bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Difficulty and complexity in dealing with visual pollution in historical cities: The historical city of Ibb, Yemen as a case study
Authors: Alwah A A Q , Li W , Alwah M A Q , Drmoush A A K , Shahrah S , Tran D T , Xi L B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The historical cities in the third world suffer from many environmental problems; one of them is the spread of visual pollution manifestations. These phenomena increase with low levels of public awareness and low per capita income. Despite the historical and cultural importance of the Old City of Ibb, the manifestations of visual pollution are increasing day after day. This study aimed at identifying the difficulty and complexity of dealing with visual pollutions manifestations in the historical city of Ibb and to provide appropriate solutions that are suitable for the complex and contradictory circumstances. The study relies on an inductive approach to achieve its aims through two methods; the first is a visual survey of the visual pollution phenomenon, based on images and observations. The second method is the analyses of the opinions and impressions of three parties related and interested in the phenomenon, namely residents and visitors of the city, competent authorities’ officials, and some specialists in the field of the urban environment. The study presents an analysis of the phenomenon of visual distortion of the historical city of Ibb in terms of its appearances and causes. Furthermore, this study provides appropriate solutions, which are suitable for complex and contradictory circumstances. These solutions focused on the methods to stop the spread of visual distortions, and the ways of addressing the current visual pollutions.
Empirical study on carbon emission measurement and influencing factors of urban traffic based on “Population-Economy-Environment”
Authors: Liu Chunmei , Wang Xiaohua , Lai Fengbo , Huang Yujuan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Economic growth, urban expansion, traffic dependence, and urban lifestyle have caused a large amount of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in cities. The issue of urban greenhouse gas emissions has become a global focus and a research hotspot. This paper analysed the causality of driving factors and identified the key elements such as urban population, economy, energy and motor vehicles through system dynamics (SD) and econometric model. Then, it conducted empirical analysis and explored the impact of factors on urban transportation carbon emissions taking Beijing as an example. The research results showed that in addition to energy consumption, other factors were positively correlated with traffic carbon emissions. It believed that in order to control urban traffic carbon emissions, we must control the urban population, economy and the number of vehicles rationally. With the optimization of energy structure, the structural adjustment of traffic energy consumption is conducive to energy conservation and emission reduction in the transportation industry, and the decoupling of the total energy consumption of traffic and the carbon emissions from transportation.
Oxide Growth Behaviour of Fe-Ni-Cr Alloy at High Temperature Oxidation
Authors: Parimin Noraziana , Hamzah Esah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The isothermal oxidation test has been investigated on two types of Fe-Ni-Cr alloy, namely Fe-33Ni-19Cr and Fe-40Ni-24Cr alloys. Both alloys were undergoing an isothermal oxidation test at temperature of 500? for 500 hours exposure time. The weight change per surface area of the oxidized samples has been recorded to calculate the oxidation kinetics of both alloys. The oxide growth behaviour of oxidized samples has been examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometer. The oxide phase formed on the sample surface has been analyzed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The results show that both alloys were followed a parabolic rate law, indicating a diffusion-controlled oxide growth mechanism. In addition, the oxidation kinetics indicating an increasing weight gain trend as the exposure time increase. Several oxide phases had formed on the oxidized surface of both alloys, consists of Cr-rich, Ti-rich, Fe-rich and spinel oxide structure. The surface morphology of both alloys demonstrated a continuous oxide scale formed on the alloy surface. Additionally, Fe-33Ni-19Cr alloy recorded a formation of Ti-rich oxide, whereas, Fe-40Ni-24Cr alloy displayed a formation of overgrown Nb-rich oxide particle which. Roles of the precipitates in oxidation mechanism give new insights into the alloy optimization.
