bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humanitarian Intervention and R2P
Authors: Henderson Stacey 
Published: April 2020

In this piece, Henderson looks to the shadow of Rwanda in terms of the concept of humanitarian intervention, and the evolution of the R2P doctrine. Tracing the re-examination of the conceptualisations of sovereignty and the principle of non-intervention that evolved after Rwanda, Henderson assesses the legal, normative, and institutional challenges that still attend the attainment of its goals. Henderson concludes on a note of cautious optimism: Although it is in no way a panacea, R2P – at the very least – raises the possibility that a greater range of measures may be taken in response to the commission, or anticipation of, atrocity crimes in the future. The legacy of Rwanda is the hope, reflected in R2P, that silence and idleness will never again be the international community’s response to genocide.
Assessing the EU Framework Regulation for the Screening of Foreign Direct Investment—What Is the Effect on Chinese Investors?
Authors: Gadocha Paweł Mateusz 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
An increase of Chinese investment into the territory of the European Union has raised EU regulators’ concerns regarding the public security of the EU. As a result, the new Framework Regulation 2019/452 establishing a framework for the screening of FDI into the EU was adopted as a legal instrument aimed at their control, applicable from 11 October 2020. Adopted within the scope of Common Commercial Policy of the EU, the Framework Regulation, however, might not become an effective legal measure, as its application by Member States both in light of the freedom of movement of capital and the relevant CJEU jurisprudence raises significant legal questions. This article broadly discusses the newly introduced cooperation mechanism between Member States and the European Commission, as well as the relevant effect of the Framework Regulation upon Chinese investment and the pending negotiations of the EU-China BIT.
New record of the genus Baetiella Uéno, 1931 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) <br />from India with description of a new species and new records for five species
Authors: VASANTH M. , SELVAKUMAR C. , SUBRAMANIAN K. A. , SIVARAMAKRISHNAN K. G. , SINHA BIKRAMJIT 
Published: April 2020

