bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Incentives to Improve HIV Prevention Outcomes for Young Females in Eswatini: Sitakhela Likusasa Impact Evaluation Protocol and Baseline Results
Authors: Gorgens Marelize , Longosz Andrew , Ketende Sosthenes , Nkambule Muziwethu , Dlamini Tengetile , Mabuza Mbuso , Sikwibele Kelvin , Tsododo Vimbai , Dlamini Mthokozisi , Dennis-Langa Futhie , Heard Wendy , Low Andrea , Harimurti Pandu , Wilson David , Mabuza Khanya , de Walque Damien 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background: Eswatini continues to have the highest prevalence of HIV in the world, and one of the highest HIV incidences among adult populations (aged 15-49). This analysis reports on both key elements of study design/protocol and baseline results from an impact evaluation of an intervention incentivizing (i) initiation or enrolment into some form of education, attendance at or completion of this form of education, and (ii) lower risk sexual behaviour. Methods: The impact evaluation employs a two by two factorial design in which participants are enrolled in either the incentive for education arm (‘education treatment arm’) or the control arm (‘education control arm’). In each of these arms, 50% of participants were randomized to also be eligible for selection – three times a year – to participate in a conditional raffle. Results: Baseline recruitment and screening occurred in 2016 when a total of 6,055 individuals were screened of which 4,863 participated in the baseline survey, and 4,819 individuals were randomized into one of the study arms. The baseline prevalence of HIV, Trichomonas vaginalis, and syphilis among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) 8.20% (397/4,840), 3.31% (150/4,533) and 0.17% (8/4,830) respectively. Conclusions: An educational cash incentive and raffle incentive impact evaluation that addresses adolescent girls and young women who are in-education and out-of-education has the potential to reduce HIV risk in adolescent girls and young women in Eswatini.
Stay Home Save Lives: A Machine Learning Approach to Causal Inference to Evaluate Impact of Social Distancing in the US
Authors: Osman Syed Muhammad Ishraque , Sakib Nazmus 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Although there are few studies done to provide estimations of the impact of COVID-19 pandemic, however, there is a need for an actual policy evaluation of the already implemented social distancing measures. In the US context in specific, this is especially instrumental because nearly a dozen US states are considering the reopening of the economy following anti social distancing protests. Using a machine learning based Generalized Synthetic Control Method, considering the US states that adopted early social distancing approaches as the treatment group and the states that adopted social distancing much later as the control group and controlling for state and time fixed effects (to cancel out the selection bias and endogeneity), this paper finds that social distancing is associated with lower COVID-19 infection growth rate (by 192%) when compared to the no policy intervention counterfactual.
If Parsons had Pajek: The Relevance of Midcentury Structural-Functionalism to Dynamic Network Analysis*
Authors: Cornwell Benjamin , Laumann Edward O 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Social network analysis has been one of the most influential scientific revolutions of the past century. Its success has been due, in part, to its methodological sophistication and the emphasis it places on identifying and clearly depicting features of social structure. As such, social network analysis is often viewed in stark contrast to the structuralist paradigm that dominated the social sciences prior to its rise – structural–functionalism - in the mid-20th century. In this paper, we highlight important connections that exist between the key assumptions of social network analysis and the key tenets of some of the most influential structural-functional theories – especially those of Robert K. Merton and Talcott Parsons and their collaborators and followers. We reveal a substantial affinity between some of their most influential ideas and contemporary analysis of social network dynamics, in particular, and several ways in which their work could inform promising advances in this line of research. Our ultimate goal is to highlight the prospect of using these theories to guide future analyses of the dynamics of large social systems and the sequences of real-time action that compose them.
Castells’ network concept and its connections to social, economic and political network analyses
Authors: Anttiroiko Ari-Veikko 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article discusses the conceptualization of network in Manuel Castells’ theory of network society and its relation to network analysis. Networks assumed a significant role in Castells’ opus magnum, The Information Age trilogy, in the latter half of the 1990s. He became possibly the most prominent figure globally in adopting network terminology in social theory, but at the same time he made hardly any empirical or methodological contribution to network analysis. This article sheds light on this issue by analyzing how the network logic embraced by Castells defines the social, economic, and political relations in his theory of network society, and how such aspects of his theory relate to social network analysis. It is shown that Castells’ institutional network concept is derived from the increased relevance of networks as the emerging form of social organization, epitomized by the idea of global networks of instrumental exchanges. He did not shed light on the internal dynamics of networks, but was nevertheless able to use network as a powerful metaphor that aptly portrayed his idea of the new social morphology of informational capitalism.
Choosing a Clustering: An A Posteriori Method for Social Networks
