bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of chemical exposures in reducing the effectiveness of water–sanitation–hygiene interventions in Bangladesh, Kenya, and Zimbabwe
Authors: Kearns Joshua 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe sustainable success of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions to reduce waterborne disease and promote public health in low‐income regions is uncertain. Recent large randomized controlled trials in Bangladesh, Kenya, and Zimbabwe revealed that traditional household WASH interventions are unlikely to reduce diarrhea or improve linear growth (i.e., reduce stunting) in infants and children—two important indicators of the effectiveness of WASH interventions. A possible factor contributing to the null results is that traditional WASH interventions control microbial pathogens but do not remove chemical toxicants. Exposure to many organic and inorganic chemical toxicants is associated with diarrheal symptoms, as well as with preterm birth and stunting. Many chemical toxicants have deleterious effects on the immune system, impairing the body's response to infectious diseases, and reducing the effectiveness of vaccinations. Globalization has led to rapid and largely unregulated import, production, use, and disposal without adequate treatment of large quantities of hazardous chemicals throughout the developing world, with profound effects on the environment and human health. Literature evidence from the past 10 to 15 years on putative and demonstrated chemical exposures in Bangladesh, Kenya, and Zimbabwe and the regions within the countries where the large WASH trials took place supports potential contribution(s) from chemical toxicants in the failure of traditional WASH interventions to relieve diarrhea and stunting. Mitigating exposures to organic and inorganic chemical immunotoxins through drinking water and other routes is likely to be a necessary‐but‐insufficient criterion for the sustainable success of WASH interventions.This article is categorized under:
Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation
Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water
An accurate and explicit approach to modeling realistic hardening‐to‐softening transition effects of metals
Authors: Xu Zi‐Han , Zhan Lin , Wang Si‐Yu , Xi Hui‐Feng , Xiao Heng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA finite strain J2‐flow model of von Mises type for elastoplastic behaviors of metals is proposed with a new characterization of the evolving yield strength. It is intended for providing solutions to a few unresolved issues concerning a simultaneous simulation of realistic hardening and softening effects for metals up to failure. Such issues are concerned with three respects, namely, how to ensure that the simulation is accurate in the sense that sufficient uniaxial experimental data for both hardening and softening effects can be matched with no errors, how to ensure that the simulation is explicit in the sense that any implicit trial‐and‐error iterative procedures in identifying numerous parameters can be bypassed, and how to ensure that the simulation is of broad applicability in the sense that any given uniaxial data for metals can be automatically matched. With the new model proposed, solutions to such issues are obtained by presenting an accurate and explicit form of the yield strength function that automatically matches any given test data. Numerical examples with realistic hardening‐to‐softening transition effects are presented for the first time for the finite strain responses of both uniaxial stretching and simple shearing up to the eventual failure.
Magnetic deformation of super-Maxwell theory in supergravity
Authors: Antoniadis Ignatios , Derendinger Jean-Pierre , Jiang Hongliang , Tartaglino-Mazzucchelli Gabriele 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A necessary condition for partial breaking of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 global supersymmetry is the presence of nonlinear deformations of the field transformations which cannot be generated by background values of auxiliary fields. This work studies the simplest of these deformations which already occurs in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 global supersymmetry, and its coupling to supergravity. It can be viewed as an imaginary constant shift of the D-auxiliary real field of an abelian gauge multiplet. We show how this deformation describes the magnetic dual of a Fayet-Iliopoulos term, a result that remains valid in supergravity, using its new-minimal formulation. Local supersymmetry and the deformation induce a positive cosmological constant. Moreover, the deformed U(1) Maxwell theory coupled to supergravity describes upon elimination of the auxiliary fields the gauging of R-symmetry, realised by the Freedman model of 1976. To this end, we construct the chiral spinor multiplet in superconformal tensor calculus by working out explicitly its transformation rules and use it for an alternative description of the new-minimal supergravity coupled to a U(1) multiplet. We also discuss the deformed Maxwell theory in curved superspace.
