bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NADPH Oxidase 4 Signaling in a Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury Mouse Model
Authors: Lee Sang Hoon , Shin Mi Hwa , Leem Ah Young , Lee Su Hwan , Chung Kyung Soo , Kim Young Sam , Park Moo Suk 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundFor patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a ventilator is essential to supply oxygen to tissues, but it may also cause lung damage. In this study, we investigated the role of NOX4 in lung injury using NOX4 knockout (KO) mice and NOX4 inhibitors in a ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) model.MethodsWild-type male C57BL/6J mice and NOX4 KO male mice were divided into five groups: (1) control group: wild-type (WT) mice + non-ventilator; (2) high tidal ventilation (HTV) group: WT mice + HTV; (3) NOX4 KO group: NOX4 KO + non-ventilator; (4) NOX4 KO with HTV group: NOX4 KO mice + HTV; (5) NOX4 inhibitor group: WT mice + HTV + post-treatment (anti-GKT 137831 inhibitor). In the VILI model, the supine position was maintained at 24 mL/kg volume, 0 cm H2O PEEP, 100/min respiratory rate, and 0.21 inspired oxygen fraction. In the NOX4 inhibitor group, 50 μL anti-GKT 137831 inhibitor was injected intraperitoneally, 2 h after ventilator use. After 5 h of HTV, mice in the ventilator group were euthanized, and their lung tissues were obtained for further analysis. In addition, the relationship between EphA2 (which is related to lung injury) and NOX4 was investigated using EphA2 KO mice, and NOX4 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of 38 patients with pneumonia were examined.ResultsCell counts from BALFs were significantly lower (p<0.01) in the NOX4 KO with HTV group compared to that in the HTV group. In the NOX4 inhibitor group, cell counts and protein concentrations were significantly lower than those in the HTV group (both, p<0.001). In the NOX4 KO mouse group and the NOX4 inhibitor group, EphA2 levels were significantly lower than those in the HTV group (both, p<0.001). In patients with respiratory disease, NOX4 levels were significantly higher in patients with pneumonia and patients who received ventilator treatment in the intensive care unit.ConclusionsIn the VILI model, NOX4 expression is significantly associated with Eph-ephrin signaling. It may be possible to block VILI using NOX4 antibodies.
Setting the global research agenda for community-based HIV service delivery through the faith sector
Authors: Ndlovu-Teijema Martha , Kok Maarten O , Elsland Sabine L van , Smeets Hilleen , Barstow David , Rooyen Lyn van , Furth Marceline van 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundWhile leading AIDS organisations expect faith and health collaborations to play a crucial role in organising and scaling up community-based HIV services, it is unclear how this can be realised. Little primary research has been conducted into which strategies for collaboration and service provision are most effective, efficient, scalable and sustainable. Seeking to align research with urgent needs, enhance coordination and increase the likelihood that results are used, this study aimed to set an inclusive global research agenda that reflects priority research questions from key stakeholders at the intersection of HIV healthcare and faith. MethodsIn order to develop this global research agenda, we drew from document analyses, focus group discussions, interviews with purposively selected key informants from all continents (policymakers, healthcare providers, faith leaders, academics and HIV activists), an online questionnaire, and expert meetings at several global conferences. ResultsParticipants worked in 54 countries, with the majority having research experience (84%), experience with policy processes (73%) and/or experience as a healthcare provider (60%) and identifying as religious (79%). From interviews (N=53) and questionnaires (N=110), we identified ten research themes: addressing sexuality, stigma, supporting specific populations, counselling and disclosure, agenda setting, mobilising and organising funding, evaluating faith-health collaborations, advantage of faith initiatives, gender roles, and education. Respondents emphasized the need for more primary research and prioritised two themes: improving the engagement of faith communities in addressing sexuality and tackling stigma. ConclusionsA wide range of respondents participated in developing the research agenda. To align research to the prioritised themes and ensure that results are used, it is essential to further engage key users, funders, researchers and other stakeholders, strengthen the capacity for locally embedded research and research uptake and contextualise priorities to diverse religious traditions, key populations and local circumstances. ­­
