bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterising hillslope–stream connectivity with a joint event analysis of stream and groundwater levels
Authors: Beiter Daniel , Weiler Markus , Blume Theresa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Hillslope–stream connectivity controls runoff generation, during events and during baseflow conditions. However, assessing subsurface connectivity is a challenging task, as it occurs in the hidden subsurface domain where water flow can not be easily observed. We therefore investigated if the results of a joint analysis of rainfall event responses of near-stream groundwater levels and stream water levels could serve as a viable proxy for hillslope–stream connectivity. The analysis focuses on the extent of response, correlations, lag times and synchronicity. As a first step, a new data analysis scheme was developed, separating the aspects of (a) response timing and (b) extent of water level change. This provides new perspectives on the relationship between groundwater and stream responses. In a second step we investigated if this analysis can give an indication of hillslope–stream connectivity at the catchment scale. Stream water levels and groundwater levels were measured at five different hillslopes over 5 to 6 years. Using a new detection algorithm, we extracted 706 rainfall response events for subsequent analysis. Carrying out this analysis in two different geological regions (schist and marls) allowed us to test the usefulness of the proxy under different hydrological settings while also providing insight into the geologically driven differences in response behaviour. For rainfall events with low initial groundwater level, groundwater level responses often lag behind the stream with respect to the start of rise and the time of peak. This lag disappears at high antecedent groundwater levels. At low groundwater levels the relationship between groundwater and stream water level responses to rainfall are highly variable, while at high groundwater levels, above a certain threshold, this relationship tends to become more uniform. The same threshold was able to predict increased likelihood for high runoff coefficients, indicating a strong increase in connectivity once the groundwater level threshold was surpassed. The joint analysis of shallow near-stream groundwater and stream water levels provided information on the presence or absence and to a certain extent also on the degree of subsurface hillslope–stream connectivity. The underlying threshold processes were interpreted as transmissivity feedback in the marls and fill-and-spill in the schist. The value of these measurements is high; however, time series of several years and a large number of events are necessary to produce representative results. We also find that locally measured thresholds in groundwater levels can provide insight into the connectivity and event response of the corresponding headwater catchments. If the location of the well is chosen wisely, a single time series of shallow groundwater can indicate if the catchment is in a state of high or low connectivity.
John Ritchie Findlay (1824–98)
Authors: Desmarest Clarisse Godard 
Published: November 2020

John Ritchie Findlay (1824–98) was the leading proprietor of The Scotsman which he developed into a flourishing and influential newspaper with a national circulation. Although Findlay disliked publicity or self-promotion, he was an active liberal philanthropist, a friend of art and of Scottish culture, patron of two of Scotland’s most talented architects of his time – Robert Rowand Anderson and A G Sydney Mitchell – and father of another prominent Edinburgh architect, James Leslie Findlay. He was also an active fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, as secretary (1882–8), and vice president (1878–80, and again 1888–90). This article seeks to appraise the career of that influential figure who has left a strong, if today under appreciated legacy to Edinburgh’s built environment, and to Scotland overall. His architectural work reflects his politics, and that of the country at the turn of the 20th century.
Castle Camus, Isle of Skye
Authors: Thacker Mark 
Published: November 2020

A study of Castle Camus is presented from the pilot phase of the Scottish Medieval Castles and Chapels C14 Project (SMCCCP). The study highlights various challenges faced by investigators seeking to interpret medieval sites where contemporary documentary evidence is late and the physical upstanding remains are fragmentary. Informed by a wider programme of buildings and materials analysis, the paper presents the first independent dating evidence relating to the construction of Castle Camus, through radiocarbon analysis of an assemblage of wood-charcoal Mortar-Entrapped Relict Limekiln Fuel (MERLF) fragments. This data is consistent with later traditions, reporting that a MacLeod clan chieftain died at the castle site in the very early 15th century, and suggests Castle Camus was the formal administrative centre of the lordship of Sleat throughout the later medieval period. Bayesian techniques are used to correlate these different types of evidence and generate an estimate for the constructional chronology of the earliest upstanding structure. The study suggests that construction of the south-east range at Castle Camus was completed in 1280–1330 cal AD (74.2% probability) or 1365–1400 cal AD (21.2% probability). Further discussion highlights the landscape context of the castle site; with a focus on woodland resources and socially constructed boundaries.