NLO QCD+EW predictions for tHj and tZj production at the LHC
Authors: Pagani Davide , Tsinikos Ioannis , Vryonidou Eleni 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this work we calculate the cross sections for the hadroproduction of a single top quark or antiquark in association with a Higgs (tHj) or Z boson (tZj) at NLO QCD+EW accuracy. In the case of tZj production we consider both the case of the Z boson undecayed and the complete final state tℓ+ℓ−j, including off-shell and non-resonant effects. We perform our calculation in the five-flavour-scheme (5FS), without selecting any specific production channel (s-, t- or tW associated). Moreover, we provide a more realistic estimate of the theory uncertainty by carefully including the differences between the four-flavour-scheme (4FS) and 5FS predictions. The difficulties underlying this procedure in the presence of EW corrections are discussed in detail. We find that NLO EW corrections are in general within the NLO QCD theory uncertainties only if the flavour scheme uncertainty (4FS vs. 5FS) is taken into account. For the case of tℓ+ℓ−j production we also investigate differences between NLO QCD+EW predictions and NLO QCD predictions matched with a parton shower simulation including multiple photon emissions.
Double-soft behavior of massless closed strings interacting with any number of closed string tachyons
Authors: Marotta Raffaele , Mojaza Matin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We calculate the simultaneous double-soft limit of two massless closed strings scattering with any number of closed string tachyons to the subleading order at the tree level. The limit factorizes the scattering amplitude into a double-soft factor multiplying the pure tachyon subamplitude, suggesting a universal double-soft theorem for the massless closed string. We confirm an existing result for the double-soft graviton in an on-shell equivalent, but different form, while also establishing the double-soft factorization behavior of the string dilaton and of the Kalb-Ramond state, as well as the mixed graviton-dilaton case. We also show that the simultaneous and consecutive double-soft theorems are consistent with each other. We furthermore provide a complete field theory diagrammatic view on our result, which enables us in particular to establish a four-point interaction vertex for two tachyons and two massless closed string states, as well as the missing in field theory of three-point interaction of two massless closed string state and one tachyon.
A robust measure of event isotropy at colliders
Authors: Cesarotti Cari , Thaler Jesse 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We introduce a new event shape observable — event isotropy — that quantifies how close the radiation pattern of a collider event is to a uniform distribution. This observable is based on a normalized version of the energy mover’s distance, which is the minimum “work” needed to rearrange one radiation pattern into another of equal energy. We investigate the utility of event isotropy both at electron-positron colliders, where events are compared to a perfectly spherical radiation pattern, as well as at proton-proton colliders, where the natural comparison is to either cylindrical or ring-like patterns. Compared to traditional event shape observables like sphericity and thrust, event isotropy exhibits a larger dynamic range for high-multiplicity events. This enables event isotropy to not only distinguish between dijet and multijet processes but also separate uniform N-body phase space configurations for different values of N. As a key application of this new observable, we study its performance to characterize strongly-coupled new physics scenarios with isotropic collider signatures.
On catalyzed vacuum decay around a radiating black hole and the crisis of the electroweak vacuum
Authors: Hayashi Takumi , Kamada Kohei , Oshita Naritaka , Yokoyama Jun’ichi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFalse vacuum decay is a key feature in quantum field theories and exhibits a distinct signature in the early Universe cosmology. It has recently been suggested that the false vacuum decay is catalyzed by a black hole (BH), which might cause the catastrophe of the Standard Model Higgs vacuum if primordial BHs are formed in the early Universe. We investigate vacuum phase transition of a scalar field around a radiating BH with taking into account the effect of Hawking radiation. We find that the vacuum decay rate slightly decreases in the presence of the thermal effect since the scalar potential is stabilized near the horizon. However, the stabilization effect becomes weak at the points sufficiently far from the horizon. Consequently, we find that the decay rate is not significantly changed unless the effective coupling constant of the scalar field to the radiation is extremely large. This implies that the change of the potential from the Hawking radiation does not help prevent the Standard Model Higgs vacuum decay catalyzed by a BH.
