bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the reliability and validity of secondary reporting to measure gender-based violence in conflict and disaster
Authors: Stark Lindsay , Roberts Les , Yu Gary , Tan Timothy M. , Nagar Aishwarya , Ager Alastair 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Accurately identifying the magnitude of gender-based violence (GBV) in humanitarian settings is hindered by logistical and methodological complexities. The ‘Neighborhood Method’, an adapted household survey that uses primary and secondary reporting to assess the prevalence of GBV in humanitarian settings, reduces the length of time and cost associated with traditional surveys. Primary female adult respondents disclose incidents of physical violence, intimate and non-intimate partner rape for themselves, other females in their homes (standard reporting) and other women and children in their social networks (secondary reporting). This study examines the reliability and validity of this inclusion of secondary reporting to determine the comparability of the Neighborhood Method to a traditional survey approach.

Methods
Drawing on data from 1180 women reporting on 3744 females in respondent households and 15,086 in neighboring households across four humanitarian settings (Ethiopia/ Somalia, Liberia, Sri Lanka, and Uganda), reliability of secondary reporting was measured through intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Cohen’s kappas. Validity was assessed using two-sample z-tests for differences between standard versus secondary reporting.

Results
Prevalence estimates comparing a respondent’s household with a neighboring household show closer agreement (ICC: 0.999–0.986) than self-reports vs. secondary reporting on a female counterpoint in a neighboring home (ICC: 0.939–0.98). Kappa statistics analyzing the reliability of two separate neighbors reporting on a third neighbor showed moderate agreement beyond chance alone (κ = 0.45 for physical violence and 0.48 for rape). Prevalence rates corresponded between standard and secondary reports (i.e. showed no statistical difference) in 18 out of 24 compared populations.

Conclusions
For prevalence of GBV, secondary reporting about neighbors can serve as a useful adjunct to standard survey methodology. Findings offer important initial insights into the consistency and accuracy of secondary reporting as a tool for field epidemiologists in humanitarian settings.
Fire needle plus cupping for acute herpes zoster: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zhang Ying , Liang Zuohui , Li Shihua , Yang Ling , Guo Taipin , Xu Yan , Yang Juanjuan , Xu Qiannan , Zhang Qing , Zhao Jian , Li Cailian , Liu Xiuhong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Acute herpes zoster (AHZ) is a common skin disease caused by invasion of the varicella zoster virus into the ganglia and skin, and the severe pain is the most complaint, which can seriously disturb the normal life of patients. Fire needle plus cupping is a special acupuncture treatment, which is widely used to treat AHZ for its better analgesic effect in China although it has not been fully verified by rigorous randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Methods/design
To test the effect, a three-arm randomized parallel controlled trial protocol has been designed. A total of 105 AHZ patients suffering pain will be randomly divided into three groups in an equal proportion. The interventions are fire needle plus cupping (FC) in group A, famciclovir plus gabapentin (FG) in group B, and fire needle plus cupping plus famciclovir (FCF) in group C. The length for the trial is set for a week time frame. Precisely speaking, the A group (FC) is to carry out 1 treatment per day for the total of 7 treatment sessions within 1 week period. On the other hand, the B group (FG) will take drugs orally three times a day within the trial 1 week. Meanwhile, with its combination element, the C group (FCF) is due to undertake both treatments and drugs as prescribed for A and B groups within the trial week. As an intra-trial arrangement, analgesic medication will be carefully administered for temporary pain release if the sudden intolerable pain appeared. For the primary outcome, this study is due to apply visual analogue scale to identify pain intensity relief. As the secondary outcomes are concerned, this study is aiming to focus on the issues related to changes in substance P and beta-endorphin concentrations in peripheral plasma, as well as those issues of analgesic needs, side effects, symptoms, and physical signs including pain classification, local itching, burning sensation, fever, local lymphadenopathy, skin lesion area, blisters, herpes clusters, vesicular traits, ulcers, and pimples; all these are taken into account for evaluation. For the final stage, the participants are to be followed up for postherpetic neuralgia.

