bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catalyst‐ and Additive‐free Synthesis of α‐Pyrrolyl Amides upon Treatment of α‐Keto Amides with 4‐Hydroxy‐L‐proline
Authors: Liu Guyue , Hao Feiyue , He Xiaoyu , Xu Yan , Jin Zhengneng , Jiang Huajiang , Wu Jiashou 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA catalyst‐ and additive‐free synthesis of α‐pyrrolyl amides was easily achieved upon treatment of 4‐hydroxy‐L‐proline with α‐keto amides. Broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and operational simplicity are the notable advantages of this protocol. Furthermore, gram‐scale synthesis and further transformation of the resultant products into newly functionalized compounds definitely demonstrated the synthetic utility of this method.
Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications of Native and Modified Starch: A Review
Authors: Garcia Maria Aparecida Vieira Teixeira , Garcia Cleverson Fernando , Faraco André Augusto Gomes 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStarch is a natural, renewable, and biodegradable polymer produced by many plants as a source of stored energy. The structural and functional diversity of starches makes them suitable for different applications. Various physical, chemical, and enzymatic modifications can change and improve functional properties of starch to facilitate its use for different pharmaceutical purposes. Currently, some types of starches—for example, native starch, sodium starch glycolate (chemically modified starch), and pregelatinized starch (physically modified starch)—are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use either as an isolated excipient or as a matrix for drug delivery systems in granules, capsules, tablets, suppositories, implants, stents, transdermal, and ophthalmic systems. However, the increasing number of drug moieties with varying physicochemical and stability properties along with the development of new drug production processes and drug delivery systems exert pressure on formulators to search for new excipients that achieve the desired set of functionalities. This paper offers a clear overview of native and modified starches and their use in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, either as excipients or as drug delivery systems. In addition, some drug release mechanisms, which include encapsulants, micro/nanoparticles hydrogels and scaffolds, are discussed.
Pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal organoids for disease modeling and development of therapies
Authors: Kruczek Kamil , Swaroop Anand 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRetinal diseases constitute a genetically and phenotypically diverse group of clinical conditions leading to vision impairment or blindness with limited treatment options. Advances in reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells and generation of three-dimensional organoids resembling the native retina offer promising tools to interrogate disease mechanisms and evaluate potential therapies for currently incurable retinal neurodegeneration. Next-generation sequencing, single-cell analysis, advanced electrophysiology, and high-throughput screening approaches are expected to greatly expand the utility of stem cell-derived retinal cells and organoids for developing personalized treatments. In this review, we discuss the current status and future potential of combining retinal organoids as human models with recent technologies to advance the development of gene, cell, and drug therapies for retinopathies.
ROS‐mediated PERK‐eIF2α‐ATF4 pathway plays an important role in arsenite‐induced L‐02 cells apoptosis via regulating CHOP‐DR5 signaling
Authors: Liu Chunyan , Zhang Aihua 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChronic exposure to arsenic remains a worldwide environmental health issue, affecting hundreds of millions of people. Although, arsenic‐induced oxidative stress and apoptosis have been determined, the underlying apoptosis mechanism has not been fully elucidated yet. Oxidative stress integrated‐ER stress plays an important role in Life‐and‐Death decision of cells. The current study was to investigate whether NaAsO2 utilizes oxidative stress integrated‐ER stress signaling to exert pro‐apoptotic activity in L‐02 cells. Results showed that death receptor 5 (DR5) was a mediator of NaAsO2‐induced apoptosis by enhancing construction of the death‐inducing signaling complex (DISC). NaAsO2‐sensitized DR5 elevation required maintainable transcription and its transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). Further results showed that NaAsO2 increased expression in biomarker of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activated the protein kinase R‐like ER kinase (PERK)‐eukaryotic translation initiation 2α (eIF2α)‐activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) pathway. PERK inhibitor and ATF4 siRNA significantly attenuated NaAsO2‐induced CHOP and DR5 expressions. In addition, the antioxidant N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine (NAC) treatment led to amelioration of NaAsO2‐induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and some ER stress‐ and apoptosis‐ related protein levels and cell viability. Taken together, the results indicate that ROS‐mediated PERK‐eIF2α‐ATF4 pathway activated by NaAsO2 is the critical upstream event for subsequent apoptosis induction via regulating CHOP‐DR5 signaling in L‐02 cells when chronic exposure to arsenic, and support that antioxidants might be potential therapeutic agents for preventing or delaying the onset and progress of arsenic‐induced hepatotoxicity.
The design, evaluation, and reporting on non‐pharmacological, cognition‐oriented treatments for older adults: Results of a survey of experts
