bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combustion and emission characteristics of solid waste from dioctyl phthalate production
Authors: Sun Zhiguo , Fan Jiaming , Feng Run , Wang Menglu , Zhou Yue , Zhang Li 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDA novel combustion process of solid waste from dioctyl phthalate (SWDOP) production was developed. The SWDOP is high in organic combustible components, has high calorific value, low ash content and no halogen element and is especially suitable for combustion treatment. The combustion and emission characteristics of SWDOP under various conditions in a tube furnace were investigated.RESULTSMajor pollution factors detected in flue gas include CO, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particles and NO. The combustion of SWDOP happens in two stages. Most DOP escapes from activated carbon and oxidizes to VOCs between 150 and 270 °C, and the activated carbon burns together with the little residual DOP between 270 and 525 °C. Moreover, thermogravimetry was employed to study the effects of combustion of SWDOP. There are two strong and narrow peaks at around 250 and 420 °C in the differential thermogravimetry curve since DOP evaporates rapidly at 250 °C, and activated carbon burns intensely at 420 °C. The peak concentration of VOCs during combustion is 245.4 mg m−3 at 250 °C and 254.9 mg m−3 at 400 °C. Among all VOCs, toluene concentration is the largest, accounting for 70%. The generated CO concentration decreases with increasing air flow. Varied‐mesh screens were used to intercept and detect the particle matter from flue gas, while particle size distributions and scanning electron microscopy analyses were carried out. The amount of condensates from the flue gas is increased as the air flow increases. It was determined from Fourier transform infrared analysis that both the SWDOP sample and the flue gas contain DOP.CONCLUSIONSThe results obtained in this work suggest that temperature has a great effect on the combustion and emission of SWDOP. Owing to many advantages of this treatment process for SWDOP by combustion, it has great potential for commercial applications. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI)
Spore morphology and leaf epidermal anatomy as a taxonomic source in the identification of Asplenium species from Malakand division Pakistan
Authors: Shah Syed Nasar , Ahmad Mushtaq , Zafar Muhammad , Hadi Fazal , Khan Muhammad Nauman , Noor Adil , Malik Khafsa , Rashid Neelam , Kamal Asif , Iqbal Majid 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSeveral studies have demonstrated the usefulness of leaf epidermal, and spore morphological characters in the taxonomy of genus Asplenium. However, works on the Pakistani species of Asplenium are not existent. With the objective to verify the efficacy of leaf epidermal and spore morphological traits, the leaf epidermis and spore morphology in nine Asplenium species occurring in Malakand division was studied. The spores were studied under light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), whereas for leaf epidermal anatomy, the LM was used. The spores are monolete, ellipsoidal in shape, the equatorial and polar diameter ranges between 28.3 and 50.2 × 27.6 and 45.8 μm. The exospore thickness varied from 0.5 to 3.8 μm. The perispore is 0.8–3.5 μm thick, ornamented, and morphologically variable. The spores characters specifically the perispore ornamentation are useful in distinguishing species within the genus. The irregular spore shape and unusual development of perispore wall surface characterize aborted spores in the species of Asplenium × alternifolium. The most informative quantitative characters appeared to be length and width of epidermal cells, and length and width of stomata were useful to distinguish species. The most significant qualitative characters to distinguish species were the anticlinal wall pattern. Our study has shown that considerable variations exist in the leaf epidermis of Asplenium species, at least some of which has taxonomic significance. We confirmed the prevalent taxonomic value of stomatal and epidermal cells traits. The leaf epidermal anatomy and spore morphological features showed to be a good source of information for taxonomy of the genus Asplenium.
