bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In-situ observation of the initiation of plasticity by nucleation of prismatic dislocation loops
Authors: Lee Subin , Vaid Aviral , Im Jiseong , Kim Bongsoo , Prakash Arun , Guénolé Julien , Kiener Daniel , Bitzek Erik , Oh Sang Ho 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe elastic-to-plastic transition during the deformation of a dislocation-free nanoscale volume is accompanied by displacement bursts associated with dislocation nucleation. The dislocations that nucleate during the so-called “pop-in” burst take the form of prismatic dislocation loops (PDLs) and exhibit characteristic burst-like emission and plastic recovery. Here, we report the in-situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of the initial plasticity ensued by burst-like emission of PDLs on nanoindentation of dislocation-free Au nanowires. The in-situ TEM nanoindentation showed that the nucleation and subsequent cross slip of shear loop(s) are the rate-limiting steps. As the indentation size increases, the cross slip of shear loop becomes favored, resulting in a transition from PDLs to open half-loops to helical dislocations. In the present case of nanoindentation of dislocation-free volumes, the PDLs glide out of the indentation stress field while spreading the plastic zone, as opposed to the underlying assumption of the Nix-Gao model.
Circuit implementation of a four-dimensional topological insulator
Authors: Wang You , Price Hannah M. , Zhang Baile , Chong Y. D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe classification of topological insulators predicts the existence of high-dimensional topological phases that cannot occur in real materials, as these are limited to three or fewer spatial dimensions. We use electric circuits to experimentally implement a four-dimensional (4D) topological lattice. The lattice dimensionality is established by circuit connections, and not by mapping to a lower-dimensional system. On the lattice’s three-dimensional surface, we observe topological surface states that are associated with a nonzero second Chern number but vanishing first Chern numbers. The 4D lattice belongs to symmetry class AI, which refers to time-reversal-invariant and spinless systems with no special spatial symmetry. Class AI is topologically trivial in one to three spatial dimensions, so 4D is the lowest possible dimension for achieving a topological insulator in this class. This work paves the way to the use of electric circuits for exploring high-dimensional topological models.
N-AS-triggered SPMs are direct regulators of microglia in a model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Lee Ju Youn , Han Seung Hoon , Park Min Hee , Song Im-Sook , Choi Min-Koo , Yu Eunsoo , Park Cheol-Min , Kim Hee-Jin , Kim Seung Hyun , Schuchman Edward H. , Jin Hee Kyung , Bae Jae-sung 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSphingosine kinase1 (SphK1) is an acetyl-CoA dependent acetyltransferase which acts on cyclooxygenase2 (COX2) in neurons in a model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the mechanism underlying this activity was unexplored. Here we show that N-acetyl sphingosine (N-AS) is first generated by acetyl-CoA and sphingosine through SphK1. N-AS then acetylates serine 565 (S565) of COX2, and the N-AS-acetylated COX2 induces the production of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). In a mouse model of AD, microglia show a reduction in N-AS generation, leading to decreased acetyl-S565 COX2 and SPM production. Treatment with N-AS increases acetylated COX2 and N-AS-triggered SPMs in microglia of AD mice, leading to resolution of neuroinflammation, an increase in microglial phagocytosis, and improved memory. Taken together, these results identify a role of N-AS in the dysfunction of microglia in AD.
Toll-like receptor signaling in thymic epithelium controls monocyte-derived dendritic cell recruitment and Treg generation
Authors: Vobořil Matouš , Brabec Tomáš , Dobeš Jan , Šplíchalová Iva , Březina Jiří , Čepková Adéla , Dobešová Martina , Aidarova Aigerim , Kubovčiak Jan , Tsyklauri Oksana , Štěpánek Ondřej , Beneš Vladimír , Sedláček Radislav , Klein Ludger , Kolář Michal , Filipp Dominik 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe development of thymic regulatory T cells (Treg) is mediated by Aire-regulated self-antigen presentation on medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and dendritic cells (DCs), but the cooperation between these cells is still poorly understood. Here we show that signaling through Toll-like receptors (TLR) expressed on mTECs regulates the production of specific chemokines and other genes associated with post-Aire mTEC development. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we identify a new thymic CD14+Sirpα+ population of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (CD14+moDC) that are enriched in the thymic medulla and effectively acquire mTEC-derived antigens in response to the above chemokines. Consistently, the cellularity of CD14+moDC is diminished in mice with MyD88-deficient TECs, in which the frequency and functionality of thymic CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs are decreased, leading to aggravated mouse experimental colitis. Thus, our findings describe a TLR-dependent function of mTECs for the recruitment of CD14+moDC, the generation of Tregs, and thereby the establishment of central tolerance.
Neural activity mapping of bumble bee (Bombus ignitus) brains during foraging flight using immediate early genes
Authors: Iino Shiori , Shiota Yurika , Nishimura Masakazu , Asada Shinichi , Ono Masato , Kubo Takeo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHoney bees and bumble bees belong to the same family (Apidae) and their workers exhibit a division of labor, but the style of division of labor differs between species. The molecular and neural bases of the species-specific social behaviors of Apidae workers have not been analyzed. Here, we focused on two immediate early genes, hormone receptor 38 (HR38) and early growth response gene-1 (Egr1), and late-upregulated ecdysone receptor (EcR), all of which are upregulated by foraging flight and expressed preferentially in the small-type Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies (MBs) in the honey bee brain. Gene expression analyses in Bombus ignitus revealed that HR38 and Egr1, but not EcR, exhibited an immediate early response during awakening from CO2 anesthesia. Both premature mRNA for HR38 and mature mRNA for Egr1 were induced during foraging flight, and mRNAs for HR38 and Egr1 were sparsely detected inside the whole MB calyces. In contrast, EcR expression was higher in forager brains than in nurse bees and was expressed preferentially in the small-type Kenyon cells inside the MBs. Our findings suggest that Kenyon cells are active during foraging flight and that the function of late-upregulated EcR in the brain is conserved among these Apidae species.
Increasing incidence and improving survival of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kim Yi-Jun , Kim Jin Ho 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe evaluated changes in incidence, relative survival (RS), and conditional survival (CS) of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), focusing on oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC). Data of 74 680 HNSCC patients from 1976 to 2015 were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Five anatomical sites and their subsites were analyzed. Annual percent change (APC) of incidence was calculated. RS and CS were compared across the four decades. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of RS were evaluated using multivariate regression. OTSCC incidence decreased from 1976 (APC = −0.76, P < 0.05) but has increased since 1999 (APC = 2.36, P < 0.05). During 2006–2015, the 5-year CS exceeded 90% only for OTSCC and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC). RS improved in OTSCC (aHR = 0.697, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.642–0.757, P < 0.001) and OPSCC (aHR = 0.669, 95% CI 0.633–0.706, P < 0.001) during the last two decades. For both OTSCC and OPSCC, improved survival was observed regardless of treatment. Incidence and survival remained unchanged for nasopharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers during this period. In conclusion, OTSCC incidence has been increasing since the 2000s, with improving prognosis irrespective of treatment. Given its similarity to OPSCC, OTSCC may represent an emerging HNSCC, warranting further research and clinical recognition.
Low-Cost Active Thermography using Cellphone Infrared Cameras: from Early Detection of Dental Caries to Quantification of THC in Oral Fluid
Authors: Samadi Nakisa , Thapa Damber , Salimi Mohammadhossein , Parkhimchyk Artur , Tabatabaei Nima 
Published: May 2020

