bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of vaginitis
Authors: Kükner S. , Ergin T. , Ciçek N. , Uǧur M. , Yeşilyurt H. , Gökmen O. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of metronidazole 500 mg and miconazole nitrate 100 mg (Neo‐Penotran®, Embil Pharmacy Company, Istanbul, Turkey) in the treatment of vaginitis. Method: One hundred patients (mean age 26.5 years, range 18–50) with a clinical diagnosis of vaginitis entered this open, noncomparative study. Each patient inserted a Neo‐Penotran® pessary twice daily for 14 days. Assessments were carried out at the beginning of the study and 15 and 22 days after the start of therapy. Sudent's t‐test was used for the statistical analysis. Results: Out of 100 patients who were initially recruited to the study, 20 were subsequently excluded, leaving a total of 80 patients (80%) who completed the full course of treatment. Vaginitis was resolved in 75% of cases, it improved in 18% and was unchanged in 7%. The success rate for the treatment of trichomoniasis was 80%, 93.4% for bacterial vaginosis and 84.4% for candidal vaginitis. Conclusion: Neo‐Penotran® pessaries represent a novel and effective formulation for the treatment of common types of vaginitis and this pessary may also be of particular value in the treatment of resistant or recurrent vaginitis.
Development of ependyma in neural transplants
Authors: Kálmán M. , Tuba A. , Ajtai B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUnder in situ conditions, the innermost (juxtaventricular) neuroepithelial layer of the embryonic brain wall develops into ependyma. No development of ependyma was usually observed, however, in transplanted embryonic brain wall. In our telencephalic transplants, however, cysts lined by epithelium resembling ependyma were observed, although only sporadically. We supposed that occasional foldings of the transplanted telencephalic wall enclosed the aforementioned cysts and so induced the formation of ependyma. This hypothesis was supported by the observation that ependyma developed frequently in a model system in which the telencephalic wall was folded artificially prior to transplantation.
Mechanisms of action of clozapine in the treatment of neuroleptic-resistant and neuroleptic-intolerant schizophrenia
Authors: Deutch AY 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe mechanisms of action which account for the effectiveness of clozapine as a pharmacotherapy for the treatment of neuroleptic non-responders and neuroleptic intolerant schizophrenic subjects remain elusive. We review recent data concerning the actions of clozapine in laboratory animals, and discuss the likely sites of action of clozapine and the receptors through which clozapine acts. We suggest that actions at dopamine D2 receptors in the caudate nucleus and putamen underlie the extrapyramidal side effects of conventional neuroleptics. In contrast, we propose that clozapine acts in the prefrontal cortex, specifically targeting an as yet unidentified DA receptor of the D2 family, to exert therapeutic actions in neuroleptic non-responders. We suggest that the ability of clozapine to augment extracellular dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex may represent a key mechanism contributing to the therapeutic effects of this drug, and suggest some alternative approaches which might be expected to result in effects similar to those of clozapine.
Emotional deficit: an adaptative and evolutive process in HIV infection
Authors: Bungener C , Lefrère JJ , Widlöcher D , Jouvent R 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe objective of the present study was to evaluate emotional disturbances and psychopathological symptoms in early stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Seventy-one homosexual subjects, positive to HIV and two groups of HIV-negative subjects (32 homosexuals and 26 heterosexuals) were evaluated in a semi-structured interview by two trained raters. The results showed the presence of emotional perturbations already in asymptomatic HIV-positive individuals even in the absence of caracterized depression and/or anxiety. This emotional deficit seemed to be more important in more advanced stages of the disease. Depressive and anxious symptoms appeared to be slightly but significantly present in both groups of homosexual men. This emotional deficit could be the reflect of an adaptative process to the threatening consequences of HIV-infection. Emotional perturbations, even mild should not be neglected, because their reduction contributes to the psychological well being of HIV-positive subjects.
Outcome of pregnancy in women with hereditary thrombophilia
Authors: Ogueh O , Chen M.F , Spurll G , Benjamin A 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: The aims of this study are to review the outcome of pregnancy in women with thrombophilia, and investigate the possible beneficial effect of heparin therapy in these women. Methods: We reviewed the hospital records of 126 women who were referred to the high‐risk obstetrical hematology clinic between June 1996 and December 1999. The placental histology and outcome of 39 pregnancies in 24 women with hereditary thrombophilia were studied, and pregnancies which were treated with heparin were compared with those without treatment. Results: An adverse pregnancy outcome occurred in 54% of the pregnancies. All seven miscarriages (18%) occurred in pregnancies that were not treated with heparin. However, heparin treatment did not prevent the development of obstetric complications in later pregnancies (odds ratio=0.955, 95% C.I.=I.255–3.577, Fisher's exact test). Excluding miscarriages, 28% of the placentas had thrombotic lesions, and the pregnancies with placental thrombotic lesions were more likely to have complications than those pregnancies without placental abnormalities (P=0.023, C.I.=1.257–5.197, Fisher's exact test). Conclusions: Pregnancy complications in cases of hereditary thrombophilia may be related to placental abnormalities. Heparin therapy is likely to be useful in preventing miscarriage in cases of hereditary thrombophilia.
Human resources for maternity care: the present system in Brazil, Japan, North America, Western Europe and New Zealand
Authors: Page L 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis article describes the nature of the humanization of birth and the overlapping but distinct role of professionals within the maternity services with an emphasis on the role of the midwife. It describes the status of midwives in different parts of the world, and the common characteristics of work undertaken to restore the role of the midwife. Midwifery is seen as an essential component of effective maternity services. In addition it is important to recognize the important role that traditional birth attendants play in many parts of the world. An appropriate structure including primary and secondary and tertiary care services are important for professionals to play their full part.
American prices embedded in European prices
Authors: Jourdain Benjamin , Martini Claude 
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we are interested in American option prices in the Black–Scholes model. For a large class of payoffs, we show that in the region where the European price increases with the time to maturity, this price is equal to the American price of another claim. We give examples in which we explicit the corresponding claims. The characterization of the American claims obtained in this way remains an open question.

