bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accumulation of childhood adversities and type 1 diabetes risk: a register-based cohort study of all children born in Denmark between 1980 and 2015
Authors: Bengtsson Jessica , Byberg Stine , Carstensen Bendix , De Stavola Bianca L , Svensson Jannet , Jørgensen Marit E , Rod Naja H 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have indicated an association between childhood adversities and type 1 diabetes but have been underpowered and limited by selection. We aim to quantify the effect of accumulation of childhood adversities on type 1 diabetes risk, and to assess whether the effect differs between males and females in a large and unselected population sample.MethodsWe used register-based data covering all children born in Denmark between 1980 and 2015, totalling &gt;2 million children. We specified a multi-state model to quantify the effect of accumulation of childhood adversities on type 1 diabetes risk. The effects of specific childhood adversities on type 1 diabetes were estimated using proportional hazards models.ResultsAccumulation of childhood adversities had a quantitatively small effect on type 1 diabetes risk among females [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) per adversity increase: 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.11], but not among males (adjusted HR per adversity increase: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.97–1.03). Females exposed to extreme numbers (7+) of adversities had two times higher risk of type 1 diabetes compared with unexposed females (adjusted HR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.10–3.86).ConclusionsIn an unselected total population sample, we generally find no or negligible effects of childhood adversities on type 1 diabetes risk, which may be reassuring to persons with type 1 diabetes who are concerned that personal trauma contributed to their disease. There is a very small group of females exposed to a high degree of adversity who may have a higher risk of type 1 diabetes and this group needs further attention.
Stirling numbers and Gregory coefficients for the factorization of Hermite subdivision operators
Authors: Moosmüller Caroline , Hüning Svenja , Conti Costanza 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this paper we present a factorization framework for Hermite subdivision schemes refining function values and first derivatives, which satisfy a spectral condition of high order. In particular we show that spectral order $d$ allows for $d$ factorizations of the subdivision operator with respect to the Gregory operators: a new sequence of operators we define using Stirling numbers and Gregory coefficients. We further prove that the $d$th factorization provides a ‘convergence from contractivity’ method for showing $C^d$-convergence of the associated Hermite subdivision scheme. Gregory operators are derived by explicitly solving a recursion based on the Taylor operator and iterated vector scheme factorizations. The explicit expression of these operators allows one to compute the $d$th factorization directly from the mask of the Hermite scheme. In particular, it is not necessary to compute intermediate factorizations, which simplifies the procedures used up to now.
Range-relaxed criteria for choosing the Lagrange multipliers in the Levenberg–Marquardt method
Authors: Leitão A , Margotti F , Svaiter B F 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this article we propose a novel strategy for choosing the Lagrange multipliers in the Levenberg–Marquardt method for solving ill-posed problems modeled by nonlinear operators acting between Hilbert spaces. Convergence analysis results are established for the proposed method, including monotonicity of iteration error, geometrical decay of the residual, convergence for exact data, stability and semi-convergence for noisy data. Numerical experiments are presented for an elliptic parameter identification two-dimensional electrical impedance tomography problem. The performance of our strategy is compared with standard implementations of the Levenberg–Marquardt method (using a priori choice of the multipliers).
The First Integral Cohomology of Pure Mapping Class Groups
Authors: Aramayona Javier , Patel Priyam , Vlamis Nicholas G 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIt is a classical result that pure mapping class groups of connected, orientable surfaces of finite type and genus at least 3 are perfect. In stark contrast, we construct nontrivial homomorphisms from infinite-genus mapping class groups to the integers. Moreover, we compute the first integral cohomology group associated to the pure mapping class group of any connected orientable surface of genus at least 2 in terms of the surface’s simplicial homology. In order to do this, we show that pure mapping class groups of infinite-genus surfaces split as a semi-direct product.
