bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
274 Determination of phosphorus requirement of lactating sows based on 24-hour urinary phosphorus excretion
Authors: Grez-Capdeville Mariola , Lu Ning , Orlando Uislei , Bergstrom Jon , Crenshaw Thomas D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to determine phosphorus (P) requirement of lactating sows using 24-hour urinary P excretion as the response criteria. The underlying assumption was that urinary P remains low and constant until the requirements are met then increases as P consumption increases. Thirty-six crossbred PIC Camborough sows (parity 3 to 7) were randomly assigned to 1 of 6 corn-soybean-meal diets with increasing dietary total P (tP) levels (0.40, 0.48, 0.56, 0.64, 0.72, and 0.80%) and a constant calcium (Ca) to tP ratio (1.25:1). Diets were fed from breeding until the end of lactation. Urine and blood samples were collected on days 4 and 18 of lactation and analyzed for P and Ca concentrations. Data were analyzed using MIXED and NLIN procedures of SAS. Phosphorus requirements were estimated using a broken-line regression model. Plasma Ca (ranging from 12.1 to 10.3 mg/dL) was not affected by dietary treatments, and was maintained within the normal physiological range on day 4 and 18 of lactation. Plasma P (ranging from 2.9 to 6.4 mg/dL) linearly increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing dietary tP levels on day 4 and 18 of lactation. Only sows fed the 0.40% tP diet failed to maintain plasma P concentrations within the normal physiological range. Clinical signs of P and Ca deficiencies were not observed. Differences in sow and litter performance among treatments were not detected. A nonlinear response of urinary P excretion to dietary P intake was observed. Based on a broken-line linear model fit to 24-hour urinary P excretion, minimum tP requirements of sows at day 4 and 18 of lactation were 0.47 and 0.54%, respectively. In conclusion, 24-hour urine P excretion provided sensitive criteria for estimates of tP requirements in lactating sows. Efforts to adjust heteroscedasticity for animals fed dietary P above the estimated requirement need further evaluation.
273 Impact of either high energy or high SID Lys:ME on Parity 1 performance in lactation
Authors: McCormick Katherine A , Johnston Michael E , Petersen Grant I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Primiparous sows may have difficulty consuming sufficient feed during lactation to account for energy lost in milk production, development, and body maintenance. Addition of higher energy and/or higher standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys may improve gilt and litter performance. One hundred seventy-two primiparous DNA F1 females were randomly allotted within breeding/farrowing group, previous treatment, and entry weight at farrowing to one of four dietary treatments. Treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial with energy (3186 and 3332 kcal/kg ME) and SID lysine (1.15 and 1.30%). Sows were weighed upon entry and exit of the farrowing room. Feed disappearance was calculated as the total amount of feed provided to the sow during lactation. A post-farrow weight model was utilized to assess true weight loss in lactation. Litters were standardized within 24 h of birth, and individual pig birth and weaning weights were recorded. The wean to estrus interval was also measured. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of replicate. Addition of high energy and/or high lysine did not impact (P &gt; 0.10) piglet wean weight or sow average daily feed intake. High energy diets reduced (P &lt; 0.05) sow weight loss post-farrow by 15.5% from 8.75 to 7.39 kg. High SID lysine diets reduced (P &lt; 0.05) number of sows not expressing estrus by day 9 post-wean from 13.0 to 7.7% of sows eligible for insemination. The high SID lysine diets targeted 70 g/d and led to an increase (P &lt; 0.05) of 10.3% of sows displaying estrus on day 4 and 5. These data show that higher levels of SID lysine to target 70 g/d in lactation can improve wean to estrus interval, and potentially decrease non-productive sow days.
