bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response to Exercise Training During Cardiac Rehabilitation Differs by Sex
Authors: Rengo Jason L. , Khadanga Sherrie , Savage Patrick D. , Ades Philip A. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
Directly measured peak aerobic capacity or oxygen uptake (

) is a powerful predictor of prognosis in individuals with cardiovascular disease. Women enter phase 2 cardiac rehabilitation (CR) with lower

and their response to training, compared with men, is equivocal. We analyzed

at entry and exit in patients participating in CR and improvements by diagnosis to assess training response. We also identified sex differences that may influence change in

.

Methods:
The cohort included consecutive patients enrolled in CR between January 1996 and December 2015 who performed entry exercise tolerance tests. Data collected included demographics, index diagnosis,

, and exercise training response.

Results:
The cohort consisted of 3925 patients (24% female). There was a significant interaction between baseline

and diagnosis (P < .001), with percutaneous coronary intervention and myocardial infarction greater than other diagnoses. Surgical patients demonstrated greater improvement in

than nonsurgical diagnoses (n = 1789; P < .001). Women had lower

than men for all diagnoses (P < .02) and demonstrated less improvement (13 vs 17%, P < .001). Percent improvement using estimated metabolic equivalents of task (METs) were similar for women and men (33 vs 31%, P = NS). Despite overall increases in

, 18% of patients (24% women, 16% men) failed to demonstrate any improvement (exit

≤ entry

).

Conclusions:
While there were no differences in training effect estimated by METs, directly measured

showed a significantly lower training response for women despite adjusting for covariates. In addition, 18% of patients did not see any improvement in

. Alternatives to traditional CR exercise programming need to be considered.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SELF-REPORTED PROCEDURAL VOLUME AMONG VITREORETINAL FELLOWS
Authors: Reyes-Capo Daniela P. , Yannuzzi Nicolas A. , Chan R.V. Paul , Murray Timothy G. , Berrocal Audina M. , Sridhar Jayanth 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
A prior study revealed discrepancies in self-reported surgical numbers between male and female ophthalmology residents. This study further investigates the gender differences in self-reported procedural volume among vitreoretinal surgery fellows and examines the differences for surgical, medical, and total self-reported procedural volume between male and female vitreoretinal fellows.

Methods:
A retrospective review of case logs submitted to the American Society of Retina Specialists by first-year and second-year vitreoretinal fellows from July 1, 2018, to June 30, 2019, was performed. Fellows who reported fewer than 100 pars plana vitrectomies were excluded. A total of 133 fellows were included.

Results:
Overall, 37 of 57 (65%) first-year fellows and 59 of 76 (78%) second-year fellows were male. An average of 1,120 procedures were self-reported among all vitreoretinal fellows. In the group of second-year fellows at the completion of fellowship, men reported more total procedures (1,171 [864–1,600] vs. 1,005 [719–1,257]; P = 0.072). Women reported statistically significant fewer endolaser (P = 0.018), internal limiting membrane peel (P = 0.042), and cryoretinopexy (P = 0.002) procedures compared with men. When splitting the data by total surgical versus medical procedures, men reported more procedures than women both surgically (1,077 [799–1,490] vs. 925 [622–1,208]; P = 0.085) and medically (72 [41–116] vs. 56 [20–94]; P = 0.141), although these differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusion:
There is a trend for female vitreoretinal fellows to report fewer surgical procedures than their male counterparts, raising concerns for gender gaps in vitreoretinal surgical training. Further research is needed to verify this discrepancy and identify potential barriers that female vitreoretinal surgeons are facing in training.
PHACOVITRECTOMY FOR PRIMARY RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT REPAIR
Authors: Benson Matthew D. , Sia David , Seamone Mark E. , Greve Mark , Hinz Brad , Tennant Matthew T. S. , Baker Chad , Somani Rizwan , Ehmann David S. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose:
To analyze the single surgery success rate and anterior segment complications related to phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in a series of patients undergoing phacovitrectomy for all types of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective interventional case series on 302 eyes undergoing phacovitrectomy for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment repair between November 1, 2016, and February 2, 2019, in Edmonton, Canada. Primary outcomes included single surgery retinal reattachment rate and anterior segment complications. Secondary outcomes included the effects of proliferative vitreoretinopathy and macula and/or peripheral internal limiting membrane peeling on the rate of surgical success.

