bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbonating the household diet: a Pakistani tale
Authors: Datta Biplab K , Husain Muhammad Jami 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjective:Carbonated beverage consumption is associated with various adverse health conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and CVD. Pakistan has a high burden of these health conditions. At the same time, the carbonated beverage industry is rapidly growing in Pakistan. In this context, we analyse the trends and socioeconomic factors associated with carbonated beverage consumption in Pakistan.Design:We use six waves of the cross-sectional household surveys from 2005–2006 to 2015–2016 to analyse carbonated beverage consumption. We examine the trends in carbonated beverage consumption-prevalence for different economic groups categorised by per capita household consumption quintiles. We estimate the expenditure elasticity of carbonated beverages for these groups using a two-stage budgeting system framework. We also construct concentration curves of carbonated beverage expenditure share to analyse the burden of expenditure across households of different economic status.Setting:Pakistan.Participants:Nationally representative sample of households in respective survey waves.Results:We find that the wealthier the household, the higher is the prevalence of carbonated beverage consumption, and the prevalence has increased for all household groups over time. From the expenditure elasticity analysis, we observe that carbonated beverages are becoming an essential part of food consumption particularly for wealthier households. And, lastly, poorer households are bearing a larger share of carbonated beverage expenditure in 2014–2016 than that in 2006–2008.Conclusion:Carbonated beverages are becoming an increasingly essential part of household food consumption in Pakistan. Concerns about added sugar intake can prompt consideration of public health approaches to reduce dietary causes of the disease burden in Pakistan.
Variation of Hydraulic Properties Due to Dynamic Fracture Damage: Implications for Fault Zones
Authors: Aben Franciscus M. , Doan Mai‐Linh , Mitchell Thomas M. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHigh strain rate loading causes pervasive dynamic microfracturing in crystalline materials, with dynamic pulverization being the extreme end‐member. Hydraulic properties (permeability, porosity, and storage capacity) are primarily controlled by fracture damage and will therefore change significantly by intense dynamic fracturing—by how much is currently unknown. Dynamic fracture damage observed in the damage zones of seismic faults is thought to originate from dynamic stresses near the earthquake rupture tip. This implies that during an earthquake, hydraulic properties in the damage zone change early. The immediate effect this has on fluid‐driven coseismic slip processes following the rupture, and on postseismic and interseismic fault zone processes, is not yet clear. Here, we present hydraulic properties measured on the full range of dynamic fracture damage up to dynamic pulverization. Dynamic damage was induced in quartz‐monzonite samples by performing uniaxial high strain rate (>100 s−1) experiments in compression using a split‐Hopkinson pressure bar. Hydraulic properties were measured on samples subjected to single and successive loadings, the latter to simulate cumulative damage from repeated rupture events. We show that permeability increases by 6 orders of magnitude and porosity by 15% with dissipated energy up to dynamic pulverization, for both single and successive loadings. We present damage zone permeability profiles induced by earthquake rupture and how it evolves with repeated ruptures. We propose that the enhanced hydraulic properties measured for pulverized rock decrease the efficiency of thermal pressurization, when emplaced adjacent to the principal slip zone.
Relationships Between Precipitation Properties and Large‐Scale Conditions During Subsidence at the Eastern North Atlantic Observatory
Authors: Lamer Katia , Naud Catherine M. , Booth James F. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThree years of reanalysis and ground‐based observations collected at the Eastern North Atlantic (ENA) observatory are analyzed to document the properties of rain and boundary layer clouds and their relationship with the large‐scale environment during general subsidence conditions and following cold front passages. Clouds in the wake of cold fronts exhibit on average a 10% higher propensity to precipitate and higher rain‐to‐cloud fraction than cloud found in general subsidence conditions. Similarities in the seasonal cycle of rain and of large‐scale properties suggest that the large‐scale conditions created by the cold front passage are responsible for the unique properties of the rain forming in its wake. The identification of monotonic relationships between rain‐to‐cloud fraction and rain rate with surface forcing and boundary layer stability parameters as well as between virga base height with stability and humidity measures further supports that large‐scale conditions impact precipitation variability. That being said, these relationships between the large‐scale and rain properties are less clear than those established between cloud and rain properties, suggesting that cloud macrophysics have a more direct impact on the properties of rain than the large‐scale environment. The applicability of previously documented relationships between cloud thickness and rain properties is tested and the relationships adjusted to accommodate the complex shallow clouds and melting precipitation observed to occur in the ENA region. Establishing these relationships opens up opportunities for parametrization development and suggests that a realistic representation of precipitation properties in models relies on the accurate representation of both clouds and the large‐scale environment.
