bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autonomic Control of Heart Rate in the Neonatal Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Goldberg Jack M. , Moberg Gary P. 
Published: July 2020

Autonomic control of resting heart rate was assessed using atropine and propranolol in 20 neonatal (2 to 3 weeks old) male Rhesus monkeys. After release from restraint for placement of a venous catheter, the average heart rate significantly decreased from 220 ± 7 beats/min to 181 ± 6 beats/min within 15 minutes and remained stable for the 2 hours. Autonomic control of resting heart rate is mediated through both divisions of the autonomic nervous system with the sympathetic system having a dominant influence. This is in contrast to the adult Rhesus, where the parasympathetic nervous system controls resting heart rate.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in an Aged Macaca mulatta
Authors: Kessler Matt J. , Howard Charles F. , London William T. 
Published: July 2020

Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed in an aged (21‐year‐old) pregnant rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatto); she was hyperglycemic and had minimal glucose clearance in an intravenous glucose tolerance test (iv‐GTT). An overweight (840 g) dead full‐term fetus was delivered by cesarean section. A second iv‐GTT conducted 3 months later revealed impaired glucose tolerance. While pregnant, the monkey was hypcrinsulinemic and showed minimal secretory response to the glucose load. When tested postpartum, the fasting insulin was only slightly elevated, but the insulin response to glucose was still lacking.
Comparative Effects of Khellin and Timefurone on Serum Parameters in Normal Male Cynomolgus Monkeys
Authors: Stevens T.J. , Phillips W.A. , Day CE. 
Published: July 2020

Timefurone and khellin (10 mg/kg/day, gavage, 14 days) significantly lowered low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol. Khellininduced changes were significantly greater than those induced by timefurone. Neither drug altered body weights or clinical chemistry parameters. Monkeys treated with khellin, however, exhibited elevated levels of very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and marked emesis, while no changes were observed with timefurone. On the basis of these data, timefurone has a better therapeutic ratio and further study with this promising drug appears warranted.
Estimates of Body Water Content in Normally Grown Baboons During the First Postnatal Month
Authors: Brans Yves W. , Kuehl Thomas J. , Dutton Elisabeth B. , Andrew Donna L. , Menchaca Elizabeth M. 
Published: July 2020

Water contents of various body compartments were estimated within 9 h of birth in eight baboon neonates and at a mean of 29 days (27‐32 days) in seven baboons. All animals were normally grown and delivered spontaneously at term. There was no difference in mean antipyrine space, corrected bromide space, intracellular water, interstitial water, and plasma and blood volumes observed on day 1 and day 29. Mean estimate of red cell volume was lower on day 29 than on day 1.
Evaluation of Serum Parameters Relevant to Vitamin D Status in Tamarins
Authors: Flurer Carola I. , Zucker H. 
Published: July 2020

Serum levels of 25(OH)D, alkaline phosphatase (AP), and parathormone (PTH) were evaluated to investigate the vitamin D requirement of Saguinus fuscicollis. Diets with various vitamin D content were fed 4 weeks and longer. The values of 25(OH)D (30–300 nmol/l), AP (< 300 U/l), and PTH (≤ 1,000 equl/l) considered as normal were obtained with 2,000 IU D3/kg diet, or 33 IU/animal/day, which we regard as the level required. Animals depleted of vitamin D for 215 days developed a secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Good refugees, bad migrants? Intergroup helping orientations toward refugees, migrants, and economic migrants in Germany
Authors: Wyszynski Mia Caroline , Guerra Rita , Bierwiaczonek Kinga 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe present study examined the effect of group labels on helping behavioral intentions toward displaced people in Germany. Specifically, it examined the impact of different labels evoking either voluntary or forced migration (i.e., migrants, economic migrants, and refugees) on different helping orientations (e.g., dependency vs. autonomy‐oriented helping) and if these effects occur via perceived intergroup threat, warmth and competence stereotypes. Participants (N = 304) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (refugee vs. migrant vs. economic migrant) and read fabricated case vignettes, featuring a displaced person who arrived in Germany recently. Results showed that, as predicted, the use of different group labels affected the helping orientations of host society members, as well as, the stereotypes they held. No significant label effects were found for intergroup threat. While the label refugee evoked dependency‐oriented helping intentions and triggered paternalistic stereotypes, the label economic migrants increased opposition to help, decreased help affirmation and evoked envious stereotypes. Practical implications to strengthen peaceful intergroup relations between host society members and newcomers are discussed.
