bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydraulic traits vary as the result of tip-to-base conduit widening in vascular plants
Authors: Soriano Diana , Echeverría Alberto , Anfodillo Tommaso , Rosell Julieta A , Olson Mark E 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPlant hydraulic traits are essential metrics for characterizing variation in plant function, but they vary markedly with plant size and position in a plant. We explore the potential effect of conduit widening on variation in hydraulic traits along the stem. We examined three species that differ in conduit diameter at the stem base for a given height (Moringa oleifera, Casimiroa edulis, and Pinus ayacahuite). We made anatomical and hydraulic measurements at different distances from the stem tip, constructed vulnerability curves, and examined the safety–efficiency trade-off with height-standardized data. Our results showed that segment-specific hydraulic resistance varied predictably along the stem, paralleling changes in mean conduit diameter and total number of conduits. The Huber value and leaf specific conductivity also varied depending on the sampling point. Vulnerability curves were markedly less noisy with height standardization, making the vulnerability–efficiency trade-off clearer. Because conduits widen predictably along the stem, taking height and distance from the tip into account provides a way of enhancing comparability and interpretation of hydraulic traits. Our results suggest the need for rethinking hydraulic sampling for comparing plant functional differences and strategies across individuals.
Neonatal Formulary
Authors: Ainsworth Sean 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Neonatal Formulary bridges a gap between a standard formulary (stating doses, indications, etc.) and a standard neonatal textbook by expanding information about the conditions for which each drug is used. Much of drug use during pregnancy, lactation, and in neonates and young infants is ‘off license’ (i.e. using licensed drugs but for an indication that is outside the licensed use—in many cases simply because the studies and the licensing application did not include data about neonatal use). The book offers information to allow practitioners to make informed choices whether to use such a drug or not by presenting data from published studies to support such a use. Part 1 concentrates on drug prescribing and drug administration, presenting general information on drug storage, drug licensing, and drug prescribing. It also explains to the reader why the metabolism of drugs differs in premature and sick infants and why the practice of extrapolating doses from adult studies is wrong. Patient safety, excipients, and therapies that affect drug metabolism (such as therapeutic hypothermia) are also covered. Part 2 consists of drug monographs for over 250 drugs that may find use in the neonatal population but which nonetheless may also find use outside the neonatal unit. Each monograph is divided into sections covering use, pharmacology, treatment, drug interactions, or other administration information, supply, and administration, and references. The monographs also contain links to Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and national guidelines supported by bodies such as the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence or the Royal Colleges. Part 3 contains brief notes on a range of additional drugs and groups of drugs that are often taken by mothers during pregnancy, labour, or during breast feeding where effects on either the fetus or infant can be seen. This information will help to provide safe and effective prescribing of drugs to all mothers and their babies.