Heavy quark expansion for heavy hadron lifetimes: completing the $$ 1/{m}_b^3 $$ corrections
Authors: Mannel Th. , Moreno D. , Pivovarov A. A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We complete the calculation of the contributions from the dimension six operators in the heavy quark expansion for the total lifetime of heavy hadrons. We give the leading order expressions for the Wilson coefficients of the Darwin term ρD and the spin-orbit term ρLS.
More on Schrödinger holography
Authors: Golubtsova A. , Dimov H. , Iliev I. , Radomirov M. , Rashkov R. C. , Vetsov T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We find explicit solutions for giant magnons and spiky strings living on the Schrödinger space Schr5 × T1,1 and compute dispersion relations. The holographic dual field theory is conjectured to be a non-local dipole-deformed CFT at strong coupling. We find that the dependence between conserved charges in the dispersion relations is transcen- dental, which is quite different from the most symmetric case of spherical internal space. Keeping the squashing parameter b general allows us to take some limits and to compare our results to known cases.
A particle model with extra dimensions from coadjoint Poincaré symmetry
Authors: Barducci Andrea , Casalbuoni Roberto , Gomis Joaquim 
Published: August 2020

AbstractStarting from the coadjoint Poincaré algebra we construct a point particle relativistic model with an interpretation in terms of extra-dimensional variables. The starting coadjoint Poincaré algebra is able to induce a mechanism of dimensional reduction between the usual coordinates of the Minkowski space and the extra-dimensional variables which turn out to form an antisymmetric tensor under the Lorentz group. Analysing the dynamics of this model, we find that, in a particular limit, it is possible to integrate out the extra variables and determine their effect on the dynamics of the material point in the usual space time. The model describes a particle in D dimensions subject to a harmonic motion when one of the parameters of the model is negative. The result can be interpreted as a modification to the flat Minkowski metric with non trivial Riemann, Ricci tensors and scalar curvature.
New de Sitter solutions in ten dimensions and orientifold singularities
Authors: Córdova Clay , De Luca G. Bruno , Tomasiello Alessandro 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In previous work, we found ten-dimensional solutions to the supergravity equations of motion with a dS4 factor and O8-planes. We generalize this analysis and obtain other solutions in the same spirit, with an O8+ and an O6−. We examine our original solutions in more detail, focusing in particular on the O8− singularities and on the issues created by their boundary conditions. We also point out some previously known super- symmetric AdS solutions with the same local behavior at their O8− singularity.
Islands and Page curves for evaporating black holes in JT gravity
Authors: Hollowood Timothy J. , Kumar S. Prem 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effect of a CFT shockwave on the entanglement structure of an eternal black hole in Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity, that is in thermal equilibrium with a thermal bath, is considered. The shockwave carries energy and entropy into the black hole and heats the black hole up leading to evaporation and the eventual recovery of equilibrium. We find an analytical description of the entire relaxational process within the semiclassical high temperature regime. If the shockwave is inserted around the Page time then several scenarios are possible depending on the parameters. The Page time can be delayed or hastened and there can be more than one transition. The final entropy saddle has a quantum extremal surface that generically starts inside the horizon but at some later time moves outside. In general, increased shockwave energy and slow evaporation rate favour the extremal surface to be inside the horizon. The shockwave also disrupts the scrambling properties of the black hole. The same analysis is then applied to a shockwave inserted into the extremal black hole with similar conclusions.
Leptogenesis from a U(1)D resonance
Authors: Chun Eung Jin , Dasgupta Arnab , Kang Sin Kyu 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We propose a novel mechanism to realize leptogenesis through the Breit- Wigner resonance of a dark U(1)D gauge boson ZD , which mediates lepton number vi- olating annihilations of dark matter (DM) in the context of the scotogenic model with a U(1)D . The processes occur out of equilibrium and DM freezes out later giving rise to the observed abundance. The CP violation required for leptogenesis can be achieved by the interference between tree-level t-channel scattering of DM and the subsequent 1-loop mediated by ZD , which arises due to the unremovable imaginary part of either the ZD propagator coming from its self-energy correction or the 1-loop giving rise to the effective coupling of $$ {Z}_D\overline{\nu}\nu $$

Z
D

ν
¯

ν
.
