bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term effects of youth unemployment on alcohol‐related morbidity
Authors: Thern Emelie , Ramstedt Mats , Svensson Johan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimTo test if exposure to unemployment in young adulthood is associated with an increased risk of later alcohol‐related morbidity.DesignA nation‐wide register‐linked longitudinal population‐based study.SettingSweden.ParticipantsA total of 16 490 individuals born between 1967 and 1978, who had participated in the Labour Force Survey between the ages of 16–24 years during 1990–95.MeasurementInformation on the outcome of alcohol‐related morbidity was obtained from the National Hospital Discharge Register. The Swedish index of alcohol‐related in‐patient care was used to define the outcome. Information on sex, age and country of birth, as well as parents’ level of education, socio‐economic status and alcohol‐related health problems, were also obtained. Average follow‐up time was 22 years. Cox regression analysis was used to obtain hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).FindingsCompared with full‐time students, individuals who experienced short‐ and long‐term unemployment spells at a young age were at an increased risk of later alcohol‐related morbidity; < 3 months (HR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.35–3.09), 3–6 months (HR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.29–3.75) and > 6 months (HR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.06–3.71) of unemployment, after adjusting for several important individual and family level covariates.ConclusionIn Sweden, a nation‐wide register‐based study with a 22‐year follow‐up suggests that being unemployed in young adulthood is associated with an increased risk of alcohol‐related morbidity later in life.
Gross morphological features of the air sacs of the hooded crow (Corvus cornix)
Authors: El‐Sayed Ahmed K. , Hassan Said 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAir sacs are considered to be one of the controlling factors of bird behaviour and habits in addition to their roles in ventilation, regulating body temperature, swimming and flight. As a scavenger and an omnivorous flight bird, air sacs of the hooded crow were the focus of this study. Eight healthy, adult hooded crows were used to examine the morphological characteristics of the air sacs, which were examined grossly and with latex and cast preparations. In general, the morphological overview of the hooded crow air sacs is similar to other avian species. We observed nine air sacs; four paired sacs (cervical, cranial thoracic, caudal thoracic and abdominal air sacs) and one unpaired sac; the clavicular air sac. The cervical air sac communicated to the lung through the medioventral bronchus and had three diverticula; intermuscular, subscapular and subcutaneous. The clavicular air sac communicated with lung through the medioventral bronchus and had subscapular, axillary, humeral, subpectoral and sternal diverticula. The cranial and caudal thoracic air sacs were communicated with lung through the lateroventral bronchi and the both sacs did not have any diverticula. The abdominal air sacs were posterior to the caudal thoracic air sacs. The left abdominal sac was the largest air sac. The right and left abdominal sacs gave off branches to diverticula that pneumatized synsacrum. The abdominal air sacs gave off femoral diverticula behind the hip joint as well as perirenal diverticula.
No seasonal influence on cognitive performance in a national sample of older adults in New Zealand
Authors: Barak Yoram , Leitch Sharon , Gale Chris , Glue Paul 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesA recent North American study reported seasonal differences in cognitive functioning in older adults. We assessed seasonality of cognitive functioning in a large data set of older adults in New Zealand.MethodsThe International Residential Assessment Instrument‐Home Care (interRAI‐HC) data set was analysed using a non‐parametric method for testing seasonal distribution of cognitive and depression scale scores.ResultsParticipants were 73 285 New Zealanders 65 years and older who completed their first interRAI‐HC assessment (mean age, 81.4 years; 57% female). We analysed this sample cross‐tabulating season (summer, autumn, winter and spring) and the Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS) score (Kruskal‐Wallis test, P = 0.45). Month‐by‐month CPS scores also demonstrated no variation (Spearman's test, P = 0.96). There was no association between season of assessment and the Depression Rating Scale score, ruling out variability in affect impacting on cognitive performance (Kruskal‐Wallis test, P = 0.99).ConclusionOur findings, limited to the Southern Hemisphere, demonstrate a lack of seasonality in cognitive performance and impairment in older adults.
Staff perceptions of caring for people exhibiting behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in residential aged care: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Roe Jessica , Coulson Suzanne , Ockerby Cherene , Hutchinson Alison M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the attitudes of direct care staff in residential aged care when interacting with, and responding to, residents exhibiting behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD).MethodsCross‐sectional survey (n = 70).ResultsParticipants favoured a person‐centred approach to their management of residents with BPSD and were aware of the causes of BPSD. There were significant differences between personal care workers’ (PCWs) and enrolled nurses’ (ENs) perceptions of the impact of interpersonal relationships and the physical environment on aggressive behaviours, and between registered nurses and both PCWs and ENs regarding the use of medications for aggressive behaviour and a medical approach to care.ConclusionsThe attitudes of participants reflected an awareness of BPSD and its causes. Participants recognised the benefits of a person‐centred paradigm, but more education directed towards ENs and PCWs regarding appropriate administration and potential risks of psychotropic medication for BPSD may be beneficial.
Borderline anaemia and postoperative outcome in women undergoing major abdominal surgery: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Miles L. F. , Larsen T. , Bailey M. J. , Burbury K. L. , Story D. A. , Bellomo R. 
Published: October 2019

