bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dois pesos, duas medidas: a aplicação da necessidade e da proporcionalidade no jus ad bellum
Authors: Macedo Julia , Assmann Marinês 
Published: January 2020

RESUMOEstabelecido no artigo 51 da Carta das Nações Unidas, o direito à legítima defesa não é absoluto, devendo o Estado-vítima de ataque armado respeitar os requisitos pré-determinados pela estrutura legal internacional. Os princípios da necessidade e proporcionalidade da defesa exercem função primordial nesse sentido, uma vez que, segundo o direito costumeiro internacional, o Estado deve conformar sua conduta a eles. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estabelecer o atual estado da arte no que respeita à necessidade e à proporcionalidade, como limitadoras do direito à legítima defesa no direito internacional público. Os mencionados princípios, apesar de bem consolidados e de fazerem parte do direito consuetudinário internacional, não têm seus contornos bem delimitados, causando discordâncias entre a prática estatal e a doutrina. PALAVRAS-CHAVEDireito internacional público. Legítima defesa. Necessidade. Proporcionalidade. ABSTRACTThe right to self-defense, established in the article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, is not absolute, and the State victimized by an armed attack must comply with the requirements determined by the international legal framework. In this sense, the principles of necessity and proportionality of the defense play a primary role since, according to customary international law, the State must shape its conduct to these principles. The present work aims to outline the current state of the art of necessity and proportionality as limits to the right to self-defense in public international law. These principles, although well-established and part of international customary law, do not have their boundaries well-defined, causing disagreements between State practices and doctrine. KEYWORDSPublic international law. Self-defense. Necessity. Proportionality.
Contextualização da Taboca no cenário atual da comida de rua em Salvador/BA
Authors: Portela Laís Conceição , Machado Virginia Campos 
Published: January 2020

RESUMO: Esta pesquisa caracteriza, descreve e investiga a significação da comida de rua, através do produto: Taboca, e como se desenvolveu as mudanças socioeconômicas e de urbanização da cidade. A pesquisa inicia-se de estudos sobre o desenvolvimento da cidade de Salvador, o histórico da Taboca, o comércio informal de Salvador e os aspectos culturais da alimentação na cidade. Para produção de dados, realizou-se entrevista com vendedor de Taboca e aplicou-se um questionário online para consumidores e conhecedores o produto, ambos foram tratados conforme metodologia de Bardin para análise de conteúdo. Nos resultados encontrados conseguiu-se mapear os vendedores de Taboca na cidade de Salvador e caracteriza-lo através das mudanças presentes na cidade. Pôde-se também relacionar as significações dos consumidores com os aspectos afetivos e como as mudanças cotidianas de urbanização modificaram alguns sentidos para quem consome e para quem comercializa, sinalizando os aspectos socioeconômicos. Apesar disso, conclui-se que o produto mantem-se no comércio e que ainda há dimensões a serem exploradas.Palavras-chave: taboca, barquillos, comida de rua, gastronomia, salvador. ABSTRACT: This research characterizes, describes and investigates the significance of street food through the product: Taboca, and how the socioeconomic and urbanization changes of the city developed. The research begins with studies on the development of the city of Salvador, the history of Taboca, the informal commerce of Salvador and the cultural aspects of food in the city. For data production, an interview was conducted with a Taboca salesman and an online questionnaire was applied to consumers and product connoisseurs, both of whom were treated according to Bardin's methodology for content analysis. In the results we were able to map the sellers of Taboca in the city of Salvador and characterize it through the changes present in the city. It was also possible to relate the meanings of the consumers with the affective aspects and how the daily changes of urbanization modified some senses for those who consume and for whom commercializes, signaling the socioeconomic aspects. In spite of this, it is concluded that the product is kept in commerce and that there are still dimensions to be explored Keywords: taboca, barquillos, street food, gastronomy, Salvador.
Julia Yezbick, trajectory of a visual anthropologist who mixes cinema and art
Authors: Rocha Ana Luiza Carvalho da , Eckert Cornelia 
Published: January 2020

