bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXPLORING PARENTS’ HOME-BASED INVOLVEMENT IN THEIR CHILDREN’S ENGLISH LEARNING: TRIGGERS AND BARRIERS
Authors: Triutami Cicilia Siwi , Muljani Retno 
Published: January 2021

In Indonesian context, English has been taught in elementary school level and parents’ involvement is considered as one of the influencing factors which has contribution to the children’s language learning achievement. The rapid, complex and continuous societal changes in this digital era might impact and alter the possibilities of parents’ involvement in their children’s language learning. The current study explored the triggers and the barriers of parents’ home-based involvement in their children’s English language learning and the features of their involvement. The qualitative research by implementing semi-structured, in- depth interview with four parents of elementary students at one of private schools in Yogyakarta city was conducted. The findings show the three main triggers in parents’ home-based involvement namely: (1) parents’ belief of the importance of English, (2) the implementation of school technological learning tools and (3) parents’ expectation of their children academic achievement. While the barriers that parents encounter in their involvement are: (1) parents’ lack of time, (2) parents’ unproficiency in English and (3) parents’ unfamiliarity with the use of technological tools. As the features of involvement, the study reveals parents’ monitoring, accompaniment, assistances in their children’s home-learning activities, providing some additional English learning media and financing English private course. Keywords: Barriers, Children’s English Language Learning, Parents’ Home-Based Involvement, Triggers
Heart Transplantation - Part II: Aspects of Procedure and Medical Management
Authors: Givertz Michael M. 
Published: January 2021

Ischemic time, defined as the period from donor procurement to surgical implantation and restoration of intrinsic allograft function, is an independent risk factor for post-transplant mortality. In general, the ischemic time should be less than 4 hours. Most programs will accept donor hearts from within their own UNOS region or within a radius of 500 to 1000 miles to minimize ischemic time. Given the prevalent use of ventricular assist devices (VAD) as bridge to transplant and the increased time required to explant both the native heart and VAD hardware, patients must live within 2-3 hours (by car or air) of the transplant center. Coordinating the donor harvest and recipient preparation requires close collaboration between multiple surgeons, surgical teams and coordinators.
This review contains 11 figures, 7 tables, and 52 references.
Key words: heart transplant, immunosuppression, allograft rejection, infection, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, malignancy, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, survival
Performance Measurement in Surgery
Authors: Dimick Justin B. 
Published: January 2021

With growing recognition that the quality of surgical care varies widely, good measures of performance are in high demand. An ever-broadening array of performance measures is being developed to meet these different needs; however, considerable uncertainty remains about which measures are most useful for measuring surgical quality. Current measures encompass different elements of health care structure, process of care, and patient outcomes. This review covers overview of surgical quality measures, categories of quality measures, structural measures of quality, process of care measures, direct outcome measures, matching the measure to the purpose, improving existing performance measures, and the future of performance measurement. Figures show relative ability of historical (2005-2006) measures of hospital volume and risk-adjusted mortality to predict subsequent (2007-2008) risk-adjusted mortality in US Medicare patients, risk-adjusted mortality and morbidity for colon resection at individual hospitals before and after adjustment for reliability, variation in surgeon technical skill for 20 bariatric surgeons performing laparoscopic gastric bypass in the Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative (MBSC), and relationship of surgeon technical skill and risk-adjusted complications and resource use after laparoscopic gastric bypass in the MBSC. The table lists primary strengths and limitations of structure, process, and outcome measures.

This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 1 table, and 34 references
Evidence-Based Surgery
Authors: Bilimoria Karl Y. , Brooke Benjamin S 
Published: January 2021

The practice of surgery has undergone a dramatic evolution over the last century with the availability of new scientific evidence supporting different surgical techniques and management. Evidence-based surgery is defined as the judicious and systematic application of scientific evidence to surgical decision making and the establishment of standards of surgical care. This includes efforts to appraise the strength of scientific evidence and evaluate the quality of research studies or evidence, as well as efforts to interpret and apply evidence to clinical practice. In this review, we discuss important methodology and approaches in surgical health services research to accomplish these goals and improve the quality of care in surgery. By providing this overview, we hope readers will be able to navigate the surgical literature and apply evidence-based science to their own surgical practice.
This review contains 1 figure, 3 tables, and 43 references.
Key words: bias, comparative effectiveness, confounding, evidence, external validity, implementation science, internal validity, pragmatic trials, quality, risk adjustment, surgery
Paralyzed Diaphragm
Authors: Onders Raymond P. , Linden Philip A. 
Published: January 2021

