bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial Activity of Graphdiyne and Graphdiyne Oxide
Authors: Zhu Zhiling , Bai Qiang , Li Shuo , Li Siheng , Liu Manhong , Du Fanglin , Sui Ning , Yu William W. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFrom manufacture to disposal, the interaction of graphdiyne based nanomaterials with living organisms is inevitable and crucial. However, the cytotoxic properties of this novel carbon nanomaterial are rarely investigated, and the mechanisms behind their cytotoxicity are totally unknown. In this study, the antibacterial activity of graphdiyne (GDY) and graphdiyne oxide (GDYO) is reported. GDY is capable of inhibiting broad‐spectrum bacterial growth while exerting moderate cytotoxicity on mammalian cells. In comparison, GDYO exhibits lower antibacterial activity than that of GDY. Then an alterable, synergetic antibacterial mechanism of GDY, involving wrapping bacterial membrane, membrane insertion and disruption, and reactive oxygen species generation is demonstrated, while the differential gene expression analysis indicates that GDY could only alter the bacterial metabolism slightly and the oxidative stress route may be a minor bactericidal factor. The investigation of the antibacterial behaviors of GDY based nanomaterials may provide useful guidelines for the future design and application of this novel molecular allotrope of carbon.
Folding at the Microscale: Enabling Multifunctional 3D Origami‐Architected Metamaterials
Authors: Lin Zhaowen , Novelino Larissa S. , Wei Heming , Alderete Nicolas A. , Paulino Glaucio H. , Espinosa Horacio D. , Krishnaswamy Sridhar 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMechanical metamaterials inspired by the Japanese art of paper folding have gained considerable attention because of their potential to yield deployable and highly tunable assemblies. The inherent foldability of origami structures enlarges the material design space with remarkable properties such as auxeticity and high deformation recoverability and deployability, the latter being key in applications where spatial constraints are pivotal. This work integrates the results of the design, 3D direct laser writing fabrication, and in situ scanning electron microscopic mechanical characterization of microscale origami metamaterials, based on the multimodal assembly of Miura‐Ori tubes. The origami‐architected metamaterials, achieved by means of microfabrication, display remarkable mechanical properties: stiffness and Poisson’s ratio tunable anisotropy, large degree of shape recoverability, multistability, and even reversible auxeticity whereby the metamaterial switches Poisson’s ratio sign during deformation. The findings here reported underscore the scalable and multifunctional nature of origami designs, and pave the way toward harnessing the power of origami engineering at small scales.
Effect of carbon fiber on properties of concrete with different W/C and its air‐entraining models
Authors: Liu Rui , Xiao Huigang , Liu Min , Li Yazhao , Geng Jishuang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe addition of carbon fiber can change plain concrete (PC) to a quasi‐ductile material and improve its flexural properties through sharing the tensile stress transduced from concrete matrix. However, the influence rule and its mechanism of air entrained by carbon fiber on properties of concrete with different water to cement ratios (W/C) is not clear at present. Therefore, this research aims to explore this influence rule and mechanism. Eighteen kinds of concrete samples with W/C of 0.25, 0.3, and 0.45 including 216 specimens in total were studied. Their mechanical and permeability‐related properties were tested, and carbon fiber's air‐entraining models were established. The results show that carbon fiber has effect of improving the flexural strength, compressive strength, and impermeability of concrete with W/C of 0.25, but when W/C increases, the effect of carbon fiber on improving the flexural strength, reducing the compressive strength and impermeability of concrete increases. The calculation results of the air‐entraining models suggest that one possible air‐entraining mechanism of carbon fiber can be summarized as that carbon fiber entrains more air into concrete as W/C increases, and another one can be summarized as that the air entrained by carbon fiber increases the connectivity of the pore structure of concrete.
