bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Alkoxy and Alkyl Substitution on Nonfullerene Acceptors Enabling High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Yuzhong , Bai Fujin , Peng Zhengxing , Zhu Lei , Zhang Jianquan , Zou Xinhui , Qin Yunpeng , Kim Ha Kyung , Yuan Jun , Ma Lik‐Kuen , Zhang Jie , Yu Han , Chow Philip C. Y. , Huang Fei , Zou Yingping , Ade Harald , Liu Feng , Yan He 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a strategy of asymmetric alkyl and alkoxy substitution is applied to state‐of‐the‐art Y‐series nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs), and it achieves great performance in organic solar cell (OSC) devices. Since alkoxy groups can have a significant influence on the material properties of NFAs, alkoxy substitution is applied to the Y6 molecule in a symmetric manner. The resulting molecule (named Y6‐2O), despite showing improved open‐circuit voltage (Voc), yields extremely poor performance due to low solubility and excessive aggregation properties, a change that is due to the conformational locking effect of alkoxy groups. In contrast, asymmetric alkyl and alkoxy substitution on Y6, yields a molecule named Y6‐1O that can maintain the positive effect of Voc improvement and obtain reasonably good solubility. The resulting molecule Y6‐1O enables highly efficient nonfullerene OSCs with 17.6% efficiency and the asymmetric side‐chain strategy has the potential to be applied to other NFA‐material systems to further improve their performance.
Taking the sleep lab to the field: Biometric techniques for quantifying sleep and circadian rhythms in humans
Authors: Samson David R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesRemarkably, the specifics of sleep along the human lineage have been slow to emerge, which is surprising given our distinct mental and behavioral capacity and the importance of sleep for individual health and cognitive performance. Largely due to difficultly of measuring sleep outside a controlled, clinical, and laboratory study in ambulatory individuals, human biologists have yet to undergo a thorough examination of sleep in ecologically diverse settings. Here, I outline the procedures and methods for generating sleep data in a broader ecological context with the goal of facilitating the integration of sleep and circadian analyses into human biology research.MethodsI describe the steps involved in participant recruitment, screening by way of survey instruments, and sample collection. In addition to describing field use of the traditional (but invasive) equipment such as the gold‐standard application of electroencephalography (EEG), I demonstrate leading‐edge noninvasive techniques for biometric devices (ie, wrist‐worn actigraphy, ring worn arterial pulsometry) to generate sleep and circadian rhythms data.ResultsI outline best approaches to process and analyze data—including variables such as sleep duration, 24‐hour sleep time (ie, summation of night and day sleep), sleep efficiency, sleep fragmentation, and nonparametric circadian rhythms analysis to quantify circadian amplitude. Finally, I discuss comparative statistical methods that are optimized for the use of time‐series data.ConclusionsThis review serves as an introduction to the best practices for studying sleep‐wake patterns in humans—with the goal of standardizing tools for launching new human sleep biology research initiatives across the globe.
Heterozygous recurrent HNF4A variant p.Arg85Trp causes Fanconi renotubular syndrome 4 with maturity onset diabetes of the young, an autosomal dominant phenocopy of Fanconi Bickel syndrome with colobomas
Authors: Sheppard Sarah E. , Barrett Brett , Muraresku Colleen , McKnight Heather , De Leon Diva D. , Lord Katherine , Ganetzky Rebecca 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHeterozygous pathogenic variants in HNF4A cause hyperinsulinism, maturity onset diabetes of the young type 1, and more rarely Fanconi renotubular syndrome. Specifically, the recurrent missense pathogenic variant c.253C>T (p.Arg85Trp) has been associated with a syndromic form of hyperinsulinism with additional features of macrosomia, renal tubular nephropathy, hypophosphatemic rickets, and liver involvement. We present an affected mother, who had been previously diagnosed clinically with the autosomal recessive Fanconi Bickel Syndrome, and her affected son. The son's presentation expands the clinical phenotype to include multiple congenital anomalies, including penile chordee with hypospadias and coloboma. This specific pathogenic variant should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Fanconi Bickel Syndrome when genetics are negative or the family history is suggestive of autosomal dominant inheritance. The inclusion of hyperinsulinism and maturity onset of the diabetes of the young changes the management of this syndrome and the recurrence risk is distinct. Additionally, this family also emphasizes the importance of genetic confirmation of clinical diagnoses, especially in adults who grew up in the premolecular era that are now coming to childbearing age. Finally, the expansion of the phenotype to include multiple congenital anomalies suggests that the full spectrum of HNF4A is likely unknown.
