bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rescripting Sinai
Authors: Pregill Michael E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter interprets the Golden Calf narrative in the Qur’an as a profound, subtle, and intentional engagement with the version of the story known from the book of Exodus, reshaped according to exegetical predispositions anticipated by older late antique Jewish and Christian approaches to the story. It discusses the findings of the previous chapter in the context of both the Qur’an’s relationship to its literary precursors and the Calf narrative’s particular points of resonance with other themes and topoi in the qur’anic corpus. Though the term is a problematic one, the Qur’an’s novel treatment of the Calf story will be considered as an example of “rewritten Bible” here—a reshaping of an older scriptural story that is not only a reimagining but in some ways a re-revelation of a narrative with a considerably freighted history in previous scriptural tradition. This chapter also considers a possible context for the qur’anic presentation of the Calf narrative, particularly its subordination of Aaron as priest to Moses as prophet, in the conflict that traditional Muslim sources describe between Muḥammad and the Jews of Medina after the hijrah. At the same time, the chapter also takes into account the significance of central themes of the story such as transgression, repentance, and authority for the Qur’an’s original audience at a transformative moment in their history.
Ties that Bind
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between local social structures and the popularity of religion through structured comparisons of three Scottish islands (Lewis, Orkney, and Shetland) and four Welsh villages. It also considers whether the apparent resistance of fishing and mining communities to secularization is best explained by the unpredictably dangerous nature of fishing and mining or by the relative isolation of those communities. It argues that, contra the view of some US sociologists, competition between churches, sects, and denominations weakens rather than strengthens religion. The enduringly religious parts of Britain remained so because they shared a common religion, and that consensus was possible because such communities were unusually socially homogenous and were relatively isolated (by geography and by language barriers) from the cultural mainstream.
Social Roles of the Clergy
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Changes in two communities studied in the 1950s and 1960s by W. M. Williams (Northlew in Devon and Gosforth in Cumbria) form the springboard for reflections on the social roles of the clergy in a largely secular society. That the clergy are often called on to act as community spokespersons and honest brokers is not, as is sometimes argued, a reflection of the enduring popularity of religion. It is precisely because most people are not religious that the clergy can be seen as disinterested and valued for their organizational skills and their experience as public speakers.
Modernizing the Faith
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the 1970s, British Protestant churches were changed by a movement that criticized formality and tradition as ‘churchianity’ and claimed access to the supernatural ‘gifts of the spirit’. Large numbers of loosely networked fellowships were formed, and many mainstream congregations adopted the movement’s rock-music worship style. Its embodiment in the Alpha course training programme was widely adopted. But the movement attracted few non-Christians, and it peaked in the 1990s, because the pool from which it recruited—young Christians put off the mainstream by conservative mores and traditional worship—was shrinking. Its emphasis on personal experience rather than shared belief meant that, instead of revitalizing the churches, it served as a bridge from conventional faith to personal idiosyncrasy and indifference.
Worktown and Muslims
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the 1930s, Bolton was the site of Mass Observation’s first major research project, and subsequent restudies allow us to track in detail the decline of Christianity in the town. It was also the site of the first major Muslim demonstration against Salman Rushdie’s The Satanic Verses. The reaction of Boltonians to Islam is discussed as an introduction to wider consideration of the impact of the growth of Islam in Britain. Detailed discussion of media coverage of Muslims and of attitude survey data makes the case that, while some British people dislike Islam, a more powerful trend is growing hostility to any religion that is taken seriously enough to intrude on the public sphere.
Can the Decline be Reversed?
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The final chapter considers whether the decline of religion in Britain is likely to be reversed. It demonstrates the absence of a shared stock of religious knowledge and the current poor public reputation of religion. It considers what we know about the dynamics of religious conversion and makes the point that personal influence often relies on pre-existing social bonds and on social similarity between believers and potential converts. The key problem for British religion is that ‘being religious’ is no longer a common and widespread characteristic but is confined to a few relatively introverted minority populations. The odds on the religiously indifferent associating with committed believers are very small. Hence the chances of any religious revival occurring now, when it failed to occur in the previous century (when religion was far more popular), seem equally slight.
