bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-Scenario Well Placement Optimization under Uncertainty in Waterflooding
Authors: Ivan Patrick 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Data uncertainty adds extra complexity in reservoir simulation of large and heterogeneous fields. Such complexity leads to higher consumption of time and effort in optimization study, e.g. in determining optimum well placement. Developing a systematic methodology to deal with any data uncertainty is critical to improve the reliability of such optimization study.
In this study, we present a new methodology to optimize well placement configuration under uncertainty in waterflood design. As the waterflood performance is highly influenced by its timing, multiple scenarios were defined with varying injection starting time. Through this new methodology, we have successfully optimized all scenarios and determined the optimum time to start the waterflood.
Quantifying Formation Damage Due to Drilling Through Constructing Electro-Facies Model from WFT Data and Suite of Well Logs
Authors: Mabrouk Ibrahim 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Quantifying Formation Damage due to drilling can be of a great importance as it affects the decision whether to perform production stimulation or not. In order to calculate formation damage, a well test is usually performed which will require a long sequence of high cost operations that will cause a delay in the start of production. This research aims to present a new approach through which Formation Damage can be calculated by using permeability and pressure data acquired through wireline formation tester (WFT) along with the conventional well logs. The approach is applied on Sitra field that is located in the Egyptian western desert. The reservoir of interest is a middle cretaceous oil-bearing sandstone reservoir that was penetrated by 70 wells.
The first step was building permeability model that is based on the WFT mobility data. Permeability data points acquired along with the calculated porosity were used to divide the reservoir into different hydraulic flow units (HFUs). Using the mud weight and the WFT pressure data, the drilling overbalance pressure is calculated for each well and only the ones with minimum drilling overbalance were used in this step.
The next step was creating electro-facies model for the reservoir through indexed and probabilized self-organizing map (IPSOM) using a suite of lithology-indicating well logs analysed to their principal components then associating these electro-facies to the HFUs. Porosity-Permeability relationships were then derived for each HFU and used to calculate continuous Permeability data curves for all of the wells in the field per each electro-facies. This model now presents the original reservoir Permeability around each well without being disturbed by formation damage due to the drilling process.
Difference between the model Permeability and the one calculated from the WFT, (ΔK), was then plotted as a function of the overbalance (ΔP) and a relation between (ΔK) and (ΔP) is derived. In the depleted wells, the permeability reduction was higher than the initial pressure wells. Using this equation, (ΔK) can be quantified for each formation pressure with knowing the mud weight. The results were then compared to the production data before and after performing hydraulic fracturing and the results were analysed.
Through this approach, quantitative value of the Formation Damage can be calculated without any well tests performed which saves time and cost. Finally, a cut-off value for the formation damage that requires production stimulation is estimated from wells history and by plotting (ΔK) as a function of (ΔP) we can design the mud weight to keep the formation damage below this value which will eliminate the need for stimulation since it will hugely minimize the cost of the completing the well.
Upscaling Process for Nanofluids Usage for Heavy Oil Mobility Enhancement: Experimental Design and Field Trial Application
Authors: Montes Daniel 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Heavy oil (HO) production and transportation has been one of the major concerns for the oil and gas industry in recent years. In this sense, nanotechnology has raised as a promising solution for enhancing heavy oil mobility at surface and subsurface conditions. However, its implementation in real field applications at midstream conditions is still underexplored. Thus, the primary objective of this study is to expose the methodology applied for carrying out an upscaling from a technology readiness level (TRL) of 3 up to a TRL–8 for the nanotechnology implementation at a real field application, going through the experimental design and the initial field trial results. Thereby, nanoparticles of different chemical nature and textural properties such as surface area and diameter were evaluated in HO viscosity reduction. A nanofluid composed of the nanoparticles with the best performance and a carrier fluid was designed and the viscosity reduction was assessed again as well as the treatment perdurability. Finally, a field trial application in a Colombian field was carried out through a continuous capillary-injection of the nanofluid (with a concentration of 1000 mg/L of nanoparticles), reducing its dosage from 3200 to 2700 mg/L. The initial rheological measurements were performed with a fixed concentration of 1000 mg/L of the nanoparticles. The results showed a trend between the viscosity reduction and the nanoparticles adsorptive capacity as higher values (30% of reduction) were obtained with the material that leads to a higher amount adsorbed of asphaltenes. The nanofluid evaluation showed a treatment perdurability enhancement compared to the carrier fluid alone as it was observed a viscosity increase of 26 and 116% for the HO-nanofluid and the HO-carrier fluid mixtures, respectively after 10 days. From the field trial application, it was observed a viscosity reduction of at least 60% which was maintained through time due to the continuous nanofluid injection. Furthermore, well-testing exhibited an oil production rate increase of 10%. At last, a rigorous economic analysis was made, which indicated that the process profits would yield the 400,000 USD per year for a single well application, while several operational expenses would be reduced derived from naphtha consumption reduction in the upstream and midstream stages.
