bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The non-maximality-solution to counterfactual scepticism
Authors: Dohrn Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe following semantics for counterfactuals is fairly standard: for a counterfactual to be true, the closest antecedent worlds have to be consequent worlds. Closeness is measured by overall similarity of worlds to an evaluation world. There is a range of interrelated challenges to this account: counterfactual scepticism, ‘Hegel’-, ‘Sobel’-, and ‘Heim’-sequences. So far there is no unified solution to these challenges. I discuss a solution that preserves the standard semantics by writing the shifty parameter into pragmatics. The solution has been suggested by Križ for Sobel- and Heim-sequences, yet I argue that it can be generalized to counterfactual scepticism. Conditionals are subject to a pattern which is familiar from descriptions. Everyday counterfactuals are semantically homogeneous and pragmatically non-maximal. Homogeneity: a counterfactual is neither true nor false if only some but not all closest antecedent worlds are consequent worlds. Non-maximality: in many contexts, not all but onlypracticallyall closest antecedent worlds have to be consequent worlds for the utterance of a counterfactual to say something true if the difference does not matter for the purposes of conversation.
Spread of the invasive shell-boring annelid Polydora websteri (Polychaeta, Spionidae) into naturalised oyster reefs in the European Wadden Sea
Authors: Waser Andreas M. , Lackschewitz Dagmar , Knol Jeffrey , Reise Karsten , Wegner K. Mathias , Thieltges David W. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWith globally growing aquaculture activities, the co-introduction of parasites alongside large-scale movements of commercial species poses an increasing risk for marine ecosystems. Here, we present the first record of the shell-boring polychaete Polydora websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943 in invasive Pacific oysters Crassostrea (Magallana) gigas (Thunberg, 1793) in the European Atlantic Ocean. In October 2014, mud blisters in the shells of wild Pacific oysters and specimens of a spionid polychaete were observed in close proximity to a commercial oyster farm at the island of Sylt (Germany) in the European Wadden Sea. Subsequent investigations indicated that these blisters only occurred near the farm and that no other mollusc species were affected. Morphological and molecular analysis identified the polychaete as Polydora websteri, a species that nowadays widely occurs around the globe, but likely is native to the Asian Pacific. Later sampling activities detected P. websteri also at other locations around Sylt as well as in the Dutch part of the Wadden Sea at the island of Texel. The number of polychaetes in the oysters was, however, relatively low and mostly below 10 individuals per oyster. Together, this evidence suggests that P. websteri is currently extending its range. As the introduction of P. websteri may have severe ecological and economic implications, this study aims to alert others to look for P. websteri at Western European coasts within farmed or wild Pacific oysters to further document its spread.
Grenzbelastungen im Länderfinanzausgleich
Authors: Scherf Wolfgang 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungWachsende Steuereinnahmen eines Bundeslandes oder seiner Gemeinden führen zu geringeren Ausgleichsansprüchen im Länderfinanzausgleich. Dadurch entstehen hohe Grenzbelastungen des Landeshaushalts und des Gesamthaushalts von Land und Gemeinden. Ihre quantitative Bestimmung erfordert keine Simulation des gesamten Länderfinanzausgleichs. Der Autor entwickelt ein Modell, das eine exakte und transparente Ermittlung der Grenzbelastungen mithilfe der Einwohnerzahlen der Bundesländer und der Einwohnergewichte bei den Länder- und Gemeindesteuern ermöglicht. Triebfeder der Spitzenbelastungen sind die neuen Bundesergänzungszuweisungen für unterproportionale Gemeindesteuerkraft. Ihre Abschaffung empfiehlt sich als erstrangige Reformoption für eine anreizfreundlichere Gestaltung des Länderfinanzausgleichs.
