bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterising factors underlying praxis deficits in chronic left hemisphere stroke patients
Authors: Rounis Elisabeth , Halai Ajay , Pizzamiglio Gloria , Lambon Ralph Matthew A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLimb apraxia, a disorder of skilled action not consequent on primary motor or sensory deficits, has traditionally been defined according to errors patients make on neuropsychological tasks. Previous models of the disorder have failed to provide a unified account of patients’ deficits, due to heterogeneity in the patients and tasks used. In this study we implemented principal component analysis (PCA) to elucidate core factors of the disorder in a cohort of 41 unselected left hemisphere chronic stroke patients who were tested on a comprehensive and validated apraxia screen. Three principal components were identified: posture selection, semantic control and multi-demand sequencing. These were submitted to a lesion symptom mapping (VBCM) analysis in a subset of 24 patients, controlled for lesion volume, age and time post-stroke. Although the first component revealed no significant structural correlates, the second and third components were related to regions in the ‘ventro-dorsal’ and ‘ventral’ and ‘dorsal’ pathways, respectively. These results challenge the previously reported distinction between ideomotor and ideational deficits and highlight a significant role of common cognitive functions in the disorder, which include action selection, semantic retrieval, sequencing and response inhibition. Further research using this technique would help elucidate the cognitive processes underlying limb apraxia and their relationship with other cognitive disorders.
CGG expansion inNOTCH2NLCis associated with oculopharyngodistal myopathy with neurological manifestations
Authors: Ogasawara Masashi , Iida Aritoshi , Kumutpongpanich Theerawat , Ozaki Ayami , Oya Yasushi , Konishi Hirofumi , Nakamura Akinori , Abe Ryuta , Takai Hiroshi , Hanajima Ritsuko , Doi Hiroshi , Tanaka Fumiaki , Nakamura Hisayoshi , Nonaka Ikuya , Wang Zhaoxia , Hayashi Shinichiro , Noguchi Satoru , Nishino Ichizo 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundOculopharyngodistal myopathy (OPDM) is a rare hereditary muscle disease characterized by progressive distal limb weakness, ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, bulbar muscle weakness and rimmed vacuoles on muscle biopsy. Recently, CGG repeat expansions in the noncoding regions of two genes,LRP12andGIPC1, have been reported to be causative for OPDM. Furthermore, neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) has been recently reported to be caused by CGG repeat expansions inNOTCH2NLC.ObjectivesTo identify and to clinicopathologically characterize OPDM patients who have CGG repeat expansions inNOTCH2NLC(OPDM_NOTCH2NLC).MethodsTwo hundred eleven patients from 201 families, who were clinically or clinicopathologically diagnosed with OPDM or oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, were screened for CGG expansions inNOTCH2NLCby repeat primed-PCR. Clinical information and muscle pathology slides of the identified OPDM_NOTCH2NLC patients were re-reviewed. Intra-myonuclear inclusions were further evaluated by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.ResultsSeven Japanese OPDM patients had CGG repeat expansions inNOTCH2NLC. All seven patients clinically had ptosis, ophthalmoplegia, dysarthria, and muscle weakness, and myopathologically had intra-myonuclear inclusions stained with anti-poly-ubiquitinated proteins, anti-SUMO1 and anti-p62 antibodies, which are diagnostic of NIID typically on skin biopsy, in addition to rimmed vacuoles. Sample for electron microscopy was available only from one patient, which showed intranuclear inclusions of 12.6 ± 1.6 nm in diameter.ConclusionsWe identified seven OPDM_NOTCH2NLC patients. Our patients had various additional central and/or peripheral nervous system involvement, albeit all being clinicopathologically compatible; thus, diagnosed as having OPDM, expanding a phenotype of the neuromyodegenerative disease caused by CGG repeat expansions inNOTCH2NLC.
