bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Mortality of Individuals With X-Linked Hypophosphatemia: A United Kingdom Real-World Data Analysis
Authors: Hawley Samuel , Shaw Nick J , Delmestri Antonella , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel , Cooper Cyrus , Pinedo-Villanueva Rafael , Javaid M Kassim 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare multisystemic disease with a prominent musculoskeletal phenotype. We aim here to improve understanding of the prevalence of XLH across the life course and of overall survival among people with XLH.

Methods
This was a population-based cohort study using a large primary care database in the United Kingdom (UK) from 1995 to 2016. XLH cases were matched by age, gender, and practice to up to 4 controls. Trends in prevalence over the study period were estimated (stratified by age) and survival among cases was compared with that of controls.

Findings
From 522 potential cases, 122 (23.4%) were scored as at least possible XLH, while 62 (11.9%) were classified as highly likely or likely (conservative definition). In main analyses, prevalence (95% CI) increased from 3.1 (1.5–6.7) per million in 1995–1999 to 14.0 (10.8–18.1) per million in 2012–2016. Corresponding estimates using the conservative definition were 3.0 (1.4–6.5) to 8.1 (5.8–11.4). Nine (7.4%) of the possible cases died during follow-up, at median age of 64 years. Fourteen (2.9%) of the controls died at median age of 72.5 years. Mortality was significantly increased in those with possible XLH compared with controls (hazard ratio [HR] 2.93; 95% CI, 1.24–6.91). Likewise, among those with likely or highly likely XLH (HR 6.65; 1.44–30.72).

Conclusions
We provide conservative estimates of the prevalence of XLH in children and adults within the UK. There was an unexpected increase in mortality in later life, which may have implications for other fibroblast growth factor 23–related disorders.
Targeting Prospective Customers: Robustness of Machine-Learning Methods to Typical Data Challenges
Authors: Simester Duncan , Timoshenko Artem , Zoumpoulis Spyros I. 
Published: November 2019

We investigate how firms can use the results of field experiments to optimize the targeting of promotions when prospecting for new customers. We evaluate seven widely used machine-learning methods using a series of two large-scale field experiments. The first field experiment generates a common pool of training data for each of the seven methods. We then validate the seven optimized policies provided by each method together with uniform benchmark policies in a second field experiment. The findings not only compare the performance of the targeting methods, but also demonstrate how well the methods address common data challenges. Our results reveal that when the training data are ideal, model-driven methods perform better than distance-driven methods and classification methods. However, the performance advantage vanishes in the presence of challenges that affect the quality of the training data, including the extent to which the training data captures details of the implementation setting. The challenges we study are covariate shift, concept shift, information loss through aggregation, and imbalanced data. Intuitively, the model-driven methods make better use of the information available in the training data, but the performance of these methods is more sensitive to deterioration in the quality of this information. The classification methods we tested performed relatively poorly. We explain the poor performance of the classification methods in our setting and describe how the performance of these methods could be improved. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.
Implementing minimum nutritional guidelines for school meals in secondary schools in Wales: What are the challenges?
Authors: Addis Samia 
Published: November 2019

Background: Minimum nutritional guidelines for school meals were introduced across the UK to address concerns about poor provision and rising childhood obesity but little evidence relates to the challenges associated with implementing guidelines within the school context. Aims: Using an implementation model, this paper reports a qualitative study of the views, experiences and challenges identified in respect of the implementation of minimum nutritional guidance (Appetite for Life) in secondary schools in Wales. Methods: Semi-structured interviews (n=13) were undertaken with policy, local authority and school staff members in four schools within one local authority in Wales. Interviews were recorded and transcribed and analysis was underpinned by a framework approach. Findings: Members of staff welcomed the guidelines, noting the contribution to the health and wellbeing of pupils, however, they reported that meals were less popular and that take-up of school meals had reduced as pupils endeavoured to access banned foods elsewhere. Conclusions: The guidelines have implications for school meal uptake and contextual factors such as the built environment will influence the success of such policies.
Gaseous and Solid Emissions from Combustion of a Bio-solid Waste in Fluidized
Authors: Vamvuka D. , Alexandrakis S. 
Published: November 2019

