bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying At-Risk Youth
Authors: Geusens Femke , Bigman-Galimore Cabral A. , Beullens Kathleen 
Published: October 2020

Background & purpose. Research indicates a positive relationship between sharing alcohol references on social media and drinking behavior. The current study extends that line of research by assessing the interaction of risk-related personality traits with alcohol-related social media use, to examine if social media can be used to identify individuals at risk for heavy drinking behavior.
Methods & results. The results of a cross-sectional survey among a sample of 638 emerging adults (age 18-25) find that the positive association between sharing alcohol references on social media and drinking intention was strongest for individuals with low levels of sensation seeking and sensitivity to peer pressure, and high levels of self-control, and non-significant for those on the other end of these personality traits.
Conclusions. These findings indicate that the relationship between sharing alcohol references and drinking intentions is not uniform for all individuals, and that risk-related individual differences should be considered in future research and interventions.
Expediting Growth and Development: Policy Challenges Confronting Africa
Authors: Simbanegavi Witness 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article discusses five of Africa’s most pressing development challenges for the 2020s, namely, infrastructure bottlenecks, fragility of economies due to underdiversification, youth unemployment, high fertility, and climate change. These either infringe on the region’s ability to grow or bring about volatility of growth, encumbering the continent’s efforts to develop. Policy will have to grapple with the challenges of How to diversify African economies to engender resilience, close the infrastructure gap, reign in fertility, generate productive employment opportunities for youth, and climate proof African agriculture. Governments will need to partner with, and leverage, the private sector to fast-track closing of these gaps. For instance, strong institutions and appropriate regulatory and policy frameworks should support capability building by enterprises and facilitate private sector participation in infrastructure. Bankability of projects is key if African governments are to leverage the “limitless” resources held by institutional investors to finance Africa’s infrastructure build. To secure long-term development, policy makers should decisively address fertility and youth employment challenges. Interventions that raise the opportunity cost of child bearing for women (ease access to education and paid work for women and girls) are effective in lowering fertility and should be pursued. Similarly, interventions that raise productivity in agriculture and household enterprises hold promise to absorb unemployed youth in the short to medium term, while reorienting education systems to science, technology, engineering, and math and vocational education, with emphasis on quality, should expand opportunities in the medium to long term. With respect to climate change mitigation and adaptation, policy should be directed at climate proofing agriculture and greening the electricity grid. Overcoming these challenges should expedite attainment of the 2030 sustainable development goals.
Intraoperative decision making in bariatric surgery
Authors: Al Samaraee Ahmad , Samier Akeil 
Published: October 2020

Background: Surgeons may encounter unexpected anatomical or pathological findings during various bariatric surgical procedures for which they must make prompt and critical decisions that had not been planned prior to the operation. In this practice review, we present our experiences with unexpected challenges and on-table decision making in bariatric surgery to share our knowledge with colleagues who may encounter the same challenges during bariatric surgery. This paper's content is of applied learning and practical value focusing on challenging intraoperative decision making; however, it does not discuss the details of the various techniques used during surgery.
Methods: This work is a single-center retrospective review of operations carried out on patients who had unexpected intraoperative findings during bariatric surgery despite the implementation of detailed preoperative evaluations that would have otherwise suggested standard procedures. These findings resulted in abandoned surgery or laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy instead of the intended Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
Results: A total of 449 patients had received various bariatric interventions in our unit between 2012 and 2016. Eleven patients, representing approximately 2.4% of the total number of patients surveyed had met the inclusion criteria and were added to the final list for analysis. The mean age of the included patients was 40.82 years (range: 30–51 years), and seven of the patients, representing approximately 63.6% of the included cases, were female. The mean body mass index of the 11 cases was 40.8 (range: 38–48). Only two cases (18.9%) had had their surgery abandoned; the rest (81.1%) had received laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy instead of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. None of the 11 patients had perioperative morbidity or mortality.
