bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Is Human Subjects Research?
Authors: Borgerson Kirstin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the nature, scope, and practice of human subjects research. It begins by tackling the general question, “What is research?” Attempts to answer this question typically define research by its methods and/or goals, and the chapter surveys the limits of these definitions through discussion of tough boundary cases. Along the way, the chapter describes various methods (quantitative, qualitative) and types of human subjects research (clinical, social scientific, etc.). The second section of the chapter investigates who is referred to by the language of “human subjects”: which humans tend to be selected as research participants, where human subjects are located globally, and how these locations are changing. The chapter also raises questions about which subjects are considered human in this context, for instance, whether definitions include embryos, cadavers, or stem cells. Throughout, the chapter highlights the ethical issues raised by the various types of activities and subjects described.
International Health Research Ethics
Authors: Pratt Bridget 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHealth research funded by organizations from HICs and conducted in low- and middle-income countries has grown significantly since 1990. Power imbalances and inequities frequently (but not always) exist at each stage of the international research process. Unsurprisingly then, a variety of ethical concerns commonly arise in the context of international health research, such as inequities in funding, the semi-colonial nature of international research models, the brain drain of low- and middle-income country researchers, and inequities in partnerships between HIC and low- and middle-income country researchers. In this chapter, these (and other) ethical concerns are introduced and the following ethical concepts to address the concerns are then discussed: responsiveness, standard of care, benefit sharing, community engagement, and social value. Existing guidance and remaining debates about how to specify each of the concepts are summarized. The chapter concludes by highlighting the existence of epistemic injustices within the field of international research ethics.
Transcendental Meditation in the Treatment of Mental and Physical Conditions
Authors: Orme-Johnson David W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Transcendental Meditation technique (TM) is a process of transcending from the active mind to the silent mind, creating a feeling of well-being that many people describe as blissful. As the mind settles, the body becomes deeply rested, as indicated by reductions of physiological stress markers. The meditator typically experiences expanded inner awareness, which corresponds to marked slowing of the breath and increased brain wave (EEG) coherence, a measure of brain integration that is associated with higher levels of creativity. This chapter reviews work on the effects of TM in major areas of human functioning such as physical and psychological health, considers its impact on behavior, and examines some of the processes through which TM has its effects. The literature suggests that regular TM practice can help defuse the stresses and strains accrued during the day. Through regular practice, the body begins to function in a more stress-free, efficient, and resilient way outside of meditation. Well-controlled studies indicate that TM results in improvements in physical health (e.g. it reduces hypertension and cardiovascular disease), and psychological health (e.g. it reduces anxiety, depression, and anger), as well as influencing people’s behavior (e.g. reductions in drug, alcohol, and cigarette use, as well as in recidivism).
Meditation and Education
Authors: Brown Candy Gunther 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines school-based meditation programs for children ages 4–17—including Transcendental Meditation, ashtanga yoga, and mindfulness-based stress reduction—popularized between the 1960s and 2010s in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and India. Practices entered mainstream education as promoters distanced meditation from religion, particularly Hinduism and Buddhism, and framed meditative practices as scientifically validated techniques for cultivating virtues essential for academic performance, physical and mental health, and moral character. The chapter assesses meditation research and religious controversies. It recommends an opt-in model of informed consent as most conducive to transparency and voluntarism.
Reflections on the Role of Control in Meditation
Authors: Shapiro Deane H. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Spiritual, religious, and secular traditions emphasize the importance of control over one’s thoughts, feelings and behavior, and the relevance of meditation in achieving this control. Meditation practices, in particular, can be understood as one strategy amongst others for achieving self-regulation. While the main focus in Western psychology has been on active instrumental control, other traditions have emphasized the importance of a more accepting/yielding mode of control. This chapter distinguishes between different forms of control and how some of these may be enhanced by meditation practices. While over-control and passive resignation can have negative consequences for a person’s well-being, there is evidence for the beneficial role of the active/assertive and positive accepting/yielding modes of control. Selecting the most appropriate meditation strategy for a particular person is dependent upon a wide range of factors, including the person’s control profile, their sensory orientation, and their belief systems. The chapter concludes with the description of the author’s personal journey in exploring meditation and theories and practices of control—and a note of gratitude.
Strategic Knowledge Creation in Multinational Enterprises
Authors: Håkanson Lars , Kappen Philip , Zander Ivo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUnique knowledge and proprietary innovations are key to the competitive advantages on which most multinational enterprises (MNEs) are expected to base their initial international expansion. Moreover, their subsequent fortunes and survival typically depend on MNEs’ continued ability to upgrade and renew these advantages, as competition, imitation, and environmental change erode the value of existing ones. This chapter reviews key literatures around the nature, management, and effects of knowledge creation in MNEs. The chapter centers on the processes through which geographical patterns of international R&D have evolved, along with the structures, systems, and procedures through which MNEs have sought to govern and coordinate these activities. Finally, the chapter offers a summary and critique of the way that much of the inherited literature has portrayed and interpreted the strategic knowledge creation process in MNEs.
