bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The applicability of spectrophotometry for the assessment of blood meal volume inartificially fed Culicoides imicola in South Africa
Authors: de Beer C. J. , Boikanyo S. N. B. , Venter G. J. , Mans B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract.The volume of the blood meal of haematophagous insects will determine the number of infective particles taken up during feeding and may as such denote the minimum dose needed to infect a competent vector. Culicoides midges resort among the smallest of haematophagous vectors and determining and comparing their blood meal volumes may be challenging. Collected Culicoides imicola females were fed on defibrinated bovine blood through a Parafilm® membrane using a Hemotek® system. After feeding, the weight of pools of 10 engorged females was compared to that of 10 unfed females to determine the volume of blood imbibed. After weighing, the pools were homogenized and their absorbance read at 410 nm. Spectrophotometer readings were then converted to blood meal volumes using calibration curves, obtained by the dilution of known volumes of blood used for feeding. Although the mean blood meal volumes determined spectrophotometrically (0.06 μL), differed significantly (P < 0.01) from those obtained by weighing (0.07 μL), the range in blood meal volumes determined spectrophotometrically (0.03–0.08 μL) and by weighing (0.01–0.11 μL) was positively correlated (r = 0.7; P < 0.01). Both methods can be used to determine the blood meal volume.
Spinal manifestations of CLN1 disease start during the early postnatal period
Authors: Nelvagal H. R. , Dearborn J. T. , Ostergaard J. R. , Sands M. S. , Cooper J. D. 
Published: August 2020

AimTo understand the progression of CLN1 disease and develop effective therapies we need to characterize early sites of pathology. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the nature and timing of early CLN1 disease pathology in the spinal cord, which appears especially vulnerable, and how this may affect behaviour.MethodsWe measured the spinal volume and neuronal number, and quantified glial activation, lymphocyte infiltration and oligodendrocyte maturation, as well as cytokine profile analysis during the early stages of pathology in Ppt1‐deficient (Ppt1−/−) mouse spinal cords. We then performed quantitative gait analysis and open‐field behaviour tests to investigate the behavioural correlates during this period.ResultsWe detected significant microglial activation in Ppt1−/− spinal cords at 1 month. This was followed by astrocytosis, selective interneuron loss, altered spinal volumes and oligodendrocyte maturation at 2 months, before significant storage material accumulation and lymphocyte infiltration at 3 months. The same time course was apparent for inflammatory cytokine expression that was altered as early as one month. There was a transient early period at 2 months when Ppt1−/− mice had a significantly altered gait that resembles the presentation in children with CLN1 disease. This occurred before an anticipated decline in overall locomotor performance across all ages.ConclusionThese data reveal disease onset 2 months (25% of life‐span) earlier than expected, while spinal maturation is still ongoing. Our multi‐disciplinary data provide new insights into the spatio‐temporal staging of CLN1 pathogenesis during ongoing postnatal maturation, and highlight the need to deliver therapies during the presymptomatic period.
A novel missense mutation of LRP6 identified by whole‐exome sequencing in a Chinese family with non‐syndromic tooth agenesis
Authors: Wang Huijuan , Liu Yi , Zheng Yafei , Zhao Xiaoxue , Lin Shiyi , Zhang Qin , Zhang Xiangyu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the genetic basis of non‐syndromic tooth agenesis (TA) in a Chinese family of five individuals using whole‐exome sequencing (WES) analysis.Settings and sample populationFive participants/Family‐based study of a non‐syndromic TA proband.MethodsThe proband, proband's mother and grandmother displayed congenital tooth deficiency. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood or saliva samples of the proband, her parents and her grandmother, and WES was utilized to identify the causal genetic mutation. The identified mutation was further verified by Sanger sequencing and analysed using bioinformatics tools.ResultsA novel missense mutation, c.G711T (p.L237F), was identified in the low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 6 (LRP6) gene in all affected individuals. Bioinformatics analysis predicted the mutation to be deleterious, with the mutant LRP6 protein displaying a tertiary structural change that might disturb the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway.ConclusionsThe identification of the mutation in the LRP6 gene and autosomal dominant inheritance with TA in the generations is consistent with the mutation being responsible for TA in the family, and furthers the association of LRP6 with nonsyndromic TA.
Infection prophylaxis patterns following pediatric autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A survey of Pediatric Transplant and Cell Therapy Consortium centers
Authors: Falcon Corey P. , Broglie Larisa , Phelan Rachel , Choi Sung W. , Auletta Jeffery J. , Chewning Joseph H. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNo standardized guidelines exist for infectious prophylaxis following pediatric auto‐HSCT. We hypothesized significant variation in clinical practice. Thirty‐three Pediatric Transplant and Cell Therapy Consortium centers completed a survey to assess institutional management. The majority utilize viral (91%) and fungal prophylaxis (94%), but duration varies. Bacterial prophylaxis during neutropenia is instituted by 42%. Our study demonstrates marked practice variability in infectious prophylaxis across centers. Additional research is needed to address patterns of infectious complications and to develop meaningful clinical practice guidelines for pediatric auto‐HSCT.
