bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What are the ramifications and/or impacts of the US switching to a territorial tax system?
Authors: Gilman Jacquelyne , Anandane Leslie 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this article, we focus on the potential impacts of switching to a territorial tax system in the US. Under the worldwide tax system the US used over the years, income is included in the firm's taxable income, but their foreign income taxes paid can be claimed as deductions or credit to avoid double taxation With a territorial tax system approach, firms would only be paying taxes on the portion of their income being made in their home country. We focus on different studies that analyze the ways in which the US has moved towards a territorial tax system over the years. We also use studies done on the UK and Japan, G‐7 nations that have switched to a complete territorial tax system in recent years, to compare their motives and outcomes to what would potentially happen in the US.
Heat tolerance of reptile embryos: Current knowledge, methodological considerations, and future directions
Authors: Hall Joshua M. , Sun Bao‐jun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAspects of global change result in warming temperatures that threaten biodiversity across the planet. Eggs of non‐avian, oviparous reptiles (henceforth “reptiles”) are particularly vulnerable to warming due to a lack of parental care during incubation and limited ability to behaviorally thermoregulate. Because warming temperatures will cause increases in both mean and variance of nest temperatures, it is crucial to consider embryo responses to both chronic and acute heat stress. Although many studies have considered embryo survival across constant incubation temperatures (i.e., chronic stress) and in response to brief exposure to extreme temperatures (i.e., acute stress), there are no standard metrics or terminology for determining heat stress of embryos. This impedes comparisons across studies and species and hinders our ability to predict how species will respond to global change. In this review, we compare various methods that have been used to assess embryonic heat tolerance in reptiles and provide new terminology and metrics for quantifying embryo responses to both chronic and acute heat stress. We apply these recommendations to data from the literature to assess chronic heat tolerance in 16 squamates, 16 turtles, five crocodilians, and the tuatara and acute heat tolerance for nine squamates and one turtle. Our results indicate that there is relatively large variation in chronic and acute heat tolerance across species, and we outline directions for future research, calling for more studies that assess embryo responses to acute thermal stress, integrate embryo responses to chronic and acute temperatures in predictive models, and identify mechanisms that determine heat tolerance.
The association of health behavioral risk factors with quality of life in northern Sweden—A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Al‐Rubaye Ali K. Q. , Johansson Klara , Alrubaiy Laith 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundIt is well known that behavioral risk factors such as obesity, smoking, physical activity, diet, and excessive alcohol are linked to general health in northern Sweden. This study aimed to explore the joint relationship between these risk factors and the quality of life (QoL).MethodsData were collected from Sweden's national public health survey between February and May 2014 in the four northern counties in Sweden. QoL was assessed using the EuroQol (EQ‐5D). Multivariable regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between five risk factors: BMI, physical activity, smoking status, fruit and vegetable intake, and alcohol consumption and QoL.ResultsData from 17 138 complete questionnaires showed that individuals who were not obese, did at least 30 minutes of physical activity daily, consumed at least 3 portions of vegetable or fruits, were not smoking daily, and who did not report being drunk at least once every week were found to have better QoL (P < .005). The mean EQ‐5D score ranged from 0.85 to 0.79. Approximately, two thirds of the studied population reported being physically active for at least 30 minutes every day and two fifths of them had a normal BMI. Only around 7% of the sample reported that they were eating the recommended daily level of fruits and vegetables.ConclusionsThe results of the study suggest that QoL has a significant relationship with lifestyle behaviors. This finding would emphasize the role of interventions to improve population health.
Synthesis of novel thiazol‐5‐ylpyrimidine derivatives and their antimicrobial evaluation
Authors: Deshmukh Sanjay U. , Toche Raghunath B. , Takate Sushama J. , Salve Supriya P. , Sabnis Ram W. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNovel thiazol‐5‐ylpyrimidine derivatives were designed and synthesized. The chemical structures of all new synthesized compounds were assigned by studying their elemental analyses and spectral data (FT‐IR, 1HNMR, 13C NMR, and MS). The target compounds, 8 and 9a‐9d were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity in vitro against gram‐positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, gram‐negative bacteria, Salmonella abony and Escherichia coli and fungi, Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium oxysporum. In particular, compounds 9a‐9c exhibited moderate to good activity against gram‐positive bacteria, S. aureus, gram‐negative bacteria, S. abony and fungus, Fusarium oxysporum in comparison with reference drugs.