Discussion
The results of this trial aim to provide sufficient evidence on FC treatment over both FG and FCF treatments. It will then give a credible alternative treatment to cut down acute pain and to cure AHZ infection.

Trial registration
Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR1800015372. Registered on 28 March 2018.
Identification of intrusive lithologies in volcanic terrains in British Columbia by machine learning using random forests: The value of using a soft classifier
Authors: Kuhn Stephen , Cracknell Matthew J. , Reading Anya M. , Sykora Stephanie 
Published: August 2020

Identifying the location of intrusions is a key component in exploration for porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au deposits. In typical porphyry terrains, in the absence of outcrop, intrusions can be difficult to discriminate from the compositionally similar volcanic and volcanoclastic sedimentary rocks in which they are emplaced. The ability to produce lithological maps at an early exploration stage can significantly reduce costs by assisting in planning and prioritization of detailed mapping and sampling. Additionally, a data-driven strategy provides opportunity for the discovery of intrusions not identified during conventional mapping and interpretation. We used random forests (RF), a supervised machine-learning algorithm, to classify rock types throughout the Kliyul porphyry prospect in British Columbia, Canada. Rock types determined at geochemical sampling sites were used as training data. Airborne magnetic and radiometric data, geochemistry, and topographic data were used in classification. Results were validated using First Quantum Minerals’ geologic map, which includes additional detail from targeted location and transect mapping. The petrophysical and compositional similarity of rock types resulted in a noisy classification. Intrusions, particularly the more discrete, were inconsistently predicted, likely due to their limited extent relative to data sampling intervals. Closer examination of class membership probabilities (CMPs) identified locations where the probability of an intrusion being present was elevated significantly above the background. Indeed, a large proportion of mapped intrusions correspond to areas of elevated probability and, importantly, areas were highlighted as potential intrusions that were not identified in geologic mapping. The RF classification produced a reasonable lithological map, if lacking in resolution, but more significantly, great benefit comes from the insights drawn from the RF CMPs. Mapping the spatial distribution of elevated intrusion CMP, a soft classifier approach, produced a map product that can target intrusions and prioritize detailed mapping for mineral exploration.
Asinine Heroism and the Mediation of Empire in Chaucer, Marlowe, and Shakespeare
Authors: Cressler Loren 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWhat are the consequences of reading Shakespeare’s allusions to classical heroes through vernacular adaptations rather than through classical texts? This essay reframes the debate about which classical sources Shakespeare consulted, arguing that he encountered Aeneas and Theseus primarily through vernacular authors. Vernacular literature’s depictions of the mythic founders of Rome and Athens foreground classical heroes’ treachery and duplicity and minimize their roles as progenitors of empire and culture. Shakespeare’s quotation strategies in A Midsummer Night’s Dream follow Marlowe and Nashe’s model in Dido, Queen of Carthage by looking to Chaucer as the poetic authority for classical myth. Like Chaucer, both playwrights foreground the destruction left in empire’s wake. A Midsummer Night’s Dream imagines a retelling of Dido’s story that privileges her authority over an interloping male hero. In the asinine Bottom, Shakespeare offers an antidote to the exploitative model of heroism embodied in Theseus and Aeneas through a mock-heroic retelling of Aeneas’s most renowned crime.
Ru/P-Containing Porous Biochar-Efficiently Catalyzed Cascade Conversion of Cellulose to Sorbitol in Water under Medium-Pressure H2 Atmosphere
Authors: Mao Feng , Chen Shuainan , Zhang Qiao , Yang Long , Wan Feifei , Jiang Dabo , Xiong Manman , Zhang Chao , Liu Yachun , Fu Zaihui 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper discloses a simple and productive strategy for the preparation of biochar-based bifunctional catalysts. In this strategy, very cheap bamboo powder is thermally carbonized to yield P-containing porous biochars (PBCs) by the activation of concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4), and the latter can be transformed into the target catalysts via loading Ru nanometer particles (NPs) on them (marked as Ru/PBCs). A series of characterizations and measurements support that PBCs have stable and rich micro-meso pores and small strong acidic protons (0.10–0.28 mmol·g−1) attributable to the grafted and/or skeleton phosphorus groups, as well as a strong affinity to β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, thus exhibiting a good acid catalytic activity for the hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose. More importantly, they are excellent acidic supports for the loading of Ru NPs owing to high BET surface area, which can give the loaded Ru NPs uniform and narrow distribution (1–6 nm). The resulting bifunctional Ru/PBCs catalysts possess excellent hydrolytic hydrogenating activity for the one-pot cascade conversion of cellulose and the optimized conditions can achieve ca. 89% hexitol yield with 98% sorbitol selectivity under relatively mild conditions. This work provides a good example for the preparation of biomass-derived bifunctional catalysts and their applications in biorefinery.
Should zinc be used for COVID-19 prophylaxis or treatment? A rapid review
Authors: Gbinigie Oghenekome A. , Akyea Ralph K. 
Published: August 2020

