bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How COVID-19 induces cytokine storm with high mortality
Authors: Hojyo Shintaro , Uchida Mona , Tanaka Kumiko , Hasebe Rie , Tanaka Yuki , Murakami Masaaki , Hirano Toshio 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe newly emerging coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, but has rapidly spread all over the world. Some COVID-19 patients encounter a severe symptom of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with high mortality. This high severity is dependent on a cytokine storm, most likely induced by the interleukin-6 (IL-6) amplifier, which is hyper-activation machinery that regulates the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway and stimulated by the simultaneous activation of IL-6-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and NF-κB signaling in non-immune cells including alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells. We hypothesize that IL-6-STAT3 signaling is a promising therapeutic target for the cytokine storm in COVID-19, because IL-6 is a major STAT3 stimulator, particularly during inflammation. We herein review the pathogenic mechanism and potential therapeutic targets of ARDS in COVID-19 patients.
Successful application of the snare technique for the deployment of the proximal portion of a Zenith Alpha Thoracic Endovascular Graft: a case report
Authors: Nagayama Hiroki , Otsuka Tetsuhiro , Miyazaki Atsushi , Taguchi Shunsuke , Matsukuma Seiji , Ariyoshi Tsuneo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Open surgery can be required or even fatal if incomplete deployment of stent graft (SG) occurs. We herein report the first case in which a snare was successfully used to perform endovascular therapeutic troubleshooting on the proximal portion of a Zenith Alpha thoracic endovascular graft proximal component that showed incomplete deployment.

Case presentation
The patient was an 80-year-old woman. She underwent thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) for subacute phase Stanford type B ulcer-like projection aortic dissection. Although the ulcer-like projection disappeared, a follow-up computed tomography angiogram (CTA) obtained approximately 1 year postoperatively showed type Ia and Ib endoleaks. Since there is a high risk of rupture as the aneurysm diameter increases, we determined that an additional SG was indicated. An attempt was made to place the SG in Zone 3, but as the lesser curvature side of the proximal portion stopped in a position that was perpendicular to the vascular wall (downward facing), the SG proximal portion did not completely expand. A guiding sheath was inserted into the aortic arch via the left brachial artery, and, using a snare that we inserted via the femoral artery, we grasped the guiding sheath. A catheter and guidewire (GW) were inserted via the guiding sheath and then rotated under the lesser curvature of the SG proximal portion; the GW was then passed through the loop of the snare. This allowed us to insert the hard loop structure under the SG proximal portion, which in turn allowed successful repair of the incomplete deployment of the SG. Type Ia and Ib endoleaks remained but were less than those before additional TEVAR.
One week later, she was discharged. One year later, CT showed no interval change in the size of aortic aneurysm with dissection, and she has been followed on an outpatient basis.

Conclusions
When the endovascular diameter of the proximal aortic arch is large, incomplete deployment of the proximal portion of a Zenith Alpha thoracic endovascular graft can occur, but bailout is possible through the use of the snare technique as endovascular therapy.
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) non-respiratory involvement
Authors: Sobh Eman , Abuarrah Einas , Abdelsalam Khloud Gamal , Awad Sohaila Sabry , Badawy Mohamed Ahmed , Fathelbab Mohamed A. , Aboulfotouh Mohamed Ahmed , Awadallah Mohamed Fawzi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerging pandemic that affected millions of people worldwide caused by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The first cases reported suffered from respiratory symptoms.

Main body
Various extrapulmonary manifestations were linked to COVID-19 in several reports including cardiovascular, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and skin. It is important that every clinician should be aware of these non-respiratory manifestations for early diagnosis and prompt management. This review aims to summarize the different extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 disease and highlight the importance of multidisciplinary care.

Conclusion
COVID-19 is a disease of multi-organ involvement. Manifestations may vary depending on which organ is involved.
Factors affecting the severity of the apnea hypoapnea index: a retrospective study on 838 Egyptian patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Gharib Ahmed , Loza Shahira 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common condition in the general population that is highly correlated to obesity, and it is associated with major cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In Egypt, obesity rates are known to be high; however, OSA remains largely under-diagnosed, and data on its current magnitude is very scarce. Thus, the aims of the study were to identify the percentage of OSA in a large sample of patients referred for polysomnography and to determine the effect of different demographic data on the severity of the disease.

