bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond the City
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 complements the previous chapter with a study of members of the aristocracy who chose to remain aloof from the cities. It begins with city–contado relations and the expansion of city control from the late twelfth century. Primary attention is fixed on the Guidi, powerful Tuscan counts whose area of control expanded and whose power intensified to such a degree that they effectively ruled a principality. It concentrates on the origins of their property and rights, on private and privatized public rights, and on their social relations and ambitions. It will look at their behavioural traits and at their wars. Key figures are Guido Guerra I, Guido Guerra III, and Countess Matilda. The chapter will also look at their clientage, their control of the populace, and at forms of dependence. The Guidi ultimately took the title of count palatine. From the Guidi, the chapter turns to examples of the aristocrazia intermedia in this context, specifically the Malapresa and the lords of Figline.
Conflict and Stability within the Tuscan Aristocracy
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the aristocratic propensity for social violence. It looks at specific incidents of violence and at how one might account for them, and for fluctuations in their intensity. Violence was institutionalized in the form of the masnada, or armed following, and this is carefully scrutinised. The chapter shows that much of the reported violence was not anarchic but purposive. Moreover, the exercise of power and the need for security tended towards the creation of social equilibrium. It was achieved by a variety of means, including dispute resolution and the use of pacts. The content and typology of these are given close scrutiny. There were, however, moments of major fracture where equilibrium was less easily achieved. The final section will look in particular at one such fracture—the internecine conflict which affected the cities during the last decade of the twelfth century. Here I concentrate on Florence.
At the Apex of the Aristocracy
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes the lax kingship of Stephen as an opportunity to observe the expansive nature of Anglo-Norman aristocratic lordship. Ranulf II, earl of Chester is chosen for special study. We examine the motives behind aristocratic competition and violence, relations with lesser lords and with lords of equal degree, and dispute settlement by means of conventiones. We also look at the concept of signoria as a means of understanding lordship in England, taking Coventry as an example. This is followed by a consideration of the fortunes of the Chester lordship during the resurgent kingship of the Angevins. I return here to the concept of Königsnähe. The chapter concludes with an overall assessment of the nature of the Chester lordship. Although the focus is on the policies of members of the high aristocracy, their actions reveal much of the outlook and behaviour of the aristocracy in general and of the conditions under which they lived.
The Nobility and the State in Angevin and Post-Angevin England
Authors: Coss Peter 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the fortunes of the aristocracy in England between the mid-twelfth and the mid-thirteenth century, beginning with the impact of Angevin kingship upon the aristocratic world and the great aristocratic revolt which led to Magna Carta. We will look at the impact of the Common Law upon both the high aristocracy and minor aristocracy/knights. We turn then to examining the changes that were taking place within the aristocracy itself within this period, that is to say the impact of chivalric knighthood and the delineation of nobility. The emphasis throughout is upon power relations rather than the development of the ‘constitution’. The chapter also looks at aristocratic values through the near-contemporary History of William the Marshal. The last part of the chapter looks at the half-century following Magna Carta, not in teleological terms. but in its own right. Finally, the chapter re-examines the origins of bastard feudalism.
Luther and Zwingli
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows that Luther’s Christology follows the basic structure of Ockham’s, both in terms of the metaphysics and the semantics. It demonstrates that Luther accepts the supposital-union theory, and shows how to read complex texts that have sometimes been taken to show the opposite. It is shown that Luther’s most distinctive and original claim is that the divine person is the bearer of his human accidents. The chapter contextualizes Luther’s claims about Christ’s bodily omnipresence in Medieval debates, and shows that Luther did not hold bodily omnipresence to amount to the possession of a divine attribute. It also provides a detailed account of Zwingli’s Christological semantics. It shows how Luther misunderstood Zwingli’s claims about the communicatio, and concludes that Zwingli’s Christology, contrary to Luther’s appraisal, is in no sense Nestorian.
The Grammar of Sacrifice
Authors: Jahner Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the famous jurisdictional dispute between Thomas Becket and Henry II through the lens of grammatical pedagogy, arguing that the staple classroom genres of satire and epic played crucial roles in shaping the archbishop’s biography and legacy. It focuses on the works that John of Salisbury wrote for Becket’s advisement as he first took up his position as chancellor to the king: the Policraticus (1159), the Metalogicon (1159), and the Entheticus de dogmate philosophorum (c. 1155). In these texts, John’s famous condemnations of the “new logic” and promotion of the classical auctores merge with his theories of royal conduct, ecclesiastical liberty, and liberty of conscience in ways that would prove crucial to Becket once he split with the king. Exploring Horatian satire and Lucan’s civil war epic, the Pharsalia, alongside the Policraticus and Entheticus de dogmate philosophorum, this chapter shows how grammatical ideas inflect twelfth-century political theory.
