bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of hepatitis E viraemia among blood donors: a systematic review
Authors: Goel Amit , Vijay Halkurike Jayadevappa , Katiyar Harshita , Aggarwal Rakesh 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundHepatitis E virus (HEV) is usually transmitted by faecal–oral route. Recent reports have documented HEV viraemia in donated blood units and HEV transmission through blood transfusion. This systematic review summarizes the available data on prevalence of HEV viraemia in blood donors.MethodsElectronic databases were searched on 17 December 2018 to identify full‐text English papers reporting original data on prevalence of HEV RNA in donated blood units. Two authors independently extracted the relevant data, which were pooled using simple aggregation as well as a random‐effects meta‐analysis; heterogeneity was assessed using theI2method.ResultsIn all, 59 data sets from 28 countries were identified. The available data showed marked heterogeneity. Of a total of 2 127 832 units studied, 561 (263·6 [95% confidence intervals = 242·7–286·4] per million units) tested positive for HEV RNA. On random‐effects meta‐analysis, the pooled prevalence was 60·9 [6·7–155·4] per million units. In the viraemic units, HEV RNA titre varied by nearly one million‐fold, and most had genotype 3 HEV. The prevalence was higher in blood units with anti‐HEV antibodies or elevated alanine aminotransferase. Only nearly one‐fourth of viraemic units had anti‐HEV antibodies.ConclusionsThe prevalence of HEV viraemia among healthy blood donors is low, though the available data had limited geographical representation and marked heterogeneity. There is a need for further data on HEV viraemia in blood donors from areas with non‐3 HEV genotype preponderance.
A Review of Circulating Voids and Gaseous Fission Product Behavior in Molten Salt Reactors
Authors: Price Terry , Taylor Zack , Chvala Ondrej 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Molten salt reactors (MSRs) are a family of advanced, generation-IV, nuclear reactors that use a circulating molten alkali fluoride fuel salt as both a primary working fluid and a fuel matrix. Since the fuel salt is liquid, gases become entrained in the fuel salt flow, and these entrained gases are called circulating voids. This paper reviews some aspects of circulating voids on reactor behavior. A formal definition of the circulating void fraction is given. A time-line of Oak Ridge reports on circulating void behavior is presented. Methods to measure the circulating void fraction are described. Foam induced by gas entrained in the fuel salt is discussed. The discovery of circulating voids in the molten salt reactor experiment (MSRE) is detailed. Aspects related to bubble size and interfacial area are reviewed. The Laplace pressure is examined. The void and pressure coefficients of reactivity are examined. Some requirements for a bubble model for xenon behavior analysis are proposed. The effects of bubble surface mobility are examined. Finally, sources of gas production in the fuel salt are investigated.
Classification-Based Fuel Injection Fault Detection of a Trainset Diesel Engine Using Vibration Signature Analysis
Authors: Ayati Moosa , Shirazi Farzad A. , Ansari-Rad Saeed , Zabihihesari Alireza 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Diesel engines are crucial components of trainsets. Automated fault detection of diesel engines can play an important role for increasing reliability of passenger trains. In this research, vibration-based fuel injection fault detection of a high-power 12-cylinder trainset diesel engine is studied. Vibration signals are analyzed in frequency and time-frequency domains to obtain possible patterns of faults. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) and wavelet packet transform (WPT) of vibration signals are used to extract several uncorrelated features. These features are chosen to increase the ability of classifiers to separate healthy and faulty engine sides, automatically. Different classification methods including multilayer perception (MLP), support vector machines (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and local linear model tree (LOLIMOT) are used to process captured features; these methods are utilized in both “Single-sensor condition monitoring” and “Classification and fault detection” sections. It is shown that KNN networks are practical tools in the proposed fault detection procedure. The main novelty of this work comes from introducing a rich feature-extraction method based on a combination of FFT and db4 features. In addition, the complexity of computations and average running-time decrease while classification accuracy in the fuel injection fault detection procedure increases.
Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever presenting with acute compartment syndrome of the extremities (think beyond normal infections)
Authors: Aijazi Ishma , Al Shama Fadhil Mustafa Abdulla , Shandala Yaseen , Varghese Rupa Murthy 
Published: February 2020

