bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic hepatitis C virus infection impairs natural killer cells–dendritic cells cross‐talk: Anin vitroculture study
Authors: Ragab Dina , Samaha Dalia , Mohamed Nesrine , Rafik Mona , Abdel Hady Walid 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo examine the cross‐talk between NK cells and DCs in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we isolated monocytes and NK cells from 20 chronic HCV patients and 20 healthy controls. Monocytes were used to generate immature DCs which were pulsed with HCV peptides (core, NS3–NS4, and NS5). Four different cocultures were carried out: E1, both DCs and NK cells were from a chronic HCV patient; E2, NK cells from a healthy control cocultured with DCs from a chronic HCV patient; E3, NK cells from a chronic HCV patient cocultured with DCs from a healthy control; and E4, both DCs and NK cells were from a healthy control. Using flow cytometry, we assessed the effect of these different cocultures on levels of maturation markers on DCs and levels of activation/inhibition markers on NK cells. Results showed that peptide‐pulsed HCV DCs showed a maturation defect in the form of decreased HLA‐DR, decreased CD86, and increased CD83 expression especially when cocultured with HCV NK. This was mainly due to core peptide pulsing and to a lesser extent due to NS5 pulsing, whereas there was no effect with NS3–NS4 pulsing. Alternatively, HCV NK cells upregulated both activation and inhibition markers especially when cocultured with healthy DCs. Compared with E2, E1 resulted in higher apoptosis of both NK cells and DCs with the percentage of NK apoptosis higher than that of DCs. Taken together, the data indicate that HCV infection impairs NK–DC cross‐talk which may be a leading cause in viral persistence and chronicity.
The burden of ischemic heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus attributable to diet high in sugar‐sweetened beverages in China: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
Authors: Li Man , Li Xiaojie , Zhao Yanfang , Zhang Lu , Yang Jing , Zhou Maigeng , Wang Zhuoqun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to estimate the burden of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) attributable to a diet high in sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) in China from 1990 to 2017.MethodsData from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 were used to assess all‐age and age‐standardized, risk‐attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLL), years of life with disability (YLD), and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) by age, sex, year, province, and sociodemographic index (SDI).ResultsFor total noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), 12 523 (95% uncertainty interval 776‐27 631) deaths, 305 288 (18 611‐661 847) YLL, 142 051 (64 530‐257 468) YLD, and 447 339 (132 677‐858 838) DALYs were attributable to diet high in SSBs in 2017, particularly among males. Age‐standardized, risk‐attributable mortality, YLL, YLD, and DALY rates increased distinctly by 507.3%, 410.3%, 571.0%, and 453.3% from 1990 to 2017 respectively. Age‐sex–specific, risk‐attributable mortality and YLL rates for IHD in older adults (over 65 years) were higher than in young (between 25 and 39 years) and middle‐aged adults (between 40 and 64 years) in 2017; however, the YLD and DALY rates for T2DM were higher in young and middle‐aged males than in older males. The age‐standardized, risk‐attributable DALY rates for total NCDs increased substantially in high‐SDI and high‐middle–SDI provinces during the period.ConclusionsChina has a huge and growing burden of IHD and T2DM attributable to diet high in SSBs, particularly among young and middle‐aged male adults in wealthier provinces. Evidence‐based public health policies at the provincial levels to reduce the consumption of SSBs should be prioritized in China.
The chromosome‐level genome sequence and karyotypic evolution of Megadenia pygmaea (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Yang Wenjie , Zhang Lei , Mandáková Terezie , Huang Li , Li Ting , Jiang Jiebei , Yang Yongzhi , Lysak Martin A. , Liu Jianquan , Hu Quanjun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractKaryotypic changes in chromosome number and structure are drivers in the divergent evolution of diverse plant species and lineages. This study aimed to reveal the origins of the unique karyotype (2n = 12) and phylogenetic relationships of the genus Megadenia (Brassicaceae). A high‐quality chromosome‐scale genome was assembled for Megadenia pygmaea using Nanopore long reads and high‐throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C). The assembled genome is 215.2 Mb and is anchored on six pseudochromosomes. We annotated a total of 25,607 high‐confidence protein‐coding genes and corroborated the phylogenetic affinity of Megadenia with the Brassicaceae expanded lineage II, containing numerous agricultural crops. We dated the divergence of Megadenia from its closest relatives to 27.04 (19.11–36.60) million years ago. A reconstruction of the chromosomal composition of the species was performed based on the de novo assembled genome and comparative chromosome painting analysis. The karyotype structure of M. pygmaea is very similar to the previously inferred proto‐Calepineae karyotype (PCK; n = 7) of the lineage II. However, an end‐to‐end translocation between two ancestral chromosomes reduced the chromosome number from n = 7 to n = 6 in Megadenia. Our reference genome provides fundamental information for karyotypic evolution and evolutionary study of this genus.
