bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Democracy of Dating: How Political Affiliations Shape Relationship Formation
Authors: Easton Matthew J. , Holbein John B. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHow much does politics affect relationship building? Previous experimental studies have come to vastly different conclusions – ranging from null to truly transformative effects. To explore these differences, this study replicates and extends previous research by conducting five survey experiments meant to expand our understanding of how politics does/does not shape the formation of romantic relationships. We find that people, indeed, are influenced by the politics of prospective partners; respondents evaluate those in the political out-group as being less attractive, less dateable, and less worthy of matchmaking efforts. However, these effects are modest in size – falling almost exactly in between previous study estimates. Our results shine light on a literature that has, up until this point, produced a chasm in study results – a vital task given concerns over growing levels of partisan animus in the USA and the rapidly expanding body of research on affective polarization.
Dominant Roles of High Harmonics on Interactions Between AKR and Radiation Belt Relativistic Electrons
Authors: Zhang Sai , Shang Xiongjun , He Yihua , Liu Si , Xiao Fuliang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAuroral kilometric radiations (AKR) are widely existing superluminous waves in the magnetosphere. Due to rarely available measurements of AKR magnetic field components, we derive the explicit expression of diffusion coefficients in terms of electric field components, which can be applied to various space plasma waves. Using Van Allen Probes data, we calculate diffusion coefficients with different harmonic orders for two AKR events. It is found that the first (higher) harmonic order contributes to diffusion coefficients at small (larger) pitch angles. The effect of higher harmonic orders becomes more significant as the electron energy increases. These results are contrary to the case of chorus wave, in which the first order usually contributes much to wave‐particle interactions. Estimations show that the phase space density of 0.5 MeV electrons can increase ∼10 times within 6 hr by AKR. This study is important for better modeling of AKR‐induced radiation belt electron dynamics.
Revisit the Analytical Approximation of Transit‐Time Scattering for Fast Magnetosonic Waves
Authors: Yu Xiongdong , Yuan Zhigang , Yu Jiang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNonresonant interactions between fast magnetosonic waves and magnetospheric particles have obtained more and more attention. Through such nonresonant interactions, magnetosonic waves can lead to the so‐called transit‐time scattering on particles. The previous analytical approximation has been demonstrated capable of capturing the main results of test particle simulations but takes a computation time about 4 order of magnitude faster than the latter. However, the typical ripples in the diffusion coefficient maps are usually left out. In this paper, we have first discussed the reason for the lack of these typical ripples produced by previous analytical approximation. Then the previous algorithm has been modified to be capable of producing typical ripples in the electron diffusion coefficient maps. Our new analytical expression can be applied to wave models with a Gaussian distribution or a rectangular distribution in wave amplitude. Finally, it is shown that the modified algorithm can be also applied to ring current protons.
Constraints on Thermal History of Mars From Depth of Pore Closure Below InSight
Authors: Gyalay Szilárd , Nimmo Francis , Plesa Ana‐Catalina , Wieczorek Mark 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPlanetary crusts undergo viscous closure of pores at depth; if the thickness of this porous layer can be measured, constraints on crustal thermal evolution can be derived. We apply a pore closure model developed for the Moon to Mars and take into account the geological processes that may alter the depth of this transition region. If the 8–11 km deep discontinuity in seismic wave speed detected by the InSight lander marks the base of the porous layer, the heat flux at the time the porosity was created must have exceed 60 mW m−2, probably indicating a time prior to 4 Ga.
New Insights Into the Vertical Structure of Clouds in Polar Lows, Using Radar‐Lidar Satellite Observations
Authors: Listowski C. , Rojo M. , Claud C. , Delanoë J. , Rysman J.‐F. , Cazenave Q. , Noer G. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFor the first time, we characterize the vertical distribution of cloud microphysical properties in polar lows (PLs). We base our investigation on colocations found between A‐Train satellites overpasses and 82 PL occurrences evidenced from AVHRR observations in the Nordic Seas. We use the raDAR/liDAR DARDAR satellite cloud products to retrieve the thermodynamic phase and ice microphysical properties of clouds (ice water content [IWC] and ice crystal effective radius [reff]). Two thirds of the investigated PLs show cloud tops higher than commonly documented (5 km), and up to 9 km. PLs are largely dominated by the ice phase, with more supercooled liquid occurrences in the eye. We also show that spiraliform clouds have larger average IWC in the few kilometers below cloud top, by up to a factor of 2, compared to comma‐shaped PLs.
