bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lower Limb Joint Kinetics During Walking in Middle-Aged Runners With Low or High Lifetime Running Exposure
Authors: Melaro Jake A. , Majaj Ramzi M. , Powell Douglas W. , DeVita Paul , Paquette Max R. 
Published: March 2020

Aging is associated with a distal-to-proximal shift in joint kinetics during walking. This plasticity of gait is amplified rather than attenuated in old adults with high physical capacity. Because running is associated with greater kinetic demands at the ankle, older individuals with more versus less lifetime running exposure may retain a larger proportion of their ankle kinetics. The purpose of the study was to compare lower-extremity joint kinetics during walking between middle-aged runners with high and low lifetime running exposure. Eighteen middle-aged runners (9 per group) participated. Joint kinetics were calculated from kinematic and ground reaction force data during overground walking at 1.3 m·s−1 and compared between groups. High exposure runners produced 50% greater positive hip work (P = .03; Cohen d = 1.02) during walking compared with low exposure runners, but ankle kinetics were not different between groups. No other differences in joint kinetics or kinematics were observed between groups. These findings suggest that the age-related increase in hip joint kinetics during walking could be a compensatory gait strategy that is not attenuated by lifetime running exposure alone. Finally, the amount of lifetime running exposure did not affect ankle kinetics during walking in middle-aged runners.
Weak cosmic censorship conjecture in Einstein–Maxwell gravity with scalar hair
Authors: Jiang Jie , Zhang Ming 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we focus on the weak cosmic censorship conjecture (WCCC) in the Einstein–Maxwell gravity sourced by a conformally coupled scalar field, where the black hole solution can carry a scalar hair apart from the conserved charges of the electromagnetic field. Motivated by the new version of the gedanken experiments proposed by Sorce and Wald, we derive the first two order perturbation inequalities in the scalar-hair Reissner–Nordström (shRN) black holes based on the Iyer–Wald formalism under the stability consumption. In the collision process, we assume that the scalar hair can also be changed. As a result, we find that the nearly extremal shRN black holes cannot be destroyed by the above collision process under the second-order approximation after the two perturbation inequalities are considered. Our result at some level implies that the WCCC can also be restored in the black holes with some scalar hairs.
The $$D\rightarrow \rho $$ semileptonic and radiative decays within the light-cone sum rules
Authors: Fu Hai-Bing , Zeng Long , Lü Rong , Cheng Wei , Wu Xing-Gang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe measured branching ratio of the D meson semileptonic decay $$D \rightarrow \rho e^+ \nu _e$$D→ρe+νe, which is based on the $$0.82~{\mathrm{fb}^{-1}}$$0.82fb-1 CLEO data taken at the peak of $$\psi (3770)$$ψ(3770) resonance, disagrees with the traditional SVZ sum rules analysis by about three times. In the paper, we show that this discrepancy can be eliminated by applying the QCD light-cone sum rules (LCSR) approach to calculate the $$D\rightarrow \rho $$D→ρ transition form factors $$A_{1,2}(q^2)$$A1,2(q2) and $$V(q^2)$$V(q2). After extrapolating the LCSR predictions of these TFFs to whole $$q^2$$q2-region, we obtain $$1/|V_{\mathrm{cd}}|^2 \times \Gamma (D \rightarrow \rho e \nu _e) =(55.45^{+13.34}_{-9.41})\times 10^{-15}~\mathrm{GeV}$$1/|Vcd|2×Γ(D→ρeνe)=(55.45-9.41+13.34)×10-15GeV. Using the CKM matrix element and the $$D^0(D^+)$$D0(D+) lifetime from the Particle Data Group, we obtain $$\mathcal{B} (D^0\rightarrow \rho ^- e^+ \nu _e) = (1.749^{+0.421}_{-0.297}\pm 0.006)\times 10^{-3}$$B(D0→ρ-e+νe)=(1.749-0.297+0.421±0.006)×10-3 and $$\mathcal{B} (D^+ \rightarrow \rho ^0 e^+ \nu _e) = (2.217^{+0.534}_{-0.376}\pm 0.015)\times 10^{-3}$$B(D+→ρ0e+νe)=(2.217-0.376+0.534±0.015)×10-3, which agree with the CLEO measurements within errors. We also calculate the branching ratios of the two D meson radiative processes and obtain $$\mathcal{B}(D^0\rightarrow \rho ^0 \gamma )= (1.744^{+0.598}_{-0.704})\times 10^{-5}$$B(D0→ρ0γ)=(1.744-0.704+0.598)×10-5 and $$\mathcal{B}(D^+ \rightarrow \rho ^+ \gamma ) = (5.034^{+0.939}_{-0.958})\times 10^{-5}$$B(D+→ρ+γ)=(5.034-0.958+0.939)×10-5, which also agree with the Belle measurements within errors. Thus we think the LCSR approach is applicable for dealing with the D meson decays.
