bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the performance of various machine learning methods on the discrimination of the active compounds
Authors: Shamsara Jamal 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMachine learning (ML) method performances, including deep learning (DL) on a diverse set with or without feature selection (FS), were evaluated. The superior performance of DL on small sets has not been approved previously. On the other hand, the available sets for the newly identified targets usually are limited in terms of size. It was explored whether the FS, hyperparameters search, and using ensemble model are able to improve the ML and DL performance on the small sets. The QSAR classifier models were developed using K‐nearest (KN) neighbors, DL, random forest (RF), naïve Bayesian (NB) classification, support vector machine (SVM), and logistic regression (LR). Generally, the best individual performers were DL and SVM. The LR had a similar performance to the DL and SVM on the small subsets. The nested cross‐validation method was able to include different feature vectors in combination with different ML methods to generate an ensemble model for the datasets with similar performance to the best performers. The general performance for the baseline NB model was Matthews correlation coefficient = 0.356, and it was improved to around 0.66 and 0.63 by NB assisted FS with subsequent SVM/DL classification and an ensemble model, respectively.
IQSEC2 disorder: A new disease entity or a Rett spectrum continuum?
Authors: Lopergolo Diego , Privitera Flavia , Castello Giuseppe , Lo Rizzo Caterina , Mencarelli Maria Antonietta , Pinto Anna Maria , Ariani Francesca , Currò Aurora , Lamacchia Vittoria , Canitano Roberto , Vaghi Elisabetta , Ferrarini Alessandra , Baltodano Gerardo Mejia , Lederer Damien , Van Maldergem Lionel , Serrano Mercedes , Pineda Mercè , Fons‐Estupina Maria Del Carmen , Van Esch Hilde , Breckpot Jeroen , Kumps Candy , Callewaert Bert , Mueller Sabrina , Ramelli Gian Paolo , Armstrong Judith , Renieri Alessandra , Mari Francesca 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIQSEC2 mutations are associated with IQSEC2‐related intellectual disability (ID). Phenotypic spectrum has been better defined in the last few years by the increasing number of reported cases although the genotype–phenotype relationship for IQSEC2 remains overall complex. As for IQSEC2‐related ID a wide phenotypic diversity has been described in Rett syndrome (RTT). Several patients harboring IQSEC2 mutations present with clinical symptoms similar to RTT and some cases meet most of the criteria for classic RTT. With the aim of establishing a genotype–phenotype correlation, we collected data of 16 patients harboring IQSEC2 point mutations (15 of them previously unreported) and of five novel patients carrying CNVs encompassing IQSEC2. Most of our patients surprisingly shared a moderate‐to‐mild phenotype. The similarities in the clinical course between our mild cases and patients with milder forms of atypical RTT reinforce the hypothesis that also IQSEC2 mutated patients may lay under the wide clinical spectrum of RTT and thus IQSEC2 should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Our data confirm that position, type of variant and gender are crucial for IQSEC2‐associated phenotype delineation.
Mixture‐based clustering for count data using approximated Fisher Scoring and Minorization–Maximization approaches
Authors: Bregu Ornela , Zamzami Nuha , Bouguila Nizar 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe multinomial distribution has been widely used to model count data. To increase clustering efficiency, we use an approximation to the Fisher scoring algorithm, which is more robust regarding the choice of initial parameter values. Then, we use a novel approach to estimate the optimal number of components, based on minimum message length criterion. Moreover, we consider a generalization of the multinomial model obtained by introducing the Dirichlet as prior, yielding the Dirichlet Compound Multinomial (DCM). Even though DCM can address the burstiness phenomenon of count data, the presence of Gamma function in its density function usually leads to undesired complications. In this article, we use two alternative representations of DCM distribution to perform clustering based on finite mixture models, where the mixture parameters are estimated using the minorization–maximization framework. To evaluate and compare the performance of our proposed models, we have considered three challenging real‐world applications that involve high‐dimensional count vectors, namely, sentiment analysis, facial expression recognition, and human action recognition. The results show that the proposed algorithms increase the clustering efficiency of their respective models remarkably, and the best results are achieved by the second parametrization of DCM, which can accommodate over‐dispersed count data.
