bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adults Show Initial Advantages Over Children in Learning Difficult Nonnative Speech Sounds
Authors: Fuhrmeister Pamela , Schlemmer Brianna , Myers Emily B. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose
Children and early adolescents seem to have an advantage over adults in acquiring nonnative speech sounds, supported by evidence showing that earlier age of acquisition strongly predicts second language attainment. Although many factors influence children’s ultimate success in language learning, it is unknown whether children rely on different, perhaps more efficient learning mechanisms than adults.

Method
The current study compared children (aged 10–16 years) and adults in their learning of a nonnative Hindi contrast. We tested the hypothesis that younger participants would show superior baseline discriminability or learning of the contrast, better memory for new sounds after a delay, or improved generalization to a new talker's voice. Measures of phonological and auditory skills were collected to determine whether individual variability in these skills predicts nonnative speech sound learning and whether these potential relationships differ between adults and children.

Results
Adults showed superior pretraining sensitivity to the contrast compared to children, and these pretraining discrimination scores predicted learning and retention. Even though adults seemed to have an initial advantage in learning, children improved after a period of off-line consolidation on the trained identification task and began to catch up to adults after an overnight delay. Additionally, perceptual skills that predicted speech sound learning differed between adults and children, suggesting they rely on different learning mechanisms.

Conclusions
These findings challenge the view that children are simply better speech sound learners than adults and suggest that their advantages may be due to different learning mechanisms or better retention of nonnative contrasts over the broader language learning trajectory.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12735914
A Comparison of Speech Amplification and Personal Communication Devices for Hypophonia
Authors: Knowles Thea , Adams Scott G. , Page Allyson , Cushnie-Sparrow Daryn , Jog Mandar 
Published: August 2020

PurposeThis study compared the performance of three amplification devices hypothesized to improve speech communication in individuals with hypophonia (HP), as well as to identify individuals' device preferences.MethodTwenty-two individuals with HP and their primary communication partners participated in a cross-over design study comparing three different speech amplification devices: a wired portable amplifier (Device A), a wireless stationary amplifier (Device B), and a one-way personal communication system (Device C). Participants attended one laboratory visit followed by 1-week trial periods with each device. At the first visit, HP participants completed speech tasks with and without the devices, in quiet and in noise. Following the in-laboratory test period, participants trialed each device at home for approximately 1 week per device. Following completion of the study, participants indicated whether or not they would like to continue using a device.ResultsOverall, in the presence of noise, all three devices demonstrated significant improvements in speech-to-noise levels and speech intelligibility compared to no device. A clear device hierarchy emerged such that the personal communication device (Device C) was associated with significantly better speech outcomes compared to the other two devices. The majority of participants elected to continue using a device at the completion of the study. Device preferences, however, did not clearly reflect the objective device hierarchy that was found for the objective speech measures. Each of the three devices was selected as a preferred device by at least three participants at the completion of the study.ConclusionResults from this study demonstrated clear differences in device performance in three distinct forms of amplification devices for individuals with HP. Findings suggest that amplification device use may be beneficial for this clinical population and underscore the potential to improve device availability and device selection criteria in future research.Supplemental Materialhttps://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12735875
Conversational Coordination of Articulation Responds to Context: A Clinical Test Case With Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Borrie Stephanie A. , Wynn Camille J. , Berisha Visar , Lubold Nichola , Willi Megan M. , Coelho Carl A. , Barrett Tyson S. 
Published: August 2020

Purpose
Coordination of communicative behavior supports shared understanding in conversation. The current study brings together analysis of two speech coordination strategies, entrainment and compensation of articulation, in a preliminary investigation into whether strategy organization is shaped by a challenging communicative context—conversing with a person who has a communication disorder.

Method

As an initial clinical test case, an automated measure of articulatory precision was analyzed in a corpus of spoken dialogue, where a confederate conversed with participants with traumatic brain injury (
n
= 28) and participants with no brain injury (
n
= 48).

Results
Overall, the confederate engaged in significant entrainment and high compensation (hyperarticulation) in conversations with participants with traumatic brain injury relative to significant entrainment and low compensation (hypoarticulation) in conversations with participants with no brain injury. Furthermore, the confederate's articulatory precision changed over the course of the conversations.

