bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EDGE: a new approach to suppressing numerical diffusion in adaptive mesh simulations of galaxy formation
Authors: Pontzen Andrew , Rey Martin P , Cadiou Corentin , Agertz Oscar , Teyssier Romain , Read Justin , Orkney Matthew D A 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We introduce a new method to mitigate numerical diffusion in adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) simulations of cosmological galaxy formation, and study its impact on a simulated dwarf galaxy as part of the ‘EDGE’ project. The target galaxy has a maximum circular velocity of $21\, \mathrm{km}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ but evolves in a region that is moving at up to $90\, \mathrm{km}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$ relative to the hydrodynamic grid. In the absence of any mitigation, diffusion softens the filaments feeding our galaxy. As a result, gas is unphysically held in the circumgalactic medium around the galaxy for $320\, \mathrm{Myr}$, delaying the onset of star formation until cooling and collapse eventually triggers an initial starburst at z = 9. Using genetic modification, we produce ‘velocity-zeroed’ initial conditions in which the grid-relative streaming is strongly suppressed; by design, the change does not significantly modify the large-scale structure or dark matter accretion history. The resulting simulation recovers a more physical, gradual onset of star formation starting at z = 17. While the final stellar masses are nearly consistent ($4.8 \times 10^6\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ and $4.4\times 10^6\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ for unmodified and velocity-zeroed, respectively), the dynamical and morphological structure of the z = 0 dwarf galaxies are markedly different due to the contrasting histories. Our approach to diffusion suppression is suitable for any AMR zoom cosmological galaxy formation simulations, and is especially recommended for those of small galaxies at high redshift.
FAX-RIC enables robust profiling of dynamic RNP complex formation in multicellular organismsin vivo
Authors: Na Yongwoo , Kim Hyunjoon , Choi Yeon , Shin Sanghee , Jung Jae Hun , Kwon S Chul , Kim V Narry , Kim Jong-Seo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRNA–protein interaction is central to post-transcriptional gene regulation. Identification of RNA-binding proteins relies mainly on UV-induced crosslinking (UVX) followed by the enrichment of RNA–protein conjugates and LC-MS/MS analysis. However, UVX has limited applicability in tissues of multicellular organisms due to its low penetration depth. Here, we introduce formaldehyde crosslinking (FAX) as an alternative chemical crosslinking for RNA interactome capture (RIC). Mild FAX captures RNA–protein interaction with high specificity and efficiency in cell culture. Unlike UVX-RIC, FAX-RIC robustly detects proteins that bind to structured RNAs or uracil-poor RNAs (e.g. AGO1, STAU1, UPF1, NCBP2, EIF4E, YTHDF proteins and PABP), broadening the coverage. Applied to Xenopus laevis oocytes and embryos, FAX-RIC provided comprehensive and unbiased RNA interactome, revealing dynamic remodeling of RNA–protein complexes. Notably, translation machinery changes during oocyte-to-embryo transition, for instance, from canonical eIF4E to noncanonical eIF4E3. Furthermore, using Mus musculus liver, we demonstrate that FAX-RIC is applicable to mammalian tissue samples. Taken together, we report that FAX can extend the RNA interactome profiling into multicellular organisms.
Focused Ultrasound Thalamotomy for Refractory Essential Tremor: A Japanese Multicenter Single-Arm Study
Authors: Abe Keiichi , Horisawa Shiro , Yamaguchi Toshio , Hori Hiroki , Yamada Kazumichi , Kondo Kimito , Furukawa Hironori , Kamada Hajime , Kishima Haruhiko , Oshino Satoru , Mochizuki Hideki , Kanemoto Manabu , Hirabayashi Hidehiro , Fukutome Kenji , Ohnishi Hideyuki , Igase Keiji , Matsubara Ichiro , Ohnishi Takanori , Sadamoto Kazuhiko , Taira Takaomi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Several feasibility studies and a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of unilateral transcranial magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (FUS) lesioning of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus in treating essential tremor.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of FUS thalamotomy in a Japanese patient cohort through a prospective, multicenter, single-arm confirmatory trial.

METHODS
A total of 35 patients with disabling refractory essential tremor underwent unilateral FUS thalamotomy and were followed up for 12 post-treatment months. Safety was measured as the incidence and severity of treatment-related adverse events. Efficacy was measured as the tremor severity and quality of life improvements using the Clinical Rating Scale for Tremor and Questionnaire for Essential Tremor.

