bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatry, psychology and homosexual prisoners in New Zealand, 1910–1960
Authors: Brickell Chris 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPsychiatry, psychology and psychotherapy played an important role in attempts to regulate and rehabilitate New Zealand men imprisoned for sodomy and indecent assault between 1910 and 1960. Little attention has, so far, been paid to the specific psychological ‘treatment’ of such incarcerated men in the international context, but New Zealand’s archives offer-up much valuable detail. This article adopts a Foucauldian approach and explores shifting epistemic beliefs alongside the specific practices of key medical officials, and it considers how prisoners’ subjectivities were shaped in the process. Attempts to displace homoerotic desire gradually gave way to the articulation of same-sex sexuality. New possibilities emerged: when the psychologising of homosexuality in prisons opened the door to self-expression it showed an affinity with the organised resistance of the 1970s.
First search for low-frequency CH with a Square Kilometre Array precursor telescope
Authors: Tremblay Chenoa D. , Green J. A. , Mader Stacy L. , Phillips Chris J. , Whiting Matthew 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe diatomic free radical methylidyne (CH) is an important tracer of the interstellar medium, and the study of it was critical to our earliest understanding of star formation. Although it is detectable across the electromagnetic spectrum, observations at radio frequencies allow for a study of the kinematics of the diffuse and dense gas in regions of new star formation. There is only two published (single-dish) detections of the low-frequency hyperfine transitions between 700 and 725 MHz, despite the precise frequencies being known. These low-frequency transitions are of particular interest as they are shown in laboratory experiments to be more sensitive to magnetic fields than their high-frequency counterparts (with more pronounced Zeeman splitting). In this work, we take advantage of the radio quiet environment and increased resolution of theAustralian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder(ASKAP) over previous searches to make a pilot interferometric search for CH at 724.7883 MHz (the strongest of the hyperfine transitions) in RCW 38. We found the band is clean of radio frequency interference, but we did not detect the signal from this transition to a five-sigma sensitivity limit of 0.09 Jy, which corresponds to a total column density upper limit of 1.9$\times 10^{18}$cm–2for emission and 1.3$\times 10^{14}$cm–2for absorption with an optical depth limit of 0.95. Achieved within 5 h of integration, this column density sensitivity should have been adequate to detect the emission or absorption in RCW 38, if it had similar properties to the only previous reported detections in W51.
Effects of seed-rich habitat provision on territory density, home range and breeding performance of European Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur
Authors: DUNN JENNY C. , MORRIS ANTONY J. , GRICE PHILIP V. , PEACH WILL J. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryConservation measures providing food-rich habitats through agri-environment schemes (AES) have the potential to affect the demography and local abundance of species limited by food availability. The European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur is one of Europe’s fastest declining birds, with breeding season dietary changes coincident with a reduction in reproductive output suggesting food limitation during breeding. In this study we provided seed-rich habitats at six intervention sites over a 4-year period and tested for impacts of the intervention on breeding success, ranging behaviour and the local abundance of territorial turtle doves. Nesting success and chick biometrics were unrelated to the local availability of seed-rich habitat or to the proximity of intervention plots. Nestling weight was higher close to human habitation consistent with an influence of anthropogenic supplementary food provision. Small home ranges were associated with a high proportion of non-farmed habitats, while large home ranges were more likely to contain seed-rich habitat suggesting that breeding doves were willing to travel further to utilize such habitat where available. Extensively managed grassland and intervention plot fields were selected by foraging turtle doves. A slower temporal decline in the abundance of breeding males on intervention sites probably reflects enhanced habitat suitability during territory settlement. Refining techniques to deliver sources of sown, natural, and supplementary seed that are plentiful, accessible, and parasite-free is likely to be crucial for the conservation of turtle doves.
