bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for novel epigenetic marks within plants
Authors: Mahmood Asaad M , Dunwell Jim M 
Published: December 2019

AbstractVariation in patterns of gene expression can result from modifications in the genome that occur without a change in the sequence of the DNA; such modifications include methylation of cytosine to generate 5-methylcytosine (5mC) resulting in the generation of heritable epimutation and novel epialleles. This type of non-sequence variation is called epigenetics. The enzymes responsible for generation of such DNA modifications in mammals are named DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) including DNMT1, DNMT2 and DNMT3. The later stages of oxidations to these modifications are catalyzed by Ten Eleven Translocation (TET) proteins, which contain catalytic domains belonging to the 2-oxoglutarate dependent dioxygenase family. In various mammalian cells/tissues including embryonic stem cells, cancer cells and brain tissues, it has been confirmed that these proteins are able to induce the stepwise oxidization of 5-methyl cytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and finally 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Each stage from initial methylation until the end of the DNA demethylation process is considered as a specific epigenetic mark that may regulate gene expression. This review discusses controversial evidence for the presence of such oxidative products, particularly 5hmC, in various plant species. Whereas some reports suggest no evidence for enzymatic DNA demethylation, other reports suggest that the presence of oxidative products is followed by the active demethylation and indicate the contribution of possible TET-like proteins in the regulation of gene expression in plants. The review also summarizes the results obtained by expressing the human TET conserved catalytic domain in transgenic plants.
The roles of genes in the bitter taste
Authors: Smail Harem Othman 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe aims of this review were to understand the roles of bitter taste genes in humans. Some of the peoples have the capacity to taste some chemical substance such as phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) while others cant not based on the dietary hazards and food preferences. There are two alleles responsible to express these phenotypes which are homozygous recessive. In human TAS2R38 genes located on the chromosome number 7 and consist of different nucleotide polymorphism that related to detection of the phenotype of different chemical compounds such as 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) and phenylthiocarbamide bitterness and this Gene is the member of the TAS2R genes which are eleven pseudogenes and twenty that has roles in many biological processes.There are many factors that affect the bitter taste such as food, age, sex, and different diseases. The mechanism of food bitter taste and genotype of TAS2R38 until know not well understood due to that the proof of relation between bitter taste sensitivity and food is harmful. there are many different diseases can impact the influence of taste such as neoplasm and lifestyle such as consumption of alcohol along with the use of medication, head trauma, upper tract infections. On the other hand, A relation between TAS2R38 genotype and meal preferences has been observed among children, however, no associations have been mentioned among older adults. Some previous research proved some vital points that show an association between type 1 of diabetes and phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) but other studies cannot demonstrate that. However, of other disease such as obesity is controversial but other studies reported to the relationship between them.
Enjeux éthiques des emprises olfactives et infraolfactives du conditionnement de l’air
Authors: Balez Suzel 
Published: December 2019

La qualité de l’air intérieur peut participer à l’interprétation de situation quotidiennes et/ou induire un certain nombre de comportements. Le conditionnement de l’air peut donc non seulement permettre des prises sur le réel, mais aussi exercer une emprise sur les usagers du cadre bâti. Cet article examine d’abord plusieurs paradoxes relatifs à l’appréhension de notre environnement chimique. Ensuite seront présentés les enjeux principaux des tentatives de manipulation des comportements à travers les qualités de l’air intérieur : classiquement quand il s’agit d’améliorer la productivité (espaces de travail) ou de générer de l’attraction (marketing sensoriel), mais aussi à des fins récréatives (capitalisme émotionnel) ou encore pédagogiques (amélioration des processus d’apprentissage). Enfin sera discutée la potentialité d’une « éthique de l’emprise » des qualités de l’air intérieur dans la conception et la matérialisation du cadre bâti.Mots-clefs français manquants
L’Architecture sous pression. Expérimentations techniques ou architectures sous-marines, du commandant J.‑Y. Cousteau à l’architecte J. Rougerie (1960-1980)
Authors: Camus Christophe 
Published: December 2019

Dans cet article, nous analysons un type spécifique et extrême d’espace hyper-conditionné au sein d’un milieu hyper-contraint : les maisons sous la mer conçues et développées au cours des années 1960-1980. Une première partie présente plusieurs programmes d’habitat de cette période, des expérimentations technoscientifiques pionnières de Jacques-Yves Cousteau (1962-1965), aux recherches architecturales de Jacques Rougerie (1977-1982). La deuxième partie montre comment ces habitats subaquatiques soumis à de fortes pressions s’affranchissent progressivement des questions techniques pour développer des solutions plus architecturales. Enfin, la dernière partie, examine les développements d’une véritable architecture subaquatique qui ouvre ces espaces hyper-conditionnés sur le milieu sous-marin pour l’habiter pleinement.
