bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thistle be a mess: Untangling the taxonomy of Cirsium (Cardueae: Compositae) in North America
Authors: Ackerfield Jennifer R. , Keil David J. , Hodgson Wendy C. , Simmons Mark. P. , Fehlberg Shannon D. , Funk Vicki A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCirsium (i.e., “thistles”) are one of the most taxonomically challenging groups of Compositae in North America. This study represents the first attempt to infer a broadly sampled phylogeny of Cirsium in North America. The two main objectives are to: (i) test whether currently hypothesized species variety complexes (C. arizonicum, C. clavatum, C. eatonii, and C. scariosum) constitute monophyletic lineages, and (ii) recircumscribe any taxa that are identified as problematic. Phylogeny reconstructions based on DNA sequence data from two nuclear ribosomal regions and four plastid markers were used to infer evolutionary lineages and test species’ delimitations. Eight species varietal complexes were resolved as polyphyletic. We recircumscribed these complexes and in doing so found evidence to support the recognition of six new taxa. We hypothesize that the extensive taxonomic difficulty within Cirsium is the result of several factors: (i) previously undescribed taxa, (ii) inadequate representation of taxa from herbarium specimens, (iii) phenotypic convergence, (iv) hybridization, and (v) incipient speciation. While we can provide evidence to support the recircumscription of some taxa, others remain unresolved. Therefore, we are working on a phylogenomic study of North American Cirsium to answer remaining taxonomic questions as well as provide a robust framework for biogeographic studies.
ZmMPK6 and ethylene signalling negatively regulate the accumulation of anti‐insect metabolites DIMBOA and DIMBOA‐Glc in maize inbred line A188
Authors: Zhang Cuiping , Li Jing , Li Sen , Ma Canrong , Liu Hui , Wang Lei , Qi Jinfeng , Wu Jianqiang 
Published: September 2020

Summary

2,4‐Dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one (DIMBOA) and DIMBOA‐glucoside (DIMBOA‐Glc) are anti‐insect benzoxazinoids in maize, yet very little information is known about how they are regulated.

Reverse genetics, kinase activity analysis, phytohormone and DIMBOA/DIMBOA‐Glc quantification, bioassays and transcriptome analysis were employed to study the function of ZmMPK6, a mitogen‐activated protein kinase, in maize response to herbivory.

ZmMPK6 was rapidly activated by wounding and simulated herbivory. Silencing ZmMPK6 in maize A188 compromised simulated herbivory‐induced ethylene levels but not those of jasmonic acid or salicylic acid, and the ZmMPK6‐silenced plants exhibited elevated DIMBOA/DIMBOA‐Glc and insect resistance. An ethylene complementation experiment revealed that ZmMPK6 repressed the accumulation of DIMBOA/DIMBOA‐Glc in an ethylene‐dependent manner. Transcriptome analysis revealed that ZmMPK6 might meditate the transcription of BX1 by controlling a MYB transcription factor that is likely to be located in the ethylene signalling pathway and, furthermore, ZmMPK6 and ethylene signalling also specifically and commonly regulate the transcription of other benzoxazinoid biosynthetic genes. We also show that different maize lines have very different responses to simulated herbivory in terms of ZmMPK6 activation, ethylene emission and benzoxazinoid levels.

