bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute effects of prolactin on hypothalamic prolactin receptor expressing neurones in the mouse
Authors: Georgescu Teodora , Ladyman Sharon R. , Brown Rosemary S. E. , Grattan David R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn addition to its critical role in lactation, the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin also influences a broad range of other physiological processes. In particular, widespread expression of prolactin receptor (Prlr) in the brain has highlighted pleiotropic roles for prolactin in regulating neuronal function, including maternal behaviour, reproduction and energy balance. Research into the central actions of prolactin has predominately focused on effects on gene transcription via the canonical JAK2/STAT5; however, it is evident that prolactin can exert rapid actions to stimulate activity in specific populations of neurones. We aimed to investigate how widespread these rapid actions of prolactin are in regions of the brain with large populations of prolactin‐sensitive neurones, and whether physiological state alters these responses. Using transgenic mice where the Cre‐dependent calcium indicator, GCaMP6f, was conditionally expressed in cells expressing the long form of the Prlr, we monitored changes in levels of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in ex vivo brain slice preparations as a surrogate marker of cellular activity. Here, we surveyed hypothalamic regions implicated in the diverse physiological functions of prolactin such as the arcuate (ARC) and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (PVN), as well as the medial preoptic area (MPOA). We observed that, in the ARC of males and in both virgin and lactating females, prolactin can exert rapid actions to stimulate neuronal activity in the majority of Prlr‐expressing neurones. In the PVN and MPOA, we found a smaller subset of cells that rapidly respond to prolactin. In these brain regions, the effects we detected ranged from rapid or sustained increases in [Ca2+]ito inhibitory effects, indicating a heterogeneous nature of these Prlr‐expressing populations. These results enhance our understanding of mechanisms by which prolactin acts on hypothalamic neurones and provide insights into how prolactin might influence neuronal circuits in the mouse brain.
Homology and osteological correlates of pedal muscles among extant sauropsids
Authors: Hattori Soki , Tsuihiji Takanobu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractArchosaurs displayed an evolutionary trend toward increasing bipedalism in their evolutionary history, that is, forelimbs tend to be reduced in contrast to the development of hindlimbs becoming major weight‐bearing and locomotor appendages. The archosaurian locomotion has been extensively discussed based on their limb morphology because the latter reflects their locomotor modes very well. However, despite some attempts of reconstructing the hindlimb musculature in Archosauria, that of the most distal portion, the pes, has often been neglected. In order to rectify this trend, detailed homologies of pedal muscles among sauropsids were established based on dissections and literature reviews of adult conditions. As a result, homologies of some pedal muscles between non‐avian sauropsids and avians were revised, challenging classical hypotheses. The present new hypothesis postulates that the avian m. tibialis cranialis and non‐avian m. extensor digitorum longus, as well as the avian m. extensor digitorum longus and non‐avian m. tibialis anterior, are homologous with each other, respectively. This is more plausible because it requires no drastical change in the attachment sites between the avian and non‐avian homologues unlike the classical hypothesis. Many interosseous muscles in non‐archosaurian sauropsids that have long been regarded as a part of short digital extensors or flexors are also divided into multiple distinct muscles so that they can be homologized with short pedal muscles among all sauropsids. In addition, osteological correlates of attachments are identified for most of the pedal muscles, contributing to future attempts of reconstruction of this muscle system in fossil archosaurs.
