bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Am I Discriminated Against? Explaining Immigrants’ Perceived Discrimination by First Name and Ethnic Origin
Authors: Amit Karin , Dolberg Pnina 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This research examined the perception of being treated unfairly, perceived discrimination, among immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and Ethiopia, and the factors underlying these perceptions. It addressed a prominent discrimination determinant that can serve as an identity marker—the first name that immigrants use in everyday encounters, as well as the immigrant’s country of origin. Data were obtained from an online survey completed by 1170 FSU and Ethiopian immigrants who had immigrated to Israel. The findings indicate that the perceived experience of discrimination and the perception of being treated as the “other” (otherness) were greater among the immigrants from Ethiopia than those from FSU. No main effect of the first name used by the immigrants on their perceived discrimination was found, but there was an interaction effect between group of origin and first name on perceived discrimination. The otherness perception of the Ethiopian immigrants was higher than that of the immigrants from the FSU, regardless of whether they used an Israeli or ethnic first name. However, the group difference was more pronounced among those who used an Israeli first name compared to those who used an ethnic one. The implications of the findings are discussed in light of race and ethnic issues.
Persons and their Digital Replicas
Authors: Karpus Jurgis , Strasser Anna 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Creating a legacy is often seen as a way to circumvent mortality. At the very least, it is a way to ensure that someone’s ideas live on and their influence on others extends beyond their own lifetime. Common examples of such legacies are cultural products, such as books, music, or art, that one creates and leaves behind. In light of rapid advances in artificial intelligence research, it is conceivable that it will soon become possible – and, to some extent, it already is – to create a new type of legacy in the form of a virtual entity, such as a chatbot or an avatar, that acts as a digital replica of someone. In this paper, we investigate in what sense, if any, one could say that the original person continues to exist in their digital replica. Taking Derek Parfit’s work on the nature of personal identity as our inspiration and starting point, we suggest under what circumstances one could (and should) perceive such replicas as genuine extensions of one's personhood.
Trajectory controllability of higher-order fractional neutral stochastic system with non-instantaneous impulses via state-dependent delay with numerical simulation followed by hearth wall degradation process
Authors: Kasinathan Dhanalakshmi , Chalishajar Dimplekumar , Kasinathan Ravikumar , Kasinathan Ramkumar , Karthikeyan S. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Nowadays, engineers and biochemical industries have benefited greatly from controllability analysis and its computational methods. In this paper, the strongest notion of controllability called trajectory controllability (TC) of higher-order fractional neutral stochastic integrodifferential systems (FNSIDEs) with non-instantaneous impulsive (NI) via state-dependent delay is studied. The existence and uniqueness of solutions are proved in the infinite-dimensional space by using Mönch-type fixed-point theorem with the Hausdroff measure of noncompactness without compactness assumption on the semigroup. Further, the control problem is considered to establish TC results for FNSIDEs with NII. Then after, a fractional neutral stochastic model is discussed in the example section which is extended by the numerical simulation and the optimization technique supported by the Nelder-Mead method is used to identify the control that makes the state equations track a certain control. Finally, the remaining usable life, which can be described by either the probability density function or the point estimate of the mathematical expectation under certain specific stochastic assumptions, is typically defined and a case study on certain hearth wall degradation processes to validate the proposed method in practice.
Advances in Anion Chemistry in the Electrolyte Design for Better Lithium Batteries
Authors: Xiao Hecong , Li Xiang , Fu Yongzhu 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Electrolytes are crucial components in electrochemical energy storage devices, sparking considerable research interest. However, the significance of anions in the electrolytes is often underestimated. In fact, the anions have significant impacts on the performance and stability of lithium batteries. Therefore, comprehensively understanding anion chemistry in electrolytes is of crucial importance. Herein, in-depth comprehension of anion chemistry and its positive effects on the interface, solvation structure of Li-ions, as well as the electrochemical performance of the batteries have been emphasized and summarized. This review aims to present a full scope of anion chemistry and furnish systematic cognition for the rational design of advanced electrolytes for better lithium batteries with high energy density, lifespan, and safety. Furthermore, insightful analysis and perspectives based on the current research are proposed. We hope that this review sheds light on new perspectives on understanding anion chemistry in electrolytes.
