bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ausblick auf die zukünftige Entwicklung des Internationalen Immaterialgüterrechts in der Europäischen Union
Authors: Schwartze Andreas 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungImmaterialgüterrechte als „geistiges Eigentum“ werden von jedem Staat in seiner Rechtsordnung nach jeweils eigenen Vorstellungen geregelt. Um einen grenzüberschreitenden Schutz der Rechteinhaber zu gewährleisten, ist es zum einen erforderlich, durch klare IPR-Normen eine rechtssichere Bestimmung des anzuwendenden Rechts zu ermöglichen, zum anderen sollte darüber hinaus möglichst weltweit, zumindest aber im EU-Raum ein einheitliches überstaatliches Immaterialgüterrecht entwickelt werden. Im Folgenden wird der aktuelle Stand in beiden Bereichen erörtert.
Introduzione al diritto brevettuale italiano
Authors: Ferretti Niccolò , Zito Alessandro 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungIn Italia non esiste una vera e propria definizione di invenzione. Non ve ne è traccia né nella legge invenzioni del 1939 né all’interno del Codice della Proprietà Industriale (di seguito C.P.I.). Soltanto l’art. 2585 del codice civile elenca una serie di invenzioni brevettabili. La dottrina più illustre, dunque, ha considerato l’invenzione come „la soluzione originale di un problema tecnico“ e tale formula può, ancora oggi, essere condivisa.
Introduzione al design in Italia: uno sguardo d’insieme
Authors: Ferretti Niccolò , Zito Alessandro 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungCos’è il design? Per dare una risposta a questa domanda viene in aiuto una definizione di un celebre architetto contemporaneo: „nel linguaggio corrente design indica sia il mestiere di chi trasferisce valore estetico e originalità a un artefatto fisico o virtuale sia quell’artefatto medesimo. Si dice infatti comunemente che un certo oggetto è di design. Entrambi, prodotto e mestiere, sono caratterizzati da ricerca espressiva, innovazione tecnologica, eterodossia formale, contemporaneità“. La tutela dei disegni e modelli è un bene fondamentale per le imprese di qualsiasi dimensione.
Die Grundzüge des Designrechts in Deutschland
Authors: Steichele Philipp 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDas Designrecht bzw. Geschmacksmusterrecht schützt die ästhetisch wirkenden Gestaltungsformen eines Produkts. Dabei soll der Designschutz zur Innovation und Entwicklung neuer Erzeugnisse sowie zu Investitionen für ihre Herstellung ermutigen. Gesetzgebungspolitische Motivation des Schutzes für das eingetragene Design und Gemeinschaftsgeschmacksmuster ist es daher, einen wirtschaftlichen Anreiz für Innovationen der Entwerfer und für Investitionen der Produzenten von Erzeugnissen zu schaffen, die die Erfordernisse der Neuheit und Eigenart erfüllen. Der Schutzgegenstand liegt beim Geschmacksmuster bzw. Design – wie bei allen Teilgebieten des gewerblichen Rechtsschutzes – auf dem Schutz immaterieller Güter. Keinen Schutz gewährt das Designrecht für formlose Erzeugnisse wie Cremes oder Flüssigkeiten ohne ein besonderes Erscheinungsbild in der Farbgebung, Computerprogramme, Tiere oder Pflanzen, Ideen oder allgemeine Gedanken.
Aktuelle Rechtsprechung zum österreichischen und europäischen Urheberrecht
Authors: Büchele Manfred 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungMittlerweile begreifen wir digitale Kopien und deren ubiquitäre Verfügbarkeit über das Internet als Fluch und Segen zugleich. Die Digitalisierung, das Internet und andere neue Entwicklungen erwecken zuweilen den Eindruck, das Urheberrecht könne mit dem technischen Fortschritt kaum mithalten, hinke ihm gar hinterher. Dieser Beitrag greift einige Beispiele aus der jüngeren europäischen und österreichischen Rechtsprechung zum Urheberrecht heraus, die nachdrücklich veranschaulichen: Nicht alles, was technisch möglich ist, ist urheberrechtlich auch erlaubt.
Die geografischen Angaben im CETA-Abkommen: Keine neuen Schläuche für alten Wein
Authors: Miribung Georg 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDie verschiedenen nationalen und internationalen Rechtssysteme konzipieren geografische Angaben (g.A.) als eine besondere Form des geistigen Eigentums, jedoch gibt es keinen Konsens über das Konzept selbst. Diese Debatten sind nicht nur rechtlicher Natur, sondern erstrecken sich auch auf Fragen der Agrar- und Handelspolitik, aber auch Fragen kultureller Art.
Schadensersatz und Gewinnherausgabe bei Immaterialgüterrechtsverletzungen nach italienischem Recht
Authors: Christandl Gregor 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungLange Zeit galt der Schadensersatz bei Verletzung von Immaterialgüterrechten als Schwachstelle im Rechtsschutzsystem des italienischen Immaterialgüterrechts. Der Aufsatz zeichnet vor dem Hintergrund der geltenden Rechtsgrundlagen und Rechtsprechung den Weg zur ausführlichen Regelung des Schadensersatz- und Gewinnabschöpfungsanspruchs des Rechtsinhabers bei Verletzung von gewerblichen Schutzrechten nach. Der Beitrag weist auf praktische Probleme bei der Durchsetzung des bereicherungsrechtlich konzipierten Anspruchs auf Gewinnabschöpfung hin, die den Rechtsinhaber weiterhin vor eine Reihe von Herausforderungen stellen.
Der Zusammenhang zwischen schulischer Tabakkontrolle und der wahrgenommenen Raucherprävalenz Jugendlicher
Authors: Mlinarić Martin , Günther Sebastian , Moor Irene , Winter Kristina , Hoffmann Laura , Richter Matthias 
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Für Deutschland sind kaum Daten zur Implementierung schulischer Tabakkontrolle bekannt, die sowohl die Perspektive von Lehrer- als auch von Schüler*innen einbeziehen. Ziel der Studie ist es, den Zusammenhang zwischen implementierter schulischer Tabakkontrollpolitik und der wahrgenommenen Raucherprävalenz auf den Ebenen des Schulpersonals und der Jugendlichen zu untersuchen.