Field evaluation of a rapid antigen test (Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device) for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in primary healthcare centers
Authors: Albert Eliseo , Torres Ignacio , Bueno Felipe , Huntley Dixie , Molla Estefanía , Fernández-Fuentes Miguel Ángel , Martínez Mireia , Poujois Sandrine , Forqué Lorena , Valdivia Arantxa , de la Asunción Carlos Solano , Ferrer Josep , Colomina Javier , Navarro David 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe evaluated the Panbio™ COVID-19 AG Rapid Test Device (RAD) for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in symptomatic patients attended in primary healthcare centers (n=412). Overall specificity and sensitivity of RAD was 100% and 79.6%, respectively, taking RT-PCR as the reference. SARS-CoV-2 could not be cultured from specimens yielding RT-PCR+/RAD- results.
Age-Stratified SARS-CoV-2 Infection Fatality Rates in New York City estimated from serological data
Authors: Rickards Chloe G. , Kilpatrick A. Marm 
Published: October 2020

AbstractImportanceCOVID-19 has killed hundreds of thousands of people in the US and >1 million globally. Estimating the age-specific infection fatality rate (IFR) of SARS-CoV-2 for different populations is crucial for assessing the fatality of COVID-19 and for appropriately allocating limited vaccine supplies to minimize mortality.ObjectiveTo estimate IFRs for COVID-19 in New York City and compare them to IFRs from other countries.Design, Setting, ParticipantsWe used data from a published serosurvey of 5946 individuals 18 years or older conducted April 19-28, 2020 with time series of COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths for five age-classes from the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. We inferred age-specific IFRs using a Bayesian framework that accounted for the distribution of delay between infection and seroconversion and infection and death.Main Outcome and MeasureInfection fatality rate.ResultsWe found that IFRs increased approximately 77-fold with age, with a nearly linear increase on a log scale, from 0.07% (0.055%-0.086%) in 18-44 year olds to 5.4% (4.3%-6.3%) in individuals 75 and older. New York City IFRs were higher for 18-44 year olds and 45-64 year olds (0.58%; 0.45%-0.75%) than Spanish, English, and Swiss populations, but IFRs for 75+ year olds were lower than for English populations and similar to Spanish and Swiss populations.Conclusions and RelevanceThese results suggest that the age-specific fatality of COVID-19 differs among developed countries and raises questions about factors underlying these differences.Key PointsQuestionHow do age-specific infection fatality rates (IFR) for COVID-19 in the U.S. compare to other populations?FindingsWe estimated age-specific IFRs of SARS-CoV-2 using seroprevalence data and deaths in New York City. IFRs increased more than 75-fold with age, from 0.07% in 18-45 year olds to 5.3% in individuals over 75. IFRs in New York City were higher than IFRs in England, Geneva, France and Spain for individuals younger than 64 years old, but similar for older individuals.MeaningThe age-specific fatality of COVID-19 varies significantly among developed nations for unknown reasons.
Quantifying Asymptomatic Infection and Transmission of COVID-19 in New York City using Observed Cases, Serology and Testing Capacity
Authors: Subramanian Rahul , He Qixin , Pascual Mercedes 
Published: October 2020

The contributions of asymptomatic infections to herd immunity and community transmission are key to the resurgence and control of COVID-19, but are difficult to estimate using current models that ignore changes in testing capacity. Using a model that incorporates daily testing information fit to the case and serology data from New York City, we show that the proportion of symptomatic cases is low, ranging from 13% to 18%, and that the reproductive number may be larger than often assumed. Asymptomatic infections contribute substantially to herd immunity, and to community transmission together with pre-symptomatic ones. If asymptomatic infections transmit at similar rates than symptomatic ones, the overall reproductive number across all classes is larger than often assumed, with estimates ranging from 3.2 to 4.4. If they transmit poorly, then symptomatic cases have a larger reproductive number ranging from 3.9 to 8.1. Even in this regime, pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic cases together comprise at least 50% of the force of infection at the outbreak peak. We find no regimes in which all infection sub-populations have reproductive numbers lower than 3. These findings elucidate the uncertainty that current case and serology data cannot resolve, despite consideration of different model structures. They also emphasize how temporal data on testing can reduce and better define this uncertainty, as we move forward through longer surveillance and second epidemic waves. Complementary information is required to determine the transmissibility of asymptomatic cases, which we discuss. Regardless, current assumptions about the basic reproductive number of SARS-Cov-2 should be reconsidered.Significance StatementAs health officials face another wave of COVID-19, they require estimates of the proportion of infected cases that develop symptoms, and the extent to which symptomatic and asymptomatic cases contribute to community transmission. Recent asymptomatic testing guidelines are ambiguous. Using an epidemiological model that includes testing capacity, we show that most infections are asymptomatic but contribute substantially to community transmission in the aggregate. Their individual transmissibility remains uncertain. If they transmit as well as symptomatic infections, the epidemic may spread at faster rates than current models often assume. If they do not, then each symptomatic case generates on average a higher number of secondary infections than typically assumed. Regardless, controlling transmission requires community-wide interventions informed by extensive, well-documented asymptomatic testing.
