bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How I became an entrepreneur: an exploratory study of young start-up entrepreneurs
Authors: Samalopanan Ameesh Ajantha , Balasubramaniam Vijayalakshmi 
Published: October 2020

PurposeThough extant literature has mapped various stages of start-up enterprise growth, there is limited research on the phases that an entrepreneur traverses before the enterprise is started and established as a venture. The paper attempts to understand the lived experiences of young Indians as they negotiate the entrepreneurial path.Design/methodology/approachQualitative method, where primary data were collected using in-depth interviews of 15 start-up entrepreneurs. These narratives were compared with Bansal's descriptions of entrepreneurs in her book “Connect the dots”. The interview transcripts and the detailed descriptions were analysed for emergent themes.FindingsResults indicated that there are five distinct stages in the development of a start-up entrepreneur; namely – pre-entrepreneurial stage, inflexion point, cocoon period, initial stage, crisis stage and, depending upon the success factors and support received during crisis stage, either a success stage or failure stage.Originality/valueThis is a narrative-based, qualitative approach to understand the lived experiences of young start-up entrepreneurs in India and an attempt to map developmental phases. The fact that India is a fast-growing market for start-ups and the higher rate of failure of start-ups in India makes the study relevant.
Re-positioning historical thinking: a framework for classroom practice
Authors: Boadu Gideon 
Published: October 2020

PurposeOver the last few decades, there have been significant developments in history education, key among them being the recommendation for an inquiry approach to history teaching to improve students' ability to think historically. While the idea of historical thinking is widely researched, it appears that it has been approached from a conceptual perspective without a consistent focus on the mode of progression and the outcomes that the historical thinking concepts can achieve.Design/methodology/approachThis paper draws from educational and historical theory and empirical research in history education to propose a framework that specifies the outcomes that a historical thinking classroom activity can aim to achieve.FindingsThe paper argues that the systematic deployment and mediation of disciplinary concepts and substantive knowledge are important means for achieving meaningful and relevant outcomes in history teaching. The paper highlights the need for teacher attention not only to historical theory but also to educational theory for an efficient outcomes-based history education.Originality/valueThis paper contributes not only to discussions on historical thinking but also to discussions on the stances of history which have attracted little theoretical discussion and research on their applicability to classroom teaching.
Heat tolerances of temperate and tropical birds and their implications for susceptibility to climate warming
Authors: Pollock Henry S. , Brawn Jeffrey D. , Cheviron Zachary A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Characterizing heat tolerance is critical for predicting an organism's vulnerability to climate warming. Recent studies of ectotherms report that impacts of climate warming are expected to be greater in the tropics, where ectotherms tend to have lower heat tolerances and experience air temperatures closer to their heat tolerance limits than their temperate counterparts. However, similar comparisons of heat tolerance are largely lacking for endotherms, and it remains an open question whether climate warming will also disproportionately affect tropical endotherms.

To address this empirical gap, we measured thermoregulatory responses to acute heat stress in 81 bird species (23 temperate, 58 tropical), assembling the largest comparative dataset of endothermic heat tolerances to date.

After controlling for body mass and experimental chamber humidity, temperate species had significantly higher heat tolerance limits (ΔHTL = 2.2°C; 45.2 vs. 43.0°C) and upper critical temperatures (ΔUCT = 1.1°C; 38.7 vs. 37.6°C) on average than tropical species. Importantly, however, these differences do not appear to impact vulnerability to climate warming, as neither thermal safety margins [i.e. the difference between upper critical temperature (UCT) and maximum air temperature, Tmax] nor warming tolerances [the difference between heat tolerance limit (HTL) and Tmax] differed between temperate and tropical species. We also observed substantial variation in heat tolerance among avian orders, with pigeons and doves (Columbiformes) being among the most heat tolerant species in our dataset.

