bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immigrant internal migration in a new destination country: Do immigrants suburbanise in Czechia and why?
Authors: Křížková Ivana , Ouředníček Martin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractInternational migrants are often a major force reshaping settlement geography. However, their role in urbanisation processes has predominantly been explored in more established immigration countries, whereas such knowledge remains limited in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper investigates trends in participation of different groups of foreign residents in urbanisation processes in Czechia, which has recently become a new immigration destination. Using a longitudinal dataset of the Czech migration registers (2005–2017), it assesses the extent of participation in urbanisation processes. It also evaluates the strength of sociodemographic and place‐based factors contributing to suburbanisation, a process which makes the Czech suburbs the settlement type with highest net migration and to which both the Czech majority and the immigrant population contribute. The paper finds similarities between the internal migration of different immigrant groups and that of the Czech majority, indicating the predominance of suburbanisation of affluence, notably in culturally and economically well‐off groups.
Non‐governmental/civil society organisations and the European Union‐externalisation of migration management in Tunisia and Egypt
Authors: Cuttitta Paolo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper sheds light on the role of non‐governmental/civil society organisations, as well as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in the externalisation of migration management in Tunisia and Egypt. These organisations are involved in migration‐related activities, which, from the externalisation perspective, should prevent people from attempting the sea‐crossing to Europe, thus immobilising them in North Africa. The paper is an ethnographic border regime analysis drawing on extensive fieldwork. It shows that European Union‐externalisation is not a univocal and smooth process. Instead, externalisation is entangled in a complex network of actors and dynamics. Measures meant to support externalisation may produce effects contrary to those envisaged, whereas practices accomplishing externalisation goals may be in fact the result of internalisation. By analysing the various actors in their diverse practices and in their—sometimes conflictual—relationships, the paper also tries to minimise state‐centrism and Euro‐centrism in the study of externalisation.
The use of gamma distributions to quantify the dependence of cloud particle size distributions in hurricanes on cloud and environmental conditions
Authors: Mascio Jeana , McFarquhar Greg M. , Hsieh Tsung‐Lin , Freer Matt , Dooley Amanda , Heymsfield Andrew J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMesoscale models that predict the evolution of tropical cyclones (TCs) are sensitive to the representation of cloud microphysical processes. Bulk cloud parametrizations used in such models make assumptions about the particle size distributions (PSDs) of different ice species, and their representativeness for TCs is not well known. In situ cloud probe data acquired in tropical storms, depressions and waves during the NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) project are used to define PSDs of snow and graupel, and of all ice hydrometeors combined. These PSDs are fitted to gamma functions to determine how the intercept (N0), shape (μ), and slope (λ) vary with cloud and environmental conditions. Families of PSDs are determined for each condition (e.g. PSDs found in updraughts, downdraughts and stratiform regions, for different ranges of ice water content (IWC) and temperature (T), and for differing stages of TC development). A volume of equally plausible solutions in (N0‐μ‐λ) phase space is defined for each environmental condition sampled based on the goodness of the fits and the uncertainty in the measured PSDs due to statistical sampling. Per cent overlap between two families in each environmental and cloud condition was calculated, and results show that areas with sustained vertical velocity with a magnitude of at least 1 m·s−1 lie in a different phase space than stratiform regions, and PSDs corresponding to IWC < 0.01 g·m−3 lie in a different phase space than PSDs corresponding to IWC > 0.1 g·m−3. All other environmental and cloud conditions did not have significant impacts on either the location or uncertainty in the family of ellipsoids.