A simple approach for quantifying node centrality in signed and directed social networks
Authors: Liu Wei-Chung , Huang Liang-Cheng , Liu Chester Wai-Jen , Jordán Ferenc 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe position of a node in a social network, or node centrality, can be quantified in several ways. Traditionally, it can be defined by considering the local connectivity of a node (degree) and some non-local characteristics (distance). Here, we present an approach that can quantify the interaction structure of signed digraphs and we define a node centrality measure for these networks. The basic principle behind our approach is to determine the sign and strength of direct and indirect effects of one node on another along pathways. Such an approach allows us to elucidate how a node is structurally connected to other nodes in the social network, and partition its interaction structure into positive and negative components. Centrality here is quantified in two ways providing complementary information: total effect is the overall effect a node has on all nodes in the same social network; while net effect describes, whether predominately positive or negative, the manner in which a node can exert on the social network. We use Sampson’s like-dislike relation network to demonstrate our approach and compare our result to those derived from existing centrality indices. We further demonstrate our approach by using Hungarian school classroom social networks.
Die Harnröhrenstriktur des Mannes
Authors: Schmid Florian , Mack Michaela , Sulser Tullio 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Harnröhrenstriktur des Mannes ist eine komplexe Erkrankung und geht mit einer signifikant eingeschränkten Lebensqualität sowie oftmals wiederkehrenden Behandlungen durch den Urologen einher. Abhängig vom Schweregrad und der Dauer seit der ersten Symptommanifestation kann sich das Krankheitsbild u. U. auch negativ auf den gesamten Harntrakt auswirken. Je nach anatomischer Lokalisation der Urethraengstelle stehen zudem unterschiedliche Therapieoptionen zur Wahl. Daher ist es entscheidend, dass der Wahl des Therapiepfads eine saubere Diagnostik und eine ganzheitliche Aufklärung mit gemeinsamer Entscheidungsfindung zwischen Patient und Arzt vorausgeht. Nur so kann, unter Berücksichtigung der individuellen Präferenzen, die richtige Behandlung gewählt und ein befriedigendes Resultat herbeigeführt werden. In diesem zweiteiligen Review wird die Urethrastriktur des Mannes von der Ätiologie über die Diagnostik bis hin zur operativen Behandlung ausgeleuchtet.
Combining experiential and social learning approaches for crop disease management in a smallholder context: a complex socio-ecological problem
Authors: Tafesse Shiferaw , van Mierlo B. , Leeuwis C. , Lie R. , Lemaga B. , Struik P. C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEffective management of crop diseases is a key precondition for sustainable crop production and to improve food security globally. However, learning approaches that improve smallholder farmers’ knowledge, perceptions, and practices to deal with crop diseases by fostering social and technical innovations are seldom studied. A study was conducted to examine: (1) how a combination of experiential and social learning approaches influences potato farmers’ knowledge, perceptions, and practices in bacterial wilt and its management in Ethiopia and (2) the implications of combining the two approaches for complex crop disease management in smallholder context. Data were derived from face-to-face in-depth interviews, reflective workshops, and participant observations. The findings showed that farmers’ knowledge and perceptions about disease incidence, the pathogen that causes the disease, its spreading mechanisms, host plants, and disease diagnosis were changed. Farmers’ practices in management of the disease were also improved. Learning about the cause of the disease stimulated the identification of locally relevant spreading mechanisms and the feasibility of a range of recommended disease management methods. Moreover, farmers recognized their interdependency, role, and responsibility to cooperate to reduce the disease pressure in their community. We conclude that learning interventions aiming to improve smallholder farmers’ knowledge, perceptions, and practices to deal with complex crop diseases need to combine experiential and social learning approaches and consider farmers’ local knowledge.
Stephanoprora amurensis sp. nov., Echinochasmus milvi Yamaguti, 1939 and E. suifunensis Besprozvannykh, 1991 from the Russian southern Far East and their phylogenetic relationships within the Echinochasmidae Odhner 1910
Authors: Tatonova Y. V. , Izrailskaia A. V. , Besprozvannykh V. V. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMature worms of Stephanoprora amurensis sp. nov. were obtained in an experimental study of its life cycle. In the Russian southern Far East, this trematode circulates using freshwater snails Parajuga subtegulata, freshwater fish and birds as the first, second intermediate and final hosts, respectively. Stephanoprora amurensis sp. nov. differs from the well-known representatives of Stephanoprora in a number of morphometric indicators of the developmental stages. The validity of the species was also confirmed by nuclear and mitochondrial DNA markers. In addition, new genetic data were obtained for Echinochasmus suifunensis and Echinochasmus milvi. An analysis of phylogenetic relationships within Echinochasmidae based on the 28S rRNA gene and ITS2 region identified two clusters, one of which combines species of Echinochasmus with 20–22 collar spines and short-tailed cercariae, and the other which includes Stephanoprora spp. and a number of representatives of Echinochasmus with 24 collar spines and long-tailed cercariae. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on ITS2 data show interfamily level of differences between the two clusters and intergeneric differentiation between the three subclusters uniting the species of Stephanoprora and Echinochasmus.
