bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strong survival selection on seasonal migration versus residence induced by extreme climatic events
Authors: Acker Paul , Daunt Francis , Wanless Sarah , Burthe Sarah J. , Newell Mark A. , Harris Michael P. , Grist Hannah , Sturgeon Jenny , Swann Robert L. , Gunn Carrie , Payo‐Payo Ana , Reid Jane M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Elucidating the full eco‐evolutionary consequences of climate change requires quantifying the impact of extreme climatic events (ECEs) on selective landscapes of key phenotypic traits that mediate responses to changing environments. Episodes of strong ECE‐induced selection could directly alter population composition, and potentially drive micro‐evolution. However, to date, few studies have quantified ECE‐induced selection on key traits, meaning that immediate and longer‐term eco‐evolutionary implications cannot yet be considered.

One widely expressed trait that allows individuals to respond to changing seasonal environments, and directly shapes spatio‐seasonal population dynamics, is seasonal migration versus residence. Many populations show considerable among‐individual phenotypic variation, resulting in ‘partial migration’. However, variation in the magnitude of direct survival selection on migration versus residence has not been rigorously quantified, and empirical evidence of whether seasonal ECEs induce, intensify, weaken or reverse such selection is lacking.

We designed full annual cycle multi‐state capture–recapture models that allow estimation of seasonal survival probabilities of migrants and residents from spatio‐temporally heterogeneous individual resightings. We fitted these models to 9 years of geographically extensive year‐round resighting data from partially migratory European shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis. We thereby quantified seasonal and annual survival selection on migration versus residence across benign and historically extreme non‐breeding season (winter) conditions, and tested whether selection differed between females and males.

We show that two of four observed ECEs, defined as severe winter storms causing overall low survival, were associated with very strong seasonal survival selection against residence. These episodes dwarfed the weak selection or neutrality evident otherwise, and hence caused selection through overall annual survival. The ECE that caused highest overall mortality and strongest selection also caused sex‐biased mortality, but there was little overall evidence of sex‐biased selection on migration versus residence.

Our results imply that seasonal ECEs and associated mortality can substantially shape the landscape of survival selection on migration versus residence. Such ECE‐induced phenotypic selection will directly alter migrant and resident frequencies, and thereby alter immediate spatio‐seasonal population dynamics. Given underlying additive genetic variation, such ECEs could potentially cause micro‐evolutionary changes in seasonal migration, and thereby cause complex eco‐evolutionary population responses to changing seasonal environments.
Effects of social structure and management on risk of disease establishment in wild pigs
Authors: Yang Anni , Schlichting Peter , Wight Bethany , Anderson Wesley M. , Chinn Sarah M. , Wilber Mark Q. , Miller Ryan S. , Beasley James C. , Boughton Raoul K. , VerCauteren Kurt C. , Wittemyer George , Pepin Kim M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Contact heterogeneity among hosts determines invasion and spreading dynamics of infectious disease, thus its characterization is essential for identifying effective disease control strategies. Yet, little is known about the factors shaping contact networks in many wildlife species and how wildlife management actions might affect contact networks.

Wild pigs in North America are an invasive, socially structured species that pose a health concern for domestic swine given their ability to transmit numerous devastating diseases such as African swine fever (ASF). Using proximity loggers and GPS data from 48 wild pigs in Florida and South Carolina, USA, we employed a probabilistic framework to estimate weighted contact networks. We determined the effects of sex, social group and spatial distribution (monthly home‐range overlap and distance) on wild pig contact. We also estimated the impacts of management‐induced perturbations on contact and inferred their effects on ASF establishment in wild pigs with simulation.

Social group membership was the primary factor influencing contacts. Between‐group contacts depended primarily on space use characteristics, with fewer contacts among groups separated by >2 km and no contacts among groups >4 km apart within a month.

Modelling ASF dynamics on the contact network demonstrated that indirect contacts resulting from baiting (a typical method of attracting wild pigs or game species to a site to enhance recreational hunting) increased the risk of disease establishment by ~33% relative to direct contact. Low‐intensity population reduction (<5.9% of the population) had no detectable impact on contact structure but reduced predicted ASF establishment risk relative to no population reduction.