Background error statistics in the Tropics: Structures and impact in a convective‐scale numerical weather prediction system
Authors: Lee Joshua C. K. , Huang Xiang‐Yu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe background error covariance matrix plays a vital role in any data assimilation system. Proper specification, which is determined by the forecast system set‐up, is often required. Previous studies have investigated its relevance in various global and regional numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems; however, very few have explored it in tropical NWP systems. Here, we present and evaluate the structures of the background error covariance matrix for a tropical convective‐scale NWP system. A total of 12 background error covariance matrices are modelled using differences between pairs of forecasts of different lengths but valid at the same time, based on the application of the vertical‐first and horizontal‐first transform order formulations on six permutations of the training data. Through pseudo‐single observation tests, we extract and test the sensitivity of their structures to the training data period (seasons), forecast lag and transform order. The structures typically exhibit more dependence on forecast lag and transform order; horizontal‐first transform order covariances had structures with shorter horizontal length‐scales for wind and larger wind background error standard deviations. We also note that some covariances had horizontal and vertical structures with stronger mass–wind coupling, closely resembling an equatorial Kelvin wave. To assess the performance of each of the covariances, 12 month‐long data assimilation trials in May 2018 (characterised by frequent occurrences of localised thunderstorm events) are performed. We show improved short‐range precipitation forecasts in trials using some of the covariances compared to the current operational covariance. These covariances generally have structures with weak mass–wind coupling, shorter horizontal length‐scales for wind and larger wind background error standard deviations, compared to other covariances which led to poorer forecasts. These may be desirable factors when modelling the background error covariance matrix for tropical convective‐scale data assimilation systems.
Test sample allocation method for testability verification test
Authors: Qiu Wenhao , Lian Guangyao , Zhou Peng , Huang Kaoli 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAn extended failure mode effect and criticality analysis (FMECA)‐based sample allocation method for testability verification is presented in this study to deal with the poor representativeness of test sample sets and the randomness of the testability evaluation results caused by unreasonable selection of failure samples. First, the fault propagation intensity is introduced as part of the extended information of FMECA, and the sample allocation impact factors of component units and failure modes are determined under this framework. Then, the failure mode similarity and impact factor support are defined, and the game decision method for weighing the relationship between similarity and support is proposed to obtain the weight of failure mode impact factor. Finally, a two‐step allocation framework of test samples is formulated to realize the sample allocation of component units and failure modes. This method is applied to the testability verification test of a launch control system. Results show that this method can obtain more representative test samples compared with the traditional sample allocation method while effectively reducing randomness of single testability evaluation result.
Interplay between topography, fog and vegetation in the central South Arabian mountains revealed using a novel Landsat fog detection technique
Authors: Ball Lawrence , Tzanopoulos Joseph 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn the central South Arabian mountains of Yemen and Oman, monsoon fog interception by the endemic cloud forest is essential for ecosystem functions and services. Yet, we know little about the local factors affecting fog distributions and their cumulative effects on vegetation. To examine these relationships, we developed a novel method of high‐resolution fog detection using Landsat data, and validated the results using occurrence records of eight moisture‐sensitive plant species. Regression tree analysis was then used to examine the topographic factors influencing fog distributions and the topoclimatic factors influencing satellite‐derived vegetation greenness. We find that the interplay between the complex mountain topography and the incoming fog results in heterogeneous fog densities. Specifically, fog accumulates against steep windward slopes and landforms, resulting in hotspots of fog interception, while lower fog densities occur in leeward locations. We also find that fog distributions correlate with patterns of vegetation greenness, and overall, that greenness increases with fog density. The layer of fog density describes patterns of vegetation greenness more accurately than topographic variables alone, and thus, we propose that regional vegetation patterns more closely follow a fog gradient, than an altitudinal gradient as previously supposed. The layer of fog density will enable an improved understanding of how species and communities, many of which are endemic, range‐restricted and in decline, respond to local variability in topoclimatic conditions.
Micro‐Mesopores Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Combined Polar‐MoS2 as Host for High‐Performance Li‐S Batteries
Authors: Zhao Liping , Liu Gang , Xu Shuoyan , Zhao Ye , Wang Ya , Li Dan , Fu Fang , Zheng Yue , Xie Haiming , Zhang Peng 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA composite of MoS2/MMNC (micro‐mesopores nitrogen‐doped carbon) was prepared through a simple hydrothermal method and utilized as a host for Li−S battery. The crystal structure of MoS2/MMNC−S composite were tested by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize its morphology. The pore size distribution and weight ratio of sulfur were measured via N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherm and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), respectively. MoS2/MMNC−S composite showed a good electrochemical performance as the positive electrode for Li−S battery. The rate performance of the battery is ideal and the capacity retention is maintained at ∼ 90% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C.