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonosis transmitted to humans and animals (which act as a reservoir) through the bite of a ‘Hyalomma’ tick. CCHF virus belongs to the genusNairovirus. Humans are infected when they come in direct contact with the blood or secretions of infected livestock or other infected humans. This disease initially presents with non-specific febrile symptoms common to many viral illnesses and later progresses to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with haemorrhagic manifestations.We present the case of a middle-aged man with CCHF. He presented to the hospital with DIC and acute compartment syndrome in the right forearm, requiring urgent orthopaedic intervention. The diagnosis was delayed because there was no clear history of contact. The patient was started taking ribavirin on the fifth day of hospital admission. He recovered fully.
Prognostic Effects of Treatment Strategies for Left Main Versus Non-Left Main Bifurcation Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Current-Generation Drug-Eluting Stent
Authors: Choi Ki Hong , Song Young Bin , Lee Joo Myung , Park Taek Kyu , Yang Jeong Hoon , Hahn Joo-Yong , Choi Jin-Ho , Choi Seung-Hyuk , Kim Hyo-Soo , Chun Woo Jung , Hur Seung-Ho , Han Seung Hwan , Rha Seung-Woon , Chae In-Ho , Jeong Jin-Ok , Heo Jung Ho , Yoon Junghan , Lim Do-Sun , Park Jong-Seon , Hong Myeong-Ki , Doh Joon-Hyung , Cha Kwang Soo , Kim Doo-Il , Lee Sang Yeub , Chang Kiyuk , Hwang Byung-Hee , Choi So-Yeon , Jeong Myung Ho , Hong Soon-Jun , Nam Chang-Wook , Koo Bon-Kwon , Gwon Hyeon-Cheol 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Although 1-stent with provisional approach is the preferred strategy for the treatment of bifurcation lesions, the optimal treatment strategy according to lesion location is still debatable. This study aimed to identify whether clinical outcomes according to treatment strategy differed between left main (LM) and non-LM bifurcation lesions in the second-generation drug-eluting stent era.

Methods:
The Coronary Bifurcation Stenting registry III is a retrospective multicenter registry of 2648 patients with bifurcation lesions who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention with second-generation drug-eluting stent. Among the study population, 935 (35.3%) patients had an LM bifurcation lesion. The primary outcome was target lesion failure, a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization.

Results:

Median follow-up duration was 53 months. LM bifurcation was associated with a higher risk of target lesion failure (HR
adj
, 1.846 [95% CI, 1.317–2.588];
P
<0.001) than non-LM bifurcation. Two-stent strategy was more frequently applied in patients with LM bifurcation than in patients with non-LM bifurcation (27.1% versus 11.7%;
P
<0.001). In the LM bifurcation group, compared with the 1-stent strategy, the 2-stent strategy showed a significantly higher risk of target lesion failure (2-stent versus 1-stent, 17.4% versus 10.6%; HR
adj
, 1.848 [95% CI, 1.045–3.266];
P
=0.035), mainly driven by the higher rate of target lesion revascularization (15.3% versus 5.5%; HR
adj
, 2.698 [95% CI, 1.276–5.706];
P
=0.009). However, the risk of cardiac death or myocardial infarction did not differ between the 2 groups (4.4% versus 6.6%; HR
adj
, 0.694 [95% CI, 0.306–1.572];
P
=0.381). For patients with non-LM-bifurcation, there was no significant difference in the rate of target lesion failure between 1-stent and 2-stent strategies (5.6% versus 6.3%; HR
adj
, 0.925 [95% CI, 0.428–2.001];
P
=0.843).

