bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitución y bloque constitucional
Authors: Pulido-Ortiz Fabio Enrique 
Published: August 2020

Las constituciones contemporáneas suelen incluir cláusulas de remisión que otorgan relevancia constitucional a normas que no son formuladas por el texto constitucional. Para explicar el funcionamiento de estas cláusulas, la jurisprudencia y la dogmática han desarrollado la doctrina del bloque constitucional. No obstante, esta doctrina emplea el término «bloque constitucional» en dos sentidos distintos. Por un lado, el término se emplea para referirse a las normas que no son formuladas en el texto de la constitución pero que tienen jerarquía constitucional. Por otro lado, se usa para referirse a normas que, aun cuando no tienen jerarquía constitucional, son aplicadas para resolver asuntos constitucionales. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar estos sentidos de bloque constitucional y precisar las relaciones y diferencias conceptuales que existen entre ellos. La conclusión del trabajo es que -en el contexto de una constitución rígida- la integración del bloque constitucional (en el sentido de normas con jerarquía constitucional) depende de que las cláusulas de remisión constituyan (o se refieran a) mecanismos de reforma constitucional. De lo contrario, si las cláusulas de remisión no constituyen (o si no se refieren a) mecanismos de reforma constitucional, entonces el bloque constitucional solo puede constituirse por un conjunto de normas aplicables pero que no son parte de la constitución (i.e que no tienen jerarquía constitucional).
Subsidiariedad y reparación sobreviniente: Una propuesta alternativa para el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos
Authors: Candia Falcón Gonzalo , Reyes Arellano Francisca 
Published: August 2020

Existen ocasiones en las cuales los Estados reparan el daño producido a víctimas de violaciones de derechos humanos durante la tramitación del caso respectivo ante la Comisión o la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. En esa situación, ambas instituciones suelen continuar el proceso hasta su término. Este trabajo propone cambiar esta aproximación. En efecto, los autores sugieren que, en aquellas circunstancias, tanto la Comisión como la Corte concluyan la tramitación de esos casos. Ello porque, de acuerdo con las exigencias del principio de subsidiariedad, la intervención de los órganos regionales del sistema de protección solo se justifica en la medida que los Estados no reparen adecuadamente a las víctimas.
CMTM6 significantly relates to PD-L1 and predicts the prognosis of gastric cancer patients
Authors: Li Xin , Chen Ling , Gu Chuan , Sun Qiaoli , Li Jia 
Published: August 2020

Background
The CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain containing 6 (CMTM6) is a key regulator of the programed death receptor ligand-1 (PD-L1) protein. However, the usefulness of CMTM6 expression as a prognostic indicator and the relationship between CMTM6 and PD-L1 expression in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear.

Objectives
We evaluated the expression and prognostic implications of CMTM6 in GC tissue and its relationship with PD-L1 expression.

Patients and methods
The protein expressions of CMTM6 and PD-L1 were detected in 122 cases of postoperative GC tissue using immunohistochemical (IHC) assays. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was used to calculate the survival probability and a log-rank test was used to compare the survival curves. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to evaluate the clinically-related factors associated with survival. Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the correlation analysis and estimate the statistical significance. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the relationship between clinically-related factors and PD-L1 expression.

Results
Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed that patients with high CMTM6 expression had shorter overall survival (OS) than those with low expression (P < 0.001). The expression of CMTM6 was an independent risk factor for prognosis in multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses (HR:2.221, CI% [1.36–3.628], P = 0.001). The OS of patients with positively expressed PD-L1 was significantly shorter than those with negatively expressed PD-L1 (P = 0.003). The expression of CMTM6 was significantly related to the positive expression of PD-L1 in gastric cancer tissues (r = 0.186, P = 0.041). The expression of CMTM6 was the independent risk factor for PD-L1 expression in multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR:2.538, CI% [1.128–5.714], P = 0.024).

Conclusion
CMTM6 expression is significantly related to PD-L1 and may be a useful prognostic indicator and a specific therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy for GC patients.
Determination of fitness traits of Orius strigicollis Poppius (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) using two-sex life table analysis
Authors: Ali Shahzaib , Zhu Qian , Jaleel Waqar , Rehman Shakeel Ur , Rasheed Muhammad Asim , Khan Muhammad Musa , Islam Yasir , Hafeez Muhammad , Zhou Xingmiao 
Published: August 2020

Background
Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is a destructive insect pest of cotton crops in China and globally, which is actively predated on by Orius strigicollis. Studies on the fitness or survival of O. strigicollis fed on P. gossypiella at different temperatures have not been reported. The fitness of O. strigicollis may be well explained using two-sex life table parameters. Thus, the present study provides important insights for the effective biocontrol of P. gossypiella.

