bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing a bi‐objective vehicle routing problem that appears in industrial enterprises
Authors: López‐Sánchez Ana D. , Molina Julián , Laguna Manuel , Hernández‐Díaz Alfredo G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a new solution method is implemented to solve a bi‐objective variant of the vehicle routing problem that appears in industry and environmental enterprises. The solution involves designing a set of routes for each day in a period, in which the service frequency is a decision variable. The proposed algorithm, a muti‐start multi‐objective local search algorithm (MSMLS), minimizes total emissions produced by all vehicles and maximizes the service quality measured as the number of times that a customer is visited by a vehicle in order to be served. The MSMLS is a neighbourhood‐based metaheuristic that obtains high‐quality solutions and that is capable of achieving better performance than other competitive algorithms. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm is able to perform rapid movements thanks to the easy representation of the solutions.
SH3P2 suppresses osteoclast differentiation through restricting membrane localization of myosin 1E
Authors: Nakamura Shota , Masuyama Ritsuko , Sakai Kosuke , Fukuda Karin , Takeda Kohsuke , Tanimura Susumu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOsteoclasts are multinucleated cells responsible for bone resorption. Src homology 3 (SH3) domain‐containing protein‐2 (SH3P2)/osteoclast‐stimulating factor‐1 regulates osteoclast differentiation, but its exact role remains elusive. Here, we show that SH3P2 suppresses osteoclast differentiation. SH3P2 knockout (KO) mice displayed decreased femoral trabecular bone mass and enhanced localization of osteoclasts on the tibial trabecular bone surface, suggesting that SH3P2 suppresses bone resorption by osteoclasts. Osteoclast differentiation based on cellular multinuclearity induced by macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) was enhanced in bone marrow‐derived macrophages lacking SH3P2. RANKL induced SH3P2 dephosphorylation, which increased the association of actin‐dependent motor protein myosin 1E (Myo1E) with SH3P2 and thereby prevented Myo1E localization to the plasma membrane. Consistent with this, Myo1E in the membrane fraction increased in SH3P2‐KO cells. Together with the attenuated osteoclast differentiation in Myo1E knocked down cells, SH3P2 may suppress osteoclast differentiation by preventing their cell‐to‐cell fusion depending on Myo1E membrane localization.
A Randomized, Double‐Dummy, Emergency Department‐Based Study of Greater Occipital Nerve Block With Bupivacaine vs Intravenous Metoclopramide for Treatment of Migraine
Authors: Friedman Benjamin W. , Irizarry Eddie , Williams Andrew , Solorzano Clemencia , Zias Eleftheria , Robbins Matthew S. , Harrilal Melissa A. , Del Valle Michael , Bijur Polly E. , Gallagher E. John 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundGreater occipital nerve blocks (GONB) are used increasingly to treat acute migraine.ObjectiveWe conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine whether GONB was as effective as intravenous metoclopramide for migraine.MethodsThis was a double‐dummy, double‐blind, parallel‐arm, non‐inferiority study conducted in 2 emergency departments (EDs). Patients with migraine of moderate or severe intensity were randomized to receive bilateral GONB with each side administered 3 mL of bupivacaine 0.5% or metoclopramide 10 mg IV, the putative standard of care. The primary outcome was improvement in pain on a 0‐10 scale between time 0 and 1 hour later. To reject the null hypothesis that metoclopramide would be more efficacious in relieving pain, we required that the lower limit of the 95% CI for the difference in pain improvement between those randomized to GONB vs those randomized to metoclopramide be >−1.3, a validated minimum clinically important difference. Secondary outcomes included sustained headache relief, defined as achieving and maintaining for 48 hours a headache level of mild or none without the use of additional analgesic medication, and the use of rescue medication in the ED.ResultsOver a 2.5‐year study period, 1358 patients were screened for participation and 99 were randomized, 51 to GONB and 48 to metoclopramide. All of these patients were included in the primary analysis. Patients who received the GONB reported mean improvement of 5.0 (95% CI: 4.1, 5.8) while those who received metoclopramide reported a larger mean improvement of 6.1 (95% CI: 5.2, 6.9). The 95% CI for the between group difference of −1.1 was −2.3, 0.1. Sustained headache relief was reported by 11/51 (22%) GONB and 18/47 (38%) metoclopramide patients (95% CI for rounded difference of 17%: −1, 35%). Of the 51 GONB patients, 17 (33%) required rescue medication in the ED vs 8/48 (17%) metoclopramide patients (95% CI for rounded difference of 17%: 0, 33%). An adverse event was reported by 16/51 (31%) GONB patients and 18/48 (38%) metoclopramide patients (95% CI for (rounded) difference of 6%: −13, 25%).ConclusionGONB with bupivacaine was not as efficacious as IV metoclopramide for the first‐line treatment of migraine in the ED.
