bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion MRI for Assessment of Bone Quality; A Review of Findings in Healthy Aging and Osteoporosis
Authors: Fathi Kazerooni Anahita , Pozo Jose M. , McCloskey Eugene Vincent , Saligheh Rad Hamidreza , Frangi Alejandro F. 
Published: November 2019

Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is a growing imaging technique with the potential to provide biomarkers of tissue variation, such as cellular density, tissue anisotropy, and microvascular perfusion. However, the role of dMRI in characterizing different aspects of bone quality, especially in aging and osteoporosis, has not yet been fully established, particularly in clinical applications. The reason lies in the complications accompanied with implementation of dMRI in assessment of human bone structure, in terms of acquisition and quantification. Bone is a composite tissue comprising different elements, each contributing to the overall quality and functional competence of bone. As diffusion is a critical biophysical process in biological tissues, early changes of tissue microstructure and function can affect diffusive properties of the tissue. While there are multiple MRI methods to detect variations of individual properties of bone quality due to aging and osteoporosis, dMRI has potential to serve as a superior method for characterizing different aspects of bone quality within the same framework but with higher sensitivity to early alterations. This is mainly because several properties of the tissue including directionality and anisotropy of trabecular bone and cell density can be collected using only dMRI. In this review article, we first describe components of human bone that can be potentially detected by their diffusivity properties and contribute to variations in bone quality during aging and osteoporosis. Then we discuss considerations and challenges of dMRI in bone imaging, current status, and suggestions for development of dMRI in research studies and clinics to segregate different contributing components of bone quality in an integrated acquisition.Level of Evidence: 5Technical Efficacy Stage: 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:975–992.
Slower Walking Speed Is Related to Early Femoral Trochlear Cartilage Degradation After ACL Reconstruction
Authors: Capin Jacob J. , Williams Jack R. , Neal Kelsey , Khandha Ashutosh , Durkee Laura , Ito Naoaki , Stefanik Joshua J. , Snyder‐Mackler Lynn , Buchanan Thomas S. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTPost‐traumatic patellofemoral osteoarthritis (OA) is prevalent after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and early cartilage degradation may be especially common in the femoral trochlear cartilage. Determining the presence of and factors associated with early femoral trochlear cartilage degradation, a precursor to OA, is a critical preliminary step in identifying those at risk for patellofemoral OA development and designing interventions to combat the disease. Early cartilage degradation can be detected using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging measures, such as tissue T2 relaxation time. The purposes of this study were to (i) compare involved (ACLR) versus uninvolved (contralateral) femoral trochlear cartilage T2 relaxation times 6 months after ACLR, and (ii) determine the relationship between walking speed and walking mechanics 3 months after ACLR and femoral trochlear cartilage T2 relaxation times 6 months after ACLR. Twenty‐six individuals (age 23 ± 7 years) after primary, unilateral ACLR participated in detailed motion analyses 3.3 ± 0.6 months after ACLR and quantitative magnetic resonance imaging 6.3 ± 0.5 months after ACLR. There were no limb differences in femoral trochlear cartilage T2 relaxation times. Slower walking speed was related to higher (worse) femoral trochlear cartilage T2 relaxation times in the involved limb (Pearson's r: −0.583, p = 0.002) and greater interlimb differences in trochlear T2 relaxation times (Pearson's r: −0.349, p = 0.080). Walking mechanics were weakly related to trochlear T2 relaxation times. Statement of clinical significance: Slower walking speed was by far the strongest predictor of worse femoral trochlear cartilage health, suggesting slow walking speed may be an early clinical indicator of future patellofemoral OA after ACLR. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:645–652, 2020
Far‐travelled ash in past and future eruptions: combining tephrochronology with volcanic studies
Authors: Cashman Katharine V. , Rust Alison C. 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTStudies of recent eruptions have improved our understanding of volcanic ash transport and deposition, but have also raised important questions about the behaviour of far‐travelled (distal) volcanic ash. In particular, it is difficult to reconcile estimates of distal ash mass and transport distance determined from eyewitness accounts, mapped deposits, satellite‐based observations and cryptotephra records. Here we address this problem using data from well‐characterized eruptions that, collectively, include all four data types. Data from recent eruptions allow us to relate eyewitness accounts to mapped deposits on the ground and satellite‐based observations of ash in the air; observations from an historical eruption link eyewitness accounts to cryptotephra deposits. Together these examples show that (i) 10–20% of the erupted mass is typically deposited outside the mapped limits; (ii) estimates of the ash mass transported in volcanic clouds cannot account for all of this unmapped ash; and (iii) ash fall observed at distances beyond mapped deposits can have measurable impacts, and can form cryptotephra deposits with high (>~1000 cm−3) shard counts. We conclude that cryptotephra data can be incorporated into volcanological studies of ash transport and deposition and provide important insight into both the behaviour and impacts of far‐travelled volcanic ash particles.
