bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging for vestibular schwannoma: cost-effective protocol for referrals
Authors: Mettias B A D , Lyons M 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectiveVestibular schwannoma is the most common neoplasm in the cerebellopontine angle, and fast spin-echo T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is the most sensitive test for diagnosing it. This study evaluated the financial and time costs of unnecessary magnetic resonance imaging referrals before and after the application of a magnetic resonance imaging protocol.MethodA full audit cycle was used for the assessment. The first cycle in January 2012 was retrospective and evaluated the financial impact of current selection criteria for magnetic resonance imaging referral against standard guidelines. The second cycle in January 2014 was prospective after implementation of the protocol.ResultsThere were 46 and 112 patients who had magnetic resonance imaging during first and second cycle, respectively. Of the referrals for magnetic resonance imaging, 65 per cent versus 81 per cent of the referrals were appropriate in the first and second cycles, respectively. The relative risk was reduced from 0.5 to 0.2. The waiting times for magnetic resonance imaging scans improved.ConclusionSelection criteria for magnetic resonance imaging referral are important in reducing waiting times for scans, patient anxiety and conserving trust resources.
Influence of social cognition as a mediator between cognitive reserve and psychosocial functioning in patients with first episode psychosis
Authors: González-Ortega I , González-Pinto A , Alberich S , Echeburúa E , Bernardo M , Cabrera B , Amoretti S , Lobo A , Arango C , Corripio I , Vieta E , de la Serna E , Rodriguez-Jimenez R , Segarra R , López-Ilundain JM , Sánchez-Torres AM , Cuesta MJ ,   PEPs Group:, Zorrilla I , López P , Bioque M , Mezquida G , Barcones F , De-la-Cámara C , Parellada M , Espliego A , Alonso-Solís A , Grasa EM , Varo C , Montejo L , Castro-Fornieles J , Baeza I , Dompablo M , Torio I , Zabala A , Eguiluz JI , Moreno-Izco L , Sanjuan J , Guirado R , Cáceres I , Garnier P , Contreras F , Bobes J , Al-Halabí S , Usall J , Butjosa A , Sarró S , Landin-Romero R , Ibáñez A , Selva G 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundSocial cognition has been associated with functional outcome in patients with first episode psychosis (FEP). Social cognition has also been associated with neurocognition and cognitive reserve. Although cognitive reserve, neurocognitive functioning, social cognition, and functional outcome are related, the direction of their associations is not clear. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to analyze the influence of social cognition as a mediator between cognitive reserve and cognitive domains on functioning in FEP both at baseline and at 2 years.MethodsThe sample of the study was composed of 282 FEP patients followed up for 2 years. To analyze whether social cognition mediates the influence of cognitive reserve and cognitive domains on functioning, a path analysis was performed. The statistical significance of any mediation effects was evaluated by bootstrap analysis.ResultsAt baseline, as neither cognitive reserve nor the cognitive domains studied were related to functioning, the conditions for mediation were not satisfied. Nevertheless, at 2 years of follow-up, social cognition acted as a mediator between cognitive reserve and functioning. Likewise, social cognition was a mediator between verbal memory and functional outcome. The results of the bootstrap analysis confirmed these significant mediations (95% bootstrapped CI (−10.215 to −0.337) and (−4.731 to −0.605) respectively).ConclusionsCognitive reserve and neurocognition are related to functioning, and social cognition mediates in this relationship.
