bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic surveillance ofEscherichia coliST131 identifies local expansion and serial replacement of subclones
Authors: Ludden Catherine , Decano Arun Gonzales , Jamrozy Dorota , Pickard Derek , Morris Dearbhaile , Parkhill Julian , Peacock Sharon J. , Cormican Martin , Downing Tim 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEscherichia colisequence type 131 (ST131) is a pandemic clone that is evolving rapidly with increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance. Here, we investigated an outbreak ofE. coliST131 producing extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in a long-term care facility (LTCF) in Ireland by combining data from this LTCF (n=69) with other Irish (n=35) and global (n=690) ST131 genomes to reconstruct the evolutionary history and understand changes in population structure and genome architecture over time. This required a combination of short and long-read genome sequencing,de novoassembly, read mapping, ESBL gene screening, plasmid alignment and temporal phylogenetics. We found that clade C was the most prevalent (686 out of 794 isolates, 86%) of the three major ST131 clades circulating worldwide (A, B, C), and was associated with the presence of different ESBL alleles, diverse plasmids and transposable elements. Clade C was estimated to have emerged in ∼1985 and subsequently acquired different ESBL gene variants (blaCTX-M-14vsblaCTX-M-15). An ISEcp1-mediated transposition of theblaCTX-M-15gene further increased the diversity within Clade C. We discovered a local clonal expansion of a rare C2 lineage (C2_8) with a chromosomal insertion ofblaCTX-M-15at themppAgene. This was acquired from an IncFIA plasmid. The C2_8 lineage clonally expanded in the Irish LTCF from 2006, displacing the existing C1 strain (C1_10) and highlighting the potential for novel ESBL-producing ST131 with a distinct genetic profile to cause outbreaks strongly associated with specific healthcare environments.ImportanceExtraintestinal pathogenicE. coli(ExPEC) ST131 is adapting in the context of antibiotic exposure, resulting in a pandemic with distinct genetic subtypes. Here, we track the evolution of antibiotic-resistance gene variants originally discovered in an ExPEC ST131 outbreak that was identified in a LTCF in Ireland. Analysis of 794 global ST131 genomes show that subclade C1 was associated with the initial infection outbreak, but that a new lineage from subclade C2 successfully displaced C1. This genetically distinct C2 subclade with a chromosomal insertion of a key antibiotic-resistance gene had clonally expanded within the LTCF. We provide new insights into the timing of genetic events driving the diversification of C2 subclades to show that that outbreak C2 strain likely evolved elsewhere before spreading to the LTCF. This study highlights the scope of antibiotic-resistance gene rearrangement within ST131, reinforcing the need to integrate genomic, epidemiological and microbiological approaches to understand ST131 transmission.
Nervous System and Tissue Polarity Dynamically Adapt to New Morphologies in Planaria
Authors: Bischof Johanna , Day Margot E. , Miller Kelsie A. , LaPalme Joshua , Levin Michael 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe coordination of tissue-level polarity with organism-level polarity is crucial in development, disease, and regeneration. Exploiting the flexibility of the body plan in regenerating planarians, we used mirror duplication of the primary axis to show how established tissue-level polarity adapts to new organism-level polarity. Tracking of cilia-driven flow to characterize planar cell polarity of the epithelium revealed a remarkable reorientation of tissue polarity in double-headed planarians. This reorientation is driven by signals produced by the intact brain and is not hampered by radiation-induced removal of stem cells. The nervous system itself adapts its polarity to match the new organismal anatomy in these animals as revealed by distinct regenerative outcomes driven by polarized nerve transport. Thus, signals from the central nervous system can dynamically control and re-orient tissue-level polarity to match the organism-level anatomical configuration, illustrating a novel role of the nervous system in the regulation of patterning.
Localized axolemma deformations suggest mechanoporation as axonal injury trigger
Authors: Montanino Annaclaudia , Saeedimasine Marzieh , Villa Alessandra , Kleiven Svein 
Published: October 2019

