bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protective effects of 4-aminopyridine in experimental optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Dietrich Michael , Koska Valeria , Hecker Christina , Göttle Peter , Hilla Alexander M , Heskamp Annemarie , Lepka Klaudia , Issberner Andrea , Hallenberger Angelika , Baksmeier Christine , Steckel Julia , Balk Lisanne , Knier Benjamin , Korn Thomas , Havla Joachim , Martínez-Lapiscina Elena H , Solà-Valls Nuria , Manogaran Praveena , Olbert Elisabeth D , Schippling Sven , Cruz-Herranz Andrés , Yiu Hao , Button Julia , Caldito Natalia Gonzalez , von Gall Charlotte , Mausberg Anne K , Stettner Mark , Zimmermann Hannah G , Paul Friedemann , Brandt Alexander U , Küry Patrick , Goebels Norbert , Aktas Orhan , Berndt Carsten , Saidha Shiv , Green Ari J , Calabresi Peter A , Fischer Dietmar , Hartung Hans-Peter , Albrecht Philipp 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chronic disability in multiple sclerosis is linked to neuroaxonal degeneration. 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) is used and licensed as a symptomatic treatment to ameliorate ambulatory disability in multiple sclerosis. The presumed mode of action is via blockade of axonal voltage gated potassium channels, thereby enhancing conduction in demyelinated axons. In this study, we provide evidence that in addition to those symptomatic effects, 4-AP can prevent neuroaxonal loss in the CNS. Using in vivo optical coherence tomography imaging, visual function testing and histologic assessment, we observed a reduction in retinal neurodegeneration with 4-AP in models of experimental optic neuritis and optic nerve crush. These effects were not related to an anti-inflammatory mode of action or a direct impact on retinal ganglion cells. Rather, histology and in vitro experiments indicated 4-AP stabilization of myelin and oligodendrocyte precursor cells associated with increased nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells. In experimental optic neuritis, 4-AP potentiated the effects of immunomodulatory treatment with fingolimod. As extended release 4-AP is already licensed for symptomatic multiple sclerosis treatment, we performed a retrospective, multicentre optical coherence tomography study to longitudinally compare retinal neurodegeneration between 52 patients on continuous 4-AP therapy and 51 matched controls. In line with the experimental data, during concurrent 4-AP therapy, degeneration of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer was reduced over 2 years. These results indicate disease-modifying effects of 4-AP beyond symptomatic therapy and provide support for the design of a prospective clinical study using visual function and retinal structure as outcome parameters.
Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus Integrates Multisensory Information in Category Learning
Authors: Li You , Seger Carol , Chen Qi , Mo Lei 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Humans are able to categorize things they encounter in the world (e.g., a cat) by integrating multisensory information from the auditory and visual modalities with ease and speed. However, how the brain learns multisensory categories remains elusive. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate, for the first time, the neural mechanisms underpinning multisensory information-integration (II) category learning. A sensory-modality-general network, including the left insula, right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), supplementary motor area, left precentral gyrus, bilateral parietal cortex, and right caudate and globus pallidus, was recruited for II categorization, regardless of whether the information came from a single modality or from multiple modalities. Putamen activity was higher in correct categorization than incorrect categorization. Critically, the left IFG and left body and tail of the caudate were activated in multisensory II categorization but not in unisensory II categorization, which suggests this network plays a specific role in integrating multisensory information during category learning. The present results extend our understanding of the role of the left IFG in multisensory processing from the linguistic domain to a broader role in audiovisual learning.
The Functional Field of View of Older Adults is Associated With Contrast Discrimination in the Magnocellular not Parvocellular Pathway
Authors: Power Garry F , Conlon Elizabeth G , Zele Andrew J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objectives
As we age, the functional field of view (FFOV) declines and these declines predict falls and motor vehicle accidents in older adults (Owsley, C. (2013). Visual processing speed. Vision Research, 90, 52–56. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2012.11.014). To increase understanding of possible causes of this decline, the current study explored whether the FFOV in older adults is associated with the sensitivity of the magnocellular and parvocellular sub-cortical pathways.

