bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of environmental ageing in the interphase of a glass fibre/vinyl ester composite designed for wind turbine applications
Authors: Xypolias G , Thomason J , Yang L 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The use of advanced fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in the renewable energy sector has significantly increased over the last decade. However, the durability and damage tolerance of such materials when exposed to environmental conditions still remains under investigation. This creates some uncertainty for their introduction and development in the sector. The scope of the present work is the assessment of the durability of composite laminates and structures through providing a fundamental understanding of the micromechanical performance of the glass fibre/vinyl ester fibre-matrix interphase as a function of the environmental history. An accelerated ageing study has been conducted in order to create a correlation between the moisture sorption at the interphase and its effect in the micromechanical performance of the composite system. The composite interphase performance has been assessed by measuring the Interfacial Shear Strength (IFSS) using the microbond test. An estimation of the moisture sorption of each microbond sample has been obtained by the gravimetric analysis of thin film neat resins specimens of similar thickness to the microbond sample diameter. These results have also been coupled to results obtained by Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, moisture induced degradation has been characterised by recording the change in the Tg of the vinyl ester resin as a function of environmental ageing by a number of thermal analysis techniques.
Design of lamina orientation for biaxially loaded off-axis tunnelling cracks
Authors: Bangaru Ashish K , Mikkelsen Lars P , Sørensen Bent F 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The primary objective of this work is to demonstrate how the condition for biaxially loaded off-axis tunnelling crack growth can be reproduced in a modified laminate under uniaxial loading. More specifically, laminates with the stacking sequences [0/θ/0/-θ]
s
and [0/α/0/-α]
s
have been considered for the biaxial and uniaxial loadings, respectively. A steady-state crack growth condition is analysed for an isolated off-axis tunnelling crack. The crack tip stress state is expressed in terms of a through thickness averaged mode mixity and energy release rate. The presented framework uses an energy accounting method with the crack opening displacements extracted from a finite element analysis. Results shows that the tunnelling crack tip stress state of the modified laminate under uniaxial loading matches with the biaxially loaded laminate. With a modified off-axis lamina orientation and the additional load amplitude from the biaxially loaded laminate, a simplified uniaxial testing laminate can be designed that yields the same biaxial tunnelling crack tip conditions.
Investigations of the carbon fibre cross-sectional areas and their non-circularities by means of laser diffraction
Authors: Huether Jonas J. , Liebig Wilfried V. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Laser diffraction is a commonly used tool to measure the fibre diameter of carbon fibres prior to mechanical testing. However, non-circularities of carbon fibres need to be considered in order to minimise measuring errors. As the work at hand demonstrates, using a single measurement of the fibre diameter may cause deviations as high as 30% from a computationally determined value. It appears that the error can be minimised by acquiring a data set of several apparent diameters as a function of the angle around the fibre axis. Based on this data, the cross-sectional area can be calculated as a circle with an averaged diameter or as an ellipse by applying an elliptical fitting procedure.
Evolution of CFRP stress cracks observed by in-situ X-ray refractive imaging
Authors: Kupsch A , Trappe V , Müller B R , Bruno G 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Modern air-liners and wind turbine rotor blades are made up primarily of fiber reinforced plastics. Failure of these materials heavily impairs the serviceability and the operational safety. Consequently, knowledge of the failure behavior under static and cyclic loads is of great interest to estimate the operational strength and to compare the performance of different materials. Ideally, the damage evolution under operational load is determined with in-situ non-destructive testing techniques. Here, we report in-situ synchrotron X-ray imaging of tensile stress induced cracks in carbon fiber reinforced plastics due to inter-fiber failure. An in-house designed compact tensile testing machine with a load range up to 15 kN was integrated into the beamline. Since conventional radiographs do not reveal sufficient contrast to distinguish cracks due to inter-fiber failure and micro cracking from fiber bundles, the Diffraction Enhanced Imaging (DEI) technique is applied in order to separate primary and scattered (refracted) radiation by means of an analyzer crystal. This technique allows fast measurements over large fields-of-view and is ideal for in-situ investigations. Imaging and the tensile test are run at the highest possible frame rate (0.7 s−1) and the lowest possible strain rate (5.5·10−4 s−1). For 0°/90° non-crimp fabrics, the first inter-fiber cracks occur at 380 MPa (strain 0.8 %). Prior to failure at about 760 MPa (strain 2.0 %), we observe the evolution of nearly equidistant (1 mm distance) cracks running across the entire sample in the fully damaged state.