Philosophy of Language
Authors: Appelqvist Hanne 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores connections between the philosophy of language and the philosophy of music, starting from questions of meaning and understanding that the two fields arguably share. It considers how such notions as reference, representation, expression, communication, logic, rules, and grammar have been used to explain the semantic content of music. Tracing the development of the comparison between language and music from the linguistic phase of analytic philosophy to its subsequent decline and the emergence of metaphysics and naturalism as the dominant explanatory frameworks, the chapter provides a diagnosis of the reasons behind the current misgivings about the comparison. It closes by arguing, pace many contemporary accounts of musical meaning, that the comparison between language and music has not been exhausted as a source of philosophical illumination.
Authenticity
Authors: Dodd Julian , Irving John 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Work authenticity in the performance of a work of Western classical music is faithfulness to the work performed. This essay distinguishes two kinds of such work authenticity: score-compliance authenticity (accurately rendering the work’s score into sound); and interpretive authenticity (delivering a performance that evinces a deep or profound understanding of the work). Both forms of authenticity are performance values (that is, good-making features of performances), and both, we also claim, are constitutive norms governing work performance: norms that arise out of the practice’s teleology. And yet there are occasions on which these two work authenticities conflict with each other: situations when performers feel that bringing out some of the work’s deep musical content pushes them towards compromising score compliance. We believe that such conflict is genuine, and we float the idea that, when it occurs, performers can be justified in deliberately deviating from the score. In our view, a performance of a work is sometimes better overall for departing from scored instructions in this manner.
Disappearances from The Dunciad: Pope’s Late Use of the Grub-Street Journal
Authors: Rogers Pat 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Over time Pope made extensive alterations to The Dunciad, within the text but also in the surrounding apparatus. One short-lived change concerned an appendix in Robert Dodsley’s octavo edition of the Works, Volume III, Part II (ESTC T5425; Griffith 566). This appeared only in the earliest state of the volume, published in 1742, as it was deleted in subsequent printings (Griffith 567, 579). The first of four elements in the appendix, ‘Of the Poet Laureate’, was restored in 1743, but banished in 1751 to a separate volume, not to be included with The Dunciad again until 1882. The three remaining portions have never been reprinted in any collection of Pope’s works since 1742. They consist of items reprinted from the Grub-Street Journal in 1730 and 1731. Two concern James Moore Smythe, depicted in The Dunciad as ‘the phantom poet’ accused of plagiarism and deception. They also involve the ‘worm doctor’ John Moore, an object of derision by Pope and John Arbuthnot since 1716. All four items in the appendix are likely to have come from Pope or his circle. The article seeks to place these attacks in the context of their appearance in the Journal; to relate them to the Scriblerian campaign against shoddy writing habits and the activities of quacks; and to offer some explanation for their sudden emergence and instant disappearance from all versions of the poem. Consideration of a segment that has been totally ignored until now casts some light on the poet’s aims in reordering all parts of The Dunciad.
Incentivizing Financial Regulators
Authors: Kalmenovitz Joseph 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
I study how promotion incentives within the public sector affect financial regulation. I assemble individual data for all SEC enforcement attorneys between 2002 and 2017, including enforcement cases, salaries, and ranks. Consistent with tournament model, attorneys with stronger promotion incentives are involved in more enforcement, especially against severe misconduct, and in tougher settlement terms. For identification, I rely on cross-sectional tests within offices and ranks and on exogenous variation in salaries resulting from a conversion to a new pay system. The findings highlight a novel link between incentives and regulation and show that the regulator’s organizational design affects securities markets.
Fintech Borrowers: Lax Screening or Cream-Skimming?
Authors: Di Maggio Marco , Yao Vincent 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We study the personal credit market using unique individual-level data covering fintech and traditional lenders. We show that fintech lenders acquire market share by lending first to higher-risk borrowers and then to safer borrowers, and rely mainly on hard information to make credit decisions. Fintech borrowers are significantly more likely to default than neighbor individuals with the same characteristics borrowing from traditional financial institutions. Furthermore, they tend to experience a short-lived reduction in the cost of credit, because their indebtedness increases more than non-fintech borrowers after loan origination. However, fintech lenders’ pricing strategies are likely to take this into account.
Anti-NuMA antibodies: clinical associations and significance in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Arcani Robin , Bertin Daniel , Bardin Nathalie , Mazodier Karin , Jean Rodolphe , Suchon Pierre , Venton Geoffroy , Daumas Aurélie , Jean Estelle , Villani Patrick , Kaplanski Gilles , Jarrot Pierre-André 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
To determine the clinical significance of anti-nuclear mitotic apparatus (NuMA) antibodies (AC-26 or AC-25) in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) and SLE.

