bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Functional MRI to Assess Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation Frequency Changes on Brain Activation in Parkinson Disease
Authors: DiMarzio Marisa , Madhavan Radhika , Hancu Ileana , Fiveland Eric , Prusik Julia , Joel Suresh , Gillogly Michael , Telkes Ilknur , Staudt Michael D , Durphy Jennifer , Shin Damian , Pilitsis Julie G 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Models have been developed for predicting ideal contact and amplitude for subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson disease (PD). Pulse-width is generally varied to modulate the size of the energy field produced. Effects of varying frequency in humans have not been systematically evaluated.

OBJECTIVE
To examine how altered frequencies affect blood oxygen level-dependent activation in PD.

METHODS
PD subjects with optimized DBS programming underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Frequency was altered and fMRI scans/Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor subunit (UPDRS-III) scores were obtained. Analysis using DBS-OFF data was used to determine which regions were activated during DBS-ON. Peak activity utilizing T-values was obtained and compared.

RESULTS
At clinically optimized settings (n = 14 subjects), thalamic, globus pallidum externa (GPe), and posterior cerebellum activation were present. Activation levels significantly decreased in the thalamus, anterior cerebellum, and the GPe when frequency was decreased (P < .001). Primary somatosensory cortex activation levels significantly decreased when frequency was increased by 30 Hz, but not 60 Hz. Sex, age, disease/DBS duration, and bilaterality did not significantly affect the data. Retrospective analysis of fMRI activation patterns predicted optimal frequency in 11/14 subjects.

CONCLUSION
We show the first data with fMRI of STN DBS-ON while synchronizing cycling with magnetic resonance scanning. At clinically optimized settings, an fMRI signature of thalamic, GPe, and posterior cerebellum activation was seen. Reducing frequency significantly decreased thalamic, GPe, and anterior cerebellum activation. Current standard-of-care programming can take up to 6 mo using UPDRS-III testing alone. We provide preliminary evidence that using fMRI signature of frequency may have clinical utility and feasibility.
Tracking structural evolution: operando regenerative CeOx/Bi interface structure for high-performance CO2 electroreduction
Authors: Pang Ruichao , Tian Pengfei , Jiang Hongliang , Zhu Minghui , Su Xiaozhi , Wang Yu , Yang Xiaoling , Zhu Yihua , Song Li , Li Chunzhong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Unveiling the structural evolution and working mechanism of catalysts under realistic operating conditions is crucial for the design of efficient electrocatalysts for CO2 electroreduction, yet remains highly challenging. Here, by virtue of operando structural measurements at multiscale levels, it is identified under CO2 electroreduction conditions that an as-prepared CeO2/BiOCl precatalyst gradually evolves into CeOx/Bi interface structure with enriched Ce3+ species, which serves as the real catalytically active phase. The derived CeOx/Bi interface structure compared to pure Bi counterpart delivers substantially enhanced performance with a formate Faradaic efficiency approaching 90% for 24 hours in a wide potential window. The formate Faradaic efficiency can be further increased by using isotope D2O instead of H2O. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the regenerative CeOx/Bi interfacial sites can not only promote water activation to increase local *H species for CO2 protonation appropriately, but also stabilize the key intermediate *OCHO in formate pathway.
The Natural World
Authors: Barash David P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how threats, counterthreats, warnings, feints, and deceptions are found throughout the natural world, in the daily lives of animals and even plants. Indeed, these can be seen in plants with thorns and poisons, as well as in animals growling, roaring, baring teeth, showing and exaggerating their weapons (or pretending to have weapons), misrepresenting their ferocity, puffing themselves up, and generally seeking to intimidate their rivals or potential predators. The chapter then considers the role of honesty versus deception: the evolution of warning coloration, whereby brightly colored poison arrow frogs, for example, inform would-be predators that eating them would be a bad idea; and mimicry, in which animals who are not themselves especially dangerous resemble others that are harmful to their predators and thus gain protection via the “empty threat” the former conveys. This, in turn, speaks to the intriguing question of whether a given threat is real or fake, honest or dishonest, and what difference—if any—this makes. The chapter also explains the hawk–dove model of the variations of animal threat, and looks at vocal threats and animal eavesdropping.
