bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spawning phenology of a rapidly shifting marine fish species throughout its range
Authors: Slesinger Emily , Jensen Olaf P , Saba Grace 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Ocean warming is leading to poleward range shifts for many fish species, and while well described, potential life history phenology differences within fish populations along a gradient from their historic to current distributional range have not been studied. In a rapidly shifting fish population, the Northern stock of black sea bass (Centropristis striata), we investigated spawning phenology and output across the US Northeast Shelf to comprise locations in their historic and more recently occupied range near their northern range boundary. Spawning started later in the northern extreme of our study but also ended earlier, leading to decreased spawning duration from south to north. Spawning phenology was mostly driven by Julian day followed by temperature and latitude. Gonadosomatic index, a proxy for reproductive output, was lower in the northern region, indicating that black sea bass did not compensate for the shorter spawning season there. Hepatosomatic index was lower in the northern regions indicating lower pre-spawning liver energy reserves, potentially leading to lower reproductive output. These results suggest a potential for lower recruitment in the recently occupied range and should be further investigated to predict the impacts of ocean warming and for proactive fisheries management as black sea bass distributional range expands poleward.
The impact of gender on emotional reactions, perceived susceptibility and perceived knowledge about COVID-19 among the Israeli public
Authors: Levkovich Inbar , Shinan-Altman Shiri 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
The current COVID-19 outbreak is seriously affecting the lives and health of people across the globe. While gender remains a key determinant of health, attempts to address the gendered dimensions of health face complex challenges.

Methods
In a cross-sectional study 482 participants (men=237, women=245) completed questionnaires on precautionary behaviour, perceived knowledge about COVID-19 risk factors, emotional reactions toward COVID-19 and perceived susceptibility. We examined gender differences in perceived knowledge about COVID-19 risk factors, healthy behaviours, threat perceptions and emotional responses, as well as the role of gender as a moderating factor.

Results
Women reported higher levels of precautionary behaviour (t(475)=3.91, p&lt;0.001) and more negative emotional reactions toward COVID-19 (t(475)=6.07, p&lt;0.001). No gender differences emerged in perceived susceptibility or knowledge about COVID-19. The multiple regression model is significant and explains 30% of the variance in precautionary behaviour, which was found to be higher among women and older participants, those with higher perceived knowledge about COVID-19 risk factors and those with higher emotional reactions. Gender exhibited a significant moderating role in the relationship between perceived knowledge and precautionary behaviour (B=0.16, SE=0.07, β=0.13, p=0.02, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.30).

Conclusion
Women exhibited higher levels of precautionary behaviour and emotional responses.
A Method for Diagnosing Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure in Humans Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Indapurkar Amruta S , Eangoor Padmanabhan , Yeh Jihee Stephanie , Vakkalanka Manideepika , Cashman John R , Knaack Jennifer S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are commonly utilized worldwide for agricultural purposes and pose a health threat through air, ground and water contamination. Here, we present a convenient method for diagnosing exposure to OP pesticides in humans. This immunoprecipitation method relies on extraction of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a biomarker of OP poisoning that adducts OP compounds, from human serum using agarose beads conjugated to anti-BChE antibodies. Extracted BChE was then digested with pepsin and analyzed for unadducted and OP-adducted peptides by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. To characterize and validate this method, pooled human plasma was exposed to parathion and dichlorvos to form diethoxyphospho, aged ethoxyphospho and dimethoxyphospho adducts with BChE. Untreated plasma was also analyzed for unadducted peptides. Additionally, samples were analyzed using Ellman’s assay to measure BChE functional activity. The percent inhibition of BChE was 53.5 ± 5.76 and 95.2 ± 0.37%, respectively, for plasma treated with parathion for 1 and 24 h. The percent inhibition was 97.2 ± 0.98% for plasma treated with dichlorvos for 1 h. The percent inhibition was 97.9 ± 0.41% when the plasma treated with parathion (for 1 and 24 h) and dichlorvos (for 1 h) were mixed. Individual adducts were quantified in a single chromatographic run. Untreated plasma contained 26.4 ± 1.87 ng/mL of unadducted BChE and no adducted peptides. In contrast, the plasma sample treated with both pesticides contained no unadducted BChE, but did contain 9.46 ± 1.10, 10.9 ± 0.98 and 14.1 ± 1.10 ng/mL of diethoxyphospho, aged ethoxyphospho and dimethoxyphospho peptides, respectively. The ability to identify and measure BChE and BChE adducts to parathion and dichlorvos is expected to be useful for diagnosing human exposure to multiple OP pesticides.
Parent Traumatic Events and Adolescent Internalizing Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Parental Depression Among Youth with Persistent Post-concussive Symptoms
Authors: Marcynyszyn Lyscha A , McCarty Carolyn A , Rivara Frederick P , Johnson Ashleigh M , Wang Jin , Zatzick Douglas F 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
Research has demonstrated associations between parental depression (PD) and negative psychological outcomes among their children. However, little is known about the pathways through which lifetime parent traumatic events (PTEs) influence their adolescents’ internalizing symptoms. Our study examined whether PD mediates the association between PTE and adolescent depressive and anxious symptoms among youth with persistent postconcussive symptoms (PPCS).