An Evaluation of Ignition Criteria for Crude Oil Combustion in Porous Media
Authors: Yunan Li 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the performance of different ignition criteria. This is critical to the ignition envelope prediction under various operational conditions. There are four ignition criteria proposed, and the uncertainty quantification is conducted to discuss their performance.
A base case simulation model is constructed to represent the kinetic cell in lab. The chemical reaction model is calibrated based on the Ramped Temperature Oxidation (RTO) measurements with the Xinjiang oil sample. The next step is to do ignition tests under various operational conditions with this calibrated simulation model. It is necessary and important to define ignition with appropriate criteria. Method 1 takes advantage of a pre-defined temperature threshold value as a criterion. Method 2 and Method 3 make improvements to define the threshold value based on distribution of the temperature and reaction energy, respectively. Ideally, the histogram will show a bi-modal distribution of the selected indicators, separating ignition and extinction into different groups. The threshold values based on histograms enhance the accuracy of ignition potential characterization. An unsupervised machine learning algorithm is applied to further improve ignition criteria without defining a threshold value. K-Means algorithm can learn the patterns and features of the simulation results and identify ignition or extinction status.
The results show that the predicted ignition envelopes from all criteria follow a similar trend. The air flow rate window to ignite the oil shrinks with increasing heat loss rate. Although Method 1 provides a straightforward criterion, it over estimates the ignition capability of the oil. This means Method 1 can incorrectly recognize the extinction cases to be ignition. Method 2 and Method 3 show comparable performance on ignition envelope prediction. However, Method 2 can slightly over estimate the ignition potential when the air flow rate is low. The uncertainty regions of ignition envelopes based on Method 2 and Method 3 are reduced compared to Method 1. The ignition envelope from Method 4 is very close to Method 2 and Method 3. It indicates Method 4 can successfully separate the ignition and no ignition cases using this machine learning algorithm. Method 4 further improves the ignition criteria because it is not necessary to determine a particular threshold value.
The novelty of this work is the application of the machine learning algorithm (K-Means) to identify ignition status. The performance of new ignition criteria is introduced, discussed, and evaluated.
Multi-tissue transcriptome analysis using hybrid-sequencing reveals potential genes and biological pathways associated with azadirachtin A biosynthesis in neem (Azadirachta indica)
Authors: Wang Huiyan , Wang Ning , Huo Yixin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Azadirachtin A is a triterpenoid from neem tree exhibiting excellent activities against over 600 insect species in agriculture. The production of azadirachtin A depends on extraction from neem tissues, which is not an eco-friendly and sustainable process. The low yield and discontinuous supply of azadirachtin A impedes further applications. The biosynthetic pathway of azadirachtin A is still unknown and is the focus of our study. Results: We attempted to explore azadirachtin A biosynthetic pathway and identified the key genes involved by analyzing transcriptome data from five neem tissues through the hybrid-sequencing (Illumina HiSeq and Pacific Biosciences Single Molecule Real-Time (SMRT)) approach. Candidates were first screened by comparing the expression levels between the five tissues. After phylogenetic analysis, domain prediction, and molecular docking studies, 22 candidates encoding 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase (OSC), alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 (CYP450), acyltransferase, and esterase were proposed to be potential genes involved in azadirachtin A biosynthesis. Among them, two unigenes encoding homologs of MaOSC1 and MaCYP71CD2 were identified. A unigene encoding the complete homolog of MaCYP71BQ5 was reported. Accuracy of the assembly was verified by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and full-length PCR cloning. Conclusions: By integrating and analyzing transcriptome data from hybrid-seq technology, 22 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were finally selected as candidates involved in azadirachtin A pathway. The obtained reliable and accurate sequencing data provided important novel information for understanding neem genome. Our data shed new light on understanding the biosynthesis of other triterpenoids in neem trees and provides a reference for exploring other valuable natural product biosynthesis in plants.
