bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Over-the-counter analgesics during pregnancy: a comprehensive review of global prevalence and offspring safety
Authors: Zafeiri Aikaterini , Mitchell Rod T , Hay David C , Fowler Paul A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDAnalgesia during pregnancy is often necessary. Due to their widespread availability, many mothers opt to use over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics. Those analgesic compounds and their metabolites can readily cross the placenta and reach the developing foetus. Evidence for safety or associations with adverse health outcomes is conflicting, limiting definitive decision-making for healthcare professionals.OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALEThis review provides a detailed and objective overview of research in this field. We consider the global prevalence of OTC analgesia during pregnancy, explain the current mechanistic understanding of how analgesic compounds cross the placenta and reach the foetus, and review current research on exposure associations with offspring health outcomes.SEARCH METHODSA comprehensive English language literature search was conducted using PubMed and Scopus databases. Different combinations of key search terms were used including ‘over-the-counter/non-prescription analgesics’, ‘pregnancy’, ‘self-medication’, ‘paracetamol’, ‘acetaminophen’, ‘diclofenac’, ‘aspirin’, ‘ibuprofen’, ‘in utero exposure’, ‘placenta drug transport’, ‘placental transporters’, ‘placenta drug metabolism’ and ‘offspring outcomes’.OUTCOMESThis article examines the evidence of foetal exposure to OTC analgesia, starting from different routes of exposure to evidence, or the lack thereof, linking maternal consumption to offspring ill health. There is a very high prevalence of maternal consumption of OTC analgesics globally, which is increasing sharply. The choice of analgesia selected by pregnant women differs across populations. Location was also observed to have an effect on prevalence of use, with more developed countries reporting the highest consumption rates. Some of the literature focuses on the association of in utero exposure at different pregnancy trimesters and the development of neurodevelopmental, cardiovascular, respiratory and reproductive defects. This is in contrast to other studies which report no associations.WIDER IMPLICATIONSThe high prevalence and the challenges of reporting exact consumption rates make OTC analgesia during pregnancy a pressing reproductive health issue globally. Even though some healthcare policy-making authorities have declared the consumption of some OTC analgesics for most stages of pregnancy to be safe, such decisions are often based on partial review of literature. Our comprehensive review of current evidence highlights that important knowledge gaps still exist. Those areas require further research in order to provide pregnant mothers with clear guidance with regard to OTC analgesic use during pregnancy.
Stock-scale electronic tracking of Atlantic halibut reveals summer site fidelity and winter mixing on common spawning grounds
Authors: Gatti Paul , Robert Dominique , Fisher Jonathan A D , Marshall Rachel C , Le Bris Arnault 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Knowledge of movement ecology, habitat use, and spatiotemporal distribution is critical to inform sustainable fisheries management and conservation. Atlantic halibut in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) is of great economic value, although little is known about its spatiotemporal distribution, seasonal migrations, and spawning areas. To investigate these aspects, 114 pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) were deployed on halibut from 2013 up to 2018 throughout the GSL. A total of 62 physically recovered PSATs provided complete archived datasets with high temporal resolution. PSAT detachment locations revealed specific summer site fidelity. In contrast, the reconstruction of movement tracks with a geolocation model revealed that all fish converged to the Gulf’s deep channels to overwinter and spawn. This suggests strong mixing during the spawning period and thus one reproductive population within the GSL. These findings illustrate the utility of large-scale PSAT tagging combined with dedicated PSAT-recovery surveys to reveal critical stock-scale information on movements and spawning locations. This information addresses important gaps in the movement ecology of this halibut stock, revealing that reported summer site fidelity, based on years of conventional tagging, also conceals important winter mixing that is only apparent through analyses of movement on the time scale of annual cycles.
‘The Makings of a Success’: The Global Compact on Refugees and the Inaugural Global Refugee Forum
Authors: Triggs Gillian D , Wall Patrick C J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The last five years have witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of forcibly displaced people worldwide, and a key part of the international response has been a multilateral and multi-stakeholder effort to develop an architecture to share more equitably and predictably the burden and responsibility for hosting and supporting the world’s refugees. This piece offers a reflective assessment of this regime-strengthening exercise – the key milestones of which have been the New York Declaration, the Global Compact on Refugees, and the first Global Refugee Forum – and assesses what has been achieved and what challenges still lie ahead. The Global Compact on Refugees is presented as the product of a ‘States plus’ approach to multilateralism that brought together a wide range of States, other stakeholders, and – importantly – refugees to fill a crucial gap in the international refugee protection regime. It seeks to do this by bolstering international cooperation with a view to enhancing protection and expanding access to solutions, building on existing and emerging trends, and laying the ground for future cooperation. The first Global Refugee Forum in December 2019 was an important and positive first step in the Compact’s implementation, but much more remains to be done before success can be declared.
