bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propagation of Vinca minor by Single-node Cuttings
Authors: Lando Amelia L. , Banko Thomas J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stems of three Vinca minor L. cultivars (‘Bowles Variety’, ‘Dart's Blue’, and ‘Sterling Silver’) were collected on four dates (January, April, July, and October) and prepared as single-node cuttings, either from the distal 10 cm (4 in) of the stem or from the section of the stem just proximal to that. The cuttings were treated with mixtures of indolebutyric acid (IBA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in 50% ethanol at concentrations of 0, 1000 + 500, 2000 + 1000, or 3000 + 1500 ppm (0, 0.1 + 0.05, 0.2 + 0.1, or 0.3 + 0.15%) (IBA + NAA). They were then placed under intermittent mist for rooting. Highest rooting percentages occurred with the 1000 + 500 ppm IBA + NAA treatment. For cuttings taken in October, the proximal cuttings rooted at somewhat higher percentages than the distal cuttings (85 vs. 77%) but at other times, stem position had little effect on rooting. Optimum time of year for rooting varied with cultivar but all cultivars rooted well in October.
Micropropagation of a Cold Hardy Selection of Cercis canadensis L. Through Single-Node Culture
Authors: Dai Wenhao , Jacques Victoria , Herman Dale , Cheng Zong-Ming 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A cold hardy eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis L., TS 0092) was propagated using single-node micropropagation. In vitro shoot cultures were initiated from rapidly growing shoot tips of a mature tree. The effects of basal media and plant growth regulators on proliferation were investigated. Maximum proliferation rate was obtained from all three tested media, Murashige and Skoog (MS), Woody Plant Medium (WPM), and Driver-Kuniyuki walnut (DKW), supplemented with 0.5 μM thidiazuron (TDZ). Shoots produced on WPM medium appeared stressed showing yellowish and thin leaves compared to those on MS and DKW media. Shoots were in vitro rooted in auxin-free half strength WPM medium after being pulsed for 1 to 16 days in half strength WPM medium with 12.5 to 100 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). In vitro rooting rate was influenced by IBA concentration, pulsing time, and shoot sources (media in which shoots were produced). Shoots produced in DKW medium rooted best after being pulsed in 25 to 100 μM IBA for 8 days although root numbers were similar among treatments. Direct ex vitro rooting was achieved by quick-dipping the microshoots in 10 μM IBA or NAA solutions and inserting them in Jiffy Mix potting medium.
Propagation of Rhamnus alnifolia and Rhamnus lanceolata by Seeds and Cuttings
Authors: Sharma Jyotsna , Graves William R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rhamnus alnifolia L'Her (Alderleaf Buckthorn) and Rhamnus lanceolata Pursh ssp. lanceolata (Lanceleaf Buckthorn) are native shrubs that are uncommon in the wild. Seed germination of both species and vegetative propagation of R. alnifolia was studied. Germination was low (≤ 13%) among moist-prechilled seeds of R. alnifolia collected in mid-season, but 48% germination was observed among seeds collected late in summer and moist-prechilled for 30 days. Nontreated seeds did not germinate, nor did seeds first scarified with sulfuric acid or hot water followed by moist-prechilling. Germination was ≤ 5% among seeds of R. lanceolata and occurred only after seeds were moist-prechilled for at least 90 days. Seedling survival among both species ranged from 90 to 100% and was not influenced by pregermination treatment. Rooting among softwood cuttings of R. alnifolia was 85% within 35 days after application of 3 g/kg (3000 ppm) or 8 g/kg (8000 ppm) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in talc. When IBA was applied in acetone solution at 3 and 8 g/liter (3000 and 8000 ppm), rooting was ≤ 15%. While 75% of the nontreated cuttings rooted, these cuttings had fewer roots than those treated with IBA. Rooting was more extensive in vermiculite compared to a medium of equal volumes of vermiculite and perlite. Talc-based IBA and vermiculite should be used to induce root formation on softwood stem cuttings of R. alnifolia. Both R. lanceolata and R. alnifolia can be propagated from moist-prechilled seeds, but Rhamnus lanceolata is recalcitrant and merits further assessment of drupe phenology, timing of seed collection, and barriers to germination.