Overall, our results suggest that, from a physiological standpoint, tropical birds may not be systematically more susceptible to climate warming than temperate birds, contrasting previous studies of ectotherms. Furthermore, we show that certain avian clades may be more resilient to warming irrespective of local climate. However, because we only sampled at one temperate and one tropical site, we caution that replication from other habitats and localities are needed to evaluate the generality of our findings.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Temperature is a dominant driver of distinct annual seasonality of leaf litter production of equatorial tropical rain forests
Authors: Kitayama Kanehiro , Ushio Masayuki , Aiba Shin‐Ichiro 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Intra‐annual periodicity of canopy photosynthetic activity and leaf development has been documented in seasonal and weakly seasonal tropical forests in the Amazon and elsewhere. However, vegetative periodicity such as leaf flush and fall in apparently ‘aseasonal’ equatorial tropical forests has not been well documented. Moreover, causal drivers of the vegetative periodicity in those forests have not been identified largely because of the difficulty in performing manipulative experiments targeting whole forest ecosystem dynamics.

Here we show a distinct annual seasonality in canopy dynamics using a Fourier analysis with a statistical significance test on the long‐term, fortnightly monitored dataset of leaf litterfall in nine evergreen tropical rain forests on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Statistically significant annual periodicity occurs across elevations and soil types in all years irrespective of the year‐to‐year climatic variability, suggesting that fluctuations in regional climate rather than local micro‐climatic, edaphic and/or biotic conditions cause the precise 1‐year periodicity.

We examine climatic factors that have causative effects on the distinct 1‐year periodicity using the spectrum convergent cross mapping that we developed in the present study that can distinguish causal relationships from seasonality‐driven synchronization. According to the analysis, we find that mean daily air temperature is most strongly, causatively related to the 1‐year periodicity of leaf litterfall. However, knowledge on ecophysiolocial and molecular mechanisms underlying temperature‐control of tropical tree growth is limited and further studies are required to understand the detailed mechanisms.