Methods
We used baseline data from a randomized effectiveness trial of collaborative care for treatment of persistent postconcussive symptoms among sports-injured adolescents aged 11–18 years. Parent–adolescent dyads were recruited from pediatric clinics throughout western Washington. Eligible adolescents had three or more PPCS that lasted for at least 1 month but &lt;9 months and spoke English. Of 1,870 potentially eligible adolescents, 1,480 (79%) were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria. Of the eligible 390 adolescents, 189 (49%) declined to participate/consent. Participants included 200 parent–adolescent dyads (adolescent Mage = 14.7 years, SD = 1.7). Parent respondents were mostly female (83%) and mothers (81%). Adolescents reported on their depressive (Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PHQ-9) and anxious symptoms (Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-Short Version [anxiety subscale]) and parents reported on their depressive symptoms (M = 3.7, SD = 3.7; PHQ-9).

Results
Mediation analyses revealed two (out of four) significant indirect effects of PTE on both adolescent and parent report of depressive symptoms, but not anxiety.

Conclusions
This study elucidates one pathway (PD) through which PTE history influences adolescent depressive symptoms, supporting a two-generation approach to pediatric patient care for youth experiencing PPCS.
Making Sense of the Gender Gap in South Koreans’ Attitudes towards North Korean Defectors
Authors: Lim Sijeong 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
South Korean women are less favourable towards open admission policies for North Korean defectors, less supportive of assistance to defectors, and less willing to integrate with defectors than are South Korean men. Such a gender gap contradicts the findings of studies on refugee attitudes in Western countries. This article proposes two distinct explanations for the gap: 1. intra-gender competition induced by a gendered labour market and gender-imbalanced defector inflows and 2. gendered outgroup attitudes where women show greater anxiety and aversion towards an unfamiliar outgroup than do men. The explanations are tested using annually repeated cross-sectional survey data (2007–18). I find more consistent support for the gendered outgroup attitude explanation. Whilst South Koreans of both genders increasingly see the two Koreas as socio-culturally distinct, such perceptions of otherness are more strongly linked to negative defector attitudes among South Korean women. I also provide first-cut evidence that knowledge of North Korean society and politics mitigates the outgroup anxiety and, in turn, can mitigate the gender gap in defector attitudes. These findings hold implications for defector and refugee policies in South Korea and other refugee host countries in the region.
Delayed presentation of a rare and complex multi-vessel pulmonary arteriovenous fistula following penetrating chest-wall trauma
Authors: Williams Aman B , Lax Lauren G 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The formation of a pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) following penetrating chest trauma is a rare occurrence, often rapidly fatal or requiring emergency surgery. Even rarer still, is for the malformation to formed by an entangled and grossly tortuous network of multiple arteries and veins, with symptoms and eventual presentation to a medical facility taking place years after the initial injury. Without substantial literature available, and nil regarding instances of more than one involved artery and vein, we present the case of a complex left-sided PAVM, becoming symptomatic 15 years after a chest-wall stabbing. Clinical examination revealed hypoxia, tachycardia and an extracardiac bruit—prompting delineation with a computed tomography pulmonary angiogram and revealing the PAVM. Subsequent attempt at endovascular embolization was unsuccessful, though interrogation provided vital planning information for workup of urgent open-surgical ligation and resection. Surgery carries high morbidity and mortality, as does natural progression if left undealt.
A programmable omnipotent Argonaute nuclease from mesophilic bacteria Kurthia massiliensis
