bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Career Pathways as a Strategic Human Capital Management Program
Authors: McGonigle Tim , Butler Shelly 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) developed the MyCareer@VA program to attract and retain high-quality VA employees by providing transparent occupational information to support career development. MyCareer@VA provided a suite of customizable career planning tools—including job fit, career planning, career mapping, and job search tools, a federal resume builder, and an interview simulation—to support career planning and employee development. VA subject matter experts developed and validated more than 600 occupational profiles, each at five career levels, over the course of 3 years that depicted the work performed by more than 90% of all VA positions. Ultimately, the MyCareer@VA website attracted more than 2.5 million site visits from non-VA users (i.e., job candidates), more than 70,000 of whom demonstrated an ongoing commitment to applying for VA jobs. In addition, more than 12,000 VA employees used MyCareer@VA to explore new VA jobs and complete developmental activities. This chapter describes the MyCareer@VA program and its results.
Big Data, Data Science, and Career Pathways
Authors: Dorsey David W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
With the rise of the internet and the related explosion in the amount of data that are available, the field of data science has expanded rapidly, and analytic techniques designed for use in “big data” contexts have become popular. These include techniques for analyzing both structured and unstructured data. This chapter explores the application of these techniques to the development and evaluation of career pathways. For example, data scientists can analyze online job listings and resumes to examine changes in skill requirements and careers over time and to examine job progressions across an enormous number of people. Similarly, analysts can evaluate whether information on career pathways accurately captures realistic job progressions. Within organizations, the increasing amount of data make it possible to pinpoint the specific skills, behaviors, and attributes that maximize performance in specific roles. The chapter concludes with ideas for the future application of big data to career pathways.
Career Pathways for Late Career Workers
Authors: Rineer Jennifer R. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Today, individuals work later in life than ever before in an ever-changing world of work. Thus, late career workers now have different needs, experiences, and preferences, and their transitions into retirement are much more varied (and far less linear) than those for workers in previous decades. This chapter provides evidence-based recommendations on supportive career pathways systems for late career workers. It begins with an overview of research-based theories and constructs about work-related aging, followed by human resource management policies and practices to support career pathways systems for older workers. It then provides practical guidance on how career pathways systems can promote successful work engagement throughout the life span and directions for future research to advance the field of aging and career pathways.
Using O*NET to Identify and Design Career Pathways
Authors: Craven Denise E. , Rivkin David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Current, reliable occupational information is critical to the identification and design of pathways to and through careers. Data on more than 200 worker- and job-oriented descriptors in the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database provide the foundation for career pathway construction by a variety of users. This chapter describes ways in which the O*NET database, products, and tools may be used on their own to identify and refine career pathways, as well as ways that workforce agencies, education systems, and federally sponsored programs have integrated the O*NET Content Model, database, and taxonomy in their career pathway systems, tools, and programs. The chapter concludes by describing planned efforts to enhance the value of the O*NET program for career pathway development.
What the Framers Got Right and What They Got Wrong
Authors: Drutman Lee 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how James Madison, considered the Father of the Constitution, thought the best way to preserve political stability was to divide factions so that none could ever form a permanent majority. Indeed, Madison and the Framers feared political parties, and thought they had devised a political system that would prevent parties from ever forming. They were wrong: As they quickly found out, political parties were necessary for modern mass democracy to function. However, they were also right: Above all, they feared just two parties, one of which would be a majority. Majorities, they understood, have a tendency to oppress minorities. Ultimately, their prescient warnings about a doom loop of toxic two-party politics resonate today. Today, America faces the same toxic partisanship the Framers understood would be fatal to democracy-the partisanship where every single policy confrontation collapses into one single irresolvable partisan conflict, where trust breaks down, and where political disagreement becomes about domination and victory over the other.
The Great Reordering of the Parties
Authors: Drutman Lee 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter details how the parties went from being loose, incoherent coalitions of state and local parties to distinct national parties with very different visions for the country. Parties at mid-century were incoherent bottom-up confederation of state and local parties, where state and local "bosses" held most of the power. Their national brands were more indistinct. However, as issues nationalized, particularly civil rights, the parties became more nationalized as well. Labor unions, which had once been a powerful force for economic voting, declined. And blue-collar whites, who had once voted Democratic for economic reasons, began voting Republican for cultural reasons. No one factor alone explains the re-alignment and re-ordering of American politics. Complex interacting and reinforcing trends separated the party coalitions into distinct camps over many years. As the new coalitions unified around cultural issues, economic concerns took a secondary role in partisanship. This elevation of culture-war politics, more than anything else, created the distinct and charged divisions that now define the two-party coalitions. This divide is driving the toxic politics of today.