Engineering small molecule nanodrugs to overcome barriers for cancer therapy
Authors: Ma Yuan , Mou Quanbing , Yan Deyue , Zhu Xinyuan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSmall molecule nanodrugs consisting of pure drugs, drug‐drug dimers, drug‐drug conjugates, or drug derivatives could realize drug delivery by themselves without the aid of carriers, which have received abundant attention in recent decades. Avoiding the use of additional carriers, the yielded small molecule nanodrugs hold the following advantages: (a) high drug loading capacities (some of them could even reach up to 100%); (b) precise and tunable drug loading ration; and (c) no carrier‐induced long‐term toxicity. The past decade has witnessed rapid growth and advancements in this field. In this review, we will briefly introduce both in vitro “barriers” and in vivo barriers for drug delivery, and then summarize the most recent development of small molecule nanodrugs from the point of view how to engineer small molecule nanodrugs to overcome these barriers.
Deliberate decline: An emerging frontier for the study and practice of decarbonization
Authors: Rosenbloom Daniel , Rinscheid Adrian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPromoting low‐carbon innovation has long been a central preoccupation within both the practice and theory of climate change mitigation. However, deep lock‐ins indicate that existing carbon‐intensive systems will not be displaced or reconfigured by innovation alone. A growing number of studies and practical initiatives suggest that mitigation efforts will need to engage with the deliberate decline of carbon‐intensive systems and their components (e.g., technologies and practices). Yet, despite this realisation, the role of intentional decline in decarbonization remains poorly understood and the literature in this area continues to be dispersed among different bodies of research and disciplines. In response, this article structures the fragmented strands of research engaging with purposive decline, interrogating the role it may play in decarbonization. It does so by systematically surveying concepts with particular relevance for intentional decline, focusing on phase‐out, divestment, and destabilization.This article is categorized under:
Decarbonizing Energy and/or Reducing Demand > Decarbonizing Energy and/or Reducing Demand
Dark matter freeze out during an early cosmological period of QCD confinement
Authors: Berger Dillon , Ipek Seyda , Tait Tim M.P. , Waterbury Michael 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Standard lore states that there is tension between the need to accommodate the relic density of a weakly interacting massive particle and direct searches for dark matter. However, the estimation of the relic density rests on an extrapolation of the cosmology of the early Universe to the time of freeze out, untethered by observations. We explore a nonstandard cosmology in which the strong coupling constant evolves in the early Universe, triggering an early period of QCD confinement at the time of freeze out. We find that depending on the nature of the interactions between the dark matter and the Standard Model, freeze out during an early period of confinement can lead to drastically different expectations for the relic density, allowing for regions of parameter space which realize the correct abundance but would otherwise be excluded by direct searches.
Mortality of trauma patients treated at trauma centers compared to non-trauma centers in Sweden: a retrospective study
Authors: Candefjord Stefan , Asker Linn , Caragounis Eva-Corina 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Objective
The main objective was to compare the 30-day mortality rate of trauma patients treated at trauma centers as compared to non-trauma centers in Sweden. The secondary objective was to evaluate how injury severity influences the potential survival benefit of specialized care.

