bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freshwater pearl mussels from northern Sweden serve as long-term, high-resolution stream water isotope recorders
Authors: Schöne Bernd R. , Meret Aliona E. , Baier Sven M. , Fiebig Jens , Esper Jan , McDonnell Jeffrey , Pfister Laurent 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. The stable isotope composition of lacustrine sediments is routinely used to infer Late Holocene changes in precipitation over Scandinavia and, ultimately, atmospheric circulation dynamics in the North Atlantic realm. However, such archives only provide a low temporal resolution (ca. 15 years), precluding the ability to identify changes on inter-annual and quasi-decadal timescales. Here, we present a new, high-resolution reconstruction using shells of freshwater pearl mussels, Margaritifera margaritifera, from three streams in northern Sweden. We present seasonally to annually resolved, calendar-aligned stable oxygen and carbon isotope data from 10 specimens, covering the time interval from 1819 to 1998. The bivalves studied formed their shells near equilibrium with the oxygen isotope signature of ambient water and, thus, reflect hydrological processes in the catchment as well as changes, albeit damped, in the isotope signature of local atmospheric precipitation. The shell oxygen isotopes were significantly correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation index (up to 56 % explained variability), suggesting that the moisture that winter precipitation formed from originated predominantly in the North Atlantic during NAO+ years but in the Arctic during NAO− years. The isotope signature of winter precipitation was attenuated in the stream water, and this damping effect was eventually recorded by the shells. Shell stable carbon isotope values did not show consistent ontogenetic trends, but rather oscillated around an average that ranged from ca. −12.00 to −13.00 ‰ among the streams studied. Results of this study contribute to an improved understanding of climate dynamics in Scandinavia and the North Atlantic sector and can help to constrain eco-hydrological changes in riverine ecosystems. Moreover, long isotope records of precipitation and streamflow are pivotal to improve our understanding and modeling of hydrological, ecological, biogeochemical and atmospheric processes. Our new approach offers a much higher temporal resolution and superior dating control than data from existing archives.
Why Is an Inverted Car Identified Much Better Than an Inverted Face?
Authors: Rakover Sam S. , Lurie Arthur 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The present study shows that the presentation of a pair of the same car in upright and then in inverted orientation (UI-car) or in inverted and upright orientations (IU-car) increases recognition of an inverted car more than recognition of an inverted face given the previous presentation of a UI-face or IU-face. Presentation of a UI-face or IU-face exerts no significant effect on recognition of an inverted face and upright face. The differences between the visual forms of a face and a car and reasons why it is more difficult to unify a UI-face (IU-face) than a UI-car (IU-car) are discussed.
Increased absorption in autonomous sensory meridian response
Authors: Janik McErlean Agnieszka B. , Osborne-Ford Eleanor J. 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundAutonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) is a cross-sensory phenomenon characterised by a static-like sensation which typically originates on the scalp and spreads throughout the body leading to a state of deep relaxation. It can be triggered by visual and auditory stimuli in real life, incidentally by various media and via intentionally created ASMR videos. Previously ASMR has been linked to a specific personality profile and this study aimed to further elucidate individual differences associated with this phenomenon.MethodsTo this effect ASMR-Experiencers and age and gender matched controls were compared on measures of flow, absorption and mindfulness.ResultsThis revealed that ASMR was associated with elevated absorption but no group differences were found with respect to the other constructs, suggesting that the ability to get deeply immersed with the current experience accompanied by loss of reflective awareness may be an important factor contributing to the experience of ASMR.
Lipidaemic and Hepatic Status of Type 2 Diabetic Rats Treated with the Polyherbal Capsule Glucoblock
Authors: Briggs O. N. , Elechi-Amadi K. N. , Ezeiruaku F. C. , Teme R. E. 
Published: February 2020

