bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost‐effectiveness of one month of daily isoniazid and rifapentine versus three months of weekly isoniazid and rifapentine for prevention of tuberculosis among people receiving antiretroviral therapy in Uganda
Authors: Ferguson Olivia , Jo Youngji , Pennington Jeff , Johnson Karl , Chaisson Richard E , Churchyard Gavin , Dowdy David 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionPreventive therapy is essential for reducing tuberculosis (TB) burden among people living with HIV (PLWH) in high‐burden settings. Short‐course preventive therapy regimens, such as three‐month weekly rifapentine and isoniazid (3HP) and one‐month daily rifapentine and isoniazid (1HP), may help facilitate uptake of preventive therapy for latently infected patients, but the comparative cost‐effectiveness of these regimens under different conditions is uncertain.MethodsWe used a Markov state‐transition model to estimate the incremental costs and effectiveness of 1HP versus 3HP in a simulated cohort of patients attending an HIV clinic in Uganda, as an example of a low‐income, high‐burden setting in which TB preventive therapy might be prescribed to PLWH. Our primary outcome was the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio, expressed as 2019 US dollars per disability‐adjusted life year (DALY) averted. We estimated cost‐effectiveness under different conditions of treatment completion and efficacy of 1HP versus 3HP, latent TB prevalence and rifapentine price.ResultsAssuming equivalent clinical outcomes using 1HP and 3HP and a rifapentine price of $0.21 per 150 mg, 1HP would cost an additional $4.66 per patient treated. Assuming equivalent efficacy but 20% higher completion with 1HP versus 3HP, 1HP would cost $1,221 per DALY averted relative to 3HP. This could be reduced to $18 per DALY averted if 1HP had 5% greater efficacy than 3HP and the price of rifapentine were 50% lower. At a rifapentine price of $0.06 per 150 mg, 1HP would become cost‐neutral relative to 3HP.Conclusions1HP has the potential to be cost‐effective under many realistic circumstances. Cost‐effectiveness depends on rifapentine price, relative completion and efficacy, prevalence of latent TB and local willingness‐to‐pay.
2020 APHRS/HRS expert consensus statement on the investigation of decedents with sudden unexplained death and patients with sudden cardiac arrest, and of their families
Authors: Stiles Martin K. , Wilde Arthur A. M. , Abrams Dominic J. , Ackerman Michael J. , Albert Christine M. , Behr Elijah R. , Chugh Sumeet S. , Cornel Martina C. , Gardner Karen , Ingles Jodie , James Cynthia A. , Juang Jyh‐Ming Jimmy , Kääb Stefan , Kaufman Elizabeth S. , Krahn Andrew D. , Lubitz Steven A. , MacLeod Heather , Morillo Carlos A. , Nademanee Koonlawee , Probst Vincent , Saarel Elizabeth V. , Sacilotto Luciana , Semsarian Christopher , Sheppard Mary N. , Shimizu Wataru , Skinner Jonathan R. , Tfelt‐Hansen Jacob , Wang Dao Wu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis international multidisciplinary document intends to provide clinicians with evidence‐based practical patient‐centered recommendations for evaluating patients and decedents with (aborted) sudden cardiac arrest and their families. The document includes a framework for the investigation of the family allowing steps to be taken, should an inherited condition be found, to minimize further events in affected relatives. Integral to the process is counseling of the patients and families, not only because of the emotionally charged subject, but because finding (or not finding) the cause of the arrest may influence management of family members. The formation of multidisciplinary teams is essential to provide a complete service to the patients and their families, and the varied expertise of the writing committee was formulated to reflect this need. The document sections were divided up and drafted by the writing committee members according to their expertise. The recommendations represent the consensus opinion of the entire writing committee, graded by Class of Recommendation and Level of Evidence. The recommendations were opened for public comment and reviewed by the relevant scientific and clinical document committees of the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS); the document underwent external review and endorsement by the partner and collaborating societies. While the recommendations are for optimal care, it is recognized that not all resources will be available to all clinicians. Nevertheless, this document articulates the evaluation that the clinician should aspire to provide for patients with sudden cardiac arrest, decedents with sudden unexplained death, and their families.
Wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migration: A field relationship study in China
Authors: Zhang Yang , Lin Zi‐Xiao , Lee Timothy J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the types of habitus possessed by wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migrants in China and locates the capital they receive from this within the appropriate field relations. Bourdieu's field theory on habitus, capital, and relationships was applied in an ethnographic survey of Poyue village, Guangxi Autonomous Region, in China. The paper identifies the capitals related to the field relationships that determine and structure interaction in a destination community. This analysis reveals the relationships between wellness‐oriented seasonal tourism migrants and other stakeholders from micro, meso, and macro perspectives. Conclusions and suggestions are presented for policymakers and future researchers to utilize.
Feral Horse Population Model and Body Condition: Useful Management Tools in Tornquist Park, Argentina?
Authors: Scorolli Alberto L. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTFeral invasive mammals challenge management strategies worldwide including the feral horse (Equus caballus) population in Tornquist Park, Argentina. In this study, I constructed population matrix models using demography data collected between 1995 and 2002. I validated the models with independent counts from 2008 to 2016. I individually identified feral horses and recorded them as I walked a fixed path that covered 20 km2. I performed an elasticity analysis to estimate the influence of the demographic parameters on population growth rate. In addition, I explored whether body condition score could be a proxy for carrying capacity. Model projections with the highest values of fecundity and survival exhibited by females of all ages during 1995–2002 fit the counts from 2008 to 2016, when growth rate was moderate (λ = 1.10), very well. Elasticity of adult female survival (0.54) was 4 times higher than for fecundity and survival of all other ages. Body condition of adult females at the end of winter, 2012–2013, after reductions in density, was improved compared with 2001–2002 when the population approached carrying capacity. The validated population model together with body condition score could allow managers to take more informed decisions when planning the control of feral horses in Tornquist Park. This approach could also be applied to other small, closed, feral horse populations and other large‐mammal populations. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Christiansen Effect‐Based Physical Coloration of a Cellulosic Monolith Conveniently Fabricated Using Thermally Induced Phase Separation
Authors: Takeuchi Yasushi , Hayashi Yuki , Uyama Hiroshi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA cellulose acetate (CA) polymer monolith is conveniently fabricated using the thermally induced phase separation method. When a CA monolith in sheet form is immersed in a non‐solvent mixture with a suitable refractive index, transparent coloration due to the Christiansen effect is observed. This colorization is arbitrarily controlled by temperature and the non‐solvent composition. The wavelength of maximum transmission of the immersed monolith spectrum increases—with high sensitivity—at high temperatures and in non‐solvent with a low refractive index, while being independent of the monolith morphology. Following the alkali hydrolysis of the CA monolith, the transmission spectrum of regenerated cellulose monolith immersed in mixed non‐solvent clearly shifts by the Christiansen effect, whereas natural cellulose fibrils (wood cellulose and bacterial cellulose) with high crystallinity in the same non‐solvent are opaque or shows no Christiansen effect, respectively. The results indicate the potential of the amorphous cellulose monolith for use as a chemosensor.
Myoclonus‐Ataxia Syndromes: A Diagnostic Approach
Authors: Rossi Malco , van der Veen Sterre , Merello Marcelo , Tijssen Marina A.J. , van de Warrenburg Bart 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundA myriad of disorders combine myoclonus and ataxia. Most causes are genetic and an increasing number of genes are being associated with myoclonus‐ataxia syndromes (MAS), due to recent advances in genetic techniques. A proper etiologic diagnosis of MAS is clinically relevant, given the consequences for genetic counseling, treatment, and prognosis.ObjectivesTo review the causes of MAS and to propose a diagnostic algorithm.MethodsA comprehensive and structured literature search following PRISMA criteria was conducted to identify those disorders that may combine myoclonus with ataxia.ResultsA total of 135 causes of combined myoclonus and ataxia were identified, of which 30 were charted as the main causes of MAS. These include four acquired entities: opsoclonus‐myoclonus‐ataxia syndrome, celiac disease, multiple system atrophy, and sporadic prion diseases. The distinction between progressive myoclonus epilepsy and progressive myoclonus ataxia poses one of the main diagnostic dilemmas.ConclusionsDiagnostic algorithms for pediatric and adult patients, based on clinical manifestations including epilepsy, are proposed to guide the differential diagnosis and corresponding work‐up of the most important and frequent causes of MAS. A list of genes associated with MAS to guide genetic testing strategies is provided. Priority should be given to diagnose or exclude acquired or treatable disorders.