Into the Mind’s Eye: Exploring the Fast-Same Effect in the Same-Different Task
Authors: Walker Jesika A. , Cousineau Denis 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The fast-same effect is the observation that “same” responses are much faster than “different” responses in the same-different task. Moreover, identical stimuli are responded to faster than stimuli that are the same in name only (e.g., B and b). We examine Bamber’s (1969) identity reporter model (a two-stage model predicting load effects), Proctor’s (1981) facilitation framework, and Krueger and Shapiro’s (1981) priming framework, proposed to account for these effects. Facilitation and priming are strong for identical and repeated stimuli, for phonological associates, and, in principle, for any form of association. We thus manipulated two types of associations: nominal (changing the letter case, preserving phonology) and learned (matching arbitrary symbols to letters) associations and used extended training to see variations in load effects. We found that overall performance benefits from phonological information and from training, although training did not change load effects. Additionally, the results from a transfer phase show capacity limitation for learned associates, which severely constrains facilitation. This finding is inconsistent with a priming framework. The results are discussed using an expanded version of Bamber’s identity reporter model, which is also compatible with Proctor’s facilitation framework.
Placekeeping Ability as a Component of Fluid Intelligence: Not Just Working Memory Capacity
Authors: Burgoyne Alexander P. , Hambrick David Z. , Altmann Erik M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The question of what cognitive processes contribute to fluid intelligence (Gf)—the ability to solve novel problems—continues to be central in intelligence research. Here, we considered the contribution of placekeeping, which is the ability to perform a sequence of steps in a prescribed order without omissions or repetitions. Placekeeping plays a role in problem solving but also rests on the ability to remember past performance, so it may simply reduce to working memory capacity (WMC). To investigate this possibility, we evaluated whether placekeeping accounts for individual differences in Gf above and beyond WMC. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that placekeeping ability accounted for 12% of the variance in Gf above and beyond WMC. By contrast, WMC accounted for only 2% of the variance in Gf above and beyond placekeeping ability. Structural equation modeling revealed that placekeeping ability and WMC are distinct at the latent variable level, and together they accounted for 77% of the variance in Gf. However, whereas placekeeping ability significantly predicted Gf in the structural equation model, WMC did not. In general, the results suggest that placekeeping ability is distinct from WMC and contributes substantially to individual differences in Gf.
Further Analyses of Trends in Malaria Diagnoses and Incidence Rates (2014-2018) in Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ebomwonyi A. , Omorogie A. O. , Noutcha M. A. E. , Abajue M. C. , Okiwelu S. N. 
Published: December 2019

Background: The United Nations Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), established incidence rate as one of the indicators for monitoring progress on Malaria control. Data on malaria incidence rates in Edo State, Nigeria, 2006-2013 were published in 2015. The current study focused on incidence rates, 2014-2018. In addition, trends in malaria diagnoses were also investigated.
Methods: Records of numbers of patients from the 18 Local Government Areas (LGAs) complaining of malaria, at LGA Health Centres, State Hospitals, etc. were obtained from the Department of Disease Control, State Ministry of Health, Benin City. Patients were placed in 3 categories: Fever, without malaria confirmation, confirmed uncomplicated, confirmed severe. Human population records over the 5-year period were obtained from the Nigeria Population Commission, Benin City. Incidence rates were calculated and relative proportions of patients in the 3 categories determined.
