bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Well Integrity Analysis of Injection Wells during CO2 Sequestration, Tarim Basin, China
Authors: Zhang Jingtian , Guo Qingfeng , Mu Lingyu , Cai Zhixiang , Li Mu , Li Yan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Tarim Basin is the biggest oil and gas bearing basin in China. The ultra-deep formations in the North Border of Tarim Basin is characterized by ultra-high temperature, high pressure, and ultra-thick composite salt-gypsum formations, are widely distributed, so it will bring great challenge to well integrity during CO2 sequestration. Therefore it is necessary to evaluate the impact of temperature decrease and salt rock creep on injection well integrity.
A numerical model is used to analyze the impact of temperature decrease and salt rock creep on injection well integrity in this process of CO2 injection and obtain a critical temperature drop value. A set of new ideas for casing selection was proposed based upon long-term corrosion rate of different materials calculated by De. Warrd corrosion prediction model. Well B in Tarim Oilfield was designed in this method, and design results were verified by performing laboratory experiments.
The results show that under some circumstances the micro-annulus between casing and cement sheath can be changed by salt creep or self-healed. The mechanism of casing damage in salt layers was preliminarily revealed. A set of methods is proposed for casing material selection in CO2 corrosion environment is proposed: corrosion rate of different materials is calculated and converted into long-term corrosion rate. Then the maximum allowable wear extent of the casing is calculated according to casing strength requirement. Finally, casing selection material is determined. The mechanism of casing damage in salt layers was preliminarily revealed during CO2 sequestration. It is indicated that casing damage is mainly caused by the non-uniform load induced by the creep of salt-gypsum layers, the low temperature, and the poor cementing quality.
This new method can effectively reduce cost of casing material selection and make for guaranteeing oilfield development and CO2 sequestration while maintaining wellbore integrity and controllable well control safety.
Experimental Modeling of Gas Channeling for Water-Alternating-Gas Flooding in High-Temperature and High-Pressure Reservoirs
Authors: Li Yunbo , Yao Yang , Qi Mei , Zhao Chuang , Han Bin , Song Zhaojie , Xu Likun , Liu Qiang , Hou Jirui , Song Liguang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate gas channeling behavior and its governing factors during water-alternating-gas (WAG) flooding in high-temperature and high-pressure reservoirs. According to the geological characteristics and development conditions of the target carbonate reservoir, various core models were fabricated and the relevant experimental method was designed based on the similarity criterion of physical simulation. A series of experiments were performed to discussed the production performance of WAG flooding, and the effect of core heterogeneity and injection rate on oil displacement efficiency was investigated. Experimental results showed that WAG flooding presented great potential of enhanced oil recovery and good effect on delaying water and gas production. The severer the core heterogeneity, the smaller the fluctuation range and the less the fluctuation frequency of water cut and gas-oil ratio. The effect of WAG flooding on water and gas production control became worse with an increase in core heterogeneity. The injection rate presented less significant effect on oil recovery compared to core heterogeneity. Water and gas breakthrough occurred earlier at a higher injection rate. This experimental study could provide guiding suggestions for reasonable implementation of WAG flooding in the oilfield.
Supporting Young Offenders to Communicate in the Youth Justice System
Authors: Sowerbutts Anna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Objective: The scoping review will collate literature from different disciplines on supporting young offenders to communicate in the youth justice system. Specifically, it will map the evidence on a) the communication requirements of youth justice interactions; and b) how to support young offenders to communicate in this context.
Introduction: Young offenders disproportionately present with unidentified Developmental Language Disorder. Successfully participating in the youth justice system demands considerable proficiency in language, and a large proportion of young offenders will thus struggle to engage in the required processes. Although there is emerging evidence regarding the specific communication tasks that young offenders are likely to struggle with, and published guidelines exist for supporting young offenders to communicate, it is unclear to what extent these recommendations are substantiated by evidence. This scoping review will collate what is currently known about supporting young offenders to communicate, identifying gaps and trends in research.
Inclusion criteria: The review will consider publications which focus on young offenders, describe the communication requirements of the youth justice system, and/or provide guidelines for supporting young offenders to communicate in this context. Publications only concerning victims or witnesses will be excluded.
Methods: Five databases will be searched, using identified keywords from relevant papers. To identify further studies, reference lists will be scanned and the grey literature will also be searched. Relevant data will be extracted from included publications using a pre-defined tool, and a narrative and visual summary of the findings will be presented.
Influence of Meteorological Parameters on Particle Pollution (PM2.5 and PM10) in the Tropical Climate of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Onuorah Christopher U. , Leton Tambari G. , Momoh Yusuf O. L. 
Published: November 2019