Results:
The single surgery success rate of phacovitrectomy for all types of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was 85.1%. The presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy was associated with lower surgical success (odds ratio, 0.33; P = 0.01). Macular internal limiting membrane peeling was associated with higher surgical success (odds ratio, 2.4; P = 0.05). Anterior segment complications included posterior capsular opacification (28.8%), posterior synechiae (10.9%), and posterior capsular rupture (2.3%).

Conclusion:
Phacovitrectomy is a safe and effective treatment option for the primary repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. This study provides evidence to support the safe incorporation of phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation with retinal surgery.
Cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicine for pain management: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Fisher Emma , Moore R. Andrew , Fogarty Alexandra E. , Finn David P. , Finnerup Nanna B. , Gilron Ian , Haroutounian Simon , Krane Elliot , Rice Andrew S.C. , Rowbotham Michael , Wallace Mark , Eccleston Christopher 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicines (CBMs) are increasingly used to manage pain, with limited understanding of their efficacy and safety. We summarised efficacy and adverse events (AEs) of these types of drugs for treating pain using randomised controlled trials: in people of any age, with any type of pain, and for any treatment duration. Primary outcomes were 30% and 50% reduction in pain intensity, and AEs. We assessed risk of bias of included studies, and the overall quality of evidence using GRADE. Studies of <7 and >7 days treatment duration were analysed separately. We included 36 studies (7217 participants) delivering cannabinoids (8 studies), cannabis (6 studies), and CBM (22 studies); all had high and/or uncertain risk of bias. Evidence of benefit was found for cannabis <7 days (risk difference 0.33, 95% confidence interval 0.20-0.46; 2 trials, 231 patients, very low-quality evidence) and nabiximols >7 days (risk difference 0.06, 95% confidence interval 0.01-0.12; 6 trials, 1484 patients, very low-quality evidence). No other beneficial effects were found for other types of cannabinoids, cannabis, or CBM in our primary analyses; 81% of subgroup analyses were negative. Cannabis, nabiximols, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol had more AEs than control. Studies in this field have unclear or high risk of bias, and outcomes had GRADE rating of low- or very low-quality evidence. We have little confidence in the estimates of effect. The evidence neither supports nor refutes claims of efficacy and safety for cannabinoids, cannabis, or CBM in the management of pain.
TRIM72 mediates lung epithelial cell death upon hyperoxia exposure
Authors: Huang Liang-Ti , Chou Hsiu-Chu , Chen Chung-Ming 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Premature infants often require oxygen (O2) therapy for respiratory distress syndrome; however, excessive use of O2 can cause clinical conditions such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Although many treatment methods are currently available, they are not effective in preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Herein, we explored the role of tripartite motif protein 72 (TRIM72), a factor involved in repairing alveolar epithelial wounds, in regulating alveolar cells upon hyperoxia exposure.

Methods:
In this in vivo study, we used Sprague–Dawley rat pups that were reared in room air or 85% O2 for 2 weeks after birth. The lungs were excised for histological analyses, and TRIM72 expression was assessed on postnatal days 7 and 14. For in vitro experiments, RLE-6TN cells (i.e., rat alveolar type II epithelial cells) and A549 cells (i.e., human lung carcinoma epithelial cells) were exposed to 85% O2 for 5 days. The cells were then analyzed for cell viability, and TRIM72 expression was determined.

Results:
Exposure to hyperoxia reduced body and lung weight, increased mean linear intercept values, and upregulated TRIM72 expression. In vitro study results revealed increased or decreased lung cell viability upon hyperoxia exposure depending on the suppression or overexpression of TRIM72, respectively.

