bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smooth muscle actin expression by human articular chondrocytes and their contraction of a collagen—glycosaminoglycan matrix in vitro
Authors: Kinner B. , Spector M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated that human articular chondrocytes can express the gene for a contractile muscle actin, α‐smooth muscle actin (SMA), in situ. One objective of this work was to evaluate the SMA‐content of isolated human articular chondrocytes using Western blot analysis and to correlate the amount of SMA in the cells with passage number and the number of days in culture. A second objective was to determine if articular cartilage‐derived cells expressing the gene for SMA in vitro also continue to express type II collagen. A final aim of the current study was to determine if SMA‐containing cartilage‐derived cells were capable of contracting a collagen–glycosaminoglycan analog of extracellular matrix in vitro. Articular chondrocytes were isolated from 13 patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty. Cells were serially passaged through passage 7. Samples were allocated for Western blot analysis of SMA. Cells in monolayer culture were also stained immunohistochemically for SMA and type II collagen. Cells from passage 3 and 7 were seeded into a porous type I collagen–glycosaminoglycan matrix and the diameter of the scaffolds measured every other day for 21 days. Immunohistochemistry of the articular cartilage samples revealed SMA in the articular chondrocytes in situ with a greater percentage of cells staining positive in the superficial half (60 ± 1.2%; mean ± SEM) of the cartilage than in the basal half (28 ± 1.3%). There was an increasing amount of SMA in the cells in monolayer culture with passage number and a meaningful correlation of the SMA content with the days in culture (linear regression analysis; R2 = 0.72). Double staining for SMA and type II collagen showed that type II collagen‐expressing cells in monolayer could also express SMA. SMA‐containing cells were found to contract the collagen–glycosaminoglycan matrix, with the cells containing more SMA (passage 7 cells) displaying more matrix contraction than those with a lesser amount of SMA (passage 3 cells). The results indicate that control of the expression of SMA may be important when employing articular chondrocytes, expanded in monolayer culture, for implantation alone or in a cell‐seeded matrix for cartilage repair procedures. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Neurochemical coding in the myenteric plexus of the upper gastrointestinal tract of hibernating hamsters
Authors: Shochina M. , Belai A. , Toole L. , Knight G. , Burnstock G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAs part of our investigation of the plasticity of autonomic nerves in physiological and pathological conditions, we have examined the effect of hibernation on the neurochemical content of myenteric nerves and nerve cell bodies of the upper gastrointestinal tract of the non‐seasonal hibernator, the golden hamster. Age matched hamsters kept at room temperature and those kept at 5°C but failed to hibernate, were used as controls. Possible changes in nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies containing the general neuronal marker, protein gene product 9.5, the peptides, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase and the enzyme responsible for synthesizing nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthase, were examined in the oesophagus, proventriculus and proximal and distal stomach of the golden hamsters using immunohistochemical techniques. The results of the present study revealed a significant increase in the number of nerve cell bodies and density of nerve fibers containing SP‐immunoreactivity and increased number of CGRP‐immunoreactive cell bodies but not the other markers examined in the proximal stomach and proventriculus. In contrast, there was no change in the distribution of any of the neuroactive substances examined in the myenteric plexus of the oesophagus and distal stomach. It is suggested that the change in the environment of the hibernating hamsters perturbs the normal digestive physiology in the proximal stomach and proventriculus that is reflected by the selective changes in SP‐ and CGRP‐containing enteric nerves; these changes may be part of protective reflex mechanisms to the environmental changes resulting from hibernation, where upgrading of nerve cell bodies expessing CGRP and SP has occurred.
Assessment and treatment of dysthymia. The development of the Cornell dysthymia rating scale
Authors: Cohen J 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe understanding and classification of persistently depressed mood has undergone many changes since the term ‘dysthymia’ was first used nearly 150 years ago. Originally it was applied to both melancholia and mania; later it was applied to depressive personality. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III in 1980 and in subsequent updates classified dysthymia as a mood disorder, characterized by a frequently insidious onset and a course that is chronic and unremitting. The assessment of clinical response in the pharmacologic treatment of dysthymia has been more difficult than that for major depression. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, among others, is oriented towards episodic rather than chronic states of depression. A new rating scale, the Cornell Dysthymia Rating Scale, has been developed to better assess milder symptomatology in chronically depressed patients. Early studies suggest its utility, but further validation of the scale is needed in patients with dysthymia and without major depression.