Triumph of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines: Overcoming a Common Foe
Authors: Rodgers Gail L , Whitney Cynthia G , Klugman Keith P 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has reduced the burden of pneumococcal disease by the near elimination of vaccine serotypes from countries giving a booster dose at &gt;9 months of life. Herd protection, induced by interruption of pneumococcal vaccine type transmission has protected children too young to be immunized, children and adults with underlying risk conditions for invasive pneumococcal disease, and the elderly. PCV has rolled out in most poor countries, but millions of children remain un-immunized especially in middle income countries because of cost constraints. These are being met by considering fewer doses to maintain herd protection, and support for more affordable vaccine from developing country manufacturers. While 3rd generation PCV’s with potential inclusion of 20+ serotypes are close to market in adults, it will be their introduction into childhood immunization and herd protection that is most likely to maximize the public health benefits of these vaccines.
Nephrotoxicity of concomitant piperacillin/tazobactam and teicoplanin compared with monotherapy
Authors: Workum J D , Kramers C , Kolwijck E , Schouten J A , de Wildt S N , Brüggemann R J 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Piperacillin/tazobactam combined with vancomycin has been associated with a decline in renal function when compared with monotherapy. Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide similar to vancomycin. We investigated whether piperacillin/tazobactam combined with teicoplanin is associated with a decline in renal function as well.

Methods
We conducted a single-centre retrospective cohort study with data from our electronic health records from 9 August 2013 to 15 November 2019, including all adult patients that received either piperacillin/tazobactam, teicoplanin or piperacillin/tazobactam + teicoplanin. The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) at 48–72 h served as the primary outcome, whereas change in serum creatinine served as a secondary outcome.

Results
Of the 4202 included patients, 3188 (75.9%) received piperacillin/tazobactam, 791 (18.8%) received teicoplanin and 223 (5.3%) received piperacillin/tazobactam + teicoplanin. The incidence of AKI at 48–72 h after commencement of antibiotic therapy was 5.4% for piperacillin/tazobactam, 3.4% for teicoplanin and 11.7% for piperacillin/tazobactam + teicoplanin (P &lt; 0.001). However, mean serum creatinine at 48–72 h was slightly higher in the piperacillin/tazobactam + teicoplanin group therapy compared with baseline [+1.61% (95% CI –2.25 to 5.70)], indicating a slight decrease in renal function, and decreased for piperacillin/tazobactam [–1.98% (95% CI –2.73 to –1.22)] and teicoplanin [–8.01% (95% CI –9.54 to –6.45)]. After correcting for significant confounders in a multivariate linear regression analysis, these patterns remained.

Conclusions
Our study suggests that piperacillin/tazobactam + teicoplanin is associated with a higher prevalence of AKI compared with monotherapy. However, as the overall decline in renal function with piperacillin/tazobactam + teicoplanin is very small, its clinical relevance is likely limited. Therefore, piperacillin/tazobactam + teicoplanin can probably be safely combined.
Better synonyms for enriching biomedical search
Authors: Yeganova Lana , Kim Sun , Chen Qingyu , Balasanov Grigory , Wilbur W John , Lu Zhiyong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
In a biomedical literature search, the link between a query and a document is often not established, because they use different terms to refer to the same concept. Distributional word embeddings are frequently used for detecting related words by computing the cosine similarity between them. However, previous research has not established either the best embedding methods for detecting synonyms among related word pairs or how effective such methods may be.

Materials and Methods
In this study, we first create the BioSearchSyn set, a manually annotated set of synonyms, to assess and compare 3 widely used word-embedding methods (word2vec, fastText, and GloVe) in their ability to detect synonyms among related pairs of words. We demonstrate the shortcomings of the cosine similarity score between word embeddings for this task: the same scores have very different meanings for the different methods. To address the problem, we propose utilizing pool adjacent violators (PAV), an isotonic regression algorithm, to transform a cosine similarity into a probability of 2 words being synonyms.

Results
Experimental results using the BioSearchSyn set as a gold standard reveal which embedding methods have the best performance in identifying synonym pairs. The BioSearchSyn set also allows converting cosine similarity scores into probabilities, which provides a uniform interpretation of the synonymy score over different methods.