Comment on “Additional Boundary Condition for Electric Quadrupolar Continua Derived from Maxwell's Differential Equations” by A.D. Yaghjian and M.G. Silveirinha
Authors: Yaghjian A. D. , Silveirinha M. G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe accuracy of the fundamental electric quadrupolar constitutive relation used in the paper by Yaghjian and Silveirinha (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RS006066) is determined and used to improve upon the derivation of one of the boundary conditions for electric quadrupolar media. In addition, three typographical errors in the aforementioned paper are noted.
Tackling the Trickle: Ensuring Sustainable Water Management in the Arab Region
Authors: Borgomeo Edoardo , Fawzi Nadia Al‐Mudaffar , Hall Jim W. , Jägerskog Anders , Nicol Alan , Sadoff Claudia W. , Salman Maher , Santos Nuno , Talhami Michael 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWater scarcity in the Arab region is intensifying due to population growth, economic development, and the impacts of climate change. It is manifested in groundwater depletion, freshwater ecosystem degradation, deteriorating water quality, low levels of water storage per capita, and added pressures on transboundary water resources. High‐income Arab countries have sought to circumvent the ever‐present challenges of water scarcity through agricultural imports (virtual water trade), desalination, and, increasingly, wastewater reuse. In this review article, we argue that the narrative of water scarcity and supply‐side technological fixes masks more systemic issues that threaten sustainable water management, including underperforming water utilities, protracted armed conflict and displacement, agricultural policies aimed at self‐sufficiency, evolving food consumption behaviors, the future of energy markets, and educational policy. Water management challenges, particularly on the demand side, and responses in the Arab region cannot be understood in isolation from these broader regional and international political and socioeconomic trends. Recognizing the complex and interdependent challenges of water management is the first step in reforming approaches and shifting to more sustainable development outcomes and stability in the Arab region and beyond.
The microbiome and resistome of chimpanzees, gorillas, and humans across host lifestyle and geography
Authors: Campbell Tayte P , Sun Xiaoqing , Patel Vishal H , Sanz Crickette , Morgan David , Dantas Gautam 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The gut microbiome can vary across differences in host lifestyle, geography, and host species. By comparing closely related host species across varying lifestyles and geography, we can evaluate the relative contributions of these factors in structuring the composition and functions of the microbiome. Here we show that the gut microbial taxa, microbial gene family composition, and resistomes of great apes and humans are more related by host lifestyle than geography. We show that captive chimpanzees and gorillas are enriched for microbial genera commonly found in non-Westernized humans. Captive ape microbiomes also had up to ~34-fold higher abundance and up to ~5-fold higher richness of all antibiotic resistance genes compared with wild apes. Through functional metagenomics, we identified a number of novel antibiotic resistance genes, including a gene conferring resistance to colistin, an antibiotic of last resort. Finally, by comparing our study cohorts to human and ape gut microbiomes from a diverse range of environments and lifestyles, we find that the influence of host lifestyle is robust to various geographic locations.
Self-reported hearing loss questions provide a good measure for genetic studies: a polygenic risk score analysis from UK Biobank
Authors: Cherny Stacey S. , Livshits Gregory , Wells Helena R. R. , Freidin Maxim B. , Malkin Ida , Dawson Sally J. , Williams Frances M. K. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAge-related hearing impairment (ARHI) is very common in older adults and has major impact on quality of life. The heritability of ARHI has been estimated to be around 50%. The present study aimed to estimate heritability and environmental contributions to liability of ARHI and the extent to which a polygenic risk score (PRS) derived from a recent genome-wide association study of questionnaire items regarding hearing loss using the UK Biobank is predictive of hearing loss in other samples. We examined (1) a sample from TwinsUK who have had hearing ability measured by pure-tone audiogram and the speech-to-noise ratio test as well as questionnaire measures that are comparable with the UK Biobank questionnaire items and (2) European and non-European samples from the UK Biobank which were not part of the original GWAS. Results indicated that the questionnaire items were over 50% heritable in TwinsUK and comparable with the objective hearing measures. In addition, we found very high genetic correlation (0.30–0.84) between the questionnaire responses and objective hearing measures in the TwinsUK sample. Finally, PRS computed from weighted UK Biobank GWAS results were predictive of both questionnaire and objective measures of hearing loss in the TwinsUK sample, as well as questionnaire-measured hearing loss in Europeans but not non-European subpopulations. These results demonstrate the utility of questionnaire-based methods in genetic association studies of hearing loss in adults and highlight the differences in genetic predisposition to ARHI by ethnic background.
