bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Interior Failure of Single‐Layer Graphene Activated by the Nanosized Asperity on the Substrate Surface
Authors: Huang Zhewei , Lin Qiang , Ji Zhe , Chen Sulin , Shen Bin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe influence of the nanosized asperity on the wear resistance of the single‐layer graphene (SLG) is investigated by an atomic force microscope. For the SLG on the polished diamond substrate, a 15 nm high asperity underneath it can cause a significant reduction of the critical contact pressure initializing the failure in its interior region from 43.75 to 8.31 GPa (calculated by the Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov model). The SLG fails at the inclined surface with a larger inclination angle around the bump region at first due to the increased shearing strength and the introduced lattice strain. Then, the fracture of graphene occurs at the newly formed step edges and rapidly propagates along the scanning path, which finally results in a complete failure of the SLG. The findings in this study reveal that the surface asperity on the substrate may be one of the factors that lead to the sharp discrepancy between the nanoscopically ultrastrong strength and the macroscopically weak wear resistance of graphene.
High‐Responsivity Mid‐Infrared Black Phosphorus Slow Light Waveguide Photodetector
Authors: Ma Yiming , Dong Bowei , Wei Jingxuan , Chang Yuhua , Huang Li , Ang Kah‐Wee , Lee Chengkuo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBlack phosphorus (BP) offers unique opportunities for mid‐infrared (MIR) waveguide photodetectors due to its narrow direct bandgap and layered lattice structure. Further miniaturization of the photodetector will improve operation speed, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and internal quantum efficiency. However, it is challenging to maintain high responsivities in miniaturized BP waveguide photodetectors because of reduced light–matter interaction lengths. To address this issue, a method utilizing the slow light effect in photonic crystal waveguides (PhCWGs) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. A shared‐BP photonic system is proposed and utilized to fairly and precisely characterize the slow light enhancement. Close to the band edge around 3.8 µm, the responsivity is enhanced by more than tenfold in the BP photodetector on a 10 µm long PhCWG as compared with the counterpart on a subwavelength grating waveguide. At a 0.5 V bias, the BP PhCWG photodetector achieves a 11.31 A W−1 responsivity and a 0.012 nW Hz−1/2 noise equivalent power. The trap‐induced photoconductive gain is validated as both the dominant photoresponse mechanism and the major limiting factor of the response speed. The BP slow light waveguide photodetector is envisioned to realize miniaturized high‐performance on‐chip MIR systems for widespread applications including environmental monitoring, industrial process control, and medical diagnostics.
Body‐Integrated, Enzyme‐Triggered Degradable, Silk‐Based Mechanical Sensors for Customized Health/Fitness Monitoring and In Situ Treatment
Authors: Zhang Shan , Zhou Zhitao , Zhong Junjie , Shi Zhifeng , Mao Ying , Tao Tiger H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMechanical signals such as pressure and strain reflect important psychological and physiological states of the human body. Body‐integrated sensors, including skin‐mounted and surgically implanted ones, allow personalized health monitoring for the general population as well as patients. However, the development of such measuring devices has been hindered by the strict requirements for human‐biocompatible materials and the need for high performance sensors; most existing devices or sensors do not meet all the desired specifications. Here, a set of flexible, stretchable, wearable, implantable, and degradable mechanical sensors is reported with excellent mechanical robustness and compliance, outstanding biocompatibility, remotely‐triggered degradation, and excellent sensing performance, using a conductive silk fibroin hydrogel (CSFH). They can detect multiple mechanical signals such as pressure, strain, and bending angles. Moreover, combined with a drug‐loaded silk‐based microneedle array, sensor‐equipped devices are shown to be effective for real‐time monitoring and in situ treatment of epilepsy in a rodent model. These sensors offer potential applications in custom health monitoring wearables, and in situ treatment of chronic clinical disorders.