Canmore ID 11544
Efficacy of Tocilizumab Monotherapy Versus Tocilizumab and Methotrexate Combination Therapy in the Prevention of Radiographic Progression in Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Analysis Using Individual Patient Data From Multiple Clinical Trials
Authors: Verhoeven Maxime M. A. , Tekstra Janneke , Jacobs Johannes W. G. , Bijlsma Johannes W. J. , van Laar Jacob M. , Pethö‐Schramm Attila , Borm Michelle E. A. , Lafeber Floris P. J. , Welsing Paco M. J. 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of preventing radiographic progression (in its 3 components) of tocilizumab (TCZ) monotherapy with those of TCZ and methotrexate (MTX) in combination therapy (TCZ + MTX), and to evaluate possible effect modifiers in this model.MethodsRandomized trials that compared TCZ monotherapy to TCZ + MTX combination therapy for differences in radiographic progression were analyzed on an individual patient data level using mixed‐effects models, and data were collected from 820 subjects with either early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or established RA. Outcomes were classified as the absence of radiographic progression after 2 years (i.e., preventing radiographic progression) as measured by total Sharp/van der Heijde score (SHS), erosion score, and joint space narrowing (JSN) score. Effect modification by baseline joint damage, disease duration, and Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) was studied.ResultsOverall, TCZ + MTX combination therapy was more effective in preventing radiographic progression compared to TCZ monotherapy, which was measured by total SHS score. However, in patients with early RA who had more joint damage compared to those with less joint damage at baseline (relative risk [RR] 1.02 versus RR 0.91, respectively) or in patients with a lower DAS28 score compared to those with a higher DAS28 score (RR 1.04 versus RR 0.92, respectively) at baseline, this advantage disappeared. In patients with established RA, the advantage of TCZ + MTX versus TCZ alone in the prevention of radiographic progression disappeared with a longer disease duration at baseline (RR 1.04 versus 0.83). Results of erosion scores as an outcome were in line with these findings, though findings for JSN scores were less clear.ConclusionCombination therapy with TCZ + MTX is more effective in preventing radiographic progression compared to TCZ monotherapy, but the effectiveness of TCZ monotherapy may approximate the effectiveness of TCZ + MTX in patients with early RA who have more joint damage and/or a lower DAS28 at baseline and in patients with established RA who have longer disease duration.
A High Capacity All Solid‐State Li‐Sulfur Battery Enabled by Conversion‐Intercalation Hybrid Cathode Architecture
Authors: Xu Shiqi , Kwok Chun Yuen , Zhou Laidong , Zhang Zhizhen , Kochetkov Ivan , Nazar Linda F. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAs demands for electrochemical energy storage continue to rise, alternative electrochemistries to conventional Li‐ion batteries become more appealing. Here, an intercalation‐conversion hybrid cathode that combines intercalation‐type VS2 with conversion‐type sulfur chemistry to construct high performance solid‐state lithium‐sulfur batteries is reported. The layered VS2 nanomaterial features Li‐ion transport channels, metallic conductivity, and active capacity contribution, all of which provide an ideal platform for the solid state S/Li2S redox couple to unlock its high gravimetric capacity. The S/VS2/Li3PS4 hybrid cathode composite is prepared by a facile, low‐cost, and low‐energy mechanical blending process. The S/VS2/Li3PS4|Li3PS4|Li/In (or Li) all‐solid‐state cell exhibits sulfur utilization of ≈85%, with a Coulombic efficiency of close to 100%. High areal capacity up to 7.8 mA h cm−2 with an active material loading (S/VS2) as high as 15.5 mg cm−2 is achieved.
Silver Nanowires Network Film with Enhanced Crystallinity toward Mechano‐Electrically Sustainable Flexible‐Electrode
Authors: Kim Mi‐Jeong , Ko Dong‐Su , Kim Jung‐Hwa , Cho Eun‐Hyoung , Yang Dae Jin , Kwak Chan , Sohn Hiesang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis report presents the improved mechano‐electric sustainability of Ag NWs network with enhanced crystallinity (c‐Ag NW) based on the systematic bending‐fatigue study of Ag NWs network and its application toward electronic device built on patterned electrode. First, the mechano‐electric stability of Ag NWs network film is found to be highly associated with their crystalline structural deformation, i.e., defects or dislocation density by externally applied strains. Based on this result, c‐Ag NWs are prepared by the solution based thermal annealing at 70 °C and integrated into c‐Ag NWs network film. By analyzing crystalline structures and nano‐morphologies, as‐formed c‐Ag NW network film exhibits enhanced crystallinity and reduced dislocation density. In the bending fatigue tests under application of strain (6.7%, bending radius: 1 mm) during the 200 000 cycles, c‐Ag NWs network film shows highly reduced (>500%) resistance change (ΔR/ΔRo: 45%) than that of pristine Ag NW network film (ΔR/ΔRo: 241%). In the application of c‐Ag NW network toward patterned electrode, the electrode demonstrates the comparable electrical property (9.41 kΩ) to that of ITO based one (8.01 kΩ) despite the reduced number of nanowires in 6 µm neck diamond electrode pattern.