Diaphragmatic dysfunction may be unilateral or bilateral, with symptoms ranging from dyspnea only on extreme exertion to ventilator dependence. The etiology, treatment, and prognosis are quite different in unilateral and bilateral paralysis. A paralyzed hemidiaphragm may occur in isolation or as part of a systemic disease, whereas bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis usually occurs as a result of a traumatic or neuromuscular degenerative process. This review covers clinical evaluation, investigative studies, and management of diaphragmatic dysfunction. Figures show diaphragmatic motion during respiration, a postoperative radiograph from a 55-year-old woman who underwent left upper lobectomy, a postoperative radiograph of a 70-year-old man who underwent left upper lobectomy for removal of a peripheral 3 cm lesion, three chest radiographs of a 25-year-old man with a residual anterior mediastinal mass after treatment for germ cell tumor, chest radiograph showing left diaphragmatic paralysis in a breast cancer patient with malignant adenopathy involving the left phrenic nerve near the left main pulmonary artery, several parallel rows of sutures placed in the muscular portion and central tendon of the diaphragm and tied with the aid of a knot pusher, a laparoscopic mapping probe held onto the left diaphragm with suction and which receives electrical stimuli from an external clinical station, an electrode implant device that houses the electrode in the needle and is placed into the diaphragm tangentially, and the diaphragm pacing system programmed for conditioning and attached via percutaneously placed diaphragm electrodes in a spinal cord-injured child for early conditioning and weaning from the ventilator. Tables list causes of isolated diaphragmatic paralysis, general causes of unilateral and bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis, and differential diagnosis of elevated hemidiaphragm on chest radiograph. A video shows current technique of laparoscopic diaphragm pacemaker insertion.

This review contains 9 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, 1 video, and 22 references
Tumors of the Stomach and Small Bowel
Authors: Wayne Jeffrey D. , Knab L. Mark , Bentrem David J. 
Published: January 2021

The overall incidence of gastric carcinoma has decreased in the past few decades, but it remains the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Malignant tumors of the small intestine are rare, and account for fewer than 5% of all gastrointestinal tract malignancies. This review details the classification, risk factors, clinical evaluation, investigative studies, staging, management, and follow-up and management of recurrent disease in gastric adenocarcinoma; in addition, it examines nonadenocarcinomatous gastric malignancies and small bowel malignancies.
This review contains 7 figures, 16 tables, and 92 references.
Keywords:Gastric adenocarcinoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, gastric lymphoma, Helicobacter pylori, small bowel adenocarcinoma, surgical resection, staging, chemotherapy, radiation therapy
Pulsatile Abdominal Mass
Authors: Upchurch Jr Gilbert R , Perry Robert J.T. 
Published: January 2021

When a pulsatile abdominal mass is found, the patient’s medical and surgical histories, the location of the mass, and the associated symptoms are essential clues to formulating a diagnostic and treatment plan. The underlying condition may range in severity from benign to life threatening. Further evaluation is imperative because, depending on the source of the pulsatile mass, immediate transport to the operating room or endovascular suite may be necessary. Here, the evaluation and management of patients presenting with pulsatile abdominal masses in both the emergent and elective settings are discussed. The careful selection of patients appropriate for repair, an evidence-based approach to imaging and risk stratification, and new techniques in resuscitation of and endovascular or hybrid approaches to patients with ruptured aneurysms are emphasized. Figures show a diagnostic and treatment algorithm for the patient presenting with a pulsatile abdominal mass, computed tomography (CT) image of a pulsatile abdominal mass distorting the anterior abdominal wall, CT image of an isolated right iliac artery aneurysm, CT image of a previous endovascular repair with kinking of the left iliac limb, aortic color flow duplex ultrasound image of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm following aneurysm repair, a CT image of a ruptured aortic aneurysm, and an aortic occlusion balloon used to obtain proximal control in a ruptured infrarenal abdominal aneurysm. The video shows pulsations in the abdominal wall in a patient with a large aneurysm. Tables list classification of endoleaks, anatomic considerations for endovascular repair of aortic aneurysms using Food and Drug Administration-approved endografts, recommended surveillance intervals by aneurysm size, comparison of factors used to estimate risk in the Revised Cardiac Risk Index and the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project Myocardial Infarction or Cardiac Arrest, and risk factors for the prediction of long-term mortality following elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 1 video, 5 tables, and 92 references
Varicose Vein Surgery
Authors: Markovic Jovan N. , Shortell Cynthia K. 
Published: January 2021

