bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Exposure to WIN 55212-2 Render the Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Pathway Activated During Adulthood
Authors: Pérez-Valenzuela Enzo Javier , Andrés Coke María Estela , Grace Anthony A , Fuentealba Evans José Antonio 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
During adolescence, neuronal circuits exhibit plasticity in response to physiological changes and to adapt to environmental events. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways are in constant flux during development. Evidence suggests a relationship between early use of cannabinoids and psychiatric disorders characterized by altered dopaminergic systems, such as schizophrenia and addiction. However, the impact of adolescent exposure to cannabinoids on nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways in adulthood remains unclear. The aim of this research was to determine the effects of repeated activation of cannabinoid receptors during adolescence on dopaminergic activity of nigrostriatal pathways and the mechanisms underlying this impact during adulthood.

Methods
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 1.2 mg/kg WIN 55212-2 daily from postnatal day 40 to 65. Then no-net flux microdialysis of dopamine in the dorsolateral striatum, electrophysiological recording of dopaminergic neuronal activity, and microdialysis measures of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in substantia nigra par compacta were carried out during adulthood (postnatal days 72–78).

Results
Repeated activation of cannabinoid receptors during adolescence increased the release of dopamine in dorsolateral striatum accompanied by increased population activity of dopamine neurons and decreased extracellular GABA levels in substantia nigra par compacta in adulthood. Furthermore, perfusion of bicuculline, a GABAa antagonist, into the ventral pallidum reversed the increased dopamine neuron population activity in substantia nigra par compacta induced by adolescent cannabinoid exposure.

Conclusions
These results suggest that adolescent exposure to cannabinoid agonists produces disinhibition of nigrostriatal dopamine transmission during adulthood mediated by decreased GABAergic input from the ventral pallidum.
Effects of Chronic Exposure to Low-Dose delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Adolescence and Adulthood on Serotonin/Norepinephrine Neurotransmission and Emotional Behavior
Authors: De Gregorio Danilo , Dean Conway Joshua , Canul Martha-Lopez , Posa Luca , Bambico Francis Rodriguez , Gobbi Gabriella 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Chronic exposure to D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main pharmacological component of cannabis, during adolescence has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of depression and suicidality in humans. Little is known about the impact of the long-term effects of chronic exposure to low doses of THC in adolescent compared with adult rodents.

Methods
THC (1 mg/kg i.p., once per day) or vehicle was administered for 20 days in both adolescent (post-natal day 30–50) and young adult rats (post-natal day 50–70). After a long washout period (20 days), behavioral tests and electrophysiological recordings of serotonin and norepinephrine neurons were carried out.

Results
Adolescent THC exposure resulted in depressive behaviors: decreased latency to first immobility in the forced swim test and increased anhedonia in the sucrose preference test. Decreased entries in the open arms were observed in the elevated plus maze after adolescent and adult exposure, indicating an anxious phenotype. A significant reduction in dorsal raphe serotonergic neural activity without a change in locus coeruleus noradrenergic neural activity was found after adolescent and adult exposure.

