is no literature that investigates the attitudes of midwives and how this may affect their recommendation of e-cigarettes. The results of this study could serve as a point of reference for future clinical research, as well as clinical practice, by bringing to light the knowledge and attitudes midwives have regarding electronic cigarette use in pregnancy, and may be able to suggest some changes to improve the current practices.
Can the quality of a school be greater than the quality of its teachers? A case of early grade reading skills in Ugandan refugee context
Authors: Fontana Mónica , Ariapa Martin , Atuheire Gillian 
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION. As highlighted in the 2018 Uganda Education Response Plan, reading levels in refugee host communities are way below the national average. Since the 2018 National Assessment of Progress in Education report highlighted some challenging areas to the in-service teachers, a possible explanation for the persistent poor performance of learners in reading may reside with the finding that many educators themselves lack an understanding of the linguistic construct. Therefore, an informed training for teachers in primary schools was implemented to help them foster learners’ reading skills. The purpose of this paper is consequently to analyse whether learners whose teachers participated in the evidence-based intervention have better reading skills than those whose teachers did not participate in the intervention. METHOD. To achieve this, a quasi-experimental pre-program/post-program design, involving 2 schools, 24 teachers (12 per school), and 297 learners (157 from treatment and 140 from control) from Palabek (Uganda) refugee settlement was adopted. FINDINGS. The findings show that the reading skills of learners whose teachers participated in the intervention significantly improved as compared to their counterparts. Particularly, learners’ reading skills significantly improved in the areas of letter sound knowledge, segmenting knowledge, and nonword decoding, and slightly in oral passage reading and comprehension, and English vocabulary. DISCUSSION. This study therefore supported the hypothesis linked to the Peter Effect - one cannot be expected to give what they do not possess and raised a need for the Ministry of Education and Sports to mandate sufficient and informed training of teachers.
Cardiovascular risk and response to lipid lowering therapy in patients with HIV infection according to different recommendations
Authors: Pawlos Agnieszka , Broncel Marlena , Wlazłowska Ewelina , Jabłonowska Elżbieta , Gorzelak-Pabiś Paulina 
Published: December 2020

Background
HIV patients are at increased cardiovascular risk while available European cardiovascular recommendations are ambiguous.

Methods
Retrospective analysis of 389 HIV-patients was conducted. Cardiovascular risk was determined by D:A:D, Framingham and SCORE scales. Patients were divided into risk groups as recommended by EACS 2019, PTN AIDS 2019 and ESC/EAS 2019 Guidelines and hypolipemic treatment was evaluated.

Results
In total, 389 HIV-positive patients took part in the study, most of whom were men (n = 312, 80.4%), mean age 41.69±10years. Mean lipid levels among all HIV patients: Tch:177.2±36mg/dl, HDL:48.9±18mg/dl, LDL:103.8±31mg/dl, TG:143.3±81mg/dl, AIP:0.45±0.3, non-HDL:129.2±36 mg/dl. Most of the participants (n = 360, 92.5%) were assigned to the high cardiovascular risk group according to ESC/EAS and PTN AIDS guidelines. The achievement of therapeutic LDLs according to ESC/EAS was 10.3% for those at very high cardiovascular risk (8.7% on lipid lowering treatment vs. 16.7% without hypolipemic drugs) and 12.0% (5.8% treated vs. 13.6% untreated) at high cardiovascular risk; according to PTN AIDS,17.2% achievement was noted by the very high-risk group (13% treated vs. 33.3% untreated), and 45.9% for the high-risk group (37.7% treated vs. 48.0% untreated); according to EACS Guidelines, 2.5% achievement in secondary prevention (3.8% treatedvs. 0% untreated) and 24.7% in primary prevention (22.2% treated vs. 26.1% untreated). Mean doses of statins were 8.75mg±6mg (Rosuvastatin) and 22.35±19mg (Atorvastatin).

Conclusions
The achievement of therapeutic LDLs by all recommendations is unsatisfactory, and generally worse in patients on lipid lowering therapy. Hypolipemic treatment of our HIV patients is based on low doses of statins, even in secondary prevention.
Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático em Odontopediatria: Revisão de Literatura / Atraumatic Restore Treatment in PediatDentistry: Literature Review
Authors: Azevedo Mariana Cruz de , Pinto Ana Clara De Sá 
Published: December 2020

Resumo: A cárie dentária é uma doença com alta prevalência mundial, sendo considerada um problema de saúde pública, com terapias de tratamento bastante diversificadas. O Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático é muito vantajoso frente à outras terapias para lesões cariosas, por se tratar de uma técnica simples, de baixo custo e efetiva. Objetivo: Abordar, por meio de uma revisão de literatura, aspectos sobre a utilização da técnica do Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático em Odontopediatria. Metodologia: A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada via online, utilizando a ferramenta de busca Google e outras três bases de dado eletrônicas Pubmed e Lilacs. A estratégia de busca incluiu as seguintes palavras-chave: “Pediatric Dentistry AND Atraumatic Restorative Treatment”. Foram incluídos artigos em português, inglês e espanhol, sem restrição de data da publicação. Foram excluídas cartas ao editor e editoriais. Considerações finais: O Tratamento Restaurador Atraumático é um componente da Odontologia de Mínima Intervenção de amplo alcance social, que atua na prevenção da cárie dentária e na paralisação da sua progressão. Trata-se de uma proposta alternativa efetiva para o tratamento e controle da doença cárie, principalmente em ambientes onde o tratamento convencional torna-se inviável, devido à falta de infraestrutura necessária e de recursos econômicos. Esta abordagem de mínima intervenção é especialmente importante em Odontopediatria, uma vez que há redução do tempo de atendimento clínico, o que gera menores níveis de ansiedade e menos dor em crianças, exercendo um impacto positivo na qualidade de vida das crianças e suas famílias.
Aulas Práticas de Biologia no Ensino Remoto: Desafios e Perspectivas / Practical Biology Classes in Remote Education: Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Sá Elba Pedrina Batista de , Lemos Sebastiana Micaela Amorim 
Published: December 2020

