bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the total distribution volume of 18F-FBPA in normal tissues of healthy volunteers by non-compartmental kinetic modeling
Authors: Romanov Victor , Isohashi Kayako , Alobthani Galal , Beshr Rouaa , Horitsugi Genki , Kanai Yasukazu , Naka Sadahiro , Watabe Tadashi , Shimosegawa Eku , Hatazawa Jun 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a noninvasive radiation therapy method for cancer treatment. In BNCT, 4-borono-2-[18F]-fluoro-L-phenylalanine (18F-FBPA) PET has been employed to estimate 10B accumulation in target tumors and normal tissues if 10B borono-L-phenylalanine (10B-BPA) is used as a boron carrier. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the total distribution volume (Vt) of 18F-FBPA in normal organs of healthy volunteers by kinetic analysis and to estimate boron concentration in normal organs for the therapeutic dose of 10B-BPA using obtained Vt values.

Methods
Six healthy volunteers were injected with 18F-FBPA (3–5 MBq/kg), and 7 PET-CT scans were performed subsequently. 18F-FBPA radioactivity in whole blood and plasma was measured before, and eight times after the injection. PET images were analyzed by PMOD software. Twelve volumetric regions of interest including the brain, heart, right lung, spleen, liver, parotid salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, intestines, and bone marrow were drawn manually for each subject and analyzed with the Logan plot and two Ichise multilinear analyses (MA1 and MA2). The better model was defined by several goodness-of-fit parameters and residual distribution. After Vt values had been derived, boron concentration was estimated in ppm for the 10B-BPA-fructose (10B-BPA-fr) dose 30 g 1 and 2 h post-injection using Vt and interpolated plasma activity data.

Results
The Ichise MA2 model showed the best fit among all models. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was the lowest for the Ichise’s MA2 in all regions (mean AIC value − 14.0) comparing to the other models (Logan plot mean AIC 31.4; Ichise MA1 model mean AIC − 4.2). Mean Vt values of the Ichise MA2 model ranged from 0.94 ± 0.14 ml/ml in the pancreas to 0.16 ± 0.02 ml/ml in the right lung. Estimated boron concentration for 10B-BPA-fr had the highest value in the pancreas (14.0 ± 1.9 ppm 1 h after, and 5.7 ± 1.7 ppm 2 h after the 18F-FBPA administration) and the lowest value in the right lung (2.4 ± 0.3 ppm 1 h, and 1.0 ± 0.3 ppm 2 h post-injection).

Conclusion
The 10B concentration in normal tissues was best estimated using Vt values of 18F-FBPA with the Ichise multilinear analysis 2 (MA2).

Trail registry
The UMIN clinical trial number: UMIN000022850.
Traumatic Brain Injury with Personality Change: a Challenge to Mental Capacity Law in England and Wales
Authors: Whiting Demian 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIt is well documented that people with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) can undergo personality changes, including becoming more impulsive in terms of how they behave. Legal guidance and academic commentary support the view that impulsiveness can render someone decisionally incompetent as defined by English and Welsh law. However, impulsiveness is a trait found within the healthy population. Arguably, impulsiveness is also a trait that gives rise to behaviours that should normally be tolerated even when they cause harm to the person enacting the behaviours. The purpose of this paper is to show why both of these considerations present as significant challenges to the law in England and Wales.
Mechanisms of Future Predicted Changes in the Zonal Mean Mid-Latitude Circulation
Authors: Shaw Tiffany A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractState-of-the-art climate models predict the zonal mean mid-latitude circulation will undergo a poleward shift and seasonally and hemispherically dependent intensity changes in the future. Here I review the mechanisms put forward to explain the zonal mean mid-latitude circulation response to increased carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. The mechanisms are grouped according to their thermodynamic starting point, which are thought to arise from processes independent of the zonal mean mid-latitude circulation response. There are 24 mechanisms and 8 thermodynamic starting points: (i) increased latent heat release aloft in the tropics, (ii) increased dry static stability and tropopause height outside the tropics, (iii) radiative cooling of the stratosphere, (iv) Hadley cell expansion, (v) increased specific humidity following the Clausius-Clapeyron relation, (vi) cloud radiative effect changes, (vii) turbulent surface heat flux changes, and (viii) decreased surface meridional temperature gradient. I argue progress can be made by testing the thermodynamic starting points. I review recent tests of the increased latent heat release aloft in the tropics starting point, i.e., prescribing diabatic perturbations, quantifying the transient response to an abrupt CO2 increase and imposing latitudinally dependent CO2 concentration. Finally, I provide a future outlook for improving our understanding of predicted changes in the zonal mean mid-latitude circulation.
Associations Among Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Weight Status with Sexuality Outcomes: Analyses from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Grabovac Igor , Cao Chao , Haider Sandra , Stefanac Sinisa , Jackson Sarah E. , Swami Viren , McDermott Daragh T. , Smith Lee , Yang Lin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Physical activity is likely to be associated with sexual activity. However, to date, there is no literature on the relationship between overweight/obesity and sexual activity outcomes.

