bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competitive Salt Precipitation/Dissolution During Free‐Water Reduction in Water‐in‐Salt Electrolyte
Authors: Bouchal Roza , Li Zhujie , Bongu Chandra , Le Vot Steven , Berthelot Romain , Rotenberg Benjamin , Favier Frederic , Freunberger Stefan A. , Salanne Mathieu , Fontaine Olivier 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWater‐in‐salt electrolytes based on highly concentrated bis(trifluoromethyl)sulfonimide (TFSI) promise aqueous electrolytes with stabilities nearing 3 V. However, especially with an electrode approaching the cathodic (reductive) stability, cycling stability is insufficient. While stability critically relies on a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), the mechanism behind the cathodic stability limit remains unclear. Now, two distinct reduction potentials are revealed for the chemical environments of free and bound water and that both contribute to SEI formation. Free water is reduced about 1 V above bound water in a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and is responsible for SEI formation via reactive intermediates of the HER; concurrent LiTFSI precipitation/dissolution establishes a dynamic interface. The free‐water population emerges, therefore, as the handle to extend the cathodic limit of aqueous electrolytes and the battery cycling stability.
Stable ion bond for high damping, high wet resistance, and low rolling resistance high vinyl polybutadiene rubber‐based dicarboxylate ionomer
Authors: Yuan Yuka , Liu Kai , Wang Zhaobo , Liu Yudong , Hua Jing 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSince the implementation of European Union (EU) tire label, the focus of recent attention has been focused on high performance green tire with low rolling resistance, high wet resistance, low noise, and excellent auto‐braking properties. However, it is a significant challenge to simultaneously achieve these performances for rubber materials. In this research, we developed a novel concept on the construction of stable ion bonds for high performance high vinyl polybutadiene rubber (HVBR)‐based dicarboxylate ionomers. HVBR‐based dicarboxylate sodium ionomer (hereafter referred as Na ionomer) was fabricated through complexation reaction of some or all of carboxylic functional groups on the preprepared maleinized HVBR molecular chains with sodium hydroxide. In the case of Na ionomers, the formation of sodium carboxylate group was certified from Fourier transform infrared spectra. Physical and dynamic mechanical measurements indicated that the tensile strength, wear resistance, wet skid resistance, dry sliding resistance, low rolling resistance, and low heat buildup of the Na ionomer were significantly improved compared to that of HVBR, and Na ionomer simultaneously showed better damping properties and the effective damping temperature range was broadened from −8.8 to 30.1°C, which was closer to the room temperature. Consequently, the approach and results collectively represent a significant advance toward the development of high performance green tire rubber materials.
Differential fibrotic phenotypes of hepatic stellate cells within 3D liver organoids
Authors: Brovold Matthew , Keller Dale , Soker Shay 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLiver fibrosis occurs in most cases of chronic liver disease, which are somewhat common, but also a potentially deadly group of diseases. In vitro modeling of liver fibrosis relies primarily on the isolation of in vivo activated hepatic stellate cells (aHSCs) and studying them in standard tissue culture dishes (two‐dimensional [2D]). In contrast, modeling of fibrosis in a biofabricated three‐dimensional (3D) construct allows us to study changes to the environment, such as extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and structure, and tissue rigidity. In the current study, we used aHSCs produced through subcultures in 2D and encapsulated them in a 3D collagen gel to form spherical constructs. In parallel, and as a comparison, we used an established HSC line, LX‐2, representing early and less severe fibrosis. Compared with LX‐2 cells, the aHSCs created a stiffer environment and expressed higher levels of TIMP1 and LOXL2, all of which are indicative of advanced liver fibrosis. Collectively, this study presents a fibrosis model that could be incorporated with multi‐cellular models to more accurately reflect the effects of a severe fibrotic environment on liver function.
Exploration and practical research on teaching reforms of engineering practice center based on 3I‐CDIO‐OBE talent‐training mode
Authors: Chen Wei‐Ping , Lin You‐Xi , Ren Zhi‐Ying , Shen Ding 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEducation leads to engineering and engineering depends on practice. The Engineering Training Practice Center is a Chinese institution for engineering practice teaching to improve students' practical and engineering capabilities. It also empowers students with innovative abilities and comprehensive engineering literacy. With an increasing number of new challenges and situations, innovating and reforming engineering practice education to meet the development needs has become an important topic in current higher engineering education. On the basis of outcomes‐based education (OBE) and conceive–design–implement–operate (CDIO) education models, combined with emerging engineering education (integration, inheritance, and innovation [3I]), a 3I‐CDIO‐OBE talent‐training model for Chinese engineering education is proposed, and the attributes of general, professional, and innovative education were fully accounted for in the engineering practice teaching. A multilevel + multidisciplinary + innovative and practical engineering teaching system has been successfully constructed, which has started achieving the goals, paving a way of thinking to actively explore the engineering practice teaching reforms in colleges and universities.