Influence of Solution Treatment Temperature on the Microstructure of Ni-based HR-120 Superalloy
Authors: Parimin Noraziana , Hamzah Esah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The solution treatment process has been carried out on Ni-based HR-120 superalloy (Fe-40Ni-24Cr) at six different temperatures, namely 950ºC, 1000ºC, 1050ºC, 1100ºC, 1150ºC and 1200ºC. All samples were soaking for 3 hours at desired temperature, followed by water quench. The main objective of the solution treatment process is to vary the grain size of the alloy. The effect of solution treatment process on the alloy has been investigated in term of microstructure, grain size, phase present and hardness test, by using optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometer, x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and Vickers hardness test. As a results, the grain size of the solution-treated alloy were increase as the solution treatment temperature increase from 27.27 μm to 40.86 μm for solution-treated alloy at 950ºC to 1200ºC, respectively. Three precipitate phases were detected during phase analysis which are NbC, TiC and (Nb,Ti)C on the solution-treated alloy. In addition, as the grain size increase when the solution treatment temperature increase, the hardness value was decrease.
Effect of Chemical Treatment on Tensile Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB)-based All Cellulose Composite (ACC) Films
Authors: Zailuddin Nur Liyana Izyan , Osman Azlin Fazlina , Rahman Rozyanty 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study explored the potential of using oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) in the production all-cellulose composite (ACC) films. The isolation process of the raw OPEFB fiber was carried out using chemical process to extract the OPEFB nanocellulose. The ACC films from the OPEFB and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were prepared using dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and lithium chloride solvent system whereby the partially dissolved cellulose was transformed into the matrix phase surrounding the remaining non-dissolved fiber. The ACC films containing 1, 2, 3 and 4 % (wt/vol) OPEFB cellulose and 3 % (wt/vol) microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) were prepared and the effects of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate chemical treatment of the OPEFB cellulose on tensile properties of the ACC film were investigated. Results indicate that the chemical treatment using 2-ethylhexyl acrylate has reduced the hydroxyl group composition in the cellulose and allowing greater dissolution of the cellulose during the formation of the ACC film. As a result, the tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of the ACC film were significantly enhanced. However, both untreated and treated ACC films experienced the reduction in both properties when the cellulose concentration was increased from 1 % to 4% (wt/vol), due to the saturation of the cellulose particles and non-homogeneity of the ACC system.
Study of thermoelectric properties of Sr0.92A0.08TiO3 (A=Yb / Tm) perovskite oxide using density functional theory method
Authors: Adewale Akeem Adekunle , Chik Abdullah , Zaki Ruhiyuddin Mohd 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The first principle methods have been employed to investigate electronic and thermoelectric properties of Sr0.92Yb0.08TiO3 and Sr0.92Tm0.08TiO3 perovskite-oxide based molded samples. Generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with Hubbard U parameter is used by WIEN2k code for the calculations. The straight band line was observed in the band structure of both studied samples. This was generated from 4f-orbitals as shown in partial density of state diagrams. It is also noticed that Yb and Tm doped in SrTiO3 changed the perovskite-based oxide from a wideband insulator to metallic nature. A thermoelectric power factor of Sr0.92Tm0.08TiO3 sample is higher than that of Sr0.92Yb0.08TiO3, this is as a result of its huge electrical conductivity. The dependent of chemical potential to temperature was revealed in the study where high value of power factor was recorded for high temperature.
Effect of Surface Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Rice Husk Reinforced Recycled High Density Polyethylene (rHDPE) Composites
Authors: Salleh Mohd Nazry , Aziz Roslaili Abdul , Razak Mohd Fairul Sharin Abdul , Musa Luqman , Ying Hong Li 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe aim of this work was to investigate the effect of surface treatment on rice husk reinforced recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) composites. Three types of surface treatment on rice husk were carried out which were maleated treatment, alkaline treatment and acrylic acid treatment. The characteristics and mechanical properties of the composites were analysed. The results for all treatments showed that tensile strength and break elongation of composites decreased significantly when the rice husk filler loading increased. Further findings showed that maleated treatment on rice husk can further enhance the mechanical properties due to the present of ester bond formed in FTIR analysis.