Conclusion:
Hyperoxia upregulates TRIM72 expression in neonatal rat lung tissue; moreover, it initiates TRIM72-dependent alveolar epithelial cell death, leading to hyperoxia-induced lung injury.
Variation of the Vaginal Lactobacillus Microbiome in Cytolytic Vaginosis
Authors: Yang Shuhua , Liu Ying , Wang Jianhong , Li Shuxia , Zhang Yuexiang 
Published: August 2020

Objective
This pilot study aimed to evaluate whether different microbial compositions cause symptoms in patients with Lactobacillus overgrowth and to investigate the variation in Lactobacillus microbiome in cytolytic vaginosis (CV).

Materials and Methods

Lactobacillus species were identified from the vaginal fluid of 70 healthy women and 79 patients with CV using molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. χ2 and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the isolated rates of Lactobacillus species between the 2 groups. The capabilities of dominant Lactobacillus strain to produce acid in the 2 groups were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.

Results
The isolation of 2 or more Lactobacillus species per vaginal sampling was significantly less common in the CV group (1.3%) compared with the healthy control (HC) group 12.2% (p = .013). Significant differences in Lactobacillus species were observed between the 2 groups (p < .001). Lactobacillus crispatus was more often found in the CV group (88.7%) than in the HC group (56.4%, p < .001). Compared with that in the HC group, the dominant L. crispatus strain in the CV group tended to produce more acid.

Conclusions
The CV group carried a less diverse Lactobacillus species, vaginally. Lactobacillus crispatus was common to both CV and HC groups but demonstrated enhanced acid-producing capability in the CV group. The pathogenesis of CV may be based, in part, on an overgrowth of L. crispatus with enhanced acid-producing capability.
Current opinions in otolaryngology and head and neck surgery: functional considerations in reconstruction after laryngectomy
Authors: Elson Nora C. , Martinez Daniel C. , Cervenka Brian P. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose of review
To review reconstruction techniques following total laryngectomy, partial laryngopharyngectomy, and total laryngopharyngectomy with an emphasis on long-term swallow and speech outcomes.

Recent findings
Recent literature has shown that the use of fasciocutaneous free flaps in the reconstruction of laryngectomy defects may lead to improved speech and swallow outcomes as compared with regional or free musculocutaneous flaps. Radial forearm and anterolateral thigh are the most often used fasciocutaneous free flaps, with similar speech and swallow outcomes. Primary closure with myofascial flap onlay yields similar speech and swallow results to fasciocutaneous flaps following laryngectomy that spares sufficient pharyngeal mucosa.

Summary
Whenever reconstructing a salvage laryngectomy defect or a primary laryngectomy defect with mucosal deficiency, current evidence suggests that a fasciocutaneous free flap used to augment pharyngeal volume both improves fistula rates as well as long-term speech and swallow outcomes. When sufficient pharyngeal mucosa is present, myofascial onlay can be considered as well.
State of the art regeneration of the tympanic membrane
Authors: Sagiv Doron , Chin Oliver Y. , Diaz Rodney C. , Brodie Hilary A. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose of review
One of the most common diseases of the tympanic membrane is a perforation, and tympanoplasty is one of the more common procedures in otolaryngology. Tympanic membrane regeneration and bioengineering aim to improve the success rate of the procedure, increase the availability of different scaffolds and provide innovative tools that will simplify the surgical technique and make it accessible for surgeons with varying expertise level. This review aims to raise awareness of current tissue engineering developments in tympanic membrane regeneration and how they may augment current clinical practices. We focus here on achievements in tympanic membrane cell cultures and on innovations in development of new scaffolds and growth factors that enhance regeneration of patient's native tympanic membranes.

