bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environment Regulations and Trade in Environment Goods: The Case of India
Authors: Desai Falguni Pankaj 
Published: December 2020

The paper weaves together three strands of arguments which, favour trade in environment goods for achieving sustainable development and provides an analyses of potential for trade in environment goods in India. Firstly, there are different paths, models, tools for achieving sustainable development and green economy is one of them. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) defines a green economy as one that results in “improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities” (UNEP 2010). The report suggests trade in environment goods and service as one of the strategies towards achieving green economy and sustainable development. International trade is an important engine of development and sustained economic growth. Studies have shown that trade does lead to environment degradation, but trade in cleaner technologies and environment goods can play an important role in sustainable development. Trade can become a powerful vehicle for transferring environmental friendly technology between countries, paving way for sustainable development. India stands to benefit both, from importing environment goods to clean up its environment and exporting environment goods to the world, thus contributing to the goal of sustainable development. Secondly, the 2001 Doha Ministerial Declaration urged members to reduce or eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers on environmental goods and services, paving way for a triple win situation for trade, the environment and development (WTO, 2001). The reduction or elimination of tariff and non tariff barriers would increase trade in environmental goods which, can help mitigate the adverse impact of increased economic activity on environment. The quality of life of citizens would improve due to better access to clean water, air, sanitation, and clean energy. Moreover, the liberalization of trade in environmental goods will enable developing countries to obtain technology, tools for development addressing environment priorities. Thirdly, new environment regulations, trade liberalization, increased privatization, current programmes of rural electrification, investment in infrastructure projects, government investment in research and capacity building initiatives have increased demand for environmental goods in India. India is partner to a number of international agreements on environmental issues. Legal activism and pressure from NGOs have fostered networking between industries and between industries and NGOs for improving the environment. These pressures from above and below are supporting the growth of the environmental market. It is in this context that the paper examines trade in environment in India.

Keywords: OECD and APEC list of Environment goods, exports, imports, Revealed Comparative Advantage

JEL Classification: F10, F18
WTO And Indian Textile Trade: Emerging Challenges
Authors: Laila P.I. , Asokan T. 
Published: December 2020

India has the largest acreage under cotton in the world but yield is poor (308kg per hector). The country has a well developed textile industry of cotton as well as synthetic fibres/yarn supported by silk, wool and jute. The Textile Industry in India (including the garment industry) is contributed 6 percent of the gross domestic product and 18 percent of the total foreign exchange earnings of the country. Indian textile industry can be broadly classified into the organised sector comprising mechanized spinning and composite mills and the unorganized sector comprising power looms and handlooms. Textile sector generates largest employment next only to agriculture. Over 50 percent of the employees are women who help to sustain the family income. The garment industry alone provides employment to more than 4 million workers and Â Â supports the people working in ancillary units.
Foreign Institutional Investment and Stock Market Volatility in India: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Dhillon Sharanjit S. , Kaur Manjinder 
Published: December 2020

The two major capital market reforms of (i) entry of Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) in Indian stock market (ii) permission to Indian companies for raising capital from foreign stock exchanges by means of American Depository Receipts (ADRs) / Global Depository Receipts (GDRs). Further introduction of two-way fungibility in these instruments of ADRs / GDRs leads to reduction of the sovereignty of Indian stock market. As such, Indian stock market now, is not only sensitive to national events but also more sensitive to international events. Due to the speculative motive of FIIs investment, investment by FIIs is subject to frequent reversals. Volatility is a measure of how far the current price of an asset deviates from its average past prices. Investors demand higher risk premium as a compensation for increased risk due to volatility. A higher risk premium implies higher cost of capital and thus lowers investment. The prevailing inefficiency in emerging securities markets including India further magnifies the problem of volatility.Â In this paper, an effort is made to predict stock return volatility and contribution of FIIs investment to that volatility using high frequency data (daily data).
How to Make Globalisation Pro-Poor
Authors: Karnik Nutan , Solanki Sandip P. 
Published: December 2020

