bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“A Humanitarian is Always a Hypocrite”: George Orwell, Englishness, and Empires
Authors: Clarke Ben 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGeorge Orwell was a paradigmatically English author whose work was shaped by a variety of other literatures and histories, and whose texts achieved a worldwide audience. His work insistently locates England within global systems, in particular an international capitalism structured by imperialism, exposing the fluidity of English identity. This critical method, with its movement between the local and global, parallels the structure of politics; political practice is always specific, but can be understood in terms of abstract categories. The chapter argues that it has been possible to use Orwell's work in multiple places and struggles in part because of its movement between general and particular. His Englishness facilitates rather than restricts his international circulation. It argues that Orwell's work and its reception suggest that world literature is not a descriptive term designating texts that avoid marks of their origin but a project that explores relations and exchanges between situated works.
We Who Have Been Killed on Dark Paths: Faiz Ahmad Faiz's Internationalism and World Literature
Authors: Kirk Gwendolyn S. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of the life and work of Pakistani poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz (Faiẓ Aḥmad Faiẓ), emphasizing his relationship to world literature and connections across the Global South during the mid‐twentieth‐century heyday of anti‐ and postcolonial movements worldwide. Particularly, it focuses on his contributions to transregionalism and transnationalism in literature and his aesthetic and humanistic legacy. Given recent debates about Eurocentrism in the disciplines of comparative literature, world literature, and area studies, I propose that Faiz offers a global literary connectedness that does not necessarily privilege the academic Anglosphere, or its particular epistemic and hermeneutic traditions. His influence on cinema and music and his massive popularity in South Asia and the diaspora destabilizes a text‐bound understanding of literary flows or nationalist categorizations of Urdu poetry. Ultimately, Faiz's legacies offer an understanding of the creative possibilities inherent in and emergent from the circulation and reception of literature.
Toni Morrison's Fiction: “Worlding” the Novel
Authors: Roynon Tessa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

This chapter argues that Toni Morrison's aesthetic and her narrative technique are as transnational as her subject matter. Focusing on four novels –
Tar Baby, Paradise, A Mercy
, and
Home
– it demonstrates that her work actively and consciously takes apart the very concept of a “national literature.” Using the theories of Benedict Anderson in
Imagined Communities
(1983), James Snead's 1990 essay, “European Pedigrees, African Contaminations,” and Homi Bhabha's 1992 essay, “The World and the Home,” it suggests that Morrison's oeuvre is determinedly both pre‐ and postnational. Her work embodies the kind of world novel, or in Bhabha's terms, “worlded novel,” which it simultaneously advocates. Morrison subverts and transcends the concepts of “the national” and “nationalism” by several means: through non‐realist narrative technique; through allusions to prenational and “impure” cultures and traditions; through a committed spirituality; and through a counter‐Enlightenment conception of time.
Euripidean Tragedy: Between Myth and Individuation
Authors: Gregory Justina 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe tragedies of the fifth‐century Athenian playwright Euripides do not qualify as “world literature” by virtue of their characterization, which (as is true of Greek tragedy as a genre) tends toward stylization rather than individuation. They do qualify by virtue of their enduring status, adaptability to multiple contexts, and international circulation. In the playwright's lifetime Euripidean tragedy was admired in the Greek‐speaking world beyond Athens; even the attacks on it should be recognized as a form of homage. By the century after his death Euripidean tragedy was influencing other genres, and it has remained canonical ever since, even as its reach has become global. The literary qualities of Euripidean tragedy and its afterlife in translations and adaptations both explain and presage its continuing renown.
Love and Reason in the Ghazal
Authors: Korangy Alireza 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The acuity of the ghazal as embodied in the dynamics of love and reason and played out by the trifurcate of lover, beloved, and the celestial sphere ensured its endurance as the crown jewel of Islamic poetry in much of the Islamic world. Twelfth‐century Persian poets introduce the philosophical aspects of this dynamic into their poetry and very specifically into the ghazal: all ensuing linguistic adaptations follow suit. This chapter examines the love–reason relationship in the twelfth‐century Persian‐speaking world, offering first a brief glimpse into ghazal's origins and some of ghazal's defining characteristics.
