bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulating coupled surface–subsurface flows with ParFlow v3.5.0: capabilities, applications, and ongoing development of an open-source, massively parallel, integrated hydrologic model
Authors: Kuffour Benjamin N. O. , Engdahl Nicholas B. , Woodward Carol S. , Condon Laura E. , Kollet Stefan , Maxwell Reed M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Surface flow and subsurface flow constitute a naturally linked hydrologic
continuum that has not traditionally been simulated in an integrated
fashion. Recognizing the interactions between these systems has encouraged
the development of integrated hydrologic models (IHMs) capable of treating
surface and subsurface systems as a single integrated resource. IHMs are
dynamically evolving with improvements in technology, and the extent of their
current capabilities are often only known to the developers and not general
users. This article provides an overview of the core functionality,
capability, applications, and ongoing development of one open-source IHM,
ParFlow. ParFlow is a parallel, integrated, hydrologic model that simulates
surface and subsurface flows. ParFlow solves the Richards equation for
three-dimensional variably saturated groundwater flow and the
two-dimensional kinematic wave approximation of the shallow water equations
for overland flow. The model employs a conservative centered finite-difference scheme and a conservative finite-volume method for subsurface
flow and transport, respectively. ParFlow uses multigrid-preconditioned
Krylov and Newton–Krylov methods to solve the linear and nonlinear systems
within each time step of the flow simulations. The code has demonstrated
very efficient parallel solution capabilities. ParFlow has been coupled to
geochemical reaction, land surface (e.g., the Common Land Model), and atmospheric
models to study the interactions among the subsurface, land surface, and
atmosphere systems across different spatial scales. This overview focuses on
the current capabilities of the code, the core simulation engine, and the
primary couplings of the subsurface model to other codes, taking a
high-level perspective.
Real-time probabilistic seismic hazard assessment based on seismicity anomaly
Authors: Sun Yu-Sheng , Li Hsien-Chi , Chang Ling-Yun , Ye Zheng-Kai , Chen Chien-Chih 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Real-time probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) was developed in this study in consideration of its practicability for daily life and the
rate of seismic activity with time. Real-time PSHA follows the traditional PSHA framework, but the statistic occurrence rate is substituted by
time-dependent seismic source probability. Over the last decade, the pattern informatics (PI) method has been developed as a time-dependent
probability model of seismic source. We employed this method as a function of time-dependent seismic source probability, and we selected two major
earthquakes in Taiwan as examples to explore real-time PSHA. These are the Meinong earthquake (ML 6.6) of 5 February 2016 and the
Hualien earthquake (ML 6.2) of 6 February 2018. The seismic intensity maps produced by the real-time PSHA method facilitated the
forecast of the maximum expected seismic intensity for the following 90 d. Compared with real ground motion data from the P-alert network, our
seismic intensity forecasting maps showed considerable effectiveness. This result indicated that real-time PSHA is practicable and provides useful
information that could be employed in the prevention of earthquake disasters.
Ensemble flood simulation for a small dam catchment in Japan using nonhydrostatic model rainfalls – Part 2: Flood forecasting using 1600-member 4D-EnVar-predicted rainfalls
Authors: Kobayashi Kenichiro , Duc Le ,   Apip, Oizumi Tsutao , Saito Kazuo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. This paper is a continuation of the authors' previous paper (Part 1) on the feasibility of ensemble flood forecasting for a small dam catchment (Kasahori dam; approx. 70 km2) in Niigata, Japan, using a distributed rainfall–runoff model and rainfall ensemble forecasts. The ensemble forecasts were given by an advanced four-dimensional, variational-ensemble assimilation system using the Japan
Meteorological Agency nonhydrostatic model (4D-EnVar-NHM). A noteworthy feature of this system was the use of a very large number of ensemble members (1600), which yielded a significant improvement in the rainfall forecast compared to Part 1. The ensemble flood forecasting using the 1600 rainfalls succeeded in indicating the necessity of emergency flood operation with the occurrence probability and enough lead time (e.g., 12 h) with regard to an extreme event. A new method for dynamical selection of the best ensemble member based on the Bayesian reasoning with different evaluation periods is proposed. As the result, it is recognized that the selection based on Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) does not provide an exact discharge forecast with several hours lead time, but it can provide some trend in the near future.
Depletion of soil carbon and aggregation after strong warming of a subarctic Andosol under forest and grassland cover
Authors: Poeplau Christopher , Sigurðsson Páll , Sigurdsson Bjarni D. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The net loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) from terrestrial ecosystems
is a likely consequence of global warming and may affect key soil
functions. The strongest changes in temperature are expected to occur at high
northern latitudes, with forest and tundra as prevailing land cover types.
However, specific soil responses to warming in different ecosystems are currently
understudied. In this study, we used a natural geothermal soil warming gradient (0–17.5 ∘C warming intensity) in an Icelandic spruce forest on Andosol to
assess changes in the SOC content between 0 and 10 cm (topsoil) and between 20 and 30 cm (subsoil)
after 10 years of soil warming. Five different SOC fractions were isolated,
and their redistribution and the amount of stable aggregates were
assessed to link SOC to changes in the soil structure. The results were compared to an
adjacent, previously investigated warmed grassland. Soil warming
depleted the SOC content in the forest soil by −2.7 g kg−1 ∘C−1 (−3.6 % ∘C−1) in the topsoil and −1.6 g kg−1 ∘C−1 (−4.5 % ∘C−1) in the
subsoil. The distribution of SOC in different fractions was significantly
altered, with particulate organic matter and SOC in sand and stable
aggregates being relatively depleted and SOC attached to silt and clay being
relatively enriched in warmed soils. The major reason for this shift was
aggregate breakdown: the topsoil aggregate mass proportion was reduced from
60.7±2.2 % in the unwarmed reference to 28.9±4.6 % in
the most warmed soil. Across both depths, the loss of one unit of SOC caused a
depletion of 4.5 units of aggregated soil, which strongly affected the bulk density
(an R2 value of 0.91 and p<0.001 when correlated with SOC, and an
R2 value of 0.51 and p<0.001 when correlated with soil mass in
stable aggregates). The proportion of water-extractable carbon increased
with decreasing aggregation, which might indicate an indirect protective
effect of aggregates larger than 63 µm on SOC. Topsoil changes in the
total SOC content and fraction distribution were more pronounced in the
forest than in the adjacent warmed grassland soils, due to higher and more
labile initial SOC. However, no ecosystem effect was observed on the warming response of the
subsoil SOC content and fraction distribution. Thus, whole profile
differences across ecosystems might be small. Changes in the soil structure upon warming should be studied more deeply and taken into consideration when interpreting or modelling biotic responses to warming.
Evelina Fue Tu Nombre / Evelina Was Your Name
Authors: Maldonado Torres Sonia E 
Published: March 2020

