bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSI-19 Preference grazing evaluation of new forage varieties, and the effect of animal temperament on grazing behaviour
Authors: Sim Cassidy R , Biligetu Bill , Ribeiro Gabriel O , Lardner Bart , Moya Diego 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In Canada, new forage varieties need not undergo grazing trials before registration and sale. As such, little is known about forage performance under grazing, or how animal preference and temperament affect grazing behaviour. To determine these effects, 6 cool-season forage species including meadow bromegrass (Bromus bieberseinii), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerate L.), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifoila ssp. Viciifolia) and three alfalfa varieties (Medicago sativa L.) were established in monoculture and grass-legume binary mixtures (14 treatments) at the Livestock and Forage Centre of Excellence (Saskatchewan, Canada). Forages were seeded in randomized adjacent 0.3 ha (21 × 125 m) strips within each of three, 5 ha paddocks. Sixty-nine Bos taurus crossbred steers (396 ± 34 kg BW) were homogenously allocated to the 3 paddocks for grazing observations. Individual steer temperament was characterized via novel object and corridor tests prior to grazing. The 9 steers showing the most bold or shy temperaments were labelled for identification while grazing. The grazing period length was 19 d, from July 27 to August 15, 2019, with observations made during the first six days. Observers determined forage preference based upon the number of animals grazing each forage type every 30 min for 2 h in the morning and 2 h in the evening. Animal preference did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between the forage treatments. Yield of grass and legume components did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between monocultures or binary mixtures (1255 kg ha-1 ± 277 kg ha-1). Steer temperament affected (P &lt; 0.0001) animal distribution, with bold steers traveling further from the center of the paddock than shy steers or average herd animals (P &lt; 0.05). These preliminary results indicate that differences in grazing behaviour were due to individual animal temperament rather than forage preference or performance.
PSIV-21 Time course and peak response of inflammation and tissue zinc transporters during LPS-induced sepsis in nursery pigs fed pharmacological levels of dietary zinc and copper
Authors: Aparachita Pornpim , Carter Scott D , Chowanadisai Winyoo , Sawyer Afton , Harshman Jared , Scaff Taw 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection on the immune response over a 24-h period in nursery pigs. Pigs consumed corn-soybean meal-based diets with added pharmacological levels of ZnO (d 0–14) and CuSO4 (d 14–23). On d 23, thirty pigs were randomly blocked based on BW and sex to one of five-time points (h 0 baseline, 3, 6, 12, and 24 post-challenge) and injected with a single i.m. LPS (O55:B5) at 12 μg/kg BW. At each time point, BW, rectal temperature (RT), and blood samples (n = 30, 24, 18, 12, and 6 per time point, respectively) were collected before one block (n = 6) was euthanized for liver and duodenum collection. Tissue samples were quantified for interleukin-6 (IL-6), zinc transporters (duodenal Zip4 and hepatic Zip14), and metallothionein-1 (MT-1) mRNA expression. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS with pig as the experimental unit. Following LPS, RT increased from h 0 to 6 (P &lt; 0.05), and serum TNF-α increased from h 0 to 3 (P &lt; 0.0001). Serum zinc and copper decreased (P &lt; 0.01) from h 0 to 6, and h 0 to 12, respectively. Serum C-reactive protein tended to increase linearly following LPS (P = 0.10). LPS upregulated duodenal Zip4 and MT-1 (P &lt; 0.05) at h 12 and 24, respectively, while all hepatic genes increased (P &lt; 0.01) at h 3 post-challenge. Duodenal IL-6 did not change over time (P &gt; 0.05). Quantification of mRNA expression displayed a positive correlation (P &lt; 0.01) among hepatic IL-6, Zip14, and MT-1 in pairwise comparisons. In summary, LPS challenge induces fever and hepatic inflammation with consequent increases in hepatic and duodenal zinc importers, and their metal-binding protein, along with decreases in serum zinc and copper concentrations. However, our data indicate that pigs recover within 24-hour post-challenge.