Oropos
Authors: Kolotourou Katerina 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

The ancient city of Oropos, which may be identified with Homeric Graia (
Il
. 2, 498), lies at the border between Attica and Boiotia, on the mainland side of the Southern Euboean Gulf, opposite Eretria. Its territory, the coastal plain of Oropia with its major port at the mouth of river Asopus, extended between Attica and Tanagra (Paus. 1.34) and was easily accessed from eastern Boiotia.
Chalkous
Authors: Kroll John H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Greek word for a bronze coin, used most commonly for the ubiquitous small coin (diam. ca. 10–13 mm) worth one‐eighth of an Attic silver obol (or one‐twelfth of the heavier Aiginetan obol). Larger bronze coins, for example two‐ and four‐chalkous pieces, were multiples of this basic unit.
Chiliarchos
Authors: Muccioli Federicomaria 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThechiliarchoswas the chief of the royal bodyguard in the Achaemenid empire. Alexander the Great revived the title for Hephaestion and later it was used by some diadochi, with some changes (sources do not agree about it). The office ofchiliarchoswas also used with military and financial functions in the Hellenistic period.
Hipparchos (Hipparchus), son of Peisistratos
Authors: Lavelle Brian M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Hipparchos may have ruled Athens jointly with Hippias after Peisistratos’ death in 528/27
bce
, but many sources imply his primacy. Most memorable was his slaying by the “tyrannicides” at the Panathenaia of 514
bce
, the basis for a vigorous denial of his tyrannical authority by Thucydides.
Hippias, son of Peisistratos
Authors: Lavelle Brian M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

While Hippias may have ruled Athens together with Hipparchos from 528/27
bce
, he was certainly sole tyrant at his brother's death in 514
bce
. He governed until 511/10
bce
when the Peisistratids were expelled from Athens. Present at Marathon in 490
bce
, he was officially execrated thereafter for leaguing with the Persians to reestablish his tyranny.
Kritias (Critias)
Authors: Németh György 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Kritias (ca. 460–403
bce
) was a politician and writer in Athens, a student of Socrates, and the uncle of Plato (Xen.
Mem
. 1.12–17). As one of the leaders of the Thirty Tyrants, he overthrew the democracy (404
bce
) and subsequently was killed in the battle of Mounichia (403) as a defender of the oligarchy.
Kleomenes III of Sparta (Cleomenes III)
Authors: Kralli Ioanna 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAsde factosole ruler of Sparta between ca. 235 and 222bce, the Agiad Kleomenes III carried out a program of radical social and political changes that shook profoundly the political establishment and temporarily succeeded in the political and military resurrection of Sparta at the expense of the Achaian League. Kleomenes was eventually defeated by the Hellenic Alliance of the Macedonian king Antigonos III Doson but the path was now open to the later reforms of Nabis.
Gortyn
Authors: Francis Jane 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGortyn, in south‐central Crete, was settled in the end of the Bronze Age and later became the administrative capital of Crete in the Roman era. It was the site of important temples in the Orientalizing period and the Gortyn Law Code inscription in the Classical era. Roman Gortyn saw the construction of sanctuaries, entertainment venues, baths, and water systems. In the late‐Roman era, Gortyn was the location of Christian martyrdom, and after the 365ceearthquake, the city moved to the east and west; six Christian basilicas and a domestic area have been identified. The earthquake of 670cedestroyed the city.