RESULTS
The mean skull density ratio (SDR) was 0.47. There was a significant decrease in the mean postural tremor score of the treated hand from baseline to 12 mo by 56.4% (95% CI: 46.7%-66.1%; P < .001), which was maintained at last follow-up. Quality of life improved by 46.3% (mean overall Questionnaire for Essential Tremor score of 17.4 [95% CI: 12.1-22.7]) and there were no severe adverse events. The most frequent adverse event was gait disturbance and all events resolved.

CONCLUSION
Unilateral FUS thalamotomy allowed significant and sustained tremor relief and improved the quality of life with an outstanding safety profile. The observed safety and efficacy of FUS thalamotomy were comparable to those reported in a previous multicenter study with a low SDR, and inclusion of the low SDR group did not affect effectiveness.
Switching to Progressively Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes in Smokers With Low Socioeconomic Status: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Krebs Nicolle M , Zhu Junjia , Wasserman Emily , Kuprewicz Robin , Martinez Diane J , Veldheer Susan , Livelsberger Craig , Modesto Jennifer , Reinhart Lisa , Trushin Neil , Reilly Samantha M , Liao Jason , Fazzi Alyse , Bascom Rebecca , Richie John P , Foulds Jonathan , Horn Kimberly , Muscat Joshua E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The Food and Drug Administration issued an advanced notice of proposed rulemaking for setting a product standard for nicotine levels in cigarettes, with an emphasis on minimally or non-addicting very low nicotine content (VLNC).

Methods
A 33 week, two-arm, double-blind randomized trial conducted in Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA and Washington, DC, USA included adult daily cigarette smokers (≥5 cigarettes per day) with less than a college degree, and who had no plans to quit within the next six months. Participants were randomized to either reduced nicotine content (RNC) study cigarettes tapered every three weeks to a final VLNC (0.2 mg/cigarette) for six weeks or to usual nicotine content (UNC) study cigarettes (11.6 mg/cigarette). Outcomes included acceptability of study cigarettes measured by attrition (primary outcome), compliance, reduction in cigarette dependence and tobacco biomarkers, and post-intervention cessation.

Results
The RNC (n = 122) versus UNC (n = 123) group had higher attrition (adjusted Hazard Ratio 3.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.99 to 5.81). At the end of the intervention, cotinine levels were 50% lower in the RNC group (mean group difference −137 ng/mL; 95% CI −172, −102). The RNC group smoked fewer CPD (−4.1; 95% CI −6.44, −1.75) and had lower carbon monoxide levels (−4.0 ppm; 95% CI −7.7, −0.4). Forty seven percent (29/62) of the RNC group were biochemically-confirmed compliant with smoking VLNC cigarettes (mean cotinine = 8.9 ng/ml). At three month follow-up, only compliant VLNC smokers quit with an assisted quit attempt (N = 6/22, 27%).

Conclusions
This study supports a VLNC standard in cigarettes.

