bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence on food control in charitable food assistance programs: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Makhunga Sizwe , Mashamba-Thompson Tivani , Hlongwa Mbuzeleni , Hlongwana Khumbulani 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundFood control is defined as a mandatory regulatory activity of enforcement aimed at ensuring that all foods during production, handling, storage, processing, and distribution are safe, wholesome, and fit for human consumption; conform to safety and quality requirements; and are honestly and accurately labeled as prescribed by law. This applies to food served by the conventional food supply chain as well as the charitable food assistance programs (CFAPs). This review sought to map the available evidence on the food control in the CFAPs globally.MethodsIn order to identify the literature, we developed a series of search terms, as well as parameters for including articles to review the literature using African Index Medicus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and EBSCOhost (MEDLINE with full text, Academic search complete, MEDLINE) search engines. Articles were also searched through the “Cited by” search as well as citations included in the reference lists of included articles. We included studies reported in all languages and published from inception to 2018. We included studies if they presented evidence of the CFAPs, namely food banks, food charitable organizations (FCOs), pantries, community soup kitchens, and emergency shelters. We presented the results of our search using thematic analysis in order to reveal the emerging themes.ResultsBeyond inconsistencies with the classification of the CFAPs, our study found significant knowledge gaps in crucial areas, namely food vulnerability, food traceability, vulnerability of beneficiary populations, and lack of food control. Our search yielded a total of 23 articles, which we included in the analysis. Results show that while food is the critical commodity to saving lives, if not controlled properly, it can have an adverse effect, especially on people it is meant to benefit (the vulnerable).ConclusionWith no previous comprehensive review to assess what is known about food control in the CFAPs, we undertook a scoping review, focusing on mapping the key concepts, including the main sources and types of evidence available. By drawing conclusions about the overall state of research activity and identifying research gaps and priorities in the existing literature, this study provides a baseline assessment of the CFAP research published in peer-reviewed journals from inception to 2018.
Non-timber forest products and their contribution to healthcare and livelihood security among the Karbi tribe in Northeast India
Authors: Mipun Puranjoy , Bhat Nazir Ahmad , Borah Dipankar , Kumar Yogendra 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) have been an essential source for food, medicine, and handicraft products among the indigenous populations living in forested areas for millennia. Scientific research on the restoration of the importance of NTFPs and their value addition could potentially guide the development of new nutraceutical products in the future. The present study aims to investigate the diversity of non-timber forest products of the Karbi Anglong District of Assam in Northeast India.

Methods
Multistage sampling technique was used for the study. A total of 70 respondents from 7 randomly selected villages were interviewed with a well-developed semi-structured questionnaire to explore the utilisation of NTFPs. Data analysis was done using four quantitative indices: (a) use report (UR), (b) use value (UV), (c) informant consensus factor (ICF), and (d) fidelity level (FL).

Results
A total of 138 plant species belonging to 59 families distributed in 110 genera were recorded and identified as NTFPs of 1 type or the other. These include 42% having ethnomedicinal use, 33% as edible forest products, 15% as household building materials and utensils, 6% as spices and condiments, and 4% as herbal dyes. Among the medicinal plant species, Abroma augustum (L.) L. f., Amaranthus spinosus L, and Geophila repens (L.) I. M. Johnst. showed the highest ICF and FL.

Conclusions
The present study confirms that NTFPs have played an essential role in the healthcare and livelihood of the indigenous people of the Karbi tribe throughout their generations and continue to do so. Also, the species with high value for both ICF and FL could be used for the development of new, cheap, effective, and eco-friendly herbal formulations for healthcare management leading to economic and social benefits to the indigenous tribe. However, anthropogenic pressure and overexploitation of NTFPs may lead to the loss of this precious natural resource from this area.
Low-density lipoprotein-antioxidant flavonoids and a phenolic ester from Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus
Authors: Ji Hyeon-Seon , Li Hua , Mo Eun-Jin , Kim Un-Hee , Kim Young-Ho , Park Ho-Yong , Jeong Tae-Sook 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
To investigate the effects of extraction solvents and drying methods on Plectranthus hadiensis var. tomentosus quality, eight compounds were isolated and the content of active compounds with their antioxidant activities were compared. Compounds 1 and 2 were known antioxidants, whereas the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-antioxidant activities of compounds 3, 5, 6, and 7 are reported for the first time, with IC50 values of 2.5, 3.8, 22.8, and 53.7 μM, respectively. Our analysis of 30‒95% ethanol extracts from freeze- and air-dried leaves and stems revealed a relationship between extract composition and antioxidant activity. The 95% ethanol extracts of freeze-dried stems (FDS) exhibited highest phenolic and flavonoid content, which were 1.40 and 2.67 times, respectively, greater than those of air-dried stems (ADS), and very high LDL-antioxidant and DPPH radical scavenging activities, which may have resulted from the phenolic ester rosmarinic acid (2), a major component of FDS extracts and potent antioxidant. In contrast, the 95% ethanol extracts of ADS exhibited relatively low antioxidant activity, possibly owing to the low antioxidant activity of the main components ayanin (7) and (+)-plectranthone (8). These results are important for the development of P. hadiensis var. tomentosus as an effective natural antioxidant material.
Intrathoracic hemorrhage by deep pericardial sutures as detected by transesophageal echocardiography: report of two cases
Authors: Nagai Mirei , Kurokawa Satoshi , Ozaki Makoto , Nomura Minoru 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
The use of deep pericardial suture (DPS) is a widely used technique to lift the heart and expose the targeted vessels during off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCAB). Several reports alert massive bleeding due to DPS, especially for the patients with perioperative administration of tissue plasminogen activator, low molecular weight heparin, and administration of double antiplatelet agents.

