bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weed Control for Pot-In-Pot Production using Preemergence Herbicides
Authors: Fare Donna C. , Knight Patricia , Gilliam Charles H. , Altland James 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to investigate herbicides currently labeled for field and/or container production for use in pot-in-pot production. Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.), red maple (Acer rubrum Spach. ‘Autumn Flame’ and ‘Franksred’), ornamental pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne. ‘Bradford’ and ‘Cleveland Select’), river birch (Betula nigra L.), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. and F. pennsylvanica Marsh.‘Marshall's Seedless’), and zelkova (Zelkova serrata Spach ‘Village Green’) were evaluated for herbicide tolerance. Barricade 65WG, Surflan 4AS, and Pendulum 60WDG, used alone or in combination with Princep and Gallery 75 DF, had no adverse effect on tree shoot growth or trunk caliper growth when applied as a directed band application. Weed control varied depending upon local site conditions, herbicide rate and weed species.
Pot-in-Pot Production of Six Intermountain West Native Herbaceous Perennial Species Grown in Containers
Authors: Cardoso Guillermo , Kjelgren Roger , Cerny-Koenig Teresa , Koenig Rich 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We investigated the performance of six Intermountain West (IMW) native herbaceous perennial species grown in a pot-in-pot (PIP) or conventional above-ground (CAG) production system for two years. Three different species were grown for two production cycles each year. Root zone temperature (RZT), plant and container water loss, stomatal conductance, plant height, and final biomass were measured. The RZT of plants in the PIP system were as much as 7C cooler than the CAG system, with temperature differences greater at the edge than at the center of the container. Water loss was approximately 10% lower for PIP plants on five of eight measured dates despite higher stomatal conductance on five of seven dates. Higher RZT and lower gas exchange reduced top growth more than root growth for CAG produced plants, but results varied with species and season. Conventional above-ground plants showed no visible damage but had slower growth rates compared to PIP plants. Lower elevation species were more tolerant of warmer above ground RZT, but more susceptible to winter damage. Results indicate that in areas with severe yearly temperature extremes, higher quality IMW herbaceous perennials could be grown with the PIP system in #1 containers compared to the CAG system.
Effect of Dolomitic Lime Rate and Application Method on Substrate pH and Creeping Woodsorrel Establishment
Authors: Wada Sugae , Altland James , Mallory-Smith Carol , Stang Jack 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of dolomitic lime rate and application method on substrate pH, creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata) establishment in containers, and growth of azalea (Rhododendron ‘Rosebud’) and pieris (Pieris japonica ‘Claventine’). In Experiments 1 and 2, pulverized dolomitic limestone was incorporated at 0, 6, 12, 24, or 47 kg/m3 (0, 10, 20, 40, or 80 lbs/yd3). Containers were overseeded with twenty seeds of creeping woodsorrel. Substrate pH was measured with a pour-through technique. Substrate pH increased linearly and quadratically with increasing lime rate. Creeping woodsorrel shoot fresh weight was negatively correlated to substrate pH (r = −0.67, p = 0.0001). Creeping woodsorrel germinated and established poorly in substrates with pH higher than 6.7, with commercially acceptable control (&gt;90%) occurring in containers with pH higher than 8.4 and 7.5 in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. In Experiments 3 and 4, containers were topdressed with a uniform layer of pulverized or pelletized dolomitic limestone at 0, 5, 10, 20, or 40 g (0, 0.18, 0.35, 0.71 or 1.14 oz) per container. Substrate pH was measured in 2.5 cm (1 in) layers from the top to the bottom of the container using a modified saturated media extraction procedure. At each lime rate, pH was higher on the substrate surface than lower layers when topdressed with pulverized compared to pelletized lime. Across all lime types and rates, pH was lower in the 2.5 to 5.1 cm (1 to 2 in) layer compared to the surface layer which indicates that the most significant pH effect occurs on the surface. Topdressing containers with 40 g (1.41 oz.) of pulverized lime provided acceptable creeping woodsorrel control (&gt;90%). In Experiment 5, incorporating the same lime rates used in Experiments 3 and 4 caused chlorosis and in some cases growth reduction in azalea and pieris while topdressed lime caused no change in growth or foliar color by 125 days after potting.