Comparison of the damage evolution in glass fiber-reinforced polyurethane and epoxy in the HCF and VHCF regimes investigated by intermittent in situ X-ray computed tomography
Authors: Hülsbusch D , Helwing R , Mrzljak S , Walther F 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The aim of this work is the comparative characterization of the fatigue and damage behaviors of GFR-polyurethane and GFR-epoxy with application-relevant quasi-isotropic layer setup in the high cycle and very-high cycle fatigue regimes. Therefore, a high-frequency test method based on a resonant testing system (1 kHz) has been further developed and assessed with special consideration of self-heating. In intermittent test procedures, the damage state has been explored by in situ X-ray computed tomography analysis after certain numbers of cycles. It was shown that the overall damage state in the VHCF regime is reduced by a factor of three compared to the HCF regime and accompanied by delayed initiation and propagation of delamination. The latter was proven to be the main reason for a decreased inclination of the S/N-curve in the VHCF regime by 50-60%.
Does age matter? Impact on fire safety properties of composite materials from ageing
Authors: Sandinge Anna , Blomqvist Per , Dederichs Anne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
When materials are tested and classified before entering the market, they are mainly tested as newly produced. However, it is known that material properties change with time and when exposed to temperature, humidity, wind and light. As a result, it is important to have knowledge of how material age and which parameters are affected in order to retain safety. Studies show how the mechanical properties change when the materials age. But not much can be found in literature about the ageing effect on fire properties. In the present study, accelerated ageing testing was made with a composite material of phenolic resin and basalt fibres. Selected ageing methods applied were thermal ageing at 90 °C and moisture ageing at 40 °C and 90 % Relative Humidity. Samples were collected from ageing chambers after one, two and four weeks. To investigate the ageing effect on the fire properties of the composite, fire testing was conducted using cone calorimetry according to ISO 5660-1. The test results showed that ageing does matter. There was an impact on the material and the fire properties were affected. The ignition time decreased for the aged samples and the heat release rate slightly increased. Also, the smoke production increased with ageing.
Strength analysis of a 5-m composite wind turbine blade under static and fatigue loading conditions
Authors: Muyan C , Coker D 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This study focuses on the static and fatigue strength analysis of the existing 5-m RUZGEM composite wind turbine blade with and without defect in the form of debonding. Puck progressive damage analysis is used to investigate the effect of defect introduced to the spar/pressure side interface on the ultimate strength under extreme flap-wise (min) by single-loading point application. In addition, fatigue life according to the Germanischer Lyod (GL) guidelines is determined. For the original blade, collapse is observed after 85% loading, whereas due to defect, failure region changes and the blade collapses after 69% loading. Blade is found to exhibit sufficient resistance against fatigue. However, the inclusion of defect decreases the fatigue life of the blade significantly.
AHR Conversation: Black Internationalism
Authors: Bedasse Monique , Butler Kim D. , Fernandes Carlos , Laumann Dennis , Nagaraja Tejasvi , Talton Benjamin , Thurman Kira 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This annual AHR Conversation focuses on the issues and historiographic debates raised by the term “Black Internationalism.” Participants Monique Bedasse, Kim D. Butler, Carlos Fernandes, Dennis Laumann, Tejasvi Nagaraja, Benjamin Talton, and Kira Thurman bring a wide array of interests and areas of expertise to bear on the origins, evolution, and meaning of the concept of Black Internationalism; its application within Africa, the U.S., and the African diaspora more generally; and its relationship to gender, nationalism, and anticolonialism. In addition to tracing the deep roots of this framework for writing the history of Black resistance to slavery, colonialism, and white supremacy as global phenomena, they insist on seeing Black Internationalism from multiple points on the compass. Perspectives derived from the history—and intellectual production—of Africa, Europe, South America, and the Caribbean prove just as important, if not more so, than those emanating from the United States.
From Counterpublics to Contentious Publicness: Tracing the Temporal, Spatial, and Material Articulations of Popular Protest Through Social Media
Authors: Kavada Anastasia , Poell Thomas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article presents a new approach to the study of public contestation through social media. Developing this approach, we make three conceptual moves. First, to capture the dynamic character of contemporary contestation, we shift attention from publics to publicness as an interactive process. Second, we turn the focus from the “counter,” as a public or space distinct from the dominant sphere, towards distributed forms of contention. Finally, instead of considering media as arenas of claims, we investigate how media are constitutive of contentious publicness, which can be studied along its material, spatial, and temporal dimensions. These moves lead to an analytical framework through which trajectories of contentious publicness can be systematically traced and evaluated. Through case studies on the 2011 Egyptian uprising and the Occupy protests, we demonstrate how this framework can be employed to examine the construction of new contentious actors and evaluate their democratic legitimacy as claim-makers.