An integrative histopathologic clustering model based on immuno‐matrix elements to predict the risk of death in malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Balancin Marcelo Luiz , Teodoro Walcy Rosolia , Farhat Cecilia , de Miranda Tomas Jurandir , Assato Aline Kawassaki , de Souza Silva Neila Aparecida , Velosa Ana Paula , Falzoni Roberto , Ab'Saber Alexandre Muxfeldt , Roden Anja C. , Capelozzi Vera Luiza 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivePrevious studies have reported a close relationship between malignant mesothelioma (MM) and the immune matricial microenvironment (IMM). One of the major problems in these studies is the lack of adequate adjustment for potential confounders. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and quantify risk factors such as IMM and various tumor characteristics and their association with the subtype of MM and survival.MethodsWe examined IMM and other tumor markers in tumor tissues from 82 patients with MM. These markers were evaluated by histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and morphometry. Logistic regression analysis, cluster analysis, and Cox regression analysis were performed.ResultsHierarchical cluster analysis revealed two clusters of MM that were independent of clinicopathologic features. The high‐risk cluster included MM with high tumor cellularity, high type V collagen (Col V) fiber density, and low CD8+ T lymphocyte density in the IMM. Our results showed that the risk of death was increased for patients with MM with high tumor cellularity (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.29‐2.89, P = .02), overexpression of Col V (OR = 2.60, 95% CI = 0.98‐6.84, P = .04), and decreased CD8 T lymphocytes (OR = 1.001, 95% CI = 0.995‐1.007, P = .008). The hazard ratio for the high‐risk cluster was 2.19 (95% CI = 0.54‐3.03, P < .01) for mortality from MM at 40 months.ConclusionMorphometric analysis of Col V, CD8+ T lymphocytes, and tumor cellularity can be used to identify patients with high risk of death from MM.
Electrode Engineering with CNTs to Enhance the Electrochemical Performance of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 Cathodes with Commercial Level Design Parameters
Authors: Kim Dong Won , Hwang Soo Min , Yoo Ji Beom , Kim Young‐Jun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractElectrode engineering is considered an essential step toward fabricating advanced Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). Conducting agents play a critical role in determining both the electron conduction and Li‐ion transport in electrodes and thus in enhancing battery performance. Here, we report the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT) addition on the electrochemical properties of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 (NCM622) cathodes. By varying the CNT content from 0 to 2 wt% in the total weight percentage (2 wt%) of conducting agents containing carbon black, the rate capability and cycling performance are examined. The limiting factors affecting the electrochemical performance are probed by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and pulse polarization measurements. The results show that as the CNT content increases, the electrical conductivity of the electrode decreases and the porosity increases. The addition of 1 wt% CNT gives rise to the best rate and cycling properties for the NCM622 electrodes. The pulse measurements reveal that the CNT addition mitigates the concentration polarization upon charging/discharging at high current rates owing to the evolved micrometer‐scale pores in the electrodes, thereby leading to better rate capability. The post‐mortem analysis on the electrodes discharged at a high current rate by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy mapping show that the CNT addition allows facile Li‐ion transport from the electrolyte side into the NCM lattice, even in the vicinity of the bottom region (current collector side), which strongly corroborates the pulse polarization results. These findings suggest that the use of CNTs as a conducting agent is effective in improving the electrochemical performance of Ni‐rich cathodes.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Regioselective B(3)‐Alkenylation/B(3,6)‐Dialkenylation of o‐Carboranes by Direct B−H Activation
Authors: Cheng Ruofei , Qiu Zaozao , Xie Zuowei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Zaozao Qiu and Zuowei Xie at the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, CAS. The image depicts the cis‐ and trans‐o‐carborane products reported in this work. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202000549.