Pruning Leads to Increased Incidence of Freezing Damage in Abelia Hybrids
Authors: Chappell Matthew , Robacker Carol , Lindstrom Orville 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
North of USDA hardiness zone 7B, abelia suffers from freeze damage. Cultural factors may impact abelia's level of cold hardiness. To determine whether mid-season pruning affects the level of freeze damage, six abelia genotypes were tested in Griffin, GA. Plants were established in replicated field plots in 2001 and on July 3–4, 2003, half the individuals of each genotype were severely pruned. Laboratory freeze tests were conducted monthly on pruned and unpruned plants of each genotype from October 2003 to April 2004. Over the winter, all genotypes with exception of ‘Canyon Creek’ were significantly more cold tolerant in unpruned compared to pruned treatments. Analysis of each month independently revealed a significant difference among genotype-pruning treatment combinations from December 2003 to February 2004. Results for October and November 2003 and March and April 2004 were not significant due to an absence of cold hardiness. These results indicate that mid-season pruning of abelia may significantly reduce cold hardiness and lead to serious stem dieback in pruned plants.
Mineral N-content in the Substrate and N-uptake of Container Grown Shrubs
Authors: Bohne H. , Hasler M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three woody species Forsythia x intermedia ‘Lynwood’, Weigela ‘Bristol Ruby’, and Prunus laurocerasus ‘Otto Luyken’ were grown in 5 liter (# 1.3) containers with white peat and peat-reduced substrates. Plants were fertilized by a controlled-release or organic fertilizer. The aim was to investigate the relation between mineral N-content in the substrate and growth and N-uptake of the plants. Plant biomass was influenced by the mineral N-content in the substrate and by the substrate, but not by the type of fertilizer. Plant biomass of plants in the white peat substrate was significantly greater than plants grown in the peat-reduced substrates. Different equations describe the relation between mineral N in the substrate and biomass. Only for the white peat substrate in June and August was the slope of these regressions significant and the determination coefficient (r2) high. Dry matter of above ground biomass was 38% of fresh matter. The root-to-shoot ratio varied widely. There was a significant exponential relation between the biomass and the height of the plants, but not with the number of shoots. The N-content of the plant was related to its fresh matter. The findings establish a possibility to deduce N-uptake from plant biomass and thus improve fertilization.
Shasta Daisy Cultivars Respond Differently to Photoperiod and Vernalization
Authors: Coleman J.T. , Kessler J.R. , Keever G.J. , Sibley J.L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Inconsistencies have been reported in the role of vernalization and photoperiod on growth and flowering of Leucanthemum x superbum Bergmans ex J. Ingram cultivars. Five cultivars were used to determine the effects of vernalization and photoperiod on days to flower, shoot height, growth index, flower shoot number, and quality rating. Plants received 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 weeks of vernalization time (VER) at 4.4C (40F) and afterward were placed under either natural short days (SD) or night-interrupted lighting (NIL) in a greenhouse. ‘Becky’ showed an obligate requirement for NIL to flower with 100% of plants flowering under NIL and 0% of plants flowering under SD regardless of VER. Vernalization for 6 weeks before NIL increased shoot height, growth index, flower shoot number, and quality rating but the fewest days to flower occurred after 12 weeks of VER. ‘Silver Princess’, ‘Snow Cap’, ‘Snow Lady’, and ‘Summer Snowball’ showed a facultative requirement for NIL to flower. Plants under NIL flowered earlier, were larger, had more flower shoots, and had a higher overall quality rating than plants under SD. Shoot height and growth index were highest under NIL after 3 and 6 weeks of VER, flower shoot number was highest after 3 to 9 weeks of VER, but days to flower was least after 12 weeks of VER. Therefore, NIL after 3 or 6 weeks of VER would maximize plant size and quality for practical application in the cultivars studied but result in more DTF when compared to 12 weeks of VER.
