bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of chromium content on the erosion-corrosion behavior of Fe-Cr alloy produced by ball milling liner in weakly alkaline slurry
Authors: Zheng Zhibin , Chen Shengqian , Long Jun , Zheng Kaihong , Wang Haiyan , Li Hui 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Fe-Cr alloys with different chromium contents have been designed in the current study for the ball mill liner working in weakly alkaline slurry. The structure, mechanical properties, corrosion behavior and erosion-corrosion behavior of the alloys were investigated. The result shows that with the increasing Cr content, the hardness and corrosion resistance of the alloy are improved. However, the impact toughness of the alloy shows a decreasing trend with the increase of Cr content. The alloy with the Cr content of 6.978 wt% exhibits the best erosion-corrosion resistance among all alloys in the weakly alkaline slurry. Further analysis shows that the erosion-corrosion mass loss of these alloys in weakly alkaline slurry mainly results from pure mechanical erosion and the interaction between corrosion and erosion. The damage process has also been discussed by interaction models of corrosion and erosion. The result is beneficial to provide reference for selection and development of erosion-corrosion resistant material for ball mill liner working in weakly alkaline medium.
Effects of laboratory salmon louse infection on osmoregulation, growth and survival in Atlantic salmon
Authors: Fjelldal Per Gunnar , Hansen Tom J , Karlsen Ørjan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rely on long ocean migrations to build energy stores for maturation and spawning. In seawater, wild Atlantic salmon are threatened by high salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation levels resulting from intensive salmonid sea-cage aquaculture. Salmon lice infection can cause a stress response and an osmotic imbalance in the host. The lice infection intensity threshold values for these responses, however, remain to be identified in Atlantic salmon. In order to define this under laboratory conditions, individually tagged F1 wild origin Atlantic post-smolts (40 g) were infected with salmon lice copepodids or left as uninfected controls. Twenty-eight days post infection, infected post-smolts had a mean of 0.38 (range of 0.07–0.9) mobile lice g−1 fish weight. During this period, specific growth rates (SGRs) were lower in infected than control fish (0.4 vs 1.0% day−1). Higher plasma Na+, Cl− and osmolality in infected fish also indicate osmoregulatory impairment. SGR correlated negatively with plasma Na+, Cl−, osmolality and cortisol in the infected, but not in the control group. Infection intensity (lice g−1 fish) correlated positively with mortality rate and plasma Na+, Cl−, osmolality and cortisol and correlated negatively with SGR and condition factor. Calculated lice intensity threshold values for changes in plasma ions were 0.18 lice g−1 for plasma Cl−, and 0.22 lice g−1 for plasma Na+. Moribund infected fish occurred at infection intensities above 0.2 lice g−1, and these fish had extreme plasma Cl−, Na+, osmolality and cortisol levels. There was a positive correlation between plasma cortisol and plasma Na+, Cl− and osmolality in infected fish. This study provides vital information that can be used to define thresholds in the monitoring and conservation of wild Atlantic salmon populations affected by aquaculture-driven salmon lice infestations.
Women’s participation in decision-making and its implications for human capital investment
Authors: Sariyev Orkhan , Loos Tim K , Zeller Manfred 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe evaluate the implications of women’s participation in domestic decision-making on diets and investments in human resources in Ethiopian rural households. We create a metric to capture intra-household decision-making, which we use to estimate a positive association between women’s participation in decision-making and household-level dietary diversity. Moreover, we find that an increase in women’s participation in intra-household decision-making is associated with higher financial investments in human resources.
Probiotic antigenotoxic activity as a DNA bioprotective tool: a minireview with focus on endocrine disruptors
Authors: Garcia-Gonzalez Natalia , Prete Roberta , Perugini Monia , Merola Carmine , Battista Natalia , Corsetti Aldo 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTNowadays, the interest in the role of dietary components able to influence the composition and the activity of the intestinal microbiota and, consequently, to modulate the risk of genotoxicity and colon cancer is increasing in the scientific community. Within this topic, the microbial ability to have a protective role at gastrointestinal level by counteracting the biological activity of genotoxic compounds, and thus preventing the DNA damage, is deemed important in reducing gut pathologies and is considered a new tool for probiotics and functional foods. A variety of genotoxic compounds can be found in the gut and, besides food-related mutagens and other DNA-reacting compounds, there is a group of pollutants commonly used in food packaging and/or in thousands of everyday products called endocrine disruptors (EDs). EDs are exogenous substances that alter the functions of the endocrine system through estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity, which interfere with normal hormonal function in human and wildlife. Thus, this paper summarizes the main applications of probiotics, mainly lactobacilli, as a bio-protective tool to counteract genotoxic and mutagenic agents, by biologically inhibiting the related DNA damage in the gut and highlights the emerging perspectives to enlarge and further investigate the microbial bio-protective role at intestinal level.
Heterogeneous Long-Term Trajectories of Dependency in Older Adults: The PAQUID Cohort, a Population-Based Study over 22 years
Authors: Edjolo Arlette , Dartigues Jean-François , Pérès Karine , Proust-Lima Cécile 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
A critical step toward successful aging is to identify opportunities for prevention of functional decline. Our aim was to describe the heterogeneity in trajectories of dependency preceding death in elders and to identify factors associated with this heterogeneity.