Successful in situ supplementary feeding leads to the independence of orphaned cheetah cubs
Authors: Warmenhove Carmen , Canning Gregory , Davidson‐Phillips Samuel , van der Merwe Vincent , Burger André , Davidson‐Phillips Phillipa , Naude Vincent N. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOrphaned cheetah cubs are typically removed from the wild and placed in captive facilities limiting their rehabilitation potential and conservation value. After three orphaned cubs (±7.5 months) were discovered on Welgevonden Game Reserve, South Africa, they were fed in situ approximately every 5 days for 9 months. Supplementary feeding was reduced as the cubs began hunting and ceased when considered fully independent (16.5 months). This approach provides an alternative strategy for the management of orphaned cheetah.
Pigmented purpuric dermatosis: Ten years of experience in a tertiary hospital and awareness of mycosis fungoides in differential diagnosis
Authors: Çaytemel Ceyda , Baykut Başak , Ağırgöl Şenay , Caf Nazlı , Demir Filiz Topaloğlu , Türkoğlu Zafer , Uzuner Esen Gül 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundPigmented purpuric dermatoses (PPD) can clinically mimic many diseases. Histopathology provides a definitive diagnosis. The aim of the study is to reveal the features of patients with PPD and to determine the disease frequency in the differential diagnosis, especially mycosis fungoides (MF).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed records of patients with PPD admitted to our hospital from January 2010 to May 2019. We studied the histopathological features of 127 patients, and performed pattern analysis on cases with a confirmed histopathologic diagnosis of PPD. Among the cases presenting with clinical features of PPD, but displaying different histopathological diagnoses, we focused on MF and tried to clarify the features of PPD‐like MF.ResultsOverall, 389 patients were admitted to our hospital with PPD symptoms. Of them, 262 patients were diagnosed clinically and a histopathological examination was performed in 127 patients. Of 127, 87 were diagnosed with PPD, and in the remaining 40, non‐specific features (9.4%), vasculitis (6.2%), pityriasis rosea (4.7%), MF (3.9%), suspected‐MF (1.5%), and other dermatoses (%5.5) were detected. The biopsy findings of two patients showed PPD, but during follow‐up, the diagnosis of MF was established.ConclusionsMF should be included in the differential diagnosis of PPD cases presenting with longstanding and widespread involvement.
Biomarkers for central nervous system injury in cerebrospinal fluid are elevated in COVID‐19 and associated with neurological symptoms and disease severity
Authors: Virhammar Johan , Nääs Anja , Fällmar David , Cunningham Janet L. , Klang Andrea , Ashton Nicholas J. , Jackmann Sven , Westman Gabriel , Frithiof Robert , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Kumlien Eva , Rostami Elham 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and purposeNeurological symptoms have been frequently reported in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), and biomarkers of central nervous system (CNS) injury are reported to be increased in plasma but not extensively studied in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This study examined CSF for biomarkers of CNS injury and other pathology in relation to neurological symptoms and disease severity in patients with neurological manifestations of COVID‐19.MethodsNineteen patients with neurological symptoms and mild to critical COVID‐19 were prospectively included. Extensive analysis of CSF, including measurement of biomarkers of CNS injury (neurofilament light chain [NfL] protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAp], and total tau), was performed and compared to neurological features and disease severity.ResultsNeurological symptoms included altered mental status (42%), headache (42%), and central (21%) and peripheral weakness (32%). Two patients demonstrated minor pleocytosis, and four patients had increased immunoglobulin G levels in CSF. Neuronal autoantibody testing using commercial tests was negative in all patients. Increased CSF levels of NfL protein, total tau, and GFAp were seen in 63%, 37%, and 16% of patients, respectively. Increased NfL protein correlated with disease severity, time in intensive care, and level of consciousness. NfL protein in CSF was higher in patients with central neurological symptoms.ConclusionsAlthough limited by the small sample size, our data suggest that levels of NfL protein, GFAp, and total tau in CSF are commonly elevated in patients with COVID‐19 with neurological symptoms. This is in contrast to the standard CSF workup where pathological findings are scarce. NfL protein, in particular, is associated with central neurological symptoms and disease severity.