Discovery of New Polymorphs of Gallium Oxides with Particle Swarm Optimization‐Based Structure Searches
Authors: Wang Xue , Faizan Muhammad , Na Guangren , He Xin , Fu YuHao , Zhang Lijun 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGallium oxide (Ga2O3) has attracted significant research interest for next‐generation high‐efficiency power devices because of its unique electronic properties such as ultra‐wide band gap, high breakdown electric field, and large Baliga’s figure of merit. Ga2O3 crystallizes in a series of reported polymorphs including β‐, α‐, ε‐, κ‐, γ‐, and δ‐Ga2O3, the structures of some of which are still in serious controversy. A polymorph structure search study of Ga2O3 is herein performed by combining particle swarm optimization with first‐principles energetic calculations. In addition to producing the predominant experimental known phases of β‐, α‐, and κ‐Ga2O3, two new polymorphs are found with space group P and Pmc21 consisting of four‐ and five‐fold coordinated Ga. They show comparable energy with β‐ and α‐Ga2O3 with the energy difference of several meV per atom, and exhibit robust phonon stability. Similarly, the new phases show quite wide band gaps and small electron effective masses by comparing it with other known phases. The Pmc21 phase shows a calculated spontaneous polarization of 0.277 C m−2, close to that of ε/κ‐Ga2O3. The systemic structure searches also establish a structural relationship between ε‐Ga2O3 and κ‐Ga2O3 and how the electronic properties vary with polymorphic phase change.
Exploring Polarization in US Food Policy Opinions
Authors: Biedny Christina , Malone Trey , Lusk Jayson L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMany maintain that the US political climate has become more charged with partisan beliefs over the past decade, although little is known about whether this partisan divide can be observed in food policy opinions. This article aims to determine whether Democrat and Republican food policy opinions diverged between 2011 and 2018. We find evidence of the contrary; partisan public opinions on food and agriculture policies have actually converged, with both major parties exhibiting a preference toward heightened government intervention. Our results indicate that voters preferring more government intervention in food policies have become more numerous in the Republican Party for issues including animal welfare and affordable food. However, once we include Independents and other third parties in our sample, we find that the variance between food policy opinions has increased for many policies.
Dependence of zeolite topology on alkane diffusion inside diverse channels
Authors: Liu Zhiqiang , Zhou Jian , Tang Xiaomin , Liu Fujian , Yuan Jiamin , Li Guangchao , Huang Ling , Krishna Rajamani , Huang Kuan , Zheng Anmin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractZeolites have been widely used for the processes of adsorption, separation, and catalysis, which are strongly correlated with molecular diffusion. However, the correlation between pore dimension and diffusion properties has not been systematically investigated so far. In this work, the diffusion properties of alkanes in six zeolites with similar pore sizes but different pore dimension have been examined. It is found that the diffusion coefficients of alkanes in zeolites are 2–5 orders of magnitude smaller than that in gas phase. Moreover, the diffusion of alkanes inside zeolites is sensitive to the pore dimension, and can be differentiated by 1‐D straight, 1‐D tortuous, and 3‐D intersecting channels, based on the derived quantitative correlation between the diffusion behavior and pore dimension. Our work may not only provide deep insights into the effects of pore dimension on diffusion, but also benefits for the future design and practical applications of zeolite catalysts.
Quantum Key‐Distribution Protocols Based on a Quantum Version of the Monty Hall Game
Authors: Quezada Luis Fernando , Dong Shi‐Hai 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis work illustrates a possible application of quantum game theory to the area of quantum information, in particular to quantum cryptography. The study proposed two quantum key‐distribution (QKD) protocols based on the quantum version of the Monty Hall game devised by Flitney and Abbott. Unlike most QKD protocols, in which the bits from which the key is going to be extracted are encoded in a basis choice (as in BB84), these are encoded in an operation choice. The first proposed protocol uses qutrits to describe the state of the system and the same game operators proposed by Flitney and Abbott. The motivation behind the second proposal is to simplify a possible physical implementation by adapting the formalism of the qutrit protocol to use qubits and simple logical quantum gates. In both protocols, the security relies on the violation of a Bell‐type inequality, for two qutrits and for six qubits in each case. Results show a higher ratio of violation than the E91 protocol.