Methoden
Die wiederholte Querschnittsstudie (2013 und 2017) basiert auf gepoolten Angaben von 13- bis 17-jährigen Jugendlichen (N = 2393) und Schulpersonal (N = 85) aus 25 Schulen in der westdeutschen Metropolregion Hannover. In linearen Regressionsmodellen werden durchschnittlich marginale Effekte (AMEs) mit 95 %-Konfidenzintervallen (KI95 %) und robuste Standardfehler für die wahrgenommenen Tabakprävalenzen getrennt für die von Lehrer- und Schüler*innen bewertete schulische Tabakkontrollpolitik (Skala 0–6) unter Kontrolle soziodemografischer, schul- und rauchspezifischer Variablen berichtet.

Ergebnisse
Die Jugendlichen nehmen durchschnittlich eine Raucherprävalenz von 30 % ($$\overline{x}=30,2$$

x
‾

=
30,2

; s: 24,0) für ihre Schule wahr. Eine strikte schulische Tabakkontrolle ist konsistent mit einer geringeren schulischen Raucherprävalenz assoziiert, sowohl aus Sicht von Lehrer- (AME: −3,54 KI95 % −6,49 bis −0,58) als auch der Schüler*innen (AME: −1,69 KI95 % −2,52 bis −0,86). Die Anzahl rauchender Freunde (z. B. „die meisten“ +14 %: AME: 14,13 KI95 % 10,46–17,80) und der Schultyp sind die relevantesten Determinanten für eine hohe schulische Raucherprävalenz. Nichtgymnasiale Schulformen berichten eine 15 % (AME: 15,03 KI95 % 10,13–19,93) höhere Raucherprävalenz im Vergleich zu Gymnasien.