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a common vascular disorder that affects a significant proportion of the population in the United States and other developed countries. In its advanced stages, CVI significantly reduces patients’ quality of life and imposes a high economic burden on society due to increased direct health care costs and reduced productivity. Favorable clinical results associated with endovascular ablation techniques and patient preference for minimally invasive procedures has led to a shift in which treatment of vein disease is moving from the hospital to the office, allowing a more diverse group of physicians to enter a field that had typically been the domain of surgeons. This chapter reviews the terminology associated with venous disease, indications for varicose vein surgery, preoperative evaluation, procedural planning, endovenous procedures (endovenous laser ablation, radiofrequency ablation), surgical vein stripping techniques, and foam sclerotherapy. Tables include Clinical severity, Etiology or Cause, Anatomy, Pathophysiology classification; summary of nomenclature changes for the lower extremity venous system; indications for varicose vein surgery; interrogation points in the venous reflux examination; complications associated with treatment modalities used in the management of CVI; and methods of variceal ablation. Figures show an ultrasonographic image of a saphenous eye, placement of a quartz fiber for laser ablation of the great saphenous vein, a typical saphenofemoral junction, surgical stripping of the great saphenous vein, and microfoam sclerotherapy.
This review contains 9 figures, 6 tables and 73 references.
Injuries to Great Vessels of the Abdomen
Authors: Feliciano David V. , Asensio Juan A. 
Published: January 2021

In patients who have injuries to the great vessels of the abdomen, the findings on physical examination generally depend on whether a contained hematoma or active hemorrhage is present. This review covers resuscitation in profoundly hypotensive patients, damage control resuscitation, injuries in zones 1, 2, and 3, injuries in the porta hepatis or retrohepatic area, damage control laparatomy, endovascular therapies, and complications. Figures show algorithms illustrating management of intra-abdominal hematoma found at operation after penetrating trauma and blunt trauma; left medial visceral rotation performed by sharp and blunt dissection with elevation of the left colon, the left kidney, the spleen, the tail of the pancreas, and the gastric fundus; an autopsy view of the supraceliac aorta and the celiac axis, the proximal superior mesenteric artery, and the medially rotated left renal artery after removal of lymphatic and nerve tissue; injuries to the prepyloric area of the stomach and to the supraceliac abdominal aorta from a gunshot wound; a temporary intraluminal shunt inserted into the proximal superior mesenteric artery in a patient who had an adjacent injury to the neck of the pancreas after sustaining a gunshot wound; polytetrafluoroethylene patch repair of an injury to the infrarenal inferior vena cava; right perirenal hematoma and left external iliac artery and vein injury repaired with segmental resection and insertion of an 8 mm polytetrafluoroethylene graft and segmental resection and an end-to-end anastomosis, respectively. Tables list American Association for the Surgery of Trauma abdominal vascular organ injury scale, and survival rates after injuries to arteries and veins in the abdomen.

This review contains 9 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 89 references
Injuries to the Lower Urogenital Tract and Genitalia
Authors: Vanni Alex J. 
Published: January 2021

Injury to the lower urinary tract may involve multiple organs depending on the mechanism of injury, often requiring the collaboration of both trauma and orthopedic surgeons. Although blunt trauma to the lower urogenital tract and genitalia is much more common than penetrating trauma, both mechanisms of injury can produce life-altering injury. Prompt diagnosis is imperative for optimal outcomes and may require computed tomography, ultrasonography, and urethrography to delineate the extent of injury. The nature and variety of injuries require a combination of minimally invasive, open, and plastic surgical techniques for optimal management. Particular attention is required for possible female reproductive organ injury, particularly in the setting of sexual assault.

Key words: bladder injury, penile amputation, penile fracture, penile injury, scrotal trauma, urethral injury, urogenital trauma
Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Ebadat Aileen , Bui Eric , Brown Carlos V. R. 
Published: January 2021

Acute renal failure definitions have changed dramatically over the last 5 to 10 years as a result of criteria established through the following consensus statements/organizations: RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of function, End stage renal disease), AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network), and KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes). In 2002, the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative was tasked with the goal of establishing a consensus statement for acute kidney injury (AKI). The first order of business was to provide a standard definition of AKI. Up to this point, literature comparison was challenging as studies lacked uniformity in renal injury definitions. Implementing results into evidence-based clinical practice was difficult. The panel coined the term “acute kidney injury,” encompassing previous terms, such as renal failure and acute tubular necrosis. This new terminology represented a broad range of renal insults, from dehydration to those requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT). This review provides an algorithmic approach to the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management of AKI. Also discussed are special circumstances, including rhabdomyolysis, contrast-induced nephropathy, and hepatorenal syndrome. Tables outline the AKIN criteria, most current KDIGO consensus guidelines for definition of AKI, differential diagnosis of AKI, agents capable of causing AKI, treatment for specific complications associated with AKI, and options for continuous RRT. Figures show the RIFLE classification scheme and KDIGO staging with prevention strategies.

