bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modified physical properties of kaolin by intercalation and exfoliation method
Authors: Prabawa I D G P , Lestari R Y , Hamdi S , Sunardi  
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The intercalation method and combination of the intercalation-exfoliation method were applied to modify kaolin. The intercalation process was prepared using urea 60 % as an intercalated agent and the exfoliation process was carried out by ultrasonication. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and particle size analysis (PSA). Experimental results showed that the physical properties of kaolin significantly improved after modification. This was indicated by the increasing interlayer spacing of modified kaolin, which was confirmed by SEM and XRD analysis. Based on XRF analysis, the loss on ignition value increased after kaolin modification, suggesting that the urea had successfully intercalated into the kaolin interlayer. Kaolin modification with intercalation method produced the most significant physical properties improvement, which increased surface area from 2508.607 to 27297.990 cm2/g and decreased particle size average from 41.535 to 13.836 µm and had surface area close to illite clay.
The Effect of TiO2 additives on the antibacterial properties (Escherichia
coli and Staphylococcus aureus) of glaze on ceramic tiles
Authors: Maryani E , Nurjanah N S , Hadisantoso E P , Wijayanti R B 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Antibacterial glaze coating on ceramic tiles with TiO2 additive was conducted to meet environmental sanitation needs. Raw materials used were commercial glaze 107, silica sand, and 0-5% weight of TiO2 powder. The glaze mixture was added with distilled water and ground in an alumina pot mill for 24 hours. The glaze mass was coated on the green body, dried and then burned at a temperature of 1200°C with a holding time of 2 hours. On the glazed tiles, there was a layer of glass with an amorphous structure based on the X-Ray Diffraction results. The addition of TiO2 caused an increase in opacity but decreased visual white color. Glaze antibacterial properties were tested for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria using the disc diffusion method. The addition of TiO2 caused resistance to two types of bacteria, both for raw and burned glaze. The TiO2 inhibition was similar to amoxicillin as a positive control. It had a greater resistance to S. aureus than E. coli bacteria. The largest inhibitory diameter value of 7.7 mm obtained by 5% TiO2 glaze powder burnt against S. aureus bacteria. Glaze coating on the tile caused a greater inhibition diameter of 24.75 mm for 1% TiO2 burned glazed.
Sodium alginate-chitosan nanocomposite as a novel carrier agent for cinnamaldehyde: characterisation and release studies
Authors: Wong S T S , Kamari A , Jumadi J 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The ultimate aim of this study was to synthesize sodium alginate-chitosan (SA-Chi) nanocomposites for the first time in larvicide formulation. The physicochemical properties of the nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The feasibility of SA-Chi nanocomposites to encapsulate and load cinnamaldehyde, a common essential oil used against mosquitoes larvae, was evaluated in terms of encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC). There were three mass ratios of SA-Chi nanocomposites to cinnamaldehyde, namely 50:1,100:1 and 125:1. Research findings suggested that the mass ratio of nanocomposites to drugs, significantly affected the functional groups availability, crystallinity property and thermal stability of nanocomposites. The EE and LC of cinnamaldehyde-loaded nanocomposites at 125:1 were determined as 91.33% and 75.25%, respectively. The release profile data of the nanocomposite were well fitted to Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model with correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9231 for the mass ratio of cinnamaldehyde-loaded nanocomposites at 125:1. The cinnamaldehyde-loaded nanocomposites at 125:1 had prolonged the drug release for 24 hours. Overall, results from this study highlight the potential of SA-Chi nanocomposites as novel nanocarriers to deliver cinnamaldehyde in mosquito larvicide formulations.
