bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Landscape Mulches and Drip Irrigation on Transplant Establishment and Growth of Three North American Desert Native Plants
Authors: Singer Catherine K. , Martin Chris A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A two-year experiment was conducted to determine growth responses of three North American desert native plants, brittle bush (Encelia farinosa), four wing salt bush (Atriplex canescens), and Santa Rita prickly pear cactus (Opuntia santa rita) to four landscape mulch treatments (shredded landscape tree trimmings, composted ponderosa pine residue, decomposing granite, or a no mulch control). In addition, brittle bush and four wing salt bush plants were drip irrigated with either 1275 liters (337 gal) or 2550 liters (674 gal) of water-plant−1year−1. Santa Rita prickly pear cacti were not irrigated. Transplant survivability of brittle bush was differentially affected by mulch treatment. In contrast, mulch treatments had no impact on survivability of four wing salt bush or Santa Rita prickly pear. Mulch treatments also had no effect on growth indices of all plants. Compared to the no mulch control treatment, shredded tree trimming mulch increased relative water content of Santa Rita prickly pear padded stems. Shoot dry weights were greatest for non-irrigated four wing salt bush and brittle bush. These findings suggest that supplemental drip irrigation and inorganic mulches might not be needed to grow some North American desert plants in southwest urban landscapes.
Vegetative Propagation of Gordonieae Trees by Stem Cuttings
Authors: Meyer Elisabeth M. , LeBude Anthony V. , Ranney Thomas G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Theaceae tribe Gordonieae contains trees with desirable ornamental characteristics and adaptability to a broad range of environmental conditions. To develop an effective protocol for vegetative propagation of five taxa in the tribe, terminal softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood cuttings were collected from these trees and treated with either 0, 2500, 5000, 7500, or 10000 ppm of the potassium salt of indolebutyric acid (K-IBA). The concentration of K-IBA only affected rooting percentage of hardwood cuttings of Franklinia alatamaha, Gordonia lasianthus, and Schima remotiserrata and had varying effects on root number and length of longest root amongst the taxa and cutting types. Franklinia alatamaha and G. lasianthus were rooted at high percentages (&gt; 50%) from hardwood, semihardwood, and softwood cuttings, and S. khasiana rooted at high percentages (72%) from softwood cuttings. Despite poor rooting from all types of stem cuttings (&lt; 23%), Schima remotiserrata and S. wallichii exhibited the highest rooting percentages from hardwood cuttings. Rooting percentage, root number, and length of longest root differed greatly in response to K-IBA concentration amongst the five taxa observed and the cutting types within each taxa.
Exogenous Abscisic Acid Application Effects on Stomatal Closure, Water Use, and Shelf Life of Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla)
Authors: van Iersel Marc W. , Seader Kate , Dove Sue 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A lack of adequate watering reduces the shelf life of many ornamental plants during retail. Our goals were to determine whether sprays or drenches with abscisic acid (ABA) can reduce transpiration and extend the shelf life of hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla). During the first 5 days after treatment, ABA drenches of 125 to 1000 ppm reduced stomatal conductance (gs) by 50 to 80% as compared to water. ABA-induced stomatal closure reduced plant water uptake from the substrate; control plants took up half of the plant-available water during the first 7 days after treatment, while it took 14 days for plants drenched with 1000 ppm to take up half of the available water. Control plants wilted after 12 days and time to wilting of drenched plants increased with increasing ABA concentrations, up to 23 days in the 1000 ppm treatment. Spray treatments had little effect on gs and no detectable effect on water uptake or time to wilting. Some yellowing of older leaves was seen with ABA drenches of 500 or 1000 ppm. Despite this side effect, ABA drenches have potential to extend the shelf life of hydrangeas in retail environments.
Recycled Mushroom Compost Suppresses Bird's Nest Fungi in Landscape Mulch
Authors: Fidanza Michael A. , Davis Donald D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Mushroom compost blended into landscape mulch has been reported to suppress sporulation of artillery fungi (Sphaerobolus spp). In this paper, mushroom compost is also shown to inhibit growth and sporulation of a common bird's nest fungus in landscape mulch. Field plots containing 0, 10, 20, 40, or 100% (by volume) mushroom compost blended with a common landscape mulch were naturally infested with a bird's nest fungus (Cyathus stercoreus (Schweinitz) de Toni). Compost at percentages ≥ 40% significantly reduced growth and sporulation of the bird's nest fungus. It is likely that mushroom compost contains populations of beneficial microbes that are antagonistic to, or feed on, various species of fungi.
