bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work-life (im)balance? The amount of leisure of Wroclaw adults in the context of health promotion
Authors: Synowiec-Piłat Małgorzata , Jędrzejek Michał , Pałęga Anna , Zmyślona Beata 
Published: September 2020

Summary
The amount of leisure time is essential for the psychosocial functioning of individuals and their health. The work-life balance (W-LB) is a particularly important aspect. In 2018, a study was carried out on the population of adult inhabitants of Wroclaw (Poland) (N=898). The survey method was used, based on a dedicated, structured and highly standardised interview questionnaire as the research tool. The study was based on a quota sample. Research objectives: to identify the amount of leisure time and changes in the amount of leisure time in comparison with the period five years ago and their socio-demographic determinants. A total of 49% of the respondents had less than 20 hours of leisure time per week while 51% had less leisure time than five years earlier. The amount of leisure time and changes in that amount occurring in recent years depended on the respondents’ occupational activity, age and income. What drew particular attention were leisure time deficits among: adults throughout the whole cycle of their occupational activity and among respondents with a lower economic status and those with a higher level of education. The results have an applicative value and will be used to develop a programme to promote the idea of W-LB among Wroclaw inhabitants. The effectiveness of the intervention depends on whether or not the following systemic solutions are adopted: 1) support for working people throughout the whole cycle of their professional activity, especially for those aged 35–54; 2) counteracting social and health-based inequalities.
Accounting for Those in the Hands of the Belligerent: Security Detainees, the Missing and the Dead in the Israeli–Hamas Conflict
Authors: Margalit Alon 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Five Israeli nationals, two soldiers and three civilians, have gone missing since the 2014 Israeli–Hamas violent escalation, and they are currently held incommunicado by Palestinian armed groups in the Gaza Strip. In response, the Israeli Government revoked some entitlements from Hamas security detainees held in Israel. It also withholds bodies of Palestinian militants, killed while carrying out attacks against Israelis, refusing to hand them over to the families. The bodies are to be buried in Israel until Israeli nationals, or their remains, are repatriated by Hamas. In several instances where the authorities returned the remains to the next of kin, they imposed various restrictions on the funeral arrangements. The Israeli Supreme Court recently examined the Government’s practices, with some judges finding them unlawful. These developments call for the analysis of the matter under the law of armed conflict (LOAC), taking into account that other States involved in armed conflict encounter similar challenges. This article accordingly discusses some of the legal obligations arising when persons, or their remains, are believed to be in the hands of the belligerent party. It also considers the legality of certain measures taken to promote their repatriation.
The Effect of Phenoloxidase Activity on Survival Is Host Plant Dependent in Virus-Infected Caterpillars
Authors: Resnik Justine L , Smilanich Angela M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
An important goal of disease ecology is to understand trophic interactions influencing the host–pathogen relationship. This study focused on the effects of diet and immunity on the outcome of viral infection for the polyphagous butterfly, Vanessa cardui Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (painted lady). Specifically, we aimed to understand the role that larval host plants play when fighting a viral pathogen. Larvae were orally inoculated with the entomopathogenic virus, Junonia coenia densovirus (JcDV) (Family Parvoviridae, subfamily Densovirinae, genus Protoambidensovirus, species Lepidopteran protoambidensovirus 1) and reared on two different host plants (Lupinus albifrons Bentham (Fabales: Fabaceae) or Plantago lanceolata Linnaeus (Lamiales: Plantaginaceae)). Following viral infection, the immune response (i.e., phenoloxidase [PO] activity), survival to adulthood, and viral load were measured for individuals on each host plant. We found that the interaction between the immune response and survival of the viral infection was host plant dependent. The likelihood of survival was lowest for infected larvae exhibiting suppressed PO activity and feeding on P. lanceolata, providing some evidence that PO activity may be an important defense against viral infection. However, for individuals reared on L. albifrons, the viral infection had a negligible effect on the immune response, and these individuals also had higher survival and lower viral load when infected with the pathogen compared to the controls. Therefore, we suggest that host plant modifies the effects of JcDV infection and influences caterpillars’ response when infected with the virus. Overall, we conclude that the outcome of viral infection is highly dependent upon diet, and that certain host plants can provide protection from pathogens regardless of immunity.
