bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Techniques for Differentiating Motor and Sensory Fascicles of a Peripheral Nerve—A Review
Authors: Agarwal Pawan , Bajaj Jitin , Sharma Dhananjaya 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDifferentiating motor and sensory fascicles before anastomosis is essential for achieving an excellent postoperative functional outcome for peripheral mixed nerves injuries. However, identifying them is not easy. There are several techniques to address this important issue. Each identifying technique has its own pros and cons; this narrative review highlights the salient features of each of these. Many of the newer techniques need to be tested in humans before they can be recommended for regular use; till then we have to rely mainly on per operative electrical stimulation of nerve to differentiate between sensory and motor fascicles to improve postoperative functional outcome.
The contributions of proficiency, exposure, and working memory capacity to second language learners’ comprehension of indirect speech
Authors: Pérez Clevia J. , McDonald Janet L. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Pragmatic inferencing necessary to interpret indirect speech can be problematic for second language (L2) learners and could be influenced by factors such as L2 proficiency and L2 exposure as well as the difficulty of inference to be made (e.g., conventional vs. nonconventional inference) – particularly difficult inferences could tax working memory capacity. The comprehension of direct speech (acceptances and refusals), conventional indirect speech (acceptances and refusals – some with introductory phrases), and nonconventional indirect speech (opinions) was measured in adult Spanish-English bilinguals (n = 58) and native English speakers (n = 38). L2 speakers generally performed worse than native speakers and were influenced by inference difficulty. They more accurately and quickly comprehended direct speech than nonconventional indirect speech, and most conventional indirect speech items fell between these extremes. L2 proficiency was found to be a strong predictor of both conventional and nonconventional inferencing, with L2 exposure also having some impact. Importantly, L1 working memory capacity was shown to independently contribute to L2 learners’ accuracy on one type of conventional and one type of nonconventional inference. Thus, some pragmatic inferencing may require both enough skill to process the second language and enough working memory capacity to make the inference.
What drives policy reform? A cross-country review of micronutrient policy change in Malawi, South Africa, and Zambia
Authors: Hendriks Sheryl L. , Babu Suresh C. , Haggblade Steven , Mkandawire1 Elizabeth 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
There is increased interest and awareness in country and among donors of the importance of evidence-based policy change in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. While much is known about the technical and programmatic elements necessary to end hunger and undernutrition (including micronutrient deficiencies), far less is known about how to initiate policy discussion and overcome the political and implementation constraints necessary for policy change and impact in this domain. Despite universal and targeted programs to combat micronutrient deficiencies in sub-Saharan Africa, achieving results has proven more challenging than expected, except in the case of iodine deficiency reductions. This paper reviews the three in-depth country case studies of micronutrient policy change in Malawi, South Africa, and Zambia. Using the Kaleidoscope Model of policy change, data collected from the construction of policy chronologies and engagement with a range of stakeholders in the countries, the review highlights what drives and constrains policy change. The cases show that credible evidence and knowledge are crucial to all elements of the policy cycle. International attention to nutrition, focusing events and guidelines on best practice were found to be essential in initiating policy reform. However, sustaining the momentum seems dependent on donor support and the coordination of a wide range of stakeholders and implementing partners, including the private sector. The Kaleidoscope Model offers a tool to guide governments, researchers, and international agencies regarding the entry points for policy change and an insight into the key considerations to move the process through the policy stages and to initiate ongoing cycles of change.