INNOVATE Research: Impact of a workshop to develop researcher capacity to engage youth in research
Authors: Hawke Lisa D. , Darnay Karleigh , Brown Marion , Iyer Srividya , Ben‐David Shelly , Khaleghi‐Moghaddam Mohammad , Relihan Jacqueline , Barbic Skye , Lachance Lisa , Mathias Steve , Halsall Tanya , Kidd Sean A. , Soklaridis Sophie , Henderson Joanna 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundEngaging youth in research provides substantial benefits to research about youth‐related needs, concerns and interventions. However, researchers require training and capacity development to work in this manner.MethodsA capacity‐building intervention, INNOVATE Research, was co‐designed with youth and adult researchers and delivered to researchers in three major academic research institutions across Canada. Fifty‐seven attendees participated in this research project evaluating youth engagement practices, attitudes, perceived barriers, and perceived capacity development needs before attending the intervention and six months later.ResultsThe intervention attracted researchers across various career levels, roles and disciplines. Participants were highly satisfied with the workshop activities. Follow‐up assessments revealed significant increases in self‐efficacy six months after the workshop (P = .035). Among possible barriers to youth engagement, four barriers significantly declined at follow‐up. The barriers that decreased were largely related to practical knowledge about how to engage youth in research. Significantly more participants had integrated youth engagement into their teaching activities six months after the workshop compared to those who were doing so before the workshop (P = .007). A large proportion (71.9%) of participants expressed the need for a strengthened network of youth‐engaged researchers; other future capacity‐building approaches were also endorsed.ConclusionsThe INNOVATE Research project provided improvements in youth engagement attitudes and practices among researchers, while lifting barriers. Future capacity‐building work should continue to enhance the capacity of researchers to engage youth in research. Researchers notably pointed to the need to establish a network of youth‐engaged researchers to provide ongoing, sustainable gains in youth engagement.
Home is where the heart rot is: violet click beetle, Limoniscus violaceus (Müller, 1821), habitat attributes and volatiles
Authors: Cuff Jordan Patrick , Müller Carsten Theodor , Gilmartin Emma Christine , Boddy Lynne , Jones Thomas Hefin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The decreasing number of veteran trees in Europe threatens old‐growth habitats and the fauna they support. This includes rare taxa, such as the violet click beetle, Limoniscus violaceus (Müller, 1821).
Samples of wood mould were taken from all beech trees in Windsor Forest previously confirmed to have contained L. violaceus larvae, and from trees where L. violaceus had not previously been detected, the latter categorised as having high, medium or low likelihood of containing the beetle during recent surveys. Habitat characteristics were measured, and volatile profiles determined using gas‐chromatography mass‐spectrometry.
Water content significantly differed between tree hollows of different violet click beetle status, high‐potential habitats having higher and relatively stable water content compared with habitats with medium or low potential of beetle occupancy. Several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were significantly associated with L. violaceus habitats. No differences in other characteristics were detected.
The distinction in water regime between habitats highlights that recording this quantitatively could improve habitat surveys. Several potential L. violaceus attractant VOCs were identified. These could potentially be integrated into existing monitoring strategies, such as through volatile‐baited emergence traps or volatile‐based surveying of habitats, for more efficient population monitoring of the beetle.