Raman spectroscopic determination of the degree of dissociation of nitric acid in binary and ternary mixtures with HF and H2SiF6
Authors: Langner Thomas , Rietig Anja , Acker Jörg 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe oxidizing effect of nitric acid in aqueous solutions depends on the concentration of undissociated nitric acid. This makes the concentration of undissociated nitric acid an essential parameter to monitor and control the quality of silicon etching in the industrial manufacturing of solar cells. In the present study, a method known already is extended in such a way that the degree of dissociation of nitric acid can be determined by Raman spectroscopy in HF/HNO3/H2SiF6 acid mixtures over a broad concentration range for the first time and without using an internal or external standard to compensate the typical time‐dependent drift of a Raman spectrometer. The method developed requires the calculation of a peak area ratio from the areas of the unimpeded Raman signals assigned to nitrate (νN − O) at 1,048 cm−1 and to undissociated HNO3 (νN − OH) at 957 cm−1. The correlation between the peak ratio and the degree of dissociation of nitric acid revealed can be described by a simple empirical equation. Using this equation, the degree of dissociation of nitric acid can be determined over a broad concentration range in binary and ternary mixtures of HNO3 with HF and H2SiF6. The impact of the acids HF and H2SiF6 and the total water content in the degree of dissociation of nitric acid is discussed.
Tracking operative autonomy and performance in otolaryngology training using smartphone technology: A single institution pilot study
Authors: Chen Jenny X. , Kozin Elliott , Bohnen Jordan , George Brian , Deschler Daniel , Emerick Kevin , Gray Stacey T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn the era of duty hour restrictions, otolaryngology residents may not gain the operative experience necessary to function autonomously by the end of training. This study quantifies residents' autonomy during key indicator cases, defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.Study DesignProspective cohort study.MethodsFaculty and residents at a large academic institution were surveyed on the surgical autonomy trainees should achieve for otolaryngology key indicator surgeries at each training level. Residents and faculty used the mobile application “System for Improving and Measuring Procedural Learning” (SIMPL) between December 2017 and July 2018 to log trainees' operative autonomy during cases on a validated four‐level Zwisch scale, from “show and tell” to “supervision only.”ResultsThe study included 40 participants (23 residents and 17 attendings). The survey response rate was 83%. In surveys, residents overestimated the autonomy PGY5 residents should achieve for parotidectomy, rhinoplasty, thyroid/parathyroidectomy, and airway procedures compared with faculty (P < .05). Using SIMPL, 833 evaluations were logged of which 253 were paired evaluations for key indicator cases. Comparing survey predictions with actual cases logged in SIMPL, residents and faculty overestimated the autonomy achieved by senior trainees performing mastoidectomy (PGY5, P < .05) and ethmoidectomy (PGY4/5, P < .05); both felt that senior residents should operate with between “passive help” and “supervision only” whereas residents actually had “passive help.” Residents overestimated their autonomy during rhinoplasty (PGY5, P = .017) and parotidectomy (PGY5, P = .007) while attendings accurately expected chief residents to have “passive help.”ConclusionsResident surgical autonomy varies across otolaryngology procedures. Multicenter studies are needed to elucidate national trends.Level of Evidence2
Being green in a materialistic world: Consequences for subjective well‐being
Authors: Furchheim Pia , Martin Christian , Morhart Felicitas 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper explores the potential negative side‐effects of the sustainability movement in societies with large segments of materialistic consumers. Across three studies, there is evidence that a conflict between materialistic and green value profiles can arise in consumers. When it arises, it seems to be related to diminished well‐being. Study 1 shows that consumers with a higher value conflict (VC) experienced higher levels of stress. Consumers with higher degrees of stress then reported lower satisfaction with life. Study 2 reveals the underlying process by which this value conflict affects well‐being. The results suggest that the value conflict is related to a reduced clarity of consumers’ self‐concept (SCC), which in turn is related to increased levels of stress and a lower satisfaction with life. Results of Study 3 show that preference for consistency (PfC) serves as a boundary condition to this effect. The negative effect of VC on SCC is most pronounced among consumers high in PfC, while low PfC consumers seem to suffer less from the negative consequences of a conflict between green and materialistic values. Conceptual and public‐policy implications of these results are discussed.
