bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grænser for ytringsfrihed
Authors: Hansen Ejvind 
Published: March 2020

<!--	@page { margin: 2cm }	P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm }	-->	Denne artikel sætter spørgsmålstegn ved ytringsfriheden. Grundlæggende argumenteres der for, at ytringsfriheden kun har en eksistensberettigelse, hvis vi kan diskutere den uden at skulle være bange for at miste den. Det vises, at ytringsfriheden grundlæggende set må være begrænset, og derfor er det altid påtrængende, at diskutere om de konkrete grænser er de mest oplagte i enhver given samfundsmæssig situation. Artiklen viser hvorledes ytringsfriheden er et barn af ytringsfriheden, hvor demokratisk politik tænkes som en fortløbende rationel legitimeringsproces. Denne forståelse af politikken fungerede fint i en samfundsformation, der klart adskiller det politiske fra det økonomiske. Med fremvæksten af globalt orienterede kommunikative medier, er det imidlertid spørgsmålet om denne adskillelse kan opretholdes. Derfor er det påtrængende at få nyartikuleret grundlaget og formen på den gældende ytringsfrihed.
Phytochemical Screening and Hepatoprotective Potential of Aqueous Fruit Pulp Extract of Adansonia digitata against CCL4 Induced Liver Damage in Rats
Authors: Sa’id A. M. , Musa A. H. , Mashi J. A. , Maigari F. U. , Nuhu M. N. 
Published: March 2020

Aim: The current study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of aqueous extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in rats.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, between November 2017 and January 2018.
Methodology: A. digitata fruit pulp was extracted by maceration using water; and a concentration of 100 mg/ml was used. Two doses of the aqueous extract (200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) and Livoline (25 mg/kg) were used to investigate their hepatoprotective effects on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
Results: The two doses of the plant extract showed dose-dependent hepatoprotective effect on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, as evident by the significant reduction (P<0.05) in serum levels of AST, ALT, ALP and bilirubin along with the improved histopathological liver sections compared to CCl4-treated animals.
Conclusion: Due to its hepatoprotective potentials, A. digitata extract may be used to develop standard treatment drugs against some liver disorders when it is further evaluated through extensive researches.
Growth and Biomass Yield of Brachiaria ruziziensis (Poaceae) under the Direct and Residual Effects of Fertilization with Hen Droppings at Flowering in West Cameroon
Authors: Azangue Gilles Jiope , Tendonkeng Fernand , Wauffo David Fokom , Pamo Etienne Tedonkeng 
Published: March 2020

Aim: A study was conducted at the Research and Experimental Farm (REF) of the University of Dschang with the aim of evaluating the direct and residual effects of fertilization with hen droppings on the growth and biomass yield of Brachiaria ruziziensis at flowering.
Methodology: A factorial design with five levels of fertilization in terms of nitrogen in hen droppings (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg N/ha) on 6 m2 (3 m x 2 m) plots in four replicates, i.e. a total of 20 experimental plots was used. Fertilization with hen droppings was done one month after the placement of the stump chips, during the first year of cultivation (direct effects). In the second year of cultivation (residual effects), no fertilization was done. Measurements of plant heights and diameters were made on 40 plants per level of fertilization. Leaf, stem and whole-plant biomass assessments were made on all plots in relation to their fertilization levels.
Results: This study shows that the direct effect of fertilization in the form of hen droppings resulted in heights and diameters significantly greater than those obtained under the residual effect of fertilization. Biomasses of whole plants and their different compartments obtained under the residual effect of fertilization were significantly higher than those obtained under the direct effect of fertilization. Under the direct and residual effect of fertilization, the heights, diameters and biomasses of the fertilized plots were greater than those of the control plots. The level of fertilization corresponding to the dose of 100 kg N/ha gave the best results.
Conclusion: Fertilization with hen droppings at a dose of 100 kg N/ha would be recommended for the cultivation of B. ruziziensis over a two-year period, in order to limit the use of mineral fertilizers.
Elemental Compositions of Tropical Vegetables and Soils in Edo State, Nigeria Using X-ray Fluorescence Technique
Authors: Oladebeye Abraham Olasupo , Okunade Mudasiru Bode , Oladebeye Aderonke Adenike 
Published: March 2020

