bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecosystems for smart cities: tracing the evolution of governance structures in a dutch smart city initiative
Authors: Ooms Ward , Caniëls Marjolein C. J. , Roijakkers Nadine , Cobben Dieudonnee 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSmart cities use integrated information and communication technology in order to help their citizens and organizations deal with the challenges of urbanization, safety, and sustainability. Smart cities need complex forms of governance involving a great variety of actors. The aim of this study is to illustrate how elements of governance structures in smart city ecosystems evolve over time, and to understand in which way these elements enable or inhibit the success of such ecosystems in different phases of evolution. We draw on the ecosystem literature and the smart city literature to identify governance aspects relevant to projects with multiple stakeholders. We illustrate our framework with extensive empirical evidence from an in-depth single case study of a smart city initiative in The Netherlands. We find that the use of specific governance elements varies across the phases of evolution of the smart city ecosystem. In the initiation phase, governance structures aimed at strengthening the internal relations are key. In this phase, elements such as trust, commitment, and common goals are important as they help to create a common ground. In the growth phase, the ecosystem focuses on establishing external relations with other parties, such as competitors and suppliers. In this phase, governance elements such a co-creation strategy and a dedicated organization for promotion gain importance, as these elements facilitate communication with external parties.
Business model innovation in corporate entrepreneurship: exploratory insights from corporate accelerators
Authors: Urbaniec Maria , Żur Agnieszka 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCorporate accelerators are a rapidly growing entrepreneurial phenomenon occurring in different business contexts and business models within corporate entrepreneurship. Corporate accelerators are considered as an innovation fostering approach within new ventures provided by start-ups. The aim of the paper is twofold: firstly, to explore the motives behind corporations’ engagement with start-ups in launching corporate accelerators, and secondly, to identify the corporate benefits and challenges of this business model innovation. The research design is based on a qualitative interpretative approach exploiting a triangulation of methods by using in-depth interviews (IDI) with corporate managers involved in development of corporate accelerators as well as a focus group interview (FGI) with industry experts. In addition, secondary data were applied to strengthen the exploratory research. The study demonstrates that a wide range of benefits stem from the accelerator activities which can ultimately can initiate changes in large companies. Our research expands on prior findings and suggests that corporate accelerators are driven by internal and external push and pull motives. The study contributes to expanding the scope of corporate entrepreneurship research in regard to the challenges and benefits of corporate accelerators. It provides evidence that corporate accelerators are a source of innovation that can be used to foster entrepreneurial-market logic and entrepreneurial learning.
Intragenomic polymorphisms in the ITS region of high-quality genomes of the Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota)
Authors: Stadler Marc , Lambert Christopher , Wibberg Daniel , Kalinowski Jörn , Cox Russell J. , Kolařík Miroslav , Kuhnert Eric 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) has been established (and is generally accepted) as a primary “universal” genetic barcode for fungi for many years, but the actual value for taxonomy has been heavily disputed among mycologists. Recently, twelve draft genome sequences, mainly derived from type species of the family Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) and the ex-epitype strain ofXylaria hypoxylonhave become available during the course of a large phylogenomic study that was primarily aimed at establishing a correlation between the existing multi-gene-based genealogy with a genome-based phylogeny and the discovery of novel biosynthetic gene clusters encoding for secondary metabolites. The genome sequences were obtained using combinations of Illumina and Oxford nanopore technologies or PacBio sequencing, respectively, and resulted in high-quality sequences with an average N50 of 3.2 Mbp. While the main results will be published concurrently in a separate paper, the current case study was dedicated to the detection of ITS nrDNA copies in the genomes, in an attempt to explain certain incongruities and apparent mismatches between phenotypes and genotypes that had been observed during previous polyphasic studies. The results revealed that all of the studied strains had at least three copies of rDNA in their genomes, withHypoxylon fragiformehaving at least 19 copies of the ITS region, followed byXylaria hypoxylonwith at least 13 copies. Several of the genomes contained 2–3 copies that were nearly identical, but in some cases drastic differences, below 97% identity were observed. In one case, ascribable to the presence of a pseudogene, the deviations of the ITS sequences from the same genome resulted in only ca. 90% of overall homology. These results are discussed in the scope of the current trends to use ITS data for species recognition and segregation of fungi. We propose that additional genomes should be checked for such ITS polymorphisms to reassess the validity of this non-coding part of the fungal DNA for molecular identification.