PSIV-23 Variations in chewing behavior and rumino-reticular pH in dairy cows during gradual adaptation to a high-grain diet
Authors: Rivera-Chacon Raul , Castillo-Lopez Ezequias , Ricci Sara , Petri Renee M , Reisinger Nicole , Zebeli Qendrim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Physical effective fiber in the diet promotes chewing, contributing to the regulation of ruminal pH through saliva production, which leads to rumen health. However, lower dietary fiber content in high-grain diets may reduce rumination time and compromise ruminal pH regulation. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate rumination behavior and rumino-reticular pH variations during an 8-day adaptation to a 65% concentrate diet. For this study nine ruminally cannulated non-lactating Holstein cows were used. Prior to the initiation of the adaptation, cows were transitioned from a forage-only grass silage diet to a 65% DM concentrate diet over eight days. Rumination was monitored using RumiWatch halters (RumiWacthSystem ITIN+HOCH). Rumino-reticular pH was measured using eCow indwelling pH systems in five of nine cows recording data every 15 minutes. Data were analysed with SAS, the statistical model included day as fixed effect and cow was considered as random effect. Adaptation days had an effect (P &lt; 0.01) on rumination time, number of rumination chews per minute, and mean daily (rumino-reticular) pH. Especially, rumination time decreased from 439 to 327±62.8 minutes per day from day 1 to 8, respectively. Concomitantly, rumination chews per minute decreased from 68.8 to 65.6±2.06, and mean daily pH decreased from 6.54 and 6.26±0.07, respectively. Nevertheless, daily dry matter intake (P = 0.23) and eating time (P = 0.37) were not affected during the adaptation period. In conclusion, adaptation to a high-grain diet and the associated decrease in physically effective fiber gradually reduced chewing activity and ruminal/reticular pH. However, compared to the forage-only diet, significant reduction in rumination time was only noted at the 65% concentrate level.
PSIV-17 Muscular Tension as a Marker of Stress in Horses
Authors: Rankins Ellen M , Manso Helio C , Malinowski Karyn , McKeever Kenneth H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Effects of social isolation, sham clipping, and novel object exposure on muscular and behavioral responses were investigated in horses. Humans increase muscular tension under psychologically or physically demanding situations and thus, similar conditions were expected to alter stress responses in horses. Eight mature Standardbreds (4 mares, 4 geldings) were exposed to 3 min of social isolation (ISO), sham clipping (CLIP), novel object (NOV), and control (CON) conditions in a replicated 4×4 Latin Square experimental design with 10 min washout periods. Surface electromyography (EMG) and stress-related behaviors were recorded continuously. Median frequency (MF) and average rectified value (ARV) of the EMG signal were calculated for the first, middle, and final 10 sec of each period. EMG data were log transformed prior to analysis with a mixed model, repeated measures ANOVA. Behavior data were analyzed using a negative binomial distribution mixed model ANOVA. Significantly different means were separated using Tukey’s method. More stress-related behaviors (P &lt; 0.05) were observed during ISO (3.25 ± 0.26, LSM ± SE) than CON (1.46 ± 0.29) or CLIP (1.50 ± 0.36). ISO tended (P = 0.054) to produce more stress-related behaviors than NOV (2.31 ± 0.28). CLIP and ISO produced higher (P &lt; 0.05) ARV than CON or NOV in the left and right masseter. CLIP elicited the highest (P &lt; 0.05) MF in the left and right masseter with ISO resulting in lower (P &lt; 0.05) MF than CON. ARV was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the left cervical trapezius during ISO as compared to all other conditions and in the right as compared to CON and CLIP. In the right cervical trapezius, ISO elicited higher (P &lt; 0.05) MF than CON. Increased stress-related behaviors indicate a stress response was induced. Elevated muscular activity suggests muscular tension can be used in assessing stress.