Conclusions
We introduced the BioSearchSyn corpus of 1000 term pairs, which allowed us to identify the best embedding method for detecting synonymy for biomedical search. Using the proposed method, we created PubTermVariants2.0: a large, automatically extracted set of synonym pairs that have augmented PubMed searches since the spring of 2019.
Innovative use of health informatics to augment contact tracing during the COVID-19 pandemic in an acute hospital
Authors: Venkataraman Narayan , Poon Beng Hoong , Siau Chuin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This case report describes the innovative design and build of an algorithm that integrates available data from separate hospital-based informatics systems, which perform different daily functions to augment the contact-tracing process of COVID-19 patients by identifying exposed neighboring patients and healthcare workers and assessing their risk. Prior to the establishment of the algorithm, contact-tracing teams comprising 6 members would spend up to 10 hours each to complete contact tracing for 5 new COVID-19 patients. With the augmentation by the algorithm, we observed ≥ 60% savings in overall man-hours needed for contact tracing when there were 5 or more daily new cases through a time–motion study and Monte Carlo simulation.
This improvement to the hospital’s contact-tracing process supported more expeditious and comprehensive downstream contact-tracing activities as well as improved manpower utilization in contact tracing.
Real-time clinical note monitoring to detect conditions for rapid follow-up: A case study of clinical trial enrollment in drug-induced torsades de pointes and Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Authors: DeLozier Sarah , Speltz Peter , Brito Jason , Tang Leigh Anne , Wang Janey , Smith Joshua C , Giuse Dario , Phillips Elizabeth , Williams Kristina , Strickland Teresa , Davogustto Giovanni , Roden Dan , Denny Joshua C 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Identifying acute events as they occur is challenging in large hospital systems. Here, we describe an automated method to detect 2 rare adverse drug events (ADEs), drug-induced torsades de pointes and Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, in near real time for participant recruitment into prospective clinical studies. A text processing system searched clinical notes from the electronic health record (EHR) for relevant keywords and alerted study personnel via email of potential patients for chart review or in-person evaluation. Between 2016 and 2018, the automated recruitment system resulted in capture of 138 true cases of drug-induced rare events, improving recall from 43% to 93%. Our focused electronic alert system maintained 2-year enrollment, including across an EHR migration from a bespoke system to Epic. Real-time monitoring of EHR notes may accelerate research for certain conditions less amenable to conventional study recruitment paradigms.
Genomic predictions for enteric methane production are improved by metabolome and microbiome data in sheep (Ovis aries)
Authors: Ross Elizabeth M , Hayes Ben J , Tucker David , Bond Jude , Denman Stuart E , Oddy Victor Hutton 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Methane production from rumen methanogenesis contributes approximately 71% of greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector. This study has performed genomic predictions for methane production from 99 sheep across 3 yr using a residual methane phenotype that is log methane yield corrected for live weight, rumen volume, and feed intake. Using genomic relationships, the prediction accuracies (as determined by the correlation between predicted and observed residual methane production) ranged from 0.058 to 0.220 depending on the time point being predicted. The best linear unbiased prediction algorithm was then applied to relationships between animals that were built on the rumen metabolome and microbiome. Prediction accuracies for the metabolome-based relationships for the two available time points were 0.254 and 0.132; the prediction accuracy for the first microbiome time point was 0.142. The second microbiome time point could not successfully predict residual methane production. When the metabolomic relationships were added to the genomic relationships, the accuracy of predictions increased to 0.274 (from 0.201 when only the genomic relationship was used) and 0.158 (from 0.081 when only the genomic relationship was used) for the two time points, respectively. When the microbiome relationships from the first time point were added to the genomic relationships, the maximum prediction accuracy increased to 0.247 (from 0.216 when only the genomic relationship was used), which was achieved by giving the genomic relationships 10 times more weighting than the microbiome relationships. These accuracies were higher than the genomic, metabolomic, and microbiome relationship matrixes achieved alone when identical sets of animals were used.
