bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of locomotive syndrome among older individuals: a confirmatory factor analysis of the 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale
Authors: Wang Chaochen , Ikemoto Tatsunori , Hirasawa Atsuhiko , Arai Young-Chang , Kikuchi Shogo , Deie Masataka 
Published: April 2020

Background
The 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25) is widely used in daily clinical practice in evaluating locomotive syndrome (LS). The questionnaire contains 25 questions aiming to describe 6 aspects, including body pain, movement-related difficulty, usual care, social activities, cognitive status, and daily activities. However, its potential underlying latent factor structure of the questionnaire has not been fully examined so far.

Methods
Five hundred participants who were 60 years or older and were able to walk independently with or without a cane but had complaints of musculoskeletal disorders were recruited face to face at the out-patient ward of Aichi Medical University Hospital between April 2018 and June 2019. All participants completed the GLFS-25. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models (single-factor model, 6-factor model as designed by the developers of the GLFS-25) were fitted and compared using Mplus 8.3 with a maximum likelihood minimization function. Modification indices, standardized expected parameter change were used, a standard strategy for scale development was followed in the search for an alternative and simpler model that could well fit the collected data. Cronbach’s α and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were also calculated.

Results
Mean (standard deviation) participants age was 72.6 (7.4) years old; 63.6% of them were women. Under the current criteria, 132 (26.4%) and 262 (52.4%) of the study subjects would be classified as LS stage 1 and stage 2, respectively. Overall, the Cronbach’s α (95% CI) for GLFS-25 evaluated using these data was 0.959 (0.953, 0.964). The single- and 6-factor models were rejected due to poor fit. The alternative models with either full 25 questions or a shortened GLFS-16 were found to fit the data better. These alternative models included three latent factors (body pain, movement-related difficulty, and psycho-social complication) and allowed for cross-loading and residual correlations.

Discussion
The findings of the CFA models provided evidence that the factor structure of the GLFS-25 might be simpler than the 6-factor model as suggested by the designers. The complex relationships between the latent factors and the observed items may also indicate that individual sub-scale use or simply combining the raw scores for evaluation is likely to be inadequate or unsatisfactory. Thus, future revisions of the scoring algorithm or questions of the GLFS-25 may be required.
Analytical Study on Crop Status and Farmers’ Preference towards Crop Varieties and Hybrids in Namakkal District of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Elakkiya S. , Asokhan M. 
Published: April 2020

Tamil Nadu is one of the pioneer states in India, which is Farmer centric and has brought revolutionary initiatives in Agriculture to propel the productivity and production of major crops. The use of good quality seeds of improved high yielding varieties and hybrids is the master key for productive agriculture. Hence, the study was taken up in Namakkal district with an aim to assess the preference of using the varieties and hybrids and to identify the constraints of in adopting it. In Namakkal district, Thiruchengode block was purposively selected based onarea of cultivation. A sample of 30 respondents were selected using simple random sampling method and Participatory Rural Appraisal method was used for data collection. Percentage analysis and Cumulative frequency methods were used for data analysis. The study revealed that, the most of the farmers cultivated varieties like Sorghum (CO 30), Ragi (GPU 28), Blackgram (Vamban 4), Greengram (Vamban 2), Groundnut (TMV 7), Tapioca (MVD 1), Pomegrante (Bhagawa), Guava (Lucknow 49).The preferences expressed by the farmers for cultivating the above mentioned varieties and hybrids were high yield, highly suitable for all season, drought tolerant and less water consumption. In general, the farmers faced few constraints like, lack of awareness and knowledge about recent varieties, hybrids and technologies, monsoon failure, high labour cost, dry land area, lack of storage go-down facilities and farmers are not getting real returns of the crops due to climatic factor.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive abilities over the initial quinquennium of Parkinson disease