Methods
Between 2013 and 2018, clinical and immunological features of pSS and SLE patients with anti-NuMA antibodies were compared with anti-NuMA antibodies-negative pSS and SLE cohorts.

Results
Among 31 284 sera positive for antinuclear antibodies, 90 patients (0.29%) had anti-AC-26 (anti-NuMA1) and AC-25 (anti-HsEg5) antibodies (73.3% and 26.7%, respectively). Autoimmune diseases, mainly consisting in pSS (28.9%) and SLE (21.1%), were found in 67.8%. Anti-NuMA antibodies represented the unique ANA in 60% and 50% of patients with pSS and SLE patients, respectively. Compared with 137 anti-NuMA-negative pSS patients, 20 anti-NuMA-positive pSS presented with less frequent ocular sicca syndrome (70.0% vs 89.1%, P=0.031), dryness complications (15.0% vs 39.4%, P=0.045), or detectable anti-SSa and/or anti-SSb antibodies (40.0% vs 66.4%, P=0.027). Compared with 80 anti-NuMA-negative SLE patients, 14 anti-NuMA-positive SLE patients had no lupus nephritis (0.0% vs 28.8%, P=0.049), less frequent dsDNA antibodies (42.9% vs 75.0%, P=0.025) and complement consumption (21.4% vs 53.8%, P=0.040). Anti-NuMA-positive pSS and SLE patients less frequently required treatments compared with anti-NuMA-negative patients.

Conclusion
Although rare, anti-NuMA antibodies are mainly associated with pSS and SLE and may be useful for diagnosis when other auto-antibodies are negative. PSS and SLE patients with anti-NuMA antibodies have less severe clinical and biological profiles, suggesting that anti-NuMA antibodies may constitute a good prognosis marker in both autoimmune diseases.
Total plaque area and plaque echogenicity are novel measures of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Croca Sara C , Griffin Maura , Farinha Filipa , Isenberg David A , Nicolaides Andrew , Rahman Anisur 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Patients with SLE have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Multiple studies have shown that these patients have increased numbers of carotid plaques and greater intima-media thickness (IMT) than healthy controls. Measures such as total plaque area (TPA) and plaque echogenicity may be more sensitive and more relevant to cardiovascular risk than presence of plaque and IMT alone. Our objective was to produce the first report of TPA and echogenicity in a population of patients with SLE.

Methods
One hundred patients with SLE and no history of clinical CVD were recruited. Clinical, serological and treatment variables were recorded and serum was tested for antibodies to apolipoprotein A-1 and high-density lipoprotein. Both carotid and both femoral artery bifurcations of each patient were scanned to determine IMT, TPA and echogenicity of plaques. Univariable and multivariable statistical analyses were carried out to define factors associated with each of these outcomes.

Results
Thirty-six patients had carotid and/or femoral plaque. Increasing age was associated with presence of plaque and increased IMT. Triglyceride levels were associated with presence of plaque. Mean (s.d.) TPA was 60.8 (41.6) mm2. Patients taking prednisolone had higher TPA. Most plaques were echolucent, but increased echogenicity was associated with prednisolone therapy and persistent disease activity.

Conclusion
TPA and plaque echogenicity in patients with SLE are associated with different factors than those associated with presence of plaque and IMT. Longitudinal studies may show whether these outcome measures add value in the management of cardiovascular risk in SLE.
Contribution of abnormal BMI to adverse health-related quality of life outcomes after a 52-week therapy in patients with SLE
Authors: Borg Alexander , Gomez Alvaro , Cederlund Arvid , Cobar Flordelyn , Qiu Victor , Lindblom Julius , Emamikia Sharzad , Enman Yvonne , Pettersson Susanne , Parodis Ioannis 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate whether abnormal BMI is associated with adverse health-related quality of life (HRQoL) outcome, including severe fatigue, after 52 weeks of standard therapy plus belimumab or placebo in patients with SLE.

Methods
We analysed data from the BLISS-52 (NCT00424476) and BLISS-76 (NCT00410384) trials (n = 1684). Adverse HRQoL was defined as SF-36 scores ≤ the fifth percentile in age- and sex-matched US population-based subjects, and FACIT-F scores &lt;30. We compared BMI groups using the Pearson’s χ2 test, and assessed independence with multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Results
Overweight (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) and obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) patients showed increased likelihood to exhibit adverse SF-36 physical component summary (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.4, 2.3; P &lt;0.001 and OR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.8, 3.2; P &lt;0.001, respectively) and FACIT-F (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.6; P = 0.010 and OR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.0; P = 0.002, respectively) scores at week 52. Underweight was associated with adverse SF-36 mental component summary scores, also after adjustment for sex, ancestry, age, disease duration, disease activity, organ damage and prednisone dose during the study period (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.2, 3.6; P = 0.007). Addition of belimumab to standard therapy independently protected against adverse SF-36 general health (OR: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.0; P = 0.025) and FACIT-F &lt; 30 (OR: 0.8; 95% CI: 0.6, 1.0; P = 0.018).

