bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone Cement Implantation Syndrome in Bone Tumor Surgeries: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Clinical Experience
Authors: Yang Tsung‐han , Yang Rong‐sen , Lin Chih‐peng , Tseng Tzu‐hao 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate the incidence and risk factors of bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS) in bone tumor surgeries.MethodsThis was a retrospective observational study. We investigated patients who underwent bone tumor surgeries requiring cementation as part of the surgery between March 2016 and January 2018. We reviewed medical records, including formal anesthesia records and operation notes. Patients with complete data files were included. To investigate the general incidence of BCIS in tumor surgeries, patients of all ages, genders and tumor types were included. Vital signs, including oxygen saturation, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate, were checked and recorded once every 1–2 min after cementation. Accurate time points of cementation were recorded on formal anesthesia record sheets by the anesthesiologists. The definition and severity of BCIS were based on the classification system proposed in previous studies: grade I, moderate hypoxia (SpO2 <94%) or hypotension (fall in systolic blood pressure >20%); grade II, severe hypoxia (SpO2 <88%) or hypotension (fall in systolic blood pressure >40%) or unexpected loss of consciousness; and grade III, cardiovascular collapse requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation. We also compared the incidence of BCIS between those patients with and without possible risk factors, including intraoperative blood loss, arthroplasty, use of an intramedullary device, patient age, gender, tumor location, and preexisting lung cancer or lung metastasis.ResultsA total of 88 patients were included. BCIS occurred in 23 patients, with an incidence of 26.1%. Among them, 19 had grade I and 4 had grade II BCIS. There was no patients with grade III BCIS. The lowest blood pressure occurred within 10 min in 21 (87.5%) patients and within 20 min for all patients. A total of 9 grade I BCIS were self‐limiting. The other 10 grade I hypotension cases and all grade II hypotension cases recovered after administration of a vasoconstrictor medication. Preexisting lung cancer or lung metastasis was the risk factor for BCIS; 40.0% of patients (16 in 40 patients) with preexisting lung cancer or metastasis had BCIS, whereas only 14.6% of patients (7 in 48 patients) without lung lesions had BCIS. There was no risk difference in terms of arthroplasty, old age, and increased blood loss. Apart from grades I and II bone cement implantation syndrome, there were no other major complications, including death, cardiovascular events, or cerebrovascular events.ConclusionBone cement implantation syndrome is not unusual in bone tumor surgeries, and preexisting lung cancer or lung metastasis is a risk factor.
Heck’s disease occurring after Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated smooth muscle tumors in an immunosuppressed child
Authors: Arbelo‐Ramos Natasha , Anderson Katelyn , Joshi Avni , Wieland Carilyn , Tyring Stephen , Rady Peter , Tollefson Megha 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA 10‐year‐old Guatemalan girl with past medical history of Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated smooth muscle tumors (EBV‐SMT) and combined immunodeficiency presented for evaluation of painful intraoral lesions. On examination, she was noted to have multiple, white to flesh‐colored, soft, flat‐topped papules, and plaques on the buccal and labial mucosa. Human papillomavirus type 13 was detected on PCR with PGMY primers of previously biopsied buccal tissue, confirming a diagnosis of Heck's disease (multifocal epithelial hyperplasia). We present an immunosuppressed, pediatric patient with two rare, virus‐associated neoplastic disorders that have not been previously reported to occur in the same individual.
The OPR gene family in watermelon: Genome‐wide identification and expression profiling under hormone treatments and root‐knot nematode infection
Authors: Guang Y. , Luo S. , Ahammed G. J. , Xiao X. , Li J. , Zhou Y. , Yang Y. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

The enzyme 12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid reductase (OPR) is important in the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis pathway and thus plays a vital role in plant defence. However, systematic and comprehensive analyses of OPR genes in watermelon and their roles in defence responses are extremely limited.

The physicochemical properties, phylogenetic tree, gene structure and cis‐acting elements of watermelon OPR genes were analysed using bioinformatics, and qRT‐PCR and RNA‐Seq were applied to assay expression of OPR genes in watermelon.

A total of five OPR family genes were identified in watermelon, which were unevenly distributed across the four chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis assigned OPR members from different plant species to five subfamilies (OPRI–OPRV). The motif compositions of OPR members were relatively conserved. Expression analysis using qRT‐PCR revealed that ClOPR genes, except for ClOPR5, were highly expressed in the flower and fruit. RNA‐seq analysis showed that the ClOPR genes had different expression patterns during flesh and rind development. Furthermore, the ClOPR genes, particularly ClOPR2 and ClOPR4, were significantly upregulated by exogenous JA, salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) treatments. In addition, red light induced expression of ClOPR2 and ClOPR4 in leaves and roots of root‐knot nematode (RKN)‐infected watermelon plants, suggesting their involvement in red light‐induced defence against RKN.

