bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Buffy coat platelets coming to America: Are we ready?
Authors: Gammon Richard R. , Devine Dana , Katz Louis M. , Quinley Eva , Wu YanYun , Rowe Kathleen , Razatos Anna , Min Kyungyoon , Reichenberg Stefan , Smith Roxane 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundBuffy coat (BC) platelets (PLTs) have been used globally for many years. In 2004 Canadian Blood Services (CBS) made the decision to transition from PLT‐rich plasma (PRP) to BC PLTs. We reviewed the benefits and manufacture process of BC and the implementation challenges involved.Study Design and MethodsA literature review was performed in the following areas: BC efficacy, donor population shifts, production and good stewardship of PLTs, logistic considerations with overnight holds, advantages of the overnight hold, the CBS experience, licensure and standards, and changes needed to produce BC PLTs in the United States. The aim was to analyze current practice and identify possible actions for blood centers and hospitals.ResultsImplementation of BC would offer an additional source of PLTs to address the growing elderly population and the declining apheresis donor base. Substantial logistic, operational, and financial benefits were seen when CBS transitioned to BC with overnight hold.ConclusionsBuffy coat blood products are widely used throughout the world. Recent conversion from PRP to BC by CBS showed that conversion can be accomplished with planning, communication, and partnership from all stakeholders. In conclusion, BC PLTs are worth serious consideration in the United States, but regulatory barriers in the United States will need to be addressed.
Measurement and Analysis of Buoyancy-Induced Heat Transfer in Aero-Engine Compressor Rotors
Authors: Jackson Richard W. , Luberti Dario , Tang Hui , Pountney Oliver J. , Scobie James A. , Sangan Carl M. , Owen J. Michael , Lock Gary D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The flow inside cavities between corotating compressor disks of aero-engines is driven by buoyancy, with Grashof numbers exceeding 1013. This phenomenon creates a conjugate problem: the Nusselt numbers depend on the radial temperature distribution of the disks, and the disk temperatures depend on the Nusselt numbers. Furthermore, Coriolis forces in the rotating fluid generate cyclonic and anticyclonic circulations inside the cavity. Such flows are three-dimensional, unsteady, and unstable, and it is a challenge to compute and measure the heat transfer from the disks to the axial throughflow in the compressor. In this paper, Nusselt numbers are experimentally determined from measurements of steady-state temperatures on the surfaces of both disks in a rotating cavity of the Bath compressor-cavity rig. The data are collected over a range of engine-representative parameters and are the first results from a new experimental facility specifically designed to investigate buoyancy-induced flow. The radial distributions of disk temperature were collected under carefully controlled thermal boundary conditions appropriate for analysis using a Bayesian model combined with the equations for a circular fin. The Owen-Tang buoyancy model has been used to compare predicted radial distributions of disk temperatures and Nusselt numbers with some of the experimentally determined values, taking account of radiation between the interior surfaces of the cavity. The experiments show that the average Nusselt numbers on the disk increase as the buoyancy forces increase. At high rotational speeds, the temperature rise in the core, created by compressibility effects in the air, attenuates the heat transfer, and there is a critical rotational Reynolds number for which the Nusselt number is a maximum. In the cavity, there is an inner region dominated by forced convection and an outer region dominated by buoyancy-induced flow. The inner region is a mixing region, in which entrained cold throughflow encounters hot flow from the Ekman layers on the disks. Consequently, the Nusselt numbers on the downstream disk in the inner region tend to be higher than those on the upstream disk.
Identifying, Correcting, and Avoiding Errors in CAD Models Which Affect Interoperability
Authors: Gu Hong , Chase Thomas R. , Cheney Douglas C. , Bailey Thomas (Tim) , Johnson Douglas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Interoperability characterizes the ability of CAD models to accurately represent objects in concurrent engineering environments. The diagnostic set of available software for interoperability testing is described. This set is utilized to develop a visual catalog of possible interoperability errors.
The value of utilizing interoperability testing software is appraised by way of a real-world case study. Numerous significant errors are identified in a suite of 140 parts. “Geometry errors” are shown to be more common than “topology errors”.
The case study suggests that sensitizing the designer to the nature of typical errors leads to improvement in initial model quality. Example errors are described to illustrate their nature and how to eliminate them. Informal guidelines to improve quality upon initial design are deduced. The development of errors due to inconsistent system accuracy settings during data exchange is explored.