Colorimetric strategy for ascorbic acid detection based on the oxidase‐like activity of silver nanoparticle single‐walled carbon nanotube composites
Authors: Li Feifei , Yu Yajie , Xiao Fubing , Liang Hao , Liu Can , Fan Pengfei , Yang Shengyuan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA colorimetric assay for the determination and quantification of ascorbic acid (AA) is presented using silver nanoparticle (AgNP) single‐walled carbon nanotube (AgNP/SWCNT) nanocomposites prepared using a microwave‐assisted method. The AgNP/SWCNT nanocomposites possessed oxidase‐like properties toward 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and could catalyze the oxidation of TMB to form a blue oxidation product (λmax = 652 nm) in the absence of H2O2. AA can specifically inhibit the oxidation of TMB, resulting in a decline of the absorbance value and blue colour fading. As such, amounts of AA can be assessed easily by the unaided eye and quantitatively using an ultraviolet–visible light spectrophotometer. Under the optimal reaction conditions, this strategy showed a good linearity ranging from 0.4 μM to 5.0 μM for AA detection, and the limit of detection was 130 nM. This assay was also applied for AA measurement in vitamin C tablets and juice samples that yielded satisfactory results.
Long-term outcomes after perioperative treatment with omega-3 fatty acid supplements in colorectal cancer
Authors: Sørensen L Schmidt , Rasmussen S Ladefoged , Calder P C , Yilmaz M Nytoft , Schmidt E Berg , Thorlacius-Ussing O 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of perioperative supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) on perioperative outcomes and survival in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery.

Methods
Patients scheduled for elective resection of colorectal cancer between 2007 and 2010 were randomized to either an n-3 FA-enriched oral nutrition supplement (ONS) twice daily or a standard ONS (control) for 7 days before and after surgery. Outcome measures, including postoperative complications, 3-year cumulative incidence of local or metastatic colorectal cancer recurrence and 5-year overall survival, were compared between the groups.

Results
Of 148 patients enrolled in the study, 125 (65 patients receiving n-3 FA-enriched ONS and 60 receiving standard ONS) were analysed. There were no differences in postoperative complications after surgery (P = 0·544). The risk of disease recurrence at 3 years was similar (relative risk 1·66, 95 per cent c.i. 0·65 to 4·26). The 5-year survival rate of patients treated with n-3 FA was 69·2 (95 per cent c.i. 56·5 to 78·9) per cent, compared with 81·7 (69·3 to 89·4) per cent in the control group (P = 0·193). After adjustment for age, stage of disease and adjuvant chemotherapy, n-3 FA was associated with higher mortality compared with controls (hazard ratio 1·73, 95 per cent c.i. 1·06 to 2·83; P = 0·029). The interaction between n-3 FA and adjuvant chemotherapy was not statistically significant.

Conclusion
Perioperative supplementation with n-3 FA did not confer a survival benefit in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery. n-3 FA did not benefit the subgroup of patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy or decrease the risk of disease recurrence.
Evaluating the eighth edition TNM staging system for esophageal cancer among patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy: A SEER study
Authors: Yuan Yonggang , Ma Ge , Hu Xuelei , Huang Qingyuan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe evaluation of the eighth edition of ypTNM staging system for patients with esophageal cancer was limited in the setting of neoadjuvant therapy.MethodsA total of 2324 patients with esophageal cancer receiving radio(chemo)therapy prior to surgery from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2004 and 2013 were eligible for the analysis. Kaplan‐Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate overall survivals.ResultsAmong patients with preoperative therapy, both the seventh edition TNM grouping and the eighth edition ypTNM grouping could significantly stratify the overall survival (both log‐rank P < .001). There was not significant difference in the C‐index of the seventh edition TNM grouping (0.575; 95%CI, 0.558‐0.593) and the eighth edition ypTNM grouping (0.569; 95%CI, 0.551‐0.587) (P = .098). In multivariable Cox analysis, ypN category was the strongest predictor of overall survival (P < .001), followed by tumor grade (HR, 1.33; 95%CI, 1.12‐1.56; P = .001). The combination of ypT, ypN, and ypG categories yielded significantly higher C‐index (0.591; 95%CI, 0.573‐0.609) than that of the seventh edition TNM staging (P = .024).ConclusionTumor grade remained an independent predictor of overall survival in the setting of neoadjuvant therapy, and could improve the performance of ypTNM staging system.