The association of telomere length with substance use disorders: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Navarro‐Mateu Fernando , Husky Mathilde , Cayuela‐Fuentes Pedro , Álvarez Francisco‐Javier , Roca‐Vega Agustín , Rubio‐Aparicio María , Chirlaque María Dolores , Cayuela María Luisa , Martínez Salvador , Sánchez‐Meca Julio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsSeveral recent studies have investigated the relationship between telomere length and substance use disorders with inconsistent results. We aimed to assess this association and to identify moderators of the relationship.MethodsSystematic review and meta‐analysis. Selection criteria were observational studies reporting telomere length in people with a substance use disorder compared with a control group. Studies focused solely on nicotine addiction, employing other study designs, and non‐human studies were excluded. Study selection and data extraction were independently conducted by two researchers following a standardized protocol and included studies until December 2019. Standardized mean differences were used as the effect size index [d; 95% confidence interval (CI)] and random‐effects models were used for the meta‐analysis. Cochran's Q‐statistic, I2 index, visual inspection of the forest plot and a 95% prediction interval were applied to verify study heterogeneity. Subgroup analyses and meta‐regressions were conducted to explore heterogeneity. Small study effects were examined using the ‘funnel plot’, the Egger test, Duval & Tweedie's trim‐and‐fill method and the precision‐effect test–precision‐effect estimate with standard error (PET‐PEESE) method. The risk of bias and the quality of evidence were assessed.ResultsTen studies (12 analysis units with 2671 cases and 4532 controls) met the selection criteria. An overall effect size of moderate magnitude was found (d+ = −0.63; 95% CI = −1.00 and −0.26; P = 0.0008). A potential small study effect was detected, as well as large heterogeneity between studies (Q‐statistic P < 0.001, I2 = 97.3%). Selection of controls, reporting laboratory quality control procedures and total sample size significantly affected the effect size. The quality of the evidence was very low, based on risk of bias analysis and the grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) system.ConclusionsPeople with substance use disorders appear to have shorter telomere length than controls; however, this finding should be interpreted with caution due to the poor quality of the evidence.
Drug‐specific T‐cell responses in patients with liver injury following treatment with the BACE inhibitor atabecestat
Authors: Thomson Paul J. , Kafu Laila , Meng Xiaoli , Snoeys Jan , De Bondt An , De Maeyer Dries , Wils Hans , Leclercq Laurent , Vinken Petra , Naisbitt Dean J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundAtabecestat is an orally administered BACE inhibitor developed to treat Alzheimer's disease. Elevations in hepatic enzymes were detected in a number of in trial patients, which resulted in termination of the drug development programme. Immunohistochemical characterization of liver tissue from an index case of atabecestat‐mediated liver injury revealed an infiltration of T‐lymphocytes in areas of hepatocellular damage. This coupled with the fact that liver injury had a delayed onset suggests that the adaptive immune system may be involved in the pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to generate and characterize atabecestat(metabolite)‐responsive T‐cell clones from patients with liver injury.MethodsPeripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with atabecestat and its metabolites (diaminothiazine [DIAT], N‐acetyl DIAT & epoxide) and cloning was attempted in a number of patients. Atabecestat(metabolite)‐responsive clones were analysed in terms of T‐cell phenotype, function, pathways of T‐cell activation and cross‐reactivity with structurally related compounds.ResultsCD4+ T‐cell clones activated with the DIAT metabolite were detected in 5 out of 8 patients (up to 4.5% cloning efficiency). Lower numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ clones displayed reactivity against atabecestat. Clones proliferated and secreted IFN‐γ, IL‐13 and cytolytic molecules following atabecestat or DIAT stimulation. Certain atabecestat and DIAT‐responsive clones cross‐reacted with N‐acetyl DIAT; however, no cross‐reactivity was observed between atabecestat and DIAT. CD4+ clones were activated through a direct, reversible compound‐HLA class II interaction with no requirement for protein processing.ConclusionThe detection of atabecestat metabolite‐responsive T‐cell clones activated via a pharmacological interactions pathway in patients with liver injury is indicative of an immune‐based mechanism for the observed hepatic enzyme elevations.
