bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Rapid and Cost Effective Geochemical Pyrolysis Technique Sh_Pyroil for Direct Hydrocarbon Saturation Evaluation in a Carbonate Reservoir in Abu Dhabi, UAE
Authors: Koksalan Tamer , Ahsan Syed Asif , Hanif Rehan , Baudot Pascal 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In tight carbonate and clastic reservoirs, log interpreted saturation is often challenging. Archie derived Sw values involve “a”, “m” and “n” factors which are measured on samples that are quite variable within a core. Nevertheless, typically a constant “a”, “m” and “n” factor values are assumed for saturation measurements for the whole reservoir section or for a given rock type of a reservoir section which may still yield inaccurate hydrocarbon saturation having an impact on volume estimation among others. We propose an alternative solution that is real time, cost-effective and provides high confidence sweet spot identification for the selection of perforation zones in a vertical well and plugging of high water saturation zones in a horizontal well. The modified pyrolysis technique we present here and term “Sh_Pyroil” can provide high confidence direct hydrocarbon saturation rapidly (3 minutes) at a very low cost. Sh_Pyroil, measured in miligram HC per gram of rock weight (mg HC/g rock), can be conveniently converted into hydrocarbon saturation in percentage. We used modified pyrolysis on 90 core plugs, at one foot interval, from the dense and oil bearing zones. The objective of this study was to compare the thermally extracted core hydrocarbon saturation “Sh_Pyroil” to the log derived (Archie) saturation in order to assess its applicability as a rapid, cost-effective and high confidence direct hydrocarbon saturation tool that can assist in: Time sensitive drilling and completion decisions (e.g. selection of optimal perforation zones and plugging of high water saturation zones),Keeping the horizontal well in sweet spots and,In-Place hydrocarbon volume estimations, in conventional and unconventional reservoirs.
Artificial Intelligence Application for Just in Time Maintenance
Authors: Choudhary Debal D , Bist Shivprasad , Koirala Raju 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the present digital era, artificial intelligence (AI) backed decision-process can transform the way asset-failures could be managed. A Proof-of-concept of scalable AI algorithm has been developed and field-verified, to demonstrate potential to implement "Just-in-time" (JIT) maintenance. The model has ability to absorb configuration variations; it is run on periodic basis, to reassess the findings, and identify changes in the operating behavior of the asset. It is a robust tool, for the field engineers.
The objective of this research paper is to establish fundamentally different thought process for maintenance decision-makers for dynamic-diagnosis of faults using normal operating data. Each category of equipment has unique behavior, and hence must have customized solution. When linked through IIoT, the automated business decision for maintenance cost reduction can be applied on mass scale. The experimental results & field validations show that AI based diagnostics methodology outperforms traditional maintenance cost-management practices. It is a system which is self-learning, and therefore, as the model matures, dynamic strategy will evolve; and maintenance cost saving can extend beyond targeted 4% of net operating cost. The concept can be equally applied for any data-intensive-complex machineries and static-assets (Heat exchanger, Pipeline, Rotating equipment, etc.) across process industries.
Debottlenecking of Supply Chain Management Process with Blockchain Technology and Automation: A Case Study of a Typical Sub-Saharan African Oil and Gas Company
Authors: Odachi Kenechukwu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis research addresses the bottlenecks experienced in supply chain management (SCM) in an African hydrocarbon company, which slows down processes and makes the procedures tedious, this leads to operational inefficiencies. This paper discusses the security of the supply chain management data and the overall automation of procurement value chain, providing transparency to the stakeholders involved in the entire supply chain management process. It also provides a system that is not prone to malware or data alteration. The existing system lacks trust and greater transparency. A new technology will be developed using Blockchain Hyperledger which is a distributed ledger technology (DLT). The SCM application/portal serving the request and procurement process will utilize the Hyperledger Fabric SDK or REST web service to interface with the Hyperledger Fabric network. The organizations that participate in developing the Hyperledger Fabric network are known as the "members". Every member organization in the blockchain network is capable to set up their peers for taking part in the network. All these peers’ needs are configured with suitable cryptographic materials like Certificate Authority and other data. Chaincode will be actualized in peers to initiate transaction invocation request. This process will result in the chaincode providing an executable smart contract. The system executes the terms of the contract (agreement) by all