Diskussion
Progressive schulische Tabakkontrollpolitiken sollten den Fokus auf nichtgymnasiale Schulformen, Risikogruppen und jene Schulen legen, die Tabakkontrolle nicht strikt durchsetzen.
Pseudidiomarina piscicola sp. nov., isolated from cultured European seabass, Dicenthrarchus labrax
Authors: Macián M. Carmen , Lucena Teresa , Arahal David R. , Ruvira María A. , Aznar Rosa , Pujalte María J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractStrain CECT 9734 T, a Gram-negative, aerobic, chemoorganotrophic bacterium, motile by polar flagella, was isolated from cultured European seabass, Dicenthrarchus labrax, in Spain. It grows from 5 to 42 ºC, 6–9 pH and 1–12% total salinity. Major cellular fatty acids are C15:0 iso, summed feature 9 (C17:1 iso w9c/C16:0 10-methyl) and C17:0 iso. The genome size is 2.5 Mbp and G + C content is 49.5 mol%. Comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence shows that the strain is a member of Pseudidiomarina, with highest similarities with Pseudidiomarina halophila (97.0%) and Pseudidiomarina salinarum (96.9%). Phylogenomic tree based on UBCG program shows P. halophila as its closest relative. ANI and in-silico DDH with other Pseudidiomarina spp. are lower than 87 and 20%, respectively, suggesting that strain CECT 9734 T represents a new species, for which we propose the name Pseudidiomarina piscicola sp. nov. and CECT 9734 T (= LUBLD50 7aT = LMG 31044 T) as type strain.
Resident cardiac macrophages: crucial modulators of cardiac (patho)physiology
Authors: Sansonetti M. , Waleczek F. J. G. , Jung M. , Thum T. , Perbellini F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractResident cardiac macrophages (rcMacs) are integral components of the myocardium where they have key roles for tissue homeostasis and in response to inflammation, tissue injury and remodelling. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and limitations associated with the rcMacs studies. We describe their specific role and contribution in various processes such as electrical conduction, efferocytosis, inflammation, tissue development, remodelling and regeneration in both the healthy and the disease state. We also outline research challenges and technical complications associated with rcMac research. Recent technological developments and contemporary immunological techniques are now offering new opportunities to investigate the separate contribution of rcMac in respect to recruited monocytes and other cardiac cells. Finally, we discuss new therapeutic strategies, such as drugs or non-coding RNAs, which can influence rcMac phenotype and their response to inflammation. These novel approaches will allow for a deeper understanding of this cardiac endogenous cell type and might lead to the development of more specific and effective therapeutic strategies to boost the heart’s intrinsic reparative capacity.
Influence of sex-specific concurrent changes in age, maturity status, and morphological covariates on the development of peak ventilatory variables in 10–17-year-olds
Authors: Armstrong Neil , Welsman Jo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purposes
(i) To investigate the influence of concurrent changes in age, maturity status, stature, body mass, and skinfold thicknesses on the development of peak ventilatory variables in 10–17-year-olds; and, (ii) to evaluate the interpretation of paediatric norm tables of peak ventilatory variables.

Methods
Multiplicative multilevel modelling which allows both the number of observations per individual and the temporal spacing of the observations to vary was used to analyze the expired ventilation (peak $${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$

V
˙

E

) and tidal volume (peak VT) at peak oxygen uptake of 420 (217 boys) 10–17-year-olds. Models were founded on 1053 (550 from boys) determinations of peak ventilatory variables supported by anthropometric measures and maturity status.

Results
In sex-specific, multiplicative allometric models, concurrent changes in body mass and skinfold thicknesses (as a surrogate of FFM) and age were significant (p < 0.05) explanatory variables of the development of peak $${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$

V
˙

E

, once these covariates had been controlled for stature had no additional, significant (p > 0.05) effect on peak $${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$

V
˙

E

. Concurrent changes in age, stature, body mass, and skinfold thicknesses were significant (p < 0.05) explanatory variables of the development of peak VT. Maturity status had no additional, significant (p > 0.05) effect on either peak $${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$

V
˙

E

or peak VT once age and morphological covariates had been controlled for.

Conclusions
Elucidation of the sex-specific development of peak $${\dot{\mathrm{V}}}_{\mathrm{E}}$$