Rethinking the Conflict Narrative
Authors: Smith Bradley C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Research on evangelical business leaders has generally emphasized conflict wherein evangelicals struggle to carve out a niche in the corporate domain or stand their ground as they are swept along toward unchristian choices. On the contrary, evangelical executives experience conflict not because they are concerned that their faith and their work are incompatible, but because they are made to feel like second-class citizens by members of their own faith communities. Most of any reservation evangelical business leaders experience regarding their chosen profession concerns the opportunity cost associated with what they are not able to do—including especially more explicitly religious work—rather than what they do but perhaps should not. For this reason, evangelical executives seek to elevate “worldly” concerns to spiritual significance. Instead of accenting distinctions between themselves and non-evangelicals, evangelical executives make a point to blur lines—between sacred and secular, laity and clergy, and business and ministry.
Heaven Has Eyes
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A history of Chinese law and justice from the imperial era to the post-Mao era, the book addresses the evolution and function of law codes and judicial practices in China’s long history and examines the transition from traditional laws and practices to their modern counterparts in the twentieth century and beyond. From ancient times to the twenty-first century, there has been an enduring expectation or hope among the Chinese people that justice should and will be done in society, which is expressed in a popular Chinese saying, “Heaven has eyes.” To the Chinese mind in the imperial era, justice was, and was to be achieved as, an alignment of Heavenly reason, state law, and human relations. Such a conception did not change until the turn of the twentieth century, when Western-derived notions—natural rights, legal equality, the rule of law, judicial independence, and due process—came to replace the Confucian moral code of right and wrong, which was a fundamental shift in philosophical and moral principles that informed law and justice. The legal-judicial reform agendas since the beginning of the twentieth century (still ongoing today) stemmed from this change in the Chinese moral and legal thinking, but to materialize these principles in everyday practices is much more difficult to accomplish, hence all the legal dramas, including tragedies, in the past century or so. The book lays out how and why that is the case.
From the Imperial Capital to the Magistrate’s Court
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 describes the institutions in the capital and in provinces that performed judicial functions, and their procedures and practices, throughout the imperial era. It lays out the role of the three judicial bodies in the central government, and the judicial functions performed by administrative officials at all levels below the imperial capital—provinces, prefectures, and counties. It details the judicial procedures prescribed by law, in criminal adjudications in particular, from trial procedures including personal investigation of homicide conducted by the county magistrate to the death penalty reviews that would go through all administrative levels to the central government and ultimately to the emperor. It addresses how such institutions and practices grew to be more and more elaborate and comprehensive, and presents some noteworthy practices and their rationales.
The Rule of Law, Judicial Independence, and Due Process
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the continuation of the legal-judicial reform and its achievements and limitations under the Beijing government (1912–1927) and the Guomindang (GMD, or Nationalist Party) government (1927–1949). The Beijing government tried to implement an ambitious reform plan but failed to materialize it completely due to a lack of resources, among other problems. The GMD continued the reform but also instituted practices particular to its ideology of ruling the country through the party, including the invention of political offenses and their punishments through special laws and special courts. The durability of positive reform outcomes in those years is shown in the way the Chinese judiciary functioned in the Japanese-occupied territories during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).
“Contradictions among the People”
Authors: Xu Xiaoqun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 turns to the Maoist practices of resolving civil disputes through mediation by courts, workplace leaders, and residents committees, guided by the notion that such disputes were “contradictions among the people.” The focus is on the impact of the Marriage Law of 1950, since other kinds of civil disputes were rather rare under the Maoist Socialist system. The principle of gender and marital equality and the way marital disputes and divorces were handled by community and workplace leaders as well as courts were continuation of the same practices in the revolutionary years. The emphasis on mediation before adjudication in divorce cases was also similar to the earlier times, even though mediators were different.
From Foundation to Capstone
Authors: Regnerus Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Marriage has come a long way since biblical times. Across much of the Christian world, women are no longer thought of as property, and practices like polygamy or arranged unions are widely rejected. There remain plenty of conflicting opinions about marriage, however, as the Reformation pushed marriage away from the authority of the Church and toward the state. Still today, Christians wrestle over how marriage can be both civil and religious. Despite this quandary, Christians around the world tend to hold perspectives on marriage that have much in common. But what has changed, almost without notice, is the vision for an ideal marital timetable. Marriage, even in the minds of most Christians, has become less about a foundation to build upon and more of a capstone that marks a successful young adult life. What it certainly means, however, is that fewer people—Christians included—will ever marry at all.
