bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of soil physical properties of peat substrate
Authors: ZAMLJEN Tilen , SLATNAR Ana , ZUPANC Vesna 
Published: December 2020

Peat substrate is the main substrate for plant production, mainly for the cultivation of vegetable seedlings and ornamental plants. Peat has good water retention properties, low mass, low pH and is free from diseases and pests. The water retention properties are particularly important for optimizing irrigation and thus water consumption in plant production. We investigated the water retention properties of unused and used peat substrate and various mixtures with additives, as well as the occurrence of water repellency, as this influences water absorption into the substrate. Unused peat substrate and different mixtures retained between 3.4 % and 18.4 % more water than the used substrate. The daily water losses are lower for the used substrates that initially contain lower water content at full saturation. At tensions between 10 and 33 kPa, the unused peat substrate contained between 25 % and 32 % water. The wilting point (WP) for unused peat substrate (tension between 300 and 1500 kPa) was between 15 and 18 %. Peat substrate has a wide interval of field capacity and the transition from the field capacity to wilting point is fast (change in water content between 7 % and 10 %). After drying, the water repellency of both unused and used peat substrates increased.
Criminal Responsibility and Cannabis Use: Psychiatric Review and Proposed Guidelines
Authors: Niveau G 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
An evaluation of the criminal responsibility of an offender who has consumed cannabis necessitates knowledge of the effect of the product on the offender's mental state at the time of the alleged offense. However, the effects induced by cannabis are numerous and the forensic psychiatrist should base his diagnosis and his evaluation on facts which are as objective as possible. A selective literature review, using the computerized databases Medline, Psychlit and Embase, has been carried out to aid evaluation from a forensic psychiatry point of view. Biological means of cannabis detection, and the difficulties associated with using them to understand the clinical effect that the product has on any one user, are shown. Eight major categories which can be used in the domain of forensic psychiatry are detailed in this review: Acute usual effects, acute adverse effects, mood disturbance, acute toxic confusion, acute psychotic reaction, chronic paranoid psychosis, amotivational syndrome or other long term effects, and flashbacks. For each of these categories the effects of cannabis intoxication on cognitive and volitional capacities are analyzed, and guidelines for the evaluation of criminal responsibility are proposed.
Sharp Injury Fatalities in New York City
Authors: Gill JR , Catanese C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We reviewed the case records of all fatalities due to sharp injuries in New York City in 1999. The epidemiological profile, circumstances, toxicology results, location, and injuries were examined. There were 120 deaths: 101 homicides, 17 suicides, and 2 accidents. The causes of death included: 112 due to stab(s) with or without incised wounds and 8 pure incised wound fatalities of which 5 were suicides. The detection of ethanol and/or illicit drugs was 61% in the homicide and 12% in the suicide groups. “Defense wounds” were reported in 49% of the homicides and “hesitation” wounds were found in 65% of the suicides. There were no selfinflicted sharp injuries of the face. Deaths due to a single stab wound occurred in 34% (34/101) of the homicides and 24% (4/17) of the suicides. Of these 38 deaths, 58% were of the anterior thorax (chest) and 71% injured the heart and/or great vessels. The remaining deaths with single stab wounds involved the femoral artery, abdominal organs, or head. There were no sharp injury suicides by Hispanics, Asians, or anyone under the age of 18 years. Over half of the suicides at home occurred in the bathroom and 78% of these occurred in the bathtub. Suicide notes were found in 24% of suicides, and an additional 24% verbally expressed a plan to commit suicide.
The Identification of Sodium Fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) Employing NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Kirms MA , Kirms LM 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was employed for the purpose of identifying samples of materials suspected of containing sodium fluoroacetate (Compound 1080). Acquisition of routine proton (1H) and carbon (13C) NMR spectra provided a straight-forward means for determining the presence of Compound 1080 in the samples and thus afforded a simple method for analysis and identification of this compound.
Allele Frequencies of Microsatellite Repeat Loci in Bhargavas, Chaturvedis, and Brahmins of North India
Authors: Agrawal S , Müller B , Bharadwaj U , Bhatnagar S , Khan F 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Extraction: Modified salting out technique (1) followed by phenol—chloroform extraction and ethanol precipitation.
Inhibition Underlies Fast Undulatory Locomotion inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Deng Lan , Denham Jack E. , Arya Charu , Yuval Omer , Cohen Netta , Haspel Gal 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInhibition plays important roles in modulating the neural activities of sensory and motor systems at different levels from synapses to brain regions. To achieve coordinated movement, motor systems produce alternating contractions of antagonist muscles, whether along the body axis or within and among limbs, which often involves direct or indirect cross-inhibitory pathways. In the nematodeCaenorhabditis elegans, a small network involving excitatory cholinergic and inhibitory GABAergic motoneurons generates the dorsoventral alternation of body-wall muscles that supports undulatory locomotion. Inhibition has been suggested to be necessary for backward undulation because mutants that are defective in GABA transmission exhibit a shrinking phenotype in response to a harsh touch to the head, whereas wild-type animals produce a backward escape response. Here, we demonstrate that the shrinking phenotype is exhibited by wild-type as well as mutant animals in response to harsh touch to the head or tail, but only GABA transmission mutants show slow locomotion after stimulation. Impairment of GABA transmission, either genetically or optogenetically, induces lower undulation frequency and lower translocation speed during crawling and swimming in both directions. The activity patterns of GABAergic motoneurons are different during low-frequency and high-frequency undulation. During low-frequency undulation, GABAergic VD and DD motoneurons show correlated activity patterns, while during high-frequency undulation, their activity alternates. The experimental results suggest at least three non-mutually exclusive roles for inhibition that could underlie fast undulatory locomotion inC. elegans, which we tested with computational models: cross-inhibition or disinhibition of body-wall muscles, or neuronal reset.
The VLPFC versus the DLPFC in Downregulating Social Pain Using Reappraisal and Distraction Strategies
Authors: Zhao Jun , Mo Licheng , Bi Rong , He Zhenhong , Chen Yuming , Xu Feng , Xie Hui , Zhang Dandan 
Published: December 2020

