bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery of Blackbody Stars and the Accuracy of SDSS photometry
Authors: Fukugita Masataka 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe discovered stars that show spectra very close to the blackbody radiation without any line features. We found 17 such stars out of 0.8 million stellar objects in the SDSS archive. The blackbody temperature is approximately 104K. We identify these stars as DB white dwarfs with the helium atmosphere, possibly with a trace amount of hydrogen, that yields nearly perfect blackbody spectrum, which is also confirmed with our later study. These stars can be used to test the accuracy of the AB zero point across different colour bands, in particular including the NIR pass bands. The zero points of SDSS photometry are verified to < 0.01 mag.
Statistical Analysis of the Main Ionospheric Trough Using Swarm in Situ Measurements
Authors: Aa Ercha , Zou Shasha , Erickson Philip J. , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Liu Siqing 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA statistical analysis of the topside main ionospheric trough is implemented by using the Swarm constellation in situ plasma density measurements from December 2013 to November 2019. The key features of the main trough, such as the occurrence rate, minimum position, width, and depth, are characterized and quantified. The distribution patterns of these parameters are investigated with respect to magnetic local time, season, longitude, solar activity, and geomagnetic activity levels, respectively. The main results are as follows: (1) The diurnal variation of the trough occurrence rate usually exhibits a primary peak in the early morning, a subsidiary peak in the late evening, and a slight reduction around midnight especially in the Northern Hemisphere. (2) The seasonal variation of the nighttime trough has maximum occurrence rates around equinoxes, higher than those in local winter. (3) The trough distribution has an evident hemispherical asymmetry. It is more pronounced in the Northern Hemisphere during the winter and equinoctial seasons, with its average nighttime occurrence rate being 20–30% higher than that in the Southern Hemisphere. The trough minimum position and the trough width also exhibit more significant fluctuation in the Northern Hemisphere. (4) The longitudinal pattern of the trough shows clear east‐west preferences, which has a higher occurrence rate in eastern (western) longitudes around the December (June) solstice. (5) Conditions for the trough occurrence are more favored in low solar activity and high geomagnetic activity periods.
Uncertainty in the Response of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings and Stratosphere‐Troposphere Coupling to Quadrupled CO2 Concentrations in CMIP6 Models
Authors: Ayarzagüena B. , Charlton‐Perez A. J. , Butler A. H. , Hitchcock P. , Simpson I. R. , Polvani L. M. , Butchart N. , Gerber E. P. , Gray L. , Hassler B. , Lin P. , Lott F. , Manzini E. , Mizuta R. , Orbe C. , Osprey S. , Saint‐Martin D. , Sigmond M. , Taguchi M. , Volodin E. M. , Watanabe S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMajor sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs), vortex formation, and final breakdown dates are key highlight points of the stratospheric polar vortex. These phenomena are relevant for stratosphere‐troposphere coupling, which explains the interest in understanding their future changes. However, up to now, there is not a clear consensus on which projected changes to the polar vortex are robust, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, possibly due to short data record or relatively moderate CO2 forcing. The new simulations performed under the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6, together with the long daily data requirements of the DynVarMIP project in preindustrial and quadrupled CO2 (4xCO2) forcing simulations provide a new opportunity to revisit this topic by overcoming the limitations mentioned above. In this study, we analyze this new model output to document the change, if any, in the frequency of SSWs under 4xCO2 forcing. Our analysis reveals a large disagreement across the models as to the sign of this change, even though most models show a statistically significant change. As for the near‐surface response to SSWs, the models, however, are in good agreement as to this signal over the North Atlantic: There is no indication of a change under 4xCO2 forcing. Over the Pacific, however, the change is more uncertain, with some indication that there will be a larger mean response. Finally, the models show robust changes to the seasonal cycle in the stratosphere. Specifically, we find a longer duration of the stratospheric polar vortex and thus a longer season of stratosphere‐troposphere coupling.
