bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accurate mass estimates from the proper motions of dispersion-supported galaxies
Authors: Lazar Alexandres , Bullock James S 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We derive a new mass estimator that relies on internal proper motion measurements of dispersion-supported stellar systems, one that is distinct and complementary to existing estimators for line-of-sight velocities. Starting with the spherical Jeans equation, we show that there exists a radius where the mass enclosed depends only on the projected tangential velocity dispersion, assuming that the anisotropy profile slowly varies. This is well-approximated at the radius where the log-slope of the stellar tracer profile is −2: r−2. The associated mass is $M(r_{-2}) = 2 G^{-1} \langle \sigma _{\mathcal {T}}^{2}\rangle ^{*} r_{-2}$ and the circular velocity is $V^{2}({r_{-2}}) = 2\langle \sigma _{\mathcal {T}}^{2}\rangle ^{*}$. For a Plummer profile r−2 ≃ 4Re/5. Importantly, r−2 is smaller than the characteristic radius for line-of-sight velocities derived by Wolf et al. Together, the two estimators can constrain the mass profiles of dispersion-supported galaxies. We illustrate its applicability using published proper motion measurements of dwarf galaxies Draco and Sculptor, and find that they are consistent with inhabiting cuspy NFW subhaloes of the kind predicted in CDM but we cannot rule out a core. We test our combined mass estimators against previously published, non-spherical cosmological dwarf galaxy simulations done in both cold dark matter (CDM; naturally cuspy profile) and self-interacting dark matter (SIDM; cored profile). For CDM, the estimates for the dynamic rotation curves are found to be accurate to $10\rm { per\, cent}$ while SIDM are accurate to $15\rm { per\, cent}$. Unfortunately, this level of accuracy is not good enough to measure slopes at the level required to distinguish between cusps and cores of the type predicted in viable SIDM models without stronger priors. However, we find that this provides good enough accuracy to distinguish between the normalization differences predicted at small radii (r ≃ r−2 &lt; rcore) for interesting SIDM models. As the number of galaxies with internal proper motions increases, mass estimators of this kind will enable valuable constraints on SIDM and CDM models.
Spectroscopic analysis of accretion/ejection signatures in the Herbig Ae/Be stars HD 261941 and V590 Mon
Authors: Moura T , Alencar S H P , Sousa A P , Alecian E , Lebreton Y 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Herbig Ae/Be (HAeBe) stars are the intermediate-mass analogues of low-mass T Tauri stars. Both groups may present signs of accretion, outflow, and IR excess related to the presence of circumstellar discs. Magnetospheric accretion models are generally used to describe accreting T Tauri stars, which are known to have magnetic fields strong enough to truncate their inner discs and form accretion funnels. Since few HAeBe stars have had magnetic fields detected, they may accrete through a different mechanism. Our goal is to analyse the morphology and variability of emission lines that are formed in the circumstellar environment of HAeBe stars and use them as tools to understand the physics of the accretion/ejection processes in these systems. We analyse high-resolution (R ∼ 47 000) UVES/ESO spectra of two HAeBe stars – HD 261941 (HAe) and V590 Mon (HBe) that are members of the young (∼3 Myr) NGC 2264 stellar cluster and present indications of sufficient circumstellar material for accretion and ejection processes to occur. We determine stellar parameters with synthetic spectra, and also analyse and classify circumstellar lines such as H α, H β, and He i λ5875.7, according to their morphologies. We model the H α mean line profile, using a hybrid Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model that includes a stellar magnetosphere and a disc wind, and find signatures of magnetically driven outflow and accretion in HD 261941, while the H α line of V590Mon seems to originate predominantly in a disc wind.
