bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“You have to do something”: Snoring, sleep interembodiment and the emergence of agency
Authors: Zarhin Dana 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlthough the sociology of sleep is a growing subfield, little is known about agency in the context of sleep. This article contributes to the sociological literature by showing how different types of agency emerge as a result of sleep interembodiment (i.e., experiencing sleep partners’ bodies as intertwined). The study draws on qualitative data generated through in‐depth interviews with 70 snorers and 20 sleep partners of snorers. Interviews were conducted in Israel and were analysed following constructivist grounded theory principles. Results indicate that two types of agency coexist and, in fact, co‐constitute one another: The first type, herein termedmaterial agency,reflects the post‐humanist tradition, which conceptualizes agents as entities (whether human or nonhuman) that alter a state of affairs by making a difference in another agent's action. This type of agency exists in both wakefulness and throughout periods of sleep, as the snorer’s body acts and interacts with a partner's body in ways that engender significant change in their lives, relationships, and actions. In contrast, the second type, herein termedreflexive agency, reflects the humanist tradition, which regards agency as individuals' creative and assertive capacities motivated by intentionality and reflexivity. This type of agency declines significantly during stages of deep sleep but re‐emerges in response to partners' actions. The article adds to the literature by refining the concept of agency and elucidating its relationship to both accountability and interembodiment. In addition, the article provides much‐needed empirical evidence showing how “personal responsibility” for health, as required by neoliberal discourses, is invoked within families, specifically with regard to sleep. This study therefore shows how certain macro‐level structures of neoliberalism are enacted and reinforced within micro‐level interactions.
Unravelling the relationship between aroma compounds and consumer acceptance: Coffee as an example
Authors: Mahmud M M Chayan , Shellie Robert A. , Keast Russell 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSensory analysis is a key method to assess flavor quality and to characterize consumer preference and acceptance, whereas instrumental analysis helps to identify flavor compounds. The combination of sensory analysis and instrumental analysis provides a platform for revealing key flavor compounds associated with consumer liking. This review discusses sensory evaluation, aroma analysis, and separation techniques using coffee as a central theme where possible to explore the aforementioned techniques. Emerging statistical methodologies are discussed along with their role in tying together discrete studies to reveal important flavor compounds that are either positively or negatively associated with consumer liking. Coffee is very widely studied, a fact that may be partially ascribed to its immense popularity in modern society. To this end, more than 100 sensory lexicons have been developed and implemented to describe specific coffee characteristics and around 1,000 volatile compounds have been identified in coffee. As a remarkably complex sample coffee has provided substantial impetus for adoption of new analytical approaches such as multidimensional separation technologies. This review describes common and emerging analytical techniques that have been employed for coffee analysis, with a particular emphasis placed on those associated with determination of volatile compounds. A comprehensive list of volatile compounds reported in coffee from 1959–2014 is included herein.
Understanding childhood injuries in rural areas: Using Rural Acute Hospital Data Register to address previous data deficiencies
Authors: Peck Blake , Terry Daniel R , Kloot Kate 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe state of childhood injury in rural areas of Victoria is poorly understood. Currently only data on those children transferred from smaller hospital settings to larger settings appear in existing government datasets, significantly underestimating the characteristics of injury.MethodsDetailed emergency presentation data (Victorian Emergency Minimum Dataset [VEMD] and non‐VEMD) that makes up the Rural Acute Hospital Data Register database was collected and compared among children (aged 0–14 years) who have a principal diagnosis of injury.ResultsOf the 8647 episodes of care identified for injured children aged 0–14 years, 3257 children were managed initially at smaller hospitals that do not report episode data to existing datasets.ConclusionsThe Rural Acute Hospital Data Register database captures the presentations at low‐resource sites and highlights as much as a 35% deficit in the data that is currently available to inform injury prevention and safety initiatives in Victoria.
Safer coalmines, happier, healthier and more engaged canaries
Authors: Bonning John , Palmer Didier , Skinner Clare , MacDonald Andrew 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAddressing and limiting burnout and its significant impacts on emergency physicians is an important and ongoing challenge, requiring much more than a focus on individual resilience. This is a key understanding which guides and informs the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine's holistic approach and advocacy efforts when it comes to the wellness of emergency physicians and the health systems in which they operate.