The cryo-EM structure of the SNX–BAR Mvp1 tetramer
Authors: Sun Dapeng , Varlakhanova Natalia V. , Tornabene Bryan A. , Ramachandran Rajesh , Zhang Peijun , Ford Marijn G. J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSorting nexins (SNX) are a family of PX domain-containing proteins with pivotal roles in trafficking and signaling. SNX-BARs, which also have a curvature-generating Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain, have membrane-remodeling functions, particularly at the endosome. The minimal PX-BAR module is a dimer mediated by BAR-BAR interactions. Many SNX-BAR proteins, however, additionally have low-complexity N-terminal regions of unknown function. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of the full-length SNX-BAR Mvp1, which is an autoinhibited tetramer. The tetramer is a dimer of dimers, wherein the membrane-interacting BAR surfaces are sequestered and the PX lipid-binding sites are occluded. The N-terminal low-complexity region of Mvp1 is essential for tetramerization. Mvp1 lacking its N-terminus is dimeric and exhibits enhanced membrane association. Membrane binding and remodeling by Mvp1 therefore requires unmasking of the PX and BAR domain lipid-interacting surfaces. This work reveals a tetrameric configuration of a SNX-BAR protein that provides critical insight into SNX-BAR function and regulation.
Long noncoding RNA AGPG regulates PFKFB3-mediated tumor glycolytic reprogramming
Authors: Liu Jia , Liu Ze-Xian , Wu Qi-Nian , Lu Yun-Xin , Wong Chau-Wei , Miao Lei , Wang Yun , Wang Zixian , Jin Ying , He Ming-Ming , Ren Chao , Wang De-Shen , Chen Dong-Liang , Pu Heng-Ying , Feng Lin , Li Bo , Xie Dan , Zeng Mu-Sheng , Huang Peng , Lin Aifu , Lin Dongxin , Xu Rui-Hua , Ju Huai-Qiang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTumor cells often reprogram their metabolism for rapid proliferation. The roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in metabolism remodeling and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Through screening, we found that the lncRNA Actin Gamma 1 Pseudogene (AGPG) is required for increased glycolysis activity and cell proliferation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Mechanistically, AGPG binds to and stabilizes 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3). By preventing APC/C-mediated ubiquitination, AGPG protects PFKFB3 from proteasomal degradation, leading to the accumulation of PFKFB3 in cancer cells, which subsequently activates glycolytic flux and promotes cell cycle progression. AGPG is also a transcriptional target of p53; loss or mutation of TP53 triggers the marked upregulation of AGPG. Notably, inhibiting AGPG dramatically impaired tumor growth in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Clinically, AGPG is highly expressed in many cancers, and high AGPG expression levels are correlated with poor prognosis, suggesting that AGPG is a potential biomarker and cancer therapeutic target.
