bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochar amendment boosts photosynthesis and biomass in C3 but not C4 plants: A global synthesis
Authors: He Yanghui , Yao Yixian , Ji Yuhuang , Deng Jun , Zhou Guiyao , Liu Ruiqiang , Shao Junjiong , Zhou Lingyan , Li Na , Zhou Xuhui , Bai Shahla Hosseini 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBiochar is a carbon (C)‐rich solid produced from the thermochemical pyrolysis of biomass. Its amendment to soils has been proposed as a promising mean to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and simultaneously benefit agricultural crops. However, how biochar amendment affects plant photosynthesis and growth remains unclear, especially on a global scale. In this study, we conducted a global synthesis of 74 publications with 347 paired comparisons to acquire an overall tendency of plant photosynthesis and growth following biochar amendment. Overall, we found that biochar amendment significantly increased photosynthetic rate by 27.1%, and improved stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, and chlorophyll concentration by 19.6%, 26.9%, 26.8%, and 16.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, plant total biomass, shoot biomass, and root biomass increased by 25.4%, 22.1%, and 34.4%, respectively. Interestingly, plant types (C3 and C4 plants) showed greater control over plant photosynthesis and biomass than a broad suite of soil and biochar factors. Biochar amendment largely boosted photosynthesis and biomass on C3 plants, but had a limited effect on C4 plants. Our results highlight the importance of the differential response of plant types to biochar amendment with respect to plant growth and photosynthesis, providing a scientific foundation for making reasonable strategies towards an extensive application of biochar for agricultural production management.
No evidence synthesis about me without me: Involving young people in the conduct and dissemination of a complex evidence synthesis
Authors: Walker Erin , Shaw Elizabeth , Nunns Michael , Moore Darren , Thompson Coon Jo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo describe and reflect on the methods and influence of involvement of young people with lived experience within a complex evidence synthesis.Study design and settingLinked syntheses of quantitative and qualitative systematic reviews of evidence about interventions to improve the mental health of children and young people (CYP) with long‐term physical conditions (LTCs).MethodsInvolvement was led by an experienced patient and public involvement in research lead. Young people with long‐term physical conditions and mental health issues were invited to join a study‐specific Children and Young People's Advisory Group (CYPAG). The CYPAG met face to face on four occasions during the project with individuals continuing to contribute to dissemination following report submission.ResultsEight young people joined the CYPAG. Their views and experiences informed (a) a systematic review evaluating the effectiveness of interventions intended to improve the mental health of CYP with LTCs, (b) a systematic review exploring the experiences of interventions intended to improve the mental well‐being of CYP with LTCs and (c) an overarching synthesis. The CYPAG greatly contributed to the team's understanding and appreciation of the wider context of the research. The young people found the experience of involvement empowering and felt they would use the knowledge they had gained about the research process in the future.ConclusionCreating an environment that enabled meaningful engagement between the research team and the CYPAG had a beneficial influence on the young people themselves, as well as on the review process and the interpretation, presentation and dissemination of findings.
Fine structure of amylopectin and relation with physicochemical properties of three coloured potato starches
Authors: Liping Yang , Xu Li , Wei Dongmei , Du Chuanlai , Yang Jianting , Zhou Yibin 
Published: June 2020

SummaryIn this study, yellow, red and purple potato starches were selected as the research objects to analyse the fine structure and the relation to the physicochemical properties. Enzymatic hydrolysis and high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatograph were employed to characterise the structure of clusters and φ, β‐limit dextrins. The average degree of polymerisation of clusters from the yellow potato starch was larger (188.57) than in red (91.31) and purple (107.32) potato starch. The molar percentage of fingerprint B chains in yellow, red and purple potato amylopectin were 58.01%, 63.60% and 60.78%, respectively, while major part of short B chains were 15.92%, 17.16% and 16.49%, respectively. The yellow potato amylopectin showed the highest density of branches values indicated that it was more tightly branched. The Pearson correlation coefficients results indicated that the fine structure of amylopectin had significant effects on the physicochemical properties of potato starches, and we can better understanding the differences of the properties among the three potato starches by studying the amylopectin fine structure.