Modulation by ENSO of the Relationship Between Stratospheric Sudden Warming and the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Ma Ji , Chen Wen , Nath Debashis , Lan Xiaoqing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe ENSO modulation on the relationship between the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) and major stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) in the Northern Hemisphere winter is analyzed. The results indicate that the statistical relationship between the MJO and SSWs is robust during La Niña years but almost nonexistent during El Niño years. During La Niña years, a significant response of stratospheric temperature appears after certain MJO phases with a distribution consistent with MJO periodicity, whereas the response becomes nonsignificant during El Niño years. Further analysis indicates that ENSO influences the MJO‐related geopotential height anomalies in middle to high latitudes of the upper troposphere, which leads to an increase in wavenumber 2 in La Niña winters. And wavenumber 2 plays a key role in generating the strong heat flux anomalies in the stratosphere. The results may help to explain the more frequent occurrence of extreme events in the stratosphere, such as SSW during La Niña winters.
The Boundary of Alkali Surface Boundary Exospheres of Mercury and the Moon
Authors: Sarantos M. , Tsavachidis S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGlobal exosphere models of alkali gases surrounding Mercury and the Moon assume that the primary effect of the porous soil is to reduce the effective desorption rates. We demonstrate with a kinetic simulation that, following adsorption, the complicated structure of soils has two additional effects on the fate of previously released alkali atoms: (1) trapping of free atoms at lunar temperatures by microscopic shadows and inward diffusion, which becomes the primary sink mechanism, and (2) high‐energy barriers for thermal desorption compared to what would be retrieved from experiments on thin films or compacted pellets, especially when surface diffusion of adsorbates is considered. Lunar soils retain one fifth to two thirds of recycled adsorbates, depending on the assumed adsorbate mobility, photodesorption cross section, and soil thermal gradient. A transition from a retentive surface to full outgassing at T > 500 K will produce complex feedback mechanisms of alkali circulation at Mercury.
A Satellite‐Detected Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash Produced by a Cloud‐to‐Ground Lightning Leader
Authors: Pu Yunjiao , Cummer Steven A. , Huang Anjing , Briggs Michael , Mailyan Bagrat , Lesage Stephen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe report measurements of a terrestrial gamma ray flash (TGF) detected by the Fermi Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor that was produced during a negative cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning leader. This is the first report of a downward directed TGF occurring during a CG flash but detected by a space‐based instrument. The gamma ray photons are produced 3 ms preceding a return stroke (−146 kA) and are essentially simultaneous with an isolated low frequency radio pulse. Based on timing, the pulse is estimated to initiate at approximately 6 km altitude, and its polarity indicates downward moving negative charge, the opposite of regular satellite‐detected upward TGFs. A likely scenario is that the runaway electrons accelerate into the upper, positively charged end of the leader in a high field region, with the reverse positron beam generating upward gamma rays detectable from space. A search for similar waveform features indicates that this type of downward CG‐TGF may occur prior to 1% of high peak current CG strokes. Extrapolating gives a global rate of 5–10% of previously known TGFs and potentially a significant fraction of global TGFs.
