bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MECO and Alpine orogenesis: Constraints for facies evolution of the Bartonian nummulitic and Solenomeris limestone in the Argentina Valley (Ligurian Alps)
Authors: Brandano Marco , Tomassetti Laura 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Eocene represents the last greenhouse interval before Present. The maximum warming during the early Eocene was followed by a long‐term cooling trend culminating in the Antarctica glaciation at the base of the Oligocene. Superimposed on this long‐term cooling trend there is a prominent transient warming event known as the middle Eocene climatic optimum (MECO) occurring during the early Bartonian. The carbonate ramp succession cropping out in the Argentina Valley (Maritime Alps) offers new insights on the evolution of shallow water realms during this time interval. This ramp displays two main facies belts, middle and outer ramp. The middle ramp is recorded by larger benthic foraminifer floatstone to rudstone, passing to Solenomeris branches and nodule floatstone to rudstone evolving to branching coralline algal floatstone. The outer ramp is dominated by bioturbated marly wackestone to packstone alternating with larger benthic foraminifer floatstone with a silty matrix. The investigated ramp was affected by continuous dispersion and reworking of the skeletal components as other Tethyan Eocene ramps. During the Eocene, the Alpine foreland was influenced by fine terrigenous input controlling the trophic conditions and promoting seawater stratification and the development of a strong pycnocline, for which many perturbations could propagate as internal waves. The reworking of skeletal components of the ramp has been ascribed to the action of internal waves. The switch of carbonate production from a carbonate factory dominated by larger benthic foraminifera to a factory in which the encrusting foraminifer Solenomeris was the main carbonate producer biota, is indicative of a radical change in palaeoenvironmental conditions affecting the early Bartonian. The acme of Solenomeris often coincided with the crisis of carbonate producers during intervals of an evident deterioration of environmental conditions. In this case the acme is probably related to the adverse conditions linked to the (MECO) warming event. Finally, the drowning of the nummulitic ramp has been caused by light reduction for the photo‐dependent biota due to progressively increasing depth linked to flexural subsidence of the foreland plate, and minor efficiency of the aphotic carbonate factory.
(Dys‐)Functions and Potentials of Norms as a Guidance System for Peace Mediators
Authors: Holper Anne , Kirchhoff Lars 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDespite substantial efforts to translate normative frameworks for peace mediation into practice, so far even well‐respected norms do not seem to function properly as practical guidance for mediators. The authors argue that there are three basic reasons for this failure: first, a lack of sufficient normative knowledge, making it difficult to determine ground rules that any mediator would be wise to consider; second, a lack of a minimal explicit normative consensus regarding the reference frame of a given mediation, acknowledging all differences; and third, a lack of hands‐on methodology for decision‐making when mediators feel deadlocked in contradictory normative pulls. Working towards the authors’ key aim – to close these three gaps or at least narrow them –, this article compiles exemplary building blocks of generic normative knowledge relevant in peace processes, presents a tool for mapping the normative structure and dynamics in a given conflict, and finally introduces a practical dilemma methodology to deal with colliding normative expectations.
Effect of face mask on skin characteristics changes during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Park Sae‐ra , Han Jiyeon , Yeon Yeong Min , Kang Na Young , Kim Eunjoo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have demonstrated the possibility of adverse effects of prolonged wearing of personal protective equipment in healthcare workers. However, there are a few studies about the effects on skin characteristics after wearing a mask for non‐healthcare workers. In this study, we evaluated the dermatologic effects of wearing a mask on the skin over time.Materials and MethodTwenty‐one healthy men and women participated in the study. All participants wore masks for 6 hours consecutively. Three measurements were taken (a) before wearing the mask, (b) after wearing the mask for 1 hour, and (c) after wearing the mask for 6 hours. Skin temperature, skin redness, sebum secretion, skin hydration, trans‐epidermal water loss, and skin elasticity were measured.ResultsThe skin temperature, redness, hydration, and sebum secretion were changed significantly after 1 and 6 hours of wearing a mask. Skin temperature, redness, and hydration showed significant differences between the mask‐wearing area and the non–mask‐wearing area.ConclusionMask‐wearing conditions and time can change several skin characteristics. In particular, it is revealed that the perioral area could be most affected.