Aim: This research work investigated the bioaccumulation of metals in selected edible vegetables from the soils on which they were grown.
Place of Study: Two (2) different study locations were chosen from Etsako-West Local Government Areas of Edo State of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Etsako-West Local Government Area has an area of 660 km² on Latitude 7.0878ºN and Longitude 6.5010ºE with the headquarters in Auchi.
Methodology: Leaves of fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis), African spinach (Amaranthus hybridus) and water leaf (Talinum triangulare) and soil samples were randomly collected from Water Board and Iyerekhu farms in Etsako-West Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria and were analysed for their elemental compositions, using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique.
Results: In both soil and plant samples, silicon (Si) were most abundant, ranging between 18.85 and 38.91%. The decreasing order of abundance of elements in the plant samples was Si>K>Ca>Al>Cl>S>P>Mg>Fe>Ti>Mn>Zn>Sr>Cr. Toxic heavy metals such as As, Pb, Co, Cd and Cu were not detected in both soil and vegetable samples. The concentrations of the elements in the samples were higher than the permissible limits of WHO/FAO and EU for soils and plants, except Zn in the soil samples and Talinum triangulare from Iyerekhu farm. The peak transfer factor, 238.43 was obtained for K in Talinum triangulare from Iyerekhu farm while the least is 0.00 for Zn in all the plant samples. The overall mean ability of plant to absorb elements from the soil was most with Talinum triangulare, followed by Amaranthus hybridus.
Conclusion: The vegetables studied had high tendency to bioaccumulate the bioavailable metals in soils. However, all the vegetables studied, especially T. triangulare could be used in phytoremediation of polluted soils.
LESSONS LEARNED? DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES IN THE LATE COLONIAL PERIOD
Authors: VAN BEUSEKOM MONICA M. , HODGSON DOROTHY L. 
Published: July 2002

The post-World-War-II period has typically been seen as the beginning of
the ‘development era’. As global power relations shifted and nationalist and
international pressure to liberalize and end colonial rule mounted, the
colonial powers sought to revise their rationales for the legitimacy of the
colonial endeavor. Longstanding dichotomies such as metropole/colony and
civilized/primitive were reworked into the categories of developed/underdeveloped.
The scale and intensity of development interventions
increased dramatically, and a language of planned development, undergirded
by ‘science’, came to frame the policy debates of colonial administrators and
the technical experts they relied on, as well as nationalists and local elites. But
development had been a central feature of encounters between the West and
Africa since at least the early twentieth century, so that by the 1950s, all
parties involved in the encounter had substantial experience of its policies
and practices. Using detailed ethnohistorical and archival data, the papers in
this special issue examine development programs in the late colonial period
from across the continent in order to analyze how such historical experiences
contributed to the conceptualization, implementation and outcomes of these
programs.These papers, like much recent research on development, explore development
discourses and the ways in which experts and government officials
defined particular development problems and conceptualized solutions. But
in examining particular development programs across Africa, these papers
seek to bring development practice into the analysis of development
discourse. Rather than situating persistence and change in development
discourses largely within dominant international and government institutions,
these papers argue that such discourses were inevitably intertwined
with development practice. In considering the local configurations within
which experts and officials sought to implement their ambitious master
plans, these papers show that few if any plans remained uninfluenced by local
struggles over land, labor or agricultural and environmental expertise.
Neither hegemonic nor unchanging, late colonial development agendas were
in fact rooted in the experiences of earlier colonial efforts to manage rural
livelihoods and tied to both the global changes and local realities of the late
colonial era.
Genotypic variation in proanthocyanidin status in the Leucaena genus
Authors: DALZELL S. A. , SHELTON H. M. 
Published: July 2002