279 Evaluation of the NRC (2012) model in estimating standard maintenance metabolizable energy requirement of PIC sows during mid-gestation
Authors: Knauer Mark , Purvis Jerry , Lu Ning , Orlando Uislei , Vier Carine , Cast Wayne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the NRC (2012) model in predicting standard maintenance metabolizable energy (MEm) of PIC sows during mid-gestation. A total of 201 PIC Camborough sows (parity 1 to 10) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a complete randomized design between day 36 and 46 post-breeding. Treatments consisted of feeding sows with daily feed allowances to meet 80, 90, 100 or 110% of MEm calculated as MEm, kcal/day = 100 × (body weight)0.75. A common corn-soybean meal-based diet with 3,302 kcal of ME/kg and 0.61% standardized ileal digestible lysine was fed for 28 days. Sow body weight (BW) and sow body condition caliper score (CS) were captured at day 0, 14 and 28. Data were analyzed with PROC GLM of SAS with sow as experimental unit. Average sow parity and feed allowance were 4.2 and 1.79 kg/day, respectively. Average sow BW and sow CS at day 0, 14 and 28 were 234, 233 and 242 kg and 14.9, 14.9 and 14.8, respectively. Increasing feed allowances to meet 80 to 110% of MEm requirement increased (linear, P&lt; 0.01) average daily gain (ADG; 0.100, 0.259, 0.417 and 0.440 kg/d, respectively). The estimated regression equation was ADG, kg/day = -0.83 + 1.193 × MEm, estimating the MEm to maintain BW was below 80% of NRC (2012) estimate. Caliper score change (CSC) increased (linear, P&lt; 0.01) with increasing feed allowances to meet 80 to 110% of MEm requirement (-0.78, -0.26, 0.13, and 0.35, respectively). The estimated regression equation was CSC = -3.73 + 3.78 × MEm, estimating the MEm to maintain CS at 98.7% of NRC (2012) estimate. In summary, results showed that the MEm to maintain BW and CS for PIC sows during mid-gestation was below 80% and at 98.7%, respectively, of NRC (2012) estimated requirement.
271 Maternal transfer of phytogenic compounds supplemented during gestation and/or lactation of hyperprolific sows: effects on reproductive performance and colostrum-milk features
Authors: Reyes-Camacho David , Pérez José Francisco , Aumiller Tobias , van der Klis Jan Dirk , Solà-Oriol David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Improvement on litter size in hyperprolific sows has decreased piglet’s birthweight and increased newborn mortality. Besides, no significant changes have been reported on the sow colostrum-milk composition. Phytogenic compounds (PC) are phytochemicals that may promote swine health and performance. This study aims to evaluate the effects of PC maternal transfer on reproductive and litter performance, and sows colostrum-milk features. Eighty-one hyperprolific sows were assigned to 3 treatments. Control sows were unsupplemented, whereas treated sows were offered supplemented diets with 1 g/kg of a blend of PC (BPC) during gestation and lactation (GL), or only lactation (L). Maternal transfer of PC into the amniotic fluid and milk were determined by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Farrowing and litter performance were monitored. Moreover, the colostrum and milk composition, and milk inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Candida albicans were determined. Data were analyzed with ANOVA by using the MIXED procedure of SAS, while, Fisher test for milk bacteriostatic activity was performed. Thymol, anethole, linalool, and eucalyptol were transferred via amniotic liquid, whereas, p-cymene, thymol, and anethole were also transferred into the milk (P &lt; 0.05). No differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed on number of total born piglets (C 17.14, L 17.75, and GL 19.16). However, BPC supplementation increased (P = 0.007) the piglets born alive (C 14.53, L 15.33, and GL 17.60), while reduced (P = 0.031) the newborn piglets BW. Colostrum protein in GL and milk fat contents in L and GL (Table 1) were increased (P &lt; 0.05). Milk of GL showed inhibitory activity (P &lt; 0.05) against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, dietary BPC supplementation during gestation and/or lactation increased the number of piglets born alive, enhanced both the colostrum-milk composition, and the milk inhibitory activity against well-known pathogens.
