bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the longevity of glaciers in the Xinjiang region of the Tian Shan through observations of glacier area change since the Little Ice Age using high-resolution imagery
Authors: Liu Julia , Lawson Daniel E. , Hawley Robert L. , Chipman Jonathan , Tracy Brian , Shi Xun , Chen Yaning 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGlacial retreat in response to warming climates in the arid Xinjiang region of northwestern China directly impacts downstream water resources available for local communities. We used high-resolution satellite imagery from 1969 to 2014 to delineate spatial changes in 54 active glaciers in the upper Kaidu River Basin in the Tian Shan as well as their past expanses during the Little Ice Age (LIA). We manually delineated their boundaries based on the interpretation of glacial, geomorphic and topographic features. From the total glacier surface area, we estimated glacier volume and mass. From 1969 to 2014, glacier area decreased by 10.1 ± 1.0 km2 (relative loss of 34.2 ± 3.5%) and mass by 1.025 ± 0.108 Gt (relative loss of 43 ± 4.6%). From the LIA maximum (est. 1586 CE) to 1969, relative losses were less (25.7 ± 4.3% area loss and 33.1 ± 5.7% mass loss). Our results indicate that glacier recession is accelerating over time and that the glaciers are currently losing over 1.5 times more relative area than elsewhere in the Tian Shan. Using linear and non-linear projections, we estimate that these glaciers may disappear between 2050 and 2150 CE if climatic warming continues at the same pace.
Perceived ethnic discrimination as a risk factor for psychotic symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bardol Olivier , Grot Stéphanie , Oh Hans , Poulet Emmanuel , Zeroug-Vial Halima , Brunelin Jérôme , Leaune Edouard 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have shown an elevated risk of psychotic symptoms (PS) and experiences (PEs) among ethnic minority groups, with significant variation between groups. This pattern may be partially attributable to the unfavorable socio-environmental conditions that surround ethnic minority groups. Perceived ethnic discrimination (PED) in particular has been a salient putative risk factor to explain the increased risk.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to assess the impact of PED on reporting PS/PEs in ethnic minorities. This review abides by the guidelines set forth by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The included studies were obtained from the databases: Medline, PsycINFO, and Web Of Science. Sub-group analyses were performed assessing the effect of PED in different subtypes of PS, the influence of ethnicity and moderating/mediating factors.ResultsSeventeen studies met the inclusion criteria, and nine were used to conduct the meta-analysis. We found a positive association between PED and the occurrence of PS/PEs among ethnic minorities. The combined odds ratio were 1.77 (95% CI 1.26–2.49) for PS and 1.94 (95% CI 1.42–2.67) for PEs. We found that the association was similar across ethnic groups and did not depend on the ethnic origin of individuals. Weak evidence supported the buffering effects of ethnic identity, collective self-esteem and social support; and no evidence supported the moderating effect of ethnic density. Sensitivity to race-based rejection significantly but only slightly mediated the association.ConclusionThese findings suggest that PED is involved in the increased risk of PS/PEs in ethnic minority populations.
Older people's views about ageing well in a rural community
Authors: Neville Stephen , Napier Sara , Adams Jeffery , Shannon Kay , Clair Valerie Wright-St 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMaintaining physical, psychological and social wellbeing is integral to older adults being able to age well in their community. Therefore, an environment that facilitates and supports ageing well is imperative. The aim of this study was to explore the views of older people about their preparation for ageing well in a rural community. Forty-nine community-dwelling older people aged between 65 and 93 years participated in a semi-structured and digitally recorded interview. The resulting qualitative data were analysed using a thematic approach. Three main themes were identified: (a) ‘sensible planning: the right place and the right people’; (b) ‘remaining independent: “it's up to me”’; and (c) ‘facing challenges: “accepting my lot”’. Findings from this study identify that across all age groups, these older people were actively and realistically preparing for ageing well. All valued their independence, believing individually they were responsible for being independent and planning for their future. Consequently, environmental planners, policy makers and practitioners need to understand that older people are a heterogeneous group and ageing policies should be geared towards older people's individual abilities and circumstances. Consideration of diversity enables inclusion of older people with a wide range of abilities and needs to achieve the perceived goals of ageing well.
