bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of solubility and diffusion coefficients of ethylene in solid and molten low‐density polyethylene with different melt indices
Authors: Jiang Binbo , Dai Jincheng , Sun Jingyuan , Ye Jian , Chen Meijuan , Han Guodong , Wang Jingdai , Yang Jian , Yang Yongrong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe diffusion behavior of ethylene in polyethylene is of great importance for the polymerization and degassing of polyethylene (PE) industry. Based on the gravimetric sorption and desorption measurement approach, an intelligent gravimetric analyzer is applied to obtain the solubility and diffusion coefficients of ethylene in solid low‐density PE (LDPE) with different melt indices at 30°C to 70°C, 0 to 4 atm and in molten LDPE at 160°C to 230°C, 0 to 4 atm, respectively. Results indicate that both the solubility and diffusion coefficients of ethylene in solid LDPE are smaller than those in molten LDPE, while the dissolution enthalpy and diffusion activation energy of ethylene in solid LDPE are higher. In addition, one‐ and two‐dimensional diffusion models are built and the effects of particle size, polymer properties, and operation conditions are systematically investigated on the diffusion behaviors of ethylene in solid and molten LDPE.
Recognizing genetic disease: A key aspect of pediatric pulmonary care
Authors: Yonker Lael M. , Hawley Megan H. , Moschovis Peter P. , Lu Mengdi , Kinane T. Bernard 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAdvancement in technology has improved recognition of genetic etiologies of disease, which has impacted diagnosis and management of rare disease patients in the pediatric pulmonary clinic. This review provides an overview of genetic conditions that are likely to present with pulmonary features and require extensive care by the pediatric pulmonologist. Increased familiarity with these conditions allows for improved care of these patients by reducing time to diagnosis, tailoring management, and prompting further investigation into these disorders.
The future is here: Integrating genetics into the pediatric pulmonary clinic
Authors: Hawley Megan H. , Moschovis Peter P. , Lu Mengdi , Kinane T. Bernard , Yonker Lael M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecognition of underlying genetic etiologies of disease is increasing at an exponential rate, likely due to greater access to and lower cost of genetic testing. Monogenic causes of disease, or conditions resulting from a mutation or mutations in a single gene, are now well recognized in every subspecialty, including pediatric pulmonary medicine; thus, it is important to consider genetic conditions when evaluating children with respiratory disease. In the pediatric pulmonary clinic, genetic testing should be considered when multiple family members present with similar or related clinical features and when individuals have unusual clinical presentations, such as early‐onset disease or complex, syndromic features. This review provides a practical guide for genetic diagnosis in the pediatric pulmonary setting, including a review of genetic concepts, considerations for test selection and results in interpretation, as well as an overview of genetic differential diagnoses for common pediatric pulmonary phenotypes. Genetic conditions that commonly present to the pediatric pulmonary clinic are reviewed in a companion article by Yonker et al.
Overview of the ChILD Research Network: A roadmap for progress and success in defining rare diseases
Authors: Casey Alicia M. , Deterding Robin R. , Young Lisa R. , Fishman Martha P. , Fiorino Elizabeth K. , Liptzin Deborah R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChildren's interstitial and diffuse lung diseases are a diverse group of rare lung disorders that present in childhood with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory signs and symptoms. Children with these disorders face high morbidity and mortality and their families must cope with overwhelming uncertainty. Physicians caring for these patients are challenged by a paucity of directed therapies, or even understanding of natural history. Through the establishment of the Children's Interstitial Lung Disease Foundation Research Network and the Children's Interstitial Lung Disease Foundation significant progress has been made through collaboration and research. This review outlines the past and current successes in the new and rapidly growing field of Children's Interstitial and Diffuse Lung Disease.