Dissecting the Tumor–Immune Landscape in Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy: Key Challenges and Opportunities for a Systems Immunology Approach
Authors: Chen Gregory M. , Azzam Andrew , Ding Yang-Yang , Barrett David M. , Grupp Stephan A. , Tan Kai 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe adoptive transfer of genetically engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has opened a new frontier in cancer therapy. Unlike the paradigm of targeted therapies, the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy depends not only on the choice of target but also on a complex interplay of tumor, immune, and stromal cell communication. This presents both challenges and opportunities from a discovery standpoint. Whereas cancer consortia have traditionally focused on the genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, and proteomic landscape of cancer cells, there is an increasing need to expand studies to analyze the interactions between tumor, immune, and stromal cell populations in their relevant anatomical and functional compartments. Here, we focus on the promising application of systems biology to address key challenges in CAR T-cell therapy, from understanding the mechanisms of therapeutic resistance in hematologic and solid tumors to addressing important clinical challenges in biomarker discovery and therapeutic toxicity. We propose a systems biology view of key clinical objectives in CAR T-cell therapy and suggest a path forward for a biomedical discovery process that leverages modern technological approaches in systems biology.
TBK1 Activation by VHL Loss in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Novel HIF-Independent Vulnerability
Authors: Bakouny Ziad , Barbie David A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Summary:
The Von Hippel-Lindau gene product is a tumor suppressor whose ubiquitin ligase function is key to oxygen-sensing in cells, whereas Tank-binding kinase (TBK1) is a kinase mostly implicated in innate immune response. The study by Hu and colleagues in this issue reveals that VHL suppresses TBK1 activity under normoxic conditions, and that loss of VHL in kidney cancer cells renders them sensitive to TBK1 inhibition, providing a new potential target for the treatment of clear cell renal cell carcinoma.
See related article by Hu et al., p. 460.
Unraveling the Architecture of Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma One Cell at a Time
Authors: Fisher Daniel A.C. , Oh Stephen T. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Summary:
Aoki and colleagues have utilized single-cell RNA sequencing and imaging mass cytometry to describe the landscape of reactive, nonmalignant immune-cell populations present in classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), and delineate their spatial proximity to malignant Hodgkin–Reed–Sternberg cells. From this study, they have identified a LAG3-expressing Tr1-type Treg cell population as prevalent mainly in MHC-II–negative cHL, implying a potential functional relationship underlying the differential responsiveness of MHC-II–negative versus MHC-II–positive cHLs to immunotherapy.
See related article by Aoki et al., p. 406.
A Flood Potential Index for Effective Communication of Streamflow Forecasts at Ungauged Communities
Authors: Quintero Felipe , Krajewski Witold F. , Rojas Marcela 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study proposes a flood potential index suitable for use in streamflow forecasting at any location in a drainage network. We obtained the index by comparing the discharge magnitude derived from a hydrologic model and the expected mean annual peak flow at the spatial scale of the basin. We use the term “flood potential” to indicate that uncertainty is associated with this information. The index helps communicate flood potential alerts to communities near rivers where there are no quantitative records of historical floods to provide a reference. This method establishes a reference that we can compare to forecasted hydrographs and that facilitates communication of their relative importance. As a proof of concept, the authors present an assessment of the index as applied to the peak flows that caused severe floods in Iowa in June 2008. The Iowa Flood Center uses the proposed approach operationally as part of its real-time hydrologic forecasting system.