Conclusions
Altogether, these findings suggest that chronic low-dose THC exposure during the critical developmental period of adolescence and during adulthood could result in increased vulnerability of the serotonin system accompanied by anxiety symptoms. However, depressive phenotypes occur only after adolescent exposure but not after adult exposure, underscoring the greater vulnerability of young ages to the mental effects of cannabis.
Alcohol Use Is Associated With Intestinal Dysbiosis and Dysfunctional CD8+ T-Cell Phenotypes in Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Maffei Vincent J , Siggins Robert W , Luo Meng , Brashear Meghan M , Mercante Donald E , Taylor Christopher M , Molina Patricia , Welsh David A 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundInflammation persists among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH) despite effective antiretroviral therapy and may contribute to T-cell dysfunction. Alcohol use is prevalent among PWH and promotes intestinal leak, dysbiosis, and a proinflammatory milieu. Whether alcohol use is associated with T-cell late differentiation remains to be investigated.MethodsData and samples from PWH (N = 359 of 365) enrolled in the New Orleans Alcohol Use in HIV Study were used. Alcohol use was assessed by self-report (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; lifetime alcohol exposure; 30-day Alcohol Timeline Followback) and phosphatidylethanol (PEth) quantitation. In a subset of participants, fecal bacterial content was assessed by ribosomal 16S marker gene deep sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Intestinal leak was assessed by fecal-to-plasma α-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ratio. Peripheral T-cell populations were quantified by flow cytometry.ResultsAlcohol Use Disorder Identification Test scores were positively associated with activated-senescent, exhausted, and terminal effector memory CD45RA+CD8+ but not CD4+ T cells (cells/μL) after confounder adjustment (P &lt; .050). Phosphatidylethanol was positively associated with A1AT (P &lt; .050). The PEth and activated-senescent CD8+ were associated with bacterial β-diversity (P &lt; .050) and positively associated with the relative abundance of coabundant Prevotellaceae members (q &lt; .100).ConclusionsAlcohol use among PWH is associated with CD8+ T-cell late differentiation, intestinal leak, and dysbiosis. Alcohol-associated dysbiosis is implicated in CD8+ T-cell senescence.
Epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Emergence Amidst Community-Acquired Respiratory Viruses
Authors: Leuzinger Karoline , Roloff Tim , Gosert Rainer , Sogaard Kirstin , Naegele Klaudia , Rentsch Katharina , Bingisser Roland , Nickel Christian H , Pargger Hans , Bassetti Stefano , Bielicki Julia , Khanna Nina , Tschudin Sutter Sarah , Widmer Andreas , Hinic Vladimira , Battegay Manuel , Egli Adrian , Hirsch Hans H 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in China as the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 in December 2019 and reached Europe by late January 2020, when community-acquired respiratory viruses (CARVs) are at their annual peak. We validated the World Health Organization (WHO)–recommended SARS-CoV-2 assay and analyzed the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 and CARVs.

Methods
Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs (NOPS) from 7663 patients were prospectively tested by the Basel S-gene and WHO-based E-gene (Roche) assays in parallel using the Basel N-gene assay for confirmation. CARVs were prospectively tested in 2394 NOPS by multiplex nucleic acid testing, including 1816 (75%) simultaneously for SARS-CoV-2.

Results
The Basel S-gene and Roche E-gene assays were concordant in 7475 cases (97.5%) including 825 (11%) SARS-CoV-2 positives. In 188 (2.5%) discordant cases, SARS-CoV-2 loads were significantly lower than in concordant positive ones and confirmed in 105 (1.4%). Adults were more frequently SARS-CoV-2 positive, whereas children tested more frequently CARV positive. CARV coinfections with SARS-CoV-2 occurred in 1.8%. SARS-CoV-2 replaced CARVs within 3 weeks, reaching 48% of all detected respiratory viruses followed by rhinovirus/enterovirus (13%), influenza virus (12%), coronavirus (9%), respiratory syncytial virus (6%), and metapneumovirus (6%).