Authors: Simon Sharon Sanz , Castellani Mary , Belleville Sylvie , Dwolatzky Tzvi , Hampstead Benjamin M. , Bahar‐Fuchs Alex 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroductionCognitive decline and dementia significantly affect independence and quality of life in older adults; therefore, it is critical to identify effective cognition‐oriented treatments (COTs; eg, cognitive training, rehabilitation) that can help maintain or enhance cognitive functioning in older adults, as well as reduce dementia risk or alleviate symptoms associated with pathological processes.MethodsThe Cognitive Intervention Design Evaluation and Reporting (CIDER), a working group from the Non‐Pharmacological Interventions Professional Interest Area (NPI‐PIA) of the Alzheimer's Association conducted as survey in 2017 with experts in COTs worldwide. The survey's aims were three‐fold: (1) determine the common attitudes, beliefs, and practices of experts involved in the COTs research targeting older people; (2) identify areas of relative agreement and disagreement among experts in the field; and (3) offer a critical review of the literature, including recommendations for future research.ResultsThe survey identified several areas of agreements among experts on critical features of COTs, and on study design and outcome measures. Nevertheless, there were some areas with relative disagreement. Critically, expert opinions were not always supported by scientific evidence, suggesting that methodologic improvements are needed regarding design, implementation, and reporting of COTs. There was a clear consensus that COTs provide benefits and should be offered to cognitively unimpaired older adults, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and mild dementia, but opinions differed for moderate and severe dementia. In addition, there is no consensus on the potential role of COTs in dementia prevention, indicating that future research should prioritize this aspect.DiscussionEvidence of COTs in older adults is encouraging, but additional evidence is needed to enhance dementia prevention. Consensus building and guidelines in the field are critical to improve and accelerate the development of high‐quality evidence for COTs in cognitively unimpaired older adults, and those with MCI and dementia.
On porous‐elastic system with a time‐varying delay term in the internal feedbacks
Authors: Borges Filho E. , Santos M. L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this article, we consider the one‐dimensional equations of an homogeneous and isotropic porous‐elastic solid with interior time‐dependent delay term feedbacks. First, using the variable norm technique of T. Kato, we prove that the system is well‐posed under some hypothesis adopted. Then, via a suitable Lyapunov functional, we show that the system is exponentially stable.
Effects of a recurring late‐night event on the behavior and welfare of a population of zoo‐housed gorillas
Authors: Bastian Meredith L. , Glendinning David R. , Brown Janine L. , Boisseau Nicole P. , Edwards Katie L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe impact of visitors on the well‐being of captive animals presents both positive and potentially negative consequences. While some amount of novelty through visitor stimulation offers the opportunity for a more complex captive environment, anecdotal evidence from primate staff observations at the Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute suggested that gorillas exhibited increased restlessness during the annual month‐long late night ZooLights (ZL) event than before it. The current study compared activity budgets, aggression (interactions involving contact between conspecifics and displays toward visitors), and abnormal behaviors in two groups of socially housed gorillas for 1‐month periods before, during, and after the 2015 ZL event. We also compared the fecal glucocorticoid metabolite profiles of all six gorillas across these same observation periods. Physiologically, most individuals appeared to cope appropriately with the increased visitor presence during the event. We saw little difference in contact aggression; however, abnormal behavior was observed in some gorillas during and after the event, which highlights the importance of individual analysis and data interpretation. As predicted, we found that the majority of gorillas rested less during ZL than during other observation periods, particularly adult females in the mixed sex troop. Preliminary results of this study aided the decision of zoo management to close initially the Great Ape House and subsequently most animal buildings during future ZL events to avoid the potential disruption of normal activity patterns. While the findings of this study were mixed as to the impact of the event on these gorillas, the results suggest that zoos should carefully consider the possible ramifications of keeping great ape buildings open for lengthy multi‐night events.
Cultural Competence and the Higher Education Sector: A Journey in the Academy
Authors: Frawley Jack , Russell Gabrielle , Sherwood Juanita 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAlthough cultural competence in higher education is a worthwhile starting point for teaching, learning, research and leadership in the higher education sector, it has been argued that it is the journey and not the destination that is important (Clutton in One size fits few: from cultural incompetence to contextual sensitivity in health policy development in Australia and Canada. (Unpublished doctoral thesis), Australian National University, Canberra, 2017).
On the Critical, Morally Driven, Self-reflective Agents of Change and Transformation: A Literature Review on Culturally Competent Leadership in Higher Education
Authors: Pecci Alessandra , Frawley Jack , Nguyen Tran 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCultural competence philosophyand praxis was born out of healthcare provision in the 1980s. As such, the essence of care cannot be separated from cultural competence practice.
Spinodal decomposition in alkali feldspar studied by atom probe tomography
Authors: Petrishcheva Elena , Tiede Lisa , Schweinar Kevin , Habler Gerlinde , Li Chen , Gault Baptiste , Abart Rainer 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe used atom probe tomography to complement electron microscopy for the investigation of spinodal decomposition in alkali feldspar. To this end, gem-quality alkali feldspar of intermediate composition with a mole fraction of $$a_{\text {K}}=0.43$$