Results
This retrospective study included 1012 patients. Medical data were reviewed by sleep specialists. The correlation between age, body mass index (BMI), and neck circumference (NC) with apnea hypoapnea index (AHI) was explored. Also, gender differences were analyzed. A total of 838 patients (81% males, 19% females) were diagnosed with OSA. Patients with mild, moderate, and severe OSA were 204 (24%), 146 (17%), and 488 (58%), respectively. Females were older than males (58.87 ± 10.25 versus 54.39 ± 22.96, p = 0.001) and BMI was not significantly different between both sexes (34.18 ± 13.53 versus 36.73 ± 23.25, p = 0.07), but NC was higher in men (43.56 ± 5.3 versus 39.34 ± 4.41, p = 0.001). AHI was significantly increased in men compared to women (47.97 ± 31.22 versus 37.95 ± 31.72, p = 0.001) and severe OSA was commonly diagnosed in men than women (p = 0.001). A positive significant correlation was found between BMI, NC with AHI, arousal index, average SpO2, and desaturation index.

Conclusion
OSA is highly prevalent among our patients. Additionally, BMI and NC independently affected the severity of their disease.
Is mindfulness for psychosis harmful? Deconstructing a myth
Authors: Böge Kerem , Thomas Neil , Jacobsen Pamela 
Published: October 2020

SummaryMindfulness-based therapies are increasingly available for a range of mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety. However, there remain concerns that mindfulness has the potential to exacerbate psychosis, despite a growing body of literature demonstrating effectiveness. These concerns may relate to long-standing perceptions about the suitability of offering psychological therapies to people with psychosis.
Disease burden and direct medical costs of incident adult ADHD: A retrospective longitudinal analysis based on German statutory health insurance claims data
Authors: Libutzki Berit , May Melanie , Gleitz Markus , Karus Michael , Neukirch Benno , Hartman Catharina A. , Reif Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background.
Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (aADHD) is still a largely unrecognized psychiatric condition despite its strong impact on individuals’ well-being. Here, we describe the healthcare situation of individuals with incident aADHD over 4 years before and 4 years after initial administrative diagnosis.

Methods.
A retrospective, longitudinal cohort analysis was conducted using German claims data. The InGef database contained approximately 5 million member-records from over 60 nationwide statutory health insurances (SHI). Individuals were indexed upon initial diagnosis of aADHD.

Results.
Average age at diagnosis of aADHD was 35 years, and 60% of individuals were male. Comorbidities, resource use, and healthcare costs were substantial before initial diagnosis and decreased within the 4 years thereafter. Only 32% of individuals received initial ADHD medication and adherence was low. The majority received psychotherapy. Individuals with initial ADHD medication showed the highest share in comorbidities, physician visits, medication use for comorbidities, psychotherapy, and costs. Overall, healthcare costs were at over €4,000 per individual within the year of aADHD diagnosis.