B
Authors: Ainsworth Sean 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents information on neonatal drugs that begin with B, including use, pharmacology, adverse effects, fetal and infant implications of maternal treatment, treatment, and supply of BCG (Bacillus Calmette– Guérin) vaccine, Betaine, Betamethasone, Biotin, Blood, Bosentan, Breast milk fortifiers, Budesonide, and Bupivacaine
E
Authors: Ainsworth Sean 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents information on neonatal drugs that begin with E, including use, pharmacology, adverse effects, fetal and infant implications of maternal treatment, treatment, and supply of Enemas, laxatives, and suppositories, Enoxaparin, Enzyme replacement therapy, Epoetin (recombinant human erythropoietin = rEPO), Epoprostenol and other prostanoids (iloprost and teoprostinil), Erythromycin, Esomeprazole, Ethambutol, and Eye drops (and ointments)
M
Authors: Ainsworth Sean 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents information on neonatal drugs that begin with M, including use, pharmacology, adverse effects, fetal and infant implications of maternal treatment, treatment, and supply of Magnesium sulfate (Magnesium sulphate = former BAN), Mebendazole, Mefloquine, Melatonin, Meningococcal vaccines, Mercaptamine (Cysteamine— former BAN), Meropenem, Methadone, Methyldopa, Methylthioninium chloride (Methylene blue = former BAN), Metoclopramide, Metronidazole, Micafungin, Miconazole, Midazolam, Formula milk thickeners and anti-reflux milks, Milrinone, Misoprostol, Mivacurium, Morphine, and Mupirocin
Suppressing cosmic variance with paired-and-fixed cosmological simulations: average properties and covariances of dark matter clustering statistics
Authors: Klypin Anatoly , Prada Francisco , Byun Joyce 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Making cosmological inferences from the observed galaxy clustering requires accurate predictions for the mean clustering statistics and their covariances. Those are affected by cosmic variance – the statistical noise due to the finite number of harmonics. The cosmic variance can be suppressed by fixing the amplitudes of the harmonics instead of drawing them from a Gaussian distribution predicted by the inflation models. Initial realizations also can be generated in pairs with 180○ flipped phases to further reduce the variance. Here, we compare the consequences of using paired-and-fixed versus Gaussian initial conditions on the average dark matter clustering and covariance matrices predicted from N-body simulations. As in previous studies, we find no measurable differences between paired-and-fixed and Gaussian simulations for the average density distribution function, power spectrum, and bispectrum. Yet, the covariances from paired-and-fixed simulations are suppressed in a complicated scale- and redshift-dependent way. The situation is particularly problematic on the scales of Baryon acoustic oscillations where the covariance matrix of the power spectrum is lower by only $\sim 20{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ compared to the Gaussian realizations, implying that there is not much of a reduction of the cosmic variance. The non-trivial suppression, combined with the fact that paired-and-fixed covariances are noisier than from Gaussian simulations, suggests that there is no path towards obtaining accurate covariance matrices from paired-and-fixed simulations – result, that is theoretically expected and accepted in the field. Because the covariances are crucial for the observational estimates of galaxy clustering statistics and cosmological parameters, paired-and-fixed simulations, though useful for some applications, cannot be used for the production of mock galaxy catalogues.
A bound on the 12C/13C ratio in near-pristine gas with ESPRESSO
Authors: Welsh Louise , Cooke Ryan , Fumagalli Michele , Pettini Max 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Using science verification observations obtained with ESPRESSO at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in 4UT mode, we report the first bound on the carbon isotope ratio $\rm ^{12}C/^{13}C$ of a quiescent, near-pristine damped Ly α (DLA) system at z = 2.34. We infer a limit $\rm log_{10}\, ^{12}C/^{13}C \gt +0.37\, (2\sigma)$. We use the abundance pattern of this DLA, combined with a stochastic chemical enrichment model, to infer the properties of the enriching stars, finding the total gas mass of this system to be $\log _{10}(M_{\rm gas}/{\rm M_{\odot }})=6.3^{+1.4}_{-0.9}$ and the total stellar mass to be log10(M⋆/M⊙) = 4.8 ± 1.3. The current observations disfavour enrichment by metal-poor asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars with masses $\rm \lt 2.4\, M_{\odot }$, limiting the epoch at which this DLA formed most of its enriching stars. Our modelling suggests that this DLA formed very few stars until $\gtrsim 1$ Gyr after the cosmic reionization of hydrogen and, despite its very low metallicity ($\sim 1/1000$ of solar), this DLA appears to have formed most of its stars in the past few hundred Myr. Combining the inferred star formation history with evidence that some of the most metal-poor DLAs display an elevated [C/O] ratio at redshift z ≲ 3, we suggest that very metal-poor DLAs may have been affected by reionization quenching. Finally, given the simplicity and quiescence of the absorption features associated with the DLA studied here, we use these ESPRESSO data to place a bound on the possible variability of the fine-structure constant, Δα/α = (−1.2 ± 1.1) × 10−5.