Global Research Alliance N2O chamber methodology guidelines: Recommendations for air sample collection, storage, and analysis
Authors: Harvey M. J. , Sperlich P. , Clough T. J. , Kelliher F. M. , McGeough K. L. , Martin R. J. , Moss R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCertain aspects in the collection, handling, storage, and subsequent analysis of discrete air samples from non‐steady‐state flux chambers are critical to generating accurate and unbiased estimates of nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes. The focus of this paper is on air sample collection and storage in small vials (<12 ml) primarily for gas chromatography (GC) analysis. Sample integrity is assured through following simple procedures including storage under pressure and analysis within a few months of collection. Concurrent storage of standards in an identical manner to samples is recommended and allows the storage period to be reliably extended. In the laboratory, an autosampler is typically used in batch analysis of ∼200 sequentially analyzed samples by GC with an electron capture detector (ECD). Some comparisons are given between GC and alternatives including optical N2O detectors that are increasingly being used for high‐precision N2O measurement. The importance of calibration and traceability of gas standards is discussed, where high‐quality standards ensure the most accurate assessment of N2O concentration and comparability between laboratories. The calibration allows a consistent and best estimate of flux to be derived.
Hyperechoic Periappendiceal Fat
Authors: Penticuff Ryan , Jeffrey R. Brooke , Olcott Eric W. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesTo test the hypothesis that abutting and encasing types of hyperechoic periappendiceal fat are specific sonographic indicators of appendicitis in pediatric patients, including individuals with maximum outer diameters (MODs) of 6 to 8 mm in whom diagnosis by the MOD alone is known to be equivocal.MethodsAppendiceal sonograms of 271 consecutive pediatric patients were retrospectively evaluated for hyperechoic periappendiceal fat (globular, ≥1.0 cm; categorized as type 0, none; type 1, “abutting,” encompassing <180° of the appendiceal circumference; or type 2, “encasing,” encompassing 180° or more of the appendiceal circumference) and the MOD. Histopathologic and medical records constituted reference standards. Statistical methods included the binomial distribution, logistic regression, a receiver operating characteristic analysis, and the exact McNemar test.ResultsAll patients with hyperechoic fat and 105 of 107 patients with appendicitis had MODs of 6 mm or greater. The MOD and fat types 1 and 2 each were significantly associated with appendicitis in the univariable regression. The MOD and fat type 1 were independently associated with appendicitis in multivariable regression (odds ratio, 24.97; P = .034; and odds ratio, 5.35; P < .001, respectively). Specificities of an MOD of 6 to 8 mm and an MOD of 6 mm or greater alone were 89.0% (95% confidence interval, 83.2%–93.4%); these increased to 100.0% each (95% confidence interval, 97.8%–100.0%; P < .001) when combined with fat types 1, 2, and either 1 or 2 as diagnostic criteria, with positive predictive values of 100.0%.ConclusionsTypes 1 and 2 periappendiceal fat are specific indicators of appendicitis, and both improve specificity compared to the MOD. Importantly, they add specificity in diagnosing appendicitis in patients with diagnostically equivocal MODs of 6 to 8 mm.
A homozygote variant in the tRNA splicing endonuclease subunit 54 causes pontocerebellar hypoplasia in a consanguineous Iranian family
Authors: Sepahvand Afrooz , Razmara Ehsan , Bitarafan Fatemeh , Galehdari Mohammad , Tavasoli Ali Reza , Almadani Navid , Garshasbi Masoud 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundHomozygous loss‐of‐function mutations in TSEN54 (tRNA splicing endonuclease subunit 54; OMIM: 608755) cause different types of pontocerebellar hypoplasias (PCH) including PCH2, PCH4, and PCH5. The study aimed to determine the possible genetic factors contributing to PCH phenotypes in two affected male infants in an Iranian family.MethodsWe subjected two affected individuals in a consanguineous Iranian family. To systematically investigate the susceptible gene(s), whole‐exome sequencing was performed on the proband and a novel identified variant was confirmed by Sanger sequencing. We also analyzed 26 relatives in three generations using PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) followed and confirmed by Sanger sequencing.ResultsPhysical and medical examinations confirmed PCH in the patients. Besides, the proband showed bilateral moderate sensorineural hearing loss and structural heart defects as the novel phenotypes. The molecular findings also verified that two affected individuals were homozygote for the novel synonymous variant, NM_207346.2: c.1170G>A; p.(Val390Val), in TSEN54. PCR‐RFLP and Sanger sequencing elucidated that the parents and 16 relatives were heterozygote for the novel variant.ConclusionWe identified a novel synonymous variant, c.1170G>A, in TSEN54 associated with PCH in an Iranian family. Based on this study, we strongly suggest using “TSENopathies” to show the overlapped phenotypes among different types of PCH resulted from TSEN causative mutations.
