bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education as Relational Process
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Replacing the assessment orientation requires an alternative to the idea of schools as sites of production. To do so, the authors challenge the conception of schools as composed of individual actors whose performance can be measured independently of their lodgment in the social world. They argue that our understandings of the world, along with our ways of life, come about within a process of relating. It is out of coordination among participants that beliefs, values, and meaningfulness of actions originate. Thus the process of co-creation is essential to knowledge, understanding, and learning. Significant distinctions are drawn among various forms of relational process, with contrasts between conventional conversations (valuable in sustaining tradition) degenerative interchange (leading to the destruction of meaning-making) and generative relating (that inspires innovation and enriches relationship). Measurement-based assessment practices in education foster alienation, suspicion, self-centeredness, and an instrumental orientation to relating. Vitally needed is the development of a relationally enriching orientation to evaluation.
Embodied Avant-garde(s)
Authors: Herrera Eduardo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses CLAEM as a window into how musical avant-gardism was understood and experienced. The chapter provides a thick description of how different CLAEM fellows engaged with a wide range of practices that were ultimately manifestations of avant-garde desires. It argues for a plural understanding of the avant-garde and its diverse reception which included life-long embrace, temporary adoption, gradual disillusionment, and even intolerant rejection. The chapter portrays the broad meaning of CLAEM participation for many composers in the musical avant-garde: it meant working within certain aesthetic ideals and extending these ideals to everyday practice as part of fluid and rich identities. These composers went well beyond writing music to militantly organizing events, promoting works, musicological writing, and teaching.
Near-Term Artificial Intelligence and the Ethical Matrix
Authors: O’Neil Cathy , Gunn Hanna 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter takes up the issue of near-term artificial intelligence, or the algorithms that are already in place in a variety of public and private sectors, guiding decisions from advertising and to credit ratings to sentencing in the justice system. There is a pressing need to recognize and evaluate the ways that structural racism, sexism, classism, and ableism may be embedded in and amplified by these systems. The chapter proposes a framework for ethical analysis that can be used to facilitate more robust ethical reflection in AI development and implementation. It presents an ethical matrix that incorporates the language of data science as a tool that data scientists can build themselves in order to integrate ethical analysis into the design process, addressing the need for immediate analysis and accountability over the design and deployment of near-term AI.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Russell Stuart 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that there is very little chance that we humans can specify our objectives completely and correctly, in such a way that the pursuit of those objectives by more capable machines is guaranteed to result in beneficial outcomes for humans. Consequently, this chapter defends and further articulates the need for “provably beneficial AI,” which is the idea that to the extent that human values are revealed in our behavior, we should be able to get machines to learn underlying human preferences from observing human behavior. It then discusses the technical challenges involved in building provably beneficial AI and responds to some possible concerns to this approach.
Why Does Anyone Believe?
Authors: Stackhouse John G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
To believe Christianity’s surprising story would require considerable convincing. Not surprisingly, lots of different Christians believe for lots of different reasons. This chapter rounds up under a handful of headings the main reasons why Christianity has attracted and retained the adherence of two billion people across the globe. And not every believer relies on every one of these arguments, of course. This chapter surveys the chief grounds of Christian faith—from historical evidence to philosophical argumentation, and from moral beauty to mystical experience.
Why Not Believe?
Authors: Stackhouse John G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out responses to the two most popular obstacles to Christian belief: (1) the Christian insistence on the unique and supreme importance of Jesus Christ vis-à-vis any other religious or philosophical figure, and (2) the problem of evil. While other religions and philosophies are acknowledged as contributing, sometimes greatly, to the benefit of humankind, Christianity identifies a problem that needs a solving, a debt that needs paying, a hole that needs filling—and then asserts that Jesus Christ is the one who makes things right. Once he has done so, of course, there is no need for someone else to do likewise. But if he has done so, then he deserves supreme gratitude and worship. As for the problem of evil, this chapter sympathizes with skeptics and mourners, and offers the main answer Christianity has to offer to every problem: not clever philosophy or dogmatic theology, but the person of Jesus.