This review contains 1 management algorithm, 2 figures, 6 tables, and 85 references.
Keywords: Kidney, renal, KDIGO, azotemia, critical, urine, oliguria, creatinine, dialysis
Advance Directives, Do Not Resuscitate Orders, and Power of Attorney for Health Care
Authors: Stafman Laura , Reddy Sushanth 
Published: January 2021

In 2005, Terri Schiavo collapsed at home and was found by her husband without respirations or a pulse. She was resuscitated, but suffered severe anoxic brain injury and after 21/2 months was diagnosed as being in a persistent vegetative state. A court appointed her husband as her legal guardian as she did not have a written advance directive and had not specified a power of attorney for health care (POAHC), but heated court battles raged between her husband and her parents regarding who should be making decisions and what the appropriate decisions were. This case highlights the importance of writing down instructions for end-of-life care or designating someone to make decisions in their best interest in the event they could not make these decisions themselves. This review covers advance directives, do-not-resuscitate orders, and POAHC. Figures show an extended values history form, an example of a living will, the California’s Physician Orders for Life-Sustaining Treatment form, components of the CURVES mnemonic to assess decision-making capacity in critical/emergency situations, and activation and deactivation of power of attorney for health care. Tables list the most common types of advance directive and description of each, barriers to the use of advance directives, common themes in surgeons’ attitudes regarding advance directives, general requirements and exclusions for POAHC, and requirements for decision-making capacity in patients.
This review contains 5 figures, 8 tables, and 58 references
Keywords: Advance directives, power of attorney in health care, do not resuscitate order, decision-making, end-of-life, critical care
The Future of Transplant Biology and Surgery
Authors: Colaco Marc , Atala Anthony 
Published: January 2021

Although allograft organs remain the gold standard for transplantation, the availability of donor organs has forced us to search for alternatives. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering offer a solution for this issue. Through the use of synthetic scaffolds and organic substrates, we have been able to generate neoorgans for a variety of different body systems. Although these neoorgans remain largely in the experimental phase, the results are promising, and recent technological developments have made production a realistic endeavor on the large scale. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the field of regenerative medicine and their application to the future of transplant surgery.
This review contains 6 figures, 2 tables and 42 references
Key Words: bioengineering, biomaterial, bioreactor, decellularized organs, organ scaffolds, regenerative medicine, stem cell, three-dimensional printing
Human Adult Reproductive System
Authors: Guthrie Patrick , Von Hofe Johanna , Lancaster Rachael B 
Published: January 2021

The human reproductive system is a unique combination of organs and endocrine components that is extremely complex and adaptive. The reproductive organs are distinct between males and females, and sexual differentiation is a result of genotype, gonadal type, and phenotype. The anatomic and physiologic system of each sex is composed with a set purpose: to propagate the human species. Linked closely to the reproductive system is the endocrine system, which provides the messengers and feedback mechanisms that allow the development, maintenance, and function of the reproductive organs. The gonads have both endocrine and exocrine functions, namely steroidogenesis and gametogenesis. This review focuses on the components of the endocrine system as well as male and female anatomy and physiology to fully grasp the human reproductive system.
Key words: fertility, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, reproductive anatomy, sexual aging, sexual physiology
Small Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantation
Authors: DuBray Bernard J. , Farmer Douglas G. 
Published: January 2021

The role of transplantation in the management of intestinal failure continues to evolve. Since the development of parenteral nutrition in the late 1960s, permanent intestinal failure has been medically managed with visceral transplantation, reserved for those who develop life-threatening complications. A multidisciplinary approach to intestinal care has led to the emergence of intestinal rehabilitation programs that have successfully achieved nutritional autonomy for many individuals through the promotion of adaptation. Whereas the short-term results of visceral transplantation have improved dramatically to the level of other solid organs, durable long-term graft survival has been elusive. This review covers intestinal failure, epidemiology, intestinal and multivisceral transplantation, and the future of intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. Figures show the embryonic origin of the multivisceral allograft, en bloc retrieval of the intestinal allograft, preparation for engraftment, vascularization of the isolated intestinal allograft, enteric reconstruction of the intestinal allograft, the liver-intestine allograft, preparation for liver-intestine engraftment, the modified multivisceral graft, arterial reconstruction in modified multivisceral transplantation, vascularization of the modified multivisceral allograft, recipient preparation in modified multivisceral transplantation, intestinal alloreactivity, graft survival among intestinal transplant recipients, patient survival among intestinal transplant recipients, candidates waiting for an intestine transplant, and distribution of candidates waiting for intestinal transplantation. Tables list causes of intestinal failure, predictors of outcome in intestinal failure, failure of total parenteral nutrition therapy as defined by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, histologic grading of acute cellular rejection, and criteria for chronic rejection in visceral allografts.

This review contains 16 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 54 references.