bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of Lagerstroemia x ‘Tuscarora’ to Pistill and Atrimmec
Authors: Fain Glenn B. , Gilliam Charles H. , Keever Gary J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted in 1997, 1998 and 1999 to determine the effect of Pistill (ethephon) at rates of 333, 667 or 1000 ppm and Atrimmec (dikegulac-sodium) at rates of 723, 1446 or 2176 ppm on flower abortion, fruit set and axillary shoot stimulation of Lagerstroemia x fauriei Koehne ‘Tuscarora’ when applied at full flower. Flower abortion increased from 16.7% (1998) and 2.1% (1999) for the control to 84.2% and 64.4% respectively for Pistill (1000 ppm) at 7 days after treatment (DAT). Pistill similarly caused a significant decrease in fruit set during all three experiments with fruit set as low as 2.2% at 14 DAT in 1997 compared to 69.4% for the control. Atrimmec had no effect on flower abortion at 7 DAT in any year except 1999 with 11.3% at the 2176 ppm rate vs 2.1% for the control. Atrimmec also had little effect on fruit set except during 1998 when fruit set at 14 DAT was approximately 40% for all rates of Atrimmec compared to 65% for the non-treated control. Pistill applications resulted in more new shoots than Atrimmec in 1997, and the control in all years. Applications of Pistill at full flower can be an effective tool to abort crapemyrtle flowers resulting in reduced fruit set and increased number of new shoots
Plant Growth Retardant and Initial Plant Height Affect Canna Lily Growth and Flowering
Authors: Bruner L.L. , Keever G.J. , Kessler J.R. , Gilliam C.H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study conducted in 2000 determined effects of two rates of Cutless and B-Nine/Cycocel tank mix and initial plant height on vegetative growth and flowering of Canna x generalis ‘Florence Vaughan’. Canna lily responded independently to plant growth retardant (PGR) treatment and initial plant height. Cutless suppressed vegetative height consistently up to 34% at the lower rate (25 ppm) and up to 41% at the higher rate (50 ppm) throughout the study, regardless of initial plant height. At first and second flower, increasing rates of Cutless suppressed vegetative height about 36% and 35–40%, respectively, and first and second flowering heights, 39–52% and 36–47%, respectively, with minimal effect on time to flower. Height suppression from B-Nine/Cycocel treatments was less than from Cutless with the greatest suppression, 12%, occurring at first flower. Differences in vegetative height among short, intermediate, and tall plants were most significant at treatment, decreased thereafter, and were not present 60 days after treatment (DAT). The number of days to first and second flower was affected by initial plant height with shorter plants flowering 10 to 15 days later than taller plants. At first flower, vegetative height of the initially tall plants was greatest, followed in succession by plants intermediate and short at treatment. However, by second flower, vegetative heights of plants, which were initially short and intermediate in height, were greatest, followed by tall plants. At first flower, flowering heights of all plants were similar and at second flower, flowering heights of the initially tall plants were slightly less [5–6 cm (1.9–2.3 in)] than those of intermediate and short plants.
Growth Regulators and Irrigation Mitigate Competition Between Intercropped Grass and Fraxinus nigra ‘Fallgold’
Authors: Gillman Jeffrey H. , Giblin Chad P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Grass, intercropped with nursery stock, is beneficial to the long-term productivity of a field due to decreased erosion of topsoil and increased soil organic material. The primary disadvantage of using grass as an intercrop is supposedly due to a reduction in nutrients and water available to nursery stock. In the spring of 1999, Fraxinus nigra ‘Fallgold’ trees were planted in herbicide strips with no intercrop (cultivated soil), an intercrop of untreated ryegrass, an intercrop of mowed ryegrass or an intercrop of ryegrass treated with a growth regulator. Half of the trees in each treatment were irrigated and half were not. Growth measurements were taken over two, growing seasons. There were no significant increases in growth with the addition of irrigation with the exception of trees grown with an intercrop of growth regulated ryegrass where the addition of irrigation resulted in greater tree height. Trees grown with no intercrop had the greatest increase in both caliper and height. Trees grown with grass treated with a growth regulator and irrigated did not show significantly different growth from non-irrigated trees grown without intercrops. Trees grown with untreated or mowed grass had the lowest increase in caliper and height.
