bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International scientific associations of the History of Science and Technology: formation and development (part II)
Authors: Lytvynko A. 
Published: February 2020

The activity of international organizations on the history of science and technology is a remarkable phenomenon in the world scientific and sociocultural sphere. Such centers influence and contribute to the scientific communication of scientists from different countries and the comprehensive development of numerous aspects of the history of science and technology, carry out scientific congresses. That is why the analysis of the acquired experience and the obtained results of these groups are important.
The history of the formation and development, task, structure, background and directions of the activities of some international organizations in the field of science and technology, including The History of Science Society (HSS), The European Society forthe History of Science (ESHS), The Society for the History of Technology (SHOT), The Newcomen Society, The Scientific Instrument Society (SIS) have been shown.
The History of Science Society (HSS) is the professional society for the academic study of the history of science. It is the world’s largest society dedicated to understanding science, technology, medicine and their interactions with society within their historical context. HSS was founded in 1924 by G. Sarton and L. Henderson. The aim of European Society for the History of Science (ESHS), founded in 2003, is to promote the history of science, technology and medicine throughout Europe. The Society for the History of Technology (SHOT) is an international interdisciplinary organization concerned with the history of technological devices and processes and with technology in history — that is, the relationship of technology to politics, economics, science, arts and the organization of production, The Newcomen Society is an international society that studies and promotes the history of engineering and technology from ancient times to the present day. It disseminates historical information by publications, meetings, correspondence and internet forums. The Scientific Instrument Society (SIS) was formed in April 1983 to bring together people with a special interest in scientific instruments, ranging from precious antiques to electronic devices only recently out of production. The Society aimed to contribute to historical knowledge and understanding through the collection, conservation and study of scientific artefacts.
Ecept for the organizations considered, there are many other scientific unions and societies in the field of history and phylosophy of science and engineering, whose activities require further study and synthesis.
Authorities of Zabaikalye Oblast and Chinese Immigrants: Early XX Century
Authors: Kosykh Vladimir 
Published: February 2020

The paper examines interrelations developed between various authorities of Zabaikalye Oblast and Chinese immigrants who arrived here in early XX century. The author analyses the causes that had motivated the subjects of the Heavenly Empire to appear on the territory of the Russian Empire. The paper shows that the Chinese arrived here due to the simplest reason — in order to provide for their families, that had stayed at home, and with any luck, to open their businesses in Zabaikalye, like their compatriots who had settled down in Russia. The article underlines that the Chinese absolutely took up any job, being not above the most unskilled labor, what’s more, for the same payment the Russians would refuse. In the author's opinion, they made great strides in market gardening as they constantly surprised the Zabaikalye people with their coming out with fresh vegetables to be bought up quickly. Many subjects of the Heavenly Empire labored at the Zabaikalye gold workings, construction sites, including the Zabaikalye railway road, engaged in trade, marketing the products carried out from the motherland. They leased patches of land from local population, doing market gardening. One may believe that such industriousness could win respect of the Zabaikalye people. The truth was that interrelations of the authorizes with part of the Chinese evidently did not develop. Their major mass arrived to Zabaikalye and lived here with their national passports or residence permits, issued by Russian consulates in China or on the place of their stay and living. The Chinese were supposed to have similar documents constantly with them. But not all Chinese arrived legally: part of them penetrated without permitting documents, which caused headaches to civil servant of the Russia’ Ministry of Foreign Affairs, to the military and civil authorities of Siberia, Zabaikalye, Primorye, who saw «yellow danger» in it. Those having no passports or residence permits were not allowed to pass through the border or sent back to China, they were forbidden (since 1910) to be hired for state-owned jobs.
A trial of the use of perfusion computed tomography of the brain in combination with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography of blood vessels in patients with acute cerebrovascular accident
Authors: Valeeva K G , Perminova S K , Nazipova A Ya , Kurochkin S V , Yakupova A A 
Published: February 2020

