bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inter‐ and intra‐individual coupling between pupillary, electrophysiological, and behavioral responses in a visual oddball task
Authors: LoTemplio Sara , Silcox Jack , Federmeier Kara D. , Payne Brennan R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough the P3b component of the event‐related brain potential is one of the most widely studied components, its underlying generators are not currently well understood. Recent theories have suggested that the P3b is triggered by phasic activation of the locus‐coeruleus norepinephrine (LC‐NE) system, an important control center implicated in facilitating optimal task‐relevant behavior. Previous research has reported strong correlations between pupil dilation and LC activity, suggesting that pupil diameter is a useful indicator for ongoing LC‐NE activity. Given the strong relationship between LC activity and pupil dilation, if the P3b is driven by phasic LC activity, there should be a robust trial‐to‐trial relationship with the phasic pupillary dilation response (PDR). However, previous work examining relationships between concurrently recorded pupillary and P3b responses has not supported this. One possibility is that the relationship between the measures might be carried primarily by either inter‐individual (i.e., between‐participant) or intra‐individual (i.e., within‐participant) contributions to coupling, and prior work has not systematically delineated these relationships. Doing so in the current study, we do not find evidence for either inter‐individual or intra‐individual relationships between the PDR and P3b responses. However, baseline pupil dilation did predict the P3b. Interestingly, both the PDR and P3b independently predicted inter‐individual and intra‐individual variability in decision response time. Implications for the LC‐P3b hypothesis are discussed.
Prevalence, patterns and beliefs about the use of herbal medicinal products in Ghana: a multi‐centre community‐based cross‐sectional study
Authors: Kretchy Irene A. , Koduah Augustina , Opuni Kwabena F. M. , Agyabeng Kofi , Ohene‐Agyei Thelma , Boafo Eugene A. , Ntow Prisca O. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveWorldwide, herbal medicinal products (HMPs) play key roles in healthcare systems, especially in developing countries, yet there is inconsistent evidence about their prevalence and patterns of use in Ghana. This study therefore sought to determine the prevalence, patterns and beliefs about the use of HMPs in Ghana.MethodsA descriptive community‐based cross‐sectional survey was conducted using a researcher‐administered questionnaire on 1364 adults, selected from five communities for each of the ecological zones in Ghana using a multi‐stage sampling procedure. The study was conducted between December 2019 and March 2020.ResultsThe prevalence of ever use of HMPs was 76.5% with 73.0% of respondents using these products within the past year. Almost 60% of respondents reported using HMPs that were registered by the Ghana Food and Drugs Authority. About 56.7% used these products to cure diseases. All the sociodemographic characteristics (age, religion, marital status, educational level and employment status) except for sex were significantly associated with the use of HMPs (P < 0.001). For beliefs about HMPs, the proportion of respondents classified to be accepting, ambivalent, indifferent and sceptical was 14.3%, 25.2%, 47.5% and 13.07%, respectively. About 62.2% of study participants had plans to use HMPs in the future, and 69.1% were willing to encourage others to use such products. However, 51.6% of the participants did not perceive HMPs as more effective and safe compared with orthodox products.ConclusionThe prevalence of use of HMPs in Ghana is high, thus suggesting an appropriate public health policy to improve the regulation of these products and also provide basis for the integration of HMPs into the healthcare system in Ghana.
An Assessment on the Plastic Capacity of Pipe-in-Pipe Systems Under Damage Progression Effect
Authors: Davaripour Farhad , Quinton Bruce W.T. , Pike Kenton 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In recent years, pipe-in-pipe (PiP) systems have been employed in an increasing number of subsea projects. According to the previous studies, the external pressure required to develop the initial local buckle on the PiP system is significantly higher than the pressure required to propagate the buckle along the system. In this respect, it is reasonable to investigate a novel topic where the propagation of buckle is induced by a lateral interference load instead of external pressure (e.g., diagonal fishing gear impact). On this subject, the recent studies showed the progression of plastic damage along a single-walled pipe, which is induced by a lateral load, could significantly lower the load-carrying capacity of the pipe. The present study investigates this finding for a PiP solution under a two-phase loading condition: in phase 1, the PiP solution is subject to 75 mm perpendicular indentation, and in phase 2, the resulting plastic damage in phase 1 is translated and induced longitudinally along the PiP system. Furthermore, using finite element analyses, the effect of combined loading (axial and lateral load) on the load-carrying capacity of the PiP specimen is investigated. The test results show that upon the initiation of damage progression, the load-carrying capacity of the PiP specimen (against the lateral indentation) declines by 10%. Also, the numerical results show that the structural resistance of a PiP specimen against a lateral indentation drops significantly when the inner pipe is subject to axial compression.
