bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human land uses reduce climate connectivity across North America
Authors: Parks Sean A. , Carroll Carlos , Dobrowski Solomon Z. , Allred Brady W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractClimate connectivity, the ability of a landscape to promote or hinder the movement of organisms in response to a changing climate, is contingent on multiple factors including the distance organisms need to move to track suitable climate over time (i.e. climate velocity) and the resistance they experience along such routes. An additional consideration which has received less attention is that human land uses increase resistance to movement or alter movement routes and thus influence climate connectivity. Here we evaluate the influence of human land uses on climate connectivity across North America by comparing two climate connectivity scenarios, one considering climate change in isolation and the other considering climate change and human land uses. In doing so, we introduce a novel metric of climate connectivity, ‘human exposure’, that quantifies the cumulative exposure to human activities that organisms may encounter as they shift their ranges in response to climate change. We also delineate potential movement routes and evaluate whether the protected area network supports movement corridors better than non‐protected lands. We found that when incorporating human land uses, climate connectivity decreased; climate velocity increased on average by 0.3 km/year and cumulative climatic resistance increased for ~83% of the continent. Moreover, ~96% of movement routes in North America must contend with human land uses to some degree. In the scenario that evaluated climate change in isolation, we found that protected areas do not support climate corridors at a higher rate than non‐protected lands across North America. However, variability is evident, as many ecoregions contain protected areas that exhibit both more and less representation of climate corridors compared to non‐protected lands. Overall, our study indicates that previous evaluations of climate connectivity underestimate climate change exposure because they do not account for human impacts.
Mapping the spectrum of psychological and behavioural responses to low‐dose CT lung cancer screening offered within a Lung Health Check
Authors: Kummer Sonja , Waller Jo , Ruparel Mamta , Cass Judith , Janes Samuel M. , Quaife Samantha L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundResearch on the psychological impact of low‐dose computed tomography (LDCT) lung cancer screening has typically been narrow in scope and restricted to the trial setting.ObjectiveTo explore the range of psychological and behavioural responses to LDCT screening offered as part of a Lung Heath Check (LHC), including lung cancer risk assessment, spirometry testing, a carbon monoxide reading and smoking cessation advice.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were carried out with 28 current and former smokers (aged 60‐75), who had undergone LDCT screening as part of a LHC appointment and mostly received an incidental or indeterminate result (n = 23). Framework analysis was used to map the spectrum of responses participants had across the LHC appointment and screening pathway, to their LDCT results and to surveillance.ResultsInterviewees reported a diverse range of both positive and negative psychological responses, beginning at invitation and spanning the entire LHC appointment (including spirometry) and LDCT screening pathway. Similarly, positive behavioural responses extended beyond smoking cessation to include anticipated implications for other cancer prevention and early detection behaviours, such as symptom presentation. Individual differences in responses appeared to be influenced by smoking status and LDCT result, as well as modifiable factors including perceived risk and health status, social support, competing priorities, fatalism and perceived stigma.ConclusionsThe diverse ways in which participants responded to screening, both psychologically and behaviourally, should direct a broader research agenda to ensure all stages of screening delivery and communication are designed to promote well‐being, motivate positive behaviour change and maximize patient benefit.
Use of bibliometric analysis of Greek hospital personnel publications
Authors: Pylarinou Stamatoula , Kapidakis Sarantos 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this paper, Stamatoula Pylarinou with her supervisor Prof. Sarantos Kapidakis reports on an analysis of bibliographic data of the publications of Greek hospital personnel, conducted as part of Stamatoula’s doctoral research in the Department of Archive, Library and Museum Sciences at the Ionian University in Corfu, Greece. Using freely available data, they demonstrate the questions posed and the insights gained from the analysis of the scientific publications of personnel of public hospitals in Greece, in particular amid the years of austerity in Greece. With regard to impact on practice, they suggest that these procedures for the processing of medline/PubMed bibliographic data can improve communication among hospital librarians and administration or patients, adding value to their duties and enhancing the information and services they can provide. F.J.