Case presentation
We report two cases of bleeding followed by huge hematoma formation in the left thoracic cavity caused by DPS during OPCAB. In one, bleeding was caused by damage to the left lower pulmonary vein and damage to the diaphragmatic artery in the other. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a potent tool for detecting complications and identifying the location of bleeding.

Conclusions
TEE is useful for finding hemorrhagic complications and for determining the points of bleeding based on the location of the hematoma.
Setting the stage for corporate headquarters: a technological explanation for the rise of modern industrial corporations
Authors: Baldwin Carliss Y. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper combines theories of organizational design with theories of production to provide a novel perspective, which helps explain the technological forces that led to the rise of vertically integrated “modern” corporations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. I describe the technology of a flow process with bottlenecks and show how this technology rewards unified governance, a hierarchical organization structure, and the use of direct authority. These properties in turn became the organizational hallmarks of “modern” industrial corporations with central corporate headquarters.
Neuromodulation as a new avenue for resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock
Authors: Powell Keren , Shah Kevin , Hao Caleb , Wu Yi-Chen , John Aashish , Narayan Raj K. , Li Chunyan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHemorrhagic shock (HS), a major cause of early death from trauma, accounts for around 40% of mortality, with 33–56% of these deaths occurring before the patient reaches a medical facility. Intravenous fluid therapy and blood transfusions are the cornerstone of treating HS. However, these options may not be available soon after the injury, resulting in death or a poorer quality of survival. Therefore, new strategies are needed to manage HS patients before they can receive definitive care. Recently, various forms of neuromodulation have been investigated as possible supplementary treatments for HS in the prehospital phase of care. Here, we provide an overview of neuromodulation methods that show promise to treat HS, such as vagus nerve stimulation, electroacupuncture, trigeminal nerve stimulation, and phrenic nerve stimulation and outline their possible mechanisms in the treatment of HS. Although all of these approaches are only validated in the preclinical models of HS and are yet to be translated to clinical settings, they clearly represent a paradigm shift in the way that this deadly condition is managed in the future.
Ecological specificity of the metagenome in a set of lower termite species supports contribution of the microbiome to adaptation of the host
Authors: Waidele Lena , Korb Judith , Voolstra Christian R. , Dedeine Franck , Staubach Fabian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundElucidating the interplay between hosts and their microbiomes in ecological adaptation has become a central theme in evolutionary biology. A textbook example of microbiome-mediated adaptation is the adaptation of lower termites to a wood-based diet, as they depend on their gut microbiome to digest wood. Lower termites have further adapted to different life types. Termites of the wood-dwelling life type never leave their nests and feed on a uniform diet. Termites of the foraging life type forage for food outside the nest and have access to other nutrients. Here we sought to investigate whether the microbiome that is involved in food substrate breakdown and nutrient acquisition might contribute to adaptation to these dietary differences. We reasoned that this should leave ecological imprints on the microbiome.ResultsWe investigated the protist and bacterial microbiomes of a total of 29 replicate colonies from five termite species, covering both life types, using metagenomic shotgun sequencing. The microbiome of wood-dwelling species with a uniform wood diet was enriched for genes involved in lignocellulose degradation. Furthermore, metagenomic patterns suggest that the microbiome of wood-dwelling species relied primarily on direct fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, while the microbiome of foraging species entailed the necessary pathways to utilize nitrogen in the form of nitrate for example from soil.ConclusionOur findings are consistent with the notion that the microbiome of wood-dwelling species bears an imprint of its specialization on degrading a uniform wood diet, while the microbiome of the foraging species might reflect its adaption to access growth limiting nutrients from more diverse sources. This supports the idea that specific subsets of functions encoded by the microbiome can contribute to host adaptation.
Liquid electron microscopy: then, now and future
Authors: Bharda Anahita Vispi , Jung Hyun Suk 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Contemporary microscopic imaging at near-atomic resolution of diverse embodiments in liquid environment has gained keen interest. In particular, Electron Microscopy (EM) can provide comprehensive framework on the structural and functional characterization of samples in liquid phase. In the past few decades, liquid based electron microscopic modalities have developed tremendously to provide insights into various backgrounds like biological, chemical, nanoparticle and material researches. It serves to be a promising analytical tool in deciphering unique insights from solvated systems. Here, the basics of liquid electron microscopy with few examples of its applications are summarized in brief. The technical developments made so far and its preference over other approaches is shortly presented. Finally, the experimental limitations and an outlook on the future technical advancement for liquid EM have been discussed.
Effectiveness of a Lay Navigation Program in an Academic Cancer Center
Authors: Winget Marcy , Holdsworth Laura , Wang Suwei , Veruttipong Darlene , Zionts Dani , Rosenthal Eben L. , Asch Steven M. 
Published: October 2019

