bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Viral Lysis Buffer Stored at Different Temperatures
Authors: Perumal Nagaraj , Jain Rajeev Kumar , Shrivastava Rakesh , Lalwani Jaya , Chaurasia Deepti 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objectives The present COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an increased need for molecular diagnostic testing. Delay in the specimen processing and suboptimal storage of suspected samples in laboratories leads to degradation of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. Viral lysis buﬀers from RNA extraction kits have the potential to stabilize RNA. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in viral lysis buffer at different temperatures and time periods.
Materials and Methods Aliquots of samples with known SARS-CoV-2 RNA were processed in viral lysis buﬀers simultaneously, stored separately at 2 to 8°C and 22 to 28°C for 24 hours, 48 hours and 72 hours. SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was extracted from each aliquot and analyzed using multiplex real-time PCR.
Results SARS-CoV-2 RNA in samples placed in viral lysis buffer was stable for 48 hours at both 2 to 8°C and 22 to 28°C temperatures. Slight decline in the viral RNA quantity was found on aliquots tested after 48 hours of both the temperatures.
Conclusions Viral lysis buffer maintains the integrity of SARS-CoV-2 RNA for up to 48 hours even at room temperature and supports delayed diagnosis with an overwhelming sample load in testing laboratories.
Distributed magnetic sensor using reflection coefficients from both ends of single magnetic coaxial cable
Authors: Takenaka Kazuma , Noguchi Naoki 
Published: December 2020

The principle of the distributed magnetic sensor by magneto-impedance effect with time domain reflectometry was demonstrated, and the position and strength of the magnetic field were detected simultaneously with a magnetic coaxial cable. This paper presents a distributed magnetic sensor using the forward and reverse reflection coefficients S11 and S22 from both ends of a single magnetic coaxial cable. The method using reflection coefficients includes novel features such as: (1) improvement of the signal-noise ratio for equivalent measurement time and (2) cancellation of the time fluctuation by jitter. It is confirmed that the SNR of a reflected wave with a vector network analyzer is improved by 21.3 dB compared to that of an oscilloscope. Furthermore, the attenuation of a signal wave can be compensated by synthesizing the reflected waves from both ends. As a result, the signal wave is less affected by the attenuation along the length of the cable and is improved by 19.0 dB at the position of 180 mm.
Bidirectional controlled quantum teleportation of multi-qubit entangled states via five-qubit entangled state
Authors: Verma Vikram 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Several schemes for bidirectional controlled quantum teleportation (BCQT) of arbitrary single-qubit states have been proposed by utilizing five-qubit entangled states, six-qubit entangled state and seven-qubit entangled state as the quantum channels. In this paper, a generalization to BCQT of multi-qubit entangled states is presented. By using a five-qubit entangled state as the quantum channel, we propose a scheme for BCQT of certain class of multi-qubit entangled states in which two legitimate users exchange their unknown multi-qubit entangled state to each other with the help of a supervisor. Compared with previous BCQT (3 ↔ 3) scheme [2019 Int. J. Theor. Phys. 58 3594], our proposed BCQT (m ↔ n) scheme requires less consumption of quantum and classical resources, and possesses higher intrinsic efficiency. Also, the present BCQT scheme is more general and has less operation complexity.
Tunnelling based birefringent phase sensitivity through dynamic chiral medium
Authors: Arif Syed Muhammad , Bacha Bakht Amin , Wahid Umer , Ullah Arif , Haneef Muhammad 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The absorption coefficients, refractive/group indices, phase shifts and fractional change of birefringence beams through dynamic chiral atomic medium are investigated under the effect of quantum tunnelling. The birefringence of phase indices

Δ
n
=

n

r

(
+
)

−

n

r

(
−
)

and group indices

Δ

n

g

=

n

g

(
+
)

−

n

g

(
−
)

are controlled and modified through induced dynamic chiral medium by tunnelling effect. The group indices

n

g

(
±
)

=
±
500

and group velocities

v

g

(
±
)