28 Steroid hormones are differentially abundant in sows with elevated risk for pelvic organ prolapse during late gestation
Authors: Kiefer Zoe , Chipman Amanda , Studer Jamie M , Gianluppi Rafael Dal Forno , Keating Aileen F , Gabler Nicholas , Ross Jason W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Sow mortality, as the result of pelvic organ prolapse (POP), has increased during recent years in the U.S. swine industry and continues to worsen. The objective of this study was to identify putative biological factors associated with POP risk. We hypothesized sows differing in POP risk would differ in serum factors and steroid hormone profiles. Perineal scores (PS) were assigned to sows (n=2865) during late gestation (days 107-116) to assess POP risk. Sows assigned a PS1 had a presumed low risk of POP while those assigned a PS2 or PS3 had a presumed moderate or high risk of POP, respectively. Subsequently, 1.0, 2.7, and 23.4% of sows scored as PS1, PS2, or PS3, experienced POP, respectively. Blood samples were collected on a subset of sows (n=215) identified as PS3 along with parity-matched PS1 sows at the time of scoring and whole blood was subjected to complete blood count (CBC) analysis. Serum from a subset of these (n=110) samples were also subjected to a 17-panel hormone analysis. Additionally, serum biomarkers of inflammation, C-reactive protein and haptoglobin, were analyzed in PS3 sows that subsequently experienced POP and parity matched PS1 sows that did not experience POP. The CBC analysis revealed a 4.3, 7.8 and 5.9% decrease (P &lt; 0.05) in mean platelet volume, lymphocytes, and monocytes, respectively, in PS3 compared to PS1 sows. Deoxycortisol, androstenedione, androsterone, estrone, β-estradiol, and testosterone were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in PS3 compared to PS1 sows. Circulating haptoglobin was unaffected (P = 0.35) by PS, although C-reactive protein was 24.6% greater (P = 0.02) in PS3 sows. Collectively, serum differences in hormone profiles and biomarkers consistent with inflammation in sows differing in POP risk. This project was supported by the National Pork Board and the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research.
235 Effects of rapamycin during an acute heat stress exposure in growing pigs
Authors: Mayorga Edith J , Horst Erin A , Goetz Brady M , Rodríguez-Jiménez Sonia , Abeyta Megan A , Al-Qaisi Mohmmad , Lei Samantha , Rhoads Robert P , Selsby Joshua T , Baumgard Lance H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives were to determine the effects of rapamycin on biomarkers of metabolism and inflammation during acute heat stress (HS) in growing pigs. Crossbred barrows (n=32; 63.5±0.8 BW) where blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 therapeutic-environmental treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) control (n=8; TNCtl), 2) TN and rapamycin (n=8; TNRapa), 3) HS control (n=8; HSCtl), or 4) HS and rapamycin (n=8; HSRapa). The trial consisted of 2 experimental periods (P). During P1 (10d), pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (21.3±0.01°C). During P2 (24h), HSCtl and HSRapa pigs were exposed to constant HS (35.5±0.1°C); while TNCtl and TNRapa remained in TN conditions. Rapamycin (0.15 mg/kg BW) was orally administered twice daily (0700 and 1800 h) during P1 and P2. HS increased rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate compared to TN counterparts (1.28°C, 8.68°C, and 87 bpm, respectively; P&lt; 0.01). Feed intake (FI) markedly decreased in HS relative to TN treatments (64%; P&lt; 0.01). Additionally, pigs exposed to HS lost BW (4 kg; P&lt; 0.01), while TN pigs gained BW (0.7 kg; P&lt; 0.01). Overall, circulating white blood cells decreased in HS compared to TN pigs (19%; P=0.01). Circulating neutrophils did not differ across treatments; however, lymphocytes, monocytes, and basophils decreased in HS relative to TN pigs (23, 33, and 38%, respectively; P≤0.07). Despite marked changes in phenotypic parameters, circulating glucose and blood urea nitrogen did not differ among treatments (P &gt;0.10). However, insulin:FI increased in HS relative to TN treatments (P=0.04). Plasma non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased in HS relative to TN treatments; although this difference was driven by increased NEFA in HSCtl compared to TN and HSRapa pigs (P&lt; 0.01). In summary, pigs exposed to HS had altered phenotypic, metabolic, and leukocyte responses; however, rapamycin administration had little to no effect on any of the variables measured.