A new species of the genus Baetiella is described based on larvae collected from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Baetiella subansiri Vasanth, Selvakumar & Subramanian n. sp. can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: (i) gills (or gill sockets) on segments I–VI; gills I–V elongate, without tracheation, with numerous scattered pores on the surface and smooth fine simple setae along margin; gill VI reduced; (ii) posterior margin of metanotum and abdominal terga I–II each with a single posteromedian protuberance, terga III–IX each with a pair of much longer protuberances; and (iii) claw with two rows of denticles, outer row with 6–7 acute denticles increasing in length apically, inner row with 6–7 short and blunt denticles medially, subequal in length. New records of Baetiella armata Braasch, 1983, B. ausobskyi Braasch, 1983, B. imanishii Braasch, 1983, B. marginata Braasch, 1983 and B. spathae Shi & Tong, 2015 from Arunachal Pradesh, India are presented based on the collection of larvae. The four species of Baetiella described by Braasch (1983) are redescribed based on freshly collected material. The Known distribution of genus Baetiella from Arunachal Pradesh, India is also provided.
Validation of GPM IMERG V05 and V06 Precipitation Products over Iran
Authors: Hosseini-Moghari Seyed-Mohammad , Tang Qiuhong 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study attempts to assess the validity of the Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) products across Iran. Six IMERG precipitation products (IPPs) including early, late, and final runs for versions 05 and 06 were compared with precipitation data from 76 synoptic stations on a daily scale for the period from June 2014 to June 2018. According to the results, V05 performed better than V06, particularly in early and late runs. The IPPs overestimate precipitation ranging from 5% to 32%; however, IPPs tended to underestimate (overestimate) the amount of precipitation for wet (dry) areas and precipitation classes higher than 5 mm day−1 (less than 5 mm day−1). The probability of detection (POD) in IPPs was almost similar (with a median equal to 0.60), whereas other categorical validation metrics like false alarm ratio (FAR) improved in the final run. Our assessments revealed that the dependency of IPPs to the elevation was low, while the error characteristics of IPPs were strongly dependent on the climate and precipitation intensity. For instance, the systematic error varied between less than 12% in dry regions to more than 60% in wet regions. Also, according to modified Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) and relative bias (RBias), the performance of IPPs in winter with the highest KGE (ranging from 0.47 to 0.63) and lowest RBias (ranging from 0% to 16%) was better than other seasons. Further improvement is recommended in the satellite sensors and the precipitation retrieval algorithms to achieve a reliable precipitation source.
Optimizing the Spatial Configuration of Mesoscale Environmental Monitoring Networks Using a Geometric Approach
Authors: Patrignani Andres , Mohankumar Narmadha , Redmond Christopher , Santos Eduardo Alvarez , Knapp Mary 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe ability of mesoscale environmental monitoring networks to collect spatially unbiased observations and to detect mesoscale environmental phenomena is radically determined by the spatial configuration of the network. However, there is lack of an objective, practical, and amenable method for guiding the spatial configuration of multifunctional, long-term mesoscale networks. The objective of this study is to present and demonstrate the application of a new method based on computational geometry that identifies the optimal location of future monitoring stations by finding the largest unmonitored area of the network. The computation of the method is first illustrated using the spatial distribution of the Kansas Mesonet as a case-study scenario and is then applied to several statewide and nationwide mesoscale networks in the United States. The proposed geometric method was effective to generate a long-term road map with the location of future monitoring stations. The geometric method seamlessly integrated with georeferenced data to identify the largest unmonitored areas with frequent occurrence of wildland fires and severe drought and to identify underrepresented soil types. Spatially dense statewide mesoscale networks with >120 stations across the studied U.S. states resulted in largest unmonitored areas of about 602 km2, whereas nationwide networks had largest unmonitored areas of 5002–6002 km2. The proposed method based on the geometric arrangement of network stations can be used by scientists, network managers, and state climatologists to improve the spatial representability of existing networks, better plan the allocation of limited resources, and increase the preparedness potential of mesoscale networks.
Winter Storms and Fall-Related Injuries: Is It Safer to Walk than to Drive?
Authors: Mills Brian , Andrey Jean , Doherty Sean , Doberstein Brent , Yessis Jennifer 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEmergency department visitation data were analyzed using a matched-pair, retrospective cohort method to estimate the effects of winter storms on fall-related injury risks for a midsized urban community in Ontario, Canada. Using a unique definition and classification of winter storm events and dry-weather control periods, relative risks of injury were estimated for total falls and two subcategories (same-level falls involving ice and snow; all other falls) across two storm event types (snowfall only; mixed precipitation). Winter storms were associated with 38% and 102% increases in the mean incidence of same-level falls involving ice and snow during snow events and freezing-rain events, respectively. The incidence of other types of falls was slightly but significantly less during snow events relative to dry-weather control periods. Findings suggest that walking is not safer than driving during winter storms, as same-level falls involving ice and snow accounted for 64% more of the injury burden than motor vehicle collisions. Significant reductions in mean relative risk estimates for fall-related injuries were apparent over the 2009–17 study period indicating possible long-term shifts in exposure, sensitivity, and/or risk-mitigating decisions, actions, and behavior. Consistent and significant effects of government-issued weather warning communications on risk outcomes were not found. Practitioners engaged in developing injury prevention strategies and related public risk messaging, in particular winter weather warnings and advisories, should place additional emphasis on falls and multimodal injury risks in communications related to winter storm hazards.
A 10-Year Review of the Complications Caused by Ingested and Aspirated Dentures
Authors: Daniels Jessica , Oremule Babatunde , Tsang William , Khwaja Sadie 
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Dentures are worn by 20% of the United Kingdom population for both physical and psychological symptoms associated with tooth loss. However, significant morbidity and mortality can result if dentures are swallowed or aspirated. This 10-year review investigated the development of complications following denture aspiration or ingestion, and identified key learning points. Methods: The Medline database was searched for cases of denture ingestion or aspiration from October 1, 2009, to October 31, 2019. Search terms included “dental prosthesis, denture, dental plate, bridge and false teeth” and “swallow, ingest, eat, aspirate and inhale.” Potential factors influencing the development of complications were assessed (hollow viscus perforation, fistula formation, abscess, bowel obstruction, necrosis, hemorrhage, and airway obstruction). Statistical analysis was performed using χ2 and Pearson correlation tests in R Studio. No ethical approval was required. Results: Eighty-five patients were identified from 77 case reports. Fourteen articles were excluded due to insufficient information. Complications were documented in 37.6% (n = 32) of patients with 2 cases resulting in death. Duration of symptoms over 1 day ( P = .005) and delayed removal beyond 4 days post-ingestion ( P = .017) was significantly associated with increased rates of complications. There was no significant association between complication rate and patient age, denture type, level of impaction, or radiolucency. Conclusion: Denture aspiration or ingestion can have serious consequences. Factors impacting complication rate revolve around early recognition and treatment. Clinician awareness of the potential risks of dentures is paramount to early diagnosis. We recommend early intervention to reduce the morbidity associated with this unassuming device.
Impact of concentration and dilution of three macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents on MRI signal intensity at 1.5T and 3T and different pulse sequences: results of a phantom study in human plasma
Authors: Szomolanyi Pavol , Frenzel Thomas , Noebauer-Huhmann Iris M , Rohrer Martin , Trattnig Siegfried , Pietsch Hubertus , Endrikat Jan 
Published: April 2020

