bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SCALABLE AND QUANTITATIVE DECISION SUPPORT FOR THE INITIAL BUILDING DESIGN STAGES OF REFURBISHMENT
Authors: Andersen Sarah C. , Møller Kathrine L. , Jørgensen Simon W. , Jensen Lotte B. , Birkved Morten 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
Decision-making within the building industry often involves various criteria of very different natures. Some are qualitative, others quantitative, some are objective, others subjective, but ultimately, they should all be aggregated and handled holistically in order to support decision-making. This process can also be referred to as multicriteria decision-making (MCDM). Some aspects of MCDM are often conducted unconsciously and non-transparently. By implementing mathematical methods that have been proved applicable for MCDM, multi-criteria decision-making processes can be handled more consciously and transparently and thus be made reproducible. The calculation method presented allows quantitative sustainability and qualitative indicator values to be accounted for with the level of importance desired.
The MCDM method used is Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). As the model has already been described well in the scientific literature and is used frequently, the aim is to illustrate how TOPSIS can be applied for transparent decision-making within the building industry in the context of urban renewal and refurbishment schemes through case studies of various scales and descriptions.
The case studies focused on in this paper incorporate a variety of specific prechosen criteria, including environmental performance, functional parameters and technical parameters. The case studies cover different parameters of refurbishment in a major hospital compound in Denmark due to be taken out of operation. One central design decision is whether to refurbish or demolish the old hospital buildings.
The results reveal that decision support is first of all dependent on how the decision-making tool is applied and what choices are made in relation to the actual calculations. However, by implementing a mathematically based MCDM method like that being assessed in the case studies presented, the decisions and their arguments become transparent and are easily communicated within a project group. As a result, the tool is considered to be universally applicable across most decision-making contexts within the building industry.
The Effect of Vernonia amygdalina on Chloroquine-induced Cardiotoxicity in Adult Wistar Rats
Authors: O. Adebayo Rebecca , M. S. Atiba Peterson , G. Akunna Gabriel , O. Olabiyi Olaleye 
Published: December 2019

Background: Cardiotoxicity could result from chemotherapeutic drugs or other medications used in disease control such as antimalarial drugs.
Chloroquine (C.Q), an antimalarial agent has also been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, giardiasis, extra-intestinal amebiasis and lupus erythematous. However, its cardiotoxic roles have been documented.
Vernonia amygdalina del. (V.A) has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and cytoprotective activities. These ameliorative and protect effects have been attributed to the presence of flavonoids. There is a paucity of data to support the cardioprotective potentials of this important neutraceutical. We aimed to evaluate the possible effects of Vernonia amygdalina on Chloroquine-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar models.
Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male adult Wistar rats were randomized into four groups of six rats each: I, Control: given normal feed and water ad libitum for 28 days; II, administered 30 mg/kg body weight chloroquine orally for 28 days; III, administered 30 mg/kg body weight of chloroquine orally for 28 days and with 400mg/kg bodyweight of Vernonia amygdalina for another 14 days; VI, administered Vernonia amygdalina 400mg/kg body weight for 28 days. Antioxidant parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)], and histology of rat cardiac muscles were examined in the different groups.
Results: There was a significantly (p<0.0.05) increase in MDA level, reduced GSH level, increased SOD activity, and altered microanatomy of the rat cardiac muscle in the positive control group when compared with those of the negative control group. The changes in MDA and GSH concentration and SOD activity parameters were significantly (p<0.0.05) mitigated in rats co-treated with V.A when compared with the positive control rats. Similarly, co-administration of V.A with C.Q inhibited chloroquine induced-cardiotoxicity by reducing the altered microanatomy of the cardiac muscle of the rat.
Conclusion: It was concluded that V.A ameliorated chloroquine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats via its antioxidant property.
Anisotropy and Bianisotropy
Authors: Mackay Tom G. , Lakhtakia Akhlesh 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The electromagnetic properties of an isotropic medium are the same in all directions. Accordingly, isotropic media are characterized simply by scalar constitutive parameters which relate the induction field phasors and to the primitive field phasors and . In contrast, anisotropic media exhibit directionally dependent electromagnetic properties, such that is not aligned with and/or is not aligned with . Furthermore, recent advances have focused attention on bianisotropic media, wherein both and are anisotropically coupled to both and . Therefore, dyadics (i.e., second‐rank Cartesian tensors) are needed to relate the primitive and the induction field phasors in both anisotropic and bianisotropic media. Correspondingly, these media exhibit a vastly more diverse range of phenomena than do isotropic media. A consequence of this wealth of interesting properties is that electromagnetic analyses are considerably more complicated for anisotropic and bianisotropic media than for isotropic media. In this chapter, anisotropic and bianisotropic media are discussed in terms of their constitutive dyadics and space–time symmetries. Planewave propagation, dyadic Green functions, and the conceptualization of anisotropic and bianisotropic media via homogenization are described. A brief account of anisotropic and bianisotropic behavior in nonlinear media concludes this chapter.
Electromagnetic Analysis of Planar Multilayers
Authors: Michalski Krzysztof A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The computation of electromagnetic fields in planar, multilayered, uniaxial media is discussed. In particular, a complete set of electric and magnetic dyadic Green functions (DGFs) is derived for such media in a computationally efficient and convenient to use form, based on a spectral domain transmission line equivalent network along the axis normal to the stratification. Efficient methods for the computation of the Sommerfeld integrals that arise in the DGFs are also presented.
Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain Analysis
Authors: Taflove Allen , Hagness Susan C. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