Implications
Differential dropout and noncompliance indicate some smokers had difficulty transitioning to cigarettes with reduced nicotine. These smokers will benefit from supplemental nicotine in medicinal or noncombustible tobacco products if a nicotine reduction standard is established. Other smokers successfully transitioned to very low nicotine content cigarettes exclusively and substantially reduced their exposure to nicotine.
ASSESSING THE RISK ASSOCIATED WITH SIMULTANEOUS EXPOSURE TO MOBILE COMMUNICATION SIGNALS WITHIN 900–2500 MHZ IN NIGERIA
Authors: Ayinmode B O , Farai I P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, the total exposure due to signals within GSM 900, GSM 1800, CDMA-1900 and 3G-2100 frequency bands at 200 m from the foot of 120, 100 and 80 base station masts in the Nigerian cities of Lagos, Ibadan and Abuja, respectively, was assessed. A calibrated hand-held spectrum analyser was used to measure the level of power (in dBm) of each signal within the mobile frequency bands. The exposure quotient associated with the combine electric field strengths from the various frequency bands in each city was estimated. The maximum value of total electric field strength at each point in Lagos, Ibadan and Abuja was 0.83 V/m, 0.53 V/m and 1.63 V/m, respectively. This study shows that the exposure quotient due to the simultaneous exposure to the four bands of mobile communication signals in each city is far less than one, as recommend by International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection.
Lasting effects of cognitive emotion regulation: neural correlates of reinterpretation and distancing
Authors: Hermann Andrea , Neudert Marie K , Schäfer Axel , Zehtner Raphaela I , Fricke Susanne , Seinsche Rosa J , Stark Rudolf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Reinterpretation and distancing are two cognitive reappraisal tactics, used to regulate one’s emotions in response to emotion-eliciting stimuli or situations. Relatively less is known about their (differential) lasting effects on emotional responding and related neural correlates. This functional magnetic resonance imaging study investigated 85 healthy females, participating in a 2-day cognitive emotion regulation experiment. On the first day, participants were instructed to passively look at, reinterpret or distance from repeatedly presented aversive pictures. One week later, they were re-exposed to the same stimuli without regulation instruction, in order to assess lasting effects. The main outcome measures comprised ratings of negative feelings and blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses. Lasting effects for reinterpretation compared with looking at aversive pictures during passive re-exposure 1 week later were reflected in stronger activation of the left amygdala, the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and reduced negative feelings. Neither distancing compared with looking at aversive pictures nor reinterpretation compared with distancing did result in significant effects during re-exposure. These findings indicate that reinterpretation leads to reduced negative feelings 1 week later, which might be mediated by inhibitory vmPFC activation or stronger positive emotions during re-exposure. However, the missing difference compared with distancing questions the specificity of the results and the mechanisms underlying these two cognitive reappraisal tactics.
Randomized controlled trial of an integrated approach to treating insomnia and improving the use of positive airway pressure therapy in veterans with comorbid insomnia disorder and obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Alessi Cathy A , Fung Constance H , Dzierzewski Joseph M , Fiorentino Lavinia , Stepnowsky Carl , Rodriguez Tapia Juan C , Song Yeonsu , Zeidler Michelle R , Josephson Karen , Mitchell Michael N , Jouldjian Stella , Martin Jennifer L 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStudy ObjectivesCognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) for comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has had mixed results. We integrated CBTI with a positive airway pressure (PAP) adherence program and tested effects on sleep and PAP use.Methods125 veterans (mean age 63.2, 96% men, 39% non-Hispanic white, 26% black/African American, 18% Hispanic/Latino) with comorbid insomnia and newly-diagnosed OSA (apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 15) were randomized to 5-weekly sessions integrating CBTI with a PAP adherence program provided by a “sleep coach” (with behavioral sleep medicine supervision), or 5-weekly sleep education control sessions. Participants and assessment staff were blinded to group assignment. Outcomes (baseline, 3 and 6 months) included Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), 7-day sleep diary (sleep onset latency [SOL-D], wake after sleep onset [WASO-D], sleep efficiency [SE-D]), 7-day actigraphy (SE-A), and objective PAP use (hours/night and nights ≥ 4 h). Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire-10 (FOSQ-10) were also collected.ResultsCompared to controls, intervention participants showed greater improvement (baseline to 3 and 6 months, respectively) in PSQI (−3.2 and −1.7), SOL-D (−16.2 and −15.5 minutes), SE-D (10.5% and 8.5%), SE-A (4.4% and 2.6%) and more 90-day PAP use (1.3 and 0.9 more hours/night, 17.4 and 11.3 more nights PAP ≥ 4 h). 90-day PAP use at 3 months was 3.2 and 1.9 h/night in intervention versus controls. Intervention participants also had greater improvements in ISI, ESS, and FOSQ-10 (all p &lt; 0.05).ConclusionsAn intervention integrating CBTI with a PAP adherence program delivered by a supervised sleep coach improved sleep and PAP use in adults with comorbid insomnia and OSA.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.govStudy name: Novel Treatment of Comorbid Insomnia and Sleep Apnea in Older VeteransURL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=&term=NCT02027558&cntry=&state=&city=&dist=Registration: NCT02027558
Efficacy of commercial products on nursery pig growth performance fed diets with fumonisin contaminated corn
Authors: Rao Zhong-Xing , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Calderon Hilda I 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of various commercial products on growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets high in fumonisin. In experiment 1, 350 pigs (241 × 600; DNA, Columbus, NE; initially 9.9 kg) were used with five pigs per pen and 14 replicates per treatment. After weaning, pigs were fed common diets for 21 d before the experiment started. The five dietary treatments consisted of a positive control (low fumonisin), a negative control (60 mg/kg of fumonisin B1 + B2 in complete diet), and the negative control with one of three products (0.3% of Kallsil Dry, Kemin Industries Inc., Des Moines, IA; 0.3% of Feed Aid Wide Spectrum, NutriQuest, Mason City, IA; 0.17% of Biofix Select Pro, Biomin America Inc., Overland Park, KS). Diets were fed in mash form for 14 d and followed with a low fumonisin diet for 13 d. For the 14-d treatment period, pigs fed the positive control diet and Biofix Select Pro had greater (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed (G:F) compared to those fed the high fumonisin negative control, or high fumonisin diets with Kallsil Dry or Feed Aid Wide Spectrum. Serum sphinganine to sphingosine ratios (SA:SO) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in all pigs fed high fumonisin diets compared to the positive control. In experiment 2, 300 pigs (241 × 600; DNA; initially 10.4 kg) were used. Procedures were similar to experiment 1 except there were 12 replicate pens per treatment, high fumonisin diets contained 30 mg/kg fumonisin, and experimental diets were fed for 28 d. Similar to experiment 1, pigs fed the positive control diet and treatment with Biofix Select Pro had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F, and lower (P &lt; 0.05) serum SA:SO compared to pigs fed the high fumonisin negative control, or high fumonisin diets with Kallsil Dry or Feed Aid Wide Spectrum. In summary, pigs fed diets containing 60 mg/kg of fumonisin for 14 d or 30 mg/kg of fumonisin for 28 d had poorer ADG and G:F and greater serum SA:SO compared to pigs fed a diet with less than 5 mg/kg of fumonisin. Adding Biofix Select Pro to diets appeared to mitigate the negative effects of high fumonisin concentrations, while Kallsil Dry and Feed Aid Wide Spectrum did not.
A global census of physician assistants and physician associates
Authors: Hooker Roderick S. , Berkowitz Oren 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The physician assistant or physician associate (PA) profession is being adopted in many countries. At a time of improved communication and international exchange of educational methods, no central repository of PA numbers exists. The authors set out to consolidate basic information on PAs. The purpose of the project was to support efforts underway that include the global development of PAs. The prevalence of PAs in each country was obtained using an informant methodology strategy and supplemented with reports and internet validation. Eighteen countries have a PA (similar healthcare professionals with different titles were not included), for an estimated total of more than 132,000 clinically active PAs and 366 training programs. In most countries, PA expansion was reported as being underway.
FOLLOW-UP ADHERENCE IN PATIENTS WITH NONPROLIFERATIVE DIABETIC RETINOPATHY PRESENTING TO AN OPHTHALMIC EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
Authors: Watane Arjun , Kalavar Meghana , Vanner Elizabeth A. , Cavuoto Kara , Sridhar Jayanth 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To determine the rate of follow-up after emergent encounters for nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and to identify patient or visit characteristics associated with follow-up adherence.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort study of patients presenting to an ophthalmic emergency department with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy between May 2014 and December 2018 was conducted. Demographic and encounter data were gathered. Adherence to follow-up was defined as a completed encounter within 5 weeks of the recommended follow-up.