Hierakonpolis
Authors: Friedman Renée , McNamara Liam 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHierakonpolis (ancient Nekhen and modern Kom el Ahmar) is a major site of the Egyptian Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period, where on‐going excavations are revealing archaeological evidence for the evolution of social complexity and urban society, as well as the practices and manifestations of early royal power, including the maintenance of a menagerie of wild animals. Votive objects, such as the Narmer Palette, and monumental structures, like the enclosure of King Khasekhemwy, attest to the site's intimate relationship to kingship and a spiritual significance which it retained throughout ancient Egyptian history. In the Dynastic period, decorated tombs of periods poorly represented at other sites (Second Intermediate Period, early 18th Dynasty and late 20th Dynasty) provide rare insights into private religion and cult practices. Nubian presence, shown by cemeteries of C‐Group and Pan Grave cultures, illuminate the cultural diversity in this southern region of Upper Egypt.
Cult clothing, Greek
Authors: Gawlinski Laura 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Greeks did not have specialized costumes intentionally created for exclusive use during cultic activity, but clothing did play important roles in ancient Greek religion. Clothing and accessories could differentiate cultic functionaries from participants, visually communicate social and cultic standing, and underscore the importance of ritual propriety. Dress was part of the lived religious experience of a worshipper, and textiles and other dress objects became a part of ritual action when dedicated to a deity.
Pertinax (Publius Helvius Pertinax Augustus)
Authors: Imrie Alex 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPublius Helvius Pertinax (126–193ce) was Roman emperor in the early months of 193, following the murder of Commodus. While feted by the senatorial order, he struggled to win the loyalty of other political constituencies within the Roman state. After a reign of only eighty‐seven days, he was assassinated in the imperial palace by soldiers of the praetorian guard.
Aesculapius
Authors: Oberhelman Steven M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Aesculapius is the Roman name for the Greek healing god Asklepios. After three years of plague, in 293
bce
the Sibylline Books were consulted; it was determined that the plague would cease only when Asklepios was brought from Epidauros. Aesculapius’ cult, which centered on healing, primarily through dreams, was both public and private in Rome. It was not as important in other Italian cities, where local gods retained the power to heal, although in other parts of the Western Roman Empire Aesculapius’ cult became popular.
Tsountas, Christos (1857–1934)
Authors: Nikolaidou Marianna 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
An eminent Greek archaeologist and academic, Christos Tsountas has been justly recognized as the father of Greek prehistory. His groundbreaking work in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century led to the discovery and systematic research of three major Aegean civilizations: Mycenaean, Cycladic, and Thessalian Neolithic. He served as Ephor of Antiquities, fellow of the Athens Archaeological Society and the Academy of Athens, and professor of archaeology at the Universities of Athens and Thessaloniki.
FFF‐VMAT for SBRT of lung lesions: Improves dose coverage at tumor‐lung interface compared to flattened beams
Authors: Pokhrel Damodar , Halfman Matthew , Sanford Lana 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeTo quantify the differences in dosimetry as a function of ipsilateral lung density and treatment delivery parameters for stereotactic, single dose of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) delivered with 6X flattening filter free (6X‐FFF) beams compared to traditional flattened 6X (6X‐FF) beams.Materials/methodsThirteen consecutive early stage I–II non‐small‐cell‐lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were treated with highly conformal noncoplanar VMAT SBRT plans (3–6 partial arcs) using 6X‐FFF beam and advanced Acuros‐based dose calculations to a prescription dose of 30 Gy in one fraction to the tumor margin. These clinical cases included relatively smaller tumor (island tumors) sizes (2.0–4.2 cm diameters) and varying average ipsilateral lung densities between 0.14 g/cc and 0.34 g/cc. Treatment plans were reoptimized with 6X‐FF beams for identical beam/arc geometries and planning objectives. For same target coverage, the organs‐at‐risk (OAR) dose metrics as a function of ipsilateral lung density were compared between 6X‐FFF and 6X‐FF plans. Moreover, monitor units (MU), beam modulation factor (MF) and beam‐on time (BOT) were evaluated.ResultsBoth plans met the RTOG‐0915 protocol compliance. The ipsilateral lung density and the tumor location heavily influenced the treatment plans with 6X‐FFF and 6X‐FF beams, showing differences up to 12% for the gradient indices. For similar target coverage, 6X‐FFF beams showed better target conformity, lower intermediate dose‐spillage, and lower dose to the OAR. Additionally, BOT was reduced by a factor of 2.3 with 6X‐FFF beams compared to 6X‐FF beams.ConclusionWhile prescribing dose to the tumor periphery, 6X‐FFF VMAT plans for stereotactic single‐dose lung SBRT provided similar target coverage with better dose conformity, superior intermediate dose‐spillage (improved dose coverage at tumor interface), and improved OAR sparing compared to traditional 6X‐FF beams and significantly reduced treatment time. The ipsilateral lung density and tumor location considerably affected dose distributions requiring special attention for clinical SBRT plan optimization on a per‐patient basis. Clinical follow up of these patients for tumor local‐control rate and treatment‐related toxicities is in progress.
