bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple and efficient route to 2‐arylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines and zolimidine using automated grindstone chemistry
Authors: Das Dharmendra , Bhutia Zigmee T. , Panjikar Padmini C. , Chatterjee Amrita , Banerjee Mainak 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA green and efficient mechanochemical method for the synthesis of a series of 2‐arylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines was developed using an electrical grinder. I2 catalyzed mechanochemical grinding facilitates the cyclocondensation reaction between various aryl methyl ketones and 2‐aminopyridines to afford 2‐arylimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines in good yields at ambient temperature. The method was successfully used for the gram‐scale synthesis of a marketed drug, zolimidine. The noticeable advantages of this environmentally sustainable protocol include mild conditions, simple instrumentation, inexpensive catalyst, atom economy, short reaction time etc.
Neural origins of basal diencephalon in teleost fishes: Radial versus tangential migration
Authors: Wullimann Mario F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTeleost fish possess large lateral diencephalic regions such as the torus lateralis, the preglomerular area, and the diffuse nucleus of the hypothalamic inferior lobe. While their developmental origins traditionally were suggested to lie in diencephalic midline ventricular proliferative zones, more remote midbrain origins were reported recently. This review focuses on the preglomerular region and summarizes the data supporting three existing hypotheses on its developmental origins. The conclusion is that lateral torus, diffuse nucleus of hypothalamic inferior lobe, and preglomerular region are part of the diencephalon, but have a multiregional origin provided by both radially and tangentially migrating cells forming these regions in question.
Validation and performance comparison of three SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody assays
Authors: Paiva Kimberly J. , Grisson Ricky D. , Chan Philip A. , Huard Richard C. , Caliendo Angela M. , Lonks John R. , King Ewa , Tang Eric W. , Pytel‐Parenteau Diane L. , Nam Ga H. , Yakirevich Evgeny , Lu Shaolei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSerology testing of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is increasingly being used during the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), although its clinical and epidemiologic utilities are still debatable. Characterizing these assays provides scientific basis to best use them. The current study assessed one chemiluminescent assay (Abbott COVID‐2 IgG) and two lateral flow assays (STANDARD Q [SQ] IgM/IgG Duo and Wondfo total antibody test) using 113 blood samples from 71 PCR‐confirmed COVID‐19 hospitalized patients, 119 samples with potential cross‐reactions, and 1068 negative controls including 942 pre‐pandemic samples. SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM antibodies became detectable 3‐4 days post‐symptom onset using SQ IgM test and IgG antibodies were first detected 5‐6 days post‐onset using SQ IgG. Abbott IgG and Wondfo Total were able to detect antibodies 7 to 8 days post‐onset. After 14 days post‐symptom onset, the SQ IgG, Abbott IgG and Wondfo Total tests were able to detect antibodies from 100% of the PCR‐confirmed patients in this series; 87.5% sensitivity for SQ IgM. Overall agreement was 88.5% between SQ IgM/IgG and Wondfo Total and 94.6% between SQ IgG and Abbott IgG. No cross‐reaction due to recent sera with three of the endemic coronaviruses was observed. Viral hepatitis and autoimmune samples were the main source of limited cross‐reactions. The specificities were 100% for SQ IgG and Wondfo Total, 99.62% for Abbott IgG, and 98.87% for SQ IgM. These findings demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity of appropriately validated SARS‐CoV‐2 serologic assays with implications for clinical use and epidemiological seroprevalence studies.
Is it all in the heart? Myocardial injury as major predictor of mortality among hospitalized COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Harmouch Farah , Shah Kashyap , Hippen John T. , Kumar Ashish , Goel Harsh 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is an infection caused by the virus SARS‐CoV‐2, and has caused the most widespread global pandemic in over 100 years. Given the novelty of the disease, risk factors of mortality and adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients remain to be elucidated. We present the results of a retrospective cohort study including patients admitted to a large tertiary‐care, academic university hospital with COVID‐19. Patients were admitted with confirmed diagnosis of COVID‐19 between 1 March and 15 April 2020. Baseline clinical characteristics and admission laboratory variables were retrospectively collected. Patients were grouped based on mortality, need for ICU care, and mechanical ventilation. Prevalence of clinical co‐morbidities and laboratory abnormalities were compared between groups using descriptive statistics. Univariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of mortality, ICU care and mechanical ventilation. Predictors significant at P ≤ .10 were included in multivariate analysis. Five hundred and sixty patients were included in the analysis. Age and myocardial injury were only independent predictors of mortality, in patients with/without baseline co‐morbidities. Body mass index, elevated ferritin, elevated d‐dimer, and elevated procalcitonin predicted need for ICU care, and these along with vascular disease at baseline predicted need for mechanical ventilation. Hence, inflammatory markers (ferritin and d‐dimer) predicted severe disease, but not death.
