bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in Immuno-PET for the Detection of Cancer and Assessment of Response to Therapy
Authors: Alauddin Mian M. , Khawli Leslie A. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against tumor-associated antigens have been
shown to target tumors with specificity and selectivity; therefore, it was hypothesized that cancer
could be treated with mAbs without side effects. In the early 1980s, clinical studies demonstrated that
tumors could be visualized using radiolabeled mAbs. However, with the introduction of positron
emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG), antibody-based imaging became
less important because of its limited diagnostic accuracy. During the last two decades, a revival
of imaging with radiolabeled mAbs has taken place, specifically PET with longer half-life isotopes.
Development of immune checkpoints as targets for immunotherapy has opened opportunities for the
development of a wide variety of antibodies, such as anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-L1, and anti-PD1. Thus,
imaging with these antibodies radiolabeled with 89Zr or another long–half-life PET isotope, known as
immuno-PET, has become mainstream.

Objective:
This study aimed to review the rapid development of immuno-PET for the detection of
cancer and assessment of therapeutic response combining surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and/or
immunotherapy. This review includes reports on the radiolabeling, imaging and clinical utility of
89Zr-, 64Cu- and 124I-labeled mAbs.

Results:
More than 120 research and review articles on immuno-PET were reviewed.

Conclusion:
Many mAbs have been developed and used for the treatment of cancer; however, a limited
number of antibodies have been radiolabeled for immuno-PET. While much progress has been
made with the therapeutic applications of mAbs, immuno-PET for diagnosis and treatment assessment
needs more research. Improved chelating agents and extensive imaging studies are needed to
refine immuno-PET for the diagnosis of cancers and assessment of response to therapy.
Causes of Mortality in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Alcohol Related Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD)
Authors: Johnston Michael P. , Patel Janisha , Byrne Christopher D. 
Published: January 2020

:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol related fatty liver disease (AFLD) both represent
a spectrum of liver disease severity from hepatic steatosis to fibrosis and cirrhosis. Both NAFLD and AFLD
are common diseases in the general population. NAFLD affects ~25% of the adult global population whilst AFLD
has become the commonest indication for liver transplantation in the United States. It is often not possible to
distinguish between NAFLD and AFLD on examination of liver histology, consequently, differentiation between
NAFLD and AFLD is heavily reliant on a history of alcohol consumption.

:
Age, smoking, alcohol consumption and sex appear to influence the risk of mortality in NAFLD or AFLD. In
NAFLD and AFLD, the key causes of increased liver-related mortality are advanced liver fibrosis and cirrhosis
leading to complications such as hepatocellular carcinoma and decompensated cirrhosis. NAFLD and AFLD are
also associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality including an increased risk of extra-hepatic malignancy.
Non-invasive biomarkers of liver disease severity in NAFLD and AFLD perform poorly to predict mortality.
However, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, FIB-4 and the NAFLD Fibrosis Score
are independently associated with increased mortality in NAFLD.

:
Both NAFLD and AFLD are associated with extra-hepatic risk factors and complications such as metabolic syndrome
encompassing obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease. AFLD is associated
with hypertension and cardiovascular disease as well as other organ damage.

:
This narrative review discusses the associations, risk factors and diagnostic biomarkers linking NAFLD and
AFLD with increased mortality.
A Review of Conifers in Iran: Chemistry, Biology and their Importance in Traditional and Modern Medicine
Authors: Akaberi Maryam , Boghrati Zahra , Amiri Mohammad S. , Khayyat Mohammad H. , Emami Seyed A. 
Published: January 2020

:Cupressus sempervirens, Platycladus orientalis, Juniperus communis, J. excelsa, J. foetidissima, J. polycarpos var. turcomanica, J. sabina, and Taxus baccata are conifers in Iran. These plants have a long reputation in different systems of traditional medicines for a variety of diseases. This review aims to provide comprehensive and up-to-date information about the ethnopharmacological uses, chemical constituents, and pharmacology of these conifers. Furthermore this study comprises a bibliographical survey of major Islamic Traditional Medicine (ITM) books regarding different medical aspects of these species. A literature search was conducted on the applications of these conifers both in traditional and modern medicines by referencing traditional textbooks and scientific databases. Ethnobotanical literature review indicates that various parts of the plants including cones, berries, leaves, bark, wood, and resin have been used for a broad spectrum of applications. In Iran, C. sempervirens, J. sabina, J. communis, and T. baccata have been used traditionally for the treatment of urinary, digestive, nervous, respiratory, and integumentary systems-related problems. The phytochemical constituents of these plants can be divided into two main categories: volatile and non-volatile components, all dominated by terpenes. Considering the pharmacological and clinical evidence, while some of the traditional applications of these plants are supported by modern medicine, implying the value of the traditional and folklore knowledge for finding new lead compounds in drug discovery, some have remained unexamined showing the need for much more studies in this regard.
Enhancing the Antibacterial Activity of Erythromycin with Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles against MRSA
Authors: Ullah Kaleem , Khan Shujaat A. , Mannan Abdul , Khan Romana , Murtaza Ghulam , Yameen Muhammad A. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is the most common infectious agent in the
community and hospitals. Infections with S. aureus are now becoming difficult to be treated by using
conventional antibiotics due to its emerging methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain.