Conclusions
Winter CARVs were dominant during the early SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, impacting infection control and treatment decisions, but were rapidly replaced, suggesting competitive infection. We hypothesize that preexisting immune memory and innate immune interference contribute to the different SARS-CoV-2 epidemiology among adults and children.
First Report on Brorphine: The Next Opioid on the Deadly New Psychoactive Substance Horizon?
Authors: Verougstraete Nick , Vandeputte Marthe M , Lyphout Cathelijne , Cannaert Annelies , Hulpia Fabian , Van Calenbergh Serge , Verstraete Alain G , Stove Christophe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
New psychoactive substances continue to appear on the drug market. Until recently, new synthetic opioids, which are among the most dangerous new psychoactive substances, primarily encompassed analogs of the potent analgesic fentanyl. Lately, also other new synthetic opioids have increasingly started to surface. This is the first report on the identification and full chemical characterization of brorphine, a novel potent synthetic opioid with a piperidine benzimidazolone structure. A powder, identified as brorphine, was obtained from a patient seeking medical help for detoxification. Brorphine was also found in a serum sample of the patient. Liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS) identified an exact mass of m/z 400.1020 and 402.1005 for the compound, corresponding to both bromine isotopes. Further chemical characterization was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography–diode array detection and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analyses. Finally, the structure was confirmed by performing 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. In vitro biological activity of brorphine was determined by a cell-based µ-opioid receptor activation assay, resulting in an EC50 of 30.9 nM (13.5 ng/mL) and an Emax of 209% relative to hydromorphone, confirming the high potency and efficacy of this compound. In a serum sample of the patient, brorphine and a hydroxy-metabolite were found using the LC–HRMS screening method. The presence of opioid activity in the serum was also confirmed via the activity-based opioid screening assay. The occurrence of brorphine is yet another example of how the illicit drug market is continuously evolving in an attempt to escape international legislation. Its high potency poses a serious and imminent health threat for any user.
New Genetic Insights About Hybridization and Population Structure of Hawksbill and Loggerhead Turtles From Brazil
Authors: Arantes Larissa S , Vilaça Sibelle T , Mazzoni Camila J , Santos Fabrício R 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn extremely high incidence of hybridization among sea turtles is found along the Brazilian coast. This atypical phenomenon and its impact on sea turtle conservation can be elucidated through research focused on the evolutionary history of sea turtles. We assessed high-quality multilocus haplotypes of 143 samples of the 5 species of sea turtles that occur along the Brazilian coast to investigate the hybridization process and the population structure of hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta). The multilocus data were initially used to characterize interspecific hybrids. Introgression (F2 hybrids) was only confirmed in hatchlings of F1 hybrid females (hawksbill × loggerhead), indicating that introgression was either previously overestimated and F2 hybrids may not survive to adulthood, or the first-generation hybrid females nesting in Brazil were born as recent as few decades ago. Phylogenetic analyses using nuclear markers recovered the mtDNA-based Indo-Pacific and Atlantic lineages for hawksbill turtles, demonstrating a deep genetic divergence dating from the early Pliocene. In addition, loggerhead turtles that share a common feeding area and belong to distinct Indo-Pacific and Atlantic mtDNA clades present no clear genetic differentiation at the nuclear level. Finally, our results indicate that hawksbill and loggerhead rookeries along the Brazilian coast are likely connected by male-mediated gene flow.
Development and Biomass Composition of Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Reared on Different Byproducts of the Agri-Food Industry
Authors: Riudavets Jordi , Castañé Cristina , Agustí Nuria , del Arco Lidia , Diaz Isabel , Castellari Massimo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate five agro-industrial byproducts (apricots, brewer’s spent grains, brewer’s spent yeast, feed mill byproducts including broken cereal grains, and hatchery waste including eggshell debris, fluff, infertile eggs, dead embryos, and egg fluids) or mixtures thereof as food diets of Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller), Tenebrio molitor (L.), and Hermetia illucens (L.). Eleven out of 26 tested combinations allowed the first instar larvae to reach the adult stage. Results showed that bioconversion parameters and biomass composition can vary depending on the diet composition, especially in the case of E. kuehniella and H. illucens, whose nutritional requirements seem more complex than those of T. molitor. Tenebrio molitor was able to develop in almost all byproducts. However, only when T. molitor was fed with suitable mixtures of byproducts the development parameters were similar to those obtained with the standard diet. The best results in terms of bioconversion parameters were obtained by feeding H. illucens with a diet including dried brewer’s spent grain, feed mill byproducts and brewer’s spent yeast. The larvae of these three species can be considered interesting from a nutritional point of view, because of their high protein and fat content. However, the fatty acids profile of H. illucens larvae, with high proportions of saturated fatty acids, seems less healthy for human consumption compared with those of E. kuehniella and T. molitor.
Hedging Long-Term Liabilities
Authors: Quaedvlieg Rogier , Schotman Peter 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPension funds and life insurers face interest rate risk arising from the duration mismatch of their assets and liabilities. With the aim of hedging long-term liabilities, we estimate variations of a Nelson–Siegel model using swap returns with maturities up to 50 years. We consider versions with three and five factors, as well as constant and time-varying factor loadings. We find that we need either five factors or time-varying factor loadings in the three-factor model to accommodate the long end of the yield curve. The resulting factor hedge portfolios perform poorly due to strong multicollinearity of the factor loadings in the long end, and are easily beaten by a robust, near Mean-Squared-Error- optimal, hedging strategy that concentrates its weight on the longest available liquid bond.