Dimensions of irritability in adolescents: longitudinal associations with psychopathology in adulthood
Authors: Hawes Mariah T. , Carlson Gabrielle A. , Finsaas Megan C. , Olino Thomas M. , Seely John R. , Klein Daniel N. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundThere is an emerging consensus in developmental psychopathology that irritable youth are at risk for developing internalizing problems later in life. The current study explored if irritability in youth is multifactorial and the impact of irritability dimensions on psychopathology outcomes in adulthood.MethodsWe conducted exploratory factor analysis on irritability symptom items from a semi-structured diagnostic interview administered to a community sample of adolescents (ages 14–19; 42.7% male; 89.1% white). The analysis identified two factors corresponding to items from the mood disorders v. the oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) (Leibenluft and Stoddard) sections of the interview. These factors were then entered together into regression models predicting psychopathology assessed at age 24 (N = 941) and again at age 30 (N = 816). All models controlled for concurrent psychopathology in youth.ResultsThe two irritability dimensions demonstrated different patterns of prospective relationships, with items from the ODD section primarily predicting externalizing psychopathology, items from the mood disorder sections predicting depression at age 24 but not 30, and both dimensions predicting borderline personality disorder symptoms.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the current standard of extracting and compositing irritability symptom items from diagnostic interviews masks distinct dimensions of irritability with different psychopathological outcomes. Additionally, these findings add nuance to the prevailing notion that irritability in youth is specifically linked to later internalizing problems. Further investigation using more sensitive and multifaceted measures of irritability are needed to parse the meaning and clinical implications of these dimensions.
Subjective wellbeing of Chinese elderly: a comparative analysis among Hong Kong, Urban China and Taiwan
Authors: Miao Jia , Wu Xiaogang 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study investigates the relative importance of living with adult children and social participation for the elderly's subjective wellbeing (happiness) in three Chinese societies (Hong Kong, urban China and Taiwan). We use data from the 2011 wave of the Hong Kong Panel Study of Social Dynamics (N = 1,658), the 2010 China Family Panel Studies in mainland China (N = 3,198) and the 2010 wave of the Taiwan Social Change Survey (N = 790). The ordinary least squares regression shows that, as the family value of society moves forward on a traditional–modern continuum, the elderly benefit more psychologically from social participation and less from living with children. The older people in Hong Kong who live independently with a spouse are in a significantly better emotional state than those living with adult children. Social participation is positively associated with subjective wellbeing among the aged in Hong Kong but not among those in urban China and Taiwan. The findings suggest that encouraging social involvement is important for effective public policy to tackle rapid population ageing in Chinese societies.
Francisella tularensisin Swedish predators and scavengers
Authors: Hestvik G. , Uhlhorn H. , Koene M. , Åkerström S. , Malmsten A. , Dahl F. , Åhlén P-A. , Dalin A-M. , Gavier-Widén D. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTularaemia is a zoonotic disease, in Europe caused byFrancisella tularensissubsp.holarctica. Many lagomorphs and a variety of small rodents are wildlife species prone to develop clinical disease, while predators and scavengers are relatively resistant and may serve as sentinels. Blood samples from 656 Swedish wild predators and scavengers were serologically investigated using slide agglutination and microagglutination. In the slide agglutination test, 34 seropositive animals were detected, and they were found among all species investigated: brown bear (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), wild boar (Sus scrofa), wolf (Canis lupus) and wolverine (Gulo gulo). Due to haemolysis the microagglutination test was more difficult to read at low titres, and only 12 animals were classified as seropositive.F. tularensissubsp.holarcticawas detected by a polymerase chain reaction in lymphatic tissues of the head in one brown bear, one red fox and one wolf. The significance of this finding regarding possible latency of infection is not clear. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that all predator and scavenger species included in this study may serve as sentinels for tularaemia in Sweden. Their role as reservoirs is unclear.
Rethinking Hare's Analysis of Moral Thinking
Authors: Daskal Steven 
Published: October 2019

AbstractR. M. Hare has an ambitious project of arguing from a limited set of premises about the nature of moral thought and language all the way to substantive utilitarian conclusions. I reconstruct Hare's argument, identify an important problem for Hare, and then develop and endorse a restricted Hare-like argument. This argument is less ambitious than Hare's, and does not substantiate utilitarian conclusions on its own, but I demonstrate that it nonetheless imposes important constraints on moral judgements and I indicate how it can play a role in a larger argument for utilitarian conclusions.
