bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
130 Assessing current phytase release values for calcium, phosphorus, amino acids and energy in diets for growing pigs
Authors: Wensley Madie R , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Dritz Steve S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 2,268 pigs (PIC 337×1050, initially 28.5±2.3 kg) were used in a 55-d growth study. On d 0, pens of pigs were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 27 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Treatments were fed in 2 different phases containing 1.05 and 0.89% SID Lys, respectively. The 6 treatments consisted of a control with no phytase and inorganic P from monocalcium P, or 5 diets with 1,500 phytase units (FYT/kg; Ronozyme HiPhos 2,500; DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) assuming supplier-provided nutrient release values for Ca and P (CaP), Ca, P, and AA (CaPAA), Ca, P, AA, and half of the suggested net energy (CAPAA+halfNE), Ca, P, AA, and full NE (CaPAA+fullNE) and no nutrient release (None). The assumed release values were 0.146% STTD P, 0.102% STTD Ca, 41.8 kcal/kg of NE, and 0.0217, 0.0003, 0.00886, 0.0224, 0.0056, 0.0122, and 0.0163% digestible Lys, Met, Met + Cys, Thr, Trp, Ile, and Val, respectively. All diets within phase were corn-soybean meal-based and contained a STTD Ca:STTD P ratio of 1.60:1. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design for a one-way ANOVA using the lmer function from the lme4 package in R. Overall (d 0 to 55), there was no evidence for differences in ADG or ADFI. However, pigs fed the diet containing 1,500 FYT/kg assuming no nutrient release had increased (P&lt; 0.05) G:F compared to pigs fed diets containing 1,500 FYT/kg assuming either CaP or CaPAA+fullNE release, with others intermediate. Based on diet formulation and using supplier recommended phytase release values, all pigs should have had similar performance. However, pigs fed full matrix release values for CaPAA+fullNE had decreased (P&lt; 0.05) G:F, suggesting that full matrix release values, especially energy, may be too aggressive and resulted in diets contributing less nutrients than needed to optimize performance.
76 Compensatory growth following lysine restriction in grow-finish pigs: literature review and analysis
Authors: Menegat Mariana Boscato , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A literature review on compensatory growth induced by lysine restriction in grow-finish pigs was conducted. First, a database was developed to standardize comparisons across the peer-reviewed literature and characterize the occurrence of compensatory growth. Publications had to include: pigs with minimum initial weight of 15 kg; a group of “non-restricted pigs” not subjected to a restriction period; a group of “restricted pigs” subjected to a restriction period induced by decreasing lysine alone, lysine and other amino acids, or crude protein in diets; a recovery period following the restriction period in which the same diet was fed to restricted and non-restricted pigs; and ad libitum feed consumption. The database included 14 publications and 57 comparisons expressed as relative differences between restricted pigs and non-restricted pigs. The database analysis categorized compensatory growth into complete, incomplete, and no compensatory growth, and characterized the patterns of restriction and recovery in each category (Table 1). The data analysis supports that compensatory growth induced by lysine restriction in grow-finish pigs occurs. The degree of lysine restriction as well as restriction and recovery duration seem critical in explaining differences between complete and incomplete compensatory growth. Also, inadequate lysine level in the recovery period seems to be associated with incomplete or no compensatory growth. Compensatory growth is more likely if: degree of lysine restriction is between 10 to 30%; lysine restriction is induced before pigs reach their maximum protein deposition; duration of lysine restriction is short and duration of recovery period is long; and lysine level in the recovery period is close to or above the estimated requirements.
