bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous vs Intermittent Phototherapy in the Management of Non-Haemolytic Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia - A Randomised Non - Inferiority Study
Authors: Patil Mallanagouda M , S Gowthami G , Bijapure Hidaytullah R , Sajjan Anil Kumar , Kalyanshettar S S , Patil S V 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Phototherapy is used to manage neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in early life. We aimed to compare between intermittent and continuous phototherapy in reducing TSB, rate of fall of bilirubin, duration of phototherapy and duration of hospitalisation in neonates with non-haemolytic hyperbilirubinemia.
Methods: Total 190 neonates who were > 34 weeks and birth weight ≥ 2000 gm were included. They were randomised into group A (continuous phototherapy) and group B (intermittent phototherapy). Group A received phototherapy for three hours and 45 minutes off and group B received phototherapy for three hours and then three hours off. TSB levels estimation were done in both groups and compared after each 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours of commencing phototherapy.
Results: The mean TSB at presentation was 15.64 ± 2.19 mg/dl for continuous and 15.03 ± 1.07 mg/dl for intermittent group. Mean TSB at 12, 24, 48 hours were 13.26 ± 2.4 mg/dl, 10.8 ± 1.72 mg/dl, 10.16 ± 0.95 mg/dl respectively for continuous and 12.6 ± 1.65 mg/dl, 10.04 ±1.8 mg/dl, 9.1 ± 0.66 mg/dl respectively for intermittent group (p < 0.05). The mean rate of fall in serum bilirubin was 0.22 ± 0.12 mg/dl/hr for group A and 0.21 ± 0.08 mg/dl/hr for group B (p = 0.45). There was not much difference in mean duration of hospitalisation in both groups (p = 0.547).
Conclusions: Intermittent phototherapy is a non-inferior option to continuous phototherapy, in the management of non-haemolytic hyperbilirubinemia with additional advantages of less interrupted mother infant bonding and decreased irradiance.
Perceived Healthiness of Sweeteners among Young Adults in Canada
Authors: Goodman Samantha , Vanderlee Lana , Jones Amanda , White Christine , Hammond David 
Published: December 2020

Purpose: To compare the perceived healthiness of different sweeteners relative to table sugar and examine efforts to consume less sugars and sweeteners. Methods: As part of the 2017 Canada Food Study online survey, 1000 youth and young adults were randomized to rate the healthiness of 1 of 6 sweeteners (aspartame, sucralose, stevia, agave, high-fructose corn syrup, “raw” sugar) or 1 sweetener brand name (Splenda) compared with “table sugar”. Results: Perceptions of sweeteners varied widely. For example, the majority of respondents perceived high-fructose corn syrup (63.9%) and aspartame (52.4%) as less healthy than table sugar, whereas almost half (47.8%) perceived raw sugar as being healthier than table sugar. No assessed socio-demographic variables were significantly associated with perceived healthiness of sweeteners compared with table sugar (P ≥ 0.05). More consumers had attempted to consume less sugar (65.4%) compared with less “artificial” (31.2%) or “natural” (24.0%) low-calorie sweeteners. Conclusions: Perceptions of sweetener healthiness may be related to sweeteners’ perceived level of “naturalness” rather than energy content. This has important implications for understanding consumer preferences, particularly given greater use of low-calorie sweeteners in the food supply and policy developments such as sugar taxes and enhanced sugar labelling.
“My Roommates Would Laugh at me”: Young Males Reveal Embarrassment over Lack of Food Skills
Authors: Simonds Kristen , Zhang Lucy Yixuan , Matthews June I. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose: This descriptive qualitative study explored young males’ perceptions of food skills in 3 domains: food selection and planning, food preparation, and food safety and storage. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Results: Forty-four young men (aged 17–35) reported varying levels of food skills, from little/no confidence to very confident and skilled. Most participants learned food skills from their mothers. Greater involvement in food selection and planning at a young age appeared to be related to parental influence and encouragement, exposure to food skills at school, and interest in food-related activities, which, in turn, provided a solid foundation for being confident cooks as young adults. Most notable was the lack of knowledge about, or confidence in, food safety and storage. Young men with low self-perceived food skills were deeply embarrassed about this deficiency in front of peers who had higher levels of confidence and skills. Conclusions: Future interventions or curricula should emphasize food safety and storage. This research also illustrates the importance of the home environment in teaching food skills to youth and ensuring that food skills are taught well before young adults begin living independently.
