bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic and morphological divergence betweenLittorina fabalisecotypes in Northern Europe
Authors: Galindo Juan , Carvalho João , Sotelo Graciela , Duvetorp Mårten , Costa Diana , Kemppainen Petri , Panova Marina , Kaliontzopoulou Antigoni , Johannesson Kerstin , Faria Rui 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLow dispersal marine intertidal species facing strong divergent selective pressures associated with steep environmental gradients have a great potential to inform us about local adaptation and reproductive isolation. Among these, gastropods of the genusLittorinaoffer a unique system to study parallel phenotypic divergence resulting from adaptation to different habitats related with wave exposure. In this study, we focused on twoLittorina fabalisecotypes from Northern European shores and compared patterns of habitat‐related phenotypic and genetic divergence across three different geographic levels (local, regional and global). Geometric morphometric analyses revealed that individuals from habitats moderately exposed to waves usually present a larger shell size with a wider aperture than those from sheltered habitats. The phenotypic clustering ofL. fabalisby habitat across most locations (mainly in terms of shell size) support an important role of ecology in morphological divergence. A genome scan based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) revealed a heterogeneous pattern of differentiation across the genome between populations from the two different habitats, suggesting ecotype divergence in the presence of gene flow. The contrasting patterns of genetic structure between nonoutlier and outlier loci, and the decreased sharing of outlier loci with geographic distance among locations are compatible with parallel evolution of phenotypic divergence, with an important contribution of gene flow and/or ancestral variation. In the future, model‐based inference studies based on sequence data across the entire genome will help unravelling these evolutionary hypotheses, improving our knowledge about adaptation and its influence on diversification within the marine realm.
Informant Questionnaires in Dedicated Memory Clinics: How Much Do They Contribute?
Authors: Novak Lan , Wyss Patric , Lenouvel Eric , Abdulkadir Ahmed , Klöppel Stefan 
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe diagnostic process in a university memory clinic is based largely on cognitive testing. However, input from informants, acquired through interview or questionnaires, may significantly impact diagnosis. We sought to evaluate whether informant questionnaires for basic and instrumental activities of daily living, or for identifying progressive cognitive decline would improve diagnostic predictability of neurodegenerative disorders compared with either the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) neuropsychological test battery or the Mini‐Mental State Examination score alone.DESIGNRetrospective data analysis using logit models.SETTINGUniversity hospital outpatient memory clinic.PARTICIPANTSA total of 394 patients with dementia, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), depression, or subjective cognitive impairment were assessed.MEASUREMENTSBristol Activities of Daily Living Scale, Functional Activities Questionnaire, Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly, and the Physical Self‐Maintenance Scale questionnaires were obtained. Analyses through logit models were performed to predict outcome diagnoses, based on cognitive scores alone or in combination with one or more informant questionnaires.RESULTSThe four questionnaires were highly correlated (.31–.86). The addition of informant questionnaires improved diagnostic predictability between differential diagnoses of MCI and dementia, or dementia and depression. However, the misprediction rate was reduced by up to 6 percentage points only. Adding more than one questionnaire or all CERAD subtests instead of their sum score never improved prediction in regularized logit models to a clinically relevant extent.CONCLUSIONAlthough questionnaires contribute to a statistically better prediction of the outcome diagnosis, for some sets of differential diagnoses, the benefit may not be clinically pertinent when routine semistructured informant interviews are used by trained personnel. However, standardized assessment, particularly when patients are seen longitudinally, should not be underestimated.
