bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Good apples in good barrels: Conscientious people are more responsive to code enforcement
Authors: Slaughter Jerel E. , Cooper Dylan A. , Gilliland Stephen W. 
Published: July 2020

Meta‐analytic findings suggest that strongly enforcing ethical codes of conduct reduces unethical behaviour. However, this conclusion is based on a limited number of studies, leading ethics scholars to suggest that we need to know more about the effects of codes. Furthermore, the importance of understanding how individual differences may interact with situational characteristics to influence unethical behaviour has long been recognized, but few studies have examined both personal and situational variables. Using norm focus theory as an organizing framework, the authors argue that enforcement of an ethical code of conduct and individual‐level conscientiousness interacts to influence unethical behaviour. In Study 1, participants attended a laboratory session in which a code of conduct was presented and the participants had the opportunity to earn additional compensation if they acted unethically. Participants engaged in less unethical behaviour after they observed strict enforcement, but this was qualified by an enforcement x conscientiousness interaction: Strict enforcement led to lower unethical behaviour only among those who were more conscientious. In Study 2, a survey of working adults showed that the relation between code enforcement and unethical behaviour was mediated by a focus on injunctive norms, but only among those who were more conscientious. The findings therefore indicate that there are important boundary conditions on the effects of codes of conduct.Practitioner points

When people are aware of a code of conduct, but have no information about how strongly the code of conduct is enforced, they view enforcement as similar to a situation wherein they witness weak enforcement.

Strongly enforced codes of conduct serve to (1) increase the importance of avoiding unethical behaviour, and (2) reduce the magnitude of unethical behaviour, but only among those who are more conscientiousness.

To ensure reduction of unethical behaviour, organizations must strongly enforce codes and select employees who are highly conscientious.