Aglaonema Cultivars Differ in Resistance to Chilling Temperatures
Authors: Chen Jianjun , Henley Richard W. , Henny Richard J. , Caldwell Russell D. , Robinson Cynthia A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Aglaonema is considered one of the most chilling sensitive tropical ornamental foliage plants. However, information on resistance of the ever-increasing number of new cultivars to chilling temperatures is not available. In this study, the chilling response of 12 Aglaonema cultivars was evaluated after exposure to 1.7, 7.2, or 12.8C (35, 45, or 55F) for 24 hours. Results showed that a high degree of genetic variation existed among the cultivars. The cultivar ‘Silver Queen’ demonstrated the greatest sensitivity to chilling with 30% of leaves injured at 12.8C (55F). In contrast, three new cultivars, ‘Emerald Star’, ‘Stars’, and ‘Jewel of India’, were the most resistant, each showing no visible injury at 1.7C (35F). Data also indicated that chilling injury to young leaves was much less pronounced than in either mature or old leaves. Additionally, chilling sensitivity of the cultivars was reduced by pre-exposure to cooler temperatures that were slightly above the chilling range.
Shoot Suppression of Lonicera × heckrottii ‘Goldflame’ (Goldflame Honeysuckle) Using Growth Retardants
Authors: Bruner L.L. , Keever G.J. , Kessler J.R. , Gilliam C.H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study conducted in 1999 and 2000 determined the effects of B-Nine/Cycocel (daminozide/chlormequat chloride) tank mixes at 2500/1500, 5000/1500 (1999 only), and 7500/1500 parts per million (ppm) and Cutless (flurprimidol) at 50, 100, and 150 ppm on shoot length and shoot number of pruned and non-pruned Lonicera × heckrottii ‘Goldflame’ (Goldflame honeysuckle). In 1999, B-Nine/Cycocel suppressed shoot lengths of pruned plants linearly throughout the study 18–30% 2 weeks after treatment (WAT), 16–28% 4 WAT, 24–35% 6 WAT, 24–34% 10 WAT, and 19–33% 14 WAT compared to untreated controls. Similar shoot length suppression was observed in non-pruned plants from B-Nine/Cycocel treatments in 2000 with shoots 8–24% (2 WAT), 7–24% (4 WAT), 7–20% (6 WAT), 5–19% (10 WAT), and 5–20% (14 WAT) shorter than those of untreated controls. Cutless was ineffective in suppressing shoot length of Goldflame honeysuckle in either experiment, but did increase shoot number compared to controls 6 through 14 WAT in 1999. B-Nine/Cycocel treatments did not consistently increase shoot number in either study.
Shoot and Root Growth of Three Tree Species in Sidewalks
Authors: Grabosky Jason , Bassuk Nina , Irwin Lynne , Van Es Harold 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three tree species (Tilia cordata Mill. ‘Olympic’, Acer campestre L., and Malus sp. Mill. ‘Adirondack’) were grown in a standard sidewalk pavement profile, an experimental sidewalk profile (SSM), and in the field. Root systems in the paved treatments were harvested after three years to analyze root length, root density, and profile distribution. SSM tree foliage quality (measured by SPAD 502) and shoot extension measured in the second and third years were not different than those of the field control trees. Tree foliage quality and shoot extension were reduced in the standard sidewalk profile. There was an increase in root length of Acer and Tilia in the SSM profile versus the standard sidewalk profile and an increase in depth of the root zone for all species. The results indicate several advantages in root and canopy growth for street trees grown in the experimental profile compared to the standard sidewalk pavement profile.
Seed Source Effects on Growth and Flowering of Coreopsis lanceolata and Salvia lyrata
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , Aldrich James H. , Martin Frank G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Coreopsis lanceolata L. and Salvia lyrata L. from local (Monticello, FL) and nonlocal seed sources were transplanted into a field and maintained under low input, noncompetitive landscape conditions for 2 years. Plants of both species from local seed sources began flowering and were in full bloom earlier than plants from the nonlocal seed sources. Nonlocal C. lanceolata were larger throughout the study. Local S. lyrata were taller than nonlocal plants only when local plants were in flower and nonlocal plants were not. Survival percentage of C. lanceolata was equivalent from both seed sources, but higher for local S. lyrata compared to nonlocal, at the conclusion of the study.
