bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating Music
Authors: Bauer William I. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Grounded in the research and promising practices literature, Chapter 3 discusses concepts and skills, pedagogies, and technology related to musical creativity. Creativity is usually an assumed part of being musical. While there are creative aspects to a variety of musical activities—for instance, developing an interpretation of a musical composition involves creative thinking—the focus in this chapter is on the development of original musical ideas through two primary musical processes, improvisation and composition. The chapter provides an overview of creativity, discusses the process of learning to improvise and compose, describes pedagogical strategies to use with students, and suggests technological tools that can support creative musical experiences. Contemporary approaches to musical creativity such as remixing and mashups are also addressed.
Responding to Music
Authors: Bauer William I. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Grounded in the research and promising practices literature, chapter 5 discusses concepts and skills, pedagogies, and technologies related to human response to music. All people respond to music in a variety of ways. Music educators strive to develop students’ abilities to listen to and describe music, analyze and evaluate it, understand its historical and cultural contexts, and appreciate its relationships to other disciplines, including other art forms. Numerous technological tools are capable of supporting student learning in these aspects of music. They may also provide a means to respond to musical stimuli. By aligning musical outcomes related to responding to music with appropriate pedagogies and supporting technologies, music educators can assist students in their continuing development of knowledge and skills essential for meaningful, lifelong involvement with music.
Assessment for Music Learning
Authors: Bauer William I. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Assessment is an essential aspect of teaching and learning. Not only is assessment necessary to determine whether students have learned what teachers think they have taught, but it also informs the design of instruction and is used to adjust the specific teaching and learning strategies that are used over time. Numerous technological tools are available that enable teachers to be more efficient and effective with this process. This chapter is primarily concerned with the assessment of musical achievement in creative, psychomotor, and cognitive domains. It outlines essential assessment principles, discusses the technology-assisted development of assessments, explores technologies helpful to the process of assessing specific music learning outcomes, and describes new assessment approaches enabled by technology. The management of assessment data and processes via technology is also examined.
Instructional Design
Authors: Bauer William I. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Learning is contextual, active, social, and reflective. Learners construct their own understanding by connecting prior knowledge to new information. Technology, when properly utilized, can facilitate these natural learning processes. This chapter discusses fundamental principles of human learning as they apply to the design of lessons, units, and curricula that include technology. Design models described include project based learning and backwards design, two approaches that often utilize technology and value the development of student 21st-century skills such as creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration. Technology is also a tool that music educators can use to differentiate instruction and to provide learning support to special needs students. Finally, when engaged in instructional design that includes technology, music educators and their students need to be cognizant of copyright laws, utilizing public domain and Creative Commons media and materials whenever possible.
Productivity and Professional Development
Authors: Bauer William I. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
There are numerous ways in which technology can improve the productivity of music educators, helping to make administrative and organizational tasks more efficient and effective. This chapter describes a variety of technological tools that can be used to facilitate overall organization, communication, public relations and advocacy, the creation and acquisition of instructional support materials, data management, travel, and maintenance of financial records, all of which are typical responsibilities of music teachers. Technology can also be useful for continuing professional development. From informal Personal Learning Networks to formalized graduate degree programs, technology can empower music educators with personalized, sustained, flexible, and social professional learning opportunities. Taken together, these approaches to professional development can help music educators continually develop and refine their TPACK, facilitating an ongoing upward spiral of the knowledge and skills necessary for music learning today.
“The power of religion greatly displayed”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Oliver Hart experienced evangelical conversion at the peak of a dynamic series of revivals known as the Great Awakening. His childhood pastor, Jenkin Jones, publicly supported the evangelist George Whitefield and did all that he could to promote revivalism in Hart’s Particular Baptist congregation. Along with Hart’s personal story, this chapter recounts the Baptist reception of the Great Awakening throughout colonial America, including in New England and in the South. It corrects the common misperception that most Particular Baptists stood aloof from the Great Awakening, and introduces the emergence of the Separate Baptist movement.
“All things are become new”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Particular Baptists of the Philadelphia Association benefited tremendously from the revivals of the Great Awakening, but at the same time felt their distinctively Baptist identity threatened by the interdenominational nature of the movement, its de-emphasis on local church accountability, and its loosening of restrictions on who could speak on behalf of God. This chapter explores how Hart and the Philadelphia Association navigated these tensions in the 1740s, and how in that context Hart experienced a “regular call” to ministry. In 1749 Hart agreed to relocate to Charleston, South Carolina, where the Baptists of the South were few, weak, and divided; he would spend the next thirty years transferring a combination of Philadelphia Association church order and Great Awakening revivalism to the Baptists of the South.