Synthesis. We suggest that intra‐annual temperature changes in association with the movement of the intertropical convergence zone cause the distinct annual vegetative periodicity. Because vegetative periodicity can be transmitted to the dynamics of higher trophic levels through a trophic cascade, interactions between vegetative periodicity and daily air temperature, not rainfall, would more strongly cause changes in the dynamics of equatorial tropical rain forests. Our results show that clear vegetative periodicity (i.e. annual seasonality) can be found in equatorial tropical rain forests under diverse local environments, and that air temperature is a more important factor than the other climate variables in the climate–forest ecosystem interactions.
Human skin biomarkers relationship to response to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in advanced EGFR‐mutated lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Castañeda‐Zárraga Anahí , Rodríguez‐Cid Jerónimo Rafael , Flores‐Mariñelarena Rodrigo Rafael , Trinidad‐Bibiano Héctor , Martínez‐Herrera José Fabián , Sánchez‐Ríos Carla Paola , Fernández‐Garibay Valeria Michelle , Alatorre‐Alexander Jorge Arturo , Martínez‐Barrera Luis , Santillán‐Doherty Patricio Javier , Vega‐Memije María Elisa 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundA relationship between the EGFR signaling pathway expression in skin and the use of targeted cancer therapies has been previously demonstrated. Consistent evidence to support the use of skin biopsies as a surrogate for therapeutic evaluation is needed. The purpose of this study was to establish the relationship between the expression of EGFR signaling pathway markers in skin samples from EGFR‐mutated metastatic lung adenocarcinoma patients and their response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.MethodsThis was a prospective single blind analysis of 35 skin biopsies from 31 patients with confirmed advanced EGFR‐mutated lung adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was performed: EGFR, p27, Ki67, STAT3 and MAPK, as well as H&E histopathological analysis, in order to determine their treatment response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.ResultsEGFR, Ki67, STAT3, stratum corneum thickness (number of layers and millimeters) from skin samples had a statistical correlation with an adequate treatment response (P = 0.025, 0.015, 0.017, 0.041, 0.039 respectively). EGFR, p27 and number of layers of the stratum corneum were related to a better median progression‐free survival (P = 0.025 and P = 0.030).ConclusionsThe relationship between EGFR pathway inhibition in the skin and oncological outcomes obtained explains the parallel biological effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We hope that our work incites future research to help validate and assess the use of these markers as potential prognostic and predictive factors.
Efficacy of natural killer cell activity as a biomarker for predicting immunotherapy response in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Choi Myeong Geun , Kim Yeon Joo , Lee Jae Cheol , Rho Jin Kyung , Choi Chang‐Min 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundThe establishment of biomarkers that can be used to predict the response to immunotherapy for malignancy is extremely important. In particular, noninvasive analysis of immune cells from peripheral blood before treatment has gained increased attention, and natural killer (NK) cell activity has been shown to be related to treatment response. Here, we aimed to confirm the relationship between the response to immunotherapy and NK cell activity.MethodsIn this prospective observational study, patients with advanced NSCLC who were scheduled for immunotherapy from October 2018 to December 2019 were enrolled. Baseline NK cell activity was compared according to the best clinical response to immunotherapy.ResultsA total of 54 patients with advanced NSCLC were enrolled, and 34 patients were analyzed. The baseline NK cell activity was significantly higher in the non‐PD group than in the PD group (P = 0.002). At the cutoff level of ≥1200 pg/mL, baseline NK cell activity yielded a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 68.4% in predicting the response to immunotherapy (AUC = 0.8, P < 0.003). The median progression‐free survival (PFS) was significantly better in the high NK group (P = 0.003), and correlation between baseline NK cell activity and PFS was also confirmed (r = 0.517, P = 0.002).ConclusionsBaseline NK cell activity was related to the response to immunotherapy and the PFS. We suggest that NK cell activity from peripheral blood before immunotherapy is a noninvasive, simple, and novel way to predicting the treatment response in patients with NSCLC.Key pointsSignificant findings of the study
The response to immunotherapy was significantly better in patients with high baseline NK cell activity, and there was a significant correlation between baseline NK cell activity and PFS.
What this study adds
This study demonstrates the efficacy of baseline NK cell activity from peripheral blood as a biomarker for predicting immunotherapy response.
Indexing haemodynamic variables in young children
Authors: Sigurdsson Theodor S. , Lindberg Lars 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundHaemodynamic studies in children are rare and most studies have included few subjects in the youngest age group. Haemodynamic variables need to be indexed to establish a reference of normality that is valid in all populations. The traditional way to index haemodynamic variables with body surface area (BSA) is complicated in young children due to its non‐linear relationship with body weight (BW). We examined several haemodynamic variables in children by indexing them with BSA and BW.MethodsA single‐centre, observational cohort study comparing non‐indexed and indexed haemodynamic variables in children undergoing heart surgery (divided into three weight groups: 1‐5 kg, >5‐10 kg and >10‐15 kg).ResultsA total of 68 children were included in this study, mean age 11.1 months ± 11.1 month (range 0 to 43 months). All haemodynamic variables, cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), total end‐diastolic volume (TEDV), central blood volume (CBV) and active circulation volume (ACV), increased with weight without indexing (P < .05). Indexing variables with BW produced a more linear relationship for all haemodynamic variables between weight groups than BSA. The mean BSA‐indexed haemodynamic values were CIBSA 3.5 ± 1.1 L/min/m2 and SVIBSA 27.3 ± 8.9 ml/min/m2. The mean BW‐indexed haemodynamic values were CIBW 180 ± 50 ml/min/kg and SVIBW 1.34 ± 0.38 ml/kg. Blood volume variables indexed with BW were TEDVBW 12.0 ± 2.8 ml/kg, CBVBW 21.3 ± 6.6 ml/kg and ACVBW 70.3 ± 15.2 ml/kg.ConclusionsIndexing haemodynamic variables with BW produces a more appropriate body size‐independent scale in young children than BSA.Summary statementIn this study, we studied indexing of haemodynamic variables and estimation of blood volumes in young children undergoing corrective heart surgery using an indicator dilution technology.
Association of CD200 expression in paternal lymphocytes with female Th1/Th2 balance and pregnancy establishment at immunotherapy of recurrent spontaneous abortion
Authors: Arefieva Alla , Nikolaeva Marina , Stepanova Elena , Krechetova Lubov , Golubeva Elena , Tetruashvili Nana , Sukhikh Gennady 
Published: October 2020