The scourge of diabetes has led to an increase in the use of complementary and alternative medicine. The lack of regulation and control leads to the indiscriminate use of these herbals, with potential risk to patients.
Aim: This study evaluates the lipidaemic and hepatic status of type 2 diabetic rats treated with the polyherbal capsule glucoblock.
Methodology: A total of 35 male Wistar albino rats weighing between 120-220 g were used for this study. The rats were placed on high fat diet and diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ) (45 mg/kg body wt). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was determined using the glucose oxidase method. Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG) and High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined using enzymatic methods. Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated using the Friedewald’s equation. Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) and Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) were determined using Reitman-Frankel method, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was determined using the colorimetric phenolphthalein method. Liver sections were stained using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining technique, and phytochemical analysis was also done on the herbal capsule.
Results: The results show no significant differences in TC levels in all groups compared to the negative control. TG level was significantly higher in the diabetic control group when compared to the negative control. TG level in the singular treatment groups were significantly lower, but the combination group (glibenclamide + glucoblock) showed no significant difference compared to the diabetic control. The negative control had significantly higher HDL-C compared to the diabetic control and treatment groups. There were no significant differences in HDL-C levels in all the treatment groups, when compared to the diabetic control. The negative control had significantly lower LDL-C compared to the diabetic control and treatment groups. There were no significant differences in LDL-C levels in all the treatment groups, when compared to the diabetic control. ALT, AST and ALP levels were significantly higher in the diabetic control, but was significantly reduced to normal levels by the treatments. Liver sections of the negative control showed normal histoarchitecture. The diabetic control showed inflammation and fatty deposition. The treatment groups showed a nearly normal histoarchitecture, with fatty deposits.
Conclusion: High fat diet in combination with a sub-diabetic dose of streptozotocin produced significant diabetes in the Wistar rats with dyslipidaemia and elevated liver enzyme levels. The anti-diabetic treatments, glibenclamide and glucoblock did not correct the dyslipidaema caused by diabetes. However, the treatments had equipotent hepatoprotective effect and restored liver enzyme levels to normal as well as improving liver histology.
A Comprehensive Study for Specialized Silicon-on-Insulator Wafers
Authors: Bacquian Bryan Christian S. , Gomez Frederick Ray I. 
Published: February 2020

The relentless advancement and trends on thinner packages have become the focus in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. The requirement of thinner packages also demands a thinner vertical structure of the semiconductor electronic design. As a major contributor on the vertical structure of the electronic package, die or wafer is also essential to go thinner. As the wafer becomes thinner, various problems may occur during transport and even the backgrinding process itself.
Wafer warpage is one of the main concerns during the wafer backgrinding process. Insufficient vacuum may cause non-planar wafer in contact with the chuck table that may result to poor grinding and broken wafer. Wafer backgrinding stress and backgrinding tape tension also contribute to the effect on wafer warpage. Challenges exist in processing different silicon wafer technology, particularly the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. Evaluating the effect of backgrinding tape selection and vacuum efficiency to eliminate such warpage is presented in this paper.
Fats and Oils in Bakery Products
Authors: Żbikowska Anna , Kowalska Małgorzata , Stauffer Clyde E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fats and oils are important bakery ingredients. In bakery foods, shortenings impart tenderness, give a moister mouthfeel, contribute structure, lubricate, incorporate air, and transfer heat. In addition to modifying the mouthfeel or texture, they often add taste of their own and tend to round off harsh notes in some of the spicy taste. Moreover, fats and oils often aid in manipulation of doughs, provide for aeration and resultant leavening of the final product, modify gluten (particularly in development of yeast‐raised doughs), act as emulsifiers for holding of liquids (shortenings). In the case of layered doughs, they provide for development of flakiness in products (Danish and puffed pastry products).
Properties of a fat that determine its ability to carry out these functions are the ratio of solid to liquid phase, the plasticity of a solid shortening, and the oxidative stability of the solid fat or oil. The oil fraction of a plastic shortening or oil in baked products gives a tender bite, moist mouthfeel, and lubricity. In turn, the solid fraction of a plastic shortening or solid fat contributes to the structure of the dough and the final baked product and entraps air bubbles during mixing of recipe ingredients.
HIV
and the Nervous System
Authors: Mina Yair , Smith Bryan R , Nath Avindra 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the pre‐antiretroviral drug era was known to cause a variety of neurological syndromes, including HIV‐associated dementia, myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, opportunistic infections of the nervous system and primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma. The era of efficient combined antiretroviral treatment has led to a shift in the nature of these syndromes, yet HIV infection is still a major cause of neurological disease, typically causing a more chronic effect, as is the case in mild cognitive impairment attributed to the virus. The mechanisms underlying this chronic effect are related to the CNS being a viral reservoir, as HIV does not directly infect neurons but does reside in different cells of the nervous system such as macrophages, microglia and astrocytes, implicating neuronal injury using neurotoxic viral factors and initiating processes of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In addition, the antiretroviral treatment itself is responsible for some aspects of neurological morbidity, mainly peripheral neuropathy and possible CNS manifestations of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after treatment is initiated.

Key Concepts

HIV‐1 invades the nervous system during early infection, frequently infecting perivascular macrophages, microglia and astrocytes.

The central nervous system is a potential reservoir for HIV‐1, challenging eradication and leading to chronic neurological complications despite antiretroviral treatment.

Neurotoxic viral factors, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration are the main mechanisms underlying neuropathogenesis of HIV‐1.

The main neurotoxic viral proteins are gp120, transactivator of transcription (Tat), Vpr and Nef.

CNS‐infiltrating monocytes are the primary blood‐derived contributors to neuroinflammation in HIV infection, leading to gliosis and astrocytosis and the release of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF‐α, IL‐1β and interferons.

