bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preface
Authors: Yilmaz Isik , Marschalko Marian , Drusa Marian 
Published: December 2020

6th World Multidisciplinary Earth Sciences Symposium -WMESS 2020
This volume of “ IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES)” contains the papers presented in the “6th World Multidisciplinary Earth Sciences Symposium” in the city of romance Prague (Czech Republic) during 7-11 September 2020. The aim of the WMESS 2020 is to provide a forum for discussion of the latest findings and technologies in different fields of Earth Sciences, to give opportunities for future collaborations. It is a platform for sharing knowledge and experiences in the fields of Earth Sciences by providing a forum for early career researchers for presentation of their work and discussion of their ideas with experts in different fields of Earth Sciences.
WMESS 2020 (www.mess-earth.org) is the 6th of the Annual series with its main mission to contribute in multidisciplinary studies related with Earth Sciences, and improvment of interactions between researchers. WMESS 2020 also provided a forum for this diverse range of studies which report the latest results and document emerging understanding of related systems and our place in it.
We would like to show our deep gratitude to the honored Scientific Committee and Institutional Scientific Partners of WMESS 2020. The Scientific Committee and Institutional Scientific Partners of WMESS 2020 was completed by paying strict attention, and all members were selected from well-known, very much appreciated, productive and representatives of the different countries. We are deeply grateful to the members of the scientific committee and institutional scientific partners.
All the missions of World Multidisciplinary Earth Sciences Symposium - WMESS 2020 were completed, and 109 peer reviewed articles were published. We would like to thank all reviewers for their great effort to achieve the high quality of published articles.
We thank to the sponsors of WMESS 2020 (as main sponsors LAMA Energy Group, LAMA Gas and Oil, and to be co-sponsor Prague City Tourism) for their very much appreciated supports during the organization of “World Multidisciplinary Earth Science Symposium - WMESS 2020”. Of course, we would like to express my sincere gratitude to all participants from different countries all over the world for their interests and contributions in WMESS 2020. Another thank goes to the team of WMESS 2020 for their very much appreciated high workload during year.
Işık YILMAZ
Marian MARSCHALKO
Marian DRUSA
Editors of WMESS 2020
Changes in Precipitation in Poland in the 21st Century in the Light of Quantile Classification
Authors: Malinowska Miroslawa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The study aims to analyze the variability of the precipitation character of seasons and years at selected stations in Poland in the 21st century. The work includes six meteorological stations located in specific regions of Poland. The precipitation character of years and climatic seasons was determined using quantile classification, based on the values of 10, 30, 70, and 90% quantile of the empirical distribution of seasonal and annual precipitation. 1971-2010 precipitation data (normal period) were applied to calculate the quantiles values. In spring (MAM), the highest frequency of precipitation anomalies was recorded in Wroclaw station. In the 21st century, precipitation of only one spring period was classified as normal at this station. Seven springs were dry or very dry, and 11 were wet or very wet. The most stable seasonal precipitation in spring was observed in Suwałki station. In the years 2001-2019, the twelve spring seasons had normal rainfall. Three spring seasons in Suwałki were classified as dry or very dry and five as wet or very wet. In the summer season (JJA) Szczecin and Wroclaw recorded a high frequency of precipitation anomalies. At each of these stations, 15 summer seasons were characterized by abnormal rainfall. The frequency of rainfall anomalies in the summer season was the smallest in Suwałki, where ten seasons with abnormal rainfalls were recorded, including three seasons with low or very low rainfall and six seasons with high or very high rainfall. In the autumn season (SON), precipitation was more stable in western and central Poland, where the number of seasons with abnormal precipitation ranged between 9 in Szczecin and Wroclaw to 10 in Lodz. In Lublin, on the other hand, as many as 15 seasons with abnormal rainfall was recorded in the 21st century. In the winter season of 2001-2019, rainfall amounts of unusual nature dominated at all stations, with the frequency being higher at these located in eastern Poland. The analysis of annual sums of precipitation showed that most years were abnormal in terms of precipitation, with a higher frequency of precipitation anomalies at stations located in the eastern part of the country.
Justification of Longwall Mining Technology for the Development of Kieselguhr Deposit in Sig Mine, Algeria
Authors: Lamamra Abdessattar , Neguritsa Dimitriy L. , Eremenko Vitaly A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The improvement of mineral extraction technology in underground mines to increase productivity has become an important objective of the mining industry in Algeria in the race for price competitiveness, especially after the sharp decline oil prices as the main income of Algeria. But the increase production in underground mines where the deposits do not have good mechanical characteristics is a major challenge for the decision-makers, as the case of the kieselguhr mine of sig (Western Algeria) which uses the Room and pillar mining method that do not fit the condition of soft deposits and do not have sufficient strength, which causes a lot of collapses from time to time. The only way to ensure the increase of production, by improving the method of extraction and efficiency of the equipment used. In this article, we will combine the Room and pillars mining method and use the technology of the longwall mining method to increase the production of the mine and ensures the safety of workers during operation.