PSIV-24 Characterizing sow microbiome and drinking water quality at different production locations
Authors: Clark Katelyn M , Anderson Lauren E , Holt Jonathan P , Dittoe Dana , Ricke Steven C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study was conducted to identify connections between drinking water quality and the oral, nasal, vaginal, and rectal microbiota of sows at two locations (n = 40, 20/location): North Carolina State Swine Education Unit (SEU) and Tidewater Research Facility (TW). Water samples were taken from each location and analyzed for potable water parameters. DNA from the sow and replicate water samples were extracted via column chromatography, were sent to the University of Arkansas for 16S rRNA sequencing (Illumina MiSeq platform), and microbiota data were filtered and aligned using the QIIME2 2020.2 pipeline. Data were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 for main effects and Q ≤ 0.05 for pairwise differences. Microbial alpha diversity for TW was significantly greater than SEU for oral samples and rectal samples (Shannon, Pielou’s evenness, richness indices). Alpha diversity for TW was significantly greater than SEU for vaginal samples (Shannon, richness, Faith’s PD indices). There were no significant differences in alpha diversity indices between TW and SEU water. There were significant differences between locations for all beta diversity metrics (PERMANOVA P &lt; 0.05, Q &lt; 0.05), possibly due to dispersion within treatments (PERMDISP P &lt; 0.05, Q &lt; 0.05). TW water had greater proportional compositional differences (ANCOM) at class level than SEU water for Campylobacteria (median: 1941 vs. 244) and Anaerolineae (median: 343 vs. 152), and TW water had lower Micrarchaeia abundance than SEU water (median: 57 and 677, respectively). TW water samples had greater Na (133.9 ppm), Cl (112.6 ppm), and hardness (188.4 ppm CaCO3) compared to SEU water samples (Na: 7.0 ppm, Cl: 5.3 ppm, hardness: 46.9 ppm CaCO3; P &lt; 0.001). These water parameters did not exceed quality standards. Oral, nasal, rectal and vaginal microbiomes were distinctly different in sows from different locations. Therefore, drinking water and location may influence the sow microbiome.
PSVII-4 Effect of the residual gain and genetic group on body chemical composition of water buffaloes
Authors: Castilhos André M , Francisco Caroline L , Meirelles Paulo R L , da Silva Fabiola Martinez , Aranha Aline S , da Silva Daiane C Marques , Jacaúna Amanna G , Luz Patricia A C , de Barros Felipe , Jorge Andre M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of residual gain (RG) on body chemical composition of water buffaloes of three genetic groups (GG:Jafarabadi, Mediterranean, and Murrah) and verify the presence of chemical variables related to this efficiency measure. One-hundred-forty-eight non-castrated male (338.29 ±64.16 kg initial body weight; 370 ±28 days of initial age) from two similar experiments were used. The animals remained in feedlot and were slaughtered after 240 days (adaptation+trial periods). The RG was calculated considering 84 days after adaptation period. After the slaughter the empty body weight (EBW) of each animal was obtained and the left half-carcasses were dissected into muscle, fat, and bone, after 24h of cooling. The chemical composition [moisture, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), and ash] of each ground tissue was analyzed by the classical method. The body CP was also determined based on CP fat-free dry matter (CPFFDM). Data were analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS. The class of RG, genetic group, and the resulting interaction were tested as fixed effect and year as a random effect. The variable results are reported as kg of EBW. There was no interaction effect (P ≥ 0.11) for the variables studied. Effect of class of RG was detected for the variables EBW (P = 0.021), water (P = 0.016), and EE (P = 0.035), while tendency was observed for CP (P = 0.074), for which animals classified as more efficient for residual gain demonstrated high values (Table 1). Furthermore, there was effect of GG for EBW (P = 0.002), water (P &lt; 0.001), and CP (P = 0.014) variables. Tendency of GG effect was observed for ash (P = 0.085) and EE (P = 0.057). Jafarabadi showed high values for all the variables cited. In conclusion, there are difference in the body chemical composition of water buffaloes according to the animal efficiency evaluated by residual gain, as well as according to genetic groups. Supported by FAPESP (#2014/05473-7).