A Conceptual Design Information Structure and its Formation Process Based on Protocol Analysis of the Design Meeting in CAD Models Which Affect Interoperability
Authors: Kurakawa Kei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper reports the models of the designer’s thought process based on a protocol analysis from the viewpoint of design information structure and its formation process, which can be a fundamental part of practical design support tools. A series of four design meetings in a company, with intervals of several weeks, were observed to derive these models. The models consist of information elements derived from the cognitive design problem-solving process, and represent the conceptual design process by the derivation relationship among the information elements. The scenario is considered as an important information element to promote the evolution of product design. The proposed models are proven by protocol analysis with statistics and a transitional view of the coding scheme based on the models.
S-CIMS: Towards Integrated and Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Zhang Genbao , Liu Ying , Tan Wei , Huang Zhongquan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes to introduce the concept of sustainable development into computer integrated manufacturing systems, known as sustainable CIMS (S-CIMS), which can realize an integrated and environmentally conscious manufacturing. After the concepts of CIMS and cleaner production are briefly presented, the concept of S-CIMS is put forward. Then the information flow, which is the foundation of information integration, and the material flow in S-CIMS are discussed. The cleaner production subsystem is a new subsystem added to S-CIMS and therefore we give it a brief description. Finally, an environmental information management system supporting life cycle management developed by the authors is presented.
Estimating Technology Insertion Risk Using Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Yates Don , Butler Alley 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Technology insertion into an existing system or subsystem requires careful planning and evaluation. Because the technology is new, there is often limited information upon which to base decisions. Further, decisions about technology insertion are typically made in the very early stages of a project when detailed information is sparse. Under these circumstances, the available information is typically linguistic, and fuzzy methods can be used to significant advantage in this environment.
The implementation discussed in this paper employs an Excel spread sheet for user interface, and it employs COTS (Commercial Off the Shelf Technology) software for an inference engine. Heuristic based models are developed to evaluate risk in technology insertion. Risk elements include: budget risk, schedule risk, and performance risk. Results with an example problem are described to illustrate the fuzzy logic method, and conclusions are drawn regarding the advantages of this technique.
Fuzzy Logic Application in Data Acquisition
Authors: Sule Dileep R. , Watkins Tory K. , Restifo David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to introduce an expansion of the practice of using surveys when making subjective judgments or decisions. This method is particularly useful in situations in which precise data is limited or nonexistent. It can be especially valuable when working with new designs by reducing the error associated with estimates in the beginning of the product’s life cycle in which costs are greatest. Our approach modifies the traditional survey style by including fuzzy logic and expert judgment. Using fuzzy logic, we solicit the information in a way that gives the evaluator a continuous choice for the cost estimate and a method to indicate the level of confidence in a linguistic manner. By doing this, a range of the likely values for the real value can be defined, and a subjective judgment can be turned into objective information that can be more useful than the traditional approach.
A Study on Distributed CIMS Analysis and Design
Authors: Li Renwang , Xiao Renbin , Qi Guoning 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The concurrent collaborative working environment between teams is helpful to facilitate people to communicate freely. However, it is still impossible for people to describe CIMS accurately due to the lacking of efficient communication tools offered by the research on the CIMS analysis and design up to now. The main characteristics and bottlenecks of distributed CIMS analysis and design have been elucidated comprehensively in this paper. On the basis of the above work, a concrete distributed CIMS analysis and design software system, which was developed by the authors and others, was introduced and illustrated through a practical enterprise.
Practical Considerations and Lessons Learned in Setting up a Virtual Reality System for Industrial Virtual Prototyping
Authors: De Kroon Joseph P. , Bras Bert 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper we present issues to be considered by those who are interested in setting up a practical Virtual Reality (VR) system for virtual prototyping. The considerations discussed in this paper are based on lessons learned in a virtual prototyping implementation project undertaken with an industrial partner. We propose a classification of virtual prototyping applications into two main categories, which provide the basis for a simple tool that, although subjective, can serve as a decision-making aid in selecting a VR system for particular tasks, or in determining which VR tasks to attempt with a given system.
Physically Based Modeling in Virtual Assembly
Authors: Wang Yong , Jayaram Uma , Jayaram Sankar , Lyons Kevin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Virtual assembly is a promising application of virtual reality in design and manufacturing and has drawn much attention from industry and research institutes. Physically based modeling has been an important research topic in computer graphics and virtual reality. In this paper, physically based modeling issues in virtual assembly are investigated. The specific requirements and characteristics of physically based modeling in virtual assembly versus those in traditional computer graphics are analyzed and studied. The mass properties of the assembly models are extracted from the Computer Aided Design (CAD) system while the design models are transferred from the CAD system to the virtual assembly environment. This added information allows the assembly models to be categorized using human strength survey data. The interaction of parts, environment objects, and the human are analyzed. In the fully immersed virtual environment, it is discovered that certain presentations of gravitational acceleration needs to be scaled down to achieve maximum realistic feeling. Finally the benefits and limitations of physically based modeling in virtual environments are discussed.
