bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When patients behave badly: Consent, breach of the duty of care and the law
Authors: Kelly Anne‐Maree , Cockburn Tina , Madden Bill 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPatients who are abusive or aggressive in ED raise special clinical and legal challenges. These include what steps clinicians should take to exclude serious illness/injury as the cause of the behaviour and when investigations or treatments can be imposed on these patients without their consent. Using a case illustration, this paper discusses legal issues which arise in this context, including how the standard of care owed by clinicians is determined and what may constitute a breach of duty; such patients' right to consent to (or decline) tests and treatment; and when clinicians may lawfully act without consent and/or control the patient's behaviour.
Towards a more balanced combination of multiple traits when computing functional differences between species
Authors: de Bello Francesco , Botta‐Dukát Zoltán , Lepš Jan , Fibich Pavel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Functional trait differences between species are key drivers of community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Quantifying these differences routinely requires using approaches like the Gower distance to combine various types of traits into a multi‐trait dissimilarity.

Without special care, the Gower distance can however produce a multi‐trait dissimilarity with a disproportional contribution of certain traits, particularly categorical traits and bundle of correlated traits reflecting similar ecological functions. These effects persist even after applying multivariate analyses traditionally used to reduce trait dimensionality.

We propose the ‘gawdis’ R function, and corresponding package, to produce multi‐trait dissimilarity with more uniform contributions of different traits, including fuzzy coded ones. The approach is based on minimizing the differences in the correlation between the dissimilarity of each trait, or groups of traits, and the multi‐trait dissimilarity. This is done using either an analytical or a numerical solution, both available in the function.

Properly taking into account the contribution of multiple traits into multi‐trait dissimilarity is key for interpreting the ecological effects of complex species differences. The gawdis r package in CRAN can be further applied to improve equitability in distance‐based measures in other field of research, such as social sciences or marketing surveys, which routinely analyse mixed type data.
Understanding the pharmacokinetics of synthetic cathinones: Evaluation of the blood–brain barrier permeability of 13 related compounds in rats
Authors: Fabregat‐Safont David , Barneo‐Muñoz Manuela , Carbón Xoán , Hernández Félix , Martinez‐Garcia Ferran , Ventura Mireia , Stove Christophe P. , Sancho Juan V. , Ibáñez María 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSynthetic cathinones are the second most commonly seized new psychoactive substance family in Europe. These compounds have been related to several intoxication cases, including fatalities. Although the pharmacological effects, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of cathinones have been studied, there is little information about the permeability of these compounds through the blood–brain barrier (BBB). This is an important parameter to understand the behavior and potency of cathinones. In this work, 13 selected cathinones have been analyzed in telencephalon tissue from Sprague–Dawley rats intraperitoneally dosed at 3 mg/kg. Our results revealed a direct relationship between compound polarity and BBB permeability, with higher permeability for the more polar cathinones. The chemical moieties present in the cathinone had an important impact on the BBB permeability, with lengthening of the α‐alkyl chain or functionalization of the aromatic ring with alkyl moieties resulting in lower concentration in telencephalon tissue. Our data suggest that transport of cathinones is a carrier‐mediated process, similar to cocaine transport across the BBB.
Impaired renal HCO3− secretion in CFTR deficient mice causes metabolic alkalosis during chronic base‐loading
Authors: Berg Peder , Svendsen Samuel L. , Hoang Thi Thuy Linh , Praetorius Helle A. , Sorensen Mads V. , Leipziger Jens 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimCystic fibrosis patients have an increased risk of developing metabolic alkalosis presumably as a result of altered renal HCO3− handling. In this study, we directly assess the kidneys’ ability to compensate for a chronic base‐load in the absence of functional CFTR.MethodsComprehensive urine and blood acid‐base analyses were done in anaesthetized WT mice or mice lacking either CFTR or pendrin, with or without 7 days of oral NaHCO3 loading. The in vivo experiments were complemented by a combination of immunoblotting and experiments with perfused isolated mouse cortical collecting ducts (CCD).ResultsBase‐loaded WT mice maintained acid‐base homeostasis by elevating urinary pH and HCO3− excretion and decreasing urinary net acid excretion. In contrast, pendrin KO mice and CFTR KO mice were unable to increase urinary pH and HCO3− excretion and unable to decrease urinary net acid excretion sufficiently and thus developed metabolic alkalosis in response to the same base‐load. The expression of pendrin was increased in response to the base‐load in WT mice with a paralleled increased pendrin function in the perfused CCD. In CFTR KO mice, 7 days of base‐loading did not upregulate pendrin expression and apical Cl−/HCO3− exchange function was strongly blunted in the CCD.ConclusionCFTR KO mice develop metabolic alkalosis during a chronic base‐load because they are unable to sufficiently elevate renal HCO3− excretion. This can be explained by markedly reduced pendrin function in the absence of CFTR.
The analysis of chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera, M.) male reproduction. The case of a leading polish breeding farm
Authors: Kania‐Gierdziewicz Joanna , Otwinowska‐Mindur Agnieszka , Bieniek Józef 
Published: December 2020

