bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modification of a Square Cylinder Wake through a Secondary Upstream Cylinder
Authors: Hamid A.H.A. , Jali M.S.M , Azmi A.M. , Noh M.H.M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
One of the inherent characteristics of a bluff body is the large drag coefficient even at a relatively low velocity. The condition is made worse when the flow separates from the body, and a time-dependent flow occurs downstream of the body; i.e. a vortex shedding phenomenon. It has been shown that suppression of the vortex shedding can significantly reduce drag coefficient of the bluff body. The present study investigates the intensity of the resulting laminar wake of a single and two square cylinders in tandem arrangement, where the intensity was measured through the lift force signals. The findings indicated that the presence of the secondary cylinder significantly altered the magnitude of lift force of the cylinder system, particularly at high Reynolds numbers under the laminar flow regime. Furthermore, the magnitude of lift force was lower when the secondary cylinder was separated from the main cylinder as compared to the case where both cylinders were attached.
Improvement of Insulation Material for Cool Box Application
Authors: Khairulmaini M. , Michael Z. , Shah M. A. M. , Zakaria M. S. , Abdullah B. , Rashid A. A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Current conventional cool boxes which use expanded polystyrene (EPS) as its insulating material cannot seem to maintain storage at low temperature for long periods. This study aims to determine the effect for different types of insulating materials which can be used in cool boxes to improve its thermal insulation. Using theoretical and simulation approach, three out of six potential insulating materials were chosen in terms of their heat transfer rate, and temperature at the outer wall. The three best insulating materials, polyurethane (PU), expanded polystyrene (EPS) and poly-glass fibre (PGF) were then tested at three different room temperatures experimentally using the thermal insulation test to determine the best insulating material for a cool box. Tensile and density were also conducted to identify the mechanical behaviour and properties of these insulating materials. From the results obtained from the experiment, polyurethane (PU) recorded the longest time taken for ice to change into water at the three different temperatures when compared to other insulating materials. The results showed that when thermal conductivity is low, the heat transferred through the walls of the cool box was also low thus resulting in better thermal insulation of the cool box. This study gives a better understanding in term of thermal insulation and the results obtained from this study can help with the production of better cool boxes with improved thermal insulation.
FEM-based Virtual Manufacturing and Testing Procedure for Resistance Spot Welding
Authors: Yusuf M. N. , Rahman W. E. W. , Manurung Y. H. P. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This research focused on the development of numerical approximation procedure applied for resistance spot welding process which includes testing procedure to evaluate the tensile strength of a spot welded joint. The spot weld is modelled according to standardized dimension for tensile test with main material properties of Cu-sw as electrode and low carbon steel S235 as sheets with 1mm thickness. It is including electric conductivity, resistivity and heat transfer coefficient in solid body as well as contact interface. The FEM simulation is conducted using the process parameter of current 15,000A, force 5,000 N and different stages of time following the welding process and tensile test which is simulated after released both electrodes and material reaches the initial temperature with contact clamp velocity of 5mm/min. It is expected that the resistance spot welding process can be successfully simulated and producing result within acceptable range of errors.
Steady-state heat flow through hollow clay bricks
Authors: Ghailane H , Ahamat M A , Padzi M Md , Beddu S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Clay bricks are commonly used for building wall. One of the functions of a wall is to create a habitable internal environment, such as enabling internal temperature to be controlled at a human comfort level (~24°C) which is lower than the outside temperature for hot and humid climate countries. Thus, it is important for clay bricks to minimize heat flow into the building to reduce the energy consumption by air-conditioning system. The aim of this paper is to investigate the reduction of heat flow through hollow clay bricks relative to solid bricks. Finite element method was used to simulate steady-state heat transfer through solid and hollow clay bricks. Several arrangements of cavities filled with air, wool and expanded foam were simulated. It was found that the effective thermal conductivity reached almost a constant when the void volume and reduction in cross-sectional area exceeds 10%. Generally, heat transfer through hollow clay brick is expected to be significantly lower than the solid clay brick. It can be concluded that building wall made from hollow clay bricks could reduce the energy consumption by its air conditioning system. Future work is on the transient heat flow analysis and evaluation of mechanical properties of hollow clay bricks.
Towards a smart simulation of surface modification by thermochemical treatments for stainless steel in the industrial revolution 4.0
Authors: Fanya Annissa , Haruman Esa , Adenan Mohd Shahriman 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper provides a conceptual basis of the development of a virtual process control design using smart simulation in the thermochemical surface engineering design for stainless steel. A historical review as a foundation of further development in attaining a smart simulation on low temperature thermochemical treatments is highlighted. Both scientific platforms and commercial explorations are suggested to thoroughly study the possibility of attaining a smart simulation on this material manufacturing related field. It is concluded that three essential stages of future works need to be performed: the construction of base points, model and simulation development, and advancement of simulation related to additive manufacturing to create a smart simulation in the industry 4.0 era.
