bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RNA Modifications in the Central Nervous System
Authors: Wang Dan Ohtan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Epitranscriptomics, a recently emerged field to investigate post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression through enzyme-mediated RNA modifications, is rapidly evolving and integrating with neuroscience. Using a rich repertoire of modified nucleosides and strategically positioning them to the functionally important and evolutionarily conserved regions of the RNA, epitranscriptomics dictates RNA-mediated cell function. The new field is quickly changing our view of the genetic geography in the brain during development and plasticity, impacting major functions from cortical neurogenesis, circadian rhythm, learning and memory, to reward, addiction, stress, stroke, and spinal injury, etc. Thus understanding the molecular components and operational rules of this pathway is becoming a key for us to decipher the genetic code for brain development, function, and disease. What RNA modifications are expressed in the brain? What RNAs carry them and rely on them for function? Are they dynamically regulated? How are they regulated and how do they contribute to gene expression regulation and brain function? This chapter summarizes recent advances that are beginning to answer these questions.
Multiple Roles of RNA Regulatory Factors in Neuronal Development and Function in C. elegans
Authors: Andrusiak Matthew G. , Jin Yishi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Recent evidence has highlighted the dynamic nature of mRNA regulation, particularly in the nervous system, from complex pre-mRNA processing to long-range transport and long-term storage of mature mRNAs. In accordance with the importance for mRNA-mediated regulation of nervous system development and maintenance, various mutations in RNA-binding proteins are associated with a range of human disorders. C. elegans express many RNA-binding factors that have human orthologs and perform similar biochemical functions. This chapter focuses on the research using C. elegans to dissect molecular mechanisms involving mRNA-mediated pathways. It highlights the key approaches and findings that integrate genetic and genomic studies in the nervous system. The analyses of genetic mutants, primarily using forward genetics, offer functional insights for genes important for neuronal development, synaptic transmission, and neuronal repair. In combination with single-neuron cell biology and cell-type genomics, the knowledge learned from this model organism has continued to lead to ground-breaking discoveries.
Duoethnography: A Polytheoretical Approach to (Re)Storing, (Re)Storying the Meanings That One Gives
Authors: Norris John Joseph , Sawyer Richard D. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the advancement of duoethnography throughout its fifteen-year history, employing examples from a variety of topics in education and social justice to provide a wide range of approaches that one may take when conducting a duoethnography. A checklist articulates what its cofounders consider the core elements of duoethnographies, additional features that may or may not be employed and how some studies purporting to be duoethnographies may not be so. The chapter indicates connections between duoethnography and a number of methodological concepts including the third space, the problematics of representation, feminist inquiry, and critical theory using published examples by several duoethnographers.
Historical Overview of Qualitative Research in the Social Sciences
Authors: Brinkmann Svend , Jacobsen Michael Hviid , Kristiansen Søren 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Qualitative research does not represent a monolithic, agreed-on approach to research but is a vibrant and contested field with many contradictions and different perspectives. To respect the multivoicedness of qualitative research, this chapter will approach its history in the plural—as a variety of histories. The chapter will work polyvocally and focus on six histories of qualitative research, which are sometimes overlapping, sometimes in conflict, and sometimes even incommensurable. They can be considered articulations of different discourses about the history of the field, which compete for researchers’ attention. The six histories are: (a) the conceptual history of qualitative research, (b) the internal history of qualitative research, (c) the marginalizing history of qualitative research, (d) the repressed history of qualitative research, (e) the social history of qualitative research, and (f) the technological history of qualitative research.
Practicing Narrative Inquiry II
Authors: Bochner Arthur P. , Herrmann Andrew F. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNarrative inquiry provides an opportunity to humanize the human sciences, placing people, meaning, and personal identity at the center of research, inviting the development of reflexive, relational, dialogic, and interpretive methodologies, and drawing attention to the need to focus not only on the actual but also on the possible and the good. In this chapter, we focus on the intellectual, existential, empirical, and pragmatic development of the turn toward narrative. We trace the rise of narrative inquiry as it evolved in the aftermath of the crisis of representation in the social sciences. The chapter synthesizes the changing methodological orientations of qualitative researchers associated with narrative inquiry as well as their ethical commitments. In the second half of the chapter, our focus shifts to the divergent standpoints of small-story and big-story researchers; the differences between narrative analysis and narratives under analysis; and narrative practices that seek to help people form better relationships, overcome oppressive canonical identities, amplify or reclaim moral agency, and cope better with contingencies and difficulties experienced over the life course. We anticipate that narrative inquiry will continue to situate itself within an intermediate zone between art and science, healing and research, self and others, subjectivity and objectivity, and theories and stories.
