bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syria-Palestine
Authors: Curtis Adrian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractKnowledge of the religion of ancient Syria has increased significantly in recent years thanks to key archaeological discoveries. Particularly important have been those from Ras Shamra (ancient Ugarit), which may offer the best window available for an understanding of Canaanite religious beliefs and practices. Excavations have revealed structures of religious significance, such as temples, sanctuaries, and tombs, as well as numerous texts. Of special interest are those mythological texts which tell the exploits of Baal, El, and the other great gods. There are also legends, sacrifice lists, pantheon lists, and prescriptions for various rituals. Some of these, notably the legends of Keret, and of Danel and his son Aqhat, provide evidence for beliefs about the religious status and significance of the king. This material enables a more considered understanding of ideas and practices that may have impacted upon Israelite religion.
Welcoming the Sabbath on the Kibbutzim
Authors: Marx Dalia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Kibbutz culture was one of resistance; its very essence was resistance to classical European Judaism and a commitment to create the new Jew in his historic homeland. The kibbutz members left behind them the religious and liturgical culture of the past and experimented in creating a comprehensive and all-inclusive society, encompassing all aspects of the economic, social, and cultural life of its members. Albeit secular and even atheist, some of the more creative expressions of Israeli spirituality resided within the gates of the kibbutzim. To this day, some of the most interesting Israeli ritual innovations have deep roots in kibbutz culture. This essay examines the communal Shabbat welcoming ceremonies celebrated before Friday night dinner in the Kibbutz dining room. It explores the discussions and often intense arguments that accompanied their creation, the content of these ceremonies. It addresses the controversies relating to the Shabbat candle lighting and the special secular liturgies that were composed in the kibbutzim for this practice. The essay also discusses the emergence of the Shabbat welcoming ceremony in its historic context and its gradual disappearance (or its change) due to the waning of Kibbutz ideology.
One God, Multiple Rituals and Theologies: Christianity
Authors: Werline Rodney A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Current liturgies performed in Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and mainline Protestant worship services preserve a remnant of basic practices, personnel, and key ideas and themes found in passages related to Hebrew Bible worship and ritual. These features, of course, have long histories of reinterpretation and reapplication within Christian tradition. The theological understandings of several of these elements of Hebrew Bible worship have a place in the theological disagreements between the various branches of Christianity, and the current language in the liturgies manifests these differences, as do the discussions about them within the various traditions. This essay especially focuses on the way in which current liturgies continue to manifest different appropriations of Hebrew Bible worship and ritual. Further, the essay draws on ritual theories to reflect on the way in which liturgies establish a sense of timelessness, transcendence, and invariance for worshipers, even though liturgies have changed over the centuries and greatly differ from their Hebrew Bible roots.
Ritual and Worship in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Teeter Emily 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
There was no set doctrine in Egyptian religion and no overall canonical tradition. The goals of worship in ancient Egypt were the preservation of the cosmic order and the perpetuation of life through rituals that combated the forces of non-existence. The gods were represented on earth by statues that “dwelled” in the deity’s temple. The deities were thought to have the same material requirements as humans, and an elaborate offering ritual provided for the feeding and comfort of the god. Offerings consisted primarily of food, beverages, perfumes, clothing, and jewelry. The king and his posthumous cult and deceased individuals were also the focus of offerings that were intended to perpetuate their memory among the living. Offering rituals were enacted in state-maintained temples, private tombs, and also in more informal settings, such as shrines and houses. Festivals of the gods dotted the calendar. During many of these, the statue of the deity left the confines of the temple and processed through the community, affording the opportunity for people to present oracular questions to the god. Although the king was the chief officiant to the gods, in certain periods, private individuals also had direct contact with them. In the mortuary cult, the king too played a major role, initially as the source of funerary offerings to the deceased, and later as a partner with the gods in providing for the afterlife. The priesthood was very hierarchical, with men and women being classified (by titles) into specific types of priests and priestesses.
Sacred Space and Common Space
Authors: Hundley Michael B. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses sacred and common spaces in the ancient Near East (ANE), with particular attention to biblical Israel. It addresses temples and other sacred spaces in the ANE and the Hebrew Bible, including elements of form, function, and rhetoric, In examining sacred spaces in the Hebrew Bible, it discusses altars, standing stones, the tabernacle, the temple, and other sacred spaces and traces the evolution of sacred spaces in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The chapter summarizes that for the three monotheistic religions, sacred space functions as the house of God’s people rather than for the deity. This conclusion is reflected in the architecture, for example, which has ample space and (sometimes) ample furniture to accommodate visitors, but not sacrifice, and little to suggest the care and feeding of a resident deity.