Women Trailblazers in the Statistical Profession
Authors: Billard Lynne , Wallman Katherine K. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryA brief historical introduction to nine women who were trailblazers in the statistical sciences is presented. During their times, men dominated the profession. Yet we see how these women in their various ways blazed trails and as such became mentors and inspirations for generations of women practitioners who worked with them and followed in their footsteps.
Partitioning multiple facets of beta diversity in a tropical stream macroalgal metacommunity
Authors: Branco Ciro C. Z. , Bispo Pitágoras C. , Peres Cleto K. , Tonetto Aurélio F. , Krupek Rogério A. , Barfield Michael , Holt Robert D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimWe evaluated different facets of beta diversity (taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional), and its components (spatial turnover and nestedness), of a stream macroalgal metacommunity, as well as the effect of local environmental variables, types of biome and spatial factors on these facets and components.LocationTen natural areas of southern Brazil, covering the main biomes represented in the region.TaxonStream macroalgae.MethodsWe analysed a macroalgal data set collected in 105 stream segments using a dissimilarity partitioning approach to decompose total beta diversity into spatial turnover and nestedness components. Furthermore, we assessed the effects of local environmental variables, biome type and spatial factors on beta diversity components by performing distance‐based redundancy analysis (db‐RDA), and its partial version (db‐pRDA). Taxonomic data were tabulated considering four different species incidence matrices: total macroalgae; only green algae; only red algae and only cyanobacteria.ResultsFor taxonomic and phylogenetic facets, very high values of total beta diversity were found for all species incidence matrices, with spatial turnover (species replacement) accounting for almost all this diversity; nestedness had extremely low values. For functional diversity, total beta diversity was again high and spatial turnover was greater than nestedness, but nestedness (the tendency for less diverse locations to contain a subset of those in higher diversity locations) was considerably higher than that observed for taxonomic and phylogenetic facets. In regard to taxonomic and phylogenetic facets, total beta diversity and spatial turnover were, in general, significantly related to local environmental variables, biome type and spatial factors for total macroalgae and green algae, whereas they were significantly related to types of biome and space for red algae, and only to local environment for cyanobacteria.Main conclusionsOur results showed that spatial turnover was the main component of beta diversity, regardless of the facet and macroalgal species incidence matrix, and that the relative influence of local environmental variables, types of biome and spatial factors on the total beta diversity and its spatial turnover component can vary according to the facet considered and by algal group.
Proarrhythmic effect of automatic threshold testing algorithm in dual chamber devices
Authors: Larsen Timothy R. , Sargent Donna , Moyes Meredith , Huizar Jose F. , Tan Alex Y. , Ellenbogen Kenneth A. , Kaszala Karoly 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundOperation of auto‐threshold testing (ATT) algorithm in current dual chamber cardiac devices require temporary shortening of atrio‐ventricular (AV) delay to accurately measure evoked potential (capture) after a pacing pulse. Near simultaneous AV pacing causes atrial pressure elevation and may be associated with atrial arrhythmias.ObjectiveWe evaluated the prevalence of atrial arrhythmias induced by ATT in Abbott devices.MethodsDevice clinic records were reviewed at a single center for patients with dual chamber Abbott pacemaker/ICD. ATT‐induced atrial fibrillation (AF) cases were defined as new appropriate mode switch episodes while the ATT was operating. The auto‐capture test trends were defined as unstable if there were deviations >1 V in capture threshold trend events that did not correlate with routine in‐office testing.ResultsOne hundred and seventy patients were programmed in dual chamber pacing mode. The ventricular ATT was active in 118 patients and of these 78 had true mode switch episodes. Six patients developed AF during ventricular ATT. Three patients had most recorded atrial arrhythmias in close association with ATT (63%, 66%, 100% vs 2%,9%, 33% in other patients with known prior AF). An unstable auto‐capture trend curve was seen in 33 patients (6 showing ATT‐induced AF) versus 85 patients with stable auto‐capture curve and no ATT‐induced AF (P = .0001, the χ2 test).ConclusionVentricular auto‐capture algorithm use is associated with induction of AF in dual chamber Abbott devices with a prevalence of over 5%. AF occur more frequently (18%) in patients with erratic ventricular ATT trend results.