Authors: Liu Yang , Li Wenqiang , Jiang Xiaoman , Wang Yaping , Zhang Zhiwei , Liu Qi , He Ruyi , Chen Quan , Yang Jun , Wang Longyu , Wang Fei , Ma Lixin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Argonaute (Ago) proteins are conserved nucleic acid-guided proteins present in all domains of life. Eukaryotic Argonaute proteins (eAgos) are key players in RNA interference pathways and function as RNA-guided RNA endonucleases at physiological temperatures. Although eAgos are considered to evolve from prokaryotic Argonaute proteins (pAgos), previously studied pAgos were unable to catalyze RNA-guided RNA cleavage at physiological temperatures. Here, we describe a distinctive pAgo from mesophilic bacteria Kurthia massiliensis (KmAgo). KmAgo utilizes DNA guides to cleave single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA targets with high activity. KmAgo also utilizes RNA guides to cleave ssDNA and RNA targets at moderate temperatures. We show that KmAgo can use 5′ phosphorylated DNA guides as small as 9-mers to cut ssDNA and RNA, like Clostridium butyricum Ago. Small DNA binding confers remarkable thermostability on KmAgo, and we can suppress the guide-independent plasmid processing activity of empty KmAgo by elevating the DNA guide loaded temperature. Moreover, KmAgo performs programmable cleavage of double-stranded DNA and highly structured RNA at 37°C. Therefore, KmAgo can be regarded as a DNA-guided programmable omnipotent nuclease for cleaving most types of nucleic acids efficiently. This study broadens our understanding of Ago proteins and could expand the pAgo-based DNA and RNA manipulation toolbox.
The forkhead transcription factor FOXK2 premarks lineage-specific genes in human embryonic stem cells for activation during differentiation
Authors: Ji Zongling , Li Yaoyong , Liu Sean X , Sharrocks Andrew D 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Enhancers play important roles in controlling gene expression in a choreographed spatial and temporal manner during development. However, it is unclear how these regulatory regions are established during differentiation. Here we investigated the genome-wide binding profile of the forkhead transcription factor FOXK2 in human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and downstream cell types. This transcription factor is bound to thousands of regulatory regions in human ESCs, and binding at many sites is maintained as cells differentiate to mesendodermal and neural precursor cell (NPC) types, alongside the emergence of new binding regions. FOXK2 binding is generally associated with active histone marks in any given cell type. Furthermore newly acquired, or retained FOXK2 binding regions show elevated levels of activating histone marks following differentiation to NPCs. In keeping with this association with activating marks, we demonstrate a role for FOXK transcription factors in gene activation during NPC differentiation. FOXK2 occupancy in ESCs is therefore an early mark for delineating the regulatory regions, which become activated in later lineages.
Directors’ Fiduciary Duties to the Company: A Comparative Study of the UK and Indian Companies Act
Authors: Singh Vijay P 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Directors’ duties to the company were governed by the common law of negligence and the equitable principles of fiduciary duties before they were codified in Section 166 Companies Act. 2013 and section 170 of the UK Companies Act 2006. Section 170 of the UK Companies Act provides that the general duties of Directors will be interpreted in the same manner as the common law rules or equitable principles and in interpreting and applying these statutory duties of the director, regard shall be given to the corresponding common law rules and equitable principles. But such provision does not find a place under the Indian Companies Act, 2013. In this article, an endeavor has been made to do a comparative study of the Directors’ duties as conferred by the Indian Companies Act 2013 and the UK Companies Act 2006. Company Directors have the duties to work within the powers, to exercise reasonable skill and care, as well as work for the success of the company. They also have important duties to the shareholders. These duties of the Directors have been examined, analyzed and discussed in this paper, along with the relevant English and Indian case law.
Outcome of community-initiated treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Bakare Adebayo M , Udunze Obioha C , Bamidele Janet O , Omoniyi Amos , Osman Eltayeb , Daniel Olusoji J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
With the improvement in the capacity to diagnose multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB) patients due to the increased number of GeneXpert machines in Nigeria, the number of patients diagnosed surpassed the bed capacity at MDR-TB treatment centres. Community DR-TB treatment is an important option to improve access to care for MDR/RR-TB patients. However, few studies have determined the outcome of community management of MDR-TB patients, which this study aims to address.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study of MDR/RR-TB patients initiated on treatment in the community in Lagos, Nigeria, between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2016. Data were retrieved from DR-TB treatment cards/registers. The treatment outcomes of these patients were assessed at the end of treatment and categorized according to national TB guidelines.

