bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adrenergic chromaffin cells are adrenergic even in the absence of epinephrine
Authors: González‐Santana Ayoze , Castañeyra Leandro , Baz‐Dávila Rebeca , Estévez‐Herrera Judith , Domínguez Natalia , Méndez‐López Iago , Padín J. Fernando , Castañeyra Agustín , Machado José‐David , Ebert Steven N. , Borges Ricardo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAdrenal chromaffin cells release epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) into the bloodstream as part of the homeostatic response to situations like stress. Here we utilized EPI‐deficient mice generated by knocking out (KO) the phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (Pnmt) gene. These Pnmt‐KO mice were bred to homozygosis but displayed no major phenotype. The lack of EPI was partially compensated by an increase in NE, suggesting that EPI storage was optimized in adrenergic cells. Electron microscopy showed that despite the lack of EPI, chromaffin granules retain their shape and general appearance. This indicate that granules from adrenergic or noradrenergic cells preserve their characteristics even though they contain only NE. Acute insulin injection largely reduced the EPI content in wild‐type animals, with a minimal reduction in NE, whereas there was only a partial reduction in NE content in Pnmt‐KO mice. The analysis of exocytosis by amperometry revealed a reduction in the quantum size (−30%) and Imax (−21%) of granules in KO cells relative to the wild‐type granules, indicating a lower affinity of NE for the granule matrix of adrenergic cells. As amperometry cannot distinguish between adrenergic or noradrenergic cells, it would suggest even a larger reduction in the affinity for the matrix. Therefore, our results demonstrate that adrenergic cells retain their structural characteristics despite the almost complete absence of EPI. Furthermore, the chromaffin granule matrix from adrenergic cells is optimized to accumulate EPI, with NE being a poor substitute.
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Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials BadgeFor more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/
Melatonin alleviates circadian system disruption induced by chronic shifts of the light‐dark cycle in Octodon degus
Authors: Bano‐Otalora Beatriz , Madrid Juan Antonio , Rol Maria Angeles 
Published: November 2019

AbstractModern 24‐h society lifestyle is associated with experiencing frequent shifts in the lighting conditions which can negatively impact human health. Here, we use the degus, a species exhibiting diurnal and nocturnal chronotypes, to: (a) assess the impact of chronic shifts of the light:dark (LD) cycle in the animal's physiology and behaviour and (b) test the therapeutic potential of melatonin in enhancing rhythmicity under these conditions. Degus were subjected to a “5d + 2d” LD‐shifting schedule for 19 weeks. This protocol aims to mimic lighting conditions experienced by humans during shift work: LD cycle was weekly delayed by 8h during 5 “working” days (Morning, Afternoon and Night schedule); during weekends (2 days), animals were kept under Morning schedule. After 9 weeks, melatonin was provided daily for 6h in the drinking water. The “5d + 2d” shifting LD schedule led to a disruption in wheel‐running activity (WRA) and body temperature (Tb) rhythms which manifested up to three separate periods in the circadian range. This chronodisruption was more evident in nocturnal than in diurnal degus, particularly during the Afternoon schedule when a phase misalignment between WRA and Tb rhythms appeared. Melatonin treatment and, to a lesser extent, water restriction enhanced the 24‐h component, suggesting a potential role in ameliorating the disruptive effects of shift work.