Results:
A total of 1,248 patients were included. The overall follow-up rate was 53%. Significantly decreased odds of follow-up adherence were associated with longer physician recommended follow-up intervals (odds ratio: 0.81, P < 0.001), longer interval to scheduled appointment (OR: 0.98, P < 0.001), commercial insurance (OR: 0.76, P = 0.01), and lack of any insurance (OR: 0.57, P < 0.01). Significantly increased odds were associated with a longer emergency department visit duration (OR: 1.002, P = 0.001), farther home distance (1.02, P < 0.01), increased likelihood of living in a higher income area (OR: 1.07, P = 0.04), greater NPDR severity (OR: 1.23, P < 0.01), Medicare (OR: 1.38, P = 0.04), presence of macular edema (OR: 1.66, P < 0.001), and worse vision (OR: 1.73, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Patients presenting emergently with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy are at high risk for follow-up nonadherence. Several patient and encounter characteristics were associated with follow-up adherence.
Repeatability of biometry measured by three devices and its impact on predicted intraocular lens power
Authors: Shetty Naren , Kaweri Luci , Koshy Ann , Shetty Rohit , Nuijts Rudy M.M.A. , Sinha Roy Abhijit 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To compare the repeatability of ocular biometry measured with the LENSTAR LS 900, IOLMaster 700, and Anterion and its impact on predicted intraocular lens (IOL) power.