We demonstrate an approach for understanding the relative role of spatial, social and individual‐level characteristics in shaping contact networks and predicting their effects on disease establishment risk, thus providing insight for optimizing disease control in spatially and socially structured wildlife species.
Shifts in plant composition mediate grazing effects on carbon cycling in grasslands
Authors: Liang Maowei , Smith Nicholas G. , Chen Jiquan , Wu Yantao , Guo Zhiwei , Gornish Elise S. , Liang Cunzhu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Carbon cycling in grasslands can be impacted by livestock grazing, partially as an indirect result of herbivory‐induced compositional shifts in the plant community. However, the underlying mechanisms of how these shifts impact carbon cycling are not well‐documented.

We conducted a long‐term grazing experiment with four sheep stocking rates in the semi‐arid grasslands of Inner Mongolia, China, to examine grazing effects on the ratio of C3 to C4 species (C3:C4), shoot biomass, root biomass, root:shoot, soil respiration, soil C, soil N and soil C:N between 2014 and 2018. We explored the responses of these carbon metrics to C3:C4 under different grazing treatments and the mechanisms driving grazing‐induced carbon loss using structural equation models.

Livestock grazing directly shifted plant community composition (i.e. increasing C3:C4) and reduced vegetation carbon (i.e. shoot biomass), whereas grazing effects on below‐ground carbon were mediated by the interactions of the soil profile (i.e. depth dependence) and year‐to‐year variation (e.g. rainfall regulation). Grazing‐induced increases in C3:C4 suppressed soil carbon loss by inhibiting the rate of soil respiration. Furthermore, grazing intensity indirectly altered these relationships. Specifically, C3:C4 was positively related to shoot biomass and negatively associated with root:shoot, soil C and soil N, whereas these relationships were only significant in no‐grazed plots. Meanwhile, soil respiration was negatively associated with C3:C4, soil C, soil N and soil C:N, but a positive relationship with shoot biomass; these relationships were significant only in grazed plots.

