bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Timing of infestation influences virulence and parasite success in a dynamic multi-host–parasite interaction between the invasive parasite, Philornis downsi, and Darwin’s finches
Authors: Cimadom Arno , Tebbich Sabine 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRecently commenced host–parasite interactions provide an excellent opportunity to study co-evolutionary processes. Multi-host systems are especially informative because variation in virulence between hosts and temporal changes provides insight into evolutionary dynamics. However, empirical data under natural conditions are scarce. In the present study, we investigated the interaction between Darwin’s finches and the invasive flyPhilornis downsiwhose larvae feed on the blood of nestlings. Recently, however, the fly has changed its behavior and now also attacks incubating females. Two sympatric hosts are affected differently by the parasite and parasite load has changed over time. Our study observed a reversal of trends described two decades ago: while, currently, small tree finches (Camarhynchus parvulus) experience significantly higher parasite load than warbler finches (Certhidea olivacea), this was the opposite two decades ago. Currently, fledging success is higher in warbler finches compared to small tree finches. Our data indicate that not only intensity but also timing of infestation influences hosts’ reproductive success and parasite fitness. During incubation, prevalence was higher in warbler finches, but once chicks had hatched, prevalence was 100% in both species and parasite load was higher in small tree finches. Furthermore, our results suggest faster development and higher reproductive success ofP. downsiin small tree finch nests. A change in host preference driven by larvae competition could have led to the reversal in parasite load.
Manoeuvring Through the Crisis: Labour Market and Social Policies During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Eichhorst Werner , Marx Paul , Rinne Ulf 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has a severe impact on societies, economies and labour markets. However, not all countries, socio-economic groups and sectors are equally affected. Part of this disparity can be related to the different role and extent of short-time work, which is now being used more widely than during the Great Recession. Furthermore, unemployment benefits have been made more generous in many countries. While it is still too early to assess the relative success of national strategies to cope with the pandemic and to revitalise the labour market as well as to evaluate the medium-term fiscal viability of different support measures, a few policy directions become apparent. These include the use of digital tools to increase resilience against economic shocks, the longer-term perspective of short-time workers in the current crisis, social protection for self-employed workers that is robust to economic crises and resilient models for school-to-work transitions of younger workers.
Post-COVID-19 EMU: Economic Distancing by Parallel Currencies
Authors: Mayer Thomas , Schnabl Gunther 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe coronavirus crisis has caused new distress in the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), as the southern part of the EMU has been hit stronger than the northern part. The common currency prevents nominal exchange rate adjustment in response to the asymmetric shock. Policymakers have therefore taken recourse to large-scale financial transfers. Based on the lessons from the German monetary union, this article proposes instead the introduction of parallel currencies to facilitate relative price changes. Parallel currencies in the south would allow an increase in competitiveness of the south via real depreciation. The introduction of a parallel currency in Germany would lead to capital inflows and a real appreciation of the new German mark. The pre-EMU pressure for structural adjustments and productivity gains would be restored.
On Scripts and Sensibility: Cold War International Law and Revolutionary Caribbean Subjects
Authors: Kumar Vidya 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThrough a literary-theatrical reading of international legality, this Article challenges the “settled script” produced by international legal scholars to frame and assess the legality of two historical events—the Grenada Revolution (1979–1983) and the U.S. Invasion of Grenada (1983). It does so by reading the Cold War as a sensibility performed by these scholars, one that recognized the operation of rival international legal orders and one that crafted a different script—Cold War Customary Law (“CWCL”)—to decide questions of international legality in a Cold War context. In addition to offering a new way to read the Cold War and international legality, this Article argues first that it is important to uncover this parallel and competing script of international legality operating at the time, and not dismiss it as unrelated political or ideological discourse, as it clearly influenced the interpretive logic and reasoning practices international lawyers deployed to frame what constituted legality in international law. Second, it argues that this Cold War sensibility in international legal scholarship on intervention and revolution predated the events in Grenada, and that if a different theatrical mise en scène is adopted—one which eschews “the short durée” or “evental history” of the settled script—this sensibility can be understood as being both continuous and discontinuous with rival imperial forms of international law operating in the Caribbean across time and place, where its discontinuities open up space to recover revolutionary Caribbean subjects of international law and a sensibility of shame in the present.