Methods
The study relied on 3,238 participants of the prospective population-based PAQUID cohort aged 65+ at baseline in 1988. Dependency was defined from an 11-item scale of basic and instrumental activities of daily living (ADL: bathing, dressing, toileting, continence, eating, and transferring; instrumental activities of daily living (IADL): telephoning, shopping, using transport, handling medication, and managing finances) collected over 22 years. Heterogeneous trajectories were estimated using a longitudinal item response theory model including latent classes.

Results
Five distinct profiles of functional dependency were identified over the two last decades of life: persistently high (12%), moderate (26%), persistently low (40%), and accelerated high dependency (15%), and no dependency (8%). Main factors associated with heterogeneity included age at death, sex, education, initial cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score and dementia), initial disability, and poly-medication.

Conclusions
In the two last decades of life, more than 9 elders in 10 were characterized as functional decliners. On average, around half of the elders died with no or mild dependency, while 27% live several years with a high level of limitations and would need assistance in activities of daily living, at least for 2–4 years preceding death. The identified factors associated with these trajectories are important to understand functional heterogeneity in elders and to propose interventions to postpone or prevent “chronic” disability.
Genome sequence of the agarwood tree Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng: the first chromosome-level draft genome in the Thymelaeceae family
Authors: Ding Xupo , Mei Wenli , Lin Qiang , Wang Hao , Wang Jun , Peng Shiqing , Li Huiliang , Zhu Jiahong , Li Wei , Wang Pei , Chen Huiqin , Dong Wenhua , Guo Dong , Cai Caihong , Huang Shengzhuo , Cui Peng , Dai Haofu 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Backgroud
Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Spreng is one of the important plant resources involved in the production of agarwood in China. The agarwood resin collected from wounded Aquilaria trees has been used in Asia for aromatic or medicinal purposes from ancient times, although the mechanism underlying the formation of agarwood still remains poorly understood owing to a lack of accurate and high-quality genetic information.

Findings
We report the genomic architecture of A. sinensis by using an integrated strategy combining Nanopore, Illumina, and Hi-C sequencing. The final genome was ~726.5 Mb in size, which reached a high level of continuity and a contig N50 of 1.1 Mb. We combined Hi-C data with the genome assembly to generate chromosome-level scaffolds. Eight super-scaffolds corresponding to the 8 chromosomes were assembled to a final size of 716.6 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 88.78 Mb using 1,862 contigs. BUSCO evaluation reveals that the genome completeness reached 95.27%. The repeat sequences accounted for 59.13%, and 29,203 protein-coding genes were annotated in the genome. According to phylogenetic analysis using single-copy orthologous genes, we found that A. sinensis is closely related to Gossypium hirsutum and Theobroma cacao from the Malvales order, and A. sinensis diverged from their common ancestor ~53.18–84.37 million years ago.

Conclusions
Here, we present the first chromosome-level genome assembly and gene annotation of A. sinensis. This study should contribute to valuable genetic resources for further research on the agarwood formation mechanism, genome-assisted improvement, and conservation biology of Aquilaria species.
Transcatheter aortic root replacement with chimney grafts for coronary perfusion: a preliminary test in a three-dimensional-printed root model
Authors: Ferrari Enrico , Scoglio Martin , Piazza Giulia , Maisano Francesco , von Segesser Ludwig Karl , Berdajs Denis 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Transcatheter aortic root repair is still not available because of the technical challenge of coronary perfusion. The use of chimney grafts for coronary ostia can be an option and we tested the flow-through coronary chimney grafts deployed in a 3-dimensional-printed root model as part of a transcatheter aortic root repair system.

METHODS
A 3-dimensional-printed root was used to test the coronary flow after the deployment of 1 root endograft (28 mm diameter) and two 6-mm diameter 10-cm long coronary chimney grafts. Continuous coronary flows were measured in a bench test at different pressure levels (60, 80 and 100 mmHg) and compared to target coronary flows (250 ml/min at rest for the left and 150 ml/min at rest for the right coronary artery).