Method
Forty-four younger (M = 27.18, SD = 5.40 years) and 44 older (M = 72.18, SD = 5.82 years) adults completed an FFOV test and the steady- and pulsed-pedestal paradigms of Pokorny and Smith (Pokorny, J., & Smith, V. C. (1997). Psychophysical signatures associated with magnocellular and parvocellular pathway contrast gain. Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, Image Science, and Vision, 14, 2477–2486. doi:10.1364/josaa.14.002477) as measures of magnocellular and parvocellular pathways, respectively.

Results
Older adults made more FFOV errors and had higher contrast discrimination thresholds in both the steady- and pulsed-pedestal paradigms, than younger adults. FFOV errors in the younger group were not related to contrast discrimination thresholds. In multiple regression, older group FFOV errors showed a strong unique association with contrast discrimination thresholds mediated via the magnocellular, but not the parvocellular pathway.

Discussion
We infer that reduced magnocellular pathway contrast sensitivity may contribute to reduced functional vision in older adults.
Distributional impact of the Malawian Essential Health Package
Authors: Arnold Matthias , Nkhoma Dominic , Griffin Susan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), making the best use of scarce resources is essential to achieving universal health coverage. The design of health benefits packages creates the opportunity to select interventions on the basis of explicit objectives. Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis (DCEA) provides a framework to evaluate interventions based on two objectives: increasing population health and reducing health inequality. We conduct aggregate DCEA of potential health benefits package interventions to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach in LMICs, using the case of the Malawian health benefits package. We use publicly available survey and census data common to LMICs and describe what challenges we encountered and how we addressed them. We estimate that diseases targeted by the health benefits package are most prevalent in the poorest population quintile and least prevalent in the richest quintile. The survey data we use indicate socioeconomic patterns in intervention uptake that diminish the population health gain and inequality reduction from the package. We find that a similar set of interventions would be prioritized when impact on health inequality is incorporated alongside impact on overall population health. However, conclusions about the impact of individual interventions on health inequalities are sensitive to assumptions regarding the health opportunity cost, the utilization of interventions, the distribution of diseases across population groups and the level of aversion to inequality. Our results suggest that efforts to improve access to the Essential Health Package could be targeted to specific interventions to improve the health of the poorest fastest but that identifying these interventions is uncertain. This exploratory work has shown the potential for applying the DCEA framework to inform health benefits package design within the LMIC setting and to provide insight into the equity impact of a health benefits package.
On the Monodromy of Meromorphic Cyclic Opers on the Riemann Sphere
Authors: Alley Charles LeBarron 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We study the monodromy of meromorphic cyclic $\textrm{SL}(n,{\mathbb{C}})$-opers on the Riemann sphere with a single pole. We prove that the monodromy map, sending such an oper to its Stokes data, is an immersion in the case where the order of the pole is a multiple of $n$. To do this, we develop a method based on the work of Jimbo, Miwa, and Ueno from the theory of isomonodromic deformations. Specifically, we introduce a system of equations that is equivalent to the isomonodromy equations of Jimbo–Miwa–Ueno, but which is adapted to the decomposition of the Lie algebra $\mathfrak{sl}(n,\mathbb{C})$ as a direct sum of irreducible representations of $\mathfrak{sl}(2,\mathbb{C})$. Using properties of some structure constants for $\mathfrak{sl}(n,\mathbb{C})$ to analyze this system of equations, we show that deformations of certain families of cyclic $\textrm{SL}(n,\mathbb{C})$-opers on the Riemann sphere with a single pole are never infinitesimally isomonodromic.
