bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying and Assessing the Implementation of Human Rights Decisions
Authors: Donald Alice , Long Debra , Speck Anne-Katrin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAssessing the extent to which states have implemented the decisions of supranational human rights bodies is a challenging task. It requires supranational bodies—be they judicial, quasi-judicial or political—to create an evidence-based public record of the status quo of implementation at any point in time and determine whether the measures taken do, in fact, satisfy the requirements of the decision. This, in turn, relies upon states engaging in good faith, victims having a voice, and civil society organizations seizing the opportunity to influence the follow-up process. Using empirical data from interviews in selected states in the African, Inter-American and European regions, and within regional and United Nations bodies, this article argues that in no human rights ‘system’ are all these expectations met, in part because follow-up work is inadequately resourced. It argues that supranational bodies should proactively seek out diverse sources of information and adopt more transparent and responsive working methods so as to enable ‘real time’ participation by all interested parties. The article concludes with recommendations for supranational bodies, and state and non-state actors.
Navigating Social Spaces: Armed Mobilization and Circular Return in Eastern DR Congo
Authors: Vlassenroot Koen , Mudinga Emery , Musamba Josaphat 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article discusses the social mobility of combatants and introduces the notion of circular return to explain their pendular state of movement between civilian and combatant life. This phenomenon is widely observed in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), where Congolese youth have been going in and out of armed groups for several decades now. While the notion of circular return has its origins in migration and refugee studies, we show that it also serves as a useful lens to understand the navigation capacity between different social spaces of combatants and to describe and understand processes of incessant armed mobilization and demobilization. In conceptualizing these processes as forms of circular return, we want to move beyond the remobilization discourse, which is too often connected to an assumed failure of disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration processes. We argue that this discourse tends to ignore combatants’ agency and larger processes of socialization and social rupture as part of armed mobilization.
Overexpression of maize transcription factor mEmBP-1 increases photosynthesis, biomass, and yield in rice
Authors: Perveen Shahnaz , Qu Mingnan , Chen Faming , Essemine Jemaa , Khan Naveed , Lyu Ming-Ju Amy , Chang Tiangen , Song Qingfeng , Chen Gen-Yun , Zhu Xin-Guang 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Identifying new options to improve photosynthetic capacity is a major approach to improve crop yield potential. Here we report that overexpression of the gene encoding the transcription factor mEmBP-1 led to simultaneously increased expression of many genes in photosynthesis, including genes encoding Chl a,b-binding proteins (Lhca and Lhcb), PSII (PsbR3 and PsbW) and PSI reaction center subunits (PsaK and PsaN), chloroplast ATP synthase subunit, electron transport reaction components (Fd1 and PC), and also major genes in the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle, including those encoding Rubisco, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase, fructose bisphosphate aldolase, transketolase, and phosphoribulokinase. These increased expression of photosynthesis genes resulted in increased leaf chlorophyll pigment, photosynthetic rate, biomass growth, and grain yield both in the greenhouse and in the field. Using EMSA experiments, we showed that mEmBP-1a protein can directly bind to the promoter region of photosynthesis genes, suggesting that the direct binding of mEmBP-1a to the G-box domain of photosynthetic genes up-regulates expression of these genes. Altogether, our results show that mEmBP-1a is a major regulator of photosynthesis, which can be used to increase rice photosynthesis and yield in the field.
Transfacet Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion With an Expandable Interbody Device—Part II: Consecutive Case Series
Authors: Khalifeh Jawad M , Dibble Christopher F , Stecher Priscilla , Dorward Ian , Hawasli Ammar H , Ray Wilson Z 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Advances in operative techniques and instrumentation technology have evolved to maximize patient outcomes following minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF). The transfacet MIS-TLIF is a modified approach to the standard MIS-TLIF that leverages a bony working corridor to access the disc space for discectomy and interbody device placement.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate clinical and radiographic results following transfacet MIS-TLIF using an expandable interbody device.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective review of consecutive patients who underwent transfacet MIS-TLIF for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Patient-reported outcome measures for pain and disability were assessed. Sagittal lumbar segmental parameters and regional lumbopelvic parameters were assessed on upright lateral radiographs obtained preoperatively and during follow-up.

