bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of the novel COVID-19: why Costa Rica’s proposal for the creation of a global pooling mechanism deserves serious consideration?
Authors: Abbas Muhammad Zaheer 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The COVID-19 is causing not only deaths and fear but also economic and social harm across the globe. Lockdowns, travel restrictions, quarantines, social distancing, and other strict public health measures are playing their part in delaying the spread of infection, but a safe and potent vaccine, effective therapeutics, point-of-care diagnostics, and other health products are desperately needed because it may not be practically possible for governments to extend these measures for an indefinite period of time. On March 23, Costa Rica submitted a proposal to the Director-General of the World Health Organization for the creation of a global pooling mechanism in order to facilitate access to and use of intellectual property, trade-secret know-how, regulatory data, cell lines, product blueprints, and other proprietary data for technologies that are useful for the detection, prevention, control, and treatment of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study critically evaluates Costa Rica’s proposal and endeavors to briefly answer the following questions: Why Costa Rica’s proposal deserves serious consideration? To what extent this proposal addresses some of the key concerns related to the COVID-19? To what extent this proposal is practically feasible?
Power, Participation, and ‘peer researchers’: Addressing Gaps in Refugee Research Ethics Guidance
Authors: Pincock Kate , Bakunzi William 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Driven by efforts to recognize the agency of refugees and thus the importance of their participation in research about their lives, refugees are increasingly being engaged to work as collaborators and assistants during research in refugee camps and settlements. Yet whilst academic research attends to the ethics of research with refugees, existing guidance fails to recognize or attempt to mitigate the specific ways in which refugees working as research assistants may be impacted by taking on this role. This is a particularly important issue for consideration in research within camps and settlements, where refugee researchers are embedded within complex relations of power that include communities, governance structures, and humanitarian agencies. Drawing on our experiences of carrying out research in Nakivale settlement in Uganda in 2017, we show some of the challenges that refugee researchers experience and reflect on the practical implications for efforts to undertake more ethical research.
‘Street-Level Justifications’: Service Providers Mediating Refugee Reception in the Urban Context of Istanbul
Authors: Üstübici AyŞen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article discusses the mediating role of service providers between citizens and refugee reception policies. Based on an analysis of interviews with local government officials and NGO workers and observations in two districts of Istanbul, I examine the ‘street-level justifications’ that service providers use to counter anti-refugee resentments expressed by the citizens. The article suggests that as street-level bureaucrats endeavour to justify their work with refugees through three types discursive strategies; cultural similarity, call for empathy, and pragmatic explanations. Such strategies by constantly re-defining us and them, bear implications for social cohesion. The article offers a meso-level analysis of refugee reception policies in the Turkish context and highlights the limits of initial hospitality. The findings have wider implications for other contexts where the settlement of displaced or migrant populations is rather nascent, policies are top-down and where bureaucratic structures mediate among displaced populations, citizens, and the resources available to them.
Refugee Sponsorship and Family Reunification
Authors: Morris Stéfanie , Lenard Patti Tamara , Haugen Stacey 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article examines the choice made by resettled refugees and their sponsors to use the Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program (PSRP) in Canada to reunite families and the benefits and challenges of doing so. The timing of our study is deliberate. Global efforts are underway to encourage other states to adopt private or community sponsorship schemes, and this spread renders examination of the benefits and burdens of this form of refugee resettlement urgent. Using data we have collected via interviews of resettled refugees and sponsors in Canada, we show that family separation has a marked impact on the ability of refugees to integrate into their new home. This conclusion highlights the possibility that there are host-state imperatives that can be better served by facilitating family reunification. Furthermore, we suggest that the successful deployment of the PSRP as a tool of family reunification depends too much on the preferences and perspectives of sponsors, who may not agree that reunification is valuable, or who may not have the capacity to facilitate such reunifications. They also may struggle with the thought that they are being forced to choose among which refugees are most in need of highly scarce resettlement spots. Together, these results generate additional support for the view, which we endorse, that states should be focused on doing more to protect family unity, especially for refugee families, outside of a private sponsorship scheme.
The Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 type III secretion system effector NopC blocks nodulation with Lotus japonicus Gifu
Authors: Jiménez-Guerrero Irene , Acosta-Jurado Sebastián , Medina Carlos , Ollero Francisco Javier , Alias-Villegas Cynthia , Vinardell José María , Pérez-Montaño Francisco , López-Baena Francisco Javier 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The broad-host-range bacterium Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 cannot nodulate the model legume Lotus japonicus Gifu. This bacterium possesses a type III secretion system (T3SS), a specialized secretion apparatus used to deliver effector proteins (T3Es) into the host cell cytosol to alter host signaling and/or suppress host defence responses to promote infection. However, some of these T3Es are recognized by specific plant receptors and hence trigger a strong defence response to block infection. In rhizobia, T3Es are involved in nodulation efficiency and host-range determination, and in some cases directly activate host symbiosis signalling in a Nod factor-independent manner. In this work, we show that HH103 RifR T3SS mutants, unable to secrete T3Es, gain nodulation with L. japonicus Gifu through infection threads, suggesting that plant recognition of a T3E could block the infection process. To identify the T3E involved, we performed nodulation assays with a collection of mutants that affect secretion of each T3E identified in HH103 RifR so far. The nopC mutant could infect L. japonicus Gifu by infection thread invasion and switch the infection mechanism in Lotus burttii from intercellular infection to infection thread formation. Lotus japonicus gene expression analysis indicated that the infection-blocking event occurs at early stages of the symbiosis.
The Theology of Ecclesiastical Architecture in Geoffrey Hill’s Book of Baruch by the Gnostic Justin
Authors: Potter Madeline 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In Geoffrey Hill's posthumously published Book of Baruch by the Gnostic Justin, ecclesiastical architecture is explored in close conjunction with historical violence, as its very form is construed as influenced by it. This article argues that Hill's engagement with architecture is informed, at its core, by a theological act of witness to the violence of history, but also as an act of seeking atonement for collective and historical sin.
Gas flows in an active galactic nucleus – I. Two-phase gas inflow
Authors: Bu De-Fu , Yang Xiao-Hong , Zhu Bocheng 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We perform two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations to study the non-rotating gas flow in the region from 1 to 1000 pc. This region connects the galaxy scale and the accretion disc scale. The gas is irradiated by the photons generated by the accretion disc system near the central black hole with 108 solar mass. We assume that the luminosity of the central accretion system is constant and equals to 0.3 Eddington luminosity. Gas with density higher than $10^{-24 }\, {\rm g \ cm^{-3}}$ is found to be thermally unstable. Two phase, cold and hot, gas flow will form due to thermal instability. We calculated the ratio of cold gas accretion rate to hot gas accretion rate. This ratio is a function of gas density and generally increases with the increase of gas density. The maximum value of this ratio is 16, when gas density is $10^{-21}\, {\rm g \ cm^{-3}}$. Gas with density lower than $10^{-24}\, {\rm g \ cm^{-3}}$ is found to be thermally stable and the gas flow is one-phase. The applications of the results are briefly discussed.