Neurodegeneration has been shown to be mediated by DNA damage and mitochondrial abnormalities but also by other processes including protein aggregates, cellular senescence and epigenetic alterations.

The major neurological syndrome seen in cases of treated HIV infection is mild neurocognitive impairment.

In untreated patients, opportunistic infections, HIV‐myelopathy and primary CNS lymphoma and are the main causes of neurological disease.

Antiretroviral treatment can also lead to a neurological sequela, whether due to direct neurological side effects of drugs or due to the indirect consequences of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS).
Algal Carbon Dioxide Concentrating Mechanisms
Authors: Mukherjee Bratati , Moroney James V 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Photosynthetic microorganisms like cyanobacteria and most eukaryotic algae acclimate to a limited availability of carbon dioxide (CO
2
) in their environment by inducing a process called the carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism. This process uses an active inorganic carbon (C
i
; CO
2
and/or HCO
3
−
) uptake system that leads to the internal accumulation of C
i
to levels significantly higher than extracellular levels. Carbonic anhydrase activity converts much of the accumulated hydrogen carbonate to CO
2
, concentrating this substrate around Rubisco and thereby optimising photosynthetic efficiency even under low CO
2
conditions. The efficiency of the process is further improved by the sequestration of Rubisco into specialised structures like the cyanobacterial carboxysome or the pyrenoid in eukaryotic algae. The carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism enhances carbon dioxide fixation and growth in algae. With the increasing demands for sustainable energy sources, algae with efficient carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms are attractive models for biotechnological and transgenic applications for biofuel and biomass production.

Key Concepts

The carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism helps photosynthetic algae optimise photosynthesis under limiting CO
2
conditions.

Rubisco uses both carbon dioxide and oxygen as substrates.

Rubisco is localised in the carboxysome in cyanobacteria and the pyrenoid in the green alga,
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
.

The charged hydrogen carbonate needs transporters to enter the cell and cross organellar membranes.

Carbonic anhydrase is an efficient enzyme that carries out the reversible interconversion of carbon dioxide and hydrogen carbonate and this reaction proceed at a much faster rate than the uncatalysed reaction.

At higher pH levels, most of the inorganic carbon is in the form of hydrogen carbonate.

Most algae with carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms can take up both carbon dioxide and hydrogen carbonate.

Carbon dioxide can diffuse out of the cell so algae trap carbon dioxide in the form of the charged hydrogen carbonate anion.

Algae are used for large‐scale biomass production and are currently being explored as sources of biofuel.
Antigens: CarbohydratesII
Authors: Kieber‐Emmons AnnMarie , Monzavi‐Karbassi Behjatolah , Kieber‐Emmons Thomas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGlycosylation is critical for a wide range of biological processes across both normal and disease states. Carbohydrate antigens, for example, are polymeric chains of diverse monomeric sugar molecules that play a fundamental role in the pathogenicity and virulence of many organisms. Moreover, these pathogen‐associated glycan structures can also be found in association with other types of cells, including tumours. These types of glycan commonalities have helped generate critical discoveries in terms of glycan structure, allowing for the development of working hypotheses for their functions, in addition to the development of agents that target or mediate their expression levels. Therefore, through discussion of glycans as antigens, new insights of key molecular and cellular interactions between them and immune cells can be discerned, and the implication of these interactions in health and disease is enhanced. Numerous reviews and even this ELS series have described the structure of carbohydrates and glycans in general.Key ConceptsGlycosylation is the most abundant post‐translational modification of proteins.Glycans expand the chemical diversity of the genetic code.Antigens are a collection of epitopes that affects recognition by the immune system.Antigens and immunogens are very different.Molecular mimicry of glycans profoundly affects the pathophysiology of infection and neoplasia.Lectin‐family receptors and antibodies have been used to define carbohydrate antigens.Clustering of epitopes defines glycan antigens better than nonclustered epitopes.Carbohydrate antigens can define danger signals to the immune system through pattern recognition receptors.Clustering associates with different B‐cell populations for processing as immunogens.MHC and T‐cell receptors see atoms in particular arrays, not as a single molecular species – hence cross‐reactivity with zwitterionic carbohydrate structures.While carbohydrate‐based vaccines have been developed, as cancer vaccines they are not as effective.Metabolism is the next frontier to understanding glycan expression patterns.
Sport‐Related Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Ahluwalia Ranbir , Mummareddy Nishit , Bonfield Christopher M , Yengo‐Kahn Aaron M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Sport‐related traumatic brain injury (SRTBI) is a disease process with a high incidence, complex pathophysiology and heterogeneous outcomes. SRTBI is generally dichotomised into sport‐related concussion (SRC) and sport‐related structural brain injury (SRSBI). A variety of sporting events can lead to these injuries. The diagnosis of SRC relies on sound clinical judgment, although multiple adjuncts have been investigated. Prompt diagnosis is essential for the management of all SRTBI, and it is critical to differentiate SRC from a potential SRSBI. Depending on the specific SRTBI, a variety of treatment options are available ranging from conservative rehabilitation to, rarely, prompt neurosurgical intervention. Finally, clinical outcomes are inherently linked to the nature of the injury and vary from full recovery to patient death. Given the high incidence, importance of prompt diagnosis and heterogeneous outcomes, SRTBI is an essential topic not only for clinicians and researchers but also for athletes, parents, coaching staff and officials.