ProblemWe hypothesized that expression of transmembrane glycoprotein CD200 on paternal lymphocytes used for pre‐gestational lymphocyte immunotherapy (LIT) of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) can suppress the pro‐inflammatory Th1‐type immunity required for successful implantation. To reveal the association between CD200 expression, female immune background after LIT, and pregnancy establishment, we have performed this work.Method of studyPre‐gestational alloimmunizations were given to 37 women using paternal peripheral blood leukocytes, combined with additional alloimmunizations in case of pregnancy. Lymphocyte phenotypes were determined by flow cytometry. Cytokines produced by mitogen‐stimulated female peripheral blood cells were estimated by FlowCytomix™ technology.ResultsWe have shown that 78.4% (29/37) of women became pregnant within 12 menstrual cycles after pre‐gestational LIT. Pregnancy establishment depends on the intensity of CD200 expression, which is significantly higher on the CD200+ lymphocytes administered to women who later did not achieve pregnancy (P < .05). The expression of CD200 negatively correlates with the ratios of Th1/Th2 cytokines produced by female peripheral blood cells (P < .05) and positively correlates with the frequency of female circulating regulatory T cells after LIT (P < .05). The ROC analysis showed that the intensity of CD200 expression and the Th1/Th2 ratios are the significant predictors of pregnancy establishment after pre‐gestational LIT (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively).ConclusionElevated CD200 expression on allogeneic lymphocytes most likely suppresses the pro‐inflammatory Th1‐type immunity needed for successful embryo implantation. Therefore, a personalized approach of LIT should be applied to avoid negative effects of such immunomodulation on pregnancy establishment.
Mental Health Conditions of Italian Healthcare Professionals during the COVID‐19 Disease Outbreak
Authors: Bettinsoli Maria Laura , Di Riso Daniela , Napier Jaime L. , Moretti Lorenzo , Bettinsoli Pierfrancesco , Delmedico Michelangelo , Piazzolla Andrea , Moretti Biagio 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundThe COVID‐19 pandemic in Italy represents a unique threat in terms of psychological distress. This cross‐sectional study aims to investigate the psychological health of Italian healthcare professionals during the COVID‐19 outbreak. We assessed participants’ current psychological distress and coping strategies in the midst of the COVID outbreak (March–April 2020), and also asked them to retrospectively report how they remember feeling before the COVID‐19 outbreak (December 2019). We examined associations between psychological distress and coping strategies with mental health and infection perceptions.MethodsSelf‐administered questionnaires were distributed online to healthcare professionals (N = 580) residing in different Italian regions from 26 March to 9 April 2020. The questionnaire measured changes in psychological states, coping strategies, and demographic variables testing variations in mental health and infection risk perception among Italian healthcare workers.ResultsOverall, approximately 33.5 per cent of healthcare professionals in our sample meet the threshold for psychiatric morbidity. Participants perceive their current psychological health to be worse during the COVID‐19 emergency outbreak as compared to before the outbreak, and this was especially true among women.ConclusionsBoth immediate and long‐term monitoring psychological assistance services for healthcare workers should be implemented by national institutions to re‐establish the psychological well‐being and enhance the self‐confidence and resilience of hospital personnel.
The mechanical stability of the world’s tallest broadleaf trees
Authors: Jackson Tobias D. , Shenkin Alexander F. , Majalap Noreen , Bin Jami Jamiluddin , Bin Sailim Azlin , Reynolds Glen , Coomes David A. , Chandler Chris J. , Boyd Doreen S. , Burt Andy , Wilkes Phil , Disney Mathias , Malhi Yadvinder 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe factors that limit the maximum height of trees, whether ecophysiological or mechanical, are the subject of longstanding debate. Here, we examine the role of mechanical stability in limiting tree height and focus on trees from the tallest tropical forests on Earth, in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, including the recently discovered tallest tropical tree, a 100.8 m Shorea faguetiana named Menara. We use terrestrial laser scans, in situ strain gauge data and finite element simulations, to map the architecture of tall tropical trees and monitor their response to wind loading. We demonstrate that a tree's risk of breaking due to gravity or self‐weight decreases with tree height and is much more strongly affected by tree architecture than by material properties. In contrast, wind damage risk increases with tree height despite the larger diameters of tall trees, resulting in a U‐shaped curve of mechanical risk with tree height. Our results suggest that the relative rarity of extreme wind speeds in north Borneo may be the reason it is home to the tallest trees in the tropics.Abstract in MALAY is available with online material.
Comparable quality of bowel preparation with single‐day versus three‐day low‐residue diet: Randomized controlled trial
Authors: Machlab Salvador , Martínez‐Bauer Eva , López Pilar , Piqué Núria , Puig‐Diví Valentí , Junquera Félix , Lira Alba , Brullet Enric , Selva Anna , García‐Iglesias Pilar , Calvet Xavier , Campo Rafel 
Published: October 2020