Sex
Authors: Regnerus Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
While sex and marriage are still connected in the minds of most Christians, the link is weakening. Cheap sex has become normative, a process boosted by the separation of sex from fertility by wide use of effective birth control. Sex was described as easy by most Christians, including those living in more traditional locations. The “reverence due to a woman” noted in Humanae Vitae is diminishing, as predicted. Clergy and religious leaders struggle to motivate chaste behavior on the part of their young adults, a task made more difficult by the power that flows toward young men when they are outnumbered by marriage-minded women. Meanwhile, matrimony is getting more expensive. Christians are more willing than non-Christians to pursue marriage, but social expectations of a big wedding are a drain on their pocketbook. Marriage waits, as many Christians save up money for a ceremony that need not be so expensive.
Revitalizing Christian Marriage
Authors: Regnerus Mark 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
There are practical ways Christians can stimulate marriage. First, there are beautiful stories about marriage out there; tell them. Second, cultivate marriage-friendly subcultures; participation in vibrant Christian organizations can resist the emergent global “monoculture” that undermines marriage. Third, construct the home as a haven from market mentalities. Fourth, seek improvement in premarital preparation; new marriages need mentors to help them understand what to expect. Fifth, aid and support suffering marriages in your midst; there is such a thing as the “good enough” marriage. Sixth, parents need to be thoughtful about the relationship advice they give (or fail to offer) their children. Seventh, young adults should weigh the costs and benefits of living at home until they are married. Eighth, governments should consider creative ways to support marriage. They can be expensive, but it is riskier to ignore the decline of marriage than to explore new ways to revitalize it.
Overview of China’s Social Health Insurance
Authors: Huang Xian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 draws from secondary materials and literature to review the history and evolution of social health insurance in contemporary China (since 1949), providing the historical background and the economic context of China’s social health insurance expansion in the 2000s. It shows that throughout the history of contemporary China, social welfare was never considered a basic social right for citizens. Despite dramatic changes in the coverage and generosity of social health insurance across different developmental periods, the stratification of Chinese social health insurance is persistent and was reinforced during the social health insurance expansion between 1999 and 2011. Moreover, the economic transition and the diversification of regional economies in China constitute the economic context, in which the Chinese central and local leaders’ motivations for and differential responses to social health insurance expansion take shape.
Understanding Subnational Variation in Chinese Social Health Insurance
Authors: Huang Xian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 investigates the coverage and generosity of Chinese social health insurance in the first decade of the 2000s, with a focus on the regional (i.e., cross-provincial) variation using a cross-sectional time-series research design. First, a cluster analysis provides supportive evidence for the existence of four models of social health insurance expansion in China. The clustering of Chinese provinces in social health insurance expansion also corresponds to the differences among local political economies. Second, the chapter makes detailed inter-regional comparisons and intra-regional studies to reconstruct the mechanism linking a local political economy to the local distributive patterns of health insurance benefits—that is, local socioeconomic conditions shape local leaders’ policy preferences and choices for allocating social health insurance benefits in their jurisdictions. Finally, a regression analysis demonstrates significant correlations between local social risks and social health insurance coverage, and between local fiscal resources and social health insurance generosity.
Conclusion
Authors: Huang Xian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 summarizes the main findings and contributions of this book. After a speculative note on the prospect of health reform in China after 2012 when the new leader, Xi Jinping, took power, this chapter discusses the implications of this study for both Chinese social welfare development and its authoritarianism. Finally, it concludes with a deliberation of the conditions for applying the argument about stratified expansion of social welfare provision beyond China.
Origins
Authors: Miller Kenneth P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the polarization of Texas and California can be traced to their origins. The chapter examines the two states’ common experiences as possessions of Spain and Mexico; their mid-nineteenth century American settlement, conquest, and admission as states; and their opposite positions on the questions of slavery and secession. Although the two origin stories have similarities, they also bear crucial differences. Texas’s bloody independence struggle and its decade-long career as an independent nation were different from California’s experience as a remote maritime province inundated by a global gold rush and its rapid admission to the Union. Most critically, Texas was settled by American southerners and was oriented toward the South, while California was settled by migrants from across the nation and around the world and was oriented toward the North. These differences became imprinted in the states’ identities and helped shape their futures.