Synthesis and applications. Our study highlights the importance of the functional linkages between community characteristics and ecosystem processes, that is, shifts in plant community composition play a key role in regulating grassland carbon cycling. These findings provide a useful field‐observed resource for model development and could improve the guidelines for livestock management and policies regarding climate mitigation.
Geographical cline and inter‐seaside difference in cone characteristics related to climatic conditions of old planted Pinus thunbergii populations throughout Japan
Authors: Iwaizumi Masakazu G. , Matsunaga Koji , Iki Taiichi , Yamanobe Taro , Hirao Tomonori , Watanabe Atsushi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAlthough cone morphology has been mainly utilized for taxonomy or forestry purposes, characterization of the environmental factors that influence its variation is still insufficient. Major conifers distributed over diverse climatic conditions like the Japanese archipelago could show cone morphology variation among populations related to large differences in key influential factors such as temperature, snow, irradiance and sunshine. Geographical variation in cone characteristics (cone size, seed production, seed productivity per cone and seed size) was examined across the species distribution in 24 old planted Pinus thunbergii populations (479 trees) along two major seasides in Japan (Pacific Ocean side and Japan Sea side). Variance components of cone characteristics explained by seaside were at similar levels to those for populations nested within seasides. Populations on the Japan Sea side produced cones that had larger size (length and width), higher seed production (number of filled seeds per cone and seed mass per cone) and seed productivity per cone (seed‐to‐ovule ratio). Analysis of covariance showed that significant latitudinal clines observed in cone size and seed productivity per cone were mostly a result of inter‐seaside differences. Linear mixed model analysis detected that geographical variation in cone size, seed production and seed productivity per cone in the populations were affected significantly by low temperature, more snow, less solar irradiance and less sunshine time. Large cone sizes and high seed productivity per cone found in the populations on the Japan Sea side could be explained by a genetic or plastic response to maintain reproductive success.
Impact of In‐hospital and Outreach models for regional P.A.R.T.Y. Program participants
Authors: McLeod Janet , Ball Hayley , Gunn Anna , Howard Teresa , Fitzgerald Mark C , Cameron Peter A , Mitra Biswadev 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis retrospective observational study aimed to compare the impact of the Prevent Alcohol and Risk‐Related Trauma Youth (P.A.R.T.Y.) Program when delivered as In‐hospital or Outreach models to rural and regional students.MethodsThe study population were consented participants from regional areas between 2013 and 2017 who completed pre‐programme, immediately post‐programme and 3–5 months post‐programme surveys. Responses from the metropolitan In‐hospital programme participants and regional Outreach programme participants were analysed within groups across the three time points. The primary outcome variable was a change in self‐reported perception of driving after drinking alcohol. Secondary outcome variables were designating a safe driver after drinking, perception of risk of injury if not wearing a seatbelt, risks of injury if undertaking physical risk‐taking activities and likelihood of the programme changing perceptions.ResultsThere were 1314 participants invited to participate and 547 (42%) sets of complete surveys were received, of whom 296 (54%) were Outreach participants. Pre‐programme, a significantly lower proportion of Outreach participants reported ‘definitely not’ to driving after drinking (84% vs 91%), and perceived a ‘definite’ likelihood of sustaining injury if not wearing a seatbelt (57% vs 66%). Outreach participants displayed improvements in likelihood to drive after drinking alcohol immediately post‐programme and on follow up (P = 0.028). Responses to all other secondary outcome measures demonstrated some improvement.ConclusionsAlthough demographically similar, baseline perceptions toward alcohol, risk‐taking and injury differed between groups. Improvements in perception were demonstrated across both models. These findings support P.A.R.T.Y. as an injury prevention initiative for regional youth.
Prostacyclin analog beraprost sodium efficacy in primary glomerular disease or nephrosclerosis: Analysis of the Japanese subgroup in CASSIOPEIR study
Authors: Kurumatani Hajimu , Okada Kiyonobu , Origasa Hideki , Fujita Toshiro , Isono Masanao , Nakamoto Hidetomo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe conducted a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase IIb/III study (CASSIOPEIR) using a renal composite endpoint (i.e., doubling of SCr or end‐stage renal disease) in seven Asian countries/region. CASSIOPEIR compared TRK‐100STP (120 μg and 240 μg) with placebo in patients with non‐diabetic CKD patients with primary glomerular disease or nephrosclerosis (n = 892). However, the superiority of TRK‐100STP over placebo was not observed. A prior phase II study on which the Phase IIb/III study design was based included only Japanese patients. We therefore evaluated TRK‐100STP efficacy and safety in a subgroup of Japanese patients using the CASSIOPEIR dataset. As the timing of treatment