Aims: This study explores the influence of meteorological parameters such as wind direction, wind speed, rainfall, air temperature and relative humidity on PM2.5 and PM10 concentration.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Woji, an urban area of Port Harcourt city in Nigeria, between May and December 2019 covering wet and dry season.
Methodology: The PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were monitored for 236 days using photometric laser based particulate monitor while meteorological parameters were collected using Misol weather station mounted 10m above ground at Woji monitoring location.
Results: PM concentration for all the months under study were below USEPA 24-hr standard except the month of December with PM2.5 = 58.8 μg/m³ and PM10 = 164.5 μg/m³.
The result showed a significant but positively strong correlation between PM2.5 and PM10 (r = 0.97, P < .001). The wind speed significantly influenced PM2.5 and PM10 concentration with a weak negative correlation (r = - 0.22 and -0.23) respectively at P < .001. Also, PM2.5 and PM10 concentration exhibited a weak negative but significant correlation with rainfall (r = - 0.05 and -0.05) and air temperature (r = - 0.12 and -0.14) respectively at P< .001. Relative humidity showed a weak negative but not significant correlation with PM2.5 concentration (r = - 0.01) while PM10 exhibited weak but significant correlation with relative humidity (r = 0.04).
Conclusion: The PM concentration exceedances recorded in month of December could be attributed to dry dusty north east trade wind that comes with harmattan as well as high atmospheric stability which is associated with low wind speed. The study revealed that meteorological parameters such as temperature, wind speed and rainfall plays significant role in the reduction of particulate matter loading through air dispersion, atmospheric instability and washout process while relative humidity increases PM10 concentration.
Why Do Migrants Remit? Empirical Evidence from Kenya
Authors: Maara John N. , Manda Damiano K. , Kiiru Joy 
Published: November 2019

Aims: Remittances both external and internal are very important to the Kenyan economy. In view of this, this study improves the understanding of the drivers of remittances in Kenya. In addition, the study empirically tests the main theories of remittances namely altruism, self interest and implicit contractual agreement.
Methodology: This paper analyzes migrant’s remittance behaviour in Kenya using household survey data from World Bank 2009 African Migration Project. Since a large share of migrants does not remit, Heckman sample selection model is suggested and estimated using Limited Information Maximum Likelihood method.
Results: The results show that external migrants have a higher probability to remit and, on average send higher levels of remittances back home relative to internal migrants. Internal and external migrants with higher levels of education prior to migration and employed migrants remit more both at extensive and intensive margins. External migrants have a higher probability to remit and send larger amounts of money to higher-income households while internal migrants have a higher probability to remit and send higher levels to lower-income households.
Conclusion: Therefore, the empirical results suggest that internal and external remittances are motivated by altruism and inter-temporal contractual agreement between a migrant and the household. The results also provide support for external remittances as being motivated by self-interest.
Tau (297‐391) forms filaments that structurally mimic the core of paired helical filaments in Alzheimer’s disease brain
Authors: Al‐Hilaly Youssra K. , Foster Bronwen E. , Biasetti Luca , Lutter Liisa , Pollack Saskia J. , Rickard Janet E. , Storey John M. D. , Harrington Charles R. , Xue Wei‐Feng , Wischik Claude M. , Serpell Louise C. 
Published: November 2019