Association between dietary patterns and risk of breast cancer in Chinese female population: a latent class analysis
Authors: Cao Shang , Lu Shurong , Zhou Jinyi , Zhu Zheng , Li Wei , Su Jian , Yu Hao , Du Wencong , Cui Lan , Dong Yunqiu , Qian Yun , Wu Ming , Wei Pingmin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective:To determine if specific dietary patterns are associated with breast cancer (BC) risk in Chinese women.Design:Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify generic dietary patterns based on daily food-frequency data.Setting:The Chinese Wuxi Exposure and Breast Cancer Study (2013–2014).Participants:A population-based case–control study (695 cases, 804 controls).Results:Four dietary patterns were identified, Prudent, Chinese traditional, Western and Picky; the proportion in the controls and cases was 0·30/0·32/0·16/0·23 and 0·29/0·26/0·11/0·33, respectively. Women in Picky class were characterised by higher extreme probabilities of non-consumption of specific foods, the highest probabilities of consumption of pickled foods and the lowest probabilities of consumption of cereals, soya foods and nuts. Compared with Prudent class, Picky class was associated with a higher risk (OR = 1·42, 95 % CI 1·06, 1·90), while the relevant association was only in post- (OR = 1·44, 95 % CI 1·01, 2·05) but not in premenopausal women. The Western class characterised by high-protein, high-fat and high-sugar foods, and the Chinese traditional class characterised by typical consumption of soya foods and white meat over red meat, both of them showed no difference in BC risk compared with Prudent class did.Conclusions:LCA captures the heterogeneity of individuals embedded in the population and could be a useful approach in the study of dietary pattern and disease. Our results indicated that the Picky class might have a positive association with the risk of BC.
The economic costs of planting, preserving, and managing the world’s forests to mitigate climate change
Authors: Austin K. G. , Baker J. S. , Sohngen B. L. , Wade C. M. , Daigneault A. , Ohrel S. B. , Ragnauth S. , Bean A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractForests are critical for stabilizing our climate, but costs of mitigation over space, time, and stakeholder group remain uncertain. Using the Global Timber Model, we project mitigation potential and costs for four abatement activities across 16 regions for carbon price scenarios of $5–$100/tCO2. We project 0.6–6.0 GtCO2 yr−1 in global mitigation by 2055 at costs of 2–393 billion USD yr−1, with avoided tropical deforestation comprising 30–54% of total mitigation. Higher prices incentivize larger mitigation proportions via rotation and forest management activities in temperate and boreal biomes. Forest area increases 415–875 Mha relative to the baseline by 2055 at prices $35–$100/tCO2, with intensive plantations comprising <7% of this increase. Mitigation costs borne by private land managers comprise less than one-quarter of total costs. For forests to contribute ~10% of mitigation needed to limit global warming to 1.5 °C, carbon prices will need to reach $281/tCO2 in 2055.
Efficient spin excitation via ultrafast damping-like torques in antiferromagnets
Authors: Tzschaschel Christian , Satoh Takuya , Fiebig Manfred 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDamping effects form the core of many emerging concepts for high-speed spintronic applications. Important characteristics such as device switching times and magnetic domain-wall velocities depend critically on the damping rate. While the implications of spin damping for relaxation processes are intensively studied, damping effects during impulsive spin excitations are assumed to be negligible because of the shortness of the excitation process. Herein we show that, unlike in ferromagnets, ultrafast damping plays a crucial role in antiferromagnets because of their strongly elliptical spin precession. In time-resolved measurements, we find that ultrafast damping results in an immediate spin canting along the short precession axis. The interplay between antiferromagnetic exchange and magnetic anisotropy amplifies this canting by several orders of magnitude towards large-amplitude modulations of the antiferromagnetic order parameter. This leverage effect discloses a highly efficient route towards the ultrafast manipulation of magnetism in antiferromagnetic spintronics.
Gap junctions amplify spatial variations in cell volume in proliferating tumor spheroids
Authors: McEvoy Eoin , Han Yu Long , Guo Ming , Shenoy Vivek B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSustained proliferation is a significant driver of cancer progression. Cell-cycle advancement is coupled with cell size, but it remains unclear how multiple cells interact to control their volume in 3D clusters. In this study, we propose a mechano-osmotic model to investigate the evolution of volume dynamics within multicellular systems. Volume control depends on an interplay between multiple cellular constituents, including gap junctions, mechanosensitive ion channels, energy-consuming ion pumps, and the actomyosin cortex, that coordinate to manipulate cellular osmolarity. In connected cells, we show that mechanical loading leads to the emergence of osmotic pressure gradients between cells with consequent increases in cellular ion concentrations driving swelling. We identify how gap junctions can amplify spatial variations in cell volume within multicellular spheroids and, further, describe how the process depends on proliferation-induced solid stress. Our model may provide new insight into the role of gap junctions in breast cancer progression.