necessary stakeholder's peer; for example: when goods or services are completely delivered, work Completion Certificate will be issued. This will be on the blockchain network and will be transparent to all stakeholders so once invoice is presented, the verification will be automatically ascertained and payment will be made. Procurement data like invitation to tender (ITT), request for proposal (RFP), request for quote (RFQ), contract award, work completion certificate (WCC), and invoice will be distributed among the nodes uniformly at the same time, making it impossible for cyber-invasion on all the nodes at the same time. Blockchain has been identified industry-wide as the next level in SCM operations because of its greater transparency, increased efficiency, enhanced data security, reduced costs, improved traceability, smart contract and unbroken chain of transaction history. It was observed that the blockchain implementation will further enable easy audit trail, automated and transparent Issuance of ITT/RFP/RFQ to Vendors, end-to-end SCM automation with secured data, and quality reporting system. In conclusion Blockchain Technology will enhance Supply chain manpower efficiency and hydrocarbon production. Blockchain Technology in Supply chain management will present a new knowledge in the area of integrated supply chain management for procurement process transparency and end- to-end data security
Source Characteristics and Lateral Migration of Middle Cretaceous Petroleum System in Western Abu Dhabi, Insight from Biomarker and Reservoir Investigation
Authors: Xiao Dengyi , Al Suwaidi Saeed K. , Ji Yingzhang , Al Blooshi Abdulla , Lv Mingsheng , Mao Demin , Al Shehhi Maryam , Shashanka Ashis , Wang Li , Hu Guangcheng , Hu Xinli , Zhao Wenhao , Ma Ren 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the western Abu Dhabi, oil fields have been discovered from the Mishrif reservoir (Cenomanian/Turonian). These fields are found in shoal/reef related stratigraphic prospects and composed of grainstone or packstone around platform margin setting. Regional understanding believes that the in-situ Shilaif mudstone is not mature enough to source the overlain Mishrif. So, it is inferred that the Mishrif reserves were charged from Shilaif kitchen of regional syncline through over 100km lateral migration from south to north. However, this accumulation pattern seems presumptive as little solid evidence was reported and little geochemistry measurement have been done previously.
To enhance understanding of the Shilaif source characteristics and figure out Shilaif-Mishrif accumulation rules, cuttings, cores from Shilaif and oil samples from Mishrif & Tuwayil were taken. Subsequently, geochemistry assay, oil-source correlation and related research were carried out. The results shows the in-situ Shilaif has abundant organic content with high TOC, HI and bitumen "A" with low maturity. Tmax of Shilaif mudstone yields an average value of 430°C and calculated vitrinite reflectance about 0.6, which means an early oil generation for in-situ Shilaif source. Oil-source correlation indicates a higher maturity of crude oil in the Mishrif & Tuwayil than the in-situ Shilaif. Furthermore, similarities of biomarkers between Mishrif oil and the Ghurab syncline Shilaif source are proved. All these evidences reveal the lateral hydrocarbon migration and accumulation northwards.
For the migration pathway, it is inferred the regional unconformity of TopMishrif plays an important role to transfer the hydrocarbon. In Western Abu Dhabi, truncation or depositional hiatus around TopMishrif are not as pronounced as Eastern Mishrif platform, but obvious exposure as well as leaching evidence could be observed from uppermost Mishrif and Tuwayil through core investigation. Besides, almost all the oil shows in Mishrif concentrate around the interface, which further proves the role of the unconformity.
The study on Shilaif source characteristics and hydrocarbon migration mechanism enhances the insight into accumulation rules of Cretaceous Petroleum system in Western Abu Dhabi and would guide the further exploration activity.
Managing 31% Dent Subsea Gas Pipeline, A Case Study from Operation and Integrity Approach
Authors: Zulfirmie Tris , Setiadi Dwi , Hernowo Widi , Purnawarman Faisal 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Dent as a result of 3rd party damage during subsea pipeline operation, is causing a local stress and strain concentration and a local significant reduction in the pipe diameter. If failure as a result of a dent is not happened immediately, it is possible that the damage can deteriorate in service and cause failure at any time after the initial impact. The challenge to the pipeline operator is the identification of the dents that may threaten the future operation and integrity of the pipeline to avoid sudden pipeline failure.
A new approach developed where the simple pipeline re-assessment calculation and remaining life calculation produce negative results. An enhanced assessment technique using multiple methodologies such as Level 3 FFS assessment, flow assurance study, strain-based finite element remaining life assessment (RLA), detail corrosion and failure-mode analysis. Another approach is to prepare the repair plan to extend the chance of longer pipeline operation life.