Résumé

Ce travail met en évidence un lien entre prix d’options européennes et prix d’options américaines dans le modèle de Black–Scholes. Nous montrons que pour une large classe de fonctions de payoff

\varphi

, dans la zone où il augmente avec la maturité, le prix de l’option européenne est égal au prix américain correspondant à une fonction de payoff modifiée

\widehat \varphi

. Nous donnons des exemples où il est possible d’expliciter

\widehat \varphi

. Mais la caractérisation de l’image de

\varphi→\widehat \varphi

reste un problème ouvert.
Hölder continuity conditions for the solvability of Dirichlet problems involving functionals with free discontinuities
Authors: Solimini S , Lops F.A , Maddalena F 
Published: July 2002

The paper deals with the problem of minimizing a free discontinuity functional under Dirichlet boundary conditions. An existence result was known so far for

C^1(∂Ω)

boundary data

\hat u

. We show here that the same result holds for

\hat u \in C^{0,μ}(∂Ω)

if

μ> \frac 1 2

and it cannot be extended to cover the case

μ=\frac 1 2

. The proof is based on some geometric measure theoretic properties, in part introduced here, which are proved
a priori
to hold for all the possible minimizers.

Résumé

On savait que le minimum d’une fonctionnelle à discontinuité libre avec condition de Dirichlet sur le bord était atteint quand la donnée de bord

\hat u

est

C^1(∂Ω)

. Nous étendons ce résultat à

\hat u\in C^{0,μ}(∂Ω)

si

μ>\frac 1 2

et montrons qu’il n’est plus vrai pour

μ=\frac 1 2

. Pour cela, nous démontrons des propriétés de théorie de la mesure géométrique
a priori
valides pour tout minimiseur de la fonctionnelle.
Regularity properties of free discontinuity sets
Authors: Maddalena Francesco , Solimini Sergio 
Published: July 2002

This paper is concerned with the problem of estimating the dimension, expected to be

N−2

, of the singular set of a minimizer of a functional with free discontinuities in

N

dimensions. The best result already known, namely the

(N−1)

-negligibility, is improved here.

