bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Number of sunspot groups from the Galileo–Scheiner controversy revisited
Authors: Carrasco V M S , Gallego M C , Vaquero J M 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We revise the sunspot observations made by Galileo Galilei and Christoph Scheiner in the context of their controversy regarding the nature of sunspots. Those of their sunspot records not included in the current sunspot group database, used as a basis to calculate the sunspot group number, are analysed. Within the documentary sources consulted in this work, we can highlight the sunspot observations by Scheiner included in the letters sent under the pseudonym Apelles to Marcus Welser and the first sunspot observations made by Galileo, which can be consulted in Le opere di Galileo Galilei. These sunspot observations would extend the temporal coverage for these two observers and fill some gaps in the current group database in the earliest period, where the data available are sparse. Moreover, we have detected changes in the quality of the sunspot drawings made by Galileo and Scheiner in their observation series, affecting the number of groups recorded by the two observers. We also compare these records with sunspot observations made by other astronomers of that time. According to this comparison and regarding the same observation days, Scheiner was generally the astronomer who reported more sunspot groups, while Harriot, Cigoli and Galileo recorded a similar number of groups. We conclude that these differences are mainly because of the observational methods used by the observers.
Quiet Sun electron densities and their uncertainties derived from spectral emission line intensities
Authors: Dere Kenneth P 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The goal of this paper is to apply statistical methods to determine electrons densities and their errors from measurements of density-sensitive line intensities in the quiet Sun. Three methods are employed. The first is the use of L-function plots to provide a quick visual assessment of the likelihood that a set of line intensities can provide a robust estimate of these quantities. A second methods involves a χ2 minimization together with a prescription for determining the regions of statistical confidence in addition to the best-fitting value. A third method uses a Bayesian inference technique that employs a Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) calculation from which an analysis of the posterior distributions provide estimates of the mean and regions of high probability density. Using these three methods, observations of extreme-ultraviolet spectral lines originating from regions of the quiet Sun have been analysed. The quantitative χ2 minimization and MCMC sampling provide results that are generally in good agreement, especially for sets of lines of ions that have L-function plots that suggest that a robust analysis might be possible.
NAguideR: performing and prioritizing missing value imputations for consistent bottom-up proteomic analyses
Authors: Wang Shisheng , Li Wenxue , Hu Liqiang , Cheng Jingqiu , Yang Hao , Liu Yansheng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics experiments frequently generate data with missing values, which may profoundly affect downstream analyses. A wide variety of imputation methods have been established to deal with the missing-value issue. To date, however, there is a scarcity of efficient, systematic, and easy-to-handle tools that are tailored for proteomics community. Herein, we developed a user-friendly and powerful stand-alone software, NAguideR, to enable implementation and evaluation of different missing value methods offered by 23 widely used missing-value imputation algorithms. NAguideR further evaluates data imputation results through classic computational criteria and, unprecedentedly, proteomic empirical criteria, such as quantitative consistency between different charge-states of the same peptide, different peptides belonging to the same proteins, and individual proteins participating protein complexes and functional interactions. We applied NAguideR into three label-free proteomic datasets featuring peptide-level, protein-level, and phosphoproteomic variables respectively, all generated by data independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) with substantial biological replicates. The results indicate that NAguideR is able to discriminate the optimal imputation methods that are facilitating DIA-MS experiments over those sub-optimal and low-performance algorithms. NAguideR further provides downloadable tables and figures supporting flexible data analysis and interpretation. NAguideR is freely available at http://www.omicsolution.org/wukong/NAguideR/ and the source code: https://github.com/wangshisheng/NAguideR/.
Alternative splicing and allosteric regulation modulate the chromatin binding of UHRF1
Authors: Tauber Maria , Kreuz Sarah , Lemak Alexander , Mandal Papita , Yerkesh Zhadyra , Veluchamy Alaguraj , Al-Gashgari Bothayna , Aljahani Abrar , Cortés-Medina Lorena V , Azhibek Dulat , Fan Lixin , Ong Michelle S , Duan Shili , Houliston Scott , Arrowsmith Cheryl H , Fischle Wolfgang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
UHRF1 is an important epigenetic regulator associated with apoptosis and tumour development. It is a multidomain protein that integrates readout of different histone modification states and DNA methylation with enzymatic histone ubiquitylation activity. Emerging evidence indicates that the chromatin-binding and enzymatic modules of UHRF1 do not act in isolation but interplay in a coordinated and regulated manner. Here, we compared two splicing variants (V1, V2) of murine UHRF1 (mUHRF1) with human UHRF1 (hUHRF1). We show that insertion of nine amino acids in a linker region connecting the different TTD and PHD histone modification-binding domains causes distinct H3K9me3-binding behaviour of mUHRF1 V1. Structural analysis suggests that in mUHRF1 V1, in contrast to V2 and hUHRF1, the linker is anchored in a surface groove of the TTD domain, resulting in creation of a coupled TTD-PHD module. This establishes multivalent, synergistic H3-tail binding causing distinct cellular localization and enhanced H3K9me3-nucleosome ubiquitylation activity. In contrast to hUHRF1, H3K9me3-binding of the murine proteins is not allosterically regulated by phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate that interacts with a separate less-conserved polybasic linker region of the protein. Our results highlight the importance of flexible linkers in regulating multidomain chromatin binding proteins and point to divergent evolution of their regulation.
Visual Field Defect Before and After Endovascular Treatment of Occipital Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Smajda Stanislas , Ciccio Gabriele , Fahed Robert , Robert Thomas , Botta Daniele , Redjem Hocine , Desilles Jean-Philippe , Mazighi Mikael , Zuber Kevin , Escalard Simon , Baharvahdat Humain , Blanc Raphaël , Chauvet Dorian , Philibert Manon , Chokron Sylvie , Piotin Michel 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Occipital arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) carry a high risk of postoperative morbidity because of their anatomic relation to the visual cortex and optic radiations. Data regarding endovascular management of these lesions are scant.