Contribution of starburst nuclei to the diffuse gamma-ray and neutrino flux
Authors: Peretti Enrico , Blasi Pasquale , Aharonian Felix , Morlino Giovanni , Cristofari Pierre 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
In nuclei of starburst galaxies (SBGs), the combination of an enhanced rate of supernova explosions and a high gas density suggests that cosmic rays (CRs) can be efficiently produced, and that most of them lose their energy before escaping these regions, resulting in a large flux of secondary products, including neutrinos. Although the flux inferred from an individual starburst region is expected to be well below the sensitivity of current neutrino telescopes, such sources may provide a substantial contribution to the diffuse neutrino flux measured by IceCube. Here, we compute the gamma-ray and neutrino flux due to SBGs based on a physical model of CR transport in a starburst nucleus, and accounting for the redshift evolution of the number density of starburst sources as inferred from recent measurements of the star formation rate. The model accounts for gamma-ray absorption both inside the sources and in the intergalactic medium. The latter process is responsible for electromagnetic cascades, which also contribute to the diffuse gamma-ray background at lower energies. The conditions for acceleration of CR protons up to energies exceeding $\sim 10 \, \rm PeV$ in starburst regions, necessary for the production of PeV neutrinos, are investigated in a critical way. We show that starburst nuclei can account for the diffuse neutrino flux above $\sim 200 \, \rm TeV$, thereby producing $\lesssim 40 {\rm { per\, cent}}$ of the extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray background. Below $\sim 200 \, \rm TeV$, the flux from starburst appears to be somewhat lower than the observed one, where both the Galactic contribution and the flux of atmospheric neutrinos may account for the difference.
Secular changes in the orbits of the quadruple system VW LMi
Authors: Pribulla T , Puha E , Borkovits T , Budaj J , Garai Z , Guenther E , Hambálek L , Komžík R , Kundra E , Szabó Gy M , Vaňko M 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
VW LMi is the tightest known quadruple system with 2 + 2 hierarchy. It consists of a W UMa-type eclipsing binary (P12 = 0.477 55 d) and another detached non-eclipsing binary (P34 = 7.93 d) orbiting around a common centre of mass in about P1234 = 355 d. We present new observations of the system extending the time baseline to study long-term perturbations in the system and to improve orbital elements. The multidataset modelling of the system (four radial-velocity curves for the components and the timing data) clearly showed an apsidal motion in the non-eclipsing binary at a rate of 4.6 deg yr−1, but no other perturbations. This is consistent with the nearly co-planarity of the outer, 355-d orbit, and the 7.93-d orbit of the non-eclipsing binary. Extensive N-body simulations enabled us to constrain the mutual inclination of the non-eclipsing binary and the outer orbits to j34–1234 &lt; 10 deg.
Vulnerability to Fishing and Life History Traits Correlate with the Load of Deleterious Mutations in Teleosts
Authors: Rolland Jonathan , Schluter Dolph , Romiguier Jonathan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractUnderstanding why some species accumulate more deleterious substitutions than others is an important question relevant in evolutionary biology and conservation sciences. Previous studies conducted in terrestrial taxa suggest that life history traits correlate with the efficiency of purifying selection and accumulation of deleterious mutations. Using a large genome data set of 76 species of teleostean fishes, we show that species with life history traits associated with vulnerability to fishing have an increased rate of deleterious mutation accumulation (measured via dN/dS, i.e., nonsynonymous over synonymous substitution rate). Our results, focusing on a large clade of aquatic species, generalize previous patterns found so far in few clades of terrestrial vertebrates. These results also show that vulnerable species to fishing inherently accumulate more deleterious substitutions than nonthreatened ones, which illustrates the potential links among population genetics, ecology, and fishing policies to prevent species extinction.
Establishment of an in vitro placental barrier model cultured under physiologically relevant oxygen levels
Authors: Wong Michael K , Li Edward W , Adam Mohamed , Selvaganapathy Ponnambalam R , Raha Sandeep 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The human placental barrier facilitates many key functions during pregnancy, most notably the exchange of all substances between the mother and fetus. However, preclinical models of the placental barrier often lacked the multiple cell layers, syncytialization of the trophoblast cells and the low oxygen levels that are present within the body. Therefore, we aimed to design and develop an in vitro model of the placental barrier that would reinstate these factors and enable improved investigations of barrier function. BeWo placental trophoblastic cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells were co-cultured on contralateral sides of an extracellular matrix-coated transwell insert to establish a multilayered barrier. Epidermal growth factor and forskolin led to significantly increased multi-nucleation of the BeWo cell layer and increased biochemical markers of syncytial fusion, for example syncytin-1 and hCGβ. Our in vitro placental barrier possessed size-specific permeability, with 4000-Da molecules experiencing greater transport and a lower apparent permeability coefficient than 70 000-Da molecules. We further demonstrated that the BeWo layer had greater resistance to smaller molecules compared to the endothelial layer. Chronic, physiologically low oxygen exposure (3–8%) increased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and syncytin-1, further increased multi-nucleation of the BeWo cell layer and decreased barrier permeability only against smaller molecules (457 Da/4000 Da). In conclusion, we built a novel in vitro co-culture model of the placental barrier that possessed size-specific permeability and could function under physiologically low oxygen levels. Importantly, this will enable future researchers to better study the maternal–fetal transport of nutrients and drugs during pregnancy.
