bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who is Reached by HIV Self-Testing? Individual Factors Associated With Self-Testing Within a Community-Based Program in Rural Malawi
Authors: Indravudh Pitchaya P. , Hensen Bernadette , Nzawa Rebecca , Chilongosi Richard , Nyirenda Rose , Johnson Cheryl C. , Hatzold Karin , Fielding Katherine , Corbett Elizabeth L. , Neuman Melissa 
Published: June 2020

Introduction:
HIV self-testing (HIVST) is an alternative strategy for reaching population subgroups underserved by available HIV testing services. We assessed individual factors associated with ever HIVST within a community-based program.

Setting:
Malawi.

Methods:
We conducted secondary analysis of an end line survey administered under a cluster-randomized trial of community-based distribution of HIVST kits. We estimated prevalence differences and prevalence ratios (PRs) stratified by sex for the outcome: self-reported ever HIVST.

Results:
Prevalence of ever HIVST was 45.0% (475/1055) among men and 40.1% (584/1456) among women. Age was associated with ever HIVST in both men and women, with evidence of a strong declining trend across categories of age. Compared with adults aged 25–39 years, HIVST was lowest among adults aged 40 years and older for both men [34.4%, 121/352; PR 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62 to 0.88] and women (30.0%, 136/454; PR 0.71, 95% CI: 0.6 to 0.84). Women who were married, had children, had higher levels of education, or were wealthier were more likely to self-test. Men who had condomless sex in the past 3 months (47.9%, 279/582) reported a higher HIVST prevalence compared with men who did not have recent condomless sex (43.1%, 94/218; adjusted PR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.76). Among men and women, the level of previous exposure to HIV testing and household HIVST uptake was associated with HIVST.

Conclusions:
Community-based HIVST reached men, younger age groups, and some at-risk individuals. HIVST was lowest among older adults and individuals with less previous exposure to HIV testing, suggesting the presence of ongoing barriers to HIV testing.
Lung Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Wu Jiangfeng , Wang Yunlai , Zhao Anli , Wang Zhengping 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chest radiography is the primary imaging modality used for the assessment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) in newborns. However, excessively exposing a growing neonate to harmful ionizing radiation may have long-term consequences. Some studies have shown that lung ultrasound (LUS) is helpful in the diagnosis of NRDS. A comprehensive search was carried out using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify studies in which newborns with clinically suspected NRDS were assessed by LUS. Two investigators independently screened the literature and extracted the data. Any discrepancies were resolved via discussion with the senior author. Study quality was assessed by the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 tool, and pooled sensitivity and specificity of various LUS findings for diagnosing NRDS were determined. Summary receiver operating characteristic curve was used to assess the overall performance of LUS. Ten studies with a total of 887 neonates were included in this meta-analysis. There was significant heterogeneity across the included studies. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio for the diagnosis of NRDS using LUS were 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.89–0.94), 0.95 (95% CI, 0.93–0.97), 20.23 (95% CI, 8.54–47.92), 0.07 (95% CI, 0.03–0.14), and 455.30 (95% CI, 153.01–1354.79), respectively. Furthermore, the summary receiver operating characteristic area under the curve was calculated to be 0.9888. The main LUS characteristics of NRDS include bilateral white lung, pleural line abnormalities, and lung consolidation. In summary, LUS is a highly valuable diagnostic technology that complements chest radiography in the diagnosis and follow-up monitoring of NRDS.
Two-stage Reconstruction Using a Free Jejunum/Ileum Flap After Total Esophagectomy
Authors: Iida Takuya , Yoshimatsu Hidehiko , Seto Yasuyuki , Mori Kazuhiko , Okazaki Mutsumi 
Published: June 2020

Background
Reconstruction after esophagectomy is conventionally performed with a gastric conduit. However, in cases where a gastric conduit is unavailable, reconstructive procedures vary in terms of flap type, operative timing, and conduit route. Single-stage surgery is associated with a long operation time and high surgical stress, resulting in perioperative mortality. Recent advances in reconstructive microsurgery have made free intestinal flap transfer safe and reliable. Therefore, to overcome the shortcomings with previous methods, we performed 2-stage surgery involving free jejunum/ileum transfer for reconstruction after esophagectomy.