Methodology
Considering the importance of fitness parameters and biocontrol, the present study explores the feeding potential and age-stage, two-sex life table traits of O. strigicollis on P. gossypiella eggs at different temperatures (24, 28 and 32 °C) in the laboratory.

Results
The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was higher at 28 °C (0.14 d−1) than at 24 °C (0.0052 d−1) and 32 °C (0.12 d−1). Similarly, the net reproductive rate (R0) was higher at 28 °C (17.63 offspring) than at 24 °C (1.13 offspring) and 32 °C (10.23 offspring). This concluded that the maximum feeding potential and growth capacity of O. strigicollis could be attained at 28 °C when fed on P. gossypiella eggs. O. strigicollis adults preferred to feed on P. gossypiella eggs compared with first instar larvae. Based on these results, the present study suggests that O. strigicollis represents a promising biological control agent against P. gossypiella eggs in cotton fields.
Studies on Response of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta) to NPK, Humic Acid and Zinc Sulphate in Red and Lateritic Soils of Jhargarm District of West Bengal
Authors: Das S. , Rahman F. H. , Sengupta T. , Nag K. 
Published: August 2020

A field experiment was carried out at Kapgari village of Jhargram district of West Bengal, to study the effects of NPK, humic acid and zinc sulphate on the growth and yield of African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), during the year 2018 and 2019. The experiment included three treatments with ten replications were designed in Randomized Block Design. First treatment (T1) was with the recommended doses of NPK (120: 120: 100 kg/ha). Second treatment (T2) was to apply fertigation of 75% of the recommended doses in three splits whereas the third treatment (T3) was to apply fertigation of 75% of the recommended doses in five splits along with foliar application (30 and 45 days after planting) of humic acid (0.2%) and Zinc Sulphate (0.2%). Results revealed that the plants treated with T3 found to have maximum plant height (67.6 cm), plant spread (45.2 cm2) and number of branches per plant (27.2) as well as the number of flowers plant-1 (21.7), flower diameter (5.4 cm), individual flower weight (6.6 g) and yield of flower (230.6 q/ha) were also found highest by applying the same.
Zinc Enriched High Yielding Rice Variety BRRI dhan84 for Dry Season Rice Growing Areas of Bangladesh
Authors: Kader Md. Abdul , Biswas Partha Sarathi , Aditya Tamal Lata , Anisuzzaman Mohammad , Hore Tapas Kumer , Haq Md. Ehsanul 
Published: August 2020

A newly released zinc enriched, high yielding, slender and red pericarp grain containing rice variety BRRI dhan84, suitable for dry ecosystem (Boro season) of Bangladesh is an improvement over existing zinc enriched rice varieties for Bangladesh. The main objective of this research was to develop the of high yielding rice varieties with improved nutritional quality in term of high zinc (Zn≥24 mg/kg) in polished grain. The study was taken in 2004 by crossing between BRRIdhan29/IR68144//BRRI dhan28///BR11 and it takes near about 13 years to develop the targeted variety. After selection of one homozygous advanced line (BR7831-59-1-1-4-5-1-9-P1) the Regional Yield Trial (RYT) was conducted in Boro 2014-15 saeson and the Advanced Line Adaptive Research Trial (ALART) was evaluated at different farmers’ field in Boro 2015-16 season and different yield trials were conducted using Randomized Complete Block Desing (RCBD). The variety has satisfactorily passed the Proposed Variety Trial (PVT) conducted in the farmers’ field in Boro 2016-17 season. As a result National Seed Board (NSB) approved this variety for commercial cultivation in the dry season (Boro season) in 2017. It has modern plant type with 96 cm plant height and matures by 140 days. The salient feature of this variety is the red colored grain, earlier than check variety, the proposed variety showed higher yield than check variety BRRI dhan28. Identifying characters of this variety are dark green leaf, semi erect flag leaf, long slender and red colored grain. It can produce 6.0-6.5 t/ha grain yield. Thousand grain weight of the variety is 22.8 g and it has colored grain tip. The rice has zinc content 27.6 mg/kg, 25.9% amylose content with 9.7% protein content. BRRI dhan84 was released as a high yielding, zinc enriched rice variety to meet the nutritional (zinc) demand of the country. The zinc enriched BRRI dhan84 is a superb variety for cultivating in the dry (Boro) season and farmers can be economically benefited and the country will be nutritionally benefited by the cultivation of BRRI dhan84.
Effect of Salinity Stress on Antioxidative Enzyme Activity in the Leaves of Tolerant and Susceptible Genotypes of Groundnut
Authors: Pal Apurba , Dutta Debjani , Pal Anjan Kumar , Gunri Sunil Kumar 
Published: August 2020

