bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-Photon Polymerisation 3D Printing of Microneedle Array Templates with Versatile Designs: Application in the Development of Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Cordeiro Ana Sara , Tekko Ismaiel A. , Jomaa Mohamed H. , Vora Lalitkumar , McAlister Emma , Volpe-Zanutto Fabiana , Nethery Matthew , Baine Paul T. , Mitchell Neil , McNeill David W. , Donnelly Ryan F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeTo apply a simple and flexible manufacturing technique, two-photon polymerisation (2PP), to the fabrication of microneedle (MN) array templates with high precision and low cost in a short time.MethodsSeven different MN array templates were produced by 2PP 3D printing, varying needle height (900–1300 μm), shape (conical, pyramidal, cross-shaped and with pedestal), base width (300–500 μm) and interspacing (100–500 μm). Silicone MN array moulds were fabricated from these templates and used to produce dissolving and hydrogel-forming MN arrays. These polymeric MN arrays were evaluated for their insertion in skin models and their ability to deliver model drugs (cabotegravir sodium and ibuprofen sodium) to viable layers of the skin (ex vivo and in vitro) for subsequent controlled release and/or absorption.ResultsThe various templates obtained with 2PP 3D printing allowed the reproducible fabrication of multiple MN array moulds. The polymeric MN arrays produced were efficiently inserted into two different skin models, with sharp conical and pyramidal needles showing the highest insertion depth values (64–90% of needle height). These results correlated generally with ex vivo and in vitro drug delivery results, where the same designs showed higher drug delivery rates after 24 h of application.ConclusionThis work highlights the benefits of using 2PP 3D printing to prototype variable MN array designs in a simple and reproducible manner, for their application in drug delivery.
On Bundling and Entry Deterrence
Authors: Greppi Andrea , Menicucci Domenico 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA multiproduct incumbent firm faces the threat of entry from another multiproduct (generalist) firm or from single-product (specialist) firms. Assuming that the incumbent offers higher quality products than its rivals, we inquire whether the possibility of bundling by the incumbent is more effective in deterring entry in one setting or the other, and explore how the quality difference affects the comparison. For instance, for relatively high-quality differences the generalist is more vulnerable to bundling than are the specialists; but bundling is a credible action for the incumbent more often against specialists than against the generalist.
Overconfidence and narcissism among the upper echelons: a systematic literature review
Authors: Brunzel Johannes 
Published: August 2020

AbstractResearch has been trying to analyze cognitive decision making processes of top-executive for decades. In particular, economic and organizational research on overconfidence (e.g., the notion that one is better than the average) and narcissism (e.g., exaggerated feeling of self-importance and the need for admiration) among the upper echelons has shown to influence firm strategies and firm level outcomes in similar ways. Yet these approaches appear in distinct research disciplines. Although both constructs are theoretically and empirically linked, and have shown to affect key organizational outcomes, surprisingly little clear empirical consensus exist how these constructs—individually and mutually—affect firm level outcomes. I try explain this puzzle by providing an overview of the leading approaches of executive overconfidence and executive narcissism research. To disentangle both constructs conceptionally and empirically, I review a large sample of articles that are nested in leading economic and business journals. Thus, I identify key operationalization issue and discuss how divergent literature streams in Economics and Organizational Behavior may benefit from each other. The review suggest that paying more attention—theoretically and empirically—to the interaction of overconfidence and narcissism may help to augment knowledge accumulation in the field. Furthermore, greater validation concerns of unobtrusive measures and its endogenous nature may help to rule out alternative explanations. Generally speaking, the results suggest that top-executive overconfidence and narcissism are not mere interesting psychological biases but affect firm-level outcomes in important ways.