Synaptic control of DNA methylation involves activity-dependent degradation of DNMT3A1 in the nucleus
Authors: Bayraktar Gonca , Yuanxiang PingAn , Confettura Alessandro D. , Gomes Guilherme M. , Raza Syed A. , Stork Oliver , Tajima Shoji , Suetake Isao , Karpova Anna , Yildirim Ferah , Kreutz Michael R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic mark for activity-dependent gene expression in neurons. Very little is known about how synaptic signals impact promoter methylation in neuronal nuclei. In this study we show that protein levels of the principal de novo DNA-methyltransferase in neurons, DNMT3A1, are tightly controlled by activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) containing the GluN2A subunit. Interestingly, synaptic NMDARs drive degradation of the methyltransferase in a neddylation-dependent manner. Inhibition of neddylation, the conjugation of the small ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to lysine residues, interrupts degradation of DNMT3A1. This results in deficits in promoter methylation of activity-dependent genes, as well as synaptic plasticity and memory formation. In turn, the underlying molecular pathway is triggered by the induction of synaptic plasticity and in response to object location learning. Collectively, the data show that plasticity-relevant signals from GluN2A-containing NMDARs control activity-dependent DNA-methylation involved in memory formation.
Molecular mechanisms and clinical management of cancer bone metastasis
Authors: Wang Manni , Xia Fan , Wei Yuquan , Wei Xiawei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAs one of the most common metastatic sites of malignancies, bone has a unique microenvironment that allows metastatic tumor cells to grow and flourish. The fenestrated capillaries in the bone, bone matrix, and bone cells, including osteoblasts and osteoclasts, together maintain the homeostasis of the bone microenvironment. In contrast, tumor-derived factors act on bone components, leading to subsequent bone resorption or excessive bone formation. The various pathways involved also provide multiple targets for therapeutic strategies against bone metastases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the mechanism of bone metastases. Based on the general process of bone metastases, we specifically highlight the complex crosstalk between tumor cells and the bone microenvironment and the current management of cancer bone metastases.
Ex vivo editing of human hematopoietic stem cells for erythroid expression of therapeutic proteins
Authors: Pavani Giulia , Laurent Marine , Fabiano Anna , Cantelli Erika , Sakkal Aboud , Corre Guillaume , Lenting Peter J. , Concordet Jean-Paul , Toueille Magali , Miccio Annarita , Amendola Mario 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTargeted genome editing has a great therapeutic potential to treat disorders that require protein replacement therapy. To develop a platform independent of specific patient mutations, therapeutic transgenes can be inserted in a safe and highly transcribed locus to maximize protein expression. Here, we describe an ex vivo editing approach to achieve efficient gene targeting in human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) and robust expression of clinically relevant proteins by the erythroid lineage. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we integrate different transgenes under the transcriptional control of the endogenous α-globin promoter, recapitulating its high and erythroid-specific expression. Erythroblasts derived from targeted HSPCs secrete different therapeutic proteins, which retain enzymatic activity and cross-correct patients’ cells. Moreover, modified HSPCs maintain long-term repopulation and multilineage differentiation potential in transplanted mice. Overall, we establish a safe and versatile CRISPR-Cas9-based HSPC platform for different therapeutic applications, including hemophilia and inherited metabolic disorders.
On-chip deterministic operation of quantum dots in dual-mode waveguides for a plug-and-play single-photon source
Authors: Uppu Ravitej , Eriksen Hans T. , Thyrrestrup Henri , Uğurlu Aslı D. , Wang Ying , Scholz Sven , Wieck Andreas D. , Ludwig Arne , Löbl Matthias C. , Warburton Richard J. , Lodahl Peter , Midolo Leonardo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA deterministic source of coherent single photons is an enabling device for quantum information processing. Quantum dots in nanophotonic structures have been employed as excellent sources of single photons with the promise of scaling up towards multiple photons and emitters. It remains a challenge to implement deterministic resonant optical excitation of the quantum dot required for generating coherent single photons, since residual light from the excitation laser should be suppressed without compromising source efficiency and scalability. Here, we present a planar nanophotonic circuit that enables deterministic pulsed resonant excitation of quantum dots using two orthogonal waveguide modes for separating the laser and the emitted photons. We report a coherent and stable single-photon source that simultaneously achieves high-purity (g(2)(0) = 0.020 ± 0.005), high-indistinguishability (V = 96 ± 2%), and >80% coupling efficiency into the waveguide. Such ‘plug-and-play’ single-photon source can be integrated with on-chip optical networks implementing photonic quantum processors.