Fertilizing Containerized Atlantic White Cedar Seedlings
Authors: Derby Scott A. , Hinesley L. Eric 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Containerized Atlantic white cedar [Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P.] seedlings were fertilized with five rates (0.0, 2.4, 4.8, 7.2, and 9.6 kg/m3) (0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 lb/yd3) of controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) [Osmocote 15N–4.0P–10.0K (15N–9P2O5–12K2O), 12–14 month southern formulation, with micros; and Polyon 18N–2.6P–10.0K (18N–6P2O5–12K2O), 9-month formulation, with micros]. Height, stem diameter, dry mass, and foliar nutrient concentrations were evaluated after 16 weeks. Growth was affected by fertilizer source and application rate, with no interaction. In general, the response to increasing fertilization was quadratic. Osmocote yielded larger plants than Polyon, probably owing to its higher P content. Osmocote (4.8 to 7.2 kg/m3) (8 to 12 lb/yd3) or Polyon (7.2 kg/m3) (12 lb/yd3) is suggested for container-grown seedlings the first year.
Developmental Stage Influences Plant Response to Benzyladenine
Authors: Oates Jayme M. , Keever Gary J. , Raymond Kessler J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of developmental stage (DS) on plant response to benzyladenine (BA), a synthetic cytokinin that promotes lateral shoot development. Beginning in March, April, or June 2003, three applications of 1750 or 3500 ppm BA were applied at 7-day intervals to ‘Conor’ (Eleanor Taber™) Indian hawthorn (Rhaphiolepis Lindl.) at three stages of increased shoot development (DS 1–3). At 30 and 60 days after last treatment (DALT), new shoot counts were highest on DS 2 plants, and new shoot counts increased with increasing BA rate. Plants treated at DS 1 and DS 2 incurred foliar injury, but not those treated at DS 3. A second experiment with ‘Nigra’ inkberry holly (Ilex glabra L.), ‘Harbour Dwarf’ nandina (Nandina domestica Thunb.), and ‘Conia’ (Olivia™) Indian hawthorn determined how plant DS affected severity of injury following BA application. Extensive foliar injury to ‘Nigra’ inkberry holly occurred when BA was applied to actively growing, immature foliage, but not when applied to mature foliage. Olivia™ Indian hawthorn showed moderate injury following BA treatment of plants with the most immature foliage, but not when plants were treated at more advanced stages of development. ‘Harbour Dwarf’ nandina foliage was unaffected by BA treatment regardless of DS.
Effect of Copper Hydroxide on Slug Feeding
Authors: Thompson Jody M. , Sibley Jeff L. , Foshee Wheeler G. , Keever Gary J. , Appel Arthur G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Kocide® 2000 (53.8% copper hydroxide) and Kocide® 4.5 LF (37.5% copper hydroxide) were examined for their effectiveness at reducing slug feeding using rates found on the Kocide® label. The marsh slug, Deroceras laeve (Müller), was given a choice among two untreated lettuce leaf plugs, one untreated leaf plug and one leaf plug treated with Kocide® 2000 at the rate of 4600 ppm Cu(OH)2 (3.0 tbsp/gal), and one untreated leaf plug and one leaf plug treated with Kocide® 2000 at the rate of 9200 ppm Cu(OH)2 (6.0 tbsp/gal). In a follow-up trial, D. laeve were exposed to Kocide® 4.5 LF at rates of 3100 ppm Cu(OH)2 (1.33 pt/A) and 6200 ppm Cu(OH)2 (2.66 pt/A). A second species, the three-banded slug, Lehmannia valentiana (Férussac), was presented with one untreated lettuce leaf plug and three treated leaf plugs using Kocide® 2000 at the rates of 3100, 6300, and 9400 ppm Cu(OH)2 (2.0, 4.0, and 6.0 tbsp/gal). In each study, D. laeve and L. valentiana showed a preference for the untreated lettuce, indicating that Kocide® 2000 and Kocide® 4.5 LF effectively reduce feeding in these common pest species.
