bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TCal: Contribution to metrology for Industry 4.0
Authors: Andonov Sasho , Cundeva-Blajer Marija 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Touchless Calibration (TCal) is introduced as a future development in calibration metrology. TCal is dealing mostly with decreasing the steps necessary to provide calibration traceability. Missing steps actually contribute to considerable decreasing of time and costs of calibration keeping the calibration traceability on high level. In the scope of Metrology for Industry 4.0, it could be one of the important improvements bringing increased effectiveness and efficiency for manufacturing industry. In this paper, the detailed explanation of overall process is provided.
Why metrology? Fair dealing and efficient markets for the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Fisher Jr W P , Pendrill L , Lips da Cruz A , Felin A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Why metrology? What special value does it offer to the design and use of sustainability impact metrics, and so to the realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals? One answer in short, is, “For justice.” The balance scale is a universal symbol of fairness, development and equality. A second brief reply is, “For efficient markets.” Common currencies for the exchange of value are well known as a key factor in lowering transaction costs and supporting property rights, both essential to market formation. The repeatedly encountered dilemma, of course, is how to design, calibrate, and use measures of economic, environmental, human, and social value that lower costs and are just in more than name alone, serving some but not others. Longer answers justify metrological traceability to consensus unit standards as a key factor in realizing the SDGs by showing how it contributes to (a) the cultivation of shared meanings and improved communication; (b) the grounding of pragmatic expressions of verified trust; (c) making real, reproducible developmental trajectories visible and manageable; and (d) creating the multilevel systems of systems required for managing and governing complex, adaptive, self-organizing forms of social, political, legislative and economic life. A more complete answer to the question, “Why metrology?,” then focuses on how the SDGs’ diverse stakeholder interests may be most effectively fulfilled via collective actions facilitated on the basis of shared values.
Real-time spectral analysis using Prism Signal Processing
Authors: Henry Manus 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Prism is a new signal processing object which provides fully recursive FIR filtering i.e. the computational load is small and fixed irrespective of filter length. The Prism also has negligible design cost. These features are attractive to the next generation of Industry 4.0 sensors requiring low cost and flexible signal processing. Recent work has demonstrated how, using a few simple design rules, a chain of six Prisms can create narrowband filters with arbitrary central frequency and bandwidth, also with low design and computational cost. In this paper this technique is extended to provide spectral analysis of data, whereby a sequence of filters is applied to a data set to provide selective frequency analysis.
Method selection to evaluate measurement uncertainty in microflow applications
Authors: Sousa J A , Batista E , Pellegrino O , Ribeiro A S , Martins L L 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMicroflow applications are gaining increasing importance in medicine, and are indeed crucial in areas such as neonatology and oncology. However, in terms of uncertainty evaluation the very small levels of flow entail problems characterized by a “close to the physical limit” situation. The same happens in nanovolume applications. In these cases the Law of Propagation of Uncertainty framework (GUM) may not to be adequate, since the interval of coverage probability will, in some circumstances, contain negative values, which is physically difficult to explain. Monte Carlo methods may be a good alternative when there are not many negative readings in the application (limit-of-detection problem), but may also prove inadequate otherwise, since the required functional relationship of the model will produce a peak of values centred at the zero value, which is also not very credible to describe satisfactorily the real situation. In the latter, the application of a Bayesian method will be the better approach to deal with the evaluation of measurement uncertainties. The whole process of the revision of the international metrological standardization lies in this principle, of selecting the best method to tackle the particular problem in hand, and not to apply blind recipes to the evaluation of uncertainty in measurement, and there is a new EMPIR project focused on providing examples to BIPM documents to strengthen this concept.
A dual measurement and stimulating system to monitor and promote NNS
Authors: Pereira J M , Viegas V , Postolache O , Girão P S 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The present paper presents a dual system that can be used to measure and to generate non-nutritive sucking (NNS) signals. The NNS measurement is based on a pressure sensor that is pneumatically connected to a silicone pacifier. By its turn, the NNS stimulator is based on a miniature pump and a miniature electro-valve that are operated by opposite phased signals to produce the pulsed pressure signal that is pneumatically applied to the silicone pacifier. The paper highlights some specific issues related with the calibration of the pneumatic signal measuring chain. Processing and wireless transmission capabilities are provided by a low-cost solution based on a microcontroller. Calibration and experimental results are also included in the paper.