Aims: To better understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms in the light of antioxidative enzymes activity under salinity stress between tolerant and susceptible genotypes of groundnut.
Study Design: Completely Randomized Design.
Place and Duration of Study: The laboratory experiment was carried out in the departmental laboratory of Plant Physiology, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Mohanpur, Nadia, and West Bengal during the year 2017-18.
Methodology: A controlled study was conducted to screen 26 genotypes of groundnut under 200 mM NaCl salinity stress. Fourteen-day old seedlings were subjected to salinity treatment. For this, the modified Hoagland nutrient solution containing 200 mM NaCl (osmotic potential: -0.8 MPa) was applied in each case and the pH was adjusted to 6.3. The treatments were repeated on every third day. Control set without salinity stress was also maintained similarly in each case for comparison of results.
Results: The salt tolerance index or STI of the genotypes ranged from 47.57% to 96.40%. Out of all the genotypes KDG-197 (STI= 96.40%) was found to be the most tolerant under a salinity stress of 200 mM NaCl and it was closely followed by R 2001-2 (STI=87.92%), VG 315 (STI=84.05%), TCGS 1157 (STI=77.59%) and TG 51 (STI=73.67%). While the genotypes Girnar 3 (STI= 47.57%), OG 52-1 (STI=49.09%), TVG 0856 (STI= 49.28%) and J 86 (STI= 50.66%) were the most susceptible genotypes based on their relative performance under stress in respect of total dry weight. It has been noted further that, out of the nine genotypes, enhancement of antioxidative enzyme like super oxide dismutase (SOD), guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) and catalase (CAT) activity was recorded maximally in tolerant genotype KDG 197 (64.18%, 71.74% and 52.82% increase over control respectively) and R 2001-2 (53.68 %, 93.48% and 53.96 % increase over control respectively) but the activity of these enzyme in the four susceptible genotypes declined considerably under salinity treatment.
Conclusion: Tolerant genotypes of groundnut in general registered much higher activities of antioxidative enzymes in their leaves as compared to the susceptible genotype under high salinity stress.
Influence of Biostimulants on Yield and Quality of Dendrobium Orchid (Dendrobium Nobile Lindl.) var. Sonia-17 under Protected Cultivation
Authors: Hegde Pruthvi P. , Patil B. C. , Hegde N. K. , Kulkarni M. S. , Kukanoor Laxman , Shiragur Mukund , Harshavardhan M. 
Published: August 2020

An experiment was carried out at farmer’s field, Chapparamane during 2017-19 to know the efficacy of biostimulants on yield and quality of dendrobium orchid var. Sonia-17. Eight biostimulants in two combinations were taken for the study in comparision with Recommended dose of Fertilizers (30:10:10 at vegetative stage and 10:20:20 at flowering stage) as control. The results revealed that among the biostimulant treatments, the plants receiving Biovita (Brown seaweed extract) @ 1.5 per cent produced maximum number of spikes per plant, spikes per square meter and spike yield per 560 square meter (3.93, 55.67 and 31,170 numbers, respectively) with maximum number of florets per spike (9.74), spike length (45.89 cm) spike girth (4.10 mm), spike weight (30.06 g), diameter of floret (9.14 cm) and enhanced vase life of 32.75 days compared to all other treatments and control.
Impact of Tillage and Vegetative Mulch on Growth and Yield of Maize under Ferralitic Soil Conditions in Southern Benin
Authors: Agonvinon Mahugnon Socrate , Kouelo Alladassi Felix , Akplo Tobi Moriaque , Avakoudjo Julien , Houngnandan Pascal , Azontonde Hessou Anastase 
Published: August 2020