Head‐to‐head comparison of amplified plasmonic exosome Aβ42 platform and single‐molecule array immunoassay in a memory clinic cohort
Authors: Tanaka Tomotaka , Ruifen Joyce Chong , Nai Ying‐Hwey , Tan Chin Hong , Lim Carine Z. J. , Zhang Yan , Stephenson Mary C. , Hilal Saima , Saridin Francis N. , Gyanwali Bibek , Villaraza Steven , Robins Edward G. , Ihara Masafumi , Schöll Michael , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Ashton Nicholas J. , Shao Huilin , Reilhac Anthonin , Chen Christopher 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and purposeVarious blood biomarkers reflecting brain amyloid‐β (Aβ) load have recently been proposed with promising results. However, to date, no comparative study amongst blood biomarkers has been reported. Our objective was to examine the diagnostic performance and cost effectiveness of three blood biomarkers on the same cohort.MethodsUsing the same cohort (n = 68), the performances of the single‐molecule array (Simoa) Aβ40, Aβ42, Aβ42/Aβ40 and the amplified plasmonic exosome (APEX) Aβ42 blood biomarkers were compared using amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) as the reference standard. The extent to which these blood tests can reduce the recruitment cost of clinical trials was also determined by identifying amyloid positive (Aβ+) participants.ResultsCompared to Simoa biomarkers, APEX‐Aβ42 showed significantly higher correlations with amyloid PET retention values and excellent diagnostic performance (sensitivity 100%, specificity 93.3%, area under the curve 0.995). When utilized for clinical trial recruitment, our simulation showed that pre‐screening with blood biomarkers followed by a confirmatory amyloid PET imaging would roughly half the cost (56.8% reduction for APEX‐Aβ42 and 48.6% for Simoa‐Aβ42/Aβ40) compared to the situation where only PET imaging is used. Moreover, with 100% sensitivity, APEX‐Aβ42 pre‐screening does not increase the required number of initial participants.ConclusionsWith its high diagnostic performance, APEX is an ideal candidate for Aβ+ subject identification, monitoring and primary care screening, and could efficiently enrich clinical trials with Aβ+ participants whilst halving recruitment costs.
Who Gets to Define Success? Listening to Stories of How People Value Firefox to Redefine Metrics and Revive a Decommissioned Product
Authors: PETRIE GEMMA , DAVIDSON JENNIFER 
Published: December 2020

Challenging measures of scale is possible through listening to stories of how people value a product, and envisioning ways to measure success beyond typical metrics like Monthly Active Use (MAU) or Daily Active Use (DAU).Understanding what people value is somewhat complex for a product like Firefox because people might use Firefox every day without thinking much about it. In this case study, we detail how we used Futures Thinking and participatory design methods to elicit stories of how people value Firefox.This case study demonstrates that a relatively small number of meaningful ethnographic insights can be powerful enough to influence business strategy. By creating the space for listening to stories and encouraging stakeholder involvement, we were able to make the case to save one of our mobile browsers, Firefox Focus, despite its lack of scale.
Software Quality and Its Entanglements in Practice
Authors: PRIOR JULIA , LEANEY JOHN 
Published: December 2020

Effective software quality assurance in large‐scale, complex software systems is one of the most vexed issues in software engineering, and, it is becoming ever more challenging. Software quality and its assurance is part of software development practice, a messy, complicated and constantly shifting human endeavor.What emerged from our immersive study in a large Australian software development company is that software quality in practice is inextricably entangled with the phenomena of productivity, time, infrastructure and human practice. This ethnographic insight — made visible to the organization and its developers via the rich picture and the concept of entanglements— built their trust in our work and expertise. This led to us being invited to work with the software development teams on areas for change and improvement and moving to a participatory and leading role in organizational change.