Key Concepts

Sport‐related concussion (SRC) has a high incidence and is largely differentiated from other SRTBI by negative neuroimaging.

Sport‐related structural brain injury has positive neuroimaging and is typically diagnosed with a noncontrast computed tomography (CT) scan of the head.

Second‐impact syndrome is exceedingly rare, but the associated high risk of morbidity remains a relevant driving force for SRC management.

Diagnosis of SRC remains clinical with sideline tools as adjuncts including but not limited to SCAT5, King‐Devick, and Sway. Clinical judgment and evaluation supersede all concussion assessment tools.

Recovery from SRC usually occurs within 14–28 days, and no focal neurologic deficit is expected.

Post‐concussive syndrome is commonly defined as the presence of concussive symptomatology for greater than 4 weeks.

The outcome of SRSBI is highly variable and dependent on the nature of the intracranial injury.
Peptidases in Plant Tissue
Authors: Bonner Philip LR 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPeptidases are a diverse group of enzymes with many different catalytic mechanisms. They constitute up to 2% of the plant proteome and function in multitude of ways to ensure survival. The study of seed development and germination has revealed many peptidases that are crucial to the correct deposition of seed storage proteins in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Under the correct environmental conditions, germination of the seed is initiated. The organised synthesis and action of peptidases ensure the hydrolysis of the storage proteins which then provides the necessary amino acids for the seedling's growth. These events have profound implications to the survival of the plant species and to the survival of ecosystems that feed on the seeds and plant material generated after germination. Peptidase activity (which can be monitored using coloured substrates) is also linked to plant senescence, programmed or regulated cell death, to the 26S proteasome which functions in normal cellular events to regulate the total cell protein and also to provide defence against pathogen invasion. The activity of these peptidases can be regulated by naturally occurring inhibitors and the differential location of substrate and enzyme. Plant peptidases (e.g. papain) are of commercial interest particularly in the meat processing industry because of their wide pH optima, thermostability and their ability to work on heterogeneous substrates.Key ConceptsPeptidases are the principal enzymes in the catabolism of proteins and peptides.Seed germination is an event in which the stored carbohydrate, lipid and protein in the seed is hydrolysed and used for the synthesis of new macromolecules vital for the emerging plant's growth.Plant programmed cell death is the death of a cell responding to a variety of extracellular and intracellular signals.Endomembrane flow is the dynamic movement of lipid and protein from the endoplasmic reticulum through the Golgi bodies to the plasma membrane or storage vesicles.Signal peptides are small specific sequences at theN‐terminus of a proteins sequence to designate which organelle the protein should be directed to.
Combining whole‐school and targeted programs for the reduction of bullying victimization: A randomized, effectiveness trial
Authors: Rapee Ronald M. , Shaw Therese , Hunt Caroline , Bussey Kay , Hudson Jennifer L. , Mihalopoulos Cathrine , Roberts Clare , Fitzpatrick Sally , Radom Naomi , Cordin Tommy , Epstein Melanie , Cross Donna 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDespite the extensive evaluation of school‐based interventions for bullying, victimization remains a significant problem in schools. Bullying victimization is significantly predicted by contextual (school‐related) factors. As a consequence whole‐school programs have been commonly used to prevent and reduce bullying victimization. Evidence also points to individual risk factors (such as emotional distress) in predicting victimization, yet programs to prevent bullying victimization by changing these individual risks are far less developed. Few studies have approximated “real‐world” implementation conditions in their trials. The current effectiveness trial evaluated the combination of a whole‐school program designed to prevent bullying perpetration and victimization together with a targeted intervention for at‐risk students, teaching them individual and dyadic strategies to reduce their anxiety and manage victimization, allowing schools some latitude to implement programs as they typically would. Students from Grades 3 and 4 (N = 8,732) across 135 schools were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: combined intervention; whole‐school intervention only; individual intervention only; and care as usual. Victimization decreased significantly and similarly across all four conditions at 12 and 24 months following baseline. Similar reductions and failure to discriminate conditions were found on other key constructs: anxiety; bullying perpetration; and depression. Possible reasons for the failure to demonstrate victimization prevention differences and lessons learned from this large, effectiveness trial are considered.