A structural equation model to examine the clinical features of mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19: A multicenter Italian study
Authors: Barillari Maria Rosaria , Bastiani Luca , Lechien Jerome R. , Mannelli Giuditta , Molteni Gabriele , Cantarella Giovanna , Coppola Nicola , Costa Giuseppe , Trecca Eleonora M. C. , Grillo Calogero , La Mantia Ignazio , Chiesa‐Estomba Carlos M. , Vicini Claudio , Saussez Sven , Nacci Andrea , Cammaroto Giovanni 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of mild‐to‐moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in a sample of Italian patients and to investigate the occurrence of smell and taste disorders. Infected individuals with suspected (clinical diagnosis) or laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 infection were recruited. Patients completed a survey‐based questionnaire with the aim of assessing their epidemiological and clinical characteristics, general otorhinolaryngological symptoms, and smell and taste disorders. A total of 294 patients with mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19 completed the survey (147 females). The most prevalent general symptoms included fever, myalgia, cough, and headache. A total of 70.4% and 59.2% of patients reported smell and taste disorders, respectively. A significant association between the two above‐mentioned disorders was found (rs: 0.412; P < .001). Smell disorders occurred before the other symptoms in 11.6% of patients and was not significantly associated with nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea. Interestingly, our statistical analysis did not show any significant difference, either for general symptoms or otorhinolaryngological features, between the clinical diagnosis group and the laboratory‐confirmed diagnosis (polymerase chain reaction) group. The structural equation model confirmed significant standardized paths (P < .05) between general symptoms, comorbidities, and general otorhinolaryngological complaints in the absence of a significant correlation between these elements and smell and taste alterations. The prevalence of smell and taste disorders in mild‐to‐moderate Italian COVID‐19 patients is significant both in suspected and laboratory‐confirmed cases and reveals a strong correlation between these clinical signs regardless of the presence of general or otorhinolaryngological symptoms, such as nasal obstruction or rhinorrhea.
Prevalence and risk factors of oral HPV infection among a healthy Iranian population; Kurdistan, West of Iran
Authors: Zargaran Massoumeh , Azizi jalilian Farid 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV) infection has implicated in the development of some of the oral/oropharyngeal cancers. However, controversy still exists regarding the prevalence of oral HPV (OHPV) and its risk factors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and variables of OHPV infection in a healthy Iranian population. This study evaluated 300 oral rinse samples. Following the oral and dental examination of participants and filling out a self‐administered questionnaire; samples collected by swishing and gargling 0.09% saline. The viral DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction and HPV genotyping then performed. Prevalence of OHPV DNA/OHPV+ infection and OHPV genotypes was 12% and 1% (two cases of HPV6 and one case of HPV53), respectively. Comparison of variables between OHPV+ and OHPV− groups revealed that only income (P = .045), number of cigarettes smoked per day (P = .002), and number of teeth in the mouth (P = .005) were significantly different between the two groups. In conclusion, prevalence of OHPV+ infection and its genotypes were very low in our healthy Iranian population, and its association was not significant with the majority of suggested risk factors. Further studies with a larger sample size are recommended to determine OHPV infection risk factors.