Effect of Incorporating Controlled-release Fertilizer on Adventitious Rooting and Growth of Artemisia, Gaura, and Nepeta
Authors: Rowe D. Bradley , Cregg Bert M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Controlled-release fertilizer was incorporated into the rooting substrate to determine its effect on adventitious rooting and subsequent growth of three herbaceous perennials: Artemisia ludoviciana ‘Valerie Finnis,’ Gaura lindheimeri ‘Whirling Butterflies,’ and Nepeta x faassenii ‘Six Hills Giant.’ Nutrient treatments consisted of a control, and four treatments each of Nutricote® 13–13–13 Type 180 and 18–6–8 Type 180 at 3, 6, 9, and 12 g/liter (5, 10, 15, and 20 lbs/cu yd) incorporated into the rooting substrate. These treatments equate to N rates of 0, 0.38, 0.77, 1.16, 1.54, 0.53, 1.07, 1.6, and 2.13 g/liter (N at 0, 0.65, 1.3, 1.95, 2.6, 0.9, 1.8, 2.7, and 3.6 lbs/cu yd), respectively. Incorporating controlled-release fertilizer into the rooting substrate at levels equal to or greater than 0.77 g/liter (1.3 lbs/cu yd) increased shoot dry weights, but had no effect on adventitious rooting and little influence on root number or root dry weight. This in turn influenced shoot:root ratios and potentially plant quality. There was no difference between the two formulations.
Photosynthesis and Shoot Health of Five Birch and Four Alder Taxa After Drought and Flooding
Authors: Graves William R. , Kroggel Mark A. , Widrlechner Mark P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Selection of under-used taxa of birches (Betula L.) and alders (Alnus Miller) for use in managed landscapes can be guided by information on their responses to moisture extremes in the root zone. Our objective was to compare the photosynthesis, leaf surface area, and subjective health ratings of eight relatively obscure birches and alders when treated with drought and flooding in a greenhouse. We also treated ‘Whitespire Sr.’ birch (Betula populifolia) to demonstrate responses of a cultivar common in the nursery trade. Plants used as controls were irrigated daily, whereas pots of flooded plants were immersed. All water was withheld from the drought-treated taxon that showed the least evapotranspiration each day, while amounts of water less than that lost to evapotranspiration each day were added to plants of the other taxa subjected to drought. After three cycles of drought that induced wilting and a reduction in photosynthetic rate, leaf surface area of A. hirsuta had decreased the least, 12%, among the alders. While drought reduced the photosynthesis of all birches during the study, mean photosynthetic rate of drought-treated B. uber was higher than that of B. albosinensis and B. davurica subjected to drought. Flooding for 7 days did not influence photosynthetic rate of any alder but reduced photosynthesis of all the birches except B. davurica. After 21 days of flooding, only plants of B. albosinensis and B. costata were killed, and A. maritima was the only alder that fully sustained photosynthesis. While our data support the idea that most alders and birches are adapted to wet and well-drained sites, respectively, responses to drought varied among the four alders, and the four uncommon birches we grew responded differently to flooding. Specifically, additional evaluations under field conditions should be done to confirm the resilience of A. hirsuta and A. maritima to recurrent drought and to verify whether the comparatively promising (B. davurica and B. uber) and poor (B. albosinensis and B. costata) flood resistance we observed among the birches is meaningful in the landscape.
Use of Fluorescent-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism for Species Identification in the Genus Pulmonaria
Authors: Zhou Suping , Sauve Roger J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The species identity of ‘Roy Davidson’, a popular commercial cultivar in the genus Pulmonaria, is uncertain. To determine to which species ‘Roy Davidson’ is related to, we used fifteen primer combinations for Fluorescent-Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (F-AFLP) analysis. UPGMA dendrograms generated from AFLP markers obtained from the primer combinations showed that ‘Roy Davidson’ shares more genetic information with P. longifolia than with P. saccharata. Several factors that can affect F-AFLP profiles (DNA isolation from leaf tissue, optimization of F-AFLP procedures, and the use of this method for genotyping pulmonarias) were also evaluated; the results are discussed in this paper.