Evaluation of Reference Genes and Age Estimation of Forensically Useful Aldrichina grahami (Diptera: Calliphoridae) During Intrapuparial Period
Authors: Liu Zhuoying , Han Han , Chen Wei , Wang Shiwen , Meng Fanming , Cai Jifeng , Guo Yadong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The minimum postmortem interval (PMImin) could be evaluated from the developmental stage of forensically important insects colonize a corpse, such as blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Unlike larvae, the developmental stage of which is well established according to their morphology, estimating the age of pupae is proven to be challenging. Recently, several studies reported the regulation of special genes during the development of blow fly pupae. However, gene regulation in Aldrichina grahami during the intrapuparial period remains to be studied. Therefore, we set out to investigate the mRNA levels of heat shock protein 23 (Hsp23), heat shock protein 24 (Hsp24), and 1_16 during the metamorphosis of A. grahami pupae. First, we examined seven candidate reference genes (ribosomal protein 49 (RP49), 18S ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA), 28S ribosomal RNA (28S rRNA), beta-tubulin at 56D (β-tubulin), Ribosomal protein L23 (RPL23), glutathione S-transferase (GST1), and Actin. Three widely used algorithms (NormFinder, BestKeeper, and geNorm) were applied to evaluate the mRNA levels of reference gene candidates in puparium at three stable temperatures (15, 22, and 27°C). Next, mRNA expression of Hsp23, Hsp24, and 1_16 during A. grahami metamorphosis was examined. We demonstrated that mRNA expression levels of Hsp23, Hsp24, and 1_16 showed time-specific regulation. In summary, our study identified three gene markers for the intrapuparial period of A. grahami and might provide a potential application in PMImin estimation.
Refugee Crisis, Valuation of Life, and Violent Crime
Authors: Kivimäki Timo , Nicholson Leah 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn the study of migrants and violence, the focus is often on the likely opportunities and motives of migrants to commit violence, and the effect of this on the level of crime. This article reconstructs the causal path differently. It considers the variation of the number of refugees as a logical proxy of a humane culture and studies the variation in the occurrence of homicides as causally conditioned by this culture. This article compares European and North American countries during the 2015–17 refugee crisis. It uses the number of accepted refugees per population, per Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and per area as proxies of valuation of life among host populations. Regardless of the type of burden a country will accept to rescue refugees, this willingness is associated with lower levels of homicide. Thus, in developed countries, security from violent crime cannot be an argument against humane refugee policies.
An unexpected surprise: rare association of neuroendocrine tumours in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Pat Jackson J , Iqbal Muhammad Rafaih , Wright Christopher 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms are rare malignancies, more so when cancerous metastasis occurs without a known primary source. Here we discuss a case of an ulcerative colitis sufferer, 43-year-old lady presented with what was thought to be a flare up. Situation deteriorated and was taken to theatre to find a significantly ischaemic colon, secondary to extensive venous thrombosis. The ischaemic bowel was resected alongside with what was thought to be a large, reactive lymph node. To our surprise, the resected lymph node returned with evidence of neuroendocrine neoplastic metastasis. Multiple laboratory and imaging investigations were performed in hope to identify the primary source. A second metastatic lymph node was identified and subsequently resected but the primary remains elusive. Currently, there are no visible evidences of active disease.
RETRACTED: Arabidopsis COPPER TRANSPORTER 1 undergoes degradation in a proteasome-dependent manner
Authors: Li Jinjin , Yuan Jinhong , Wang Hui , Zhang Hui , Zhang Haiyan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The essential nutrient copper is toxic in excess. Therefore, plants must tightly control copper uptake and distribution. Arabidopsis thaliana high-affinity copper transporters (COPTs) mediate copper uptake, partitioning, and redistribution. Here we show that COPT1 localizes to the plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum in stably transgenic plants expressing a COPT1–green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein, and the fusion protein is rapidly degraded upon plant exposure to excess copper. MG132 treatment largely abolished copper-induced degradation of COPT1, implying a link between the proteasome and COPT1 activity in modulating copper uptake. Co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that COPT1 cannot be ubiquitinated in the presence of excess copper and MG132. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we identified Lys159 in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of COPT1 as critical for copper acquisition, but not for copper-mediated down-regulation of COPT1, in plants. Furthermore, pharmacological analysis showed that treatment with a vesicle trafficking inhibitor or a V-ATPase inhibitor does not alter the subcellular dynamics of COPT1–GFP, consistent with the absence of a connection between the endosomal recycling/vacuolar system and COPT1 degradation. Together, our data suggest that proteasomal degradation rather than vacuolar proteolysis is important for the regulation of copper transport to maintain copper homeostasis in plants.
The MYB transcription factor TaPHR3-A1 is involved in phosphate signaling and governs yield-related traits in bread wheat
Authors: Zheng Xingwei , Liu Cheng , Qiao Ling , Zhao Jiajia , Han Ran , Wang Xiaolu , Ge Chuan , Zhang Wenyun , Zhang Shuwei , Qiao Linyi , Zheng Jun , Hao Chenyang 
Published: July 2020