In postscript, the authors reflect on the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, its impact on the international refugee response regime, and the role for the Global Compact on Refugees in the response.
Human factors: the pharmaceutical supply chain as a complex sociotechnical system
Authors: Edwards Brian , Gloor Charles A , Toussaint Franck , Guan Chaofeng , Furniss Dominic 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated preexisting weaknesses in the global supply chain. Regional assessments by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and independent consultants, have demonstrated various contributory causal factors requiring changes in policy, relationships, and incentives within the dynamic and developing networks. Human factors and ergonomics (HFE) is an approach that encourages sociotechnical systems thinking to optimize the performance of systems that involve human activity. The global supply chain can be considered such a system. However, it has neither been systematically examined from this perspective.

Methods
In 2015, the UK Chartered Institute of Ergonomics and Human Factors established the Pharmaceutical Sector Group. This unique group is open to all who work in the pharmaceutical sector at any level and in any discipline who share the vision of a pharmaceutical system that places an understanding of HFE at the heart of improving the use of healthcare products throughout their life cycles including their supply chains.

Results
For this complex system to work efficiently, it is paramount that we have effective coordination and integration between the different elements in the supply chain. HFE can give valuable insights and solutions for developing these complex social–technical systems effectively.

Conclusion
By partnering with international groups such as Biophorum and Bio Supply Chain Management Alliance, we wish to stimulate discussion about how sociotechnical thinking about HFE may help develop better monitoring and investigative techniques to strengthen global supply chains.
Use of aspirin to intentionally induce gastrointestinal tract barrier dysfunction in feedlot cattle
Authors: Briggs Nathan G , Brennan Kristen M , Funnell Bethany J , Nicholls Griffin T , Schoonmaker Jon P 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stress negatively affects the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) barrier function, resulting in compromised animal health. A deeper understanding of how diet and stress impacts the GIT barrier function in feedlot cattle is needed. Aspirin decreases mucus production and mucosal repair in the GIT and could be used as a model for GIT barrier dysfunction research. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of aspirin to induce GIT barrier dysfunction in beef cattle. In experiment 1, sixteen crossbred heifers (425.0 ± 8.6 kg) were allotted to 0, 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) aspirin doses based on BW. Experiment 1 consisted of two periods separated by 4 wk where four heifers per treatment received the same aspirin dose during each period. Heifers were fed a 49.4% corn silage and 50.6% concentrate diet. The 200 mg/kg BW aspirin treatment was dosed as a 100 mg/kg BW aspirin oral bolus 36 and 24 h prior to Cr-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) dosing (1 liter; 180 mM). The 50 and 100 mg/kg BW aspirin treatments were dosed as an oral bolus 24 h prior to Cr-EDTA dosing. Urine was collected every 3 h for 48 h and analyzed for Cr. Serum was collected at 0 and 48 h and analyzed for lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), interleukin-6, serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, and aspartate aminotransferase. In experiment 2, sixteen crossbred steers (576.0 ± 14.2 kg) fed a similar diet were allotted by BW to the 0 and 200 mg/kg BW aspirin treatments (eight steers/treatment) and were slaughtered 24 h after the last dose. Jejunal tissues were collected, and claudin (CLDN) 1, 2, and 3, occludin, and zonula occludens tight junction messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression was determined. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Urinary Cr excretion increased linearly at hours 3, 6, 9, and 12 (P ≤ 0.04) as aspirin dose increased from 0 to 200 mg/kg. Aspirin linearly increased Cr absorption (P = 0.02) and elimination (P = 0.04) rates and linearly decreased mean retention time of Cr (P = 0.02). Aspirin increased SAA (P = 0.04) and tended to increase LBP (P = 0.09) in serum but did not affect any other serum inflammatory marker (P ≥ 0.19). Aspirin tended to increase jejunal CLDN-1 mRNA expression (P = 0.10) but did not affect the mRNA expression of other genes regulating tight junction function (P ≥ 0.20). Results from this study indicate that aspirin disrupts the GIT barrier function in beef cattle and has a potential as a model in GIT permeability research.
Why Do Policymakers Support Administrative Burdens? The Roles of Deservingness, Political Ideology, and Personal Experience
Authors: Baekgaard Martin , Moynihan Donald P , Thomsen Mette Kjærgaard 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAdministrative burdens affect peoples’ experience of public administration but there is, to date, limited evidence to as why policymakers are willing to accept and impose burdens. To address this gap, we draw from the policy design and administrative burden literatures to develop the concept of burden tolerance—the willingness of policymakers and people more generally to passively allow or actively impose state actions that result in others experiencing administrative burdens. Drawing on a survey experiment and observational data with Danish local politicians in a social welfare setting, we find that more right-wing politicians are more tolerant of burdens, but politicians are less willing to impose burdens on a welfare claimant perceived as being more deserving. Politicians with a personal experience of receiving welfare benefits themselves are less tolerant of burdens, while information about the psychological costs experienced by claimants did not reduce burden tolerance.