PURPOSE: A navigation program with lay navigators that targets patients with cancer who are receiving multiple treatment modalities was launched with the goal of improving care coordination. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Pseudo-randomization and mixed methods were used to evaluate the program: patients with even-numbered medical records were assigned to navigation help, and patients with odd-numbered medical records made up the control group. Eligible patients were those scheduled to receive at least two treatment modalities. Intent-to-treat, as-treated, and high-user cohorts with propensity matched controls were used to assess the outcomes: patient experience, emergency room (ER) use, and unplanned hospitalizations. In-depth patient interviews explored how and why patients interacted with the navigator program and overall patient experience. RESULTS: Marginally lower incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for both ER visits (IRR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.36) and unplanned hospitalizations (IRR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.43) occurred in as-treated patients who used navigation help and who lived within 50 miles of Stanford Hospital compared with their matched controls; other cohort analyses had similar results. Survey scores for patients who received help with navigation did not differ significantly from those for corresponding controls in any of the analytic cohorts. Patient interviews suggested that the navigation program had low visibility among patients and that lay navigators drove use of the program. Patient-reported positive experiences included getting help with complex scheduling, alleviating anxiousness through access to information and educational resources, and getting help with activities outside traditional health care; negative experiences stemmed from having expectations that were not met. CONCLUSION: Marginally lower rates of ER visits and unplanned hospitalizations for a small subset of patients, low penetration of the navigation program, and mixed comments from patient interviews suggest that a navigation program with a broad scope that targets a large population is not effective. Modifying the program to have a narrower scope of practice may help better target anxious or high-risk patients.
Bayesian Utility-Based Designs for Subgroup-Specific Treatment Comparison and Early-Phase Dose Optimization in Oncology Clinical Trials
Authors: Thall Peter F. 
Published: October 2019