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) are both crucial structures involved in voluntary emotional regulation. However, it remains unclear whether the functions of these two cortical regions that are involved in emotional regulation, which are usually active in non-social situations, could be generalized to the regulation of social pain as well. This study employed transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to examine the causal relationship between the DLPFC/VLPFC and the emotional regulation of social pain via distraction and reappraisal. Ninety human participants (45 males and 45 females) initially underwent either active (DLPFC/VLPFC,n= 30/30) or sham (vertex,n= 30) TMS sessions. Participants were then instructed to use both distraction and reappraisal strategies to downregulate any negative emotions evoked by social exclusion pictures. Convergent results of the subjective emotional rating and electrophysiological indices demonstrated that: (1) both the DLPFC and VLPFC highly facilitate the downregulation of affective responses caused by social exclusion, revealing a causal role of these lateral PFCs in voluntary emotional regulation of both non-social and social pain; and (2) these two cortical regions showed relative functional specificity for distraction (DLPFC) and reappraisal (VLPFC) strategies, which helps to refine the cortical targeting of therapeutic protocols. In addition, the TMS effect was sustainable for at least 1 h, showcasing the potential feasibility of using this method in clinical practice. Together, these findings provide cognitive and neural evidence for the targeting of the VLPFC and/or the DLPFC to improve emotional regulation abilities, especially in social contexts.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study aimed to examine the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) in emotional regulation, particularly in response to social pain through the use of distraction and reappraisal strategies, as this is a relatively underexplored area of inquiry. This study makes a significant contribution to the literature because our results provide novel empirical information on the role of these cortical structures in the processing of negative emotions elicited within certain social contexts. As such, our findings have potential clinical implications, paving the way for future clinicians to be able to accurately target specific brain regions among patients struggling with impaired social cognition abilities, including those diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder, autism spectrum disorder, social anxiety disorder, and depression.
The Two Cysteines of Tau Protein Are Functionally Distinct and Contribute Differentially to Its Pathogenicityin Vivo
Authors: Prifti Engie , Tsakiri Eleni N. , Vourkou Ergina , Stamatakis George , Samiotaki Martina , Papanikolopoulou Katerina 
Published: December 2020