Too Many Cooks May Spoil the First Book—and Jeopardize the Author’s Career: Potential Pitfalls of Book Workshops
Authors: Weyland Kurt 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTBook workshops are widely regarded as yielding important benefits for junior scholars; therefore, these intensive feedback sessions have proliferated in recent years. However, closer consideration suggests some important notes of caution. A wealth of additional suggestions does not necessarily improve a post-dissertation manuscript; instead, comments and criticisms advanced by senior experts may induce young authors to back away from or tone down innovative ideas or to address numerous additional factors and conditions, which can make their theory unwieldy and complicated. More important than the potential pitfalls for the first book itself are the heavy opportunity costs created by book workshops, which can jeopardize a junior colleague’s career advancement. After all, the substantial revisions arising from these feedback sessions take time away from article production and the design and initial research for a second major project. In these ways, overinvestment in the first book can hurt a young scholar’s chances at tenure time.
Assessment of Risks to Public Water Supply From Low Flows and Harmful Water Quality in a Changing Climate
Authors: Mortazavi‐Naeini Mohammad , Bussi Gianbattista , Elliott J. Alex , Hall Jim W. , Whitehead Paul G. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWater resources planning and management by water utilities have traditionally been based on consideration of water availability. However, the reliability of public water supplies can also be influenced by the quality of water bodies. In this study, we proposed a framework that integrates the analysis of risks of inadequate water quality and risks of insufficient water availability. We have developed a coupled modeling system that combines hydrological modeling of river water quantity and quality, rules for water withdrawals from rivers into storage reservoirs, and dynamical simulation of harmful algal blooms in storage reservoirs. We use this framework to assess the impact of climate change, demand growth, and land‐use change on the reliability of public water supplies. The proposed method is tested on the River Thames catchment in the south of England. The results show that alongside the well‐known risks of rising water demand in the south of England and uncertain impacts of climate change, diffuse pollution from agriculture and effluent from upstream waste water treatment works potentially represent a threat to the reliability of public water supplies in London. We quantify the steps that could be taken to ameliorate these threats, though even a vigorous pollution‐prevention strategy would not be sufficient to offset the projected effects of climate change on water quality and the reliability of public water supplies. The proposed method can help water utilities to recognize their system vulnerability and evaluate the potential solutions to achieve more reliable water supplies.
Contribution of Global warming and Urbanization to Changes in Temperature Extremes in Eastern China
Authors: Sun Ying , Hu Ting , Zhang Xuebin , Li Chao , Lu Chunhui , Ren Guoyu , Jiang Zhihong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe anthropogenic‐induced global warming and local urbanization exert important influences on temperature extremes in Eastern China. Here we use China station observations and climate models to investigate their effects on the warm and cold days and nights simultaneously. We quantified the contribution from these two factors based on an optimal fingerprinting method. We find that both anthropogenic and urbanization signals can be clearly detected and separated from each other in the nighttime temperature extremes. The effect of urbanization may explain as much as one third of the observed changes in cold and warm nights while the urbanization signal is weak in the daytime extremes. The results are robust against sampling uncertainty in the estimate of urbanization signal, but uncertainty due to collinearity between the urbanization signal and global warming is difficult to assess.
Constraining Geothermal Flux at Coastal Domes of the Ross Ice Sheet, Antarctica
Authors: Fudge T. J. , Biyani Surabhi C. , Clemens‐Sewall David , Hawley Robert L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe geothermal flux is an important boundary condition for ice‐sheet models because it influences whether the ice is melting at the bed and able to slide. Point measurements and remotely sensed estimates vary widely for the Ross Ice Sheet. A basal temperature measurement at Roosevelt Island reveals a geothermal flux of 84 ± 13 mW/m2. The presence of Raymond Arches, which form only at ice divides that are frozen at the bed, allows inferences of the maximum geothermal flux at two coastal domes along the Siple Coast: Engelhardt Ridge, 85 ± 11 mW/m2 and Shabtaie Ridge, 75 ± 10 mW/m2. These measurements indicate heat flows similar to measurements at Siple Dome and the Whillans grounding zone and to the continental crust average. The high values measured at Subglacial Lake Whillans and estimated from satellite observations of Curie depths are not widespread.