Promotion of wound healing by acetate in murine colonic epithelial cell via c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase activation
Authors: Nakano Takahiro , Uchiyama Kazuhiko , Ushiroda Chihiro , Kashiwagi Saori , Toyokawa Yuki , Mizushima Katsura , Inoue Ken , Dohi Osamu , Okayama Tetsuya , Yoshida Naohisa , Katada Kazuhiro , Kamada Kazuhiro , Handa Osamu , Ishikawa Takeshi , Takagi Tomohisa , Konishi Hideyuki , Naito Yuji , Itoh Yoshito 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackground and AimMucosal healing is an important clinical goal in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Recently, short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have been reported to have multifaceted effects to host. However, the effects of SCFAs on wound healing in intestinal epithelial cells are unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of acetate, one of the major SCFAs, on the wound healing of murine colonic epithelial cells.MethodsYoung adult mouse colonic epithelial cells were used to determine the effect of acetate using wound healing assay. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase and Rho kinase inhibitor were used to elucidate intracellular signal of wound healing treated with acetate. Meanwhile, Rho activation assays were utilized to measure Rho activation levels. To assess in vivo effects, C57B6 mice with dextran sodium sulfate for 7 days were treated with enema administration of acetate for 7 days. Body weight, disease activity index, colon length, and mucosal break ratio in histology were examined.ResultsAcetate enhanced wound healing and fluorescence intensity of actin stress fiber compared with control. These effects were canceled with pretreatment of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor or Rho kinase inhibitor. Furthermore, JNK inhibitor reduced the activation of Rho induced by acetate. In the dextran sodium sulfate‐induced colitis model, the mice with enema treatment of acetate significantly exhibited recovery.ConclusionsIn this study, we demonstrated that acetate promoted murine colonic epithelial cell wound healing via activation of JNK and Rho signaling pathways. These findings suggested that acetate could have applications as a therapeutic agent for patients with intestinal mucosal damage, such as inflammatory bowel disease.
Treatment and outcomes of ureter injuries due to ovariohysterectomy complications in cats and dogs
Authors: Plater B. L. , Lipscomb V. J. 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivesTo describe the presentation, treatment and outcome of unilateral and bilateral ureter injuries resulting from ovariohysterectomy complications in cats and dogs.Materials and MethodsRetrospective case series of cats and dogs with ureteric injuries resulting from an ovariohysterectomy complication. Patient signalment, history, presenting clinical signs, clinical pathology, imaging, diagnosis, treatment and outcome were obtained from the medical records and telephone contact with the owners.ResultsFourteen female cats and five female dogs were included. Eleven (58%) exhibited clinical signs immediately after recovery from ovariohysterectomy, six (32%) had a median onset of clinical signs of 3 days (range 1 to 16 days), and two (10%) were referred immediately because of a known complication during surgery. Five of seven animals with bilateral ureter injury presented with anuria. Three animals died or were euthanased without definitive surgery. Surgical repair included ureteroneocystostomy (eight cats, one dog), ureteronephrectomy (four cats, two dogs), subcutaneous ureteral bypass placement (three cats) and ureteral stent (one cat). Of the 16 operated animals, seven (44%) that were discharged from the hospital experienced major complications requiring one or more additional surgeries. Overall outcome was excellent in 13 (68%), good in one (5%), fair in one (5%) and poor in four (22%) animals.Clinical SignificanceA key indicator of a ureteric injury is an animal failing to recover normally or becoming unwell shortly after ovariohysterectomy. Anuria is likely in animals with bilateral ureter injury. Excellent outcomes are possible following surgical treatment.