Time-Series Transcriptome Sheds Light on Anthocyanin Metabolism and Species Diversification Between two Lonicera Japonica Thunb Cultivars
Authors: Li Jianjun , Ye Chenglin , Ma Jingxiao , Cheng Ting , Lv Yan , Chang Cuifang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background：‘Yujin 2’ is new variety of Lonicera japonica Thunb and its flower color can change from red to yellow; hence, it is a good model for investigating flower color development mechanisms. Results：High throughput transcriptome sequencing of seven flower development stages of Yujin No.2 was carried out, and 133,487 unigenes were annotated, among which 73,088 were differentially expressed. Then the real-time PCR analysis was carried out. Further, the number of up-regulated DEGs was higher than those that were down-regulated. Of these annotated DEGs, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis were active throughout the flowering process during each stage, whereas carotenoid biosynthesis was inactive in the S1-6 stages. Furthermore, phenylalanine synthesis was enhanced in the S1 phase; however, anthocyanin synthesis was weakened in the S5 and S6 phases, which may be consistent with the changes in petal color of ‘Yujin 2’ from red (S1) to white (S5) and gold (S6). The results showed that 114 unigenes were associated with anthocyanin metabolism, and 72 were significantly upregulated or downregulated. According to the analysis of TFs in anthocyanin metabolism, we obtained 47 transcription factors, which belonged to 18 families. The LjDFR, LjABCB1, LjMYC6, LjDDB2, and LjANS genes rapidly increased during the first three stages. However, only LjF3'5'H expression was significantly down-regulated at S5, which was consistent with anthocyanin accumulation. Conclusions：This study developed a transcriptome profile of flower color generation for L. japonica as well as annotated unigene sets of seven anthesis phases, thereby providing possibilities for improving the germplasm of L. japonica with genetic engineering technologies and cultivating new varieties of different colors.
Making It Stick: Use of Active Learning Strategies in Continuing Medical Education Running Head: Active Learning Strategies in Continuing Medical Education
Authors: Bucklin Brenda , Asdigian Nancy , Hawkins Joy , Klein Ulrich 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundDespite the known benefits of active learning (AL), the predominate educational format in higher education is the lecture. The reasons for slow adaptation of AL in medical education are not well understood. The purpose of this survey was to determine knowledge, usage, attitudes, and barriers to AL use in academic Continuing Medical Education (CME).MethodA 20-item questionnaire was developed and sent with a link to an online questionnaire to the Society of Academic Continuing Medical Education (SACME) listserv of ~350 professionals representing academic medical centers, teaching hospitals, and medical specialty societies in the United States (U.S.) and Canada. Responses were collected with SurveyMonkey® from October-November, 2019. Data were analyzed using the SPSS®.ResultsResponses from 146 SACME members in 91 CME units yielded a ~42% survey response rate. Many respondents reported their self-perceived knowledge of AL as high. Advanced training (e.g., certificate, Master of Education degree) was positively correlated with AL knowledge. AL methods were reportedly used in half of the CME activities in the majority (80%) of institutions. Higher levels of self-perceived knowledge were correlated with an increased percentage of AL-related CME activities. Commonly perceived barriers to use of AL were presenters’ lack of familiarity and a need for more time-consuming preparation. Conclusions﻿More efforts are needed to increase innovation and incorporate evidence-based AL strategies in medical education, especially to foster learner engagement, critical thinking, and problem-solving ability.