Deuteronomy and Jeremiah
Authors: Leuchter Mark 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Scholars have recognized the close relationship between the books of Deuteronomy and Jeremiah since the outset of the twentieth century, though approaches to understanding that relationship have varied. Earlier generations tended to isolate the “Deuteronomistic” prose material and focus on the poetic passages as more authentic, but research increasingly recognized the significance of the prose discourses to the book’s function and form. More recent advances in the study of scribal culture and methodology demanded changes in the ways scholars evaluated this material, pointing to a far more complex relationship between Deuteronomy and Jeremiah than had previously been recognized. This chapter identifies new avenues of inquiry that shed light on this relationship and are suggestive of future trajectories of research.
Racial and Ethnic Equity in American Public Schools
Authors: Bowman Kristine L. , Green Preston , Hossain Shajuti , Olivas Michael A. , Warkentien Siri 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Five scholars of racial and ethnic equity in public schools bring together insights from various disciplines to speculate about the path of racial and ethnic equity in American public schools over the next decade. They begin by describing the current state of racial and ethnic educational equity across various dimensions and also identifying turning points over the past several decades that led educational equity to where it is today. They then identify potential turning points over the next decade. The chapter thinks broadly about race and ethnicity and about ways in which the law impacts—and could impact—racial and ethnic educational equity.
Raciolinguistic Exceptionalism
Authors: Alim H. Samy , Smitherman Geneva 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the discursive practices that enable Donald Trump and his affiliates to (re)produce immigrant illegality: the idea that violations of immigration law are iconic of an “illegal,” dangerous personal character that makes undocumented migrants unimaginable as members of the United States. In its migration discourse, the Trump administration takes up a US policy regime that conflates the legal category “illegal alien” and the cultural image of “the south-of-the border” migrant as a criminal outsider. As immigrant illegality disproportionately impacts certain groups, especially migrants from Mexico and Central America, it is racializing. Although Trumpian migration discourse builds on enduring racial projects, it is remarkable in making racialization overt: something that has been taboo in public speech since the Civil Rights movement. The chapter argues that the administration is able to normalize overt racialization by constructing it as commonsense, a form of truth posited as inherent and obvious without critical analysis.
Iberian Punk, Cultural Metamorphoses, and Artistic Differences in the Post-Salazar and Post-Franco Eras
Authors: Guerra Paula 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents, analyzes and understands the importance of punk in southern Europe, specifically in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain), in consolidating cultural, artistic, and musical changes after the long European dictatorships of Salazar (known as Estado Novo) in Portugal, and Franco (known as Franquismo) in Spain. Demonstrating the similarities and differences between the two countries, it seeks to elucidate the singularities of this sociohistorical context in each country. The approach has three focal points: (1) the importance of punk manifestations in the development of youth (sub)cultures, including forms of production and consumption of music, fashion, aesthetics, leisure, the night, and cosmopolitism; (2) the singularity of punk manifestations in Portugal and Spain, and related resistance practices in terms of their correlation with social, political, and economic development in a country outside the Anglo-American context; and (3) the embedding of a DIY ethos and the associated claim to authenticity in the professions and careers in which Iberian punks engage today.
Consequences
Authors: Dorsey Dale 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe consequences of our actions seem to matter. But what is the nature of the consequence relation that a particular act bears to, well, its consequences? This essay considers a number of traditional approaches to understanding the consequence relation. While many traditional approaches treat the consequence relation as built upon a causal relation, I hold that there are good reasons to doubt that the consequence relation should be understood in terms of causal relations, even if supplemented with the identity relation. Instead, I argue for a contrastive approach that, while not entirely free of problems, does a better job than standard accounts at capturing the relationship between an act and its consequences.