The Lithic Component of Pyroclastic Deposits as a Proxy for the Reconstruction of the Syneruptive Evolution of Volcanic Conduits: The CE 79 Eruption of Vesuvius
Authors: Aravena A. , Cioni R. , de' Michieli Vitturi M. , Neri A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDynamics of explosive eruptions is often strongly controlled by temporal changes in conduit geometry. Quantitative constraints to this problem are difficult to define, but basic information on the lithic fraction in pyroclastic deposits can be used as an input of numerical models to infer conduit and crater evolution in terms of shape and dimension. Field data on the 79 CE Pompeii eruption (Vesuvius, Italy) are used here to constrain depth‐dependent variations in conduit geometry. The different lithology of the accidental components, resulting from the erosion of a conduit/crater system crosscutting a well‐known subsurface stratigraphy, helps in defining the provenance depth of the eroded fragments. We reproduced the eruption evolution by considering three periods of the Plinian phase, associated with the white phonolitic pumice clasts (EU2a) and the tephro‐phonolitic gray pumice clasts (EU3a and EU3b). Results constrain the evolution of key eruptive parameters and are consistent with the estimates of mass discharge rate (MDR) and volume of eroded lithic fragments, which require the involvement of conduit geometries with depth‐dependent diameters rather than a constant‐radius shape. The onset of the Plinian phase (EU2a) was characterized by intense crater excavation processes. The MDR increase during the transition from EU2 to EU3 coincided with a significant increase of conduit diameter at bottom. After the peak of MDR (EU3b), a significant deeping of the fragmentation level and an abrupt inlet pressure drop probably occurred. Exit pressure and velocity would have decreased during all the Plinian phase, consistent with a shift to a collapsing column dynamics.
Meteorological Aspects of Self‐Initiated Upward Lightning at the Säntis Tower (Switzerland)
Authors: Pineda Nicolau , Figueras i Ventura Jordi , Romero David , Mostajabi Amirhossein , Azadifar Mohammad , Sunjerga Antonio , Rachidi Farhad , Rubinstein Marcos , Montanyà Joan , van der Velde Oscar , Altube Patricia , Besic Nikola , Grazioli Jacopo , Germann Urs , Williams Earle R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractInterest in exploring the meteorological conditions favoring upward lightning from tall man‐made structures has grown in recent years, largely due to the worldwide expansion of wind energy. To this end, instrumented towers existing around the world are the most suitable places to study upward lightning. In this context, an LMA network was deployed around the Säntis Mountain (northeast Switzerland) during the summer of 2017, in order to complement the long‐term measurements currently held at the Säntis telecommunications tower, a lightning hot spot in central Europe. This campaign allowed, for the first time, to gather a comprehensive set of observations of self‐initiated upward lightning emerging from the Tower. With the help of C‐band dual‐polarimetric radar data, the present work focuses on the meteorological conditions conductive to self‐initiated upward lightning from the Säntis. The analysis revealed that the upward propagating positively charged leaders spread mostly horizontal above the melting level, after an initial short vertical path from the tower tip. After this initial stage, the majority of upward leaders were followed by a sequence of negative return strokes. The inception upward lightning under a stratiform cloud shield would be favored by the low height of the charge structure. From the obtained results, it turns out that a key feature favoring self‐initiated upward lightning would be the proximity of the tower tip to the melting level.