Objective:
In the present study, MRSA was isolated from clinical samples and evaluated for resistance
against different antibiotics, TiO2 nanoparticles, and their combinations.

Methods:
Clinical samples were collected from Ayub Medical Complex (AMC), Abbottabad, Pakistan,
and identified by different biochemical tests and polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Kirby-Bauer
disk diffusion method was performed to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility. Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration (MIC) of ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and vancomycin was found out by
agar dilution method while the broth dilution method was used for the MIC of TiO2 nanoparticles and
their combinations with erythromycin.

Results:
All 13/100 (13%) MRSA were successfully identified. All isolates were susceptible to quinupristin/
dalfopristin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin, while the highest resistance was seen with erythromycin,
penicillin, and tetracycline. MIC showed high resistance against ampicillin (0.25-512 mg/L)
and erythromycin (0.25-1024 mg/L).

Conclusion:
The MIC value of 2 mM TiO2 nanoparticles was found to be the most effective concentration
after 12 h of incubation, while the combination of erythromycin with 3 mM TiO2 nanoparticles was
found to be more potent which significantly lowered down the MIC of erythromycin to 2-16 mg/L.
Evaluation of Two Fast Virtual Stenting Algorithms for Intracranial Aneurysm Flow Diversion
Authors: Lamooki Saeb R. , Tutino Vincent M. , Paliwal Nikhil , Damiano Robert J. , Waqas Muhammad , Nagesh Setlur S.V. , Rajabzadeh-Oghaz Hamidreza , Vakharia Kunal , Siddiqui Adnan H. , Meng Hui 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) by flow diverter
(FD) stents depends on flow modification. Patient-specific modeling of FD deployment and
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) could enable a priori endovascular strategy optimization. We
developed a fast, simplistic, expansion-free balls-weeping algorithm to model FDs in patientspecific
aneurysm geometry. However, since such strong simplification could result in less accurate
simulations, we also developed a fast virtual stenting workflow (VSW) that explicitly models
stent expansion using pseudo-physical forces.

Methods:
To test which of these two fast algorithms more accurately simulates real FDs, we
applied them to virtually treat three representative patient-specific IAs. We deployed Pipeline
Embolization Device into 3 patient-specific silicone aneurysm phantoms and simulated the treatments
using both balls-weeping and VSW algorithms in computational aneurysm models. We then
compared the virtually deployed FD stents against experimental results in terms of geometry and
post-treatment flow fields. For stent geometry, we evaluated gross configurations and porosity. For
post-treatment aneurysmal flow, we compared CFD results against experimental measurements by
particle image velocimetry.

Results:
We found that VSW created more realistic FD deployments than balls-weeping in terms
of stent geometry, porosity and pore density. In particular, balls-weeping produced unrealistic FD
bulging at the aneurysm neck, and this artifact drastically increased with neck size. Both FD
deployment methods resulted in similar flow patterns, but the VSW had less error in flow velocity
and inflow rate.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, modeling stent expansion is critical for preventing unrealistic bulging
effects and thus should be considered in virtual FD deployment algorithms. Also endowed with its
high computational efficiency and superior accuracy, the VSW algorithm is a better candidate for
implementation into a bedside clinical tool for FD deployment simulation.
Evaluation of Ficus retusa L. Leaves with Special Reference to Antidiarrheal and Anti-spasmodic Activity
Authors: Khan Najam Ali , Tomar Chitra , Shrivastav Alankar , Ahmad Aftab , Mishra Arun Kumar 
Published: January 2020

Aims:
The aim of present investigation was to evaluate the traditional claim of Ficus
retusa as an anti-diarrheal and anti-spasmodic agent using different pharmacological models.

Background:
Diarrhea is considered as major cause of mortality, especially in children and aged
persons. Because of diarrhoea, 17% of admitted children get die. In order to treat the diarrhea,
natural drugs may be useful.

Objective:
In order to prove the traditional claim of Ficus retusa, present work was undertaken
with objective to prove antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activity.

Methods:
The anti-diarrhoeal activity was evaluated by magnesium sulphate induced diarrhea and
5-hydroxy tryptamine(5HT) induced diarrhea. Further, the exact were subjected to gastrointestinal
motility test using standard procedure.

