bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infrared, Ultraviolet, and Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Imidan in Animal Dips and Sprays
Authors: Czech Fred P , Mack Marvin D , Evans George 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Procedures utilizing certain regions of spectral energy for the analysis of Imidan in emulsifiable and wettable powder concentrates, aqueous livestock dips, spray dips, and sprays are presented and compared. The UV method is recommended for rapid analysis of proprietary concentrates. Ill and colorimetric methods are advised for filth-laden animal dips and sprays. The IR method can be gen-r erally applied, is entirely specific for Imidan, and is quite precise. The other procedures are particularly useful for determination of low levels of Imidan.
Collaborative Study of an Acid Autoclave Method for Mineral Oil Extraction of Light Filth from Spaghetti and Macaroni
Authors: Thrasher Joel J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method for the extraction of light filth from alimentary pastes based on rapid autoclaving of acidified samples, wet sieving on a No. 230 plain weave sieve, and heating the sieve retainings in an acidic mineral oil mixture is described. This new method is faster and results in higher and more reproducible recoveries than method 36.025. Recoveries were equal or better than those achieved by the official method, and the filter papers were cleaner.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Methylene Chloride, Ethylene Dichloride, and Trichloroethylene Residues in Spice Oleoresins
Authors: Roberts Laura A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A gas chromatographic method has been developed for determining methylene chloride, ethylene dichloride, and trichloroethylene residues in spice oleoresins. The proposed method employs a Porapak Q column and a microcoulometric gas chromatograph. It is based on the volatility of the solvent residues, their relative retention times on a polyaromatic bead chromatographic column, and their detectability using a halide-specific microcoulometric method. The system is linear for all three solvents. Six collaborators obtained recoveries ranging front 72.8 to 91.4% The lower recoveries are attributed primarily to the volatility of the solvents, delay in analysis, and titration cell disruption by solvent front. It is recommended that the method be adopted as official first action for ethylene dichloride and trichloroethylene and that methylene chloride be subjected to further study.
Effect of Deproteinating Agents (Picric Acid and Sulfosalicylic Acid) on Analysis for Free Amino Acids in Swine Blood and Tissue
Authors: Knipfel J E , Christensen D A , Owen B D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Amino acid analyses were performed on samples of blood, liver tissue, loin muscle, and ham muscle by ion exchange chromatography after deproteination of the samples with picric acid or sulfosalicylic acid (SSA). Resolution of threonine and serine from the ion exchange column was poor when SSA was used as the deproteinating agent. Twelve of sixteen amino acids were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in serum deproteinated with picric acid as compared to concentrations determined after SSA deproteination. Amino acid values for ham muscle tended to be higher after deproteination with picric acid; however, with liver and loin muscle samples, the values were somewhat higher after SSA deproteination. In both serum and tissue analyses, coefficients of variation were lower for niGSt amino acids when picric acid was utilized as the deproteinating agent. The latter observation, in particular, suggests that picric acid is preferable to SSA as a deproteinating agent before amino acid analyses of biological fluids. Standardization of methods of deproteination is needed to allow meaningful comparisons of data.
Effects of different sources and levels of dietary iron and selenium on the postprandial net portal appearance of these minerals in growing pigs
Authors: Dalto Danyel Bueno , Matte J Jacques 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The present study compares the net portal appearance of dietary iron (Fe) and selenium (Se) after meals containing different sources and levels of these minerals. Twelve pigs (55.1 ± 3.7 kg) were used in a cross-over design to assess the 11-h net portal-drained viscera (PDV) flux of serum Fe and Se after ingestion of boluses containing inorganic (I) or organic (O) dietary Fe and Se at industry average (A; 200 and 0.6 mg, respectively) or high (H; 400 and 1.2 mg, respectively) levels. Arterial serum Fe concentrations increased by an average of 158% within 6 h post-meal and gradually decreased thereafter (P &lt; 0.001). Values were greater (P &lt; 0.001) for I than for O until 6 h post-meal and greater (P ≤ 0.001) for A than for H from 4 to 8 h post-meal. For the whole post-prandial period (11 h), arterial