ENaC in Salt-Sensitive Hypertension: Kidney and Beyond
Authors: Pitzer Ashley L. , Van Beusecum Justin P. , Kleyman Thomas R. , Kirabo Annet 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurpose of ReviewThe main goal of this article is to discuss the role of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in extracellular fluid and blood pressure regulation.Recent FindingsBesides its role in sodium handling in the kidney, recent studies have found that ENaC expressed in other cells including immune cells can influence blood pressure via extra-renal mechanisms. Dendritic cells (DCs) are activated and contribute to salt-sensitive hypertension in an ENaC-dependent manner. We discuss recent studies on how ENaC is regulated in both the kidney and other sites including the vascular smooth muscles, endothelial cells, and immune cells. We also discuss how this extra-renal ENaC can play a role in salt-sensitive hypertension and its promise as a novel therapeutic target.SummaryThe role of ENaC in blood pressure regulation in the kidney has been well studied. Recent human gene sequencing efforts have identified thousands of variants among the genes encoding ENaC, and research efforts to determine if these variants and their expression in extra-renal tissue play a role in hypertension will advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of ENaC-mediated cardiovascular disease and lead to novel therapeutic targets.
Age of Hypertension Onset: Overview of Research and How to Apply in Practice
Authors: Suvila Karri , Langén Ville , Cheng Susan , Niiranen Teemu J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
To review the current evidence on research related to age of hypertension onset—its definition, correlates, heritability, and association with adverse outcomes. We also propose a framework for implementing assessment of hypertension onset age into clinical practice.

Recent Findings
Prior studies have used both objective measurements and self-report to determine age of hypertension onset or early-onset hypertension. Yet, no criterion for standard definition currently exists for either. Data from epidemiological and clinical studies demonstrate that early-onset hypertension is a highly heritable trait that confers an increased risk for cardiovascular death and end-organ damage compared with late-onset hypertension.

Summary
Literature to date suggests that (parental) age of hypertension onset can be feasibly assessed for estimating (1) risk of future hypertension in non-hypertensive persons; and (2) the propensity for cardiovascular disease in individuals with established hypertension.
Perspectives on hygienic behavior in Apis mellifera and other social insects
Authors: Spivak Marla , Danka Robert G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHygienic behavior in honey bees, Apis mellifera, has been studied for over 80 years with the aim of understanding mechanisms of pathogen and parasite resistance and colony health. This review emphasizes the underlying behavioral mechanisms of hygienic behavior in honey bees and when known, in other social insects. We explore the relationship between honey bee hygienic behavior toward diseased brood and Varroa-parasitized brood (Varroa-sensitive hygiene, VSH); the timing of hygienic removal of diseased, Varroa-infested, and virus-infected brood relative to risk of transmission that can affect colony fitness; and the methods, utility, and odorants associated with different assays used to select colonies for resistance to diseases and Varroa. We also provide avenues for future research that would benefit honey bee health and survivorship.
Salvia ceratophylla L. from South of Jordan: new insights on chemical composition and biological activities
Authors: Abu-Darwish Mohammad Sanad , Cabral Célia , Ali Zulfigar , Wang Mei , Khan Shabana I. , Jacob Melissa R. , Jain Surendra K. , Tekwani Babu L. , Zulfiqar Fazila , Khan Ikhlas A. , Taifour Hatem , Salgueiro Lígia , Efferth Thomas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn Jordan, Salvia ceratophylla L. is traditionally used in the treatment of cancer, microbial infections, and urinary disorders. This study aimed: (1) to chemically characterize S. ceratophylla essential oil (EO) from South Jordan, by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS); and (2) to evaluate in vitro the cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antiprotozoal activities of the EO, it’s predominant components, and the hexane (A), ethyl acetate (B), methanol (C) and crude-methanol extracts (D). The analysis revealed that the EO has 71 compounds, with linalool (54.8%) as main constituent. Only the hexane extract (A) showed some cytotoxic activity against SK-MEL, KB, BT-549, SK-OV-3, LLC-PK1 and VERO cells lines with IC50 between 60 and > 100 µg/mL. The EO inhibited NO production (IC50 90 µg/mL) and NF-κB activity (IC50 38 µg/mL). The extracts A, B, and D inhibited NO production and NF- κB activity with IC50 between 32 and 150 µg/mL. Linalool considerably inhibited NO production (IC50 18 µg/mL). The extracts tested did not exhibit antileishmanial activity. Regarding antitrypanosomal activity, the EO exhibited significant results with IC50 2.65 µg/mL. In conclusion, Jordan S. ceratophylla EO represents a rich source of linalool and bears a promising therapeutic potential for further antitrypanosomal drug development.