Results: The numbers of fever cases, without malaria confirmation, varied across LGAs and constituted 58.00-68.00% of all fever cases annually. In confirmed cases of malaria, most were uncomplicated. The highest numbers of confirmed cases were in Egor and Oredo LGAs. The pattern was similar in uncomplicated and severe cases. The ratios of uncomplicated and severe cases of malaria varied significantly (p<0.05) annually. Malaria incidence rates varied among LGAs in each of the years: 2014 (0.75-5.48%), in 2015 (0.24-2.55%), in 2016 (1.44-5.21%), in 2017 (1.17-9.69%), in 2018 (0.63-4.03%). However, these differences were not significant (p>0.05). In the period 2014-2018, malaria incidence rates of 5.00% and above were recorded only 5times across LGAs: Egor, 2014 (5.48%); Esan Central, 2016 (5.14%; Ovia southwest, 2016 (5.21%), 2017 (9.69%); Uhunmwnde, 2017 (5.05%).
Conclusion: The decline in malaria incidence rates, 2014-2018, over the 2006-2013 data indicates progress. However, there are still daunting challenges which have been detailed in the text. These results also highlight the need for malaria test confirmation rather than utilizing fever as the exclusive symptom for malaria. All stakeholders must intensify efforts to ensure that this downward trend in malaria incidence rates is sustained.
Mislocalized cytoplasmic p27 activates PAK1‐mediated metastasis and is a prognostic factor in osteosarcoma
Authors: Chen Xiang , Cates Justin M. M. , Du Yu-Chen , Jain Antrix , Jung Sung Yun , Li Xiao-Nan , Hicks John M. , Man Tsz‐Kwong 
Published: December 2019

The development of pulmonary metastasis is the leading cause of death in osteosarcoma (OS), which is the most common malignant bone tumor in children. We have previously reported that the tumor suppressor p27 (KIP1, CDKN1B) is frequently mislocalized to the cytoplasm of OS. However, its prognostic significance and metastatic mechanism are still elusive. Here, we show that cytoplasmic p27 significantly correlated with a higher metastatic status and poorer survival of OS patients (n = 136, P < 0.05), highlighting the clinical significance of p27 mislocalization in OS. Mechanistically, cytoplasmic p27 is co‐immunoprecipitated with p21‐activated kinase 1 (PAK1), which resulted in higher PAK1 phosphorylations, actin polymerization, and cell motility in p27‐mislocalized OS cells. Silencing PAK1 expression in different p27‐mislocalized OS cell lines decreased the migratory and adhesion abilities in vitro, as well as the development of pulmonary metastases in vivo. Similar PAK1‐dependent motility was also observed in other p27‐mislocalized cancer cell lines. In summary, our study suggests that cytoplasmic p27‐mediated PAK1 activation is crucial for OS metastasis. A biomarker‐guided targeted therapeutic approach for metastatic OS and other cancers harboring p27 mislocalization can be developed, where cytoplasmic p27 is used for risk stratification and PAK1 can be exploited as a potential therapeutic target.
Linguaculture
Authors: Risager Karen 
Published: December 2019

This entry presents the concept of linguaculture (or languaculture) by following the history of the concept from the 1980s until today. The concept focuses on and specifies the relationship between language and culture. Originally it was introduced by linguistic anthropologists (Friedrich and Agar) to encompass the single universe of language and (the verbal aspects of) culture (e.g., rural southern Vermont linguaculture). Later it was taken up by language and culture educationalists (Risager and others) to designate the cultural dimensions of language in a globalized world characterized by migrations of people from one cultural context to another, and including situations where the language in question is being learned as a second or foreign language.Linguaculture has three interrelated dimensions: the semantic–pragmatic dimension, the poetic dimension, and the identity dimension. These dimensions are traditionally studied in relation to languages used as mother tongues or first languages, for instance in cross‐cultural semantics or in cultural linguistics. But in an educational perspective it should be emphasized that the dimensions are transformed in the processes of learning languages as second or foreign languages.