serum Fe concentrations tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for I than for O and were lowest for HO (P ≤ 0.03). Net PDV flux of Fe tended to be greater for AI than for AO (P ≥ 0.07). Cumulative appearance of Fe in PDV serum (% of dietary intake) was greater for I than for O (2.43 vs. −0.76%; P = 0.02) and A tended to be greater than H (1.96 vs. −0.29 %; P = 0.09) until 3 h post-meal, but these effects further faded out (P ≥ 0.43). Arterial serum Se concentration decreased for all treatments (average of 7%) from premeal values (P &lt; 0.001), and this was more pronounced for O than for I (P = 0.03). Irrespective of treatment, net PDV flux of Se was positive (different from 0, P ≤ 0.03) during the first 90 min post-meal, decreased to negative minimum values (different from 0, P = 0.03) at 5 h post-meal, and was not different from 0 thereafter (P ≥ 0.11). Cumulative appearance of Se in PDV serum (% of dietary intake) was greater for I than for O (20.0 vs. −3.8%; P = 0.04) only at 45 min post-meal. In conclusion, both dietary Fe and Se absorption are limited to the early post-meal period. Whereas for Fe, the level effect is in accordance with the known negative correlation between its dietary concentration and percentage of intestinal absorption, this was not the case for dietary Se. The postabsorptive availability of dietary I was greater than O for both minerals and, particularly for Fe, at low levels.
Cavity Tightness Preferences of Overwintering Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Chambers Benjamin D , Leskey Tracy C , Cullum John P , Pearce Annie R , Kuhar Thomas P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) (Stål) is a household nuisance pest that seeks shelter in buildings during the winter months. It has been found in a variety of cavities and spaces between building elements, as well as in the objects stored within buildings. This experiment examined the cavity tightness preferences for these insects as they settled in winter refugia. Adult overwintering H. halys were placed in two types of simulated refugia made from rigid material. Each type had a cavity of constant width, while one had a flat lid and constant tightness, and the other had a sloped lid that became tighter as insects moved inside. Adults were allowed to enter and settle, then their locations were recorded. In sloped lid cavities, H. halys tended to settle where the cavity tightness was between 4.5 and 5.5 mm. In the flat lid cavity boxes, H. halys tended to move all the way back. In both configurations, H. halys had a significant tendency to orient their heads towards the cavity entrance. A field comparison of cavity tightness in refugia with less rigid cardboard substrates was also performed, with spacers consisting of one or two layers of 3-mm cardboard. This comparison found differences in cavity selection by sex, with males more likely to pick single-spaced layers, and females more likely to select double-spaced layers. Understanding these preferences could be useful for collection, pest management, trap design, and study of impacts on structures.
The Arabidopsis TRM61/TRM6 complex is a bona fide tRNA N1-methyladenosine methyltransferase
Authors: Tang Jun , Jia Pengfei , Xin Peiyong , Chu Jinfang , Shi Dong-Qiao , Yang Wei-Cai 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
tRNA molecules, which contain the most abundant post-transcriptional modifications, are crucial for proper gene expression and protein biosynthesis. Methylation at N1 of adenosine 58 (A58) is critical for maintaining the stability of initiator methionyl-tRNA (tRNAiMet) in bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic tRNAs. However, although research has been conducted in yeast and mammals, it remains unclear how A58 in plant tRNAs is modified and involved in development. In this study, we identify the nucleus-localized complex AtTRM61/AtTRM6 in Arabidopsis as tRNA m1A58 methyltransferase. Deficiency or a lack of either AtTRM61 or AtTRM6 leads to embryo arrest and seed abortion. The tRNA m1A level decreases in conditionally complemented Attrm61/LEC1pro::AtTRM61 plants and this is accompanied by reduced levels of tRNAiMet, indicating the importance of the tRNA m1A modification for tRNAiMet stability. Taken together, our results demonstrate that tRNA m1A58 modification is necessary for tRNAiMet stability and is required for embryo development in Arabidopsis.
High Burden of Staphylococcus aureus Among Native American Individuals on the White Mountain Apache Tribal Lands
Authors: Sutcliffe Catherine G , Grant Lindsay R , Reid Angelina , Douglass Grace , Brown Laura B , Kellywood Kamellia , Weatherholtz Robert C , Hubler Robin , Quintana Alvaro , Close Ryan , McAuley James B , Santosham Mathuram , O’Brien Katherine L , Hammitt Laura L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
This study was done to determine the burden of invasive Staphylococcus aureus on the White Mountain Apache Tribal lands.