Ethnography
Authors: Harrison Anthony Kwame 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces ethnography as a distinct research and writing tradition. It opens with a discussion of ethnography’s current fashionability within transdisciplinary academic spaces and some of the associated challenges. The next section provides a historical overview of ethnography’s emergence as a professionalized research practice within the fields of anthropology and sociology. Focusing on ethnography as a research methodology, the chapter outlines several key attributes that distinguish it from other forms of participant observation–oriented research; provides a general overview of the central paradigms that ethnographers claim and/or move between; and spotlights three principal research methods that most ethnographers utilize—namely, participant observation, field-note writing, and ethnographic interviewing. The final section of the chapter introduces a research disposition called ethnographic comportment, defined as a politics of positionality that reflects both ethnographers’ awarenesses of and their accountabilities to the research tradition they participate in.
Oral History Interviewing with Purpose and Critical Awareness
Authors: Janesick Valerie J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Oral history interviewing is a viable qualitative research orientation for many qualitative researchers in various disciplines. Oral history is the collection of stories, statements, and reminiscences of a person or persons who have firsthand knowledge of any number of experiences. It offers qualitative researchers a way to capture the lived experiences of participants. The techniques of oral history are those of the qualitative researcher, including interviews, document analysis, photographs, and video. The current digital era offers many opportunities to address critical issues and possibilities for the oral historian as qualitative researcher. Major issues that emerge are those of understanding the purpose of power structures in participants’ lives, arts-based approaches to oral history aware of transdisciplinarity, and developing critical consciousness or awareness of one’s place in societal structures. Possibilities are endless in terms of using digital techniques and arts-based techniques for data presentation, data analysis, and dissemination. The power of oral history is the power of storytelling. By using current technology and working in a transdisciplinary context, oral history may now be more readily accessible and available to a wider population, thus moving toward a critical social consciousness.
Content Analysis
Authors: Prior Lindsay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the focus is on ways in which content analysis can be used to investigate and describe interview and textual data. The chapter opens with a contextualization of the method and then proceeds to an examination of the role of content analysis in relation to both quantitative and qualitative modes of social research. Following the introductory sections, four kinds of data are subjected to content analysis. These include data derived from a sample of qualitative interviews (N = 54), textual data derived from a sample of health policy documents (N = 6), data derived from a single interview relating to a “case” of traumatic brain injury, and data gathered from fifty-four abstracts of academic papers on the topic of “well-being.” Using a distinctive and somewhat novel style of content analysis that calls on the notion of semantic networks, the chapter shows how the method can be used either independently or in conjunction with other forms of inquiry (including various styles of discourse analysis) to analyze data and also how it can be used to verify and underpin claims that arise from analysis. The chapter ends with an overview of the different ways in which the study of “content”—especially the study of document content—can be positioned in social scientific research projects.
Robert Nozick,Anarchy, State, and Utopia
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAnarchy, State, and Utopia is arguably the twentieth century’s most influential work of political philosophy after Rawls’s Theory of Justice. It substantially responds to Rawls, despite ranging over many topics. The Experience Machine, discussed in Part I, engagingly articulates Nozick’s discomfort with utilitarianism, and with Rawls’s way of modeling separate personhood. That is, Rawls depicts bargainers as separate consumers, entitled to separate shares, while dismissing the separateness of what they do as arbitrary. Part II continues to pound on the incongruousness of respecting our separateness as consumers (see his discussions of distributing grades and mates) while implicitly denigrating and even denying our separateness as producers. Part III argues that true utopia would not impose a favored vision of utopia while silencing incompatible rivals. It would instead be a cooperative society for mutual advantage, premised on everyone coming to the table with a robust right to say no to unattractive offers.
Aesthetic Responses to the Characters, Plots, Worlds, and Style of Stories
Authors: Maslej Marta M. , Quinlan Joshua A. , Mar Raymond A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter reviews empirical research on aesthetic responses to stories, organizing our review around characters, plots, worlds or setting, and stylistic choices. We begin by outlining various responses to characters and how they influence us. Next, we discuss emotional, cognitive, and physiological reactions to plot events. We also touch on the confusing appeal of stories that elicit negative emotions, suggesting that they inspire insight. Next, we focus on the worlds in which stories take place, outlining how engagement in story worlds affects enjoyment and story-related beliefs. We also review our tendencies to revisit narrative worlds, and how different worlds map onto different genres. Finally, we discuss how characters, plots, and settings can be portrayed in different ways, based on stylistic choices. We explain how adopting a unique style of presenting stories captures attention and invites reflection and engagement. Lastly, we discuss future challenges and goals facing this field.
