bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vodún, Spirited Forests, and the African Atlantic Forest Complex
Authors: Landry Timothy R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Vodún has been described as indefinable, endlessly flexible, and borderless. In this paper, I develop an analytical framework for understanding global Vodún, thereby challenging claims that Vodún is, at its core, inexplicable. To accomplish this, I combine over a decade of ethnographic research in Bénin and Haiti with my status as an initiate of Haitian Vodou and my time as a diviner's apprentice in Bénin. Joining these three modalities, I explore the centrality of the forest as a key symbol in Vodún cosmology, how the forest's symbolic and ontological potency is maintained in Bénin and beyond, and how a forest-focused analysis of Vodún offers anthropologists new insights into how and why African Atlantic forest religions have been so successful globally. I lay out a new strategy for understanding Vodún that reframes the religion as an ontological product of forest cosmologies, and, in so doing, I argue that Vodún is best understood as a smaller part of a greater African Atlantic religious system that I call the “African Atlantic Forest Complex.”
Direitos Sociais no Brasil: balanço de uma jornada com destino incerto
Authors: Balmant Emerique Lilian Márcia 
Published: July 2020

O artigo traz um balanço sucinto e panorâmico sobre a eficácia dos direitos sociais, utilizando como metodologia analítico-descritiva a reflexão sobre os principais processos transcorridos desde 1988 com a promulgação da Constituição brasileira conduzidos pelos Poderes Executivo, Legislativo e Judiciário em termos de avanços, desafios e impasses na matéria. Entretanto, sem ter a pretensão de esgotar o assunto uma vez que nosso propósito ao final consiste em trazer algumas proposições para alterações no quadro descrito capazes de fomentar a eficácia dos direitos sociais. O estudo desenvolve uma análise crítica e proativa sobre a eficácia dos direitos sociais com vistas a atualizar o debate, fazer uma breve análise e buscar meios para o aprimoramento da democracia pelo exercício mais pleno da cidadania, especialmente voltada para o desenvolvimento sustentável do Estado brasileiro, solapado por problemas ocasionados pela marginalização e exclusão social. O objetivo das apreciações científicas no campo do Direito consiste em cooperar para o aperfeiçoamento das instituições jurídicas e das políticas públicas sobre a eficácia dos direitos sociais.
The first species of Trichopsomyia Williston, 1888 (Diptera: Syrphidae) described from the Oriental region, with a discussion on the character states of the pilosity of the katepisternum
Authors: Van Steenis Jeroen , Wyatt Nigel P. 
Published: July 2020

The first Oriental species of the genus Trichopsomyia Williston, 1888, Trichopsomyia pilosa sp. nov. (Java), has been discovered and is now described. This Oriental species of Trichopsomyia has several characters strongly differing from the other species within this genus. It is hypothesized that it forms a separate group within Trichopsomyia. One species, Trichopsomyia formiciphila Downes, Skevington & Thompson, 2017, from Australia, is similar to the Oriental species described here, and the group is named after this first described species, hence the formiciphila group. The characters for a future phylogenetic analysis are discussed. The character states of the pilosity of the katepisternum and the shape of the metasternum hitherto used in a phylogenetic analysis of Syrphidae Latreille, 1802 are discussed too.
Les amnisties des crimes internationaux : recherche sur l’état du droit
Authors: Grondin Olivier 
Published: July 2020