A single galaxy population? Statistical evidence that the star-forming main sequence might be the tip of the iceberg
Authors: Corcho-Caballero P , Ascasibar Y , López-Sánchez Á R 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
According to their specific star formation rate (sSFR), galaxies are often divided into ‘star-forming’ and ‘passive’ populations. It is argued that the former define a narrow ‘main sequence of star-forming galaxies’ (MSSF) of the form sSFR(M*), whereas ‘passive’ galaxies feature negligible levels of star formation activity. Here we use data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey at z &lt; 0.1 to constrain the conditional probability of the sSFR at a given stellar mass. We show that the whole population of galaxies in the local Universe is consistent with a simple probability distribution with only one maximum (roughly corresponding to the MSSF) and relatively shallow power-law tails that fully account for the ‘passive’ population. We compare the quality of the fits provided by such unimodal ansatz against those coming from a double lognormal fit (illustrating the bimodal paradigm), finding that both descriptions are roughly equally compatible with the current data. In addition, we study the physical interpretation of the bidimensional distribution across the M*–sSFR plane and discuss potential implications from a theoretical and observational point of view. We also investigate correlations with metallicity, morphology, and environment, highlighting the need to consider at least an additional parameter in order to fully specify the physical state of a galaxy.
Automated measurement of quasar redshift with a Gaussian process
Authors: Fauber Leah , Ho Ming-Feng , Bird Simeon , Shelton Christian R , Garnett Roman , Korde Ishita 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
We develop an automated technique to measure quasar redshifts in the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Our technique is an extension of an earlier Gaussian process method for detecting damped Lyman α absorbers (DLAs) in quasar spectra with known redshifts. We apply this technique to a subsample of SDSS DR12 with BAL quasars removed and redshift larger than 2.15. We show that we are broadly competitive to existing quasar redshift estimators, disagreeing with the PCA redshift by more than 0.5 in only $0.38{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of spectra. Our method produces a probabilistic density function for the quasar redshift, allowing quasar redshift uncertainty to be propagated to downstream users. We apply this method to detecting DLAs, accounting in a Bayesian fashion for redshift uncertainty. Compared to our earlier method with a known quasar redshift, we have a moderate decrease in our ability to detect DLAs, predominantly in the noisiest spectra. The area under curve drops from 0.96 to 0.91. Our code is publicly available.
Unveiling the stellar origin of the Wolf–Rayet nebula NGC 6888 through infrared observations
Authors: Rubio G , Toalá J A , Jiménez-Hernández P , Ramos-Larios G , Guerrero M A , Gómez-González V M A , Santamaría E , Quino-Mendoza J A 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a comprehensive infrared (IR) study of the iconic Wolf–Rayet (WR) wind-blown bubble NGC 6888 around WR 136. We use Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Spitzer IRAC, and MIPS and Herschel PACS IR images to produce a sharp view of the distribution of dust around WR 136. We complement these IR photometric observations with Spitzer IRS spectra in the 5–38-μm wavelength range. The unprecedented high-resolution IR images allowed us to produce a clean spectral energy distribution, free of contamination from material along the line of sight, to model the properties of the dust in NGC 6888. We use the spectral synthesis code cloudy to produce a model for NGC 6888 that consistently reproduces its optical and IR properties. Our best model requires a double distribution with the inner shell composed only of gas, whilst the outer shell requires a mix of gas and dust. The dust consists of two populations of grain sizes, one with small-sized grains asmall = [0.002–0.008] $\mu$m and another one with large-sized grains abig = [0.05–0.5] $\mu$m. The population of big grains is similar to that reported for other red supergiants stars and dominates the total dust mass, which leads us to suggest that the current mass of NGC 6888 is purely due to material ejected from WR 136, with a negligible contribution of the swept up interstellar medium. The total mass of this model is 25.5$^{+4.7}_{-2.8}$ M⊙, a dust mass of $M_\mathrm{dust} = 0.14^{+0.03}_{-0.01}$ M⊙, for a dust-to-gas ratio of 5.6 × 10−3. Accordingly, we suggest that the initial stellar mass of WR 136 was ≲50 M⊙, consistent with current single stellar evolution models.
Potential Pathogenicity Determinants Identified from Structural Proteomics of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Prates Erica T , Garvin Michael R , Pavicic Mirko , Jones Piet , Shah Manesh , Demerdash Omar , Amos B Kirtley , Geiger Armin , Jacobson Daniel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDespite SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 being equipped with highly similar protein arsenals, the corresponding zoonoses have spread among humans at extremely different rates. The specific characteristics of these viruses that led to such distinct outcomes remain unclear. Here, we apply proteome-wide comparative structural analysis aiming to identify the unique molecular elements in the SARS-CoV-2 proteome that may explain the differing consequences. By combining protein modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, we suggest nonconservative substitutions in functional regions of the spike glycoprotein (S), nsp1, and nsp3 that are contributing to differences in virulence. Particularly, we explain why the substitutions at the receptor-binding domain of S affect the structure–dynamics behavior in complexes with putative host receptors. Conservation of functional protein regions within the two taxa is also noteworthy. We suggest that the highly conserved main protease, nsp5, of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is part of their mechanism of circumventing the host interferon antiviral response. Overall, most substitutions occur on the protein surfaces and may be modulating their antigenic properties and interactions with other macromolecules. Our results imply that the striking difference in the pervasiveness of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV among humans seems to significantly derive from molecular features that modulate the efficiency of viral particles in entering the host cells and blocking the host immune response.
