bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Archaea
Authors: Oren Aharon 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAnalysis of the nucleotide sequences of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) led in the 1970s to the recognition of the existence of three domains of life, named Eukarya (Eukaryotes), Bacteria (Eubacteria) and Archaea (Archaebacteria). This classification replaced the earlier accepted Eukaryotes–Prokaryotes dichotomy. Archaea resemble Bacteria in cell size and cell structure but possess many distinguishing features, including lack of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, presence of unique membrane lipids not found in the other domains of life and other unique biochemical and genetic properties. Most cultivated Archaea were recovered from extreme environments characterised by high salt concentrations, high temperatures and/or very high or very low pH. Some nonextremophilic aerobic ammonia‐oxidising chemoautotrophs are abundant in the marine environment and in soils. The strictly anaerobic methanogenic prokaryotes also belong to the archaeal domain. Cultivation‐independent studies have shown the existence of many more archaeal lineages for which no cultivated representatives have yet been obtained.Key ConceptsThe Archaea form a second lineage of prokaryotes, evolutionarily distant from the Bacteria.Most Archaea are classified within the phyla Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota; a few cultivated nonextremophilic Archaea are classified in the phylum Thaumarchaeota.Cultivation‐independent approaches have led to proposals for many more archaeal phyla whose representatives are still awaiting to be isolated.Archaea resemble Bacteria in cell size, morphology and ultrastructure but differ from the Bacteria in many biochemical, physiological and genetic features.The cell membrane lipids of the Archaea are based on branched (isoprenoid) hydrophobic carbon chains linked to glycerol by ether bonds.Peptidoglycan, the characteristic cell‐wall constituent of the Bacteria, does not occur in the Archaea.Obligately anaerobic methanogenic Archaea are responsible for the formation of nearly all biogenic methane.Most cultivated Archaea are extremophiles that live at high temperatures, sometimes combined with low pH, or at high salt concentrations, sometimes combined with high pH.Archaea contribute to the autotrophic oxidation of ammonia to nitrite in different ecosystems.Thanks to their unique biochemical features, the Archaea have considerable potential for biotechnological applications.
Vertebrate Embryo: Neural Patterning
Authors: Itasaki Nobue 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNeural patterning is a process by which neural cells acquire region‐specific identity and features during embryogenesis. It takes place during gastrulation and progressive neural induction and continues after the neural induction for further refined patterns and specification. Tissue interactions and signalling play key roles in neural patterning. The main signals include retinoids, fibroblast growth factors, Wnts, BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) and Shh (Sonic hedgehog). Following the signalling‐based patterning, expression of transcription factors, such as Hox genes for anterior–posterior (rostral–caudal) axis and other homeobox or paired‐box containing genes, consolidate the induced pattern. Combinatorial expression of such genes forms functional compartments or groups of cells in the right position in the developing CNS, providing the basis for further neuronal networking. The knowledge of neural patterning by signalling mechanisms is now used in stem cell technologies, enabling us to obtain specific neuronal subtypesin vitro.Key ConceptNeural patterning is the process through which neural progenitors acquire positional identities.The initial allocation of positional information along the anterior–posterior (=rostral–caudal) axis is mainly provided by retinoic acid, fibroblast growth factors and Wnts. This is followed by expression of transcription factors; for example,Hoxgenes for the anterior–posterior (rostral–caudal) axis.The main signals for dorsal‐ventral patterning are Shh and BMP.Neural patterning is accompanied by specific gene expression in groups of cells. This has led to refined neuroanatomy mapping based on the ontogeny.The knowledge on neural patterning in embryogenesis has enabled us to develop methods to develop specific neuronal subtypes from stem cellsin vitro.
La Ferrassie 1 Neandertal
Authors: Balzeau Antoine , Gómez‐Olivencia Asier 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe La Ferrassie 1 (LF1), skeleton discovered over a century ago, is one of the most important Neandertal individuals in both paleobiological and historical terms. It is indeed among the most complete specimens ever found, and it has played an important role in the interpretation of Neandertal anatomy and lifeways. LF1 was found in 1909 and has been described as an adult male, of around 172 cm of stature and a body mass of 85 kg. He was found in what was considered a funerary tip in a level with a chronological range between 40 000 and 54 000 years. This individual has been the subject of scientific studies for more than 100 years, and the most recent ones, using cutting‐edge imaging technologies, have provided additional important paleobiological and taphonomic information. LF1 shows different pathological lesions, including fractures of the clavicle and the femoral trochanter, degenerative pathologies in the spine and evidence of a pulmonary disease (thoracic infection and/or carcinoma) which could have been the cause of death.Key ConceptsLa Ferrassie 1 (LF1) was found in 1909 and was paramount at the beginning of the twentieth century to understand the adult Neandertal anatomy.La Ferrassie 1 had a stature of about 172 cm and a body mass of around 85 kg.LF1 was an old individual that survived to different traumas and lesions and was finally interred by his group.A pulmonary disease (thoracic infection and/or carcinoma) could have been the cause of death.Despite having been the object of monographs in the past, recent studies have described new fossils and new data on this individual.
Orphan Crops
Authors: Tadele Zerihun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Orphan crops are crops with little significance at the global scale but play vital role in the food and nutrition security in the developing world. The term ‘orphan’ refers to the neglect of the crop by the international research community. Similar to major crops such as maize, wheat and rice, orphan crops belong to cereals, legumes, vegetables, root and tuber and fruits. Orphan crops possess desirable agronomical, nutritional and health‐related properties, which makes them favourable crops by both farmers and consumers. The ability of orphan crops to grow under extreme environmental conditions indicates their prospect in the changing climate. However, due to little scientific improvement, orphan crops produce inferior yield in terms of both the quantity and quality. The recent efforts by some researchers and institutions at the national and global levels have advanced the improvement of few orphan crops.