PSVI-27 Novel dietary blends improve stool quality and alter fecal microbiota, metabolites, and immune markers of healthy adult cats
Authors: Lee Anne H , Do Sungho , Schauwecker Amy , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Functional ingredients may support gastrointestinal and immune health, but little is known in cats. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of diets containing a blend of fibers, prebiotics, probiotics, and/or immune mediators on stool quality and fecal microbiota, metabolites and immune markers of cats. Twelve healthy adult domestic shorthair cats (age = 9.6±4.0 yr; BW = 3.9±1.0 kg) were used in a replicated 3x3 Latin square design to test diets containing 1) no prebiotics or probiotics (Control), 2) a fiber-prebiotic-probiotic blend-containing formula (Test1), and 3) a fiber-prebiotic-probiotic blend + immuno-modulating ingredient-containing formula (Test2). In each 28-d period, 22d of diet adaptation was followed by fecal and blood sample collection. All procedures were approved by the Kennelwood, Inc. IACUC prior to experimentation. All data were analyzed using Mixed model procedures of SAS 9.4, with significance set at P&lt; 0.05. Fecal pH and SCFA, phenol + indole, and ammonia concentrations were lower in cats fed Control vs. Test1 or Test2 diets. Fecal score was higher (looser stools) and fecal DM was lower in cats fed Control vs. Test2 diet. Fecal butyrate was lowest in cats fed Test2 and highest in cats fed Control. Fecal total BCFA and 7-methylindole were lower in cats fed Control vs. Test1 diet. Fecal IgA concentration was lower in cats fed Test2 vs. Control or Test1 diets. Fecal bacterial alpha-diversity measures of species richness were higher in cats fed Test1 or Test2 vs. Control diet. Fecal Actinobacteria and Megasphaera were higher, and Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Prevotella were lower, in cats fed Control vs. Test1 or Test2 diets. Our results suggest that dietary fibers, prebiotics, and probiotics affect fecal microbiota, metabolites, and immune markers that may impact gastrointestinal health of cats.
PSVIII-23 Effects of different growth height on the yield, chemical composition, silage fermentation profile, in vitro and in situ digestibility of Broussonetia papyrifera
Authors: Hao YangYi , Huang Shuai , Zhang Jun , Gong Yue , Liu Gaokun , Sun Xiaoge , Lv Jiaying , Li Shengli 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Broussonetia papyrifera (BP) is a woody roughage source with high protein content. The experiment was conducted to explore the effects of different growth height (GH) on the BP yield, chemical composition, silage fermentation profile, as well as ruminants in vitro and in situ digestibility of different parts of BP. The three different harvested GH of BP were 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 m, respectively. Samples from leaf, stem, and whole plant of BP were collected (each one has three replicates), making silage, and detected the nutritional composition of them. The results were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with Duncan’s multiple comparisons. Fresh weight increased with the GH increased (P &lt; 0.05). No significant difference was observed in dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yield of leaf, and CP yield of whole plant between 1.2 to 1.6 m GH (P &gt; 0.05). With the increase of GH, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of BP increased, while CP content decreased (P &lt; 0.05). Stem had the highest NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, and the lowest CP content and buffer capacity. The BP silage fermentation quality was deteriorated (lactic acid content decreased and pH values increased) with GH increased. For the different parts of BP, leaf silage had the highest pH and stem silage had the highest lactic acid content (P &lt; 0.05). The leaf and its silage had the highest in vitro dry matter digestibility and gas production compared to others. The BP in situ digestibility were corresponded with in vitro results. DM, CP, NDF, and ADF effective digestibility rates of whole plant with 1.2 m GH were 439.6, 455.1, 412.9, and 381.3 g/kg, respectively. In conclusion, the BP nutritional quality decreased with GH increased and it could be used as a potential feedstuff for ruminants.
PSIX-28 Examining the effects of estradiol, trenbolone acetate, or polyamines on bovine satellite cell differentiation
Authors: Okamoto Lillian L , Reichhardt Caleb C , Griffin Brian , Smith Laura A , Murdoch Gordon , Thornton Kara J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The mechanism through which anabolic implants improve skeletal muscle growth of beef animals is incompletely understood. Polyamines (PA) are bioactive amino acid derivatives that act as potent growth stimulants. The objective of this study was to determine effects of anabolic implants, PA and their precursors on bovine satellite cell (BSC) differentiation. Primary BSC were cultured to approximately 80% confluency, at which time they were induced to differentiate in the presence of 3% horse serum (Con) and treated with 10nM TBA, 10 nM E2, or 10nM TBA and 10 nM E2 (ETBA), 10 mM methionine (Met), 8 mM ornithine (Orn), 2 mM putrescine (Put), 1.5 mM spermidine (Spd) or 0.5 mM spermine (Spe). Total mRNA was isolated 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, or 48 h post-treatment and abundance of paired box transcription factor 7 (Pax7) and myogenic differentiation factor (MyoD) were analyzed. Treatment with the hormones (TBA, E2, or ETBA) and PA (Orn, Put, Spd, and Spe) increased (P &lt; 0.05) abundance of MyoD 4 h post-treatment when compared to Con cultures. However, 24 h post-treatment, MyoD abundance was decreased in the presence of hormone treatments when compared to the Con, while the PA treatments increased (P &lt; 0.05) abundance of MyoD when compared to the Con cultures. Treatment with either the hormones or PA had no effect (P &gt; 0.05) on Pax7 abundance at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, or 48 h post-treatment when compared to Con cultures (P &gt; 0.05). These results indicate that treatment with PA or hormones increases abundance of MyoD, though temporally different indicating that these two classes of growth promoters impact differentiation via alternate physiological pathways. Additional research is underway in order to determine the effects of both PA and hormones on differentiation of primary BSC.
