bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract A22: Selective inhibition of TOR complex 2 as a means to sensitize cancer cells to DNA damage agents?
Authors: Cohen Adiel , Pataki Emese , Vital Nuria , Kupiec Martin , Weisman Ronit 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The inhibition of the central growth regulatory kinase TOR, which participates in two complexes, TORC1 and TORC2, is the focus of many metabolic and cancer studies. Most studies have dealt with TORC1, the canonical target of rapamycin. However, TORC2 also plays a role in cancer development. In fission yeast, TORC2, through the activation of Gad8 (homologous to AKT in humans), is required for survival under DNA-damaging conditions. TORC2-Gad8 (AKT) is not required for Chk1-dependent DNA damage-induced cell-cycle arrest; however, perturbation of TORC2-Gad8 signaling generates an accumulation of homologous recombination (HR)-Rad52 containing repair foci. In addition, cells lacking TORC2-Gad8 become dependent on the HR pathway for their viability. Thus, we speculate that TORC2-Gad8 signaling affects HR-independent DNA repair pathways. Our most recent results suggest that TORC2-Gad8 is required for specific chromatin modifications that ensure proficient DNA damage repair. Given that the role of TORC2 in DNA damage repair is conserved in human cells, we predict that the selective inhibition of mTORC2 can improve combined therapy, by sensitizing cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents. Chemicogenetic screens that aim at isolating specific TORC2 inhibitors will be described.
Citation Format: Adiel Cohen, Emese Pataki, Nuria Vital, Martin Kupiec, Ronit Weisman. Selective inhibition of TOR complex 2 as a means to sensitize cancer cells to DNA damage agents? [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting PI3K/mTOR Signaling; 2018 Nov 30-Dec 8; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(10_Suppl):Abstract nr A22.
‘What, Then, of the Land’?: Territoriality, International Law, and the Republic of New Afrika
Authors: Klug Sam 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article charts how African American appeals to international law shifted away from a politics of petition to a politics of sovereignty with the growing influence of postcolonial states in international society and the UN’s recognition of a right to self-determination. Whereas earlier efforts by African-descended peoples in the Americas to gain a hearing before international bodies often required pushing the boundaries of international legal personality to include entities other than states, in the late 1960s and early 1970s a black nationalist group called the Republic of New Afrika (RNA) pursued international subjectivity in its traditional and fullest form: as a sovereign state. Examining the writings of RNA leaders, especially Imari Obadele, this article explores how the group’s claims for territory, reparations, and international subjectivity relied on international legal discourse about plebiscites, self-determination, and national development.
Decolonization and International Law: Putting the Ocean on the Map
Authors: Ranganathan Surabhi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
From the middle of the twentieth century onwards, the order of the ocean has changed as remarkably as that of land. Yet, developments in the law of the sea usually receive less prominent consideration in international or global histories of this period. In this short essay, I examine firstly the ways in which literatures in history and international law engage, or not, with the ordering of the ocean during, and due to, decolonization. Secondly, I suggest that the making of the law of the sea offers rich insights into the contingencies, currents, and counter-currents of the decolonization moment. Among other things it reveals fluid political geographies, epistemic churn, and alternative models for the extraction and distribution of natural resources. The flickerings and foreclosures of the various possibilities of the decolonization moment are well worth further study, especially as unsettling our understandings of oceanic lines becomes necessary in the present times.
Track Two Diplomacy: The Way Forward
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The articles in this issue present a wide range of findings. First, the field continues to grapple with definitional issues: different types of projects aimed at different outcomes and audiences. More care needs to be given by each dialogue to define rigorously what it is trying to do and why. Second, fundamental lessons have emerged over the past six decades, which must be learned and observed by those active in this field, even as they seek to push the boundaries of theory and practice. Third, while it is generally agreed that the field must become more inclusive, both in terms of people and interests, and also in terms of encouraging local ownership and more transformative projects, a one-size-fits-all approach will not work; each dialogue should be viewed as unique. Finally, the field is a dynamic and evolving one. What seems to be best practice today may not be so tomorrow.
Indicators for Monitoring Implementation of EU Equality Directives
Authors: Lantschner Emma 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The present article discusses the usefulness of indicators in monitoring not only the legal transposition but also the practical implementation of the two Equality Directives adopted in 2000. It focuses on those provisions of the Directives which have assigned a particular role to ngos, both in reacting to discrimination as well as in preventing discrimination and promoting equality. Indicators have been developed on the basis of a comparative review of transposition and implementation, including case studies on Romania, Hungary and Croatia. Considering the great potential of ngos in contributing to achieve the aims of the Directives and the current worrying trends as to how they are supported in (or obstructed from) taking up their role, the article proposes using these indicators not only in the pre-accession context but also for regular monitoring of all EU member states.