Background: There have been intensive efforts worldwide to establish effective treatments for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), with recent interest in the use of zinc as a potential therapeutic agent. The aim of this rapid review was therefore to critically appraise and evaluate the evidence for using zinc as prophylaxis and/or treatment for COVID-19. Methods: We conducted electronic searches on 20th and 21st May 2020 of PubMed, TRIP, EPPI COVID Living Map, MedRxiv, Google Scholar and Google. All searches were updated on 11th July 2020 to check for new relevant studies. We included in vivo studies assessing the safety and effectiveness of zinc, alone or combined with other interventions, as treatment or prophylaxis for COVID-19. Studies assessing the activity of zinc against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro were also included. Results: We identified one observational study with a high risk of bias that was suitable for inclusion. The study authors found that treatment with a combination of zinc, azithromycin and hydroxychloroquine in patients hospitalised with COVID-19 resulted in increased odds of being discharged home (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.53; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.09; p = 0.008) and reduced odds of death or being transferred to a hospice (adjusted OR 0.559; 95% CI 0.385 to 0.811; p = 0.002), compared with treatment with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. Conclusions: We identified extremely limited evidence from a study with methodological problems of an association between improvement in certain outcomes when COVID-19 patients are treated with a combination of zinc, hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin, compared with treatment with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin. The results of randomised clinical trials in this area should provide robust evidence of the effectiveness of zinc as treatment/prophylaxis for COVID-19.
Effect of quartz lens structure on the optical performances of near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes
Authors: Qiu Jinyang , Peng Yang , Min Xianhao , Wang Xinzhong , Chen Mingxiang 
Published: August 2020

Near-ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (NUV-LEDs) have been a rising UV light source for identification, resin curing, ink-printing, and illumination. In pursuit of more extensive application in different fields, their optical performances are obliged to be better. In this paper, we investigated the effect of a quartz lens structure on the optical performances of NUV-LEDs. The feature size of the quartz lens was optimized by optical simulations. When the quartz lens has the optimized feature size with a height above 1.8 mm while adding a silicone layer between the chip and the lens, the NUV-LEDs achieve the highest light efficiency, and exhibit a smallest light spot and largest light energy at the center region. Furthermore, different lenses were prepared and applied in the packaging of NUV-LEDs. As a consequence, the light output power of NUV-LEDs with a silicone layer is enhanced by 20.19% at the current of 220 mA. The light output power of NUV-LEDs is enhanced by 38.66%, 43.98%, and 53.30%, respectively, by using the different quartz lenses at the current of 220 mA, and the NUV-LED achieves the highest luminous intensity by 0.098 cd and smallest output light angle by 106.0°. It is attributed to the significant refraction effect of the quartz lens, which improves the optical performances of NUV-LEDs.
Greater than one billion Q factor for on-chip microresonators
Authors: Wu Lue , Wang Heming , Yang Qifan , Ji Qing-xin , Shen Boqiang , Bao Chengying , Gao Maodong , Vahala Kerry 
Published: August 2020