RESULTS
A total of 68 patients (61.8% male) underwent transfacet MIS-TLIF at 74 levels. The mean age was 63.4 yr and the mean follow-up 15.2 mo. Patients experienced significant short- and long-term postoperative improvements on the numeric rating scale for low back pain (–2.3/10) and Oswestry Disability Index (−12.0/50). Transfacet MIS-TLIF was associated with an immediate and sustained reduction of spondylolisthesis, and an increase in index-level disc height (+0.71 cm), foraminal height (+0.28 cm), and segmental lordosis (+6.83°). Patients with preoperative hypolordosis (<40°) experienced significant increases in segmental (+9.10°) and overall lumbar lordosis (+8.65°). Pelvic parameters were not significantly changed, regardless of preoperative alignment. Device subsidence was observed in 6/74 (8.1%) levels, and fusion in 50/53 (94.3%) levels after 12 mo.

CONCLUSION

Transfacet MIS-TLIF was associated with clinical improvements and restoration of radiographic sagittal segmental parameters. Regional alignment correction was observed among patients with hypolordosis at baseline.
The formation of young massive clusters triggered by cloud–cloud collisions in the Antennae galaxies NGC 4038/NGC 4039
Authors: Tsuge Kisetsu , Fukui Yasuo , Tachihara Kengo , Sano Hidetoshi , Tokuda Kazuki , Ueda Junko , Iono Daisuke , Finn Molly K 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The formation mechanism of super star clusters (SSCs), present-day analogs of the ancient globulars, still remains elusive. The major merger that is the Antennae galaxies is forming SSCs and is one of the primary targets to test the cluster formation mechanism. We reanalyzed the archival ALMA CO data of the Antennae and found three typical observational signatures of a cloud–cloud collision toward SSC B1 and other SSCs in the overlap region: (i) two velocity components with ∼100 km s−1 velocity separation, (ii) bridge features connecting the two components, and (iii) a complementary spatial distribution between them, lending support to collisions of the two components as a cluster formation mechanism. We present a scenario that two clouds with 100 km s−1 velocity separation collided, and SSCs having ∼106–107 M⊙ were formed rapidly during that time scale. We compared the present results with the recent studies of star-forming regions in the Milky Way and the Large Magellanic Cloud, where the SSCs having ∼104–105 M⊙ are located. As a result, we found that there is a positive correlation between the compressed gas pressure generated by collisions and the total stellar mass of an SSC, suggesting that the pressure may be a key parameter in SSC formation.
Policing Social Distancing: Gaining and Maintaining Compliance in the Age of Coronavirus
Authors: Grace Sara 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Drawing on motivational posturing theory (MPT) and procedural justice theory (PJT), this article makes recommendations for how best to secure compliance with social distancing regulations. Applying those theories to—mostly observational—data from a study on the use and impact of penalty notices for disorder, the influences on cooperation during police–citizen encounters are explored. Whilst focusing on the English data/regulations, as both MPT and PJT have been tested internationally, the conclusions have relevance beyond these shores. The article proposes a sixth posture—compulsion, a form of resistant compliance—to the five set out by MPT. Focusing attention not just on whether compliance is achieved but how recognizes the risk to future legitimacy posed by only achieving compliance through coercion or the threat thereof. Lessons from the research are applied to policing social distancing, with regards to: securing compliance during interactions, self-regulation and enforcement action, and how to preserve police legitimacy.
Cardiac protection of germinated brown rice extract in rabbit model of chronic myocardial infarction
Authors: Petchdee Soontaree , Laosripaiboon Wanpen , Jarussophon Nongpanga 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of mortality in the world. This study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of germinated brown rice (GBR) on a rabbit model of chronic myocardial infarction. Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups receiving: 1) regular rabbit food; 2) regular rabbit food plus vehicle; and 3) regular rabbit food plus GBR for 120 d. The left circumflex coronary artery was ligated to induce myocardial ischemia 60 d after starting the experiment (baseline). Heart functions were monitored by electrocardiography and echocardiography at 0, 30, and 60 d after coronary artery ligation. The incidences of heart rate (HR) and ventricular arrhythmias have been compared between groups. GBR showed the effects to prevent life-threatening ventricular tachycardia and electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia in a model of arrhythmias. GBR consumption group exhibited significantly improved cardiac function and reduced the HR, along with reduced mean arterial pressure and plasma glucose level. The results demonstrated that GBR exerts cardioprotective effects against chronic myocardial injury in rabbits. These biological actions of GBR may explain the benefits gained from the use of GBR products as a possible prophylactic lifestyle intervention.