Preemergence Control of Doveweed (Murdannia nudiflora) in Container-Grown Nursery Crops
Authors: Walker Lela C. , Neal Joseph C. , Derr Jeffrey F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Preemergence herbicides were evaluated for control of doveweed (Murdannia nudiflora), a summer annual weed of increasing importance in nurseries of the southeastern United States. In the first experiments, broad-spectrum nursery herbicides OH2 (oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin), Snapshot TG (isoxaben + trifluralin), and BroadStar (flumioxazin) were compared. OH2 and Snapshot provided poor and variable control whereas BroadStar controlled doveweed 82 to 100%. In the second set of experiments, recommended rates of all major active ingredients labeled for use in container nursery crops and landscape plantings were compared for control of doveweed. Doveweed was controlled ≥ 95% by BroadStar, Pennant Magnum (s-metolachlor), and Tower (dimethenamid-p). Barricade (prodiamine), Dimension (dithiopyr), Gallery (isoxaben), OH2, Pendulum (pendimethalin), Regal O-O (oxyfluorfen + oxadiazon), Ronstar (oxadiazon), Rout (oxyfluorfen + oryzalin), Showcase (trifluralin + isoxaben + oxyfluorfen), Snapshot TG, and Surflan (oryzalin) did not control doveweed.
Application Rate and Treatment Interval Influence the Efficacy of Heritage Fungicide for the Control of Alternaria Leaf Spot on Marigold
Authors: Hagan A.K. , Akridge J.R. , Bowen K.L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Efficacy of Heritage 50WG (azoxystrobin) over a range of application rates and treatment intervals was compared with Daconil Weather Stik 6F (chlorothalonil) and Eagle 40W (myclobutanil) for the control of Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria tagetica) in a simulated landscape planting of marigold in southwest Alabama. When applied at 2-week intervals, all rates of Heritage 50WG gave better disease control in all four years than Daconil Weather Stik 6F or Eagle 40W, applied on the same schedule. In two of three years, weekly applications of Daconil Weather Stik 6F decreased Alternaria leaf spot severity compared with the non-fungicide treated control, but when applied at 2-week intervals, disease levels were similar to the non-fungicide treated control in two of four years. Typically, Alternaria leaf spot intensified when Heritage 50WG application rates declined from 0.16 to 0.04 g ai·liter−1 and treatment intervals increased from 2-to 4-weeks. At the 0.04 g ai·liter−1 rate of Heritage 50WG, disease control was usually better at the 2-than at the 3-and, particularly, 4-week treatment schedule. Regardless of the level of disease pressure, Heritage 50WG at 0.08 and 0.16 g ai·liter−1 when applied at 3-week intervals consistently gave effective control of Alternaria leaf spot on marigold.
Monitoring Flight Activity of Ambrosia Beetles in Ornamental Nurseries with Ethanol-Baited Traps: Influence of Trap Height on Captures
Authors: Reding Michael , Oliver Jason , Schultz Peter , Ranger Chris 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ethanol-baited bottle traps were used to monitor spring flight activity of the ambrosia beetles Xylosandrus crassiusculus and Xylosandrus germanus in Ohio, Tennessee, and Virginia. The traps were deployed at three different heights to determine if height influenced captures. X. germanus was captured in all three states, while X. crassiusculus was captured in TN and VA only. Traps 0.5 m above the ground captured more X. germanus than traps at 1.7 or 3.0 m. Traps 0.5 or 1.7 m above the ground captured more X. crassiusculus than traps at 3.0 m. In TN and VA, first activity of X. crassiusculus and X. germanus occurred from mid-March to early April. In OH, first activity of X. germanus occurred early to mid-April. Analysis of attacks by X. germanus on Cornus florida revealed that more than 90% of the attacks occurred on the main trunk within 1 m (3 ft) of the ground. Monitoring will be most effective when traps are suspended 0.5 or &lt; 1.7 m above the ground for X. germanus or X. crassiusculus, respectively. To detect first flight of X. crassiusculus or X. germanus, traps should be deployed by early to mid-March in TN and VA and late March in OH.