Results
A total of 150 DR-TB patients commenced treatment during the study period. Adherence was 64.7%, with the majority of patients experiencing mild (56.5%) adverse drug events. Treatment was successful in 70% of patients. The only predictor of successful treatment was treatment adherence.

Conclusions
The study shows that community initiation of MDR-TB treatment is feasible and results in a high treatment success rate. Adherence counselling before and during treatment is essential for a favourable treatment outcome.
Mycetoma and the Community Dermatology Program, Mexico
Authors: Roberto Estrada , Guadalupe Chávez-López , Guadalupe Estrada-Chávez , Hay Roderick 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Community Dermatology Program established in the state of Guerrero, Mexico for almost 30 y provides an adaptable method of detecting and monitoring skin neglected tropical diseases such as mycetoma, which is endemic in the state. The program utilises general and thematic teaching elements combined with distance learning through teledermatology, direct patient consultations and close collaboration with community teams. Using this approach, a picture of mycetoma in Guerrero has emerged, with a focal hot spot located in the southern part of the state in the Costa Chica region. Although in much of Mexico Nocardia infections dominate, in this area there are also substantial numbers of cases of eumycetoma. This combined approach provides a means of early case detection and long-term surveillance through targeted use of a small specialist team.
Novel vaccines for allergen-specific immunotherapy
Authors: Akinfenwa Oluwatoyin , Rodríguez-Domínguez Azahara , Vrtala Susanne , Valenta Rudolf , Campana Raffaela 
Published: December 2020

Purpose of review
Allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is a highly economic, effective and disease-modifying form of allergy treatment but requires accurate prescription and monitoring. New molecular approaches are currently under development to improve AIT by reducing treatment-related side effects, cumbersome protocols and patients’ compliance. We review the current advances regarding refined diagnosis for prescription and monitoring of AIT and the development of novel molecular vaccines for AIT. Finally, we discuss prophylactic application of AIT.

Recent findings
There is evidence that molecular allergy diagnosis not only assists in the prescription and monitoring of AIT but also allows a refined selection of patients to increase the likelihood of treatment success. New data regarding the effects of AIT treatment with traditional allergen extracts by alternative routes have become available. Experimental approaches for AIT, such as virus-like particles and cell-based treatments have been described. New results from clinical trials performed with recombinant hypoallergens and passive immunization with allergen-specific antibodies highlight the importance of allergen-specific IgG antibodies for the effect of AIT and indicate opportunities for preventive allergen-specific vaccination.