Carbon dioxide flux and soil carbon stock as affected by crop residue management and soil texture in semi‐arid maize croplands in Tanzania
Authors: Nishigaki Tomohiro , Sugihara Soh , Kilasara Method , Funakawa Shinya 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCrop residue management strategies must be adapted for improving carbon (C) balance and soil C stock in agroecosystems in sub‐Saharan Africa with consideration of the crop residue availability and site‐specific soil characteristics. We conducted field experiments to determine the effects of crop residue application method (incorporation/mulching) and quality (maize/cowpea) and N fertilizer application on the soil respiration rate and soil C stock in the surface soil layer (0–15 cm) in maize croplands with contrasting soil textures (clay/sandy) over 2 years from 2012 to 2014 in Tanzania. At the clay site, the incorporation of maize residues showed a 38% increase in CO2 flux compared to mulching, whereas, at the sandy site, mulching showed a 16% increase compared to the incorporation. At the sandy site, mulching practice retained soil moisture content and apparently enhanced the decomposition of the original soil organic C in the surface layer. It is, therefore, suggested that mulching practice may accelerate a long‐term depletion of soil C stock at the sandy site. The cowpea residue incorporation led to rapid decomposition because of its high biodegradability at both sites. The N fertilizer application stimulated the decomposition of labile soil organic matter. The soil C stock in the surface layer did not significantly change after the 2‐year experiment, irrespective of crop residue treatment and soil type. In conclusion, adequate crop residue management in terms of suppressing CO2 flux during a cropping season depends on soil type, but the long‐term effect on soil C stock is unclear.
Improved ability to achieve target trough levels with liquid versus capsule tacrolimus in kidney transplant patients with HIV on protease inhibitor‐ or cobicistat‐based regimens
Authors: Akanit Uraiwan , Bozorgmehri Shahab , Alquadan Kawther , Nelson Joelle , Kaplan Bruce , Ozrazgat‐Baslanti Tezcan , Womer Karl L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHIV + patients are commonly accepted for kidney transplantation. However, patients on protease inhibitor (PI)‐ or cobicistat (cobi)‐based regimens have trouble achieving optimal tacrolimus (Tac) levels. Our study compared the ability to achieve target levels using liquid versus immediate‐release capsule Tac in kidney transplant patients with HIV on PI‐ or cobi‐based regimens. The study included four kidney transplant patients who were converted to liquid Tac due to inability to achieve acceptable drug levels on the capsule formulation. Tac trough levels were analyzed retrospectively to compare target levels before and after conversion. The individual patient time in the therapeutic range (TTR) was calculated using Rosendaal's linear interpolation method, and the difference between before and after conversion TTR was determined. In combined data, 44.63% of all Tac trough levels were within the target range after conversion to liquid Tac compared to 22.07% prior to conversion (P < .001). Furthermore, 3.31% and 7.44% of Tac trough levels were lower than 3 ng/mL or higher than 12 ng/mL, respectively, after conversion compared to 11.72% (P = .0564) and 24.14% (P < .0001) prior to conversion. The overall mean TTR was 45.1% after conversion to liquid Tac compared to 16.2% prior to conversion (P = .097). Finally, the coefficient of variation for Tac trough levels was 42.6 after conversion compared to 56.4 prior to conversion. A significantly improved ability to achieve target trough Tac levels was achieved with liquid Tac extemporaneous versus capsule formulation in kidney transplant patients with HIV taking a PI‐ or cobi‐based regimen.
Outcomes of transplant recipients treated with cidofovir for resistant or refractory cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Mehta Steinke Seema A. , Alfares Mona , Valsamakis Alexandra , Shoham Shmuel , Arav‐Boger Ravit , Lees Laura , Ostrander Darin , Forman Michael S. , Shedeck Audra , Ambinder Richard F. , Jones Richard John , Avery Robin K. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundTreatment of ganciclovir‐resistant (GCV‐R)/refractory cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in blood/marrow transplant (BMT) and solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients remains suboptimal. Cidofovir (CDV), a nucleotide analogue with anti‐CMV activity, is nephrotoxic and oculotoxic.MethodsWe retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of SOT and BMT patients with GCV‐R/refractory CMV treated with CDV between 1/1/2008 and 12/31/2017. Data collected: baseline demographics, CMV serostatus, clinical and virologic presentations and outcomes, UL97 and UL54 genotype mutations, drug toxicities, and cause of death. Descriptive statistics were used.Results16 patients received CDV for treatment of CMV: six BMT and 10 SOT. Seven (47%) of the patients had high‐risk donor/recipient serostatus: six (60%) SOT were D+/R‐; one (16.7%) BMT was D−/R+. Median time to CMV DNAemia was 131 days post‐transplant (IQR, 37.5‐230.3). Proven tissue invasive disease was present in three patients (18.8%). Twelve (75%) had genotype testing; 10 (83.3%) of those had antiviral resistance mutations. While on CDV, six (37.5%) developed nephrotoxicity, and four (25%) developed uveitis (two had both uveitis and nephrotoxicity). Eight (50%) had failure to clear CMV DNAemia despite CDV treatment. Eight (50%) of the patients died; median time to death, after initiation of CDV, was 33.5 days [IQR22‐988].ConclusionsIn the absence of good therapeutic alternatives, CDV is used in GCV‐R/refractory CMV infection. However, it is associated with a substantial risk of toxicity and failure to clear CMV DNAemia, highlighting the need for development of newer and less toxic therapies. The high mortality in this group of patients underscores the severity of illness in this population.
