bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design Principles for Green Energy Storage Systems
Authors: Arbabzadeh Maryam , Johnson Jeremiah X. , Keoleian Gregory A. 
Published: February 2020

Grid-scale energy storage systems represent a potential solution for several grid applications such as renewables integration and transmission and distribution upgrade deferral. The integration of these technologies into the grid can lead to different environmental outcomes. System characteristics that influence outcomes include renewable penetration, the existing grid power mix, and electricity demand characteristics. New frameworks are required to provide a robust way to assess the environmental impacts and key trade-offs that emerge when considering energy storage options to inform design and technology selection and improve sustainability performance of the grid. To achieve this, we develop fundamental green design principles specific to grid-connected energy storage, coupled with a systematic and robust sustainability assessment algorithm to inform decision makers, designers and operators. These principles address key issues such as material sustainability, service life, and environmental performance of grid generations’ assets. An algorithm is developed to deploy the design principles of energy storage systems that meet various grid applications. This process takes into account the service that the energy storage would provide. Energy storage applications range from distributed power for built environment to large scale energy storage applications such as renewables integration, ancillary services, time shifting, electric supply capacity, renewable energies capacity firming and micro-grid capability. Each application has specific requirements. For example, ancillary services require bulk capacity in order to keep power system quality, reliability and security (Eyer and Corey 2010). In this algorithm, the potential alternatives (including energy storage) are screened to satisfy performance requirements and sustainability criteria in meeting a specific application. Life cycle assessment (LCA) methods are applied to evaluate environmental sustainability performance. Vanadium redox fellow batteries (VRFBs) utilization in an off-grid configuration is analyzed as a case study to demonstrate the application of selected principles.

References

Eyer, J and Corey, G. 2010. Energy storage for the electricity grid: benefits and market potential assessment guide. Sandia National Laboratories.
A New Guide for Searching High-Performance Catalysts for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells
Authors: Yang Yongan , Yang Yangzhi 
Published: February 2020

Direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs) are important power sources for distributed energy applications, such as automobiles. They are superior to combustion engines in lower operation temperatures and to hydrogen fuel cells in higher energy density and ease of fuel-handling. Two of major issues are the elucidation of the multi-electron oxidation mechanism and the development of high-performance (activity, selectivity, stability) electrocatalysts. For over two decades, cyclic voltammetry has been used as a convenient and powerful tool to assess catalysts’ performance. The oxidation peak in the backward scan is assigned to the oxidation of intermediate carbonaceous compounds (mainly CO) that are formed in the proceeding forward scan. Thus, the ratio of peak intensity in the forward and backward scans (If/Ib) is believed to indicate the tolerance of CO poisoning; the higher the If/Ib, the better the tolerance. This figure-of-merit has been applied ever since for searching high-performance catalysts, including the Pt-based materials for acidic cells and Pd-based materials for alkaline cells. However, to date, catalysts that are practically superior to commercial counterparts have not been identified yet.
In this presentation, we will provide direct and unambiguous evidence to show that 1) the backward oxidation peak is not due to the oxidation of intermediate carbonaceous compounds that are formed in the proceeding forward scan; 2) the ratio If/Ib has nothing to do with the CO oxidation and a higher Ib/If value can indicate superior capability in surface regeneration. These findings are applicable to Pt in acidic cells, Pd in alkaline cells, and various alcohols.
Our discovery corrects a long-term misunderstanding on the reaction mechanism of catalytic electroxidation of alcohols, provides a new guide for searching high-performance catalysts, and has the potential to be generalized to other fields of electrocatalysis.
Density Functional Theory and Conductivity Studies of Boron-Based Anion Receptors
Authors: Leung Kevin , Fenton Kyle R , Rempe Susan , Chaudhari Mengash , Pratt Harry , Staiger Chad , Nagasubramanian Ganesan 
Published: February 2020

