bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Living as a Colonial Girl: TheSonyǒ(少女) Discourse of School Curriculum and Newspapers in 1930s Korea
Authors: Shin Kyung-Sook , Lee Helen J. S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis essay explores how the term ‘girl,’ or 少女 (sonyŏ), in 1930s colonial Korean society simultaneously created and resisted homogeneity. We analyze the different contexts and cultural forces that shaped the term ‘girl’ in colonial Korea in order to illustrate some phases of the relationships that historical girls of colonial Korea had with their nation and state, the nation, that is, to which they thought they belonged at births and the state for which they were mobilized while they were systematically otherized. In our examination, we scrutinize the ways in which the subjectivities of colonial girls were ideologically forged through educational and institutional interventions and cultural interpellation. The first section discusses the concept of the girl in colonial Korea. The second part analyzes the various ideological functions that school textbooks played in gender-specific inculcation of colonial state ideals. We then read the waysThe Chosŏn Ilbo(Chosŏn Daily) used the term the ‘girl’ in the 1930s, the period when the conceptual distinction between children and adults was further solidified, and the call on children was gender-specific in public. We finally elucidate the colonial processes of which girls of colonial Korea became part, albeit unknowingly.
Mortality data reliability in an internal model
Authors: Balland Fabrice , Boumezoued Alexandre , Devineau Laurent , Habart Marine , Popa Tom 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss the impact of some mortality data anomalies on an internal model capturing longevity risk in the Solvency 2 framework. In particular, we are concerned with abnormal cohort effects such as those for generations 1919 and 1920, for which the period tables provided by the Human Mortality Database show particularly low and high mortality rates, respectively. To provide corrected tables for the three countries of interest here (France, Italy and West Germany), we use the approach developed by Boumezoued for countries for which the method applies (France and Italy) and provide an extension of the method for West Germany as monthly fertility histories are not sufficient to cover the generations of interest. These mortality tables are crucial inputs to stochastic mortality models forecasting future scenarios, from which the extreme 0.5% longevity improvement can be extracted, allowing for the calculation of the solvency capital requirement. More precisely, to assess the impact of such anomalies in the Solvency II framework, we use a simplified internal model based on three usual stochastic models to project mortality rates in the future combined with a closure table methodology for older ages. Correcting this bias obviously improves the data quality of the mortality inputs, which is of paramount importance today, and slightly decreases the capital requirement. Overall, the longevity risk assessment remains stable, as well as the selection of the stochastic mortality model. As a collateral gain of this data quality improvement, the more regular estimated parameters allow for new insights and a refined assessment regarding longevity risk.
A circular polarized reflectarray antenna with electronically steerable beam and interchangeable polarizations
Authors: Fazaelifar Mohammad , Jam Shahrokh , Basiri Raheleh 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is the design of a novel single layer reflectarray antenna in X-band, which can electronically steer the antenna beam and change its polarization. Each antenna element includes a circular patch and rings around it, equipped with two varactor diodes, which are positioned perpendicular together to create a circular polarization. First, using these elements, a circular polarized active electromagnetic band-gap (EBG) reflector is implemented. Then, a special feed is placed in a proper distance with respect to EBG reflector and a circular polarized reflectarray antenna is designed, which has capability of switching electronically between right- and left-handed circular polarizations. An electronic active board is designed and fabricated to provide the biasing voltages, control signals, and indicators. The elements of the reflectarray are designed and arranged in such a way that the varactor diodes can be biased independently. Consequently, a 3D beam is created, which can steer up to ±40o. For evaluating the antenna performance, the radiation patterns and the axial ratio of the antenna are determined at the operational frequency of 11.4 GHz. It is illustrated that, increasing the steering angle in θ direction decreases the directivity and the gain of the reflectarray antenna.
Neonatal parenteral nutrition affects the metabolic flow of glucose in newborn and adult male Hartley guinea pigs’ liver
Authors: Teixeira Vitor , Guiraut Clémence , Mohamed Ibrahim , Lavoie Jean-Claude 
Published: August 2020

AbstractExtremely premature birth is associated with a permanent disruption of energy metabolism. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The oxidative stress induced by parenteral nutrition (PN) during the first week of life is suspected to reprogram energy metabolism in the liver. Full-term male Hartley guinea pigs (to isolate PN from prematurity) receiving PN enriched or not with glutathione (to isolate PN effects from PN-induced oxidative stress effects) or an Oral Nutrition (ON) during the first week of life were used. At 1 week (neonatal) and 16 weeks (adult), measurements of liver glutathione (GSH and GSSG) and activities of three key enzymes of energy metabolism (glucokinase (GCK), phosphofructokinase (PFK), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC)) were performed. Differences between groups were reported ifp≤ 0.05 (Analysis of Variance). At 1 week, compared to ON, PN induced higher GSSG (oxidative stress), higher GCK activity, and lower PFK and ACC activity, the glutathione supplement prevented all PN effects. At 16 weeks, early PN induced lower GSSG (reductive stress) and lower GCK activity, which was prevented by added glutathione, and higher ACC activity independent of glutathione supplement. ACC was negatively associated (r2= 0.33) with GSSG. Increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate levels confirmed the glucose-6-phosphate accumulation at 1 week, whereas our protocol failed to document lipid accumulation at 16 weeks. In adult male guinea pigs, neonatal exposure to PN affected glutathione metabolism leading to reductive stress (lower GSSG) and an altered metabolic flow of glucose. Partial prevention with glutathione supplementation suggests that, in addition to peroxides, other factors of PN are involved.
