bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work correlates of back problems and activity restriction due to musculoskeletal disorders in the Canadian national population health survey (NPHS) 1994–5 data
Authors: Cole D C , Ibrahim S A , Shannon H S , Scott F , Eyles J 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo describe the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems in the Canadian working population and to determine cross sectional associations between such problems and work factors, particularly job strain and physical demand variables.METHODSThe Canadian 1994 national population health survey (NPHS) sampled 4230 working men and 4043 working women (ages 18–64) who answered an abbreviated version of the job content questionnaire. Workers were classified into four strain categories: high, passive, active, and low. Outcomes were restricted activity due to musculoskeletal disorders and the diagnosis of a back problem (both yes or no). Survey weights were incorporated to allow for different probabilities of selection. Logistic regression analyses were carried out separately for women and men, controlling for sociodemographic factors.RESULTSPrevalence of chronic back problems diagnosed by a health practitioner was 14.5% among men and 12.5% among women. Men had a 6.6% prevalence of restricted activity due to musculoskeletal disorders, whereas the corresponding figure for women was 5.3%. Women, but not men, in high strain jobs were more likely to report both back problems (odds ratio (OR) 1.60, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.14 to 2.28) and restricted activity (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.48) compared with those in low strain jobs. High physical exertion was an independent predictor of back problems in both sexes. For both men and women, low social support at work and high job insecurity were independent predictors of restricted activity due to musculoskeletal disorders. Conversely, chronic back problems contributed to explanation of high job strain among women (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.39) and high physical exertion among men (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.77), whereas restricted activity due to musculoskeletal disorders contributed to explanation of high job insecurity in both sexes.CONCLUSIONSAssociations of interest between work stressors and musculoskeletal problems in this cross sectional study provide evidence for physical and psychosocial factors both affecting disability and being affected by disability in a working population.
The clinical impact of metabolic bone disease in coeliac disease
Authors: Fickling W E , McFarlane X A , Bhalla A K , Robertson D A F 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Bone mineral density was measured by dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at the lumbar spine and femoral neck in 15 adults who had metabolic bone disease in association with coeliac disease (mean age at diagnosis 53.5 years, range 37 to 66). Results were expressed as a T score (the number of standard deviations by which patient’s bone density differed from the sex matched young adult mean). Three patients had no skeletal symptoms and normal routine calcium biochemistry but severely reduced axial bone mineral density on DEXA. Eleven patients had symptomatic skeletal fractures, including fractures of proximal femur (3), vertebrae (4), and radius (6). Three patients had osteomalacia confirmed on bone biopsy, two of whom had characteristic biochemistry. Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism were seen. Seventy five further patients (60 female) with coeliac disease (mean age 52.0 years, median duration of gluten-free diet 3.4 years) and 75 paired healthy age and sex matched controls were questioned on past fracture history. Patients with coeliac disease underwent detailed studies of calcium biochemistry, dietary intake, and bone mineral density. Sixteen had a past history of fractures (χ2 = 10.7, p = 0.0004,v controls), which were of typical osteoporotic type. Ten patients had fracture before diagnosis of coeliac disease and six after diagnosis. Patients who had a fracture were older (56.3 v 50.3 years, p &lt; 0.02, Wilcoxon rank sum test) than those with no fracture. There was no significant difference in bone mineral density (z score −0.31v −0.77), serum calcium (2.30v 2.26 mmol/l), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (19.7v 23.7 nmol/l), parathyroid hormone (2.6v 3.1 pmol/l), or dietary calcium intake (1021.0 v 1033.0 mg/day) in patients with fracture compared with those without fracture. Metabolic bone disease is common in coeliac disease and is associated with premature osteoporotic fractures.
