bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic origin and dispersal pattern of Taiwan weedy rice
Authors: Wu Dong‐Hong , Gealy David R , Jia Melissa H , Edwards Jeremy D , Lai Ming‐Hsin , McClung Anna M 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBACKGROUNDKnowledge of the genetic diversity and spatial structure of Taiwan weedy red rice (WRR) populations, which adapted in a transplanting system, will facilitate the design of effective methods to control this weed by tracing its origins and dispersal patterns in a given region.RESULTSTaiwan WRR is genetically most similar to Taiwan indica cultivars and landraces according to genetic distance. The inbreeding coefficient of the Taiwan WRR population is greater than 0.8, which is similar to the inbred cultivars. The ancestry coefficients map suggests a dispersal pattern of long‐distance and seed‐mediated contamination across Taiwan, often from warmer, earlier‐planted regions to cooler, later‐planted regions. Parentage analysis of Taiwan WRR revealed that mostly early indica landraces and indica cultivars were present in the genetic pool; in rare cases temperate japonica was present. Based on the above results, the phylogenetic origin of most Taiwan weedy rice appears to be from hybrid progenies of old cultivated red rice accessions crossed with ‘DGWG’. The inbreeding coefficient trend of the six TWR clusters suggests a temporal shift from ‘old’ indica landraces with red bran (high inbreeding coefficient) to modern indica varieties (low inbreeding coefficient).CONCLUSIONAlthough there were sustained efforts to remove these old red rice accessions from paddy fields before 1945, some farmers continued to use low purity seed. This practice, along with volunteer cultivation of these old varieties in the second cropping season, apparently has facilitated the long‐distance, seed‐mediated contamination of rice seed, and the increase in weedy rice seed in paddy soil. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Antimicrobial function of short amidated peptide fragments from the tick‐derived OsDef2 defensin
Authors: Ismail Naadhira O. , Odendaal Clerisa , Serem June C. , Strömstedt Adam A. , Bester Megan J. , Sayed Yasien , Neitz Albert W.H. , Gaspar Anabella R.M. 
Published: November 2019

Previously Os, a 22 amino acid sequence of a defensin from the soft tick Ornithodoros savignyi, was found to kill Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria at low micromolar concentrations. In this study, we evaluated synthetic peptide analogues of Os for antibacterial activity with an aim to identify minimalized active peptide sequences and in so doing obtain a better understanding of the structural requirements for activity. Out of eight partially overlapping sequences of 10 to 12 residues, only Os(3–12) and Os(11–22) exhibit activity when screened against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Carboxyamidation of both peptides increased membrane‐mediated activity, although carboxyamidation of Os(11–22) negatively impacted on activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The amidated peptides, Os(3–12)NH2 and Os(11–22)NH2, have minimum bactericidal concentrations of 3.3 μM against Escherichia coli. Killing was reached within 10 minutes for Os(3–12)NH2 and only during the second hour for Os(11–22)NH2. In an E. coli membrane liposome system, both Os and Os(3–12)NH2 were identified as membrane disrupting while Os(11–22)NH2 was less active, indicating that in addition to membrane permeabilization, other targets may be involved in bacterial killing. In contrast to Os, the membrane disruptive effect of Os(3–12)NH2 did not diminish in the presence of salt. Neither Os nor its amidated derivatives caused human erythrocyte haemolysis. The contrasting killing kinetics and effects of amidation together with structural and liposome leakage data suggest that the 3–12 fragment relies on a membrane disruptive mechanism while the 11–22 fragment involves additional target mechanisms. The salt‐resistant potency of Os(3–12)NH2 identifies it as a promising candidate for further development.
MSPolyCalc: A web‐based App for polymer mass spectrometry data interpretation. The case study of a pharmaceutical excipient
Authors: Desport Jessica S. , Frache Gilles , Patiny Luc 
Published: November 2019

RationaleIn contrast to biological polymers, synthetic macromolecules consist of distributions of sizes, chemical compositions, functionalities and eventually architectures. The mass spectrum of a synthetic polymer may exhibit a tremendous number of signals. The availability of suitable IT tools to support interpretation is key.MethodsA web‐based tool is presented: MSPolyCalc. It offers a set of functionalities, including the calculation of polymer distributions, molecular formulae and a match evaluation for peak assignment based on both mass and spectral accuracy (similarity score). The software was successfully tested with mass spectra exhibiting resolutions ranging from 10,000 to 240,000.ResultsThe molecular characterization of a synthetic poly(ethylene glycol)‐based excipient was achieved. MSPolyCalc allowed the discrimination of six polymer compositions of variable relative abundance. Secondary ionization adducts with very low intensity consisting of matrix‐analyte clusters were also successfully identified.ConclusionsMSPolyCalc offers assisted data interpretation to target the needs of polymer chemists. It facilitates structure characterization, ionization adduct identification, and end‐group determination together with visual result reporting.