Posture-Invariant Three Dimensional Human Hand Statistical Shape Model
Authors: Yang Yusheng , Yuan Tianyun , Huysmans Toon , Elkhuizen Willemijn S. , Tajdari Farzam , Song Yu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A high-fidelity digital representation of (part of) the human body is a key enabler for integrating humans in a digital twin. Among different parts of human body, building the model of the hand can be a challenging task due to the posture deviations among collected scans. In this article, we proposed a posture invariant statistical shape model (SSM) of the human hand based on 59 3D scans of human hands. First, the 3D scans were spatially aligned using a Möbius sphere-based algorithm. An articulated skeleton, which contains 20 bone segments and 16 joints, was embedded for each 3D scan. Then, all scans were aligned to the same posture using the skeleton and the linear blend skinning (LBS) algorithm. Three methods, i.e., principal component analysis (PCA), kernel-PCA (KPCA) with different kernel functions, and independent component analysis (ICA), were evaluated in the construction of the SSMs regarding the compactness, the generalization ability, and the specificity. The PCA-based SSM was selected, where 20 principal components were used as parameters for the model. Results of the leave-one-out validation indicate that the proposed model was able to fit a given 3D scan of the human hand at an accuracy of 1.21 ± 0.14 mm. Experiment results also indicated that the proposed SSM outperforms the SSM that was built on the scans without posture correction. It is concluded that the proposed posture correction approach can effectively improve the accuracy of the hand SSM and therefore enables its wide usage in human-integrated digital twin applications.
New screening approach to detecting congenital syphilis in China: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Hu Fang , Guo Shuai-Jun , Lu Jian-Jun , Hua Ning-Xuan , Song Yan-Yan , Lin Sui-Fang , Zhu Sui 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundDiagnosis of congenital syphilis (CS) is not straightforward and can be challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the validity of an algorithm using timing of maternal antisyphilis treatment and titres of non-treponemal antibody as predictors of CS.MethodsConfirmed CS cases and those where CS was excluded were obtained from the Guangzhou Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of syphilis programme between 2011 and 2019. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) using receiver operating characteristics (ROC) in two situations: (1) receiving antisyphilis treatment or no-treatment during pregnancy and (2) initiating treatment before 28 gestational weeks (GWs), initiating after 28 GWs or receiving no treatment for syphilis seropositive women.ResultsAmong 1558 syphilis-exposed children, 39 had confirmed CS. Area under the curve, sensitivity and specificity of maternal non-treponemal titres before treatment and treatment during pregnancy were 0.80, 76.9%, 78.7% and 0.79, 69.2%, 88.7%, respectively, for children with CS. For the algorithm, ROC results showed that PPV and NPV for predicting CS were 37.3% and 96.4% (non-treponemal titres cut-off value 1:8 and no antisyphilis treatment), 9.4% and 100% (non-treponemal titres cut-off value 1:16 and treatment after 28 GWs), 4.2% and 99.5% (non-treponemal titres cut-off value 1:32 and treatment before 28 GWs), respectively.ConclusionsAn algorithm using maternal non-treponemal titres and timing of treatment during pregnancy could be an effective strategy to diagnose or rule out CS, especially when the rate of loss to follow-up is high or there are no straightforward diagnostic tools.