LRRTM4 is a member of the transsynaptic complex between rod photoreceptors and bipolar cells
Authors: Agosto Melina A. , Wensel Theodore G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLeucine rich repeat transmembrane (LRRTM) proteins are synaptic adhesion molecules with roles in synapse formation and signaling. LRRTM4 transcripts were previously shown to be enriched in rod bipolar cells (BCs), secondary neurons of the retina that form synapses with rod photoreceptors. Using two different antibodies, LRRTM4 was found to reside primarily at rod BC dendritic tips, where it colocalized with the transduction channel protein, TRPM1. LRRTM4 was not detected at dendritic tips of ON‐cone BCs. Following somatic knockout of LRRTM4 in BCs by subretinal injection and electroporation of CRISPR/Cas9, LRRTM4 was abolished or reduced in the dendritic tips of transfected cells. Knockout cells had a normal complement of TRPM1 at their dendritic tips, while GPR179 accumulation was partially reduced. In experiments with heterologously expressed protein, the extracellular domain of LRRTM4 was found to engage in heparan‐sulfate dependent binding with pikachurin. These results implicate LRRTM4 in the GPR179‐pikachurin‐dystroglycan transsynaptic complex at rod synapses.
Long‐Lived Triplet Excited State Accessed with Spin–Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing in Red Light‐Absorbing Phenoxazine‐Styryl BODIPY Electron Donor/Acceptor Dyads
Authors: Dong Yu , Elmali Ayhan , Zhao Jianzhang , Dick Bernhard , Karatay Ahmet 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOrthogonal phenoxazine‐styryl BODIPY compact electron donor/acceptor dyads were prepared as heavy atom‐free triplet photosensitizers (PSs) with strong red light absorption (ϵ=1.33×105 M−1 cm−1 at 630 nm), whereas the previously reported triplet photosensitizers based on the spin‐orbit charge transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT‐ISC) mechanism show absorption in a shorter wavelength range (<500 nm). More importantly, a long‐lived triplet state (τT=333 μs) was observed for the new dyads. In comparison, the triplet state lifetime of the same chromophore accessed with the conventional heavy atom effect (HAE) is much shorter (τT=1.8 μs). Long triplet state lifetime is beneficial to enhance electron or energy transfer, the primary photophysical processes in the application of triplet PSs. Our approach is based on SOCT‐ISC, without invoking of the HAE, which may shorten the triplet state lifetime. We used bisstyrylBodipy both as the electron acceptor and the visible light‐harvesting chromophore, which shows red‐light absorption. Femtosecond transient absorption spectra indicated the charge separation (109 ps) and SOCT‐ISC (charge recombination, CR; 2.3 ns) for BDP‐1. ISC efficiency of BDP‐1 was determined as ΦT=25 % (in toluene). The dyad BDP‐3 was used as triplet PS for triplet‐triplet annihilation upconversion (upconversion quantum yield ΦUC=1.5 %; anti‐Stokes shift is 5900 cm−1).
Rapid Synthesis of Nucleoside Triphosphates and Analogues
Authors: Ripp Alexander , Singh Jyoti , Jessen Henning J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) are essential biomolecules involved in almost all biological processes, and their study is therefore critical to understanding cellular biology. Here, we describe a chemical synthesis suitable for obtaining both natural and highly modified NTPs, which can, for example, be used as surrogates to probe biological processes. The approach includes the preparation of a reagent that enables the facile introduction and modification of three phosphate units: cyclic pyrophosphoryl P‐amidite (c‐PyPA), derived from pyrophosphate (PV) and a reactive phosphoramidite (PIII). By using non‐hydrolyzable analogues of pyrophosphate, the reagent can be readily modified to obtain a family of non‐hydrolyzable analogues containing CH2, CF2, CCl2, and NH that are stable in solution for several weeks if stored appropriately. They enable the synthesis of NTPs by reaction with nucleosides to give deoxycyclotriphosphate esters that are then oxidized to cyclotriphosphate (cyclo‐TP) esters. The use of different oxidizing agents provides an opportunity for modification at P‐α. Furthermore, terminal modifications at P‐γ can be introduced by linearization of the cyclo‐TP ester with various nucleophiles. © 2020 The Authors.Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of cyclic pyrophosphoryl P‐amidite (c‐PyPA) and derivatives (c‐PyNHPA, c‐PyCH2PA, c‐PyCCl2PA, c‐PyCF2PA)Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis of 3′‐azidothymidine 5′‐γ‐P‐propargylamido triphosphates and analoguesBasic Protocol 3: Synthesis of 2′‐deoxythymidine 5′‐γ‐P‐propargylamido triphosphate (15)Basic Protocol 4: Synthesis of adenosine 5′‐γ‐P‐amido triphosphate (19) and adenosine 5′‐γ‐P‐propargylamido triphosphate (20)Basic Protocol 5: Synthesis of d4T 5′‐γ‐propargylamido β,γ‐(difluoromethylene)triphosphateSupport Protocol: Synthesis of diisopropylphosphoramidous dichloride
Dealloyed Nanoporous Materials for Rechargeable Post‐Lithium Batteries
Authors: Wu Xuan , He Guang , Ding Yi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNanoporous materials (NPMs) made by dealloying have been well recognized as multifunctional electrodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). In recent years, there are ever‐increasing demands on grid‐scale energy storage devices composed by earth‐abundant elements such as Na, K, Mg, Al, and Zn. Compared to LIBs, these electrochemical cells face critical challenges such as slow kinetics of redox reactions and structural instability owing to large ion size and/or multiple‐electron process. Much interest has been focused on NPMs to address these issues with great success. This Minireview discusses the recent research progresses on these novel electrode materials in the emerging post‐lithium batteries, including the rational‐design of NPMs, structure‐performance correlation in each battery system, and insights into future development of this rapidly growing field.