Malaria and meningitis under climate change: initial assessment of climate information service in Nigeria
Authors: Ayanlade Ayansina , Sergi Consolato , Ayanlade Oluwatoyin S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt is often difficult to define the relationship and the influence of climate on the occurrence and distribution of disease. To examine this issue, the effects of climate indices on the distributions of malaria and meningitis in Nigeria were assessed over space and time. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the relationships between climatic variables and the prevalence of malaria and meningitis, and develop an early warning system for predicting the prevalence of malaria and meningitis as the climate varies. An early warning system was developed to predetermine the months in a year that people are vulnerable to malaria and meningitis. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between rainfall and malaria, especially during the wet season with correlation coefficient R2 ≥ 60.0 in almost all the ecological zones. In the Sahel, Sudan and Guinea, there appears to be a strong relationship between temperature and meningitis with R2 > 60.0. In all, the results further reveal that temperatures and aerosols have a strong relationship with meningitis. The assessment of these initial data seems to support the finding that the occurrence of meningitis is higher in the northern region, especially the Sahel and Sudan. In contrast, malaria occurrence is higher in the southern part of the study area. We suggest that a thorough investigation of climate parameters is critical for the reallocation of clinical resources and infrastructures in economically underprivileged regions.
Study on the transient electromagnetic scattering from multiple targets above a rough surface with time‐domain FEM‐PML
Authors: He Hong‐Jie , Guo Li‐Xin , Zhang Ya 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe time‐domain finite‐element method (TDFEM) is extended to study the two‐dimensional transient electromagnetic scattering from multiple targets above a rough surface in this article. The perfectly matched layer is employed as the truncation boundary of TDFEM region to absorb the outward wave scattered from the model. To introduce the incident wave, a total field boundary, which splits the whole region into total‐ and scattered‐field regions is built around the composite model. To model the composite scattering, the total‐ and scattered‐field formulas are used in these two regions, respectively. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility of the method. The results show that the proposed method is significantly superior to the time‐domain integral equation method in terms of solving time.
Conflict and cooperation in the management of European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus damage to agriculture in Spain
Authors: Delibes‐Mateos Miguel , Arroyo Beatriz , Ruiz Jorge , Garrido Fernando E. , Redpath Steve , Villafuerte Rafael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Conflicts over the management of wildlife species that impact human livelihoods are increasingly frequent. In Spanish farmland areas, the European rabbit, one of the most important game species, can cause considerable crop damage. Tensions typically emerge between farmers who advocate rabbit reduction and hunters who are responsible for controlling populations when crop damage occurs but wish for healthy rabbit populations for shooting.

In this study, we used in‐depth interviews and small group discussions with farmers, hunters and representatives of the governmental environmental and agricultural agencies to assess their positions in this conflict.

Our results showed tensions between and within groups, and that the conflict is influenced by leadership, distrust and past decision‐making issues, and by differences in beliefs among groups. Positions of farmers and hunters are also relatively rigid, which may make difficult their engagement in collaborative processes. To be effective, such processes would demand that local leaders were empowered and likely also that external neutral mediators were involved.