IHB Adds Volunteer Visitor Service
Authors: O'Neil Kitty 
Published: March 2020

The idea of providing a volunteer visitor service at The Industrial Home for the Blind is the direct result of a suggestion made years ago by the late beloved Walter G. Holmes. Mr. Holmes suggested setting up what he called “A Friendly Visitor Service” to do just the kind of thing that is so well expressed by Miss Kitty O'Neil in the accompanying article. We felt at the time that we were not equipped to carry out this idea and waited until Miss O'Neil was available in order to inaugurate it. It is a double pleasure therefore to be able to say now that the volunteer visitor service is actually under way and that we shall endeavor to carry it out in the warm, human, friendly spirit which we are sure was one of Mr. Holmes’ fondest desires. We feel that this will be one additional way to continue the memory of one of the great pioneers in work for the blind in the United States. Peter J. Salmon, Executive Director.
American Diversity versus British Compactness
Authors: Myers S. O. 
Published: March 2020

[Mr. S. O. Myers, Principal of Condover Hall School for the Blind in England, visited schools for the blind in America last year, and subsequently wrote reports of his observations in The New Beacon. We have received generous permission to reprint that part of his observations in which he compares American and British methods of educating blind children. This is from the January 25, 1954, issue of The New Beacon. Mr. Myers notes that what he has to say is quite personal and that another visitor here “might reach far different conclusions.” He deals with differences in set-up in the two countries and also with similarities.—Editor]
Association Between Body Mass Index and Complications in Acoustic Neuroma Surgery
Authors: Luryi Alexander L. , Babu Seilesh , Michaelides Elias M. , Kveton John F. , Bojrab Dennis I. , Schutt Christopher A. 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesElevated body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for surgical complications, but data in acoustic neuroma surgery are conflicting and limited to small single‐institution studies. This work evaluates associations between BMI and complications in surgery for acoustic neuroma (AN).Study DesignRetrospective review.Setting:Two tertiary otology referral institutions.Subjects and MethodsPatients undergoing surgery for AN. Univariate and multivariate analysis of association between BMI and complications was performed using two‐tailed t tests and binary logistic regression.ResultsBMI ranged from 18.0 kg/m2 to 63.9 kg/m2 with mean of 29.2 kg/m2 among 362 included patients. High BMI was associated with increased risk of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak (p = 0.003) and need for revision surgery within 6 months (p = 0.03). CSF leak occurred in 11.6% of obese patients (BMI ≥ 30.0) and 5.1% of patients with BMI < 30.0. There was no association between BMI and post‐operative intracranial hemorrhage, wound infection, or incomplete resection (p > 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed BMI was associated with CSF leak (odds ratio 1.11 per BMI point, p = 0.002) and need for revision surgery (odds ratio 1.07 per BMI point, p = 0.02) independent of age, gender, tumor size, or surgical approach.ConclusionsThe largest series to date investigating BMI in acoustic surgery is presented. Elevated BMI is strongly associated with CSF leak and need for revision surgery but not with other complications. Obese or overweight patients undergoing acoustic neuroma resection should be counseled of their increased risk of CSF leak.