AbstractResearch into the chinchilla male fertility concerned mainly semen quality. Little attention has been paid to lifetime reproductive performance, essential from the economical point of view. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze factors affecting the intensity of breeding use and lifetime performance of male chinchillas. After data transformation, the analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the effect of male birth litter size and age at the first effective mating. Additionally, the correlation coefficients for both litter sizes and litter rearing efficiency were calculated. For all traits, the linear regression on the sire's age at the first effective mating was found non‐significant. Litter sizes differed slightly between seasons. The length of sire reproductive use was highly correlated (about 0.8) with the total number of litters and kits born and weaned. The total rearing efficiency was low, and in some cases negatively correlated with other traits, that is, with the total number of litters and kits born and weaned. Most sires were mated up to six dams; they were used in one polygamous set each. In total, the males sired about 60 litters each, hence the conclusion is that they could be extensively used and produce more benefits to chinchilla breeders.
Cognitive decline associated with anticholinergics, benzodiazepines and Z‐drugs: Findings from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)
Authors: Moriarty Frank , Savva George M. , Grossi Carlota M. , Bennett Kathleen , Fox Chris , Maidment Ian , Loke Yoon K. , Steel Nicholas , Kenny Rose Anne , Richardson Kathryn 
Published: December 2020

AimsTo estimate the association between patterns of anticholinergic, benzodiazepine and Z‐drug medication use and change in cognitive function in middle‐aged and older adults.MethodsThis prospective cohort study used data from the first three waves of The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), including community‐dwelling adults aged ≥50 years followed for up to 4 years (n = 7027). Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination, animal naming test and word recall tests. Regular medication use was self‐reported at baseline and follow‐up interviews at 2 and 4 years. Pharmacy dispensing claims for a subset (n = 2905) allowed assessment of medication use between interviews and cumulative dosage. Medication use at consecutive waves of TILDA was analysed in relation to change in cognitive function between waves.ResultsStrongly anticholinergic medications (Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden scale 3), benzodiazepines and Z‐drugs were reported by 7.3%, 5.8% and 5.1% of participants, respectively, at any time during the study. Adjusting for potential confounders, new anticholinergic use between interviews was associated with change in recall score (−1.09, 95% confidence interval −1.64, −0.53) over 2 years compared to non‐use, but not with MMSE (0.07; 95% CI −0.21, 0.34) or animal naming (−0.70; 95% CI −1.43, 0.03). The pharmacy claims analysis was consistent with this finding. Other hypothesised associations were not supported.ConclusionsExcept for new use of anticholinergic medications, no other findings supported a risk of cognitive decline over 2‐year periods in this middle‐aged and older cohort. Patients and prescribers should weigh this potential risk against potential benefits of commencing anticholinergic medications.
Subgroup analysis in haematologic malignancies phase III clinical trials: A systematic review
Authors: Báez‐Gutiérrez Nerea , Rodríguez‐Ramallo Héctor , Flores‐Moreno Sandra , Abdel‐kader Martín Laila 
Published: December 2020

