bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contraceptive technology and family planning services
Authors: Dı́az S 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA large variety of modern contraceptives is now available, including several means to administer hormonal contraception, highly effective long‐term methods and simple sterilization techniques. Methods under research include immuno‐contraceptives for women and men, hormonal methods for men, new approaches to female hormonal contraception and improved barrier methods. Modern contraceptives are effective and safe for most women, and some methods have beneficial health effects other than prevention of pregnancy. However, underlying health conditions may decrease the safety of a given method. The appropriate use of the technology available requires screening for biomedical conditions and counseling that enables the selection of methods according to the life style of women and couples. Contraceptive methods have had a considerable positive impact on maternal and infant health and on population growth, but unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortion still occur in large numbers. This shows the need to improve access to and quality of family planning services including the availability of contraceptives, sensitive providers trained in technical matters and communication skills, and communication between the community, the providers and the managers.
Differences in manufacturing strategy decisions between Japanese and Western manufacturing plants: the role of strategic time orientation
Authors: Voss Chris , Blackmon Kate 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn part, cultural differences between Japan and the West have been cited as contributing to fundamentally different manufacturing strategy orientations. One cultural difference is psychological attitudes toward time, which may lead to different emphases on long‐term and short‐term goals and objectives, i.e., differing strategic time orientations. This paper reports on the analysis of data from an international research study of manufacturing strategy that gathered data from 600 companies in 20 countries. Data on the rates of adoption of strategic manufacturing practices and links between corporate and manufacturing strategy were analysed to test for differences. The results show strong contrasts between Japan and the West and are consistent with a difference in strategic time orientation between the two regions.
The development of vestibulocochlear efferents and cochlear afferents in mice
Authors: Bruce L.L. , Kingsley J. , Nichols D.H. , Fritzsch B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe have reinvestigated the embryonic development of the vestibulocochlear system in mice using anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. Our studies reveal that rhombomeres 4 and 5 include five motor neuron populations. One of these, the abducens nucleus, will not be dealt with here. Rhombomere 4 gives rise to three of the remaining populations: the facial branchial motor neurons; the vestibular efferents; and the cochlear efferents. The migration of the facial branchial motor neurons away from the otic efferents is completed by 13.5 days post coitum (dpc). Subsequently the otic efferents separate into the vestibular and cochlear efferents, and complete their migration by 14.5 dpc. In addition to their common origin, all three populations have perikarya that migrate via translocation through secondary processes, form a continuous column upon completion of their migrations, and form axonal tracts that run in the internal facial germ. Some otic efferent axons travel with the facial branchial motor nerve from the internal facial genu and exit the brain with that nerve. These data suggest that facial branchial motor neurons and otic efferents are derived from a common precursor population and use similar cues for pathway recognition within the brain. In contrast, rhombomere 5 gives rise to the fourth population to be considered here, the superior salivatory nucleus, a visceral motor neuron group. Other differences between this group and those derived from rhombomere 4 include perikaryal migration as a result of translocation first through primary processes and only then through secondary processes, a final location lateral to the branchial motor/otic efferent column, and axonal tracts that are completely segregated from those of the facial branchial and otic efferents throughout their course inside the brain. Analysis of the peripheral distribution of the cochlear efferents and afferents show that efferents reach the spiral ganglion at 12.5 dpc when postmitotic ganglion cells are migrating away from the cochlear anlage. The efferents begin to form the intraganglionic spiral bundle by 14.5 dpc and the inner spiral bundle by 16.5 dpc in the basal turn. They have extensive collaterals among supporting cells of the greater epithelial ridge from 16.5 dpc onwards. Afferents and efferents in the basal turn of the cochlea extend through all three rows of outer hair cells by 18.5 dpc. Selective labeling of afferent fibers at 20.5 dpc (postnatal day 1) shows that although some afferents are still in early developmental stages, some type II spiral ganglion cells already extend for long distances along the outer hair cells, and some type I spiral ganglion cells end on a single inner hair cell. These data support previous evidence that in mice the early outgrowth of afferent and efferent fibers is essentially achieved by birth.