Anion receptors that bind strongly to fluoride anions in organic solvents can help dissolve the lithium fluoride discharge products of primary carbon monouoride (CFx) batteries, thereby preventing the clogging of cathode surfaces and improving ion conductivity. The receptors are also potentially beneficial to rechargeable lithium ion and lithium air batteries. We apply Density Functional Theory (DFT) to show that an oxalate-based pentauorophenyl-boron anion receptor binds as strongly, or more strongly, to uoride anions than many phenyl-boron anion receptors proposed in the literature. Experimental data shows marked improvement in electrolyte conductivity when this oxalate anion receptor is present. The receptor is sufficiently electrophilic that organic solvent molecules compete with F
-
for boron-site binding, and specific solvent effects must be considered when predicting its F
-
affinity. To further illustrate the last point, we also perform computational studies on a geometrically constrained boron ester that exhibits much stronger gas-phase affinity for both F
-
and organic solvent molecules. After accounting for speci_c solvent effects, however, its net F
-
affinity is about the same as the simple oxalate-based anion receptor. Finally, we propose that LiF dissolution in cyclic carbonate organic solvents, in the absence of anion receptors, is due mostly to the formation of ionic aggregates, not isolated F
-
ions.
Sandia National Laboratories is a multiprogram laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corpo ration, for the U.S. Deparment of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Figure 1
Alkaline Hydrogen-Iodine Reversible Fuel Cell
Authors: Nguyen Trung Van , Yarlagadda Venkata , Konwar Dhrubajit 
Published: February 2020

We have considered the acid-based H2-I2 fuel cell along with the acid-based H2-Br2 fuel cell as potential systems for electrical energy storage. However, we decided not to pursue the H2-I2 system because of its low cell open circuit potential (0.54V), even though the HI-I2 environment is more benign than the HBr-Br2 environment. Recently, we found that by operating the hydrogen reactions in an alkaline medium we could shift the electrode standard reduction potential from 0V to -0.83V which combined with the bromine electrode standard reduction potential of 1.09V increases the cell potential of an alkaline H2-Br2 fuel cell from 1.09V to 1.92V [1]. This 0.83V shift in the hydrogen electrode potential motivated us to take another look at the alkaline H2-I2 system because of the higher cell potential (1.34V). See Figure 1. This presentation will discuss the alkaline H2-I2 system, its advantages and disadvantages, and recent development by our group at the University of Kansas.

Reference:

T.V. Nguyen, V. Yarlagadda, G. Lin, G. Weng, C.-Y.V. Li, and K.-Y Chan, “Comparison of Acid and Alkaline Hydrogen-Bromine Fuel Cell Systems,” ECS Transactions, 58, No. 37, 29-35 (2014).

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. EFRI-1038234.

Figure 1
A Dual-Mode Rechargeable Lithium-Bromine/Oxygen Fuel Cell
Authors: Bai Peng , Viswanathan Venkatasubramanian , Bazant Martin Z. 
Published: February 2020

Increasing global energy demand has driven the exploitation of oil reservoirs in deep oceans. The high risk of oil spill due to unexpected failures of undersea facilities urges the deployment of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) for frequent and thorough inspections in these extreme environments that humans cannot easily access. To meet the long endurance and occasionally high power requirements of the AUV, we propose a lithium-bromine/oxygen fuel cell with a protected lithium metal anode to provide high specific energy at either low-power mode with seawater (oxygen) or high-power mode with bromine catholytes. The proof-of-concept fuel cell with a flat catalyst-free graphite electrode can discharge at 3mW/cm2 with seawater, and 9mW/cm2 with dilute bromine catholytes. The fuel cell can also be recharged with LiBr catholytes efficiently to recover the lithium metal anode. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal that both the organic electrolye and the bromine electrolyte corrode the solid electrolyte plate quickly, leading to nanoporous pathways that can percolate through the plate, thus limiting the cell performance and lifetime. With improved solid electrolytes or membraneless flow designs, the dual-mode lithium-bromine/oxygen system could enable not only AUV but also land-based electric vehicles, by providing a critical high-power mode to high-energy-density (but otherwise low-power) lithium-air batteries.
the Growth of Hierarchal Shape Tin Used As Catalysts Support Towards a Binder Free Fuel Cell Anodes
Authors: Schechter Alex , Teller Hanan , Subramanian Palaniappan , Ochanuna Shani 
Published: February 2020