Tracing the Diploid Ancestry of the Cultivated Octoploid Strawberry
Authors: Feng Chao , Wang Jing , Harris A J , Folta Kevin M , Zhao Mizhen , Kang Ming 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The commercial strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, is a recent allo-octoploid that is cultivated worldwide. However, other than Fragaria vesca, which is universally accepted one of its diploid ancestors, its other early diploid progenitors remain unclear. Here, we performed comparative analyses of the genomes of five diploid strawberries, F. iinumae, F. vesca, F. nilgerrensis, F. nubicola, and F. viridis, of which the latter three are newly sequenced. We found that the genomes of these species share highly conserved gene content and gene order. Using an alignment-based approach, we show that F. iinumae and F. vesca are the diploid progenitors to the octoploid F. × ananassa, whereas the other three diploids that we analyzed in this study are not parental species. We generated a fully resolved, dated phylogeny of Fragaria, and determined that the genus arose ∼6.37 Ma. Our results effectively resolve conflicting hypotheses regarding the putative diploid progenitors of the cultivated strawberry, establish a reliable backbone phylogeny for the genus, and provide genetic resources for molecular breeding.
Strict conformational demands of RNA cleavage in bulge-loops created by peptidyl-oligonucleotide conjugates
Authors: Staroseletz Yaroslav , Amirloo Bahareh , Williams Aled , Lomzov Alexander , Burusco Kepa K , Clarke David J , Brown Tom , Zenkova Marina A , Bichenkova Elena V 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Potent knockdown of pathogenic RNA in vivo is an urgent health need unmet by both small-molecule and biologic drugs. ‘Smart’ supramolecular assembly of catalysts offers precise recognition and potent destruction of targeted RNA, hitherto not found in nature. Peptidyl-oligonucleotide ribonucleases are here chemically engineered to create and attack bulge-loop regions upon hybridization to target RNA. Catalytic peptide was incorporated either via a centrally modified nucleotide (Type 1) or through an abasic sugar residue (Type 2) within the RNA-recognition motif to reveal striking differences in biological performance and strict structural demands of ribonuclease activity. None of the Type 1 conjugates were catalytically active, whereas all Type 2 conjugates cleaved RNA target in a sequence-specific manner, with up to 90% cleavage from 5-nt bulge-loops (BC5-α and BC5L-β anomers) through multiple cuts, including in folds nearby. Molecular dynamics simulations provided structural explanation of accessibility of the RNA cleavage sites to the peptide with adoption of an ‘in-line’ attack conformation for catalysis. Hybridization assays and enzymatic probing with RNases illuminated how RNA binding specificity and dissociation after cleavage can be balanced to permit turnover of the catalytic reaction. This is an essential requirement for inactivation of multiple copies of disease-associated RNA and therapeutic efficacy.
The HMGB chromatin protein Nhp6A can bypass obstacles when traveling on DNA
Authors: Kamagata Kiyoto , Ouchi Kana , Tan Cheng , Mano Eriko , Mandali Sridhar , Wu Yining , Takada Shoji , Takahashi Satoshi , Johnson Reid C 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDNA binding proteins rapidly locate their specific DNA targets through a combination of 3D and 1D diffusion mechanisms, with the 1D search involving bidirectional sliding along DNA. However, even in nucleosome-free regions, chromosomes are highly decorated with associated proteins that may block sliding. Here we investigate the ability of the abundant chromatin-associated HMGB protein Nhp6A from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to travel along DNA in the presence of other architectural DNA binding proteins using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. We observed that 1D diffusion by Nhp6A molecules is retarded by increasing densities of the bacterial proteins Fis and HU and by Nhp6A, indicating these structurally diverse proteins impede Nhp6A mobility on DNA. However, the average travel distances were larger than the average distances between neighboring proteins, implying Nhp6A is able to bypass each of these obstacles. Together with molecular dynamics simulations, our analyses suggest two binding modes: mobile molecules that can bypass barriers as they seek out DNA targets, and near stationary molecules that are associated with neighboring proteins or preferred DNA structures. The ability of mobile Nhp6A molecules to bypass different obstacles on DNA suggests they do not block 1D searches by other DNA binding proteins.
Scalar cosmological perturbations in M-theory with higher-derivative corrections
Authors: Hiraga Kazuho , Hyakutake Yoshifumi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe investigate the inflationary expansion of the universe induced by higher-curvature corrections in M-theory. The inflationary evolution of the geometry is discussed in K. Hiraga and Y. Hyakutake, Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 2018, 113B03 (2018), which we follow to analyze metric perturbations around the background. We especially focus on scalar perturbations and analyze linearized equations of motion for the scalar perturbations. By solving these equations explicitly, we evaluate the power spectrum of the curvature perturbation. The scalar spectrum index is estimated under some assumptions, and we show that it becomes close to 1.
