bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment selection and medication adherence for stable angina: The role of area‐based health literacy
Authors: Savitz Samuel T. , Bailey Stacy Cooper , Dusetzina Stacie B. , Jones W. Schuyler , Trogdon Justin G. , Stearns Sally C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesClinical studies show equivalent health outcomes from interventional procedures and treatment with medication only for stable angina patients. However, patients may be subject to overuse or access barriers for interventional procedures and may exhibit suboptimal adherence to medications. Our objective is to evaluate whether community‐level health literacy is associated with treatment selection and medication adherence patterns.MethodThe sample included Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries (20% random sample) with stable angina in 2007‐2013. We used an area‐level health literacy variable because of the lack of an individual measure in claims. We measured the association between (a) area‐based health literacy with treatment selection (medication only, percutaneous coronary intervention [PCI], or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery) and (b) area‐based health literacy with medication adherence. We controlled for other factors including demographics, co‐morbidity burden, dual eligibility, and area deprivation index.ResultsWe identified 8300 patients of whom 8.7% lived in a low health literacy area. Overall, 56% of patients received medication only, 28% received PCI, and 15% received CABG. Patients in low health literacy areas were less likely to receive CABG (−3.5 percentage points; 95% CI, −6.8 to −0.3) than were patients in high health literacy areas, but the significance was sensitive to specification. Overall, 81.5% and 71.5% of patients were adherent to antianginals and statins, respectively. Living in low health literacy areas was associated with lower adherence to antianginals (−3.3 percentage points; 95% CI, −6.1 to −0.6) but not statins.ConclusionsLow area‐based health literacy was associated with being less likely to receive CABG and lower adherence, but the differences between low and high health literacy areas were small and sensitive to model specification. Individual factors such as dual eligibility status and race/ethnicity had stronger associations with outcomes than had area‐based health literacy, suggesting that this area‐based measure was inadequate to account for social determinants in this study.
Dietary supplementation with ovine serum immunoglobulin modulates correlations between mucin, microbiota and immunity proteins in the growing rat
Authors: Balan Prabhu , Staincliffe Maryann , Moughan Paul J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship among the number of bacteria, number of goblet cells, gut mucin gene expression, mucin protein and immunity protein levels of rats fed a diet containing freeze‐dried ovine Ig (FD). Sprague Dawley male rats were used in a 21‐days study and were fed a basal control diet (BD; no Ig) and a test diet containing freeze‐dried ovine Ig (FD). Diets were isocaloric and contained the same amount of the first limiting amino acids, methionine plus cysteine. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted on the data (stomach, ileum and colon) obtained from individual rats (n = 10) fed either casein‐based diet (BD) or ovine serum Ig (FD) to evaluate the relationship between number of bacteria, number of goblet cells, gut mucin gene expression and gut mucin protein levels. Pearson's correlation analysis was then conducted with the data from the FD fed rats to evaluate the relationship among the above said variables. In the stomach content, a significant (p < .05) correlation was found between the Muc5Ac gene expression and mucosal mucin protein. In the ileum and colon, a significant (p < .05) correlation was observed among the mRNA levels of mucin (Muc2 and Muc4) genes. There was also evidence of a strong relationship (p < .05) between digesta mucin and mucosal mucin protein concentrations. A negative correlation of mucosal IgA protein concentration with totalLactobacillus(in ileum and colon) and total bacteria (in the ileum) was not evident with FD fed rats when compared to the results obtained using both BD and FD fed rats. In conclusion, this study suggests that feeding freeze‐dried ovine Ig in growing rats results in a strong correlation between the number of bacteria, mucin and immunity proteins.