Non-hepatic hyperammonaemia: an important, potentially reversible cause of encephalopathy
Authors: Hawkes N D , Thomas G A O , Jurewicz A , Williams O M , Hillier C E M , McQueen I N F , Shortland G 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The clinical syndrome of encephalopathy is most often encountered in the context of decompensated liver disease and the diagnosis is usually clear cut. Non-hepatic causes of encephalopathy are rarer and tend to present to a wide range of medical specialties with variable and episodic symptoms. Delay can result in the development of potentially life threatening complications, such as seizures and coma.
Early recognition is vital. A history of similar episodes or clinical risk factors and early assessment of blood ammonia levels help establish the diagnosis. In addition to adequate supportive care, investigation of the underlying cause of the hyperammonaemia is essential and its reversal, where possible, will often result in complete recovery. Detection of an unborn error of metabolism should lead to the initiation of appropriate maintenance therapy and genetic counselling.
Actual and perceived impacts of tobacco regulation on restaurants and firms
Authors: Crémieux Pierre-Yves , Ouellette Pierre 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVETo examine the actual and anticipated costs of a law regulating workplace smoking and smoking in restaurants, taking into consideration observed and anticipated infrastructure costs, lost productivity, increased absenteeism, and loss of clientele.SETTING AND DESIGNA survey of 401 Québec restaurants and 600 Québec firms conducted by the Québec Ministry of Health before the enactment of the law was used to derive costs incurred by those who had already complied and anticipated by those that did not.RESULTSDirect and indirect costs associated with tobacco regulation at work and in restaurants were minimal. Annualised infrastructure costs amounted to less than 0.0002% of firm revenues and 0.15% of restaurant revenues. Anticipated costs were larger and amounted to 0.0004% of firm revenues and 0.41% of restaurant revenues. Impacts on productivity, absenteeism, and restaurant patronage were widely anticipated but not observed in currently compliant establishments.CONCLUSIONFirms and restaurants expected high costs to result from strict tobacco regulation because of infrastructure costs, decreased productivity, and decreased patronage. That none of these were actually observed suggests that policy makers should discount industry claims that smoking regulations impose undue economic hardship.
Cigarette advertising and promotional strategies in retail outlets: results of a statewide survey in California
Authors: Feighery Ellen C , Ribisl Kurt M , Schleicher Nina , Lee Rebecca E , Halvorson Sonia 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVETo examine the extent and types of cigarette advertising materials in stores and to assess tobacco company compliance with the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement (MSA).DESIGNA cross-sectional analysis of a random sample of 586 stores that sold cigarettes.SETTINGUS state of California.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESTrained data collectors classified cigarette advertising materials by type (signs, displays, functional items), location (interior or exterior), and placement (below 3 feet (1 m) or near candy).RESULTSCalifornia retail outlets featured 17.2 (SD 16.1) tobacco advertising materials on average, and 94% of stores featured at least some advertising. About 85% of these were within 4 feet (1.3 m) of the counter. About 50% of the stores had ads at or below 3 feet, and 23% had cigarette product displays next to candy. In violation of the MSA, 3% of stores featured signs with cartoons and 11% had large exterior signs.CONCLUSIONSTobacco companies are aggressively using stores to market cigarettes. Moreover, the spirit of the MSA—to protect children from cigarette advertising—has not been realised. Future studies should monitor industry use of this venue and assess the impact of exposure to cigarette advertising materials in stores on adult smokers and youth.
Tobacco industry documents: comparing the Minnesota Depository and internet access
Authors: Balbach E D , Gasior R J , Barbeau E M 
Published: July 2002