Sintering and microstructural study of mullite prepared from kaolinite and reactive alumina: Effect of MgO and TiO2
Authors: Suhasinee Behera Pallavi , Bhattacharyya Sunipa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMullite ceramic was prepared using kaolinite and synthesized alumina (combustion route) by solid‐state interaction process. The influence of TiO2 and MgO additives in phase formation, microstructural evolution, densification, and mechanical strengthening was evaluated in this work. TiO2 and MgO were used as sintering additives. According to the stoichiometric composition of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2), the raw materials, ie kaolinite, synthesized alumina, and different wt% of additives were wet mixed, dried, and uniaxially pressed followed by sintering at different temperature. 1600°C sintered samples from each batch exhibit enhanced properties. The 1 wt% TiO2 addition shows bulk density up to 2.96 g/cm3 with a maximum strength of 156.3 MPa. The addition of MgO up to 1 wt% favored the growth of mullite by obtaining a density and strength matching with the batch containing 1 wt% TiO2. These additives have shown a positive effect on mullite phase formation by reducing the temperature for complete mullitization by 100°C. Both additives promote sintering by liquid phase formation. However, the grain growth, compact microstructure, and larger elongated mullite crystals in MgO containing batch enhance its hardness properties.
Impact of the EU–Turkey Statement on Smugglers’ Operations in the Aegean and Migrants’ Decisions to Engage with Smugglers
Authors: Yıldız Ayselin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe article reviews how and to what extent the EU–Turkey Statement of 18 March 2016 has affected the modus operandi of migrant smugglers in the Aegean region and migrants’ decisions to interact with them for irregular crossings from Turkey to Greece. It draws on field research, including 46 in‐depth interviews with migrants in Izmir, Turkey, a transit city and migrant smuggling hub. Based on analysis of these narratives and participant observation, it argues that the Statement has generated changes concerning the smugglers’ modalities and services while not affecting migrants’ decisions to engage with them to reach Europe. Although the Statement aimed to decrease irregular migration, disrupt smugglers’ “business models,” and open safe routes for migrants, it has instead increased their vulnerability and exploitation to an extent. Accordingly, the article reveals the paradoxical and controversial aspects of the Statement vis‐à‐vis the promises and consequences it generated in the field.
Evaluation of inpatient oxygen therapy in hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Anderson James , Hoang Tiffany , Hay Karen , Tay George 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundHigh concentration oxygen therapy in hypercapnic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with increased mortality. In ward‐based patients with acute exacerbation of COPD and hypercapnia, this study examines oxygen prescription and the association between high concentration oxygen therapy and adverse outcome.AimsTo investigate the association between over‐oxygenation and in‐hospital adverse events.MethodsInpatients with acute exacerbation of hypercapnic COPD at a tertiary Australian hospital over a 1‐year period were retrospectively identified. Oxygen prescription and therapy was determined based on chart review. Over‐oxygenation was defined as ≥10% of nursing chart observations recording oxygen delivery with oxygen saturation above 92%. A composite adverse outcome was defined as medical emergency team response, recommencement of non‐invasive ventilation or death. The association between over‐oxygenation and adverse outcome was assessed using survival analysis and conditional logistic regression modelling.ResultsThe study cohort comprised 106 unique patients and 157 admissions. Oxygen prescription was recorded in 132 (84%) and over‐oxygenation occurred in 97 (62%) admissions. Over‐oxygenation was higher in non‐respiratory ward admissions (76% vs 57%, P = 0.03) and those without any form of oxygen prescription (84% vs 58%, P = 0.01). During follow up, 23 (22%) patients experienced an adverse event. Cox proportional hazards modelling found weak evidence for increased risk of an adverse event in over‐oxygenated patients (hazard ratio 2.5; 95% confidence interval 0.8–7.3, P = 0.10). Conditional logistic regression, after matching on age, Charlson comorbidity category and length of follow up, found a similar estimate of association (hazard ratio 2.6; 95% confidence interval 0.8–8.7, P = 0.12).ConclusionsOver‐oxygenation to hypercapnic COPD inpatients is common and rates of oxygen prescription are suboptimal. We found weak evidence of association between over‐oxygenation and adverse events, likely due to low statistical power. Larger prospective studies are needed.