The gaseous emissions and the combustion efficiency of a bio-solid waste from a wastewater treatment plant were determined, as a function of excess air ratio and reactor loading, by conducting combustion tests in a bubbling fluidized bed system. Fly and bottom ashes were subjected to mineralogical and chemical analyses. According to the results, the bio-waste studied burned with a uniform temperature along the fluid bed unit. CO, SO2 and NOx emissions were below allowable limits, except those of SO2 at excess air ratio λ=1.5 and those of NOx at excess air ratio λ=1.3. An increase of excess air from 30% to 50%, or a reduction of the feeding rate from 0.6 to 0.48kg/h resulted in lower SO2 and NOx emissions, whereas higher CO emissions. Under test conditions, combustion efficiencies ranged between 98.5 and 98.8%. An improved performance was achieved at a lower reactor loading and a higher excess air ratio. Fly ashes were enriched in Si and P minerals, as well as Cu, Zn and Sr trace metals. All trace element values fulfilled EU legislation for landfill disposal.
MicroRNA-186 improves fracture healing through activating the bone morphogenetic protein signalling pathway by inhibiting SMAD6 in a mouse model of femoral fracture
Authors: Wang C. , Zheng G-F. , Xu X-F. 
Published: November 2019

Objectives MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported as key regulators of bone formation, signalling, and repair. Fracture healing is a proliferative physiological process where the body facilitates the repair of a bone fracture. The aim of our study was to explore the effects of microRNA-186 (miR-186) on fracture healing through the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway by binding to Smad family member 6 (SMAD6) in a mouse model of femoral fracture. Methods Microarray analysis was adopted to identify the regulatory miR of SMAD6. 3D micro-CT was performed to assess the bone volume (BV), bone volume fraction (BVF, BV/TV), and bone mineral density (BMD), followed by a biomechanical test for maximum load, maximum radial degrees, elastic radial degrees, and rigidity of the femur. The positive expression of SMAD6 in fracture tissues was measured. Moreover, the miR-186 level, messenger RNA (mRNA) level, and protein levels of SMAD6, BMP-2, and BMP-7 were examined. Results MicroRNA-186 was predicted to regulate SMAD6. Furthermore, SMAD6 was verified as a target gene of miR-186. Overexpressed miR-186 and SMAD6 silencing resulted in increased callus formation, BMD and BV/TV, as well as maximum load, maximum radial degrees, elastic radial degrees, and rigidity of the femur. In addition, the mRNA and protein levels of SMAD6 were decreased, while BMP-2 and BMP-7 levels were elevated in response to upregulated miR-186 and SMAD6 silencing. Conclusion In conclusion, the study indicated that miR-186 could activate the BMP signalling pathway to promote fracture healing by inhibiting SMAD6 in a mouse model of femoral fracture. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2019;8:550–562.
Constructive Empathizing – Educational Competence in the Light of Child’s Play
Authors: Kaczmarczyk Lech 
Published: November 2019

Pre-school play is an important moment in a child’s development. Caretakers play an important role during play. This article presents a structure of educational competence called “constructive empathizing” or “invitingaccompanying competence”. A caretaker’s special task during child’s play is conversion between the third-person knowledge and a subjective, autotelic interaction. The caretaker’s constructive empathizing during a child’s play determines the child’s social and moral development, it helps the child to turn play into work, as a sign of higher spontaneous understanding of cultural norms standing behind cultural correctness actions. Finally, it is evidence of dynamic interaction between abstract-concrete thinking, with the child learning from the caretaker.
„Co było nie wróci?” – czyli Bułata Okudżawy nostalgiczne powroty do Rosji dekabrystów
Authors: Sucharski Tadeusz 
Published: November 2019