Abstract: This interview brings the academic trajectory of the anthropologist Julia Yezbick that produces an experience that explores the sensibilities, colors, ambience, spaces and social practices in the intersection of cinema and art. It uses the new technologies in the processes of production and edition posing new challenges for the anthropological doing.Key word: visual anthropology, cinema, art, sensoriality, space Resumo: Esta entrevista traz a trajetória acadêmica da antropóloga Julia Yezbick que produz uma experiência que explora as sensibilidades, cores, ambiência, espaços e práticas sociais no entrecruzamento do cinema e da arte. Usa as novas tecnologias nos processos de produção e edição portando novos desafios para o fazer antropológico.Palavras chave: antropologia visual, cinema, arte, sensorialidade, espaço
Diferenças de Prestígio entre produtos e Produtores: Notas sobre as Propriedades Sociais de Produtores de Leite e de Queijos AOC na Região da Auvergne, França
Authors: Bertussi Mayra Lafoz 
Published: January 2020

ResumoAs appellations d’origine contrôlée (AOC), denominação de origem de maior reconhecimento na França, são um sistema de certificação baseado na noção de terroir cuja definição remete às especificidades geográficas, sociais e históricas do processo de manufatura de determinados produtos agroalimentares. Tendo os queijos AOC da região da Auvergne como escopo, o artigo apresenta as diferenças de prestígio entre duas variedades de queijo, o fermier e o laitier. A partir de uma classificação que incide sobre a representação simbólica do produto e de seus consumidores, o queijo fermier é tido como de alta qualidade e destinado aos amantes da gastronomia enquanto o laitier é encarado como um produto voltado a um gosto popular. Para melhor compreender tais diferenças, o artigo aborda as propriedades sociais dos produtores e identifica o produtor fermier como aquele que goza de melhores condições de valorização do produto ao passo que o produtor de leite está sujeito às regras do mercado de grande escala. Palavras chave: Denominações de Origem; Queijos Fermier e Laitier; França. AbstractAppellations d'origine contrôlée (AOC), one of the most widely recognized protected designation of origin in France, is a certification system based on the notion of terroir; this refers to the manufacturing process of agri-food products’ geographical, social and historical specificities. Focusing on AOC cheese from the Auvergne region, this article discusses the differences in prestige between two varieties of cheese, fermier and laitier cheeses. Coming from a classification which affects the symbolic representation of the product and its consumers, the fermier cheese is considered to be of the highest quality and the intended for amateurs of gastronomy while the laitier cheese is regarded as a product of popular taste. To better understand such differences, the article addresses the social properties of producers and identifies the fermier producer as the one who enjoys the best conditions for product appreciation while the dairy producer is subjected to the large-scale market rules.Keywords: Protected designation of origin (PDO); Fermier and Laitier Cheese; France.
“Alimentar-Comer”: Substâncias Sociáveis e Sutis no Repasto Ritual do Candomblé Teresinense
Authors: Soares Fernanda Da Silva Costa , De Brito Celso , Santos Potyguara Alencar dos 
Published: January 2020

RESUMO: O texto explora a relação entre as dimensões sociáveis e sutis subjacentes aos regimes de transformação dos alimentos em “comidas de santo” no candomblé. Para tanto, se utiliza de excerto etnográfico sobre o ambiente ritual da casa Ilê Asé Opásoró Fadaka, primeiro terreiro da cidade de Teresina, Piauí, do qual conduz o relato da Festa de Ogun, Oxossi e Osanyin. Aproveita-se para pôr em reflexão a existência de um possível campo de agenciamento simétrico entre os gestuais do “alimentar” (servir) e do “comer” (servir-se), que supomos acontecer toda vez que o repasto sagrado do panteão é substancial, sutil e reciprocamente repartido com a comunidade de culto religioso.Palavras-chave: Substâncias; Alimento; Comidas de santo; Regimes de transformação. ABSTRACT: The article explores the relationship between the sociable and subtle dimensions that underlie candomblé food-processing regimes. To this end, it uses the ethnographic exception of the ritual environment of the house Ilê Asé Opásoró Fadaka, the first Candomblé yard in the city of Teresina, Piauí, at the Feast of Ogun, Oxossi and Osanyin. It takes the opportunity to reflect on the existence of a possible symmetrical agency field between the actions of “food” (to serve) and “eating” (being served), which we assume happen every time the pantheon's sacred meal is substantial and reciprocally divided with the cult community religious.Keywords: Substances; Food; Saint foods; Regimes of transformation.
Comer Viajante: Uma Incursão pela Alimentação em Diferentes Países
Authors: Oderich Constance , Ruiz Eliziane Nicolodi Francescato 
Published: January 2020