AbstractImproved inorganic phosphate (Pi) use efficiency in crops will be important for sustainable agriculture. Exploring molecular mechanisms that regulate Pi uptake could provide useful information for breeding wheat with improved Pi use efficiency. Here, a TaPHR3-A1 (Gene ID: TraesCS7A02G415800) ortholog of rice OsPHR3 that functions in transcriptional regulation of Pi signaling was cloned from wheat chromosome 7A. Ectopic expression of TaPHR3-A1 in Arabidopsis and rice produced enhanced vegetative growth and more seeds. Overexpression in transgenic rice led to increased biomass, grain number, and primary panicle branching by 61.23, 42.12, and 36.34% compared with the wild type. Transgenic wheat lines with down-regulation of TaPHR3-A1 exhibited retarded growth and root hair development at the seedling stage, and showed yield-related effects at the adult stage when grown in both low- and sufficient Pi conditions, indicating that TaPHR3-A1 positively regulated tolerance to low Pi. Introgression lines further confirmed the effect of TaPHR3-A1 in improving grain number. The Chinese wheat mini core collection and a recombinant inbred line analysis demonstrated that the favorable allele TaPHR3-A1-A associated with higher grain number was positively selected in breeding. A TaPHR3-A1-derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence marker effectively identified haplotype TaPHR3-A1-A. Our results suggested that TaPHR3-A1 was a functional regulatory factor for Pi uptake and provided useful information for marker-assisted selection for high yield in wheat.
Improved asymptotic expressions for the eigenvalues of Laplace’s tidal equations
Authors: Townsend R H D 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Laplace’s tidal equations govern the angular dependence of oscillations in stars when uniform rotation is treated within the so-called traditional approximation. Using a perturbation expansion approach, I derive improved expressions for the eigenvalue associated with these equations, valid in the asymptotic limit of large spin parameter q. These expressions have a relative accuracy of order q−3 for gravito-inertial modes, and q−1 for Rossby and Kelvin modes; the corresponding absolute accuracy is of order q−1 for all three mode types. I validate my analysis against numerical calculations, and demonstrate how it can be applied to derive formulae for the periods and eigenfunctions of Rossby modes.