Engaging vocational dental practitioners in care of the dependent elderly: findings from a pilot project
Authors: Beaton Laura , Boyle Jimmy , Cassie Calum , Young Linda , Marshall Jose 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Introduction A pilot project was developed whereby vocational dental practitioners (VDPs) became involved in the Caring for Smiles programme, visiting care homes and observing staff training.Aim The project aimed to explore VDPs' views and experiences of delivering oral healthcare in the care home environment.Method Qualitative data were collected via an online questionnaire and reflective logs. The data were analysed using thematic analysis to extract emerging themes.Results Six themes emerged from the data, demonstrating that the VDPs had become aware of the general health and oral health needs of the care home population, and their role as dentists in the provision of oral care. The VDPs also had an increased awareness of Caring for Smiles.Discussion The VDPs benefited from participation in the pilot; it raised their awareness but also exposed them to an environment with which many were unfamiliar. Some VDPs expressed an interest in providing oral care in care homes in the future and discussed the need for domiciliary care.Conclusion The participating VDPs gained a level of experience and familiarity with older patients, Caring for Smiles and the care home environment that may improve the care they provide to their patients.
MRI Cross-Modality Image-to-Image Translation
Authors: Yang Qianye , Li Nannan , Zhao Zixu , Fan Xingyu , Chang Eric I-Chao , Xu Yan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe present a cross-modality generation framework that learns to generate translated modalities from given modalities in MR images. Our proposed method performs Image Modality Translation (abbreviated as IMT) by means of a deep learning model that leverages conditional generative adversarial networks (cGANs). Our framework jointly exploits the low-level features (pixel-wise information) and high-level representations (e.g. brain tumors, brain structure like gray matter, etc.) between cross modalities which are important for resolving the challenging complexity in brain structures. Our framework can serve as an auxiliary method in medical use and has great application potential. Based on our proposed framework, we first propose a method for cross-modality registration by fusing the deformation fields to adopt the cross-modality information from translated modalities. Second, we propose an approach for MRI segmentation, translated multichannel segmentation (TMS), where given modalities, along with translated modalities, are segmented by fully convolutional networks (FCN) in a multichannel manner. Both of these two methods successfully adopt the cross-modality information to improve the performance without adding any extra data. Experiments demonstrate that our proposed framework advances the state-of-the-art on five brain MRI datasets. We also observe encouraging results in cross-modality registration and segmentation on some widely adopted brain datasets. Overall, our work can serve as an auxiliary method in medical use and be applied to various tasks in medical fields.
Giant Zeeman-type spin splitting of free electron/hole states on quasi-2D perovskite niobates: a theoretical prediction
Authors: Zhou Yi , Zhou Fei , Liu Yong , Lai Zhonghong , Liao Mingqing , Huang Yudong , Zhu Jingchuan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe study the spin-orbit interaction of two-dimensional electron/hole gas (2DEGs/2DHGs) on quasi-2D potassium niobates (KNs) via first-principles calculations. The strong surface polarity changes the free surface states from 2DEGs to 2DHGs. The in-plane dipole maintained on 2D models leads to giant Zeeman-type spin splitting, as high as 566 meV for the (001)c facet KN and 1.21 eV for the (111)c facet KN. The thickness-dependent Zeeman-type spin splitting shows a linear relation with respect to 1/r, while the corresponding in-plane polarization quantum has a linear relation of 1/(2^0.5)with respect to a decrease in thickness. Interestingly, the 2DHGs with molecular-like orbital character is solely constituted by O 2p states, showing logic switchable behavior at extremely thin samples with enormous Zeeman-type splitting that can switch between insulator and conductor by opposite spin polarization.
