bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different distribution of malaria parasite in left and right extremities of vertebrate hosts translates into differences in parasite transmission
Authors: Pigeault Romain , Isaïa Julie , Yerbanga Rakiswendé S. , Dabiré Kounbobr R. , Ouédraogo Jean-Bosco , Cohuet Anna , Lefèvre Thierry , Christe Philippe 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMalaria, a vector-borne disease caused byPlasmodium spp., remains a major global cause of mortality. Optimization of disease control strategies requires a thorough understanding of the processes underlying parasite transmission. While the number of transmissible stages (gametocytes) ofPlasmodiumin blood is frequently used as an indicator of host-to-mosquito transmission potential, this relationship is not always clear. Significant effort has been made in developing molecular tools that improve gametocyte density estimation and therefore prediction of mosquito infection rates. However a significant level of uncertainty around estimates remains. The weakness in the relationship between gametocyte burden, measured from a blood sample, and the mosquito infection rate could be explained by a non-homogeneous distribution of gametocytes in the bloodstream. The estimated gametocyte density would then only be a single snapshot that does not reflect the host infectivity. This aspect ofPlasmodiuminfection, however, remains largely neglected. In both humans and birds, we found here that the gametocyte densities differed depending on which side of the body the sample was taken, suggesting that gametocytes are not homogeneously distributed within the vertebrate host. We observed a fluctuating asymmetry, in other words, the extremity of the body with the highest density of parasites is not always the same from one individual to another. An estimation of gametocyte density from only one blood sample, as is commonly measured, could, therefore, over- or underestimated the infectivity of gametocyte carriers. This might have important consequences on the epidemiology of the disease since we show that this variation influences host-to-mosquito transmission. Vectors fed on the least infected body part had a lower parasite burden than those fed on the most infected part. The heterogeneous distribution of gametocytes in bloodstream should be considered to improve diagnosis and test new malaria control strategies.
Long-term follow-up of bone remodelling after cementless hip arthroplasty using different stems
Authors: Brodt Steffen , Matziolis Georg , Buckwitz Bettina , Zippelius Timo , Strube Patrick , Roth Andreas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe present paper is concerned with the investigation of the phenomenon of long-term bone remodelling on cementless hip replacements. Changes in bone density in the periprosthetic region around the stem, measured by dual X–ray absorptiometry (DXA), were used as a measure of the osseous adaptation reaction. A postoperative follow-up of the use of four different types of prostheses of varying design after on average 13.3 (11.4–14.5) years. Specifically, the prostheses assessed in this study were the CLS/Spotorno stem with the Allofit cup by Zimmer, the Vision 2000 stem with the Duraloc cup by DePuy Synthes, the AlphaFit stem with the AlphaLock cup by Corin and the Mayo stem with the Trilogy cup by Zimmer. For the DXA measurement, the femur was divided into the zones suggested by Gruenet al. On the femur, there was a significant reduction in bone mineral density (BMD) in the proximal Region Of Interest (ROI) 1 (p = 0.003) and 7 (p < 0.001), whilst there was a significant increase in ROI 4 (p = 0.03). A greater degree of bone atrophy was seen in patients aged 60 years and older and in female patients. A remarkable finding when comparing the stems was a significantly greater reduction in BMD in ROI 6 (p = 0.003) in the case of the Vision 2000 stem and a markedly, but not statistically significantly smaller reduction in BMD in ROI 7 (p = 0.18) in the case of the short-stem Mayo-type prosthesis. The best clinical results were found with the use of the latter. The investigations provide a starting point for establishing a differential indication in the choice of prosthesis types, depending on age and sex, the use of short-stem prostheses, as well as the administration of bone-effective drugs for the prevention of stress shielding.
