bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental constraints on subglacial rock friction
Authors: Hansen Dougal D. , Zoet Lucas K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSubglacial rock friction is an important control on the sliding dynamics and erosive potential of hard-bedded glaciers, yet it remains largely unconstrained. To explore the relative influence of basal melt rate, effective stress and ice temperature on frictional resistance, we conducted abrasion experiments in which limestone beds were slid beneath a fixed slab of ice laden with granitic rock fragments. Shear stress scales linearly with melt rate and cryostatic stress, confirming that both viscous drag and effective stress are first-order controls on the contact force in drained conditions. Furthermore, temperature gradients in the ice increase the contribution of viscous drag on basal shear stress. In all experiments, the relationship between melt rate and shear stress is best explained by a model that accounts for the effects of regelation and viscous creep on the bed-normal drag force. We interpret this to mean fluid flow around entrained clasts contributed to basal drag even at subfreezing temperatures. Incorporating premelting dynamics into the Watts/Hallet model for subglacial rock friction, we find that the predicted debris-bed drag decreases by approximately an order of magnitude, with a corresponding ~3.5 × increase in the transition radius. This is lower than we observe for ice slightly below the pressure melting point.
Measurements of turbulence transfer in the near-surface layer over the Antarctic sea-ice surface from April through November in 2016
Authors: Liu Changwei , Gao Zhiqiu , Yang Qinghua , Han Bo , Wang Hong , Hao Guanghua , Zhao Jiechen , Yu Lejiang , Wang Linlin , Li Yubin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe surface energy budget over the Antarctic sea ice from 8 April 2016 through 26 November 2016 are presented. From April to October, Sensible heat flux (SH) and subsurface conductive heat flux (G) were the heat source of surface while latent heat flux (LE) and net radiation flux (Rn) were the heat sink of surface. Our results showed larger downwardSH(due to the warmer air in our site) and upwardLE(due to the drier air and higher wind speed in our site) compared with SHEBA data. However, the values ofSHin N-ICE2015 campaign, which located at a zone with stronger winds and more advection of heat in the Arctic, were comparable to our results under clear skies. The values of aerodynamic roughness length (z0m) and scalar roughness length for temperature (z0h), being 1.9 × 10−3m and 3.7 × 10−5m, were suggested in this study. It is found that snow melting might increasez0m. Our results also indicate that the value of log(z0h/z0m) was related to the stability of stratification. In addition, several representative parameterization schemes forz0hhave been tested and a couple of schemes were found to make a better performance.
Political, Social, and Cultural Capital in the Chilean Political Elite, 1990–2010
Authors: Garrido-Vergara Luis 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTAlthough sociological research has examined the reproduction of Chile’s elites, there is little empirical evidence of how different forms of capital operate among them. Using datasets for members of the Chilean political elite from 1990 to 2010, this country note examines and measures the effect of political, social, and cultural capital on the access of certain individuals to strategic positions in the political field, comparing the legislative and executive branches as represented by deputies and ministers. The empirical analysis includes logit models.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty and the philosophy of religion
Authors: WILLIAMS JACK 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article proposes a new approach to employing Maurice Merleau-Ponty's philosophy in the philosophy of religion. Rather than finding a latent theology in Merleau-Ponty – as some interpreters do – this article argues that Merleau-Ponty's later ontology can provide the basis for a philosophical anthropology which can help us understand why human beings are drawn to religion and how this is expressed in affective and ritual practice. This ontology can help us to understand the notion of freedom as it applies to affective, embodied, and ritual religious practices and begins to sketch out how freedom might be understood in light of embodiment.
Using telecollaboration to promote intercultural competence in teacher training classrooms in Turkey and the USA
Authors: Üzüm Babürhan , Akayoglu Sedat , Yazan Bedrettin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSince advances in computer-mediated communication (CMC) tools have made virtual exchanges readily available in educational practices, telecollaboration has been gaining traction as a means to provide practical experiences and cultural exposure to language learners and, more recently, teacher trainees. Drawing upon Byram’s (1997) model of intercultural communicative competence (ICC), this study examines 48 teacher trainees’ interculturality through a telecollaborative project between two teacher training classes from Turkey and the USA. This study relies on data generated by the participants throughout this telecollaborative project: weekly online discussion board posts within groups of six and post-project reflections. Although developing ICC is an arduous and prolonged task, the data analysis suggested that the participants’ experiences in this telecollaboration contributed to their emergent ICC through discussions on the topics of multicultural education and interactions with trainees from another educational context. Their intercultural learning is evidenced by their (1) awareness of heterogeneity in their own and interactants’ culture, (2) nascent critical cultural awareness, and (3) curiosity and willingness to learn more about the other culture. Thus, this study implies that telecollaboration offers an effective teacher training venue that affords teacher trainees with first-hand intercultural encounters to engage with otherness and prepare for their ethnolinguistically diverse classrooms.