Cochlear Implant Performance in Adult Patients with Absent Intraoperative Electrically Evoked Compound Action Potentials
Authors: Cooper Timothy , Melder Katie L. , Hyre Rick , Hobson Candace E. , McCall Andrew A. , Hirsch Barry E. 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveTo describe cochlear implant performance outcomes in adult patients in whom no intraoperative electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) responses were able to be obtained despite intracochlear electrode placement.Study DesignRetrospective case review.SettingAcademic tertiary center.Subjects and MethodsPatients 18 years of age and older undergoing cochlear implantation between May 2010 and September 2018 with absent ECAP measurements intraoperatively with intracochlear electrode positioning were identified. Patient performance on sentence recognition testing using the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT) and AzBio at 6 to 12 months postoperatively was compared to preimplantation scores. Additional collected data included patient demographics, etiology of hearing loss, and preoperative pure‐tone average (PTA) and word recognition scores (WRSs).ResultsIntraoperative ECAP measurements were unable to be obtained in 15 cochlear implants performed on 14 patients out of 383 cochlear implant cases. Of the patients with absent ECAP measures, the mean ± SD age was 61.7 ± 15.7 years. Causes of hearing loss included congenital hearing loss, meningitis, autoimmune inner ear disease, otosclerosis, presbycusis, and Ménière’s disease. The average preoperative PTA was 103.5 ± 17.0 dB. Twelve implanted ears had a WRS of 0% and 9 had a HINT score of 0% prior to surgery. The mean HINT score at 6 to 12 months postimplantation was 57.8% ± 37.8% and had improved by 42.6% ± 35.6% compared to the mean preimplantation HINT score (95% confidence interval, 22.0%‐63.1%, P =. 001, paired Student t test).ConclusionThere is a wide range of cochlear implant performance in patients with absent intraoperative ECAP measures ranging from sound awareness to HINT scores of 100%.
Variation in the Geographic Distribution of the Otolaryngology Workforce: A National Geospatial Analysis
Authors: Gadkaree Shekhar K. , McCarty Justin C. , Siu Jennifer , Shaye David A. , Deschler Daniel G. , Varvares Mark A. , Jarman Molly , Bergmark Regan 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveTo examine the current geographic distribution of otolaryngologists in the United States and the disparities in socioeconomic demographics at the county and hospital referral region (HRR) level.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingNational cohort analysis including all otolaryngologists in the United States.Subjects and MethodsAll otolaryngologists board certified by the American Board of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery in the United States in 2018 were compared with overlaid demographic data from the 2010 United States Census Bureau by county and HRR. Associations between the density of otolaryngologists per population and socioeconomic characteristics were assessed and stratified by region.ResultsThe average number of otolaryngologists was 3.6 (SD 9.6) per 100,000. On multivariable regression analysis, the density of otolaryngologists was positively associated with counties with the highest quartile of college education (1.8 providers per 100,000 [95% confidence interval [CI] 0.89, 2.90], P <. 001) and income (2.1 providers per 100,000 [95% CI 1.03, 3.07], P =. 01). Significant regional variation existed in access to otolaryngology care.ConclusionThere are significant areas with disparate densities of otolaryngologists in the United States. Lower socioeconomic status, more severe poverty, and a lower number of college graduates in a county correlated with reduced density of otolaryngologists.
Appraising Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Clinical Practice Guidelines for Effective Dissemination and Implementation Design
Authors: Flynn John P. , Villwock Jennifer A. , Chiu Alexander G. , Sykes Kevin J. 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesDissemination and implementation (D&I) science analyzes interventional strategies that aid in spreading scientific knowledge, adopting evidence into practice, and identifying barriers to maximize successful integration of science into practice. This study set out to critically appraise the published D&I strategies of the American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO‐HNSF) Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) and to introduce the theories of D&I science.MethodsThe 15 AAO‐HNSF CPGs underwent appraisal by 2 independent reviewers using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II (AGREE II) instrument. CPGs were rated over 23 key items in 6 domains. Each item was rated on a 7‐point scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). CPGs were rated and quality assessments were performed. Intrarater reliability was assessed.ResultsThe overall mean score of the CPGs was 85.2% (95% confidence interval, 83.4%‐86.9%). Individual CPG mean scores ranged from 80.4% to 90.9%. Mean interrater reliability was strong. All domains of the AGREE II instrument, except the Applicability domain, scored a mean of 90.7% or better. D&I strategies within the CPGs, as calculated by the Applicability domain score, ranged from 22.9% to 77.1%.DiscussionThere is a paucity of published D&I strategies within the AAO‐HNSF CPGs. Nesting a D&I framework, such as the Quality Improvement Framework, within CPGs would allow for identification of barriers to CPG adoption and evaluation of CPG‐directed interventions.Implications for PracticeA D&I framework within the AAO‐HNSF CPGs would allow for objective measurement of the overall impact of CPGs on otolaryngology practices.