CAMIO: a transgenic CRISPR pipeline to create diverse targeted genome deletions in Drosophila
Authors: Chen Hui-Min , Marques Jorge Garcia , Sugino Ken , Wei Dingjun , Miyares Rosa Linda , Lee Tzumin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The genome is the blueprint for an organism. Interrogating the genome, especially locating critical cis-regulatory elements, requires deletion analysis. This is conventionally performed using synthetic constructs, making it cumbersome and non-physiological. Thus, we created Cas9-mediated Arrayed Mutagenesis of Individual Offspring (CAMIO) to achieve comprehensive analysis of a targeted region of native DNA. CAMIO utilizes CRISPR that is spatially restricted to generate independent deletions in the intact Drosophila genome. Controlled by recombination, a single guide RNA is stochastically chosen from a set targeting a specific DNA region. Combining two sets increases variability, leading to either indels at 1–2 target sites or inter-target deletions. Cas9 restriction to male germ cells elicits autonomous double-strand-break repair, consequently creating offspring with diverse mutations. Thus, from a single population cross, we can obtain a deletion matrix covering a large expanse of DNA at both coarse and fine resolution. We demonstrate the ease and power of CAMIO by mapping 5′UTR sequences crucial for chinmo's post-transcriptional regulation.
Leijonhufvud on New Keynesian Economics and the economics of Keynes
Authors: Trautwein Hans-Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The theme that Axel Leijonhufvud has extracted from the economics of Keynes is the potential for failures in the intertemporal coordination of activities in complex market systems. In his path-breaking book of 1968, he attacked standard Keynesian Economics for its view on frictions, which reduces the causes of macroeconomic pathologies to nominal rigidities. With the rise of DSGE-based New Keynesian Economics, Leijonhufvud has pointed out that ‘standard macroeconomics’ is still stuck in the frictions view. Referring to recent financial crises, he considers DSGE modelling to be hopelessly inadequate for dealing with such macroeconomic instability. Yet, the financial frictions literature in New Keynesian Economics claims to have found ways to incorporate financial crises into DSGE frameworks. The article describes continuity and change in Leijonhufvud’s critique of Old and New Keynesians, and assesses contrary claims to progress made in the DSGE world.
The First VERA Astrometry Catalog
Authors:   VERA collaboration, Hirota Tomoya , Nagayama Takumi , Honma Mareki , Adachi Yuuki , Burns Ross A , Chibueze James O , Choi Yoon Kyung , Hachisuka Kazuya , Hada Kazuhiro , Hagiwara Yoshiaki , Hamada Shota , Handa Toshihiro , Hashimoto Mao , Hirano Ken , Hirata Yushi , Ichikawa Takanori , Imai Hiroshi , Inenaga Daichi , Ishikawa Toshio , Jike Takaaki , Kameya Osamu , Kaseda Daichi , Kim Jeong Sook , Kim Jungha , Kim Mi Kyoung , Kobayashi Hideyuki , Kono Yusuke , Kurayama Tomoharu , Matsuno Masako , Morita Atsushi , Motogi Kazuhito , Murase Takeru , Nakagawa Akiharu , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Niinuma Kotaro , Nishi Junya , Oh Chung Sik , Omodaka Toshihiro , Oyadomari Miyako , Oyama Tomoaki , Sakai Daisuke , Sakai Nobuyuki , Sawada-Satoh Satoko , Shibata Katsunori M , Shizugami Makoto , Sudo Jumpei , Sugiyama Koichiro , Sunada Kazuyoshi , Suzuki Syunsaku , Takahashi Ken , Tamura Yoshiaki , Tazaki Fumie , Ueno Yuji , Uno Yuri , Urago Riku , Wada Koji , Wu Yuan Wei , Yamashita Kazuyoshi , Yamashita Yuto , Yamauchi Aya , Yuda Akito 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe present the first astrometry catalog from the Japanese VLBI (very long baseline interferometer) project VERA (VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry). We have compiled all the astrometry results from VERA, providing accurate trigonometric-annual-parallax and proper-motion measurements. In total, 99 maser sources are listed in the VERA catalog. Among them, 21 maser sources are newly reported, while the rest of the 78 sources are referred to in previously published results or those in preparation for forthcoming papers. The accuracy in the VERA astrometry is revisited and compared with that from the other VLBI astrometry projects such as BeSSeL (The Bar and Spiral Structure Legacy) Survey and GOBELINS (the Gould’s Belt Distances Survey) with the VLBA (Very Long Baseline Array). We have confirmed that most of the astrometry results are consistent with each other, and the largest error sources are due to source structure of the maser features and their rapid variation, along with the systematic calibration errors and different analysis methods. Combined with the BeSSeL results, we estimate the up-to-date fundamental Galactic parameters of $R_{0}=7.92\pm 0.16_{\rm {stat.