A glance over the fence: Using phylogeny and species comparison for a better understanding of antigen recognition by human γδ T‐cells
Authors: Herrmann Thomas , Karunakaran Mohindar Murugesh , Fichtner Alina Suzann 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBoth, jawless and jawed vertebrates possess three lymphocyte lineages defined by highly diverse antigen receptors: Two T‐cell‐ and one B‐cell‐like lineage. In both phylogenetic groups, the theoretically possible number of individual antigen receptor specificities can even outnumber that of lymphocytes of a whole organism. Despite fundamental differences in structure and genetics of these antigen receptors, convergent evolution led to functional similarities between the lineages. Jawed vertebrates possess αβ and γδ T‐cells defined by eponymous αβ and γδ T‐cell antigen receptors (TCRs). “Conventional” αβ T‐cells recognize complexes of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I and II molecules and peptides. Non‐conventional T‐cells, which can be αβ or γδ T‐cells, recognize a large variety of ligands and differ strongly in phenotype and function between species and within an organism. This review describes similarities and differences of non‐conventional T‐cells of various species and discusses ligands and functions of their TCRs. A special focus is laid on Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cells whose TCRs act as sensors for phosphorylated isoprenoid metabolites, so‐called phosphoantigens (PAg), associated with microbial infections or altered host metabolism in cancer or after drug treatment. We discuss the role of butyrophilin (BTN)3A and BTN2A1 in PAg‐sensing and how species comparison can help in a better understanding of this human Vγ9Vδ2 T‐cell subset.
Developing children’s nursing care outcome statements in Africa using World Café methods
Authors: Coetzee Minette , Leonard Angela , Bonaconsa Candice , Power Nina , North Natasha 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNursing metrics use indicators to make the outcomes of nursing care visible through measurement. Metrics must be sensitive to the context‐specific nature of nursing and should reflect the work that nurses really do. A workshop at the Building Children’s Nursing conference (2019) was convened to develop statements of nursing care outcomes and actions specific to the work of children’s nurses in African care settings, using the World Café method and the Nightingale Metrics approach. The process resulted in the development of statements as intended. Appropriate nursing metrics can guide data‐driven practice improvements and decision‐making about supporting the nursing workforce.
Relating chemical composition, structure, and rheology in alkali‐activated aluminosilicate gels
Authors: Mills Jennifer N. , Wagner Norman J. , Mondal Paramita 
Published: September 2020

AbstractModel aluminosilicate (N‐A‐S‐H) gel systems give insight to the complex reaction occurring in alkali‐activated binders, allowing for more precise control over chemical composition and exhibiting simpler kinetics. Small angle neutron scattering, oscillatory rheology, and solid‐state NMR were used to characterize N‐A‐S‐H gel samples and relate structure, chemical composition, and rheology. Aluminum concentration was varied in the gel samples at fixed silica and sodium concentration. Past the percolation point, the gel develops in two regimes distinct in structure and rheological behavior. The first gel regime is characterized by increase in modulus and initial formation of fractal structures following a diffusion‐limited monomer‐cluster aggregation mechanism. The second gel regime at higher aluminum concentrations is characterized by a modulus plateau and structure development via reaction‐limited aggregation of existing clusters. NMR data indicate a saturation of aluminum in the network at the transition between gel regimes, which may be pH driven. Understanding the structure‐property relationships critical to formation of the N‐A‐S‐H gel can give valuable insight to the reaction mechanism in alkali‐activated binders and the influence of chemical composition on resultant structure and mechanical properties.