Effect of Dietary Lipid Oxidation on Measurement of Protein Efficiency Ratios
Authors: Lohrey Evelyn E , Hughes Ian R , Gray Ian K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Casein and lactalbumin were used to test the effect on protein efficiency ratio (PER) of variations in procedure allowable within the official AOAC method. A split plot factorial experiment was used to measure the relative effects of (1) the stage at which oil was mixed into the diets, (2) the initial peroxide value (PV) of the oil, and (3) the presence of sucrose on the PV of the dietary lipids and on PER. The effects of storage time and temperature of the experimental diets and of the addition of antioxidants on the PV of dietary lipids and on PER were also measured. Development of rancidity, measured by the PV of the extracted lipids, was shown to be about twice as rapid in casein as in lactalbumin diets. Maximum PVs of approximately 1100 and 600 were obtained for lipids from casein and lactalbumin diets, respectively. The mean PER of casein was high (3.65) when oil containing antioxidant (PV 1.2) was added last in dietary preparation, but it was significantly lower (3.10) when premixes containing antioxidant-free oils (PV 23 and 38) and sucrose were used. The lactalbumin PER was much less affected by these factors—comparable figures were 3.79 and 3.57. Under conditions favoring oxidation, lipids in the diets oxidized slowly at 5°C but rapidly at 22°C; additions of antioxidants retarded oxidation and significantly increased the PER of casein. We suggest that consistency in the PER method will be improved if dietary oxidation is controlled, and that clusters of phosphoserine in the casein molecule, chelating with iron and copper ions of the diet to form potent oxidative catalysts, may be the reason for accelerated oxidation in casein diets.
Determination of Benzo (a) pyrene in Foods
Authors: Saito Yukio , Sekita Hiroshi , Takeda Mitsuharu , Uchiyama Mitsuru 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An analytical method was developed for determining benzo (a) pyrene in foods, suitable for routine use. The method consists of 4 cleanup steps: (1) alkali cleavage of sample, (2) preliminary silica gel column chromatography, (3) selective extraction with concentrated sulfuric acid, and (4) further silica gel column chromatography. Recoveries of benzo- (a) pyrene added to 50 g (or 10 g) food at levels of 0.4 ppb (or 2 ppb) ranged from 70% for short-necked clam and mackerel to 85% for chicken meat. The sulfuric acid extraction step affords a simple method for isolating benzo (a)- pyrene from various kinds of interfering substances which could not be separated by existing methods.
Asbestos-Free Method for Determining Crude Fiber: Collaborative Study
Authors: Holst David O 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid asbestos-free method for crude fiber analysis has been tested collaboratively in 2 studies over the past 2 years. Nine laboratories participated in the 1976 study, which included 10 feed samples with crude fiber contents ranging from 2 to 33%, and 5 laboratories collaborated in the 1977 study on 6 high protein supplement samples, of highly gelatinous material, with crude fiber contents ranging from 0.5 to 12.0%. The combined results of the 2 studies showed the following for the AOAC and the asbestos-free methods, respectively: sd 0.55 and 0.49; sr (r = random error) 0.26 and 0.22; sb (b = bias) 0.48 and 0.43; average range between independent analyses 0.29 and 0.22% crude fiber; and average maximum spread among laboratories 1.7 and 1.4% crude fiber. The asbestos-free method is precise, accurate, and capable of filtering the proteinaceous, cellulosic, or starchy gels encountered in many samples, and eliminates the use of asbestos, thereby avoiding the hazards associated with inhalation of asbestos fibers. One chemist can easily complete 60 samples per day. The asbestos-free method has been adopted as official first action.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Pyridazinones in Technical Products and Formulations
Authors: Cellerino Giuseppe , Re Mariarosa 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Simultaneous determination of the active ingredient and of by-products in technical and formulated pyridazinones was rapidly performed by gas-liquid chromatography with complete resolution of all compounds. Quantitative determination by the internal standard technique is accurate and precise. The lower limit of detectability is 8 × 10–12 g/sec with a flame ionization detector and 1 × 10–12 g/sec with a nitrogen-phosphorus selective detector operating in the nitrogen mode.
Colorimetry of Allylisothiocyanate in Mustard Seed
Authors: Devani Muljibhai B , Shishoo Chamanlal J , Dadia Bharati K , Mody Hema J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A colorimetric method has been developed for determining allylisothiocyanate in pure samples. The procedure has been applied to the estimation of the allylisothiocyanate content of mustard seed without the preliminary distillation step. Lambert-Beer's law is obeyed in the range 25–200 μg/ml of the reaction mixture. Three mustard seed samples contained 0.823, 0.447, and 0.450% allylisothiocyanate with standard deviations of 0.017, 0.019, and 0.017%, respectively, when analyzed by the proposed method.
