bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrasting demographic trends and asymmetric migration rates in a spatially structured amphibian population
Authors: CAPELLÀ‐MARZO Berta , SÁNCHEZ‐MONTES Gregorio , MARTÍNEZ‐SOLANO Iñigo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNatural populations often persist at the landscape scale as metapopulations, with breeding units (subpopulations) experiencing temporal extinction and recolonization events. Important parameters to forecast population viability in these systems include the ratio of the effective number of breeders (Nb) to the total number of adults (Na) and migration rates among subpopulations. Here, we present the results of a 10‐year integrative monitoring program of a metapopulation of the Iberian green frog (Pelophylax perezi) in central Spain. We characterized population dynamics at two main breeding ponds (Gravera and Laguna) using capture‐mark‐recapture data to estimate Na in each breeding season, and multilocus genotypes to estimate the effective population size (Ne), Nb, individual breeding success, and migration rates. Both ponds experienced population decline after a dry season, with Gravera subsequently recovering and Laguna suffering a bottleneck associated with genetic impoverishment. In this subpopulation, average allelic richness and private alleles decreased from 2010 (10.87 and 1.67, respectively) to 2018 (8.0 and 0.20). The Nb/Na ratio in Laguna in 2018 was twice as high (0.95) than in Gravera (0.41) or in pre‐bottleneck Laguna (0.50), suggesting plasticity or genetic compensation through increased individual breeding success. Migration rates were asymmetric between ponds, with a stronger contribution from Gravera to Laguna (29.9% vs. 16.2% in the opposite direction) that may result in a rescue effect. This study emphasizes the importance of integrative demographic approaches for the monitoring of natural populations based on a better understanding of their spatio‐temporal dynamics, which provides valuable information for conservation actions.
Auditors' Responses to Workload Imbalance and the Impact on Audit Quality*
Authors: Heo Jin Suk , Kwon Soo Young , Tan Hun‐Tong 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTUsing detailed data for fieldwork hours and audit hours by rank from audit engagements in Korea, we examine whether audits conducted under workload imbalance, proxied by busy‐season audits, impair audit quality, and how auditors adjust staff assignments for busy‐season audits. We generally find that busy‐season audits are associated with lower audit quality, and that audit firms reduce the involvement of senior auditors during busy‐season audits. In addition, the greater the involvement of senior auditors and junior auditors, the lesser the deterioration in audit quality. Finally, although there is no increase in interim audits in response to workload imbalance during busy seasons, increasing interim audits can mitigate the negative impact of busy‐season audits on audit quality. Our results are relevant to auditors and regulators, who have expressed concerns about the adverse effects of workload imbalance on audit quality.
Variables associated with survival in patients with invasive bladder cancer with and without surgery
Authors: Longdon E. , Mistry H. , Pratt O. , Donnelly A. , O'Neill S. , Nachiappan M. , Darwin L. , Clarke N. , Hartley R. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryWe recorded the survival of 141 patients assessed for radical cystectomy, which included cardiopulmonary exercise testing. The median Kaplan‐Meier survival estimates were: 1540 days for the whole cohort; 2200 days after cystectomy scheduled (n = 108); and 843 days without surgery. The mortality hazard remained double that expected for a matched general population, but survival was better in patients scheduled for surgery than those who were not: the mortality hazard ratio (95%CI) after cystectomy was 0.43 (0.26–0.73) the mortality hazard without surgery, p = 0.001. The mortality hazard ratios for the three‐variable Bayesian Model Averaging survival model for all 141 patients were: referral for surgery (0.5); haemoglobin concentration (0.98); and efficiency of carbon dioxide output (1.05). Efficiency of carbon dioxide output was the single variable in the postoperative model (n = 108), mortality hazard 1.08 (per unit increase). The ratio of observed to expected peak oxygen consumption associated best with mortality in 33 patients not referred for surgery, hazard ratio 0.001. Our results can inform consultations with patients with invasive bladder cancer and suggest that interventions to increase fitness and haemoglobin may improve survival in patients who do and who do not undergo radical cystectomy.