Carbon dioxide emission decomposition along the gradient of economic development: The case of energy sustainability in the G7 and Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
Authors: Su Weihua , Wang Yuying , Streimikiene Dalia , Balezentis Tomas , Zhang Chonghui 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe G7 and Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) nations have committed to greenhouse gas emission reduction according to targets set out in the Paris Agreement and Copenhagen Accord. The objective of this paper is to develop an index decomposition framework and apply it for comparison of the drivers behind carbon dioxide emission. The impact of economic and technological development on greenhouse gas emissions is assessed by applying the Kaya identity. The index decomposition analysis is carried out by applying the Shapley value. In this paper, we seek to compare the two groups of countries—G7 and BRICS—in regard to the underlying trends in the energy‐related carbon dioxide emission during 1990–2015. The comparison of these two groups for countries draws some light on the pathways of decarbonization of the economies in developing and developed countries. The time period covered spans over the sub‐periods of economic growth and decline. Energy intensity appeared as the major factor pushing the carbon dioxide emissions down in the developed countries (i.e., G7 group). The latter effect was much lower for the developing countries (i.e., BRICS group) and was offset by the affluence effect. Further development of the renewable energy is important for the developing countries in order to start exploiting the carbon factor effect.
Interventions for long‐term software security: Creating a lightweight program of assurance techniques for developers
Authors: Weir Charles , Becker Ingolf , Noble James , Blair Lynne , Sasse M. Angela , Rashid Awais 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThough some software development teams are highly effective at delivering security, others either do not care or do not have access to security experts to teach them how. Unfortunately, these latter teams are still responsible for the security of the systems they build: systems that are ever more important to ever more people. We propose that a series of lightweight interventions, six hours of facilitated workshops delivered over three months, can improve a team's motivation to consider security and awareness of assurance techniques, changing its security culture even when no security experts are involved. The interventions were developed after an Appreciative Inquiry and Grounded Theory survey of security professionals to find out what approaches work best. We tested the interventions in a participatory action research field study where we delivered the workshops to three software development organizations and evaluated their effectiveness through interviews beforehand, immediately afterwards, and after twelve months. We found that the interventions can be effective with teams with limited or no security experience and that improvement is long‐lasting. This approach and the learning points arising from the work here have the potential to be applied in many development teams, improving the security of software worldwide.
Can biochemical phenotype, obtained from herbarium samples, help taxonomic decisions? – A case study using Gentianaceae
Authors: Afzan Adlin , Bréant Lise , Bellstedt Dirk U. , Grant Jason R. , Queiroz Emerson F. , Wolfender Jean‐Luc , Kissling Jonathan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWith the emergence of metabolomics, small quantities of plant material can be used to generate chemical fingerprints with high throughput for comparative analyses without the need for tedious and in‐depth classical phytochemical investigation of large amounts of plant material. Here, we tested the hypothesis that herbarium samples themselves could be used as suitable material for untargeted metabolomic analysis and taxon discrimination based on biochemical phenotypes. We employed mass‐spectrometry‐based metabolite profiling to classify given species of chemotaxonomical relevance from the Gentianaceae family based on their biochemical phenotypic differences. Our dataset consisted of 605 accessions each with 910 mass spectral features, representing 59 species from 23 genera that extend over 6 tribes of the family. We found that minute amounts of herbarium specimens (less than 50 mg) were sufficient to obtain comprehensive fingerprints for all investigated individuals. Morphologically or genetically distinct species were differentiated using metabolite profiles, confirming taxon distinctions and validating the utility of this method for identification and differentiation. Overall, our results suggest that metabolite profiling of herbarium specimens may be suitable for taxonomic studies and also opens new ground for detailed investigations of their specialised metabolite contents.
Xanthohumol protects against Azoxymethane‐induced colorectal cancer in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Liu Hualin , Zhang Lei , Li Guanghua , Gao Zhuanglei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem and third most common deaths in western world. Dietary interventions together with modified dietary style can prevent the CRC in humans. Xanthohumol (XHA), a polyphenol isolated from Humulus lupulus L. contains many beneficial effects. The aim of the study is to analyze the effect of XHA on Azoxymethane (AOM)‐induced experimental CRC in rats. Levels of MDA were increased and enzymic antioxidants levels were decreased in AOM‐induced rats. However, these levels were reversed upon XHA treatment. Further, the mRNA expressions of iNOS and COX‐2 were also downregulated in XHA treated rats compared to AOM‐induced rats. Further, we found that administration of XHA suppressed the wnt/β‐catenin signaling together with modulation of apoptotic proteins Bax, Bcl‐2, and caspase 3. We conclude that XHA can able to quench the free radicals, inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, thus it can be a chemopreventive/therapeutic agent against CRC.