Background Many factors influence the increase in signal intensity (SI) provided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast media. Purpose To assess the impact of different gadolinium concentrations and dilutions of three macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCA) on SI. Material and Methods This phantom study investigated gadobutrol, gadoteridol, and gadoterate in human plasma of a healthy donor pool at 37 °C. Different molar concentrations served to mimic conditions typically relevant for steady-state imaging; different dilutions served to mimic influence on first-pass bolus imaging. For SI measurement at 1.5T and 3T, we used two Magnetom Scanners (Siemens), applying the T1-weighted sequences Flash 2D/3D and VIBE. Regions of interest were placed on the central slice of the test vials. Results In the concentration series, gadobutrol showed the highest SI of all three GBCAs up to 2 mM, followed by gadoteridol and gadoterate. No major differences were seen between 1.5T and 3T. In the dilution series, gadobutrol showed the highest SI of all three GBCAs up to 10 mL/L. The highest effect was recorded with Flash 3D and VIBE at 3T. Conclusion SIs measured in phantoms using three macrocyclic GBCAs strongly depend on their relaxivity and on the local concentration. The latter can be influenced—when comparing dilutions—by their initial concentration in their formulation. Furthermore, the pulse sequences and the chosen parameters have essential influence. At steady-state concentrations (≤2 mM) and first-pass bolus dilutions (up to 10 ml/L), gadobutrol showed highest SIs, followed by gadoterate and gadoteridol.
Three-dimensional printed implant for reconstruction of pelvic bone after removal of giant chondrosarcoma: a case report
Authors: Chen Ge , Muheremu Aikeremujiang , Yang Liu , Wu Xianzhe , He Peng , Fan Huaquan , Liu Juncai , Chen Chang , Li Zhong , Wang Fuyou 
Published: April 2020

Background Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction has been used for various diseases, but few reports have described its application in pelvic reconstruction after removal of giant chondrosarcoma. Case reports describing the clinical application of personalized 3D-printed titanium implants are needed for future clinical reference. Case presentation: We herein describe a 29-year-old woman with a giant chondrosarcoma treated with a personalized 3D titanium implant. The surgery was successful, and the patient recovered with significant pain relief and good functional recovery after the surgery. No implant-related complications occurred during the 12-month follow-up. The current case represents successful application of 3D printing technology to the treatment of a massive bone defect due to the removal of a giant osteoporotic tumor. Conclusions Personalized 3D titanium implants can be used in the reconstruction of massive bone defects after the removal of giant pelvic sarcomas. The methodology and results described in the current case report can be a used as reference in the treatment of similar cases in future.
Individualization of computed tomography protocols for suspected pulmonary embolism: a national investigation of routines
Authors: Dymbe Berit , Mæland Elisabeth Vespestad , Styve Jorunn Rønhovde , Rusandu Albertina 
Published: April 2020