74 Isotonic electrolyte solution improves pig wean to finish performance
Authors: Jasper Jessica , Mendoza Omarh , Brown Katie , Shull Caleb M , Gabler Nicholas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Nutritional strategies to enhance intestinal development, caloric intake, and hydration are advantageous to newborn and weaned pigs by aiding in growth performance and survivability. However, the lifetime benefit of such strategies in commercial pigs has been poorly elucidated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an isotonic electrolyte supplementation on lifetime pig performance. Three hundred ninety-three piglets (Duroc sires by Yorkshire-Landrace F1 females; 1.63 ± 0.38 kg birthweight) born from 40 sows were allotted to one of two treatments: 1) supplementation of TonistyPx (TON+) or 2) no supplementation of TonisityPx (CON). TON+ pigs were given a liquid solution from d 2 to 8 (500 mL/litter/d). All pigs were weaned and shipped to a wean-to-finish site, and randomly allotted by litter/supplemental treatment across two barns with identical configuration (12 pens/treatment; 15-17 pigs/pen). Once allocated, TON+ pens were given a liquid solution (5.68 L/pen/d) on the day of placement and a gruel solution on day 2 and 3 post placement. Individual pig BW was recorded at birth, weaning, end of nursery and end of finishing period. From birth to weaning CON pigs tended to have increased weaning BW compared to TON+ pigs (5.63 vs. 5.38, P &lt; 0.10). At the end of the 42d nursery in which all pigs were fed the same common diets with supplementation from d 0 to 3 post-weaning, no differences in BW were reported between CON and TON+ pigs (25.62 vs. 25.43 kg, P &gt;0.05). However, at the end of the grow-finish period the TON+ pigs were 4.63% heavier compared to CON pigs (P &lt; 0.01). No numerical differences in mortality were reported in nursery or grow-finish periods. In summary, isotonic electrolyte supplementation to newborn and weaned pigs resulted in a 5.87 kg heavier BW at the end of the finisher period.
164 Evaluation of the energy value of soybean meal relative to corn based on growth performance of 11- to 22-kg pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A 21-d experiment was conducted to estimate the energy value of soybean meal (SBM) and determine the effects of increasing SBM on pig performance. A total of 2,233 pigs (PIC 337 × 1050), initially 11.0 kg, were placed in pens containing 20 to 27 pigs. Treatments were assigned in a randomized complete block design with BW as blocking factor. Dietary treatments consisted of 21, 27, 33, or 39% SBM obtained by changing the amount of feed-grade amino acids and corn. There were 23 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency (CE). Cull pigs and mortality were evaluated daily. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There was a tendency (P = 0.090) for a quadratic response for ADG, with a decrease in ADG observed with 39% SBM. There was a tendency (linear, P = 0.092) for a decrease in ADFI as SBM increased. Pigs fed diets with increasing SBM had a tendency (quadratic, P = 0.069) for an increase in G:F up to 33% SBM and an improvement (linear, P = 0.001; quadratic, P = 0.063) in CE with increasing SBM. There was no evidence for differences (P ≥ 0.457) in cull pigs and mortality. Using CE to estimate the energy of SBM relative to corn, a value of 105.4% of corn energy or 2,816 kcal/kg NE was determined using all data points. When removing the CE value of the 39% SBM treatment due to the quadratic tendency, SBM was estimated to have 121.1% of corn energy or 3,236 kcal/kg NE. The results suggest that feeding increasing levels of SBM improves G:F and CE. The energy value of SBM was estimated between 105 and 121% of corn, which is much greater than the NRC (2012) would suggest.
165 Digestibility of energy and dietary fiber by growing pigs and concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in corn- or sorghum-based diets without or with microbial enzymes
Authors: Oliveira Maryane , Espinosa Charmaine , Almeida Ferdinando , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of an enzyme premix (xylanase and cellulase) in diets based on corn or sorghum and fed to growing pigs improves the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and total dietary fiber (TDF) and concentration of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME). Two basal diets based on corn and soybean meal or sorghum and soybean meal were formulated. Four additional diets were formulated by adding 40% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) or 40% wheat middlings to each of the 2 basal diets. Each of these 6 diets were formulated either without or with an enzyme premix that contained xylanase and cellulase. A total of 144 pigs (61.7 ± 5.3 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 12 diets and 12 replicate pigs per diet. Pigs were housed individually and adapted to the diets for 12-d, then moved to metabolism crates and after 4 d, urine and feces were collected for 5 d. Data were analyzed as 2 × 2 × 3 factorial with 2 types of diets, two enzymes treatments, and three by-product inclusions. The pig was the experimental unit. The ATTD of gross energy (GE), and DE and ME improved (P &lt; 0.01) if enzymes were added to the diets regardless of the grain source or by-product inclusion (Table 1). No effect of enzymes on ATTD of TDF was observed, ATTD of TDF was greater if DDGS rather than wheat middlings was added to the corn diet (grain source × by-product interaction, P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, addition of enzymes may have the potential to improve the ATTD of GE, and DE and ME in mixed diets based on corn or sorghum and both without and with inclusion of DDGS or wheat middlings.