Evaluation of renal markers of T1D in Sprague‐Dawley exposed to 2‐aminoanthracene
Authors: Pierre Tanya H. , Reynolds Ashley S. , Seise Isaiah , Pilz Zach , McHale Brittany J. , Gato Worlanyo E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and its associated risks of chronic kidney disease or end‐stage renal disease development are on the rise. T1D is an autoimmune disease in which insulin‐producing beta cells are destroyed. Increased incidence of T1D has been suggested to be a result of environmental factors such as exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). 2‐aminoanthracene (2AA) is a PAH that has been associated with the onset of early diabetic symptoms. This study was conducted to assess if 2AA dietary ingestion would induce T1D renal injuries. To accomplish study goals, Sprague‐Dawley rats were assigned into three 2AA dietary (0, 50, and 100 mg/kg‐2AA) ingestion groups for 12 weeks. Animals were evaluated for various morphometric indices, clinical markers, and gene expression. The rats in the 100 mg/kg group lost 5% less weight than the other treatment groups and converted roughly 3% more of their food intake into body mass. Renal histopathology indicated no significant difference between groups. The kidney weight per bodyweight of the 100 mg/kg treatment group was 30.1% greater than the control group. Creatinine concentration of the 100 mg/kg group was 46.2% greater than the control group. Serum glucose levels were significantly elevated in rats exposed to 2AA. On the contrary, serum albumin concentration was significantly reduced in 2AA‐treated rats. T1D and genetic markers of renal injury such as FABP1, SPP1, IL‐1B, and IL‐7 were elevated in treated groups. These results suggest that 2AA may induce the early diabetic renal injuries.
Reflective Journaling: A Portal Into the Virtues of Daily Writing
Authors: Portman Steve 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe author examines the benefits of journaling in his fifth‐grade classroom. Reviewing student journal data from the past 25 years, he shares an effective method for preparing a classroom for daily journaling, one that minimizes teacher‐issued prompts and implements procedures for sharing and reflecting. Positive effects include insights into students’ feelings, beliefs, values, and attitudes, as well as an examination of how effective practice motivates students to write, which in turn improves their composition skills.
Development of an interface to introduce stationary LES data to the URANS solver THETA for HAWT performance prediction
Authors: Länger‐Möller Annika 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe impact of different sheared velocity profiles on the performance prediction of a horizontal axis wind turbine in the atmospheric boundary layer is investigated. Firstly, the wall roughness in the analytical logarithmic description of the atmospheric boundary layer is varied to obtain different velocity profiles. Subsequently, it is proposed to replace the analytical logarithmic description of the atmospheric boundary layer by the time‐averaged velocity data of a precursor large eddy simulation (LES) and to reconstruct the turbulence of the velocity fluctuations. The LES data are introduced as inflow condition through a LES‐RANS interface in a one‐way coupling approach. Three different methods to reconstruct URANS turbulence values out of the velocity fluctuations are investigated. It is shown that the reconstruction method has an impact on the development of the velocity profile, turbulent kinetic energy, and the turbulent dissipation during the transport through the URANS domain. The different inflow data, which the horizontal axis wind turbine experiences, are responsible for changes in the overall rotor thrust (up to 2.7%) and rotor torque (up to 2.4%). Conversely, the induction factors and effective angles of attack hardly change and can well be compared with a blade element momentum method. Finally, the results of both approaches to prescribe the atmospheric boundary layer are compared. The thrust and power coefficients, and wake recovery are close to each other. Simulations are carried out on an industrial 900 kW wind turbine with the incompressible URANS solver THETA.
The Metabolism of Spanish Agriculture
Authors: González de Molina Manuel , Soto Fernández David , Guzmán Casado Gloria , Infante-Amate Juan , Aguilera Fernández Eduardo , Vila Traver Jaime , García Ruiz Roberto 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this chapter, the structure, functioning, and dynamics of the Spanish Agrarian Metabolism within the broader context of the whole Spanish economy are characterized. Biomass demand and domestic consumption, and the extent of which the agrarian sector and foreign trade fulfilled that demand are the cores of this chapter, as there are the main drivers in the features of the Spanish Agrarian Metabolisms. Transformation consisted of a greater appropriation of biomass for human use by: i) transferring extraction efforts from other ecosystems to cropland, ii) boosting the translocating the photosynthetic products to the harvestable and traded parts, and iii) shifting the orientation of the production from human to animal consumption allowing the noticeable change in diet. These changes have required the use of large amounts of external inputs driven by fossil fuels consumption and have reduced the magnitude and the number of physical–biological cycles at many spatial scales. Production limitations proper to organic-based societies have been apparently overcome, boosting the Spanish population growth and for increasing levels of consumption. These transformations have been possible at the cost of a deterioration of the fund elements not only of Spanish agroecosystems but also of third countries, reducing currently and at the medium and long term the capacity for reproduction of fund elements which might threaders the right to food sovereignty of the future generations.