a
K

=
0.43

of the K end-member was prepared from Madagascar orthoclase by ion-exchange with (NaK)Cl molten salt. During subsequent annealing at $$550\,^\circ \hbox {C}$$

550

∘

C

and close to ambient pressure the ion-exchanged orthoclase unmixed producing a coherent lamellar intergrowth of Na-rich and K-rich lamellae. The chemical separation was completed, and equilibrium Na–K partitioning between the different lamellae was attained within four days, which was followed by microstructural coarsening. After annealing for 4 days, the wavelength of the lamellar microstructure was $$\approx 17\,\hbox {nm}$$

≈
17

nm

and it increased to $$\approx 30\,\hbox {nm}$$

≈
30

nm

after annealing for 16 days. The observed equilibrium compositions of the Na-rich and K-rich lamellae are in reasonable agreement with an earlier experimental determination of the coherent solvus. The excess energy associated with compositional gradients at the lamellar interfaces was quantified from the initial wavelength of the lamellar microstructure and the lamellar compositions as obtained from atom probe tomography using the Cahn–Hilliard theory. The capability of atom probe tomography to deliver quantitative chemical compositions at nm resolution opens new perspectives for studying the early stages of exsolution. In particular, it helps to shed light on the phase relations in nm scaled coherent intergrowth.
Soft resilience: moisture-dependent lichen elasticity buffer herbivore trampling in cold alpine-tundra ecosystems
Authors: Heggenes Jan , Fagertun Christian , Odland Arvid , Bjerketvedt Dag K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHerbivores may have extensive top-down effects in open grazing ecosystems, generating vegetation changes by grazing and trampling. Trampling effects are understudied, but may be a major ecological factor. In cold alpine-Arctic ecosystems grazing and trampling by wild tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) may be particularly important in lichen-dominated heaths. Dry lichen are crushed by trampling, and it is estimated that volume loss of lichen trampled may be considerably larger than lichen volume eaten by reindeer. Humidity affects lichen pliability and elasticity, and thereby resilience to trampling. Although crucial for estimating lichen vegetation trampling loss, the relationship between humidity and lichen elasticity is not well known. We collected samples of three lichen speciesin naturaand in factorial experiments tested effects of species, levels of humidity (25, 70, 80, 90 and 100% RH) and temperatures (5 and 25 °C), on resilience to trampling (pressure resistance). The humidity:species interaction was the strongest factor increasing pressure resilience with increasing humidity, whereas temperature had small or no effects. Lichen elasticity increased rapidly above 70% RH. Consequently, when estimating lichen resources and potential trampling loss, number of dry days (less than 70% RH) should be estimated. This also has important ramifications for effects of climate change on the sustainability of reindeer populations.
Projected future changes in rainfall in Southeast Asia based on CORDEX–SEA multi-model simulations
Authors: Tangang Fredolin , Chung Jing Xiang , Juneng Liew , Supari  , Salimun Ester , Ngai Sheau Tieh , Jamaluddin Ahmad Fairudz , Mohd Mohd Syazwan Faisal , Cruz Faye , Narisma Gemma , Santisirisomboon Jerasorn , Ngo-Duc Thanh , Van Tan Phan , Singhruck Patama , Gunawan Dodo , Aldrian Edvin , Sopaheluwakan Ardhasena , Grigory Nikulin , Remedio Armelle Reca C. , Sein Dmitry V. , Hein-Griggs David , McGregor John L. , Yang Hongwei , Sasaki Hidetaka , Kumar Pankaj 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the projected changes in rainfall in Southeast Asia (SEA) in the twenty-first century based on the multi-model simulations of the Southeast Asia Regional Climate Downscaling/Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment–Southeast Asia (SEACLID/CORDEX–SEA). A total of 11 General Circulation Models (GCMs) have been downscaled using 7 Regional Climate Models (RCMs) to a resolution of 25 km × 25 km over the SEA domain (89.5° E–146.5° E, 14.8° S–27.0° N) for two different representative concentration pathways (RCP) scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The 1976–2005 period is considered as the historical period for evaluating the changes in seasonal precipitation of December–January–February (DJF) and June–July–August (JJA) over future periods of the early (2011–2040), mid (2041–2070) and late twenty-first century (2071–2099). The ensemble mean shows a good reproduction of the SEA climatological mean spatial precipitation pattern with systematic wet biases, which originated largely from simulations using the RegCM4 model. Increases in mean rainfall (10–20%) are projected throughout the twenty-first century over Indochina and eastern Philippines during DJF while a drying tendency prevails over the Maritime Continent. For JJA, projections of both RCPs indicate reductions in mean rainfall (10–30%) over the Maritime Continent, particularly over the Indonesian region by mid and late twenty-first century. However, examination of individual member responses shows prominent inter-model variations, reflecting uncertainty in the projections.