For over 100 years after the publication of Maxwell's equations in 1865, essentially all solution techniques for electromagnetic fields and waves were based on Fourier‐domain concepts, assuming
a priori
a time‐harmonic (sinusoidal steady‐state) field variation and possibly the existence of a particular Green's function or a set of spatial modes. In 1966, Kane Yee's seminal paper introduced a complete paradigm shift in how to solve Maxwell's equations, reporting a field evolution‐in‐time technique that subsequently evolved into the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method. In the decades since the publication of Yee's paper, there has been an explosion of interest in FDTD and related grid‐based time‐marched solutions of Maxwell's equations among scientists and engineers. During this period, FDTD modeling has evolved to an advanced stage enabling large‐scale simulations of full‐wave time‐domain electromagnetic wave interactions with volumetrically complex structures over large frequency ranges, spatial scales, and timescales. Currently, FDTD modeling spans the electromagnetic spectrum from ultralow frequencies to visible light. FDTD modeling is routinely conducted as an invaluable virtual laboratory bench in scientific inquiry and exploration in electrodynamics; as an integral part of the electromagnetic engineering design and optimization process; and as a powerful forward solver in imaging and sensing inverse problems. This article reviews the technical basis of the key features of FDTD solution techniques for Maxwell's equations and provides 18 modeling examples spanning the electromagnetic spectrum to illustrate the power, flexibility, and robust nature of FDTD computational electrodynamics simulations.
Microwave Thermoacoustic Tomagraphic Imaging
Authors: Garrett David C. , Xu Yuan , Wang Lihong V. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
After introducing the principles of thermoacoustic tomography, we summarize the mechanisms and models of the dielectric properties of biological tissues in the microwave frequency range. Next, we introduce some theoretical results from studies of thermoacoustic tomography, including information about optimal microwave frequencies, effects of acoustical heterogeneity, limited‐view thermoacoustic tomography, reconstruction algorithms, and spatial resolution. Experimental setups are then reviewed in terms of their specifications and performance, and results from phantom, animal, and human imaging are summarized. Finally, in the interest of clinical applications, safety and practical considerations are reviewed.
Quasi‐Optical Circuits
Authors: Shiroma Wayne A. , DeLisio Michael P. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Quasioptical circuits use components typically associated with optics, such as lenses, mirrors, and polarizers but are targeted toward the millimeter‐ and sub‐millimeter‐wave regimes of the electromagnetic spectrum between 30 GHz and a few terahertz. This chapter focuses on active quasioptical circuits used for generating, amplifying, and processing millimeter‐wave beams.
High‐Power Microwave Sources
Authors: Prasad Sarita 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

High‐power microwave (HPM) sources are at the heart of an HPM‐directed energy weapons (DEWs) system. Based on recent defense news articles seen in online magazines such as
The Warzone
, it is becoming more and more apparent that in the future the survival of a nation may depend on its DEW capability.

This chapter provides a brief synopsis of a wide range of microwave tubes which are used for the generation of HPM signals. The chapter starts with a brief introduction on DEWs and their applications followed by a discussion on the basic building blocks of an HPM system. The sections that follow contain generalized physics of operation, frequency range, and output power capability of the following HPM tubes: magnetrons, backward wave oscillators (BWOs), klystrons, traveling wave tubes (TWTs), gyrotrons, virtual cathode oscillators (VCOs), magnetically insulated line oscillators (MILOs), transit time oscillators (TTOs), split cavity oscillators (SCOs), and reltrons. Of all the microwave tubes, the magnetron has been discussed in a little more detail because of its rich history. References have been provided for readers who wish to gain further knowledge in each area.
Stable Radical Polymers as New Electroactive Materials: Synthesis, Properties, and Emerging Applications
Authors: Xiong Yufeng , Li Yingjiang , Cui Xinfang , Li Shiwei , Peng Xiangdong , Ju Yanyun , Zhou Tong , Feng Rui , Zhang Yang , Wang Zehong , Wang Qing , Dong Lijie 
Published: December 2024