Intramolecular proton transfer in the isomerization of hydroxyacetone: Characterization based on reaction force analysis and the bond fragility spectrum
Authors: Joseph Huiet V. , Derricotte Wallace D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe mechanism of isomerization of hydroxyacetone to 2‐hydroxypropanal is studied within the framework of reaction force analysis at the M06‐2X/6‐311++G(d,p) level of theory. Three unique pathways are considered: (a) a step‐wise mechanism that proceeds through the formation of the Z‐isomer of their shared enediol intermediate, (b) a step‐wise mechanism that forms the E‐isomer of the enediol, and (c) a concerted pathway that bypasses the enediol intermediate. Energy calculations show that the concerted pathway has the lowest activation energy barrier at 45.7 kcal mol−1. The reaction force, chemical potential, and reaction electronic flux are calculated for each reaction to characterize electronic changes throughout the mechanism. The reaction force constant is calculated in order to investigate the synchronous/asynchronous nature of the concerted intramolecular proton transfers involved. Additional characterization of synchronicity is provided by calculating the bond fragility spectrum for each mechanism.
Physicochemical, Morphological, and Molecular Properties of Starch Isolated from Dioscorea and Oxalis Tubers from Hidalgo State, Mexico
Authors: Hernández‐Uribe Juan Pablo , Meza‐Nieto Martín , Palma‐Rodríguez Heidi Maria , Navarro‐Cortez Ricardo Omar , Guzmán‐Ortiz Fabiola Araceli , Bello‐Pérez Luis Arturo , Vargas‐Torres Apolonio 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStarches are isolated from tubers of Dioscorea and Oxalis tuberosa (OT) grown in Hidalgo and surrounding areas. The starch particle sizes of Dioscorea bulbifera (DB) show a bimodal distribution, whereas those of Dioscorea mexicana Schidw (DM) and OT show unimodal distributions. The Dioscorea starch granules have a round shape, while those of OT have an elongated shape. Significant differences (p < 0.05) in pasting properties among the starches are observed, with DB showing the lowest viscosity value and DM showing the highest viscosity value. The peak and pasting temperatures show similar patterns, with higher values observed in the Dioscorea starches than in the OT starch. The gelatinization temperature values are low in the DB starch, compared to the DM and OT starches, which is consistent with the small granule size in DB. The interval in amylose content in the starches is 25.9% to 32.3%, classifying as normal starches. Molecular analysis reveals differences in molar mass and gyration radius between the amylopectin and amylose fractions of the starches, parameters that influence the physicochemical, pasting, and enzymatic hydrolysis characteristics of starches. The characterization of the tuber starches in this study reveals the potential of these under‐used food crops.
Homogenization of parabolic problems with dynamical boundary conditions of reactive‐diffusive type in perforated media
Authors: Anguiano María 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper deals with the homogenization of the reaction‐diffusion equations in a domain containing periodically distributed holes of size ε, with a dynamical boundary condition ofreactive‐diffusivetype, i.e., we consider the following nonlinear boundary condition on the surface of the holeswhere denotes the Laplace–Beltrami operator on the surface of the holes, ν is the outward normal to the boundary, plays the role of a surface diffusion coefficient andgis the nonlinear term. We generalize our previous results established in the case of a dynamical boundary condition ofpure‐reactivetype, i.e., with . We prove the convergence of the homogenization process to a nonlinear reaction‐diffusion equation whose diffusion matrix takes into account the reactive‐diffusive condition on the surface of the holes.
