bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of bilateral illioinguinal illiohypogastric nerve block and wound site infiltration as a part of post-operative analgesia in patients undergoing elective caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. A prospective cohort study
Authors: Zemedkun Bezaye , Mola Simeneh , Aweke Zemedu , Admasu Wosenyeleh , Aweke Senait , Shitemaw Tewoderos , Jemal Bedru , Asichale Agmuas , Neme Derartu 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Cesarean section is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures. Postoperative pain after cesarean section is moderate to severe, though it has been neglected due to several reasons. Systemic opoids, local wound infiltration, and abdominal nerve blocks are among popular techniques used for postoperative pain after cesarean section in an area where epidural analgesia is barely practiced. Thus, this study aimed to assess the analgesic effectiveness of II-IH nerve block and wound site infiltration for pain management after cesarean section.

Method:
An institutional based prospective cohort study was conducted on 72 parturient scheduled for elective cesarean section. The parturients grouped based on whether they took II-IH, WSI or non-exposed groups. Data collection methods include preoperative chart review, intraoperative observation and postoperative patient interview starting from recovery room for 24 h. Time to first analgesic request, NRS score and total analgesic consumption were used as outcome variables. Continuous data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or kuruska-walih H rank test depending on normality whereas categorical data analyzed by Pearson chi-square test.

Result:
Time to first analgesic request was significantly prolonged in II-IH groups compared to WSI and Non-exposed groups with p-value 0.01. Similarly, NRS score within 24 h was significantly lower in II-IH groups compared to Non-exposed Group at all follow up periods except at 2 and 24 h. However, WSI reduced NRS score, in a comparison with non-exposed group, only at 4 and 6 h with p-value of 0.04 and 0.02 respectively. In addition, the post hoc comparison of total tramadol consumption revealed significant difference between all the possible three comparisons.

Conclusion and Recommendation:
Although II-IH nerve block provides better and prolonged pain relief, WSI was also effective analgesic technique for post cesarean section pain. Therefore, we recommend use of either II-IH or WSI as a part of post-operative pain management for cesarean section. Further Randomized controlled trial studies were also recommended on similar area.

Highlights:
Climate as a possible driver of gall morphology in the chestnut pest Dryocosmus kuriphilus across Spanish invaded areas
Authors: Gil-Tapetado Diego , Cabrero-Sañudo Francisco José , Polidori Carlo , Gómez Jose F. , Nieves-Aldrey José Luis 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe alien cynipid wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu, 1951 is a serious pest of chestnuts (Castanea spp.) in Japan, North America and Europe, causing fruit losses while inducing galls in buds. While D. kuriphilus galls have a recognizable and roughly invariable globular shape, their size varies, reaching up to 4 cm in diameter. Among other factors, such variation may depend on different climatic conditions in different attacked areas. Here, we sampled and measured 375 D. kuriphilus galls from 25 localities throughout the Iberian Peninsula, including both cold and rainy northern (Eurosiberian) areas and warm and dry central-southern (Mediterranean) areas, to test the effects of climate and geographical location on gall morphology. The analyses indicate that gall mass and volume follow a pattern that can be associated with a climatic cline. In particular, the Eurosiberian galls were smaller than the Mediterranean galls according to differences in climatic conditions. In the southern areas, the greater insolation regime does not allow the chestnut trees to be distributed at lower altitudes, but the high rainfall and humidity regime of the mountain enclaves allow their presence. These conditions of insolation and precipitation seem to influence the morphological characteristics of the galls of D. kuriphilus.
Canadian Parties Matter More Than You Think: Party and Leader Ratings Moderate Party Cue Effects
Authors: Guntermann Eric , Lachapelle Erick 
Published: August 2020