Pemberdayaan Guru Sekolah Dasar di Kota Magelang dalam Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Online “See Saw” pada Pembelajaran Menulis Bahasa Inggris
Authors: Fidian Athia , Pradana Agrissto Bintang Aji 
Published: December 2020

Pemanfaatan media pembelajaran online sebagai media yang dekat dan diharapkan dapat memotivasi siswa dalam pembelajaran belum dimanfaatkan optimal oleh guru Bahasa Inggris SD di Kec. Magelang Tengah. Pembelajaran yang bergantung pada LKS tanpa memberikan pengalaman langsung kepada peserta didik, membuat siswa bosan dan tidak tertarik mengikuti pembelajaran. Hal ini berdampak pada menurunnya motivasi peserta didik untuk mengikuti pembelajaran dan kurang optimalnya peserta didik dalam proses belajar. Oleh karena itu, dilaksanakan pengabdian kepada masyarakat yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dan keterampilan guru dalam penggunaan media pembelajaran online dengan menggunakan aplikasi “see saw”. Target khusus pengabdian ini adalah perwakilan guru Bahasa Inggris SD se-Kecamatan Magelang Tengah yang berjumlah 10 orang. Tahapan kegiatan diawali dengan penyuluhan, pelatihan, penerapan dan pendampingan pada penggunaan media pembelajaran online “see saw” yang akan dilaksanakan dalam kurun waktu 3 bulan. Pada pertemuan pertama, sasaran akan berdiskusi terkait penggunaan media pembelajaran “see saw” dan disimulasikan penggunaan dari media pembelajaran tersebut. Pada pertemuan ke-2, sasaran mulai berlatih mengoperasikan media pembelajaran tersebut. Tahapan berikutnya adalah penerapan dan monitoring serta evaluasi pada proses penggunaan media pembelajaran online “see saw”. Hasil dari pengabdian ini akan dijadikan referensi untuk mengembangkan forum diskusi dan kegiatan guru bahasa Inggris di Kecamatan Magelang Tengah.
الاحتمالية وفترات الرجوع لأنواع المنخفضات المدارية المؤثرة على السواحل الجنوبية لشبه الجزيرة العربية والصومال
Authors: Ahmed Umran Taghreed 
Published: December 2020

تتطور المنخفضات المدارية احيانا الى أعاصير مدارية وهي الاخطر في العالم لما لها من قوة تدميرية, وتتكون بكثرة في الجزء الشمالي من المحيط الهندي والذي يكون البحر العربي جزءا منه. لذا جاء هذا البحث لمعرفة اكبر بها من حيث تكرار حدوثها وتحديدا تأثيرها على السواحل العربية في الجزء الشمالي الغربي من المحيط الهندي خلال المدة الممتدة (1967 – 2018) اي لمدة (42 ) سنة ,مع تحديد مناطق نشوئها و فئة الاعاصير المؤثرة في كل مرة . وقد توصل البحث الى ان المنطقة تتأثر بكل فئات الاعاصير المدارية بدون استثناء الا ان التأثير الاكبر يكون للفئة الثانية (TS) وهي نوع العاصفة الاستوائية . كما تعرضت المنطقة لاعصار الفئة الخامسة نوع الهيريكين لكن بتكرار قليل ,وكان ذلك من سمة العقد الاخير من مدة الدراسة .علما ان اغلب الاعاصير تتكون في الجانب الشرقي من البحر العربي وتؤثر على السواحل العمانية واليمنية والصومالية , وقد تبين ان تكرارها ينشط في موسمين ,الاول خلال موسم الربيع وهو الموسم الاصغر ,والثاني يكون خلال موسم الخريف والذي يسجل تكرارات اعلى للاعاصير المدارية . ومن اجل التوصل لمعرفة نسبة الاحتمالية وفترات الرجوع فقد تم تطبيق قانون الاحتمالية وفترات الرجوع ووجد ان هناك علاقة عكسية بين فئة الاعصار وبين تكراراته , اي انه كلما زادت خطورة الاعصار كلما قلت فرص حدوثه او تكراراته وضعفت فرصة رجوعه.