Co (II) desorption from silica gel and mercapto-silica hybrid
Authors: Mujiyanti D R , Irawati U , Akhir N M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper aims to study Co (II) desorption from silica gel (SG) and mercapto-silica hybrids (MSH) by many desorbing agents. SG was prepared from sodium silicate from rice husk ash, whereas MSH was SG modified by organic compounds 3-(trimethoxysilyl) - 1-propanthiol. The characterization of adsorbents covered by an X-ray diffractometer and an FTIR spectrophotometer. Optimization of contact time for adsorption of Co (II) on HMS and the procedure of desorption agents (H2O, HCl, Na2EDTA.2H2O) at different contact times and concentrations via batch methods. The results showed that the optimum contact time for Co (II) adsorption on MSH was 120 minutes. The most appropriate desorbing agents for SG and MSH were HCl and Na2EDTA.2H2O. The optimum contact times for Co (II) desorption on SG and MSH were 90 and 120 minutes, respectively. The optimum concentration of HCl for desorbing Co (II) on SG was 0.025 M. While, the optimum concentration of Na2EDTA.2H2O for Co (II) desorption on MSH was 0.1 M.
Application of cocoa pod husk (Theobroma cocoa Spp) for natural dyes powder on silk batik cloth
Authors: Masiswo  , Haerudin A , Isnaini  , Lestari D W , Mandegani G B , Satria Y , Arta T K , Atika V 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chocolate industry (Theobroma cocoa) in Indonesia reaches a total production of approximately 500 thousand tons. It has the potential to be used as natural dyes for the batik industry. This study aims to utilize cocoa pod husk powder on silk batik. The method was carried out by varying the concentration of maltodextrin as filler powder by 5%, 10%, and 15%, the final mordant variations (alum, calcium oxide, and ferrous sulfate) on silk cloth, and the natural dye solution of cocoa pod husk. The natural dye solution for cocoa pod skin was tested for phytochemistry to see the tannin and flavonoid content, the results of dyeing application on silk batik cloth were tested for the quality of its color resistance to washing, color strength, and color differences. The colorfastness test result showed a good category with an average value of 4-5 and the result of the color strength test showed that the best maltodextrin was 5% with a natural dye concentration of 15g / L. The results of alum mordant, calcium oxide, and ferrous sulfate (tunjung) produced colors that led to light and dark with a predominance of brown, red, and blackish brown.
The ulitization of durian wood (Durio zibethinus) and corn cob (Zea mays) biochar on corn yields in acid sulphate soil
Authors: Setiawati E , Yusuf W A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Biochar addition can be used to overcome the problem of acid sulphate soil. This study was aimed to analyze the effect of biochar dose on plant height and corn yield in acid sulphate soils. Durian wood waste and corn cob biochar used in this study was pyrolyzed for 2 hours at 550 °C temperature and grinded until around 0.4-1.0 mm. The experiment was conducted in a screen house at the Indonesian Swampland Agriculture Research Institute. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design consisting of six doses of biochar treatment of with 3 replications. The total of 18 experimental pots was obtained with the following details: B1 0 t/ha, B2 4 t/ha, B3 8 t/ha, B4 12 t/ha, B5 16 t/ha and B6 20 t ha. Biochar treatment significantly affect plant height age of 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th weeks. The longer the age, the higher the corn plant height. The corn cob length, corn cob diameter, dry weight of seed, and the dry water content significantly different in all treatments. The biochar dose significantly affected the corn yields. The best treatment of biochar in acid sulphate soil was obtained in 12 t ha-1.
The utilization of activated carbon from cassava stems on the glucose and cholesterol adsorption
Authors: Mutiaradini S , Efiyanti L , Pari G , Soebrata B M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The utilization of cassava stems from waste as an activated carbon raw material for glucose and cholesterol adsorption has been investigated. This study aims to know about the application of activated carbon from cassava stems waste on glucose and cholesterol adsorption with the variations of adsorbent weight and reaction contact time. The process of carbon acquiring was done by the pyrolysis method at a temperature of 400°C for 4 hours. After that, the process was followed by the chemical activation process using KOH as an activator. The carbon obtained was washed in KOH solution with a ratio of 1:2 w/w for ±24 hours, then filtered, washed again, and heated with an activation reactor at a temperature of 800°C. The application of activated carbon was carried out on glucose and cholesterol adsorption to produce glucose and cholesterol adsorption of 3.33 mg/g and 6.84 mg/g respectively. The optimum contact time for glucose and cholesterol adsorption was 45 minutes with the use of 0.1 g adsorbent.