Conclusions.
We conclude that earlier recognition of aADHD could prevent the development and aggravation of comorbid mental illnesses. At the same time, comorbid conditions may have masked (“over-shadowed”) aADHD and delayed diagnosis. The burden of disease in aADHD is high, which was noticeable especially among individuals who received initial ADHD-medication, suggesting that psychopharmacological treatment was mainly considered for the most severely ill. We conclude that measures to facilitate access of aADHD patients to clinical experts are required to improve reality of care in the outpatient setting.
Hybrid Forces Molecular Dynamics on the Lability, Dynamics and “Structure Breaking Effect” of Cs+ in Liquid Ammonia
Authors: Hidayat Yuniawan , Rahmawati Fitria , Nurcahyo IF , Prasetyo Niko , Pranowo Harno Dwi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The lability, dynamics of the first solvation shell, and structure breaking effect properties of Cs+ in liquid ammonia have been evaluated using Quantum Mechanical Charge Field Molecular Dynamics (QMCF-MD) simulation. The system was conducted in a simulation box containing 593 ammonia molecules with a density of 0.690 g/cm3. The Hartree-Fock level of theory was employed to calculate the interaction of the particles in the QM region using LANL2DZ-ECP and DZP (Dunning) basis set for ion and ligands, respectively. The two solvation regions were observed, and the non-single coordination number confirmed a labile solvation structure. The first solvation shell predominantly by [Cs(NH3)9]+ and the angular distribution function (ADF) confirmed a distorted capped square antiprism geometry. The mean residence time of 1.57 ps and reverse sustainability of 3.1 are more dynamic than the “self-solvation” of ammonia, indicating structure breaking effect by Cs+.
The Muscle Morphology of Elite Sprint Running
Authors: Miller Robert , Balshaw Thomas G. , Massey Garry J. , Maeo Sumiaki , Lanza Marcel B. , Johnston Michael , Allen Sam J. , Folland Jonathan P. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The influence of muscle morphology and strength characteristics on sprint running performance, especially at elite level, is unclear.

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the differences in muscle volumes and strength between male elite sprinters, sub-elite sprinters, and untrained controls and to assess the relationships of muscle volumes and strength with sprint performance.

Methods
Five elite sprinters (100-m season’s best equivalent [SBE100], 10.10 ± 0.07 s), 26 sub-elite sprinters (SBE100, 10.80 ± 0.30 s), and 11 untrained control participants underwent 1) 3-T magnetic resonance imaging scans to determine the volume of 23 individual lower limb muscles/compartments and 5 functional muscle groups and 2) isometric strength assessment of lower body muscle groups.

Results
Total lower body muscularity was distinct between the groups (controls < sub-elite +20% < elite +48%). The hip extensors exhibited the largest muscle group differences/relationships (elite, +32% absolute and +15% relative [per kg] volume, vs sub-elite explaining 31%–48% of the variability in SBE100), whereas the plantarflexors showed no differences between sprint groups. Individual muscle differences showed pronounced anatomical specificity (elite vs sub-elite absolute volume range, +57% to −9%). Three hip muscles were consistently larger in elite vs sub-elite (tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, and gluteus maximus; absolute, +45%–57%; relative volume, +25%–37%), and gluteus maximus volume alone explained 34%–44% of the variance in SBE100. The isometric strength of several muscle groups was greater in both sprint groups than controls but similar for the sprint groups and not related to SBE100.

Conclusions
These findings demonstrate the pronounced inhomogeneity and anatomically specific muscularity required for fast sprinting and provides novel, robust evidence that greater hip extensor and gluteus maximus volumes discriminate between elite and sub-elite sprinters and are strongly associated with sprinting performance.
Greater Hamstrings Muscle Hypertrophy but Similar Damage Protection after Training at Long versus Short Muscle Lengths
Authors: Maeo Sumiaki , Huang Meng , Wu Yuhang , Sakurai Hikaru , Kusagawa Yuki , Sugiyama Takashi , Kanehisa Hiroaki , Isaka Tadao 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The biarticular hamstrings are lengthened more in a seated (hip-flexed) than prone (hip-extended) position.

Purpose
We investigated the effects of seated versus prone leg curl training on hamstrings muscle hypertrophy and susceptibility to eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage.

Methods
Part 1: Twenty healthy adults conducted seated leg curl training with one leg (Seated-Leg) and prone with the other (Prone-Leg), at 70% one-repetition maximum (1RM), 10 repetitions per set, 5 sets per session, 2 sessions per week for 12 wk. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–measured muscle volume of the individual and whole hamstrings was assessed pre- and posttraining. Part 2: Nineteen participants from part 1 and another 12 untrained controls (Control-Leg) performed eccentric phase-only leg curl exercise at 90% 1RM, 10 repetitions per set, 3 sets for each of the seated/prone conditions with each leg. MRI-measured transverse relaxation time (T2) and 1RM of seated/prone leg curl were assessed before, 24, 48, and 72 h after exercise.

