bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting CD47 Inhibits Tumor Development and Increases Phagocytosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Ye Xiao-Jing , Yang Jian-Guang , Tan Ya-Qin , Chen Xiao-Jie , Zhou Gang 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Our previous work demonstrated upregulated CD47 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Objective:
In the present study,we aimed to investigate the effects of CD47 on tumor cell development and phagocytosis in OSCC and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Methods:
The proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of oral cancer cells were analyzed after knocking down the expression of CD47. The effects of CD47 on tumor development were also evaluated using a murine model of OSCC. The involvement of CD47 in the phagocytosis of oral cancer cells was identified.

Results:
Cell proliferation was suppressed by knocking down the expression of CD47 in human OSCC cell line Cal-27 cells but there was no change in theapoptosis rate. Moreover, impaired expression of CD47 inhibited the migration and invasion of Cal-27 cells. Furthermore, we found that nude mice injected with CD47 knocked-down Cal-27 cells displayed decreased tumor volumes at week 9 compared to xenograft transplantations of blank Cal-27 cells. In addition, in vitrophagocytosis of Cal-27 cells by macrophages was significantly enhanced after the knockdown of CD47, which positively correlated with compromised STAT3/JAK2 signaling.

Conclusion:
In summary, the knockdown of CD47 down regulated the development of OSCC and increased the phagocytosis of Cal-27 cells, indicating that CD47 might be a promising therapeutic target.
Rotundic Acid Regulates the Effects of Let-7f-5p on Caco2 Cell Proliferation
Authors: Feng Yuan , Liu Xinran , Han Yueqing , Chen Mantian , Zhang Lin , Hu Yuling , Chen Liya , Chen Gang , Li Ning 
Published: August 2020

Background & Objective:
Nowadays, the interaction between natural products and microRNAs provides
a promising field for exploring the chemopreventive agents for various cancers. As a member of microRNAs,
the expression of let-7f-5p is universally downregulated in Colorectal Cancer (CRC). The present study
aimed to uncover the function of let-7f-5p in the proliferation of human colon cancer cell line Caco2 and explored
chemopreventive agents from natural resources that can prevent the development of CRC.

Methods:
Herein, Caco2 cells were transfected with let-7f-5p mimic and inhibitor to manipulate let-7f-5p levels,
and the expression of let-7f-5p was performed by RT-qPCR. Next, we determined how let-7f-5p regulates
Caco2 cell proliferation by using MTT, wound-healing, cell cycle, and colony formation assays. Besides, to
further understand the effect of let-7f-5p, we evaluated the protein level of AMER3 and SLC9A9 by using western
blotting assays.

Results:
The results showed a suppressive function of let-7f-5p on Caco2 cell proliferation and then put forward
a triterpenoid (Rotundic Acid, RA) which significant antagonized the effect of cell proliferation, restitution after
wounding, and colony formation caused by let-7f-5p. Moreover, the western blot results further indicated
that the inhibitory effect of RA might be due to its suppressive role in let-7f-5p-targeted AMER3 and SLC9A9
regulation.

Conclusion:
Our validation study results confirmed that let-7f-5p was a potent tumor suppressor gene of Caco2
cell proliferation, and RA showed as a regulator of the effect of let-7f-5p on cell proliferation and then could be
a potential chemopreventive agent for CRC treatment.
Characterization of Cepharanthin Nanosuspensions and Evaluation of Their In Vitro Activity for the HepG2 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line
Authors: Zhao Yue , Fu Tingting , Meng Gaoke , Qiao Fangxia , Hou Yanhui , Liu Yanhua , Yang Jianhong 
Published: August 2020