Galactic extinction laws – I. A global NIR analysis with 2MASS photometry
Authors: Maíz Apellániz J , Pantaleoni González M , Barbá R H , García-Lario P , Nogueras-Lara F 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We have started an ambitious program to determine if the full diversity of extinction laws is real or if some of it is due to calibration or methodological issues. Here we start by analysing the information on near-infrared (NIR) extinction in a Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) stellar sample with good quality photometry and very red colours. We calculate the extinction at 1 μm, A1, and the power-law exponent, α (Aλ = A1λ−α), for the 2MASS stars located in the extinction trajectory in the H − K versus J − H plane expected for red giants with A1 &gt; 5 mag. We test the validity of the assumption about the nature of those stars, whether a single or multiple values of α are needed, and the spatial variations of the results. Most (∼83 per cent) of those stars can indeed be explained by high-extinction red giants and the rest are composed of extinguished asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars (mostly O-rich), blended sources, and smaller numbers of other objects, a contaminant fraction that can be reduced with the help of Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) data. Galactic red giants experience a NIR extinction with α ∼ 2.27 and an uncertainty of a few hundredths of a magnitude. There is no significant spread in α even though our sample is widely distributed and has a broad range of extinctions. Differences with previous results are ascribed to the treatment of non-linear photometric effects and/or the contaminant correction. Future research should concentrate in finding the correct functional form for the NIR extinction law. In the appendix, we detail the treatment of non-linear photometric effects in the 2MASS bands.
Semi-analytic forecasts for JWST – IV. Implications for cosmic reionization and LyC escape fraction
Authors: Yung L Y Aaron , Somerville Rachel S , Finkelstein Steven L , Popping Gergö , Davé Romeel , Venkatesan Aparna , Behroozi Peter , Ferguson Harry C 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTGalaxies forming in low-mass haloes are thought to be primarily responsible for reionizing the Universe during the first billion years after the big bang. Yet, these haloes are extremely inefficient at forming stars in the nearby Universe. In this work, we address this apparent tension, and ask whether a physically motivated model of galaxy formation that reproduces the observed abundance of faint galaxies in the nearby Universe is also consistent with available observational constraints on the reionization history. By interfacing the Santa Cruz semi-analytic model for galaxy formation with an analytic reionization model, we constructed a computationally efficient pipeline that connects ‘ground-level’ galaxy formation physics to ‘top-level’ cosmological-scale observables. Based on photometric properties of the galaxy populations predicted up to z = 15, we compute the reionization history of intergalactic hydrogen. We quantify the three degenerate quantities that influence the total ionizing photon budget, including the abundance of galaxies, the intrinsic production rate of ionizing photons, and the LyC escape fraction. We explore covariances between these quantities using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method. We find that our locally calibrated model is consistent with all currently available constraints on the reionization history, under reasonable assumptions about the LyC escape fraction. We quantify the fraction of ionizing photons produced by galaxies of different luminosities and find that the galaxies expected to be detected in James Webb Space Telescope Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) wide and deep surveys are responsible for producing ∼40–80 per cent of ionizing photons throughout the Epoch of Reionization. All results presented in this work are available at https://www.simonsfoundation.org/semi-analytic-forecasts-for-jwst/.
Volume overload in hemodialysis: diagnosis, cardiovascular consequences, and management
Authors: Loutradis Charalampos , Sarafidis Pantelis A , Ferro Charles J , Zoccali Carmine 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Volume overload in haemodialysis (HD) patients associates with hypertension and cardiac dysfunction and is a major risk factor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in this population. The diagnosis of volume excess and estimation of dry weight is based largely on clinical criteria and has a notoriously poor diagnostic accuracy. The search for accurate and objective methods to evaluate dry weight and to diagnose subclinical volume overload has been intensively pursued over the last 3 decades. Most methods have not been tested in appropriate clinical trials and their usefulness in clinical practice remains uncertain, except for bioimpedance spectroscopy and lung ultrasound (US). Bioimpedance spectroscopy is possibly the most widely used method to subjectively quantify fluid distributions over body compartments and produces reliable and reproducible results. Lung US provides reliable estimates of extravascular water in the lung, a critical parameter of the central circulation that in large part reflects the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. To maximize cardiovascular tolerance, fluid removal in volume-expanded HD patients should be gradual and distributed over a sufficiently long time window. This review summarizes current knowledge about the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of volume overload in HD patients.
