bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-physics adjoint modeling of Earth structure: combining gravimetric, seismic, and geodynamic inversions
Authors: Reuber Georg S. , Simons Frederik J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe discuss the resolving power of three geophysical imaging and inversion techniques, and their combination, for the reconstruction of material parameters in the Earth’s subsurface. The governing equations are those of Newton and Poisson for gravitational problems, the acoustic wave equation under Hookean elasticity for seismology, and the geodynamics equations of Stokes for incompressible steady-state flow in the mantle. The observables are the gravitational potential, the seismic displacement, and the surface velocity, all measured at the surface. The inversion parameters of interest are the mass density, the acoustic wave speed, and the viscosity. These systems of partial differential equations and their adjoints were implemented in a single Python code using the finite-element library FeNICS. To investigate the shape of the cost functions, we present a grid search in the parameter space for three end-member geological settings: a falling block, a subduction zone, and a mantle plume. The performance of a gradient-based inversion for each single observable separately, and in combination, is presented. We furthermore investigate the performance of a shape-optimizing inverse method, when the material is known, and an inversion that inverts for the material parameters of an anomaly with known shape.
Hydrogeochemical characterisation and appraisal of groundwater suitability for domestic and irrigational purposes in a semi-arid region, Karnataka state, India
Authors: Mohammed-Aslam M. A. , Rizvi Syed Shams 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHydrogeochemical investigations have been carried out in a semi-arid region of Aland taluk of Karnataka State, India. The analysis has been done to examine the quality of groundwater for drinking, domestic and irrigational purposes. In this concern, thirty-two groundwater samples were collected in pre-monsoon (April 2016) and post-monsoon season (November 2016), from the different location within the study area. These samples have been further analysed for different ions such as CO32−, HCO3−, NO3−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ Fe2+, SO42−, Clˉ and F− to evaluate the hydrochemical behaviour with SSP (sodium soluble percentage), SAR (sodium absorption ratio), % Na (percentage sodium), RSC (residual sodium carbonate), KR (Kelly’s ratio), PI (permeability index) and MH (magnesium hazards). These positive and negative ions have been further correlated with the maximum annual rainfall within the study area to find out the variations between these ions for the precipitation. Suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes around the catchment was not suitable except in a few places. Irrigational suitability of groundwater showed that the water is within the limit for irrigation except in a few locations. Wilcox diagram depicts that 90% of the pre-monsoon samples and 65% of the post-monsoon samples fell into excellent to good category zone. US salinity diagram explains that 71% of pre-monsoon samples belong to medium-salinity-hazard to low-sodium-content zones, whereas 50% of post-monsoon samples fall into high-salinity-hazard to low-sodium-content zone. Gibbs’s plot showed that the water–rock processes control the geochemistry of the Aland region in both monsoon seasons. Chadha’s diagram depicts that 56.25% of the groundwater samples fall under the subfield of Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl− water type with permanent hardness during pre-monsoon season, whereas 50% of groundwater samples falls under the subfield of Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3− water type with temporary hardness during post-monsoon season.
The impact of the Chebyshev collocation method on solutions of the time-fractional Black–Scholes
Authors: Mesgarani H. , Beiranvand A. , Esmaeelzade Aghdam Y. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a numerical solution of the temporal-fractional Black–Scholes equation governing European options (TFBSE-EO) in the finite domain so that the temporal derivative is the Caputo fractional derivative. For this goal, we firstly use linear interpolation with the$$(2-\alpha)$$(2-α)-order in time. Then, the Chebyshev collocation method based on the second kind is used for approximating the spatial derivative terms. Applying the energy method, we prove unconditional stability and convergence order. The precision and efficiency of the presented scheme are illustrated in two examples.
The Borderline Between Legitimate and Unfair Copying of Products – A Unified Scandinavian Approach?
Authors: Viken Monica 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFreedom of imitation, outside the boundaries of intellectual property protection, can be considered as a prerequisite for free competition in a free market economy. The rules on unfair competition should therefore not serve to extend exclusive rights beyond their scope and term of protection. On the other hand, regulations within national law that prohibit the unfair copying of products may be justified in order to avoid market failure, being directed towards the optimizing of fair competition among honest traders. The borderline between these two opposite positions is regulated with different approaches in the European countries. This article considers the extent to which the public interest in free competition and the protection of a trader against unfair competition function together in a complementary manner under Scandinavian legislation. In the early 1970s, the Scandinavian countries developed a distinctive approach to regulations on unfair competition under the Marketing Laws. This article undertakes an investigation of these regulations relating to the borderline between legitimate and unfair copying as of 2020, revealing the extent to which there is a unified approach to copying in Scandinavia. Differences between the regulations will have influence on the legal relationship and conflicts among traders operating in all three countries, while a unified Scandinavian approach could serve as a robust solution for navigating the borderline between legitimate and unfair copying. Such analysis might also shed light on how a Scandinavian approach fits into a broader European perspective on this borderline. Thus, the aim of this article is to analyze potential different approaches to the tension between the marketing rules outside the boundaries of intellectual property protection and the principle of legitimate copying. Examination of this borderline can be connected to how the trader’s investments and behaviour are balanced against a market-oriented approach to copying.
