bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiac donation after circulatory death
Authors: Iyer Arjun , Dhital Kumud 
Published: May 2020

Purpose of review
Increasing number of patients with end-stage heart failure and those with improved survivorship from selective utilization of implantable mechanical circulatory support devices have added further burden and complexity to the transplant waitlist and on the rate-limiting availability of donor hearts from the standard pathway of donation after brain death. Unlike this conventional route, the increasing clinical use of donation after circulatory death (DCD) donor hearts necessitates a closer understanding of the logistics involved in the DCD process as well as of the risks associated with the unique pathophysiological consequences in this setting.

Recent findings
Notwithstanding a higher incidence of delayed graft function, the clinical utilization of DCD hearts for cardiac transplantation over the past five years has demonstrated this to be a well-tolerated and strategic alternative with excellent medium-term clinical outcomes.

Summary
The uptake of DCD heart transplantation remains selective and currently confined to Australia, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and more recently the USA. A more significant adoption will only come about through: a concerted effort to resolve the ethical and clinical controversies; a better understanding of postconditioning strategies; continued resolve to reduce the obligatory period of warm ischemia; and from better extracorporeal platforms that permit functional viability assessment of the DCD donor heart.
Environmental contamination with cytotoxic drugs in 15 hospitals from 11 European countries—results of the MASHA project
Authors: Korczowska Ewelina , Crul Mirjam , Tuerk Jochen , Meier Klaus 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background:
Evaluating environmental contamination with cytotoxic drugs in hospitals is one of the fundamental requirements to ensure the occupational safety of all healthcare professionals. The European Society of Oncology Pharmacy (ESOP) undertook the first independent, multicenter, pan-European study, involving over a dozen hospitals from 11 different countries, to measure the state of cytotoxic contamination in the workplace.

Objective:
To obtain an overview of the current situation in European hospitals with regards to cytotoxic drug contamination at various sites, including drug preparation (pharmacy) and administration areas (ward). The secondary objectives are to evaluate the environmental contamination with cytotoxic drugs circulating within a facility known as the hospital medication system (process flow of drug) and to evaluate the impact of changes in local cleaning practices.

Materials and methods:
The study was carried out at 15 hospitals in Europe evaluating the surface contamination in the preparation and administration areas before (part I) and after (part II and part III) training and the implementation of ESOP cleaning recommendations. Assessment of surface contamination with 11 antineoplastic drugs was performed using wipe samples taken from 10 comparable surfaces (5 each in the preparation and administration areas). These samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.

Results:
The study demonstrated the presence of surface contamination in preparation and administration areas in all hospitals, with measurable amounts of at least 1 agent detected on sampled surfaces. Before the implementation of the ESOP cleaning recommendations, 324 out of 1595 results were positive (20%). In 11 of 15 hospitals (73%), substances were detected which were not prepared or administrated in the sampling day. After implementation of the ESOP recommendations, only 14% of results were positive (226/1639). Sixty-nine percent of wards (9/13) improved or stayed at the same level in the number of positive samples. The floors on the wards were shown to be the most frequently contaminated (42% of samples were positive). The amount of contamination in the pharmacies was not correlated to the amount of chemotherapy prepared nor to the use of special devices such as closed-system transfer devices.

Conclusion:
The MASHA study provides an overview of the contamination levels with cytotoxic drugs in European hospitals. Upon implementation of ESOP cleaning recommendations, improvements could be seen, with a reduced number of positive-wipe samples and lower amounts of surface concentration detected. The study demonstrates that improving standard work procedures is able to substantially reduce contamination in the workplace.
Retrograde signals from endosymbiotic organelles: a common control principle in eukaryotic cells
Authors: Pfannschmidt Thomas , Terry Matthew J. , Van Aken Olivier , Quiros Pedro M. 
Published: May 2020