What periodontal recall interval is supported by evidence?
Authors: Trombelli Leonardo , Simonelli Anna , Franceschetti Giovanni , Maietti Elisa , Farina Roberto 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRecall sessions are an integral part of supportive periodontal therapy. The aim of the current article is to review the existing evidence to support if and to what extent a predefined frequency of periodontal recall sessions ensures periodontal health and stability. Factors that potentially affect the time interval for recall are described. Moreover, original data on the relevance of residual diseased sites (ie, bleeding pockets) at patient level to predict the progression of periodontitis are presented. Overall, wide heterogeneity was found in the published literature with regards to the proposed supportive periodontal therapy recall frequency once active periodontal therapy has been completed. Available data clearly show that a primary and secondary preventive regimen based on routine supportive periodontal therapy is beneficial to preserve a periodontally healthy dentition and prevent tooth loss. However, convincing evidence regarding the appropriateness, risk‐benefit, and cost‐effectiveness of different recall intervals is currently scarce. In patients affected by moderate to advanced periodontitis, a supportive periodontal therapy protocol based on a 2‐4 month recall interval appears reasonable. Limited data suggest that the amount/proportion of residual diseased sites (intended as pockets or bleeding pockets) and risk assessment tools may be of value in establishing the appropriate recall frequency.
Sustained‐release delivery of antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of periodontal diseases: Fantasy or already reality?
Authors: Steinberg Doron , Friedman Michael 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPeriodontal diseases are prevalent in humans. Conventional means of combating these diseases involve basic oral hygiene, mostly toothbrushing, use of mouthwashes, and flossing. Supplementary means of treatment, either clinical or pharmaceutical, are often necessary. The use of sustained‐release delivery systems, applied locally to the periodontal pocket, seems to be one feasible approach: local sustained‐release delivery of antibacterial agents to treat periodontal diseases is conceivable. The use of local (intrapocket) sustained‐release delivery systems has numerous clinical, pharmacologic, and toxicologic advantages over conventional treatments for periodontal diseases. Sustained‐release technology has been proven to be effective over the last few decades. Films, gels, and fibers are the three main classical intrapocket pharmaceutical delivery systems. Research today is more focused on improving drug delivery, and less on introducing new drugs. New approaches, eg, those making use of nanotechnology, are emerging for local drug‐delivery systems. The local sustained‐release delivery system concept is innovative and a few products are already commercially available.
Effect of water velocity on the physiology of a collapsing Sargassum siliquastrum canopy under a controlled environment
Authors: Inoue Yukio , Terada Ryuta , Belleza Dominic F. C. , Nishihara Gregory N. 
Published: August 2020

SUMMARYSeaweed beds form a canopy affecting water flow in and around them, and therefore affect mass transport processes between the canopy and the surrounding seawater. Nutrients and physiological byproducts are transferred to and from the bulk seawater and the macroalgae surface, where they are absorbed or released. A change in the canopy structure caused by the interaction of the canopy with water motion affects mass transport and therefore affects physiological rates. Many previous studies reported that photosynthesis and nutrient uptake rates increase as water velocity increases, and recent studies have begun to examine how the interaction between water velocity and canopies affects mass transport. To elucidate how this interaction can affect the physiology of macroalgae, we measured the spatial distribution of water velocity around and in a Sargassum siliquastrum canopy and examined its impact on photosynthesis and dark respiration in a re‐circulating flume. We examined eight water velocities ranging from 0.5 to 40 cm s−1 and three canopy densities, where the spacings between individuals were 4, 6, and 8 cm. Dissolved oxygen concentrations were measured at each velocity for 2 h under dark conditions and for 1 h under 800 μmol photons m−2 s−1. As water velocity increased, the canopy began to bend with the flow and collapse, which was quantified by digital images. The gross photosynthesis rate and the dark respiration rate of the canopy increased as water velocity increased. However, the gross photosynthesis rates began to decrease beyond 9 cm s−1, whereas the dark respiration rates began to decrease beyond 4 cm s−1. Canopy density did not influence either of the rates. We conclude that increasing water velocities led to a collapse of the canopy, which inhibited water exchange between the canopy exterior and interior, and further led to the decline in physiological rates at high water velocity.
Steering global energy governance: Who governs and what do they do?
