bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistivity Logging in Thin Beds
Authors: De Witte Leendert 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 201, 1954, pages 155–161.

Abstract
Conventional resistivity logs consisting of a short normal, a long normal, and one or more long lateral curves do not give data that allow a complete quantitative interpretation in beds thinner than 20 ft. Reservoir rocks usually exhibit zones of continuous homogeneity of quite limited thickness where the long lateral curves become useless because of adjacent bed effects and boundary phenomena. If the beds are 12 ft or thicker, the short and long normals may be used for qualitative interpretation, which can be streamlined by the application of simplified departure curves. For beds of a thickness less than twice the long normal spacing, this procedure breaks down.
The combination of the limestone curve, the laterolog or guard electrode log, and the microlaterolog permit quantitative interpretation for beds that are at least 10 ft thick, provided the mud resistivity and the hole diameter are known with sufficient accuracy.
For beds thinner than 10 ft, combinations of the microlaterolog with short spaced laterologs and pseudo laterologs appear to be promising. Interpretation of these curves again requires the application of simplified departure curves. Resolution of various possible combinations was analyzed using departure curve data calculated on the Whirlwind I computer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
A field example is shown using the microlaterolog-microlog combination, and the combination of a 6-in. modified laterolog plus a 6-in. pseudo laterolog.

Introduction
For the purpose of quantitative interpretation of resistivity logs in porous formations, we want to obtain two essential quantities from the logs, namely, the true resistivity of the undisturbed formation, and the resistivity of the part of the formation invaded by mud filtrate. The apparent resistivities of all conventional logging devices are functions of these two parameters and are also influenced by a third unknown parameter, the diameter of the invaded zone.
Interrelation of Resistivity and Potential of Shaly Reservoir Rock
Authors: Perkins F.M. , Brannon H.R. , Winsauer W.O. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 201, 1954, pages 177–181.

Abstract
Both the abnormal resistivity exhibited by shaly reservoir materials and their potential are due to adsorption of ions. Interrelationships between the two have been derived and verified by laboratory results. These relations which have resulted from this work may be used in a qualitative manner to estimate whether or not a particular shaly reservoir contains hydrocarbons, and also to estimate the porosity of shaly sands.

Introduction
In spite of the progress which has been made in the last decade toward a better understanding and utilization of the electric log, there remain a number of problems in the interpretation of the log. One of these which is often troublesome is that of divining the nature of the fluids in sandstones or carbonate rocks which contain appreciable amounts of shale.
It was shown by Patnode and Wyllie in 1949 that shaly rocks exhibit an abnormally low resistivity when saturated with solutions of low ionic concentrations. This phenomenon has been demonstrated to be due to the adsorptive properties of shale or clay in the rock.
In estimating the fluid content of shaly sands or carbonates from the electric log, it is desirable and sometimes necessary to correct for the abnormally low resistivity. A similar correction is likewise often necessary if attempts are made to estimate the porosity of a stratum from resistivity measurements. The correction may be made from data obtained on core samples and from information on salinity of interstitial water. Cores, however, are not always available. Moreover, even if cores are at hand, their examination is time-consuming. It would be most desirable, therefore, to make corrections of this nature from the log itself. Since both the abnormal resistivity and the potential are consequences of the adsorption of ions on shale, it should be possible to utilize the potential curve to give better interpretation of resistivity data obtained in logging shaly materials. The work described in following sections was directed toward this end.
Solution of the Equations of Unsteady State Two-Phase Flow in Oil Reservoirs
Authors: West W.J. , Garvin W.W. , Sheldon J.W. 
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 201, 1954, pages 217–229.