Plasmonic Supercrystals with a Layered Structure Studied by a Combined TEM‐SAXS‐XCCA Approach
Authors: Schulz Florian , Westermeier Fabian , Dallari Francesco , Markmann Verena , Lange Holger , Grübel Gerhard , Lehmkühler Felix 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSupercrystals composed of plasmonic nanoparticles constitute a promising material platform for tailored light‐matter interactions. The optimization of their optical properties requires precise syntheses and a detailed structural characterization that addresses not only the basic geometrical parameters but also the degree of order. Herein, plasmonic supercrystals with a well‐defined layered structure are studied by a combined transmission electron microscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering and X‐ray cross‐correlation analysis (TEM‐SAXS‐XCCA) approach. It is demonstrated that scanning small‐angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS) data can unambiguously be assigned to the number of crystalline layers by comparison with complementary transmission electron microscopy (TEM) experiments on the same regions of interest. A small but significant increase of the lattice constant with increasing number of layers and a high degree of orientational order irrespective of the number of layers is found. This points to specifics of the supercrystal formation mechanism that could be utilized to improve the control of self‐assembly for supercrystal geometries with subnanometer precision.
Cloaking Dynamics on Lubricant‐Infused Surfaces
Authors: Günay Ahmet Alperen , Sett Soumyadip , Ge Qiaoyu , Zhang TieJun , Miljkovic Nenad 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLubricant‐infused surfaces (SLIPSs/LISs) enable omniphobicity by reducing droplet pinning through creation of an atomically smooth liquid–liquid interface. Although SLIPSs/LISs provide efficient omniphobicity, the need for lubricant adds additional barriers to heat and mass transport and affects three‐phase contact line dynamics. Here, evaporation dynamics of microscale water droplets on SLIPSs/LISs are investigated using steady and transient methods. Although steady results demonstrate that evaporation on SLIPSs/LISs is identical to solid functional surfaces having equivalent apparent contact angle, transient measurements show significant increases in evaporation timescale. To understand the inconsistency, high‐speed optical imaging is used to study the evaporating droplet free interface. Focal plane shift imaging enables the study of cloaking dynamics by tracking satellite microdroplet motion on the cloaked oil layer to characterize critical timescales. By decoupling the effect of substrate material and working fluid via experiments on both microstructured copper oxide and nanostructured boehmite with water and ethanol, it is demonstrated that lubricant cloaking cannot be predicted purely by thermodynamic considerations. Rather, coalescence dynamics, droplet formation, and surface interactions play important roles on establishing cloaking. The outcomes of this work shed light onto the physics of lubricant cloaking, and provide a powerful experimental platform to characterize droplet interfacial phenomena.
Construction of Porous ZnS@Co3S4@NiO Nanosheets Hybrid Materials for High‐Performance Pseudocapacitor Electrode by Morphology Reshaping
Authors: Yi Tingfeng , Li Ying , Qi Siyu , Peng Panpan , Zhu Yanrong , Xie Ying 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDesigning electrode materials with high reversible capacitance is the key to developing high‐performance pseudocapacitors. In this work, a novel ternary hybrid material, porous ZnS@Co3S4@NiO nanosheets are successfully constructed through a morphology reshaping enabled by a hydrothermal method followed by calcination. From a macroscopic view, the introduction of NiO changes the nanorod morphology of ZnS@Co3S4, and forms a porous nanosheet structure. The porous architecture with an increased specific surface area can promote the transport of ions and electrons, accelerate the diffusion of the electrolyte, and offer more active sites for electrochemical reactions. These advantages enhance the electrochemical properties of ZnS@Co3S4@NiO nanosheets when used as electrode materials for supercapacitors. ZnS@Co3S4@NiO nanosheets deliver an initial capacitance of 1418.7 F g−1, and it also reaches 1550.9 F g−1 with a capacitance retention rate of 109.3% at 5 A g−1, after 5000 cycles. However, ZnS@Co3S4 nanorods only deliver an initial capacitance of 708.7 F g−1, and maintain 716.4 F g−1 with a capacitance retention rate of 101.1% after 5000 cycles. These results show that the ZnS@Co3S4@NiO nanosheets are a promising electrode material for high‐performance pseudocapacitor electrode, and morphology reshaping is an effective strategy to design high‐performance pseudocapacitive materials.