L’utilisation de mesures d’amnistie à la fin d’un conflit n’est pas un phénomène nouveau; on retrace cette pratique dans certains accords de paix du milieu du XVIIe siècle. Cependant, l’essor relativement récent de juridictions internationales et régionales, tant pénales que celles visant la protection des droits de la personne, a donné lieu à une remise en question de cette pratique, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les crimes internationaux. Dans le cadre de cette remise en question, de nombreux juristes et organismes internationaux ont affirmé qu’il existait une prohibition absolue des amnisties pour les crimes internationaux. Cet article défend la thèse que bien qu’il soit généralement prohibé d’amnistier les crimes internationaux, cette prohibition n’est pas de nature impérative. Il serait donc possible, en fonction des situations, d’octroyer de telles amnisties. Nous procédons en deux étapes. D’une part, nous cherchons au sein des reconnaissances internationales du pouvoir d’amnistie des États afin d’y observer l’existence d’une telle prohibition qui lui soit inhérente. Ensuite, nous nous penchons sur les différentes limites au pouvoir d’amnistie des États qui émanent des différentes obligations internationales des États. Il ressort de cette étude que, bien qu’il existe plusieurs contraintes qui viennent circonscrire la possibilité pour les États de mettre en place des mesures d’amnistie visant des crimes internationaux, celles-ci demeurent possibles en fonction de la nécessité ou de l’impossibilité d’exécution de l’action pénale.
Integration and Interpretation of Aeromagnetic, 3D Seismic and Well Logs Data in Hydrocarbon Exploration in Niger Delta Basin
Authors: Akinsete Oluwatoyin O. , Abdulraheem Toyin Y. , Naheem Salawu B. , Leke Adebiyi S. 
Published: July 2020

As the challenges associated with hydrocarbon exploration rises with upsurge in energy demand, the need to minimize risk associated with hydrocarbon exploration if supply is to keep up with demand.
In this work, high resolution aeromagnetic, 3D seismic and well-logs data were adopted and integrated to aid in exploration and characterization of reservoirs in ''XYZ'' field in offshore Niger Delta. Fast Fourier Transform Filter using Oasis Montaj software was applied to the Total Magnetic Intensity grid in horizon and fault interpretation also used to produce subsurface structural maps for sedimentary layer thickness estimation. Direct hydrocarbon indicators (bright spots) on the seismic section was shown using seismic signal. Petrel software and wireline log signatures were used to identify hydrocarbon-bearing sands and determine petrophysical parameters such as porosity, hydrocarbon saturation and net thickness.
The structural maps generated showed: Three major (synthetic) faults dips south and one minor (antithetic) fault dips north in the field; three identified prospective sands (A, B, C) were delineated. Possible presence of oil accumulation was indicated by the combined Neutron-Density log response. The range of values of effective porosity, hydrocarbon saturation and net thickness were 18-22%, 34-58% and 19.1-28.1 m, respectively.
This study established that integration of magnetic, 3D seismic and well-log data are desirable innovative techniques to better understand and analyze subsurface for hydrocarbon potential and exploration.
Neopterin as a Predictor of Response to Pegylated Interferon Therapy in Egyptian Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Abdelaziz Heba Gamal , Tantawy Tamer Mahmoud El- , Attia Hanan Abd El-Mawgoud , Hamed Mayada Mosa 
Published: July 2020

Background: Neopterin is a proinflammatorymarker which participates in cell-mediated immunity, and its elevated concentrations declare the presence of interferon-γ in body fluids. In thisstudy, neopterin concentrations were determined in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)to assess whether its plasma level can be used to predict the response to antiviral therapy by pegIFNγ combined with ribavirin before starting the treatment.
Materials and Mehtods: A total of 54 subjects (all males with an average age of 46.12± 9.89) were included in this study. Neopterin levels were evaluatedby Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELIZA) in HCV patients treated with peylated interferon combined with ribavirin. Liver function tests (Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase), albumin and creatinine concentrations were also estimatied.
Results: Mean and median pretreatment neopterin levelsshowed no statistically difference between patients with sustained virological response (cured)and non-responders (relapsed) where the concentrations in both groups were≥16 nmol/L.On the other hand, a positive correlation was observed between neopterin level and creatinine at (p ≤ 0.05).
Conclusion: Our study suggests that the pretreatment level of neopterin might not be used in routine clinical practice as a marker to predict the response to antiviral therapy in HCVpatients.
Anti-biofilm Activity of Extracts of Caryota no in Drosophila melanogaster Infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Maduagwuna Chinonye A. , Omale Simeon , Gyang Steven S. 
Published: July 2020

