bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DIRECT DATING OF THE HUMAN NAVICULAR FROM THE CUEVA DE LOS TORREJONES (GUADALAJARA, SPAIN)
Authors: Pablos Adrián , Sala Nohemi , Arribas Alfonso 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTPleistocene human remains are rare inland on the Iberian Peninsula. Most are considered Neandertals, but anthropological analyses and direct dating are rare. Recently, we published a study of a navicular from this region found in the Torrejones Cave. The results showed it differed from that of Neandertals and it was re-identified as Homo sapiens. Following the previous stratigraphic and biochronologic descriptions, we suggested that it could correspond to an Upper Paleolithic human, since the navicular was apparently recovered in the Late Pleistocene from an in situ unit. Direct radiocarbon dating from this fossil (4855–5036 cal BP), believed to be the only Paleolithic Homo sapiens from inland Iberia, as well as other hominin and faunal remains from the site, show that the human bones actually date to the Chalcolithic. The unexpectedly recent chronology for the navicular implies that there is no evidence of human fossils from the Upper Paleolithic in Torrejones Cave. Thus, any date from the Middle/Upper Paleolithic human record should be taken with caution until in-depth paleoanthropological, stratigraphical and/or direct dating studies are conducted. Extraordinary caution is recommended when human remains are recovered from apparently Paleolithic units in contexts bearing Holocene sepulchral units on the uppermost levels and/or some evidence of bioturbation.
DIRECT RADIOCARBON DATING OF CHARCOAL-BASED INK IN PAPYRI: A FEASIBILITY STUDY
Authors: Fedi Mariaelena , Barone Serena , Carraresi Luca , Dominici Simona , Liccioli Lucia 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTWhen dating documents by radiocarbon (14C), what we typically measure is the concentration of the support (e.g. paper, parchment, or papyrus). This can however lead to a possible misinterpretation of results because the support may be older than the writing itself. To minimize such a possible ambiguity, the ideal approach would be direct dating of the ink or color (if organic). Here we propose a feasibility study to date carbon-based black inks when deposited on papyrus, one of the most widespread writing supports used in the past. We prepared test samples, using a commercial papyrus and a homemade black ink, obtained combining modern charcoal fragments and Arabic gum. Even though the ink binder might have represented the best candidate to be dated, we verified by FTIR that the molecular composition of its soluble fraction is very similar to papyrus extractives, thus identifying the residual charcoals recovered after extraction as the most suitable material for the measurement. Enough charcoal material was extracted from the test samples and processed using our new setup optimized for microgram-size samples. The overall experimental procedure was found to be reproducible, and measured14C concentrations were coherent with the data obtained from larger samples and raw materials.
Ultra-processed food consumption, appetitive traits and BMI in children: a prospective study
Authors: Vedovato Gabriela Milhassi , Vilela Sofia , Severo Milton , Rodrigues Sara , Lopes Carla , Oliveira Andreia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the association of ultra-processed food consumption at 4 and 7 years of age with appetitive traits at 7 years and BMI at 10 years of age. Participants were 1175 children of the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI, who provided food diaries and complete data on socio-demographic variables, anthropometric measures and the Portuguese Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (P-CEBQ). Foods were grouped according to NOVA classification into: ‘unprocessed, minimally or moderately processed, and culinary preparations’; ‘processed’ and ‘ultra-processed’. To assess tracking of groups’ consumption, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. Generalised linear models were fitted to test main associations, mediators and interactions among the variables. Ultra-processed consumption exhibited a fair level of stability between ages 4 and 7 years (r0·34; ICC = 0·32; 95 % CI 0·25, 0·39), corresponding, respectively, to 27·3 % (1881·9 (SD908·8) kJ/d) and 29·3 % (2204·5 (SD961·1) kJ/d) of total energy intake. After adjusting for maternal and child characteristics, higher ultra-processed consumption at 4 years was associated directly with ‘Food Responsiveness’ (β= 0·019; 95 % CI 0·007, 0·037) and indirectly through energy intake with avoidant traits: ‘Food Fussiness’ (β= –0·007; 95 % CI 0·002, 0·012) and ‘Satiety Responsiveness’ (β= –0·007; 95 % CI 0·003, 0·012). Ultra-processed consumption at 4 years old was associated with BMI at 10 years old, but appetitive behaviours were not powerful mediators of this association. The results suggest a path by which ultra-processed products may impact on later appetitive traits and higher BMI in children.