Engineering Redox Activity in Conjugated Microporous Polytriphenylamine Networks Using Pyridyl Building Blocks toward Efficient Supercapacitors
Authors: Li Huixin , Lyu Wei , Liao Yaozu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNitrogen‐rich conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) with tunable porosities and reversible redox properties have received increasing interest as electrode materials for supercapacitors. Herein, pyridyl building blocks with different substitutions are selected to synthesize four amine‐linked conjugated microporous polytriphenylamine (PTPA) networks via Buchwald–Hartwig cross‐coupling reaction engineering the redox activity of PTPAs. The structures, porosities, and redox activities of these four PTPAs are investigated. The electrochemical characterization results show that PTPA obtained using 2,5‐diaminopyridine dihydrochloride (i.e., PTPA‐25) displays the highest specific capacitances up to 335 F g−1 in 1.0 m H2SO4 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. Upon 5000 cycles, PTPA‐25 maintains good initial capacitances up to 65%, nearly 100% Coulombic efficiencies at a current density of 2 A g−1, and high rate properties (remained a high capacitance of 250 F g−1 at 10 A g−1). The influence of different substitutions of pyridyl on the redox activities of the synthesized PTPA electrodes is further proposed, which would give insight into engineering the performance of CMPs‐based supercapacitors.
Selective and Rapid Light‐Induced RAFT Single Unit Monomer Insertion in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Zhou Yanyan , Zhang Zhengbiao , Reese Cassandra M. , Patton Derek L. , Xu Jiangtao , Boyer Cyrille , Postma Almar , Moad Graeme 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe photocatalyst Zn(II) meso‐tetra(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (ZnTPPS) is found to substantially accelerate visible‐light‐initiated (red, yellow, green light) single unit monomer insertion (SUMI) of N,N‐dimethylacrylamide into the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent, 4‐((((2‐carboxyethyl)thio)carbonothioyl)thio)‐4‐cyanopentanoic acid (RAFT1), in aqueous solution. Thus, under irradiation with red (633 nm) or yellow (593 nm) light with 50 mpm (moles per million mole of monomer) ZnTPPS at 30 °C, the rate enhancement provided by photoinduced energy or electron transfer (PET) is ≈sevenfold over the rate of direct photoRAFT‐SUMI (without catalyst), which corresponds to achieving full and selective reaction in hours versus days. Importantly, the selectivity, as judged by the absence of oligomers, is retained. Under green light at similar power, higher rates of SUMI are also observed. However, the degree of enhancement provided by PET‐RAFT‐SUMI over direct photoRAFT‐SUMI as a function of catalyst concentration is less and some oligomers are formed.
Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Brain Changes in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Authors: Pyatigorskaya Nadya , Yahia‐Cherif Lydia , Gaurav Rahul , Ewenczyk Claire , Gallea Cecile , Valabregue Romain , Gargouri Fatma , Magnin Benoit , Degos Bertrand , Roze Emmanuel , Bardinet Eric , Poupon Cyril , Arnulf Isabelle , Vidailhet Marie , Lehericy Stéphane 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundProgressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative clinically heterogeneous disorder, formal diagnosis being based on postmortem histological brain examination.ObjectiveWe aimed to perform a precise in vivo staging of neurodegeneration in PSP using quantitative multimodal MRI. The ability of MRI biomarkers to differentiate PSP from PD was also evaluated.MethodsEleven PSP patients were compared to 26 age‐matched healthy controls and 51 PD patients. Images were acquired at 3 Tesla (three‐dimensional T1‐weighted, diffusion tensor, and neuromelanin‐sensitive images) and 7 Tesla (three‐dimensional‐T2* images). Regions of interest included the cortical areas, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, basal forebrain, brainstem nuclei, dentate nucleus, and cerebellum. Volumes, mean diffusivity, and fractional anisotropy were measured. In each region, a threshold value for group categorization was calculated, and four grades of change (0–3) were determined.ResultsPSP patients showed extensive volume decreases and diffusion changes in the midbrain, SN, STN, globus pallidus, basal forebrain, locus coeruleus, pedunculopontine nucleus, and dentate nucleus, in close agreement with the degrees of impairment in histological analyses. The predictive factors for the separation of PSP and healthy controls were, in descending order, the neuromelanin‐based SN volume; midbrain fractional anisotropy; volumes of the midbrain, globus pallidus, and putamen; and fractional anisotropy in the locus coeruleus. The best predictors for separating PSP from PD were the neuromelanin‐based volume in the SN, fractional anisotropy in the pons, volumes of the midbrain and globus pallidus, and fractional anisotropy in the basal forebrain.ConclusionsThese results suggest that it is possible to evaluate brain neurodegeneration in PSP noninvasively, even in small brainstem nuclei, in close agreement with previously published histological data. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Motor Complications in Parkinson's Disease: 13‐Year Follow‐up of the CamPaIGN Cohort
Authors: Kim Han‐Joon , Mason Sarah , Foltynie Thomas , Winder‐Rhodes Sophie , Barker Roger A. , Williams‐Gray Caroline H. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundLong‐term population‐representative data on motor fluctuations and levodopa‐induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease is lacking.MethodsThe Cambridgeshire Parkinson's Incidence from GP to Neurologist (CamPaIGN) cohort comprises incident PD cases followed for up to 13 years (n = 141). Cumulative incidence of motor fluctuations and levodopa‐induced dyskinesias and risk factors were assessed using Kaplan‐Meyer and Cox regression analyses.ResultsCumulative incidence of motor fluctuations and levodopa‐induced dyskinesias was 54.3% and 14.5%, respectively, at 5 years and 100% and 55.7%, respectively, at 10 years. Higher baseline UPDRS‐total and SNCA rs356219(A) predicted motor fluctuations, whereas higher baseline Mini‐mental State Examination and GBA mutations predicted levodopa‐induced dyskinesias. Early levodopa use did not predict motor complications. Both early motor fluctuations and levodopa‐induced dyskinesias predicted reduced mortality in older patients (age at diagnosis >70 years).ConclusionsOur data support the hypothesis that motor complications are related to the severity of nigrostriatal pathology rather than early levodopa use and indicate that early motor complications do not necessarily confer a negative prognosis. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Sleep disordered breathing in Marfan syndrome: Value of standard screening questionnaires
Authors: Sowho Mudiaga O. , Patil Susheel , Schneider Hartmut , MacCarrick Gretchen , Kirkness Jason P. , Wolfe Lisa F. , Sterni Laura , Cistulli Peter A. , Neptune Enid R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundA high prevalence of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) has been reported in persons with Marfan syndrome (MFS), a single gene disorder of connective tissue resulting in premature death from aortic rupture. The burden of SDB and accompanying hemodynamic stress could warrant broad screening in this population. Our goal was to assess the utility of traditional SDB screening tools in our sample of persons with MFS.MethodsParticipants were recruited during an annual Marfan Foundation meeting and Marfan status confirmed using the Ghent criteria. Screening questionnaires were administered and SDB assessed by home sleep testing. We assessed accuracy of screening tools using receiver‐operating characteristic curve analyses.ResultsThe prevalence of moderate‐severe SDB was 32% in our sample of 31 MFS participants. The Stop‐Bang questionnaire had the highest positive predictive value (PPV) of 60% and the highest negative predictive value (NPV) of 100% using the high‐ and moderate‐risk cut‐offs, respectively, and the Berlin questionnaire had a PPV of 50% and an NPV of 92.3% at the high‐risk cut‐off. When those with mild SDB were included, the Stop‐Bang and the Sleep Apnea Clinical Score (SACS) questionnaires demonstrated useful screening accuracies with PPVs of 94.7% and 92.9%, and NPVs of 63.6% and 47.1%, respectively, at the moderate‐risk cut‐offs.ConclusionA survey of SDB in a sample of persons with MFS reveals not only a high burden of SDB but also that conventional screening instruments have utility if adapted appropriately. Future studies should validate the utility of these screening tools given concerns that SDB may contribute to progression of aortic pathology in MFS.