SummaryPre‐operative anaemia is typically diagnosed with a haemoglobin concentration < 120 g.l−1 for women and < 130 g.l−1 for men on the basis of limited evidence. This retrospective cohort study stratified women undergoing elective, major abdominal surgery based on pre‐operative haemoglobin concentration: anaemic (< 120 g.l−1); borderline anaemic (120–129 g.l−1); and non‐anaemic (> 130 g.l−1). Data from 1554 women were analysed. Women with borderline anaemia had a greater incidence of postoperative complications (55 (16%) vs. 110 (11%); p = 0.026), longer duration of hospital stay (median (IQR [range]) 3 (1–6 [0–69]) days vs. 2 (1–5 [0–80]) days; p = 0.017) and fewer days alive and out of hospital at postoperative day 30 (median (IQR [range]) 27 (23–29 [0–30]) vs. 28 (25–29 [0–30]) days; p = 0.017) compared with non‐anaemic women. However, after matched cohort analysis, these outcome differences no longer remained statistically significant. After multivariable adjustment for procedure, Charlson comorbidity index and patient age, a negative relationship between logarithmic pre‐operative haemoglobin concentration and duration of stay was found (parameter estimate (standard error) −0.006 (0.003) vs. 0.003 (0.003) for a haemoglobin concentration < 130 g.l−1 vs. > 130 g.l−1, respectively; p = 0.03); the difference in duration of stay was approximately 50% greater for women with a haemoglobin concentration of 120 g.l−1 compared with those with a haemoglobin concentration of 130 g.l−1. Although the contribution of borderline anaemia to the incidence of postoperative complications is uncertain, the current diagnostic criteria should be re‐assessed.
Immediate skin‐to‐skin contact is feasible for very preterm infants but thermal control remains a challenge
Authors: Linnér Agnes , Klemming Stina , Sundberg Bo , Lilliesköld Siri , Westrup Björn , Jonas Wibke , Skiöld Béatrice 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimCurrent care of very preterm infants in an incubator implies separation of the mother‐infant dyad. The aim of this study was to determine whether skin‐to‐skin contact (SSC) between parent and very preterm infant from birth and during the first postnatal hour is feasible.MethodsInfants born in 2014‐16 in Stockholm at gestational age 28 + 0‐33 + 6 weeks were randomised to care provided in SSC with a parent or on a resuscitaire and later in an incubator or bed during the first postnatal hour. Infant body temperature was measured on admission to the neonatal unit and at one postnatal hour. Data on respiratory support and breastfeeding were prospectively collected.ResultsWe studied 55 infants at 32 + 0 ± 1.4 weeks (range 28 + 2‐33 + 6), with birthweight 1760 g ± 449 g (range 885‐2822). 60% were boys. Mean body temperature in the SSC group was 0.3°C lower 1 hour after birth, 36.3°C ± 0.52 (range 34.4‐37.2) vs 36.6°C ± 0.42 (range 36.0‐37.4, P = .03). No differences between groups were seen in respiratory support or breastfeeding.ConclusionStabilisation of very preterm infants can be performed while in SSC with a parent, but caution needs to be paid to maintain normothermia.
Direct comparison of the specialised blood fibrosis tests FibroMeterV2G and Enhanced Liver Fibrosis score in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease from tertiary care centres
Authors: Guillaume Maeva , Moal Valerie , Delabaudiere Cyrielle , Zuberbuhler Floraine , Robic Marie‐Angèle , Lannes Adrien , Metivier Sophie , Oberti Frederic , Gourdy Pierre , Fouchard‐Hubert Isabelle , Selves Janick , Michalak Sophie , Peron Jean‐Marie , Cales Paul , Bureau Christophe , Boursier Jerome 
Published: October 2019