Dynamics of peripheral immune cells and their HLA‐G and receptor expressions in a patient suffering from critical COVID‐19 pneumonia to convalescence
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Gan Jun , Chen Bao‐Guo , Zheng Dan , Zhang Jian‐Gang , Lin Rong‐Hai , Zhou Yi‐Ping , Yang Wei‐Ying , Lin Aifen , Yan Wei‐Hua 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivesHost immune responses are indispensable to combat the disease. We report the dynamics of peripheral immune cells, cytokines, and human leucocyte antigen‐G (HLA‐G) and its receptor expressions in a patient suffering from critical COVID‐19 pneumonia to convalescence.MethodsClinical data of the patient were collected from medical records. The expressions of HLA‐G and receptors ILT2, ILT4 and KIR2DL4 in peripheral immune cells were measured with flow cytometry.ResultsFrom critical COVID‐19 to the convalescent stage, early lymphopenia was improved (median: 0.6 × 109 L−1 vs. 0.9 × 109 L−1, P = 0.009), and an obvious fluctuation in WBC and neutrophil counts was observed. Initially, low levels of CD4+ T cells (from 120 to 528 μL−1) and CD8+ T cells (from 68 to 362 μL−1) gradually increased to normal levels. Meanwhile, high IL‐6 (from 251.8 to 6.32 pg mL−1), IL‐10 (from 39.53 to 5.21 pg mL−1) and IFN‐γ (from 13.55 to 3.16 pg mL−1) levels decreased, and IL‐4 (from 2.36 to 3.19 pg mL−1) and TNF‐α (from 2.27 to 20.2 pg mL−1) levels increased quickly when the viral RNA returned negative. Moreover, the percentage of HLA‐G+ T cells, B cells and monocytes follows high–low–high pattern, while the percentage of receptors ILT2‐, ILT4‐ and KIR2DL4‐expressing cells remained relatively stable.ConclusionOur findings provide valuable information on the dynamics of early peripheral immunological responses in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, cytokines and HLA‐G+ immune cells are associated with the natural history of the critical COVID‐19 patient; however, future studies are necessary.
Tailoring the Porous Structure of Mono‐dispersed Hierarchically Nitrogen‐doped Carbon Spheres for Highly Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Shu Chengyong , Gan Zhuofan , Hou Yuyang , Zhu Ting , Ma Jijun , Tang Wei , Wu Yuping 
Published: May 2020

The search for a low‐cost metal‐free cathode material with excellent mass transfer structure and catalytic activity in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the most challenging issues in fuel cells. In this work, nitrogen‐rich m‐phenylenediamine is introduced into the synthesis of porous carbon spheres to tune the pore structure and nitrogen‐doped active sites. As a result, more pyridinic N and pyrrolic N functional species were observed at the interior and surface of the carbon spheres. The introduction of m‐phenylenediamine also regulated the nucleating of precursors, an urchin‐like mesoporous surface structure ensures point contact and less agglomeration between each particle was obtained. With optimized proportion of micropores/mesopores and improved nitrogen‐contained functional species, the ORR activity can be remarkably improved. The half‐wave potential of this catalyst could achieve to 0.81 V (versus RHE) which is only 42 mV lower than commercial Pt/C catalyst. Furthermore, the optimized cathode catalyst achieved a 69 mW cm−2maximum power density when operated in direct methanol fuel cells at room temperature.
