bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-equilibrium growth of metal clusters on a layered material: Cu on MoS2
Authors: Jing Dapeng , Lii-Rosales Ann , Lai King C , Li Qiang , Kim Jaeyoun , Tringides Michael C , Evans James W , Thiel Patricia A 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We use a variety of experimental techniques to characterize Cu clusters on bulk MoS2 formed via physical vapor deposition of Cu in ultrahigh vacuum, at temperatures ranging from 300 K to 900 K. We find that large facetted clusters grow at elevated temperatures, using high Cu exposures. The cluster size distribution is bimodal, and under some conditions, large clusters are surrounded by a denuded zone. We propose that defect-mediated nucleation, and coarsening during deposition, are both operative in this system. At 780 K, a surprising type of facetted cluster emerges, and at 900 K this type predominates: pyramidal clusters with a triangular base, exposing (311) planes as side facets. This is a growth shape, rather than an equilibrium shape.
Climate change is increasing the likelihood of extreme autumn wildfire conditions across California
Authors: Goss Michael , Swain Daniel L , Abatzoglou John T , Sarhadi Ali , Kolden Crystal A , Williams A Park , Diffenbaugh Noah S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
California has experienced devastating autumn wildfires in recent years. These autumn wildfires have coincided with extreme fire weather conditions during periods of strong offshore winds coincident with unusually dry vegetation enabled by anomalously warm conditions and late onset of autumn precipitation. In this study, we quantify observed changes in the occurrence and magnitude of meteorological factors that enable extreme autumn wildfires in California, and use climate model simulations to ascertain whether these changes are attributable to human-caused climate change. We show that state-wide increases in autumn temperature (∼1 °C) and decreases in autumn precipitation (∼30%) over the past four decades have contributed to increases in aggregate fire weather indices (+20%). As a result, the observed frequency of autumn days with extreme (95th percentile) fire weather—which we show are preferentially associated with extreme autumn wildfires—has more than doubled in California since the early 1980s. We further find an increase in the climate model-estimated probability of these extreme autumn conditions since ∼1950, including a long-term trend toward increased same-season co-occurrence of extreme fire weather conditions in northern and southern California. Our climate model analyses suggest that continued climate change will further amplify the number of days with extreme fire weather by the end of this century, though a pathway consistent with the UN Paris commitments would substantially curb that increase. Given the acute societal impacts of extreme autumn wildfires in recent years, our findings have critical relevance for ongoing efforts to manage wildfire risks in California and other regions.
Root oxygen mitigates methane fluxes in tropical peatlands
Authors: Girkin Nicholas T , Vane Christopher H , Turner Benjamin L , Ostle Nicholas J , Sjögersten Sofie 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Tropical peatlands are a globally important source of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Vegetation is critical in regulating fluxes, providing a conduit for emissions and regular carbon inputs. However, plant roots also release oxygen, which might mitigate methane efflux through oxidation prior to emission from the peat surface. Here we show, using in situ mesocosms, that root exclusion can reduce methane fluxes by a maximum of 92% depending on species, likely driven by the significant decrease in root inputs of oxygen and changes in the balance of methane transport pathways. Methanotroph abundance decreased with reduced oxygen input, demonstrating a likely mechanism for the observed response. These first methane oxidation estimates for a tropical peatland demonstrate that although plants provide an important pathway for methane loss, this can be balanced by the influence of root oxygen inputs that mitigate peat surface methane emissions.
Mass gaps and braneworlds*
Authors: Stelle K S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Remembering the foundational contributions of Peter Freund to supergravity, and especially to the problems of dimensional compactification, reduction is considered with a non-compact space transverse to the lower dimensional theory. The known problem of a continuum of Kaluza–Klein states is avoided here by the occurrence of a mass gap between a single normalizable zero-eigenvalue transverse wavefunction and the edge of the transverse state continuum. This style of reduction does not yield a formally consistent truncation to the lower dimensional theory, so developing the lower-dimensional effective theory requires integrating out the Kaluza–Klein states lying above the mass gap.
A new single crystal high entropy alloy with excellent high-temperature tensile property
Authors: Chen Huaqiang , Yuan Xiaotan , Ren Weili , Peng Jianchao , Ding Biao , Zheng Tianxiang , Yu Jianbo , Liaw Peter K , Zhong Yunbo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A new single crystal high entropy alloy is developed and produced using Bridgman directional-solidification and seed-crystal method. The microstructure exhibits the directional dendrite morphology and is mainly composed of the FCC matrix and the L12 ordered precipitates. Its high-temperature yield strengths are far higher than those of the first-generation single crystal superalloys, and close to those of the second- generation ones. The solid-solution strengthening effect from the high content of W and Mo, as well as the precipitation strengthening effect from the combined addition of Al, Ti, Ta, and Nb, should be responsible for the excellent high-temperature strength of the investigated alloy.