Alien mammal assemblage effects on burrow occupancy and hatching success of the vulnerable pink-footed shearwater in Chile
Authors: García-Díaz Pablo , Hodum Peter , Colodro Valentina , Hester Michelle , Carle Ryan D 
Published: April 2020

SummaryAlien species are a driver of biodiversity loss, with impacts of different aliens on native species varying considerably. Identifying the contributions of alien species to native species declines could help target management efforts. Globally, seabirds breeding on islands have proven to be highly susceptible to alien species. The breeding colonies of the pink-footed shearwater (Ardenna creatopus) are threatened by the negative impacts of alien mammals. We combined breeding monitoring data with a hierarchical model to separate the effects of different alien mammal assemblages on the burrow occupancy and hatching success of the pink-footed shearwater in the Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile. We show that alien mammals affected the rates of burrow occupancy, but had little effect on hatching success. Rabbits produced the highest negative impacts on burrow occupancy, whereas the effects of other alien mammals were more uncertain. In addition, we found differences in burrow occupancy between islands regardless of their alien mammal assemblages. Managing rabbits will improve the reproductive performance of this shearwater, but research is needed to clarify the mechanisms by which alien mammals affect the shearwaters and to explain why burrow occupancy varies between islands.
Prudent and traditional dietary patterns are positively and	negatively associated with bone mineral density in Iranian adults,	respectively
Authors: Najafi Aida , Babajafari Siavash , Dabbaghmanesh Mohammad-Hossein , Akhlaghi Masoumeh , Shafiee Fatemeh , Moein-Jahromi Zahra 
Published: April 2020

Abstract. To assess the association of dietary patterns and bone mineral density (BMD), 340 healthy Iranian adults (mean age 41.5 ± 7.7 y; 79.1% female) participated in this cross-sectional study. Lumbar spine and femoral neck BMDs were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Dietary intakes were evaluated by a valid and reliable 168-item food frequency questionnaire, and three major dietary patterns were identified using principal component factor analysis. Mean values for lumbar spine and femoral neck BMDs in participants were 0.96 ± 0.13 and 0.92 ± 0.12 g/cm2, respectively. After controlling for age, body mass index, physical activity, energy intake, sunlight exposure, gender, education, employment status, supplement intake, and smoking in the analysis of covariance models, multivariable adjusted means of femoral neck BMD of participants in the highest tertile of the prudent pattern score (rich in green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, tomatoes, yellow vegetables, fruits and fruit juices, olives, nuts, fish, low-fat dairy products, and Doogh) were significantly higher than those in the lowest tertile (mean difference and 95% CI: 0.043 [0.003; 0.083] g/cm2, P = 0.032). In contrast, multivariable adjusted means of lumbar spine BMD of participants in the highest tertile of the traditional pattern score (high in Abgoosht, vegetable oils, salt, legumes, pickles, cruciferous vegetables, refined grains, potatoes, and organ meats) were significantly lower than those in the lowest tertile (mean difference and 95% CI: −0.057 [−0.098; −0.015] g/cm2, P = 0.003). The Western pattern was not associated with BMD. In conclusion, the prudent and traditional dietary patterns are positively and negatively associated with BMD in Iranian adults, respectively.