Nurses' experiences and support needs following workplace violence: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Zhang Junfeng , Zheng Jing , Cai Yingying , Zheng Kexin , Liu Xingling 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesTo systematically identify, appraise and synthesise existing qualitative studies exploring nurses' lived experiences of workplace violence by patients, families and hospital visitors, identifying their support needs following workplace violence.BackgroundWorkplace violence against nurses is a significant concern globally, as it leads to serious negative consequences for nurses, patients and organisations as a whole. Having adequate support is considered significant. While numerous studies have been conducted on workplace violence, few qualitative reviews have focused on identifying nurses' support needs following episodes of workplace violence.MethodsFour databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychINFO and Scopus) were systematically searched. Additionally, hand searching of prominent journals, grey literature and reference lists of included studies was also performed to identify additional research. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for qualitative studies was used to assess all included articles. Thomas and Harden's three‐stage approach to thematic analysis was followed, using the ENTREQ statement for reporting.ResultsTen studies published in English, conducted across eight countries, met the inclusion criteria. Four analytical themes relating to nurses' experiences were identified: “inevitable and unpredictable trauma in the career” “higher tolerance and understanding of unintentional violence,” “positive learning or passive adjustment” and “struggle with the role and behaviour conflict.” In terms of nurses' support needs, the analysis yielded two themes: “informal support needs” and “formal support needs.”ConclusionNurses experience significant and lasting psychological trauma due to workplace violence; however, the support for nurses remains seriously inadequate. Establishing an effective and robust support system based on nurses' needs must be viewed as a priority for organisations, as well as researchers.Relevance to clinical practiceInstitutions and managers have a duty to maintain an awareness of nurses' experiences and support needs regarding workplace violence. There is a need for further policymaking and research, based on clinical practice, in order to develop effective preventive and interventive strategies regarding workplace violence.
A Breath‐Holding Index Applied to the Internal Carotid Artery Siphon in Transcranial Doppler Studies
Authors: Jung Kyu‐On , Lee Seung‐Jae , Lee Tae‐Kyeong 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe breath‐holding index (BHI) is a useful method to assess cerebrovascular reactivity. It is calculated based on the mean flow velocities of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) using transcranial Doppler (BHIMCA). Therefore, it is not feasible in patients with poor temporal windows. This study tested the feasibility of a BHI using the internal carotid artery (ICA) siphon flow velocity (BHIICA).METHODSTwenty‐four patients (aged 38‐79 years) with unilateral or bilateral stenosis of the cervical ICAs were prospectively recruited. The 48 examined bilateral ICAs were divided into three groups according to the stenosis degree: <50%, 50‐99%, and occlusion. We investigated the reproducibility of both BHI methods (BHIMCA and BHIICA), the correlation between the two BHI methods, and the tendency for the BHIs to decrease with increasing degree of cervical ICA stenosis.RESULTSFor the BHIMCA, we found a good reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient, rI > .9) and a significantly decreased BHI with increasing stenosis of the ICA (P = .001). For the BHIICA, good reproducibility was demonstrated (rI > or ≒ .9), but there was no significant decrease in the BHI related to the increasing degree of ICA stenosis (P = .952). Furthermore, the correlation between the two BHI methods was not robust (kappa coefficient, right .259; left .619).CONCLUSIONSOur study suggests that the BHIICA is not a feasible alternative method to the BHIMCA.
Effect of Anti‐Rotational Abutment Features and Novel Computerized Fabrication Techniques on the Marginal Fit of Implant‐Supported Metal Copings
Authors: Aktas Guliz , Guncu Mustafa Baris , Akcin Elif Tuba , Cakan Umut , Canay Senay 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPurposeAn in vitro study to compare the marginal fit of cobalt‐chromium (Co‐Cr) metal copings fabricated with selective laser melting (SLM), computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) milling, and lost‐wax (LW) techniques, on abutments with two different antirotational features.Materials and MethodsA total of 60 stainless steel abutments with the same length and convergence angles were fabricated using a numerical control machining. Half of the abutments had one flat plane, while the other half had three grooves as an antirotation feature. Thirty abutments of each kind were then divided into three subgroups, and metal copings were fabricated with SLM, CAD/CAM milling, or the LW technique (n = 10). The metal copings were cemented with polycarboxylate cement. Marginal gap measurements were performed using a stereomicroscope at a magnification of × 45 and data were analyzed with two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests.ResultsThe LW (p = 0.002) and CAD/CAM (p < 0.001) techniques exhibited increased marginal gaps on the abutments with a three groove antirotational feature; however, no significant difference was detected with the SLM technique (p = 0.259). The copings fabricated with the SLM technique demonstrated significantly lower gap values in both abutment types (p < 0.001).ConclusionWhile all marginal gap values were within the clinically acceptable range (<120 µm), abutments with more antirotational grooves exhibited wider marginal gaps with the LW and CAD/CAM techniques.
