bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of micronutrient supplements on low-risk pregnancies in high-income countries: a systematic quantitative literature review
Authors: James-McAlpine Janelle M , Vincze Lisa , Vanderlelie Jessica J , Perkins Anthony V 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:To assess the quantity and focus of recent empirical research regarding the effect of micronutrient supplementation on live birth outcomes in low-risk pregnancies from high-income countries.Design:A systematic quantitative literature review.Setting:Low-risk pregnancies in World Bank-classified high-income countries, 2019.Results:Using carefully selected search criteria, a total of 2475 publications were identified, of which seventeen papers met the inclusion criteria for this review. Data contributing to nine of the studies were sourced from four cohorts; research originated from ten countries. These cohorts exhibited a large number of participants, stable data and a low probability of bias. The most recent empirical data offered by these studies was 2011; the most historical was 1980. In total, fifty-five categorical outcome/supplement combinations were examined; 67·3 % reported no evidence of micronutrient supplementation influencing selected outcomes.Conclusions:A coordinated, cohesive and uniform empirical approach to future studies is required to determine what constitutes appropriate, effective and safe micronutrient supplementation in contemporary cohorts from high-income countries, and how this might influence pregnancy outcomes.
Dosimetric comparison of integral dose for different techniques of craniospinal irradiation
Authors: Goswami Brijesh , Jain Rakesh Kumar , Yadav Suresh , Kumar Sunil , Oommen Saji , Manocha Sapna , Jadav Genesh K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAim:Comparison of the integral dose (ID) delivered to organs at risk (OAR), non-target body and target body by using different techniques of craniospinal irradiation (CSI).Materials and methods:Ten CSI patients (medulloblastoma) already planned and treated either with linear accelerator three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (Linac-3DCRT) technique or with linear accelerator RapidArc (Linac-RapidArc) technique by Novalis-Tx Linac machine have been analysed. Retrospectively, these patients are again planned on Radixact-X9 Linac with Helical, Direct-3DCRT and Direct-intensity-modulated radiation therapy (Direct-IMRT) techniques. The dose prescription to planning target volume brain (PTV-Brain) and PTV-Spine is 36 Gy in 20 fractions and is kept the same for all techniques. The target body, non-target body, OARs and total body dose are compared.Results:ID is lowest in the RapidArc plan for every patient in comparison to Helical and Direct-IMRT. The ID for Body-PTV was found slightly higher in the RapidArc plan in comparison to 3DCRT plans. But there is better normal tissue sparing for most of the OARs in RapidArc plans if it compares with 3DCRT plans.Findings:RapidArc is a better alternative for the treatment of CSI. It provides better target coverage and better OARs sparing from any other treatment techniques.
Denitrification Is the Main Nitrous Oxide Source Process in Grassland Soils According to Quasi‐Continuous Isotopocule Analysis and Biogeochemical Modeling
Authors: Ibraim Erkan , Denk Tobias , Wolf Benjamin , Barthel Matti , Gasche Rainer , Wanek Wolfgang , Zhang Shasha , Kiese Ralf , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus , Eggleston Sarah , Emmenegger Lukas , Six Johan , Mohn Joachim 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIsotopic composition of soil‐emitted nitrous oxide (N2O), especially the intramolecular distribution of 15N in N2O known as site preference (SP), can be used to track the two major N2O emitting soil‐processes nitrification and denitrification. Online analysis of SP in ambient air has been achieved recently, yet those approaches only allowed addressing large areas (footprints) on the basis of strong changes in surface atmospheric N2O concentrations. Here, we combined laser spectroscopy with automated static flux chambers to measure, for the first time, SP of low N2O fluxes with high sensitivity and temporal resolution and to explore its spatial variability. The measurements were then used to test the N2O isotope module SIMONE in combination with the biogeochemical model LandscapeDNDC to identify N2O source processes. End‐member mixing analysis of the data revealed denitrification as the predominant N2O source. This finding was independent of the soil water content close to the soil surface, suggesting that N2O production in the subsoil under high water‐filled pore space conditions outweighed the potential production of N2O by nitrification closer to the surface. Applying the SIMONE‐LandscapeDNDC model framework to our field site showed that the modeled SP was on average 4.2‰ lower than the observed values. This indicates that the model parameterization reflects the dominant N2O production pathways but overestimates the contribution of denitrification by 6%. Applying the stable isotope‐based model framework at other sites and comparing with other models will help identifying model shortcomings and improve our capability to support N2O mitigation from agricultural ecosystems.