Conclusions
Findings suggest that the organization of conversational coordination is sensitive to context, supporting synergistic models of spoken dialogue. While corpus limitations are acknowledged, these initial results point to differences in the way in which speech strategies are realized in challenging communicative contexts, highlighting a viable and important target for investigation with clinical populations. A framework for investigating speech coordination strategies in tandem and ideas for advancing this line of inquiry serve as key contributions of this work.
Novel SCN9A Mutations in a Compound Heterozygous Girl with Congenital Insensitivity to Pain
Authors: Stunnenberg Bas , Haaxma Charlotte , van Haelst Mieke , Ponson-Wever Maria , Verberne Eline , Peters Ivo , Gerrits Monique 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCongenital Insensitivity to Pain (CIP) is a rare disorder that is characterized by the inability to perceive pain. It is caused by bi-allelic inactivating mutations in the SCN9A gene, which encodes the pore-forming α-subunit of the nerve voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.7). Patients with CIP are unable to feel pain from noxious stimuli, including heat, but all other peripheral somatosensory modalities function normally. Often anosmia is present as an additional feature. We reported a patient with CIP caused by compound heterozygous SCN9A mutations: a novel in-frame deletion of exon 7 and a novel frameshift mutation. The identification of these mutations expands the spectrum of mutations associated with CIP.
Postoperative Neurological Complications after a Cranial Surgery: A Multicentre Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Venkatapura Ramesh J. , Dubey Surya K. , Panda Nidhi , Chakrabarti Dhritiman , Venkataramaiah Sudhir , Rath Girija P. , Kaloria Narender , Sharma Deepak , Ganne Umamaheswara Rao S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background  Cranial surgery is associated with multiple postoperative complications varying from simple nausea and vomiting to devastating complications such as stroke and death. This multicentre collaborative effort was envisioned to collect observational data regarding postoperative complications in cranial surgeries among the Indian population. The aim of this study was to describe the postoperative neurological complications occurring within the first 24 hours after surgery and to identify the predictive factors.
Methods Data was collected from three participating tertiary care academic institutions. The study was prospective, observational, multicentre design with data collected over a period of two months or 100 cases, whichever is earlier, from each participating institute. A predesigned Microsoft excel sheet was distributed among all three centers to maintain uniformity. All patients aged 18 years and above of both sexes undergoing elective or emergency craniotomies were included in the study. The postoperative neurological complications (within 24 hours) assessed were: (1) Neurological deficit (ND) defined as new focal neurological motor deficit relative to preoperative status. (2) Sensorium deterioration (SD) defined as reduction in Glasgow coma score (GCS) by 2 or more points compared with preoperative GCS. (4) Postoperative seizures (SZs) defined as any seizure activity. All possible variables associated with the above neurological complications were tested using Chi-square/Fisher exact test or Mann–Whitney U test. The predictors, which were statistically significant at p < 0.2, were entered into a multiple logistic regression model. Alpha error of 5% was taken as significant.
Results Data from three institutions was collected with a total of 279 cases. In total, there were 53 (19%) neurological complications. There were 28 patients with new postoperative NDs (10.04%), 24 patients had SD (8.6%), and 17 patients had seizures (6.1%). Neurological deficits were significantly less in institution 2. Diagnosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI) was associated with very low risk of ND, and vascular pathology was associated with higher chance of a ND. The duration of anesthesia was found to be significantly predictive of SD (OR/CI = 1.01 / 1–1.02). None of the factors were predictive of PS.
Conclusion The incidences of postoperative ND, SD and postoperative seizures were 10%, 8.6%, and 6.1%, respectively. Studies with a much larger sample size are required for a better and detailed analysis of these complications.
Direct imaging of liquid domains in membranes by cryo-electron tomography
Authors: Cornell Caitlin E. , Mileant Alexander , Thakkar Niket , Lee Kelly K. , Keller Sarah L. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Fluorescence micrographs that capture the sizes, shapes, and distributions of liquid domains in model membranes have provided high standards of evidence to prove (and disprove) theories of how micron-scale domains form and grow. Some theories about smaller domains have remained untested, partly because experimental methods of identifying submicron domains in vitrified, hydrated vesicles have not been available. Here we introduce two such methods; both leverage cryo-electron tomography to observe membrane features far smaller than the diffraction limit of light. The first method is probe-free and identifies differences in thicknesses between liquid domains and their surrounding membranes. The second method identifies membrane regions labeled by an electron-dense, fluorescent protein, which enables direct comparison of fluorescence micrographs with cryo-electron tomograms.
Structures of filamentous viruses infecting hyperthermophilic archaea explain DNA stabilization in extreme environments
Authors: Wang Fengbin , Baquero Diana P. , Beltran Leticia C. , Su Zhangli , Osinski Tomasz , Zheng Weili , Prangishvili David , Krupovic Mart , Egelman Edward H. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Viruses pose enormous threats to human health around the world but can also be potential tools for everything from gene therapy to medical imaging to drug delivery. We have used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the atomic structure of two filamentous viruses that infect hosts living in some of the most extreme environments on the Earth’s surface, springs of nearly boiling acid. We show how the structure of the proteins that protect the viral DNA has been conserved in a family of filamentous viruses found in diverse extreme locations around the globe, suggesting that all had a common origin. These results have implications for understanding the evolution of viruses, as well as for developing new methods for packaging DNA in biotechnology.
Experimental determination of thermal neutron fluence around Elekta Versa HD linear accelerator for various photon energies
Authors: Vysakh R , Musthafa M M , Midhun C V , Niyas P , Anjana P T , Krishnan M P Arun , Ranjith C P , Irfad M P , Ganapathi Raman R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A complex neutron spectrum generated along with a useful photon beam imposes an additional radiation protection risk around medical linear accelerators (linac). The thermal neutron component of this complex neutron spectrum formed during different photon modes of operation of Elekta Versa HD linac has been quantified using Indium foil activation technique. The thermal neutron fluence (Φ
th
) at isocenter for 15 MV, 10 MV and 10 MV FFF beams was found to be 2.45 × 105, 4.35 × 104 and 3.2 × 104 neutrons cm−2 Gy−1, respectively. The analysis shows a reduction in the Φ
th
as the flattening filter is being taken out from the beam path. A negative correlation in Φ
th
with respect to field size has been observed with an average 18% reduction in Φ
th
per monitor units as field size changes from 10 cm × 10 cm to 40 cm × 40 cm. For particular field size and photon energy, Φ
th
was found to be uniform across the patient plane. From the measured gamma ray spectrum inside the treatment room six major isotopes have been identified which were 122Sb, 187W, 82Br, 56Mn, 24Na and 28Al.
Hypertensive Urgency in Tanzanian Adults: A 1-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Reis Karl G , Wilson Raymond , Kalokola Fredrick , Wajanga Bahati , Lee Myung-Hee , Safford Monika , Peck Robert N 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Hypertensive urgency is associated with a high risk for cardiovascular events and mortality in the United States and Europe, but data from low-income countries and interventions to improve outcomes are lacking.

