bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joint Suzaku and Chandra observations of the MKW4 galaxy group out to the virial radius
Authors: Sarkar Arnab , Su Yuanyuan , Randall Scott , Gastaldello Fabio , Trierweiler Isabella , White Raymond , Kraft Ralph , Miller Eric 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We present joint Suzaku and Chandra observations of MKW4. With a global temperature of 1.6 keV, MKW4 is one of the smallest galaxy groups that have been mapped in X-rays out to the virial radius. We measure its gas properties from its centre to the virial radius in the north, east, and north-east directions. Its entropy profile follows a power law of ∝r1.1 between R500 and R200 in all directions, as expected from the purely gravitational structure formation model. The well-behaved entropy profiles at the outskirts of MKW4 disfavour the presence of gas clumping or thermal non-equilibrium between ions and electrons in this system. We measure an enclosed baryon fraction of 11 per cent at R200, remarkably smaller than the cosmic baryon fraction of 15 per cent. We note that the enclosed gas fractions at R200 are systematically smaller for groups than for clusters from existing studies in the literature. The low baryon fraction of galaxy groups, such as MKW4, suggests that their shallower gravitational potential well may make them more vulnerable to baryon losses due to active galactic nucleus feedback or galactic winds. We find that the azimuthal scatter of various gas properties at the outskirts of MKW4 is significantly lower than in other systems, suggesting that MKW4 is a spherically symmetric and highly relaxed system.
Hints for possible low redshift oscillation around the best fit ΛCDM model in the expansion history of the universe
Authors: Kazantzidis L , Koo H , Nesseris S , Perivolaropoulos L , Shafieloo A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We search for possible deviations from the expectations of the concordance ΛCDM model in the expansion history of the Universe by analysing the Pantheon Type Ia Supernovae (SnIa) compilation along with its Monte Carlo simulations using redshift binning. We demonstrate that the redshift binned best fit ΛCDM matter density parameter Ω0m and the best fit effective absolute magnitude $\cal M$ oscillate about their full dataset best fit values with considerably large amplitudes. Using the full covariance matrix of the data taking into account systematic and statistical errors, we show that at the redshifts below z ≈ 0.5 such oscillations can only occur in 4 to 5% of the Monte Carlo simulations. While statistical fluctuations can be responsible for this apparent oscillation, we might have observed a hint for some behaviour beyond the expectations of the concordance model or a possible additional systematic in the data. If this apparent oscillation is not due to statistical or systematic effects, it could be due to either the presence of coherent inhomogeneities at low z or due to oscillations of a quintessence scalar field.
A faster Fourier transform? Computing small-scale power spectra and bispectra for cosmological simulations in 𝒪(N2) time
Authors: Philcox Oliver H E 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We present $\mathcal {O}(N^2)$ estimators for the small-scale power spectrum and bispectrum in cosmological simulations. In combination with traditional methods, these allow spectra to be efficiently computed across a vast range of scales, requiring orders of magnitude less computation time than Fast Fourier Transform based approaches alone. These methods are applicable to any tracer; simulation particles, haloes or galaxies, and take advantage of the simple geometry of the box and periodicity to remove almost all dependence on large random particle catalogues. By working in configuration-space, both power spectra and bispectra can be computed via a weighted sum of particle pairs up to some radius, which can be reduced at larger k, leading to algorithms with decreasing complexity on small scales. These do not suffer from aliasing or shot-noise, allowing spectra to be computed to arbitrarily large wavenumbers. The estimators are rigorously derived and tested against simulations, and their covariances discussed. The accompanying code, hipster, has been publicly released, incorporating these algorithms. Such estimators will be of great use in the analysis of large sets of high-resolution simulations.