Capability analysis of Puck damage model in predicting the damage behavior of unidirectional composite laminates under different scenarios
Authors: Meon M S , Husain H , Saedon J B , Shawal S , Mohamad Nor N H , Rao M N , Schröder K-U 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Composite materials have been broadly used in many engineering fields because of their distinctive properties. They have advantages over metals as their properties offer significant advantages such as very good strength to weight ratio. However, failure in composite structures due to interlaminar and intralaminar raises a maintenance concern because it can lead to invisible damage. Therefore, this paper presents the capability of three-dimensional Puck failure criteria with gradual degradation rule to predict the structural responses, as well as the onset and propagation of failure due to variation of the situation in a composite laminate. The proposed damage model is achieved via the implementation of user-subroutines both in statics and explicit analysis using Abaqus software. Three different scenarios are investigated which were open-hole tension, low-velocity impact, and multi-bolt double-lap joint. The force-displacement and force-time curves are recorded and compared with experimental data taken from literature to measure the performance of such damage model. It is found out that the model adopted here responses well with test curves and demonstrates the high capability of predicting the damage in the direction of in-plane and out-of-plane in a composite laminate.
Simulation of thermal spray process of a three phase flow calculation with substrate temperature of 300K
Authors: Noh M H M , Hamid A H A , Sawada N , Mori K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We propose a particle method (MPS method) which can analyse the large deformation, splitting and coalescence of liquid as a new calculation method and a gas-liquid coupling method of finite volume method which can stably solve the compressible flow. By doing this, we aim to solve the interface resolution problem in the interface capture method and to establish a complicated gas-liquid multiphase flow analysis method that can deal with large deformation case. At the temperature of 300K, the validity of the flow field is consistent with the reference. The processes from the acceleration and deformation of a droplet to the solidification of the droplet on a substrate are successfully being observed. The shape of the splat is influence by substrate temperature.
Comparative analysis on integrated digital forensic tools for digital forensic investigation
Authors: Lee Jae-Ung , Soh Woo-Young 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
As a variety of digital devices have recently become widely commercialized, digital forensics, a process where electronic information stored in digital devices is accurately identified, collected, preserved and analysed and the information is submitted to the court as evidence, is gaining enormous popularity. This paper analyses characteristics, applications, limitations of digital forensic tools and compare the tool with others in terms of ease of use, thereby helping investigators to adopt integrated digital forensic tools in their investigation.
Electromyography Analysis of Lower Extremity Muscles during Squat and Stoop Movement
Authors: Mohd Salleh Noor Azlina , Noor Sazali Muhammad Syukran Al-Baria , Che Zakaria Noor Ayuni , Mustafah Nadia Mohd , Azaman Aizreena 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
There are different styles of lifting objects of the ground, and each style gives out different percentage of contribution of each muscle. The purpose of this study is to investigate the muscle activity between stooping and squatting to avoid low back pain and how the muscle activities differ from a correct technique of squatting, and an incorrect one. The Rectus Abdominis, Erector Spinae, Quadriceps and Hamstrings muscle were chosen to be monitored for differences in this study. Selected subjects were two healthy males, with the same height and age, one subject has no experience in doing squats – define as amateur, and the other subject know the basic method of squat-ting – define as non-amateur. In order to capture and analyze the activity of the muscles, Myon EMG and ProEMG software were used. Participants performed, stooping and squatting movement for 12 repetitions with 5 minutes’ rest in between. The muscle activation strength was obtained by calculating the Root Mean Square of the EMG data. Results shows that the non-amateur gave out greater RMS difference in muscle activation for the Erector Spinae and Rectus Abdominis among other muscles compared to amateur for both stooping and squatting. Another finding was that, the results of a non-amateur were more balanced between both left and right muscles activation compared to the amateur subject. These observations raised the need of mind muscle connection and muscle coordination in order to lift efficiently in order to avoid low back injury.
Numerical computation for prediction of grain growth on stainless steel 316L
Authors: Muhammad Norasiah , Manurung Yupiter HP , Mat Muhd Faiz , Abdul Ghani Mohamad Syakir , Graf Marcel , Adams Tom-Eric , Kassim Khairulnizam , Adenan Shahriman 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This research aims to predict the grain size growth using numerical computation. The material to be investigated is stainless steel 316L (SS316L). The mathematical modeling is derived into two cases, namely with the absence of precipitate (free growth) and with the presence of growing precipitates. The numerical computation involves ordinary differential equation using Runge-Kutta 4th order written with FORTRAN language. The experimental verification is carried out by using quenching and deformation dilatometers. It can be concluded that modified kinetic constant (Mo*) should be defined differently for certain temperature range.