Although Tau accumulation is clearly linked to pathogenesis in Alzheimer's disease and other Tauopathies, the mechanism that initiates the aggregation of this highly soluble proteinin vivoremains largely unanswered. Interestingly,in vitroTau can be induced to form fibrillar filaments by oxidation of its two cysteine residues, generating an intermolecular disulfide bond that promotes dimerization and fibrillization. The recently solved structures of Tau filaments revealed that the two cysteine residues are not structurally equivalent since Cys-322 is incorporated into the core of the fibril, whereas Cys-291 projects away from the core to form the fuzzy coat. Here, we examined whether mutation of these cysteines to alanine affects differentially Tau mediated toxicity and dysfunction in the well-establishedDrosophilaTauopathy model. Experiments were conducted with both sexes, or with either sex. Each cysteine residue contributes differentially to Tau stability, phosphorylation status, aggregation propensity, resistance to stress, learning, and memory. Importantly, our work uncovers a critical role of Cys-322 in determining Tau toxicity and dysfunction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCysteine-291 and Cysteine-322, the only two cysteine residues of Tau present in only 4-Repeat or all isoforms, respectively, have competing functions: as the key residues in the catalytic center, they enable Tau auto-acetylation; and as residues within the microtubule-binding repeat region are important not only for Tau function but also instrumental in the initiation of Tau aggregation. In this study, we present the firstin vivoevidence that their substitution leads to differential consequences on Tau's physiological and pathophysiological functions. These differences raise the possibility that cysteine residues play a potential role in determining the functional diversity between isoforms.
Digital Justice
Authors: Chundur Suguna 
Published: December 2020

As technology use permeates many parts of society there are still groups where the penetration of technology is low: adults with little exposure to technology during their traditional learning years, users from lower SES, lower education levels, resulting in a digital divide between the digital haves and have-nots. This paper presents a community-based, mixed methods research project that endeavored to study the phenomenon of digital divide through a set of theoretical frameworks: Rawls’ principles of justice as fairness provided the overall social justice umbrella, Sen’s capability approach grounded the study in the specificities of learners’ lives and acknowledged learner diversity, and Horton’s cultural education, Freire’s critical consciousness, and Eubanks’ critical technology education provided the pedagogical lens to understand the importance of the critical learning process in digital education. The findings from the study support the concept of situated or contextual technology that seeks to increase the benefits of technology for adult learners while providing them the tools to manage complex digital environments through relatable instruction, user-centric design for technological tools and interfaces, and more robust government action in alleviating the digital divide through well-designed digital literacy programs.
Smoking Cessation Counseling in the Inpatient Unit: A Survey of Pediatric Hospitalists
Authors: Dickinson Blair J. , Thompson E. Douglas , Gracely Edward J. , Wilson Karen M. 
Published: December 2020

OBJECTIVES:
To determine practices and beliefs of pediatric hospitalists regarding smoking cessation counseling for caregivers of hospitalized children.

METHODS:
An electronic survey was distributed to 249 members of the Pediatric Research in Inpatient Settings Network over 6 weeks in 2017 (83 responses [33%]). Questions explored beliefs regarding the impact of tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) and practices in TSE screening, provision of counseling, resources, and pharmacotherapy. Nonparametric tests were used to compare groups on numeric variables, χ2 tests were used to compare groups on nominal variables, and McNemar’s test was used to compare dichotomous responses within subjects.

RESULTS:
All respondents were familiar with the term “secondhand smoke,” and &gt;75% were familiar with “thirdhand smoke” (THS). Familiarity with THS was associated with more recent completion of training (P = .04). Former smokers (7%) were less likely to agree that THS has a significant impact on a child’s health (P = .04). Hospitalists ask about TSE more often than they provide counseling, resources, or pharmacotherapy to caregivers who want to quit smoking. Hospitalists are more likely to ask about TSE and provide cessation counseling when patients have asthma as opposed to other diseases. Time was identified by 41% of respondents as a barrier for providing counseling and by 26% of respondents as a barrier for providing resources. Most respondents never prescribe pharmacotherapy (72%), nor do they follow-up with caregivers after hospitalization regarding cessation (87%).