Modification in properties of Ni-NWs meshes by Ar+ ions beam irradiation
Authors: Honey S , Asim J , Ahmad I , Zhao T K , Maaza M , Naseem S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Influence of 30 kilo-electron-volt (keV) Argon (Ar+) ions on optical and electrical properties of nickel nanowires (Ni-NWs) meshes is being reported. Ni-NWs are being exposed to 30 keV Argon (Ar+) ions at various beam fluencies. These fluencies of Ar+ ions are 7 × 1014 ions cm−2, 3 × 1015 ions cm−2 and 3 × 1016 ions cm−2. After irradiation, Ni-NWs meshes were analyzed through transmission electron microscopy technique (TEM). The structural analysis has been done through X-ray diffraction technique. It is found from TEM results that atoms are sputtered out from surfaces of Ni-NWs due to collision cascade effect persistently and lead to reduce the diameters or thicknesses of Ni-NWs. X-ray diffraction results reveal that crystalline quality is reduced under Ar+ ions irradiation which may be due to defects induced in Ni-NWs as a result of collision cascade effect. The Ni-NWs meshes are characterized optically and electrically through UV–VIS spectroscopy and four probe techniques. The optical transparencies of Ni-NWs meshes are increasing with increase in beam fluence of Ar+ ions. The electrical conductivity of the mesh is decreased continuously with increment in beam fluence of Ar+ ions which might be due to production of defects in Ni-NWs. The tuning of optical transparency and electrical conductivity of Ni-NWs meshes is required for their application as successful transparent electrodes in optoelectronic nanodevices.
An improved micro-thermo-mechanics model for shape memory alloys: analysis and applications
Authors: Manzoor Tareq , Zafar Muhammad , Manzoor Sanaullah , Manzoor Habib Ullah , Ali Muddassir , Kim Woo Young 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this paper, micro-mechanics of shape memory alloys (SMA) is investigated for design of smart structure and devices, based upon three dimensional constitutive model. In this work, a micro-mechanics based approach is presented. A modification in temperature field of the above model is proposed, where temperature is taken as function of time. Thermal parameters corresponding to transformation temperatures are introduced here. The model solution is presented for the of a set of initial and boundary conditions based upon any type of thermal parameters. Three particular cases for different thermal and structural loading-stresses are presented here. The solution given here expresses the response of smart dampers for various thermal and structural loading conditions. Moreover, the applications of this system were also investigated.
Benefit of porous silica nanoreactor in preparation of fluorescence carbon dots from citric acid
Authors: Mikhraliieva Albina , Zaitsev Vladimir , Aucélio Ricardo Q , da Motta Henrique B , Nazarkovsky Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A facile and robust synthesis of carbon dots (CDs) emitting blue-light in water without activation and stabilization has been developed by pyrolysis of citric acid (CA) adsorbed in silica gel (SiO2) pores. Effect of the host pore size on luminescent properties of SiO2@CDs nanocomposite as well as water suspension of CDs has been studied. The synthesis conditions such as concentration of the precursor, duration of synthesis also have been investigated. It has been demonstrated that upon the thermal treatment of silica gels saturated with CA (60% of maximum loading) at 170 °C for 5–600 min, luminescent CDs are shaped inside the nanoreactor pores. These SiO2@CDs emit photoluminescence centered at 450 nm. Silica-immobilized CDs can be separated from the source molecules and side-products by centrifugation, which allows avoiding the dialysis of the resulted mixture and so improve the scaling of the synthesis. The CDs can be easily released from SiO2@CDs by washing it with water. Water-eluted CDs demonstrate photoluminescence at 447 nm. The smaller pore size of the host and longer time of thermal treatment promote the formation of the CDs with better photoluminescent peak symmetry and higher quantum yield up to 10.1%.
Spatially varying relationships between immigration measures and property crime Types in Vancouver Census Tracts, 2016
Authors: Andresen Martin A , Ha Olivia K 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe empirically test for spatial heterogeneity or local effects of multiple immigration measures on various property crime classification across Vancouver census tracts, 2016. Using spatially referenced property crime data and census data, we use geographically weighted regression to investigate the neighbourhood-level effects of immigration on crime. We find that estimated parameters vary across space, but these local immigration effects do not always vary significantly at the local level. Overall, significant spatial variation in the effects of immigration on property crime is present. These are important for policy and theory. The identification of varied spatial patterns of immigration effects on crime may help explain some of the inconsistent/disparate results found in neighbourhood-level studies on immigration and crime.