High optical quality (Q) factors are critically important in optical microcavities, where performance in applications spanning nonlinear optics to cavity quantum electrodynamics is determined. Here, a record Q factor of over 1.1 billion is demonstrated for on-chip optical resonators. Using silica whispering-gallery resonators on silicon, Q-factor data is measured over wavelengths spanning the C/L bands (100 nm) and for a range of resonator sizes and mode families. A record low sub-milliwatt parametric oscillation threshold is also measured in 9 GHz free-spectral-range devices. The results show the potential for thermal silica on silicon as a resonator material.
Return to Kahiki: Native Hawaiians in Oceania, Kealani Cook (2019)
Authors: Smith Hinekura 
Published: August 2020

Review of: Return to Kahiki: Native Hawaiians in Oceania, Kealani Cook (2019)
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 270 pp.,
ISBN 978 1 31664 699 1 (pbk), £22.99
First Fieldwork: Pacific Anthropology, 1960–1985, Laura Zimmer-Tamakoshi (ed.) (2018)
Authors: Pilo Dario 
Published: August 2020

Review of: First Fieldwork: Pacific Anthropology, 1960–1985, Laura Zimmer-Tamakoshi (ed.) (2018)
Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 262 pp.,
ISBN 978 0 82487 209 0 (hbk), $68
Social Investment: A New Zealand Policy Experiment, Jonathan Boston and Derek Gill (eds) (2018)
Authors: De Marco Alessandra 
Published: August 2020

Review of: Social Investment: A New Zealand Policy Experiment, Jonathan Boston and Derek Gill (eds) (2018)
Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 448 pp.,
ISBN 978 1 98853 358 2 (pbk), NZ$69.99
Sloshing Simulation of Single-Phase and Two-Phase SPH using DualSPHysics
Authors: Trimulyono Andi , Samuel S , Iqbal Muhammad 
Published: August 2020

The sloshing phenomenon is one of the free surface flow that can endanger liquid cargo carriers such as ships. Sloshing is defined as the resonance of fluid inside a tank caused by external oscillation. When sloshing is close to the natural frequency of the tank it could endanger ships. Particle method has the advantages to be applied because sloshing is dealing with free surface. One of the particle methods is Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). In this study, compressible SPH was used as a result of the pressure oscillation, which exists because of the effect of density fluctuation as nature of weakly compressible SPH. To reduce pressure noise, a filtering method, Low Pass Filter, was used to overcome pressure oscillation. Three pressure sensors were used in the sloshing experiment with a combination of motions and filling ratios. Only one pressure sensor located in the bottom was used to validate the numerical results. A set of SPH parameters were derived that fit for the sloshing problem. The SPH results show a good agreement with the experiment’s. The difference between SPH and experiment is under 1 % for sway, but a larger difference shows in roll. Low pass filter technique could reduce pressure noise, but comprehensive method needs to develop for general implementation.
Computational and Experimental Study on Pressure Drop in a Fluidised Bed with Different Air Distributor Designs
Authors: M. Yudin A. S. , Oumer A. N. , Roslan N. F. M. , Zulkarnain M. A. 
Published: August 2020

Fluidised bed combustion (FBC) has been recognised as a suitable technology for converting a wide variety of fuels into energy. In a fluidised bed, the air is passed through a bed of granular solids resting on a distributor plate. Distributor plate plays an essential role as it determines the gas-solid movement and mixing pattern in a fluidised bed. It is believed that the effect of distributor configurations such as variation of free area ratio and air inclination angle through the distributor will affect the operational pressure drop of the fluidised bed. This paper presents an investigation on pressure drop in fluidised bed without the presence of inert materials using different air distributor designs; conventional perforated plate, multi-nozzles, and two newly proposed slotted distributors (45° and 90° inclined slotted distributors). A 3-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is developed and compared with the experimental results. The flow model is based on the incompressible isothermal RNG k-epsilon turbulent model. In the present study, systematic grid-refinement is conducted to make sure that the simulation results are independent of the computational grid size. The non-dimensional wall distance, is examined as a key factor to verify the grid independence by comparing results obtained at different grid resolutions. The multi-nozzles distributor yields higher distributor pressure drop with the averaged maximum value of 749 Pa followed by perforated, 45° and 90° inclined distributors where the maximum pressure drop recorded to be about one-fourth of the value of the multi-nozzles pressure drop. The maximum pressure drop was associated with the higher kinetic head of the inlet air due to the restricted and minimum number of distributor openings and low free area ratio. The results suggested that low-pressure drop operation in a fluidised bed can be achieved with the increase of open area ratio of the distributor.
Investigation on fatigue damage calibration factors in offshore structures
Authors: Shabakhty Naser , Haselibozchaloee Danial , Correia José A.F.O. 
Published: August 2020