Fendou:A keyword of Chinese modernity
Authors: FUMIAN MARCO 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article analyses the modern historical trajectory of the wordfendou(奋斗, ‘struggle’), from its emergence in the early twentieth century to the present. Originally embedded in a Social Darwinist philosophy of struggle,fendouwas later co-opted by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). As one of its key ideological shibboleths, it was typically used to mobilize the Chinese people to ‘struggle’ for the goals of the nation. However, as these goals varied significantly in the course of the history of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the actual meanings and uses offendouevolved accordingly, following shifts in the ideological paradigms that characterized the different eras. By studying how this term was used as an ideological keyword over time, it is possible to observe the continuities and discontinuities in the visions of struggle, and the relevant ‘pedagogies of struggle’, promoted in different periods by the Chinese state. The article, in particular, analyses the use offendouin both contemporary official discourse and popular culture, suggesting that in promoting the formation of a competitive subject in line with the aims of the ‘socialist market’,fendoustill, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, expresses and disseminates a predominantly Social Darwinist world view.
The puzzle of quality of life in schizophrenia: putting the pieces together with the FACE-SZ cohort
Authors: Ehrminger Mickael , Roux Paul , Urbach Mathieu , André Myrtille , Aouizerate Bruno , Berna Fabrice , Bohec Anne-Lise , Capdevielle Delphine , Chéreau Isabelle , Clauss Julie , Dubertret Caroline , Dubreucq Julien , Fond Guillaume , Honciuc Roxana-Mihaela , Lançon Christophe , Laouamri Hakim , Leigner Sylvain , Mallet Jasmina , Misdrahi David , Pignon Baptiste , Rey Romain , Schürhoff Franck ,   Members of the FACE-SCZ Group, Passerieux Christine , Brunet-Gouet Eric 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe determinants of quality of life (QoL) in schizophrenia are largely debated, mainly due to methodological discrepancies and divergence about the concepts concerned. As most studies have investigated bi- or tri-variate models, a multivariate model accounting for simultaneous potential mediations is necessary to have a comprehensive view of the determinants of QOL. We sought to estimate the associations between cognitive reserve, cognition, functioning, insight, depression, schizophrenic symptoms, and QoL in schizophrenia and their potential mediation relationships.MethodsWe used structural equation modeling with mediation analyses to test a model based on existing literature in a sample of 776 patients with schizophrenia from the FondaMental Foundation FACE-SZ cohort.ResultsOur model showed a good fit to the data. We found better functioning to be positively associated with a better QoL, whereas better cognition, better insight, higher levels of depression, and schizophrenic symptoms were associated with a lower QoL in our sample. Cognitive reserve is not directly linked to QoL, but indirectly in a negative manner via cognition. We confirm the negative relationship between cognition and subjective QoL which was previously evidenced by other studies; moreover, this relationship seems to be robust as it survived in our multivariate model. It was not explained by insight as some suggested, thus the mechanism at stake remains to be explained.ConclusionThe pathways to subjective QoL in schizophrenia are complex and the determinants largely influence each other. Longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these cross-sectional findings.
The Popularity of Authoritarian Leaders
Authors: Guriev Sergei , Treisman Daniel 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTHow do citizens in authoritarian states feel about their leaders? While some dictators rule through terror, others seem genuinely popular. Using the Gallup World Poll’s panel of more than one hundred-forty countries in 2006–2016, the authors show that the drivers of political approval differ across regime types. Although brutal repression in overt dictatorships could cause respondents to falsify their preferences, in milder informational autocracies, greater repression actually predicts lower approval. In autocracies as in democracies, economic performance matters and citizens’ economic perceptions, while not perfectly accurate, track objective indicators. Dictators also benefit from greater perceived public safety, but the authors find no such effect in democracies. Covert censorship of the media and the Internet is associated with higher approval in autocracies—in particular, in informational ones—but ratings fall when citizens recognize censorship. In informational autocracies, executive elections trigger a ratings surge if there is leader turnover, but, unlike in democracies, reelected autocrats enjoy little honeymoon.