Effect of Al2O3/SiO2 Ratio on Structure and Properties of Mold Flux for High-Al Steel Continuous Casting
Authors: Wang Q. , Zhang J. , Ostrovski O. , Zhang C. , Cai D. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The conventional CaO–SiO2-based mold fluxes are not suitable for high-Al steel casting because of the strong reaction between silica in the flux and aluminum in the steel strand. In the process of casting of high-Al steel, flux composition changes, with the decrease of the silica concentration and increase of alumina. Knowledge and understanding of the effect of the Al2O3/SiO2 ratio on flux structure and properties are useful for flux design for the high-Al steel continuous casting. This paper investigated the effect of the Al2O3/SiO2 ratio in the range from 0.7 to 10.8 on structure, viscosity, and heat transfer of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–B2O3–Na2O–Li2O–MgO–F fluxes. It was found that flux melting temperature increased with the increase in Al2O3/SiO2 ratio. Viscosity of the flux melts increased significantly with the increase of the Al2O3/SiO2 ratio from 0.7 to 1.2, reaching the maximum value, and then decreased with further increase of the Al2O3/SiO2 ratio. Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed that the change of the Al2O3/SiO2 ratio led to the change of aluminate and silicate structural units. The turning point for viscosity was attributed to the change in the degree of flux polymerization which was governed by the amphoteric nature of Al2O3. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that increasing Al2O3/SiO2 ratio increased crystallization tendency of the fluxes. Heat transfer measurement by infrared emitter technique (IET) revealed that increasing Al2O3/SiO2 ratio led to the decrease in heat flux which is correlated well with the increased crystallinity of the flux. The results suggested that the fluxes with Al2O3/SiO2 ratio 2.1–4.3 are the best candidates among the studied CaO–Al2O3-based mold fluxes for casting of high-Al steel.

Graphical Abstract
The Role of FeO/SiO2 Ratio in Valorizing Iron Silicate Slags as Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Authors: Andersson Anton , Isaksson Jenny , Lennartsson Andreas , Roos Åke , Engström Fredrik 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Pyrometallurgical copper production is associated with high slag rates, typically ranging from 2.2 to 3.0 tons of slag per ton produced copper. Therefore, slag valorization is necessary to maintain a resource-efficient operation. An attractive application for these iron silicate slags is as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), which effectively lowers the CO2 emissions per ton of concrete. Although utilizing iron silicate slags as SCMs has been studied in previous work, the scientific literature has limited data on the isolated effect of composition on the inherent reactivity in cementitious systems. In particular, no reports on the impact of the FeO/SiO2 ratio have been presented in previous publications. Therefore, the present study aimed to isolate this parameter in a synthetic FeO–SiO2–Al2O3–CaO–MgO–Cr2O3 system. Since the amorphous content is a pertinent parameter for SCMs, a hot-stage confocal laser scanning microscope was utilized to assess the crystallization behavior at continuous cooling conditions. Furthermore, high-temperature rheological experiments were conducted to measure the viscosities of the slags in relation to the crystallization behavior. The experiments highlighted that depolymerizing the slag by increasing the FeO/SiO2 ratio poses increased demands on the cooling rate to avoid crystallization, which was consistent with the rheological data on the impact of temperature on structural changes in the slags. Furthermore, Rapid Reliable Relevant (R3) isothermal calorimeter experiments, assessing the inherent reactivity as an SCM, showed that increasing FeO/SiO2 ratios improves early reactivity at the expense of seven-day reactivity, i.e., a balance between the degree of polymerization and contribution of silicon to the reactions.

Graphical Abstract
Optimal pricing strategies and social welfare of a diabetic pharmaceutical supply chain under supply disruption risk
Authors: Vafaeinejad Mahyar , Taleizadeh Ata Allah , Bhattacharya Arijit , Vafaeinejad Kamyar 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Diabetes is a serious public health threat. Therefore, the need for the supply and dispensing of diabetic drugs cannot be neglected. This study explores the impacts of supply disruption risks on pricing strategies for two diabetic drugs under three power structures, i.e., supplier–Stackelberg (SS), drugstore–Stackelberg (DRS), and centralized setting (CS), in an attempt to track the optimum strategies. We show how changes in procurement costs and disruption likelihood alter the balance between consumer surplus, profit, and overall social welfare within the pharmaceutical supply chain. CS will be preferred in scenarios in which centralized control over procurement and distribution is highly valuable, particularly in the presence of high procurement costs and supply disruptions, such as those that occur with specialized medications such as insulin analogs and biologics. In addition, in scenarios of low to moderate procurement costs, especially for generic drugs, the DRS strategy dominates CS in the advocacy of social welfare since drugstores can buy at competitive prices. Overall, DRS and CS consistently outperform SS in terms of consumer surplus. However, SS becomes more effective in scenarios where supply disruptions occur and procurement costs drop to zero, such as when governments subsidize drugs during emergencies.