Rubidium in Barium stars
Authors: Roriz M P , Lugaro M , Pereira C B , Drake N A , Junqueira S , Sneden C 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Barium (Ba) stars are chemically peculiar stars that display in their atmospheres signatures of the slow neutron-capture (s-process) mechanism that operates within asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, an important contributor to the cosmic abundance. The observed chemical peculiarity in these objects is not due to self-enrichment, but to mass transfer between the components of a binary system. The atmospheres of Ba stars are therefore excellent astrophysical laboratories, providing strong constraints for the nucleosynthesis of the s-process in AGB stars. In particular, rubidium (Rb) is a key element for the s-process diagnostic because it is sensitive to the neutron density and hence its abundance points to the main neutron source of the s-process in AGB stars. We present Rb abundances for a large sample of 180 Ba stars from high-resolution spectra (R = 48 000), and we compare the observed [Rb/Zr] ratios with theoretical predictions from s-process models in AGB stars. The target Ba stars in this study display [Rb/Zr] &lt; 0, showing that Rb was not efficiently produced by the activation of the branching points at 85Kr and 86Rb. Model predictions from the Monash and FRUITY datasets of low-mass (≲4 M⊙) AGB stars are able to cover the Rb abundances observed in the program Ba stars. These observations indicate that the 13C(α,n)16O reaction is the main neutron source of the s-process in the low-mass AGB companions of the observed Ba stars. We have not found in the present study candidate companions for former IR/OH massive AGB stars.
The time-scales probed by star formation rate indicators for realistic, bursty star formation histories from the FIRE simulations
Authors: Flores Velázquez José A , Gurvich Alexander B , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Bullock James S , Starkenburg Tjitske K , Moreno Jorge , Lazar Alexandres , Mercado Francisco J , Stern Jonathan , Sparre Martin , Hayward Christopher C , Wetzel Andrew , El-Badry Kareem 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Understanding the rate at which stars form is central to studies of galaxy formation. Observationally, the star formation rates (SFRs) of galaxies are measured using the luminosity in different frequency bands, often under the assumption of a time-steady SFR in the recent past. We use star formation histories (SFHs) extracted from cosmological simulations of star-forming galaxies from the FIRE project to analyse the time-scales to which the H α and far-ultraviolet (FUV) continuum SFR indicators are sensitive. In these simulations, the SFRs are highly time variable for all galaxies at high redshift, and continue to be bursty to z = 0 in dwarf galaxies. When FIRE SFHs are partitioned into their bursty and time-steady phases, the best-fitting FUV time-scale fluctuates from its ∼10 Myr value when the SFR is time-steady to ≳100 Myr immediately following particularly extreme bursts of star formation during the bursty phase. On the other hand, the best-fitting averaging time-scale for H α is generally insensitive to the SFR variability in the FIRE simulations and remains ∼5 Myr at all times. These time-scales are shorter than the 100 and 10 Myr time-scales sometimes assumed in the literature for FUV and H α, respectively, because while the FUV emission persists for stellar populations older than 100 Myr, the time-dependent luminosities are strongly dominated by younger stars. Our results confirm that the ratio of SFRs inferred using H α versus FUV can be used to probe the burstiness of star formation in galaxies.
Dynamics and competition of CRISPR–Cas9 ribonucleoproteins and AAV donor-mediated NHEJ, MMEJ and HDR editing
Authors: Fu Ya-Wen , Dai Xin-Yue , Wang Wen-Tian , Yang Zhi-Xue , Zhao Juan-Juan , Zhang Jian-Ping , Wen Wei , Zhang Feng , Oberg Kerby C , Zhang Lei , Cheng Tao , Zhang Xiao-Bing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Investigations of CRISPR gene knockout editing profiles have contributed to enhanced precision of editing outcomes. However, for homology-directed repair (HDR) in particular, the editing dynamics and patterns in clinically relevant cells, such as human iPSCs and primary T cells, are poorly understood. Here, we explore the editing dynamics and DNA repair profiles after the delivery of Cas9-guide RNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) with or without the adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (AAV6) as HDR donors in four cell types. We show that editing profiles have distinct differences among cell lines. We also reveal the kinetics of HDR mediated by the AAV6 donor template. Quantification of T50 (time to reach half of the maximum editing frequency) indicates that short indels (especially +A/T) occur faster than longer (&gt;2 bp) deletions, while the kinetics of HDR falls between NHEJ (non-homologous end-joining) and MMEJ (microhomology-mediated end-joining). As such, AAV6-mediated HDR effectively outcompetes the longer MMEJ-mediated deletions but not NHEJ-mediated indels. Notably, a combination of small molecular compounds M3814 and Trichostatin A (TSA), which potently inhibits predominant NHEJ repairs, leads to a 3-fold increase in HDR efficiency.