Objectives: To investigate the anti-biofilm activity of the n-hexane and methanol extracts of Caryota no (CN) seeds against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infection in D. melanogaster.
Study Design: Experimental design.
Place and Duration: Sample: African Centre of Excellence for Phytomedicine Research and Development, University of Jos, Jos Plateau State Nigeria between June 2018 and February 2019. Methods: 20 flies (1-3 days old) were pricked in the dorsolateral aspect of the abdomen with a modified fly needle dipped in biofilm forming strain of P. aeruginosa inoculum and left to recover and then transferred into the appropriately labeled vials which include different doses of the extracts or those in various control conditions. This process was done in 2 batches of flies treated with extracts prior to infection and flies treated with extracts after infection. The flies were monitored for survival for 72 hours. Mortality records were taken 6 hourly during this period, and the percentage of death determined in each group. The statistical difference among test groups was presumed at P < .05.
Results: The result of n-hexane Caryota no extract showed significantly (P < .05) improved survival (or decreased mortality) when used prophylactically and in curative assays compared to the control. The 400 mg of the n-hexane extract seemed to be the optimal concentration in both prophylactic and curative assays since it showed the least percentage deaths (50% and 43%) respectively. The methanolic extract exhibited a nonsignificant (P > .05) decrease in percentage death prophylactically but direct significant (P < .05) dose-dependent reduction in percentage deaths than the control in the curative studies with the 400 mg dose also showing the least deaths (47%).
Conclusion: The results suggest that both methanolic and n-hexane extracts of Caryota no have potentials as antibiofilm agents.
Prenatal Diagnosis in Sickle Cell Disease: In the Eyes of the Couple at Risk
Authors: Chioma Okechukwu 
Published: July 2020

Background: Prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell disorders provides a couple at risk the opportunity to make informed decisions whether or not to birth a child with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD).
Aim: To explore the knowledge of prenatal diagnosis and its acceptability among parents at risk of having another child with SCD
Methods: A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to obtain information on socio-demographics, knowledge and attitude towards prenatal diagnosis. The respondents were parents of SCD patients seen at the haematology consultant paediatric clinic of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching hospital. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20.0.
Results: Forty-six parents were interviewed and they were all Christians. Thirty-two (69.6%) were females and fourteen (30.4%) were males. All the respondents were from the south-south region of Nigeria. Four (8.7%) had lost children from complications of SCD. Twenty-four (52.2%), had heard about prenatal diagnosis of sickle cell disease while twelve (50%) of them heard about it from health care professionals. Four (8.7%) had done prenatal diagnosis in previous pregnancies while 32 (69.6%) were willing to do it in their next pregnancy. The most common reasons given for not doing prenatal diagnosis were religious beliefs, personal beliefs and fear of the procedure.
Conclusion: There is still a gap in knowledge and utilization of prenatal diagnosis by at risk couples. Appropriate information and regular counselling should be given to at risk parents as a key method of preventing SCD.
Changes of Cardiac Rhythm after Closure of Secundum Atrial Septal Defect in Children
Authors: Sorour Esraa A. , Elatafy Elatafy E. , Lotfy Wael N. , Zoair Amr M. 
Published: July 2020

Background: Arrhythmias may complicate congenital heart diseases, such as secundum atrial septal defects. We aimed at following up the rhythm changes in children after closure of ostiumsecundum atrial septal defects.
Methods: The current study was conducted in the Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Tanta University, on 60 pediatric patients who had undergone either trans-catheter or surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defects. Complete history taking and full clinical assessment were done. Echocardiographic assessment was performed to detect any residual defects, and assess chamber dimensions, and cardiac functions. Electrocardiographic assessment including Holter monitoring was performed within two months after the procedure, after six months, and after one year. Arrhythmias were classified into major and minor types. All results were statistically analyzed and tabulated.
Results: There were no significant differences between the pre-closure rhythm and the rhythm after closure of the defects throughout the follow-up. The percentage of patients with major arrhythmias has increased from 6.7% of the total sample to 13.3%, 11.6%, and 11.6% in the early, midterm and late follow up respectively. The significant risk factors for postoperative arrhythmias were; pre-closure arrhythmia, right atrial dilatation, and serious hemodynamic instability in the early follow up.
Conclusions: We concluded that arrhythmias were common before and after atrial septal defect closure, without significant differences. Pre-closure arrhythmia, right atrial dilatation, and serious hemodynamic instability are considered important risk factors of arrhythmias after secundum atrial septal defect’s closure in pediatric patients.
Hyperoside ameliorates periodontitis in rats by promoting osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via activation of the NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Xu Tao , Wu Xiao , Zhou Zhou , Ye Yu , Yan Chaoting , Zhuge Nanshan , Yu Jinhua 
Published: July 2020