Expression of Concern: LncRNA TUG1 facilitates proliferation, invasion and stemness of ovarian cancer cell via miR‐186‐5p/ZEB1 axis
Authors: Zhan Fu‐Liang , Chen Chun‐Fang , Yao Mei‐Zhen 
Published: May 2020

LncRNA TUG1 has been rarely studied in ovarian cancer (OC), our objective was to explore the role of TUG1 in the regulation of malignant phenotypes of OC. Vectors of sh‐TUG1, miR‐186‐5p and pcDNA‐ZEB1 were, respectively, constructed and used to infect OC cells. MTT and transwell assays were applied for representing cell proliferation and invasion, respectively. Sphere formation experiment was used to detect the stemness of OC cells. Western blotting and qRT‐PCR were employed for detecting the expression of multiple biomarkers on protein and RNA levels, respectively. The luciferase assay was performed to reveal the interactions between miR‐186‐5p and TUG1 or ZEB1. The silencing of TUG1 and upregulation of miR‐186‐5p both suppressed the cell proliferation, invasion and cancer stem cell (CSC) properties. Additionally, luciferase assay verified that miR‐186‐5p directly binds TUG1 and ZEB1. Moreover, overexpression of ZEB1 rescued the impact on the proliferation, invasion and stemness of TUG1 silencing in OC. TUG1 sponges miR‐186‐5p to release ZEB1 and promotes the proliferation, invasion and stemness of OC cells, suggesting that TUG1 could be a potential therapeutic target for OC therapy.Significance of the studyLncRNA TUG1 could promote proliferation, invasion and stemness of ovarian cancer cells. Our study first discovered that TUG1 play a tumourigenic role in ovarian cancer by regulating stemness of cancer cells. Mechanism research exhibited the regulation role of TUG1 in ovarian cancer cells was miR‐186‐5p/ZEB1 axis depended. These results provided a new perspective to understand the pathogenesis and development of ovarian cancer; it will offer new evidence for better diagnosis and treatment therapy of ovarian cancer.
Current and Optimal Dimensions Predictions for a Porous Micro‐Electrode
Authors: Le Tien D. , Lasseux Didier 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe expression of the current delivered by a cylindrical porous micro‐electrode operating a single heterogeneous reaction and mass diffusion of the reagent is analytically derived in this work from a complete solution of the diffusion/reaction macroscopic problem. This solution is valid regardless of the aspect (thickness to inner radius) ratio. It encompasses the hybrid solution reported elsewhere, valid only when this ratio remains small compared to unity, and, consequently, the case of a planar electrode as well. The asymptotic form of the solution in this latter case is also provided. The complete solution is used to predict the optimal thickness of the electrode and its optimal inner radius (i. e. the supporting wire radius) corresponding to the best compromise between a minimum electrode volume and a maximum current per unit volume. This work hence provides a complete optimization procedure that can be used as predictive tools for the design of porous electrodes.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Copper(I) Complex Catalyzed Coupling of (Hetero)aryl Chlorides and Nitrogen Heterocycles: Highly Efficient Catalytic System
Authors: Zhang Mengyao , Zhang Yingying , Zhang Huixin , Zeng Yongfei , Liu Guiyan 
Published: May 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusionA highly efficient catalytic system for the N‐arylation reactions of (hetero)aryl chlorides and nitrogen heterocycles with a copper(I) complex containing a 1,10‐phenanthroline analogue N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) has been reported. The complex was characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, and its structure was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The NHC‐copper(I) complex was employed as pre‐catalyst for Ullmann type N‐arylation reactions of (hetero)aryl chlorides with various azoles. A variety of hindered and functionalized azoles and (hetero)aryl chlorides were transformed in good to excellent yields.
Safe chemistry lessons – the check of substitute substances and the check of substitute procedures
Authors: Klemeyer Horst 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDie Ersatzstoff‐ und Ersatzverfahrensprüfung sind zugleich wesentliche Formalien des Gefahrstoffrechts und notwendige Instrumente der Chemielehrkräfte, um den experimentellen Chemieunterricht aktuellen Anforderungen, die sich aus einem Fachraumwechsel, geänderten Lerngruppen oder verschärften GHS‐Einstufungen von Stoffen ergeben können, anzupassen. Anhand von drei Fallbeispielen wird aufgezeigt, welche Rolle dabei das Freisetzungsverhalten bei der Ersatzstoff‐ und Ersatzverfahrensprüfung spielen kann. Es wird eine pragmatische Vorgehensweise beschrieben, bei der man anhand einer abgebildeten Tabelle oder einer frei zugänglichen Exceldatei Versuchsvorschriften mittels eines durchgehend vernachlässigbaren Freisetzungsverhaltens aller beteiligten Gefahrstoffe so optimiert, dass sie robust gegenüber dem Wechsel eines Fachraums, einer Verschärfung der GHS‐Einstufung bezüglich der Inhalationsgefahren und der Senkung des Arbeitsplatzgrenzwertes (AGW) sind. Zudem wird auf die Bedeutung der Ersatzstoffprüfung auch bei Aufgaben im Haushalt hingewiesen. Unfälle im Haushalt mit brennbaren Flüssigkeiten oder giftigen Gasen aus Sanitärreinigern werden sicherlich seltener, wenn bereits in der Schule die Fähigkeit zur einfachen Ersatzstoffprüfung vermittelt wird.