Conclusions:
Even in the second-generation drug-eluting stent era, the 1-stent strategy, if possible, should initially be considered the preferred approach for the treatment of LM bifurcation lesions.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT03068494.
Bitter Taste Perception of the Human Tongue Mediated by Quinine and Caffeine Impregnated Taste Strips
Authors: Liu David T. , Besser Gerold , Oeller Florian , Mueller Christian A. , Renner Bertold 
Published: February 2020

Objectives: Tests for gustatory function have become increasingly important in diagnosis and treatment of patients with taste disorders. While caffeine and quinine hydrochloride solutions have been used for global testing of bitter perception, only quinine has been used to test regional bitter perception by means of taste strips. The aim of the present study was to validate caffeine impregnated taste strips as an alternative to quinine taste strips for assessment of regional bitter perception. Methods: A total of 46 healthy volunteers (mean age/range, 23/19-27 years) were included in this study. Quinine and caffeine impregnated taste strips were pairwise presented at different parts of the tongue. Perceived intensity and hedonic dislike were evaluated using labeled magnitude scales. Additionally, gustatory function was assessed using the taste strips test and overall sense of taste was rated using visual analog scales. Results: Assessment of gustatory function demonstrated scores within the normogeusic range in most included subjects (mean/SD, 13.1/2.5). Notably, equally concentrated quinine and caffeine impregnated taste strips placed on different regions of the tongue did not lead to significant differences in perceived intensity or hedonic dislike, whereas quinine and caffeine impregnated taste strips of different concentrations placed on the same region on the tongue led to significant differences of perceived intensity and hedonic dislike. Furthermore, no correlation was found between self-assessment of gustatory function and taste strips scores. Conclusion: Caffeine seems to be a valid bitter compound for regional testing using taste strips and may be used alternatively to quinine.
Safety of compression therapy for venous ulcer disease in the setting of congestive heart failure
Authors: Attaran Robert R , Cavanaugh Amanda , Tsay Cynthia , Ahmad Tariq , Ochoa Chaar Cassius I , Persing Scott , Hsia Henry 
Published: February 2020

Objectives Compression therapy is the mainstay of treatment for patients with venous ulcer disease. There exists a lack of certainty as to the safety of compression therapy in patients with congestive heart failure. Methods A retrospective review of 95 patients with the diagnosis of congestive heart failure (systolic, diastolic, or combined), who underwent compression therapy at the wound care center of a large teaching hospital between January 2013 and June 2019, was performed. Patient outcomes including mortality, weight gain, admission for heart failure decompensation, and requirement for diuretic dose increase were compared to the general congestive heart failure population as well as to the registry data. Results In the compression cohort, with a mean compression period of 310 days, seven patients (7.3%) were admitted for congestive heart failure exacerbation and six (6.3%) underwent diuretic dosage increase. Two patients (2.1%) died during the compression period. These endpoints were not significantly higher than within the general congestive heart failure population. Conclusions Compression therapy appears safe amongst patients with stable congestive heart failure.
Clinical and dialysis outcomes of manual chronic peritoneal dialysis in low-body-weight children from a low-to-middle-income country
Authors: Kamath Nivedita , Reddy Hamsa Vasanthashekhar , Iyengar Arpana 
Published: February 2020

Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is the preferred modality of renal replacement therapy in children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In developing countries, the challenges of initiating and sustaining chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) are many and are not well-described in the literature. Methods: This was a retrospective study of children aged 0–18 years on manual PD. The objective was to compare the clinical (growth) and dialysis outcomes (dialysis adequacy and peritonitis rates) in young children with low body weight (LBW; ≤15 kg) on CPD with children weighing >15 kg. Results: We found that at baseline, the dialysis prescription, sociodemographic parameters, and the prevalence of complications of ESRD were similar in both groups. On follow-up, however, growth was significantly more affected in LBW children than the rest of the cohort. The adequacy of dialysis and peritonitis rates were comparable between groups. Conclusions: Despite all the challenges, manual CPD is a feasible modality of dialysis in young children with LBW, and their outcomes are comparable to older children even in low-to-middle-income countries. Appropriate early management of associated complications and improving dialysis adequacy are necessary to improve the outcomes in these children.
Advanced glycation end products are associated with immature angiogenesis and peritoneal dysfunction in patients on peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Nakano Toshiaki , Mizumasa Tohru , Kuroki Yusuke , Eriguchi Masahiro , Yoshida Hisako , Taniguchi Masatomo , Masutani Kosuke , Tsuruya Kazuhiko , Kitazono Takanari 
Published: February 2020