The proanthocyanidin (PA) status of 116 accessions from the Leucaena genus representing 21 species, 6 subspecies, 3 varieties and 4 interspecific hybrids was evaluated under uniform environmental and experimental conditions at Redland Bay, Queensland, Australia in October 1997. The PA content of lyophilized youngest fully expanded leaves was measured spectrophotometrically by the butanol/HCl assay referenced to L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata standard PA and expressed as L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata PA equivalents (LLPAE). Considerable interspecific variation in PA concentration existed within the genus, ranging from 0–339 g LLPAE/kg dry matter (DM). Taxa including L. confertiflora, L. cuspidata, L. esculenta and L. greggii contained very high (>180 g LLPAE/kg DM) PA concentrations. Similarly, many agronomically superior accessions from L. diversifolia, L. pallida and L. trichandra contained extremely high (up to 250 g LLPAE/kg DM) PA concentrations, although these taxa exhibited wide intraspecific variation in PA content offering the potential to select accessions with lower (120–160 g LLPAE/kg DM) PA content. Commercial cultivars of L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata, known to produce forage of superior quality, contained low amounts of PA (33–39 g LLPAE/kg DM). Artificial interspecific hybrids had PA contents intermediate to those of both parents. Lesser-known taxa, including L. collinsii, L. lanceolata, L. lempirana, L. macrophylla, L. magnifica, L. multicapitula, L. salvadorensis and L. trichodes, contained undetectable to low (0–36 g LLPAE/kg DM) quantities of PA and have potential as parents to breed interspecific hybrids of low PA status and superior forage quality. Extractable PA was the dominant PA component, accounting for 91% of total PA within the genus. Regression analysis of accession ranks from different experiments compared to these results indicated that genetic regulation of Leucaena spp. PA content was consistent (P<0·01) under different edapho-climatic environments. The distribution of PA within the Leucaena genus did not concur with the predictions of various evolutionary and phylogenetic plant defence theories.
Global change and the challenges for agriculture and forestry
Authors: AWMACK C. S. , SMITH P. , PINTER P. J. 
Published: July 2002

A key need of the global change research community
is to be able to synthesize the data collected by
scientists from a wide range of disciplines and use it to
make predictions about our future environment. In
an agricultural and forestry context, this will allow
predictions of yields under elevated atmospheric CO2
levels and/or changed climate using data from studies
of both the direct effects of global change on plant
growth and physiology and indirect effects on soil
fertility, water resources, pests and diseases.A conference held at the University of Reading,
UK in September 1999, and organized under
the auspices of Focus 3 (Global Change Impact
on Agriculture, Forestry and Soils; http://mwnta.nmw.ac.uk/GCTEFocus3) of the IGBP Core
Project “Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems”
addressed many of these issues.
Pressure in the teat cistern and the mouth of the calf during suckling
Authors: RASMUSSEN MORTEN D. , MAYNTZ MICHAEL 
Published: July 2002

The principles of today's machine milking techniques have
developed since the
early 1900s. The original intention to imitate the sucking action of the
calf had to be
abandoned owing to technical difficulties. Further developments were made
on a
largely empirical basis and milking technique became a specific complex
of tasks,
problems and solutions. Consequently, the sucking of the calf was rejected
as a model
for machine milking. The sucking behaviour and the application of vacuum
and/or
pressure by the sucking mammalian offspring have been adapted through evolution.
Any eventual changes due to ‘recent’ breeding and development
of the milking
machine remain marginal compared with evolutionary changes.Since the cineradiographic techniques used by Ardran et al. (1957, 1958)
it was
believed that sucking calves use mainly pressure to transfer a squirt of
milk from the
proximally closed teat cistern and through the teat canal. The calf creates
the
pressure by compressing the teat between the tongue and the hard palate
from the
base of the teat towards the teat end. Cowie (1977) summarized these results
as
follows: ‘Sucking, that is the production of vacuum within the mouth
cavity, is not
an essential feature in suckling, although it aids the process. …
The act of suckling
is thus analogous to hand milking …’. These conclusions were
based on visually
analysed recordings. McDonald & Witzel (1966) measured pressure in
teat cisterns
and vacuum at the teat end simultaneously during suckling. Average maximum
pressure in the teat cistern was 36·6 kPa and vacuum at the end
of the teat averaged
−34·6 kPa. These authors concluded that the average differential
pressure across the
teat canal was 71 kPa. However, this method of calculation gives only the
maximal
pressure difference and not the average pressure applied by the calf. They
noted that
vacuum in the teat cistern occurred during the resting phase of a suckling
cycle. The
calf's sucking technique for single teats during a meal has been analysed
(Mayntz,
1996). Further details of pressure and/or vacuum application during
suckling at a
specific teat remain unknown.The objective of the present study was to extend the current knowledge
about
milk extraction by sucking calves through continuous and simultaneous
measurements of positive and negative pressure in the teat cistern and
in the mouth
cavity.
Evaporative instabilities in climbing films
Authors: HOSOI A. E. , BUSH JOHN W. M. 
Published: July 2002

