bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Push and pull factors impacting the pedagogical approaches used by sonographers to teach scanning skills
Authors: Nicholls Delwyn , Sweet Linda , Hyett Jon , Müller Amanda 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo report the qualitative findings of the inaugural survey of sonographer skill‐teaching practices in Australia using the SonoSTePs tool.MethodA national cross‐sectional survey of all qualified sonographers registered with the Australian Sonographer Accreditation Registry. A mix of quantitative and qualitative data was collected. This paper reports on a content analysis of the qualitative data relating to factors that impact on teaching.ResultsA total of 528 respondents provided a range of qualitative data in five extended text questions. Five key themes emerged from the analysis: limited protected teaching time; perceived skill complexity; learner skill level and credentials; avoiding overwhelming the learner; and patient well‐being and their willingness to be scanned. Novel teaching interactions between the educator and the student sonographer were identified. Information was provided to learners at four time‐points across the continuum of clinical practice performance. The type, quantity and purpose of the information provided by the educator to the learner differed at each of these four time‐points and included the following: (i) pre‐task clarification, guidance and practice norms; (ii) in‐task verbal information and scanning support; (iii) post‐task support and information; and (iv) end‐task or terminal feedback.ConclusionThis is the first published study which reports the push and pull factors affecting pedagogical approaches to teach and learn complex scanning skills. These results provide a corpus of new knowledge, and the first analysis and review, about the pedagogical findings related to teaching scanning skills for clinical practice. This study provides a basis for further research and practice improvements.
Structures and Structural Evolution of Sublayer Surfaces of Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Han Xiaocang , Liu Pan , Lin Fang , Chen Wenqian , Luo Ruichun , Han Qi , Jiang Zhuo , Wang Xiaodong , Song Shuangxi , Reddy Kolan Madhav , Deng Hexiang , Chen Mingwei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe structural characterization of sublayer surfaces of MIL‐101 is reported by low‐dose spherical aberration‐corrected high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The state‐of‐the‐art microscopy directly images atomic/molecular configurations in thin crystals from charge density projections, and uncovers the structures of sublayer surfaces and their evolution to stable surfaces regulated by inorganic Cr3(μ3‐O) trimers. This study provides compelling evidence of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) crystal growth via the assembly of sublayer surfaces and has important implications in understanding the crystal growth and surface‐related properties of MOFs.
Hydrogen‐Bonding‐Promoted Cascade Rearrangement Involving the Enlargement of Two Rings: Efficient Access to Polycyclic Quinoline Derivatives
Authors: Cao Wen‐Bin , Li Shijun , Xu Meng‐Meng , Li Haiyan , Xu Xiao‐Ping , Lan Yu , Ji Shun‐Jun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAn efficient cascade reaction of tryptamine‐derived isocyanides with C,N‐cyclic azomethine imines is described. The polycyclic pyrrolo[2,3‐c]quinoline derivatives, which benefited from rearrangement process driven by hydrogen bonding, could be directly assembled in moderate to good yields (40–87 %) under metal‐free and mild conditions. This transformation involved four new heterocyclic rings formations and uniquely, ring opening of indole as well as ring expansion of C,N‐cyclic azomethine imine. Both experimental and DFT studies provided guidance on the in‐depth insight into the reaction pathways and hydrogen bonding was identified to lower the free energy barrier in transition states. This work constitutes a rare example of tryptamine‐derived isocyanide‐based cascade reactions, and potentially could be a powerful synthetic strategy for accessing polycyclic analogues involved in natural products.
Protein Allostery at Atomic Resolution
Authors: Strotz Dean , Orts Julien , Kadavath Harindranath , Friedmann Michael , Ghosh Dhiman , Olsson Simon , Chi Celestine N. , Pokharna Aditya , Güntert Peter , Vögeli Beat , Riek Roland 
Published: August 2020

AbstractProtein allostery is a phenomenon involving the long range coupling between two distal sites in a protein. In order to elucidate allostery at atomic resoluion on the ligand‐binding WW domain of the enzyme Pin1, multistate structures were calculated from exact nuclear Overhauser effect (eNOE). In its free form, the protein undergoes a microsecond exchange between two states, one of which is predisposed to interact with its parent catalytic domain. In presence of the positive allosteric ligand, the equilibrium between the two states is shifted towards domain–domain interaction, suggesting a population shift model. In contrast, the allostery‐suppressing ligand decouples the side‐chain arrangement at the inter‐domain interface thereby reducing the inter‐domain interaction. As such, this mechanism is an example of dynamic allostery. The presented distinct modes of action highlight the power of the interplay between dynamics and function in the biological activity of proteins.