فعالية التعليم المدمج من وجهة نظر طلبة وطالبات جامعة الشارقة في ضوء سياسات واستراتيجيات الجامعة
Authors: Hamdi Wafa Barhoumi , Algharbawi Fatima 
Published: December 2020

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى معرفة مدى فعالية تطبيق التعليم المدمج في جامعة الشارقة من وجهة نظر طالبات جامعة الشارقة ، وذلك من خلال التركيز على خمس محاور : قياس توافر آليات التعليم المدمج ، و فعالية هذه الآليات لتحقيق الأهداف التعليمية ، ومدى تأثر المستوى التعليمي لطلاب تبعاً لاستخدام هذا النوع من التعليم ، ومعوقات استخدام التعليم المدمج في الجامعة وأخيراً رؤية وتطلعات عينة الدراسة نحو التعليم المدمج . وتم استخدام الاستببان لغرض الدراسة وشملت العينة 200 طالب من جامعة الشارقة.
وقد أظهرت النتائج أن هناك اتفاقاً عالياً بين الطلاب على أهمية هذا النوع من التعليم مقابل التعليم التقليدي و استخدام آليات التعليم المدمج و المتمثلة في "الحاسب الآلي ، توفير مقرر الكتروني،أجهزة العرض، الفيديو"،و فيما يتعلق بفاعلية هذه الآليات يتبين أن هناك اتفاق عالي بين طلاب ويؤكد ذلك تأثر تحصيلهم الدراسي بشكل ايجابي حيث أن 64% قد ارتفع معدلهم الدراسي بعد استخدام التعليم المدمج ، أما بالنسبة للمعوقات فهي متدرجة وتتمثل في "انخفاض الوعي بالتعليم المدمج ، الأعطال المفاجئة في شبكة الانترنت ، عدم توفر وقت كافي للمناقشات، جهل الطالب بتعامل مع تقنيات ومهارات التعلم المختلفة "، وتتجسد الرؤى والتطلعات في رغبة العينة بتطوير هذا النوع من التعليم على حساب التعليم التقليدي بجعل الصفوف التعليمية مجهزة لذلك وكذا الأساتذة وعمل دورات تدريبية فصلية لهم لاستخدام تقنيات ومهارات التعليم المدمج .
الدم و طقوس ذبح الحيوان في بلاد الرافدين
Authors: Alrikabi Nael Hammod 
Published: December 2020

تميزت حضارة بلاد الرافدين بميزات عدة, منها قدم وجود الحضارة وبداية الثقافات الدينية, التي لعبت دوراً مهما في تطور القرى الزراعية والسكان وظهور المدن الكبرى فيها. وبسبب التغيرات البيئية ووجود القوى الطبيعية التي دفعته إلى عبادتها وتجنب غضبها الناتجة من امطار غزيرة وفيضانات وهبوب الرياح القوية وغيرها, مما استلزم السكان إلى تقديم الاضاحي والقرابين للآلهة, وكلما كانت التقدمات كثيرة وكبيرة فأن الاله سوف يرضى عنه, ومن هنا وجد سكان بلاد الرافدين أن افضل التقدمات هي الاضاحي بذبح الحيوان, وسيلان الدماء منها دليل على سيلان الحياة باعتبار الدماء رمز الحياة والخلود. لقد مرت طقوس بلاد الرافدين بمراحل عدة, وبأحداث مختلفة تغيرها الاوضاع السياسية والاقتصادية والبيئية, فنشأت طقوس مختلفة وعديدة, استطاع فيها سكان بلاد الرافدين التعبير عن وضعه الديني والسياسي والاقتصادي , واستطاع الباحثون والمختصون في علم الاثار ان يدرسوا الجانب الديني والالهة من جانب , والاوضاع السياسية ونظام الحكم والملك وولاية العهد من جانب اخر عبر العصور لبلاد الرافدين. وحاولوا سكان بلاد الرافدين ان يستخدموا ببعض الطقوس ويدخلونها في الأساطير والقصص مما تبين للمواطن في تلك الحقبة ان هدف الاضاحي التي يقدمها هي جزء من وجوده في هذه الحياة , بل إن بعض الطقوس مهمة جداً في مماته, فعليه هو أو ذويه ان يقدموا الاضاحي والذباح للآلهة لكي ترضى عليهم.