Definition Clarification and Review on Virtual Prototyping
Authors: Wang G. Gary 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Virtual Prototyping (VP) technique has been interpreted in many different ways, which causes confusion and misunderstanding among researchers and practitioners. Based on a review of the current related application and research, this paper gives a clarified definition of VP as well as its essential components and functions. VP is then compared with and distinguished from virtual reality (VR), virtual environment (VE), and virtual manufacturing (VM) techniques. Given the clarified definition, benefits and limitations of VP are analyzed and future VP related research topics are suggested.
A Haptics-Based Virtual Environment for Engineering Design and Manufacturing Applications
Authors: Sharma Cartik , Kesavadas T. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Haptic technology is revolutionizing the way engineers interact with computers. Haptics allow people to directly interact with digital objects and data as they do in the real world using their sense of touch. Hitherto, designers and artists have used haptics to intuitively sculpt models using digital clay and doctors have trained on haptics based virtual surgical simulators. Most applications however merely seek to make up for the lack of sense of touch and its effects. The following paper investigates the application of the haptics loop using decision support activities in core engineering areas like design optimization and shop floor lay out. An architecture combining large-scale visualization environment with haptics is proposed. The interaction of multiple loops running an application and the procedural advantages and difficulties faced are addressed. Finally, the Virtual Factory environment (VFACT) is used as a test-bed to validate the efficacy of haptics for facility design and layout. A prototype using haptics for intuitive exploration of the design space for single row machine layout problem is implemented.
Automatic Unstructured Mesh Generation Around Two-Dimensional Domains Described by B-Spline Curves
Authors: Flórez Guzmán Horacio , Manzanilla Morillo Raúl 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A computer code for the generation of unstructured two-dimensional triangular meshes around arbitrary complex geometries has been developed. The code is based on Delaunay triangulation with an automatic point insertion scheme and a smoothing technique. The geometrical definition of the domain to be meshed is prescribed by means of B-spline curves obtained from two approaches of interest in Computer-Aided Geometric Design named inverse design and interpolation problems. The presented scheme is based on an interpolation procedure along a B-spline curve proposed by the author in a recent paper. This technique prevents that the resulting grid may overlap convex portions of the boundaries. The main goal is to study the possibility of extend the methodology of unstructured grid generation beginning with boundaries described by polylines to other in which they are prescribed by piecewise polynomials curves capable to drive more realistic problems. Several figures and examples from Computational Fluid Dynamics have been included to show the various steps of the algorithm. The results show that the code is able to solve the problem of automatic grid generation in a robust manner opening new perspectives for the development of a black-box grid generator.
On the Identification of Hysteresis in Inelastic Systems
Authors: Ma Fai 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The generalized model of differential hysteresis contains thirteen control parameters with which it can curve-fit practically any hysteretic trace. Three identification algorithms are developed to estimate the control parameters of hysteresis for different classes of inelastic structures. These algorithms are based upon the simplex, extended Kalman filter, and generalized reduced gradient methods. Novel techniques such as global search and internal constraints are incorporated to facilitate convergence and stability. Effectiveness of the devised algorithms is demonstrated through simulations of two inelastic systems with both pinching and degradation characteristics in their hysteretic traces. Due to very modest computing requirements, these identification algorithms may become acceptable as a design tool for mapping the hysteretic traces of inelastic structures.
MATLAB in Engineering Education
Authors: Alimi M. H. , Mahinfalah M. , Nazari G. H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
One of the most important aspects of engineering education is problem solving. This paper intends to show how MATLAB can be utilized to solve various problems in science and engineering. A simple vibration problem is solved using MATLAB’s ODE solver to illustrate the excellent capability of MATLAB in numerical integration of matrix differential equations.
Interaction Modeling in Systems Design
Authors: Sinha Rajarishi , Paredis Christiaan J. J. , Khosla Pradeep K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We present a simulation and design framework for simultaneously designing and modeling electromechanical systems. By instantiating component objects in our software and connecting them to each other via ports, the designer configures complex systems.
Interactions are the physical phenomena that occur at the interfaces between connected components. Most of the research in configuration design has focused on modeling components, with very little attention paid to the dynamics of the interaction phenomena. To obtain an accurate virtual prototype, the interaction dynamics must also be captured in behavioral models.