V
˙

E

requires studies which address concurrent changes in body mass, skinfold thicknesses, and age. Stature is an additional explanatory variable in the development of peak VT, in both sexes. Paediatric norms based solely on age or stature or body mass are untenable.
Umbilical cord medication in healthy full-term newborns: a before-after uncontrolled quality improvement study
Authors: Coscia Alessandra , Boscarino Giovanni , Di Chiara Maria , Faccioli Francesca , Pedicino Roberto , Onestà Elisa , Giancotti Antonella , Di Donato Violante , Ronchi Benedetta , Zantonelli Francesca , Russo Alessia , Mezzapiastra Chiara , Terrin Gianluca 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUmbilical cord care can be a stressful practice for parents. Complications of cord care can increase neonatal morbidity and mortality. The extracts of Arnica montana (AM) have been reported to possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, and immunomodulatory activities. We aim to demonstrate the efficacy of AM on cord detachment and parents’ stress level induced by cord medication in healthy full-term newborns. We enrolled full-term infants with a birth weight ≥ 2500 g in healthy conditions. Cord stumps of infants in the PRE-group were cleaned and dried, while cord stumps of infants in the POST-group were cleaned, dried, and medicated with a natural topic dermo-protective powder containing AM. After discharge, we interviewed parents on the stump status during follow-up visits in a pediatric office at 7 and 14 days of life, or by phone calls after follow-up visits. Long-rank test showed that time of cord separation of newborns in the PRE-group was significantly higher compared to that in the POST-group (p < 0.001). Parents of newborns in the PRE-group were significantly more stressed during cord medication compared to parents in the POST-group (2.0 (1.2 to 2.1) vs 1.0 (0.8 to 1.3), p = 0.011). Multivariate analysis showed a significantly linear relation with group assignment for cord separation (p < 0.001) and parents’ stress during the medication (p = 0.033).Conclusion: The use of a natural topic dermo-protective powder containing AM reduces the time of cord separation, improves parents’ stress level, and reduces the risk of complications.

What is Known:• Cord stump care can be a stressful practice for parents.• Antiseptic treatment recommended for cord care could be associated with side effects such as burning and sensitization.

What is New:• The medication of cord stump with a natural topic dermo-protective powder containing Arnica montana reduces time of cord detachment and of complication such as redness’, bleeding, or secretions.• The use of Arnica montana for cord medication may have a positive impact on the family, reducing parents’ stress, and the use of other medications.
Pulp sensitivity changes during orthodontic treatment at different time periods: a prospective study
Authors: Briseño-Marroquín Benjamín , López-Murillo Héctor , Kuchen Robert , Casasa-Araujo Adán , Wolf Thomas Gerhard 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective
The purpose of this investigation was to recognize pulp sensitivity changes in teeth receiving orthodontic treatment by means of an electric pulp tester (Vitality Scanner Model 2006; Kerr Corporation, Brea CA, USA).

Materials and methods
An electric stimulus response threshold of eight teeth in 22 patients was measured prior to positioning orthodontic attachments, immediately before ligation of a nickel titanium archwire, immediately after ligation of a stainless steel archwire and 9 to 15 months after having achieved the clinical purposes established with the nickel titanium archwires. The first measurement served as baseline.

Results
All teeth responded to an electrical stimulus at all times. No statistical differences were observed between the response thresholds obtained at different treatment times. The mean response threshold of the second measurement showed a decreasing response threshold tendency when compared with those of the baseline measurement. The mean response threshold of the third measurement showed an increasing tendency when compared with those of the baseline measurement. The first maxillary incisor and canine showed the lowest decreasing response threshold after the second measurement and the highest increasing response threshold after the third measurement. Less noticeable, but similar decreasing and increasing response threshold tendencies were observed in all other teeth after the second and third measurements, respectively.

Conclusions
The results obtained in this investigation suggest that pulp sensitivity can be monitored during orthodontic treatment by means of an electric pulp tester.