The association between social emotional development and symptom presentation in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Reid Kyle B. , Sacrey Lori-Ann R. , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Raza Sarah , Brian Jessica , Smith Isabel M. , Bryson Susan , Armstrong Vickie , Roberts Wendy , Szatmari Peter , Vaillancourt Tracy , Roncadin Caroline 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnderstanding differences in social-emotional behavior can help identify atypical development. This study examined the differences in social-emotional development in children at increased risk of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis (infant siblings of children diagnosed with the disorder). Parents completed the Brief Infant-Toddler Social-Emotional Assessment (BITSEA) to determine its ability to flag children with later-diagnosed ASD in a high-risk (HR) sibling population. Parents of HR (n= 311) and low-risk (LR; no family history of ASD;n= 127) children completed the BITSEA when their children were 18 months old and all children underwent a diagnostic assessment for ASD at age 3 years. All six subscales of the BITSEA (Problems, Competence, ASD Problems, ASD Competence, Total ASD Score, and Red Flags) distinguished between those in the HR group who were diagnosed with ASD (n= 84) compared to non-ASD-diagnosed children (both HR-N and LR). One subscale (BITSEA Competence) differentiated between the HR children not diagnosed with ASD and the LR group. The results suggest that tracking early social-emotional development may have implications for all HR children, as they are at increased risk of ASD but also other developmental or mental health conditions.
Predicting 30-day readmission after congenital heart surgery across the lifespan
Authors: Everitt Ian , Hoffman Trenton , Raskind-Hood Cheryl , Rodriguez Fred H. , Hogue Carol , Book Wendy M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Hospital readmission is an important driver of costs among patients with CHD. We assessed predictors of 30-day rehospitalisation following cardiac surgery in CHD patients across the lifespan.Methods:This was a retrospective analysis of 981 patients with CHD who had cardiac surgery between January 2011 and December 2012. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify demographic, clinical, and surgical predictors of 30-day readmission. Receiver operating curves derived from multivariate logistic modelling were utilised to discriminate between patients who were readmitted and not-readmitted at 30 days. Model goodness of fit was assessed using the Hosmer–Lemeshow test statistic.Results:Readmission in the 30 days following congenital heart surgery is common (14.0%). Among 981 patients risk factors associated with increased odds of 30-day readmission after congenital heart surgery through multivariate analysis included a history of previous cardiac surgery (p < 0.001), longer post-operative length of stay (p < 0.001), as well as nutritional (p < 0.001), haematologic (p < 0.02), and endocrine (p = 0.04) co-morbidities. Patients who underwent septal defect repair had reduced odds of readmission (p < 0.001), as did children (p = 0.04) and adult (p = 0.005) patients relative to neonates.Conclusion:Risk factors for readmission include a history of cardiac surgery, longer length of stay, and co-morbid conditions. This information may serve to guide efforts to prevent readmission and inform resource allocation in the transition of care to the outpatient setting. This study also demonstrated the feasibility of linking a national subspecialty registry to a clinical and administrative data repository to follow longitudinal outcomes of interest.