Methods
Active population and laboratory-based surveillance for invasive S aureus infections was conducted from May 2016 to April 2018. A case was defined as a Native American individual living on or around the White Mountain Apache Tribal lands with S aureus isolated from a normally sterile body site.

Results
Fifty-three cases were identified. Most cases were adults (90.6%) and had ≥1 underlying medical condition (86.8%), the most common of which were diabetes (49.1%) and obesity (41.5%). A total of 26.4% cases were categorized as community acquired. Most infections were methicillin-resistant (75.5%). A total of 7.5% of cases required amputation, and 7.7% of cases died within 30 days of initial culture. The incidence of invasive S aureus was 156.3 per 100 000 persons. The age-adjusted incidence of invasive methicillin-resistant S aureus was 138.2 per 100 000 persons.

Conclusions
This community has a disproportionately high burden of invasive methicillin-resistant S aureus compared with the general US population. Interventions are urgently needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with these infections.
A Multitype Birth–Death Model for Bayesian Inference of Lineage-Specific Birth and Death Rates
Authors: Barido-Sottani Joëlle , Vaughan Timothy G , Stadler Tanja 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHeterogeneous populations can lead to important differences in birth and death rates across a phylogeny. Taking this heterogeneity into account is necessary to obtain accurate estimates of the underlying population dynamics. We present a new multitype birth–death model (MTBD) that can estimate lineage-specific birth and death rates. This corresponds to estimating lineage-dependent speciation and extinction rates for species phylogenies, and lineage-dependent transmission and recovery rates for pathogen transmission trees. In contrast with previous models, we do not presume to know the trait driving the rate differences, nor do we prohibit the same rates from appearing in different parts of the phylogeny. Using simulated data sets, we show that the MTBD model can reliably infer the presence of multiple evolutionary regimes, their positions in the tree, and the birth and death rates associated with each. We also present a reanalysis of two empirical data sets and compare the results obtained by MTBD and by the existing software BAMM. We compare two implementations of the model, one exact and one approximate (assuming that no rate changes occur in the extinct parts of the tree), and show that the approximation only slightly affects results. The MTBD model is implemented as a package in the Bayesian inference software BEAST 2 and allows joint inference of the phylogeny and the model parameters.[Birth–death; lineage specific rates, multi-type model.]
Light-Emitting Diode–Based Photodynamic Therapy for Photoaging, Scars, and Dyspigmentation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Huang Alisen , Nguyen Julie K. , Jagdeo Jared 
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may be used as an activating light source for photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy (PDT), a form of noninvasive phototherapy. Photodynamic therapy for aesthetic dermatologic conditions has demonstrated skin rejuvenating effects.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of PDT using LEDs to treat aesthetic dermatologic conditions including photoaged skin, scarring, and dyspigmentation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A search of PubMed and EMBASE databases was conducted through May 31, 2019, to identify studies that used LEDs as a light source for PDT and evaluated cosmetic improvements as the primary outcome measure.

RESULTS
A total of 24 original articles were included in the authors' systematic review. The available evidence supports methyl aminolevulinate or 5-aminolevulinic acid incubation followed by LED treatment for global improvement of skin quality, including smoother texture, reduction of rhytides, and improvement of scars. Histologic analysis for global skin improvement demonstrated increased collagen fibers and decreased elastin fibers after LED-mediated PDT.