The Collapse of the Four-Party System and the Rise of Zero-Sum Politics
Authors: Drutman Lee 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the role that America’s political institutions had in separating the party coalitions and raising the stakes. In an earlier era, when parties were looser coalitions, America had a hidden four-party system-with Liberal Democrats, Conservative Democrats, Liberal Republicans, and Conservative Republicans. This created space for more fluid and flexible coalitions that differed on an issue by issue basis. Especially from the mid-1960s through the mid-1980s, this allowed for broadly responsive policymaking. However, as politics nationalized around "culture war" questions, conservative Democrats and liberal Republicans began to go extinct. Given the winner-take-all nature of elections, parties shrunk to their separate geographic cores, becoming much more distinct. The close balance of power nationally turned national partisan competition into trench warfare, with an increasingly dysfunctional Congress as ground zero.
All Politics Is Conflict; Not All Conflict Is Toxic
Authors: Drutman Lee 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses why the binary conflict over national identity is so destructive, and why it is so hard to escape from inside the two-party system. A conflict over identity leads to increasing inequality in a two-party system: because it crowds out economic voting, and makes it harder for voters to signal their dissatisfaction with economics separate from their cultural preferences. The chapter then explains why people cannot get rid of "identity politics"-group identities are the building blocks of political life. However, identity politics can be made less toxic by fostering a party system where important identities are cross-cutting instead of cumulative, and where people experience more uncertainty and complexity. A fully sorted two-party system collapses people’s thinking into dangerous binaries.
The Breakdown of Political Fairness
Authors: Drutman Lee 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the implications of the new party system for the foundational democratic norm of shared fairness. If people cannot agree on fair democratic processes, then nothing is legitimate. If nothing is legitimate, people no longer have rule of law. The chapter then discusses the breakdown of procedural fairness in election law, focusing on gerrymandering and voting rules; examines how partisanship is shaping facts and information; and looks ahead at what happens without shared understandings or shared rules in politics. It looks very ugly, and potentially violent. Given that all these problems are self-reinforcing doom loops in a two-party system, it will be very hard to break them without major electoral reforms to facilitate more parties.
Designing the Save American Democracy Act
Authors: Drutman Lee 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the specifics of a new voting system: ranked-choice voting, with multi-member districts for the US House. As the name suggests, ranked-choice voting lets voters rank their choices. The votes are then tallied as follows: If one candidate has an outright majority of first-place votes, that candidate wins. However, if no candidate has a majority in the first round, second-choice preferences come into play. The candidate with the fewest number of first-choice votes is eliminated, and voters who had ranked that candidate first have their votes transferred to the candidate they ranked second. This continues until a single candidate gathers a majority, with subsequent preferences transferring as candidates get eliminated from the bottom up. Ranked-choice voting, especially multi-winner ranked-choice voting, is the best way to balance voter choice, stronger parties, and encourage moderation. Moreover, a bigger U.S. House would improve American democracy and support more multiparty democracy.
Two Few
Authors: Drutman Lee 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues the case for multiparty democracy. Multiparty democracy with proportional representation is the norm among advanced democracies. America is the rare democracy left behind with an antiquated first-past-the-post voting system. The rigid two-party system that emerges from this voting method makes it impossible to find a new political center in changing times. Instead, it has reduced the political system to a doom loop of gridlock and zero-sum toxic politics as major problems mount and society becomes more and more unequal. This need not be America’s fate. Electoral reform is a straightforward and proven remedy. Moreover, the track record for multiparty democracy is strong. Countries with proportional voting systems that generate multiparty democracy have higher voter turnout, more compromise-oriented politics, more broadly legitimate policymaking, and better minority representation. The chapter then discusses why multiparty democracy is better equipped to respond to the rise of far-right populism.
The Politics of Electoral Reform
Authors: Drutman Lee 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains how electoral reform can happen in America. Nobody doubts American politics is broken. Poll after poll confirms a deeply discontented electorate. However, there is less agreement around a solution. Americans seem to agree they want more parties. However, few Americans understand the institutional reasons why more parties do not emerge: The first-past-the-post electoral system. Absent this understanding, Americans are unlikely to demand electoral reform. Instead, they will keep blaming politicians for responding to the incentives the political system demands, and continue to be disappointed. As such, it is urgent that people make the connection between electoral reform and more parties. The encouraging news is that Americans may now be unusually open to institutional reforms. Politicians may also be open to reform; they do not like the system either. Ultimately, America must end the winner-take-all system of elections that is powering the two-party doom loop. The future of American democracy depends on it.