L2-L1 noncognate masked translation priming as a task-specific phenomenon
Authors: McPhedran Mark J. , Lupker Stephen J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe masked translation priming effect was examined in Chinese–English bilinguals using lexical decision and semantic categorization tasks in an effort to understand why the two tasks seem to produce different patterns of results. A machine-learning approach was used to assess the participant-based factors that contribute to the sizes of translation priming effects in these tasks. As expected, the participant-based factors that predicted translation priming effects did vary across tasks. Priming effects in lexical decision were associated with higher self-rated listening, reading, and writing abilities in English. Priming effects in semantic categorization were associated with more frequent use of English in daily life, spoken English proficiency, and self-rated listening proficiency in English. These results are discussed within the framework of Multilink, the logic of which is then expanded in an attempt to account for these task differences.
A diet rich in fruit and whole grains is associated with a low risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: findings from a case–control study in South China
Authors: Ye Yanbin , Zhuo Shuyu , Lu Wei , He Kaiyin , Sui Yi , Li Yanbing , Chen Yuming , Wu Shangling , Chen Peiyan , Fang Shi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective:Various foods are associated with or protect against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was to examine the associations of foods and food patterns with the risk of T2DM in South China.Design:Case–control study.Setting:The dietary patterns were identified by a principal components factor analysis. Univariable and multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses were used to analyse the associations between food groups and dietary patterns and the risk of T2DM.Participants:A total of 384 patients with T2DM and 768 controls.Results:After adjustment for total energy intake, the standard intake of grains (228·3 ± 71·9v. 238·8 ± 73·1 g/d,P= 0·025) and fruits (109 ± 90v. 145 ± 108 g/d,P< 0·001) were lower in T2DM than in controls. Four dietary patterns were identified: (1) high light-coloured vegetables and low grains, (2) high fruits, (3) high red meat and low grains and (4) high dark-coloured vegetable. After adjustment for covariables, multivariable conditional logistic regression analyses showed significant dose-dependent inverse associations between total fruit intake, whole grains intake and the score of the high-fruit dietary pattern (allPfor trend< 0·001) and the risk of T2DM. The adjusted OR (95 % CI) for T2DM comparing the extreme quartiles were 0·46 (0·29, 0·76) for total fruits, 0·48(0·31, 0·77) for whole grains and 0·42 (0·26, 0·68) for the high-fruit dietary pattern, respectively. Similar associations were observed for all subgroups of fruits (dark-colour and light-colour).Conclusion:In South China, a diet rich in fruit and whole grains is associated with lower risk of T2DM.
What Drives Religious Politicking? An Analysis of 24 Democratic Elections
Authors: Rosenberg Emma , Smith Amy Erica 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhy do clergy talk with congregants about elections to a greater extent in Mozambique than Indonesia, or in the United States than Taiwan? Arguing that context shapes religious actors' micro-level incentives to discuss or avoid electoral politics, we seek to explain variation in religious politicking—religious leaders' and organizations' engagement in electoral campaigns. Our framework integrates individual-level and country-level approaches, as well as theories of modernization, secularism, and religious competition. Drawing on survey data from 24 elections in 18 democracies in the Comparative National Elections Project, we find that human development depresses religious politicking, while secularism and religious pluralism boost it. However, “civilizational” differences in levels of religious politicking are muted and inconsistent. Finally, at the individual level, across the globe, citizens with higher levels of education are consistently more likely to receive political messages. Our results suggest the insights obtained from an approach emphasizing individuals embedded in contexts.