Aim. Assessment of cerebral blood flow in various vascular beds in patients with an acute cerebrovascular accident in the acute period by perfusion computed tomography in combination with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography of cerebral vessels.
Methods. Data was analyzed from perfusion computed tomography of the brain and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in 35 patients with an acute cerebrovascular accident, based at the vascular centre of the City Clinical Hospital No. 7 of Kazan. The study included 18 (51.4%) women and 17 (48.6%) men who had arrived in the first hours after a vascular accident. When analyzing the stroke subtype, atherothrombotic subtype was determined in 27 (77.1%) patients, cardioembolic subtype in 5 (14.3%) patients, and 3 (8.6%) patients had had a transient ischemic attack.
Results. Perfusion computed tomography is a method that allowed evaluation of the structure of the brain, and blood supply to the anterior cerebral (in 2.9% of the studied patients), middle cerebral (in 62.9% of the studied patients), posterior cerebral (in 11.4% of the studied patients) and vertebral (in 14.2% of the studied patients) arteries of patients with a stroke. The method revealed a zone of critical perfusion (ischemic penumbra) by quantitatively processing perfusion indicators in the anterior cerebral blood flow system (decrease in rate and increase in average volume of cerebral blood flow and average transit time) and in the posterior cerebral circulation system (decrease in blood flow and prolongation of transit time) in the bed of the right vertebral artery). The method also aided the construction of perfusion maps. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography of cerebral vessels revealed breaches in the cerebral circulation: a decrease in the linear velocity of blood flow in the right middle cerebral arterial bed and in the posterior circulatory system of blood flow in the brain, and an increase in the pulsatility index in all the studied vascular beds.
Conclusion. Perfusion computed tomography of the brain in combination with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography is applicable to patients with stroke in various vascular beds, followed by determination of indications for thrombolytic therapy and thrombectomy.
Effect of oxidative stress on endothelium in patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes ­mellitus
Authors: Mammadova F I 
Published: February 2020

Aim. To estimate the severity of endothelial dysfunction and effects of nitric oxide, thiol status and cystatin on the progression of chronic heart failure and chronic heart failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods. 80 patients (men and women) with chronic heart failure were included. All patients were divided into two groups: the first group 39 patients with chronic heart failure, the second 41 people with chronic heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The control group consists of 20 healthy donors. To obtain statistically significant differences with the control group the minimum sample size for observations was determined based on the target variance of a small sample (n=10). The lipid profile and carbohydrate metabolism, endothelin-1, cystatin, nitric oxide were evaluated. Statistical processing was performed using Microsoft Office Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics 20 software.
Results. Changes in lipid metabolism were found in both groups, while an increase in carbohydrate metabolism was observed in patients with chronic heart failure with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Under conditions of oxidative stress in patients with chronic heart failure, a decrease in the content of thiol status and an increase in the amount of nitric oxide in the blood serum were recorded. The endothelin-1 level was elevated, particularly in the second group, which indicates a more serious endothelial dysfunction with increased glucose content in patients with chronic heart failure.
Conclusion. The level of cystatin C as an atherogenic risk factor was equally increased in the studied patients, possibly it affected by the rate of disease progression; feasible to use these markers to detect the progression of chronic heart failure in the early stages.
Features of coronary artery patterns and percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome and stable angina in patients aged below 40 years
Authors: Abdullaev F Z , Babaev N M , Shikhieva L S 
Published: February 2020

Aim. To study the features of risk profile, coronary artery patterns, and percutaneous coronary intervention in patients aged below 40 years with acute coronary syndrome and stable angina.
Methods. 208 patients with coronary artery disease aged below 40 years were examined: 51 (24.5%) patients aged 35 years and younger and 157 (75.5%) aged 3640 years. 98 (47.1%) patients were admitted with acute coronary syndrome; 110 (52.9%) patients with stable angina. In groups of acute coronary syndrome and stable angina, myocardial infarction in past medical history was revealed in 23.5% and 36.4%, respectively. 165 patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention: 84 (50.9%) with acute coronary syndrome; 81 (40.1%) with stable angina.
Results. Patients with stable angina differed by prevalence of myocardial infarction in past medical history, overweight, and family history of coronary artery disease. In group of acute coronary syndrome urban cohort prevailed as well as consumption of energy drinks among patients below 35 years; high prevalence of left ventricular dysfunction. Patients with acute coronary syndrome were characterized by involvement of one and three coronary arteries, and patients with stable angina by pathology of two and three coronary arteries. Involvement of three coronary arteries was equal in both groups. In both groups, anterior interventricular artery was target coronary artery. Patients with stable angina had the same rate of right coronary artery and left circumflex artery involvement. In patients with stable angina, right coronary artery involvement was rarer, and left main coronary artery involvement was two times more frequent than in patients with acute coronary syndrome. The group with acute coronary syndrome was characterized by predominance of discrete lesions and coronary occlusions over diffuse lesions; and the group of stable angina by diffuse lesions, and two-times less frequent coronary occlusions.
Conclusion. Among patients with acute coronary syndrome aged below 36 years, revascularization of right coronary artery was predominant, and among patients aged 3640 years with acute coronary syndrome revascularization of left circumflex artery.
Endothelial dysfunction and impaired lymphatic drainage of the heart in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications in diabetes
Authors: Aliyev M Kh , Mamedzade A I , Agamaliev U Dzh , Zhakhverdiyev G G , Aliyeva Dzh T , Hadzhiyeva S I 
Published: February 2020