Methods
This retrospective study included 29,864 patients from the national Swedish Trauma Registry (SweTrau) during the period 2013–2017. Three sampling exclusion criteria were applied: (1) Injury Severity Score (ISS) of zero; (2) missing data in any variable of interest; (3) data falling outside realistic values and duplicate registrations. University hospitals were classified as trauma centers; other hospitals as non-trauma centers. Logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of trauma center care on mortality rate, while adjusting for other factors potentially affecting the risk of death.

Results
Treatment at a trauma center in Sweden was associated with a 41% lower adjusted 30-day mortality (odds ratio 0.59 [0.50–0.70], p < 0.0001) compared to non-trauma center care, considering all injured patients (ISS ≥ 1). The potential survival benefit increased substantially with higher injury severity, with up to > 70% mortality decrease for the most critically injured group (ISS ≥ 50).

Conclusions
There exists a potentially substantial survival benefit for trauma patients treated at trauma centers in Sweden, especially for the most severely injured. This study motivates a critical review and possible reorganization of the national trauma system, and further research to identify the characteristics of patients in most need of specialized care.
Discovery of treatment for nerve agents targeting a new metabolic pathway
Authors: Glaros Trevor , Dhummakupt Elizabeth S. , Rizzo Gabrielle M. , McBride Ethan , Carmany Daniel O. , Wright Linnzi K. M. , Forster Jeffry S. , Renner Julie A. , Moretz Ruth W. , Dorsey Russell , Marten Mark R. , Huso Walker , Doan Alexander , Dorsey Carrie D. , Phillips Christopher , Benton Bernard , Mach Phillip M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe inhibition of acetylcholinesterase is regarded as the primary toxic mechanism of action for chemical warfare agents. Recently, there have been numerous reports suggesting that metabolic processes could significantly contribute to toxicity. As such, we applied a multi-omics pipeline to generate a detailed cascade of molecular events temporally occurring in guinea pigs exposed to VX. Proteomic and metabolomic profiling resulted in the identification of several enzymes and metabolic precursors involved in glycolysis and the TCA cycle. All lines of experimental evidence indicated that there was a blockade of the TCA cycle at isocitrate dehydrogenase 2, which converts isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate. Using a primary beating cardiomyocyte cell model, we were able to determine that the supplementation of α-ketoglutarate subsequently rescued cells from the acute effects of VX poisoning. This study highlights the broad impacts that VX has and how understanding these mechanisms could result in new therapeutics such as α-ketoglutarate.
Epicardial access for VT ablation: analysis of two different puncture techniques, incidence of adhesions and complication management
Authors: Mathew Shibu , Feickert Sebastian , Fink Thomas , Rillig Andreas , Reissmann Bruno , Rottner Laura , Hashiguchi Naotaka , Wohlmuth Peter , Maurer Tilman , Lemes Christine , Metzner Andreas , Kuck Karl-Heinz , Ouyang Feifan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Pericardial access for ablation of ventricular arrhythmias (VA) can be gained either by an anterior-oriented or inferior-oriented epicardial puncture under fluoroscopical guidance. We retrospectively sought to assess the safety of these two puncture techniques and the incidence of epicardial adhesions and introduce our algorithm for management of pericardial tamponade.

Methods and results
In 211 patients (61.4 ± 15.6 years, 179 males; 84.8%) 271 epicardial ablation procedures of VA were performed using either an anterior- or inferior-oriented approach for epicardial access. Puncture-related complications were systematically analyzed. Furthermore, the incidence of adhesions was evaluated during first and repeated procedures.
A total of 34/271 (12.5%) major complications occurred and 23/271 (8.5%) were directly related to epicardial puncture. The incidence of puncture-related major complications in the anterior and inferior group was 4/82 (4.9%) and 19/189 (10.1%), respectively. Pericardial tamponade was the most common major complication (15/271; 5.5%). Collateral damages of adjacent structures such as liver, colon, gastric vessels and coronary arteries occurred in 6/189 (3.2%) patients and only within the inferior epicardial access group. Adhesions were documented in 19/211 (9%) patients during the first procedure and in 47.1% if patients had 2 or more procedures involving epicardial access.

Conclusion
Anterior-oriented epicardial puncture shows an observed association to a reduced incidence of pericardial tamponades and overall puncture-related complications in epicardial ablation of VA. In cases of repeated epicardial access adhesions increase significantly and may lead to ablation failure.
Use of fertility treatments in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers and risk for ovarian and breast cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Huber D. , Seitz S. , Kast K. , Emons G. , Ortmann O. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Mutations in the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 represent a significant risk factor for ovarian and breast cancer. With increasing number and success rates, fertility protection and treatment are gaining importance also for BRCA1/2 mutation carriers. However, the effect on primary cancer risk and risk for recurrence remains unclear. This review analyses the published data on fertility treatment and risk of ovarian and breast cancer in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers.

Methods
In this review, we included all relevant articles published in English from 1995 to 2018. Literature was identified through a search on PubMed and Cochrane Library.

Results
We identified one retrospective cohort and one case–control study regarding the association of fertility treatments and ovarian cancer risk in BRCA mutation carriers. The studies show no increase in ovarian cancer risk. Furthermore, one case–control study on the association between fertility treatment and breast cancer risk in BRCA mutation carriers and one prospective cohort study on the long-term safety of medication used for fertility preservation in women with a history of breast cancer were identified. One of the studies shows a possible adverse effect for gonadotropin-containing medication.

