bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metonymy
Authors: Panther Klaus-Uwe 
Published: October 2019

Metonymy (Greek μετωνυμία, Latin denominatio) has been known as a rhetorical trope since Greek antiquity. The online Oxford English Dictionary defines this trope as “[a] figure of speech characterized by the action of substituting for a word or phrase denoting an object, action, institution, etc., a word or phrase denoting a property or something associated with it [ . . . ].” In modern linguistics, especially cognitive linguistics, metonymy (like metaphor) is considered as not just a rhetorical trope used for various stylistic purposes, but as a figure of thought (referred to as “conceptual metonymy”). Metonymies are usually notated as source for target (i.e., the conventional meaning of a word or expression functions as the source vehicle for accessing a target meaning) as in the newspaper headline Brussels Proposes EU Antideforestation Fund, where the city of Brussels stands for the target meaning “the EU commission (located in Brussels)”. The relationship between the source and the target meaning of a metonymy is usually characterized as one of association or contiguity. In contrast, metaphor is normally represented as target is source, a notation indicating that the target meaning of a metaphor is conceptually organized like the source (e.g., in Shakespeare’s famous metaphor the world is a stage—see separate Oxford Bibliographies article “Cognitive Linguistics” by Vyvyan Evans). There is no unified conception of metonymy, but most scholars agree that metonymy involves an associative link between two meaning components within one conceptual domain or frame, whereas metaphor is constituted by usually multiple mappings across two domains or frames. It has, however, to be noted that no completely satisfactory definition of what constitutes one domain or frame in contrast to distinct domains or frames has been provided thus far. Given these definitional problems, the categories “metonymy” and “metaphor” should not be regarded as “classical” Aristotelian categories in the sense of being definable by a set of necessary and jointly sufficient properties, but as prototypes with central and more peripheral members and fuzzy boundaries.
Neurotuberculosis: Control of Steroid-Refractory Paradoxical Inflammatory Reaction With Ruxolitinib
Authors: Xie Yingda L , Ita-Nagy Fanny , Chen Ray Y , Manion Maura M , Sereti Irini , Pei Luxin , Holland Steven M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Paradoxical inflammatory reactions associated with treatment of neurotuberculosis can lead to severe morbidity and mortality and may not be controlled by steroids alone. We report the use of the Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib to treat a steroid-refractory neurotuberculosis paradoxical reaction.
Balloon-Mounted Stents for Treatment of Refractory Flow Diverting Device Wall Malapposition
Authors: Cherian Jacob , Dabagh Mahsa , Srinivasan Visish M , Chen Stephen , Johnson Jeremiah , Wakhloo Ajay , Gupta Vipul , Macho J , Randles Amanda , Kan Peter 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

BACKGROUND
As indications for flow diversion (FD) have expanded, new challenges in deployment of flow diverting devices (FDDs) have been encountered. We present 4 cases with aneurysms in which deployment of FDDs were complicated by device malapposition and compromised opening in regions of parent vessel stenosis. In all 4 cases, a balloon-mounted stent was ultimately deployed within the FDD.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the use of balloon-mounted stents (BMS) within FDDs for correction of flow-limiting stenosis and device malapposition.

METHODS
Patients undergoing FD for treatment of aneurysms complicated by refractory flow-limiting stenosis were identified through multi-center retrospective review. Those cases requiring use of BMS were identified. Further investigation in one of the cases was performed with a simulated pulsatile blood flow model.

RESULTS
After attempts to perform balloon angioplasty proved unsuccessful, BMS deployment successfully opened the stenotic parent artery and improved FDD wall apposition in all 4 cases. Simulated pulsatile blood flow modeling confirmed improvements in the distribution of velocity, wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, and flow pattern structure after stent deployment. One case was complicated by asymptomatic in-stent thrombosis.