Authors: Weintraub Daniel , Caspell‐Garcia Chelsea , Simuni Tanya , Cho Hyunkeun R. , Coffey Christopher S. , Aarsland Dag , Alcalay Roy N. , Barrett Matthew J. , Chahine Lana M. , Eberling Jamie , Espay Alberto J. , Hamilton Jamie , Hawkins Keith A. , Leverenz James , Litvan Irene , Richard Irene , Rosenthal Liana S. , Siderowf Andrew , York Michele ,   Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the evolution of numerous neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive abilities in Parkinson disease from disease onset.MethodsProspectively collected, longitudinal (untreated, disease onset to year 5), observational data from Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative annual visits was used to evaluate prevalence, correlates, and treatment of 10 neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease participants and matched healthy controls.ResultsOf 423 Parkinson disease participants evaluated at baseline, 315 (74.5%) were assessed at year 5. Eight neuropsychiatric symptoms studied increased in absolute prevalence by 6.2–20.9% at year 5 relative to baseline, and cognitive impairment increased by 2.7–6.2%. In comparison, the frequency of neuropsychiatric symptoms in healthy controls remained stable or declined over time. Antidepressant and anxiolytic/hypnotic use in Parkinson disease were common at baseline and increased over time (18% to 27% for the former; 13% to 24% for the latter); antipsychotic and cognitive‐enhancing medication use was uncommon throughout (2% and 5% of patients at year 5); and potentially harmful anticholinergic medication use was common and increased over time. At year 5 the cross‐sectional prevalence for having three or more neuropsychiatric disorders/cognitive impairment was 56% for Parkinson disease participants versus 13% for healthy controls, and by then seven of the examined disorders had either occurred or been treated at some time point in the majority of Parkinson disease patients. Principal component analysis suggested an affective disorder subtype only.InterpretationNeuropsychiatric features in Parkinson disease are common from the onset, increase over time, are frequently comorbid, and fluctuate in severity.
Common Functional Ability Score for Young People With Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Shoop‐Worrall Stephanie J. W. , Oude Voshaar Martijn A. H. , McDonagh Janet E. , Van de Laar Mart A. F. J. , Wulffraat Nico , Thomson Wendy , Hyrich Kimme L. , Verstappen Suzanne M. M. 
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveAs young people enter adulthood, the interchangeable use of child and adult outcome measures may inaccurately capture changes over time. This study aimed to use item response theory (IRT) to model a continuous score for functional ability that can be used no matter which questionnaire is completed.MethodsAdolescents (ages 11–17 years) in the UK Childhood Arthritis Prospective Study (CAPS) self‐completed an adolescent Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ) and a Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). Their parents answered the proxy‐completed CHAQ. Those children with at least 2 simultaneously completed questionnaires at initial presentation or 1 year were included. Psychometric properties of item responses within each questionnaire were tested using Mokken analyses to assess the applicability of IRT modeling. A previously developed IRT model from the Pharmachild‐NL registry from The Netherlands was validated in CAPS participants. Agreement and correlations between IRT‐scaled functional ability scores were tested using intraclass correlations and Wilcoxon’s signed rank tests.ResultsIn 303 adolescents, the median age at diagnosis was 13 years, and 61% were female. CHAQ scores consistently exceeded HAQ scores. Mokken analyses demonstrated high scalability, monotonicity, and the fact that each questionnaire yielded reliable scores. There was little difference in item response characteristics between adolescents enrolled in CAPS and Pharmachild‐NL (maximum item residual 0.08). Significant differences were no longer evident between IRT‐scaled HAQ and CHAQ scores.ConclusionIRT modeling allows the direct comparison of function scores regardless of different questionnaires being completed by different people over time. IRT modeling facilitates the ongoing assessment of function as adolescents transfer from pediatric clinics to adult services.