Exploratory Survey of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) and Its Natural Enemies in China
Authors: Xin Bei , Zhang Yan-long , Wang Xiao-yi , Cao Liang-ming , Hoelmer Kim A , Broadley Hannah J , Gould Juli R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
An invasive population of spotted lanternfly (SLF), Lycorma delicatula White, was first noted in North America in Pennsylvania in 2014, and by September 2020 populations had spread to six additional states. To develop a biocontrol program to aid in the management of the pest, exploratory surveys for SLF natural enemies in its native range were carried out in 27 provinces and other administrative regions of China from 2015 to 2019. Naturally laid egg masses were collected and sentinel SLF egg masses were deployed to attract egg parasitoids, and yellow sticky traps were used to collect SLF nymphs to discover and determine the parasitism rates of nymphal parasitoids. Results show that SLF is widely distributed in China (22 provinces and regions) and that the population densities in northeast China are higher than in southern and western China. An egg parasitoid, Anastatus orientalis Yang (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), and a nymphal parasitoid, Dryinus sinicus Olmi (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), were collected. Anastatus orientalis was reared from SLF eggs in seven provinces in China with parasitoid emergence rates ranging from 4.0 to 15.5% (or 17.6 to 37.3% if including only egg masses that had at least some parasitism). There were significant differences in parasitoid emergence rates between sites associated with factors including habitat and host plants. Dryinus sinicus was discovered in eight cities across six provinces. The percentage of SLF nymphs parasitized by D. sinicus were 31.1, 23.3, and 0% in Tai’an, Shandong Province, Beijing City, and Yan’an, Shaanxi Province, respectively. These two parasitoids are promising natural enemies that are being considered as potential biocontrol agents of invasive populations of SLF.
Antibacterial action of acriflavine hydrochloride for eradication of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Tehlan Ankita , Karmakar Bipul Chandra , Paul Sangita , Kumar Raghwan , Kaur Inderjeet , Ghosh Amit , Mukhopadhyay Asish K , Dhar Suman Kumar 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Helicobacter pylori, a type 1 carcinogen, accounts for numerous gastric cancer-related deaths worldwide. Repurposing existing drugs or developing new ones for a combinatorial approach against increasing antimicrobial resistance is the need of the hour. This study highlights the efficacy of acriflavine hydrochloride (ACF-HCl) in inhibiting the growth of H. pylori reference strain and antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates at low concentrations. ACF-HCl inhibits H. pylori growth at MIC value 10 times less than that in Escherichia coli, another Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, ACF-HCl demonstrates synergistic effect with clarithromycin, a commonly used antibiotic against H. pylori. ACF-HCl treatment also eradicates H. pylori infection in the mice model efficiently. Our in vitro data indicate that bacterial membrane is the prime target. The novel action of ACF-HCl against antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates, synergistic effect with the conventional antibiotic clarithromycin and eradication of H. pylori from infected mice highlight the potential of ACF-HCl as a promising therapeutic agent against H. pylori by itself as well as for combinatorial therapy.
Large-Scale Phylogenetic Analysis of Trypanosomatid Adenylate Cyclases Reveals Associations with Extracellular Lifestyle and Host–Pathogen Interplay
Authors: Durante Ignacio Miguel , Butenko Anzhelika , Rašková Vendula , Charyyeva Arzuv , Svobodová Michaela , Yurchenko Vyacheslav , Hashimi Hassan , Lukeš Julius 
Published: October 2020

AbstractReceptor adenylate cyclases (RACs) on the surface of trypanosomatids are important players in the host–parasite interface. They detect still unidentified environmental signals that affect the parasites’ responses to host immune challenge, coordination of social motility, and regulation of cell division. A lesser known class of oxygen-sensing adenylate cyclases (OACs) related to RACs has been lost in trypanosomes and expanded mostly in Leishmania species and related insect-dwelling trypanosomatids. In this work, we have undertaken a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of both classes of adenylate cyclases (ACs) in trypanosomatids and the free-living Bodo saltans. We observe that the expanded RAC repertoire in trypanosomatids with a two-host life cycle is not only associated with an extracellular lifestyle within the vertebrate host, but also with a complex path through the insect vector involving several life cycle stages. In Trypanosoma brucei, RACs are split into two major clades, which significantly differ in their expression profiles in the mammalian host and the insect vector. RACs of the closely related Trypanosoma congolense are intermingled within these two clades, supporting early RAC diversification. Subspecies of T. brucei that have lost the capacity to infect insects exhibit high numbers of pseudogenized RACs, suggesting many of these proteins have become redundant upon the acquisition of a single-host life cycle. OACs appear to be an innovation occurring after the expansion of RACs in trypanosomatids. Endosymbiont-harboring trypanosomatids exhibit a diversification of OACs, whereas these proteins are pseudogenized in Leishmania subgenus Viannia. This analysis sheds light on how ACs have evolved to allow diverse trypanosomatids to occupy multifarious niches and assume various lifestyles.