Objective Given the extensive use of computed tomography (CT) in radiation-sensitive patients such as pregnant and pediatric patients, and considering the importance of tailoring CT protocols to patient characteristics for both the radiation dose and image quality, this study was performed to investigate the extent to which individualization of CT protocols is practiced across Norway. Methods This cross-sectional study involved collection of CT protocols and administration of a mini-questionnaire to obtain additional information about how CT examinations are individualized. All public hospitals performing CT to detect pulmonary embolism were invited, and 41% participated. Results Tailoring a standard protocol to different patient groups was more common than using dedicated protocols. Most of the available radiation dose-reduction approaches were used. However, implementation of these strategies was not systematic. Children and pregnant patients were examined without using dedicated CT protocols or by using protocol adjustments focusing on radiation dose reduction in 30% and 39% of the hospitals, respectively. Conclusion Practice optimization is needed, especially the development of dedicated CT protocols or guidelines that tailor the existing protocol to pediatric and pregnant patients. Practice might benefit from a more systematic approach to individualization of CT examinations, such as inserting tailoring instructions into CT protocols.
The Associations Between Light Exposure During Pumping and Holder Pasteurization and the Macronutrient and Vitamin Concentrations in Human Milk
Authors: Lima Hope K. , Vogel Kenneth , Hampel Daniela , Wagner-Gillespie Montana , Fogleman April D. 
Published: April 2020

Background During pumping, storage, and pasteurization human milk is exposed to light, which could affect the concentrations of light-sensitive vitamins. Currently, milk banks do not regulate light exposure. Research Aim The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of light exposure during pumping, storage, and pasteurization on (1) macronutrients, (2) select water-soluble vitamins, and (3) select fat-soluble vitamins. Methods All 13 participants donated 4 milk samples each. Each sample underwent 1 of 4 treatments: raw and light protected, raw and light exposed, pasteurized and light protected, and pasteurized and light exposed. Samples were analyzed for macronutrients and Vitamins B1, B2, retinol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene. Results β-carotene concentrations were not influenced by light exposure. Vitamin B1 was significantly ( p < 0.05) affected by light-exposure ( M = 0.23, SD = 0.01mg/L) compared to light-protected ( M = 0.27, SD = 0.01mg/L) samples. Vitamin B2 concentrations were reduced ( p < 0.05) by light-exposure in raw ( M = 62.1, SD = 0.61µg/L) and pasteurized ( M = 73.7, SD = 0.72µg/L) samples compared to light-protected raw samples ( M = 99.7, SD = 0.66µg/L). No other tested nutrients were affected by light exposure. Conclusions If milk is exposed to excessive amounts of light, Vitamins B1 and B2 concentrations may degrade below the current Adequate Intake recommendations for infants 0–6 months of age, increasing the risk of insufficient vitamin supply to the exclusively human milk-fed infant. Thus, pumped or processed human milk should be protected from light to preserve milk vitamin concentrations.
Different Effects of Volatile and Nonvolatile Anesthetic Agents on Long-Term Survival in an Experimental Model of Hemorrhagic Shock
Authors: Dai Wangde , Shi Jianru , Carreno Juan , Kloner Robert A. 
Published: April 2020