These results uncover that ZmMPK6 and ethylene pathway are novel repressors of DIMBOA/DIMBOA‐Glc and provide new insight into the regulatory mechanisms underlying these two pathways.
Genetic disease and intellectual disability as contraindications to transplant listing in the United States: A survey of heart, kidney, liver, and lung transplant programs
Authors: Wall Anji , Lee Gun Ho , Maldonado Jose , Magnus David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDiscrimination based on disability is prohibited in organ transplantation, yet studies suggest it continues in listing practices for intellectual disability and genetic diseases. It is not known if this differs between adult and pediatric programs, or by organ type. We performed an online, forced‐choice survey of psychosocial listing criteria for adult and pediatric heart, kidney, liver, and lung transplant programs in the United States. Of 650 programs contacted, 343 (52.8%) submitted complete. A minority of programs had formal listing guidelines for any condition considered (Down Syndrome, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Becker Muscular Dystrophy, DiGeorge Syndrome, and Wolf Hirschhorn Syndrome; and mild [IQ < 70] and severe [IQ < 35] intellectual disability), although a majority had encountered most. Pediatric programs were significantly (P < .02) more lenient in the level of contraindication to listing for all genetic conditions considered except Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, and for mild and severe intellectual disability. Level of contraindication differed significantly by organ type (heart, lung, liver, and kidney) for Duchenne Muscular dystrophy (P = <.001), Becker Muscular Dystrophy (P < .001), DiGeorge Syndrome (P < .001), Wolf‐Hirschhorn syndrome (P = .0012), and severe intellectual disability (P < .001). There is significant variation among transplant programs in availability of guidelines for as well as listing practices regarding genetic diseases and intellectual disability, differing by both adult vs pediatric program, and organ type. Programs with absolute contraindications to listing for specific genetic diseases or intellectual disability should reframe their approach, ensuring individualized assessments and avoiding elimination of patients based on membership in a particular group.
Pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation: Longitudinal trends in body mass index and outcomes
Authors: Dang Brian Norman , Wilhalme Holly , Ch'ng James , De Oliveira Satiro , Bowles LaVette , Moore Theodore Bruce 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPediatric recipients of HCT may have a high susceptibility for overweight and obesity, and obesity may negatively impact post‐transplant mortality and survival. This is a single‐center retrospective analysis of 297 pediatric patients who received HCT between 2005 and 2018. Patients were classified as UW, NW, OW, or OB based on age‐adjusted BMI. A mixed‐effects linear regression model controlling for patient, disease, and transplant‐related characteristics was used to trend weight longitudinally. Comparisons were made between weight category and post‐transplant outcomes. In the pretransplant period, 5.4%, 54.5%, 22.2%, and 17.8% of patients were UW, NW, OW, and OB, respectively. Five years post‐transplantation, those numbers were 10.6%, 48.2%, 16.5%, and 24.7%. Overall, BMI increased 0.00094 ± 0.0001 kg/m2 each day post‐transplant (P < .001), with older individuals demonstrating greater rates of increase. Further, there was a larger BMI increase in patients without TBI compared with those who received TBI (1.29 ± 0.49, P = .008). Rates of acute GVHD, chronic GVHD, and viral infections, in addition to time to platelet and neutrophil engraftment and 5‐year survival estimates, were not significantly different based on pretransplant BMI. Overweight and obese individuals had poorer 5‐year survival based on 100‐day post‐transplant BMI (P = .02). Overall, pediatric HCT recipients are at risk of developing obesity, which is associated with decreased survival. Adolescents and young adults demonstrate the highest risk of weight gain, representing a vulnerable population that requires close monitoring, additional interventions, and further research.
South African competition policy on excessive pricing and its relation to price gouging during the COVID‐19 disaster period
Authors: Boshoff Willem H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe declaration of a state of national disaster in South Africa, due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, was followed by excessive‐pricing regulations pertaining to certain consumer and medical products and services. The regulations and their application suggest an intertemporal benchmark to judge excessive pricing, deviating from previous practice. Intertemporal comparisons assume a structural shift during COVID‐19 that changes competitive conditions, related to changes in consumer behaviour. Such comparisons must also account for demand and cost changes. While the COVID‐19 regulations allow for cost‐based price increases, demand‐based increases are not explicitly accounted for, suggesting that the regulations are framed more generally as price‐gouging regulations. The differences between price‐gouging and excessive‐pricing benchmarks depends on the type of disaster‐period demand shock. They are similar following a transitory demand spike, provided sufficient time is allowed for dynamic price behaviour, but differ markedly when demand is elevated for the duration of the disaster period. Applying simple cost‐based comparisons in recently concluded cases against smaller retailers are consistent with excessive pricing, given the presence of a demand spike. To the extent that these involve persistently higher demand, cases against wholesalers and larger retailers will be more complicated, as such demand must be reflected in competitive prices.
Growth‐equity trade‐offs in structural reforms
Authors: Ostry Jonathan D. , Berg Andrew , Kothari Siddharth 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDo structural reforms that aim to boost potential output also change the distribution of income? We shed light on this question by looking at the broad patterns in the cross‐country data covering advanced, emerging‐market, and low‐income countries. Our main finding is that there is indeed evidence of a growth‐equity trade‐off for some important reforms. Financial and capital account liberalization seem to increase both growth and inequality, as do some measures of liberalization of current account transactions. Reforms aimed at strengthening the impartiality of and adherence to the legal system seem to entail no growth‐equity trade‐off—such reforms are good for growth and do not worsen inequality. The results for our index of network reforms as well as our measure of the decentralization of collective labor bargaining are the weakest and least robust, potentially due to data limitations. We also ask: If some structural reforms worsen inequality, to what degree does this offset the growth gains from the reforms themselves? While higher inequality does dampen the growth benefits, the net effect on growth remains positive for most reform indicators.
COVID‐19 in a lung transplant recipient: Exploring the diagnostic role of circulating exosomes and the clinical impact of advanced immunosuppression
Authors: Goodlet Kellie J. , Bansal Sandhya , Arjuna Ashwini , Nailor Michael D. , Buddhdev Bhuvin , Abdelrazek Hesham , Mohamed Hesham , Omar Ashraf , Walia Rajat , Mohanakumar Thalachallour , Tokman Sofya 
Published: September 2020