Preparation and characterization of LDPE/TPS blend filled with calcium carbonate
Authors: Halim Anis Adila Ab , Wahab Mohamad Kahar Ab 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The measurement of low-density polyethylene / thermoplastic starch (LDPE/TPS) composite with different loading of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as filler was conducted under several testing such as the tensile test and scanning electron microscopy. The preparation of LDPE/TPS/CaCO3 composite was divided into three stages. The first stage involved the preparation of TPS with and without modification with carboxylic acid. The second stage, LDPE was blended with TPS to produce LDPE/TPS blend. LDPE/TPS blends with blend ratio of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 was prepared. Each composition will undergo tensile testing to analyze their mechanical properties. The optimum LDPE/TPS blend ratio was chosen for subsequent study. Third stage involved the compounding of the chosen LDPE/TPS blend ratio with CaCO3. The result indicate that LDPE/TPS with incorporation of CaCO3 gave higher value of tensile properties as compared to LDPE/TPS blend. Based on the SEM micrograph, treated TPS with citric acid and ascorbic acid performed better interfacial phase as compared to untreated TPS, with no agglomeration and voids formation.
The effect of twin screw compounding parameters on the tensile properties of pineapple leaf/sea shell hybrid polymer composite using DOE approach
Authors: Ching Ng Tian , Halim Khairul Anwar Abdul , Omar Mohd Firdaus , Osman Azlin Fazlina , Zakaria Muhammad Salihin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPineapple leaf and sea shell were used as natural fillers in this research due to its biodegradable nature, wide availability, continuous resources and low cost. This research work was carried out to investigate the effect of compounding process using twin screw extruder on the tensile performance of pineapple leaf / sea shell polymer composite using Design of Experiment (DOE) approach. A total of nine runs of were formulated and the resulitng hybrid composites were compounded using twin screw extruder. The short term tensile test was carried out to determine the tensile properties and the data were sunsequently analyse using DOE software. Pareto chart of the standardized effect and the main effect plot were employed to investigate the relationship between processing parameters and the tensile performance of the hybrid composite systems. Based on the initial DOE analysis, it is shown that compounding parameters had influenced the final mechanical behavior of the hybrid composites.
Sugarcane Bagasse Reinforced Polyester Composites: Effects of Fiber Surface Treatment And Fiber Loading on The Tensile And Flexural Properties
Authors: Zakaria Muhammad Salihin , Musa Luqman , Nordin Razif Muhammed , Halim Khairul Anwar Abdul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The effect of fiber surface treatment and fiber loading on the tensile and flexural properties of untreated and treated fiber-based sugarcane bagasse reinforced polyester (SBRP) composites have been investigated. Sugarcane bagasse fibers were alkalized with 1, 3 and 5% concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution combined with different fiber loading formulation 0, 20, 30 and 40 php, and hot-pressed to form natural fibers composite were prepared. The results indicated that the incorporation of bagasse fiber composites alkalized with 3% NaOH solution improved the tensile strength and modulus of reinforced composites meanwhile the untreated bagasse gave the lowest value. However, the elongation at break (Eb) indicated that treated bagasse fiber composites show a lower value compared to untreated composites. A similar trend also obtained for flexural strength and modulus.