AbstractActive thermography (AT) is a widely studied non-destructive testing method for the characterization and evaluation of biological and industrial materials. Despite its broad range of potential applications, commercialization and wide-spread adaption of AT has long been impeded by the cost and size of infrared (IR) cameras. In this paper, we demonstrate that this cost and size limitation can be overcome using cell-phone attachment IR cameras. A software development kit (SDK) is developed that controls camera attributes through a simple USB interface and acquires camera frames at a constant frame rate up to 33 fps. To demonstrate the performance of our low-cost AT system, we report and discuss our experimental results on two high impact potential applications. The first set of experiments is conducted on a dental sample to investigate the clinical potential of the developed low-cost technology for detecting early dental caries, while the second set of experiments is conducted on the oral-fluid based lateral flow immunoassay to determine the viability of our technology for detecting and quantifying cannabis consumption at the point-of-care. Our results suggest achievement of reliable performance in the low-cost platform, comparable to those of costly and bulky research-grade systems, paving the way for translation of AT techniques to market.
Carbon stock in Japanese forests has been greatly underestimated
Authors: Egusa Tomohiro , Kumagai Tomo’omi , Shiraishi Norihiko 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAn accurate estimate of total forest carbon (C) stock and C uptake is crucial for predicting global warming scenarios and planning CO2emission reductions. Forest inventory, based on field measurements of individual tree sizes, is considered the most accurate estimation method for forest C stock. Japan’s national forest inventory (NFI) provides stand-scale stem volume for the entire forested area based on (1) direct field measurements (m-NFI) and (2) prediction using yield tables (p-NFI). Here, we show that Japanese national and local forestry agencies and some research studies have used p-NFI and greatly underestimated the Japanese forest C stock (58–64%) and net annual C uptake (41–48%). This was because approximately 10% of the forest area was not counted in p-NFI and because the yield tables in p-NFI, which were constructed around 1970, were outdated. For accurate estimation of the forest C stock, yield tables used in p-NFI should be reconstructed or ideally field measurement campaigns for m-NFI should be continued. In the future, appropriate forest management plans are necessary to effectively use the high CO2absorption capacity of Japanese forests and these should be compared with other industries’ CO2reduction plans from a cost-benefit perspective.
Potential Antioxidant and Angiotensin I-converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity in Crust of Dry-aged Beef
Authors: Choe Juhui , Park Bumjin , Lee Hyun Jung , Jo Cheorun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAntioxidant activity, angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, and protein profile of crust (the dried surface of dry-aged beef) were evaluated compared to unaged, wet-, and dry-aged beef. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonate) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and ferrous ion chelating activity. The crust samples showed the greatest (P < 0.05) ACE inhibitory and antioxidant activity resulting from the three different mechanisms of action (radical scavenging, non-radical redox potential activity, and metal chelating) among the treatments. Small molecular weight protein bands and small peptides (<3 kDa) indicating potent bioactivity were evident in the myofibrillar protein profile of crust samples. The lowest (P < 0.05) ACE inhibitory activity was observed in unaged beef. The results indicate that crust could be utilized in various areas as a functional ingredient possessed antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activity instead of being discarded. In addition, dry aging can use for generation of functional ingredient from beef as the regime.
Clinical Trials of Adult Stuttering Treatment: Comparison of Percentage Syllables Stuttered With Self-Reported Stuttering Severity as Primary Outcomes
Authors: O'Brian Sue , Heard Rob , Onslow Mark , Packman Ann , Lowe Robyn , Menzies Ross G. 
Published: May 2020