The constituent paired helical filaments (PHFs) in neurofibrillary tangles are insoluble intracellular deposits central to the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other tauopathies. Full‐length tau requires the addition of anionic cofactors such as heparin to enhance assembly. We have shown that a fragment from the proteolytically stable core of the PHF, tau 297‐391 known as ‘dGAE’, spontaneously forms cross‐β‐containing PHFs and straight filaments under physiological conditions. Here, we have analysed and compared the structures of the filaments formed by dGAE in vitro with those deposited in the brains of individuals diagnosed with AD. We show that dGAE forms PHFs that share a macromolecular structure similar to those found in brain tissue. Thus, dGAEs may serve as a model system for studying core domain assembly and for screening for inhibitors of tau aggregation.
Probenahme und Bestimmung von Aerosolen und deren Inhaltsstoffen – Bestimmung von metallhaltigen Staubinhaltsstoffen [Air monitoring methods in German language, 2019]
Authors: Pitzke K. , Breuer D. , Hebisch R. , Kirchner M. , Maschmeier C.‐P. , Mattenklott M. , Schmitz A. , Schuh C. , Schwank T. , Sonnenburg R. , Timm K. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In addition to the gravimetric determination of airborne particles (total concentration), it is often necessary to selectively determine metals and their compounds in particle fractions because of their toxicological relevance. Usually, the total metal concentration is determined independently of the type of binding or oxidation state in a sample. From an occupational medical and toxicological point of view it makes sense to distinguish between different compounds of a metal, because type and extent of the toxic effect of metals depend considerably on their binding type and their solubility in the human body. In addition to the limit values of the respirable and inhalable particle fraction that must be complied, many metals have an OEL (occupational exposure limit) or MAK value that has to be checked and complied too. For cancerogenic compounds the exposure‐risk relationship has to be considered. Analysis for metals and their compounds predominantly resorts to methods, which require that the dust particle sample is brought into solution. That means the metals and their compounds contained in the sample need to be extracted, dissolved or digested. Aim of the sample preparation is the complete solution of all relevant substances to be analysed. Common digestion methods are for example acid digestion, which uses an acid mixture to digest the sample, and the suspension method, in which acetone is used to suspend the sample. An alternative sample preparation method is the microwave‐assisted pressure digestion with acid/acid mixture. In this chapter the different digestion methods are presented, discussed and compared, taking into account recent developments, in particular microwave‐assisted digestion.
Addendum zu Lindan (γ‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐Hexachlorcyclohexan) [BAT value documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Brinkmann B. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: November 2019

Abstract

In 2018, the German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated lindane. The critical toxic effects of lindane are immunotoxic and immunomodulating effects. After inhalation exposure a NOAEC of 0.6 mg/m
3
(rat) and 1 mg/m
3
(mouse) for histological changes of the spleen, thymus and bone marrow and a NOAEL of 0.45 mg/kg body weight for rats and 2 mg/kg body weight for mice for immunological effects can be derived. Exposure to the MAK value of 0.1 mg/m
3
results in a daily intake of 0.014 mg/kg body weight (100% inhalation absorption, 70 kg body weight and 10 m
3
respiratory volume) for humans excluding skin contact. In this low concentration range, an inhibition of immunological responses is not likely. So the MAK value of 0.1 mg/m
3
was confirmed. No data are available to correlate the concentration of lindane in the air with its concentration in serum. There are no indications that immunotoxic effects occur at a serum concentration of 25 µg lindane/l, therefore, the BAT value of 25 µg lindane/l is confirmed. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity after oral application is 10 mg/kg body weight and day corresponds to 900 µg/L serum concentration. The distance of the NOAEL for developmental toxicity relating to serum concentration in rats is 40‐fold of the BAT‐value. Therefore, lindane is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.
Addendum zu Methanol [BAT value documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Kreis P. , Brinkmann B. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: November 2019

Abstract

In 2018, the German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has lowered the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) to 100 mL methanol/m
3
. The BAT value was correlated to the MAK value. Therefore, the BAT value has to be re‐evaluated.

After 8‐hour exposure of test persons to 100 mL methanol/m
3
with physical activity, a concentration of 15 mg methanol/L urine was measured. This is in line with the results of a field study in which a methanol concentration of approximately 100 mL/m
3
corresponded to around 20 mg methanol/L urine.

Therefore, the BAT value has now been set to 15 mg methanol/L urine. Sampling time is at the end of exposure or the end of the working shift, for long‐term exposure at the end of the shift after several shifts.
Addendum zu Pentachlorphenol [BAT value documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Walter D. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In 2018, the German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the correlation (EKA) between inhalational exposure to pentachlorophenol and urinary pentachlorophenol excretion. The re‐evaluation of the available literature led to the conclusion that the present data are limited and all available studies show limitations regarding to air exposure assessment and characterisation of possible dermal exposure of the workers. Thus, the EKA correlation was withdrawn.
Tabakspezifische Nitrosamine – Bestimmung von
N
‐Nitrosoanabasin,
N
‐Nitrosoanatabin,
N
‐Nitrosonornikotin und 4‐(Methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanol in Urin mittels LC‐MS/MS [Biomonitoring methods in German language, 2019]
Authors: Scherer G. , Gilch G. , Köhler D. , Völkel W. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The working group “Analyses in Biological Materials” of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area developed and validated the presented biomonitoring method.

This analytical method permits the determination of tobacco‐specific nitrosamines (TSNA) in urine using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). The parameters in question are
N
‐nitrosoanabasine (NAB),
N
‐nitrosoanatabine (NAT),
N
‐nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanol (NNAL). NNAL is a metabolite of 4‐(methylnitrosamino)‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)‐1‐butanone (NNK). Due to its sensitivity, this method is suitable for the detection of the aforementioned analytes in the urine of smokers. NNAL can also be quantified in the urine of passive smokers.