Novel and Nonroutine Benzodiazepines and Suvorexant by LC–MS-MS
Authors: Garcia Luke , Tiscione Nicholas B , Yeatman Dustin Tate , Richards-Waugh Lauren 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Benzodiazepines are a commonly prescribed class of drugs that have the potential for abuse. The Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office received drug seizure submissions that included novel and/or nonroutine benzodiazepines of increasing prevalence from 2017 to 2019. This prompted the development of a method of analysis for these compounds in biological specimens. The method tests for 16 novel and nonroutine benzodiazepines and suvorexant in whole blood by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS). The target analytes included bromazepam, clobazam, clonazolam, clotiazepam, diclazepam, estazolam, etizolam, flualprazolam, flubromazepam, flubromazolam, loprazolam, lormetazepam, phenazepam, prazepam, suvorexant, tetrazepam and triazolam. The method uses 200 µL of sample, protein precipitation and an instrument run-time of 8 min. The limit of detection was either 1 or 5 ng/mL and the limit of quantitation was either 5 or 25 ng/mL depending on the analyte. The method was validated for quantitative analysis for 15 out of the 17 analytes. Flubromazepam and prazepam were validated for qualitative identification only. A quadratic calibration model (r2 &gt; 0.990) with 1/x weighting was used for all analytes for quantitative analysis. The calibration range was either 5–100 or 25–500 ng/mL depending on the analyte. The coefficient of variation of replicate analyses was within 14% and bias was within ±14%. The method provides a sensitive, efficient and robust procedure for the quantitation and/or qualitative identification of select novel and nonroutine benzodiazepines and suvorexant using LC–MS-MS and a sample volume of 200 µL.
Eutylone Intoxications—An Emerging Synthetic Stimulant in Forensic Investigations
Authors: Krotulski Alex J , Papsun Donna M , Chronister Chris W , Homan Joseph , Crosby Michele M , Hoyer Jennifer , Goldberger Bruce A , Logan Barry K 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Synthetic stimulants are the largest class of novel psychoactive substances identified each year by forensic laboratories internationally. While hundreds of these drugs appear in drug powders, only a few proliferate in use among forensically relevant populations and eventually emerge in postmortem and clinical investigations. Beta-keto-methylenedioxyamphetamines (i.e., novel psychoactive substances with names ending in “ylone”) are currently the most popular subclass of synthetic stimulants. Leading up to its federal scheduling in 2018, N-ethyl pentylone was the most encountered synthetic stimulant. The popularity of N-ethyl pentylone declined once it was scheduled, but it was quickly replaced by eutylone (bk-EBDB), a structurally related analog from the same family. In cases encountered between January 2019 and April 2020, eutylone was quantitatively confirmed in 83 forensic investigations, including postmortem cases and driving under the influence of drugs cases. Matrix types included blood, urine and tissue. Eutylone was identified in cases submitted from 13 states, demonstrating proliferation around the United States; Florida accounted for 60% of the positive cases. The mean concentration of eutylone in postmortem blood was 1,020 ng/mL (standard deviation = ±2,242 ng/mL; median = 110 ng/mL, range = 1.2–11,000 ng/mL, n = 67). The mean concentration of eutylone in blood from driving under the influence of drugs cases was 942 ng/mL (standard deviation = ±1,407 ng/mL; median = 140 ng/mL, range = 17–3,600 ng/mL, n = 7). This report includes cause and manner of death data for 22 postmortem cases. Further analysis of authentic human specimens revealed the presence of three eutylone metabolites, including one unique biomarker and one metabolite in common with butylone. Laboratories should be aware that eutylone may be present in cases of suspected Ecstasy, “Molly” and/or methylenedioxymethamphetamine use, causing or contributing to impairment or death.