THE ENGINE THAT DRIVES THE INDUSTRY'S GROWTH
Authors: Tsujimura Takatoshi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAmid the turbulence brought on by the COVID‐19 pandemic, SID decided to hold this year's Display Week online. By making that shift, we'll be able to continue our mission while ensuring attendees’ safety. We've even discovered some digital tools that will help us improve the symposium experience, well after the pandemic has subsided. It isn't lost on me that our event was saved by the very thing we create: technology, specifically displays.
A probable case of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis from an early modern crypt in Eastern Germany
Authors: Indra Lara I. , Alterauge Amelie , Lösch Sandra 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDiffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a non‐inflammatory joint disease mainly characterised by the ossification of the right anterior longitudinal ligament and the presence of enthesopathies. Studies have shown that the disease typically affects males of advanced age. This is a case report of a female individual, aged between 40 and 60 years, dating to 1,472–1,635 AD and found in Eastern Germany. A differential diagnosis was completed following macroscopic examination and radiographic imaging of the affected bones. The results show several pathological features that resemble skeletal characteristics of DISH, besides other diseases. Therefore, we discuss DISH and provide a differential diagnosis of additional pathologies. Our case is particularly important because ancient female DISH cases are underrepresented and the burial location indicates a possible noble or monastic context, both linked with a lifestyle known to be related to DISH.
Phase transitions and mechanical properties of nitrocellulose plasticized by glycidyl azide polymer and nitroglycerine
Authors: Comtois Etienne , Favis Basil D. , Dubois Charles 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFilms of nitrocellulose (NC), glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), and nitroglycerine (NG) have been evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and tensile testing. The SEM micrographs demonstrate that, even at low GAP concentration, a portion of GAP will coalesce into spherical domains due to a saturation effect. This is related to the inability of higher molecular weight GAP to effectively situate itself between NC polymer chains. The addition of a small fraction of lower molecular weight NG completely changes this behavior. DMA confirms that two transitions are present and can be attributed to a plasticizer rich phase (β), a polymer rich phase (α) and that NC plasticized with GAP is in accordance with the Gordon‐Taylor equation. Tensile results show that the addition of a small fraction of NG to a NC/GAP based‐formulation increases elongation at break to values similar to that of the NC/NG base formulation. The combination of these two plasticizers, GAP and NG, allows for the plasticization of NC at significantly lower environmental and human toxicity levels.
Major challenges and opportunities in silicon solar module recycling
Authors: Tao Meng , Fthenakis Vasilis , Ebin Burcak , Steenari Britt‐Marie , Butler Evelyn , Sinha Parikhit , Corkish Richard , Wambach Karsten , Simon Ethan S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article examines some of the basic questions about silicon module recycling: (1) What can be recovered from silicon modules? (2) What recycling technologies are needed? (3) What are the potential revenues for different recycling scenarios? And (4) what are the major challenges for different recycling scenarios? Three recycling scenarios are considered: module reuse, component extraction, and material extraction. Recycling process sequences for different scenarios are outlined. The discussions conclude that module reuse generates the highest revenue with the fewest processing steps, while material extraction leads to the lowest revenue with the most processing steps. It is suggested that gentle and clean separation of silicon solar cells from the glass pane is a critical technology for silicon module recycling. It is also argued that two low‐concentration metals must be recovered from silicon modules: silver as a scarce material and lead as a toxic material. Their recovery requires chemical methods, while bulky materials including glass cullet, aluminum frame, and copper wiring can be recovered with physical methods. The silicon in the cells can be extracted with different qualities: ferro‐silicon, metallurgical‐grade silicon, or solar‐grade silicon, with a higher revenue and more complicated recycling process for purer silicon. Markets outside the solar industry for the recovered silicon should be explored. The biggest challenge for module reuse is to find a large and sustained market for hundreds of gigawatts peak of decommissioned modules a year, and the biggest challenge for component extraction is the many different module and cell structures on the market and cell efficiency variability. For all the three scenarios, the cost of collecting and processing waste modules is a common challenge.
