bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
145 President Oral Presentation Pick: Prenatal stress increases skeletal muscle mitochondrial volume density and function in yearling Brahman calves
Authors: Guy Chloey P , Wellman Catherine L , Riley David G , Long Charles R , Randel Ron D , Welsh Thomas H , White-Springer Sarah H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We previously determined that prenatal stress (PNS) differentially affected methylation of DNA from leukocytes of 28-d-old calves. Specifically, COX14 (cytochrome c oxidase (COX) assembly factor) and CKMT1B (mitochondrial creatine kinase U-type) were hypomethylated and COA5 (COX assembly factor 5), COX5A (COX subunit 5A), NRF1 (nuclear respiratory factor 1), and GSST1 (glutathione S-transferase theta-1) were hypermethylated in PNS compared to non-PNS calves (P ≤ 0.05). Our current objective was to test the hypothesis that PNS exhibit impaired mitochondrial function and greater oxidative stress than non-PNS calves. Blood and longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected from yearling Brahman calves whose mothers were stressed by 2 h transportation at 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 days of gestation (PNS; 8 bulls, 6 heifers) and non-PNS calves (4 bulls, 6 heifers). Serum was evaluated for the stress hormone, cortisol, and muscle damage marker, creatine kinase; muscle was analyzed for mitochondrial volume density and function by citrate synthase (CS) and COX activities, respectively, concentration of malondialdehyde, a lipid peroxidation marker, and activity of the antioxidant, superoxide dismutase (SOD). Data were analyzed using mixed linear models with treatment and sex as fixed effects. Serum cortisol was numerically higher in PNS than non-PNS calves but was not statistically different. Muscle CS and COX activities relative to protein were greater in PNS than non-PNS calves (P ≤ 0.03), but COX relative to CS activity was similar between groups. Activity of COX was greater in bulls than heifers (P = 0.03), but no other measure was affected by sex. All other measures were unaffected by PNS. Prenatal stress did not affect markers of muscle damage and oxidative stress in yearling Brahman calves at rest but mitochondrial volume density and function were greater in PNS calves. Acute stressors induce oxidative stress, so implications of differences in mitochondria in PNS calves following a stressor should be investigated.
233 Efficacy of fat-embedded calcium gluconate on lactation performance in dairy cattle
Authors: Seymour Dave J , Sanz Victoria , Daniel Jean-Baptiste , Martín-Tereso Javier , Doelman John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Several beneficial effects have been observed in the gastrointestinal tract in response to the provision of short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate, including the improvement of gut barrier function, stimulation of epithelial cell proliferation and gastrointestinal homeostasis. By improving gut barrier integrity, it is possible that less energy would be spent mounting an immune response against infiltrating xenobiotic compounds, allowing for more energy to be partitioned towards productive activities, such as milk synthesis. Previous work has demonstrated that gluconic acid and its salts have a prebiotic effect in the lower gut in monogastric animals, where it acts as a substrate for butyrate synthesis, with new data suggesting a similar response in dairy cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation of a fat-embedded calcium gluconate product on milk production in dairy cattle. Lactating heifers (n = 22) and cows (n = 53) were offered either a total mixed ration supplemented with 0.07% fat-embedded calcium gluconate or a negative control ration over the course of a full lactation. Milk production and dry matter intake were recorded daily, while milk composition was determined at regular intervals over the lactation. Cows receiving the supplement displayed significant (P ≤ 0.046) increases in milk and component yields, while consuming 1 kg DM/d more during lactation compared to control. Heifers receiving the supplement displayed decreased (P ≤ 0.044) yield of milk fat and fat-corrected milk, 0.09% increased milk protein content, and decreased feed efficiency. Overall, the results in multiparous animals are consistent with previous work examining calcium gluconate. Further work is needed to characterize the differential response in heifers.