Historical biogeography of the widespread macroalga Sargassum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Yip Zhi Ting , Quek Randolph Z. B. , Huang Danwei 
Published: November 2019

Sargassum is a cosmopolitan brown algal genus spanning the three ocean basins of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, inhabiting temperate, subtropical and tropical habitats. Sargassum has been postulated to have originated in the Oligocene epoch approximately 30 mya according to a broad phylogenetic analysis of brown macroalgae, but its diversification to become one of the most widespread and speciose macroalgal genera remains unclear. Here, we present a Bayesian molecular clock study, which analyzed data from the order Fucales of the brown algal crown radiation (BACR) group to reconstruct a time‐calibrated phylogeny of the Sargassum clade. Our phylogeny included a total of 120 taxa with 99 Sargassum species sampled for three molecular markers – ITS‐2, cox3 and rbcLS – calibrated with an unambiguous Sargassaceae fossil from between the lower and middle Miocene. The analysis revealed a much later origin of Sargassum than expected at about 6.7 mya, with the genus diversifying since approximately 4.3 mya. Current geographic distributions of Sargassum species were then analyzed in conjunction with the time‐calibrated phylogeny using the dispersal‐extinction‐cladogenesis (DEC) model to estimate ancestral ranges of clades in the genus. Results strongly support origination of Sargassum in the Central Indo‐Pacific (CIP) region with subsequent independent dispersal events into other marine realms. The longer history of diversification in the ancestral CIP range could explain the much greater diversity there relative to other marine areas today. Analyses of these dynamic processes, when fine‐tuned to a higher spatial resolution, enable the identification of evolutionary hotspots and provide insights into long‐term dispersal patterns.
Resident memory T cells: Possible players in periodontal disease recurrence
Authors: Deli Federico , Romano Federica , Gualini Giacomo , Mariani Giulia Maria , Sala Irene , Veneziano Francesca , Bertero Luca , Cassoni Paola , Aimetti Mario 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackground/objectivesTissue‐resident memory T cells (Trm) represent a new subset of long‐lived memory T cells that remain in barrier tissues after previous bacterial or viral infection to support early/immediate defense mechanisms, providing site‐specific protection from pathogen challenge. As data on Trm cells in human gingiva are just emerging, the aim of the present study was to explore their presence and distribution in epithelial and connective periodontal tissues in relation to microbial exposure and periodontal damage.Material and methodsPeriodontitis tissue specimens were collected from 20 generalized chronic periodontitis patients at the time of osseous resective surgery. As a control, 18 healthy tissue specimens were harvested each from both the primary flap and the palatal graft in 18 periodontally healthy patients during mucogingival surgeries. As CD69 and CD103 are phenotypic markers associated with tissue residence, intraepithelial and stromal CD103+ and CD69+ cells per high‐power field were counted in areas with highest expression. Double immunohistochemistry for CD3 and CD69 was performed to identify T cells.ResultsCD69 +and CD103+ cells showed a lymphocytic morphology, and double CD69 and CD3 staining confirmed the T cell phenotype of these cells. CD103 and CD69 expression was significantly enhanced in epithelial and connective tissues from patients with periodontitis compared with healthy controls (P < .001). Significant positive correlation between PD and both CD103 and CD69 epithelial expression was observed in tissue specimens from periodontitis patients (P < .001).ConclusionWithin the limits of the present study, these results indicate that Trm cells are higher in periodontitis lesions. They could orchestrate the host response to microbial challenge, leading to a faster reactivation of periodontal disease.
Tree growth response to shifting soil nutrient economy depends on mycorrhizal associations
Authors: DeForest Jared L. , Snell Rebecca S. 
Published: November 2019

SummaryThe mycorrhizal‐associated nutrient economy hypothesis proposes a strong connection between plant and fungal traits and the dominant form of soil nutrients. If true, then shifting from an organic to an inorganic nutrient economy should benefit arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees because they are more suited to acquiring inorganic forms of nutrients and have limited decomposing capabilities when compared with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) trees.An inorganic nutrient economy was experimentally promoted by applying inorganic phosphorus (P) fertiliser and/or elevating soil pH with lime in three Allegheny Plateau mixed‐mesophytic forests. Trees were measured over seven growing seasons to determine how growth responded to the treatments based on mycorrhizal association.AM‐associated trees showed increased growth in response to increased inorganic nutrients, but ECM tree growth was suppressed when compared with the control. We also observed that understory and mid‐story trees responded to the treatments, but large overstory trees showed no significant growth response.Results support the hypothesis that AM trees respond positively to an inorganic nutrient economy. While raising pH in acidic soils can be detrimental to ECM tree growth, the exact mechanism for this response is unclear.