Response of grassland vegetation composition to different fertilizer treatments recorded over ten years following 64 years of fertilizer applications in the Rengen Grassland Experiment
Authors: Titěra Jan , Pavlů Vilém V. , Pavlů Lenka , Hejcman Michal , Gaisler Jan , Schellberg Jürgen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractQuestionsFertilizer application is a key driver affecting the diversity and conservation value grassland vegetation. Using a long‐term fertilization experiment in mountain grassland, we addressed the following questions: (a) what is the effect of long‐term fertilizer applications on species richness and plant species composition, and (b) is there any detectable trend in plant species composition during ten years of continuous observation?LocationThe Rengen Grassland Experiment, Eifel Mountains, Germany (established in 1941).MethodsFive treatments including different fertilizers applied annually and one unfertilized control were analysed: Ca (718 kg Ca ha−1); CaN (752 Ca and 100 N kg ha−1); CaNP (752 Ca, 100 N and 35 P kg ha−1); CaNP‐KCl (752 Ca, 100 N, 35 P and 133 K kg ha−1); CaNP‐K2SO4 (752 Ca, 100 N, 35 P and 133 K kg ha−1). The experiment included five replicates per treatment in a fully randomized block design. All treatments were cut twice a year in late June or early July, and in mid‐October. Percentage cover of individual plant species was estimated by visual observation in each plot in late June in the years 2005–2014.ResultsDespite inter‐annual variability in the cover of the individual vascular plant species, the multivariate data analyses revealed a relatively similar response of the plant community to the different fertilizer applications throughout the ten years. With phosphorus application, no differences in botanical composition among treatments were found; however, they did differ from other treatments without phosphorus application. In the unfertilized control, there was a certain directed trend in plant species composition in response to ongoing nutrient impoverishment.ConclusionSpecies‐rich grasslands of high nature conservation value were only maintained under P limitation in the control without fertilizer application (Violion caninae) and in the liming treatment (Polygono‐Trisetion), but also in the treatment with liming and pure N addition. It seems that after 74 years, some stage of equilibrium of the grassland community was achieved in all treatments receiving any type of fertilizer application, but less so in the unfertilized control treatment.
Communication Rights in a Divided World
Authors: Lee Philip 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article explores the implications of advances in communication technology for communication rights and the political, economic, and cultural challenges at global, national, and local levels. It argues that digital transformation cannot be left to market forces or to a benign vision of a world in which all governments are sufficiently liberal minded to permit dissent and peaceful revolution. Rather, digital transformation needs to be driven by the needs of peoples and communities who help construct communication and information ecosystems that are firmly rooted in principles of justice, freedom, equality, and mutual solidarity. To that extent, people and communities must be enabled to reach their own consensuses around their needs and what should be done, and they must be regularly and constructively consulted by those charged with implementing, regulating, and monitoring such ecosystems.
Stress‐life prediction of 25°C polypropylene materials based on calibration of Zhurkov fatigue life model
Authors: Hur Su Haeng , Doh Jaehyeok , Yoo Yeongmin , Kim Sang‐Woo , Lee Jongsoo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this study, to evaluate the chemical and mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP), activation‐energy and tensile tests were performed at room temperature (25°C) on pure PP and PP reinforced with glass fibre (GF). To improve the prediction accuracy of the fatigue life, three models based on the calibration of the Zhurkov model were proposed: a regression model, modified strain‐rate model and lethargy coefficient‐based model. Based on the experimental data analysis and statistical assessment results, we proposed a modified strain‐rate model that satisfies the dependency of the physical parameters and is congruent with the predicted fatigue life data. The experimental data and modified strain‐rate model were compared with the direct cyclic analysis results. The tendency of the frequency factor as a correction parameter in the modified strain‐rate model corresponded to the experimental activation energy and the increasing GF content.
Best Practices for Determination of Initial 10Be/9Be in Early Solar System Materials by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Dunham Emilie T. , Wadhwa Meenakshi , Desch Steven J. , Hervig Richard L. 