From the enhanced assessment, pipeline are assessed from many criterias and fulfilled the requirements from the pipeline operation and integrity limit. The conclusion of the assessment is a conformity that even the engineering code and standard cannot fulfill the 31% dent presence, there are any other assessment methodologies that proved to be applied under the principle and safety rule. The result is the subsea pipeline is allowable to operate safely without high probabilities of failure and keep deliver the gas as per obligation requirement.
Pressure Index PI: A Practical Way to Normalize Formation Pressure in Offshore Malaysia
Authors: Sugiharto Yudiyoko Ega , Ralphie Benard , Johari Dzulfadly 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Pressure analysis is concerned with the study of systematic variations of reservoir pore pressure with depth. The most common interpretation for pressure analysis is pressure-depth plot analysis, but other techniques that magnify understated pressure differences are also available. The measurement of formation pressure is of immense value in quantitative evaluation and prospect risk. Once the pressure data has been acquired, we need to understand how to interpret the data received because reservoir pressure data has numerous applications and misinterpreting it could make the results misleading. At equilibrium state (i.e. there are no net forces and no acceleration), a fluid in the system is called hydrostatic equilibrium. Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth measured from the surface due to the increasing weight of fluid exerting downward force from above. The traditional pressure evaluation is usually done in conventional unit such as psi, kPa, psi/feet, psi/m, kPa/m, ppg. The current work will introduce the concepts and definitions of formation pressure evaluation using Pressure Index (PI) with the unit g/cc. For better understanding of the application of PI, some reservoir studies are also discussed in this paper.
Expert Operation Assistance System
Authors: Fernandez Blanca 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Cepsa has implemented an Expert Operation Assistance System, designed by and for users, based on a Knowledge-based system that implements production rules.
This implementation allows, through production rules defined in a knowledge extraction session, to make multiple comparisons with data taken from Cepsa’s datalake, and to generate a series of recommendations. The objective of these recommendations is to facilitate Operator’s work by warning of situations that may arise as an early warning system.
An expert system is a program that imitates human behavior, optimizing the information provided to give an opinion on a specific topic. It has some specific knowledge about an area using information from human knowledge for decision making.
Expert systems are the first operational result of artificial intelligence because they manage to solve problems through knowledge and reason in the same way that a human expert does.
Cepsa has developed an Expert System platform where business unit specialists can generate their modules implement their rules and get results. This platform allows to scale as many modules as business units need.
Many instances of Expert Systems rules have been implemented in some Cepsa units (Crude units, FCC, pumps, furnaces, vacuum unit …) with great acceptance by users and high revenues.
Converting human knowledge to the knowledge of AI, expert systems operate as the assistant of expert people increasing supervisory effectiveness.
Cepsa has been researching numerous options in the Expert Systems market, but we have chosen to develop our own platform for several reasons:
Expert systems have been used mainly for other businesses.
It allows giving recommendations on degrees of freedom in those units in which Machine Learning is not able to act due to there are no instrumented manipulated variables (manual valves…)
These systems allow to optimize our plants by handling this type of variables
Understanding Heat Transfer and Complex Buoyancy Driven Circulation in Sulphur Condensers
Authors: Ralston Thomas , Singapore Wala Abdulqadir Aziz , Van Vorselen Michel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Troubleshooting and Root Cause Failure Analysis (RCFA), of process equipment operations, is often hampered by an inability to measure all key quantities of interest. Frequently the only recourse is to utilise simulation techniques. The ease of use and accuracy of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) continues to improve, however, successful CFD modelling frequently requires supporting analysis from process simulation and other analytical software.
When considering troubleshooting studies on process systems with similar complexity to that presented here, it is important to appreciate how different simulation and analysis techniques can complement one another in obtaining the necessary process insight.
Where the operator has not developed a simulation-based "digital twin" to properly characterise process streams and unit operations, it will be necessary to provide one. This may entail estimates and approximations needing verification. Here, commercial shell and tube heat exchanger modelling software was used in conjunction with the industry's leading process simulator to benchmark thermal performance predictions against those of the original process licensor.
Plant data historian records were used to define Reference Operating Conditions (ROC) and these were modelled by a commercial exchanger modelling program. From this a set of Agreed Modelling Conditions (AMC) were defined, to account for process upsets. The AMC conditions provided flow, temperature, and pressure boundaries for CFD simulations.