Disorder- and emotional context-specific neurofunctional alterations during inhibitory control in generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder
Authors: Liu Congcong , Dai Jing , Chen Yuanshu , Qi Ziyu , Xin Fei , Zhuang Qian , Zhou Xinqi , Zhou Feng , Luo Lizhu , Huang Yulan , Wang Jinyu , Zou Zhili , Chen Huafu , Kendrick Keith M , Zhou Bo , Xu Xiaolei , Becker Benjamin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundMajor Depressive (MDD) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) are highly debilitating and often co-morbid disorders. The disorders exhibit partly overlapping dysregulations on the behavioral and neurofunctional level, and the determination of disorder-specific alterations may promote neuro-mechanistic and diagnostic specificity.MethodsIn order to determine disorder-specific alterations in the domain of emotion-cognition interactions the present study examined emotional context-specific inhibitory control in treatment-naïve, first-episode MDD (n = 37) and GAD (n = 35) patients and healthy controls (n = 35) by employing a validated affective go/no-go fMRI paradigm.FindingsOn the behavioral level MDD but not GAD patients exhibited impaired inhibitory control irrespective of emotional context. On the neural level, no alterations were observed during the positive context, yet specifically MDD patients demonstrated attenuated recruitment of a broad bilateral network encompassing inferior/medial parietal, posterior frontal, and mid-cingulate regions during inhibitory control in the negative context. GAD patients exhibited a stronger engagement of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex relative to MDD patients and within the GAD group better inhibitory control in negative contexts was associated with higher recruitment of this region.InterpretationFindings from the present study suggest disorder- and emotional context-specific behavioral and neurofunctional deficits in inhibitory control in MDD in negative emotional contexts and may point to a depression-specific neuropathological and diagnostic marker. In contrast, GAD patients may maintain intact inhibitory performance via compensatory recruitment of prefrontal regulatory regions.
Face masks to prevent transmission of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Yanni , Liang Mingming , Gao Liang , Ahmed Mubashir Ayaz , Uy John Patrick , Cheng Ce , Zhou Qin , Sun Chenyu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundBased on the current status of the COVID-19 global pandemic, there is an urgent need to systematically evaluate the effectiveness of wearing masks to protect public health from COVID-19 infection.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of using face masks to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Relevant articles were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP (Chinese) database. There were no language restrictions. This study was registered with PROSPERO under the number CRD42020211862.ResultsA total of 6 case-control studies were included. In general, wearing a mask was associated with a significantly reduced risk of COVID-19 infection (OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.21-0.69, I2 = 54.1%). Heterogeneity modifiers were investigated by subgroup analysis. For healthcare workers group, masks were shown to have a reduce risk of infection by nearly 70%. Studies in China showed a higher protective effect than other countries. Adjusted estimates and subgroup analyses showed similar findings.ConclusionsThe results of this systematic review and meta-analysis support the conclusion that wearing a mask could reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection.