Hyperoside, as an active compound, widely exists in a large number of Chinese herbal medicines and has been reported to possess anti‐inflammatory and diuretic properties. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of hyperoside on periodontitis have not been previously reported. In this study, we found that hyperoside ameliorates symptoms of periodontitis in a rat model, with improvements in alveolar bone resorption, relief of inflammatory infiltration, increase in orderly arrangement of collagen fibers and increase of osteogenic differentiation. In addition, hyperoside promoted proliferation, up‐regulated EdU‐positive cells, decreased cell‐cycle distribution and increased the protein expression of Ki67 and PCNA in rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs), as revealed by Cell Counting Kit‐8, EdU, flow cytometry and western blot analysis. Moreover, hyperoside significantly promoted osteogenic differentiation, as shown by quantitative RT‐PCR, western blot and alizarin red staining assays. Furthermore, hyperoside activated the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathway in rBMSCs, similar to the results observed in vivo. Finally, BMS345541, an inhibitor of the NF‐κB signaling pathway, could reverse the effects of hyperoside on the biological functions in rBMSCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that hyperoside has potential therapeutic properties against periodontitis via promotion of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs via activation of the NF‐κB signaling pathway.
3D Bioprinting of Macroporous Materials Based on Entangled Hydrogel Microstrands
Authors: Kessel Benjamin , Lee Mihyun , Bonato Angela , Tinguely Yann , Tosoratti Enrico , Zenobi‐Wong Marcy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHydrogels are excellent mimetics of mammalian extracellular matrices and have found widespread use in tissue engineering. Nanoporosity of monolithic bulk hydrogels, however, limits mass transport of key biomolecules. Microgels used in 3D bioprinting achieve both custom shape and vastly improved permissivity to an array of cell functions, however spherical‐microbead‐based bioinks are challenging to upscale, are inherently isotropic, and require secondary crosslinking. Here, bioinks based on high‐aspect‐ratio hydrogel microstrands are introduced to overcome these limitations. Pre‐crosslinked, bulk hydrogels are deconstructed into microstrands by sizing through a grid with apertures of 40–100 µm. The microstrands are moldable and form a porous, entangled structure, stable in aqueous medium without further crosslinking. Entangled microstrands have rheological properties characteristic of excellent bioinks for extrusion bioprinting. Furthermore, individual microstrands align during extrusion and facilitate the alignment of myotubes. Cells can be placed either inside or outside the hydrogel phase with >90% viability. Chondrocytes co‐printed with the microstrands deposit abundant extracellular matrix, resulting in a modulus increase from 2.7 to 780.2 kPa after 6 weeks of culture. This powerful approach to deconstruct bulk hydrogels into advanced bioinks is both scalable and versatile, representing an important toolbox for 3D bioprinting of architected hydrogels.
Charge Redistribution Caused by S,P Synergistically Active Ru Endows an Ultrahigh Hydrogen Evolution Activity of S‐Doped RuP Embedded in N,P,S‐Doped Carbon
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Liu Fan , Yu Jiayuan , Xiong Guowei , Zhao Lili , Sang Yuanhua , Zuo Shouwei , Zhang Jing , Liu Hong , Zhou Weijia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWater splitting for production of hydrogen as a clean energy alternative to fossil fuel has received much attention, but it is still a tough challenge to synthesize electrocatalysts with controllable bonding and charge distribution. In this work, ultrafine S‐doped RuP nanoparticles homogeneously embedded in a N, P, and S‐codoped carbon sheet (S‐RuP@NPSC) is synthesized by pyrolysis of poly(cyclotriphosphazene‐co‐4,4′‐sulfonyldiphenol) (PZS) as the source of C/N/S/P. The bondings between Ru and N, P, S in PZS are regulated to synthesize RuS2 (800 °C) and S‐RuP (900 °C) by different calcination temperatures. The S‐RuP@NPSC with low Ru loading of 0.8 wt% with abundant active catalytic sites possesses high utilization of Ru, the mass catalytic activity is 22.88 times than 20 wt% Pt/C with the overpotential of 250 mV. Density functional theory calculation confirms that the surface Ru (−0.18 eV) and P (0.05 eV) are catalytic active sites for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and the according charge redistribution of Ru is regulated by S and P with reverse electronegativity and electron–donor property to induce a synergistically enhanced reactivity toward the HER. This work provides a rational method to regulate the bonding and charge distribution of Ru‐based electrocatalysts by reacting macromolecules with multielement of C/N/S/P with Ru.
