bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aging and Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Maeso-Díaz Raquel , Gracia-Sancho Jordi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAging increases the incidence of chronic liver disease (CLD), worsens its prognosis, and represents the predominant risk factor for its development at all different stages. The hepatic sinusoid, which is fundamental for maintaining liver homeostasis, is composed by hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells, and hepatic macrophages. During CLD progression, hepatic cells suffer deregulations in their phenotype, which ultimately lead to disease development. The effects of aging on the hepatic sinusoid phenotype and function are not well understood, nevertheless, studies performed in experimental models of liver diseases and aging demonstrate alterations in all hepatic sinusoidal cells. This review provides an updated description of age-related changes in the hepatic sinusoid and discusses the implications for CLD development and treatment. Lastly, we propose aging as a novel therapeutic target to treat liver diseases and summarize the most promising therapies to prevent or improve CLD and extend healthspan.
Exercise Echocardiography following Septal Myectomy for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Novén Johan , Stagmo Martin , Wierup Per , Nozohoor Shahab , Bjursten Henrik , Sjögren Johan , Zindovic Igor , Ragnarsson Sigurdur 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives To investigate outcome after septal myectomy and to evaluate long-term hemodynamics with exercise echocardiography.
Methods This study included 40 consecutive patients operated with septal myectomy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy from January 1998 to August 2017 at Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden. Perioperative clinical data and echocardiography measurements were reviewed retrospectively. Patients (n = 36) who were alive and living in Sweden were invited for exercise echocardiography to evaluate exercise capacity and hemodynamics, of whom 19 patients performed exercise echocardiography.
Results Overall survival was 100% at 1 year and 96% at 5 years following surgery. Preoperative median resting peak LVOT (left ventricular outflow tract) gradient was 80 mm Hg. Septum thickness was reduced from 22 ± 4 mm preoperatively to 16 ± 3 mm postoperatively (p < 0.001). During exercise echocardiography, the peak LVOT gradient was 8 mm Hg at rest, and increased to 13 mm Hg during exercise echocardiography (p = 0.002). None of the patients had dynamic LVOT obstruction during exercise echocardiography, and there was no clinically significant systolic anterior motion or severe mitral insufficiency during exercise.
Conclusions Long-term survival following septal myectomy is very good. At long-term follow-up, LVOT gradients were low and exercise echocardiography demonstrated good hemodynamics.
Employment Responses to EU Food Safety Regulations: A Gendered Perspective
Authors: Kareem Fatima Olanike , Kareem Olayinka Idowu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn many developing countries, women constitute the bulk of agricultural sector’s workers and might be susceptible to job loss or gain in the presence of regulations among which are food safety regulations. Thus, this study investigates the gender implications of EU food safety regulations on agricultural labour market between 1995 and 2012 using a panel data of 90 developing countries. In addition, it also investigates how the existing gender-specific obstacles and opportunities affect women’s ability to engage effectively in the agricultural sector and benefit from such regulations. Our results show that in many of the countries considered, women are disproportionately disadvantaged in the agricultural sector not only because of the effect of the food regulations but also because of their unequal access to opportunities such as gender inequality in both secondary and tertiary schooling as well as low quality of time-saving infrastructure which make them less available for gainful employment. However, the near gender parity achieved in primary education increases their agricultural employment share. Thus, investment in infrastructure that reduces women care burden, and building the educational capacity of women could work to remove these gender-specific obstacles and enable women to respond to employment opportunities.
So many ‘Africanists’, so few Africans: reshaping our understanding of ‘African politics’ through greater nuance and amplification of African voices
Authors: Zimbalist Zack 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Who produces knowledge on ‘African politics’? Within political science, our understanding of politics in Africa is overwhelmingly shaped by non-Africans who spend most of their time far removed from Africa. This reality has serious consequences for the academic community, policymakers, students and citizens across the world. Using a new data set of undergraduate syllabi and doctoral exam reading lists, this article sheds further light on this knowledge production and instruction problem and provides suggestions for how we might redress this problem. In doing so, we can generate more nuanced understandings of governance dynamics that are centred on African voices and perspectives.
The distributional stress–energy quadrupole
Authors: Gratus Jonathan , Pinto Paolo , Talaganis Spyridon 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We investigate stress–energy tensors constructed from the delta function on a worldline. We concentrate on quadrupoles as they make an excellent model for the dominant source of gravitational waves and have significant novel features. Unlike the dipole, we show that the quadrupole has 20 free components which are not determined by the properties of the stress–energy tensor. These need to be derived from an underlying model and we give an example motivated from a divergent-free dust. We show that the components corresponding to the partial derivatives representation of the quadrupole, have a gauge like freedom. We give the change of coordinate formula which involves second derivatives and two integrals. We also show how to define the quadrupole without reference to a coordinate systems or a metric. For the representation using covariant derivatives, we show how to split a quadrupole into a pure monopole, pure dipole and pure quadrupole in a coordinate free way.