Culture
Authors: Miller Kenneth P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cultural differences also have contributed to the Texas-California partisan divide. Texas culture is a fusion of southern and western elements. Its southern-style conservative Protestantism and traditional mores combine with a western libertarianism and a strong quasi-nationalism. By comparison, California was long divided along north/south cultural lines, with Northern California more cosmopolitan and culturally liberal and Southern California more culturally conservative. By the end of the twentieth century, however, California’s progressive cultural elements gained dominance. The two states’ broad cultural characteristics translate to political culture. Texas has a more conservative political culture, consisting of elements that political scientist Daniel Elazar has called “traditionalistic” and “individualistic,” while California has a more diverse political culture, increasingly dominated by more liberal, “moralistic” elements.
How Texas Turned Red
Authors: Miller Kenneth P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains how Texas came to align with the Republican Party. Texas is now the essential Republican state, but for most of its history it was part of the solid Democratic South. In the mid-twentieth century, the Texas Democratic Party divided into liberal and conservative factions—partly over race and civil rights but also over a range of questions including New Deal economic policies and anti-communism. Texas Democrats engaged in what V. O. Key called the most intense intraparty fight of any state in the South. The long-dormant state Republican Party began to revive in the 1960s as many Texans became alienated from a national Democratic Party that was shifting to the left. Republican gains produced a period of balanced two-party competition that lasted from the 1970s through the 1990s. By the early 2000s, the GOP established dominance, making Texas the nation’s largest and most powerful Republican state.
Taxes
Authors: Miller Kenneth P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter places Texas and California on the national spectrum of state tax policy and shows how they occupy opposite poles. Texas has maintained a low overall tax burden and is one of a small number of states that has steadfastly refused to adopt an income tax. Advocates of the Texas tax system argue that it protects personal freedom, promotes economic growth, and provides the state a crucial advantage in attracting new residents and businesses. Critics say the system is regressive and fails to produce adequate funding for government programs. By comparison, California has embraced a far higher tax burden and a progressive tax structure. Its largest revenue source, the personal income tax, is the highest in the nation. Advocates say California’s tax system generates needed funding for government programs and appropriately shifts the tax burden to those most able to pay, while critics say these taxes are excessive and help drive residents and businesses out of the state.
Poverty
Authors: Miller Kenneth P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Poverty is a chronic problem in both Texas and California, as it is in the rest of the nation. This chapter analyzes the two states’ competing strategies for addressing it. The Texas Model provides comparatively low levels of direct government support for the poor. The choice is based in part on budget limitations, but more fundamentally on the conservative view that government welfare programs often fail to lift people out of poverty and can foster dependency. California takes a more progressive approach. The state believes that government has a responsibility to provide for those in need and has increased state spending on government programs to assist the poor, including Medicaid expansion, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), aid to the homeless, and more.
Social Policy Reforms and Economic Distances in China
Authors: Gao Qin , Yang Sui , Zhai Fuhua , Wang Yake 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Using CHIP data for 2002, 2007, and 2013, this chapter examines the effects of social policy reforms on the economic distance between rich and poor households in the urban, rural, and migrant sectors. In the urban sector, pensions consistently narrowed economic distances, whereas other social benefits—health insurance, social assistance, supplementary income, and in-kind benefits—had little redistributive impact. Social benefits in both the rural and migrant sectors changed from being regressive in 2002 to becoming progressive in 2013. In the rural areas, benefits in 2013 from agricultural and livelihood subsidies played the most significant redistributive role; private transfers also narrowed economic distances. Among migrants in 2013, health benefits and taxes and fees narrowed economic distances, although less so than among rural residents. Despite the expansion of social policies during this period, in both urban and rural China market forces trumped the redistributive effects of the social benefits.
China’s Urban Gender Wage Gap
Authors: Song Jin , Sicular Terry , Gustafsson Björn 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses data from the urban household CHIP surveys for the years 1995, 2002, 2007, and 2013 to provide consistent estimates of the gender wage gap in urban China and it investigate those factors that have contributed to this gap. The gender wage gap widened substantially and progressively from 1995 to 2007, but from 2007 to 2013 the gender wage gap narrowed. In 2013 the gender wage gap was between 19 and 25 percent. Oaxaca-Blinder decompositions reveal that the contributions of the differences in the characteristics of women and men to the wage gap declined over time; by 2013 the gap was largely unexplained. Key factors underlying the gender wage gap in recent years include individual characteristics, such as age, education, marriage, and children, as well as employment sector and occupation.