Benchmark Performance of Emergency Medicine Residents in Pediatric Resuscitation: Are We Optimizing Pediatric Education for Emergency Medicine Trainees?
Authors: Schoppel Kyle A. , Stapleton Stephanie , Florian Jana , Whitfill Travis , Walsh Barbara M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe majority of children in the United States seek emergency care at community‐based general emergency departments (GEDs); however, the quality of GED pediatric emergency care varies widely. This may be explained by a number of factors, including residency training environments and postgraduate knowledge decay. Emergency medicine (EM) residents train in academic pediatric EDs, but didactic and clinical experience vary widely between programs, and little is known about the pediatric skills of these EM residents. This study aimed to assess the performance of senior EM residents in treating simulated pediatric patients at the end of their training.MethodsThis was a prospective, cross‐sectional, simulation‐based cohort study assessing the simulated performance of senior EM resident physicians from two Massachusetts programs leading medical teams caring for three critically ill patients. Sessions were video recorded and scored separately by three reviewers using a previously published simulation assessment tool. Self‐efficacy surveys were completed prior to each session. The primary outcome was a median total performance score (TPS), calculated by the mean of individualized domain scores (IDS) for each case. Each IDS was calculated as a percentage of items performed on a checklist‐based instrument.ResultsA total of 18 EM resident physicians participated (PGY‐3 = 8, PGY‐4 = 10). Median TPS for the cohort was 61% (IQR = 56%–70%). Median IDSs by case were as follows: sepsis 67% (IQR = 50%–67%), seizure 67% (IQR = 50%–83%), and cardiac arrest 67% (IQR = 43%–70%). The overall cohort self‐efficacy for pediatric EM (PEM) was 64% (IQR = 60%–70%).ConclusionsThis study has begun the process of benchmarking clinical performance of graduating EM resident physicians. Overall, the EM resident cohort in this study performed similar to prior GED teams. Self‐efficacy related to PEM correlated well with performance, with the exception of knowledge relative to intravenous fluid and vasopressor administration in pediatric septic shock. A significant area of discrepancy and missed checklist items were those related to cardiopulmonary resuscitation and basic life support maneuvers.
Smart Magnetic and Fluorogenic Photosensitizer Nanoassemblies Enable Redox‐Driven Disassembly for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: An Ruibing , Cheng Xiaoyang , Wei Shixuan , Hu Yuxuan , Sun Yidan , Huang Zheng , Chen Hong‐Yuan , Ye Deju 
Published: July 2020

AbstractStimuli‐responsive smart photosensitizer (PS) nanoassemblies that allow enhanced delivery and controlled release of PSs are promising for imaging‐guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumors. However, the lack of high‐sensitivity and spatial‐resolution signals and fast washout of released PSs from tumor tissues have impeded PDT efficacy in vivo. Herein, we report tumor targeting, redox‐responsive magnetic and fluorogenic PS nanoassemblies (NP‐RGD) synthesized via self‐assembly of a cRGD‐ and disulfide‐containing fluorogenic and paramagnetic small molecule (1‐RGD) for fluorescence/magnetic resonance bimodal imaging‐guided tumor PDT. NP‐RGD show high r1 relaxivity but quenched fluorescence and PDT activity; disulfide reduction by glutathione (GSH) promotes efficient disassembly into a small‐molecule probe (2‐RGD) and an organic PS (PPa‐SH), which could further bind with intracellular albumin, allowing prolonged retention and cascade activation of fluorescence and PDT to ablate tumors.