bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Future of Perovskite Photovoltaics—Thermal Evaporation or Solution Processing?
Authors: Vaynzof Yana 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe last decade has seen remarkable advancements in the field of perovskite materials and photovoltaic technologies. One of their most extraordinary characteristics is the high quality of layers that can be obtained by “dirty processing” from solution at low temperatures. Alternatively, perovskites can also be deposited by thermal evaporation, a clean, solvent‐free process, which is well established for many industrial applications. Although the vast majority of research reports focus on solution‐processing as the deposition method for perovskite solar cells, thermally evaporated perovskite solar cells are closing in the performance gap with several reports of efficiencies above 20%. In this Progress Report, the two deposition methods are briefly introduced, the key developments in photovoltaic devices based on each deposition technique are outlined, and the challenges and future possibilities are discussed.
Influence of dielectric property of organic sulfur compounds on coal microwave desulfurization
Authors: Ge Tao , Li Fen , Li Yang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe present study aims to reveal the influence mechanism of organic sulfur structures and microwave frequency on its dielectric property and establish the relationship between the dielectric properties of organic sulfur components in coal and the efficiency of microwave desulfurization. Results showed that the different polarization mechanisms of organic sulfur compounds lead to the real part of complex permittivity decreased initially and then increased with increasing frequency. At the same time, the real parts of the complex permittivity of mercaptan and thioether compounds were higher than that of thiophene, which were caused by their different structures. As the frequency increased, the loss tangent, microwave penetration depth, and absorption index showed decline in oscillation. The loss tangent was mainly related to the polarization mechanism; both polarization mechanism and microwave wavelength had effect on the changes of microwave penetration depth and absorption index. Mercaptan and thioether compounds were more effective at converting microwave energy into heat energy. After microwave processing, the relative content of mercaptan (thioether) in GZ, CQ, and SX coals decreased from 37.38%, 36.93%, and 40.02% to 27.34%, 29.26%, and 26.67% and of thiophene increased from 47.61%, 53.35%, and 49.54% to 58.76%, 59.09%, and 60.38%.
Tillandsia Aeranthos flower‐like magnetic nanostructures confined into polyvinyl alcohol beads
Authors: Pereda Camila , Actis Daniel G. , Mendoza Zélis Pedro , Alvarez Vera A. , Sanchez Laura M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMagnetic beads composed by polyvinyl alcohol and iron oxides were developed and fully characterized. The materials were not only cross‐linked by a physical treatment but also the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are acting as cross‐linking dots. Interestingly, the analysis of scanning electron micrographs revealed that, in the case of hydrated samples, flower‐like structures (average diameter 6–9 μm) being constituted by MNPs were present, whereas when the beads were dried the MNPs structure changed to porous spheres (average diameter 2–3 μm). Some of the prepared materials were tested to determine their capability to act as water remediation devices, and good removal results were obtained toward both methylene blue (average removal efficiency higher than 80%) and methyl orange (average removal efficiency lower than 30%) adsorption. The experiments performed confirmed that the adsorbent, once the treatment has ended, can be removed off through the simple employment of a permanent magnet.
Why does COVID‐19 pathology have several clinical forms?
Authors: Aliabadi Fatemeh , Ajami Marjan , Pazoki–Toroudi Hamidreza 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe outbreak of a new, potentially fatal virus, SARS‐COV‐2, which started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and since developed into a pandemic has stimulated research for an effective treatment and vaccine. For this research to be successful, it is necessary to understand the pathology of the virus. So far, we know that this virus can harm different organs of the body. Although the exact mechanisms are still unknown, this phenomenon may result from the body's secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which is involved in several inflammation and immunity pathways. Noticeably, the expression of this molecule can lead to a cytokine storm causing a variety of side effects. In this paper, we discuss those side effects in SARS‐COV‐2 infection separately to determine whether PGE2 is, indeed, an important causative factor. Lastly, we propose a mechanism by which PGE2 production increases in response to COVID‐19 disease and suggest the possible direct relation between PGE2 levels and the severity of this disease. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/SnPFAcjxxKw.
