bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On a characterization of exponential, Pearson and Pareto distributions via covariance and pseudo-covariance
Authors: Pawlas Piotr , Szynal Dominik 
Published: December 2020

AbstractProperties of linear regression of order statistics and their functions are usually utilized for the characterization of distributions. In this paper, based on such statistics, the concept of Pearson covariance and the pseudo-covariance measure of dependence is used to characterize the exponential, Pearson and Pareto distributions.
Sartres Lösung zur Antinomie der sozialen Realität in derKritik der dialektischen Vernunft
Authors: Gardner Sebastian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCritics have standardly regarded Sartre’sCritique of Dialectical Reasonas an abortive attempt to overcome the subjectivist individualism of his early philosophy, motivated by a recognition thatBeing and Nothingnesslacks ethical and political significance, but derailed by Sartre’s Marxism. In this paper I offer an interpretation of theCritiquewhich, if correct, shows it to offer a coherent and highly original account of social and political reality, which merits attention both in its own right and as a reconstruction of the philosophical foundation of Marxism. The key to Sartre’s theory of collective and historical existence in theCritiqueis a thesis carried over fromBeing and Nothingness: intersubjectivity on Sartre’s account is inherently aporetic, and social ontology reproduces in magnified form its limited intelligibility, lack of transparency, and necessary frustration of the demands of freedom. Sartre’s further conjecture – which can be formulateda prioribut requiresa posterioriverification – is that man’s collective historical existence may be understood as the means by which the antinomy within human freedom, insoluble at the level of the individual, is finally overcome. TheCritiqueprovides therefore the ethical theory promised inBeing and Nothingness.
Aristotle on the Soul as Harmony
Authors: Vogiatzi Melpomeni 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA topic common to both Plato’s and Aristotle’s discussions of theories of the soul is the doctrine of the soul as a harmony of the parts of the body. Plato’sPhaedoas well as Aristotle’sDe animaandEudemuspresent this theory and argue against the identification of the soul as a harmony. This paper has two focuses, one philosophical and one historical. First, I will focus on the argumentation used by Aristotle in his dialogueEudemus,which is often associated with Aristotle’s early attachment to Plato. On the basis of the argumentation against theharmoniatheory, I will try to show that theEudemusis not a dialogue that depicts Aristotle’s Platonic phase. Instead, by comparing the arguments of theEudemuswith both Plato and Aristotle’s mature thought, I will argue that the argumentation of theEudemusseems to be an indirect attack on Plato’s view on the Forms and on the nature of the soul, and that it seems to be consistent with Aristotle’s mature workOn the Soul. Second, given that Aristotle discusses this topic twice, I will try, also on the basis of conclusions about theEudemusand on later reception of Aristotle’s arguments, to show why this is the case.
Un tournant majeur de l'acculturation du cynisme à Rome : leDe philosophiade Varron
Authors: Pià-Comella Jordi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn hisDe philosophia, Varro lists 288 philosophical schools on the highest good before presenting Antiochus’s doctrine as the only true one. One of the particularities of his moral doxography consists in including cynicism which has never been mentioned in the previous moral sources. This paper therefore aims to show that theDe philosophiarepresents a major turning point for the Roman reflection on cynicism. First, Varro defines cynicism as a simple way of life (habitus) and not a doctrine (ratio) so that it could be adopted by all other philosophies. In fact, by ‘reducing’ cynicism to a way of life Varro makes it compatible with his conception of the highest good based on social duties. In that respect, his position on cynicism is opposite to Cicero’s who, in hisDe officiis, considers cynicism as a dangerous philosophy for Roman values. Finally, Varro uses cynicism as a conceptual tool for thinking, in philosophical terms, one of the most important issues that run through all his work: the relationship between happiness and Ancient Roman simplicity, especially in the context of Roman decadency. For instance, in Varro’sMenippean Satires, Cynics’s destitution partly reminds of the Ancient Romans’ austerity. Therefore, by mentioning cynicism in his moral doxography, Varro gives an original and Roman treatment of the Antiochian inquiry into the concept highest good.
Affine cones over cubic surfaces are flexible in codimension one
Authors: Perepechko Alexander 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Let Y be a smooth del Pezzo surface of degree 3 polarized by a very ample divisor that is not proportional to the anticanonical one. Then the affine cone over Y is flexible in codimension one.
Equivalently, such a cone has an open subset with an infinitely transitive action of the special automorphism group on it.
A detection method for reservoir waterbodies vector data based on EGADS
Authors: Meng Lingkui , Wei Xiaobing , Yang Miao , Meng Yizhuo , Chen Yang , Cheng Jianguo , Zhang Wen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Owing to the effects of camera, illumination, extraction algorithm defect, and other reasons, vector data for reservoir waterbodies extracted from remote sensing data may have quality issues, impacting the efficiency of data utilization in areas such as water resource management and reservoir monitoring. To efficiently detect abnormal data from massive vector products of reservoir waterbodies, a semi-automatic detection method for reservoir waterbody vector data is presented. The method has three phases. First, the original reservoir vector data are preprocessed to obtain the time series of the area of reservoir waterbodies. Second, data modeling with time series of reservoir waterbodies area data is done using the extensible generic anomaly detection system (EGADS) plug-in framework and time series modeling is conducted using the Olympic model. Third, data that have quality problems are identified with

