bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Brick in Determining Features of Iraqi Architecture
Authors: Al-Assadi Fawzia Irhayyim , Al-Dewachi Mumtaz Hazim 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The issue of local architectural identity remains an urgent need especially in the era of globalization. Factors that have significant contribution in determining identity include the potentiality of local building materials due to their influence on architectural works through ages based on the fact that building materials were produced from natural resources which are highly related to locational and environmental circumstances.
The brick was the most dominant material in Iraqi architecture since the ancient Mesopotamian achievements. This came from brick’s aesthetic and expressive aspects inherent in its content. The brick, with its regular structure and measurements, was the main means of creating a variety of Iraqi buildings that were established to attend the bricks and made it a global building material.
In spite of the fact that brick showed high structural, environmental and aesthetic potentialities, which proved their success through various experiments in Iraq, no adequate studies are carried on to explore this. The objective of this paper is to highlight the potentiality of brick as the dominant building material in Iraq for ages. A sample of modern and contemporary architectural works are selected to assess the Iraqi brick work aesthetic, environmental and structural aspects as an identity features.
Studying Flexibility and Adaptability as Key Sustainable Measures for Spaces in Dwelling Units: A Case Study in Baghdad
Authors: Aziz Sura S. , Alobaydi Dhirgham , Salih Amna BM 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper studies the functional flexibility as a sustainable design option used in housing. Family medium size has been grown and their needs of social and economic conditions have changed. In order to satisfy these needs, spatial layouts of their housing have developed or modified. Flexibility that is the capacity of spatial adaptation of development has considered as a useful sustainable option in the existing design. Since 2003, there is still a clear problem of covering the rapidly escalating demand on dwellings in Baghdad, the existing housing has been suffered from the densification, although the small capacity of spaces and fixed-designs. In addition to that, a trend of building dwelling units based on the retail sales of lands has been widely adopted from people to meet their dwelling needs. This paper thus answers the question:how can Iraqi dwelling occupants evaluate the flexibility and adaptability as key sustainable measures in their own homes? Methodology used a case study approach, Baghdad, Iraq has been selected for the case study, cooperated with the questionnaire technique to examine a set of apartments and homes. Results have shown that dwellers preferred the functional modification based on the inner space to meet the flexibility, but they have never relied on the flexibility as a sustainable tool of design.
Investigate the Sustainable Efficient Spaces in Islamic Inheritance Houses
Authors: Mohammed Wasan Maki , Al Nuaimi Saad Fawzi Tuama 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Due to the changes are generally happened in the architecture and the architectural design process, and especially in the inheritance houses design fields. Because of the large increase in the demands for houses in the world. In Addition to that, the imported concepts and shapes from the foreign architecture in the Islamic Arabic architecture. The Islamic inheritance houses had suffered from the problem of contemporary transformations and threat urban structure. For the previous reasons this research will discuss the research problem which is; what are the characteristics of sustainable efficient spaces in Islamic inheritance houses. The research objective is to explore the sustainable traditional efficient elements to use it in the contemporary hosing; to sustain the Islamic traditional heritage and Islamic identity. This Study has a try to investigate the pheno-type and geno-type of the sustainable efficient spaces of Islamic inheritance houses (tradition inheritance houses). Research methodology will be inductive method through making surveying for the efficient spaces in selected traditional cases study in Arabian cities. Five distinguished inheritance houses in Bahrain as cases study have been selected: “Sheikh Issa Ibin ali Inheritance houses”, “Seiady Inheritance houses in Moharaq”, “the inheritance houses of Sheikh Salmaan”, “the inheritance houses of Ahmed Khalaf” and “the inheritance houses of Yusuf Redha in Manama”. These five inheritance houses are similar to many Islamic inheritance houses in Arabian cities and they are the most Islamic traditional reputed inheritance houses in the Gulf area. The study has try to investigate pheno-type, geno-type for the efficient spaces in Islamic inheritance houses. The study finds number of pheno-types, genotypes and another characteristic for sustainable efficient elements. The research finds that; the genetic features in the Islamic selected inheritance houses have three efficient spaces. The efficient spaces are “specific, specific-general and general”. Those spaces are opened to a certain courtyard, or they are sharing the same one. And probably one of the previous spaces has more than one courtyard. So; there are clear separation for these efficient spaces in the Islamic inheritance houses, through the concept of the hierarchy from (Specific spaces) then (Specific-General spaces) then to the (General spaces). All selected inheritance houses have another characteristic; they have the fact that the privacies in the ground floor is less than the privacy in the first floor.