A novel catalyst support utilizing electrodeposited tin was investigated for direct liquid fuel cells. These materials were prepared by electrodeposition of tetragonal metallic Sn on Toray® carbon paper or gold electrodes under non-equilibrium conditions. Hierarchical shape branched dendrites of Sn were formed under selected experimental conditions (fig 1). The growth process on these electrodes were rigorously investigated using potentiostatic or galvanostatic steps, in aqueous solutions containing sodium citrate, SDS, HTAB. Hydrogen evolution and mass balance calculations suggest that the columbic efficiency of Sn2+reduction is controlled by diffusion of the surfactant solvated ions.
Various morphologies of metallic Sn can be prepared by controlling the applied potential, duty cycle and the HCl additive. Hierarchal morphologies of Sn start to appear at an over potentials of more than 0.9V and is strongly influenced by hydrogen evolution competing reaction.
Characterization of the deposition the deposition and etching, passivation and activation processes were performed by EQCM. These results show that H2SO4 and HClO4, which were applied in the activation of SnO2 layer, prior to applying the catalyst, behave differently with the deposited metal. HClO4seems to prevent further acting of the oxide layer and provide the required functionality for metal deposition as well as good passivation required stable operation as anodes.
Pt, PtSn and Ni catalysts were loaded on electrodeposited Sn supported on Toray® carbon paper by electroless or by electroplating processes. These binder free anodes were measured in methanol, methyl- formate acid solutions, and nickel-plated was applied in urea oxidation in alkaline solutions. Superior oxidation specific activity was observed on all Sn supported anodes with respect to Pt or Ni catalysts loaded on carbon XC72.
Figure 1. HRSEM of electrodeposited Sn in a “tree” like shape

Figure 1
High Rate Capability and Long Cycle Stability of Co3O4/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite As an Anode Material for High-Performance Secondary Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Pham Duong Tung , Vu Thi Trang , Gim Jihyeon , Song Jinju , Kim Sungjin , Jo Jeonggeun , Alfaruqi Muhammad Hilmy , Kim Seokhun , Park Sohyun , Kim Jaekook 
Published: February 2020

A facile and cost-effective urea-assisted autocombustion strategy has been designed for the fabrication of Co3O4/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite and pure CoFe2O4 anode materials followed by annealing at 700 and 900 °C for 6 h, respectively. To confirm the exact structure, Rietiveld analysis was performed on the Synchrotron XRD pattern of both the CoFe2O4 samples annealed at 700 and 900 °C. The results clearly depicts the formation of two phases (Co3O4:CoFe2O4) with the ratio of [76.3(5):23.6(3)%] in the sample annealed at 700 °C sample, while single phase CoFe2O4 formation was observed for the sample annealed at 900 °C. It has also been found that the designed nanocomposite sample is composed of small nanoparticles (50–100 nm), while the size of pure CoFe2O4 particles is in the range from 600 nm to 1 μm. When applied as an anode material, the obtained Co3O4/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite electrode exhibits high reversible capacity as well as excellent cycling stability and better rate capability in comparison to a pure CoFe2O4 electrode. The enhanced electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite can be attributed to the intimate interconnection between Co3O4 and CoFe2O4, along with the nanosize range of particles and high surface area, which not only favor fast kinetic properties facilitating electron transportation and Li+ ion insertion/deinsertion but also relieve the stress caused by volume changes during the numerous charge/discharge cycles and suppress the degradation of the material.
All Solid State Supercapacitors Based on Ionic Liquid/Crosslinked PEO-PPO Tetrablock Copolymer Electrolytes
Authors: Han Jae Hee , Kim Tae-Ho , Hong Young Taik 
Published: February 2020