Tolerance of Supina Bluegrass to Pre and Post-Emergence Herbicides
Authors: Steinke Kurt , Stier John 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Supina bluegrass (Poa supina) is being increasingly used for shaded lawns and golf course tees due to its excellent shade tolerance. The herbicide tolerance, however, is undocumented because herbicide use on amenity turfs is banned in the European countries where supina bluegrass has been used for over 30 years. Several commonly used turf and ornamental herbicides are capable of harming or eradicating close relatives of supina bluegrass. In particular, Prograss (Ethofumesate) is used to selectively remove annual bluegrass (Poa annua) from mixed turf stands. Supina bluegrass is a putative ancestor of annual bluegrass and may have similar susceptibilities to chemicals. Fifteen pre and postemergence turf and ornamental herbicides were tested for their potential to damage or kill a mature stand of supina bluegrass. Field trials were conducted twice over two growing seasons. Herbicides with the active ingredients triclopyr, MCPP, quinclorac, and ethofumesate caused temporary phytotoxicity in at least one of the two years. Fall applications of Prograss (Ethofumesate) and Turflon Ester (Triclopyr) caused phytotoxicity the spring following autumn application in both years, while Strike 3 (Dicamba, MCPP, 2,4-D) and Confront (Triclopyr + Clopyralid) caused phytotoxicity in one year only. None of the compounds showed potential for selectively removing supina bluegrass from a mixed turf stand.
Abundance of Beneficial Arthropods on Woody Landscape Plants at Professionally-Managed Landscape Sites
Authors: Stewart Colin D. , Braman S. Kristine , Sparks Beverly L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eight 0.2–0.4 ha (0.5–1.0 A) sites managed by landscape professionals were monitored biweekly for beneficial arthropod activity. More than 30 generalist predator taxa were identified. Spiders and green lacewings were the most numerous taxa and both were found on all plant taxa sampled. Green lacewings, especially the egg stage, were the most numerous natural enemies detected on birch, crape myrtle, cherry, and oak trees accounting for 52.5, 49.9, 43.5, and 38.1%, respectively. Spiders accounted for 56.2% of the insectivorous arthropods observed on magnolia and were the most abundant predatory arthropod on azaleas comprising 46.5% of all arthropod predators/parasites across all properties. The most abundant predatory arthropods on junipers were spiders accounting for 75.5% of the beneficials encountered with ants (associated with an early season aphid outbreak), green lacewing larvae, lady beetles, harvestmen, and parasitic wasps comprising 15.8, 0.4, 4.3, 0.4, and 1.2%, respectively. Spiders were the most abundant predators on boxwood accounting for 70.6% of the natural enemies.
Suitability and Feeding Preference of Selected North American, European, and Asian Elm (Ulmus spp.) Biotypes to Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Miller Fredric , Ware George 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Recently introduced North American elm cultivars, simple and complex elm hybrids of European and Asian parentage, and simple Asian hybrids of U. pumila and U. japonica parentage growing at The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, were evaluated in laboratory bioassays for ovipositional response, and feeding preference and suitability for larvae and adults of the elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller). Larval and adult no-choice and adult multiple-choice feeding studies revealed that the North American cultivars of U. americana ‘Jefferson’ and U. americana ‘Valley Forge’, U. americana (diploid form), and U. americana were the least preferred for feeding and reproduction by the elm leaf beetle. Among simple and complex European hybrids, ‘Homestead’, ‘Patriot’, and ‘Prospector’ were least preferred and least suitable for larval development, feeding, and reproduction by adult elm leaf beetles. Hybrids of ‘Frontier’, ‘Pioneer’, and ‘Regal’; the simple Asian hybrids of ‘Cathedral’ and ‘New Horizon’; and U. pumila were more highly preferred for feeding and suitable for reproduction. The least preferred and least suitable North American biotypes of U. x americana ‘Jefferson’, U. americana ‘Valley Forge’, and U. americana (diploid form), simple and complex European hybrids of ‘Homestead’, ‘Patriot’, and ‘Prospector’, show promise for use in areas where the elm leaf beetle is persistent and for future elm breeding programs.
Cold Hardiness Potential of Ten Hydrangea Taxa
Authors: Adkins Jeffrey A. , Dirr Michael A. , Lindstrom Orville M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nine Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. and one H. serrata (Thunb. ex J.A. Murr.) Ser. cultivars were evaluated for midwinter cold hardiness, acclimation, and deacclimation to identify cultivars with increased cold tolerance. Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Endless Summer’, ‘Mariesii Variegata’, and ‘Veitchii’ acclimated later than all other cultivars. ‘Générale Vicomtesse de Vibraye’ acclimated first, and was cold hardy to −6C (21F) by September 28, 2000. The greatest cold hardiness in all cultivars occurred on January 5, 2001. Maximum cold tolerance in all cultivars was within a 6C (11F) range with ‘Endless Summer’ being the least cold hardy [−18C (0F)], while ‘Dooley’, ‘Générale Vicomtesse de Vibraye’, ‘Mme. Emile Mouillère’, and H. serrata ‘Bluebird’ possessed the greatest cold hardiness [−24C (−11F)] on January 5. Deacclimation in all cultivars began after the January 5 collection date as indicated by the February 1, 2001, data. On March 1,2001, ‘Ayesha’ and ‘Mariesii Variegata’ survived only 4C (39F) while all other cultivars survived at least −6C (21F).