The Influence of Personality on Aesthetic Preferences
Authors: Swami Viren , Furnham Adrian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
It is now widely agreed that, alongside stimulus and situational factors, person-centered factors can provide a fuller understanding of aesthetic preferences and experiences. Such person-centered factors are wide-ranging, but in this chapter we present an overview of the influence of personality on aesthetic preferences. In particular, we focus on Eysenck’s early studies on the K factor (which distinguishes between preferences for complex versus simple art forms) and more recent studies indicating that the Big Five personality facet of openness to experience is a core component of what has been described as an “artistic personality,” at least in terms of the visual arts. However, we highlight limiting issues with this research, such as the lack of focus on potentially mediating variables. Later in this chapter, we review the evidence of associations between the Big Five personality facets and nonvisual artistic preferences, i.e., related to musical preferences, reading preferences, and film and television preferences. To conclude, we assess the major challenges facing differential psychologists studying aesthetics and present some suggestions for future research directions.
The Scottish Conservative Party
Authors: Convery Alan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe relative autonomy of the Scottish Conservative Party within the British Conservative Party can be traced to its beginnings as a separate entity that only merged with the UK party in the 1960s. The decline of the Scottish Conservatives since the high point of 1955 has been striking and was at its most marked during the Conservative Governments (1979–1997) when Margaret Thatcher became a potent symbol of a foreign Englishness. Scottish conservatism and, especially, Unionism is ideologically flexible, but it took its cue from the economically liberal direction of the British Conservative Party at the end of the twentieth century. Attitudes towards devolution have in general caused much more discord than its approach to economic policy. These debates pose fundamental questions about the Union and became intertwined in the 1990s with issues of Scottish distinctiveness and identity in a manner that was damaging for the Conservatives. The Scottish Conservatives’ recent revival under Ruth Davidson’s leadership poses the question of how far the party has changed its policies and approach since 1997.
The Scottish Parliament
Authors: Denny Emily St 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAdvocates of Scottish devolution believed that it would usher in a new era of governance, one which would contrast starkly with the putatively antiquated centralism and adversarial politics associated with ‘Old’ Westminster practices. Electing representatives with the power to design ‘Scotland-specific’ policies was also intended to reinvigorate political participation and renew the public’s faith in institutions, helping to redress a perceived ‘democratic deficit’. The new Parliament was placed at the heart of this vision of a ‘new Scottish politics’. Since 1999, the Scottish Parliament has met some, but not all, of the public and policymakers’ original expectations. This chapter presents a critical introduction to the Scottish Parliament as a now-mature legislature, by retracing and assessing its historical and operational development.
The Politics of Scotland’s Public Finances
Authors: Heald David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPolitics and fiscal mechanics play interwoven roles in the public finances of devolved Scotland. Asymmetric devolution, in the context of divergent economic performance and relative population size and growth rates, has contributed to the longevity of the Barnett formula. Though criticized for either overfunding or underfunding Scotland, its resilience stems from its role as political convention in reducing overt conflict, and from maintaining the expenditure autonomy of the Scottish Parliament. The low level of self-financing from devolved taxes stimulated allegations that the Parliament lacked accountability and fiscal responsibility. Extended taxation powers advanced through the cautious Calman Commission to the rushed Smith Commission, and were driven by imperatives for a ‘counter-offer’ after the 2014 Independence Referendum. The early operation of the 2016 Scottish Fiscal Framework and the divergence of UK and Scottish income tax rates highlights the practical issues of devolved tax policy in the context of UK fiscal centralization. These developments have been driven by changes in Scottish political circumstances rather than by changes in fiscal fundamentals.
The Scottish Union in Historic Perspective
Authors: Jackson Alvin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe union between Scotland and England in 1707 was forged out of political necessity at the time with next to no recourse about how it would maintain itself in the future. Indeed, the union that came to be was but one of a number of potential ‘imagined’ unions underpinned by different political, dynastic, and religious philosophies. This chapter examines the union in historic terms, assessing the reasons that brought it into being, the structure of the union and the profound impact later union with Ireland had on the 1707 settlement, and the reasons why the union has endured. The chapter concludes by assessing the state of the union today and outlining the reasons why its continued existence is more unsure than it has ever been.