=
±
c

/

500

are reported with the tunnelling effect. The maximum change in birefringent phase shifts is calculated to 5 microradian with tunnelling frequency at a speed of v = 10 cm/s of the chiral medium in the right circularly polarized (RCP) and left circularly polarized (LCP) beams. A 60% fractional change in the phase shift of RCP and LCP beams are investigated through induced chiral medium when the medium is at rest and when it is moving with the speed of v = 10 cm/s. These results will play an important role in scatterplate phase shifting interferometry.
Superregular solutions for a coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system in a two-mode nonlinear fiber
Authors: Tian He-Yuan , Tian Bo , Yuan Yu-Qiang , Zhang Chen-Rong 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
For the increase of the transmission capacity in optical communication systems, the so-called few-mode fibers are used for people to design the mode division multiplexing transmission. In this paper, we analytically obtain and graphically display the superregular solutions for a coupled nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) system which describes the wave evolution in a two-mode nonlinear fiber, where the superregular solutions are the analogue of superregular breathers for certain scalar NLS-type equations. On the nonzero-zero (or proportional nonzero-nonzero) background, regular solutions describe the regular nonlinear waves which are located in a finite t domain but do not perturb the background with t being big enough, and superregular solutions are a subset of regular solutions which describe the nonlinear superposition of breathers and dark-bright (or breather-like) solitons developing from the perturbations on the dark-bright (or breather-like) solitons at a certain z, where z and t denote the evolution dimension and temporal distribution dimension, respectively. On the nonzero-zero background, superregular solutions are constructed in three cases: trivial case, a pair of breathers case and single breather case, and then other superregular solutions could be constructed according to the analyses for such three cases. Superregular solutions on the proportional nonzero-nonzero background are derived via the superregular solutions on the nonzero-zero background and an orthogonal transformation.
Analysis of Caputo-Fabrizio fractional order semi-linear parabolic equations via effective amalgamated technique
Authors: Ullah Saif , Zulfiqar Sana , Buhader Anum Aish , Khan Najeeb Alam 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe significance of semi-linear parabolic equations in various fields of physics and chemistry is perpetual. Literature is enriched with the modeling and numerical investigations of their various paradigms. In this paper, a class of semi-linear diffusion equations is considered as prototypical semi-linear parabolic equation. The equations are reformulated to fractional order derivative by applying Caputo-Fabrizio time fractional derivative (CFTFD). Moreover, an amalgamated technique, that is, a semi-analytical technique is also established, which is combination of Laplace transform and Picard’s iterative method (LTPIM). Specifically, it is designed to effectively simulate the governing semi-linear diffusion equations. In addition, the stability analysis of this amalgamated technique is also carried out through comparison with Banach fixed point theorem andH-stable mapping. The obtained results are illustrated graphically and in tabulated form, which evidently validates the proficiency of this technique for semi-linear parabolic equations.
The implications of future climate change on the blue water footprint of hydropower in the contiguous US
*
Authors: Zhao Gang , Gao Huilin , Kao Shih-Chieh 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
As the largest renewable energy source, hydropower is essential to the sustainability of the global energy market. However, a considerable amount of water can be lost in the form of evaporation from the associated multipurpose reservoirs, and hence enlarge the blue water footprint (BWF) of hydropower in a warming climate. To facilitate the sustainable management of both water and energy resources under the impact of climate change in the contiguous United States (CONUS), the BWF values of 143 major multipurpose reservoirs were evaluated during the historical period (1985–2014) and two future periods (2020–2049 and 2070–2099). The historical reservoir evaporation loss was calculated using the Landsat-based reservoir surface area and a new evaporation rate algorithm that considers the heat storage effect. Future projections of runoff availability, hydropower generation, and reservoir evaporation were estimated based on the downscaled climate model ensemble from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. It was found that the BWF for the CONUS is highly spatially heterogeneous, with an average value of 26.2 m3 MWh−1 in the historical period. In the future, the BWF values are projected to increase under both Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios. This is especially noticeable under RCP 8.5, which has an average BWF value of 30.2 m3 MWh−1 for 2070–2099 (increasing by 15.3% from 26.2 m3 MWh−1). The uncertainty ranges increase even more, from 3.4 m3 MWh−1 during 2020–2049 to 5.7 m3 MWh−1 during 2070–2099. These findings can benefit water and energy resources management in identifying suitable environmental, economic, operational, and investment strategies for multipurpose reservoirs in a changing environment.
An analytic approach to maximize entropy for computing equilibrium densities of k-mers on linear chains
Authors: Ávila A I , González-Flores M I , Lebrecht W 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The irreversible adsorption of polyatomic (or k-mers) on linear chains is related to phenomena such as the adsorption of colloids, long molecules, and proteins on solid substrates. This process generates jammed or blocked final states. In the case of k = 2, the binomial coefficient computes the number of final states. By the canonical ensemble, the Boltzmann–Gibbs–Shannon entropy function is obtained by using Stirling’s approximation, and its equilibrium density ρ
eq,2 is its maximum at the thermodynamic limit with value ρ
eq,2 ≈ 0.822 991 17. Moreover, since at the same energy we have several possible configurations, we obtain the state probability density. Maximizing the entropy, it converges to a Gaussian distribution

