bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deuteronomy and Early Rabbinic Judaism
Authors: Gereboff Joel 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Early Rabbinic Judaism (70–500 ce) was a period of intense intellectual and pastoral creativity that crafted an enduring cultural identity for Jews. The Tannaim were teachers during this period whose theological explanations and pastoral applications preserved in the Sifre Devarim bring Deuteronomy into a conversation with a complex of nonbiblical traditions. The Tannaim treat Deuteronomy only as part of their overall interpretation of Exodus, Leviticus, and Numbers. There are scholarly analyses of the Sifre Devarim; however, there is no systematic examination of the overall influence of Deuteronomy on writings in Early Rabbinic Judaism. Instead, scholars have focused on the history and range of views on specific legal issues in Deuteronomy. I will focus on how Tosefta, Mishnah, and Sifre Devarim handle Deuteronomy in general, rather than how they treat specific legal issues like tithes (14:22–29), holy days (16:1–17), household discipline (21:18–21), divorce (24:1–4), or the levirate (25:5–10).
Monotheism and Deuteronomy
Authors: Lynch Matthew 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Monotheism is a vexed subject in biblical scholarship. Many contend that some of the alleged monotheistic claims in the book (6:4) are not at all relevant to the subject or are very late. Others try to show that the book provides useful data points for explaining the development of Israelite religion. This chapter surveys the place of Deuteronomy in the study of monotheism and offers clarity on what monotheism means before assessing key passages on the subject. I argue that Deuteronomy is indeed monotheistic, but that our use of that term needs careful consideration.
α-Amino-3-Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolepropionic Acid and Kainate Receptors
Authors: Dawe G. Brent , Brown Patricia M. G. E. , Bowie Derek 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs and KARs) are dynamic ion channel proteins that govern neuronal excitation and signal transduction in the mammalian brain. The four AMPAR and five KAR subunits can heteromerize with other subfamily members to create several combinations of tetrameric channels with unique physiological and pharmacological properties. While both receptor classes are noted for their rapid, millisecond-scale channel gating in response to agonist binding, the intricate structural rearrangements underlying their function have only recently been elucidated. This chapter begins with a review of AMPAR and KAR nomenclature, topology, and rules of assembly. Subsequently, receptor gating properties are outlined for both single-channel and synaptic contexts. The structural biology of AMPAR and KAR proteins is also discussed at length, with particular focus on the ligand-binding domain, where allosteric regulation and alternative splicing work together to dictate gating behavior. Toward the end of the chapter there is an overview of several classes of auxiliary subunits, notably transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins and Neto proteins, which enhance native AMPAR and KAR expression and channel gating, respectively. Whether bringing an ion channel novice up to speed with glutamate receptor theory and terminology or providing a refresher for more seasoned biophysicists, there is much to appreciate in this summation of work from the glutamate receptor field.
Simplified Hazard Modeling and Structural Reliability Analysis Considering Non-Synoptic Wind Systems (NSWS) in Canada
Authors: Hong Han Ping , Huang Qian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
High-intensity wind events such as tornadoes and downbursts can be very destructive to structures and infrastructure systems. In the present chapter, an overview of the assessment of the wind hazard due to tornadoes and downbursts for Canadian sites is provided. Available tornado occurrence information available in Canada that can be used as the basis to develop a tornado occurrence model is discussed. The chapter presents an overall framework to develop tornado wind-velocity hazard maps for Canada. It also explores the use of simple equivalent along height wind profile that could be used to evaluate tornadic wind loading for line-like structures and of a practical procedure to evaluate the failure probability of structures subjected to high-intensity wind events. It is indicated that for a certain class of prismatic structures, the use of nonlinear static pushover analysis can be adequate to evaluate the capacity curve of the structure subjected to downburst wind loading. A probabilistic model of the capacity curve obtained in such a manner can then be used to evaluate the structural reliability by incorporating the assessed wind-velocity hazard map and equivalent wind profile.
Racializing Performances in Colonial Time-Spaces
Authors: Wirtz Kristina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractStarting from the premise that colonialism begat the racial systems that continue to undergird hierarchies of power and privilege, the chapter argues that colonial time-spaces (chronotopes) remain productive of racial orders. Even in ostensibly postcolonial contexts, colonial-era racial logics have long half-lives and often continue to circulate through performances that represent or re-enact colonial time-spaces. The chapter traces the semiotic workings of racial performances, from mundane everyday interactions to staged spectacles (and back), in order to examine how they selectively highlight or erase the genealogies connecting past and present and performatively enact configurations of racializing signs that can mark physical bodies, social types, locations, voices, dispositions, and practices, usually in overdetermined, if not necessarily consistent ways. The chapter draws upon critical theory and ethnographies of performance in the Americas to discuss the case of Cuban bozal, a figuration of “untamed” African presence in contemporary Cuban religious and folklore performances.