Factors influencing the need for recovery in employees with hearing loss: a cross-sectional study of health administrative data
Authors: van der Hoek-Snieders Hanneke E. M. , Boymans Monique , Sorgdrager Bas , Dreschler Wouter A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveNeed for recovery is a predictor of work stress and health problems, but its underlying factors are not yet well understood. We aimed to identify hearing-related, work-related, and personal factors influencing need for recovery in hearing-impaired employees.MethodsWe retrospectively identified hearing-impaired employees (N = 294) that were referred to the Amsterdam University Medical Center between 2004 and 2019. Routinely obtained healthcare data were used, including a survey and hearing assessments. A directed acyclic graph was constructed, revealing the hypothesized structure of factors influencing need for recovery as well as the minimal set of factors needed for multiple regression analysis.ResultsFour variables were included in the regression analysis. In total, 46.1% of the variance in need for recovery was explained by the factors feeling that something should change at work (B = 19.01,p < 0.001), self-perceived listening effort (B = 1.84,p < 0.001), personal adaptations scale score (B = − 0.34,p < .001), and having a moderate/poor general health condition (B = 20.06,p < 0.001). Although degree of hearing loss was associated with self-perceived listening effort, the direct association between degree of hearing loss and need for recovery was not significant.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the way employees perceive their hearing loss and how they cope with it directly influence need for recovery, rather than their measured degree of hearing loss. Additionally, general health condition was found to be an independent factor for need for recovery. The results should be confirmed by future, longitudinal research.
Malignant teratoid tumor of the thyroid gland: an aggressive primitive multiphenotypic malignancy showing organotypical elements and frequent DICER1 alterations—is the term “thyroblastoma” more appropriate?
Authors: Agaimy Abbas , Witkowski Leora , Stoehr Robert , Cuenca Joseph Christopher Castillo , González-Muller Carlos Alberto , Brütting Alfred , Bährle Markus , Mantsopoulos Konstantinos , Amin Randa M. S. , Hartmann Arndt , Metzler Markus , Amr Samir S. , Foulkes William D. , Sobrinho-Simões Manuel , Eloy Catarina 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPrimary thyroid teratomas are exceedingly rare. Mature and immature variants recapitulate their gonadal counterparts (predilection for infants/children, triphasic germ layer differentiation, and favorable outcome). On the other hand, the so-called malignant teratomas affect predominantly adults and elderly, are highly aggressive, and, according to a few published cases, harborDICER1mutations. We describe three highly aggressive sporadic malignant teratoid thyroid tumors in 2 females (17 and 45 years) and one male (17 years). Histology showed triphasic neoplasms composed of solid nests of small primitive monomorphic cells embedded in a cellular stroma with primitive immature rhabdomyosarcoma-like (2) or pleomorphic sarcoma-like (1) phenotype. The third component was represented by TTF1+/PAX8+ primitive teratoid epithelial tubules reminiscent of primitive thyroid follicles and/or Wilms tumor, admixed with scattered respiratory- or enteric-type tubules, neuroepithelial rosettes, and fetal-type squamoid nests. Foci of cartilage were seen in two cases, but none contained mature organoid adult-type tissue or skin adnexa. SALL4 was expressed in the small cell (2) and stromal (1) component. Other germ cell markers were negative. Molecular testing revealed a known “hotspot” pathogenicDICER1mutation in two cases. In addition, case 1 had a missenseTP53variant. This type of thyroid malignancy is distinct from genuine teratomas. The immunoprofile suggests primitive thyroid- or branchial cleft-like differentiation. Given that “blastoma” is a well-accepted terminology in the spectrum of DICER1-associated malignancies, the term “thyroblastoma” might be more convenient for these malignant teratoid tumors of the thyroid gland. Relationship of thyroblastoma to the DICER1 syndrome remains to be addressed.
Preoperative biopsies as predictor for the necessity of inguinal lymph node surgery in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva-a retrospective tertiary center analysis
Authors: Pahmeyer Caroline , Thangarajah Fabinshy , Ratiu Dominik , Schultheis Anne Maria , Schömig-Markiefka Birgid , Mallmann Peter , Morgenstern Bernd 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (SQCV) is the fifth common cancer in women. Necessity of inguinal lymph node surgery depends on the depth of stromal invasion, inducing lymph node surgery, if depth of invasion is more than 1 mm. In this study we tested the prediction of stromal infiltration depth by measurements in preoperative biopsies.