Porcine liver decomposition product-derived lysophospholipids promote microglial activation in vitro
Authors: Tsukahara Tamotsu , Haniu Hisao , Uemura Takeshi , Matsuda Yoshikazu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCognitive impairments such as dementia are common in later life, and have been suggested to occur via a range of mechanisms, including oxidative stress, age-related changes to cellular metabolism, and a loss of phospholipids (PLs) from neuronal membranes. PLs are a class of amphipathic lipids that form plasma membrane lipid bilayers, and that occur at high concentrations in neuronal membranes. Our previous study suggested that a porcine liver decomposition product (PLDP) produced via protease treatment may improve cognitive function at older ages, by acting as a rich source of PLs and lysophospholipids (LPLs); however, its specific composition remains unclear. Thus, the present study used a novel liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) protocol to identify the major PLs and LPLs in PLDP. Furthermore, it assessed the effect of identified LPLs on microglial activation in vitro, including cell shape, proliferation, and cell morphology. The results of the conducted analyses showed that PLDP and PLDP-derived LPLs concentration-dependently modulate microglial activation in vitro. In particular, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) concentration-dependently promotes cell morphology, likely via effects mediated by the enzyme autotaxin (ATX), since inhibiting ATX also promoted cell morphology, while conversely, increasing ATX production (via treatment with high levels of LPC) abolished this effect. These findings suggest that LPC is likely neuroprotective, and thus, support the importance of further research to assess its use as a therapeutic target to treat age-related cognitive impairments, including dementia.
Ursodeoxycholic acid enriches intestinal bile salt hydrolase-expressing Bacteroidetes in cholestatic pregnancy
Authors: Ovadia Caroline , Perdones-Montero Alvaro , Fan Hei Man , Mullish Benjamin H. , McDonald Julie A. K. , Papacleovoulou Georgia , Wahlström Annika , Ståhlman Marcus , Tsakmaki Anastasia , Clarke Louise C. D. , Sklavounos Alexandros , Dixon Peter H. , Bewick Gavin A. , Walters Julian R. F. , Marschall Hanns-Ulrich , Marchesi Julian R. , Williamson Catherine 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUrsodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment can reduce itch and lower endogenous serum bile acids in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). We sought to determine how it could influence the gut environment in ICP to alter enterohepatic signalling. The gut microbiota and bile acid content were determined in faeces from 35 pregnant women (14 with uncomplicated pregnancies and 21 with ICP, 17 receiving UDCA). Faecal bile salt hydrolase activity was measured using a precipitation assay. Serum fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) concentrations were measured following a standardised diet for 21 hours. Women with a high ratio ofBacteroidetestoFirmicuteswere more likely to be treated with UDCA (Fisher’s exact test p = 0.0178) than those with a lower ratio. Bile salt hydrolase activity was reduced in women with lowBacteroidetes:Firmicutes. Women taking UDCA had higher faecal lithocholic acid (p < 0.0001), with more unconjugated bile acids than women with untreated ICP or uncomplicated pregnancy. UDCA-treatment increased serum FGF19, and reduced C4 (reflecting lower bile acid synthesis). During ICP, UDCA treatment can be associated with enrichment of the gut microbiota withBacteroidetes. These demonstrate high bile salt hydrolase activity, which deconjugates bile acids enabling secondary modification to FXR agonists, enhancing enterohepatic feedback via FGF19.
Potassium channels act as chemosensors for solute transporters
Authors: Manville Rίan W. , Abbott Geoffrey W. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPotassium channels form physical complexes with solute transporters in vivo, yet little is known about their range of possible signaling modalities and the underlying mechanisms. The KCNQ2/3 potassium channel, which generates neuronal M-current, is voltage-gated and its activity is also stimulated by binding of various small molecules. KCNQ2/3 forms reciprocally regulating complexes with sodium-coupled myo-inositol transporters (SMITs) in mammalian neurons. Here, we report that the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and other small molecules directly regulate myo-inositol transport in rat dorsal root ganglia, and by human SMIT1-KCNQ2/3 complexes in vitro, by inducing a distinct KCNQ2/3 pore conformation. Reciprocally, SMIT1 tunes KCNQ2/3 sensing of GABA and related metabolites. Ion permeation and mutagenesis studies suggest that SMIT1 and GABA similarly alter KCNQ2/3 pore conformation but via different KCNQ subunits and molecular mechanisms. KCNQ channels therefore act as chemosensors to enable co-assembled myo-inositol transporters to respond to diverse stimuli including neurotransmitters, metabolites and drugs.