The American Hegemonic System in Theoretical and Historical Perspective
Authors: Cooley Alexander , Nexon Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Nearly every recent National Security Strategy of the United States takes for granted that the United States is a hegemonic power, that it constructed a liberal international order after World War II, and that it expanded that order from the 1990s onward. This chapter looks closely at these assumptions. What is international liberalism? What is hegemony? What is international order? How does world history look through the lens of theories of hegemony and hegemonic ordering? We argue that international orders have architectures—norms, rules, and principles—and infrastructures—the interactions, practices, and relationships that undergird them. Overall, international order resembles a dynamic ecosystem, one that structures the behavior of the states and other actors that constitute it. This helps explain not only why post–Cold War liberal enlargement faltered but also how it created conditions for its own unraveling.
Comedy, History, and Culture
Authors: Costanzo William V. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
How has comedy evolved around the globe from earliest times to today? Chapter 4 offers a chronology of comedy. Distinguishing among laughter, comedy, and humor, it finds evidence of humor in ancient texts and imagery, tracing the evolution of comic genres through classical Greek drama, Sanskrit poetry, early China, medieval Europe, and feudal Japan. The chronology continues with an account of popular festivals of laughter, comedic stage performances, and precursors of the comic novel, showing how they led to modern literary and cinematic forms as well as televised sitcoms and live standup. Motion pictures borrowed silent gags and witty wordplay from vaudeville, channeled the freewheeling energy of picaresque stories into episodic road movies, adapted the amatory impulses of Shakespeare’s romantic comedies to the screen, and turned the Carnivalesque spirit into scenes of cinematic mischief and mayhem.
Between Copyright and Creativity
Authors: Egbe Amanda 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Focusing on Edison’s early cinematic apparatus and the optical printer, this chapter explores how copyright law intersects with creativity, providing an alternative to teleological accounts of moving-image technologies. Thomas Edison attempted to control the film industry through patents and copyright. Edison’s first film experiments were registered as a series of photographs on card by his assistant, W. L. Dickson. In protecting these contact copies as paper prints with copyright, the new medium of motion pictures was being formalized. The necessity to duplicate film to support the development of exhibition and distribution was also necessary for copyright purposes. An archaeological approach is utilized to explore how paper prints enabled innovation in the area of the optical printer, a primary form of duplication in cinema. In developing approaches that could bring to life the remaining examples of early cinema, novel solutions in the form of innovations were required. The overlapping concerns of the copyright clerk, the film entrepreneur, and the film historian thus provide a basis for new materials and new innovations in moving-image technology and film history.
‘It’s all just a little bit of History repeating’
Authors: White Mo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The chapter looks at the use of slide-tape by artists during the 1970s and 1980s in the UK. Slide-tape was a series of projected 35 mm photographic slides with a synchronized audio soundtrack. As a form, it is significant in the UK for being used by a number of key and emerging artists for a brief period before being abandoned. This moment itself has been largely forgotten, and the chapter considers this and the importance of slide-tape as a critical tool used in artists’ projected works. Slide-tape was a time-based media form, with the technology—the slide projector—itself having a distinct presence in the live performance of the work. Amongst the artists who used the form were Black Audio Film Collective and Tina Keane and others who took part in the key exhibition About Time: Video, Performance and Installation by 21 Women Artists, which took place at the ICA, London, in 1980. In the chapter the author accounts for the emergence of this work and suggests that slide-tape allowed for artists’ experimental work where the simultaneous projection of images and sound was transformed to establish a new form. As the form has been taken up and used recently by contemporary artists, the impact of this overlooked history to what is described as legacy media is discussed and located.