Compounding Meta‐Atoms into Metamolecules with Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Techniques
Authors: Liu Zhaocheng , Zhu Dayu , Lee Kyu‐Tae , Kim Andrew S. , Raju Lakshmi , Cai Wenshan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMolecules composed of atoms exhibit properties not inherent to their constituent atoms. Similarly, metamolecules consisting of multiple meta‐atoms possess emerging features that the meta‐atoms themselves do not possess. Metasurfaces composed of metamolecules with spatially variant building blocks, such as gradient metasurfaces, are drawing substantial attention due to their unconventional controllability of the amplitude, phase, and frequency of light. However, the intricate mechanisms and the large degrees of freedom of the multielement systems impede an effective strategy for the design and optimization of metamolecules. Here, a hybrid artificial‐intelligence‐based framework consolidating compositional pattern‐producing networks and cooperative coevolution to resolve the inverse design of metamolecules in metasurfaces is proposed. The framework breaks the design of the metamolecules into separate designs of meta‐atoms, and independently solves the smaller design tasks of the meta‐atoms through deep learning and evolutionary algorithms. The proposed framework is leveraged to design metallic metamolecules for arbitrary manipulation of the polarization and wavefront of light. Moreover, the efficacy and reliability of the design strategy are confirmed through experimental validations. This framework reveals a promising candidate approach to expedite the design of large‐scale metasurfaces in a labor‐saving, systematic manner.
Mechanochemical Adhesion and Plasticity in Multifiber Hydrogel Networks
Authors: Davidson Matthew D. , Ban Ehsan , Schoonen Anna C. M. , Lee Mu‐Huan , D'Este Matteo , Shenoy Vivek B. , Burdick Jason A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe extracellular matrix (ECM) has force‐responsive (i.e., mechanochemical) properties that enable adaptation to mechanical loading through changes in fibrous network structure and interfiber bonding. Imparting such properties into synthetic fibrous materials will allow reinforcement under mechanical load, the potential for material self‐adhesion, and the general mimicking of ECM. Multifiber hydrogel networks are developed through the electrospinning of multiple fibrous hydrogel populations, where fibers contain complementary chemical moieties (e.g., aldehyde and hydrazide groups) that form covalent bonds within minutes when brought into contact under mechanical load. These fiber interactions lead to microscale anisotropy, as well as increased material stiffness and plastic deformation. Macroscale structures (e.g., tubes and layered scaffolds) are fabricated from these materials through interfiber bonding and adhesion when placed into contact while maintaining a microscale fibrous architecture. The design principles for engineering plasticity described can be applied to numerous material systems to introduce unique properties, from textiles to biomedical applications.