Magneto-thermal transport implies an incoherent Hall conductivity
Authors: Amoretti Andrea , Brattan Daniel K. , Magnoli Nicodemo , Scanavino Marcello 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We consider magnetohydrodynamics with an external magnetic field. We find that in general one must allow for a non-zero incoherent Hall conductivity to correctly describe the DC longitudinal and Hall thermal conductivities beyond order zero in the magnetic field expansion. We apply our result to the dyonic black hole, determining the incoherent Hall conductivity in that case, and additionally prove that the existence of this transport coefficient leads to a significantly better match between the hydrodynamic and AC thermo-electric correlators.
Entropy production and entropic attractors in black hole fusion and fission
Authors: Andrade Tomás , Emparan Roberto , Jansen Aron , Licht David , Luna Raimon , Suzuki Ryotaku 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We study how black hole entropy is generated and the role it plays in several highly dynamical processes: the decay of unstable black strings and ultraspinning black holes; the fusion of two rotating black holes; and the subsequent fission of the merged system into two black holes that fly apart (which can occur in dimension D ≥ 6, with a mild violation of cosmic censorship). Our approach uses the effective theory of black holes at D → ∞, but we expect our main conclusions to hold at finite D. Black hole fusion is highly irreversible, while fission, which follows the pattern of the decay of black strings, generates comparatively less entropy. In 2 → 1 → 2 black hole collisions an intermediate, quasi-thermalized state forms that then fissions. This intermediate state erases much of the memory of the initial states and acts as an attractor funneling the evolution of the collision towards a small subset of outgoing parameters, which is narrower the closer the total angular momentum is to the critical value for fission. Entropy maximization provides a very good guide for predicting the final outgoing states. Along our study, we clarify how entropy production and irreversibility appear in the large D effective theory. We also extend the study of the stability of new black hole phases (black bars and dumbbells). Finally, we discuss entropy production through charge diffusion in collisions of charged black holes.
CT volume of enhancement of disease (VED) can predict the early response to treatment and overall survival in patients with advanced HCC treated with sorafenib
Authors: Colagrande S. , Calistri L. , Campani C. , Dragoni G. , Lorini C. , Nardi C. , Castellani A. , Marra F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To analyse the predictive value of the volume of enhancement of disease (VED), based on the CT arterial enhancement coefficient (ΔArt%), in the evaluation of the sorafenib response in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods
Patients with sorafenib-treated advanced HCC, who underwent a multiphase contrast-enhanced CT before (T0) and after 60–70 days of starting therapy (T1), were included. The same target lesions utilised for the response evaluation according to modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria were retrospectively used for the ΔArt% calculation ([(HUarterial phase − HUunenhanced phase) / HUunenhanced phase] × 100). ΔArt% was weighted for the lesion volume to obtain the VED. We compared VEDT0 and VEDT1 values in patients with clinical benefit (CB) or progressive disease (PD). The impact of VED, ancillary imaging findings, and blood chemistries on survival probability was evaluated.

Results
Thirty-two patients (25 men, mean age 65.8 years) analysed between 2012 and 2016 were selected. At T1, 8 patients had CB and 24 had PD. VEDT0 was > 70% in 8/8 CB patients compared with 12/24 PD patients (p = 0.011). Patients with VEDT0 > 70% showed a significantly higher median survival than those with lower VEDT0 (451.5 days vs. 209.5 days, p = 0.032). Patients with VEDT0 > 70% and alpha-fetoproteinT0 ≤ 400 ng/ml had significantly longer survival than all other three combinations. In multivariate analysis, VEDT0 > 70% emerged as the only factor independently associated with survival (p = 0.037).