144 Nutritional advances in fetal and neonatal development: stage of gestation and placental nutrient supply
Authors: Lemley Caleb O 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Placental and fetal development is especially sensitive to direct and indirect effects of the maternal environment. The duration and timing of environmental insults or stimuli in relation to the stage of gestation influences the phenotypic outcomes of offspring. Nutrient restriction during early gestation, such as developing heifers on low-input forage-based management schemes followed by nutrient re-alimentation at pregnancy confirmation, increased late-term uterine artery blood flow relative to maternal body weight compared with conventionally developed heifers. In this study, calf birth weights were not different between low-input vs conventionally developed heifers, which may indicate a compensatory mechanism to safeguard late-term fetal growth. In comparison, nutrient restriction during early to mid-gestation (from day 50 to 180 of pregnancy) decreased uterine artery blood flow, decreased fetal weight, and increased placental blood vessel density in both Brahman and Angus heifers. Moreover, the efficiency of uterine artery blood flow relative to fetal weight was improved in nutrient restricted dams versus adequate fed as well as Brahman vs Angus. These responses indicate improved placental nutrient supply following early to mid-gestation nutrient restriction. Apart from nutritional management, season and melatonin supplementation impacts placental nutrient supply in cattle. Specifically, spring calving heifers with increased uterine artery blood flow had heavier calves at birth compared with their fall calving counterparts. Although several seasonal environmental changes can influence performance and reproductive traits, specific changes in hormone concentrations as a result of photoperiod may alter blood distribution to the reproductive tract. This is apparent when supplementing dairy heifers and beef cows with melatonin during the last third of pregnancy, which increased uterine artery blood flow and calf weaning weights compared with non-supplemented controls. Elucidating the consequences of specific supplements on the continual plasticity of placental nutrient supply will allow us to determine important mediators of fetal growth and development.
2 Evaluation of Masters Choice Corn Silage on Growing Steer Performance
Authors: Xiong jiehua , Boyd Bradley M , McPhillips Levi J , Vosburgh Kyle , Erickson Galen E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Corn hybrids can be selected for improved digestion rates using lab techniques, which should impact animal performance. The objective of this study was to evaluate two Masters Choice corn silage hybrids on growing steer performance. In an 84-day growing study, 288 crossbred steers (initial BW = 303 ± 12 kg) were utilized in a generalized randomized block design with three diet treatments, 12 steers per pen and 8 pen replicates per treatment. Diets consisted of 80% corn silage (DM basis) of Masters Choice hybrid MCT6365 RIB (MC1, that has been selected to improve fiber and starch digestion) and MCT6733 GT3000 (MC2, that has been selected to improve fiber digestion) were compared to a conventional corn hybrid Farm Choice (CON, that is commonly grown in Eastern Nebraska). All corn was grown in one field under identity preserved method and harvested at 37-38% DM in three consecutive days. Relative to CON, feeding MC1 resulted in similar dry matter intake (DMI, P = 0.28), but numerically increased average daily gain (ADG, P = 0.14) which significantly improved feed efficiency (G:F, P = 0.02). Feeding MC2 led to greater DMI (P &lt; 0.01), similar ADG (P = 0.45), and lower G:F (P &lt; 0.01) compared to CON. The results suggest that feeding Masters Choice hybrid MCT6365 RIB (MC1) corn silage at 80% of the diet DM improved ADG and G:F by 4.2%, while feeding MC2 decreased G:F by increasing DMI compared to CON. Differences in corn hybrids exist when feeding growing cattle 80% silage.
5 Evaluating Finishing Performance of Cattle Fed HMC:SFC Blends with Modified Distillers Grains
Authors: Troyer Braden , Carlson Zac , McPhillips Levi J , Watson Andrea K , MacDonald James C , Erickson Galen E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Steam-flaked corn (SFC) has been widely used in feedlots in the southern United States to improve feed efficiency (G:F) by increasing starch digestibility. Similarly, feedlots in the Midwest have commonly fed high moisture corn (HMC), both to ensure corn supply for the year and to improve G:F. However, popularity of SFC in the Midwest is on the rise, but producers still recognize the benefits of HMC utilization. A study was conducted at the Eastern Nebraska Research and Extension Center (ENREC) to compare finishing cattle performance when fed HMC, SFC, or a blend. The objective was to determine the optimum inclusion of the grains when modified distillers grains (MDGS) was included at 20% of the diet. This study utilized 90 yearling steers (353 kg; SD=5.8 kg) individually fed using the Calan gate system in a completely randomized design with cattle stratified by body weight (BW). Treatments included: 100% HMC, 75% HMC blended with 25% SFC, a 50% blend of the grains, 25% HMC blended with 75% SFC, or 100% SFC (DM basis; % of the 70% grain in the diet). Cattle were on feed 168 days with 3-day initial BW and 1 day final BW. Animal was the experimental unit with 18 replications per treatment. No differences in initial BW, ribeye area, or marbling score between treatments were detected (P &gt; 0.12). Ending BW, hot carcass weight, average daily gain, and G:F all linearly increased with increasing inclusion of SFC in the diet (P &lt; 0.05). Carcass adjusted G:F improved from 0.158 to 0.170 for 100% HMC compared to 100% SFC diets, respectively. In conclusion, feeding higher inclusions of SFC in finishing diets resulted in improved performance compared to HMC in diets containing 20% MDGS.