Predicting the future growth depending on GIS and IDRISI program, city of Najaf-Iraq
Authors: Sabree Ali Amna Hussain , Amany A. Kh , Jalil Mustafa.Abdul. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study aims to employ modern spatial simulation models to predict the future growth of Al-Najaf city for the year 2036 by studying the change in land use for the time period (1986-2016) because of its importance in shaping future policy for the planning process and decision-making process and ensuring a sustainable urban future, using Geographical information software programs and remote sensing (GIS, IDRISI Selva) as they are appropriate tools for exploring spatial temporal changes from the local level to the global scale. The application of the Markov chain model, which is a popular model that calculates the probability of future change based on the past, and the Cellular Automata (CA) model determines the spatial location of the change. CA-Markov is known as a more effective way to model simulation of temporal and spatial change. Space images have been relied upon by applying models for the information they provide on the reality of the state of land uses, which can help in understanding the engines and dynamics of land transformation and forecasting future economic and environmental impacts.
Studying Sustainable Actions of Syntactic Structures of Historic Hit Citadel: A Morphological Approach
Authors: Mohammed Lina Raad , Alobaydi Dhirgham 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper examines the morphological changes of Historic Citadel in Hit, Iraq, in relation to the changes in syntactic properties of street networks and land use distribution during the last century. Founded before 1600 BC, Historic Hit Citadel (HHC) has been considered as one of the most important fortified cores in Iraq. It consists of a rich variety of urban structures representing different historic periods of the city history. However, HHC was continuously deteriorated by a lack of urban development programs and maintenance processes since 1900s. The study thus covers the three remarkable changes of HHC in order to find proper sustainable actions for developing this historic site and to promote programs of economic diversity as a sustainable agenda. Methods use space syntax techniques and measures to describe the accessibility and connectivity of street networks based on syntactic properties of the built environment. Generated maps of syntactic structures helped to identify the integration and segregation urban areas on the city map. A discussion of the implications of integration areas, needed to be improved, and segregation areas, required to be developed, was conducted. Results have shown where the integrated and segregated cores were located and so helped to provide general improvements by adopting new activities, developing the existing spatial quality of the built environm.
Estimation and Analysis of Costs for Electrical Power Transmission Lines in Iraqi Projects
Authors: Hatem Wadhah A. , Erzaij Kadhim R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
With the increased demand for energy and lack of organised strategies in the generation sector, the challenges in this sector in Iraq still negatively affect macro-economic aspects. It is necessary to support the infrastructure of the electrical industry to cover any rising energy demands and the required related transfer process to reliably meet consumer demands. In this paper, the cost of energy-line transfer elements was considered with the aim to optimise the cost of capital. As the majority of economic energy studies have found, power transmission lines that use project management methodologies and scientific predictions for cost achieved reasonable financial savings in capital costs. Improving the process of designing and planning electrical power transmission lines is a complex issue due to diverse factors affecting the established costs. The primary goal of this study is to prepare a cost model of electrical Iraqi projects, including the local required factors related to the implementation costs based on the intensive review of the design areas of power transmission lines and the challenges of erecting and operating these lines. The possible steps and computation model are established to overcome the calculation challenges, where procedures are suitable to the terrain and the local requirements for economic transportation lines.
Forming of Aluminum Foam Sandwich Panels
Authors: Hassan Weaam Adil , Ameen Hani Aziz , Alsabti Haidar Akram 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this study, aluminum foam was fabricated using sintering and dissolution process (SDP). Aluminum powder with a particle size (2.88μm) prepared as a raw material was mixed with NaCl with a particle size between (150-800μm) used as a space holder at different ratio (30, 40, 50 and 60) wt. % and compacted at 200 MPa followed by sintering at 650° C for 2 hrs. The sintered samples were placed into hot water for 10 hrs to dissolve NaCl particles. Uniaxial compression test was carried out to determine the foam structure influence on plastic deformation and the damage in the Al foam. It has been using optical microscope, Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) and Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) to investigate the pores. The properties of Al-foam were improved by extrusion process. The foam porosity is increased from (35%) to (41%).It was found that the extrusion process formed isolated pores with thicker walls than cell walls with interconnected pores to expand the use of foamed aluminum for application. EDS investigated that the ratio of NaCl is decreased after extrusion process for the Al-foam. SEM observed the distance between the pores of Al-foam is decreased after extrusion process.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Shot-Peening and Solidification Effects on the Endurance Limit of Composite Material
Authors: Abdulla Fadhel Abbas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis work studied experimentally and numerically the effect of the shot-peening on the properties of fatigue of composite materials during the solidification period of composite material. Different two type of composite material have been investigated, woven (matt) reinforcement E-fiber glass with matrix epoxy resin, the second type made from random reinforcement E-fiber glass with matrix epoxy resin. Different shot peening times and also different times of solidification have been studied in this work. The experimental work includes calculating the mechanical properties (modulus of elasticity and the ultimate tensile stress) using the tensile test, also calculating the fatigue stress using the fatigue test. The numerical verification was done using ANSIS\ Workbench.15 to obtain the S-N curves of the composite material. The result shows, the best enhancement in fatigue strength had been 95% and 33.78% for matt reinforcement material and random reinforcement material respectively, both types have the best improvement at 6 minutes shot peening time (SPT) and on two days of solidification. The numerical verification shows an agreement with the experimental results of the S-N curves, in which the maximum percentage error between the experimental and numerical results does not exceed 12 % and 15.12% for the matt reinforced material and for the random reinforced material respectively.