A Physically Based Method for Soil Evaporation Estimation by Revisiting the Soil Drying Process
Authors: Wang Yunquan , Merlin Olivier , Zhu Gaofeng , Zhang Kun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWhile numerous models exist for soil evaporation estimation, they are more or less empirically based either in the model structure or in the determination of introduced parameters. The main difficulty lies in representing the water stress factor, which is usually thought to be limited by capillarity‐supported water supply or by vapor diffusion flux. Recent progress in understanding soil hydraulic properties, however, have found that the film flow, which is often neglected, is the dominant process under low moisture conditions. By including the impact of film flow, a reexamination on the typical evaporation process found that this usually neglected film flow might be the dominant process for supporting the Stage II evaporation (i.e., the fast falling rate stage), besides the generally accepted capillary flow‐supported Stage I evaporation and the vapor diffusion‐controlled Stage III evaporation. A physically based model for estimating the evaporation rate was then developed by parameterizing the Buckingham‐Darcy's law. Interestingly, the empirical Bucket model was found to be a specific form of the proposed model. The proposed model requires the in‐equilibrium relative humidity as the sole input for representing water stress and introduces no adjustable parameter in relation to soil texture. The impact of vapor diffusion was also discussed. Model testing with laboratory data yielded an excellent agreement with observations for both thin soil and thick soil column evaporation experiments. Model evaluation at 15 field sites generally showed a close agreement with observations, with a great improvement in the lower range of evaporation rates in comparison with the widely applied Priestley and Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory model.
Coupling Concentration‐ and Process‐Discharge Relationships Integrates Water Chemistry and Metabolism in Streams
Authors: O'Donnell B. , Hotchkiss E. R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractStream ecosystem processes, such as metabolism, are dynamically impacted by flow intensity. Therefore, without integrating ecosystem processes with water quality, we miss opportunities to develop frameworks to understand metabolic responses to changing flow. Flow simultaneously affects the material transport and biological opportunities for material transformation. Combining the strengths of ecohydrology and stream ecology to understand how flow variation alters ecosystem processes, we analyzed more than 5 years of water quality and stream metabolism data. We created segmented process‐discharge (P‐Q) relationships to examine how metabolism rates vary across discharge and compared them to concentration‐discharge (C‐Q) relationships to explore the dynamic effects of discharge on processes and physicochemical parameters. Within the segmented P‐Q relationships, we found the behavior of ecosystem respiration (ER), gross primary production (GPP), and net ecosystem production (NEP) to be different at high and low flows with varying degrees of statistical significance, demonstrating the potential for divergent metabolic responses across changing flows. GPP declined with increasing discharge. The rate of ER declined with discharge initially but then became unchanging at higher flows. NEP reflected the divergent trends between ER and GPP, as the relationship of NEP to Q was flat at lower discharge and declined at higher flows. Interrelated physicochemical parameters and ecosystem processes, such as pH and NEP, had mirrored responses to discharge. Coupling analyses of flow, water quality, and metabolism offers a more complete picture of interrelated ecosystem processes, allowing for a better understanding of ecosystem response to the physical and chemical changes that occur across flows.
Innovative models for in vitro detection of seizure
Authors: Rockley Kimberly L. , Roberts Ruth A. , Morton Michael J. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractData show that toxicity to the central nervous system (CNS) is the most frequent cause of safety failures during the clinical phase of drug development. CNS endpoints such as seizure pose a safety risk to patients and volunteers and can lead to a loss of competitiveness, delays, and increased costs. Current methods rely on detection in the nonclinical rodent and non-rodent studies required to support clinical trials. There are two main issues with this approach; seizure may be missed in the animal studies and, even if seizure is detected, significant resource has already been invested in the project by this stage. Thus, there is a need to develop improved screening methods that can be used earlier in drug discovery to predict seizure. Advances in stem cell biology coupled with an increased understanding of the role of ion channels in seizure offer an opportunity for a new paradigm in screening. Human derived induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) representative of almost all cellular subtypes present in the brain can be incorporated into physiologically relevant in vitro models that can be used to determine seizure risk using high-throughput methods. Akin to the success of screening against a panel of ion channels such as hERG to reduce cardiovascular safety liability, the involvement of ion channels in seizure suggests that a similar approach to early seizure detection is valid. Profiling of the ion channels expressed in hiPSC models showing the seizurogenic phenotype coupled with electrophysiological assessment of ion channel function could translate into an ion channel seizure panel for rapid and reliable in vitro detection of seizure. The mechanistic information gathered would support optimal drug design early in development before resources, animals and time have been wasted.