bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decolonization, Freemasonry and the rise of ‘homosexuality’ as a public issue in Cameroon: The return of Dr Aujoulat1
Authors: Orock Rogers , Geschiere Peter 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Relating to academic debates on the emergence of moral panics over homosexuality in several parts of Africa, this article examines rumours on homosexuality as a political issue that connects colonial pasts and postcolonial struggles in Cameroon. We link current struggles over homosexuality to broader debates about the question of Cameroon’s decolonization from France. The article focuses on the figure of Dr Louis Paul Aujoulat, a French colonial official in Cameroon who played a crucial role in the country’s decolonization in the 1950s. Aujoulat died in 1972, but recently, he made a ‘return’ in rumours and public debates in a new role: he is now accused of having ‘sodomized’ the emergent new elite of Cameroon, thus introducing homosexuality; moreover, he is linked to Freemasonry and occult initiation rites. Our aim was to show how a particular decolonization trajectory—very rocky in the case of Cameroon—is related to the present-day moral panic about a supposed proliferation of homosexuality. Freemasonry and its special history on the African continent—notably its role in maintaining the coherence of Françafrique between France and its former colonies—is a severely understudied topic. Its linkages to same-sex practices and illicit enrichment give the Cameroonian case a wider relevance. We argue that the new rumours on Dr Aujoulat define him as a key figure in linking Freemasonry, homosexuality and illicit enrichment to present-day issues of state governance, citizenship and elite misrule in Cameroon.
Current knowledge of SLC6A1-related neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Goodspeed Kimberly , Pérez-Palma Eduardo , Iqbal Sumaiya , Cooper Dominique , Scimemi Annalisa , Johannesen Katrine M , Stefanski Arthur , Demarest Scott , Helbig Katherine L , Kang Jingqiong , Shaffo Frances C , Prentice Brandon , Brownstein Catherine A , Lim Byungchan , Helbig Ingo , De Los Reyes Emily , McKnight Dianalee , Crunelli Vincenzo , Campbell Arthur J , Møller Rikke S , Freed Amber , Lal Dennis 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Advances in gene discovery have identified genetic variants in the solute carrier family 6 member 1 gene as a monogenic cause of neurodevelopmental disorders, including epilepsy with myoclonic atonic seizures, autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. The solute carrier family 6 member 1 gene encodes for the GABA transporter protein type 1, which is responsible for the reuptake of the neurotransmitter GABA, the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, from the extracellular space. GABAergic inhibition is essential to counterbalance neuronal excitation, and when significantly disrupted, it negatively impacts brain development leading to developmental differences and seizures. Aggregation of patient variants and observed clinical manifestations expand understanding of the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of this disorder. Here, we assess genetic and phenotypic features in 116 individuals with solute carrier family 6 member 1 variants, the vast majority of which are likely to lead to GABA transporter protein type 1 loss-of-function. The knowledge acquired will guide therapeutic decisions and the development of targeted therapies that selectively enhance transporter function and may improve symptoms. We analysed the longitudinal and cell type-specific expression of solute carrier family 6 member 1 in humans and localization of patient and control missense variants in a novel GABA transporter protein type 1 protein structure model. In this update, we discuss the progress made in understanding and treating solute carrier family 6 member 1-related disorders thus far, through the concerted efforts of clinicians, scientists and family support groups.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Miltefosine in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Ware JeanAnne M , O’Connell Elise M , Brown Thomas , Wetzler Lauren , Talaat Kawsar R , Nutman Thomas B , Nash Theodore E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical disease causing an estimated 1 million new cases annually. While antimonial compounds are the standard of care worldwide, they are associated with significant adverse effects. Miltefosine, an oral medication, is United States (US) Food and Drug Administration approved to treat CL caused by Leishmania braziliensis, Leishmania guyanensis, and Leishmania panamensis. Evidence of efficacy in other species and side-effect profiles in CL has been limited.

Methods
Twenty-six patients with CL were treated with miltefosine at the US National Institutes of Health. Species included L. braziliensis (n = 7), L. panamensis (n = 5), Leishmania mexicana (n = 1), Leishmania infantum (n = 3), Leishmania aethiopica (n = 4), Leishmania tropica (n = 2), Leishmania major (n = 1), and unspeciated (n = 3). Demographic and clinic characteristics of the participants, response to treatment, and associated adverse events were analyzed.

Results
Treatment with miltefosine resulted in cure in 77 % (20/26) of cases, with cures among all species. Common adverse events included nausea/vomiting (97%) and lack of appetite (54%). Clinical management or dose reduction was required in a third of cases. Gout occurred in 3 individuals with a prior history of gout. Most laboratory abnormalities, including elevated creatinine and aminotransferases, were mild and normalized after treatment.