RESULTS
The computed tomography scan-based root was modified with two 5-mm diameter coronary conduits to overcome the limits of the original 3-dimensional-printed coronary ostia. The root was placed in the hydrodynamic system: adjusted coronary free flow at 60, 80 and 100 mmHg of pressure was 1913, 2200 and 2480 ml/min for left coronary and 1633, 2026 and 2366 ml/min for right coronary, respectively. After endografts deployment, mean chimney graft flow at 60, 80 and 100 mmHg of pressure was 1053 ml/min (−45%), 1306 ml/min (−41%) and 1502 ml/min (−40%) for the left coronary and 1100 ml/min (−33%), 1460 ml/min (−28%) and 1626 ml/min (−31%) for the right coronary, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
In this preliminary study, chimney grafts for transcatheter aortic root repair provided 830% of target flow in the right coronary (−31% of free flow) and 414% of target flow in the left coronary (−42% of free flow) which is more than sufficient for both coronaries in real-life conditions. The potential of this approach should be further explored with specifically designed endografts.
Re-repair after previous mitral valve reconstruction: handle with care!
Authors: Trumello Cinzia , Giambuzzi Ilaria , Del Forno Benedetto , Bargagna Marta , Blasio Andrea , Ruggeri Stefania , Meneghin Roberta , Schiavi Davide , Nascimbene Simona , Castiglioni Alessandro , Alfieri Ottavio , De Bonis Michele 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Patients with recurrent mitral regurgitation after surgical repair are currently treated with a re-repair procedure or valve replacement. The aim of this study was to compare outcomes of our series of patients who underwent re-repair versus replacement in this setting.

METHODS
From 2003 to 2017, a total of 79 patients with recurrent mitral regurgitation underwent re-repair, group A (39), or replacement, group B (40). Mean follow-up was 7.4 ± 3.27 years (max 14.4). Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting was used to create comparable distributions of the covariates; the Kaplan–Meier method was used for survival and competing risk analysis for time to cardiac death, time to recurrence of MR ≥3+ and MR ≥2+.