Atomic resolution of short-range sliding dynamics of thymine DNA glycosylase along DNA minor-groove for lesion recognition
Authors: Tian Jiaqi , Wang Lingyan , Da Lin-Tai 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG), as a repair enzyme, plays essential roles in maintaining the genome integrity by correcting several mismatched/damaged nucleobases. TDG acquires an efficient strategy to search for the lesions among a vast number of cognate base pairs. Currently, atomic-level details of how TDG translocates along DNA as it approaches the lesion site and the molecular mechanisms of the interplay between TDG and DNA are still elusive. Here, by constructing the Markov state model based on hundreds of molecular dynamics simulations with an integrated simulation time of ∼25 μs, we reveal the rotation-coupled sliding dynamics of TDG along a 9 bp DNA segment containing one G·T mispair. We find that TDG translocates along DNA at a relatively faster rate when distant from the lesion site, but slows down as it approaches the target, accompanied by deeply penetrating into the minor-groove, opening up the mismatched base pair and significantly sculpturing the DNA shape. Moreover, the electrostatic interactions between TDG and DNA are found to be critical for mediating the TDG translocation. Notably, several uncharacterized TDG residues are identified to take part in regulating the conformational switches of TDG occurred in the site-transfer process, which warrants further experimental validations.
Babesiosis Occurrence Among United States Medicare Beneficiaries, Ages 65 and Older, During 2006–2017: Overall and by State and County of Residence
Authors: Menis Mikhail , Whitaker Barbee I , Wernecke Michael , Jiao Yixin , Eder Anne , Kumar Sanjai , Xu Wenjie , Liao Jiemin , Wei Yuqin , MaCurdy Thomas E , Kelman Jeffrey A , Anderson Steven A , Forshee Richard A 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundHuman babesiosis is a mild-to-severe parasitic infection that poses health concerns especially in older and other at-risk populations. The study objective was to assess babesiosis occurrence among US Medicare beneficiaries, ages 65 and older, during 2006–2017.MethodsOur retrospective claims-based study used Medicare databases. Babesiosis cases were identified using recorded diagnosis codes. The study estimated rates (per 100 000 beneficiary-years) overall, by year, diagnosis month, demographics, and state and county of residence.ResultsNationwide, 19 469 beneficiaries had babesiosis recorded, at a rate of 6 per 100 000 person-years, ranging from 4 in 2006 to 9 in 2017 (P &lt; .05). The highest babesiosis rates by state were in the following: Massachusetts (62), Rhode Island (61), Connecticut (51), New York (30), and New Jersey (19). The highest rates by county were in the following: Nantucket, Massachusetts (1089); Dukes, Massachusetts (236); Barnstable, Massachusetts (213); and Dutchess, New York (205). Increasing rates, from 2006 through 2017 (P &lt; .05), were identified in multiple states, including states previously considered nonendemic. New Hampshire, Maine, Vermont, Pennsylvania, and Delaware saw rates increase by several times.ConclusionsOur 12-year study shows substantially increasing babesiosis diagnosis trends, with highest rates in well established endemic states. It also suggests expansion of babesiosis infections in other states and highlights the utility of real-world evidence.