N

(

ρ

e
q
,
2

,

σ

e
q
,
2

2

)

as L → ∞.
In this article, we generalize this analysis to k > 2 to maximize the entropy and to get the equilibrium densities ρ
eq,k
. We first develop a complete combinatorial analysis to get the generalized recurrence formula (GRF) for counting all blocked configuration states on a chain of length L with fixed k, which corresponds to a generalized truncated Fibonacci sequence. The configuration states for allocating N k-mers is related with the general binomial coefficient

N
+
1
,
k

m

. Since Stirling’s approximation cannot be used for GRF, we numerically compute the state probability density and approximate ρ
eq,k
and σ
eq,k
for large k-mers with high precision for k-mers up to k = 1, 000, 000. We highlight that ρ
eq,k
decreases from k = 2, …, 8 reaching a minimum at k = 9 and then increases with an asymptotic value ρ
eq,∞ = 0.9285685. We compared with jamming densities obtained by RSA and at k ≈ 16, both curves intersect and ergodicity is not broken since ρ
jam,k
≈ ρ
eq,k
. In the case of

σ

e
q
,
k

2

, it grows similarly with asymptotic value

σ

e
q
,
∞

2

=
0.862

9597

. Since the similar behavior for large values, we found the limit relationship

σ

e
q
,
k

2

=

ρ

e
q
,
k

2

as L → ∞ for any k. Finally, as k → ∞, we get the Gaussian distribution for the continuous blocked irreversible adsorption or equivalent to the irreversible blocked car parking problem.
Carbon Dynamics Projection for the Quercus petraea and Robinia pseudoacacia Species - Case Study
Authors: Norbert Bara , Anda Rotaru , Lucian Laslo , Monica Matei , Madalina Boboc , Valentina Coman , Madalina Voicu , Natalia Enache , György Deak 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 is rising rapidly. As forests cover some 43% of the Earth’s surface, they are considered to be the largest terrestrial carbon sink on Planet Earth. Within this study, calculations of the most abundant tree species were conducted in the study area, which is situated in the Eastern region of Romania. Thus, the forest carbon balance for the Oak (Quercus petraea) and Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) species were projected for the period of 2015 - 2040. Data from management plans were used and analyzed using a forest model that is projecting forest resource development on regional up to European scale, known as The European Forest Information SCENario Model - EFISCEN. This study is aiming to point out the potential of the Oak and Black Locust forests to store carbon within the aforementioned period considering that the same management practices will be applied. The results of the simulation show that the forests accumulate CO2 over time and also their magnitude can be observed. Conclusions can be drawn from the comparative analysis of the input data and the simulation results, considering the limitation of the used data in terms of their precision.
A Review of PM10 Concentrations Modelling in Malaysia
Authors: Nur Shaziayani Wan , Zia Ul-Saufie Ahmad , Libasin Zuraira , Norsyiha Ahmad Shukri Fuziatul , Sarimah Syed Abdullah Sharifah , Mohamed Noor Norazian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The purpose of predictive modelling is to predict the variable of interest with reasonable precision, and often to assess the contribution of the independent variables to the dependent variable. In this paper, all of the works examined are aimed at predicting concentrations of outdoor PM10 concentrations. The vast majority of the works reported used almost exclusively predictors of the meteorological and source emissions. However, the use of the Hybrid model in predicting PM10 concentrations is still not widely used in Malaysia.
Effect of Additives on the Ash Element from Combustion of Palm Fiber and Shell