The analytes NAB, NAT, NNN and NNAL are present in urine in both free and glucuronidated forms. For the determination of the total TSNA level in urine, the glucuronides are cleaved by enzymatic hydrolysis and then the analytes are isolated and concentrated using solid phase extraction (SPE). Two sorbent materials are used for sample preparation via SPE, first a material based on molecularly imprinted polymers and then a mixed‐mode cation exchange polymer. Analysis is performed by LC‐MS/MS. Deuterated internal standards are used for calibration. Calibration standards are prepared in pooled urine obtained from non‐smokers and are processed in the same way as the samples to be analysed.
Fibrous Dusts, inorganic [MAK value documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the general aspects of the toxicity of inorganic fibrous dusts. As a first step, a documentation on the effects caused by inhalation of inorganic fibrous dusts and the mode of action for their toxicity was set up. For the elucidation of the mechanism of the toxicity and carcinogenicity of fibres, data derived from studies with asbestos fibres were also considered, in order to obtain some knowledge with regard to the biological effects of the other inorganic fibrous dusts. The formation of tumours in the lungs and on serous membranes is mainly the result of inflammatory processes. Chronic inflammation and cell proliferation are caused by the impairment of fibre clearance, whereby inflammation‐promoting cytokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) and chlorine radicals are released from the macrophages, inflammatory cells, alveolar cells and mesothelial cells. The generation of these radicals leads to genotoxic effects. In addition, intracellular formation of ROS and RNS can be caused by the fibres themselves, as a result of their own surface reactivity. Fibres can stimulate cell receptors and inflammasomes.Each fibre dust group will be evaluated individually and, depending on the data available, may be classified in one of the categories for carcinogens. The Commission has already begun this procedure.
Chlorobenzene [MAK value documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: November 2019

Abstract

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated chlorobenzene [
108‐90‐7
] to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Adverse effects are a depression of the central nervous system in humans and histological alterations in liver and kidney in rats. A 2 generation reproduction study with chlorobenzene vapour in Sprague‐Dawley rats resulted in a NOAEC of 50 ml/m
3
. Based on this NOAEC, a MAK value of 5 ml/m
3
is derived. This value is supported by a study with healthy volunteers at rest, who showed no neurotoxic or chemosensory effects at a NAEC of 5.9 ml/m
3
, which takes the increased respiratory volume at the work place into account. As systemic effects are critical, the substance remains assigned to Peak Limitation Category II and the excursion factor of 2 is confirmed. Chlorobenzene caused a statistically significantly increased incidence of neoplastic nodules in the liver of male F344 rats in a carcinogenicity study at the highest dose of 120 mg/kg body weight and day. As chlorobenzene is genotoxic only at high doses given intraperitoneally, and female rats and mice did not show any tumours in this study, it remains regarded neither as a carcinogen nor as a germ cell mutagen. From a synopsis of all data, the classification of chlorobenzene in Pregnancy Risk Group C is maintained. Chlorobenzene did not lead to contact sensitization in mice and guinea pigs.
1‐Octanol [MAK Value Documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated 1‐octanol [111‐87‐5] to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Irritation is the critical effect. Neither appropriate data in humans nor inhalation or oral studies of 1‐octanol with animals are available for derivation of a MAK value. An 8‐week feeding study in Wistar rats with the structurally related 1‐dodecanol resulted in a NOAEL of 100 mg/kg body weight and day for systemic toxicity. Additionally, a NOAEL of 125 mg/kg body weight and day for 2‐ethylhexanol was obtained in a 90‐day oral study in rats. Therefore, a NOAEL of approximately 100 mg/kg body weight and day was assumed for 1‐octanol. From this NOAEL, the concentration in workplace air was calculated to be 245 mg 1‐octanol/m3according to the Commission's procedure. However, 1‐octanol can cause irritation. The RD50values of 50 ml/m3and 45 ml/m3for 1‐octanol and 2‐ethylhexanol, respectively, suggest a similar irritating potency. Therefore, the MAK value for 1‐octanol was set at 10 ml/m3by analogy with 2‐ethylhexanol. As local effects are critical, the substance is assigned to Peak Limitation Category I and an excursion factor of 1 has been established by analogy with 2‐ethylhexanol. From a synopsis of all data, 1‐octanol is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. 1‐Octanol is not mutagenic in bacteria. There are no long‐term studies with 1‐octanol. Skin absorption does not contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and 1‐octanol is not expected to lead to contact sensitization.