Dancing Women
Authors: Iyer Usha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Dancing Women: Choreographing Corporeal Histories of Hindi Cinema, an ambitious study of two of South Asia’s most popular cultural forms—cinema and dance—historicizes and theorizes the material and cultural production of film dance, a staple attraction of popular Hindi cinema. It explores how the dynamic figurations of the body wrought by cinematic dance forms from the 1930s to the 1990s produce unique constructions of gender, stardom, and spectacle. By charting discursive shifts through figurations of dancer-actresses, their publicly performed movements, private training, and the cinematic and extra-diegetic narratives woven around their dancing bodies, the book considers the “women’s question” via new mobilities corpo-realized by dancing women. Some of the central figures animating this corporeal history are Azurie, Sadhona Bose, Vyjayanthimala, Helen, Waheeda Rehman, Madhuri Dixit, and Saroj Khan, whose performance histories fold and intersect with those of other dancing women, including devadasis and tawaifs, Eurasian actresses, oriental dancers, vamps, choreographers, and backup dancers. Through a material history of the labor of producing on-screen dance, theoretical frameworks that emphasize collaboration, such as the “choreomusicking body” and “dance musicalization,” aesthetic approaches to embodiment drawing on treatises like the Natya Sastra and the Abhinaya Darpana, and formal analyses of cine-choreographic “techno-spectacles,” Dancing Women offers a variegated, textured history of cinema, dance, and music. Tracing the gestural genealogies of film dance produces a very different narrative of Bombay cinema, and indeed of South Asian cultural modernities, by way of a corporeal history co-choreographed by a network of remarkable dancing women.
Introduction
Authors: Iyer Usha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Introduction sets up the primary analytic frameworks of this book, plotting, through the opening example of the spectacular dance number, “Muqabla humse na karo,” issues of labor, collaboration, and technology that film dance activates. Through attention to gesture, movement vocabulary, training, fame, and erasure, this chapter posits the need for a corporeal history of Hindi cinema that is peopled by many laboring bodies. Such a history takes into account acclaimed and invisibilized performers and celebrates a range of dancing women as co-choreographers of female mobility. The Introduction also provides a brief history of dance in pre-playback Hindi film, and a historical account of responses to the cine-corporeal transformations wrought by dance in Indian cinema.
Epilogue
Authors: Iyer Usha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Epilogue extends this book’s examination of dance and female stardom up to the present and points to further areas of exploration that a focus on film dance opens up. It includes an examination of the changing role of the heroine as the “item girl,” Bollywood intertextuality through dance, and new modes of participatory fandom evidenced in reality dance shows. This is followed by a brief summary of how music- and dance-centered histories and theoretical frameworks help us think differently about cinematic performance, spatial organization, and labor networks. It concludes with a meditation on how this book’s sustained engagement with film dance produces an intermedial history of film, dance, and music.
The New Russian Identity and the Burden of the Soviet Past
Authors: Sharafutdinova Gulnaz 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the difficult historical and geopolitical context that the new Russia found itself in as it emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The anti-communist ideological choice of Russia’s ruling elites stood uncomfortably with Russia’s status as the main successor to the Soviet Union. Yeltsin’s government underplayed the importance of symbolic issues in the 1990s. As a result, Russian society found itself in a state of symbolic collapse and void that, in combination with painful economic and social realities, led to a widely shared sense of confusion, shame, and anxiety.
Searching for a New Mirror
Authors: Sharafutdinova Gulnaz 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Putin has built his leadership on collective identity politics and Russia’s perceived need to be recognized by the world. This concluding chapter presents three short vignettes to highlight the central issues in state-society relations in contemporary Russia and to argue that the issue of individual and collective recognition is central to state-society relations inside Russia. In all three stories we see individuals denied their dignity and recognition by the state. These issues could be used by political entrepreneurs to construct a new frame that is likely to resonate with the broader population in Russia and present an alternative to the system created under Putin’s leadership.
No Refuge
Authors: Parekh Serena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book confronts the ethical dimension of the global refugee crisis. When most people think of the global refugee crisis, they think of Syrians crossing the Mediterranean in flimsy boats into Europe or caravans of Central Americans arriving at the US border. Yet behind these images there is a second crisis: refuge itself has all but evaporated for millions of people fleeing persecution and violence. Refugees have only three real options—squalid refugee camps, urban slums, or dangerous journeys to seek asylum—and none of these provide access to the minimum conditions of human dignity. No Refuge makes visible to readers the crisis that refugees experience in the twenty-first century: for refugees, there is no refugee. The author argues we must adopt a moral framework that incorporates the harms refugees experience both as they flee their home countries and as they seek refuge elsewhere. It’s crucial, she thinks, that citizens understand the crisis for refugees as they seek refuge and the role our states have played in this crisis in order to develop more just responses in the future. Both drawing from and transcending other philosophers’ approaches to the morality of refugee policy, the book demonstrates that countries have a moral obligation to address the political structures that prevent refugees from accessing to the minimum conditions of human dignity. An adequate response to the crisis must include ensuring the rights and dignity of refugees wherever they are.