Authors: NorRuwaida J , Dewika M , Shahidana S , Rashid M , Halim Md Ali Abd , Khairunnisa M P , Ammar M R , Zahiruddin S , Sara Y Y 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Palm fibre and shell (F&S) are commonly used in the combustion process to produce steam and electricity in palm oil mills in Malaysia. Unfortunately, the combustion process releases various types of elements that tends to react with each other contributing to operational and environmental issues. Thus, this motivated, a study to evaluate the concentration of the elements such as C, O, Si, K, and Al in the ash with the presence of two combustion additive which are Kaolin and PreKotTM. The study was performed by simulating the industrial combustion in a laboratory-scale fluidised-bed reactor with addition of the additives at 8% ratio from the 40 g total weight of each sample at 800°C with the supply of 50% excess air at 1.24 L/min air flow. The ash residue were investigated for elemental composition on the ash surface. Interestingly, the study showed that the concentration of the element on the ash surface increased with the addition of additives especially at a 50% ratio of Kaolin and PreKotTM. The higher concentration of the element on the ash surface indicates the reduction of fine particulate. Hence, the study revealed that addition of Kaolin & PrekotTM in combustion process has a promising future not only within palm oil industry but also other industry.
Experimental Determination of Carbon Dioxide Flux in Soil and Correlation with Dependent Parameters
Authors: Madalina Voicu , Valentina Coman , Natalia Enache , Lucian Laslo , Monica Matei , Anda Rotaru , Norbert Bara , Madalina Boboc , Silvius Stanciu , György Deak 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases responsible for the effects of climate change. The soil respiration process is an important component of the carbon circuit in nature, through which carbon dioxide returns to the atmosphere. The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is directly influenced by any change of carbon flow produced in soil, as the latter is the largest carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystems. The objective of this paper is to present the experimental results obtained using CO2 flow determination with portable GHG analyzer with closed static chamber, and the relation and influence of the main pedoclimatic parameters, namely temperature and humidity. Future research directions will consider the development of a plan to monitor CO2 flow from the soil, for different types of land use, in different climatic conditions. During one month of data collection, has been found that soil CO2 efflux was influenced by soil moisture and soil temperature. Also, the processed data showed how soil respiration rates were dependent on soil moisture.
Enhanced Chlorinated very Short-Lived Substances in South East Asia: Potential Source Regions and Source Types
Authors: Mohd Hanif Norfazrin , Reeves Claire E. , Oram David E. , Ashfold Matthew J. , Panagi Marios , Fleming Zoe L. , Gooch Lauren J. , Laube Johannes C. , Abu Samah Azizan , Amin Abdullah Ahmad , Sturges William T. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Enhancements of the mixing ratios of short-lived halogenated gases were observed in air samples collected at Bachok Marine Research Station (BMRS), Peninsular Malaysia during Northern Hemisphere winters in 2013/2014 and 2015/2016. This study investigates the potential source regions and source types that influenced the variability in chlorinated very short-lived substances (Cl-VSLS) [dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloroethene] and methyl halides [methyl chloride and methyl bromide]. The UK Met Office’s Numerical Atmospheric Modelling Environment (NAME) dispersion model, was used for tracking the origin of air masses arriving at BMRS. For the purpose of identifying possible sources of these compounds, carbon monoxide (CO) emission data taken from the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 were used along with NAME footprints to calculate modelled CO mixing ratios. A correlation analysis between the mixing ratios of measured compounds and the modelled CO from various emission sectors was perform to assess the extent to which emission sectors might be related to the mixing ratios of halogenated gases. The results show that the events of higher mixing ratios were associated with air masses, especially from East China. During the 2013/2014 campaign, the modelled CO from industrial, solvents and agriculture (waste burning on fields) were significantly correlated with the mixing ratios of Cl-VSLS (R > 0.7) and methyl halides (R > 0.40). During the 2015/2016 campaign, the strength of these correlations reduced for Cl-VSLS (R > 0.5) and with no significant correlations for methyl halides. Instead, mixing ratios of methyl halides were correlated (R=0.4) with modelled CO from forest burning. This work provides evidence that East and South East Asia act as important sources of halogenated gases. This is of significant given the proximity of these regions to prevalent deep convection which can rapidly transport these halogencontaining gases into the stratosphere and impact the ozone layer.