Salinity and Growing Medium Regulate Growth, Morphology and Ion Uptake of Gaillardia aristata
Authors: Niu Genhua , Rodriguez Denise S. , Wang Yin-Tung 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to characterize the response of Gaillardia aristata Pursh to salinity (0.8, 2.0 or 4.0 dS/m) and growing media: 100% perlite (Perlite), 100% Sunshine Mix No. 4 (Mix), 1 to 1 (by vol) perlite and Sunshine Mix No. 4 (Perlite Mix), or 1 to 1 Sunshine Mix No. 4 and composted mulch (Mix Mulch). Type of medium did not influence shoot dry weight (DW). However, root to shoot DW ratio was highest for plants grown in Perlite. Shoot DW of plants irrigated with tap water (0.8 dS/m) was higher compared to those irrigated with saline solution at 2.0 or 4.0 dS/m, except for those grown in Mix. Salinity did not alter the root to shoot DW ratio. In general, elevated salinity led to relatively short plants. Plants were taller when grown in Perlite or Mix Mulch with fewer lateral shoots compared to plants grown in Mix and Perlite Mix. Flower bud abortion occurred in plants grown in Mix or Perlite Mix, while this phenomenon was not observed in plants grown in Perlite or Mix Mulch. Overall, plants performed better in Perlite and Mix Mulch than Mix and Perlite Mix.
Effect of Substrate Depth and Planting Season on Sedum Plug Survival on Green Roofs
Authors: Getter Kristin L. , Bradley Rowe D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Green roofs, a roofing technology that entails growing plants on rooftops, provide many benefits such as improved stormwater management, energy conservation, mitigation of the urban heat island effect, increased longevity of roofing membranes, reduction in noise and air pollution, and improved aesthetics. Plants on rooftops are more susceptible to extremes in temperature and drought due to their shallow substrate and elevation above ground. Because of these unfavorable growing conditions, plant selection and season of establishment are critical. The major objective of this study was to quantify the effect of substrate depth and planting season on successful establishment of plugs of Sedum species on green roofs. Plugs of nine species of Sedum were planted in East Lansing, MI, in autumn (September 20, 2004) or spring (June 8, 2005) and then evaluated for survival on June 1, 2005, and June 1, 2006, respectively. Overall, spring planting exhibited superior survival rates (81%) compared to autumn (23%) across substrate depths. Sedum cauticola ‘Lidakense’, S. floriferum, and S. sexangulare were not affected by season of planting. Sedum cauticola barely survived at any substrate depth or planting season, whereas the latter two exhibited nearly 100% survival regardless of planting season. All other species had superior survival percentages when planted during spring.
Effect of Backfill Composition on Post-Transplant Root Growth of Kalmia latifolia L.
Authors: Wright Amy N. , Wright Robert D. , Jackson Brian E. , Browder Jake F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Post-transplant root growth is critical for landscape plant establishment. The Horhizotron™ provides a way to easily measure root growth in a wide range of rhizosphere conditions. Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) plants were removed from their containers and planted in Horhizotrons in a greenhouse in Auburn, AL, and outdoors in Blacksburg, VA. Each Horhizotron contained four glass quadrants extending away from the root ball, and each quadrant within a Horhizotron was filled with a different substrate (treatment): 1) 100% pine bark (Pinus taeda L., PB), 2) 100% soil, 3) a mixture of 50:50 (by vol) PB:soil, or 4) 100% soil along the bottom of the quadrant to a depth of 10 cm (4 in) and 100% PB layered 10 cm (4 in) deep on top of the soil. Root growth along the glass panes of each quadrant was measured bi-weekly in Auburn and weekly in Blacksburg. In both locations, roots were longer in all treatments containing pine bark than in 100% soil. When pine bark was layered on top of soil, roots grew into the pine bark but did not grow into the soil. Results suggest that amending soil backfill with pine bark can increase post-transplant root growth of container-grown mountain laurel.
