bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aligning Energy, Development, and Mitigation
Authors: Sreenivas Ashok , Gambhir Ashwin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Energy, development, and climate change are inextricably intertwined in the Indian context. Energy is an important contributor to development and the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, while climate change poses serious developmental threats. In this context, we identify a few key elements in the energy sector’s transition which will shape India’s response to this challenge of balancing multiple interests, providing access to modern energy, and ensuring a financially viable sector, while avoiding counterproductive lock-ins. These include programmes to promote energy efficiency and enhance energy access, the possible evolution of the transport sector, and the challenges of integrating renewables on the one hand and the gradual, but inevitable, phase out of coal on the other, while dealing with the vexed problem of its distribution utilities. That India has to walk this tightrope hamstrung by its traditionally weak institutions and governance structures and fractious politics makes it all the more challenging.
Urban India and Climate Change
Authors: Khosla Radhika , Bhardwaj Ankit 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
India will undergo immense urbanization in the coming decades, doubling its urban population by 2050. This transformation is unique as it will come at the time when the impacts of, as well as the global momentum to respond to, climate change heighten. India’s urban transformation will, therefore, have deep implications for not only local welfare and environmental conditions but also for climate mitigation and climate adaptation. As most of urban India is yet to be built, India has a unique opportunity to lock-in low-carbon, resilient, and equitable urban forms for the long term. This chapter discusses the evolution of India’s urban climate actions, from addressing climate risks to, more recently, mitigation, while also exploring the governance characteristics of these actions. These actions, while nascent, provide an indication that the future trajectory of urban responses to climate change will be shaped by how local development and climate goals will be linked and prioritized.
Climate Adaptation in the Water Sector in India
Authors: Srinivasan Veena 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Climate change is likely to affect both the short-term variability of water resources through increased frequency and intensity of droughts and floods, and long-term changes in mean renewable water supply. Both models and historical data suggest that temperatures have increased in most parts of India, affecting the hydrologic cycle through decreased Himalayan snowpack, increased evaporation, and evapotranspirative demand by vegetation. In contrast, there are uncertainties about the climate–rainfall relationship. While most climate models predict intensification of the Indian monsoon, past rainfall trends suggest a weakening and a regional redistribution, perhaps due to local factors such as aerosols, land use change, and sea surface temperatures. Translating these uncertain projections to water availability is complicated by sparse hydrologic records and human modifications of catchments. Empirical research suggests that climate change is not the only stressor. As climate and socio-economic futures are interlinked, this requires participatory, adaptive management and mainstreaming of adaptation across agencies.
Shoring Up
Authors: Arthur Rohan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Despite its vast, productive coastline and diverse marine ecosystems, India’s coasts and islands have been an afterthought in environmental policies. These systems provide direct and indirect services to coastal economies, but are threatened by rising sea levels, ocean temperatures and acidification, and increasingly erratic weather systems. Marine systems are inherently interconnected and often show non-linear responses to stress, requiring informed strategies to prevent them from breaching their breaking points. However, despite acknowledging their climate vulnerability, governmental policies are surprisingly climate-blind, promoting an upscaling of marine exploitation. Unchecked, this could be catastrophic, leading to mass internal migration and losses of livelihoods, property, and lives. This chapter outlines the influence of climate change on India’s marine systems and identifies policy gaps. It suggests what a comprehensive strategy to manage resilient marine systems should include for India to face up to the reality of climate change on its coasts and islands.
Labour Market Frictions, Firm Growth, and International Trade
Authors: Fajgelbaum Pablo D 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
I study the aggregate effects of labour market frictions in a small open economy where firms grow slowly and make fixed export investments. The model features interactions between dynamic investments in exporting and search frictions with job-to-job mobility. A calibration to Argentina’s economy matching data on firm growth, worker transitions between firms, and export dynamics suggests that the real income gains from lowering frictions in job-to-job transitions are about seven times larger than comparable reductions in frictions from unemployment. Barriers to worker mobility across firms matter for the real income gains of trade-cost reductions.
Vertical gradients in foliar physiology of tall Picea sitchensis trees
Authors: Kerhoulas Lucy P , Weisgrau Ariel S , Hoeft Emily C , Kerhoulas Nicholas J 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn tall conifers, leaf structure can vary dramatically with height due to decreasing water potential (Ψ) and increasing light availability. This variation in leaf structure can have physiological consequences such as increased respiratory costs, reduced internal carbon dioxide conductance rates and ultimately reduced maximum photosynthetic rates (Amax). In Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière, the leaf structure varies along the vertical gradient in ways that suggest compensatory changes to enhance photosynthesis, and this variation seems to be driven largely by light availability rather than by Ψ. These trends in leaf structure coupled with remarkably fast growth rates and dependence on moist environments inspire two important questions about P. sitchensis: (i) does foliar water uptake minimize the adverse effects of decreasing Ψ with height on leaf structure, and (ii) do trends in leaf structure increase photosynthetic rates despite increasing height? To answer these questions, we measured foliar water uptake capacity, predawn (Ψpd) and midday water potential and gas-exchange rates as they varied between 25- and 89-m heights in 300-year-old P. sitchensis trees in northwestern California. Our major findings for P. sitchensis include the following: (i) foliar water uptake capacity was quite high relative to published values for other woody species; (ii) foliar water uptake capacity increased between the crown base and treetop; (iii) wet season Ψpd was higher than predicted by the gravitational potential gradient, indicating foliar water uptake; and (iv) the maximum photosynthetic rate increased with height, presumably due to shifts in leaf structure between the crown base and treetop, mitigating height-related decreases in Amax. These findings suggest that together, the use of fog, dew and rain deposits on leaves and shifts in the leaf structure to conserve and possibly enhance photosynthetic capacity likely contribute to the rapid growth rates measured in this species.
Individual and job-related determinants of bias in performance appraisal: The case of middle management in health care organizations
Authors: Morandi Federica , Angelozzi Daria , Di Vincenzo Fausto 
Published: December 2019

