bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Stigma, Knowledge and Behaviors of the Attendees of Outpatient Clinics towards People with Mental Illness, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ibrahim Nahla Khamis , Wayyani Lamis Abdulrahman , Alhusaini Ola Ahmed , Alotabi Rakan , Ahmadi Jawaher Al- , Abalkhail Bahaa 
Published: November 2020

Background: Mental stigma represents a critical obstacle for delivering mental health care.
Aims: To determine public stigma, knowledge & behaviors of the attendees of outpatient clinics towards People with Mental Illness (PWMI), King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in 2018. A sample of 600 attendees of outpatient clinics of KAUH were included. A standardized interviewing data collection sheet was used. It included three scales namely: the Community Attitudes towards the Mentally Ill (CAMI), Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS) & Reported and Intended Behavior Scale (RIBS). Authoritarian, socially restrictiveness, benevolent & Community Mental Health Ideology of CAMI sub-scales were calculated. Descriptive, inferential, and multiple linear regression analyses were applied.
Results: About two-thirds of the participants agreed that mental illness causes lacking self-discipline & will power. Gender was significantly associated with all CAMI sub-scales (P < 0.01). An increasing level of knowledge about mental illness was associated with lower stigma towards PWMI (P< 0.001). After controlling confounders in regression analyses, gender and knowledge were significant predictors of all CAMI sub-scales. Concerning MAKS, about half of participants incorrectly identified stress & grief as types of mental illness. Regarding RIBS, living with (30.2%), and having a neighbor (28.8%) with mental illness were the commonest reported experiences.
Conclusions: Negative attitudes towards PWMI still prevailed. Mental stigma was higher among males, older people, lower-educators, lower-income & those with poor mental knowledge. Participants had a moderate intention to accept PWMI. Anti-stigma intervention educational programs are required.
Development of an activity assay for characterizing deoxyhypusine synthase and its diverse reaction products
Authors: Kaltenegger Elisabeth , Prakashrao Arunraj S. , Çiçek Serhat S. , Ober Dietrich 
Published: November 2020

Deoxyhypusine synthase transfers an aminobutyl moiety from spermidine to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) in the first step of eIF5A activation. This exclusive post‐translational modification is conserved in all eukaryotes. Activated eIF5A has been shown to be essential for cell proliferation and viability. Recent reports have linked the activation of eIF5A to several human diseases. Deoxyhypusine synthase, which is encoded by a single gene copy in most eukaryotes, was duplicated in several plant lineages during evolution, the copies being repeatedly recruited to pyrrolizidine alkaloid biosynthesis. However, the function of many of these duplicates is unknown. Notably, deoxyhypusine synthase is highly promiscuous and can catalyze various reactions, often of unknown biological relevance. To facilitate in‐depth biochemical studies of this enzyme, we report here the development of a simple and robust in vitro enzyme assay. It involves precolumn derivatization of the polyamines taking part in the reaction and avoids the need for the previously used radioactively labeled tracers. The derivatized polyamines are quantified after high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array and fluorescence detectors. By performing kinetic analyses of deoxyhypusine synthase and its paralog from the pyrrolizidine alkaloid‐producing plant Senecio vernalis, we demonstrate that the assay unequivocally differentiates the paralogous enzymes. Furthermore, it detects and quantifies, in a single assay, the side reactions that occur in parallel to the main reaction. The presented assay thus provides a detailed biochemical characterization of deoxyhypusine synthase and its paralogs.
New physaloid fruit‐fossil species from early Eocene South America
Authors: Deanna Rocío , Wilf Peter , Gandolfo Maria A. 