Abstract
One of the most important problems of reservoir mechanics is the prediction of the behavior of a gas and oil producing reservoir for a variety of production programs. In the absence of a knowledge of the behavior of even idealized systems, it has been difficult, if not impossible, to determine which production program would yield maximum economic recovery. The problem was formulated mathematically many years ago, but a solution of the equations had never been obtained because of their extreme complexity. The solution of the problem became possible, however, with the advent of modern computing machines.
This paper describes a digital method of solving the problem and discusses some of the results which have been obtained to date. The IBM Type 701 Electronic Data Processing Machines located at IBM's New York Scientific Computing Service were used successfully to perform the computations.
The flow of gas and oil through a reservoir can be described mathematically by two second-order, nonlinear partial differential equations which must be solved simultaneously. All derivatives were replaced by finite differences to bring the equations into a form suitable for digital calculations. A number of finite difference formulations were investigated and one form was found which resulted in stable, convergent solutions. This form was used to obtain solutions for both radial and linear systems producing by solution gas drive.
The results presented in this paper are:saturation profile within the hypothetical reservoir vs. time,pressure profile within the hypothetical reservoir vs. time,gas-oil ratio vs. cumulative recovery, andultimate recovery.
The saturation profile clearly shows the effect of critical gas saturation. The saturation near the wellbore drops quickly to the critical gas saturation and remains essentially at that value until the remainder of the reservoir also has dropped to the critical gas saturation. The pressure profile shows a smooth variation of pressure across the reservoir. The gas-oil ratio drops slightly during the early stage of production until the critical gas saturation is reached, rises rapidly from then on and eventually passes through a sharp maximum just before the economic limit of production is reached. For the radial example presented in this paper, the average oil saturation of the reservoir at a time corresponding to the limit of economic production was 56.5 per cent and the ultimate recovery was 6.86 per cent. The difference between change in saturation and ultimate recovery is caused by shrinkage of the oil phase.
Diet quality and its relationship with overweight and laboratory parameters in breast cancer patients undergoing treatment
Authors: LS Krystal Ng , Mun Chan Yoke , MS Zalilah 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground Overweight is the common issue existed among breast cancer patients, leading to poor cancer prognosis and survival. However, previous studies have focused merely on single nutrients or food groups. This study aimed to determine whether diet quality was associated with overweight and laboratory parameters among breast cancer patients undergoing treatment. Methods A cross sectional study comprises of 163 patients was conducted from January to May 2017. Diet quality and level of physical activity of patients were ascertained using Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)-short form, respectively. Data were available on body mass index and biochemical data, including of serum albumin, serum hemoblogbin and neutrophils count. Logistic regression was performed to identify the association between diet quality and overweight, serum albumin, serum hemoglobin and neutrophils count. Results The mean total HEI score (standard deviation) of the breast cancer patients was 63.86 (8.75). More than 80% of the subjects did not adhere to the dietary guidelines for whole grains, dairy, refined grains, ratio of poly- and mono-unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids components. In the multivariate model, those who perceived higher score of total HEI-2015 were less likely to experience overweight (Q4 vs Q1: OR=0.36; 95% CI=0.13, 0.99) while reported higher concentration of serum hemoglobin (Q4 vs Q1: OR=0.36; 95% CI=0.13, 0.98; Q3 vs Q1: OR=0.35; 95% CI=0.13, 0.92). Non-significant associations of diet quality were shown for serum albumin and neutrophils count. Conclusions A majority of breast cancer patients require dietary modification, especially for fatty acids, grains and dairy products. Diet quality may associate with overweight. A balanced diet that address the problem of overweight may help to maintain a good nutritional status and to improve cancer care in breast cancer patients during treatment. Future prospective studies are required to confirm this association.
Reduced strength, poor balance and concern about falls mediate the relationship between knee pain and fall risk in older people
Authors: Hicks Cameron J , Levinger Pazit , Menant Jasmine C , Lord Stephen R , Sachdev Perminder S , Brodaty Henry , Sturnieks Daina L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Aims

Pain is an independent risk factor for falling. One in two older community-dwelling people with musculoskeletal pain fall each year. This study examined physical, psychological and medical factors as potential mediators to explain the relationship between knee pain and falls.

Methods

Three hundred and thirty-three community-dwelling people aged 70+ years (52% women) participated in this cohort study with a 1-year follow-up for falls. Participants completed questionnaires (medical history, general health and concern about falls) and underwent physical performance tests. Participants were classified into ‘pain’ and ‘no pain’ groups based on self-reported knee pain. Poisson Regression models were computed to determine the Relative Risk (RR) of having multiple falls and potential mediators for increased fall risk.

Results

One hundred and eighteen (35.5%) participants were categorised as having knee pain. This group took more medications and had more medical conditions (P <0.01) compared to the no pain group. The pain group had poorer balance, physical function and strength and reported increased concern about falls. Sixty one participants (19.5%) reported ≥ 2 falls, with the pain group twice as likely to experience multiple falls over the 12 month follow up (RR = 2.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.27 – 3.13). Concern about falls, knee extension torque and postural sway with eyes closed were identified as significant and independent mediators of fall risk, and when combined explained 23% of the relationship between knee pain and falls.