AbstractTraumatic brain injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With almost 50% of traumatic brain injuries being related to axonal damage, understanding the nature of cellular level impairment is crucial. Experimental observations have so far led to the formulation of conflicting theories regarding the cellular primary injury mechanism. Disruption of the axolemma, or alternatively cytoskeletal damage has been suggested mainly as injury trigger. However, mechanoporation thresholds of generic membranes seem not to overlap with the axonal injury deformation range and microtubules appear too stiff and too weakly connected to undergo mechanical breaking. Here, we aim to shed a light on the mechanism of primary axonal injury, bridging finite element and molecular dynamics simulations. Despite the necessary level of approximation, our models can accurately describe the mechanical behavior of the unmyelinated axon and its membrane. More importantly, they give access to quantities that would be inaccessible with an experimental approach. We show that in a typical injury scenario, the axonal cortex sustains deformations large enough to entail pore formation in the adjoining lipid bilayer. The observed axonal deformation of 10-12% agree well with the thresholds proposed in the literature for axonal injury and, above all, allow us to provide quantitative evidences that do not exclude pore formation in the membrane as a result of trauma. Our findings bring to an increased knowledge of axonal injury mechanism that will have positive implications for the prevention and treatment of brain injuries.
Solar turtle: searching for the game changer
Authors: Urban Boris , Maphalala Jabu 
Published: October 2019

Learning outcomes
The learning outcomes are that at the end of the case discussion, the students should be able to evaluate the drivers of social innovation in an African context; discuss social entrepreneurship as a process-driven set of activities; assess the organisation–environment–opportunity fit when innovating; analyse and resolve practical issues in developing simple and affordable social innovations; appreciate how social enterprises are mission-based businesses rather than charities; and evaluate how an organisation may achieve social objectives and remain sustainable.

Case overview/synopsis
SolarTurtle is an award-winning South African social enterprise that manufactures and supplies secure, mobile, solar power stations and kiosks to communities where the electricity grid does not reach. The company converts shipping containers into housings for solar panels to protect them from theft and extreme weather conditions. These units are called “PowerTurtles”. Through the franchise model, the company supplies PowerTurtles to off-grid institutions in rural areas. PowerTurtles are also sold to private sector enterprises and are scalable to suit the energy needs of customers. With the successful launch of the AutoTurtle in 2018 (which folds away the solar panels automatically, where the PowerTurtle requires them to be folded away manually), the company started to develop a new lightweight, fibreglass, solar kiosk with roof-mounted solar panels called the MiniTurtle, and a mobile trolley version known as the BabyTurtle. Now, in 2018, Van der Walt hopes to develop the business to the point where it can sustain itself.

Complexity academic level
Post-graduate students of entrepreneurship, public governance and social welfare.

Supplementary materials
Teaching notes are available upon request for educators only. These teaching notes should be shared solely with the instructor and students should not have access to. Please contact your library to gain login or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS 3: Entrepreneurship.
Accident at Vidyalaya School – an ethical dilemma
Authors: Moleyar Jayadeva Prasad 
Published: October 2019

Learning outcomes
This paper aims to sensitize learners to some of the ethical and public relation issues involved in decision-making with specific reference to the educational field.

Case overview/synopsis
This case brings out a dilemma faced by the school management of Vidyalaya School, Karnataka, India in responding to a notice issued by the State Government to pay a huge compensation and to re-absorb a teacher who was rendered physically challenged owing to an accident within the school premises. The case is set in the milieu of a self-financed, private education industry during the period 2013-2018. This is a case in “Strategy formulation” and “Ethical dilemma” involved in the field of education in India. A teacher was permanently injured and confined to a wheelchair in an attempt to rescue a child attempting to jump off the school building and end her life for having obtained low marks in a test paper. While the school management was initially sympathetic and paid her medical bills and full salary purely on humanitarian grounds, they discontinued this support-line after about two years. The teacher filed a complaint with the Disability Commission, a grievance redressal body of the Government of Karnataka, India. She demanded re-absorption into the job, payment of salary arrears and reimbursement of all the subsequent medical bills incurred abroad totaling Rs 15.5 million, which is unaffordable for a school of that size. The management is faced with a situation where they cannot accept such a huge financial liability as well as accept a wheelchair-bound teacher who would not be able to discharge her duties. The school was briefed by legal experts that there exists no law that specifies either compensation or re-absorption into the job in a situation like this. At the same time, to fight the case purely on legal grounds and deny her a decent livelihood would impact the image of the school as being inhuman to a lady who had actually tried to help the school in the name of humanity. The management is caught in a dilemma on the course of action they must take – to fight the case legally or to accept the demand on humanitarian grounds.

Complexity academic level
This paper is suitable for Undergraduate or Graduate students of Business Management.

Supplementary materials
Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.

