bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetics Identifies Two Eumetazoan TRPM Clades and an Eighth TRP Family, TRP Soromelastatin (TRPS)
Authors: Himmel Nathaniel J , Gray Thomas R , Cox Daniel N 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatins (TRPMs) are most well known as cold and menthol sensors, but are in fact broadly critical for life, from ion homeostasis to reproduction. Yet, the evolutionary relationship between TRPM channels remains largely unresolved, particularly with respect to the placement of several highly divergent members. To characterize the evolution of TRPM and like channels, we performed a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of &gt;1,300 TRPM-like sequences from 14 phyla (Annelida, Arthropoda, Brachiopoda, Chordata, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Mollusca, Nematoda, Nemertea, Phoronida, Priapulida, Tardigrada, and Xenacoelomorpha), including sequences from a variety of recently sequenced genomes that fill what would otherwise be substantial taxonomic gaps. These findings suggest: 1) the previously recognized TRPM family is in fact two distinct families, including canonical TRPM channels and an eighth major previously undescribed family of animal TRP channel, TRP soromelastatin; 2) two TRPM clades predate the last bilaterian–cnidarian ancestor; and 3) the vertebrate–centric trend of categorizing TRPM channels as 1–8 is inappropriate for most phyla, including other chordates.
Paving the road toward the use of β-Fe2O3 in solar water splitting: Raman identification, phase transformation and strategies for phase stabilization
Authors: Zhang Ningsi , Wang Xin , Feng Jianyong , Huang Huiting , Guo Yongsheng , Li Zhaosheng , Zou Zhigang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Although β-Fe2O3 has a high theoretical solar-to-hydrogen efficiency because of its narrow band gap, the study of β-Fe2O3 photoanodes for water splitting is elusive as a result of their metastable nature. Raman identification of β-Fe2O3 is theoretically and experimentally investigated in this study for the first time, thus clarifying the debate about its Raman spectrum in the literature. Phase transformation of β-Fe2O3 to α-Fe2O3 was found to potentially take place under laser and electron irradiation as well as annealing. Herein, phase transformation of β-Fe2O3 to α-Fe2O3 was inhibited by introduction of Zr doping, and β-Fe2O3 was found to withstand a higher annealing temperature without any phase transformation. The solar water splitting photocurrent of the Zr-doped β-Fe2O3 photoanode was increased by 500% compared to that of the pure β-Fe2O3 photoanode. Additionally, Zr-doped β-Fe2O3 exhibited very good stability during the process of solar water splitting. These results indicate that by improving its thermal stability, metastable β-Fe2O3 film is a promising photoanode for solar water splitting.
Formation rate of LB-1-like systems through dynamical interactions
Authors: Tanikawa Ataru , Kinugawa Tomoya , Kumamoto Jun , Fujii Michiko S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We estimate formation rates of LB-1-like systems through dynamical interactions in the framework of the theory of stellar evolution before the discovery of the LB-1 system. The LB-1 system contains a ∼70 ${M_{\odot}}$ black hole (BH), a so-called pair instability (PI) gap BH, and a B-type star with solar metallicity, and has nearly zero eccentricity. The most efficient formation mechanism is as follows. In an open cluster, a naked helium star (with ∼20 ${M_{\odot}}$) collides with a heavy main sequence star (with ∼50 ${M_{\odot}}$) which has a B-type companion. The collision results in a binary consisting of the collision product and the B-type star with a high eccentricity. The binary can be circularized through the dynamical tide with radiative damping of the collision product envelope. Finally, the collision product collapses to a PI-gap BH, avoiding pulsational pair instability and pair instability supernovae because its He core is as massive as the pre-colliding naked He star. We find that the number of LB-1-like systems in the Milky Way galaxy is ∼0.01(ρoc/104 ${M_{\odot}}$ pc−3), where ρoc is the initial mass densities of open clusters. If we take into account LB-1-like systems with O-type companion stars, the number increases to ∼0.03(ρoc/104 ${M_{\odot}}$ pc−3). This mechanism can form LB-1-like systems at least ten times more efficiently than the other mechanisms: captures of B-type stars by PI-gap BHs, stellar collisions between other types of stars, and stellar mergers in hierarchical triple systems. We conclude that no dynamical mechanism can explain the presence of the LB-1 system.
Cross-Sectional Associations of Fatigue Subtypes with Pain Interference in Younger, Middle-Aged, and Older Adults with Chronic Orofacial Pain
Authors: Boggero Ian A , Rojas Ramirez Marcia V , King Christopher D 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveMental, emotional, physical, and general fatigue, as well as vigor, have each been associated with pain interference—defined as pain-related disruption of social, recreational, and work-related activities—in patients with chronic orofacial pain (COFP). The objectives of the current study were to compare levels of these fatigue subtypes across younger, middle-aged, and older patients with COFP and test the associations between fatigue subtypes and pain interference in these age groups.DesignA cross-sectional cohort design was used.SettingParticipants self-reported fatigue subtypes (Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory–Short Form), pain interference (West Haven–Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory), pain intensity (visual analog scale), pain duration (months), depression (Symptom Checklist 90–Revised), and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) at their initial appointment at a tertiary orofacial pain clinic.SubjectsSixty younger (age 18–39), 134 middle-aged (age 40–59), and 51 older (age 60–79) COFP patients provided data for the study.MethodsAnalysis of variance was used to compare levels of fatigue subtypes between the age groups. Regression with dummy-coding was used to test if the relationship between fatigue subtypes and pain interference varied by age.ResultsOlder COFP patients reported less general fatigue and more vigor than younger or middle-aged adults. Fatigue subtypes were each associated with greater pain interference, but associations became nonsignificant after controlling for depression, sleep, and pain intensity/duration. Age group–by–fatigue subtype interactions were not observed.ConclusionsManaging fatigue may be important to reduce pain interference in COFP populations and may be accomplished in part by improving depression and sleep.
The effect of the Montgomery judgment on settled claims against the National Health Service due to failure to inform before giving consent to treatment
Authors: Wald D S , Bestwick J P , Kelly P 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
A landmark legal judgment in March 2015 (Montgomery) changed the test for determining negligence due to failing to inform patients before consent, by moving away from asking what a reasonable doctor should disclose and asking instead what a reasonable patient would expect to know.

