bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Intelligent Innovation in the Water Sector. Opportunities and Challenges in Sensor Design for the Drinking and Wastewater Markets
Authors: Kroll Dan , Salzer Corey , Young Russ , Rajasekharan Vishnu 
Published: February 2020

The water and wastewater industries face many challenges in providing safe drinking water, sanitary services and environmental protection to the public. The dynamic nature of our water systems along with new regulations, emerging contaminants and increasing environmental concerns combined with the constant pressure to reduce operating costs and conserve energy make the development of sensors for the water industry a field ripe with opportunity. As with all areas of opportunity, to be successful in developing sensors for the water industry there are hurdles to overcome and pitfalls to be avoided.
Harsh environmental conditions in wastewater sensor deployment scenarios are a given, but, the severe conditions commonly encountered in drinking water applications are often not addressed with the diligence that they merit. Factors such as debris in the pipes, turbidity, fluctuating pH, various types and levels of disinfectants and other water treatment chemicals; fluctuating redox conditions and variable conductivity are just a few of the complicating elements that can hamper sensor development. Once a sensor has been developed the last hurdle has been by no means cleared.
The water industry is a notoriously reactionary group. The barriers to change are extremely large and adoption curves for new technologies tend to be extremely slow. One of the chief factors in these slow adoption rates is the glacial pace of regulatory acceptance of new methods. Even for measurements not taken for reporting purposes, the industry tends to favor methods that have EPA or other regulatory body approval. Unfortunately, this approval process can take several years (2 to 3 years for drinking water and up to 7 years for wastewater applications). There are several industry initiatives sponsored by groups, such as the Water Environment Federation, that are attempting to speed up the innovation curve in the water industry but these groups are just beginning to act and it is unknown if they will meet with success.
In this presentation, the above constraints will be discussed, as well as others, which are commonly encountered in the research and development cycle for sensors tailored to the water industry. Examples of obstacles encountered in a recent development project initiated for the use of nano-fibers in sensors for the water industry will be utilized to illustrate various points. A thorough knowledge of the technological pitfalls to be avoided as well as an understanding of the market and regulatory forces that can come into play in this market arena will lead to the development of robust sensors that serve the industry and help to ensure developers of a reasonable return on investment.
(Invited) Convergence between Academic and Industrial Research: Practical Implementation in Commercialization of Sensors
Authors: Nagahara Larry A 
Published: February 2020

The Internet of Things (IoT) promises to bring dramatic improvements in many areas of modern day living. Paramount to this technology is the deployment of sensors that will keep us informed (monitor) of the state of the things around us and in certain instances control them as well. Academic research has often been the cradle of innovation; however, innovation alone is not sufficient to enable IoT sensors to be ubiquitous. While many innovations in IoT sensors have spawn from academic laboratories, successful translation into commercial products require effective hand-offs and assistance over multiple stages (pipeline) toward commercialization. The convergence of academic and industrial research provides an attractive platform to accelerate the implementation of commercial sensors. This partnership offers industry the ability to access cutting edge research and subject matter experts while not carrying large risk during this exploratory phase of research and development. On the other hand, academic researchers gain access and better understanding to manufacturing sensors and their necessary rigor when deployed in the ‘real-world’. With a career in industry and now in academia, in this talk, I will present both an industrial and academic perspective that illustrates the benefits of this partnership toward practical implementation of sensors.
Open Science
Authors: Nosek Brian 
Published: February 2020

The Center for Open Science envisions a future scholarly community in which the process, content, and outcomes of research are openly accessible by default:

All scholarly content is preserved, connected, and versioned to foster discovery, accumulation of evidence, and respect for uncertainty.

Scholarly service providers monetize and compete on quality of service rather than by controlling access to content.

Institutions evaluate researchers based on both the content of their discoveries and the process by which they were discovered, not on where those results are published.

Funders have full insight into the returns on their research investments for prioritizing future investments.

Researchers prioritize getting it right over getting it published, and will receive credit for scholarly contributions beyond the research article such as generating useful data or authoring code that can be reused by others.

Reviewers provide feedback at all stages of the research lifecycle and get credit and reputation enhancement for reviewing.

Librarians apply curation and data management expertise throughout the research lifecycle, not just retrospectively.

Consumers have direct access to review and primary evidence for scholarly claims.