Aim. To study the role of activation of lipid peroxidation and endothelial dysfunction in disorders of lymphatic coagulation and lymphatic drainage of the heart in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus.
Methods. The experiments were performed on 25 rabbits. To simulate diabetes mellitus, animals were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin at a dose of 50 mg/kg. Indicators of lipid peroxidation, coagulation, and endothelial dysfunction were examined in lymph obtained by draining the thoracic lymphatic duct. We also examined the state of lymphatic drainage of tissues at the level of the thoracic lymphatic duct and at the level of the heart, before and after inducing diabetes.
Results. On the 5th day after inducing diabetes mellitus, the concentration of diene conjugates in lymph exceeded the initial level by 66.6% (p 0.001), and the concentration of malondialdehyde increased by more than 2.6 times (p 0.001); 30 min later these indicators of diene conjugates and malondialdehyde exceeded the initial values by 3.2 and 2.2 times, respectively (p 0.001), and the concentration of reduced glutathione decreased by 73.8% (p 0.001). At the same time, the indicators of lymph coagulation, activated partial thromboplastin time and thrombin time, were shortened by 42.2 and 32.9%, respectively (p 0.01). The rate of lymphatic drainage from the thoracic duct decreased by 81.8% (p 0.01). Such dynamics persisted throughout the experiment. The duration of the removal of a lymphotropic dye from the heart at stage I was increased on the 30th and 60th days of the study by 28.1% (p 0.05) and 57.9% (p 0.001), respectively. At stage II, this indicator decreased, starting from the 2nd month of the experiment it exceeded the initial level by 22.2% (p 0.05), and subsequently by 32.7% (p 0.001)
Conclusion. The activation of lipid peroxidation and intravascular coagulation of lymph, followed by inhibition of lymphatic drainage of tissues at the level of the thoracic lymphatic duct, especially the heart, creates favourable conditions for the accumulation of toxic products of impaired metabolism in the myocardium, contributing to the development of cardiovascular complications.
Pregnancy complications in type 1 diabetes mellitus in combination with urinary tract infections with various treatment options
Authors: Alekseenko I V , Ivanova L A 
Published: February 2020

Aim. To assess the frequency of pregnancy complications in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus and without diabetes combined with urinary infection and the effect of various treatment options for urinary infection on the frequency of pregnancy complications in type 1 diabetes.
Methods. Pregnant women with urinary tract infection were examined: 110 people with type 1 diabetes (main group) and 133 women without diabetes (comparison group). The diagnosis of urinary infection was confirmed by a double bacteriological culture. Patients of the main group were divided into three subgroups depending on the method of treatment of urinary tract infection: subgroup A received antibiotic therapy and phytopreparation (Centaurium + Lovage root + Rosemary leaves), subgroup Б received antibiotic therapy, subgroup B received phytopreparation. After treatment, the preservation of pregnancy complications such as the threat of miscarriage, proteinuria, intrauterine infection of fetus, anemia, premature birth, which developed on a background of urinary tract infection, was evaluated. The significance of differences in groups was evaluated using the Pearson chi-square tests, and the effectiveness of each type of therapy was evaluated using the McNemar test.
Results. The risk of miscarriage, intrauterine infection, anemia, and premature birth was higher in pregnant women of main group with all types of urinary infection, preeclampsia with pyelonephritis, and asymptomatic bacteriuria. Both complex therapy of pyelonephritis (antibiotics with phytopreparation) and monotherapy with antibiotics were effective in eliminating the threat of miscarriage, intrauterine infection and anemia. Adding herbal medicine to antibiotic therapy for pyelonephritis reduced the preterm birth rate compared with antibiotic monotherapy, and other complications did not reveal differences between subgroups. In asymptomatic bacteriuria, complex therapy and monotherapy with antibiotics were effective in eliminating the threat of miscarriage, intrauterine infection and anemia. Monotherapy with a phytopreparation in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes did not lead to the elimination of these complications. Combination therapy asymptomatic bacteriuria was more effective than antibiotic monotherapy in terms of the effect on preterm delivery and equally effective in terms of the threat of miscarriage, intrauterine infection and anemia.
Conclusion. Adding phytopreparation to antibiotic therapy for pyelonephritis and asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus to prevent premature birth seems appropriate; monotherapy of asymptomatic bacteriuria with a phytopreparation is ineffective for eliminating the threat of miscarriage, intrauterine infection, anemia, therefore antibiotics should be prescribed at the beginning of therapy for asymptomatic bacteriuria.
The main arterial vessels of pancreatic isthmus and their importance in surgery
Authors: Tarasenko S V , Tarakanov P V , Natalskiy A A , Pavlov A V , Dronova E A 
Published: February 2020