Effect of Atlantic Sea Surface Temperature in May on Intraseasonal Variability of Eurasian NDVI in Summer
Authors: Ji Liuqing , Fan Ke 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntraseasonal variabilities exist in terms of Eurasian vegetation growth in summer, as estimated by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The spatiotemporal patterns of Eurasian NDVI in June are significantly different from those in July and August (JA), especially over eastern Europe and western Siberia (50°–70°N, 30°–90°E; abbreviated as EEWS). Meanwhile, June and JA EEWS‐NDVI respond differently to the Atlantic sea surface temperature in May over coastal regions (35°–60°N, 20°W–20°E; abbreviated as ACSST). During 1982–2015, the JA EEWS‐NDVI is significantly related to May ACSST (correlation coefficient: 0.44, significant at the 1% level), whereas the June EEWS‐NDVI shows only a slight and nonsignificant relationship (correlation coefficient: 0.23). In June, the EEWS‐NDVI is primarily influenced by the local 2‐m temperature (correlation coefficient: 0.62, significant at the 1% level), whereas in JA it is more closely linked with soil moisture (correlation coefficient: 0.38, significant at the 5% level). Increased May ACSST corresponds to lower surface air temperature and increased precipitation, which is accompanied by higher soil moisture over the EEWS region, and a persistently high soil moisture from May to JA is favorable for the growth of vegetation. However, the surface air temperature in June responding to higher ACSST is slightly lower, which is not conducive to the vegetation growth in June. Numerical experiments are carried out using CAM5, and the results support the proposed physical mechanisms. Therefore, May ACSST is a possible climatic factor responsible for the intraseasonal variabilities of EEWS‐NDVI, which may serve as a predictor of JA vegetation over Eurasia.
Methodology of the Constraint Condition in Dynamical Downscaling for Regional Climate Evaluation: A Review
Authors: Adachi S. A. , Tomita H. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe dynamical downscaling method with a regional climate model (RCM) is widely used to assess the spatially detailed information about regional climate. However, the RCM result is considerably influenced by the systematic errors inherent to a general circulation model (GCM), which provides the initial and boundary conditions to the RCM. Such systematic errors sometimes lead to meaningless downscaled results. Many modified boundary dynamical downscaling (MBDDS) methods have been proposed to reduce the influences of the systematic errors of a GCM and extract meaningful signals for regional climate change. This study comprehensively reviews the MBDDS methods. The MBDDS methods partially modify the climate information projected by a GCM and use them as the boundary conditions of an RCM. The objectives of the methods are organized into two main objectives, that is, to obtain more reliable projections by correcting the biases in boundary conditions and to better understand the regional climate change mechanisms. To ensure comprehensive understanding of the MBDDS methods, this study attempts to interpret the errors included in the downscaled results using mathematical expressions, separating the GCM‐originated bias and RCM's own bias. Using this analysis, the MBDDS methods are classified based on the following questions: What effect is expected from the bias correction? Which of the climate change components projected by a GCM is considered when assessing the future climate change? The direction and issues that need to be addressed in the future for better understanding the regional climate change are also discussed.
Noninvasive 2D and 3D Mapping of Root Zone Soil Moisture Through the Detection of Coarse Roots With Ground‐Penetrating Radar
Authors: Liu X. , Chen J. , Butnor J. R. , Qin G. , Cui X. , Fan B. , Lin H. , Guo L. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRoot zone soil moisture (RZSM) is important in sustaining terrestrial ecosystems and water cycling. However, noninvasive mapping of RZSM remains challenging in the field, especially its spatial variability at local scales. We propose a novel method of applying ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) for noninvasive determination of RZSM. First, this method identified coarse root reflections in GPR images to obtain the reflected wave velocity and soil water storage at various locations. Then, the horizontal distributions of soil water storage to different depths were reconstructed using the inverse distance weighted interpolation. The difference in soil water storage between two depths was converted into 2D RZSM distribution for a specific depth interval. Finally, 2D RZSM distributions from a range of depths were combined to produce a 3D visualization of RZSM. The proposed method was validated in two field plots (30 m by 30 m) in shrublands. The comparisons with 2D RZSM distributions from soil cores sampled at 0.2‐m depth intervals suggested a reasonable correspondence in both spatial patterns and absolute values, with the average root‐mean‐square error less than 0.017 m3·m−3 and correlation coefficients ranging from 0.502 to 0.798 in both plots. Furthermore, 3D visualizations of RZSM were generated based on GPR estimates to demonstrate the spatial variability of soil moisture at the study scale. The proposed method enhances noninvasive characterization of soil moisture down to the root zone, which contributes to a better understanding of the local‐scale variability of soil moisture in the subsoil as well as the ecohydrological processes in the soil‐plant‐atmosphere continuum.