Effect of phoneme variations on blind reverberation time estimation
Authors: Andrijašević Andrea 
Published: February 2020

This study focuses on an unexplored aspect of the performance of algorithms for blind reverberation time (T) estimation – on the effect that speech signal’s phonetic content has on the value of the estimate ofTthat is obtained from the reverberant version of that signal. To this end, the performance of three algorithms is assessed on a set of logatome recordings artificially reverberated with room impulse responses from four rooms, with theirT20value in the [0.18, 0.55] s interval. Analyses of variance showed that the null hypotheses of equal means of estimation errors can be rejected at the significance level of 0.05 for the interaction terms between the factors “vowel”, “consonant”, and “room”, while the results of Tukey’s multiple comparison procedure revealed that there are both some similarities in the behaviour of the algorithms and some differences, where the latter are stemming from the differences in the details of algorithms’ implementation such as the number of frequency bands and whetherTis estimated continuously or only on the selected, the so-called speech decay, segments of the signal.
Mutationsabhängige Mechanismen und deren Bedeutung für zielgerichtete Behandlungsstrategien am Beispiel von Bestrophin 1 und den Bestrophinopathien
Authors: Milenkovic Andrea , Brandl Caroline , Nachtigal Anna-Lena , Kellner Ulrich , Weber Bernhard H. F. 
Published: March 2020

ZusammenfassungDas Bestrophin-1-Gen (BEST1) codiert für ein integrales Membranprotein und findet sich im basolateralen Aspekt des retinalen Pigmentepithels. Mutationen im BEST1 sind mit einer heterogenen Gruppe von erblichen Netzhautdystrophien assoziiert, den sog. Bestrophinopathien, die schon in jüngerem Alter zu einer Beeinträchtigung des Sehvermögens führen können. Die einzelnen Krankheitsbilder sind anhand ihrer phänotypischen Merkmale und Erbgänge abgrenzbar. Während die meisten BEST1-Mutationen einem autosomal-dominanten Erbgang folgen, bei dem bereits eine defekte Genkopie zur Erkrankung führt, sind bei der autosomal-rezessiven Bestrophinopathie heterozygote Mutationsträger i. d. R. symptomfrei. In diesem Übersichtsartikel soll am Beispiel der Bestrophinopathien die Bedeutung der Kenntnis von mutationsabhängigen Mechanismen für das Verständnis der Pathogenese, aber auch für die Entwicklung von zukünftigen Therapieansätzen, hervorgehoben werden.
Beruf am Ausbluten?
Authors: Kämper Siegfried 
Published: February 2020

SummaryDer Heilpraktikerberuf steckt in einer Krise. Seit dem Erlass des Gesetzes für mehr Sicherheit in der Arzneimittelversorgung (GSAV) dürfen Heilpraktiker keine klassischen Eigenblutverfahren mehr anwenden. Auch ein Rechtsgutachten zum Heilpraktikergesetz läuft mittlerweile und stellt den Berufsstand auf die vielleicht bisher größte Bewährungsprobe. Wir haben mit Siegfried Kämper über Hintergründe, Herausforderungen und Handlungsempfehlungen gesprochen.
Morphometric Analysis of Foramen Magnum for Sex Determination in South Indian Population
Authors: K. Radhakrishna S. , H. Shivarama C. , A. Ramakrishna , B. Bhagya 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this study the foramen magnum was analyzed for sex differences using standard osteometric techniques.We analyzed 100 (55 males and 45 females) skulls from the department of Anatomy, Yenepoya Medical College which were in good condition with a record of sex. The cranial base was visually assessed for foramen magnum shape. Morphometry (anteroposterior diameter (APD)& Transverse diameter (TD)) was determined and their differences by gender (p <0.05) were ascertained.Oval shape was the most common followed by round, tetragonal and pentagonal in both sex. The results demonstrated that sexual dimorphism is present in the foramen magnum. APD and TD were higher in male skulls than females (34.04 vs 31.72 and 28.63 vs 26.59).In incomplete skeletons, metric analysis of the foramen magnum may provide a statistically useful indication as to sex of the unknown skull.