Aim
Thus, the present study assessed the associations among physical activity, sedentary behavior, and weight status with sexual activity and number of previous sexual partners in a representative sample of U.S. adults.

Methods
Data on leisure time physical activity, total sitting time, weight status, sexual behavior outcomes, and other characteristics were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Study cycle 2007 to 2016. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate associations among body mass index, leisure time physical activity, and total sitting time with past-year sexual activity and number of sexual partners.

Main Outcome Measure
Self reported frequency of past-year sexual activity and number of sex partners in the past year.

Results
In a sample of 7,049 men (mean age: 38.3 ± 0.3 years) and 7,005 women (mean age: 38.7 ± 0.2 years) being overweight was associated with higher odds of frequent sexual activity (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.2−1.7) among men, but lower odds among women (OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.6−0.9). Sufficient physical activity was associated with higher odds of frequent sexual activity among both men (OR = 1.3; 95% CI = 1.1−1.5) and women (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.0−1.4). In those living alone, being obese was associated with lower odds of having at least 1 sexual partner for men (OR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.5−0.9) and women (OR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.4−0.8). Being sufficiently physically active was associated with higher odds of having at least 1 sexual partner only in men (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.2−2.2).

Clinical Implications
Healthcare professionals need to be made aware of these results, as they could be used to plan tailored interventions.

Strengths & Limitations
Strengths include the large, representative sample of U.S. adults and objective measures of anthropometry. Limitations include the cross-sectional design of the study and that all variables on sexual history were self-reported.