K
σ

K\sigma

model was used to determine the outliers; thereby, the date of the outliers is detected. Results of accuracy verification show that the sensitivity and specificity of the method were 94.44 and 83.87%, respectively, showing its feasibility for use in anomaly detection in polygonal reservoir waterbody vector data with far greater efficiency than traditional manual inspection.
Wood-adhesive bond loaded in mode II: experimental and numerical analysis using elasto-plastic and fracture mechanics models
Authors: Sebera Václav , Pečnik Jaka Gašper , Azinović Boris , Milch Jaromír , Huč Sabina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The goal of the study was to analyze fracture properties of adhesive bond using a three-point end-notched flexure test and the compliance-based beam method. Critical strain energy release rates (G

IIc
) and cohesive laws were obtained for adhesive bonds made of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and adhesives such as EPI, MUF, PRF and PUR. The experiments were assisted with FE analyses employing three different material models of wood: elastic (Elas), symmetric elasto-plastic (EP) and elasto-plastic with different compressive and tensile yield stresses parallel to fiber (EP+). The highest mean G

IIc
was achieved for PUR (5.40 Nmm−1) and then decreased as follows: 2.33, 1.80, 1.59 Nmm−1 for MUF, EPI, and PRF, respectively. The failure of bondline was brittle and occurred at bondline for EPI, MUF and PRF, and ductile and commonly occurring in wood for PUR adhesive. The FE simulations employing cohesive models agreed well with the experimental findings for all adhesives. FE model with Elas material was found accurate enough for EPI, MUF and PRF adhesives. For PUR adhesive, the model EP+ was found to be the most accurate in prediction of maximal force. The impact of friction between lamellas may be up to 4.2% when varying friction coefficient from 0 to 1. The impact of the grain angle distortion (α) with respect to longitudinal specimen axis showed its high influence on resulting stiffness and maximal force. It was found that three-point end-notched test is suitable for EPI, MUF, and PRF, while it is less appropriate for a bond with PUR adhesive due to notable plastic behavior.
Effect of short-term and long-term traffic noise exposure on the thyroid gland in adult rats: a sexual dimorphic study
Authors: Ababzadeh Shima , Razavinia Fatemeh-Sadat , Eslami Farsani Mohsen , Sharifimoghadam Sorush , Moslehi Azam , Faghani Dorsa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesTraffic noise, as one of the noise types, is a widespread feature of the urban environments. Traffic noise exposure can lead to hearing loss, hypertension, obesity and ischemic heart diseases. Thyroid hormones involved in the physiological and pathological conditions of the body. Therefore, this study was designed to aim the evaluation of traffic noise effects on thyroid hormones secretion and thyroid tissue structure.MethodsSeventy two males and females wistar rats were used in this study. After one week adaptation, they divided randomly into 12 groups; the control, short term (one day) and long term (one, two, three and four weeks) groups. Traffic sound was recorded, adjusted and played (86 dB) for animals. Female rats’ cycle estrus was matched. At the end of experiment, the animals were anesthetized and cardiac blood sample was drawn. Thyroid tissue was then removed. Levels of the T3, T4, TSH, corticosterone and H&E staining were measured. p<0.05 considered to be statistically significant.ResultsFindings showed that in the one-day group, T3 levels increased and T3 levels decreased in the long term groups (p<0.05). In the same way, concentration of TSH decreased in the one day, while they increased in the one, two, three and four weeks’ groups (p<0.05). Histopathological evaluations showed that in the female and male animals, long-term traffic noise increased the full follicles and decreased empty follicles (p<0.05).ConclusionsThis study revealed that traffic noise exposure led to increase of T3 plasma concentration and decrement of TSH level, although in the long term, they return to basal status. It may be due to adaptation to traffic noise.
The effect of thyroid dysfunction and treatment on adropin, asprosin and preptin levels in rats
Authors: Mogulkoc Rasim , Dasdelen Dervis , Baltaci Saltuk Bugra , Baltaci Abdulkerim Kasim , Sivrikaya Abdullah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Thyroid hormones have important roles in normal development and energy regulating mechanisms as well as signaling mechanisms that affect energy consumption through central and peripheral pathways. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of thyroid dysfunction on adropin, asprosin and preptin levels in rat.