International experience with performance-based risk-sharing arrangements: implications for the Chinese innovative pharmaceutical market
Authors: Xu Weiwei , Wu Jing 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesVarious forms of outcomes-based or risk-sharing agreements have been implemented since early 2000s as a way of access to innovative medicinal products. This study aims to summarize the international experience of performance-based risk-sharing arrangements (PBRSAs) and identify the preconditions for a successful implementation of such schemes. Their implications for the Chinese healthcare market are discussed.MethodsA systematic literature review (in PubMed) was conducted to review the evidence on the nature and performance of PBRSAs in the past 10 years. Grey literature was searched for reports in government websites of the countries in scope.ResultsThe search identifies 463 records from PubMed and 3 additional records from other sources. Thirty-one publications are included in the final review. The following preconditions were identified to support a successful implementation of PBRSAs: (1) Identify meaningful and feasible outcome measurements; (2) Establish an effective and efficient data collection infrastructure; (3) Control of the implementation costs; (4) Develop governance and administrative infrastructure to allow delisting and rebate/refund; (5) Clarify personal data protection issues.ConclusionsThe implementation of PBRSAs has proven to be challenging. Although the Chinese healthcare system is not yet well equipped to implement such schemes, some recent changes may pave the way to successful PBRSAs for particular innovative products.
Using photography to estimate above-ground biomass of small trees
Authors: Hays Brandon R. , Riginos Corinna , Palmer Todd M. , Gituku Benard C. , Goheen Jacob R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractQuantifying tree biomass is an important research and management goal across many disciplines. For species that exhibit predictable relationships between structural metrics (e.g. diameter, height, crown breadth) and total weight, allometric calculations produce accurate estimates of above-ground biomass. However, such methods may be insufficient where inter-individual variation is large relative to individual biomass and is itself of interest (for example, variation due to herbivory). In an East African savanna bushland, we analysed photographs of small (<5 m) trees from perpendicular angles and fixed distances to estimate above-ground biomass. Pixel area of trees in photos and diameter were more strongly related to measured, above-ground biomass of destructively sampled trees than biomass estimated using a published allometric relation based on diameter alone (R2 = 0.86 versus R2 = 0.68). When tested on trees in herbivore-exclusion plots versus unfenced (open) plots, our predictive equation based on photos confirmed higher above-ground biomass in the exclusion plots than in unfenced (open) plots (P < 0.001), in contrast to no significant difference based on the allometric equation (P = 0.43). As such, our new technique based on photographs offers an accurate and cost-effective complement to existing methods for tree biomass estimation at small scales with potential application across a wide variety of settings.
Unsupervised Arabic dialect segmentation for machine translation
Authors: Salloum Wael , Habash Nizar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractResource-limited and morphologically rich languages pose many challenges to natural language processing tasks. Their highly inflected surface forms inflate the vocabulary size and increase sparsity in an already scarce data situation. In this article, we present an unsupervised learning approach to vocabulary reduction through morphological segmentation. We demonstrate its value in the context of machine translation for dialectal Arabic (DA), the primarily spoken, orthographically unstandardized, morphologically rich and yet resource poor variants of Standard Arabic. Our approach exploits the existence of monolingual and parallel data. We show comparable performance to state-of-the-art supervised methods for DA segmentation.