Anatomical Versus Nonanatomical Resection for Colorectal Liver Metastasis
Authors: She Wong Hoi , Cheung Tan To , Ma Ka Wing , Tsang Simon H. Y. , Dai Wing Chiu , Chan Albert C. Y. , Lo Chung Mau 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundAnatomical resection (AR) for colorectal liver metastasis (CLM) is disputable. We investigated the impact of AR on short‐term outcomes and survival in CLM patients.MethodsPatients having hepatectomy with AR or nonanatomical resection (NAR) for CLM were reviewed. Comparison was made between AR and NAR groups. Group comparison was performed again after propensity score matching with ratio 1:1.ResultsAR group (n = 234 vs n = 89 in NAR group) had higher carcinoembryonic antigen level (20 vs 7.8 ng/mL, p ≤ 0.001), more blood loss (0.65 vs 0.2 L, p < 0.001), more transfusions (19.2% vs 3.4%, p = 0.001), longer operation (339.5 vs 180 min, p < 0.001), longer hospital stay (9 vs 6 days, p < 0.001), more tumors (p < 0.001), larger tumors (4 vs 2 cm, p < 0.001), more bilobar involvement (20.9% vs 7.9%, p = 0.006), and comparable survival (overall, p = 0.721; disease‐free, p = 0.695). After propensity score matching, each group had 70 patients, with matched tumor number, tumor size, liver function, and tumor marker. AR group had more open resections (85.7% vs 68.6%, p = 0.016), more blood loss (0.556 vs 0.3 L, p = 0.001), more transfusions (17.1% vs 4.3%, p = 0.015), longer operation (310 vs 180 min, p < 0.001), longer hospital stay (8.5 vs 6 days, p = 0.002), comparable overall survival (p = 0.819), and comparable disease‐free survival (p = 0.855).ConclusionSimilar disease‐free survival and overall survival of CLM patients were seen with the use of AR and NAR. However, AR may entail a more eventful postoperative course. NAR with margin should be considered whenever feasible.
Experimental evaluation of cylinder vortex shedding noise reduction using porous material
Authors: Geyer Thomas F. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The tonal noise generation of a circular cylinder in a uniform flow is an important source of aerodynamic noise. It can be found at parts of the landing gear of airplanes, at pantographs of trains, at antennas and basically all other protruding parts of vehicles. This noise is due to the periodic shedding of vortices along the cylinder span. One method to reduce this noise is the use of flow permeable covers around the cylinders. In the present study, measurements were performed in an aeroacoustic wind tunnel on a large set of porous covered cylinders. In addition to varying the porous material, which is characterized by its air flow resistivity and its porosity, the thickness of the porous layer was varied as well. The measurements were performed at Reynolds numbers between 14,000 and 103,000 using microphones located in the acoustic far field. It was found that the porous covers lead to a notable narrowing of the vortex shedding tonal peak in the sound pressure level spectra, an effect that increases with increasing porosity and thickness and decreasing air flow resistivity of the porous layer. Based on the large set of experimental data, basic trends were derived for the estimation of the vortex shedding Strouhal number and the reduction in the energy in the vortex shedding peak using the method of linear regression. Constant temperature anemometry measurements in the wake of selected cylinders basically showed a similar narrowing of the vortex shedding peak in the spectra of the turbulent velocity fluctuations. In addition, the measurement of wake profiles showed a reduction in the mean velocity and the turbulence in the wake as well as a widening of the wake region, while an analysis of the spanwise coherence revealed that the cause of the overall noise reduction is not a breakup of spanwise turbulent structures. Rather, the results imply that viscous damping of turbulent flow pressure amplitudes by the porous material strongly contributes to the noise reduction.

Graphic abstract
Enlarged perivascular spaces in multiple sclerosis on magnetic resonance imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Granberg Tobias , Moridi Thomas , Brand Judith S. , Neumann Susanne , Hlavica Martin , Piehl Fredrik , Ineichen Benjamin V. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Perivascular spaces can become detectable on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) upon enlargement, referred to as enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) or Virchow-Robin spaces. EPVS have been linked to small vessel disease. Some studies have also indicated an association of EPVS to neuroinflammation and/or neurodegeneration. However, there is conflicting evidence with regards to their potential as a clinically relevant imaging biomarker in multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods
To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of EPVS as visualized by MRI in MS. Nine out of 299 original studies addressing EPVS in humans using MRI were eligible for the systematic review and meta-analysis including a total of 457 MS patients and 352 control subjects.

Results
In MS, EPVS have been associated with cognitive decline, contrast-enhancing MRI lesions, and brain atrophy. Yet, these associations were not consistent between studies. The meta-analysis revealed that MS patients have greater EPVS prevalence (odds ratio = 4.61, 95% CI = [1.84; 11.60], p = 0.001) as well as higher EPVS counts (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.46, 95% CI = [0.26; 0.67], p < 0.001) and larger volumes (SMD = 0.88, 95% CI = [0.19; 1.56], p = 0.01) compared to controls.