The dead of the Dietersberg Cave, Germany: new insights into burial practices of the Iron Age from 14C-dates and stable isotope (C, N, O, Sr) analyses of human bones and teeth
Authors: Müller-Scheeßel Nils , Grupe Gisela , Mühldorfer Bernd , Tütken Thomas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe provenance and depositional setting of the human remains in the Dietersberg Cave, located in the Franconian Alb in Southern Germany, are evaluated based on 14C-dates and stable isotope analyses (C, N, O, Sr). Four basic scenarios are discussed: (1) human sacrifice, (2) ‘regular’ burial place for a small social unit, (3) special social group (e.g. slaves) and (4) special circumstances of death (e.g. fatal illness). Scenarios 1 and 2 are unlikely as the age distribution includes all ages and both sexes and the 14C-dates of the human remains span most of the Iron Age which would result in an implausible small burial community. Stable isotope analyses also render the deposition of slaves (scenario 3) implausible because a high proportion of the individuals were probably of local origin and their diet was not fundamentally different from that of contemporary populations. The archaeological evidence points to a social bias (i.e. low social standing) as reason for deposition. However, the high numbers of apotropaic objects and of perinatals also suggest that scenario 4 might be plausible for at least some of the individuals. The cave was probably a place of deposition not only for one category of individuals but also for those whose burial in the ‘regular’ cemetery was not considered appropriate.
Measuring the nutritional cost of insect infestation of stored maize and cowpea
Authors: Stathers Tanya E. , Arnold Sarah E. J. , Rumney Corinne J. , Hopson Clare 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOur understanding and prevention of postharvest losses are critical if we are to feed a growing global population. Insect infestation-related losses of stored commodities are typically considered only in terms of quantitative, physical weight loss. Insect infestation affects the nutritional value and some nutritional components are impacted more severely than others. We infested maize and cowpea grain with commonly occurring stored product insect pests, and mapped infestation levels against nutritional composition over a 4-to-6 month storage period to analyse how insect infestation relates to different macro- and micro-nutrient contents. Insect infestation decreased the carbohydrate content of the stored grains, causing a relative increase in the proportion of protein and fibre in the remaining grain, and moisture content also increased. Sitophilus zeamais preferentially fed in the floury endosperm of maize, resulting in more carbohydrate loss relative to protein loss. Conversely, Prostephanus truncatus consumed the germ and endosperm, disproportionately reducing the fat, protein, iron and zinc grain contents. Nutrients are distributed more homogenously within cowpea than in maize grains, but Callosobruchus maculatus infestation increased the relative protein, fat, iron and zinc to carbohydrate ratios. This indicates how the nutrient content of insect-infested stored grain depends upon the grain type, the infesting insect, and the infestation level. Insect infestation therefore has consequences for human nutrition beyond those of grain weight loss. Using data collected on the changing nutritional composition of grain over time, with and without insect infestation, we modelled the associations between infestation and nutritional quality to predict estimated nutritional losses that could be associated with consumption of insect-infested stored maize and cowpea.
Evaluation of Actual Timetables and Utilization Levels of West Midlands Metro Using Event-Based Simulations
Authors: Potti Praful , Marinov Marin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe performance of the West Midlands Metro in the United Kingdom is analyzed in the present study by evaluating the existing timetables of the metro system. Using SIMUL8 computer software, a discrete event-based simulation prototype modeling the metro system is developed and implemented. The model adequately describes the performance of the West Midlands Metro system. By running simulations, the overall utilization level of the metro system is calculated. The results of the simulation model indicate that the metro system is being underutilized. The low utilization rates indicate a potential for the introduction of new services capable of exploiting the existing infrastructure and improving the utilization levels of the existing metro system; For example, the potential of using the current metro system for urban freight transport could be a new service of interest and provide scope for further research.
Gender-Specific Sexual Activity After Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: Position Matters
Authors: Morehouse Hannah , Sochacki Kyle R. , Nho Shane J. , Harris Joshua D. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
There is limited evidence on the safety of return to sexual activity after hip arthroscopy.