Systematic review of reviews of symptoms and signs of COVID-19 in children and adolescents
Authors: Viner Russell M , Ward Joseph Lloyd , Hudson Lee D , Ashe Melissa , Patel Sanjay Valabh , Hargreaves Dougal , Whittaker Elizabeth 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo undertake a systematic review of reviews of the prevalence of symptoms and signs of COVID-19 in those aged under 20 years.DesignNarrative systematic review of reviews. PubMed, medRxiv, Europe PMC and COVID-19 Living Evidence Database were searched on 9 October 2020.SettingAll settings, including hospitalised and community settings.PatientsChildren and young people (CYP) under age 20 years with laboratory-proven COVID-19.Study review, data extraction and qualityPotentially eligible articles were reviewed on title and abstract by one reviewer. Quality was assessed using the modified AMSTARS criteria and data were extracted from included studies by two reviewers.Main outcome measuresPrevalence of symptoms and signs of COVID-19.Results1325 studies were identified and 18 reviews were included. Eight were high quality, 7 medium and 3 low quality. All reviews were dominated by studies of hospitalised children. The proportion of asymptomatic CYP ranged from 14.6% to 42%. Fever and cough were the the most common symptoms; proportions with fever ranged from 46% to 64.2% and with cough from 32% to 55.9%. All other symptoms or signs including rhinorrhoea, sore throat, headache, fatigue/myalgia and gastrointestinal symptoms including diarrhoea and vomiting were infrequent, occurring in less than 10%–20%.ConclusionsFever and cough are the most common symptoms in CYP with COVID-19, with other symptoms infrequent. Further research on symptoms in community samples are needed to inform pragmatic identification and testing programmes for CYP.
Irish National Diabetic RetinaScreen Programme: report on five rounds of retinopathy screening and screen-positive referrals. (INDEAR study report no. 1)
Authors: Pandey Rajiv , Morgan Margaret M , Murphy Colette , Kavanagh Helen , Acheson Robert , Cahill Mark , McGettrick Patricia , O’Toole Louise , Hamroush Fatima , Mooney Therese , Byrne Helen , Fitzpatrick Patricia , Keegan David J 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo study the uptake of annual diabetic retinopathy screening and study the 5-year trends in the detection of screen-positive diabetic retinopathy and non-diabetes-related eye disease in a cohort of annually screened individuals.DesignRetrospective retinopathy screening attendance and retinopathy grading analysis.SettingCommunity-based retinopathy screening centres for the Diabetic RetinaScreen Programme.Participants171 557 were identified by the screening programme to be eligible for annual diabetic retinopathy screening. 120 048 individuals over the age of 12 consented to and attended at least one screening appointment between February 2013 to December 2018.Main Outcome MeasuresDetection rate per 100 000 of any retinopathy, screen-positive referrable retinopathy and nondiabetic eye disease.ResultsUptake of screening had reached 67.2% in the fifth round of screening. Detection rate of screen-positive retinopathy reduced from 13 229 to 4237 per 100 000 screened over five rounds. Detection of proliferative disease had reduced from 2898 to 713 per 100 000 screened. Non-diabetic eye disease detection and referral to treatment centres increased almost eightfold from 393 in round 1 to 3225 per 100 000 screened. The majority of individuals referred to treatment centres for ophthalmologist assessment are over the age of 50 years.ConclusionsScreening programme has seen a reduced detection rate both screen-positive retinopathy referral in Ireland over five rounds of screening. Management of nondiabetic eye diseases poses a significant challenge in improving visual outcomes of people living with diabetes in Ireland.
Plexus-specific retinal capillary avascular area in exudative age-related macular degeneration with projection-resolved OCT angiography
Authors: Gao Liqin , Wang Jie , You Qisheng , Guo Yukun , Flaxel Christina J , Hwang Thomas S , Huang David , Jia Yali , Bailey Steven T 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo detect the plexus-specific retinal capillary avascular area in exudative age-related macular degeneration (EAMD) with projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography (PR-OCTA).Methods and analysisIn this prospective cross-sectional single centre study, eyes with treatment-naïve EAMD underwent macular 3×3 mm OCTA with AngioVue system. OCTA scans were analysed and processed including three-dimensional projection artefact removal, retinal layer semi-automated segmentation and en face angiogram generation. Automated quantification of extrafoveal (excluding the central 1 mm circle) avascular area (EAA) were calculated on projection-resolved superficial vascular complex (SVC), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP), respectively.ResultsNineteen eyes with EAMD and 19 age-matched healthy control eyes were included. There was no significant difference between the EAMD and control eyes in terms of age, sex, axial length and mean ocular perfusion pressure (all p>0.05). Compared with control eyes, EAMD eyes had significantly larger EAA in SVC (median 0.125 vs 0.059 mm2, p=0.006), ICP (0.016 vs 0.000 mm2, p=0.004) and DCP (0.033 vs 0.000 mm2, p＜0.001).ConclusionPR-OCTA showed that EAMD is associated with focal avascular area in all the three retinal vascular plexuses.