Vacuolar processing enzymes in the plant life cycle
Authors: Yamada Kenji , Basak Arpan Kumar , Goto‐Yamada Shino , Tarnawska‐Glatt Katarzyna , Hara‐Nishimura Ikuko 
Published: November 2019

SummaryVacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) is a cysteine‐type endopeptidase that has a substrate‐specificity for asparagine or aspartic acid residues and cleaves peptide bonds at their carboxyl‐terminal side. Various vacuolar proteins are synthesized as larger proprotein precursors, and VPE is an important initiator of maturation and activation of these proteins. It mediates programmed cell death (PCD) by provoking vacuolar rupture and initiating the proteolytic cascade leading to PCD. Vacuolar processing enzyme also possesses a peptide ligation activity, which is responsible for producing cyclic peptides in several plant species. These unique functions of VPE support developmental and environmental responses in plants. The number of VPE homologues is higher in angiosperm species, indicating that there has been differentiation and specialization of VPE function over the course of evolution. Angiosperm VPEs are separated into two major types: the γ‐type VPEs, which are expressed mainly in vegetative organs, and the β‐type VPEs, whose expression occurs mainly in storage organs; in eudicots, the δ‐type VPEs are further separated within γ‐type VPEs. This review also considers the importance of processing and peptide ligation by VPE in vacuolar protein maturation.
Diagnosis of cystic lesions using panoramic and cone beam computed tomographic images based on deep learning neural network
Authors: Lee Jae‐Hong , Kim Do‐Hyung , Jeong Seong‐Nyum 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of the current study was to evaluate the detection and diagnosis of three types of odontogenic cystic lesions (OCLs)—odontogenic keratocysts, dentigerous cysts, and periapical cysts—using dental panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images based on a deep convolutional neural network (CNN).MethodsThe GoogLeNet Inception‐v3 architecture was used to enhance the overall performance of the detection and diagnosis of OCLs based on transfer learning. Diagnostic indices (area under the ROC curve [AUC], sensitivity, specificity, and confusion matrix with and without normalization) were calculated and compared between pretrained models using panoramic and CBCT images.ResultsThe pretrained model using CBCT images showed good diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.914, sensitivity = 96.1%, specificity = 77.1%), which was significantly greater than that achieved by other models using panoramic images (AUC = 0.847, sensitivity = 88.2%, specificity = 77.0%) (p = .014).ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that panoramic and CBCT image datasets, comprising three types of odontogenic OCLs, are effectively detected and diagnosed based on the deep CNN architecture. In particular, we found that the deep CNN architecture trained with CBCT images achieved higher diagnostic performance than that trained with panoramic images.
Subgrouping Factors Influencing Migraine Intensity in Women: A Semi‐automatic Methodology Based on Machine Learning and Information Geometry
Authors: Pérez‐Benito Francisco J. , Conejero J. Alberto , Sáez Carlos , García‐Gómez Juan M. , Navarro‐Pardo Esperanza , Florencio Lidiane L. , Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas César 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundMigraine is a heterogeneous condition with multiple clinical manifestations. Machine learning algorithms permit the identification of population groups, providing analytical advantages over other modeling techniques.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze critical features that permit the differentiation of subgroups of patients with migraine according to the intensity and frequency of attacks by using machine learning algorithms.MethodsSixty‐seven women with migraine participated. Clinical features of migraine, related disability (Migraine Disability Assessment Scale), anxiety/depressive levels (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), anxiety state/trait levels (State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory), and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) over the temporalis, neck, second metacarpal, and tibialis anterior were collected. Physical examination included the flexion‐rotation test, cervical range of cervical motion, forward head position while sitting and standing, passive accessory intervertebral movements (PAIVMs) with headache reproduction, and joint positioning sense error. Subgrouping was based on machine learning algorithms by using the nearest neighbors algorithm, multisource variability assessment, and random forest model.ResultsFor migraine intensity, group 2 (women with a regular migraine headache intensity score of 7 on an 11‐point Numeric Pain Rating Scale [where 0 = no pain and 10 = maximum pain]) were younger and had lower joint positioning sense error in cervical rotation, greater cervical mobility in rotation and flexion, lower flexion‐rotation test scores, positive PAIVMs reproducing migraine, normal PPTs over the tibialis anterior, shorter migraine history, and lower cranio‐vertebral angles while standing than the remaining migraine intensity subgroups. The most discriminative variable was the flexion‐rotation test score of the symptomatic side. For migraine frequency, no model was able to identify differences between groups (ie, patients with episodic or chronic migraine).ConclusionsA subgroup of women with migraine who had common migraine intensity was identified with machine learning algorithms.