CONCLUSION
Light-emitting diode–based PDT seems to have beneficial effects for photoaging, scars and dyspigmentation. A paucity of high-quality studies using LED-based PDT for aesthetic outcomes was found, highlighting the need for well-designed randomized control trials on this topic.
Comparison of Positive Inotropic Agents in the Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Kelly Julie , Cheng Judy , Malloy Rhynn , Lupi Kenneth 
Published: February 2020

Abstract:
Current guidelines recommend the consideration of positive inotropes in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) who have low cardiac index and evidence of systemic hypoperfusion or congestion. However, there is no evidence detailing the first line agent for the management of ADHF. The purpose of this study was to compare the safety and efficacy of dobutamine to milrinone for the treatment of ADHF. This was a single-center, retrospective study at a tertiary academic medical center, approved by Partner's Health Care Institutional Review Board. Patients included in this study were those admitted with ADHF who received dobutamine or milrinone from June 2015 to July 2017. A total of 95 dobutamine and 40 milrinone patients were included in the analysis. Median hospital length of stay was 12 days in the dobutamine group versus 10 days in the milrinone group (P = 0.34). Rehospitalization within 30 days occurred in 29.5% of patients in the dobutamine group versus 17.5% of patients in the milrinone group (P = 0.15). Median intensive care unit length of stay was 4.5 days in the dobutamine group versus 10 days in the milrinone group (P < 0.01). All other minor end points including all-cause mortality, progression to renal failure within 72 hours, rehospitalization in 90 days, and urine output within 72 hours of therapy were not found to be statistically significant. In addition, a post hoc analysis compared major and minor outcomes between milrinone and dobutamine using linear and logistic regression with adjustment for baseline characteristics. There were not any statistically significant findings in the post hoc analysis. Overall, there were no statistically significant differences in outcomes between the 2 groups other than longer intensive care unit length of stay in the milrinone group.
Influence of angle κ on visual and refractive outcomes after implantation of a diffractive trifocal intraocular lens
Authors: Garzón Nuria , García-Montero María , López-Artero Esther , Albarrán-Diego César , Pérez-Cambrodí Rafael , Illarramendi Igor , Poyales Francisco 
Published: February 2020

Purpose:
To evaluate changes in angle κ after the implantation of a trifocal intraocular lens (IOL) and to assess the postoperative outcomes of patients with different angle κ values.

Setting:
IOA Madrid Innova Ocular, Madrid, Spain.

Design:
Prospective trial.

Methods:
Sixty-three eyes from 63 patients who had bilateral implantation of a diffractive trifocal IOL (POD F, PhysIOL) were included. Pupil offset was used as the best estimate of angle κ and was measured using Pentacam (Oculus) preoperatively and at 3 months postoperatively. Postoperative refractive outcomes (sphere, cylinder, and manifest refraction spherical equivalent) and visual outcomes at far, intermediate, and near distance were assessed and compared between eyes with small pupil offset and eyes with large pupil offset. Quality of vision was assessed using a subjective questionnaire.

Results:
There was a significant decrease in pupil offset values postoperatively (mean: 0.197 ± 0.12 mm) compared with those preoperatively (mean: 0.239 ± 0.12 mm), with a mean decrease of −0.042 mm (P = .0002). The same significant decrease was found for both right and left eyes, when analyzed separately. No statistically significant difference was found in any of the refractive and visual acuity outcomes between eyes with small pupil offset and eyes with large pupil offset. The majority of patients (14 of 16) complaining of significant halos had eyes with small pupil offset.

Conclusions:
Large pupil offset did not negatively affect visual and refractive outcomes. The tolerance to larger pupil offset might be due to the IOL optical design, with the first diffractive ring being larger than other commonly used multifocal IOLs. More studies comparing various diffractive IOL models would be useful to confirm such hypothesis.
Measuring Choroid Thickness as a Marker of Systemic Inflammation in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Steiner Martina , del Mar Esteban-Ortega Maria , Thuissard-Vasallo Israel , García-Lozano Isabel , Moriche-Carretero Manuel , García-González Alejandro Javier , Pérez-Blázquez Eugenio , Sambricio Javier , García-Aparicio Ángel , Casco-Silva Bruno Francisco , Sanz-Sanz Jesús , Valdés-Sanz Nuria , Fernández-Espartero Cruz , Díaz-Valle Teresa , Gurrea-Almela María , Fernández-Melón Julia , Gómez-Resa María , Pato-Cour Esperanza , Díaz-Valle David , Méndez-Fernández Rosalía , Navío Marco Teresa , Almodóvar Raquel , García-Saenz María Carmen , del-Prado-Sánchez Cristina , Muñoz-Fernández Santiago ,   on behalf of the Choroidal Thickness in Spondylitis (COnTEST) Study Group
Published: February 2020

Background and Objective
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is an inflammatory disease, and choroidal thickness (CT) has been proposed and evaluated as a potential marker of systemic inflammation associated with AS and other inflammatory diseases. This study compared CT measurements taken from patients with severe AS disease activity without eye inflammation with those taken from healthy subjects.