Development of microencapsulated anthocyanin-rich powder using soy protein isolate, jackfruit seed starch and an emulsifier (NBRE-15) as encapsulating materials
Authors: Patel Avinash Singh , Kar Abhijit , Mohapatra Debabandya 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA trend of present encapsulation research indicates an increased interest in the search for natural encapsulants for bioactive phytochemicals. The present study in pursuit of the same studies the use of jackfruit seed starch (JSS), an underutilized natural polysaccharide in conjugation with soy protein isolate (SPI) as an encapsulating material and NBRE-15 as an emulsifier. Three independent variables viz., total soluble solids (TSS, 20, 25 and 30° Brix), SPI: JSS (1:1, 1:3 and 1:5) and NBRE-15 (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3%) were optimized for achieving the most efficient encapsulation of anthocyanin using a three level, three parameter, Box-Behnken design (BBD) of the Design of Experiments (DOE). The responses considered for the optimization were monomeric anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity and encapsulation efficiency. A combination of 27.0% TSS, 1:5 SPI: JSS ratio and 0.3% NBRE-15 was found to be optimum for the encapsulation of anthocyanin with the desirability of 92.6%. Microcapsules obtained using the optimized combination of independent variables was found to contain 3215.59 mg/100 g monomeric anthocyanin. The antioxidant activity and encapsulation efficiency of the encapsulated material obtained using optimized combinations of independent variable were found to be 365.26 µmol Trolox/g and 89.71%, respectively. The microcapsules were also additionally analyzed for the particle size distribution and morphological characterization. Particle size analysis indicated that the microcapsules obtained had a mean particle size of 60.97 µm. Scanning electron microscopy for morphological characterization indicated that the microcapsules so obtained were oval to round in shape and had a smooth surface. Storage studies to estimate the half-life of anthocyanin in the microcapsule at room temperature (37 °C) clearly indicated greater stability i.e. 63 days when stored under amber-colored vial compared to only 35 days when stored under clear transparent vial.
Enhancing the anti-tumour activity of 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate radionuclide therapy in somatostatin receptor-2 expressing tumour models by targeting PARP
Authors: Cullinane Carleen , Waldeck Kelly , Kirby Laura , Rogers Buck E. , Eu Peter , Tothill Richard W. , Hicks Rodney J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPeptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) is an important treatment option for patients with somatostatin receptor-2 (SSTR2)-expressing neuroendocrine tumour (NET) though tumour regression occurs in only a minority of patients. Therefore, novel PRRT regimens with improved therapeutic activity are needed. Radiation induced DNA damage repair is an attractive therapeutic target to increase PRRT efficacy and consequently, we have characterised a panel of preclinical models for their SSTR2 expression, in vivo growth properties and response to 177Lu-DOTA-octreotate (LuTate) PRRT to identify models with features suitable for evaluating novel therapeutic combinations. In vitro studies using the SSTR2 expressing AR42J model demonstrate that the combination of LuTate and the small molecule Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP) inhibitor, talazoparib led to increased DNA double strand breaks, as assessed by γ-H2AX foci formation, as compared to LuTate alone. Furthermore, using the AR42J tumour model in vivo we demonstrate that the combination of LuTate and talazoparib significantly improved the anti-tumour efficacy of LuTate alone. These findings support the clinical evaluation of the combination of LuTate and PARP inhibition in SSTR2-expressing NET.
Monosialoganglioside GM1 reduces toxicity of Ptx and increase anti-metastasic effect in a murine mammary cancer model
Authors: Leonhard Victoria , Alasino Roxana V. , Pasqualini María E. , Cremonezzi David C. , García Néstor H. , Beltramo Dante M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHaving demonstrated the ability of monosialoganglioside GM1 micelles as oncology drug transporter, this work focuses on evaluating its application in anin vivosystem, studying the toxicity and antitumoral effect of GM1-Ptx micellar formulation. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) obtained after intravenous administration of GM1-Ptx in mice was 55 mg/kg and the 50% lethal dose (LD50) was 70 mg/kg. This value is higher than those described for the commercial formulations TAXOL and ABRAXANE, with LD50 of 30 and 45 mg/kg respectively. The antitumor activity, mortality and incidence of metastasis were studied on a murine model of mammary gland cancer. The GM1-Ptx formulation was administered i.v. at different doses for 9 weeks using empty GM1 micelles and saline as treatment controls. Once the treatments were completed, biochemical markers were quantified and histological tissue tests were performed. The most promising results were obtained with the treatment at a dose of 15 mg/kg/twice a week, condition in which a longer survival and significant reduction in the incidence of animals with metastasis, since only one 25% of the mice showed presence of pulmonary micro metastases.