Effectiveness of a Pathway-driven eHealth-based Integrated Care Model (PEICM) for community-based hypertension management in China: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wang Zheyu , Li Chengling , Huang Wencai , Chen Yan , Li Yuqiong , Huang Libin , Zhang Mei , Wu Dan , Wang Li , Duan Huilong , An Jiye , Deng Ning 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: The prevalence of hypertension is high and increasing in China in recent years. The treatment and control of hypertension calls for long-term management beyond hospital, which is hard to implement in traditional care settings. Integrated care combined with information technology can promote high-quality healthcare services across the life-course. However, few studies have applied a customized integrated care model in community-based hypertension management in China, catering to the emerging "three-manager" mode. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of a pathway-driven eHealth-based integrated model that implemented as a full-featured telehealth system to facilitate standardized management of hypertension in China.Methods: The trial has been designed as a one-year, non-blinded superiority trial with two parallel groups. A total of 402 hypertensive patients who meet the eligibility criteria will be recruited and randomized with a 1:1 allocation. All the participants will receive a mobile device for self-management, which is a part of our telehealth system. Participants in the control group will only use the device for BP measurement and receive regular follow-ups from care providers according to the guidelines. Participants in the intervention group will gain full access to the system and receive intervention based on the proposed model (a well-designed coordinated care pathway consisting of 9 tasks). Outcomes will be measured mainly on three occasions (at inclusion, at 6 months and at 12 months). The primary outcome is mean change in systolic blood pressure over a 12-month period. Secondary outcomes include changes in diastolic blood pressure, biochemical indexes related to hypertension, lifestyles, self-management adherence and hypertension awareness, as well as work efficiency of care providers.Discussion: This study aims to investigate whether a pathway-driven eHealth-based integrated care model based on the "three-manager" mode will improve hypertension control in China. Success of the model would help improve the quality of present community-based management procedures and benefit more patients with uncontrolled hypertension.Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR1900027645, registered on November 22, 2019.
External Validation of the Detection of Indicators and Vulnerabilities for Emergency Room Trips (DIVERT) Scale: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Mowbray Fabrice Immanuel , Jones Aaron , Schumacher Connie , Hirdes John , Costa Andrew Paul 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: The Detection of Indicators and Vulnerabilities of Emergency Room Trips (DIVERT) scale was developed to classify and estimate the risk of emergency department (ED) use among home care clients. The objective of this study was to externally validate the DIVERT scale in a secondary population of home care clients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, linking data from the Home Care Reporting System and the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System. Data were collected on older long-stay home care clients who received a RAI Home Care (RAI-HC) assessment. Data were collected for home care clients in the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Alberta, as well as in the cities of Winnipeg, Manitoba and Whitehorse, Yukon Territories between April 1, 2011 and September 30, 2014. The DIVERT scale was originally derived from the items of the RAI-HC through the use of recursive partitioning informed by a multinational clinical panel. This scale is currently implemented alongside the RAI-HC in provinces across Canada. The primary outcome of this study ED visitation within six months of a RAI-HC assessment. Results: The cohort contained 1,001,133 home care clients. The vast majority of cases received services in Ontario (88%), followed by Alberta (8%), Winnipeg (4%), and Whitehorse (<1%). Across the four cohorts, the DIVERT scale demonstrated similar discriminative ability to the original validation work for all outcomes during the six-month follow-up: ED visitation (AUC =0.617 - 0.647), two or more ED visits (AUC = 0.628 - 0.634), and hospital admission (AUC = 0.617 - 0.664). Conclusions: The findings of this study support the external validity of the DIVERT scale. More specifically, the predictive accuracy of the DIVERT scale from the original work was similar to the accuracy demonstrated within a new cohort, created from different geographical regions and time periods.
Simplified sigmoidal curve fitting for a 6 MV FFF photon beam of Halcyon to determine the field size for beam commissioning and quality assurance
Authors: Choi Min-Geon , Law Martin , Yoon Do-Kun , Tamura Mikoto , Matsumoto Kenji , Otsuka Masakazu , Kim Moo-Sub , Djeng Shih-Kien , Monzen Hajime , Suh Tae Suk 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background : An O-ring gantry-type linear accelerator (Linac) with a 6 MV flattening filter-free (FFF) photon beam, Halcyon, includes a reference beam containing the representative information regarding the percent depth dose, profile, output factor, etc. for commissioning and quality assurance. However, because it does not provide the information of the field size, we proposed a method to determine all field sizes according to all depths for radiation therapy using simplified sigmoidal curve fitting (SCF).
Methods : After a mathematical definition of the SCF using four coefficients, the defined curves were fitted to both the reference and measured data. For a high agreement between the fitting curve and the profiles in each data set, the field sizes were determined by identifying the maximum point along the third derivative of the fitting curve. The curve fitting included the field sizes for beam profiles of 2 × 2, 4 × 4, 6 × 6, 8 × 8, 10 × 10, 20 × 20 and 28 × 28 cm 2 as a function of depth (at 1.3, 5, 10, 20 cm). The results of the field size from the reference data were compared with the results in the measured data using the same condition.
Results : All fitting curves show values of goodness of fit, R 2 , better than 0.99. The differences in the field size between the reference data and the measured data were within the range of 0 to 0.2 cm. The lowest difference in the field sizes at a depth of 10 cm, which is a surface-to-axis distance, was reported.
Conclusion : The application of the SCF has been proven to accurately obtain the field size of the preconfigured reference and of the measured FFF photon beam data for the Halcyon system. The current work can be useful for beam commissioning as a counte-rcheck methodology to determine the field size from the reference data in the treatment planning system of a newly installed Halcyon system and for the routine quality assurance to ascertain the correctness of field sizes clinically used with the Halcyon system.