CONCLUSION
In cases of FDD deployment complicated by flow-limiting stenosis refractory to conventional techniques, a BMS deployed within the FD can provide radial support to open both the stenotic device and parent artery. Resulting improvements in device wall apposition may portend greater long-term efficacy of FD. In-stent occlusion can occur and may reflect a thrombogenic interaction between the devices.
Can Digitization of Health Care Help Low-Resourced Countries Provide Better Community-Based Rehabilitation Services?
Authors: Balikuddembe Joseph Kimuli , Reinhardt Jan D 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In the wake of globalization, proliferation of digital technologies (DTs) is rapidly changing many activities across sectors, including influencing health to “go digital.” Harnessing opportunities of DTs can be a pathway for delivery of health services, such as community-based rehabilitation (CBR) to the vulnerable groups of populations, particularly those in countries with low resources where health systems are weak and experiencing a deficit of trained health workers necessary to effectively deliver a full spectrum of health services. This perspective explored how some DTs can be leveraged in delivery of CBR services in rural and remote areas of countries with low resources. This is described based on information access and exchange, social satisfaction, shortages of rehabilitation workforce, professional development, and capacity building. However, since seizing advantages of DTs can inevitably be associated with spillovers and limitations, including needs prioritization, skills and language limitations, internet addiction and censorship issues, professionalism and ethical dilemmas, and sustainability, if proper measures are not taken, a caution is made. Moreover, as DTs are revolutionizing various activities across sectors, including health, this is not meant as a substitute for traditional health care activities, including those delivered through CBR, but rather to augment their delivery in settings with low resources and elsewhere.
EVALUATION OF RADIATION DOSE IN DIFFERENT POSITIONS AROUND THE PATIENT TABLE DURING INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGY PROJECTIONS
Authors: Lahfi Y , Ismail A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the radiation exposure around the patient table as relative to the cardiologist position dose value. The dose rates at eight points presuming staff positions were measured for PA, LAO 30° and RAO 30° radiographic projections, and then normalized to the cardiologist’s position dose-rate value. The results show that in PA and RAO 30° projections, the normalized dose rate was higher by 9–22% at the right side of the table at a distance of 50 cm, while it was higher up to 31% at the left side for the same measured points in the LAO 30°. The differences of normalized dose rates for the both table sides were lower and decreased at farther positions. The obtained results correspond to the recommendations of staff radiation protection in Cath-labs with regards to X-ray tube and detector positions.
Physical characteristics and properties of estradiol softgel vaginal inserts
Authors: Simon James A. , Pickar James H. , Shadiack Annette M. , Warrier Bharat , Graham Shelli , Bernick Brian , Mirkin Sebastian 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objective:
TX-004HR is a low-dose estradiol (E2) softgel vaginal insert designed to be rapidly dissolving and mucoadhesive. This report describes the physical attributes and pharmacokinetic parameters of the softgel vaginal insert evaluated for the treatment of moderate to severe dyspareunia due to menopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy.

Methods:
In vitro dissolution studies with 25-μg E2 inserts were performed and media samples were analyzed for E2 by high-performance liquid chromatography. Effects of body position on E2 bioavailability were assessed in a phase 1, randomized trial of the 25-μg softgel capsule versus a reference product in which women remained supine after dosing (n = 16), and in a substudy (n = 16) in which women were ambulatory or seated after dosing. Estradiol C
max, AUC0-24, and t
max were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. A phase 2, randomized study (n = 50) of 10-μg E2 versus placebo inserts assessed timing of capsule disintegration at days 1 and 15.

Results:
In vitro testing detected more than 80% of E2 in the dissolution medium by 15 minutes (first time point measured). In the phase 1 studies, baseline-corrected E2 plasma levels were not significantly different regardless of supine versus ambulatory/seated position after dosing: C
max, 24.1 versus 34.3 pg/mL; AUC0-24, 77.6 versus 93.7 h · pg/mL; and t
max, 2.1 versus 1.9 hours, respectively. In the phase 2 study, no remnants of the softgel capsule were found at day 1 (6 hours) after dosing and day 15. Vaginal discharge was minimal (1/48 women; 2.1%).