Key Concepts

Orphan crops play vital role in the food security in the developing world.

Orphan crops provide nutritional security for resource‐poor consumers.

Orphan crops are resilient to diverse environmental constraints.

The improvement of orphan crops has been given little attention at the national and global levels.

Scientific improvement of orphan crops is necessary to enhance food security in the developing world.
Structural Consequences of Disease‐Related Mutations for Protein–Protein Interactions
Authors: Rosell Mireia , Fernández‐Recio Juan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Mutation of a single amino acid in a protein often has consequences on the interaction with other proteins, which may affect other interaction networks and pathways and ultimately lead to pathological phenotypes. A detailed structural analysis of these altered protein–protein complexes is essential to interpret the impact of a given mutation at the molecular level, which may facilitate intervention with therapeutic purposes. Given current limitations in the structural coverage of the human interactome, computational docking is emerging as a complementary source of information. Structural analysis can help to locate a given mutation at a protein–protein interface, but further characterisation of its impact on binding affinity is needed for a full interpretation. The integration of computational docking methods and energy‐based descriptors is facilitating the characterisation of an increasing number of disease‐related mutations, thus improving our understanding of the consequences of such mutations at the phenotypic level.

Key Concepts

Protein–protein interactions are key to understand disease at the molecular level.

Disease‐related mutations can have significant structural and energetic impact on protein–protein interactions.

The 3D structure of a complex is essential to interpret the functional impact of a mutation.

Computational docking can provide structural models for protein–protein interactions with no available structure.

In addition to structural data, further energetic description is needed to fully interpret the impact of a mutation.

Hot‐spot interface residues are causing the greater impact on a protein–protein interaction when mutated.