Transition‐Metal‐Free C−H Silylation: An Emerging Strategy
Authors: Tyagi Aparna , Yadav Naveen , Khan Jabir , Singh Sanjay , Kumar Hazra Chinmoy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSilicon‐containing molecules are of great interest with widespread applications in several research areas such as polymer chemistry, materials science, medicinal chemistry, and complex molecule synthesis. Transition‐metal‐free C−H silylation is an essential process because this process is useful in fabricating carbon‐silicon bonds which can be further transformed into a number of other compounds. Since transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H bond silylation is a developed field, therefore this context only contains transition‐metal‐free pathways for transforming C−H bond to C−Si (Si=SiR3) bond. This review has been further categorized and subcategorized based on intermediates involved and catalysts used during this transformation. This synopsis summarizes recent developments in the area of silicon chemistry with a focus of innovative transition‐metal‐free catalytic silylation using different strategies such as free radical, base promoted, Brønsted acid, Lewis acid, and frustrated Lewis pair.
Molar crown formation times of fossil orangutan molars from Guangxi, China
Authors: Hu Rong , Zhao Lingxia 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesWe aimed to investigate molar enamel development in fossil orangutans from Guangxi and shed light on the evolution of Asian great apes.Materials and methodsWe collected 32 fossil orangutan molars, most of which were from Guangxi apothecaries and the Guangxi Daxin Heidong cave, and prepared histological sections of each molar. We then characterized aspects of dental development, including long period line periodicity, number of Retzius lines and lateral enamel formation time, cuspal enamel thickness, and enamel formation time.ResultsThe long period line periodicity in fossil orangutans ranged from 9 to 10 days (mean, 9.09 days). The molar lateral enamel formation time ranged from 1.48 to 3.17 years (540–1,152 days). Cuspal enamel thickness in fossil orangutan molars ranged from 949 to 2,535 μm, and cuspal enamel formation time ranged from 0.64 to 1.87 years. Molar enamel formation time of fossil orangutans ranged from 2.47 to 4.67 years.DiscussionLong‐period line periodicity of fossil orangutans from Guangxi was within the variation range of extant orangutans, and the average long period line periodicity (9.09 days) of fossil orangutans from Guangxi in this study was lower than the values for extant orangutans (9.5 days) and fossil orangutans (10.9 days) from Sumatra and Vietnam. Orangutan enamel thickness may have gradually decreased from the Middle Pleistocene to Holocene. Crown formation time of fossil orangutans was slightly longer than that of extant orangutans, and the M1 emergence age of fossil orangutans from Guangxi was about 4–6 years. These findings might indicate the regional difference or evolutionary changes in orangutans since Pleistocene. Dental development of the Guangxi fossil orangutans were more similar to that of Asian Miocene apes, suggesting the closer evolutionary relationship of orangutans to Miocene Asian fossil apes.
Comparative performance analysis of electrospun TiO2 embedded poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanocomposite membrane for supercapacitors
Authors: Arthi R. , Jaikumar V. , Muralidharan P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFor an efficient energy storage system, effective material is to be used. In the present work, novel poly(vinylidene fluoride)/titanium oxide (PVdF/TiO2) composite membranes were developed using electrospinning technique, as separator for supercapacitors. Different weight percentages of TiO2 nanoparticle (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were mixed with 20 wt% of PVdF in a 50:50 wt% of tetrahydrofuran and dimethylacetamide solvent. Various physical and electrochemical properties including fiber diameter, thermal stability, crystallinity, porosity, and electrolytic uptake were studied to identify the best membrane with optimum TiO2 wt% exhibiting superior characteristics. SEM and TGA studies revealed that the developed PVdF/TiO2 composite membrane with 10 wt% showed improved properties with a lower average diameter of about 66 ± 8 nm, enhanced thermal stability up to 513.15°C and higher porosity of 89%, respectively compared to other membranes. The crystallinity, ionic conductivity, and specific capacitance of the nonwoven separator membranes were determined using X‐ray diffraction technique, electrolytic uptake, and charge–discharge studies, respectively. The present study revealed that the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles improved the physical and thermochemical properties of the separator membrane substantially and PVdF/TiO2 composite membrane with 10 wt% displayed superior performance compared to other membranes.