Development of low‐loss lead‐germanate glass for mid‐infrared fiber optics: I. glass preparation optimization
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Bei Jiafang , Ahmed Naveed , Ng Alson Kwun Leung , Ebendorff‐Heidepriem Heike 
Published: September 2020

AbstractReducing the mid‐infrared attenuation loss due to absorption of hydroxyl (OH) groups and scattering of metallic Pb species for lead‐germanate glass is essential to pave the way for their applications as low‐loss mid‐infrared fiber optics. In the first part of this study, we report the understanding of the factors that determine dehydration efficiency and metallic Pb formation during the lead‐germanate glassmelting process. Combining a dry O2‐rich atmosphere containing ultra‐dry N2 together with the use of chloride dehydration agent and nitrate oxidation agent compound was found to enable efficient dehydration effect and absence of metallic Pb scattering sources in the dehydrated glasses. This glassmelting procedure overcomes previous limitations on the preparation of similar kinds of heavy‐metal oxide glasses, where only pure O2 atmosphere was used and/or use of fluoride dehydration agent deteriorated the glass thermal stability. This work provides guidance for developing other low‐loss mid‐infrared glasses/fibers containing multivalent heavy‐metal ions such as Pb, Bi, Te, Sb, etc
Structural phase evolved Ni2+‐doped fluoride nanocrystals in KF−ZnF2−SiO2 glass‐ceramics
Authors: Ding Dashuang , Wang Yanlong , Lin Changgui , Ren Jing , Shi Wenbo , Wang Pengyuan , Yang Bing , Zhang Shaoqian , Duo Liping 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIncorporation of transition‐metal ions (TMIs) in the precipitated nanocrystals (NCs) of glass‐ceramics (GCs) greatly improves the photonic properties of these materials. The crystal field and coordination of TMIs show fingerprints for spectroscopic characterization. However, it is difficult to probe the effect of the host NCs’ structural phase on doped TMIs’ d‐d orbitals. Herein, ZnF2:Ni and KZnF3:Ni based on controllable crystallization in KF‐ZnF2‐SiO2:Ni2+ GCs were taken as model systems. Compared to ZnF2, perovskite‐type KZnF3 has higher binding energy Zn‐F bonds in which Ni2+ are easier to be segregated, which makes KZnF3:Ni be better “excited electron trapper” due to hole localization to intra‐gap Ni states. These findings contribute to the understanding and design of TMIs‐doped GCs in practical applications.
Impact of sand and filler materials on the hydration behavior of calcium aluminate cement
Authors: Engbert Alexander , Plank Johann 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn earlier work, we have observed discrepancies relating to the early hydration of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) when comparing data from heat flow calorimetry of CAC paste with results from mortar strength tests using the crushing method. Here, we investigated on this phenomenon and found that the sand which is used as a filler exerts a major influence on CAC hydration resulting in acceleration. Furthermore, in particular fine filler materials such as, for example, microsilica, fine limestone powder, and especially α‐ and γ‐Al2O3 also produced a strong hydration accelerating effect which is dependent on their specific surface area. The mechanism underlying the acceleration is that under alkaline conditions their negative surface charge attracts calcium ions as was confirmed via inductively coupled plasma atomic emission measurements. Such a layer generates favourable conditions for the nucleation of CAC hydration products (C‐A‐H phases). The resulting crystalline hydrates which form on the surface of the filler particles submerged in CAC cement pore solution were visualized via SEM imaging. This way, specifically selected fillers can significantly accelerate CAC hydration and save precious lithium salts which are commonly used to boost the early strength of CAC.
Examining the UK Covid‐19 mortality paradox: Pandemic preparedness, healthcare expenditure, and the nursing workforce
Authors: Stribling Julian , Clifton Andrew , McGill George , de Vries Kay 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimTo examine the UK pandemic preparedness in light of health expenditure, nursing workforce, and mortality rates in and relation to nursing leadership.BackgroundThe Global Health Security Index categorized the preparedness of 195 countries to face a biological threat on a variety of measures, producing an overall score. The United States of America and the United Kingdom were ranked 1st and 2nd most prepared in 2019.MethodA cross‐nation comparison of the top 36 countries ranked by Global Health Security Index score using a variety of online sources, including key data about each nation's expenditure on health and the nursing workforce, and compared these with mortality data for COVID‐19.ResultsThe extent of a country's pandemic preparedness, expenditure on healthcare and magnitude of the nursing workforce does not appear to impact mortality rates at this stage of the pandemic which is something of a paradox.ConclusionIt is important that arrangements for dealing with future global pandemics involve a range of agencies and experts in the field, including nurse leaders.Implications for NursingTo achieve the best outcomes for patients, nurse leaders should be involved in policy forums at all levels of government to ensure nurses can influence health policy.