Altered protein–protein interactions are potentially suitable drug targets for therapeutic purposes.
Health Organizational Design: Information Exchange and Accountability
Authors: Lee Soo‐Hoon , Dai Tinglong , Phan Philip H. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this article, we introduce two essential components of the field of healthcare organizational design: information exchange and accountability. We emphasize how the limitations from information‐exchange and accountability theories can be bridged by operations management principles to improve patient outcomes through redesigning healthcare delivery processes. We also highlight managerial implications for health organizations and venues for future investigation.
Clogg, CliffordC
Authors: Grego John M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractClifford (Cliff) C. Clogg (1949–1995) was a sociologist and statistician known for his work in labor force measurement and the development of statistical methods with applications in demography. Spending most of his career at Pennsylvania State University, he pioneered new methods for the analysis of categorical data and rates, particularly in the study of association models, and latent structure and latent class analysis. Cliff served numerous roles in professional societies and shared his expertise with a wide variety of governmental and research organizations. Upon his untimely death, memorial lectures and scholarships were established by professional societies and departments at Penn State.
3D MIMOAntenna Designs
Authors: Sharawi Mohammad S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMultiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) technology has been a key driver in the development of fourth‐generation wireless systems and will continue to be utilized in the upcoming fifth‐generation one. MIMO was an excellent technology to make use of multipath effects and enhance the system capacity dramatically. A new technology that is based on MIMO that utilizes large amounts of antennas at the base‐station side to simultaneously send dedicated beams and create dedicated channels for various users has been identified and will be deployed with fifth‐generation systems to enhance the channel capacity even more. This technology is called massive‐MIMO (MaMI). The majority of works that addressed MaMI focused on one dimensional (azimuthal) beam steering. Adding the second dimension (elevation) to the original MaMI systems has been denoted as three‐dimensional MIMO (3D‐MIMO) since the beams will cover the 3D space in front of the MaMI array, thus enhancing coverage, reducing interference and enhancing capacity. This article focuses on 3D‐MIMO antenna array systems, their performance metrics and some examples of actual implementations at microwave and mm‐wave bands.
Service‐Based Architecture
Authors: Trossen Dirk 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this article, the concept of a service‐based architecture (SBA) is being introduced from the perspective of 5G. We will argue that the introduction of SBA departs significantly from the patterns of design used for pre‐5G systems, informed by methods and patterns long used in the Internet and enterprise service architecture space. Applied to 5G, we will present how SBA is being used to realize flexible 5G deployments over a cloud‐native basic transport infrastructure with considerations for the implementation of such SBA in 5G. Finally, a roadmap for the evolution of SBA is being provided, grounded into the ongoing and planned future efforts in 3GPP and other standards bodies.
Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for Load Balancing in Self‐Organizing Networks
Authors: Ali Mohammed S. , Coucheney Pierre , Coupechoux Marceau 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSelf‐Organized Networks (SON) are a crucial feature to make 5G more efficient in 3GPP Release 16. 5G SON inherits from LTE self‐configuration, self‐optimization, and self‐healing functions, and also expands to new use cases and relies on a service‐based architecture and data analytics network functions. SON algorithms are, however, not part of the standard. In this article, we thus present a novel reinforcement learning approach for distributed load balancing in heterogeneous networks that use cell range expansion for user association and Almost Blank Subframe (ABS) for interference management. We model the interactions among the base stations for load balancing as a near‐potential game. Using the proposed distributed learning algorithms, players reach an optimal Pure Nash Equilibrium (PNE). We provide sufficient conditions under which the learning algorithms converge to the optimal PNE. By running extensive simulations, we show that the proposed algorithms converge within few hundreds of iterations. Finally, we show that outage can be controlled and a better load balancing can be achieved by introducing ABS.
MECand Cloud Security