Shared Curricula and Competencies in One Health and Health Professions Education
Authors: Larsen Roxanne J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGlobally, health professions education programs have similar course content and expectations for learners. One Health core competencies are shared by many health professions accreditation bodies. These competencies provide a framework which can guide professional programs in a world with emerging zoonotic diseases, a growing interface between humans and animals, and ongoing impacts from climate change. By focusing on shared outcomes, we can better prepare our learners for a more interdisciplinary practice of medicine and science. Fundamental courses, like gross anatomy, can be a uniting thread. A general overview of anatomy courses in medical and veterinary programs is provided.
“A New Way of Governing”: Heinrich Brüning, Rudolf Hilferding, and Cross-Party Cooperation during the Waning Years of the Weimar Republic, 1930–1932
Authors: McSpadden James 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article examines the unexpected behind-the-scenes relationship between the conservative Catholic chancellor Heinrich Brüning and Marxist theorist Rudolf Hilferding. This relationship is the starting point to understand both the politics of toleration and the political and cultural ecosystem in which this friendship came about. The German Social Democratic Party's policy of tolerating Brüning's conservative minority cabinet was hotly contested and has been viewed skeptically by political historians ever since. This article analyzes the mechanics of toleration through Brüning and Hilferding's relationship and demonstrates how Hilferding became the indispensable intermediary between the German cabinet and the socialist party. Toleration was a replacement political process in a polarized climate. A behind-the-scenes informal coalition that included the socialists, as well as the conservative cabinet, muddled through governing and policymaking with backroom negotiations instead of parliamentary debate. Although it failed, toleration was a last-ditch political strategy trying to preserve the Weimar Republic.
Herbicide residues of pre-harvest burndown in cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata) grains
Authors: Concenço G. , Vivian R. , Ikeda F. S. , Pizzutti I. R. , Vela G.M.E. , Ferracini V.L. , Nora L. , Ceccon G. , Concenço F.I.G.R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata) is usually submitted to pre-harvest burndown with herbicides aiming to an early harvest. We aimed to quantify the residues of paraquat, diquat, glufosinate-ammonium and glyphosate in cowpea grains subjected to two timings of pre-harvest burndown. Three identical experiments were installed in Dourados (Lat. 22° S), Sinop (Lat. 11° S) and Teresina (Lat. 05° S), Brazil, comprising the pre-harvest burndown of cowpea bean with these herbicides, applied either with 50 or 75% of the pods dry and ready for harvest. As hotter and drier the location as slower the herbicide dissipation. Glyphosate should not be used for pre-harvest burndown of cowpea. Herbicide residues were above the maximum levels stated by the Brazilian legislation when applied with 50% dry pods. Burndown herbicides aiming to speed harvest should be applied with at least 75% dry pods in cowpea to ensure safe herbicide residue levels in grains.
Effects of 2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD) on milk fatty acid profile and serum vitamins in dairy goats challenged with intramammary infusion of Streptococcus uberis
Authors: Tsai Chia-Yu , Rosa Fernanda , Bionaz Massimo , Rezamand Pedram 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe study included two experiments. In the first, 24 lactating Saanen dairy goats received low-energy diet without vitamin supplements. Twelve goats received a daily IV injection of 2,4- thiazolidinedione (TZD), others received saline injection. A week later, 6 goats from each treatment were challenged with intramammary infusion (IMI) of saline (CTRL) or Streptococcus uberis. In the second experiment, 12 Saanen lactating dairy goats received supplemental vitamins to reach NRC recommendation level. Six goats in each group were injected with TZD or saline daily, and 14 d later received Streptococcus uberis IMI in the right half of the udder. The hypotheses were (1) TZD does not affect the level of retinol in blood, and (2) the fatty acid profile is affected by the interaction between mammary infection and TZD in dairy goats. In the first experiment blood samples were collected on d −7, −2, 1, 2, 12 and milk samples were collected on d −8, 1, 4, 7, and 12, both relative to IMI. In the second experiment, blood samples were collected on d −15, 0, 1, and 10 relative to IMI. Milk and serum samples were analyzed for retinol, α-tocopherol and fatty acid profile. Serum retinol and β-carotene concentrations were higher in the second experiment compared to the first. Serum β-carotene and α-tocopherol were greater in TZD than CTRL and there was a TZD × time interaction in the first experiment. In addition, the TZD × time interaction showed that the milk fatty acid were reduced in C16 : 0 while C18 : 3 n3 while total omega 3 fatty acids were increased, as well as with minor effect on preventing a transient increase in α-tocopherol in milk. Overall, the TZD may affect the lipid-soluble vitamins and fatty acid profile, potentially altering immune responses, during mastitis in dairy goats.