Background: Deposition of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is frequently found in the peritoneum of patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Angiogenesis is also observed in the peritoneum. However, the clinical significance of AGEs and angiogenesis in the peritoneum is not fully understood. We evaluated the maturation of capillary vessels and investigated whether AGEs are associated with angiogenesis and peritoneal function in the peritoneal membrane. Methods: Peritoneum obtained when PD catheters were removed from 61 patients with PD was analyzed. The peritoneum was immunohistochemically stained with anti-CD34 (for endothelial cells), anti-alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) (for pericytes), and anti-AGE antibodies. We defined CD34-positive and αSMA-negative vessels as immature capillary vessels in peritoneal membranes using serial sections. We evaluated the associations between vessel density, peritoneal function (dialysate-to-plasma ratio for creatinine (D/P creatinine)), and the degree of AGE deposition. Results: AGE accumulation in the interstitium was positively associated with the duration of PD ( p < 0.01). AGE accumulation in the interstitium and vascular wall was positively correlated with the use of acidic solution ( p < 0.05) and the maximum value of D/P creatinine ( p < 0.05). AGE accumulation in the vascular wall was significantly associated with immature capillary density (CD34+/αSMA−) in the peritoneum ( p < 0.01). Vessel density was not significantly correlated with the last measurement of D/P creatinine ( p = 0.126, r = 0.202), However, immature capillary density was positively correlated with the last measurement of D/P creatinine ( p < 0.05, r = 0.278). Conclusions: AGE accumulation is significantly associated with immature angiogenesis and peritoneal dysfunction in patients undergoing PD.
Computer simulations of steady concentration peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Lee Kyoung Jin , Shin Dong Ah , Lee Hee Su , Lee Jung Chan 
Published: February 2020

Background: Steady concentration peritoneal dialysis (SCPD), which maintains transperitoneal osmotic gradient by infusing 50% glucose solution throughout the dwell time, has been proposed as a potent treatment for peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with fluid overload. However, SCPD has yet to be explored theoretically. Here, we investigated SCPD via computer simulations. Methods: A model was developed by adding the variables for infusing 50% glucose solution to a traditional three-pore model for continuous ambulatory PD. The simulated scenarios involved the instillation of 2-L dialysate, 1.36% or 2.27%, followed by the infusion of 50% glucose solution, varying the rate from 0 mL/h to 90 mL/h. A dwell with 3.86% dialysate was also simulated for the purpose of comparison. Four sets of patient parameters corresponding to peritoneal transport categories were used. Results: The net ultrafiltration (UF) during SCPD increased with time as well as with glucose infusion rate. The glucose absorption and sodium removal of SCPD were slightly higher than those of the conventional dwell with 3.86% dialysate under the condition of the same net UF and dwell time. SCPD resulted in the larger UF and the lower peak intraperitoneal glucose concentration when it was simulated with the higher transport properties. Conclusions: These simulations indicate that SCPD can improve UF beyond those achievable by a conventional 3.86% glucose exchange while also exhibiting a lower peak osmolarity in the dialysate as compared to a conventional 3.86% dwell. However, further studies are needed to confirm these theoretical findings.
Incidence and risk factors of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis in elderly patients: A retrospective clinical study
Authors: Wu Haishan , Ye Hongjian , Huang Rong , Yi Chunyan , Wu Juan , Yu Xueqing , Yang Xiao 
Published: February 2020