OBJECTIVE
To report our single-center experience with occipital AVMs, most of which were treated endovascularly, with a special interest for postoperative visual impairment.

METHODS
From a prospective database, we assessed the clinical and radiological data of all patients with an occipital AVM managed between 1997 and 2018. The extension of the nidus to the primary visual cortex was assessed and correlated to the pre- and postintervention visual symptomatology. Modified Rankin Scale and visual fields (VFs) were assessed pre- and post-treatment and at the last follow-up.

RESULTS
A total of 83 patients (47 males [56.6%]) with an occipital AVM were included in the study. Mean age at presentation was 33.5 ± 15.0 yr (min-max = 7-76). A total of 34 patients (41%) presented with hemorrhage related to the AVM. A total of 57 patients (68.7%) underwent endovascular treatment (EVT) alone, 20 (24.1%) underwent embolization and surgery, 3 (3.6%) underwent embolization and radiosurgery, and 3 (3.6%) were conservatively managed. A complete obliteration of the AVM was achieved in 53 patients (66.3%). A post-treatment worsening of the VF was found in 24 of the treated patients (30%), 3 patients (9%) for ruptured AVMs, and in 21 patients (46%) for unruptured AVMs. Morbidity rate was 3.7% and mortality rate was 2.5%.

CONCLUSION
EVT of occipital AVM carries a non-negligible rate of complications, especially regarding visual functions.
Cigarette Smoking Is More Prevalent in Patients With Brain Arteriovenous Malformations Compared to General Population: A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Study
Authors: Pohjola Anni , Lindbohm Joni V , Oulasvirta Elias , Hafez Ahmad , Koroknay-Pál Päivi , Laakso Aki , Niemelä Mika 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Research on the prevalence of smokers in patients with brain arteriovenous malformation (AVM) remains nonexistent, even though smoking is a well-known risk factor for intracranial aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the prevalence and smoking habits of AVM patients.

METHODS
Data on smoking habits were collected with a quality-of-life questionnaire mailed in 2016 to all patients in our large AVM database. These smoking data were supplemented with registry data derived from medical records. The prevalence of smokers was compared to that of the general population, derived from statistics of National Institute for Health and Welfare. Logit transformation of proportions and Students t distribution were used to calculate the 95% CIs for prevalence estimates.

RESULTS
Of the 384 patients aged over 18 yr on admission, 277 (72.1%) returned the questionnaires in 2016. When compared to age, sex, and admission year matched general population, the proportion of smokers in AVM patients was 48% (CI = 41%-55%) and 19% (CI = 16%-21%) in the general population. The difference increased in older age groups; in those aged 65 to 77 yr, the percentage of smokers reached 73% (CI = 46%-90%), while the corresponding percentage in the general population was 7% (CI = 5%-9%).