The microvesicle/CD36 complex triggers a prothrombotic phenotype in patients with non‐valvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Wang Hua , Song Nian‐Peng , Li Jian‐Ping , Wang Zhi‐Hao , Ti Yun , Li Yi‐Hui , Zhang Wei , Zhong Ming 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe mechanisms responsible for platelet activation, the prothrombotic state, in non‐valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) are still obscure. Microvesicles (MVs) can transfer various messages to target cells and may be helpful for exploring the detailed mechanisms. We aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms by which proatherogenic factors of NVAF contribute to platelet activation. Two hundred and ten patients with NVAF were stratified as being at ‘low to moderate risk’ or ‘high risk’ for stroke according to the CHADS2 score. Levels of platelet‐derived MVs (PMVs) and platelet activation were examined. CD36‐positive or CD36‐deficient human platelets were stimulated by MVs isolated from NVAF patients with or without various inhibitors in vitro. Levels of PMVs and platelet activation markers enhanced significantly in high‐risk patients. The MVs isolated from plasma of NVAF patients bound to platelet CD36 and activated platelets by phosphorylating the mitogen‐activated protein kinase 4/Jun N‐terminal kinase 2 (MKK4/JNK2) pathways. However, CD36 deficiency protected against MV‐induced activation of platelets. We reveal a possible mechanism of platelet activation in NVAF and suggest that the platelet CD36 might be an effective target in preventing the prothrombotic state in NVAF.
miRNA‐182/Deptor/mTOR axis regulates autophagy to reduce intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Li Yunsheng , Luo Yanhua , Li Baochuan , Niu Lijun , Liu Jiaxin , Duan Xiaoyun 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIt had been reported miR‐182 was down‐regulated after intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) damage. However, its role and potential mechanisms are still unknown. This study was aimed to elucidate the function of miR‐182 in intestinal I/R injury and the underlying mechanisms. The model of intestinal injury was constructed in wild‐type and Deptor knockout (KO) mice. Haematoxylin‐eosin staining, Chiu's score and diamine oxidase were utilized to detect intestinal damage. RT‐qPCR assay was used to detected miR‐182 expression. Electronic microscopy was used to detect autophagosome. Western blot was applied to detect the expression of Deptor, S6/pS6, LC3‐II/LC3‐I and p62. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the relationship between miR‐182 and Deptor. The results showed miR‐182 was down‐regulated following intestinal I/R. Up‐regulation of miR‐182 reduced intestinal damage, autophagy, Deptor expression and enhanced mTOR activity following intestinal I/R. Moreover, suppression of autophagy reduced intestinal damage and inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin aggravated intestinal damage following intestinal I/R. Besides, damage of intestine was reduced and mTOR activity was enhanced in Deptor KO mice. In addition, Deptor was the target gene of miR‐182 and was indispensable for the protection of miR‐182 on intestine under I/R condition. Together, our research implicated up‐regulation of miR‐182 inhibited autophagy to alleviate intestinal I/R injury via mTOR by targeting Deptor.