Conclusion
The present study identifies novel modifiable behavioral and biological antecedents of sexuality outcomes.
Determination of Bio Content in Polymers used in the Packaging of food Products
Authors: Telloli C , Rizzo A , Canducci C , Bartolomei P 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTThe ENEA Radiocarbon Laboratory (Bologna, Italy) has been operating since 1985; it is the oldest among such laboratories operating in Italy and has been active for about 30 years in the field of dating of different types of samples with the radiocarbon (14C) liquid scintillation method. This study shows the detailed procedure for radiocarbon analysis on bioplastic materials by means of the synthesis of benzene, which includes CO2 production and purification, synthesis of acetylene, and synthesis and collection of benzene. The changes made to the original design of the synthesis procedures and the operational parameters adopted to optimize the combustion of the plastic materials are described. The measurement of 14C activity was performed using the liquid scintillation counting technique by a QuantulusTM 1220 low-background counter. The δ13C content was compared with the percentage of 14C concentration for the characterization of the bio content in plastic used in the food packaging.
History and conservation status of the Antillean manateeTrichechus manatus manatusin Hispaniola
Authors: Domínguez Tejo Haydée M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTo summarize the state of knowledge of the Endangered Antillean manateeTrichechus manatus manatusin Hispaniola, which comprises the Dominican Republic and Haiti, I reviewed documentary archives from pre-Columbian times to 2013. Manatees were historically abundant in Hispaniola but were hunted for centuries for their meat and other body parts for diverse uses. By the end of the 19th century manatees had become relatively rare around the island. Nevertheless, manatees remain widespread along the coast and occasionally occupy freshwater habitats in the Dominican Republic. In Haiti recent manatee sightings were restricted to two coastal areas. Currently, the manatee population of Hispaniola is perceived to be declining. The most commonly reported threats to the species include hunting, entanglement in fishing gear, boat strikes and disturbance by boat traffic, pollution, and habitat degradation and destruction. In the Dominican Republic longstanding national laws and international agreements protect the species and its habitat, and past conservation actions have raised public awareness about the status of the manatee. In Haiti knowledge of manatees is extremely limited and the species is not legally protected. I propose country-specific and binational recommendations to improve the contemporary conservation of manatees in the Dominican Republic and Haiti.
I Saw That
Authors: Kramer Sarah , Lewin Kaitlin M. , Romano Allison S. , Meier Brian P. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The shooter bias effect reveals that individuals are quicker to “shoot” armed Black (vs. White) men and slower to “not shoot” unarmed Black (vs. White) men in a computer task. In three studies ( N = 386), we examined whether being observed would reduce this effect because of social desirability concerns. Participants completed a “shooting” task with or without a camera/live observer supposedly recording behavior. Cameras were strapped to participants’ heads (Studies 1a/1b) and pointed at them (Study 1b). In Study 2, a researcher observed participants complete the task while “filming” them with a smartphone. We replicated the shooter bias, but observation only reduced the effect in Study 2. These results reveal that being observed can reduce the shooter bias effect.
SORCE‐Based Solar Spectral Irradiance (SSI) Record for Input Into Chemistry‐Climate Studies
Authors: Harder J.W. , Béland S. , Snow M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhole atmosphere chemistry‐climate model (CCM) transient studies require a solar spectral irradiance (SSI) time series with very broad wavelength coverage with an uninterrupted daily cadence over a full solar cycle time period. Herein is described the construction of a SSI record valid over Solar Cycles 23 and 24 (SC23 and SC24) specifically designed to provide: (1) a daily solar spectrum from SORCE (Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment) observations from 208–2400 nm over the 2003 to 2015 time frame, (2) a wavelength extension of this spectrum out to 10000 nm from daily spectral synthesis from the Solar Radiation Physical Model (SRPM), (3) SRPM gap‐filled spectra during the extended SORCE safe‐hold time period (Aug 2013–March 2014) and back to Solar Cycle 23 maximum conditions in 2001 and 2002, (4) analysis of solar images generated by the Precision Solar Photometric Telescope (PSPT) network from the Mauna Loa Solar Observatory (MLSO) and Rome Observatory (OAR) (These images act both as input to the SRPM model and as a stand‐alone proxy of solar variability.), (5) documentation of uncertainties and biases in the time series as a function of wavelength, and (6) comparative analysis of the SORCE time series with SRPM over the full wavelength range of the data set.
Do Oceanic Hypoxic Regions Act as Barriers for Sinking Particles? A Case Study in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic
Authors: Rasse Rafael , Dall'Olmo Giorgio 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), the attenuation rates of particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes of large particles are known to be reduced, thus increasing the efficiency with which the biological carbon pump (BCP) transfers carbon to the abyss. The BCP efficiency is expected to further increase if OMZs expand. However, little is known about how the POC fluxes of small particles—a significant component of the BCP—are attenuated inside OMZs. In this study, data collected by two BGC‐Argo floats deployed in the hypoxic OMZ of the eastern tropical North Atlantic were used to estimate net instantaneous fluxes of POC via small particle during 3 years. This information was analyzed together with meteorological data and published POC fluxes of large particles and allowed us to conclude that (1) major pulses of surface‐derived small particles toward the OMZ interior coincided with seasonal changes in wind stress and precipitation; (2) a permanent layer of small particles, presumably linked to microbial communities, was found in the upper section of the OMZ which might play a key role attenuating POC fluxes; and (3) fluxes of large particles were attenuated less efficiently inside this poorly oxygenated region than above it, while attenuation of small‐particle fluxes were equivalent or significantly higher inside the OMZ. These results highlight that more information about the processes controlling the fluxes of small and large particles in hypoxic OMZs is needed to better understand the impact of hypoxic OMZs on the BCP efficiency.
Antarctic Sea Ice Expansion, Driven by Internal Variability, in the Presence of Increasing Atmospheric CO2
Authors: Singh H. A. , Polvani L. M. , Rasch P. J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA number of physically based hypotheses have been proposed to explain the surprising expansion of Antarctic sea ice area (SIA) over the satellite era (1979 to 2015). Here, we use a fully coupled state‐of‐the‐art global climate model to show that internal variability alone can produce such multidecadal periods of Antarctic SIA expansion even as atmospheric CO2 increases at observed rates and the planet warms. When our model is started from a relatively warm Southern Ocean state, Antarctic SIA sometimes (in one of three ensemble members) expands over multidecadal time scales at a rate comparable to that over the satellite era. SIA expansion occurs concurrently with rising atmospheric CO2 and warming global surface temperatures, and SIA trends by region and sector resemble those over the satellite era. Our results suggest that internal variability over long time scales in the Southern Ocean region may suffice to explain Antarctic SIA expansion over the satellite era.
Electrical Conductivity Versus Temperature in Freezing Conditions: A Field Experiment Using a Basket Geothermal Heat Exchanger
Authors: Coperey A. , Revil A. , Stutz B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe use a basket geothermal heat exchanger during 518 hr to freeze a portion of soil. This field experiment is monitored using time lapse electrical conductivity tomography and a set of 47 in situ temperature sensors. A frozen soil core characterized by negative temperatures and low conductivity values (<10−3 S/m) develops over time. A petrophysical model describing the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity in freezing conditions is applied to the field data and compared to two laboratory experiments performed with two core samples from the test site. The results show that this petrophysical model can be used to interpret field measurements bridging electrical conductivity to temperature and liquid water content.
Electron Acceleration in a Magnetotail Reconnection Outflow Region Using Magnetospheric MultiScale Data
Authors: Eriksson Elin , Vaivads Andris , Alm Love , Graham Daniel B. , Khotyaintsev Yuri V. , André Mats 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe study Magnetospheric MultiScale observations in the outflow region of magnetotail reconnection. We estimate the power density converted via the three fundamental electron acceleration mechanisms: Fermi, betatron, and parallel electric fields. The dominant mechanism, both on average and the peak values, is Fermi acceleration with a peak power density of about +200 pW/m3. The magnetic field curvature during the most intense Fermi acceleration is comparable to the electron gyroradius, consistent with efficient electron scattering. The peak power densities due to the betatron acceleration are a factor of 3 lower than that for the Fermi acceleration, the average betatron acceleration is close to zero and slightly negative. The contribution from parallel electric fields is significantly smaller than those from the Fermi and betatron acceleration. However, the observational uncertainties in the parallel electric field measurement prevent further conclusions. There is a strong variation in the power density on a characteristic ion time scale.
The August 2018 Kaktovik Earthquakes: Active Tectonics in Northeastern Alaska Revealed With InSAR and Seismology
Authors: Gaudreau É. , Nissen E. K. , Bergman E. A. , Benz H. M. , Tan F. , Karasözen E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe largest earthquakes recorded in northern Alaska (
6.4 and
6.0) occurred