The First 60 Days: Physical Therapy in a Neurosurgical Center Converted Into a COVID-19 Center in Brazil
Authors: Gaspari Clara H , Assumpção Iana , Freire Renata , Silva Ariane , Santiso Cintia , Jaccoud Anna Carolina 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this case report was to describe the role of physical therapists in a neurosurgical center that was converted into a COVID-19 center for critically ill patients.

Methods (Case Description)
On March 16, 2020, the state government of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, determined that a neurosurgical center with 44 ICU beds equipped with mechanical ventilators should immediately transfer all patients with neurological conditions to other institutions and prepare for patients who were critically ill with COVID-19. The staff, including physical therapists, were trained to handle patients with COVID-19, many of whom were developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with complex and multifactorial ventilatory support needs. Adjustments were made to the physical therapy routine and protocols. Following the stabilization of patients’ respiratory condition, physical therapist interventions focused on restoring physical function.

Results
A total of 116 confirmed COVID-19 cases were treated from March 17 to May 17, 2020. Sixty percent were men (70) and 40% were women (46), with a median age of 59 years. Eighty-nine percent (103) underwent mechanical ventilation during hospitalization, of which 11% (11) were successfully extubated. Thirty percent (31) of patients underwent tracheostomy, and 26% of those (8) were successfully decannulated. Of the total patients, 57 patients died (mortality rate of 49%), 4 (3%) were transferred to another institution, 23 (20%) were discharged home, and 32 (28%) continued to be hospitalized.

Conclusion
Physical therapists in the ICU can facilitate care for critical events such as intubation, patient positioning, ventilatory adjustments, extubation, and functional training.

Impact
The coronavirus pandemic has highlighted the importance of physical therapists, specifically in the care of patients who are critically ill with COVID-19. The availability and expertise of physical therapists in the ICU are important for managing critical events such as intubation, patient positioning, ventilatory adjustments, extubation, and functional training.
Understanding Language Abnormalities and Associated Clinical Markers in Psychosis: The Promise of Computational Methods
Authors: Hitczenko Kasia , Mittal Vijay A , Goldrick Matthew 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The language and speech of individuals with psychosis reflect their impairments in cognition and motor processes. These language disturbances can be used to identify individuals with and at high risk for psychosis, as well as help track and predict symptom progression, allowing for early intervention and improved outcomes. However, current methods of language assessment—manual annotations and/or clinical rating scales—are time intensive, expensive, subject to bias, and difficult to administer on a wide scale, limiting this area from reaching its full potential. Computational methods that can automatically perform linguistic analysis have started to be applied to this problem and could drastically improve our ability to use linguistic information clinically. In this article, we first review how these automated, computational methods work and how they have been applied to the field of psychosis. We show that across domains, these methods have captured differences between individuals with psychosis and healthy controls and can classify individuals with high accuracies, demonstrating the promise of these methods. We then consider the obstacles that need to be overcome before these methods can play a significant role in the clinical process and provide suggestions for how the field should address them. In particular, while much of the work thus far has focused on demonstrating the successes of these methods, we argue that a better understanding of when and why these models fail will be crucial toward ensuring these methods reach their potential in the field of psychosis.
Sodium Nitroprusside Infusion for the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Weiser Mark , Zamora Daisy , Levi Linda , Matei Valentin , Gonen Ilan , Radu Paull , Davidson Michael , Davis John M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
One previous small single-center clinical trial showed that a single intravenous administration of sodium nitroprusside added-on to antipsychotics improved a wide spectrum of schizophrenia (SCZ) symptoms more than placebo, and the improvement persisted for 4 weeks after infusion even though no additional drug was given. Our study attempted to replicate these data in a 4-week, add-on, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial on 20 patients performed in a site in Romania and a site in Moldova. This study’s sample size and protocol were identical to the previous trial, including patients with a diagnosis of SCZ, within the first 5 years after diagnosis. Patients recruited needed to have a baseline total positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) score of 60 or above. Ten participants received a single dose of 0.5 µg/kg/min intravenous sodium nitroprusside over 4 hours, and 10 participants received matching placebo infusion, added-on to antipsychotics. The primary outcomes were the PANSS total score and the PANSS negative subscale. There were no significant between-group differences in PANSS total scores or negative subscale scores during the infusion on daily evaluations for the next 7 days nor on weekly evaluations at weeks 2, 3, and 4. No significant differences were found between the 2 study groups in adverse events. Meta-analyses including all 5 published randomized controlled trials on the topic, representing 155 subjects, do not show a statistically significant benefit of sodium nitroprusside. We conclude that the current evidence does not support the efficacy of sodium nitroprusside in the treatment of SCZ.