Conclusions
Our data suggest that miltefosine has good but imperfect efficacy to a wide variety of Leishmania species. While side effects were common and mostly mild to moderate, some resulted in discontinuation of therapy. Due to oral administration, broad efficacy, and manageable toxicities, miltefosine is a viable alternative treatment option for CL, though cost and lack of local availability may limit its widespread use.
Hercules: Intelligent Coupling of Dual-Mode Flash Memory and Hard Disk Drive
Authors: Cheng Wen , Zou Yuqi , Zeng Lingfang , Wang Yang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The write performance of multi-level cell (MLC) is several times slower than single-level cell (SLC); however, the cost per bit of MLC is much lower than SLC. Dual-mode flash (the medium can be partially switched to SLC mode by programming only 1 bit in some cells) can combine SLC and MLC to provide trading density opportunity for performance. In this paper, we present Hercules—a hybrid storage system that couples dual-mode flash memory and hard drive disk (HDD)—based on the content locality principle for high storage performance. The data are divided into two types: the reference data for read operation and the delta data for write operation. The reference data are stored in SLC and the delta data in MLC or HDD in sequential orders. Hercules organizes the metadata for the mapping of the physical locations of the reference blocks and the delta data of the original blocks, intelligently identifies hot/cold data and performs the data migration between MLC and disk for performance improvements. To validate our findings, we implemented Hercules and made evaluation to show that Hercules can effectively improve the data access speed and reduce the response time, compared with the Flashcache storage structure, and in particular, with Hercules, we can achieve 10% performance improvement over the system in absence of hot delta data caching.
Improved Key Recovery Attacks on Simplified Version of K2 Stream Cipher
Authors: Ma Sudong , Guan Jie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The K2 stream cipher, designed for 32-bit words, is an ISO/IEC 18033 standard and is listed as a recommended algorithm used by the Japanese government in the CRYPTREC project. The main feature of the K2 algorithm is the use of a dynamic feedback control mechanism between the two linear feedback shift registers, which makes the analysis of the K2 algorithm more difficult. In this paper, for its simplified version algorithm, a key recovery attack is performed by using differential attacks. Firstly, for the unknown key, the same IV is fixed in two chosen IV differential attacks, and we use the input differences and the output differences of the S-box to recover the input of S-box; the internal state values can be uniquely determined by taking intersection of the input of S-box. This technology is used to improve the key recovery attack of seven-round algorithm proposed by Deike Priemuth-Schmid. Secondly, we find the constraint relationship between the keystream equations and the unknown differences by introducing the guess difference bit and eliminate the impossible differences by the constraint relationship. Thus, we expand the key recovery attack from seven to nine rounds. The time complexity of the attack is $\boldsymbol{O} \boldsymbol{(2^{113.93})}$, the data complexity is $\boldsymbol{O}\boldsymbol{(2^{8.71})}$ and the success rate is $\textbf{99.07\%}$.
Assessment of Co-Occurring Substance Use During Opiate Treatment Programs in the United States
Authors: Gormley Mirinda Ann , Blondino Courtney T , Taylor DaShaunda D H , Lowery Elizabeth , Clifford James S , Burkart Benjamin , Graves Whitney C , Prom-Wormley Elizabeth C , Lu Juan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The effectiveness of opiate treatment programs (OTPs) can be significantly influenced by co-occurring substance use, yet there are no standardized guidelines for assessing the influence of co-occurring substance use on treatment outcomes. In this review, we aim to provide an overview on the status of the assessment of co-occurring substance use during participation in OTPs in the United States. We searched 4 databases—MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, PsychINFO, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)—from database inception to November 2018 to select relevant publications on OTPs that assessed participants’ co-occurring substance use. We used a standardized protocol to extract study, intervention, and co-occurring substance use characteristics. Methodological quality was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Of the 3,219 titles screened, 614 abstracts and 191 full-text original publications were assessed, leaving 85 eligible articles. Co-occurring substance use was most often assessed during opioid treatments using combined (pharmacological and behavioral) (n = 57 studies) and pharmacological (n = 25 studies) interventions. Cocaine, alcohol, marijuana, and benzodiazepines were frequently measured, while amphetamines and tobacco were rarely assessed. Great variation existed between studies in the timing and measurement of co-occurring substance use, as well as definitions for substances and polysubstance/polydrug use. Inconsistencies in the investigation of co-occurring substance use make comparison of results across studies challenging. Standardized measures and consensus on research on co-occurring substance use is needed to produce the evidence required to develop personalized treatment programs for persons using multiple substances and to inform best-practice guidelines for addressing polydrug use during participation in OTPs.
Filling the ranks: the Remplacement Militaire in post-revolutionary France
Authors: Rouanet Louis , Piano Ennio E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Many economists have analyzed the efficiency of a volunteered army relative to a conscripted army. However, they have rarely studied the working of real-world alternative, market-based, military institutions where exemptions from military service are traded among the citizens. This paper fills this gap by studying the rise and fall of the Remplacement Militaire in the eighteenth and the nineteenth century France. This system endured for more than three quarters of a century until the French government progressively moved toward universal conscription after 1872. At times of military expansion, the State regulated the replacement market. We argue that the goal of such regulations was to limit the increase in fraud and avoid a deterioration in the quality of the soldiery associated with increases in the price of replacements.
Longitudinal Associations Between Gait, Falls, and Disability in Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Type II Diabetes Mellitus: Findings From The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA)
Authors: Donoghue Orna A , Leahy Siobhan , Kenny Rose Anne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Diabetes is associated with gait deficits, future falls, and disability; however, it is unclear if associations remain after controlling for relevant confounders. This study investigated (i) the effects of type II diabetes on spatiotemporal gait parameters in community-dwelling older adults and (ii) if diabetes status was independently associated with future falls and disability, after controlling for gait and other confounders.