Geomagnetic anomalies registered in the Iberian Peninsula before a time period of intense seismic activity
Authors: Duque Maria Rosa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Geomagnetic data registered by Geomagnetic Observatories of Almeria, Coimbra, San Fernando and Toledo, located in the Iberian Peninsula and Tenerife in the Canary Islands were used to study geomagnetic field anomalies from August 1968 to March 1969. Data used were obtained in Annals of the Observatories as average hourly values of the magnetic declination and horizontal and vertical components of the magnetic field. Magnetic field disturbances were studied using average monthly values, average daily values and average hourly values. The anomalies were quantified using IGRF model values and monthly average hourly values of the Observatories data. During the time period of our study, four earthquakes of magnitude equal or higher than 3 are registered in the seismic catalogue with two epicentres in the Gibraltar Region and two epicentres in the Gulf of Cadis. In the early hours of February 1969, an earthquake of high magnitude (M=8) was felt in Portugal, Spain and North-Western Morocco. Near two hours later, another earthquake of magnitude 6.5 was recorded. In that day, 32 earthquakes were recorded in the region. In the second part of the work, a special attention is given to the earthquake of February 10th,1969, due to the location of this epicentre and the temporal proximity of February 28th. The magnetic field in the region suffered three strong magnetic disturbances during the month of February in 1969. The earthquake of February 10th occurred just before the start of the second interval of intense magnetic perturbations. The third time interval of intense magnetic disturbances occurred before and during the day of February 28th. The analysis made using hourly values to time intervals including the earthquake occurrence (five earthquakes) shows “equal values” of magnetic anomalies occurring in time intervals of three hours. Strong variations of the horizontal field occurred before the earthquakes of February 10th and February 28th.
Effect of Various Factors on the Estimation of T-Year Discharges for Water Management
Authors: Mitková Veronika Bačová 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The paper deals with the effect of various factors on the estimation of designed discharges. As input data, the series of daily discharges and annual peak discharges on the Topľa River at Hanušovce nad Topľou for the period of 1931-2015 were used. The first, maximum annual discharges (AM) approach was applied with the most widely used Log-Pearson III. probability distribution. The second, we analysed the effect of the time series length and the effect of seasonality (winter, summer) on the accuracy of T-year maximum discharges estimation. As an alternative to this approach (AM), the Peak Over Threshold (POT) method was used. We analysed the effect of the threshold level value selection and using of maximum daily discharges on the accuracy of T-year maximum discharges estimation. Results showed that not only the selection of the distribution function to estimate T-year discharges but also the type of used data series may affect the results of the estimation (length or selection of the period). Results also showed that the estimation of designed maximum discharges using by the POT method did not show significant differences at the selected various threshold levels, but for a relatively fast and large increase of discharges during floods, it would be necessary to have peak values for all waves included in the analysis. Determining the specific value of a 500- or 1000-year flood for engineering practice is extremely complex and in interpreting the results, it should be kept in mind that estimated values with very high return periods are extrapolated values. Each statistical method includes some uncertainty that may be caused by the method but also the data may be affected by certain measurement error, therefore, it is also necessary to specify confidence intervals in which the flow of a given 100-, 500-, or 1000-year flood may occur with probability, for example, 90%.
Analysis of future changes in short-term rainfall characteristics in the High Tatras Region in Slovakia
Authors: Földes Gabriel , Kohnová Silvia , Labat Marija Mihaela 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The paper focuses on the analysis of future changes in short-term rainfall characteristics in the High Tatras region. The analysis was performed at three climatological stations, namely: Podbanské, Tatranská Lomnica, Javorina. The area is located in the northern part of Slovakia in a mountainous region which belongs to a mountain climate with characteristic long cold winters and short summers with heavy rainfalls (June, July). The future changes were analysed from the predicted short-term rainfall intensities using the Community Land Model. The Community Land Model was a multidisciplinary project between scientists from several working groups in the USA. The model uses ecological climatology concepts, which explains the impacts of changes in vegetation on the climate. The model well relates to the current processes in the atmosphere; it is a semi-pessimistic scenario with a predicted global temperature increase is about 2.9 °C by the year 2100. The focus of the paper was put on the changes in seasonality, trend analysis. The analysed rainfall durations were available from 60 minutes up to 1440 minutes for the future period 2041-2100. The results were compared with the simulated data from the historical period 1961-2020. The analysis is focused on the seasonality changes in extreme rainfall which was analysed by Burn’s vector methodology, then the trend testing provided by the Mann-Kendall trend testing method. Results show that there is a change in the short-term rainfall intensities characteristics for the future period, the seasonality of extreme rainfall intensities shows a shift to an earlier time period of the year, future trends are also showing increasing change compared to the historical period.