Classroom Historicisms
Authors: Jahner Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter situates the most popular compositional treatise of the later Middle Ages—Geoffrey of Vinsauf’s Poetria nova—against the backdrop of the English Interdict of 1208–14. The Poetria nova belongs to the cohort of new artes poetriae of the late twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Manuals designed to help grammar instructors teach verse and prose composition, they formulated lessons through examples drawn from the classical canon and the “real world” of contemporary affairs. Though rarely discussed as an occasional poem in its own right, Poetria nova shows itself very much concerned with the geopolitical tensions animating England and Rome during the time of its composition. Beginning with its lavish dedication to Pope Innocent III and ending with its plea on behalf of King John, the Poetria nova uses the occasion of the Interdict to explore the questions of mercy, judgment, and persuasion central to both rhetorical pedagogy and political diplomacy.
Inventing Magna Carta
Authors: Jahner Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Having begun as a short-lived peace treaty in 1215, Magna Carta grew to acquire a quasi-sacral status over the course of the thirteenth century. This chapter traces the development of the “Great Charter,” arguing that literary modes of invention contributed vitally to its elevation as a symbol for the rule of law. It looks to three sites for the production of the “idea” of Magna Carta: in the chronicling traditions of St. Albans Abbey, in the legal historiography of London, and in the Latin, Anglo-French, and Middle English verse ephemera that proliferated in the margins of law books and histories. In all of these instances, literary forms of invention and historical modes of finding precedent converge, with the result that Magna Carta comes to embody both “old law” and the prospect of future reform.
Jurisdictional Formalism
Authors: Jahner Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores post-Lateran IV ecclesiastical reformism, focusing on the ecclesiology and pastoral theology of Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln. Grosseteste understood pastoral care not only as the clergy’s most vital responsibility to the laity but also as a form of participation in the divinely ordered natural universe. His pastoral and estate management writings to women accordingly reveal the degree to which this ecclesiology finds inspiration in the ideal of the justly governed estate. This chapter reads Grosseteste’s Anglo-French soteriological allegory, the Château d’Amour, alongside his writings to and for women, showing how the logic of secular property law becomes a means of narrating Christian time from the Creation through the Redemption to the Final Judgment. Grosseteste’s larger corpus, however, also reveals the extent to which his vision of Christian history is premised on Jewish exclusion, not only in theological but legal and practical terms.
Conjuring England
Authors: Jahner Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how the rhetoric of crusading shaped the literature of baronial revolt in thirteenth-century England, concentrating particularly on the Second Barons’ War of 1263–1267. It argues that crusading not only provided a template for polemical argument but also inflected the ways that participants understood Anglia as a territory and an idea. From the time of the early Latin histories of the First Crusade, a rhetorically amplified style had been crucial to promulgating Christian jurisdictional claims to the Holy Land. This chapter examines the legacy of this “crusading style” within insular revolts of the thirteenth century, focusing on the ephemeral verse that emerged alongside civil war. Poems such as the ornately Latinate Song of Lewes reveal the poetic and political sophistication of baronial partisans. In their triumphalism, such works also obscure the violence visited upon communities across England—especially Jewish communities, who became targets of attacks at once anti-royalist and anti-Semitic in tenor.
Introduction
Authors: Jahner Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This introduction maps the legal and literary terrain of the larger book, arguing that the two fields share more in common than is typically reflected in scholarship on the thirteenth century. Not only do the histories, saints’ lives, plaints, and polemics of the period reflect and absorb rapidly changing legal worlds, law texts themselves demonstrate the literary training of their creators. This foundational background in grammar and rhetoric, common to clerical administrators of the period, in turn shapes how writers and communities articulate their legal privileges and obligations. The book argues that scholars can most productively approach the relationship between literature and law through the lens of jurisdiction rather than the more common categories of discipline, language, or genre. The literary skills of clerics and lawyers prove most salient at moments when communities must claim or defend the boundaries of their legal authority. “Jurisdictional poetics” encompasses the kinds of writing that emerge from these moments of legal contestation.