Periodontal status, vascular reactivity, and platelet aggregation changes in rats submitted to hypercholesterolemic diet and periodontitis
Authors: Silva Natália L. C. , Motta Nadia A. V. , Soares Mariana A. , Araujo Olga M. O. , Espíndola Laís Christina P. , Colombo Ana Paula V. , Lopes Ricardo Tadeu , Brito Fernanda Carla F. , Miranda Ana Luísa P. , Tributino Jorge L. M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackground and objectivesPeriodontitis can corroborate with development and progression of atherosclerosis and a possible bidirectional interaction between both pathologies has been hypothesized. The aim of this work was to study the interactions between diet‐induced hypercholesterolemia and ligature‐induced periodontitis in Wistar rats submitted to both conditions.Material and methodsAnimals were divided into four experimental groups: C (control: standard diet without periodontitis), Perio (periodontitis plus standard diet), HC (high cholesterol diet without periodontitis), and HC + Perio (high cholesterol diet plus periodontitis). The diets were offered for 45 days and a silk ligature was applied in the lower first molars of Perio and HC‐Perio animals on day 34 and maintained for 11 days until euthanasia. The mandibles were excised, and alveolar bone loss was determined by macroscopic and micro‐tomographic (µ‐CT) imaging. Blood samples were obtained, and platelet aggregation was induced in plasma rich in platelets by adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and collagen. Endothelium‐dependent vascular reactivity and protein expression of endothelial (eNOS), phosphorylated endothelial (peNOS), and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthases were evaluated in aorta samples.ResultsThe HC diet combined with periodontitis (HC + Perio group) was associated with an increased alveolar bone loss, when compared to the other groups. Both in Perio and HC groups, platelet aggregation induced by ADP or collagen was increased, while maximum aortic relaxation induced by acetylcholine was decreased. Periodontitis or HC diet alone decreased the expression of peNOS and HC diet increased the expression of iNOS. In contrast, no additive or synergistic effects were found in vascular reactivity or in platelet aggregation when the two conditions were associated (HC + Perio group).ConclusionHypercholesterolemia accelerated the process of bone loss induced by periodontitis while a high cholesterol diet or periodontitis individually increased platelet aggregation and vascular reactivity in rats without additive or synergistic effects, when associated.
Changes in reproduction for subtropical cutlassfish Trichiurus japonicus reflect variation in temperature and population demography
Authors: Chen Ying‐Shiuan , Jeng Zhi‐Yu , Wang Hui‐Yu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMany subtropical fishes spawn multiple batches throughout a year. To understand plasticity in their reproductive output, we evaluated variation in oocyte size and batch fecundity for an exploited subtropical cutlassfish, Trichiurus japonicus, between two temperature periods (warm vs. cold) on the NE and SW coasts of Taiwan, northwestern Pacific. Given greater temperature variability on NE compared with SW coast, we hypothesized greater changes between warm and cold periods in oocyte size and fecundity for T. japonicus on the NE coast. We found opposite changes in sizes of ripe oocytes between periods (cold > warm on the NE but warm > cold on the SW coast) but consistent patterns in batch fecundity between coasts (warm > cold). Furthermore, the between‐period patterns in female length were consistent on both coasts (warm > cold). The differential between‐period patterns in oocyte size were related to potential adaptive responses to differential thermal environments between coasts, whereas the changes in fecundity mainly involved plastic processes (e.g., changes in population demography or movement). Together, our findings suggest that variability of temperature and maternal effects underlie recruitment variability of T. japonicus.
Autonomy and professional identity formation in residency training: A qualitative study
Authors: Sawatsky Adam P. , Santivasi Wil L. , Nordhues Hannah C. , Vaa Brianna E. , Ratelle John T. , Beckman Thomas J. , Hafferty Frederic W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractContextProfessional identity formation (PIF) involves the development of professional values, actions and aspirations and is central to medical education. Current understanding of PIF is informed by psychological and sociological theories. One ideal of medicine is responsibility to the patient; the development of this ideal is related to learner autonomy. The purpose of this study was to further theorise the relationships between the individual and contextual aspects of PIF through exploring the associations amongst autonomy, making decisions and responsibility for patients during residency training.MethodsUsing constructivist grounded theory, we conducted 23 semi‐structured interviews with internal medicine residents at an academic medical centre. Interview transcripts were de‐identified and processed through open coding and analytic memo writing. During data collection and analysis, we identified social cognitive theory (SCT), specifically reciprocal determinism, or the triadic and reciprocal relationship between context, person and behaviour, as a useful theoretical lens through which to illuminate the relationship between autonomy and PIF. Using SCT to guide analysis, we organised themes, identified relationships amongst themes, and refined them through group discussion and constant comparison with new data.ResultsResidents discussed three main themes: autonomy; making decisions, and responsibility for patient care. Autonomy allowed residents to feel personally responsible for patient care, and build confidence and trust. Autonomy allowed residents to feel engaged in making ‘real decisions’ for patient care. By displaying confidence in their decision making, residents were granted more autonomy. Lack of autonomy led to disengagement and lack of ownership over patient care.ConclusionsThis study highlighted the role of autonomy in the PIF of learners. Exploring the tension between autonomy and supervision through the lens of SCT highlighted the interconnectedness of context, behaviour and identity in PIF. To ensure optimal learning environments for PIF, educators should weigh the need for autonomy against the demands for supervision and patient safety.
