bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing Adaptive Radiations Across Space, Time, and Taxa
Authors: Gillespie Rosemary G , Bennett Gordon M , De Meester Luc , Feder Jeffrey L , Fleischer Robert C , Harmon Luke J , Hendry Andrew P , Knope Matthew L , Mallet James , Martin Christopher , Parent Christine E , Patton Austin H , Pfennig Karin S , Rubinoff Daniel , Schluter Dolph , Seehausen Ole , Shaw Kerry L , Stacy Elizabeth , Stervander Martin , Stroud James T , Wagner Catherine , Wogan Guinevere O U 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAdaptive radiation plays a fundamental role in our understanding of the evolutionary process. However, the concept has provoked strong and differing opinions concerning its definition and nature among researchers studying a wide diversity of systems. Here, we take a broad view of what constitutes an adaptive radiation, and seek to find commonalities among disparate examples, ranging from plants to invertebrate and vertebrate animals, and remote islands to lakes and continents, to better understand processes shared across adaptive radiations. We surveyed many groups to evaluate factors considered important in a large variety of species radiations. In each of these studies, ecological opportunity of some form is identified as a prerequisite for adaptive radiation. However, evolvability, which can be enhanced by hybridization between distantly related species, may play a role in seeding entire radiations. Within radiations, the processes that lead to speciation depend largely on (1) whether the primary drivers of ecological shifts are (a) external to the membership of the radiation itself (mostly divergent or disruptive ecological selection) or (b) due to competition within the radiation membership (interactions among members) subsequent to reproductive isolation in similar environments, and (2) the extent and timing of admixture. These differences translate into different patterns of species accumulation and subsequent patterns of diversity across an adaptive radiation. Adaptive radiations occur in an extraordinary diversity of different ways, and continue to provide rich data for a better understanding of the diversification of life.
Genetic discrimination: emerging ethical challenges in the context of advancing technology
Authors: Chapman Carolyn Riley , Mehta Kripa Sanjay , Parent Brendan , Caplan Arthur L 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Genetic testing is becoming more widespread, and its capabilities and predictive power are growing. In this paper, we evaluate the ethical justifications for and strength of the US legal framework that aims to protect patients, research participants, and consumers from genetic discrimination in employment and health insurance settings in the context of advancing genetic technology. The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) and other laws prohibit genetic and other health-related discrimination in the United States, but these laws have significant limitations, and some provisions are under threat. If accuracy and predictive power increase, specific instances of use of genetic information by employers may indeed become ethically justifiable; however, any changes to laws would need to be adopted cautiously, if at all, given that people have consented to genetic testing with the expectation that there would be no genetic discrimination in employment or health insurance settings. However, if our society values access to healthcare for both the healthy and the sick, we should uphold strict and broad prohibitions against genetic and health-related discrimination in the context of health insurance, including employer-based health insurance. This is an extremely important but often overlooked consideration in the current US debate on healthcare.
