bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidental Findings on Brain MRI in People with HIV Infection
Authors: Hanna Kevin F. , Sayles Harlan R. , O’Neill Jennifer , White Matthew L. , Wilson Tony W. , Swindells Susan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground: Incidental findings are a well-known complication of imaging studies done for both diagnostic and research purposes. Little is known about the rates and types of incidental findings found on brain MRI in patients with HIV infection, who may be at risk for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND). Methods: The parent study included 108 adults with HIV infection and 125 demographically-matched uninfected controls who completed MRI and neuropsychological testing. Incidental findings were classified by the study team as vascular, neoplastic, congenital, other neurologic, or non-neurologic. Categorical measures were compared using Pearson chi-square tests; continuous measures were compared using t-tests. Results: Among participants with HIV infection, 36/108 (33%) had incidental findings compared to 33/125 (26%) controls (p = 0.248). Rates of incidental findings were significantly correlated with increasing age in both participants with HIV infection (p = 0.013) and controls (p = 0.022). We found no correlation between presence of incidental findings and sex or race/ethnicity among either cohort, and no correlation with CD4 count or HAND status for the HIV-infected cohort. Conclusions: Incidental findings were common in both participants with HIV infection and controls, at higher rates than previously reported in healthy populations. There was no significant difference in prevalence between the groups.
50 Years of Cetacean Strandings Reveal a Concerning Rise in Chilean Patagonia
Authors: Alvarado-Rybak Mario , Toro Frederick , Escobar-Dodero Joaquín , Kinsley Amy C. , Sepúlveda Maximiliano A. , Capella Juan , Azat Claudio , Cortés-Hinojosa Galaxia , Zimin-Veselkoff Natalia , Mardones Fernando O. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCetacean strandings (CS) have been reported in increasing numbers in coastal areas worldwide. Although the causes of these strandings are unknown, a number of anthropogenic and environmental factors have been suggested. This paper aims to characterize CS patterns and describe their fine-scale spatiotemporal dynamics. We analysed spatial and spatiotemporal CS patterns in Chile from January 1968 to January 2020. We identified a total of 436 CS events affecting eight cetacean families, 21 genera, and 35 species, which represent more than 85% of the reported species richness for the country. Most CS events (94.1%) were single (i.e., ≤two individuals). There were also 18 mass stranding (three to 24 individuals, 4.1%) and nine unusually large mass stranding events (>25 individuals, 2%). Purely spatial tests showed CS events appearing in random occurrence along the Chilean coast. Local tests for spatio-temporal clusters, however, identified a greater number of hotspots reported in the southernmost part of the country, namely, Chilean Patagonia. Specifically, significant spatio-temporal clusters were identified and defined as containing three or more individuals within a two-month period as a focal coastal event (<1 km radius). It is a cause of concern that CS events in Chile have been increasing consistently over the last decades, and although we were not able to identify their causes, we are able to highlight the importance of changes in climate conditions and of an increase in monitoring activities as primary drivers for such patterns, particularly important in Chilean Patagonia.
Implementation of storm‐time ionospheric forecasting algorithm using SSA–ANN model
Authors: Kumar Dabbakuti J. R. K. , Peesapati Rangababu , Yarrakula Mallika , Anumandla Kiran Kumar , Madduri Sasi Vardhan 
Published: June 2020

Forecasting of total electron content (TEC)/global positioning system (GPS) signal delays in storm conditions is considered the most challenging task for accurate position estimation, especially in critical applications. Therefore, a storm‐time ionospheric model is proposed to forecast TEC based on the artificial neural network (ANN) using singular spectrum analysis (SSA). The study area covers four Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations located in the low‐latitude and two GNSS stations located in the mid‐latitude ionosphere. The geographical area extends between 11–43°N latitude and 77–93°E longitude. The selection of GPS–TEC data is based on the storm criterion of Dst ≤ −50 nT, and the storm day data sets from 2009 to 2017 period are used for model development. The proposed algorithm is tested with the GPS–TEC data sets of three geomagnetic storm days (i) severe, (ii) moderate storm and (iii) strong at low and mid‐latitudes. The average precision and mean absolute error of the proposed SSA‐ANN model is 1.41 and 1.06 TECU (strong storm), respectively. The prediction performance of the proposed SSA‐ANN model is compared with the standard principal component analysis‐ANN model. The improvement factor of the SSA‐ANN is improved by 43.82%.
Formation and dynamics of transequatorial loops
Authors: Ghosh Avyarthana , Tripathi Durgesh 
Published: June 2020

