bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Some Novel a Zino and Pyranopyrazole Derivative
Authors: Hamed Eman O. , Elhoseni Nourhan Kh. R. , Assy Mohamed G. , Shehab Wesam , Abdellattif Magda H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Pyranopyrazole derivatives has vital role in the class of organic compounds because of their broad spectrum of biological as well as pharmacological importance.Results: Our current goal is the [3+3] Cycloaddition of benzoyl isothiocyanate and pyrazolone 1 undergo oxidation cyclization producing pyrazoloxadiazine 3. The diol 5 was obtained as a condensation of two equivalent of 1 with thiopene-2-carboxaldhyde in acetic acid above sodium acetate mixture. When the condensation carried out in presence of piperidine under fusion the unsaturated ketone 4 was obtained. The cyclocondensation of pyrazolone 1 and pyruvic acid derivative in the presence of aminotive reagent resulted in pyrazolo pyrimidine 7. The pyrazolo pyran derivative 11 was resulted from the [3+3] cycloaddition of 1 and cinnamic acid. ᴽpyrone derivative was prepared by acylation of 12 with to equivalent of acetic anhydride. Phthalic anhydride undergoes arolyation using zinc chloride as a catalyst. The cyclic keto acid 23 was synthesized by the action of succinic anhydride on 12 in acetic medium. Cinnamic acid and 12 leads to pyrazole derivative 24 through Michael reaction. All of the tested compounds showed good microbial activity against pathogenic microorganisms. Newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antioxidant activity. Some of tested compounds exhibited promising activities.Conclusions: The newly synthesized compounds were found to be potent towards antioxidant activity. Moreover, the results showed that nearly a compound 5 was found to be the most potent levels of activity. Additionally, compounds 13, 14, 16, 22, 23 and 24 were found to have moderate activity. While compound 14 was found the lowest potent levels.
A U.S. Isolate of Theileria Orientalis, Ikeda Genotype, is Transmitted to Cattle by the Invasive Asian Longhorned Tick, Haemaphysalis Longicornis
Authors: Dinkel Kelcey D , Herndon David , Noh Susan M , Lahmers Kevin K , Todd S. Michelle , Ueti Massaro W , Scoles Glen A , Mason Kathleen L , Fry Lindsay 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
BACKGROUNDTheileria orientalis is a tick-borne hemoparasite that causes anemia, ill thrift, and death in cattle globally. The Ikeda strain of T. orientalis is more virulent than other strains, leading to severe clinical signs and death in less than 5% of affected animals. Within the Asia-Pacific region, where it affects 25% of Australian cattle, T. orientalis Ikeda has a significant economic impact on the cattle industry. In 2017, T. orientalis Ikeda was detected in a cattle herd in Albermarle County, Virginia, United States. Months earlier, the U.S. was alerted to the invasion of the Asian longhorned tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, throughout the eastern U.S. Abundant H. longicornis ticks were identified on cattle in the T. orientalis-affected herd in VA, and a subset of ticks from the environment were PCR-positive for T. orientalis Ikeda. A strain of T. orientalis from a previous U.S. outbreak was not transmissible by H. longicornis; however, H. longicornis is the primary tick vector of T. orientalis Ikeda in other regions of the world. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether invasive H. longicornis ticks in the U.S. are competent vectors of T. orientalis Ikeda. METHODSNymphal H. longicornis ticks were fed on a splenectomized calf infected with the VA-U.S.-T. orientalis Ikeda strain. After molting, a subset of adult ticks from this cohort were dissected, and salivary glands assayed for T. orientalis Ikeda via qPCR. The remaining adult ticks from the group were allowed to feed on three calves. Calves were subsequently monitored for T. orientalis Ikeda infection via blood smear cytology and PCR.RESULTSAfter acquisition feeding on a VA-U.S.-T. orientalis Ikeda-infected calf as nymphs, a subset of molted adult tick salivary glands tested positive by qPCR for T. orientalis Ikeda. Adult ticks from the same cohort successfully transmitted T. orientalis Ikeda to 3/3 naïve calves, each of which developed parasitemia reaching 0.4-0.9%.CONCLUSIONSOur findings demonstrate that U.S. H. longicornis ticks are competent vectors of the VA-U.S.-T. orientalis Ikeda strain. This data provides important information for the U.S. cattle industry regarding the potential spread of this parasite and the necessity of enhanced surveillance and control measures.