“Promoting so laudable a Design”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The 1760s were a decade of significant institutional development for America’s Baptists, and Oliver Hart was a key figure in that advance. In the South, Hart led the Charleston Association to adopt the Charleston Confession as its doctrinal statement, setting a course for traditional Calvinism among white Southern Baptists for the next one hundred years or more. He also shaped the church government practices of Baptist churches, coauthoring the Summary of Church Discipline, which outlined the rigorous church order Baptists would become known for well into the nineteenth century. This chapter provides vivid examples of how this congregational government worked itself out in specific Baptist churches of the period. Beyond the South, Hart enthusiastically supported the Philadelphia Association project of founding Rhode Island College (later Brown University), an important signal that Baptists as a whole were becoming respectable in colonial American society. Finally, Hart’s frequent preaching excursions into the Carolina backcountry brought him into contact with the exploding Separate Baptist movement. Though they were far less sophisticated than his Charleston social circles, Hart found much to appreciate in the Separate Baptists and sought opportunities to unite them with his own Regular Baptist tribe.
“Comforts and mercies, losses and crosses”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The first half of the 1770s was a major transitional period for Oliver Hart. Many of the most important figures in his life, including his hero, George Whitefield, and his wife, Sarah, died. (Sarah’s death provides an opportunity to reflect on the role of women in the colonial Baptist South and on the attraction they found to the Baptist faith.) At the same time, important new figures were assuming a larger role in his life, including his understudy Edmund Botsford and the promising young Separate Baptist preacher Richard Furman. Hart struggled in the domestic sphere during the period of his widowhood, contending especially with his unruly son, John, away at Rhode Island College. He was relieved to find a new wife in Anne Marie Sealy Grimball, a member of the Charleston Baptist Church in whose conversion Hart had been instrumental some years before.
“The rising glory of this continent”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
While most Baptists ultimately supported the American Revolution, many approached the conflict with a certain ambivalence, especially in New England and Virginia, where many of the Patriot leaders had actively suppressed their religious freedoms. Oliver Hart enthusiastically backed the cause of liberty from the beginning. At age fifty-two he accepted an assignment from the South Carolina Council of Safety to join the Patriot leader William Henry Drayton and the Presbyterian William Tennent III on a recruiting mission into the Tory-infested Carolina backcountry. While Hart found this to be rugged and distressing work, the mission was successful overall. Hart used the occasion of the new South Carolina state constitution to broker something of a merger between the formerly estranged Regular and Separate Baptists of the state, believing that they could gain greater concessions for religious freedom if they displayed a unified front to the state. When the British Army invaded Charleston in 1780, Hart’s conspicuous patriotism marked him for reparations from the Crown, and he fled northward in the company of Edmund Botsford. He would never return to the South.
“The Baptist Interest”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Oliver Hart faced a crisis of decision when the Charleston Baptist Church extended an invitation for him to return as pastor there in 1783. Hart repeatedly equivocated in his correspondence with them, but ultimately blessed the appointment of his young friend Richard Furman to the post, thus sealing the union of Regular and Separate Baptists in the South. In Hopewell, Hart continued to lament the absence of revival in his apathetic congregation, as well as his own physical decline and old age. He found his greatest encouragement during these years in the “rising glory” of the young American republic, which he believed to be uniquely blessed by God. He celebrated the federal Constitution and urged his skeptical Baptist colleagues to support its ratification. This chapter also explores Hart’s change of perspective on the issue of slavery.
“All the Baptists on the Continent”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Oliver Hart longed to see one more revival in his final years, but he died in 1795, just before the Second Great Awakening. The Baptist movement in America had been dramatically transformed during his lifetime, both in numbers and in cultural respectability. Twenty years after Hart’s death, “all the Baptists on the continent” would unite to support the foreign missionaries Ann and Adoniram Judson, thus birthing the first nationwide Baptist denomination and fulfilling a long-held desire of Hart’s. Fittingly, it was Hart’s successor at Charleston, Richard Furman, who would serve as the new denomination’s first president. Furman would also build on Hart’s lifework by overseeing the expansion of Baptist institutional life in the South during the first quarter of the nineteenth century. Ultimately Hart’s dream of a united Baptist America was shattered over the issue of slavery, with the South’s Baptists clinging to his earlier position on slavery, and Northern Baptists following his later position. This chapter closes with a reflection on Hart’s enduring legacy as an early American Baptist and evangelical leader.
