bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frequency and phase correction of J‐difference edited MR spectra using deep learning
Authors: Tapper Sofie , Mikkelsen Mark , Dewey Blake E. , Zöllner Helge J. , Hui Steve C. N. , Oeltzschner Georg , Edden Richard A. E. 
Published: November 2020

PurposeTo investigate whether a deep learning‐based (DL) approach can be used for frequency‐and‐phase correction (FPC) of MEGA‐edited MRS data.MethodsTwo neural networks (1 for frequency, 1 for phase) consisting of fully connected layers were trained and validated using simulated MEGA‐edited MRS data. This DL‐FPC was subsequently tested and compared to a conventional approach (spectral registration [SR]) and to a model‐based SR implementation (mSR) using in vivo MEGA‐edited MRS datasets. Additional artificial offsets were added to these datasets to further investigate performance.ResultsThe validation showed that DL‐based FPC was capable of correcting within 0.03 Hz of frequency and 0.4°of phase offset for unseen simulated data. DL‐based FPC performed similarly to SR for the unmanipulated in vivo test datasets. When additional offsets were added to these datasets, the networks still performed well. However, although SR accurately corrected for smaller offsets, it often failed for larger offsets. The mSR algorithm performed well for larger offsets, which was because the model was generated from the in vivo datasets. In addition, the computation times were much shorter using DL‐based FPC or mSR compared to SR for heavily distorted spectra.ConclusionThese results represent a proof of principle for the use of DL for preprocessing MRS data.
Properties of Composite Solid Propellants Containing α‐FeOOH
Authors: Park Sungjun J. , Choi Sunghan H. , Park Jungho H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe initial viscosities of propellants based on yellow iron oxide and red iron oxide were similar. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the thermal decomposition rate of the material to which yellow iron oxide was added was higher than that of the material to which red iron oxide was added; in particular, the pressure index at high pressure was low. From analyzing the combustion properties of the actual test motor, it was concluded that erosion and combustion mainly occur in the initial stage of operation of the rocket motor, and are mitigated due to the low initial pressure in the propellant containing yellow iron oxide. The mechanical properties of the propellant with yellow iron oxide were slightly better compared to those of the propellants with red iron oxide. The analysis revealed that the crystallinity, volatility, thermal decomposition, and mechanical properties of yellow iron oxide were unchanged with natural aging for 10 years. Thus, yellow iron oxide can exhibit the same performance even after prolonged aging for 10 years when applied in a rocket motor.
GeneralizedH2control of the linear system with semi‐Markov jumps
Authors: Xin Bo , Zhao Dianli 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article studies a class of asynchronous generalizedH2control problems for continuous‐time discrete‐state semi‐Markov jump linear systems. By constructing a Lyapunov function based on the semi‐Markov process, introducing a weak infinitesimal operator and applying the smoothness of the expectation, sufficient conditions are obtained to ensure stochastic stability and generalizedH2performance of the system. Simultaneously, equivalent conditions are given by introducing slack variables and an asynchronous controller is designed. Moreover, we derive the sufficient conditions for the case where the transition rate is partially unknown. Finally, we use the cone complement linearization iterative algorithm to simulate two examples to prove the effectiveness of the design scheme.
Regional‐scale forest restoration effects on ecosystem resiliency to drought: a synthesis of vegetation and moisture trends on Google Earth Engine
Authors: Sankey Temuulen , Belmonte Adam , Massey Richard , Leonard Jackson 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLarge‐scale changes in forest structure and ecological function throughout western North America have led to increased frequency, size, and severity of wildfires. The US Forest Service is implementing state‐wide forest restoration initiatives to reduce wildfire hazards and improve forest health. We provide a synthesis of pre‐ and post‐treatment forest vegetation and ecosystem moisture trends between 1990 and 2017 in Arizona, the first US state where the initiative has implemented a variety of thinning and burning methods in over 1,200 polygon areas across 3.5 million ha. Using 4,426 Landsat satellite images on Google Earth Engine, we calculated normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to create dense time‐series datasets. The indices and 1990‐2017 annual total precipitation dataset were then examined using a Mann–Kendall tau test to