Influenza A Virus Mediated Downregulation of Progesterone Receptor Membrane Component-1 Inhibits RIG-I-dependent Antiviral Response in Central Nervous System
Authors: Huang Kun , Zhang Yufei , Gong Wenxiao , Yang Yong , Jiang Lili , Zhao Lianzhong , Yang Ying , Wei Yanming , Li Chengfei , He Xinglin , Sun Xiaomei , Zou Zhong , Jin Meilin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: The influenza A virus (IAV) enters the central nervous system (CNS) via multiple routes and causes neurological symptoms. In this process, it develops multiple strategies to escape the host anti-viral immune system, and infects the central nervous system (CNS). Progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) is highly expressed in the CNS, where it exerts a neurotrophic effect. However, how PGRMC1 affects IAV remains unclear.Methods: In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of PGRMC1 in regulating antiviral defense response in brain tissue. Toward this, we used both mouse model of IAV infection and the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH and human brain glioma cell line U251 . High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to obtain an unbiased profile of the cellular response to IAV H5N6 infection in mice brain. Results: Here, RNA-seq revealed 240 differentially expressed genes in the IAV-infected brains. Among the significantly down-regulated genes, we focused on the gene encoding progesterone receptor membrane component-1 (PGRMC1) and observed that IAV H5N6 infection clearly inhibited PGRMC1 in both neuroblastoma and glioma cells. Furthermore, treatment with AG205, a PGRMC1-specific inhibitor, or PGRMC1 knockout promoted H5N6 multiplication in vitro, while overexpression of PGRMC1 resulted in opposite effects. Furthermore, AG205 treatment or PGRMC1 knockout significantly inhibited RIG-I-mediated IFN-β signaling pathway and reduced the levels of several antiviral proteins (Mx1 and ISG15). In addition, PGRMC1-mediated regulation of IFN signaling relied on inhibition of the expression and ubiquitination of RIG-I.Conclusion: Conclusively, our results show for the first time that IAV H5N6 down-regulates PGRMC1 expression to contribute to virus proliferation by inhibiting RIG-I-mediated IFN-β production in the brain. These findings may offer new insights regarding the interplay between IAV and host factors that may impact IAV pathogenicity in the brain.
WITHDRAWN: A combination of metformin and insulin is an effective treatment that benefits the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Xu Linlin , Wang Wei , Liang Shuang , Wang Dingding , Song Wei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
BackgroundThis study aims to further clarify whether there are cardiovascular and cerebrovascular benefits associated with insulin treatment combined with metformin in individuals with type 1 diabetes.MethodsElectronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials in which the efficacy and safety of metformin were compared with those of a placebo for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease among type 1 diabetes patients, and a meta-analysis was conducted.ResultsThirteen cardiovascular studies were identified. In the metformin group, mean carotid intimal media thickness was significantly reduced by 0.03 mm, ascending aortic pulse wave velocity by 6.3 m/s, descending aortic wall shear stress by 1.77 dyn/cm2, insulin daily dose by 0.05 U/kg/d, body weight by 2.27 kg, fat-free mass by 1.32 kg, body mass index by 0.58 kg/m2, hip circumference by 0.29 m, and low-density lipoprotein by 0.16 mmol/L. In the metformin group, flow-mediated dilation was increased by 1.29%, glucose infusion rate/insulin by 18.22 µIU/µL, and waist-to-hip ratio by 0.02. The metformin group showed no differences in blood pressure, reactive hyperemia index, waist circumference, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, or body mass index Z score. For cerebrovascular studies were identified. But none of them had a risk factor assessment.ConclusionsThere is strong evidence supporting wider use of metformin to improve cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease risk among individuals with type 1 diabetes, not just obese or adults.