Conclusion
In patients with advanced HCC treated with sorafenib, VED is a novel radiologic parameter obtained by contrast-enhanced CT, which could be helpful in selecting patients who are more likely to respond to sorafenib, and with a longer survival.

Key Points
• To achieve the best results of treatment with sorafenib in advanced HCC, a strict selection of patients is needed.
• New radiologic parameters predictive of the response to sorafenib would be essential.
• Volume of enhancement of disease (VED) is a novel radiologic parameter obtained by contrast-enhanced CT, which could be helpful in selecting patients who are more likely to respond to therapy, and with a longer survival.
Which substances loaded onto collagen scaffolds influence oral tissue regeneration?—an overview of the last 15 years
Authors: Edelmayer Michael , Wehner Christian , Ulm Christian , Zechner Werner , Shafer David , Agis Hermann 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundCollagen scaffolds are widely used for guided bone or tissue regeneration. Aiming to enhance their regenerative properties, studies have loaded various substances onto these scaffolds. This review aims to provide an overview of existing literature which conducted in vitro, in vivo, and clinical testing of drug-loaded collagen scaffolds and analyze their outcome of promoting oral regeneration.Materials and methodsPubMed, Scopus, and Ovid Medline® were systematically searched for publications from 2005 to 2019. Journal articles assessing the effect of substances on oral hard or soft tissue regeneration, while using collagen carriers, were screened and qualitatively analyzed. Studies were grouped according to their used substance type—biological medical products, pharmaceuticals, and tissue-, cell-, and matrix-derived products.ResultsA total of 77 publications, applying 36 different substances, were included. Collagen scaffolds were demonstrating favorable adsorption behavior and release kinetics which could even be modified. BMP-2 was investigated most frequently, showing positive effects on oral tissue regeneration. BMP-9 showed comparable results at lower concentrations. Also, FGF2 enhanced bone and periodontal healing. Antibiotics improved the scaffold’s anti-microbial activity and reduced the penetrability for bacteria.ConclusionGrowth factors showed promising results for oral tissue regeneration, while other substances were investigated less frequently. Found effects of investigated substances as well as adsorption and release properties of collagen scaffolds should be considered for further investigation.Clinical relevance:Collagen scaffolds are reliable carriers for any of the applied substances. BMP-2, BMP-9, and FGF2 showed enhanced bone and periodontal healing. Antibiotics improved anti-microbial properties of the scaffolds.
Structural controls on the hydrogeological functioning of a floodplain
Authors: Martin Simon , Klingler Stefan , Dietrich Peter , Leven Carsten , Cirpka Olaf A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFloodplains are often conceptualized as homogeneous sediment bodies which connect streams with their respective catchment and buffer agricultural inputs. This has led to a general bias within the hydrological community towards research on sites where the floodplain is a clear conduit for groundwater flow. In humid temperate regions of central Europe, floodplains have experienced rapid environmental changes since the last glaciation, yielding significant bedrock weathering and predominantly fine-grained, highly stratified hillslope and floodplain sediments. Such heterogeneous sedimentary architecture leads to conceptual ambiguities in the interpretation of the hydrogeological functioning of floodplains, thus raising the question: Do floodplains act as barriers or conduits to groundwater flow? This study analyzes the Ammer floodplain close to Tübingen in south-western Germany as a representative mid-section floodplain in a temperate climate where the regional bedrock-geology is dominated by mudstones. Geological, geophysical, and geochemical characterization and monitoring techniques were combined to shed light on the internal geological structure as a key control modulating the floodplain hydrology. Two partially separate groundwater systems were identified: a gravel body at the bottom of the Quaternary sediments and a Holocene confined tufaceous aquifer, separated by low-permeability clays. Despite flow being predominantly along-valley, sulfate concentrations in the floodplain aquifers showed evidence of a strong connection to the gypsum-bearing hillslope, particularly where tributary valley sediments are present (e.g., alluvial fans). Results from a floodplain water balance suggest the hillslope- and floodplain-aquifer material act as a barrier to hillslope groundwater recharge, where a large fraction may be bypassing the local floodplain groundwater system.