Background
Accountable care has changed organizational models adopted by health care organizations profoundly and, consequently, the skill set required for doctor-managers who have become middle managers and must deal with the operational management of their units. Doctor-managers must carry out clinical tasks as well as tasks related to budgeting, goal setting, and performance evaluation. The performance evaluation bias, defined as the misalignment between a ward unit’s objective performance (as assessed by technical bodies or agencies) and self-assessed performance by the head of the unit, may have serious consequences for individuals and organizations.

Purpose
The aim of this study was to identify determinants of performance appraisal bias based on the mismatch between self-reported and official performance data. Specifically, we analyzed the role played by managerial behavior, training, engagement, and perceived organizational support at the individual level, as well as the particular unit’s task diversity, complexity, and predictability.

Methodology
We collected primary and secondary data referable to a population of ward unit heads in the Italian National Health Service. A linear regression model predicting performance appraisal bias was employed.

Findings
High levels of engagement and perceived organizational support were associated with reduced performance appraisal bias, whereas high levels of predictability and task diversity were associated with increased degree of error. Doctor-managers attending training programs in health care management and ward unit task complexity did not affect bias significantly.

Practice Implications
Policy makers and hospital managers should provide heads of units with tools that enable them to conduct ongoing monitoring and accurate appraisal of performance. Doctor-manager performance appraisal bias may be diminished by a perception of having support of the organization and direct superiors. Training programs can be revised to incorporate performance appraisal, and good performance may be incentivized with rewards.
Preoperative therapy with sunitinib malate in a patient with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor and liver metastases
Authors: Wang Zhi-Qiang , Wen Zheng-Qi , Yang Jun , Zhang Hong-bin , Kou Zhi-yong , Zhou Rui-Ze , Li Wen-Liang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Rationale:
Patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are often found to have liver metastases at their 1st presentation. Most patients need preoperative treatment to reduce the size of the liver metastases to increase the possibility of surgical resection. Currently, imatinib mesylate is the drug of 1st choice for preoperative treatment and sunitinib malate (SM) is seldom used. Here we report a case of GIST with liver metastases where SM was used as a preoperative treatment.

Patient concerns:
A 56-year-old worker presented with intermittent abdominal pain and eating difficulties.

Diagnoses:
An enhanced computed tomography scan showed a 15 × 15 × 10 cm malignant mass in the upper abdomen, and 2 metastases (15.1 × 13.1 cm and 14.8 × 8.8 cm) in the liver. The postcaval and middle hepatic veins were compressed by the liver metastases, making radical resection very difficult.

Interventions:
First the primary tumor in the jejunum was resected, and then SM was used as a preoperative treatment to reduce the size of the liver metastases to improve the possibility of surgical resection.

Outcomes:
Both liver metastases regressed considerably in size and it was then possible to perform a radical resection.