The DRD2 gene and the risk for alcohol dependence in bipolar patients
Authors: Gorwood P. , Bellivier F. , Adès J. , Leboyer M. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe high co-morbidity between bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence may have different explanations, one of them being the existence of common genetic factors for the two disorders. Several candidate genes may be involved but the genes acting in the dopaminergic pathway may be more specifically involved. We have thus tested the role of the gene encoding the D2 dopamine receptor (TaqI A1 allele) in the potentially shared vulnerability to alcohol dependence and bipolar disorder.One hundred and twenty-two French (for at least two generations) patients were recruited on the basis of hospital or outpatient files and were interviewed with the DIGS. The A1 allele frequencies were compared between four groups, namely, with bipolar patients and co-morbid alcohol dependence (N = 21), with bipolar patients without alcohol morbidity (N = 31), with alcohol dependence without mood disorder (N = 35) and unaffected controls (N = 35).The Hardy Weinberg equilibrium for the DRD2 Taq1 A1 genotypes was respected for the sample as a whole, and for each subsample. We observed that 42.9% of control subjects have at least one A1 allele, a frequency which is not significantly different from the one observed in the affected sample as a whole (39.1%), neither from patients with alcohol dependence (37.1%), patients with bipolar disorder (48.4%) nor patients with alcohol dependence and bipolar disorder (28.6%). The regression analysis based on the three variables (bipolar disorder, alcohol dependence and interaction between these two disorders) does not explain the presence of the A1 allele of the DRD2 gene.We thus found no evidence for a significant role of the A1 allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene in the specific association between bipolar disorder and alcohol dependence in our sample.
Market response to analyst recommendations in the “dartboard” column: the information and price‐pressure effects
Authors: Albert Robert L. , Smaby Timothy R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe market response to securities selected by analysts featured in the “Dartboard” column of The Wall Street Journal (WSJ) is the subject of this study. Prior studies have reported significantly positive abnormal returns on the WSJ issue date, followed by a partial price reversal, suggesting that the initial response is partially attributable to price pressure. If we use a post‐event instead of a pre‐event estimation period, we find a similar event day response but no significant reversal. Though we are unable to reject the possibility of a price pressure effect, our results are generally consistent with the existence of an information effect. We also detect a differential response to securities recommended by analysts invited back to the contest and those recommended by newcomers, suggesting that the information effect is related to the market following recommendations of potentially superior analysts.
Meeting Women'S Health Needs In Yemen: A Midwifery Perspective
Authors: Penney Debra S. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTMaternal mortality in Yemen is one of the highest in the world. Reaching the rural majority of the population with primary health care services has been a continual priority for the nation. Despite efforts to expand health services, access to maternal and child health care remains low. The training of community midwives nationwide has been undertaken recently to address the need for maternal and child health services, particularly in rural areas. Several lessons have been gained through this initial training that will improve future efforts.
The case of a 61‐year‐old man with unusual headaches
Authors: Yu Margaret , Brooker Sarah , Priyadarshini Shubadra 
Published: December 2020

SummaryA 61‐year‐old man with past medical history significant for prediabetes, hyperlipidemia and high‐grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia presents with headaches for one month. Imaging of his brain reveals hydrocephalus and spine imaging reveals a cord lesion. These findings are discussed further in the case.
Intravenous arylsulfatase A in metachromatic leukodystrophy: a phase 1/2 study
Authors: í Dali Christine , Groeschel Samuel , Moldovan Mihai , Farah Mohamed H. , Krägeloh‐Mann Ingeborg , Wasilewski Margaret , Li Jing , Barton Norman , Krarup Christian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveMetachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by deficient activity of arylsulfatase A (ASA), resulting in severe motor and cognitive dysfunction. This phase 1/2 study evaluated the safety and efficacy of intravenous (IV) recombinant human ASA (rhASA; HGT‐1111, previously known as Metazym) in children with MLD.MethodsThirteen children with MLD (symptom onset < 4 years of age) were enrolled in an open‐label, nonrandomized, dose‐escalation trial and received IV rhASA at 50, 100, or 200 U/kg body weight every 14 (± 4) days for 52 weeks (NCT00418561; NCT00633139). Eleven children continued to receive rhASA at 100 or 200 U/kg during a 24‐month extension period (NCT00681811). Outcome measures included safety observations, changes in motor and cognitive function, and changes in nerve conduction and morphometry.ResultsThere were no serious adverse events considered related to IV rhASA. Motor function and developmental testing scores declined during the study in all dose groups; no significant differences were observed between groups. Nerve conduction studies and morphometric analysis indicated that peripheral nerve pathology did not worsen during the study in any dose group.InterpretationIV rhASA was generally well tolerated. There was no evidence of efficacy in preventing motor and cognitive deterioration, suggesting that IV rhASA may not cross the blood–brain barrier in therapeutic quantities. The relative stability of peripheral nerve function during the study indicates that rhASA may be beneficial if delivered to the appropriate target site and supports the development of rhASA for intrathecal administration in MLD.
Robust tracking of moving objects using thermal camera and speeded up robust features descriptor
Authors: Vlahović Nataša , Djurovic Zeljko 
Published: December 2020

SummaryRobust methods based on nonlinear influence functions are often used to remove outliers from data. The article describes the design of an algorithm for tracking a moving object in a thermal image using a SURF descriptor and robust Kalman filter. However, given that the main shortfall of robust methods is reduced efficiency, tunable parameters of the robust influence function are used to achieve a balance between robustness and efficiency. The parameters adapt to the observed scene's current conditions, while their estimation is based on the calculated data outlier contamination factor. The outliers that contaminate the data are generally a result of various types of occlusions. The results show that the proposed solution achieves better performance than the standard Kalman filter or fixed‐parameter robust Kalman filter.