AbstractExtensive research over recent decades has demonstrated the feasibility of producing stable radical polymers (SRPs) by exploring structure–stability relationships. Owing to their excellent redox activities and inherent paramagnetic characteristics, SRPs are emerging as key functional materials with considerable potentials for various applications such as in organic electrodes, semiconductors, magnetic materials, and quantum information technologies. Accordingly, this review provides a comprehensive summary of the most widely investigated and representative families of SRPs. Innovative strategies for the design and synthesis of SRPs and the relationship among the physicochemical properties, electronic structures, and resulting functionalities of these polymers are discussed. Moreover, recent advancements in the applications of SRPs are highlighted. Finally, the key challenges in radical chemistry and material functionalization, offering insights into the transformative potential of these materials for future applications, are emphasized.
Xanthan‐Induced Gelation in Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions: Altering Self‐Assembly and Optical Purity
Authors: Balcerowski Tadeusz , Dumanli Ahu Gümrah 
Published: December 2024

AbstractCellulose nanocrystals are charged rod‐like nanoparticles that can spontaneously organize into cholesteric mesophases upon evaporation to produce photonic films with circular polarization. In this study, it is demonstrated that through the modulation of gelation and kinetics of phase separation via the addition of a strong gelating agent, xanthan gum, the cellulose nanocrystals produce flexible photonic films with improved optical purity in terms of circular reflection. The work reveals the self‐assembly behavior as a function of xanthan gum through the volume depletion mechanism, quenching of the tactoids at the early stages of the self‐assembly, and evaporation into cholesteric films. In dried films, this leads to significant reduction in the domain size and the absence of domain folding which is usually caused by the merger of large tactoids. Despite the reduction in metallic iridescence caused by the entrapment of cellulose nanocrystal tactoids, the films exhibit improved macroscopic color uniformity across 30–60° observation angles, which implies a combined effect of surface texturing and scattering of visible light induced by incorporating xanthan gum within the co‐assembled structure. Overall the work provides new insights into the gelation mechanism in hybrid cellulose nanocrystal systems and presents an efficient approach to control the self‐assembly and macroscopic color appearance.
Mapping Binding Sites for Efficient Hole Extraction in Lead Halide Perovskites through Sulfur‐Based Ligand Engineering
Authors: De Soumyadeep , Singh Siddharth , Aggarwal Pooja , Govind Rao Vishal 
Published: December 2024

AbstractLead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) rapidly emerge as promising materials for photovoltaics. However, to fully harness their potential, efficient charge extraction is crucial. Despite rapid advancements, the specific active sites where acceptor molecules interact remain inadequately understood. Surface chemistry and interfacial properties are pivotal, as they directly impact charge transfer efficiency and overall device performance. This study identifies and maps binding sites for hole transporters, examining their influence on charge transfer dynamics through ligand engineering with 2,3‐dimercaptopropanol (DMP), a compound with a strong affinity for lead (Pb). DMP effectively passivates Pb sites in CsPbBr3 (CPB) NCs, enhancing photoluminescence (PL) by forming stable chelating bonds. DMP‐modified CPB nearly completely suppresses hole transfer to ─COOH‐functionalized ferrocene (FcA) and partially suppresses transfer to ─NMe2‐functionalized ferrocene (FcAm), suggesting an alternative hole extraction pathway for FcAm. This is further supported by enhanced hole transfer in bromine‐excess CPB (CPB‐Br(XS)) synthesized via SOBr2 treatment. The distinct binding interactions and charge transfer dynamics are validated through steady‐state and time‐resolved PL, along with transient absorption spectroscopy. These findings underscore the role of strategic ligand engineering in enhancing perovskite NC‐charge acceptor interactions, enabling better charge extraction, higher solar cell efficiency, and reduced lead toxicity through strong Pb binding.
Electrical Stimulation Therapy – Dedicated to the Perfect Plastic Repair
Authors: Deng Kexin , Luo Ruizeng , Chen Ying , Liu Xiaoqiang , Xi Yuanyin , Usman Muhammad , Jiang Xupin , Li Zhou , Zhang Jiaping 
Published: December 2024