Conclusion
Possible increases in cancer risk associated with fertility treatments in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers cannot be excluded at this time. Based on the existing studies, BRCA1/2 mutation carriers should not be generally excluded from fertility treatments. However, they have to be informed about limited data and possible increases in cancer risk.
Risk factors and treatment outcomes of 239 patients with testicular granulosa cell tumors: a systematic review of published case series data
Authors: Grogg Josias Bastian , Schneider Kym , Bode Peter-Karl , Kranzbühler Benedikt , Eberli Daniel , Sulser Tullio , Beyer Joerg , Lorch Anja , Hermanns Thomas , Fankhauser Christian Daniel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose

Testicular granulosa cell tumors (tGrCT) are rare sex cord-stromal tumors. This review aims to synthesize the available evidence regarding the clinical presentation and clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and outcomes.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature search using the most important research databases. Whenever feasible, we extracted the data on individual patient level.

Results
From 7863 identified records, we included 88 publications describing 239 patients with tGrCT. The majority of the cases were diagnosed with juvenile tGrCT (166/239, 69%), while 73/239 (31%) patients were diagnosed with adult tGrCT. Mean age at diagnosis was 1.5 years (± 5 SD) for juvenile tGrCT, and 42 years (± 19 SD) for adult tGrCT. Information on primary treatment was available in 231/239 (97%), of which 202/231 (87%) were treated with a radical orchiectomy and 20/231 (9%) received testis sparing surgery (TSS). Local recurrence after TSS was observed in 1/20 (5%) cases. Metastatic disease was never observed in men with juvenile tGrCT but in 7/73 (10%) men with adult tGrCT. In 5/7 men with metastatic tGrCT, metastases were diagnosed at initial staging, while 2/7 patients developed metastases after 72 and 121 months of follow-up, respectively. Primary site of metastasis is represented by the retroperitoneal lymph nodes, but other sites including lungs, liver, bone and inguinal lymph nodes can also be affected. In comparison with non-metastatic adult tGrCT, men with metastatic adult tGrCT had significantly larger primary tumors (70 vs 24 mm, p 0.001), and were more likely to present with angiolymphatic invasion (57% vs 4%, p 0.002) or gynecomastia (29% vs 3%, p 0.019). In five out of seven men with metastatic disease, resection of metastases or platinum-based chemotherapy led to complete remission.

