bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Isaacs Bruce 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The book concludes with a close examination of De Palma’s Femme Fatale as the exemplary experiment with a pure cinematic philosophy of the image and its praxis within visual, aural and narrative structures. The fragment is now intensified into a pure abstract geometric form in which the formal fragment takes on the qualities of a fractal organization in spatial and temporal relation. The fragment is analyzed in Femme Fatale in relation to shot scale (the close-up), the intensified split-screen sequence, the collage image (the concluding frame of the film), and Ryuichi Sakamoto’s reflexive imitation of Ravel’s Boléro theme. The book concludes with a hypothesis that the irreducible fragment of a pure cinematic form is suggestive of what Tarkovsky once called “the absolute image.”
Introduction
Authors: Collis Robert , Bayer Natalie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This opening section provides an overview of the significance of the Avignon Society in the context of the phenomenon of illuminism in Europe in the final quarter of the eighteenth century. It analyses the meanings of the terms illuminés and illuminism in order to explain the relevance of the Avignon Society to the history of this important expression of religious and esoteric sentiment during the Age of Enlightenment. It also includes a thorough review of the literature that outlines the various studies that have been conducted on the society since the late eighteenth century. The case is made that the history of the Avignon Society warrants more thorough and rigorous study.
In the Beginning Was the (Holy) Word
Authors: Collis Robert , Bayer Natalie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the foundation of the society in Berlin in 1779, under the leadership of three figures: L.-J.-B-.P. Guyton de Morveau (known as “Brumore”), Thadeusz Grabianka, and Antoine-Joseph Pernety. Brumore played a pivotal role as the group’s oracle, practising arithmancy, or the “cabalistic science of numbers,” to provide members with divine advice from the so-called Holy Word. From the outset these oracular consultations were combined with a passion for alchemical experimentation. Moreover, this leading triumvirate soon created a lavish nine-day consecration ceremony that ranks as one of the most spectacular rites of its kind in the late eighteenth century. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the various endeavours undertaken by the society to concoct the philosophers’ stone in Berlin, Rheinsberg, and Podolia, as the three leaders soon dispersed to different locations. The chapter also explores the society’s early embrace of Swedenborgian doctrine, alongside the enthusiastic acceptance of a Podolian prophet from 1780.
Trials, Tribulations, and Transformation
Authors: Collis Robert , Bayer Natalie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the activity of the Illuminés d’Avignon during the era of revolutionary tumult that beset France. The society was weakened by internal schism in the wake of the arrest of Ottavio Cappelli and external upheaval. Nonetheless, Tadeusz Grabianka succeeded in preserving the nucleus of the group, including, most notably, A.-J. Pernety, until the latter’s death in 1796. The chapter also undertakes a study of the precarious tightrope Grabianka walked at this time, fostering cordial relations with the revolutionary authorities in Avignon but also acting as a royalist agent. By the late 1790s, it is evident that Grabianka had overseen something of a resurgence in the society’s fortunes, attracting a new generation of initiates. Yet this renewed activity did not last long. The chapter concludes by revealing that the society had effectively ceased to function by the end of 1799. Beset by financial problems, Grabianka travelled to Paris in 1802, where he resided for at least six months, before receiving a passport to travel to his native Podolia.
The Legacy of the New Israel Society
Authors: Collis Robert , Bayer Natalie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the legacy of the New Israel Society in Russia in the aftermath of Tadeusz Grabianka’s arrest and subsequent death in prison in October 1807. More specifically, it carries out a study of how two members of the New Israel Society—N. F. Pleshcheeva and A. A. Lenivtsev—were able to form a relatively tight-knit circle of like-minded millenarians that soon came to include the powerful government ministers A. N. Golitsyn and R. A. Koshelev. The chapter also examines the links between the so-called Pleshcheeva Circle and the well-known prophetess Barbara von Krüdener in the early 1820s.
The Prophetess Madame Bouche and the Triune of Emperor Alexander, A. N. Golitsyn, and R. A. Koshelev, 1810–1822
Authors: Collis Robert , Bayer Natalie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter reveals the remarkable influence of Madame Bouche, a French prophetess and early member of the Avignon Society, on Emperor Alexander I of Russia. This is the first detailed examination of the key role played by Bouche at the imperial court between 1819 and 1821. Drawing extensively on archival evidence, it shows that Bouche remained in contact with former members of the Avignon Society into the early 1810s. By 1817 she had begun to write to Emperor Alexander to reveal to him his pivotal role in fulfilling a divine mission to bring peace to Europe. Bouche also continued the tradition of consulting the Holy Word at this time. Through an analysis of police records, the chapter shows that Bouche was able to secure the patronage of the Russian emperor as a result of her links to dukes Eugen-Friedrich and Ferdinand of Württemberg. Finally, the chapter undertakes an in-depth examination of Bouche’s remarkable two-year residence in Petersburg, where she acted as a prophetic adviser to Emperor Alexander and to two of his ministers, A. N. Goltisyn and R. A. Koshelev.