RESULTS
A re-repair was possible in 49.4% of patients (39/79). At hospital discharge, residual MR ≥2+ was present in 5 patients in group A, and none in group B (P &lt; 0.001). The paired overall survival at 8 years was 100% in the re-repair group and 96.5 ± 2.34% in the replacement group (P = 0.069). The cumulative incidence function of cardiac death, with non-cardiac death as competitive event, at 8 years was 0% in group A and 3.5 ± 2.34% in group B (P = 0.077). The cumulative incidence function of MR ≥3+ at 8 years was 29.2 ± 8.81% in group A and 0% in group B (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Recurrent significant mitral regurgitation after re-repair is not rare already at 8 years, but the survival tends to be worse after replacement. This finding calls for a very selective approach in pursuing a re-repair only when the intraoperative findings and the immediate results are very reassuring as far as long-term durability is concerned.
The hybrid smart contract agreement challenge to European electronic signature regulation
Authors: Veerpalu Anne , Jürgen Liisi , Rodrigues e Silva Eduardo da Cruz , Norta Alex 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The article investigates the smart contract used in the Initial Coin Offering (ICO) process and its qualification under the typology of form of contract and the EU electronic signature regulation eIDAS.1 ICOs took the globe by storm in 2017 and created a lot of turmoil among the regulators due to a new form of raising funds globally. In addition to their effect on the capital market, another phenomenon that saw a rise in popularity was the smart contract. The smart contract is usually built into the ICO process as a protocol to execute the issue of a token. The article suggests that the contract in the ICO process does not only refer to the smart/contract code in silos but should be considered in the larger context as the so-called hybrid smart contract agreement with the smart contract protocol being merely the execution motor for the issuance of the token. The article qualifies the contract concluded during the ICO process under the general typology of forms of contract with the aim to identify whether the hybrid smart/contract agreement is in electronic form of contract. Some states in the USA and a few Member States in the EU have also introduced smart contract-specific regulation clearly stating that smart contracts are contracts either in electronic or written form. Still, as this is not prevalent in the EU law, the principle of functional equivalence is used to assess whether the signature on a smart contract used in an ICO process is functionally equivalent to the qualified electronic signature under eIDAS. The existence of a qualified electronic signature allows the contract to be qualified as a contract in electronic form equivalent to a paper-form agreement with hand-written signatures. Furthermore, the article investigates whether the centralized trust system of the eIDAS creates an infrastructural bias against the source of trust in case of distributed ledger technology that in itself could be non-compliant with the principle of technology neutrality.
Selling Out or Standing Firm? Explaining the Design of Civil War Peace Agreements
Authors: Cil Deniz , Prorok Alyssa K 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWhen do rebel leaders “sell out” their constituents in the terms of peace by signing agreements that benefit group elites over the rebel constituency, and when do they instead “stand firm,” pushing for settlement terms that benefit the public they claim to represent? This article examines variation in the design of civil war settlement agreements. It argues that constituents, fighters, and rebel elites have different preferences over the terms of peace, and that rebel leaders will push for settlements that reflect the preferences of whichever audience they are most reliant on and accountable to. In particular, leaders of groups that are more civilian-reliant for their military and political power are more likely to sign agreements that favor broad benefits for civilian constituents, while leaders who do not depend on civilian support for their political and military power will sign agreements with fewer public benefits. We test this argument using original data on the design of all final peace agreements reached between 1989 and 2009, and several proxies for the group's level of reliance on civilian supporters. Using a variety of statistical tests and accounting for nonrandom selection into peace agreements, we find strong support for our hypothesis.
Who Wants to Be a Suicide Bomber? Evidence from Islamic State Recruits
Authors: Morris Andrea Michelle 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Suicide attackers are frequently educated and economically well-off. These findings are widely taken as evidence that highly competent individuals predominately volunteer to conduct suicide operations. I evaluate this theory using a novel dataset on the personnel records of members of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). The dataset contains information on the characteristics of individuals who volunteer for suicide attacks as opposed to normal combat missions. The results reject the self-selection hypothesis, as education and religious knowledge are negatively associated with volunteering for suicide attacks. Instead, the findings are consistent with an alternative explanation for why high-quality individuals commit suicide attacks: leaders of terrorist organizations carefully screen recruits and select high-quality individuals to commit these attacks. The results highlight the importance of leader demand rather than soldier supply of suicide bombers.
Multiple Identities and Scholarship in International Studies: 2019 ISA Presidential Address
Authors: Thies Cameron G 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The International Studies Association (ISA) has gone through a variety of internal changes as a result of growth in our membership. Such growth transformed the association from a regional American enterprise into a global organization, diversified our disciplinary profile away from the dominance of political science, and incorporated individuals represented by a wide array of cultural identities into the membership. These changes have had huge effects on ISA's organizational identity and our attempts to manage it. I describe various options available for organizations to manage identity, including ISA's traditional strategy for identity management, and conclude with a plea for an aggregation strategy that refocuses attention on international studies as our master identity. I argue that such a strategy allows us to embrace and enhance the diversity of the association to pursue the major challenges facing the globe today.
Dose-Dependent Retention of Omega-3 Fatty Acids by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)
Authors: Erbland Patrick , Alyokhin Andrei , Perkins L Brian , Peterson Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens (L.), are used to convert organic waste streams into insect-based animal feeds. We tested their ability to retain alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from feeding substrates, which has important implications for their use in aquaculture. When supplementing a chicken feed diet with increasing concentrations of salmon oil (0–42%) over an increasing number of days (0–8), the concentrations of the three omega-3 acids in larvae increased significantly. Larval survival and biomass accumulation were not affected. Supplementing a chicken feed diet with increasing concentrations (0–14%) of Tetraselmis chui Butcher (Chlorodendrales: Chlorodendraceae) microalgae paste also significantly increased ALA and EPA contents of the harvested larvae. However, microalgae also decreased survival, harvested biomass, and individual growth of larvae feeding on the diet with the highest supplement concentration (14%). DHA was not detected in any microalgae diet or subsequent larval tissue samples. All three omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids tested in this study were accumulated in dose-dependent manner, with quadratic, and occasionally linear, equations providing the best description of the observed relationships. There were significant negative correlations between several fatty acids, indicating that they may replace one another in living larvae. Our findings confirm that black soldier fly larvae can retain ingested fatty acids and change fatty acid profiles in their tissues accordingly. However, optimizing nutrient content of harvestable larvae is likely to be more complicated than simply enriching their diets with omega-3 fatty acids.
Exploring Adoption of the Wildland Fire Decision Support System: End User Perspectives
Authors: Noble Peter , Paveglio Travis B 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAbstractThe increasing complexity of wildland fire management highlights the importance of sound decision making. Numerous fire management decision support systems (FMDSS) are designed to enhance science and technology delivery or assist fire managers with decision-making tasks. However, few scientific efforts have explored the adoption and use of FMDSS by fire managers. This research couples existing decision support system research and in-depth interviews with US Forest Service fire managers to explore perspectives surrounding the Wildland Fire Decision Support System (WFDSS). Results indicate that fire managers appreciate many WFDSS components but view it primarily as a means to document fire management decisions. They describe on-the-ground actions that can be disconnected with decisions developed in WFDSS, which they attribute to the timeliness of WFDSS outputs, the complexity of the WFDSS design, and how it was introduced to managers. We conclude by discussing how FMDSS development could address concerns raised by managers.