Powerful Firms and Monopolizing Conduct
Authors: Ahdar Rex 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
New Zealand’s efforts to rein in the anticompetitive conduct of market dominant firms has been disappointing overall. Its track record, in terms of the number of successful challenges, has been dismal. The early cases under the 1986 Act were promising with some notable victories for plaintiffs. But this was not to last. A large part of this chapter details the shadow cast by the Privy Council in the momentous Clear v Telecom saga in the mid-1990s. Their Lordships promulgated a stringent “counterfactual” test for contravening conduct under s 36 (the monopolization prohibition), one that almost spelt the death knell for meaningful enforcement of the section. A major attempt to restore the effectiveness of s 36 and reverse the effect of the London ruling was made by Parliament in 2001, but that proved unavailing. Moreover, the Supreme Court, the replacement for the Privy Council, determined that the counterfactual test ought to be retained. Despite the unabridged severity of the test, a few stubborn victories against monopolizing firms were still recorded. Nonetheless, policymakers have determined that reform is required. One proposal is to revise s 36 to embrace a SLC test. The chapter also considers the dormant intellectual property exemption in s 36. New Zealand’s experience of refusals to deal (“essential faculties” doctrine) and predatory pricing are also analysed.
Granting Immunity: Authorisation and “Public Benefit”
Authors: Ahdar Rex 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses the authorisation mechanism—a demanding cost-benefit test for those applicants who seek advance approval of their potentially contravening conduct. The “public benefits” and detriments the Commission can assess under this test are very broad. The potentially relevant matters go well beyond economic efficiencies to intangible and unquantified gains or harms. A thorny issue has been the distributional question. Does the Act have an implicit bias in favour of consumers when it comes to weighing benefits and detriments? Must benefits be passed on to consumers? The Chicagoan thinking came to dominate and the Commission pronounced it was “neutral” regarding wealth transfers from consumers to producers. The 2001 Amendment, which altered the purpose of the Act to clarify that competition operated for the long-term benefit of New Zealand consumers, did not initially alter the Chicagoan stance. Over time, however, the purely neutral stance towards wealth transfers has been eroded. The Court of Appeal decided that private gains, redounding solely to the companies alone, were not sufficient. “Modified total welfare” arrived as a new term in the New Zealand antitrust lexicon. The chapter also analyses the non-neutral stance where the benefits go to foreign owners of local companies.
The Creaturely View
Authors: Cheetham David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
What is the nature of the creaturely view? This chapter critiques some of the contemporary literature concerning the theology of creation primarily to discern what kind of vehicle it might be for interreligious dialogue. It will give some attention to the different perspectives on creation: the emanationist, pantheist, and feminist views, and so on. However, the chapter settles on a non-contrastive ex nihilo understanding or what has been called ‘the Christian distinction’. This view makes it clear that finite causal world is emphatically not a model for understanding the relationship between God and the world. The difference is of an entirely different order. The chapter argues that this ‘non-contrastive’ relationship allows one to speak of the freedom of God as well as the gift of meaning to the creation. It thus sets the stage for wisdom to speak ‘for itself’ in the immanent.
The Sky Is Not the Limit
Authors: Cheetham David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, we engage with the work of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. We seek to build on Bonhoeffer’s comment that ‘God’s “beyond” is not the beyond of our cognitive faculties. The transcendence of epistemological theory has nothing to do with the transcendence of God. God is beyond in the midst of our life.’ The chapter addresses the early faultlines in Bonhoeffer’s thought, especially the themes of Mündigkeit, Sicut Deus, penultimacy, ‘natural life’ and creaturehood, evidenced in his Ethics as well as Creation and Fall. The affirmation of this-worldliness and religionless Christianity finds a more profound rendition in the doctrine of creation and creaturehood. The invitation to the religious other is a ‘call to creaturehood’ and to live etsi deus non daretur.
The Shared Making of Signs
Authors: Cheetham David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this chapter we take this discussion in Chapter 6 further by focusing on the shared creation of powerful gestures, ceremonies, and rituals in the ‘immanent frame’. Embodied individuals and communities find ritual or liturgy to be a connection between the material and finite with the transcendent. Is the secular space capable of being ritualized? The chapter will focus mainly on the idea of rituality occurring in an immanent frame or habitus (Pierre Bourdieu). It will engage with a range of sources and argue that there is a broad liturgical potential opened up by an anthropology rooted in ritual. As well as the focus on the doctrine of creation, the chapter explores the phenomenology of ritual in the secular space and asks if it might constitute a positive step towards the joint creation of meaning and practice in the public sphere.