203 Feeding a calf starter containing monensin alone or in combination with a blend of essential oils and a proprietary cobalt source to Holstein calves
Authors: Wu Jianping , Guo Jinsheng , Liu Ting , Chen Hao , Bai Yan , Casper David P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Gut health is critical for neonatal calves, and nutritional technologies are needed for disease and stress prevention. Previous work feeding Monensin (MON) in combination with a blend of essential oils and a proprietary cobalt source (EOC) blend had demonstrated improved calf gut health and growth performance. The objective was to evaluate MON and EOC alone or in combination on calf growth performance. Eighty (80) new born Holstein calves were randomly assigned to one of four treatments arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial (MON and EOC). Treatments were: 1) Control without MON or EOC added to the calf starter (CS); 2) MON: 50.8 mg/kg CS (Norvikon Biotechnology Co., Hunan, China); 3) EOC: 44.1 mg/kg CS (Rum-A-Fresh, Ralco Inc. Marshall, MN); 4) MON+EOC: MON and EOC added to CS. Calves were fed colostrum followed by whole milk through weaning at 42 d, while CS was fed ad libitum through the 70-d experimental period. The MON by EOC interaction was found to be nonsignificant (P &gt; 0.41) for growth performance. Calves fed without or with MON demonstrated similar (P &gt; 0.70) body weight (BW; 68.7 and 68.9 kg without and with MON, respectively), while calves fed EOC demonstrated greater (P &lt; 0.01) BW (67.3 and 70.4 kg without and with EOC, respectively) compared with calves fed without EOC. Calves fed a CS containing MON were similar (P &gt; 0.47) in ADG (0.88 and 0.91 kg/d) compared with calves fed without MON; however, calves fed a CS with EOC increased (P &lt; 0.01) ADG (0.84 and 0.95 kg/d) 13% through the 70 d experimental period compared with calves not fed EOC. These data demonstrate that EOC and MON fed in combination was not beneficial for enhancing growth performance, but that calf growth performance can be improved with EOC compared to MON.
183 A blend of plant extracts (Actifor Pro) potentially reduced methane production in a dual-flow continuous culture system fed bermudagrass hay with or without corn gluten feed
Authors: Garcia-Ascolani Mariana E , DiLorenzo Nicolas , Sun Yan , Aubert Thierry , Larson Haley 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Twelve dual-flow continuous culture fermenters (1.95 L) were used to evaluate the effect of a phytogenic feed additive (Actifor Pro, Delacon, Engerwitzdorf, Austria; ACT) on ruminal fermentation and methane production when fed high fiber diets, comprised of bermudagrass hay (BGH) with or without corn gluten feed (CGF). Fermenters were utilized in a generalized randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (n = 6): 1) diet (with or without CGF at 22% of diet DM) and 2) additive (with or without ACT at 1.0 g/L ACT). Two 10-d periods were conducted. Overall, comparing to no CGF, supplementation with CGF resulted in lower dry matter, organic matter, crude protein digestibility, microbial efficiency of nitrogen utilization, and methane production (mL of CH4/mol of total VFA), but increased neutral detergent fiber digestibility (all P ≤ 0.05). Diet × additive interactions were observed for molar proportion of acetate and propionate, and acetate-to-propionate ratio (A:P, all interactions P &lt; 0.05), where inclusion of ACT increased acetate molar proportion and A:P (both P &lt; 0.05), and decreased propionate molar proportion in diets with CGF (P = 0.05). A diet × additive interaction was also observed for methane production (ml of CH4/mol of total VFA; P = 0.08), where ACT decreased CH4 production per mol of VFA by 42% (P = 0.04), when only BGH was fed to the fermenters. In conclusion, CGF supplementation in BGH diets reduced methane production and improved fiber digestibility. The decrease in methane production per mol of VFA observed with ACT in the BGH without CGF diet warrants further investigation.