CONCLUSION
We observed considerably higher rates of smoking among AVM patients when compared to age, sex, and admission year matched general population. Our results suggest that in the development of AVMs, the role played by nicotine and other substances in tobacco smoke should be examined. Cigarette smoking could potentially be a common cerebrovascular risk factor.
Remote Methods for Conducting Tobacco-Focused Clinical Trials
Authors: Dahne Jennifer , Tomko Rachel L , McClure Erin A , Obeid Jihad S , Carpenter Matthew J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Most tobacco-focused clinical trials are based on locally conducted studies that face significant challenges to implementation and successful execution. These challenges include the need for large, diverse, yet still representative study samples. This often means a protracted, costly, and inefficient recruitment process. Multisite clinical trials can overcome some of these hurdles but incur their own unique challenges. With recent advances in mobile health and digital technologies, there is now a promising alternative: Remote Trials. These trials are led and coordinated by a local investigative team, but are based remotely, within a given community, state, or even nation. The remote approach affords many of the benefits of multisite trials (more efficient recruitment of larger study samples) without the same barriers (cost, multisite management, and regulatory hurdles). The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) global health pandemic has resulted in rapid requirements to shift ongoing clinical trials to remote delivery and assessment platforms, making methods for the conduct of remote trials even more timely. The purpose of the present review is to provide an overview of available methods for the conduct of remote tobacco-focused clinical trials as well as illustrative examples of how these methods have been implemented across recently completed and ongoing tobacco studies. We focus on key aspects of the clinical trial pipeline including remote: (1) study recruitment and screening, (2) informed consent, (3) assessment, (4) biomarker collection, and (5) medication adherence monitoring.
Implications
With recent advances in mobile health and digital technologies, remote trials now offer a promising alternative to traditional in-person clinical trials. Remote trials afford expedient recruitment of large, demographically representative study samples, without undo burden to a research team. The present review provides an overview of available methods for the conduct of remote tobacco-focused clinical trials across key aspects of the clinical trial pipeline.
Diagnostic Value of Chest X-Ray in Patients With Suspected Infection and No Respiratory Signs or Symptoms
Authors: de Stoppelaar Sacha F , Pereverzeva Liza , Hafkamp Bram , Lips Nikki , Tielbeke Floor , Rustenburg Linde , Hoogerheide-Wiegerinck Caroline , de Heer Koen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Suspicion of an infection without localizing signs or symptoms is a common problem. A chest x-ray (CXR) is often performed to rule out pneumonia. Our prospective cross-sectional study suggests that a CXR has no diagnostic value in patients without respiratory signs or symptoms, if a reliable medical history can be obtained.
Bounded Rationality in Political Science and Politics
Authors: Bendor Jonathan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Although Herbert Simon and Allen Newell studied problem-solving by experts as well as nonexperts, political scientists generally understand “bounded rationality” to refer primarily to cognitive constraints: how we fall short of completely rational decision-making. This incomplete understanding deprives us of an enormously useful intellectual legacy, built not only by Newell and Simon but also by a wide array of cognitive scientists who have explored how humans have collectively solved very difficult problems such as eliminating smallpox or designing nuclear submarines. This chapter surveys this richer understanding of bounded rationality. Cognitive capacities receive as much attention as cognitive constraints. The chapter reports work on how cultural storehouses of knowledge and certain organizational arrangements amplify our cognitive capacities in both the short and the long run. Finally, it extracts from the literature a set of thematically related propositions that are building blocks for constructing macro-theories of politics out of cognitively realistic micro-premises.
Using Applied Decision Analysis to Understand Foreign Policy Decision-Making
Authors: Chatagnier J. Tyson 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A leader’s approach to foreign policy decision-making is a critical explanatory factor in understanding why certain decisions are made. While several tools are available to analysts who wish to examine the process by which decision makers settle upon their chosen alternative, one of the most compelling is applied decision analysis (ADA), which allows scholars to uncover the unique “decision DNA” associated with a given leader. This chapter surveys the literature that has used the ADA methodology to examine questions of foreign policy decision-making. It pulls from twenty studies of leaders’ decisions—with more than twenty different leaders, ranging from Winston Churchill to Mao Zedong to Osama bin Laden—which comprise more than one hundred total unique decisions, examining and discussing the findings of each. It draws inferences about which decision rules best explain leaders’ policy choices, concluding that the works in question show overwhelming support for the poliheuristic theory of decision; and it discusses how future scholars can build on the ADA research program and how this information can best be used by policymakers.
The Practice of Humanism
Authors: Croft James 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
What does it mean to “practice Humanism”? This chapter argues that Humanism is best understood as a “life stance” constituting six core value-commitments: an “epistemic commitment” representing pursuit of the truth through rational analysis; a “naturalist commitment” representing Humanists’ belief that human beings are part of nature, related to all life on earth; an “ethical commitment,” representing a concern for the dignity of all people; a “self-actualization commitment,” a belief in the development of all human capacities; a “social commitment,” stressing the importance of relationships and responsibilities towards others; and a “justice commitment,” expressing Humanists’ belief in the responsibility of all people to work for a just society. To “practice Humanism” is defined as “self-consciously acting in such a way as to realize one of these six commitments.” Examples of each commitment in practice are given, and through these examples the nature of each commitment is clarified.
African Nationalism, Nonracialism, and Pan-Africanism