Clinical and ethical aspects of palliative sedation with propofol—A retrospective quantitative and qualitative study
Authors: Fredheim Olav M. , Skulberg Ingeborg M. , Magelssen Morten , Steine Siri 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundThe anesthetic propofol is often mentioned as a drug that can be used in palliative sedation. The existing literature of how to use propofol in palliative sedation is scarce, with lack of information about how propofol could be initiated for palliative sedation, doses and treatment outcomes.AimTo describe the patient population, previous and concomitant medication, and clinical outcome when propofol was used for palliative sedation.MethodsA retrospective study with quantitative and qualitative data. All patients who during a 4.5‐year period received propofol for palliative sedation at the Department of palliative medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Norway were included.ResultsFourteen patients were included. In six patients the main indication for palliative sedation was pain, in seven dyspnoea and in one delirium. In eight of these cases propofol was chosen because of the pharmacokinetic properties (rapid effect), and in the remaining cases propofol was chosen because midazolam in spite of dose titration failed to provide sufficient symptom relief. In all patients sedation and adequate symptom control was achieved during manual dose titration. During the maintenance phase three of 14 patients had spontaneous awakenings. At death, propofol doses ranged from 60 to 340 mg/hour.ConclusionsSevere suffering at the end of life can be successfully treated with propofol for palliative sedation. This can be performed in palliative medicine wards, but skilled observation and dose titration throughout the period of palliative sedation is necessary. Successful initial sedation does not guarantee uninterrupted sedation until death.Editorial CommentIn palliative care, some patients at the end of life can reach a stage where there have been maximal analgesic and or anxiolytic treatments though without achieving comfort in the awake state. This report describes and discusses use of propofol in these infrequent cases to relieve suffering as part of palliative care.
“Threatening Others”: National Identity and Group Threats Predict Immigration Policy
Authors: Molina Ludwin E. , Preddie Justin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe present research examines the relationship between national identity, perceived group threats, and immigration policy. Across two studies, we examine how patriotism (an arguably critical form of national identity) and nationalism (an ethnocentric and dominance‐oriented form of national identity) predict strong stances on immigration policy (Studies 1 and 2). Furthermore, does the inclusion of symbolic threat (Studies 1 and 2) and realistic threat (Study 2) decrease the relationship between different forms of national identity and immigration policy? One of the key findings across the two studies is that symbolic threat reduces the relationship between nationalism and immigration policy but not between patriotism and immigration policy. The findings extend previous research by providing evidence that symbolic threat (e.g., immigrants are changing what it means to be American) underpins the relationship between nationalism and immigration policy.
Neuropathological profile of long‐duration amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in military Veterans
Authors: Spencer Keith R. , Foster Zachariah W. , Rauf Nazifa Abdul , Guilderson Latease , Collins Derek , Averill James G. , Walker Sean E. , Robey Ian , Cherry Jonathan D. , Alvarez Victor E. , Huber Bertrand R. , McKee Ann C. , Kowall Neil W. , Brady Christopher B. , Stein Thor D. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting both the upper and lower motor neurons. Although ALS typically leads to death within 3 to 5 years after initial symptom onset, approximately 10% of patients with ALS live more than 10 years after symptom onset. We set out to determine similarities and differences in clinical presentation and neuropathology in persons with ALS with long vs. those with standard duration. Participants were United States military Veterans with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of ALS (n = 179), dichotomized into standard duration (<10 years) and long‐duration (≥10 years). The ALS Functional Rating Scale‐Revised (ALSFRS‐R) was administered at study entry and semi‐annually thereafter until death. Microglial density was determined in a subset of participants. long‐duration ALS occurred in 76 participants (42%) with a mean disease duration of 16.3 years (min/max = 10.1/42.2). Participants with long‐duration ALS were younger at disease onset (P = 0.002), had a slower initial ALS symptom progression on the ALSFRS‐R (P < 0.001) and took longer to diagnose (P < 0.002) than standard duration ALS. Pathologically, long‐duration ALS was associated with less frequent TDP‐43 pathology (P < 0.001). Upper motor neuron degeneration was similar; however, long‐duration ALS participants had less severe lower motor neuron degeneration at death (P < 0.001). In addition, the density of microglia was decreased in the corticospinal tract (P = 0.017) and spinal cord anterior horn (P = 0.009) in long‐duration ALS. Notably, many neuropathological markers of ALS were similar between the standard and long‐duration groups and there was no difference in the frequency of known ALS genetic mutations. These findings suggest that the lower motor neuron system is relatively spared in long‐duration ALS and that pathological progression is likely slowed by as yet unknown genetic and environmental modifiers.
The effect of a 2‐mm inter‐implant distance on esthetic outcomes in immediately non‐occlusally loaded platform shifted implants in healed ridges: 12‐month results of a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Rivara Federico , Macaluso Guido Maria , Toffoli Andrea , Calciolari Elena , Goldoni Matteo , Lumetti Simone 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThree millimeter is considered as the minimum distance to obtain soft and bone tissue stability in case of adjacent implants. The possibility to preserve peri‐implant bone level using a platform switching connection has questioned this concept.PurposeThe study evaluates soft tissue maintenance and marginal bone stability around implants, placed at 2 or 3 mm of distance.Materials and methodsThirty patients received two immediately loaded implants either at 2‐mm (test) or at 3‐mm (control) of distance in the premolar area. Soft tissue esthetics (papilla height and fill, keratinized tissue, recession) and radiographic peri‐implant bone level changes were measured at 3, 6, and 12 months.ResultsNo significant differences between the two groups were detected neither for all soft tissue esthetic outcomes nor for bone level modifications up to 12 months.ConclusionThe results suggested that up to 12 months post‐loading, both 2‐ and 3‐mm inter‐distance platform‐switched implants in healed site, supported adequate esthetic outcomes and peri‐implant bone stability.