Background: This study was to analyze the incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes of peritonitis in elderly continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Methods: Incident patients undergone CAPD from 1 January 2006 to 30 June 2015 in our center were enrolled and divided into aged < 65 years and ≥ 65 years groups. Risk factors were evaluated using a logistic regression model, and outcome comparison was evaluated using a Cox proportional model. Results: Among 1953 patients, 111(33.2%) in elderly ( n = 334) and 470 (29.0%) in younger ( n = 1619) developed at least one episode of peritonitis. Comparing with younger patients, elderly ones had a higher peritonitis rate (0.203 vs. 0.145 episodes/patient-year, p < 0.05). The multivariate Cox regression showed that advanced age (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–1.11, p = 0.015), assistant-assisted peritoneal dialysis (PD; HR = 2.64, 95% CI = 1.23–5.64, p = 0.012), higher body mass index (BMI; HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.02–1.20, p = 0.010), and low serum albumin level (HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90–0.98, p = 0.004) were associated with increased peritonitis risk in elderly patients. Compared with younger ones with peritonitis, elderly patients had an approximately fourfold increased risk of peritonitis-related mortality (odd ratio (OR) = 3.57, 95% CI = 1.38–9.28, p = 0.009). During the cohort, peritonitis was the risk factor associated with technique failure (HR = 3.19, 95% CI = 2.33–4.39, p < 0.001) in younger patient but not in the elderly population (HR = 1.82, 95% CI = 0.84–3.94, p = 0.132). Conclusions: Elderly PD patients had higher prevalence for peritonitis and peritonitis-related mortality. Advanced age, assistant-assisted PD, a higher BMI, and lower serum albumin level were independently associated with the first episode of peritonitis in elderly patients. However, peritonitis was not the predictor of death-censored technique failure in elderly ones.
Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis outcomes reported in trials and observational studies: A systematic review
Authors: Sahlawi Muthana Al , Wilson Gregory , Stallard Belinda , Manera Karine E , Tong Allison , Pisoni Ronald L , Fuller Douglas S , Cho Yeoungjee , Johnson David W , Piraino Beth , Schreiber Martin J , Boudville Neil C , Teitelbaum Isaac , Perl Jeffrey 
Published: February 2020

Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis carries significant morbidity, mortality, and is a leading cause of PD technique failure. This study aimed to assess the scope and variability of PD-associated peritonitis reported in randomized trials and observational studies. Methods: Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, MEDLINE, and Embase were searched from 2007 to June 2018 for randomized trials and observational studies in adult and pediatric patients on PD that reported PD-associated peritonitis as a primary outcome or as a part of composite primary outcome. We assessed the peritonitis definitions used, characteristics of peritonitis, and outcome reporting and analysis. Results: Seventy-seven studies were included, three were randomized trials. Thirty-eight (49%) of the included studies were registry-based observational studies. Twenty-nine percent ( n = 22) of the studies did not specify how PD-associated peritonitis was defined. Among those providing a definition of peritonitis, three components were reported: effluent cell count ( n = 42, 54%), clinical features consistent with peritonitis (e.g. abdominal pain and/or cloudy dialysis effluent) ( n = 35, 45%), and positive effluent culture ( n = 19, 25%). Of those components, 1 was required to make the diagnosis in 6 studies (8%), 2 out of 2 were required in 22 studies (29%), 2 out of 3 in 11 studies (14%), and 3 out of 3 in 4 studies (5%). Peritonitis characteristics and outcomes reported across studies included culture-negative peritonitis ( n = 47, 61%), refractory peritonitis ( n = 42, 55%), repeat peritonitis ( n = 9, 12%), relapsing peritonitis ( n = 5, 7%), concomitant exit site ( n = 16, 21%), and tunnel infections ( n = 8, 10%). Peritonitis-related hospitalization was reported in 38% of the studies ( n = 29), and peritonitis-related mortality was variably defined and reported in 55% of the studies ( n = 42). Peritonitis rate was most frequently reported as episodes per patient year ( n = 40, 52%). Conclusion: Large variability exists in the definitions, methods of reporting, and analysis of PD-associated peritonitis across trials and observational studies. Standardizing definitions for reporting of peritonitis and associated outcomes will better enable assessment of the comparative effect of interventions on peritonitis. This will facilitate continuous quality improvement measures through reliable benchmarking of this patient-important outcome across centers and countries.