bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discourse of Yemeni TV broadcasters and the dilemma of regime criticism, 2015–19
Authors: Almahfali Mohammed 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe discourse of the Yemeni TV broadcasters has undergone major changes since the Arab Spring in 2011. Moreover, since the outbreak of Civil War in 2015, this discourse has been diverse and has become a clear reflection of the contexts in which it is produced. This article analyses Yemeni media discourse by analysing the titles of news reports published on YouTube by five Yemeni TV channels belonging to five diversified discourses in terms of political, ideological, cultural and social orientation. The article adopts discourse framing as a methodological tool, with which we can address media discourse and thus reveal its social, political and cultural contexts. The article concludes that Yemeni TV broadcasters’ discourse depends on a limited number of keywords that have a cognitive and cultural balance in Yemeni society, words originally taken from cultural, religious and social backgrounds in the collective memory of Yemen. Knowing these keywords can be employed in different dimensions. While it can contribute to developing the recipient awareness, it can also help to raise the degree of professionalism in media performance in Yemen, especially in the stage of peace-building and post-war.
Manejo de macrófitas proveniente de infestação em ambientes naturais como suplemento para produção da microalga de interesse econômico Scenedesmus acuminatus
Authors: Militão Frederico Pacheco , Krettle Raissa Hirle , Brêda-Alves Fernanda , Dias Júnior Camilo , Teramoto Erico Tadao , Machado Levi Pompermayer , Fernandes Valéria De Oliveira 
Published: April 2020

Este estudo avaliou a influência de seis meios de cultura alternativos (um a base de NPK, dois contendo extrato de Pistia stratiotes e Eichhornia crassipes enriquecido de NPK, e outros três com diferentes diluições de extrato puro de E. crassipes, (Eic 40, Eic 85, Eic 130) em comparação ao meio de cultura comercial ASM-1, no desenvolvimento da microalga Scenedesmus acuminatus. Foram avaliados taxa de crescimento (K), densidade, volume celular, biovolume e qualidade nutricional dos meios de cultura. Os meios de culturas testados apresentaram concentração de nutrientes suficiente para o crescimento da microalga. As taxas de crescimento de ASM-1 (0,439) foram similares (p>0,05) a NPK, Pis + NPK e Eic + NPK. Eic 85 e Eic 130 apresentaram os valores mais baixos (0,201; 0,150, respectivamente) e similares entre si. Os volumes dos tratamentos não diferiram de ASM-1 (135,427 μm3), somente o Eic NPK e Eic 130 apresentaram valores menores (86,780 e 100,401 μm3, respectivamente). O maior biovolume e densidade celular foram encontrados em Eic NPK (1,273 mm3.L-1 e 1047 x 104 cél.mL-1). Os tratamentos apresentaram capacidade de nutrição muito similar ao ASM-1, podendo substitui-lo no cultivo de S. acuminatus, em especial Eic + NPK que apresentou maior densidade e biovolume. Os tratamentos com extrato puro, apesar de apresentarem resultados mais baixos, ainda assim possibilitaram o desenvolvimento da alga.
Quantitative Analysis of the Acetic Acid Content in Substances Used by Athletes for the Possible Prevention and Alleviation of Exercise-Associated Muscle Cramps
Authors: Hooper Marosek Stephanie E. , Antharam Vijay , Dowlatshahi Katayoon 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Marosek, SEH, Antharam, V, and Dowlatshahi, K. Quantitative analysis of the acetic acid content in substances used by athletes for the possible prevention and alleviation of exercise-associated muscle cramps. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1539–1546, 2020—Athletes regularly consume commercially available food and sports shot products, carbohydrate beverages, and water to improve their physical exertion and to possibly prevent or relieve exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs)—often experienced during practice, training, or competition. Acetic acid, a component of interest within these products, has been recognized for its potential role in cramp reduction. Acetic acid is postulated to mitigate cramping by decreasing alpha motor neuron activity through oropharyngeal stimulation and inhibitory neurotransmitter production, while aiding in the role acetylcholine plays in muscle contraction and relaxation. The purpose of this research is to analytically assess the most viable sources of acetic acid from substances that athletes ingest before or when experiencing these cramps. The range of samples investigated were based on their widespread use in the athletic world: dill and sweet pickle juices, yellow mustard, sweet relish, apple cider vinegar, Hot Shot, PJ Shot, PJ Sport, E-Lyte Sport, Powerade, Gatorade, Smartwater, and Propel (with electrolytes). As hypothesized, pH and enzymatic assay or spectroscopic analyses revealed that yellow mustard, sweet relish, all pickle juices, and the pickle juice products were composed of moderate amounts of acetic acid. Based on established studies resulting in EAMC relief, acetic acid consumption, and the appropriate serving size, the yellow mustard, PJ Shot, and all pickle juices would be the most practical and palatable sources of acetic acid for strength and conditioning professionals to recommend that athletes consume for the possible prevention or alleviation of muscle cramps.
Correlation Between Bevacizumab Exposure and Survival in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Papachristos Apostolos , Kemos Polychronis , Kalofonos Haralabos , Sivolapenko Gregory 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundBevacizumab treatment is subject to large interpatient variability in efficacy, which may partly be explained by differences in complex bevacizumab pharmacokinetic characteristics that influence bevacizumab exposure. Exposure–response relationships have been identified for other monoclonal antibodies. We aimed to identify possible exposure–survival relationships in bevacizumab-treated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).Materials and MethodsPatients with mCRC who started first-line bevacizumab-based chemotherapy between July 2012 and July 2014, and from whom serial blood samples and survival were prospectively collected, were included. Follow-up was carried out until July 2018. Total bevacizumab trough concentrations were measured from cycle 2 to cycle 30 of treatment. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and Cox analysis were used to identify the relationship between concentrations and overall survival (OS). In addition, OS was compared between different trough concentration groups.ResultsOne hundred fifty-seven blood samples from 46 patients were evaluable for analyses. ROC analysis showed a clear separation in survival based on trough levels (area under the curve = 0.739, p = .009). Cox regression also showed a strong positive correlation between trough levels and survival (p = .0004). Three distinct groups of exposure were identified: low (median trough concentration [Ctm] ≤41.9 mg/L); medium (Ctm 43–87.2 mg/L) with median OS of 12.8 and 36 months, respectively (p = .0003); and high (Ctm ≥7.9 mg/L), where the majority of patients were still alive 60 months after the initiation of treatment.ConclusionThis study shows that survival was proportional to the magnitude of exposure in patients with mCRC. Further clinical research should focus on clarifying these exposure–outcome relationships in order to optimize dosing.
The Use of MEK Inhibitors in Neurofibromatosis Type 1–Associated Tumors and Management of Toxicities
Authors: Klesse Laura J. , Jordan Justin T. , Radtke Heather B. , Rosser Tena , Schorry Elizabeth , Ullrich Nicole , Viskochil David , Knight Pamela , Plotkin Scott R. , Yohay Kaleb 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Early-phase clinical trials using oral inhibitors of MEK, the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, have demonstrated benefit for patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1)-associated tumors, particularly progressive low-grade gliomas and plexiform neurofibromas. Given this potential of MEK inhibition as an effective medical therapy, the use of targeted agents in the NF1 population is likely to increase substantially. For clinicians with limited experience prescribing MEK inhibitors, concern about managing these treatments may be a barrier to use. In this manuscript, the Clinical Care Advisory Board of the Children's Tumor Foundation reviews the published experience with MEK inhibitors in NF1 and outlines recommendations for side-effect management, as well as monitoring guidelines. These recommendations can serve as a beginning framework for NF providers seeking to provide the most effective treatments for their patients.

