bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood adversity is associated with reduced threat‐safety discrimination and increased fear generalization in 12‐ to 16‐year‐olds
Authors: Samaey Celine , Lecei Aleksandra , Jackers Maarten , Jennen Lise , Schruers Koen , Vervliet Bram , Boets Bart , van Winkel Ruud 
Published: December 2024

BackgroundChildhood adversity poses a major transdiagnostic risk for a host of psychiatric disorders. Altered threat‐related information processing has been put forward as a potential process underlying the association between childhood adversity and psychiatric disorders, with previous research providing support for decreased discrimination between threat and safety cues, in both children and adults exposed to adversity. This altered threat‐safety discrimination has been hypothesized to stem from increased generalization of fear, yet to date, this hypothesis has not been tested in youth.MethodsHere, we investigate whether childhood adversity is associated with fear generalization during adolescence. 119 adolescents between 12 and 16 years of age (mean = 13.95), of whom 63 exposed to childhood adversity, completed a fear generalization paradigm. Fear conditioning was assessed through trial‐by‐trial US expectancy ratings and post‐experimental ratings of fear, valence and arousal. Additionally, we administered a perceptual discrimination task to assess the potential impact of perceptual discrimination abilities upon fear generalization.ResultsIn line with our hypotheses, results showed that childhood adversity is associated with (1) reduced threat‐safety differentiation during fear acquisition and (2) increased fear generalization in both boys and girls, albeit to a different extent, as boys showed more generalization towards safety cues while girls showed more generalization towards dangerous cues. Moreover, this overgeneralization of fear could not be attributed to group differences in perceptual discrimination.ConclusionsAltered fear learning may be an important process through which adversity increases risk for the development of psychopathology. Longitudinal research is essential to elucidate risk and resilience patterns following childhood adversity.
Validation of an Oral Health Tool for Clinicians to Screen Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Sanchez Paula , Kezhekkekara Shwetha , Ajwani Shilpi , Wei Anlai , Wong Jaren , Wu Howard , Uddin Sanjida , Sukarieh Yasin , O'brien Jessica , George Ajesh 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTAimsTo develop and validate a screening tool to identify patients with cardiovascular disease at risk of poor oral health and requiring referrals.DesignThis study was part of a larger pilot study involving a cross‐sectional survey and an oral health assessment conducted with patients with cardiovascular disease.MethodsA four‐item screening tool was developed by an expert panel and validated through a cross‐sectional survey of patients with cardiovascular disease. The survey contained the tool and the oral health impact profile (OHIP‐14) (first gold standard). Additionally, all survey participants were provided a clinical oral health assessment (second gold standard). Sensitivity and specificity analysis was undertaken comparing the tool to the two gold standards to assess patients with cardiovascular disease at risk of poor oral health.ResultsThree hundred and twenty‐one participants completed the cross‐sectional survey and eighty nine undertook the oral health assessment. Results from both approaches showed that the tool had high sensitivities (OHIP‐14 = 89%, Oral assessment = 88%) and low specificities (OHIP‐14 = 33% and Oral assessment = 24%).ConclusionThe four‐item screening tool is a simple and valid tool to identify patients with cardiovascular disease at risk of poor oral health and requiring a dental referral. The tool could be incorporated into routine practice of nurses across various cardiac settings.
Caregiver Feeding Behaviours and Child Dietary Diversity and Growth in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Chowdhury Zaynah T. , Hurley Kristen M. , Shaikh Saijuddin , Mehra Sucheta , Ali Hasmot , Shamim Abu Ahmed , Christian Parul 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThis study examined relations between caregiver feeding behaviours, child dietary diversity and anthropometry at 24 months of age in rural Bangladesh. Twenty‐four hours dietary recall, weight and length data were collected on 4733 children. Factor analysis was applied to an 11‐item caregiver feeding behaviours scale administered at 24 months, revealing two constructs: responsive/involved (five items) and forceful (six items); each dichotomised to reflect low and high use. Stunting (length‐for‐age Z‐score < −2), wasting (weight‐for‐length Z‐score < −2) and underweight (weight‐for‐age Z‐score < −2) were defined using international growth reference standards. Associations between feeding behaviours, dietary diversity score (DDS, food groups consumed; range 0–7) and anthropometric indicators were examined using multivariable linear or logistic regression models, adjusting for study design, confounders and intervention arm. Mean (SD) age of children in the study was 24.1 (0.3) months. Mean (SD) DDS was 3.7 (1.4), with 55% of children meeting minimum dietary diversity (MDD, DDS ≥ 4). Stunting, wasting and underweight were 40%, 19% and 42%, respectively. Use of high responsive/involved feeding behaviours (reported in 71% of mothers) was associated with higher DDS (0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.001, 0.17) and higher odds of achieving MDD (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.33) but not with anthropometric outcomes. Use of high forceful feeding behaviours (reported in 34% of mothers) was associated with lower DDS (−0.12, 95% CI: −0.21 to 0.04), lower odds of achieving MDD (OR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72, 0.93), and higher odds of underweight (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.22, 1.56) and wasting (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.33, 1.81). In Bangladesh, responsive/involved feeding was associated with higher child dietary diversity whereas forceful feeding was associated with lower dietary diversity and undernutrition. Future research is needed to understand causality and test the effect of responsive feeding interventions on the promotion of child growth.
Defaunation Increases Clustering and Fine‐Scale Spatial Genetic Structure in a Small‐Seeded Palm Despite Remaining Small‐Bodied Frugivores
Authors: Lamperty Therese , Diaz‐Martin Zoe , Swamy Varun , Karubian Jordan , Choo Juanita , Dunham Amy E. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTAnthropogenic pressures such as hunting are increasingly driving the localised functional extinctions of large‐ and medium‐sized wildlife in tropical forests, a phenomenon broadly termed ‘defaunation’. Concurrently in these areas, smaller‐bodied species benefit from factors such as competitive release and increase in numbers. This transformation of the wildlife community can impact species interactions and ecosystem services such as seed dispersal and seed‐mediated geneflow with far‐reaching consequences. Evidence for negative genetic effects following defaunation is well‐documented in large‐seeded plants that require large frugivores for long‐distance seed dispersal. However, how defaunation affects plants with small or medium‐small seeds (< 1.5 cm), which tend to be consumed and dispersed by frugivorous mutualists of a range of body sizes and responses to anthropogenic threats, is not well understood. To better understand defaunation's impacts on tropical plant communities, we investigated spatial and genetic patterns in a hyperabundant medium‐to‐small‐seeded palm, Euterpe precatoria in three sites with different defaunation levels. Results indicate that defaunation is associated with higher fine‐scale spatial genetic structure among seedlings and increased spatial clustering within seedling cohorts and between seedlings and conspecific adults, as well as a reduction in nearest‐neighbour distances between seedlings and conspecific adults. There were no clear effects on inbreeding or genetic diversity. However, we caution these trends may indicate that defaunation reduces seed dispersal services for species previously presumed to be robust to deleterious effects of losing large frugivores by virtue of having smaller seeds and broad suites of dispersal agents, and negative downstream effects on genetic diversity could occur.
Automated identification of Chagas disease vectors using AlexNet pre‐trained convolutional neural networks
Authors: Miranda Vinícius L. , Oliveira‐Correia João P. S. , Galvão Cleber , Obara Marcos T. , Peterson A. Townsend , Gurgel‐Gonçalves Rodrigo 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe 158 bug species that make up the subfamily Triatominae are the potential vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Despite recent progress in developing a picture‐based automated system for identification of triatomines, an extensive and diverse image database is required for a broadly useful automated application for identifying these vectors. We evaluated performance of a deep‐learning network (AlexNet) for identifying triatomine species from a database of dorsal images of adult insects. We used a sample of photos of 6397 triatomines belonging to seven genera and 65 species from 27 countries. AlexNet had an accuracy of ~0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.91–0.94) for identifying triatomine species from pictures of varying resolutions. Highest specific accuracy was observed for 21 species in the genera Rhodnius and Panstrongylus. AlexNet performance improved to ~0.95 (95% CI, 0.93–0.96) when only the species with highest vectorial capacity were considered. These results show that AlexNet, when trained with a large, diverse, and well‐structured picture set, exhibits excellent performance for identifying triatomine species. This study contributed to the development of an automated Chagas disease vector identification system.
Increased chloroplast occupancy in bundle sheath cells of rice hap3H mutants revealed by Chloro‐Count: a new deep learning–based tool
Authors: Lambret Frotte Julia , Buarque de Gusmão Pedro P. , Smith Georgia , Lo Shuen‐Fang , Yu Su‐May , Hendron Ross W. , Kelly Steven , Langdale Jane A. 
Published: December 2024