Immunity of nanoscale magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy to ionizing radiation
Authors: Montoya Eric Arturo , Chen Jen-Ru , Ngelale Randy , Lee Han Kyu , Tseng Hsin-Wei , Wan Lei , Yang En , Braganca Patrick , Boyraz Ozdal , Bagherzadeh Nader , Nilsson Mikael , Krivorotov Ilya N. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSpin transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM) is a promising candidate for next generation memory as it is non-volatile, fast, and has unlimited endurance. Another important aspect of STT-MRAM is that its core component, the nanoscale magnetic tunneling junction (MTJ), is thought to be radiation hard, making it attractive for space and nuclear technology applications. However, studies on the effects of ionizing radiation on the STT-MRAM writing process are lacking for MTJs with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (pMTJs) required for scalable applications. Particularly, the question of the impact of extreme total ionizing dose on perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, which plays a crucial role on thermal stability and critical writing current, remains open. Here we report measurements of the impact of high doses of gamma and neutron radiation on nanoscale pMTJs used in STT-MRAM. We characterize the tunneling magnetoresistance, the magnetic field switching, and the current-induced switching before and after irradiation. Our results demonstrate that all these key properties of nanoscale MTJs relevant to STT-MRAM applications are robust against ionizing radiation. Additionally, we perform experiments on thermally driven stochastic switching in the gamma ray environment. These results indicate that nanoscale MTJs are promising building blocks for radiation-hard non-von Neumann computing.
Clear aligners for maxillary anterior en masse retraction: a 3D finite element study
Authors: Jiang Ting , Wu Rui Ying , Wang Jian Kai , Wang Hong Hong , Tang Guo Hua 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTo evaluate tooth behaviours under various maxillary incisor retraction protocols for clear aligner therapy. A three-dimensional finite element model of maxillary dentition was constructed for first premolar extraction. A loading method was developed to mimic the mode of action of clear aligners for incisor en masse retraction. Three protocols with different amounts of retraction and intrusion on incisors were designed. Initial tooth displacements and stresses on periodontal ligaments were analysed with ANSYS software. The central (U1) and lateral (U2) incisors exhibited uncontrolled lingual tipping and extrusion upon 0.25 mm retraction. U1 exhibited translation movement, while U2 underwent less tipping during 0.2 mm retraction and 0.15 mm intrusion. Labial tipping and intrusion of U1 and bodily intrusion of U2 were observed during 0.1 mm of retraction and 0.23 mm of intrusion. With the additional intrusion on incisors, canine showed extrusion movement, and higher stresses on periodontal ligaments were shifted from U2 to canines. Incisors also exhibited different mesial-distal angulation in the three simulations, while posterior teeth all suffered mesial inclination. Incorporating intrusion displacement in clear aligners led to a tendency of lingual root movement during incisor retraction. The complexity of tooth movement should be recognized regarding clear aligner therapy.
Altered sensory system activity and connectivity patterns in adductor spasmodic dysphonia
Authors: Mantel Tobias , Dresel Christian , Welte Michael , Meindl Tobias , Jochim Angela , Zimmer Claus , Haslinger Bernhard 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAdductor-type spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD) manifests in effortful speech temporarily relievable by botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A). Previously, abnormal structure, phonation-related and resting-state sensorimotor abnormalities as well as peripheral tactile thresholds in ADSD were described. This study aimed at assessing abnormal central tactile processing patterns, their spatial relation with dysfunctional resting-state connectivity, and their BoNT-A responsiveness. Functional MRI in 14/12 ADSD patients before/under BoNT-A effect and 15 controls was performed (i) during automatized tactile stimulus application to face/hand, and (ii) at rest. Between-group differential stimulation-induced activation and resting-state connectivity (regional homogeneity, connectivity strength within selected sensory(motor) networks), as well as within-patient BoNT-A effects on these differences were investigated. Contralateral-to-stimulation overactivity in ADSD before BoNT-A involved primary and secondary somatosensory representations, along with abnormalities in higher-order parietal, insular, temporal or premotor cortices. Dysphonic impairment in ADSD positively associated with left-hemispheric temporal activity. Connectivity was increased within right premotor (sensorimotor network), left primary auditory cortex (auditory network), and regionally reduced at the temporoparietal junction. Activation/connectivity before/after BoNT-A within-patients did not significantly differ. Abnormal ADSD central somatosensory processing supports its significance as common pathophysiologic focal dystonia trait. Abnormal temporal cortex tactile processing and resting-state connectivity might hint at abnormal cross-modal sensory interactions.