All stakeholders are included and respected in the research lifecycle and share pursuit of truth as the primary incentive and motivation for scholarship.

For COS to achieve its mission, it must drive change in the culture and incentives that drive researchers’ behavior, the infrastructure that supports their research, and the business models that dominate scholarly communication.
This culture change requires simultaneous movement by funders, institutions, researchers, and service providers across national and disciplinary boundaries. Despite this, the vision is achievable because openness, integrity, and reproducibility are shared values; the technological capacity is available; and alternative sustainable business models exist.
COS maintains a philosophy that envisions a scientific utopia for research communication and research practices.
Investigation of the Role That Bulk Electrolysis Conditions Play in the Evaluation of New Energy Storage Materials
Authors: Kowalski Jeffrey A , Brushett Fikile R. 
Published: February 2020

The continued evolution and greening of the electric grid has spurred interest in redox flow batteries (RFBs) as scalable, flexible and potentially low cost energy storage devices1. Nonaqueous RFBs that utilize organic molecules for charge storage are an emerging concept which has garnered significant interest in the scientific community2. Of particular interest is the ability to tailor the molecular structure of the organic compounds to achieve desired properties such increased solubility, higher/lower redox potential and longer lifetimes3. However, because this is an infant field, while many candidate organic molecules have been reported, validations of performance and durability are inconsistent. Materials are evaluated under different conditions, including different charging rates, state-of-charge swings, reactant concentrations, and cell configurations3–5. This presents changes in terms of both comparative analysis (e.g., is material A better than material B?) and absolute metrics (e.g., what is the true stability of material A?). Here, we compare bulk electrolysis techniques, varying charging rates, concentrations, and cycling methods, to gain insight into how different testing protocols influence observed behavior. The overarching goal is to determine the most appropriate methods for quantifying cycle stability for new redox active materials and to provide guidance on best practices.
References
(1) Su, L.; Kowalski, J. A.; Carroll, K. J.; Brushett, F. R. Recent Developments and Trends in Redox Flow Batteries. In Rechargeable Batteries; Zhang, Z., Zhang, S. S., Eds.; Green Energy and Technology; Springer International Publishing, 2015; pp 673–712.
(2) Kowalski, J. A.; Su, L.; Milshtein, J. D.; Brushett, F. R. Recent Advances in Molecular Engineering of Redox Active Organic Molecules for Nonaqueous Flow Batteries. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng.
2016, 13, 45–52.
(3) Sevov, C. S.; Brooner, R. E. M.; Chénard, E.; Assary, R. S.; Moore, J. S.; Rodríguez-López, J.; Sanford, M. S. Evolutionary Design of Low Molecular Weight Organic Anolyte Materials for Applications in Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries. J. Am. Chem. Soc.
2015, 137(45), 14465–14472.
(4) Milshtein, J. D.; Kaur, A. P.; Casselman, M. D.; Kowalski, J. A.; Modekrutti, S.; Zhang, P. L.; Attanayake, N. H.; Elliott, C. F.; Parkin, S. R.; Risko, C.; Brushett, F. R.; Odom, S. A. High Current Density, Long Duration Cycling of Soluble Organic Active Species for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. Energy Environ. Sci.
2016, 9(11), 3531–3543.
(5) Huang, J.; Su, L.; Kowalski, J. A.; Barton, J. L.; Ferrandon, M.; Burrell, A. K.; Brushett, F. R.; Zhang, L. A Subtractive Approach to Molecular Engineering of Dimethoxybenzene-Based Redox Materials for Non-Aqueous Flow Batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A
2015, 3 (29), 14971–14976.
Effect of Electric Field Strength on Barrier Layer Thickness and Anion Incorporation of Anodic Porous Alumina
Authors: Takao Ayaka , Hashimoto Hideki , Asoh Hidetaka , Ono Sachiko 
Published: February 2020