Conclusions
Available literature suggests a higher EPVS burden in MS patients compared to controls. The association of EPVS to neuroinflammatory or -degenerative pathology in MS remains inconsistent. Thus, there is currently insufficient evidence supporting EPVS as diagnostic and/or prognostic marker in MS. In order to benefit future comparisons of studies, we propose recommendations on EPVS assessment standardization in MS. PROSPERO No: CRD42019133946.
Low-risk trials for children and pregnant women threatened by unnecessary strict regulations. Does the coming EU Clinical Trial Regulation offer a solution?
Authors: Knaapen Max , Ploem Martine Corrette , Kruijt Maya , Oudijk Martijn A. , van der Graaf Rieke , Bet Pierre M. , Bakx Roel , van Heurn L. W. Ernst , Gorter Ramon R. , van der Lee Johanna H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractInvestigator-initiated clinical trials are crucial for improving quality of care for children and pregnant women as they are often excluded from industry-initiated trials. However, trials have become increasingly time-consuming and costly since the EU Clinical Trial Directive entered into force in 2001. This directive made compliance with ICH-Good Clinical Practice Guidelines (ethical and quality standard for conducting human subject research) mandatory for all clinical trials, regardless of its risk-classification. By discussing two investigator-initiated, ‘low-risk’ drug trials, we aim to illustrate that compliance with all GCP requirements makes trials very laborious and expensive, while a clear rationale is missing. This discourages clinical researchers to start and carry out investigator-initiated research. However, the forthcoming EU Clinical Trial Regulation (No 536/2014) seems to provide a solution as it allows for less stringent rules for low-risk trials. We want to raise awareness for these developments in both the clinical research community and the European and national regulatory authorities. Implementation of this forthcoming Regulation regulatory policies should be done in such a way that investigator-initiated trials evaluating standard care interventions will become more feasible. This will allow us to obtain evidence on optimal and safe treatments, especially for groups that are underrepresented in medical research.

What is Known• Investigator-initiated trials are indispensable for improving care for children and pregnant women as they are often excluded from industry-initiated trials• Trials have become increasingly time-consuming and costly because of mandatory compliance with ICH-GCP guidelines

What is New• The forthcoming EU Clinical Trial Regulation allows less stringent rules for low-risk trials• The national legislator and regulatory authorities should recognize the importance of this opportunity and implement the Regulation in such a way that investigator-initiated trials will become more feasible
Bitter fruits of hard labour: diet metabarcoding and telemetry reveal that urban songbirds travel further for lower-quality food
Authors: Jarrett Crinan , Powell Luke L. , McDevitt Heather , Helm Barbara , Welch Andreanna J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRapidly increasing urbanisation requires mitigation against associated losses of biodiversity and species abundance. In urban-breeding birds, altered food availability for nestlings is thought to reduce reproductive success compared to forest populations. To compensate for shortages of preferred foods, urban parents could increase their search effort for optimal diets or provision other foods. Here, we used telemetry and faecal metabarcoding on blue tits from one urban and one forest populations to compare parental effort and comprehensively describe nestling diet. Urban parents travelled on average 30% further than those in the forest, likely to offset limited availability of high-quality nestling food (i.e. caterpillars) in cities. Metabarcoding, based on a mean number of 30 identified taxa per faeces, revealed that the diets of urban chicks were nonetheless substantially shifted to include alternative foods. While in the forest caterpillars comprised 82 ± 11% of taxa provisioned to nestlings, in the city they constituted just 44 ± 10%. Pre-fledging chick mass as well as offspring numbers were lower in urban than in forest-reared broods. Thus, at least in our comparison of two sites, the hard labour of urban parents did not fully pay off, suggesting that improved habitat management is required to support urban-breeding birds.