On Thursday, April 18 my students and I coordinated an activity in which we celebrated the National Bilingual/Multilingual Learner Advocacy Month. In this activity, one of our adjuncts professors presented information about the struggle that a Puerto Rican woman, Evelina López Antonetty had in providing access to bilingual education to a monolingual-Spanish community in the South Bronx . The South Bronx is still considered one of the most impoverished boroughs in NYC and it is also where the college I am working at (Eugenio Maria de Hostos CC) is located. As part of the activity, I wrote a poem about Evelina López Antonetty and the poem was translated by my students into three (3) different languages.
“Shall I bite it?”: Sexuality and the Biting Male in Dickens
Authors: Ramuz Colette 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIt is a common claim that in Dickens's novels alimentary pleasures are substituted for sexual ones. This article argues, however, that oral pleasure is not a substitution but is meant to be read as an expression of material sexuality and as a primal negotiation between self and other. This article examines the erotic energy of Dickensian mouths through the phenomenon of biting as an expression of male sexual appetite. Biting is associated with the impulse to penetrate the desirable object; in Dickens's writing the semiotics of biting signify a fetishized sexual behavior but it is also one that progresses from the grotesque to a normalized stage of masculine psychosexual and social development. Examining the Dickensian men who bite or threaten to bite their objects of desire, this article focuses on how patterns of eroticized comic cannibalism in the early novels develop into a more mature expression of male sexuality in later works. Dickens not only explores psychosexual conflict, but also expresses it in the form of a taboo act, situated firmly in the middle-class home. This reading identifies the centrality of the mouth in Dickensian sexuality.
Assessment of the CHIRPS-Based Satellite Precipitation Estimates
Authors: Paredes-Trejo Franklin , Alves Barbosa Humberto , Venkata Lakshmi Kumar Tumuluru , Kumar Thakur Manoj , de Oliveira Buriti Catarina 
Published: March 2020