Resumo: O artigo pretende apresentar e discutir uma pesquisa de Iniciação Científica da Universidade Regional do Cariri – URCA, Unidade Descentralizada de Campos Sales, financiado pelo Fundo Estadual de Combate à Pobreza (FECOP) para compreensão das práticas de ensino de Biologia desenvolvidas durante as aulas remotas. Esse estudo tem como objetivo compreender como as práticas de ensino de Biologia estão sendo desenvolvidas por docentes de uma escola estadual do município de Campos Sales - CE durante o isolamento social determinado pela pandemia de COVID-19. Consiste em uma observação não-participante onde aplicamos um formulário online aos estudantes do 1º ano do Ensino Médio. Com os resultados pretendemos identificar os principais desafios, estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem, desenvolvimento de práticas e dificuldades na aprendizagem de Biologia durante as aulas remotas. Percebe-se que é um momento árduo para a maioria dos docentes e discentes e essa pesquisa poderá criar espaços para reflexão sobre essas práticas.
A Informalidade no Trabalho Rural na Região Sisaleira do Estado da Bahia Viola Direitos Trabalhistas / The Informality in Rural Work in the Sisaleira Region of the State of Bahia Violates Labor Rights
Authors: Avelino José Araujo 
Published: December 2020

Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o diagnóstico da pesquisa realizada na região sisaleira do Estado da Bahia, sobre o trabalho informal para trabalhadores rurais, depois que estudos terem revelados a taxa de trabalhador sem registro em carteira em 80% na região do sisal no ano 2001. Diante desta informação, partimos do pressuposto, possível existência de violações dos direitos fundamentais do trabalho neste setor. A trabalho foi realizado in loco para verificar como se desenvolvem as condições de trabalho destes trabalhadores e, se há ineficiência na fiscalização por parte dos atores sociais para fazer cumprir das leis laborais na atividade rural. A pesquisa empírica com aporte da literatura e da legislação, revelou dados surpreendentes de violações de direitos fundamentais no trabalho rural daquela região, onde, o Estado, deveria se fazer presente para que possa corrigir as injustiças detectadas neste es
Epistemologia Contemporânea e sua Aproximação com a Psicologia / Contemporary Epistemology and its Approach to Psychology
Authors: Gomes Filho Antoniel Dos Santos , Lavor Filho Tadeu Lucas De , Amorim Liromaria Maria De , Oliveira Gislene Farias de 
Published: December 2020

Resumo: O presente estudo discute os antecedentes da epistemologia contemporânea, basicamente associada às ciências humanas. Epistemologia se ocupa do conhecimento, seus princípios e hipóteses, com a finalidade de organizar seus fundamentos, seu valor e sua importância, de forma lógica e objetiva. Em ciências sociais, o termo “epistemologia” evoca a ideia de conhecimento de sentido amplo, dada a diversidade e complexidade característica dos humanos. É mais apropriado o seu uso para o conhecimento científico, sua lógica e limites característicos. A ciência e o conhecimento são hoje ferramentas de poder e de alguma forma, pode ser utilizada para manipulação da sociedade dominante. A Epistemologia exerce a grande tarefa de expor uma reflexão crítica, mostrando aos estudiosos das ciências, as questões implícitas nas entrelinhas das pesquisas, para que que sejam utilizadas de forma consciente.
Hacia un modelo de innovación de cuádruple hélice: experiencias con PyMEs de Bahía Blanca, Argentina
Authors: Alderete María Verónica , Porris María Susana , Verna Etcheber Roberto 
Published: December 2020

Este trabajo tiene dos objetivos relacionados. Por un lado, describir y analizar la evolución del modelo de innovación de las PyMEs de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca sobre la base del Modelo de Cuádruple Hélice (4H) desde fines de los años 90 hasta el actual contexto de la pandemia. Por otro lado, sistematizar los estudios empíricos sobre innovación para compararlos en función de criterios comunes como el modelo de innovación (Cuádruple Hélice, Triple Hélice, etc.); tipo de innovación; metodología; vínculo con el tema Ciudades Inteligentes; alcance (nacional,regional, local); entre otros. Este nuevo paradigma de producción del conocimiento y de la innovación tiene su origen en el modelo de Triple Hélice (3H) pero agrega al modelo anterior un cuarto eje compuesto por el Público, la Sociedad Civil. Desde el punto de vista de las empresas, el foco de este modelo se ubica en los usuarios/clientes como fuentes de innovación. Para caracterizar las diferentes fases, se utilizan fuentes de información secundaria y primaria (encuestas a PyMEs locales de 2007 y 2015). Se concluye que los primeros modelos de innovación de las PyMEs locales eran entre empresas, sin intervención de otros actores. Posteriormente, se desarrolló el modelo 3H con el aporte de las universidades y el gobierno. En los últimos años, surgenmodelos 4H vinculados con proyectos de Ciudad Inteligente. Actualmente, surgieron proyectos de innovación elaborados para paliar la crisis del coronavirus.