bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shock index as a predictor for short‐term mortality in helicopter emergency medical services: A registry study
Authors: Björkman Johannes , Raatiniemi Lasse , Setälä Piritta , Nurmi Jouni 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundThe value of shock‐index has been demonstrated in hospital triage, but few studies have evaluated its prehospital use. The aim of our study was to evaluate the association between shock‐index in prehospital critical care and short‐term mortality.MethodsWe analyzed data from the national helicopter emergency medical services database and the Population Register Centre. The shock‐index was calculated from the patients' first measured parameters. The primary outcome measure was 1‐ and 30‐day mortality.ResultsA total of 22 433 patients were included. The 1‐day mortality was 7.5% and 30‐day mortality was 16%. The median shock‐index was 0.68 (0.55/0.84) for survivors and 0.67 (0.49/0.93) for non‐survivors (P = .316) at 30‐days. Association between shock‐index and mortality followed a U‐shaped curve in trauma (shock‐index < 0.5: odds ratio 2.5 [95% confidence interval 1.8‐3.4], shock‐index > 1.3: odds ratio 4.4 [2.7‐7.2] at 30 days). Patients with neurological emergencies with a low shock‐index had an increased risk of mortality (shock‐index < 0.5: odds ratio 1.8 [1.5‐2.3]) whereas patients treated after successful resuscitation from out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest, a higher shock‐index was associated with higher mortality (shock‐index > 1.3: odds ratio 3.5 [2.3‐5.4). The association was similar for all ages, but older patients had higher mortality in each shock‐index category.ConclusionThe shock‐index is associated with short time mortality in most critical patient categories in the prehospital setting. However, the marked overlap of shock‐index in survivors and non‐survivors in all patient categories limits its predictive value.
Racial Capital, Abolition, and a Geographic Argument for Reparations
Authors: Inwood Joshua F.J. , Livia Brand Anna , Quinn Elise Andrea 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTracing the development of Lehman Brothers from their roots as a dry goods store in Montgomery, Alabama, into a Fortune 500 global financial services company that collapsed in the 2007 financial crisis reveals the contours of US‐style racial capitalism. We highlight how race and capital are geographically rooted in the United States. At the heart of our argument is an understanding of the geographic imperative of capital which creates and exploits differences to wrench capital’s profits from the blood, sweat, and toil of racialised bodies. Perhaps most geographically significant, we advance a second, interrelated argument, the geographic case for reparations. By arguing the system itself is entirely and wholly wrapped in race in ways that extend and advance practices of exploitation, we understand reparations that do not fundamentally undermine, transform, destabilise or smash the system as doomed to be short‐term solutions to long‐term structural problems.
How Swedish guidelines on urinary tract infections in children compare to Canadian, American and European guidelines
Authors: Brandström Per , Lindén Magnus 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUrinary tract infections (UTI) are common in children and the guidelines focus on preventing kidney damage. We compared the 2013 national Swedish guidelines on UTIs in children with the guidelines from America, Canada, UK, Spain, Italy and European urologists. This showed that urinalysis and urine cultures are endorsed by all the guidelines, but sampling techniques and bacteria levels differ. They all recommend initial oral treatment and renal ultrasound to detect major anomalies in infants. The Swedish guidelines are more liberal on antibiotic prophylaxis.ConclusionDifferences in diagnostic criteria, workup and accepted methods for urine sampling were noted and are discussed.