Detection of the phase curve and occultation of WASP-100b with TESS
Authors: Jansen Tiffany , Kipping David 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
We report the detection of the full orbital phase curve and occultation of the hot-Jupiter WASP-100b using TESS photometry. The phase curve is isolated by suppressing low-frequency stellar and instrumental modes using both a non-parametric harmonic notch filter (phasma) and semi-sector long polynomials. This yields a phase-curve signal of (73 ± 9) ppm amplitude, preferred over a null-model by ΔBIC = 25, indicating very strong evidence for an observed effect. We recover the occultation event with a suite of five temporally localized tools, including Gaussian processes and cosine filtering. This allows us to infer an occultation depth of (100 ± 14) ppm, with an additional ±16 ppm systematic error from the differences between methods. We regress a model including atmospheric reflection, emission, ellipsoidal variations, and Doppler beaming to the combined phase-curve and occultation data. This allows us to infer that WASP-100b has a geometric albedo of $A_g = 0.16^{+0.04}_{-0.03}$ in the TESS bandpass, with a maximum dayside brightness temperature of (2710 ± 100) K and a warm nightside temperature of $(2380^{+170}_{-200})$ K. Additionally, we find evidence that WASP-100b has a high thermal redistribution efficiency, manifesting as a substantial eastward hotspot offset of $(71^{+2}_{-4})^{\circ }$. These results present the first measurement of a thermal phase shift among the phase curves observed by TESS so far, and challenge the predicted efficiency of heat transport in the atmospheres of ultra-hot-Jupiters.
Fundamental differences in the radio properties of red and blue quasars: insight from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS)
Authors: Rosario D J , Fawcett V A , Klindt L , Alexander D M , Morabito L K , Fotopoulou S , Lusso E , Calistro Rivera G 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Red quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) are a subset of the luminous end of the cosmic population of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), most of which are reddened by intervening dust along the line of sight towards their central engines. In recent work from our team, we developed a systematic technique to select red QSOs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, and demonstrated that they have distinctive radio properties using the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty centimetres radio survey. Here we expand our study using low-frequency radio data from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS). With the improvement in depth that LoTSS offers, we confirm key results: Compared to a control sample of normal ‘blue’ QSOs matched in redshift and accretion power, red QSOs have a higher radio detection rate and a higher incidence of compact radio morphologies. For the first time, we also demonstrate that these differences arise primarily in sources of intermediate radio loudness: Radio-intermediate red QSOs are × 3 more common than typical QSOs, but the excess diminishes among the most radio-loud systems and the most radio-quiet systems in our study. We develop Monte Carlo simulations to explore whether differences in star formation could explain these results, and conclude that, while star formation is an important source of low-frequency emission among radio-quiet QSOs, a population of AGN-driven compact radio sources is the most likely cause for the distinct low-frequency radio properties of red QSOs. Our study substantiates the conclusion that fundamental differences must exist between the red and normal blue QSO populations.
High-redshift cosmography: auxiliary variables versus Padé polynomials
Authors: Capozziello S , D’Agostino R , Luongo O 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Cosmography becomes non-predictive when cosmic data span beyond the redshift limit z ≃ 1. This leads to a strong convergence issue that jeopardizes its viability. In this work, we critically compare the two main solutions of the convergence problem, i.e. the y-parametrizations of the redshift and the alternatives to Taylor expansions based on Padé series. In particular, among several possibilities, we consider two widely adopted parametrizations, namely y1 = 1−a and $y_2=\arctan (a^{-1}-1)$, being a the scale factor of the Universe. We find that the y2-parametrization performs relatively better than the y1-parametrization over the whole redshift domain. Even though y2 overcomes the issues of y1, we get that the most viable approximations of the luminosity distance dL(z) are given in terms of Padé approximations. In order to check this result by means of cosmic data, we analyse the Padé approximations up to the fifth order, and compare these series with the corresponding y-variables of the same orders. We investigate two distinct domains involving Monte Carlo analysis on the Pantheon Superovae Ia data, H(z) and shift parameter measurements. We conclude that the (2,1) Padé approximation is statistically the optimal approach to explain low- and high-redshift data, together with the fifth-order y2-parametrization. At high redshifts, the (3,2) Padé approximation cannot be fully excluded, while the (2,2) Padé one is essentially ruled out.