At present, satellite rainfall products, such as the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) product, have become an alternative source of rainfall data for regions where rain gauge stations are sparse, e.g., Northeast Brazil (NEB). In this study, continuous scores (i.e., Pearson’s correlation coefficient, R; percentage bias, PBIAS; and unbiased root mean square error, ubRMSE) and categorical scores (i.e., probability of detection, POD; false alarm ratio, FAR; and threat score, TS) were used to assess the CHIRPS rainfall estimates against ground-based observations on a pixel-to-station basis, during 01 January 1981 to 30 June 2019 over NEB. Results showed that CHIRPS exhibits better performance in inland regions (R, PBIAS, and ubRMSE median: 0.51, −3.71%, and 9.20 mm/day; POD, FAR, and TS median: 0.59, 0.44, and 0.40, respectively) than near the coast (R, PBIAS, and ubRMSE median: 0.36, −5.66%, and 12.43 mm/day; POD, FAR, and TS median: 0.32, 0.42, and 0.26, respectively). It shows better performance in the wettest months (i.e., DJF) than in the driest months (i.e., JJA) and is sensitive to both the warm-top stratiform cloud systems and the sub-cloud evaporation processes. Overall, the CHIRPS rainfall data set could be used for some operational purposes in NEB.
An Uplifting Memento
Authors: Modonese Alexander 
Published: March 2020

The following short text will explore the professional challenges faced by Mr. Davood Salimi, an Iranian immigrant who suffers from hearing, memory, and coordination issues. At Salimi’s request, the name of his medical condition will not be disclosed. The article will provide readers with a basic summary of Salimi’s biographical information, such as his professional qualifications, and explain the tragic circumstances which led to the development of his medical condition. The invaluable career assistance which AIM CROIT provided for Salimi will also be briefly discussed. In addition, the founding of this organisation and its many accomplishments will be succinctly explained. Finally, the article will conclude with a summary of Salimi’s future career goals and his advice for other individuals who suffer from disabilities.
fMRI
Authors: Bandettini Peter A. 
Published: March 2020

An accessible introduction to the history, fundamental concepts, challenges, and controversies of the fMRI by one of the pioneers in the field.
The discovery of functional MRI (fMRI) methodology in 1991 was a breakthrough in neuroscience research. This non-invasive, relatively high-speed, and high sensitivity method of mapping human brain activity enabled observation of subtle localized changes in blood flow associated with brain activity. Thousands of scientists around the world have not only embraced fMRI as a new and powerful method that complemented their ongoing studies but have also gone on to redirect their research around this revolutionary technique. This volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series offers an accessible introduction to the history, fundamental concepts, challenges, and controversies of fMRI, written by one of the pioneers in the field.
Peter Bandettini covers the essentials of fMRI, providing insight and perspective from his nearly three decades of research. He describes other brain imaging and assessment methods; the sources of fMRI contrasts; the basic methodology, from hardware to pulse sequences; brain activation experiment design strategies; and data and image processing. A unique, standalone chapter addresses major controversies in the field, outlining twenty-six challenges that have helped shape fMRI research. Finally, Bandettini lays out the four essential pillars of fMRI: technology, methodology, interpretation, and applications. The book can serve as a guide for the curious nonexpert and a reference for both veteran and novice fMRI scientists.
#HashtagActivism
Authors: Jackson Sarah J. , Bailey Moya , Foucault Welles Brooke 
Published: March 2020