Aims. We aim to study the dynamical evolution of transequatorial loops (TELs) using imaging techniques and spectroscopy.
Methods. We used the images recorded by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly and the Helioseismic Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory together with spectroscopic observations taken from the Extreme-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrometer on board Hinode.
Results. The data from the AIA 193 Å channel show that TELs are formed between AR 12230 and a newly emerging AR 12234, evolving between 10 and 14 December 2014. The xt-plots for 12 December 2014, obtained using AIA 193 Å data, reveal signatures of inflow and outflow towards an X-region. High-cadence AIA images also show recurrent intensity enhancements in close proximity to the X-region (P2), which is observed to have higher intensities for spectral lines that are formed at log T[K] = 6.20 and voids at other higher temperatures. The electron densities and temperatures in the X-region (and P2) are maintained steadily at log Ne= 8.5–8.7 cm−3 and log T[K] = 6.20, respectively. Doppler velocities in the X-region show predominant redshifts by about 5–8 km s−1 when they are closer to the disk center but blueshifts (along with some zero-velocity pixels) when away from the center. The full-width-half-maximum maps reveal non-thermal velocities of about 27–30 km s−1 for Fe XII, Fe XIII, and Fe XV lines. However, the brightest pixels have nonthermal velocities ∼62 km s−1 for Fe XII and Fe XIII lines. On the contrary, the dark X-region for Fe XV line have the highest non-thermal velocity (∼115 km s−1).
Conclusions. We conclude that the TELs are formed due to magnetic reconnection. We further note that the TELs themselves undergo magnetic reconnection, which leads to the re-formation of loops among individual ARs. Moreover, this study, for the first time, provides measurements of plasma parameters in X-regions, thereby providing essential constraints for theoretical studies.
Linear dust polarization during the embedded phase of protostar formation
Authors: Kuffmeier M. , Reissl S. , Wolf S. , Stephens I. , Calcutt H. 
Published: June 2020