A parsec-scale radio jet launched by the central intermediate-mass black hole in the dwarf galaxy SDSS J090613.77+561015.2
Authors: Yang Jun , Gurvits Leonid I , Paragi Zsolt , Frey Sándor , Conway John E , Liu Xiang , Cui Lang 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
The population of intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) in nearby dwarf galaxies plays an important ‘ground truth’ role in exploring black hole formation and growth in the early Universe. In the dwarf elliptical galaxy SDSS J090613.77+561015.2 (z = 0.0465), an accreting IMBH has been revealed by optical and X-ray observations. Aiming to search for possible radio core and jet associated with the IMBH, we carried out very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations with the European VLBI Network at 1.66 GHz. Our imaging results show that there are two 1-mJy components with a separation of about 52 mas (projected distance 47 pc) and the more compact component is located within the 1σ error circle of the optical centroid from available Gaia astrometry. Based on their positions, elongated structures and relatively high brightness temperatures, as well as the absence of star-forming activity in the host galaxy, we argue that the radio morphology originates from the jet activity powered by the central IMBH. The existence of the large-scale jet implies that violent jet activity might occur in the early epochs of black hole growth and thus help to regulate the co-evolution of black holes and galaxies.
A Fine-Scale Genetic Map for Vervet Monkeys
Authors: Pfeifer Susanne P 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDespite its important biological role, the evolution of recombination rates remains relatively poorly characterized. This owes, in part, to the lack of high-quality genomic resources to address this question across diverse species. Humans and our closest evolutionary relatives, anthropoid apes, have remained a major focus of large-scale sequencing efforts, and thus recombination rate variation has been comparatively well studied in this group—with earlier work revealing a conservation at the broad- but not the fine-scale. However, in order to better understand the nature of this variation, and the time scales on which substantial modifications occur, it is necessary to take a broader phylogenetic perspective. I here present the first fine-scale genetic map for vervet monkeys based on whole-genome population genetic data from ten individuals and perform a series of comparative analyses with the great apes. The results reveal a number of striking features. First, owing to strong positive correlations with diversity and weak negative correlations with divergence, analyses suggest a dominant role for purifying and background selection in shaping patterns of variation in this species. Second, results support a generally reduced broad-scale recombination rate compared with the great apes, as well as a narrower fraction of the genome in which the majority of recombination events are observed to occur. Taken together, this data set highlights the great necessity of future research to identify genomic features and quantify evolutionary processes that are driving these rate changes across primates.
Experimental Parasite Infection Causes Genome-Wide Changes in DNA Methylation
Authors: Sagonas Kostas , Meyer Britta S , Kaufmann Joshka , Lenz Tobias L , Häsler Robert , Eizaguirre Christophe 
Published: March 2020

AbstractParasites are arguably among the strongest drivers of natural selection, constraining hosts to evolve resistance and tolerance mechanisms. Although, the genetic basis of adaptation to parasite infection has been widely studied, little is known about how epigenetic changes contribute to parasite resistance and eventually, adaptation. Here, we investigated the role of host DNA methylation modifications to respond to parasite infections. In a controlled infection experiment, we used the three-spined stickleback fish, a model species for host–parasite studies, and their nematode parasite Camallanus lacustris. We showed that the levels of DNA methylation are higher in infected fish. Results furthermore suggest correlations between DNA methylation and shifts in key fitness and immune traits between infected and control fish, including respiratory burst and functional trans-generational traits such as the concentration of motile sperm. We revealed that genes associated with metabolic, developmental, and regulatory processes (cell death and apoptosis) were differentially methylated between infected and control fish. Interestingly, genes such as the neuropeptide FF receptor 2 and the integrin alpha 1 as well as molecular pathways including the Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation were hypermethylated in infected fish, suggesting parasite-mediated repression mechanisms of immune responses. Altogether, we demonstrate that parasite infection contributes to genome-wide DNA methylation modifications. Our study brings novel insights into the evolution of vertebrate immunity and suggests that epigenetic mechanisms are complementary to genetic responses against parasite-mediated selection.