Bio‐Inspired Nanospiky Metal Particles Enable Thin, Flexible, and Thermo‐Responsive Polymer Nanocomposites for Thermal Regulation
Authors: Li Mingqian , Shi Yang , Gao Hongpeng , Chen Zheng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSafety issues remain a major obstacle toward large‐scale applications of high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries. Embedding thermo‐responsive polymer switching materials (TRPS) into batteries is a potential strategy to prevent thermal runaway, which is a major cause of battery failures. Here, thin, flexible, highly responsive polymer nanocomposites enabled by bio‐inspired nanospiky metal (Ni) particles are reported. These unique Ni particles are synthesized by a simple aqueous reaction at gram‐scale with controlled surface morphology and composition to optimize electrical properties of the nanocomposites. The Ni particles provide TRPS films with a high room‐temperature conductivity of up to 300 S cm−1. Such TRPS composite films also have a high rate (<1 s) of resistance switching within a narrow temperature range, good reversibility upon on/off switching, and a tunable switching temperature (Ts; 75 to 170 °C) that can be achieved by tailing their compositions. The small size (≈500 nm) of Ni particles enables ready fabrication of thin and flexible TPRS films with thickness approaching 5 µm or less. These features suggest the great potential of using this new type of responsive polymer composite for more effective battery thermal regulation without sacrificing cell performance.
Anti‐liquid‐Interfering and Bacterially Antiadhesive Strategy for Highly Stretchable and Ultrasensitive Strain Sensors Based on Cassie‐Baxter Wetting State
Authors: Lin Jing , Cai Xianfang , Liu Zili , Liu Nan , Xie Min , Zhou BingPu , Wang Huaquan , Guo Zhanhu 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAs a large number of strain sensors are put into practical use, their stability should be considered, especially in harsh environments containing water or microorganisms, which could affect strain sensing. Herein, a novel strategy to overcome liquid interference is proposed. The strain sensor is constructed with a sandwich architecture through layer‐by‐layer (LBL) spray‐coating of a 3‐(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) bonding layer and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes/graphene (MWCNT/G) conductive layers on an elastomeric polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) substrate, and is further decorated with silver (Ag) nanoparticles and the (heptadecafluoro‐1,1,2,2‐tetradecyl) trimethoxysilane (FAS, F in short) to obtain a F/Ag/MWCNG/G‐PDMS (FAMG) strain sensor. The superhydrophobicity and underwater oleophobicity of the outer cover layer causes this FAMG strain sensor surface to exhibit stable strain sensing resistant to liquid interference upon stretching in the Cassie−Baxter wetting state, and resistance to bacterial adhesion (Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli)). The sensor attains ultrasensitivity (with a maximum gauge factor of 1989 in the condition of liquid interference), broad strain range (0.1–170%), fast response time (150 ms), and stable response after 1000 stretching–releasing cycles. The ultrasensitivity is provided by propagation of cracks in MWCNT/G conductive layers and terminal fracture of the intermediate separating layers (APTES/MWCNT/G). The microbridge effect of MWCNTs and slippage of APTES/MWCNT/G provide a large strain range. The FAMG strain sensor is successfully used to monitor a series of human activities and an electronic bird under artificial rain and bacterial droplets, indicating the potential use of this sensor in complex environments.
Bi Dots Confined by Functional Carbon as High‐Performance Anode for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Hong Wanwan , Wang Anni , Li Lin , Qiu Tianyun , Li Jiayang , Jiang Yunling , Zou Guoqiang , Peng Hongjian , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFabrication of Bi/C composites is a common approach to alleviate the severe volume expansion of Bi alloy‐based anodes with a high theoretical capacity of 3800 mAh cm−3 for lithium ion batteries (LIBs). However, the complicated and tedious synthetic routes restrict its large‐scale preparation and practical applications. Herein, a spongiform porous Bi/C composite (marked as Bi@PC) through the carbothermal reduction (CTR) method is constructed. Bi nanodots are in situ confined in a porous carbon substrate activated by the gases produced from the decomposition of the sodium phytate precursor, indicating the feasibility and simplicity of this route. In charge/discharge processes, Bi nanodots embedded in carbon matrix are effective enough to accommodate the strain change and shorten the migration distance. In addition, the porous carbon forms an efficient conductive network for electron shutting. When utilized for lithium storage, a superb capacity of 520 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 100 cycles and a satisfying long cyclic stability of 380 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 500 cycles are achieved. The excellent Li‐storage performance and this handy preparation method jointly make this Bi/C composite a potential anode for LIBs, and could inspire the preparation of other alloy‐type anodes.