Development of the skin in the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) with focus on cutaneous gas exchange in the early postnatal period
Authors: Ferner Kirsten 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA morphological and morphometric study of the skin development in the eastern quoll (Dasyurus viverrinus) was conducted to follow the transition from cutaneous to pulmonary gas exchange in this extremely immature marsupial species. Additionally, the development of the cardiac and respiratory system was followed, to evaluate the systemic prerequisites allowing for cutaneous respiration. The skin in the newborn D. viverrinus was very thin (36 ± 3 µm) and undifferentiated (no hair follicles, no sebaceous and perspiratory glands). Numerous superficial cutaneous capillaries were encountered, closely associated with the epidermis, allowing for gaseous exchange. The capillary volume density was highest in the neonate (0.33 ± 0.04) and decreased markedly during the first 4 days (0.06 ± 0.01). In the same time period, the skin diffusion barrier increased from 9 ± 1 µm to 44 ± 6 µm. From this age on the skin development was characterized by thickening of the different cutaneous layers, formation of hair follicles (day 55) and the occurrence of subcutaneous fat (day 19). The heart of the neonate D. viverrinus had incomplete interatrial, inter‐ventricular, and aortico‐pulmonary septa, allowing for the possibility that oxygenated blood from the skin mixes with that of the systemic circulation. The fast‐structural changes in the systemic circulations (closing all shunts) in the early postnatal period (3 days) necessitate the transition from cutaneous to pulmonary respiration despite the immaturity of the lungs. At this time, the lung was still at the canalicular stage of lung development, but had to be mature enough to meet the respiratory needs of the growing organism. The morphometric results for the skin development of D. viverrinus suggest that cutaneous respiration is most pronounced in neonates and decreases rapidly during the first 3 days of postnatal life. After this time a functional transition of the skin from cutaneous respiration to insulation and protection of the body takes place.
CROSS‐SECTIONAL DEPENDENCE AND SPILLOVERS IN SPACE AND TIME: WHERE SPATIAL ECONOMETRICS AND GLOBAL VAR MODELS MEET
Authors: Elhorst J. Paul , Gross Marco , Tereanu Eugen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTo enhance the measurement of economic and financial spillovers, we bring together the spatial and global vector autoregressive (GVAR) classes of econometric models by providing a detailed methodological review where they meet in terms of structure, interpretation, and estimation. We discuss the structure of connectivity (weight) matrices used by these models and its implications for estimation. To anchor our work within the dynamic literature on spillovers, we define a general yet measurable concept of spillovers. We formalize it analytically through the indirect effects used in the spatial literature and impulse responses used in the GVAR literature. Finally, we propose a practical step‐by‐step approach for applied researchers who need to account for the existence and strength of cross‐sectional dependence in the data. This approach aims to support the selection of the appropriate modeling and estimation method and of choices that represent empirical spillovers in a clear and interpretable form.
Successful management of a submucosal fibroid using a hysteroscopic morcellator system in a patient with a history of total proctocolectomy: A case report
Authors: Ota Kuniaki , Takahashi Toshifumi , Kamo Norihito , Endo Yuta , Furukawa Shigenori , Soeda Shu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTranscervical resection is widely used in the management of submucosal fibroids. However, uterine perforation and thermal bowel injuries are known complications associated with the procedure. This is a case report of a 44‐year‐old woman who presented with heavy menstrual bleeding and anemia. Magnetic resonance imaging and hysteroscopy revealed multiple fibroids, including a submucosal type 1 fibroid. She had previously undergone a total proctocolectomy with intestinal pouch‐anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Because there was a high risk of permanent colostomy in the event of a bowel injury, an electrode‐free, operative hysteroscopy using the Intrauterine Bigatti Shaver (IBS), a hysteroscopic morcellator system, was employed to prevent thermal bowel injury. The fibroid was completely removed using the IBS system with no complications. Therefore, we recommend the electrode‐free use of a hysteroscopic morcellator system in patients with a history of extensive pelvic surgery.