CONCLUSIONS:
Although most respondents ask about TSE, opportunities are missed for counseling and providing support to caregivers who want to quit smoking. Providers should be educated about THS, and systems should be streamlined to facilitate brief counseling sessions.
Three-Year Follow-up of 2-Dose Versus 3-Dose HPV Vaccine
Authors: Bornstein Jacob , Roux Surita , Kjeld Petersen Lone , Huang Li-Min , Dobson Simon R. , Pitisuttithum Punnee , Diez-Domingo Javier , Schilling Andrea , Ariffin Hany , Tytus Richard , Rupp Richard , Senders Shelly , Engel Eli , Ferris Daron , Kim Yae-Jean , Tae Kim Young , Kurugol Zafer , Bautista Oliver , Nolan Katrina M. , Sankaranarayanan Sandhya , Saah Alfred , Luxembourg Alain 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Human papillomavirus (HPV) antibody responses to the 9-valent human papillomavirus (9vHPV) vaccine among girls and boys (aged 9–14 years) receiving 2-dose regimens (months 0, 6 or 0, 12) were noninferior to a 3-dose regimen (months 0, 2, 6) in young women (aged 16–26 years) 4 weeks after last vaccination in an international, randomized, open-label trial (NCT01984697). We assessed response durability through month 36.

METHODS:
Girls received 2 (months 0 and 6 [0, 6]: n = 301; months 0 and 12 [0, 12]: n = 151) or 3 doses (months 0,2, and 6 [0, 2, 6]: n = 301); boys received 2 doses ([0, 6]: n = 301; [0, 12]: n = 150); and young women received 3 doses ([0, 2, 6]: n = 314) of 9vHPV vaccine. Anti-HPV geometric mean titers (GMTs) were assessed by competitive Luminex immunoassay (cLIA) and immunoglobulin G-Luminex immunoassay (IgG-LIA) through month 36.

RESULTS:
Anti-HPV GMTs were highest 1 month after the last 9vHPV vaccine regimen dose, decreased sharply during the subsequent 12 months, and then decreased more slowly. GMTs 2 to 2.5 years after the last regimen dose in girls and boys given 2 doses were generally similar to or greater than GMTs in young women given 3 doses. Across HPV types, most boys and girls who received 2 doses (cLIA: 81%–100%; IgG-LIA: 91%–100%) and young women who received 3 doses (cLIA: 78%–98%; IgG-LIA: 91%–100%) remained seropositive 2 to 2.5 years after the last regimen dose.

CONCLUSIONS:
Antibody responses persisted through 2 to 2.5 years after the last dose of a 2-dose 9vHPV vaccine regimen in girls and boys. In girls and boys, antibody responses generated by 2 doses administered 6 to 12 months apart may be sufficient to induce high-level protective efficacy through at least 2 years after the second dose.
Sustained Lung Inflations During Neonatal Resuscitation at Birth: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Kapadia Vishal S. , Urlesberger Berndt , Soraisham Amuchou , Liley Helen G. , Schmölzer Georg M. , Rabi Yacov , Wyllie Jonathan , Wyckoff Myra H. ,   on behalf of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Neonatal Life Support Task Force
Published: December 2020

CONTEXT:
The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation prioritized review of sustained inflation (SI) of the lung at birth.

OBJECTIVE:
To complete a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing strategies using 1 or more SI ≥1 second with intermittent inflations &lt;1 second for newborns at birth.

DATA SOURCES:
Medline, Embase, and Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews were searched from January 1, 1946, to July 20, 2020.

STUDY SELECTION:
Studies were selected by pairs of independent reviewers in 2 stages.

DATA EXTRACTION:
Reviewers extracted data, appraised risk of bias, and assessed certainty of evidence for each outcome.