Conclusion: Intraoperative decision making for unexpected findings in bariatric surgery is challenging. In these circumstances, surgeons must make prompt and critical decisions, including abandoning the operation. The available literature on this subject is unsurprisingly limited because of the rarity of such findings.
A Robust and Oblivious Watermarking Method Using Maximum Wavelet Coefficient Modulation and Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Prasada Rao Borra Surya , Ramanjaneyulu Kongara , Raja Rajeswari K. 
Published: October 2020

An image watermarking method using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) is presented for applications like content authentication and copyright protection. This method is robust to various image attacks. For watermark detection/extraction, the cover image is not essential. Gray scale images of size 512 × 512 as cover image and binary images of size 64 × 64 as watermark are used in the simulation of the proposed method. Watermark embedding is done in the DWT domain. 3rd and 2nd level detail sub-band coefficients are selected for further processing. Selected coefficients are arranged in different blocks. The size of the block and the number blocks depends on the size of the watermark. One watermark bit is embedded in each block. Then, inverse DWT operation is performed to get the required watermarked image. This watermarked image is used for transmission and distribution purposes. In case of any dispute over the ownership, the hidden watermark is decoded to solve the problem. Threshold-based method is used for watermark extraction. Control parameters are identified and optimized based on GA for targeted performance in terms of PSNR and NCC. Performance comparison is done with the existing works and substantial improvement is witnessed.
Transcriptome analysis reveals potential immune function-related regulatory genes/pathways of female Lubo goat submandibular glands at different developmental stages
Authors: Wang Aili , Chao Tianle , Ji Zhibin , Xuan Rong , Liu Shuang , Guo Maosen , Wang Guizhi , Wang Jianmin 
Published: October 2020

Background
The submandibular glands, as major salivary glands, participate in rumen digestion in goats. Sialic acid, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin and other biologically active substances secreted in the submandibular glands were reported in succession, which suggests that the submandibular gland may have immune functions in addition to participating in digestion. The aim of this study was to map the expression profile of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at three different stages by transcriptome sequencing, screen immune-related genes and pathways by bioinformatics methods, and predict the immune function of submandibular glands at different developmental stages.

Methods
Nine submandibular gland tissue samples were collected from groups of 1-month-old kids, 12-month-old adolescent goats and 24-month-old adult goats (3 samples from each group), and high-throughput transcriptome sequencing was conducted on these samples. The DEGs among the three stages were screened and analysed. Key genes and signalling pathways were selected via protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis.

Results
The results revealed 2,706, 2,525 and 52 DEGs between 1-month-old and 12-month-old goats, between 1-month-old and 24-month-old goats, and between 12-month-old and 24-month-old goats, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses indicated that most of the DEGs were enriched in immune- related GO terms and pathways. Based on functional enrichment analysis and network analysis, 10 genes (PTPRC, CD28, SELL, LCP2, MYC, LCK, ZAP70, ITGB2, SYK and CCR7), two signalling pathways (the T cell receptor signalling pathway and the NF-κβ signalling pathway) and eight GO terms (T cell receptor signalling pathway, neutrophil mediated immunity, B cell mediated immunity, regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation, positive regulation of T cell proliferation, regulation of leukocyte differentiation, positive regulation of antigen receptor-mediated signalling pathway, positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation) that may play key roles in the immune functions of the goat submandibular glands at different developmental stages were identified. Moreover, we found that eight antibacterial peptide-encoding genes were downregulated in the tuberculosis and salivary secretion pathways, while all immunoglobulins were upregulated in 10 immune system pathways. These findings indicate that the submandibular glands may be important immunological organs during the growth process of goats and that the immune function of these glands gradually weakens with age up to 12 months but remains relatively stable after 12 months of age. Overall, this study will improve our understanding of transcriptional regulation related to goat submandibular gland immune function.