Recent findings
In recent years, great achievements were reached in the field of tympanic membrane regeneration in the three hallmarks of bioengineering: cells, scaffolds and bioactive molecules. New techniques for modeling normal tympanic membrane proliferation were developed, as well as for isolation and expansion of normal tympanic membrane keratinocytes from miniature samples of scarred tissue. Ongoing clinical trials aim to seal the perforation by applying different scaffolds infiltrated by growth factors on the tympanic membrane.

Summary
Research efforts in tympanic membrane regeneration continue to seek the ideal single tissue-engineered substitute. Recent advances in tympanic membrane bioengineering include new types of scaffolds that may augment and provide a safe and effective alternative to the current gold-standard autograft. New bioactive molecules may simplify the surgical procedure and reduce surgical time by augmenting the native tympanic membrane regeneration. Several groups of bioengineering scientists and neurotologists are continuing to move forward and develop new strategies, seeking to create a fully functional tissue-engineered tympanic membrane.
Nerve grafts in head and neck reconstruction
Authors: Hoshal Steven G. , Solis Roberto N. , Bewley Arnaud F. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose of review
This article reviews recent literature on repair of peripheral nerve injuries in the head and neck with a focus on autografts, allografts, nerve conduits, and technical considerations.

Recent findings
Contemporary nerve grafting techniques offer the potential to improve peripheral nerve outcomes and reduce donor site morbidity. A variety of donor nerves autografts have been described that offer favorable outcomes for segmental reconstruction of facial nerve defects. Recent studies have demonstrated promising results in repair of inferior alveolar nerve injuries with human allografts. Animal models describe successful reinnervation of small defects with neural conduits. The latest data do not favor protocolled nerve graft polarity or use of a motor versus sensory donor nerves.

Summary
Interposition nerve grafting is the gold standard for repair of peripheral nerve injuries when a tension-free primary neurorrhaphy is not possible. Autografts are the work-horse for the majority of head and neck neural defects, however, can result in some degree of donor site morbidity. Recent developments in allografting and neural conduits have the potential to further diversify the head and neck reconstructive surgeon's armamentarium. It is unclear if nerve graft makeup or polarity affect functional outcome.
Keratinocyte growth factor signaling promotes stem/progenitor cell proliferation under p63 expression during middle ear cholesteatoma formation
Authors: Yamamoto-Fukuda Tomomi , Akiyama Naotaro 
Published: August 2020

Purpose of reviewMiddle ear cholesteatoma is an epithelial lesion that expands into the middle ear, resulting in bone destruction. However, the pathogenesis of this has been unknown. The purpose of this review is to understand the role of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) during epithelial stem and/or progenitor cell proliferation in middle ear cholesteatoma.Recent findingsMany researchers have investigated the molecular mechanism of middle ear cholesteatoma to establish a conservative treatment. Recently, some studies have focused on the stem cells of middle ear cholesteatoma and their detection, but the key molecules for stem cell formation were not shown.SummaryWe established an animal model for middle ear cholesteatoma and are showing the results of our studies. KGF expression accelerates the proliferation of stem/progenitor cells through the induction of transcription factor p63 expression in the epithelium of the tympanic membrane and mucosal epithelium overlying the promontory of the cochlea and within the attic. This is typical in middle ear cholesteatoma. Moreover, the partial epithelial–mesenchymal transition under the p63 signaling pathway plays an essential role in epithelial cell growth in middle ear cholesteatoma formation. Understanding p63 expression following KGF expression and associated signaling events can improve therapeutic outcomes in patients with middle ear cholesteatoma.
Considerations and experience driving expansion of combined heart–liver transplantation
Authors: Gong Timothy , Hall Shelley 
Published: August 2020

Purpose of review
Heart transplantation concomitant with a liver transplant may be warranted when end-stage heart failure results in irreversible liver failure. Previously reported outcomes have been excellent yet the specific immunoprotective role of the liver allograft is not known. We review the current literature about the immunologic benefit for combined heart and liver transplantation (CHLT).