MXene-graphene hybrid nanoflakes as friction modifiers for outboard engine oil
Authors: Rasheed Abdul Khaliq , Khalid Mohammad , Mohd Nor Ariff Farhan Bin , Wong Wai Yin , Duolikun Tuerxun , Natu Varun , Barsoum Michel. W. , Leo Bey Fen , Zaharin Haizum Aimi , Ghazali Mariyam Jameelah 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
MXenes are a relatively new type of two-dimensional materials which remain largely unexplored in terms of tribological applications. In this research, hybrid comprising Ti3C2-NG (MXene-Nitrogen-doped Graphene) is synthesized in an attempt to enhance the thermal and tribological properties of Outboard Marine Engine Oil. Oil sample were prepared using the two-step method which involved optimization of mixing technique and followed by tests according to ASTM standards. Results revealed that the thermal conductivity of the oil is enhanced by 6.62% for 15 minutes high shear blending whereas the viscosity is reduced by 4.71%. The decrease in viscosity could be as a result of pockets of debilitated intermolecular bonds in oil due to nanoparticles addition. Further, the Newtonian behaviour oil remains unchanged with the addition of nanoparticles. However, increasing shear rate revealed dilatant behaviour of the nanofluids corresponding to Taylor-Couette flow. The hybrid nanoflakes doesn’t significantly alter the anti-friction and anti-wear behaviour of the oils although the coefficient of friction is decreased in the presence of 0.01 wt.% Ti3C2 additive nanoparticle by a marginal <1%.
Development of Kuala Lumpur driving cycle for the estimation of fuel consumption and vehicular emission
Authors: Mohd Suhaimi Muhammad Farhan , Mohd Salleh Noor Azlina , Madani Sahari Dato’ Ts. Mohamad , Sarip Mohd Sharulnizam 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Driving cycles is a series of data points representing the speed of vehicle verses time sequence profile developed for certain road, route, specific area or city. Generally, driving cycle is used to estimate the fuel consumption (FC) and vehicular exhaust emission. The common factors that affected the FC and exhaust emission are the engine operating conditions such as cold start, low engine loads and high engine loads which are found during actual driving. The research presents the measurement and analysis of engine conditions based on actual driving behaviours in an attempt to formulate representative driving cycle for Kuala Lumpur. The methodology used for this research is adapted from the Worldwide Harmonized Light-duty Test Cycle (WLTC) introduced by the working party on pollution and energy (GRPE) under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). This research covered a wide area of paved road in Kuala Lumpur, about 62.34% by surveying the road condition on the eight selected routes. The used of On-board Diagnostic (OBD) and Global Positioning System (GPS) equipment are used to record the vehicle travel speed during data collection activity. The driving characteristics are then analysed from speed profile and its target statistic parameters are defined to develop representative driving cycle. The characteristics of the newly developed driving cycle are compared to the European driving cycle which is currently being used in Malaysia for new vehicle certification and registration. Therefore, the correlation of FC is derived to indicate the impacts of real-world driving conditions relative to domestic conditions.
Low Head Micro Hydro Systems for Rural Electrification
Authors: Tamiri F M , Ismail M A , Muzammil W K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Off-grid micro hydro is an economical and practical approach to generate electric power to fulfil energy demand in rural areas. Large numbers of successful high head micro hydro project have been reported however the application of low head micro hydro system is scarce. Low head micro hydro system commonly recognized using complex profile blades, larger civil structure and electromechanical components to extract energy. This leads to a more complex system and higher cost with respect to similar power rating. On the other hand, the potential to exploit low head micro hydro system is enormous because there is where population is concentrated. The aim of this paper is to present the main issues and technologies encircled the application of low head micro hydro power for rural electrifications. Reviews on relevant issues on micro hydro surrounding available turbines for low head sites, civil structures and electric motor are also presented. This is followed by accentuating the importance of information dissemination using the internet to potential users. The information can be used by researchers, plant managers, individual or rural communities to understand the potential of available technologies.