In the presented text I undertake the reflection on the forms of expressions of nostalgia in Bulat Okudzhava’s historical prose. His novel takes place in the first half of the nineteenth century, the times associated with the movement of the Decembrists. The writer really appreciated the Decembrists, but showed their era objectively or even critically because he saw the analogy between the past and his present.
“There is No Proof”: Fermat’s Last Theorem and Historical Reconstruction in Tom Stoppard’s Arcadia
Authors: Puckett Torre 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Fermat’s Last Theorem, which appears as a symbol in Tom Stoppard’s Arcadia, was announced to be solved only two months after the play premiered. When Stoppard was writing Arcadia, the Theorem was still an unsolvable mystery; to the first audiences who saw the play performed, the Theorem represented a triumph of rediscovery. We may therefore interpret the Theorem’s symbolism in two different ways, both of which contribute to a different reading of the play’s essential question: whether history, discoveries, and art, once lost, are lost forever, or whether they can be recovered in the future.
Cloud Security: LKM and Optimal Fuzzy System for Intrusion Detection in Cloud Environment
Authors: Shyla S. Immaculate , Sujatha S.S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In cloud security, intrusion detection system (IDS) is one of the challenging research areas. In a cloud environment, security incidents such as denial of service, scanning, malware code injection, virus, worm, and password cracking are getting usual. These attacks surely affect the company and may develop a financial loss if not distinguished in time. Therefore, securing the cloud from these types of attack is very much needed. To discover the problem, this paper suggests a novel IDS established on a combination of a leader-based k-means clustering (LKM), optimal fuzzy logic system. Here, at first, the input dataset is grouped into clusters with the use of LKM. Then, cluster data are afforded to the fuzzy logic system (FLS). Here, normal and abnormal data are inquired by the FLS, while FLS training is done by the grey wolf optimization algorithm through maximizing the rules. The clouds simulator and NSL-Knowledge Discovery and DataBase (KDD) Cup 99 dataset are applied to inquire about the suggested method. Precision, recall, and F-measure are conceived as evaluation criteria. The obtained results have denoted the superiority of the suggested method in comparison with other methods.
Analysis of Laser Linewidth on the Performance of Direct Detection OFDM Based Backhaul and Backbone Networks
Authors: Tamilarasan Ilavarasan , Saminathan Brindha , Selvaprabhu Poongundran , Ramakrishnan Kuppusamy Mugelan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a special form of multicarrier (MC) modulation technique which is adopted in 4G mobile communication systems. The combination of OFDM with passive optical network (PON) architecture is highly desirable for design of flexible and energy efficient backhaul and backbone networks for 5G systems. An intensive mathematical model for linewidth analysis in OFDM based backhaul (BH) and backbone (BB) systems is proposed. The proposed mathematical model includes fiber dispersion, fiber nonlinear effects, amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, transmitter and receiver noises. The impact of laser linewidth in the developed analytical model is analysed in terms phase rotation term (PRT) and inter-carrier interference (ICI) power. Further, the BER performance of the DD-OFDM system as a function of laser linewidth is also presented. The results of the analytical model solved using MATLAB is compared with virtual photonics integrated (VPI) based simulation results. The results of our proposed model suggest that DD-OFDM would perform better for lower linewidth in dispersion uncompensated (DUC) links and it has no impact on the dispersion compensated (DC) links for BB networks. In BH networks, the system performs better for lower linewidth in both DUC and DC links.
General academic language in German-English translation: a nuanced view
Authors: Siepmann Dirk 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCombining traditional methods with state-of-the-art corpus analysis, this article discusses problems associated with the translation of general academic lexis from German into English. In particular, it offers a more nuanced view on the often-made claim that there are ‘major differences’ between the two languages, many of which are said to stem from the spatial metaphorics underlying general academic German. Section 1 deals with problems that arise at the level of words and their lexico-syntactic environment, paying particular attention to spatial metaphor. Moving on to level of the paragraph, Section 2 continues the theme of spatial metaphor, showing how even quasi-terminological equivalents such asStrukturandstructureexhibit subtle differences in use and may occasionally require re-metaphorization under the influence of the wider context. Section 3 provides a summary of the argument and suggests avenues for future research.
Subtitling Virtual Reality into Arabic: Eye Tracking 360-Degree Video for Exploring Viewing Experience
Authors: Ibourk El Mehdi , Al-Adwan Amer 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe recent years have witnessed the emergence of new approaches in filmmaking including virtual reality (VR), which is meant to achieve an immersive viewing experience through advanced electronic devices, such as VR headsets. The VR industry is oriented toward developing content mainly in English and Japanese, leaving vast audiences unable to understand the original content or even enjoy this novel technology due to language barriers. This paper examines the impact of the subtitles on the viewing experience and behaviour of eight Arab participants in understanding the content in Arabic through eye tracking technology. It also provides an insight on the mechanism of watching a VR 360-degree documentary and the factors that lead viewers to favour one subtitling mode over the other in the spherical environment. For this end, a case study was designed to produce 120-degree subtitles and Follow Head Immediately subtitles, followed by the projection of the subtitled documentary through an eye tracking VR headset. The analysis of the eye tracking data is combined with post-viewing interviews in order to better understand the viewing experience of the Arab audience, their cognitive reception and the reasons leading to favour one type of subtitles over the other.
German literature translated into Albanian and its cultural and literary influence on Albanian literature