identify statistically significant upward and downward trends for each pixel. Our results indicate that much of the study region were experiencing drought conditions prior to restoration treatments and NDVI values were significantly decreasing, especially during the dry spring season. However, both NDMI and NDWI trends indicate that the forest restoration treatments have contributed to increased total ecosystem moisture, while precipitation in the post‐treatment period exhibit stable trends. Forest restoration treatments appear to have improved the overall forest health and resiliency to drought, especially during the dry spring season, when forests are most vulnerable to water stress and wildfire risks. Our results of the spatial patterns and long‐term trends in these variables can inform the currently ongoing and future restoration treatments to better target the treatment strategy across the southwestern USA. Google Earth Engine enabled our synthesis of these long‐term trends over the large region and will enhance our continued monitoring in the coming decade.
Iodination of Isoquinoline by Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid
Authors: Xu Peng , He Xia‐Li , Zhang Ying‐Yang , Sun Xiao‐Nan , Bai Ji‐Rong , Zhou Pin , Zhou Quan‐Fa 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we reported an unprecedented iodination of isoquinolines with high regioselectivity using N‐Iodosuccinimide (NIS) to give 5‐iodoisoquinoline. During the reaction, CF3SO3H is the key promoter to the success of this reaction. The methodology exhibited good yields and high functional group compatibility.
Glycerol Carbonate Synthesis Using Poly(1‐alkyl‐3‐vinylimidazolium) Imidazolates as Catalysts
Authors: Guzmán‐Lucero Diego , Castillo‐Acosta Silvia , Martínez‐Palou Rafael 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFour poly(ionic liquid)s were synthesized from 1‐alkyl‐3‐vinylimidazolium bromide with alkyl chains consisting of 2, 4, 8, and 12 carbon atoms and evaluated as catalysts for glycerol carbonate synthesis through the reaction between pure and crude glycerol with dimethyl carbonate. All the catalysts showed good performance even with crude glycerol obtained from biodiesel production, achieving conversions greater than 90 % and selectivities above 80 % at 70 °C. The catalysts were evolved at 5 and 10 mol.%, and no noticeable effect on conversion and selectivity were observed due to the concentration increase. A mechanism was proposed to understand the effect of the anion and polymer properties on the catalytic performance. The catalysts were regenerated and reused in two reaction cycles without significant catalytic activity loss.
The Effect of Rutin on Starch Hydrogels/Aerogels Made from Electrolyzed Barley Flour
Authors: Ekaette Idaresit , Saldaña Marleny D. A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStarch can be modified by chemical and physical methods. In this study, electrolysis of barley flour (>99% amylopectin) suspension (1:6 w/w in water) is investigated to understand the effect of electrical voltage (5–30 V) and platinum electrode length (4–8 cm) on the structural properties of barley starch isolates, its aerogels, and hydrogels made in the presence of rutin. After 30 min of electrolysis treatment, the isolated starches have higher magnesium (2.9%) and phosphorus(13.0%) contents compared to 0.8% and 3.5% of the alkali‐treated starch, respectively. The Fourier Transform Infrared analysis shows that electrolysis enhances starch crystallinity, which is reduced by rutin. Also, high water absorption capacity (1659 ± 24%) is observed for electrolyzed starch (15 V/8 cm) aerogels but is reduced by the addition of rutin to 566 ± 70%. All electrolyzed starch hydrogels are opaque and firm (25 g) after 40 days at 23 °C. Green electrolysis process offers chemical (metal complexation) and physical (crystallinity) modification for barley starch.
Integrable systems and the boundary dynamics of higher spin gravity on AdS3
Authors: Ojeda Emilio , Pérez Alfredo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We introduce a new set of boundary conditions for three-dimensional higher spin gravity with gauge group SL(3, ℝ) × SL(3, ℝ), where its dynamics at the boundary is described by the members of the modified Boussinesq integrable hierarchy. In the asymptotic region the gauge fields are written in the diagonal gauge, where the excitations go along the generators of the Cartan subalgebra of sl(3, ℝ) ⊕ sl(3, ℝ). We show that the entire integrable structure of the modified Boussinesq hierarchy, i.e., the phase space, the Poisson brackets and the infinite number of commuting conserved charges, are obtained from the asymptotic structure of the higher spin theory. Furthermore, its known relation with the Boussinesq hierarchy is inherited from our analysis once the asymptotic conditions are re-expressed in the highest weight gauge. Hence, the Miura map is recovered from a purely geometric construction in the bulk. Black holes that fit within our boundary conditions, the Hamiltonian reduction at the boundary, and the generalization to higher spin gravity with gauge group SL(N, ℝ) × SL(N, ℝ) are also discussed.