Dietary plant and animal protein intake and decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate among elderly women: a 10-year longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Bernier-Jean Amélie , Prince Richard L , Lewis Joshua R , Craig Jonathan C , Hodgson Jonathan M , Lim Wai H , Teixeira-Pinto Armando , Wong Germaine 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Many older women demonstrate an age-related accelerating rate of renal decline that is associated with increased rates of bone disease, cardiovascular disease and mortality. Population-based protein restriction has been studied principally in patients with reduced renal function. In this investigation, we examined the hypothesis of a differential effect of plant-derived protein compared with animal-derived protein on renal function in older women.

Methods
We assessed dietary intake from a validated food frequency questionnaire and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration creatinine and cystatin C equation) at baseline, 5 and 10 years in the Longitudinal Study of Aging Women cohort. We tested the association between plant- and animal-sourced protein intake and kidney function using linear mixed modeling.

Results
A total of 1374 Caucasian women [mean (standard deviation, SD) age = 75 years (2.7) and mean (SD) baseline eGFR = 65.6 mL/min/1.73 m2 (13.1)] contributed to the analysis. The average decline in eGFR was 0.64 mL/min/1.73 m2/year [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56–0.72]. Higher intakes of plant-sourced protein were associated with slower declines in eGFR after adjusting for covariates including animal protein and energy intake (P = 0.03). For each 10 g of plant protein, the yearly decline in eGFR was reduced by 0.12 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI 0.01–0.23), principally associated with fruit-, vegetable- and nut-derived protein. The intake of animal protein was not associated with eGFR decline (P = 0.84).

Conclusions
Older women consuming a diet that is richer in plant-sourced protein have a slower decline in kidney function. These data extend support for the health benefits of plant-rich diets in the general population to maintain kidney health.
Information asymmetry in voluntary environmental agreements: theory and evidence from UK climate change agreements
Authors: Adetutu Morakinyo O , Stathopoulou Eleni 
Published: March 2020

AbstractVoluntary environmental agreements (VEAs) are often plagued by adverse selection problems, because the regulator has imperfect information about firm-specific production technologies and abatement costs. We explore this issue using the UK climate change agreement (CCA) as a case study. First, we present a theoretical emulation of the programme. Second, we resolve the regulator’s asymmetric information problem by estimating unobserved energy efficiency (EE) using production theory. Third, we use microdata from three confidential manufacturing surveys to empirically test how limited information impacts resource allocation within the scheme. In line with the problem of limited information about firm production technologies, we find that firms with lower levels of EE receive higher CCA tax discounts. This finding holds over a range of robustness tests.
The Use of Trusts to Subvert the Law: An Analysis and Critique
Authors: Bennett Mark , Hofri-Winogradow Adam 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This article closes a gap in the theory of trust law by supplying a normative account of the use of trusts to avoid and subvert legal norms outside trust law. While the use of trusts to subvert other law has been a major function thereof since the Middle Ages, theorists of trust law have largely steered clear of this function. We evaluate the commonly proffered justifications for the use of trusts to subvert the law, finding that such justifications are not plausible in liberal legal systems, so that the subversive use of trusts should be curtailed. Common law legal systems attempt to curtail this use by anti-subversive norms, but these attempts are far from completely successful. To the extent existing anti-subversive norms cannot be perfected so as to prevent the subversive use of trusts, an approach restricting the available types of trusts may be preferable.