Information measurement systems in the digital society
Authors: Malykhina G F , Vasilyev A N , Tarkhov D A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The transition to the next technological order requires robotics and automation in the industry. Managing such process of production is impossible without scenario modeling, forecasting and diagnostic of possible emergencies based on measurement information received from various sensors. The models used must be adequate to the real state of the object, and not to its project, on the basis of which it was designed and manufactured. Such models are called twin models of physical objects. The objective of the research is to obtain the approaches to the creation of information-measuring systems capable of processing large volumes of measurement information for implementing dynamically changing twin models of physical objects, and to carry out continuous training and adaptation to changing conditions. The proposed method allows continuous extraction of knowledge from the measurement information, accumulation knowledge about the object during its life. It was shown that hybrid models with physical and mathematical substantiation and capability of learning based on measurement data are the possible solution.
Measurement and compensation of electrostatic forces between conducting surfaces at distances in the micrometer range by means of PTB’s nanonewton force facility
Authors: Nesterov Vladimir 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The measurement and compensation of electrostatic forces between conducting surfaces play a major role in various experiments, including measurements of the Newtonian constant of gravitation, measurements of the Casimir force, precision tests of general relativity in space, searches for hypothetical forces (fifth forces), gravity on elementary particles, heating in ion traps, and the physics of Rydberg atoms [1, 2]. Although the actual value of the contact potential was not of direct interest, it was necessary to eliminate it accurately in these experiments in order to avoid residual electrostatic forces that may limit the accuracy and precision of such experiments. We demonstrate how PTB’s nanonewton force facility [3, 4] can be used to accurately determine and compensate for the contact potential difference. To measure the contact potential difference as well as the distance between a force sensor and a measured object, a new three-voltage method was developed. A new method of adjusting the parallelism of the plates is also presented. The methods and the results of measuring the contact potential difference and the distance in vacuum are presented for a so-called plane-plane geometry and a ball-plane geometry. Measurements of the temporal and spatial variations of the contact potential difference were performed. Measurements were carried out at distances in the micrometer range between the metallic surfaces. A significant dependence of the contact potential difference on the distance between the conducting surfaces and on the time was found.
Application of artificial neural networks for fusion of data from radar and depth sensors applied for persons’ monitoring
Authors: Mazurek Paweł 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The research reported in this paper is related to the fusion of measurement data from the impulse-radar sensors and infrared depth sensors applied in a system for unobtrusive monitoring of elderly persons. Three methods for data fusion, based on the artificial neural networks – one trained on real-world data, and two trained on synthetic data generated on the basis of two different models of the data – are compared with respect to their capacity of decreasing the uncertainty of position estimation in a series of experiments which involved the tracking of a moving person.
How to transform all multiple solutions of the Kemeny Ranking Problem into a single solution
Authors: Muravyov S V , Baranov P F , Emelyanova E Y 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Preference aggregation as a problem of a single consensus ranking determination, using Kemeny rule, for m rankings, including ties, of n alternatives is considered in the paper. The Kemeny Ranking Problem (KRP) may have considerably more than one optimal solutions (strict orders or permutations of the alternatives) and, hence, special efforts to deal with this phenomenon are needed. In the paper, there is proposed an efficient formal rule for convolution of the N multiple optimal permutations, the output profile β(N, n), into an exact single final consensus ranking, which can include ties. The convolution rule is as follows: in the final consensus ranking, alternatives are arranged in ascending order of their rank sums (total ranks) calculated for the output profile β; some two alternatives are considered to be tolerant if they have the same rank sums in β. The equivalent convolution rule can be also applied as follows: in the final consensus ranking, alternatives are arranged in descending order of row sums (total scores) calculated for a tournament table built for β; some two alternatives are deemed to be tolerant if they have the same row sums. It is shown that, for any alternative, its total rank and total score are equal in sum to the output profile dimension N×n. The convolution rules are validated using Borda count.
The metrologically reasonable clustering of measurement results
Authors: Semenov K K , Bolschikov V A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper is dedicated to the metrological aspects of clustering procedure. It is shown that taking into account the information on uncertainty of the data to be clustered allows easily making reasonable decisions that are metrologically supported. The paper presents that the problems that are usually difficult to solve in practice of the clustering become simpler: the proposed approach allows determining the number of maximum recognizable clusters and thus protects from the unreasonable conclusions and allows performing the preconditioning of data to be clustered simpler.
Impact of enzymatic methods for glucose measurement on the performance of clinical laboratories in proficiency testing
Authors: José da Silva Jerônimo Diogo , Costa Monteiro Elisabeth 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The present study compares performance scores obtained by clinical laboratories participating in Proficiency Testing schemes for measuring three concentration items of glucose in lyophilized serum, according to the analytical method employed (Oxidase-Peroxidase or Hexokinase-Dehydrogenase). Two distinct scoring criteria guided the evaluation: one based on the consensus value from the participants’ results; and another one that uses parameters exclusively based on the assigned value defined by the reference material. The results indicate that the measuring method employed in laboratory practice significantly affects the uniformity of PT participants’ outcomes. The larger dispersion of data provided by participants using the Oxidase-Peroxidase enzymatic method caused a higher index of evaluation’s inadequacies for this group when the laboratory performance score applies the consensus approach.