Introduction
Authors: Renfro Paul M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The introduction sketches the contours of the book. It details the construction of a moral panic concerning the abduction of children by strangers in the late twentieth century and lays out the political and cultural ramifications of this panic. As the introduction indicates and the rest of the book demonstrates, this panic—precipitated by the bereaved parents of missing and slain children, the news media, and politicians—led to the consolidation of a “child safety regime” and the expansion of the American carceral state. The introduction situates this argument within the existing historiography of late twentieth-century United States politics and culture, as well as the growing literature on carceral studies.
“He Was Beautiful”
Authors: Renfro Paul M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 concentrates on the disappearance of six-year-old Etan Patz in Manhattan in May 1979. It shows how pictures of Patz—taken by his father, a professional photographer, and disseminated around New York City and beyond—inaugurated a new cultural form called the image of endangered childhood. This form foregrounded white childhood innocence and assumed sexual overtones, which shaped the ascendant child safety movement and the news media’s coverage of it. Specifically, observers more readily assigned sexual motives to missing child cases beginning in the late twentieth century. In the Patz case, the racialized and sexualized image of endangered childhood led investigators, activists, and the news media to (wrongly) implicate the North American Man/Boy Love Association in Etan’s abduction. The case thus revealed key fault lines in the LGBTQ and feminist movements, and in late twentieth-century American politics more broadly, while setting the foundation for the child safety regime.
Trouble in the Heartland
Authors: Renfro Paul M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 centers on the disappearances of Des Moines Register paperboys Johnny Gosch and Eugene Wade Martin in 1982 and 1984, respectively. These incidents challenged white Midwestern ideas about childhood and regional innocence, as locals took the paperboy cases as signs of regional and national decline. White Iowans responded by demanding state protection for their children, who supposedly faced new threats from strangers emboldened by moral relativism and sexual liberation and impervious to the symbolic power of an innocent and secure Midwest. Many of the legal and cultural mechanisms adopted in the service of protecting young Iowans—including the iconic milk carton campaign—were replicated in the construction of the national child safety regime.
“Great Surface Appeal”
Authors: Renfro Paul M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 recounts how the United States Department of Justice obstructed missing child legislation in the early eighties but eventually buckled under pressure from activists, who deployed an affective politics of child safety to paint the DOJ as cruel and obstinate. The DOJ subsequently transformed into the federal entity most committed to the child safety cause, working to publicize and combat the problems of child abduction, exploitation, sexual abuse, and pornography. The Department’s “conversion” proved vital to the making of a punitive child safety regime in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
“The Business of Missing Children”
Authors: Renfro Paul M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 chronicles how the Reagan administration lauded the role of the private sector in protecting American children. The celebration by Reagan, other conservatives, and neoliberals of private sector (and especially business sector) efforts to “save” certain American youngsters and promote “family values” cleared the way for a more expansive child safety regime pieced together at the turn of the twenty-first century. Such private sector solutions enlisted the American public in the increasingly punitive, pervasive, and invasive project of child safety. Liberally deploying the image of endangered childhood, private sector programs and products surrounded Americans with evidence of stranger danger and called on them to police and prevent predatory behavior against the nation’s children.
Circling the Wagon
Authors: Renfro Paul M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 shows how so-called New Democrat Bill Clinton seized upon the stranger danger myth and hitched it to his racialized “law and order” and “family values” policy programs. As president, Clinton underwrote the passage of the Jacob Wetterling Act, the federal “three strikes” law, and Megan’s Law, which together federalized systems of sex offender registration and community notification. Imprinted with the names of white child-victims and awash in the imagery of endangered childhood, these laws enlarged and formalized the child safety regime, thus augmenting a carceral and surveillance state that disproportionately ensnares queer Americans, people of color, and youth.
Conclusion
Authors: Renfro Paul M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The conclusion traces the expansion of the child safety regime in the George W. Bush and Barack Obama years, looking specifically at the global reach of this regime through the 2003 PROTECT Act, the 2006 Adam Walsh Act, and the International Megan’s Law implemented in 2016. It reveals the continuities between the country’s major political parties on matters of child safety and criminal justice while also analyzing various forms of resistance against the child safety regime and mass incarceration—namely the “free range” movement, the Right on Crime initiative, and the popular cultural push to “humanize” those deemed sex offenders. In closing, the conclusion charts a path for dismantling the child safety regime and the carceral state.