A 52‐week prophylactic randomised control trial of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in bipolar disorder
Authors: McPhilemy Genevieve , Byrne Fintan , Waldron Mairead , Hibbeln Joseph R. , Davis John , McDonald Colm , Hallahan Brian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOBJECTIVESPrevious work suggests supplementation with omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may improve mood symptoms in bipolar disorder (BD) although findings remain unclear. In this study, we assess the efficacy of omega‐3 PUFA administration for prophylaxis in BD using a clinical trial design over 52‐weeks (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04210804).METHODSIndividuals with BD (n = 80) were randomised to receive placebo (n = 40) or 1 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus 1 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; n = 40) adjunctively for 52‐weeks. The primary outcome measure comprised the number of mood episode relapses including hospital admissions and medication changes experienced. Secondary outcome measures included time to first mood episode relapse and change in psychometric measures of depression and elation (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Young Mania Rating Scale).RESULTSNo significant differences in the number of mood episode relapses (U = 490.00, p = 0.14) or the number of individuals requiring admission to hospital (χ2 = 0.67, p = 0.41) or medication adjustment in the omega‐3 PUFA compared to the placebo group were noted. Time to relapse was not significantly different between groups (Log Rank χ2 = 0.41, p = 0.52). Change in Young Manic Rating Scale (F(3.12, 152.86) = 2.71, p = 0.05) was significantly different between treatment groups over 12‐months, with scores at 9‐months and 12‐months significantly lower than those at 3‐months in the omega‐3 group and not in the placebo group. Change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Global Clinical Impression and Global Assessment of Functioning were not different between groups.CONCLUSIONSDespite a minor reduction in hypomania scores in the omega‐3 PUFA group compared to placebo, we find little evidence that the supplementation of omega‐3‐PUFAs exhibits prophylactic benefit in BD.
Diagnostic RET genetic testing in 1,058 index patients: A UK centre perspective
Authors: Fussey Jonathan Mark , Smith Joel Anthony , Cleaver Ruth , Bowles Christopher , Ellard Sian , Vaidya Bijay , Owens Martina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveDiagnostic germline RET analysis is offered to all patients with a diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), or other conditions associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) in the United Kingdom. Here, we report the experience of a single centre's germline RET analysis over a 21‐year period.DesignRetrospective case‐note review.PatientsAll index patients referred to the Exeter Genomics Laboratory for diagnostic germline RET analysis between 1997 and 2018, and unaffected family members, undergoing predictive testing.MeasurementsThe rate and nature of pathogenic variant detection were recorded, as well as the indication for testing.Results1,058 index patients and 551 unaffected family members were tested. The overall rate of pathogenic variant detection was 10.2% amongst index patients and 29% amongst unaffected family members. The commonest indication was isolated MTC, and amongst the 690 patients with isolated MTC, 68 (9.9%) were found to harbour a RET pathogenic variant. Of those with presumed sporadic MTC, 8.5% were found to harbour germline RET pathogenic variants, compared with 36.4% of those with a family history of MEN2‐associated conditions. Pathogenic variants were identified in 3.6% and 0% of patients with isolated phaeochromocytoma and primary hyperparathyroidism, respectively.ConclusionsAlthough the detection rate of RET germline pathogenic variants in patients with presumed sporadic MTC was significant, the overall detection rate in those with MTC was lower than expected in this series. Advances in RET analysis in response to reports of new variants over the last two decades are likely to have improved the pick‐up rate in recent years.
Analyzing Machine‐Learned Representations: A Natural Language Case Study
Authors: Dasgupta Ishita , Guo Demi , Gershman Samuel J. , Goodman Noah D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAs modern deep networks become more complex, and get closer to human‐like capabilities in certain domains, the question arises as to how the representations and decision rules they learn compare to the ones in humans. In this work, we study representations of sentences in one such artificial system for natural language processing. We first present a diagnostic test dataset to examine the degree of abstract composable structure represented. Analyzing performance on these diagnostic tests indicates a lack of systematicity in representations and decision rules, and reveals a set of heuristic strategies. We then investigate the effect of training distribution on learning these heuristic strategies, and we study changes in these representations with various augmentations to the training set. Our results reveal parallels to the analogous representations in people. We find that these systems can learn abstract rules and generalize them to new contexts under certain circumstances—similar to human zero‐shot reasoning. However, we also note some shortcomings in this generalization behavior—similar to human judgment errors like belief bias. Studying these parallels suggests new ways to understand psychological phenomena in humans as well as informs best strategies for building artificial intelligence with human‐like language understanding.