Auditory–Visual stimuli: Effects on derived relations with compound stimuli
Authors: Guerrero María Soledad , Maldonado Miguel Ángel , Moriana Juan Antonio , Alós Francisco J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis research explored the effect of teaching conditional discriminations with three procedures on the derivation of 36 stimuli relations (derived relations). The stimuli used consisted of three characteristics musical instruments, along with the corresponding picture. In the first experiment six university students were trained with simple stimuli and tested with compound auditory–visual samples; therefore, a one‐to‐many structure was used. In the second experiment, auditory stimuli were replaced by visual stimuli, for the samples used, for new students. A third experiment was implemented with an extra phase of training with compound stimuli for six new students. The structure of the experiments was: pretests (Xbcd–A; Xacd–B; Xabd–C; Xabc–D), training (A–B; A–C; A–D), and posttests (same as pretests). The difference between these conditions was the kind of stimuli used and a new phase of teaching used in condition 3: (Xbcd–A). The results indicate that training with simple stimuli on discriminations that include stimuli that are easy to discriminate from each other (words and sounds) is a sufficient condition for good posttest performance. However, when comparisons are made difficult (words only), participants show better performance on new tests if they have a learning history with compound stimuli.
Generality of the practical functional assessment and skill‐based treatment among individuals with autism and mental health disorders
Authors: Coffey Amanda L. , Shawler Lesley A. , Jessel Joshua , Bain Taylor , Nye Maggie , Dorsey Michael F. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA practical functional assessment format was recently developed that informed a skill‐based treatment for the problem behavior of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Since its inception there have been multiple replications of the procedures; however, the comprehensive model has rarely been applied to populations with more complex comorbid disorders and severe problem behavior such as those diagnosed with anxiety or depression. We conducted the current study to systematically replicate the entire practical functional assessment and skill‐based treatment model with two participants diagnosed with multiple mental health disorders admitted to a severe behavior outpatient unit. The practical functional assessment identified reinforcers that were provided contingent on increasingly complex forms of communication. Problem behavior remained low for both participants after reinforcement was thinned by increasing a response requirement of completing difficult tasks. Furthermore, the results were socially validated by the parents and teachers and the treatment was extended to the home setting.
The effect of nationwide quarantine on anxiety levels during the COVID‐19 outbreak in China
Authors: Zhu Jing , Su Li , Zhou Yi , Qiao Juan , Hu Wei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn the recent outbreak of COVID‐19, many countries have enacted various kinds of quarantine measures to slow down the explosive spread of COVID‐19. Although these measures were proven to be successful in stopping the outbreak in China, the potential adverse effects of countrywide quarantine have not been thoroughly investigated.MethodsIn this study, we performed an online survey to evaluate the psychological effects of quarantine using the Zung Self‐rating Anxiety Scale in February 2020 when the outbreak had nearly peaked in China. Along with the anxiety scores, limited personal information, such as age, gender, region, education, occupation, and specifically, the type and duration of quarantine, was collected for analysis.ResultsFrom a total of 992 valid questionnaires from 23 provinces in China, clinically significant anxiety symptoms were observed in 9.58% of respondents according to clinical diagnostic standards in China. The specific groups of people showing higher levels of anxiety were (a) adolescents (<18 years); (b) respondents with education lower than junior high school; (c) people with chronic diseases; and (d) frontline medical personnel. Other characteristics, such as gender, marital status, region, and acquaintance with suspected or confirmed cases of COVID‐19, did not affect anxiety levels significantly. Respondents who experienced different forms of quarantine showed different anxiety levels. People undergoing centralized quarantine have higher levels of anxiety. Unexpectedly, longer durations of quarantine did not lead to a significant increase in anxiety level.ConclusionsOur results suggest a rather mild psychological influence caused by the countrywide quarantine during the COVID‐19 outbreak in China and provide a reference for other countries and regions battling COVID‐19.