Comparison of Fungicides for the Control of Powdery Mildew on Dogwood
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Olive J. W. , Stephenson J. , Rivas-Davila Maria 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Efficacy of selected registered fungicides and trifloxystrobin, was evaluated for the control of powdery mildew (Erysiphe pulchra) on container-grown flowering dogwood (Cornus florida). Bare-root trees were transplanted into a pine bark/peat moss substrate and maintained under a 47% shade cloth. All fungicide treatments significantly reduced the incidence of powdery mildew compared with the untreated control. During the trial period, the most consistent control of powdery mildew was given by azoxystrobin [Heritage® 50W] at 0.16 g ai/liter or propiconazole [Banner MAXX®] at 0.07 g ai/liter, respectively. In two of three years, myclobutanil [Eagle® 40W] at 0.24 g ai/liter was equally effective in controlling this disease as the above fungicides. Copper sulfate pentahydrate [Phyton 27®] at 0.74 g ai/liter gave similar control of powdery mildew in three of four years as propiconazole but was not quite as effective in controlling this disease as azoxystrobin. Paraffinic oil at 1% v/v [Sunspray Ultrafine Oil®] was slightly less effective in controlling powdery mildew than azoxystrobin or myclobutanil. However, no more than 6% leaves on the paraffinic oil-treated dogwood were colonized in any year by E. pulchra, compared with 75% colonization for the untreated controls. Although thiophanate methyl [3336™ 4.5F] at 0.84 g ai/liter and triadimefon [Bayleton® WSP] at 0.16 g ai/liter reduced powdery mildew incidence compared with the untreated control, the level of leaf colonization in three of four years was significantly higher than other fungicides. Trifloxystrobin [Compass™ 50W] at the 0.04 g ai/liter rate gave better control of powdery mildew when applied at 1- and 2-week intervals than on a monthly schedule. In contrast, the 0.08 and 0.16 g ai/liter rate of this fungicide were almost equally effective in controlling this disease at 1-, 2-, and 4-week intervals. When applied on the same schedule, myclobutanil (0.24 g ai/liter) gave the same level of powdery mildew control as all three rates of trifloxystrobin. In 1999, moderate to excellent control of powdery mildew with trifloxystrobin, propiconazole, and azoxystrobin resulted in a significant gains in tree dimensions and trunk caliper over those recorded for the untreated flowering dogwood. No symptoms of phytotoxicity were associated with the use of any of the fungicides screened.
Use of Mushroom Compost to Suppress Artillery Fungi
Authors: Davis Donald D. , Kuhns Larry J. , Harpster Tracey L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mushroom compost (spent mushroom substrate, SMS, mushroom soil) exhibits suppressive characteristics against various fungi, as well as against plant diseases caused by fungi. In addition, mushroom compost has physical and chemical characteristics that make it ideal for blending with landscape mulch to enhance growth of horticultural plants. There is currently an oversupply of used compost in mushroom-growing areas, where it represents a major disposal and regulatory problem. Concurrently, artillery fungi (Sphaerobolus spp.), which commonly live in landscape mulch, have recently become a plague for many homeowners due to the sticky spore masses they expel onto houses and cars. There is increasing interest among homeowners to control artillery fungi without the use of chemical fungicides. Therefore, we have explored the use of aged mushroom compost as a biocontrol agent for artillery fungi. The abundance of mushroom compost, as well as its antagonistic nature to fungi, made it an ideal candidate to blend with landscape mulch to suppress artillery fungi without the use of fungicides. We previously reported that 100% aged mushroom compost suppressed artillery fungi. In the current 3-year field study, we examined the suppressive nature of lower percentages of aged mushroom compost blended with wood landscape mulch. Lower percentages of compost did suppress artillery fungi, but the high variability in the data precluded detailed statistical analyses. Nevertheless, blending mushroom compost with landscape mulch may yield a possible solution for both the compost disposal and the artillery fungi problems.
Feeding, Weight Change, Survival, and Aggregation of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Seven Varieties of Differentially-Aged Mulch
Authors: Pinzon O.P. , Houseman R.M. , Starbuck C.J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seven commercially-available mulches were aged outdoors for 0, 6 and 12 months then compared for suitability to the subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in non-choice and multi-choice tests under laboratory conditions. Mean differences in mulch consumption, individual termite weight change, and termite worker survival were examined in non-choice tests while mulch consumption and termite aggregation were measured in multi-choice tests. Non-choice tests did not reveal differences in consumption between mulches of the same age. However, mulch consumption and survival increased with mulch age and termite weight loss decreased with mulch age. In multi-choice tests feeding and aggregation preferences shifted with mulch age.