Published: November 2020

PremiseSolanaceae is a scientifically and economically important angiosperm family with a minimal fossil record and an intriguing early evolutionary history. Here, we report a newly discovered fossil lantern fruit with a suite of features characteristic of Physalideae within Solanaceae. The fossil comes from the early Eocene Laguna del Hunco site (ca. 52 Ma) in Chubut, Argentina, which previously yielded the only other physaloid fruit fossil, Physalis infinemundi.MethodsThe fruit morphology and calyx venation pattern of the new fossil were compared with P. infinemundi and extant species of Solanaceae.ResultsPhysalis hunickenii sp. nov. is clearly distinct from P. infinemundi in its fruiting calyx with wider primary veins, longer and thinner lobes, and especially in its venation pattern with high density, transverse tertiary veins; these features support its placement in a new species. In comparison with extant physaloid genera, the calyx venation pattern and other diagnostic traits reinforce placement of the new fossil, like P. infinemundi, within the tribe Physalideae of Solanaceae.ConclusionsBoth species of fossil nightshades from Laguna del Hunco represent crown‐group Solanaceae but are older than all prior age estimates of the family. Although at least 20 transoceanic dispersals have been proposed as the driver of range expansion of Solanaceae, the Patagonian fossils push back the diversification of the family to Gondwanan times. Thus, overland dispersal across Gondwana is now a likely scenario for at least some biogeographic patterns, in light of the ancient trans‐Antarctic land connections between South America and Australia.
Want climate‐change adaptation? Evolutionary theory can help
Authors: Jones James Holland , Ready Elspeth , Pisor Anne C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe idea of adaptation, in which an organism or population becomes better suited to its environment, is used in a variety of disciplines. Originating in evolutionary biology, adaptation has been a central theme in biological anthropology and human ecology. More recently, the study of adaptation in the context of climate change has become an important topic of research in the social sciences. While there are clearly commonalities in the different uses of the concept of adaptation in these fields, there are also substantial differences. We describe these differences and suggest that the study of climate‐change adaptation could benefit from a re‐integration with biological and evolutionary conceptions of human adaptation. This integration would allow us to employ the substantial theoretical tools of evolutionary biology and anthropology to understand what promotes or impedes adaptation. The evolutionary perspective on adaptation focuses on diversity because diversity drives adaptive evolution. Population structures are also critical in facilitating or preventing adaptation to local environmental conditions. This suggests that climate‐change adaptation should focus on the sources of innovation and social structures that nurture innovations and allow them to spread. Truly innovative ideas are likely to arise on the periphery of cohesive social groups and spread inward. The evolutionary perspective also suggests that we pay careful attention to correlated traits, which can distort adaptive trajectories, as well as to the importance of risk management in adaptations to variable or uncertain environments. Finally, we suggest that climate‐change adaptation could benefit from a broader study of how local groups adapt to their dynamic environments, a process we call “autochthonous adaptation.”
Intracerebral hemorrhage in a neonate with an intragenic COL4A2 duplication
Authors: Koene Saskia , Peeters‐Scholte Cacha M. P. C. D. , Knijnenburg Jeroen , de Vries Linda S. , van Scheltema Phebe N. Adama , Meuwissen Marije E. , Steggerda Sylke J. , Santen Gijs W. E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntracerebral hemorrhage is rare in term born neonates. Besides several non‐genetic risk factors, pathogenic variants in COL4A1 and COL4A2 have been described to play a role in the pathophysiology of neonatal intracerebral hemorrhage. To the best of our knowledge, no intragenic COL4A2 duplications have been reported in humans to date. We report a neonate with intracerebral hemorrhage and a de novo intragenic COL4A2 duplication. Although it is not clear yet whether this genetic factor fully explains the clinical phenotype, it may have contributed at least as a risk factor for cerebral hemorrhage. Screening for intragenic COL4A1 and COL4A2 duplications as part of collagen IV diagnostics should be considered as part of the fetal and neonatal work‐up for unexplained cerebral hemorrhages and to collect more evidence of the pathogenicity of this genetic mechanism.