Objective: To assess the comparability of searches conducted on two publicly available tobacco industry document collections: hard copies housed and maintained by a neutral party in the Minnesota Depository and electronic copies available through tobacco industry maintained websites.Methods: We conducted a set of searches in Minnesota and then conducted the same searches using the industry websites. We matched documents by Bates number, weeded out duplicates, and coded documents that were unique to either collection as major, minor, or trivial.Results: Among hundreds of documents produced by several searches, we found only four unique major documents in the Minnesota Depository. By contrast, we found 62 unique major documents using the websites.Conclusion: These results suggest that researchers can rely on industry websites while waiting for improved access resulting from searching, indexing, and document storage administered by the tobacco control community. Searching the tobacco industry websites is at least as good as searching in Minnesota and may in some instances actually be better. Four smaller subcollections, however, can only be searched by hand in Minnesota.
Tobacco industry manipulation of the hospitality industry to maintain smoking in public places
Authors: Dearlove J V , Bialous S A , Glantz S A 
Published: July 2002

Objective:To describe how the tobacco industry used the “accommodation” message to mount an aggressive and effective worldwide campaign to recruit hospitality associations, such as restaurant associations, to serve as the tobacco industry's surrogate in fighting against smoke-free environments.Methods:We analysed tobacco industry documents publicly available on the internet as a result of litigation in the USA. Documents were accessed between January and November 2001.Results:The tobacco industry, led by Philip Morris, made financial contributions to existing hospitality associations or, when it did not find an association willing to work for tobacco interests, created its own “association” in order to prevent the growth of smoke-free environments. The industry also used hospitality associations as a vehicle for programmes promoting “accommodation” of smokers and non-smokers, which ignore the health risks of second hand smoke for employees and patrons of hospitality venues.Conclusion:Through the myth of lost profits, the tobacco industry has fooled the hospitality industry into embracing expensive ventilation equipment, while in reality 100% smoke-free laws have been shown to have no effect on business revenues, or even to improve them. The tobacco industry has effectively turned the hospitality industry into its de facto lobbying arm on clean indoor air. Public health advocates need to understand that, with rare exceptions, when they talk to organised restaurant associations they are effectively talking to the tobacco industry and must act accordingly.
SMART CARDS: DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING WITH $5 DEVICES
Authors: SIEGELIN CHRISTOPH , CASTILLO LAURENT , FINGER ULRICH 
Published: July 2002

Smart cards are highly successful thanks to their unique combination of mobility and security. Based upon a single-chip microcontroller with volatile and non-volatile memories, a smart card implementes a small computer system that is very portable (credit card size), easy to use, and extremely resistant against external attacks. However, today's smart cards use proprietary protocols, application schemes, and development tools. This is due to the limitations of current technology, and it leads to situation of "splendid isolation" where smart cards are not being regarded as an integral part of the overall IT architecture. In this paper, we describe recent research towards "next generation" smart cards. It combines an advanced programming language (Java), novel hardware architectures that provide the required "MIPS budget" (RISC 32 bit), as well as an implementation of key Internet protocols (IP, HTTP) on smart cards. As a result, we show how smart cards can be seamlessly integrated within a distributed computing environment.
SUPERFLUIDITY IN SEMI-LOCALIZED 2D ELECTRON SYSTEM WITH CIRCULAR MOLECULAR ORBITS
Authors: SUGAHARA MASANORI , BOGOLUBOV NIKOLAI N. 
Published: July 2002

Recently discovered new type of high temperature superconductors have circular molecular orbits in each unit site of 2D s/p electron system. We discuss a new model of superconductivity caused by the correlated state of electrons in the 2D interconnection of circular orbits. This model gives an estimation of the superfluidity transition temperature: T c ≈ 70-200 K for fcc C 60, and T c ≈50-150 K for MgB2 .
POLYNOMIAL CLOSURE AND TOPOLOGY
Authors: STEINBERG BENJAMIN 
Published: July 2002

Suppose H is a pseudovariety of groups. This paper studies the pseudovariety of monoids corresponding to the variety of languages generated by the polynomial closure of the variety of H-languages (which is shown to be J*H via a short syntactic argument) and the pseudovariety of ordered monoids corresponding to the polynomial closure of the variety of H-languages. We also explore alternative descriptions of these pseudovarieties under additional hypotheses. Decidability results are given. In addition, we study the positive varieties of pro-V open and closed recognizable sets for a pseudovariety V of monoids. In particular, we obtain a basis of ordered pseudoidentities for such positive varieties. For pseudovarieties of groups H, we relate these positive varieties to the polynomial closure of the H-languages. Again, decidability results are obtained.
THE LIMITATIONS OF NO-ARBITRAGE ARGUMENTS FOR REAL OPTIONS
Authors: HUBALEK F. , SCHACHERMAYER W. 
Published: July 2002