Tissue Transfer Techniques in the Management of Urethral Stricture Disease: Flaps and Grafts
Authors: Gelman Joel , Furr James 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe ability to use different flaps and grafts is critical in the successful management of complex urethral strictures. Intimate knowledge of relevant anatomy and principles of tissue transfer are necessary to optimize outcomes. Here, we briefly review these principles and discuss a variety of techniques commonly used by reconstructive urologists depending on stricture length, stricture location, presence or absence of intact corpus spongiosum, and availability of healthy penile skin. We present our algorithms for flap or graft choice and review the pertinent literature supporting their uses.
Correlation functions at the bulk point singularity from the gravitational eikonal S-matrix
Authors: Cardona Carlos 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The bulk point singularity limit of conformal correlation functions in Lorentzian signature acts as a microscope to look into local bulk physics in AdS. From it we can extract flat space scattering processes localized in AdS that ultimate should be related to corresponding observables on the conformal field theory at the boundary. In this paper we use this interesting property to propose a map from flat space s-matrix to conformal correlation functions and try it on perturbative gravitational scattering. In particular, we show that the eikonal limit of gravitation scattering maps to a correlation function of the expected form at the bulk point singularity. We also compute the inverse map recovering a previous proposal in the literature.
Artificial Neural Network Controlled GMAW System: Penetration and Quality Assurance in a Multi-Pass Butt Weld Application
Authors: Penttilä Sakari , Kah Paul , Ratava Juho , Eskelinen Harri 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Intelligent welding parameter control is fast becoming a key instrument for attaining quality consistency in automated welding. Recent scientific breakthroughs in intelligent systems have turned the focus of adaptive welding control to artificial intelligence-based welding parameter control. The aim of this study is to combine artificial neural network (ANN) decision-making software and a machine vision system to develop an adaptive artificial intelligence (AI)-based gas metal arc welding (GMAW) parameter control system. The machine vision system uses a laser sensor to scan the upcoming seam and gather seam profile data. Based on further processing of the seam profile data, welding parameters are optimized by the decision-making system. In this work, the developed system is tested in a multivariable welding condition environment and its performance is evaluated. The quality of the welds was consistent and surpassed the required quality level. Additionally, the heat-affected zone (HAZ) was evaluated by microscopy, X-ray, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging. It is concluded that the developed ANN system is suitable for implementation in automated applications, can improve quality consistency and cost efficiency, and reduce required workpiece preparation and handling.
Design of simulator training: a comparative study of Swedish dynamic decision-making training facilities
Authors: Aronsson Sanna , Artman Henrik , Brynielsson Joel , Lindquist Sinna , Ramberg Robert 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSimulator training is becoming increasingly important for training of time-critical and dynamic situations. Hence, how simulator training in such domains is planned, carried out and followed up becomes important. Based on a model prescribing such crucial aspects, ten decision-making training simulator facilities have been analyzed from an activity theoretical perspective. The analysis reveals several conflicts that exist between the training that is carried out and the defined training objectives. Although limitations in technology and organization are often alleviated by proficient instructors, it is concluded that there is a need for a structured approach to the design of training to be able to define the competencies and skills that ought to be trained along with relevant measurable training goals. Further, there is a need for a pedagogical model that takes the specifics of simulator training into account. Such a pedagogical model is needed to be able to evaluate the training, and would make it possible to share experiences and make comparisons between facilities in a structured manner.
Invasive silver carp is empirically linked to declines of native sport fish in the Upper Mississippi River System
Authors: Chick John H. , Gibson-Reinemer Daniel K. , Soeken-Gittinger Lori , Casper Andrew F. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEmpirical assessments of the influence of invasive species on native species are infrequent because the required long-term data are rarely available. The invasion of silver carp in the Upper Mississippi River System (UMRS) provides a unique opportunity to assess the influence of this invasive species on native fishes because a highly standardized, long-term monitoring program has been sampling the fish communities in six reaches of the UMRS for over 20 years. We analyzed fish abundance (catch per unit effort from electrofishing) and water-quality data collected from 1994 to 2013 from three reaches where silver carp populations have been established since 2000, and three reaches where they are not established. Our results provide empirical evidence of a negative effect of invasive silver carp on native sport fish in the UMRS. Although water temperature, suspended solid concentration, and flooding also differed substantially between control and invaded reaches, only silver carp abundance had a direct negative relationship with the abundance of adult sport fish. Our analyses suggest that the mechanism for this decline may be competition for zooplankton between silver carp and larval/juvenile sport fish. In reaches where silver carp is established, recruitment of juvenile sport fish appears to be constrained relative to reaches where silver carp is not established.