Published: April 2020

Beryllium‐10 (t1/2 = 1.4 Ma) is a short‐lived radionuclide present in the early Solar System. It is produced solely by irradiation reactions and can provide constraints on the astrophysical environment of the Sun’s formation. Calcium‐ and aluminium‐rich inclusions (CAIs), the first solids formed in the Solar System, show clear evidence for live 10Be at their time of formation, but it is unclear whether they record the same initial 10Be/9Be ratio. In this study, we examine the secondary ion mass spectrometry methods used to determine the initial 10Be/9Be ratio in meteoritic inclusions. Based on analyses of synthesised matrix‐matched glass reference materials, we show that the effects of differing major element bulk compositions on the secondary ion yields of Be and B are minor for relevant phases. We demonstrate the importance of using the mean square weighted deviation (MSWD) to interpret the significance of the initial 10Be/9Be value. For thirty‐two CAIs, we re‐calculated the regressions using literature data, finding that several have unacceptably high MSWD. We calculate the effects of possible sources of isotopic disturbance. Finally, we outline best practices for reporting 10Be–10B data, to enable a more refined determination of the initial 10Be/9Be ratio in the early Solar System.
A call to action toward integrated testing and earlier care for viral hepatitis, HIV, STIs and TB
Authors: Raben D , Hoekstra M , Combs L , Sullivan AK , Lazarus JV , Lambert JS , Simões D , Streinu‐Cercel A , Rockstroh JK ,   the HepHIV Conference Organizing Committee, the EuroTEST Steering Committee, INTEGRATE Steering Committee
Published: April 2020

ObjectivesThe objective of the paper is to present the outcomes of the HepHIV 2019 conference, held in Bucharest under the Romanian EU Presidency and focusing on challenges of timely and integrated testing and care.MethodsThe conference programme was put together by the organizing committee. It consisted of invited talks and peer‐reviewed abstracts.ResultsIn all, 65 abstracts from 20 countries were presented during the conference, which had nearly 250 delegates, including high‐profile political representation. The conference highlighted the need to shift towards further disease integration because of the epidemiological characteristics of the hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), HIV, sexually transmitted infection (STIs) and tuberculosis (TB) epidemics in the WHO European region. Integration should be a priority in the response to the epidemics to better reach key populations and to ensure better testing coverage. This relates to both the integration of services in shared care models and the integration of different settings and stakeholders in national strategies.ConclusionsThe conference demonstrated the need for greater political support for the policy changes required to implement integration. Testing normalization efforts are key to maximizing the impact of integration efforts. The conference call to action can help to guide developments in testing and linkage‐to‐care interventions across the European region.
Thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of LSCo/mullite composite contact materials for solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Chou Yeong‐Shyung , Canfield Nathan , Bonnett Jeff F. , Hardy John S. , Stevenson Jeffry W. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLanthanum strontium cobaltite (LSCo) is considered as a good candidate cathode contact material for solid oxide fuel cells, due to high electrical conductivity. However, LSCo has a very large coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) than the cells and metallic interconnects. As a result, poor mechanical stability is expected during thermal cycling. To minimize the CTE mismatch, we investigate a composite approach involving mixing LSCo with an inert material of low CTE, such as mullite at volume fractions from 0.1 to 0.4. Composite's CTE shows a decreasing trend with increasing mullite volume fractions and is consistent with model predictions. X‐ray powder diffraction analysis of sintered LSCo/mullite composites exhibits no presence of other phases for samples aged for 500 hours at 800°C, indicating chemical compatibility. Electrical conductivity by a 4‐pt method shows a decreasing trend with increasing mullite content. Contact strength of as‐sintered and thermally cycled samples show that only the composite with 0.4 volume fraction has a measurable strength; the other composites have no strength. Overall, the composite approach is demonstrated in the LSCo/mullite system to lower the CTE and hence achieve thermal cycle stability. The addition of the inert phase to the LSCo matrix, however, also reduces the electrical conductivity.