The role of autophagy in human cytomegalovirus IE2 expression
Authors: Zhang Xinyan , Xi Ting , Zhang Linlin , Bi Yidan , Huang Yuan , Lu Yuanyuan , Liu Xinglou , Fang Feng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether autophagy regulates the expression of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) immediately early two viral protein (IE2). Rapamycin and 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA) were used to stimulate or suppress autophagy during HCMV infection. UL122 recombinant plasmid was transfected to overexpress IE2 and small interference RNA against autophagy‐related protein 3 (ATG3) was used to knockdown ATG3. Western blot was performed to measure the expression of viral proteins and autophagy levels. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the immediately early 1 viral protein (IE1) expression. In human embryonic lung fibroblasts, infection of HCMV promotes the lipidation of light chain 3 (LC3) at 6 and 24 hours post infection (hpi), which was accompanied by the increased expression of viral protein IE2. When only IE2 was overexpressed via UL122 recombinant plasmid transfection without HCMV infection, the autophagy hallmarks LC3II and ATG3 were upregulated. Furthermore, viral protein IE2 expression was reduced at 24 and 48 hpi either by the treatment of autophagy inducer rapamycin or by the inhibitor 3‐MA before HCMV infection. At the same time, small interference ATG3 transient transfection, used to suppress autophagy, significantly inhibited IE2 expression. However, when 3‐MA was used to regulate autophagy levels after HCMV infection, expression of IE2 and IE1 were both decreased, while autophagy inducer rapamycin treatment after HCMV infection increased IE2 expression slightly. IE2 was involved in autophagy induced by HCMV infection and blocking autophagy could inhibit the expression of HCMV viral protein IE2, which might be one way for autophagy to restrict HCMV replication.
Climatic yield potential of Japonica‐type rice in the Korean Peninsula under RCP scenarios using the ensemble of multi‐GCM and multi‐RCM chains
Authors: Ahn Joong‐Bae , Kim Young‐Hyun , Shim Kyo‐Moon , Suh Myoung‐Seok , Cha Dong‐Hyun , Lee Dong‐Kyou , Hong Song‐You , Min Seung‐Ki , Park Seong‐Chan , Kang Hyun‐Suk 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRice production in the Korean Peninsula (KP) in the near future (2021–2050) is analysed in terms of the climatic yield potential (CYP) index for Japonica‐type rice. Data obtained from the dynamically downscaled daily temperature and sunshine duration for the Historical period (1981–2010) and near future under two Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) scenarios are utilized. To reduce uncertainties that might be induced by using a Coupled General Circulation Model (CGCM)—a Regional Climate Model (RCM) chain in dynamical downscaling, two CGCM—three RCM chains are used to estimate the CYP index. The results show that the mean rice production decreases, mainly due to the increase of the temperature during the grain‐filling period (40 days after the heading date). According to multi model ensemble, the optimum heading date in the near future will be approximately 12 days later and the maximum CYP will be even higher than in the Historical. This implies that the rice production is projected to decrease if the heading date is selected based on the optimum heading date of Historical, but to increase if based on that of near future. The mean rice production during the period of ripening is projected to decrease (to about 95% (RCP4.5) and 93% (RCP8.5) of the Historical) in the western and southern regions of the KP, but to increase (to about 104% (RCP4.5) and 106% (RCP8.5) of the Historical) in the northeastern coastal regions of the KP. However, if the optimum heading date is selected in the near future climate, the peak rice production is projected to increase (to about 105% (RCP4.5) and 104% (RCP8.5) of the Historical) in the western, southern and northeastern coastal regions of the KP, but to decrease (to about 98% (RCP4.5) and 96% (RCP8.5) of the Historical) in the southeastern coastal regions of the KP.
Comparative proteomic characterization of bovine milk containing β‐casein variants A1A1 and A2A2, and their heterozygote A1A2
Authors: Wang Xiaxia , Yu Zhongna , Zhao Xiaowei , Han Rongwei , Huang Dongwei , Yang Yongxin , Cheng Guanglong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDGenetic variants of β‐casein are cosnidered to affect the components of milk. However, limited data are available on the bovine protein components correlated with β‐casein variants at the proteome level. In the present study, cows producing milk containing β‐casein variants (A1A1 and A2A2) and their heterozygote (A1A2) were identified using a high‐resolution melting method, and milk samples were collected and tested. Comparative analyses of casein micelles, whey and milk fat globule membrane fractions in each milk variant were performed using a label‐free proteomics approach.RESULTSThe results obtained showed that ceruloplasmin and cathelicidin‐2 were the most abundant proteins in milk containing variant A1A1; lactoferrin and CD5 molecule‐like were the most abundant proteins in milk containing variant A2A2; and selenoprotein P and osteopontin were the most abundant proteins in milk containing heterozygote A1A2. Differences in protein components in milk containing the different β‐casein variants were visualized using hierarchical clustering, and profiles were separated using principal components analysis. The differentially expressed proteins in milk containing A1A1, A2A2 or A1A2 were predominantly involved in response to stress and defense response according to their Gene Ontology annotations.CONCLUSIONOur findings provide new insights into differentially expressed milk proteins corresponding to the presence of different β‐casein variants. This knowledge will help determine their potential biological functions in dairy products and the effects on human health. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Deblurring for spiral real‐time MRI using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Lim Yongwan , Bliesener Yannick , Narayanan Shrikanth , Nayak Krishna S. 