Benefits of the fixed‐ratio combination of insulin glargine 100 units/mL and lixisenatide (iGlarLixi) in Japanese people with type 2 diabetes: A subgroup and time‐to‐control analysis of the LixiLan JP phase 3 trials
Authors: Terauchi Yasuo , Yabe Daisuke , Kaneto Hideaki , Amano Atsushi , Baxter Mike , Watanabe Daisuke , Watada Hirotaka , Inagaki Nobuya 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimsTo explore the impact of baseline characteristics on clinical outcomes in the phase 3 LixiLan JP trials which evaluated the efficacy and safety of iGlarLixi, a titratable fixed‐ratio combination of insulin glargine 100 units/mL (iGlar) and GLP‐1 RA lixisenatide (Lixi), vs Lixi (JP‐O1, NCT02749890) or iGlar (LixiLan JP‐O2, NCT02752828; JP‐L, NCT02752412) in Japanese people with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled on oral antidiabetes drugs (OADs; JP‐O1, JP‐O2) or OADs and basal insulin (JP‐L).Materials and methodsGlycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) change from baseline to week 26 was assessed within patient subgroups. Subgroups were defined by dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor use at screening (JP‐O1, JP‐O2 only), baseline HbA1c (<8%, ≥8%), baseline BMI (<25, ≥25 kg/m2) and age (<65, ≥65 years). Incidences of hypoglycaemia (baseline HbA1c, BMI and age subgroups) and gastrointestinal disorders (age subgroup) were evaluated over 52 (JP‐O1) or 26 weeks (JP‐O2, JP‐L). Time to control (first HbA1c <7% or fasting plasma glucose [FPG] ≤130 mg/dL; JP‐O2 only) was also assessed.ResultsHbA1c reductions were consistently greater with iGlarLixi vs iGlar or Lixi across all subgroups, and iGlarLixi was equally effective in all subgroups. Incidences of documented symptomatic hypoglycaemia (plasma glucose ≤3.9 mmol/L) were higher with iGlarLixi vs Lixi and generally comparable with iGlar. Across age subgroups, incidences of gastrointestinal disorders with iGlarLixi were higher vs iGlar, but lower vs Lixi. Median time to HbA1c or FPG control was shorter with iGlarLixi vs iGlar.ConclusionsiGlarLixi was consistently effective across all baseline characteristic subgroups, with more patients achieving glycaemic control vs iGlar early in treatment.
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus: The impact of self‐amplifying innate and adaptive immune responses and future prospects of targeted therapies
Authors: Fetter Tanja , Wenzel Joerg 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease encompassing a broad spectrum of skin conditions including localized plaques or widespread lesions, which may be accompanied by systemic involvement (systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)). The disease is characterized by necroptotic keratinocytes and a cytotoxic immune cell infiltrate at the dermo‐epidermal junction (DEJ), orchestrated by interferon (IFN)‐regulated proinflammatory cytokines. Molecular analyses revealed a strong upregulation of innate and adaptive immune pathways in lesional skin including DNA‐recognition pathways, chemokine signalling, antigen presentation and B‐ and T‐cell activation, which are believed to interact in a complex self‐amplifying network. Concerning adaptive immune signalling, particularly B cells are currently being studied as there is growing evidence for additional abilities besides autoantibody expression in skin autoimmunity. These detailed insights have paved the way for the development of drugs targeting crucial molecules of pathogenic immune cells and pathways. Moreover, they forwarded the understanding of distinct molecular mechanisms within CLE subtypes, which might enable a more mechanism‐directed, stratified pharmacotherapy of LE skin lesions in the future.
If it’s not one thing, HIF’s another: immunoregulation by hypoxia inducible factors in disease
Authors: Hammond Ffion R. , Lewis Amy , Elks Philip M. 
Published: July 2020

Hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs) have emerged in recent years as critical regulators of immunity. Localised, low oxygen tension is a hallmark of inflamed and infected tissues. Subsequent myeloid cell HIF stabilisation plays key roles in the innate immune response, alongside emerging oxygen‐independent roles. Manipulation of regulatory proteins of the HIF transcription factor family can profoundly influence inflammatory profiles, innate immune cell function and pathogen clearance and, as such, has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy against inflammatory diseases. The direction and mode of HIF manipulation as a therapy are dictated by the inflammatory properties of the disease in question, with innate immune cell HIF reduction being, in general, advantageous during chronic inflammatory conditions, while upregulation of HIF is beneficial during infections. The therapeutic potential of targeting myeloid HIFs, both genetically and pharmacologically, has been recently illuminated in vitro and in vivo, with an emerging range of inhibitory and activating strategies becoming available. This review focuses on cutting edge findings that uncover the roles of myeloid cell HIF signalling on immunoregulation in the contexts of inflammation and infection and explores future directions of potential therapeutic strategies.