These results provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the diverse functions of OPR family genes in watermelon.
Governing through markets: Multinational firms in the bazaar economy
Authors: Cohen Amy J. , Jackson Jason 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article highlights a counterintuitive dynamic of neoliberal globalization. India has controversially liberalized foreign investment rules in the politically sensitive food retail sector. Critics argue that India bowed to pressure from multinational corporations, consistent with a common view that under neoliberalism markets eclipse state power. We suggest by contrast that policymakers seek multinational firms to strengthen their capacity to govern food markets that for centuries have been dominated by networks of local traders. These traders use informal conventions of market governance that have long proven resistant to centralized state control. Global retailers promise to transform these opaque, “traditional” systems into transparent, “modern,” supply chains that comply with liberal rule of law principles. Thus we argue the turn to multinational capital should neither be understood simply through the logics of state capture or welfare economics, but rather also as a political governance project that illustrates how different kinds of markets produce different conceptions of the state.
Mast cell density in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Association with prognosis and tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes
Authors: Yao Jiaxi , Xi Wei , Chen Xiang , Xiong Ying , Zhu Yanjun , Wang Hang , Hu Xiaoyi , Guo Jianming 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTumour‐infiltrating mast cells (TIMs) have been reported to play functional roles in the tumour microenvironment. However, controversial evidences exist regarding their impact in different cancers. In order to study their role in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), we have investigated the prognostic value of TIMs and their association with tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in patients with mRCC treated with sunitinib or sorafenib. Baseline clinical characteristics and follow‐up data were collected from 231 patients with mRCC; TIMs (mast cells density positive to tryptase), along with CD8+ and CD4+ TILs, were evaluated by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray. The log‐rank test and univariate and multivariate COX regression models were used for survival analyses. Our results revealed that patients with high mast cell density had significantly better overall and progression‐free survival (OS, P = .008, and PFS, P = .016, respectively) than those with low mast cell density. Additionally, multivariate COX regression analyses identified TIMs as an independent prognostic factor for OS (HR = 0.624, 95% CI: 0.420‐0.927, P = .020) and PFS (HR = 0.658, 95% CI: 0.466‐0.930, P = .019). Further, combining TIMs with the International mRCC Database Consortium (IMDC) risk model achieved statistically significant and better predictive ability for one‐ and two‐year OS (P = .002 and P = .004, respectively). Moreover, the cases with high mast cell density were associated with a high density of CD8+ and CD4+ TILs (P = .008 and P = .001, respectively). Thus, better OS in patients with mRCC exhibiting a high mast cell density population may be attributed to the co‐existence of CD8+ and CD4+ TILs, which have anti‐tumour effects on activation status.
Are adequate PROMs used as outcomes in randomized controlled trials? an analysis of 54 trials
Authors: Hansen Christian Fugl , Jensen Jonas , Brodersen John , Siersma Volkert , Comins Jonathan D. , Krogsgaard Michael R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractResults by patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in musculoskeletal research often influence healthcare strategies. We aimed to evaluate to which extent these RCTs use adequate PROMs, and how this influences the results and conclusions. We identified RCTs of sports research relevance with PROMs as primary outcomes published in 13 preselected journals between January 1, 2008, and November 1, 2019; all journals regularly publish results from musculoskeletal research. Five journals have a high impact factor (>15), and eight with lower impact factors are widely read journals. It was assessed whether the RCTs had used PROMs with high content validity and whether the most adequate PROMs were used (ie, the most well developed and well validated for the patients enrolled in the study). We registered journal impact factor, year of publication, existence of a registered protocol, and whether the study showed significant difference between interventions. A total of 54 RCTs with 56 primary outcomes comprising 26 different PROMs were