Introduction
Authors: Roe Alan D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The history of the Russian national park movement spans from the pre-Revolutionary era to the early twenty-first century. The establishment of national parks in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic beginning in 1983 demonstrated environmentalists’ ability to push the Soviet government to make reforms in an era that is frequently misunderstood as one of stagnation. However, since that time, Russian national parks have almost always fallen short of the ambitious goals of their founders and have provided Russian environmentalists with a painful reminder of their state’s weak commitment to environmental protection. More so than any other work in the field of Russian environmental history, this story places Russian environmental protection firmly within the larger story of international environmental protection networks and organizations in the late twentieth century. It contributes to the growing literature on Russian tourism, the international history of national parks, and social movements in the Soviet Union’s last decades.
For Science or Tourism?
Authors: Roe Alan D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, many countries embraced the national park concept as a way of showcasing their scenic landscapes and developing internal tourism. Many members of the Russian Imperial Geographical Society called for a system of parks in the Russian Empire. However, following the Great October Revolution of 1917, Russian conservationists and game management professionals instead pushed the state to establish zapovedniki dedicated to scientific research as well as some that served as game preserves. As “science for science’s sake” came under more suspicion in the 1930s, many supporters of the zapovedniki promoted tourism in them to make them seem more “useful” to government officials. By the late 1930s, tens of thousands of tourists entered the zapovedniki every year. Even in a climate of fear and xenophobia, some tourism promoters used the example of US national parks as they argued that zapovedniki should accommodate still more tourists.
Taking the “Best” from the West?
Authors: Roe Alan D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Under Nikita’s Khrushchev’s policy of “peaceful coexistence,” Soviet scientists started attending conferences of the International Union of the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) where they became more familiar with national parks. Meanwhile, the less repressive cultural environment emboldened many concerned environmentalists to make bold suggestions on how the state could improve its environmental protection practices. Some high-ranking officials, including Khrushchev, publicly stated that accessible tourism was one of the advantages of living in the USSR. In turn, environmentalists argued that national parks could help the USSR meet growing tourism demands in a way that minimized its environmental impact and promoted economic development. As tourism in the zapovedniki became an even bigger problem, several different groups conceived national parks that they hoped would take pressure off of them. They frequently invoked the success of national parks in the United States, even as the Communist Party took some more reactionary positions following Khrushchev’s ouster.
Transformative Visions during the Brezhnev Era
Authors: Roe Alan D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
During the 1970s in the USSR, several Soviet republics established national parks. While the Soviet Council of Ministers had to pass a law giving national parks union status before the RSFSR could establish national parks, numerous park projects were conceived throughout Russia during this era. The attention that the Soviet government gave to environmental protection fueled their hopes. At the same time, Russian environmentalists became increasingly frustrated by the slow push toward establishing a law giving national parks union status as they discussed the future form that Russia’s parks would take. Passed by the USSR Council of Ministers in 1981, the law recognizing national parks left many long-debated issues unresolved and laid the groundwork for conflicts between Russia’s national parks and local populations.
Disappointments and the Persistence of Grandiose Visions
Authors: Roe Alan D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Not long after the RSFSR started establishing parks in the mid-1980s, environmental concerns became mainstream in the Soviet Union as Gorbachev’s reforms encouraged Soviet citizens to discuss a variety of problems more openly than at any time previously in Russian history. In turn, national parks were often touted for their potential to transform the economy of entire regions and the lifestyles of their inhabitants. While the state could not provide the funds for parks to carry out their most basic functions, park supporters placed hopes in attracting foreign tourists and new opportunities to collaborate with international organizations. This chapter uses several case studies—Elk Island National Park, ideas for parks on the Kamchatka Peninsula, and the proposed Beringia International Park and a park in the Altai Mountains—to demonstrate how park supporters used the national park idea to guard against development and future environmental threats.
Protecting the Pechoran Alps?