Resumo: Em uma viagem de bicicleta por estradas francesas, espanholas, marroquinas e portuguesas, estando-se exposto à alteridade durante três meses, diferenças no comer geraram estranhamentos e questionamentos. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é analisar experiências de viagem relacionadas à comida e ao ato de comer em distintas culturas. Com abordagem qualitativa, utilizou-se o referencial teórico da socioantropologia da alimentação para analisar os diários de campo produzidos na viagem. Foram identificadas e apreendidas características essenciais da alimentação de cada país: o valor do ritual da alimentação, da comensalidade e da tradição, na França; o significado mais íntimo da dieta Mediterrânea como patrimônio cultural alimentar; o peso e os reflexos da religião e das condições materiais no comer cotidiano marroquino; e referente a Portugal fez-se uma reflexão crítica sobre a herança alimentar na formação e consolidação da cozinha brasileira. Conclui-se o quanto a alimentação é interligada ao contexto sociocultural, sendo indispensáveis estudos socioantropológicos para que profissionais da saúde compreendam o fenômeno alimentar. Palavras-chave: Cultura Alimentar. Antropologia da Alimentação. Etnografia. Abstract: Exposed to otherness during a three-month bicycle trip on the roads across France, Spain, Morocco and Portugal, differences in eating generated strangeness and questioning. This paper’s main goal is to analyze the experiences of traveling focusing on food and to reflect on the construction of different cuisines. A qualitative approach was applied and socio-anthropological references were followed in order to analyze travel journals written during this trip. It was possible to identify and learn about each country’s essential characteristics. In French cuisine, commensality and tradition are remarkable, as well as the meals rituals. Furthermore, in this country and in Spain, strong characteristics of Mediterranean diet were noticed. In Moroccan cuisine, religious and economical aspects are significantly more important than in European countries. In Portugal, a critical analysis of the origins of Brazilian kitchen was achieved. Thus, this article concludes how much food is interconnected with socio-cultural context, being indispensable socio-anthropological studies for health professionals to understand the food phenomenon. Keywords: Food culture. Anthropology and Nutrition. Ethnography.
Tradições Alimentares e Comidas Emblemáticas
Authors: Moreira Evelize Cristina , Maciel Maria Eunice de Souza 
Published: January 2020

Resumo O trabalho procura refletir determinadas questões relativas à construção das “cozinhas identitárias” e seus pratos emblemáticos envolvendo os marcadores de diferenciação que as caracterizam a partir da discussão sobre o que é Identidade, e Tradição. A etnografia foca a alimentação do grupo de migrantes senegaleses em Porto Alegre procurando verificar como tais processos ocorrem nesta comunidades.Palavras chave: Alimentação. Tradição. Identidade. Abstract This article seeks to reflect certain issues related to the construction of "identity cuisines" and their emblematic dishes involving the markers of differentiation that characterize them from the discussion about what is Identity and Tradition. This ethnography focuses on the feeding of a group of senegalesian migrants in Porto Alegre seeking to verify how such processes occur in these communities.Keywords: Food. Tradition. Identity.
O INSTITUTO DA LEGÍTIMA DEFESA INTERNACIONAL
Authors: Oliveira Rodrigo Szuecs , Augusto da Silva Carlos Canedo 
Published: January 2020