Management of life‐threatening acute respiratory syndrome and severe pneumonia secondary to COVID‐19 in pregnancy: A case report and literature review
Authors: Yaqoub Salwa , Ahmad Shamsa , Mansouri Zaina , Pallivalapila Abdulrouf , El Kassem Wessam , Maslamani Muna , Abu Jubara Mahmoud , Minisha Fathima , Tarannum Asma , Babarinsa Isaac , Abdussalam Ahmed , Al Sayed Hamdy , Rivero Teresa , Mohammad Azad Aftab , Thomas Binny , Al Hail Moza 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEvidence‐based treatment involving multidisciplinary decision making is warranted to treat COVID‐19 in pregnancy. This case presents the management of a critically ill pregnant women infected with SARS‐CoV‐2.
An unusual presentation of breast tuberculosis: A case report
Authors: Rizzo Giovanna , Colli Francesco , De Marco Paolino , La Brocca Antonella , Militello Gabriella , Gulotta Gaspare. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPrimary breast tuberculosis is an uncommon disease, especially in nonendemic areas. Its presentation could mimic a cancer or an abscess, but this entity must be considered for differential diagnosis in women coming from endemic countries.
Complete ureteral stenosis after ureteroscopic lithotripsy successfully managed using a simultaneous retrograde and antegrade flexible ureteroscopic approach
Authors: Miyai Toshitaka , Kawahara Takashi , Kuroda Shinnosuke , Yasui Masato , Uemura Hiroji 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBoth retrograde and antegrade approach contributed to the success of a delicate endoscopic procedure. Even when guidewire did not pass thorough to the stenosis lesion, lightning and contrast reagents contributed the way through to the stenosis lesion.
Heterogeneously Catalysed Hydroamination
Authors: Sengupta Manideepa , Das Subhasis , Islam Sk. Manirul , Bordoloi Ankur 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe direct addition of amines to alkynes and olefins is an elegant approach for C−N bond formation in contrast to other conventional synthetic organic methods that afford higher substituted amines; comprising essential organo‐nitrogen compounds which are the scaffolds present in important N‐heterocycles. Heterogeneous catalyzed direct amination is presented in this Review, along with the advantages, the structure‐activity relationship of applied solid acids, functionalized nanomaterials and heterogeneous single metal site catalysts that play a pivotal role towards tuning the formation of branched and linear amines.
Towards a Critical Evaluation of Electrocatalyst Stability for CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Birdja Yuvraj Y. , Vaes Jan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe energy transition and electrification of the chemical industry necessitate electrocatalytic processes which have rapidly increased in interest over the past years. However, to have a sustainable impact on society and environment, industrial realization of the electrocatalytic processes is ultimately required. Since the stability parameter becomes more important in view of upscaling electrocatalytic processes, it is essential that researchers know about seemingly innocent procedures affecting the interpretation of faradaic efficiency and stability. We use the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to highlight important pitfalls and hidden ambiguities caused by improper experimental/mathematical procedures related to the calculation of faradaic efficiency, and critically discuss alternatives for a better assessment of electrocatalyst stability. The acquired insights are a first attempt to quantify and better evaluate electrocatalyst stability in order to improve comparability of experimental results and to optimize electrocatalysts or process conditions for durable performance.
WattsApp in Multiphase Systems by Gravity‐Driven Buoyancy and Settling
Authors: Weber Manfred 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPower and energy balances are described for simplified gravity‐driven multiphase flows. It is emphasized that the power (→ Watts) or energy input by gravity impulse must be found back as the sum of all power or energy consumptions from the flow processes (→ Application). Examples are given for bubble columns and for batch liquid‐liquid separation processes, based on simplified assumptions regarding the flow behavior. For large‐scale apparatus, the flow characteristic of the involved phases is more complex and needs to be modeled more precisely. That is still a key challenge for scaling‐up multiphase systems. Computational fluid dynamics is an adequate instrument but needs to be further developed and enhanced for multiphase flows in large‐scale processes. And of course, any rigorous model must then be verifiable by a power balance.