Transitional care for young adults with ADHD: transforming potential upheaval into smooth progression
Authors: Ford Tamsin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIncreasing numbers of young adults need continued support for their attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) beyond the age-boundary for children's services. The sparse literature on transition in general suggests patchy provision and huge gaps in transitional care, but also that young people with ADHD and other neurodevelopmental disorders fair particularly badly. Transition in health care coincides with many other important life-transitions while the difficulties associated with ADHD may make these challenges particularly hard to cope with. Parents or other advocates therefore often need to be involved, which can present problems in adult mental health services given that they tend to be less family oriented than children's services. Importantly, young people need help negotiating the transition from passive recipient of care to active self-management, and in building relationships with the adult team.In addition to patchy provision of adult ADHD services, transition is currently hampered by poor understanding of ADHD as a long term condition and uncertain knowledge of what services are available among young people and parents as well as the clinicians working with them. Guidelines recommend, and more importantly young people want, access to psycho-social interventions as well as medication. However, available evidence suggests poor quality transitional care and adult services that are highly focused on medication.Adult ADHD services need to undergo similar development to that experienced by Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services and community paediatrics over the last few decades. While we debate the relative merits of dedicated or specialistv. generic adult mental health services, for young adults with ADHD the training, experience and availability of professionals are more important than their qualifications or setting.
Methodology Development for Calibration Assessment Using Quasi‐Deep Convective Clouds With Application to Aqua MODIS TEB
Authors: Chang Tiejun , Xiong Xiaoxiong , Shrestha Ashish , Perez Diaz Carlos 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDeep convective clouds (DCC) are identified by using a combination of brightness temperature (BT) and visible reflectance thresholds. Moreover, it is common practice to use daytime DCC measurements for the calibration assessment of reflective solar and longwave infrared bands. The DCC cold core is suitable for the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) thermal emissive bands (TEB) calibration assessment; more specifically, for the offset effect in the quadratic calibration function. However, the reflected solar radiance in the daytime DCC measurements affects the midwave infrared bands. Thus, an assessment over low‐BT measurements is not applicable to these bands. Because of this, a quasi‐DCC (qDCC) technique is developed for the midwave infrared bands calibration assessment. The feasibility of using nighttime DCC measurements is demonstrated by comparing the DCC and daytime qDCC techniques. A DCC normalization method is also developed to remove the DCC fluctuation impact and enhance the assessment accuracy. The DCC measurements' distribution is asymmetrical for all TEB, and their BT ranges fluctuate around 20 K. An empirical model is developed and applied to normalize the measurements over DCC to a reference temperature. After the normalization, the DCC and qDCC measurements' distributions are close to symmetrical and Gaussian in shape. These improvements are applied to the Aqua MODIS instrument. The calibration stability, noise performance, and consistency are evaluated for all Aqua MODIS TEB. Lastly, the Aqua MODIS formatter reset effect on the calibration offset bias between two mirror sides is analyzed, and a calibration coefficient correction is proposed for future calibration improvements.
Spaceborne Measurements of Formic and Acetic Acids: A Global View of the Regional Sources
Authors: Franco B. , Clarisse L. , Stavrakou T. , Müller J.‐F. , Taraborrelli D. , Hadji‐Lazaro J. , Hannigan J. W. , Hase F. , Hurtmans D. , Jones N. , Lutsch E. , Mahieu E. , Ortega I. , Schneider M. , Strong K. , Vigouroux C. , Clerbaux C. , Coheur P.‐F. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFormic (HCOOH) and acetic acids (
COOH) are the most abundant carboxylic acids in the Earth's atmosphere and key compounds to aqueous‐phase chemistry. Here we present the first distributions of
COOH retrieved from the 2007–2018 satellite observations of the nadir‐looking infrared atmospheric sounding interferometer (IASI), using a neural network‐based retrieval approach. A joint analysis with the IASI HCOOH product reveals that the two species exhibit similar distributions, seasonality, and atmospheric burden, pointing to major common sources. We show that their abundance is highly correlated to isoprene and monoterpenes emissions, as well as to biomass burning. Over Africa, evidence is provided that residual smoldering combustion might be a major driver of the HCOOH and
COOH seasonality. Earlier seasonal enhancement of HCOOH at Northern Hemisphere middle and high latitudes and late seasonal secondary peaks of
COOH in the tropics suggest that sources and production pathways specific to each species are also at play.