Use of Processed Biofuel Crops for Nursery Substrates
Authors: Altland James 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) bark availability has decreased, causing shortages in inventory and increased prices for pine bark substrates. One potential alternative to pine bark is the use of biofuel or biomass crops that can be grown locally, harvested, and processed into a suitable substrate. The objective of this research was to assess the suitability of several biofuel crops as alternatives to pine bark in nursery substrates using annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus) as a model crop. Across two experiments, switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), willow (Salix spp.), corn (Zea mays) stover, and giant miscanthus (Miscanthus ×giganteus) were processed through a hammermill equipped with a 0.95 cm (0.375 in) screen. Pine bark was used as a control. Substrate materials were used either alone, amended with 20% (v/v) sphagnum peat moss, or amended with 20% (v/v) sphagnum peat moss and 10% (v/v) municipal solid waste compost. Biofuel-based substrates tended to have greater air space and less container capacity than pine bark substrate. Amending with peat moss, or peat moss and municipal solid waste compost reduced air space and increased container capacity of all substrates. Substrate pH of biofuel-based substrates was higher than pine bark substrates, and was neutral to slightly alkaline. Amending with peat moss reduced pH of biofuel substrates to levels considered more ideal for annual vinca growth. Foliar calcium, magnesium, and iron levels were low across all treatments, although visual foliar deficiency symptoms were not apparent. Shoot growth was greatest in switchgrass and pine bark substrates. Plant growth differed among biofuel and pine bark substrates; however, all plants were considered marketable at the conclusion of the experiment. Modification of chemical and physical properties for each substrate type will be necessary.
Evaluation of a Single Application of Neonicotinoid and Multi-Application Contact Insecticides for Flatheaded Borer Management in Field Grown Red Maple Cultivars
Authors: Oliver J.B. , Fare D.C , Youssef N. , Scholl S.S. , Reding M.E. , Ranger C.M. , Moyseenko J.J. , Halcomb M.A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two trials evaluated insecticides for flatheaded borer control and effect on red maple (Acer rubrum L.) cultivar growth over 4 years. Chrysobothris femorata (Olivier) was the only species reared from borer damaged maples during the study. Soil-applied systemic insecticides (acephate, imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, and thiamethoxam) and trunk-applied contact insecticides (chlorpyrifos and bifenthrin) were tested. In the 2005 trial, a one-time drench of Allectus (imidacloprid + bifenthrin) or Discus (imidacloprid + cyfluthrin) provided 2 to 4 years of protection with ‘Autumn Flame’ and ‘Franksred’ from C. femorata. Soil-applied experimental imidacloprid tablets prevented borer damage in the third and fourth post-treatment years, but were not as effective as imidacloprid drenches in the first two years. Soil applied acephate tablets, chlorpyrifos (Dursban 4E) trunk sprays, or untreated control plants had borer damage each year, which totaled up to 41.7% damage by year 4 in ‘Autumn Flame’. Trunk diameter growth and tree canopy size was greater with Discus drench or imidacloprid tablet treatments than other treatments. In the 2006 trial, drenches of Allectus, Discus, or Safari 20SG (dinotefuran) applied in May and Discus or Arena 50WDG (clothianidin) drenches applied in March provided complete protection from C. femorata the first year in ‘Fairview Flame’, ‘Franksred’, and ‘October Glory’. Discus (March) drench provided four years of complete protection among the three cultivars, while other neonicotinoid drenches had 3.7–6.3% (Arena March), 3.7–12.5% (Arena May), 0–6.3% (Discus May), 0–10.3% (Safari), and 12.5–20.5% (Flagship) total damage. Ineffective treatments included an experimental imidacloprid gel (7.4–18.8% damage), acephate tablets (18.5–75.0%), Onyx Pro Insecticide (5.1–18.8%), Dursban 2E (11.1–31.3%), one imidacloprid tablet (15.4–43.8%), or untreated plants (32.1–41.0%). This study demonstrates a single application of some neonicotinoid treatments can provide multi-year C. femorata prevention, increased maple trunk growth, and provide borer protection superior to trunk sprays.