The relative effect of genomic information on efficiency of Bayesian analysis of the mixed linear model with unknown variance
Authors: Milkevych Viktor , Madsen Per , Gao Hongding , Jensen Just 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis work focuses on the effects of variable amount of genomic information in the Bayesian estimation of unknown variance components associated with single‐step genomic prediction. We propose a quantitative criterion for the amount of genomic information included in the model and use it to study the relative effect of genomic data on efficiency of sampling from the posterior distribution of parameters of the single‐step model when conducting a Bayesian analysis with estimating unknown variances. The rate of change of estimated variances was dependent on the amount of genomic information involved in the analysis, but did not depend on the Gibbs updating schemes applied for sampling realizations of the posterior distribution. Simulation revealed a gradual deterioration of convergence rates for the locations parameters when new genomic data were gradually added into the analysis. In contrast, the convergence of variance components showed continuous improvement under the same conditions. The sampling efficiency increased proportionally to the amount of genomic information. In addition, an optimal amount of genomic information in variance–covariance matrix that guaranty the most (computationally) efficient analysis was found to correspond a proportion of animals genotyped ***0.8. The proposed criterion yield a characterization of expected performance of the Gibbs sampler if the analysis is subject to adjustment of the amount of genomic data and can be used to guide researchers on how large a proportion of animals should be genotyped in order to attain an efficient analysis.
Competition in the venture capital market and the success of startup companies: Theory and evidence
Authors: Hong Suting , Serfes Konstantinos , Thiele Veikko 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe examine the effect of a competitive supply of venture capital (VC) on the exits (initial public offering or mergers and acquisitions) of startups. We develop a matching model with double‐sided moral hazard, and identify a novel differential effect of VC competition on the success of startups. Using VC data, we find evidence for this differential effect. For example, when the VC market becomes more competitive (Herfindahl–Hirschman Index decreases by 50% from its mean of 0.08), the absolute likelihood of success increases by 2.8% for startups backed by less experienced VC firms, but it decreases by 3.6% for startups backed by the most experienced VC firms.
Persistent and snap decision‐making
Authors: Tajika Tomoya 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTo avoid unfavorable inferences about her ability, an expert might cling to her original opinion and ignore valuable new information in formulating subsequent opinions. Conceivably, the expert might decline an initial opportunity to offer an opinion, delaying the opinion formation until more accurate information has arrived. However, we show that reputational concerns often lead an expert to express an opinion at the first opportunity, thereby making a snap decision.
Dopamine promotes the neurodegenerative potential of β‐synuclein
Authors: Raina Anupam , Leite Kristian , Guerin Sofia , Mahajani Sameehan U. , Chakrabarti Kalyan S. , Voll Diana , Becker Stefan , Griesinger Christian , Bähr Mathias , Kügler Sebastian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA contribution of α‐Synuclein (α‐Syn) to etiology of Parkinson´s disease (PD) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is currently undisputed, while the impact of the closely related β‐Synuclein (β‐Syn) on these disorders remains enigmatic. β‐Syn has long been considered to be an attenuator of the neurotoxic effects of α‐Syn, but in a rodent model of PD β‐Syn induced robust neurodegeneration in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Given that dopaminergic nigral neurons are selectively vulnerable to neurodegeneration in PD, we now investigated if dopamine can promote the neurodegenerative potential of β‐Syn. We show that in cultured rodent and human neurons a dopaminergic neurotransmitter phenotype substantially enhanced β‐Syn‐induced neurodegeneration, irrespective if dopamine is synthesized within neurons or up‐taken from extracellular space. Nuclear magnetic resonance interaction and thioflavin‐T incorporation studies demonstrated that dopamine and its oxidized metabolites 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) and dopaminochrome (DCH) directly interact with β‐Syn, thereby enabling structural and functional modifications. Interaction of DCH with β‐Syn inhibits its aggregation, which might result in increased levels of neurotoxic oligomeric β‐Syn. Since protection of outer mitochondrial membrane integrity prevented the additive neurodegenerative effect of dopamine and β‐Syn, such oligomers might act at a mitochondrial level similar to what is suggested for α‐Syn. In conclusion, our results suggest that β‐Syn can play a significant pathophysiological role in etiology of PD through its interaction with dopamine metabolites and thus should be re‐considered as a disease‐relevant factor, at least for those symptoms of PD that depend on degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons.