Community Characteristics and Coexistence of Four Medicinally Important Plants in Quercus Leucotrichophora A. Camus Forest of Central Himalaya, India.
Authors: Prasad Poonam , Ram Jeet , Tewari Beena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: The Quercus leucotrichophora is a keystone species in maintaining the biodiversity of several other species and provides ecosystem service to the people residing around the forest. The present study is to investigate the community characteristic and coexistence of four medicinally important plants species viz. Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hk.) Reichb. ExMeissn. Hedychium spicatum (Ham. Ex Smith), Origanum vulgare (Linn.) and Rubia manjith (Linn.) in Quercus leucotrichophora forest in different canopies at three different sites i.e. Hanumangarh, Kailakhan and Pines in the Central Himalaya.Results: In the present study, a total of 81 herbaceous species encountered in the sample, out of which 41 species showed Importance Value Index (IVI) ≥ 5. About 50% species were common in different sites whereas about 54 % species were common in different canopies. There was variation in species richness among the sites (52-67 species), whereas, amongst the canopies, species richness was higher in open canopy and least in close canopy. The co-existence between the selected four species showed a frequency distribution <60% indicating their presence as rare, seldom or often. Amongst the sites, Boenninghausenia albiflora and Origanum vulgare showed its dominance in Pines, Hedychium spicatum at Kailakhan and Rubia manjith at Hanumangarh site. The coexistence between Origanum vulgare and other three species viz. Boenninghausenia albiflora, Rubia manjith and Hedychium spicatum showed negative values, while Boenninghausenia albiflora and two other species viz. Rubia manjith, Hedychium spicatum and Rubia manjith & Hedychium spicatum showed positive coefficient of association. The chi-square in both the cases indicated the values are non-significant resulting not a strong coexistence in the Oak forest, therefore their occurrence together in the community might be by chance. Conclusion: The growth of species in different habitat and association of medicinal plants is important in identifying the suitable habitat and canopy toward future multiplication of the different species in the Himalayan region. The finding of the present study would be also helpful to develop the structure and adequate strategy & plan for conservation and management of habitats, species and communities for their sustainable utilization in different part of the world.
Discerning Effects of Climate Variability, Local Land Degradation and Tree Species Diversity on Remote Sensing Derived Resilience and Resistance of Dry Afromontane Forest&nbsp;
Authors: Hishe Hadgu , Oosterlynck Louis , Giday Kidane , De Keersmaecker Wanda , Somers Ben , Muys Bart 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Introduction: Anthropogenic disturbances are increasingly affecting the vitality of tropical dry forests. The future condition of this important biome will depend on its capability to resist, and recover from these disturbances. So far, the temporal stability of dryland forests is rarely studied, but could serve as a basis for forest management and restoration. Methodology: In a degraded dry Afromontane forest in northern Ethiopia, we explored remote sensing derived indicators of forest stability, using MODIS satellite derived NDVI time series from 2001 to 2018. Resilience, resistance and variability were measured using the anomalies (remainders) after time series decomposition into seasonality, trend and remainder components. Growth stability was calculated using the integral of the undecomposed NDVI data. These NDVI derived stability indicators were then related to environmental factors of climate, topography, soil, tree species diversity, and disturbance, obtained from a systematic grid of field inventory plots, using boosted regression trees in R. Resilience and resistance were adequately predicted by these factors with an R2 of 0.67 and 0.48, respectively, but the models for variability and growth stability were weaker. Precipitation of the wettest month, distance from settlements and slope were the most important factors associated with resilience, explaining 51% of the effect. Altitude, temperature seasonality and humus accumulation were the significant factors associated with the resistance of the forest, explaining 61% of the overall effect. A positive effect of tree diversity on resilience was also significant, except that the impact of species evenness declined above a threshold value of 0.70, indicating that perfect evenness reduced the resilience of the forest. Conclusion: A combination of climate, topographic variables and disturbance indicators controlled the stability of the dry forest. Tree diversity is an important component that should be considered in the management and restoration programs of such degraded forests. If local disturbances are alleviated the recovery time of dryland forests could be shortened, which is vital to maintain the ecosystem services these forests provide to local communities and global climate change.