AbstractExosomes isolated from plasma of lung transplant recipients with allograft injury contain donor‐derived lung self‐antigens (collagen V and Kα1 tubulin) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules. We present a case of a 76‐year‐old, female lung transplant recipient treated for acute cellular rejection with methylprednisolone and anti‐thymocyte globulin, who subsequently contracted SARS‐CoV‐2 and developed a sharp increase in the mean fluorescent intensity of anti‐HLA antibodies. Analysis of circulating exosomes during rejection, but before SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, revealed the presence of lung self‐antigens and HLA class II molecules. After the patient contracted SARS‐CoV‐2, exosomes with the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein were also found. After resolution of infectious symptoms, exosomes with SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein were no longer detected; however, exosomes with lung self‐antigens and HLA class II molecules persisted, which coincided with a progressive decline in spirometric flows, suggesting chronic lung allograft dysfunction. We propose that the analysis of circulating exosomes may be used to detect allograft injury mediated by both rejection and infection. Furthermore, the detection of exosomes containing viral proteins may be helpful in identifying allograft injury driven by viral pathogens.
Pandangan Pengguna Penyata Kewangan terhadap Kepentingan Item di dalam Indeks Pelaporan Kewangan Menerusi Internet di Malaysia
Authors: Ali Khan Mohd Noor Azli , Ismail Noor Azizi 
Published: September 2020

This study investigates the perceptions of users of financial statement regarding the importance of items in indices of internet financial reporting (IFR). This study adopts the questionnaire survey method in order to seek the view of users of financial statement, particularly on the importance of items that to be included in the checklist of IFR indices. From a comprehensive review of the IFR literature, the level of IFR in this study can be categorized into two dimensions namely the ‘content’ and ‘presentation’. The findings show that the five most important items which are income statement of current year, cash flow statement of current year, balance sheet of current year, annual report of current year (full text), and auditor report of current year can explain the dimension of content. Meanwhile, the five most important items for the dimension of presentation which are annual report in PDF format, loading time of the website, link to homepage, hyperlinks inside the annual report, and link to table of contents. Results of the study also provide empirical evidence that 144 disclosure items can be used for the checklist of IFR indices to measure the level of IFR. The finding provides an insight into the IFR practice in Malaysia. Implications of these findings and future research directions are also discussed in this study.
Circadian actions of orexins on the retinorecipient lateral geniculate complex in rat
Authors: Chrobok Lukasz , Jeczmien‐Lazur Jagoda Stanislawa , Pradel Kamil , Klich Jasmin Daniela , Bubka Monika , Wojcik Michal , Kepczynski Mariusz , Lewandowski Marian Henryk 
Published: September 2020