METHODS
We conducted a 1-year prospective study of the prevalence and outcomes of hypertensive urgency (blood pressure (BP) ≥180 mm Hg/120 mm Hg without end-organ damage) in a busy outpatient clinic in Tanzania.

RESULTS
Of 7,600 consecutive adult outpatients screened with 3 unattended automated BP measurements according to standard protocol, the prevalence of hypertensive crisis was 199/7,600 (2.6%) (BP ≥180 mm Hg/120 mm Hg) and the prevalence of hypertensive urgency was 164/7,600 (2.2%). Among 150 enrolled patients with hypertensive urgency, median age was 62 years (54–68), 101 (67.3%) were women, and 53 (35%) were either hospitalized or died within 1 year. In a multivariate model, the strongest predictor of hospitalization/death was self-reported medication adherence on a 3 question scale (hazard ratio: 0.06, P &lt; 0.001); 90% of participants with poor adherence were hospitalized or died within 1 year.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with hypertensive urgency in Africa are at high risk of poor outcomes. Clinicians can identify the patients at highest risk for poor outcomes with simple questions related treatment adherence. New interventions are needed to improve medication adherence in patients with hypertensive urgency.
A network model of freight data with spatial dependence
Authors: Hazan Aurélien 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this article, we analyse the origin–destination matrix arising from freight flows that occur in single-mode transport networks and compare unbiased maximum-entropy models of the corresponding networks. An original model based on earlier results allows to reconstruct a weighted network, from degree and strength sequences, taking distances into account. As an application, the properties of the European railroad freight are analysed in detail in year 2010, with a focus on spatial effects.
The burden of atherosclerosis in Portugal
Authors: Costa João , Alarcão Joana , Araujo Francisco , Ascenção Raquel , Caldeira Daniel , Fiorentino Francesca , Gil Victor , Gouveia Miguel , Lourenço Francisco , Mello e Silva Alberto , Sampaio Filipa , Vaz Carneiro António , Borges Margarida 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Aims
This article sought to estimate the burden of disease attributable to atherosclerosis in mainland Portugal in 2016.

Methods and results
The burden of atherosclerosis was measured in disability-adjusted life years following the latest 2010 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) methodology. Disability-adjusted life years were estimated as the sum of years of life lost (YLL) with years lived with disability (YLD). The following clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis were included: ischaemic heart disease (IHD) (including acute myocardial infarction, stable angina, and ischaemic heart failure), ischaemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD), and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Years of life lost were estimated based on all-cause mortality data for the Portuguese population and mortality due to IHD, ICVD, and PAD for the year 2016 sourced from national statistics. Standard life expectancy was sourced from the GBD study. Years lived with disability corresponded to the product of the number of prevalent cases by an average disability weight for all possible combinations of disease. Prevalence data for the different clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis were sourced from epidemiological studies. Disability weights were sourced from the published literature. In 2016, 15 123 deaths were attributable to atherosclerosis, which corresponded to 14.3% of overall mortality in mainland Portugal. Disability-adjusted life years totalled 260 943, 75% due to premature death (196 438 YLL) and 25% due to disability (64 505 YLD).