Authors: Ding Aaron Yi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSecurity is crucial for 5G mobile systems. As multi‐access edge computing (MEC) and cloud technologies are going to be utilized by 5G to support various services including Internet of Things (IoT), health, smart grid, and transportation, there is a strong demand for comprehensive investigation of the security aspects of MEC and cloud in 5G context. The core security concerns for 5G MEC and cloud include trust on hardware components and connected devices, system software, networking and communication, micro‐edge service, and distributed security logging at scale. Besides the discussion of threat models and challenges, four promising research directions are also highlighted, covering trust management, machine learning‐based security enforcement, microservice management, and hardware‐assisted security enhancement in 5G networks. The illustrations focus on current security challenges and corresponding solutions for 5G MEC and cloud. The analysis and outlook shed light on future 5G security development and integration of MEC and cloud technologies. The content is of special interest to 5G engineers, researchers, service developers, and policy makers from industry, academia, and government.
Big Data/Machine Learning andD2D
Authors: Althamary Ibrahim , Huang Chih‐Wei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRecently, big data, machine learning, and D2D communication have gained more attention to support the growth of data traffic and novel applications. The objective of this article is to present critical technology elements and show how new researches move forward to justify user requirements. In particular, D2D communication and vehicular networks can take advantage of the knowledge extracted using machine learning tools from collected data for better understanding and decision. Furthermore, emerging multi‐agent reinforcement learning is highlighted to be a suitable tool with high potential. Finally, several research opportunities and challenges are addressed.
5G
‐Service‐Based Architecture
Authors: Chandramouli Devaki , Gkellas Georgios 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article explains 5G System Architecture and the key architectural principles. It also explains in detail the two main building blocks of the 5GC control plane: service‐based architecture and compute–storage split for facilitating resiliency/scalability in 5G system, and their salient characteristics.
Wireline–Wireless Convergence
Authors: Thiébaut Laurent , Bouchat Christele 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Virtualization and the development of the 5G architecture, i.e. a 5GCore (5GC) capable to serve a great variety of Access Networks have triggered the industry to work on Wireless–Wireline convergence. As opposed to previous attempts that were focusing on convergence at policy control level, the 5GC‐based solution focuses on defining an interworking function, the Wireline Access Gateway Function (W‐AGF), that terminates the legacy Wireline Access interface on one of its sides and the 5GC interfaces N1/N2/N3 on its other side.
This architecture enables the 5GC to serve Residential Gateways modified to support 5G protocols and procedures (5G RG) but also legacy unmodified Fixed Network Residential Gateways (FN RG).
5G RG can benefit of slicing as defined for 5GC but also of a Hybrid Access where 5G RG are simultaneously connected via 3GPP radio and via Wireline Access, ensuring thus higher throughput and reliability for the traffic of the customer premises.
Fixed Wireless Access (5G RG connection via 3GPP radio) enables flexible deployment of a mobile RG (e.g. in public transport or for short‐lived events).
A 5G RG and its Wireline Access interworking function, the W‐AGF, can together be used as a trusted non‐3GPP AN serving 3GPP User Equipment (smartphone) with managed Quality of Service and accurate location information (e.g. for home‐based charging).
The Broadband Forum (BBF) and 3GPP deliver a first release of the corresponding specifications for March 2020 (3GPP R16) that will likely be improved in the next release (3GPP R17).
Development Challenges of Millimeter‐Wave 5G Beamformers
Authors: Abbasi Muhammad Ali Babar , Abbasi Qammer H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBeamforming is the central concept that can make millimeter‐wave (mmWave) a viable solution by solving challenges of link‐budget, cost, power, form factor, complexity, regulatory constraint, and so on. Before deployment of mmWave beamforming solution for 5G, and possibly beyond, several fundamental questions need to be answered. Some of them include hardware constraints, performance matrices, realistic propagation channel models including impairments due to obstacles such as body, blockages due to casings, phase noise, a model for spatial‐temporal variations in channels, and advanced MIMO techniques for multi‐carrier and multiuser communications. The site constraints and massive non‐line‐of‐sight transmission within the urban environment are severely questioning the conventional terrestrial low power node deployments that used to work well at low operational frequencies (sub‐6 GHz). In addition to this, in beamforming technology using massive antenna arrays, the coordination of the users and beams at the transmitter and receiver end within a large network are very challenging. In this article, we comprehensively investigate some of the most prominent and best practice solutions that attempted to answer these challenging questions.