Lessons:
The SM has the potential to be used as preoperative therapy for GIST with large liver metastases. This method provides a new option for the preoperative treatment of GIST with liver metastases.
Single-nucleotide polymorphism of rs7944135 (macrophage-expressed gene 1) is associated with hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance in chronic hepatitis B infection
Authors: Irham Lalu Muhammad , Wong Henry Sung-Ching , Perwitasari Dyah Aryani , Chou Wan-Hsuan , Yang Hwai-I , Chang Wei-Chiao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Clearance of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is the ultimate aim of treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection. Genetic, factor age, and gender were reported to be involved in the clearance of HBsAg. However, the rate of HBsAg seroclearance in CHB patients is still low globally and few of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) had been identified to associated with HBsAg seroclearance in CHB patients.
Recently, 3 associated SNPs (rs7944135, rs171941, and rs6462008) were reported in the clearance of HBsAg in the Korean population. However, these SNPs have not been investigated in the CHB Taiwanese population. In present study, these 3 SNPs were genotyped in 2565 Taiwanese CHB patients including 493 CHB patients with HBsAg seroclearance and 2072 without HBsAg seroclearance.
We observed that SNP rs7944135 was solely associated with HBsAg seroclearance. Subjects with the AA genotype at rs7944135 of macrophage-expressed gene 1 had a higher susceptibility to HBsAg clearance, compared to those with the AG or GG genotype under the genotypic model (odds ratio [OR] = 1.76. 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14–2.72, P = .045). Furthermore, we found a 1.74-fold increased risk of acquiring HBsAg seroclearance associated with the AA genotype compared to AG + GG of rs7944135 under the recessive model (OR = 1.74. 95% CI = 1.13–2.66, P = .014). According to the cumulative fraction curve with the log-rank test revealed that patients with the AA genotype of rs7944135 showed higher susceptibility to occur HBsAg seroclearance (P = .039) and HBV DNA undetectable (P = .0074) compared to those with the AG or GG genotype.
This study examined the associations of 3 SNPs (rs7944135, rs171941, and rs6462008) with HBsAg seroclearance, and we identified that rs7944135 is solely associated with HBsAg seroclearance in Taiwanese CHB patients.
A prospective, randomized clinical study comparing accelerated corneal collagen crosslinking with 5% NaCl hypertonic saline for bullous keratopathy in Asian eyes
Authors: Kasai Kozue , Kato Naoko , Den Seika , Konomi Kenji , Shinzawa Megumi , Shimazaki Jun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background:
We compared the clinical outcomes of accelerated corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) and 5% NaCl hypertonic saline (HS) for the treatment of symptomatic bullous keratopathy (BK).

Methods:
A randomized controlled trial was held at Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, Japan. Twenty-three eyes of 23 consecutive patients with symptomatic BK were enrolled. The etiology of BK included pseudophakic BK, previous keratoplasty, previous endotheliitis, previous glaucoma surgery, trauma, herpes infection, as well as unknown causes. Eleven eyes received epi-off accelerated CXL (with epithelial abrasion and 18 mW/cm2 ultraviolet A irradiation for 5 minutes) and 12 eyes received HS instillation. In addition to the usual ophthalmic examination, the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central corneal thickness (CCT) were determined. The CCT was measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography before and up to 6 months after treatments. Subjective symptoms of pain, blurred vision, photophobia, and irritation were also recorded.

Results:
The follow-up was completed for all patients in the CXL group. However, 6 patients in the HS group requested CXL treatments after 3 months. The BCVA was not significantly changed during the study periods in both groups. The CCT was significantly thinner in the CXL group compared to the HS group at 1 and 6 months (P = .015 and 0.144, respectively). Among the subjective symptoms recorded, irritation was significantly lower in the CXL group at 1 month (P = .013).

Conclusions:
Accelerated CXL may produce transient improvement in pain and corneal edema in patients with BK.
Simultaneous intussusception associated with adenovirus infection in monozygotic twins
Authors: Lee Yu-Hsien , Lin Lung-Huang , Hung Shin-Pin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Rationale:
Intussusception, a common cause of intestinal obstruction in children, typically requires medical reduction. Here, we describe the case of a pair of twins who had simultaneous intussusception and were positive for fecal adenovirus—strongly indicating that adenovirus infection may be a main cause of the intussusception.

Patient concerns:
Two 1-year-old twin girls were brought to Cathay General Hospital one after another on the same day. Both presented with intermittent abdominal pain, abdominal distension, diarrhea, and loss of appetite.

Diagnoses:
Their laboratory data were adenovirus positivity in rectal swab culture. Intussusception was diagnosed through a lower gastrointestinal series.

Interventions:
The twins were treated with reduction for intussusception.

Outcomes:
Both patients recovered well, without recurrence.

