bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Employee’s Turnover and Their Effects in the Malaysian Private Sector
Authors: Saidu Nasiru 
Published: April 2020

The word “employee turnover is a crucial metric that is frequently integral to organizations’ personnel arranging and policy. The main rationale of this study is to discover out the legitimate reasons behind employees turnover and its consequences on the productivity of Malaysian manufacturing industries. Based on the indication of the coefficient shows that, the inverse relationship between the turnover intension, carrier promotion, price, personality and job match. On the off chance that the satisfaction level of utilizes in regards to their occupation is elevated, the turnover aim will be stumpy. More over if the level of carrier promotion, price, personality and job match is low; the widrawal intension will be higher. The paper recommend that management ought to utilize both sorts of compensation (Financial and non-Financial), appealing package, convince allowance, group insurance, medical allowance, benevolent fund, house rent, gratuity, and pension in financial remuneration and also match a job with the person caring out the job. The limitations of the study is that respondents are selected only faculty members of private business institutions on convenience premise, speculation for the entire populace is not flawlessly fulfilled although random sampling is applied.
Human Resource Accounting and Shareholders Wealth Maximization: Empirical Study of Nigeria Quoted Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Stanley Diepiriye Davies, 
Published: April 2020

This study empirically investigated the relationship between human resource accounting and shareholders wealth maximization of selected quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria from 2000-2016. Time series data was generated from the Annual Reports of the quoted firms. Twenty manufacturing firms were selected from the population of quoted manufacturing firms. Two multiple regression models were specified and estimated with the aid of Software package for social services (SPSS). Return on investment was modeled as the function of capital and revenue expenditure components of human resource accounting. The generated collinearity diagnostics result shows that the Eigen values that correspond to the highest condition index and variable constant are consistent with the rule of thumb. The Durbin Watson test shows absence of auto-correlation. From the expenditure component, we found correlation coefficient of 71.3%, R2 and the Adjusted R2 shows that 50.8% and 36.0%. The explanatory power of the predictor variables shows that all the independent variables have positive but insignificant relationship with return on investment of the manufacturing firms except cost of human resource acquisition. The revenue expenditure proved R2 and the adjusted R2 of 61.0% and 49.3% explained variation on return on investment. The coefficient of the independent variables proved that salaries, wages and bonus have positive relationship with return on investment of the selected manufacturing firms while commission and allowances have positive effect on return on investment. It concludes that human resource accounting has significant relationship with shareholders wealth maximization of the selected manufacturing firms. We recommend that all human capital expenditure should properly be accounted for and the need to investment on human capital of the firms.
Investigating the Influence of Social Class on Consumers’ Shopping Behaviour in Nigeria
Authors: Chinwendu Okonkwo Deborah , Shedrack Moguluwa Chinwuba 
Published: April 2020

Purpose - This research is a critical effort towards investigating the shopping behaviour of consumers among different social class categories in Nigeria. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the underlying factors influencing consumers’ shopping behaviour in order to establish if there is really a clear-cut distinction in this regard among the various social class categories.
Design/methodology/approach - This study adopted the cross-sectional research approach and the survey research method. This study was carried out in order to determine whether there is a significant influence of social class on consumers’ choice of shopping outlet; and investigate the extent to which social class significantly influenced consumers’ organization of purchases, shopping style, and shopping pattern in Nigeria. A total of 384 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to individuals within Enugu metropolis, however only 350 copies were considered usable for data analysis. Respondents were selected using the convenience sampling technique. Descriptive statistical methods such as frequencies and percentages were used in data presentation. The chi-square and multiple regression statistics were used to analyse data.
Findings - The results indicate that social class significantly influenced consumers’ choice of shopping outlet; social class did not in any way significantly influence consumers’ organization of purchases; occupation/profession did not have a significant influence on consumers’ behaviour with respect to their shopping style; and income and occupation/profession did not have a significant influence on consumers’ behaviour with respect to their shopping pattern.
Practical implications – This paper presents a spotlight on Nigerian consumers’ shopping pattern vis-à-vis the age long social class theory. It revisits the significance of the concept of social class to marketing practice with a strong emphasis on consumer behaviour.
Originality/Value – The significance of this paper is apparent in its proven application of the age-long social class concept in understanding consumer behaviour patterns in these contemporary times. As such, it requires a re-visit by marketing scholars so as to bring it back to limelight considering its relevance to consumer behaviourial patterns.
Bank Information Disclosure, Financial Transparency and Corporate Governance in Rastin Banking
Authors: Bidabad Bijan , Sherafati Mahshid 
Published: April 2020