AimsTo assess the appropriateness of the use and interpretation of subgroup analysis in haematology randomized clinical trials (RCTs).MethodA systematic review of Medline, including haematology phase III RCTs published between January 2013 and October 2019, was carried out to identify reported subgroup analysis. Information related to trial characteristics, subgroup analysis and claims of subgroup difference were collected.ResultsThe initial search identified 1622 studies. A total of 98 studies reporting subgroup analyses were identified. Of those, 24 RCT reported 46 claims of subgroup difference. Among them, 44 were claims for the primary outcome, of which 25 were considered strong claims and 17 were considered suggestions of a possible effect.Authors included subgroup variables for the primary outcome measured at baseline for 38 claims (n = 86.36%), used a subgroup variable as a stratification factor at randomization for 15 (34.09%), clearly prespecified their hypothesis for 11 (25%), the subgroup effect was one of a small number of hypothesised effects tested (≤ 5) for 17 (38.64%), carried out a test of interaction that provide statistically significant for 18 (40.91%), documented replication of a subgroup effect with previously related studies for 11 (25%), identified the consistency of a subgroup effect across related outcome for 10 (22.72%) and provided a biological rationale for the effect for 8 (18.18%). Of the 44 claims for the primary outcome, 34 (77.27%) met four or fewer of the 10 credibility criteria.ConclusionThe subgroup claims reported in haematology RCTs lack credibility, even when the claims are strong. Information about subgroup difference should be interpreted cautiously.
Modelling group movement with behaviour switching in continuous time
Authors: Niu Mu , Frost Fay , Milner Jordan E. , Skarin Anna , Blackwell Paul G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article presents a new method for modelling collective movement in continuous time with behavioural switching, motivated by simultaneous tracking of wild or semi‐domesticated animals. Each individual in the group is at times attracted to a unobserved leading point. However, the behavioural state of each individual can switch between ‘following’ and ‘independent’. The ‘following’ movement is modelled through a linear stochastic differential equation, while the ‘independent’ movement is modelled as Brownian motion. The movement of the leading point is modelled either as an Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck (OU) process or as Brownian motion (BM), which makes the whole system a higher‐dimensional Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck process, possibly an intrinsic non‐stationary version. An inhomogeneous Kalman filter Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is developed to estimate the diffusion and switching parameters and the behaviour states of each individual at a given time point. The method successfully recovers the true behavioural states in simulated data sets , and is also applied to model a group of simultaneously tracked reindeer (Rangifer tarandus).
To what extent does punishment insensitivity explain the relationship between callous‐unemotional traits and academic performance in secondary school students?
Authors: Hwang Suhlim , Allen Jennifer L. , Kokosi Theodora , Bird Elisabeth 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundCallous‐unemotional (CU) traits are related to low achievement but not to deficits in verbal ability, commonly regarded as a major risk factor for poor academic outcomes in antisocial youth. This suggests that CU traits may have utility in explaining heterogeneous risk pathways for poor school performance in antisocial children. Reduced sensitivity to teacher discipline has been suggested as a potential explanation for the association between CU traits and low achievement, given its importance in facilitating engagement in learning. This study is the first to examine punishment insensitivity as a potential mechanism explaining the relationship between CU traits and poor achievement.AimThe current study investigated the indirect pathway from CU traits via the predictor of punishment insensitivity to English, Maths, and Science grades.SampleA total of 437 English secondary school students aged 11 to 14 years (49% girls).MethodsWe conducted a mediation analysis within a structural equation modelling framework. CU traits and punishment insensitivity were assessed using child report questionnaires and academic grades were obtained from school records.ResultsCU traits were indirectly associated with low academic grades in Maths and Science, but not English, via punishment insensitivity, controlling for child age, gender, single parent household status, free school meals eligibility, externalizing problems, and classroom effects.ConclusionsFindings indicated that reduced sensitivity to discipline forms a pathway linking CU traits to poor performance in Maths and Science. Teachers may therefore need additional support to implement discipline effectively with children high in CU traits in order to prevent poor academic outcomes.
Evidence‐based quality and accuracy of YouTube videos about nephrolithiasis
Authors: Huang Mitchell M. , Winoker Jared S. , Allaf Mohamad E. , Matlaga Brian R. , Koo Kevin 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo assess the quality and accuracy of online videos about the medical management of nephrolithiasis.Materials and MethodsTo evaluate trends in online interest, we first examined the frequency of worldwide YouTube searches for ‘kidney stones’ from 2015 to 2020. We then queried YouTube with terms related to symptoms and treatment of kidney stones and analysed English‐language videos with >5000 views. Quality was assessed using the validated DISCERN instrument. Evidence‐based content analysis of video content and viewer comments was performed.ResultsOnline searches for videos about kidney stones doubled between 2015 and 2019 (P < 0.001). We analysed 102 videos with a median (range) number of views of 46 539 (5024–3 631 322). The mean (sd) DISCERN score was 3.0 (1.4) out of 5, indicating ‘moderate’ quality; scores were significantly higher for the 21 videos (21%) authored by academic hospitals (mean 3.7 vs 2.8, P = 0.02). Inaccurate or non‐evidence‐based claims were identified in 23 videos (23%); none of the videos authored by academic institutions contained inaccurate claims. Videos with inaccurate statements had more than double the viewer engagement (viewer‐generated comments, ‘thumbs up’ and ‘thumbs down’ ratings) compared to videos without inaccuracies (P < 0.001). Among viewer comments, 43 videos (43%) included comments with inaccurate or non‐evidence‐based claims, and a large majority (82 videos, 80%) had ‘chatbot’ recommendations.ConclusionsInterest in YouTube videos about nephrolithiasis has doubled since 2015. While highly viewed videos vary widely in quality and accuracy, videos produced by academic hospitals have significantly fewer inaccurate claims. Given the high prevalence of stone disease and poor‐quality videos, patients should be directed to evidence‐based content online.
Flash glucose monitoring data analysed by detrended fluctuation function on beta‐cell function and diabetes classification
Authors: Liu Wei , Chen Jing , He Luxi , Cai Xiaoling , Zhang Rui , Gong Siqian , Yang Xiao , Wang Junzheng , Han Xueyao , Shi Dawei , Ji Linong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimWe aimed to use data‐driven glucose pattern analysis to unveil the correlation between the metrics reflecting glucose fluctuation and beta‐cell function, and to identify the possible role of this metric in diabetes classification.Materials and methodsIn total, 78 participants with type 1 diabetes and 59 with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in this study. All participants wore a flash glucose monitoring system, and glucose data were collected. A detrended fluctuation function (DFF) was utilized to extract glucose fluctuation information from flash glucose monitoring data and a DFF‐based glucose fluctuation metric was proposed.ResultsFor the entire study population, a significant negative correlation between the DFF‐based glucose fluctuation metric and fasting C‐peptide was observed (r = −0.667; P <.001), which was larger than the correlation coefficient between the fasting C‐peptide and mean amplitude of plasma glucose excursions (r = −0.639; P < .001), standard deviation (r = −0.649; P <.001), mean blood glucose (r = −0.519; P < .001) and time in range (r = 0.593; P < .001). As glucose data analysed by DFF revealed a clear bimodal distribution among the total participants, we randomly assigned the 137 participants into discovery cohorts (n = 100) and validation cohorts (n = 37) for 10 times to evaluate the consistency and effectiveness of the proposed metric for diabetes classification. The confidence interval for area under the curve according to the receiver operating characteristic analysis in the 10 discovery cohorts achieved (0.846, 0.868) and that for the 10 validation cohorts was (0.799, 0.862). In addition, the confidence intervals for sensitivity and specificity in the discovery cohorts were (75.5%, 83.0%), (81.3%, 88.5%) and (71.8%, 88.3%), (76.5%, 90.3%) in the validation cohorts, indicating the potential capacity of DFF in distinguishing type 1 and type 2 diabetes.ConclusionsOur study first proposed the possible role of data‐driven analysis acquired glucose metric in predicting beta‐cell function and diabetes classification, and a large‐scale, multicentre study will be needed in the future.
Movements and occurrence in two closely related fritillary species
Authors: Polic Daniela , Tamario Carl , Franzén Markus , Betzholtz Per‐Eric , Yıldırım Yeşerin , Forsman Anders 
Published: December 2020