Buyang Huanwu Decoction Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via Sirtuin 1/Autophagy Pathway
Authors: Li Han , Lu Xin-Yi , Peng Dong , Zhang Yang , Lin Hao , Zhang Shi-Jie , Guan Li 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundStroke accounts for a large proportion of deaths from disease around world. Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD) is used to protect against stroke and stroke-induced disability for many years in China. However, the mechanism of BHD to protect against stroke is still confused. MethodsThe middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO-R) model was used to investigate in this study. The animals were administrated with BHD (5, 10 and 20 g/kg) or rapamycin respectively. Infarct size and modified neurological severity score (mNSS) on day 5 were calculated. Cellular changes around ischemic penumbra were showed by HE staining and Nissl staining. Protein expressions of nestin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), doublecortin on the X-chromosome (DCX) and autophagy-related protein in the cerebral peri-ischemic area were detected. ResultsIn results, the post-treatment with BHD relieved brain infarct size and improved neurological deficits in MCAO-R rats. BHD protected against MCAO-R-induced neuronal necrosis, obviously enhanced autophagy (increased Beclin 1 and LC3Ⅱ, decreased P62) and increased the protein expressions of nestin, BDNF and DCX. Meanwhile, BHD promoted the expression of Sirtuin1（SIRT1）, an important regulator of autophagy. Conclusions﻿In conclusion, our data suggested that post-treatment with BHD could protect rat brain from ischemia-reperfusion injury via SIRT1/autophagy pathway.
The Slums in the Mirror of Health: A Systematic Review Analysis from IRAN
Authors: Raoofi Azam , Amirkhani Manzar , Monjazeb Maryam , Peykari Niloofar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: One billion worldwide population are living in slum areas that mostly accompanied with high rates of poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, unhealthy situation, and inappropriate health-care services. The prediction of enormous growth of slums by 2030, led to a raise to address the “plight of slums” in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To address evidence based health related priorities, we conducted a systematic review to summarizing evidences on health situations of slums population in Iran.Methods: Six electronic databases were systematically searched for published studies without any restriction on age, time and language to assess health situations of slums in Iran by following the PRISMA protocol. All identified articles were screened, quality assessed and data extracted by two authors independently.Results: The finding of this systematic review in addition to overall view categorized in five categories: Health System, Reproductive Health, Infectious Diseases, Non-communicable Diseases and Their Risk Factors, Social Issues besides overall situation of Slums.Conclusions: Community-based participatory interventions with socioeconomic approach on modifiable risk factors; active response of health system; establishment new health care centers in slum areas; augmenting the quality of care; active case finding; and elevating health knowledge, attitude, and practice among slum dwellers is crucial to achieving SDGs.
Clinically Useful and Cost-Effective of Recombinant Human Thrombopoietin in Treatment of Chemotherapy Induced Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Wang Wenxian , Xu Yibing , Shao Lan , Song Zhengbo , Zhang Yiping 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundThe bone marrow suppression during chemotherapy will cause severe platelet decline in the human body, resulting in critical organ hemorrhage and intracranial hemorrhage. Therefore, the efficacy and economics of recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) in treating different degrees of thrombocytopenia caused by chemotherapy were analyzed. MethodsFrom January 2018 to July 2019, 233 with diagnosed lung cancer treated with the course of chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy were enrolled. After treatment with chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, they all happened thrombocytopenia and received rhTPO. We divided patients into three groups according to the level of platelet decline. Changes in blood platelet count, treatment plan and cost performance between them were analyzed. ResultsOf all the included patients, 39.5% was undergoing concurrent radiotherapy or chemotherapy; 42.9% had thrombocytopenia of grade II; 40.3% had thrombocytopenia of grade III; 16.7% had thrombocytopenia of grade IV; 52.8% postponed the next cycle of chemotherapy or radiotherapy due to platelet decline; 12.0% changed the treatment plan for malignant tumors due to severe platelet decline; 15.5% reduced the dose of chemotherapy drugs due to thrombocytopenia; 23.6% had platelet transfusions during this period. During the extended hospitalization period caused by thrombocytopenia, the medical expenses of patients would increase significantly, which was dominated by the cost of rhTPO. ConclusionsFor different degrees of thrombocytopenia, the treatment of rhTPO could increase platelet counts effectively. During the treatment, patients might have varying degrees of economic and the difference between the treatment duration of different patients.