High‐Performance Fluorinated Fused‐Ring Electron Acceptor with 3D Stacking and Exciton/Charge Transport
Authors: Dai Shuixing , Zhou Jiadong , Chandrabose Sreelakshmi , Shi Yanjun , Han Guangchao , Chen Kai , Xin Jingming , Liu Kuan , Chen Zhenyu , Xie Zengqi , Ma Wei , Yi Yuanping , Jiang Lang , Hodgkiss Justin M. , Zhan Xiaowei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA new fluorinated electron acceptor (FINIC) based on 6,6,12,12‐tetrakis(3‐fluoro‐4‐hexylphenyl)‐indacenobis(dithieno[3,2‐b;2′,3′‐d]thiophene) as the electron‐donating central core and 5,6‐difluoro‐3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐1‐indanone as the electron‐deficient end groups is rationally designed and synthesized. FINIC shows similar absorption profile in dilute solution to the nonfluorinated analogue INIC. However, compared with INIC, FINIC film shows red‐shifted absorption, down‐shifted frontier molecular orbital energy levels, enhanced crystallinity, and more ordered molecular packing. Single‐crystal structure data show that FINIC molecules pack into closer 3D “network” motif through H‐bonding and π–π interaction, while INIC molecules pack into incompact “honeycomb” motif through only π–π stacking. Theoretical calculations reveal that FINIC has stronger electronic coupling and more molecular interactions than INIC. FINIC has higher electron mobilities in both horizontal and vertical directions than INIC. Moreover, FINIC and INIC support efficient 3D exciton transport. PBD‐SF/FINIC blend has a larger driving force for exciton splitting, more efficient charge transfer and photoinduced charge generation. Finally, the organic solar cells based on PBD‐SF/FINIC blend yield power conversion efficiency of 14.0%, far exceeding that of the PBD‐SF/INIC‐based devices (5.1%).
Photocatalytic and Thermometric Characteristics of Er3+‐Activated Bi5IO7 Upconverting Microparticles
Authors: Luo Laihui , Ran Weiguang , Du Peng , Li Weiping , Wang Dandan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSeries of Er3+‐activated Bi5IO7 upconverting microparticles are prepared by using a wet chemical technology along with a dedicated heating process. The electronic structure of the Bi5IO7 host is systematically studied by employing the first‐principle density functional theory. The near‐infrared (NIR) triggered upconversion (UC) behaviors of the prepared samples are studied and the optimal doping content for Er3+ ions is determined to be 7 mol%. The involved luminescent mechanism is verified by the pump power dependent UC emission spectra. Through the fluorescence intensity rate route based on the 2H11/2 and 4S3/2 thermally coupled levels, the thermometric properties of the final compounds are investigated in detail. The maximum absolute and relative sensor sensitivities of the resultant microparticles are 0.0069 K‐1 and 1.36% K‐1, respectively, importantly, these values are independent on the Er3+ ion content. The photocatalytic activity of the resultant microparticles are evaluated by analyzing the degradation of RhB under the irradiation of visible and NIR light. The results demonstrate that the Er3+‐activated Bi5IO7 microparticles are promising bifunctional platforms for optical thermometers and visible‐NIR light triggered photocatalysis.
Nonvolatile Programmable WSe2 Photodetector
Authors: Molina‐Mendoza Aday J. , Paur Matthias , Mueller Thomas 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOptoelectronic devices with nonvolatile memory are an important component in a wide variety of applications ranging from optoelectronic random‐access‐memories, with the advantage of using optical stimuli as an added parameter, to complex artificial neuromorphic networks that pretend to mimic the working schemes of the human brain. In the past few years, 2D materials have been proposed as attractive candidates to build such optoelectronic devices with memory due to their excellent optoelectronic properties and high sensitivity to external electric fields. Here, a WSe2 monolayer p–n junction working as a nonvolatile programmable photodetector is reported, that, enabled by a split‐gate configuration with embedded charge‐trapping layers, is capable of retaining custom responsivity values over time, prior configuration by the user. Once configured, this photodetector can operate without external applied bias voltage as a self‐driven photodetector, as well as without external back‐gate voltage thanks to the charge stored in the floating gates. Furthermore, the device shows a remarkable performance, with open‐circuit voltage around 1 V at approximately 270 W m−2 white light, fill factor higher than 30%, and fast response times. This programmable photodetector sets a new concept as a building block in more complex image‐sensing systems.