Heritable temporal gene expression patterns correlate with metabolomic seed content in developing hexaploid oat seed
Authors: Hu Haixiao , Gutierrez‐Gonzalez Juan J. , Liu Xinfang , Yeats Trevor H. , Garvin David F. , Hoekenga Owen A. , Sorrells Mark E. , Gore Michael A. , Jannink Jean‐Luc 
Published: November 2019

SummaryOat ranks sixth in world cereal production and has a higher content of health‐promoting compounds compared with other cereals. However, there is neither a robust oat reference genome nor transcriptome. Using deeply sequenced full‐length mRNA libraries of oat cultivar Ogle‐C, a de novo high‐quality and comprehensive oat seed transcriptome was assembled. With this reference transcriptome and QuantSeq 3′ mRNA sequencing, gene expression was quantified during seed development from 22 diverse lines across six time points. Transcript expression showed higher correlations between adjacent time points. Based on differentially expressed genes, we identified 22 major temporal co‐expression (TCoE) patterns of gene expression and revealed enriched gene ontology biological processes. Within each TCoE set, highly correlated transcripts, putatively commonly affected by genetic background, were clustered and termed genetic co‐expression (GCoE) sets. Seventeen of the 22 TCoE sets had GCoE sets with median heritabilities higher than 0.50, and these heritability estimates were much higher than that estimated from permutation analysis, with no divergence observed in cluster sizes between permutation and non‐permutation analyses. Linear regression between 634 metabolites from mature seeds and the PC1 score of each of the GCoE sets showed significantly lower p‐values than permutation analysis. Temporal expression patterns of oat avenanthramides and lipid biosynthetic genes were concordant with previous studies of avenanthramide biosynthetic enzyme activity and lipid accumulation. This study expands our understanding of physiological processes that occur during oat seed maturation and provides plant breeders the means to change oat seed composition through targeted manipulation of key pathways.
Epigenetic signatures of stress adaptation and flowering regulation in response to extended drought and recovery in Zea mays
Authors: Forestan Cristian , Farinati Silvia , Zambelli Federico , Pavesi Giulio , Rossi Vincenzo , Varotto Serena 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDuring their lifespan, plants respond to a multitude of stressful factors. Dynamic changes in chromatin and concomitant transcriptional variations control stress response and adaptation, with epigenetic memory mechanisms integrating environmental conditions and appropriate developmental programs over the time. Here we analyzed transcriptome and genome‐wide histone modifications of maize plants subjected to a mild and prolonged drought stress just before the flowering transition. Stress was followed by a complete recovery period to evaluate drought memory mechanisms. Three categories of stress‐memory genes were identified: i) “transcriptional memory” genes, with stable transcriptional changes persisting after the recovery; ii) “epigenetic memory candidate” genes in which stress‐induced chromatin changes persist longer than the stimulus, in absence of transcriptional changes; iii) “delayed memory” genes, not immediately affected by the stress, but perceiving and storing stress signal for a delayed response. This last memory mechanism is described for the first time in drought response. In addition, applied drought stress altered floral patterning, possibly by affecting expression and chromatin of flowering regulatory genes. Altogether, we provided a genome‐wide map of the coordination between genes and chromatin marks utilized by plants to adapt to a stressful environment, describing how this serves as a backbone for setting stress memory.
Sexual Consent and Lying About One’s Self
Authors: Matey Jennifer 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDespite the acknowledgement of the moral significance of consent there is still much work to be done in determining which specific sexual encounters count as unproblematically consensual. This paper focuses on the impact of deception. It takes up the specific case of deception about one’s self. It may seem obvious that one ought not to lie to a sexual partner about who one is, but determining which features of oneself are most relevant, as well as the lies which it follows would be impermissible to tell, is complicated. It is argued here that deception about one’s morally valenced character traits, those we think of as virtues and vices, are particularly problematic. This is true regardless of whether knowing the truth about those traits would have made a difference to one’s partner’s consent. Attention is then drawn to a range of types of lies that one ought not to tell.