218 Effects of feeding a vitamin and mineral supplement and (or) an energy supplement on concentrations of amino acids in beef heifer serum and fetal fluids at d 83 of gestation
Authors: Menezes Ana Clara B , McCarthy Kacie L , Kassetas Cierrah J , Baumgaertner Friederike , Kirsch James D , Dorsam Sheri T , Neville Tammi L , Ward Alison K , Borowicz Pawel P , Reynolds Lawrence P , Sedivec Kevin K , Forcherio J Chris , Scott Ronald , Caton Joel , Dahlen Carl R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate effects of feeding vitamin and mineral (VTM) and (or) energy (NRG) supplements on concentrations of amino acids (AA) in heifer serum and allantoic (ALF) and amniotic (AMF) fluids at d 83 of gestation. Thirty-five crossbred Angus heifers (body weight = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four treatments (n = 8 or 9/group) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with main effects of vitamin and mineral (NoVTM or VTM) and energy (NoNRG or NRG) supplements. Heifers were fed a basal total mixed ration once daily with VTM and NRG treatments top-dressed. The VTM treatment (113 g•heifer-1•d-1) was initiated 71 to 148 d before artificial insemination (AI). The NRG treatment was initiated at AI targeting gains of 0.28 kg/d for NoNRG and 0.79 kg/d for NRG. Serum, ALF, and AMF were collected at d 83 ± 0.27 of gestation and analyzed for concentrations of AA. In serum, a VTM × NRG interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for Glu, with greater concentrations for VTM-NoNRG than VTM-NRG. Concentrations of serum Cys, Met, and Trp were greater (P ≤ 0.03) for NRG than No-NRG. In ALF, concentrations of Glu were affected by a VTM × NRG interaction, where VTM-NRG was greater (P &lt; 0.01) than all others. In ALF, VTM increased (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of His, Asp, and 12 of the 14 neutral AA, whereas NRG increased (P ≤ 0.05) Arg, Cys, and Asp. In AMF, AA concentrations were not affected (P ≥ 0.10) by VTM, NRG, or their interaction. In conclusion, an increase in neutral AA concentration in ALF from beef heifers was observed at d 83 of gestation with VTM supplementation, suggesting effects on the mechanisms of AA uptake and balance between the maternal circulation and fetal fluid compartments.
198 Ruminal pH of Angus and Nellore steers during adaptation to high-energy diets with different nutritional strategies
Authors: Pinto Ana Carolina J , Silvestre Antonio M , Silva Leandro Aparecido F , Cardin Jessica G , Souza Katia Lirian R , Casali Daniel M , Miranda Lidiane S , Schleifer Werner F , Gasparini Vanessa Gomes L , Millen Danilo D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding monensin into high-concentrate diets based on either finely-ground or high-moisture corn during the transition from adaptation to finishing diets on ruminal pH of cannulated Angus and Nellore steers. Four 30-mo-old Nellore and four 30-mo-old Angus steers were divided (± 550 kg) into two 4 x 4 Latin squares, where each square was composed by animals from same breed, and randomly submitted to a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments as follows: T1) Finely-ground corn + monensin; T2) Finely-ground corn; T3) High moisture corn + monensin; T4) High-moisture corn. Periods were divided as follows: 14 days of adaptation diets and 18 days of finishing diet (80% concentrate). The study lasted 149 days, including three 7-d washout intervals. The rumen pH was assessed continuously via data loggers on days 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28. Interactions between breed and days were observed for DMI (P = 0.02) and pH duration below 5.6 (P = 0.01), where Angus steers had greater DMI and spent a longer time below 5.6 than Nellore animals on days 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28. The addition of monensin decreased (P = 0.01) DMI on days 16, 20, 24 and 28. Regarding pH duration and area below 5.6, an interaction between breed and corn was observed (P = 0.001), in which Angus steers fed finely-ground corn spent a longer time (416 min/day) and had a larger area (224.6 min x pH units/day) below 5.6 than animals from other treatments. For mean pH, steers consuming high-moisture corn had higher pH (6.45 vs. 6.29); and an interaction was observed (P = 0.03) between breed and monensin, where monensin addition decreased pH for Angus (5.96 vs. 6.18), but not for Nellore steers (6.68 vs. 6.63). The feeding of monensin and finely-ground corn did not positively impact rumen pH of Angus steers.
247 Prediction of daily water intake of pigs during a 41-day nursery phase
Authors: Scaff Taw J , Harshman Jared , Aparachita Pornpim , Sawyer Afton , Carter Scott D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 3,080 pigs (5.5 to 21.8 kg) were utilized to determine the estimated daily water intake of pigs during a 41-d nursery period. The data set included results from 11 experiments with 28 pens (10 pigs per pen). Pigs were weaned between 18–22 d of age and housed in an environmentally-controlled nursery. Pigs were blocked by BW and allocated to pens upon arrival. Pens contained one stainless steel feeder and one cup waterer (Suevia model 929TM). Waterers had a water meter (Assured Automation WM-PD seriesTM) tracking daily intake and meter values were recorded at a similar time daily in each experiment. Barn temperature at arrival was 31.1 oC and decreased 1 oC per week. Pigs were fed standard corn-soybean meal diets formulated to meet or exceed swine NRC requirements (2012) for nursery pigs in a 4 or 5-phase feeding program. Data were analyzed using SAS to generate a regression equation and correlation between intake by day using PROC REG/PROC COR. Pen served as experimental unit with day as the dependent variable and intake the independent variable. Pen water intake was corrected to daily water intake/pig by dividing pen water intake by pig days. Average daily water intake during the nursery period was 1.70 ± 0.30 L/pig and total volume of water consumed during the nursery period was 65.5 ± 13 L/pig. There was a strong linear increase (P &lt; 0.001) in water intake as days progressed with a prediction equation: Daily water intake, L/pig = (0.06983*day) + 0.24892 (R2 = 0.73). Water intake and day were highly correlated (r = 0.85; P &lt; 0.0001). There was no effect of experiment or pen on prediction of water intake. In conclusion, water intake increases as nursery days increase and can be predicted based on day in the nursery.