Endosymbiotic organelles of eukaryotic cells, the plastids, including chloroplasts and mitochondria, are highly integrated into cellular signalling networks. In both heterotrophic and autotrophic organisms, plastids and/or mitochondria require extensive organelle-to-nucleus communication in order to establish a coordinated expression of their own genomes with the nuclear genome, which encodes the majority of the components of these organelles. This goal is achieved by the use of a variety of signals that inform the cell nucleus about the number and developmental status of the organelles and their reaction to changing external environments. Such signals have been identified in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic eukaryotes (known as retrograde signalling and retrograde response, respectively) and, therefore, appear to be universal mechanisms acting in eukaryotes of all kingdoms. In particular, chloroplasts and mitochondria both harbour crucial redox reactions that are the basis of eukaryotic life and are, therefore, especially susceptible to stress from the environment, which they signal to the rest of the cell. These signals are crucial for cell survival, lifespan and environmental adjustment, and regulate quality control and targeted degradation of dysfunctional organelles, metabolic adjustments, and developmental signalling, as well as induction of apoptosis. The functional similarities between retrograde signalling pathways in autotrophic and non-autotrophic organisms are striking, suggesting the existence of common principles in signalling mechanisms or similarities in their evolution. Here, we provide a survey for the newcomers to this field of research and discuss the importance of retrograde signalling in the context of eukaryotic evolution. Furthermore, we discuss commonalities and differences in retrograde signalling mechanisms and propose retrograde signalling as a general signalling mechanism in eukaryotic cells that will be also of interest for the specialist.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles’.
Thegenomes uncoupled-dependent signalling pathway coordinates plastid biogenesis with the synthesis of anthocyanins
Authors: Richter Andreas S. , Tohge Takayuki , Fernie Alisdair R. , Grimm Bernhard 
Published: May 2020

In recent years, it has become evident that plants perceive, integrate and communicate abiotic stress signals through chloroplasts. During the process of acclimation plastid-derived, retrograde signals control nuclear gene expression in response to developmental and environmental cues leading to complex genetic and metabolic reprogramming to preserve cellular homeostasis under challenging environmental conditions. Upon stress-induced dysfunction of chloroplasts, GENOMES UNCOUPLED (GUN) proteins participate in the repression ofPHOTOSYNTHESIS-ASSOCIATED NUCLEAR GENES(PHANGs). Here, we show that the retrograde signal emitted by, or communicated through, GUN-proteins is also essential to induce the accumulation of photoprotective anthocyanin pigments when chloroplast development is attenuated. Comparative whole transcriptome sequencing and genetic analysis reveal GUN1 and GUN5-dependent signals as a source for the regulation of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. The signal transduction cascade includes well-known transcription factors for the control of anthocyanin biosynthesis, which are deregulated ingunmutants. We propose that regulation ofPHANGsand genes contributing to anthocyanin biosynthesis are two, albeit oppositely, co-regulated processes during plastid biogenesis.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles’.
Is there a role for tau glutathione transferases in tetrapyrrole metabolism and retrograde signalling in plants?
Authors: Sylvestre-Gonon Elodie , Schwartz Mathieu , Girardet Jean-Michel , Hecker Arnaud , Rouhier Nicolas 
Published: May 2020

In plants, tetrapyrrole biosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts, the reactions being catalysed by stromal and membrane-bound enzymes. The tetrapyrrole moiety is a backbone for chlorophylls and cofactors such as sirohaems, haems and phytochromobilins. Owing to this diversity, the potential cytotoxicity of some precursors and the associated synthesis costs, a tight control exists to adjust the demand and the fluxes for each molecule. After synthesis, haems and phytochromobilins are incorporated into proteins found in other subcellular compartments. However, there is only very limited information about the chaperones and membrane transporters involved in the trafficking of these molecules. After summarizing evidence indicating that glutathione transferases (GST) may be part of the transport and/or degradation processes of porphyrin derivatives, we provide experimental data indicating that tau glutathione transferases (GSTU) bind protoporphyrin IX and haem moieties and use structural modelling to identify possible residues responsible for their binding in the active site hydrophobic pocket. Finally, we discuss the possible roles associated with the binding, catalytic transformation (i.e. glutathione conjugation) and/or transport of tetrapyrroles by GSTUs, considering their subcellular localization and capacity to interact with ABC transporters.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles’.
Chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling controls intercellular trafficking via plasmodesmata formation
Authors: Ganusova Elena E. , Reagan Brandon C. , Fernandez Jessica C. , Azim Mohammad F. , Sankoh Amie F. , Freeman Kyle M. , McCray Tyra N. , Patterson Kelsey , Kim Chinkee , Burch-Smith Tessa M. 
Published: May 2020