Purpose
In a companion paper, we found no statistical reason to favor percentage syllables stuttered (%SS) over parent-reported stuttering severity as a primary outcome measure for clinical trials of early stuttering. Hence, considering the logistical advantages of the latter measure, we recommended parent-reported stuttering severity for use as an outcome measure. The present report extends the prior analysis to a comparison of %SS with self-reported stuttering severity (SRSS) for use as an outcome measure in clinical trials of stuttering treatments for adults.

Method
We analyzed data from four randomized clinical trials for adults that incorporated %SS and SRSS data at prerandomization and at 6 months post randomization. We analyzed the distributions associated with the two measures, their agreement, and their estimates of effect sizes.

Results
The positively skewed distribution of %SS warrants much reservation about its value as a clinical trial outcome measure. This skew causes inherent instability because of spurious data associated with low scores, which occur commonly at the low end of such a distribution. This inherent instability is compounded by inherent problems with absolute reliability of %SS measures. These problems are reduced with the much more normal distribution of SRSS.

Conclusions
The logistical arguments in favor of SRSS apply similarly to adults as they do when parents report the stuttering severity of their children. However, there are statistical reasons to favor SRSS over %SS measures as a primary outcome of clinical trials with adult participants: SRSS has acceptable discriminant validity and a normal distribution, and it is less error prone than %SS. We recommend SRSS as a primary outcome for clinical trials of adults with stuttering.
Classroom Listening Experiences of Students Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing Using Listening Inventory For Education–Revised
Authors: Nelson Lauri H. , Anderson Karen , Whicker John , Barrett Tyson , Muñoz Karen , White Karl 
Published: May 2020

Purpose
This study examined classroom listening experiences reported by students who are deaf or hard of hearing using the Listening Inventory For Education–Revised (LIFE-R).

Method
Retrospective electronic survey responses from 3,584 school-age participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics to report student perceptions of listening difficulty in various classroom scenarios, including the strategies students used when they did not hear or understand. Stratified data were used to explore potential differences between grades and across degree of hearing loss or type of hearing technology.

Results

Average student listening appraisal ratings for 15 classroom, school, and social scenarios was 5.7 based on a 10-point Likert scale (0 =
difficult
, 10 =
easy
), highlighting listening difficulties encountered during the school day. This finding can be considered in context with the average rating of 7.2 reported from a previous study of students with typical hearing using the LIFE-R. The greatest difficulties were reported when trying to listen when other students in the class were making noise and in hearing the comments of other classmates. Average listening difficulty was greater for respondents in Grades 3–6 than those in Grades 7–12. Listening difficulty also generally increased relative to degree of hearing loss. When unable to hear, some students took proactive steps to improve their listening access; some reported they did nothing.