Immune Checkpoint Profiles in Luminal B Breast Cancer (Alliance)
Authors: Anurag Meenakshi , Zhu Mayanne , Huang Chen , Vasaikar Suhas , Wang Junkai , Hoog Jeremy , Burugu Samantha , Gao Dongxia , Suman Vera , Zhang Xiang H , Zhang Bing , Nielsen Torsten , Ellis Matthew J 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundUnlike estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer, ER-positive breast cancer outcome is less influenced by lymphocyte content, indicating the presence of immune tolerance mechanisms that may be specific to this disease subset.MethodsA supervised analysis of microarray data from the ACOSOG Z1031 (Alliance) neoadjuvant aromatase inhibitor (AI) trial identified upregulated genes in Luminal (Lum) B breast cancers that correlated with AI-resistant tumor proliferation (percentage of Ki67-positive cancer nuclei, Pearson r &gt; 0.4) (33 cases Ki67 &gt; 10% on AI) vs LumB breast cancers that were more AI sensitive (33 cases Ki67 &lt; 10% on AI). Overrepresentation analysis was performed using WebGestalt. All statistical tests were two-sided.ResultsThirty candidate genes positively correlated (r ≥ 0.4) with AI-resistant proliferation in LumB and were upregulated greater than twofold. Gene ontologies identified that the targetable immune checkpoint (IC) components IDO1, LAG3, and PD1 were overrepresented resistance candidates (P ≤ .001). High IDO1 mRNA was associated with poor prognosis in LumB disease (Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium, hazard ratio = 1.43, 95% confidence interval = 1.04 to 1.98, P = .03). IDO1 also statistically significantly correlated with STAT1 at protein level in LumB disease (Pearson r = 0.74). As a composite immune tolerance signature, expression of IFN-γ/STAT1 pathway components was associated with higher baseline Ki67, lower estrogen, and progesterone receptor mRNA levels and worse disease-specific survival (P = .002). In a tissue microarray analysis, IDO1 was observed in stromal cells and tumor-associated macrophages, with a higher incidence in LumB cases. Furthermore, IDO1 expression was associated with a macrophage mRNA signature (M1 by CIBERSORT Pearson r = 0.62 ) and by tissue microarray analysis.ConclusionsTargetable IC components are upregulated in the majority of endocrine therapy–resistant LumB cases. Our findings provide rationale for IC inhibition in poor-outcome ER-positive breast cancer.
Rare giant: mature cystic teratoma in the liver
Authors: Jaklitsch Manuel , Sobral Mafalda , de Figueiredo António Augusto Ferreira Pinto , Martins Americo , Marques Hugo Pinto 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Teratomas are rare pluripotent embryonic tumours occurring mostly in gonadal organs and pediatric age groups. Mature cystic teratoma in the liver are rare, and to the best of our knowledge, only a dozen cases in adults have been published in the literature. We present a 27-year-old female who had a history of loss of appetite and mild abdominal distention. Computed Tomography revealed a liver mass suggestive of teratoma. The patient underwent elective surgery, and the diagnosis of mature cystic liver teratoma was confirmed histologically. Measuring 23 cm in a longitudinal axis, the patient had an uneventful post-operative evolution and was discharged on day eight. Teratomas in the liver are a rare finding, especially in adults, mostly due to their asymptomatic evolution. Due to the possibility of malignant transformation, complete surgical resection remains the best treatment option.
Photodynamic activity of Tagetes minuta extracts against superficial fungal infections
Authors: Giacone Lucía , Cordisco Estefanía , Garrido María Clara , Petenatti Elisa , Sortino Maximiliano 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Candida and dermatophyte species are the most common causes of superficial mycoses because their treatment can be difficult due to limitations of current antifungal drugs in terms of toxicity, bioavailability, interactions, narrow-spectrum activity, and development of resistance. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the topical administration of a photosensitizer in combination with light of an appropriate wavelength and molecular oxygen that produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which promote damage to several vital components of the microorganism. Tagetes species are known as a source of thiophenes, biologically active compounds whose antifungal activity is enhanced by irradiation with UVA. The present investigation evaluated Tagetes minuta extracts as a photosensitizer on growth of Candida and dermatophytes and their effect on Candida virulence factors. T. minuta root hexane and dichloromethane extracts demonstrated high photodynamic antifungal activity. Bioautographic assays and chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of five thiophenes with reported photodynamic antifungal activities under UVA. Analysis of ROS production indicated that both type I and II reactions were involved in the activity of the extracts. In addition, the extracts inhibited virulence factors of Candida, such as adherence to epithelial surfaces and germ tube formation and showed efficacy against different Candida morphologies: budding cells, cells with germ tube and biofilms. Results suggested that PDT with T. minuta extracts might become a valuable alternative to the already established antifungal drugs for the treatment of superficial fungal infections.