Key pointsRhythmic processes in living organisms are controlled by biological clocks. The orexinergic system of the lateral hypothalamus carries circadian information to provide arousal for the brain during the active phase.Here, we show that orexins exert an excitatory action in three parts of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), in particular upon directly retinorecipient neurons in the non‐image forming visual structures.We provide evidence for the high nocturnal levels of orexins with stable circadian expression of predominant orexin receptor 2 in the LGN.Our data additionally establish the convergence of orexinergic and pituitary adenylate cyclase (PAC)‐activating peptide/PAC1 receptor systems (used by melanopsin‐expressing retinal ganglion cells), which directly regulates responses to the retinal input.These results help us better understand circadian orexinergic control over the non‐image forming subcortical visual system, forming the animal's preparedness for the behaviourally active night.AbstractThe orexinergic system of the lateral hypothalamus is tightly interlinked with the master circadian clock and displays daily variation in activity to provide arousal‐related excitation for the plethora of brain structures in a circadian manner. Here, using a combination of electrophysiological, optogenetic, histological, molecular and neuronal tracing methods, we explore a particular link between orexinergic and visual systems in rat. The results of the present study demonstrate that orexinergic fibre density at the area of subcortical visual system exerts a clear day to night variability, reaching a maximum at behaviourally active night. We also show pronounced electrophysiological activations of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus by orexin A through 24 h, via identified distinct orexin receptors, with the ventrolateral geniculate displaying a daily cycle of responsiveness. In addition, for the first time, we provide a direct evidence for orexins to act on retinorecipient neurons with a high convergence of orexinergic and putatively retinal pituitary adenylate cyclase (PAC)‐activating peptide/PAC1 receptor systems. Altogether, the present study ties orexins to non‐image forming visual structures with implications for circadian orexinergic modulation of neurons, which process information on ambient light levels.
Multi-Objective Modeling of Leading-Edge Serrations Applied to Low-Pressure Axial Fans
Authors: Biedermann Till M. , Reich M. , Paschereit C. O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A novel modeling strategy is proposed which allows high-accuracy predictions of aerodynamic and aeroacoustic target values for a low-pressure axial fan, equipped with serrated leading edges. Inspired by machine learning processes, the sampling of the experimental space is realized by use of a Latin hypercube design plus a factorial design, providing highly diverse information on the analyzed system. The effects of four influencing parameters (IP) are tested, characterizing the inflow conditions as well as the serration geometry. A total of 65 target values in the time and frequency domains are defined and can be approximated with high accuracy by individual artificial neural networks. Furthermore, the validation of the model against fully independent test points within the experimental space yields a remarkable fit, even for the spectral distribution in 1/3-octave bands, proving the ability of the model to generalize. A metaheuristic multi-objective optimization approach provides two-dimensional Pareto optimal solutions for selected pairs of target values. This is particularly important for reconciling opposing trends, such as the noise reduction capability and aerodynamic performance. The chosen optimization strategy also allows for a customized design of serrated leading edges, tailored to the specific operating conditions of the axial fan.
A Difference Scheme and Its Error Analysis for a Poisson Equation with Nonlocal Boundary Conditions
Authors: Feng Chunsheng , Nie Cunyun , Yu Haiyuan , Zhou Liping , Rajagopal Karthikeyan 
Published: September 2020

The elliptic problem with a nonlocal boundary condition is widely applied in the field of science and engineering, such as the chaotic system. Firstly, we construct one high-accuracy difference scheme for a kind of elliptic problem by tactfully introducing an equivalent relation for one nonlocal condition. Then, we obtain the local truncation error equation by the Taylor formula and, initially, prove that the new scheme can reach the asymptotic optimal error estimate