Our study highlights the complexity and dynamic nature of the conflicts associated with wildlife species causing damage to human livelihoods and provides new insights that may be useful to facilitate dialogue and negotiation between stakeholders and to aid management and governance.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Arthropod toxins inhibiting Ca2+ and Na+ channels prevent AC‐1001 H3 peptide‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Iurova Elena , Beloborodov Evgenii , Tazintseva Elizaveta , Fomin Aleksandr , Shutov Alexander , Slesarev Sergei , Saenko Yana , Saenko Yury 
Published: October 2020

Peptide toxins of arthropods are one of the potential sources of bioactive substances. Toxins are able to bind to calcium channels and block them. Ca2+ ions play an important role in many cell processes, in particular, in apoptosis. In this work, we study the effect of some arthropod toxins on intracellular processes associated with the induction of apoptosis.Synthetic analogs of U5‐scytotoxin‐Sth1a, ω‐hexatoxin‐Hv1a, ω‐theraphotoxin‐Hhn2a, and μ‐agatoxin‐Aa1a toxins—inhibitors of calcium L, P, and Q channels and sodium channels were used in the study. Apoptosis was induced by AC‐1001 H3 peptide. We study the effect of toxins on the level of apoptosis, ROS, mitochondrial potential, GSH, and ATP in CHO‐K1 cells.We show that all the tested toxins are able to dose dependently block the induction of apoptosis triggered by AC‐1001 H3 and reduce the level of natural apoptosis in CHO‐K1 cells. Cell incubation with apoptosis inducer AC‐1001 H3 in the presence and absence of toxins causes an increase in the intracellular concentrations of ROS, ATP, and mitochondrial potential and decreases the GSH concentration.The present study reveals the antiapoptotic effect of a number of arthropod peptide toxins. The toxins studied can represent a novel approach used in the treatment of pathologies associated with the activation of apoptotic mechanisms.
Oxidative stress and male infertility
Authors: Takeshima Teppei , Usui Kimitsugu , Mori Kohei , Asai Takuo , Yasuda Kengo , Kuroda Shinnosuke , Yumura Yasushi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundBetween 30% and 80% of patients with male infertility produce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) in their ejaculate even though the cause of male infertility is unexplained in approximately half of cases. The strong connection between oxidative stress (OS) and male infertility has led recent investigators to propose the term “Male Oxidative Stress Infertility (MOSI)” to describe OS‐associated male infertility.MethodsWe searched the PubMed database for original and review articles to survey the effects of OS on male infertility, and then verified the effects and treatments.Main findingsSeminal plasma contains many antioxidants that protect sperm from ROS, because low amounts of ROS are required in the physiological fertilization process. The production of excessive ROS causes OS which can lower fertility through lipid peroxidation, sperm DNA damage, and apoptosis. Several assays are available for evaluating OS, including the MiOXSYS® analyzer to measure oxidation‐reduction potential. Several measures should be considered for minimizing OS and improving clinical outcomes.ConclusionAccurately diagnosing patients with MOSI and identifying highly sensitive biomarkers through proteomics technology is vital for better clinical outcomes.
Resilience characteristics of the urban agriculture system in Lansing, Michigan: Importance of support actors in local food systems
Authors: Kirby Caitlin K. , Goralnik Lissy , Hodbod Jennifer , Piso Zach , Libarkin Julie C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUrban agriculture is a growing movement in cities across the United States, including the post‐industrial Midwest. Maintaining a resilient local food system is a challenge given the environmental, resource, and institutional barriers facing urban farmers. In this descriptive correlational study, we take an in‐depth look at the demographics, farm characteristics, motivations, barriers, and resilience indicators of individuals in the urban agriculture system in Lansing, Michigan, a city of the US Midwest with a growing urban agriculture system. Survey responses (n = 92) revealed that support actors, community gardeners, and farmers have descriptive differences in their motivations, with support actors (e.g. non‐profits, university extension, or municipalities) being most strongly motivated by social and environmental justice. Community gardeners reported the lowest barriers to engaging in urban agriculture. Individuals who reported stronger motivations for building community and social and environmental justice showed significant correlations to several resilience indicators, indicating that those motivations may be important to system resilience. Urban agriculture support agencies report high barriers and are most often consulted for informational and social support. These results can inform recommendations for organizations, local governments, and researchers working in midwestern urban agriculture initiatives to better assess and promote a thriving system into the future.