Patient Perspectives Surrounding Intraarticular Injections for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Lenhard Nora K. , Williams Emma E. , Lape Emma C. , MacFarlane Lindsey A. , Losina Elena , Katz Jeffrey N. 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveIntraarticular (IA) injections are used frequently for knee osteoarthritis (OA), but little is known about patients’ attitudes toward these therapies. We aimed to better understand patients’ perceptions of the facilitators of and barriers to IA injections for knee OA.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study and held focus groups and individual interviews with participants with knee OA, including some who had and some who had not received IA injections. We conducted a thematic analysis to identify themes describing the factors that participants found influential when deciding whether to try an IA injection.ResultsWe held 3 focus groups with 12 participants and conducted 3 individual interviews (15 participants total). We identified the following 4 themes that shaped participants’ decisions to receive a specific injection: 1) the impact of OA on participants’ lives; 2) participants’ attitudes and concerns, including desire to avoid surgery, willingness to accept uncertain outcomes, and concerns about side effects and dependence; 3) the way participants gathered and processed information from physicians, peers, and the internet; and 4) the availability of injectable products. Participants weighed the desire to regain function and delay surgery with concerns about side effects, uncertain efficacy, and costs.ConclusionParticipants were concerned about the effectiveness, toxicity, availability, and cost of injectable products. They balanced disparate sources of information, uncertain outcomes, limited product availability, and other injection‐related concerns with a desire to decrease pain. These findings can provide clinicians, investigators, and public health professionals with insights into challenges that patients face when making injection decisions.
A Machine Learning‐Assisted Nanoparticle‐Printed Biochip for Real‐Time Single Cancer Cell Analysis
Authors: Joshi Kushal , Javani Alireza , Park Joshua , Velasco Vanessa , Xu Binzhi , Razorenova Olga , Esfandyarpour Rahim 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCancers are a complex conglomerate of heterogeneous cell populations with varying genotypes and phenotypes. The intercellular heterogeneity within the same tumor and intratumor heterogeneity within various tumors are the leading causes of resistance to cancer therapies and varied outcomes in different patients. Therefore, performing single‐cell analysis is essential to identify and classify cancer cell types and study cellular heterogeneity. Here, the development of a machine learning‐assisted nanoparticle‐printed biochip for single‐cell analysis is reported. The biochip is integrated by combining powerful machine learning techniques with easily accessible inkjet printing and microfluidics technology. The biochip is easily prototype‐able, miniaturized, and cost‐effective, potentially capable of differentiating a variety of cell types in a label‐free manner. n‐feature classifiers are established and their performance metrics are evaluated. The biochip's utility to discriminate noncancerous cells from cancerous cells at the single‐cell level is demonstrated. The biochip's utility in classifying cancer sub‐type cells is also demonstrated. It is envisioned that such a chip has potential applications in single‐cell studies, tumor heterogeneity studies, and perhaps in point‐of‐care cancer diagnostics—especially in developing countries where the cost, limited infrastructures, and limited access to medical technologies are of the utmost importance.
Counterintuitive Wetting Transitions in Doubly Reentrant Cavities as a Function of Surface Make‐Up, Hydrostatic Pressure, and Cavity Aspect Ratio
Authors: Arunachalam Sankara , Ahmad Zain , Das Ratul , Mishra Himanshu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSurfaces that entrap air underwater serve numerous practical applications, such as mitigating cavitation erosion and reducing frictional drag. These surfaces typically rely on perfluorinated coatings. However, the non‐biodegradability and fragility of the coatings limit practical applications. Thus, coating‐free, sustainable, and robust approaches are desirable. Recently, a microtexture comprising doubly reentrant cavities (DRCs) has been demonstrated to entrap air on immersion in wetting liquids. While this is a promising approach, insights into the effects of surface chemistry, hydrostatic pressure, and cavity dimensions on wetting transitions in DRCs remain unavailable. In response, Cassie‐to‐Wenzel transitions into circular DRCs submerged in water are investigated and compared with those in cylindrical “simple” cavities (SCs). It is found that at low hydrostatic pressures (≈50 Pa), DRCs with hydrophilic (θo ≈ 40°) and hydrophobic (θo ≈ 112°) make‐ups fill within 105 and 107 s, respectively, while SCs with hydrophilic make‐up fill within <10−2 s. Under elevated hydrostatic pressure (P ≤ 90 kPa), counterintuitively, DRCs with hydrophobic make‐up fill dramatically faster than the commensurate SCs. This comprehensive report should provide a rational framework for harnessing microtexturing and surface chemistry toward coating‐free liquid repellency.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Selective Carbofunctionalization of Inert γ‐C(sp3)−O Bonds with 4‐Hydroxypyridin‐2(1H)‐ones and 4‐Hydroxy‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones
Authors: Guan Qifan , Lin Cong , Chen Sai , Gao Fei , Shen Liang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed selective carbofunctionalization of inert γ‐C(sp3)−O bonds of aliphatic amides by using the strategy of sp3 C−H activation/β‐O elimination/hydrocarbofunctionalization with the assistance of 8‐aminoquinolyl directing group is presented here. This method features a broad scope of both 4‐hydroxypyridin‐2(1H)‐ones and 4‐hydroxy‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones, providing a versatile method for the synthesis of corresponding γ‐substituted amide derivatives.magnified image
Growth temperature and rhizome propagule characteristics affect rhizoma peanut shoot emergence and biomass partitioning
Authors: Aryal Parmeshwor , Sollenberger Lynn E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAdoption of rhizoma peanut (RP; Arachis glabrata Benth.) is limited by slow establishment. Understanding the factors affecting RP biomass partitioning during the shoot emergence period may aid in developing management practices that enhance establishment. A growth chamber study was conducted to determine shoot emergence and overall growth responses of two RP entries (germplasm Ecoturf and ‘UF Tito’) to day/night temperature (20/10 and 30/20 °C). A greenhouse study evaluated similar responses to rhizome propagule length (10‐ and 20‐cm fragments) and presence or absence of an apical shoot. Shoot emergence was greater (4.9 vs. 2.6 pot−1) at a day/night temperature of 30/20 than 20/10 °C. Root‐rhizome/shoot ratio was much less when RP was grown at 30/20 °C (1.4) than at 20/10 °C (8.5). Growth of more upright‐growing UF Tito was superior to Ecoturf at the greater temperature. In the greenhouse experiment, number of shoots emerged from rhizomes was generally greater with smaller rhizome fragments (10 cm) from which apical shoots were removed, especially for UF Tito. Root‐rhizome/shoot ratio decreased with presence of an apical shoot due to increased shoot biomass, especially for Ecoturf. We conclude that greater growth temperature after planting results in more rapid shoot emergence and greater growth during early establishment, likely favoring summer vs. early spring planting dates, especially for UF Tito. Although RP biomass partitioning responded to presence of an apical shoot on propagules, rhizome length did not affect partitioning and presence of an apical shoot did not consistently influence biomass responses, suggesting no particular requirement for rhizome fragmentation prior to planting.
A geometric morphometric approach to the study of sexual dimorphism in the modern human frontal bone
Authors: Del Bove Antonietta , Profico Antonio , Riga Alessandro , Bucchi Ana , Lorenzo Carlos 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesWe analyzed the main anatomical traits found in the human frontal bone by using a geometric morphometric approach. The objectives of this study are to explore how the frontal bone morphology varies between the sexes and to detect which part of the frontal bone are sexually dimorphic.Materials and methodsThe sample is composed of 161 skulls of European and North American individuals of known sex. For each cranium, we collected 3D landmarks and semilandmarks on the frontal bone, to examine the entire morphology and separate modules (frontal squama, supraorbital ridges, glabellar region, temporal lines, and mid‐sagittal profile). We used Procrustes ANOVAs and LDAs (linear discriminant analyses) to evaluate the relation between frontal bone morphology and sexual dimorphism and to calculate precision and accuracy in the classification of sex.ResultsAll the frontal bone traits are influenced by sexual dimorphism, though each in a different manner. Variation in shape and size differs between the sexes, and this study confirmed that the supraorbital ridges and glabella are the most important regions for sex determination, although there is no covariation between them. The variable size does not contribute significantly to the discrimination between sexes. Thanks to a geometric morphometric analysis, it was found that the size variable is not an important element for the determination of sex in the frontal bone.ConclusionThe usage of geometric morphometrics in analyzing the frontal bone has led to new knowledge on the morphological variations due to sexual dimorphism. The proposed protocol permits to quantify morphological covariation between modules, to calculate the shape variations related to sexual dimorphism including or omitting the variable size.