Short‐term kinetics of rRNA degradation in Escherichia coli upon starvation for carbon, amino acid or phosphate
Authors: Fessler Mathias , Gummesson Bertil , Charbon Godefroid , Svenningsen Sine Lo , Sørensen Michael A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRibosomes are absolutely essential for growth but are, moreover, energetically costly to produce. Therefore, it is important to adjust the cellular ribosome levels according to the environmental conditions in order to obtain the highest possible growth rate while avoiding energy wastage on excess ribosome biosynthesis. Here we show, by three different methods, that the ribosomal RNA content of Escherichia coli is downregulated within minutes of the removal of an essential nutrient from the growth medium, or after transcription initiation is inhibited. The kinetics of the ribosomal RNA reduction vary depending on which nutrient the cells are starved for. The number of ribosomes per OD unit of cells is roughly halved after 80 min of starvation for isoleucine or phosphate, while the ribosome reduction is less extensive when the cells are starved for glucose. Collectively, the results presented here support the simple model proposed previously, which identifies the inactive ribosomal subunits as the substrates for degradation, since the most substantial rRNA degradation is observed under the starvation conditions that most directly affect the protein synthesis.
A link between mitochondrial gene expression and life stage morphologies in Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Ramirez‐Barrios Roger , Susa Emily K. , Smoniewski Clara M. , Faacks Sean P. , Liggett Charles K. , Zimmer Sara L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi has a complicated dual‐host life cycle, and starvation can trigger transition from the replicating insect stage to the mammalian‐infectious nonreplicating insect stage (epimastigote to trypomastigote differentiation). Abundance of some mature RNAs derived from its mitochondrial genome increase during culture starvation of T. cruzi for unknown reasons. Here, we examine T. cruzi mitochondrial gene expression in the mammalian intracellular replicating life stage (amastigote), and uncover implications of starvation‐induced changes in gene expression. Mitochondrial RNA levels in general were found to be lowest in actively replicating amastigotes. We discovered that mitochondrial respiration decreases during starvation in insect stage cells, despite the previously observed increases in mitochondrial mRNAs encoding electron transport chain (ETC) components. Surprisingly, T. cruzi epimastigotes in replete medium grow at normal rates when we genetically compromised their ability to perform insertion/deletion editing and thereby generate mature forms of some mitochondrial mRNAs. However, these cells, when starved, were impeded in the epimastigote to trypomastigote transition. Further, they experience a short‐flagella phenotype that may also be linked to differentiation. We hypothesize a scenario where levels of mature RNA species or editing in the single T. cruzi mitochondrion are linked to differentiation by a yet‐unknown signaling mechanism.
The constitution of space in intensive care: Power, knowledge and the othering of people experiencing mental illness
Authors: Corfee Flora , Cox Leonie , Windsor Carol 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA sociological conceptualisation of space moves beyond the material to the relational, to consider space as a social process. This paper draws on research that explored the reproduction of legitimated knowledge and power structures in intensive care units during encounters, between patients, who were experiencing mental illness, and their nurses. Semi‐structured telephone interviews with 17 intensive care nurses from eight Australian intensive care units were conducted in 2017. Data were analysed through iterative cycling between participants' responses, the literature and the theoretical framework. The material and relational aspects of space in this context constitute a dynamic process that is concerned with the reproduction of everyday life, the preservation of the biomedical authority of intensive care, and the social othering of people experiencing mental illness. The work of theorists such as Löw, Harvey and Foucault underpins the exploration of space as a multi‐dimensional, malleable social process that both produces and is the product of social interaction and the social world. In this paper, we argue that the performative work of knowledge and power production and reproduction, considered here in relation to intensive care spaces, enables ongoing othering and disenfranchisement of people experiencing mental illness.