Historical overview, current research, and emerging bioethical guidelines in researching the New York African burial ground
Authors: Clinton Carter K. , Jackson Fatimah L. C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe issues addressed in this article are those related to the bioethical actions and decisions surrounding the excavation of the New York African Burial Ground (NYABG) in the 1990s, the significance of conducting research on historical African/African American remains, and the eminence of protecting newly discovered African American burial sites in the future for research purposes.Materials and methodsSkeletal (n = 419, at the time of excavation) and soil (n = 92) remains of the 17th and 18th century New York African Burial Ground were used to discuss the necessity of research on historical African/African American remains.DiscussionStudying the remains of enslaved Africans is critical to understanding the biological processes and existence of all people. Researching the NYABG site, the oldest and largest burial site of free and enslaved Africans, illuminates the necessity and significance of scientific research on other historical African/African American cemeteries throughout the nation. The results of future research will provide a more profound sense of identity for a group of people who were forcefully severed from their genetic and cultural origins. This research will increase the representation of African descended people in genomic, anthropological, and cultural research, and ultimately help researchers to learn more about the origins of all humans.
A robust alternative to assessing three‐dimensional relative enamel thickness for the use in taxonomic assessment
Authors: Yi Zhixing , Liao Wei , Zanolli Clément , Wang Wei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveThree‐dimensional relative enamel thickness (3DRET) is important for assessing hypotheses about taxonomy, phylogeny, and dietary reconstruction for primates. However, its weaknesses have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we analyze its weaknesses and propose an index aiming at better taxonomic discrimination.Materials and MethodsThe dimensionless 3D index, ratio of enamel‐thickness to dentine‐thickness (3DRED), which is defined as the cubic root of the ratio of 3D average enamel thickness (3DAET) to 3D average dentine thickness (3DADT), is proposed here. To compare 3DRET and 3DRED and their sensitivity to voxel size, a fossil orangutan molar was scanned 14 times with different resolutions ranging from 10 to 50 μm. Enamel thickness analysis was carried out for each resultant digital model. In addition, enamel thickness measurements of 179 mandibular permanent molars (eight genera) were analyzed, followed by investigating the relationship between 3DRET and 3DAET and between 3DRED and 3DAET.ResultsRegarding sensitivity, 3DRED is more robust than 3DRET. In addition, 3DRET is correlated with 3DAET by linear curve with regression coefficients approximating or larger than 0.8 in most cases, while 3DRED shows less correlation with 3DAET. Furthermore, there are clear separations between different taxa in the bivariate plot of 3DRED against 3DAET, indicative of the taxonomic value of 3DRED.ConclusionUnder certain conditions, 3DRED promises to be a robust and reliable alternative to 3DRET in taxonomic study.
Performance of polyurea formulations against impact loads: A molecular dynamics and mechanical simulation approach
Authors: Jandaghian Mohammad Hossein , Kazerooni Hanif 
Published: November 2020

AbstractToday, polyurea is known as one of the most famous and widely used protective coatings in the world. The unique properties of polyurea are at such a high level that it is possible to use this coating in a wide range of applications. Although polyurea is generally made from the reaction between two types of precursors (diisocyanate and diamine), it is challenging to choose the right precursor pair for producing a coating with a specific application due to the great variety of introduced diisocyanate and diamine precursors. On the other hand, the experimental synthesis of the formulations and the study of their performance is also very costly and time‐consuming. In this study and by examining a series of commercially available precursors for polyurea coatings synthesis, well‐known materials have been introduced and classified. Then, a representative of each formulation family is simulated by a molecular dynamics and mechanical approach using a three‐step method on atomic, meso, and continuum scales, and the mechanical properties of the formulations are extracted. Then, by examining the response of each formulation to the three types of dynamic load (earthquake, projectile impact, and air blast), the protective capabilities of these formulations have been compared, and the optimal formulation for each application has been introduced.
The activation of furfuryl alcohol polymerization by oxygen and its enhanced mechanical properties
Authors: Shibutani Kazushi , Nakai Jun , Aphichartsuphapkhajorn Ketkanok , Kayaki Yoshihito , Kuwata Shigeki , Arao Yoshihiko , Kubouchi Masatoshi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe effect of oxygen and additional oxygen providers on furfuryl alcohol polymerization was investigated through chemical analyses and mechanical evaluation. NMR, UV–vis, Fourier transform infrared, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) results suggested that atmospheric oxygen and the further addition of an oxygen source functioned as an activator for the entire network polymerization. Interestingly, the construction of a conjugated structure on the furan linear chain, which is key to three‐dimensional cross‐linking, also appears to be accelerated in the presence of oxygen. Furthermore, the introduction of oxygen providers into the curing system successfully enhanced the mechanical properties of the cured furan resin.