Methods
The study was performed on the 38 male Wistar-albino rats. Experiment groups were designed as follows. 1-Control, 2-Hypothyroidism; To induce hypothyroidism PTU was applied by intraperitoneal as 10 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. 3-Hypothyroidism + Thyroxine; Previously animals were made with hypothyroidism by 1 week PTU application and then 1 week l-thyroxine was given by intraperitoneal as 1.5 mg/kg/day. 4-Hyperthyroidism; Rats were made with hyperthyroidism by 3 weeks l-thyroxine (0.3 mg/kg/day). 5-Hyperthyroidism + PTU; Animals were made hyperthyroisim by l-thyroxine as groups 4, then 1 week PTU was applied to treatment of hiperthyrodism. At the end of supplementation animals were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for FT3, FT4, adropin, asprosin, preptin analysis.

Results
FT3 ve FT4 levels were reduced significantly in hypothyroidism while increased in hyperthyroidism (p<0.001). Hipothyrodism led to reduces adropin, asprosin and preptin levels. And also hyperthyroidism reduced adropin and preptin levels (p<0.001).

Conclusions
The results of study show that experimental hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism lead to significantly change to adropin, asprosin and preptin levels. However, correction of thyroid function caused to normals levels in asprosin and preptin.
Judicial Individualism and Judicial Disagreement in Constitutional Reasoning
Authors: Gyorfi Tamas , Boda-Balogh Eva 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Although it is common knowledge that judges in different legal systems have different conventions as to how they justify their decisions and some judges are more while others are less willing to articulate their positions, we did not have exact data about these differences in constitutional reasoning. Our research proposed a simple index (JI) to measure the level of judicial individualism. Drawing on the research design of the Conreason project, we used this index to compare the practice of 14 constitutional courts in landmark constitutional cases. In addition, we also measured the level of disagreement (JD) within these 14 courts and by introducing the concept of disagreement factor (DF) we analysed to what extent substantive disagreements contribute to the rise of the number of separate opinions and, hence, to the rise of judicial individualism.
Cultural, textual and linguistic aspects of legal translation: A model of text analysis for training legal translators
Authors: Soriano Barabino Guadalupe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Legal translation training involves the acquisition and development of a set of sub-competences that constitute legal translation competence (Cao, Deborah. 2007. Translating law. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters; Prieto Ramos, Fernando. 2011. Developing legal translation competence: An integrative process-oriented approach. Comparative Legilinguistics. International Journal for Legal Communications 5. 7–21; Piecychna, Beata. 2013. Legal translation competence in the light of translational hermeneutics. Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 34(47). 141–159; Soriano Barabino, Guadalupe. 2016. Comparative law for legal translators. Oxford: Peter Lang; Soriano Barabino, Guadalupe. 2018. La formación del traductor jurídico: Análisis de la competencia traductora en traducción jurídica y propuesta de programa formativo. Quaderns: Revista de Traduccio 25. 