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Is relative growth by the mammalian heart biphasic or monophasic?
Authors: Packard Gary C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractI re‐examined data for relative growth by the heart in four species of mammal to reconcile divergent reports that appear in the literature. Raw data for heart and body mass for Horro sheep, humans, gray kangaroos, and tammar wallabies were studied by linear and nonlinear regression, thereby enabling me to avoid the confounding effects of logarithmic transformation and to evaluate multiple statistical models for describing pattern in each set of observations. My analyses indicate that relative growth by the heart is monophasic in all four species and either isometric or near isometric on the arithmetic scale. The heart in these mammals consequently grows in mass in approximate proportion to growth in mass by the body. The appearance of biphasic allometric growth in prior studies was an artifact resulting from logarithmic transformation. Although parturition in sheep and humans is accompanied by a change in the distribution of blood out of the heart and into pulmonary and systemic circuits, the challenge is met without marked increases in absolute or relative size of the heart.
Examining the hand hygiene beliefs and practices of nursing students and the effectiveness of their handwashing behaviour
Authors: Ceylan Burcu , Gunes Ulku , Baran Leyla , Ozturk Huri , Sahbudak Gul 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesTo examine the hand hygiene beliefs and practices of Turkish nursing students and the effectiveness of their handwashing.BackgroundHandwashing is the most important part of preventing cross‐infection, but there is a considerable amount of evidence that shows that the handwashing technique of nurses and nursing students is not always very effective.Design/MethodsThis research was carried out in two stages and is type of descriptive, analytical and observational. The study comprised 563 students from a Faculty of Nursing. Besides evaluating the nursing students' sociodemographic data, we assessed their beliefs and hand hygiene practices using a Hand Hygiene Beliefs Scale (HHBS) and Hand Hygiene Practices Inventory (HHPI) and also used with “Derma LiteCheck” device to assess how effectively they washed their hands. The STROBE checklist was used.ResultsThe handwashing frequency of the female students was significantly higher. The scores on both the HHBS and the HHPI were significantly higher among the female students compared to the males. The dirtiest areas of the hand were determined as nails (nail beds, beneath the nails), skin between the fingers and fingertips.ConclusionsThe results of our study indicate that although student nurses have positive perceptions about hand hygiene and appear to have developed good habits, the effectiveness of their handwashing is poor.Relevance to clinical practiceIt is of great importance that UV light and florescent gel are made readily available both at nursing schools and in hospitals and other health institutions since these elements are useful in providing immediate visual feedback for a full assessment of handwashing behaviour.