Building Light Stimulated Synaptic Memory Devices for Visual Memory Simulation
Authors: Zhang Lei , Yu Hao , Xiao Cancheng , Si Jiawei , Xu Haiyang , Zhu Wenhui , Wang Liancheng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDetection and storage of different light information using electronic devices are important to emulate image information learning and memory functions like the human visual system. In this work, the controllable light‐tunable synaptic memory behaviors are demonstrated utilizing photodetector in series with memristor (composite memristor). In other words, the composite memristor has the detection‐storage function to different light information, realizing visual memory simulation. Herein, a new synaptic device with inherent learning and memory functions is realized based on a pn heterostructure memristor. A depletion‐region width modulation model is proposed to explain the memory characteristics. Several essential synaptic functions are imitated. Further, the visual memory array system is built to accomplish the detection and memory processes of patterned light distribution. Importantly, different light information induces different pattern memory characteristics like human eyes. This composite memristor provides a new idea for wider waveband, greater detection range, and more realistic multifunctional electronic eyes.
Gemischte Gruppe‐14‐15‐Metallate als Modellverbindungen für dotierte Bleihalogenidperowskite
Authors: Dehnhardt Natalie , Luy Jan‐Niclas , Klement Philip , Schipplick Luca , Chatterjee Sangam , Tonner Ralf , Heine Johanna 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEigenschaften und Leistung von Bleihalogenidperowskiten können durch Dotierung oder Zulegierung modifiziert und verbessert werden. Die Auswirkungen der heterovalenten Dotierung mit Sb3+‐ und Bi3+‐Kationen sind jedoch noch Gegenstand aktueller Untersuchungen. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Ladung der dotierten Metalle im Vergleich zu den Pb2+‐Ionen ist eine gleichzeitige Erzeugung von Defekten unvermeidbar und der Einfluss dieser Defekte und der eigentlichen Substitution des Metalls schwer unterscheidbar. Hier stellen wir die ersten 14‐15‐Iodidometallate, (BED)4PbE2I16 (BED=N‐Benzylethylendiammonium; E=Sb (1), Bi (2)), vor, die Modellverbindungen für dotierte Bleiiodidperowskite sind und überraschend niedrige Bandlücken von 2,01 (1) und 1,88 eV (2) aufweisen. Quantenchemische Untersuchungen zeigen, dass dies auf eine ausgeprägte elektronische Interaktion zwischen den PbI6‐ und EI6‐Einheiten der Verbindungen zurückzuführen ist. Unsere Ergebnisse liefern ein Modellsystem für dotierte Perowskite, stellen aber auch die ersten Beispiele für eine vielversprechende neue Klasse von Metallhalogenidmaterialien dar.
Domino Effect: Gold Electrocatalyzing Lithium Reduction to Accelerate Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Gao Lin‐Feng , Cao Yuan , Wang Cheng , Yu Xi‐Wen , Li Wen‐Bo , Zhou Yong , Wang Bing , Yao Ying‐Fang , Wu Cong‐Ping , Luo Wen‐Jun , Zou Zhi‐Gang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGreen production of NH3, especially the Li‐mediated electrochemical N2 reduction reaction (NRR) in non‐aqueous solutions, is attracting research interest. Controversies regarding the NRR mechanism greatly impede its optimization and wide applications. To understand the electrocatalytic process, we treated Au coated carbon fibrous paper (Au/CP) as the model catalyst. In situ XRD confirmed the transformation of lithium intermediates during NRR. Au greatly improved electron transfer kinetics to catalyze metallic Li formation, and accordingly highly accelerated spontaneous NRR. The Faradaic efficiency of NRR on Au/CP reached 34.0 %, and NH3 yield was as high as 50 μg h−1 cm−2. Our research shows that the key step of Li‐mediated non‐aqueous NRR is electrocatalytic Li reduction and offers a novel electrocatalyst design method for Li reduction.