Purpose: This paper aims to define a set of banking operating regulations for financial transparency, corporate governance, and bank information disclosure.
Design: Bank governance, financial transparency, and information disclosure are amongst the most important solutions to attract public trust to financial and banking operations. In order to reach this goal, a new set of regulations should be designed to solve the problem. In this way, Rastin Banking regulations can provide a base to obtain a better information circulation and higher clarity.
Findings: A draft of regulations for financial transparency, governance, and bank information disclosure is presented in this paper, which can be employed as a basis for the codification of the respective law.
Research limitations: Since such kinds of regulations are novel for banks, they are required to be meticulously scrutinized in the first place, and after adaptation, adjustment, and performing the necessary modifications, the code of law can be codified.
Practical implications: Bank managers, through granting various concessions to themselves and their own stakeholders, have violated the rights of shareholders, depositors, and other stakeholders. This issue, through applying the governance methods, is adjustable to a great extent.
Social implications: This procedure is a model that can be adopted in other countries, especially those countries that have essential ambiguities in their banking and financial operations.
Value: Clearly, the lack of transparency in banking operations can gradually weaken the trust of depositors, stakeholders, and shareholders, and result in probable abuses and damages to all parties in the bank’s contracts. This article fulfills an identified need and solves the practical problem in financial abuses, corruption, and collusion, and can provide positive and essential effects on creating public trust in financial operations.
Determinants of Micro and Small Enterprises Growth in Selected Towns of West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Authors: Geleta Negash , Talegeta Sileshi 
Published: April 2020

MSEs have an important contribution to economic growth and employment creation in Ethiopia. However, due to different bottlenecks that hinder the growth, MSEs found in these three towns were not grown as it was expected. Therefore, this study aimed at identifying the major determinants of MSEs growth in West Shoa Zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. In the study, both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. Primary data was obtained using questionnaires. Stratified sampling was used to select proportional number of samples from the study area. The study used Chi-square and logistic regression to measure the association and determine growth probability of MSEs, respectively. The result of the study revealed, Entrepreneurial competency, managerial skills, market access, innovation, high initial investment size, access to finance and manufacturing sector variables were identified as a major determinant of growth of the MSEs in the study area. MSEs Owner/manager characteristics such as gender and age were found not to have an influence on the growth of the enterprises as the descriptive result showed. The probability of growth of MSEs were positively influenced by entrepreneurship competency, management skill, market access, initial investment size, and sector in manufacturing; however, getting access to finance and engaging in innovation activity have negative impact on the growth probability of MSEs based on the binary logit model result. The variables included in the model explain about 73.38% of the influences on the MSEs Growth so as, the model is fit. The study recommends that proper understanding of these factors constitutes an essential starting point and important for the Owner/manager of MSEs, government and non-governmental organizations to formulate policies and strategies in order to reduce unemployment, poverty and income inequality thereby promote MSEs and their growth in the country and particularly in West Shoa Zone.
PENGARUH PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN QUANTUM TEACHING TERHADAP PEMAHAMAN KONSEP MATEMATIKA SISWA KELAS VII MTs AL-IHSAN BULUH RAMPAI
Authors: Fitri Ramadhani , Imas Siti Aminah  
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan pemaham konsep matematis siswa dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran Quantum Teaching. Penelitian ini meruapakan penelitian Quasi Experiment dengan rancangan Randomized Subject Posstest Only Control Group Design. Populasi penelitian yaituseluruh siswa kelas VII MTs Al-Ihsan Buluh Rampai. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan Random sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan tes kemampuan pemahaman konsep matematis berupa uraian. Data dianalisis secara statistik dengan uji independent samples T-test. Berdasarkan hasil uji t tersebut, thitung berada di daerah penolakan H0 dapat disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan pemahaman konsep matematis siswa yangh diajar dengan model pembelajaran Quantum Teaching lebih baik daripada pembelajaran konvensional.
Educator's Learning Alignment Instrument (ELAI):
Authors: Vining Robert D. , Millard Timothy 
Published: April 2020

Objective
To report the development and initial testing of a questionnaire designed to assess the concept of learning alignment within chiropractic college courses.

Methods
A 36-item questionnaire, Educator's Learning Alignment Instrument (ELAI), was created to evaluate how learning goals, course activities, and assessments align within a college course. Questionnaire development was informed by learning theories and tested using a 2-phased electronic survey mechanism among a chiropractic college faculty. Phase 1 included completing the ELAI for a currently implemented course. Phase 2 included questions about confidential reports generated from ELAI data.