A qualitative exploration of prodromal myocardial infarction fatigue experienced by women
Authors: Blakeman John R. , Woith Wendy M. , Astroth Kim S. , Jenkins Sheryl H. , Stapleton Stephen J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAims and objectivesThe purpose of this study was to explore adult women's unique and shared experiences of prodromal myocardial infarction fatigue.BackgroundFatigue is the most prevalent symptom experienced by women in the weeks and months before myocardial infarction. However, dimensions of this fatigue, such as timing, distress, intensity, quality, patterns and associated characteristics have not been established through studies of this symptom. A lack of understanding of the characteristics of myocardial infarction fatigue and the context in which it occurs makes clinical decision‐making difficult.DesignA qualitative, multiple case study guided by the Theory of Unpleasant Symptoms.MethodsWomen were purposively enrolled from a large hospital in the Midwestern USA. Semi‐structured, audio‐recorded interviews were conducted during hospitalisation and at 2–3 months postdischarge; women were also provided with a journal. A supplementary interview with family members and electronic health record review also assisted in data triangulation. Analysis was inductive and conducted within and across cases, using coding and categorisation, counting, clustering, visual displays of data and thematic development. The SRQR checklist was used in reporting the study.ResultsTen women, with a median age of 60, participated. Fatigue was described primarily using the terms tiredness and lack of energy, though some women described generalised weakness and cognitive fog. This fatigue was unusual and a notable change from baseline. Many women described significant difficulties performing activities of daily living due to fatigue.ConclusionsThe findings of this study will advance symptom science and an understanding of prodromal myocardial infarction fatigue. Future instrument development or selection of instruments for quantitative work will be aided by this study.Relevance to clinical practiceThis study provides a clearer picture of prodromal myocardial infarction fatigue experienced by women, aiding healthcare professionals in understanding and identifying this symptom.
Model‐Free International Stochastic Discount Factors
Authors: SANDULESCU MIRELA , TROJANI FABIO , VEDOLIN ANDREA 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTWe provide a theoretical framework to uncover in a model‐free way the relationships among international stochastic discount factors (SDFs), stochastic wedges, and financial market structures. Exchange rates are in general different from the ratio of international SDFs in incomplete markets, as captured by a stochastic wedge. We show theoretically that this wedge can be zero in incomplete and integrated markets. Market segmentation breaks the strong link between exchange rates and international SDFs, which helps address salient features of international asset returns while keeping the volatility and cross‐country correlation of SDFs at moderate levels.
It's more than just news: Print media, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and Collective Memory among African Americans
Authors: Frazier Cleothia 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study examines how media can influence and shape collective memory through cultural objects such as magazines. Examination of Jet and Ebony magazines' coverage of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, as well as, changes in the narrative over time, reveal potential mechanisms that might have influenced African Americas' collective memory surrounding this event. Data for this study come from news articles about The Tuskegee Syphilis Study in Jet and Ebony magazines from 1972–2016 (N = 49). Content analysis was used to analyze and discover themes in each of the 49 news stories. Findings show that the journalistic coverage of The Tuskegee Syphilis study by these magazines centered around themes of exploitation of uneducated victims, racism and blame, genocide, medical mistrust and deliberate injection with syphilis, reflecting past and current beliefs of African Americans' remembrance of the study.
Ultrafiltration rates and intradialytic hypotension: A case–control sampling of pooled haemodialysis data
Authors: Thongdee Chitrada , Phinyo Phichayut , Patumanond Jayanton , Satirapoj Bancha , Spilles Nantana , Laonapaporn Boonruksa , Tantiyavarong Pichaya , Tasanarong Adis 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundIntradialytic hypotension (IDH) is one of the most critical adverse events during maintenance haemodialysis. Previous studies reported the association of fluid removal rate with the occurrence of IDH.ObjectiveWe aimed to identify the optimal threshold of ultrafiltration rate to prevent the occurrence of IDH events.Design, Participants and MeasurementsPrognostic factor research with a retrospective case–control design was conducted. Patient data were gathered from four haemodialysis units from January to December 2017. All the haemodialysis records were independently justified, whether IDH occurred or not, based on the standard definition. A total of 10 haemodialysis sessions were sampled from each patient's pool based on the incidence of events. The association of ultrafiltration rates and IDH events was explored by multivariable multilevel logistic regression.ResultsA total of 1080 haemodialysis sessions from 108 patients were included: 149 (13.8%) with IDH and 931 (86.2%) without IDH. After adjusting for all pre‐specified risk factors and imbalance baselines, the odds ratio of IDH were 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59, 2.52) for rate 10–12 ml/kg/h; 2.52 (95% CI: 1.20, 5.29) for rate 12–14 ml/kg/h; 4.02 (95% CI: 1.61, 10.03) for rate 14–16 ml/kg/h; and 7.41 (95% CI: 2.53, 21.68) for rate >16 ml/kg/h comparing to the referent rate of <10 ml/kg/h.ConclusionThe ultrafiltration rate should be limited to 12 ml/kg/h. If a higher rate of fluid removal was indicated, it should not exceed 16 ml/kg/h to avoid the occurrence of IDH.