Micropropagation of ‘Amethyst’ Purple Raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L. x R. idaeus L. ‘Amethyst’)
Authors: Dai Wenhao , Magnusson Victoria A. , Hatterman-Valenti Harlene , Carter Jack F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A micropropagation method was developed for a cold hardy purple raspberry cultivar (Rubus occidentalis × R. idaeus ‘Amethyst’). In vitro shoot cultures were initiated from shoot tips of a 30-year old ‘Amethyst’ plant. The effects of basal medium, plant growth regulator, and temperature on shoot proliferation were investigated. Shoots were produced from explants in both Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Driver-Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) media supplemented with different concentrations of thidiazuron (TDZ) and benzyladenine (BA), solely or combined. One micro molar TDZ gave rise to the maximum proliferation rate. Interactions between BA and medium or TDZ were significant. Shoots produced on media with 1.0 μM TDZ had thick stems and small, dark green leaves whether BA was absent or present. Shoots can be rooted both in vitro and ex vitro with or without IBA at 0 to 1.0 μM. However, combination of rooting and shoot multiplication by adding a low level of TDZ to rooting medium produced multi-cane plants resulting in shortening propagation time, increasing survival rate, and lowering the production cost.
Axillary Shoot Growth, Rooting and Overwinter Survival in Stem Cuttings of Viburnum dentatum ‘Chicago Luster’
Authors: Wilson Philip J. , Struve Daniel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effects of stock plant and cutting manipulation on propagation success of Viburnum dentatum ‘Chicago Luster’ were studied. One-node semi-hardwood stem cuttings were harvested from greenhouse-grown stock plants. Cuttings from plants decapitated 21 days before harvest (compared to non-decapitated plants), and one-leaf (compared to two-leaf) cuttings, had relatively high rooting potential and a high initial percentage of axillary shoot flushing. However, subsequent shoot growth, and overwinter survival, were less. A second stock plant decapitation resulted in the flushing and initial growth of all axillary shoots by the time cuttings were stuck. These cuttings all survived the propagation phase and soon resumed shoot growth, even after transplanting, and the plants all survived the following winter. In cuttings with actively growing axillary shoots, shoot extension growth was greatest in cuttings reduced at sticking to one leaf and one shoot in the leafless axil, but the radial distribution of roots was not uniform, being concentrated in the same 180° sector of the stem as the shoot. Incorporating controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) in the rooting substrate during the propagation phase tended to reduce initial survival but promoted rooting and shoot growth among the survivors, even after transplanting and increased overwinter survival.
Harvest Season and Fertilizer Effects on Seed Production of Leavenworth's Coreopsis
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , Aldrich James H. , Martin Frank G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Effects of season and fertilization on seed production were investigated for a central Florida ecotype of Leavenworth's coreopsis (Coreopsis leavenworthii Torr. & A. Gray) grown in containers. Since container-grown ecotypes of native, herbaceous species are frequently grown using nutrient regimes lower than those for production of typical garden plants, Osmocote 18N–2.6P–10K (18–6–12;8–9 month formulation) was incorporated into the soilless substrate at one-half the low, low, and medium label rates for container-grown herbaceous plants [1.8, 3.6, and 5.4 kg/m3 (3.0, 6.0, and 9.0 lb/yd3], respectively. Seed were harvested from mature heads (capitulescences) in late May to mid-July, and then again from late July to late October after plants had been cut back and reflowered. Seed yield and quality were greatest for the May–July harvest. Averaged over fertilizer rate, there were 3-fold more filled seed per mature head for the May–July harvest than during July–October. Mature head production was most responsive to increases in fertilizer rate during May–July. Percent germination of viable seed was nearly 90% or more for both harvests, but there were more viable seed for May–July than for July–October (75 vs. 57%). Seed also ripened much more uniformly during May–July then during July–October. Based on these conditions and results, the best time to harvest seed was from May to early July.