Locating the Farmer: Ideologies of Agricultural Labor in Bihar, India
Authors: Kantor Hayden S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEthnographic fieldwork in Bihar, India, reveals paradoxes at the core of contemporary agriculture. Rural people view growing their own food as a crucial bulwark against the vicissitudes of the market but prioritize off‐farm employment to meet rising household expenses. Landowners who cultivate crops often refer to themselves as unemployed while complaining about a lack of laborers to work the land. They do not always refer to themselves as farmers, while many people who do not call themselves farmers nevertheless perform farm work and rely on agriculture as a livelihood. These paradoxes point to the fuzziness and incoherence surrounding the term “farmer” as both an identity and analytical concept. Ideologies of agricultural labor are shaped by different subject positions and social categories, such as caste, gender, and age. The fractured, fluid, and contingent nature of agriculture, in which people move between different locations and identities, provides the grounds for problematizing scholarly categories of agricultural labor—categories like farmer, landlord, peasant, sharecropper, and laborer. The on‐the‐ground realities of agriculture necessitate reframing the conceptual language to attend to the specificity and materiality of labor in particular sites and moments while also foregrounding the ambivalence, vulnerability, and incompleteness that inheres in agricultural labor.
A poison information centre can provide important assessment and guidance regarding medication errors in nursing homes: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Vinther Siri , Bøgevig Søren , Eriksen Karen Reenberg , Hansen Nete Brandt , Petersen Tonny Studsgaard , Dalhoff Kim Peder , Christensen Mikkel Bring 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Danish Poison Information Centre (DPIC) regularly receives inquiries about nursing home residents who have been exposed to a medication error. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to describe and discuss the types and consequences of these errors. Data were collected from 1 March 2018 to 31 March 2019. Registered data included characteristics of caller and resident, data related to the suspected medication error, risk assessment and recommendation. Consequences and clinical outcomes were assessed by follow‐up telephone calls. Over the study period, the DPIC was consulted about 145 medication errors occurring at Danish nursing homes. The median number of substances administered by error was two (interquartile range 1‐5). Hospitalization was recommended in 21% of cases. In one‐third of the cases where consultation with the DPIC was done with the resident either on his/her way to or in hospital, hospitalization was found unnecessary, and the resident could have stayed in accustomed surroundings for observation. Follow‐up demonstrated that very few medication errors had a severe outcome. This prospective study illustrates that consulting with a poison information centre can qualify risk assessment and potentially reduce hospital admissions following medication errors in a nursing home setting.
The Experiences of Social Assistance Recipients on the Ontario Basic Income Pilot
Authors: McDowell Tom , Ferdosi Mohammad 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article attempts to fill part of the research void created by the premature cancellation of the Ontario Basic Income Pilot (OBIP), reporting the results of former Ontario Works and Ontario Disability Support Program service users who received basic income in the Hamilton region through a comparison of their experiences related to physical and mental health, food and housing security, financial security, and social and family relations. It shows that basic income led to improvements on a variety of indicators, proving transformational for some. The evidence suggests that when compared to existing income support systems, a basic income modeled similar to OBIP can significantly improve recipients’ lives, while at the same time providing a more humane approach to service delivery.
The Division of Domestic Labor before and during the COVID‐19 Pandemic in Canada: Stagnation versus Shifts in Fathers’ Contributions
Authors: Shafer Kevin , Scheibling Casey , Milkie Melissa A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic created rapid, wide‐ranging, and significant disruptions to work and family life. Accordingly, these dramatic changes may have reshaped parents’ gendered division of labor in the short term. Using data from 1,234 Canadian parents in different‐sex relationships, we compare retrospective reports of perceived sharing in how housework and childcare tasks were split prior to the declaration of the pandemic to assessments of equality afterward. Further, we describe perceptions of changes in fathers’ engagement in these tasks overall, by respondent gender, and by employment arrangements before and during the pandemic. Results indicate small shifts toward a more equal division of labor in the early “lockdown” months, with increased participation in housework and childcare by fathers, supporting the needs exposure hypothesis. We conclude by discussing gender differences in parents’ reports and potential implications for longer term gender equality.
Outcomes following local excision of early anal squamous cell carcinomas of the anal canal and perianal margin
Authors: Maccabe Tom A. , Parwaiz Iram , Longman Robert J. , Thomas Michael G. , Messenger David E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimThere is a paucity of data on outcomes from local excision (LE) of early anal squamous cell carcinomas (ASCCs). This study aimed to assess survival outcomes according to tumour location, perianal (PAT) or anal canal (ACT), and to determine factors associated with R1 excision and outcomes according to T‐category.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients with early ASCC treated by LE from 2007 to 2019. Data were collected on baseline demographics, tumour location, staging, excision histology, adjuvant treatment, site and timing of recurrence. The main outcome measures were R1 resection, locoregional recurrence (LRR), disease‐free survival and overall survival.ResultsOf 367 patients treated for ASCC, 39 (10.6%) patients with complete follow‐up data underwent LE: 15 ACTs and 24 PATs. R1 resections were obtained in 27 patients (69.2%) and occurred more frequently in ACTs than PATs (93.3% vs. 54.2%, P = 0.006). Eighteen of 27 patients (66.7%) received adjuvant therapy (chemoradiotherapy [n = 11], radiotherapy alone [n = 7]) for R1 excision or re‐excision, following which LRR developed in one of 10 (10.0%) patients in the ACT cohort and one of eight (12.5%) patients in the PAT cohort. There was no difference in 5‐year LRR‐free survival (82.0% vs. 70.1%, P = 0.252), disease‐free survival (58.2% vs. 78.4%, P = 0.200) or overall survival (86.2% vs. 95.7%, P = 0.607) between the ACT and PAT cohorts.ConclusionsLE is a feasible treatment option for early ASCCs of the perianal margin but not the anal canal. Acceptable long‐term outcomes can still be achieved with adjuvant therapy in the presence of a positive margin. Larger prospective studies to assess LE as a treatment strategy, such as the ACT3 trial, are warranted.