Subject code
CSS 11: Strategy
Technical efficiency and its determinants in the Indonesian micro and small enterprises
Authors: Setiawan Maman , Effendi Nury , Heliati Ratni , Waskito Alfi Syahrin Ario 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the technical efficiency (TE) of micro and small enterprises (MSEs) and its determinants in the Indonesian manufacturing sector covering comprehensive subsectors.

Design/methodology/approach
This research uses the data from the micro and small industry survey sourced from the Indonesian Bureau of Central Statistics for the period 2010–2015. The TE is estimated using data envelopment analysis (DEA) with bootstrapping approach. The TE is also estimated at the firm-level survey data, classified at the five-digit level of the International Standard Industrial Classification system. In addition, a truncated regression model is applied to estimate the effects of the determinants on the TE.

Findings
This research finds that there is a low average TE of the MSEs for the subsectors investigated. It is also found that the TE is associated with firm size, location, export orientations on domestic and world markets, firm age, level of technology, and owner education.

Originality/value
The literature investigating the TE of the MSEs and its determinants is still rare in Indonesia. Most of the previous research limited the studies for specific subsectors and/or specific small regions. Therefore, this research has a contribution in measuring the TE of the MSEs for comprehensive subsectors as well as its relation with the determinants in the Indonesian manufacturing sector. Also, the DEA with bootstrapping approach is applied to estimate the TE of the firms based on each relevant subsector, which is rare in the previous research of the Indonesian MSEs.
Health care investments and economic performance in Portugal: an industry level analysis
Authors: Pereira Alfredo M. , Pereira Rui M. , Rodrigues Pedro G. 
Published: October 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this paper, on Portugal, is to determine the economic effects of public and private capital spending on health.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a vector autoregressive model to estimate the elasticities and marginal products of health care investments in Portugal on investment, employment and output.FindingsEvery €1m invested in health care yields significant positive spillover effects, boosting investment and GDP by €24.74 and €20.45m, respectively, creating 188 net jobs. Adversely, net exports deteriorate, as new capital goods are imported. While only 28.2 percent of the total accumulated increase in GDP occurs within a year, investment is front loaded with a corresponding 73.8 percent. Over this period, 68 workers are displaced for every €1m invested. At a disaggregated level, real estate, construction, and transportation and storage are industries where output shares increase the most. Employment shares increase the most in professional services, construction and basic metals.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper adds to the empirical literature, corroborating, for example, Rivera and Currais (1999a) and McDonald and Roberts (2002) in that health care spending can have a very significant effect on macroeconomic aggregates. In addition to the analysis of the tradable/non-tradable divide, it adds two further novelties by discussing industry-specific effects on economic performance and the distinction between effects on impact and those over the longer term.Practical implicationsAs policy implications, health investments have very significant long-term economic performance effects, but are unhelpful counter cyclically. Also, they will change the industry mix: construction and professional services are the non-traded industries that will benefit the most, while the traded industries of non-metallic minerals, basic metals, and machinery and equipment benefit much less.Social implicationsGiven that capital spending on health boosts economic performance, especially in the long run, it ought to be a part of Portugal’s medium-to-long-term growth strategy. Also, if these projects depress economic activity in the short run, and are thus unhelpful counter cyclically, the timing of when they are launched matters. Furthermore, following a health investment, policies that boost net exports will be required to ensure trade balance.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper is to estimate, in a dynamic framework, the aggregate and industry-specific elasticities and marginal products on investment, employment and output, allowing the identification of effects both on impact and over the long term. Although health care investments are expected to have important macroeconomic effects, they need not be evenly distributed across industries.
Does sustainability matter for reshoring strategies? A literature review
Authors: Fratocchi Luciano , Di Stefano Cristina 
Published: October 2019

Purpose
Production activities affect environmental and social pillars of firm’s sustainability. Therefore, decisions regarding where products are manufactured have a tremendous impact on a firm’s sustainability. However, until now, interdependencies among back-shoring decisions and sustainability issues have been rarely addressed. This paper aims to fill this research gap and develop avenues for future research.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper adopts an explorative approach based on a two-steps desk research strategy. In the first one, a structured literature review is implemented analysing 105 Scopus documents published up to August 2018. In the second step, empirical evidence of manufacturing back-shoring decisions coming from secondary sources is analysed and discussed.

Findings
The investigated research questions shed new light on the “how” back-shoring decisions are taken and implemented. The structured review and the empirical evidence show that environmental and social sustainability issues are increasingly assuming certain relevance for the academic debate and managerial decisions.