Summary
Molecular allergy diagnosis is useful for the prescription and monitoring of AIT and may improve the success of AIT. Results with molecular allergy vaccines and by passive immunization with allergen-specific IgG antibodies indicate the importance of allergen-specific IgG capable of blocking allergen recognition by IgE and IgE-mediated allergic inflammation as important mechanism for the success of AIT. New molecular vaccines may pave the road towards prophylactic allergen-specific vaccination.
A SEER database cohort of 868 patients with primary tracheal cancers: characteristics and outcomes and the role of bronchoscopic interventions
Authors: Baig Mirza Z. , Weber Joanna F. , Connery Cliff P. , Bhora Faiz Y. 
Published: December 2020

Introduction:
Primary tracheal cancers have a yearly prevalence of 2.6 cases per million people. Because of their rarity there is a lack of studies investigating them. In this study, we investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of primary tracheal cancers using a large population database.

Methods:
The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database was queried between 1973 and 2016 to identify a retrospective cohort of patients with primary tracheal cancers. Demographic information, tumor characteristics, treatments administered, and survival in months were investigated.

Results:
Eight hundred sixty-eight cases were analyzed. The majority of the patients were male (56.8%) with an average age of 62.13 (±15.67). Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the predominant subtype (42.9%) followed by adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) (18.1%). Five-year survival was 21.6% and median survival was 12 months. Patients with ACC had more localized tumors, received surgery more often and had longer survival than patients with SCC (P<0.01). Both groups had best outcomes when treated with surgery. Bronchoscopic intervention was associated with favorable outcomes for ACC. For SCCs, bronchoscopic interventions followed by adjuvant therapy had better outcomes than radiotherapy alone. Cox proportional hazards identified advanced age and stage, radiotherapy and chemotherapy as negative predictors of outcome. Whereas ACC and sarcoma histology and diagnosis between 2010 and 2016 were positive prognosticators.

Conclusions:
Tracheal cancers have poor outcomes with a median survival of 12 months and 5-year survival of only 21.6%. Surgical resection should be the treatment of choice wherever feasible. In patients with ACCs who are not surgical candidates bronchoscopic interventions may provide appropriate treatment and palliation and improved survival. For SCCs, bronchoscopic intervention wherever possible with adjuvant therapy may be favorable to radiotherapy alone.
Histologic transformation from lung squamous cell carcinoma in primary lesion to small cell lung cancer in metastatic lymph node lesion following lobectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy: a case report
Authors: Zhao Xinran , Qin Ye , Zhang Di , Han Yang , Wu Guangping , Zhao Huanyu 
Published: December 2020

Introduction:
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Histologic transformation from lung squamous cell carcinoma to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) has become more and more, and its treatment is challenging because of unknown pathogenesis.

Presentation of Case:
A 62-year-old male patient presented with histologic transformation from primary lesion to metastatic recurrence lesion within 3 years following primary lobectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. The patient had the symptom of cough at the time of initial illness and recurrence. The primary lesion at the root segment of left superior lobe was diagnosed as lung squamous cell carcinoma without gene mutation (including EGFR, ALK, BRAF V600E, etc.), and recurrence lesion at the swollen lymph nodes in mediastinum (4L group) was diagnosed as SCLC. Up to now, the patient was alive for nearly 4 years after first surgery.

Discussion:
Surgical resection is the main treatment for lung cancer patient in early stage. Lymph node metastasis is a big threat for the patients in early stage. Recently, the research reports focused on the mechanism and cases of histologic transformation of lung cancer have become more and more. In this case, histologic transformation from squamous cell carcinoma in primary focus to SCLC in metastatic lymph node lesion following lobectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. However, there was no gene mutation. This is a very unusual report.

Conclusion:
We analyzed a lung cancer patient with histologic transformation from primary focus to lymphatic metastasis by clinical symptoms, radiologic features, laboratory tests, gene detection, histopathologic characteristics, and immunohistochemical testing. It is helpful to understand the pathogenesis of histologic transformation and metastatic progression for optimizing treatment measures to lung cancer.