initiation is important in CKD, we conducted additional subgroup analyses based on the baseline serum creatinine (SCr) and eGFR. ITT analysis was performed in a Japanese subgroup (n = 339) in which the primary endpoint was the first occurrence of renal composite endpoint. Significant differences were observed for TRK‐100STP 240 μg vs. placebo (P = 0.0493; HR 0.69 [95% CI: 0.47, 1.00]), but no significant difference was observed between TRK‐100 120 μg and placebo (P = 0.3523; HR 0.85). More prominent improvement was observed with TRK‐100STP 240 μg vs. placebo for baseline SCr  < 3.0 mg/dL (P = 0.0031; HR 0.43); SCr < 3.5 mg/dL (P = 0.0237, HR 0.59); and eGFR ≥ 10 mL/min/1.73 m2 (P = 0.0339, HR0.67), respectively. No significant changes in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and blood pressure were observed. TRK‐100STP was generally well tolerated and most adverse drug reactions were mild or moderate in severity. In conclusion, in the Japanese subgroup of CASSIOPEIR, TRK‐100STP 240 μg/day significantly improved the renal composite endpoint compared with placebo, with greater efficacy in subjects with SCr < 3.5 or eGFR ≥ 10 mL/min/1.73 m2.
A study on the morphoquantitative and cytological characteristics of the bulbar conjunctiva of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus; Illiger, 1815)
Authors: de Oliveira Garcia Débora , Estrela Giselli Capareli , Soares Roberta Teixeira Gomes , Paulino Daniel , Jorge Adriana Torrecilhas , Rodrigues Marcela Aldrovani , de Castro Sasahara Taís Harumi , dos Santos Honsho Cristiane 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus, is a near‐threatened carnivore inhabiting the Brazilian Cerrado. Few studies have been conducted on this species, and even fewer have explored its ophthalmological characteristics. Vision is critical to wild canids; thus, this study aimed to provide a morphoquantitative description of the bulbar conjunctiva of the maned wolf using cytological and histological analyses. Ten healthy maned wolves from a conservational centre, including 4 females and 6 males aged 1–12 years (6.5 ± 2.8), were included in the study. The samples for cytological analysis were collected from the inferior conjunctival sac using a cytobrush, and conjunctival tissue was collected for histological analysis from the temporal canthus zone. The cytological samples were stained using the Papanicolaou method, and the histological sections were stained using haematoxylin and eosin, Periodic acid–Schiff, picrosirius red and Masson's trichrome stains. The cytological samples were studied for stain quality, and the different cell types were counted. Histological examination was used to determine tissue types in the conjunctiva and their proportions. Analyses revealed a stratified squamous epithelium with some goblet cells and eventual pigmentation in the basal layer. Loose connective tissue with the presence of some mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells was also observed. The epithelium of the maned wolf's bulbar conjunctiva resembles that of dogs and other carnivore species; furthermore, its physiological and pathological responses were similar to those of other carnivore species.
Development and validation of a frailty index based on data routinely collected across multiple domains in NSW hospitals
Authors: Lo Sarita Y. , Zhang Meggie , Hubbard Ruth E. , Gnjidic Danijela , Redston Mitchell R. , Hilmer Sarah N. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective(s)To develop and validate a frailty index (FI) that covers multiple domains, using routine hospital data. To investigate the FI's validity, after excluding medication‐related items (FI‐ExMeds), for studies of frailty and polypharmacy.MethodsA FI was derived from routine NSW hospital data following standard published guidance. In a development cohort (151 inpatients ≥ 70 years), the FI was correlated with the Reported Edmonton Frail Scale (REFS) using Pearson's R. Validity and distribution of FI and FI‐ExMeds, and correlation with each other, were evaluated in a validation cohort (999 inpatients ≥ 75 years).ResultsThe mean FI for the development cohort was 0.27 (SD 0.09). The FI showed moderate linear correlation with the REFS (n = 148, R = 0.52, P < .001). In the validation cohort, mean FI (n = 993) and FI‐ExMeds (n = 990) were both 0.28 (SD 0.11). FI‐ExMeds showed high linear correlation with the FI (n = 990, R = 0.99, P < .001).ConclusionThis multi‐domain FI is comparable to REFS, with adequate redundancy to exclude deficits for specific analyses.
Is Informed Trading Different Across Investor Types?*
Authors: Park Hyejin , Chung Kee H. , Kim In Joon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study compares the extent of informed trading across investor types in the Korean stock market using intraday quote and trade data. We estimate for each stock the probability of information‐based trading (PIN) using trades that are initiated by foreign investors, domestic institutional investors, and local individual investors separately. The results show that the PIN values of foreign and domestic institutional investors are much higher than those of individual investors. Contrary to the belief of some market participants, however, we find that local institutional investors engage in more informed trading than foreign institutional investors.
Social functioning questionnaires of adolescents born preterm show average profiles and attenuated sex differences