The signalling pathways that regulate intercellular trafficking via plasmodesmata (PD) remain largely unknown. Analyses of mutants with defects in intercellular trafficking led to the hypothesis that chloroplasts are important for controlling PD, probably by retrograde signalling to the nucleus to regulate expression of genes that influence PD formation and function, an idea encapsulated in the organelle-nucleus-PD signalling (ONPS) hypothesis. ONPS is supported by findings that point to chloroplast redox state as also modulating PD. Here, we have attempted to further elucidate details of ONPS. Through reverse genetics, expression of select nucleus-encoded genes with known or predicted roles in chloroplast gene expression was knocked down, and the effects on intercellular trafficking were then assessed. Silencing most genes resulted in chlorosis, and the expression of several photosynthesis and tetrapyrrole biosynthesis associated nuclear genes was repressed in all silenced plants. PD-mediated intercellular trafficking was changed in the silenced plants, consistent with predictions of the ONPS hypothesis. One striking observation, best exemplified by silencing thePNPasehomologues, was that the degree of chlorosis of silenced leaves was not correlated with the capacity for intercellular trafficking. Finally, we measured the distribution of PD in silenced leaves and found that intercellular trafficking was positively correlated with the numbers of PD. Together, these results not only provide further support for ONPS but also point to a genetic mechanism for PD formation, clarifying a longstanding question about PD and intercellular trafficking.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
Linking mitochondrial and chloroplast retrograde signalling in plants
Authors: Wang Yan , Selinski Jennifer , Mao Chunli , Zhu Yanqiao , Berkowitz Oliver , Whelan James 
Published: May 2020

Retrograde signalling refers to the regulation of nuclear gene expression in response to functional changes in organelles. In plants, the two energy-converting organelles, mitochondria and chloroplasts, are tightly coordinated to balance their activities. Although our understanding of components involved in retrograde signalling has greatly increased in the last decade, studies on the regulation of the two organelle signalling pathways have been largely independent. Thus, the mechanism of how mitochondrial and chloroplastic retrograde signals are integrated is largely unknown. Here, we summarize recent findings on the function of mitochondrial signalling components and their links to chloroplast retrograde responses. From this, a picture emerges showing that the major regulators are integrators of both organellar retrograde signalling pathways.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles’.
Mitochondrial cross-compartmental signalling to maintain proteostasis and longevity
Authors: Molenaars Marte , Daniels Eileen G. , Meurs Amber , Janssens Georges E. , Houtkooper Riekelt H. 
Published: May 2020

Lifespan in eukaryotic species can be prolonged by shifting from cellular states favouring growth to those favouring maintenance and stress resistance. For instance, perturbations in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) can shift cells into this latter state and extend lifespan. Because mitochondria rely on proteins synthesized from nuclear as well as mitochondrial DNA, they need to constantly send and receive messages from other compartments of the cell in order to function properly and maintain homeostasis, and lifespan extension is often dependent on this cross-compartmental signalling. Here, we describe the mechanisms of bi-directional mitochondrial cross-compartmental signalling resulting in proteostasis and longevity. These proteostasis mechanisms are highly context-dependent, governed by the origin and extent of stress. Furthermore, we discuss the translatability of these mechanisms and explore therapeutic developments, such as the antibiotic studies targeting mitochondria or mitochondria-derived peptides as therapies for age-related diseases such as neurodegeneration and cancer.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles’.
Chloroplast-associated molecular patterns as concept for fine-tuned operational retrograde signalling
Authors: Unal Dilek , García-Caparrós Pedro , Kumar Vijay , Dietz Karl-Josef 
Published: May 2020