Outcome of vaginal stripping for vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: A 20‐year observational study
Authors: Chai Yu K. , Cheung Sze Y. C. , Chan Karen K. L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimHigh‐grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) is considered to be a premalignant lesion. We conducted a 20‐year retrospective observational single‐center study on the effectiveness of vaginal stripping (local excision procedure) as a treatment for high‐grade VAIN.MethodsWomen diagnosed with VAIN and treated with vaginal stripping performed from 1998 to 2017 at our unit were identified using the hospital computer database. Vaginal stripping was performed for high‐grade VAIN after being diagnosed by colposcopy‐directed biopsies.The patients were followed every 3–6 months afterward via cytology monitoring and vaginal smear. Colposcopy‐guided biopsy was repeated for high‐grade abnormal cytology or persistent low‐grade abnormality. The residual disease and recurrence rates were determined. Risk factors for margin positivity and residual and recurrent disease were identified. The association between margin positivity and recurrence was evaluated.ResultsExcluding three women whose final histology were malignant, the follow‐up smears and histology (if any) were traced in the remaining 111 women. The median follow‐up time was 76 months. Twenty‐one of them had persistent abnormal smears (14 high‐grade lesions and seven low‐grade lesions) during the year following the vaginal stripping. The residual disease rate was 18.9% (21/111). The recurrence rate was 7.2%. There were five women (4%) with procedure‐related complications. History of hysterectomy was identified as a risk factor for recurrence.ConclusionsVaginal stripping is a valid treatment option for VAIN. High‐grade VAIN post treatment recurred up to 5 years post treatment. Regular long‐term surveillance is needed.
Emoji in open‐ended questions: A novel use in product research with consumers
Authors: Vidal Leticia , Ares Gastón , Le Blond Marie , Jin David , Jaeger Sara R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe aim of this work was to explore the inclusion of emoji in open‐ended descriptions in food‐related consumer research. A total of 119 consumers evaluated six samples of chocolates of different flavors using an open‐ended question with the option of including emoji if desired. A list of 39 emoji were available to include in the responses. The great majority of the participants used emoji to describe at least one of the chocolate samples. Although up to 12 emoji were used in product descriptions, the great majority of responses included one or two emoji. Emoji were mainly used to emphasize information that was also expressed in the text, but in 20% of the responses that included emoji at least part of the meaning was conveyed exclusively by emoji. Furthermore, emoji were used to convey a wide range of meanings, from hedonic reactions to the product to emotional and conceptual associations.Practical ApplicationsThis research presents a new methodological variant of open‐ended questions, in which participants are given the option to include emoji in their product descriptions. Results showed that consumers indeed use emoji in their responses to convey a wide range of meanings, which suggests that this alternative is probably regarded as “natural” and could enhance consumer engagement during product evaluation. Hence, the use of emoji in open‐ended questions seems to be a good methodological alternative.
Global Diversity and Geographic Distributions ofPadinaSpecies (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae): New Insights Based on Molecular and Morphological Analyses
Authors: Ni‐Ni‐Win  , Hanyuda Takeaki , Kato Aki , Shimabukuro Hiromori , Uchimura Masayuki , Kawai Hiroshi , Tokeshi Mutsunori 
Published: September 2020

The taxonomic status and species diversity of the brown algal genusPadina(Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) was assessed based on DNA sequences and the morpho‐anatomy of specimens collected worldwide, especially from tropical and subtropical western Pacific regions. Phylogenetic analyses using chloroplastrbcL and mitochondrialcox3 gene sequences demonstrated four distinct clades for newly collected samples with high bootstrap support. Each species clade possesses a suite of morphological features that are not shared by any known species ofPadina. These areP. imbricatasp. nov.,Padina luteasp. nov.,P. moffittianoidessp. nov., andP. nitidasp. nov. The occurrence of these and other species ofPadinaclearly points to an elevated diversity of the genus in tropical/subtropical waters of the western Pacific. Phylogenetic analyses provided new insights into biogeographic characteristics of the genus, with many species in the Pacific Ocean showing shared/overlapping distributions, whereas species from the Mediterranean/Atlantic and/or the Indian Ocean tend to be confined to particular regions. Consideration has also been given to the evolutionary time frame of the genusPadinabased on molecular time trees: a time tree of the concatenated data set (rbcL + cox3) revealed the estimated divergence time in the mid‐Cretaceous, whereas those ofcox3 andrbcL showed older estimates pointing to the periods of mid‐Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, respectively.