Device Model for Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite With Experimentally Validated Ion Dynamics
Authors: Sajedi Alvar Mohammad , Blom Paul W.M. , Wetzelaer Gert‐Jan A. H. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBeing based on mixed ionic‐electronic semiconductors, the operation of perovskite solar cells depends on many parameters. To develop an experimentally validated numerical device model, it is therefore necessary to isolate individual physical phenomena. To this end, the dynamics of ion motion in lead halide perovskites is investigated by measuring impedance spectra and the electric displacement as a function of frequency in dark. The displacement response is fully reproduced by a numerical device model that combines electronic and ionic conduction. For a quantitative description of the displacement, it is critical to consider the frequency‐dependent apparent dielectric constant, the ion concentration and the ion diffusion coefficient. The numerical simulations enable to quantify the effect of ion motion and voltage scan speed on the electric field distribution in MAPbI3 based devices, laying the foundations for an experimentally validated perovskite device model.
Tunable Current Transport in PdSe2 via Layer‐by‐Layer Thickness Modulation by Mild Plasma
Authors: Das Tanmoy , Seo Dongwook , Seo Jae Eun , Chang Jiwon 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe thickness‐modulated phase transition from semi‐metallic (bulk) to semiconductor (a few layers) is the most unique property of pentagonal palladium diselenide (PdSe2). Thus, precise thickness tailoring is essential to fully utilize its unique thickness‐dependent property for exotic device applications. Here, tunable current transport in PdSe2 based field‐effect transistors (FETs) enabled by layer‐by‐layer thinning of PdSe2 using mild SF6:N2 plasma is presented. With this top‐down plasma‐etching method, the PdSe2 layer thickness can be precisely modulated without structural degradation, which paves the way to realize the complete potential of PdSe2‐based devices. By modifying the plasma power and exposure time, an atomic layer precision etching rate of 0.4 nm min−1 can be achieved. Atomic‐force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry confirm the uniform and complete removal of top layers of PdSe2 flake over a large area without affecting remaining bottom layers. Electrical characterization of current transport in plasma‐thinned PdSe2 FETs reveals excellent layer‐dependent conductivity similar to pristine PdSe2 FETs. This simple but highly scalable and controllable plasma‐etching technique provides a promising way to fabricate PdSe2 devices based on lateral heterostructures composed of different thicknesses PdSe2 flakes to exploit strongly thickness‐dependent electronic structures.
High‐Performance GeTe‐Based Thermoelectrics: from Materials to Devices
Authors: Liu Wei‐Di , Wang De‐Zhuang , Liu Qingfeng , Zhou Wei , Shao Zongping , Chen Zhi‐Gang 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHigh‐performance GeTe‐based thermoelectrics have been recently attracting growing research interest. Here, an overview is presented of the structural and electronic band characteristics of GeTe. Intrinsically, compared to low‐temperature rhombohedral GeTe, the high‐symmetry and high‐temperature cubic GeTe has a low energy offset betweenLandΣpoints of the valence band, the reduced direct bandgap and phonon group velocity, and as a result, high thermoelectric performance. Moreover, their thermoelectric performance can be effectively enhanced through either carrier concentration optimization, band structure engineering (bandgap reduction, band degeneracy, and resonant state engineering), or restrained lattice thermal conductivity (phonon velocity reduction or phonon scattering). Consequently, the dimensionless figure of merit,ZTvalues, of GeTe‐based thermoelectric materials can be higher than 2. The mechanical and thermal stabilities of GeTe‐based thermoelectrics are highlighted, and it is found that they are suitable for practical thermoelectric applications except for their high cost. Finally, it is recognized that the performance of GeTe‐based materials can be further enhanced through synergistic effects. Additionally, proper material selection and module design can further boost the energy conversion efficiency of GeTe‐based thermoelectrics.