Authors: Downie Christian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring indirect governance at the global level. However, very little work has considered these relationships in the domain of energy. In fragmented global governance domains, such as energy, the G20 has frequently been identified as an actor capable of steering other actors via indirect forms of governance. Yet to date, we do not have answers to key questions including, what is the range of actors being enrolled by the G20? And what governance functions are these actors enrolled to perform? To answer these questions, I utilize a novel database of G20 enrollment since 2008, which shows that the G20 enrolls international organizations more frequently than any other actor, and that agenda setting is the most commonly performed governance function. These data are then matched with qualitative interview data to make descriptive inferences about the patterns of global energy governance, including the extent of fragmentation, the identity of focal actors, and the G20's steering role, and how these patterns have changed over time.
Phylogenomic relationships of bioluminescent elateroids define the ‘lampyroid’ clade with clicking Sinopyrophoridae as its earliest member
Authors: Kusy Dominik , He Jin‐Wu , Bybee Seth M. , Motyka Michal , Bi Wen‐Xuan , Podsiadlowski Lars , Li Xue‐Yan , Bocak Ladislav 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBioluminescence has been hypothesized as aposematic signalling, intersexual communication and a predatory strategy, but origins and relationships among bioluminescent beetles have been contentious. We reconstruct the phylogeny of the bioluminescent elateroid beetles (i.e. Elateridae, Lampyridae, Phengodidae and Rhagophthalmidae), analysing genomic data of Sinopyrophorus Bi & Li, and in light of our phylogenetic results, we erect Sinopyrophoridae Bi & Li, stat.n. as a clicking elaterid‐like sister group of the soft‐bodied bioluminescent elateroid beetles, that is, Lampyridae, Phengodidae and Rhagophthalmidae. We suggest a single origin of bioluminescence for these four families, designated as the ‘lampyroid clade’, and examine the origins of bioluminescence in the terminal lineages of click beetles (Elateridae). The soft‐bodied bioluminescent lineages originated from the fully sclerotized elateroids as a derived clade with clicking Sinopyrophorus and Elateridae as their serial sister groups. This relationship indicates that the bioluminescent soft‐bodied elateroids are modified click beetles. We assume that bioluminescence was not present in the most recent common ancestor of Elateridae and the lampyroid clade and it evolved among this group with some delay, at the latest in the mid‐Cretaceous period, presumably in eastern Laurasia. The delimitation and internal structure of the elaterid‐lampyroid clade provides a phylogenetic framework for further studies on the genomic variation underlying the evolution of bioluminescence.
Analysis of Structure–Acoustic Coupling Characteristics Between Adjacent Flexible Panels and Enclosed Cavity
Authors: Zhang Jie , Pang Jian , Wan Yuping , Yang Liang , Jia Wenyu , Zhang Siwen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article studies the structure–acoustic coupling mechanism between two adjacent flexible panels and an enclosed cavity by analytical and mathematical methods based on modal expansion methods and impedance mobility techniques. The results show that the coupling relations among subsystem modes of the coupled system have selectivity characteristics. The coupling strength depends on the normalized mode–shape coupling coefficients. The coupling relationship between two flexible panels is established through the enclosed cavity. The structural–acoustic coupling effect mainly affects the low-order modes of the coupled system, especially the first-order modes of the panels and cavity. When one panel is weakly coupled with the cavity, the two flexible panels are decoupled. The vibration of the panel only depends on its structural characteristics and external excitation, and the panel radiates sound into the cavity. The vibration of another panel depends not only on its structural characteristics but also on its coupling effect with the cavity.
Comparison Between the Incremental Harmonic Balance Method and Alternating Frequency/Time-Domain Method
Authors: Ju R. , Fan W. , Zhu W. D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two widely used semi-analytical methods: the incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method and alternating frequency/time-domain (AFT) method are compared, and some long-standing discussions on frameworks of these two methods are cleared up. The IHB and AFT methods are proved for the first time to be theoretically equivalent when spectrum aliasing does not occur in the AFT method. Based on this equivalence, the minimal nonaliasing sampling rate for the AFT and fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based IHB methods can be obtained for a system with polynomial nonlinearities. While spectrum aliasing is theoretically inevitable for nonpolynomial nonlinearities, a sufficiently large sampling rate can be usually used with acceptable accuracy and efficiency for many systems. Convergence and efficiency of the IHB method, AFT method, and several FFT-based IHB methods are compared. Accuracy and convergence can be affected when the sampling rate is insufficient. This comparison can provide some insights to avoid misuse of these methods and choose which methods to use in engineering applications.
A Parametric Analysis of Endovascular Stent Geometry Manipulation on Radial Force Performance
Authors: Scott Joel C. R. , Doman Darrel A. , Johnston Clifton R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stents were manufactured to investigate the impact of altering stent design characteristics (leg length, bend angle, bend radius, and wire diameter) on radial force generation. Results from this design parameter study showed that leg length, bend angle, and wire diameter have a statistically significant impact on radial force generation, while lesser changes in bend radius did not (1.00 mm versus the original 0.794 mm). However, a larger variation of this parameter (1.588 mm) was statistically significant. Results gathered for all parameters were used in the creation of a prototypal software. Using input values of patient-specific arterial diameter and compliance, as well as stent design characteristic dimensions, this program has been developed to predict stent radial force at varying levels of expansion.