C4C recent developments: carbonaceous-supported catalysts for CO2 conversion into cyclic carbonates
Authors: Johari Suzaimi , Abbo Hanna , Titinchi Salam , Johan Mohd Rafie , Khaligh Nader Ghaffari 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The conversion of CO2 into value-added chemicals and fuels is one of the potential approaches to deal with the environmental issues caused by the increasing carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. CO2 can be transformed into a variety of valuable products, including but not limited to carbon monoxide, cyclic carbonates, formic acid, methanol, methane, ethanol, acetic acid, propanol, light olefins, aromatics, and gasoline through thermal catalysis, electrocatalysis, and photo(electro)catalysis. In the ongoing search for new CO2 catalytic conversions, the utilization of carbon-based materials as catalyst supports demonstrates improvement in catalytic performance. This is because of the unique features of carbonaceous supports, such as tunable porous structure, high specific surface area, good thermal and chemical stability, and excellent thermal conductivity. Though there are other strategies for CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals, including cycloaddition, methanation, hydrogenation, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis, the thermal catalytic conversion of CO2 into five-membered cyclic carbonates has garnered significant attention for its potential to address environmental concerns and reduce reliance on fossil fuels; however, it faces considerable challenges due to the high thermodynamic stability of CO2. To address these issues, this review particularly presents the recent advancements in chemical fixation of CO2 into five-membered cyclic carbonate using carbonaceous-supported catalytic systems viz. graphitic carbon nitride, graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofiber, porous activated carbon, and carbon sphere, that provide advantages such as tunable porous structures, high specific surface areas, and excellent thermal and chemical stability. Furthermore, carbon materials can be easily modified by introducing defects or heteroatoms to enhance their catalytic performance. This review provides information on current research, development trends, and the necessary path to expedite the current technological CO2 conversion technologies in terms of catalytic materials, and the various experimental conditions employed in these reactions. The important role of molecular and process modeling in implementing these technologies at a commercial scale is also highlighted. The review aims to provide the current advancements in CO2 conversion and demonstrate the potential of carbonaceous-supported catalysts to improve the efficiency of cyclic carbonate production, thereby contributing to more sustainable chemical processes.

Graphical Abstract
Bolzano’s Aesthetic Cognitivism
Authors: TUNA EMINE HANDE 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT
This article examines Bolzano’s aesthetic cognitivism. It argues that, while reminiscent of German rationalist aesthetics and hence potentially appearing rigid and outdated, Bolzano’s version of cognitivism is, in fact, highly innovative and more flexible than the cognitivism championed by the rationalists. He imports from the rationalists the idea that aesthetic appreciation and creation are rule-governed, yet does not construe rule-following and engaging in free aesthetic activities as mutually exclusive. Furthermore, thanks to his nuanced treatment of the interaction between aesthetic values and other types of values, Bolzano’s aesthetic cognitivism presents a fresh alternative to contemporary versions of aesthetic cognitivism.
Public Perceptions of the Fairness of Black and White Judges in Racialized and Non-Racialized Cases
Authors: Means Taneisha , Unah Isaac 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Black legal theorists often believe White Americans see Black judges as incapable of deciding racial issues fairly. Using a survey experiment, we examine this by studying perceptions of Black and White judges’ fairness through racial threat and group consciousness. Results show race consistently influences Black Americans’ evaluations of judges, with Black respondents viewing Black judges as fairer on racial issues. For White respondents, race only affects their views of judges in the context of racial resentment, otherwise playing no significant role. These results highlight the complex interplay of race in judicial evaluations.
Doctors in Japanese prisoner-of-war camps in Taiwan in the Second World War and their personal accounts of captivity
Authors: Venables Katherine M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Taiwan became a Japanese colony in 1895 and in the Second World War was geographically central in Japan’s wartime possessions and strategically important, with military airfields, ports, and a copper mine. Its sixteen prisoner-of-war camps included four labour camps. Taiwan was also the first place to which senior officers and colonial officials were dispersed after the Allied surrenders in Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia and the Philippines. Forty-five doctors from the British, Australian, Dutch and American forces were identified who spent at least part of their captivity on Taiwan. This article uses their personal accounts, official documents and secondary sources to describe them and their work. Although the oldest had experience in the First World War and some had practised in the region, others were young, recently-qualified generalists. Most were transferred between several camps, with one consequence that few contemporaneous medical records survive. Doctors shared the risks and hardships of all prisoners: they lost weight and had the same nutritional disorders, infections and infestations as their patients. Two died. They became significant, scrutinised figures in the camps. Their patients valued their work and understood that they lacked resources for fully effective medical practice.