Background: We investigated whether the cardioprotective, volatile gas anesthetic agent, isoflurane, could improve survival and organ function from hemorrhagic shock in an experimental rat model, compared to standard nonvolatile anesthetic agent ketamine/xylazine. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats (both genders) were randomized to receive either intraperitoneal ketamine/xylazine (K/X, 90 and 10 mg/kg; n = 12) or isoflurane (5% isoflurane induction and 2% maintenance in room air; n = 12) for anesthesia. Blood was withdrawn to maintain mean arterial blood pressure at 30 mm Hg for 1 hour, followed by 30 minutes of resuscitation with shed blood. Rats were allowed to recover and survive for 6 weeks. Results: During the shock phase, the total withdrawn blood volume (expressed as % of estimated total blood volume) to maintain a level of hypotension of 30 mm Hg was significantly higher in the isoflurane group (51.0% ± 1.5%) than in the K/X group (45.3% ± 1.8%; P = .023). Recovery of blood pressure during the resuscitation phase was significantly improved in the isoflurane group compared to the K/X group. The survival rate at 6 weeks was 1 (8.3%) of 12 in rats receiving K/X and 10 (83.3%) of 12 in rats receiving isoflurane ( P < .001). Histology performed at 6 weeks demonstrated brain infarction in the 1 surviving rat receiving K/X; no brain infarction occurred in the 10 surviving rats that received isoflurane. No infarction was detected in heart, lung, liver, or kidneys among the surviving rats. Conclusions: Isoflurane improved blood pressure response to resuscitation and resulted in significantly higher long-term survival rate.
Pars plana Ex-Press mini shunt for management of persistent glaucoma in vitrectomized eyes: A novel technique
Authors: Abdullatif Abdussalam , El-Saied Heba 
Published: April 2020

Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel approach to implant Ex-Press mini shunt via the pars plana under a scleral flap in pseudophakic or aphakic, vitrectomized patients with secondary refractory glaucoma. Methods: A prospective interventional case series of three patients with secondary glaucoma after pars plana vitrectomy. Intraocular pressure was not controlled by silicone oil removal, if the patient was siliconized, nor the maximum medical treatment. Ex-Press mini shunt via the pars plana was implanted. We evaluated the control of intraocular pressure and the development of intraoperative and postoperative complications. Results: During 1-year follow-up, control of intraocular pressure was achieved; 14, 15, and 15 mmHg at the 3 months, and 15, 15, and 16 mmHg at the 6 months in our three cases without antiglaucoma treatment and 16, 16, and 18 with single antiglaucoma medication at 1 year. Blebs were posterior and diffuse. No complications were encountered intraoperatively or postoperatively. Ultrasound biomicroscopy showed suprachoroidal posterior lake of fluid as an additional filtration route without any choroidal or retinal complication. Conclusion: Implantation of Ex-Press mini shunt via the pars plana in aphakic or pseudophakic, vitrectomized eyes is a promising, safe, and effective technique in patients with secondary glaucoma.
Enhancing resilience in cross-boundary families: A parent–child parallel group intervention
Authors: Yu Nancy Xiaonan , Kam-fung Liu Iris , Bu He 
Published: April 2020

Summary Cross-boundary children and their parents suffer from various stressors and mental health problems. This pilot study aimed to investigate whether an emotion regulation parallel intervention for children and parents enhanced resilience and mental health among both groups. A total of 38 pairs of cross-boundary children and parents participated in concurrent but separate intervention sessions. Three waves of tests (i.e. pre-, post-, and one-month follow-up tests) were conducted, using t-tests to evaluate the time effects during the intervention. Findings The children and parents reported significant improvements in positive affect, resilience, and family harmony, as well as a reduction in depressive symptoms following the emotion regulation intervention. For both children and parents, over half of the participants who were in the high-depression category have crossed the threshold, from high to low level of depression at post-test, and participants with higher depression levels generally benefited more from the intervention. Applications Future researchers seeking to implement demand-driven and practice-based interventions in community settings should consider contextual and cultural sensitivity, and involve community stakeholders (e.g. cross-boundary family members and social workers) in all aspects of the research process with a given community-based participatory research approach. Screening based on depression may maximize the benefits to the participants. The essential components, as well as the fidelity measures of the intervention, should be refined. Randomized controlled trials are advocated in future studies to test the efficacy and effectiveness of the intervention in different contexts (e.g. clinical and community populations).