Reasons for and against Accepting Refugees
Authors: Parekh Serena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
For most people in the West, whether or not we should accept refugees, either by offering them asylum or through resettlement, is the key ethical question. But precisely why states have obligations to take in refugees is often less clear. This chapter discusses the philosophical debate surrounding states’ moral obligations to asylum seekers and refugees. The chapter explores three moral arguments for allowing refugees and asylum seekers into our countries, in fairly high, though not unlimited, numbers. But it also engages with the opposing view and shows why some believe our obligations to refugees do not necessarily include resettlement or asylum. This chapter helps people on opposing sides of the debate understand each other’s perspectives.
Structural Injustice
Authors: Parekh Serena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the very structure of the refugee protection system—the status quo that requires refugees to negotiate a system that resettles very few, contains millions in camps, and neglects millions more outside of camps—must be understood as a structural injustice. It is an outcome that can be understood as the cumulative effect of many different policies around refugee resettlement, refugee camps, immigration, and border security enacted by countries around the world, even though they did not intend this outcome. By focusing on the outcome, not the intentions behind it, we’re better able to see the injustice involved in our current treatment of refugees. After developing this unique interpretation of the refugee crisis, that chapter shows why all countries, but especially Western states, share political responsibility to address it. Political responsibility is shared by all those who contribute through their actions to sustaining the injustice.
Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya: From Terrorism to Nonviolence
Authors: Matesan Ioana Emy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In 1981, al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya assassinated Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. Over the next two decades, the group transformed from one of the most active terrorist groups in Egypt to an Islamist group that officially renounced armed action. The chapter first traces the rise of the group and investigates what pushed it to resort to violence. The increased scale and scope of violence was generated by the same causal mechanisms that explained the Muslim Brotherhood’s turn to violence: politicization, mistrust of government, a sense of betrayal by the regime, desire for revenge, and a slippery slope of militarization. The chapter then looks at the transformation of the organization starting with the 1997 Nonviolence Initiative. The analysis reveals that the high audience cost of violence and growing public condemnation led al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya’s leaders to rethink the group’s mission and push for permanent disengagement from violence.
Introduction
Authors: Tipson Baird 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This introduction explains the governing argument of the book and how each chapter contributes to that argument. It begins with the rationale for a sacramental understanding of conversion and the practical importance of obtaining forgiveness of sins through the sacrament of penance. It then describes Luther’s grappling with the tension between an instrumental understanding of baptism and one that requires some kind of faith from the recipient. This tension will harden after his death into a great divide between Lutheran and Reformed. The Reformed insistence on an inward baptism by the Holy Spirit will eventually result in evangelicalism.
Money Code Space
Authors: Parkin Jack 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNewly emerging cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology present a challenging research problem in the field of digital politics and economics. Bitcoin—the first widely implemented cryptocurrency and blockchain architecture—seemingly separates itself from the existing territorial boundedness of nation-state money via a process of algorithmic decentralisation. Proponents declare that the utilisation of cryptography to advance financial transactions will disrupt the modern centralised structures by which capitalist economies are currently organised: corporations, governments, commercial banks, and central banks. Allegedly, software can create a more stable and democratic global economy; a world free from hierarchy and control. In Money Code Space, Jack Parkin debunks these utopian claims by approaching distributed ledger technologies as a spatial and social problem where power forms unevenly across their networks. First-hand accounts of online communities, open-source software governance, infrastructural hardware operations, and Silicon Valley start-up culture are used to ground understandings of cryptocurrencies in the “real world.” Consequently, Parkin demonstrates how Bitcoin and other blockchains are produced across a multitude of tessellated spaces from which certain stakeholders exercise considerable amounts of power over their networks. While money, code, and space are certainly transformed by distributed ledgers, algorithmic decentralisation is rendered inherently paradoxical because it is predicated upon centralised actors, practices, and forces.