Patients and Methods
From 2010 to 2018, 42 free jejunum/ileum flaps were transferred for reconstruction after esophagectomy in 41 patients. The diagnosis was esophageal cancer in 38 patients. All operations were performed in 2 stages. In most cases, total esophagectomy was performed in the first operation. The cervical stump of the esophagus was sutured to the cervical skin, creating an esophagostomy in the left neck. About 4 to 7 weeks after the first operation, the second operation was performed. The free jejunum/ileum flap was transferred through the subcutaneous route. Microvascular anastomosis was performed with the internal mammary artery and internal mammary vein, transverse cervical artery, internal and external jugular veins (internal jugular vein and EJV, respectively), and cephalic vein. The mean follow-up duration was 20 months.

Results
Free jejunum/ileum transfer was performed as the first operation in 4 cases and as the second operation in 38 cases. A free jejunal flap was used in 36 cases and free ileal flap was used in 6 cases. The recipient arteries were the internal mammary artery in 38 cases and transverse cervical artery in 4 cases. The recipient veins were the internal mammary vein in 15 cases, cephalic vein in 13 cases, EJV in 10 cases, and internal jugular vein in 10 cases. The flaps survived in all cases, except 1 case (41/42, 97.6%). The complications were anastomotic leakage of the flap in 9 cases, respiratory complications in 10 cases, and ileus in 2 cases. Perioperative mortality was not noted.

Conclusions
Two-stage surgery using free jejunum/ileum flap transfer is a safe and reliable option for esophageal reconstruction in cases where gastric pull-up is unavailable.
Long Term Speech Outcomes Following Midface Advancement in Syndromic Craniosynostosis
Authors: Zimmerman Carrie E. , Sun James , Wes Ari M. , Vu Giap H. , Kalmar Christopher L. , Humphries Laura S. , Bartlett Scott P. , Cohen Marilyn A. , Swanson Jordan W. , Taylor Jesse A. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Midface advancement by distraction osteogenesis (DO) is commonly performed in patients with craniosynostosis for indications including midface hypoplasia, exorbitism, obstructive sleep apnea, class III malocclusion, and overall aesthetic facial deficiency.
1
There is evidence to suggest that maxillary LeFort I advancement increases the risk of velopharyngeal dysfunction in the cleft palate population,
2,3
yet few studies have investigated changes in speech following LeFort III or monobloc midface advancement in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of midface DO on speech as indicated by the Pittsburgh Weighted Speech Score in patients with Apert, Crouzon, and Pfeiffer Syndrome. Among 73 midface advancement cases performed during the study period, 19 cases met inclusion criteria. Overall, the highest post-advancement Pittsburgh Weighted Speech Score (PWSS) was significantly higher than the pre-advancement PWSS (0.52 versus 2.42, P = 0.01), indicating an acute worsening of VPI post-advancement. Specifically, the PWSS components nasal emission and nasality were significantly higher post-advancement than pre-advancement (nasal emission: 1.16 versus 0.21, P = 0.02) (nasality: 0.68 versus 0.05, P = 0.04). However, there was no significant difference between pre-advancement PWSS and the latest post-advancement PWSS (P = 0.31). Midface distraction is associated with an acute worsening of VPI post-operatively that is followed by improvement, and often resolution over time. Future work with additional patient accrual is needed to determine the effect of different advancement procedures and syndromes on VPI rates and profundity.
Trauma in Iraq's Wars: Assessment and Management of Craniofacial Injury
Authors: Al Bayati Mahmood J. , Samaha Georges J. , Al Bayati Ahmed J. , Kummoona Raja , Habal Mutaz B. , Thaller Seth R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
As the most prominent portion of the human body, the face embraces a multifaceted responsibility for functionality and survival while contributing to identity and self-image. Inopportunely, due to its distinctive anatomical location, the face as a unit is highly suspectable to trauma, particularly in warfare. As a result, facial injury creates a physical and psychological trauma that needs to be addressed immediately. In the following article, a detailed literature review was conducted to examine the interplay between facial injuries throughout multiple wars in Iraq and their management. The authors found a significant increase in facial injuries due to shell fragments corresponding with modern advances in warfare targeting mass casualties. The capacity to manage the magnitude and level of trauma observed in Iraq requires a substantial amount of resources and a systematic approach that unfortunately is unattainable in a country that is still struggling to rebuild after decades of oppression and war. Due to the circumstances, surgeons have to rely on training and experience to provide the best care for their patients and it is imperative that we continue to train our surgeons to rely on their skills and experience to ensure a high level of care with limited resources and lack of technology.
Actinomarinicola tropica gen. nov. sp. nov., a new marine actinobacterium of the family Iamiaceae, isolated from South China Sea sediment environments
Authors: He Yuan-Qiu , Chen Rou-Wen , Li Cun , Shi Song-Biao , Cui Lin-Qing , Long Li-Juan , Tian Xin-Peng 
Published: June 2020