AbstractScholars have long studied the influence of parties on citizens’ policy preferences. Experiments conducted outside Canada have convincingly shown that the cues offered by political parties can influence people’s attitudes. However, the most prominent study of party cue effects in Canada finds weak effects, concluding that Canadian parties are less influential because they are less clearly ideological than parties elsewhere. We propose that parties are actually more influential than they appear because party cue effects partly depend on variables other than partisanship, notably attitudes toward the cue-giver. This is especially true in countries like Canada with multi-party systems. We show that attitudes toward parties are not clearly reflected in partisanship in Canada. We then show that more specific measures of party and leader attitudes better account for how experimental participants react to cues than does party identification alone.
A new species ofContracaecum(Nematoda: Anisakidae) found parasitizingNannopterum brasilianus(Suliformes: Phalacrocoracidae) andHoplias argentinensis(Characiformes: Erythrinidae) in South America: morphological and molecular characterization of larval and adult stages
Authors: Sardella C.J. , Mancini M. , Salinas V. , Simões R.O. , Luque J.L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNematode species of the genusContracaecumRailliet & Henry, 1912 have been reported around the world in many species of fish-eating birds and seals. Here,Contracaecum jorgein. sp. is morphologically described using light and scanning electron microscopy for adults and fourth-stage larvae (L4) found in the birdNannopterum brasilianusand third-stage larvae (L3) found in the freshwater fishHoplias argentinensis, both from the province of Córdoba, Argentina. Additionally, sequences of cytochromecoxidase subunit II were obtained from these specimens and molecular phylogenetic analysis was used to determine its relationships within the genus. The present species is distinguished from other species by the number and disposition of cephalic papillae; shape and size of the interlabia; length of the spicules; and number and arrangement of papillae in the posterior end of the male. Furthermore, in the molecular analyses, sequences obtained from adult L4 and L3 specimens ofC. jorgein. sp. were similar and grouped, forming an independent lineage, thus confirming it as a distinct species. Thus, morphological characteristics associated with molecular data support the proposal of a new species.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi decrease Meloidogyne enterolobii infection of Guava seedlings
Authors: de Sá C.S.B. , Campos M.A.S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Guava (Psidium guajava L.) production is prominent in the irrigated fruit growing area of Brazil. However, the parasite Meloidogyne enterolobii (a phytonematode) has caused a decrease in guava production. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are known to be beneficial to plants; however, their ability to protect plants against nematodes such as M. enterolobii remains poorly known. This study aimed to monitor M. enterolobii infection in guava seedlings inoculated with three AMF species. After AMF inoculation, the seedlings were grown in sterile soil for 60 days before inoculation with 2000 M. enterolobii eggs. Plant growth parameters, mycorrhizal colonization and the number of Meloidogyne in the roots were determined over time (30 and 60 days after Meloidogyne inoculation). The AMF enhanced guava seedling growth, and reduced the amount of Meloidogyne in the roots at 30 and 60 days after nematode inoculation, indicating that these AMF species could serve as biocontrol agents of M. enterolobii in guava cultivation.
‘This democracy is killing us’: perceptions of rights and democracy in the South African Police Service
Authors: Brooks Heidi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPolice reform in South Africa has been a crucial component of democratic consolidation. Yet recent research presents a contrasting set of opinions, indicating low levels of public trust in the South African Police Service (SAPS), but continued belief in their right to enforce the law, and a strong sense of isolation amongst officers themselves. As police are constitutive of the officers who populate their ranks, attention should be given to how ‘democracy’ is perceived by those charged with its protection. Through a series of interviews, this article examines how SAPS officers understand and experience ‘democracy’. Situating officers in the broader society and communities in which they work, it shows that officers conceive of democracy predominantly through the lens of ‘rights’ and that their role in protecting rights is complicated by the transitional nature of South Africa's democracy. It also provides insight into a sense of disempowerment amongst officers, suggesting negative conceptions of thequalityof democracy and of thebalanceof liberal constitutionalism with the democratic impetus of building safer communities.
Partisanship, elite messages, and support for populism in power
Authors: Aytaç S. Erdem , Çarkoğlu Ali , Elçi Ezgi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDiscontent is seen as a critical driver for the appeal of populism, yet studies have typically focused on cases of populism in opposition. We argue that scholars’ emphasis on populism in opposition led them to overlook the roles of elite messages and partisanship in the adoption of populist attitudes. Drawing on theories of elite-driven public opinion, we contend that populist attitudes do not need to be rooted in discontent. In cases of populism in power, those who are more satisfied politically and economically, and partisans of the ruling party should display higher levels of populist attitudes. We provide observational and experimental survey evidence in this direction from Turkey, where a populist party has long been in power. We also find that the dominant characteristic of support for populism in power is an emphasis on popular sovereignty at the expense of institutions of horizontal accountability.