3D‐to‐2D Dimensional Reduction for Exploiting a Multilayered Perovskite Ferroelectric toward Polarized‐Light Detection in the Solar‐Blind Ultraviolet Region
Authors: Xu Zhiyun , Weng Wen , Li Yaobin , Liu Xitao , Yang Tao , Li Maofan , Huang Xiaoying , Luo Junhua , Sun Zhihua 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPolarized‐light detection in solar‐blind ultraviolet region is indispensable for optoelectronic applications, whereas new 2D candidates targeted at solar‐blind UV range remain extremely scarce. 2D hybrid perovskite ferroelectrics that combine polarization and semiconducting properties are of increasing interest. Here, using the 3D‐to‐2D dimensional reduction of CH3NH3PbCl3, we designed a multilayered hybrid perovskite ferroelectric, (CH3CH2NH3)2(CH3NH3)2Pb3Cl10, which shows spontaneous polarization and a high Curie temperature (390 K) comparable with that of BaTiO3 (393 K). The wide band gap (ca. 3.35 eV) and anisotropic absorbance stemming from its intrinsic 2D motif, greatly favor its polarization‐sensitive activity in UV region. The device displays excellent polarization‐sensitive behavior under 266 nm, along with a large dichroic ratio (ca. 1.38) and high on/off current ratio (ca. 2.3×103).
Dihydrogen Adduct (Co–H2) Complexes Displaying H‐Atom and Hydride Transfer
Authors: Deegan Meaghan M. , Hannoun Kareem I. , Peters Jonas C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe prototypical reactivity profiles of transition metal dihydrogen complexes (M‐H2) are well‐characterized with respect to oxidative addition (to afford dihydrides, M(H)2) and as acids, heterolytically delivering H+ to a base and H− to the metal. In the course of this study we explored plausible alternative pathways for H2 activation, namely direct activation through H‐atom or hydride transfer from the σ‐H2 adducts. To this end, we describe herein the reactivity of an isostructural pair of a neutral S=
and an anionic S=0 Co‐H2 adduct, both supported by a trisphosphine borane ligand (P3B). The thermally stable metalloradical, (P3B)Co(H2), serves as a competent precursor for hydrogen atom transfer to tBu3ArO⋅. What is more, its anionic derivative, the dihydrogen complex [(P3B)Co(H2)]1−, is a competent precursor for hydride transfer to BEt3, establishing its remarkable hydricity. The latter finding is essentially without precedent among the vast number of M‐H2 complexes known.
Extension‐dominated improved dispersive mixing in single‐screw extrusion. Part 2: Comparative analysis with twin‐screw extruder
Authors: Pandey Vivek , Chen Hao , Ma Jiaxin , Maia João M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn Part 1 of this work, the possibility of improving single‐screw extruders (SSE) better dispersive mixer was explored by harnessing extensional flows provided by the hyperbolic contracting–diverging channels of extensional mixing elements (EME). Addition of the EME to the pin screw generated enhanced breakup for polymer blends and nanocomposite systems without significant penalty in flow rate. In Part 2, experiments are performed on immiscible polymer blends (low‐viscosity ratio and high‐viscosity ratio) and nanocomposites on both SSE and twin‐screw extruder (TSE) with the same rotation speed and throughput. Morphological results show tremendous improvement in dispersive mixing capability of SSE when equipped with EME that are mainly comparable to conventional TSE that is, with kneading blocks as mixing sections, although not as good as TSEs equipped with EMEs. Mechanical results also show enhanced modulus when EME is used in SSE operations.