Prolonged Posttreatment Virologic Control and Complete Seroreversion After Advanced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection
Authors: Uruena Analia , Cassetti Isabel , Kashyap Neena , Deleage Claire , Estes Jacob D , Trindade Christopher , Hammoud Dima A , Burbelo Peter D , Natarajan Ven , Dewar Robin , Imamichi Hiromi , Ward Addison J , Poole April , Ober Alexander , Rehm Catherine , Jones Sara , Liang C Jason , Chun Tae-Wook , Nath Avindra , Lane H Clifford , Smith Bryan R , Connors Mark , Migueles Stephen A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Possible human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 clearance has rarely been reported. In this study, we describe a unique case of an HIV-positive, combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-experienced woman with prior acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who has not experienced viral rebound for over 12 years since discontinuing cART.

Methods
Leukapheresis, colonoscopy, and lymph node excision were performed for detailed examination of virologic (including HIV reservoir) and immunologic features. Comparisons were made with chronically infected patients and healthy controls.

Results
No HIV-specific antibodies were detected in serum. Plasma HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels were &lt;0.2 copies/mL, and, except for low-frequency HIV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)+ cells in lymph node tissue (1 copy/3 × 106 cells), HIV antigen could not be detected by quantitative virus outgrowth (&lt;0.0025 infectious units/106 CD4+ T cells) or by most measurements of HIV RNA or DNA in blood, lymph node, or gut-associated mononuclear cells. Human immunodeficiency virus-specific T-cell responses were detectable but low. Brain imaging revealed a prior biopsy site and persistent white matter disease since 1996. Human immunodeficiency virus DNA+ cells in the 1996 brain biopsy specimen confirmed her identity and initial HIV diagnosis.

Conclusions
This represents the first report of complete seroreversion, prolonged posttreatment virus suppression, a profoundly small HIV reservoir, and persistent HIV-specific T cells in an adult with prior AIDS.
The Politics of Education
Authors: Mirshak Nadim N. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter starts by providing an overview of education in the Middle East and North Africa. Taking Egypt as its main case study, it argues that despite the increasing investments and growth in educational access and attainment, the region still faces endemic problems. These include poor-quality education, the mismatch of skills and labor market requirements, poor teaching conditions, persistent social and economic inequalities, authoritarian and violent education, and challenges specific to the ongoing conflicts and refugee crisis. The chapter then critically analyzes two of the most cited reform recommendations, namely developing education systems conducive to the requirements of the global market and the private sector, and the expansion of educational technology. The chapter concludes by arguing for adopting a political sociological outlook that considers power, politics, and education to be inherently intertwined. Only then could one properly envision alternatives to transform education in the region.
What Satellite Television Has Done to the Public Sphere and to the Public in the Maghreb
Authors: Hadj-Moussa Ratiba 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter shows how the advent of satellite television in the Maghreb constitutes a historical turn that recomposes the Maghrebin public spheres. The existing duality between national and satellite televisions has produced a unique configuration where parallel, conflicting ideas and perspectives came into existence. These perspectives, which opposed most of the official discourses’ orientations, are conveyed in daily life practices and interactions, such as the streets and semipublic spaces, and are relayed by social media. Hence, the understanding of the novel and complex realities of Maghrebi political public spheres requires that the ordinary practices be considered as spaces and moments of the political fabrics in the Maghreb.
The “Stranger, Fatherless, and Widow” in Deuteronomy
Authors: Glanville Mark R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the vulnerable triad of the stranger, fatherless, and widow in Deuteronomy. Although the doublet “fatherless, widow” appears in many texts from the Near East, especially from Mesopotamia, the triad first occurs in Deuteronomy. Although the scholarship typically characterizes the stranger, fatherless, and widow as landless groups, this chapter shows that the triad’s commonality is more fundamentally located in an absence of protective kinship ties and the resulting lack of means for sustaining themselves. This chapter discerns the social location of the stranger, fatherless, and widow, also probing their treatment within the various redactions of Deuteronomy. Beyond mere charity, Deuteronomy is nourishing the inclusion of such people in the community as kindred, via covenant texts, law of judicial procedure, social law, and feasting texts. Vulnerable people are to be enfolded into the household, into the settlement and city, and into “Israel” itself.