Authors: Kotorri Arlinda 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Based on the fact that a large body of works of German literature has been translated into Albanian, it may be concluded that we are dealing with the most translated literature into Albanian. The translation of German literature is characterised by similar motives, such as poetic and ideological, aiming at having a certain impact in certain circumstances. The aim of this paper is to set the path for future research, which is supposed to ignite interest in a general respect – cultural, as well as in a specific respect – literary.
Metadiscourse Features in two English Translations of the Holy Quran: A Comparative, Corpus-based Inquiry
Authors: Vasheghani Farahani Mehrdad , Dastjerdi Hossein Vahid 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to make a corpus-based comparison between two English translations of the Holy Quran in terms of metadiscourse features application and distribution. For this purpose, two English translations of the Holy Quran by Itani (2012) and Yousef Ali (1992) were selected as the corpus of the study. For the theoretical framework, the model of metadiscourse features proposed by Hyland (2005) was utilized. In order to check the distribution of metadiscourse features, Sketch Engine corpus software was used. The quantitative analysis of the data revealed that interactive metadiscourse features were higher in frequency than the interactional ones. Also, it was observed that within the interactive metadiscourse features, transitions were the most frequent type as compared with hedges which were the most frequent among the interactional ones. Finally, while in Yousef Ali’s translation, interactive metadiscourse features were the main trend, in Itani’s translation, the interactional metadiscourse features were the dominant attribute. The findings of this study have useful implications for researchers in translation as well as contrastive and corpus-based studies.
Zur Übersetzung textdeiktischer Verweise in normiertn Fachtexten: Ergebnisse einer empirischen Untersuchung an einem viersprachigen Korpus europäischer Patentschriften
Authors: Härtinger Heribert 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe present study analyses patterns of textual deixis (also known as text deixis or discourse deixis) in scientific and technical texts. Its particular focus is on the translational implications arising from the use of text deixis in European patent specifications. Patent specifications are among the most frequently translated LSP genres. Their linguistic and technical complexity and their highly standardized language present a considerable challenge for the translator. My analysis examines patterns of intratextual and intertextual deictic reference typical of the language of patents. Taking a pragmatic approach, it asks the question which functional types they represent and how they can be processed by the translator. In this context, light is also shed on the benefits gained from using CAT tools for the translation of culture-specific deictic elements in patent specifications. The database is a corpus of 40 complete original (i. e. non-translated) texts covering four of the most important languages in the patent translation market: English, German, Spanish and Italian.
Metalinguistic conditionals and the role of explicit content
Authors: Elder Chi-Hé 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper aims to bridge the relationship between metalinguisticif you likeas a non-propositional discourse marker and its conditional counterparts. This paper claims that metalinguisticif you likeis polysemous between a hedge that denotes the speaker’s reduced commitment to some aspect of the main clause, and an optional yet potential conditional reading that interlocutors can legitimately draw on in interaction which is brought about due to the ‘ifp,q’ sentence form. That is, although the metalinguistic reading is most likely obtained automatically by default, it also carries an available conditional reading that is akin to other metalinguistic conditional clauses such asif you see what I mean. Next, a semantic representation of metalinguisticif you likeis developed that takes on board a characterization of conditionality that departs from lexico-grammatical conventions, such that conditionals of the form ‘ifp,q’ no longer bear a one-to-one correspondence with “conditional” truth conditions. Employing a radical contextualist semantic framework in which the unit of truth-conditional analysis is not constrained to the sentence form, utterances employing metalinguisticif you likeare given a semantic representation such that theif-clause does not contribute propositional content, yet they also maintain their status as conditionals as the sentence form gives rise to a potential conditional secondary meaning.
Zur Lage der Zivilbewohner in Festungsstädten beim Kriegsausbruch 1914: Kommunale Vorsorge für den Unterhalt und behördliche Zwangsmaßnahmen
Authors: Sicken Bernhard 
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung
Die ökonomischen Vorbereitungen des Reiches auf einen Krieg waren unzulänglich, weil die politisch Verantwortlichen mehrheitlich von einer kurzen Auseinandersetzung ausgingen und wirtschaftliche Vorkehrungen für unnötig erachteten. Diese Vorstellungen stießen zwar gelegentlich auf Widerspruch, jedoch blieben die nicht für die Öffentlichkeit bestimmten Bedenken skeptischer Militärs und selbst die dringenden Mahnungen von Regierungsmitgliedern weitgehend folgenlos, zumal die Zuständigkeit für etwaige Bevorratungen sowie deren Finanzierung ungeklärt waren. Die Notwendigkeit zur Vorsorge für den Fall einer Einschließung wurde auch in vielen Festungsstädten bezweifelt, die nach 1912 nur zögernd den Aufforderungen des Staatssekretärs im Reichsamt des Innern zur Sicherung des Lebensbedarfs der Einwohner nachkamen. Das wirtschaftliche Dilemma auf staatlicher Ebene fand demnach seine kommunale Entsprechung, wie die mangelnde Bereitschaft städtischer Repräsentanten zur Kostenübernahme der Bevorratung zeigt, die prinzipiell vom Fiskus erwartet wurde, galten doch kriegsbedingte Lasten als Staatslasten. Zudem erwies sich der tradierte militärische Anspruch auf Ausweisung jener Einwohner als problematisch, die als illoyal angesehen wurden und bei einer Belagerung die Verteidiger gefährden konnten. Dazu wurden neben fremdsprachigen Minderheiten auch diejenigen gerechnet, denen eine vorsorgliche Verproviantierung schwerfiel. Der Beitrag verdeutlicht die Unzulänglichkeit der internen Kriegsvorbereitung und untersucht das zivil-militärische Nebeneinander in den Festungsstädten, in denen die bewaffnete Macht über Autonomie verfügte und im Krieg den Vorrang innehatte, sich jedoch an der Daseinsfürsorge für die Einwohner »ihrer« Stadt nicht beteiligte, sondern die vorkonstitutionelle Distanz der modernisierenden, politisch und funktional gebotenen Kooperation vorzog.
Propagandisten des k.u.k. Vielvölkerreiches: Österreichisch-ungarische Soldaten im Osmanischen Reich während des Ersten Weltkrieges
Authors: Stein Oliver 
Published: November 2019