Extreme Heterogeneity in Mid‐Ocean Ridge Mantle Revealed in Lavas From the 8°20′N Near‐Axis Seamount Chain
Authors: Anderson Molly , Wanless V. Dorsey , Perfit Michael , Conrad Ethan , Gregg Patricia , Fornari Daniel , Ridley W. Ian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLavas that have erupted at near‐axis seamounts provide windows into mid‐ocean ridge mantle heterogeneity and melting systematics which are not easily observed on‐axis at fast‐spreading centers. Beneath ridges, most heterogeneity is obscured as magmas aggregate toward the ridge, where they efficiently mix and homogenize during transit and within shallow magma chambers prior to eruption. To understand the deeper magmatic processes contributing to oceanic crustal formation, we examine the compositions of lavas erupted along a chain of near‐axis seamounts and volcanic ridges perpendicular to the East Pacific Rise. We assess the chemistry of near‐ridge mantle using a ∼200 km‐long chain at ∼8°20′N. High‐resolution bathymetric maps are used with geochemical analyses of ∼300 basalts to evaluate the petrogenesis of lavas and the heterogeneity of mantle feeding these near‐axis eruptions. Major and trace element concentrations and radiogenic isotope ratios are highly variable on <1 km scales, and reveal a continuum of depleted, normal, and enriched basalts spanning the full range of ridge and seamount compositions in the northeast Pacific. There is no systematic compositional variability along the chain. Modeling suggests that depleted mid‐ocean ridge basalt (DMORB) lavas are produced by ∼5%–15% melting of a depleted mid‐ocean ridge (MOR) mantle. Normal mid‐ocean ridge basalts (NMORB) form from 5% to 15% melting of a slightly enriched MOR mantle. Enriched mid‐ocean ridge basalts (EMORB) range from <1% melting of 10% enriched mantle to >15% melting of 100% enriched mantle. The presence of all three lava types along the seamount chain, and on a single seamount closest to the ridge axis, confirms that the sub‐ridge mantle is much more heterogeneous than is commonly observed on‐axis and heterogeneity exists over small spatial scales.
Stick‐Slip Tremor Beneath an Alpine Glacier
Authors: Umlauft J. , Lindner F. , Roux P. , Mikesell T. D. , Haney M. M. , Korn M. , Walter F. T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSliding of glacial ice over its base is typically described by a frictionless or slowly deforming bed. This view is challenged by recent seismic observations of stick‐slip motion at the ice‐bed interface. We revisit a high‐frequency (20–35 Hz) harmonic tremor recorded on Gornergletscher, Switzerland. In contrast to previous interpretation in terms of glaciohydraulic tremor, we present evidence for superimposed stick‐slip episodes as tremor sources: we locate the tremor source with matched field processing polarity optimization, which allows for azimuthal polarity patterns associated with nonisotropic moment tensors and yields a tremor source clustering near the glacier bed. Our analysis confirms an S wave radiation pattern in agreement with a double‐couple source derived from ice sliding over bedrock and explains our tremor observations in terms of glacier stick‐slip motion. Adding to observations of stick‐slip tremor beneath polar ice streams, this first report on stick‐slip tremor beneath Alpine ice favors widespread seismogenic glacier sliding.
Three‐Dimensional Electron‐Scale Magnetic Reconnection in Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Zhong Z. H. , Zhou M. , Deng X. H. , Song L. J. , Graham D. B. , Tang R. X. , Man H. Y. , Pang Y. , Khotyaintsev Yu V. , Giles B. L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTwo‐dimensional Hall reconnection model can explain the fast release of magnetic energy and most of its predictions have been demonstrated by in situ satellite observations. However, the three‐dimensional effect to reconnection remains poorly known. Recent numerical simulations have shown that three‐dimensional evolution is more complex than two‐dimensional in that reconnection occurs in multiple sites that are not necessarily in the primary neutral current sheet. Here, we present the first observational evidence for localized secondary reconnection at the separatrix surface of a magnetic flux rope (MFR). This secondary reconnection occurs between the axial magnetic field of the MFR, which points out‐of‐plane of the Earth's magnetopause reconnection, and the magnetospheric field. This three‐dimensional electron‐scale reconnection in the exhaust facilitates the cross‐scale energy conversion from the macro‐scale down to electron‐scale.
“Frame Wobbling” Causing Crustal Deformation Around the Ordos Block
Authors: Hao Ming , Wang Qingliang , Zhang Peizhen , Li Zhangjun , Li Yuhang , Zhuang Wenquan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAn accurate and dense GPS velocity field across the Ordos block is presented based on extensive observations. We utilized velocities from evenly distributed GPS stations within the block to estimate the parameters of rigid block motion and internal strain. Our results indicate that the Ordos block behaves rigidly, with a negligible anticlockwise rotation. The velocity profiles, strain, and block motion suggest that: the interior of the block undergoes no differential motion and internal strain is insignificant; relative to the Ordos, the adjacent blocks move in different directions and at different rates, and exert varying forces on it; the adjacent blocks deform the Ordos block along its boundaries of grabens and fold‐thrust fault zones. The Ordos block accommodates the forces exerted by the adjacent blocks through strain and deformation across its boundaries, which should be high strain or strain gradient zones. This pattern of deformation is illustrated by frame wobbling.