Aim
To determine the positional safety of sexual activity after hip arthroscopy relative to hip instability and/or impingement risk.

Study Design
This study is an observational study.

Methods
12 common sexual positions were identified based on previous research. Gender-specific hip motion was then assessed for the possibility of postarthroscopic hip instability (due to disruption of iliofemoral ligament [interportal capsulotomy] repair) and/or impingement (labral or capsular compressive stress with disrupted repair) for all 12 positions (both right and left hips; 15 unique male and 14 unique female positions). Instability risk was defined as greater than 0° hip extension, greater than 30° external rotation (ER), or greater than 30° abduction. Impingement risk was defined as greater than 90° hip flexion, greater than 10° internal rotation, and greater than 10° adduction.

Outcomes
A majority of both male and female sexual positions caused either instability or impingement, with only 4 positions in women and 4 positions in men deemed “safe” by avoiding excessive hip motion.

Results
Return to sexual activity after hip arthroscopy may cause instability in 10/15 of male positions and 5/14 female positions. Most male positions (6/10) were at risk for instability because of excessive ER. 2 positions were unstable because of a combination of ER and extension, one was due to extension, and one abduction. In female instability positions, all 5 were unstable because of excessive abduction. Impingement may be observed in 5 of 15 male positions and 6 of 14 female positions. In male impingement positions, all were due to excessive adduction. 4 female positions risked impingement due to excessive flexion and 2 positions due to internal rotation.

Clinical Implications
This study demonstrates risks that should be considered when counseling patients preoperatively and postoperatively regarding sexual activity.

Strengths & Limitations
This study closely models a hip preservation patient population by using 2 young and otherwise healthy individuals. The most significant limitation of this investigation was its basis with only 2 young healthy volunteers (one male, one female) in a single motion capture session using surface-based spherical retroreflective markers from a previous investigation.