Examining five pathways on how self‐control is associated with emotion regulation and affective well‐being in daily life
Authors: Wenzel Mario , Rowland Zarah , Kubiak Thomas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveSelf‐control is positively connected to well‐being, but less is known about what, on the mechanistic level, explains this association. We hypothesized five pathways how this connection could be explained by emotion regulation, that is, by facilitating (a) strategy effectiveness, (b), adaptive strategy selection, (c) situation selection, (d) strategy variability, or (e) social sharing.MethodTo explore these pathways, we integrated two ambulatory assessment data sets (N = 250 participants, N = 22,796 observations) that included assessments of participants' emotions and their emotion regulation efforts.ResultsWe found that self‐control was positively associated with affective well‐being. Moreover, momentary but not trait self‐control was associated with favoring adaptive and interpersonal strategy selection and less emotion regulation in general as well as with increased variability across strategies. However, these emotion regulation facets could not sufficiently explain the association between self‐control and affective well‐being.ConclusionsOur main conclusion is that emotion regulation is not a mediator of the strong relation between self‐control and affective well‐being. Instead, we found evidence for the affective benefits of employing ways of emotion regulation that are less taxing mentally, which we discuss in light of current knowledge about self‐control and emotion regulation.
Calprotectin levels in gingival crevicular fluid and serum of patients with chronic periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus before and after initial periodontal therapy
Authors: Gao Hongyu , Xu Jingling , He Lu , Meng Huanxin , Hou Jianxia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThis study is aimed to compare the total amount of calprotectin in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and the concentration of calprotectin in serum among the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis (DM‐P), the patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and the healthy controls, as well as the variation of these indicators before and three months after the initial periodontal therapy for the DM‐P patients.Methods35 patients with DM‐P patients, 32 patients with CP patients, and 43 healthy controls were recruited. Calprotectin levels in serum and GCF, periodontal parameters, fasting blood glucose (FBG), and HbA1c were measured at baseline for all the groups and three months after the initial periodontal therapy for the DM‐P patients.ResultsAt baseline, the calprotectin levels in GCF and serum were the highest in DM‐P, followed by CP, and the lowest in healthy controls. GCF calprotectin was significantly and positively correlated with serum calprotectin and probing depth (PD), while serum calprotectin had a significant positive correlation with GCF calprotectin and HbA1c. Periodontal parameters, HbA1c, and serum and GCF calprotectin became significantly reduced after the initial periodontal treatment. The reduction of serum calprotectin was consistent with that of HbA1c, while the decrease of GCF calprotectin was in agreement with that of PD, attachment loss (AL), and bleeding on probing (BOP).ConclusionsThe levels of calprotectin in serum and GCF in the DM‐P patients are significantly higher than those in CP patients and healthy controls, which significantly reduced 3 months after the initial periodontal therapy. Furthermore, it suggests diabetic patients might exhibit more pronounced inflammation periodontally and systemically.