The Global Legislators Database: Characteristics of National Legislators in the World’s Democracies
Authors: Carnes Nicholas , Ferrer Joshua , Golden Miriam , Lillywhite Esme , Lupu Noam , Nazrullaeva Eugenia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This article describes the Global Legislators Database, a new cross-national dataset on the characteristics – party affiliation, gender, age, education, and occupational background – of nearly 20,000 national parliamentarians in the world’s democracies. The database includes 97 electoral democracies with comprehensive information on legislators who held office in each country’s lower or unicameral chamber during one legislative session in 2015, 2016, or 2017. The GLD is the largest individual-level biographical and demographic database on national legislators ever assembled, with a wide range of potential applications. In this article, we provide multiple types of validity checks of the GLD to document the integrity of the data. We also preview three potential applications of the dataset and note other possible uses for this one-of-a-kind resource for studying representation in the world’s democracies.
No escaping Ukraine? Just war and the morality of external conscription
Authors: Nili Shmuel 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Commonsense morality suggests that an unjustly invaded democracy may conscript its own citizens and bar them from emigrating when such a policy is necessary to sustain resistance to the invader. What does this assumption regarding ‘internal conscription’ entail for ‘external conscription’ – for foreign countries who might close their borders to many citizens of the invaded democracy, to push them to fight? Could it have been morally appropriate for Ukraine’s neighbours, for instance, to close their borders to (many) Ukrainians at the onset of the Russian assault on Kyiv, with the aim of sustaining Ukraine’s resistance to Putin’s invasion? I take up such questions by examining the seeming discrepancy between internal and external conscription. I argue that, notwithstanding its surface appeal, a categorical divide between the two kinds of conscription is unwarranted. At the level of fundamental moral principles, the two stand and fall together.
Fitness and mating compatibility of Rachiplusia nu strains exposed to soybean expressing Cry1Ac in Argentina
Authors: Manzano Carolina , Vera M. Alejandro , Casmuz Augusto S. , Albarracin Erica Luft , Gastaminza Gerardo , Murúa María Gabriela 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a significant agricultural pest in South America infesting several crops, including soybeans. Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt) soybean, expressing Cry1Ac protein, is widely planted as a control method for numerous lepidopteran pests. However, insect resistance to Bt proteins poses a threat to its sustainability. Recent field reports from Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil have documented unexpected injury to Bt soybean caused by R. nu populations, which may indicate the development of resistance to Cry1Ac in this species. This study aimed to evaluate the biological performance, reproductive parameters, and reproductive compatibility of two R. nu strains, one susceptible (SS) and the other exhibiting reduced susceptibility to Bt toxin (RR), when reared on Bt and non-Bt soybean. Reproductive compatibility between strains was investigated through parental and hybrid crosses, evaluating fecundity, fertility, and mating success. SS larvae fed with Bt soybean failed to complete their life cycle, whereas RR larvae exhibited higher survival rates. Egg and larval stages of RR larvae were longer when reared on Bt soybean. Pupal mass was lower for Bt-fed resistant strain, although this did not reflect on fecundity and longevity. Results on parental crosses revealed that Bt-fed RR strain displayed reduced mating success, fecundity, and fertility, compared to the non-Bt treatment. Hybrid crosses showed evidence for prezygotic and postzygotic incompatibility. These results suggest a shift in susceptibility of R. nu to Cry1Ac protein and highlight the importance of implementing robust insect resistance management strategies to maintain the effectiveness of Bt crops.
Steinernema keralense n. sp., a new entomopathogenic nematode (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) from India
Authors: Anes K.M. , Patil J. , Babu M. , Aarthi N. , Gotyal B.S. , Josephrajkumar A. , Mhatre P.H. , Sajan J.V. , Gowda M.T. , Půža V. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this study, morphological and molecular features were used to identify a new Steinernema sp. from Kerala, India. Morphological and molecular features provide evidence for placing the new species into the longicaudum clade. The new species is characterized by the following morphological features: infective juveniles with a body length of 1067 μm (914–1268 μm); a distance from the anterior end to excretory pore of 82 μm (73–92 μm); a distance from anterior end to nerve ring of 105 μm (91–118 μm). The distinguishing feature of the infective juveniles of S. keralense n. sp. is the presence of seven ridges in the mid-body region, while all other species classified within the logicaudum clade to date are characterized by eight ridges. The first-generation males are characterised by 25 genital papillae, very short spicules, with a length of 68 μm (60–72 μm), and the SW% ratio is 136 (114–169). The new species is further characterized by sequences of the internal transcribed spacer and partial 28S regions of the ribosomal DNA. Phylogenetic analyses show that S. keralense n. sp. is closely related to species within the longicaudum clade.