Authors: Roe Alan D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the late 1960s, a group of scientists of the Komi Scientific Center conceived a national park to undermine the plan of Soviet engineers to divert the Pechora and Vychegda Rivers south to the Caspian Sea. Without guidance or support from central planning ministries, they conceived a national park in the Nether-Polar Urals that they hoped would reorient much of the region’s economy away from extractive industries and toward tourism. As was the case with other national parks, however, the transformative—almost quixotic—vision for Iugyd Va National Park (established in 1994), coupled with political and economic collapse, sowed the seeds for the park supporters’ disappointment. Pointing to the unrealistic vision of the park’s founders, representatives of the mining industry have repeatedly asserted that the national park has prevented the republic from developing its most valuable economic resource as it sought to pressure government officials to redraw its boundaries.
The Vision and the Reality in the Taiga of Karelia and the Arkhangelsk Oblast
Authors: Roe Alan D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
As the spirit of reform pulsated throughout the Soviet Union, an idealistic college student from the Ukrainian SSR named Oleg Cherviakov took a fateful trip down the Ileks River into Vodlozero Lake in Arkhangelsk Oblast and Karelia. Entranced by the area’s beauty and intrigued by traditional Orthodox Christian culture, Cherviakov envisioned a national park that he believed not only would protect the region’s forests but would bring about a regional religious revival. After serving as Vodlozero National Park’s director for nearly fifteen years, Cherviakov realized that few wanted to go back to the old ways. Moreover, he concluded that tourism’s economic benefits would never materialize when few tourists wanted to come to this region and with the state little interested in developing the park’s infrastructure. Vodlozero National Park’s history marks perhaps the apotheosis of utopian proposals for parks conceived during a time of national transformation and the nadir of disillusionment among park founders.
Different in Degree or Kind?
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter asks, what impact does the conceptual positioning of people living with a dementia have on communication? Exploring some of the effects of low social and emotional reserve, it shows how treating a person as fundamentally different in kind from oneself, rather than only different in degree, offers scope to remain emotionally separate but also risks a loss of empathy, even inhumane treatment. This conflict is developed as the carers’ paradox. An extended consideration is made of the rationales and problems associated with deliberately deceiving people living with a dementia, albeit with their well-being at heart. In this context, Specialized Early Care for Alzheimer’s (SPECAL) is examined in depth because of its unique approach to using deception as a means of facilitating contentment. These discussions lead to a more finely calibrated conceptualization of the degree–kind continuum.
Global Norms and Local Action
Authors: Medie Peace A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
When and why do states implement international women’s rights norms? Global Norms and Local Action is an examination of states’ responses to violence against women (VAW) in Africa and their implementation of the international women’s justice norm. Despite the presence of laws on various forms of VAW in most African countries, most victims face barriers to accessing justice through the criminal justice system. This problem is particularly acute in post-conflict countries. International organizations such as the United Nations and women’s rights advocates have, therefore, promoted the international women’s justice norm, which emphasizes the establishment of specialized mechanisms within the criminal justice sector to address VAW. With a focus on the response of the police to rape and intimate partner violence in post-conflict Côte d’Ivoire and Liberia, this book theorizes the United Nations’ and women’s movements’ influence on the implementation of the international women’s justice norm. It draws on over 300 interviews in both countries to demonstrate that high international and domestic pressures, combined with favorable political and institutional conditions, are key to the rapid establishment of specialized mechanisms within the police force and to how police officers respond to rape and intimate partner violence cases. It argues that despite significant weaknesses, specialized mechanisms have improved women’s access to justice. The book concludes with a discussion of why a holistic approach to addressing VAW is needed.
Violence against Women in Liberia
Authors: Medie Peace A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 traces the problem of violence against women in Liberia and explains how the conflict exacerbated the problem and rendered women vulnerable in its aftermath. It examines three time periods (pre-conflict, conflict, and post-conflict) and explains that patriarchal gender norms were always at the core of this violence and contributed to Liberians’ reluctance to report rape and domestic violence to the police and to support the prosecution of offenders. However, widespread sexual violence during the conflict and post-conflict campaigns by the state and non-state actors led to shifting attitudes and to increased reporting of these crimes. Nonetheless, it shows how even after the conflict, Liberians relied more on informal justice mechanisms to address violence against women.
The Response to Violence against Women in Liberia
Authors: Medie Peace A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 covers how the government and women’s organizations in Liberia responded to violence against women. It explains that prior to the conflict, violence against women was largely absent from the agenda of governments and women’s organizations, despite their involvement in international advocacy around this issue. Both domestic and international pressure on governments was low during this period and specialized mechanisms to address VAW were non-existent in the criminal justice sector. The chapter describes how the 14-year conflict changed this and generated strong international and domestic pressures on post-conflict governments to strengthen the criminal justice sector response to violence against women, particularly sexual violence, and to establish specialized criminal justice sector mechanisms.