Conclusion
After hip arthroscopy, patients need to be made aware of the possibility of hip instability (10 of 15 men; 5 of 14 women) and impingement (5 of 15 men; 6 of 14 women) due to excessive hip motion that may compromise their outcome.
Alkenone Distributions and Hydrogen Isotope Ratios Show Changes in Haptophyte Species and Source Water in the Holocene Baltic Sea
Authors: Weiss Gabriella M. , Massalska Barbara , Hennekam Rick , Reichart Gert‐Jan , Sinninghe Damsté Jaap S. , Schouten Stefan , van der Meer Marcel T. J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Baltic Sea, a dynamic, marginal marine basin, experienced a number of large changes in salinity during the Holocene as a result of fluctuations in global and local sea level related to melting of glacial ice sheets and subsequent isostatic rebound. These changes likely had pronounced effects on the species composition of haptophytes, a common phytoplankton group found in the Baltic Sea. This dynamic environment provides the ideal setting to study how species change impacts distribution and hydrogen isotope ratios of long‐chain alkenones (δ2HC37), haptophyte‐specific biomarkers. Here we analyzed the aforementioned parameters in Holocene sediments covering the contrasting hydrological phases of the Baltic Sea. Alkenone distributions changed with different Baltic Sea salinity phases, suggesting that species shifts coincide with salinity change. δ2HC37 values show two major shifts: one in the middle of the freshwater Ancylus Lake phase (10.6 to 7.7 ka) and a second at the transition from the brackish Littorina Sea phase (7.2 to 3 ka) into the fresher Modern Baltic (3 ka to the present). The first shift represents a significant enrichment of 50‰, which cannot be explained by salinity or species changes only. At this time, the isotopically depleted ice sheets had melted, and only the relatively enriched freshwater source remained. The second shift, coincident with a change in distribution, is likely caused by a change in species composition alone. These findings show that hydrogen isotope ratios of long‐chain alkenones, combined with their relative distribution, can be used to reconstruct changes in source water.
Evidence of Aseismic and Fluid‐Driven Processes in a Small Complex Seismic Swarm Near Virginia City, Nevada
Authors: Hatch Rachel L. , Abercrombie Rachel E. , Ruhl Christine J. , Smith Kenneth D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAnalysis of a small earthquake swarm near Virginia City, NV, reveals complex structural features, including an interplay of both fluid‐driven and aseismic‐driven earthquake migration within a naturally occurring tectonic sequence. The Virginia City earthquake sequence occurred over ~10 days in January 2014. We relocate 305 events to reveal three separate, well‐defined planar structures. The earthquakes initially migrate at a rate consistent with pore fluid diffusion, outlining a moderately dipping plane. The earthquakes then jump to a vertical plane and migrate at a higher rate; the sequence continues to migrate rapidly onto a third, shallowly dipping plane, consistent with rates observed elsewhere associated with aseismic creep. Focal mechanisms indicate right‐lateral strike slip on the vertical plane and both normal and left‐lateral strike slip movement on the other planes, and the newly imaged structures illuminate the orientation of active faults at depth in the Walker Lane tectonic region.
Azimuthal Variation of Magnetopause Reconnection at Scales Below an Earth Radius
Authors: Zou Ying , Walsh Brian M. , Atz Emil , Liang Haoming , Ma Qianli , Angelopoulos Vassilis 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWhile magnetopause reconnection naturally occurs in three‐dimensional environments, our understanding of the process has been mainly confined to the two‐dimensional reconnection plane. How reconnection varies in the third direction, that is, the azimuthal direction, and what causes the variation remain open questions. We study the azimuthal variation of reconnection at an underexplored scale, which is below an Earth radius, using THEMIS spacecraft. Our results show that reconnection jets transition from being present to absent within tenths of a RE, corresponding to tens of ion inertial lengths. The absence of jets cannot be explained by an ion or electron diffusion region, or a magnetic flux rope flanked by two reconnection sites. The sharp transition of reconnection is associated with spatially varying waves. No drivers of the transition are identified locally at the magnetopause or in the upstream, implying that reconnection may naturally have a finite extent at certain stages of its development.
Plastic Faulting in Ice