The White House legal approach to the War on Terror has been one of the most discussed and least understood topics of international law according to legal counselors of the American government themselves. Despite several speeches and official notes on the subject, the issue remains complex because it involves constitutional rights, human rights and national security. This paper analyzes the War on Terror focusing specifically on the self-defense institute in the world risk society. This means that in order to understand how terrorism is threatening the international order, it is necessary to verify the conceptual changes that determine the self-defense institute and the results of this mutation.
ADEUS, NEHRU: POLÍTICA EXTERNA INDIANA SOB A GLOBALIZAÇÃO
Authors: Barbosa dos Santos Fabio Luis 
Published: January 2020

This article analyses the trends of India’s foreign policy in recent years under the light of political and economic dynamics, with a focus in its regional surrounding. The text locates an inflection towards economic liberalization undertaken in the beginning of the 1990´s, and then moves on to the context of economic expansion in the 21st century. The achievements and limits of those processes are taken into consideration. In the political realm, as the legitimacy of the Indian National Congress (INC) was brought to check, so was its hegemony, in a process that has favored the rise of political agencies identified with hindu nationalism and communalism, such as the BJP. Overall, the hallmarks of Indian politics that prevailed since independence under leadership of the Congress Party are left behind: economic nationalism, secular politics, and international non-alignment. In this context, the broad orientation of Indian foreign policy also has changed. The text analyses the consequences of this inflection in the regional context, focusing the Neighbors first policy and the priority given to infrastructural connectivity with Southeast Asia (Look East and Act East policies), as well as the recent intensification of business in the African continent. Altogether, the expectations of an alternative civilizatory horizon in the context of the Cold War which has nurtured Nehruvian politics, has given place to a pragmatic rationality that accepts the United States leadership and as such, draws strategies adapting to the mercantile trends that typify globalisation.
O TERRORISMO DE BAIXO CUSTO OU A AMEAÇA INVISÍVEL: O TERRORISMO E AS POLÍTICAS BRASILEIRAS DE ANTITERRORISMO
Authors: Suarez Marcial A. G. , Acacio Igor P. 
Published: January 2020

We propose to study a tactical change into the violent political action of terrorist attacks: in addition to the car bombs and the attacks on public spaces performed by organized terrorist cells, attacks can growingly be pursued at a lower organizational and material cost. We propose to define such attacks as “low cost terrorism”, referring to recent events (Paris, London, Brussels, and Barcelona). Aside from the theoretical discussion and characterization of terrorism as a macrosecuritization process, we discuss Brazil’s anti-terrorist legislation in this context and highlight inconsistencies and inadequacies of the country’s to address the phenomena of terrorism, especially when referring to “low cost terrorism”.
Perceptions of Different Generations Regarding Managerial Competencies in Restaurants
Authors: Kleynhans Carina , Shai Malome Prince , Roeloffze Antoinette 
Published: January 2020

Managerial competencies of restaurant managers play a major role in motivating employees to be productive and to provide excellent service which, in turn, will lead to customer satisfaction. Drawing upon generational differences in work ethics and values, the authors examine the importance of managerial competencies in three age cohorts. A quantitative research design was selected using a structured questionnaire consisting of five competency domains. Data were collected from 180 restaurant managers and employees in restaurants in the City of Tshwane. The results of the Fisher exact test indicated that the importance of managerial competencies differed significantly in the three age groups. Significant differences existed for three leadership domains, two management domains, one interpersonal and one intrapersonal domain. No significant differences were recorded for the perceptions of the different age groups regarding the importance of the technical domain. For the younger generation, the ability to grant employees the opportunity to grow was regarded as highly important by all respondents. The ability to maintain discipline in the workforce was perceived as less important by the youngest age group when it was compared to the other age groups. The youngest employees felt that the ability to be innovative was not as important unlike the perception of the older age groups. The findings of this study could lead restaurant managers to a better understanding of the different generational groups, how to motivate them thereby ensuring job satisfaction and service quality.
The Influence of Experience and Owner-Managers Education on SME Performance: Case of Motor Spares Enterprises at Kelvin Light Industries in Bulawayo
Authors: N. Ndlovu , V. Shumba , E. Vakira 
Published: January 2020