Electromyography (EMG) for Assessment in Low Back Pain; Erector Spinae Muscle
Authors: Che Hamid Nur Hajariah , Zakaria Ayuni Che , Mustafah Nadia Mohd , Azaman Aizreena , Johar Khairunnisa 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The purpose of electromyography (EMG) study is to identify which position of surface EMG sensor attached to erector spinae muscle related with lower back pain by squat and stoop lifting technique. This is to avoid lower back pain (LBP) occur during Manual Materials Handling (MMH). There are only one types of upper extremity muscle were chosen to be monitored in this study which is erector spinae (ES) muscle with different electrodes placement on the surface electromyography (sEMG) sensor. However, each of the lifting styles come out with the different reading of root mean square (RMS) frequency for each muscle chosen. In this study, the two subjects consist of two females with normal body mass index (BMI) range from 18.5 to 24.9 with same physical measurement, was selected in order to perform both styles of lifting which are squatting and stooping. For every session the subject will undertake 15 repetitions with 15 minutes rest in between for each movement. In furtherance of to get the analysis muscle activity, proEMG software is used. The results of study for subject female 1 showed that the squat technique had higher levels of muscle activation compared to stoop technique on left erector spinae (LES) muscle. However, the LES muscle activation for subject 2 is greater at stoop activity. On the contrary, squat technique had lower fatigue analysis compared to stoop technique for both subjects on LES muscle. Conclusion, squat technique is better than stoop technique but stoop lift is more natural and spontaneously used for MMH.
Thermal Conductivity and Permeability Studies of Recycle Copper Wire Mesh
Authors: Michael Z. , Martius M. S. , Khairulmaini M. , Ismail M. H. , Halmy M. N. , Jahi T. M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Copper is well known as a valuable material, particularly for electrical industries due to its excellent properties. Besides, the price for copper scrap is also higher in comparison with other metal scrap materials found in many electrical appliances such as computer equipment, electric motor, transformer, and other components. This paper describes the potential of recycled copper wire shaped into a form suitable for heat sink application. The samples of wire mesh for this research were fabricated by compacting copper wire with different weight. Compaction was done to form a cylindrical shape with a diameter and height of approximately 25 mm and 30 mm, respectively. These samples were evaluated for porosity, thermal conductivity, and permeability. The experimental results showed that the sample with the lowest porosity exhibited great promising conductivity. In addition, lowering the amount of copper wire in compaction resulted in low density, thus improved its lightweight properties. The greater amount of porosity resulted in greater permeability. The optimum properties with a combination of the excellent thermal conductivity and permeability are necessary for heat sink application to ensure that the parts work effectively.
The Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Corrosion of Coated Stainless Steel
Authors: Ahmad Nurulnatisya , Abdullah Bulan , Mohd Najib Adib Ruzaini , Alias Siti Khadijah , Sulaiman Syidatul Akma , Wong Freddawati Rashiddy 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUnderwater steel structure such as Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) unit was exposed to corrosion element during its operated working hours and at different depth of sea level depending on its operational requirement. The different depth of each operational indicates the different pressure effects under water. The coated material was affected by the corrosion and may have changed in its micro substructure thus decreases the corrosion resistance. The aim of this study was to analyse the corrosion rate of the pressure effects on the coated materials through several testing. The type of coated material used is Commercial Anti-Corrosion spray. The tests done by pressurized the specimen at 2, 6 and 10 atm. The corrosion rates are determined by using immersion and weight loss. The specimens were soaked in the sea water with timeline of 24 hours. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and microstructure observation are used to observed and determine the corrosion morphology of the specimen changes before and after immersion test. As a result, the pressure plays a major role on the corrosion effect and coating materials. The increments of pressure will deteriorated the corrosion resistance of the specimens. However, the coating materials can only slow down the deterioration process of the specimen.
Effect of surface attrition on hardness on the hardness and wear properties of 304 stainless steels
Authors: Alias S K , Halmy M N , Shah M A M , Ahmad N N , Sulaiman S A , Pahroraji H.F. , Abdullah B 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The occurrence of wear in austenitic stainless steel is inevitably unavoidable due to the presence of high chromium content and other alloying elements that hinder the implementation of surface treatment process. This process is usually use to improve the hardness and wear properties of steels and alloys by diffusing hard protected layer on the surface of the material. This paper investigates the effect of surface attrition on the hardness and wear properties of paste boronized 304 stainless steel. Surface attrition treatment was applied onto the surface of 304 stainless steel before paste boronizing was conducted at temperature of 850°C for 8 hours holding times. The microstructure of the boronized samples before and after surface attrition treatment was then observed and recorded in order to compare the phase constituent and boride layer thickness. The hardness of each phases was then evaluated using Vickers microhardness test and the wear resistance test of both paste boronized sample and surface attrited samples after boronizing was performed using pin on disk test. The microstructure results show that there are presences of both FeB and Fe2B phases on the surface of Pa-B850 and Pa-SB with boride layer thickness improvement of 3 times compared to untreated samples. This lead to enhancement of both hardness and wear resistance of the paste boronized samples due to better protection on the surface of the 304 stainless steel. The improvement of wear and hardness properties of 304 stainless steel could introduce new application that could be exposed to environment containing friction and wear.