Trends and determinants of prelacteal feeding in Turkey: analysis of 2003–2018 demographic and health surveys
Authors: Yalçın Sıddıka Songül , Çaylan Nilgün , Yalçın Suzan , Eryurt Mehmet Ali 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:The aim of the current study is to analyse the trends, determinants of prelacteal feeding (PLF) and its relations with the mode of delivery among infants <24 months over the years 2003–2018.Design:We pooled data from Turkey Demographic and Health Surveys (TDHS). The key outcome variable was PLF. Factors associated with PLF were analysed by using complex sample multiple logistic regression analysis, separately and merged database.Setting:TDHS in 2003, 2008, 2013 and 2018.Participants:Mother–infant dyads (n 4942).Results:PLF rates fluctuated between 29·3 and 41·4 %. The most common types of PLF were infant formula (61·1 %) followed by sugar/glucose water (24·9 %) and plain water (9·3 %). PLF rate was 1·51 times higher (95 % CI 1·28, 1·78) in cases delivered by caesarean section as compared with those delivered by vaginal route. According to the initiation time of breast-feeding after delivery, the most significant absolute change in PLF rate was observed within 1 h (10·9 % increase). Delayed initiation of breast-feeding was associated with significantly higher odds of PLF compared with the first hour (1 to < 2 h: adjusted OR (AOR) 1·29, 95 % CI 1·04, 1·61; 2–23 h: AOR 1·73, 95 % CI 1·42, 2·11; ≥24 h: AOR 11·37, 95 % CI 8·81, 14·69).Conclusions:To eliminate suboptimal breast-feeding practices, counselling on breast-feeding and delivery type during antenatal visits, postnatal breast-feeding support and social support should be provided to all mothers and families.
Dormancy and cardinal temperatures for germination in seed from nine quinoa genotypes cultivated in Chile
Authors: Ayala C. , Fuentes F. , Contreras S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn Chile, two quinoa ecotypes are grown: salares, also present in the highlands of Bolivia, and coastal, in central and southern areas of the country, at sea level. Genotypes from the coastal ecotype have characteristics that differentiate them from the most popular quinoa genotypes grown in the Andean Region of South America. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the cardinal temperatures for seed germination in quinoa genotypes from coastal and salares ecotypes cultivated in Chile, and (2) to study the presence of physiological dormancy (PD) in these genotypes. Seed germination from nine quinoa genotypes, two from salares and seven from coastal ecotypes, was evaluated in a gradient of temperatures between 11 and 42°C. Germination was also evaluated at 20°C at 0, 7 and 15 months from harvest. Results showed that seed from the nine genotypes germinated at their maximum percentage between 11 and 35°C. However, their faster germination occurred between 25 and 35°C. There was a significant difference between optimum temperature for germination between genotypes from coastal (28°C) and salares (30°C). An increase in germination rates after 7 months of storage suggested the presence of a non-deep PD in seeds from coastal ecotype, which may be useful to improve pre-harvest sprouting resistance in quinoa breeding programmes.
The Short and the Tall: Comparing Stature and Socioeconomic Status for Male Prison and Military Populations
Authors: Inwood Kris , Kippen Rebecca , Maxwell-Stewart Hamish , Steckel Richard 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTOver the last four decades, historians and social scientists have become increasingly interested in the way in which information about stature might be used to explore the impact of environmental factors on the physical growth and well-being of past populations. A particular problem encountered by many researchers is that height data is only available for selected populations, typically military recruits or those admitted to correctional institutions. Evidence from Australian military and prison records demonstrate how the two social groups, soldiers and prisoners, differed from each other and from the wider population in terms of age, birthplace, occupation, and stature. Different patterns of observable characteristics conceal additional differences in intergenerational experience. We trace male prisoners and soldiers born between 1870 and 1899 in Tasmania to their birth records and thence to the marriages of their parents. This allows us to contrast social and occupational change from father to son for both prisoners and soldiers. We conclude that evidence arising from these institutionalized populations can be used to estimate wider societal trends, although caution needs to be exercised.