3Enz = enzyme premix supplied by ADM Animal Nutrition, Quincy, IL, USA.
80 Effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine level in the nursery period and number of dietary phases in the grow-finish period on wean-to-finish growth performance of pigs
Authors: Tolosa Russi Andres F , Ellis Michael , Mendoza Omarh , Shull Caleb M , Schwab Clint 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to determine if feeding differing levels of dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys) during the nursery phase influenced the growth performance response to the number of dietary phases fed in the grow-finish period. A split-plot design was used with a 3×2 factorial arrangement of the following treatments: 1) SID Lys level nursery period: Control (SID Lys at requirement) vs. Restricted (0.2 g/kg SID Lys below Control) vs. Excess (0.1 g/kg SID Lys above Control; 2) Number of Dietary Phases in grow-finish: 3 vs. 5. Diets were formulated to meet NRC (2012) requirements, except for SID Lys during the nursery period. The study was carried out over the nursery [weaning (21±2 d; 5.8 ± 0.05 kg BW) to wk 9 post-weaning] and grow-finish [wk 9 to 19 post-weaning (112 ± 3.7 kg BW)] periods using 4,356 pigs housed in single-sex groups of 44 pigs, at a floor space of 0.30 m2/pig and 0.62 m2/pig in nursery and grow-finish periods, respectively. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS; pen was the experimental unit. The model included fixed effects of SID Lys level (main plot), Number of Dietary Phases (split plot), their interaction, and random effects of block and block by SID Lys level interaction. There were no treatment interactions (P &gt; 0.05). The Restricted Lys treatment reduced (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F in the nursery period compared to other treatments, but had no effect on these measurements in the grow-finish or wean-to-finish periods. There was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of the number of dietary phases on growth performance in grow-finish. In conclusion, feeding low levels of Lys in the nursery reduced nursery but not wean-to-finish growth performance; reducing the number of dietary phases in grow-finish from 5 to 3 had no impact on growth performance.
201 Increased ratio of SID Lysine to metabolizable energy improves pig performance during a viral challenge
Authors: Jasper Jessica , Mendoza Omarh , Shull Caleb M , Schweer Wes , Schwartz Kent , Gabler Nicholas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of increasing the dietary g SID Lys:ME from 100% (NRC requirement) to 120% of the requirement of grower pigs, in vaccinated (vac+; MLV Ingelvac PRRS®) and non-vaccinated [vac-; no vaccination for Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)] pigs that were then challenged with a PRRS virus. Secondly, we evaluated two diet formulation approach to achieve a 120% SID Lys:ME ratio by either increasing Lys relative to energy or diluting energy relative to Lys. Within vaccine status, 195 mixed-sex pigs vac+ (35.2 ± 0.60 kg BW) and vac- (35.2 ± 0.65 kg BW) were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments: The treatments (g SID Lys:ME) were 2.67 (100%, control), 3.23 (120%, increased SID Lys), and 3.22 (120S%, dilution of ME via dietary inclusion of sand). Pigs were randomly allotted, within vaccine status, to 24 pens (7-10 pigs/pen; n=8). All pigs were inoculated with a PRRS virus and started on experimental diets on d 0. Over a 42 d challenge period, BW, ADG, ADFI and G:F were determined and all data was analyzed within vaccination status. In vac+ pigs compared to control, end BW increased in 120% and 120S% fed pigs (10% and 9% respectively; P &lt; 0.05) and ADG increased by 20% and 17% respectively (P &lt; 0.05). Similarly, in vac- pigs a 9% and 20% improvement in end BW and ADG was observed respectively compared to control (P &lt; 0.05). Overall, ADFI increased by 20% in the 120S% vac+ pigs (P = 0.003) and by 17% in vac- pigs (P = 0.001) compared to control. The 120% vac+ pigs had the greatest G:F compared to control and 120S% pigs (P &lt; 0.01). In summary, increasing SID Lys:ME by either increasing Lys or decreasing ME improved growth performance of PRRSV challenged pigs.