Infrequent dietary supplementation feeding in beef cattle: animal responses and factors affecting its success
Authors: Al-Marashdeh Omar , Edwards Grant R. , Gregorini Pablo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Infrequent supplementation (IS; i.e., feeding supplement to animals at frequency less than daily) as opposed to frequent (i.e., daily) could be used as a management tool to improve economic returns of extensive beef production systems by reducing costs associated with the delivery of supplement to cattle. However, previous reports on the effectiveness of IS on production responses in beef cattle are ambiguous and the factors affecting responses to IS by beef cattle are poorly known. The objective of this study was to summarise available data related to the success of IS in beef cattle fed a low quality diet.  Additionally, we aimed to identify other potential factors, such as supplement type and composition, forage quality, supplemental degradable intake protein, breed of cattle and environment, which may influence the animal’s response to IS.   The results of our study suggest that no single factor could fully explain the discrepancies among studies and, therefore, each of these factors should not be treated in isolation. Cattle maintained with IS appear to be more efficient using the urea recycling mechanism to maintain level of ruminal ammonia during the non-supplemental feeding days. Systematic approaches compiling all potential factors affecting responses of beef cattle to IS are required to determine the likelihood of success with IS for a given farming system.
Potential blockchain applications in animal production and health sector
Authors: Makkar Harinder P.S. , Costa Corrado 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper reviewed the existing and potential blockchain applications of this technology, which are to trade the agricultural wastes including animal wastes, energy, and byproducts among the farmers and entrepreneurs to generate wealth; to manage the animal product supply chains such as dairy products, beef, and chicken to enhance their safety and traceability; and to distribute the funds to refugees and migrants, displaced due to emergencies, to buy various farming inputs including feed. A blockchain is a distributed database of records in the form of encrypted “blocks” (smaller datasets), or a public ledger of all transactions or digital events that have been executed and shared among participating parties and can be verified at any time in the future. The attributes such as integrity, immutability collaboration, organization, identification, credibility, and transparency of blockchain technology make it ideal for a number of applications in animal production and animal health sectors. Some potential applications of the blockchain technology in the livestock sector, not limited to the ones stated here, are to effectively manage various input supply chains, such as animal feed, de-wormers, medicines, and vaccines, among others; integration of feed composition and environmental footprint databases; and sustainability and technology outreach platforms. Current challenges toward increased application of the blockchain technology are also presented. These topics would serve as the starting points for future applications of the blockchain technology in animal farming.
Classical insect biocontrol in North America, 1985 to 2018: a pest control strategy that is dying out?
Authors: Van Driesche Roy , Winston Rachel L. , Duan Jian J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This review is a summary of a new catalog on the use of classical biological control of arthropods in North America since 1985. In this new catalog, we reviewed releases since 1985 of exotic parasitoids and predaceous insects for classical biocontrol of invasive insects in Canada, Mexico, the continental USA, and U.S. overseas areas. Here, we summarize the catalog and extract trends in usage and success. Trends measured included numbers of agents released, numbers established, numbers having a positive impact on the target pests, and numbers of projects initiated, which allow readers to determine if use of this method of insect control has increased, declined, or held steady over the studied period. These trends provide understanding of the social relationship between countries and this form of pest control and how it has changed over time. During this period, there were 208 parasitoid releases (=species × country or overseas U.S. area) compared to 29 for predators. Of these parasitoid releases, 112 (53.8%) resulted in establishment, and 57 (27.4%) controlled the target pest partially or completely. Most releases occurred in the USA, and we calculated trends for parasitoids per 5-year period. From 1985 to 2018, numbers of parasitoids released (counting the continental USA, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, Marianna Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands separately) declined per 5-year interval from 52 to 7, an 86.5% reduction. The percentage of newly released parasitoids that established increased from 42 to 71%, a 1.7-fold increase, but the number of newly established parasitoid species that reduced their target pests declined from 73 to 40%. Also, the number of new projects initiated per 5-year period decreased from 31 to 5, an 84% decrease. The percentage of projects reducing their target pests showed no strong trend: 1985–1989, 42% vs. 2010–2014, 60%. Chalcidoids were most effective; of 119 chalcidoid releases, 76 (63.9%) established, and 45 (37.8%) reduced their target pests. Chalcidoids, based on available literature host records, were not more specific than less effective groups, despite the view that higher efficacy would be associated with greater host-specificity. The predominance of chalcidoids is likely due to their frequent use against scales, whiteflies, mealybugs, aphids, and psyllids, which are tightly associated with live plants, tend to be moved frequently internationally, and often become agricultural pests in areas where they are introduced.