Breast cancer survivors’ preferences for social support features in technology-supported physical activity interventions: findings from a mixed methods evaluation
Authors: Lloyd Gillian R , Hoffman Sara A , Welch Whitney A , Blanch-Hartigan Danielle , Gavin Kara L , Cottrell Alison , Cadmus-Bertram Lisa , Spring Bonnie , Penedo Frank , Courneya Kerry S , Phillips Siobhan M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Incorporating peer and professional social support features into remotely delivered, technology-supported physical activity interventions may increase their effectiveness. However, very little is known about survivors’ preferences for potential social features. This study explored breast cancer survivors’ preferences for both traditional (e.g., coaching calls and peer support) and innovative (i.e., message boards and competitions) social support features within remotely delivered, technology-supported physical activity interventions. Survivors [N = 96; Mage = 55.8 (SD = 10.2)] self-reported demographic and disease characteristics and physical activity. A subset (n = 28) completed semistructured phone interviews. Transcribed interviews were evaluated using a thematic content analysis approach and consensus review. Following interviews, the full sample self-reported preferences for social features for remotely delivered physical activity interventions via online questionnaires. Questionnaire data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Four themes emerged from interview data: (a) technology increases social connectedness; (b) interest in professional involvement/support; (c) connecting with similar survivors; and (d) apprehension regarding competitive social features. Quantitative data indicated that most survivors were interested in social features including a coach (77.1 per cent), team (66.7 per cent), and exercise buddy (57.3 per cent). Survivors endorsed sharing their activity data with their team (80.0 per cent) and buddy (76.6 per cent), but opinions were mixed regarding a progress board ranking their activity in relation to other participants’ progress. Survivors were interested in using a message board to share strategies to increase activity (74.5 per cent) and motivational comments (73.4 per cent). Social features are of overall interest to breast cancer survivors, yet preferences for specific social support features varied. Engaging survivors in developing and implementing remotely delivered, technology-supported social features may enhance their effectiveness.
Associations of VDR gene polymorphisms with risk of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis in Chinese Han population
Authors: Yang Xi , Qin Meiting , Cui Shanshan , Zhang Qi 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Some studies showed that the polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene were associated with pulmonary diseases. However, the relationship between the VDR variations and susceptibility to coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP) remains unclear. The study aimed to determine the associations between VDR polymorphisms and susceptibility to CWP in Chinese Han population. The study involved 340 CWP patients and 312 healthy controls. The VDR polymorphisms were determined by DNA sequencing, and serum 25(OH)2D levels were detected by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. The results showed that the VDR gene ApaI T allele increased the risk of CWP (OR = 1.486, 95% CI = 1.125–1.963, P = 0.006) and ApaI GT genotype as well as TT genotype increased the risk of CWP (GT vs. GG, OR = 1.461, 95% CI = 1.048–2.038, P = 0.025; TT vs. GG, OR = 2.673, 95% CI = 1.017–7.025, P = 0.039). Five haplotypes were identified and we found that the TGGT haplotype was associated with a lower risk of CWP (OR = 0.755, 95% CI = 0.603–0.946, P = 0.014). Meanwhile, multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis showed that the interaction between ApaI and exposure was the strongest, followed by TaqI and then BsmI. The study also found that the serum 25(OH)2D mean levels of the case group were significantly lower than that of the control group, and the serum 25(OH)2D mean levels of ApaI homozygous mutant and heterozygous mutant subjects were lower than that of the wild homozygosity, respectively (P &lt; 0.001). The results suggested that ApaI T allele and GT or TT genotype and lower 25(OH)2D levels were increased the risk of CWP in Chinese Han population.
Clinical Findings and Disease Severity in Hospitalized Pregnant Women With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Savasi Valeria M. , Parisi Francesca , Patanè Luisa , Ferrazzi Enrico , Frigerio Luigi , Pellegrino Antonio , Spinillo Arsenio , Tateo Saverio , Ottoboni Mariacristina , Veronese Paola , Petraglia Felice , Vergani Patrizia , Facchinetti Fabio , Spazzini Donata , Cetin Irene 
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the clinical evolution of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hospitalized pregnant women and potential factors associated with severe maternal outcomes.