Impaired intracellular trafficking of sodium‐dependent vitamin C transporter 2 contributes to the redox imbalance in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Covarrubias‐Pinto Adriana , Parra Alejandra V. , Mayorga‐Weber Gonzalo , Papic Eduardo , Vicencio Isidora , Ehrenfeld Pamela , Rivera Francisco J. , Castro Maite A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a glutamine expansion at the first exon of the huntingtin gene. Huntingtin protein (Htt) is ubiquitously expressed and it is localized in several organelles, including endosomes. HD is associated with a failure in energy metabolism and oxidative damage. Ascorbic acid is a powerful antioxidant highly concentrated in the brain where it acts as a messenger, modulating neuronal metabolism. It is transported into neurons via the sodium‐dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2). During synaptic activity, ascorbic acid is released from glial reservoirs to the extracellular space, inducing an increase in SVCT2 localization at the plasma membrane. Here, we studied SVCT2 trafficking and localization in HD. SVCT2 is decreased at synaptic terminals in YAC128 male mice. Using cellular models for HD (STHdhQ7 and STHdhQ111 cells), we determined that SVCT2 trafficking through secretory and endosomal pathways is altered in resting conditions. We observed Golgi fragmentation and SVCT2/Htt‐associated protein‐1 mis‐colocalization. Additionally, we observed altered ascorbic acid‐induced calcium signaling that explains the reduced SVCT2 translocation to the plasma membrane in the presence of extracellular ascorbic acid (active conditions) described in our previous results. Therefore, SVCT2 trafficking to the plasma membrane is altered in resting and active conditions in HD, explaining the redox imbalance observed during early stages of the disease.
Are Convolutional Neural Networks Trained on ImageNet Images Wearing Rose‐Colored Glasses?: A Quantitative Comparison of ImageNet, Computed Tomographic, Magnetic Resonance, Chest X‐Ray, and Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound Images for Quality
Authors: Blaivas Laura , Blaivas Michael 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesDeep learning for medical imaging analysis uses convolutional neural networks pretrained on ImageNet (Stanford Vision Lab, Stanford, CA). Little is known about how such color‐ and scene‐rich standard training images compare quantitatively to medical images. We sought to quantitatively compare ImageNet images to point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS), computed tomographic (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and chest x‐ray (CXR) images.MethodsUsing a quantitative image quality assessment technique (Blind/Referenceless Image Spatial Quality Evaluator), we compared images based on pixel complexity, relationships, variation, and distinguishing features. We compared 5500 ImageNet images to 2700 CXR, 2300 CT, 1800 MR, and 18,000 POCUS images. Image quality results ranged from 0 to 100 (worst). A 1‐way analysis of variance was performed, and the standardized mean‐difference effect size value (d) was calculated.ResultsImageNet images showed the best image quality rating of 21.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41) except for CXR at 13.2 (95% CI, 0.28), followed by CT at 35.1 (95% CI, 0.79), MR at 31.6 (95% CI, 0.75), and POCUS at 56.6 (95% CI, 0.21). The differences between ImageNet and all of the medical images were statistically significant (P ≤ .000001). The greatest difference in image quality was between ImageNet and POCUS (d = 2.38).ConclusionsPoint‐of‐care ultrasound (US) quality is significantly different from that of ImageNet and other medical images. This brings considerable implications for convolutional neural network training with medical images for various applications, which may be even more significant in the case of US images. Ultrasound deep learning developers should consider pretraining networks from scratch on US images, as training techniques used for CT, CXR, and MR images may not apply to US.