Aim
We sought to determine the effect Montgomery has had on settled claims due to failure to inform compared with claims for other reasons and whether legal firms are adding contributory claims of failure to inform to other principal allegations of negligence.

Methods
A Freedom of Information request to NHS Resolution provided data on the number of settled claims against the NHS (2005–19) for any cause and where failure to inform before consent was the principal or contributory cause. Time-series regression was used to compare trends before and after 31 March 2015.

Results
The trend in claims/year increased 4-fold for failure to inform (an increase of 9.8/year before 2015 vs. 39.5/year after 2015, P &lt; 0.01), 2.7-fold when failure to inform was the principal cause (7.9/year vs. 21.2/year, P = 0.02) and 9.9-fold as a contributory cause (1.9/year vs. 18.3/year, P &lt; 0.01). There was no material difference in claims due to other causes (334/year vs. 318/year, P = 0.84).

Conclusions
Montgomery has led to a substantial increase in settled claims of failure to inform before consent, with no coincident change in claims for other causes. The increase in contributory compared with principal causes suggests that lawyers are using the judgment to increase the chances of a successful claim against the NHS.
Economic Consequences of Housing Speculation
Authors: Gao Zhenyu , Sockin Michael , Xiong Wei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBy exploiting variation in state capital gains taxation as an instrument, we analyze the economic consequences of housing speculation during the U.S. housing boom in the 2000s. We find that housing speculation, anchored, in part, on extrapolation of past housing price changes, led not only to greater price appreciation, economic expansions, and housing construction during the boom in 2004–2006 but also to more severe economic downturns during the subsequent bust in 2007–2009. Our analysis supports supply overhang and local household demand as two key channels for transmitting these adverse effects.
IMPROVED EMPIRICAL LIKELIHOOD FUNCTION BASED ON NORMALIZATION-DEPENDENT REPLICATE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Miller Guthrie , Klumpp John , Poudel Deepesh 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Based on $n$ replicate measurements that require known normalization factors and assuming an underlying normal distribution for individual measurements but with unknown standard deviation, a combined likelihood function is derived that takes the form of a Student’s $t$-distribution with $\nu = n-1$ degrees of freedom and $t=(\psi -\overline{Y})/s$, where $\psi $ is the true value of the measurement quantity calculated from the forward model, and $\overline{Y}$ and $s$ are average and standard error of the mean obtained from the $n$ measurements defined with weighting proportional to the inverse of the normalization factor squared. Assuming an underlying triangle distribution rather than a normal distribution does not produce a large change for six replicates. Examples of replicate data from an animal study and sequential occupational urine and fecal monitoring are given. The use of the empirical likelihood function in data modeling is discussed.
Neural correlates of cognitive bias modification for interpretation
Authors: Sakaki Kohei , Nozawa Takayuki , Ikeda Shigeyuki , Kawashima Ryuta 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I), a treatment method employed to reduce social anxiety (SA), has been examined. However, the neural correlates of CBM-I remain unclear, and we aimed to elucidate brain activities during intervention and activity changes associated with CBM-I effectiveness in a pre–post intervention comparison. Healthy participants divided into two groups (CBM, control) were scanned before, during and after intervention using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Ambiguous social situations followed by positive outcomes