262 Heat stress alleviation and dynamic temperature measurement for growing beef cattle
Authors: Augenstein Sheyenne M , Harrison Meredith A , Klopatek Sarah C , Oltjen James W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Heat stress continues to be a challenge for feedlot producers, forcing physiological adaptations in beef cattle that can have a negative impact on gain and carcass quality. Feedlots may want to incorporate systems that aid in mitigating heat stress, including sprinkler systems, which are commonly found on dairies. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of sprinkler systems on the body temperature of growing feedlot steers applied at three different temperature thresholds. Thirty-two Angus-cross beef steers (298 ± 15 SD days of age) were randomly assigned to 8 pens. Treatments were assigned to pens according to location to avoid drainage issues, with one replicate located on the eastern side of the feedlot and the other replicate located on the western side. Treatments including no sprinklers (C), high temperature threshold sprinklers (HT), moderate temperature threshold sprinklers (MT) or low temperature threshold sprinklers (LT). Sprinklers (flow rate: 5.11 L/min) were activated at 33°C (HT), 28°C (MT), and 23°C (LT) for five minutes at corresponding temperatures every thirty minutes for 57 days. Rectal temperature of steers in their pens was measured in the morning (0800 h), afternoon (1500 h), and evening (1900 h) three days each week (Monday, Wednesday, Friday) for a total of 19 experimental days. Weather measurements, including ambient temperature, windspeed, humidity and solar radiation were recorded at each measurement time along with the maximum values for each day. The change in body temperature (ΔBT) between the morning and afternoon was affected by ambient temperature (P &lt; 0.01); MT (P = 0.02) and LT (P = 0.02) – different than C. There was no significant difference between sprinkler treatments and the control group (P &gt; 0.05). Day affected (ΔBT) between the morning and afternoon (P &lt; 0.05) and the afternoon and evening (P &lt; 0.05). When averaged by day, the control group was significantly higher than MT (P = 0.04) between the morning and afternoon. The control group was also significantly higher than LT between the morning and afternoon (P = 0.03) and the afternoon and evening (P &lt; 0.01). The change in steer body temperature between afternoon and morning was affected by ambient temperature, and averaged across days, lowering the temperature threshold for sprinkling decreased in the afternoon and evening body temperature increase in steers.
256 Heat stress and β-adrenergic agonists alter the adipose transcriptome and fatty acid mobilization in ruminant livestock
Authors: Reith Rachel R , Sieck Renae L , Grijalva Pablo C , Duffy Erin M , Swanson Rebecca M , Fuller Anna M , Beede Kristin A , Beard Joslyn K , Diaz Duarte E , Schmidt Ty B , Yates Dustin T , Petersen Jessica L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) negatively impacts livestock performance and carcass traits while beta-adrenergic agonist (βAA) supplementation improves animal production and efficiency; both can stimulate lipolysis in adipose. The objective of this study was to understand the independent and interacting effects of HS and βAA on the subcutaneous adipose transcriptome in lambs and on visceral adipose fatty acid mobilization in steers. For study 1, 24 wethers were assigned to thermal neutral (TN THI = 65) or HS (THI = 80) conditions and supplemented without (NS) or with ractopamine hydrochloride (RH) for 30d in a 2 x 2 factorial. TN lambs were pair-fed the average intake of HS. RNA collected from subcutaneous fat at harvest was sequenced. Differential expression (DE) analyses identified 71 (Padj &lt; 0.05) loci altered due to the interaction of environment and supplement. No DE genes were observed for the main effect of supplement, but HS reduced expression (P &lt; 0.05) of RBM3 and increased expression (P &lt; 0.05) of ATXN7L1. HS was predicted by pathway analyses to impair adipogenesis and fatty acid mobilization. In study 2, 24 steers were assigned to TN (THI = 65) or HS (THI = 83) and NS or zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) treatments for 21d in a 2 x 2 factorial. TN steers were pair-fed the intake of their HS cohort. Ex vivo fatty acid mobilization from visceral adipose in response to 0 or 1µM epinephrine was quantified at harvest. Fatty acid mobilization did not differ among groups when unstimulated, but epinephrine-stimulated mobilization was less (P = 0.05) in HS and greater (P &lt; 0.01) in ZH steers. These findings indicate that heat stress-induced reduction of fatty acid mobilization from adipose may be associated with increased expression of stress-responsive genes. Moreover, the stimulatory effect of ZH on epinephrine-induced fatty acid mobilization was present after chronic treatment. Our data have yet to identify an interaction between HS and βAA supplementation that demonstrably impacts well-being.