Toward High‐Speed Nanoscopic Particle Tracking via Time‐Resolved Detection of Directional Scattering
Authors: Beck Paul , Neugebauer Martin , Banzer Peter 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOwing to their immediate relevance for high precision position sensors, a variety of different sub‐wavelength localization techniques has been developed in the past decades. However, many of these techniques suffer from low temporal resolution or require expensive detectors. Here, a method is presented that is based on the ultrafast detection of directionally scattered light with a quadrant photodetector operating at a large bandwidth, which exceeds the speed of most cameras. The directionality emerges due to the position dependent tailored excitation of a high‐refractive index nanoparticle with a tightly focused vector beam. A spatial resolution of and a temporal resolution of is reached experimentally, which is not a fundamental but rather a technical limit. The detection scheme enables real‐time particle tracking and sample stabilization in many optical setups sensitive to drifts and vibrations.
The Effect of Antibacterial Particle Incorporation on the Mechanical Properties, Biodegradability, and Biocompatibility of PLA and PHBV Composites
Authors: Mazur Karolina , Singh Raminder , Friedrich Ralf P. , Genç Hatice , Unterweger Harald , Sałasińska Kamila , Bogucki Rafał , Kuciel Stanisław , Cicha Iwona 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe composites based on polylactide (PLA) and poly (3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) with the addition of antibacterial particles: silver (Ag) and copper oxide (CuO) are characterized. Basic mechanical properties and biodegradation processes, as well as biocompatibility of materials with human cells are determined. The addition of Ag or CuO to the polymers do not significantly affect their mechanical properties, flammability, or biodegradation rate. However, several differences between the base materials are observed. PLA‐based composites have higher tensile and impact strength values, while PHBV‐based ones have a higher modulus of elasticity, as well as better mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. Concerning biocompatibility, each of the tested materials support the growth of fibroblasts over time, although large differences are observed in the initial cell attachment. The analysis of hydrolytic degradation effects on the structure of materials shows that PHBV degrades much faster than PLA. The results of this study confirm the good potential of the investigated biodegradable polymer composites with antibacterial particles for future biomedical applications.
Novel mechanistic targets of forkhead box Q1 transcription factor in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Kim Su‐Hyeong , Hahm Eun‐Ryeong , Singh Krishna B. , Singh Shivendra V. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe transcription factor forkhead box Q1 (FoxQ1) is overexpressed in different solid tumors including breast cancer, but the mechanism underlying its oncogenic function is still not fully understood. In this study, we compared RNA‐seq data from FoxQ1 overexpressing SUM159 cells with that of empty vector‐transfected control cells to identify novel mechanistic targets of this transcription factor. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set revealed significantly higher expression of FoxQ1 in black breast cancer patients compared with white women with this disease. In contrast, expression of FoxQ1 was comparable in ductal and lobular carcinomas in the breast cancer TCGA data set. Complementing our published findings in basal‐like subtype, immunohistochemistry revealed upregulation of FoxQ1 protein in luminal‐type human breast cancer tissue microarrays when compared with normal mammary tissues. Many previously reported transcriptional targets of FoxQ1 (eg, E‐cadherin, N‐cadherin, fibronectin 1, etc) were verified from the RNA‐seq analysis. FoxQ1 overexpression resulted in the downregulation of genes associated with cell cycle checkpoints, M phase, and cellular response to stress/external stimuli as evidenced from the Reactome pathway analysis. Consequently, FoxQ1 overexpression resulted in mitotic arrest in basal‐like SUM159 and human mammary epithelial cell line, but not in luminal‐type MCF‐7 cells. Finally, we show for the first time that FoxQ1 is a direct transcriptional regulator of interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐8, and vascular endothelial growth factor in breast cancer cells as evidenced by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. In conclusion, the present study reports novel mechanistic targets of FoxQ1 in human breast cancer cells.