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Sensory Neurons are Sensitive to the Neurotoxic Effects of Paclitaxel
Authors: Xiong Chenling , Chua Katherina C. , Stage Tore B. , Priotti Josefina , Kim Jeffrey , Altman‐Merino Anne , Chan Daniel , Saraf Krishna , Canato Ferracini Amanda , Fattahi Faranak , Kroetz Deanna L. 
Published: December 2020

Chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a dose‐limiting adverse event associated with treatment with paclitaxel and other chemotherapeutic agents. The prevention and treatment of CIPN are limited by a lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this toxicity. In the current study, a human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived sensory neuron (iPSC‐SN) model was developed for the study of chemotherapy‐induced neurotoxicity. The iPSC‐SNs express proteins characteristic of nociceptor, mechanoreceptor, and proprioceptor sensory neurons and show Ca2+ influx in response to capsaicin, α,β‐meATP, and glutamate. The iPSC‐SNs are relatively resistant to the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel, with half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 38.1 µM (95% confidence interval (CI) 22.9–70.9 µM) for 48‐hour exposure and 9.3 µM (95% CI 5.7–16.5 µM) for 72‐hour treatment. Paclitaxel causes dose‐dependent and time‐dependent changes in neurite network complexity detected by βIII‐tubulin staining and high content imaging. The IC50 for paclitaxel reduction of neurite area was 1.4 µM (95% CI 0.3–16.9 µM) for 48‐hour exposure and 0.6 µM (95% CI 0.09–9.9 µM) for 72‐hour exposure. Decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, slower movement of mitochondria down the neurites, and changes in glutamate‐induced neuronal excitability were also observed with paclitaxel exposure. The iPSC‐SNs were also sensitive to docetaxel, vincristine, and bortezomib. Collectively, these data support the use of iPSC‐SNs for detailed mechanistic investigations of genes and pathways implicated in chemotherapy‐induced neurotoxicity and the identification of novel therapeutic approaches for its prevention and treatment.
Histomorphological and immunophenotypical spectrum of cutaneous myoepitheliomas: A series of 35 cases
Authors: Plaza Jose A. , Brenn Thomas , Chung Catherine , Salim Sadia , Linos Konstantinos D. , Jour George , Duran Rincon Juanita , Wick Mark , Sangueza Martin , Gru Alejandro A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMyoepithelial tumors comprise a group of mesenchymal lesions that show heterogeneous histomorphological features, including dual epithelial, neural, and myoid differentiation. Cutaneous myoepithelioma is a rare neoplasm that is composed primarily of myoepithelial cells and represents one end of a histopathological spectrum of cutaneous myoepithelial neoplasms including chondroid syringoma and myoepithelial carcinoma. These tumors display a wide histopathological spectrum and immunophenotypical profile often showing epithelial and myoepithelial differentiation. In this series, we studied 35 cases of cutaneous myoepitheliomas. Our cases highlighted the broad histopathological range where most cases showed a non‐infiltrative and non‐encapsulated tumor exclusively located in the dermis and with no subcutaneous involvement. The majority of our cases had a solid growth pattern (syncytial pattern) and the remainder of cases had a multinodular growth pattern. The tumor cells were epithelioid in 23 cases, spindled in eight cases and there was a mixture of epithelioid and spindled cells in four cases. Mitotic figures ranged from 0 to 5 per 10 HPF. By immunohistochemistry epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) was expressed in 59% of cases S100 was positive in 88% of cases, CAM 5.2 was positive in 16% of cases, AE1/AE3 was positive in 44% of cases, p63 was positive in 17% of cases, smooth muscle actin was positive in 38% of cases, desmin was positive in 6% of cases, calponin was positive in 22% of cases, and glial fibrillary acidic protein was positive in 36% of cases. In addition, there were five cases without EMA, keratin, or p63 expression that only showed S100 expression. We describe a large series of cutaneous myoepitheliomas delineating their histomorphological spectrum and immunophenotypical profile. Awareness of some of the unusual histopathological features and the heterogeneous immunohistochemical may pose difficulties for the diagnosis.