Phase evolution, morphological, optical and electrical properties of femtosecond pulsed laser deposited TiO2 thin films
Authors: Kumi-Barimah E. , Penhale-Jones R. , Salimian A. , Upadhyaya H. , Hasnath A. , Jose G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we report anatase and rutile titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticulate thin films fabricated on silica and Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) substrates using femtosecond pulsed laser deposition (fs-PLD). Depositions were carried-out at substrate temperatures of 25 °C, 400 °C and 600 °C from anatase and rutile phase target materials. Effect of substrate temperature on the surface morphology, microstructural, optical, and electrical properties of these films were systematically investigated by using various range of measurements such as scanning electron microscopy, (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Ultraviolet–visible-near infrared (UV–Vis–NIR) spectroscopy, and Hall Effect measurements. It is observed that the TiO2 thin films surface are predominated with nanoparticulates of diameter less 35 nm, which constitute about ~ 70%; while the optical bandgaps and electrical resistivity decrease with increasing substrate temperature. A mixed-phase (anatase/rutile) TiO2 thin film was produced at a substrate temperature of 400 °C when samples are fabricated with anatase and rutile target materials. The results of this study indicate that the structural and crystallinity, optical, and electrical properties can be controlled by varying fs-PLD process parameters to prepare TiO2 thin films, which are suitable for applications in photovoltaics, solar cells, and photo-catalysis.
No evidence for a relationship between MHC heterozygosity and life history strategy in a sample of North American undergraduates
Authors: Murray Damian R. , Moran James B. , Prokosch Marjorie L. , Kerry Nicholas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlthough allelic diversity at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) has implications for adaptive immunity, mate choice, and social signalling, how diversity at the MHC influences the calibration of life history strategies remains largely uninvestigated. The current study investigated whether greater MHC heterozygosity was associated with markers of slower life history strategies in a sample of 789 North American undergraduates. Contrary to preregistered predictions and to previously published findings, MHC heterozygosity was not related to any of the psychological life history-relevant variables measured (including short- vs. long-term sexual strategy, temporal discounting, the Arizona life history battery, past and current health, disgust sensitivity, and Big Five personality traits). Further, no meaningful effects emerged when analysing women and men separately. Possible reasons for why the current results are inconsistent with previous work are discussed.
Unveiling the magnetic nature of chromospheric vortices
Authors: Murabito Mariarita , Shetye Juie , Stangalini Marco , Verwichte Erwin , Arber Tony , Ermolli Ilaria , Giorgi Fabrizio , Goffrey Tom 
Published: June 2020

Context. Vortex structures in the Sun’s chromosphere are believed to channel energy between different layers of the solar atmosphere.
Aims. We investigate the nature and dynamics of two small-scale quiet-Sun rotating structures in the chromosphere.
Methods. We analysed two chromospheric structures that show clear rotational patterns in spectropolarimetric observations taken with the Interferometric Bidimensional Spectrometer at the Ca II 8542 Å line.
Results. We present the detection of spectropolarimetric signals that manifest the magnetic nature of rotating structures in the chromosphere. Our observations show two long-lived structures of plasma that each rotate clockwise inside a 10 arcsec2 quiet-Sun region. Their circular polarisation signals are five to ten times above the noise level. Line-of-sight Doppler velocity and horizontal velocity maps from the observations reveal clear plasma flows at and around the two structures. A magnetohydrodynamics simulation shows these two structures are plausibly magnetically connected. Wave analysis suggests that the observed rotational vortex pattern could be due to a combination of slow actual rotation and a faster azimuthal phase speed pattern of a magnetoacoustic mode.