Arctic and Antarctic Sea Ice Mean State in the Community Earth System Model Version 2 and the Influence of Atmospheric Chemistry
Authors: DuVivier Alice K. , Holland Marika M. , Kay Jennifer E. , Tilmes Simone , Gettelman Andrew , Bailey David A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractArctic and Antarctic sea ice has undergone significant and rapid change with the changing climate. Here, we present preindustrial and historical results from the newly released Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2) to assess the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice. Two configurations of the CESM2 are available that differ only in their atmospheric model top and the inclusion of comprehensive atmospheric chemistry, including prognostic aerosols. The CESM2 configuration with comprehensive atmospheric chemistry has significantly thicker Arctic sea ice year‐round and better captures decreasing trends in sea ice extent and volume over the satellite period. In the Antarctic, both CESM configurations have similar mean state ice extent and volume, but the ice extent trends are opposite to satellite observations. We find that differences in the Arctic sea ice between CESM2 configurations are the result of differences in liquid clouds. Over the Arctic, the CESM2 configuration without prognostic aerosol formation has fewer aerosols to form cloud condensation nuclei, leading to thinner liquid clouds. As a result, the sea ice receives much more shortwave radiation early in the melt season, driving a stronger ice albedo feedback and leading to additional sea ice loss and significantly thinner ice year‐round. The aerosols necessary for the Arctic liquid cloud formation are produced from different precursor emissions and transported to the Arctic. Thus, the main reason sea ice differs in the Arctic is the transport of cloud‐impacting aerosols into the region, while the Antarctic remains relatively pristine from extrapolar aerosol transport.
Grain‐Boundary Diffusion Creep of Olivine: 1. Experiments at 1 atm
Authors: Yabe K. , Sueyoshi K. , Hiraga T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe conducted one‐atmosphere uniaxial compression experiments on fine‐grained (~1 μm) Fe‐bearing olivine (Mg1.8Fe0.2SiO4) aggregates that were variably doped with CaO ± Al2O3. We identified power‐law interface‐controlled creep at low stresses and grain‐boundary diffusion creep at high stresses, which operate as mutually coupled, that is, sequential processes. We established constitutive equations for interface‐controlled creep and diffusion creep of undoped olivine and used the combined rate equation as a reference to examine the effect of doping on creep rates. Ca and Al were found to enhance rates of both interface‐controlled creep and diffusion creep above certain temperatures, and this effect becomes significant with increasing temperature. We attribute the rate enhancements to grain‐boundary disordering promoted by grain‐boundary segregation of the dopants at near‐solidus conditions. The enhancements are well described in relation to the sample solidus temperature and an additional activation energy relative to that of the reference creep state.
Continuous Structural Parameterization: A Proposed Method for Representing Different Model Parameterizations Within One Structure Demonstrated for Atmospheric Convection
Authors: Lambert F. H. , Challenor P. G. , Lewis N. T. , McNeall D. J. , Owen N. , Boutle I. A. , Christensen H. M. , Keane R. J. , Mayne N. J. , Stirling A. , Webb M. J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractContinuous structural parameterization (CSP) is a proposed method for approximating different numerical model parameterizations of the same process as functions of the same grid‐scale variables. This allows systematic comparison of parameterizations with each other and observations or resolved simulations of the same process. Using the example of two convection schemes running in the Met Office Unified Model (UM), we show that a CSP is able to capture concisely the broad behavior of the two schemes, and differences between the parameterizations and resolved convection simulated by a high resolution simulation. When the original convection schemes are replaced with their CSP emulators within the UM, basic features of the original model climate and some features of climate change are reproduced, demonstrating that CSP can capture much of the important behavior of the schemes. Our results open the possibility that future work will estimate uncertainty in model projections of climate change from estimates of uncertainty in simulation of the relevant physical processes.