PSV-37 Reemergence of cyathostomins species demonstrates anthelmintic resistance following drug administration in horses
Authors: Johnson Alexa C , Biddle Amy S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Arbitrary administration of anthelmintics to control equine gastrointestinal worms has led to increased resistance to the three broad-spectrum drug classes; benzimidazoles, tetrahydropyrimidines, and macrocyclic lactones. With little promise of new drug classes to target cyathostomins being introduced to the market in the near future, anthelmintic drugs must be administered judiciously to prevent complete anthelmintic parasite resistance. The objective of this study is to determine the reemergence rate of cyathostomins following three commercial horse dewormers during summer. Nine horses housed at two locations were enrolled to the study and was repeated June–September through 2017–2019. Horses were removed from the study if sequencing failed due to low egg recovery for more than 50% of the timepoints. Ivermectin (macrocyclic lactones; n = 6), Moxidectin (macrocyclic lactones; n = 8) and Strongid (pyrantel pamoate; n = 8) were administered to horses and fecal samples were collected every 14d for 98d. Samples were tested using fecal egg counts with a modified McMaster technique and 18S rRNA profiling of the V5.8 and ITS1 regions. Sequences were clustered and taxonomy was assigned against a custom NCBI Blast+ database with the aligned sequences of 19 cyathostomins. Data were analyzed using presence/absence methods in R studio. Treatment and Day significantly impacted the average number of species present (P &lt; 0.001). Moxidectin had the lowest number of species present followed by Strongid then Ivermectin (7.14, 10.17, 11.09, respectively). Equine shedder status had no effect on the average number of species present (P &gt; 0.05). Six species, CO. labiatus, CS. catinatum, CY. auriculatus, CY. elongatus, CT. goldi and CT. longibursatus, showed resistance to the three treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Moxidectin was the most effective at eradicating cyathostomins infestations (P &lt; 0.05). Identifying resistance patterns at the species level will enable mechanistic molecular approaches to determine anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomins.
PSVII-35 Late-Breaking Abstract: Microwave heat treatment feed effect on ruminal degradability and intestinal protein digestibility - a brief review
Authors: Shishir Md Safiqur Rahaman , Khan Muhammad Jamal , Khanaki Hassan , Brodie Graham , Cullen Brendan , Cheng Long 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Rumen degradability of crude protein (CP) of feed is a major factor that determines the utilization of CP in ruminant production. This study briefly reviewed the findings from six international studies of microwave (MW) heat treatment effect on feed CP rumen degradability and intestinal CP digestibility. Six in vitro studies of concentrate feed (canola seed, canola meal, soya bean meal, cottonseed meal, corn, and barley) showed a decrease in effective rumen degradability of dry matter and protein by 4–40% and 17–40%, respectively compared to control group (untreated concentrate feed). Among the six studies, four studies identified the MW heat treatment effect on intestinal protein digestibility. Due to MW heat treatment, canola seed, canola meal, soya bean meal, and cottonseed meal showed an increase in intestinal CP digestibility by 17%, 20%, 21%, and 19%, respectively. Overall the briefly reviewed studies showed that, MW heat treatment substantially reduced feed CP ruminal degradability and increased in vitro CP digestibility of ruminally undegraded CP.