Towards a unified open access dataset of molecular interactions
Authors: Porras Pablo , Barrera Elisabet , Bridge Alan , del-Toro Noemi , Cesareni Gianni , Duesbury Margaret , Hermjakob Henning , Iannuccelli Marta , Jurisica Igor , Kotlyar Max , Licata Luana , Lovering Ruth C. , Lynn David J. , Meldal Birgit , Nanduri Bindu , Paneerselvam Kalpana , Panni Simona , Pastrello Chiara , Pellegrini Matteo , Perfetto Livia , Rahimzadeh Negin , Ratan Prashansa , Ricard-Blum Sylvie , Salwinski Lukasz , Shirodkar Gautam , Shrivastava Anjalia , Orchard Sandra 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe International Molecular Exchange (IMEx) Consortium provides scientists with a single body of experimentally verified protein interactions curated in rich contextual detail to an internationally agreed standard. In this update to the work of the IMEx Consortium, we discuss how this initiative has been working in practice, how it has ensured database sustainability, and how it is meeting emerging annotation challenges through the introduction of new interactor types and data formats. Additionally, we provide examples of how IMEx data are being used by biomedical researchers and integrated in other bioinformatic tools and resources.
Stem cell preservation for regenerative therapies: ethical and governance considerations for the health care sector
Authors: Master Zubin , Crowley Aidan P. , Smith Cambray , Wigle Dennis , Terzic Andre , Sharp Richard R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe stem cell preservation industry has grown substantially with private businesses, public hospitals, and academic medical centers considering preserving induced pluripotent stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and other cell types of patients and the public in order to potentially use them for stem cell therapy should such an intervention exist in the future. Despite this growth and interest among private firms and academic centers, no study has yet considered the bioethical issues of such platforms. In this article, we explore several ethical and social issues related to the biopreservation of stem cells for future regenerative therapies. We analyze a range of bioethical considerations that public and private institutions should bear in mind as they develop stem cell preservation platforms. These include medical validation of regenerative interventions and their influence on the public understanding of stem cell therapies, the impact of public trust of organizations creating a private, for-profit venture of stem cell preservation, and logistical issues in the governance of the collection including ownership and dispositional authority, informed consent and access, and withdrawal and non-payment. These considerations should be incorporated into current and future stem cell preservation platforms in order to promote the responsible translation of regenerative medicine.
Effect of welfare standards and biosecurity practices on antimicrobial use in beef cattle
Authors: Diana Alessia , Lorenzi Valentina , Penasa Mauro , Magni Edoardo , Alborali Giovanni L. , Bertocchi Luigi , De Marchi Massimo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAntimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock species and the associated antimicrobial resistance are a global concern, thus strategies for their reduction and a more judicious use are needed. Previous research has revealed a link between improved animal welfare, biosecurity and AMU reduction in pig and dairy sectors, however, little is known about the beef sector. This study aimed to investigate the impact of welfare standards and biosecurity on AMU in beef cattle. Data on performance traits and AMU were collected over a 3.5 year time from 27 specialised beef farms and a treatment incidence was calculated using the defined daily dose for animals. An on-farm assessment was carried out by assigning a score from 0 (very poor) to 100% (very good) to 3 sections: welfare, biosecurity and emergency management. The highest average score was obtained for the welfare section (76%) followed by emergency management (39%) and biosecurity (24%). This suggests that major focus on strategies for the implementation of biosecurity measures and emergency management is needed, due to the low scores reported. A statistically significant lower AMU was observed with improved level of welfare. These results may be helpful for farm benchmarking and highlight the importance of improved animal welfare for an efficient antimicrobial stewardship.
Integrating liquid chromatography mass spectrometry into an analytical protocol for the identification of organic colorants in Japanese woodblock prints
Authors: Vermeulen Marc , Tamburini Diego , Müller Emily M. K. , Centeno Silvia A. , Basso Elena , Leona Marco 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThree Japanese woodblock prints from the Edo period (1603–1868) underwent a scientific investigation with the aim of understanding the changes in the colorants used in Japanese printing techniques. A multi-analytical approach was adopted, combining non-invasive techniques, such as fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), Raman spectroscopy, multispectral imaging (MSI), and macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) with minimally invasive surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The results enabled many of the pigments to be identified and their distribution to be studied, apart from two shades of purple of organic composition. Consequently, the potential of high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) was explored for the first time with application to Japanese woodblock prints. The intrinsic sensitivity of the instrument and an effective extraction protocol allowed us to identify a mixture of dayflower (Commelina communis) blue and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) red in purple samples constituted of 2–3 single fibers. In addition to the innovative integration of MA-XRF and HPLC–MS/MS to investigate these delicate artworks, the study concluded on the use of traditional sources of colors alongside newly introduced pigments in late Edo-period Japan. This information is extremely important for understanding the printing practices, as well as for making decisions about display, conservation, and preservation of such artworks.