Machine-learning approach expands the repertoire of anti-CRISPR protein families
Authors: Gussow Ayal B. , Park Allyson E. , Borges Adair L. , Shmakov Sergey A. , Makarova Kira S. , Wolf Yuri I. , Bondy-Denomy Joseph , Koonin Eugene V. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe CRISPR-Cas are adaptive bacterial and archaeal immunity systems that have been harnessed for the development of powerful genome editing and engineering tools. In the incessant host-parasite arms race, viruses evolved multiple anti-defense mechanisms including diverse anti-CRISPR proteins (Acrs) that specifically inhibit CRISPR-Cas and therefore have enormous potential for application as modulators of genome editing tools. Most Acrs are small and highly variable proteins which makes their bioinformatic prediction a formidable task. We present a machine-learning approach for comprehensive Acr prediction. The model shows high predictive power when tested against an unseen test set and was employed to predict 2,500 candidate Acr families. Experimental validation of top candidates revealed two unknown Acrs (AcrIC9, IC10) and three other top candidates were coincidentally identified and found to possess anti-CRISPR activity. These results substantially expand the repertoire of predicted Acrs and provide a resource for experimental Acr discovery.
Random forest machine learning models for interpretable X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectrum-property relationships
Authors: Torrisi Steven B. , Carbone Matthew R. , Rohr Brian A. , Montoya Joseph H. , Ha Yang , Yano Junko , Suram Santosh K. , Hung Linda 
Published: July 2020

AbstractX-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) produces a wealth of information about the local structure of materials, but interpretation of spectra often relies on easily accessible trends and prior assumptions about the structure. Recently, researchers have demonstrated that machine learning models can automate this process to predict the coordinating environments of absorbing atoms from their XAS spectra. However, machine learning models are often difficult to interpret, making it challenging to determine when they are valid and whether they are consistent with physical theories. In this work, we present three main advances to the data-driven analysis of XAS spectra: we demonstrate the efficacy of random forests in solving two new property determination tasks (predicting Bader charge and mean nearest neighbor distance), we address how choices in data representation affect model interpretability and accuracy, and we show that multiscale featurization can elucidate the regions and trends in spectra that encode various local properties. The multiscale featurization transforms the spectrum into a vector of polynomial-fit features, and is contrasted with the commonly-used “pointwise” featurization that directly uses the entire spectrum as input. We find that across thousands of transition metal oxide spectra, the relative importance of features describing the curvature of the spectrum can be localized to individual energy ranges, and we can separate the importance of constant, linear, quadratic, and cubic trends, as well as the white line energy. This work has the potential to assist rigorous theoretical interpretations, expedite experimental data collection, and automate analysis of XAS spectra, thus accelerating the discovery of new functional materials.
Quantifying defects in thin films using machine vision
Authors: Taherimakhsousi Nina , MacLeod Benjamin P. , Parlane Fraser G. L. , Morrissey Thomas D. , Booker Edward P. , Dettelbach Kevan E. , Berlinguette Curtis P. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe sensitivity of thin-film materials and devices to defects motivates extensive research into the optimization of film morphology. This research could be accelerated by automated experiments that characterize the response of film morphology to synthesis conditions. Optical imaging can resolve morphological defects in thin films and is readily integrated into automated experiments but the large volumes of images produced by such systems require automated analysis. Existing approaches to automatically analyzing film morphologies in optical images require application-specific customization by software experts and are not robust to changes in image content or imaging conditions. Here, we present a versatile convolutional neural network (CNN) for thin-film image analysis which can identify and quantify the extent of a variety of defects and is applicable to multiple materials and imaging conditions. This CNN is readily adapted to new thin-film image analysis tasks and will facilitate the use of imaging in automated thin-film research systems.