Synthesis and Biological Studies of Some New Thiazoles, Hydrazones and Azine Derivatives Based on 3,5‐Diphenylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one
Authors: Abdel‐Galil Ebrahim , Girges Margret M. , Said Gehad E. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract3,5‐Diphenylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one (1) was used as a starting material for the synthesis of new derivatives of hydrazones 3, 4, organic compounds that involves thiazole ring 5–8 and azine moieties 10–17. The biological activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and cytotoxicity values of the most active compounds of these derivatives were screened. Compounds 7 a, 7 b and 8 b revealed the best results against all screened biological activity. Derivatives 7 a, 7 b and 8 b revealed moderate to weak cytotoxicity.
Photo‐Dissociation of CO2 over Plasmonic RuO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Morais Eduardo , Ravindranathan Thampi K. , Sullivan James A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe synthesis, characterisation and application of RuO2 nanoparticles through a facile hydrothermal preparation technique is described. The prepared solid is extensively characterised and shown to have a narrow size distribution (1.6–3.2 nm) and exhibit an intense surface plasmon resonance giving rise to an absorption band peaking at λ=424 nm. This material is applied in gas‐phase artificial photosynthesis reactions, and interestingly, the only products observed are CO and O2 (at a constant 2 : 1 ratio). Even though this RuO2 catalyst is unable to perform the water‐splitting step of the artificial photosynthesis reaction, it is active in the CO2 photo‐decomposition reaction (ΔG(298.15 K)=64.41 Kcal mol−1), and thus it may be a convenient catalyst for downstream production of methanol or hydrocarbons from a CO2 feedstock.
Core‐Shell Structured CoP@MoS2 Electrocatalysts for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Chen Danyang , Xiao Jinghao , Zhou Hu , Yuan Aihua 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe hierarchical CoP@MoS2 hybrid was constructed by a solvothermal reaction of MoS2 nanosheets and CoP nanocubes. The resultant product exhibited a well‐defined core‐shell structure, in which MoS2 sheets were decorated on the surface of CoP nanocubes. As electrocatalyts of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the hybrid displayed a highly superior catalytic activity to pure MoS2 in acid media with a low overpotential of 201 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2, a small Tafel slope of 70.4 mV dec−1, and good stability. The excellent HER performance benefitted from the core‐shell morphology as well as the synergistic interaction between MoS2 and CoP components.
TiO2 Nanoparticles In Situ Formed on Ti3C2 Nanosheets by a One‐Step Ethanol‐Thermal Method for Enhanced Reversible Lithium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Jia Lin , Li Yali , Su Lijun , Liu Dequan , Fu Yujun , Li Junshuai , Yan Xingbin , He Deyan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMXenes, a family of two‐dimensional (2D) carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides, have been considered as promising anode materials for lithium‐ion (Li+) batteries due to their good flexibility and conductivity. Herein, we report a one‐step ethanol‐thermal method to form titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on the surface of Ti3C2 nanosheets with less oxidation and high 2D structural integrity, and meanwhile investigate the properties of reversible Li+ storage. It indicates that a reversible specific capacity of 257.3 mAh g−1 at the current density of 50 mA g−1 can be delivered. Moreover, the specific capacity of 141.4 mAh g−1 with the coulombic efficiency of ∼100 % can be obtained even after 250 cycles at the current density as high as 1 A g−1. The improved capacity can be attributed to the synergetic effect that prevents stacking of the Ti3C2 nanosheets by the surface‐anchored TiO2 nanoparticles and meanwhile avoids agglomerating of TiO2 nanoparticles due to the existence of Ti3C2 nanosheets.