Published: July 2020

PurposeTo develop and evaluate a fast and effective method for deblurring spiral real‐time MRI (RT‐MRI) using convolutional neural networks.MethodsWe demonstrate a 3‐layer residual convolutional neural networks to correct image domain off‐resonance artifacts in speech production spiral RT‐MRI without the knowledge of field maps. The architecture is motivated by the traditional deblurring approaches. Spatially varying off‐resonance blur is synthetically generated by using discrete object approximation and field maps with data augmentation from a large database of 2D human speech production RT‐MRI. The effect of off‐resonance range, shift‐invariance of blur, and readout durations on deblurring performance are investigated. The proposed method is validated using synthetic and real data with longer readouts, quantitatively using image quality metrics and qualitatively via visual inspection, and with a comparison to conventional deblurring methods.ResultsDeblurring performance was found superior to a current autocalibrated method for in vivo data and only slightly worse than an ideal reconstruction with perfect knowledge of the field map for synthetic test data. Convolutional neural networks deblurring made it possible to visualize articulator boundaries with readouts up to 8 ms at 1.5 T, which is 3‐fold longer than the current standard practice. The computation time was 12.3 ± 2.2 ms per frame, enabling low‐latency processing for RT‐MRI applications.ConclusionConvolutional neural networks deblurring is a practical, efficient, and field map‐free approach for the deblurring of spiral RT‐MRI. In the context of speech production imaging, this can enable 1.7‐fold improvement in scan efficiency and the use of spiral readouts at higher field strengths such as 3 T.
Physiological system analysis of the kidney by high‐temporal‐resolution monitoring of an oxygenation step response
Authors: Zhao Kaixuan , Pohlmann Andreas , Feng Qijian , Mei Yingjie , Yang Guixiang , Yi Peiwei , Feng Qianjin , Chen Wufang , Zhou Lili , Wu Ed X. , Seeliger Erdmann , Niendorf Thoralf , Feng Yanqiu 
Published: July 2020

PurposeExamine the feasibility of characterizing the regulation of renal oxygenation using high‐temporal‐resolution monitoring of the response to a step‐like oxygenation stimulus.MethodsFor mapping, multi‐echo gradient‐echo imaging was used (temporal resolution = 9 seconds). A step‐like renal oxygenation challenge was applied involving sequential exposure to hyperoxia (100% O2), hypoxia (10% O2 + 90% N2), and hyperoxia (100% O2). In vivo experiments were performed in healthy rats (N = 10) and in rats with bilateral ischemia‐reperfusion injury (N = 4). To assess the step response of renal oxygenation, a second‐order exponential model was used (model parameters: amplitude [A], time delay [Δt], damping constant [D], and period of the oscillation [T]) for renal cortex, outer stripe of the outer medulla, inner stripe of the outer medulla, and inner medulla.ResultsThe second‐order exponential model permitted us to model the exponential recovery and the superimposed oscillation following renal oxygenation stimulus. The in vivo experiments revealed a difference in Douter medulla between healthy controls (D < 1, indicating oscillatory recovery) and ischemia‐reperfusion injury (D > 1, reflecting aperiodic recovery). The increase in Douter medulla by a factor of 3.7 (outer stripe of the outer medulla) and 10.0 (inner stripe of the outer medulla) suggests that this parameter might be rather sensitive to (patho)physiological oxygenation changes.ConclusionThis study demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring the dynamic oxygenation response of renal tissues to a step‐like oxygenation challenge using high‐temporal‐resolution mapping. Our results suggest that the implemented system analysis approach may help to unlock questions regarding regulation of renal oxygenation, with the ultimate goal of providing imaging means for diagnostics and therapy of renal diseases.