Serine threonine kinase 11/liver kinase B1 mutation in sporadic scirrhous-type gastric cancer cells
Authors: Nishimura Sadaaki , Yashiro Masakazu , Sera Tomohiro , Yamamoto Yurie , Kushitani Yukako , Sugimoto Atsushi , Kushiyama Shuhei , Togano Shingo , Kuroda Kenji , Okuno Tomohisa , Murakami Yoshiki , Ohira Masaichi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Scirrhous-type gastric carcinoma (SGC), which is characterized by the rapid proliferation of cancer cells accompanied by extensive fibrosis, shows extremely poor survival. A reason for the poor prognosis of SGC is that the driver gene responsible for SGC has not been identified. To identify the characteristic driver gene of SGC, we examined the genomic landscape of six human SGC cell lines of OCUM-1, OCUM-2M, OCUM-8, OCUM-9, OCUM-12 and OCUM-14, using multiplex gene panel testing by next-generation sequencing. In this study, the non-synonymous mutations of serine threonine kinase 11/liver kinase B1 (STK11/LKB1) gene were detected in OCUM-12, OCUM-2M and OCUM-14 among the six SGC cell lines. Capillary sequencing analysis confirmed the non-sense or missense mutation of STK11/LKB1 in the three cell lines. Western blot analysis showed that LKB1 expression was decreased in OCUM-12 cells and OCUM-14 cells harboring STK11/LKB1 mutation. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor significantly inhibited the proliferation of OCUM-12 and OCUM-14 cells. The correlations between STK11/LKB1 expression and clinicopathologic features of gastric cancer were examined using 708 primary gastric carcinomas by immunochemical study. The low STK11/LKB1 expression group was significantly associated with SGC, high invasion depth and frequent nodal involvement, in compared with the high STK11/LKB1 expression group. Collectively, our study demonstrated that STK11/LKB1 mutation might be responsible for the progression of SGC, and suggested that mTOR signaling by STK11/LKB1 mutation might be one of therapeutic targets for patients with SGC.
Type I Interferon in Children with Viral or Bacterial Infections
Authors: Trouillet-Assant Sophie , Viel Sébastien , Ouziel Antoine , Boisselier Lucille , Rebaud Philippe , Basmaci Romain , Droz Nina , Belot Alexandre , Pons Sylvie , Brengel-Pesce Karen , Gillet Yves , Javouhey Etienne ,   Antoine Study Group, Mommert Marine , Guichard Audrey , Bartolo François , Generenaz Laurence , Pachot Alexandre , Capella Claire , Hees Laure , Mezgueldi Ellia , Toumi Chadia , Bouchiat-Sarabi Coralie , Casalegno Jean-sebastien , Portefaix Aurelie , de Cambronne Romain Deshayes , Perret Magali 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Fever is one of the leading causes of consultation in the pediatric emergency department for patients under the age of 3 years. Distinguishing between bacterial and viral infections etiologies in febrile patients remains challenging. We hypothesized that specific host biomarkers for viral infections, such as type I-interferon (IFN), could help clinicians’ decisions and limit antibiotic overuse.

Methods
Paxgene tubes and serum were collected from febrile children (n = 101), age from 7 days to 36 months, with proven viral or bacterial infections, being treated at pediatric emergency departments in France. We assessed the performance of an IFN signature, which was based on quantification of expression of IFN-stimulated genes using the Nanostring® technology and plasma IFN-α quantified by digital ELISA technology.

Results
Serum concentrations of IFN-α were below the quantification threshold (30 fg/mL) for 2% (1/46) of children with proven viral infections and for 71% (39/55) of children with bacterial infections (P &lt; 0.001). IFN-α concentrations and IFN score were significantly higher in viral compared to bacterial infection (P &lt; 0.001). There was a strong correlation between serum IFN-α concentrations and IFN score (p-pearson = 0.83). Both serum IFN-α concentration and IFN score robustly discriminated (Area Under the Curve &gt;0.91 for both) between viral and bacterial infection in febrile children, compared to C-reactive protein (0.83).

Conclusions
IFN-α is increased in blood of febrile infants with viral infections. The discriminative performance of IFN-α femtomolar concentrations as well as blood transcriptional signatures could show a diagnostic benefit and potentially limit antibiotic overuse.

Clinical Trials Registration
clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03163628).
Integrating cost–benefit analysis into the NIST Cybersecurity Framework via the Gordon–Loeb Model
Authors: Gordon Lawrence A , Loeb Martin P , Zhou Lei 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework has rapidly become a widely accepted approach to facilitating cybersecurity risk management within organizations. An insightful aspect of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework is its explicit recognition that the activities associated with managing cybersecurity risk are organization specific. The NIST Framework also recognizes that organizations should evaluate their cybersecurity risk management on a cost–benefit basis. The NIST Framework, however, does not provide guidance on how to carry out such a cost–benefit analysis. This article provides an approach for integrating cost–benefit analysis into the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. The Gordon–Loeb (GL) Model for cybersecurity investments is proposed as a basis for deriving a cost-effective level of spending on cybersecurity activities and for selecting the appropriate NIST Implementation Tier level. The analysis shows that the GL Model provides a logical approach to use when considering the cost–benefit aspects of cybersecurity investments during an organization’s process of selecting the most appropriate NIST Implementation Tier level. In addition, the cost–benefit approach provided in this article helps to identify conditions under which there is an incentive to move to a higher NIST Implementation Tier.