TNFAIP8 inhibits gastric cancer proliferation by mTOR-Akt-ULK1 and autophagy signal pathway
Authors: Chen Zheng , Zhang Jianguo , Dong Chenyang , Li Dongsheng , Yin Yuehan , Yu Wenhai , Chen Yuezhi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: The purpose of this article was to study the role of TNFAIP8 in gastric cancer.Methods: RT-PCR was used to detect the expression of TNFAIP8 mRNA and protein level in normal gastric mucosa cells and four gastric cancer (GC) cell lines. TNFAIP8 was silenced or overexpressed in two cell lines, CCK-8 cell viability was used, transwell experiment was used to detect cell invasion capability, and flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis. TNFAIP was silenced or overexpressed in a cell line, and nude mice were inoculated to form transplanted tumors. HE staining and immunohistochemistry staining were used to detect the histopathological changes of tumors. Results: The mRNA and protein expression of TNFAIP8 was significantly up-regulated in GC patients and cells. After silencing and overexpressing TNFAIP8, GC cells with high expression increased, apoptosis decreased, and cell invasion increased. Expression of mTOR-Akt-ULK1 signal pathway was inhibited and autophagy signal was activated. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that TNFAIP8 inhibited GC cells by inhibiting mTOR-Akt-ULK1 signal pathway and activating autophagy signal.
Hand injuries in sports – a retrospective analysis of 364 cases
Authors: Stoegner Viola-Antonia , Kaltenborn Alexander , Laser Hans , Vogt Peter Maria 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Hand injuries are common in sports and associated with high drop-out rates and costs. Hence, efforts should strive for further risk prevention measures in order to increase safety in sports. This implies knowledge of sports injury risk profiles. So far, major surveillance programs exist mainly in Anglo-American countries, reflecting the specific concerns of sports in this part of the world. Data on sports injuries within Europe are scarce. As sports behavior appears to vary demographically, we hypothesised that risk injury profiles differ as well. Methods: To assess, whether the described sports injuries of the hand, published internationally, are applicable to the German population, we performed a five-year retrospective, single-center analysis of sports-related hand injuries, using the data of the Enterprise Clinical Research Warehouse of the Hannover Medical School.Results: Notable differences in comparison to other data were observed. Ball sports, cycling and equestrian sports caused most of the recorded hand injuries, which were predominantly fractures of the wrist and hand. Hand injuries in equestrian sports were associated with significantly higher operation and hospitalisation rates as well as a significantly longer inpatient treatment. Conclusion: Risk profiles for sports-related hand injuries appear to differ not only age- and sex-dependent, but also geographically. National as well as European hand trauma registries as well as a broad registry participation are necessary in order to accurately assess these risk patterns in the European latitudes and hence reduce hand injuries and the sequelae.
Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio as a predictor for diagnosis of early Periprosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Yu BaoZhan , Fu Jun , Chai Wei , Hao LiBo , Chen Jiying 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a catastrophic complication after total knee or hip arthroplasty. The diagnosis of PJI is very difficult, especially in the early postoperative period. The value of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is useful for diagnosing infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy of the NLR for the diagnosis of early PJI after total knee or hip arthroplasty.Methods: We retrospectively evaluated consecutive primary total knee or hip arthroplasty and identified the patients who readmitted within the first 90 days postoperatively between January 2011 and October 2018.There were 20 cases diagnosed early PJI and 101 uninfected cases on the basis of the modified Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria. The serum parameters including C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood-cell (WBC) count, NLR and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were compared between the two groups. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to estimate the optimal cutoff values for each parameter.The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for each parameter were calculated.Results: The CRP, ESR, WBC, NLR and IL-6 values were all significally higher in the infected group than the uninfected group. The median of CRP was 66.6 mg/l in the infected group and 8.6mg/l in the uninfected group (p<0.001). The median of ESR was 34.8 mm/hr in the infected group and 17.4mm/hr in the uninfected group (p<0.001). In the infected group and uninfected group, the median of WBC was 8.2X109 /L and 6.1 X109 /L (p = 0.002), respectively; while the median of NLR was 5.2 and 2.1 (p<0.001). The median of IL-6 was 46pg/ml and 6.4pg/ml (p<0.001),respectively. The best parameter for the diagnosis of early PJI was IL-6 (AUC=0.814) followed by the NLR (AUC =0.802), CRP (AUC =0.793), ESR (AUC =0.744) and WBC (AUC = 0.632).Conclusions: This study is the first to show that NLR values are more accurate than CRP and may be considered as useful parameters for the diagnosis of early PJI because it is a cheap and convenient parameter to be calculated in daily practice without extra costs.