were repeatedly imagined by the CBM group during intervention, while half of the outcomes in the control group were negative. Whole-brain analysis revealed that activation of the somatomotor and somatosensory areas, occipital lobe, fusiform gyrus and thalamus during intervention was significantly greater in the CBM than in the control group. Furthermore, altered activities in the somatomotor and somatosensory areas, occipital lobe and posterior cingulate gyrus during interpreting ambiguous social situations showed a significant group × change in SA interaction. Our result suggests that when facing ambiguous social situations, positive imagery instilled by CBM-I is recalled, and interpretations are modified to contain social reward. These findings may help to suggest an alternative manner of enhancing CBM-I effectiveness from a cognitive-neuroscience perspective.
Real-World Clinical Outcomes Two Years After Transition to Psychosis in Individuals at Clinical High Risk: Electronic Health Record Cohort Study
Authors: Fusar-Poli Paolo , De Micheli Andrea , Patel Rashmi , Signorini Lorenzo , Miah Syed , Spencer Thomas , McGuire Philip 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study is to describe the 2-year real-world clinical outcomes after transition to psychosis in patients at clinical high-risk. The study used the clinical electronic health record cohort study including all patients receiving a first index primary diagnosis of nonorganic International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 psychotic disorder within the early psychosis pathway in the South London and Maudsley (SLaM) National Health Service (NHS) Trust from 2001 to 2017. Outcomes encompassed: cumulative probability (at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months) of receiving a first (1) treatment with antipsychotic, (2) informal admission, (3) compulsory admission, and (4) treatment with clozapine and (5) numbers of days spent in hospital (at 12 and 24 months) in patients transitioning to psychosis from clinical high-risk services (Outreach and Support in south London; OASIS) compared to other first-episode groups. Analyses included logistic and 0-inflated negative binomial regressions. In the study, 1561 patients were included; those who had initially been managed by OASIS and had subsequently transitioned to a first episode of psychosis (n = 130) were more likely to receive antipsychotic medication (at 3, 6, and 24 months; all P &lt; .023), to be admitted informally (at all timepoints, all P &lt; .004) and on a compulsory basis (at all timepoints, all P &lt; .013), and to have spent more time in hospital (all timepoints, all P &lt; .007) than first-episode patients who were already psychotic when seen by the OASIS service (n = 310), or presented to early intervention services (n = 1121). The likelihood of receiving clozapine was similar across all groups (at 12/24 months, all P &lt; .101). Transition to psychosis from a clinical high-risk state is associated with severe real-world clinical outcomes. Prevention of transition to psychosis should remain a core target of future research. The study protocol was registered on www.researchregistry.com; researchregistry5039).
Congenital Syphilis in Honiara, Solomon Islands
Authors: Lifigao Maxson , Nasi Titus , Titiulu Carol , Lumasa Steven , Duke Trevor 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Congenital syphilis remains a significant cause of newborn mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental problems in some low- and middle-income countries. This study was done in Honiara, Solomon Islands to determine the incidence of babies born to mothers with a positive venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test and a positive Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA); to determine the VDRL status of newborns and features of congenital syphilis; and to estimate the proportion of stillbirths associated with syphilis.