On the early stages of localised atmospheric corrosion of magnesium–aluminium alloys
Authors: Shahabi-Navid M. , Cao Y. , Svensson J. E. , Allanore A. , Birbilis N. , Johansson L. G. , Esmaily M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe surface film on pure magnesium and two aluminium-containing magnesium alloys was characterised after 96 h at 95% RH and 22 °C. The concentration of CO2 was carefully controlled to be either 0 or 400 ppm. The exposed samples were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy. The results showed that when the alloys were exposed to the CO2-containing environment, aluminium cations (Al3+) was incorporated into a layered surface film comprising a partially “hydrated” MgO layer followed by Mg(OH)2, and magnesium hydroxy carbonates. The results indicated that aluminium-containing magnesium alloys exhibited considerably less localised corrosion in humid air than pure magnesium. Localised corrosion in the materials under investigation was attributed to film thinning by a dissolution/precipitation mechanism.
Time limited self-organised criticality in the high rate deformation of face centred cubic metals
Authors: Lea Lewis , Brown Lawrence , Jardine Andrew 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPlastic deformation is a fundamentally important physical process, ultimately determining how materials can be used. Metal plasticity is governed by dislocation dynamics and lattice twinning. Although many continuum constitutive models exist, plasticity is now known to occur in discrete events arising from the self-organisation of dislocations into ‘avalanches’ under applied stress. Here we extend avalanche plasticity to high strain rates, by introducing time limitation to self-organisation. At high rates large avalanches fail to form; the system must self-organise around new constraints. Various macroscopic consequences include an increasing rate of work hardening with strain rate. We perform new measurements on high purity copper that distinguish between instantaneous and permanent strength contributions across a strength transition at 104 s−1, showing the transition to be a change in structural evolution. Strong model agreement validates our time limited self-organisation approach. Our work results in a unified, physically realistic framework for plasticity, with wide applicability.
Exact hybrid-kinetic equilibria for magnetized plasmas with shearing flows
Authors: Guzzi G. , Settino A. , Valentini F. , Malara F. 
Published: December 2020

Context.Magnetized plasmas characterized by shearing flows are present in many natural contexts, such as the Earth’s magnetopause and the solar wind. The collisionless nature of involved plasmas requires a kinetic description. When the width of the shear layer is on the order of ion scales, the hybrid Vlasov-Maxwell approach can be adopted for this purpose.Aims.The aim of this work is to derive explicit forms for stationary configurations of magnetized plasmas with planar shearing flows within the hybrid Vlasov-Maxwell description. Two configurations are considered: the first with a uniform magnetic field obliquely directed with respect to the bulk velocity and the second with a uniform-magnitude variable-direction magnetic field.Methods.We obtained stationary ion distribution functions by combining single-particle constant of motions, which are derived through the study of particle dynamics. Preliminary information about the form of the distribution functions were analytically derived in considering a local approximation for the background electromagnetic field. Then a numerical method was set up to obtain a solution for general profiles.Results.We determined explicit distribution functions that allow us to obtain profiles of density, bulk velocity, temperature, and heat flux. Anisotropy and agyrotropy in the distribution function were also evaluated. The stationarity of the solution during numerical simulations was checked in the uniform oblique magnetic field case.Conclusions.The configurations considered here can be used as models for the Earth’s magnetopause in simulations of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability.
Impulse Response Function Analysis of Shandong Residential Electricity Demand Based on the VAR Model
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Li Bing 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This work is attempting to analyse the responses of Shandong residential electricity demand by the impulses from GDP and other important factors with a VAR model approach. We use IRF analysis method to do the research. From the research, we can say that the impulses of Shandong GDP will cause a temporary big upward and later downward impact to the residential electricity demand. The impulses of GDP per capita will lead to increased residential electricity demand and the impulses from number of household will lead to smooth development of residential electricity demand and the impulses from population will lead to lower level of electricity in the short periods but an increased trend in the long periods. The significance of our study is that we can provide some indication for policy making that investment measures have to be adopted to ensure the steady growth of the GDP and GDP per capita so as to keep a steady demand in residential electricity demand.
Research on Bi-directional DC / DC Converter for Energy Storage System
Authors: Nie Zheng , Chen Jianming , Dai Ruijin , Han Yi , Peng Yong 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
When the grid connected photovoltaic power is scarce, the energy storage device can play an important role in power supplement to stabilize the grid. A bi-directional three-level Buck / Boost converter topology has been studied, and its working principle has been introduced in detail in this Paper. Based on the working characteristics of energy storage battery, combined with the battery “Three-stage” charging method, the voltage and current closed-loop control strategy of three-level DC/DC converter has been studied. It can work in constant power charging and discharging as well as constant current charging and discharging. The simulation platform of 50KW energy storage power device has been set up, which can freely switch from charging state to discharging state. The results show that the research on bidirectional three-level DC / DC converter is feasible and effective.