PURPOSEDespite the fact that almost any sample of patients with a particular disease is heterogeneous, most clinical trial designs ignore the possibility that treatment or dose effects may differ between prognostic or biologically defined subgroups. This article reviews two clinical trial designs that make subgroup-specific decisions and compares each to a simpler design that ignores patient heterogeneity. The purpose is to illustrate the benefits of accounting prospectively for treatment-subgroup interactions and how utilities may be used to quantify risk-benefit trade-offs.METHODSTwo Bayesian clinical trial designs that perform subgroup-specific decision making and inference based on elicited utilities of patient outcomes are reviewed. The first is a randomized comparative trial of nutritional prehabilitation for patients undergoing esophageal resection that has two prognostic subgroups and is based on postoperative morbidity score. The second is a sequentially adaptive trial of natural killer cells for treating hematologic malignancies that is based on five time-to-event outcomes and that performs safety monitoring and optimizes cell dose within six disease subgroups. Computer simulations under a range of different scenarios are presented for each design to establish its operating characteristics and compare it to a more conventional design that ignores patient heterogeneity.RESULTSEach design has attractive operating characteristics, is greatly superior to a simplified design that ignores patient subgroups, is robust to deviations from its assumed statistical model, and is feasible to use for conducting trials.CONCLUSIONBayesian designs that make subgroup-specific decisions in randomized comparative trials or sequentially adaptive early-phase dose-finding trials are superior to designs that ignore patient heterogeneity. Using elicited utilities of complex patient outcomes to quantify risk-benefit trade-offs provides a practical and ethical basis for decision making and treatment evaluation in clinical trials.
Nutrient restriction causes reversible G2 arrest in Xenopus neural progenitors
Authors: McKeown Caroline R. , Cline Hollis T. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Nutrient status affects brain development; however, the effects of nutrient availability on neural progenitor cell proliferation in vivo are poorly understood. Without food, Xenopus laevis tadpoles enter a period of stasis during which neural progenitor proliferation is drastically reduced, but resumes when food becomes available. Here, we investigate how neural progenitors halt cell division in response to nutrient restriction and subsequently re-enter the cell cycle upon feeding. We demonstrate that nutrient restriction causes neural progenitors to arrest in G2 of the cell cycle with increased DNA content, and that nutrient availability triggers progenitors to re-enter the cell cycle at M phase. Initiation of the nutrient restriction-induced G2 arrest is rapamycin insensitive, but cell cycle re-entry requires mTOR. Finally, we show that activation of insulin receptor signaling is sufficient to increase neural progenitor cell proliferation in the absence of food. A G2 arrest mechanism provides an adaptive strategy to control brain development in response to nutrient availability by triggering a synchronous burst of cell proliferation when nutrients become available. This may be a general cellular mechanism that allows developmental flexibility during times of limited resources.
Conjugate eye movements guide jumping locomotion in an avian species
Authors: Yorzinski Jessica L. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Many animals rely on vision to successfully locomote through their environments. However, our understanding of the interaction between vision and locomotion is surprisingly limited. This study therefore examined the visual mechanisms guiding jumping locomotion in an avian species. It recorded the eye movements of captive Indian peafowl (Pavo cristatus) as they jumped up onto and down from a perch. Peafowl shifted their eyes forward as they were jumping, increasing the degree of binocular overlap. Their eye movements were highly conjugate as they were jumping but were otherwise loosely conjugate. Finally, the peafowl rarely directed their gaze toward landing spots. These results suggest that eye movements play a central role in avian locomotion and they can vary depending on the specific locomotor task.
Exercise Effects on Mitochondrial Function and Lipid Metabolism during Energy Balance
Authors: WARREN JONATHAN L. , HUNTER GARY R. , GOWER BARBARA A. , BAMMAN MARCAS M. , WINDHAM SAMUEL T. , MOELLERING DOUGLAS R. , FISHER GORDON 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT

Introduction/Purpose
Aerobic exercise training (AET) has been shown to improve mitochondrial bioenergetics and upregulate proteins related to lipid metabolism. However, it remains to be determined if these alterations associated with AET persist when measured in energy balance (EB) in the days after the last bout of training. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that improvements in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function induced by AET observed in previous literature would persist when measured after restoring EB conditions 72 h removed from the last exercise bout.

Methods
Participants were 14 premenopausal women (age = 31.2 ± 6.7 yr, BMI = 26.6 ± 5.1 kg·m−2). The AET program required three monitored training sessions per week for 8–16 wk. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained at baseline and after 8–16 wk of AET (≥72 h after the last exercise bout). All food was provided for 72 h before biopsies, and EB was managed 24 h before testing within ±100 kcal of measured energy requirements using a whole-room calorimeter. Mitochondrial oxidative capacity was quantified in permeabilized muscle fibers from the vastus lateralis.

Results
We found that AET increased coupled respiration (154%) and uncoupled respiration (90%) rates using a fatty acid substrate (palmitoyl carnitine) (P < 0.05). However, when rates were normalized to complex IV activity (a marker of mitochondrial content), no significant differences were observed. In addition, there were no changes in proteins known to mediate mitochondrial biogenesis or lipid transport and metabolism after AET.

Conclusion
Eight to 16 wk of AET improved mitochondrial capacity under fatty acid substrate when assessed in EB, which appears to be due to mitochondrial biogenesis.
Case Report: Nodular colloid degeneration of the skin
Authors: Niknezhad Nasim , Bidari-Zerehpoosh Farahnaz , Niknejad Nakisa , Mozafari Nikoo 
Published: October 2019

In this report, we described a 58-year-old man, presenting with multiple plaques and nodules over the nose and forehead resembling sarcoidosis or lepromatous leprosy. The histologic study revealed deposition of the mass of amorphous, eosinophilic-cleaved, colloid materials in the papillary dermis and deep dermis. The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain was positive, whereas the Congo red stain was negative. Based on the clinical and pathologic findings, the patient was diagnosed with nodular colloid degeneration(NCD). To treat the patient, lesions were flattened using a Co2 laser. The patient did not return for follow-up. NCD is a rare disease, with only 12 cases having been previously reported. Here, we present a case of NCD that occurred on the face and discuss the topic of how to discriminate between NCD and other similar entities, emphasizing that nodular colloid degeneration should be considered in the differential diagnosis of asymptomatic facial plaques and nodules.