Risk Areas and Spatial Variations in Temporal Trends of Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Their Determinants in a High Burden City From São Paulo State- Brazil.
Authors: Berra Thaís Zamboni , Ramos Antônio Carlos Vieira , Arroyo Luiz Henrique , Crispim Juliane de Almeida , Alves Yan Mathias , Santos Felipe Lima dos , Costa Fernanda Bruzadelli Paulino da , Santos Márcio Souza dos , Alves Luana Seles , Fiorati Regina Célia , Monroe Aline Aparecida , Gomes Dulce , Arcêncio Ricardo Alexandre 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BACKGROUNDTuberculosis is the leading cause of global deaths from a single infectious agent. This study aimed to identify areas of spatial and space-time risk for pulmonary tuberculosis, to identify areas with variation in the temporal tendency for this event, and to identify factors associated with the epidemiological situation in one municipality. METHODSAn ecological study carried out in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. The population consisted of pulmonary tuberculosis cases reported in the Tuberculosis Patient Control System between 2006 to 2017. To check the behavior of tuberculosis over the period, the Seasonal Trend Decomposition using Loess decomposition method was used. Spatial and spatiotemporal scanning statistics were used to identify risk areas, and Spatial Variation in Temporal Trends (SVTT) was used to detect clusters with changes in the temporal trend. Finally, Pearson's chi-square test was performed to identify factors associated with the epidemiological situation in the municipality.RESULTSBetween 2006 and 2017, 1760 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were reported in the municipality. With spatial scanning, four groups of clusters were identified with relative risks (RR) from 0.19 to 0.52 (95%CI:0.09-0.69); 1.73 (95%CI:1.49-1.99); 2.07 (95%CI:1.70–2.32) and from 2.68 to 2.72 (95%CI:2.00-3.77). With the space-time scan, four clusters were also identified with RR of 0.13 [2008-2013] (95%CI:0.03-0.26); 1.94 [2010-2015] (95%CI:1.77-2.11); 2.34 [2006 to 2011] (95%CI:1.67-2.94) and 2.84 [2014-2017] (95%CI:2.50-3.90). With the SVTT, a cluster was identified with RR 0.11, an internal time trend of growth (+0.09%/year) and an external one of decrease (-0.06%/year). Finally, three risk factors and three protective factors associated with the epidemiological situation in the municipality were identified, being: race/brown color (OR: 1.26), without education (OR: 1.71), retired (OR: 1.35), 15 years old or more of study (OR: 0.73), not having HIV (OR: 0.55) and not having diabetes (OR: 0.35).CONCLUSIONThe importance of using spatial analysis tools in the identification of areas that should be prioritized is highlighted, and greater attention is needed to individuals who fit the profile indicated as risk for the disease, in order to undertake social and health actions in an attempt decrease the mortality of the disease.
Role of Financial Incentives in Family Planning Services in India: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Lalchandani Kamlesh , Gupta Aditi , Srivast Ashish , Usmanova Gulnoza , Maadam Ashwarya , Sood Bulbul 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: In an effort to encourage Family Planning (FP) adoption, since 1952, the Government of India has been implementing various centrally sponsored schemes that offer financial incentives (FIs) to acceptors as well as service providers, for services related to certain FP methods. However, understanding of the role of FIs on uptake of FP services, and the quality of FP services provided, is limited and mixed. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in Chatra and Palamu districts of Jharkhand state. A total of 64 interviews involving multiple stakeholders were conducted. The stakeholders included recent FP acceptors or clients, FP service providers of public health facilities including community health activists (ASHAs), government health officials managing FP programs at the district and state level, and members of development partners supporting FP programs in Jharkhand. Data analysis included both inductive and deductive strategies. It was done using the software Atlas ti version 8. Results: It emerged that there is a strong felt need for family planning among majority clients, and FIs may be a motivator for uptake of FP methods only among those belonging to the lower socio economic strata. For ASHAs, FI is the primary motivator for providing FP related services. There may be a tendency among them and nurses to promote methods which have more financial incentives linked with them. There are mixed opinions on discontinuing FIs for clients or replacing them with non-financial incentives. Delays in payment of FIs to both clients and the ASHAs is a common issue and adversely effects the program.Conclusion: FIs for clients have limited influence on their decision to take up a FP method while different amounts of FIs for ASHAs and nurses, linked with different FP methods, may be influencing their service provision. More research is needed to determine the effect of discontinuing FP related FIs for clients.