All interactions between components are mediated by ports. We introduce port and interaction model taxonomies, and provide a set-theoretic formalism that defines the algebra of port and interaction models. In addition, the formalism supports automatic instantiation of interaction models given the types of the connected ports, as well as the ability to replace one interaction model for another depending on the requirements of the desired simulation experiment. We illustrate our framework with an example.
Vehicle Analysis Using an Agent-Based Analysis Tools Framework
Authors: Gee Ken 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Methods to combine a number of analysis tools into an agent-based integrated design system (IDS) for aerospace vehicles were developed. Computer-aided Design (CAD) and Finite Element Method (FEM) thermal and structural analysis packages were integrated with low-fidelity aero- and thermodynamic methods and high-fidelity CFD flow solvers. Analyses were characterized by the generation of an FEM unstructured grid from the CAD data, generation of a structured grid from the FEM grid, computation of the aerodynamic solution, interpolation of the flow data onto the FEM grid, and solution of the thermal and/or structural response of the geometry to the aerodynamic loading. A level of autonomy was provided by an expert system that managed the input data, selected the appropriate flow solver, and built the required input files. The ability to dynamically link available tools together to solve a given problem was also included. The framework integrated commercial tools to enable the use of distributed, heterogeneous computing systems. The framework was used to analyze the effect of wedge angle and nose radius on the heating characteristics of the nose region of a reusable launch vehicle.
An Information-Based Design Support System for Composite Structures
Authors: Hu Xiaochun , Sun Wei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a framework of Information-Based Design Support System (IBDSS) for composite structure design, which is aiming at to improve the design process by alleviating the cost of obtaining the composite properties and the composite material design, automating design iterations in design process, and assisting to tailor material design. IBDSS mainly includes a database of composite unit cell, a reasoning and decision support module and a design and analysis module. The paper specifies problems in composite structure design, and describes the framework of the IBDSS, the logic structure of unit cell library, and its implementation in Java environment with SQL. The reasoning and decision support module with blackboard architecture and the working environment of IBDSS for Internet based design are also presented.
Steepest-Directed Tool Paths of Sculptured Parts: The Most Efficient Local Scheme in 3-Axis CNC Machining and its Mathematical Proof
Authors: Chen Zezhong C. , Dong Zuomin , Vickers Geoffrey W. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Three-axis CNC milling is often used in sculptured parts machining. Due to the complex shape of the part surfaces, optimal tool path planning can significantly improve machining efficiency. In this work the mechanism of 3-axis CNC machining is examined. The generic formulae of steepest direction of sculptured surface are derived. A mathematical proof of the highest machining efficiency of steepest-directed tool path is provided. The most efficient local scheme, steepest-directed tool path in tool path planning, is proposed. This scheme serves as a theoretical base for applying steepest-directed tool path in tool path generation algorithms for 3-axis CNC machining. The tool path has been used to develop the steepest-directed and iso-cusped (SDIC) tool path generation algorithm. An example of SDIC tool paths of a half-cylinder part illustrates the application of steepest-directed tool path.
An Algorithm to Generate Efficient Cutter Path for Pocket Milling Operations Using Modified Zigzag Strategy
Authors: Gupta Satyandra K. , Saini Sunil K. , Yao Zhiyang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pocket milling is a widely used machining operation and used in a wide variety of applications. Using traditional zigzag milling strategy during rough milling operations, often requires several retraction or non-cutting repositioning moves, leading to poor cutting efficiency. In this paper we describe a geometric algorithm for generating cutter paths by using a modified zigzag milling strategy that attempts to minimize tool retractions and non-cutting repositioning moves. Several examples are used in the paper to show the advantage of our algorithm over traditional zigzag milling operations in rough milling of complex pockets.
A Design Procedure Applicable to Different Classes of Assemblies
Authors: Whitney Daniel E. , Shukla Gaurav , von Praun Stefan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
One of the most difficult problems which designers of complex mechanical assemblies face routinely is not to be aware of when they are committing mistakes. More and more dependence of designers on CAD systems further aggravates the problem of committing the mistake of not giving proper attention to the kinematic structure of the assembly. This article presents design phases for assemblies according to a top-down design process and the generic steps that constitute different design phases. A comprehensive classification of mechanical assemblies follows the outline of the steps of the design process. This classification also defines the characteristics of different types of assemblies and most importantly it identifies the possible mistakes that designers may commit. A separate classification of different procedures for meeting assembly tolerances is also presented. This article will not only talk about the classifications but it will also enlist information about various techniques that can be used to analyze different types of assemblies. Together, these sets of classifications outline a comprehensive design procedure that will help designers of assemblies in making sure that they justify their design decisions. This paper also links the steps in the design process to specific tools developed in previous papers.