Meta‐analysis: Association between hepatitis B virus preS mutation and hepatocellular carcinoma risk
Authors: Wungu Citrawati Dyah Kencono , Ariyanto Fis Citra , Prabowo Gwenny Ichsan , Soetjipto Soetjipto , Handajani Retno 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPrevious observational studies suggested that hepatitis B virus (HBV) preS mutation plays an important role in the existence of HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the results are still debatable. With an increasing number of studies about this topic, this study employed a meta‐analysis to identify the association between HBV preS mutation and HCC risk. We searched for eligible studies from PubMed, ProQuest, CINAHL, ScienceDirect and Springer databases to assess the association between HBV mutation and HCC risk. This meta‐analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 to provide pooled estimate for odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Twenty‐one clinical studies were included in this meta‐analysis study which consisted of 1738 participants with HBV‐related HCC and 3740 HBsAg‐positive patients without HCC. All studies used samples of Asian population. PreS deletion was the most common mutation found in all studies. We found that ORs of HBV overall preS deletion was associated with HCC (OR = 3.28; 95% CI = 2.32‐4.65; P < .00001; random‐effects model). Each preS1 and preS2 deletion was associated with increased risk of HCC, with OR 2.42 (95% CI = 1.25‐4.68, P = .008) and 3.36 (95% CI = 2.04‐5.55, P < .00001), respectively. PreS2 start codon mutation was also significantly associated with HCC risk (OR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.15‐5.27; P = .02; random‐effect model). The result of this meta‐analysis suggested that HBV preS deletion (all, preS1 and preS2) and preS2 start codon mutation might contribute to the increased risk of HBV‐related HCC.
Risk factors for adverse events occurring after recovery from stereotactic brain biopsy in dogs with primary intracranial neoplasia
Authors: Shinn Richard L. , Kani Yukitaka , Hsu Fang‐Chi , Rossmeisl John H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundStereotactic brain biopsy (SBB) allows for histopathologic diagnosis of brain tumors. Adverse events (AE) occur in 5 to 29% of dogs after SBB, but risk factors associated with developing AE are poorly described.ObjectiveIdentify clinicopathologic, diagnostic imaging, or procedural variables that are associated with AE in dogs after SBB.AnimalsTwenty‐nine dogs with brain tumors.MethodsRetrospective, case‐control study. Dogs had laboratory investigations performed before SBB, as well as clinical examinations and diagnostic imaging of the brain before and after SBB. Cases experienced AE after SBB including transient exacerbation of preexisting neurologic deficits, transient new deficits, or permanent neurologic deficits. Controls had SBB performed without AE. Fisher's exact and Student's t tests were used to examine associations between the postulated risk factors and AE.ResultsAdverse events occurred in 8/29 (27%) dogs, and 7/8 AE (88%) were transient. Cases were significantly more likely to have T2W‐heterogenous tumors (88 versus 38%; P = .04) and lower platelet counts (194.75 ± 108.32 versus 284.29 ± 68.54 ×103/mm3, P = .006). Dogs with gradient echo signal voids present on baseline imaging were significantly more likely to have hemorrhage present after biopsy, and 7/8 (88%) of cases had hemorrhage on imaging after SBB.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceTwenty‐seven percent of dogs undergoing SBB experience AE, with the majority of AE resolving with 1 week. Platelet counts should be ≥185 000/mm3 to minimize risk of SBB‐associated AE. Observation of intracranial hemorrhage after biopsy can have important clinical implications, as this was observed in 88% of dogs with AE.
Marine biomonitoring with eDNA: Can metabarcoding of water samples cut it as a tool for surveying benthic communities?