Biodiversity of Lactobacillus helveticus isolates from dairy and cereal fermentations reveals habitat-adapted biotypes
Authors: Schuster Julian A , Vogel Rudi F , Ehrmann Matthias A 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
For the present study, we collected 22 Lactobacillus helveticus strains from different dairy (n = 10) and cereal (n = 12) fermentations to investigate their biodiversity and to uncover habitat-specific traits. Biodiversity was assessed by comparison of genetic fingerprints, low-molecular-weight subproteomes, metabolic and enzymatic activities, growth characteristics and acidification kinetics in food matrices. A clear distinction between the dairy and cereal strains was observed in almost all examined features suggesting that the different habitats are domiciled by different L. helveticus biotypes that are adapted to the specific environmental conditions. Analysis of the low-molecular-weight subproteome divided the cereal isolates into two clusters, while the dairy isolates formed a separate homogeneous cluster. Differences regarding carbohydrate utilization were observed for lactose, galactose, sucrose and cellobiose as well as for plant-derived glucosides. Enzymatic differences were observed mainly for ß-galactosidase and ß-glucosidase activities. Further, growth temperature was optimal in the range from 33 to 37°C for the cereal strains, whereas the dairy strains showed optimal growth at 40°C. Taken together, adaptation of the various biotypes results in a growth benefit in the particular environment. Acidification and growth tests using either sterile skim milk or a wheat flour extract confirmed these results. Differentiation of these biotypes and their physiological characteristics enables knowledge-based starter culture development for cereal versus dairy products within one species.
A systematic review and comprehensive legislative framework to address chemical assault globally
Authors: Kazerooni Yasaman , Mishra Brijesh , Gibran Nicole , Adu Emmanual , Clarke Damian , Pham Tam , Stewart Barclay T 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The incidence of chemical assault is increasing globally. In response, a number of countries are proposing legislation. However, current legislative initiatives are uncoordinated and do not address the spectrum of activities to prevent and care for victims of chemical assaults. To fill this gap, we aimed to review legislation, policies and regulations relevant to chemical assault to classify and catalogue current strategies into a legislative framework. Terms related to chemical assault were used to systematically search the academic, lay and legal literatures. Chemical assault was defined as the use of acid or another caustic or corrosive substance or vitriol by one person against another with the intent to injure or disfigure. Reports that described the use of chemical weapons in warfare were excluded. A second search of national legislations of countries with reports of chemical assaults was performed to identify enacted laws and gaps in legislative approaches to chemical assault control. Data regarding relevant laws, policies and regulations were extracted. The findings were used to classify and catalogue current strategies into a legislative framework using content analysis. The search returned 3769 records. Chemical assaults were reported from 104 countries. Using legislation from those countries, a framework consisting of five legislative priorities was developed: (a) apply a public health approach; (b) adopt legal definitions specific to chemical assault; (c) control chemical supply, sales and procurement; (d) facilitate justice; and (e) support survivors. Although many countries have implemented one or more of these legislative priorities, no country has a comprehensive address to chemical assault control. Comparative policy analysis and assessments of the impacts of legislative efforts may further inform strategies to prevent, prosecute and mitigate the impact of chemical assaults. In the meantime, advocacy groups and governments might consider implementation and enforcement of one or more components of this legislative framework to control the growing epidemic of chemical assault.
Representations of the National Health Service (NHS) in UK print media
Authors: Walker Carl , Hanna Paul , Raisborough Jayne 
Published: March 2020

AbstractGenerating negative news coverage of state welfare provision has been identified as a strategy designed to create public support for radical policies aimed to reduce such provision. To date, research of this kind has focused on scandals and crises. However, little is known about the complex relationship between media representations of specific events, and those of media representations in the lead up to these events, what we refer to as periphery representations. Employing a content and frame analysis, this paper analyses the frequency and intensity of peripheral representations of the National Health Service (NHS) in the British print media for 1 week a month before and for 1 week during three key events in recent NHS history: the official consultation period for the Health and Social Care Act; the publication of Five-Year Forward View, and the first Junior Doctor Strike. This article finds that negative NHS representations in articles that are peripheral to particular topical issues of controversy evidence fluctuations, amplifications and intensities across time periods, depending on the particular context. The paper concludes by arguing that repetition of negative themes in news helps to build a sensibility of ‘inadequacy’ of vital services. We hope that this focus on the ways in which amplifications and de-amplifications in negative intensity of peripheral NHS representations across time and content, helps to contribute to debate about the complex interplay between public health services, media representation and policy consent.