Comparison of Total Hip Arthroplasty after Two Types of Failed Hip Preserving Procedures with Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Zuo Wei , Ma Jin‐hui , Cui Wei , Guo Wan‐shou , Sun Wei 
Published: January 2020

ObjectivePorous tantalum implantation (PTI) and bone impaction grafting (BIG) through a window at the femoral head neck junction are known as two types of joint‐preserving procedures. They provide an alternative option in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head by providing strong structural support to the subchondral plate. However, when earlier joint‐preserving treatments fail, conversion to a total hip arthroplasty seems to be the final treatment of choice. This emphasizes the importance of joint‐preserving procedures that do not hinder the clinical results of a subsequent total hip arthroplasty. The results of conversion total hip arthroplasty after failed PTI and BIG are still controversial. The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of total hip arthroplasty after failed PTI or BIG surgery with primary total hip arthroplasty.MethodsPatients at our institution between 2010 and 2014 who underwent total hip arthroplasty after failed PTI or BIG surgery compared to primary total hip arthroplasty were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 27 patients (30 hips) who underwent total hip arthroplasty after failed PTI surgery (group I) were matched according to age, gender and BMI index with 28 patients (30 hips) who underwent total hip arthroplasty after failed BIG surgery (group II) and 30 patients (30 hips) who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty (group III). The clinical results included preoperative and postoperative Harris Hip score, surgery duration, blood loss volume and clinical complications. Radiological follow‐up results included abduction angle and anteversion angle of the acetabular cup, periprosthetic osteolysis, and prosthesis subsidence.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the preoperative and postoperative Harris Hip score among the three groups at the latest follow‐up (P = 0.247). The surgery duration was longer and intra‐operative blood loss volume was higher in group I than in group II and group III (P < 0.05, respectively). There was no difference in surgery duration and blood loss volume between group II and group III (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in radiological follow‐up results among the three groups (P > 0.05). Varying degrees of residual tantalum debris were seen on postoperative radiographs of all group I patients. There was no difference in the incidence of complications among the three groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionsPTI group had higher blood loss volume and surgery duration than BIG group and primary total hip arthroplasty group. BIG group had no significant differences with primary total hip arthroplasty group in clinical and radiological follow‐up results. There were no significant differences between the three groups in the Harris Hip score and radiological follow‐up results.
Knowledge, reasoning, and deliberation
Authors: Kim Brian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEpistemologists have become increasingly interested in the practical role of knowledge. One prominent principle, which I call PREMISE, states that if you know that p, then you are justified in using p as a premise in your reasoning. In response, a number of critics have proposed a variety of counter‐examples. In order to evaluate these problem cases, we need to consider the broader context in which this principle is situated by specifying in greater detail the types of activity that the principle governs. I argue that if PREMISE is interpreted as governing deductive reasoning, then the examples lose their force. In addition, I consider the cases, discussed by Keith DeRose, where the subject is in more than one practical context at the same time. In order to account for these latter cases, we need to further specify the scope of PREMISE. I distinguish two ways of understanding PREMISE, as a knowledge‐action principle and as a knowledge‐deliberation principle. I conclude by arguing for the knowledge‐deliberation version of the principle and by exploring what this principle says about the practical role of knowledge.
Race Differences in Motivations for Joining Unions: The Role of Prosocial Beliefs
Authors: Gumber Clayton , Padavic Irene 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveThis article investigates whether a prosocial orientation—which stresses unions’ concern for all working people—might differentially influence whites’ and African Americans’ decisions to join unions.MethodsLogistic regression using data from the 2005 AFL‐CIO Union Message Survey.ResultsAfrican Americans’ odds of voting “yes” in a hypothetical union election are nearly two times greater than whites’ odds, and prosocial beliefs partially mediate this effect.ConclusionA model of unionism that seeks political goals beyond narrow workplace ones (i.e., that capitalizes on the prosocial orientation documented here) may increase unions’ success in attracting African‐American members, thereby improving African Americans' labor market experience and revitalizing the labor movement.