Mechanism for Deep Crustal Seismicity: Insight From Modeling of Deformation Processes at the Main Ethiopian Rift
Authors: Muluneh Ameha A. , Brune Sascha , Illsley‐Kemp Finnigan , Corti Giacomo , Keir Derek , Glerum Anne , Kidane Tesfaye , Mori Jim 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe combine numerical modeling of lithospheric extension with analysis of seismic moment release and earthquake b‐value in order to elucidate the mechanism for deep crustal seismicity and seismic swarms in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). We run 2‐D numerical simulations of lithospheric deformation calibrated by appropriate rheology and extensional history of the MER to simulate migration of deformation from mid‐Miocene border faults to ∼30 km wide zone of Pliocene to recent rift floor faults. While currently the highest strain rate is localized in a narrow zone within the rift axis, brittle strain has been accumulated in a wide region of the rift. The magnitude of deviatoric stress shows strong variation with depth. The uppermost crust deforms with maximum stress of 80 MPa, at 8–14 km depth stress sharply decreases to 10 MPa and then increases to a maximum of 160 MPa at ∼18 km depth. These two peaks at which the crust deforms with maximum stress of 80 MPa or above correspond to peaks in the seismic moment release. Correspondingly, the drop in stress at 8–14 km correlates to a low in seismic moment release. At this depth range, the crust is weaker and deformation is mainly accommodated in a ductile manner. We therefore see a good correlation between depths at which the crust is strong and elevated seismic deformation, while regions where the crust is weaker deform more aseismically. Overall, the bimodal depth distribution of seismic moment release is best explained by the rheology of the deforming crust.
Quantifying Near‐Surface Rock Strength on a Regional Scale From Hillslope Stability Models
Authors: Townsend Kirk F. , Gallen Sean F. , Clark Marin K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRock strength is a fundamental property of earth materials that influences the morphology of landscapes and modulates feedbacks between surface processes, tectonics, and climate. However, rock strength remains challenging to quantify over the broad spatial scales necessary for geomorphic investigations. Consequently, the factors that control rock strength in the near‐surface environment (i.e., the critical zone) remain poorly understood. Here we quantify near‐surface rock strength on a regional scale by exploiting two hillslope‐stability models, which explicitly relate the balance of forces within a hillslope to Mohr‐Coulomb strength parameters. We first use the Culmann finite‐slope stability model to back‐calculate static rock strength with high‐density measurements of ridge‐to‐channel hillslope height and gradient. Second, we invert the Newmark infinite‐slope stability model for strength using an earthquake peak ground acceleration model and coseismic landslide inventory. We apply these two model approaches to a recently inverted sedimentary basin in the eastern Topatopa Mountains of southern California, USA, where a tectonic gradient has exposed stratigraphic units with variable burial histories. Results show similar trends in strength with respect to stratigraphic position and have comparable strength estimates to the lowest values of published direct‐shear test data. Cohesion estimates are low, with Culmann results ranging from 3 to 60 kPa and Newmark results from 6 to 30 kPa, while friction angle estimates range from 24° to 44° from the Culmann model. We find that maximum burial depth exerts the strongest control on the strength of these young sedimentary rocks, likely through diagenetic changes in porosity, cementation, and ultimately, lithification.