Background:Conventional cancer therapeutics has enormous toxicity and severe side effects that generate multi-drug resistance. Therefore, an urgent need exists for new alternative therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. Cepharanthin (CEP) has anti-cancer potential but has poor aqueous solubility, which limits its clinical use. Nanosuspensions (NS) are attractive as insoluble drug delivery systems.Objectives:In this study, we used D-alpha Tocopherol acid Polyethylene Glycol Succinate (TPGS), Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) VA64, and Croscamellose Sodium (CCS) as stabilizers to produce TPGS-CEP-NS, PVP VA64-CEP-NS, and CCS-CEP-NS by wet-milling technology, and then characterized the NS and evaluated their functional activities in vitro.Methods:EP Nanosuspensions (CEP-NS) were prepared by the wet-milling method. The prepared NS were characterized by particle size distribution, zeta potential, morphology, surface properties, and molecular interactions. The NS were evaluated for their effects on HepG2 cells in vitro. The evaluations included assessment of cellular cytotoxicity, cellular apoptosis, NS uptake by cells, and mitochondrial membrane potential changes.Results:CEP-NS showed an appropriate particle size and were physically stable. All CEP-NS exhibited HepG2 enhanced anti-proliferative effects by reducing cell viability, enhanced cellular uptake, induced cellular apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential loss.Conclusion:: CEP-NS may be effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Engaging Youth in the Bipolar Youth Action Project: Community-Based Participatory Research
Authors: Lapadat Laura , Balram Anusha , Cheek Joanna , Canas Eugenia , Paquette Andrea ,   Bipolar Youth Action Group, Michalak Erin E 
Published: August 2020

Background
We describe the methodological dimensions of community-based participatory research through a description of study design, youth engagement, and methods/processes in the cocreation of knowledge within a Canadian study, the Bipolar Youth Action Project. This collaborative partnership—carried out by a team composed of academic, community, and youth partners—was designed to investigate self-management and wellness strategies for young adults living with bipolar disorder.

Objective
The aim is to describe the opportunities and challenges of this collaboration and to reflect upon the process of involving youth with bipolar disorder in health research that concerns them, and share lessons learned.

Methods
The project was conducted in multiple phases over 2 years: (1) grant-writing, with youth contributing to the process; (2) recruitment, in which 12 youth were selected and trained to help shape and conduct two research forums; (3) the first research forum, where more youth were consulted about the strategies they apply to stay well (self-management strategies); (4) data analysis of Forum I findings; (5) research Forum II, which consulted youth with bipolar disorder about knowledge translation of Forum I findings; and (6) data analysis of Forum II findings. Youth peer researchers with bipolar disorder were involved in a significant capacity at every stage in the process.

Results
Of the initial 12 youth peer researchers, 7 remained on the project from the recruitment phase until the project ended. They collaborated in the creation of two youth research forums that consulted youth with bipolar disorder on their self-management strategies.

Conclusions
This article shares what was learned from the process of partnering with youth with bipolar disorder in a community-based participatory research study.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAXIMAL STRENGTH, VERTICAL JUMP, ACCELERATION AND CHANGE OF DIRECTION PERFORMANCE
Authors: Ranisavljev Igor , Matić Milan , Janković Nenad 
Published: August 2020

The goal of the present study was to explore the relationship between maximum strength, the vertical jump, acceleration and change of direction performance in healthy young male students. The sample of variables included the following variables: body mass (BM), one repetition maximum on the half-squat test (Squat 1RM), one repetition maximum normalized for body mass (Squat 1RM_rel), peak power during the concentric phase of countermovement jump (Ppeak CMJ), vertical jump height during CMJ (CMJ_H), time for the 20m sprint (20m Srint) and time for the agility T-Test (Agility T-Test). The relationship was tested with the Pearson Coefficient of linear correlation (r). The results showed significant correlation between body mass with Squat 1RM_rel and peak concentric power during CMJ (r=-.424, and r=.377, respectively). Peak concentric power during CMJ additionally has a significant correlation with the change of direction abilities, 20m sprint, and vertical jump height, (r=-.401; r=-.467; r=.656; p<0.05, respectively). Also, significant correlation was determined between the 20m Sprint and Agility T-Test (r=.443; r=-.570, respectively), and Agility T-Test vertical jump height (r=-.498). The level of relationships between maximum strength, acceleration, COD and CMJ may be attributable to differences in the control and coordination of several muscle groups during execution of these tests.
CEO Overconfidence and the Timeliness of Goodwill Impairments
Authors: Chung Byung Hun , Hribar Paul 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We use survival analysis techniques to examine whether overconfidence affects the likelihood and timeliness of goodwill impairments. We predict that overconfident CEOs have a lower likelihood of impairment in any firm-quarter, and take longer, on average, to impair goodwill. Using the Cox proportional-hazards model and the accelerated failure time model, we find evidence consistent with both predictions. In cross-sectional tests, we find having more financial experts on the board mitigates the effect of CEO overconfidence on the timeliness of goodwill impairments, while uncertainty in predicting a firm's future performance strengthens the effect. Additional results show that overconfident CEOs hold overly optimistic expectations of their firms' performance, and that they underweight negative market signals prior to the impairment decisions.
THE CHRISTIAN-ORTHODOX FAITH AND CHRISTIAN TRANSHUMANISM
Authors: CIRA Călin Emilian 
Published: August 2020