Comparison of the effects of three kinds of glucose‐lowering drugs on non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, open‐label, three‐arm, active control study
Authors: Kinoshita Tomoe , Shimoda Masashi , Nakashima Koji , Fushimi Yoshiro , Hirata Yurie , Tanabe Akihito , Tatsumi Fuminori , Hirukawa Hidenori , Sanada Junpei , Kohara Kenji , Irie Shintaro , Kimura Tomohiko , Nakamura Yoshiko , Nishioka Momoyo , Obata Atsushi , Nakanishi Shuhei , Mune Tomoatsu , Kaku Kohei , Kaneto Hideaki 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAims/IntroductionNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is often observed in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and it is known that the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus leads to the aggravation of NAFLD. The aim of this study was to compare the possible effects of three kinds of oral hypoglycemic agents on NAFLD in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Materials and MethodsWe carried out a prospective clinical trial (a randomized and open‐label study) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and NAFLD. A total of 98 patients were randomly allocated either to the dapagliflozin (n = 32), pioglitazone (n = 33) or glimepiride (n = 33) group, and the patients took these drugs for 28 weeks. The primary end‐point was the change of the liver‐to‐spleen ratio on abdominal computed tomography.ResultsThere was no difference in baseline clinical characteristics among the three groups. Dapagliflozin, pioglitazone and glimepiride ameliorated hyperglycemia similarly. Bodyweight and visceral fat area were significantly decreased only in the dapagliflozin group. Serum adiponectin levels were markedly increased in the pioglitazone group compared with the other two groups. Dapagliflozin and pioglitazone, but not glimepiride, significantly increased the liver‐to‐spleen ratio, and the effects of dapagliflozin and pioglitazone on the liver‐to‐spleen ratio were comparable.ConclusionsThe present study showed that the decrease of visceral fat area and the increase of adiponectin level contributed to the improvement of NAFLD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, dapagliflozin and pioglitazone exerted equivalent beneficial effects on NAFLD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, although it seemed that these two drugs had different mechanisms of action.
Daytime masticatory muscle electromyography biofeedback regulates the phasic component of sleep bruxism
Authors: Saito‐Murakami Konatsu , Sato Masayuki , Otsuka Hidetoshi , Miura Hiroki , Terada Nobuyuki , Fujisawa Masanori 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundElectromyography (EMG) biofeedback (BF) training is potentially an effective cognitive‐behavioural approach to regulate bruxism.ObjectiveThis study examined sleep bruxism regulation by daytime clenching control using a single‐channel auditory EMG BF device.MethodsSeventeen male subjects (mean age, 24.4 ± 3.1 years; mean ± SD) with self‐reported awake/sleep bruxism were recruited and divided into a BF (n = 10) and a control (CO) group (n = 7). All subjects underwent four EMG recording sessions during both daytime and sleep over 3 weeks. During the daytime, in week 2, the BF group received feedback alert signals when excessive EMG activity with certain burst duration was detected while the subjects performed regular daily activities. The CO group underwent EMG recording sessions without receiving any alerts of parafunctional activity. The number of phasic burst events during sleep was compared between the BF and CO groups.ResultsWhile the number of phasic EMG events was not significantly different between the BF and CO groups at baseline, significantly smaller phasic events were observed in the BF compared to the CO group at the follow‐up session (week 3) (P = .006, Tukey's HSD). Since daytime BF training is aimed at raising awareness of awake bruxism, it does not interrupt the sleep sequence or involve associated side effects.ConclusionThe present results suggest that EMG BF targeting for tonic EMG events during the daytime can be an effective method to regulate phasic EMG events during sleep.