SummaryBackgroundThe Enhanced Liver Fibrosis score (ELF) and the FibroMeterV2G are two specialized blood fibrosis tests which include direct markers of liver fibrosis. They have been shown to be more accurate than the simple blood fibrosis tests FIB4 and the non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) fibrosis score (NFS).AimsTo directly compare the accuracies of ELF and FibroMeterV2G for the non‐invasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis in NAFLD.MethodsFour hundred and seventeen patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD were enrolled from two tertiary care centres. Four blood fibrosis tests were calculated: ELF, FibroMeterV2G, NFS, and FIB4. Advanced fibrosis F3/4 on liver biopsy (NASH CRN scoring) was the primary endpoint.ResultsAreas under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve for advanced fibrosis were not significantly different between the direct markers of liver fibrosis (hyaluronate, PIIINP, TIMP‐1, alpha2‐macroglobulin) and the simple blood fibrosis tests NFS and FIB4. ELF (0.793 ± 0.022) and FibroMeterV2G (0.804 ± 0.021) had significantly higher AUROC than NFS (0.722 ± 0.025, P < .010) and FIB4 (0.739 ± 0.024, P < .020). AUROC for advanced fibrosis and Obuchowski index were not significantly different between ELF and FibroMeterV2G. Algorithms using first ELF or FibroMeterV2G and then liver biopsy in case of undetermined diagnosis provided high diagnostic accuracy for advanced fibrosis: 90% sensitivity, 90% specificity, 93% negative predictive value, 85% positive predictive value, and 90% correct classification. In these algorithms, the rate of liver biopsy was 45.3% with ELF versus 39.3% with FibroMeterV2G (P = .065).ConclusionsELF and FibroMeterV2G have equal accuracy and perform better than the simple FIB4 and NFS tests for the non‐invasive diagnosis of advanced liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD from tertiary care centres.
Social Psychological Explanations of Political Inaction: Citizens’ Perspectives in Brazil, Hungary, and the Netherlands
Authors: van Bezouw M. J. , Závecz G. , Penna C. , Rijken A. J. , Klandermans P. G. , Uluğ Ö. M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractEngaging in political action can ensure adequate political representation for citizens. Except for voting, however, only a nonrepresentative, small group of people regularly engages in political action. Social psychological theories provide individual, group, and system‐level explanations for why people could remain inactive. However, they often focus only on personally held attitudes and do not fully consider the dynamics of attitude formation in interactions. Based on 26 focus group discussions conducted in Brazil, Hungary, and the Netherlands, we explored how citizens explain political inaction. We used latent thematic analysis, informed by social psychological theories, to understand how people form opinions about their own and others’ political inaction. In all three countries, the prevalent norm in the focus group discussions was that political inaction should be reduced but a lack of political efficacy constituted a core theme in explaining why people remain politically inactive. Depending on the sociopolitical context and how people self‐categorized within the discussions, people blamed unresponsive governments, or cited personal fears of repercussions and cultural differences within and between countries as reasons for inaction. The findings and interpretations are discussed within a framework that extends and integrates previous perspectives on why people remain politically inactive.
Using the therapy and enhancement distinction in law and policy
Authors: McGee Andrew 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn a first major study, the UK’s Royal Society found that 76% of people in the UK are in favour of therapeutic germline genomic editing to correct genetic diseases in human embryos, but found there was little appetite for germline genomic editing for non‐therapeutic purposes. Assuming the UK and other governments acted on these findings, can lawmakers and policymakers coherently regulate the use of biomedical innovations by permitting their use for therapeutic purposes but prohibiting their use for enhancement purposes? This paper examines the very common claim in the enhancement literature that the therapy v enhancement distinction does little meaningful work in helping us think through the ethical issues, a claim that has significant implications for these lawmakers and policymakers who may wish to regulate genomic editing techniques to reflect the findings of this important study. The focus of this paper is on germline genomic editing as one of the main themes in this special issue.
Drawing the line on in vitro gametogenesis
Authors: Notini Lauren , Gyngell Christopher , Savulescu Julian 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn vitro gametogenesis (IVG) might offer numerous research and clinical benefits. Some potential clinical applications of IVG, such as allowing opposite‐sex couples experiencing infertility to have genetically related children, have attracted support. Others, such as enabling same‐sex reproduction and solo reproduction, have attracted significantly more criticism. In this paper, we examine how different ethical principles might help us to draw lines and distinguish between ethically desirable and undesirable uses of IVG. We discuss the alleged distinction between therapeutic and non‐therapeutic uses of assisted reproduction in the context of IVG, and show how it is both problematic to apply in practice and theoretically dubious. We then discuss how the ethical principles of reproductive justice and beneficence apply to IVG for opposite‐sex reproduction, same‐sex reproduction, and solo reproduction. We suggest that these principles generate strong reasons for the use of IVG for opposite‐sex and same‐sex reproduction, but not for solo reproduction.
From simulations to real: Investigating young students’ learning and transfer from simulations to real tasks
Authors: Falloon Garry 
Published: October 2019