The Church has been confronted with various challenges in the recent period. One of these is the transhumanist movement that aims to create a new man by using the means of science and technology. In this context, the Christian Transhumanist Association was set up, an organization which proposes a dialogue with Transhumanism and even a way to find compatibilities between Christianity and this new trend. In this essay, having The Christian Transhumanist Affirmation as a starting point, we will try to offer a possible perspective from the point of view of Orthodox Christianity in relation to what this association claims.
Keberadaan Graf dengan Dimensi Partisi Bintang yang Diberikan
Authors: Meylisa Violla 
Published: August 2020

Misalkan terdapat graf G = (V, E). Untuk suatu titik v âˆˆ V (G) dan suatu subhimpunan sebarang S dari V (G), jarak antara v dan S didefinisikan sebagai d(v, S) = min{d(v, x)|x âˆˆ S}. Misalkan Î = {S1, S2, Â· Â· Â· , Sk} adalah partisi-k dari V (G). Representasi dari v terhadap Î adalah vektor-k yang dilambangkan dengan r(v|Î ) = (d(v, S1), d(v, S2), Â· Â· Â· , d(v, Sk)). Partisi Î adalah partisi penyelesaian untuk G jika untuk setiap u, v di V (G), berlaku r(u|Î ) 6= r(v|Î ). Nilai minimum k yang ada untuk partisi-k penyelesaian dari V (G) dinamakan dimensi partisi dari G, yang dilambangkan dengan pd(G). Partisi Î = {S1, S2, Â· Â· Â· , Sk} adalah partisi-k penyelesaian bintang untuk G jika partisi dari V (G) dan masing-masing subgraf dari G yang mengandung Si, untuk 1 â‰¤ i â‰¤ k adalah bintang. Minimum k yang mengandung partisi-k penyelesaian bintang dari V (G) dinamakan dimensi partisi bintang dari G yang dilambangkan spd(G). Pada makalah ini akan dikaji kembali makalah [3] yang membahas tentang keberadaan graf dengan dimensi partisi bintang yang diberikan.Kata Kunci: Partisi Penyelesaian, Dimensi Partisi, Dimensi Partisi Bintang, Graf Bintang
Bilangan Kromatik Lokasi untuk Graf Pn á´ Km dengan n â‰¥ 1 dan m â‰¥ 1
Authors: Muthia Ivo , Narwen Narwen 
Published: August 2020

Misalkan G = (V, E) adalah graf terhubung dan c suatu pewarnaan dari G. Untuk 1 â‰¤ i â‰¤ k, definisikan Si sebagai himpunan titik dengan warna i. Kode warna cÎ (v) dari titik v merupakan vektor dengan banyak unsur k yaitu cÎ (v) = (d(v, S1), d(v, S2), Â· Â· Â· , d(v, Sk)), dimana d(v, Si) adalah jarak dari v ke Si. Jika setiap titik yang berbeda di G memiliki kode warna yang berbeda untuk suatu Î , maka c disebut pewarnaan lokasi dari G. Bilangan kromatik lokasi dari G, dinotasikan Ï‡L(G), adalah minimum dari banyaknya warna yang digunakan pada pewarnaan lokasi dari graf G. Graf korona G H dari dua graf G dan H adalah graf yang diperoleh dengan mengambil suatu duplikat dari graf G dan sebanyak |V (G)| duplikat dari H, namakan H1, H2, Â· Â· Â· , H|V (G)| , kemudian titik ke-i dari graf G dihubungkan ke setiap titik di Hi, untuk i = 1, 2, 3, Â· Â· Â· , |V (G)|. Pada tulisan ini, akan dikaji kembali makalah [3] tentang bilangan kromatik lokasi dari graf Pn Km, n â‰¥ 1 dan m â‰¥ 1. Kata Kunci: Pewarnaan Lokasi, Bilangan kromatik lokasi, Graf korona
BILANGAN KROMATIK LOKASI GRAF TAK TERHUBUNG DENGAN GRAF LINTASAN DAN GRAF LINGKARAN SEBAGAI KOMPONEN-KOMPONENNYA
Authors: Putri Suci Rahma , Welyyanti Des , Narwen Narwen 
Published: August 2020