210 Effects of D-methionine compared with L-methionine on N retention, gut morphology and antioxidant status of weaned pigs
Authors: Htoo John K , Mathai John , Blavi Laia , Liu Yanhong , González-Vega Caroline , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A N-balance study was conducted to compare the effect of D-methionine (D-Met) or L-methionine (L-Met) supplementation on N balance, gut morphology and antioxidant status of weaned pigs. Fifty-six weaned barrows (10.5 ± 1.2 kg initial BW) were allotted to 7 diets in 2 blocks. A Met-deficient basal diet (BD; 0.24% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Met) but adequate in other AA, was supplemented with 3 graded levels (0.036, 0.072, and 0.108%) of D-Met or L-Met. After a 7-d adaptation, feces and urine were collected quantitatively for 5 d to determine N balance. At the completion of the experiment, blood samples were collected from all pigs. Pigs fed the BD and pigs fed the highest level of SID Met (0.34%) of both Met sources were euthanized and tissue samples from liver, kidney, muscle (longissimus dorsi), duodenal and jejunal mucosa were collected. N retention as % of N intake increased (P &lt; 0.001; 67, 72, 73, 74, 71, 74, 74%, respectively) by graded supplemental level of D-Met or L-Met. However, there was no interaction between Met source and supplemental level for all N-balance metrics. Using a slope-ratio regression, the bioavailability of D-Met relative to L-Met was 100.1% (95% confidence intervals: 85-116%) based on N retention (% of N intake). Villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum were not affected by Met sources. Pigs fed the D-Met diet had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) total glutathione concentration in liver (4.9 vs. 1.5 µM) vs. BD. However, total antioxidant capacity and concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in liver, muscle or plasma samples were not different among treatments. Supplementation with D-Met increased glutathione peroxidase activity in kidney (878 vs. 413 and 229 mU/mL; P &lt; 0.05) compared with BD or L-Met diet, however, activity of glutathione reductase in liver and kidney were not affected by treatments. These data indicate that D-Met and L-Met are equally efficient to support N retention, intestinal morphology and oxidative status in weaned pigs.
179 Efficacy and safety of amino acids with biomass for growth and health of newly-weaned pigs
Authors: Cheng Yi-Chi , Duarte Marcos E , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to test the efficacy of L-Thr or L-Val with biomass (ThrPro or ValPro; CJ BIO, Fort Dodge, IA) on growth performance and health compared with L-Thr or L-Val (purified) in newly-weaned pigs. There were 9 dietary treatments based on NRC (2012) requirements: NC (basal diet meeting 70% of requirements for SID Thr and Val); 4 treatments based on basal diet meeting 95% of requirements: LT (with L-Thr), LV (with L-Val), PT (with ThrPro), and PV (with ValPro); HLT (fivefold L-Thr in LT), HLV (fivefold L-Val in LV), HPT (fivefold ThrPro in PT), and HPV (fivefold ValPro in PV). Pigs were fed for 26 d in 2 phases. Feed intake and BW were measured at d 0, 5, 10, 17, and 26. Blood was collected on d 21 for liver function analysis. Pigs were euthanized on d 26 to collect jejunal mucosa for gut health parameters. Data were analyzed by SAS using MIXED procedure. Pigs fed LT and LV or PT and PV had higher (P &lt; 0.05) ADG than pigs fed NC during phase 2. Pigs fed LT, LV, PT, and PV had higher ADFI and G:F than pigs fed NC during d 17 to 26. Pigs fed PT and PV had lower (P &lt; 0.05) G:F than pigs fed HPT and HPV during phase 2. Pigs fed LT and LV or PT and PV had lower (P &lt; 0.05) BUN than pigs fed NC. Overall, pigs fed PT and PV had no differences in any analyzed measurements from pigs fed LT and LV and pigs fed HPT and HPV. In conclusion, PT and PV were equally efficient to LT and LV for growth performance and health. HPT and HPV did not impair liver and gut health compared with PT and PV.