A Survey of the Depth of the Main Lateral Roots of Nursery Trees in Ohio Before and After Harvest
Authors: Rathjens Richard G. , Sydnor T. Davis , Gardner David S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Deciduous trees in Ohio were surveyed before harvest (seven nurseries) and after harvest (eight brokerage facilities) to determine the depth of their main lateral roots. Main lateral roots originate at the root-shoot junction in trees and are also referred to as the root flare or buttress roots. In the nursery survey, differences in the depth of main lateral roots were found among nurseries and production year with main lateral roots an average of 6.1 cm (2.4 in) deep in the soil profile. From the broker survey, both brokers and propagation methods showed differences in depth with an average of 8.6 cm (3.4 in) of excess soil over the main lateral roots. The main lateral roots for most trees were greater than 2.5 cm (1 in) in depth which was deeper than industry standards allow.
Monitoring Effective Container Capacity: A Method for Reducing Over-Irrigation in Container Production Systems
Authors: Sammons Jonathan D. , Struve Daniel K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A gravimetric substrate moisture monitoring system was used to control irrigation frequency and volume within a narrow range of substrate moisture contents to study the effects of reduced irrigation volume on growth and water use of baldcypress (Taxodium distichium L.). The four irrigation treatments were: control (daily scheduled irrigation at 16: 30 hours for 15 minutes or 6.75 liters (1.74 gal)/day) and 100, 80 and 60% of effective container capacity (ECC). Effective container capacity was defined as the maximum mass of a container, substrate and plant unit after gravitational water loss. Maintaining substrate moisture content at 80 and 60% ECC reduced baldcypress height, caliper, dry weight, and total plant N, P, and K content, but did not effect N, P or K concentrations compared to scheduled irrigation and 100% ECC treatments. Water use efficiencies (WUE, the volume of irrigation lost to evapo-transpiration divided by the total volume of irrigation applied) were determined for three dates. Plants under scheduled irrigation had WUEs of 17, 33, and 42% on July 8, July 24, and August 16, respectively. In contrast, WUE for plants under 100, 80 and 60% ECC treatments was 100% (no leachate) for the same dates. Plant water use under 80 and 60% ECC treatments was lower than that under scheduled and 100% ECC treatments. Plants under the 100% ECC treatment were 1.6 m (63 in) tall in August and used 2.6 liters (0.68 gal) of water per day. The gravimetric substrate monitoring system was an effective, plant-integrated method of reducing leachate volume that required minimal maintenance under the four month experimental period.
Pest Index: A New Approach to Establishing Thresholds for Pest Management in Woody Landscape Plants
Authors: Weston Paul A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pest index, a new approach to categorizing the threat posed by an organism to woody plants, is proposed to assist plant managers in establishing treatment thresholds for pests of woody plants. The need for such a tool is based on the incredible diversity of pests of woody plants and the lack of experimental data establishing such thresholds. The pest index is computed using information about the detectability, damage potential, and ease of control of various pest groups. Values of the pest index are proposed for a variety of pest groups, but can be readily adapted to other groups not considered (or modified for particular pests that differ significantly from others in the broad groupings listed here). Using the pest index should allow plant managers to deal effectively with pests that are likely to pose serious threats to trees and shrubs instead of simply applying pesticides whenever a pest is detected. Thus, the pest index should foster the adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) in ornamental settings.
Butter fly Feeding Preferences of Lantana camara Cultivars and Lantana montevidensis ‘Weeping Lavender’ in the Landscape and Nectar Characteristics
Authors: Bruner Laura L. , Eakes Donald J. , Keever Gary J. , Baier James W. , Whitman Celia Stuart , Knight Patricia R. , Altland James E. , Silva Erin M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In landscape studies conducted in 2002 and 2003, Lantana camara (L.) ‘New Gold’ and ‘Radiation’ were visited by native butterflies to a greater extent than the remaining eight lantana in the studies. Other lantana visited preferentially but not as consistently included L. camara ‘White Doves’, ‘Firewagon’, ‘Confetti’, and Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) ‘Weeping Lavender’. In general, the lowest visitation was experienced by L. camara ‘Cherry’ and ‘Carlos’. Total visit duration by one randomly selected butterfly was greater for ‘New Gold’, ‘Radiation’, ‘Firewagon’, and ‘White Doves’ than the remaining lantana. Plant characteristics including inflorescence number, number of flowers per inflorescence, percentage of yellow flowers per inflorescence, growth index, flower morphology, and flower color characteristics differed among cultivars. Cultivar differences that consistently correlated with visitation preferences were inflorescence number in 2002 and 2003, flower number per inflorescence in 2003, percentage of yellow flowers per inflorescence in 2002 and 2003, and growth index in 2003. Flower lightness and flower chroma correlated sporadically with visitation in late September and October 2002 and 2003. Percentage light reflectance of flowers for the wavelengths of green, yellow, orange, and red correlated with visitation in 2003. Based on correlation analysis, the cultivar characteristics that did not contribute to visitation differences included inflorescence width, corolla width, and corolla tube length.