Estimating Horizontal Phase Speeds of a Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance From Digisonde Single Site Vertical Ionograms
Authors: Emmons D. J. , Dao E. V. , Knippling K. K. , McNamara L. F. , Nava O. A. , Obenberger K. S. , Colman J. J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHorizontal phase speeds for a medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID) are calculated from three different atmospheric gravity wave (AGW) dispersion relations using vertical phase speeds derived from vertical ionograms measured by a single ionosonde. Observed heights from a network of four ionosondes in southern New Mexico provide the measured phase velocities. Horizontal phase speeds calculated from the dispersion relations are compared to measured TID speeds as a function of altitude and show general agreement. However, the linear relationship between the vertical and calculated horizontal AGW speeds for this TID frequency and wavenumber range predicts larger variations than the observations. The inclusion of viscosity and thermal diffusion terms in the dispersion relations increases the agreement with measurements. This technique provides a new method of predicting horizontal TID phase speeds from measurements at a single ionosonde site.
Stochastic Hydro‐Financial Watershed Modeling for Environmental Impact Bonds
Authors: Brand Matthew W. , Gudiño‐Elizondo Napoleon , Allaire Maura , Wright Steven , Matson Waylon , Saksa Phil , Sanders Brett F. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSoil erosion, poor water quality, and degraded ecosystems impose major cost burdens and challenges for stormwater managers. We present a stochastic hydro‐financial watershed modeling framework for designing an Environmental Impact Bond (EIB)—a new form of financing for comprehensive, watershed scale interventions. EIBs provide capital for interventions that is repaid over time with interest by stakeholders who experience reduced costs (savings). The EIB is also structured so stakeholders and investors share the reward of cost savings. The framework estimates cost savings from interventions and accounts for aleatory and epistemic uncertainty in costs, which in turn impacts the financial terms of the EIB. In particular, we show a method to reward investors for taking on the risk that interventions fail. The framework is applied to a transnational pollution and sedimentation problem on the U.S.‐Mexico border and has broad applicability for a wide range of environmental problems.
Global Changes in Baseflow Under the Impacts of Changing Climate and Vegetation
Authors: Tan Xuejin , Liu Bingjun , Tan Xuezhi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the impacts of climate change and human activities on hydrological processes, especially the baseflow, is vital for sustainable water resource management. We analyzed the global changes in baseflow and baseflow index (BFI) for 2,374 global streamflow stations from 1970 to 2016 to examine their associations with precipitation, temperature, terrestrial water storage (TWS), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) representing the vegetation regimes, potential evapotranspiration (PET), and a humidity index (HI)‐precipitation/PET. Results showed that changes in both baseflow and BFI are significantly region dependent in continents, due to spatial differences of changes in climate and vegetation that determines the baseflow generation. Seasonal baseflow changed slightly, while seasonal BFI varied greatly, partly due to the shift from snowfall to rainfall and warming effects on glacial retreat and the timing of snowmelt. The multibasin baseflow elasticity analyses show that baseflow (BFI) was highly sensitive to changes in NDVI, precipitation, and temperature (temperature and PET). The multivariate regression analyses show that globally, changes in precipitation and TWS contributed to the majority (64.8% and 20.2%) of changes in baseflow, while changes in HI, PET, and precipitation contributed to the majority (30.3%, 28.9%, and 27.5%) of changes in BFI. The spatially varying interaction between climate, vegetation, and baseflow implies that regional adaptation of water resources utilization to climate change should consider the regional shifts in vegetation. This study quantified the elasticity and relative contribution of changes in geographic factors to changes in baseflow and BFI around the world and could inform practices for sustainable water management.
The Fabrication of Plagioclase Feldspar Microdevices: An Experimental Tool for Pore‐Scale Mineral Dissolution Studies
Authors: Jung Heewon , Malenda Margariete , Worts Nathan , Squier Jeff , Gorman Brian P. , Navarre‐Sitchler Alexis 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPore‐scale mineral dissolution reactions are of fundamental importance for sustaining life and determining the fate of chemicals in Earth's near‐surface environments. However, experimental investigations are largely limited to macroscopic approaches due to difficulties in controlling and observing geochemical processes at the pore scale. Here, we present an experimental method using both femtosecond laser ablation and hydrofluoric (HF) etching techniques to fabricate reactive microdevices in a natural silicate mineral, anorthite. The femtosecond laser minimizes damage to the mineral during ablation and HF etching successfully removes a thin amorphous layer induced by laser irradiation. Anorthite dissolution rates under far‐from‐equilibrium conditions (10−8.14to 10−8.43 mol m−2 s−1), quantified by total calcium flux from the microfluidic device, correspond to previous laboratory‐measured rates also measured under far‐from‐equilibrium conditions, thereby supporting the reactive mineral microdevice as a valuable tool for mineral dissolution studies.