Alternatively, organizations may test different methods of enforcement to identify those that are effective in reducing unethical behaviour regardless of how conscientious employees are.
Generating consumer terminology to describe emotions in pet owners and their pets
Authors: Tsai Weilun , Talavera Martin , Koppel Kadri 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEmotions affect the choices and behaviors of consumers toward products. However, there have been limited studies discussing the emotions of pet owners and pets (as perceived by their owners). The objectives of this study were to generate emotions terminology from both pets and pet owners and to investigate body language and signs perceived by pet owners related to pet emotion. Two focus groups were conducted for dog owners and two for cat owners. The participants were asked to provide activities that they share with their pets. Next, the participants voted on two positive and two negative activities to serve as situational backgrounds for providing how they and their pets feel when sharing specific activities. Lists of 39 and 53 emotion terms were generated for dogs and cats, respectively. In addition, lists of 33 and 60 emotion terms were created for dog owners and cat owners, respectively. Examples of emotion terms for dogs included excited, happy, anxious, and embarrassed, and calm, happy, angry, and fearful for cats. Overall, this study provided a general view of emotions experienced by pet owners and their pets, which may be helpful for the pet food industry and related areas to understand the pet food consumers further.Practical applicationsThe results from this study provide understanding on the range of emotions perceived by both pets and their owners. This information is needed to understand the human‐animal relationship and to improve services in pet care, health care, animal wellness, and human wellness areas.
The “two‐step four‐level+” pediatric triage method in a medical center in Southern China
Authors: Cai Xian , Wu Jinxia , Chen Jiechan , Sun Jing , Li Peiqing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPurposeBecause the quality of medical resources is extremely uneven across China, it is nearly impossible to implement a unified emergency triage program. The aim of the study is to examine triage using the “two‐step four‐level+” triage model in a hospital in Southern China, with an emphasis on hand, foot, and mouth disease.Design and MethodsThis was a retrospective study of all patients seen in the pediatric emergency room (ER) between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2018, at the Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center. The “two‐step and four‐level+” was manually implemented in 2012, and an electronic triage system was developed and applied since 2015. Emergency quality control indicators were analyzed.ResultsThere were 645,473 patients triaged at the pediatric ER between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018. After the first step, 17,444 patients were classified as unstable, including 6546 (1.01%) Level I patients, 10,898 (1.69%) Level II patients, 210,368 (32.5%) Level III patients, and 417,661 (64.8%) Level IV patients. After triage implementation, the stay time of the patient in the pediatric ER decreased each year (all p < .05) and shortened to 20.3 ± 2.2 h in 2018. Compared with 2012–2014, the mortality of 2015–2018 decreased by 21.1%, the rate of unexpected resuscitation was 0%, and the complaints of overcrowding decreased (all p < .05).Practice ImplicationsThis “two‐step four‐level+” triage method can improve the medical care quality of pediatric ER in China.
Sustained immune activation is associated with susceptibility to the amphibian chytrid fungus
Authors: Savage Anna E. , Gratwicke Brian , Hope Katharine , Bronikowski Edward , Fleischer Robert C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe disease chytridiomycosis caused by the fungus Bd has devastated amphibian populations worldwide. Functional genomic contributions to host susceptibility remain enigmatic and vary between species and populations. We conducted experimental Bd infections in Rana yavapaiensis, a species with intraspecific variation in chytridiomycosis susceptibility, to assess the skin and spleen transcriptomic response to infection over time. We predicted that increased immune gene expression would be associated with a positive disease outcome, but we instead found that surviving frogs had significantly reduced immune gene expression compared to susceptible frogs and to uninfected controls. MHC class IIβ gene expression was also significantly higher in susceptible frogs compared to surviving frogs. Furthermore, susceptible frogs expressed a significantly larger number of distinct class IIβ alleles, demonstrating a negative correlation between class IIβ expression, functional diversity, and survival. Expression of the MHC class IIβ locus previously associated with Bd disease outcomes was a significant predictor of Bd infection intensity at early infection stages but not at late infection stages, suggesting initial MHC‐linked immune processes are important for ultimate disease outcomes. We infer through disease association and phylogenetic analysis that certain MHC variants are linked to the immune expression that was negatively associated with survival, and we hypothesize that frogs that did not express these alleles could better survive infections. Our study finds that MHC expression at early and late infection stages predicts Bd infection intensity, and suggests that generating a sustained immune response against Bd may be counterproductive for surviving chytridiomycosis in this partially susceptible species.
Filifactor alocis‐derived extracellular vesicles inhibit osteogenesis through TLR2 signaling
Authors: Song Min‐Kyoung , Kim Hyun Young , Choi Bong‐Kyu , Kim Hong‐Hee 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFilifactor alocis, an asaccharolytic anaerobic Gram‐positive rod (AAGPR), is an emerging marker of periodontitis. Severe periodontitis causes destruction of the alveolar bone that supports teeth and can even lead to tooth loss. Based on our previous report that F. alocis‐derived extracellular vesicles (FA EVs) contain various effector molecules and have immunostimulatory activity, we investigated the effect of FA EVs on osteogenesis using mouse bone‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs). FA EVs dramatically inhibited bone mineralization similar to whole bacteria and reduced the expression levels of osteogenic marker genes. The osteogenic differentiation of TLR2‐deficient BMSCs was not inhibited by FA EVs, suggesting that their inhibitory effect on osteogenesis is dependent on TLR2 signaling. FA EVs effectively activated TLR2 downstream signaling of the MAPK and NF‐κB pathways. In addition, FA EVs regulated RANKL and OPG gene expression, increasing the RANKL/OPG ratio in BMSCs in a TLR2‐dependent manner. Our study suggests that F. alocis‐derived EVs interfere with bone metabolism via TLR2 activation, providing insight into the pathogenesis of bone loss associated with periodontitis.
Resisting easy inferences1
Authors: Bueno Otávio , Cumpa Javier 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAmie Thomasson has articulated a novel conception of ontological debates, defending an easy approach to ontological questions as part of the articulation of a deflationary metaphysical view (Thomasson, 2015). After raising some concerns to the approach, we sketch a neutralist alternative to her ontological framework, offering an even easier way of conducting ontological debates.
Comparing definitions of data and information in data protection law and machine learning: A useful way forward to meaningfully regulate algorithms?
Authors: Gellert Raphaël 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe notion of information is central to data protection law, and to algorithms/machine learning. This centrality gives the impressions that algorithms are just yet another data processing operation to be regulated. A more careful analysis reveals a number of issues. The notion of personal data is notoriously under‐defined, and attempts at clarification from an information theory perspective are also equivocal. The paper therefore attempts a clarification of the meaning of data and information in the context of information theory, which it uses in order to clarify the notion of personal data. In doing so, it shows that data protection law is grounded in the logic of knowledge communication, which stands in stark contrast with machine learning, which is predicated upon the logic of knowledge production, and hence, upon different definitions of data and information. This is what ultimately explains the failure of data protection to adequately regulate machine learning algorithms.
The relation between epicardial fat tissue thickness and atrial fibrillation ın hemodialysis patients
Authors: Guzel Fatma Betül , Altunoren Orcun , Gunes Hakan , Seyithanoglu Muhammed , Kerkutluoglu Murat , Sezal Didem Tutuncu , Gungor Ozkan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe prevalence of arrhythmia has increased in hemodialysis (HD) patients and the most frequent is atrial fibrillation (AF). It was reported that the amount of epicardial fat tissue (EFT) in the population without renal disease is closely related to AF. In the present study of ours, the relation between EFT thickness and AF was examined in HD patients. A total of 79 patients who underwent HD for periods longer than 3 months were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 53.6 ± 15.2 years and 50.6% were male. The mean EFT thicknesses were measured as 7.2 ± 2.3 mm (3‐12). A positive correlation was found between the EFT thickness and age, C‐reactive protein, and left ventricle rear wall thickness. AF was found in 18 (22.8%) patients in the Holter ECG examination. When the group with AF was compared with the non‐AF group; although the mean HD duration of the group with AF was longer, there were no significant differences in terms of epicardial adipose tissue thickness and other parameters. In the present study, no relations were found between EFT thickness and AF frequency in HD patients. Further studies with a larger number of the patient population are needed in this regard.
Leader Effects and Voting for the Populist Radical Right in Western Europe
Authors: Michel Elie , Garzia Diego , Ferreira da Silva Frederico , De Angelis Andrea 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCharismatic leaders are often assumed to drive the electoral success of populist radical right parties. Yet, little attention is given to how voter evaluations of leaders influence individual voting behavior. To our knowledge, no systematic and comparative tests of this empirical question exist. In this paper, we test to what extent voters’ support for populist radical right parties is fueled by leaders' appreciation. In order to examine leader effects on the populist radical right vote, we rely on an original dataset pooling 29 National Election Studies from ten established West European parliamentary democracies (1985‐2018). Our analysis finds that: (1) voters’ evaluation of party leaders is significantly associated with voting for populist radical right parties; (2) leader evaluations are more important than left‐right self‐placement when it comes to voting for the populist radical right, and (3) leader effects are more important for populist radical right voters than for other voters.
Management of immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients with COVID‐19 pneumonia: A summary of 41 confirmed cases reported worldwide
Authors: Hu Qianchao , Zhong Zibiao , Xiong Yan , Ye Shaojun , Wang Yanfeng , Ye Qifa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThere is no consensus on immunosuppression management for kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia. Therefore, we conducted a search in English database from October 2019 to July 2020 and extracted data from cases with treatment details worldwide, and total of 41 recipients with a median age of 50 years were enrolled in this study. Most of them were males (75.8%). The most common presenting symptoms were fever (80.5%), cough (63.4%), and fatigue (41.5%). Patients were classified into three catalogs according to severity of pneumonia: 17 (41.5%) were mild, 15 (36.6%) severe, and 9 (21.9%) critical disease. Laboratory tests revealed that serum creatinine of critical patients was significantly higher than that of mild or severe patients. 68.3% received oxygen support; all patients received antiviral therapy, and 15 (36.6%) recipients were additionally treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and interferon‐α. 19.5% of patients maintained immunosuppressive therapy; 36.6% suspended antimetabolite; and 43.9% only treated with corticosteroid. Six (14.6%) patients died (severe: 2, critical: 4); high creatinine with low lymphocyte count was the biggest challenge of immunosuppression management. In all, it is necessary to pay close attention to renal function and lymphocyte count in KTRs infected with COVID‐19 and choose appropriate medication programs according to the specific situations.
What are blood donors telling us about injecting drug use?
Authors: Reynolds Claire A. , Davison Katy L. , Andrews Nick , Brailsford Susan R. ,   the UK Blood Donor Survey Steering Group
Published: July 2020