217–229). The development of those sub-competences is part of a complex process where students are faced with different concepts and translation strategies and techniques which are not necessarily easy to grasp for trainee translators (Way, Catherine. 2014. Structuring a legal translation course: A framework for decision-making in legal translation training. In Le Cheng, King Kui Sin & Anne Wagner (eds.), The Ashgate handbook of legal translation. Farnham: Ashgate), particularly when applied to a legal context. It is our experience that translation students tend to focus on the product (text production) and do not spend enough time analysing the source text, which results in obvious mistakes in mainly – but not only – cultural (legal), textual and linguistic aspects. The interdisciplinary nature of legal translation calls for an integrative model for teaching and learning. The model presented provides trainees with a framework for source text analysis that places the communicative situation and the translation brief at the core from which three fundamental dimensions, based on the aspects mentioned above, develop. Elements such as the legal cultures involved, legal text typologies or the level of specialisation of terms and discourse are some of the aspects to be considered, so allowing trainees to achieve a thorough understanding of the source text for a conscious translation. The model will be applied to a specific source text and translation brief.
A note on optimal systems of certain low-dimensional Lie algebras
Authors: Singh Manjit , Gupta Rajesh Kumar 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Optimal classifications of Lie algebras of some well-known equations under their group of inner automorphism are re-considered. By writing vector fields of some known Lie algebras in the abstract format, we have proved that there exist explicit isomorphism between Lie algebras and sub-algebras which have already been classified. The isomorphism between Lie algebras is useful in the sense that the classifications of sub-algebras of dimension ≤4 have previously been carried out in literature. These already available classifications can be used to write classification of any Lie algebra of dimension ≤4. As an example, the explicit isomorphism between Lie algebra of variant Boussinesq system and sub-algebra

A
3,5

1
/
2

${A}_{3,5}^{1/2}$

is proved, and subsequently, optimal sub-algebras up to dimension four are obtained. Besides this, some other examples of Lie algebras are also considered for explicit isomorphism.
On the EIT problem for nonorientable surfaces
Authors: Belishev M. I. , Korikov D. V. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Let

(
Ω
,
g
)

{(\Omega,g)}

be a smooth compact two-dimensional Riemannian
manifold with boundary and let

Λ
g

:

f
↦

∂
ν

⁡
u

|

∂
⁡
Ω

{\Lambda_{g}:f\mapsto\partial_{\nu}u|_{\partial\Omega}}

be its DN map, where u obeys

Δ
g

⁢
u

=
0

{\Delta_{g}u=0}

in Ω and

u
|

∂
⁡
Ω

=
f

{u|_{\partial\Omega}=f}

. The Electric
Impedance Tomography Problem is to determine Ω from

Λ
g

{\Lambda_{g}}

.
A criterion is proposed that enables one to detect (via

Λ
g

{\Lambda_{g}}

) whether Ω is orientable or not.
The algebraic version of the BC-method is applied to solve the EIT
problem for the Moebius band. The main instrument is the algebra
of holomorphic functions on the double covering

𝕄

{{\mathbb{M}}}

of
M, which is determined by

Λ
g

{\Lambda_{g}}

up to an isometric
isomorphism. Its Gelfand spectrum (the set of characters) plays
the role of the material for constructing a relevant copy

(

M
′

,

g
′

)

{(M^{\prime},g^{\prime})}

of

(
M
,
g
)