A Tetrakis(terpyridine) Ligand–Based Cobalt(II) Complex Nanosheet as a Stable Dual‐Ion Battery Cathode Material
Authors: Liu Yurong , Deng Wenwen , Meng Zhengong , Wong Wai‐Yeung 
Published: March 2020

AbstractInspired by the flexibility of the bottom‐up approach in terms of selecting molecular components and thus tailoring functionalities, a terpyridine derivative (1,2,4,5‐tetrakis(4‐(2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridyl)phenyl)benzene) (Tetra‐tpy) is synthesized and coordinated with Co(II) ion to self‐assemble into a nanosheet Co‐sheet by a facile interface‐assisted synthesis. The bis(terpyridine)‐Co(II) complex nanosheet formed not only shows good stability, but also features the layered structure and rich electrochemical activity inherited from the embedded Co(terpyridine)2motif. Thus, Co‐sheet can serve as a cathode material for a dual‐ion battery prototype, which exhibits a high utilization of redox‐active sites, good cycling stability, and rate capability, thus expanding the potential application of this kind of easily prepared metal‐complex nanosheets in the field of energy storage.
Identifying the Intrinsic Relationship between the Restructured Oxide Layer and Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance on the Cobalt Pnictide Catalyst
Authors: Lyu Yanhong , Zheng Jianyun , Xiao Zhaohui , Zhao Shiyong , Jiang San Ping , Wang Shuangyin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCobalt pnictides show good catalytic activity and stability on oxygen evolution reaction (OER) behaviors in a strong alkaline solution. Identifying the intrinsic composition/structure‐property relationship of the oxide layer on the cobalt pnictides is critical to design better and cheaper electrocatalysts for the commercial viability of OER technologies. In this work, the restructured oxide layer on the cobalt pnictides and its effect on the activity and mechanism for OER is systematically analyzed. In‐situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and near edge x‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra indicate that a higher OER performance of cobalt pnictides than Co3O4 is attributed to the more structural disorder and oxygen defect sites in the cobalt oxide layer evolved from cobalt pnictides. Using angle resolved x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (AR‐XPS) further demonstrates that the oxygen defect sites mainly concentrate on the subsurface of cobalt oxide layer. The current study demonstrated promising opportunities for further enhancing the OER performance of cobalt‐based electrocatalysts by controlling the subsurface defects of the restructured active layer.
Cu2MoS4/Au Heterostructures with Enhanced Catalase‐Like Activity and Photoconversion Efficiency for Primary/Metastatic Tumors Eradication by Phototherapy‐Induced Immunotherapy
Authors: Chang Mengyu , Hou Zhiyao , Wang Man , Wang Meifang , Dang Peipei , Liu Jianhua , Shu Mengmeng , Ding Binbin , Al Kheraif Abdulaziz A. , Li Chunxia , Lin Jun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPhotoimmunotherapy can not only effectively ablate the primary tumor but also trigger strong antitumor immune responses against metastatic tumors by inducing immunogenic cell death. Herein, Cu2MoS4 (CMS)/Au heterostructures are constructed by depositing plasmonic Au nanoparticles onto CMS nanosheets, which exhibit enhanced absorption in near‐infrared (NIR) region due to the newly formed mid‐gap state across the Fermi level based on the hybridization between Au 5d orbitals and S 3p orbitals, thus resulting in more excellent photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect than single CMS upon NIR laser irradiation. The CMS and CMS/Au can also serve as catalase to effectively relieve tumor hypoxia, which can enhance the therapeutic effect of O2‐dependent PDT. Notably, the NIR laser‐irradiated CMS/Au can elicit strong immune responses via promoting dendritic cells maturation, cytokine secretion, and activating antitumor effector T‐cell responses for both primary and metastatic tumors eradication. Moreover, CMS/Au exhibits outstanding photoacoustic and computed tomography imaging performance owing to its excellent photothermal conversion and X‐ray attenuation ability. Overall, the work provides an imaging‐guided and phototherapy‐induced immunotherapy based on constructing CMS/Au heterostructures for effectively tumor ablation and cancer metastasis inhibition.