Aims: Crop production is exposed to climate change phenomenon resulting in change in rainfall amount and long drought spells. Good conservation practices are important in yield improvement. This study aims to assess the effect of tillage and vegetative mulch on maize growth rate, yield and harvest index in ferralitic soil of southern Benin.
Study Design: The complete randomized block design (CRBD) with 4 repetitions was implemented.
Place and Duration of Study: The experimental site is located at Allada, in southern Benin, and conducted between May 2017 and July 2017.
Methodology: During this study, two factors were tested (Tillage and mulch) and 6 treatments have been obtained of combination of two factors level (No-tillage, tillage and 0%, 50%, 75% mulch). The growth parameters, yield parameters and harvest index were determined.
Results: The results indicated that tillage and mulching significantly influenced the growth rate, leaf surface and leaf number of maize plants. Tillage increased to 54% the grain yield compared to no tillage whereas 50% and 75% mulch promoted the highest grain yield. Considering the combination of tillage and mulching, LM50 (Tillage + 50% mulch) and LM75 (Tillage + 75% mulch) treatments resulted in about 85% increase of grain yield compared to direct seeding without mulch.
Conclusion: These results reflect the importance of soil cover in improving of maize productivity.
Estimation of Vitamins in Aframomum melegueta [Roscoe] K. Schum and Its Relevance as Natural Immune Booster
Authors: Olumekun V. O. , Osuntokun O. T. , Ajayi A. O. , Omotuyi I. O. , Olonisakin A. 
Published: August 2020

The importance of sourcing products of natural origin in boosting immunity against infectious diseases during therapeutic interventions especially in developing countries has been underscored. The need therefore arose to investigate candidate sources within locally available flora based on identified ethno-practices in the region. The potentiality of Aframomum melegueta as a source of vitamins which are recognized immune boosters was investigated. Plant samples were collected from the wild near Akungba-Akoko, Ondo state, Nigeria and separated into Stem, Leaf sheath, Fruit pulp (mesocarp) and Seed parts. The samples were oven-dried, pulverized and extracted with methanol and filtered with Whatman No 1 filtered paper. The filtrates were concentrated in-vacuo using vacuum rotary evaporator at 40°C and was later concentrated to dryness in a ventilated oven at 40°C. Analyses of vitamin content of the samples were conducted using standard analytical methods. The plant displayed a rich array of Vitamins with the seeds having the highest concentration compared to the Stem, Leaf sheath, Fruit pulp (mesocarp) and Seed extracts. Values obtained for seed and stem extracts respectively were Vitamin C (16.8 mg/g, 5.85 mg/g), Vitamin B (1.15 mg/g, 0.41 mg/g), Vitamin B3 (0.98 mg/g, 0.30 mg/g), Vitamin E (0.75 mg/g, 0.11 mg/g), Vitamin B6 (0.03 mg/g, 0.006 mg/g), Vitamin B12 (4.22 mg/g, 0.50 mg/g), Vitamin A (1024.1 mg/g, 189.9 mg/g), Vitamin E (0.75 mg/g, 0.11 mg/g), Vitamin D (0.68 mg/g, 0.03 mg/g) and Vitamin K (0.017 mg/g,0.007 mg/g). Standard daily recommended intakes for each vitamin are vitamin C -75 mg, B2, 3, 6 and B12 ranges from 2 mg to 18 mg, A -600 µg, E -10 mg, D -5 µg, and vitamin K -80 µg. This study therefore elucidates the richness of Aframomum melegueta in essential vitamins and suggests its potential as an immune booster especially during the outbreaks of diseases. Direct consumption of the plant parts studied or as food supplement formula will be of benefit in the management of diseases.
Examining Developed versus Emerging Economy Online Food and Beverage Purchase Behaviour and Predictors: A Survey Comparison of Indian, Chinese, Indonesian, Japanese and United Kingdom Consumers
Authors: Driver Timothy , Tait Peter , Saunders Caroline , Dalziel Paul , Guenther Meike , Rutherford Paul 
Published: August 2020

Aims: Consumers are increasingly using online shopping for purchasing food and beverage (F&B) products. A challenge to industry stakeholders is understanding which elements of online digital media and smart technologies are associated with higher rates of online expenditure that could be strategically targeted. Therefore, the central aims of this study are to identify predictors of online F&B expenditure, and how they differ across developed and emerging economy consumers.
Study Design: This is a quantitative study based on cross-sectional survey data.
Place and Duration of Study: The study is based on data collected in India, China, Indonesia, Japan and the United Kingdom in April 2016.
Methodology: Primary data is collected using online surveys of consumers primarily responsible for F&B grocery shopping within the household. Questionnaires focused on eliciting online expenditure rates for F&B, and associated use of relevant online digital media and smart technologies. Fractional multinomial logit modelling is used to identify statistically significant determinants of respondents’ percentage of expenditure online in each country.
Results: The sample consists of 5,004 respondents: China (1,001), India (998), Indonesia (1,002), Japan (1,002), UK (1,001). In-market technology use is a stronger predictor of online F&B expenditure in emerging than in developed economy markets. The influence of digital information sourcing behaviour and demographics are weak predictors of online F&B expenditure across both developed and emerging economy markets. In general, consumers in emerging economies show greater engagement with digital media and smart technology in relation to online F&B expenditure than their developed economy counterparts.
Conclusion: There is significant variation across countries in the specific determinants of online food and beverage expenditure and the uptake of associated digital media and smart technologies. These insights provide useful direction for focusing effort in targeting channel activators specific to each markets characteristics.
Heleieth Saffioti e a educação: contribuições para o debate
Authors: Gomes Marco Antonio De Oliveira , Rodrigues Ana Paula Aires , Pita Crislaine Aparecida , Silva Daniela Azarias Ferreira da 
Published: August 2020