Authors: Antich Adrià , Palacín Cruz , Cebrian Emma , Golo Raül , Wangensteen Owen S. , Turon Xavier 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the marine realm, biomonitoring using environmental DNA (eDNA) of benthic communities requires destructive direct sampling or the setting‐up of settlement structures. Comparatively much less effort is required to sample the water column, which can be accessed remotely. In this study we assess the feasibility of obtaining information from the eukaryotic benthic communities by sampling the adjacent water layer. We studied two different rocky‐substrate benthic communities with a technique based on quadrat sampling. We also took replicate water samples at four distances (0, 0.5, 1.5, and 20 m) from the benthic habitat. Using broad range primers to amplify a ca. 313 bp fragment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene, we obtained a total of 3,543 molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs). The structure obtained in the two environments was markedly different, with Metazoa, Archaeplastida and Stramenopiles being the most diverse groups in benthic samples, and Hacrobia, Metazoa and Alveolata in the water. Only 265 MOTUs (7.5%) were shared between benthos and water samples and, of these, 180 (5.1%) were identified as benthic taxa that left their DNA in the water. Most of them were found immediately adjacent to the benthos, and their number decreased as we moved apart from the benthic habitat. It was concluded that water eDNA, even in the close vicinity of the benthos, was a poor proxy for the analysis of benthic structure, and that direct sampling methods are required for monitoring these complex communities via metabarcoding.
Whither Presidential Approval?
Authors: Small Raphael , Eisinger Robert M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUntil recently, presidential job approval has been positively correlated with a healthy economy. Despite pre‐COVID‐19 sanguine macroeconomic indicators, President Donald Trump's job approval numbers appear to be quite low relative to those of his predecessors. Using a Bayesian model to infer latent presidential approval, we regress approval on consumer sentiment, finding strong evidence of a structural break commencing with the inauguration of President Barack Obama. We also find that the positive associations between presidential approval and consumer sentiment have weakened. Finally, we posit that a polarized political landscape may contribute to the changing of the meaning of presidential approval, which now appears to be a proxy for partisanship.
A personal view on basic education in reproduction: Where are we now and where are we going?
Authors: Jonker F. Herman 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article explores the current and expected direction of education in reproduction at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Utrecht University. The current reproductive course in the Bachelor's programme is described. Based on the yearly routine course evaluation, changes have been started and continue to be implemented, and the educational ideas behind it are defined. Interactive e‐learning modules that combine knowledge clips, animations, and quizzes have been developed. For the practical classes, e‐modules with instructional videos have been paired to the written material. Using these new tools during self‐study, students have to prepare for the necessary face‐to‐face classes that contain more in‐depth discussions and practical training. In the second part, the author describes his expectations for further educational development. The growth of effective self‐study using e‐learning, besides traditional textbooks, before more in‐depth face‐to‐face classes is likely to occur. With the growth of modern possibilities, such as the haptic technique and virtual reality, a better preparation in laboratory skills before practical training with animals is expected. In the author's opinion, despite all new learning methods and material, small group, face‐to‐face lectures, and practical classes with animals or animal material remain absolutely necessary. This article concludes with some lessons learned during the current adaptation of the course.
Understanding the effect of an agroforestry system with high litter input on topsoil permeability
Authors: Murta Johnny Rodrigues de Melo , Brito Gleicon Queiroz de , Mendonça Filho Sérgio Fernandes , Hoffmann Maurício Rigon , Salemi Luiz Felippe 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSyntropic agroforestry systems (SYS) are a type of agroforestry in which very large amounts of organic matter (50–100 t ha−1 year−1) are added to the soil annually from pruning. However, information on the physical, chemical and biological effects of this management on soil is lacking. We characterized a SYS in terms of topsoil permeability (Mini‐Disk infiltrometer), soil organic matter (ignition method) and penetration resistance (Stolf penetrometer); we compared the results with those for a no‐till soy‐maize rotation and those within a native vegetation area (Brazilian Tropical Savanna), all on the same oxisol. The SYS had an infiltration capacity similar to that in the native vegetation area but which was higher than in the no‐till arable rotation. We relate this difference to both a lower penetration resistance and a high organic matter content in the SYS, possibly associated with higher litter input and with a greater above and belowground biomass. Our results indicate that SYS can be an efficient system for maintaining water infiltration at levels similar to those observed within natural ecosystems.