Résumé

On s’attend à ce que la dimension de l’ensemble singulier d’un minimum d’une fonctionnelle à discontinuité libre soit

N−2

. Selon le meilleur résultat connu jusqu’à présent, cet ensemble est

N−1

négligeable. Nous améliorons ce résultat.
Polysialic acid in the cochlea of the developing mouse
Authors: Whitlon Donna S. , Zhang Xueli 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPolysialic acid (PSA), an unusual molecule covalently attached to the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, has been shown to regulate cell‐to‐cell and cell‐to‐matrix interactions by interfering with the binding of cell‐surface adhesion molecules. We used immunocytochemistry to map the temporospatial distribution of PSA in the mouse cochlea between embryonic day 16 and postnatal day 32 and compared it to the known timetable of neural growth and development. Polysialic acid immunoreactivity develops along a temporospatial gradient beginning in the basal turn and progressing to the apical turn. The expression is transitory on spiral ganglion neurons, intraganglionic bundles, radial bundles, and outer hair cells. Immunoreactivity diminishes progressively from the basal turn to the apical turn. Immunolabeling is maintained to adulthood on fibers in the inner spiral and inner pillar bundles, bundles which have been suggested to sprout continually and grow even in older animals. Inner hair cells are never immunolabeled. The temporo‐spatial expression of PSA suggests its involvement in neural growth, whereas its extinction correlates with the time of onset of nerve‐receptor interactions.
The effects of apolipoprotein e deficiency on braincholinergic neurons
Authors: Kleifeld Oded , Diebler Marie‐francoise , Chapman Shira , Oron Lea , Michaelson Daniel M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPrevious studies utilizing apolipoprotein E (apoE)‐deficient mice revealed distinctdecreases in the levels of cholinergic synaptic markers of projecting basal forebrain cholinergicneurons and no such alterations in other brain cholinergic systems. In order to investigate themechanisms underlying these neuron‐specific cholinergic effects, primary neuronal cultures fromapoE‐deficient and control mice were prepared and characterized. These include basal forebraincultures, which are enriched in projecting cholinergic neurons, and cortical cultures, which containcholinergic interneurons. The levels of cholinergic nerve terminals in these cultures were assessedby ligand binding measurements of the levels of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT).This revealed that basal forebrain cultures of apoE‐deficient mice contain markedly lower VAChTlevels (∼50%) than do control cultures, but that VAChT levels of the corresponding corticalcultures of the apoE‐deficient and control mice were the same. Time course studies revealed thatVAChT levels of the basal forebrain cultures increased with culture age, but that the relativereduction in VAChT levels of the apoE‐deficient cholinergic neurons was unaltered and was thesame for freshly prepared and for 96 h old cultures. Thesein vitroobservations are inaccordance with thein vivofindings and suggest that projecting basal forebraincholinergic neurons, but not cholinergic interneurons, are markedly dependent on apoE and thatsimilar mechanisms mediate thein vivoandin vitroeffects of apoE deficiencyon cholinergic function.
IL‐1β increases intracellular calcium through an IL‐1 type 1 receptor mediated mechanism in C6 astrocytic cells