Setting:
Tertiary eye-care facility in South India.

Design:
Prospective, observational, cross-sectional study.

Methods:
Eyes diagnosed with cataract had 3 consecutive scans on each biometers. The repeatability was assessed using the within-subject standard deviation (Sw), test-retest repeatability, and coefficient of variation (CoV). The agreement was evaluated with the intraclass correlation (ICC). The IOL power was calculated with the Barrett Universal II formula.

Results:
The study comprised 127 eyes of 76 patients. The repeatability of all parameters for a given device were excellent (ICC >0.9, low CoV and Sw). The agreement of the parameters between the biometers was very good (range from 0.93 to 0.99). The predicted IOL power differed statistically between the devices (P < .05), but the difference was clinically insignificant between the 3 biometers (ICC >0.99 for repeat calculation of IOL power).

Conclusions:
All the biometers included in the study had good to excellent repeatability of biometry parameters. The agreement of the predicted IOL power was excellent between the 3 optical biometers.
Quantification of aerosol generation during cataract surgery
Authors: Noureddin Gelareh S. , Iovieno Alfonso , Eslami Maryam , Weaver Travers , Meadows Howard , Yeung Sonia N. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To determine whether phacoemulsification cataract surgery is an aerosol-generating medical procedure (AGMP) and, therefore, to help determine the personal protective equipment required by healthcare providers in the era of the COVID-19.

Setting:
The Surgery, Teaching and Research Wet Lab of the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, UBC.

Design:
Laboratory-based simulation.

Methods:
Phacoemulsification cataract surgery was performed on porcine eyes. At a fixed distance, a DRX Aerosol Monitor 8534 (DustTrak) was used to measure particulate matter (PM) mass fractions for each of 3 particle sizes, PM1, PM2.5, and PM4 (in microns), every 2 seconds during surgery and for 1 minute after. The main outcome measure was an increase in the mass fraction of aerosolized particles of various sizes.

Results:
There was no significant aerosolization of particles during cataract surgery for both the 2.4 and 2.75 mm wound sizes.

Conclusions:
Phacoemulsification cataract surgery was not found to be an AGMP. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, ophthalmologists can continue to use droplet precautions while performing this surgery.
Assessing reasons for decreased primary care access for individuals on prescribed opioids: an audit study
Authors: Lagisetty Pooja , Macleod Colin , Thomas Jennifer , Slat Stephanie , Kehne Adrianne , Heisler Michele , Bohnert Amy S.B. , Bohnert Kipling M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Many primary care clinics are resistant to accept new patients taking prescription opioids for chronic pain. It is unclear how much of this practice is specific to individuals who may be perceived to have aberrant opioid use. This study sought to determine whether clinics are more or less willing to accept and prescribe opioids to patients depending on whether their history is more or less suggestive of aberrant opioid use by conducting an audit survey of primary care clinics in 9 states from May to July 2019. Simulated patients taking opioids for chronic pain called each clinic twice, giving one of 2 scenarios for needing a new provider: their previous physician had either (1) retired or (2) stopped prescribing opioids for unspecified reasons. Clinic willingness to continue prescribing opioids and accept the patient for general primary care were assessed. Of 452 clinics responding to both scenarios (904 calls), 193 (43%) said their providers would not prescribe opioids in either scenario, 146 (32%) said their providers might prescribe in both, and 113 (25%) responded differently to each scenario. Clinics responding differently had greater odds (odds ratio = 1.83 confidence interval [1.23-2.76]) of willingness to prescribe when the previous doctor retired than when the doctor had stopped prescribing. These findings suggest that primary care access is limited for patients taking opioids for chronic pain, and differentially further reduced for patients whose histories are suggestive of aberrant use. This denial of care could lead to unintended harms such as worsened pain or conversion to illicit substances.