The Machinery of Government
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Political theorists are aware that the old-fashioned model of state power, according to which elected officials make policy decisions, which are then faithfully enacted by a loyal cadre of public servants, is hopelessly outdated. The complexity of the modern state, not to mention the difficulty of the economic and social problems it confronts, is such that a great deal of rule-making power is delegated to public servants. Yet if public servants are not merely in the business of administration, but are also deciding questions of policy, how are they making these decisions, and what normative principles inform their judgments? The Machinery of Government attempts to answer this question. The central challenge involves reconciling the tension between the traditional commitment to political neutrality on the part of the civil service with the fact that administrative discretion inevitably involves making normative judgments. State employees are in many cases unable to do their jobs effectively without some conception of where the public interest lies. It seems inevitable that this will conflict with the commitment to political neutrality, since this conception of the public interest may be tension with that of elected officials. The solution to the dilemma lies in an understanding of the constraints that liberalism imposes on popular sovereignty in a liberal-democratic polity. Not only do courts play an important role in checking the power of democratic publics, the executive branch is also the custodian of certain fundamental liberal principles.
Liberalism
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the rise of liberalism in terms of the desire to develop a set of normative principles to govern the state that exhibit neutrality with regard to controversial conceptions of the good. It traces the historical development to emphasize that these principles represented not just a solution to a conceptual difficulty but also a way to address a pressing practical problem. The classical formulation of the doctrine emphasized the state’s provision of three “neutral” goods: property, contract, and security. However, the very success of liberal states organized on this basis gave rise to a set of social problems that the doctrine was powerless to resolve. This gave rise, indirectly, to modern liberalism, which reconceptualizes liberal neutrality in terms of a commitment to a set of more abstract principles of efficiency, equality, and liberty.
Efficiency and the Rise of the Welfare State
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Even among supporters of the welfare state there are several different theoretical reconstructions of the normative commitments that are taken to underlie it, all of which are in tension with one another. The three normative purposes most commonly cited are equality, community, and efficiency. These give rise to a corresponding set of models, which I refer to as the egalitarian, communitarian, and public-economic models of the welfare state. The objective of this chapter is to show that the public-economic model of the welfare state, though the least popular among political philosophers, is actually the most plausible. Not only does it provide a superior account of the existing configuration of welfare-state activities, but it alone is able to explain why, in all Western democracies, state spending rose almost continuously over the course of the 20th century.
Administrative Discretion and the Rule of Law
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Empirical study of administrative decision-making shows that the power exercised by public officials is only loosely controlled by statutory law. Political theorists have traditionally viewed this discretion quite negatively, as a violation either of the rule of law or the principle of democratic legitimacy. This chapter presents a defense of administrative discretion, on the grounds that it is not just inevitable; it makes an important contribution to the quality of public administration. Both legislative and judicial strategies to reduce administrative discretion have failed or had perverse consequences. The best approach to reducing the potential for abuse of power has been through the development of a “rule of law” culture within the executive branch.
Paternalism and Individual Freedom
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The growth of state bureaucracy is seen by many as a threat to individual freedom. This concern has been mitigated in part by the commitment of the liberal state to refrain from engaging in paternalistic intervention. This chapter revisits John Stuart Mill’s classic arguments against paternalism to assess recent challenges to the traditional liberal deference of individual autonomy. The discovery of systematic deviations from rationality has suggested to many that state officials may in certain cases be able to improve individual welfare by intervening in ways that override individuals’ own judgment. These proposals can be analyzed under three categories: those having to do with temporal distortions of preference, with biases in cognition, and with manipulation of choice through non-rational means. This suggests certain valid exceptions to the general rule laid down by Mill.
Conclusion
Authors: Heath Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The growth of the administrative state creates a dilemma for the civil service. In order to guide the exercise of administrative power, it is compelled to develop its own conception of the public interest. And yet it appears to be prohibited from doing so both by democratic theory and constitutional convention. The solution to the dilemma lies in an understanding of the way that liberal principles inform the practice of public administration, in particular, the principles of efficiency, equality and liberty. This brief concluding chapter offers a summary of the argument, offered over the course of the book, in defense of this position.