Peripapillary sclera exhibits a v-shaped configuration that is more pronounced in glaucoma eyes
Authors: Wang Xiaofei , Tun Tin A , Nongpiur Monisha Esther , Htoon Hla M , Tham Yih Chung , Strouthidis Nicholas G , Aung Tin , Cheng Ching-Yu , Girard Michael JA 
Published: December 2020

AimsTo compare the shape of the anterior surface of the peripapillary sclera (PPS) between glaucoma and healthy subjects.Methods88 primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), 98 primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) and 372 age-matched and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited in this study. The optic nerve head of one randomly selected eye of each subject was imaged with spectral domain optical coherence tomography. The shape of the PPS was measured through an angle defined between a line parallel to the nasal anterior PPS boundary and one parallel to the temporal side. A negative value indicated that the PPS followed an inverted v-shaped configuration (peak pointing towards the vitreous), whereas a positive value indicated that it followed a v-shaped configuration.ResultsThe mean PPS angle in normal controls (4.56±5.99°) was significantly smaller than that in POAG (6.60±6.37°, p=0.011) and PACG (7.90±6.87°, p<0.001). The v-shaped PPS was significantly associated with older age (β=1.79, p<0.001), poorer best-corrected visual acuity (β=3.31, p=0.047), central corneal thickness (β=−0.28, p=0.001), peripapillary choroidal thickness (β=−0.21, p<0.001) and presence of POAG (β=1.94, p<0.009) and PACG (β=2.96, p<0.001). The v-shaped configuration of the PPS significantly increased by 1.46° (p=0.001) in healthy controls for every 10-year increase in age, but not in glaucoma groups.ConclusionsThe v-shaped configuration of the PPS was more pronounced in glaucoma eyes than in healthy eyes. This posterior bowing of the PPS may have an impact on the biomechanical environment of the optic nerve head.
Do smartphone applications and activity trackers increase physical activity in adults? Systematic review, meta-analysis and metaregression
Authors: Laranjo Liliana , Ding Ding , Heleno Bruno , Kocaballi Baki , Quiroz Juan C , Tong Huong Ly , Chahwan Bahia , Neves Ana Luisa , Gabarron Elia , Dao Kim Phuong , Rodrigues David , Neves Gisela Costa , Antunes Maria L , Coiera Enrico , Bates David W 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveTo determine the effectiveness of physical activity interventions involving mobile applications (apps) or trackers with automated and continuous self-monitoring and feedback.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed and seven additional databases, from 2007 to 2020.Study selectionRandomised controlled trials in adults (18–65 years old) without chronic illness, testing a mobile app or an activity tracker, with any comparison, where the main outcome was a physical activity measure. Independent screening was conducted.Data extraction and synthesisWe conducted random effects meta-analysis and all effect sizes were transformed into standardised difference in means (SDM). We conducted exploratory metaregression with continuous and discrete moderators identified as statistically significant in subgroup analyses.Main outcome measuresPhysical activity: daily step counts, min/week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, weekly days exercised, min/week of total physical activity, metabolic equivalents.ResultsThirty-five studies met inclusion criteria and 28 were included in the meta-analysis (n=7454 participants, 28% women). The meta-analysis showed a small-to-moderate positive effect on physical activity measures (SDM 0.350, 95% CI 0.236 to 0.465, I2=69%,T2=0.051) corresponding to 1850 steps per day (95% CI 1247 to 2457). Interventions including text-messaging and personalisation features were significantly more effective in subgroup analyses and metaregression.ConclusionInterventions using apps or trackers seem to be effective in promoting physical activity. Longer studies are needed to assess the impact of different intervention components on long-term engagement and effectiveness.