Results
Part 1: Training-induced increases in muscle volume were greater in Seated-Leg versus Prone-Leg for the whole hamstrings (+14% vs +9%) and each biarticular (+8%–24% vs +4%–19%), but not monoarticular (+10% vs +9%), hamstring muscle. Part 2: After eccentric exercise, Control-Leg had greater increases in T2 in each hamstring muscle (e.g., semitendinosus at 72 h: +52%) than Seated-Leg (+4%) and Prone-Leg (+6%). Decreases in 1RM were also greater in Control-Leg (e.g., seated/prone 1RM at 24 h: −12%/−24%) than Seated-Leg (0%/−3%) and Prone-Leg (+2%/−5%). None of the changes significantly differed between Seated-Leg and Prone-Leg at any time points.

Conclusion
Hamstrings muscle size can be more effectively increased by seated than prone leg curl training, suggesting that training at long muscle lengths promotes muscle hypertrophy, but both are similarly effective in reducing susceptibility to muscle damage.
Comparison of virtual non-contrast dual-energy CT and a true non-contrast CT for contouring in radiotherapy of 3D printed lung tumour models in motion: a phantom study
Authors: Hering Dominik Alexander , Kröger Kai , Bauer Ralf W. , Eich Hans Theodor , Haverkamp Uwe 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: This work aims to investigate whether virtual non-contrast (VNC) dual-energy CT(DECT) of contrasted lung tumours can be used as an alternative for true non-contrast (TNC) images in radiotherapy. Two DECT techniques and a TNC CT were compared and influences on gross tumour volume (GTV) volume and CT number from motion artefacts in three-dimensional printed lung tumour models (LTM) in amotion phantom were examined. Methods: Two spherical LTMs (diameter 3.0 cm) with different inner shapes were created in a three-dimensional printer. The inner shapes contained water or iodine (concentration 5 mg ml−1) and were scanned with a dual-source DECT (ds-DECT), single-source sequential DECT (ss-DECT) and TNC CT in a respiratory motion phantom (15 breaths/min, amplitude 1.5 cm). CT number and volume of LTMs were measured. Therefore, two GTVs were contoured. Results: Deviations in GTV volume (outer shape) of LTMs in motion for contrast-enhanced ss-DECT and ds-DECT VNC images compared to TNC images are not significant (p > 0.05). Relative GTV volume and CT number deviations (inner shapes) of LTMs in motion were 6.6 ± 0.6% and 104.4 ± 71.2 HU between ss-DECT and TNC CT and −8.4 ± 10.6% and 25.5 ± 58.5 HU between ds-DECT and TNC, respectively. Conclusion: ss-DECT VNC images could not sufficiently subtract iodine from water in LTMs inmotion, whereas ds-DECT VNC images might be a valid alternative to a TNC CT. Advances in knowledge: ds-DECT provides a contrasted image for contouring and a non-contrasted image for radiotherapy treatment planning for LTM in motion.
Lesions of the heel fat pad
Authors: Saad Ahmed , Kho James , Almeer Ghassan , Azzopardi Christine , Botchu Rajesh 
Published: October 2020

Objective:
The heel fat pad (HFP) is a specialized soft tissue structure formed of adipose tissue that overlies the inferior and posterior aspect of the calcaneus and provides the cushioning effect of the heel. Lesions of the HFP are rare and can be a cause of debilitating heel pain that may often pose a challenge to clinicians. This study provides a series of lesions identified within the HFP.

Methods and materials:
A retrospective review of heel pad lesions over a 12 year period was conducted at our tertiary orthopaedic oncology centre. All lesions of the heel fat pad were included in the study. Plantar fasciitis was excluded.

Results:
There were 17 heel pad lesions identified, of which the majority (n = 15) were benign.