}}\pm 0.3_{\rm {sys.}}\:$kpc and $\Omega _{\odot }=30.17\pm 0.27_{\rm {stat.}}\pm 0.3_{\rm {sys.}}\:$km$\:$s$^{-1}\:$kpc$^{-1}$, where $R_{0}$ and $\Omega _{\odot }$ are the distance from the Sun to the Galactic center and the Sun’s angular velocity of the Galactic circular rotation, respectively.
Molecular Genetic Risk for Psychosis Is Associated With Psychosis Risk Symptoms in a Population-Based UK Cohort: Findings From Generation Scotland
Authors: Docherty Anna R , Shabalin Andrey A , Adkins Daniel E , Mann Frank , Krueger Robert F , Bacanu Silviu-Alin , Campbell Archie , Hayward Caroline , Porteous David J , McIntosh Andrew M , Kendler Kenneth S 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Objective
Subthreshold psychosis risk symptoms in the general population may be associated with molecular genetic risk for psychosis. This study sought to optimize the association of risk symptoms with genetic risk for psychosis in a large population-based cohort in the UK (N = 9104 individuals 18–65 years of age) by properly accounting for population stratification, factor structure, and sex.

Methods
The newly expanded Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study includes 5391 females and 3713 males with age M [SD] = 45.2 [13] with both risk symptom data and genetic data. Subthreshold psychosis symptoms were measured using the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B) and calculation of polygenic risk for schizophrenia was based on 11 425 349 imputed common genetic variants passing quality control. Follow-up examination of other genetic risks included attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, bipolar disorder, major depression, and neuroticism.

Results
Empirically derived symptom factor scores reflected interpersonal/negative symptoms and were positively associated with polygenic risk for schizophrenia. This signal was largely sex specific and limited to males. Across both sexes, scores were positively associated with neuroticism and major depressive disorder.

Conclusions
A data-driven phenotypic analysis enabled detection of association with genetic risk for schizophrenia in a population-based sample. Multiple polygenic risk signals and important sex differences suggest that genetic data may be useful in improving future phenotypic risk assessment.
Lineage Identification Affects Estimates of Evolutionary Mode in Marine Snails
Authors: Vaux Felix , Gemmell Michael R , Hills Simon F K , Marshall Bruce A , Beu Alan G , Crampton James S , Trewick Steven A , Morgan-Richards Mary 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn order to study evolutionary pattern and process, we need to be able to accurately identify species and the evolutionary lineages from which they are derived. Determining the concordance between genetic and morphological variation of living populations, and then directly comparing extant and fossil morphological data, provides a robust approach for improving our identification of lineages through time. We investigate genetic and shell morphological variation in extant species of Penion marine snails from New Zealand, and extend this analysis into deep time using fossils. We find that genetic and morphological variation identify similar patterns and support most currently recognized extant species. However, some taxonomic over-splitting is detected due to shell size being a poor trait for species delimitation, and we identify incorrect assignment of some fossil specimens. We infer that a single evolutionary lineage (Penion sulcatus) has existed for 22 myr, with most aspects of shell shape and shell size evolving under a random walk. However, by removing samples previously classified as the extinct species P. marwicki, we instead detect morphological stasis for one axis of shell shape variation. This result demonstrates how lineage identification can change our perception of evolutionary pattern and process. [Genotyping by sequencing; geometric morphometrics; morphological evolution; Neogastropoda; phenotype; speciation; stasis.]