Research limitations/implications
The structured analysis of the selected literature and the empirical evidence sorted by the UnivAQ Manufacturing Reshoring Dataset clearly shows that neither scholars nor firms’ managers and entrepreneurs considered the environmental and social pillars of sustainability as the most relevant in terms of back-shoring drivers/motivation, outcome/benefit and/or barrier/enabler.

Practical implications
The paper suggests policymakers that sustainability-based legislations may influence – and support – the firm’s decision to backshore. At the same time, policymakers should carefully reflect on the role of market labour laws and ensure that relocations are not based on “informal subcontracting and informal employment”. At the same time, the paper suggest managers to adopt a “progressive” and/or a “selective” approach when implementing reshoring decisions based (also) on sustainability issues.

Originality/value
Even if other authors suggest that sustainability issues may be relevant for the reshoring decisions, this is the first attempt to define the base of knowledge on this topic and to suggest avenues for further research.
Population variation in density‐dependent growth, mortality and their trade‐off in a stream fish
Authors: Matte Jean‐Michel , Fraser Dylan J. , Grant James W. A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractImportant variation in the shape and strength of density‐dependent growth and mortality is observed across animal populations. Understanding this population variation is critical for predicting density‐dependent relationships in natural populations, but comparisons amongst studies are challenging as studies differ in methodologies and in local environmental conditions.Consequently, it is unclear whether: (a) the shape and strength of density‐dependent growth and mortality are population‐specific; (b) the potential trade‐off between density‐dependent growth and mortality differs amongst populations; and (c) environmental characteristics can be related to population differences in density‐dependent relationships.To elucidate these uncertainties, we manipulated the density (0.3–7 fish/) of young‐of‐the‐year brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) simultaneously in three neighbouring populations in a field experiment in Newfoundland, Canada. Within each population, our experiment included both spatial (three sites per stream) and temporal (three consecutive summers) replication.We detected temporally consistent population variation in the shape of density‐dependent growth (negative linear and negative logarithmic), but not for mortality (positive logarithmic). The strength of density‐dependent growth across populations was reduced in sections with a high percentage of boulder substrate, whereas density‐dependent mortality increased with increasing flow, water temperature and more acidic pH. Neighbouring populations exhibited different mortality‐growth trade‐offs: the ratio of mortality‐to‐growth increased linearly with increasing density at different rates across populations (up to 4‐fold differences), but also increased with increasing temperature.Our results are some of the first to demonstrate temporally consistent, population‐specific density‐dependent relationships and trade‐offs at small spatial scales that match the magnitude of interspecific variation observed across the globe. Furthermore, key environmental characteristics explain some of these differences in predictable ways. Such population differences merit further attention in models of density dependence and in science‐based management of animal populations.
The moment you decide, you divide: How politicians assess procedural fairness
Authors: ESAIASSON PETER , ÖHBERG PATRIK 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAre politicians more rational decision makers than citizens? This article contributes to the ongoing debate by examining how politicians and citizens assess the fairness of the process leading to a controversial policy decision. It contains theories as to why it is tempting to match the favourability of policy decision with a fairness assessment of the preceding process, and how politicians and citizens differ in their approach to the task. Having derived three hypotheses, parallel scenario experiments are run in large samples of Swedish politicians and citizens, in which the outcome and fairness of a policy decision process are manipulated. As predicted, it is found that both politicians and citizens match the favourability of the decision with the assessment of the process, that these self‐serving biases are stronger among politicians, and that policy engagement accounts for the group‐level difference.
Identification of Opioids and Related Substances using Handheld Raman Spectrometers
Authors: Lanzarotta Adam , Witkowski Mark , Batson JaCinta 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis study describes the performance of handheld Raman devices for detecting one hundred opioids and related substances including fentanyl and several analogs. Using a single “parent” device, signatures (spectra) with excellent signal‐to‐noise ratios were generated using <5 mg of most compounds. The signatures were added to a method (library), which was electronically transferred to three “daughter” devices. The devices were able to discriminate different salt forms and isomers. On average, the daughter devices yielded a true‐positive rate of 97.3% for generating an alarm for opioids and were 93.3% effective for correctly identifying the opioid. The devices yielded true‐negative, false‐positive and false‐negative rates of 100%, 0%, and 2.7%, respectively, where false negatives were due to weak signal and fluorescence. These data demonstrate that the parent‐daughter electronic transfer method was successful and effective, which permits the ability to develop methods in the laboratory that can be seamlessly pushed out to field devices.