Readings correction and on-line monitoring of fluid level measuring channels at NPP
Authors: Kalashnikov A A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Presently the international program has gained momentum aimed at increasing the power of nuclear power plants (NPP) with WWER- and PWR-types reactors up to 107% and also at extending the automated process control system (APCS) repair intervals up to 18 months, which places higher requirements to the accuracy of measurements of NPP technological parameters. To enable the implementation of this program, an algorithm for processing the measurement signals has been designed that ensures high precision in readings correction of hydrostatic level sensors for all operating modes of technological equipment. Methods for correction of readings based on the developed algorithm have been implemented in Russian nuclear power industry. In addition to the correction of readings the algorithm also provides online monitoring to identify all possible defects of fluid level measuring channels including hidden defects that are not detected by existing facilities of NPP control system. The paper describes the algorithm and its application it to the tasks of readings correction and on-line monitoring of fluid level measuring channels at NPP. As result the article represents one of the first steps to methodological development of the correction reading and on-line monitoring to detection and minimization of hidden defect on NPP measuring channels of all thermotechnical parameters.
The light and the dark sides of the moon: possibilities of Industry 4.0 for early non-invasive diagnosis of pathology and health-risks
Authors: Vasilieva M V , Glukhova V A , Grednovskaya E V , Dydrov A A , Klebanov I I , Nikolaeva I A , Yu Nikolskaya K , Penner R V , Tseilikman V E 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Industry 4.0 is an innovation infrastructure based on global digital connectivity to create smart plants and provide global automation in science and society. In Industry 4.0, the Internet of Things is used to collect big data from embedded sensors into live and inanimate objects. “The health calculator is positioned as a universal objective measure of human health, since it can be used not only in any disease, but also in preventive medicine, in particular, in examining astronauts and athletes and in life-risk occupations. However, even such a deeply thought-out software as health calculator requires its further development, that is, the transition to a second-generation device in which health is assessed from other methodological points of view. We have tried to summarize Industry 4.0 into medicine. We began to construct “Digital Twins” with the psychological “twins organisms”. In the future, this structure will serve as a bridge from psychology to psychopathology. To conclude, Industry 4.0 can bring to humanity unique opportunities in maintaining health and preventing diseases and at the same time engaging it in qualitatively new stressful situations. Therefore, now it is worthwhile to look for ways to increase human resistance to new versions of informational stress.
Gait rehabilitation monitor
Authors: Leite P , Postolache O , Dias Pereira J M , Postolache G 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a simple wearable, non-intrusive affordable mobile framework that allows remote patient monitoring during gait rehabilitation by doctors and physiotherapists. The system includes a set of 2 Shimmer3 9DoF Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), an Android smartphone and a developed app for collecting, primary processing of data and for persistence of data in a remote PostgreSQL database, which is available in a remote server and where further data processing is performed. This framework provides gait features classifier by invoking an implemented REST API available in the remote server. Low computational load algorithms based on Euler angles and filtered signals were developed and used for the classification and identification of several gait disturbances. These algorithms include the alignment of IMUs sensors data by means of a common temporal reference as well as heel strike and stride detection algorithms. After segmentation of the remotely collected signals for gait strides identification relevant features were extracted to feed, train and test a classifier for prediction of gait abnormalities using supervised machine learning type and Extremely Randomized Trees method.
Measurement system based on virtual reference axis for evaluation form and location of surfaces and axes of rotary details
Authors: Diakov D , Radev Hr , Vassilev V , Nikolova H 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The system for measurement and control of the form and location of the surfaces and axes of large scaled rotational parts by means of a virtual reference base is used, by using a self-orientation multistage gauge allowing exclusion of the radial run-out of axis of rotation when access to the face surfaces of the workpiece is difficult or impossible.