Mission and challenges of higher education: an interview with G.Q. Max Lu, the president of the University of Surrey
Authors: Wang Ling , Guo Zhengtang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The University of Surrey (referred to as Surrey hereafter) is one of the renowned universities in the UK that was established on 9 September 1966 with the grant of its Royal Charter and its roots go back to Battersea Polytechnic Institute, founded in 1891. Surrey is the research hub of small satellites, mobile telecommunication and artificial intelligence in Europe. In 2016, Surrey was named as ‘University of the Year’ in the UK and, in February 2018, Surrey won the Queen's Anniversary Prize for Higher and Further Education (Surrey's fourth award)—the highest national award for the UK universities, in recognition of the outstanding contribution of Surrey to nutrition and health.
The president and vice chancellor of Surrey, Professor Max Lu, took this position in 2016 and is also the first scholar of Chinese origin to be the leader of a British university. Before he joined Surrey, he was the provost and senior vice president at the University of Queensland in Australia. Professor Lu is not only a talented leader in education field, but also a distinguished scientist in materials chemistry and nanotechnology area. He has been honored with numerous awards, including the Orica Award, RK Murphy Medal, China International Science and Technology Award and Medal of the Order of Australia, etc. He has been also appointed to the Prime Minister's Council for Science and Technology and the Board of UK Research and Innovation, etc. The rich experience and open-mindedness lead to his profound insights into higher education around the world. Lately elected as a fellow of Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng) and foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Professor Lu shared his broad and deep perspectives on higher education with National Science Review during his travel in Beijing.
Intravenous Paracetamol vs Intranasal Desmopressin for Renal Colic in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Ghafouri Hamed Basir , Abazarian Niloofar , Yasinzadeh Mohammadreza , Modirian Ehsan 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the analgesic efficacy of intranasal desmopressin alone vs intravenous paracetamol in patients referred to the emergency department with renal colic.

Design
Randomized clinical trial.

Setting
This study was conducted in the emergency unit of a university hospital.

Subjects
Patients referred to the emergency room with renal colic.

Primary Outcome
Effect of intranasal desmopressin in pain relief in comparison with intravenous paracetamol.

Methods
In this trial, 240 patients diagnosed with renal colic were randomly divided into two groups to compare the analgesic effect of intravenous paracetamol (15 mg/kg) and intranasal desmopressin spray (40 μg). Pain scores were measured by a numeric rating scale at baseline and after 15, 30, and 60 minutes. Adverse effects and need for rescue analgesic (0.05 mg/kg max 3 mg morphine sulphate) were also recorded at the end of the study.

Results
Three hundred patients were eligible for the study; however, 240 were included in the final analysis. The patients in the two groups were similar in their baseline characteristics and baseline pain scores. The mean pain score after 15 minutes was more reduced and was clinically significant (&gt;3) in the desmopressin group (P &lt; 0.0001). There was no significant difference between mean pain scores in the two groups after 30 minutes (P = 0.350) or 60 minutes (P = 0.269), but the efficacy of the two drugs was significant in terms of pain reduction (&gt;6).

Conclusions
Our study showed that intranasal desmopressin is as effective as intravenous paracetamol for renal colic pain management; however, significant clinical reduction in pain score occurred faster with intranasal desmopressin.
Rethinking Production under Uncertainty
Authors: Cochrane John H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Conventional models of production under uncertainty specify that output is produced in fixed proportions across states of nature. I investigate a representation of technology that allows firms to transform output from one state to another. I allow the firm to choose the distribution of its random productivity from a convex set of such distributions described by a limit on a moment of productivity scaled by a natural productivity shock. The model produces a simple discount factor that is linked to productivity and that can be used to price a wide variety of assets, without regard to preferences.