The relation between the effective band mass in a solid and the free electron mass
Authors: Forcade G , van Paridon D , Pavelich R L , Marsiglio F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Kronig–Penney model is a model used to study properties of electrons confined in a periodic potential. It is a useful model since the electronic properties can be studied analytically with the aid of Bloch’s theorem. An important concept that emerges from the resultant electron band theory is the electron effective mass. Through the use of the Kronig–Penney model we use the so-called ‘effective mass theorem’, that allows us to ask and answer the question of how the electron effective mass depends on both the free electron mass and the characteristics of the periodic potential. We illustrate the crossover from the case of a weak periodic potential to a strong periodic potential using this theorem and explicit calculations with the Kronig–Penney model. The special case of the Dirac comb model is also treated in this work. Through the use of the ‘effective mass theorem’, we show, among other properties, that an electron–hole effective mass asymmetry is generally expected, even without considering contributions from electron–electron interactions.
Accurate atomic momentum integrals and Compton profiles
Authors: Miguel Beatriz , López Rafael , García de la Vega José M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Analytical expressions for integrals involving momentum density have been developed, and an algorithm for the efficient computation of Compton profiles (CPs) based in those equations is reported. The performance of the algorithm is tested by computing the CPs of atoms from helium to xenon for a wide range of incident photon energies. Calculations have been made at Hartree–Fock level (HF), using three different Slater basis sets, showing a good agreement with the experimental results.
Argon 1s
−2 Auger hypersatellites
Authors: Püttner Ralph , Li Yongjun , Zeng Jiaolong , Koulentianos Dimitris , Marchenko Tatiana , Guillemin Renaud , Journel Loïc , Travnikova Oksana , Zmerli Moustafa , Céolin Denis , Azuma Yoshiro , Kosugi Satoshi , Piancastelli Maria Novella , Simon Marc 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The 1s
−2 Auger hypersatellite spectrum of argon is studied experimentally and theoretically. In total, three transitions to the final states 1s
−12p
−2(2
S

e
,2
D

e
) and 1s
−12s
−1(1
S)2p
−1(2
P

o
) are experimentally observed. The lifetime broadening of the 1s
−2 → 1s
−12p
−2(2
S

e
,2
D

e
) states is determined to be 2.1(4) eV. For the used photon energy of hν = 7500 eV a KK/K ionisation ratio of 2.5(3) × 10−4 is derived. Generally, a good agreement between the experimental and present theoretical energy positions, linewidths, and intensities is obtained.
Recent progresses on metamaterials for optical absorption and sensing: a review
Authors: Yao Yu , Liao Zhefu , Liu Zhengqi , Liu Xiaoshan , Zhou Jin , Liu Guiqiang , Yi Zao , Wang Junqiao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Metamaterials (MMs) offer great potential for achieving optical absorption due to their novel electromagnetic properties. MM absorbers can overcome the thickness limitation and provide excellent absorption performance over the wide frequency range, thereby enable the swift emergence of some promising applications. Moreover, the optical sensors based on MM absorbers have shown great potential in several fields. This review concentrates on the recent progresses in MM-based optical absorbers and spectral sensing. We present four aspects of MM-based optical absorption: the metal-insulation-metal arrangements, the optical coherence, the functional materials, and some novel approaches. Also, we present three aspects of MM-based optical sensing: the refractive index sensing, gas and molecule sensing, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Finally, the current challenges and prospects in device designs, fabrications have been discussed. This review is with the purpose to give a generalized knowledge of MMs for optical absorption and sensing, thus inspiring the investigations on MMs for other devices and their practical applications.