Conclusion
Atherosclerosis entails a high disease burden to society. A large part of this burden would be avoidable if evidence-based effective and cost-effective interventions targeting known risk factors, from prevention to treatment, were implemented.
Continuity and Change: Strategy and Technology in the Royal Navy, 1890–1918
Authors: Morgan-Owen David G 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article presents a new interpretation of the relationship between technology and warfare at sea before and during the First World War. It challenges existing accounts which view technological innovations as the primary driver of naval strategy during this period, and argues for a more contingent, incremental and contextualised approach to the relationship between technology and strategy. It illustrates these points with a specific example: the highly controversial topic of the Royal Navy’s so-called ‘Battle Cruisers’, three of which suffered catastrophic explosions at the Battle of Jutland in 1916. In doing so it forwards a new interpretation of British naval policy between 1890 and 1918, the Anglo-German naval arms race, and elements of the First World War at sea.
ACE inhibitor-induced small bowel angioedema, mimicking an acute abdomen
Authors: Parreira Rafaela , Amaral Rui , Amaral Luís , Elói Teresa , Leite Maria Inês , Medeiros Armando 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are the leading cause of drug-induced angioedema, being the face, tongue, lips and upper airway the most affected ones. We describe a case of a 32-year-old white female with angioedema of small intestine after 1 month of perindopril therapy. The patient presented severe abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Laboratory analyses revealed mild leukocytosis and abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed unspecific findings, including segmental jejunal wall thickening without obstruction and ascites. Regarding the clinical findings, similar to an acute abdomen with no clear cause, the patient underwent an emergency laparoscopy that excluded other pathological features. The symptoms recurred 1 month after and the CT scan revealed the same pattern. Perindopril was stopped and the patient improved, concluding that ACE inhibitor-induced visceral angioedema was responsible for this clinical presentation.
Workforce Planning for Embedded Mental Health Care in the U.S. Navy
Authors: Millegan Jeffrey , Lippy Robert , De La Rosa Gabriel , Swayze Michael , Murray Thomas , Hucles Katherine , Webb-Murphy Jennifer , Bhakta Jagruti , Delaney Eileen , Pauli Ingrid , Buenviaje Bernardo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Embedding mental health providers directly into operational units provides opportunities for holistic individual and population focused mental health support. To effectively provide clinical mental health care to a large number of Sailors and Marines while supporting the larger command, it is crucial to arrive at an optimal number of mental health (MH) care staff. In response to an increasing demand for MH care by operational units distributed globally, the U.S. Navy (USN) critically analyzed the current MH staffing levels, estimated future demand for MH care providers, and evaluated several staffing options. The following article illustrates a case study of workforce planning for the USN’s embedded MH delivery model.

Materials and methods
Several existing data sources were used to calculate current number of MH care staff across all USN platforms and to estimate demand for MH care. An open source Linear Programming application was used to estimate staffing solutions that meet business requirements in the most efficient manner possible.

Results
Results suggested different conclusions for embedded mental health staffing across USN communities. Depending on existing staffing levels and the number of Sailors or Marines anticipated to require care, the Linear Programming algorithm estimated needed staffing levels to address demand.

Conclusion
The current project represents the first systematic workforce planning initiative designed to help staff the USN’s global demand for community focused MH care. The results of this project have identified areas where additional embedded mental health resources should be made available. By systematically documenting all services and capabilities and carefully examining the operational demands of each community, the current solution was able to identify precisely what type of MH resources should be allocated to a given community.
Rojak: An Ethnographic Exploration of Pluralism and Music Therapy in Post-British-Colonial Malaysia
Authors: Low Ming Yuan , Kuek Ser Sheen Tse , Kalsi Gurpreet Kaur 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this discursive exploration that is influenced by ethnography and autoethnography is to present how Western-based music therapy intersects with the pluralistic healthcare culture in Malaysia. We will first be situating music therapy as a Eurocentric-based healthcare practice. We will then introduce the history of Malaysia and healthcare culture through a pluralistic lens, drawing inspiration from a popular Malaysian street food—rojak, a form of salad. We use rojak as an analogy to honor Malaysia’s food culture while drawing similarities between the diverse flavors and textures between the distinct components of rojak, with the unique pluralism that exists throughout Malaysian culture and healthcare practices. Through this rojak pluralist lens, we will share several unique Malaysian vignettes to explore the different ways we consider Eurocentric music therapy as a potentially colonial practice, ranging from postcolonial theory perspective to a pragmatic, inclusive perspective. As Malaysia has maintained its pluralistic culture as a uniquely multiracial Asian country despite the lengthy history of colonization, we offer these Malaysian, post-British-colonial music therapy vignettes in this article.