Numerical simulation of pharyngeal bolus flow influenced by bolus viscosity and apparent slip
Authors: Mizunuma Hiroshi , Sonomura Mitsuhiro , Shimokasa Kenji 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPharyngeal bolus flow was simulated numerically using a finite element method. The bolus liquids were X‐ray medium, glucose, and thickener solutions. For a low‐viscosity bolus, the simulation showed a reasonable agreement of bolus velocity with X‐ray measurements. The influence of bolus density on swallowing velocity was investigated numerically. Although a higher density resulted in a higher bolus velocity, the increase in velocity was modest. When the bolus viscosity was high, it was necessary to apply the slip boundary condition to obtain an agreement for bolus velocity between the simulation and X‐ray measurements. The simulations also showed that the method of characteristic shear rate proposed by Zhu et al., Journal of Texture Studies, 2014, 45, 430–439 is effective for predicting the bolus velocity for shear‐thinning fluids. In order to discuss the effect of saliva lubrication and the physical meaning of the characteristic shear rate, an immiscible two‐layer flow of the core and wall layer was analyzed theoretically by analogy with mesopharyngeal bolus flow. The characteristic shear rate enabled us to correlate the macroscopic flow behavior and the viscosity of the core layer fluid. Lubrication due to the wall layer caused the apparent slip and enhanced the transfer of viscous core fluid. For viscous fluid that presented a large apparent slip in the two‐layer model, the slip boundary condition was needed in the swallowing simulation. The numerical simulation and model flow analysis revealed the usefulness of characteristic shear rate and the importance of saliva‐layer lubrication in swallowing.
Human‐mediated dispersal as a driver of vegetation dynamics: A conceptual synthesis
Authors: Bullock James M. , Pufal Gesine 
Published: April 2020

AbstractQuestionHuman‐mediated dispersal (HMD) comprises human‐vectored dispersal (HVD; direct movement of organisms by people) and human‐altered dispersal (HAD; indirect change in dispersal patterns through human alteration of ecosystems). In the vegetation dynamics literature, human influence has primarily been studied in terms of perturbations to natural communities. Except for non‐native invasions, the role of HMD in vegetation dynamics has rarely been considered. Given the increasing human population and its pervasive impacts across the world, it is necessary to understand the different ways in which HMD drives changes in vegetation dynamics. Importantly how large are these influences and how do they disrupt natural processes?MethodWe reviewed studies examining aspects of HMD in relation to vegetation dynamics and used the broader literature to inform a conceptual synthesis of the impacts of HMD on vegetation dynamics.Results & ConclusionsThe propensity to be affected by HMD varies among species, and this is related to seed and plant traits. Together, these effects combine to determine whether HMD disrupts or enhances seed dispersal into a community. The ultimate consequences of changed arrival of seeds into a community are determined by the strength of the environmental and biotic filters, which govern the establishment and persistence of species. The effect of accidental HVD depends whether it follows the same rules as for natural dispersal; indeed humans might replace lost natural dispersers and thus enhance community resilience. Intentional HVD through sowing or planting will generally be highly disruptive especially as it often involves associated management. Traditionally, HAD has been considered to disrupt vegetation dynamics through, e.g., fragmentation or loss of natural dispersers. However, an HMD perspective can inform actions related to HAD that increase resilience, e.g., green infrastructure or vegetation management. Our framework encourages researchers to consider HMD holistically, to understand how the increasing human footprint might affect vegetation dynamics and resilience under future change.
Performing Pimâtisiwin: The Expression of Indigenous Wellness Identities through Community‐based Theater
Authors: Hatala Andrew R. , Bird‐Naytowhow Kelley 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe performing arts can be a powerful means of wellness, identity exploration, and positive social representation for Indigenous young people. In this article, we outline the results of a year‐long collaborative study that explored Indigenous young peoples’ relationships between the performing arts, wellness, and resilience. Twenty in‐depth interviews were conducted with 10 Cree and Métis youth about their participation in the Circle of Voices theater program at the Gordon Tootoosis Nik̄an̄iw̄in Theatre in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. A strength‐based analysis focused on performing pimâtisiwin, that is, how young people learn to enact, protest, and play with a wide range of social identities, while also challenging racially stereotyped identities often imposed on them within inner‐city environments. This research critically engages performative theory to more readily understand aspects of Indigenous youth identity and wellness and offers new empirical and methodological directions for advancing Indigenous youth wellness in urban settings.