Arc‐Type Magmatism Due to Continental‐Edge Plowing Through Ancient Subduction‐Enriched Mantle
Authors: van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Spakman Wim , de Boorder Hugo , van Dongen Michiel , Jowitt Simon M. , Mason Paul R. D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe puzzling <7 Ma old “postsubduction” arc magmatism of New Guinea contains geochemical subduction‐type signatures yet did not occur above an active subduction zone. Here we show that these arc magmas formed at the North Australian continental lithospheric edge when it plowed northward through mantle above the detached Arafura slab remnant. This mantle preserved its subduction signature and the edge plowing process generated new melts that ascended via an active transform fault. Arafura slab subduction occurred at an intraoceanic subduction zone that ended ~30–25 Ma ago, when the Australian continental edge was still ~1,000 km to the south. Our absolute plate tectonic reconstruction of continental‐edge plowing suggests that ancient mantle wedges remain semistationary in the upper mantle and can preserve their geochemical signature for tens of Ma, explaining previously enigmatic “postsubduction” arc magmatism.
A Merged Search‐Coil and Fluxgate Magnetometer Data Product for Parker Solar Probe FIELDS
Authors: Bowen T. A. , Bale S. D. , Bonnell J. W. , Dudok de Wit T. , Goetz K. , Goodrich K. , Gruesbeck J. , Harvey P. R. , Jannet G. , Koval A. , MacDowall R. J. , Malaspina D. M. , Pulupa M. , Revillet C. , Sheppard D. , Szabo A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNASA's Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission is currently investigating the local plasma environment of the inner heliosphere (<0.25 R⊙) using both in situ and remote sensing instrumentation. Connecting signatures of microphysical particle heating and acceleration processes to macroscale heliospheric structure requires sensitive measurements of electromagnetic fields over a large range of physical scales. The FIELDS instrument, which provides PSP with in situ measurements of electromagnetic fields of the inner heliosphere and corona, includes a set of three vector magnetometers: two fluxgate magnetometers (MAGs) and a single inductively coupled search‐coil magnetometer (SCM). Together, the three FIELDS magnetometers enable measurements of the local magnetic field with a bandwidth ranging from DC to 1 MHz. This manuscript reports on the development of a merged data set combining SCM and MAG (SCaM) measurements, enabling a high fidelity data product with an optimal signal‐to‐noise ratio. On‐ground characterization tests of complex instrumental responses and noise floors are discussed as well as application to the in‐flight calibration of FIELDS data. The algorithm used on PSP/FIELDS to merge waveform observations from multiple sensors with optimal signal‐to‐noise characteristics is presented. In‐flight analysis of calibrations and merging algorithm performance demonstrates a timing accuracy to well within the survey rate sample period of ∼340 μs.
Anthropogenic and Climate Contributions on the Changes in Terrestrial Water Storage in India
Authors: Asoka Akarsh , Mishra Vimal 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDespite the rapid depletion of groundwater and significant changes in surface water storage, the role of anthropogenic and climatic factors on terrestrial water storage (TWS) in India remains largely unexplored. Here, we provide a hydrologic framework based on the Variable Infiltration Capacity‐SIMple Groundwater Model (VIC‐SIMGM) and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data sets to estimate the contribution of climate variability and anthropogenic groundwater pumping on TWS in the Indian basins. The VIC‐SIMGM model was satisfactorily calibrated and evaluated against observed monthly streamflow and groundwater anomalies for the 17 river basins in India. The modeling setup combined with the GRACE data can be used for understanding the role of climate variability on surface and groundwater (shallow) storage in India. A significantly high correlation between TWS anomaly from GRACE (TWSAGRACE) and the VIC‐SIMGM (TWSAVIC) was found in the majority of India except in northwest India. The negative correlation in northwest India is primarily due to considerable groundwater pumping for irrigation. Groundwater storage anomaly explains a significant variability of GRACETWSA in India, indicating the influence of anthropogenic groundwater pumping for irrigation. However, in the absence of anthropogenic influence, soil moisture is the major contributor to TWSA in the majority of India. The net anthropogenic depletion of TWS in north India is considerably higher than that estimated from the GRACE as the increase in precipitation has, during the recent decades, contributed to slowing down the declining rate of TWS.