Paleomagnetism of the Middle Cenozoic Mula Basin (East Tibet): Evidence for km‐Scale Crustal Blocks Rotated by Midlower Crust Drag
Authors: Todrani Alessandro , Zhang Bo , Speranza Fabio , Chen Siyu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractExisting models describing continental crust deformation require the coexistence of strike‐slip faults and crustal blocks rotating between them, although the dimension and shape of the blocks and the location and offset of the faults are mostly unconstrained. Here we report on the paleomagnetism of middle Cenozoic (<45 Ma) continental red beds exposed along the 40 km long and 2–8 km wide NW‐trending Mula basin (East Tibet), unconformably lying above Triassic marine strata and plutons and mildly deformed by two subparallel thrust faults. A tectonic magnetic fabric and magnetic lineations subhorizontal and parallel to the compressive fronts show that thrust tectonics guided basin formation and continued soon after sediment deposition. Characteristic and high‐temperature components isolated at 17 sites support a positive fold test and suggest primary detrital magnetization acquisition. The comparison with East Asia paleopoles defines several 2–5 km wide crust fragments yielding variable rotations from ~30° counterclockwise to ~90° clockwise without clear rotation trend. No strike‐slip fault with offset exceeding 1 km occurs among blocks, and no regional‐scale strike‐slip fault is documented at basin vicinity, implying that the East Tibet rotation pattern is different from all existing block rotation models. A regional high thermal flow and vigorous geothermal activity are consistent with the occurrence of a ductile crust layer identified by seismological data at 13–30 km depths. We suggest that midlower crust, flowing SE‐ward toward Indochina, drag upper crust fragments that were randomly rotated depending on the local torque exerted on lower block boundaries by a ductile crust flow.
Process‐Based Analysis of the Added Value of Dynamical Downscaling Over Central Africa
Authors: Tamoffo Alain T. , Dosio Alessandro , Vondou Derbetini A. , Sonkoué Denis 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this study, nine global climate models (GCMs) and corresponding downscaled runs by means of the regional climate model (RCM) RCA4 are used to investigate added value (AV) in precipitation and its some drivers over Central Africa (CA). By employing a process‐based analysis approach, we intercompare abilities of RCM to those of driving GCMs in representing the total atmospheric moisture flux convergence (TMFC), moisture transport, and African Easterly Jets (AEJs). Results indicate that simulations with highest AVs in the precipitation climatology also show improvements in the representation of the TMFC and AEJs. Degraded precipitation due to the downscaling is associated with deterioration of at least two of three analyzed mechanisms, and sometimes there is inconsistent AVs between precipitation and related drivers. This sustains that a realistic representation of the moisture transport and atmospheric circulation is of great importance for the correct simulation of present (and, consequently, future) precipitation over CA.
Direct quantification of ecological drift at the population level in synthetic bacterial communities
Authors: Fodelianakis Stilianos , Valenzuela-Cuevas Adriana , Barozzi Alan , Daffonchio Daniele 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In community ecology, drift refers to random births and deaths in a population. In microbial ecology, drift is estimated indirectly via community snapshots but in this way, it is almost impossible to distinguish the effect of drift from the effect of other ecological processes. Controlled experiments where drift is quantified in isolation from other processes are still missing. Here we isolate and quantify drift in a series of controlled experiments on simplified and tractable bacterial communities. We detect drift arising randomly in the populations within the communities and resulting in a 1.4–2% increase in their growth rate variability on average. We further use our experimental findings to simulate complex microbial communities under various conditions of selection and dispersal. We find that the importance of drift increases under high selection and low dispersal, where it can lead to ~5% of species loss and to ~15% increase in β-diversity. The species extinct by drift are mainly rare, but they become increasingly less rare when selection increases, and dispersal decreases. Our results provide quantitative insights regarding the properties of drift in bacterial communities and suggest that it accounts for a consistent fraction of the observed stochasticity in natural surveys.
Evidence for hypoxia increasing the tempo of evolution in glioblastoma
Authors: Grimes David Robert , Jansen Marnix , Macauley Robert J. , Scott Jacob G. , Basanta David 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Tumour hypoxia is associated with metastatic disease, and while there have been many mechanisms proposed for why tumour hypoxia is associated with metastatic disease, it remains unclear whether one precise mechanism is the key reason or several in concert. Somatic evolution drives cancer progression and treatment resistance, fuelled not only by genetic and epigenetic mutation but also by selection from interactions between tumour cells, normal cells and physical micro-environment. Ecological habitats influence evolutionary dynamics, but the impact on tempo of evolution is less clear.