Projection between Exhibition and Information
Authors: Mey Adeena 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Among the many reconfigurations and experiments with the ‘medium of the exhibition’ of the 1960–1970s, Sonsbeek 71 stands as one the most audacious examples. Organized by curator Wim Beeren as an attempt to find a new curatorial language and innovative exhibition form, Sonsbeek 71 took ‘the entire country as its field of operation’, the ‘exhibition’ consisting of several works of land art, ‘information centres’, as well as pavilions dedicated to film, video, and art mediation. The ‘spatial relations’ exposed by the scale of this apparatus became the very object of Beeren’s curatorial inquiry. Focusing on projected moving images at Sonsbeek 71, this chapter discusses it on three different levels. First, it identifies the way both the film and exhibition apparatus were reconfigured and how Sonsbeek 71 functioned as an epistemology of the exhibition as medium. Second, it articulates a critique of the exhibition as a form intersecting technical, discursive, informational, and sensible elements, and shows how, in its radical expansion of the exhibition medium, Sonsbeek 71 ‘conflates media history with earth history’ (Parikka). Third, what is meant by the notion of the exhibition as ‘medium’ is discussed in light of the inflatable pavilions designed by the Eventstructure Research Group where structural films and artists’ films were projected. This eventually opens up to a critique of the informational, cybernetic epistemology of Sonsbeek 71.
Bark and Butterflies
Authors: Palka Adrian 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of site-specific projections in the digital remediation of family and personal history and their role in memorial work and remembrance. The chapter refers primarily to the mixed-media performance/installation Bark and Butterflies by the author (palkadiaries.com). Drawing on the work of Marianna Hirsch, the chapter explicates the notion of post-memory, which complicates and extends family history through the idea of inherited traumatic memory. The concept is applied to Bark and Butterflies and accordingly the chapter offers a case study, amplified with theoretical reflections, on the role of projection in the creation of mixed-media memorial works and their dissemination. Bark and Butterflies was the artistic result of a research trip to Siberia following in the footsteps of an inherited wartime diary, which narrates the exile to the Gulag of the author’s father and grandfather. The chapter outlines and demonstrates the role of site-specific projections in a series of action-research performance interventions en route and examines the potential they offer for the visual interrogation and remediation of symbolic space. The chapter argues that site-specific projections produce a ‘phantasmagoric’ counter-world in which the experience of time and space becomes collapsed and that through this temporal and spatial overlap Bark and Butterflies enacts an immersive process of ‘self-sacralization’, using projections to re-enact paradigmatic devotional forms (Turner), in a type of secular ‘aesthetic redemption’ (Kristeva). In this case, the chapter concludes, the art of projection acts as a contemporary procedure within a personal ritual of pilgrimage and remembrance.
Introduction
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The introduction defines “political action” and “solidarity” theoretically, as frameworks for organizing and dispersing the relationship between music and protest. It also introduces the Polish opposition to state socialism, giving an overview of the political agents (activists, critics, citizens, priests, bureaucrats, Party members, journalists) who are the main protagonists of this history and who guide the musics and scenes upon which the book focuses. One cabaret anthem, Jan Pietrzak’s “So That Poland Will Be Poland,” serves as an orientation point. The song’s text, key performances in Warsaw, and use by the US Information Agency for propaganda give insight into national and international perspectives on the Solidarity movement and its historiography from the 1980s into the present.
Protest
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Successful nonviolent protests are the celebrated theaters of musical politics; the same is true for the month of protests that brought about the legalization of the Solidarity Union, the first independent trade union in the Eastern bloc. This chapter takes the reader into the important role that sound media played both in coordinating efforts on the ground and in narrating the August 1980 strikes’ power to a broader public in Poland and abroad. Written and recorded accounts of the protest scenes show sound’s coordinating power and music’s entertainment value for this occupational strike. The charismatic workers’ representative Lech Wałęsa sang at the negotiating table, bringing music to the political stage. The chapter also critiques romantic notions of music and protest to dwell on questions of authorship and agency by tracing the rise of the opposition’s protest anthem, “Walls” (1978), by singer-songwriter Jacek Kaczmarski.
State of the Practice in Performance Management
Authors: Battista Mariangela 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Performance management (PM) is one of the few organizational processes that touches every single employee and requires their active participation. In spite of its ubiquitous position in organizations, there has been a groundswell of questions emerging about the usefulness, value, and effectiveness of PM. This introductory chapter addresses the current state of PM, including its history. It provides an overview of academic research highlighting the evolution from performance evaluation to performance management and the current status. Then, the practical realities and challenges people in organizations experience with performance management every day are discussed. This includes performance management being viewed as an administrative “human resources activity” with a lack of strategic alignment to business goals; lack of manager capability to manage employee performance effectively; and an overreliance on system automation. The chapter continues with an outline and overview of the book, including nine case studies written by in-house talent and human resources practitioners and six chapters (written by scholars in the performance management and feedback arena) describing next-generation research as well as future research trends.