Composites from biodegradable and biocompatible methylcellulose, poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) and poly(1,4‐butylene succinate) with enhanced properties
Authors: Xu Airong , Wang Fen , Zhang Luwei , Xu Xingmin , Xiao Zhihong , Liu Rukuan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPolymer materials based on fossil resources have brought great convenience to various industries. However, environmental pollution is becoming increasingly conspicuous due to their difficult degradation in nature. Therefore, biodegradable composites are highly desired. In the present work, a simple and feasible preparation approach was presented to fabricate biodegradable and biocompatible composite films including methylcellulose/poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (MC/PLGA) and methylcellulose/poly(1,4‐butylene succinate) (MC/PBS). The effects of MC/PLGA and MC/PBS mass ratios on the morphology, crystalline state, mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composite films were systematically investigated. At the same time, the influence of thermal compression treatment on mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation) and the cyclic utilization of the composite films were also estimated. The composite films displayed enough good mechanical properties, re‐usability and thermal stability.
A combined pH and temperature precipitation step facilitates the purification of tobacco‐derived recombinant proteins that are sensitive to extremes of either parameter
Authors: Opdensteinen Patrick , Lobanov Aleksandr , Buyel Johannes Felix 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIncubation at pH 4.0 or blanching at ∼65°C facilitates the purification of biopharmaceutical proteins from plants by precipitating most of the host cell proteins (HCPs) before chromatography. However, both methods are compatible only with pH or thermostable target proteins whereas many target proteins may irreversibly denature, e.g., at pH < 4.0. Here, we developed a combined pH/temperature treatment for clarified tobacco extracts and intact leaves. The latter were subjected to a blanching procedure, i.e., the submersion into a hot buffer. Using a design of experiments approach we identified conditions that remove ∼70% of HCPs at ∼55°C, using the thermosensitive antibody 2G12 and the pH‐sensitive DsRed as model proteins. We found that pH and temperature exerted a combined effect during the precipitation of HCPs in the pH range 5.0–7.0 at 35°C–60°C. For clarified extracts, the temperature required to achieve a DsRed purity threshold of 20% total soluble protein (TSP) increased from 54°C to 63°C when the pH was increased from 6.4 to 7.3. The pH‐stable antibody 2G12 was less responsive to the combined treatment, but the purity of 1% TSP was achieved at 35°C instead of 44°C when the pH was reduced from 6.3 to 5.8. When blanching intact leaves, product losses were not exacerbated at pH 4.0. Indeed, the highest DsRed purity (58% TSP) was achieved at this pH, combined with a temperature of 60°C and an incubation time of 30 min. In contrast, the highest 2G12 purity (0.7% TSP) was achieved at pH 5.1 and 40°C with an incubation time of 20 min. Our data suggest that a combined pH/temperature regime can avoid extreme values of either parameter; therefore, broadening the applicability of these simple purification techniques to other recombinant proteins.