Anodic porous alumina films having a closely packed hexagonal array of cells have attracted much attention as a starting material in the fabrication of nano-devices because of the high controllability of porous structures (e.g., cell size, pore size, pore interval, and pore depth) on dimensions ranging from the submicron to nanometer range. In recent years, the mechanism of self-ordering of cell arrangement of anodic porous alumina has been intensely studied. We proposed anodizing under high electric field strength as a key factor for self-ordering of cell arrangement [1, 2]. However, only a few reports are found on the irregularities of barrier layer thickness and morphology of each cell of anodic porous alumina. In this study, we evaluated the influence of electrolytic factors (e.g., current density, applied voltage, and anodizing time) on cell morphology of anodic porous alumina. Especially, we focused on the effect of the electric field strength on the barrier layer thickness and anion incorporation behavior.
High purity aluminum sheets were anodized in typical electrolytes of sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, and phosphoric acid at different voltage. After detachment of the porous alumina films from the substrate in saturated mercuric chloride solution, the specimens were immersed in phosphoric acid to dissolve the barrier layer from the backside. By SEM observation of structural change of the cells during chemical etching, the homogeneity of the barrier layer thickness could be evaluated. Although the thickness of the barrier layer of porous alumina formed at constant voltage has been believed to be uniform, we confirmed that the thickness of the barrier layer of each cell was not uniform; the thickness of the barrier layer of the smaller cells was thinner than that of the larger cells. Concerning anion incorporation behavior, we evaluated the depth of anion incorporation into the cell wall by the difference in the strength of contrast of the SEM image of rear surface of porous alumina films because the dissolution rate of the anion-free layer was slower than that of the anion-incorporated layer. The details of the thickness inhomogeneity of the barrier layer and anion incorporation behavior will be discussed from a standpoint of the high field theory.

References:
[1] S. Ono, M. Saito, M. Ishiguro and H. Asoh; J.Electrochem. Soc., 151, B473 (2004).
[2] S. Ono, M. Saito and H. Asoh; Electroch
im. Acta, 51, 827 (2005).
Electrochemical Characterization of Mixed Electrolyte of Alkaline Quinone Flow Battery
Authors: Kim Kangsan , Kim Soowhan , Jung Seunghun 
Published: February 2020

Redox flow batteries (RFBs) have a great potential to be a next generation energy storage system in that they can be flexibly configured according to the power demand because power and enegy capacity are separated in the system. Various types of RFB have been studied according to the active materials such as all vanadium, zinc/bromine, iron/crome, etc. Most of such RFBs use metal redox pairs, which are expensive and have potential problems such as metral dendrites. Therefore, metal-free organic aqueous flow batteries are getting attention to replace expensive metals. As a result, low-cost quinone-bromine flow battery was proposed by Brian but it has toxicity and corrosion problem since it operates under acidic condition [2]. Instead, alkaline quinone flow battery can be considered to resolve those problems and replace the metal-based flow batteries. One of imporant issues of developing a RFB is to minimize the active mateial crossover through the separator, which gradually degrades the battery capacity by contaminating the electrolytes. When the anode and cathode share the same active material such as the all vanadium redox flow battery, the battery capacity can be recovered by regularly reblancing the anolyte and catholyte. However, the alkaline quinone flow battery has two different active mateials that should not be mixed by crossove phenomena. Therefore, it is important to identify the stability of the electrolyte and peformance of the alkaline quinone flow battery through a long time operation.
To invesigate the effect of the crossover phenomena in the alkaline quinone flow battery, we completely mixed the anolyte and catholyte, and conducted electrochemical characterization of the battery. The mixed electrolyte was made by mixing a solution of 0.5 M 2,6-dihydroxyanthraquinone (2,6-DHAQ) dipotassium salt and a solution of 0.4 M potassium ferrocyanide with 1 M potassium hydroxide at a volume ratio of 1:1. First, CV test confirmed the redox reaction at the positive electrode and the negative electrode as shown in figure 1. Second, we conducted a cell cycling to examine the long-time stability of the electrolyte and observed that the cell capacity was rapidly degraed as shown in figrue 2. Dismentling the cell after the cycling test, it was observed that the electrolyte precipitation was formed and it blocked the flow channels in both positive and negative electrode (figure 3).