This “well-researched, nuanced” study of the rise of social media activism explores how marginalized groups use Twitter to advance counter-narratives, preempt political spin, and build diverse networks of dissent. (Ms.)
The power of hashtag activism became clear in 2011, when #IranElection served as an organizing tool for Iranians protesting a disputed election and offered a global audience a front-row seat to a nascent revolution. Since then, activists have used a variety of hashtags, including #JusticeForTrayvon, #BlackLivesMatter, #YesAllWomen, and #MeToo to advocate, mobilize, and communicate. In this book, Sarah Jackson, Moya Bailey, and Brooke Foucault Welles explore how and why Twitter has become an important platform for historically disenfranchised populations, including Black Americans, women, and transgender people. They show how marginalized groups, long excluded from elite media spaces, have used Twitter hashtags to advance counternarratives, preempt political spin, and build diverse networks of dissent.
The authors describe how such hashtags as #MeToo, #SurvivorPrivilege, and #WhyIStayed have challenged the conventional understanding of gendered violence; examine the voices and narratives of Black feminism enabled by #FastTailedGirls, #YouOKSis, and #SayHerName; and explore the creation and use of #GirlsLikeUs, a network of transgender women. They investigate the digital signatures of the “new civil rights movement”—the online activism, storytelling, and strategy-building that set the stage for #BlackLivesMatter—and recount the spread of racial justice hashtags after the killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, and other high-profile incidents of killings by police. Finally, they consider hashtag created by allies, including #AllMenCan and #CrimingWhileWhite.
Read the full book for free on MIT Press Direct: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10858.001.0001
Capital Markets Union and Beyond
Authors: Allen Franklin , Faia Ester , Haliassos Michael , Pietrancosta Alain 
Published: March 2020

Experts from economics, finance, law, policy, and banking discuss the design and implementation of a future capital market union in Europe.
The plan for further development of Europe's economic and monetary union foresees the creation of a capital market union (CMU)—a single market for capital in the entire Eurozone. The need for citizens and firms of all European countries to have access to funding, together with the pressure to improve the efficiency and risk-sharing opportunities of the financial system in general, put the CMU among the top priorities on the Eurozone's agenda. In this volume, leading academics in economics, finance, and law, along with policy makers and practitioners, discuss the design and implementation of a future CMU.
Contributors describe the key design challenges of the CMU; specific opportunities and obstacles for reaching the CMU's goals of increasing the economic well-being of households and the profitability and viability of firms; the role that markets—from the latest fintech developments to traditional equity markets—can play in the future success of CMU; and the institutional framework needed for CMU in the aftermath of the global recession.
Contributors Sumit Agarwal, Franklin Allen, Valentina Allotti, Gene Amromin, John Armour, Geert Bekaert, Itzhak Ben-David, Marcello Bianchi, Lorenzo Bini-Smaghi, Claudio Borio, Franziska Bremus, Marina Brogi, Claudia M. Buch, Giacomo Calzolari, Souphala Chomsisengphet, Luca Enriques, Douglas D. Evanoff, Ester Faia, Eilis Ferran, Jeffrey N. Gordon, Michael Haliassos, Campbell R. Harvey, Kathryn Judge, Suzanne Kalss, Valentina Lagasio, Katya Langenbucher, Christian T. Lundblad, Massimo Marchesi, Alexander Michaelides, Stefano Micossi, Emanuel Moench, Mario Nava, Giorgio Barba Navaretti, Giovanna Nicodano, Gianmarco Ottaviano, Marco Pagano, Monica Paiella, Lubos Pastor, Alain Pietrancosta, Richard Portes, Alberto Franco Pozzolo, Stephan Siegel, Wolfe-Georg Ringe, Diego Valiante
Collaborative Society
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz , Przegalinska Aleksandra 
Published: March 2020