Role of radiation therapy for pediatric upper extremity extraskeletal osteosarcoma: A case series
Authors: McClelland Shearwood , Hentea Cristiana , Fan Rong , Bertrand Todd E , Holmes Jordan A 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackground Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is an extremely rare disease, comprising less than 0.1% of all cancers diagnosed in the United States, of which less than 5% occur in the upper extremities. The management of two cases of pediatric upper extremity extraskeletal osteosarcoma is discussed.Case descriptionTwo children initially noticed painless left upper extremity masses at the ages of 16 and 13, respectively. Following a period of several months, both lesions became symptomatic, necessitating operative intervention, which revealed giant cell‐rich extraskeletal osteosarcoma; PET staging following gross total resection revealed no residual or metastatic disease in either patient. After extensive discussion with the patients and family, adjuvant chemotherapy was initiated for one patient, and adjuvant radiation therapy was initiated in both patients.ConclusionsDespite the rarity of these tumors, the importance of radiation therapy has been established by current and ongoing studies such as the Children's Oncology Group study ARST0332. Radiation therapy remains an important component of the multimodality therapy comprising optimal treatment of this disease, despite the relative paucity of long‐term outcome data derived from level I evidence.
Properties of conductive polymer hydrogels and their application in sensors
Authors: Guo Bin , Ma Zhong , Pan Lijia , Shi Yi 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTConductive polymer hydrogels (CPHs), which combine the unique advantages of hydrogels and organic conductors, have received wide attention due to their adjustable mechanical properties, biocompatibility, self‐healing, hydrophilicity, and ease of preparation. With doping engineering and incorporation with other functional nanomaterials, CPHs have exhibited excellent physical/chemical properties. CPHs have been widely used in various electronic devices, especially in the field of sensors due to its sensitivity to external stimuli. This review summarizes recent progress in CPHs from the aspect of the CPHs' properties and their application in advanced sensor technology. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 1606–1621
Challenges in managing difficult‐to‐treat asthma in children: Stop, look, and listen
Authors: Hoch Heather , Kattan Meyer , Szefler Stanley J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIt is recognized that asthma places a significant economic burden on the United States, with a total cost of $81.9 billion total costs including costs incurred by absenteeism and mortality. Severe asthma places a large burden of morbidity on children and their caregivers, including severe exacerbations, medication side effects, increased missed school days leading to impaired school performance, and lower caregiver quality of life. Therefore, we need to take a careful look at how we can make asthma care more efficient and cost effective, especially for those children with severe asthma. The 2019 American Thoracic Society symposium reported in this theme issue presented four aspects of managing severe asthma in children that merit attention including patient variables that affect severe asthma, understanding patient behaviors around medications, the appropriate use of bronchoscopy in diagnosis and management of severe asthma, and also the rational use of biologic therapy. This editorial will summarize key points in each of these reviews and prompt a more careful reading of each contribution.
Progress on Integrated Quantum Photonic Sources with Silicon
Authors: Feng Lan‐Tian , Guo Guang‐Can , Ren Xi‐Feng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe high stability and scalability of integrated circuits make them a reliable and practical platform for photonic quantum information processing. In various platforms for quantum photonic integrated circuits, the silicon‐on‐insulator technology, with its strong nonlinear effect and mature fabrication technology, has gradually emerged in the preparation of quantum photonic sources. This report presents a review of this series of research advances in the preparation of a quantum photonic source, based on the spontaneously four‐wave mixing process in a silicon waveguide, especially chip‐scale entangled states that have been realized in recent years.