Lessons:
Most cases of intussusception are idiopathic. However, some potential risk factors—as strongly suggested by the current cases—are genetic factors and adenovirus infection.
Reproductive and lifestyle factors related to breast cancer among Japanese women
Authors: Liu Rong , Kitamura Yuri , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Sobue Tomotaka , Sado Junya , Sugawara Yumi , Matsuo Keitaro , Nakayama Tomio , Tsuji Ichiro , Ito Hidemi , Suzuki Takaichiro , Katanoda Kota , Tominaga Suketami 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The incidence of breast cancer among Japanese women is substantially increasing. This study evaluated the effects of reproductive and lifestyle factors with respect to breast cancer overall and separately among pre- and postmenopausal women using data from the Three-Prefecture Cohort Study of Japan.
A total of 33,410 women aged 40 to 79 years completed a self-administered questionnaire, which included items about menstrual and reproductive history and other lifestyle factors. The follow-up period was from 1984 to 1992 in Miyagi and 1985 to 2000 in Aichi Prefectures. We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate hazards ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) after adjusting for confounding factors.
After 9.8 mean years of follow-up, 287 cases of breast cancer were recorded. In the overall analysis, later menarche (≥16 years) and parity were significantly associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer, with HRs of 0.69 (95% CI 0.48–0.99) and 0.72 (95% CI 0.52–0.99), respectively. Further, there was a significant decline in the risk of breast cancer with increasing number of birth among parous women (P for trend = .010). On the contrary, a family history of breast cancer in the mother was significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (HR 3.22, 95% CI 1.52–6.84). Analyses based on menopausal status at baseline indicated that height (≥160 cm) and weight (≥65 kg) were significantly associated with an increased risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, with HRs of 1.34 (95% CI 0.72–2.50) and 3.13 (95% CI 1.75–5.60), respectively. Risk associated with BMI significantly differs by menopausal status.
Our findings suggest the important role of reproductive factors in the development of breast cancer in Japanese women; however, body mass index (BMI) may have different effects on breast cancer in Japanese women compared with western women.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of a pilot study of hospital-based hepatitis C epidemic surveillance
Authors: Ye Dongxian , Tang Yuqing , Gu Yuanliang , Haleem Harris , Zhang Libo , Zhang Youping , Xu Chunxia , Zhao Jinshun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of hospital-based hepatitis C epidemic surveillance initiated by China's CDC STD/AIDS (National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention) Prevention and Control Center in 2017.
A total of 104,666 anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) and 633 HCV-RNA detection records in our hospital from 2014 to 2017 were used to analyze the anti-HCV and HCV-RNA detection rates and positive rates in patients before and after implementation of epidemic surveillance.
We found that the estimated HCV positive rate was 0.395% in all patients, and this rate increased to 0.533% after the pilot research. The positive rates of anti-HCV were significantly enhanced, although certain differences were observed among different departments. Significant increase of positive rate of HCV-RNA was only found in the inpatients from nonsurgical departments. Eighty-one cases were diagnosed after this pilot research, exceeding the 70 total cases in the previous 3 years. Most cases were diagnosed by nonsurgical departments; the upward trend of the cases diagnosed by surgical departments cannot be ignored.
Our study indicates expanding anti-HCV and HCV-RNA detection in the target populations in hospitals is a useful strategy for finding more occult HCV infection. In addition, our results provide useful pilot data of the seroepidemiology of Hepatitis C for the special populations in hospitals, which will provide valuable information for public health research.
The safety and efficacy of PDE5-inhibitors-vardenafil on treating diabetes mellitus erectile dysfunction
Authors: He Jia , Li Xiao , Dai Heng-Heng , Wang Ji-Sheng , Li Hai-Song , Zhang Xiao-Jun , Wang Ping , Zhang Dong , Zuo Ling-Yan , Xie Ning , Li Ying 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background:
Diabetic mellitus erectile dysfunction (DMED) refers to erectile dysfunction (ED) secondary to diabetes. As people's lifestyle changes and the population ages, the incidence of DMED continues to increase. Many clinical trials have proven that PDE5-inhibitors-vardenafil has a significant effect in the treatment of Diabetic mellitus erectile dysfunction. In this systematic review, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of PDE5-inhibitors-vardenafil for Diabetic mellitus erectile dysfunction.

Methods:
We will search PubMed, Cochrane Library, AMED, EMbase, WorldSciNet; Nature, Science online and China Journal Full-text Database (CNKI), China Biomedical Literature CD-ROM Database (CBM), and related randomized controlled trials included in the China Resources Database. The time is limited from the construction of the library to February 2019.We will use the criteria provided by Cochrane 5.1.0 for quality assessment and risk assessment of the included studies, and use the Revman 5.3 and Stata13.0 software for meta-analysis of the effectiveness, recurrence rate, and symptom scores of Diabetic mellitus erectile dysfunction.

Ethics and dissemination:
This systematic review will evaluate the efficacy and safety of PDE5-inhibitors-vardenafil for treating Diabetic mellitus erectile dysfunction. Because all of the data used in this systematic review and meta-analysis has been published, this review does not require ethical approval. Furthermore, all data will be analyzed anonymously during the review process Trial.

Trial registration number:
PROSPERO CRD42018095185.