Recent findings
The total number of combined heart and liver transplants continues to increase and accounts for approximately 25 cases per year. Familial amyloid polyneuropathy with cardiac cirrhosis is the most common indication for CHLT while adult congenital heart disease (CHD) with associated cirrhosis is increasing in frequency. The majority of recent registry data suggest a statistically equivalent to modestly improved survival advantage for CHLT compared with isolated heart transplantation. Direct mechanisms accounting for this survival advantage are not proven, but combined heart and liver transplants experience lower rates of acute cardiac rejection and cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV).

Summary
Combined heart and liver transplants remain a small percentage of the total heart transplants worldwide, but the majority of recent literature confirms the safety and viability of this option for patients with end-stage heart and liver disease. Equivalent to modestly improved survival outcomes, lower rates of acute cardiac rejection and CAV warrant further investigation into the liver allograft's immunoprotective effect on the transplanted heart. The key mechanisms of tolerogenicity have important implications for surgical technique and immunosuppression requirements. Future directions include development of criteria for heart–liver transplant candidacy and identification of equitable allocation protocols.
Symptomatic Persistent Fetal Ovarian Cysts
Authors: Souganidis Ellie , Chen Aaron , Friedlaender Eron 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Vomiting in young infants is a common presentation to the pediatric emergency department with a broad differential diagnosis. We present 2 cases seen in our emergency department of infant females with symptomatic complex ovarian cysts who presented with vomiting. The first case study describes a patient with a prenatally diagnosed ovarian cyst that was being followed with serial ultrasounds by general surgery. The second case study describes a patient with reportedly normal prenatal ultrasounds with a subsequent diagnosis of a large complex ovarian cyst. These cases were selected to review pertinent imaging findings, discuss management decisions, and expand the differential of vomiting in the young female infants.
Two Cases of Intramuscular Hemangiomas in the Upper Limbs
Authors: Sobotová Karolína , Mezian Kamal , Abdulsalam Ahmad Jasem , Galko Jan , Özçakar Levent 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Intramuscular hemangiomas are benign soft tissue tumors that are rarely found in the upper limbs. Diagnosing these tumors may be challenging owing to their pertinent nonspecific symptoms—often leading to misdiagnoses like tendinitis or muscle strain. In this article, two cases of intramuscular hemangiomas are presented—one in flexor pollicis brevis muscle and the other one in flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. Both subjects had nonspecific clinical symptoms whereby ultrasound imaging led to prompt diagnosis. To this end, the authors strongly advocate sonographic examination as an extension of physical examination in the daily clinical practice of musculoskeletal physicians.
The Time Course of Onset and Peak Effects of Phenol Neurolysis
Authors: Zhang Bei , Darji Nathan , Francisco Gerard E. , Li Sheng 
Published: August 2020

Objective
The aim of this study was to explore the time course of onset and peak effects of phenol neurolysis.

Design
This is a retrospective chart review. Eleven patients with elbow flexor spasticity after brain injury were enrolled. The resting angle of the elbow joint was measured before and after the injection and up to 6 wks of follow-up.

Results
Phenol injection was performed to 13 musculocutaneous nerves under ultrasound and electrical stimulation guidance. The resting elbow angles were 84.4° ± 25.8° (before injection), 116.6° ± 20.9° (immediately after injection), 121.2° ± 21.4° (2 hrs after injection), 127.2° ± 19.7° (24 hrs after injection), 145.4° ± 11.8° (7 days after injection), 145.5° ± 10.4° (14 days after injection), and 150.3° ± 12.2° (6 wks after injection; N = 7). The mean resting angle was statistically different among the time points from preinjection to 14 days after (F
2.625, 31.505 = 36.805, P < 0.01). Post hoc tests revealed that significant improvements existed immediately after and 7 days after the injection (P < 0.01 for both). The effects seemed to reach its peak in 7 days. The effect sizes immediately and 7 days after the injection were 1.37 and 3.04, respectively. The immediate effect accounted for approximately 60% of the maximal effect.

Conclusions
Phenol neurolysis has an immediate effect on spasticity reduction and reaches its peak effect around 1 wk after injection.