Aim. To optimize the ways of cross-section of the pancreas in its isthmus, taking into account the topography of the main arteries of this area.
Methods. 43 organocomplexes representing pancreas with duodenum were studied. Injection mass was injected into arterial vessels with subsequent fixation in 4% formalin solution and final preparation of complexes. The main arteries of the isthmus of the pancreas, their places of origin and topography were evaluated.
Results. The main arteries of the isthmus of the pancreas are the peripancreatic artery and the additional artery of the isthmus of the pancreas. Peripancreatic artery was observed in 97.67% of cases; it departed from the dorsal pancreatic artery in 93% of cases, from the third branch of the splenic artery in 7% of cases. The diameter at the point of departure was 1.610.12 mm. In 95.3%, the artery passed along the lower edge of pancreatic isthmus. The peripancreatic artery was connected to the gastroduodenal artery or its branches. The diameter of peripancreatic artery at the junction was 1.550.1 mm. An additional artery of the isthmus of the pancreas was found in 93% of cases. In 76.74% it departed from the basin of the dorsal pancreatic artery, in 9.3% from another branch of the splenic artery, in 13.95% directly from the splenic artery itself. The diameter at the point of departure was 1.060.1 mm. It passed along the upper edge of pancreatic isthmus and connected to the pool of the gastroduodenal artery. The diameter at the junction was 0.980.1 mm. The diameter of peripancreatic artery was 1.950.05 mm in the trunk type versus 1.480.05 mm in the branched type of blood supply. The diameter of the additional artery of the isthmus of the pancreas had no pronounced changes depending on the type of blood supply to the pancreas.
Conclusion. The topography of the main arteries of the isthmus of the pancreas is constant and does not depend on their diameter and place of origin. The most vascularized zones of the isthmus of the pancreas are its lower and upper edges.
Functional matrix of administrative processes in medical organizations and expert assessment of their labor input
Authors: Mendel S A , Berseneva E A 
Published: February 2020

Aim. To assess the complexity of administrative-economic (auxiliary) business-processes in a medical organization based on functional work matrices.
Methods. Using the process approach, the composition of auxiliary business-processes of a medical organization was determined and functional matrices were developed. These included the designation of the work (of the components of the process), the frequency, and the performers of the process. The assessment of the complexity of processes and the components (of the work) was carried out using expert methods and a method of functional-cost analysis. Questioning of the members of the working groups on the development of functional matrices of processes was carried out to assess the complexity of each process and its components. The final grade was based on the calculation of the arithmetic mean except for answers that lay outside three standard deviations from the originally calculated arithmetic mean. The work was carried out in the The Clinical Hospital of the Federal Public Health Institution The Medical Sanitary Unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the city of Moscow, Moscow, Russia, in 20172019.
Results. In the course of the research, 30 supporting business-processes were identified. For each auxiliary business-process, a functional matrix of the work was developed with an assessment of its labour intensiveness. This article provides a functional matrix for business-processes for the organization of internal meetings with an assessment of the labour-intensiveness of the work included in the business-processes, and the results of the assessment of the labour-intensiveness of all the identified business-processes (without working out the components of specific works in detail).
Conclusion. A methodological processes approach using functional matrices of work and a functional-cost analysis expert method can be used to assess: the labour-intensiveness of a business-process; the appearance of the most labour-intensive areas of the work; the definition of the main directions for their optimisation. The main problem in studying methodological approaches in the daily practical work of medical organisations is their labour-intensiveness.
Features of social and hygienic factors of young primiparаs
Authors: Shchetinina N A , Lavlinskaya L I , Lavlinskaya T A , Chernykh E A 
Published: February 2020

Aim. To assess the health status of young primiparae by studying the basic social and hygienic and demographic factors.
Methods. The study involved 48 female patients of the women's consultation office registered with the pregnancy. The age ranged from 12 to 17 years, and averaged 15.71.4 years. We distinguished three clusters allowing to divide young primiparae into study groups: young 1213 years (n=15; 31.2%), middle 1415 years (n=20; 41.7%) and senior 1617 years old (n=13; 27.1%). The gestational age of young primiparae averaged 12.34.5 weeks. We conducted an anonymous survey of young primiparae, which included questions regarding the social hygienic and demographic factors of pregnancy. Differences were considered significant at a confidence level of p 0.05.
Results. Most primiparae were raised in single-parent families (n=36; 75%), while in the young cluster, this social factor was identified among almost all girls (n=14; 93.3%). 30 young primiparae had random sexual activity (62.5%), the most pronounced indicator was found in the senior cluster (n=10; 76.9%). Assessment of social economic factor of primiparae taking into account the living conditions, found that 21 (43.8%) of them lived in a rented apartment. None of the primiparae from a young cluster lived in her own apartment or house. Most of the respondents were not satisfied with their living conditions (n=37; 77.1%). Evaluation of social economic factor of primiparae taking into account the income revealed that low income per family member of young primiparae amounted to 33.3% (n=16). In the young cluster, material income was low in most cases (60%).
Conclusion. Young primiparae aged 1213 years have the most pronounced adverse sociohygienic and demographic factors of early pregnancy in contrast to older age groups.