Instructional Approaches: Anatomy Education of Physical Therapists
Authors: Simons Ashley C. , McHugh Kirk M. , Appling Susan , Harris Shannon L. , Burgoon Jennifer M. 
Published: November 2020

The profession of physical therapy has undergone an evolution since its inception. Since the early 1900s it has grown from a technical training program to a doctorate level degree. Human anatomy courses remain a requirement for physical therapist educational curricula. However, changes in anatomy pedagogy have been trending within health profession educational models, leading to questions regarding which method is best for student learning. The objective of this study was to determine if anatomy instructional method used within physical therapist educational curricula impacted current anatomy knowledge. Licensed physical therapists were recruited to complete a demographic survey and a questionnaire to demonstrate their knowledge of anatomy topics. Anatomy topics included six regional components: (1) upper limb; (2) lower limb; (3) thorax and abdomen; (4) pelvis; (5) spine; and (6) head. Each regional component contained five questions regarding systemic subsets related to joints and osteology, muscles, nervous system, vasculature, and special areas (e.g., spatial orientations, structures within spaces, pathways of nerves). Within the thorax and abdominal region, data analysis indicated that the dissection instruction method, when compared to no laboratory instruction, led to statistically significant greater anatomical knowledge (P = 0.02). Dissection also showed greater means when compared to the no laboratory method (P = 0.02) and the prosection method in the head region (P = 0.01). However, the variance explained by instructional method was small. This study adds empirical evidence regarding current anatomy knowledge exhibited by physical therapists as the level of anatomical knowledge exhibited small differences based on instructional methods.
Utilization of the Maternal and Child Health Handbook in Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: Hirota Tomoya , Bishop Somer , Adachi Masaki , Shui Amy , Takahashi Michio , Mori Hiroyuki , Nakamura Kazuhiko 
Published: November 2020

There is relatively little information about prospectively reported developmental milestones from caregivers of children who go on to be diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study examined rates of early skill attainment in 5‐year‐old children who participated in a comprehensive in‐person assessment for NDDs in Hirosaki in Japan. Developmental milestone data were extracted from their Maternal and Child Health Handbook (MCHH), a booklet distributed to all pregnant women as part of universal health care. Seven hundred and twenty children underwent the assessment, among whom 455 received one or more NDD diagnoses (ASD: n = 124, non‐ASD NDD: n = 331). Developmental skills were organized into four domains (motor, social interaction, communication, self‐help), and the cumulative number of potential delays in each domain was calculated for each participant within three different age ranges (by 12 months, by 24 months, and by 36 months). Even by age 12 months, children with ASD/NDDs showed more potential delays across domains compared to those who received no NDD diagnosis. However, differences between those with ASD and those with non‐ASD NDDs were not apparent until 24 months for social interaction and communication, and 36 months for self‐help. These findings provide insights into specific behaviors that could be used to screen for ASD and other NDDs. In addition, the present study indicates the potential utility of the MCHH as a broadband screening tool to educate parents about what to look for in charting their child's early development.Lay SummaryThe present study examined prospectively charted developmental milestones from home‐based records used as part of universal health care in 720 5‐year‐old children from Hirosaki, Japan. All children participated in a comprehensive evaluation to determine if they met criteria for a neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Compared to those who received no NDD diagnosis, children with NDDs exhibited higher rates of potential delays across developmental domains, including social interaction, communication, and self‐help. For some children, these delays were apparent before the age of 12 months. Differences between diagnostic groups became even more pronounced by 24 and 36 months, well before the average age of diagnosis. This suggests that home‐based records can be useful tools to educate caregivers about what to look for in charting their child's early development and could assist with early screening efforts.