Global Consequentialism
Authors: Greaves Hilary 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMany types of things are arguably appropriate objects of deontic moral assessment: not only acts but also decision procedures, character traits, motives, public moral codes, and so on. Global consequentialism recommends, for every type that is an appropriate object of deontic assessment at all, that we assess items of that type in terms of their consequences. This (and not simple act consequentialism alone) seems to be roughly the kind of consequentialist thesis that real-life consequentialists, both past and present, have generally been sympathetic to. In this chapter, I articulate a thesis along these lines and defend the thesis in question against the most common objection it faces (“the inconsistency objection”). I discuss the extent to which “going global” deals satisfactorily with three standard objections to act consequentialism: the incorrect verdicts objection, the self-defeatingness objection, and the silence objection. I conclude that global consequentialism has adequate responses to all of these objections, but that it is unclear whether global consequentialism is superior to an account that simply stresses the importance of global axiological assessment.
Supererogation and Consequentialism
Authors: Archer Alfred 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe thought that acts of supererogation exist presents a challenge to all normative ethical theories. This chapter will provide an overview of the consequentialist responses to this challenge. I will begin by explaining the problem that supererogation presents for consequentialism. I will then explore consequentialist attempts to deny the existence of acts of supererogation. Next, I will examine a range of act consequentialist attempts to accommodate supererogation, including satisficing consequentialism, dual-ranking act consequentialism, and an anti-rationalist form of consequentialism. Finally, I will explore how indirect consequentialists have responded to this problem. Throughout the chapter, I will argue that in responding to the challenge of supererogation, consequentialists must choose between a more theoretically satisfying version of consequentialism and a form of consequentialism that is better able to accommodate our everyday moral intuitions and concepts.
What Should a Consequentialist Promote?
Authors: de Lazari-Radek Katarzyna 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhether we choose to be act or rule consequentialists, to maximize value or be satisfied with a less demanding requirement, and even whether we require impartiality in our values, we need to decide what set of values we should commit ourselves to. In this chapter I will ask what intrinsic good or goods a consequentialist should value. I will start with a general point: what reasons are there for being a value monist rather than a value pluralist? Then, I will ask whether consequentialists should be concerned with what is good for someone or rather with what is good “for the world.” To answer this, I will discuss how best to understand the notion of welfare. Finally, I will consider different welfarist theories and suggest a possible candidate for the most promising one.
Global Legal Pluralism and Commercial Law
Authors: Linarelli John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Multiple, overlapping, and systemically interactive normative orders regulate commerce, trade, and finance. A diverse set of state and nonstate actors produce this plurality of rules governing markets. How these rules operate, what they are, whether some of them deserve recognition as what societies usually conceptualize as law, and their historical lineage are the subject of significant disagreement and confusion. This chapter offers a taxonomy and classification of the sources of norms and ground clearing on the different kinds of norms at work in the global economy. It surveys the literature on the history of the law merchant, with a focus on whether a medieval law merchant or lex mercatoria existed and if so in what form and content. It explains that while some legal scholars and jurists have offered visions of an “a-national” law merchant going back into at least the Middle Ages, historians are far more skeptical in their findings. The chapter also deals with the pluralism of legal orders governing commercial law in the nineteenth century, with the rise of the modern European nation-state. The chapter explores contemporary debates about the existence of a contemporary law merchant and a transnational commercial law. It goes on to examine the various schools of thought about pluralism in commercial law. The chapter covers how soft law dominates the regulation of global finance and banking. The chapter concludes by offering predictions of future domains for plural normative orders governing commerce and finance, in particular with the rise of digital technologies.
Sex Policing in the Arab World
Authors: Hamoudi Haider Ala 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
There are three legal regimes that play a role in the policing of sex in the modern Arab world. These are state law, Islamic law, and customary law. For the most part, the regimes are cooperative rather than in perpetual conflict, largely because citizens are aware of which regime controls in which circumstance. Most notably, the customary law and its harsh penalties for actual or perceived violations of sex norms tend to dominate the social field. Islamic law plays a decidedly secondary role. The function of state law is largely limited to supporting the application of customary norms, in many cases through withdrawal from the field in a manner that will permit the customary authorities to carry out their own modalities of enforcement. This chapter describes the interplay among the three regimes. It further makes the point that in the absence of a change of preferences among citizens for this general division of jurisdiction, reforms of state law, or issuances of fatwas relating to sex policing, will on their own be of little moment, given the predominance of customary law and customary norms in the field.