Estimating the effects of body mass index and central obesity on stroke in diabetics and non‐diabetics using targeted maximum likelihood estimation: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study
Authors: Mozafar Saadati Hossein , Mehrabi Yadollah , Sabour Siamak , Mansournia Mohammad Ali , Hashemi Nazari Seyed Saeed 
Published: August 2020

SummaryObjectivesThe association of body mass index (BMI) with the risk of cardiovascular disease among diabetic patients is controversial. This study compared the effects of BMI and central obesity on stroke in diabetics and non‐diabetics using targeted maximum likelihood estimation.Materials and methodsThis analysis included 12 725 adults aged 45–75 years, after excluding prevalence cases and participants with missing data, from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Obesity was defined with BMI, waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR), body shape index (BSI) and body roundness index (BRI), which categorized all participants as obese and non‐obese. Generalized linear models and TMLE (with the tmle package) were used to estimate risk ratio (RR).ResultsDuring 27 years of follow‐up, 1078 (8.47%) cases of stroke occurred. After adjustment for demographic, behavioural, biologic and central obesity variables, the effect of BMI decreased in both diabetics and non‐diabetics. The effect of BMI in diabetics was more attenuated, in full model, (RR: 1.04 [0.90, 1.20]) rather than non‐diabetics (RR: 1.11 [1.00, 1.24]). This attenuation was more related to biologic variables in non‐diabetics and central obesity in diabetics. With respect to central obesity, BSI (RR [95% CI]: 1.15 [0.96, 1.38]) and WHR (RR [95% CI]: 1.15 [0.87, 1.52]) had strongest and marginally significant effects for diabetics and BSI (RR [95% CI]: 1.10 [1.02, 1.20]) for non‐diabetics.ConclusionsAmong diabetics, BSI and WHR indices were associated with a higher incidence of stroke. Future studies should consider how central obesity affects higher incidence of stroke among diabetics stratified by sex and age groups.
Low‐Income Homeownership and the Role of State Subsidies: A Comparative Analysis of Mortgage Outcomes
Authors: Hembre Erik , Moulton Stephanie , Record Matthew 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBetween the late 1970s through 2013, state Housing Finance Agencies (HFAs) financed nearly $300 billion in mortgages to low‐ and moderate‐income first‐time homebuyers. Descriptive evidence indicates that HFAs help households retain their homes at higher rates than similar households purchasing homes in the private mortgage market. Using a matched sample of HFA originations between 2005 and 2014, we estimate a multinomial logit model of mortgage default (or foreclosure) and prepayment. We find that HFA borrowers are about 30 percent less likely to default or foreclose on their mortgages than otherwise similar non‐HFA borrowers. We find that 37 percent of this HFA effect can be explained by HFA origination and service delivery practices including direct servicing and homeownership counseling.
Baseline anticholinergic burden from medications predicts poorer baseline and long‐term health‐related quality of life in 16 675 men and women of EPIC‐Norfolk prospective population‐based cohort study
Authors: Yrjana Kaisa R. , Neal Samuel R. , Soiza Roy L. , Keevil Victoria , Luben Robert N. , Wareham Nicholas J. , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Myint Phyo Kyaw 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposePrevious studies investigating the association between anticholinergic burden (ACB) and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) showed conflicting results and focused on older adults or specific patient groups only.MethodsParticipants from the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer‐Norfolk study were divided into three groups according to their ACB from medications at baseline, representing ACB scores of 0, 1 and ≥2. Outcomes of interest were the physical and mental component summary scores (PCS and MCS) of the Short Form‐36, collected at 18 months from the baseline and again after a mean 13 years of follow‐up. Linear regression and logistic regression for cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between ACB and HRQoL were constructed adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsA total of 16 675 participants, mean age 58.9 ± 9.1 years (55.6% female) and 7133 participants, mean age at follow‐up 69.1 ± 8.7 years (56.8% female), were included in the cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses, respectively. In cross‐sectional analysis, higher anticholinergic burden was associated with higher odds of being in the lowest quartile of PCS (ACB = 1; OR, 1.85[1.64, 2.09] and ACB ≥ 2:2.19[1.85, 2.58] and MCS (ACB = 1:1.47[1.30, 1.66] and ACB ≥ 2:1.68[1.42, 1.98]). In longitudinal analysis, higher anticholinergic burden was similarly associated with higher odds of being in the lowest quartile of PCS (ACB = 1:1.56[1.24, 1.95] and ACB ≥ 2:1.48[1.07, 2.03]) compared with ACB 0 group. The association with MCS scores did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionThe use of anticholinergic medications is associated with both short and long‐term poorer physical functions but association with mental functioning appears more short‐term.