260 Effects of iron administration timing on pre-weaning performance and hematological criteria in pigs
Authors: Williams Hayden E , Maurer Ryan T , Carrender Brittany , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Coble Kyle , Holtcamp Andrew 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Newborn pigs (n=1,892; 1.5 kg BW) were used in a 20-d study evaluating the effects of Fe injection timing after birth on preweaned pig performance and blood criteria. A total of 172 litters were used. One d after farrowing, piglets were weighed, and 11 pigs within each litter were allotted to 1 of 6 treatments in a CRD. Treatments consisted of pigs receiving no Fe injection or 200-mg of injectable Fe (GleptoForte, Ceva Animal Health, Lenexa, KS) provided on d 1, 3, 5, or 7 of age, or 200-mg on d 1 plus 200-mg on d 12. 1 pig/litter received no Fe injection and 2 pigs/litter were placed on all other treatments. Piglets were weighed on d 1 and 20 after birth to determine growth performance and bled on d 20 to determine Fe status. Increasing the age that piglets received the Fe injection tended to decrease (linear; P=0.080) ADG. Not providing an Fe injection decreased (P=0.0001) overall ADG and d 20 BW compared to all other treatments. Hemoglobin and Hct decreased (linear; P&lt; 0.05) with increasing age when pigs received an Fe injection. There was no evidence of differences (P &gt;0.10) between the pigs receiving a 200-mg injection on d 1 and d 12 compared to those receiving the Fe on d 1 only. Pigs not provided an Fe injection had decreased (P=0.0001) Hb and Hct values compared to pigs receiving an Fe injection. Pigs receiving the 200-mg injection on d 1 and 12 had increased (P=0.0001) Hb and Hct values compared to pigs receiving 200-mg on d 1 only. Results suggest that providing a 200-mg Fe injection within 7 d after farrowing is sufficient for optimizing preweaning growth performance. The additional 200-mg Fe injection at d 12 did not influence growth performance but does increase Hb and Hct at weaning.
268 Administration of a Bacillus probiotic to sows improves growth response and health of their progeny after weaning
Authors: Davis Ellen , Christianson Jen , Anderson Samantha , Rehberger Tom , Sawall Justin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A Bacillus probiotic administered to sows was evaluated to determine the effect on their litters and subsequent pig growth response during the nursery phase. The study included 500 sows (250 sows/trt) fed a control or treatment diet with two Bacillus subtilis strains administered at 3.7x105 CFU/g of feed beginning three days after mating. Pigs (n=1,100) weaned from the sow phase were divided into 44 pens (22 pens/trt) and fed a common diet to determine the effect of sow treatment on post-weaning growth performance. Fecal samples were collected from a subset of sows (25/trt) at d112 of gestation and d19 of lactation, and from two pigs/pen in the nursery on d3 post-weaning for microbial enumeration. A blood sample was obtained from two pigs/pen on d3 and serum cytokines and the acute phase protein, α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were quantified. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS; sow/litter and pen served as the experimental unit. Litter weaning weights did not differ, but Escherichia coli counts were lower (P≤0.05) on d112 in fecal samples from sows fed Bacillus compared to control sows. Lactic acid bacteria counts were greater (P≤0.01) on d3 post-weaning in pigs weaned from sows fed Bacillus compared to control pigs. Nursery pigs weaned from sows fed the Bacillus probiotic had greater (P≤0.01) ADG and G/F during Phase1 (d 0-11), greater (P≤0.01) ADG and ADFI during Phase3 (d 23-37) and were 0.91 kg heavier (P≤0.01) at the end of the nursery phase (d 51) compared to pigs from control sows. The administration of Bacillus to sows resulted in lower AGP (P≤0.05) and greater tumor necrosis factor-α (P=0.08) serum concentrations on d3 post-weaning and reduced (P≤0.05) the percentage of nursery pigs removed from the trial and placed in invalid pens compared to pigs from control sows. These data indicate that a Bacillus probiotic improves sow health and the lactation environment and has a substantial impact on the subsequent productivity of their progeny.