Language, Race, and the (Trans)Formation of Cisheteropatriarchy
Authors: Alim H. Samy , Lee Jooyoung , Mason Carris Lauren , Williams Quentin E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter highlights how young men use creative, improvised linguistic performances to dialogically co-construct particular meanings of gender, race, ethnicity, sexuality, and the body. In our analyses of two case studies (one in Los Angeles, the other in Cape Town), we demonstrate how young men of color often challenge the dominance of whiteness, while simultaneously celebrating and reifying particular kinds of “blackness/colouredness” at the expense of already marginalized gendered and sexualized bodies. These hegemonic practices reconstitute social divisions that benefit cisheteropatriarchy, an ideological system that naturalizes normative views of what it means to “look” and “act” like a “straight” man and marginalizes women, femininity, and all gender non-conforming bodies that challenge the gender binary. While our analysis offers a window into the interactional formation of cisheteropatriarchy, we conclude by emphasizing the power of language in interaction to (trans)form dominant ideologies of race, gender, sexuality, and the body.
What Does a Terrorist Sound Like?
Authors: Khan Kamran 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter explicates how microcultural practices that appear overtly flattering—“you speak English so well,” “you speak good English,” or “you’re so articulate,” for example—(re)produce racist meanings and (re)enforce racializing regimes. Bringing together race theory with the language ideological literature in linguistic anthropology, the chapter describes processes of raciolinguistic exceptionalism—whereby exceptionalism occurs through white racist evaluations of, and ideologies about, both language and race—to consider how ideas about minoritized groups and their speech serve to reinforce racist narratives about Asianness, blackness, indigeneity, Latinidad, etc. The chapter argues that raciolinguistic exceptionalism is sinister in that it is simultaneously exceptionalizing and homogenizing, while remaining provisional, that is, dependent upon one’s most recent performance. Its analysis further shows that processes of raciolinguistic exceptionalism take form differently across racialized groups with histories shaped by varying processes of domination, enslavement, settler colonialism, occupation, racial segregation, and other forms of global, racist capitalist exploitation.
African Languages, Race, and Colonialism
Authors: Severo Cristine Gorski , Makoni Sinfree B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores how language was used in the racial construction of differences and equalities in colonial and post-independent contexts by analyzing the meanings attributed to Portuguese as a language in the colonial era of Brazil and Angola, two former Portuguese colonies. Brazil and Angola played an important role in Portuguese colonization by both contributing and suffering the effects of the use of categories such as language and race as strategy of control and resistance. The chapter argues and illustrates that the ideas of customs, language, and other cultural markers were signs of “civilization” in Portuguese colonization. The deliberate designing of the overlapping categories of language and Portuguese social customs has produced ethnic, social, and political differentiations whose legacy is still apparent in pernicious ways.
The Role(s) of Rules in Consequentialist Ethics
Authors: Hooker Brad 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAfter preliminaries concerning different accounts of the good and the distinction between actual-consequence consequentialism and expected-value consequentialism, this paper explains why consequentialists should prescribe a moral decision procedure dominated by rules. However, act consequentialists deny rules have a role in the criterion of moral rightness. But prescribing a decision procedure dominated by rules and then denying rules a role in the criterion of moral rightness seems problematic. Rule consequentialism gives rules roles first in the decision procedure agents should use and second in the criterion of moral rightness. But giving rules this second role has attracted objections, some of which are outlined and answered here. The final section of the paper considers some recent developments.
Understanding the Demandingness Objection
Authors: Sobel David 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
My aim in this article is to help us understand and assess the Demandingness Objection to consequentialism. I first try to motivate the Objection. Then I consider traditional replies that consequentialists have offered in an attempt to undermine the force of the Objection. Next I argue that for the Objection to be successful, it must explain which costs are deemed especially demanding and which costs are not, and why morality should be thought to prioritize the former. I show that the Objection cannot function as a persuasive critique of Consequentialism without prioritizing some costs over others. Finally, I consider reasons to doubt that the Objection can successfully meet this challenge.
Must I Benefit Myself?
Authors: Cholbi Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Morality seems to require us to attend to the good of others, but it does not require that we assign any importance to our own good. Standard forms of consequentialism thus appear vulnerable to the compulsory self-benefit objection: they require agents to benefit themselves when doing so is entailed by the requirement of maximizing overall impersonal good. Attempts to address this objection by appealing to ideally motivated consequentialist agents; by rejecting maximization; by leveraging consequentialist responses to the more familiar special relationships and demandingness objections; or by appealing to dual rankings of moral and all-things-considered reasons fall short of adequately answering this objection. A satisfactory response to the compulsory self-benefit objection is elusive because of consequentialism struggles to account for directed options (in this case, an option not to maximize one’s own good but not that of others) and for moral considerations that do not rest on the value of outcomes or states of affairs.