Dabigatran reversal with idarucizumab prior to lung transplantation
Authors: Harano Takashi , Rivosecchi Ryan M. , Morrell Matthew R. , Sanchez Pablo G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundWhen the transplant candidates are receiving oral anticoagulation therapy before transplantation, it is crucial to have an urgent reversal strategy to prevent hemorrhagic complications perioperatively. The aim of this study was to present the experience with idarucizumab to reverse the anticoagulant activity of dabigatran prior to lung transplantation.MethodsA single‐center retrospective study was performed to analyze the clinical outcomes of idarucizumab use before lung transplantation.ResultsBetween July 2016 and June 2019, six patients were on dabigatran at the time of transplantation. Out of the six patients, four patients received idarucizumab. These four recipients received a median of 3 units (range 0‐4 units) of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) and 450 ml (range 250‐1500 ml) of intraoperative salvage of shed blood (cell saver blood) during the lung transplant. The two patients who were not administered idarucizumab received 5 units and 13 units of pRBCs and 900 ml and 3600 ml of cell saver blood, respectively. There was no grade 3 primary graft dysfunction (PGD) at 72 hours after transplantation or in‐hospital mortality in idarucizumab group. In the group without idarucizumab, there was one case of grade 3 PGD without any in‐hospital mortality.ConclusionDabigatran reversal with idarucizumab provides reasonable hemostasis during lung transplantation.
951. PACHYPODIUM INOPINATUM
Authors: Goyder David J. , Rakotonasolo Franck , Rees Paul 
Published: November 2020

SummaryPachypodium inopinatum Lavranos is known with certainty from a single mountain on the central plateau of Madagascar and was only described formally in 1996. The genus as a whole is popular with succulent enthusiasts, and threats to wild populations include collection of mature plants and seed, artisanal mining, and bush fires. P. inopinatum is illustrated here, and an artificial key provided to aid identification of the non‐arborescent yellow, cream or white‐flowered species of Pachypodium in Madagascar.
953. UAPACA BOJERI
Authors: Andriamanohera Mihajamalala Andotiana , Rakotoarisoa Solofo Eric , Lehmann Caroline E. R. 
Published: November 2020

SummaryUapaca bojeri Baill. (Phyllanthaceae), is a tree species endemic to Madagascar, colloquially known as ‘tapia’, that forms monodominant grassy woodlands in a series of disconnected populations across the Central Highlands. Uapaca bojeri and the ecosystems it forms are culturally, economically and scientifically important to Madagascar. The species, Uapaca bojeri, and the ecosystems it dominates, are in need of new research and conservation efforts to understand how sustainable use of the species can align with its conservation and that of the unique plants and animals special to the tapia woodlands.
The development of race effects in face processing from childhood through adulthood: Neural and behavioral evidence
Authors: Golarai Golijeh , Ghahremani Dara G. , Greenwood Anders C. , Gabrieli John D. E. , Eberhardt Jennifer L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMost adults are better at recognizing recently encountered faces of their own race, relative to faces of other races. In adults, this race effect in face recognition is associated with differential neural representations of own‐ and other‐race faces in the fusiform face area (FFA), a high‐level visual region involved in face recognition. Previous research has linked these differential face representations in adults to viewers’ implicit racial associations. However, despite the fact that the FFA undergoes a gradual development which continues well into adulthood, little is known about the developmental time‐course of the race effect in FFA responses. Also unclear is how this race effect might relate to the development of face recognition or implicit associations with own‐ or other‐races during childhood and adolescence. To examine the developmental trajectory of these race effects, in a cross‐sectional study of European American (EA) children (ages 7–11), adolescents (ages 12–16) and adults (ages 18–35), we evaluated responses to adult African American (AA) and EA face stimuli, using functional magnetic resonance imaging and separate behavioral measures outside the scanner. We found that FFA responses to AA and EA faces differentiated during development from childhood into adulthood; meanwhile, the magnitudes of race effects increased in behavioral measures of face‐recognition and implicit racial associations. These three race effects were positively correlated, even after controlling for age. These findings suggest that social and perceptual experiences shape a protracted development of the race effect in face processing that continues well into adulthood.