Real-life validation of the Panbio COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test (Abbott) in community-dwelling subjects with symptoms of potential SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Gremmels Hendrik , Winkel Beatrice M.F. , Schuurman Rob , Rosingh Andert , Rigter Nicolette A.M. , Rodriguez Olga , Ubijaan Johan , Wensing Annemarie M.J. , Bonten Marc J.M. , Hofstra L.Marije 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundRT-qPCR is the reference test for identification of active SARS-CoV-2 infection, but is associated with diagnostic delay. Antigen detection assays can generate results within 20 minutes and outside of laboratory settings. Yet, their diagnostic test performance in real life settings has not been determined.MethodsThe diagnostic value of the Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test (Abbott), was determined in comparison to RT-qPCR (Seegene Allplex) in community-dwelling mildly symptomatic subjects in a medium (Utrecht, the Netherlands) and high endemic area (Aruba), using two concurrently obtained nasopharyngeal swabs.Findings1367 and 208 subjects were enrolled in Utrecht and Aruba, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 prevalence, based on RT-qPCR, was 10.2% (n=139) and 30.3% (n=63) in Utrecht and Aruba respectively. Specificity of the Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test was 100% (95%CI: 99.7-100%) in both settings. Test sensitivity was 72.6% (95%CI: 64.5-79.9%) in the Netherlands and 81.0% (95% CI: 69.0–89.8%) in Aruba. Probability of false negative results was associated with RT-qPCR Ct-values, but not with duration of symptoms. Restricting RT-qPCR test positivity to Ct-values <32 yielded test sensitivities of 95.2% (95%CI: 89.3-98.5%) in the Netherlands and 98.0% (95%CI: 89.2–99.95%) in Aruba.InterpretationIn community-dwelling subjects with mild respiratory symptoms the Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test had 100% specificity, and a sensitivity above 95% for nasopharyngeal samples when using Ct values <32 cycles as cut-off for RT-qPCR test positivity. Considering short turnaround times, user friendliness, low costs and opportunities for decentralized testing, this test can improve our efforts to control transmission of SARS-CoV-2.FundingUMCU and LABHOH, Aruba
Composition of the immunoglobulin G glycome associates with the severity of COVID-19
Authors: Petrović Tea , Alves Inês , Bugada Dario , Pascual Julio , Vučković Frano , Skelin Andrea , Gaifem Joana , Villar-Garcia Judit , Vicente Manuel M. , Fernandes Ângela , Dias Ana M. , Kurolt Ivan-Christian , Markotić Alemka , Primorac Dragan , Soares Adriana , Malheiro Luis , Trbojević-Akmačić Irena , Abreu Miguel , e Castro Rui Sarmento , Bettinelli Silvia , Callegaro Annapaola , Arosio Marco , Sangiorgio Lorena , Lorini Luca F , Castells Xavier , Horcajada Juan P. , Pinho Salomé S. , Allegri Massimo , Barrios Clara , Lauc Gordan 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTA large variation in the severity of disease symptoms is one of the key open questions in COVID-19 pandemics. The fact that only a small subset of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop severe disease suggests that there have to be some predisposing factors, but biomarkers that reliably predict disease severity have not been found so far. Since overactivation of the immune system is implicated in a severe form of COVID-19 and the IgG glycosylation is known to be involved in the regulation of different immune processes, we evaluated the association of inter-individual variation in IgG N-glycome composition with the severity of COVID-19. The analysis of 166 severe and 167 mild cases from hospitals in Spain, Italy and Portugal revealed statistically significant differences in the composition of the IgG N-glycome. The most notable difference was the decrease in bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in severe patients from all three cohorts. IgG galactosylation was also lower in severe cases in all cohorts, but the difference in galactosylation was not statistically significant after correction for multiple testing. To our knowledge, this is the first study exploring IgG N-glycome variability in COVID-19 severity.
Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review on how Diagnosis, Treatment, and Etiology have been considered in Brazil
Authors: Listik Eduardo , Listik Marcia 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTAutism spectrum disorder is a group of developmental disorders whose clinical characteristics include socialization impairment, language disability, and unusual behavior. This review aimed to analyze how the Brazilian community researches autism, seeking answers surrounding its treatment, etiology, and diagnosis. The search for publications was based in Elsevier’s Scopus Database in June 2019 and was focused on the study of autism in Brazil or with Brazilian data. We categorized publications on diagnosis, treatment, and etiology. The majority of the publications found after inclusion/exclusion criteria sought to validate and adapt pre-existing scales to the Brazilian Portuguese. Instead, the groups performing these studies have had little background in the biochemical, genetic, or environmental aspects of the disease in the country.