Method
Baseline data were obtained from 2608 community-dwelling adults (≥60 years) participating in The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Diabetes was identified from self-reported doctors’ diagnosis, medications, and glycated hemoglobin levels. Gait characteristics were obtained during single- and dual-task walking using a GAITRite mat (n = 2560). Incident falls and disability were collected over 4 years follow-up (n = 2473). Associations between diabetes status and gait (cross-sectional) and falls and disability (longitudinal) were investigated using regression analysis, adjusting for medications, cardiovascular health, neuropsychological function, and fall-related factors.

Results
Diabetes (prevalence = 9.1%) was cross-sectionally associated with shorter dual-task step length after adjusting for covariates (β = −1.59, 95% CI: −3.10, −0.08, p &lt; .05). Diabetes was independently associated with increased risk of future instrumental activity of daily living (IADL) difficulty in those with no prior difficulty (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.08, 2.11, p &lt; .05) although dual-task step length was an important confounder in all disability models. No independent associations between diabetes and falls were observed.

Conclusions
Diabetes was independently associated with shorter dual-task step length and increased risk of future IADL difficulty. Multidimensional interventions addressing poor health and function in those with diabetes may help reduce the risk of gait deficits and future disability.
Spectral induced polarization in anisotropic rocks with electrically conductive inclusions: synthetic model study
Authors: Gurin Grigory , Titov Konstantin , Ilyin Yuri , Fomina Ekaterina 
Published: October 2020

SUMMARY
Electrically conductive minerals (e.g. graphite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and magnetite) occur in the various geological contexts. They might represent economic resources or serve as indicators of such resources. In addition, they can be sources of contamination of soil and groundwater. Therefore, characterization of rocks containing electrically conductive inclusions is an important task in many sectors of science and economy. We conducted laboratory measurements to study the impact of the shape, composition, size and passivation character of electrically conductive inclusions on the induced polarization (IP) parameters. This paper presents results of time-domain IP measurements performed on 22 synthetic models, which were made of sieved sand mixed with electrically conductive particles. We carried out the IP measurements while varying orientation of the electrical field relative to the long axis of the inclusions. We found that the total chargeability of the models (M) strongly depended on the volumetric content (ξ), shape and characteristic size (l) of the inclusions. It also depended on the angle between the electrical field direction and the orientation of the long axis of the inclusions (α), which made the models anisotropic. Experimental relationships between M, ξ, l and α were found consistent with predictions of the generalized Maxwell–Garnett mixing equation in the tensor form. In contrast to M, the relaxation time (τ) of the studied models was almost independent of $\alpha $. Exceptions were the models with cylindrical electrically conductive particles, which showed a strong relationship between τ and $\ \alpha $. Despite the previous assumptions, no unique relationship between τ and the characteristic length of electrically conductive inclusions was observed. However, for all particle shapes, $\tau $ was proportional to the surface area of the particles. We also studied how passivated areas on the surface of the inclusions modified the spectral IP parameters. We found that passivation of electrically conductive inclusions led to anisotropy of M, while τ remained almost unaffected by the orientation of the polarizing field. Based on the experimental data, we show that the polarization magnitude of electrically conductive inclusions is proportional to the normal component of the electrical current density on their surface. We also show that the relaxation time is proportional to the area of the active surface of the inclusions. The obtained relationships highlight the importance of the interfacial polarization mechanism of the electrically conductive inclusions.
Gravity data inversion for the basement relief delineation through global optimization: a case study from the Aegean Graben System, western Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Ekinci Yunus Levent , Balkaya Çağlayan , Göktürkler Gökhan , Özyalın Şenol 
Published: October 2020