Symmetry analysis of trimer-based all-dielectric metasurfaces with toroidal dipole modes
Authors: Dmitriev Victor , Kupriianov Anton S , Silva Santos Silvio Domingos , Tuz Vladimir R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Herein, we discuss the conditions for excitation of symmetry-protected toroidal dipole modes in all-dielectric metasurfaces composed of trimer or twin-trimer clusters of dielectric disks. Such metasurfaces permit enhanced light–matter interaction due to spatially confined light in resonant systems with a high-quality factor. To describe characteristics of toroidal modes existing in the clusters, we use the magnetic dipole moments approximation, group-theoretical methods, group representation theory, symmetry-adapted linear combination method, and circuit theory. To validate the obtained theoretical results, we fulfill both full-wave numerical simulations and microwave experiments. In particular, we have shown that the toroidal dipole mode appears as a quasi-dark state of the trimer. It can be excited in the metasurface by the field of a linearly polarized wave, providing the symmetry of the trimer is properly reduced. In the metasurface, the properties of the toroidal dipole mode are determined primarily by the parameters of a single trimer and are not a consequence of the periodicity of the array. The coupling of the toroidal dipole modes in the twin-trimers can appear in both bonding and anti-bonding fashion resulting in different orders of the net toroidal dipole moment. Due to the unique field configuration of these modes, the proposed metasurfaces can be considered as a platform for efficient light–matter interaction for enhanced absorption, non-linear switching, and sensing.
Application of molecular convergent close-coupling cross sections in a collisional radiative model for the triplet system of molecular hydrogen
Authors: Wünderlich D , Scarlett L H , Briefi S , Fantz U , Zammit M C , Fursa D V , Bray I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Collisional radiative (CR) models for molecular hydrogen are of high relevance for performing qualitative and quantitative analysis of excited-state population densities measured in plasmas or predicting the dependence of plasma emission on parameter variations. Although the development of such models for H2 started decades ago, major uncertainties still exist regarding the most important set of input parameters, namely the cross sections for electron-impact excitation. The deviations between cross sections from different datasets are particularly pronounced in the energy region close to the threshold energy, strongly increasing the uncertainty of CR models applied to low-temperature plasmas. This paper presents experimental validation of a set of newly calculated non ro-vibrationally resolved electron-impact cross sections calculated for the triplet system of H2 using the molecular convergent close-coupling method in the adiabatic-nuclei formulation. These cross sections are implemented into a CR model based on the flexible solver Yacora. A first comparison of CR calculations with the different datasets to experimentally-determined population densities is performed at a planar ICP discharge for varying pressure (between 1 and 10 Pa) and RF power (between 700 and 1100 W). For the experimentally-accessible electron temperature and density range (2.5–10 eV and 1.8–3.3 × 1016 m−3, respectively), very good agreement between the model and experiment is obtained using the new data set, in contrast to previously used cross sections.
Batch production of uniform graphene films via controlling gas-phase dynamics in confined space
Authors: Zhang Yongna , Huang Deping , Duan Yinwu , Chen Hui , Tang Linlong , Shi Mingquan , Li Zhancheng , Shi Haofei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Batch production of continuous and uniform graphene films is critical for the application of graphene. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has shown great promise for mass producing high-quality graphene films. However, the critical factors affected the uniformity of graphene films during the batch production need to be further studied. Herein, we propose a method for batch production of uniform graphene films by controlling the gaseous carbon source to be uniformly distributed near the substrate surface. By designing the growth space of graphene into a rectangular channel structure, we adjusted the velocity of feedstock gas flow to be uniformly distributed in the channel, which is critical for uniform graphene growth. The monolayer graphene film grown inside the rectangular channel structure shows high uniformity with average sheet resistance of 345 Ω sq−1 without doping. The experimental and simulation results show that the placement of the substrates during batch growth of graphene films will greatly affect the distribution of gas-phase dynamics near the substrate surface and the growth process of graphene. Uniform graphene films with large-scale can be prepared in batches by adjusting the distribution of gas-phase dynamics.
Design and fabrication of CuInS2/ZnS-based QLED for automotive lighting systems
Authors: Santaella J J , Critchley K , Rodríguez-Bolívar S , Gómez-Campos F M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This work reports the design, manufacturing and numerical simulation approach of a 6-pixel (4.5 mm2/pixel) electroluminescent quantum dot light emitting device (QLED) based on CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots as an active layer. The QLED device was fabricated using a conventional multi-layer thin film deposition. In addition, the electrical I–V curves were measured for each pixel independently, observing how the fabrication process and layer thickness have an influence in the shape of the plot. This experimental device, enabled us to create a computational model for the QLED based on the Transfer Hamiltonian approach to calculate the current density J (mA cm−2), the band diagram of the system, and the accumulated charge distribution. Besides, it is worth highlighting that the simulator allows the possibility to study the influence of different parameters of the QLED structure like the junction capacitance between the distinct multilayer set. Specifically, we found that the Anode-HIL interface capacitance has a greater influence in the I–V curve. This junction capacitance plays an important role in the current density increase and the QLED turn-on value when a forward voltage is applied to the device. The simulation enabled that influence could be controlled by the selection of the optimal thickness and transport layers during the experimental fabrication process. This work is remarkable since it achieves to fit simulation and experiment results in an accurate way for electroluminescent QLED devices; particularly the simulation of the device current, which is critical when designing the automotive electronics to control these new nanotechnology lighting devices in the future.