Results
Thirty-one of 46 (67%) respondents completed an ELAI. Twelve (38%) participated in phase 2. Twenty-one (68%) courses demonstrated consistent learning focus across goals, activities, and assessments. Aggregate data from early, middle, and late chiropractic program courses revealed progressive shifts toward higher-level learning. Eighty-seven percent of courses contained 1 or more individual learning areas with potentially misaligned goals, activities, or assessment. Ninety-seven percent of respondents completed ELAI questions within 20 minutes. Most (87%) phase 2 respondents noted the report accurately reflected the course. Sixty-seven percent of phase 2 respondents agreed that confidential reports provided useful information to inform course design.

Conclusion
The ELAI is a nonburdensome instrument that can facilitate faculty reflection on how aligned learning concepts are applied in a course and provide novel data to assess general learning focus within college courses and within programs. Results indicate ELAI questions can be revised to improve clarity. Additional research comparing ELAI responses from experts, peer educators, and students is recommended.
Career Satisfaction among Community Pharmacists
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Shahid , Iqbal Muhammad Zahid 
Published: April 2020

Objective: This study's objective was to determine the level of career satisfaction among practicing Community Pharmacists (CPs) and the impact of various factors on career satisfaction.
Methods: This cross-sectional study used a self-administered instrument to access the current level of career satisfaction among CPs. The survey instrument questions were adopted from previous studies and were contextualized to suit study objectives and revalidated using face and content validation. The study instrument was distributed and collected.
Results: A total of 172 responses from CPs were received, 112 (65.1%) from males and 60 (34.9%) from females. The difference in age categories was significantly profound in the less than 34 years old group being 113 (65.7%) compared with the more than 34 years old being 59 (34.3%). Around 98 (57%) were working in chain pharmacies and 74 (43%) in independent pharmacy stores. The study result showed126 (73.3%) were unsatisfied in their careers and 46 (26.7%) were satisfied.
Conclusion: Age and working experience are both major contributing factors to career satisfaction levels. Only 36.5% reported having higher career satisfaction levels among total participated CPs.
Out-of-pocket Healthcare Costs of COPD Exacerbation Episodes: A Hidden Cost and Growing Strain on Family Budgets
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Shahid , Al-Saikhan Fahad I. , Iqbal Muhammad Zahid 
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) appears to be the main reason for hospitalization among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. This study aimed to evaluate the substantial economic burden of COPD in terms of out-of-pocket costs (OOPCs) among COPD patients.
Methods: This study consisted of 67 consenting patients with AECOPD. A cross-sectional study was performed via convenience sampling. Data were gathered based on per episode of exacerbation and the calculation of OOPCs was done based on direct and indirect costs.
Results: This study showed that the mean length of hospital stay for four severity levels (according to GOLD guidelines) was 3.4, 7.2, 10.3 and 14.1 days, respectively. The mean OOPCs per episode of exacerbation according to the severity level were 139.1, 153.3, 171.4 and 365.8 USD, respectively.
Conclusion: Impacts of OOPCs regarding AECOPD episodes on healthcare resources are worthy of attention. Cost estimation from patients’ perspective especially OOPCs estimation is important in decision and policy-making to improve healthcare states of a population.
Discussion Addendum for: 4‐Nonylbenzoic Acid
Authors: Fürstner* Alois 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