identified. For 13 RCTs (24%), a protocol was not published. In only 24 of RCTs (44%), the most appropriate PROM had been used as primary outcome, independent of a registered protocol, ranking of the journal, and year of publication. In seven cases, PROMs were used to evaluate a condition that they had not been developed for. RCTs that used the most adequate PROM showed significantly more often (46%) difference in outcomes in contrast to RCTs that used inadequate PROMs (22%) (P = 0.0483). In conclusion, in the majority of RCTs, the most adequate PROM had not been used. Studies, in which the most adequate PROM had been used as outcome, were significantly more likely to show significant difference between interventions. The extent to which protocols were not available was surprisingly high. Journals should request that adequate PROMs are used in RCTs, and if this is not the case that it is discussed how it might influence the results and conclusions. Likewise, it should be requested that a protocol is published or registered.
How does self‐employment affect pension income? A comparative analysis of European welfare states
Authors: Höppner Julia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe characteristics of self‐employment in Europe have changed profoundly in the last decades. The share of solo self‐employment has grown and individuals combine more frequently dependent employment with self‐employment at the same time, or more often switch between dependent employment and self‐employment. These developments heavily affect the pensions of the self‐employed and therefore present a challenge for the old‐age security systems of European welfare states. So far, there has been little comparative research on how periods of self‐employment in the working career affect pension income in different European welfare states and how this is linked to the institutional design of pension systems. The paper contributes to filling this research gap by investigating the effect of self‐employment in the working career on individuals' pension income in 11 European countries. The findings show that self‐employment has a negative effect on total pensions of men and women. However, country differences are not significant in men, while in women only in the case of Poland and Belgium are there significant but contradictory effects of the share of self‐employment in the working career on total pensions. These effects are due to pension regulations concerning the contribution and benefit calculation rules for self‐employed persons.
Phytohormones in fruit development and maturation
Authors: Fenn Matthew A. , Giovannoni James J. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryPhytohormones are integral to the regulation of fruit development and maturation. This review expands upon current understanding of the relationship between hormone signaling and fruit development, emphasizing fleshy fruit and highlighting recent work in the model crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and additional species. Fruit development comprises fruit set initiation, growth, and maturation and ripening. Fruit set transpires after fertilization and is associated with auxin and gibberellic acid (GA) signaling. Interaction between auxin and GAs, as well as other phytohormones, is mediated by auxin‐responsive Aux/IAA and ARF proteins. Fruit growth consists of cell division and expansion, the former shown to be influenced by auxin signaling. While regulation of cell expansion is less thoroughly understood, evidence indicates synergistic regulation via both auxin and GAs, with input from additional hormones. Fruit maturation, a transitional phase that precipitates ripening, occurs when auxin and GA levels subside with a concurrent rise in abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. During fruit ripening, ethylene plays a clear role in climacteric fruits, whereas non‐climacteric ripening is generally associated with ABA. Recent evidence indicates varying requirements for both hormones within both ripening physiologies, suggesting rebalancing and specification of roles for common regulators rather than reliance upon one. Numerous recent discoveries pertaining to the molecular basis of hormonal activity and crosstalk are discussed, while we also note that many questions remain such as the molecular basis of additional hormonal activities, the role of epigenome changes, and how prior discoveries translate to the plethora of angiosperm species.
A single cytochrome P450 oxidase from Solanum habrochaites sequentially oxidizes 7‐epi‐zingiberene to derivatives toxic to whiteflies and various microorganisms
Authors: Zabel Sebastian , Brandt Wolfgang , Porzel Andrea , Athmer Benedikt , Bennewitz Stefan , Schäfer Petra , Kortbeek Ruy , Bleeker Petra , Tissier Alain 
Published: December 2020