“It ain't over … till it's over!” Risk‐mitigation strategies for patients with gastrointestinal diseases in the aftermath of the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Holtmann Gerald , Quigley Eamonn M , Shah Ayesha , Camilleri Michael , Tan Victoria PY , Gwee Kok Ann , Sugano Kentaro , Sollano Jose D , Fock Kwong M , Ghoshal Uday C , Chen Minhu , Dignass Axel , Cohen Henry 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe available COVID‐19 literature has focused on specific disease manifestations, infection control, and delivery or prioritization of services for specific patient groups in the setting of the acute COVID‐19 pandemic. Local health systems aim to contain the COVID‐19 pandemic and hospitals and health‐care providers rush to provide the capacity for a surge of COVID‐19 patients. However, the short, medium‐term, and long‐term outcomes of patients with gastrointestinal (GI) diseases without COVID‐19 will be affected by the ability to develop locally adapted strategies to meet their service needs in the COVID‐19 setting. To mitigate risks for patients with GI diseases, it is useful to differentiate three phases: (i) the acute phase, (ii) the adaptation phase, and (iii) the consolidation phase. During the acute phase, service delivery for patients with GI disease will be curtailed to meet competing health‐care needs of COVID‐19 patients. During the adaptation phase, GI services are calibrated towards a “new normal,” and the consolidation phase is characterized by rapid introduction and ongoing refinement of services. Proactive planning with engagement of relevant stakeholders including consumer representatives is required to be prepared for a variety of scenarios that are dictated by thus far undefined long‐term economic and societal impacts of the pandemic. Because substantial changes to the delivery of services are likely to occur, it is important that these changes are embedded into quality and research frameworks to ensure that data are generated that support evidence‐based decision‐making during the adaptation and consolidation phases.
Artificial intelligence for the detection of esophageal and esophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma
Authors: Iwagami Hiroyoshi , Ishihara Ryu , Aoyama Kazuharu , Fukuda Hiromu , Shimamoto Yusaku , Kono Mitsuhiro , Nakahira Hiroko , Matsuura Noriko , Shichijo Satoki , Kanesaka Takashi , Kanzaki Hiromitsu , Ishii Tatsuya , Nakatani Yasuki , Tada Tomohiro 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and AimConventional endoscopy for the early detection of esophageal and esophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma (E/J cancer) is limited because early lesions are asymptomatic, and the associated changes in the mucosa are subtle. There are no reports on artificial intelligence (AI) diagnosis for E/J cancer from Asian countries. Therefore, we aimed to develop a computerized image analysis system using deep learning for the detection of E/J cancers.MethodsA total of 1172 images from 166 pathologically proven superficial E/J cancer cases and 2271 images of normal mucosa in esophagogastric junctional from 219 cases were used as the training image data. A total of 232 images from 36 cancer cases and 43 non‐cancerous cases were used as the validation test data. The same validation test data were diagnosed by 15 board‐certified specialists (experts).ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the AI system were 94%, 42%, and 66%, respectively, and that of the experts were 88%, 43%, and 63%, respectively. The sensitivity of the AI system was favorable, while its specificity for non‐cancerous lesions was similar to that of the experts. Interobserver agreement among the experts for detecting superficial E/J was fair (Fleiss' kappa = 0.26, z = 20.4, P < 0.001).ConclusionsOur AI system achieved high sensitivity and acceptable specificity for the detection of E/J cancers and may be a good supporting tool for the screening of E/J cancers.
Endoscopic ultrasonography shear wave as a predictive factor of endocrine/exocrine dysfunction in chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Yamashita Yasunobu , Tanioka Kensuke , Kawaji Yuki , Tamura Takashi , Nuta Junya , Hatamaru Keiichi , Itonaga Masahiro , Ida Yoshiyuki , Maekita Takao , Iguchi Mikitaka , Kitano Masayuki 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and AimChronic pancreatitis (CP) leads to permanent impairment of exocrine and endocrine functions. The endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)‐based Rosemont classification plays an important role in diagnosing CP. However, it is based on subjective judgment. In contrast, EUS shear wave measurement (EUS‐SWM) has been established to be a precise method for evaluating tissue hardness. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of EUS‐SWM in diagnosing CP and determining exocrine and endocrine dysfunctions.MethodsWe evaluated 40 patients who underwent EUS‐SWM between January 2019 and January 2020. They were classified into the normal pancreas and early, probable, and definite CP groups following the Japan Pancreatic Society criteria. EUS‐SWM value was compared between the normal pancreas group and the early, probable, and definite CP groups. The relationship between EUS‐SWM value and exocrine/endocrine dysfunctions was also assessed. The cut‐off value of EUS‐SWM for diagnosing CP and exocrine/endocrine dysfunctions was investigated.ResultsThe EUS‐SWM value was positively correlated with the Japan Pancreatic Society criteria stages. The probable and definite CP groups had significantly higher EUS‐SWM values than the normal group. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the diagnostic accuracy of EUS‐SWM for CP, exocrine dysfunction, and endocrine dysfunction were 0.92, 0.78, and 0.63, respectively. The cut‐off values of 1.96, 1.96, and 2.34 for diagnosing CP, exocrine dysfunction, and endocrine dysfunctions had 83%, 90%, and 75% sensitivity, respectively, and 100%, 65%, and 64% specificity, respectively.ConclusionsEndoscopic ultrasonography shear wave measurement provides objective assessment and can thus be an alternative diagnostic tool for diagnosing CP and exocrine/endocrine dysfunctions.