Pandora’s Blocks
Authors: Parkin Jack 
Published: October 2020

AbstractChapter 1 opens the lid on Bitcoin so that all of its attributes, problems, and connotations come spilling out. At the same time, it pulls these disparate strands back into focus by outlining the many discrepancies examined in subsequent chapters. So while in some ways the chapter acts like a primer for cryptocurrencies, blockchains, and their political economies, the material laid out works to set up the book’s underlying argument: asymmetric concentrations of power inevitably form though processes of algorithmic decentralisation. In the process, a short history of Bitcoin introduces some of its key stakeholders as well as some of its core technical functions.
The Elusive Persuadable Voter
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates the timing of presidential vote choice and the rates of party support and party defection in recent presidential elections. The percentage of voters who are making their decision to support one presidential candidate instead of the other after the general election campaign is shrinking. Campaigns struggle to persuade voters once they’ve reached a decision to vote for a particular candidate. This is an added motivation for campaigns to focus on mobilization instead of persuasion. Not only are voters making up their minds earlier than ever, but they are also more loyal than ever. Partisans, particularly strong partisans, rarely defect from supporting their party’s nominee, which was not the case in presidential election just a few decades ago.
Switching Gears
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the change in campaign-targeting strategies both over time and following the adoption of microtargeting techniques by political operatives leading up to and following the 2000 election. The analyses show that strong partisans and committed ideologues have been targeted by campaigns at higher rates, while independents have received less and less attention from campaigns in recent cycles. I concede these analyses represent only an indirect attempt to observe shifts in presidential campaign strategy, but consistent, direct, and reliable measures of campaign targeting over time are unavailable. Nevertheless, inferences about campaign behavior and strategic decision-making can be gleaned from Americans’ reports of campaign activity.
Turning Out or Tuning Out?
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins to consider the implications of the shift toward base maximization in recent presidential campaign cycles by examining patterns in voter turnout among partisan subgroups in the electorate. The analyses show that persuadable voters are voting at lower rates while strong partisans are voting at higher rates in recent presidential elections. These patterns have fundamentally changed the nature of the electorate, which has been comprised increasingly of strong partisans in recent years, relative to independent, swing, or persuadable voters.
Introduction
Authors: Cleveland Sarah H , Stephan Paul B. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter serves as a foreword for the volume. It sketches the history of past restatements and the evolution of the latest one. The first (confusingly called Second) Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States brought widespread attention to the term “foreign relations law.” It staunchly defended the proposition that foreign relations, no matter how imbued with discretion and prerogative, still must rest on law. The Third Restatement, prepared during a period of what to many seemed constitutional retrenchment and a loosening of judicial supervision over public life, offered a robust defense of the proposition that, “In conducting the foreign relations of the United States, Presidents, members of Congress, and public officials are not at large in a political process; they are under law.” Moreover, it insisted that the judiciary, as much as the executive and Congress, creates and enforces this law. To the extent that the Third Restatement rested its claims on its view of the state of customary international law, other influential actors pushed back. The Fourth Restatement revisits the Third’s claims, especially about the central role of the judiciary, in light of the evolution of both U.S. and international law and practice.
From the Third to the Fourth Restatement of Foreign Relations
Authors: White G. Edward 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces and analyzes the course from the Third to the Fourth Restatement of Foreign Relations Law. It is primarily about why the Third Restatement, arguably the most authoritative embodiment of a particular approach to the law of foreign relations in America to appear in the twentieth century, should have had that authority suddenly, and decisively, questioned at that century’s end, and subsequently repudiated, at least in part, by judicial decisions and commentary in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. It is about what can be called the twentieth-century rise, and the twenty-first-century potential fall, of foreign relations exceptionalism. The last published edition of the Third Restatement of Foreign Relations Law appeared in 1987. By 2011, the American Law Institute had agreed to commission a Fourth Restatement. Between 2014 and 2017, eight Tentative Drafts of the Fourth Restatement were produced, and in 2018 the Fourth Restatement was published. Although twenty-five years between the publication of a Restatement and the decision to commission to a successor is not unprecedented in the ALI’s history, one can see that in the case of the Third Restatement it represented the startling collapse of a long-established orthodoxy about foreign relations jurisprudence.