Prevalence of foot disorders according to chronic kidney disease stage
Authors: Pérez Pico Ana M. , Dorado Pedro , Santiesteban Miguel Á. , Mingorance‐Alvarez Esther , García‐Bernalt Funes Vanesa , Mayordomo Raquel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health disease that affects 15.1% of the adult population. Although a high prevalence (94.1%) of skin disorders has been detected in people on haemodialysis or with advanced CKD, few studies have analysed foot disorders at initial CKD stages.ObjectivesTo analyse the prevalence of foot disorders according to CKD stage.ParticipantsA total of 209 people with a mean age of 73.2 ± 13.8 years (52.0% women) in the nephrology department of Virgen del Puerto Hospital, Plasencia (Spain) were examined from January 2018 to April 2019.MeasurementsCKD stages were determined by nephrologists according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes Guideline. An expert podiatrist identified foot disorders. Data were statistically treated with the IBM SPSS Statistics. Comparisons between variables were analysed by the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test, with a significance level of less than 5%.ResultsThe prevalence of foot disorders was high for skin disorders (97.6% dermatopathies and 66.0% keratopathies), nail disorders (98.5% onychopathies) and toe deformities (97.1%). People at initial and intermediate stages presented more keratopathies (hyperkeratosis at G1 and G3a and pinch callus at G3a). Stage G1 showed fewer changes in nail colour and half and half nails. Stage G4 showed more claw toes and hematoma and stage G5 more Beau's lines, changes in skin colour, hematomas and thin shiny skin.ConclusionsThe high prevalence of foot disorders detected in people with CKD requires specific and personalised professional care to relieve symptoms and avoid complications, helping to improve the quality of life of people with this condition.
Monitoring for intradialytic hypotension: An audit of nursing practice
Authors: McIntyre David , Havas Kathryn , Bonner Ann 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundIntradialytic hypotension (IDH) is one of the most common complications associated with haemodialysis (HD), yet the frequency of patient assessment by nurses varies in practice. We sought to measure the frequency of nursing assessments before, during and after HD and to identify any predictors of IDH.ObjectivesTo audit the frequency, nursing management and contributing factors of IDH.DesignA prospective clinical audit was undertaken over 4 weeks.ParticipantsNurses completed audit sheets on 132 patients at three chronic HD units.MeasurementsThe audit tool consisted of 34 questions related to demographics, HD prescription, frequency of monitoring and nursing interventions.ResultsA total of 1584 sessions were performed with 876 (55.3%) audits returned, of which 452 were useable. There were 74 actual episodes of IDH, and a further 72 potential episodes may have been prevented due to nursing intervention. Most nurses reported assessing patients before starting HD and as required before an actual or potential IDH event (n = 85; 63%); few hourly assessments were performed. Predictors of IDH were systolic blood pressure ≤140 mmHg, having more than four comorbidities, dialysate temperature > 36°C, calcium < 1.3 mmol/L and a shorter dialysis session (3.0–4.5 h). These predictors explained 14.1% of the variance in hypotensive episodes during HD.ConclusionThis clinical audit highlighted the importance of assessing blood pressure trends during HD to preemptively intervene before IDH developing. The audit has resulted in a practice change to hourly assessments. Follow‐up audits of practice should occur.