Partial‐body cryotherapy (−135°C) and cold‐water immersion (10°C) after muscle damage in females
Authors: Hohenauer Erich , Costello Joseph T. , Deliens Tom , Clarys Peter , Stoop Rahel , Clijsen Ron 
Published: November 2019

This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of cold‐water immersion (CWI), partial‐body cryotherapy (PBC), or a passive control (CON) on physiological and recovery variables following exercise‐induced muscle damage (EIMD, 5 × 20 drop jumps) in females. Twenty‐eight females were allocated to PBC (30 seconds at −60°C, 2 minutes at −135°C), CWI (10 minutes at 10°C), or CON (10 minutes resting). Muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and local skin temperature were assessed at baseline and through 60 minutes (10‐minute intervals), while delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), muscle swelling, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and vertical jump performance (VJP) were assessed up to 72 hours (24‐hour intervals) following treatments. SmO2 was lower in PBC (Δ‐2.77 ± 13.08%) and CWI (Δ‐5.91 ± 11.80%) compared with CON (Δ18.96 ± 1.46%) throughout the 60‐minute follow‐up period (P < .001). CVC was lower from PBC (92.7 ± 25.0%, 90.5 ± 23.4%) and CWI (90.3 ± 23.5%, 88.1 ± 22.9%) compared with CON (119.0 ± 5.1 and 116.1 ± 6.6%, respectively) between 20 and 30 minutes (P < .05). Mean skin temperature was lower from CWI vs PBC (between 10 and 40 minutes, P < .05). Mean skin temperature was higher in CON compared with CWI up to 60 minutes and compared with PBC up to 30 minutes (P < .05). DOMS was lower following both PBC and CWI compared with CON through 72‐hour (P < .05), with no difference between groups. No main group differences for swelling, MVIC, and VJP were observed. In conclusion, CWI elicited generally greater physiological effects compared with PBC while both interventions were more effective than CON in reducing DOMS in females, but had no effect on functional measures or swelling.
Trends in utilization of deceased donor kidneys based on hepatitis C virus status and impact of public health service labeling on discard
Authors: Ariyamuthu Venkatesh K. , Sandikci Burhaneddin , AbdulRahim Nashila , Hwang Christine , MacConmara Malcolm P. , Parasuraman Ravi , Atis Ahsen , Tanriover Bekir 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundKidneys from deceased donors infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are underutilized. Most HCV virus‐infected donors are designated as Public Health Service increased donors (PHS‐IR). Impact of PHS and HCV designations on discard is not well studied.MethodsWe queried the UNOS data set for all deceased donor kidneys between January 2015 and December 2018. The final study cohort donors (n = 38 702) were stratified into three groups based on HCV antibody (Ab) and NAT status: (a) Ab−/NAT− (n = 35 861); (b) Ab+/NAT− (n = 973); and (c) Ab±/NAT+ (n = 1868). We analyzed utilization/discard rates of these organs, the impact of PHS‐IR and HCV designations on discard using multivariable two‐level hierarchical logistic regression models, forecasted number of HCV viremic donors/kidneys by 2023.ResultsDuring the study period, (a) the number of viremic donor kidneys increased 2 folds; (b) the multilevel mixed‐effects logistic regression models showed that, overall, the PHS labeling (OR 1.20, CI 95% CI 1.15‐1.29) and HCV designation (OR 2.29; 95% CI 2.15‐2.43) were independently associated with increased risk of discard; (c) contrary to the general perception, PHS‐IR kidneys across all HCV groups, compared to PHS‐IR kidneys were more likely to be discarded; (d) we forecasted that the number of kidneys from HCV viremic donor kidneys might increase from 1376 in 2019 to 2092 in 2023.ConclusionHepatitis C virus viremic kidneys might represent 10%‐15% of deceased donor organ pool soon with the current rate of the opioid epidemic. PHS labeling effect on discard requires further discussion of the utility of this classification.