Weak Gravity Conjecture in de Sitter Space‐Time
Authors: Antoniadis Ignatios , Benakli Karim 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe propose a generalisation of the Weak Gravity Conjecture in de Sitter space by studying charged black‐holes and comparing the gravitational and an abelian gauge forces. Using the same condition as in flat space, namely the absence of black‐hole remnants, one finds that for a given mass m there should be a state with a charge q bigger than a minimal value , depending on the mass and the de Sitter radius l, in Planck units. In the large radius flat space limit (large l), leading to the known result , while in the highly curved case (small l) qmin behaves as . We also discuss the example of the gauged R‐symmetry in supergravity.
Synthesis and bioactivity of (13Z,15E)‐octadecadienal: A sex pheromone component from Micromelalopha siversi Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae)
Authors: Liu Fu , Guo Li , Zhang Sufang , Kong Xiangbo , Zhang Zhen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDMicromelalopha siversi (Staudinger) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae) is a defoliator of poplar trees, Populus spp. (Salicaceae). In our previous study, 13,15‐octadecadienal has been conformed as a female‐produced candidate sex pheromone component of M. siversi, but the Z/E stereochemistry of the 1,3‐diene system has not been identified so far.RESULTSFour unsaturated aliphatic aldehydes, Z13,E15‐18:Ald, Z13,Z15‐18:Ald, E13,E15‐18:Ald, and E13,Z15‐18:Ald, were synthesized from the commercially available 12‐bromo‐1‐decanol mainly by alkylation of lithium alkyne, normal Wittig or Wittig–Schlosser olefination, and hydroboration‐protonolysis. According to gas chromatography (GC) analysis of pheromone gland extracts, Z13,E15‐18:Ald was the main component, and a small amount of Z13,Z15‐18:Ald was also detected, with a ratio of approximately 7:3. However, the results of GC‐electroantennographic detection (GC‐EAD) showed that Z13,E15‐18:Ald was the only compound with electrophysiological activity, whereas Z13,Z15‐18:Ald elicited no activity. In the field, traps baited with only Z13,E15‐18:Ald resulted in much superior results to those with Z13,Z15‐18:Ald as well as the Z13,E15‐18:Ald and Z13,Z15‐18:Ald binary mixture.CONCLUSIONSBased on geometrically selective synthesis and bioactivity tests, the active sex pheromone component of M. siversi has been identified as Z13,E15‐18:Ald, the pheromone component that has not been identified in Lepidoptera before. The synthetic component was attractive to male moths in preliminary field traps, which provides novel technologies to monitor and control this pest.
RNAi‐mediated mortality in southern green stinkbug Nezara viridula by oral delivery of dsRNA
Authors: Sharma Rohit , Christiaens Olivier , Taning Clauvis NT , Smagghe Guy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe southern green stinkbug, Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an important emerging polyphagous pest infesting soybean in the United States, Brazil and Argentina. The indiscriminate use of synthetic insecticides to control stinkbugs has limited the effectiveness of current management strategies. Alternatively, RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a novel mode of action to control pests in an eco‐friendly manner.RESULTSHere, we assessed the potential of RNAi technology by oral delivery of double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA) for the control of N. viridula. Initially, ten candidate genes were tested by microinjection assay to select the best target genes for oral delivery. Seven genes resulted in more than 90% mortality after microinjection. To evaluate RNAi efficacy by oral delivery of dsRNA, five genes were tested by feeding the insects on gene‐specific dsRNA mixed with an artificial diet. Significant mortality of 43% and 45% was observed after 14 days of treatment with dsαCop and dsvATPase A, respectively. To elucidate the lower RNAi efficacy via oral delivery of dsRNA, ex vivo dsRNA degradation in the saliva and the midgut juice was performed, which indicated that the reduced RNAi efficacy is accompanied by a rapid degradation of dsRNA by digestive secretions.CONCLUSIONThis study proves that RNAi can be triggered by orally delivered dsRNA in N. viridula and can be exploited to control this economically important pest. The reduced stability of dsRNA in saliva and midgut that was observed indicates a need to further improve RNAi efficacy, for example by use of specific formulations.