CFD modelling was conducted for the process side system to establish the magnitude and impact of tube side maldistribution in the condensers. This was found to be modest and was demonstrated to have minimal impact on thermal behaviour.
CFD simulation of the shell side circulation system, including fully coupled heat transfer representation of both process side cooling and evaporation on the shell side was central to the studies. This revealed disruption of liquid recirculation was occurring within the shells, attributed to the way BFW was distributed within the shell.
Wireless Completion Monitoring and Flow Control: A Hybrid Solution for Extended Capabilities
Authors: Bouman Marcel 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
For years downhole monitoring and control have been widely used technologies to improve production and reservoir management. At the same time drilling technology has evolved and resulted in a rise of deep and complex multi-lateral wells. A well path may cover multiple production zones and connectivity between, and performance of production zones are often difficult to quantify. These challenges have contributed to a growing demand for information and control directly at the reservoir. This paper will show a reliable method to bridge the gap between the upper and lower completion for both control and data flow.
The method is a combination of two well proven systems, namely a cabled permanent downhole monitoring system that is connected to the surface with a tubing encapsulated conductor and instrumentation and control tools that are placed in the production zones of the laterals and are operated wirelessly. Extending the capabilities of both systems, a new wireless interface incorporated at the lower end of the cabled monitoring system enables duplex communication with the wireless instruments and tools in the lower completion. Communication between the wired system and wireless operated instruments may be based on acoustic or electromagnetic signals.
The combination of the two technologies provides an innovative new method to overcome the challenge of making a physical connection between the upper and lower completion for monitoring and control data transmission and may also be adapted to access instrumentation and controls in multiple laterals. The adaption of the technology is straightforward as the standard interface card is placed in a surface acquisition unit for dry trees and in the subsea control modules for wet trees. The interface card can send commands and log data from both the wired instrumentation in the upper completion and the wireless operated instruments and controls in the lower completion.
Investigating Hole-Cleaning Fibers' Mechanism to Improve Carrying Cutting Capacity and Comparing Their Effectiveness with Common Polymeric Pills
Authors: Karimi Rad Mohammad Saeed , Kalhor Mohammadi Mojtaba , Tahmasbi Nowtarki Kourosh 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In drilling oil and gas wells, hole cleaning in deviated wells is more challenging in comparison with vertical wells due to boycott effect or eccentricity of drill pipe. Poor hole cleaning can result in problems such as borehole pack-off or excessive ECD. In these circumstances, increasing drill pipe rotation & flow rate and simultaneously using polymeric sweeps are common treatments to remove cuttings from the borehole, but these sweeps are incompetence in removing bulky high-density cuttings or metallic debris in milling operations. Also, in the condition of zero or low flow-rates, settling of particles in polymeric pills are high.
In this paper, a specialized fibrous-type material (Fiber-1) for investigating hole cleaning effect of fibrous sweeps was used. The effectiveness of Fiber-1 in comparison with common polymeric pills (such as Xanthan gum and polyanionic cellulose) in different concentrations (1 to 3 lb/bbl) was investigated using rheological or cutting settlement tests. Mentioned tests were applied in synthetic well condition (2 hours rolling in 200°F).
Hole cleaning fibers' main mechanism is forming a fiber network in the fluid that prevents cuttings to easily settle. The other mechanism that was observed in laboratory results, was an increment in rheological parameters such as Low Shear Viscosity (LSRV) and Yield Point (YP) that have a direct influence in cutting carrying capacity which this one is hardly mentioned in previous research works. For instance, results showed yield point was increased 25% when 2 lb/bbl Fiber-1 material was added to a common Xanthan gum pill. Also, readings in RPM 3 and RPM 6 (120°F) were increased by 17% and 18% respectively when 3 lb/bbl Fiber-1 material were added to common Xanthan gum pill. Also, the optimum concentration for having the maximum YP and LSRV (without getting any flocculation or settlement issues) was 2 lb/bbl. The invasion time for settling a metallic cutting in a pill containing 2 lb/bbl Fiber-1 was about ten times more than settling time in the common Xanthan gum pill.
The main discussed issue in this paper is finding significant mechanisms of hole cleaning fibers and their merits in comparison with polymeric high-viscosity pills. Also, Fiber-1 as an environmentally friendly specialized fiber for reducing hole cleaning problems in challenging deviated holes were studied and was optimized for using in field applications.