References

[1] M. Skyllas-Kazacos, M. H. Chakrabarti, S. A. Hajimolana, F. S. Mkalli, M. Saleem, J. Electrochem. Soc 158 (2011) R55-R79
[2] Brian Huskinson, Michael P. Marshak, Changwo Suh, Suleyman Er, Michael R. Gerhardt, Cooper J. Galvin, Xudong Chen, Alan Aspuru-Guzik, Roy G. Gordon, Michael J. Aziz, Nature 505 (2014) 195-198
[3] Kaixiang Lin, Qing Chen, Michael R. Gerhardt, Liuchuan Tong, SangBok Kim, Louise Eisenach, Alvaro W. Valle, David Hardee, Roy G. Gordon, Michael J. Aziz, Michael P. Marshak, Sience 349 (2015) 1529-1532

Figure 1
A Simple Electrochemical Method for Preparing Gold Nanoparticles on Graphite
Authors: Fukuda Yoshitaka , Mukouyama Yoshiharu , Nishimura Takashi 
Published: February 2020

Nanoparticles of noble metals such as gold and platinum are utilized in a wide range of applications in various fields because of their unique catalytic, electronic, and optical properties. Furthermore, nanoparticles have large surface area to volume ratios, which lead to an increase in catalytic efficiency and also to a cost-reduction. A variety of methods using chemical reactions are currently available for synthesizing nanoparticles in solution phase and also for controlling their shapes and surface properties. In the field of electrochemistry, platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) deposited on carbon materials such as graphite, glassy carbon, and carbon blacks have been extensively studied because they are useful as efficient electrocatalysts for fuel cells, water electrolysis, and so on.
Recently, Nishimura et al. have developed a variable method for preparing shape-controlled PtNPs on graphite surface [1]. In the method, a constant current is applied between a graphite cathode and a Pt anode, the latter of which dissolves to form Pt ions which are reduced at the former. The method is cost friendly because it can be performed in acidic solutions without any reducing and stabilizing agents, i.e., in H2SO4 and HNO3solutions, and also because 72 % of dissolved Pt ions are electrodeposited as PtNPs. This simple method can produce not only tetragonal nanoparticles which are enclosed by (111) planes, that is, thermodynamically stable nanoparticles, but also cubic nanoparticles enclosed by (100) planes. Interestingly, the cubic nanoparticles were preferentially obtained by controlling current densities of the cathode and anode.
In this present work, we studied if gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) could be produced by the same simple method except for employing a gold wire as the anode. Figure 1 shows SEM images of graphite cathodes taken after galvanostatic electrolysis in 0.5 M HNO3 solution for 8 hours. The current densities at the graphite cathodes were (a) -10 and (b) -100 mA cm-2. Note that the main products at the cathode and anode were hydrogen and oxygen due to the electrolysis of water. The images clearly show that AuNPs were electrodeposited on the graphite surface and also that the number of AuNPs obtained at -100 mA cm-2 was larger than that obtained at -10 mA cm-2. Furthermore, the number of AuNPs produced in a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution was found to be larger than that produced in the 0.5 M HNO3solution. In the presentation, we will show the dependence of the number on electrolysis conditions.

REFERENCES

[1] T. Nishimura, T. Nakade, T. Morikawa, H. Inoue, Electrochimica Acta129 (2014) 152–159.

FIGURE CAPTION

Figure 1. SEM images of graphite cathodes taken after galvanostatic electrolysis.

Figure 1
Contact Joining Study of Copper and Nickel Nanowires
Authors: Honey Shehla , Ahmad Ishaq 
Published: February 2020

Metal nanowires (MNWs) are proven to be excellent innovative conducting materials for next generation of nanodevices either in form of transparent electrodes for solar cells or for interconnecting conducting nanowires to incorporate multiple nanodevices.
To exploit exceptional properties of MNWs networks in future nanodevices, effective joining between various types of MNWs is critical. This study is based on joining of copper nanowires (Cu-NWs) and nickel nanowires (Ni-NWs) through argon (Ar+) ions beam irradiation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results exposed that Ag-NWs are effectively connected to each other on intersecting positions and crystal structure also remained un-damaged. In addition, the results exhibit that Ar+ ions beam irradiation induced sputtering of atoms from NWs lattices lead to produce point defects and accumulation of these point defects on crossing sharp angle contact areas, eventually lead to connect these NWs. A basic perception is the exploitation of Ar+ ions beam irradiation induced nanowelding technique for construction of complex and random networks of well-connected multiple MNWs for application in future nanodevices or optoelectronic devices.
Nickel-Tungsten Composite Anodes, in Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Rezaei Talarposhti Morteza , Roy Aaron Joseph , Serov Alexey , Artyushkova Kateryna , Zulevi Barr , Atanassov Plamen 
Published: February 2020

Fuel cell technology has been undergoing huge developments recently, and the most fundamental progress is the electrolyte being replaced with polymer electrolytes, specifically in the field of anion exchange ionomers, which has enabled an increase in power density for AEMFCs. Currently, acidic polymer electrolytes are widely used. Fuel cells based on acidic electrolytes are very successful but they heavily depend on noble metal catalysts and among those mostly on Pt. Therefore, there is a strong need for PGM-Free catalysts to reduce the cost and facilitate the widespread application of such fuel cells [1].