Methodology
All neonates born to VDRL-positive mothers, including stillbirths were included between April and July 2019. Neonates were examined, investigated and treated.

Results
Among 1534 consecutive births, 1469 were live births and 65 (4.2%) were stillbirths. One hundred and forty-three neonates were born to VDRL-positive mothers: 130 (90.1%) were live infants and 13 (8.9%) stillbirths. Of the 130 VDRL-exposed live-born infants, 72 (55%) had reactive VDRL and a positive TPHA and 7 (9.7%) had clinical signs of congenital syphilis. Five of the infants with clinical signs of syphilis infection had a 4-fold higher VDRL titre than their mother. Four infants of VDRL-positive mothers died during admission, all of whom had clinical signs of syphilis. Ninety percent of affected infants were born to mothers who were not treated or only partially treated during pregnancy.

Conclusions
In this study, 1:210 live-born babies had clinical and serological evidence of congenital syphilis, and evidence of Treponema infection was found disproportionately in stillbirths. In a setting where Treponema infections are common, an empirical approach to prevention may be needed.
The Price Elasticity of African Elephant Poaching
Authors: Do Quy-Toan , Levchenko Andrei A , Ma Lin , Blanc Julian , Dublin Holly , Milliken Tom 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to provide an estimate of the elasticity of elephant poaching with respect to prices. Ivory being a storable commodity subjects its price to Hotelling’s no-arbitrage condition, hence allowing identification of the supply curve. The price of gold, one of many commodities used as stores of value, is thus used as an instrument for ivory prices. The supply of illegal ivory is found to be price inelastic with an elasticity of 0.4, with changes in consumer prices passing-through to prices faced by producers at a rate close to unity. Estimations based on a number of alternative estimation approaches all confirm the conclusion that supply is inelastic. The paper ends with a brief discussion on what such a finding implies for elephant conservation policies.
Diversity and distribution of North Atlantic Lepechinellidae (Amphipoda: Crustacea)
Authors: Lörz Anne-Nina , Brix Saskia , Jażdżewska Anna M , Hughes Lauren Elizabeth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
North Atlantic lepechinellid amphipod species were investigated using morphological and molecular techniques based on material collected during two IceAGE expeditions in 2011 and 2013 (Icelandic marine Animals: Genetics and Ecology). The presence of eyes is reported for the first time for the family Lepechinellidae. Four lepechinellid species, Lepechinella grimi, L. helgii, L. skarphedini and Lepechinelloides karii were distinct across morphological, COI and 16S data. Lepechinella arctica, L. norvegica and L. victoriae were seen to be morphologically similar. No morphological or molecular separation was observed between L. arctica and L. norvegica, indicating that these taxa should not be considered separate species. Full illustrations of habitus and mouthparts are presented for L. arctica and a new synonymy is provided recognizing L. norvegica as a junior synonym of L. arctica. While L. victoriae shows little morphological variation from L. arctica, COI and 16S data show this taxon as genetically distinct. Furthermore, new geographic and depth ranges for North Atlantic and Arctic lephechinellids are provided.
Managing noncompressible torso hemorrhage with REBOA
Authors: Bartley Marilynn Kyritsis 
Published: March 2020

Abstract:
Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) has reemerged as a treatment for noncompressible torso hemorrhage. This article discusses indications and contraindications for REBOA, describes the procedure, and reviews nursing considerations for patients undergoing REBOA.
Comparing clinical outcomes of comminuted distal radial fracture treatment by pins and plaster with primary locking plate in elderly patients: a prospective comparative clinical study
Authors: Tabrizi Ali , Afshar Ahmadreza , Taleb Hassan , Mohammadi Sedra , Dindarian Sina 
Published: March 2020

Background:
Distal radial fractures are common osteoporosis-induced fractures in elderly patients. In this study, we compared the treatment outcomes of pins and plaster with locking plates in elderly patients over 65 yr of age.