Methods
We analyzed whether a different operative strategy in respect to lymph node surgery would have been chosen based on the pre- or postoperative depth of stromal invasion for each patient. Examination of infiltration depth in preoperative biopsies and surgical specimen were compared.

Results
In total 77 patients were included in this study. Of those 89.6% showed different depths of stromal invasion comparing the pre- and postoperative specimen. Within seventeen patients (22.1%) preoperative depth was 1 mm or less and a postoperative depth was > 1 mm.

Conclusion
We pointed, that only in 77.9% of the patients who should have undergo lymph node surgery based on the postoperative depth of infiltration underwent this procedure. Consequentially in 22.1% of the cases a second operation could not be prevented with a preoperative taken biopsy as indicator for the necessity of lymph node surgery.
Needle-type organic electrochemical transistor for spatially resolved detection of dopamine
Authors: Mariani Federica , Quast Thomas , Andronescu Corina , Gualandi Isacco , Fraboni Beatrice , Tonelli Domenica , Scavetta Erika , Schuhmann Wolfgang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this work, the advantages of carbon nanoelectrodes (CNEs) and orgonic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) were merged to realise nanometre-sized, spearhead OECTs based on single- and double-barrel CNEs functionalised with a conducting polymer film. The needle-type OECT shows a high aspect ratio that allows its precise positioning by means of a macroscopic handle and its size is compatible with single-cell analysis. The device was characterised with respect to its electrolyte-gated behaviour and was employed as electrochemical sensor for the proof-of-concept detection of dopamine (DA) over a wide concentration range (10−12—10−6 M). Upon application of fixed drain and gate voltages (Vd = − 0.3 V, Vg = − 0.9 V, respectively), the nano-sized needle-type OECT sensor exhibited a linear response in the low pM range and from 0.002 to 7 μM DA, with a detection limit of 1 × 10−12 M.