Microstructural characterization and mechanical properties development with Ti, Cr, or Ni addition for low carbon steel butt joints
Authors: Abbas Naseer M , Al-Nadawi Ayad Khudhair , Hassan Kharia S 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Welding is one of the most important industrial process, therefore many practical techniques are developed to obtain an efficient and cost effective welding for different kind of metals. In this research, the microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of welded joints using TIG welding were studied for 1020 AISI low carbon steel. Titanium, Chromium, or Nickel powder were added to the welded joint one at a time by paste it with paraffin wax in the form of a thin layer. The welds were conducted and tested, then results were compared with and without adding Ti, Cr, or Ni metal powder. The welding process was done at a constant DC current (200 Amps. and 20 Volts) using weld filler metal type ER70S-3. Tests results showed that the tensile strength of the welded joint without adding metal powders was approximately 2% higher than the tensile strength of the base metal. Additionally, the tensile strength enhanced by approximately 27%, 21%, and 2% for Titanium, Nickel, and Chromium metal powder addition to the welded joints respectively. The bending strength values for all welded joints were also higher than the base metal. Furthermore, the hardness values were increased in the welded zone for all specimens. This can be attributed to the difference in the behavior of each metal powder at high temperature. The obtained results provide an experimental reference for the development of a new welding technique. It can be used in practical welding applications to obtain the desired properties using a suitable metal powder or a combination of them.
Gait Cycle Ground Reaction Force Measurement Using Piezoelectric Sensor Attached to Shoe-Insole System
Authors: Kubba Ammar I , Ameen Ahmed A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study presents a wearable system that mainly consisted of piezoelectric sensors, filter circuit and data logger in order to measure the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) and study its profile. The proposed system establishes base information to improve the portable gait analysis systems and make them easier in use also to be able to get more outdoor data. The experiments were done by a young healthy person without physical disabilities or nervous disorders and the experimental protocol was explained to the participant before the performing. The experiment involved the walking with self-selected speed along 15 meter track of paved ground. The system was set on (200 Hertz) sampling rate in order to achieve the required data resolution. The produced information was about the events of the gait cycle (Heel-Strike, Stance, Heel-Off and Swing) and their durations also for the VGRF profile of each step and stride which compared with the VGRF profile of force plate. The results of VGRF of sensorinsole system clarified a high similarity with the VGRF produced by force plate system. Despite the system having many features, there are some limitations which can be avoided after improving the system.
Building A Computerize System for Controlling and Monitoring Manufacturing Operations Based on Statistical Quality Control
Authors: Hassoon Omar Hashim , Ibrahim Batool , Albaghdadi Baraa 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Statistical process control techniques are extensively used to describe statistics dada to monitor and satisfy the specifications of product and process. This approach capable to decide the amount of the variations in the case of frequent mistakes of the production process. Consequently, this approach can be monitored the production process and keep sure that the production locates inside this acceptable range and indicate directly that the process became under control. This means that the SPC considered an active method to monitor, examine and control variation in processes. In this paper, a computerized system is constructed to determine the manipulate charts and process capability which representing the predominant tool to monitor the rotational mechanical parts product machined by turning machine. A critical quality characteristic (variables) used in the work is dimensions to be measure and examining this process.