Conclusion:
The response towards bioactivity was dose dependent. It was concluded that
400mg/kg bw of ethanolic extract is most potent in antidiarrhoeal and antispasmodic activity.
Diabetes without Manifest Cardiovascular Disease: A Novel Approach in Risk Stratification and Treatment Selection
Authors: Andari Emile , Arnaout Samir , Azar Sami T. , Chammas Elie , Jambart Selim , Saleh Mounzer , Nemr Rita , Sarkis Antoine 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the main macro vascular complication of type 2
diabetes (T2D), increases the risk of death significantly in patients with T2D.

Introduction:
Most of the patients with T2D do not have obvious CVD symptoms. Due to the paucity
of data, CVD screening in asymptomatic patients with T2D remains highly controversial.

Methods:
This has driven a panel of experts to establish a novel consensus on how to approach patients
with T2D at high CVD risk. The panel formulated a stepwise algorithm by which patients with T2D undergo
initial risk stratification into low, intermediate and high risk using the ASCVD calculator. In patients
with intermediate risk, coronary artery calcium measurement is used to further stratify those patients
into new low and high-risk categories.

Results and Conclusion:
The panel recommends using standard diabetes care in low risk patients and
using SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1 agonists with cardio protective effect, on top of standard care, in
high risk individuals.
Characterization of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Modified Fermented Flour
Authors: Syah Ikrar T. , Anto  , Hasbullah Umar H.A. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Flour is generally evaluated by physicochemical analysis of its constituents
in order to determine its functional properties. The modification of flour is reflected in many of its
physicochemical properties.

Objective:
In the present study, samples of elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius) modified
fermented flour were characterized based on physicochemical properties of starch, amylose, and
amylopectin content, and also flour morphology.

Methods:
Various starters were applied (mocaf, Bimo-cf, and tape yeast) for 12h fermentation before
being processed into flour to modify its properties. The physicochemical parameters of flours consist
of whiteness index, pasting properties, foaming capacity, flour morphology, and proximate compositions.
All data were taken in triplicate using completely randomized design.

Result:
All the starters were able to improve whiteness index (WI) of flour. There was a correlation
between fat and protein content with pasting properties of native flour and modified fermented elephant
foot yam (MoEFY) flours. Fermentation processes caused slight changes of flour pasting properties.
The granule size of MoEFY flour became smaller than those in native elephant foot yam flour
after fermentation, and granules were polyhedral with slightly pointed and protruding edges.

Conclusion:
The results suggested that fermentation by Bimo-cf starter within 12h could provide a
greater extent of flour modification.
Design and Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzothiazole Derivatives as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Nishad Ravi K. , Shukla Karuna S. , Chawla Pooja A. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
An upsurge in the number of antibiotic-resistant microbial infections has warranted
the discovery and development of new antibiotics. This is a matter of great concern for effective
therapy for a search of novel antimicrobial agents. Literature has a number of reports of involvement of
oxidative stress due to an imbalance between the generation and neutralization of free radicals in many
diseases. Heterocyclic compounds have been involved in the treatment of various disorders. Benzothiazole
is one such heterocyclic nucleus having benzene ring merged with the thiazole ring. Among the
various substitutions possible in this nucleus, substitutions at position-2 have already been reported with
potential bioactivities. Thus, different substituted compounds have been synthesized which could serve
as antimicrobials and antioxidants.

Methods:
Benzothiazole derivatives (B1-B7) were synthesized by two-step reactions and the structures
were confirmed through infrared, mass and NMR spectroscopy. The compounds were evaluated for in
vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities using standard methods.

Results:
The results of antibacterial and antifungal activity showed that compound B4 exhibited maximum
activity against all the tested strains of microorganisms with the zone of inhibition 17.1-18.5 mm
and MIC value 1.1-1.5 μg/mL. Compound B5 exhibited potent antioxidant activity.

Conclusion:
The compounds substituted with halogen on the aryl ring showed increased antimicrobial
activity as seen in the case of compound B4 (6-fluoro). The compounds substituted with a hydroxyl
group (B5) exhibited good antioxidant activity.
Quality of Life in Individuals with Diabetic Foot Syndrome
Authors: Navarro-Flores Emmanuel , Cauli Omar 
Published: January 2020

Background and Objective:
Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) is a common long-term complication
of diabetes mellitus. DFS has recently been associated with adverse effects that could further
impair the quality of life of diabetic patients, and increase the social and economic burden, morbidity,
and premature mortality of the disease. The main physio-pathological basis of DFS is due to diabetesinduced
neuropathy and angiopathy in the lower limbs and feet. Patients diagnosed with DFS must
significantly modify their daily habits in order to cope with signs and symptoms of DFS and this can
alter their quality of life. The objective of this review is to summarize the evidence regarding the economic,
physical and social limitations which can affect the quality of life (QoL) in patients with DFS,
the effects of ulcers and amputations on QoL outcomes.