Background and objectivesInjecting drug use (IDU), a permanent deferral for blood donors, was included in a review of donor selection criteria completed in 2017. Here, we describe what is known about IDU in blood donors in the United Kingdom (UK).Materials and methodsData were obtained from routine surveillance of donation testing and confirmed positive donors and a 2013/2014 UK survey of behaviour and compliance in screen‐negative donors.ResultsBetween 2009 and 2018, of 22 UK million donations screened, IDU was self‐reported at the post‐test discussion in 5% (86/1777) of donors with confirmed positive donations. Recent injecting within 12 months was reported in 8 HCV‐positive donors, but only in 1/14 donors where it was clear HCV infection had been acquired in the previous 12 months. Of 65 439 survey responders, 25 reported IDU, which when weighted to the donor population gave 99·95% compliance. Most of the 111 donors reporting IDU felt it was not important to their donation, mainly because their injecting was in the past, while three HCV‐positive recent injectors reported not sharing needles so presumably felt safe to donate.ConclusionCompliance with the permanent deferral appeared extremely high with low levels of injecting reported by donors, mainly in the past. This agreed with the low‐incident HCV infection observed in UK donors. These data contributed to a recommendation to reduce the deferral to 1 year. Ways of improving compliance in those few donors at current increased risk of infection need to be investigated.
Structure–function relation of the developing calyx of Held synapse in vivo
Authors: Sierksma Martijn C. , Slotman Johan A. , Houtsmuller Adriaan B. , Borst J. Gerard G. 
Published: July 2020