Context. Measuring polarization from thermal dust emission can provide important constraints on the magnetic field structure around embedded protostars. However, interpreting the observations is challenging without models that consistently account for both the complexity of the turbulent protostellar birth environment and polarization mechanisms.
Aims. We aim to provide a better understanding of dust polarization maps of embedded protostars with a focus on bridge-like structures such as the structure observed toward the protostellar multiple system IRAS 16293–2422 by comparing synthetic polarization maps of thermal reemission with recent observations.
Methods. We analyzed the magnetic field morphology and properties associated with the formation of a protostellar multiple based on ideal magnetohydrodynamic 3D zoom-in simulations carried out with the RAMSES code. To compare the models with observations, we postprocessed a snapshot of a bridge-like structure that is associated with a forming triple star system with the radiative transfer code POLARIS and produced multiwavelength dust polarization maps.
Results. The typical density in the most prominent bridge of our sample is about 10−16 g cm−3, and the magnetic field strength in the bridge is about 1 to 2 mG. Inside the bridge, the magnetic field structure has an elongated toroidal morphology, and the dust polarization maps trace the complex morphology. In contrast, the magnetic field strength associated with the launching of asymmetric bipolar outflows is significantly more magnetized (~100 mG). At λ = 1.3 mm, and the orientation of the grains in the bridge is very similar for the case accounting for radiative alignment torques (RATs) compared to perfect alignment with magnetic field lines. However, the polarization fraction in the bridge is three times smaller for the RAT scenario than when perfect alignment is assumed. At shorter wavelength (λ ≲ 200 μm), however, dust polarization does not trace the magnetic field because other effects such as self-scattering and dichroic extinction dominate the orientation of the polarization.
Conclusions. Compared to the launching region of protostellar outflows, the magnetic field in bridge-like structures is weak. Synthetic dust polarization maps of ALMA Bands 6 and 7 (1.3 mm and 870 μm, respectively) can be used as a tracer of the complex morphology of elongated toroidal magnetic fields associated with bridges.
Passive Immunity for Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Commentary on Therapeutic Aspects Including Convalescent Plasma
Authors: Lindholm Paul F. , Ramsey Glenn , Kwaan Hau C. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the novel virus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is infecting a naïve population. The innate immunity of the infected patient is unable to mount an effective defense, resulting in a severe illness with substantial morbidity and mortality. As most treatment modalities including antivirals and anti-inflammatory agents are mostly ineffective, an immunological approach is needed. The mechanism of innate immunity to this viral illness is not fully understood. Passive immunity becomes an important avenue for the management of these patients. In this article, the immune responses of COVID-19 patients are reviewed. As SARS-CoV-2 has many characteristics in common with two other viruses, SARS-CoV that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus) that causes Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), the experiences learned from the use of passive immunity in treatment can be applied to COVID-19. The immune response includes the appearance of immunoglobulin M followed by immunoglobulin G and neutralizing antibodies. Convalescent plasma obtained from patients recovered from the illness with high titers of neutralizing antibodies was successful in treating many COVID-19 patients. The factors that determine responses as compared with those seen in SARS and MERS are also reviewed. As there are no approved vaccines against all three viruses, it remains a challenge in the ongoing development for an effective vaccine for COVID-19.
Function of Large and Small Platelets Differs, Depending on Extracellular Calcium Availability and Type of Inductor
Authors: Handtke Stefan , Wesche Jan , Palankar Raghavendra , Greinacher Andreas , Thiele Thomas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIt is widely anticipated that large platelets are more reactive than small platelets. This was mainly shown in Ca2+-poor media albeit extracellular Ca2+ is utilized by platelets for activation. We determined the impact of extracellular Ca2+ on functional differences between large and small platelets in response to thrombin receptor activating peptide 6 (TRAP-6), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and epinephrine. In Ca2+-poor buffer, large platelets responded stronger to TRAP-6 which equalized in Ca2+ containing buffer. Large platelets contained and mobilized more Ca2+ from their intracellular stores upon TRAP-6 stimulation explaining their better reactivity in Ca2+-poor media. Stronger aggregation of large platelets in response to ADP also equalized in presence of Ca2+, whereas large platelets responded weaker to ADP in flow cytometry (CD62P-expression: 9.7 mean fluorescence intensity [MFI] [4.4–17.9] vs. 17.5 MFI [6.1–45.6], p = 0.0234) and PAC-1 binding (11.1 MFI [5.7–19.6] vs. 20.5 MFI [14.4–35.0], p = 0.0078). Epinephrine response was stronger in large platelets (CD62P-expression: 11.8 MFI [6.8–33.0] vs. 6.8 MFI [2.5–15.2], p = 0.0078; PAC-1 binding 18.9 MFI [13.6–38.4] vs. 13.0 MFI [6.8–22.4], p = 0.0234; max. aggregation 82.9% [58.7–94.8] vs. 77.2% [19.8–88.8], p = 0.0313), which expressed more α2A receptors. Epinephrine further increased phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure especially in large platelets. PS-positive platelets progressively divided into two subpopulations with high or basic intracellular Ca2+ dependent on extracellular Ca2+. Thrombin generation was faster with small, but accelerated by PS exposure and epinephrine-coactivated large platelets. We show that responses of large and small platelets differ depending on extracellular Ca2+ availability and the inductor. Careful control of extracellular Ca2+ is necessary in functional studies with large and small platelets.
Changes in Delivery Timing for High-Risk Pregnancies in the United States
Authors: Little Sarah E. , Robinson Julian N. , Zera Chloe A. 
Published: June 2020