Influence of Al2O3Nanoparticles Addition to AA6082-T6 on Mechanical Properties by Stir Casting Technique
Authors: Assi Abdullah Dhayea 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe work aims at investigating the effects of the addition of Al2O3nanoparticle as an enhancer on the mechanical characteristics of AA6082-T6 Metal Matrix Nano Composites (MMNCs) compounds. During the experiment, different weight fractions of Al2O3nanoparticles (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 %) were added to molten AA6082-T6 using stir casting technique (SCT). Samples were formed at solidification and tested for mechanical properties, including the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), hardness (BHN), and density (ρ). Furthermore, the samples were evaluated for Yung’s coefficient (E) and yield strength (YS). From the results of the investigations, the developed method was found successful in ensuring the homogenous dispersion of the nanoparticles in the MMNCs. Increases in the proportion of the nanoparticles were found to increase the hardness (18.48%), density (15.89%), UTS (22.95%), Youngs modulus (27%), and YS (19.86%) while decreased were observed in the ductility (57.14%) as the proportion of the nanoparticles increases. Finally, Nano Al2O3molecules were found to be a good material for the promotion of AA6082-T6 compounds.
Improving the Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Alloys 6061-T6 Friction Stir Welding Joints Using Ultrasonic Peening
Authors: Naji Almohaisen Abdul Mohsin , Hassan Kharia Salman 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to study the possibility of joining plates from aluminum alloy 6061-T6 by friction stir welding method. Plates were prepared to dimensions (200 × 60 × 6) mm by using (CNC) milling machines. The FSW was then applied to join the operated plates by a vertical milling machine using different rotation welding speed of 1000,1200,1400, rpm and linear welding speed of 30 mm/min for the production of many weld joints. Microstructure and micro hardness, tensile, bending, temperature distribution testing were implemented. The results observed that the effect of the increasing of rotating speed for friction stir welding leads to increase the mechanical properties due to the increase of heat input. The best result was obtained at rotational speeds (1400) rpm, the specimens that are welded at 1000 rpm and had decreases in mechanical properties are subjected to ultrasonic peened surface treatment at 1,2,3 passes to improve the mechanical properties of welded joint, Compared to the non-peening weld joint, the mechanical properties increased when the number of ultrasonic peened passes increased due to the surface hardening and compressive residual stresses produced by the ultrasonic peening process.
Synthesis of iron oxide (β-fe2o3) nanoparticles from Iraqi grapes extract and its biomedical application
Authors: Aziz Wisam J. , Abid Muslim A. , Kadhim Duha A. , Mejbel Mohanad Kadhim 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A synthesis of iron oxide (β-Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) made using a simple chemical method from a mixture of iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) solution and Iraqi grape extract has applications in the biomedical field. Iraqi grape extract was used to reduce iron (III) chloride salt to iron oxide (β-Fe2O3) NPs. The green synthesis method was cheap, non-toxic, safe, and eco-friendly. The iron oxide (β-Fe2O3) NPs were diagnosed using x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR), ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV-VIS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The UV-VIS spectrophotometry analysis showed the energy gap (Eg) was 2.9 eV. The peak of strong absorption at 526 cm−1 indicated that a Fe-O vibration band was reported on the FT-IR spectrum. The XRD showed the highest peaks at 102 and 222, with average crystallize sizes between 29–37 nm. Besides, XRD spectrum analysis revealed a cubic structure. The surface morphology of the sample, which was identified using the SEM analysis, found the average grain size was from 49 to 50 nm with a cubic shape. After investigating the inhibition of zones, the synthesized (β-Fe2O3) NPs showed antibacterial activity of 18 mm for positive-gram aureus staphylococcus bacteria and 19 mm for negative-gram Escherichia coli baceria.
Wavelet Packet VS Backpropagation for localization and Classification PCG Signals
Authors: Abed Wasam Samer , Fayadh Rashid Ali 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Phonocardiography signals (PCG) show the enrolment of sounds and distortions generated from cardiac auscultation. Cardiac signal analysis is crucial for the diagnosis of various diseases. In previous years, there are several groups and different techniques, freshness, and methods have been proposed to analyze the cardiac signal. Auscultation is a manner in which a stethoscope is used to hearken to the cardiac sound. Structural trouble of the heart is often reflected in the cardiac sound created and Listening to the heart’s sound helped doctors diagnose and predict diseases. Whilst a cardiac sound examine via Listening is appropriate as a scientific tool, it is tough to analysis PCG signals in the time(T) or frequency(F) scale. The PCG signals have many benefits over conventional Listening, in that they may be rebuilt and analyzed for time(T) and frequency(F) information. Using a wavelet packet transform(WPT). Where the signal is decomposed and rebuild without the first-rate loss of data within the signal content. Reconstruction mistakes can be thoughtfulness an important piece of information in classifying the pathological severity of phonocardiography signals. In this paper we will focus on how to choose the level and the mother wave of the wave to cry out so that it is appropriate to analyze the cardiac signal in good mathematical and analytical ways to train the neural network (error backpropagation) on it. It will be explained in the following details.