Introduction
Authors: Marsh John 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The introduction follows Lorena Hickok, a field investigator for the Federal Emergency Relief Agency, as she circulated about the country during the Great Depression, reporting back to Washington, D.C. what she discovered about how Americans felt during the decade. They felt, to judge by her reports, despair, anger, and pity. The introduction argues, however, that the emotional life of the period exceeded these admittedly widespread responses, and it lays out what a fuller account of the emotional life of the Great Depression would look like. It also describes and defends the study of emotions against recent challenges—made most forcefully by Walter Benn Michaels—that feelings only distract from a properly structural understanding of capitalism. It discusses, too, the continuing presence of the Great Depression, why it matters, and what an emotional history offers to a renewed understanding of it.
Purging the Rottenness from the System
Authors: Marsh John 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
When the Great Depression descended on America, many people had no idea why and no idea about how long it would last. Others, however, experienced no such doubts. For them, the Depression reinforced their understanding of how the world worked and confirmed their most sacred beliefs. This chapter examines their righteous response to the Great Depression. It locates that righteousness in three admittedly far-flung spheres: the laissez-faire fundamentalism of classical economics like Joseph Schumpeter and then secretary of the treasury Andrew Mellon; the apocalyptic interpretations of the Great Depression on the part of many Christians, who believed the Depression signaled the beginning of the end times and the Second Coming of Christ; and one famous Depression short story, F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “Babylon Revisited.” As far apart as these sources are, each nevertheless conveyed a sense that the Depression was a punishment for past misdeeds, whether economic, spiritual, or moral, and, therefore, was a punishment that had to be endured, even embraced, for the good life to resume.
“The Hazards and Vicissitudes of Life”
Authors: Marsh John 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Social Security provides a fitting conclusion to the book. Its passage was shaped not just by the emotions of those who drafted the bill, debated it, denounced it, revised it, made it law, and then four years later amended it. Its passage was also shaped by the feelings of ordinary Americans. The chapter focuses on three sets of actors: Dr. Frances Townsend and his followers, who provided much of the urgency for Social Security; Franklin Roosevelt and the planners of Social Security, who tried to steer the sudden and clamorous demand for pensions into a more pragmatic piece of legislation; and critics of Social Security, whose misgivings would guide the 1939 amendment to the bill. The upshot is a history of Social Security that clusters around the emotions previously discussed in the book: righteousness, panic, and fear, but also awe, love, and hope.
Ancient Responses to Restoration
Authors: Siwicki Christopher 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter moves from examining how buildings were physically restored to considering the way in which their restoration was received by those who witnessed it. Through a close reading of literary sources, the discussion unravels contemporaries’ responses to instances of rebuilding and what this indicates about attitudes to built heritage in Roman society more widely. Specifically, the chapter returns to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. By considering the way in which the successive phases of the temple were written about by authors including Cicero, Martial, Plutarch, and Tacitus, it is possible to detect a debate about how the building was changed, with voices both embracing and disdaining its ever-increasing grandeur. Importantly, though, these objections to the manner of the restorations come from moral sensibilities about luxuria rather than any notion of valuing historic architecture.
Roman Thoughts on the Rebuilding of Rome
Authors: Siwicki Christopher 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores how Rome’s inhabitants responded to the destruction and rebuilding of the city of Rome as a whole. The discussion revolves primarily around three authors—Seneca the Younger, Martial, and Tacitus—who all experienced and wrote about the dramatic transformation of Rome’s urban fabric in this period. We see that the way in which these authors characterize the development of the cityscape is indicative of, and informed by, a series of related attitudes towards the historic built environment. In short, that innovative restoration tended to be positively received, that the destruction of existing buildings could often be perceived as a positive occurrence, and that there was no sense of nostalgia for lost structures as architectural relics of the past.
Conclusion
Authors: Siwicki Christopher 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The conclusion brings together the arguments of preceding six chapters, setting out the final case for the Roman concept of built heritage as an explanation for the way in which buildings were restored. For the Romans, historical associations were not necessarily invested in the architecture of the buildings. Theirs was a concept of heritage that placed historic value on buildings as nominal entities without tying it to the physicality—the authenticity of appearance or originality of materials—of the structure. The chapter also proposes that the status of architects in the Roman world might provide one reason as to why historic architecture was seemingly not valued.