4-point function from conformally coupled scalar in AdS6
Authors: Oh Jae-Hyuk 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We explore conformally coupled scalar theory in AdS6 extensively and their classical solutions by employing power expansion order by order in its self-interaction coupling λ. We describe how we get the classical solutions by diagrammatic ways which show general rules constructing the classical solutions. We study holographic correlation functions of scalar operator deformations to a certain 5-dimensional conformal field theory where the operators share the same scaling dimension ∆ = 3, from the classical solutions. We do not assume any specific form of the micro Lagrangian density of the 5-dimensional conformal field theory. For our solutions, we choose a scheme where we remove co-linear divergences of momenta along the AdS boundary directions which frequently appear in the classical solutions. This shows clearly that the holographic correlation functions are free from the co-linear divergences. It turns out that this theory provides correct conformal 2- and 3- point functions of the ∆ = 3 scalar operators as expected in previous literature. It makes sense since 2- and 3- point functions are determined by global conformal symmetry not being dependent on the details of the conformal theory. We also get 4-point function from this holographic model. In fact, it turns out that the 4-point correlation function is not conformal because it does not satisfy the special conformal Ward identity although it does dilation Ward identity and respect SO(5) rotation symmetry. However, in the co-linear limit that all the external momenta are in a same direction, the 4-point function is conformal which means that it satisfy the special conformal Ward identity. We inspect holographic n-point functions of this theory which can be obtained by employing a certain Feynman-like rule. This rule is a construction of n-point function by connecting l-point functions each other where l < n. In the co-linear limit, these n-point functions reproduce the conformal n-point functions of ∆ = 3 scalar operators in d = 5 Euclidean space addressed in arXiv:2001.05379.
Reference system origin and scale realization within the future GNSS constellation “Kepler”
Authors: Glaser Susanne , Michalak Grzegorz , Männel Benjamin , König Rolf , Neumayer Karl Hans , Schuh Harald 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCurrently, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) do not contribute to the realization of origin and scale of combined global terrestrial reference frame (TRF) solutions due to present system design limitations. The future Galileo-like medium Earth orbit (MEO) constellation, called “Kepler”, proposed by the German Aerospace Center DLR, is characterized by a low Earth orbit (LEO) segment and the innovative key features of optical inter-satellite links (ISL) delivering highly precise range measurements and of optical frequency references enabling a perfect time synchronization within the complete constellation. In this study, the potential improvements of the Kepler constellation on the TRF origin and scale are assessed by simulations. The fully developed Kepler system allows significant improvements of the geocenter estimates (realized TRF origin in long-term). In particular, we find improvements by factors of 43 for theZand of 8 for theXandYcomponent w. r. t. a contemporary MEO-only constellation. Furthermore, the Kepler constellation increases the reliability due to a complete de-correlation of the geocenter coordinates and the orbit parameters related to the solar radiation pressure modeling (SRP). However, biases in SRP modeling cause biased geocenter estimates and the ISL of Kepler can only partly compensate this effect. The realized scale enabling all Kepler features improves by 34% w. r. t. MEO-only. The dependency of the estimated satellite antenna phase center offsets (PCOs) upon the underlying TRF impedes a scale realization by GNSS. In order to realize the network scale with 1 mm accuracy, the PCOs have to be known within 2 cm for the MEO and 4 mm for the LEO satellites. Independently, the scale can be realized by estimating the MEO PCOs and by simultaneously fixing the LEO PCOs. This requires very accurate LEO PCOs; the simulations suggest them to be smaller than 1 mm in order to keep scale changes below 1 mm.
Quadratic Chabauty for modular curves and modular forms of rank one
Authors: Dogra Netan , Le Fourn Samuel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we provide refined sufficient conditions for the quadratic Chabauty method on a curve X to produce an effective finite set of points containing the rational points $$X({\mathbb {Q}})$$