In a separate study conducted in 2003 using the same lantana as in the visitation study, nectar volume, carbohydrate composition, and sucrose and fructose concentrations differed among inflorescences. Of ten Lantana evaluated, ‘Carlos’ and ‘Confetti had the largest inflorescence nectar volumes combined from nine flowers while ‘New Gold’, ‘White Doves’, and ‘Weeping Lavender’ had the smallest. The ratio of sucrose to hexose (fructose and glucose) in nectar from ‘Weeping Lavender’, ‘White Doves’, and ‘New Gold’ was greater than that of the remaining Lantana. The lowest ratios of sucrose to hexose were found for ‘Irene’, ‘Hot Country’, and ‘Carlos’, while similar to ‘Cherry’ and ‘Radiation’. The sucrose to hexose ratio for recently opened inner flowers was double that of middle and outer flowers. Sucrose and total sugar concentrations were greatest in recently opened inner flowers compared to middle and outer flowers. While direct comparison to the 2002 and 2003 studies of butterfly visitation preferences was not possible due to experimental design, data trends suggest a possible relationship between sugar composition, inflorescence nectar production and visitation from native butterfly species.
Interactive Effects of Pruning and Cyclanilide Application on Growth of Woody Nursery Crops
Authors: Holland A.S. , Keever G.J. , Kessler J.R. , Dane F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of pruning on plant response to cyclanilide (CYC), a bioregulator that promotes lateral branching of fruit trees and selected woody nursery crops. In April 2004, non-pruned ‘Elizabeth Ann’ Japanese camellia (Camellia japonica L.) and small anisetree (Illicium parviflorum Michx. ex Vent.) received a single foliar application of 0, 25, 50, 100 or 200 ppm CYC, while the same species received a foliar spray of 0, 50 or 100 ppm CYC following uniform pruning. In June 2006, a single foliar application of 0, 100 or 200 ppm CYC was made to plants of ternstroemia (Ternstroemia gymnanthera Thunb.), ‘Sky Pencil’ holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.) and ‘Jennifer’ azalea (Rhododendron L.) that were either not pruned or uniformly pruned before CYC treatment. At 30 and 60 days after treatment (DAT), non-pruned, CYC-treated plants formed more shoots than pruned CYC-treated plants, however quality ratings at 120 DAT were generally higher in plants pruned prior to CYC treatment. In a third experiment, the effects of 200 ppm CYC on branching of ternstroemia, ‘Sky Pencil’ holly, ‘Jennifer’ azalea and ‘Snow White’ Indian hawthorn were ascertained when applied at three stages of lateral shoot development following pruning: immediately after pruning [developmental stage 1 (DS 1)], when new shoots were 1.3 to 2.6 cm (0.5 to 1 in) in length (DS 2), or when new shoots were 2.6 to 5.1 cm (1.0 to 2.0 in) in length (DS 3). At 60 days after pruning (DAP), shoot counts in ternstroemia and ‘Sky Pencil’ holly treated at DS 3 and ‘Snow White’ Indian hawthorn treated at DS 2 were greater than those of pruned controls. Shoot counts in ‘Jennifer’ azalea were not affected by plant developmental stage at the time of CYC application. Relatively minor injury was evident at 60 and 120 DAP in all species except ‘Jennifer’ azalea, and was most pronounced in ternstroemia and ‘Sky Pencil’ holly treated at DS 3 and in ‘Snow White’ Indian hawthorn treated at DS 2. Quality ratings were similarly high for plants of all species and treatments, except in ‘Sky Pencil’ holly in which quality ratings of plants treated with CYC at DS 1 or DS 3 were higher than those of pruned controls.