bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Dimension in Colonization of the North-West of America and California at the End of the 17-18 <sup>th</sup> Centuries
Authors: Petrov A. Y. , Kostornichenko V. N. , Koskina M. M. 
Published: November 2020

The article reviews the initial period of European colonization of the North Pacific Ocean and California within the context of diplomatic relations between Russia and Spain during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. It tries to understand the policies of European powers in the American Northwest and the reasons for pursuing their colonial interests there. It analyses the history of exploration of these territories, expeditions to the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, and historical maps of this region. For the first time in Russian historiography the authors touch upon the exploration of California in the 18th century.The exploration of the North Pacific Ocean, the northwestern American coast, including certain areas of California, Alaska and the Aleutian Islands has long attracted the attention of European powers. It was a process in which government authorities and private merchant companies took part. The expansion of the Spanish Empire into California was made possible in part because of the concerns of the Madrid court about the strengthening of the Russian and British empires in the North Pacific Ocean. The Spanish documents from the archives of Madrid, Seville and Simancas – the article introduces them into research communication the first time - show the validity of the fears of the Madrid court regarding the inevitable development of Russian colonization in the region. The advance of Russia to the shores of America has economic reasons: Cossacks and merchants reached the Pacific Ocean pursuing the desire to profit from the fur trade. As the economic influence expanded, the state interests of annexing territories and bringing the local population into citizenship followed behind. The territorial advance of the Russians to the Pacific Ocean was facilitated by the ambitious, but at the same time balanced diplomacy of Peter I, which managed to ensure the expansion of the borders of the Russian Empire.Spanish consolidation in certain territories in California was aimed at a possible containment of the Russian advance. Russian-Spanish relations in the Northwest Pacific at the end of the 17th – 18th centuries contributed to the nature of the subsequent development of territories in the North Pacific Ocean.
New in US-Canadian Relations and Ratification of the USMCA Agreement
Authors: Sokov I. A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract: The article reviews through chronological analysis key issues in US-Canadian relations in the context of new trade agreement USMCA replacing NAFTA during Trump's presidency. It identifies a new model of relations between the closest North American partners in the context of a new paradigm which is called “America First”. This model leads to a crisis the US-Canadian relations, which is aggravated by the increased partisan rivalry in light of the upcoming US presidential elections, the impeachment process initiated in the House of Representatives.The article comes to the following conclusions. The evolutionary development of the free trade agreement (NAFTA), its rejection and acceptance of the USMCA preferential agreement is a gradual and consistent process of protecting North American countries from global market, which started during the presidency of George W. Bush and continued by the subsequent American presidents. This is also connected with the trade war between the United States and China, that was repeatedly emphasized both in the US Administration and in the Congress during D. Trump's presidency. The United States-Canadian relations have worsened significantly, although the countries' leaders do not recognize it publicly during the agreement's preparation and its ratification, for almost three years. The USMCA agreement is not a final version, subject to further ratification. It took more than a year for the parties to find compromise solutions on the USMCA with the protocols' preparation to the agreement and its submission to the national parliaments. Moreover, in the agreed version, the USMCA agreement meets primarily the interests of the United States. The US pressure on Canada was unprecedented. As a result, we should expect the continued growth of political and trade contradictions between the United States and Canada, as well as the revision and addition of new additional agreements in the USMCA agreement.
Impact of Monetary Policy on the Level of Economic Inequality in the United States
Authors: Dorofeev M. L. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract: After the reform of the world monetary system in 1971, the competition between countries for the global market is taking place in completely new conditions. Monetary and fiscal authorities have accumulated vast experience in regulating the economy and strengthening country competitive advantages through complex mechanisms of quantitative easing, foreign exchange rates manipulation, increasing debts, etc. Overcoming the consequences of the financial crises of the 21st century every time forces monetary regulators to implement increasingly radical measures in order to save the economy by injecting enormous amounts of liquidity into the market to buy out bad corporate debts as well as government debt securities. At the same time, the questions of how monetary policy affects the level of economic inequality and who is its beneficiary are becoming more relevant.The article seeks to analyze the impact of changes in monetary policy parameters on wealth inequality in the United States. Given the cyclical nature of economic inequality, the main method of research was chosen as a graphical statistical analysis, since it allows to identify trends effectively and keep in focus more than 100-year picture of changes in the analyzed indicators. For a more holistic picture, the dynamics of economic wealth inequality level were compared not only with key indicators of monetary policy, but also with the dynamics of marginal tax rates in US.One conclusion of the research is that wealth inequality depends more on fiscal adjustment and marginal tax rates than on monetary factors. Inadequate marginal income and inheritance tax rates are factors of rising of wealth inequality in US. Changing of monetary system settings also influences on the level of wealth inequality, because it affects the valuation of financial assets, and therefore the wealth of the richest people in US. Another important conclusion is the idea that the new monetary policy, despite all fears that it is a source of growing economic inequality, is acceptable with marginal income and inheritance tax rates of about 60% and with effective macroprudential regulation of US economy.
A ~1.4 Ga alkaline mafic sill from the Carletonville area: connection to the Pilanesberg Alkaline Province?
Authors: Humbert F. , Elburg M.A. , Agangi A. , Belyanin G. , Akoh J. , Smith A.J.B. , Chou Y-M. , Beukes N.J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Numerous Mesoproterozoic alkaline intrusions belonging to the Pilanesberg Alkaline Province are present within the Transvaal sub-basin of the Kaapvaal Craton. The Pilanesberg Complex is the best-known example; it represents one of the world’s largest alkaline complexes, and is associated with a northwest-southeast trending dyke swarm that extends from Botswana to the southwest of Johannesburg. This paper documents the results of a petrological and geochemical study of a thin mafic sill (here referred to as an alkaline igneous body, AIB), which intrudes the ca. 2 200 Ma Silverton Formation close to the southernmost part of the Pilanesberg dyke swarm. The AIB has only been observed in cores from a borehole drilled close to Carletonville. It is hypocrystalline, containing randomly oriented elongated skeletal kaersutite crystals and 6 to 8 mm varioles mainly composed of radially oriented acicular plagioclase. These two textures are related to undercooling, probably linked to the limited thickness (70 cm) of the AIB coupled with a probable shallow emplacement depth. Ar-Ar dating of the kaersutite gives an age of ca. 1 400 Ma, similar to the age of Pilanesberg Complex. However, the AIB is an alkaline basaltic andesite and is thus notably less differentiated than the Pilanesberg Complex and some of its associated dykes, such as the Maanhaarrand dyke, for which we provide whole-rock geochemical data. Literature data indicate that the Pilanesberg dyke swarm also contains mafic hypabyssal rocks suggesting a link between the dyke swarm and the AIB. The AIB is characterized by strongly negative εNd and εHf, that cannot be related to crustal contamination, as shown by positive Ti and P anomalies, and the absence of negative Nb-Ta anomalies in mantle-normalised trace element diagrams. The AIB magma is interpreted to have been derived from a long-lived enriched, probably lithospheric mantle reservoir. The AIB thus provides important information on the magma source of the Pilanesberg Alkaline Province.
Content Validity of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures of Satisfaction With Primary Care for Musculoskeletal Complaints: A Systematic Review
Authors: Pellekooren Sylvia , Ostelo Raymond , Pool Annelies , van Tulder Maurits , Jansma Elise , Chiarotto Alessandro 
Published: November 2020