Fighting Fundamentalism with Pluralism
Authors: Sunder Madhavi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
What role can social media play in helping to bring forth social revolutions, inciting change not in government or laws but in social attitudes and real world behaviors? Social change relates not only to regime change but to change in people’s way of thinking. In this chapter, I argue that social media during the Arab Spring was used as more than a mere coordination tool promoting efficient street demonstrations. Bloggers and Facebook users employed these technologies in many of the same ways that the printing press was employed during the Enlightenment period—to upend traditional authorities, to engender popular participation in debates over governance and values, and to foster care and empathy for fellow citizens. Contrary to popular perception, the Arab Spring demonstrates how today’s technological tools can go the next mile and transform not just politics but societies themselves. In the particular context of religious democracies, through examples, the chapter explores how nonstate actors are helping to influence constitutionalism and other lawmaking in Muslim majority states by using technologies to elaborate plural normative and legal options, thus undermining fundamentalist stranglehold on social and legal authority.
Constitutionalism without Borders and Governance beyond the States
Authors: Maduro Miguel Poiares , Komesar Neil 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the role of governments, governance, and constitutions in an increasingly interdependent world. Interdependence has always led to governance. As world interdependence grows, so does the need and claims for governance beyond the state. At the same time, the forms of governance beyond the state we see developing are strongly contested and, more importantly, difficult to map and assess. Furthermore, those forms of governance beyond the state seem to increasingly depart from the paradigm of state delegation and eliminate the distinction between the state as an international and internal actor. In some cases, they also increasingly recognize individuals as actors of the global order. The chapter exposes the way through which processes of governance beyond the state change the forms and locus of power at the national as well as the international levels. They also challenge the character and conditions supporting state constitutionalism and with it they require a rethinking of constitutionalism itself. Even if the constitutional nature of the emerging forms of transnational and global governance is contested, what cannot be denied is their impact on state constitutionalism. The chapter sets out an approach to understanding how state constitutions and the governance mechanisms or, even, constitutionalism of the world interact. In considering those questions of constitutionalism, the chapter tries to avoid a common but deadly analytical trap: perfectionism or single institutionalism. Instead it adopts and articulates a comparative institutional alternative. The chapter argues that there may be many competing goals or values at play in considering constitutions and constitutionalism beyond the state, but how well any of these will be achieved will be determined by the functioning of the decision-making institutions chosen and, in turn, the functioning of these institutional alternatives will be determined by the dynamics or patterns of participation.
Cosmopolitan Pluralist Hybrid Tribunals
Authors: Baylis Elena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses hybrid tribunals as an example of cosmopolitan pluralist engagement. Hybrid tribunals, also known as internationalized criminal tribunals or hybrid courts, are ad hoc courts that incorporate a blend of international and national components and have jurisdiction over atrocity crimes such as genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. These tribunals are expected to achieve their transitional justice and rule of law goals in no small part through the mechanism of pluralist engagement among multiple international and national legal communities. This chapter reviews the evolution of hybrid courts’ original core features of mixed staffing, mixed law, domestic location, and close relationship to the national legal system, including the emergence of new elements such as victim participation and domestic outreach. It evaluates their efforts to promote the goals of domestic perceived legitimacy, capacity building, and norm penetration, assesses the inclusivity of their design processes, and considers their influence on norm fragmentation in international criminal law. Overall, as institutions, some hybrid tribunals offer substantial opportunities for cosmopolitan pluralist engagement between international and local actors, while others are significantly constrained by institutional design or operational choices.
The Future of Religious Arbitration in the United States: Looking Through a Pluralist Lens
Authors: Helfand Michael A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In recent years, religious arbitration has received increasing attention both in the American press and academy. For some, this attention is driven by concern that state enforcement of decisions issued by religious tribunals has the power to undermine the objectives of the U.S. legal system. For others, it is driven by a recognition that religious arbitration enables communities to enhance their process of dispute resolution by ensuring that it comports with shared religious principles and values. And, as is often the case, both perspectives contain important elements of truth. As a paradigmatic legal pluralism institution, religious arbitration has the capacity to both enhance and undermine the U.S. legal system. But if U.S. law is to capitalize on the growing religious arbitration system within its jurisdiction, it must identify both the range of unique benefits religious tribunals provide as well as the unique challenges they present. This chapter takes a first step in that direction, using legal pluralism as a lens to explore the motivations driving the religious arbitration regime in the United States. In so doing, it considers how both state and nonstate law can benefit from the religious arbitration system, and how those dual objectives require U.S. law to tinker with its treatment of religious arbitration so as to unlock its full potential.