Enhancing the R‐ISS classification of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma by quantifying circulating clonal plasma cells
Authors: Gonsalves Wilson I. , Jevremovic Dragan , Nandakumar Bharat , Dispenzieri Angela , Buadi Francis K. , Dingli David , Lacy Martha Q. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Kapoor Prashant , Leung Nelson , Fonder Amie , Hobbs Miriam , Hwa Yi Lisa , Muchtar Eli , Warsame Rahma , Kourelis Taxiarchis V. , Russell Stephen , Lust John A. , Lin Yi , Go Ronald S. , Siddiqui Mustaqeem A. , Kyle Robert A. , Gertz Morie A. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Kumar Shaji K. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOur prior studies identified the prognostic significance of quantifying cPCs by multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC) in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients. We evaluated if a similar quantification of cPCs could add prognostic value to the current R‐ISS classification of 556 consecutive NDMM patients seen at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester from 2009 to 2017. Those patients that had ≥5 cPCs/μL and either R‐ISS stage I or stage II disease were re‐classified as R‐ISS IIB stage for the purposes of this study. The median time to next therapy (TTNT) and overall survival (OS) for patients with ≥5 cPCs/μL at diagnosis was as follows: R‐ISS I (N = 110) ‐ 40 months and not reached; R‐ISS II (N = 69) ‐ 30 and 72 months; R‐ISS IIB (N = 96) ‐ 21 and 45 months and R‐ISS III (N = 281) ‐ 20 and 47 months respectively. Finally, ≥ 5 cPCs/μL retained its adverse prognostic significance in a multivariable model for TTNT and OS. Hence, quantifying cPCs by MFC can potentially enhance the R‐ISS classification of a subset of NDMM patients with stage I and II disease by identifying those patients with a worse than expected survival outcome.
Asian primates in fragments: Understanding causes and consequences of fragmentation, and predicting primate population viability
Authors: Boonratana Ramesh 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOngoing efforts to conserve the Asian primates are severely challenged by increasing rates of habitat loss and fragmentation. Underlying drivers such as rapid economic and population growth throughout much of South, East, and Southeast Asia have confined several populations of Asian primates to isolated fragments. Conservation efforts for these primates are partly hampered by a poor understanding of fragmentation, resulting in an inability to draw up effective long‐term conservation responses. In this manuscript, I show that fragmentation can be understood better when treated both as stress and a threat. Moreover, despite a myriad of causes of fragmentation reported, most are broad descriptions or subject to various interpretations. Here I describe the use of the IUCN‐CMP Unified Classifications of Direct Threats Version 3.2, a convenient and universal tool, for more precise identification of the causes and consequences of fragmentation for Asian primates. I further describe the interrelated variables influencing the persistence of Asian primates in fragments, and the conditions affecting these variables.
Toward Quantum Paraelectric, Paraelastic, and Paramagnetic 2D Materials
Authors: Barraza‐Lopez Salvador 
Published: December 2019

AbstractQuantum fluctuations are known to affect the finite‐temperature properties of materials made out of light elements such as hydrogen and helium. More recently, it has also been realized that quantum effects may play a role on structural transformations of ferroic materials containing heavier atoms, provided the energy barrier separating two different phases is small when compared to thermal fluctuations. Herein, 2D ferroelectric and ferroelastic materials are showcased as potential candidates to experience quantum effects on their structural conformation at liquid helium temperatures. A brief literature overview of the path integral molecular dynamics approach, which could be useful for the discovery of quantum paraelectric, paraelastic, and paramagnetic behavior in 2D materials, is also provided.