Conclusions:
The presented data support rapid dissolution of the softgel capsule and similar E2 pharmacokinetic parameters regardless of body position after dosing.
Duration of reproductive years and time since menopause were associated with metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal parous women of Chinese ancestry
Authors: Yu Weihui , Hu Xiang , Yang Lijuan , Pan Wei , Deng Huihui , Chen Xiong , Zhou Qi , Chen Shuoping , Si Qiya , Chen Xueqin , Li Qianqian , Shen Feixia , Gu Xuejiang 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objective:
Although duration of reproductive years and time since menopause were previously implicated in the metabolic syndrome, the evidence is more limited. Few of the previous studies were able to take into account related reproductive variables simultaneously. The aim of the present study was to explore the influence of these two reproductive factors on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal parous women from Southeast China.

Methods:
In all, 1,536 postmenopausal parous women were recruited. Self-reported information about reproductive status, including age at menarche, age at menopause, number of children, prepregnancy body weight, and oral contraceptive use, was collected, and duration of reproductive years and time since menopause were calculated. Clinical parameters related with metabolic syndrome were also measured.

Results:
Longer duration of reproductive years was significantly related with increased presence of the metabolic syndrome (odds ratio [OR] 1.570, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.091, 2.259 for tertile 2 group; OR 1.850, 95% CI 1.163, 2.944 for tertile 3 group; P for trend = 0.010). Women with more than 20 years since menopause were more likely to experience metabolic syndrome (OR 2.422, 95% CI 1.109, 5.286, P = 0.026) and elevated blood pressure (OR 3.239, 95% CI 1.406, 7.458, P = 0.006) when compared with those with less than 10 years since menopause.

Conclusions:
Longer duration of reproductive years and time since menopause were associated with higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal parous women from Southeast China.
Genetic polymorphisms in collagen-related genes are associated with pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Li Lei , Sun Zhijing , Chen Juan , Zhang Ye , Shi Honghui , Zhu Lan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Objective:
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common health issue that has a profound negative influence on women's quality of life. Genetic susceptibility to POP has been increasingly investigated. In this study, we assessed the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of six collagen-related genes (COL14A1, COL5A1, COL4A2, COL3A1, COL1A1, and COL18A1) and the genetic association with POP in Chinese women.

Methods:
We performed a candidate gene association study of case women (n = 48) with stage III and IV prolapse and control women (n = 48) without prolapse. A target region sequencing approach was used to identify the SNPs in collagen-related genes. The association between SNPs and POP was examined by Fisher exact tests for unadjusted model and logistic regression analysis adjusted for delivery and pregnancy.

Results:
There was a significant association between COL14A1 SNPs (rs4870723, rs2305600, and rs2305598; P = 0.013, 0.019, and 0.028, respectively), a COL5A1 SNP (rs3827852; P = 0.016), and COL4A2 SNPs (rs76425569, rs388222, and rs2281968; P = 0.049 for the three, and rs445348, P = 0.040) and POP, respectively. Although there was no significant association between the COL3A1 SNP and POP, there was a trend toward significance for COL14A1 SNP (rs2305603), COL4A2 SNP (rs74941798), two COL1A1 SNPs (rs2586488 and rs2249492) and three COL18A1 SNPs (rs1050351, rs56335679, and rs55690336), and POP.

Conclusion:
We are the first to evaluate the relationship between COL14A1, COL5A1, and COL4A2 polymorphisms and POP, besides COL3A1, COL1A1, and COL18A1, which have been reported previously. We found several candidate SNPs that were significantly associated with prolapse in Chinese women. Our results provide new evidence for further investigation of the involvement of these potential genes in the etiology of POP.
Predicting Speech Outcomes After Cochlear Implantation in Older Adults Using the Self-administered Gerocognitive Examination Test
Authors: Wazen Jack J. , Kellermeyer Brian , Lange Linda , Rende Sharon , Ortega Carmelo , Rosenberg Seth 
Published: October 2019

Purpose:
The purpose of this study is to determine if a cognitive test, Self-administered Gerocognitive Examination (SAGE), correlates with speech recognition outcomes 1 year after cochlear implantation in adults over 65 years of age.