Nixtamalization application to shelf life of corn flour
Authors: Musita N 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Corn is very potential to be developed as a source of flour and starch for the raw material of the food industry and others, but the functional properties of corn flour are less favored in its application to processed products because the lack of texture and the durability of flour is lack due to the fat content of corn. One way to improve it is by the process of nixtamalization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of nixtamalization on aflatoxin content and shelf life of corn flour. The treatments used were long immersion in water or without nixtamalization (W1), and soaking time in a solution of Ca(OH)2 consisting of 8 hours (W2), 16 hours (W3), 24 hours (W4), and 32 hours (W5), washed. and ground to form a smooth dough (mass). The experiments were arranged with a single treatment, with variation in the duration of immersion in lime solution (control, 8, 16, 24, and 32 hours). This treatment was repeated 3 times. The results showed a decrease in level of type B1 aflatoxin with increasing immersion time, namely 85 µg/kg (0 hours), 69 µg/kg (8 hours), 62 µg/kg (16 hours), 55 µg/kg (24 hours), and 52 µg/kg (32 hours). The shelf life of corn flour through observation of critical moisture content is 426 days (0 hours), 430 days (8 hours), 489 days (16 hours), 408 days ( 24) hours, and 462 days (32 hours).
Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of liquid sugar from Alabio potato using enzymatic hydrolysis processes
Authors: Angkasawati VS , Kamaliyah I , Putra MD , Nata IF , Irawan C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study aims to produce functional antioxidant liquid sugar from Alabio potato (Dioscorea alata L.). This study focuses on the effect of the percentage of Alabio potato starch in the liquefaction process, the concentration of β-glucosidase enzymes, and the determination of the optimum concentration of cinnamon extract in its activity as an antioxidant liquid sugar. The amount of glucose/reduced sugar was analyzed by the DNS method. The optimum percentage of glucose was obtained from the liquefaction results with 10% starch and saccharification with a concentration of β-glucosidase enzyme of 1.2 mL/kg of starch with a liquid sugar concentration of 59.16 mg/mL. FTIR analysis showed that antioxidant liquid sugar had hydroxyl functional groups of C-O, C-H and O-H at wavelengths of 1560.11 cm-1, 1720.22 cm-1, and 3520 cm-1. Antioxidant liquid sugar activity showed the optimum performance at cinnamon extract concentration was 5 grams. DPPH free radicals of 56.72% were consumed for 5 minutes and reached 57.60% for 10 minutes. Liquid glucose produced could be a substitute for glucose sources with antioxidant content from the cinnamon extract.
The sustainability of the iron industry based on local wisdom in the Barito watershed
Authors: Hartatik  , Soffian H O , Sunarningsih  , Susanto N N , Sulistiyo R B 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Iron has been important in human civilization since the abandonment of stone tools. The traditional technology of iron ore smelting in Indonesia has been known for hundreds of years, but research on the local traditional iron industry is still very minimal. This study aims to explain the iron industry in the southeast Kalimantan before modern times until the present using ethnohistory and experimental archaeological approaches. The research conducted in 2017-2019 at the upstream of Barito watershed, North Barito Regency, Central Kalimantan, has found 19 sites with the findings were furnaces, air pipes, iron ore fragments, charcoal, and slag. The traditional iron-making began with the process of mining, followed by iron ore smelting and forging. The archaeological experiments by smelting furnace produced the raw iron by a percentage of 40-60% from ore. The experiments produced the ingots with Fe content of about 80% (XRF analysis) and showed good ore quality. However, since the early 20th century the iron-making industry has been abandoned because of the arrivals of cheaper iron from China. Recently, the remaining iron industry consists of only the blacksmiths who produce agricultural equipment from scrap iron, some only gild to sharpen machetes and ‘mandau’.