AbstractResearch has explored the use of simulations for education and training, and attention is turning to how they might support learning in school subjects such as mathematics and science. However, existing studies have mostly concentrated on older students, and if simulations help build knowledge useful for solving problems within the simulation, rather than possible transfer beyond the simulation. This paper reports on a study investigating 5 year olds' learning transfer from simulations introducing simple circuit procedures and concepts, to equipment‐based tasks. The study explored for evidence of learning transfer, using an analytical framework that aligned transfer strategy indicators with cognitive process dimensions, to identify transfer events and understand the thinking skills students applied during them. Findings supported the learning value of simulations, indicating young students transferred procedural knowledge to the equipment tasks, with some also demonstrating basic conceptual transfer. They also suggested transfer tasks can provide opportunities to exercise higher order thinking, through activating processes including reflection, evaluation, analysis and abstraction. Such capabilities are highly valued, and central to school achievement and development of learner independence and self‐direction.
Practitioner NotesWhat is already known about this topic

Simulations can develop knowledge useful for solving problems within the simulation.
Simulations can be effective for learning mathematics and science procedures.
Between‐simulation transfer engages higher order processing.
What this paper adds

Evidence of young students' procedural learning transfer, from simulations to real tasks.
Some evidence of young students' naïve conceptual transfer, from simulations to real tasks.
Evidence of the value of transfer tasks for higher order thinking development.
Implications for practice and/or policy

Transfer tasks provide opportunities for young students to exercise higher order thinking and problem solving.
Teachers should consider transfer tasks for extending procedural learning to real tasks.
Teachers are important for scaffolding young students' concept formation during transfer tasks, to ensure accurate knowledge development.
Simulations can be effective for developing transferrable procedural knowledge, but conceptual transfer should not be assumed.
Bleeding signs due to acquired von Willebrand syndrome at diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukaemia in children
Authors: Knöfler Ralf , Lange Björn S. , Paul Franziska , Tiebel Oliver , Suttorp Meinolf 
Published: October 2019