Impact of a comprehensive geriatric assessment on decision‐making in older patients with hematological malignancies
Authors: Garric Marie , Sourdet Sandrine , Cabarrou Bastien , Steinmeyer Zara , Gauthier Martin , Ysebaert Loïc , Beyne‐Rauzy Odile , Gerard Stephane , Lozano Stephanie , Brechemier Delphine , Filleron Thomas , Mourey Loïc , Balardy Laurent 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveHematological treatment decisions in older adults with hematological malignancies are complex. Our objective is to study the impact of a comprehensive geriatric assessment on hematological treatment decision in older patients and the factors associated with change in treatment plan.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of patients aged 65 years and above with hematological malignancies, hospitalized between 2008 and 2019 at the University Cancer Institute of Toulouse. They were assessed by a geriatrician/nurse team using a comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA). A penalized logistic regression model with elastic net regularization was used to identify factors associated with change in hematological treatment plan.ResultsA total of 424 patients were included. Main hematological malignancies were lymphoma (36.1 %), acute myeloid leukemia (26.9 %) and myelodysplastic syndrome (19.8%). Change in hematological treatment plan was suggested after CGA for 92 patients (21.7%). Factors associated with change in treatment plan were functional impairment according to ADL and IADL scale, mobility impairment, the presence of comorbidity defined by the Charlson score >1 and increasing age.ConclusionA CGA has a significant impact on hematological treatment decision in older patients. Functional and mobility impairment, comorbidities and age are predictive factors of change in treatment plan.
Histology and ultrastructure of ink gland and melanogenesis in the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis
Authors: Jiang Maowang , Xue Ruiping , Chen Qiang , Zhan Pingping , Han Qingxi , Peng Ruibing , Jiang Xiamin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe ink gland in cephalopods is a modified part of the digestive tract that generates melanin used in defense activities against predators. In the present study, we document the histological structure of the ink gland of the cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis following light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examinations. Based on the observations, we infer the series of cellular events leading to the formation and secretion of melanin. LM observations revealed that the cuttlefish ink gland was cord‐like, and could be separated into two distinct regions with different functions, based on markedly different cellular and biochemical characteristics. The region with the function of secreting ink was the epithelial cell region (i.e., mature ink gland cells) and was mainly composed of melanosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria. Conversely, the connective tissue region was the site of formation of cells and energy supply. In addition, the most probable sequence of activities from melanogenesis to the release, based on TEM observations, is as follows: (a) formation of a matrix of opaque electronic substances (melanin precursors); (b) melanization in the precursor matrix to form melanin‐like particles; (c) further melanin granule development and enlargement, and gradual intensifying of the hue; (d) production of melanin granules (melanosomes) in the precursor matrix; (e) binding of melanosomes to the cytoskeleton and migration to the cell surface; (f) fusion of melanosomes with the cell membrane at the apical pole, and discharge of melanin granules into intercellular spaces or lumen by exocytosis or cell fragmentation. We also investigated how the process of continuous ink release influences ink gland histology and ultrastructure. Inking stimulation induced the release of large amounts of ink by epithelial cells, and was associated with cell disorganization, and severe cellular vacuolization, in addition to severe organelle damage.