Dysphagia presentation and management following coronavirus disease 2019: an acute care tertiary centre experience
Authors: Dawson C , Capewell R , Ellis S , Matthews S , Adamson S , Wood M , Fitch L , Reid K , Shaw M , Wheeler J , Pracy P , Nankivell P , Sharma N 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesAs the pathophysiology of Covid-19 emerges, this paper describes dysphagia as a sequela of the disease, including its diagnosis and management, hypothesised causes, symptomatology in relation to viral progression, and concurrent variables such as intubation, tracheostomy and delirium, at a tertiary UK hospital.ResultsDuring the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic, 208 out of 736 patients (28.9 per cent) admitted to our institution with SARS-CoV-2 were referred for swallow assessment. Of the 208 patients, 102 were admitted to the intensive treatment unit for mechanical ventilation support, of which 82 were tracheostomised. The majority of patients regained near normal swallow function prior to discharge, regardless of intubation duration or tracheostomy status.ConclusionDysphagia is prevalent in patients admitted either to the intensive treatment unit or the ward with Covid-19 related respiratory issues. This paper describes the crucial role of intensive swallow rehabilitation to manage dysphagia associated with this disease, including therapeutic respiratory weaning for those with a tracheostomy.
Psychophysiological responses underlying unresolved loss and trauma in the Adult Attachment Interview
Authors: Bakkum Lianne , Oosterman Mirjam , Verhage Marije L. , Kunseler Florentina C. , Fearon R. M. Pasco , Schuengel Carlo , Duschinsky Robbie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUnresolved loss/trauma in the context of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) has been theorised to result from dissociative processing of fear-related memories and ideas. To examine the plausibility of this model, this study tested hypothesised associations between unresolved loss/trauma and indicators of autonomic nervous system (ANS) reactivity. First-time pregnant women (N = 235) participated in the AAI while heart rate (interbeat interval; IBI) and indicators of parasympathetic reactivity (respiratory sinus arrhythmia; RSA) and sympathetic reactivity (pre-ejection period; PEP, skin conductance level; SCL) were recorded. Using multilevel modelling, ANS reactivity was examined in relation to topic (loss/trauma versus other questions); discussion of actual loss/trauma; classification of unresolved/disorganised; and unresolved responses during the interview. Responses to loss/trauma questions and discussion of loss were associated with respectively larger and smaller IBIs. There was no moderation by unresolved/disorganised status. Unresolved responses about loss were associated with smaller IBIs. Participants classified as unresolved/disorganised showed decreasing PEP and blunted SCL throughout the whole interview. The findings suggest that unresolved speech about loss co-occurs with physiological arousal, although the inconclusive findings regarding parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system responses fail to clearly support the role of fear.
A systems approach to examine hospital-acquired infections in a paediatric CICU
Authors: Thaker Pavan , Lee Eva K , Zhang Peijue , Chanani Nikhil 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjective:We aimed to apply systems engineering principles to address hospital-acquired infections in the paediatric intensive care setting.Design:Mixed method approach involving four steps: perform time–motion study of cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) care processes, establish a meaningful schema to classify observations, design a web-based system to manage and analyse data, and design a prototypical computer-based training system to assist with hygiene compliance.Setting:Paediatric CICU at the Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta.Patients:Paediatric patients undergoing congenital heart surgery.Interventions:Extensive time–motion study of CICU care processes.Measurements:Non-compliances were recorded for each care process observed during the time–motion study.Results:Guided by our observations, we introduced a novel categorisation schema with action types, observation categories, severity classes, procedure classifications, and personnel categories that offer a systematic and efficient mechanism for reporting and classifying non-compliance and violations. Utilising these categories, a web-based database management system was designed that allows observers to input their data. This web analytic tool offers easy summarisation, data analysis, and visualisation of findings. A computer-based training system with modules to educate visitors in hospital-acquired infections hygiene was also created.Conclusion:Our study offers a checklist of non-compliance situations and potential development of a proactive surveillance system of awareness of infection-prone situations. Working with quality improvement experts and stakeholders, recommendations and actionable practice will be synthesised for implementation in clinical settings. Careful design of the implementation protocol is needed to measure and quantify the potential improvements in outcomes.