Effect of liquid plasticizers on crystallization of PCL in soft PVC/PCL/plasticizer blends
Authors: Xu Yang , Xiong Ying , Guo Shaoyun 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTIn this work, poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and liquid plasticizer were combined used to plasticize poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), and the possibility of using PVC/PCL/plasticizer blends to fabricate soft PVC with enhanced migration resistance was investigated. Through partial replacement of liquid plasticizers in soft PVC by equal quantity of PCL, flexibility was maintained while extraction loss of plasticizer by organic solvent was reduced significantly. Furthermore, crystallization of PCL in PVC/PCL/plasticizer blends with low PCL content was observed, and crystallization rate of PCL was found to be influenced by plasticizer contents and structures. For instance, crystallization rate of PCL in PVC/PCL/diisononyl phthalate (DINP) (100/40/100) was 3.7 times faster than in PVC/PCL/DINP (100/40/80), while crystallization rate of PCL in PVC/PCL/dioctyl adipate(DOA)(100/40/100) was 8.3 times faster than in PVC/PCL/diisononyl cyclohexane‐1,2‐dicarboxylate (DINCH) (100/40/100). Low‐field 1H NMR test manifested that different crystallization rate of PCL in PVC/PCL/plasticizer blends with different plasticizer structures was triggered by difference in plasticizers' compatibility with PVC, that is, the number of interaction point between PVC and plasticizers. It is concluded that PCL crystallization favored by liquid plasticizers in PVC/PCL/plasticizer blends was induced by interaction competition between PVC/plasticizer and PVC/PCL. As plasticizer content increases or its compatibility with PVC decreases, interaction competition becomes more intense and consequently faster crystallization of PCL occurs. Thus, to obtain soft PVC products with improve migration resistance while avoiding PCL crystallization, the total content of plasticizer (including both liquid plasticizer and PCL) should be lower than 66 phr (40 wt %). © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48803.
Congenital fibular dystrophisms conform to embryonic arterial dysgenesis
Authors: Hootnick David R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe congenital short limb (CSL) with fibular deficiency has traditionally been graded by plain radiography. The most popular orthopedic classification sorts the fibular dysmorphologies into three radiographic groupings: IA (thinned), IB (proximally truncated), or II (absent). In contrast, the soft tissues have been relatively neglected. Since bone formation of the fibula progresses from the anlage, a scaffolding cartilage mold intermediate, cartilage transformation to bone is dependent upon timely embryonic arterial invasion. Absences of the requisite arteries predicate specific skeletal dysmorphologies. The usual arterial supply of the fibula is comprised primarily of the anterior tibialis artery (ATA), which uniquely supplies the proximal portion of the fibula, and also joins the peroneal artery (PA) in supplying the mid to distal fibular shaft. Combinations of the two nutrient arteries allow four potential variations of fibular vascular supply, among which the ATA and PA conjoin to supply the normal fibula and variably supply the three dysmorphic fibular models. The IA and IB deformities conform, respectively, to the absences of the PA and the ATA. Combined ATA and PA absences present in the radiographically “absent” fibula. Thus, each of the four fibular (dys)morphologies conforms to a specific embryonic pattern of arterial development. The term “dystrophism” most accurately characterizes such malformed long bones.
Research leadership flow determinants and the role of proximity in research collaborations
Authors: He Chaocheng , Wu Jiang , Zhang Qingpeng 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCharacterizing the leadership in research is important to revealing the interaction pattern and organizational structure through research collaboration. This research defines the leadership role based on the corresponding author's affiliation, and presents the first quantitative research on the factors and evolution of 5 proximity dimensions (geographical, cognitive, institutional, social, and economic) of research leadership. The data to capture research leadership consist of a set of multi‐institution articles in the fields of “Life Sciences & Biomedicine,” “Technology,” “Physical Sciences,” “Social Sciences,” and “Humanities & Arts” during 2013–2017 from the Web of Science Core Citation Database. A Tobit regression‐based gravity model indicates that the mass of research leadership of both the leading and participating institutions and the geographical, cognitive, institutional, social, and economic proximities are important factors for the flow of research leadership among Chinese institutions. In general, the effect of these proximities for research leadership flow has been declining recently. The outcome of this research sheds light on the leadership evolution and flow among Chinese institutions, and thus can provide evidence and support for grant allocation policies to facilitate scientific research and collaborations.