Safety and efficacy of tenofovir alafenamide in liver transplant recipients: A single center experience
Authors: Rashidi‐Alavijeh Jassin , Straub Katja , Achterfeld Anne , Wedemeyer Heiner , Willuweit Katharina , Herzer Kerstin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundTenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is frequently used for treatment of and prophylaxis against reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) after liver transplant (LT). Because TDF can lead to renal impairment and a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), the prodrug tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) may be considered a viable alternative with fewer adverse effects. Only limited information is available about the use of TAF for LT recipients. We report a European single‐center experience with TAF as treatment for LT patients.MethodsThis retrospective analysis involved 29 LT recipients receiving standard immunosuppressants (mainly calcineurin inhibitors). Demographic and clinical data were documented at baseline upon switch to TAF and at various time points thereafter.ResultsNone of the patients experienced HBV reactivation after the switch to TAF. Liver and renal function remained stable. Drug levels of immunosuppressive agents did not change significantly after the switch. After 1 year, 22 patients were still taking TAF; two patients had been lost to follow‐up; one patient had died; and four patients had discontinued therapy because of TAF‐related adverse effects. No serious adverse effects were reported.ConclusionsTenofovir alafenamide exhibits high antiviral efficacy and a good safety profile for LT recipients. Still, the safety and tolerability of TAF for organ transplant patients should be evaluated in larger cohorts.
Simulating the trade effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Bekkers Eddy , Koopman Robert B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe WTO Global Trade Model, a quantitative trade model, is employed to project the impact on the global economy of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Because of the profound uncertainty about the duration of the pandemic and the containment measures, three scenarios are constructed, V‐shaped, U‐shaped and L‐shaped recovery, corresponding with a duration of the pandemic of 3 months, 6 months and more than a year. The pandemic and containment measures are assumed to lead to a general reduction of labour supply, a rise in trade costs, and reductions in both demand and supply in sectors most affected by the containment measures. GDP and trade are projected to fall by, respectively, 5% and 11% in the V‐shaped and L‐shaped scenarios and trade by, respectively, 8% and 20%. The response of trade to the reduction in GDP, measured by the trade‐to‐GDP elasticity, is projected to rise as the crisis lasts longer. The reason is that a longer duration will lead to a larger drop in spending on durables which are highly tradable.
Upper and Lower Bounds for the Parameters of One-Dimensional Theories for Sandwich Fracture Specimens
Authors: Massabò Roberta 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUpper and lower bounds for the parameters of one-dimensional theories used in the analysis of sandwich fracture specimens are derived by matching the energy release rate with two-dimensional elasticity solutions. The theory of a beam on an elastic foundation and modified beam theory are considered. Bounds are derived analytically for foundation modulus and crack length correction in single cantilever beam (SCB) sandwich specimens and verified using accurate finite element results and experimental data from the literature. Foundation modulus and crack length correction depend on the elastic mismatch between face sheets and core and are independent of the core thickness if this is above a limit value, which also depends on the elastic mismatch. The results in this paper clarify conflicting results in the literature, explain the approximate solutions, and highlight their limitations. The bounds of the model parameters can be applied directly to specimens satisfying specific geometrical/material ratios, which are given in the paper, or used to support and validate numerical calculations and define asymptotic limits.
Numerical Investigation of the Damage Mechanism of Offshore Pipeline Impacted by the Lump-Shaped Falling Object
Authors: Zhang Han , Zhang Jie , Lin Ruinan , Li Yangjie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDamage mechanism analysis of the exposed offshore pipeline impacted by lump-shaped falling objects plays a significant role in offshore pipeline design, inspection, maintenance, and protection. A series of three-dimensional (3D) coupling models are established and simulated to investigate mechanical behaviors and responses of exposed offshore pipelines impacted by lump-shaped falling objects. The effects of both offshore pipeline parameters and lump-shaped falling object parameters were discussed under the joint action of internal pressure and external seawater pressure. The results demonstrate that seabed soil could absorb partial impact energy and act as a cushion. Indentation on the pipeline top and stress concentrations on the pipeline bottom starts to appear when the impact velocity is larger than 10 m/s and 14 m/s, respectively. The critical impact energy before pipeline failure is around 9733.339 J. A variation in contact area has a noticeable influence on the dent depth, but a slight influence on the global deformation. An increase in pressure difference mitigates the impact damage. The depression rate increases with the rise of the radius-thickness ratio, and the most severe plastic deformation occurs when the radius-thickness ratio is 40. Besides, the eccentric distance is an essential factor influencing the damage mechanism of the offshore pipeline.
Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC): Can We Separate ARVC From Other Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathies?
Authors: Altmayer Stephan , Nazarian Saman , Han Yuchi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy was first described as a right ventricular disease that is an important cause of death in young adults. However, with the advent of advanced imaging, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy has been found to commonly have biventricular involvement, and a small portion of patients have left ventricular–dominant forms. On the other hand, a number of primarily left ventricular disease such as sarcoid and myocarditis can be arrhythmogenic and have right ventricular involvement. A few recent publications on arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy cohorts have average left ventricular functions that are comparable to sarcoid or myocarditis cohorts. We review the current literature and compare these cohorts of patients, and call for left ventricular functional criteria for arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy as inherited arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.
Revisiting Proportionality in Internal Market Law: Looking at the Unnamed Actors in the cjeu’s Reasoning
Authors: des Places Ségolène Barbou 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To understand how the Court of Justice of the European Union (cjeu) assesses the proportionality of restrictive national measures, one has to depart from the canonical reading of internal market law cases. An alternative reading of the cjeu case law, focusing on the “who” rather than on the “how”, is possible. This article argues that the control of proportionality should not be viewed as an abstract reasoning aiming at comparing the respective importance and value of the norms in conflict, but rather as an evaluation based upon the thorough description of the social reality of the persons whose life and interests are either affected or protected by the challenged restrictive measure. Because it analyses the control of proportionality as a social narrative elaborated by the judge, the article can demonstrate that among the roles conferred by the proportionality narrative to different characters, the most determinant ones are played by persons standing behind the scene: the “archetypal characters”.
Balancing Interpretative Arguments in International Law – A Linguistic Appraisal
Authors: Pirker Benedikt 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The interaction between arguments developed under the different means of interpretation of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is often described in language evoking balancing. The present paper offers a linguistic perspective on this phenomenon. First, it aims to clarify in what situations balancing is actually taking place during an interpretive exercise. Then, it demonstrates how linguistic knowledge can sharpen our assessment in this context. It is shown with examples that help to establish the adequate weight of interpretative arguments developed under the means of interpretation of ordinary meaning. International law and its rules are not displaced in this exercise, but merely better understood by examining their operation through language.
Reflections on the Humanitarian Logistics for Refugees in the Netherlands from Three Perspectives
Authors: Boshuijzen-van Burken Christine , Goede Roelien , van Niekerk Attie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The world currently faces the highest number in recorded history of people fleeing from war and violence. Refugee-hosting countries in the western part of the world experience the effects of global issues more than ever and face dealing with humanitarian logistics for refugees on an unprecedented scale. These countries continuously optimize their policies regarding refugees by navigating between obligations toward the Geneva Refugee Treaty, manageability of the situation, and worries of their citizens voiced through public opinion. The issue can be considered a wicked problem because of its unpredictability, complexity, and global scale. Presuppositions about human flourishing affect the interpretation of well-being in refugee policies. In this article, we reflect on refugees’ experiences with Dutch asylum policies, analyzing these experiences through the theoretical lenses of Abraham Maslow, Manfred Max-Neef, and Herman Dooyeweerd. We learn from Maslow the importance of providing information for the satisfaction of basic needs; from Max-Neef we learn that, with the sole exception of the need for subsistence (that is, to remain alive), all fundamental needs are equally important; and from Dooyeweerd we learn that trust, though often overlooked, is important for refugee well-being.
The relationship between social and environmental factors and symptom severity in the seriously mentally ill population
Authors: Von Mach Tara , Rodriguez Katrina , Mojtabai Ramin , Spivak Stanislav , Eaton William W , Cullen Bernadette A 
Published: November 2020

Background: The goal of this article is to investigate the relationship of psychiatric symptom severity with internalised stigma, neighbourhood environment, and social support among individuals with serious mental illness. Method: Using a longitudinal study design we examined the relationship between psychiatric symptom severity with internalised stigma, neighbourhood environment, and social support among 271 adults with serious mental illness recruited from new admissions to two urban mental health clinics. Results: After controlling for demographics increased stigma levels predicted greater symptom severity, as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Positive, Negative, and General Psychopathology scales over a 4-year period ( p < .05). In adjusted models, individuals who reported living in more disadvantaged neighbourhoods also reported higher PANSS Negative and General scores over time ( p < .05). Social support from friends and relatives was not significantly related to PANSS Positive, Negative, or General Psychopathology scores among individuals with serious mental illness. Conclusions: Individuals with serious mental illness who experience internalised stigma and neighbourhood disadvantage experience greater symptom severity over time. Targeting stigma and housing during treatment could potentially impact symptom severity in this population.