RESULTS:
Ten trials enrolling 1502 preterm newborns were included. Five studies included newborns who did not receive assisted ventilation at the outset. There were no differences between SI and control groups for death before discharge or key morbidities. For death within the first 2 days, comparing SI with the controls, risk ratio was 2.42 (95% confidence interval = 1.15–5.09). In subgroup analysis of preterm infants ≤28 + 0 weeks’ gestation, for death before discharge, risk ratio was 1.38 (95% confidence interval = 1.00–1.91). Together, these findings suggest the potential for harm of SI.

LIMITATIONS:
The certainty of evidence was very low for death in the delivery room and low for all other outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS:
In this systematic review, we did not find benefit in using 1 or more SI &gt;5 seconds for preterm infants at birth. SI(s) may increase death before discharge among the subgroup born ≤28 + 0 weeks’ gestation. There is insufficient evidence to determine the likely effect of SI(s) on other key morbidities.
Physical stability of microliposomes in bene (Pistacia atlantica) oil with different formulations
Authors: Nikkhah Mahsa , Khoshkhoo Zhaleh , Seyed Ebrahim Hosseini  , Peyman Mahasti Shotorbani  , Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti  
Published: December 2020

Bene oil (pistacia atlantica), as a plant source, is rich in phenolic and tocopherol compounds and has significant antioxidant, therapeutic and antimicrobial effects. Encapsulation of hydrophobic compounds in liposome system is an ideal solution for protecting them against destruction during storage. An important advantage of liposomes is the encapsulation of hydrophilic, hydrophobic and amphiphilic compounds by using natural phospholipids, such as lecithin, with beneficial effects. The aim of this study is to encapsulate the bene kernel oil in the form of microliposomes. For this purpose, the effect of composition of liposomes based on lecithin and cholesterol was studied using the Mozafari method. Liposomes are prepared using lecithin and cholesterol in the ratios of 60:0, 50:10, 40:20 and 30:30. Particle size, size distribution, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency were charac-terised. According to the result, the size of liposomes was dependent on their composition, but the wasaffected significantly affected by adding cholesterol (P < 0.05). Average diameter of the particles was between 4 and 9 µm. Liposome with a ratio of 40:20 had the smallest size. By applying cholesterol, zeta potential increased from 16.4 mV to 32.39 mV, which indicates electrostatic stability of liposomes. In general, with encapsulation efficiency of 84.33%, the ratio of 40:20 is considered as an ideal concentration in the formulation of microliposomes. Based on the results, bene oil-loaded liposomes with a lecithin:cholesterol formulation ratio of :as 40:20 was chosen as an optimal formulation because of its smaller particle size, higher zeta potential and suitable stability, which can be used in trapping, delivering and releasing hydrophilic, adipose-friendly and amphiphilic compounds (dual-friendly).
A preliminary study and new distributional records of family Erebidae (Leach, [1815]) (Lepidoptera: Noctuoidea) from Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: FAROOQUI Shahabab A. , PARWEZ Hina , JOSHI Rahul 
Published: December 2020

In the present study, we have documented 59 species representing 43 genera of moths under family Erebidae (Leach, [1815]) from Aligarh district, the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The documented species represents 10 subfamilies of family Erebidae viz., Aganainae (5 species), Arctiinae (10 species), Calpinae (5 species), Ctenuchinae (3 species), Erebinae (22 species), Eulepidotinae (1 species), Hypocalinae (2 species), Lymantriinae (8 species), Pangraptinae (1 species), and Scoliopteryginae (1 species). Out of these 59 species, Sixteen species viz. are Asota plana Walker, 1854; Asota producta (Butler, 1875); Argina astrea (Drury, 1773); Olepa koslandana Orhant, 1986; Utetheisa pulchelloides Hampson, 1907; Eudocima homaena (Hübner, [1823]); Amata cysseus (Stoll, [1782]); Eressa confinis (Walker, 1854); Ophiusa tirhaca (Cramer, 1777); Pericyma cruegeri (Butler, 1886); Anticarsia irrorata (Fabricius, 1781); Hypocala deflorata (Fabricius, 1794); Hypocala violacea Butler, 1879; Cyana puella (Drury, 1773); Lymantria mathura Moore, [1866] and Episparis liturata (Fabricius, 1787) are recorded for the first time from Aligarh district, which also represents their first record from the present state of Uttar Pradesh.