Propagation Time Affects Winter Survival and Finishing Date for Ornamental Grasses
Authors: Cunliffe Bruce A. , Meyer Mary Hockenberry 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Five grasses: little bluestem, Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash; prairie dropseed, Sporobolus heterolepis (A. Gray) A. Gray; feather reedgrass, Calamagrostis x acutiflora (Schrad.) DC. ‘Karl Foerster’; redflame miscanthus, Miscanthus Anderss. ‘Purpurascens’; and variegated Japanese silvergrass, Miscanthus sinensis Anderss. ‘Variegatus’; were propagated in fall and spring by plugs or field divisions into 480 ml (4 in round), 2.7 liter (#1), or 6.2 liter (#2) nursery containers. Plants were evaluated for finish date and winter survival. Three fall handled species consistently finished as a salable plant within one year: Schizachyrium scoparium plugs, Calamagrostis xacutiflora ‘Karl Foerster’ divisions, and Miscanthus ‘Purpurascens’ divisions. Sporobolus heterolepis and Miscanthus sinensis ‘Variegatus’ grew faster and finished with significantly higher survival rates from spring divisions. Spring planted plugs of S. heterolepis and S. scoparium finished within 9 weeks. The two smaller container sizes finished significantly ahead of the larger size.
Compost Effects on Soil Chemical Properties and Field Nursery Production
Authors: Gonzalez Ronald F. , Cooperband Leslie R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Field production of ornamental shrubs results in significant topsoil removal and degradation of soil chemical properties. We amended field soils with compost to evaluate effects on soil chemical properties and shrub biomass production. We applied either duck manure-sawdust (DM), potato cull-sawdust-dairy manure (PC) or paper mill sludge-bark (PMB) composts to a silt loam soil as a) incorporated 2.5 cm (1 in) of compost tilled into the top 15 cm (6 in) of soil or b) incorporated + mulched 2.5 cm (1 in) tilled into soil + 2.5 cm (1 in) applied over the soil surface. We grew Spirea japonicum ‘Gumball’, Juniper chinensis ‘Pfitzeriana’ and Berberis thunbergia ‘Atropurpurea’ seedlings and measured total and plant available nutrients and shrub biomass production and nutrient contents over two growing seasons. Total soil C was 15–21% higher in all mulched treatments compared to incorporated-only and no-amendment control treatments. Total soil N, P and Cu, available P, S, Ca, Mg, K, pH and EC increased with increasing TC. Mulched DM compost produced significantly higher DTPA-extractable Zn relative to other treatments. In the second growing season, mulched DM compost produced 39–42% greater total barberry biomass than all other treatments. Among all shrub species, the best soil chemical predictors of plant growth were TC, TS, soluble P, exchangeable Ca and K and DTPA-Zn. The best tissue nutrient-content predictors of plant growth were total shoot N, P and Zn and root Zn. The unique growth response of barberry to mulched DM compost suggests that all shrubs may not respond to compost amendments, particularly over the short term.
Effect of Seed Scarification and Gibberellic Acid Treatment on Seedling Emergence of Sky-Blue Lupine (Lupinus diffusus)
Authors: Dehgan Bijan , Norcini Jeffrey G , Kabat Steven M. , Pérez Hector E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The efficacy of various scarification treatments and gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment on seedling emergence of Lupinus diffusus Nutt. (sky-blue lupine) was evaluated. Seed scarified in concentrated sulfuric acid for 90 min followed by immersion in water for 24 hr resulted in the best emergence of viable seed (≈ 41%). Mechanical scarification with sandpaper for up to 30 min did not improve seedling emergence. Immersing seed in 90C (194F) water which was then allowed to cool for 24 hr apparently killed or severely injured the embryos as no seedlings emerged from seeds treated with hot water. There was only 5% seedling emergence for nonscarified seed that were soaked in water at room temperature for 24 hr. Emergence was not improved by soaking scarified seed in 1000 mg/liter (ppm) GA3 for 24 hr prior to sowing the seeds.