Methods:
Retrospective study was conducted at a single institution. Surgery was performed by two surgeons on adult patients (>65 yrs) with postlingual bilateral sensorineural hearing loss meeting clinical and audiological candidacy for unilateral cochlear implantation. Patients who performed SAGE preimplantation, and speech testing (CNC, AzBio in quiet, AzBio in noise) before and 1 year after implantation were included.

Results:
Forty patients with a mean age of 78 were included. The overall mean preoperative SAGE score was 17.4 (95% CI 16.2–18.7). Greater than 17 is considered normal. Data demonstrated a statistically significant linear correlation between preoperative SAGE scores with change in speech testing 1 year postoperatively: CNC—Adjusted R-squared: 0.1955, p value: 0.002508; AzBio in quiet—Adjusted R-squared: 0.1564, p value: 0.006686; AzBio in noise—Adjusted R-squared: 0.1543, p value: 0.007053. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that age and SAGE scores both statistically correlated with speech testing 1 year after implantation (p = 0.01 for both). Patients who passed the SAGE (≥17) had statistically significant higher CNC, AzBio in quiet, and AzBio in noise scores 1 year postoperatively compared with patients with low SAGE scores (<17) despite statistically similar age means in each group.

Conclusion:
SAGE can predict speech recognition testing 1 year after cochlear implantation in older adults over 65 years of age.
Simultaneous measurement of biochemical phenotypes and gene expression in single cells
Authors: Richer Amanda L. , Riemondy Kent A. , Hardie Lakotah , Hesselberth Jay R. 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTMethods to measure heterogeneity among cells are rapidly transforming our understanding of biology but are currently limited to molecular abundance measurements. We developed an approach to simultaneously measure biochemical activities and mRNA abundance in single cells to understand the heterogeneity of DNA repair activities across thousands of human lymphocytes, identifying known and novel cell-type-specific DNA repair phenotypes. Our approach provides a general framework for understanding functional heterogeneity among single cells.
Host-microbiome protein-protein interactions reveal mechanisms in human disease
Authors: Zhou Hao , Beltrán Juan Felipe , Brito Ilana Lauren 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHost-microbe interactions are crucial for normal physiological and immune system development and are implicated in a wide variety of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer (CRC), obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite large-scale case-control studies aimed at identifying microbial taxa or specific genes involved in pathogeneses, the mechanisms linking them to disease have thus far remained elusive. To identify potential mechanisms through which human-associated bacteria impact host health, we leveraged publicly-available interspecies protein-protein interaction (PPI) data to find clusters of microbiome-derived proteins with high sequence identity to known human protein interactors. We observe differential targeting of putative human-interacting bacterial genes in metagenomic case-control microbiome studies. In nine independent case studies, we find evidence that the microbiome broadly targets human proteins involved in immune, oncogenic, apoptotic, and endocrine signaling pathways in relation to IBD, CRC, obesity and T2D diagnoses. This host-centric analysis strategy provides a mechanistic hypothesis-generating platform for any metagenomics cohort study and extensively adds human functional annotation to commensal bacterial proteins.One-sentence summaryMicrobiome-derived proteins are linked to disease-associated human pathways by metagenomic and protein-protein interaction analyses.
Evaluating DCA-based method performances for RNA contact prediction by a well-curated dataset
Authors: Pucci F. , Zerihun M. , Peter E. , Schug A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractRNA molecules play many pivotal roles in the cellular functioning that are still not fully understood. Any detailed understanding of RNA function requires knowledge of its three-dimensional structure, yet experimental RNA structure resolution remains demanding. Recent advances in sequencing provide unprecedented amounts of sequence data that can be statistically analysed by methods such as Direct Coupling Analysis (DCA) to determine spatial proximity or contacts of specific nucleic acid pairs, which improve the quality of structure prediction. To quantify this structure prediction improvement, we here present a well curated dataset of about seventy RNA structures with high resolution and compare different nucleotide-nucleotide contact prediction methods available in the literature. We observe only minor difference between the performances of the different methods. Moreover, we discuss how these predictions are robust for different contact definitions and how strongly depend on procedures used to curate and align the families of homologous RNA sequences.