Rational Modulation of Carbon Fibers for High‐Performance Zinc–Iodine Batteries
Authors: He Yulong , Liu Miaomiao , Zhang Jintao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractZinc–iodine batteries (ZIBs) are regarded as promising energy storage devices due to their high performance and low cost. Nevertheless, their wide application is mainly limited by the preparation of iodine‐based cathode and dendrite‐free zinc anode. Flexible carbon fibers have attracted tremendous attention, due to their iodine encapsulation properties. This characteristic is a result of their porous structure, large surface area, and excellent intrinsic properties. With the development of carbon fibers for loading iodine, the surface properties can be rationally modulated via heteroatom doping and combination with various polymers can enhance battery performance. In this review, recent research advances on the functionalization of carbon fibers for ZIBs are summarized, with special focus on the pore size of carbon fibers, the species, and content of doping elements, and the selection of targeted polymers toward the loading of iodine. Finally, the prospects and future challenges of ZIBs based on carbon fibers are presented. The review aims to provide the basic guides for designing advanced iodine‐based electrode materials on the basis of carbon fibers with both compositional advantages and microporous structure to achieve high‐performance ZIBs.
Multifunctional Geometric Metasurfaces Based on Tri‐Spectral Meta‐Atoms with Completely Independent Phase Modulations at Three Wavelengths
Authors: Xie Rensheng , Zhai Guohua , Gao Jianjun , Zhang Dajun , Wang Xiong , An Sensong , Zheng Bowen , Zhang Hualiang , Ding Jun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMetasurface has drawn much attention due to its unprecedented wave‐front manipulation abilities with an ultrathin flat profile. However, the metasurface as a diffractive device usually suffers from chromatic aberrations, which greatly hinders the design freedom at different wavelengths. In this work, it is demonstrated that this limitation can be overcome by a multifunctional metasurface with completely independent phase modulations at three arbitrarily wavelengths. Specifically, a novel single‐layer tri‐spectral meta‐atom composed of three alternatively arranged slot and metallic resonators is proposed to operate at three distinct wavelengths, where 2π geometric phase modulations under the circularly polarized incidence can be achieved independently by rotating the corresponding resonators. As proof of concept demonstrations, a tri‐wavelength vortex beam generator and a meta‐hologram are designed to verify the proposed method. First, a vortex beam generator with arbitrary topological charge numbers at three wavelengths is designed and verified through theoretical calculation and full‐wave simulation. Moreover, a meta‐hologram generated by the computer‐generated holography is designed to display three frequency selective holographic images on the same image plane. The tri‐wavelength meta‐hologram is validated through theoretical calculation, full‐wave simulation, and experiment. The experimental results agree very well with the numerical ones, demonstrating the attractive capabilities of multifunctionalities at three wavelengths.
Screening Cancer Immunotherapy: When Engineering Approaches Meet Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Zhou Xingwu , Qu Moyuan , Tebon Peyton , Jiang Xing , Wang Canran , Xue Yumeng , Zhu Jixiang , Zhang Shiming , Oklu Rahmi , Sengupta Shiladitya , Sun Wujin , Khademhosseini Ali 
Published: August 2020

AbstractImmunotherapy is a class of promising anticancer treatments that has recently gained attention due to surging numbers of FDA approvals and extensive preclinical studies demonstrating efficacy. Nevertheless, further clinical implementation has been limited by high variability in patient response to different immunotherapeutic agents. These treatments currently do not have reliable predictors of efficacy and may lead to side effects. The future development of additional immunotherapy options and the prediction of patient‐specific response to treatment require advanced screening platforms associated with accurate and rapid data interpretation. Advanced engineering approaches ranging from sequencing and gene editing, to tumor organoids engineering, bioprinted tissues, and organs‐on‐a‐chip systems facilitate the screening of cancer immunotherapies by recreating the intrinsic and extrinsic features of a tumor and its microenvironment. High‐throughput platform development and progress in artificial intelligence can also improve the efficiency and accuracy of screening methods. Here, these engineering approaches in screening cancer immunotherapies are highlighted, and a discussion of the future perspectives and challenges associated with these emerging fields to further advance the clinical use of state‐of‐the‐art cancer immunotherapies are provided.