Stochastic dominance relations for generalised parametric distributions obtained through composition
Authors: Lando Tommaso , Bertoli-Barsotti Lucio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInvestigating stochastic dominance within flexible multi-parametric families of distributions is often complicated, owing to the high number of parameters or non-closed functional forms. To simplify the problem, we use the T–X method, making it possible to obtain generalised models through the composition of cumulative distributions and quantile functions. We derive conditions for the second-order stochastic dominance and for the increasing convex order within multi-parametric families in two steps, namely: (i) breaking them down via the T–X approach and (ii) checking dominance conditions of the (more) manageable distributions composing the model. We apply our method to some special distributions and focus on the beta-generated family, which enables the comparisons of order statistics of i.i.d. samples from (possibly) different random variables.
Discrete element modelling of railway ballast performance considering particle shape and rolling resistance
Authors: Guo Yunlong , Zhao Chunfa , Markine Valeri , Shi Can , Jing Guoqing , Zhai Wanming 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo simulate ballast performance accurately and efficiently, the input in discrete element models should be carefully selected, including the contact model and applied particle shape. To study the effects of the contact model and applied particle shape on the ballast performance (shear strength and deformation), the direct shear test (DST) model and the large-scale process simulation test (LPST) model were developed on the basis of two types of contact models, namely the rolling resistance linear (RRL) model and the linear contact (LC) model. Particle shapes are differentiated by clumps. A clump is a sphere assembly for one ballast particle. The results show that compared with the typical LC model, the RRL method is more efficient and realistic to predict shear strength results of ballast assemblies in DSTs. In addition, the RRL contact model can also provide accurate vertical and lateral ballast deformation under the cyclic loading in LPSTs.
Importance of Analysis of Arrhythmia Mechanism in Predicting Outcomes in Fetal Bradycardia: A Single-Centre Retrospective Study from a Dedicated Fetal Cardiology Unit in South India
Authors: Lall Jasmine , Valsan Roshan , Paul Anu , Thomas Stephy , Sudhakar Abish , Vaidyanathan Balu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFew studies have correlated the mechanism of fetal bradycardia to pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to correlate the arrhythmia mechanism to pregnancy and early postnatal outcomes in fetal bradycardia. This was retrospective study (May 2013–November 2019). Fetuses with sustained bradycardia (heart rate ≤ 100 per minute) were included. Based on arrhythmia mechanism, patients were categorized into 4 groups:Group 1: blocked atrial ectopics, Group 2: second-degree atrioventricular block (AVB), Group 3: complete AVB and group 4: sinus bradycardia. Clinical presentation, need for transplacental therapy, pregnancy and early postnatal outcomes were analysed. A total of 36 patients were included. Mean gestational age was 26.2 ± 5.5 weeks. The most common arrhythmia mechanism was Group 3 (N = 24; 66.7%) followed by Group 2 (N = 5; 13.8%); groups 1 and 4 had 4 and 3 patients respectively. Maternal auto-antibodies were reported in 21 patients (58.3%); 19 were in Group 3. Transplacental therapy was needed in 15 (41.7%) cases; 14 were in Group 3. Live-birth was reported in 23 cases (63.9%), other outcomes included pregnancy termination (n = 7), intra-uterine death (n = 4) and lost to follow-up (n = 2). Live-births were most common in Groups 1 (100%) and 2 (80%), followed by Group 3 (54.2%). Postnatal mortality occurred in one patient (Group 2). Three patients (60%) in Group 2 had Long QT syndrome in postnatal evaluation. Eight patients (6 in group 3) needed pacemaker implantation after birth. Fetal bradycardia was associated with an overall favorable pregnancy and good early postnatal outcomes. Analysis of the arrhythmia mechanism should guide prognostication and decisions for transplacental therapy.