Hypofractionated Robotic Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Vagal Paragangliomas: A Novel Treatment Strategy for Cranial Nerve Preservation
Authors: Maxwell Anne K. , Mehta Gautam U. , Muelleman Thomas , Barnard Zachary R. , Hartwick Thomas , Mak Albert , Brackmann Derald E. , Lekovic Gregory P. 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveTo provide the first description of hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and evaluate tumor control and safety for vagal paragangliomas (VPs), which begin at the skull base but often have significant extracranial extension.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingTertiary‐referral neurotology and neurosurgery practice.Subjects and MethodsFive VPs in 4 patients (all male, ages 15‐56 years) underwent SRS between 2010 and 2018. Outcome measures included tumor dimensions on serial imaging, cranial nerve function, and radiation side effects.ResultsCyberKnife hypofractionated SRS was performed. The prescription dose was 24 or 27 Gy (maximum dose 33.4 Gy; range, 29.3‐35.5 Gy) delivered in 3 equal fractions. The mean isodose line was 79% (range, 76%‐82%). Four VPs were treated primarily, and 1 tumor underwent SRS to treat regrowth 2 years after microsurgical subtotal resection via the modified infratemporal fossa approach. The treatment volume ranged from 8.81 to 86.3 cm3 (mean, 35.7 cm3). All demonstrated stable size (n = 3) or regression (n = 2) at last follow‐up, 63 to 85 months after SRS (mean, 76 months). One patient had stable premorbid vocal fold paralysis from a prior ipsilateral glomus jugulare tumor resection. All others demonstrated normal vagal function following SRS. Treatment‐related side effects, including dysgeusia (n = 1), mucositis (n = 1), and neck soft‐tissue edema (n = 2), were self‐limited.ConclusionsHypofractionated SRS appears to be both safe and effective for treating VPs, including large‐volume and predominantly extracranial tumors, while preserving vagal function. SRS should be considered as a cranial nerve preservation option, especially in settings of contralateral lower cranial nerve deficits or in those with multiple paragangliomas risking both vagal nerves.
Pediatric empyema thoracis: roles and outcomes of surgery in advanced disease
Authors: Ho Yan Le , Jamaluddin Mohd Fauzi , Krishinan Sotheenathan , Salleh Ahmadi , Khamis Abu Yamin , Abdul Kareem Basheer A 
Published: March 2020

Aim Empyema thoracis has become increasingly common in the pediatric population. Antibiotics and thoracostomy have been the cornerstones of management of stage 1 empyema, whereas management of stage 2 and 3 empyema remains controversial. Surgical intervention is perceived to be associated with high morbidity and protracted recovery. We aimed to review the role and outcome of surgical decortication, and provide data for comparison with other treatment modalities. Methods The medical records and clinical outcomes of 30 children (median age 5.2 years) with stage 2 or 3 empyema, who underwent surgical decortication from September 2017 to September 2019, were reviewed. Results Most children were referred for decortication by day 8.8 ± 4 of admission, and the median time from referral to surgery was 2.2 ± 2 days. All patients had tube thoracostomy, and 5 (17%) underwent fibrinolysis prior to surgery. Twenty-one (70%) patients required pediatric intensive care unit admission preoperatively. Postoperatively, most patients were extubated on day 2.5 (range 1–4 days), with chest tubes removed on day 3.8 (range 1–7 days). Most were discharge by day 6.2 (range 4–10 days). Postoperative air leak occurred in one (3%) patient. There was no mortality or reoperation. Conclusion Surgical decortication remains an excellent modality for managing stage 2 and 3 pediatric empyema. The procedure has a low morbidity and provides rapid resolution of symptoms with good clinical outcomes if performed promptly. Delayed referral may result in a more protracted clinical course.