Conclusion
Juvenile tGrCT represent a benign entity whereas adult tGCTs have metastatic potential. Tumor size, presence of angiolymphatic invasion or gynecomastia represent risk factors for metastatic disease. The published literature supports the use of testis sparing surgery but there is only limited experience with adjuvant therapies. In the metastatic setting, the reviewed literature suggests that aggressive surgical and systemic treatment might cure patients.
Eine neue Methode für die Bestimmung des Mikroplastik-Massenanteils in Umweltproben
Authors: Spacek Stefan , Mallow Ole , Schwarzböck Therese , Fellner Johann , Rechberger Helmut 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungDie zunehmende Verschmutzung von aquatischen und terrestrischen Ökosystemen mit Mikroplastik stellt ein ernstzunehmendes Umweltproblem dar, wobei insbesondere die hohe Widerstandfähigkeit von Kunststoffen gegenüber Abbauprozessen zu einer stetigen Anreicherung von Mikroplastik in der Umwelt führt. Für die Bewertung der bereits vorhandenen Mikroplastikbelastung in der Umwelt sowie der Evaluierung von Haupteintragsquellen ist die Entwicklung geeigneter Methoden für die akkurate und einfache Bestimmung von Mikroplastik ein entscheidender Faktor. Die im gegenständlichen Artikel vorgestellte Analysenmethode stellt eine derartige Möglichkeit für die massenbezogene Analyse von Mikroplastik dar. Die an der TU Wien entwickelte EA-OEM (Elemental Analysis Overdetermined Equation Method) kann als thermoanalytische Methode eingestuft werden und nutzt die ausgeprägten Unterschiede in der Elementarzusammensetzung zwischen Kunststoffen, biogenen und anorganischen Materialien. Daraus wird der Gehalt an Mikroplastik in Umweltproben quantitativ bestimmt. Die EA-OEM wurde in den letzten Jahren anhand verschiedener Probentypen getestet und durch zusätzliche Wiederfindungsversuche mit gespikten Matrixproben und der Teilnahme an einem Ringversuch bereits einer eingehenden Validierung unterzogen. Die gegenständliche Arbeit fasst einige dieser Untersuchungen zusammen. Diese Resultate untermauern einerseits die hohe Wiederfindungsrate von Kunststoffen bei gespikten Mikroplastikproben (im Bereich von 93 bis 110 %) und andererseits eine ungefähre Nachweisgrenze der Methode, die im Bereich von 1 Massen-% Mikroplastikgehalt liegt. Die EA-OEM positioniert sich als verhältnismäßig einfaches und kostengünstiges Messverfahren, um Mikroplastik in Umweltproben zu bestimmen.
Symptom-based diagnostic approach for eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Fujiwara Yasuhiro 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has been increasing in Japan. Although the diagnosis of EoE is based on simple criteria that include the presence of esophageal symptoms and esophageal eosinophilia on biopsies, there are several important issues associated with the diagnostic approach. Following an extensive literature search, the symptoms of 886 EoE cases in Japanese adults were analyzed and divided into three categories as follows: (1) typical symptoms, such as dysphagia (53%); (2) other upper GI symptoms (40%); and (3) no symptoms found during screening or medical examination, i.e., “asymptomatic esophageal eosinophilia” (19%). The diagnostic approach was reviewed according to these categories as well as according to the presence or absence of esophageal eosinophilia. The present manuscript describes the current therapeutic strategy of EoE and ultimately proposes a symptom-based diagnostic approach for EoE.
Accessing access: the importance of pre-visit information to the attendance of people with sight loss at live audio described events
Authors: Fryer Louise 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTourism scholars propose that lack of knowledge is a major barrier for people with a disability. This article makes links between accessible tourism and quality in media accessibility provision. It explores the importance for people with sight loss of access toxoncexhas been made accessible. It reports data from a survey relating to the use of and appetite for access information (termed here pre-visit information) provided as part of an audio introduction by the UK charity VocalEyes (VE) for users of audio description services at live events. The majority of participants found the access information useful or very useful. 40% reported using the access information for some shows, 13% for most and 26% for every show. The prospect of VE withdrawing access information left 71% of respondents feeling unhappy to some degree. The study suggests that barriers to access can be overcome through the provision of appropriate verbal information. This needs to be rich, reliable and reflect an understanding of the needs of its target users. This research supports theoretical overlaps between accessible tourism and media accessibility (MA) as well as calls to expand the domain of MA beyond the boundaries of translation studies where it currently resides.
Infant survival in western lowland gorillas after voluntary dispersal by pregnant females
Authors: Manguette Marie L. , Breuer Thomas , Robeyst Jana , Kandza Vidrige H. , Robbins Martha M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn many social species, after the alpha male has been replaced or the group disintegrates, a female’s infant is at risk of infanticide by a male. Female gorillas have developed the rare strategy of secondary dispersal in which they transfer between reproductive groups during the limited time period between weaning an infant and conceiving the next one (voluntary dispersal). By doing so they leave a weaker silverback near the end of his tenure and join a stronger silverback at an earlier stage of his own tenure, thereby mitigating the risk of infanticide if the former dies. If females are pregnant or have unweaned offspring when the only male in the group dies, their offspring are vulnerable to infanticide by the new silverback that they join (via involuntary dispersal). In the few known cases of female gorillas transferring when pregnant (mainly after group disintegration), their offspring were killed. We report here on three adult females that transferred voluntarily while pregnant multiple times between two groups yet their offspring were not killed by the new group’s silverback. The gorillas were observed from 1995 to 2015 at the Mbeli Bai research site in northern Republic of the Congo. The females gave birth 5–6 months (gestation period 8.5 months) after their last transfer. To our knowledge, these observations are the first to show that wild female western lowland gorillas can transfer voluntarily while pregnant without incurring infanticide by a new silverback. These observations highlight the behavioural plasticity shown by female gorillas in response to sexual coercion by males.