NDUFA4L2 in smooth muscle promotes vascular remodeling in hypoxic pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Liu Yun , Nie Xiaowei , Zhu Jinquan , Wang Tianyan , Li Yanli , Wang Qian , Sun Zengxian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and obliterative pulmonary vascular remodelling (PVR). The imbalance between the proliferation and apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is an important cause of PVR leading to PAH. Mitochondria play a key role in the production of hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH). However, there are still many issues worth studying in depth. In this study, we demonstrated that NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex 4 like 2 (NDUFA4L2) was a proliferation factor and increased in vivo and in vitro through various molecular biology experiments. HIF‐1α was an upstream target of NDUFA4L2. The plasma levels of 4‐hydroxynonene (4‐HNE) were increased both in PAH patients and hypoxic PAH model rats. Knockdown of NDUFA4L2 decreased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4‐HNE in human PASMCs in hypoxia. Elevated MDA and 4‐HNE levels might be associated with excessive ROS generation and increased expression of 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO) in hypoxia, but this effect was blocked by siNDUFA4L2. Further research found that p38‐5‐LO was a downstream signalling pathway of PASMCs proliferation induced by NDUFA4L2. Up‐regulated NDUFA4L2 plays a critical role in the development of HPH, which mediates ROS production and proliferation of PASMCs, suggesting NDUFA4L2 as a potential new therapeutic target for PAH.
Vigour‐related traits and immunity in hybrids of evolutionary divergent cyprinoid species: advantages of hybrid heterosis?
Authors: Šimková Andrea , Janáč Michal , Hyršl Pavel , Krasnovyd Vadym , Vetešník Lukáš 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHybrid advantage, described as the superiority of hybrids in some traits over their parents and termed the “heterosis effect,” is widely documented in the case of reciprocal crosses of parental species (i.e., hybrids representing the F1 generation). In fish, high survival, fast growth and better health status have been widely documented in F1 hybrids. Nonetheless, the effects of interspecific hybridization on vigour, physiology and immunity‐related traits in fish are largely unknown, especially concerning native systems of coexisting parental and hybrid genomes in the same habitat. The present study examined the potential physiological and immune aspects of hybrid heterosis by comparing condition status (measured especially by indexes), haematological profile, glucose concentration and selected parameters of non‐specific and specific immunity between the evolutionarily divergent non‐congeneric cyprinoid species Abramis brama and Rutilus rutilus and their hybrids representing the F1 generation, all of them caught in nature. Clear differences were documented for vigour‐related, physiological and immune parameters between the two divergent species. Hybrids generally tended to express intermediate characters of the measured traits, likely generated by the evolutionary divergence of the hybridizing species; nonetheless, for some traits, hybrids exhibited a character that was more similar to one parental species than to the other. This was interpreted as the heterozygote advantage for F1 hybrids. It is suggested that a maternally inherited genetic background may potentially influence the expression of some branches of non‐specific immunity or other aspects related to the fish health status.
Alveolar progenitor cells and the origin of lung cancer
Authors: Sainz de Aja J. , Dost A. F. M. , Kim C. F. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLung Cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths worldwide. This is mainly due to late diagnosis and therefore advanced stage of the disease. Understanding the cell of origin of cancer and the processes that lead to its transformation will allow for earlier diagnosis and more accurate prediction of tumour type, ultimately leading to better treatments and lower patient morbidity. In this review, we focus on alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells as the cell of origin of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the most common type of lung cancer. We first elaborate on the different oncogenes that are associated with LUAD and other lung cancers. After, we lay out in detail what is known about AT2 biology, to further delve into AT2 cells as cell of origin for adenocarcinoma. Understanding the precursors of LUAD and identifying the molecular changes during its progression will allow for earlier detection and better molecular targeting of the disease in early stages.
Quantitative Analysis on Risk Influencing Factors in the Jiangsu Segment of the Yangtze River
Authors: Zhang Jinfen , He Anxin , Fan Cunlong , Yan Xinping , Soares C. Guedes 
Published: December 2020

AbstractQuantitative risk influencing factors (RIFs) are proposed, using the Conjugate Bayesian update approach to analyze 945 collision accidents and incidents cases from the Jiangsu Segment of the Yangtze River over five years from 2012 to 2016. The accident probability is compared under a pairwise comparison mode in order to reflect the relative risk between accidental situations. The Bayesian update mode is constructed to quantitatively evaluate the relative importance of different RIFs. The riskiest segment of Jiangsu Waterways as well the main causations of collisions are identified based on the distributions of collision risk in the six segments of the waterways. The results can support managers to develop the most effective policies to mitigate the collision risk.