{(M,g)}

. This copy is conformally equivalent to the
original, provides

∂
⁡

M
′

=

∂
⁡
M

{\partial M^{\prime}=\partial M}

,

Λ

g
′

=

Λ
g

{\Lambda_{g^{\prime}}=\Lambda_{g}}

, and thus solves the problem.
The category of number in Latin: meanings of the plural with verbal nouns
Authors: Garzón Fontalvo Eveling 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper deals with the category of number in Latin, specifically with the different meanings of the plural with verbal nouns. In the first section, I establish a reference framework on the concept of number, and in particular the so-called “number anomalies”. The second part of the paper addresses the functional complexity of the category of number itself, so it presents and exemplifies the four different meanings of plural forms with verbal nouns and explains them in light of the concepts of prototype and recategorization. The third section aims to identify the factors yielding a determined plural reading; in this way, I explain the connection between some meanings of the plural and the types of events that verbal nouns describe. Lastly, in the final section, I discuss the main results of this study.
Greeting in Roman comedy: register and (im)politeness
Authors: Berger Łukasz 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article investigates multiple pragmatic facets of Latin greeting as depicted in the corpus of Roman comedy (Plautus, Terence). To this end, different frameworks are combined, including Conversation Analysis, Speech Act Theory, and the most prominent (Im)politeness Theories. The complexity of the greeting phenomenon is first demonstrated by identifying its position inside the opening section of the dialogue with possible reductions, elaborations, and substitutions. Thus a heterogeneous group of greeting tokens is retrieved from the comedy corpus, which, furthermore, fit the speech-act theoretical description of the greeting as a behabitative (Austin), expressive act (Searle) or acknowledgment (Bach and Harnish). Moreover, the paper briefly signalizes the contact-oriented (phatic) functions of the salutation ritual as access display (Shiffrin) or its use as a mechanism of (re)producing the social order (Schegloff). The main part of the investigation, however, is devoted to the greeting formulae and their linguistic variation in Plautus and Terence. After briefly presenting the classical model of (im)politeness (Brown and Levinson), the paper relates the speech-act formulation of the expressions to positive- or negative-politeness strategies. Finally, the article applies the frame-based analysis of the politeness’ formulaic language, as proposed by Terkourafi. The dialogue openings are classified according to their broader extralinguistic context (e.g. participants, temporal setting, the reason for the encounter) into several situational frames. In the last section of the paper, the (im)politeness value of the greeting expressions is revised in relation to their adequacy to a given situation type. In result, some instances of using the formulae inappropriately (i.e., out of frame) are given, which demonstrate the complex interpersonal dynamics of the verbal interaction depicted by Plautus and Terence.
Factors affecting thyroid volume in adolescent students attending a rural middle school in East Hangzhou, China
Authors: Liu Qiaoyong , Jiang Yiqian , Shen Lijun , Zhu Jiming 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the thyroid volume (Tvol) and to explore factors that affects it among 12 to 15-year-olds attending a rural middle school in east Hangzhou, China.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey of middle school students attending a rural middle school in east Hangzhou, China was conducted. Height, weight and other physical development related indicators in middle school students were measured. The thyroid size was measured using ultrasound, and the thyroid volume calculated.

Results
The median (P25, P75) of the thyroid volume in 596 middle school students from a rural middle school in east Hangzhou, China was 6.69 (5.66, 7.98) mL. Our study enrolled 305 male students (51.2%) and 291 female students (48.8%). The height, weight and thyroid volume of middle school students increased with age. Univariate analysis revealed that height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA) were positive correlated with thyroid volume (p<0.01).The correlation between BSA and thyroid volume was significant (Spearman’s rho=0.473, p<0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that BSA was positive and significantly correlated with the thyroid volume (p<0.05). Regression equation was Y=−2.532 + 6.186×BSA.

Conclusion
The thyroid volume is not only affected by age, but it is also affected by growth and development. Goiter cannot only be assessed based on age, gender and thyroid volume. However, this study established that BSA not only presented the strongest correlation with thyroid volume (Spearman’s rho=0.473), but also had a strong correlation with physical development, taking into account the growth and development of middle school students, and showed greater stability. Therefore, we recommend inclusion of BSA as a reference standard in the measurement of the thyroid volume.