Evaluating determinants of receipt of molecular imaging in biochemical recurrent prostate cancer
Authors: Borno Hala T. , Kuo Lin Tracy , Odisho Anobel Y. , Desai Arpita , Koshkin Vadim , Werner Kalin , Legaspi Nichole , Bucknor Matthew , Bell Alexander , Zhang Sylvia , Hope Thomas A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundMolecular imaging with novel radiotracers is changing the treatment landscape in prostate cancer (PCa). Currently, standard of care includes either conventional and molecular imaging at time of biochemical recurrence (BCR). This study evaluated the determinants of and cost associated with utilization of molecular imaging for BCR PCa.MethodsThis is a retrospective observational cohort study among men with BCR PCa from June 2018 to May 2019. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to analyze the primary outcome: receipt of molecular imaging (e.g. Fluciclovine PET and Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen PET) as part of diagnostic work‐up for BCR PCa. Multivariate linear regression models were used to analyze the secondary outcome: overall healthcare cost within a 1‐year time frame.ResultsThe study sample included 234 patients; 79.1% White, 2.1% Black, 8.5% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 10.3% Other. The majority were 55 years or older (97.9%) and publicly insured (74.8%). Analysis indicated a one‐unit reduction in PSA is associated with 1.3 times higher likelihood of receiving molecular imaging (p < 0.01). Analysis found that privately insured patients were associated with approximately $500,000 more in hospital reimbursement (p < 0.01) as compared to the publicly insured. Additionally, a one‐unit increase in PSA is associated with $6254 increase in hospital reimbursement or an increase in total payments by 2.1% (p < 0.05).ConclusionsHigher PSA was associated with lower likelihood for molecular imaging and higher cost in a one‐year time frame. Higher cost was also associated with private insurance, but there was no clear relationship between insurance type and imaging type.
Patterns of distant metastases in patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma––A population‐based analysis
Authors: Xue Jianxin , Chen Wensun , Xu Wenbo , Xu Zicheng , Li Xiao , Qi Feng , Wang Zengjun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe developed this study to describe the patterns of distant metastasis (DM) and explore the predictive and prognostic factors of DM in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients. We collected the eligible patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) database from 2010 to 2015. Then, comparisons of baseline characteristics between patients in different metastatic patterns were made. In addition, proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) and proportion trends of different patterns were calculated. Afterward, survival outcomes were explored by Kaplan–Meier (KM) analyses. Finally, predictive and prognostic factors of DM were investigated. A total of 33,449 ccRCC patients were eventually identified, including 2931 patients with DM and 30,518 patients without DM. 8.76% of patients suffered DM at their initial diagnosis, 35.01% of them had multiple metastases. Generally, lung (6.19%) was the most common metastatic site in patients with DM, and brain (1.20%) was the least frequent metastatic organ. The proportion trends of different metastatic patterns tended to be stable between 2010 and 2015. Moreover, higher tumor grade, T stage, and N stage were identified as risk factors of DM. Finally, age at diagnosis, grade, T stage, N stage, the administration of surgery, the number of metastatic sties, marital status, and household income were found to be significantly associated with prognosis. Lung was the most common metastatic site in ccRCC patients. Different survival outcomes and prognostic factors were identified for different metastatic patterns. Hence, our study would have great value for clinical practice in the future.
Negotiating the language(s) for psychotherapy talk: A mixed methods study from the perspective of multilingual clients
Authors: Rolland Louise , Costa Beverley , Dewaele Jean‐Marc 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundMultilingual clients can benefit from expressing themselves in more than one language in psychotherapy. Yet, research suggests that language switching is typically instigated by clients, although some do not feel empowered to negotiate the language(s).MethodsThis paper addresses how language options, from the main therapy language(s) to language switching, were negotiated between client and therapist, as reported by 109 multilingual clients. All participants completed a web survey and five participated in follow‐on interviews. In addition, we reflect on the advantages of the mixed methods approach—particularly with regard to ethics and the explanatory sequential design. Analyses combine descriptive statistics and thematic analysis to elaborate on the trends identified in this international sample.Key ResultsWhereas some multilingual clients did not feel inhibited about using languages other than the main therapy language, for others the therapist played an important role in promoting multilingualism in the therapy room. Indeed, a lack of discussion surrounding language use—beyond such technical aspects as agreeing the main therapy language—was found to lead to assumptions about therapists' proficiency or the (non‐)acceptability of multilingual language practices. By contrast, metalinguistic discussions which explored process and meaning were welcomed by clients and typically opened up ways to use languages; the study itself was a catalyst for self‐reflection and productive discussions for one interviewee.Conclusions & InferencesThus, the research provides further evidence, from clients, that developing therapists' metalinguistic awareness and competence and empowering multilingual clients to share their insights has therapeutic benefits.