Sparse epistatic patterns in the evolution of terpene synthases
Authors: Ballal Aditya , Laurendon Caroline , Salmon Melissa , Vardakou Maria , Cheema Jitender , O’Maille Paul E. , Morozov Alexandre V. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe explore sequence determinants of enzyme activity and specificity in a major enzyme family of terpene synthases. Most enzymes in this family catalyze reactions that produce cyclic terpenes – complex hydrocarbons widely used by plants and insects in diverse biological processes such as defense, communication, and symbiosis. To analyze the molecular mechanisms of emergence of terpene cyclization, we have carried out in-depth examination of mutational space around (E)-β-farnesene synthase, an Artemisia annua enzyme which catalyzes production of a linear hydrocarbon chain. Each mutant enzyme in our synthetic libraries was characterized biochemically, and the resulting reaction rate data was used as input to the Michaelis-Menten model of enzyme kinetics, in which free energies were represented as sums of one-amino-acid contributions and two-amino-acid couplings. Our model predicts measured reaction rates with high accuracy and yields free energy landscapes characterized by relatively few coupling terms. As a result, the Michaelis-Menten free energy landscapes have simple, interpretable structure and exhibit little epistasis. We have also developed biophysical fitness models based on the assumption that highly fit enzymes have evolved to maximize the output of correct products, such as cyclic products or a specific product of interest, while minimizing the output of byproducts. This approach results in a non-linear fitness landscape which is considerably more epistatic. Overall, our experimental and computational framework provides focused characterization of evolutionary emergence of novel enzymatic functions in the context of micro-evolutionary exploration of sequence space around naturally occurring enzymes.
The Longitudinal Assessment of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s disease and their Association with White Matter Hyperintensities in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center’s Uniform Data Set
Authors: Anor Cassandra J. , Dadar Mahsa , Collins D. Louis , Tartaglia M. Carmela 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionNeuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common in all dementias, including those with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). NPS contribute to patients’ distress, caregiver burden, and can lead to institutionalization. White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are a common finding on MRI usually indicative of cerebrovascular disease and have been associated with certain NPS. The aim of this study was two-fold. Firstly, we assessed the relationship between WMH load and NPS severity in MCI due to AD (MCI-AD) and AD. Secondly, we assessed the ability of WMH to predict the development and progression of NPS in these participants. Data was obtained from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center.MethodsWMH were obtained from baseline MRIs and quantified using an automated segmentation technique. NPS were measured using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). Mixed effect models and correlations were used to determine the relationship between WMH load and NPS severity scores.ResultsCross-sectional analysis showed no significant association between NPS and WMH at baseline. Longitudinal mixed effect models, however, revealed a significant relationship between increase in NPI total scores and baseline WMH load (p=0.014). There was also a significant relationship between increase in irritability severity scores over time and baseline WMH load (p= 0.009). Trends were observed for a relationship between increase in agitation severity scores and baseline WMH load (p=0.058). No other NPS severity scores were significantly associated with baseline WMH load. The correlation plot analysis showed that baseline whole brain WMH predicted change in future NPI total scores (r=0.169, p=0.008). Baseline whole brain WMH also predicted change in future agitation severity scores (r= 0.165, p= 0.009). The temporal lobe WMH (r=0.169, p=0.008) and frontal lobe WMH (r=0.153, p=0.016) contributed most to this this change.ConclusionIrritability and agitation are common NPS and very distressful to patients and caregivers. Our findings of an increase in irritability severity over time as well as higher agitation severity scores at follow-up in participants with MCI-AD and AD with increased WMH loads have important implications for treatment, arguing for aggressive treatment of vascular risk factors in patients with MCI-AD and AD.