An index to assess the extent and success of river and floodplain restoration: Recognising dynamic response trajectories and applying a process‐based approach to managing river recovery
Authors: Fuller Ian C. , Death Russell G. , Garcia J. Horacio , Trenc Neven , Pratt Renae , Pitiot Claudie , Matoš Bojan , Ollero Alfredo , Neverman Andrew , Death Amanda 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHow should the success of river and floodplain restoration be assessed? What should we be restoring? We contend that the benchmark for restoration should be the river in its “natural,” that is, quasi‐equilibrium condition prior to deliberate modification. The pre‐modification condition of the river represents a quasi‐equilibrium state in which the river accommodates and adjusts to catchment water and sediment fluxes, whether in a pristine or modified catchment. The resulting assemblage of river landforms (e.g., bars, channels, backwaters) is in balance with the prevailing flood and sediment regime. Furthermore, equilibrium channel forms can adjust to changes in, for example, flood magnitude and frequency via for example, channel expansion or contraction. A restored river system is one that once was anthropogenically restricted, but now has regained capacity to adjust its form. River restoration needs understanding of the history and trajectory of pre‐modification channels, so that the “right” river type can be restored. To assess the scope and success of restoration, we propose using a natural character index (NCI). The NCI is the ratio between a parameter which describes the form and function of a river now (observed) and the same parameter measured at a point or points in time past (expected). Exemplar parameters include sinuosity, floodplain width, active channel width, bar area (at a given flow) and riparian vegetation. Measurement of these parameters utilizes a combination of aerial photos, archive maps and LiDAR‐derived terrain models, the availability of which necessarily limits and determines what parameters can be used in NCI assessment. LiDAR is a useful tool providing an opportunity to comprehend pre‐modification river and floodplain character. We illustrate the NCI concept and its potential for use in assessing restoration effects using examples from New Zealand, Spain and Croatia. The result is an index of use as a “first cut” preliminary assessment for river practitioners.
Lateral Monolayer MoSe2–WSe2 p–n Heterojunctions with Giant Built‐In Potentials
Authors: Jia Shuai , Jin Zehua , Zhang Jing , Yuan Jiangtan , Chen Weibing , Feng Wei , Hu Pingan , Ajayan Pulickel M. , Lou Jun 
Published: July 2020

Abstract2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have exhibited strong application potentials in new emerging electronics because of their atomic thin structure and excellent flexibility, which is out of field of tradition silicon technology. Similar to 3D p–n junctions, 2D p–n heterojunctions by laterally connecting TMDs with different majority charge carriers (electrons and holes), provide ideal platform for current rectifiers, light‐emitting diodes, diode lasers and photovoltaic devices. Here, growth and electrical studies of atomic thin high‐quality p–n heterojunctions between molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) and tungsten diselenide (WSe2) by one‐step chemical vapor deposition method are reported. These p–n heterojunctions exhibit high built‐in potential (≈0.7 eV), resulting in large current rectification ratio without any gate control for diodes, and fast response time (≈6 ms) for self‐powered photodetectors. The simple one‐step growth and electrical studies of monolayer lateral heterojunctions open up the possibility to use TMD heterojunctions for functional devices.