Adsorption of Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs) Over Formulated Prechar
Authors: NorRuwaida J , Haslina H , Rashid M , Najihah A R , Masdiana N , Dewika M , Ammar M R , Noor N M , Afiq Daniel A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are being released as a result from incomplete combustion processes in the industry. Dry sorbent injection of activated carbon on fabric filters is one of the methods that are being used for VOCs removal in the flue gas. Dry sorbents act as filter aids to enhance the adsorption efficiency besides to overcome wear and tear problems that occurred during filtration. Biochar which is grinded bamboo charcoal was combined with PreKotTM, a pre-coating agent as a filter aids formulation. This study introduced a newly two filter aids formulation known as PreChar10:90 and PreChar20:80 besides biochar as raw material. These three samples were initially evaluated through physical properties of moisture content and surface area before being tested on adsorption tests. PreChar20:80 and biochar presented a good sign with lower moisture content 3.306% and 3.417% respectively. Besides, surface area of both PreChar formulations was consecutively low compared to biochar due to PreKotTM existence as the PreKotTM’s size is much larger. Large particle size of the filter aids results in low surface area available. In the adsorption test, flow rates were manipulated to be 0.1 L/min, 0.3 L/min and 0.5 L/min during the adsorption process. Filter aids formulation promises a huge amount of adsorption capacity by having longer period breakthrough points at which filter aids start to be saturated. It can be concluded that PreChar20:80 results in the highest adsorption capacity at all three different flow rates with 0.437 mg/g, 2.353 mg/g and 11.031 mg/g respectively. In this regard, PreChar20:80 has the potential to be an alternative material for activated carbon in the fabric filter application.
Multifractal Properties of Temporal Rainfall Series in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Mariam Saad Siti , Ismail Noriszura 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Studies on the investigation of scale-invariance of rainfall are still in the early development stage in the humid tropical regions. In order to further enhance understanding of the rainfall variability across a range of temporal scales in these regions, this study aims to investigate and characterize rainfall in a multifractal framework from areas in Peninsular Malaysia. It is done by studying the scaling of the statistical properties of rainfall. Data set consisting of 15 min rainfall observations from 56 rain gauge stations were adopted and the stations were grouped into four regions to identify the possibility that the multifractal properties of rainfall could depend on the geographical locations and local climatology. The results show that the temporal structure of rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia displays a multifractal behaviour for scales ranging from 15 min to about 3 days. The multifractal parameters that described the scaling properties of rainfall in terms of intermittency and multifractality revealed to be different for each region in the peninsula, particularly between the west and east coasts. The rainfall process for east coast was characterized by less intermittent rain with the rainfall fluctuations displaying a strong degree of multifractality. While for the west coast which consists of northwest, west and southwest regions, they exhibited a similar distribution of rainfall occurrences which is very intermittent and unsmoothed. Rainfall fluctuations, however, were spikier in northwest regions than in the west and southwest regions.