X
(
Q
)

, with the condition on the rank of the Jacobian of X replaced by condition on the rank of a quotient of the Jacobian plus an associated space of Chow–Heegner points. We then apply this condition to prove the effective finiteness of $$X({\mathbb {Q}})$$

X
(
Q
)

for any modular curve $$X=X_0^+(N)$$

X
=

X
0
+

(
N
)

or $$X_\mathrm{{ns}}^+(N)$$

X

ns

+

(
N
)

of genus at least 2 with N prime. The proof relies on the existence of a quotient of their Jacobians whose Mordell–Weil rank is equal to its dimension (and at least 2), which is proven via analytic estimates for orders of vanishing of L-functions of modular forms, thanks to a Kolyvagin–Logachev type result.
Non-radiologist-performed point-of-care ultrasonography in paediatrics — European Society of Paediatric Radiology position paper
Authors:   on behalf of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology, van Rijn Rick R. , Stafrace Samuel , Arthurs Owen J. , Rosendahl Karen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNon-radiologist point-of-care ultrasonography (US) is increasingly implemented in paediatric care because it is believed to facilitate a timely diagnosis, such as in ascites or dilated renal pelvicalyceal systems, and can be used to guide interventional procedures. To date, all policy statements have been published by non-radiologic societies. The European Society of Paediatric Radiology hereby issues a position statement on paediatric non-radiologist point-of-care US from the point of view of those leading on children’s imaging, i.e. paediatric radiologists. In this position statement, we will address the boundaries, education, credentialing, quality control, reporting and storage of images in paediatric practice.
Early detection of radiation-induced lung damage with X-ray dark-field radiography in mice
Authors: Burkhardt Rico , Gora Thomas , Fingerle Alexander A. , Sauter Andreas P. , Meurer Felix , Umkehrer Stephan , von Teuffenbach Maximilian , Kampfer Severin , Schilling Daniela , Feuchtinger Annette , Walch Axel K. , Rummeny Ernst , Combs Stephanie E. , Schmid Thomas E. , Pfeiffer Franz , Wilkens Jan J. , Herzen Julia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objective
Assessing the advantage of x-ray dark-field contrast over x-ray transmission contrast in radiography for the detection of developing radiation-induced lung damage in mice.

Methods
Two groups of female C57BL/6 mice (irradiated and control) were imaged obtaining both contrasts monthly for 28 weeks post irradiation. Six mice received 20 Gy of irradiation to the entire right lung sparing the left lung. The control group of six mice was not irradiated. A total of 88 radiographs of both contrasts were evaluated for both groups based on average values for two regions of interest, covering (irradiated) right lung and healthy left lung. The ratio of these average values, R, was distinguished between healthy and damaged lungs for both contrasts. The time-point when deviations of R from healthy lung exceeded 3σ was determined and compared among contrasts. The Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test was used to test against the null hypothesis that there is no difference between both groups. A selection of 32 radiographs was assessed by radiologists. Sensitivity and specificity were determined in order to compare the diagnostic potential of both contrasts. Inter-reader and intra-reader accuracy were rated with Cohen’s kappa.

Results
Radiation-induced morphological changes of lung tissue caused deviations from the control group that were measured on average 10 weeks earlier with x-ray dark-field contrast than with x-ray transmission contrast. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy doubled using dark-field radiography.

Conclusion
X-ray dark-field radiography detects morphological changes of lung tissue associated with radiation-induced damage earlier than transmission radiography in a pre-clinical mouse model.