A novel marine actinobacterium, strain SCSIO 58843T, was isolated from the sediment sample collected from the South China Sea. Strain SCSIO 58843T was Gram-stain-positive, aerobic and rod shaped. The whole-cell hydrolysis of amino acids contained dd-DAP, alanine, glutamic acid, glycine and aspartic acid. The main menaquinone was MK-9(H8). The major fatty acids were C17 : 1
ω8c and C17 : 0. The major phospholipids were diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phospatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylinositolmannoside (PIM). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 72.5 %. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SCSIO 58843T formed a new lineage in the family

Iamiaceae

and had the highest similarity of 93.8 % with

Iamia majanohamensis

DSM 19957T. Strain SCSIO 58843T can be distinguished from these known genera in the family

Iamiaceae

by polyphasic data analyses, and represents a novel genus and novel species, for which Actinomarinicola tropica gen. nov., sp. nov is proposed with the type strain SCSIO 58843T(=KCTC 49408T=CGMCC 1.17503T).
Echinicola soli sp. nov., isolated from alkaline saline soil
Authors: Xing Ya-Ting , Xu Lian , Wang Hai-Tao , Huang Xiao-Xian , Wang Shuai , Sun Ji-Quan 
Published: June 2020

Strains of

Echinicola

, thought to play vital roles in the environment for their high enzyme production capacity during decomposition of polysaccharides, are ubiquitous in hypersaline environments. A Gram-negative, non-spore forming, gliding, aerobic bacterial strain, designated LN3S3T, was isolated from alkaline saline soil sampled in Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia, northern PR China. Strain LN3S3T grew at 10–40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and with 0–12.5 % NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %). A phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain LN3S3T clustered with

Echinicola rosea

JL3085T and

Echinicola strongylocentroti

MEBiC08714T, sharing 97.0, 96.7 and <96.50 % of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to

E. rosea

JL3085T,

E. strongylocentroti

MEBiC08714T and all other type strains. MK-7 was the major respiratory quinone, while phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified lipid and two unidentified aminolipids were the major polar lipids. Its major cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω7c and/or C16 : 1
ω6c). The genome consisted of a circular 5 550 304 bp long chromosome with a DNA G+C content of 44.0 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of strain LN3S3T to