Serotonin Transporter Gene Promoter Hypomethylation as a Predictor of Antidepressant Treatment Response in Major Depression: A Replication Study
Authors: Schiele M A , Zwanzger P , Schwarte K , Arolt V , Baune B T , Domschke K 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4; 5-HTT; SERT) is considered a prime candidate in pharmacogenetic research in major depressive disorder (MDD). Besides genetic variation, recent advances have spotlighted the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation in predicting antidepressant treatment response in “pharmaco-epigenetic” approaches. In MDD, lower SLC6A4 promoter methylation has been suggested to predict impaired response to serotonergic antidepressants. The present study sought to replicate and extend this finding in a large, independent sample of MDD patients.

Methods
The sample comprised n = 236 Caucasian patients with MDD receiving antidepressant medication in a naturalistic treatment setting. Functional DNA methylation of 9 CpG sites located in the SLC6A4 promoter region was analyzed via direct sequencing of sodium bisulfite– treated DNA extracted from blood cells. Patients were assessed over the course of a 6-week in-patient treatment using the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D).

Results
Results confirm relative SLC6A4 hypomethylation to predict impaired antidepressant response both dimensionally and categorically (HAM-D reductions &lt; 50%) and to furthermore be indicative of nonremission (HAM-D &gt; 7). This also held true in a homogenous subgroup of patients continuously treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (n = 110).

Conclusions
Impaired response to serotonergic antidepressants via SLC6A4 hypomethylation may be conveyed by increased gene expression and consequently decreased serotonin availability, which may counteract the effects of serotonergic antidepressants. The present results could in the future inform clinical decision-making towards a more personalized treatment of MDD.
Three Outcomes of Contentious Elections
Authors: Frank Richard W 
Published: October 2020

AbstractElections are contentious by design, but contentious election outcomes—from democratic backsliding to widespread protests and violence—occur regularly and represent significant challenges to both domestic and international stability. This review essay explores three specific outcomes of contentious elections (i.e., failed democratization, democracy protests, and election violence) using three recent, influential books on these topics. It highlights several, overlapping causal mechanisms, including those focusing on structural characteristics, actor behavior, and election cycle dynamics. It also explores four cross-cutting themes (i.e., democratization, electoral history, structural constraints, and money in politics), as well as three areas for future research (i.e., overlooked actors, election integrity, and international factors).
Tutorial for the Characterization of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters by Gas Chromatography with Highly Polar Capillary Columns
Authors: Delmonte Pierluigi , Milani Andrea , Kramer John K G 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The fatty acid composition of fats and oils is commonly determined by gas chromatography after preparing fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Capillary columns coated with polyethylene glycol emerged as the preferred separation tool for the quantification of the polyunsaturated fatty acids contained primarily in marine oils. However, their selectivity is inadequate for measuring the trans fatty acids (TFA) contained in refined vegetable oils, dairy fats, and marine oils. Highly polar 100% poly(biscyanopropyl siloxane) capillary columns provide the necessary selectivity, but small differences in the phase polarity caused by column age, conditioning, or manufacturing variations affect the reproducibility of their separations of these complex samples. In this study, a simple procedure is described to compensate for small variations in column selectivity by adjusting the elution temperature. The balance between the dipole-induced dipole interactions and dispersive interactions was determined by measuring selectivity factors [SF(i)] corresponding to the elution of an unsaturated FAME such as 18:3n-3 relative to two saturated FAME such as 20:0 and 22:0. Knowing the SF(i) provided by the installed capillary column at a given elution temperature, and the SF(i) of the target separation, we propose a simple calculation to determine the necessary elution temperature adjustment to achieve (or restore) the desired separation. After determining the SF(i) which provides the optimal separation of TFA, the novel methodology was applied to the separation of refined vegetable oils, butter fats, and marine oils.
Induced pluripotent stem cells from farm animals
Authors: Su Yue , Zhu Jiaqi , Salman Saleh , Tang Young 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The development of the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technology has revolutionized the world on the establishment of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) across a great variety of animal species. Generation of iPSCs from domesticated animals would provide unrestricted cell resources for the study of embryonic development and cell differentiation of these species, for screening and establishing desired traits for sustainable agricultural production, and as veterinary and preclinical therapeutic tools for animal and human diseases. Induced PSCs from domesticated animals thus harbor enormous scientific, economical, and societal values. Although much progress has been made toward the generation of PSCs from these species, major obstacles remain precluding the exclamation of the establishment of bona fide iPSCs. The most prominent of them remain the inability of these cells to silence exogenous reprogramming factors, the obvious reliance on exogenous factors for their self-renewal, and the restricted development potential in vivo. In this review, we summarize the history and current progress in domestic farm animal iPSC generation, with a focus on swine, ruminants (cattle, ovine, and caprine), horses, and avian species (quails and chickens). We also discuss the problems associated with the farm animal iPSCs and potential future directions toward the complete reprogramming of somatic cells from farm animals.