Targeting focal adhesion kinase in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Murphy James M. , Rodriguez Yelitza A. R. , Jeong Kyuho , Ahn Eun-Young Erin , Lim Ssang-Taek Steve 
Published: June 2020

AbstractFocal adhesion kinase (FAK) is an integrin-associated protein tyrosine kinase that is frequently overexpressed in advanced human cancers. Recent studies have demonstrated that aside from FAK’s catalytic activity in cancer cells, its cellular localization is also critical for regulating the transcription of chemokines that promote a favorable tumor microenvironment (TME) by suppressing destructive host immunity. In addition to the protumor roles of FAK in cancer cells, FAK activity within cells of the TME may also support tumor growth and metastasis through various mechanisms, including increased angiogenesis and vascular permeability and effects related to fibrosis in the stroma. Small molecule FAK inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in alleviating tumor growth and metastasis, and some are currently in clinical development phases. However, several preclinical trials have shown increased benefits from dual therapies using FAK inhibitors in combination with other chemotherapies or with immune cell activators. This review will discuss the role of nuclear FAK as a driver for tumor cell survival as well as potential therapeutic strategies to target FAK in both tumors and the TME.
In situ evidence of thermally induced rock breakdown widespread on Bennu’s surface
Authors: Molaro J. L. , Walsh K. J. , Jawin E. R. , Ballouz R.-L. , Bennett C. A. , DellaGiustina D. N. , Golish D. R. , Drouet d’Aubigny C. , Rizk B. , Schwartz S. R. , Hanna R. D. , Martel S. J. , Pajola M. , Campins H. , Ryan A. J. , Bottke W. F. , Lauretta D. S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRock breakdown due to diurnal thermal cycling has been hypothesized to drive boulder degradation and regolith production on airless bodies. Numerous studies have invoked its importance in driving landscape evolution, yet morphological features produced by thermal fracture processes have never been definitively observed on an airless body, or any surface where other weathering mechanisms may be ruled out. The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) mission provides an opportunity to search for evidence of thermal breakdown and assess its significance on asteroid surfaces. Here we show boulder morphologies observed on Bennu that are consistent with terrestrial observations and models of fatigue-driven exfoliation and demonstrate how crack propagation via thermal stress can lead to their development. The rate and expression of this process will vary with asteroid composition and location, influencing how different bodies evolve and their apparent relative surface ages from space weathering and cratering records.
Pushing the boundaries of optoacoustic microscopy by total impulse response characterization
Authors: Seeger Markus , Soliman Dominik , Aguirre Juan , Diot Gael , Wierzbowski Jakob , Ntziachristos Vasilis 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOptical microscopy improves in resolution and signal-to-noise ratio by correcting for the system’s point spread function; a measure of how a point source is resolved, typically determined by imaging nanospheres. Optical-resolution optoacoustic (photoacoustic) microscopy could be similarly corrected, especially to account for the spatially-dependent signal distortions induced by the acoustic detection and the time-resolved and bi-polar nature of optoacoustic signals. Correction algorithms must therefore include the spatial dependence of signals’ origins and profiles in time, i.e. the four-dimensional total impulse response (TIR). However, such corrections have been so far impeded by a lack of efficient TIR-characterization methods. We introduce high-quality TIR determination based on spatially-distributed optoacoustic point sources (SOAPs), produced by scanning an optical focus on an axially-translatable 250 nm gold layer. Using a spatially-dependent TIR-correction improves the signal-to-noise ratio by >10 dB and the axial resolution by ~30%. This accomplishment displays a new performance paradigm for optoacoustic microscopy.
A sister lineage of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex discovered in the African Great Lakes region
Authors: Ngabonziza Jean Claude Semuto , Loiseau Chloé , Marceau Michael , Jouet Agathe , Menardo Fabrizio , Tzfadia Oren , Antoine Rudy , Niyigena Esdras Belamo , Mulders Wim , Fissette Kristina , Diels Maren , Gaudin Cyril , Duthoy Stéphanie , Ssengooba Willy , André Emmanuel , Kaswa Michel K. , Habimana Yves Mucyo , Brites Daniela , Affolabi Dissou , Mazarati Jean Baptiste , de Jong Bouke Catherine , Rigouts Leen , Gagneux Sebastien , Meehan Conor Joseph , Supply Philip 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe human- and animal-adapted lineages of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) are thought to have expanded from a common progenitor in Africa. However, the molecular events that accompanied this emergence remain largely unknown. Here, we describe two MTBC strains isolated from patients with multidrug resistant tuberculosis, representing an as-yet-unknown lineage, named Lineage 8 (L8), seemingly restricted to the African Great Lakes region. Using genome-based phylogenetic reconstruction, we show that L8 is a sister clade to the known MTBC lineages. Comparison with other complete mycobacterial genomes indicate that the divergence of L8 preceded the loss of the cobF genome region - involved in the cobalamin/vitamin B12 synthesis - and gene interruptions in a subsequent common ancestor shared by all other known MTBC lineages. This discovery further supports an East African origin for the MTBC and provides additional molecular clues on the ancestral genome reduction associated with adaptation to a pathogenic lifestyle.