معنی و کاربرد حروف در زبان فارسی
Authors: Hussen Mahdi Ahmed 
Published: December 2020

در بسیاری مواقع ، جملات فارسی به سرعت به نقطه ختم نمی شود، بلکه بواسطه یک عبارت یا یک واژه ، به جملۀ بعد متصل شود . به دیگر سخن ، می توان گفت پس از پایان کامل یک جمله و اتمام معانی جملات پایه و پیرو، ممکن است جمله فارسی با استفاده از این روابط به جمله بعد پیوند بخورد .كتابت پژوهش علمی در بارۀ حرف های ربط در زبان فارسی از اهمیت بسزایی برخوردار می باشد ؛ چرا که این حروف در زبان فارسی از نظر تبین معنای جمله و تأویل متن نقش مهمی دارد. این پژوهش علمی در بارۀ حرف ها در زبان فارسی بویژه حروف ربط که از اهمیت بسزایی برخوردار می باشد ؛ چرا که این حروف در زبان فارسی از نظر تبین معنای جمله و تأویل متن نقش مهمی دارد. از این جهت بنده همت گماشتم ، و سعی خود مبذول نمودم ؛ تا این حرف ها را و کاربرد آن ها در زبان فارسی با استناد به کتاب های دستور زبان فارسی و دیگر منابع متخصص در این زمینه ارائه کنم.
پژوهش حاضر از دو مطلب تشکیل یافته است ؛ اول : نگاه عمومی به انواع حرف ها و تعریف آن در زبان فارسی اختصاص یافته است ؛ دوم : برای بیان مهمترین حروف ربط و کاربرد آنها بوده است . از میان مهمترین یافته های پژوهش ؛ حروف را به چهار دسته می توان تقسیم کرد ؛ حروف نشانه ، حروف اضافه ، اصوات ، و حروف ربط .
تعاریف زیادی برای توضیح معنی و کاربرد حروف ربط ارائه داده است ، از جملۀ : حرف ربط کلمه ای است دو کلمه ، یا دو جمله یا دو عبارت را به هم پیوند می دهد ، و رابطۀ شرطی، زمانی، تقابلی و ...آنها را نشان می دهد . واگرحروف ربط را برطبق معنی و کاربردشان طبقه بندی کنیم ، معانی و کاربردهای زیادی ایفا می کنند ، از جمله : حروف ربط زمانی،حروف ربط سلبی،حروف ربط جانشینی،حروف ربط علت،حروف ربط هدف،حروف ربط افزایش،حروف ربط شرط ،حروف ربط تقابل و حروف ربط استثنا است.