Minimally invasive management of a paraduodenal hernia with intestinal malrotation
Authors: Misheva Bojana , Hajjar Roy , Sebajang Herawaty , Schwenter Frank 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Paraduodenal hernias (PDHs) are rare entities that may present with acute or subacute symptoms, and which pose challenges to prompt diagnosis and treatment. The minimally invasive management of these hernias is emerging as a new compelling approach to optimize surgical recovery. We present the case of a 42-year-old female patient who presented with acute abdominal pain and symptoms of bowel obstruction. Abdominal imaging suggested the presence of a left PDH. Laparoscopic exploration was performed. Intestinal malrotation was noted with incarceration of a small bowel loop in the Landzert fossa. The incarcerated bowel loop was freed and primary repair of the hernial defect was performed. PDHs are usually congenital and involve a herniation of abdominal content into the left mesocolon, between the mesocolon and the posterior abdominal wall. Minimally invasive treatment, consisting of adhesiolysis and repair of the hernial defect, seems to be a valid and safe option.
Information Entropy and Scale Development
Authors: Friesner Daniel , Bozman Carl , McPherson Matthew , Valente Faith , Zhang Anqing 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A wide variety of techniques are used to assess the development of survey-based scales. The majority of these techniques focus on the quality of information characterized by the scale. Aside from very rudimentary measures such as response rates and sample sizes, very few empirical techniques are available to measure the quantity of information contained in a scale. This article conducts an exploratory empirical analysis to assess whether information entropy can be useful for measuring the quantity of information in a scale’s development. If the quantity of information in the scale significantly increases (decreases) with the addition of the survey item, researchers may consider retaining (discarding) that item in the scale. The study was conducted within the context of a natural experiment that occurred at a major amateur sporting event in 2018. Customer satisfaction was assessed using a survey whose core questions have been assessed repeatedly over time. The most recent survey contained a previously validated empathy scale, with two items contained in the base measure. Six additional items were added to this base empathy measure. The quantity of information provided (as measured by information entropy) is calculated for each set of scale items. Statistical analysis indicates that, when adding the behavioral, cognitive, and affective scales to the two-item base scale, the quantity of information available increased. However, most of the increase in information quantity was attributable to three survey items, one item from each of the behavioral, cognitive, and affective domains. These findings suggest that information entropy may indeed be a useful quality control tool for survey scale development.
The Political Determinants of China’S New Health Constitution
Authors: Ip Eric C 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Basic Healthcare and Health Promotion Law 2019 became the new constitution of China’s health system in June 2020, giving legal effect to ambitious health reform programmes like Healthy China 2030. The concurrent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 must not distract us from appreciating the fact that this Law will comprehensively overhaul the health regulatory framework of the world’s most populous country during the coming decade, if not beyond. This article offers an original evaluation of the Law in its political context. The Law commendably promises to safeguard the right to health, assist citizens to live a ‘complete cycle of life’, and promote health using the resources of the public health system. However, it is also deeply politicised, guaranteeing extensive and penetrative political control in health campaigns, digitalised health data, the governance of health institutions, and the resolution of medical disputes. This can be explained by the consequential roles played by epidemics in China’s historical dynastic cycles, but even more so by powerful tendencies of centralisation on the part of the Leninist Party-state. The Law’s potential is thus subject to the overriding caveat that the Party-state’s existence and influence over law and public health must be secured.
Baryonic effects on the matter bispectrum
Authors: Foreman Simon , Coulton William , Villaescusa-Navarro Francisco , Barreira Alexandre 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The large-scale clustering of matter is impacted by baryonic physics, particularly active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback. Modelling or mitigating this impact will be essential for making full use of upcoming measurements of cosmic shear and other large-scale structure probes. We study baryonic effects on the matter bispectrum, using measurements from a selection of state-of-the-art hydrodynamical simulations: IllustrisTNG, Illustris, EAGLE, and BAHAMAS. We identify a low-redshift enhancement of the bispectrum, peaking at $k\sim 3\,h\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$, which is present in several simulations, and discuss how it can be associated to the evolving nature of AGN feedback at late times. This enhancement does not appear in the matter power spectrum, and therefore represents a new source of degeneracy breaking between two- and three-point statistics. In addition, we provide physical interpretations for other aspects of these measurements, and make initial comparisons to predictions from perturbation theory, empirical fitting formulas, and the response function formalism. We publicly release our measurements (including estimates of their uncertainty due to sample variance) and bispectrum measurement code as resources for the community.