Carina’s pillars of destruction: the view from ALMA
Authors: Klaassen P D , Reiter M R , McLeod A F , Mottram J C , Dale J E , Gritschneder M 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Forming high-mass stars have a significant effect on their natal environment. Their feedback pathways, including winds, outflows, and ionizing radiation, shape the evolution of their surroundings which impacts the formation of the next generation of stars. They create or reveal dense pillars of gas and dust towards the edges of the cavities they clear. They are modelled in feedback simulations, and the sizes and shapes of the pillars produced are consistent with those observed. However, these models predict measurably different kinematics which provides testable discriminants. Here we present the first ALMA Compact Array (ACA) survey of 13 pillars in Carina, observed in 12CO, 13CO, and C18O J = 2–1, and the 230 GHz continuum. The pillars in this survey were chosen to cover a wide range in properties relating to the amount and direction of incident radiation, proximity to nearby irradiating clusters and cloud rims, and whether they are detached from the cloud. With these data, we are able to discriminate between models. We generally find pillar velocity dispersions of &lt;1 km s−1 and that the outer few layers of molecular emission in these pillars show no significant offsets from each other, suggesting little bulk internal motions within the pillars. There are instances where the pillars are offset in velocity from their parental cloud rim, and some with no offset, hinting at a stochastic development of these motions.
CO in the C1 globule of the Helix nebula with ALMA
Authors: Andriantsaralaza M , Zijlstra A , Avison A 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
We present and analyse 12CO, 13CO, and C18O(2–1) ALMA observations of the C1 globule inside the Helix nebula in order to determine its physical properties. Our findings confirm the molecular nature of the globule with a multipeak structure. The 12CO line has a high optical depth τ ∼10. The derived 12C/13C∼10 and 16O/18O∼115 ratios are not in agreement with the expected isotopic ratios of carbon-rich AGB stars. Assuming that the 12CO optical depth has been underestimated, we can find a consistent fit for an initial mass of 2 M⊙. We obtain a molecular mass of $\sim 2\, \times 10^{-4}\, \mbox{M}_\odot$ for the C1 globule, which is much higher than its mass in the literature. Clumping could play a role in the high molecular mass of the knot. The origin of the tail is discussed. Our findings show that the most probable model appears to be shadowing. The kinematics and molecular morphology of the knot are not consistent with a wind-swept model and the photoevaporation model alone is not enough to explain the nature of the globule. We propose an integrated model where the effects of the photoevaporation, the stream, and shadowing models are all considered in the tail shaping process.
MKT J170456.2–482100: the first transient discovered by MeerKAT
Authors: Driessen L N , McDonald I , Buckley D A H , Caleb M , Kotze E J , Potter S B , Rajwade K M , Rowlinson A , Stappers B W , Tremou E , Woudt P A , Fender R P , Armstrong R , Groot P , Heywood I , Horesh A , van der Horst A J , Koerding E , McBride V A , Miller-Jones J C A , Mooley K P , Wijers R A M J 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of the first transient with MeerKAT, MKT J170456.2–482100, discovered in ThunderKAT images of the low-mass X-ray binary GX339–4. MKT J170456.2–482100 is variable in the radio, reaching a maximum flux density of $0.71\pm 0.11\, \mathrm{mJy}$ on 2019 October 12, and is undetected in 15 out of 48 ThunderKAT epochs. MKT J170456.2–482100 is coincident with the chromospherically active K-type sub-giant TYC 8332-2529-1, and $\sim 18\, \mathrm{yr}$ of archival optical photometry of the star shows that it varies with a period of $21.25\pm 0.04\, \mathrm{d}$. The shape and phase of the optical light curve changes over time, and we detect both X-ray and UV emission at the position of MKT J170456.2–482100, which may indicate that TYC 8332-2529-1 has large star spots. Spectroscopic analysis shows that TYC 8332-2529-1 is in a binary, and has a line-of-sight radial velocity amplitude of $43\, \mathrm{km\, s^{-1}}$. We also observe a spectral feature in antiphase with the K-type sub-giant, with a line-of-sight radial velocity amplitude of $\sim 12\pm 10\, \mathrm{km\, s^{-1}}$, whose origins cannot currently be explained. Further observations and investigation are required to determine the nature of the MKT J170456.2–482100 system.
