bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Development of Wide Beamwidth Antenna for Ionosphere Wireless Remote Sensing Applications
Authors: Rao M. Durga , Rao Inabathini Srinivasa 
Published: July 2020

Background:
The Yagi-Uda antenna is a highly directive antenna used widely in many
applications including pulsed Doppler radars to study the dynamics of the atmosphere. Yagi antennas
configured in planar array configurations in phased array radars to achieve high peak powers
to probe the atmosphere from troposphere. In this paper, a two-element Yagi-Uda antenna design
is presented to investigate the ionospheric irregularities from the Gadanki Ionospheric Radar
Interferometer. A new approach devised for the first time to design the two element, wide beam
width tilted Yagi antenna, where folded dipole acts as active driver element and reflector as parasitic
element.

Methods:
Several design techniques have been studied and new approach has been employed in
designing the antenna and simulations have been carriedout and optimized the performance at 30
MHz with 14o tilt towards geometric north from vertical (zenith) direction for the maximum back
scattered echo gain. Based on the design antenna has been fabricated and the system performance
has been evaluated. Detailed validation methods have been listed to validate the parameters like
reflection coefficient, gain, bandwidth and front-to-back ratio.

Results:
The antenna is designed and simulated results with 4NEC2 provided the optimized parameters before fabrication.
The measured results indicate that the antenna has a gain of 5.65dBi and a reflection coefficient of -30 dB and these
results are in close agreement with the simulation results. The band width obtained is about 2MHz is very good for the
ionospheric remote sensing applications. The peak power handling capability upto 1kW shows the reliable system design
for continuous and long term use of the system.

Conclusion:
Two element wide beam width 14o tilted Yagi-Uda antenna at 30MHz has been designed, simulated and
optimized. Realized system performance validated to use for ionospheric radar remote sensing application. Details of the
test methodologies are explained and the same have been executed to characterize the performance of the fabricated
antenna with simulation results by measuring reflection coefficient, gain, radiation pattern. All the measured results have
very close agreement with the simulation results and satisfy the design requirements to fit into 30 MHz radar antenna
array for dedicated ionospheric probing. In future, we intended to carry out the radiation pattern simulation of the 20x8
phased array antennas to describe the overall radiation pattern.
Multiple Epidemic Wave Model of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Modeling Study
Authors: Kaxiras Efthimios , Neofotistos Georgios 
Published: July 2020

Background
Intervention measures have been implemented around the world to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Understanding the dynamics of the disease spread and the effectiveness of the interventions is essential in predicting its future evolution.

Objective
The aim of this study is to simulate the effect of different social distancing interventions and investigate whether their timing and stringency can lead to multiple waves (subepidemics), which can provide a better fit to the wavy behavior observed in the infected population curve in the majority of countries.

Methods
We have designed and run agent-based simulations and a multiple wave model to fit the infected population data for many countries. We have also developed a novel Pandemic Response Index to provide a quantitative and objective way of ranking countries according to their COVID-19 response performance.

Results
We have analyzed data from 18 countries based on the multiple wave (subepidemics) hypothesis and present the relevant parameters. Multiple waves have been identified and were found to describe the data better. The effectiveness of intervention measures can be inferred by the peak intensities of the waves. Countries imposing fast and stringent interventions exhibit multiple waves with declining peak intensities. This result strongly corroborated with agent-based simulations outcomes. We also provided an estimate of how much lower the number of infections could have been if early and strict intervention measures had been taken to stop the spread at the first wave, as actually happened for a handful of countries. A novel index, the Pandemic Response Index, was constructed, and based on the model’s results, an index value was assigned to each country, quantifying in an objective manner the country’s response to the pandemic.