The forearm and hand musculature of semi‐terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and arboreal gibbons (Fam. Hylobatidae). Part I. Description and comparison of the muscle configuration
Authors: Vanhoof Marie J. M. , van Leeuwen Timo , Vereecke Evie E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPrimates live in very diverse environments and, as a consequence, show an equally diverse locomotor behaviour. During locomotion, the primate hand interacts with the superstrate and/or substrate and will therefore probably show adaptive signals linked with this locomotor behaviour. Whereas the morphology of the forearm and hand bones have been studied extensively, the functional adaptations in the hand musculature have been documented only scarcely. To evaluate whether there are potential adaptations in forelimb musculature to locomotor behaviour, we investigated the forearm and hand musculature of the highly arboreal gibbons (including Hylobates lar, Hylobates pileatus, Nomascus leucogenys, Nomascus concolor, Symphalangus syndactylus) and compared this with the musculature of the semi‐terrestrial rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) by performing complete and detailed dissections on a sample of 15 unembalmed specimens. We found that the overall configuration of the upper arm and hand musculature is highly comparable between arboreal gibbons and semi‐terrestrial macaques, and follows the general primate condition. Most of the identified differences in muscle configuration are located in the forearm. In macaques, a prominent m. epitrochleoanconeus is present, which potentially helps to extend the forearm and/or stabilize the elbow joint during quadrupedal walking. The m. flexor carpi radialis shows a more radial insertion in gibbons, which might be advantageous during brachiation, as it can aid radial deviation. The fingers of macaques are controlled in pairs by the m. extensor digiti secondi et tertii proprius and the m. extensor digiti quarti et quinti proprius—a similar organization can also be found in their flexors—which might aid in efficient positioning of the hand and fingers on uneven substrates during quadrupedal walking. In contrast, extension of the little finger in gibbons is controlled by a separate m. extensor digiti minimi, whereas digits 2 to 4 are extended by the m. extensor digitorum brevis, suggesting that simultaneous extension of digits 2–4 in gibbons might be important when reaching or grasping an overhead support during brachiation. In conclusion, the overall configuration of the forelimb and hand musculature is very similar in gibbons and macaques, with some peculiarities which can be linked to differences in forelimb function and which might be related to the specific locomotor behaviour of each group.
LONG‐RUN FACTOR ACCUMULATION AND PRODUCTIVITY TRENDS IN ITALY
Authors: Giordano Claire , Zollino Francesco 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this article, we employ a novel historical reconstruction of labour and capital stock data since 1861 in order to reassess the proximate causes of Italy's economic development in a historical perspective. Amongst many new findings, our estimates slightly reduce the role of industry in Italy's first growth spurt at the beginning of the 20th century and amplify the severity of the Great Depression years relative to the existing literature. In general, Italy's post‐unification development was hindered by the large size of its poorly productive primary sector and by sluggish total factor productivity (TFP); expanding manufacturing and strong TFP dynamics were instead the main drivers of the country's impressive post‐World War II growth spurt. The disappointing performance of the Italian economy since 1993 is explained largely by slow labour productivity dynamics in the now dominant services sector and, more generally, by weak aggregate TFP growth and subdued capital accumulation.