Variation diminishing-type properties for multivariate sampling Kantorovich operators
Authors: Angeloni Laura , Costarelli Danilo , Seracini Marco , Vinti Gianluca , Zampogni Luca 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this paper we establish a variation-diminishing type estimate for the multivariate Kantorovich sampling operators with respect to the concept of multidimensional variation introduced by Tonelli. A sharper estimate can be achieved when step functions with compact support (digital images) are considered. Several examples of kernels have been presented.
Communication in Human-Robot Interaction
Authors: Bonarini Andrea 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurpose of ReviewTo present the multi-faceted aspects of communication between robot and humans (HRI), putting in evidence that it is not limited to language-based interaction, but it includes all aspects that are relevant in communication among physical beings, exploiting all the available sensor channels.Recent FindingsFor specific purposes, machine learning algorithms could be exploited when data sets and appropriate algorithms are available.SummaryTogether with linguistic aspects, physical aspects play an important role in HRI and make the difference with respect to the more limited human-computer interaction (HCI). A review of the recent literature about the exploitation of different interaction channels is presented. The interpretation of signals and the production of appropriate communication actions require to consider psychological, sociological, and practical aspects, which may affect the performance. Communication is just one of the functionalities of an interactive robot and, as all the others, will need to be benchmarked to support the possibility for social robots to reach a real market.
“New Citizens” or “Community of Fate”? Early Discourses and Policies on “Flight and Expulsion” in the Two Postwar Germanys
Authors: Gengler Peter N. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe historiography of the postwar Germanys often examined the Nazi legacy and the remarkable efforts needed for economic and social recovery after 1945. In both the FRG and GDR, the consequences of the war and resulting “flight and expulsion” featured prominently in public discourse and were among the most pressing challenges in the early postwar years. Examining how the competing regimes in East and West Germany attempted to solve the humanitarian crisis caused by the forced migration of 10 to 12 million German refugees in the first years after World War II reveals that the discourses and policies started from common points of departure yet diverged into competing narratives underpinning the states’ political and social agendas. Reconstructing the evolution of how the forced migrations were discussed and leveraged in the neglected period immediately after the war opens new perspectives on how Germans shouldered the burdens of dictatorship and defeat.
Halbstarkeand Rowdys: Consumerism, Youth Rebellion, and Gender in the Postwar Cinema of the Two Germanys
Authors: Layne Priscilla 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTIn the second half of the 1950s, American films about “delinquent youth” took West Germany by storm. Although these films were not screened in East Germany, the still open border between the FRG and GDR allowed young people in both states to see these films. Many adopted American clothing styles and music in both Germanys. Two films, the West German productionDie Halbstarken(1956) and the East German productionBerlin–Ecke Schönhauser(1957) addressed “delinquent youth” in the German context and became quite popular. The article compares the competing images of femininity in both films, which linked the problem of “delinquent youth” to consumerism, pop culture, and “weak parents,” but portrayed young women very differently. While consumerism in the West German film was in a gender-specific way linked to femininity, the East German film linked consumerism to a class society and displaced it to the West. Contemporary film reviews and press treatment of main actresses reflected these differing attitudes toward gender and consumption.
Why does God exist?
Authors: MCINTOSH C. A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMany philosophers have appealed to the PSR in arguments for a being that existsa se, a being whose explanation is in itself. But what does it mean, exactly, for something to have its explanation ‘in itself’? Contemporary philosophers have said next to nothing about this, relying instead on phrases plucked from the accounts of various historical figures. In this article, I analyse five such accounts – those of Anselm, Aquinas, Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz – and argue that none are satisfactory. Should we abandon or restrict the PSR, then? I think that would be hasty, for many reasons. I therefore consider the prospects of explaining everything, including God, given the constraints of certain features of good explanations, and conclude with several observations about future approaches.