Objective To evaluate the content validity of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) used to assess satisfaction in patients with musculoskeletal complaints who are treated in primary care. Design Systematic review of clinimetric measurement. Literature Search A literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL was undertaken (up to January 2020) to identify studies of the development or evaluation of content validity of a PROM that aimed to assess patient satisfaction. Study Selection Criteria A PROM was considered eligible if it aimed to measure satisfaction with care in patients with musculoskeletal complaints. Two independent reviewers performed study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction. Data Synthesis Evaluation of content validity of the included PROMs was performed according to the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidance, which includes an evaluation of PROM development, content validity studies, PROM content, and quality of evidence using the modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). Results Seven PROMs were identified. Their quality of development was inadequate. No studies evaluating the content validity of the satisfaction PROMs were retrieved. The content validity of the patient satisfaction PROMs was insufficient and supported by very low- quality evidence. Conclusion In measuring satisfaction among patients with musculoskeletal complaints treated in primary care, none of the identified PROMs had adequate content validity. Future studies should address the relevance, comprehensiveness, and comprehensibility of PROMs used to measure patient satisfaction and emphasize patient involvement during the development of new instruments. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021;51(3):94–102. Epub 12 Nov 2020. doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.9788
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERFORMANCE STYLES OF THE SUBJECTS OF THE INVESTIGATION
Authors: Воронова Юлия Владимировна , Пряхина Анна Борисовна 
Published: November 2020