Martian Mantle Heat Flow Estimate From the Lack of Lithospheric Flexure in the South Pole of Mars: Implications for Planetary Evolution and Basal Melting
Authors: Ojha Lujendra , Karimi Saman , Buffo Jacob , Nerozzi Stefano , Holt John W. , Smrekar Sue , Chevrier Vincent 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHeat flow measurements are important for our understanding of planetary interior composition, structure, and evolution. In the absence of direct measurement, a first‐order estimate of a planet's interior heat flow can be made by modeling the lithosphere's viscoelastic response to stress exerted by large surface loads. Here, we model the Martian lithosphere's viscoelastic response to the south polar layered deposits and estimate the local mantle heat flow to be less than ∼10 mW/m2. Combined with our previous estimate of the low mantle heat flow from the north polar region (∼7 mW/m2), our results suggest that the Martian mantle may be globally depleted in heat‐producing elements. The relatively low mantle heat flow has significant implications for Mars' long‐term thermal evolution and on the possibility of basal melting in the south polar region.
Effective Vertical Diffusion by Atmospheric Gravity Waves
Authors: Liu Han‐Li 
Published: December 2020

AbstractQuantification of heat and constituent transport by gravity waves (GWs) in global models is challenging due to limited model resolutions. Current parameterization schemes suffer from oversimplification and often underestimate the transport rate. In this study, a new approach is explored to quantify the effective vertical eddy diffusion by using a high‐resolution Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) simulation based on scale invariance. The WACCM simulation can partially resolve the mesoscale GW spectrum down to 250 km horizontal wavelength, and the heat flux and the effective vertical eddy diffusion by these waves are calculated directly. The effective vertical diffusion by the smaller‐scale, unresolved waves, is then deduced based on scale invariance, following the method outlined by H.‐L. Liu (2019) in quantifying GW momentum flux and forcing. The effective vertical diffusion obtained is generally larger than that obtained from parameterizations, and is comparable with that derived from observations in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region.
Magnetotail Flux Accumulation Leads to Substorm Current Wedge Formation: A Case Study
Authors: Chu Xiangning , McPherron Robert , Hsu Tung‐Shin , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Weygand James M. , Liu Jiang , Bortnik Jacob 
Published: December 2020

AbstractReconnection‐generated earthward flows, magnetic field dipolarizations, and auroral expansions are related to substorm current wedge (SCW) development. It has been suggested that field‐aligned currents (FACs) within the SCW can be generated by flow vortices, pressure gradients, or both. Observations related to these generation mechanisms differ from one event to another, due to their different locations relative to SCW's central meridian and timing relative to the SCW's evolutionary state. A pattern of in situ observations consistent with these generation mechanisms has yet to emerge. Obtaining such a pattern of in situ observations relies on the satellite locations relative to the FAC driver regions, which are hard to determine because coincident magnetotail observations are sparse. To solve this problem, an SCW inversion technique was used to model the FAC locations and determine the connections between magnetospheric and ionospheric phenomena. Using this technique, the magnetic flux, a parameter that is relatively insensitive to FAC locations, was analyzed during an isolated substorm on February 13, 2008. We compared the temporal variations of the accumulated flux that caused magnetic dipolarization in the SCW and the flux within the auroral poleward boundary. We found them to be in good agreement with the flux transported by earthward flows. This agreement suggests that the accumulation of the magnetic flux leads to the generation of the SCW, causing magnetic dipolarization and auroral poleward expansion. The amount of accumulated flux was found to be positively correlated with the amplitudes of these substorm‐related phenomena.