SUMMARYAegean Graben System is a significant member of the complex geology of western Turkey. The depths to the metamorphic basement reliefs in two major grabens have been reported by many geophysical studies. However, the sediment thicknesses of these graben basins still remain controversial due to the findings differing from each other. Thus, we have inverted the gravity data of the sedimentary cover–metamorphic basement using a stochastic derivative-free vector-based metaheuristic named differential evolution algorithm (DEA). This is the first application of DEA adapted to the basement relief depth problem. Model parametrizations have been achieved by discretizing the basins using a group of juxtaposed vertical blocks. Before the inversion studies, mathematical nature of the inverse problem has been investigated via prediction cost function/error energy maps for some block pairs using a hypothetical basin model. These maps have shown the resolvability characteristic of the block thicknesses on such inversion problem. Parameter tuning studies for the optimum mutation constant/weighting factor have been performed to increase the efficiency of the algorithm. The synthetic data have been successfully inverted via the tuned control parameter and some smoothing operators. Probability density function (PDF) analyses have shown that the best solutions are within the confidence interval limits without uncertainties. In the field data case, long-wavelength anomalies caused by both crustal and deeper effects have been removed from the complete Bouguer anomalies through 2-D finite element method using the element shape functions. Some profiles extracted from the residual gravity anomaly map have been used for the inversion and obtained results have shown that the maximum depths to the metamorphic basement reliefs in the grabens are shallower than the findings of the previous studies. Information obtained from the lithological logs drilled in the grabens has supported our results. Moreover, PDF analyses have indicated the reliability of the obtained solutions without uncertainties.
Molecular Plasticity in Animal Pigmentation: Emerging Processes Underlying Color Changes
Authors: Alvarado Sebastian G 
Published: October 2020

Synopsis
Animal coloration has been rigorously studied and has provided morphological implications for fitness with influences over social behavior, predator–prey interactions, and sexual selection. In vertebrates, its study has developed our understanding across diverse fields ranging from behavior to molecular biology. In the search for underlying molecular mechanisms, many have taken advantage of pedigree-based and genome-wide association screens to reveal the genetic architecture responsible for pattern variation that occurs in early development. However, genetic differences do not provide a full picture of the dynamic changes in coloration that are most prevalent across vertebrates at the molecular level. Changes in coloration that occur in adulthood via phenotypic plasticity rely on various social, visual, and dietary cues independent of genetic variation. Here, I will review the contributions of pigment cell biology to animal color changes and recent studies describing their molecular underpinnings and function. In this regard, conserved epigenetic processes such as DNA methylation play a role in lending plasticity to gene regulation as it relates to chromatophore function. Lastly, I will present African cichlids as emerging models for the study of pigmentation and molecular plasticity for animal color changes. I posit that these processes, in a dialog with environmental stimuli, are important regulators of variation and the selective advantages that accompany a change in coloration for vertebrate animals.
Almost Homogeneous Varieties of Albanese Codimension One
Authors: Laurent Bruno 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe classify almost homogeneous normal varieties of Albanese codimension $1$, defined over an arbitrary field. We prove that such a variety has a unique normal equivariant completion. Over a perfect field, the group scheme of automorphisms of this completion is smooth, except in one case in characteristic $2$, and we determine its (reduced) neutral component.
Key Characteristics of Residual Malaria Transmission in Two Districts in South-Eastern Tanzania—Implications for Improved Control
Authors: Okumu Fredros , Finda Marceline 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
After 2 decades of using insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and improved case management, malaria burden in the historically-holoendemic Kilombero valley in Tanzania has significantly declined. We review key characteristics of the residual transmission and recommend options for improvement. Transmission has declined by &gt;10-fold since 2000 but remains heterogeneous over small distances. Following the crash of Anopheles gambiae, which coincided with ITN scale-up around 2005-2012, Anopheles funestus now dominates malaria transmission. While most infections still occur indoors, substantial biting happens outdoors and before bed-time. There is widespread resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates; An. funestus being particularly strongly-resistant. In short and medium-term, these challenges could be addressed using high-quality indoor residual spraying with nonpyrethroids, or ITNs incorporating synergists. Supplementary tools, eg, spatial-repellents may expand protection outdoors. However, sustainable control requires resilience-building approaches, particularly improved housing and larval-source management to suppress mosquitoes, stronger health systems guaranteeing case-detection and treatment, greater community-engagement and expanded health education.