Impact of temporal precipitation variability on ecosystem productivity
Authors: Liu Junzhi , Ma Xuanlong , Duan Zheng , Jiang Jingchao , Reichstein Markus , Jung Martin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractProjected increases in temporal precipitation variability, including intra‐annual and interannual variability, will likely have important impacts on terrestrial ecosystem productivity. The direction and magnitude of these impacts and how they vary across biomes, however, remain largely uncertain. Here, we review published literature that investigated the effect of different characteristics of temporal precipitation variability on vegetation productivity. We first reviewed commonly used methods, including manipulation experiments, process‐based modeling, and data‐driven analysis, and further discussed their strengths and limitations. Then, we summarized state‐of‐the‐art research on this topic by categorizing the results based on the characteristics of temporal precipitation variability. Given the same amount of growing season precipitation, a more extreme precipitation regime, characterized as fewer but larger precipitation events, tends to have a negative impact on vegetation productivity of most ecosystems except xeric grasslands and wet‐cold forests. Precipitation in the early growing season was found to be particularly important to vegetation productivity. Greater interannual precipitation variability tends to decrease vegetation productivity, but the reported patterns are complex, as both concave‐up and concave‐down precipitation‐productivity relations were found. Despite the progress made so far, critical challenges and knowledge gaps remain, such as the global‐scale impacts across different biomes, the role of biological adaption, and the contribution of individual precipitation events. Future research needs to combine manipulation experiments across a broad spectrum of ecosystem types and environmental gradients with model‐data integration strategies to disentangle the interactions between abiotic and biotic factors controlling vegetation responses to precipitation variability.This article is categorized under:Science of Water > Hydrological ProcessesWater and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Low-dose 2-deoxy glucose stabilises tolerogenic dendritic cells and generates potent in vivo immunosuppressive effects
Authors: Christofi M. , Le Sommer S. , Mölzer C. , Klaska I. P. , Kuffova L. , Forrester J. V. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCell therapies for autoimmune diseases using tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDC) have been promisingly explored. A major stumbling block has been generating stable tolDC, with low risk of converting to mature immunogenic DC (mDC), exacerbating disease. mDC induction involves a metabolic shift to lactate production from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and β-oxidation, the homeostatic energy source for resting DC. Inhibition of glycolysis through the administration of 2-deoxy glucose (2-DG) has been shown to prevent autoimmune disease experimentally but is not clinically feasible. We show here that treatment of mouse bone marrow-derived tolDC ex vivo with low-dose 2-DG (2.5 mM) (2-DGtolDC) induces a stable tolerogenic phenotype demonstrated by their failure to engage lactate production when challenged with mycobacterial antigen (Mtb). ~ 15% of 2-DGtolDC express low levels of MHC class II and 30% express CD86, while they are negative for CD40. 2-DGtolDC also express increased immune checkpoint molecules PDL-1 and SIRP-1α. Antigen-specific T cell proliferation is reduced in response to 2-DGtolDC in vitro. Mtb-stimulated 2-DGtolDC do not engage aerobic glycolysis but respond to challenge via increased OXPHOS. They also have decreased levels of p65 phosphorylation, with increased phosphorylation of the non-canonical p100 pathway. A stable tolDC phenotype is associated with sustained SIRP-1α phosphorylation and p85-AKT and PI3K signalling inhibition. Further, 2-DGtolDC preferentially secrete IL-10 rather than IL-12 upon Mtb-stimulation. Importantly, a single subcutaneous administration of 2-DGtolDC prevented experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in vivo. Inhibiting glycolysis of autologous tolDC prior to transfer may be a useful approach to providing stable tolDC therapy for autoimmune/immune-mediated diseases.