This addendum presents various examples that illustrate the tremendous advances in the iron‐catalyzed cross coupling since the original
Organic Syntheses
procedure was published in 2005. The 2005
Organic Syntheses
procedures describing the preparation of 4‐nonylbenzoic acid, a component of liquid crystalline materials, captures the state of development of iron catalysis. It is pointed out that alkyl/aryl cross coupling can be effected without preparing a Grignard reagent in a separate step. The promise that cheap and benign iron catalysts allow palladium to be substituted – at least in certain cross coupling reactions – was a major incentive. It soon became clear that this metal is also able to promote cross coupling reactions of substrates that have little or no precedent in the classical canon.
Discussion Addendum for: Phosphine‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Annulation: Synthesis of Ethyl 5‐(tert‐Butyl)‐2‐Phenyl‐1‐Tosyl‐3‐Pyrroline‐3‐Carboxylate
Authors: Shaikh Aslam C. , Kwon* Ohuyn 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNitrogen heterocycles are core structural units of many natural products and drugs. Among them, pyrrolines are particularly widespread in natural products and bioactive molecules. This addendum describes the synthesis of ethyl 5‐(tert‐butyl)‐2‐phenyl‐1‐tosyl‐3‐pyrroline‐3‐carboxylate. It presents a potential mechanism for allene–imine [3 + 2] annulation. Many new phosphine‐catalyzed [3 + 2] imine–allene annulations, and their synthetic applications, have been reported. These advances are the focus of this addendum. Phosphine‐catalyzed [3 + 2] annulations of allenes and imines can be efficient protocols for regio‐ and stereoselective syntheses, under mild conditions, of valuable substituted pyrrolines presenting a variety of functional groups. Such methods are intriguing because the seemingly innocuous phosphine acts, in most cases, as the catalyst with no need for additional ligands or additives.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (
R
)‐((
R
)‐1‐Phenyl‐2,2,2‐Trichloroethyl)2‐(2‐Bromophenyl)aziridine‐1‐Carboxylate
Authors: Lebel* Hélène , Piras Henri 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter article the procedure for synthesis of (R)‐((R)‐1‐phenyl‐2,2,2‐trichloroethyl)2‐(2‐bromophenyl)aziridine‐1‐carboxylate. It presents some of the important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained, characterization data, and the reagents required, as well as the techniques used and the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. Stereoselective aminations of alkenes and alkanes are achieved using namely metal nitrene species. The scope of the aziridination reaction includes styrene derivatives containing diversely functionalized aromatic ring as well as β‐methylstyrene. The cleavage of the (R)‐2,2,2‐trichloro‐1‐phenylethyl carbamate undergoes under basic reaction conditions, avoiding the concomitant opening of the aziridine moiety, that is typically observed for cleavage of sulfonyl‐protected aziridines. The article also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
Facile Reduction of Amides Using Nickel Catalysis: Reduction of 12‐Aminododecanolactam
Authors: Simmons Bryan J. , Ramirez Melissa , Garg* Neil K. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis article describes the procedure for facile reduction of amides using nickel catalysis by reduction of 12‐aminododecanolactam. It presents some important points to be considered, the conditions that need to be maintained and the reagents required, as well as the equipment setup that are vital to carrying out the process. This type of amide reduction often requires the use of Raney nickel, high temperatures, and high pressures of H2gas. A variety of amides, both secondary and tertiary, can be reduced to give the corresponding amine products. The article also describes the hazards associated with working with chemicals and the ways to deal with these hazards.
Discussion Addendum for: Fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane (
FBSM
)
Authors: Ispizua‐Rodriguez Xanath , Krishnamurti Vinayak , Coe Mathew , Prakash* G. K. Surya 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Monofluoromethylation is an important transformation that has been employed as a strategy to introduce fluoroalkyl functionalities into molecules. Among the known reactions, nucleophilic monofluoromethylation stands out as an important approach in which a fluoroalkyl anion is generated and reacted with a suitable electrophile. Fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane (FBSM) has been widely employed as a pronucleophile given that the electron‐withdrawing nature of the phenylsulfonyl groups increases the acidity of the proton in the adjacent carbon atom, making its deprotonation facile and giving rise to a resonance stabilized fluoromethide species that can react with several electrophiles. This discussion addendum discloses the transformations available, employing FBSM as a monofluoromethylation reagent. The discussion includes Michael, multicomponent, and substitution reactions with FBSM and also additions of FBSM to alkenes, alkynes, and Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Products.
Abalone Withering Syndrome Disease Dynamics: Infectious Dose and Temporal Stability in Seawater
Authors: Crosson Lisa M. , Lottsfeldt Nina S. , Weavil-Abueg Mariah E. , Friedman Carolyn S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Withering syndrome (WS) is a chronic bacterial disease that affects numerous northeastern Pacific abalone Haliotis spp. The causative agent of WS is an obligate intracellular Rickettsiales-like bacterium (WS-RLO) that remains unculturable, thereby limiting our understanding of WS disease dynamics. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the temporal stability of WS-RLO DNA outside of its abalone host in 14°C and 18°C seawater, (2) develop a standardized protocol for exposing abalones to known concentrations of WS-RLO DNA, and (3) calculate the dose of WS-RLO DNA required to generate 50% infection prevalence (ID50) in the highly cultured red abalone Haliotis rufescens. The WS-RLO stability trials were conducted in October 2016, February 2017, and June 2017. A quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis was used to quantify bacterial DNA for 7 d in seawater collected at an abalone farm in southern California, where the pathogen is now endemic. For all trials and temperature treatments, WS-RLO DNA was unstable in seawater for longer than 2 d. To determine an ID50, groups of uninfected juvenile red abalone were subjected to 3-h bath exposures with four concentrations of WS-RLO at 0, 103, 104, and 105 DNA copies/mL. Abalone feces were tested biweekly for the presence of WS-RLO DNA, and abalone tissues were sampled 9 weeks postinfection for histological and qPCR analyses. The ID50 results indicated that our protocol was successful in generating WS-RLO infections; a pathogen dose of 2.3 × 103 DNA copies/mL was required to generate a 50% infection prevalence in red abalone tissue. These findings are critical components of disease dynamics that will help assess WS transmission risk within and among abalone populations and facilitate appropriate management and restoration strategies for both wild and cultured abalone species in WS-endemic areas.