Summary

There is an increasing demand to boost photosynthesis in rice to increase yield potential. Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis, and increasing their number and size is a potential route to elevate photosynthetic activity. Notably, bundle sheath cells do not make a significant contribution to overall carbon fixation in rice, and thus, various attempts are being made to increase chloroplast content specifically in this cell type.

In this study, we developed and applied a deep learning tool, Chloro‐Count, and used it to quantify chloroplast dimensions in bundle sheath cells of OsHAP3H gain‐ and loss‐of‐function mutants in rice.

Loss of OsHAP3H increased chloroplast occupancy in bundle sheath cells by 50%. When grown in the field, mutants exhibited increased numbers of tillers and panicles. The implementation of Chloro‐Count enabled precise quantification of chloroplasts in loss‐ and gain‐of‐function OsHAP3H mutants and facilitated a comparison between 2D and 3D quantification methods.

Collectively, our observations revealed that a mechanism operates in bundle sheath cells to restrict chloroplast occupancy as cell dimensions increase. That mechanism is unperturbed in Oshap3H mutants but loss of OsHAP3H function leads to an increase in chloroplast numbers. The use of Chloro‐Count also revealed that 2D quantification is compromised by the positioning of chloroplasts within the cell.
Proper activity of the age‐dependent miR156 is required for leaf heteroblasty and extrafloral nectary development in Passiflora spp.
Authors: Soares Jessica Ribeiro , Robledo Kerly Jessenia Moncaleano , de Souza Vinicius Carius , Dias Lana Laene Lima , Silva Lazara Aline Simões , da Silveira Emerson Campos , Souza Claudinei da Silva , Sousa Elisandra Silva , Sodrzeieski Pedro Alexandre , Sarmiento Yoan Camilo Guzman , de Matos Elyabe Monteiro , Falcão Thais Castilho de Arruda , Fialho Lilian da Silva , Guimaraes Valeria Monteze , Viccini Lyderson Facio , Pierdona Flaviani Gabriela , Romanel Elisson , Fouracre Jim , Otoni Wagner Campos , Nogueira Fabio Tebaldi Silveira 
Published: December 2024