Global Commons as an Emerging Arena of Contestation of Global Governance Structures and Norms
Authors: Burnay Matthieu , Chaisse Julien 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The legal framework governing global commons still remains largely unexplored and consequently unregulated, opening the possibility of innovations to resolve transnational global problems. This results in building a dialogue between multiple stakeholders including international organisations, civil society, and emerging powers, resulting in shaping of the modern international law. With China’s growth in global commons domain, on account of reorientation in its foreign policy and increased engagement with international law, it is essential to understand in totality its contribution towards formulation and implementation of public policies at the national, international, and transnational levels. In this backdrop, the article attempts to understand how China influences development of regulatory frameworks governing the internet, space activities, and climate change. Focusing on China’s role as a ‘norm-taker’, ‘norm-maker’ or ‘norm-shaker’ of global governance, the article seeks to analyse its engagement in enhancing or impeding the preservation and fair allocation of resources.
China and the Global Commons: Selective Contributions and Contestation
Authors: Burnay Matthieu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to analyse how and why the People’s Republic of China (PRC) influences the making of regulatory and non-regulatory frameworks governing global commons. In the first part, the paper presents three factors that underpin the governance of the global commons today: the participation of a multiplicity of stakeholders (i.e. states and private actors); the establishment of new institutions, norms, and procedures to govern global commons; as well as the function of the commons as an alternative discourse to the crisis of neoliberal capitalism. In the second part, the paper presents how recent changes in China’s foreign policy and its engagement with international law inform the emergence of China as a key stakeholder in the governance of global commons, particularly in relation to the governance of maritime, space, Arctic, and cyber domains. In the third part, the paper introduces some specific features of China’s engagement with the global commons. These features include an instrumental and selective approach to international law; attempts to localise the governance of the commons; as well as reluctance in engaging with transnational actors in the governance of the global commons.
Classifying Non-International Armed Conflicts
Authors: Bradley Martha M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In terms of Additional Protocol ii to the Geneva Conventions ‘territorial control’ is a requirement in order to determine whether, as contemplated by the provisions of the Protocol, a non-international armed conflict exists. Complex situations in which conflict is not confined to the territorial borders of the State where the non-international armed conflict originated increasingly present a challenge to those responsible for conflict classification under the conventional law of non-international armed conflict. In situations such as these, a non-international armed conflict is no longer restricted to the territory of a single State. Multiple non-international conflicts involving numerous actors can co-exist in a single territory at the same time or lead to fighting across borders. The complex conflict situations in the Central African Republic, Mali, South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo serve as examples. Attaining legal certainty is pivotal with respect to conflict classification because the category of conflict determines the applicable rules of the conventional law of armed conflict. Even though Additional Protocol ii remains the only comprehensive treaty dedicated to the regulation of non-international armed conflict, there is a paucity of literature which analyses its scope of application, and specifically the territorial control requirement. This article offers an in-depth examination of the territorial control requirement.
Quantifying the Number of Hidden Han Buddhists in Contemporary China
Authors: Tseng Ampere A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article addresses the problem of quantifying Han Buddhists who do not self-identify as Buddhists when responding to survey questions about religious belief and thus remain “hidden Buddhists.” Drawing on the results of various religious surveys and field observations, as well as taking into account the nonexclusive feature of Han Buddhists, the article develops a formula to quantify the hidden Han Buddhists. Data from one national survey and one regional survey are used to tune the parameters of the formula, while additional data from five religious surveys using different schemes are employed to establish the reliability and applicability of the formula. Compared to the five sets of survey data on hidden Han Buddhists, the results predicted by the formula range from less than 1% to 21% lower. This range of disagreement is considered adequate and reliable, given the uncertainty inherent in estimating religious phenomena in a spiritual world. Furthermore, the comparison also reveals that the number of hidden Buddhists may be much higher than that of self-identified Buddhists.
The Entanglement between Religion and Politics
Authors: Ying Fuk-tsang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The relationship between religion and social movements is an important topic in the study of religion and society. This paper uses various textual and online sources to examine the role of Christianity in the anti-extradition bill movement that took place in Hong Kong from April to September 2019. The anti-extradition bill movement, which later evolved into a much wider movement against totalitarianism, has caused churches to grapple with church-state relations in the post-handover era. This paper employs the notion of “public religion” as an analytical framework to examine the process of the “deprivatization” of Christianity in Hong Kong. How does the ongoing contestation, both within and outside the church, reflect the challenges faced by Christianity when entering the public sphere? By answering the above questions, we will be able to explicate the religio-political significance of the protest movement in Hong Kong.