Methods
We explored this complex dialogue with a combined clinical–theoretical approach by simulating a proliferative hierarchy under heterogeneous oxygen availability with an agent-based model. Predictions were compared against histology samples taken from glioblastoma patients, stained to elucidate areas of necrosis and TP53 expression heterogeneity.

Results
Results indicate that cell division in hypoxic environments is effectively upregulated, with low-oxygen niches providing avenues for tumour cells to spread. Analysis of human data indicates that cell division is not decreased under hypoxia, consistent with our results.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that hypoxia could be a crucible that effectively warps evolutionary velocity, making key mutations more likely. Thus, key tumour ecological niches such as hypoxic regions may alter the evolutionary tempo, driving mutations fuelling tumour heterogeneity.
PGAM1, regulated by miR-3614-5p, functions as an oncogene by activating transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in the progression of non-small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Li Fangfang , Yang Hao , Kong Tiandong , Chen Shanshan , Li Ping , Chen Lu , Cheng Jiuling , Cui Guangying , Zhang Guojun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPhosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) is a recently identified key catalytic enzyme in aerobic glycolysis. Recent literature has documented that dysregulated PGAM1 expression is associated with tumorigenesis in various cancers. However, the expression status and biological function of PGAM1 in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are poorly elucidated. In this study, we found that PGAM1 was overexpressed in NSCLC tissues and that high expression of PGAM1 was associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. Functionally, gain- and loss-of-function analysis showed that PGAM1 promoted proliferation and invasion in vitro, and facilitated tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway was also markedly impaired in response to PGAM1 silencing. Additionally, we verified that PGAM1 was inhibited by miR-3614-5p via direct targeting of its 3’-untranslated regions in a hypoxia-independent manner. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-3614-5p attenuated NSCLC cell proliferation and invasion, and these effects could be partially reversed by reintroduction of PGAM1. Conclusively, our results suggest that the miR-3614-5p/PGAM1 axis plays a critical role during the progression of NSCLC, and these findings may provide a potential target for the development of therapeutic strategies for NSCLC patients.
Interpreting ancient food practices: stable isotope and molecular analyses of visible and absorbed residues from a year-long cooking experiment
Authors: Miller Melanie J. , Whelton Helen L. , Swift Jillian A. , Maline Sophia , Hammann Simon , Cramp Lucy J. E. , McCleary Alexandra , Taylor Geoffrey , Vacca Kirsten , Becks Fanya , Evershed Richard P. , Hastorf Christine A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChemical analyses of carbonized and absorbed organic residues from archaeological ceramic cooking vessels can provide a unique window into the culinary cultures of ancient people, resource use, and environmental effects by identifying ingredients used in ancient meals. However, it remains uncertain whether recovered organic residues represent only the final foodstuffs prepared or are the accumulation of various cooking events within the same vessel. To assess this, we cooked seven mixtures of C3and C4foodstuffs in unglazed pots once per week for one year, then changed recipes between pots for the final cooking events. We conducted bulk stable-isotope analysis and lipid residue analysis on the charred food macro-remains, carbonized thin layer organic patina residues and absorbed lipids over the course of the experiment. Our results indicate that: (1) the composition of charred macro-remains represent the final foodstuffs cooked within vessels, (2) thin-layer patina residues represent a mixture of previous cooking events with bias towards the final product(s) cooked in the pot, and (3) absorbed lipid residues are developed over a number of cooking events and are replaced slowly over time, with little evidence of the final recipe ingredients.
Localized-to-itinerant transition preceding antiferromagnetic quantum critical point and gapless superconductivity in CeRh0.5Ir0.5In5
Authors: Kawasaki Shinji , Oka Toshihide , Sorime Akira , Kogame Yuji , Uemoto Kazuhiro , Matano Kazuaki , Guo Jing , Cai Shu , Sun Liling , Sarrao John L. , Thompson Joe D. , Zheng Guo-qing 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA fundamental problem posed from the study of correlated electron compounds, of which heavy-fermion systems are prototypes, is the need to understand the physics of states near a quantum critical point (QCP). At a QCP, magnetic order is suppressed continuously to zero temperature and unconventional superconductivity often appears. Here, we report pressure (P)-dependent 115In nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) measurements on heavy-fermion antiferromagnet CeRh0.5Ir0.5In5. These experiments reveal an antiferromagnetic (AF) QCP at $${P}_{{\rm{c}}}^{{\rm{AF}}}=1.2$$