Giant Field‐Induced Strain with Low Hysteresis and Boosted Energy Storage Performance under Low Electric Field in (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3‐Based Grain Orientation‐Controlled Ceramics
Authors: Bai Wangfeng , Zhao Xinyu , Ding Yuqin , Wang Leijie , Zheng Peng , Hao Jigong , Zhai Jiwei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLead‐free dielectrics with both excellent strain behavior and superior energy‐storage feature are crucial toward providing desired performance for smart electrical devices, especially under harsh environmental conditions. Herein, it is demonstrated that giant strain response of ≈0.51% with small hysteresis of ≈29% and large recoverable energy density (≈1.6 J cm−3) under low electric field (120 kV cm−1), together with excellent stabilities against temperature, frequency, and cycling, can be simultaneously achieved in oriented (with 79.4% 〈00l〉 texture) (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–BaTiO3–NaNbO3 (BNT–BT–NN) ceramics through integrating crystallographic texturing and domain engineering. Besides, a fast discharge rate of <0.1 µs along with good thermal endurance in a wide temperature range can also be acquired. It is uncovered by piezoelectric force microscopy measurements that the formation of oriented microstructure greatly promotes the domain switching and mobility, producing the considerably easy ergodic relaxor to ferroelectric phase transition with concurrently improved strain and energy storage properties in grain orientation controlled BNT–BT–NN ceramics. This study offers a feasible and propagable guidance, i.e., crystallographic texturing and domain engineering, to develop new lead‐free dielectrics for both actuators and capacitors.
Valence Engineering via In Situ Carbon Reduction on Octahedron Sites Mn3O4 for Ultra‐Long Cycle Life Aqueous Zn‐Ion Battery
Authors: Tan Qiuyang , Li Xueting , Zhang Bao , Chen Xu , Tian Yawen , Wan Houzhao , Zhang Lishang , Miao Ling , Wang Cong , Gan Yi , Jiang Jianjun , Wang Yi , Wang Hao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn recent years, rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have received much attention. However, the disproportionation effect of Mn2+ seriously affects the capacity retention of ZIBs during cycling. Here, the capacity retention of the Mn3O4 cathode is improved by effective valence engineering. The valence engineering of Mn3O4 is caused by bulk oxygen defects, which are in situ derived from the Mn‐metal organic framework during carbonization. Bulk oxygen defects can change the (MnO6) octahedral structure, which improves structural stability and inhibits the dissolution of Mn2+. The ZIB assembled from bulk oxygen defects Mn3O4@C nanorod arrays (Od‐Mn3O4@C NA/CC) exhibits an ultra‐long cycle life, reaching 84.1 mAh g−1 after 12 000 cycles at 5 A g−1 (up to 95.7% of the initial capacity). Furthermore, the battery has a high specific capacity of 396.2 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1. Ex situ characterization results show that initial Mn3O4 is converted to ramsdellite MnO2 for insertion and extraction of H+ and Zn2+. First‐principles calculations show that the charge density of Mn3+ increases greatly, which improves the conductivity. In addition, the flexible quasi‐solid‐state ZIB is successfully assembled using Od‐Mn3O4 @ C NA/CC. Valence engineering induced by bulk oxygen defects can help develop advanced cathodes for aqueous ZIB.