Metastasis-initiating cells induce and exploit a fibroblast niche to fuel malignant colonization of the lungs
Authors: Pein Maren , Insua-Rodríguez Jacob , Hongu Tsunaki , Riedel Angela , Meier Jasmin , Wiedmann Lena , Decker Kristin , Essers Marieke A. G. , Sinn Hans-Peter , Spaich Saskia , Sütterlin Marc , Schneeweiss Andreas , Trumpp Andreas , Oskarsson Thordur 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMetastatic colonization relies on interactions between disseminated cancer cells and the microenvironment in secondary organs. Here, we show that disseminated breast cancer cells evoke phenotypic changes in lung fibroblasts, forming a supportive metastatic niche. Colonization of the lungs confers an inflammatory phenotype in metastasis-associated fibroblasts. Specifically, IL-1α and IL-1β secreted by breast cancer cells induce CXCL9 and CXCL10 production in lung fibroblasts via NF-κB signaling, fueling the growth of lung metastases. Notably, we find that the chemokine receptor CXCR3, that binds CXCL9/10, is specifically expressed in a small subset of breast cancer cells, which exhibits tumor-initiating ability when co-transplanted with fibroblasts and has high JNK signaling that drives IL-1α/β expression. Importantly, disruption of the intercellular JNK-IL-1-CXCL9/10-CXCR3 axis reduces metastatic colonization in xenograft and syngeneic mouse models. These data mechanistically demonstrate an essential role for the molecular crosstalk between breast cancer cells and their fibroblast niche in the progression of metastasis.
OXPHOS remodeling in high-grade prostate cancer involves mtDNA mutations and increased succinate oxidation
Authors: Schöpf Bernd , Weissensteiner Hansi , Schäfer Georg , Fazzini Federica , Charoentong Pornpimol , Naschberger Andreas , Rupp Bernhard , Fendt Liane , Bukur Valesca , Giese Irina , Sorn Patrick , Sant’Anna-Silva Ana Carolina , Iglesias-Gonzalez Javier , Sahin Ugur , Kronenberg Florian , Gnaiger Erich , Klocker Helmut 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRewiring of energy metabolism and adaptation of mitochondria are considered to impact on prostate cancer development and progression. Here, we report on mitochondrial respiration, DNA mutations and gene expression in paired benign/malignant human prostate tissue samples. Results reveal reduced respiratory capacities with NADH-pathway substrates glutamate and malate in malignant tissue and a significant metabolic shift towards higher succinate oxidation, particularly in high-grade tumors. The load of potentially deleterious mitochondrial-DNA mutations is higher in tumors and associated with unfavorable risk factors. High levels of potentially deleterious mutations in mitochondrial Complex I-encoding genes are associated with a 70% reduction in NADH-pathway capacity and compensation by increased succinate-pathway capacity. Structural analyses of these mutations reveal amino acid alterations leading to potentially deleterious effects on Complex I, supporting a causal relationship. A metagene signature extracted from the transcriptome of tumor samples exhibiting a severe mitochondrial phenotype enables identification of tumors with shorter survival times.
The mechanism of a high-affinity allosteric inhibitor of the serotonin transporter
Authors: Plenge Per , Abramyan Ara M. , Sørensen Gunnar , Mørk Arne , Weikop Pia , Gether Ulrik , Bang-Andersen Benny , Shi Lei , Loland Claus J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe serotonin transporter (SERT) terminates serotonin signaling by rapid presynaptic reuptake. SERT activity is modulated by antidepressants, e.g., S-citalopram and imipramine, to alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety. SERT crystal structures reveal two S-citalopram binding pockets in the central binding (S1) site and the extracellular vestibule (S2 site). In this study, our combined in vitro and in silico analysis indicates that the bound S-citalopram or imipramine in S1 is allosterically coupled to the ligand binding to S2 through altering protein conformations. Remarkably, SERT inhibitor Lu AF60097, the first high-affinity S2-ligand reported and characterized here, allosterically couples the ligand binding to S1 through a similar mechanism. The SERT inhibition by Lu AF60097 is demonstrated by the potentiated imipramine binding and increased hippocampal serotonin level in rats. Together, we reveal a S1-S2 coupling mechanism that will facilitate rational design of high-affinity SERT allosteric inhibitors.
An acid-tolerance response system protecting exponentially growing Escherichia coli
Authors: Xu Ying , Zhao Zhe , Tong Wenhua , Ding Yamei , Liu Bin , Shi Yixin , Wang Jichao , Sun Shenmei , Liu Min , Wang Yuhui , Qi Qingsheng , Xian Mo , Zhao Guang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe ability to grow at moderate acidic conditions (pH 4.0–5.0) is important toEscherichia colicolonization of the host’s intestine. Several regulatory systems are known to control acid resistance inE. coli, enabling the bacteria to survive under acidic conditions without growth. Here, we characterize an acid-tolerance response (ATR) system and its regulatory circuit, required forE. coliexponential growth at pH 4.2. A two-component system CpxRA directly senses acidification through protonation of CpxA periplasmic histidine residues, and upregulates thefabAandfabBgenes, leading to increased production of unsaturated fatty acids. Changes in lipid composition decrease membrane fluidity, F0F1-ATPase activity, and improve intracellular pH homeostasis. The ATR system is important forE. colisurvival in the mouse intestine and for production of higher level of 3-hydroxypropionate during fermentation. Furthermore, this ATR system appears to be conserved in other Gram-negative bacteria.