Fatigue damage in marine structures is generally assessed by means of stress−number of cycles (S−N) curves. These curves are obtained from many experimental tests on structural components. Fracture mechanics (FM), using the crack propagation method is also a practical technique. In this approach, fatigue damage is estimated based on crack propagation from an initial crack size through the surface and depth of structural members. In this paper, S−N curves based on FM were compared with S−N curves obtained following two standards: DNVGL-RP-C203 and API-RP2A-WSD. The results showed that the curves did not agree well. Therefore, to obtain better fitting, calibration factors are needed. From S−N curves established for two stages, two calibration factors – α1 (for the first stage) and α2 (for the second stage) – are proposed for fitting S−N curves based on the FM approach with the DNV GL and the API S−N curves. The wall thickness, the initial crack depth and the critical crack depth were found to have a significant effect on determination of the calibration factors.
Understanding the influence of 24-hour movement behaviours on the health and development of preschool children from low-income South African settings: the SUNRISE pilot study
Authors: Draper Catherine , Tomaz Simone A , Cook Caylee J , Jugdav Sasha S , Ramsammy Candice , Besharati Sahba , Van Heerden Alastair , Vilakazi Khanya , Cockcroft Kate , Howard Steven J , Okely Anthony D 
Published: August 2020

Background: The International Study of Movement Behaviours in the Early Years, SUNRISE, was initiated to assess the extent to which young children meet movement behaviour guidelines (physical activity, sedentary behaviour, screen time, sleep). Objective: The South African SUNRISE pilot study assessed movement behaviours in preschool children from two low-income settings, and associations between these movement behaviours, adiposity, motor skills and executive function (EF).
Methods: Preschool child/parent pairs (n = 89) were recruited from preschools in urban Soweto and rural Sweetwaters. Height and weight were measured to assess adiposity. Physical activity was assessed using accelerometers while sedentary behaviour, screen time and sleep were assessed via parent report. Fine and gross motor development were measured using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3, and EF was assessed using the Early Years Toolbox.
Results: The proportion of children meeting the physical activity guideline was 84% , 66% met the sleep guideline ,48% met the screen time guideline , and 26% met all three guidelines. Rural children were more active, but spent more time on screens compared to urban children. Most children were on track for gross (96%) and fine motor (73%) development, and mean EF scores were in the expected range for all EF measures. EF was negatively associated with screen time, and gross motor skills were positively associated with physical activity.
Conclusion: The South African SUNRISE study contributes to the growing literature on 24-hour movement behaviours in SA preschool children, and highlights that these behaviours require attention in this age group.
Ethics of COVID-19-related school closures
Authors: Silverman Michael , Sibbald Robert , Stranges Saverio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCOVID-19 mitigation strategies have led to widespread school closures around the world. Initially, these were undertaken based on data from influenza outbreaks in which children were highly susceptible and important in community-wide transmission. An argument was made that school closures were necessary to prevent harm to vulnerable adults, especially the elderly. Although data are still accumulating, the recently described complication, pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome, is extremely rare and children remain remarkably unaffected by COVID-19. We also do not have evidence that children are epidemiologically important in community-wide viral spread. Previous studies have shown long-term educational, social, and medical harms from school exclusion, with very young children and those from marginalized groups such as immigrants and racialized minorities most affected. The policy and ethical implications of ongoing mandatory school closures, in order to protect others, need urgent reassessment in light of the very limited data of public health benefit.