Chloroplasts compose about one-quarter of the mesophyll cell volume and contain about 60% of the cell protein. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation is the dominating metabolism in illuminated leaves. To optimize the resource expenditure in these costly organelles and to control and adjust chloroplast metabolism, an intensive transfer of information between nucleus–cytoplasm and chloroplasts occurs in both directions as anterograde and retrograde signalling. Recent research identified multiple retrograde pathways that use metabolite transfer and include reaction products of lipids and carotenoids with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Other pathways use metabolites of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen metabolism, low molecular weight antioxidants and hormone precursors to carry information between the cell compartments. This review focuses on redox- and ROS-related retrograde signalling pathways. In analogy to the microbe-associated molecular pattern, we propose the term ‘chloroplast-associated molecular pattern' which connects chloroplast performance to extrachloroplast processes such as nuclear gene transcription, posttranscriptional processing, including translation, and RNA and protein fate.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
Estimating the COVID-19 Infection Rate: Anatomy of an Inference Problem
Authors: Manski Charles F. , Molinari Francesca 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAs a consequence of missing data on tests for infection and imperfect accuracy of tests, reported rates of cumulative population infection by the SARS CoV-2 virus are lower than actual rates of infection. Hence, reported rates of severe illness conditional on infection are higher than actual rates. Understanding the time path of the COVID-19 pandemic has been hampered by the absence of bounds on infection rates that are credible and informative. This paper explains the logical problem of bounding these rates and reports illustrative findings, using data from Illinois, New York, and Italy. We combine the data with assumptions on the infection rate in the untested population and on the accuracy of the tests that appear credible in the current context. We find that the infection rate might be substantially higher than reported. We also find that the infection fatality rate in Illinois, New York, and Italy is substantially lower than reported.
Performance verification of detecting COVID-19 specific antibody by using four chemiluminescence immunoassay systems
Authors: Wan Yafang , Li Zhijie , Wang Kun , Li Tian , Liao Pu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of current study is to evaluate the analytical performance of seven kits for detecting IgM/IgG antibody of corona virus (2019-nCoV) by using four chemiluminescence immunoassay systems.Methods50 patients diagnosed with 2019-nCoV infection and 130 controls without corona virus infection from the General Hospital of Chongqing were enrolled in current retrospective study. Four chemiluminescence immunoassay systems including seven IgM/IgG antibody detection Kits for 2019-nCoV (A_IgM, A_IgG, B_IgM, B_IgG, C_IgM, C_IgG, D_Ab) were employed to detecting antibody concentration. Chi-square test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden’s index were demonstrated to verify the cutoff value of each detection system.ResultsThe repeatability verification results of the A, B, C, and D system are all qualified. D-Ab performances best (92% sensitivity and 99.23% specificity), and B_IgM worse than other systems. Except for the system of A_IgM and C_IgG, the optimal diagnostic thresholds and cutoff value of other kits from recommendations are inconsistent with each other. B_IgM got the worst AUC and C_IgG had the best diagnostic accuracy. More importantly, B_IgG system have the highest false positive rate for testing patients with AIDS, tumor and pregnant. A_IgM system test showed highest false positive rates among elder over 90 years old.ConclusionsSystems for CoVID-2019 IgM/IgG antibody test performance difference. Serum diagnosis kit of D-Ab is the most reliable detecting system for 2019-nCoV antibody, which can be used as an alternative method for nucleic acid testing.
How 3D Printing and Social Media Tackles the PPE Shortage during Covid – 19 Pandemic
Authors: Vordos Nick , Gkika Despoina A. , Maliaris George , Tilkeridis Konstantinos E. , Antoniou Anastasia , Bandekas Dimitrios V. , Mitropoulos Athanasios Ch. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDuring the recent Covid-19 pandemic, additive Technology and Social Media were used to tackle the shortage of Personal Protective Equipment. A literature review and a social media listening software were employed to explore the number of the users referring to specific keywords related to 3D printing and PPE. Additionally, the QALY model was recruited to highlight the importance of the PPE usage. More than 7 billion users used the keyword covid or similar in the web while mainly Twitter and Facebook were used as a world platform for PPE designs distribution through individuals and more than 100 different 3D printable PPE designs were developed.
Global academic response to COVID-19: Cross-sectional study
Authors: Helliwell Jack A , Bolton William S , Burke Joshua R , Tiernan Jim P , Jayne David G , Chapman Stephen J 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the global academic response to COVID-19 during its early stages. The responsiveness of investigators, editorial teams, and publishers was explored.DesignCross-sectional bibliometric review of COVID-19 literature. A parallel search of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) literature was performed for comparison of outcomes.Data sourcesMEDLINE and EMBASE databases. The search for COVID-19 studies was performed between 1st November 2019 and 24th March 2020. The search for MERS studies was performed one year earlier between 1st November 2018 and 24th March 2019.Main outcome measuresInvestigator-responsiveness was assessed by measuring the volume and type of published research. Editorial-responsiveness was assessed by measuring the time from manuscript submission to acceptance and the availability of original data to support the study results. Publisher-responsiveness was assessed by measuring the time from manuscript acceptance to first publication and the provision of open access.ResultsIn total, 398 of 2835 COVID-19 and 55 of 1513 MERS search results were eligible. Most COVID-19 studies were clinical reports (n=242; 60.8%) and the majority of these were case series (n=105; 43.4%) and single cases (n=65; 26.9%). The times from manuscript submission to acceptance (median: 5 days (IQR: 3–11) vs 71.5 days (38–106); P<0.001) and acceptance to publication (median: 5 days (IQR: 2–8) vs. 22.5 days (4–48.5-; P<0.001) were strikingly shorter for COVID-19. Almost all COVID-19 (n=396; 99.5%) and MERS (n=55; 100%) studies were available with open-access. Data sharing was infrequent, with original data available for 104 (26.1%) COVID-19 and 10 (18.2%) MERS studies (P=0.203).ConclusionsThe early academic response to COVID-19 was characterised by investigators aiming to define the disease. These studies were made rapidly and openly available by editorial and publishing teams. Data sharing practises are an essential target for improvement as the pandemic progresses.