Methods
This cross-sectional, multicenter study compared CT in 44 patients with high AS disease activity, and no history of eye inflammation with CT in 44 matched healthy subjects aged between 18 and 65 years. In the AS group, the correlation between CT and C-reactive protein, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B27 positivity, disease duration, and disease activity was calculated.

Results
Mean CT values of patients with AS were significantly higher in the right eye, the left eye, and the thickest choroid eye. The right eye mean CT was 338.3 ± 82.8 μm among patients with AS and 290.5 ± 71.2 μm among healthy subjects (p = 0.005). The left eye mean CT was 339.5 ± 84.7 μm for patients with AS and 298.4 ± 68.9 μm for healthy subjects (P = 0.015). The thickest choroid eye CT was 358.4 ± 82.1 μm among patients with AS and 314.1 ± 65.2 μm among healthy subjects (P = 0.006). We did not find a significant correlation between CT and disease activity, C-reactive protein, human leukocyte antigen B27 positivity, or disease duration.

Conclusions
Patients with active AS but without a history of eye inflammation had a thicker choroid than healthy subjects. This finding suggests that CT is a marker of systemic inflammation in patients with inflammatory disease, regardless of known eye symptoms.
Network explanations and explanatory directionality
Authors: Jansson Lina 
Published: February 2020

Network explanations raise foundational questions about the nature of scientific explanation. The challenge discussed in this article comes from the fact that network explanations are often thought to be non-causal, i.e. they do not describe the dynamical or mechanistic interactions responsible for some behaviour, instead they appeal to topological properties of network models describing the system. These non-causal features are often thought to be valuable precisely because they do not invoke mechanistic or dynamical interactions and provide insights that are not available through causal explanations. Here, I address a central difficulty facing attempts to move away from causal models of explanation; namely, how to recover the directionality of explanation. Within causal models, the directionality of explanation is identified with the direction of causation. This solution is no longer available once we move to non-causal accounts of explanation. I will suggest a solution to this problem that emphasizes the role of conditions of application. In doing so, I will challenge the idea thatsui generismathematical dependencies are the key to understand non-causal explanations. The upshot is a conceptual account of explanation that accommodates the possibility of non-causal network explanations. It also provides guidance for how to evaluate such explanations.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Unifying the essential concepts of biological networks: biological insights and philosophical foundations’.
Evolving complexity: how tinkering shapes cells, software and ecological networks
Authors: Solé Ricard , Valverde Sergi 
Published: February 2020

A common trait of complex systems is that they can be represented by means of a network of interacting parts. It is, in fact, the network organization (more than the parts) that largely conditions most higher-level properties, which are not reducible to the properties of the individual parts. Can the topological organization of these webs provide some insight into their evolutionary origins? Both biological and artificial networks share some common architectural traits. They are often heterogeneous and sparse, and most exhibit different types of correlations, such as nestedness, modularity or hierarchical patterns. These properties have often been attributed to the selection of functionally meaningful traits. However, a proper formulation of generative network models suggests a rather different picture. Against the standard selection–optimization argument, some networks reveal the inevitable generation of complex patterns resulting from reuse and can be modelled using duplication–rewiring rules lacking functionality. These give rise to the observed heterogeneous, scale-free and modular architectures. Here, we examine the evidence for tinkering in cellular, technological and ecological webs and its impact in shaping their architecture. Our analysis suggests a serious consideration of the role played by selection as the origin of network topology. Instead, we suggest that the amplification processes associated with reuse might shape these graphs at the topological level. In biological systems, selection forces would take advantage of emergent patterns.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Unifying the essential concepts of biological networks: biological insights and philosophical foundations’.