Commemorating Geert Hofstede, a pioneer in the study of culture and institutions
Authors: Sent Esther-Mirjam , Kroese Annelie L. J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis contribution commemorates Geert Hofstede, who recently passed away, as a pioneer in the study of culture and institutions. It does so by touching on some of the details of his personal life and connecting these with his professional career. The latter was devoted to developing the paradigm of national cultures based on empirical analysis, and to relate it to organisational behaviour. Closer scrutiny reveals that four distinct phases may be identified. Hofstede first started as an ‘undercover’ engineer and next moved to social psychology. During the second phase, he developed the first four dimensions of natural culture. During the third, Hofstede connected these national dimensions to organisational ones. During the last, he added two new cultural dimensions and developed additional practical applications. Finally, the article considers the reception, criticism, and further elaborations of Hofstede's contributions.
The Obscuring Effects of Calcite Dissolution and Formation on Quantifying Soil Respiration
Authors: Gallagher Timothy M. , Breecker Daniel O. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDrylands occupy nearly 40% of the land surface and comprise a globally significant carbon reservoir. Dryland‐atmosphere carbon exchange may regulate interannual variability in atmospheric CO2. Quantifying soil respiration rates in these environments is often complicated by the presence of calcium carbonates, which are a common feature of dryland soils. We show with high‐precision O2 measurements in a laboratory potted soil experiment that respiration rates after watering were similar in control and carbonate treatment soils. However, CO2 concentrations were up to 72% lower in the carbonate treatment soil because CO2 was initially consumed during calcite dissolution. Subsequently, CO2 concentrations were over 166% greater in the carbonate treatment soil as respiration slowed and calcite precipitated, releasing CO2. Elevated δ13C values of soil CO2 (>6‰ higher in the treatment than control) confirm that observed differences were due to calcite dissolution. These findings demonstrate that calcite dissolution and precipitation can occur rapidly enough to affect soil gas compositions and that changes in soil CO2 are not always directly related to changes in soil respiration rates. Studies of local soil respiration rates and carbon exchange are likely to be influenced by dissolution and precipitation of calcium carbonates in soils. We estimate that one fifth of global soil respiration occurs in soils that contain some amount of soil carbonate, underscoring the need to account for its obscuring effects when trying to quantify soil respiration and net ecosystem exchange on a regional or global scale.
The Impact of Large Erosional Events and Transient Normal Stress Changes on the Seismicity of Faults
Authors: Jeandet Ribes L. , Cubas N. , Bhat H. S. , Steer P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe long‐term erosion of steep landscapes is punctuated by dramatic erosional events that can remove significant amount of sediments within a timescale shorter than a seismic cycle. However, the role of such large erosional events on seismicity is poorly understood. We use QDYN, a quasi‐dynamic numerical model of earthquake cycles to investigate the effect of a large erosional event on seismicity. The progressive evacuation of landslide sediments is modeled by a transient normal stress decrease. We show that erosional events with a shorter duration compared with the duration of a seismic cycle can significantly increase the seismicity rate, even for small stress changes. Moreover, large erosional events with a shorter period compared with the earthquake nucleation timescale can change earthquake size distribution by triggering more small events. Those results suggest that large erosional events can significantly affect seismicity, illustrating in turn the short‐term impact of surface processes on tectonics.
Periodicity and Clustering in the Long‐Term Earthquake Record
Authors: Griffin Jonathan D. , Stirling Mark W. , Wang Ting 
Published: November 2020

AbstractElastic rebound theory forms the basis of the standard earthquake cycle model and predicts large earthquakes to recur regularly through cycles of strain accumulation and release. Yet few individual earthquake records are sufficiently long to test the theory. Here we characterize the distribution of earthquake interevent times from a global compilation of 80 long‐term records. We find that large earthquakes recur more regularly than a random Poisson process on individual fault segments. The majority of Earth's well‐studied faults shows weakly periodic and uncorrelated large earthquake recurrence, consistent with the expectations of elastic rebound theory. However, many low activity‐rate (annual occurrence rates < 2 × 10−4) faults show random or clustered earthquake recurrence, which cannot be explained by elastic rebound theory.
Attribution of NAO Predictive Skill Beyond 2 Weeks in Boreal Winter
Authors: Sun Lantao , Perlwitz Judith , Richter Jadwiga H. , Hoerling Martin P. , Hurrell James W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWeeks 3–6 averaged winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) predictive skill in a state‐of‐the‐art coupled climate prediction system is attributed to two principle sources: upper and lower boundary conditions linked to the stratosphere and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), respectively. A 20‐member ensemble of 45‐day reforecasts over 1999–2015 is utilized, together with uninitialized simulations with the atmospheric component of the prediction system forced with observed radiative forcing and lower boundary conditions. NAO forecast skill for lead times out to 6 weeks is higher following extreme stratospheric polar vortex conditions (weak and strong vortex events) compared to neutral states. Enhanced weeks 3–6 NAO predictive skill for weak vortex events results primarily from stratospheric downward coupling to the troposphere, while enhanced skill for strong vortex events can be partly attributed to lower boundary forcing related to the ENSO phenomenon. Implications for forecast system development and improvement are discussed.