Multilayer analysis of population diversity in grammatical evolution for symbolic regression
Authors: Kronberger Gabriel , Colmenar J. Manuel , Winkler Stephan M. , Hidalgo J. Ignacio 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze the population diversity of grammatical evolution (GE) on multiple levels of genetic information: chromosome diversity, expression diversity, and output diversity. Thereby, we use a tree-similarity metric from tree-based GP literature to determine similarity of expression trees generated in GE. The similarity of outputs is determined via their correlation. We track the pairwise similarities for all individuals within a generation on all three levels and track the distribution of similarity values over generations. We demonstrate the analysis method using four symbolic regression problem instances and find that the visualization highlights some issues that can occur when using GE such as: large groups of individuals with highly similar outputs, a high fraction of trees with constant outputs, or short and highly similar trees in the early stages of the GE run. Especially in the early phases of GE, we see that a large subset of the population represents equivalent expressions. In early stages, rather short expressions are produced leaving large parts of the chromosome unexpressed. More complex expressions can be derived only after GE has successfully evolved well-working beginnings of chromosomes.
Indicated prevention interventions for anxiety in children and adolescents: a review and meta-analysis of school-based programs
Authors: Hugh-Jones Siobhan , Beckett Sophie , Tumelty Ella , Mallikarjun Pavan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAnxiety disorders are among the most common youth mental health disorders. Early intervention can reduce elevated anxiety symptoms. School-based interventions exist but it is unclear how effective targeted approaches are for reducing symptoms of anxiety. This review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effectiveness of school-based indicated interventions for symptomatic children and adolescents. The study was registered with PROSPERO [CRD42018087628]. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and the Cochrane Library for randomised-controlled trials comparing indicated programs for child and adolescent (5–18 years) anxiety to active or inactive control groups. Data were extracted from papers up to December 2019. The primary outcome was efficacy (mean change in anxiety symptom scores). Sub-group and sensitivity analyses explored intervention intensity and control type. We identified 20 studies with 2076 participants. Eighteen studies were suitable for meta-analysis. A small positive effect was found for indicated programs compared to controls on self-reported anxiety symptoms at post-test (g = − 0.28, CI = − 0.50, − 0.05, k = 18). This benefit was maintained at 6 (g = − 0.35, CI = − 0.58, − 0.13, k = 9) and 12 months (g = − 0.24, CI = − 0.48, 0.00, k = 4). Based on two studies, > 12 month effects were very small (g = − 0.01, CI = − 0.38, 0.36). No differences were found based on intervention intensity or control type. Risk of bias and variability between studies was high (I2 = 78%). Findings show that school-based indicated programs for child and adolescent anxiety can produce small beneficial effects, enduring for up to 12 months. Future studies should include long-term diagnostic assessments.
The impact of the great economic crisis on mental health care in Italy
Authors: Wang Yuxi , Fattore Giovanni 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe great economic crisis in 2008 has affected the welfare of the population in countries such as Italy. Although there is abundant literature on the impact of the crisis on physical health, very few studies have focused on the causal implications for mental health and health care. This paper, therefore, investigates the impact of the recent economic crisis on hospital admissions for severe mental disorder at small geographic levels in Italy and assesses whether there are heterogeneous effects across areas with distinct levels of income. We exploit 9-year (2007–2015) panel data on hospital discharges, which is merged with employment and income composition at the geographic units that share similar labour market structures. Linear and dynamic panel analysis are used to identify the causal effect of rising unemployment rate on severe mental illness admissions per 100,000 residents to account for time-invariant heterogeneity. We further create discrete income levels to identify the potential socioeconomic gradients behind this effect across areas with different economic characteristics. The results show a significant impact of higher unemployment rates on admissions for severe mental disorders after controlling for relevant economic factors, and the effects are concentrated on the most economically disadvantaged areas. The results contribute to the literature of spatio-temporal variation in the broader determinants of mental health and health care utilisation and shed light on the populations that are most susceptible to the effects of the economic crisis.