Misalkan Si, merupakan himpunan titik-titik yang berwarna i dengan 1 â‰¤ i â‰¤ k maka Î = {S1, S2, Â· Â· Â· , Sk} adalah himpunan yang terdiri dari kelas-kelas warna di V (G). Berdasarkan suatu pewarnaan titik, maka representasi v terhadap Î disebut kode warna dari v, dinotasikan dengan cÎ (v). Kode warna cÎ (v) dari suatu titik v âˆˆ V (G) didefinisikan sebagai k-vektor,cÎ (v) = (d(v, S1), d(v, S2), Â· Â· Â· , d(v, Sk))dimana d(v, Si) = min{d(v, x)|x âˆˆ Si} untuk 1 â‰¤ i â‰¤ k. Jika setiap titik yang berbeda di G memiliki kode warna yang berbeda untuk suatu Î , maka c disebut pewarnaan lokasi dari G. Bilangan bulat positif terkecil k sedemikian sehingga G mempunyai kpewarnaan lokasi dinamakan bilangan kromatik lokasi dari G, dan dinotasikan dengan Ï‡L(G). Penelitian ini akan memperluas mengenai bilangan kromatik lokasi dapat diaplikasikan pada semua jenis graf termasuk graf tak terhubung. Khususnya akan ditentukan bilangan kromatik lokasi graf tak terhubung dengan graf lintasan (Pn) dan graf lingkaran (Cm) sebagai komponen-komponennya dimana graf lintasan dengan n titik dan graf lingkaran dengan m titik.Kata Kunci: Kelas warna, Kode warna, Pewarnaan lokasi, Bilangan kromatik lokasi, Graf tak terhubung, Graf lingkaran, Graf lintasan
BILANGAN KROMATIK LOKASI PADA GRAF LOBSTER Ln,m,1 DENGAN n = 2, 3, 4 DAN m = 3
Authors: Silvia Mega , Welyyanti Des , Efendi Efendi 
Published: August 2020

Misalkan G = (V, E) graf terhubung dan c suatu k-pewarnaan sejati dari G. Kelas warna pada G dinotasikan dengan Si, merupakan himpunan titik-titik yang berwarna i dengan 1 â‰¤ i â‰¤ k. Misalkan Î = {S1, S2, Â· Â· Â· , Sk} merupakan partisi terurut dari V (G) berdasarkan suatu pewarnaan titik, maka representasi v terhadap Î disebut kode warna dari v dinotasikan dengan cÎ (v). Kode warna cÎ (v) dari suatu titik v âˆˆ V (G) didefinisikan sebagai vektor-k :cÎ (v) = (d(v, S1), d(v, S2), Â· Â· Â· , d(v, Sk))dimana d(v, Si) = min{d(v, x|x âˆˆ Si)} untuk 1 â‰¤ i â‰¤ k. Jika setiap titik yang berbeda di G memiliki kode warna yang berbeda untuk suatu Î , maka c disebut pewarnaan lokasi dari G. Minimum dari banyaknya warna yang digunakan pada pewarnaan lokasi dari graf G disebut bilangan kromatik lokasi dari G dinotasikan dengan Ï‡L(G). Graf Lobster adalah graf yang diperoleh dengan menambahkan 1 titik anting pada graf ulat yang berderajat 1. Graf lobster dilambangkan dengan L(m, n, k) untuk m â‰¥ 1 dan n â‰¥ 2, dimana n adalah banyaknya titik di lintasan utama, m adalah banyaknya titik berjarak 1 dari lintasan utama, k adalah banyaknya titik berjarak 2 dari lintasan utama. Pada tulisan ini akan dibahas bilangan kromatik lokasi pada graf lobster Ln,m,1 dengan n = 2, 3, 4 dan m = 3.Kata Kunci: Kelas warna, kode warna, bilangan kromatik lokasi, Graf Lobster
PENENTUAN BILANGAN KROMATIK LOKASI PADA GRAF TANGGA SEGITIGA DIPERUMUM T rn UNTUK n = 2 dan n = 3
Authors: Pritama Sutra Lidya , Welyyanti Des , NARWEN NARWEN 
Published: August 2020