Conclusions. Our results imply that the vortex structures observed in the Sun’s chromosphere are magnetic in nature and that they can be connected locally through the chromosphere
Autoimmune Lebererkrankungen (AILE) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Grothues Dirk , Knoppke Birgit , Melter Michael 
Published: June 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGAutoimmune Lebererkrankungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter (pAILE) sind autoimmune Hepatitiden (AIH), sklerosierende Cholangitiden (SC) und post-neonatale Riesenzellhepatitis (PN-GCH). Die Diagnose pAIH basiert auf der Befundkonstellation (hepatische Inflammation, charakteristische Autoantikörper (AAK), erhöhte Gammaglobulin- oder IgG-Titer). Entsprechend der typischen AAK-Konstellation mit ANA und/oder SMA bei AIH-1 und LKM1 bei AIH-2 wird zwischen diesen differenziert. Zu den SC gehören bei pädiatrischen Patienten folgende Entitäten. Neonatale SC [SSC], SC mit autoimmunen Merkmalen (AIH-PSC-Overlap; Autoimmun-SC [ASC]), primär-sklerosierende Cholangitis [PSC] und sekundäre SC [SSC]. Alle pAILE-Gruppen sind häufig mit anderen (auto)immunen Erkrankungen assoziiert. Da insbesondere die AIH, ASC und PN-GCH unbehandelt zu einer raschen Progredienz führen, ist eine frühzeitige Diagnostik wichtig. AIH, ASC und PN-GCH werden immunsuppressiv behandelt. Für die PSC ist keine kausale Therapie bekannt. Im Falle eines Leberversagens besteht für alle pAILE- Formen eine Indikation zur Lebertransplantation. Dabei ist ein Rezidivrisiko post-transplantationem für alle pAILE-Formen bekannt.
Stellenwert des maschinellen Blutbildes bei der Diagnose der infektiösen Mononukleose durch EBV
Authors: Stupp Franziska , Hoffmann Thomas Karl , Grossi Anna-Sophia , Sommer Fabian , Sieron Hannah Lara , Lindemann Jörg 
Published: June 2020

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Zur Abgrenzung einer EBV-Primärinfektion von einer bakteriellen Tonsillitis wird eine EBV-Serologie empfohlen. Schneller verfügbar ist, neben nur wenig zuverlässigen EBV-Schnelltests, ein instrumentelles Differenzialblutbild. Es wurde ausgewertet, ob sich hierbei bei bis zu 70 % mononukleär veränderten Lymphozyten signifikante Unterschiede zeigen und welche weiteren schnell verfügbaren klinischen Parameter eine Unterscheidung erleichtern.
Material und Methoden Es erfolgte eine retrospektive Auswertung der absoluten und relativen Lympho- und Monozytenzahlen, CRP und Leberwerte von allen stationären Patienten (n = 140) mit V. a. EBV-Primärinfektion im Zeitraum von 01/2008–01/2019 (mittleres Alter 21,4 ± 6,6 Jahre, ♀ 51 %, ♂ 49 %). Es erfolgte der Vergleich zwischen serologisch bestätigter (VCA-IgM+, VCA-IgG+, EBNA-IgG) oder ausgeschlossener EBV-Primärinfektion.
Ergebnisse Bei bestätigter EBV-Primärinfektion und vorliegendem Differenzialblutbild (n = 42) lag mit absoluten Lymphozyten von 5,5 ± 2,6 Giga/l im Mittel eine Lymphozytose vor, bei akuter bakterieller Tonsillitis (n = 36) mit 1,6 ± 1,3 Giga/l signifikant geringere Werte (p < 0,05). Entsprechendes ergab sich für die relativen Lymphozyten (47,4 ± 17,9 % vs. 12,8 ± 9,1 %; p < 0,05). Es ergaben sich weder für die absoluten (1,2 ± 0,8 vs. 1,2 ± 0,6 Giga/l; p = 0,617) noch für die relativen (8,8 ± 3,6 vs. 9,8 ± 5,2 %; p = 0,746) Monozytenzahlen signifikante Unterschiede. Bei EBV-Primärinfektion fanden sich signifikant geringere CRP-Werte und signifikant höhere Leberwerte und eine Hepato-/Splenomegalie.
Schlussfolgerung Erhöhte Lymphozytenzahlen und ein erhöhtes Verhältnis von Lympho- zu Leukozytenzahlen können einen ersten Hinweis auf eine EBV-Infektion geben. Morphologisch veränderte Lymphozyten werden offenbar mit modernen Geräten zunehmend korrekt gezählt. Zusätzlich sind ein nur moderat erhöhter CRP-Wert und eine Hepatosplenomegalie charakteristisch für eine primäre EBV-Infektion. Die Ergebnisse könnten genutzt werden, um die Entscheidung zur weiteren Diagnostik gezielter zu treffen, bevor eine EBV-Serologie vorliegt.