How networked technology enables the emergence of a new collaborative society.
Humans are hard-wired for collaboration, and new technologies of communication act as a super-amplifier of our natural collaborative mindset. This volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series examines the emergence of a new kind of social collaboration enabled by networked technologies. This new collaborative society might be characterized as a series of services and startups that enable peer-to-peer exchanges and interactions though technology. Some believe that the economic aspects of the new collaboration have the potential to make society more equitable; others see collaborative communities based on sharing as a cover for social injustice and user exploitation.
The book covers the “sharing economy,” and the hijacking of the term by corporations; different models of peer production, and motivations to participate; collaborative media production and consumption, the definitions of “amateur” and “professional,” and the power of memes; hactivism and social movements, including Anonymous and anti-ACTA protest; collaborative knowledge creation, including citizen science; collaborative self-tracking; and internet-mediated social relations, as seen in the use of Instagram, Snapchat, and Tinder. Finally, the book considers the future of these collaborative tendencies and the disruptions caused by fake news, bots, and other challenges.
Cynicism
Authors: Allen Ansgar 
Published: March 2020

A short history of cynicism, from the fearless speech of the ancient Greeks to the jaded negativity of the present.
Everyone's a cynic, yet few will admit it. Today's cynics excuse themselves half-heartedly—“I hate to be a cynic, but..."—before making their pronouncements. Narrowly opportunistic, always on the take, contemporary cynicism has nothing positive to contribute. The Cynicism of the ancient Greeks, however, was very different. This Cynicism was a marginal philosophy practiced by a small band of eccentrics. Bold and shameless, it was committed to transforming the values on which civilization depends. In this volume of the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, Ansgar Allen charts the long history of cynicism, from the “fearless speech” of Greek Cynics in the fourth century BCE to the contemporary cynic's lack of social and political convictions.
Allen describes ancient Cynicism as an improvised philosophy and a way of life disposed to scandalize contemporaries, subjecting their cultural commitments to derision. He chronicles the subsequent “purification” of Cynicism by the Stoics; Renaissance and Enlightenment appropriations of Cynicism, drawing on the writings of Shakespeare, Rabelais, Rousseau, de Sade, and others; and the transition from Cynicism (the philosophy) to cynicism (the modern attitude), exploring contemporary cynicism from the perspectives of its leftist, liberal, and conservative critics. Finally, he considers the possibility of a radical cynicism that admits and affirms the danger it poses to contemporary society.
Think Tank Aesthetics
Authors: Lee Pamela M. 
Published: March 2020

How the approaches and methods of think tanks—including systems theory, operational research, and cybernetics—paved the way for a peculiar genre of midcentury modernism.
In Think Tank Aesthetics, Pamela Lee traces the complex encounters between Cold War think tanks and the art of that era. Lee shows how the approaches and methods of think tanks—including systems theory, operations research, and cybernetics—paved the way for a peculiar genre of midcentury modernism and set the terms for contemporary neoliberalism. Lee casts these shadowy institutions as sites of radical creativity and interdisciplinary practice in the service of defense strategy. Describing the distinctive aesthetics that emerged from such institutions as the RAND Corporation, she maps the multiple and overlapping networks that connected nuclear strategists, mathematicians, economists, anthropologists, artists, designers, and art historians.
Lee recounts, among other things, the decades-long colloquy between Albert Wohlstetter, a RAND analyst, and his former professor, the famous art historian Meyer Schapiro; the anthropologist Margaret Mead's deployment of innovative visual aids that recall midcentury abstract art; and the combination of cybernetics and modernist design in an “Opsroom” for the short-lived socialist government of Salvador Allende in 1970s Chile (and its restaging many years later as a work of art). Lee suggests that we think of these connections less as disciplinary border crossings than as colonization of the specific interests of arts by the approaches and methods of the sciences. Hearing the echoes of think tank aesthetics in today's pursuit of the interdisciplinary and in academia's science-infused justification of the humanities, Lee wonders what territory has been ceded in a laboratory approach to the arts.