Results:
Different aspects related to DFS such as physical alterations, psychological complaints and
even disorders, socio-economic difficulties can affect the quality of life of these patients. However, the
QoL related to low socio-economic factors gave mixed results and physical activity, education and type
of footwear can influence the outcomes. There is a general gender-dependent higher prevalence of DFS
in men, although it depends on the geographical area. DFS often co-occurs with other diabetes-induced
complications (retinopathy, nephropathy and cardiovascular disorders) and comorbid obesity generally
worsens it.

Conclusions:
Accessibility to health services aimed at reducing inequalities and constant health education
and promotion and care regarding psychological and socio-economic issues should be continuously
undertaken for individuals with DFS in order to improve their QoL.
Marine Algae of the Genus Gracilaria as Multi Products Source for Different Biotechnological and Medical Applications
Authors: Nabil-Adam Asmaa , Shreadah Mohamed A. , Abd El-Moneam Nehad M. , El-Assar Samy A. 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Gracilaria has been shown to be an important source of marine bioactive
natural biomaterials and compounds. Although there are no enough patents used Gracilaria
worldwide, the current study tries to put the Gracilaria on the spot for further important patents in
the future.

Methods:
Different advanced experimental models and analytical techniques, such as cytotoxicity,
total antioxidant capacity, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory profiling were applied. The phytochemical
analysis of different constituents was also carried out.

Results:
The mineral analysis revealed the presence of copper (188.3 ppm) and iron (10.07 ppm)
in addition to a remarkable wealth of selenium and sulfur contents giving up to 36% of its dry
mass. The elemental analysis showed high contents of sulfur and nitrogen compounds. The GCMS
profiling showed varieties of different bioactive compounds, such as fatty acids, different
types of carotenoids in addition to pigments, alkaloids, steroids. Many other compounds, such as
carbohydrates and amino acids having antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities, etc.
were identified. The cytotoxicity activity of Gracilaria marine extract was very effective against
cancerous cell lines and showed high ability as a potent antitumor due to their bioactive constituents.
Specialized screening assays using two anticancer experimental models, i.e., PTK and SKH1
revealed 77.88% and 84.50% inhibition anticancer activity; respectively. The anti-inflammatory
activities investigated using four different experimental models, i.e., COX1, COX2, IL6, and TNF
resulted in 68%, 81.76%, 56.02% and 78.43% inhibition; respectively. Moreover, Gracilaria extracts
showed potent anti-Alzheimer with all concentrations.

Conclusion:
Gracilaria proved to be a multi-product source of marine natural products for
different biotechnological applications. Our recommendation is to investigate the Gracilaria bioactive
secondary metabolites in order to create and innovate in more patents from current important
seaweeds (Gracilaria).
Biodecomposition of Phenanthrene and Pyrene by a Genetically Engineered Escherichia coli
Authors: Ahankoub Maryam , Mardani Gashtasb , Ghasemi-Dehkordi Payam , Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi Ameneh , Doosti Abbas , Jami Mohammad-Saeid , Allahbakhshian-Farsani Mehdi , Saffari-Chaleshtori Javad , Rahimi-Madiseh Mohammad 
Published: January 2020

Background:
Genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) can be used for bioremediation
of the biological pollutants into nonhazardous or less-hazardous substances, at lower
cost. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of these contaminants that associated with
a risk of human cancer development. Genetically engineered E. coli that encoded catechol 2,3-
dioxygenase (C230) was created and investigated its ability to biodecomposition of phenanthrene
and pyrene in spiked soil using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurement.
We revised patents documents relating to the use of GEMs for bioremediation. This approach
have already been done in others studies although using other genes codifying for same catechol
degradation approach.

Objective:
In this study, we investigated biodecomposition of phenanthrene and pyrene by a genetically
engineered Escherichia coli.

Methods:
Briefly, following the cloning of C230 gene (nahH) into pUC18 vector and transformation
into E. coli Top10F, the complementary tests, including catalase, oxidase and PCR were used
as on isolated bacteria from spiked soil.

Results:
The results of HPLC measurement showed that in spiked soil containing engineered
E. coli, biodegradation of phenanthrene and pyrene comparing to autoclaved soil that inoculated
by wild type of E. coli and normal soil group with natural microbial flora, were statistically significant
(p<0.05). Moreover, catalase test was positive while the oxidase tests were negative.

Conclusion:
These findings indicated that genetically manipulated E. coli can provide an effective
clean-up process on PAH compounds and it is useful for bioremediation of environmental pollution
with petrochemical products.