Исследуются характеристики стилей исполнительской деятельности сотрудников Следственного комитета Российской Федерации. Стили исполнительской деятельности понимаются как вариативно-изменчивые системы, позволяющие осуществлять адаптацию профессиональной деятельности к условиям ее реализации. На основании эмпирического исследования делаются выводы о приоритетности сверхнормативного и творческого стилей и недопустимости пассивно-следующего (исполняющего), низкомотивированного и уклоняющегося стилей при решении профессиональных задач следователями. Эмпирически определены сочетающиеся (образующие смешанный) и несочетающиеся между собой стили исполнительской деятельности.
The authors study the characteristics of performance styles of employees of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation. Styles of performing activity are understood as variable and changeable systems that allow for the adaptation of professional activity to the conditions of its implementation. Based on empirical research, conclusions are drawn about the priority of excessive and creative styles and the inadmissibility of passive-following (performing), low-motivated and evasive styles when solving professional tasks by investigators. Combined (forming a mixed) and incongruous styles of performing activity are empirically determined.
SENIOR PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN WITH GENERAL SPEECH UNDER-DEVELOPMENT: PERCEPTION AND UNDERSTANDING OF LOGICAL-GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
Authors: Дорошенко Оксана Викторовна , Васильева Надежда Николаевна , Корнилова Александра Владимировна 
Published: November 2020

Рассматривается проблема формирования логико-грамматических конструкций у детей старшего дошкольного возраста с общим недоразвитием речи. Использована комплексная методика, направленная на оценку восприятия и понимания простых флективных, прямых и обратных конструкций, выражающих пространственные отношения, временную последовательность, сравнительные и логические отношения. Результаты эмпирического исследования отражают закономерности развития детей дошкольного возраста и свидетельствуют о неравномерности формирования речемыслительной деятельности и понимания различных логико-грамматических конструкций старшими дошкольниками с ОНР (III уровня).
The article is devoted to the formation of logical and grammatical constructions in children of preschool age with a general speech under-development. A complex technique was used in the work, aimed at assessing perception and understanding of simple inflectional, direct and inverse constructions expressing spatial relations, time sequence, comparative and logical relations. The results of the empirical study reflect the development patterns of preschool children, testify to the irregular formation of speech and thinking activity and understanding of various logical and grammatical structures in older preschoolers with general speech under-development (level III).
PSYCHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AS A PEDAGOGICAL CONDITION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN FUTURE OFFICERS
Authors: Рукавишников Артур Владимирович 
Published: November 2020

Рассматривается педагогическая проблема социальной ответственности личности будущего офицера, в частности поиск педагогических условий в её развитии. Представлен теоретико-методологический обзор в изучении социальной ответственности личности в научно-педагогических исследованиях, а также собственная позиция автора. Представлены организация, ход и результаты педагогического эксперимента по проверке результативности психологических знаний в развитии социальной ответственности у будущих офицеров. Эмпирические данные позволили установить, что психологические знания у курсантов способствуют развитию у них социальной ответственности в будущей профессиональной деятельности.
The article considers the pedagogical problem of social responsibility of the future officer's personality, in particular, the search for pedagogical conditions in its development. The article presents a theoretical and methodological review of the study of social responsibility of the individual in scientific and pedagogical research, as well as the author's own position. The article presents the organization, progress and results of a pedagogical experiment to test the effectiveness of psychological knowledge in the development of social responsibility in future officers. Empirical data allowed us to establish that the psychological knowledge of cadets contributes to the development of social responsibility in their future professional activities.
PENGARUH ORIENTASI SELUBUNG BANGUNAN KACA GELAP TERHADAP BESARNYA PERPINDAHAN PANAS MATAHARI PADA GEDUNG SUKOWATI SEMARANG
Authors: Pamurti Andarina Aji 
Published: November 2020