Misalkan terdapat graf G = (V, E) suatu graf terhubung. Misalkan Î = {S1, S2, Â· Â· Â· , Sk} merupakan partisi dari V (G) ke dalam kelas-kelas warna yang saling bebas, dimana Si merupakan himpunan titik-titik yang berwarna i dengan 1 â‰¤ i â‰¤ k. Berdasarkan suatu pewarnaan titik, maka representasi v terhadap Î disebut kode warna dari v, dinotasikan dengan cÎ (v). Kode warna cÎ (v) dari suatau titik v âˆˆ V (G) didefinisikan sebagai k-vektor, cÎ (v) = (d(v, S1), d(v, S2), Â· Â· Â· , d(v, Sk)), dimana d(v, S1) = min{d(v, x)|x âˆˆ Si} untuk 1 â‰¤ i â‰¤ k. Jika setiap titik yang berbeda di G memiliki kode warna yang berbeda terhadap Î , maka c disebut pewarnaan lokasi. Oleh karena itu suatu pewarnaan lokasi G adalah pewarnaan yang membedakan setiap titik di G berdasarkan jaraknya terhadap kelas warna yang dihasilkan. Minimum dari banyaknya warna yang digunakan pada pewarnaan lokasi dari graf G disebut bilangan kromatik lokasi, dinotasikan Ï‡L(G). Pada tulisan ini akan dibahas bilangan kromatik lokasi dari graf tangga segitiga diperumum T rn untuk n = 2 dan n = 3.Kata Kunci: Bilangan kromatik lokasi, Kelas warna, Kode warna, Graf tangga segitiga diperumum T rn
PENENTUANBILANGANKROMATIKLOKASIGRAF PRISMA C n;n;n
Authors: DELLA SYAUMI YOZA , NARWEN NARWEN , EFFENDI EFFENDI 
Published: August 2020

Misalkan G = (V, E) graf terhubung. Bilangan kromatik dari graf G adalah bilangan asli terkecil k sedemikian sehingga G mempunyai suatu pewarnaan-k titik sejati. Bilangan kromatik dari G dinotasikan dengan Ï‡(G). Misalkan Ï‡(G) = k, ini berarti titiktitik di G paling kurang diwarnai dengan k warna dan tidak dapat diwarnai dengan k âˆ’ 1 warna. jika titik-titik di G diwarnai dengan k warna maka tidak ada titik yang bertetangga mempunyai warna yang sama. Kelas warna pada G dinotasikan dengan Si, merupakan himpunan titik-titik yang berwarna i dengan 1 â‰¤ i â‰¤ k. Misalkan Î = {S1, S2, Â· Â· Â· , Sk} merupakan partisi terurut dari V (G). Berdasarkan suatu pewarnaan titik, maka representasi v terhadap Î disebut kode warna dari v, dinotasikan dengan cÎ (v). Kode warna cÎ (v) dari suatu titik v âˆˆ V (G) didefinisikan sebagai k-vektor, cÎ (v) = (d(v, S1), d(v, S2), Â· Â· Â· , d(v, Sk)) dimana d(v, Si) = min{d(v, x)|x âˆˆ Si} untuk 1 â‰¤ i â‰¤ k. Jika setiap titik yang berbeda di G memiliki kode warna yang berbeda untuk suatu Î , maka c disebut pewarnaan lokasi dari G. Minimum dari banyaknya warna yang digunakan pada pewarnaan lokasi dari graf G disebut bilangan kromatik lokasi. Pada tulisan ini akan dibahas bilangan kromatik lokasi graf prisma Cn,n,n yang dibentuk dari tiga graf lingkaran Cn, untuk n â‰¥ 3.Kata Kunci: kelas warna, kode warna, bilangan kromatik lokasi
Vapour Pressure Isotope Eﬀect on Evaporation from Pure Organic Phases - a PIMD Approach
Authors: Vasquez Luis , Dybala-Defratyka Agnieszka 
Published: August 2020