Elimination of tryptamines from green coffee by supercritical CO2 extraction
Authors: Baldino Lucia , Scognamiglio Mariarosa , Reverchon Ernesto 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSupercritical CO2 (SC‐CO2) extraction is commonly used to eliminate caffeine from coffee beans. In this work, the feasibility of tryptamine elimination is considered as a further objective of the process. SC‐CO2 extraction process parameters (eg, pressure, CO2 flow rate, water content) were studied to obtain tryptamine reduction, starting from those used in supercritical decaffeination. A good compromise, in terms of tryptamine residue in coffee beans, and process feasibility and selectivity, was found operating at 280 bar and 0.8 kg/h CO2, at a starting H2O content in coffee beans of 20% w/w. Using these process conditions, a tryptamine residue of 218 ppm (ppm) was measured in coffee beans after 18 hours of processing. A negligible effect on process selectivity and tryptamine yield was obtained by changing the CO2 flow rate and the initial water content. However, working at an initial water content of 30% w/w and using wet CO2 (CO2 plus 3% w/w water), a tryptamine residue of 107 ppm in coffee beans was obtained, but industrial complexity and costs increased.
Multiscale modeling of knee ligament biomechanics
Authors: Adouni Malek , Mbarki Raouf , Al Khatib Fadi , Eilaghi Armin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractKnee connective tissues are mainly responsible for joint stability and play a crucial role in restraining excessive motion during regular activities. The damage mechanism of these tissues is directly linked to the microscale collagen level. However, this mechanical connection is still unclear. During this investigation, a multiscale fibril‐reinforced hyper‐elastoplastic model was developed and statistically calibrated. The model is accounting for the structural architecture of the soft tissue, starting from the tropocollagen molecule that forms fibrils to the whole soft tissue. Model predictions are in agreement with the results of experimental and numerical studies. Further, damage initiation and propagation in the collagen fiber were computed at knee ligaments and located mainly in the superficial layers. Results indicated higher crosslink density required higher tensile stress to elicit fibril damage. This approach is aligned with a realistic simulation of a damaging process and repair attempt. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first model published in which the connective tissue stiffness is simultaneously predicted by encompassing the mesoscopic scales between the molecular and macroscopic levels.
Flexibilization of Biorefineries: Tuning Lignin Hydrogenation by Hydrogen Partial Pressure
Authors: Cao Zhengwen , Xu Yun , Lyu Pengbo , Dierks Michael , Morales‐García Ángel , Schrader Wolfgang , Nachtigall Petr , Schüth Ferdi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe present study describes an interesting and practical catalytic system that allows flexible conversion of lignin into aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons, depending on the hydrogen partial pressure. A combination of experiment and theory shows that the product distribution between aromatics and aliphatics can be simply tuned by controlling the availability of hydrogen on the catalyst surface. Noticeably, these pathways lead to almost complete oxygen removal from lignin biomass, yielding high‐quality hydrocarbons. Thus, hydrogen–lignin co‐refining by using this catalytic system provides high flexibility in hydrogen storage/consumption towards meeting different regional and temporal demands.
Robust and simplified machine learning identification of pitfall trap‐collected ground beetles at the continental scale
Authors: Blair Jarrett , Weiser Michael D. , Kaspari Michael , Miller Matthew , Siler Cameron , Marshall Katie E. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Insect populations are changing rapidly, and monitoring these changes is essential for understanding the causes and consequences of such shifts. However, large‐scale insect identification projects are time‐consuming and expensive when done solely by human identifiers. Machine learning offers a possible solution to help collect insect data quickly and efficiently.