PDCD1 and IFNL4 genetic variants and risk of developing hepatitis C virus‐related diseases
Authors: De Re Valli , Tornesello Maria Lina , De Zorzi Mariangela , Caggiari Laura , Pezzuto Francesca , Leone Patrizia , Racanelli Vito , Lauletta Gianfranco , Zanussi Stefania , Repetto Ombretta , Gragnani Laura , Rossi Francesca Maria , Dolcetti Riccardo , Zignego Anna Linda , Buonaguro Franco M. , Steffan Agostino 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundGenetic variants of IFNL4 and PDCD1 genes have been shown to influence the spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We investigated the IFNL4 rs12979860 and the PDCD1 polymorphisms in 734 HCV‐positive patients, including 461 cases with liver disease of varying severity and 273 patients with lymphoproliferative disorders to determine the association of these genes with patient's outcome.MethodsExpression levels of PDCD1 mRNA encoded by haplotypes were investigated by quantitative PCR in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect PD‐1 and its ligand PD‐L1.ResultsThe frequency of IFNL4 rs12979860 C/T or T/T genotypes was significantly higher in patients with HCV‐related diseases than blood donors (P < .0001). Patients expressing the IFNλ4 variant with one amino acid change that reduces IFNλ4 secretion was found increased in frequency in HCV‐related diseases compared to HCC PDCD1 mRNA levels in HCC tissue were significantly higher in cases carrying the PD‐1.3 A or the PD‐1.7 G allele (P = .0025 and P = .0167). Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between PD‐1.3 and IFNL4 was found in patients with mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC) only (LD = 0 in HCC; LD = 72 in MC). PBMCs of MC patients expressed low levels of PD‐L1 in CD19+IgM+B cells and of PD‐1 in CD4+T cells suggesting the involvement of regulatory B cell‐T cell interaction to the pathogenesis of MC.ConclusionCollectively, our data indicate an important contribution of IFNλ4 expression to the development of HCV‐related HCC and an epistatic contribution of IFNL4 and PDCD1 in MC.Lay summaryStudies of IFNL4 and PDCD1 genes are helpful to better understand the role of host genetic factors and immune antigens influencing the outcome of HCV‐related diseases. Our data support an association between the expression of IFNλ4, which prevents the expression of IFNλ3, with all the different HCV‐related diseases studied, and besides, evidence that a higher IFNλ4 expression is associated with hepatocellular at a younger age. The expression pattern of low PD‐L1 on B cells and high PD‐1 on CD4+T‐cells in patients with HCV‐positive cryoglobulinaemia suggests a critical role of the PD‐1/PD‐L1 signaling in modulating B cell‐T cell interaction in this lymphoproliferative disease.
Neuropathological findings in two patients with fatal COVID‐19
Authors: Jensen M. P. , Le Quesne J. , Officer‐Jones L. , Teodòsio A. , Thaventhiran J. , Ficken C. , Goddard M. , Smith C. , Menon D. , Allinson K. S. J. 
Published: September 2020

AimsTo describe the neuropathological findings in two cases of fatal Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) with neurological decline.MethodsSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection was confirmed in both patients by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) from nasopharyngeal swabs antemortem. Coronial autopsies were performed on both patients and histological sampling of the brain was undertaken with a variety of histochemical and immunohistochemical stains. RNAscope® in situ hybridization (ISH) using the V‐nCoV2019‐S probe and RT‐PCR SARS‐CoV‐2 ribonucleic acid (RNA) was performed in paraffin‐embedded brain tissue sampled from areas of pathology.ResultsCase 1 demonstrated severe multifocal cortical infarction with extensive perivascular calcification and numerous megakaryocytes, consistent with a severe multi‐territorial cerebral vascular injury. There was associated cerebral thrombotic microangiopathy. Case 2 demonstrated a brainstem encephalitis centred on the dorsal medulla and a subacute regional infarct involving the cerebellar cortex. In both cases, ISH and RT‐PCR for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA were negative in tissue sampled from the area of pathology.ConclusionsOur case series adds calcifying cerebral cortical infarction with associated megakaryocytes and brainstem encephalitis to the spectrum of neuropathological findings that may contribute to the neurological decompensation seen in some COVID‐19 patients. Viral RNA was not detected in post‐mortem brain tissue, suggesting that these pathologies may not be a direct consequence of viral neuroinvasion and may represent para‐infectious phenomena, relating to the systemic hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable syndromes that both patients suffered.