Suppression of poised oncogenes by ZMYND8 promotes chemo-sensitization
Authors: Mukherjee Shravanti , Adhikary Santanu , Gadad Shrikanth S. , Mondal Payel , Sen Sabyasachi , Choudhari Ramesh , Singh Vipin , Adhikari Swagata , Mandal Pratiti , Chaudhuri Soumi , Sengupta Amrita , Lakshmanaswamy Rajkumar , Chakrabarti Partha , Roy Siddhartha , Das Chandrima 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe major challenge in chemotherapy lies in the gain of therapeutic resistance properties of cancer cells. The relatively small fraction of chemo-resistant cancer cells outgrows and are responsible for tumor relapse, with acquired invasiveness and stemness. We demonstrate that zinc-finger MYND type-8 (ZMYND8), a putative chromatin reader, suppresses stemness, drug resistance, and tumor-promoting genes, which are hallmarks of cancer. Reinstating ZMYND8 suppresses chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin-induced tumorigenic potential (at a sublethal dose) and drug resistance, thereby resetting the transcriptional program of cells to the epithelial state. The ability of ZMYND8 to chemo-sensitize doxorubicin-treated metastatic breast cancer cells by downregulating tumor-associated genes was further confirmed by transcriptome analysis. Interestingly, we observed that ZMYND8 overexpression in doxorubicin-treated cells stimulated those involved in a good prognosis in breast cancer. Consistently, sensitizing the cancer cells with ZMYND8 followed by doxorubicin treatment led to tumor regression in vivo and revert back the phenotypes associated with drug resistance and stemness. Intriguingly, ZMYND8 modulates the bivalent or poised oncogenes through its association with KDM5C and EZH2, thereby chemo-sensitizing the cells to chemotherapy for better disease-free survival. Collectively, our findings indicate that poised chromatin is instrumental for the acquisition of chemo-resistance by cancer cells and propose ZMYND8 as a suitable epigenetic tool that can re-sensitize the chemo-refractory breast carcinoma.
Direct energy transfer from photosystem II to photosystem I confers winter sustainability in Scots Pine
Authors: Bag Pushan , Chukhutsina Volha , Zhang Zishan , Paul Suman , Ivanov Alexander G. , Shutova Tatyana , Croce Roberta , Holzwarth Alfred R. , Jansson Stefan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEvergreen conifers in boreal forests can survive extremely cold (freezing) temperatures during long dark winter and fully recover during summer. A phenomenon called “sustained quenching” putatively provides photoprotection and enables their survival, but its precise molecular and physiological mechanisms are not understood. To unveil them, here we have analyzed seasonal adjustment of the photosynthetic machinery of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees by monitoring multi-year changes in weather, chlorophyll fluorescence, chloroplast ultrastructure, and changes in pigment-protein composition. Analysis of Photosystem II and Photosystem I performance parameters indicate that highly dynamic structural and functional seasonal rearrangements of the photosynthetic apparatus occur. Although several mechanisms might contribute to ‘sustained quenching’ of winter/early spring pine needles, time-resolved fluorescence analysis shows that extreme down-regulation of photosystem II activity along with direct energy transfer from photosystem II to photosystem I play a major role. This mechanism is enabled by extensive thylakoid destacking allowing for the mixing of PSII with PSI complexes. These two linked phenomena play crucial roles in winter acclimation and protection.
Toward room-temperature nanoscale skyrmions in ultrathin films
Authors: Varentcova Anastasiia S. , von Malottki Stephan , Potkina Maria N. , Kwiatkowski Grzegorz , Heinze Stefan , Bessarab Pavel F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBreaking the dilemma between small size and room-temperature stability is a necessary prerequisite for skyrmion-based information technology. Here we demonstrate by means of rate theory and an atomistic spin Hamiltonian that the stability of isolated skyrmions in ultrathin ferromagnetic films can be enhanced by the concerted variation of magnetic interactions while keeping the skyrmion size unchanged. We predict film systems where the lifetime of sub-10 nm skyrmions can reach years at ambient conditions. The long lifetime of such small skyrmions is due to exceptionally large Arrhenius pre-exponential factor and the stabilizing effect of the energy barrier is insignificant at room temperature. A dramatic increase in the pre-exponential factor is achieved thanks to the softening of magnon modes of the skyrmion, thereby increasing the entropy of the skyrmion with respect to the transition state for collapse. Increasing the number of skyrmion deformation modes should be a guiding principle for the realization of nanoscale, room-temperature stable skyrmions.