Medical teachers’ discursive positioning of doctors in relation to patients
Authors: Dornan Tim , Roy Bentley Selina , Kelly Martina 
Published: January 2020

AbstractContextAn important part of a doctor’s identity is the social position he or she adopts relative to patients. Dialogic theory predicts that medical school discourses influence the positions students incorporate into their professional identities. As this may affect how students later exercise power in doctor‐patient relationships, we set out to examine how medical teachers position doctors in relation to patients.MethodsInformed by Holland’s Figured Worlds theory, which draws important assumptions from Bakhtin, we chose dialogic research methodology to examine how educators’ language positions doctors and may influence students’ identity formation. We recruited a maximum variation sample of 10 teaching staff and used open prompts in individual semi‐structured interviews to elicit discourses of doctors’ social position. We used Sullivan’s dialogic methodology reflexively to identify informative speech acts (utterances) and to examine how the language used in these constructed doctors’ positions.ResultsDominant discourses of Social Superiority, Technical Effectiveness, and Benevolence elevated doctors’ positions based on their social status, applied knowledge and trustworthiness, respectively. These positions were defended by predicating medical care on doctors’ mastery of treatments and their superior knowledge. A non‐dominant discourse of Distributed Power and Responsibility narrowed the positional gap by constructing doctors as empowering patients.ConclusionsWhereas three conservative discourses upheld doctors’ elevated social position, a non‐dominant, transformative discourse distributed power. We suggest that doctors will form the best relationships with patients when they are aware of these discourses and know how to navigate them. In pursuit of effective and compassionate patient care, we commend critical pedagogy as a means of articulating non‐dominant discourses and increasing students’, educators’ and doctors’ awareness of how they learn the positions of doctors.
Task‐switching costs have distinct phase‐locked and nonphase‐locked EEG power effects
Authors: McKewen Montana , Cooper Patrick S. , Wong Aaron S. W. , Michie Patricia T. , Sauseng Paul , Karayanidis Frini 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) and total time–frequency power analyses have shown that performance costs during task switching are related to differential preparation to switch tasks (switch cost) and repeat the same task (mixing cost) during both proactive control (cue‐to‐target interval; CTI) and reactive control (post‐target). The time–frequency EEG signal is comprised of both phase‐locked activity (associated with stimulus‐specific processes) and nonphase‐locked activity (represents processes thought to persist over longer timeframes and do not contribute to the average ERP). In the present study, we used a cued task‐switching paradigm to examine whether phase‐locked and nonphase‐locked power are differentially modulated by switch and mixing effects in intervals associated with the need for proactive control (CTI) and reactive control (post‐target interval). Phase‐locked activity was observed in the theta and alpha bands, closely resembled that seen for total power, and was consistent with switch and mixing ERP positivities. Nonphase‐locked analyses showed theta and alpha power effects for both switch and mixing effects early in the CTI and as well as more sustained alpha and beta activity around cue onset, and extending from mid‐CTI into the post‐target interval. Nonphase‐locked activity in pretarget alpha and posttarget theta power were both correlated with response time mixing cost. These findings provide novel insight into phase‐locked and nonphase‐locked activity associated with switch and mixing costs that are not evident with ERP or total time–frequency analyses.
Searching for religious discrimination among childcare workers
Authors: Dasgupta Utteeyo , Mani Subha , Singh Prakarsh 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe implement a lab‐in‐the‐field experiment among childcare workers in Chandigarh, India, to evaluate discriminatory attitudes of the Hindu workers toward Muslim children. We use a third‐party allocation game that controls for selfish payoff‐maximizing preferences across the treatments and focus exclusively on distributional attitudes. Our results indicate that the workers in our sample are primarily motivated by welfare‐based criteria in making their allocation decisions and do not practice discrimination based on religious identities.
Home care development in Korea and Germany: The interplay of long‐term care and professionalization policies
Authors: Theobald Hildegard , Chon Yongho 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe aim of the study was to compare the effects of long‐term care and professionalization policies on the development of home care infrastructure and the care workforce in reference to long‐term care insurance systems adopted in Germany and Korea. A comparative analysis of the effects of the two policy systems allowed us to examine distinct forms of marketized home care service expansion. In both countries, the opening‐up of care markets has brought about a significant expansion of home care services through the active participation of mainly for‐profit providers. However, a trade‐off between the rate of expansion, the quality of care services, and the stability of care infrastructure has emerged. The market‐based expansion of home care services has resulted in difficult employment and working conditions for care workers in both countries. The country‐specific organization of home care and related professionalization approaches has led to the development of a well‐trained care workforce with less precarious conditions in Germany but not in Korea. Despite this difference, less well‐trained care workers experience precarious employment in both countries.