Microfluidic device for concentration and SERS‐based detection of bacteria in drinking water
Authors: Krafft Benjamin , Tycova Anna , Urban Raphael D. , Dusny Christian , Belder Detlev 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThere is a constant need for the development of easy‐to‐operate systems for the rapid and unambiguous identification of bacterial pathogens in drinking water without the requirement for time‐consuming culture processes. In this study, we present a disposable and low‐cost lab‐on‐a‐chip device utilizing a nanoporous membrane, which connects two stacked perpendicular microfluidic channels. Whereas one of the channels supplies the sample, the second one attracts it by potential‐driven forces. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectrometry (SERS) is employed as a reliable detection method for bacteria identification. To gain the effect of surface enhancement, silver nanoparticles were added to the sample. The pores of the membrane act as a filter trapping the bodies of microorganisms as well as clusters of nanoparticles creating suitable conditions for sensitive SERS detection. Therein, we focused on the construction and characterization of the device performance. To demonstrate the functionality of the microfluidic chip, we analyzed common pathogens (Escherichia coli DH5α and Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120) from spiked tap water using the optimized experimental parameters. The obtained results confirmed our system to be promising for the construction of a disposable optical platform for reliable and rapid pathogen detection which couples their electrokinetic concentration on the integrated nanoporous membrane with SERS detection.
Experimental and simulation‐based investigations on throttle’s head loss coefficients of a surge tank
Authors: Zhou Jianxu , Palikhe Sunit , Cai Fulin , Liu Yuefei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFor the different types of throttled surge tanks used in hydropower systems, it is important to comprehensively know the throttle's head loss characteristics for exact surge analysis and transient control. Herein, a general and complete experimental setup was designed to steadily reproduce the 12 typical flow regimes occurring at the surge tank and thus conduct comprehensive experimental research on throttle head loss coefficients. Furthermore, an extended mathematical model for the surge tank was derived by inputting experimental data on the throttle's head loss coefficients to surge analysis. Through experimental research, the throttle's head loss coefficients were determined by fitting formulae relative to the different flow regimes and discharge ratios; via a detailed case analysis, the differences in the head loss characteristics for different throttle types were accurately determined. It was demonstrated that the throttle's head loss coefficient varies with discharge ratio under different flow regimes and found that the experimentally obtained flow coefficients for different throttle types are more accurate and clearly reveal the difference of throttles’ head loss characteristics. The extended mathematical model for the throttled surge tank can provide more accurate simulation results and guidance for its engineering design and layout.
Synthesis of Peptide Cysteine Dimedone Using Fmoc‐Cys(Dmd)‐OH: Glutathione Cysteine Dimedone as a Probe in Investigating the Sulfenic Acid Mediated Oxidation of Glutathione
Authors: Amarnath Reddy K. Kasi , Moi Smriti , Dolle Ashwini , Hosamani Basavaprabhu , Krishnamurthy Kiran , Prakash Sunita , Raghothama Srinivasarao , Gowd Konkallu Hanumae 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDimedone is the most widely used chemical probe for detection of cysteine sulfenic acid in peptides and proteins. The reaction of dimedone with cysteine sulfenic acid results in the formation of unique cysteine dimedone motif containing thioether bridge. Based on the structure of cysteine dimedone residue in polypeptide, a new building block of Fmoc‐Cys(Dmd)‐OH was developed for solid phase synthesis of peptide cysteine dimedone. Mass spectrometric sequencing of synthetic peptides have confirmed successful incorporation of cysteine dimedone in peptide chain using HBTU/HOBt as a coupling agent. The new method permits synthesis of peptides containing both cysteine thiol and cysteine dimedone in the same sequence which was difficult to achieve by conventional methods. The synthetic peptide of glutathione cysteine dimedone was used as a standard in probing the air‐mediated oxidation of thiol to disulfide form of glutathione. The co‐elution of standard peptide and reaction mixture of oxidation of glutathione in presence of dimedone using RP‐HPLC have confirmed the formation of glutathione cysteine sulfenic as an intermediate in the air‐mediated oxidation of glutathione. The synthetic peptides of cysteine dimedone may find application in the field of redox proteomics and generation of antibodies against modified cysteine residue.