Resolving Complicated Faulting Process Using Multi‐Point‐Source Representation: Iterative Inversion Algorithm Improvement and Application to Recent Complex Earthquakes
Authors: Yue Han , Lay Thorne 
Published: January 2020

AbstractComplicated faulting processes of large earthquakes may involve simultaneous or sequential rupture of multiple fault planes, often with different focal mechanisms. Determination of these subevent focal mechanisms is essential for multifault parameterization and complex rupture process analysis. Iterative inversion for Multi‐Point‐Source (MPS) faulting representations using broadband teleseismic body waves is an established strategy to estimate the focal mechanism variation but tends to be an unstable procedure. We enhance an iterative inversion algorithm developed by M. Kikuchi and H. Kanamori by specifying extra a priori constraints in the inversion. These constraints include the specific search time window, location, and source time function of each point source subevent to enable controls over the temporal and spatial properties of each point source. We apply the improved algorithm to seven recent earthquakes with complex faulting: the 2008 Wenchuan, 2009 Samoa, 2010 El‐Mayor Cucapah, 2010 Darfield, 2012 Indian Ocean, 2016 Kaikoura, and 2018 Gulf of Alaska earthquakes. The faulting complexity of these events has been independently constrained using geodetic, seismic, tsunami, and/or field observations, enabling tests of the MPS inversion algorithm performance. The improved iterative inversion resolves varying focal mechanisms of multiple point sources with specific timing consistent with detailed solutions, but spatial resolution tends to be relatively low (>20 km). Summation of subevent point‐source solutions recovers 30% to 95% of the long‐period point‐source seismic moments, varying with different levels of parameterization. The improved iterative MPS inversion algorithm is a promising approach for prompt (within a few hours) analysis of primary focal mechanism variation with reasonable overall space‐time distribution for complicated events.
Changes in Extreme Climate Events in China Under 1.5 °C–4 °C Global Warming Targets: Projections Using an Ensemble of Regional Climate Model Simulations
Authors: Wu Jia , Han Zhenyu , Xu Ying , Zhou Botao , Gao Xuejie 
Published: January 2020

AbstractExtreme climate events in China, including its 10 main river basins, were projected under global warming of 1.5 °C–4 °C using the latest version of a regional climate model (RegCM4) for dynamical downscaling, driven by the outputs of four global climate models. Firstly, evaluation indicated that the simulations satisfactorily reproduced the spatial distribution of temperature extremes and, although with lower performance, the spatial distributions of precipitation extremes were generally captured. Additionally, a better description was achieved over areas with complex terrains by using RegCM4. Next, the model was used to make projections under global warming of 1.5 °C–4 °C. Warm extremes were projected to increase, while cold events were projected to decrease, particularly in northern and western China. In addition, the number of wet days was projected to increase in the northern part of China, and to decrease in the southern part. The maximum consecutive five‐day precipitation and the precipitation intensity were projected to increase significantly throughout China, while the consecutive number of dry days was projected to significantly decrease in northern and western China. The changes of atmospheric moisture content and atmospheric circulation lead to the increase of extreme precipitation. Specifically, the increases in the indices of wetness were closely correlated with the summer precipitation, wind, moisture flux convergence, and surface specific humidity, while the consecutive number of dry days was related to the change in summer moisture flux convergence and precipitation in dry seasons. Notably, the magnitude of the changes in extremes events was projected to increase as the warming target increases.
Resolving Small‐Scale Forest Snow Patterns Using an Energy Balance Snow Model With a One‐Layer Canopy
Authors: Mazzotti Giulia , Essery Richard , Moeser C. David , Jonas Tobias 
Published: January 2020

AbstractModeling spatiotemporal dynamics of snow in forests is challenging, as involved processes are strongly dependent on small‐scale canopy properties. In this study, we explore how local canopy structure information can be integrated in a medium‐complexity energy balance snow model to replicate observed snow patterns at very high spatial resolutions. Snow depth distributions simulated with the Flexible Snow Model (FSM2) were tested against extensive experimental data acquired in discontinuous subalpine forest stands in Eastern Switzerland over three winters. While the default canopy implementation in FSM2 fails to capture the observed snow depth variability, performance is considerably improved when local canopy cover fraction and hemispherical sky view fraction are additionally accounted for (30% reduction in root mean square error). However, realistic snow depth distribution patterns throughout the season are only achieved if effective temperatures of near and distant canopy elements are discerned and if a mechanism to mimic preferential deposition of snow in canopy gaps is included. We demonstrate that by diversifying the canopy structure input in order to reflect respective portions of the canopy relevant to different processes, even a simple model based on widely used process parameterizations and canopy metrics can be applied for high‐resolution simulations of the sub‐canopy snow cover with just a few modifications. The presented approaches could be implemented in commonly used land surface models, allowing upscaling experiments and development of sub‐grid parameterizations without necessitating complex high‐resolution models.