Built Environment Challenges Due to Climate Change
Authors: Zięba Zofia , Dąbrowska Jolanta , Marschalko Marian , Pinto Jorge , Mrówczyńska Maria , Leśniak Agnieszka , Petrovski Aleksandar , Kazak Jan K 
Published: December 2020

AbstractClimate change has become one of the most significant problems of recent years. It results in a higher incidence of extreme events, such as strong winds, heavy precipitation, floods and droughts. Their consequences have a negative impact not only on the environment, but also on the engineering structures and the safety of the population. In this article, the relationship between the built environment and the effects of climate change is characterised in order to propose systemic changes to improve the adaptation of cities to climate change. Weather- and climate-related hazards for the built environment are analysed, and the possibilities to reduce the risk and mitigate the effect of construction disasters, should they occur. Moreover, a case study conducted in Central Europe has been presented. Based on quantitative data from the Central Office of Building Control in Poland from 2006-2018, the occurrence of construction disasters, their causes and consequences were examined. It was found that the main cause of disasters occurring in Poland during this period were random events (73%), which consisted in particular of extreme weather events such as strong wind or strong wind with accompanying heavy precipitation causing floods and landslides. The highest number of construction disasters (1113) was recorded in 2008, and as many as 95.6% were caused by random events. The conclusion indicates the need to prepare the built environment for climate change and to develop appropriate solutions to reduce the risk of climate-related hazards and to mitigate their effects. Based on the conducted analyses, a conceptual framework of improved climate-resilient built environment management was proposed.
Tectonic Structures of the Mangazeya Ore Cluster (Verkhoyansk Range, NE Asia)
Authors: Prokopiev Andrei V. , Tretyakov Felix F. , Vasiliev Dmitry A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Mangazeya ore cluster is located in the central part of the West Verkhoyansk sector of the Verkhoyansk fold-and-thrust belt, in the zone of junction of the Kuranakh anticlinorium and the Sartang synclinorium. High-tonnage Ag deposits and occurrences are concentrated here, which are thought to be associated with the zones of longitudinal strike-slip faults and bedding-plane thrusts. Structural studies were conducted in the dome and the eastern limb of the Endybal anticline, in the areas of the Nizhne-Endybalskoe, Verkhne-Endybalskoe, Bezymyannoe, Vertikalnoe, Sterzhnevoe, and Semenovskoe ore deposits. The Endybal asymmetric anticline 10-15 km wide and 60 km long, with a wide gentle dome is the major tectonic structure of the territory. The conducted structural and statistical analyses of tectonic structures in the study area allowed better understanding of their specific features and trends in development. Morphology of the fold structures indicates manifestation of concentric-type folding produced by bending of strata as a result of bedding-plane slipping. The same NS orientation of the cleavage and folds gives unanimous evidence for their genetic relationship and formation in the conditions of EW horizontal compression. It is established that the structural paragenesis represented by fractures, normal faults, and extension structures in the hinge zone of the concentric Endybal anticline, which determines the general tectonic pattern of the Mangazeya ore cluster and controls localization of ore bodies, was formed at the first deformation stage or in course of bedding-plane faulting and fold-and-thrust deformations rather than as a result of strike-slip motions. It is shown that strike-slip motions of the second deformation stage not only produced new structures but also inherited disturbances of the previous stage. It is found that normal faults in the study area formed synchronously with the fold-and-thrust structures. A similar orientation of the major faults and the strike-slip faults suggests that the regional faults have strike-slip kinematics. The occurrence of different types of tectonic deformation is controlled by rock lithology.