Arabic learners’ acquisition of English past tense morphology
Authors: Zhao Helen , Shirai Yasuhiro 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The current study investigates the roles of lexical aspect and phonological saliency in second language acquisition of English
past tense morphology. It also explores whether the effects of these factors are affected by data elicitation tasks and
learners’ L2 proficiency. We created a learner corpus consisting of data from oral personal narratives from twenty Arabic EFL
learners from two proficiency groups (low vs. intermediate/advanced), which were transcribed in CHAT format, tagged, and
included in the TalkBank corpora. We also administered a written cloze task. Despite task variations, we find
strong evidence that supported the influence of lexical semantics in Arabic learners’ acquisition of past tense marking,
confirming the predictions of the Aspect Hypothesis.
Cross-linguistic comparison of automatic detection of speech breaks in read and
narrated speech in four languages
Authors: Barbosa Plínio A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter tests an algorithm for the automatic detection of
speech breaks in read and narrated speech in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), European Portuguese
(EP), French, and German. The algorithm is independent of previous transcription or
linguistic analysis (syllable, phone labeling and segmentation), requiring only the audio
file. It operates in two stages: vowel onsets detection firstly, followed by V-to-V duration
intervals normalization for smoothed duration z-scores. Peaks over 2.5 of the latter were
considered speech breaks. Compared to human segmentation, hits for reading (70%) were higher
than for narration (60%). Crosslinguistic results show EP and French having the highest
proportion of hits. A test with the English Navy audio file reveals a hit
proportion similar to German.
Applying criteria of spontaneous Hebrew speech segmentation to English
Authors: Izre'el Shlomo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Taking prosody to be the leading component in speech segmentation,
this chapter attempts to transfer segmentation methodologies from Hebrew to English
spontaneous speech. Following a process of segmentation by perception of two English chunks
a detailed acoustic analysis has been conducted, using acoustic criteria that have been
found meaningful for similar analyses of Hebrew, as detailed in my chapter for Part I of this volume, “The Basic Unit of Spoken Language
and the Interface Between Prosody, Discourse and Syntax: A View from Spontaneous Spoken
Hebrew”. This process has produced suggestive results. Further analysis into the interface
of prosody with discourse has also been found meaningful. Some terminological issues are
discussed as well.
The Moscow approach to local discourse structure
Authors: Kibrik Andrej A. , Korotaev Nikolay A. , Podlesskaya Vera I. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter is an exploratory study in which we apply an approach
to local discourse structure and prosody, developed for spoken Russian, to English talk. A
key conceptual element of our approach is the notion of elementary discourse unit (EDU).
EDUs are identified on the basis of prosodic criteria and demonstrate substantial
correspondence to clauses. A range of structural, prosodic and discourse-semantic phenomena
are reviewed, including pausing, discourse accent, phase, and spoken sentence. The analysis
begins with those phenomena that are characteristic of both monologic and multi-party
discourse, and proceeds with those features that are only found in interactional exchange.
The Russian-oriented system of discourse transcription and analysis turns out to be
generally applicable to the English evidence.
Individual differences in first language acquisition and their theoretical implications
Authors: Kidd Evan , Bidgood Amy , Donnelly Seamus , Durrant Samantha , Peter Michelle S. , Rowland Caroline F. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Much of Lieven’s pioneering work has helped move the study of individual differences to the centre of child language research. The goal of the present chapter is to illustrate how the study of individual differences provides crucial insights into the language acquisition process. In part one, we summarise some of the evidence showing how pervasive individual differences are across the whole of the language system; from gestures to morphosyntax. In part two, we describe three causal factors implicated in explaining individual differences, which, we argue, must be built into any theory of language acquisition (intrinsic differences in the neurocognitive learning mechanisms, the child’s communicative environment, and developmental cascades in which each new linguistic skill that the child has to acquire depends critically on the prior acquisition of foundational abilities). In part three, we present an example study on the role of the speed of linguistic processing on vocabulary development, which illustrates our approach to individual differences. The results show evidence of a changing relationship between lexical processing speed and vocabulary over developmental time, perhaps as a result of the changing nature of the structure of the lexicon. The study thus highlights the benefits of an individual differences approach in building, testing, and constraining theories of language acquisition.