Fold Kinematics and Fault Slip Rates From Progressively Deformed Terraces: Implications for Structural Evolution of Basins in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan
Authors: Coddington Jascha A. , Burgette Reed J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractActive shortening across the Tien Shan is transforming dispersed basins and ranges into continuous high topography. The Jumgal Basin is an example of a basin in an intermediate phase of closure, with both a basin‐bounding reverse fault system and a >25 km long anticline growing in the basin interior. We used geologic mapping and surveying of progressively deformed fluvial terraces preserved across the anticline to measure deformation. A novel method of inverting deformed terrace data allows estimation of fault geometry at depth as well as incremental slip for terraces. The preserved northern portion of the Jumgal anticline is consistent with folding above a fault that ramps up from a low‐angle splay following bedding in synorogenic stratigraphy. The eastern part of the fold has grown by limb lengthening above an angular bend in the fault. Areas to the west record progressive rotation consistent with deformation above broadly curved portions of the fault. Slip rates determined with late Quaternary terrace ages from measured and correlated chronologies are consistent with slip rates that vary significantly from ~0.6 to 1.2 mm/year along the investigated portion of the anticline, with lower rates in the middle of the anticline. Rate variation may indicate along‐strike trade‐offs in slip between an emergent splay of the basin‐bounding fault and the intrabasin fold. Slip rates are rapid enough to build topography north of the basin since the Pliocene, and observations suggest the Jumgal Basin is progressively closing from west to east, influenced by earlier phases of basin partitioning.
A Continuous Record of Central Tropical Pacific Climate Since the Midnineteenth Century Reconstructed From Fanning and Palmyra Island Corals: A Case Study in Coral Data Reanalysis
Authors: Sanchez S. C. , Westphal N. , Haug G. H. , Cheng H. , Edwards R. L. , Schneider T. , Cobb K. M. , Charles C. D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAccurate estimation of central tropical Pacific (CTP) climate variability on interannual to centennial time scales is required for robust projections of future global climate trends. Here we outline an approach that blends instrumental and coral proxy observations to yield a continuous, monthly resolved record of climate evolution in the CTP spanning the past 160 years. We concatenate coral oxygen isotope (δ18O) records from multiple living and fossil corals collected from Fanning Island (4°N, 160°W) and Palmyra Island (5°N; 162°W) located in the heart of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. We use the regularized expectation maximization (RegEM) method to impute missing data across short gaps of 5 to 23 years within and beyond individual coral records. The resulting monthly resolved Fanning/Palmyra Island climate record spans continuously from 1863 to 2016 and provides an example of how extended time series can be built from shorter coral segments. The extended record highlights the strong trend toward warmer and wetter mean conditions in late twentieth century, in agreement with the majority of climate model hindcast simulations. The continuous reconstruction also enables a direct comparison of four exceptionally strong El Niño events (1877–1878, 1940–1941, 1997–1998, and 2015–2016). Three of these very strong El Niño events in the CTP featured a precursor warm event in the prior year and that may have favored the development of a strong El Niño event.
Provenance Record of Late Mesoproterozoic to Early Neoproterozoic Units, West Hainan, South China, and Implications for Rodinia Reconstruction
Authors: Zhang Limin , Cawood Peter A. , Wang Yuejun , Cui Xiang , Zhang Yuzhi , Qian Xin , Zhang Feifei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnraveling the character and source of late Mesoproterozoic‐early Neoproterozoic sedimentary sequences is crucial in constraining Rodinia reconstructions. We carried out an integrated geochemical, zircon U‐Pb geochronological and Lu‐Hf isotopic study of the Shilu Group and the overlying Shihuiding Formation in Hainan, South China. These two successions are chemically mature and dominated by siliceous components. The Shilu Group was mainly derived from felsic arc lithologies whereas the Shihuiding Formation was from recycled sedimentary materials and records a transition from convergent to passive margin settings during the late Mesoproterozoic‐early Neoproterozoic in Hainan. Detrital zircons from the Shilu Group and Shihuiding Formation yield similar age populations, with maximum depositional ages of ~1,100–1,000 Ma and ~900 Ma, respectively. The Shilu Group matches well with the Kunyang Group outcropped in the Yangtze Block in depositional age, detrital zircon age populations and Lu‐Hf isotopic compositions, and geochemical characteristics, whereas the Shihuiding Formation exhibits significantly different detrital age populations from the Wanquan Group in the Cathaysia Block. This indicates that Hainan was linked to the Yangtze Block rather than the Cathaysia Block in the late Mesoproterozoic‐early Neoproterozoic. The Shilu and Kunyang groups have similar detrital age patterns to the late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic strata in northwest India and are distinct from their equivalents in west Laurentia, suggesting an external location of Hainan‐Yangtze in Rodinia.