Electrochemical Mg2+ Displacement Driven Reversible Copper Extrusion/Intrusion Reactions for High‐Rate Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Xue Xiaolan , Chen Renpeng , Song Xinmei , Tao Anyang , Yan Wen , Kong Weihua , Jin Zhong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) based on metal Mg anodes have shown great potential owing to the abundant natural resources, high volumetric capacity, and low safety hazard. Nevertheless, the development of RMBs is hampered by the sluggish kinetics of Mg2+ diffusion and the limited cyclability of cathode materials. Herein, nonstoichiometric copper selenide (Cu2–xSe) are synthesized via a solution‐based method and exploited as a durable cathode material based on ionic displacement mechanism for RMBs. The copper ions in the Se2− based sub‐lattices are reversibly exchanged by Mg2+ ions without causing lattice collapse. Owing to the same face‐centered cubic Se2− sub‐lattices and similar unit cell size of Cu2–xSe and MgSe, the energy barrier for lattice reconstruction during cycling processes is very low, significantly improving the rate performance, structural stability, and cycle life of the Cu2–xSe cathode. Moreover, metal Cu is in situ generated during discharging, thus greatly facilitating electron transport. Comprehensive characterizations confirm that the Cu2–xSe cathode undergoes reversible copper ion extrusion/reinjection during the discharge−charge steps. This work suggests the great potential for exploring high‐performance electrode materials based on ionic displacement mechanism for advanced multivalent‐ion secondary batteries.
Nature‐Inspired, Computer‐Assisted Optimization of Hierarchically Structured Zeolites
Authors: Coppens Marc‐Olivier , Weissenberger Tobias , Zhang Qunfeng , Ye Guanghua 
Published: December 2020

AbstractZeolite catalysis is often affected by transport limitations, which significantly influence overall performance. Introducing wide pores as molecular transport highways can reduce transport limitations, control the product distribution, and mitigate effects of catalyst deactivation. Nevertheless, the importance to rationally design the meso‐ and macropore space remains underappreciated. This article reviews multiscale modelling approaches to optimize overall catalytic performance. It provides a general methodology and rules of thumb to guide catalyst synthesis with optimal pore network characteristics. Inspiration is taken from nature, such as the structure of leaves and tissues, with similar requirements and associated features. In optimal hierarchically structured zeolites, the added macro‐/mesopore volume fraction, connectivity, crystal size, and minimum wide pore size are crucial. The broad pore size distribution is secondary. No uncontrolled diffusion limitations should exist within the zeolite crystals. Surface barriers, however, can significantly affect, even dominate overall transport. Understanding their origin and ways to control them is an emergent research area. Synthesis methods to realize hierarchically structured zeolites are briefly reviewed. Significant gaps exist between laboratory synthesis methods and industrial requirements. Zeolite catalysis could benefit from computer‐assisted design of their hierarchical pore network, embracing principles used by natural transport networks for scalable efficiency, selectivity, and robustness.
Electrogyration in Metamaterials: Chirality and Polarization Rotatory Power that Depend on Applied Electric Field
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Plum Eric , Ou Jun‐Yu , Pi Hailong , Li Junqing , MacDonald Kevin F. , Zheludev Nikolay I. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOne of the most fascinating properties of chiral molecules is their ability to rotate the polarization of light. Since Faraday's experiments in 1845, it has been known that nonreciprocal polarization rotatory power can be induced by a magnetic field. But can reciprocal polarization rotation in chiral molecules be influenced by an electric field? In the 1960s, Aizu and Zheludev introduced the phenomenon of electrogyration. While the linear (Pockels) and quadratic (Kerr) electro‐optical effects describe how an external electric field changes linear birefringence and dichroism, electrogyration describes how a field changes the circular birefringence and dichroism of a medium. Electrogyration is observed in dielectrics, semiconductors, and ferroelectrics, but the effect is small. This work demonstrates a nanostructured photonic metamaterial that exhibits quadratic electrogyration—proportional to the square of the applied electric field—six orders of magnitude stronger than in any natural medium. Giant quadratic electrogyration emerges as electrostatic forces acting against forces of elasticity change the chiral configuration of the metamaterial's nanoscale building blocks and consequently its polarization rotatory power. This observation of giant electrogyration alters the perception of the effect from that of an esoteric phenomenon into a functional part of the electro‐optic toolkit with application potential.