Key Points
• Significant deviations from healthy lung due to irradiation were measured after 16 weeks with x-ray dark-field radiography (p = 0.004).
• Significant deviations occur on average 10 weeks earlier for x-ray dark-field radiography in comparison to x-ray transmission radiography.
• Sensitivity and specificity doubled when using x-ray dark-field radiography instead of x-ray transmission radiography.
Bladder cancer: do we need contrast injection for MRI assessment of muscle invasion? A prospective multi-reader VI-RADS approach
Authors: Delli Pizzi Andrea , Mastrodicasa Domenico , Marchioni Michele , Primiceri Giulia , Di Fabio Francesca , Cianci Roberta , Seccia Barbara , Sessa Barbara , Mincuzzi Erica , Romanelli Martina , Castellan Pietro , Castellucci Roberto , Colasante Antonella , Schips Luigi , Basilico Raffaella , Caulo Massimo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives
(1) To investigate whether a contrast-free biparametric MRI (bp-MRI) including T2-weighted images (T2W) and diffusion-weighted images (DWI) can be considered an accurate alternative to the standard multiparametric MRI (mp-MRI), consisting of T2, DWI, and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging for the muscle-invasiveness assessment of bladder cancer (BC), and (2) to evaluate how the diagnostic performance of differently experienced readers is affected according to the type of MRI protocol.

Methods
Thirty-eight patients who underwent a clinically indicated bladder mp-MRI on a 3-T scanner were prospectively enrolled. Trans-urethral resection of bladder was the gold standard. Two sets of images, set 1 (bp-MRI) and set 2 (mp-MRI), were independently reviewed by four readers. Descriptive statistics, including sensitivity and specificity, were calculated for each reader. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed, and the areas under the curve (AUCs) were calculated for the bp-MRI and the standard mp-MRI. Pairwise comparison of the ROC curves was performed.

Results
The AUCs for bp- and mp-MRI were respectively 0.91–0.92 (reader 1), 0.90 (reader 2), 0.95–0.90 (reader 3), and 0.90–0.87 (reader 4). Sensitivity was 100% for both protocols and specificity ranged between 79.31 and 89.66% and between 79.31 and 83.33% for bp-MRI and mp-MRI, respectively. No significant differences were shown between the two MRI protocols (p > 0.05). No significant differences were shown accordingly to the reader’s experience (p > 0.05).

Conclusions
A bp-MRI protocol consisting of T2W and DWI has comparable diagnostic accuracy to the standard mp-MRI protocol for the detection of muscle-invasive bladder cancer. The experience of the reader does not significantly affect the diagnostic performance using VI-RADS.

Key Points
• The contrast-free MRI protocol shows a comparable accuracy to the standard multiparametric MRI protocol in the bladder cancer muscle-invasiveness assessment.
• VI-RADS classification helps non-expert radiologists to assess the muscle-invasiveness of bladder cancer.
• DCE should be carefully interpreted by less experienced readers due to inflammatory changes representing a potential pitfall.
CAS-ESM2.0 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project Phase 1 (OMIP1)
Authors: Dong Xiao , Jin Jiangbo , Liu Hailong , Zhang He , Zhang Minghua , Lin Pengfei , Zeng Qingcun , Zhou Guangqing , Yu Yongqiang , Song Mirong , Lin Zhaohui , Lian Ruxu , Gao Xin , He Juanxiong , Zhang Dongling , Chen Kangjun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAs a member of the Chinese modeling groups, the coupled ocean-ice component of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Earth System Model, version 2.0 (CAS-ESM2.0), is taking part in the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project Phase 1 (OMIP1) experiment of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). The simulation was conducted, and monthly outputs have been published on the ESGF (Earth System Grid Federation) data server. In this paper, the experimental dataset is introduced, and the preliminary performances of the ocean model in simulating the global ocean temperature, salinity, sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, sea surface height, sea ice, and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) are evaluated. The results show that the model is at quasi-equilibrium during the integration of 372 years, and performances of the model are reasonable compared with observations. This dataset is ready to be downloaded and used by the community in related research, e.g., multi-ocean-sea-ice model performance evaluation and interannual variation in oceans driven by prescribed atmospheric forcing.