Long-Term Growth of Live Oak Propagated from Rhizomic Shoot Cuttings or Seeds
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung , Niu Genhua 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rhizomic shoot cuttings of live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) were taken from a single tree about 50 years old in late August 1990, rooted, and planted into 2.6 liter (#1) plastic pots. Concurrently, acorns were collected from the same tree and germinated. Trees from both sources were planted into 13 liter (#5) plastic pots in July 1991 and then to the field in July 1992 either directly in the ground, in 37 or 46 cm (14 and 18 in) diameter polypropylene fabric bags buried in the ground, or in 13 liter pots (#5) placed on the surface. Trunk circumference 10 cm (4 in) above the soil line was measured yearly between 1993 and 1999. Initially, trees from rhizomic shoot cuttings grew slower than seedlings based on trunk circumference, diameter, and cross-sectional area. However, there were no statistical differences after 1996 in trunk circumference, diameter and cross-sectional area between the trees propagated from rhizomic shoot cuttings and seeds. Only in 1993, trees in 37 cm (14 in) bags and plastic pots had greater growth than trees in the ground. About one-third of the seedling trees produced rhizomic shoots in comparison to none of the trees from rhizomic shoot cuttings.
Effect of Potting Media Components on the Infectivity of Metarhizium anisopliae against the Black Vine Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Bruck Denny J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The black vine weevil (BVW), Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.) is a serious pest of nursery crops, particularly in the Pacific Northwest. The fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae (F52), has recently been registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for BVW control. The objective of this study was to determine the persistence of M. anisopliae in five common soilless potting media components (coir, fir bark, hemlock bark, peat moss and perlite), which was measured as pathogenicity against BVW larvae. Fungal granules (½ lb/yd3) were incorporated with each media component at potting and fungal persistence determined for 133 days. Experiments were performed with and without plants to determine if the presence of a plant impacted fungal persistence. Overall, the fungus persisted well in all of the potting media components tested up to 133 days post application. Persistence was somewhat lower in the first experiment, likely due to fluctuating media moisture. In the second experiment, with more stable media moisture levels, the percentage of larval infection did not drop below 88% in any media at 133 days post application. It is likely that M. anisopliae will persist well and provide high levels of BVW larval control in most of the commercial potting media used in containerized nursery production, particularly those comprised primarily of the media components tested in these studies.
Use of Thermal Dissipation Probes to Estimate Water Loss of Containerized Landscape Trees
Authors: Montague Thayne , Kjelgren Roger 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Granier style thermal dissipation probes (TDPs) have been used to estimate whole plant water use on a variety of tree and vine species. However, studies using TDPs and load cells (gravimetric water loss) to estimate water use of landscape tree species are rare. This research compared gravimetric water loss (estimated with load cells) of four containerized landscape tree species with water loss estimated with TDPs. Over a 66 day period, an experiment compared water loss of three established, 5.0 cm (2 in) caliper poplar (Populus nigra ‘Italica’) trees in 75-liter (20 gal) containers on load cells to TDP estimated water loss. Each tree had a single 30 mm (1.2 inch) TDP inserted into the trunk at four heights above soil level (15, 30, 45, and 60 cm (6, 12, 18, and 24 in, respectively)). Data revealed TDP estimated water loss was less than load cell estimated water loss regardless of TDP height, but TDP estimated water loss at the 30 cm height was closest to actual load cell estimated tree water loss. Over the next three years, similar sized Bradford pear (Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’), English oak (Quercus robur x Q. bicolor ‘Asjes’), poplar (Populus deltoides ‘Siouxland’), and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua ‘Rotundiloba’) trees in containers were placed on load cells and one 30 mm TDP was placed into the trunk of each tree 30 cm above soil level. Over an extended time period, tree water loss was estimated using load cells and TDPs. Hourly TDP water loss estimates for each species over a three day period indicate TDP estimated water loss followed similar trends as load cell estimated water loss. However, TDP estimates were generally less than load cell estimates, especially during peak transpiration periods. For each species, mean total daily water loss estimates were less for TDP estimated water loss when compared to load cell estimated water loss. Although TDP estimated water loss has been correlated with actual tree water loss for many species, these data suggest errors may arise when using TDPs to estimate water loss of small, containerized landscape tree species.