Conclusion:
We highlight a wide spectrum of pathologies that can occur in the HFP. Although rare, clinicians should be aware of these lesions, to initiate appropriate management.
CT-detected extramural venous invasion is corelated with presence of lymph node metastasis and progression-free survival in gastric cancer
Authors: Yang Yu-Tao , Dong San-Yuan , Zhao Jue , Wang Wen-Tao , Zeng Meng-Su , Rao Sheng-Xiang 
Published: October 2020

Objective: This study aimed to investigate if CT-detected extramural venous invasion (ctEMVI) was associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis (LNM) and survival outcomes in patients with gastric cancer. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 105 patients with pathologically proved gastric cancer who underwent pre-operative CT examinations and received radical gastrectomy with extended lymphadenectomy. Differences in CT characteristics between the LNM-positive and -negative groups were assessed by two observers. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk factors of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer. Progression-free survival analysis was performed by Kaplan–Meier method. Results: Two observers reached good inter-reader agreements in ctEMVI and ctN status with κ values of 0.711 and 0.751, respectively. The frequency of ctEMVI-positive status was 58.1% (61/105) in patients with gastric cancer. The LNM-positive group showed higher possibility of ctEMVI-positive status (81.7% vs 26.7%, p＜0.001), larger tumor volume (mean volume, 40.77 vs 22.09 mL, p＜0.001), poor tumor margin (45.0% vs 26.7% , p = 0.054) and high enhancement on arterial phase (43.3% vs 26.7%, p = 0.023) and venous phase (60.0% vs 44.4%, p = 0.048), than LNM-negative group. In multivariate analysis, ctEMVI status and tumor volume were identified as independent risk factors for lymph node metastasis with odds ratio (OR) of 9.804 (95% CI, 3.076－31.246; p＜0.001) and 1.030 (95% CI, 1.001－1.060; p = 0.044). CT-detected EMVI presented better diagnostic efficiency for lymph node metastasis than CT-defined N status, with sensitivity (81.7% vs 70.0%), specificity (73.3% vs 71.1%), accuracy (78.1% vs 70.5), PPV (80.3% vs 76.4%), and NPV (75.0% vs 64.0%), respectively. Kaplan–Meier curves showed that patients with positive ctEMVI findings has lower PFS rate than patients with negative ctEMVI findings (Log-rank test, p = 0.007). Conclusion: CT-detected EMVI was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and progression free survival in patients with gastric cancer. Compared to CT-defined N status, ctEMVI provided superior diagnostic performance to predict pathologic Nstatus. Advances in knowledge: Our study proved that CT-detected EMVI is a promising imaging marker to predict lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis, which may contribute to the precise evaluation of gastric cancer before surgery.
Quantitative analysis of metal artefacts of dental implant in CBCT image by correlation analysis to micro-CT: A microstructural study
Authors: Min Chang-Ki , Kim Kyoung-A 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: Quantification of dental implant metal artefacts in CBCT images using correlation analysis of trabecular microstructural parameters from CBCT and micro-CT, and analysis of the effect of varying the angular position of the subject. Methods: Polyurethane synthetic bone blocks were first scanned without implants by micro-CT and CBCT. Two dental implants were then placed parallel in the bone blocks and these specimens were scanned by CBCT with different alpha angles. Three volumes of interest (VOI) were set for further analysis. Six microstructural parameters were measured: trabecular thickness (TbTh), trabecular spacing (ThSp), bone volume per total volume (BV/TV), bone surface per total volume (BS/TV), connectivity density (CD) andfractal dimension (FD). Micro-CT measurements were used as a gold standard for CBCT. Spearman correlation coefficients for each microstructural parameter from CBCT and micro-CT were calculated and compared using Steiger’s Z test. Results: Without the implants, in VOI1, the Spearman correlation coefficients of TbTh, TbSp, BV/TV, BS/TV, CD and FD were 0.599, 0.76, 0.552, 0.566, 0.664 and 0.607, respectively. With the implants, the correlation coefficients decreased sharply in VOI1. As the alpha angle increased from zero to 90°, the correlation coefficients increased and became significant. Similar results appeared in VOI2. In contrast, in VOI3, the correlation coefficient decreased as the alpha angle increased. Conclusions: Metal artefacts were successfully quantified using microstructural parameters in terms of the image quality of the CBCT. Changes in alpha angle affected the quality of the CBCT image.