Beyond User Needs: A Meaning‐Oriented Approach to Recommender Systems
Authors: HAJDAKOVA IVETA , MCDONALD DEB , KAROL SOHIT 
Published: December 2020

This contribution is a case study of Spotify, a popular music streaming app, which uses automated recommendations to provide a better user experience to its listeners. Automated recommender systems have mostly been built around understanding user needs and user goals. Our case study presents a meaning‐oriented approach aimed at understanding what users regard as meaningful and how an automated recommender system can forge meaning and offer experiences that help develop existing connections to music and generate new ones.Following the meaning‐oriented approach inspired by Lucien Karpik (2010), we were able to better understand how different audience segments engage with music and experience music as meaningful. We identified 2 cultural engagement models that listeners use to relate to music: (1) musical engagement during which music is the focus of the experience; and (2) non‐musical engagement, during which the listener is the focus of the experience. Each engagement model uses different types of cognitive and evaluative aids, which we refer to as cues and proof points, to derive meaning from listening experiences. We also identified nine distinct types of experiences of meaning defined by distinct types of cues and proof points.The proposed approach is applicable to the study and innovation of experience‐led digital platforms and recommender systems.
Scaling Through Meaning to Action: What the Australian Bushfires Taught Me about Ethnography
Authors: COCHRANE CHARLIE 
Published: December 2020

This pecha kucha gives a personal perspective on the ethical dilemmas around the impact of an individual's actions, and the meaning of an ethnographer's projects in the context of the scale where these play out. The story begins with the spectacle of the 2020 Australian bushfires and reflects on their enormous scale. Within this context what is the meaning of individual actions to limit global warming?The story shifts to the work context and explores the dichotomy of human impacts vs. the marketing metrics that typically measure success. Using an example of a research project with an overtly purposeful aim we explore the tension between ethnography as a tool for understanding the problem and the question of whether the scaled result truly addresses the end‐users’ problem.Returning to the bushfires, we again look at the scaled government response and the question of how successfully this met the needs of those impacted. We explore the different ways that initiatives can be scaled and recognize that smaller initiatives, tuned to end‐users’ needs may be those that produce the most human impact. We conclude with the challenge to expand the remit of ethnography beyond problem diagnosis through to end‐results.
Plasma l‐indospicine and 3‐nitropropionic acid in ponies fed creeping indigo: Comparison with results from an episode of presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis
Authors: Darby Shannon , Sanchez L. Chris , Mallicote Martha F. , House Amanda M. , Plummer Caryn E. , Nadruz Veridiana , Benmoha Rachel H. , Roberts Stephen M. , Derendorf Hartmut , Silva‐Sanchez Cecilia , Claire Jami , MacKay Robert J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundCreeping indigo (Indigofera spicata) toxicosis is an emerging problem among horses in Florida and bordering states.ObjectivesTo quantify the putative toxins l‐indospicine (IND) and 3‐nitropropionic acid (NPA) in creeping indigo collected from multiple sites and to measure plasma toxin concentrations in ponies fed creeping indigo and horses with presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis.Study designExperimental descriptive study with descriptive observational field investigation.MethodsAir‐dried creeping indigo was assayed for IND and NPA content. Five ponies were fed chopped creeping indigo containing 1 mg/kg/day of IND and trace amounts of NPA for 5 days, then observed for 28 days. Blood samples from these ponies and from horses involved in a presumptive creeping indigo toxicosis were assayed for IND and NPA.ResultsIND in creeping indigo plants was 0.4‐3.5 mg/g dry matter whereas NPA was <0.01 to 0.03 mg/g. During creeping indigo feeding, clinical and laboratory signs were unchanged except for significant weight loss (median 6%, range 2%‐9%; p = .04) and significant increase from baseline plasma protein concentration (median 16 g/L, range 8‐25 g/L; p < .001). These changes could not definitively be ascribed to creeping indigo ingestion. Plasma IND rose to 3.9 ± 0.52 mg/L on day 6. Pharmacokinetic modelling indicated an elimination half‐life of 25 days and a steady state plasma concentration of 22 mg/L. Plasma IND concentration in sick horses during an incident of creeping indigo toxicosis was approximately twice that of clinically normal pasture mates. Plasma NPA was <0.05 mg/L in all samples.Main limitationsCreeping indigo used in the feeding trial may not be representative of plants involved in creeping indigo toxicosis. There was no control group without creeping indigo in the feeding trial.ConclusionsIndospicine can be detected in blood of horses consuming creeping indigo and the toxin accumulates in tissues and clears slowly. The role of NPA in the neurological signs of this syndrome is unclear.