Key points
During development the giant, auditory calyx of Held forms a one‐to‐one connection with a principal neuron of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body.
While anatomical studies described that most of the target cells are temporarily contacted by multiple calyces, multi‐calyceal innervation was only sporadically observed in in vivo recordings, suggesting a structure–function discrepancy.
We correlated synaptic strength of inputs, identified in in vivo recordings, with post hoc labelling of the recorded neuron and synaptic terminals containing vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluT).
During development only one input increased to the level of the calyx of Held synapse, and its strength correlated with the large VGluT cluster contacting the postsynaptic soma.
As neither competing strong inputs nor multiple large VGluT clusters on a single cell were observed, our findings did not indicate a structure–function discrepancy.
AbstractIn adult rodents, a principal neuron in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid (MNTB) is generally contacted by a single, giant axosomatic terminal called the calyx of Held. How this one‐on‐one relation is established is still unknown, but anatomical evidence suggests that during development principal neurons are innervated by multiple calyces, which may indicate calyceal competition. However, in vivo electrophysiological recordings from principal neurons indicated that only a single strong synaptic connection forms per cell. To test whether a mismatch exists between synaptic strength and terminal size, we compared the strength of synaptic inputs with the morphology of the synaptic terminals. In vivo whole‐cell recordings of the MNTB neurons from newborn Wistar rats of either sex were made while stimulating their afferent axons, allowing us to identify multiple inputs. The strength of the strongest input increased to calyceal levels in a few days across cells, while the strength of the second strongest input was stable. The recorded cells were subsequently immunolabelled for vesicular glutamate transporters (VGluT) to reveal axosomatic terminals with structured‐illumination microscopy. Synaptic strength of the strongest input was correlated with the contact area of the largest VGluT cluster at the soma (r = 0.8), and no indication of a mismatch between structure and strength was observed. Together, our data agree with a developmental scheme in which one input strengthens and becomes the calyx of Held, but not with multi‐calyceal competition.
Passive and Walk-Away Safe Small and Microreactors for Electricity Generation and Production of Process Heat for Industrial Uses
Authors: El-Genk Mohamed S. , Schriener Timothy M. , Palomino Luis M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper presents the passive design and safety features as well as the biological dose estimates for end-of-life handling of postoperation for the walk-away safe, scalable liquid metal-cooled small modular (SLIMM) and very-small, long-life, modular (VSLLIM) small and microreactor with high-assay low enrichment uranium (HALEU). These passive operation sodium cooled, fast-neutron spectrum reactors have recently been developed at the University of New Mexico's Institute for Space and Nuclear Power studies. The SLIMM-small modular reactor could generate 100–10 MWth continuously, 24/7 without refueling for 6.3–68 full power years (FPYs), respectively, while the VSLLIM microreactor could generate 10–1.0 MWth without refueling for 5.8–92 FPYs, respectively. These reactors would be factory constructed, assembled, and sealed and then transported to designated sites by rail, a truck, or a barge. At the site, these reactors would be installed below ground, to protect against impact by an airplane or a missile, and mounted on seismic isolation bearings, to resist earthquakes. The SLIMM and VSLLIM reactors could provide for both electricity generation and process heat and the electrical plants can easily be connected to a central or distributed grid with renewable energy sources. The integrated VSLLIM reactor and other plant components for electricity generation and/or process heat production could all be deployed on a single railroad car, a barge, or an 18-wheeler truck, to small and remote communities, and advance bases or outposts.
Anxiety on Quiet Eye and Performance of Youth Pistol Shooters
Authors: Shah Eesha J. , Chow Jia Yi , Lee Marcus J.C. 
Published: July 2020

In adults, longer quiet-eye (QE) durations have been associated with more successful sport performances and less deterioration in skill during anxiety-inducing situations. This study aimed to establish if QE patterns in youth are similar to those reported in adults. Ten youth shooters, age 13.13 ± 0.83 years, completed an air-pistol task under a control and an anxiety condition. Mixed-design 2 (performance outcome) × 2 (condition) ANOVA tests were conducted with two performance measures—objective and coach rated. No significant main or interaction effects were found. Unlike in adults, performance and anxiety did not differentiate QE duration in youth athletes, although QE duration was longer during good shots than poor shots across both performance measures, and the shortest durations were recorded during poor shots in the anxiety condition. This preliminary exploration encourages more research with youth athletes to determine the efficacy of QE patterns across different learners.