Narrowband and Pure Violet Organic Emitter with a Full Width at Half Maximum of 14 nm and y Color Coordinate of Below 0.02
Authors: Lee Ha Lim , Chung Won Jae , Lee Jun Yeob 
Published: March 2020

AbstractViolet organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with a very narrow emission spectrum with a full width at half maximum of 14 nm and y color coordinate of 0.02 are developed using a indolo[3,2,1‐jk]carbazole‐derived pure violet emitter. The violet emitter, 2,5,13,16‐tetra‐tert‐butylindolo[3,2,1‐jk]‐indolo[1′,2′,3′:1,7]indolo[2,3‐b]carbazole (tDIDCz), is designed to have a very rigid molecular structure driven by the multiresonance‐type core structure through the alternating carbon and nitrogen atoms. The violet emitter is decorated with t‐butyl groups to prevent intermolecular aggregation and packing, which allow pure violet emission without excimer emission. The violet OLEDs derived from the tDIDCz emitter show a violet color coordinate of (0.164, 0.018) with a narrow emission spectrum and a full width at half maximum of 14 nm (105 meV). The external quantum efficiency of the pure violet OLEDs is 3.3%. This is the first work reporting pure violet emission without any ultraviolet emission below 380 nm and blue emission above 450 nm by showing a very narrow emission spectrum.
Epitaxial Growth of Rectangle Shape MoS2 with Highly Aligned Orientation on Twofold Symmetry a‐Plane Sapphire
Authors: Ma Zongpeng , Wang Shiyao , Deng Qixin , Hou Zhufeng , Zhou Xing , Li Xiaobo , Cui Fangfang , Si Huayan , Zhai Tianyou , Xu Hua 
Published: March 2020

AbstractResearch on transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) has been accelerated by the development of large‐scale synthesis based on chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth. However, in most cases, CVD‐grown TMDs are composed of randomly oriented grains, and thus contain many distorted grain boundaries (GBs), which seriously degrade their electrical and photoelectrical properties. Here, the epitaxial growth of highly aligned MoS2 grains is reported on a twofold symmetry a‐plane sapphire substrate. The obtained MoS2 grains have an unusual rectangle shape with perfect orientation alignment along the [1‐100] crystallographic direction of a‐plane sapphire. It is found that the growth temperature plays a key role in its orientation alignment and morphology evolution, and high temperature is beneficial to the initial MoS2 seeds rotate to the favorable orientation configurations. In addition, the photoluminescence quenching of the well‐aligned MoS2 grains indicates a strong MoS2−substrate interaction which induces the anisotropic growth of MoS2, and thus brings the formation of rectangle shape grains. Moreover, the well‐aligned MoS2 grains splice together without GB formation, and thus that has negligible effect on its electrical transport properties. The progress achieved in this work could promote the controlled synthesis of large‐area TMDs single crystal film and the scalable fabrication of high‐performance electronic devices.
Deployment of a cloud pipeline for real‐time visual inspection using fast streaming high‐definition images
Authors: Srivastava Aishwarya , Aggarwal Siddhant , Apon Amy , Duffy Edward , Kennedy Ken , Luckow Andre , Posey Brandon , Ziolkowski Marcin 
Published: March 2020

SummaryWe investigate the challenges of building an end‐to‐end cloud pipeline for real‐time intelligent visual inspection system for use in automotive manufacturing. Current methods of visual detection in automotive assembly are highly labor intensive, and thus prone to errors. An automated process is sought that can operate within the real‐time constraints of the assembly line and can reduce errors. Components of the cloud pipeline include capture of a large set of high‐definition images from a camera setup at the assembly location, transfer and storage of the images as needed, execution of object detection, and notification to a human operator when a fault is detected. The end‐to‐end execution must complete within a fixed time frame before the next car arrives in the assembly line. In this article, we report the design, development, and experimental evaluation of the tradeoffs of performance, accuracy, and scalability for a cloud system.