Use of pre‐ART laboratory screening to identify renal, hepatic and haematological abnormalities in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Minchella P. A. , Adjé‐Touré C. , Zhang G. , Tehe A. , Hedje J. , Rottinghaus E. R. , Natacha K. , Diallo K. , Ouedraogo G. L. , Nkengasong J. N. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundHigh demand for HIV‐services and extensive clinical guidelines force health systems in low‐resource settings to dedicate resources to service delivery at the expense of other priorities. Simplifying services may reduce the burden on health systems and pre‐antiretroviral therapy (ART) laboratory screening is among the services under consideration for simplification.MethodsWe assessed the frequencies of conditions linked to ART toxicities among 34,994 adult, ART‐naïve patients with specimens referred to the RETRO‐CI laboratory in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire between 1998 and 2017. Screening included tests for serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and haemoglobin (Hb) to identify renal dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 50 mL/min), hepatic abnormalities (ALT > 5× upper limit of normal) and severe anaemia (Hb < 6.5 g/dL), respectively. We considered screening results across four eras and identified factors associated with the conditions in question.ResultsThe prevalence of renal dysfunction, hepatic abnormalities and severe anaemia were largely unchanged over time and just 8.4% of patients had any of the three conditions. Key factors associated with renal dysfunction and severe anaemia were age > 50 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.53; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.19–2.92; P < 0.001) and CD4 < 100 cells/µl (aOR: 2.57; 95% CI: 2.30–2.88; P < 0.001).ConclusionThe relative infrequency of conditions linked to toxicity in Côte d’Ivoire supports the notion that simplification of pre‐ART laboratory screening may be undertaken with limited negative impact on identification of adverse events. Targeted screening may be a feasible strategy to balance detection of conditions associated with ART toxicities with simplification of services.
On the Geometry of Stiffness and Compliance Under Concatenation
Authors: Kim Charles J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Eigentwists and eigenwrenches capture the stationary stiffness behavior of compliant mechanisms and can be related to a mechanism’s primary kinematic behavior. The nature of concatenation of multiple mechanism building blocks is not well understood. In this paper, we consider the mechanics of concatenation and develop design rules that capture the geometric nature of concatenation in terms of eigenwrenches and eigentwists. The rules are illustrated through mechanisms from the literature and an example design problem. The design rules have potential to provide intelligent guidance for systematic building block synthesis of compliant mechanisms.
Topology Optimization of Rigid-Body Systems Considering Collision Avoidance
Authors: Stöckli Fritz , Shea Kristina 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Passive dynamic mechanisms can perform simple robotic tasks without requiring actuators and control. In previous research, a computational design method was introduced that integrates dynamic simulation to evaluate and evolve configurations of such mechanisms. It was shown to find multiple solutions of passive dynamic brachiating robots (Stöckli and Shea, 2017, “Automated Synthesis of Passive Dynamic Brachiating Robots Using a Simulation-Driven Graph Grammar Method,” J. Mech. Des. 139(9), p. 092301). However, these solutions are limited, since bodies are modeled only by their inertia properties and thus lack a shape embodiment. This paper presents a method to generate rigid-body topologies based on given inertia properties. The rule-based topology optimization method presented guarantees that the topology is manifold, meaning that it has no disconnected parts, while still connecting all joints that need to be part of the body. Furthermore, collisions with the environment, as well as with other bodies, during their predefined motion trajectories are avoided. A collision matrix enables efficient collision detection as well as the calculation of the swept area of one body in the design space of another body by only one matrix–vector multiplication. The presented collision avoidance method proves to be computationally efficient and can be adopted for other topology optimization problems. The method is shown to solve different tasks, including a reference problem as well as passive dynamic brachiating mechanisms. Combining the presented methods with the simulation-driven method from Stöckli and Shea (2017, “Automated Synthesis of Passive Dynamic Brachiating Robots Using a Simulation-Driven Graph Grammar Method,” J. Mech. Des. 139(9), p. 092301), the computational design-to-fabrication of passive dynamic systems is now possible and solutions are provided as STL files ready to be 3D-printed directly.