Invited Review: The spectrum of neuropathology in COVID‐19
Authors: Al‐Sarraj S. , Troakes C. , Hanley B. , Osborn M. , Richardson M. P. , Hotopf M. , Bullmore E. , Everall I. P. 
Published: September 2020

There is increasing evidence that patients with Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) present with neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Anosmia, hypogeusia, headache, nausea and altered consciousness are commonly described, although there are emerging clinical reports of more serious and specific conditions such as acute cerebrovascular accident, encephalitis and demyelinating disease. Whether these presentations are directly due to viral invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) or caused by indirect mechanisms has yet to be established. Neuropathological examination of brain tissue at autopsy will be essential to establish the neuro‐invasive potential of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus but, to date, there have been few detailed studies. The pathological changes in the brain probably represent a combination of direct cytopathic effects mediated by SARS‐CoV‐2 replication or indirect effects due to respiratory failure, injurious cytokine reaction, reduced immune response and cerebrovascular accidents induced by viral infection. Further large‐scale molecular and cellular investigations are warranted to clarify the neuropathological correlates of the neurological and psychiatric features seen clinically in COVID‐19. In this review, we summarize the current reports of neuropathological examination in COVID‐19 patients, in addition to our own experience, and discuss their contribution to the understanding of CNS involvement in this disease.
Effect of obesity and body mass index on coronavirus disease 2019 severity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chang Tu‐Hsuan , Chou Chia‐Ching , Chang Luan‐Yin 
Published: September 2020

SummaryWe conducted a systematic review of observational studies to examine the effects of body mass index (BMI) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched. Sixteen articles were finally included in the meta‐analysis, and a random effects model was used. BMI was found to be higher in patients with severe disease than in those with mild or moderate disease (MD 1.6, 95% CI, 0.8–2.4; p = .0002) in China; however, the heterogeneity was high (I2 = 75%). Elevated BMI was associated with invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) use (MD 4.1, 95% CI, 2.1–6.1; p < .0001) in Western countries, and this result was consistent across studies (I2 = 0%). Additionally, there were increased odds ratios of IMV use (OR 2.0, 95% CI, 1.4–2.9; p < .0001) and hospitalization (OR 1.4, 95% CI, 1.3–1.60; p < .00001) in patients with obesity. There was no substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 0%). In conclusion, obesity or high BMI increased the risk of hospitalization, severe disease and invasive mechanical ventilation in COVID‐19. Physicians must be alert to these early indicators to identify critical patients.
Expected Implications of Globally Coordinated Cessation of Serotype 3 Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV) Before Serotype 1 OPV
Authors: Kalkowska Dominika A. , Thompson Kimberly M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGlobally coordinated cessation of all three serotypes of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) represents a critical part of a successful polio endgame, which the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) plans to conduct in phases, with serotype 2 OPV cessation completed in mid 2016. Although in 2016 the GPEI expected to globally coordinate cessation of the remaining OPV serotypes (1 and 3) by 2021, continuing transmission of serotype 1 wild polioviruses to date makes those plans obsolete. With increasing time since the last reported polio case caused by serotype 3 wild poliovirus (in November 2012) leading to high confidence about its successful global eradication, the Global Commission for the Certification of Poliomyelitis Eradication recently certified its eradication. Questions now arise about the optimal timing of serotype 3 OPV (OPV3) cessation. Using an integrated global model that characterizes the risks, costs, and benefits of global polio policy and risk management options, we explored the implications of different options for coordinated cessation of OPV3 prior to COVID‐19. Globally coordinating cessation of OPV3 as soon as possible offers the opportunity to reduce cases of vaccine‐associated paralytic polio globally. In addition, earlier cessation of OPV3 should reduce the risks of creating serotype 3 circulating vaccine‐derived polioviruses after OPV3 cessation, which represents a significant threat to the polio endgame given current GPEI plans to reduce preventive OPV supplemental immunization activities starting in 2019.