Effective Altruism
Authors: Lichtenberg Judith 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this essay I examine the contemporary movement known as effective altruism (EA). I argue that most understandings of EA imply some version of consequentialism. That in itself may sound like a rather modest conclusion (dictated by a certain vagueness in EA and the cornucopia of forms of consequentialism), but the arguments for it illuminate aspects of both EA and consequentialism. I also argue that the claim that one is obligated to maximize the good is not essential to consequentialism, that in fact this is a difficult claim to defend, and that therefore the standard “demandingness objection” misses the target. Nevertheless, what is essential to any consequentialist theory is the view that producing more good is always morally better than producing less. Deontological criticisms of this view are familiar. I focus instead on its clash with common-sense views about moral goodness and admirability.
Act Consequentialism and the No-Difference Challenge
Authors: Lawford-Smith Holly , Tuckwell William 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAccording to act-consequentialism, only actions that make a difference to an outcome can be morally bad. Yet, there are classes of actions that don’t make a difference, but nevertheless seem to be morally bad. Explaining how such non-difference making actions are morally bad presents a challenge for act-consequentialism: the no-difference challenge. In this chapter we go into detail on what the no-difference challenge is, focusing in particular on act consequentialism. We talk about how different theories of causation affect the no-difference challenge; how the challenge shows up in real-world cases, including voting, global labor injustice, global poverty, and climate change; and we work through a number of the solutions to the challenge that have been offered, arguing that many fail to actually meet it. We defend and extend one solution that does, and we present a further solution of our own.
Introduction
Authors: Portmore Douglas W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractI argue that a theory is consequentialist if and only if it is, in the important respects, sufficiently similar to classical utilitarianism. Unfortunately, though, philosophers can’t seem to agree on what the important respects are. So there is no one way that the term “consequentialism” is used, but only several different ways that it’s used by various sets of philosophers with different views about what’s most important about classical utilitarianism. But if, like many philosophers, we accept that what’s most important about classical utilitarianism is that it takes the deontic statuses of actions to be a function of how various possible outcomes rank, then we can, I show, reconcile consequentialism with deontology. And I explore whether this ability to be reconciled with other theories, such as deontology, undermines the importance of the consequentialism/nonconsequentialism distinction. I then end by summarizing each of this anthology’s four parts and the issues that are explored in their corresponding chapters.
Inequality and Social Justice in Latin America
Authors: Scalon Celi , de Oliveira Pedro Paulo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Drawing on focus group research, this study analyzes the perceptions and opinions on class inequality, social justice, and social mobility expressed by youth from Rio de Janeiro whom the authors identify as “middle” and “popular class.” The authors also examine their opinions on affirmative action and the role of state and civil society in fighting inequality. Fieldwork was carried out in 2008, not with the goal of answering specific questions but with presenting elements for reflection in the debate on perceptions of inequality and justice. In broad terms, middle-class youth revealed a more critical, complex, and diverse explanatory repertoire about the causes of inequality in Brazil and the possibility of overcoming that inequality. Lower class youth held a repertoire of more generic prescriptions and expressed greater faith in education and hard work as primary means for overcoming inequalities and gaining upward mobility, thereby linking success or failure to individual achievement.
Ethical Issues in Research Involving Employees and Students
Authors: Resnik David B. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Employees and students often participate in research conducted or supported by investigators at their organizations or institutions. Most of these studies do not provide direct benefits to participants, but some do. While these studies offer potential benefits for society, they raise ethical issues related to coercion, undue influence, privacy, confidentiality, and risk. Investigators should pay special attention to these issues when designing and implementing studies. Relatedly, research ethics committee members should address these issues when reviewing or overseeing studies. This chapter will both review the ethical issues related to including employees and students in research and discuss some practices and policies for protecting their rights and welfare.
On the Verge of Citizenship
Authors: Shachar Ayelet 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The requirements of naturalization tell us a great deal about a given society’s vision of citizenship, the expressive function of law, and the power dynamics revealed when one stands on the cusp of membership. Contributing the burgeoning literature on global and domestic legal pluralism, this chapter explores how states determine “who belongs” to the political community, and according to what criteria. It also reveals the centrality of agency and resistance in testing the boundaries of membership. Combining insights from law and political theory, the chapter offers a fascinating study of the textual and performative aspects of the citizenship oath and its centrality to the process of becoming a member, especially in diverse societies negotiating the trilemma of constituting identity, respecting diversity, and promoting equality.