Central nervous system miliary metastasis in breast cancer: a case series analysis and proposed identification criteria of a rare metastasis subtype
Authors: Bashour Sami I. , Ibrahim Nuhad K. , Schomer Donald F. , Hess Kenneth R. , Gao Chao , Tripathy Debu , Fuller Gregory N. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundCNS miliary metastasis (MiM) is poorly recognised in breast and other malignancies. Given its rarity, little epidemiologic, radiographic and clinical data are known. Although usually identified on neuroimaging, criteria for radiographic diagnosis do not exist. In this analysis, we establish its presence in breast cancer and identify factors contributing to outcome.MethodsWe identified 546 female patients with brain metastasis from breast cancer between 2000 and 2015. Radiographic criteria were established through review of neuroimages by a senior Neuroradiologist, and defined as: (1) ≥20 lesions per image on ≥2 non-contiguous MRI images or ≥10 lesions per image on ≥2 non-contiguous CT images, and (2) bilateral lesions located in both the supratentorial and infratentorial compartments.ResultsTwenty-one MiM cases were identified (3.8%). Number and anatomical distribution of metastases best identified MiM, while lesion size did not. Ten patients were diagnosed with MiM as initial CNS metastasis; 11 developed MiM following known CNS metastasis. Breast cancer subtype did not influence MiM development before or after other CNS metastasis.ConclusionsThis is the first study to propose radiographic criteria for MiM diagnosis. Additional analysis is needed to verify data, but our results may enable a standardised approach for future MiM research.
High-throughput gas separation by flexible metal–organic frameworks with fast gating and thermal management capabilities
Authors: Hiraide Shotaro , Sakanaka Yuta , Kajiro Hiroshi , Kawaguchi Shogo , Miyahara Minoru T. , Tanaka Hideki 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEstablishing new energy-saving systems for gas separation using porous materials is indispensable for ensuring a sustainable future. Herein, we show that ELM-11 ([Cu(BF4)2(4,4′-bipyridine)2]n), a member of flexible metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), exhibits rapid responsiveness to a gas feed and an ‘intrinsic thermal management’ capability originating from a structural deformation upon gas adsorption (gate-opening). These two characteristics are suitable for developing a pressure vacuum swing adsorption (PVSA) system with rapid operations. A combined experimental and theoretical study reveals that ELM-11 enables the high-throughput separation of CO2 from a CO2/CH4 gas mixture through adiabatic operations, which are extreme conditions in rapid pressure vacuum swing adsorption. We also propose an operational solution to the ‘slipping-off’ problem, which is that the flexible MOFs cannot adsorb target molecules when the partial pressure of the target gas decreases below the gate-opening pressure. Furthermore, the superiority of our proposed system over conventional systems is demonstrated.
as-Indaceno[3,2,1,8,7,6-ghijklm]terrylene as a near-infrared absorbing C70-fragment
Authors: Tanaka Yuki , Fukui Norihito , Shinokubo Hiroshi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCarbon and hydrogen are fundamental components of organic molecules and a fascinating plethora of functions can be generated using these two elements. Yet, realizing attractive electronic structures only by using carbon and hydrogen remains challenging. Herein, we report the synthesis and properties of the C70 fragment as-indaceno[3,2,1,8,7,6-ghijklm]terrylene, which exhibits near-infrared (NIR) absorption (up to ca. 1300 nm), even though this molecule consists of only 34 carbon and 14 hydrogen atoms. A remarkably small highest occupied molecular orbital–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) gap is confirmed by electrochemical measurement and theoretical calculations. Furthermore, as-indacenoterrylene is stable despite the absence of peripheral substituents, which contrasts with the cases of other NIR-absorbing hydrocarbons such as diradicaloids and antiaromatic molecules. The results of this study thus offer fundamental insights into the design of hydrocarbons with a small band gap.
Multilevel fMRI adaptation for spoken word processing in the awake dog brain
Authors: Gábor Anna , Gácsi Márta , Szabó Dóra , Miklósi Ádám , Kubinyi Enikő , Andics Attila 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHuman brains process lexical meaning separately from emotional prosody of speech at higher levels of the processing hierarchy. Recently we demonstrated that dog brains can also dissociate lexical and emotional prosodic information in human spoken words. To better understand the neural dynamics of lexical processing in the dog brain, here we used an event-related design, optimized for fMRI adaptation analyses on multiple time scales. We investigated repetition effects in dogs’ neural (BOLD) responses to lexically marked (praise) words and to lexically unmarked (neutral) words, in praising and neutral prosody. We identified temporally and anatomically distinct adaptation patterns. In a subcortical auditory region, we found both short- and long-term fMRI adaptation for emotional prosody, but not for lexical markedness. In multiple cortical auditory regions, we found long-term fMRI adaptation for lexically marked compared to unmarked words. This lexical adaptation showed right-hemisphere bias and was age-modulated in a near-primary auditory region and was independent of prosody in a secondary auditory region. Word representations in dogs’ auditory cortex thus contain more than just the emotional prosody they are typically associated with. These findings demonstrate multilevel fMRI adaptation effects in the dog brain and are consistent with a hierarchical account of spoken word processing.