Authors: Pita Ignacio , Jelaso Anna M. , Ide Charles F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInterleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) is a cytokine that regulates a variety of biological processes. In addition to its traditional role in the immune system, IL‐1β plays an integral role in neural‐immune and developmental processes in the nervous system. The pleiotropic ability of IL‐1β may be due to the activation of different signal transduction mechanisms in specific cell types or under certain cellular conditions. We have previously demonstrated that IL‐1β regulates healing and repair in the developing, mammalian nervous system. In the damaged perinatal mouse brain, IL‐1β is expressed in astrocytes that change from a stellate to a spindle‐shaped morphology. The spindle‐shaped astrocytes enclose the wound, separating the healthy from damaged neural tissue. The shape change and subsequent repair processes are IL‐1β activity‐dependent, acting through the IL‐1 type 1 receptor (IL‐1R1), as co‐application of the IL‐1type 1 receptor antagonist protein (IL‐1ra) blocks IL‐1β induced effects. In the C6 astrocytic cell line, IL‐1β induced similar shape changes and upregulated expression of the cytoskeletal protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Since cytoskeletal changes, as well as specific signal transduction mechanisms, are associated with increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), studies were carried out to determine if increases in [Ca2+]i induced by IL‐1β occurred through activation of the IL‐1R1 in C6 cells. Cells were treated with IL‐1β and/or IL‐1ra, followed by measurement of relative changes in [Ca2+]i using fura‐2 fluorescence imaging methods. IL‐1β increased [Ca2+]i levels in a dose and time dependent manner. Treatment with IL‐1ra blocked IL‐1β induced increases in [Ca2+]i, indicating that IL‐1β acts through the IL‐1R1. Immunocytochemistry experiments showed that untreated C6 cells normally express IL‐1β, IL‐1ra, and IL‐1R1. Thus, IL‐1 system molecules may play a role in normal C6 astrocyte physiology.
Evaluation of thyroid function in lithium-naive bipolar patients
Authors: Valle J. , Ayuso-Gutierrez J.L. , Abril A. , Ayuso-Mateos J.L. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryA high prevalence of thyroid hypofunction has been found in bipolar patients. However, the samples used in previous studies included a high percentage of patients in treatment with lithium and carbamazepine. Since the use of these drugs may explain the high prevalence of thyroid disturbances found in bipolar patients, we designed the present study to assess thyroid function in a sample of bipolar patients who had not been treated previously with lithium or carbamazepine. Patients included in the sample met Research Diagnostic Criteria for bipolar affective disorder. Assessment included determination of serum levels for total tyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), and thyrotropin both basally and in response to infusion of 500 mg of Protilerin. The rate of thyroid hypofunction in the total sample (9.2%) was considerably lower than that reported in other studies with bipolar patients undergoing lithium therapy. Five patients (9.2%) showed some thyroid hyperfuncion parameter. Our results do not show significant differences in thyroid function indices between long-term and short-term duration of illness, between outpatients and inpatients, between high and low number of episodes, and between rapid- and non-rapid-cycling cases. Comparison between bipolar I and bipolar II patients shows a statistically significant difference in the values of TSH levels, with the bipolar II group having a higher mean value. Our data suggest that thyroid dysfunction is not related to gender, duration of illness, number of episodes, or rapid-cycling course of illness. The higher TRH-stimulated TSH levels in the bipolar II group could be considered a differential biological feature.
An analysis on the relationship between safety awareness and safety behaviors of healthcare professionals, Ankara/Turkey
Authors: Uzuntarla Fatma , Kucukali Serhat , Uzuntarla Yasin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objectives
This descriptive study aims to examine the relationship between the safety awareness of healthcare professional and their safety behaviors.