We consider flow in a thin film generated by partially submerging an inclined rigid
plate in a reservoir of ethanol– or methanol–water solution and wetting its surface.
Evaporation leads to concentration and surface tension gradients that drive flow up
the plate. An experimental study indicates that the climbing film is subject to two
distinct instabilities. The first is a convective instability characterized by flattened
convection rolls aligned in the direction of flow and accompanied by free-surface
deformations; in the meniscus region, this instability gives rise to pronounced ridge
structures aligned with the mean flow. The second instability, evident when the plate
is nearly vertical, takes the form of transverse surface waves propagating up the plate.We demonstrate that the observed longitudinal rolls are driven by the combined
influence of surface deformations and alcohol concentration gradients. Guided by the
observation that the rolls are flattened, we develop a quasi-two-dimensional theoretical
model for the instability of the film, based on lubrication theory, which includes the
effects of gravity, capillarity and Marangoni stresses at the surface. We develop
stability criteria for the film which are in qualitative agreement with our experimental
observations. Our analysis yields an equation for the shape of the interface which is
solved numerically and reproduces the salient features of the observed flows, including
the slow lateral drift and merging of the ridges.
Submaximal exchange between a convectively
forced basin and a large reservoir
Authors: FINNIGAN T. D. , IVEY G. N. 
Published: July 2002

If a sill-enclosed basin, connected to a large reservoir, is suddenly
subjected to a
de-stabilizing surface buoyancy flux, it will first mix vertically by turbulent
convection
before the resulting lateral buoyancy gradient generates a horizontal exchange
flow
across the sill. We present a study which examines the unsteady adjustment
of such
a basin under continued steady forcing. It is shown, through theoretical
development
and laboratory experimentation, that two consecutive unsteady regimes characterized

by different dynamic balances are traversed as the flow approaches a steady
state.Once established the exchange flow is controlled at the sill crest where
it is
hydraulically critical. In the absence of a lateral contraction, the single
control at the
sill crest allows a range of submaximal exchange states with the flow at
the sill being
dependent not only on the forcing and geometrical parameters but also on
mixing
conditions within the basin which are, in turn, dependent on the sill exchange.
The
sill–basin system is therefore strongly coupled although it remains
isolated from the
external reservoir conditions by a region of internally supercritical flow.
Results from
the laboratory experiments are used to demonstrate the link between the
forcing and
the exchange flow at the sill. Steady-state measurements of the interior
mean velocity
and buoyancy fields are also compared with previous analytical models.
Framed, Blamed and Renamed: The Recasting of Islamic Jurisprudence in Colonial South Asia
Authors: KUGLE SCOTT ALAN 
Published: July 2002

A system should be formed, which shall preserve as much as possible can be done, their institutions and laws to the
natives of Hindoostan, and attemper them with the mild spirit of British government.—John BruceJurisprudence is the nexus where authoritative texts, cultural assumptions, and political expediency come together during a crisis. It is
therefore not so much a thing or a system as it is an experience, an interpretative experience. Yet the practice of
jurisprudence is very different from other types of interpretation because it is also an exertion of power. A legal
interpretation is a decision which mobilizes coercive forces to immediately solidify the interpretation into a social
reality. The administrative structure of courts and the legal rhetoric that flows through them disguise jurisprudence as
‘a system’ rather than revealing its nature as an interpretative experience; this disguise serves to heighten the authority
of these exercises of power and to limit the ability to contest them to specialists.
Courting Legitimacy or Delegitimizing Custom? Sexuality, Sambandham, and Marriage Reform in Late Nineteenth-Century Malabar
Authors: KODOTH PRAVEENA 
Published: July 2002