Ribosome engineering reveals the importance of 5S rRNA autonomy for ribosome assembly
Authors: Huang Shijie , Aleksashin Nikolay A. , Loveland Anna B. , Klepacki Dorota , Reier Kaspar , Kefi Amira , Szal Teresa , Remme Jaanus , Jaeger Luc , Vázquez-Laslop Nora , Korostelev Andrei A. , Mankin Alexander S. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract5S rRNA is an indispensable component of cytoplasmic ribosomes in all species. The functions of 5S rRNA and the reasons for its evolutionary preservation as an independent molecule remain unclear. Here we used ribosome engineering to investigate whether 5S rRNA autonomy is critical for ribosome function and cell survival. By linking circularly permutated 5S rRNA with 23S rRNA we generated a bacterial strain devoid of free 5S rRNA. Viability of the engineered cells demonstrates that autonomous 5S rRNA is dispensable for cell growth under standard conditions and is unlikely to have essential functions outside the ribosome. The fully assembled ribosomes carrying 23S-5S rRNA are highly active in translation. However, the engineered cells accumulate aberrant 50S subunits unable to form stable 70S ribosomes. Cryo-EM analysis revealed a malformed peptidyl transferase center in the misassembled 50S subunits. Our results argue that the autonomy of 5S rRNA is preserved due to its role in ribosome biogenesis.
Nucleoid remodeling during environmental adaptation is regulated by HU-dependent DNA bundling
Authors: Remesh Soumya G. , Verma Subhash C. , Chen Jian-Hua , Ekman Axel A. , Larabell Carolyn A. , Adhya Sankar , Hammel Michal 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBacterial nucleoid remodeling dependent on conserved histone-like protein, HU is one of the determining factors in global gene regulation. By imaging of near-native, unlabeled E. coli cells by soft X-ray tomography, we show that HU remodels nucleoids by promoting the formation of a dense condensed core surrounded by less condensed isolated domains. Nucleoid remodeling during cell growth and environmental adaptation correlate with pH and ionic strength controlled molecular switch that regulated HUαα dependent intermolecular DNA bundling. Through crystallographic and solution-based studies we show that these effects mechanistically rely on HUαα promiscuity in forming multiple electrostatically driven multimerization interfaces. Changes in DNA bundling consequently affects gene expression globally, likely by constrained DNA supercoiling. Taken together our findings unveil a critical function of HU–DNA interaction in nucleoid remodeling that may serve as a general microbial mechanism for transcriptional regulation to synchronize genetic responses during the cell cycle and adapt to changing environments.
Towards fully integrated photonic displacement sensors
Authors: Bag Ankan , Neugebauer Martin , Mick Uwe , Christiansen Silke , Schulz Sebastian A. , Banzer Peter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe field of optical metrology with its high precision position, rotation and wavefront sensors represents the basis for lithography and high resolution microscopy. However, the on-chip integration—a task highly relevant for future nanotechnological devices—necessitates the reduction of the spatial footprint of sensing schemes by the deployment of novel concepts. A promising route towards this goal is predicated on the controllable directional emission of the fundamentally smallest emitters of light, i.e., dipoles, as an indicator. Here we realize an integrated displacement sensor based on the directional emission of Huygens dipoles excited in an individual dipolar antenna. The position of the antenna relative to the excitation field determines its directional coupling into a six-way crossing of photonic crystal waveguides. In our experimental study supported by theoretical calculations, we demonstrate the first prototype of an integrated displacement sensor with a standard deviation of the position accuracy below λ/300 at room temperature and ambient conditions.