School combo-desk comfort assessment: A method for weighing postural factors that affect the overall perceived comfort
Authors: Califano Rosaria , Cecco Marianeve , De Cunzo Giuseppina , Napolitano Nicoletta , Rega Emanuela , Fiorillo Iolanda , Naddeo Alessandro 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND: In recent years, a growing interest in ergonomics and comfort perception in secondary schools and universities can be detected, to go beyond the UNI-EN regulations and understanding how practically improve students’ perceived comfort during lessons. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyse the (dis)comfort perceived by students while sitting in a combo-desk during lessons; it proposed a method for understanding and weighing the influence of postural factors on overall (dis)comfort. METHODS: Twenty healthy students performed a random combination of three different tasks in two sessions - listening, reading on a tablet and writing. Subjective perceptions were investigated through questionnaires, in which the expected and the overall comfort were evaluated; postural angles were gathered by processing photos through Kinovea® software and were used for the virtual-postural analysis, using a DHM (Digital Human Modelling) software; statistical analysis was used to investigate the influence of subjective comfort of each body part on the overall perceived comfort. RESULTS: The statistical correlations were used to perform an optimization problem in order to create a general law to formulate the overall comfort function, for each task, as a weighted sum of the comfort perceived in each body part. The test procedure, additionally, evaluated the influence on comfort over time. The results showed how the upper back and the task-related upper limb are the most influencing factors in the overall comfort perception. CONCLUSIONS: The paper revealed a precise and straightforward analysis method that can be easily repeated for other design applications. Obtained results can suggest to designers easy solution to re-design the combo-desk.
Study of the relationships between articular moments, comfort and human posture on a chair
Authors: Cappetti Nicola , Manso Emmanuel Di 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND: One of the aspects that influences the sitting comfort is the distribution of the pressure applied to the skin by the seat surface. In the scientific literature, many studies show experimental activities in order to evaluate the influence of pressure distribution at the seat-human interface on the comfort evaluation. The main limitation in seat design is based on the difficulties to predict the contact pressures distribution without prototypes because of the complex interaction among body muscles, wearing, human’s anthropometric characteristics, shape and materials of the seat. Moreover, the same human can assume different postures on the same seat, and different people, seated on the same chair, can assume different postures even if they have the same anthropometric percentile. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to propose a mathematical model evaluating interaction loads between human segments and seat segments. METHOD: In this model, a human body represented by 8 segments is placed on a 6 segments seat with posture dependent on seat segments and on position of the coccyx on seat and feet on floor. Human segments can be configured in length and weight and friction between body and seat is considered. A model validation study based on an experimental comparison with contact pressures is also presented. RESULTS: The experiment showed that there is a remarkable recursion of some stress values of the articular joints of the pelvis, hip and knee. By imposing these values in the calculation model, it is possible to determine, for each chair configuration, which postures will be assumed by a person, and to make a preliminary assessment of the level of comfort possible.
Incorporating driver activity in holistic comfort models
Authors: Moertl Peter , Hoefler Margit , Ewerz Benjamin 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND: We motivate and describe a holistic comfort model to account for the impact of driver and passenger activities on their comfort experiences in vehicles. The proposed model is an expansion of existing ones and postulates two dimensions of comfort that are linked with cognitive moderation processes toward holistic experience: physiological comfort combines multiple physiological experiences such as thermal, auditory, and postural comfort and is moderated via cognitive processes of focusing or masking. On the other hand, emotional comfort reflects the experience of activities and is moderated by cognitive appraisal processes. OBJECTIVE: Using this model, we derive three hypotheses that are examined. METHOD: In a driving simulator study, 32 participants assessed holistic and physiological comfort while driving under various conditions. RESULTS: The participant responses on various comfort questions loaded on two main principal components that closely resemble the distinction between holistic and physiological comfort. Also, the driving and non-driving activity types seemed to have a different impact on holistic versus physiological comfort as predicted by our model.
Analysis and modeling of human seat interaction with a focus on the upper body and backrest using biomechanics and contact mechanics
Authors: Liu Yuezhi (Sean) , Zhong Xianzhi , Ghebreiyesus Wintta , Ji Jiancheng , Xi Fengfeng (Jeff) 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND: This paper outlines a method to study the interaction between the human body and the aircraft seat concerning the seat comfort. METHOD: Firstly, the human body is modeled based on biomechanics and divided into a number of body segments connected by joints according to human anatomy. The angles between the body segments are obtained by curve fitting of the existing biomechanical research data. The contact forces between the human body and the seat are modeled using pairs of bi-lateral point forces. These forces are calculated and located through the analysis of the center of gravity of each body segment and average muscular structure of the human body. The geometry of the human and the seat is obtained from a 3D scan model or a CAD model. Secondly, the pressure distribution between the human body and the seat is modeled and calculated using the contact stress theory. The results of the two parts are combined to analyze the comfortability in relation to different postures, backrest recline angles and changing in shape and material. RESULTS: Simulations were performed and they are compared with experimental measurement and various FEM studies for validation. It is found that accuracy of this method is comparable with most FEM calculation. CONCLUSION: This method provides a new direction in cushion conform research. It is faster and convenient to use comparing to the FEM, and the result is reliable.