Effects of wearing a full body compression garment during recovery from an ultra‐trail race
Authors: Martínez‐Navarro Ignacio , Aparicio Inma , Priego‐Quesada Jose Ignacio , Pérez‐Soriano Pedro , Collado Eladio , Hernando Barbara , Hernando Carlos 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn sport disciplines with high levels of muscle damage such as an ultra‐trail competition, full body compression garments (FBCG) may have an ergogenic effect during the recovery process. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of FBCG worn for 24 h immediately after a 107‐km ultra‐trail on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), muscle damage, inflammatory and renal response. Thirty‐two athletes (19 males and 13 females; VO2peak: 54.1 ± 5.2 ml O2/kg/min) participated in the study. The following blood markers were analysed before, immediately after, at 24 and 48 h post‐race: lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, C‐reactive protein and creatinine. The glomerular filtration rate was also calculated. Delayed onset muscle soreness was evaluated before, immediately after and at 24 h post‐race. On arrival at the finishing line, athletes were randomised into one of two recovery groups (FBCG and control group). The results showed that wearing FBCG did not influence the evolution of any of the blood markers up to 48 h after the race (p > .05). However, FBCG group presented a lower increase in posterior leg DOMS (11.0 ± 46.2% vs 112.3 ± 170.4%, p = .03, d = 0.8). Therefore, although FBCG is not useful for reducing muscle damage and inflammatory response after an ultra‐trail race, its use may still be recommended as a recovery method to reduce muscle soreness.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03990259.
Cost-effective green synthesis of CuO nanorods for phenol sensor
Authors: Purwidyantri A , Prabowo B A , Karina M , Srikandace Y , Nuraditya A , Taufik Y 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Green synthesis of a versatile metal oxide CuO nanorods (CuO NR) using the lemon extract for phenol sensor platform is presented. Carried out in a simple calcination process, the Citrus limon, L, noted to be greatly rich in organic acids, especially citric acid, successfully performed the reducing and capping capabilities in the reaction with copper sulphate pentahydrate precursor with maintained pH condition. The eco-friendly technique has been effective for the uniform and large scale production of CuO NR with the nanorod length and diameter of ∼3.5 µm and ∼100 nm, respectively. The presence of citric acid natural reductant and the generated nanorods structure was verified through Fourier-Transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. In electrochemical sensor characterization, the fabricated CuO NR showed outstanding stability in a series of scan rates with the notable electro-active site on its interface. The fabricated CuO NR was shown to hold the potency in the screening of phenol, a toxic compound prevalently found in the environment. A distinguished redox peak was successfully captured in cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis for phenolic compound detection.
Effect of chitin addition on water resistance properties of starch-based bioplastic properties
Authors: Dawam Abdullah A H , Fikriyyah A K , Furghoniyyah U 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this study, the fabrication of starch-based bioplastics and the addition of chitin have been prepared. Bioplastics were produced by mixing starch, glycerol and chitin at various concentrations (1 %, 2 %, 3 %, 4 % w/w) through the melting process at 130 °C. Chitin affected bioplastic characteristics especially on its water barrier property. Morphological structures of bioplastics showed that chitin flakes attached to bioplastics. Moreover, FTIR observation showed that interaction between starch and chitin marked by amide group appearances at 1656 cm−1 and 1551 cm−1. Then, DSC analysis revealed that chitin involved melting temperature insignificantly by raising chitin concentration from 90 °C (0 % chitin) up to 97 °C (4 % chitin). Although the addition of chitin derived slightly the tensile strength and elongation at break, it improved hydrophobicity of bioplastics from 37.54° (0 % chitin) up to 74.97° (4 % chitin). Permeability of bioplastics decreased from 0.0206 g/m2/2h/mmHg (0 % chitin) to 0.0173 g/m2/2h/mmHg (3 % chitin). Eventually, chitin improves the water barrier property of bioplastics.