1880–1901—The fin de siècle
Authors: Field Clive D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Since at least the 1970s, historians have traced the origins of the decline of organized religion in Britain to the 1880s and 1890s, some even suggesting there was a ‘religious crisis’. Hitherto, there has been no systematic study of the fin de siècle from a secularization perspective. This chapter investigates religious allegiance, the next churchgoing. There is no strong evidence of a ‘crisis’ in allegiance. Notwithstanding the absence of an official census of religious profession, it does not appear there were dramatic changes during the fin de siècle, and the number failing to identify with a religion remained negligible. However, there were early signs of relative decline among the Free Church and Presbyterian constituencies in terms of both profession and membership, while Episcopalian communicants were reasonably flat. Sunday school growth rates also began to slow, although seven-tenths of children were still enrolled. The Roman Catholic community advanced relative to population.
1880–1901—The fin de siècle
Authors: Field Clive D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The 1880s are often viewed by historians as the turning-point for British churchgoing, ushering in a period of general decrease. In the absence of attendance data from the government (there was no repeat of the 1851 religious census) and Churches, reliance has to be placed upon local religious censuses, typically undertaken by newspapers throughout the fin de siècle, the biggest cluster being in 1881–2. Expressed as an index of attendance, calculated against overall population, churchgoing was generally receding, except in Wales. Although the index ranged widely from place to place, dependent upon several factors, in the aggregate, excluding Sunday scholars but adjusting for twicing, perhaps one-third of people worshipped on an ordinary Sunday in 1881–2, compared with two-fifths (including scholars) in 1851. Rather more did so intermittently or for special occasions, including rites of passage. Variations by denomination (the Free Churches losing most ground), region, gender, and social class are discussed.
1901–14—‘The Faith Society’?
Authors: Field Clive D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Most contemporaries and several historians have assessed the religious state of Edwardian Britain pessimistically, but Callum Brown has recently contended it was ‘the faith society’. The picture is actually mixed. Relative to population, religious allegiance was reasonably stable, apart from the Free and Presbyterian Churches, which lost ground in terms of both members (whose numbers mostly peaked around 1906) and adherents. Sunday scholars, already in relative decline since the fin de siècle, peaked in 1904–10. Churchgoing also continued its relative decrease and sometimes fell absolutely. This reduction in attendances was across the board, affecting all three home nations, rural districts as well as towns and cities, and all social classes. Adjusting for twicing, weather extremities, and undercounts of Catholic Masses, perhaps one-quarter of adults worshipped weekly and two-fifths at least monthly. Attenders were disproportionately female. Observance of rites of passage remained strong, albeit the minority preference for civil marriage grew.
1939–45—Puzzled People?
Authors: Field Clive D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Analysis of the Second World War’s impact on religious allegiance is affected by data gaps and doubts about the accuracy of opinion polling and the rigour of membership roll revision. But the Church of England lost some market share, the Free Churches slid further towards nominalism, and the number of ‘nones’ grew, absolutely and relatively, more than in the First World War. Church membership losses were greatest in 1939–42. There were 1 million fewer Sunday scholars. Unlike the First World War, there was no temporary revival of churchgoing at the start of the Second World War, only continuous decline in Protestantism, with the index of attendance at ordinary services often reduced to ten or less, half of adults never attending or solely for rites of passage. The decrease is partly explained by wartime disruptions but churchgoing also faced competition from Sunday cinema and the BBC’s enhanced portfolio of religious broadcasts.
Intersectional Discrimination
Authors: Atrey Shreya 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Why has intersectionality fallen by the wayside of discrimination law? Thirty years after Kimberlé Crenshaw coined the term ‘intersectionality’, discrimination lawyers continue to be plagued by this question across a range of jurisdictions, including the US, UK, South Africa, India, Canada, as well as the UN treaty body jurisprudence and the jurisprudence of the EU and the ECHR. Claimants continue to struggle to establish intersectional claims based on more than one ground of discrimination. This book renews the bid for realizing intersectionality in comparative discrimination law. It presents a juridical account of intersectional discrimination as a category of discrimination inspired by intersectionality theory, and distinct from other categories of thinking about discrimination including strict, substantial, capacious, and contextual forms of single-axis discrimination, multiple discrimination, additive discrimination as in combination or compound discrimination, and embedded discrimination. Intersectional discrimination, defined in these theoretical and categorial terms, then needs to be translated into doctrine, recalibrating each of the central concepts and tools of discrimination law to respond to it—including the text of non-discrimination guarantees, the idea of grounds, the test for analogous grounds, the distinction between direct and indirect discrimination, the substantive meaning of discrimination, the use of comparators, the justification analysis and standard of review, the burden of proof between parties, and the range of remedies available. With this, the book presents a granular account of intersectional discrimination in theoretical, conceptual, and doctrinal terms, and aims to transform discrimination law in the process of realizing intersectionality within its discourse.