Objective This study was aimed to assess whether the “39-week” rule is being extended to high-risk pregnancies and if so whether this has led to changes in neonatal morbidity or stillbirth.
Study Design Birth certificate data between 2010 and 2014 from 23 states (55% of births in the United States) were used. Pregnancies were classified as high risk if they had any one of the following: maternal age greater than or equal to 40 years, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 40 kg/m2, chronic (prepregnancy) hypertension, or diabetes (pregestational or gestational). Delivery timing changes for all pregnancies at term (37 weeks or greater) were compared with changes in the high-risk population. Neonatal morbidities (neonatal intensive care unit [NICU] admission, need for assisted ventilation, 5-minute Apgar score, and macrosomia), maternal morbidities (intensive care unit [ICU] admission, cesarean delivery, operative vaginal delivery, chorioamnionitis, and severe perineal laceration), and stillbirth rates were compared across time periods. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze whether gestational age–specific morbidity changes were due to shifts in delivery timing.
Results For the overall population, there was a shift in delivery timing between 2010 and 2014, a 2.5% decrease in 38-week deliveries, and a 2.3% increase in 39-week deliveries (p < 0.01). This gestational age shift was identical in the high-risk population (2.7% decrease in 38-week deliveries and 2.9% increase in 39-week deliveries). For the high-risk population, NICU admission increased from 5.4 to 6.3% in 2014 (p < 0.01) and assisted ventilation rates declined from 3.8 to 2.9% (p < 0.01). These changes, however, were independent of changes in delivery timing. There was no increase in the rate of stillbirth (0.23% in 2010 and 0.23% in 2014; p = 0.50).
Conclusion There was a significant shift in delivery timing for high-risk pregnancies in the United States between 2010 and 2014. This shift, however, did not result in statistically significant changes in either neonatal morbidity or stillbirth.
Key Points
Does the Presence of a Hernia Sac Improve Survival in Newborns with Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia? A United Kingdom Single-Center Experience
Authors: Jawaid Wajid , Sampat Kit , Losty Paul D. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Introduction A developing body of literature suggests that the presence of a hernia sac in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) may indicate improved prognosis. By examining a large cohort of CDH newborns admitted to a single United Kingdom specialist center, we aimed to establish if presence of hernia sac is a robust predictor of improved survival.
Materials and Methods All CDH patients admitted to a single center were recruited. Postneonatal presentations and Morgagni hernias were excluded. Demographics, defect type, laterality, survival, and hernia recurrence were recorded.
Results In this study, 192 CDH newborns were managed from 1997 to 2017; 39 were excluded (10 Morgagni and 29 postneonatal); 22 (14%) neonates had a hernia sac. Survival in patients with a hernia sac was 21/22 (95%) versus 107/124 (86%) in cases without hernia sac (p = 0.2). There was no difference in hernia sac proportion by gender (male:female 15 vs. 13.2%, p = 0.8).
Conclusion In contrast to studies showing a survival advantage, albeit with smaller patient numbers, we report a statistical nonsignificant benefit of hernia sac. Better survival outcomes at this specialist center with CDH patients without a hernia sac than reported in other published studies are likely responsible for the lack of statistical significance observed, despite a larger cohort. National and international CDH registries yielding “big data” may provide further answers on the utility of a CDH hernia sac as a new prognostic scoring tool.
Juggling Multiple Roles amidst Uncertainty: The Asian Father's Perspective of an Infant in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Lian Berenice Xueli , Amin Zubair , Aishworiya Ramkumar 
Published: June 2020