Production of bacterial cellulose from tofu liquid waste and rice-washed water: morphological property and its functional groups analysis
Authors: Apriyana A Y , Andriani D , Karina M 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is one of the biopolymers which has a wide range of application, from medical purposes to electrical components. Previous studies show that BC could be produced from agricultural, food, and industrial waste. In this study, two kinds of liquid waste were utilized as the substrates for Komagataibacter xylinus to produce BC, namely tofu liquid waste, and rice-washed water. The structure of BC was determined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The tofu liquid waste resulted higher yield after 15 days of fermentation compared to the rice-washed water. Furthermore, the FTIR spectra of both BC displayed the similar pattern as the standard cellulose. To conclude, this study revealed that both tofu liquid waste and rice-washed water were potential to be used as the production media for BC.
The effect of sodium hypochlorite concentration on extraction of poly-β-hidroxy-butyrate (PHB) produced from soil bacteria Burkholderia sp B37
Authors: Ratnaningrum D , Endah E S , Saraswaty V , Priatni S , Lisdiyanti P , Abdullah A H D , Purnomo A , Pudjiraharti S 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBurkholderiasp., a soil bacterium, is a poly-hydroxy-butyrate (PHB) producer. A study reported that sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) is very effective and immediate to lysis the cell wall of bacteria. However, no data available on the effect of NaOCl concentration on extraction of PHB produced fromBurkholderiasp. B37. We therefore aimed to evaluate the effect of NaOCl concentrations (2.5, 5, and 12.5 % v/v) on the extractability of produced PHB fromBurkholderiasp. B37. The PHB production was carried out in the Ramsay’s minimal medium. The PHB extracted were purified and identified by Gas-Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) then further evaluated for its physicochemical characteristics including surface morphology, functional group properties by Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermal characteristic. The results showed that NaOCl facilitates the extraction of produced PHB byBurkholderiasp. B37. The concentration of NaOCl influenced on the extractability of PHB and the surface morphology of purified PHB obviously displayed cleaner surface area when 12.5 % v/v of NaOCl was applied. The FTIR and thermal analysis showed no change detected on the functional group properties and full degradation of purified PHB. However, more works are needed to optimize the yield of PHB recovered.
Exploration of coffee bean husks waste as an eco-environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor on mild steel in sulphuric acid solutions
Authors: Gusti D R , Lestari I , Permana E , Anggraini R 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Coffee bean husks waste contains chemical compounds such as tannins and flavonoids. These compounds are known to inhibit corrosion. Corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 0.75 M H2SO4 has been investigated using the presence and absence of coffee bean husk extract (CBHE). The effect of inhibition efficiency and corrosion rate on extract concentration and immersion duration was studied using the method of weight loss. The inhibition efficiency increases and the corrosion rate decreases with increasing immersion time and the concentration of CBHE. The corrosion inhibition efficiency was obtained 97.54 % obtained at 72 hours immersion and addition of CBHE 10 g/L. Steel surface adsorption was examined by SEM and FTIR spectroscopy. CBHE is recommended as a good inhibitor.
Effect of basalt mineral concentration as PCC cement substitution material on mortar products
Authors: Amin M , Sudibyo  , Ordiana A , Karo Karo P 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This research was conducted to study the effect of variations in the weight concentration of basalt minerals as a PCC type cement substitution material for mortar products. The basalt powder used was able to escape from the mesh size mesh of 325 and 400. In this work, the weight of PCC cement concentration was varied from 10, 20, 30, and 40 %. The analysis shows that the basalt qualifies as a cement or pozzolan substitution material based on ASTM C618 with SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3 of 80.116 % and the basalt diffractogram pattern shows the basalt dominant phases namely Anorthite, Augite, Forsterite, and Quarts or Silicon Oxide. The highest compressive strength in PCC cement mortar was at the mesh size of basalt of 400 reached 4.8 MPa followed by a percentage of specific gravity of 2.6444 gr/cm3, fuel shrinkage of 3.17 %, the porosity of 1.23 % and absorption of 9,53 %. While the compressive strength of PCC cement mortar no.325 basalt mesh powder reached 4.6 MPa followed by the percentage of specific gravity of 2.4444 gr/cm3, fuel shrinkage of 3 %, the porosity of 1.33 %, and absorption of 10.05 %. The dominant phase is in the PCC type mortar, namely CASH, quartz, calcite, and portlandite.