288 Forage mineral and nutrient element concentrations on sheep winter range
Authors: Julian Alexis , Scasta Derek , Stam Barton , Sebade Brian , Page Chad M , Springer Brady , Renner Wilson , Cunningham Hannah , Stewart Whit C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Supplementation strategies and nutritional management of ewes during critical production periods of breeding and gestation is an important consideration, particularly when ewes are on winter range. Clinical and subclinical trace mineral deficiencies at these times limit ewe productivity in these extensive environments. The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify mineral element concentrations of common forages on winter range, and (2) evaluate producer supplementation strategies using a survey. We hypothesized that mineral element concentrations in winter forages were inadequate to meet ewe requirements during critical production stages and shrub species would contain higher levels of macro- and micro-mineral element concentrations than grass species. Forage samples were collected from 25 ranches across Wyoming winter range and were compiled by species and analyzed for nutrient and mineral element composition; however, data presented herein represents the first year of data collection (12 of 25 ranches). Nutrient and mineral element concentration results indicated an effect in CP, Ca, P, K, Mg, S, Na, Zn, Cu, Se, Mn, and Mo concentrations between grass and shrub species (P &lt; 0.05). Specifically, Mg and Mo concentrations were higher in grasses while the other mineral element concentrations were higher in shrubs. No effect was observed for Fe and Co concentrations between grass and shrub species (P = 0.37 and P = 0.29). Survey results revealed that 80% of ranches had more than 1000 sheep, and 47% of respondents utilized winter range for 131 to 170 day periods throughout production year. While on winter range the majority of producers (47%) supplement with a protein source. Additionally, 58% do not supplement white salt, while 47% supplement a complete trace mineral mix.
PSV-2 A simple study of the social rank and perch competition of laying hens housed in small furnished cages
Authors: Wang Yanan , Li Xiang , Zhang Runxiang , Li Jianhong , Bao Jun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Social animals form social hierarchies to maintain the relative stability of the population. Individuals with high social rank can, to some extent, limit the priority of individuals with lower social status to obtain resources, such as food, habitat and spouse. The perch behavior is the instinctive behavior of laying hens. Hens have the motivation to choose perch habitat. Therefore, perch is an effective competitive resource for laying hens. The objective of this study was to examine the social order of small groups of the laying hens housed in furnished cages and to determine the dominant and subordinate hens how to use the limited perch resources. A total of 108 Hy-line Brown rearing hens at 8 weeks of age were randomly divided into three treatment groups, namely, 1) perch increasing group by adding 15cm each time from 0 to 90 cm length (PI group), 2) perch decreasing group by cutting 15cm each time from 90 to 0 cm length (PD group) and 3) perch constant with 90 cm (PC group). There were 6 replicates in each treatment group, 6 birds in each replicate, and the stocking density was 833/cm2. The utilization of limited resources in laying hens was judged by three parameters, i.e. the number of individual occupancies, total use time and single use time. Data were analyzed by using repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the number of occupancies and the total use time of perch by the dominant hens were significantly higher than the subordinate ones (P &lt; 0.01) in PI, PD and PC groups. The number of individual perch occupancy was positively correlated with the social rank of the hens. This study confirmed that the dominant hens occupied the perch for longer time than the subordinate individuals.