Clinical relevance
The importance of monitoring the pulp status during orthodontic treatment.
Does NICE influence the adoption and uptake of generics in the UK?
Authors: Serra-Sastre Victoria , Bianchi Simona , Mestre-Ferrandiz Jorge , O’Neill Phill 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to examine generic competition in the UK, with a special focus on the role of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) on generic market entry and diffusion. In the UK, where no direct price regulation on pharmaceuticals exists, HTA has a leading role for recommending the use of medicines providing a non-regulatory aspect that may influence the dynamics in the generic market. The paper focuses on the role of Technology Appraisals issued by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). We follow a two-step approach. First, we examine the probability of generic entry. Second, conditional on generic entry, we examine the determinants of generic market share. We use data from IQVIA British Pharmaceutical Index (BPI) for the primary care market for 60 products that lost patent between 2003 and 2012. Our results suggest that market size remains one of the main drivers of generic entry. After controlling for market size, intermolecular substitution and difficulty of manufacturing increase the likelihood of generic entry. After generic entry, our estimates suggest that generic market share is highly state dependent. Our findings also suggest that while NICE recommendations do influence generic uptake, there is only marginal evidence they affect generic entry.
Performance of recurrent event models on defect proneness data
Authors: Lintu M. K. , Kamath Asha 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe repeated occurrence of the same event in a process is commonly observed in many domains. Such events are referred to as recurrent events. The time to occurrence of these repeated events varies from unit to unit with a possibility of events not occurring among some of the units. Invariably such data are dealt with using some of the techniques in survival analysis called recurrent event models, which are commonly encountered in epidemiological studies and clinical trials. However, it applies to other domains in science and technology. We illustrate the usefulness of recurrent event models in the context of defect proneness analysis in quality assessment of software. Some of the models in practice are introduced on data collected to study the impact of module size on defect proneness in the Mozilla product. Module size plays a significant role in defect proneness and each defect fix makes the class more susceptible to further defects. The risk estimates obtained from the different models vary owing to the differences in the properties of the models as well as the assumptions underlying it.
Maintaining natural and traditional cultural green infrastructures across Europe: learning from historic and current landscape transformations
Authors: Angelstam Per , Manton Michael , Yamelynets Taras , Fedoriak Mariia , Albulescu Andra-Cosmina , Bravo Felipe , Cruz Fatima , Jaroszewicz Bogdan , Kavtarishvili Marika , Muñoz-Rojas Jose , Sijtsma Frans , Washbourne Carla-Leanne , Agnoletti Mauro , Dobrynin Denis , Izakovicova Zita , Jansson Nicklas , Kanka Robert , Kopperoinen Leena , Lazdinis Marius , Metzger Marc , van der Moolen Bert , Özut Deniz , Gjorgieska Dori Pavloska , Stryamets Natalie , Tolunay Ahmet , Turkoglu Turkay , Zagidullina Asiya 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Context
Maintaining functional green infrastructures (GIs) require evidence-based knowledge about historic and current states and trends of representative land cover types.

Objectives
We address: (1) the long-term loss and transformation of potential natural forest vegetation; (2) the effects of site productivity on permanent forest loss and emergence of traditional cultural landscapes; (3) the current management intensity; and (4) the social-ecological contexts conducive to GI maintenance .

Methods
We selected 16 case study regions, each with a local hotspot landscape, ranging from intact forest landscapes, via contiguous and fragmented forest covers, to severe forest loss. Quantitative open access data were used to estimate (i) the historic change and (ii) transformation of land covers, and (iii) compare the forest canopy loss from 2000 to 2018. Qualitative narratives about each hotspot landscape were analysed for similarities (iv).

Results
While the potential natural forest vegetation cover in the 16 case study regions had a mean of 86%, historically it has been reduced to 34%. Higher site productivity coincided with transformation to non-forest land covers. The mean annual forest canopy loss for 2000–2018 ranged from 0.01 to 1.08%. The 16 case studies represented five distinct social-ecological contexts (1) radical transformation of landscapes, (2) abuse of protected area concepts, (3) ancient cultural landscapes (4) multi-functional forests, and (5) intensive even-aged forest management, of which 1 and 4 was most common.

Conclusions
GIs encompass both forest naturalness and traditional cultural landscapes. Our review of Pan-European regions and landscapes revealed similarities in seemingly different contexts, which can support knowledge production and learning about how to sustain GIs.
A systems thinking approach to understanding the challenges of achieving the circular economy
Authors: Iacovidou Eleni , Hahladakis John N. , Purnell Phil 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCircular economy (CE) is extensively discussed around the globe. Presently, discussions are mostly concerned with the importance of achieving CE and the benefits associated therewith, with the various barriers surrounding its implementation being less debated. Understanding the context in which circularity can flourish is a prerequisite in building the capabilities to deal with the multi-faceted challenges that currently hamper progress in closing the material, component and product loops. In this study, we discuss the importance of systems thinking in understanding the way resource recovery systems operate, and in promoting deep transformational change. We suggest that transformational change needs to go beyond closing materials, components and products (MCPs) loops, and promote sustainability in the way resources are exploited, used and managed throughout the system. By adopting a system of systems approach, we postulate that there are five interconnected sub-systems that need to be considered for supporting transitions to CE, namely, resource flows and provisioning service; governance, regulatory framework and political landscape; business activities and the marker; infrastructure and innovation; and user practices. This holistic approach provides a useful means to cutting through systemic complexity, and focuses on the dynamics between processes, values and actors in the value chain, and their dependence on cultural, spatial and temporal characteristics. We conclude that a systems-based approach can build up the capabilities required to identify and understand persistent linear trends and, in turn, support forward-thinking and time investment in enabling sustainable transitions. This, in turn, can help to align priorities and transform our current practices, speeding up the process of closing the MCP loops in a sustainable manner.