Color vision assessment‐2: Color assessment outcomes using single and multi‐test protocols
Authors: Rodriguez‐Carmona Marisa , Evans Benjamin E. W. , Barbur John L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe main purpose of this study was to produce reliable, color assessment outcomes to examine the extent to which single and multi‐test protocols in use meet current clinical and occupational needs. The latter include the detection of small changes in chromatic sensitivity as the earliest signs of retinal and/or systemic disease, and the need to assess the class of color vision in congenital deficiency and to quantify severity of loss. Color vision was assessed using Ishihara (IH), Farnsworth Munsell D‐15, City University (CU, 2nd ed.) and Holmes‐Wright type A (HW‐A) lantern tests. All subjects also carried out Colour Assessment and Diagnosis and Nagel anomaloscope tests. The sample included 350 normal trichromats, 1012 deutans and 465 protans (age 31.1 ± 12.4, range 10‐65 years). The results reveal the trade‐off between sensitivity and specificity, depending on the number of errors accepted as a pass on the IH test. The D‐15 and CU tests pass all normals and almost 50% of subjects with color vision deficiency. The HW‐A lantern passes all normals, 22% of deutans and 1% of protans. The multi‐test protocols designed to identify protans and to pass only subjects with mild color loss, pass over 50% of protans and deutans. Many of the subjects who fail exhibit less severe loss of color vision than others who pass. When high sensitivity for detection of congenital deficiency is achieved, single‐test protocols fail many normal trichromats. Multi‐test protocols produce large variability and fail to achieve desired aims.
Inequality in health insurance coverage before and after the Affordable Care Act
Authors: Renna Francesco , Kosteas Vasilios D. , Dinkar Kuchibhotla 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study examines how the Affordable Care Act (ACA) affected income related inequality in health insurance coverage in the United States. Analyzing data from the American Community Survey (ACS) from 2010 through 2018, we apply difference‐in‐differences, and triple‐differences estimation to the Recentered Influence Function OLS estimation. We find that the ACA reduced inequality in health insurance coverage in the United States. Most of this reduction was a result of the Medicaid expansion. Additional decomposition analysis shows there was little change in inequality of coverage through an employer plan, and a decrease in inequality for coverage through direct purchase of health insurance. These results indicate that the insurance exchanges also contributed to declining inequality in health insurance coverage.
Crude oil market and Nigerian stocks: An asymmetric information spillover approach
Authors: Okorie David Iheke , Lin Boqiang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article examines the nature of information spillovers, in return and volatility, that exists between the full index stock of the Nigerian stock exchange (NSE) and the crude oil markets (Brent and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) oil markets). We adopted the asymmetric VAR − MGARCH − GJR − BEKK model and found evidence of unidirectional return spillover from the Brent oil market to the NSE and a bidirectional return spillover between the NSE market and the WTI oil market. The response of the WTI market to a shock on the NSE market is rather short‐lived. There exists strong evidence of a lead–lag relationship between the crude oil market and the NSE market wherein the crude oil market leads or drives the NSE market return fluctuations. For both crude oil markets, the Brent and the WTI markets, there exists a bidirectional volatility spillover between the NSE index and the crude oil markets, as well as significant asymmetric shocks. Practical policy implications and recommendations were made, based on the findings.
Clostridium difficile toxin A and toxin B inhibit YAP in the colonic epithelial cells
Authors: Song Jinglue , Shen Xia , Huang Zhenyu , Liu Yun , Cui Long , Cui Xuewei , Liu Chen‐Ying 
Published: November 2020

AbstractToxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), the two exotoxins of Clostridium difficile, are main causal agents for the colonic epithelium damage in Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). The Hippo pathway is crucial for the control of tissue homeostasis and regeneration of intestines. However, the dysregulation of Hippo pathway in CDI is unclear. Here we show that YAP and TAZ, the transcriptional coactivators downstream of the Hippo pathway, are sequestered in the cytoplasm, degraded, and inactivated by treatment with TcdA and TcdB in colonic epithelial cells. The overexpression of YAP restores the messenger RNA expressions of YAP target genes, attenuates the disruption of cytoskeleton and cell rounding, and rescues the cell proliferation of colonic epithelial cells under exposure of the two toxins. Our results demonstrate that inhibition of YAP and TAZ is involved in the pathogenesis of CDI, implicating that increasing YAP activity could be a potential therapeutic strategy for the CDI treatment.