Conclusions
Our results support the hypothesis that the COVID-19 pandemic can be successfully modeled as a series of epidemic waves (subepidemics) and that it is possible to infer to what extent the imposition of early intervention measures can slow the spread of the disease.
ESTIMATION OF TOTAL PHENOL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF ZANTHOXYLUM ARMATUM OF NEPALESE ORIGIN
Authors: DHAKAL DURGA , SHARMA KHAGA RAJ 
Published: July 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the phytoconstituents, estimation of total phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of Zanthoxylum armatum from Myagdi district of Nepal.
Methods: The seeds extract of Zanthoxylum armatum was prepared by cold percolation in hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol with continuous agitation. Phytochemical analysis for each extracts was performed by color differentiation method adopting the standard protocol. Antioxidant potential of the extracts was performed by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay by taking ascorbic acid as standard. Total phenolic content was estimated by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method.
Results: The analysis of secondary metabolites showed the presence of quinones and terpenoidsin almost all extracts while alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins and saponins were abundant in polar extracts. The results of antioxidant activity showed the methanol extract of Zanthoxylum armatum IC50 87.47µg/ml was found to be more antioxidant as compared to the standard ascorbic acid IC50 66.40 µg/ml. Ethyl acetate extract showed moderate antioxidant activity with IC50 142.04 µg/ml, whereas hexane extract showed the poor antioxidant activity with IC50 384.03 µg/ml. The result of total phenolic content showed, ethyl acetate fraction has the highest 26.28±9.35 mg GAE/g as compared to methanol extract 23.36±14.80 mg GAE/g and hexane extract showed the poor phenolic content 20.05±8.0 mg GAE/g.
Conclusion: The seeds extracts of Zanthoxlum armatum were found the rich source of secondary metabolites. The methanol extract was found potent antioxidant as compared to ethyl acetate and hexane extract. It is concluded that further activity guided isolation approaches will be needed on methanol extract to identify the active compound responsible for in vivo and in vitro antioxidant activity.
STUDY OF IN VITRO ANTI-OXIDANT AND ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY BY MUSSAENDA MACROPHYLLA ROOT EXTRACTS
Authors: SHRESTHA DEEPAK , PANDEY JITENDRA , GYAWALI CHIRANJIBI , LAMSAL MAHESH , SHARMA SUNITA , ROKAYA RABINDRA KUMAR , ARYAL PRAMOD , KHADKA RAM BAHADUR , BHANDARI RAVIN 
Published: July 2020

Objective: The systematic study of effective alternative anti-diabetic drugs has great importance to manage diabetes as well as other oxidative stress-related diseases. According to previous research, root and bark of Mussaenda macrophylla plant has anti-microbial, anti-coagulant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activity. Ethnomedicinal data shows that Mussaenda macrophylla is used to treat diabetes as well as oxidative stress. The objective of this research is to investigate in vitro anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activity of root extract of Mussaenda macrophylla.
Methods: DPPH free radical scavenging assay was used to detect anti-oxidant potency of ethanol and methanol root extract of the plant and expressed as % of radicle inhibition. Anti-diabetic activity was determined by the glucose diffusion method using a glucose oxidase kit and results were expressed as mean±SD.
Results: The ethanol root extract at the concentration of 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml showed better glucose diffusion inhibition than that of methanol extract at the same concentration on increasing time interval. Ethanol extract at the concentration 100 µg/ml displayed better DPPH scavenging activity (89.83±0.19 %) than that of methanol extract (86.61±0.75%).
Conclusion: This study concluded that ethanol and methanol root extract of Mussenda macrophylla have potent anti-diabetic as well as anti-oxidant activity but further advance research is necessary in the animal model.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF METFORMIN HCL RELEASE FROM TOPICAL PREPARATION USING TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEMBRANE
Authors: KHAN SANDAL , JAN SYED UMER , GUL RAHMAN , QADIR MIR ABDUL , SHAH KIFAYAT ULLAH 
Published: July 2020