Authentication and Access Control for5G
Authors: Behrad Shanay , Bertin Emmanuel , Crespi Noel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe fifth generation of mobile cellular networks, 5G, is designed to support a set of new use cases and requirements that affect every aspects of human life. Therefore, the security in 5G systems becomes more important than the security in any other pre‐5G networks. Authenticating users and controlling their access to network services is one of the first procedures to provide the security requirements of the system. Since 3G, the main authentication and access control procedures in cellular networks are based on Authentication and Key‐Agreement (AKA) protocols. In addition to study the weaknesses of the authentication and access control procedures in the pre‐5G networks, it is crucial to consider the 5G new use cases and requirements in designing authentication and access control mechanisms for 5G. In this article, we study the 5G network architecture considering the network functions involved in the authentication and access control processes. Then, we review the vulnerabilities of the 5G‐AKA protocol, which is the main authentication and access control mechanism in 5G. Finally, we study the new use cases in 5G and depict that they have different security requirements and consequently they need different authentication and access control mechanisms.
User Association in5GNetworks: A Game‐Theoretic Approach
Authors: Eliodorou Michalis , Psomas Constantinos , Krikidis Ioannis 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn future fifth generation (5G) and beyond wireless technologies, ultra‐dense networks (UDNs) will be employed to serve a massive number of devices with mobile access. One of the major challenges in UDNs is user association, which is essential for dealing with intra‐ and intercell interference. In this work, we investigate two user association problems aiming to optimize two different network parameters and solve them via a game‐theoretical approach. Specifically, the effectiveness of coalitional games is shown in this work through the form of coalition game algorithms for resource allocation.
Immune‐mediated axonal dysfunction in seropositive and seronegative primary Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Tani Jowy , Liao Hsien‐Tzung , Hsu Hui‐Ching , Chen Lung‐Fang , Chang Tsui‐San , Shin‐Yi Lin Cindy , Sung Jia‐Ying 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe present study investigates the peripheral neuropathy in Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) using the nerve excitability test to further elucidate how peripheral nerves are affected by the autoantibodies.MethodsEach patient received clinical evaluation, examination for anti‐SSA/Ro and anti‐SSB/La antibodies titer, paired motor and sensory nerve excitability test, thermal quantitative sensory test (QST), and nerve conduction study (NCS).ResultsA total of 40 pSS patients wasenrolled. Motor axonal study of the pSS with positive anti‐SSA/Ro or anti‐SSB/La antibodies (n = 28) was found to have increased stimulus for 50% compound muscle action potential (CMAP) (P < 0.05), increased rheobase (P < 0.01), increased minimum I/V slope (P < 0.01) and hyperpolarizing I/V slope (P < 0.05), increased relative refractory period (RRP, P < 0.001), decreased accommodation of threshold electrotonus toward depolarizing current (P < 0.05), and increased accommodation toward hyperpolarizing current (P < 0.05). Seronegative pSS (n = 10) showed much less prominent motor axonal changes, showing only increased minimum I/V slope (P < 0.05). Sensory axonal study in seropositive pSS patients is found to have increased stimulus for 50% sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) (P < 0.01), decreased latency (P < 0.01), increased RRP (P < 0.01), and increased subexcitability (P < 0.05). Seronegative pSS patients have shown no significant sensory axonal changes. Thermal QST showed more prominent abnormalities in seronegative pSS compared to seropositive pSS.InterpretationAnti‐SSA/Ro and anti‐SSB/La autoantibodies might cause dysfunction in nodal and internodal region of the axon and small nerve fibers; meanwhile, autoreactive antibodies in seronegative pSS mainly affect small nerve fibers. Thus, the underlying pathophysiology for the two types of pSS is different.