An Anthropological Perspective on Legal Pluralism
Authors: Merry Sally Engle 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The concept of legal pluralism has proved enormously fruitful in challenging ideas about the centrality of state law and increasing awareness of the diversity of ways that individuals interact with the law. As scholars seek to understand international law as a sociocultural as well as a legal field, the concept of global legal pluralism offers a useful framework. It provides a way to theorize the fluidity and fragmentation of international law as well as its spaces of openness and opportunity. It is a way to understand its regulatory role in conjunction with regional, national, and local systems and the structures of local, national, and global power which shape its practices. The concept of global legal pluralism highlights both the global nature of the new legal terrain as well as the relative normativities of various orders, from the strictly “legal” to those based on cultural practices rather than state law. The anthropological concept of legal pluralism helps to understand the complexity of the global legal order, with a focus on the way its fragmentation and incommensurability operates in practice in the highly complex sociocultural global situation.
International Criminal Law and Legal Pluralism
Authors: van Sliedregt Elies 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
International criminal law is not a single unified body of norms, and the pluralism paradigm is useful to describe its heterogeneity. This chapter aims to answer the question of how to do justice to the universalist claim of international criminal law as an inherently pluralist body of law. The chapter formulates principles to manage legal pluralism while doing justice, as much as possible, to the universalist and cosmopolitan ethos of international criminal law.
Heinrich Bullinger’sDecades
Authors: Gordon Bruce 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHeinrich Bullinger’s Decades, presented as a set of sermons on the major points of Christian doctrine, was one of the first comprehensive statements of Reformed theology. The 50 sermons provide a robust defence of the orthodoxy of the Zurich church by demonstrating its adherence to the historical teachings of the early church. Bullinger wrote the work both to instruct and edify, and the tone of the Decades is deeply pastoral, offering a guide to the Christian life. Translated into numerous languages, including Dutch and English, the Decades became a key text of the growing Reformed churches of the Reformation period, making Bullinger the first major international leader of the movement.
The Three Forms of Unity
Authors: Bierma Lyle D. , Sinnema Donald 
Published: October 2020

Abstract‘|The Three Forms of Unity’ refers to three documents that have served as doctrinal standards for the Dutch Reformed family of churches for 400 years: the Belgic Confession (1561), Heidelberg Catechism (1563), and Canons of Dort (1619). The Belgic Confession is a systematic summary of Reformed theology, composed by Guido de Brès in the southern part of the Low Countries to educate and comfort persecuted Protestants and defend them against Roman Catholic charges of heresy and sedition. The Heidelberg Catechism was commissioned by the ruler of the German Palatinate as a tool for teaching young people, a guide for doctrinal preaching, and a form of confessional unity among several Protestant factions in the territory. The Canons of Dort was a fivefold statement of doctrine adopted by a national synod in the Netherlands in response to the views of Arminius and his followers about how divine sovereignty relates to human responsibility in salvation.
Friedrich Schleiermacher’s Christian Faith
Authors: Poe Shelli M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Friedrich Schleiermacher’s mature theology in his Christian Faith (1830/31), or Glaubenslehre. The chapter situates the work in its modern context, highlights its ecclesial and ecumenical function, and introduces its dogmatic genre and theological method. The chapter argues that Schleiermacher’s Glaubenslehre is beneficially interpreted within the Reformed tradition, and offers two hermeneutical keys that unlock its Reformed features: interpret the text backward, and treat the conclusion as a climactic summary of the work as a whole. These two keys highlight the anti-speculative and Trinitarian features of Schleiermacher’s Christian Faith. The chapter discusses Schleiermacher’s ecclesial pneumatology, Christology, and doctrines of creation and sin. It closes with a consideration of the Glaubenslehre’s enduring influence in the Reformed tradition and the wider theological landscape.
Abraham Kuyper’s Lectures on Calvinism
Authors: Mouw Richard J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Abraham Kuyper’s Lectures on Calvinism make available in printed form his 1898 Stone Lectures delivered at Princeton Theological Seminary, locating ‘Calvinism’ amongst other major philosophies and religions. Given the erroneous manner in which each of these other world-views—Paganism, Islamism, Romanism and Modernism—depict the fundamental relationship between God and the world, they cannot help but fall far short in their understandings of the other two basic relationships: between human and human, and between humankind and the rest of created reality. Calvinism alone, then, with its conception of human life as lived directly (in an unmediated manner) in the presence of God, can preserve the all-important conviction that all of human life, including the relationships of human beings to the non-human creation, be carried out in obedience to the Creator who desires the flourishing of the whole creation.