Conclusion

This study has identified several medical, medication, psychological, sensorimotor, balance and mobility factors to be associated with knee pain, and found the presence of knee pain doubles the risk of multiple falls in older community living people. Alleviating knee pain, as well as addressing associated risk factors may assist in preventing falls in older people with knee pain.
Prevalence of surgical site infection and associated factors after cesarean section in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Getaneh Temesgen , Negesse Ayenew , Dessie Getenet 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background Surgical site infection (SSI) affects up to one third of patients who have undergone a surgical procedure. It is a significant cause of surgical patient morbidity, mortality and human and financial costs threat. The national prevalence of surgical site infection among mothers who undergo for cesarean section and its risk factors are not well investigated in Ethiopia. Therefore, this systematic and meta-analysis conducted to estimate the pooled prevalence of surgical site infection and associated factors after cesarean section in Ethiopia.Methods Original articles were searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Google Scholar, HINARI portal (which includes the SCOPUS, African Index Medicus, and African Journals Online databases), and Cochrane Library. Data were extracted using a standard data extraction checklist that developed according to Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). The I2 statistic was used to quantify heterogeneity across studies. Funnel plot asymmetry and Egger’s tests were used to check for publication bias. A fixed effect model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of surgical site infection. Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was also used to determine the association of identified variables with surgical site infection. Statistical analysis was conducted using STATA software.Result From initial 179 identified articles, 11 were eligible for inclusion in the final meta-analysis. The pooled estimate of surgical site infection after cesarean section in Ethiopia was 9.72% (95%CI: 8.38, 11.05). PROM >12hrs (OR=5.02, 95%CI: 2.65, 9.51), duration of labor>24hrs (OR=3.69, 95%CI: 2.41, 5.65), chorioamnionitis (OR=9.11, 95%CI: 5.21, 15.93), anemia (OR=4.75, 95%CI: 2.42, 9.33) and having vertical skin incision (OR=4.17, 95%CI: 2.90, 6.02) were factors significantly associated with surgical site infection after cesarean section.Conclusion The prevalence of surgical site infection after cesarean section in Ethiopia was high. Therefore, Minister of Health with its stake holders should emphasis on community and institution based programs in manner to prevent those factors listed above that have significant effect on surgical site infection.
The effect of trajectory of serum uric acid on patients and renal outcomes in patients with stage-3 chronic kidney disease
Authors: Author) Shangfeng Tsai(Former Corresponding , Chen Cheng-Hsu , Wu Ming-Ju , Author) Chia-Lin Lee(New Corresponding 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Uric acid (UA) is associated with renal and patient survivals but the causal association in nature remains unclear. Also, no finding is yet available regarding longitudinal UA control (trajectory).
Methods
We enrolled 808 subjects diagnosed with stage 3 chronic kidney disease from 2007 to 2017. We plotted the mean UA over a period of 6 months with a minimum of three samples of UA was required. From the sampled points, we generated for each patient an interpolated line by joining mean values of the UA levels over time. And from the lines from all patients, we classified them into three groups of trajectories (low, medium and high) through group-based trajectory modeling, and then we further separated into either a treatment or no-treatment subgroups. Due to multiple comparisons, we performed post hoc analysis by Bonferroni adjustment. Using the univariate competing-risks regression, we calculated the competing risk analysis with subdistribution hazard ratio of possible confounders.
Results
All of the 6 trajectories appeared as gradually falling functions with time without any of the curves crossed over one another. For all-cause mortality risk, none of the variables (including age, gender, coronary arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, trajectories of UA, and treatment of UA) was statistically significant. All 6 trajectories appeared as steady curve without crossovers among them over the entire period of follow-up. Patients with DM were statistically more likely to undergo dialysis. There was only a trend that the on-treatment trajectories, compared to their no-treatment trajectories, had lower risks for dialysis. There was no effect of UA control on patients’ survival.
Conclusions
Initial treatment of UA is utterly important for UA control. However, the long-term effects on patients and renal survivals maybe minor without statistical significance.
Keyword: uric acid, patient survival, renal survival, long-term effect, trajectory, competing risk analysis
Minimally invasive versus conventional fixation of tracer in robot-assisted pedicle screw insertion surgery: a randomized control trial
Authors: Yongqi Li , Dehua Zhang , Hongzi Wu , Ke Zhang , Rui Yang , Zhou Fang , Shaobo Wang , Liao yi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background This study evaluated the minimal invasiveness, safety, and accuracy of robot-assisted pedicle screw placement procedure using a modified tracer fixation device. Methods Patients were randomly assigned to conventional fixation group (25 patients) and modified fixation group (27 patients). Results No baseline statistical difference was observed between the groups ( P >0.05). The length of unnecessary incision, amount of bleeding, and fixation duration for tracer fixation respectively were 6.08±1.02 mm, 1.46±0.84 ml, and 1.56±0.32 min in the modified fixation group and 40.28±8.52 mm, 12.02±2.24 ml, and 5.08±1.06 min in the conventional group. The difference between both groups was significant ( P <0.05). However, no significant difference between the two groups was observed in terms of the accuracy of pedicle screw placement ( P >0.05). Conclusions The modified minimally invasive procedure for tracer fixation results in minimal trauma and is simple, reliable, and highly safe. Additionally, the procedure does not compromise the accuracy of pedicle screw placement. Thus, it has great clinical applicable value.