Implications for Practice
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) clinical care is on the cusp of a transformative shift. With the success of recent clinical trials using MEK inhibitors, an increasing number of NF1 patients are being treated with MEK inhibitors for both plexiform neurofibromas and low-grade gliomas. The use of MEK inhibitors is likely to increase substantially in NF1. Given these changes, the Clinical Care Advisory Board of the Children's Tumor Foundation has identified a need within the NF1 clinical community for guidance for the safe and effective use of MEK inhibitors for NF1-related tumors. This article provides a review of the published experience of MEK inhibitors in NF1 and provides recommendations for monitoring and management of side effects.
Best Splinting Methods in Case of Dental Injury–A Literature Review
Authors: Sobczak-Zagalska Hanna , Emerich Katarzyna 
Published: April 2020

The objective of this manuscript was to review the literature on dental trauma splints and discuss materials used for splinting injured teeth in terms of their properties and conditions that are required for optimal stabilization.
A literature search was conducted in the PubMed database with the keywords: “trauma splints”, “dental trauma” and “traumatic dental injuries”. The search was limited to English language publications. 42 publications fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were in accordance with the current recommendations.
Optimal splinting of the teeth after trauma is one of the main predictors for pulpal and periodontal healing. The splints stabilize and protect the teeth, creating favorable conditions for the regeneration of the supporting tissues. Their application and removal should be easy and fast without any additional irritating of the surrounding tissues. The materials used to stabilize the injured teeth should keep the tooth in the original position, allowing for its physiological mobility.
Determinants Affecting Economic Growth – Evidence for Western Balkans Countries
Authors: Durguti Esat Ali , GASHI Emine , Kunoviku Filloreta Demiri , Mehmeti Milaim 
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this paper is to find out if selected determinants have any effect on the economic growth rate using the strong balanced panel data for the Western Balkan countries for the period 2001-2017, and the data used are on an annual basis, which in total there are 102 observation periods. For the realization of the paper, secondary data and an advanced dynamic approach were used, such as pooled OLS methods, fixed and random effects model, to test economic growth rate as dependent variable, and explanatory variables such as working remittances to GDP, exports to GDP, imports to GDP, foreign direct investment to GDP and inflation rate. From the generated outputs, it is true to say that working remittances to GDP, exports to GDP, and imports to GDP have an effect that influences economic growth, respectively GDP growth. Even though foreign direct investment to GDP and inflation rate does not have a significant effect on economic growth, respectively GDP growth.