Interpretation and visualization techniques for deep learning models in medical imaging
Authors: Huff Daniel T , Weisman Amy J , Jeraj Robert 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDeep learning (DL) approaches to medical image analysis tasks have recently become popular; however, they suffer from a lack of human interpretability critical for both increasing understanding of the methods’ operation and enabling clinical translation. This review summarizes currently available methods for performing image model interpretation and critically evaluates published uses of these methods for medical imaging applications. We divide model interpretation in two categories: (1) understanding model structure and function and (2) understanding model output. Understanding model structure and function summarizes ways to inspect the learned features of the model and how those features act on an image. We discuss techniques for reducing the dimensionality of high-dimensional data and cover autoencoders, both of which can also be leveraged for model interpretation. Understanding model output covers attribution-based methods, such as saliency maps and class activation maps, which produce heatmaps describing the importance of different parts of an image to the model prediction. We describe the mathematics behind these methods, give examples of their use in medical imaging, and compare them against one another. We summarize several published toolkits for model interpretation specific to medical imaging applications, cover limitations of current model interpretation methods, provide recommendations for DL practitioners looking to incorporate model interpretation into their task, and offer general discussion on the importance of model interpretation in medical imaging contexts.
Magnetic tracking of gastrointestinal motility
Authors: Brinck Christian Emil , Mark Esben Bolvig , Klinge Mette Winther , Ejerskov Cecilie , Sutter Nanna , Schlageter Vincent , Scott S Mark , Drewes Asbjørn Mohr , Krogh Klaus 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCapsule-based methods for assessment of gastrointestinal (GI) motility have seen great improvements in recent decades. The most recent development is the electromagnetic Motilis 3D-Transit system (3D-Transit). The aim of this paper is to review and discuss the development and technical properties of magnetic tracking of GI motility. We performed a comprehensive literature review on magnetic tracking in GI research. The motility tracking system was the first capsule-based magnetic system to be used in GI motility research. However, the potential of the system was hampered by its stationary and hospitalizing nature. This led to the development of the electromagnetic Motilis 3D-Transit system. The 3D-Transit system is a portable system that allows for assessment of both whole gut and regional transit times and contraction patterns in a fully ambulatory setting in the patients’ home environment with only minor restrictions on movements. The spatiotemporal resolution of 3D-Transit allows assessment of segmental colonic transit times and permits an analysis of gastric and colonic movements with a degree of detail unrivalled by other ambulatory methods, such as the wireless motility capsule. Recently, robust normative data on 3D-Transit have been published. This review provides a current perspective on the use of capsule-based magnetic tracking systems in GI research and how they represent a potentially valuable clinical resource for GI physicians and in GI research.
Effects of three different rehabilitation games’ interaction on brain activation using functional near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Zilin , Liao Minyan , Li Qinbiao , Zhang Yanjie , Liu Heshan , Fan Zhijun , Bu Lingguo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective: This study reveals the changes in brain activation due to different game interaction states based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy signals and discusses their significance for stroke rehabilitation. Approach: The oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (Delta [HbO2]) signals and the deoxygenated hemoglobin (Delta [HbR]) signals were recorded from the prefrontal cortex (PFC), the motor cortex (MC), the occipital lobe (OL) and the temporal lobe of 21 subjects (mean age: 24.6 ± 1.9 years old) in three game interaction states: physical, motion-sensing, and button-push training. The subjects were also asked to complete user-satisfaction survey scales after the experiment. Main results: Compared with the button-training state, several channels in the PFC and MC region of the physical-training state were significantly altered as were several channels in the RMC region of the motion-sensing training state (P < 0.05 after adjustment). The motion-sensing state of the PFC had a significant correlation with that of the MC and the OL. The subjective scale results show that the acceptability of the physical and motion-sensing states was greater than the acceptability of the button-push training state. Significance: The results show that the brain regions responded more strongly when activated by the physical and motion-sensing states compared with the button-push training state, and the physical and motion-sensing states are more conducive to the rehabilitation of the nervous system. The design of rehabilitation products for stroke patients is discussed and valuable insights are offered to support the selection of better interactive training methods.