We consider an option c which is contingent on an underlying [Formula: see text] that is not a traded asset. This situation typically arises in the context of real options. We investigate the situation when there is a "surrogate" traded asset S whose price process is highly correlated with that of [Formula: see text]. An illustration would be the cases where S and [Formula: see text] model two different brands of crude oil. The main result of the paper shows that in this case one cannot draw any non-trivial conclusions on the price of the option by only using no-arbitrage arguments. In a second step we try to isolate hedging strategies on the traded asset S which minimize the variance of the hedging error. We show in particular, that the naive strategy of simply replacing [Formula: see text] by S fails to be optimal and we are able to quantify how far it is from being optimal.
On the space complexity of randomized synchronization
Authors: Fich Faith , Herlihy Maurice , Shavit Nir 
Published: July 2002

The “waite-free hierarchy” provides a classification of multiprocessor synchronization primitives based on the values ofnfor which there are deterministic wait-free implementations ofn-process consensus using instances of these objects andread-writeregisters. In a randomized wait-free setting, this classification is degenerate, sincen-process consensus can be solved using onlyO(n) read-writeregisters.In this paper, we propose a classification of synchronization primitives based on thespace complexityof randomized solutions ton-process consensus. Ahistoryless object,such as aread-writeregister, aswapregister, or atest&setregister, is an object whose state depends only on the lost nontrivial operation thate was applied to it. We show that, usinghistorylessobjects, Ω(√n) object instances are necessary to solven-process consensus. This lower bound holds even if the objects have unbounded size and the termination requirement isnondeterministic solo termination, a property strictly weaker than randomized wait-freedom.We then use this result to related the randomized space complexity of basic multiprocessor synchronization primitives such asshared counters, fetch&addregisters, andcompare&swapregisters. Viewed collectively, our results imply that there is a separation based on space complexity for synchronization primitives in randomized computation, and that this separation differs from that implied by the deterministic “wait-free hierarchy.”
EXPRESS
Authors: Shu N. C. , Housel B. C. , Taylor R. W. , Ghosh S. P. , Lum V. Y. 
Published: July 2002

EXPRESS is an experimental prototype data translation system which can access a wide variety of data and restructure it for new uses. The system is driven by two very high level nonprocedural languages: DEFINE for data description and CONVERT for data restructuring. Program generation and cooperating process techniques are used to achieve efficient operation.
This paper describes the design and implementation of EXPRESS. DEFINE and CONVERT are summarized and the implementation architecture presented.
The DEFINE description is compiled into a customized PL/1 program for accessing source data. The restructuring specified in CONVERT is compiled into a set of customized PL/1 procedures to derive multiple target files from multiple input files. Job steps and job control statements are generated automatically. During execution, the generated procedures run under control of a process supervisor, which coordinates buffer management and handles file allocation, deallocation, and all input/output requests.
The architecture of EXPRESS allows efficiency in execution by avoiding unnecessary secondary storage references while at the same time allowing the individual procedures to be independent of each other. Its modular structure permits the system to be extended or transferred to another environment easily.
Modeling for text compression
Authors: Bell Timothy , Witten Ian H. , Cleary John G. 
Published: July 2002