AbstractTissue repair and reconstruction are a clinical difficulty. Bioelectricity has been identified as a critical factor in supporting tissue and cell viability during the repair process, presenting substantial potential for clinical application. This review delves into various sources of electrical stimulation and identifies appropriate electrode materials for clinical use. It also highlights the biological mechanisms of electrical stimulation at both the subcellular and cellular levels, elucidating how these interactions facilitate the repair and regeneration processes across different organs. Moreover, specific electrode materials and stimulation sources are outlined, detailing their impact on cellular activity. The future development trends are projected from two perspectives: the optimization of equipment performance and the fulfillment of clinical demands, focusing on the feasibility, safety, and cost‐effectiveness of technologies.
The nitrogen value of cover crops: How much N can cover crops replace?
Authors: Marcillo Guillermo S. , Thapa Resham , Mirsky Steven B. , Martin Nicolas 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAchieving high corn yields while reducing fertilizer losses seems attainable through nitrogen (N) management decisions that include the use of cover crops (CCs). To determine whether CCs result in a net positive balance between N fertilization and crop utilization, we used US field trial data comparing corn systems with and without CCs, and estimated the amount of N fertilizer that CCs would replace and lead to equivalent grain yields under both systems. Overall, applying lower nitrogen rates to corn without cover crops resulted in similar or higher yields when legumes were used as cover crops (indicating positive nitrogen replacement in the amount of 62 kg ha−1), but lower yields when grasses were used as cover crops (indicating negative nitrogen replacement in the amount of 24 kg ha−1). Our results illustrate the benefits and trade‐offs of integrating single CC species into a corn system, that is, reducing N inputs with legume CCs or supplementing N fertilizer to avoid possible grain yield penalties in the case of grass CCs. Quantifying the N replacement value of CCs would facilitate field‐level recommendations and policy regulations aimed at promoting sustainable corn production in the United States.Core Ideas
Managing N fertilizer rates is essential for maximizing the benefits of legume and grass cover crops in corn‐based systems.
N fertilizer replacement of grass and legume cover crops was assessed based on data from field experiments in the United States.
Legume cover crops were found to positively replace N fertilizer; potentially reducing corn N inputs.
Grass cover crops were found to negatively replace N fertilizer; potentially requiring supplementary fertilizer to reduce corn yield penalties.
Sol–gel pore‐confined strategy to synthesize atomically dispersed metal sites for enhanced CO2 electroreduction
Authors: Li Youzhi , Wang Dashuai , Liu Hualong , Bao Yanran , Zhao Xuesong , Sun Chen , Li Zhongjian , Lei Lecheng , Hou Yang , Yang Bin 
Published: December 2024

AbstractExcavating highly efficient and cost‐effective non‐noble metal single‐atom catalysts for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is of paramount significance. However, the general and universal strategy for designing atomically dispersed metals as accessible active sites is still in its infancy. Herein, we reported a general sol–gel pore‐confined strategy for preparing a series of isolated transition metal single atoms (Fe/Co/Ni/Cu) anchored on nitrogen‐doped carbon matrix. Benefiting from synergistic effect of M‐N4 coordination and neighboring N doping, the Fe‐N4‐C catalyst exhibited superior capability with a Faradaic efficiency of 96.9%, achieving highly stable electrocatalytic activity for more than 20 h. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further revealed the changes in the dxz orbital of Fe, with a decrease in the out‐of‐plane component. Thus, a lower free energy barrier (ΔG) in thermodynamic pathway and the accelerated proton transfer to *COOH in kinetic pathway both enhanced electrocatalytic process.
Community‐Sourced Reporting of Mortalities in Angelman Syndrome (1979–2022)
Authors: Gomes Adriana T. , Moore Amanda , Cross Meagan , Hardesty Cristy , David Kelly , Sampedro Maria Galan , Dube Sophie , Weil‐Chalker Sharon , Montepagano Adela Gentil , Christel Ursula , Martin Rachel , Wheeler Anne , Tan Wen‐Hann , Bird Lynne M. , Bichell Terry Jo 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTAngelman syndrome (AS) is a severe genetic neurodevelopmental disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1:20,000. Life expectancy appears to be normal, however, data regarding lifespan in AS are scarce. Until 2018, there was no unique diagnosis code for AS, thus true incidence, prevalence, mortality and morbidity rates are unknown. A social media effort was launched by caregivers of people with AS to gather community‐sourced data to understand AS mortality risks. Information on 220 deaths was verified with obituaries and public postings. Respiratory illness was the primary cause of death among people with AS overall, followed by accidents and seizures. Surprisingly, sudden unexpected death in sleep (SUDS) was the fourth most common cause, which has not been reported previously. Approximately 91% of people with AS have epilepsy, thus some SUDS cases may represent sudden unexpected deaths in epilepsy (SUDEP). Causes of death vary by age, and differ from the general population. Though there are obvious limitations to data collected through social media, grass roots science is a starting point to amass preliminary data and inform future epidemiological research on AS.
Photocatalytic Deoxygenative Alkylation with Alcohols via Xanthates or Thionocarbonates
Authors: Luo Wei , Chen Zhong , Yu Bing 
Published: December 2024

AbstractRecent advancements in photocatalytic strategies have expanded the range of alkylating agents, including alkyl carboxylic acids and saturated hydrocarbons. Notably, alcohols are preferred for their availability, stability, and safety compared to traditional alkylating reagents such as alkyl halides. This review summarizes recent developments in photocatalytic deoxygenative alkylation using alcohols, specifically through the formation of xanthates or thionocarbonates.