Application of Nonlinear Elastic Wave Spectroscopy in the Field of Nuclear Energy
Authors: Patera J. , Jansa J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the field of nuclear energy, two particular applications are considered—the measurement of biological shielding concrete and measurement of high-temperature high-pressure piping. For the measurement of biological shielding concrete, a special manipulator was developed, which is applied through the ionization channels of VVER-440 power plants. Biological shielding concrete is covered on all sides with an 11 mm thick steel liner preventing its assessment using any conventional test method. For the measurement of high-temperature high-pressure piping, acoustic emission sensors installed in the LEMOP system (NPP Temelin) are used for both excitation and data acquisition. In operation, this piping is covered with glass wool insulation, but installed sensors on the waveguides make it possible to assess pipelines without removing the insulation. To demonstrate the material degradation, a set of concrete test specimens and a set of steel test specimens were made. Nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy is a test method based on measuring the elastic–plastic response of the material whose plastic component is caused by microcracks. Part of this response may be caused by inhomogeneity of the material itself or the nonlinearity of the test system used, which is to be minimized in the measurement. Due to degradation, the number of microcracks increases, increasing the total nonlinear response of the material. The aim of this approach is to monitor the degradation of concrete and metallic materials based on the response of the test system to ultrasonic excitation.
Cause-specific child and adolescent mortality in the UK and EU15+ countries
Authors: Ward Joseph Lloyd , Wolfe Ingrid , Viner Russell M 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo compare cause-specific UK mortality in children and young people (CYP) with EU15+ countries (European Union countries pre-2004, Australia, Canada and Norway).DesignMortality estimates were coded from the WHO World Mortality Database. Causes of death were mapped using the Global Burden of Disease mortality hierarchy to 22 cause groups. We compared UK mortality by cause, age group and sex with EU15+ countries in 2015 (or latest available) using Poisson regression models. We then ranked the UK compared with the EU15+ for each cause.SettingThe UK and EU15+ countries.ParticipantsCYP aged 1–19.Main outcome measureMortality rate per 100 000 and number of deaths.ResultsUK mortality in 2015 was significantly higher than the EU15+ for common infections (both sexes aged 1–9, boys aged 10–14 and girls aged 15–19); chronic respiratory conditions (both sexes aged 5–14); and digestive, neurological and diabetes/urological/blood/endocrine conditions (girls aged 15–19). UK mortality was significantly lower for transport injuries (boys aged 15–19). The UK had the worst to third worst mortality rank for common infections in both sexes and all age groups, and in five out of eight non-communicable disease (NCD) causes in both sexes in at least one age group. UK mortality rank for injuries in 2015 was in the top half of countries for most causes.ConclusionsUK CYP mortality is higher than a group of comparable countries for common infections and multiple NCD causes. Excess UK CYP mortality may be amenable to health system strengthening.
Use of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5 (SCAT5) in professional hockey, part 2: which components differentiate concussed and non-concussed players?
Authors: Bruce Jared M , Thelen Joanie , Meeuwisse Willem , Hutchison Michael G , Rizos John , Comper Paul , Echemendia Ruben J 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesTo examine the utility of Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT5) subcomponents in differentiating physician diagnosed concussed players from controls.MethodsWe evaluated 1924 professional hockey players at training camp using the National Hockey League (NHL) Modified SCAT5 prior to the 2018–2019 season. Over the course of the season, 314 English-speaking players received SCAT5 evaluations within 1 day of a suspected concussive event. Of these players, 140 (45%) were subsequently diagnosed with concussion by their team physicians.ResultsConcussed players reported more symptoms (Concussed M=8.52, SD=4.78; Control M=3.32, SD=3.97), and recalled fewer words than Controls on both the Immediate Memory (Concussed M=19.34, SD=4.06; Control M=21.53, SD=2.94) and Delayed Recall (Concussed z=−0.91; Control z=−0.09) tasks during the acute evaluation. Concussed players also made more errors than Controls on the mBESS and were more likely to report double vision and exhibit clinician-observed balance problems than controls. There were no between-group differences on the Concentration component of the SCAT5. Stepwise regression revealed that symptom report and list learning tasks both accounted for independent variance in identifying players diagnosed with concussion.ConclusionsThese findings provide support for use of the SCAT5 to assist in identifying concussed professional hockey players. When examining SCAT5 subtests, both symptom report and the 10-item word list accounted for independent variance in identifying concussion status in this sample of professional hockey players. The mBESS also differentiated Concussed players and Controls. The Concentration component of the SCAT5 did not significantly differentiate Concussed players and Controls.