Structural and Functional Characteristics of Soil Microbial Community in a Pinus Massoniana Forest at Different Elevations
Authors: Zhang Jian , Xu Ming , Zou Xiao 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
BackgroundIn spite of the ecological importance of soil microbial communities, very little data is available on different soil microorganism types along altitudinal gradients on a mountain system with a forest ecosystem to identify the distribution patterns of soil microbial diversity and function. This study aimed to determine the diversity patterns of different soil microorganism types (archaea, bacteria, fungi, viruses) along an altitudinal gradient on Mt. Leigong, a typical mid-subtropical mountain forest ecosystem.ResultsThe richness of bacterial, fungal, and virus community changed in a unimodal pattern, while archaeal community changed in a bimodal pattern with increasing altitude. Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, Myoviridae and Podoviridae were abundant taxa in archaeal, bacterial, fungal, and virus community, respectively. Amino acid transport and metabolism, and energy production and conversion were the predominant categories as per Nonsupervised Orthologous Groups (NOG) function gene-annotation. Carbohydrate metabolism, global and overview map, and amino acid metabolism, were predominant categories in the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes-based (KEGG) pathways. Glycosyl transferase and glycoside hydrolase were predominant categories among carbohydrate enzyme-functional genes. Cluster analysis, redundancy analysis, and Network analysis showed obvious differences in composition, structure, and function of different soil microorganism types in the P. massoniana forest on Mt. Leigong.ConclusionsThese results indicate that different soil microorganism types (archaea, bacteria, fungi, viruses) along the altitudinal gradient have an obvious different distribution patterns in the typical mid-subtropical mountain coniferous forest soil.
Unsupervised explainable AI for molecular evolutionary study of forty thousand SARS-CoV-2 genomes
Authors: Ikemura Toshimichi , Wada Kennosuke , Wada Yoshiko , Iwasaki Yuki , Abe Takashi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Unsupervised AI (artificial intelligence) can obtain novel knowledge from big data without particular models or prior knowledge and is highly desirable for unveiling hidden features in big data. SARS-CoV-2 poses a serious threat to public health and one important issue in characterizing this fast-evolving virus is to elucidate various aspects of their genome sequence changes. We previously established unsupervised AI, a BLSOM (batch-learning SOM), which can analyze five million genomic sequences simultaneously. The present study applied the BLSOM to the oligonucleotide compositions of forty thousand SARS-CoV-2 genomes. While only the oligonucleotide composition was given, the obtained clusters of genomes corresponded primarily to known main clades and internal divisions in the main clades. Since the BLSOM is explainable AI, it reveals which features of the oligonucleotide composition are responsible for clade clustering. The BLSOM has powerful image display capabilities and enables efficient knowledge discovery about viral evolutionary processes.
Low Testosterone Levels Predict Increasing Severity and Worse Outcomes of Hepatitis B Virus-related Acute-on-chronic Liver Failure in Males
Authors: Huang Yandi , Yan Dong , Zhang Huafen , Lou Bin , Yan Ren , Yao Yifan , Dong Minya , Yang Donglei , Lv Feifei , Chen Yu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
BackgroundHepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) is more prevalent among males than females and has a high rate of short-term mortality, and low serum testosterone has been prevalent in critical illness such as acute respiratory failure and cirrhosis, we investigated the association between testosterone level and severity of hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) in males remains unknown.MethodsThis single-center observational study involved patients with HBV-ACLF planned to undergo treatment with an artificial liver support system. Morning blood samples were collected and androgen levels analyzed by chemi-bioluminescent immunoassay. Time to death or liver transplantation within 90 days comprised the primary composite outcome. We assessed the relationships between androgen levels, stage (early, middle, or late, categorized according to clinical manifestation), severity scores, and clinical outcomes of HBV-ACLF.ResultsAmong 160 male subjects, 32 had early stage HBV-ACLF, 61 middle stage, and 67 end stage. Serum levels of total testosterone (TT), free testosterone index (FTI), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and cortisol were significantly lower among subjects than chronic hepatitis B patients and healthy controls, while androstenedione was higher. Low TT, SHBG, FTI and high androstenedione were associated with increased stage (of HBV-ACLF, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy) and severity scores (Model for End-stage Liver Disease and Chinese Group on the Study of Severe Hepatitis B-ACLF scores). Low TT (<142.39 ng/dL) was a risk factor for both the composite outcome and for death alone within 90 days. Multivariate analysis revealed TT to be a predictor for the composite outcome independent of age, BMI, SHBG, FTI, cortisol, and androstenedione.ConclusionLow serum testosterone is common among male patients with HBV-ACLF and predictive of increased severity and worse outcome of the disease.