Very often in order to understand physical and chemical processes taking place among several phases fractionation of naturally abundant isotopes is monitored. Its measurement can be accompanied by theoretical determination to provide a more insightful interpretation of observed phenomena. Predictions are challenging due to the complexity of the effects involved in fractionation such as solvent effects and non-covalent interactions governing the behavior of the system which results in the necessity of using large models of those systems. This is sometimes a bottleneck and limits the theoretical description to only a few methods. In this work vapour pressure isotope effects on evaporation from various organic solvents (ethanol, bromobenzene, dibromomethane, and trichloromethane) in the pure phase are estimated by combining force field or self-consistent charge density-functional tight-binding (SCC-DFTB) atomistic simulations with path integral principle. Furthermore, the recently developed Suzuki-Chin path integral is tested. In general, isotope effects are predicted qualitatively for most of the cases, however, the distinction between position-specific isotope effects observed for ethanol was only reproduced by SCC-DFTB, which indicates the importance of using non-harmonic bond approximations. Energy decomposition analysis performed using the symmetry-adapted perturbation theory (SAPT) revealed sometimes quite substantial differences in interaction energy depending on whether the studied system was treated classically or quantum mechanically. Those observed differences might be the source of different magnitudes of isotope effects predicted using these two different levels of theory which is of special importance for the systems governed by non-covalent interactions.
El Efecto del COVID-19 en la Economía y la Educación: Estrategias para la Educación Virtual de Colombia
Authors: Quintero Rivera Juan José 
Published: August 2020

El virus del COVID-19 fue detectado por primera vez en diciembre del año 2019 en China, posteriormente los primeros meses del año 2020 se propagó por varios países del mundo, llegando de esta manera a Colombia. Debido a la pandemia según la Cámara de Comercio de Bogotá (2020): hay más de 500,000 empresas en Colombia que afrontan una enorme presión financiera. Una vez que la amenaza de COVID-19 disminuya, la vida y el trabajo no pueden retroceder en el tiempo. La implementación del teletrabajo para el desarrollo laboral de la empresa y su personal es fundamental en tiempos de crisis sanitarias. El cierre de centros educativos, escuelas primarias, intermedias y universidades fue una de las primeras medidas adoptadas por el Gobierno Nacional para prevenir la propagación del coronavirus. De esta manera las instituciones educativas del país se enfrentan a una amenaza o dificultad para el aprendizaje. El objetivo de este ensayo es mostrar los efectos del COVID-19 en la economía y la educación colombiana como también las estrategias recomendadas para la educación virtual.
Effect of zirconium addition on the phase evolution of chromium zirconium nitride prepared by magnetron sputtering
Authors: Visuttipitukul Patama , Leelaruedee Kumpon , Kuwahara Hideyuki , Khamkongkaeo Atchara , Yongvanich Niti , Chanlek Narong , Kidkhunthod Pinit , Leelachao Sirichai 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the research reported in this contribution, chromium-zirconium nitride (CrZrN) layers were deposited on (100) silicon wafer by balance magnetron sputtering using argon and nitrogen as working and reactive gas, respectively. The coating layers were categorized into three groups according to zirconium content; low-zirconium (Low-Zr), medium-zirconium (Med-Zr) and high-zirconium (High-Zr). All layers had thicknesses in the range of 1.0-1.3 μm and the Med-Zr was the thickest sample. From the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, zirconium could partially dissolve in chromium nitride (CrN) and formed complex nitride of chromium-zirconium [(Cr,Zr)N]. This phasic group was dominant for all samples, and the average crystallite sizes decreased with increasing zirconium fraction. In addition, the High-Zr sample had an extra broadened peak among (Cr,Zr)N peaks which could not clearly be identified by XRD. This ambiguity was eliminated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was determined to be amorphous of zirconium oxynitride (Zr2ON2). Because of the high oxygen sensitivity of zirconium, it reacted with nitrogen and residual oxygen forming Zr2ON2. This study is among the first to examine the resulting nanoscale structure of the CrN layers incorporated with a high amount of zirconium.