Love and Hate in Deuteronomy
Authors: Mirguet Françoise 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews recent scholarship on the roots אהב and שׂנא, commonly translated by “love” and “hate.” The terms are used in Deuteronomy in both an interpersonal context and the description of the covenant between the Israelites and their deity. Scholarship has mainly focused on the uses of love and hate in covenants and treaties, in the Hebrew Bible and the Near East more broadly; in this literary context, the two terms express the covenantal partners’ duties. More recently, scholars have questioned whether the terms, especially אהב, maintain a primary affective meaning. Drawing upon the cultural and historical study of emotions, this chapter underscores the contrast between contemporary Western concepts of love and hate—which tend to be understood as private and internal feelings—and the biblical uses of אהב and שׂנא—which rather describe visible practices, performed in a social and often public context.
Embodied Imagined Communities: Forging National Identity Through the Viejitos Dance
Authors: Hellier-Tinoco Ruth 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
For almost 100 years, the Viejitos Dance of Lake Pátzcuaro has been performed, spectated, transmitted, and reproduced in multifarious contexts as an embodied icon of mexicanidad, for nationalism and tourism. Yet, Nicolás Bartolo Juárez, the P’urhépecha man from the Island of Jarácuaro who catalyzed its popularity, is never mentioned. Discussion begins with the initial appropriation and transformation of the Viejitos Dance through theatricalized performance in Mexico City in 1924, and then moves to examine the symbolic border-crossing and performance of the Viejitos Dance by P’urhépecha dancers in San Antonio, Texas, in 1938, with an interrelated newsprint account published in Michoacán, Mexico. Using frameworks of collective memory, performance, embodied repertoire, and relations of center–periphery and macro–micro, this analysis demonstrates the potential for live affective transmission through dance for overtly ideological processes of nation-building, concluding with a recent context of reappropriation within movements for P’urhépecha autonomy.
Standardized Education With Free Textbooks
Authors: Roldán Vera Eugenia , Quintanilla Susana 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Mexican policy of state provision of standardized textbooks for all was instituted in 1959 and still ongoing. This is an overview of the previous history of state intervention in the production and distribution of school textbooks, an examination of the particular circumstances in which the 1959 policy was figured and implemented, and a description of the characteristics of the different generations of textbooks that have since been published, corresponding with several educational reforms. The arguments for and against standardized textbooks mobilized by different sectors of society throughout sixty years are discussed in their historical context. Far from this being a debate about the authoritarian intervention of the state in education, issues of social equality and teaching quality have been central.
Intergenerational Justice and Institutions for the Long Term
Authors: González-Ricoy Iñigo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractInstitutions to address short-termism in public policymaking and to more suitably discharge our duties toward future generations have elicited much recent normative research, which this chapter surveys. It focuses on two prominent institutions: insulating devices, which seek to mitigate short-termist electoral pressures by transferring authority away to independent bodies, and constraining devices, which seek to bind elected officials to intergenerationally fair rules from which deviation is costly. The chapter first discusses sufficientarian, egalitarian, and prioritarian theories of our duties toward future generations, and how an excessive focus on the short term in policymaking may hinder that such duties be suitably fulfilled. It then surveys constraining and insulating devices, and inspects their effectiveness to address the epistemic, motivational, and institutional drivers of political short-termism as well as their intra- and intergenerational legitimacy.
Closing the Gap
Authors: Mastroianni Anna C. , Henry Leslie Meltzer 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Drawing on the ethical principles of the Belmont Report, this chapter critically examines the legacy and current policies and practices in the United States related to the inclusion of women in clinical research. Historically, protectionist policies and practices excluded women from research participation, justified by, for example, reliance on the male norm, male bias, and fears of legal liability resulting from tragic cases of fetal harm. Recognition of the ensuing harms to women’s health from exclusion and underrepresentation in research led to significant policy changes in the 1990s encouraging women’s participation in research. Although the knowledge gap in women’s health is narrowing, significant challenges remain, including the need to develop robust approaches to defining sex and gender, identifying and analyzing sex and gender differences, and acknowledging and addressing intersectionality and women’s health needs across their life spans.