If you can do it for free, there's some way to do it for money
Authors: Brennan Jason , Jaworski Peter 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMarkets without Limitsdefends the claim that there are no inherent limits to markets, in the sense that if something may permissibly be given away or exchanged outside of market or for free, then there is some realistic and plausible way of structuring a market that makes it morally permissible to exchange it for money. This paper reviews the basic strategy of the book, and then responds to criticisms from Geoffrey Hodgson's recent review. Hodgson claims to have identified counterexamples to our main thesis, which we dispute.
The notion of “acts harmful to the enemy” under international humanitarian law
Authors: Kolb Robert , Nakashima Fumiko 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article provides a legal analysis of the largely uncharted notion of “acts harmful to the enemy” under international humanitarian law, which reconciles the humanitarian need to grant special protection to medical services (medical personnel, units and transports) in the interests of the wounded and sick with the military necessity to remove it when acts are committed contrary to good faith and for hostile purposes or with effects which harm the adverse party. The meaning of the notion is clarified by primarily looking into the legality of an attack against land-based medical services by the aggrieved party to the conflict as a consequence of harmful acts. It concludes with specific recommendations on how to interpret the law governing such an attack, considered prima facie lawful, on a hospital.
Spatially Explicit Inventory of Sources of Nitrogen Inputs to the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea for the Period 1970–2010
Authors: Wang Junjie , Beusen Arthur H. W. , Liu Xiaochen , Van Dingenen Rita , Dentener Frank , Yao Qingzhen , Xu Bochao , Ran Xiangbin , Yu Zhigang , Bouwman Alexander F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSymptoms of eutrophication (including biodiversity loss, harmful algal blooms, and hypoxia) are an increasing problem in Chinese seas. Nutrient enrichment is primarily caused by accelerated human activities that cause nutrient pollution of the aquatic environment. In this study, the Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment–Global Nutrient Model (IMAGE‐GNM) was used to estimate nitrogen inputs from river discharge, submarine fresh groundwater discharge, and mariculture, and TM5‐FAst Scenario Screening Tool (TM5‐FASST) for atmospheric nitrogen deposition to the three Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs, i.e., Yellow Sea/Bohai Sea, YS/BS; East China Sea, ECS; South China Sea, SCS) bordered by China and several other countries for the period 1970–2010. China's river nitrogen export was the largest nitrogen source in YS/BS and ECS. In SCS, however, China and other countries contributed equally and although decreasing, the proportion of natural sources remain considerable. The total nitrogen inputs to YS/BS (1.0 to 4.1 Tg year−1), ECS (1.3 to 5.5 Tg year−1), and SCS (2.1 to 5.8 Tg year−1) increased rapidly during 1970–2010. River export is dominated by agriculture; nitrogen inputs from atmospheric deposition and mariculture have been increasing rapidly in recent years. Considering only the coastal zone of the three LMEs, our results show that the total nitrogen inputs are strongly concentrated spatially in areas close to river mouths and those confined regions with mariculture production. To sustain the food production and economic growth in the coming decades, nitrogen inputs may increase further, depending on future eutrophication mitigation policies.
The Complexity of Nonlinear Flow and non‐Fickian Transport in Fractures Driven by Three‐Dimensional Recirculation Zones
Authors: Wang Lichun , Cardenas M. Bayani , Zhou Jia‐Qing , Ketcham Richard A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAlthough nonlinear fracture flow and non‐Fickian transport are common in natural settings, the mechanisms driving and controlling these intertwined phenomena are seldom scrutinized together. Here we investigated the critical role of recirculation zones (RZs) in controlling both nonlinear flow and non‐Fickian transport through numerical simulation experiments within three‐dimensional real fractures. RZs were quantitatively mapped from fully resolved flow fields directly simulated across increasing Reynolds number (Re). The development and growth of RZs, which are related to aperture expansion and contraction, determine the degree of flow nonlinearity. Moreover, expanding RZs have more capacity to capture and later release solutes back to the main flow. This always results in non‐Fickian transport with bimodal and sometimes multimodal breakthrough curves (BTCs). The time interval between the BTC modes is related via a power law. The Re and RZ volume are sufficient for characterizing the bimodal BTC.