Drought and Flood Characterization and Connection to Climate Variability in the Pearl River Basin in Southern China Using Long-Term GRACE and Reanalysis Data
Authors: Huang Zhiyong , Jiao Jiu Jimmy , Luo Xin , Pan Yun , Jin Taoyong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDrought and flood are investigated in the Pearl River basin (PRB) using long-term terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) data from the mascon (mass concentration) solutions based on Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite measurements (2002–19) and reanalysis data (1980–2019). The GRACE mascon solutions capture two major drought periods (2003–06 and 2009–12) with similar onsets and endings over the last two decades, but show considerable differences in quantifying total drought severity. The reanalysis data significantly overestimate drought duration and severity during 1980–2000 owing to overestimated negative TWSA forced by underestimated precipitation. The GRACE mascon solutions identify four major flood events in August 2002, June 2008, and July in 2006 and 2019. The flood potential is influenced by the precipitation in both the current and antecedent months. The flood potential index of the most recent flood in 2008 showed a similar spatial pattern compared to precipitation at monthly and subbasin scales. The precipitation and TWSA in the PRB are mainly influenced by El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). TWSA exhibits a lag of 1–3 months responding to ENSO during 1980–2019. This study emphasizes the significance of removing water storage changes in new large reservoirs before long-term drought and flood characterization. The inclusion of reservoir water storage would expand (shrink) the drought duration and overestimate (underestimate) drought severity for the period before (after) reservoir impoundment and overestimate flood potential for the period after reservoir impoundment. This study highlights the intensifying drought conditions in the PRB over the last four decades under the circumstances of more frequent human activities (reservoir construction and regulation) and the complex changing climate system.
Comparison of Regional Climate Model Performances for Different Types of Heat Waves over South Korea
Authors: Yoon Donghyuck , Cha Dong-Hyun , Lee Myong-In , Min Ki-Hong , Jun Sang-Yoon , Choi Yonghan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSouth Korea’s heat wave events over 39 years (1980–2018) were defined by spatiotemporal criteria, and their quantitative characteristics were analyzed. The duration and intensity of these events ranked highest in 2016 and 2018. An examination of synoptic conditions of heat wave events in 2016 and 2018 based on a reanalysis dataset revealed a positive anomaly of 500-hPa geopotential height, which could have induced warm conditions over the Korean Peninsula in both years. However, a difference prevailed in that there was a blocking high over the Kamchatka Peninsula and a continental thermal high over northern China in 2016, while the expansion of the western North Pacific subtropical high was mainly associated with 2018 heat wave events. Numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model were conducted to 1) evaluate how distinct meteorological characteristics of heat wave events in 2016 and 2018 were reproduced by the model, and 2) investigate how they affect extreme temperature events. Typical synoptic features of the 2016 heat wave events (i.e., Kamchatka blocking and continental thermal high) were not captured well by the WRF Model, while those of 2018 were reasonably reproduced. On the contrary, the heat wave event during late August 2016 related to the Kamchatka blocking high was realistically simulated when the blocking was artificially sustained by applying spectral nudging. In conclusion, the existence of a blocking high over the Kamchatka region (i.e., northern Pacific region) is an important feature to accurately predict long-lasting heat waves in East Asia.
Comparison Between Multiple and Solitary Fungus Balls: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Li Hui , Wu Yu-Xiao , Wang Min , Xing Zhi-Min , Han Lin 
Published: December 2020

Objectives: The most common type of noninvasive fungal rhinosinusitis is fungus ball (FB), which usually involves a solitary paranasal sinus. Multiple fungus balls (MFBs) are rarely reported in literature. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare the clinical features of MFBs and solitary fungus ball (SFB). Methods: We retrospectively investigated consecutive cases of FB between 2001 and 2018 and compared the clinical records of SFB with MFBs with respect to demographics, clinical features, location, radiological findings, and operative outcome. Results: A total of 440 SFB and 43 MFBs cases were included in the study. The mean age was 55.3 ± 13.3 and 60.6 ± 10.9 years, respectively ( P = .011). The incidence of MFBs obviously increased from 2001 to 2018. The clinical symptoms and laboratory examination were similar. On computed tomography images, complete opacification, septal deviation, Haller cells, and obstruction of ostiomeatal complex were more common ( P < .05). The incidence of SFB on the left and right sides was similar, while MFBs were seen to involve both sides in 74.4%. Conclusions: Compared with SFB, MFBs showed some special characteristics. The MFBs affected older patients showed wide range of lesions and complex anatomy. Surgical technique is very important. Much more attention should be paid to this not so uncommon disease during the perioperative period.