Sites of Ottoman Memory
Authors: Yavuz M. Hakan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents Turkish literature as an incubator for the rise of counter-identity, exploring literature not merely as an instrument for exploring memories but, more important, as a site for storing and reconstituting them. The counterpoint of fictional writers and poets against professional historians and scholars is examined. In the case of Ottoman history, early Republican novels and poems were turned into texts of collective memory that offered a basis for reimagining the self simultaneously as Ottoman/Muslim and Turk. Literature stimulated interest and desire in Turkish readers to learn more about the past. The chapter also examines the Sufi orders and their role in preserving and reviving Ottoman memory.
Erdoğan’s Neo-Ottomanism
Authors: Yavuz M. Hakan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on two pillars of Erdoğan’s political identity: the Ottoman Empire, especially under Abdulhamid II, and Islam. It indicates that the dual processes of Islamicization and Ottomanization in the case of Turkey are mutually reinforcing, inclusive processes. By drawing on Necip Fazıl, the most influential intellectual figure for AKP leadership, Erdoğan has argued for the restoration of Islamic values that stress order, family, and community. Turkey’s new cultural and economic elites support Erdoğan’s vision of neo-Ottomanism as a way of life that fits into a broader Islamic worldview and sustains their positions of power. Erdoğan’s near-obsessive reverence for two Ottoman Sultans (Mehmed II and Abdulhamid II) illuminates his thinking about the state’s potential for controlling the lives of its citizens. This chapter also examines various sites of reconstructed Ottoman memory in cuisine, fine arts, urban planning, and furniture.
Naughty Boys and The Pleasure Garden
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This biographical introduction takes us through Hitchcock’s childhood and relationship with his family members. It details the famous origin story of his fear of police, describing a time his father had a policeman lock the young Hitchcock in a cell for five minutes, after which he was told, “This is what we do to naughty boys.” It also details his apprenticeship in silent films, where he worked as a title card designer, and focuses on his marriage to Alma Reville. The chapter then moves on to a close consideration of Hitchcock’s fascinating debut feature, The Pleasure Garden (1925) and the acting styles of its lead players, Virginia Valli and Carmelita Geraghty, both of whom retired early.
The Mountain Eagle and The Lodger
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hitchcock’s lost second film is represented by various stills where we can see how he carefully deglamorized his star Nita Naldi, who was a star from America. In his third film, The Lodger (1926), which made his reputation, Hitchcock carefully handles the queer matinee idol Ivor Novello, experimenting with ways of shooting him that emphasize his sex appeal and his strange way of moving. This film also features one of the first “Hitchcock blondes,” as played by an actress simply known as June. There is also a discussion of gayness in Hitchcock films and what it can mean to have a gay actor in a straight part and a straight actor in a gay part.
Blackmail
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hitchcock’s first talking film, Blackmail (1929), presented the Master with a dilemma when it came to the performance of his lead actress, Anny Ondra. Blackmail had been shot first as a silent film, but when it was decided to do a sound version, Ondra’s thick Czech accent was judged unacceptable because she was playing the part of a working-class London girl. Hitchcock did not want to replace Ondra, and so he got the young British actress Joan Barry to read the lines for her off-camera as Ondra mimed to them. The result is often awkward, of course, but it also says something about the difference between what an actor is like as an image and what an actor is like when they speak.
Juno and the Paycock, Murder!, Mary, Elstree Calling, The Skin Game
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
After the success of Blackmail, Hitchcock was tasked with filming successful plays like Juno and the Paycock (1930) by Seán O’Casey and The Skin Game (1931) by John Galsworthy, and neither of these pictures gave him any real creative leeway. Both of these theater adaptations feature acting that would be far more acceptable on stage than for the camera, but Hitchcock finds all kinds of interesting things to do with his players in Murder! (1930), where he focused particularly on Norah Baring as the mysterious female lead and Esme Percy (a former matinee idol who had worked with Sarah Bernhardt) as a murderous cross-dresser named Handel Fane. A German version of Murder! called Mary allows us to see just how important casting can be and how it can make a movie drastically shift its tone. In Mary, the character of Handel Fane is played by the tall and hearty Ekkehard Arendt, who is the exact opposite of Esme Percy in looks and manner.