Oral biofilms exposure to chlorhexidine results in altered microbial composition and metabolic profile
Authors: Chatzigiannidou Ioanna , Teughels Wim , Van de Wiele Tom , Boon Nico 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOral diseases (e.g., dental caries, periodontitis) are developed when the healthy oral microbiome is imbalanced allowing the increase of pathobiont strains. Common practice to prevent or treat such diseases is the use of antiseptics, like chlorhexidine. However, the impact of these antiseptics on the composition and metabolic activity of the oral microbiome is poorly addressed. Using two types of oral biofilms—a 14-species community (more controllable) and human tongue microbiota (more representative)—the impact of short-term chlorhexidine exposure was explored in-depth. In both models, oral biofilms treated with chlorhexidine exhibited a pattern of inactivation (>3 log units) and fast regrowth to the initial bacterial concentrations. Moreover, the chlorhexidine treatment induced profound shifts in microbiota composition and metabolic activity. In some cases, disease associated traits were increased (such as higher abundance of pathobiont strains or shift in high lactate production). Our results highlight the need for alternative treatments that selectively target the disease-associated bacteria in the biofilm without targeting the commensal microorganisms.
Ambipolar device simulation based on the drift-diffusion model in ion-gated transition metal dichalcogenide transistors
Authors: Ueda Akiko , Zhang Yijin , Sano Nobuyuki , Imamura Hiroshi , Iwasa Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIonic gating is known as a powerful tool for investigation of electronic functionalities stemming from low voltage transistor operation to gate-induced electronic phase control including superconductivity. Two-dimensional (2D) material is one of the archetypal channel materials which exhibit a variety of gate-induced phenomena. Nevertheless, the device simulations on such ion-gated transistor devices have never been reported, despite its importance for the future design of device structures. In this paper, we developed a drift-diffusion (DD) model on a 2D material, WSe2 monolayer, attached with an ionic liquid, and succeeded in simulating the transport properties, potential profile, carrier density distributions in the transistor configuration. In particular, the simulation explains the ambipolar behavior with the gate voltage comparable to the band gap energy, as well as the formation of p-n junctions in the channel reported in several experimental papers. Such peculiar behavior becomes possible by the dramatic change of the potential profiles at the Schottky barrier by the ionic gating. The present result indicates that the DD model coupled to the Poisson equation is a fascinating platform to explain and predict further functionalities of ion-gated transistors through including the spin, valley, and optical degrees of freedom.
High-performance phosphorene electromechanical actuators
Authors: Wu Bozhao , Deng Hui-Xiong , Jia Xiangzheng , Shui Langquan , Gao Enlai , Liu Ze 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPhosphorene, a two-dimensional material that can be exfoliated from black phosphorus, exhibits remarkable mechanical, thermal, electronic, and optical properties. In this work, we demonstrate that the unique structure of pristine phosphorene endows this material with exceptional quantum-mechanical performance by using first-principles calculations. Upon charge injection, the maximum actuation stress is 7.0 GPa, corresponding to the maximum actuation strain as high as 36.6% that is over seven times larger than that of graphene (4.7%) and comparable with natural muscle (20–40%). Meanwhile, the maximum volumetric work density of phosphorene (207.7 J/cm3) is about three orders of magnitude larger than natural muscle (0.008–0.04 J/cm3) and approximately six times larger than graphene (35.3 J/cm3). The underlying mechanism of this exceptional electromechanical performance in phosphorene is well revealed from the analysis of atomic structure and electronic structure. Finally, the influence of charge on the mechanical behaviors of phosphorene is examined by mechanical tests, indicating the sufficient structural integrity of phosphorene under the combined electromechanical loading. These findings shed light on phosphorene for promising applications in developing nanoelectromechanical actuators.