Supercapacitors are widely recognized as an important class of energy storage devices, because they can provide a high specific power, long cycle life. Compared with the conventional supercapacitors using liquid electrolyte, all-solid state supercapacitors have many advantages such as lightweight, high flexibility, high safety and environmentally benign nature, which are suitable for flexible and portable electronics. The realization of high performance all solid state supercapacitors strongly depends on the electrical properties and mechanical integrity of constitutive materials and their controlled assembly of electrode and solid electrolyte.
In this work, we designed and prepared novel ionic liquid (IL)-doped crosslinked PEO-PPO tetrablock copolymer electrolytes. Triethoxysilane-endcapped precursors were first prepared by reacting the terminal hydroxyl groups of the corresponding Tetronic® (BASF) copolymers with 3-isocyanatopropyl triethoxysilane. Then, the IL-doped and crosslinked electrolytes were fabricated via in situ sol-gel reactions of the triethoxysilane end groups of the precursors and subsequent solution casting process in the presence of IL. Despite large IL doping up to 200 wt%, solid and transparent film could be obtained mainly due to the crosslinked structure. The resulting electrolytes were denoted as cTPL-TPE-A-B, where A and B indicate the codename of Tetronic® and the content of IL doped, respectively. It was confirmed that cTPL-TPE-A-Bs possessed completely amorphous structure and non-fusible property from the XRD and DSC experiments. The Ionic conductivity of a cTPL-TPE-90R4-200 with 200 wt% BMIM-BF4 reached 3.65×10-3 S/cm at room temperature and 2.73×10-2 S/cm at 80 °C (see Figure 1). These values were more than 10 times higher than those of the PEO electrolyte with the same range of BMIM-BF4 content thanks to the entirely amorphous structure of cTPL-TPE-A-Bs.
All-solid-state supercapacitors were fabricated assembling cTPL-TPE-A-Bs as electrolytes with graphene sheets (prepared from a kneading method) as electrodes. Consequently, the device exhibited high electrochemical performance such as high operating voltage of 3.7 V, high specific capacitance of 157.4 F/g, and an energy density of 55.3 Wh/kg (@ 10 mA/g).

Figure 1
Study on Electrochemical Performance of Thin Film C60 As an Anode Material for Lithium Secondary Batteries
Authors: Halim Martin , Lee Joong-Kee 
Published: February 2020

Lithium ion batteries are gaining more attention these days since it is being used in many application, ranging from portable devices to electric vehicles due to their superior energy density and cycleability over the other energy storage technologies. Among those applications, microrobotics is also getting more attention since it can be used for exploration in small and/or dangerous environment, finding survivor in the disaster site, and defense department needs. However, there is crucial shortage from these microrobotics, which are its power source limitation. In order to overcome this limitation, special attempts should be done by designing the energy storage cell as small as possible. In order to achieve this, carbon based thin film might be one of the plausible alternative. To this end, we made a carbon based thin film using the plasma enhanced thermal evaporation deposition. Since the available commercial graphite and graphene have extremely high melting point (ca. 3600 oC and ca. 3900 oC for graphite and graphene, respectively), these materials are not applicable when used as the precursor for thin film deposition process [1]. It has been already investigated that carbon with the structure of C70 and C60 has significantly low sublimation point of ca. 850 oC and 600 oC, respectively [2]. In our experiment scope, we made the carbon based thin film electrode using C60powder.
The deposition of C60 thin films were deposited by plasma enhanced thermal evaporation. The samples were prepared under following conditions: a working pressure of 25 mTorr and deposition time of 1 min. The film thickness and RF power were varied. The film thickness was varied by introducing different amount of C60powder of 0.01 g, 0.02 g, and 0.04 g. The RF power variation was 100 W, 200 W, and 300 W.
The results show that thicker C60 thin film would result in lower volumetric capacity. This might be related to the characteristic of C60 that intrinsically high resistance. Thus, increasing the thickness might increase the resistance of the film and might also lead to longer distance for lithium to diffuse into the C60electrode. Meanwhile, the investigation of plasma power variation shows that lower plasma power results in higher volumetric capacity. These phenomena would be the focus of our detail discussion.

Reference

1. J. H. Los, K. V. Zakharchenko, M. I. Katsnelson, and A. Fasolino, Physical Review B 91, 045415 (2015).
2. Eiji Osawa (2002). Perspective of fullerene nanotechnology. Springer. pp. 275.