Methods:
In this prospective study, 204 elderly patients with distal radial fractures were examined from 2014 to 2018. Among these patients, only 94 had comminuted fractures and required surgery. The remaining 110 patients were excluded from the study. Among the 94 patients with comminuted distal fractures, 46 were treated with pins and plaster while 48 received open reduction and fixation with a locking plate. The patients were followed for 1 yr. Functional performance and quality of life were compared between groups. Complications, the need for reoperation, and radiographic findings were recorded.

Results:
Functional outcomes and general health of elderly patients treated with open reduction and fixation with a locking plate showed significant improvement in comparison to those treated by pins and plaster (P<0.001). Grip power and acceptable radiographic findings were significantly different in patients treated with a locking plate (P<0.001), and these patients were in better condition. Pin track infection, skin damage with rupture and dehiscence at the pin site, nonunion, and need for reoperation were 17.3% (8/46), 21.7% (10/46), 32.6% (15/46) and 39.1% (18/46) in patients treated with pins and plaster, respectively. In the locking plate group, infection was observed in 2% (1/48) of patients, and malunion and the need for reoperation was 4.1% (2/48) and 6.2% (3/48), respectively, which showed a significant difference.

Conclusions:
In elderly patients, application of a locking plate for comminuted intraarticular distal radial fractures resulted in better functional outcomes and improved quality of life.

Level of Evidence:
Level I.
Lyme disease: diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Schoen Robert T. 
Published: March 2020

Purpose of review
Lyme disease is an important, vector-borne infection found throughout the temperate Northern hemisphere. The disease causes rash, acute systemic illness, and in some untreated patients, inflammatory arthritis. This review examines the emergence, clinical features and management of early Lyme disease and Lyme arthritis.

Recent findings
There has been continuing progress in characterizing the clinical manifestations, diagnostic testing and treatment of Lyme disease. Almost all patients with early Lyme disease can be cured with antibiotic treatment. In most cases, Lyme arthritis also responds to antibiotics, but some patients require additional treatment approaches.

Summary
The diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on clinical manifestations and adjunctive laboratory testing. For the rheumatologist, Lyme arthritis should be recognized by a pattern of attacks of asymmetric, oligo-arthritis, recognizable by clinical manifestations in the same way that other rheumatic diseases, such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis, are diagnosed.
miR-4286/TGF-β1/Smad3-Negative Feedback Loop Ameliorated Vascular Endothelial Cell Damage by Attenuating Apoptosis and Inflammatory Response
Authors: He Zhiyu , Xue Hao , Liu Peiying , Han Dunzheng , Xu Lingling , Zeng Xiaojun , Wang Jinping , Yang Biqing , Luo Bihui 
Published: March 2020

Abstract:
Atherosclerosis (AS), known as the chronic inflammatory disease, results from the dysfunction of vascular endothelial cells (VECs). Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) has been reported to be induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and contribute to AS-related vascular endothelial cell damage. This work planned to study the mechanism of TGF-β1 in vascular endothelial cell damage. We found that TGF-β1 was activated by ox-LDL in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). Silence of TGF-β1 reversed the inductive effect of ox-LDL on apoptosis and inflammatory response of HUVECs. Mechanistically, microRNA-4286 (miR-4286) targeted and inhibited TGF-β1 to inhibit Smad3, and Smad3 bound to the promoter of miR-4286 to repress its transcription. Rescue assays indicated that miR-4286 ameliorated the ox-LDL-induced apoptosis and inflammatory response through inhibiting TGF-β1. In conclusion, our study first demonstrated that miR-4286/TGF-β1/Smad3-negative feedback loop ameliorated vascular endothelial cell damage by attenuating apoptosis and inflammatory response, providing new thoughts for promoting the treatment of AS.