Received November 26, 2019; editorial decision May 23, 2020 by Editor Jeffrey Pontiff. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
TOWARD NATIONAL CT DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVELS IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES: A MULTICENTER REVIEW OF CT DOSE INDEX AND DOSE LENGTH PRODUCT
Authors: Abuzaid Mohamed M , Elshami Wiam , El Serafi A , Hussien T , McConnell J R , Tekin H O 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This multicenter study evaluated computed tomography dose index volume (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) to contribute to establishing computed tomography (CT) national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Data from 240 patients, who underwent CT head, chest, abdomen–pelvis and urography examinations, were analyzed, including patient age, sex and weight, CTDIvol (mGy) and DLP (mGy cm). The proposed DRLs for each examination were calculated as the third quartile. DRLs are proposed using CTDIvol (mGy) and DLP (mGy cm) for CT head (67 and 1189, respectively), chest (8 and 302, respectively), abdomen–pelvis (28 and 1122, respectively) and urography (20 and 714, respectively). These values are comparable with the initial NDRLs and published international DRLs. Baseline values for International Radiology Center (IRC) CT DRLs were calculated on frequently performed CT examinations. Implementation of DRL values improves dose optimization based on procedures, scanner type and patient characteristics while maintaining acceptable image quality and diagnostic confidence.
The Impact of Anticholinergic Burden on Functional Capacity in Persons With Schizophrenia Across the Adult Life Span
Authors: Khan Waqas Ullah , Ghazala Zaid , Brooks Heather Jane , Subramaniam Ponnusamy , Mulsant Benoit H , Kumar Sanjeev , Voineskos Aristotle N , Blumberger Daniel M , Kern Robert S , Rajji Tarek K 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Anticholinergic burden (ACB) from medications impairs cognition in schizophrenia. Cognition is a predictor of functional capacity; however, little is known about ACB effect on functional capacity in this population. This study assesses the relationship between ACB and functional capacity across the life span in individuals with schizophrenia after controlling for ACB effect on cognition. A cross-sectional analysis was performed with data collected from 6 academic tertiary health centers. Two hundred and twenty-three community-dwelling participants with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were included in this study. Main variables were ACB, antipsychotic olanzapine equivalents, functional capacity, cognition, and negative symptoms. Simultaneous linear regression analyses were performed to assess the association between ACB, functional capacity, and cognition and then between ACB and cognition. A mediation analysis was then performed to examine whether cognition mediated ACB effect on functional capacity if there was an association between ACB and cognition. Mean age of participants was 49.0 years (SD = 13.1, range 19–79), and 63.7% of participants had severe ACB, ie, a total score of 3 or above. Regression analyses revealed that ACB, age, education, and cognition independently predicted functional capacity and that ACB predicted cognition among those aged 55 years and older. Mediation analysis showed that cognition did partially mediate the effect of ACB on functional capacity in this older cohort. In conclusion, people with schizophrenia are exposed to severe ACB that can have a direct negative impact on functional capacity after controlling for its impact on cognition. Reducing ACB could improve functional capacity and potentially real-world function in schizophrenia.
Structural Change, Capital Deepening, and TFP Growth in Japan: 1885–1970
Authors: FUKAO Kyoji , MAKINO Tatsuji , SETTSU Tokihiko 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAfter the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan modernized its institutions and economic growth gradually picked up. Growth accelerated especially during the so-called high-speed growth era from 1955 to 1970, when Japan rapidly caught up with Western economies. The long-term sustained high-speed growth recorded during this period was unprecedented, not only in Japan, but worldwide. Using newly constructed Hitotsubashi estimates of Japan’s historical gross domestic product (GDP) statistics and a growth accounting framework, we analyze the sources of Japan’s economic growth through a historical perspective covering the longer period than other studies and explore why Japan was not able to accomplish such high-speed growth from 1885 to 1955. Since the mid-1960s the primary sector accounted for a large share of economic activity, we use a two-sector model in which the economy overall is divided into the primary sector and the non-primary sector. Our results suggest that TFP growth and capital accumulation in the non-primary sector played a major role in achieving high-speed economic growth. From this perspective, the fact that the capital stock per worker did not grow substantially before World War II is one of the key reasons why Japan did not experience high-speed growth during this period.