Multipartite entanglement analysis from random correlations
Authors: Knips Lukas , Dziewior Jan , Kłobus Waldemar , Laskowski Wiesław , Paterek Tomasz , Shadbolt Peter J. , Weinfurter Harald , Meinecke Jasmin D. A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractQuantum entanglement is usually revealed via a well aligned, carefully chosen set of measurements. Yet, under a number of experimental conditions, for example in communication within multiparty quantum networks, noise along the channels or fluctuating orientations of reference frames may ruin the quality of the distributed states. Here, we show that even for strong fluctuations one can still gain detailed information about the state and its entanglement using random measurements. Correlations between all or subsets of the measurement outcomes and especially their distributions provide information about the entanglement structure of a state. We analytically derive an entanglement criterion for two-qubit states and provide strong numerical evidence for witnessing genuine multipartite entanglement of three and four qubits. Our methods take the purity of the states into account and are based on only the second moments of measured correlations. Extended features of this theory are demonstrated experimentally with four photonic qubits. As long as the rate of entanglement generation is sufficiently high compared to the speed of the fluctuations, this method overcomes any type and strength of localized unitary noise.
Vis/NIR hyperspectral imaging distinguishes sub-population, production environment, and physicochemical grain properties in rice
Authors: Barnaby Jinyoung Y. , Huggins Trevis D. , Lee Hoonsoo , McClung Anna M. , Pinson Shannon R. M. , Oh Mirae , Bauchan Gary R. , Tarpley Lee , Lee Kangjin , Kim Moon S. , Edwards Jeremy D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRice grain quality is a multifaceted quantitative trait that impacts crop value and is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. Chemical, physical, and visual analyses are the standard methods for measuring grain quality. In this study, we evaluated high-throughput hyperspectral imaging for quantification of rice grain quality and classification of grain samples by genetic sub-population and production environment. Whole grain rice samples from the USDA mini-core collection grown in multiple locations were evaluated using hyperspectral imaging and compared with results from standard phenotyping. Loci associated with hyperspectral values were mapped in the mini-core with 3.2 million SNPs in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). Our results show that visible and near infra-red (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy can classify rice according to sub-population and production environment based on differences in physicochemical grain properties. The 702–900 nm range of the NIR spectrum was associated with the chalky grain trait. GWAS revealed that grain chalk and hyperspectral variation share genomic regions containing several plausible candidate genes for grain chalkiness. Hyperspectral quantification of grain chalk was validated using a segregating bi-parental mapping population. These results indicate that Vis/NIR can be used for non-destructive high throughput phenotyping of grain chalk and potentially other grain quality properties.
Metabolic Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Emitted by the Pathogens Francisella tularensis and Bacillus anthracis in Liquid Culture
Authors: Reese Kristen L. , Rasley Amy , Avila Julie R. , Jones A. Daniel , Frank Matthias 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe conducted comprehensive (untargeted) metabolic profiling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted in culture by bacterial taxa Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis) subspecies novicida and Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) Sterne, surrogates for potential bacterial bioterrorism agents, as well as selective measurements of VOCs from their fully virulent counterparts, F. tularensis subspecies tularensis strain SCHU S4 and B. anthracis Ames. F. tularensis and B. anthracis were grown in liquid broth for time periods that covered logarithmic growth, stationary, and decline phases. VOCs emitted over the course of the growth phases were collected from the headspace above the cultures using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We developed criteria for distinguishing VOCs originating from bacteria versus background VOCs (originating from growth media only controls or sampling devices). Analyses of collected VOCs revealed methyl ketones, alcohols, esters, carboxylic acids, and nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds that were present in the bacterial cultures and absent (or present at only low abundance) in control samples indicating that these compounds originated from the bacteria. Distinct VOC profiles where observed for F. tularensis when compared with B. anthracis while the observed profiles of each of the two F. tularensis and B. anthracis strains exhibited some similarities. Furthermore, the relative abundance of VOCs was influenced by bacterial growth phase. These data illustrate the potential for VOC profiles to distinguish pathogens at the genus and species-level and to discriminate bacterial growth phases. The determination of VOC profiles lays the groundwork for non-invasive probes of bacterial metabolism and offers prospects for detection of microbe-specific VOC biomarkers from two potential biowarfare agents.