Women, Gender, and Politics in Scotland
Authors: Kenny Meryl , Mackay Fiona 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhat progress has been made for women’s representation and gender equality in post-devolution Scotland? Scottish devolution opened up new institutional, political, and discursive spaces for actors to gender mainstream debates and shape broader processes of institutional and constitutional restructuring. Yet, whilst in many respects Scotland has been a successful case of feminist constitutional activism, there have also been setbacks, reversals, and stagnation in both the descriptive and substantive representation of women. This chapter explores these dynamics through several key dimensions of representation and power over time, focusing on opportunities for change, but also highlighting underlying continuities and resistances. We conclude by reflecting on the uneven progress made for women as political actors and for gender as an issue in post-devolution Scottish politics.
Chaucer as Image-Maker
Authors: Despres Denise 
Published: September 2020

AbstractChaucer chose to explore the power of images in the contested framework of medieval pilgrimage. In acknowledging the variety and multiplicity of holy objects and images at the centre of pilgrimage controversy, he deliberately entered a debate that ranged from approval of images as books for the laity to the necessary destruction of idols. His dramatic representation of religious images as objects of devotion as well as their problematic reception is informed by a traditional code of image response learned early in life in the parish. Representing image creation, devotion, and reception within the context of individual tales, Chaucer demonstrates that devotional images, like any other image, are inherently polymorphous and regenerative, as essential to cultic religion as to poetry in stimulating the power of imagination and memorial recollection; whether the feelings of devotion they stimulate are holy, however, is an issue he leaves for his reader to contemplate.
The Rule of Law and Economic Growth in Ancient Greece
Authors: Harris Edward M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe rule of law was very important for the expansion of markets and economic growth in Classical and Hellenistic Greece. The Greek city-state enforced regulations about weights and measures, ensured peace and order, built infrastructure (agoras, roads and ports), granted foreigners access to courts, gave honours, privileges and protection from seizure (asylia), and concluded treaties with other communities. The state also protected the property rights of individuals and created records to ensure title and to resolve disputes about ownership. Finally, the state created third-party enforcement of contracts, such as lease, sale, lending and borrowing and the accessory contracts of personal security and real security. This allowed economic transactions to expand beyond the narrow confines of family, friends, and neighbours and to expand markets.
Women Rebels/Terrorists in Postcolonial Conflicts
Authors: Rajan V. G. Julie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the postcolonial era, women have participated in numerous domestic and international conflicts globally. They are executing acts of resistance/terrorism that challenge the security of the nation-states in which they live. Yet despite the fear they can affect and the degree to which they have contributed to their rebel/terrorism movements, women rebels/terrorists are nevertheless projected by international media, cultural, academic, and governmental venues, as well as by the men-led rebel/terrorist movements they have joined, through simplistic patriarchal images of femininity marking the marginalized status of women in patriarchy—such as mothers, daughters, and virgin brides. Projecting women rebels/terrorists in these familiar images assuages social anxieties about their potential violence. Familiar images of femininity remind society that, despite their excessive violent potential, women rebels/terrorists are, after all, only women. These representations dissuade comprehensive investigations into women rebels’/terrorists’ agencies as guided by their experiences as political actors and as women in conflict situations. The purpose is to stress the activities of women rebels/terrorists as significant and serious due to the violence they affect, as well as to validate their impact on the security of their local spaces, the regions in which they live, and on geopolitics internationally.
Fascism and Terrorism
Authors: Iordachi Constantin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores terrorism as a strategy of political militancy by the fascist Iron Guard in interwar Romania. It argues that the Iron Guard was a mass movement promoting a new political faith that was based on a mythical form of apocalyptic politics with roots in Romantic theories of social palingenesis. The essence of this theological ideology was the idea of salvation through violent self-sacrifice. The chapter analyzes the Iron Guard’s political violence, with an emphasis on its terrorism. A main function of fascist terrorist actions was that of manufacturing martyrdom: as such, violent self-sacrifice was the engine of the fascist political religion, providing fascists with means of objectifying their claims to rebirth and regeneration. The importance of violent self-sacrifice for fascism must be reevaluated as being not just a strategy of political struggle, but a way of bestowing sacrality on the charismatic community of redemption through martyrdom.
Newton in the Pool Hall: Subtleties of the Third Law
Authors: Wilson Mark 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In order to apply the Third Law of Motion to widely separated celestial bodies, Newton must confront the experimental behaviors of colliding billiard balls, despite the fact that such objects otherwise play little role within the Principia’s formal developments. This challenge forces Newton to confront the fraught question of the sources of their elastic rebound and to postulate implausible “hard atoms” as a result. Leibniz’s surprising opinions on this same topic are presented by way of contrast.