Figure 1
Current Response at Grain and Grain Boundaries in LiFePO4 Thin Films By Nano-Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy
Authors: Kumatani Akichika , Takahashi Yasufumi , Inomata Hirotaka , Watanabe Tetsuya , Yamamoto Kuniko , Haruta Masakazu , Shiraki Susumu , Shiku Hitoshi , Hitosugi Taro , Matsue Tomokazu 
Published: February 2020

Creation of high performance electrodes in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is one of urgent demand to store unused energy towards low-carbon emission society. To satisfy this demand, a facile characterization technique is required for analyzing electrochemical response related to lithium-ion transport via crystal orientation or crystal boundaries in the electrodes. Recently, we have developed a single-channel nano-scanning electrochemical call microscopy (nanoSECCM).1 The nanoSECCM can obtain current response related to ion transport only as in-situ measurement with nanometer resolution. In this study, we have applied nanoSECCM to characterize the current repose at grain and grain boundaries on the LiFePO4 thin film electrode. The film is multi-domain structure with sub-micrometer grains including [010] crystal orientation, confirmed by SEM and XRD analyses. The inhomogeneity of the response at grains was visualized from nanoSECCM mapping. The response at particular grain with higher response presumably indicates that it possesses [010] crystal orientation which is known as higher current response in LiFePO4.2 We show that this analysis is a sensitive and facile measure of the influence for crystal orientation and boundaries in electrodes of LIBs.
[1] Y. Takahashi, A. Kumatani et al., Nat. Communi. 5:5450 (2014).
[2] D. Morgan et al., Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 7, A30 (2004).
Fullerene Biomaterials for PDT or MRI: Effects of Derivatization on Activities
Authors: Yamakoshi Yoko , Tiu Elisha Gabrielle V. , Aroua Safwan 
Published: February 2020

Fullerene-based water-soluble materials have been considered as seed compounds for photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and contract reagents in magnetic resonance imaging1 (MRI). We have been working on the development of new biocompatible fullerene (C60, C70 and Gd3N@C80
2) materials by complexation with or by covalent attachment of water-soluble polymers such as poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Initial studies on the C60/ or C70/PVP complex provided sufficient water-solubility and efficient generation of superoxide (O2•–).3 But a subsequent study on C60-PVP or C70-PVP copolymers (uncontrolled) resulted in slightly better water-solubility provided and improved generation of 1O2. It appears that bioactivity of the C60 or C70 is different due to the formation of water-soluble materials in aqueous medias. In this study, we discuss on the effect of derivatization of fullerene cores on the bioactivities including reactive oxygen species generation from bis-, tris-adducts of C60 and M3N@C80 (Figure) and well-defined fullerene-PVP copolymers that we have recently prepared5 using Prato reactions.6

(1) Zhang, J. F.; Fatouros, P. P.; Shu, C. Y.; Reid, J.; Owens, L. S.; Cai, T.; Gibson, H. W.; Long, G. L.; Corwin, F. D.; Chen, Z. J.; Dorn, H. C. Bioconjugate Chem.
2010, 21, 610.
(2) Stevenson, S.; Rice, G.; Glass, T.; Harich, K.; Cromer, F.; Jordan, M. R.; Craft, J.; Hadju, E.; Bible, R.; Olmstead, M. M.; Maitra, K.; Fisher, A. J.; Balch, A. L.; Dorn, H. C. Nature
1999, 401, 55.
(3) Yamakoshi, Y.; Umezawa, N.; Ryu, A.; Arakane, K.; Miyata, N.; Goda, Y.; Masumizu, T.; Nagano, T. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 12803.
(4) Oriana, S.; Aroua, S.; Söllner, J. O. B.; Ma, X.; Iwamoto, Y.; Yamakoshi, Y. Chem. Comm. 2013, 49, 9302.
(5) a) Aroua, S.; Schweizer, W. B.; Yamakoshi, Y. Org. Lett. 2014, 16, 1688-1691. b) Aroua, S.; Garcia-Borràs, M.; Bölter M. F.;, Osuna, S.; Yamakoshi, Y. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 58-61. c) Aroua, S.; Tiu, E. G. V.; Ayer, M.; Ishikawa, T.; Yamakoshi, Y. Polymer Chem. 2015, 6, 2616–2619.
(6) Maggini, M.; Scorrano, G.; Prato, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1993, 115, 9798.

Figure 1