Objective Parents of preterm, very low birthweight (VLBW) infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) undergo emotional turmoil. Studies on parent's experiences typically focus on the maternal perspective. The purpose of the study is to explore the emotional needs and experiences of fathers of VLBW neonates in the NICU and to identify ways to improve their experiences.
Study Design This was a qualitative descriptive design study undertaken at the NICU of a tertiary university hospital. Convenience sampling with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria was used to identify prospective participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 fathers of infants until data saturation was reached. The COREQ (Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies) checklist was used.
Results Father's experiences were classified into the topics of concerns, roles, and perspectives. Uncertainty was a predominant theme in each of these. Fathers assume multiple roles toward the child, wife, self, and family. Their concerns were multifaceted involving the child, family, work, and finances; they experienced a myriad of emotions, but these evolved into resilience eventually.
Conclusion Fathers have unique concerns pertinent to having an infant in the NICU. They juggle multiple roles and transition to emotions of resilience. It is imperative to acknowledge the uncertainty and diverse roles of fathers, provide them with customized information, and develop more balanced parent-support groups.
Key Points
Engineering a potent receptor superagonist or antagonist from a novel IL-6 family cytokine ligand
Authors: Kim Jun W. , Marquez Cesar P. , Sperberg R. Andres Parra , Wu Jiaxiang , Bae Won G. , Huang Po-Ssu , Sweet-Cordero E. Alejandro , Cochran Jennifer R. 
Published: June 2020

Significance
The interleukin-6 family of cytokines play an increasingly recognized role in inflammation, metabolism, and tissue regeneration. Cytokine binding to CNTFR triggers JAK-STAT, MAPK, and other associated pathways. From limited studies reported to date, CLCF1 has been implicated in lung cancer, osteoporosis, and atherosclerosis, identifying the CLCF1–CNTFR signaling axis as a therapeutic target for a number of diseases. To modulate multireceptor engagement to drive cell signaling, we used rational and combinatorial protein engineering methods to create two unique CLCF1 variants: one that promotes enhanced cell signaling in neuronal regeneration and one that blocks cell signaling to inhibit tumor progression. These studies highlight an approach of engineering cytokine activity to target the CLCF1–CNTFR signaling axis.
Complaint management on Twitter – evolution of interactional patterns on Polish corporate profiles
Authors: Tereszkiewicz Anna 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe study concerns complaint management on Polish brand profiles on Twitter. The aim was to investigate selected language properties of corporate tweets and trace potential changes in the interactional patterns on the profiles occurring between 2015 and 2017. The study focuses on the structure and frequency of the respective strategies, as well as formality, the use of non-standard structures and emoticons. The study indicates the following directions of change: an increase in the use of address terms and explanations, a greater degree of language formality and indirectness, among others. The changes point to increased formulaicity and conventionalisation of expression, as well as an increased use of fixed patterns and templates. The changes constitute evidence of standardisation of the means of expression in customer encounters and a transfer of the conventions typical of other channels of interaction with consumers to the online context.
Double field inflation of generalized dilaton–axion models with a new Fayet–Iliopoulos (FI) term
Authors: Kwan Ellgan MAN Ping 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We study the inflation dynamics of generalized dilaton–axion models with a new Fayet–Iliopoulos (FI) term, where both real and imaginary parts of the ‘dilaton–axion’ super-field evolve. We find that the turn rate per Hubble parameter is about

O

10

−
2

to

O

10

−
1

while the square of effective mass of entropic perturbation is about

O

10

−
1

. These results can be used for identifying the specific inflation pattern in the future observation.
Accuracy of volumetric flow rate inflow/outflow measurement by integrating PIV velocity fields
Authors: Cressall Rick , Schaap Robbie , Neal Douglas R , Mychkovsky Alex , Charonko John , Smith Barton L 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the usefulness of planar Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements to determine the volumetric flow rate from a rectangular or round jet exit is assessed. Both two-component PIV (2C–PIV) and through-plane three-component (3C) stereo PIV (SPIV) data sets were acquired at the exit of a turbulent, rectangular nozzle and a round nozzle with Reynolds numbers between 10 000 and 100 000. The PIV data sets were processed using a variety of algorithms. The time-averaged results were then spatially integrated across the jet exits and compared to a calibrated flow meter. Recommendations for each method are developed and discussed with potential drawbacks. The accuracy of the measurement was found to be a weak function of the Reynolds number of the flow. Two-component PIV was found to underestimate the volumetric flow rate by 1%–4% depending on the integration scheme and SPIV underestimated volumetric flow rate by 2%.