Zusammenfassung
Thema des vorliegenden Beitrages ist der Einsatz österreichisch-ungarischer Soldaten im Osmanischen Reich während des Ersten Weltkrieges. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Untersuchung dieser Waffenhilfe als eine Maßnahme der Sympathiewerbung, um bei den osmanischen Eliten und der Bevölkerung wirtschaftlich und kulturell Einfluss gewinnen zu können. Begleitet waren diese Bemühungen von einer scharfen Distanzierung gegenüber dem Deutschen Reich, das mitten im Bündniskrieg wie ein gegnerischer Konkurrent behandelt wurde. Auf Grundlage von Militärakten und Selbstzeugnissen arbeitet der Beitrag heraus, wie die Habsburgermonarchie zum Erreichen dieses Zieles ihren Charakter als ethnisch, kulturell, religiös und sprachlich heterogenes Vielvölkerreich bewusst nutzte und sich als Modell für das Osmanische Reich präsentierte. Im Ergebnis sucht der Aufsatz zu zeigen, dass die Soldaten der österreichischungarischen Armee, darunter auch Levantiner, im Vorderen Orient vorrangig als Propagandisten ihres Staates dienten. Österreich-Ungarn suchte seine Heterogenität dort als Vorteil zu nutzen – ein Konzept, das trotz aller gravierenden Probleme unter den besonderen Bedingungen des Osmanischen Reiches während des Krieges zeitweise erfolgreich war.