E. rosea

JL3085T and

E. strongylocentroti

MEBiC08714T were 82.5 and 81.5 %, 87.5 and 86.0 %, and 39.1 and 35.1 %, respectively. Based on physiological, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain LN3S3T could be discriminated from its phylogenetic relatives. Echinicola soli sp. nov. is therefore proposed with strain LN3S3T (=CGMCC 1.17081T=KCTC 72458T) as the type strain.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Hospitalized Young Adults with Mild Covid-19
Authors: Sharma Arvind Kumar , Ahmed Asrar , Baig Vaseem Naheed , Dhakad Prahalad , Dalela Gaurav , Kacker Sudhanshu , Panwar Vasim Raja , Panwar Raja Babu , Gupta Rajeev 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundStormy course has been reported among hospitalized adults with covid-19 in high- and middle-income countries. To assess clinical outcomes in consecutively hospitalized patients with mild covid-19 in India we performed a study.MethodsWe developed a case registry of successive patients admitted with suspected covid-19 infection to our hospital (n=501). Covid-19 was diagnosed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Demographic, clinical, investigations details and outcomes were recorded. Descriptive statistics are presented.ResultsCovid-19 was diagnosed in 234 (46.7%) and data compared with 267 (53.3%) negative controls. Mean age of covid-9 patients was 35.1±16.6y, 59.4% were <40y and 64% men. Symptoms were in less than 10% and comorbidities were in 4-8%. History of BCG vaccination was in 49% cases vs 10% controls. Cases compared to controls had significantly greater white cell (6.96+1.89 vs 6.12+1.69×109 cells/L) and lower lymphocyte count (1.98+0.79 vs 2.32+0.91×109 cells/L). No radiological and electrocardiographic abnormality was observed. All these were isolated or quarantined in the hospital and observed. Covid-19 patients received hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin according to prevalent guidelines. One patient needed oxygen support while hospital course was uncomplicated in the rest. All were discharged alive. Conversion to virus negative status was in 10.2±6.4 days and was significantly lower in age >40y (9.1±5.2) compared to 40-59y (11.3±6.1) and ≥60y (16.4±13.3) (p=0.001).ConclusionsThis hospital-based registry shows that mildly symptomatic or asymptomatic young covid-19 patients have excellent prognosis.What is already known on this subject?High rates of morbidity and mortality following hospitalization for covid-19 has been reported from most developed countries.In most developing countries covid-19 patients with mild disease are also hospitalized due to lack of home isolation. Clinical outcome of such patients has not been well studied.What this study adds?We performed a clinical registry of successive young patients with mild covid-19 hospitalized with minimal symptoms and comorbidities.None of the patients developed complications and all were discharged alive.
“Characteristics and stability of sensorimotor activity driven by isolated-muscle group activation in a human with tetraplegia”
Authors: Nickl Robert W. , Anaya Manuel A. , Thomas Tessy M. , Fifer Matthew S. , Candrea Daniel N. , McMullen David P , Thompson Margaret C. , Osborn Luke E. , Anderson William S. , Wester Brock A. , Tenore Francesco V. , Crone Nathan E. , Cantarero Gabriela L. , Celnik Pablo A. 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTUnderstanding cortical movement representations and their stability can shed light on robust brain-machine interface (BMI) approaches to decode these representations without frequent recalibration. Here, we characterize the spatial organization (somatotopy) and stability of the bilateral sensorimotor map of forearm muscles in an incomplete-high spinal-cord injury study participant implanted bilaterally in the primary motor and sensory cortices with Utah microelectrode arrays (MEAs).We built the map by recording multiunit activity (MUA) and surface electromyography (EMG) as the participant executed (or attempted) contractions of 2 wrist muscles on each side of the body. To assess stability, we repeatedly mapped and compared left--wrist--extensor-related activity throughout several sessions, comparing somatotopy of active electrodes and neural signals both at the within-electrode (multiunit) and cross-electrode (network) levels.Body maps showed significant activation in motor and sensory cortical electrodes, with fractured, intermixed representations of both intact and paralytic muscles. Within electrodes, firing strength stability decreased with time, with higher stability observed in sensory cortex than in motor, and in the contralateral hemisphere than in the ipsilateral. However, we observed no differences at network level, and no evidence of decoding instabilities for wrist EMG, either across timespans of hours or days, or across recording area. These results demonstrate first-time construction of a bilateral human sensorimotor map with MEAs. Further, while map stability differs between brain area and hemisphere at multiunit/electrode level, these differences are nullified at ensemble level.