Freeze‐drying and mechanical redispersion of aqueous PEDOT:PSS
Authors: Xin Xing , Yu Jiarui , Gao Nan , Xue Zexu , Zhang Wenwen , Xu Jingkun , Chen Shuai 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPoly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films are attracting famous applications in antistatic coating, energy storage and conversion, printed electronics, and biomedical fields due to their conductivity, optical transparency and flexibility. However, PEDOT:PSS has poor dispersion stability during long‐term storage and transport. Moreover, the dried PEDOT:PSS films are insoluble in any solvent and cannot be redispersed again. In comparison to bake drying, here, a feasible strategy to achieve mechanically redispersed PEDOT:PSS with the help of freeze‐drying process was reported. The redispersed PEDOT:PSS can recover not only the initial characters such as pH, chemical composition, viscosity, and particle size under similar solid contents, but also conductivity and surface morphology of treated films. In addition, the treated film exhibits self‐healing properties similar to pristine film in terms of mechanical and electrical properties. This technology enables reuse and overcomes the technical problems of PEDOT:PSS dispersion, realizing real‐time processing to meet variable applications.
Enhanced thermal conductivity and isotropy of polymer composites by fabricating 3D network structure from carbon‐based materials
Authors: Li Qi , Tian Xiaojuan , Wu Ni , Li Yun , Pan Ting , Zhang Bing , Duan Yongli , Wang Shuyang , Li Yongfeng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGraphene‐based composite is promising as thermal interface material (TIM) due to its outstanding thermal properties. However, there are some bottlenecks to excellent performance, such as agglomeration of particles and undesirable voids between nanoplatelets. In this work, a composite with three‐dimensional (3D) thermally conductive network has been assembled, which combines three kinds of nanofillers varying geometric dimensions. Thermal conductivity (TC) of composite with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and carbon‐nanotubes (CNTs) at a weight ratio of 3:1 is around 9% higher than that of GNP‐based composite. By the introduction of carbon spheres (CSs), the TC is further increased by 28%. The enhanced thermal property further demonstrated by FLIR infrared camera is attributed to the formation of 3D heat conduction paths by GNPs, CNTs, and CSs, where the GNPs play the role of thermally conductive backbones. The other two components are introduced to attenuate the aggregation and strong thermal anisotropy. Moreover, the TC is confirmed nearly isotropic, which is different from most graphene‐based TIMs because of the in‐plane alignment. Our results indicate that the apparent synergy endows this 3D nanofiller great potential for heat dissipation applications requiring heat removal in two directions.
The effects of marine protected areas on ecosystem recovery and fisheries using a comparative modelling approach
Authors: Vilas Daniel , Coll Marta , Corrales Xavier , Steenbeek Jeroen , Piroddi Chiara , Calò Antonio , Di Franco Antonio , Font Toni , Guidetti Paolo , Ligas Alessandro , Lloret Josep , Prato Giulia , Sahyoun Rita , Sartor Paolo , Claudet Joachim 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

The overexploitation of many marine resources and ecosystems calls for the development and implementation of measures to support their recovery and conservation.
The potential contributions to support fisheries and ecosystem recovery were assessed at the local level of the three multiple‐use marine protected areas (MPAs) of Cerbère‐Banyuls, Medes Islands, and Cap de Creus, located in the north‐western Mediterranean Sea.
For each MPA, a food‐web model accounting for each protection level (PL) was developed: the fully protected area (FPA), the partially protected area (PPA) and the unprotected area (UPA) surrounding the MPA. Using the resulting nine food‐web models, the ecosystem structure and functioning of each PL were compared and characterized, differences and similarities within and among the three MPAs were assessed, and ecosystem response to full protection was evaluated for the three MPAs.
Differences in terms of ecosystem structure and functioning were found among PLs. Overall, FPAs presented the most positive effect of protection in terms of ecosystem structure and functioning, followed by PPAs. However, the effects of protection on neighbouring UPAs were hardly noticeable.
Similarities between Cerbère‐Banyuls and Medes Islands MPAs were observed, while Cap de Creus MPA showed the least benefits from protection overall. These results are likely to be due to similarities in the configuration of the protected areas, the levels of enforcement and compliance, and the impact of recreational and small‐scale fisheries allowed in the PPAs and UPAs.
This study illustrates that well‐enforced Mediterranean MPAs, even when small, can yield local positive impacts on the structure and functioning of marine ecosystems that can contribute to support local fisheries.