SummaryA considerable proportion of patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) may present at diagnosis with high platelet counts. This may result in thrombosis or bleeding complications due to binding of von Willebrand factor (VWF) multimers to platelets. Paediatric CML is very rare and no systematic investigation on clinical complications of elevated platelets has been reported. Data on platelet count and associated haemostaseological complications were retrospectively analysed in a cohort of 156 children with CML. Fifty‐one percent (81/156) patients presented with thrombocytosis (platelet count> 500 × 109/l), and were extreme (>1 000 × 109/l) in 23/156 (16%). There were no cases of thrombosis but mild bleeding signs were present in 12% (n = 9) children with thrombocytosis. Bleeding occurred without correlation to elevated platelet counts and was associated with reduced large VWF multimers, indicating a diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS), which resolved after initiation of CML treatment. Patients with paediatric CML frequently exhibit high platelet counts not resulting in thrombosis. In patients with thrombocytosis mild bleeding signs due to a low percentage of large VWF multimers can be demonstrated. AVWS may be underdiagnosed in paediatric CML (Clinical‐Trials.gov NCT00445822, 9 March 2007).
‘Three is better than two’: Increasing donations with the attraction effect
Authors: Pittarello Andrea , Caserotti Marta , Rubaltelli Enrico 
Published: October 2019

Five experiments (Ntotal = 2,503) tested the attraction effect and its boundary conditions in the context of helping behaviour. Participants could choose one donation appeal in a set of either two or three alternatives. The three alternatives set included a decoy – an alternative that resembled but was clearly inferior to a target (i.e., the most beneficial) alternative. A clear and consistent pattern emerged: Participants chose the target alternative more frequently and perceived it as more beneficial (and somewhat less costly) when the decoy was present compared to when it was absent. This finding was robust when the attribute ratings of the alternatives were unclear, when the target alternative offered a bundle of unrelated products, and when participants could refrain from donating altogether, or contribute any amount they wished. Our findings offer concrete and simple strategies that charities can implement at zero cost to increase giving and the perceived benefits that people’s good deed bring about to those in need.
Self‐concept and facial appearance of individuals with an intellectual disability: A scoping review
Authors: Chien Tiffany , Sterkenburg Paula S. , Prahl Charlotte , Anderson Nina , Bos Annemieke 
Published: October 2019

Accessible Summary

This paper looks at how self‐concept is related to facial appearance.
Very little information can be found on how persons with intellectual disabilities think and feel about their own facial appearance.
In this review 19 articles on subject of self‐concept in people with intellectual disabilities were included.
Results show that self‐concept of individuals with intellectual disabilities is affected by the relationships they have (positively and negatively).
The perceptions of caregivers, peers and their awareness of stigma effects self‐concept.
How facial appearance affects the self‐concept of persons with intellectual disabilities remains unclear and should be a focus of research in future.

AbstractBackgroundThe mental health and well‐being of individuals can be positively affected by improving facial appearance through orthodontic treatment. However, research is limited on the relationship between facial appearance and self‐concept of individuals with intellectual disabilities.Materials and methodsThis scoping review includes 19 articles and is aimed to examine the self‐concept of individuals with intellectual disabilities and determine how the self‐concept might be impacted by facial appearance. Furthermore, this review is exploratory in the way that an attempt was made to extract constructs that contribute to the self‐concept of persons with intellectual disabilities.ResultsUnfortunately, no articles were found on how individuals with intellectual disabilities think about their own facial appearance. However, the articles on self‐concept in persons with intellectual disabilities do mention some interesting facts: social comparisons lead to social stigma that can contribute negatively to the self‐concept of individuals with intellectual disabilities. Also, the ability to communicate and express oneself can contribute to one's self‐esteem. Furthermore, parents/caregivers often influence the concept of oneself. Moreover, an individual's relationship with their social environment defines their self‐concept.ConclusionIt is currently unknown how individuals with intellectual disabilities view their own facial appearance and whether their self‐concept is influenced by their appearance. Questionnaires which address attitudes on facial appearance could provide a deeper understanding of the self‐concept of individuals with intellectual disabilities and possibly make way for orthodontic treatment. However, caution is needed concerning changing the physical appearance of persons with intellectual disabilities. One should also battle stigma by encouraging the social inclusion of persons with intellectual disability.