Effect of heat treatment at the temperature above β‐transus on the microstructures and fatigue properties of pure Ti
Authors: Uematsu Yoshihiko , Huang Ching An , Kakiuchi Toshifumi , Mizutani Yoshiki , Nakajima Masaki 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCommercially pure Ti (CP‐Ti) was heat treated at 1273 K (1000°C), which was higher than β‐transus temperature, followed by water quenching. The dwell time at 1000°C was changed from 1 to 240 h. The heat treatment at 1000°C resulted in α grain coarsening, whereas martensitic transformation occurred due to the rapid cooling from β phase. The hardness increased by the martensitic transformation, where higher hardness was achieved by longer dwell time at 1000°C. However, the fatigue strengths of the heat‐treated CP‐Ti were lower than that of the as‐received one. The fatigue strength of the specimen with the shortest dwell time of 1 h was the lowest among the heat‐treated samples with different dwell times. Untransformed coarse α grains were seen in the heat‐treated specimens, which resulted in the lower fatigue crack initiation resistance and fatigue strength than the as‐received specimen.
Enabling ‘citizen voice’ in the English health and social care system: A national survey of the organizational structures, relationships and impacts of local Healthwatch in England
Authors: Zoccatelli Giulia , Desai Amit , Martin Graham , Brearley Sally , Murrels Trevor , Robert Glenn 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundLocal Healthwatch have been operating since 2013 as ‘consumer champions’ in health and social care in England. There is little evidence about how they operate and the daily practices through which they seek to represent citizen views and influence others.ObjectiveTo explore (a) the current organizational arrangements, relationships and impact of local Healthwatch in England, and (b) to what extent do these vary across local Healthwatch organizations.DesignAn online survey of all 150 local Healthwatch in England between December 2018 and January 2019. The survey comprised 47 questions and used a combination of closed‐ and open‐response questions.ResultsWe received responses from 96 local Healthwatch (68% response rate). Most local Healthwatch reported that they are ‘independent’ organizations that only do Healthwatch‐related work (58.3%) and are funded through a contract (79.2%). Budget cuts have affected four‐fifths of local Healthwatch (79.3%) since 2013. Three‐quarters (74%) of local Healthwatch currently receive funding external to that provided by their local authority for their Healthwatch functions. Most Healthwatch engage with only one CCG (56.3%), one mental health trust (82.3%) and one community health trust (62.5%), though 59.4% engage with more than one hospital trust. Healthwatch respondents overwhelmingly reported impacts that were local in nature.ConclusionsGeographical and historical factors, the quality and quantity of their relationships with stakeholders, and different funding arrangements all contribute to high variability in the structure and activities of local Healthwatch and to shaping the nature of their work and impact across England.
Inactivation efficacy of plasma‐activated water: influence of plasma treatment time, exposure time and bacterial species
Authors: Zhao Yi‐Ming , Ojha Shikha , Burgess Catherine M. , Sun Da‐Wen , Tiwari Brijesh K. 
Published: July 2020

SummaryThis study aimed to evaluate the influence of plasma treatment time, bacterial exposure time to PAW and bacterial species on the inactivation efficacy of plasma‐activated water (PAW), with additional investigation of the inactivation mechanisms of PAW. Six bacterial species, including Listeria innocua, Staphyloccus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Shewanella putrefaciens and Aeromonas hydrophila were selected as the representative bacteria. The initial bacterial concentration was around 7 log CFU ml−1 after mixing with PAW, and the inactivation efficacy was measured after different exposure times during the 4 °C storage. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the bacteria after PAW treatment were carried out to inspect the cell structure damage, and physicochemical properties of PAW, including pH, conductivity and long‐living reactive species of H2O2, , and , were examined. The results showed that the inactivation efficacy of PAW was positively correlated with plasma treatment time and bacterial exposure time, and for the species examined in this study, the Gram‐negative species were more sensitive to PAW than the Gram‐positive species. Cell structure damage, including shrinkage, distortion, or holes, was observed after PAW treatment. The pH of PAW was acidified to 2.5–2.9, and conductivity was significantly increased to 518.0 μs cm−1. and H2O2 were reduced during the 48 h storage, while an increased concentration was observed for . This study demonstrated that the processing parameters of plasma treatment time, exposure time and characteristics of bacteria can significantly affect the inactivation efficacy of PAW.