Mobility may affect species' distribution patterns in heterogeneous landscapes, and it might impact fitness by influencing mating success, predation avoidance, and foraging success. Here, we studied causes and consequences of mobility patterns in butterflies:Argynnis adippe, a specialist constrained to warm microhabitats within woodland landscapes, andA. aglaja, a relative generalist that also inhabits grasslands, and tolerates lower temperatures. We explored associations of movement and occurrence patterns, population size and density, niche breadth, wing size, and different types of behaviour prior to capture by conducting a mark‐release‐recapture study on the Swedish island Öland.We marked 1 935A. aglajaand 123A. adippeand achieved recapture rates of 9.5% (A. aglaja), and 8.9% (A. adippe). Estimated population densities were 5 066 and 814 individuals per km2, forA. aglajaandA. adippe, respectively.Argynnis aglajawas less likely to perform long‐distance flights according to estimated dispersal kernels, hinting at negative density‐dependent dispersal in these species.Although we detected the longest flight distances ever in these species in MRR studies (11.9 km forA. aglajaand 3.7 km forA. adippe), most butterflies were recaptured within 200 meters (60–80%). Low recapture rates along with low estimated residence times and the potential for long movement might indicate that many individuals left the study area, and that the species form open populations, stretching over large areas.Despite significant differences in wing size and behaviour types, mean observed flight distances were similar in these species.
Assessing dental student perceptions after engaging in a longitudinal interprofessional education curriculum: A preliminary study
Authors: Gunaldo Tina P. , Owens Jessica , Andrieu Sandra C. , Mercante Donald E. , Schiavo Julie H. , Zorek Joseph A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPurpose/ObjectivesBaseline IPE perceptions for dental students were gathered prior to the implementation of a 2‐year formalised IPE curriculum at a US institution. The goal was to establish a baseline of student perceptions and, in the future, continue to track student IPE perception data with IPE engagement as one measure of outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to analyse two dental student cohort perceptions of IPE after engaging in a 2‐year longitudinal curriculum.MethodsFirst‐ and second‐year students were required to participate in a 2‐year IPE curriculum. As a requirement of the curriculum, students were asked to complete a validated IPE assessment, the Student Perceptions of Interprofessional Clinical Education‐Revised instrument, version 2 (SPICE‐R2). Students completed the SPICE‐R2 survey, using a retrospective pretest/post‐test design, after engaging in the 2‐year curriculum.ResultsSixty‐four students in cohort 2017 and 70 students in cohort 2018 completed the entire SPICE‐R2. Statistically significant positive changes (p < .05) were found in both dental student cohorts after engagement in the 2‐year longitudinal IPE curriculum.Conclusion(s)A longitudinal IPE curriculum has the potential to impact student IPE perceptions. Additional longitudinal multi‐institutional research is needed to determine best practices in delivery and learning.