Protective effects of Akkermansia muciniphila on cognitive deficits and amyloid pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Ou Zihao , Deng Lulu , Lu Zhi , Wu Feifan , Liu Wanting , Huang Dongquan , Peng Yongzheng 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objective
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a global health problem without effective methods to alleviate the disease progression. Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) is widely accepted as a key biomarker for AD. Metabolic syndromes, including obesity and insulin resistance, are key high risk factors for AD. Akkermansia muciniphila (Akk), the only representative human gut microbe in the genus Verrucomicrobia, can prevent the weight gain caused by a high-fat diet, repair the damaged integrity of the intestinal epithelium barrier, reduce endotoxin levels in blood and improve insulin resistance. The aim of this study is to explore the impact of Akk administration in AD model mice in different diets.

Methods
APP/PS1 mice were fed either a normal chow diet or a high-fat diet and were treated with Akk by gavage each day for 6 months. The impacts of Akk on glucose metabolism, intestinal barrier and lipid metabolism in the mouse model of AD were determined. Changes in brain pathology and neuroethology were also analyzed.

Results
Akk effectively reduced the fasting blood glucose and serum diamine oxidase levels, and alleviated the reduction of colonic mucus cells in APP/PS1 mice. After treatment with Akk, the APP/PS1 mice showed obviously reduced blood lipid levels, improved hepatic steatosis and scapular brown fat whitening. Moreover, Akk promoted the reduction of Aβ 40–42 levels in the cerebral cortex of APP/PS1 mice, shortened the study time and improved the completion rate in Y-maze tests.

Conclusion
Akk effectively improved glucose tolerance, intestine barrier dysfunction and dyslipidemia in AD model mice. Our study results suggested that Akk could delay the pathological changes in the brain and relieve impairment of spatial learning and memory in AD model mice, which provides a new strategy for prevention and treatment of AD.
Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of heavy cannabis exposure in a New Zealand longitudinal cohort
Authors: Osborne Amy J. , Pearson John F. , Noble Alexandra J. , Gemmell Neil J. , Horwood L. John , Boden Joseph M. , Benton Miles C. , Macartney-Coxson Donia P. , Kennedy Martin A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCannabis use is of increasing public health interest globally. Here we examined the effect of heavy cannabis use, with and without tobacco, on genome-wide DNA methylation in a longitudinal birth cohort (Christchurch Health and Development Study, CHDS). A total of 48 heavy cannabis users were selected from the CHDS cohort, on the basis of their adult exposure to cannabis and tobacco, and DNA methylation assessed from whole blood samples, collected at approximately age 28. Methylation in heavy cannabis users was assessed, relative to non-users (n = 48 controls) via the Illumina Infinium® MethylationEPIC BeadChip. We found the most differentially methylated sites in cannabis with tobacco users were in the AHRR and F2RL3 genes, replicating previous studies on the effects of tobacco. Cannabis-only users had no evidence of differential methylation in these genes, or at any other loci at the epigenome-wide significance level (P < 10−7). However, there were 521 sites differentially methylated at P < 0.001 which were enriched for genes involved in neuronal signalling (glutamatergic synapse and long-term potentiation) and cardiomyopathy. Further, the most differentially methylated loci were associated with genes with reported roles in brain function (e.g. TMEM190, MUC3L, CDC20 and SP9). We conclude that the effects of cannabis use on the mature human blood methylome differ from, and are less pronounced than, the effects of tobacco use, and that larger sample sizes are required to investigate this further.