Colorimetric Determination of Thymol and Eugenol in Volatile Oils
Authors: Korany Mohamed A , Abdel-Salam Nabil , Abdel-Salam Mohamed 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A colorimetric method for determining thymol and eugenol in volatile oils is presented. Thymol and eugenol are reacted with sodium cobaltinitrite in aqueous acetic acid. The yellow color produced is measured at 330 and 370 nm in chloroform, and at 396 and 450 nm in sodium hydroxide solution for thymol and eugenol, respectively. The method is applied to the assay of thyme oil (thymol type) and clove oil. The results obtained are reasonably reproducible with a coefficient of variation less than 2%.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Milk
Authors: Erney D Ronald 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method developed by other workers for determining pentachlorophenol (PCP) in water has been adapted for determining PCP in raw and homogenized milk. PCP is extracted from milk with benzene and from the benzene into a potassium carbonate solution. Acetic anhydride is added to the aqueous solution to form PCP acetate, which is extracted into hexane and then determined by electron capture GLC. Duplicate determinations of PCP in milk fortified at levels of 0.02, 0.2, and 2.0 ppm gave respective average recoveries of 80.0, 87.2, and 85.0%. PCP levels as low as 0.005 ppm can be detected in 20 g milk.
Handling of Volatile Alkyl Halides for Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Kanai Hiromitsu , Wakatsuki Helen , Inouye Veronica 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A technique is described for handling volatile alkyl halide unknowns for vapor phase infrared spectroscopy. The sample vial is broken and the liquid is transferred to a screw-capped vial. The vial is placed in a large bottle containing acetone and stored in a refrigerator. For IR analysis, the sample is transferred to the special assembly.
Simple Combustion-Vapor Trapping Technique for Determination of Mercury in Fish
Authors: Teeny Fuad M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple combustion train was constructed for analyzing mercury in fish samples. A nitric acid trap was used to capture the mercury vapors which were released later by adding a tin salt. The method is rapid, accurate, and reproducible and permits one person to analyze 40 samples daily. Sample matrix had no apparent effect on the recovery of mercury. Mean recoveries from fish samples spiked with 0.3 and 1.0 μg mercuric chloride/g ranged from 97 to 105% with an average recovery of 101.5% and a standard deviation of 2.74%.
Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Determination of Disulfiram: Collaborative Study
Authors: Sheinin Eric B , Benson Walter R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic method for determining disulfiram in the bulk drug product and in the formulated material was collaboratively studied. The method depends on the use of chloroform-d as a solvent and hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane as the internal standard. No interference from tablet excipients was observed. The method is rapid and specific. Eighteen laboratories analyzed duplicate samples of a bulk drug product, a 250 mg tablet composite, and a 500 mg tablet composite. The average per cent results and standard deviations were 99.7±1.4, 100.9±2.0, and 99.9±2.2, respectively.
Identification of Different Crystalline Forms of Diatrizoic Acid
Authors: Folen Victor A , Schwartzman George , Maienthal Millard , Brannon Wilson L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Standard reference samples of diatrizoic acid gave 2 different infrared (IR) spectra, x-ray diffraction patterns, and differential thermal and thermal gravimetric curves. One form, the anhydrous acid, shows no weight loss when heated to 170°C. The other form, the dihydrate, loses 5.36% of its weight when heated from 86 to 144°C. The anhydrous diatrizoic acid is the preferred reference standard, because it has an IR spectrum and x-ray diffraction pattern suitable for identification purposes.
Quantitative Thin Layer Chromatographic Determination of Furazolidone and Nitrofurazone in Animal Feeds
Authors: Cieri Ugo R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A method is presented for determining the nitrofurans furazolidone and nitrofurazone in animal feeds. The sample is extracted with acetone, and aliquots of the concentrated extract are spotted on thin layer chromatographic fluorescent plates. After development in CHCl3-methanol (90+10), the bands containing the nitrofurans are detected under shortwave ultraviolet light, scraped from the plate, and extracted with ethanol. The centrifuged extracts are scanned from 500 to 300 nm on a recording spectrophotometer with a tungsten lamp, and the absorbance maxima near 360 nm are used for quantitation. To compensate for extraction and chromatographic losses and for other interferences, the nitrofuran not present in the sample is added as an internal standard. The method is generally not applicable at a level below 0.005% since detection of the bands becomes difficult.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Oxydemeton-Methyl in Commercial Formulations
Authors: Schronk Leonard R , Colvin Billy M , Hanks Alan R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Flame ionization gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) with a 10% DC-200 on 80-100 mesh Gas-Chrom Q column is used for the rapid determination of oxydemeton-methyl in commercial formulations. The detector response is linear for 1.0–10.0 μg oxydemeton-methyl, with a sensitivity of 4 ng. The column was stabilized before analysis by injection of a lecithin solution. Samples were diluted with chloroform and injected; peak height ratios were used for quantitation with fluoranthrene as the internal standard. Carbaryl was removed from mixed formulations by silica gel chromatography, oxydemeton- methyl was eluted with methanolchloroform (2+98), and the eluate was collected for infrared (IR) and GLC analyses. Methoxychlor and Karathane were removed by chromatography on Florisil before IR analysis. GLC results compare favorably with those for IR, with recoveries ranging from 98.44 to 102.88% for spiked formulations.