Use of a Novel In Situ Hardening Biphasic Alloplastic Bone Grafting Material for Guided Bone Regeneration Around Dental Implants: A Prospective Case Series
Authors: Levin Liran , Clark‐Perry Danielle 
Published: November 2020

IntroductionThe novel bioresorbable polymer poly (lactide‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) coated biphasic calcium phosphate material (BCP) hardens into a stable and porous hard tissue scaffold when exposed to body fluids. The self‐containable, stable bone graft material might be beneficial for facilitating guided bone regeneration (GBR) around dental implants, especially for a defect with an absence of bony wall(s). The aim of this prospective case series is to evaluate the post‐surgical implant survival and success where the in situ hardening BCP was used for GBR around dental implants.Case SeriesTen patients received 13 implants with simultaneous bone augmentation. Dehiscence and/or fenestration type of bony defect was detected in nine surgical sites, and three surgical sites exhibited a suprabony defect. In nine out of the 13 implants, a membrane was used in conjunction with the bone grafting.Patients were evaluated at the day of the surgery as well as 2 weeks, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. All post‐surgical wounds were uneventfully healed. Radiographic bone levels showed stability over time with an average bone loss/remodeling of 0.19 ± 0.6 mm (range, −0.5‐1.5 mm) from implant placement to the last follow‐up at 12 months. All implants survived after 12 months.ConclusionsImplant placement with simultaneous bone grafting using the in situ hardening BCP, was shown to be a viable and safe procedure with stable clinical and radiographic results over the follow‐up period. Further long‐term studies are warranted, however, the combination of the ease of handling and the favorable results are promising.
Agronomic performance and phenolic profile of Tritordeum (x Tritordeum martinii A. Pujadas) lines
Authors: Montesano Vincenzo , Negro Donatella , De Lisi Antonino , Urbano Marcella , Sarli Giulio , Laghetti Gaetano 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground and objectivesTritordeum, a cereal obtained by crossing a durum wheat and a wild barley, has attracted interest for its suitability as a functional food crop, but the phenolic compounds present in the grain and the agronomic effect of crop year on levels of phenolics have yet to be elucidated. The objective of the present three‐year study was to analyze the agronomic aspects and phenolic acid content of five Tritordeum lines grown in Southern Italy.FindingsAgronomical results showed the good potential of this cereal that can be considered a promising species for this environment, highlighting that at present the Tritordeum JB1, HT444, and HT621 resulted in higher values than durum wheat for most of the grain parameters (harvest index, height of plant, test weight, 1,000‐kernel weight, and protein content) and phenolic content (gallic, p‐hydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, and gentisic). Despite until recent days limited information is available about the concentration and the composition of phenolic acids in Tritordeum, twelve phenolic acids were identified across the genotypes.ConclusionsTritordeum showed a relevant concentration of free phenolic acids and in particular HT621 contains the highest amounts of ferulic and sinapic acids. Moreover, cinnamic and gentisic acids have been reported in Tritordeum grain for the first time, being reported only in other cereals.Significance and noveltyTo our knowledge, no other studies have reported as complete a phenolic profile of the species. Tritordeum has good potential for the production of food products rich in phenolic compounds.
Characterization of adherent primary cell lines from fresh human glioblastoma tissue, defining glial fibrillary acidic protein as a reliable marker in establishment of glioblastoma cell culture
Authors: Grube Susanne , Freitag Diana , Kalff Rolf , Ewald Christian , Walter Jan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrimary adherent glioblastoma cell lines are an important tool in investigating cellular and molecular tumor biology, as well as treatment options for patients.AimThe phenotypical and immunocytochemical characterization of primary cell lines from glioblastoma specimens during establishment is of great importance, in order to reliably identify these cell lines as primary glioblastoma cell lines.Methods and ResultsSixteen primary adherent cell lines out of 34 glioblastoma samples (47%) were established and further characterized. For phenotypical characterization, morphology and growth characteristics of the cells were classified. The cell lines had a high growth rate with a doubling time of 2 to 14 days. Morphologically, the cells displayed spindle‐form or polygonal to amorphous shapes and grow as monolayer or in foci without evidence of contact inhibition. The cells were able to migrate and to form colonies. For further characterization, the protein expression of the astrocyte‐specific protein glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), the glial marker S100B, the neuronal marker TUBB3, and malignancy marker VIM, as well as the progenitor markers NES and SOX2, the proliferation marker MKI67, and the fibroblast marker TE7 were determined. Based on the immunocytochemical validation criterion of a coexpression of GFAP and S100B, 15 out of these 16 cell lines (94%) were defined as primary glioblastoma cell lines (pGCL). All 15 pGCL expressed TUBB3 and VIM. NES and SOX2 were stained positively in 13/15 and 6/15 pGCL. MKI67 was expressed in 11/15 and TE7 in 2/15 pGCL.ConclusionThese results point out that in self‐established primary adherent glioblastoma cell lines, the expression of the specific astrocytic and glial markers GFAP and S100B and of the malignancy and progenitor markers VIM, NES, and SOX2 has to be validated. These data show that primary cell lines of glioblastoma origin with high malignant potential are reliably to establish using standardized validation criteria.