Weak connectivity and population cohesiveness in rudderfish Kyphosus sandwicensis (Teleostei: Kyphosidae) inhabiting remote oceanic islands
Authors: Valencia Evelyn , Meerhoff Erika , Díaz‐Cabrera Ernesto , Guerrero Felipe , Roja‐Hernández Noemi , Vega‐Retter Caren , Veliz David 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Population connectivity has a fundamental role in metapopulation dynamics, with important implications in conservation. Easter Island (EI) and Salas y Gómez Island (SG) in the Pacific Ocean are ideal for the study of population connectivity because they are separated by 415 km and isolated from other islands in the Pacific Ocean by >2,000 km.
Considering that dispersal processes could play a critical role in the persistence of its populations, the connectivity pattern of the rudderfish Kyphosus sandwicensis was evaluated between EI and SG using both a population genetics and a biophysical modelling approach.
The variability in the control region of the mitochondrial DNA did not show a significant phylogeographical pattern, and the variability in 16 microsatellite loci suggested that individuals of K. sandwicensis located at EI and SG belong to the same genetic population. However, historical migration showed that 0.2% of the recruits at EI come from SG and that 0.15% at SG come from EI per year.
Using simulated larval release during September and a larval development of 30 days in the plankton, biophysical modelling did not detect migration between the islands. Furthermore, self‐recruitment shows interannual variation ranging from 5 to 10% of the total released larvae.
Whereas the genetic data showed a lack of population genetic structure but low connectivity of K. sandwicensis between EI and SG, the biophysical modelling showed null movement of particles between the islands. Stochastic movement of larvae or adults could explain the pattern observed, with rafting as an example. These low‐frequency and stochastic movements may be important in maintaining the cohesiveness between EI and SG.
Improvement of Severe Fatigue Following Nuclease Therapy in Patients With Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Posada James , Valadkhan Saba , Burge Daniel , Davies Kristen , Tarn Jessica , Casement John , Jobling Kerry , Gallagher Peter , Wilson Douglas , Barone Francesca , Fisher Benjamin A. , Ng Wan‐Fai 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo assess the safety and efficacy of RSLV‐132, an RNase Fc fusion protein, in a phase II randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (SS).MethodsThirty patients with primary SS were randomized to receive treatment with RSLV‐132 or placebo intravenously once per week for 2 weeks, and then every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. Eight patients received placebo and 20 patients received RSLV‐132 at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Clinical efficacy measures included the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Sjögren’s Syndrome Disease Activity Index, EULAR Sjögren’s Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI), Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy–Fatigue (FACIT‐F), Profile of Fatigue (ProF), and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST).ResultsPatients randomized to receive RSLV‐132 experienced clinically meaningful improvements in the ESSPRI score (P = 0.27), FACIT‐F score (P = 0.05), ProF score (P = 0.07), and DSST (P = 0.02) from baseline to day 99, whereas patients who received placebo showed no changes in any of these clinical efficacy measures. This improvement was significantly correlated with increased expression of selected interferon‐inducible genes (Pearson’s correlations, each P < 0.05).ConclusionAdministration of RSLV‐132 improved severe fatigue, as determined by 4 independent patient‐reported measures of fatigue, in patients with primary SS.
Benzylic Methylene Functionalizations of Diarylmethanes
Authors: Gulati Upma , Gandhi Radhika , Laha Joydev K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDiarylmethanes are cardinal scaffolds by virtue of their unique structural feature including the presence of a benzylic CH2 group that can be easily functionalized to generate a variety of fascinating molecules holding immense importance in pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and material sciences. While the originally developed protocols for benzylic C−H functionalization in diarylmethanes employing base‐mediated and metal‐catalyzed strategies are still actively used, they are joined by a new array of metal‐free conditions, offering milder and benign conditions. With the recent surge of interest towards the synthesis of functionalized diarylmethanes, numerous choices are now available for a synthetic organic chemist to transform the benzylic C−H bond to C−C or C−X bond offering the synthesis of any molecule of choice. This review highlights benzylic methylene (CH2) functionalizations of diaryl/heteroarylmethanes utilizing various base‐mediated, transition‐metal‐catalyzed, and transition‐metal free approaches for the synthesis of structurally diverse important organic molecules, often with a high chemo‐, regio‐ and enantio‐selectivity. This review also attempts to provide analysis of the scope and limitations, mechanistic understanding, and sustainability of the transformations.