Occupancy maps of 208 chromatin-associated proteins in one human cell type
Authors: Partridge E. Christopher , Chhetri Surya B. , Prokop Jeremy W. , Ramaker Ryne C. , Jansen Camden S. , Goh Say-Tar , Mackiewicz Mark , Newberry Kimberly M. , Brandsmeier Laurel A. , Meadows Sarah K. , Messer C. Luke , Hardigan Andrew A. , Coppola Candice J. , Dean Emma C. , Jiang Shan , Savic Daniel , Mortazavi Ali , Wold Barbara J. , Myers Richard M. , Mendenhall Eric M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTranscription factors are DNA-binding proteins that have key roles in gene regulation1,2. Genome-wide occupancy maps of transcriptional regulators are important for understanding gene regulation and its effects on diverse biological processes3–6. However, only a minority of the more than 1,600 transcription factors encoded in the human genome has been assayed. Here we present, as part of the ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) project, data and analyses from chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP–seq) experiments using the human HepG2 cell line for 208 chromatin-associated proteins (CAPs). These comprise 171 transcription factors and 37 transcriptional cofactors and chromatin regulator proteins, and represent nearly one-quarter of CAPs expressed in HepG2 cells. The binding profiles of these CAPs form major groups associated predominantly with promoters or enhancers, or with both. We confirm and expand the current catalogue of DNA sequence motifs for transcription factors, and describe motifs that correspond to other transcription factors that are co-enriched with the primary ChIP target. For example, FOX family motifs are enriched in ChIP–seq peaks of 37 other CAPs. We show that motif content and occupancy patterns can distinguish between promoters and enhancers. This catalogue reveals high-occupancy target regions at which many CAPs associate, although each contains motifs for only a minority of the numerous associated transcription factors. These analyses provide a more complete overview of the gene regulatory networks that define this cell type, and demonstrate the usefulness of the large-scale production efforts of the ENCODE Consortium.
A large-scale binding and functional map of human RNA-binding proteins
Authors: Van Nostrand Eric L. , Freese Peter , Pratt Gabriel A. , Wang Xiaofeng , Wei Xintao , Xiao Rui , Blue Steven M. , Chen Jia-Yu , Cody Neal A. L. , Dominguez Daniel , Olson Sara , Sundararaman Balaji , Zhan Lijun , Bazile Cassandra , Bouvrette Louis Philip Benoit , Bergalet Julie , Duff Michael O. , Garcia Keri E. , Gelboin-Burkhart Chelsea , Hochman Myles , Lambert Nicole J. , Li Hairi , McGurk Michael P. , Nguyen Thai B. , Palden Tsultrim , Rabano Ines , Sathe Shashank , Stanton Rebecca , Su Amanda , Wang Ruth , Yee Brian A. , Zhou Bing , Louie Ashley L. , Aigner Stefan , Fu Xiang-Dong , Lécuyer Eric , Burge Christopher B. , Graveley Brenton R. , Yeo Gene W. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMany proteins regulate the expression of genes by binding to specific regions encoded in the genome1. Here we introduce a new data set of RNA elements in the human genome that are recognized by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), generated as part of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project phase III. This class of regulatory elements functions only when transcribed into RNA, as they serve as the binding sites for RBPs that control post-transcriptional processes such as splicing, cleavage and polyadenylation, and the editing, localization, stability and translation of mRNAs. We describe the mapping and characterization of RNA elements recognized by a large collection of human RBPs in K562 and HepG2 cells. Integrative analyses using five assays identify RBP binding sites on RNA and chromatin in vivo, the in vitro binding preferences of RBPs, the function of RBP binding sites and the subcellular localization of RBPs, producing 1,223 replicated data sets for 356 RBPs. We describe the spectrum of RBP binding throughout the transcriptome and the connections between these interactions and various aspects of RNA biology, including RNA stability, splicing regulation and RNA localization. These data expand the catalogue of functional elements encoded in the human genome by the addition of a large set of elements that function at the RNA level by interacting with RBPs.