Dynamics of small grains in transitional discs
Authors: Krumholz Mark R , Ireland Michael J , Kratter Kaitlin M 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Transitional discs have central regions characterized by significant depletion of both dust and gas compared to younger, optically thick discs. However, gas and dust are not depleted by equal amounts: gas surface densities are typically reduced by factors of ∼100, but small dust grains are sometimes depleted by far larger factors, to the point of being undetectable. While this extreme dust depletion is often attributed to planet formation, in this paper we show that another physical mechanism is possible: expulsion of grains from the disc by radiation pressure. We explore this mechanism using 2D simulations of dust dynamics, simultaneously solving the equation of radiative transfer with the evolution equations for dust diffusion and advection under the combined effects of stellar radiation and hydrodynamic interaction with a turbulent, accreting background gas disc. We show that, in transition discs that are depleted in both gas and dust fraction by factors of ∼100–1000 compared to minimum mass Solar nebular values, and where the ratio of accretion rate to stellar luminosity is low ($\dot{M}/L \lesssim 10^{-10}\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot$ yr$^{-1}\, \mathrm{ L}_\odot ^{-1}$), radiative clearing of any remaining ${\sim}0.5\, \mu\mathrm{ m}$ and larger grains is both rapid and inevitable. The process is size-dependent, with smaller grains removed fastest and larger ones persisting for longer times. Our proposed mechanism thus naturally explains the extreme depletion of small grains commonly found in transition discs. We further suggest that the dependence of this mechanism on grain size and optical properties may explain some of the unusual grain properties recently discovered in a number of transition discs. The simulation code we develop is freely available.
How much H and He is ‘hidden’ in SNe Ib/c? – II. Intermediate-mass objects: a 22 M⊙ progenitor case study
Authors: Teffs Jacob , Ertl Thomas , Mazzali Paolo , Hachinger Stephan , Janka H-Thomas 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Stripped envelope supernovae are a sub-class of core-collapse supernovae showing several stages of H/He shell stripping that determines the type: H-free/He-poor SNe are classified as Type Ic, H-poor/He-rich are Type Ib, and H/He-rich are Type IIb. Stripping H/He with only stellar wind requires significantly higher mass-loss rates than observed while binary-involved mass transfer may usually not strip enough to produce H/He free SNe. Type Ib/c SNe are sometimes found to include weak H/He transient lines as a product of a trace amount of H/He left over from stripping processes. The extent and mass of the H/He required to produce these lines is not well known. In this work, a 22 M⊙ progenitor model is stripped of the H/He shells in five steps prior to collapse and then exploded at four explosion energies. Requiring both optical and near-infrared He i lines for helium identification does not allow much He mass to be hidden in SE–SNE. Increasing the mass of He above the CO core delays the visibility of O i 7774 in early spectra. Our SN Ib-like models are capable of reproducing the spectral evolution of a set of observed SNe with reasonable estimated Ek accuracy. Our SN IIb-like models can partially reproduce low energy observed SN IIb, but we find no observed comparison for the SN IIb-like models with high Ek.
Less than the sum of its parts: the dust-corrected H α luminosity of star-forming galaxies explored at different spatial resolutions with MaNGA and MUSE
Authors: Vale Asari N , Wild V , de Amorim A L , Werle A , Zheng Y , Kennicutt R , Johnson B D , Galametz M , Pellegrini E W , Klessen R S , Reissl S , Glover S C O , Rahner D 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
The H α and H β emission-line luminosities measured in a single integrated spectrum are affected in non-trivial ways by point-to-point variations in dust attenuation in a galaxy. This work investigates the impact of this variation when estimating global H α luminosities corrected for the presence of dust by a global Balmer decrement. Analytical arguments show that the dust-corrected H α luminosity is always underestimated when using the global H α/H β flux ratio to correct for dust attenuation. We measure this effect on 156 face-on star-forming galaxies from the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at APO (MaNGA) survey. At 1–2 kpc spatial resolution, the effect is small but systematic, with the integrated dust-corrected H α luminosity underestimated by 2–4 per cent (and typically not more than by 10 per cent), and depends on the specific star formation rate of the galaxy. Given the spatial resolution of MaNGA, these are lower limits for the effect. From Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) observations of NGC 628 with a resolution of 36 pc, we find the discrepancy between the globally and the point-by-point dust-corrected H α luminosity to be 14 ± 1 per cent, which may still underestimate the true effect. We use toy models and simulations to show that the true difference depends strongly on the spatial variance of the H α/H β flux ratio, and on the slope of the relation between H αluminosity and dust attenuation within a galaxy. Larger samples of higher spatial resolution observations are required to quantify the dependence of this effect as a function of galaxy properties.