Time-efficient intervention to improve older adolescents’ cardiorespiratory fitness: findings from the ‘Burn 2 Learn’ cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Lubans David R , Smith Jordan J , Eather Narelle , Leahy Angus A , Morgan Philip J , Lonsdale Chris , Plotnikoff Ronald C , Nilsson Michael , Kennedy Sarah G , Holliday Elizabeth G , Weaver Natasha , Noetel Michael , Shigeta Tatsuya T , Mavilidi Myrto F , Valkenborghs Sarah R , Gyawali Prajwal , Walker Frederick R , Costigan Sarah A , Hillman Charles H 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important marker of current and future health status. The primary aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of a time-efficient school-based intervention on older adolescents’ CRF.MethodsTwo-arm cluster randomised controlled trial conducted in two cohorts (February 2018 to February 2019 and February 2019 to February 2020) in New South Wales, Australia. Participants (N=670, 44.6% women, 16.0±0.43 years) from 20 secondary schools: 10 schools (337 participants) were randomised to the Burn 2 Learn (B2L) intervention and 10 schools (333 participants) to the control. Teachers in schools allocated to the B2L intervention were provided with training, resources, and support to facilitate the delivery of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) activity breaks during curriculum time. Teachers and students in the control group continued their usual practice. The primary outcome was CRF (20 m multi-stage fitness test). Secondary outcomes were muscular fitness, physical activity, hair cortisol concentrations, mental health and cognitive function. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 6 months (primary end-point) and 12 months. Effects were estimated using mixed models accounting for clustering.ResultsWe observed a group-by-time effect for CRF (difference=4.1 laps, 95% CI 1.8 to 6.4) at the primary end-point (6 months), but not at 12 months. At 6 months, group-by-time effects were found for muscular fitness, steps during school hours and cortisol.ConclusionsImplementing HIIT during curricular time improved adolescents’ CRF and several secondary outcomes. Our findings suggest B2L is unlikely to be an effective approach unless teachers embed sessions within the school day.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618000293268).
Parental satisfaction with waiting time in a Swiss tertiary paediatric emergency department
Authors: Löflath Viola , Hau Eva-Maria , Garcia Daniel , Berger Steffen , Löllgen Ruth 
Published: December 2020

IntroductionPatient numbers in paediatric emergency departments (PED) are steadily increasing. Parental perception of waiting time and reasons for attending a PED with non-emergencies have been investigated in the UK, Australia, Korea, Canada and the USA. We sought to examine which factors influence parental satisfaction with waiting time in a tertiary Swiss PED and whether these differed from other countries.MethodsPaper surveys were administered to parents of children presenting to our interdisciplinary PED from February to May 2015. Primary outcome was parental satisfaction with waiting time, secondary outcomes were satisfaction with treatment, parental reasons for presentation with non-emergencies, parental perception of times to triage, first physician contact and disposition from ED, level of physician training, understanding of various anticrowding strategies and comparison of perceived and true waiting times to triage and physician contact.Results739 out of 750 surveys were returned (57 complete, 298 with 1 or 2 missing answers). Satisfaction with waiting time (on a 5-point-Likert-scale; 1 being the best possible answer) was higher in groups with shorter waiting time until triage (+0.41, p=0.001), first physician contact (+1.43, p<0.001) and discharge (+0.71, p<0.001), higher triage category urgency (+0.47, p=0.044) and available entertainment (+0.82, p<0.001). Early first physician contact (+0.33, p=0.008) and time to discharge less than 4 hours (+0.37, p<0.001) was associated with greater satisfaction with treatment (p<0.05). The most frequent reasons for presentation were parental impression that the child had an emergency (n=265, 35.9%) and referral by the family doctor (n=245, 33.2%).ConclusionTo counteract parental dissatisfaction associated with waiting time, we suggest the implementation of feasible measures including entertainment while waiting, early first medical review and timely discharge from the PED.