6 hr apart on 12 August 2018, in the northeastern Brooks Range. The earthquakes were captured by Sentinel‐1 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) satellites and Earthscope Transportable Array seismic data, giving insight into the little‐known active tectonic processes of Arctic Alaska, obscured until recently by sparse data availability. In this study, InSAR modeling, teleseismic back projections, calibrated hypocentral relocations, and regional moment tensor solutions resolve two previously unknown, SSW dipping right‐lateral fault segments. These are the first active faults identified as conjugate to the NE trending sinistral Canning displacement zone directly to the west, which is therefore a more complex zone of diffuse faulting than previously thought. The northeastern Brooks Range has been characterized as an area of low to moderate seismic hazard, but these earthquakes illustrate the potential for larger, possibly destructive events in a region earmarked for rapid resource development.
Northern Tropical Atlantic Warming in El Niño Decaying Spring: Impacts of El Niño Amplitude
Authors: Wu Renguang , He Zhuoqi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe decay time of El Niño events is considered to be an important factor in determining whether or not the northern tropical Atlantic (NTA) warming occurs in boreal spring of El Niño decaying years. Through coupled model experiments with different types of sea surface temperature anomalies specified in the tropical Pacific domain, the present study illustrates that the NTA warming is larger and more persistent during slow than fast decaying El Niño events. The amplitude of El Niño events is shown to be another important factor in the difference of the spring NTA warming between slow and fast decaying El Niño events. The NTA warming difference is mainly attributed to the wind speed‐related latent heat flux difference in preceding winter according to the model simulations and the observations. The differences of NTA wind and SST variations between slow and fast decay El Niño simulations are mostly consistent with the observations.
Intraslab Deformation and Rupture of the Entire Subducting Crust During the 25 October 2018 Mw 6.8 Zakynthos Earthquake
Authors: Chousianitis Konstantinos , Konca A. Ozgun 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe constrained the rupture process of the 25 October 2018 Mw6.8 Zakynthos earthquake by jointly inverting near‐fault strong motion records, static, and high‐rate GPS displacements along with teleseismic waveforms. The inverted slip distribution is characterized by two asperities with peak slip amplitude of 1.4 m, which is located at 17 km depth. The rupture essentially propagated unilaterally in the downdip direction after the initiation and to the north‐northeast toward Zakynthos island. The earthquake produced a deep rupture whose downdip extent approached 38 km, indicating that this event broke the entire underthrust Ionian oceanic crust beneath the megathrust and penetrated into the top few kilometers of the solid uppermost mantle. The extent of the rupture implied the presence of a low coefficient of dynamic friction. The mainshock triggered a counterclockwise rotation of the stress field with respect to the long‐term regional stress. Aftershocks occurred at shallower depths than the coseismic slip zone.
Improving Predictions of Fine Particle Immobilization in Streams
Authors: Drummond Jennifer , Schmadel Noah , Kelleher Christa , Packman Aaron , Ward Adam 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFine particles are critical to stream ecosystem functioning, influencing in‐stream processes from pathogen transmission to carbon cycling, all of which depend on particle immobilization. However, our ability to predict particle immobilization is limited by (1) availability of combined solute and particle tracer data and (2) identifying parameters that appropriately represent fine particle immobilization, due to the myriad of objective functions and model formulations. We found that improved predictions of the full distribution of possible fine particle residence times requires using an objective function that assesses both the peak and tailing of breakthrough curves together with solute tracers to constrain in‐stream transport processes. The representation of immobilization processes was significantly improved when solute tracer data were combined with a particle model, starkly contrasting the common assumption that fine particles transport as washload. We develop a clear strategy for improving fine particle transport predictions, reshaping the potential role of fine particles in water quality management.
Is Airy Isostasy Applicable to Icy Moons?
Authors: Čadek O. , Souček O. , Běhounková M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAiry isostasy is commonly used in planetary science to explain the relationship between crustal thickness variations and topography. Recently, several researchers have questioned the validity of this concept and proposed alternative approaches. Here we examine the accuracy of these approaches by comparing their results with those obtained from the numerical solution of the equations governing the flow in the crust of a small icy moon with a subsurface ocean. We find that the traditional approach based on application of Archimedes' principle with elevations referred to the geoid, provides a satisfactory estimate of crustal thickness for low harmonic degrees. The alternative approach, based on the deviatoric stress minimization, gives correct results for isoviscous model, but its accuracy deteriorates as the viscosity contrast increases. The other alternative approach, in which the deviatoric stress is neglected, is significantly less accurate than other methods, leading to biased results for models with a thick crust.