Authors: Pimentel Samuel D. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Selecting an appropriate method of clustering for network data a priori can be a frustrating and confusing process. To address the problem we build on an a posteriori approach developed by Grimmer and King (2011) that compares hundreds of possible clustering methods at once through concise and intuitive visualization. We adapt this general method to the context of social networks, extend it with additional visualization features designed to enhance interpretability, and describe its principled use, outlining steps for selecting a class of methods to compare, interpreting visual output, and making a final selection. The interactive method, implemented in R, is demonstrated using Zachary’s karate club, a canonical dataset from the network literature.
Hierarchy in Mixed Relation Networks: Warfare Advantage and Resource Distribution in Simulated World-Systems*
Authors: Apkarian Jacob , Fletcher Jesse B. , Chase-Dunn Christopher , Hanneman Robert A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Building on world-systems theory, simulation models of 5-line intersocietal networks were generated in an effort to understand systemic power hierarchies. The societal nodes were exclusively connected by three types of interaction: migration, warfare, and unequal trade. These networks can be considered “mixed relation” networks due to the ways in which these types of ties combine positive and negative sanction flows. Insights from elementary theory were employed to understand how exclusion from these different types of ties might influence the resulting power distributions. Additionally, the resource carrying capacity of the nodes was varied by structural position in an effort to differentiate the influence of structural position and individual attributes on location in the hierarchy. It was determined that exclusion from interaction is likely a structural, scale invariant mechanism that helps to determine power distributions above and beyond the inherent attributes of network actors.
Interorganizational Collaboration in the Hurricane Katrina Response*
Authors: Butts Carter T. , Acton Ryan M. , Marcum Christopher Steven 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we employ archival materials from multiple institutional sources to reconstruct the dynamic network of interorganizational collaboration that emerged in response to the Hurricane Katrina disaster of late 2005. Over the period from initial storm formation through the first week following landfall in Louisiana, we record active participation by over 1,500 organizations in response activities. We here conduct an exploratory analysis of the growth and evolution of the network of collaboration among responding organizations, an identification of organizations that emerged as central actors in the response process, and the cohesive subgroups that crystallized within the larger network. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of several issues related to the use of archival methods in research on interorganizational networks in disaster settings, and to the use of automated methods for network extraction.
Exploring Patterns of Social Relationships among Food Bloggers on Twitter Using a Social Network Analysis Approach
Authors: Hepworth Allison D. , Kropczynski Jess , Walden Justin , Smith Rachel A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background and objective
. Nutrition information conveyed by popular entities through online social networking sites (i.e., social media influencers) has the potential to impact consumer eating behavior through mechanisms of social influence. Little is known about how online communities of food-related social media influencers are structured, which could reveal influencers’ opportunities to observe and spread nutrition-related content and information design practices. This study explored patterns of social relationships (social capital, conservation of resources, and homophily) within a network of prominent food bloggers on Twitter (N = 44).
Methods
. Data on Twitter following/follower relationships and Twitter use (number of tweets, favorited tweets) were collected from bloggers’ Twitter profiles. Bloggers represented eight topical subcategories of food blogs (e.g., family cooking, cocktails) and comprised a one-mode social network with directed ties indicating Twitter following/follower relationships. Structural evidence of patterns of social relationships was investigated through social network visualization, centrality measures (in-degree/out-degree centrality, density, reciprocity), and inferential tests.
Results
. The overall network density of directed ties was 21%, with wide variability in individual blogger centrality across multiple measures. Cocktails, cooking, special diets, and culinary travel bloggers had more dense ties to bloggers in their own subcategories. Within the network, favorited tweets and outreach (Twitter following relationships) were positively associated with popularity (Twitter follower relationships).
Conclusions
. Food bloggers in this study formed a partially connected network, supporting the conservation of resources framework. Homophily was evident in some, but not all, topical subcategories. Associations among Twitter use, outreach, and popularity generally supported the social capital framework. Future studies should explore influencers’ motivations for connecting on social networking sites, and how content and information design practices spread among influencers.
Do direct and inverse uncertainty assessment methods present the same results?