P

c

AF

=
1.2
GPa where a dome of superconductivity reaches a maximum transition temperature Tc. Preceding $${P}_{{\rm{c}}}^{{\rm{AF}}}$$

P

c

AF

, however, the NQR frequency νQ undergoes an abrupt increase at $${P}_{{\rm{c}}}^{{\rm{* }}}$$

P

c

*

= 0.8 GPa in the zero-temperature limit, indicating a change from localized to itinerant character of cerium’s f-electron and associated small-to-large change in the Fermi surface. At $${P}_{{\rm{c}}}^{{\rm{AF}}}$$

P

c

AF

where Tc is optimized, there is an unusually large fraction of gapless excitations well below Tc that implicates spin-singlet, odd-frequency pairing symmetry.
Electron energization in quasi-parallel shocks
Authors: Hanusch Adrian , Liseykina Tatyana V. , Malkov Mikhail A. 
Published: August 2020

Context. In situ observations of energetic particles at the Earth’s bow-shock that are attainable by the satellite missions have fostered the opinion for a long time that electrons are most efficiently accelerated in a quasi-perpendicular shock geometry. However, shocks that are deemed to be responsible for the production of cosmic ray electrons and their radiation from sources such as supernova remnants are much more powerful and larger than the Earth’s bow-shock. Their remote observations and also in situ measurements at Saturn’s bow shock, that is, the strongest shock in the Solar System, suggest that electrons are accelerated very efficiently in the quasi-parallel shocks as well.
Aims. In this paper we investigate the possibility that protons that are accelerated to high energies create sufficient wave turbulence, which is necessary for the electron preheating and subsequent injection into the diffusive shock acceleration in a quasi-parallel shock geometry.
Methods. An additional test-particle-electron population, which is meant to be a low-density addition to the electron core-distribution on which the hybrid simulation operates, is introduced. Our purpose is to investigate how these electrons are energized by the “hybrid” electromagnetic field. The reduced spatial dimensionality allowed us to dramatically increase the number of macro-ions per numerical cell and achieve the converged results for the velocity distributions of test electrons.
Results. We discuss the electron preheating mechanisms, which can make a significant part of thermal electrons accessible to the ion-driven waves observed in hybrid simulations. We find that the precursor wave field supplied by ions has a considerable potential to preheat the electrons before they are shocked at the subshock. Our results indicate that a downstream thermal equilibration of the hot test electrons and protons does not occur. Instead, the resulting electron-to-proton temperature ratio is a decreasing function of the shock Mach number, MA, which has a tendency for a saturation at high MA.