Cloud apps to‐go: Cloud portability with TOSCA and MiCADO
Authors: DesLauriers James , Kiss Tamas , Ariyattu Resmi C. , Dang Hai‐Van , Ullah Amjad , Bowden James , Krefting Dagmar , Pierantoni Gabriele , Terstyanszky Gabor 
Published: November 2020

SummaryAs cloud adoption increases, so do the number of available cloud service providers. Moving complex applications between clouds can be beneficial—or other times necessary—but achieving this so‐called cloud portability is rarely straightforward. This article presents the adoption of OASIS TOSCA, a standard in the declarative description of cloud applications, to encourage and facilitate cloud portability in MiCADO, an application‐level multi‐cloud orchestration and auto‐scaling framework. The interface to MiCADO is an Application Description Template, which draws from the TOSCA specification to describe an application in MiCADO. The generic design of these templates is presented and their applicability for achieving portability between different container and cloud environments is analysed and evaluated. A proof‐of‐concept where MiCADO serves as the deployment and execution engine for a Science Gateway in Sleep Healthcare is then described. In this proof‐of‐concept, MiCADO facilitates the deployment of a complex healthcare application, which is then moved from one cloud service provider to another with only minimal changes to the template which originally described it. This TOSCA‐based approach to templates in MiCADO encourages movement between clouds by making cloud portability more approachable.
The impact of repeat fine‐needle aspiration in thyroid nodules categorized as atypia of undetermined significance or follicular lesion of undetermined significance: A single center experience
Authors: Marin Fernando , Murillo Raquel , Diego Cristina , Jodar Esteban , Acevedo Agustín 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundAtypia of undetermined significance (AUS) or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS) is the most controversial category of the Bethesda System. The present study was conducted to compare the histological findings in a series of thyroid nodules diagnosed with AUS/FLUS after single or repeat fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology.MethodsRetrospective analysis of our institution's series of 514 patients with an initial diagnosis of AUS/FLUS between 11/2011 and 02/2020.ResultsOf 4887 FNA samples, 11.8% were classified as AUS/FLUS. Of patients with an initial AUS/FLUS diagnosis, 11.5% (59/514) underwent surgery after a single FNA, 55.4% (285/514) had a repeat FNA, and 32.7% (168/514) were either observed or lost to follow‐up. Surgical pathology was available in 123 cases (23.9%), and malignancy was confirmed in 32.5% (40/123) cases, with similar rates in the single 32.2% (19/59) and repeat FNA 32.8% (21/64) groups. Repeat FNA reclassified 78.9% of the AUS/FLUS cases to a different category: 57.2% were reclassified as benign, 10.5% as follicular neoplasm, and 5.6% as suspicious for malignancy or malignant. The rates of nonneoplastic benign lesions were 52.5% (31/59) and 31.2% (20/64) in the single and repeat FNA groups, respectively (P = .018). The rates of follicular adenomas were higher when repeat FNA was performed (23/64, 35.9%) compared with a single FNA (9/59; 15.2%) (P = .013).ConclusionIn this series, a repeat FNA in cases of AUS/FLUS increased detection of follicular adenomas but not the detection of malignancy. Repeat FNA reduced the rate of benign nonneoplastic lesions by 40% in the surgical samples.