Authors: Soske Jon Dylan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the significant trends in African nationalist and left-wing political thought from 1943—the year that witnessed the establishment of the Non-Europe Unity Movement (NEUM), the achievement of full membership rights for women in the African National Congress (ANC), and publication of the ANC’s policy manifesto, African Claims—to the banning of the liberation organizations after the 1960 Sharpeville massacre. These two decades were a period of rapid domestic and international change, the entrenchment of white supremacy by the apartheid regime, and the birth of new forms and philosophies of social struggle. They began with a mood of tremendous optimism among many African intellectuals that the end of World War II and the collapse of the British Empire (represented most immediately by the coming of Indian independence) would result in a new political reality for black South Africans. They ended with a wave of ferocious repression that drove the liberation organizations underground and into exile, destroyed any immediate hope for the peaceful dismantling of white minority rule, and began the transformation of apartheid into one of the most significant global issues of the later twentieth century.
From A Sociology of Latin American Religions to a Latin American Sociology of Religion
Authors: Odgers-Ortiz Olga 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Recent decades have seen important developments in Latin American writings in the sociology of religion field. Not only has there been exponential growth in the number of publications on religious phenomena in the region, but the field itself has also shifted from sociology about Latin American religion to a Latin American sociology of religion. This field takes contemporary Latin American forms of religiosity as an empirical referent, then goes even further to propose interpretive frameworks and new methodologies that contribute to the understanding of religious phenomena at a global level. This chapter introduces four prominent Latin American sociologists of religion: Roberto Blancarte’s work on laicity; the critical analysis of Cristián Parker on popular religions within multiple modernities; Hugo José Suárez’s conceptualization of “para-ecclesiastical agents,” a key concept for understanding religious collective practice in Latin America; and Eloisa Martin’s proposal of the heuristic potential of analyzing practices of sacralization for understanding popular religion in Latin America.
Four Keys to Understanding Religious Experience in Latin America
Authors: Suárez Hugo José 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter conceptualizes the basic elements of the Latin American religious experience. It argues that the most important religious expressions are “para-ecclesiastical agents,” sociological figures who administer religious life and the contents of belief, which result from a confrontation between distinctive cosmovisions and must be discussed in terms of—among other concepts—syncretism, mestizaje, and hybridization; the fiesta, seen as a space for creativity and, at the same time, as a logic of religious practice that reproduces rituals; and, finally, practitioners’ relationship to religious images and related elements that represent the sacred.
Social Movements in Latin AmericaMapping the Literature
Authors: Somma Nicolás M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The study of social movements is currently one of the most active research fields in Latin American sociology. This article maps the vast literature on Latin American social movements (LASMs) from the late 1980s to the present. After briefly discussing how scholars have conceptualized LASMs, it presents seven influential approaches: structuralism, political economy, political context, organizational fields, “new social movements,” frames and emotions, and transnational activism. Then it discusses some works that zero in on the specificity of LASMs. It closes with a brief summary of the five coming chapters, each of which is devoted to a specific social movement “family”: labor, women’s, student, indigenous, and anti-globalization.
Historical Construction of the State in Latin America
Authors: Brachet-Márquez Viviane 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article divides the history of the scholarship on state formation (SF) in Latin America into four waves, which began in the 1980s with narratives on the structural features of state apparatuses. A second wave, which took off in the 1990s, brings out the national, subnational, and local historical dynamics of SF. A third wave of recent works focuses on the historical roots of the bellic, administrative, and fiscal capacities of states in Latin America as unfavorably compared with those of early modern European states. The last section lays out the latest efforts to critically examine and reinterpret previous debates and findings and to go beyond them while incorporating the valuable information and insights they have accumulated over the years.
Panama
Authors: Donoghue Michael E. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Since declaring independence from Spain in 1821, Panama struggled for nearly two centuries to forge a true sovereignty. Free from Madrid’s control, the province found itself subordinated first by Gran Colombia, later New Granada, and after gaining a measure of independence in a 1903 secessionist revolution, by the United States which built a canal and attached zone through which Washington dominated the nation. Domestically, Panama also wrestled with the complexities of a multiracial, class-divided society ruled by a European-descended elite and political infighting among populists and the military that impeded liberal democracy. Gradually, a nationalist movement that sought greater state formation and control over the canal coalesced around mid-century. But the importance of the waterway to Washington imposed constraints on this movement’s success until the 1978 ratification of the Carter-Torrijos treaties which ensured the transfer of the canal to Panama by century’s end. In 1989, concerns over political tyranny, drug trafficking, and the integrity of the upcoming canal transfer compelled the United States to invade Panama and end the military dictatorship (1968–1989) while restoring a form of elite-dominated democracy. After nearly a hundred years of resistance and diplomacy, Panama finally won full independence on December 31, 1999, taking possession of the canal and the remnants of the US-run enclave. Problems of how to reorganize the republic’s economy and political structure, as well as persistent corruption and poverty, complicated the post-US era. Still, with its unique geostrategic position in the world economy, opportunities as well as obstacles confront Panama today finally freed from a century of neocolonialism.