Objective: Present study was carried to formulate and evaluate the transdermal ointment containing the metformin HCl active ingredient and to assess their Physicochemical studies.
Methods: Metformin HCl ointment was prepared with various thymol oil concentrations. Ointments were assessed with different characterizations; Physical appearance, viscosity, pH, drug content, Consistency, homogeneity, consistency. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis, XRD studies. It was used in vitro via using Franz cells along with the use of two membranes i.e. Nylon and cellulose membrane.
Results: SEM and XRD studies showed that there were no physical and chemical interactions between excipients and drug. All the formulations showed good physicochemical characteristics. The formulation showed different releases. It was observed that nylon had better release properties as compared to cellulose.
Conclusion: In the study conducted here, it was observed that Nylon membrane showed better discriminating power to compare among the formulation. This indicates that it has gotten prime importance to watch the effect of the membrane upon the release pattern of the various formulations. In order to improve the formulation, we can use in vitro diffusion cell experiments of transdermal drug delivery.
FORMULATION OF MICROEMULSION BASED GEL OF SALBUTAMOL SULPHATE AND IT’S IN VITRO STUDIES
Authors: JAMIL LARAIB , JAN SYED UMER , GUL RAHMAM 
Published: July 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a microemulsion based gel system considering transdermal delivery of Salbutamol with a purpose to increase the solubility and membrane drug deliverance.
Methods: Oleic acid was favored for oil phase owing to the proficiency of solubility in this study. Despite surfactant and co-surfactant was determined by virtue of their solubilizing strength wherewith they developed MEs. Accomplishing Franz diffusion cells equipped with cellulose membrane for in vitro study. The Polymer carbopol 934 were used for based gel preparation to enhance the viscosity of microemulsion for transdermal utilization. The advanced micro emulsion-based gel, which was assessed for pH, centrifugation, spreadability conductivity, drug content, viscosity, SEM, XRD and stability studies.
Results: The process of drug escape from microemulsion gel-based was noticed to pursue Korsmeyer-peppas model kinetics. The designed, microemulsion gel-based displayed acceptable stability layer than 3 mo. Drug release microemulsion within 24 h was observed 74%.
Conclusion: The results illustrate that deliberated effort to establish microemulsion based gel (F3) was likely to produce sustained action of drug release (78.3%) and be permitted auspicious vehicle for transdermal distribution of Salbutamol.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN ESSENTIAL OILS OF LEAF OF EUODIA SUAVEOLENS SCHEFF
Authors: SIDHARTA BOY RAHARDJO , ATMODJO PATRICIUS KIANTO 
Published: July 2020

Objective: Essential oils extracted from the leaf of Euodia suaveolens have been reported. However, there is no published data on comprehensive report on the chemical constituents of the essential oils and the methods utilized to extract the essential oils from the plant. This research aimed to reveal and determine the chemical constituents of essential oils from the leaf of E. suaveolens.
Methods: Essential oils of leaf of E. suaveolens were extracted by steam distillation and were analyzed utilizing Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) methods.
Results: The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of twenty-five different chemical constituents from the essential oils. The main chemical constituents of essential oils extracted from E. suaveolens’ leaves were as follows menthofuran (50.38 %), p-mentha-1,8-diene (14.34 %), limonen (10.99 %), evodone (5.55 %), α-curcumene (4.65 %), globulol (1.88 %), longipinenepoxide (1.66 %), and linalool (1.40 %). This present research found three compounds, namely p-mentha-1,8-diene, globulol, and longipinenepoxide that have never been reported by any researchers working with this plant.
Conclusion: The results showed that E. suaveolens contains essential oils that are potential to be explored further and utilized as medicinal products against some ailments.
Wewenang Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja dalam Penegakan Peraturan Daerah Dengan Berlakunya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 6 Tahun 2010 di Kabupaten Badung
Authors: Wandayuda Agus , Suryawan I Gusti Bagus , Sutama I Nyoman 
Published: July 2020

Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja merupakan organisasi perangkat daerah dalam penegakan Perda dan menyelenggarakan ketertiban umum sebagaimana yang tertuang dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 tahun 2010 tentang Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja mempunyai kewenangan untuk bertindak berupaya dalam melaksanakan suatu penertiban nonyustisial bagi masyarakat atau badan hukum yang bepotensi melakukan pelanggaran atas Peraturan Daerah dan Peraturan Kepala Daerah. Rumusan masalah yang dapat dipergunakan untuk penelitian ini yaitu adalah: (1) Apa saja yang menjadi tugas dan wewenang Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja dalam penegakan Peraturan Daerah dengan berlakunya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 6 Tahun 2010 di Kabupaten Badung; (2) Faktor-faktor apa saja mungkin yang menjadikan kendala dalam Penegakan Peraturan Daerah di Kabupaten Badung yang dilaksanakan oleh Satuan Polisi Pamong Praja. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif. Adapun sumber dan jenis bahan penelitian ini adalah primer yaitu melihat dari perundang-undangan dan bahan sekunder tulisan para ahli dan hasil para ilmuwan kemudian diolah dan dianalisis secara deskriptif guna mendapatkan suatu kesimpulan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa petugas Satpol PP adalah bagian dari Aparatur Perangkat Daerah yang mengemban tugas dan kewenangan sesuai dengan ketentuan perundang-undangan yaitu dalam Pasal 148 UU Nomor 23 Tahun 2014, bahwa kendala yang dihadapi oleh Satopl PP Kabupaten Badung banyaknya toko-toko modern yang belum memenuhi persyaratan perijinan secara lengkap sebagaimana yang menjadi ketentuan yang telah ditetapkan oleh Kabupaten Badung, sehingga dalam
pelaksanaan tugasnya Satpol PP sering mengalami benturan dengan instansi terkait dan masyarakat. Saran yang diberikan penulis diharapkan ada sinergi antara Satpol PP dengan dinas terkait sehingga dalam hal menegakan peraturan dan ketertiban akan berjalan dengan baik sehingga kesan arogansi dari petugas Satpol PP dalam menjalankan tugasnya tidak berkembang dimasyarakat.
Sanksi Pidana Terhadap Tindak Pidana Pembobolan Rekening Melalui Anjungan Tunai Mandiri (ATM)
Authors: Sastra Komang Saeramessatya Purwadi , Budiartha I Nyoman Putu , Sugiartha I Nyoman Gede 
Published: July 2020

Negara hukum menghendaki agar hukum senantiasa harus ditegakkan, dihormati dan ditaati oleh siapapun tanpa ada alasan pengecualian. Menyikapi hal ini, hukum positif di Indonesia dituntut untuk bisa merespon terhadap fenomena-fenomena kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan teknologi tersebut. Permasalahan dari penelitian ini adalah 1) Bagaimana pengaturan sanksi pidana terhadap tindak pidana pembobolan rekening melalui Anjungan Tunai Mandiri (ATM)? 2) Bagaimana pertimbangan Hakim dalam memutus perkara pembobolan rekening melalui Anjungan Tunai Mandiri (ATM)? Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum normatif, dengan studi kepustakaan dari bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa: 1) Pengaturan sanksi pidana terhadap tindak pidana pembobolan rekening melalui Anjungan Tunai Mandiri (ATM) dalam KUHP, Undang-Undang ITE, Undang-Undang Transfer Dana, Undang-Undang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang. 2) Pertimbangan Hakim dalam memutus perkara Pembobolan Rekening Melalui Anjungan Tunai Mandiri (ATM) bahwa terdakwa TEGUH T KHASAN telah terbukti secara sah. Hal-hal yang memberatkan Perbuatan terdakwa dapat meresahkan masyarakat dan dapat menimbulkan kerugian bagi orang lain. Hal-hal yang meringankan, terdakwa mengaku belum pernah dihukum, terdakwa sopan dipersidangan dan mengakui terus terang perbuatannya, terdakwa merasa bersalah dan menyesal.
MESOPOTAMIA DAN MESIR KUNO: Awal Peradaban Dunia
Authors: Manan Nuraini A 
Published: July 2020

The existence of civilization cannot be separated from the existence of human beings. Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt were the centers of the oldest civilization in the world. Both Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt had typical characteristics. Mesopotamian civilization was more non-physical compared to Egypt. Sciences were emphasized more in Mesopotamia, while Egypt emphasized religious aspects. Political systems in both areas were almost the same, that is, absolutism and considered the king as god. Mesopotamia was more humanist than Egypt. The effectiveness of both civilizations was determined much by political power and economy.
Kritik terhadap Konsep Ideologi Komunisme Karl Marx
Authors: Rachmawati Fadhillah 
Published: July 2020