The Influence of Environmental Variation on the Genetic Structure of a Poison Frog Distributed Across Continuous Amazonian Rainforest
Authors: Ferreira Anthony S , Lima Albertina P , Jehle Robert , Ferrão Miquéias , Stow Adam 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBiogeographic barriers such as rivers have been shown to shape spatial patterns of biodiversity in the Amazon basin, yet relatively little is known about the distribution of genetic variation across continuous rainforest. Here, we characterize the genetic structure of the brilliant-thighed poison frog (Allobates femoralis) across an 880-km-long transect along the Purus-Madeira interfluve south of the Amazon river, based on 64 individuals genotyped at 7609 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. A population tree and clustering analyses revealed 4 distinct genetic groups, one of which was strongly divergent. These genetic groups were concomitant with femoral spot coloration differences, which was intermediate within a zone of admixture between two of the groups. The location of these genetic groups did not consistently correspond to current ecological transitions between major forest types. A multimodel approach to quantify the relative influence of isolation-by-geographic distance (IBD) and isolation-by-environmental resistance (IBR) nevertheless revealed that, in addition to a strong signal of IBD, spatial genetic differentiation was explained by IBR primarily linked to dry season intensity (r2 = 8.4%) and canopy cover (r2 = 6.4%). We show significant phylogenetic divergence in the absence of obvious biogeographical barriers and that finer-scaled measures of genetic structure are associated with environmental variables also known to predict the density of A. femoralis.
Probing the nuclear and circumnuclear properties of NGC 6300 using X-ray observations
Authors: Jana Arghajit , Chatterjee Arka , Kumari Neeraj , Nandi Prantik , Naik Sachindra , Patra Dusmanta 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the results obtained from a detailed X-ray timing and spectral analysis of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 6300 by using observations from the Suzaku observatory, theChandra X-ray Observatory and the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array(NuSTAR) mission between 2007 and 2016. We calculate the variance and the rms fractional variability of the source in different energy bands and we find variabilities in various energy bands. Spectral properties of the source are studied by using various phenomenological and physical models. The properties of the Compton clouds, reflection, Fe Kα line emission and soft X-ray excess are studied in detail. Several physical parameters of the source are extracted and investigated to establish the presence/absence of any correlation between them. We also investigate the nature of the circumnuclear ‘torus’ and we find that the torus is not uniform, but clumpy. The observed changes in the line-of-sight column density can be explained in terms of transiting clouds. The iron line-emitting region is found to be different in the different epochs of observations. We also observe that the torus and the nucleus independently evolve over the years.
A role of the CTCF binding site at enhancer Eα in the dynamic chromatin organization of the Tcra–Tcrd locus
Authors: Zhao Hao , Li Zhaoqiang , Zhu Yongchang , Bian Shasha , Zhang Yan , Qin Litao , Naik Abani Kanta , He Jiangtu , Zhang Zhenhai , Krangel Michael S , Hao Bingtao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe regulation of T cell receptor Tcra gene rearrangement has been extensively studied. The enhancer Eα plays an essential role in Tcra rearrangement by establishing a recombination centre in the Jα array and a chromatin hub for interactions between Vα and Jα genes. But the mechanism of the Eα and its downstream CTCF binding site (here named EACBE) in dynamic chromatin regulation is unknown. The Hi-C data showed that the EACBE is located at the sub-TAD boundary which separates the Tcra–Tcrd locus and the downstream region including the Dad1 gene. The EACBE is required for long-distance regulation of the Eα on the proximal Vα genes, and its deletion impaired the Tcra rearrangement. We also noticed that the EACBE and Eα regulate the genes in the downstream sub-TAD via asymmetric chromatin extrusion. This study provides a new insight into the role of CTCF binding sites at TAD boundaries in gene regulation.
International Affairs
Authors: Barash David P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how the use of military threats—that is, deterrence—has operated between and among nations. It begins with a brief history of conventional deterrence aimed at preventing wars by threatening either that an initial attack will fail to gain its objective (deterrence by denial) or that an attacker will be sufficiently punished so as to regret the initial action and thus prevent such an attack in the first place (deterrence by punishment). This leads to the self-serving phenomenon of bureaucratic “threat inflation” and then to the most consequential uses and abuses of threats: nuclear deterrence. The chapter then discusses how nuclear deterrence is supposed to work and whether it has in fact worked. It also provides a critical analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of nuclear deterrence.