Pedicled versus skeletonized internal thoracic artery grafts: a randomized trial
Authors: Dreifaldt Mats , Samano Ninos , Geijer Håkan , Lidén Mats , Bodin Lennart , Souza Domingos 
Published: December 2020

Objective Concerns have been raised regarding whether skeletonization of the internal thoracic artery could damage the graft and thereby reduces its patency. The objective of this study was to compare patency rates at mid- and long-term follow-up between pedicled and skeletonized left internal thoracic artery grafts. Methods This randomized controlled trial included 109 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. The patients were assigned to receive either one pedicled or one skeletonized left internal thoracic artery graft to the left anterior descending artery. Follow-up was performed at 3 years with conventional angiography, and at 8 years with computed tomography angiography. Differences between patency rates were analyzed with Fisher’s exact test and a generalized linear model. Results The patency rates for pedicled and skeletonized left internal thoracic artery grafts were 46/48 (95.8%) versus 47/52 (90.4%), p = 0.44 at 3 years, and 40/43 (93.0%) versus 37/41 (90.2%), p = 0.71 at 8 years, respectively. The difference in patency rates for pedicled and skeletonized grafts was 5.4% (95% confidence interval: −4.2–14.5) at 3 years and 2.8% (95% confidence interval: −9.9–14.1) at 8 years. All failed grafts, except for one with a localized stenosis, were anastomosed to native coronary arteries with a stenosis less than 70%. Three patients suffered sternal wound infections (two in the pedicled group, one in the skeletonized group). Conclusions The skeletonization technique can be used without jeopardizing the patency of the left internal thoracic artery. The most important factor in graft failure was target artery stenosis below 70%.
Clinical effect of using MultiLoc® nails to treat four-part proximal humeral fractures
Authors: Jia Zhaofeng , Li Chuangli , Lin Jiandong , Liu Qisong , Li Guangheng , Hu Xinjia 
Published: December 2020

Objective This study was performed to evaluate the clinical effect of MultiLoc® nails (DePuy Synthes, Raynham, MA, USA) on the treatment of four-part proximal humeral fractures (PHFs). Methods From January 2014 to January 2018, 32 patients with four-part PHFs were treated with intramedullary MultiLoc® nails in our hospital. The operation time, bleeding volume, postoperative X-ray findings, and fracture healing status were recorded and analyzed. At the end of follow-up, the clinical outcome was evaluated based on the visual analog scale (VAS) score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) shoulder score, Constant–Murley score (CMS), and occurrence of any complications. Results Among all patients, the average operation time was 124.5 minutes (range, 91–152 minutes), the average amount of bleeding was 90 mL (range, 55–150 mL), and the fracture healing rate was 100%. At the end of follow-up, the mean VAS score was 1.6 ± 0.4, mean ASES score was 84.4 ± 6.3, and mean CMS was 70.3 ± 6.1; no serious complications had occurred; and the patients exhibited good recovery of shoulder function. Conclusions MultiLoc nails® can be applied to the treatment of four-part PHFs. This surgical fixation method has no obvious complications and helps to restore shoulder function.
Subfoveal choroidal thickness and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in young obese males
Authors: Uslu Dogan Ceylan , Culha Damla 
Published: December 2020

Objective: Regarding the effect of obesity on subfoveal choroidal thickness (CT) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, controversial results have been reported in different patient groups. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of obesity on these parameters among young male subjects in comparison with age-matched non-obese healthy males. Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study included both eyes of 50 obese young males and 50 healthy non-obese young males. The obese and the non-obese groups included subjects with a BMI of ⩾30 and ⩽25 kg/m², respectively. Subfoveal choroidal thickness and RNFL analyses were conducted by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Results: Subfoveal choroidal thickness (321.0 ± 46.7 vs 338.4±35.3, p = 0.002) and RNFL thickness at temporal quadrant (73.4 ± 9.9 vs 76.4 ± 9.3, p = 0.008) was significantly lower in the obese group when compared to the non-obese group. The groups did not differ regarding peripapillary RNFL thickness at other quadrants (superior, inferior, or nasal) or regarding mean peripapillary RNFL thickness. Conclusion: Findings of this study demonstrated a negative correlation of obesity with subfoveal choroidal thickness and temporal quadrant peripapillary RNFL thickness. Larger studies on different patient groups with longer-term follow-up are warranted to better elucidate the ophthalmological effects of obesity.