Reactivity, Selectivity, and Synthesis of 4‐C‐Silylated Glycosyl Donors and 4‐Deoxy Analogues
Authors: Jæger Pedersen Martin , Pedersen Christian Marcus 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA method for introducing dimethylphenylsilyl at the 4‐position in carbohydrates has been developed. Two C‐silylated glycosyl donors were prepared via levoglucosenone, starting from cellulose. The glycosylation properties were studied using three glucoside acceptors, a 3‐OH, 4‐OH, and 6‐OH. Compared with the 4‐deoxy variant, it was found that the anomeric selectivity was influenced more by the C‐2 substituents orientation than the silyl in the 4‐position. In general, the reactivity of these donors was higher than the corresponding 4‐deoxy‐analogue, albeit a competition experiment showed that the introduction of a C−Si increases the relative reactivity by a modest factor of around two.
Electric‐Field‐Mediated Electron Tunneling of Supramolecular Naphthalimide Nanostructures for Biomimetic H2 Production
Authors: Lin Huan , Ma Zhiyun , Zhao Jiwu , Liu Yang , Chen Jinquan , Wang Junhui , Wu Kaifeng , Jia Huaping , Zhang Xuming , Cao Xinhua , Wang Xuxu , Fu Xianzhi , Long Jinlin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe design and synthesis of two semiconducting bis (4‐ethynyl‐bridging 1, 8‐naphthalimide) bolaamphiphiles (BENI‐COO− and BENI‐NH3+) to fabricate supramolecular metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) nanostructures for biomimetic hydrogen evolution under visible light irradiation is presented. A H2 evolution rate of ca. 3.12 mmol g−1⋅h−1 and an apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of ca. 1.63 % at 400 nm were achieved over the BENI‐COO−‐NH3+‐Ni MIS photosystem prepared by electrostatic self‐assembly of BENI‐COO− with the opposite‐charged DuBois‐Ni catalysts. The hot electrons of photoexcited BENI‐COO− nanofibers were tunneled to the molecular Ni collectors across a salt bridge and an alkyl region of 2.2–2.5 nm length at a rate of 6.10×108 s−1, which is five times larger than the BENI‐NH3+ nanoribbons (1.17×108 s−1). The electric field benefited significantly the electron tunneling dynamics and compensated the charge‐separated states insufficient in the BENI‐COO− nanofibers.
Dynamic Bio‐Barcode Assay Enables Electrochemical Detection of a Cancer Biomarker in Undiluted Human Plasma: A Sample‐In‐Answer‐Out Approach
Authors: Traynor Sarah M. , Wang Guan A. , Pandey Richa , Li Feng , Soleymani Leyla 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere is a need for biosensing systems that can be operated at the point‐of‐care (POC) for disease screening and diagnostics and health monitoring. In spite of this, simple to operate systems with the required analytical sensitivity and specificity in clinical samples, using a sample‐in‐answer‐out approach, remain elusive. Reported here is an electrochemical bio‐barcode assay (e‐biobarcode assay) that integrates biorecognition with signal transduction using molecular (DNA/protein) machines and signal readout using nanostructured electrodes. The e‐biobarcode assay eliminates multistep processing and uses a single step for analysis following sample collection into the reagent tube. A clinically relevant performance for the analysis of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in undiluted and unprocessed human plasma: a log‐linear range of 1 ng mL−1–200 ng mL−1 and a LOD of 0.4 ng mL−1, was achieved. The e‐biobarcode assay offers a realistic solution for biomarker analysis at the POC.