METHODS:
We designed a prospective multicenter cohort study of pregnant women with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection who were admitted to 12 Italian maternity hospitals between February 23 and March 28, 2020. Clinical records, laboratory and radiologic examinations, and pregnancy outcomes were collected. A subgroup of patients with severe disease was identified based on intensive care unit (ICU) admission, delivery for respiratory compromise, or both.

RESULTS:
Seventy-seven patients were included, 14 of whom had severe disease (18%). Two thirds of the patients in the cohort were admitted during the third trimester, and 84% were symptomatic on admission. Eleven patients underwent urgent delivery for respiratory compromise (16%), and six were admitted to the ICU (8%). One woman received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; no deaths occurred. Preterm delivery occurred in 12% of patients, and nine newborns were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Patients in the severe subgroup had significantly higher pregestational body mass indexes (BMIs) and heart and respiratory rates and a greater frequency of fever or dyspnea on admission compared with women with a nonsevere disease evolution.

CONCLUSION:
In our cohort, one in five women hospitalized with COVID-19 infection delivered urgently for respiratory compromise or were admitted to the ICU. None, however, died. Increased pregestational BMI and abnormal heart and respiratory rates on admission were associated with severe disease.
Frequency of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Use Early in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Baduashvili Amiran , Oberle Lauren P. , Devitt Jessica 
Published: May 2020

Objectives:
A subset of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 develop renal failure and require continuous renal replacement therapy. We reviewed the available literature to understand the frequency of continuous renal replacement therapy use among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 who required intensive care.

Data Sources:
The authors reviewed PubMed and Google Scholar for published studies and MedRxiv.com for unpublished studies.

Study Selection:
Observational and randomized studies that report the frequency of continuous renal replacement therapy use in adult patients with coronavirus disease 2019.

Data Extraction:
Data from the eligible studies were extracted independently by two authors into Microsoft Excel.

Data Synthesis:
We identified 12 eligible studies (eight published, four unpublished). We found that up to 20% of patients admitted to ICUs may require continuous renal replacement therapy.

Conclusions:
Given the high utilization of continuous renal replacement therapy by critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019, there may be an urgent need to mobilize inpatient dialysis resources to cope with the anticipated increase in the demand.
Efficacy of Guanfacine Extended Release in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Authors: Newcorn Jeffrey H. , Huss Michael , Connor Daniel F. , Hervás Amaia , Werner-Kiechle Tamara , Robertson Brigitte 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
To assess the efficacy of the non-stimulant guanfacine extended release (GXR) on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in children and adolescents, with and without comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).

Methods:
Data were derived from 4 phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trials of dose-optimized GXR monotherapy, in which at least 10% of participants had a diagnosis of comorbid ODD. SPD503-312 and SPD503-316 were 10- to 13-week studies of GXR (1–7 mg/d). SPD503-314 and SPD503-307 were 8-week studies of GXR (1–4 mg/d). Efficacy was assessed using the ADHD Rating Scale IV (ADHD-RS-IV) total scores.