Quantitative Determination of Polysorbate 60 in Non-Standard Salad Dressings
Authors: Smullin Charles F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Six samples of non-standard salad dressing, containing 0.10 to 0.60% polysorbate 60, were submitted to 6 collaborators. The salad dressing is extracted and the extract is saponified and acidified, and the acids are removed. The aqueous, polyol solution is desalted and the polyoxyethylated polyols are precipitated as a highly insoluble heteropoly acid complex. The polysorbate 60 content is calculated from the weight of the precipitate, using a gravimetric factor. Average recoveries from the collaboration samples ranged from 105 to 130%, with standard deviations from 0.016 to 0.047. The method has been adopted as official first action.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Nitrate and Nitrite in Cheese, Ham, Fish Sausage, Cod Roes, and Salmon Roes
Authors: Toyoda Masatake , Suzuki Hideyo , Ito Yoshio , Iwaida Masahiro 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The 2,4-xylenol method was modified and a gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method was developed for nitrate and nitrite determinations in several foods. Either a flame ionization (FID) or an electron capture detector (ECD) can be used. Proteins and fats are removed from warm alkaline water with zinc sulfate and filtered. The filtrate is evaporated to dryness, redissolved in water, and reacted with 2,4- xylenol in the presence of sulfuric acid to form 6-nitro-2,4-xylenol. Interfering chlorides are precipitated with silver sulfate and the nitroxylenol is extracted with hexane, concentrated, and injected. Nitrite in the nitrate is distilled at pH 5, collected in alkaline solution, and dried. The residue is oxidized to nitrate with permanganate in the presence of sulfuric acid, and then chromatographed in the same manner as nitrate. Recoveries from several foods were 83-100% for nitrate and 80-100% for nitrite. The limit of sensitivity was 0.1 ppm for both residues.
Isolation and Purification of Moniliformin
Authors: Steyn Martin , Thiel Pieter G , Van Schalkwyk Gideon C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A bulk purification procedure is described for moniliformin, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium moniliforme. The method involves methanol extraction of suitably molded maize, aqueous extraction of the methanol-f ree residue, ion exchange chromatography with a NaCl concentration gradient, desalination, and crystallization. A pKa value of 1.70 as well as molar absorptivities of 19100 (λ(H2O)max 229 nm), 5600 (λ(H2O)max 260 nm), and 4700 (λ(MeOH)max 260 nm) L/mole/cm are reported for moniliformin.
Rapid Thin Layer Chromatographic Method for Determining Aflatoxin Bi, Ochratoxin A, and Zearalenone in Corn
Authors: Balzer Ivan , Bogdanić Čedo , Pepeljnjak Stjepan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A multimycotoxin thin layer chromatographic method is described for the analysis of corn. Aflatoxins are extracted from the samples with acetonitrile-water, and sodium bicarbonate is added to separate the acidic ochratoxin from zearalenone and aflatoxin B1. After chloroform extraction, 1/V NaOH is added to separate zearalenone and aflatoxin B1# The separated mycotoxins are spotted on TLC plates, which are then examined under ultraviolet light. The following recoveries ( % ) were obtained for corn samples: aflatoxin B1 71, ochratoxin A 87, and zearalenone 85. The limits of detection for the respective mycotoxins were 2, 40, and 200 ppb.