Posture, movement, and aircraft passengers: An investigation into factors influencing in-flight discomfort
Authors: Sharafkhani Mahnaz , Argyle Elizabeth , Cobb Sue , Tennent Paul 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND: Aircraft passengers’ physical activity levels are often limited during flight for extended periods of time, which can have serious impact on health, comfort, and passenger experience. However, several factors, such as limited personal space and social factors, can make movement difficult. OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to identify participant behaviour and postures during medium to long-haul flights and their effect on location and severity of physical discomfort. This work investigated how aircraft passengers’ comfort ratings changed over time and explored the association between postures and comfort ratings during flight. The study also explored the association between performing in-flight exercises and factors limiting participants’ abilities to complete these exercises. METHOD: Twenty-nine participants sat in an aircraft simulated cabin for 180 minutes and periodically performed in-seat exercises. They also completed a questionnaire providing data on demographic information, self-reported discomfort scores for multiple areas of the body, which types of exercises participants performed, and qualitative comments about discomfort. Self-reported comfort ratings were measured at 20 min intervals and posture identification was conducted by analysing the video recordings. RESULTS: Six postures were identified, and it was observed that individual participants changed posture at least once and up to nine times during the three-hour period. Body part areas with the highest reported scores of discomfort ratings were: back of the neck, back-left shoulder, back-right shoulder, back-left buttock, and lower back. Participants reported that they had difficulty in performing recommended in-flight exercises due to limited space. CONCLUSIONS: Limited space in aircraft seating restricts passenger movement. Some body areas are more prone to discomfort.
Model construction and analysis of ride comfort for high-speed railway seat cushions
Authors: Tang Zhi , Liu Zhihui , Tang Yingte , Dou Jinzhen , Xu Chang , Wang Lina 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND: More and more people choose to travel by high-speed railway. The seats in these vehicles are an important contact point and comfort of the seat cushions needs attention. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to choose among three seat cushions, the one that creates most comfort for a high-speed train. METHODS: Twelve healthy volunteers were selected to participate in the experiment. Three different surface shape models of high-speed railway seat cushions were used. The Seat Pressure Distribution Index (SPD%) was calculated and analysed. A 7-point Likert scale questionnaire was applied for subjective evaluation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The evaluation is based on subjective and objective data. The results showed that the front protruding cushion made the pressure distribution more even, while the flat cushion had the smallest SPD% and the static pressure was most evenly distributed. This knowledge was beneficial for the design of comfortable high-speed railway seat cushions.
Concept evaluation of a new aircraft passenger privacy bubble using virtual prototyping: A Human-Centered Design framework
Authors: Torkashvanda G. , Li M. , Vink P. 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND: The Human-Centered Design methodology advocates VR prototyping, as an effective tool to evaluate concepts in a cost-efficient, time-saving way. It is the question of whether it works in the development of a product intended to increase privacy while flying. OBJECTIVE: The current study aims at the application of virtual reality on the evaluation of a new privacy bubble called PRIVA for the passenger cabin. METHODS: An interactive VR was created and aligned with the HTC VIVE headset. 40 participants took part in the experiment as well as in the post-experiment survey. RESULTS: The concept was in overall, desirable as it was perceived to be more private, comfortable, satisfactory, effective, and appealing to participants compared to the current seat experiences. It was also perceived as more satisfactory with regards to the activities. CONCLUSIONS: The VR was effective, although there are limitations, the product seems promising and should be developed further.