The effect of ferromanganese slag and basalt concentration on the composite mortar products
Authors: Sudibyo  , Amin M , Noviani D , Syafriadi  
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This research was conducted to study the effect of the concentration of ferromanganese slag and basalt as an additive material for the cement to produce the mortar composite. The mesh size of slag and basalt powder were varied from 325 to 400. Meanwhile, the PCC cement weights were varied from 10 to 40 % of the weight. The physical-chemical analysis shown that the slag and basalt have quality as a cement or pozzolan additive based on ASTM C618. The important content in the slag is 25.889 % of SiO2, 16.938 % of Al2O2, and 25.420 % of Fe2O3. Meanwhile in the basalt containing SiO2 of 48.463 %, Al2O2 of 20.143 %, and Fe2O3 of 11.510 %. Based on the physical test of cement on compressive strength that has been carried out for 325 mesh and 400 mesh samples, the results show that the compressive strength with the addition of slag and basalt powder has a higher value of compressive strength compared to normal mortar. The highest value of compressive strength was for 325 mesh at a concentration of 10 % at 45.2 Mpa and 400 mesh for the concentration of 10 % at 1.74 MPa. Whereas for standard mortar the compressive strength is 0.848 MPa. The results of XRF characterization can be determined by the presence of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, and CaO oxides.
Analysis of the effect of temperature on the reduction roasting process of Lampung manganese ore using palm kernel shell charcoal
Authors: Suharto  , Nurjaman F , Shofi A , Sudibyo  , Milandia A , Rismananda M H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Lampung Province has many manganese ore resources that have not been fully utilized. According to Indonesian Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources regulation no. 5 of 2017, manganese ore is prohibited from being exported before the ore is processed into a concentrate with 49% manganese content. The type of mineral contained in manganese ore used in this experiment is pyrolusite (MnO2). The method used to improve the Mn content used in this experiment is to reduce roasting. The reducing agent in this experiment is 25% palm kernel. The roasting process is carried out at 1000 °C, 1100 °C and 1200 °C. Meanwhile, the holding time varies from 30 to 150 minutes. The results obtained from baking are characterized using XRF to determine the final product content. XRD and SEM-EDS are used for the result identification phase. The highest content of manganese was 41.28% by weight obtained after baked at 1100 °C for 120 minutes with the formed phase being Mn2SiO4.
Crustaceous wastes as growth substrates for insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium majus UICC 295
Authors: Oetari A , Khodijah N A , Sumandari O , Wijaya C K , Yama G S , Sjamsuridzal W 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The genus Metarhizium consists of a diverse group of species, which have a global distribution and a wide range of insect hosts. Metarhizium majus was reported to inflict 100 % mortality on Oryctes rhinoceros beetle. Feeding activity of the O. rhinoceros beetle causes major crop loss in many coconut and palm oil plantations. This study investigated the use of crustaceous wastes and colloidal chitin as substrates for Metarhizium majus UICC 295 and the fungal virulence on O. rhinoceros larvae. Morphology of M. majus was observed on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with Yeast Extract (SDAY) added with 5, 10, and 15 % (w/v) powder prepared from crab shell, green mussel shell, shrimp shell, or colloidal chitin and without addition as control. Fungal cultures in 10 % (w/v) crustaceous wastes or colloidal chitin were selected and virulence of M. majus UICC 295 was assayed by dripping the larvae with cell suspension. Untreated larvae were dripped with sterile distilled water and served as control. Mortality was recorded daily for 15 days. Fungal culture prepared from powder of colloidal chitin, green mussel shell and crab shell inflicted 100 % larval mortality in 10, 12, and 13 days, respectively, compared to fungal culture prepared from SDAY in 11 days.