Keywords: Economic growth; macroeconomic determinants; panel data.
JEL code: O47, O11, C23
DNA Methylation Patterns of Interferon Gamma Gene Promoter and Serum Level in Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Their Role in Prognosis
Authors: Et al. Zayr 
Published: April 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) still remains an important medical problem due to high levels of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A series of innate immune mechanisms that create a cytokine network control the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and this response has the capacity to modify the host genomic DNA structure through epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation which could constantly alter the local gene expression pattern that can modulate the metabolism of the tissues and the immune-response. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine regulator of the innate immune response to TB. This study aims to determine DNA methylation patterns of INF-γ gene promoter and measure serum IFN- γ level in newly diagnosed TB patients, relapse TB patients, and healthy control, in order to study the possibility of using these as a biomarker for the prognosis of TB stages in patients. The current case-control study included 66 patients with TB and 33 healthy control subjects. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood(PB) of included subjects and modified using sodium bisulfate specific kit. DNA methylation patterns of IFN-γ gene promoter was determine by using methylation specific polymerase chain reaction(MS-PCR).Serum IFN-γ level was determined using enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay(ELISA). Results showed that percentages of DNA methylation patterns in normal controls, newly diagnostic TB patients and relapse TB patients were (63.3%, 18.2% and 21.2% respectively). Also, higher significant differences (P≤0.0001) of un-methylated IFN-γ gene promoter patterns in newly diagnostic TB patients than relapse TB patients comparison with healthy controls. The percentage of un-methylated DNA patterns in healthy controls, newly diagnostic TB patients and relapse TB patients were (9.9%, 39.4% and 51.5%, respectively). The mean of serum IFN-γ levels (pg/ml) for normal controls, newly diagnostic TB patients and relapse TB patients were (59.3± 13.8,75.8±24.3 and 69.6±18.7,respectively).In conclusion, there is a relative association between methylation of IFN-γ gene promoter and predisposing to TB progression.
Regional Impact of Project Spending
Authors: Finken Richard D. , Arbotov Alexander A. , Moukhin Andrei V. , Suvorov Anatoliy , York Harold L. 
Published: April 2020

Published in Oil & Gas Executive, Volume 1, Number 1, 1998, pages 38-43,50.
In many parts of the world, the social and economic impact of petroleum operations is as important to local officials and residents as reserve estimates, production rates, and environmental assessments are to the investor. In Russia and the remainder of the Commonwealth of Independent States, for examples, government officials want to know the full impact of projects on the economy and employment. Full-impact awareness requires determination of national and regional effects resulting from the initial investment and continued operations.

Socioeconomic Analysis
Socioeconomic studies of petroleum projects require the use of two types of analysis models: a financial model of the cash flow generated from the construction and operation of the project and socioeconomic "input/output" models. Socioeconomic models use the results of the cash-flow model to determine the aggregate increase in gross domestic product, gross output, government revenues, and the potential for creation of new employment.
All economic activity is interrelated. The concept of this mutual interdependence is called the "circular flow of income." Each individual income flow depends on the existence of all the others; if any one flow stops, all flows stop. Fig. 1 shows the links between project spending and the aggregate economic and social impact resulting from an investment project. Investment project cost includes expenses for labor and goods and services, providing income for businesses and the people they employ (commonly called the local content of the project). The investment project also provides government income-taxes and duties, including profit share in the case of production-sharing agreements. These income streams constitute the direct impact of the project on the economy.
Growing an International Oil and Gas Company in the New Millennium
Authors: Gass John D. 
Published: April 2020