This article aims to analyse the ideological theory of communism by referring to the history of the early period of thought of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels. From a linguistic perspective, communism is a doctrine of liberating the proletariat to a classless society. In the following period, communism by Lenin, Stalin and Mao Zedong developed into a revolutionary movement and state leadership under the control of the communist party with individual cult theory. Communism has three basic concepts, namely: dialectics, historical materialism and classless. In conclusion, communism has historically evolved as a philosophy of life that emphasizes world materialism with its slogan ‘of each person according to ability, for each person as needed ‘and not just a political ideology that separates religious affairs from state affairs. So according to its nature, communism clearly denies the existence of the afterlife, even denying God in its applicative life. Therefore, the appropriate paradigm for criticizing this ideology is through a worldview approach, especially the Islamic worldview, because in this world is not only a material aspect but also a metaphysical aspect. By understanding that aspects of metaphysics, it can affect human social life, so they will better understand that God is who occupies the highest position in this nature.
An Overview of Academic Tax Accounting Research Drawing on U.S. Multinational Taxation
Authors: Shevlin Terry 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Economics-based tax research in accounting draws heavily on the Scholes-Wolfson framework. The framework develops a global approach to tax planning where all parties, all taxes, and all costs are to be considered in effective tax planning. Effective tax planning is distinct from tax minimization as the goal of the former is to maximize the after-tax rate of return. The first empirical applications of the framework followed the passage of the Tax Reform Act of 1986. Taxation of multinationals has long been of interest to accounting (and other) researchers and continues to be of interest. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 changed many tax laws including how the U.S. taxes U.S. multinationals. Research examining the ramifications of this latest Tax Act is already well under way.
THE OPPORTUNITIES OF MEASUREMENT OF INSTITUTIONS AND INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES
IN MODERN ECONOMIC SCIENCE
Authors: Tanenkova Ekaterina N. 
Published: July 2020

The article provides an overview of various approaches and methods for measuring
institutions and institutional changes. The measurement of institutions refers to the measurement of their effectiveness, quality, and performance by modeling, evaluating, and interpreting
the institutional environment or individual institutions, taking into account the distribution of
roles among economic actors, their goals, and possible collective and individual actions within
these institutions. There are two main approaches to measuring institutions: direct and indirect.
The indirect approach includes methods that measure institutions through the assessment of
institutional effects, which are expressed in changes in micro – and macro-economic parameters, indicators, indicators, and equilibrium states. The methods of the indirect approach include
indicative, based on macroeconomic proxy indicators; game-theoretic, which defines institutions as the results of game equilibria; and microeconomic, which tools are usually neoclassical models. Analysis of the capabilities of modeling and measuring institutions using these
methods revealed certain disadvantages and difficulties in using indirect methods. It seems
that the most interesting tool from the point of view of modeling can be the use of the contract
method, in accordance with which direct modeling of microinstitutions – contracts takes place.
The measurement of institutions using contract models requires further research, namely the
development and inclusion in the models of certain institutional characteristics that can be
interpreted as "direct" criteria for institutional measurements. The contract method in the future
can create conditions for the development of models of institutional measurements of both
qualitative and quantitative order.
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN PEMASARAN PUPUK KOMPOS ORGANIK PADA YAYASAN PEMILAHAN SAMPAH TEMESI, KABUPATEN GIANYAR
Authors: Dewa Paksi Bali , Sudarma I Made , Oka Suardi I Dewa Putu 
Published: July 2020

The waste problem is not only related to the production and its transportation, but also concerning the sorting of organic and non-organic types. Temesi landfills in Gianyar Regency through the Yayasan Pemilahan Sampah Temesi (YPST) has a waste sorting activity to be used as a more economical product, namely compost fertilizer "Temesi Organik". The organic fertilizers usage in Bali Province in the last five years (2013-2017) has always been with an average of 28,897 tons. This potential will be a marketing opportunity for organic fertilizer producers in Bali Province. But YPST facing a problem lack of good planning in terms of product marketing. The purpose of this study was to analyze internal and external factors, formulate alternative strategies, and determine the priority strategies in developing marketing of compost fertilizer "Temesi Organik". Data analysis methods used are SWOT and AHP analysis. The results of the study based on the SWOT analysis obtained six alternative strategies namely improving product quality to maintain customer loyalty and the synergy of government policies, maintaining product continuity to reach the organic fertilizers market potential, maintaining the legality of organic certification, expanding market networks by utilizing social media and word of mouth marketing methods, complementing facilities and production infrastructure in composting, and improving the quality of human resources to produce products with a strong bargaining position. Based on AHP analysis obtained the main priority of six alternative strategies is to expand the market network by utilizing social media and the word of mouth marketing method.
Keywords: Marketing Strategy, Organic Compost Fertilizer, Yayasan Pemilahan Sampah Temesi