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p><em>Bangunan bergaya modern semakin berkembang di Indonesia, dengan gaya yang minimalis, simpel, mengusung keutamaaan fungsi bangunan serta terkesan mewah ini cocok dengan life style masyarakat perkotaan di Indonesia. Bangunan modern didominasi oleh penggunaan bahan – bahan pabriksasi, terutama kaca. Bahan pabriksasi ini apabila penggunaannya tidak tepat serta dengan desain arsitektur yang tidak memperhatikan iklim tropis lembab di Indonesia, mengakibatkan ketidaknyamanan penghuni. Hal tersebut meliputi penggunaan bahan pada selubung bangunan yang menyangkut mutu dan warna bahan serta desain sistem pembayangan baik berupa sun shading device maupun komposisi bangunan, disamping itu orientasi bangunan juga merupakan hal yang penting terhadap perolehan panas matahari. Studi dilakukan pada bangunan modern yaitu gedung Sukowati Semarang yang minim akan sun shading device dengan selubung bangunan yang didominasi oleh kaca, terutama pada facade timur dengan persentasi kaca 67 % dan facade selatan dengan prosentasi kaca 55 %. Kaca yang digunakan adalah kaca berwarna gelap jenis panasap atau kaca warna. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan facade timur dan selatan memiliki nilai Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) adalah di atas standard 45 Watt / m2, maka terjadi ketidaknyamanan penghuni. Perpindahan panas matahari yang masuk ke dalam ruangan, salah satunya dipengaruhi oleh orientasi, </em><em>Window to Wall Ratio </em><em>(WWR), serta bahan bangunan. Kaca berwarna gelap memilki Shading Coefficient yang lebih rendah dibanding kaca bening, hijau atau biru. Namun kaca berwarna gelap pada Gedung Sukowati Semarang belum mengatasi permasalahan akan naungan panas matahari dikarenakan</em><em> kurang tepatnya penggunaan jenis kaca. </em></p><p><em>Kata Kunci : </em>Orientasi, Selubung Bangunan, Kaca Gelap, Perpindahan Panas Matahari</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
Fossilized Gender Bias
Authors: Frame Sharon 
Published: November 2020

No woman has everbeen elected President of the United States. Despite historic breakthroughs by female politicians, shattering the ultimate glass ceiling is still an elusive feat. The purpose of this study is to analyze the extent to which gender bias influences the U.S. presidential election process. Its aim is also to measure the sociolinguistic impact of negative stereotypes of women in the country’s political culture. In gathering the research, the study examined the 2016 U.S. presidential race which featured Hillary Clinton. The veteran public servant ran against a male opponent who had no political experience. Donald Trump’s stunning victory shocked the world. It also re-kindled a public dispute about systemic gender discrimination in U.S. politics. This research investigation is a descriptive analysis of gender-specific political debates and discourses featured in TV documentaries, news media coverage, as well as in YouTube videos. The inquiry also examines the impact of Hollywood movies that depict a fictional narrative on political gender bias, generating the question: “Is art imitating or reshaping life?” Evidence from the study points to fossilized cultural prejudice against female politicians who aspire to the nation’s highest levels of government. A fair and measured conclusion can also be drawn, which is that such embedded gender bias continues to reinforce outmoded norms, notions, and assumptions about the role of female politicians. But things could radically shift sooner than later. U.S. citizens get a chance to vote for or against a woman who is on the 2020 democratic ticket as presidential nominee Joe Biden’s running mate. If the democrats prevail, this female candidate, Kamala Harris, would be a heartbeat away from the most powerful political position in the world.
Rola edukacji społeczeństwa w koncepcji gospodarki cyrkularnej
Authors: KOWALSKA Anna , SOBCZYK Wiktoria , KORZEC Kinga 
Published: November 2020