Nitrogen‐Doping‐Regulated Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties of Ultralight Three‐Dimensional Porous Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogels
Authors: Shu Ruiwen , Zhang Gengyuan , Zhang Chao , Wu Yue , Zhang Jiabin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHeteroatom nitrogen doping is considered an effective strategy to enhance the electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption capacity of reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Herein, nitrogen‐doped RGO aerogels (NGAs) are synthesized via hydrothermal self‐assembly followed by lyophilization processes. Results of micromorphology analysis show that the as‐prepared NGAs display unique 3D porous and netlike structure. Moreover, the effects of nitrogen doping and filler contents on EMW absorption properties of NGAs are studied. The as‐synthesized NGA with nitrogen content of 9.41 at% and a bulk density of 8.7 mg cm–3 presents the integrated optimal EMW absorption performance. Specifically, the minimum reflection loss of –56.4 dB is achieved and maximum absorption bandwidth of 6.8 GHz is reached, covering the whole Ku band. In addition, the possible EMW absorption mechanisms of obtained NGAs are proposed. Therefore, the as‐synthesized NGAs can be exploited as promising high‐efficiency and lightweight EMW absorbers.
Recent Advances and Prospects of Atomic Substitution on Layered Positive Materials for Lithium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Oh Pilgun , Yun Jeongsik , Park Seohyeon , Nam Gyutae , Liu Meilin , Cho Jaephil 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis work not only summarizes the previous doping research that focused on the optimization of a bulk doping composition but also introduces a new doping strategy, namely, “electrochemical reaction mechanism control doping.” The new electrochemical mechanism control technology enables the study of the precise deterioration mechanism of layered cathode materials for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). Accordingly, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the development of various types of layered cathode materials, such as lithium‐rich, nickel‐rich, and cobalt‐rich materials, by using an electrochemical functioning doping method. This progress report also gives a perspective on potential future directions for this field. In this context, detailed methodological approaches are suggested for advanced doping studies, where the consideration of the doping method takes significance as great as designing doping configurations, e.g., chemical composition, doping depth, and doping site control, for the modification of battery material properties. As an instance of the methodological approaches for doping studies, a new “secondary doping” is shown with exemplary experimental results showing that functioning dopants (primary dopants) are homogeneously dispersed on the layered cathode materials by using supporting dopants (secondary dopants). This study will provide insights into the future direction of doping research of LIBs, as well as the history of the development of atomic substitution in layered cathode materials.
Liquid‐State Templates for Constructing B, N, Co‐Doping Porous Carbons with a Boosting of Potassium‐Ion Storage Performance
Authors: Feng Wenting , Feng Nianyun , Liu Wei , Cui Yongpeng , Chen Chen , Dong Tiantian , Liu Shuang , Deng Weiqiao , Wang Huanlei , Jin Yongcheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTemplate‐assistant design and fabrication of porous carbon electrode materials has experienced great progress throughout the past decades and yielded lots of successes via various gas or solid state templates. Nevertheless, liquid‐state templates are rather rare in preparing porous carbon materials to date. In this work, melting B2O3 beads are used as both templates and a B dopant, leading to unique B, N co‐doping hierarchically porous carbons containing a “bubble pool”‐like skeleton built of interconnected carbon nanobubbles. Notably, an interesting amending effect of doped B atoms on the N‐doped carbon network can be identified for the first time, which creates a “paddy field”‐like hybrid microstructure with the co‐existence of sp2 short‐range order and sp3 defective areas, leading to an ideal model of carbon materials with both good conductivity and high capacity. Together with the rich ion diffusing pathways and the structural integrity of the “bubble pool”‐like skeleton, the resultant electrode delivers a comprehensive K‐ion storage performance. Therefore, the findings demonstrate the unique pore‐making merits of liquid state templates, which may open the door for exploring porous carbons with more innovations of microstructures and functionalities for applications in energy storage and other fields.
2D Doping of Proton Conductors: BaZrO3‐Based Heterostructures
Authors: Ngabonziza Prosper , Merkle Rotraut , Wang Yi , van Aken Peter A. , Bjørheim Tor S. , Maier Joachim , Mannhart Jochen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIonically conducting oxide heterostructures provide ideal geometries for revealing interfacial effects in solid state ionics. Beyond that, they can provide a high density of heterointerfaces and thus allow for reliable studies of interfacial phenomena with respect to fundamental understanding as well as with respect to nanoionic applications. Substituting an entire single layer rather than random single ions by aliovalent impurities enables the possibility of 2D doping rather than conventional 0D doping. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this technique has never been applied to ionically conducting systems. Acceptor‐doped barium zirconate has been widely investigated, particularly for applications in clean energy technologies, most importantly for intermediate temperature fuel cells. Here, epitaxial BaZrO3–BaYOx heterostructures and in particular 2D doping of BaZrO3 by yttrium are reported. The effects on proton conductivity are studied. The results not only lead to fundamental insight into the pros and cons of 2D doping of ion conductors, but may also help improve protonic devices.