Enhanced POCS reconstruction for partial Fourier imaging in multi‐echo and time‐series acquisitions
Authors: Koopmans Peter J. , Pfaffenrot Viktor 
Published: July 2020

PurposeTo improve partial Fourier (PF) imaging reconstruction in time‐series or multi‐echo acquisitions.MethodsMany PF methods use a phase estimate to restore Hermitian symmetry before filling missing k‐space entries with measured data from the opposite half. This estimate is obtained from the symmetrically sampled, central part of k‐space and its low‐resolution results in artifacts near high‐frequency phase effects (eg, tissue boundaries, vessels), limiting PF undersampling. Enhanced projection onto convex sets (POCS) uses full‐resolution phase estimates and relies on alternating the half of k‐space that is acquired in time series or multi‐echo acquisitions. This enables full‐resolution phase estimates to be calculated for each volume/echo, which are fed into the POCS framework. We apply enhanced POCS to high‐resolution multi‐echo FLASH and 3D‐EPI functional MRI time‐series data.ResultsReconstruction errors and their bias dramatically reduce compared with existing methods, without leading to temporal blurring in time‐series acquisitions. This allows for higher PF acceleration factors at virtually no cost.ConclusionEnhanced POCS results in superior PF reconstructions. Furthermore, as the resolution of the phase estimate used for symmetry correction no longer depends on the PF factor, enhanced POCS is more robust against larger PF omission.
Cervical spine radiculopathy epidemiology: A systematic review
Authors: Mansfield Michael , Smith Toby , Spahr Nicolas , Thacker Mick 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackground and objectiveCervical spine radiculopathy (CSR) is a disabling condition that has significant negative impacts on a person's mental health, physical functioning and social participation. Research has reported variable CSR incidence and prevalence among different populations. To date, no systematic review has been completed investigating the prevalence or incidence of CSR; therefore, our objective was to determine the incidence and/or prevalence of CSR in adults.Design and methodA systematic review was conducted including searches of PubMed (MEDLINE), EMBASE and CINAHL from inception to February 25, 2020. Studies including data on incidence and/or prevalence of CSR were included. Methodological quality was assessed using a modified Hayden, Cote and Bombardier appraisal checklist. Data were analysed narratively.ResultsNine low‐ to high‐quality studies were included in the final review. Incidence ranged between 0.832 and 1.79 per 1,000 person‐years from two high‐quality and one low‐quality study. Prevalence values ranged from 1.21 to 5.8 per 1,000 from four medium‐ to high‐quality studies. Prevalence values of 1.14% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.45–1.82] and 1.31% (95% CI: 0.66–1.96) for males and females, respectively, were reported from one medium‐quality study. One medium‐quality study reported an unadjusted prevalence value of 6.3% for males and females.ConclusionsThis is the first systematic review investigating the epidemiology of CSR in an adult population. This review reports a variable incidence rate and prevalence of CSR among specific populations; however, this was based on nine studies. There is a priority to investigate CSR epidemiology across other populations globally and standardising CSR diagnostic criteria.
Combination molecular therapies for type 1 spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Harada Yohei , Rao Vamshi K. , Arya Kapil , Kuntz Nancy L. , DiDonato Christine J. , Napchan‐Pomerantz Galia , Agarwal Amit , Stefans Vikki , Katsuno Masahisa , Veerapandiyan Aravindhan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundData on combining molecular therapies that increase survival motor neuron protein for spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (SMA1) is lacking.MethodsThis was a retrospective study describing our centers' experiences in treating SMA1 patients with combination therapy.ResultsFive children received nusinersen and onasemnogene abeparvovec‐xioi (onasemnogene). Four were receiving nusinersen prior to onasemnogene. Nusinersen was continued in three. Marked liver enzyme elevations resulted in prolonged corticosteroid treatment in two patients with hospitalization and liver biopsy in one; milder liver enzyme elevations were noted in the other two. One patient received onasemnogene first, and then nusinersen. No adverse effects were noted. All patients improved.ConclusionsCombination molecular therapy is tolerated in SMA1 patients. Further studies are needed to determine whether there are circumstances in which combination therapy would be more efficacious than either monotherapy. Prolonged corticosteroid use and liver toxicity monitoring may be necessary with onasemnogene therapy.