Conclusion
Overweight and obesity contributed to adverse physical and mental HRQoL outcomes after therapeutic intervention in SLE patients, and underweight contributed to adverse mental HRQoL outcome. A protective effect of belimumab against adverse general health and severe fatigue was implicated.
The Prevalence and Potential Role of Pain Beliefs When Managing Later-Life Pain
Authors: Shalev Ariel , Henderson Charles R. , Gutierrez Iliana , Mullen Evan , Reid M. Carrington 
Published: December 2020

Objectives:
In this study of 154 community-dwelling older adults with chronic noncancer pain, we sought to assess participants’ beliefs about pain as well as pain management treatments and to determine the influence of those beliefs on participants’ willingness to undertake 3 physician-recommended pain treatments, that is, a pharmacologic, physical, and psychological therapy.

Materials and Methods:
A 16-item questionnaire was employed to ascertain participants’ pain beliefs, divided into 4 subscales representing: (1) negative beliefs about pharmacological treatments, (2) positive beliefs about physical treatment approaches, for example, exercise, (3) positive beliefs about psychological treatments, and (4) fatalistic beliefs about pain. Participants were asked to rate their willingness to undertake a pharmacologic, physical, or psychological therapy if their physician recommended that they do so. Agreement with each belief was measured, and we examined willingness to undertake each treatment as a function of pain belief subscale scores after controlling for relevant covariates.

Results:
Positive beliefs about physical treatments (eg, benefits of exercise) were the most strongly endorsed items on the pain beliefs questionnaire. All 3 treatment-focused pain beliefs subscales were significantly associated with willingness to undertake that form of treatment (eg, negative beliefs about pain medication use were associated with decreased willingness to take pain medication). Fatalistic attitudes were significantly associated with a decreased willingness to undertake physical treatments.

Discussion:
These results support the notion that patients’ beliefs about pain and pain treatments can have important effects on treatment engagement and, if assessed, can help guide clinical management of chronic pain in older adults.
Intraoperative Neurological Monitoring in Lower Limb Surgery for Patients With Mucopolysaccharidoses
Authors: Georgiadis Andrew G. , Koester Trever M. , Mackenzie William G. , Nahm Nickolas J. , Novotny Susan A. , Rogers Kenneth J. , Siljander Breana R. , Sousa Ted C. , White Klane K. , Walker Kevin R. 
Published: December 2020

Background:
There are reports of spinal cord injury (SCI) occurring after lower extremity (LE) surgery in children with mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). Intraoperative neurological monitoring (IONM) has been adopted in some centers to assess real-time spinal cord function during these procedures. The aim of this investigation was to review 3 specialty centers’ experiences with MPS patients undergoing LE surgery. We report how IONM affected care and the details of spinal cord injuries in these patients.

Methods:
All pediatric MPS patients who underwent LE surgery between 2001 and 2018 were reviewed at 3 children’s orthopaedic specialty centers. Demographic and surgical details were reviewed. Estimated blood loss (EBL), surgical time, positioning, use of IONM, and changes in management as a result of IONM were recorded. Details of any spinal cord injuries were examined in detail.

Results:
During the study period, 92 patients with MPS underwent 252 LE surgeries. IONM was used in 83 of 252 (32.9%) surgeries, and intraoperative care was altered in 17 of 83 (20.5%) cases, including serial repositioning (n=7), aggressive blood pressure management (n=6), and abortion of procedures (n=8). IONM was utilized in cases with larger EBL (279 vs. 130 mL) and longer operative time (274 vs. 175 min) compared with procedures without IONM. Three patients without IONM sustained complete thoracic SCI postoperatively, all from cord infarction in the upper thoracic region. These 3 cases were characterized by long surgical time (328±41 min) and substantial EBL (533±416 mL or 30.5% of total blood volume; range, 11% to 50%). No LE surgeries accompanied by IONM experienced SCI.

Conclusions:
Patients with MPS undergoing LE orthopaedic surgery may be at risk for SCI, particularly if the procedures are long or are expected to have large EBL. One hypothesis for the etiology of SCI in this setting is hypoperfusion of the upper thoracic spinal cord due to prolonged intraoperative or postoperative hypotension. IONM during these procedures may mitigate the risk of SCI by identifying real-time changes in spinal cord function during surgery, inciting a change in the surgical plan.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative series.