SummarySecretions from glandular trichomes potentially protect plants against a variety of aggressors. In the tomato clade of the Solanum genus, glandular trichomes of wild species produce a rich source of chemical diversity at the leaf surface. Previously, 7‐epi‐zingiberene produced in several accessions of Solanum habrochaites was found to confer resistance to whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) and other insect pests. Here, we report the identification and characterisation of 9‐hydroxy‐zingiberene (9HZ) and 9‐hydroxy‐10,11‐epoxyzingiberene (9H10epoZ), two derivatives of 7‐epi‐zingiberene produced in glandular trichomes of S. habrochaites LA2167. Using a combination of transcriptomics and genetics, we identified a gene coding for a cytochrome P450 oxygenase, ShCYP71D184, that is highly expressed in trichomes and co‐segregates with the presence of the zingiberene derivatives. Transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that ShCYP71D184 carries out two successive oxidations to generate 9HZ and 9H10epoZ. Bioactivity assays showed that 9‐hydroxy‐10,11‐epoxyzingiberene in particular exhibits substantial toxicity against B. tabaci and various microorganisms including Phytophthora infestans and Botrytis cinerea. Our work shows that trichome secretions from wild tomato species can provide protection against a wide variety of organisms. In addition, the availability of the genes encoding the enzymes for the pathway of 7‐epi‐zingiberene derivatives makes it possible to introduce this trait in cultivated tomato by precision breeding.
A survey of primary care practitioners' referral habits and recommendations of allergen‐specific immunotherapy for canine and feline patients with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Flanagan Sarah , Schick Anthea , Lewis Thomas P. , Chu Tater Kathy , Rishniw Mark 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundA recent pilot study of primary care veterinarians' attitudes regarding canine atopic dermatitis and initiation of allergen‐specific immunotherapy (ASIT) revealed several barriers to specialist referral (in the USA) and use of ASIT as a treatment modality.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThe primary objective was to collect data on referral habits and ASIT practices among a much larger cohort of primary care veterinarians located around the world, and to explore barriers to referral and management of atopic diseases of dogs and cats with ASIT.Methods and materialsAn online survey, administered through the Veterinary Information Network (VIN, Davis, CA, USA), asked participants to self‐report their referral habits and immunotherapy recommendations, and rate barriers and motivating factors using Likert‐scale responses.ResultsOf 827 survey responses, 97.6% identified as primary care practitioners. A larger number of practitioners (84.5%) reported seeing atopic dogs often, compared with atopic cats (9.7%). Fewer of these veterinarians (56.6%) referred atopic cats for specialist care, compared to atopic dogs (73.5%). Timely communication, sharing long‐term management of the case, and provision of local continuing education were identified as factors associated with increased willingness to refer. A higher proportion of practitioners reported recommending ASIT for dogs (44.3%) than for cats (16.0%). Only 56.0% of respondents considered success rates of ASIT to be acceptable, while 27.9% were neutral on the topic.Conclusions and clinical relevanceDermatology specialists might build stronger relationships with referring veterinarians through timely case follow‐up and provision of continuing education regarding the long‐term benefits of ASIT and symptomatic management practices.
Prospective evaluation of pericardial catheter placement versus needle pericardiocentesis in the management of canine pericardial effusion
Authors: Cook Simon , Cortellini Stefano , Humm Karen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the safety and efficacy of pericardial catheter placement with needle pericardiocentesis in dogs with pericardial effusion (PE)DesignProspective, randomized clinical trial.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsThirty client‐owned dogs requiring pericardiocentesis between January 2017 and August 2019.InterventionsDogs were randomized to undergo PE drainage via indwelling pericardial catheter placement (catheter group) followed by elective drainage every 4–6 hours or needle pericardiocentesis (needle group) repeated as necessary.Measurements and main resultsFifteen dogs were allocated to the catheter group and 15 to the needle group. Data collected included signalment, cause of effusion, occurrence of arrhythmias pre‐, during, and post‐pericardiocentesis, procedural length, and details of repeated drainages. There was no significant difference between mean procedural times for pericardial catheter placement (17.7 min [±11.8]) and needle pericardiocentesis (12.1 min [±8.6]) (P = 0.192) or the rate of new arrhythmias in the catheter (36%) and needle (64%) groups (P = 0.24). Pericardial catheters were kept in situ for a median of 21 hours (range, 14–85). Three of 15 (20%) dogs in the needle group required repeated pericardiocentesis within 24 hours of initial pericardiocentesis. Pericardial catheters enabled repeated large volume PE drainage in 4 cases (median, 10.6 mL/kg; range, 8‐5–10.6).ConclusionsPericardial catheters appear to offer a safe alternative to needle pericardiocentesis. Minimal sedation is required for placement, and they can be placed quickly. Their indwelling nature and use was not associated with a higher rate of arrhythmia compared to that of needle pericardiocentesis alone, and may be beneficial in the event that clinically significant PE recurs.
Phytoremediation of chromium and manganese by Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. from aqueous medium containing chromium‐manganese mixtures in microcosms and mesocosms
Authors: Haokip Nengpilam , Gupta Abhik 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIpomoea aquatica—an aquatic macrophyte—could remove chromium and manganese from their mixtures after 96 h exposure at a maximum rate of 82.8% and 93.9%, respectively, in microcosms. The removal rates were higher (90.4% and 94.5%, respectively) after 96 h exposure in mesocosms with gravel beds and vertical subsurface flow. The higher removal rates in mesocosm were probably due to a wide range of partitioned micro‐environments close to the root boundaries, and within the biofilms on both root and gravel surfaces. The Cr and Mn removal efficiencies of I. aquatica increased with increasing Cr or Mn concentrations in the medium. The study reveals the potential of I. aquatica—a fast‐growing species that can proliferate by fragmentation—to effectively remove Cr and Mn within a relatively short period of time, thereby raising the prospect of its use in phytoremediation of wastewater contaminated with these metals.
Mechanisms of collision recovery in flying beetles and flapping-wing robots
Authors: Phan Hoang Vu , Park Hoon Cheol 
Published: December 2020

Protection in the wings
Beetles have hardened forewings for the protection of their bodies and hindwings, and their use during crawling or burrowing is well understood. However, the behavior of the larger hindwings during collisions in flight has not been clear because they do not readily flex. Phan and Park present a detailed study of the folding and unfolding mechanisms of the hindwings in free-flying rhinoceros beetles in which the wings were impacted during flight to simulate a cluttered environment (see the Perspective by Sun). They found that origami-like folds in the wing could rapidly collapse on impact and then spring back, thus acting as shock absorbers and stabilizers. The authors replicated this behavior in a flapping-wing robot, enabling it to fly safely after collisions.

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