O

h

2

ln

h

in the maximum norm through ingeniously transforming a two-dimensional problem to a one-dimensional one through bringing in the discrete Fourier transformation. Numerical experiments demonstrate the correctness of theoretical results.
Leukocyte Telomere Length and Bladder Cancer Risk: A Large Case–Control Study and Mendelian Randomization Analysis
Authors: Chen Meng , Xu Yifan , Xu Junfeng , Chancoco Haidee , Gu Jian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background:
Leukocyte telomere length (LTL) has been associated with risk of several cancers. The association between LTL and bladder cancer is still inconsistent.

Methods:
In this large case–control study consisting of 2,011 patients with bladder cancer and 2,259 healthy controls of European ancestry, we investigated the associations of real-time qPCR-measured LTL (a retrospective case–control study) and genetically predicted LTL [a Mendelian randomization (MR) study] with bladder cancer risk. Genotypes from 10 LTL-associated SNPs were used as instrumental variables to predict LTL. We used an individual level data–based weighted genetic risk score (GRS) and a summary statistics–based inverse-variance weighting (IVW) method in MR analyses.

Results:
The qPCR-measured LTL was shorter in cases with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) than those with non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer [NMIBC; ratio of telomere repeats copy number to single gene copy number (T/S): 1.19 ± 0.34 vs. 1.23 ± 0.36, P = 0.081]. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed long qPCR-measured LTL was associated with a reduced risk of MIBC. In MR analyses, genetically predicted LTL was weakly associated with bladder cancer risk in both the GRS analysis [OR = 1.13, per SD increase; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.73–1.75; P = 0.595] and the IVW analysis (OR = 1.14 per SD increase; 95% CI, 0.75–1.74; P = 0.543).

Conclusions:
There was no strong evidence supporting an association between LTL and bladder cancer risk in European Americans.

Impact:
This is the largest study of LTL and bladder cancer risk. The study showed that LTL does not play an important role in bladder cancer etiology.
Community-Acquired Escherichia coli Bacteremia after Age 50 and Subsequent Incidence of a Cancer Diagnosis: A Danish Population–Based Cohort Study
Authors: Søgaard Kirstine K. , Veres Katalin , Vandenbroucke-Grauls Christina M.J.E. , Vandenbroucke Jan P. , Sørensen Henrik T. , Schønheyder Henrik C. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background:
Community-acquired bacteremia (CAB) with Escherichia coli may signal occult cancer. This might differ between phylogenetic groups.

Methods:
We conducted a population-based cohort study in northern Denmark (1994–2013) to examine whether E. coli CAB after age 50 is associated with incident cancer. We followed patients from their bacteremia diagnosis date to identify subsequent gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and urinary tract cancer diagnoses. We calculated 1- and 5-year cumulative cancer incidence. We compared the observed incidence with that expected based on national cancer incidence rates, and computed standardized incidence ratios (SIR) at 0–&lt;1 year and ≥1 year. In a subcohort, we assessed the prevalence of phylogenetic groups.

Results:
Among 2,735 patients with E. coli CAB, 173 later were diagnosed with cancer. The 1-year cumulative incidence of a gastrointestinal or hepatobiliary tract cancer was 1.9%, and the 0–&lt;1-year SIR was 5.44 [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.06–7.14]. For urinary tract cancer, the corresponding estimates were 1.0% and 3.41 (95% CI, 2.27–4.93). All individual cancers occurred more often than expected during the first year following E. coli CAB, but thereafter the relative risks declined toward unity. Still, the ≥1-year SIR for colorectal cancer remained 1.4-fold elevated, and the SIR for liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and biliary tract cancer was 2-fold elevated. The prevalence of phylogenetic groups was similar among patients with and without cancer.

Conclusions:
Gastrointestinal, hepatobiliary, and urinary tract cancer may debut with E. coli CAB.

Impact:
Owing to the high incidence of E. coli bacteremia, cancers missed at the time of bacteremia diagnosis represent a clinically significant problem.