An accuracy study of the clinical diagnosis of periodontitis in pregnant women
Authors: Conceição Sarah dos Santos , Gomes‐Filho Isaac Suzart , Coelho Julita Maria Freitas , Brito Sheila Monteiro , Silva Roberta Borges , Batista Josicélia Estrela Tuy , Figueiredo Ana Claudia Morais Godoy , Hintz Alexandre Marcelo , Lyrio Amanda Oliveira , Souza Elivan Silva , Pereira Maurício Gomes , Loomer Peter Michael , Cruz Simone Seixas da 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere exists a diverse range of criteria used in epidemiological studies for the diagnosis of periodontitis. The results from these studies should be evaluated with consideration to the diagnostic criteria used, and this may account for differences between studies especially in some population groups such as pregnant females. The objective is to evaluate the diagnostic criteria used in a variety of epidemiologic studies of periodontitis in pregnant females.MethodsAn accuracy study with cross‐sectional design was performed out from a database of 671 pregnant females, using six different sets of criteria for the diagnosis of periodontitis. Women were classified for periodontitis, as follows: Center for Disease Control and Prevention/American Academy of Periodontology (CDC/AAP, 2012 criterion), the gold standard, Gomes‐Filho et al.(2018) criterion, Albandar et al.(2007) criterion, Bassani et al.(2007) criterion, López et al.(2002) criterion, and Nesse et al.(2008) criterion. For comparison amongst the gold standard and the other criteria, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and likelihood ratio were determined.ResultsThe frequency of periodontitis ranged from 25.0% to 90.2%. The Bassani et al. (2007) criterion was found to be more sensitive among the studies, and thus more suitable for diagnostic screening studies. Gomes‐Filho et al.(2018), Albandar et al. (2007), López et al. (2002), and Nesse et al. (2008) criteria were considered more specific, which makes them more useful for studies of periodontitis with the aim of using diagnosis for confirmation of disease.ConclusionsA variation in the occurrence of periodontitis was observed. The criterion must be chosen according to the research aims and population characteristics.
Data visualization of the relationship between smoking and periodontal site‐specific effects across the lifespan in the US adult population
Authors: Billings Monisha , Parascandola Mark , Iafolla Timothy , Dye Bruce A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundData visualization techniques were used to ascertain (1) site‐specific effects of cigarette smoking on the periodontium compared to never‐smokers; (2) patterns of site‐specific effects by age among current and never‐smokers using contour maps.MethodsData from 10,713 dentate participants aged ≥30 years in NHANES 2009‐2014 were used. Pocket depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) for six sites/tooth were ascertained by smoking status and plotted using contour maps to identify new patterns.ResultsIn the overall sample, 19% (n = 2015) were current smokers and 56% (n = 6013) were never‐smokers. Contour maps of the overall sample showed teeth/sites most affected with mean PD > 2.1 mm were molars (2,3,15,18,19,30,31) in mesio‐lingual (ML) and disto‐lingual (DL) sites. Most affected sites for current smokers were interproximal sites of most posterior teeth. Among never‐smokers, fewer teeth/sites were affected with PD > 2.1 mm, whereas among smokers, number of affected teeth/sites increased with age. Overall, teeth/sites most affected with mean CAL≥2.1 mm were noted in 2,3(ML), 3(DL), 14(DF, DL), 15(MF, ML), 18(ML), 19(DL, ML), and 30‐31(ML, DL) with upper anterior teeth least affected. Among current smokers, several teeth/sites were affected (CAL≥2.1 mm): 2,3(all six sites), 4(ML, DL), 9(ML), 11‐21(DL), 13‐18(DF, ML, MIL, DL), 19‐20(DF, ML, MIL), 14‐18(MIF), 21(MIF, ML, DL), 22(MF), 23‐27(MIL), 24‐26(MIL, MF, DF in 26), 27(MF), 28(MF, ML, DL), 29‐31(all 6 sites except MIF 30,31). As age increased, more teeth/sites were affected among smokers and by the 5th decade nearly all teeth/sites had CAL≥2.0 mm.ConclusionsContour mapping identifies patterns and dramatically visualizes the substantial periodontal site‐specific differences. Current smokers had more affected teeth and/or periodontal sites with a different contour pattern than never‐smokers.