Here, we outline a methodology for training classification models to identify pitfall trap‐collected insects from image data and then apply the method to identify ground beetles (Carabidae). All beetles were collected by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), a continental scale ecological monitoring project with sites across the United States. We describe the procedures for image collection, image data extraction, data preparation, and model training, and compare the performance of five machine learning algorithms and two classification methods (hierarchical vs. single‐level) identifying ground beetles from the species to subfamily level. All models were trained using pre‐extracted feature vectors, not raw image data. Our methodology allows for data to be extracted from multiple individuals within the same image thus enhancing time efficiency, utilizes relatively simple models that allow for direct assessment of model performance, and can be performed on relatively small datasets.

The best performing algorithm, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), reached an accuracy of 84.6% at the species level when naively identifying species, which was further increased to >95% when classifications were limited by known local species pools. Model performance was negatively correlated with taxonomic specificity, with the LDA model reaching an accuracy of ~99% at the subfamily level. When classifying carabid species not included in the training dataset at higher taxonomic levels species, the models performed significantly better than if classifications were made randomly. We also observed greater performance when classifications were made using the hierarchical classification method compared to the single‐level classification method at higher taxonomic levels.

The general methodology outlined here serves as a proof‐of‐concept for classifying pitfall trap‐collected organisms using machine learning algorithms, and the image data extraction methodology may be used for nonmachine learning uses. We propose that integration of machine learning in large‐scale identification pipelines will increase efficiency and lead to a greater flow of insect macroecological data, with the potential to be expanded for use with other noninsect taxa.
Temporal patterns of visitation of birds and mammals at mineral licks in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Griffiths Brian M. , Bowler Mark , Gilmore Michael P. , Luther David 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMineral licks are key ecological resources for many species of birds and mammals in Amazonia, providing essential dietary nutrients and clays, yet little is known about which species visit and their behaviors at the mineral licks. Studying visitation and behavior at mineral licks can provide insight into the lives of otherwise secretive and elusive species. We assessed which species visited mineral licks, when they visited, and whether visits and the probability of recording groups at mineral licks were seasonal or related to the lunar cycle. We camera trapped at 52 mineral licks in the northeastern Peruvian Amazon and detected 20 mammal and 13 bird species over 6,255 camera nights. Generalized linear models assessed visitation patterns and records of groups in association with seasonality and the lunar cycle. We report nocturnal curassows (Nothocrax urumutum) visiting mineral licks for the first time. We found seasonal trends in visitation for the black agouti (Dasyprocta fuliginosa), red howler monkey (Alouatta seniculus), blue‐throated piping guan (Pipile cumanensis), red brocket deer (Mazama americana), collared peccary (Pecari tajacu), and tapir (Tapirus terrestris). Lunar trends in visitation occurred for the paca (Cuniculus paca), Brazilian porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), and red brocket deer. The probability of recording groups (>1 individual) at mineral licks was seasonal and related to lunar brightness for tapir. Overall, our results provide important context for how elusive species of birds and mammals interact with these key ecological resources on a landscape scale. The ecological importance of mineral licks for these species can provide context to seasonal changes in species occupancy and movement.
Surface roughness and crystallinity of silicon solar cells irradiated by ultraviolet femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Nigo Fumitaka , Hashida Masaki , Tsukamoto Masahiro , Sakabe Shuji , Kusaba Mitsuhiro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNano/microfabrication experiments on the surface of silicon solar cell are performed by ultraviolet femtosecond laser in the fluence range from 0.10 to 0.70 J/cm2. The surface morphology change of sample was observed by a laser scanning microscopy and a scanning electron microscope. The crystallinity of surface irradiated by laser pulses was evaluated by Raman spectroscopy. The ablation threshold for silicon was estimated to be 0.10 J/cm2. We successfully produced nano‐structures on the surface of silicon solar cell maintaining single‐crystalline with the irradiation at the laser fluence of 0.10 J/cm2.