Prevalence, Distribution and Identification of Phytophthora Species from Bleeding Canker on European Beech
Authors: Nelson Angela H. , Weiland Jerry E. , Hudler George W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
While bleeding canker of European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) has long been recognized as a problem in Europe and North America, the cause in the northeastern United States has not been clear. To resolve this, we surveyed for disease prevalence on European beech, identified the pathogens involved, proved their pathogenicity, compared protocols for pathogen detection, and conducted a soil assay to determine pathogen presence in soil surrounding established trees in residential and commercial landscapes in New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Connecticut and Massachusetts. Approximately 40% of surveyed trees had bleeding cankers. While Phytophthora cactorum, P. gonapodyides, P. cambivora and two newly described species, P. citricola I and P. plurivora, were recovered from symptomatic tissue, P. citricola I and P. cactorum were most prevalent. All caused disease when artificially inoculated into European beech sapling stems, although P. cambivora and P. gonapodyides produced significantly smaller lesions. Recovery of the pathogen from symptomatic tissue using selective media, the preferred method of diagnosis, was significantly higher in the fall. ELISA detection was more successful and worked regardless of season, but did not allow identification to the species level. All five Phytophthora species were found in soil surveys; P. cambivora was most common, followed by P. cactorum and P. citricola I. These results provide a foundation for building management strategies to protect valuable specimens of European beech.
Seed Germination of Five Populations of Rhododendron vaseyi: Influence of Light and Temperature
Authors: Hebert Cary J. , Blazich Frank A. , LeBude Anthony V. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seeds from five populations of Rhododendron vaseyi A. Gray (pinkshell azalea), representing the entire distribution of the species, were germinated at 25C (77F) or an 8/16-hr thermoperiod of 30/20C (86/68F) with daily photoperiods at each temperature of 0 (total darkness), 8, 12, or 24-hr (continuous light). Germination was recorded every 3 days for 30 days. Responses to light and temperature of all populations were similar. Light was required for germination regardless of temperature. As photoperiod increased, germination increased for all populations with the alternating temperature partially compensating for the light requirement. The highest cumulative germination for all populations ranged from 51 to 67% and was achieved at 30/20C with a 24-hr photoperiod. These germination percentages, although at a moderate level, were due in part to rigorous cleaning and grading of seeds collected across a broad range of plants and growing conditions prior to initiation of the study, suggesting seed viability of R. vaseyi is inherently low.
Purple-leaved Japanese Barberry (var. atropurpurea) Genotypes Become Visually Indistinguishable from Greenleaved Genotypes (Berberis thunbergii DC.) at Low Light Levels
Authors: Lehrer Jonathan M. , Brand Mark H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC.) is a popular nursery plant that has escaped from cultivation to establish invasive populations across the United States. Previous studies demonstrate that green-leaved feral plants adapt successfully to low light levels. The leaf color phenotype of purple-leaved Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea) seedlings grown under shaded conditions was studied to determine their appearance under low light conditions typical of wooded areas often invaded by barberry. Seedlings from B. thunbergii var. atropurpurea were grown in full sunlight and under three shade treatments (36, 50 and 72%). Seedlings were also grown in full sunlight and under two higher shade treatments (85 and 95%) in a second study. The hue angle of purple seedlings increased from a mean of 22.3 in full sun to 86.9 at 72% shade, reflecting a color change from violet-purple to green-umber. Foliage color also became more vivid and lighter as shading increased. All purple genotype seedlings appeared green when grown at 95% shade due to lack of anthocyanin production at this light exposure. Escaped barberry seedlings originating from landscape plants of var. atropurpurea may not be recognized as purple-leaved forms when they invade densely shaded woodland environments.