Bone marrow niche-derived extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes influence the progression of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Verma Divij , Zanetti Costanza , Godavarthy Parimala Sonika , Kumar Rahul , Minciacchi Valentina R. , Pfeiffer Jakob , Metzler Markus , Lefort Sylvain , Maguer-Satta Véronique , Nicolini Franck E. , Burroni Barbara , Fontenay Michaela , Krause Daniela S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSpecific and reciprocal interactions with the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) govern the course of hematological malignancies. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), secreted by leukemia cells, facilitates tumor progression via remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the BMM. Hypothesizing that leukemias may instruct the BMM to degrade the ECM, we show, that MMP-9-deficiency in the BMM prolongs survival of mice with BCR-ABL1-induced B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) compared with controls and reduces leukemia-initiating cells. MMP-9-deficiency in the BMM leads to reduced degradation of proteins of the ECM and reduced invasion of B-ALL. Using various in vivo and in vitro assays, as well as recipient mice deficient for the receptor for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α (TNFR1) we demonstrate that B-ALL cells induce MMP-9-expression in mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and possibly other cells of the BMM via a release of TNFα. MMP-9-expression in MSC is mediated by activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) downstream of TNFR1. Consistently, knockdown of TNF-α in B-ALL-initiating cells or pharmacological inhibition of MMP-9 led to significant prolongation of survival in mice with B-ALL. In summary, leukemia cell-derivedTnfα induced MMP-9-expression by the BMM promoting B-ALL progression. Inhibition of MMP-9 may act as an adjunct to existing therapies.
Controlled sampling of ribosomally active protistan diversity in sediment-surface layers identifies putative players in the marine carbon sink
Authors: Rodríguez-Martínez Raquel , Leonard Guy , Milner David S , Sudek Sebastian , Conway Mike , Moore Karen , Hudson Theresa , Mahé Frédéric , Keeling Patrick J , Santoro Alyson E , Worden Alexandra Z , Richards Thomas A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Marine sediments are one of the largest carbon reservoir on Earth, yet the microbial communities, especially the eukaryotes, that drive these ecosystems are poorly characterised. Here, we report implementation of a sampling system that enables injection of reagents into sediments at depth, allowing for preservation of RNA in situ. Using the RNA templates recovered, we investigate the ‘ribosomally active’ eukaryotic diversity present in sediments close to the water/sediment interface. We demonstrate that in situ preservation leads to recovery of a significantly altered community profile. Using SSU rRNA amplicon sequencing, we investigated the community structure in these environments, demonstrating a wide diversity and high relative abundance of stramenopiles and alveolates, specifically: Bacillariophyta (diatoms), labyrinthulomycetes and ciliates. The identification of abundant diatom rRNA molecules is consistent with microscopy-based studies, but demonstrates that these algae can also be exported to the sediment as active cells as opposed to dead forms. We also observe many groups that include, or branch close to, osmotrophic–saprotrophic protists (e.g. labyrinthulomycetes and Pseudofungi), microbes likely to be important for detrital decomposition. The sequence data also included a diversity of abundant amplicon-types that branch close to the Fonticula slime moulds. Taken together, our data identifies additional roles for eukaryotic microbes in the marine carbon cycle; where putative osmotrophic–saprotrophic protists represent a significant active microbial-constituent of the upper sediment layer.
Comparison of three different serum-free light-chain assays—implications on diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring of multiple myeloma
Authors: Schieferdecker Aneta , Hörber Sebastian , Ums Monika , Besemer Britta , Bokemeyer Carsten , Peter Andreas , Weisel Katja 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe measurement of serum-free light chains (FLC) is standard of care in the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma (MM). The revised international myeloma working group (IMWG) implemented the involved FLC/noninvolved FLC (iFLC/niFLC) ratio as a biomarker for MM requiring treatment. Recently, a new definition of high-risk smoldering MM (SMM) including iFLC/niFLC ratio was published. These recommendations were solely based on a single assay method (Freelite assay). Today, two additional assays, N Latex FLC and ELISA-based Sebia FLC, are available. Here, we report on a single-center-study comparing results of all three different assays for FLC correlation and its potential implications for diagnostic and clinical use. In total, 187 samples from 47 MM patients were examined, and determination of FLC was performed. Comparison analyses showed similar FLC results for Sebia FLC and N Latex FLC assay with markedly lower absolute values for κ/λ ratio compared with Freelite. Values of λ FLC exhibited high variability. The ratio of iFLC/niFLC showed significant discrepancies among these assays. Our data demonstrate that the three available assays may result in markedly discrepant results, and should not be used interchangeably to monitor patients. Furthermore, modifications of the assay-specific diagnostic (iFLC/niFLC) thresholds for SMM and MM are recommended.