Este trabalho tem como propósito compreender<strong><em> </em></strong>como<em> </em>se deu a relação de Heleieth Saffioti com a educação. Para tanto, o texto aborda, num primeiro momento, aspectos biográficos da vida da estudiosa, tais como a formação acadêmica e político-ideológica; num segundo momento, tem como intuito discutir o legado teórico de Saffioti e seu pioneirismo; e, por fim, discute a relação de Saffioti com a educação. Não se trata aqui de empreender um julgamento de valor a respeito das ideias de Saffioti, tampouco tomar como dogmas suas concepções. O intento da análise é compreender como suas contribuições podem ser tomadas como referência na discussão sobre a educação numa perspectiva feminista, sobretudo, considerando a histórica luta de classes.
Qual o papel do trabalho doméstico feminino no modo de produção capitalista? Uma análise comparativa das interpretações de Silvia Federici e Roswitha Scholz
Authors: Corrêa Ana Elisa Cruz , De Andrade Ana Carolina Marra 
Published: August 2020

<p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" align="justify"><span style="font-family: Arial, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif;"><span lang="pt-BR">No presente artigo </span></span><span style="color: #000000;"><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="pt-BR">buscamos</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Garamond, serif;"><span lang="pt-BR"> realizar uma reflexão a partir da teoria marxista feminista sobre o trabalho doméstico feminino na atualidade. Para tal, tratamos das aproximações e distanciamentos das concepções desenvolvidas pelas autoras Silvia Federici e Roswitha Scholz, na medida em que em suas obras recentes trataram deste importante tema para pensarmos hoje a questão de gênero em relação à formação, desenvolvimento e crise do modo de produção capitalista. </span></span></span></span></p><p style="margin-bottom: 0cm; line-height: 150%;" lang="pt-BR" align="justify"> </p>
A análise de Vânia Bambirra acerca da opressão das mulheres latino-americanas no lastro da teoria marxista da dependência
Authors: Marinho Siqueira Sandra Maria 
Published: August 2020

<span id="docs-internal-guid-1465c899-7fff-ff77-8a03-ef99f9c03ed9"><span>Este artigo visa resgatar a vida e o pensamento de Vânia Bambirra, em um contexto de recrudescimento do pensamento conservador e de ações persecutórias ao marxismo. Esta importante autora teceu notáveis contribuições em três eixos: a teoria marxista da dependência, a transição ao socialismo e a situação das mulheres trabalhadoras no capitalismo. Fundadora da Organização Revolucionária Marxista - Política Operária (ORM-Polop), exilou-se no Chile no período da ditadura militar brasileira, participando ativamente da luta de classes travada na América Latina. Com a abertura do regime democrático, retornou ao Brasil e contribuiu com a fundação do PDT, do qual rompeu em 2000.</span></span>
Gênero e marxismo: contribuições para a história das ciências
Authors: Santana Carolina Queiroz , Andrade Ingrid Silva de , Santos Victor Ferreira Dias 
Published: August 2020

Neste ensaio teórico, questionamos: Qual a contribuição da teoria marxista e do feminismo marxista para a história das mulheres nas ciências? Para isso, revisamos os estudos de feminismo/marxismo e/ou gênero/marxismo, e propomos quatro teses para a história das mulheres nas ciências: 1. O Materialismo Histórico - Dialético refuta argumentos de superioridade masculina na ciência por mero essencialismo biológico; 2.A análise do feminismo marxista à categoria de gênero proporciona uma crítica a ciência pautada em determinações absolutas; 3. O feminismo Marxista defende o espaço privado como esfera política; 4. A história social, sob um viés marxista, se configura como instrumento importante para a escrita de história das mulheres nas ciências.