Susceptibility of Viburnum Species and Cultivars to Phytophthora ramorum
Authors: Widmer Timothy L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Phytophthora ramorum causes ramorum blight on Viburnum species, which are commonly grown as ornamentals. This study evaluated 24 different species or cultivars for susceptibility to P. ramorum. Whole plants were inoculated with an NA1 isolate of P. ramorum and placed in dew chambers at 20C (68F). After 5 days, the percentage of necrotic leaves for each plant and the percentage of necrotic area for each leaf were calculated. The percentage of necrotic leaves per plant ranged from 96.1% (V. tinus) to 7.9% (V. opulus ‘Notcutt’) and the percentage of necrotic leaf area ranged from 73.0% (V. × carlcephalum ‘Cayuga’) to 2.4% (V. trilobum ‘Wentworth’). In addition, six species or cultivars were evaluated for their susceptibility to a EU1 isolate of P. ramorum. The isolate had a significant effect on three of the six species or cultivars tested, although one isolate did not always yield the greatest necrosis. Evergreen species and cultivars had a higher percentage of necrotic leaves and higher percentage of necrotic leaf area than semi-evergreen or deciduous species and cultivars. All Viburnum species and cultivars showed some degree of susceptibility to P ramorum.
Effect of Fall Fertilization on Freeze Resistance of Deciduous Versus Evergreen Azaleas
Authors: Henning Frank P. , Smalley Timothy J. , Lindstrom Orville M. , Ruter John M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Plants that maintain their leaves throughout winter may respond differently to fall fertilization than deciduous plants. The effects of fall fertilization on cold hardiness, nutrient uptake, growth and flower production of evergreen versus deciduous azaleas were studied. Rhododendron canescens (Michx.) Sweet and R. × satsuki ‘Wakaebisu’ were grown in containers, outdoors in Athens, GA, under three fall fertigation regimes applied daily as 0.5 liter (0.13 gal) solutions containing: 1) 75 mg·liter−1 N from August 1 through September 29, 2) 75 mg·liter−1 N from August 1 through November 28, and 3) 125 mg·liter−1 N from August 1 through November 28. Stem freeze resistance was analyzed monthly November through March. Growth of azaleas that received 120 days of extended fertigation (August 1 through November 28) was not increased compared to azaleas that received 60 days of extended fertigation (August 1 through September 29). Growth of the two taxa did not differ in their response to fertilization treatments. The high rate of extended fertilization 125 mg·liter−1 N (from August 1 through November 28) reduced stem freeze resistance November through February, while the moderate rate of extended fertilization (75 mg·liter−1 N from August 1 through November 28) reduced azalea freeze resistance in December. Fall fertilization regimes did not produce differences in the timing of cold acclimation, or deacclimation of R. canescens and R. × satsuki. The high rate of extended fertilization promoted early budbreak of R. × satsuki and postponed flower budbreak of R. canescens. Flower production of R. canescens was not affected by fall fertilization, but the high rate of extended fertilization increased flower production of R. × satsuki compared to plants that received the moderate rate of fertilization 75 mg·liter−1 N from August 1 through September 29.
Investigating Consumer Preference for Biodegradable Containers
Authors: Yue Chengyan , Hall Charles R. , Behe Bridget K. , Campbell Benjamin L. , Lopez Roberto G. , Dennis Jennifer H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Instead of virgin plastic, some growers are now using containers manufactured with alternative materials that can be planted directly in the soil and will degrade over time, thus eliminating the waste of disposing the pot into landfills. While previous studies have addressed certain aspects of consumer willingness to pay issue for biodegradable containers, this study specifically addresses consumer's perceived value for the containers themselves; that is, without the influence of the plant in the container. Analysis of the confidence intervals for wheat starch pots, rice hull pots, straw pots, coir pots, and peat pots reveal that they are overlapped, which indicates the price premiums participants are willing to pay for these five types of biodegradable containers do not significantly differ from each other. Consumers express a positive willingness to pay for several types of biodegradable containers relative to the standard virgin plastic container. There are two distinct levels or tiers that emerged with the first tier including coconut coir and peat pots, which received ratings in the same range as rice hull, straw, and wheat pots. A second, lower tier of similarly rated containers included the poultry feather, cow manure, and recycled plastic pots (relative to virgin plastic).