Authors: Salomäki Susanna , Rautava Päivi , Junttila Niina , Huhtala Mira , Leppänen Marika H. , Nyman Anna , Koivisto Mari , Haataja Leena , Lehtonen Liisa , Korja Riikka ,   the PIPARI Study Group
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimPrematurity has been shown to affect social competence in children and adults. Our aim was to evaluate profiles of self‐reported social behaviours and loneliness in preterm‐ and term‐born adolescents.MethodsPreterm (≤1500 g and, or, <32 gestational weeks)‐ and term‐born infants were recruited in Turku University Hospital from 2001 to 2006. The Multisource Assessment of Children's Social Competence Scale and the Peer Network and Dyadic Loneliness Scale were completed at the age of 11. Profiles of social competence and loneliness were labelled as low, average or high.ResultsA total of 172 preterm‐born and 134 term‐born adolescents returned the questionnaires. Most frequently, preterm adolescents reported a profile of average social competence and average levels of loneliness. Preterm‐born boys reported a profile of low social functioning less often (preterm‐born 36% vs. term‐born 54%), and preterm‐born girls reported a profile of high social functioning less frequently (preterm‐born 26% vs. term‐born 37%) than same‐sex controls. Sex differences in social functioning profiles were smaller in preterm than term‐born adolescents.ConclusionThe majority of young adolescents born preterm reported a high or average social functioning profile irrespective of sex. Prematurity seems to level out differences between the sexes.
Prospectively ascertained mania and hypomania among young adults with child‐ and adolescent‐onset bipolar disorder
Authors: Hafeman Danella M. , Goldstein Tina R. , Strober Michael , Merranko John , Gill Mary Kay , Liao Fangzi , Diler Rasim S. , Ryan Neal D. , Goldstein Benjamin I. , Axelson David A. , Keller Martin B. , Hunt Jeffrey I. , Hower Heather , Weinstock Lauren M. , Yen Shirley , Birmaher Boris 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesWhile adults with bipolar disorder (BD) often report symptoms starting in childhood, continuity of mania and/or hypomania (mania/hypomania) from childhood to adulthood has been questioned. Using longitudinal data from the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study, we assessed threshold mania/hypomania in young adults who manifested BD as youth. Methods: COBY is a naturalistic, longitudinal study of 446 youth with BD (84% recruited from outpatient clinics), 7–17 years old at intake, and over 11 years of follow‐up. Focusing on youth with BD‐I/II (n = 297), we examined adult mania/hypomania risk (>18 years old; mean 7.9 years of follow‐up) according to child (<13 years old) versus adolescent (13–17 years old) onset. We next used penalized regression to test demographic and clinical predictors of young adult mania/hypomania. Results: Most participants (64%) had child‐onset mania/hypomania, 57% of whom also experienced mania/hypomania in adolescence. Among those who experienced an episode in adolescence, over 40% also had mania/hypomania during adulthood; the risk did not differ according to child versus adolescent onset. In contrast, 7% with mania/hypomania in childhood, but not adolescence, experienced mania/hypomania in adulthood. Family history (of mania and suicide attempts) predicted mania/hypomania in young adulthood (p‐values <0.05); age of onset was not a significant predictor. Among participants with no mania/hypomania during adulthood, 53% (105/198) still experienced subthreshold manic episodes. Discussion: We find substantial continuity across developmental stage indicating that, in this carefully characterized sample, children who experience mania/hypomania—particularly those who also experience mania/hypomania in adolescence—are likely to experience mania/hypomania in young adulthood.
Early Cenozoic activated deformation in the Qilian Shan, northeastern Tibetan Plateau: Insights from detrital apatite fission‐track analysis
Authors: He Pengju , Song Chunhui , Wang Yadong , Wang Daichun , Chen Lihao , Meng Qingquan , Fang Xiaomin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe evolution of the tectonic deformation of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) in the Cenozoic is significant for understanding plateau growth during India‐Asia convergence. However, when deformation began and how it has developed in this pivotal region remain controversial. We focus on the temporal progress of Cenozoic deformation in the Qilian Shan, a major tectonic belt of the northeastern TP. In the present study, detrital apatite fission‐track (AFT) thermochronological analysis was performed on Oligocene‐Quaternary synorogenic sediments in the northern Qaidam Basin, where detritus is sourced from the Qilian Shan. Age components of buried but unannealed detrital AFT samples reveal two static peaks (i.e., peak ages that are consistent upsection) at ca. 60–50 Ma and ca. 40–36 Ma and a moving peak (i.e., peak ages that are younger upsection) with increased lag time during ca. 30–8 Ma. These new detrital AFT ages, integrated with the analysis of sedimentary provenance and data from previously published studies, indicate that Cenozoic tectonic deformation began in the Qilian Shan in the late Paleocene‐early Eocene. Furthermore, the Qilian Shan experienced a subsequent episodic deformation event in the late Eocene and the deformation or erosion of some terranes in the Qilian Shan decelerated during the Oligocene‐Miocene. Our results suggest that the northeastern TP responded to the India‐Asia collision almost instantaneously.