Summary
Passion flower extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) protrude from leaves and facilitate mutualistic interactions with insects; however, how age cues control EFN growth remains poorly understood.
Here, we examined leaf and EFN morphology and development of two Passiflora species with distinct leaf shapes, and compared the phenotype of these to transgenics with manipulated activity of the age‐dependent miR156, which targets several SQUAMOSA PROMOTER‐BINDING PROTEIN‐LIKE (SPL) transcription factors.
Low levels of miR156 correlated with leaf maturation and EFN formation in Passiflora edulis and P. cincinnata. Accordingly, manipulating miR156 activity affected leaf heteroblasty and EFN development. miR156‐overexpressing leaves exhibited less abundant and tiny EFNs in both Passiflora species. EFN abundance remained mostly unchanged when miR156 activity was reduced, but it led to larger EFNs in P. cincinnata. Transcriptome analysis of young leaf primordia revealed that miR156‐targeted SPLs may be required to properly express leaf and EFN‐associated genes. Importantly, altered miR156 activity impacted sugar profiles of the nectar and modified ecological relationships between EFNs and ants.
Our work provides evidence that the miR156/SPL module indirectly regulates EFN development in an age‐dependent manner and that the EFN development program is closely associated with the heteroblastic developmental program of the EFN‐bearing leaves.
Detection of Amyloid‐β Peptides in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Its Effect on Oral Pathogens
Authors: Liao Yue , Chen Hui‐Wen , Qiu Che , Shen Hui , He Zhi‐Yan , Song Zhong‐Chen , Zhou Wei 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTPeriodontitis is the most common oral inflammatory disease, contributing to the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease. However, a full investigation has not been performed on the expression level of amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and its effects on oral pathogens. This study aimed to analyze the expression level of Aβ peptides in GCF of patients with periodontitis and the effects of Aβ peptides against common oral pathogens. GCF samples were collected from patients with periodontitis (n = 15) and periodontally healthy people (n = 10). The antimicrobial effects of Aβ peptides were evaluated on four common oral pathogenic strains using an MTT assay, crystal violet staining, fluorescence microscope, and transmission electron microscope. The protein levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42 were upregulated in the GCF of periodontitis group compared with the healthy group. Both Aβ40 and Aβ42 exhibited antimicrobial effects on Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Lactobacillus acidophilus in both planktonic and biofilm conditions. Further, only Aβ40 showed an antimicrobial effect on the Fusobacterium nucleatum. The results of this study demonstrate that Aβ peptides in GCF may be a relevant indicator of periodontitis status. Besides, the antimicrobial peptides derived from Aβ peptides have great potential in periodontal therapy.
Multidimensional Modeling of Mixture Formation in a Hydrogen-Fueled Heavy-Duty Optical Engine With Direct Injection
Authors: Wang Yiqing , Scarcelli Riccardo , Bestel Diego , Demir Sinan , Srna Aleš 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Hydrogen (H2), as a carbon-free fuel, is considered as one of the most promising solutions to reduce the carbon footprint of hard-to-decarbonize energy and transportation sectors. As such, hydrogen-fueled internal combustion engines (H2 ICEs) have recently been receiving increasing attention, particularly in applications such as on-road/off-road heavy-duty transport and combined heat and power. The direct injection (DI) of gaseous hydrogen into the combustion chamber offers great potential for achieving high power density and high engine efficiency, while mitigating the risk of backfire and reducing pre-ignition. However, the numerical simulation of H2 DI system remains a formidable challenge associated with the high computational cost of reproducing compressible supersonic flow and shocks in narrow injector passages and in near-nozzle regions. In general, there is a lack of well-established and validated practices for the modeling of high-pressure H2 DI in large-bore engines. To this end, this study focuses on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of the mixture formation process in a heavy-duty optical engine employing a medium-pressure H2 DI system. Both large eddy simulations (LES) and Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations are performed and evaluated against optical data. Gaseous hydrogen is injected into the combustion chamber via a centrally located outward opening hollow-cone injector at a pressure of 40 bar. Simulations are carried out for two injection timings, namely, −120 and −60 °CA. The numerical predictions for H2 distribution in different horizontal and vertical planes during the compression stroke are systematically compared against optical data obtained through planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements. Overall, the LES approach using the Dynamic Structure model is found to have good predictive capabilities for the early jet penetration in terms of length and shape, as well as the later H2 distributions. However, the unsteady RANS approach with the renormalization group k−ϵ model, which is widely used by industry to model heavy-duty ICEs, significantly underpredicts the H2 mixing, even at similar mesh resolution to that used in LES. These results indicate that there is a need for the improvement of mixing submodels within the RANS approach when applied to H2 DI simulations.
Sensitivity of Heat Transfer to the Cross Section Geometry of Cylinders
Authors: Sambu Mathan , Derakhshandeh Javad Farrokhi , Zaman Izzuddin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the phenomenon of vortex shedding and the heat transfer performance of bluff bodies, including smooth and sharp-edged cylinders. The examined geometries include square, triangular, hexagonal, and bullet-shaped bodies. The results are compared with a smooth circular cylinder standardizing the hydraulic diameter (Dh) across all bluff bodies and maintaining a Reynolds number within the range of 100 ⩽ Re ⩽ 200. The thermofluidic results are carefully examined and compared to determine the optimal conditions for maximum heat transfer rates, as measured by the Nusselt number. It is found that the Strouhal number, and thus the vortex shedding frequency, of cylinders with smooth surfaces differs significantly from those with sharp edges. It is demonstrated that hexagonal cylinders have up to 33% higher St than other geometries. Due to the flow dynamics in the wake of the cylinders, the heat transfer rates are lowest in square geometry and highest in circular geometry. Based on the analysis, bluff bodies can be classified into two primary groups: (i) bluff bodies with up to four edges are classified as “nonsmooth bluff bodies,” and (ii) those with six or more edges behave similarly to “smooth surface cylinders.”
Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer of Nanofluids Inside Helical Tubes at Constant Wall Temperature
Authors: Nazari S. , Rezaei E. , A. Moshizi S. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper investigates the forced convection of alumina-water nanofluids within helical tubes, maintaining a constant wall temperature and assuming thermal equilibrium between the nanoparticles and the base fluid. The nanofluid model incorporates the effects of alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticle volume fraction, diameter, and temperature on thermophysical properties. The governing equations are solved using the Forward-Time Central-Space Finite Volume method in conjunction with the simple algorithm. Numerical results are validated against experimental data, demonstrating high accuracy. The study explores the effects of pitch size, curvature ratio, nanoparticle volume fraction, nanoparticle diameter, and Reynolds number on velocity contours, temperature profiles, secondary flow, thermophysical properties, friction coefficient, and heat transfer rate. Additionally, the figure of merit evaluates the impact of these parameters on the thermal performance of the system. The results indicate that an increase in Reynolds number and nanoparticle diameter negatively affects thermal performance, while higher nanoparticle volume fraction, curvature ratio, and pitch size enhance it. Furthermore, incorporating nanoparticles in straight tubes proves to be more advantageous compared to helical tubes. This study tested volumetric ratios of 1%, 2%, and 4%, which resulted in increases in heat transfer coefficients of 21%, 32%, and 43%, respectively, compared to pure water under similar conditions, such as Reynolds number and coil pitch.
A Single-Loop Method for Time-Variant Reliability Sensitivity Analysis of Motion Mechanisms Using Bayes’ Theorem
Authors: Zha Congyi , Pan Chenrong , Sun Zhili , Liu Qin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Time-variant reliability sensitivity (TRS) analysis can measure the effect of input factors on the structure/mechanism failure. The traditional method for TRS analysis employs a nested sampling procedure, with computational cost depending on the number of input factors. To address the above weaknesses, a single-loop method is developed for TRS analysis. Based on Bayes’ theorem, the sensitivity measure is derived and expressed by the difference between the probability density function (PDF) and the failure-conditional PDF. This derivation allows for TRS analysis to be performed with just one set of samples, where the computational complexity does not depend on the number of inputs. Then, the procedures for Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) are listed based on the innovative estimation of the sensitivity index. Three examples involving numerical and engineering problems are employed to validate the proposed strategy, with the direct MCS introduced for comparison. The results reveal that the proposed strategy provides satisfactory TRS analysis while significantly saving computational resources.