The use of germicidal ultraviolet light, vaporised hydrogen peroxide and dry heat to decontaminate face masks and filtering respirators contaminated with a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate virus
Authors: Ludwig-Begall Louisa F. , Wielick Constance , Dams Lorène , Nauwynck Hans , Demeuldre Pierre-Francois , Napp Aurore , Laperre Jan , Haubruge Eric , Thiry Etienne 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundIn the context of the ongoing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, the supply of personal protective equipment remains under severe strain. To address this issue, re-use of surgical face masks and filtering facepiece respirators has been recommended; prior decontamination is paramount to their re-use.AimWe aim to provide information on the effects of three decontamination procedures on porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)-contaminated masks and respirators, presenting a stable model for infectious coronavirus decontamination of these typically single-use-only products.MethodsSurgical masks and filtering facepiece respirator coupons and straps were inoculated with infectious PRCV and submitted to three decontamination treatments, UV irradiation, vaporised H2O2, and dry heat treatment. Viruses were recovered from sample materials and viral titres were measured in swine testicle cells.FindingsUV irradiation, vaporised H2O2 and dry heat reduced infectious PRCV by more than three orders of magnitude on mask and respirator coupons and rendered it undetectable in all decontamination assays.ConclusionThis is the first description of stable disinfection of face masks and filtering facepiece respirators contaminated with an infectious SARS-CoV-2 surrogate using UV irradiation, vaporised H2O2 and dry heat treatment. The three methods permit demonstration of a loss of infectivity by more than three orders of magnitude of an infectious coronavirus in line with the FDA policy regarding face masks and respirators. It presents advantages of uncomplicated manipulation and utilisation in a BSL2 facility, therefore being easily adaptable to other respirator and mask types.
The upper respiratory tract microbiome of indigenous Orang Asli in north-eastern Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Cleary D. W. , Morris D. E. , Anderson R. A. , Jones J. , Alattraqchi A. G. , Rahman N. I. A. , Ismail S. , Razali M. S. , Mohd Amin R. , Abd Aziz A. , Esa N. K. , Amiruddin S. , Chew C. H. , Amat Simin M. H. , Abdullah R. , Yeo C. C. , Clarke S. C. 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundMicrobiome research has focused on populations that are predominantly of European descent, and from narrow demographics that do not capture the socio-economic and lifestyle differences which impact human health. This limits our understanding of human-host microbiota interactions in their broadest sense. Here we examined the airway microbiology of the Orang Asli, the indigenous peoples of Malaysia. In addition to exploring the carriage and antimicrobial resistance of important respiratory pathobionts, we also present the first investigation of the nasal microbiomes of these indigenous peoples, in addition to their oral microbiomes.ResultsA total of 130 participants were recruited to the study from Kampung Sungai Pergam and Kampung Berua, both sites in the north-eastern state of Terengganu in Peninsular Malaysia. High levels ofStaphylococcus aureuscarriage were observed, particularly in the 18-65 age group (n=17/36; 47.2% 95%CI: 30.9-63.5). The highest carriage of pneumococci was in the <5 and 5 to 17 year olds, with 57.1% (4/7) and 49.2% (30/61) respectively. Sixteen pneumococcal serotypes were identified, the most common being the non-vaccine type 23A (14.6%) and the vaccine type 6B (9.8%). The nasal microbiome was significantly more diverse in those aged 5-17 years compared to 50+ years (p = 0.023). In addition, samples clustered by age (PERMANOVA analysis of the Bray-Curtis distance,p= 0.001). Hierarchical clustering of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity scores revealed six microbiome types. The largest cluster (n=28; 35.4%) had a marked abundance ofCorynebacterium.Others comprisedCorynebacteriumwithDolosigranulum, two clusters were definable by the presence ofMoraxella, one with and the other withoutHaemophilus, a small grouping ofDelftia/ Ochrobactumprofiles and one withStreptococcus. NoStaphylococcusprofiles were observed. In the oral microbiomesStreptococcus, NeisseriaandHaemophiluswere dominant. Lower levels ofPrevotella, Rothia, Porphyromonas, VeillonellaandAggregatibacterwere also among the eight most observed genera.ConclusionsWe present the first study of Orang Asli airway microbiomes and pathobiont microbiology. Key findings include the prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes that would be covered by pneumococcal conjugate vaccines if introduced into a Malaysian national immunisation schedule, and the high level ofS. aureuscarriage. The dominance ofCorynebacteriumin the airway microbiomes is particularly intriguing given its’ consideration as a potentially protective commensal with respect to acute infection and respiratory health.