The possible role of stellar mergers for the formation of multiple stellar populations in globular clusters
Authors: Wang Long , Kroupa Pavel , Takahashi Koh , Jerabkova Tereza 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTMany possible scenarios for the formation of multiple stellar populations (MSPs) in globular clusters (GCs) have been discussed so far, including the involvement of asymptotic giant branch stars, fast-rotating main-sequence stars, very massive main-sequence stars and mass-transferring massive binaries based on stellar evolution modelling. But self-consistent, dynamical simulations of very young GCs are usually not considered. In this work, we perform direct N-body modelling of such systems with total masses up to 3.2 × 105 M⊙, taking into account the observationally constrained primordial binary properties, and discuss the stellar mergers driven both by binary stellar evolution and dynamical evolution of GCs. The occurrence of stellar mergers is enhanced significantly in binary-rich clusters such that stars forming from the gas polluted by merger-driven ejection/winds would appear as MSPs. We thus emphasize that stellar mergers can be an important process that connects MSP formation with star cluster dynamics, and that multiple MSP formation channels can naturally work together. The scenario studied here, also in view of a possible top-heavy initial mass function, may be particularly relevant for explaining the high mass fraction of MSPs (the mass budget problem) and the absence of MSPs in young and low-mass star clusters.
An empirical fit for viscoelastic simulations of tertiary tides
Authors: Gao Yan , Toonen Silvia , Grishin Evgeni , Comerford Tom , Kruckow Matthias U 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Tertiary tides (TTs), or the continuous tidal distortion of the tertiary in a hierarchical triple system, can extract energy from the inner binary, inducing within it a proclivity to merge. Despite previous work on the subject, which established that it is significant for certain close triple systems, it is still not a well-understood process. A portion of our ignorance in this regard stems from our inability to integrate a simulation of this phenomenon into conventional stellar evolution codes, since full calculations of these tidal interactions are computationally expensive on stellar evolution time-scales. Thus, to attain a better understanding of how these TTs act on longer time-scales, an empirical expression of its effects as a function of parameters of the triple system involved is required. In this work, we evaluate the rate at which TTs extract energy from the inner binary within a series of constructed hierarchical triple systems under varying parameters, and study the rate at which the inner binary orbital separation shrinks as a function of those parameters. We find that this rate varies little with the absolute values of the masses of the three component objects, but is very sensitive to the mass ratio of the inner binary q, the tertiary radius R3, the inner binary orbital separation a1, the outer orbital separation a2, and the viscoelastic relaxation time of the tertiary τ. More specifically, we find that the percentage by which a1 shrinks per unit time can be reasonably approximated by (1/a1)(da1/dt) = (2.22 × 10−8 yr−1)4q(1 + q)−2(R3/100 R⊙)5.2(a1/0.2 au)4.8(a2/2 au)−10.2 (τ/0.534 yr)−1.0. We also provide tests of how precise this fitting function is.
The Hunt for Pulsating Ultraluminous X-ray Sources
Authors: Song X , Walton D J , Lansbury G B , Evans P A , Fabian A C , Earnshaw H , Roberts T P 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Motivated by the recent discoveries that six Ultraluminous X-ray Sources (ULXs) are powered by highly super-Eddington X-ray pulsars, we searched for additional pulsating ULX (PULX) candidates by identifying sources that exhibit long-term flux variability of at least an order of magnitude (a common feature seen in the 6 known PULXs, which may potentially be related to transitions to the propeller regime). Expanding on previous studies, we used the available fluxes from XMM-Newton, Swift and Chandra, along with carefully computed upper limits in cases of a non-detection, to construct long-term lightcurves for a sample of 296 ULXs selected from the XMM-Newton archive. Among these 296, we find 25 sources showing flux variability larger than a factor of 10, of which 17 show some evidence for (or are at least consistent with) exhibiting bi-modal flux distributions, as would be expected for sources undergoing propeller transitions. These sources are excellent candidates for continued monitoring programs to further test for this behaviour. There are 3 sources in our final sample with fluxes similar to NGC 5907 ULX1, currently the faintest known PULX, which would also be good targets for deeper observations with current facilities to search for pulsations. For the rest of the PULX candidates identified here, the next generation of X-ray telescopes (such as Athena) may be required to determine their nature owing to their lower peak fluxes.
Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Novel Smoking Cessation App Designed for Individuals With Co-Occurring Tobacco Use Disorder and Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Vilardaga Roger , Rizo Javier , Palenski Paige E , Mannelli Paolo , Oliver Jason A , Mcclernon Francis J 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Introduction
High rates of tobacco use among people with serious mental illness (SMI), along with their unique needs, suggest the importance of developing tailored smoking cessation interventions for this group. Previous early-phase work empirically validated the design and content of Learn to Quit, a theory-based app designed for this population.

Methods
In a pilot randomized controlled trial, we compared the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of Learn to Quit versus QuitGuide, an app designed for the general population. All participants received nicotine replacement therapy and technical assistance. Daily smokers with SMI (N = 62) participated in the trial with outcomes assessed at weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16.

Results
Compared to QuitGuide, Learn to Quit participants had similar number of days of app use (34 vs. 32, p = .754), but larger number of app interactions (335 vs. 205; p = .001), longer durations of app use (4.24 hrs. vs. 2.14 hrs; p = .044), and higher usability scores (85 vs. 79, p = .046). At week 16, Learn to Quit led to greater reductions in cigarettes per day (12.3 vs. 5.9 for QuitGuide; p = 0.10). Thirty-day point prevalence abstinence was verified in 12% of Learn to Quit participants versus 3% of QuitGuide participants (odds ratio = 3.86, confidence interval = 0.41 to 36, p = .239). Changes in psychiatric symptoms and adverse events were not clinically significant between conditions.

Conclusions
This pilot trial provides strong evidence of Learn to Quit’s usability, feasibility, and safety. Preliminary evidence suggests the app may be efficacious. A randomized controlled efficacy trial is needed to test the app in a larger sample of smokers with SMI.

Implications
This study suggests that the Learn to Quit app is a feasible approach to deliver smoking cessation treatment in patients with co-occurring tobacco use disorder and SMI. This means that, if found efficacious, this technology could be used to deploy smoking cessation treatment to larger segments of this population, hence improving public health. Therefore, a randomized controlled trial should be conducted to examine the efficacy of this digital intervention.
State Capabilities for Problem-Oriented Governance
Authors: Mayne Quinton , de Jong Jorrit , Fernandez-Monge Fernando 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGovernments around the world are increasingly recognizing the power of problem-oriented governance as a way to address complex public problems. As an approach to policy design and implementation, problem-oriented governance radically emphasizes the need for organizations to continuously learn and adapt. Scholars of public management, public administration, policy studies, international development, and political science have made important contributions to this problem-orientation turn; however, little systematic attention has been paid to the question of the state capabilities that underpin problem-oriented governance. In this article, we address this gap in the literature. We argue that three core capabilities are structurally conducive to problem-oriented governance: a reflective-improvement capability, a collaborative capability, and a data-analytic capability. The article presents a conceptual framework for understanding each of these capabilities, including their chief constituent elements. It ends with a discussion of how the framework can advance empirical research as well as public-sector reform.
The ACE Index: mapping childhood adversity in England
Authors: Lewer Dan , King Emma , Bramley Glen , Fitzpatrick Suzanne , Treanor Morag C , Maguire Nick , Bullock Miriam , Hayward Andrew , Story Al 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Studies of adults show that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with health and social problems and are more common among people living in deprived areas. However, there is limited information about the geographical pattern of contemporary ACEs.

Methods
We used data from the police, social services, schools and vital statistics in England to calculate population rates of events that represent childhood adversity. We constructed an ‘ACE Index’ that summarizes the relative frequency of ACEs at local authority level, informed by the methods of the Index of Multiple Deprivation. We explored associations between the ACE Index and local characteristics in cross-sectional ecological analysis.

Results
The ACE Index was strongly associated with the proportion of children that live in income-deprived households (child poverty). In addition, the ACE Index was independently associated with higher population density and was higher in certain regions, particularly the north-east.

Conclusions
The association between ACEs and child poverty provides evidence of a process in which deprivation increases the risk of adverse experiences in childhood. The ACE Index can inform allocation of resources for prevention and mitigation of ACEs.