Dipolar Substitution Impacts Growth and Electronic Properties of Para‐Sexiphenyl Thin Films
Authors: Hu Jiaxin , Aghdassi Nabi , Bhagat Shubham , Garmshausen Yves , Wang Rongbin , Koch Norbert , Hecht Stefan , Duhm Steffen , Salzmann Ingo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIt is shown that fluorination of para‐sexiphenyl (6P) at the meta‐ or ortho‐positions of one terminal phenyl ring, as well as the addition of a terminal cyano‐group has an eminent impact on both growth and electronic properties of thin films. X‐ray diffraction techniques indicate that films of meta‐substituted 6P (m‐2F‐6P) develop a smooth, layered structure showing crystalline order within the layers only. Contrary, both ortho‐substituted (o‐2F‐6P) and cyano‐substituted 6P (CN‐6P) form films of 3D crystalline order. The correlation of structural information with data from ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that m‐2F‐6P and CN‐6P do not show preferentially oriented dipoles in the film, while o‐2F‐6P grows with collective downward orientation of the dipole moments. The subtle difference in substitution position has a dramatic impact on the thin‐film ionization energy, which increases from 5.40 (ortho) to 6.80 eV (meta) and reaches even 7.50 eV for CN‐6P. The present study shows that nonsymmetric substitution, which induces molecular dipole moments via intramolecular polar bonds, strongly impacts structure, morphology, and electronic properties of thin films. Thusly modifying common conjugated organic materials represents a valuable tool to establish smooth, crystalline layers with altered energetics at hetero‐interfaces with organic or electrode materials in electronic devices.
Selective Growth of Zn–Co–Se Nanostructures on Various Conductive Substrates for Asymmetric Flexible Hybrid Supercapacitor with Enhanced Performance
Authors: Chebrolu Venkata Thulasivarma , Balakrishnan Balamuralitharan , Chinnadurai Deviprasath , Kim Hee‐Je 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHybrid supercapacitors have received great interest in the field of electric vehicles and wearable electronic devices. However, developing new electrode material with high capacity and supporting substrates with good stability is still a big challenge. Herein, a facile electrodeposition technique is applied to grow Zn–Co–Se on various conductive substrates for hybrid supercapacitor. Among all, NF‐supported Zn–Co–Se electrode shows a high specific capacitance of 313.45 C g−1 and good cyclical stability of 95% retention over 3000 cycles. Interestingly, the assembled hybrid supercapacitor (Zn–Co–Se @Graphene–Ink) as the core and the outer electrode yield an ultrahigh energy density of ≈16.97 W h kg−1 at a power density of ≈539.63 W kg−1 with a maximum operating voltage of 1.6 V. Even at high power density of 13 499 W kg−1, the energy density can still retain 7.76 W h kg−1 with excellent cycling performance of 95% of capacity maintenance after 5000 cycles. For the real‐time applications, a series of two ASC devices could light up blue and green (LEDs) with high intensity and a multifunction sensor monitoring time with temperature and humidity is operated. Hence, the work presents a fresh route for designing metal selenides for energy storage and conversion applications.
Biopolymer Electrolyte Membranes (BioPEMs) for Sustainable Primary Redox Batteries
Authors: Alday Perla Patricia , Barros Sandra Cerqueira , Alves Raquel , Esperança José M. S. S. , Navarro‐Segarra Marina , Sabaté Neus , Silva Maria Manuela , Esquivel Juan Pablo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe proliferation of portable electronic devices has resulted in an increase of e‐waste that is generated after their use. One of the most hazardous components in e‐waste are batteries, due to their content of heavy metals and toxic chemicals. Fuel cells and redox flow batteries have been recognized as more sustainable alternatives to Li‐based batteries for powering portable applications. Although they provide comparable energy and power densities, they still face some challenges because they rely on proton exchange membranes based on nonenvironmentally friendly, high‐priced perfluorosulfonic acid copolymers that require energy‐intense manufacturing and recycling procedures. In this work, eco‐friendly and sustainable biopolymer electrolyte membranes (BioPEMs) are synthesized from biopolymers like chitosan, cellulose, and starch. These BioPEMs bring forth advantages in performance, sustainability, and cost. Additionally, they present good chemical and mechanical stability, high ionic conductivity in the same order of magnitude as Nafion membranes. Two alternatives of cellulose–chitosan based BioPEMs are successfully applied into primary redox batteries using benign eco‐friendly redox chemistries, delivering open circuit voltages above 0.75 V and power output up to 2.5 mW cm−2. These results demonstrate BioPEMs capability to improve biodegradable batteries in sectors requiring a transient electrical energy, such as environmental monitoring, agriculture, or packaging.