Methods
The study was carried out on 418 healthcare professionals working in a training and research hospital in Ankara/Turkey. The survey method was used as data collection tool. The questionnaire consisted of 3 sections and 18 questions. First section consisted of questions on sociodemographic characteristics and, second section consisted of the awareness scale and third section consisted of safety behaviors scale.

Results
The safety awareness and safety behaviors are scored on a scale from 1 (completely disagree) to 5 (completely agree). The safety awareness and safety behaviors has an average score of 3.85 ± 0.81 and 3.56 ± 0.82, respectively. The safety awareness and safety behavior levels of healthcare professionals were found to be high.

Conclusion
A significant positive correlation was found between safety awareness and safety behaviors and it was concluded that the increase in safety awareness led to an increase in safety behavior.
Comparison of the complete mitochondrial genome of Phyllophorus liuwutiensis (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Phyllophoridae) to that of other sea cucumbers
Authors: Yang Fuyuan , Zhou Chen , Tran Ngoc Tuan , Sun Zaiqiao , Wu Jianshao , Ge Hui , Lu Zhen , Zhong Chenhui , Zhu Zhihuang , Yang Qiuhua , Lin Qi 
Published: June 2020

Sea cucumber species are abundant (>1400 species) and widely distributed globally. mtDNA sequencing is frequently used to identify the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among species. However, there are no reports on the mitochondrial genome of Phyllophorus liuwutiensis. Here, we performed mtDNA sequencing of P. liuwutiensis to examine its phylogenetic relationships with other echinoderms. Its mitochondrial genome (15 969 bp) contains 37 coding genes, including 13 protein‐coding genes, 22 tRNA genes and 2 rRNA genes. Except for one protein‐coding gene (nad6) and five tRNA genes encoded on the negative strand, all other genes were encoded on the positive strand. The mitochondrial bases of P. liuwutiensis were composed of 29.55% T, 22.16% C, 35.64% A and 12.64% G. The putative control region was 703 bp in length. Seven overlapping regions (1–10 bp) were found. The noncoding region between the genes ranged from 1 to 130 bp in length. One putative control region has been found in the P. liuwutiensis mitogenome. All of the tRNA genes were predicted to fold into a cloverleaf structure. In addition, we compared the gene arrangements of six echinoderms, revealing that the gene order of P. liuwutiensis was a new arrangement.
Hierarchical structure‐based adaptive fault‐tolerant consensus control for multiple 3‐DOF laboratory helicopters
Authors: Liu Chun , Jiang Bin , Patton Ron J. , Zhang Ke 
Published: June 2020

SummaryThis study investigates the consensus problem of multiple 3‐DOF laboratory helicopters modeled with system nonlinearity, uncertainty, and actuator faults. The simultaneous additives and partial loss of effectiveness actuator faults are considered. The fault detection hierarchy, the healthy control hierarchy, and the fault‐tolerant control hierarchy constitute the hierarchical structure of multihelicopter systems. The fault‐tolerant consensus protocol is switched from the healthy control hierarchy once the actuator fault is detected in the fault detection hierarchy. An adaptive fault‐tolerant consensus control scheme is developed on the basis of the instantaneous and integral estimations to compensate simultaneously for system nonlinearity, uncertainty, and actuator faults and to guarantee the mean‐square consensus in a completely distributed form. Simulation results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive fault‐tolerant consensus control algorithm.
Electrochemical Nonacidic N‐Nitrosation/N‐Nitration of Secondary Amines through a Biradical Coupling Reaction
Authors: Zhao Ji‐Ping , Ding Lu‐jia , Wang Peng‐Cheng , Liu Ying , Huang Min‐Jun , Zhou Xin‐Li , Lu Ming 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAn acid‐free N‐nitrosation/nitration of the N−H bonds in secondary amines with Fe(NO3)3 ⋅ 9H2O as the nitroso/nitro source through an electrocatalyzed radical coupling reaction was developed. Cyclic aliphatic amines and N‐heteroaromatic compounds were N‐nitrosated and N‐nitrated, respectively, under mild conditions. Control and competition experiments, as well as kinetic studies, demonstrate that N‐nitrosation and N‐nitration involve two different radical reaction pathways involving N+ and N. radicals. Moreover, the electrocatalysis method enables the preferential activation of the N−H bond over the electrode and thus provides high selectivity for specific N atoms. Finally, this strategy exhibits a broad scope and provides a green and straightforward approach to generate useful N‐nitroso/nitro compounds in good yields.magnified image
Energy Level Alignment in Ternary Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Lami Vincent , Hofstetter Yvonne J. , Butscher Julian F. , Vaynzof Yana 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTernary organic solar cells (TOSC) are currently under intensive investigation, recently reaching a record efficiency of 17.1%. The origin of the device open‐circuit voltage (VOC), already a multifaceted issue in binary OSC, is even more complex in TOSCs. Herein, two ternary systems are investigated with one donor (D) and two acceptor materials (A1, A2) including fullerene and nonfullerene acceptors. By varying the ratio between the two acceptors, VOC is found to be gradually tuned between those of the two binary systems, D:A1 and D:A2. To investigate the origin of this change, ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) depth profiling is employed, which is used to estimate the photovoltaic gap in the ternary systems. The results reveal an excellent agreement between the estimated photovoltaic gap and the VOC for all mixing ratios, suggesting that the energetic alignment between the blend components varies depending on the ratio D:A1:A2. Furthermore, the results indicate that the sum of radiative and nonradiative losses in these ternary systems is independent of the blend composition. Finally, the superiority of UPS over X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling is demonstrated in resolving compositional profiles for material combinations with very similar chemical, but dissimilar electronic structures, as common in TOSCs.