Improving the stability of catechin from gambier in β-cyclodextrin and nanoemulsion-based inclusion complexes
Authors: Yeni G , Syamsu K , Suparno O , Mardliyati E , Silfia  , Syafri E , Nazir N , Fudholi A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The application of catechin is limited due to low stability, however nanoencapsulation technology can improve catechin stability. This study aimed to determine the effect of the types and concentrations surfactants in the catechin encapsulation process on β-CD. Concentrations of surfactants used were Poloxamer 188 (NKP, 0.5%-1.5%), Tween 80 (NKT, 2,5% and 3%) without surfactants was used to control (NKB). The catechin nanoemulsion complex formed was inclusion them into β-CD (ratio 1:1), and dried by spray drying. The stability test showed a sample of NKP 1% was more stable with the lower turbidity and viscosity values, namely 175 NTU and 0.93 cP, NKT 2.5% (118 NTU and 0.94 cP), NKB (461 NTU and 4.0 cP). The size of the sample particle decreased according to an increase in the surfactant concentration, where the NKP 1% (37 nm) produced smaller particles, the appearance of clear and yellowish suspension. NKP 1% had the highest EE value, followed by that NKT 2.5%, and NKB, i.e. 91.9%, 89.5%, 77.4%, respectively. Sample NKP 1% had a morphology shape with compact structures and the highest crystallinity degree (92.4%). This research showed the use of surfactants could improve the stability of catechins compared to that without surfactants.
The initial study on the synthesis and characterization of NaZr2(PO4)3 from West-Borneo ZrSiO4
Authors: Septawendar R , Arifiadi F , Taufik D , Wahyudi K , Suhanda  
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Due to its excellent electrical properties, NaZr2(PO4)3-type sodium superionic conductor is a preferred material for the application in energy storages such as sodium ion batteries. Here, the initial study on the synthesis of NaZr2(PO4)3 from Indonesian West-Borneo Zircon is reported. The synthesis was conducted using our facile technique of a sodium carbonate sintering method. Zircon and the carbonate were mixed at a stoichiometry ratio approach and sintered at 1000°C. The sintered product was leached with water to dissolve the silica compound and continued by filtration and washing to obtain the zirconia compound, followed with phosphoric acid blending until pH 5 to get a precipitate. It was calcined at 800°C. The mineralogy, chemical composition, and particle sizes of the calcined product were evaluated. The synthesized sodium superionic conductor consists of NaZr2(PO4)3 with a trigonal structure as the main phase and SiO2 as the minor phase. The SiO2 content is accounting 6% of the total. Particle size analysis measured 90% of the total particle size distribution of the calcined NZP is less than 18.283 µm in sizes, while the average particle size is about 5.633 µm. The present study unveils a facile technique in the synthesis of NaZr2(PO4)3 from Indonesian West-Borneo ZrSiO4.
Optimisation and characterisation studies of biodiesel production from black soldier fly larvae fed by soya residue
Authors: Kamari A , Ishak S , Hussin M I A M , Wong S T S , Jumadi J , Yahaya N M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this study, a two-step transesterification process was applied to convert crude BSF larval oil into biodiesel. The effects of methanol:oil (molar ratio), catalyst amount (weight %), reaction time (minutes) and temperature (°C) on biodiesel production were investigated. Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimise experimental data obtained from these four variables. The prediction of biodiesel yield was made by employing a quadratic model, whereby the R2 values were greater than 0.99. Based on optimisation studies, a combination of an application of petroleum ether and reaction time of 6 hours was the best to extract crude larval oil with 47% of lipid yield. Meanwhile, methanol:oil molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst (NaOH) concentration of 1.0 weight %, a reaction time of 32 minutes and temperature of 60°C were required to obtain biodiesel with 96% of production yield from BSF crude larval oil. Both BSF crude larval oil and biodiesel were characterised using several analytical instruments such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and Gas Chromatography – Flame Ionisation Detector (GC-FID). Overall, findings from this study highlight the potential to produce eco-friendly biodiesel from BSF larvae reared on soya residue.