Published in Oil & Gas Executive, Volume 2, Number 1, 1999, pages 23-29.
We live in interesting times. One need only pick up the newspaper to see the astounding change that is all around us. As the millennium approaches, the experts tell us we can look forward to an acceleration in the pace and magnitude of change. Indeed, the rate of social, economic, technological, and political change today is almost overwhelming. Take a moment to consider the fact that a musical birthday card that you can buy at the store today for a couple of dollars contains more computing power than existed on the entire planet before 1950.
The petroleum industry has not been isolated from these changes. The current economic situation not withstanding, our industry currently is experiencing a renaissance in technology, new products and markets, and innovative business practices. Areas that once were closed to foreign investment have been opened, providing a seemingly endless source of opportunities for expansion and growth.
" Growth" is what it is all about today. If one were to pick up the annual report of any one of Chevron's numerous international competitors, I am confident that every one of them would speak about annual growth objectives of10, 15, 20%, or more as they look forward to the next century. But is this realistic in a world where the projected growth rate in energy consumption is2% (or perhaps even less at the moment)? It is clear to me that everyone who is talking about growth will not be able to achieve it.
So, how will growth be achieved in the new millennium? In today's economic environment the real question becomes, "How can an upstream oil and gas company differentiate itself in a way that will enable it to succeed in growing its business in a low-growth world?"
I would like to share some thoughts on what Chevron is doing to grow its business in the new millennium and on five critical success factors that I believe will differentiate those companies that are going to be successful. These five critical success factors are global focus, responsible growth and reputation, effective technology management, leveraging value-adding partnerships, and smart people-resource management.
Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Arcobacter species in human stool samples derived from out- and inpatients: the prospective German Arcobacter prevalence study Arcopath
Authors: Brückner Vanessa , Fiebiger Ulrike , Ignatius Ralf , Friesen Johannes , Eisenblätter Martin , Höck Marlies , Alter Thomas , Bereswill Stefan , Gölz Greta , Heimesaat Markus M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: Arcobacter species, particularly A. butzleri, but also A. cryaerophilus constitute emerging pathogens causing gastroenteritis in humans. However, isolation of Arcobacter may often fail during routine diagnostic procedures due to the lack of standard protocols. Furthermore, defined breakpoints for the interpretation of antimicrobial susceptibilities of Arcobacter are missing. Hence, reliable epidemiological data of human Arcobacter infections are scarce and lacking for Germany. We therefore performed a 13-month prospective Arcobacter prevalence study in German patients. Results: A total of 4646 human stool samples was included and Arcobacter spp. were identified from 0.85% of specimens in 3884 outpatients and from 0.40% of specimens in 752 hospitalized patients. Overall, A. butzleri was the most prevalent species (n = 24; 67%), followed by A. cryaerophilus (n = 10; 28%) and A. lanthieri (n = 2; 6%). Whereas A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. lanthieri were identified in outpatients, only A. butzleri could be isolated from samples of hospitalized patients. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Arcobacter isolates revealed high susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin, whereas bimodal distributions of MICs were observed for azithromycin and ampicillin.Conclusions: In summary, Arcobacter including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. lanthieri could be isolated in 0.85% of German outpatients and ciprofloxacin rather than other antibiotics might be appropriate for antibiotic treatment of infections. Further epidemiological studies are needed, however, to provide a sufficient risk assessment of Arcobacter infections in humans.
Comparison of three small-area mortality metrics according to urbanity in Korea: the standardized mortality ratio, comparative mortality figure, and life expectancy
Authors: Kim Ikhan , Lim Hwa-Kyung , Kang Hee-Yeon , Khang Young-Ho 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background: This study aimed to compare three small-area level mortality metrics according to urbanity in Korea: the standardized mortality ratio (SMR), comparative mortality figure (CMF), and life expectancy (LE) by urbanity.Methods: We utilized the National Health Information Database to obtain annual small-area level age-specific numbers of population and deaths in Korea between 2013 and 2017. First, differences in the SMR by urbanity were examined, assuming the same age-specific mortality rates in all small-areas. Second, we explored the differences in ranking obtained using the three metrics (SMR, CMF, and LE). Third, the ratio of CMF to SMR by population was analyzed according to urbanity.Results: We found that the age-specific population distributions in urbanized areas were similar, but rural areas had a relatively old population structure. The age-specific mortality ratio also differed by urbanity. Assuming the same rate of age-specific mortality across all small-areas, we found that comparable median values in all areas. However, areas with a high SMR showed a strong predominance of metropolitan areas. The ranking by SMR differed markedly from the rankings by CMF and LE, especially in areas of high mortality, while the latter two metrics did not differ notably. The ratio of CMF to SMR showed larger variations in small-areas in rural areas, particularly in those with small populations, than in metropolitan and urban areas.Conclusions: In a comparison of multiple SMRs, bias could exist if the study areas have large differences in population structure. The use of CMF or LE should be considered for comparisons if it is possible to acquire age-specific mortality data for each small-area.