Dynamics of Population Density and Virulence Phenotype of the Soybean Cyst Nematode as Influenced by Resistance Source Sequence and Tillage
Authors: Chen Senyu 
Published: March 2020

The soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is the most damaging pathogen of soybean. Use of resistant cultivars is an effective strategy to manage SCN, but it also selects for virulent populations over time. A 12-year field experiment was initiated in 2003 to study how tillage and 11 different sequences of four cultivars impact SCN population dynamics and virulence. An SCN-susceptible cultivar and three resistant cultivars (R1, R2, and R3 derived from cultivars PI 88788, Peking, and PI 437654, respectively) were used. Tillage had minimal effect on SCN population density. Compared with no till, conventional tillage resulted in a faster increase of SCN virulence to Peking when the SCN was selected by R2 and virulence to PI 88788 by R3. Among the three SCN-resistant cultivars, R1 supported the greatest population density, R2 supported intermediate population density, and R3 supported the least SCN population density. The SCN populations selected by R1 overcame the resistance in PI 88788 but not in Peking and PI 437654. R2 selected SCN populations that overcame the resistance in Peking but not in PI 88788 and PI 437654. In contrast, R3 selected SCN populations that overcame both PI 88788 and Peking sources of resistance. There was no increase of virulence to PI 437654 in any cultivar sequence. R1 in rotation with R2 or R3 had a negative effect on female index on Peking. Susceptible soybean reduced SCN virulence to Peking, indicating that there was fitness cost of the Peking virulent SCN type. These results suggest that rotation of Peking with PI 88788 is a good strategy for managing the SCN, and susceptible cultivar and no till may reduce SCN virulence selection pressure in some rotations.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
TGFβ Suppresses Type 2 Immunity to Cancer
Authors: Liu Ming , Kuo Fengshen , Capistrano Kristelle J. , Kang Davina , Nixon Briana G. , Shi Wei , Chou Chun , Do Mytrang H. , Li Shun , Stamatiades Efstathios G. , Chen Yingbei , Hsieh James J. , Hakimi A. Ari , Taniuchi Ichiro , Chan Timothy A. , Li Ming O. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryThe immune system employs two distinct defense strategies against infections: pathogen elimination typified by type 1 immunity, and pathogen containment exemplified by type 2 immunity in association with tissue repair. Akin to infectious diseases, cancer progresses with cancer cell acquisition of microorganism-like behavior propagating at the expense of the host. While immunological mechanisms of cancer cell elimination are well defined, whether immune-mediated cancer cell containment can be induced is poorly understood. Here we show that ablation of transforming growth factor-β receptor II (TGFβRII) in CD4+T cells promotes tumor tissue healing and halts cancer progression. Notably, the restorative response is dependent on the T helper 2 cytokine IL-4 fortifying vasculature organization that spares only proximal layers of cancer cells from hypoxia, nutrient starvation and death. Thus, type 2 immunity represents an effective cancer defense mechanism, and TGFβ signaling in helper T cells may be targeted for novel cancer immunotherapy.
Sensitive one-step isothermal detection of pathogen-derived RNAs
Authors: Woo Chang Ha , Jang Sungho , Shin Giyoung , Jung Gyoo Yeol , Lee Jeong Wook 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe recent outbreaks of Ebola, Zika, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) require fast, simple, and sensitive onsite nucleic acid diagnostics that can be developed rapidly to prevent the spread of diseases. We have developed a SENsitive Splint-based one-step isothermal RNA detection (SENSR) method for rapid and straightforward onsite detection of pathogen RNAs with high sensitivity and specificity. SENSR consists of two simple enzymatic reactions: a ligation reaction by SplintR ligase and subsequent transcription by T7 RNA polymerase. The resulting transcript forms an RNA aptamer that induces fluorescence. Here, we demonstrate that SENSR is an effective and highly sensitive method for the detection of the current epidemic pathogen,severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus2 (SARS-CoV-2). We also show that the platform can be extended to the detection of five other pathogens. Overall, SENSR is a molecular diagnostic method that can be developed rapidly for onsite uses requiring high sensitivity, specificity, and short assaying times.