Bismuth Telluride/Half‐Heusler Segmented Thermoelectric Unicouple Modules Provide 12% Conversion Efficiency
Authors: Li Wenjie , Poudel Bed , Nozariasbmarz Amin , Sriramdas Rammohan , Zhu Hangtian , Kang Han Byul , Priya Shashank 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe rapid enhancement of the thermoelectric (TE) figure‐of‐merit (zT) in the past decade has opened opportunities for developing and transitioning solid state waste heat recovery systems. Here, a segmented TE device architecture is demonstrated in conjunction with heterogeneous material integration that results in high unicouple‐level conversion efficiency of 12% under a temperature difference of 584 K. This breakthrough is the result of success in fabricating bismuth telluride/half‐Heusler segmented TE unicouple modules using a “hot‐to‐cold” fabrication technique that provides significantly reduced electrical and thermal contact resistance. Extensive analytical and finite element modeling is conducted to provide an understanding of the nature of thermal transport and contributions arising from various thermal and physical parameters. Bismuth telluride/half‐Heusler based segmented thermoelectric generators (TEGs) can provide higher practical temperature difference with optimum average zT across the whole operating range. These results will have immediate impact on the design and development of TEGs and in the general design of devices based upon heterostructures that take advantage of gradients in the figure of merit.
An alternative to polyethylene film mulch: Field evaluation of biodegradable film mulch on winter potato in the south of China
Authors: Yang Chong , Gao Xuhua , Huang Yaozhu , Xie Dong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPolyethylene (PE) film mulching (PM) contributes to the increase of crop yields and farmer incomes at the expense of environment. We performed a 2‐yr field experiment to evaluate the possibility of replacement of PM with poly(butylene‐adipate‐co‐terephthalate)‐based biodegradable film mulching (BM) for winter potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in the south of China. Both PM and BM treatments showed higher soil temperature and water content than no mulching (NM), and there was no significant difference between PM and BM before 60 d after sowing (DAS). Because of the breakdown of biodegradable film, reduced soil temperature and water content were observed in the BM treatment when compared to PM after 60 DAS, whereas no significant difference was observed in potato yield as well as marketable yield between PM and BM treatments, leading to higher water use efficiency in PM than BM. The net revenues of treatments BM and PM were increased by $1,015 and $1,720 ha−1 in growing season 2015–2016, and $967 and $1,295 ha−1 in 2016–2017, respectively, compared to NM. The PE film was barely degraded, whereas biodegradable film residue was reduced to an extremely low level with less than 5 kg ha−1 on field at 330 DAS. Therefore, BM is a viable and eco‐friendly alternative to PM for increasing yield of winter potato in the south of China.
Machinery utilization and management organization in Japanese rice farms: Comparison of single‐family, multifamily, and community farms
Authors: Yagi Hironori , Hayashi Tsuneo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractImproving the efficiency of machinery utilization is crucial in modern arable farming. As farms expand in scale, they need more machines, and more complex forms of organization are required to manage the appropriate and efficient utilization of an increasing number of machinery. In this study, we investigated relatively large‐scale rice farms in Japan and assessed the relationship between the types of organization and farm attributes, such as farmland conditions and human resources. While adjusting this effect with propensity scores, we then estimated how the type of organization affects the number of major machines and machine workdays. When compared on a same‐scale, same condition basis, family farms were the most sparing in the use of machinery, and even the farmland concentration effect, achieved by community farms, could not compensate for this difference. Our findings also indicated that nonfamily farms achieved high levels of machinery utilization with a greater operational scale (L23, M11, Q12).
Role of Functionalized Pillararene Architectures in Supramolecular Catalysis
Authors: Wang Kaiya , Jordan Jacobs H. , Velmurugan Krishnasamy , Tian Xueqi , Zuo Minzan , Hu Xiao‐Yu , Wang Leyong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe many useful features possessed by pillararenes (PAs; e.g. rigid, capacious, and hydrophobic cavities, as well as exposed functional groups) have led to a tremendous increase in their popularity since their first discovery in 2008. In this Minireview, we emphasize the use of functionalized PAs and their assembled supramolecular materials in the field of catalysis. We aim to provide a fundamental understanding and mechanism of the role PAs play in catalytic process. The topics are subdivided into catalysis promoted by the PA rim/cavity, PA‐based nanomaterials, and PA‐based polymeric materials. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first overview on PA‐based catalysis. This Minireview not only summarizes the fabrications and applications of PAs in catalysis but also anticipates future research efforts in applying supramolecular hosts in catalysis.