Effect of collisionality on the microinstabilities in the Globus-M spherical tokamak
Authors: Kiselev E O , Bakharev N N , Bulanin V V , Gusev V K , Khromov N A , Kurskiev G S , Minaev V B , Miroshnikov I V , Patrov M I , Petrov A V , Petrov Yu V , Sakharov N V , Schegolev P B , Telnova A Yu , Tokarev V A , Tolstyakov S Yu , Tukhmeneva E A , Yashin A Yu 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Simulations of the microtearing instability developing in plasma of the Globus-M spherical tokamak were performed using the GENE gyrokinetic code in the flux-tube linear approximation mode. Under the effect of the instability, the magnetic islands form on the scale of the ion Larmor radius, and the magnetic field fluctuations occur that generate electron heat fluxes. The ion heat fluxes as well as the fluxes associated with the electrostatic fluctuations are negligible. The maximum growth rate of the microtearing instability is reached at a collision frequency within the experimental range of the collision frequency variation, within which the B
T × τE ∝ ν*−0.4±0.1 scaling calculations were performed [1]. In similar calculations performed at the MAST tokamak, the growth rate decreases with decreasing collisionality in the entire range of the collision frequency variation, within which the B
T × τE ∝ ν*−0.82 scaling calculations were performed [2]. This can explain why the dependences of energy confinement time on the collision frequency obtained for the MAST&NSTX and the Globus-M tokamaks are different.
Analyses and structure integrity estimation of the Upper Vertical Neutron Camera
Authors: Smirnov A , Modestov V , Kirienko I , Lobachev A , Murtazin I , Kudryavtsev A , Filimokhina A , Nemtsev G , Ivantsivskiy M , Listopad A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Vertical Neutron Camera (VNC) is a multichannel neutron collimator intended to characterize the fusion plasma neutron source. The VNC diagnostics (together with the 55.B1 Radial Neutron Camera) will measure the time-resolved neutron emission profiles for both DD and DT ITER plasmas, providing evaluation of the fusion power density, α-source density, neutron and α-source emissivity profiles, ion temperature profile, fusion power, total neutron flux and others parameters. The VNC is composed of two fanshaped collimating structures (lower and upper) that are located at different positions of the ITER Vacuum Vessel (VV).
Structural integrity assessment of the preliminary design of the Upper Vertical Neutron Camera has been performed. The design was updated based on the analysis results and in order to meet other ITER requirements. The thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic and seismic loads and load combinations were calculated and analyzed for the updated design. This article is focused on the normal operation thermal analysis and electromagnetic analysis, as the design changes mostly affect the thermal and electromagnetic interfaces within the structure. The important results were obtained; the article shows the considerable improvement in the construction performance.
The mechanism of the onset of turbulent structures under the ion temperature gradient drift instability conditions
Authors: Karbushev D N , Khvesyuk V I , Chirkov A Y 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA possible mechanism of the appearance of turbulent structures in plasma is considered as a result of the development of unstable ion temperature gradient (ITG) drift waves, both with and without a sheared flow. A description of several stages of the drift wave evolution is proposed. The condition for limiting the growth of the wave amplitude is discussed. A qualitative agreement of the results with the theoretical and experimental results of other authors is shown. The motion of particles in the wave and vortex structures is studied on the basis of the proposed mechanism and ideas of other authors.
Tests of tungsten divertor mock-ups with plasma and e-beam high-heat fluxes
Authors: Budaev V P , Dedov A V , Komov A T , Varava A N , Frik P G , Fedorovich S D , Giniyatulin R N , Makhankov A N , Litunovsky N V , Zakharenkov A V , Sviridov E V , Tupotilov I A , Chang B L H 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The tungsten divertor mock-ups were tested with high-heat fluxes in the e-beam facility and in the plasma device. The water-cooled mock-ups are tested with the combination of plasma and e-beam loads: (1) thermocyclic tests with the highpower electron beam load ranging from 5 to 40 MW/m2 and then (2) tests in the PLM plasma device with stationary plasma loads of up to 5 MW/m2. Such two tests are performed together for the first time. They simulate the variable loads onto the divertor plates, which can occur in the ITER during stationary discharges with transient ELM events. The duration of helium plasma discharges in the PLM amounted to 200 minutes. The temperature of the test targets heating amounted to 1000°C and more.
Possibility of obtaining hot plasma during the breakdown of high-pressure gases in strong magnetic fields
Authors: Omarov O A , Omarova N O , Omarova P Kh , Aliverdiev A A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The hot plasma production during the high-pressure gas breakdown in the strong magnetic fields with a magnetic strength H of up 16·106 A/m was considered experimentally. The breakdown occured in a short gap as a result of interaction of the monoenergetic electron beam (ne
∼ 1018 m−3, energy is about several keVs) with dense plasma (n ∼ 6 · 1022 m−3). The breakdown leads to the formation of the magnetic trap (magnetic mirror), and the discharge plasma becomes heated due to the electron beam, electron cyclotron resonance, and Joule heating processes. The studies have shown that the use of the strong longitudinal magnetic fields results in an increase in the specific power, conductivity, and plasma temperature.