The best schemes for text compression use large models to help them predict which characters will come next. The actual next characters are coded with respect to the prediction, resulting in compression of information. Models are best formed adaptively, based on the text seen so far. This paper surveys successful strategies for adaptive modeling that are suitable for use in practical text compression systems.
The strategies fall into three main classes: finite-context modeling, in which the last few characters are used to condition the probability distribution for the next one; finite-state modeling, in which the distribution is conditioned by the current state (and which subsumes finite-context modeling as an important special case); and dictionary modeling, in which strings of characters are replaced by pointers into an evolving dictionary. A comparison of different methods on the same sample texts is included, along with an analysis of future research directions.
ACTIN: General Principles from Studies in Yeast
Authors: Ayscough Kathryn R. , Drubin David G. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Three of the most important questions concerning actin function are: (a) How does actin structure relate to actin function? (b) How does each of the numerous proteins that interact with actin contribute to actin cytoskeleton function in vivo? (c) How are the activities of these proteins regulated? Powerful molecular genetics combined with well-established biochemical techniques make the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae an ideal organism for studies aimed at answering these questions. The protein sequences and biochemical properties of actin and its interacting proteins and the pathways that regulate these interactions all appear to be conserved, indicating that principles elucidated from studies in yeast will apply to all eukaryotes. In this review, we highlight advances in our general understanding of actin properties, interactions with other proteins, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, derived from studies in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae.
Quasi-Replication and the Contract of Error: Lessons from Sex Ratios, Heritabilities and Fluctuating Asymmetry
Authors: Palmer A. Richard 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Selective reporting—e.g., the preferential publication of results that are statistically significant, or consistent with theory or expectation—presents a challenge to meta-analysis and seriously undermines the quest for generalizations. Funnel graphs (scatterplots of effect size vs. sample size) help reveal the extent of selective reporting. They also allow the strength of biological effects to be judged easily, and they reaffirm the value of graphical presentations of data over statistical summaries.Funnel graphs of published results, including: (a) sex-ratio variation in birds, (b) field estimates of heritabilities, and (c) relations between fluctuating asymmetry and individual attractiveness or fitness, suggest selective reporting is widespread and raise doubts about the true magnitude of these phenomena. Quasireplication—the “replication” of previous studies using different species or systems—has almost completely supplanted replicative research in ecology and evolution. Without incentives for formal replicative studies, which could come from changes to editorial policies, graduate training programs, and research funding priorities, the contract of error will continue to thwart attempts at robust generalizations.“For as knowledges are now delivered, there is a kind of contract of error between the deliverer and the receiver: for he that delivereth knowledge desireth to deliver it in such a form as may be best believed, and not as may be best examined; and he that receiveth knowledge desireth rather present satisfaction than expectant inquiry; and so rather not to doubt than not to err: glory making the author not to lay open his weakness, and sloth making the disciple not to know his strength.”     The Advancement of Learning, Francis Bacon, 1605 ( 8 :170–171)
ROLE OF CYTOKINES IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Feldmann Marc , Brennan Fionula M. , Maini Ravinder N. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Analysis of cytokine mRNA and protein in rheumatoid arthritis tissue revealed that many proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1, IL-6, GM-CSF, and chemokines such as IL-8 are abundant in all patients regardless of therapy. This is compensated to some degree by the increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGFβ and cytokine inhibitors such as IL-1ra and soluble TNF-R. However, this upregulation in homeostatic regulatory mechanisms is not sufficient as these are unable to neutralize all the TNFα and IL-1 produced.In rheumatoid joint cell cultures that spontaneously produce IL-1, TNFα was the major dominant regulator of IL-1. Subsequently, other proinflammatory cytokines were also inhibited if TNFα was neutralized, leading to the new concept that the proinflammatory cytokines were linked in a network with TNFα at its apex. This led to the hypothesis that TNFα was of major importance in rheumatoid arthritis and was a therapeutic target. This hypothesis has been successfully tested in animal models, of, for example, collagen-induced arthritis, and these studies have provided the rationale for clinical trials of anti-TNFα therapy in patients with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis. Several clinical trials using a chimeric anti-TNFα antibody have shown marked clinical benefit, verifying the hypothesis that TNFα is of major importance in rheumatoid arthritis. Retreatment studies have also shown benefit in repeated relapses, indicating that the disease remains TNFα dependent. Overall these studies demonstrate that analysis of cytokine expression and regulation may yield effective therapeutic targets in inflammatory disease.