At an interview which Della Vella [seventeenth century] had with the Zamorin, [the Samudiri or the ruler of Calicut]
there were present two little princesses of the Royal house aged 12 years each; and of them he says, ‘they were all
naked (as I said above the women generally go) saving that they had a very small blue cloth wrapped about their
immodesties. One of them being more forward could not contain, but approaching gently towards me, almost touched
the sleeve of my coat with her hand, made a sign of wonder to her sister, how could we go so wrapped up and
entangled in clothes. Such is the power of custom that their going naked seemed no more strange to us, than our being
clothed appeared extravagant to them.’K. P. Padmanabha Menon
The Problem of Induction
Authors: CARGILE JAMES 
Published: July 2002

No one doubts that philosophers have discussed at length ‘the problem of induction’, but it would also be generally recognized that there would be disagreement as to precisely what that problem is. Rather than tackle the formulation problem, I will borrow from a popular text:Our existence as well as science itself is based on the principle of induction that tells us to reason from past frequencies to future likelihoods, from the limited known of the past and present to the unknown of the past, present, and future ... But though inductive probability is psychologically inescapable, we have trouble providing a rational justification for it.We might say, then, that there is such a practice as induction, and a problem associated with it is that of justifying engaging in it. We engage in reasoning from things we know about the past and present to conclusions about the past, present and future. We can't resist doing this but we have trouble finding a rational justification for doing so. This problem suggests a generalization. We engage in reasoning, reaching new conclusions. It would be hard to resist engaging in this practice. How do we provide a rational justification for it?
Decreasing seasonal variation of births in schizophrenia
Authors: SUVISAARI J. M. , HAUKKA J. K. , TANSKANEN A. J. , LÖNNQVIST J. K. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Patients with schizophrenia have a winter–spring excess of births compared with the
general population, the cause of which is unresolved. Fluctuations in the magnitude of the seasonal
variation may provide clues to its aetiology.Methods. All Finnish patients with schizophrenia born between 1950 and 1969 (N = 15892) were
identified from two nationwide health-care registers. Their background demographic information
was obtained from the Population Register Centre, which also provided monthly numbers of births
in each municipality of Finland as multidimensional tables, with sex and year, month and place of
birth as marginals. The incidence of schizophrenia was modelled using Poisson regression analysis,
with sex, onset age, birth cohort, place of birth (urban/rural), trend and seasonal variation as
explanatory variables. We also constructed a monthly time series and decomposed it into three
components – seasonal, trend and remainder.Results. Seasonal variation of births among patients born in the 1950s, especially between 1955 and
1959, was marked, but decreased among patients born in the 1960s. No interaction between place
of birth or sex and seasonal variation was observed. The incidence was higher among the rural-born
than the urban-born, but declined more slowly among the urban-born than the rural-born.Conclusions. The intensity of the factor causing the seasonal variation of births in schizophrenia
may be decreasing. Urban birth may be emerging as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Finland, as
elsewhere.
Genetic and environmental influences on anorexia nervosa syndromes in a population–based twin sample
Authors: KLUMP K. L. , MILLER K. B. , KEEL P. K. , McGUE M. , IACONO W. G. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Genetic and environmental influences on broadly-defined anorexia nervosa (AN) syndrome were examined in a population-based twin sample.Methods. AN syndrome was assessed in 672 female 17 year-old twins using structured interviews and a self-report questionnaire.Results. Twenty-six probands with AN syndrome were identified. Biometrical model-fitting analyses indicated that genetic and non-shared environmental factors accounted for 74 % and 26 % of the variance in AN syndrome, respectively.Conclusions. Findings support previous research indicating significant genetic and non-shared environmental influences on AN syndromes.