The continued failure of small to medium enterprises and lack of growth of those that survive, continue to pose some challenges to the Zimbabwean economy. Lack of experience and education by ownermanagers of SMEs, is one of the major challenges impeding their survival and growth. The study sought to establish the influence of experience and owner-managers education on SME performance specifically focusing on motor spares SMEs at Kelvin Light Industries in Bulawayo. The objective of this study, therefore, was to analyse the relationship between experience and owner-managers education and the performance of SMEs. The descriptive research design was employed in this study. The researcher adopted stratified sampling technique supported by simple random technique to select participants from the population. Closed-ended questionnaires were used to collect data from owner-managers operating at Kelvin Light Industries. SPSS version 20 was used to analyse and present the data. The results of the study showed that there was a strong relationship between both education and experience of owner-managers on SME performance. The researcher recommends that owner-managers should continuously receive training on how to run and manage their SMEs. Owner-managers should employ human capital on merit which would give them a competitive advantage in business.
Market Orientation and Performance of Small Businesses in South Africa
Authors: Agbobli Edem Korku , Oni Olabanji , Fatoki Olawale 
Published: January 2020

The study focused on identifying the relationship between market orientation and performance of small businesses in Vryburg region of South Africa. It aimed to achieve the following objectives, (1) To determine the level of market orientation among small businesses in Vryburg region of South Africa, (2) To establish if there is any relationship between market orientation and performance of small businesses in Vryburg region of South Africa. The study was exploratory in nature and utilised the quantitative research method with a descriptive research design. 268 questionnaires were distributed to small businesses owners/managers in the Vryburg region of South Africa. 207 questionnaires were returned, 9 questionnaires out of the 207 returned were incorrectly filled. Simple random sampling, a probability sampling technique was used in the study. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis. The Cronbachâ€™s Alpha co-efficient was used to measure reliability. The findings revealed that the majority of small businesses in Vryburg region of South Africa are market oriented. The findings further show that there is a positive relationship between market orientation and the performance of small business in the Vrburg region of South Africa. The study proposed the formalisation of small businesses, the development of strategic cultures as well as entrepreneurship and business management training for small business owners and managers.
Caught between Two Worlds: A Non-Verbal Account of the Culture Shock in the First Bilateral “Exchanges” between France and the Joseon Kingdom (Korea)
Authors: Buja Elena 
Published: January 2020

AbstractInternational relations often cause culture shock not only for the foreigners visiting a country but also for the residents of that country. While nowadays this shock can be diminished by making people who move to another country become more aware of and understand the differences between cultures through all sorts of sources of information, this was not so easy at the end of the 19thcentury.In this paper, my intention is to bring to light the culture shock experienced by one of the first French persons to set foot in the Joseon Kingdom (current Korea) and by the first Korean woman who travelled to France at the turn of the 19thcentury. I will investigate some non-verbal elements of culture, such as artefacts, food, and habits, which often make foreigners feel frustrated and confused, becoming incapable of interacting in a meaningful way in the new culture. The framework I will use is the “culture shock model” put forward by Oberg (1954), according to which this phenomenon unfolds in 4 stages: the “honeymoon”, the crisis, the adjustment, and the adaptation. The data is provided by Kyung-Sook Shin’s (2007) novel,Yi Jin, based on a true story (translated into Romanian asDansul privighetorii de primăvară, 2017, Humanitas), from which I have excerpted the most relevant fragments regarding the topic.The paper concludes with the idea that, at least in the time which creates the temporal backdrop of the investigated novel, the absence of intercultural encounters, the lack of solid information about each other’s cultures as well as the different patterns of experience of the main characters lead to their estrangement.