Creational Politics
Authors: Cheetham David 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this chapter we will seek to consider ‘creational politics’. In dialogue with the work of Frank Ankersmit, the chapter will review the aesthetic politics of representation, how this seems to eschew strong ethical identities and how it occupies a liminal territory of its own. As part of this discussion, the chapter also considers the idea of ‘comparative classic individual’ that may act as an interfaith exemplar through the work of David Tracy and David Clairmont. Finally, the chapter will consider the important creational theme of ‘the gift’ and consider the ways in which the logic of superabundance challenges how different communities might relate in their contested spaces.
Movement of charge carriers in electric and magnetic fields
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
For the detection of charged particles many detector principles exploit the ionisation in sensing layers and the collection of the generated charges by electrical fields on electrodes, from where the signals can be deduced. In gases and liquids the charge carriers are electrons and ions, in semiconductors they are electrons and holes. To describe the ordered and unordered movement of the charge carriers in electric and magnetic fields the Boltzmann transport equation is introduced and approximate solutions are derived. On the basis of the transport equation drift and diffusion are discussed, first in general and then for applications to gases and semiconductors. It turns out that, at least for the simple approximations, the treatment for both media is very similar, for example also for the description of the movement in magnetic fields (Lorentz angle and Hall effect) or of the critical energy (Nernst-Townsend-Einstein relation).
Photodetectors
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The chapter covers photodetectors for photons in the optical and near UV range (about 200 nm to 700 nm). Important for particle and astroparticle experiments are photodetectors which detect light generated in scintillation or Cherenkov detectors, for example. The detection of photons always starts with the generation of an electron by photoeffect at a photocathode. The photoelectron can then be either multiplied in a photomultiplier tube by secondary electron emission or the cathode could be the surface of a semiconductor detector; both techniques can also be combined in hybrid photodetectors. A relatively new semiconductor detector is the silicon photomultiplier using an avalanche operation mode to obtain sufficiently large signals. In the last section the different photodetectors are compared and are assigned to typical applications according to their properties.
Prologue
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The virtues of theatre in a European tradition have generally been connected to its perceived success in concealing or graduating from its (allegedly) degrading origins in travel and movement. Scholarly pursuit of historical itinerant theatre has often been accompanied by evaluative criticism of its achievements, obscuring or misrepresenting the dependence of canonical drama upon transnational circulation of materials and the experience of travel. In the summer of 1592, the English theatrical scene in London disintegrated due to the plague. The Admiral’s Men split into several different groups. Some of its players embarked on tours of the English provinces. Others left England and established the first professional theatre tradition in northern and central Europe. Known as the English Comedians, this latter group would be the first to perform adaptations of Marlowe and Shakespeare abroad. Their tradition overturned ancient festive schedules of performance, with profound consequences for civic life in many Imperial cities. Finding some success, the tradition persisted unevenly for many decades and would assist in creating a lasting impression of theatre and its effect on values cultural, national, economic, moral.
Out of Time
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The arrival of travelling professional actors in many Imperial cities disrupted festive schedules protected for more than a century. Focusing on two case studies—Nuremberg and Ulm—this chapter examines how the performances of the English Comedians interacted with civic cultures and changed them. It shows how the difficulty in accommodating itinerant theatre and the perception that it inflicted financial losses on urban polities led directly to the establishment of permanent theatre-houses. The travelling players are registered in cultural histories of these cities largely as an absence or negligible detail because those histories have generally subserved accounts of political and constitutional evolution. Yet the players’ introduction of commercial festivity assisted in the suppression of festive traditions and the long-term absorption of local cultures into larger political entities. The English Comedians were therefore important midwives of historical change. Urban governors struggled to recognize and place them: that struggle persisted within later history writing because their activities pose serious challenges to habits of chronologization and localization.
Moving Cloth
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Clothes were the most important and expensive properties of an early modern theatre company. The first recorded performances of English professional actors on mainland Europe occurred in the context of a major crisis in the international cloth trade and efforts to form an international Protestant alliance. Known for their extravagant and luxurious clothing, the English Comedians took advantage of existing routes developed for the export and import of cloth. Extant dramatic adaptations of English plays associated with their tradition reflect the vital importance of textile stock to their performances and reception. Their reputation for sartorial extravagance involved the English Comedians in discourses of national loss: in the Holy Roman Empire, as in England, imported fine clothes were linked repeatedly to a diminishment of national treasure. Meanwhile, their comic tradition made extravagant use of the symbolic and physical properties of clothing. Although the formative importance of cloth economies to the early English professional theatre has been widely recognized, this chapter puts that dynamic into an international context for the first time.