Panchromatic Organoboron Molecules with Tunable Absorption Spectra
Authors: Liu Fangbin , Liu Jun , Wang Lixiang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPanchromatic molecules, e. g. organic small molecules with wide absorption spectra, are very desirable for solar energy‐related applications. Here, we report the development of a series of organoboron compounds composed of an organoboron core unit, two π‐bridging units and two electron‐withdrawing end‐capping units. All seven molecules have the HOMO localized on the core unit and the LUMO delocalized on the whole conjugated backbone. They exhibit wide absorption spectra consisting of two strong absorption bands with the full width at half maximum of ca. 280 nm. These panchromatic compounds can be used as electron acceptors in organic solar cells. We elucidate the relationship between the chemical structures and opto‐electronic properties of these organoboron panchromatic compounds. Increasing the electron‐withdrawing capability of the core units results in a downshifted HOMO level as well as blueshifted long‐wavelength absorption band with increased extinction coefficient. Extending the π‐bridging units causes an increased HOMO level and blueshifted long‐wavelength absorption band with increased extinction coefficients. Weakening the electron‐withdrawing capability of the end‐capping units leads to an upshifted LUMO level and blueshifted long‐wavelength absorption peak with decreased extinction coefficient. This work provides insight into the absorption spectrum manipulation of panchromatic molecules and would pave the way for the development of solar energy‐related applications.
Sensitive determination of NT‐proBNP for diagnosing abdominal aortic aneurysms incidence on interdigitated electrode sensor
Authors: Qiu Changcheng , Wang Xiao , Zhang Xia , Li Zhenhuan , Zhou Yiming , Kang Jie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAbdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a vascular disease found to have progressive growth in the area of aorta. Rupturing of aorta causes excessive bleeding that leads to health‐related issues, which can be fatal sometimes. Therefore, it becomes important to make early diagnosis of AAA and its condition and start immediate treatment. Blood‐based biomarker helps to diagnose AAA and to monitor the condition after AAA surgery. N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) is a hormone produced in the heart in small quantities and increased when the heart needs to work harder. NT‐proBNP was proved to be strongly linked with AAA incidence. Moreover, quantifying the level of NT‐proBNP helps to determine the risk factors on cardiovascular system after the surgery. This work is quantifying the NT‐proBNP on interdigitated electrode sensor by using NT‐proBNP binding aptamer. The detection limit of NT‐proBNP was calculated as 1 pg/mL on a linear regression curve [y = 0.2148x + 0.8849; R² = 0.9049]. The linear range with dose‐dependent analysis was from 0.01 until 100 ng/mL. Moreover, the control experiment with complementary aptamer sequence did not show the current signal, specifying the detection of NT‐proBNP. This research benefits to identify the heart condition of patient after the removal of AAA.
TIMpuls Grundlagenforschung zum Brandschutz im Holzbau
Authors: Engel Thomas , Brunkhorst Sven , Steeger Felix , Winter Stefan , Zehfuß Jochen , Kampmeier Björn , Werther Norman 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIm Rahmen dieses Beitrags wird das Forschungsprojekt TIMpuls vorgestellt und erste Ergebnisse der Grundlagenuntersuchungen und Brandversuche präsentiert. Der Fokus liegt hierbei auf Untersuchungen zum Abbrandverhalten von Holz, der Leistungsfähigkeit von Brandschutzbekleidungen und dem Nachbrandverhalten von Bauteilen aus Holz. Mittels Kleinbrandversuchen wurden Abbrandraten für verschiedene Holzarten unter Normbrandbeanspruchung bestimmt. In den Untersuchungen zur Leistungsfähigkeit von Brandschutzbekleidungen werden, neben den Grundlagen zur Ausbildung und Klassifizierung, Ergebnisse kleinskaliger Brandversuche dargestellt, mit deren Hilfe eine Bewertung der Leistungsfähigkeit ermöglicht wird. Weiterhin werden erste Erkenntnisse zum Nachbrandverhalten von Bauteilen aus Holz vorgestellt. Hierbei werden Randbedingungen zum Erreichen des Selbstverlöschens in Brandräumen, Erfahrungen zum Löschvorgang und konstruktive Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von Hohlraumbränden diskutiert.