Alternate wetting and drying system (AWD) combined with farmyard manure to increase rice yield and reduce methane emission and water use
Authors: Viandari N Al , Adriany T A , Pramono A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Rice cultivation in flooded conditions is one of the methane emission sources. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of water management and farmyard manure application on grain yield, CH4 emissions, and water use efficiency. This study was conducted at the Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute, Pati Central Java from November 2019 to March 2020. The treatments consisted of two factors, a) water management, namely 1) continuous flooding, at 5 cm (CF) and 2) Alternate Wetting-Drying, at 15 cm (AWD) system; and b) farmyard manure namely 1) farmyard manure application 2) without farmyard manure. The observed parameters were rainfall and air temperature, CH4 emissions, water level and milled dry grain. The measurement of CH4 gas emissions was conducted using a closed chamber method. The result of this study indicated that AWD management could increase grain yield by 3.3-8.5% and also reduce CH4 emissions by 12-14% compared to continuous flooding. AWD combined with organic fertilizer application produced the highest grain 7.27 tons ha-1 and emitted the lowest CH4. The AWD management also saved 32-38% of water compared to the continuous flooding.
Effectiveness of compost and vermicompost from market organic waste to improve soil chemical properties
Authors: Syarifinnur  , Nuraini Y , Prasetya B , Handayanto E 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of compost and vermicompost derived from market organic waste and its ability to improve soil chemical properties. Seven treatments consisted of treatments without organic matter (control), compost consisted of three treatments (2.5, 5, and 10 tons/ha), and vermicompost consisted of three treatments (2.5, 5, and 10 tons/ha). The treatments were arranged using a Completely Randomized Design with three replications. Each treatment was mixed with soil and incubated for eight weeks. After eight weeks the parameters observed consisted of total N, total P, available P, total K, Organic-C, and pH. The results showed a change in soil chemical content. The highest increase in soil chemical content was shown in the treatment of vermicompost. Application vermicompost 10 tons/ha had a significant influence on changes in soil pH, organic C, total P, available P, total K, and Compost 10 tons/ha increased total N. Vermicompost application of 10 tons/ha could increase total P (215.99%), available P (465.34%), total K (37.78%), pH (12.38%) and organic-C (40.34 %). Compost 10 tons/ha increases total N by (54%). Market organic waste effectively used as vermicompost and compost that could improve the soil’s chemical properties.
The utilization of agricultural waste for peatland management; in case chili cultivation
Authors: Fahmi A , Susilawati A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Peatland are known fragile and having a low bearing capacity for plant growth and production. One of the technologies that could be applied to improve peatland management is agricultural waste utilization. Agricultural waste such as ash and biochar from rice husk could be used as an ameliorant to improve the peatlands fertility. The objective of the experiment is to study peatland properties, carbon dioxide emission and yield of chili due to the application of ameliorant from agricultural waste. The experiment was conducted on the peatland that located around the farmer’s settlement. The treatment of experiment was set up with three treatments i.e.; rice husk biochar (RHB), rice husk ash (RHA) and without ameliorant. The results showed that the application of agricultural waste improved some peatland chemical properties, reduced carbon dioxide gas emission, and increased the yield of chili.
The potential of anaerobic-constructed wetland system for wastewater treatment of rice straw pulping
Authors: Setiawan Y , Hardiani H 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Wastewater of cooking rice straw in the manufacture of pulp contains high levels of pollutants that must be treated first before being discharged into the environment. The purpose of this research is to study the potential of anaerobic and constructed wetland systems in treating pulp-making wastewater from rice straws. Anaerobic reactor with a volume of 30 L was filled with 5 L domestic sludge as sludge seed. Wastewater with COD of 762 - 17,900 mg/L, BOD5 of 354 – 8,000 mg/L, and TSS of 123 - 350 mg/L was fed into the anaerobic reactor. The organic loading rate was varied from 0.15 to 2.13 kg COD/m3 day, during the residence of wastewater for 5-8 days. Anaerobic reactor effluent was further processed in a constructed wetland reactor that varies in height from a mixture of sandy soil of 10-30 cm. The hydraulic residence time of wastewater in the constructed wetland reactor was 6.7 - 11.6 days. Influent and effluent of anaerobic and constructed wetland reactors were analysed for COD, BOD5, TSS, and pH parameters. The result indicated that wastewater treatment with anaerobic system could reduce COD of 63-72% and BOD5 of 65-75%, and the constructed wetland system could reduce COD and BOD5 of 96.5% and 96.1%, respectively.