Seismic activity induced by exploitation in vicinity of mined-out space, case study from deep copper ore mine in Poland
Authors: Gogolewska Anna Barbara , Kaszycki Bartosz 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Rock bursts are one of the most difficult to recognize and assess natural hazards in deep copper ore mines in Poland. The occurrence of rock bursts is conditioned by a number of complex geological and mining factors. The impact of each of the factors on the state of seismic hazard is sometimes impossible to be determined. The correct recognition of the rock mass condition and the causes of rock burst threat gives a chance for advance preparation of adequate prevention, and thus for eliminating or reducing the threat to the level of tolerated risk. In Poland’s copper ore mines, continuous observation of seismic activity is carried out, which is expressed in the number of tremors and their energy over a specified period of time. Moreover, the effectiveness of prevention measures and, in particular, of the active ones, which are aimed at provoking seismic energy emissions through properly executed winning blasting works, is calculated and analysed. Reducing the amount of energy accumulated in the rock mass reduces the risk of rock bursts. Exploitation is carried out in a way that avoids parallel approach of the operational front towards the goafs, drifts, and faults with drops greater than the height of the mined deposit. However, over forty years of mining of the copper ore deposit, which has created the large areas of mined-out space mean that mining works are increasingly carried out under restrained conditions. There are unfavourable geological and mining situations in the exploitation fields, disrupting rhythmic development and an even front line. The specific structure of the copper ore deposit in Poland makes it possible to conduct multidirectional cutting and to introduce local changes in the adopted directions of exploitation. Cases of operational fronts approaching goafs occur often in the vicinity of old mining infrastructure and when there is the need to mine remnant parts of the deposit not previously intended for exploitation or not mined yet. Generally, exploitation in the direction of goafs or yielding zones is limited to the cutting and yielding works. The purpose of the study was to analyse the seismic and rock burst hazard in an exploitation field located at a depth of 850 m in a copper ore mine, over a period of 5 years, when mining was carried out towards goafs. Seismic activity and the effectiveness of rock burst prevention measures were assessed and analysed. The active prevention i.e. the group winning blasting works was an inseparable element of the excavation technology. It was found that when the operational front progressed towards adjacent goafs, there were symptoms of an increase in rock mass pressure causing the destruction of roof rocks and, as a consequence, deterioration of roof stability, squeezing of floor, relaxation of the side walls and increase of seismic activity, which posed the potential threat of rock bursts.
About a possible second source of trap magmatism in the east of the Siberian craton
Authors: Vasileva Aleksandra , Kopylova Albina , Tomshin Mikhail 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
There was made a comparison of trap formation of two major tectonic structures of the eastern part of the Siberian craton - north-east of the Tunguska syncline and Olenek uplift. Using the analysis of geological data and isotopic age determination by the methods of 40Ar/39Ar and U-Pb (also outside the researching area), we can conclude, that the traps of the Tunguska syneclise are 264-240 million years Permo-Triassic age, at the same time, the age of the traps of the Olenek uplift defined as Lower Triassic. The traps of the Tunguska syneclise were formed in three independent intrusion phases, each has its petrochemical specifics, but at the Olenek uplift, there was a single impulse that formed the rocks of the same type, with a well-defined pre-chamber stage of the melt crystallization. The magma that formed the dolerites of the Olenek uplift was more magnesian. The REE distribution patterns for the traps of the Olenek uplift are steeper (La/Ybn=2.4-2.8) in comparison with the Tunguska syneclise traps, the total amount of REE (g/t) in them is within 58-63. A well-defined Sr maximum, promoted by the presence of the early-formed basic plagioclase, is mostly shown in the Olenek uplift traps. In the Nb/Th-Zr/Nb and Nb/Y-Zr/Y diagrams of chemical behavior to incompatible elements, dolerites of the Olenek uplift form composition fields, which are isolated from the Tunguska syneclise traps, thus showing their specific nature. So this information gives us the right to talk about two different sources for the trap forming of the Tunguska syneclise and the Olenek uplift. They resulted from independent plume-induced magmatic events.
Numerical simulation of the possibility of seismic event occurrence in hard rock mine
Authors: Adach-Pawelus Karolina , Butra Jan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article presents the problem of seismic and rockburst hazard in underground hard rock mines. Types of rockbursts and their mechanisms as well as the causes of dynamic phenomena are discussed. The possibility of using numerical modeling to simulate the occurrence of a high-energy tremor, as a result of sudden shear rupture, is also shown. Results of numerical simulations are presented for a model mining field in a hard rock mine at high depth, in which the deposit is mined in a room-and-pillar mining system. General geological and mining conditions characteristic for Polish underground copper mines in Legnica-Glogow Copper Mining District belongs to KGHM Polska Miedz S.A. were adopted in the models. The typical lithological cross-section of the polish copper mines is characterized by rigid, high-strength rock layers in the roof, capable of accumulating elastic energy, while layers with much lower strength parameters are present in the floor. In the analyzed mining field, the remaining undisturbed rock, with a width of 40 m, was left. Numerical simulations were conducted in a plane strain state by means of Phase2 v. 8.0 software. An elastic-plastic model with softening was accepted for the rock mass. The results of numerical modeling showed that sudden (one computational step in the model) collapse of roof strata may occur over the excavated space on the edge of the remaining undisturbed rock, as a result of exceedance of shear strength, above all. This may cause a very high-energy tremor, and under the appropriate conditions, may result in the rockburst phenomenon.