Effect of laser heating on mechanical properties, residual stresses and retardation of fatigue crack growth in AA2024
Authors: Kashaev Nikolai , Groth Anne , Ventzke Volker , Horstmann Manfred , Riekehr Stefan , Staron Peter , Huber Norbert 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLocal laser heating treatment using a defocussed laser beam was applied to the surface of 2‐mm‐thick AA2024‐T3 sheets. Two different treatment designs—namely, lines and circles—as well as the positioning and number of treatments were investigated regarding their potential to retard the propagation of through‐thickness fatigue cracks. The highest fatigue crack growth life extension of 285% was achieved by the application of four laser heating lines or two circles on each specimen side. The induced compressive residual stress field through the LH process is primarily responsible for an improvement in fatigue crack growth life. An emphasis was placed on investigating the effect of the treatment on the possible reduction of tensile and fatigue strength (S‐N life). If only one line was applied transverse to the loading direction or only one circle was used, the reduction of fatigue strength was comparable to the reduction of fatigue strength resulting from the stress concentration introduced due to the presence of a rivet hole.
Poroelastic Modeling of a Heterogeneous Geologic Medium: A Case Study from Kanto Basin in Japan
Authors: Joshi Ajit , Aichi Masaatsu , Tokunaga Tomochika 
Published: December 2020

AbstractVertical geological heterogeneity, such as clay content and grain size variation, may affect land subsidence caused by groundwater extraction. In order to test this hypothesis, one‐dimensional pore‐water mass balance and force balance equations of a water‐saturated poroelastic medium were solved under different heterogeneous geological conditions. Results showed that clay content and grain size variation in sandstone could affect subsidence rates by up to an order of magnitude due to the changes in stiffness and permeability of the medium, indicating the importance of small‐scale heterogeneity in subsidence simulation studies. Predicted values of subsidence were in good agreement with field measurements for two sites in the Kanto groundwater basin in Japan, showing the applicability of the model to other groundwater basins with clay‐rich aquifers.
The influence of EDTA‐2Na on microstructure and corrosion resistance of PEO coating for AA1060 alloy
Authors: Zhang Qing , Wang Dong‐dong , Wang Yan , Li Qing‐wen , Chen Han , Shen De‐jiu , Li Da‐long 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this study, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process was applied to AA1060 aluminum alloy in an alkaline‐based electrolyte with different concentrations of EDTA‐2Na. The investigation of coatings was concentrated on sparks, phase, structure, morphology, and corrosion resistance. The whole process presented a “soft spark” regime which proved by the reduction of light and acoustic emission with increase of current. The results of SEM and EDS showed that more discharge channels were found under surface and the proportion of silicon in the inner layer increased for the sample treated in solution with 5 g/L EDTA‐2Na, which was attributed to D type discharge causing some light emission invisible on sample surface. The polarization test presented a better corrosion resistance with the increase of EDTA‐2Na. However, EIS measurement showed a bigger corrosion resistance for outer layer of sample prepared with the addition concentration up to 3 g/L that meant outer layer played a more critical role in terms of corrosion resistance.