Ubiquitin-specific protease-44 inhibits the proliferation and migration of cells via inhibition of JNK pathway in clear cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhou Jiangqiao , Wang Tianyu , Qiu Tao , Chen Zhongbao , Ma Xiaoxiong , Zhang Long , Zou Jilin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common form of adult kidney cancer. Ubiquitin-specific protease (USP)44 has been reported to be involved in various cancers. We investigated the function, role and molecular mechanism of USP44 in ccRCC. Methods: Data obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas Data Portal and Gene Expression Omnibus database were analyzed to uncover the clinical relevance of USP44 expression and tumor development. USP44 function in the proliferation and migration of tumor cells was assessed by cellular and molecular analyses using ccRCC lines (786-O cells and Caki-1 cells). Results: USP44 showed low expression in ccRCC cancer tissues compared with that in normal tissue. USP44 expression was negatively correlated with tumor stage, tumor grade, and patient survival . USP44 overexpression inhibited the proliferation and migration of 786-O cells and Caki-1 cells significantly. USP44 overexpression also prohibited cell proliferation by upregulating expression of P21, downregulating cyclin-D1 expression, and inhibiting cell migration by upregulating expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9. USP44 knockdown enhanced the proliferation and migration of 786-O cells and Caki-1 cells. USP44 function in inhibiting the proliferation and migration of 786-O cells and Caki-1 cells was associated with phosphorylation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Conclusion: USP44 may be a marker in predicting ccRCC progression. Inhibition by USP44 of the proliferation and migration of 786-O cells and Caki-1 cells is dependent upon the JNK pathway.
Intention to quit water pipe smoking among Iranian women: A qualitative directed content analysis
Authors: Sabzmakan Leila , Eslami Fatemeh , Sighaldeh Shirin Shahbazi , Izuka Nkeonye Judith 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background: Water-pipe smoking is the most common type of tobacco used among Iranian women. The aim of this study was to explain women’s perceptions of their intention for quitting water-pipe smoking based on the theory of planned behavior. Methods: The study was a qualitative content analysis which was carried out over four months in 2016 in Tehran-Iran. The participants were 26 women ages 18 to 45-years-old who smoked water-pipe and were selected through snowball sampling. The study was performed in hookah cafes, parks, and homes. The data were collected through individual interviews. The interviews were open-ended questions based on the theory of planned behavior. Directed content analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: Findings showed that the women did not intend to quit water-pipe in that time. Main contributing factors influencing not having intention of cessation were positive attitude and false beliefs toward hookah smoking, as well as having peers and family members who smoked WP or approved its use. Although most females realized the obstacles associated with hookah cessation, they believed that quitting WP smoking was up to them and could control more barriers. Conclusion: Social pressure, positive attitude and false beliefs towards hookah smoking, as well as external and internal obstacles diminished women‘s intention for cessation. Therefore, it is recommended to apply the theory of planned behavior into behavior change interventions in order to increase the intention to quit water-pipe smoking.
Submicromolar copper (II) ions stimulate transretinal signaling in the isolated retina from wild type but not from Cav2.3-deficient mice
Authors: Schneider Toni , Lüke Jan Niklas , Neumaier Felix , Alpdogan Serdar , Hescheler Jürgen , Albanna Walid , Akhtar-Schäfer Isha 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background : So far, only indirect evidence exists for the pharmacoresistant R-type voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel (VGCC) to be involved in transretinal signaling by triggering GABA-release onto ON-bipolar neurons. This release of inhibitory neurotransmitters was deduced from the sensitivity of the b-wave to stimulation by Ni 2+ , Zn 2+ and Cu 2+ . To further confirm the interpretation of these findings, we compared the effects of Cu 2+ application and chelation (using kainic acid, KA) on the neural retina from wild type and Ca v 2.3-deficient mice. Furthermore, the immediately effect of KA on the ERG b-wave modulation was assessed.
Methods : Transretinal signaling was recorded as an ERG from the superfused murine retina isolated from wildtype and Ca v 2.3-deficient mice
Results : In mice, the stimulating effect of 100 nM CuCl 2 is absent in the retinae from Ca v 2.3-deficient mice, but prominent in Ca v 2.3-competent mice. Application of up to 3 mM tricine does not affect the murine b-wave in both genotypes, most likely because of chelating amino acids present in the murine nutrient solution. Application of 27 µM KA significantly increased the b-wave amplitude in wild type and Ca v 2.3 (-|-) mice. This effect can most likely be explained by the stimulation of endogenous KA-receptors described in horizontal, OFF-bipolar, amacrine or ganglion cells, which could not be fully blocked in the present study.
Conclusion: Cu 2+ dependent modulation of transretinal signaling only occurs in the murine retina from Ca v 2.3 competent mice, supporting the ideas derived from previous work in the bovine retina that R-type Ca 2+ channels are involved in shaping transretinal responses during light perception.