The use of 3D in‐mold decoration technology to form a film with printed circuits
Authors: Wu Cheng‐Hsien , Li Ji‐Huan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn‐mold decoration is an integrated process for plastic processes, such as printing, hot pressing, and injection molding. The process has simpler steps, the production time is shorter, products are more durable, and manufacturing costs are less than traditional methods. In‐mold decoration is affected by shape, mold design and the parameters for forming, and cracking, wrinkling or stress concentration can occur. A large curvature can produce cracks and wrinkles. This study designs a series of experimental methods for film forming, hot press forming, and injection molding. The effects of various features on the quality of the hot press forming and injection molding processes are determined. A three‐dimensional film forming process uses pressure thermoforming technology to form either without pretensioning, with pretensioning, and with local heating. The local heating method gives the best results. For injection molding processes, the mold temperature, the melt temperature, the injection speed, and the holding pressure are the parameters. The injection molding process is optimized using the Taguchi method, and the factor with the highest contribution is determined to be the holding pressure. The conductive line of the finished in‐mold decoration product can be formed smoothly by hot pressing using local heating, and the measured resistors are almost the same after each process.
Escherichia coli survival in plasma‐treated water and in a gas–liquid plasma reactor
Authors: Rodriguez Cesar , Wandell Robert J. , Zhang Zhiming , Neurohr Julie M. , Tang Youneng , Rhodes Ryan , Kinsey Stephen T. , Locke Bruce R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe effects of post‐plasma exposure to deionized water treated by argon–water plasma and to direct plasma treatment of bacteria in a liquid solution of a strain of Escherichia coli, which was independently evolved to resist the bactericidal effects of hydrogen peroxide, were determined. The hydrogen peroxide resistant phenotype of the evolved strain was proportional to the initial cell density. The catalase activity was significantly elevated in the evolved strain as compared with the wild‐type strain, and the evolved strain resisted the bactericidal effects of plasma‐treated water (post‐plasma exposure) as compared with the wild‐type strain. The evolved strain remained viable after flowing through the plasma reactor and lysed less when exposed to (nonplasma control) hydrogen peroxide solutions as compared with the wild‐type cells.
The effect of vitamin D administration on vitamin D status and respiratory morbidity in late premature infants
Authors: Golan‐Tripto Inbal , Bistritzer Jacob , Loewenthal Neta , Staretz‐Chacham Orna , Dizitzer Yotam , Goldbart Aviv 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether increment of vitamin D daily intake results in improved serum25(OH) vitamin D levels and reduced respiratory morbidity in premature infants.MethodsA randomized double‐blind clinical pilot trial, including preterm infants born at 32 + 6 to 36 + 6 weeks of gestation. The control group received 400 international units (IU) of cholecalciferol daily compared to 800 IU daily in the intervention group. Levels of 25(OH) vitamin D were measured at birth and 6 and 12 months of age. Respiratory morbidity was followed until 1 year of age.ResultsFifty subjects were recruited during the study period; the median measured 25(OH) vitamin D levels in the control vs intervention groups were: 26.5 vs 34 nmol/L (P = .271) at birth, 99 vs 75.5 nmol/L (P = .008) at 6 months and 72.5 vs 75 nmol/L (P = .95) at 12 months of age. Infants with insufficient vitamin D (<75 nmol/L) levels had higher respiratory morbidity. Serum vitamin 25(OH) D is a fair predictor for respiratory symptoms (area under the curve [AUC], 0.697; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.509‐0.885; P = .047) and for recorded acute respiratory illnesses (AUC, 0.745; 95% CI, 0.569‐0.922; P = .012).ConclusionDoubling the daily intake of vitamin D in premature infants did not increase serum 25(OH) vitamin D level, due to poor compliance in the intervention group. We found an inverse association between serum 25(OH) vitamin D and respiratory symptoms, indicating vitamin D deficiency is a fair predictor for respiratory morbidity.