Fully Controlled 6 Meters per Pixel Mosaic of Mars's South Polar Region
Authors: Robbins Stuart J. , Kirchoff Michelle R. , Hoover Rachael H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft has been in operation around Mars since March 2006. The Context Camera (CTX), aboard MRO, has returned over 110,000 images of Mars at ≈5–6 m/px, providing nearly global coverage. Based on our work, reconstruction of MRO's orbit and camera pointing from ground tracking are offset from the Mars global coordinate system, with the 95th percentile of test points offset by ≈850 m, corresponding to ≈150 CTX pixels. While the original level of accuracy is potentially useful for some applications, providing relative control (image‐to‐image) and absolute or full control (image‐to‐ground reference) greatly improves the utility of the data. As a proof‐of‐concept, we have fully controlled all usable images of Mars Chart 30, Mare Australe, which is poleward of 65°S. This represents 4.7% of Mars's surface area and comprises 9,652 images (≈8% of the CTX catalog as of PDS release #48). The control was produced through a mixture of automated code and manual adjustment and validation, and mosaics were produced with manual input to provide a useful product with the best, most consistent images on top. The data—mosaics and updated SPICE kernels—are available to the community through NASA's Planetary Data System (PDS) Imaging and Cartography Annex. The workflow developed for this product is applicable to the remainder of Mars and other planetary bodies.
Diagenesis of Vera Rubin Ridge, Gale Crater, Mars, From Mastcam Multispectral Images
Authors: Horgan Briony H. N. , Johnson Jeffrey R. , Fraeman Abigail A. , Rice Melissa S. , Seeger Christina , Bell James F. , Bennett Kristen A. , Cloutis Edward A. , Edgar Lauren A. , Frydenvang Jens , Grotzinger John P. , L'Haridon Jonas , Jacob Samantha R. , Mangold Nicolas , Rampe Elizabeth B. , Rivera‐Hernandez Frances , Sun Vivian Z. , Thompson Lucy M. , Wellington Danika 
Published: September 2020

AbstractImages from the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission of lacustrine sedimentary rocks of Vera Rubin ridge on “Mt. Sharp” in Gale crater, Mars, have shown stark color variations from red to purple to gray. These color differences crosscut stratigraphy and are likely due to diagenetic alteration of the sediments after deposition. However, the chemistry and timing of these fluid interactions is unclear. Determining how diagenetic processes may have modified chemical and mineralogical signatures of ancient Martian environments is critical for understanding the past habitability of Mars and achieving the goals of the MSL mission. Here we use visible/near‐infrared spectra from Mastcam and ChemCam to determine the mineralogical origins of color variations in the ridge. Color variations are consistent with changes in spectral properties related to the crystallinity, grain size, and texture of hematite. Coarse‐grained gray hematite spectrally dominates in the gray patches and is present in the purple areas, while nanophase and fine‐grained red crystalline hematite are present and spectrally dominate in the red and purple areas. We hypothesize that these differences were caused by grain‐size coarsening of hematite by diagenetic fluids, as observed in terrestrial analogs. In this model, early primary reddening by oxidizing fluids near the surface was followed during or after burial by bleaching to form the gray patches, possibly with limited secondary reddening after exhumation. Diagenetic alteration may have diminished the preservation of biosignatures and changed the composition of the sediments, making it more difficult to interpret how conditions evolved in the paleolake over time.
Temporal Changes of Near‐Surface Air Temperature in Poland for 1781–2016 and in Tbilisi (Georgia) for 1881–2016
Authors: Modzelewska R. , Alania M. V. , Kapanadze N. I. , Khelaia E. I. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAnalyses of near‐surface air temperature T in Poland for 1781–2016 and in Tbilisi (Georgia) for 1881–2016 have been carried out. We show that the centenary warming effect in Poland and in Tbilisi has almost the same peculiarities. An average centenary warming effect ΔT = (1.08 ± 0.29)°C is observed in Poland and in Tbilisi for 1881–2016. A warming effect is larger in winter season (ΔT = ~1.15°C) than in other seasons (average warming effect for these seasons ΔT = ~0.95°C). We show that a centenary warming is mainly related to the change of solar activity (estimated by sunspot number [SSN] and total solar irradiance [TSI]), particularly, a time interval about ~70 years (1890–1960), when correlation coefficients between 11‐year smoothed SSN and T, and TSI and T are high, r = 0.66 ± 0.07 and r = 0.73 ± 0.07 for Poland and r = 0.82 ± 0.05 and r = 0.90 ± 0.05 for Tbilisi, respectively; in this period solar activity contributes decisively in the global warming. We show that a global warming effect equals zero based on the temperature T data in Poland for period 1781–1880, when human activities were relatively less than in 1881–2016. We recognize a few feeble ~20 ± 3 years of disturbances in the temperature changes for period 1885–1980, most likely related with the fluctuations of solar magnetic cycles. We distinguish the fluctuations of ~7–8 years in Poland's T data, possibly connected with local effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation.