Results:
In total, 1,084 participants were included (SPD503-312 and SPD503-316, n = 537; SPD503-314, n = 333; and SPD503-307, n = 214). GXR was associated with significant improvements in ADHD core symptoms at endpoint in participants with and without ODD (p < 0.01 in all studies). Placebo-adjusted least-squares mean (95% confidence interval) changes from baseline to endpoint in the ADHD-RS-IV total scores in participants with and without ODD were −8.6 (−14.4, −2.8) and −7.3 (−9.5, −5.0) in the pooled data from SPD503-312 and SPD503-316, −12.6 (−19.6, −5.7) and −8.7 (−11.8, −5.5) in SPD503-314, and −12.7 (−17.3, −8.1) and −11.8 (−19.3, −4.4) in SPD503-307, respectively. The corresponding effect sizes were 0.688 and 0.598 in SPD503-312 and SPD503-316, 0.876 and 0.729 in SPD503-314, and 0.962 and 0.842 in SPD503-307.

Conclusion:
The findings demonstrate the efficacy of GXR for treating ADHD in children and adolescents with comorbid ODD.
Utilizing 3D-Printed Orbital Floor Stamps to Create Patient-Specific Implants for Orbital Floor Reconstruction
Authors: Prabhu Shamit S. , Chung Scotty A. , Brown Philip J. , Runyan Christopher M. 
Published: May 2020

Purpose:
This study seeks to test a novel technique of custom-printed midface contour models with orbital floor “stamps” to guide reconstruction of orbital floor blowout fractures, with or without concomitant zygomaticomaxillary complex injury.

Methods:
A series of 4 consecutive patients with orbital floor blowout fractures (including 3 with zygomatic maxillary complex fractures) were retrospectively examined for outcomes associated with orbital floor reconstruction using 3-dimensional–printed stamps and midface models. Data collected included demographics, pre- and postoperative visual globe malposition, motility, and visual field disturbances. Three-dimensional printing methodology is reported, as well as associated costs and time required to generate the models and stamps.

Results:
The cost of producing a midface-contour model and orbital floor stamps was $131, inclusive of labor and materials. Cases averaged 170 minutes to segment, design, and print. Patients with preoperative diplopia and motility restrictions had resolution of their symptoms. Two patients had resolution of their enophthalmos, while one patient with a concomitant zygomaticomaxillary fracture had persistent mild enophthalmos.

Conclusions:
Midface contour models and orbital floor stamps may be produced in a timely and cost-effective manner. Use of these “homemade” stamps allows for patient-specific custom-contoured orbital floor reconstruction. Further studies are warranted to examine long-term visual and esthetic outcomes for these patients.
Neonatal hospice care utilization in a tertiary hospital in Taiwan before and after the legalization of life-sustaining treatment withdrawal
Authors: Chen Szu-Jung , Lee Yu-Sheng , Tsao Pei-Chen , Wang Chi , Chou Chia-Sui , Jeng Mei-Jy 
Published: May 2020

Background:
The advancements in neonatal critical care have not only improved the outcomes of extreme prematurity but also prolonged the process of death in terminally ill neonates. This study analyzed the characteristics of neonates who died at a single tertiary center in Taiwan. The utilization of neonatal hospice care before and after the legalization of life-sustaining treatment (LST) withdrawal in Taiwan in 2013 was also compared.

Methods:
This study enrolled the neonatal mortality cases in the Taipei Veterans General Hospital during January 2008 to December 2017 through chart review. Data on birth history, primary diagnosis, complications, and death circumstances were recorded and analyzed.

Results:
In total, 105 neonatal deaths were analyzed. The circumstances of death were as follows: 22 (21%) cases of full LST and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performed until death; 63 (60%) cases of LST initiated but no more CPR after do-not-resuscitate (DNR) consents signed; 8 (7.6%) cases of LST withdrawn; 4 (3.8%) cases of DNR signed without LST initiation; 3 (2.9%) cases of CPR not performed, although no DNR signed; and 5 (4.8%) cases of discharge against medical advice under critical condition. The incidence of written DNR consents (57.9% in 2008-2009 vs 93.8% in 2016-2017; p = 0.02) showed an increasing trend. Regarding the incidence of comorbidities, renal failure rate was higher in the DNR group than in the non-DNR group (p = 0.002).

Conclusion:
There was an increasing trend for written DNR consent and the utilization of neonatal hospice care. Renal failure, as a comorbidity, was significantly associated with the written DNR consent in the neonates. Further studies to evaluate the factors associated with neonatal hospice care utilization are suggested.