Authors: Ahmadi Arman , Nasseri Mohsen 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Hydrological models are simplified imitations of natural and man-made water systems, and because of this simplification, always deal with inherent uncertainty. To develop more rigorous modeling procedures and to provide more reliable results, it is inevitable to consider and estimate this uncertainty. Although there are different approaches in the literature to assess the parametric uncertainty of hydrological models, their structures and results have rarely been compared systematically. In this research, two different approaches to analyze parametric uncertainty, namely direct and inverse methods are compared and contrasted. While the direct method employs a sampling simulation procedure to generate posterior distributions of parameters, the inverse method utilizes an optimization-based approach to optimize parameter sets of an interval-based hydrological model. Two different hydrological models and case studies are employed, and the models are set by two distinct mathematical operations of interval mathematics. Findings of this research show that while the choice of the interval mathematic method can affect the final results, generally, the inverse method cannot be counted on as a reliable tool to analyze the parametric uncertainty of hydrological models, and the direct method provides more accurate results.
Identification of regional water security issues in China, using a novel water security comprehensive evaluation model
Authors: Yao Jiping , Wang Guoqiang , Xue Baolin , Xie Gang , Peng Yanbo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In order to solve regional water security issues, such as shortage of water resources, the aggravation of water pollution, the destruction of the ecological environment, etc., this study proposed the flood control security index, resource security index and ecological security index, respectively, according to the construction principle of human development index. Based on the above security indexes, a novel water security comprehensive evaluation model is established by combining the coupling coordination degree model and the state space model. The proposed model has the advantage of simple operation and fast data speed, which is convenient for water security evaluation in different periods and regions. Taking China as an example, the water security conditions were evaluated from 2007 to 2016 for 31 provincial-level administrative regions in China, including flood control security index, resource security index, ecological security index and water security level of each region, and the specific problems of water security in each region were obtained. The evaluation results are consistent with the actual situation in each region, which provides the scientific basis for the local government authorities to formulate the corresponding regional water security policy.
Suspended sediment concentration forecast based on CEEMDAN-GRU model
Authors: Zhang Xianqi , Yang Yang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Reasonable prediction of suspended sediment concentration is of great significance for river regulation and water conservancy project scheduling in upper and middle reaches. In order to solve the influence of nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics of sediment sequences on the prediction results and improve the prediction accuracy, a prediction model of sediment based on CEEMDAN-GRU was constructed. The monthly suspended sediment concentration data of Huayuankou hydrological station from 1960 to 2014 were ‘decomposed-predicted-reconstructed’ and compared with single gated recurrent unit (GRU), support vector machine (SVM) and long short-term memory (LSTM) model. The results reveal that the CEEMDAN-GRU coupling model has provided a superior alternative to the single model and its determination coefficients (DC) of the training set and testing set are greater than 0.71, qualified rate (QR) reaches up to 81%, average absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and mean square error (MSE) are 1.2841, 0.9675 and 4.3560 respectively. It is proved that the CEEMDAN-GRU model has a better performance and can be used in the mid- and long-term prediction of non-linear and non-stationary suspended sediment concentration series.
Effects of interchange ratio on sludge reduction and microbial community structures in an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process with combined anaerobic side-stream reactor
Authors: Sun L. P. , Lin Y. J. , Shi C. Y. , Wang S. Q. , Luo W. X. , Wang M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Oxic-settling-anaerobic (OSA) process is effective in minimizing sludge production, by inserting an anaerobic side-stream reactor (ASSR) in the recycling bypass. Interchange ratio (IR), the quantity ratio of sludge entering the ASSR to the sludge in the main stream reactors, is one of the most important parameters for OSA process. In the present study, a laboratory-scale anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2/O) process combined with an ASSR (A2/O-ASSR) was operated for 366 days in parallel with a conventional A2/O process to investigate the effects of IR on sludge reduction. IR was assigned values of 5%, 8%, 10%, and 15%, and the A2/O-ASSR process achieved 14.0%, 16.0%, 24.1%, and 13.7% of sludge reduction, respectively. At the optimum IR of 10%, high through-put sequencing analysis showed that the microbes responsible for pollutant removal and ubiquitous in wastewater treatment remained predominant in the two systems, and slow-growing microbes related to hydrolysis, nitrogen and phosphorus removal increased in the A2/O-ASSR process, which probably played a key role in sludge reduction. 40.6–58.6% of sludge reduction was caused by sludge decay in the ASSR. The tiny amount of extracellular polymeric substance released in the A2/O-ASSR process was subthreshold to cause remarkable sludge reduction.
Evaluation of the Effects of Maytenus ilicifolia on the Activities of Cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein
Authors: do Nascimento Sara Batista , de Lima Nascimento Mariana , de Araújo Laís Lobato , de Oliveira Flávio Martins , do Carmo Vieira Maria , Duarte-Almeida Joaquim Maurício , Siqueira João Máximo , da Costa César Isabela , Derendorf Hartmut , de Castro Whocely Victor 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Maytenus ilicifolia is a Brazilian popular medicine commonly used to treat ulcer and
gastritis. Despite the absence of toxicity regarding its consumption, possible interactions when co-administrated with
conventional drugs, are unknown.

Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of M. ilicifolia extracts on Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) activities.

Method:
The extracts were obtained by infusion (MI) or turbo-extraction using hydro-acetonic solvent (MT70). The
content of polyphenols in each extract was determined. To assess the modulation of M. ilicifolia on P-gp activity, the
uptake of fexofenadine (FEX) by Caco-2 cells was investigated in the absence or presence of MI or MT70. The effect
on CYP3A activity was evaluated by the co-administration of midazolam (MDZ) with each extract in male Wistar
rats. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug were determined and compared with those from the control group.
The content of total phenolic compounds, tannins, and flavonoids on MT70 extract was about double of that found in
MI.

Results:
In the presence of the extracts, the uptake of the P-gp marker (FEX) by Caco-2 cells increased from
1.7 ± 0.4 ng.mg-1 protein (control) to 3.5 ± 0.2 ng.mg-1 protein (MI) and 4.4 ± 0.5 ng.mg-1 protein (MT70),
respectively. When orally co-administrated with MDZ (substrate of CYP3A), the extracts augmented the AUC(0-∞)
(Control: 911.7 ± 215.7 ng.h.mL-1; MI: 1947 ± 554.3 ng.h.mL-1; MT70: 2219.0 ± 506.3 ng.h.mL-1) and the
Cmax (Control: 407.7 ± 90.4 ng.mL-1; MI: 1770.5 ± 764.5 ng.mL-1; MT70: 1987.2 ± 544.9 ng.mL-1) of the drug in rats
indicating a 50% reduction of the oral Cl. No effect was observed when midazolam was given intravenously.

Conclusion:
The results suggest that M. ilicifolia can inhibit the intestinal metabolism and transport of drugs
mediated by CYP3A and P-gp, respectively, however, the involvement of other transporters and the clinical
relevance of such interaction still need to be clarified.
Changes of Transporters and Drug-metabolizing Enzymes in Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Dong Yaqian , Gong Linna , Lu Xianyuan , Ye Mingguang , Lin Yu , Xie Shuting , Zhang Jiaxing , Zhou Fenghua , Tang Lan , Zou Wei , Liu Menghua 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters play key roles in drug disposition and drug
interactions. The alterations of their expression will influence drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
However, the changes in the expression of enzymes and transporters in the disease state are still unclear.

Objective:
Our study was to investigate the changes in the expression of main enzymes and drug transporters
distributed in Adriamycin nephropathy rat liver, kidney, and intestine.

Methods:
An intravenous injection with a single dose of Adriamycin (6mg/kg) was made to establish Adriamycin
nephropathy (AN) model and normal groups were injected with normal saline. Serum was collected for lipid
metabolism, renal, and hepatic function measurement. The real-time PCR and western blot were applied to determine
the mRNA and protein expression of drug enzymes and transporters.

Results:
In the kidney, a greater expression of Mdr1, Mrp2, Mrp4 Oat2 and Oct2 mRNA was found in AN rats as
compared with control rats. In the liver, the expression of Bcrp mRNA was more doubled or tripled than control
groups and downregulation of Mdr1, Mrp2, Mrp4 and Bsep gene expression was found in AN rats. Besides, we
observed a downward trend of Cyp1a2, Cyp3a4 and Cyp2c9 mRNA levels in AN groups. In the duodenum, the
expression of Mdr1 and Mrp3 mRNA level was decreased, while Bcrp and Mrp2 mRNA were increased.

Conclusion:
The changes in drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters expression in AN rats were clarified, which
may be beneficial for understanding the altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clinical drugs and
reduce unexpected clinical findings for nephropathy patients.
Dual Release Model to Evaluate Dissolution Profiles from Swellable Drug Polyelectrolyte Matrices
Authors: Cid Alicia Graciela , Ramírez-Rigo María Verónica , Palena María Celeste , Gonzo Elio Emilio , Jimenez-Kairuz Alvaro Federico , Bermúdez José María 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Mathematical modeling in modified drug release is an important tool that allows
predicting the release rate of drugs in their surrounding environment and elucidates the transport
mechanisms involved in the process.

Objective:
The aim of this work was to develop a mathematical model that allows evaluating the release
profile of drugs from polymeric carriers in which the swelling phenomenon is present.

Methods:
Swellable matrices based on ionic complexes of alginic acid or carboxymethylcellulose with
ciprofloxacin were prepared and the effect of adding the polymer sodium salt on the swelling process
and the drug release was evaluated. Experimental data from the ciprofloxacin release profiles were
mathematically adjusted, considering the mechanisms involved in each stage of the release process.

Results:
A proposed model, named “Dual Release” model, was able to properly fit the experimental
data of matrices presenting the swelling phenomenon, characterized by an inflection point in their release
profile. This entails applying the extended model of Korsmeyer-Peppas to estimate the percentage
of drug released from the first experimental point up to the inflection point and then a model called
Lumped until the final time, allowing to adequately represent the complete range of the drug release
profile. Different parameters of pharmaceutical relevance were calculated using the proposed model to
compare the profiles of the studied matrices.

Conclusion:
The “Dual Release” model proposed in this article can be used to predict the behavior of
complex systems in which different mechanisms are involved in the release process.