The effect of choline chloride: acetamide deep eutectic solvent to physicochemical and mechanical properties of pectin-based bioplastic
Authors: Azman Mohamad Azhar , Rizana Yusof , Dalina Samsudin , Hanaphi Roziana Mohamed 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The rapid increment of synthetic plastic wastes in our environment has triggered in production and development of new biomaterial for resolving problems such as pollution as well as weak mechanical properties. Pectin polysaccharides are recognized as a new potential biomaterial in developing bioplastic. The main purpose of this study is to develop and characterize citrus pectin bioplastic using deep eutectic solvents (DES) of choline chloride: acetamide (1:2), CC:Ac as a plasticizer. The potential of produced bioplastic (BP-CC:Ac) was studied through investigation of their physicochemical and mechanical properties which include pH, thickness, opacity, solubility, tensile strain, tensile stress and Young Modulus. A citrus pectin-based bioplastic without the plasticizer (CI) and with the conventional plasticizer of pure acetamide (C2) were prepared as controls. The produced BP-CCAc showed a higher value of thickness (0.2658 ± 0.0015mm), opacity (0.492 ± 0.02A), and solubility (23.26 ± 0.03%) than the control, CI (0.1963 ± 0.0032mm, 0.407 ± 0.01A, and 16.42 ± 0.01% respectively) and C2 (0.1833 ± 0.001mm, 0.447 ± 0.01A, and 17.88 ± 0.05% respectively). The high acidity of BP-CC:Ac (pH 3.21) provide a strong inhibition toward bacteria which is highly demanding for medical purposes. The tensile strain, tensile stress and Young Modulus of BP-CC:Ac were measured at 5.080 ± 0.04 %, 2.221 ± 0.08 MPa and 113.946 ± 0.08 MPa, respectively. It was found the BP-CCAc was more flexible and have smooth surface texture than both controls, CI and C2 which suitable for plastic wrapping. Other than being natural and biodegradable, the addition of CCAc DES had improved the physicochemical and mechanical properties of pectin based-bioplastic. In conclusion, the addition of CCAc DES has enhanced the properties of BP-CCAc and increased the potential of plastic as an ecofriendly and sustainable future material.
A Short Review on Selection of Electrodes Materials for Symmetrical Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Yusoff Wan Nor Anasuhah Wan , Baharuddin Nurul Akidah , Somalu Mahendra Rao , Muchtar anastuti , Samat Abdullah Abdul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) operate at high temperatures and consist of a dense electrolyte which is sandwiched between two electrodes. An anode acts as a fuel electrode where fuel is oxidised, while a cathode serves as an air electrode in which oxygen is reduced. However, the use of two different materials as electrodes poses several significant issues concerning durability, reliability and fabrication costs of SOFCs. Furthermore, at least two thermal steps are required for the sintering of both electrodes, thereby increasing energy usage. In overcoming these challenges posed by conventional SOFCs, the concept of symmetrical solid oxide fuel cells (S-SOFCs) has been introduced. S-SOFCs comprise of two identical materials for the anode and cathode. The use of two similar materials decreases the interfacial regions among the electrolyte and electrodes and consequently improves the compatibility among the components. Sulphur poisoning and carbon deposition at the fuel electrode can be solved by merely reversing the flow of oxidant and fuel to oxidise all the species that degrade the performance of SOFCs. Although, the electrode material for S-SOFCs requires some unique properties, such as high electrocatalytic activity for fuel oxidation and oxygen reduction, high electrical conductivity in oxygen and hydrogen/hydrocarbon environments, promising the capability to resist sulphur poisoning and carbon deposition in hydrocarbon fuels and good structural and chemical stability under actual fuel cell conditions. As the works related to S-SOFCs are limited in this respect, this paper reviews the available reports in this field to allow a better understanding of the operational mechanism and the potential of S-SOFCs.
The Effect of Germanium Addition on the Lead-free Solder Alloys: A Short Review
Authors: Tan Chi Ying , Salleh Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd , Saud Norainiza 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) has been enforced a law to restrict the use of hazardous materials in electronic and electrical industries. Hence, it leads to the development of lead-free solder among the electronic industry. SnAg, SnCu, SnAgCu, and SnZnBi solders are found to be alternatives to replace SnPb solder alloys. However, they still have many problems, such as large undercooling and large intermetallic compounds are still present in the solder alloys. Later, researchers come up with the idea of adding alloying elements to lead-free solders to further enhance the properties of lead-free solders. This review paper is aimed to analyze and summaries the effects of germanium (Ge) addition to lead-free solders focusing on its microstructure and thermal properties. The Ge has an almost similar crystal structure as pure tin (Sn), so it is expected that the properties of the lead-free solder could be enhanced by adding an appropriate amount of Ge. Nevertheless, Ge has a unique characteristic as it could act as an antioxidant agent in the lead-free solders.