105 A comparison of long-acting growth-promoting implants and re-implant programs in finishing heifers fed for 184 days
Authors: Crawford Grant , Nichols Wade , Hutcheson John , Streeter Marshall , Nuttelman Brandon , Walter Lee-Anne , Szasz Josh , Bryant Tony 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Yearling beef heifers (n = 6,239) were used in a randomized complete block design experiment to evaluate the effects of long-acting implants on feedlot growth performance and carcass characteristics when compared with re-implant programs. Heifers (initial BW = 324 kg, SEM = 0.85) were randomized to 1 of 4 implant treatments with 12 pens/treatment: 1) Revalor-IH (80 mg trenbolone acetate [TBA], 8 mg estradiol [E]) at initial processing followed by a Revalor-200 (200 mg TBA, 20 mg E) 90 d later (IH/200); 2) Revalor-200 at initial processing followed by a Revalor-200 90 d later (200/200); 3) Revalor-XH (200 mg TBA, 20 mg E) at initial processing (XH); and 4) Synovex One Feedlot (200 mg TBA, 20 mg E) at initial processing (ONE). Revalor-XH and Synovex One are long-acting implants designed to extend hormone release, eliminating the need to re-implant cattle. After initial processing, XH and ONE heifers were not removed from their pens until harvest. Final BW (556 kg), DMI (7.95 kg/d), ADG (1.26 kg), and feed efficiency (0.158) did not differ (P &gt; 0.23) among treatments. Hot carcass weight (HCW) was greater (P &lt; 0.10) for 200/200 (364 kg) than XH (361 kg) and ONE (360 kg), with no other differences (P &gt; 0.10) in HCW among treatments. Dressing percentage (DP) and longissimus muscle (LM) area were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for 200/200 than all other treatments, and greater for IH/200 than XH and ONE. Marbling score was reduced and average yield grade (YG) was improved (P &lt; 0.01) for 200/200 vs. all other treatments and for IH/200 vs. XH and ONE. Compared with re-implant programs, long-acting implants decreased DP and LM area, increased marbling score and YG, and did not differ in final BW. The Revalor-200/200 re-implant program resulted in improved HCW when compared with long-acting implants.
229 Evaluation of Wheat Blended with Corn in Finishing Diets Containing Wet Distillers Grains
Authors: Coulson Caitlin , Boyd Bradley M , Conroy Brianna , Erickson Galen E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of grain type and wet distillers grains inclusion on finishing cattle performance and carcass characteristics. Yearling steers (n = 320; initial BW = 325 ± 23 kg) were utilized in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, with the first factor as grain type at either 100% dry-rolled corn or a 50:50 blend of dry-rolled wheat and dry-rolled corn, and the second factor as wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) inclusion at 12 or 30% of diet DM. There were no interactions between grain type and WDGS inclusion levels (P ≥ 0.21), contrary to our hypothesis that 50:50 wheat blend would improve performance with increased WDGS. There were no differences in DMI, ADG, or G:F (P ≥ 0.29) between 100% DRC or 50:50 blend of DRC and wheat. There was no difference in HCW between grain types (P = 0.84), but LM area was greater (P = 0.02) for steers fed a 50:50 blend of DRC and wheat. There were no differences in 12th rib fat or USDA marbling score between grain types (P ≥ 0.15), but increased LM area in steers fed the blended diet led to improved calculated yield grade (P = 0.04). Increasing WDGS in the diet increased carcass-adjusted final BW (P = 0.03) and improved carcass-adjusted ADG and G:F by 3.8% (P ≤ 0.05). Feeding 30% WDGS increased HCW by 10.9 kg (P = 0.03) and increased 12th rib fat (P = 0.02) compared to feeding 12% WDGS. There were no differences in LM area, USDA marbling score, or calculated YG between WDGS inclusions. These data suggest that increasing WDGS in the diet improves performance regardless of grain type and depending on price, wheat can replace up to 50% of the grain portion of the diet without affecting performance.