Conclusions
Students who are deaf or hard of hearing can face challenges in hearing and understanding throughout the school day. A functional tool to evaluate and monitor student experiences, such as the LIFE-R, can provide information to make necessary and effective adjustments to classroom instruction and the listening environment.
Erfolgreiche Therapie einer Alopecia areata partim universalis mit Tofacitinib
Authors: Chapsa M. , Kuske M. , Aschoff R. 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungAlopecia areata ist eine T-Zell-vermittelte, nicht vernarbende Alopezie, die einen großen Einfluss auf die Lebensqualität der Patienten hat. Derzeit gibt es keine zugelassene Therapie, die eine dauerhafte Remission induziert. Kürzlich hat sich der JAK-STAT-Signalweg als mögliches therapeutisches Ziel herausgestellt, und die Ergebnisse der klinischen Studien mit oralen JAK-Inhibitoren (JAKis) zeigten sich vielversprechend. Wir berichten über einen 29-jährigen Patienten mit Alopecia areata partim universalis, der nach Versagen bisheriger Therapien probatorisch mit dem JAKi Tofacitinib behandelt wurde, worunter es zu einer anhaltenden Remission kam.
A Comparative Evaluation of Effects of Conventional and Herbal Irrigants on Working Length Determination by Third Generation Apex Locator–An In Vitro Study
Authors: Patalbansi Niharika , Kumar Yogesh , Jindal Neetu , Aggarwal Renu , Goyal Shefali 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Introduction The establishment of accurate working length is one of the most critical steps in endodontic therapy from the biomechanical and obturation points of view. Traditionally, the use of radiography and tactile sense methods were used for working length estimation, but recently, the use of electronic apex locator (EAL) has come into existence. The aim was to evaluate the effect of conventional and herbal irrigants on working length determination by Root ZX.
Materials and Methods A total of 110 extracted single rooted teeth were taken. Standard access cavities were prepared and samples were randomly divided into 11 groups (n = 10) according to the type of irrigating solutions used. The actual root canal length was measured, and the readings in dry conditions and wet conditions were recorded. The point where Root ZX showed beep was recorded and difference was recorded as well. The recorded data was calculated and statistically analyzed using unpaired t-test.
Result In dry conditions, only saline, H2O2, Aloe vera, and green tea gave exact working length using apex locator values. Whereas in wet conditions, only Aloe vera and green tea gave exact working length.
Conclusion Although the irrigants and dry conditions influenced the results, Root ZX can be considered to be accurate, and the difference was within the clinically acceptable range and not statistically significant.
‘Terrible monsters Sin-bred’: Blakean monstrosity in Alan Moore’s graphic novels
Authors: Marchetto Santorun M. Cecilia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWilliam Blake’s illuminated books are full of depictions of the monstrous, like Orc’s or Urizen’s metamorphoses, bestial figures such as the Leviathan in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (c. 1790–1793), and the masses of blood and flesh appearing in The Book of Urizen (1794). In contrast to eighteenth-century discourses in which moral virtue and monstrosity were polar opposites, Blake’s universe is more complex and presents an ambivalent attitude towards revolution and social transgression embodied in the monstrous. The meanings of the monstrous in Blake are associated with evil in his works, where it can be understood as released or repressed energies, two types which correspond, respectively, to liberation or alienation. Via countercultural influence, Blakean antinomianism filtered down to Alan Moore, for whom the notion of evil depends on perspectives; thus, in Moore, the socially unacceptable can appear as monstrous, but monstrosity is also a mode through which to make visible the oppressive order that defines transgression as such. This article will discuss Blake and Moore’s use of visual and verbal aesthetics to identify as monstrous characters like Satan, Urizen and Orc in Blake and William Gull, Asmodeus and Cthulhu in Moore to pinpoint the meanings that underlie them and how the direct or indirect Blakean influence operates in Moore’s works. This will contribute to trace changes in their meanings as they pass from signifying energy to tyranny, from unfallenness to fallenness, or from conventional to visionary perception. This exploration will also show the changes in their mode of representation, contributing to understand the peculiarities of the Gothic side of Moore’s construction of Blakean vision. To do this, a series of parallels found in several examples from Alan Moore’s graphic novels will be analysed, especially Swamp Thing (1984–1987), where the hero is a vegetable–human hybrid; From Hell (1989–1998), where the villain acts as both mad scientist and monster in his perverse endeavour to violently reshape female desire to his will; Promethea (1999–2005), where a divine emanation is perceived as a threatening devil by opposing fundamentalists; and finally the horrible entities in Neonomicon (2010–2011) and Providence (2015–2017).
Electron-capture decay in isotopic transfermium chains from self-consistent calculations
Authors: Sarriguren P 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Weak decays in heavy nuclei with charge numbers Z = 101–109 are studied within a microscopic formalism based on deformed self-consistent Skyrme Hartree–Fock mean-field calculations with pairing correlations. The half-lives of β+ decay and electron capture are compared with α-decay half-lives obtained from phenomenological formulas. Transfermium isotopes of Md, No, Lr, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, and Mt that can be produced in the frontier of cold and hot fusion-evaporation channels are considered. Several isotopes are identified whose β+/EC- and α-decay half-lives are comparable. The competition between these decay modes opens the possibility of new pathways towards the islands of stability.