Impact of Thermal Ageing and Multiple Reflow on Lead Free Composite Solder : A Short Review
Authors: Zaimi Nur Syahirah Mohamad , Salleh Mohd Arif Anuar Mohd , Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri , Mostapha Marliza , Ahmad Romisuhani 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper reviews the impact of the thermal ageing and multiple reflow to the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer and mechanical performance of lead free solder reinforced with various reinforcements. Based on available literatures it had been proved that, the IMC layer and mechanical properties can be affected with the exposure of different temperatures and time. Besides that, the incorporation of the reinforcement in the matrix of solder alloys could improve the thickness of IMC layer and strength of the solder joints although it had been subjected to thermal ageing and multiple reflow cycles as compared to unreinforced solder. Therefore, the composite solder system could be possibly applied and adapted in current electronic devices even with the exposure of high temperatures.
Influence of squeegee impact on stencil printing process: CFD approach
Authors: Ishak M.H.H. , Abdul Aziz M.S. , Abdul Samad M.H.S. , Ismail Farzad , Mohd Salleh M.A.A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This work has been conducted to predict the real time observation of solder paste Sn96.5Ag3.0Cu0.5 (SAC305) filling process into stencil apertures as well as print quality in stencil printing by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach. A 3-Dimensional stencil printing model was developed and simulated in FLUENT by using different squeegee parameters which are the angle and printing speed. An experimental work was performed to be compared with part of the simulation results in term of print quality for validation purpose. It is found that squeegee angle 60° to 80° has potential to obtain good print quality of solder paste. In addition, print speed range between 35 mm/s to 95 mm/s also can be the good print speed option to achieve good print quality in stencil printing process. Finally, the maximum pressure distribution of solder paste also changes substantially as the squeegee travel further with respect to different values of tested parameters.
Development of Integrated Solar Water Heater Using Phase Change Material
Authors: Munusamy Yamuna , Seng Ong Kok 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Main barriers for installation of conventional solar water heating system (SWHS) are requirement of large installation area and heavy weight of the heat storage tank consisting water. A storage tank with minimum capacity of 230 liters are needed for household usage and this tank when empty can weigh up to 100 kg while a filled tank could weigh up to 400 kg. In reality, installation of this conventional system require more space and heavy structural support on the roof, which is not available in most houses. As a solution, a form stable light harvesting phase change material (FSLHPCM) integrated compact system is proposed. This new SWHS consists of glass – topped collector cum storage tank filled with FSLHPCM. This new FSLHPCM is form stable, does not leak and exhibit stable latent heat when tested to 1000 thermal cycles. It is capable to not only store heat but can improve the collector efficiency by harvesting the visible light and converting it to heat. The additional light to heat conversion efficiency was 22%. In the new system a maximum 75 liters’ glass-topped collector tank is sufficient to substitute a 230-liter tank. This will reduce installation, renovation and maintenance costs for the SWHS.
Mechanical performance and thermal behaviour of Carrageenan Gel with Lavender Essential Oil
Authors: Mat Amin Khairul Anuar , Abdul Hadi Taqiah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study determines the mechanical performance and thermal behaviour of carrageenan (CR) gel with lavender essential oils (LEO). The CR gel was produced via crosslink with calcium ion followed by inclusion of LEO at different concentrations. The compressive strain of CR gel was increased upon addition of LEO could be due to formation of micelles in the gel matrix and therefore restrain the strain and improved the flexibility of the gels. In contrast, the compressive stress of the CR-LEO gels was decreased than CR gels. The water vapour transmission rates (WVTRs) of the CR-LEO2 gel were improved and assumed due to micelles formation and allowed water diffused through the gel’s matrix. The thermal behaviour of CR-LEO gels was improved with reducing weight loss (%) of the gel with higher concentration of LEO. CR gel shows weight loss at 91%, and CR-LEO3 gel shows the weight loss at 76%. In conclusion, the inclusion of LEO has shown promising results in tailoring the mechanical performances and thermal activity and can be applied as biomaterials for pharmaceutical applications.