Out of Laughter
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Thirty Years’ War and its associated deprivations rapidly curtailed the activities of travelling players. In 1620, just as it began, plays explicitly associated with the English Comedians entered print for the first time. Meanwhile Martin Opitz and other poets began to emphasize the importance of rescuing a specifically German language and culture from the chaos that was said to be threatening it. This chapter shows how these new concepts of tragic purity, central to many of the achievements of German baroque drama, depended on implicit castigation and derogation of travelling theatre and the comic medley associated with it. Drawing on a wide range of mid-seventeenth-century social, literary, and visual sources, the long-term influence of the English Comedians is discovered like a photographic negative in the received picture of German baroque drama. The transformation of the English professional clown into a multimedia figure used for satire and travesty, and ultimately into a metonym for the entire tradition of itinerant theatre, is linked to eighteenth-century banishments of the the comic figure, banishments through which once again the alleged formal purity of the dramatic canon could be defended and refreshed. A close connection is established between high art in a German dramatic tradition and the imputed degradations thought to have been effected by the travelling theatre, linked as it was to the damage and misery inflicted by foreign mercenaries on central European populations during the Thirty Years’ War.
Epilogue
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The reception of the English Comedians in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is connected to their representation in modern theatre histories by ideations of travelling theatre in Enlightenment theatre projects. Theatre-historical chronicles began to be written in the second half of the eighteenth century, by which time there was already a vocabulary for itinerant theatre ready to be applied to the English Comedians in order to understand their effect on national dramatic culture. Setting these relations next to the development of Theaterwissenschaft out of philology in early twentieth-century German universities, this concluding chapter reflects on the influence of disciplinary structure upon the investigation of controversial historical phenomena. Various sorts of patriotism and methodologism have distorted the comprehension of the itinerant theatre and concealed its involvement in the generation of dramatic art. The contemporary crisis within the discipline of theatre history is explained with reference to the underestimation of theatre professionalization, which was a profound discontinuity in the history of Western culture.
Ellen La Motte and Mary Borden
Authors: Rennie David A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Ellen La Motte and Mary Borden worked together at the same field hospital during the war, an experience that prompted them to write their best-known works, The Backwash of War and The Forbidden Zone. La Motte and Borden have often been compared, and even described as collaborators. This chapter, however, contrasts their approaches to war writing and demonstrates that, moreover, the works for which they are commonly associated with the war do not typify their literary reaction to it. La Motte moved away from fiction-writing to concentrate on the opium trade. Borden, meanwhile, broached the war in a variety of novels throughout her prolific career—in works that eschew the fragmented aesthetics of The Forbidden Zone and focus on the nuances of interpersonal relations that are all but absent in her most noted work.
Thomas Boyd
Authors: Rennie David A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Boyd is best known for his debut novel, Through the Wheat, which is typically thought of as an anti-war modernist work. However, I argue, Boyd’s novel is, in fact, a more ambiguous take on World War I experience. Moreover, his war writing evolved in relation to his career trajectory, as reflected in Boyd’s need to write World War I magazine fiction and his attempt at Hollywood screenwriting on a World War I project. Toward the end of his life, Boyd turned to communism, which influenced his commentary on the war in In Time of Peace, his proletarian bildungsroman sequel to Through the Wheat.
Laurence Stallings
Authors: Rennie David A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Perhaps more than any author, Stallings exemplified the multimedia and collaborative nature of World War I writing in America. Following his bitter anti-war novel Plumes, Stallings co-authored the popular play What Price Glory with Maxwell Anderson, which led to Stallings’s involvement in The Big Parade—one of the most lucrative films of the silent era—and a film adaptation of What Price Glory As well as his diversity of representational forms, Stallings’s war writing was marked by an increasingly positive attitude to warfare, which emerged in his later short stories and his World War I history, The Doughboys.
Conclusion
Authors: Rennie David A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Rather than being defined by their membership of a particular constituency of ideological or sociopolitical war experience, writers hold and express complex and evolving views on the war. Studying authors’ careers reveals not only that their writing was influenced by the war, but that, simultaneously, the circumstances of their artistic and professional development shaped the manner and mode of their literary reactions. More than has been fully appreciated, American writers drew on native literary and historical culture to assess the Great War. Ultimately, however, American writing about the war was idiosyncratic, complex, and subject to change, as writers’ ongoing reactions to the war were influenced by the intricate group of intrapersonal and interpersonal variables that shaped professional authorship.