Authors: Golding N. , Durham W. B. , Prior D. J. , Stern L. A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPlastic faulting is a brittle‐like failure phenomenon exhibited by water ice and several other rock types under confinement. It is suspected to be the mechanism of deep earthquakes and extreme cases of shear localization in shallow rocks. Unlike ordinary Coulombic failure, plastic faulting is characterized by a pressure‐independent failure strength and fault plane oriented 45° to maximum principal stress. To research the question of how the instability initiates, we conducted over 50 constant‐displacement‐rate experiments on polycrystalline ice (phases Ih and II) near the brittle‐to‐ductile (B‐D) transition, at confining pressuresP= 0–300 MPa, applied strain rates= 5 × 10−5– 7 × 10−3s−1, temperaturesT= 105–233 K, and mean grain sizesd= 0.25–1.18 mm. We find that (1) the width of the B‐D transition in variable space is vanishingly narrow, to the point of appearing as a crossover, (2) a plastic fault plane, once formed, is not a zone of subsequent weakness, (3) distributed ice I→II phase transformation in small amounts (<1 vol%) shows no causal relationship to subsequent failure, and (4) plastic faulting also occurs in ice II. We hypothesize that the elusive nucleating “trigger” parallels that of metals and ceramics undergoing severe plastic deformation, wherein transient local structural rearrangement occurs, in turn causing material strength to drop to a level sufficiently low, in a volume sufficiently large, that adiabatic instability is nucleated. Our results do not require and often are inconsistent with phase transformation. Plastic faulting may therefore be available to all solids undergoing severe deformation, and its appearance in so few is simply the result of insufficiently extreme conditions.
Late‐1980s Regime Shift in the Formation of the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water
Authors: Kim Sang‐Yeob , Pak Gyundo , Lee Ho Jin , Kwon Young‐Oh , Kim Young Ho 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe formation mechanism as well as its temporal change of the North Pacific subtropical mode water (NPSTMW) is investigated using a 50‐year (1960–2009) ocean general circulation model hindcast. The volume budget analysis suggests that the formation of the NPSTMW is mainly controlled by the air‐sea interaction and ocean dynamics, but there is a regime shift of the relative importance between the two around late‐1980s. While the local air‐sea interaction process is a main driver of the NPSTMW formation prior to late‐1980s, ocean dynamics including the vertical entrainment become dominant since then. The NPSTMW formation is affected by the North Pacific Oscillation simultaneously in the early period, but with a few years lag in the later period. The interdecadal change of the driving mechanism of the interannual variability of the NPSTMW is probably due to the stronger (weaker) influence of local atmospheric forcing in the western North Pacific and unfavorable (favorable) wind stress curl condition for the remote oceanic forcing from the central North Pacific during the former (later) period. This regime shift may be related to the change of centers of the actions of the wind stress curl since the late‐1980s.
Unexpected Nitrogen Sources in a Tropical Urban Estuary
Authors: Oczkowski Autumn J. , Santos Emily A. , Martin Rose M. , Gray Andrew B. , Hanson Alana R. , Watson Elizabeth B. , Huertas Evelyn , Wigand Cathleen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTropical urban estuaries are severely understudied. Little is known about the basic biogeochemical cycles and dominant ecosystem processes in these waterbodies, which are often low lying and heavily modified. The San Juan Bay Estuary (SJBE) in San Juan, Puerto Rico, is an example of such a system. Over the past 80 years, a portion of the estuary has filled in, changing the hydrodynamics and negatively affecting water quality. Here we sought to document these changes using ecological and biogeochemical measurements of surface sediments and bivalves. Measurements of sediment physical characteristics, organic matter content, and stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N, δ34S) illustrated the effects of the closure of the Caño Martín Peña (CMP) on the hydrology and water quality of the enclosed and semi‐enclosed parts of the estuary. The nitrogen stable isotope (δ15N) values were lowest in the CMP, the stretch of the SJBE that is characterized by waters with low dissolved oxygen and high fecal coliform concentrations. Despite this, the results of this study indicate that nitrogen (N) contributions from N‐fixing, sulfate‐reducing microbes may meet or even exceed contributions from urban runoff and sewage. While the importance of sulfate reducers in contributing N to mangrove ecosystems is well documented, this is the first indication that such processes could be dominant in an intensely urban system. It also underscores just how little we know about tropical coastal ecosystems in densely populated areas throughout the globe.
Generating the dual‐band and multimode OAM by irregular pentagonal patch antenna array
Authors: Lin Jiang , Zhao Hongdong , Lu Haiyan , Geng Lixin , Wang Tianmeng 
Published: February 2020

This Letter presents an irregular pentagonal patch array antenna with a multilayer structure for dual‐band and multimode orbital angular momentum (OAM) generation. An irregular pentagonal patch antenna with U‐shaped slots resonating at different frequencies is designed as the array's element. The proposed antenna array consists of two uniform circular microstrip antenna arrays and two phase‐shifting feeding networks. It can be used to generate OAM mode l = − 1, 1 at 3 GHz and OAM mode l = −2, 2 at 6 GHz. The simulated near‐field phase distributions images of different OAM modes are obtained, which have verified the OAM generation. This proposed array antenna has the possibility to generate a total of six different OAMs in three frequency bands, by changing the number of array elements and optimising the irregular pentagonal patch antenna. This design may provide a new idea for the generation multimode vortex electromagnetic wave.