Mammography screening reduces rates of advanced and fatal breast cancers: Results in 549,091 women
Authors: Duffy Stephen W. , Tabár László , Yen Amy Ming‐Fang , Dean Peter B. , Smith Robert A. , Jonsson Håkan , Törnberg Sven , Chen Sam Li‐Sheng , Chiu Sherry Yueh‐Hsia , Fann Jean Ching‐Yuan , Ku May Mei‐Sheng , Wu Wendy Yi‐Ying , Hsu Chen‐Yang , Chen Yu‐Ching , Svane Gunilla , Azavedo Edward , Grundström Helene , Sundén Per , Leifland Karin , Frodis Ewa , Ramos Joakim , Epstein Birgitta , Åkerlund Anders , Sundbom Ann , Bordás Pál , Wallin Hans , Starck Leena , Björkgren Annika , Carlson Stina , Fredriksson Irma , Ahlgren Johan , Öhman Daniel , Holmberg Lars , Chen Tony Hsiu‐Hsi 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundIt is of paramount importance to evaluate the impact of participation in organized mammography service screening independently from changes in breast cancer treatment. This can be done by measuring the incidence of fatal breast cancer, which is based on the date of diagnosis and not on the date of death.MethodsAmong 549,091 women, covering approximately 30% of the Swedish screening‐eligible population, the authors calculated the incidence rates of 2473 breast cancers that were fatal within 10 years after diagnosis and the incidence rates of 9737 advanced breast cancers. Data regarding each breast cancer diagnosis and the cause and date of death of each breast cancer case were gathered from national Swedish registries. Tumor characteristics were collected from regional cancer centers. Aggregated data concerning invitation and participation were provided by Sectra Medical Systems AB. Incidence rates were analyzed using Poisson regression.ResultsWomen who participated in mammography screening had a statistically significant 41% reduction in their risk of dying of breast cancer within 10 years (relative risk, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.51‐0.68 [P < .001]) and a 25% reduction in the rate of advanced breast cancers (relative risk, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.66‐0.84 [P < .001]).ConclusionsSubstantial reductions in the incidence rate of breast cancers that were fatal within 10 years after diagnosis and in the advanced breast cancer rate were found in this contemporaneous comparison of women participating versus those not participating in screening. These benefits appeared to be independent of recent changes in treatment regimens.
Automated Motion Tracking and Data Extraction for Red Blood Cell Biomechanics
Authors: Kumar Arun , Schmidt Brendan R. , Sanchez Zyrina Alura C. , Yazar Feyza , Davis Ronald W. , Ramasubramanian Anand K. , Saha Amit K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRed blood cell biomechanics can provide us with a deeper understanding of macroscopic physiology and have the potential of being used for diagnostic purposes. In diseases like sickle cell anemia and malaria, reduced red blood cell deformability can be used as a biomarker, leading to further assays and diagnoses. A microfluidic system is useful for studying these biomechanical properties. We can observe detailed red blood cell mechanical behavior as they flow through microcapillaries using high‐speed imaging and microscopy. Microfluidic devices are advantageous over traditional methods because they can serve as high‐throughput tests. However, to rapidly analyze thousands of cells, there is a need for powerful image processing tools and software automation. We describe a workflow process using Image‐Pro to identify and track red blood cells in a video, take measurements, and export the data for use in statistical analysis tools. The information in this protocol can be applied to large‐scale blood studies where entire cell populations need to be analyzed from many cohorts of donors. © 2020 The Authors.Basic Protocol 1: Enhancing raw video for motion trackingBasic Protocol 2: Extracting motion tracking data from enhanced video