Depth Estimation of Potential Field Sources by Using Improved Chebyshev‐Padé Downward Continuation in Wave Number Domain
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Zhou Wenna , Zhang Xiangyu , Wu Guochao , Tang Shuiliang , Dai Weiming 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStudies of downward continuation mainly focused on improving the stability more than depth calculation. Stable downward continuation is a promising technique for estimating the depth of sources. In this study, based on the filter curve in wave number domain, a new depth estimation method was developed using the Chebyshev‐Padé downward continuation method. First, the filter curves of Tikhonov regularized method and the Chebyshev‐Padé downward continuation method in wave number domain were compared. We concluded the reason that the Tikhonov regularized method can be used to obtain the depth information is that the filter curve converges to zero. Therefore, to use the Chebyshev‐Padé downward continuation method for calculating the depth, a simple low‐pass filter based on upward continuation was used to improve it in the wave number domain, making the filter curve of the new improved method converge to zero. Similar to the Tikhonov regularized method, our new method can obtain the depth information when calculating downward continuation data from the original level to an expected maximum depth level. To verify the effectivity, different synthetic models were used to test our method, indicating that the new method can achieve a more reasonable depth compared to the Tikhonov regularized method. Finally, the new method was applied to real magnetic data collected using unmanned aerial vehicle aeromagnetic surveys to test on a big car in Southeastern Zhejiang, China. The calculated depth matches with its actual depth. These results show that the new method is a useful depth estimation tool for potential field sources.
Miocene Subsidence and Surface Uplift of Southernmost Tibet Induced by Indian Subduction Dynamics
Authors: Shen T. , Wang G. , Replumaz A. , Husson L. , Webb A. A. G. , Bernet M. , Leloup P. H. , Zhang P. , Mahéo G. , Zhang K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Indus‐Yarlung suture of southernmost Tibet marks the initial collisional zone, the ongoing India‐Asia collision, and yet more than ~30 million years after the onset of collision, a thick detrital sedimentary unit was deposited just north of the suture: the Kailas Formation. The mechanism permitting subsidence of the deep intracontinental Kailas basin in a compressional tectonic regime remains uncertain. We present new apatite (16–11 Ma) and zircon (24–19 Ma) fission track (AFT and ZFT) ages from the Gangdese batholith just north of the Kailas basin. ZFT analysis of modern‐river sand from the northern Gangdese magmatic arc indicates an exhumation at 27.3 ± 1.3 Ma. Thermal modeling indicates that the batholith experienced reheating between 28 and 20 Ma, coeval with deposition in the Kailas basin (between 26 and 21 Ma), followed by overall rapid cooling between 20 and 17 Ma. We interpret this thermal history as a phase of regional Oligocene‐Miocene sedimentary burial followed by exhumation. By modeling mantle dynamics in the geodynamic framework of the India‐Asia collision, we show that transient dynamic topography over the relative southward folding of the Indian slab is consistent with burial and exhumation of the Gangdese magmatic arc during Oligocene‐Miocene time. The northward migration of the Indian continent relative to its own stati onary slab created a wave of dynamic topography that caused subsidence in the overriding plate north of the Himalaya, followed by a phase of surface uplift since ~27 Ma of the northern Gangdese magmatic arc. During latest Oligocene‐early Miocene time, the dynamic deflection center was in the Kailas area, and it progressively relocated southward to its present position at the Ganges basin.