W okresie znacznego zanieczyszczenia środowiska oraz nadmiernego i nieracjonalnego wykorzystania nieodnawialnych surowców gospodarka cyrkularna, nazywana zamiennie gospodarką o obiegu zamkniętym, jest szansą dla obecnych i przyszłych pokoleń. Aby możliwe było przejście z gospodarki linearnej na gospodarkę cyrkularną, muszą być spełnione dwa warunki. Pierwszy dotyczy odpowiedniej produkcji, drugi odpowiedniej konsumpcji. Konsumenci oraz producenci muszą traktować odpady jako surowce, które można zawrócić do obiegu. Aby zmienić podejście społeczeństwa w tej kwestii, należy zintensyfikować oraz dopasować edukację ekologiczną do aktualnych potrzeb. Dostosowując metody edukacji, należy zbadać najpierw poziom świadomości ekologicznej społeczeństwa i zastanowić się, na jakie aspekty zwrócić szczególną uwagę. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań ankietowych w dwóch grupach: młodzieży oraz dorosłych. Ankietowanie dotyczyło zachowań prośrodowiskowych oraz wiedzy o odpadach. Na podstawie przeanalizowanych odpowiedzi można stwierdzić, że świadomość ekologiczna w dwóch badanych grupach jest na różnych poziomach.
Branża wydobywcza w obliczu wyzwań niesionych przez ideę zrównoważonego rozwoju
Authors: BOGUSZ Klaudia 
Published: November 2020

Kryzys klimatyczny i jego następstwa stanowią dziś temat rozpalający szeroką dyskusję wśród wielu środowisk. Silną presję na władze państwowe, ale także pośrednio na świat biznesu, nałożył w 2015 roku ONZ, uchwalając Agendę 2030. Chęć przystąpienia do działań na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju (ZR) wyraziły 193 państwa. Jak odnajduje się w tym biznes? Jak radzą sobie branże zwyczajowo uznawane za szkodliwe dla środowiska, np. górnictwo? Czy oznacza to ich koniec? Te i inne pytania rodzą się po zapoznaniu z Agendą 2030, znalezienie odpowiedzi na nie stanowi cel niniejszego artykułu. Okazuje się, że biznes, także sektory o wydawałoby się negatywnym wydźwięku, w kontekście ich wpływu na środowisko, z nowego ładu potrafią czynić przewagę konkurencyjną. Aspekty związane z ZR znajdują swoje odzwierciedlenie w znakomitej większości strategii największych spółek wydobywczych na świecie. Kierunki wyznaczane przez ZR przynoszą korzyści otoczeniu przedsiębiorstw, ale już dziś widać wyraźny trend, w którym spółki swoją odpowiedzialną i zrównoważoną postawę starają się przekuwać na własny sukces.
Ekses Ketidaktuntasan Pembelajaran Baca Tulis Alquran terhadap Peningkatan Kuantitas Buta Huruf Arab di Kalangan Pelajar SMA/SMK Umum di Kota Bandung
Authors: Zulaiha Eni , Busro Busro 
Published: November 2020

The Excess of the Incomplete Learning of Reading and Writing of Qur'an towards the Increase in the Quantity of Arabic Illiteracy among Public High School / Vocational High School Students in BandungThis research aimed to find the objective condition of AL-Qur’an illiteracy among senior high school or vocational high school students in Bandung and its causes. It used a descriptive qualitative research methodwith observations and questionnaires as data collection instruments. The results showed the following: 1) the literacy rate of AL-Qur’an illiteracy among senior high school or vocational high school students in Bandung reached an average of 13% and who were not good at reading (tahsin) were 80%; 2) There were many factors of less successful in learning AL-Qur’an, either internal or external factors. The conclusion showed the incomplete Baca Tulis Alquran (BTQ or reading and writing ofAL-Qur’an) in Islamic subject learning caused by AL-Qur’an illiteracy among senior high school / vocational high school students in Bandung. Its inadequacy was due to students’ low perception and motivation in the subject. Their low perception and motivation were due to unclear vision and mission of learning because BTQ learning was not the main school program, and it was also not tested at National Exam and Computer Based Test. Hence, the teacher of Islamic subject and its learning implementation were less noticed. The researchers recommend the new and varied BTQ learning designs and competent teachers to achieve religious Bandung