Applied Ontologies for Global Health Surveillance and Pandemic Intelligence
Authors: Baker Christopher J. O. , Al Manir Mohammad Sadnan , Brenas Jon Hael , Zinszer Kate , Shaban-Nejad Arash 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGlobal health surveillance and pandemic intelligence rely on the systematic collection and integration of data from diverse distributed and heterogeneous sources at various levels of granularity. These sources include data from multiple disciplines represented in different formats, languages, and structures posing significant integration challenges This article provides an overview of challenges in data driven surveillance. Using Malaria surveillance as a use case we highlight the contribution made by emerging semantic data federation technologies that offer enhanced interoperability, interpretability and explainability through the adoption of ontologies. The paper concludes with a focus on the relevance of these technologies for ongoing pandemic preparedness initiatives.
Evaluation of Nowcasting for Real-Time COVID-19 Tracking — New York City, March–May 2020
Authors: Greene Sharon K. , McGough Sarah F. , Culp Gretchen M. , Graf Laura E. , Lipsitch Marc , Menzies Nicolas A. , Kahn Rebecca 
Published: October 2020

AbstractTo account for delays between specimen collection and report, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene used a time-correlated Bayesian nowcasting approach to support real-time COVID-19 situational awareness. We retrospectively evaluated nowcasting performance for case counts among residents diagnosed during March–May 2020, a period when the median reporting delay was 2 days. Nowcasts with a 2-week moving window and a negative binomial distribution had lower mean absolute error, lower relative root mean square error, and higher 95% prediction interval coverage than nowcasts conducted with a 3-week moving window or with a Poisson distribution. Nowcasts conducted toward the end of the week outperformed nowcasts performed earlier in the week, given fewer patients diagnosed on weekends and lack of day-of-week adjustments. When estimating case counts for weekdays only, metrics were similar across days the nowcasts were conducted, with Mondays having the lowest mean absolute error, of 183 cases in the context of an average daily weekday case count of 2,914. Nowcasting ensured that recent decreases in observed case counts were not overinterpreted as true declines and supported health department leadership in anticipating the magnitude and timing of hospitalizations and deaths and allocating resources geographically.
LOCKDOWN FATIGUE AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: PREDICTIVE ROLE OF PERSONAL RESILIENCE, COPING BEHAVIOURS, AND HEALTH
Authors: Labrague Leodoro J. , Ballad Cherry Ann 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe lockdown measures imposed by many countries since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic have been useful in slowing the transmission of the disease; however, there is growing concern regarding their adverse consequences on overall health and well-being, particularly among young people. To date, most studies have focused on the mental health consequences of the lockdown measures, while studies assessing how this disease control measure influences the occurrence of fatigue are largely absent.AimThe aims of this study are two-fold: (a) to examine the levels of lockdown fatigue, and (2) to determine the role of coping behaviours, personal resilience, psychological well-being and perceived health in fatigue associated to the lockdown measure.MethodsThis is an online cross-sectional study involving 243 college students in the Central Philippines during the sixth month of the lockdown measure implemented due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Five standardised scales were used to collect the data.ResultsOverall, college students reported moderate levels of lockdown fatigue, with a mean score of 31.54 (out of 50). Physical exhaustion or tiredness, headaches and body pain, decreased motivation and increased worry were the most pronounced manifestations of fatigue reported. Gender and college year were identified as important predictors of fatigue. Increased personal resilience and coping skills were associated with lower levels of lockdown fatigue.ConclusionCollege students experience moderate levels of fatigue during the mandatory lockdown or home confinement period. Resilient students and those who perceive higher social support experience lower levels of fatigue during the lockdown period compared to students with low resilience and social support. Lockdown fatigue may be addressed by formulating and implementing interventions to enhance personal resilience and social support among college students.