Barriers to kidney transplant evaluation in HIV‐positive patients with advanced kidney disease: A single‐center study
Authors: Boyle Suzanne M. , Fehr Kallie , Deering Catylin , Raza Abbas , Harhay Meera N. , Malat Gregory , Ranganna Karthik , Lee Dong Heun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundHIV‐positive kidney transplant (KT) recipients have similar outcomes to HIV‐negative recipients. However, HIV‐positive patients with advanced kidney disease might face additional barriers to initiating the KT evaluation process. We sought to characterize comorbidities, viral control and management, viral resistance, and KT evaluation appointment rates in a cohort of KT evaluation‐eligible HIV‐positive patients.MethodsWe included patients seen between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2015, at a primary care HIV clinic who met KT evaluation eligibility by an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≤20 mL/min/1.73 meters2 or dialysis dependence. The primary outcome was a documented appointment for KT evaluation.ResultsOf 3735 patients evaluated at the HIV primary clinic during the study period, 42 (1.6%) were KT evaluation‐eligible patients. The median age was 47 years, 77% were male, and 95%, black. Median CD4 count was 328 cells/mm3 (IQR 175‐461). Among the 63% percent with antiretroviral therapy (ART) prescription, 40% had viral loads >200 copies. Among patients with HIV resistance profiles (50%, n = 21), 52% had resistance to at least one class of ART. A majority (60%, n = 25) were scheduled for KT evaluation appointment, but of those, only 8% (n = 2) had evidence of appointments before dialysis dependence. Those without appointments had more schizophrenia (29% vs 4%, P = .02), resistance (78% vs 33%, P = .04), ART prescription (76% vs 48%, P = .04), and more kidney disease of unknown etiology (53% vs 8%, P = .02).ConclusionKidney transplant evaluation‐eligible HIV‐positive patients had a high rate of evaluation appointments, but a low rate of preemptive evaluation appointments. Schizophrenia and viral resistance disproportionally affected patients without evaluation appointments. These data precede the recommendation for universal ART for all HIV+ patients, regardless of CD4 count and viral load, and must be interpreted in the context of this limitation.
A novel approach to estimating the competitive ability of Cirsium arvense in cereals using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery
Authors: Rasmussen J , Nielsen J 
Published: January 2020

SummaryEight experiments were carried out in Denmark to determine the yield loss of spring barley due to Cirsium arvense in farmers' fields and to suggest and evaluate a novel approach for quantifying C. arvense infestation in large plots. Literature about the competitive ability of C. arvense is old, scattered and inconclusive, and existing models for estimating crop yield loss are based on data from North America. This study showed that C. arvense coverage could be quantified from unmanned aerial vehicle imagery using a manual image analysis procedure. This gave similar results as scoring the coverage. Yield loss of spring barley due to C. arvense infestation assessed at harvest was given by Y = 100·(1−exp(−0.00170·X)) where Y is the percentage of crop yield loss and X is the percentage of C. arvense coverage. The yield loss was much lower than estimates from models that have been developed in North America. It is speculated that the main reason for this is the later emergence of C. arvense than the crop due to lower soil temperatures in spring. Grain moisture increased linearly with C. arvense coverage: M = 0.0310·X where M is the proportional (%) increase in grain moisture and X is the proportion (%) of C. arvense coverage. Automated image analysis procedures are needed to estimate C. arvense coverage on field scales, and further experiments are needed to reveal whether the low competitive ability of C. arvense found in this study is representative for Northern Europe.
Effects of Riser Diameter on Solids Holdup and Particle Velocity Profiles in Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser Systems
Authors: Breault Ronald W. , Rowan Steven L. , Weber Justin M. , Yang Jingsi 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Tests were performed in a 0.1-m diameter small circulating fluidized bed (SCFB) and 0.3 m diameter cold flow circulating fluidized bed (CFCFB) riser systems located at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to study the effects of riser diameter on the riser hydrodynamics. These tests were performed at solids circulation rates of Gs = 20 and 75 kg/m2 s and superficial gas velocities of Ug = 5.8 and 6.5 m/s using high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pellets with a density of 0.863 g/cm3, particle size range of 600–1400 µm (with a Sauter mean diameter of 871 µm, placing them in the Geldart B classification). Comparisons of riser axial pressure and solids fraction profiles, radial particle velocity profiles, and radial profiles of higher statistical moments and select chaos analysis parameters were considered. The results showed that for a given Ug and Gs, the smaller diameter riser exhibited characteristics associated with more dilute solids flow than that observed in the larger diameter riser. Additionally, the larger diameter riser exhibited a downward flow of solids near the wall under all test conditions, whereas the smaller diameter riser data exhibited little or no indications of solids downflow near the wall. These findings suggest that, from an industrial standpoint, a direct scaleup of small-scale tests cannot readily be accomplished as the solids holdup and the solids velocity profiles in small units (those normally tested in the laboratory) are not similar to those of large units and the performance of large units can therefore not be predicted from small-scale tests.