Listening to Caregivers: Narratives of Health Seeking for Children Under Five with Pneumonia and Diarrhea: Insights from the NIGRAAN Trial in Pakistan
Authors: Huda Maryam , Shipton Leah , Aftab Wafa , Khan Kausar S , Marini Maria Giulia , Rabbani Fauziah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background Access to health services is an important way to reduce child mortality and is influenced by health-seeking behaviors of caregivers. There are numerous contextual factors that affect health-seeking behaviors, such as distance to health services, transportation, treatment cost, caregiver access to household finances, perceived quality of available health providers, availability and comprehension of health information, social and religious norms (including gender-based mobility), and perceived severity of illness. Objective The objective of this study (embedded in a larger trial called Nigraan) was to gather caregiver narratives in order to develop a comprehensive understanding of the context and process of care giving for children under five with pneumonia and diarrhea, in order to highlight the complexities and dynamics of health seeking in rural Sindh, Pakistan. Methods This study used a narrative interview approach gathering information in the form of stories from care givers of children under five with pneumonia and diarrhea. Twenty caregivers from 11 households participated in this exercise. All data collection was conducted privately in participants’ homes.Results The role of joint family households is integral in health seeking for pneumonia and diarrhea in children under five. Elders and female relatives, especially the child’s paternal grandmother, are an important and trusted source of knowledge regarding child sickness in the household. Furthermore, practice of home remedies is inherited from mother-in-law and older sisters-in-law in the household, and oftentimes their recommendations are taken as authority. Caregivers were generally dissatisfied with doctors in public sector who provide free consultation and associated higher quality care with private doctors who charge more and had shorter waiting times. Joint family households were generally observed to increase the support available to address the financial and practical considerations of health seeking and implementing treatment plans for pneumonia and diarrhea. Conclusions Policy and research on community-based health programs and interventions would be more comprehensive if a health education intervention considered the context of decision making and social influences at the household level rather than focusing on individual caregivers.
The Association Between Early in Marriage Fertility Pressure from in-laws’ and Family Planning Behaviors, Among Married Adolescent Girls in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India.
Authors: Dixit Anvita , Bhan Nandita , Benmarhnia Tarik , Reed Elizabeth , Kiene Susan M. , Silverman Jay , Raj Anita 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Married adolescent girls are vulnerable to risky sexual and reproductive health outcomes. We examined the association of fertility pressure from in-laws’ early in marriage with contraceptive use ever, parity, time until first birth, and couple communication about family size, among married adolescent girls. Methods: Data were taken from a cross-sectional survey study with married girls aged 15-19 years (N=4,893) collected from September 2015 to July 2016 in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India. Multivariable regression assessed associations between in-laws’ fertility pressure and each outcome, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Results: We found that 1 in 5 girls experienced pressure from in-laws’ to have a child immediately after marriage. In-laws’ fertility pressure was associated with lower parity (Adj. β Coef. -0.10, 95% CI -0.17, -0.37) and couple communication about family size (AOR=1.77, 95% CI 1.39, 2.26), but not contraceptive use or time until birth. Conclusions: Our study adds to the literature identifying that in-laws’ pressure on fertility is common, affects couple communication about family size, and may be more likely for those yet to have a child, but may have little effect impeding contraceptive use in a context where such use is not normative.