Due to improved kinetics for ORR in alkaline media, it is necessary to also develop PGM-Free anode catalysts for HOR. Between all PGM-Free metals, Ni has shown a significant potential in catalyzing HOR reaction, however, due to oxidation of Ni in alkaline media, as well as the need to tune the binding energy of adsorbed hydrogen (Had) on the nickel active sites, alloying Ni with other PGM-Free transition metals is a promising strategy to improve the HOR performance as well as the stability of these catalysts. It has also been shown that Tungsten doped nickel can act as a stable catalyst in alkaline media toward HOR. [2], [3]

We prepared NiW composites (which activity is shown in figure 1.) using Incipient Wetness Method (IWM), adding compounds of Ni and W to carbon support and then pyrolyzed for the composite to form and stabilize on the carbon support. Here, we will present on advances in the NiW system for HOR in alkaline media relating to: electrochemical corrosion, MEA performance and the role of the support material on HOR kinetics and stability of these NiW composites.
References:
1- S. Lu et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 105 (2018) 20611-20614
2- Q. Hu et al. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 38 (2013) 16264-16268
3- Z. Zhuang et al. Nature Communications, 17, (2016), 10141

Figure 1
Yolk@Shell Bimetallic Nanomaterials Synthesis Creating Bifunctional Catalysts – a Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Fink Felix , Guiet Amandine , Fischer Anna 
Published: February 2020

Advancements in fuel cell catalyst research aim to develop new catalysts with enhanced durability whilst maintaining mass activity properties. Our recently reported approach called Hydrophobic Nanoreactor Templating (HNT) features a one-pot synthesis of so-called yolk@shell materials consisting of metal nano particles (NP) inside a porous metal oxide support shell. [1]
Hydrophobic Nanoreactor Templating allows to easily synthesize different nanostructures, from open porous structures [2] to Metal Nano Particle (NP)@Metal Oxide (MOx) yolk@shell hollow spheres [1, 3]. HNT allows us to control the metallic NP size and number inside the MOx
In this work, we demonstrate that HNT also allows the synthesis of bifunctional catalysts, with two different types of metal NPs in adjacent metal oxide hollow spheres, thereby tuning HNT to a point where we are able to create Metal1@Pore1 and Metal2@Pore2 nanomaterials in a one-pot fashion, which was so far not possible in the field of porous material synthesis.
This achievement is shown by a Proof-of-Concept study, in which we successfully synthesized Au@MOx-Shell1/Pt@MOx-Shell2 in one material. We were able to tune the Au:Pt-ratios and overall material composition. Material formation and properties have been verified by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) as well as cyclovoltammetry, which will be discussed in detail.
[1] A. Guiet, C. Göbel, K. Klingan, M. Lublow, T. Reier, U. Vainio, R. Kraehnert, H. Schlaad, P. Strasser, I. Zaharieva, H. Dau, M. Driess, J. Polte, and A. Fischer, “Hydrophobic Nanoreactor Soft-Templating: A Supramolecular Approach to Yolk@Shell Materials,”
[2] A. Guiet, T. Reier, N. Heidary, D. Felkel, B. Johnson, U. Vainio, Y. Aksu, M. Driess, P. Strasser, A. Thomas, J. Polte, and A. Fischer, “A one-pot approach to mesoporous metal oxide ultrathin film electrodes bearing one metal nanoparticle per pore with enhanced electrocatalytic properties A one-pot approach to mesoporous metal oxide ultrathin film electrodes bearing one metal nanop,”
[3] A. Guiet, T. Unmüssig, C. Göbel, U. Vainio, M. Wollgarten, M. Driess, H. Schlaad, J. Polte, and A. Fischer, “Yolk@Shell Nanoarchitectures with Bimetallic Nanocores-Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Applications,”