Identification of Potential Biomarkers in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Network-Based Approach
Authors: Ameri Mehrdad , Salimi Haniye , Eskandari Sedigheh , Nezafat Navid 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Identification of potential therapeutic and diagnostic biomarkers can be helpful to screen cancer progress. This study implemented with the aim of discovering potential biomarkers for HCC within a network-based approach integrated with microarray data. Methods: Through downloading a gene expression profile GSE62232 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis for DEGs were performed utilizing enrichr server. Following reconstruction of protein-protein interaction network of DEGs with STRING, network visualization, analyses, and clustering into structural modules carried out using Cytoscape. Considering degree centrality, 15 hub genes were selected as early biomarker candidates for final validation. In order to validate hub genes, GEPIA server was used to perform overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Results: In our approach 1996 DEGs were identified including 995 up-regulated genes and 1001 down-regulated genes. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis shown that DEGs are associated with Chemical carcinogenesis, and Cell cycle. GO term enrichment analysis indicated the relation of DEGs with epoxygenase P450 pathway, arachidonic acid monooxygenase activity, and secretory granule lumen. Following analysis of protein-protein interaction network of DEGs top three structural modules and 15 early hub genes were selected. Validation of hub genes performed using GEPIA. Consequently, CDK1, CCNB1, CCNA2, CDC20, AURKA, MAD2L1, TOP2A, KIF11, BUB1B, TYMS, EZH2, and BUB1 were considered as our final proposed biomarkers. Conclusion: using an integrated network-based approach with microarray data our results revealed 12 final candidates with potential to considered as biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma.
ART Uptake Among HIV Positive Adolescents: The Effect of Mass Media Campaigns in Southwestern Uganda
Authors: Akankunda Sandra , Tayebwa Sandra , Byamugisha Benjamen , Ariho Sabastian , Najjuma Josephine , Bahati Ronald 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Globally about 1.7 million adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 were living with HIV in 2019, of these, about 1.5 million were living in sub-Saharan Africa and approximately above 127,000 were living in Uganda. However uptake of ART is still low among adolescents especially in low income countries due to lack of information they need to understand HIV and its management. Therefore, we set out to explore the influence of mass media campaigns on promoting ART uptake among HIV positive adolescents in Southwestern Uganda.Methods: A phenomenological qualitative cross-sectional study design was adopted to explore the influence of mass media campaigns on the promotion of ART Uptake among adolescents. We conducted 7 FGDs with Adolescents living with HIV aged 10-19 years and 5 key informants’ interviews with the health care workers in the adolescents’ HIV clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital. Data was transcribed verbatim and translated from Runyankole to English. Two researchers reviewed all the transcripts, developed a codebook identifying the emerging subthemes from which we manually generated the themes in relation to our research question. Results: Results revealed a large breadth of awareness and knowledge possessed by adolescents about mass media campaigns. This ranged from knowing the various messages that were being aired out and the channels which carried these messages. These campaigns acted as catalysts to ART uptake and adherence since they inspired participants to accept themselves thus managing a number of limitations. Our participants preferred broadcast media channels and messages that featured successful stories of HIV positive living people. Conclusion: HIV mass media campaigns promoted ART uptake among HIV positive adolescents. It is recommended that HIV health service providers take into account the unique needs and nature of adolescents while designing and airing out various media campaigns which would influence their positive living and thus leading to their increased health life expectancy.