Background and AimsThere is controversy about the length of low‐residue diet (LRD) for colonoscopy preparation. The aim of the study was to compare one‐day vs. three‐day LRD associated to standard laxative treatment for achieving an adequate colonoscopy preparation in average risk subjects with positive fecal immunochemical test undergoing screening colonoscopy.MethodsA non‐inferiority, randomized, controlled, parallel‐group clinical trial was performed in the setting of average risk colorectal cancer screening program. Participants were randomized to receive 1‐day vs. 3‐day LRD in addition to standard polyethilenglicol treatment. Adequacy of preparation was evaluated using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). Primary outcome was achieving a BBPS ≥ 2 in all colon segments. Analysis was performed for a non‐inferiority margin of 5%, a 95% statistical power and one‐sided 0.05 significance level.ResultsA total of 855 patients were randomized. Adequate bowel preparation was similar between groups: 97.9% of patients in the 1‐day LRD group vs 96.9% in the 3‐day LRD group achieved the primary outcome (P‐value for non‐inferiority < 0.001). The percentage of patients with BBPS scores ≥ 8 was superior in the 1‐day LRD group (254 vs 221 in the 3‐day LRD group, P = 0.032). The 1‐day regimen was better tolerated than the 3‐day diet. 47.7% (vs 28.7%, P < 0.05) of patients rated the 1‐day LRD as very easy to follow.ConclusionThe 1‐day LRD is non‐inferior to 3‐day LRD for achieving an adequate colon cleansing before average risk screening colonoscopy and it is better tolerated.
Dental education in the time of SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Sukumar Smitha , Dracopoulos Susie Athanasia , Martin Fjelda Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe SARS‐CoV‐2 virus has forced profound change on all aspects of society, with significant impact on dental education. Dental students like all other dental clinical personnel are considered to be at the highest risk amongst healthcare workers due to the nature of treatment, namely, working in the oral cavity (known reservoir for the virus) and the routine use of aerosol‐generating procedures. The nature of this pandemic has created several challenges to dental clinical education. The aim of this paper is to discuss these challenges and how educators have sought to overcome them.Materials and MethodsThis paper reviews the evidence base around bio‐aerosol and infection control measures specifically in the context of dental education.ResultsUsing current knowledge of bio‐aerosol and increasing understanding of the virus, dental educators can implement evidence‐based measures to ensure safe teaching within both simulation and clinical environments.DiscussionThis paper contextualises the current pandemic in a dental education setting by providing a critical appraisal of the challenges posed by SARS‐CoV‐2 and how these challenges may be managed.ConclusionThe SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic has created unique challenges for dental schools worldwide. Dental educators have sought to identify these challenges and find solutions appropriate to the stage of the pandemic specific to their geographical location.