India is adding 40 million people to its middle class every year. Growing at the current rate, a majority of Indians will be belonging to the middle-class by 2025. Apart from this burgeoning middle class in the country, the economy growth seemed to have touched the lives of the poor also. According to the national Sample Survey results, people living below poverty line have dramatically come down during the post economic reform era. People living below poverty line (BPL) came down from 36 per cent in 1993-94 (50th Round, NSSO) to 26 per cent in 1999-2000 (55th Round, NSSO). Many economists question this dramatic change in poverty level. However, the intention of this paper is not to join the debate on the level of poverty reduction in the county but to recognize the reduction of poverty in the country during the post-economic reform era and to suggest steps, which can be taken to make globalization pro-poorer.Â Â Â Classification-JEL: Keywords: ,
Women Entrepreneurs: Driving Factors and Growth â€“ A Study in Coimbatore District
Authors: Kanchana V.S. , Devi N.Yesodha , Sujatha S. 
Published: December 2020

he present investigation was carried out in Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu state to know the socio economic background, impact of driving factors, and growth of women entrepreneurs. Total 150 respondents were interviewed with the help of pre-tested interview schedule. Random sampling technique was adopted for the selection of women entrepreneurs. The study was designed to cover the women entrepreneurs running their own enterprise. Tools applied are Percentage Analysis, Friedman Rank Test, Chi square Analysis and correlation. It was found that (60%) of them belong to backward community, (62.7%) have started a new business and (88%) of the women entrepreneurs do their business within the state, 53.3% have started their business out of own investment. Family members to certain extent had an influence in all the business matters. The performance level indicates that there is increase in sales when compared to the year of starting. (40%) of the respondents ranked contribution to family income as the motivational factor for starting their own enterpriseÂ followed by use of spare time. The personal factors like community, education qualification, type of family and family size shows a significant difference on the type of enterprise. The personal factors age, community, marital status and family size of the respondents have a significant difference on the type of organization and all the personal factor has a significant difference on the nature of business. Contributing to the family income is the important motive for starting an enterprise of their own.Â
Environmental Problems and Sustainable Development: With Special Reference to India Issues and Challenges
Authors: Ramakrishna B. M , Jayasheela M U 
Published: December 2020

Any countryâ€™s environmental problems are related to the level of its economic development, the availability of natural resources and the lifestyle of its population. In India, rapid growth of population, poverty, urbanization, industrialization and several related factors are responsible for the rapid degradation of the environment.Â Environmental problems have become serious in many parts of the country, and hence cannot be ignored.Â The main environmental problems in India relate to air and water pollution particularly inÂ metropolitan cities and industrial zones, degradation of common property resources which affect the poor adversely as they depends on them for their livelihood, threat to biodiversity and inadequate system of solid waste disposal and sanitation with consequent adverse impact on health, infant mortality and birth rate. In India, efforts are being made on for the environmental management in a sustainable manner..Â At all levels of education provisions have been made for the knowledge of environment and its conservation.Â In the country many centres are providing special training for environmental management.Â The programmes of environmental awareness have been launched through media.Â India is an active member of International Organizations concerning environment.Â Several programmes are going on under UNEP.Â The Government has recently started emphasizing the combined use of regulatory and economic instruments for improving environmental quality.Â There is a need for coordination between government agencies, NGOs and the public for the proper management of environment quality and to achieve sustainable development in the country.
Value Addition in Agriculture and Allied Sectors
Authors: Saikumar B.C , Manjunatha A.V , Chengappa P.G , Nagaraj N. 
Published: December 2020

India is one of the Worldâ€™s major food producers contributing less than 1.5 percent of international food trade. This implies that there is a vast scope for investment in agro processing for better value addition and job creation. In year 2000, the sales turnover of Indian food industries is Rs. 140,000 crores with higher percentage of employment generation potential as compared with other sectors i.e., 54,000 persons get direct employment per Rs.100 million of investment in the food sector as compared to 48,000 in textiles and 25,000 in paper industry. Currently in India, value addition to raw materials at different stages includesÂ Â Â primary processing with 75 percent, whereas secondary and tertiary processing together accounts only 25 percent. Value of Indian food industry has increased from Rs.3.09 trillion in 1993- 94 to 3.99 trillion in 2000 â€“01. Indian food processing earnings was 20 US $ billion in 1995-96 and expected to increase to 60 US $ billion by the end of 2006. Turn over of the total Indian food market is 2,50,000 crore per year contributing 1.5 percent to the global processed food trade. Annual consumption of value added foods alone would grow to Rs.2, 25,000 crore by 2007 will be larger than manufacturing sector. Agro-Food Processing industriesÂ can reduce losses to the tune of Rs.8000 crore by increasing value addition from current level of 7 percent to 35 percent. Present rate of 2 percent of commercial processing can be increased to 10 percent by 2010 by investing Rs.15, 000 crore this creates additional employment directly for 77 lakh people and indirectly for 3 crore people.Â
A Resources use efficiency analysis of Bt and Non Bt cotton farmers in Karnataka, India
Authors: Vishwanath Gowdru Nithya 
Published: December 2020

Cotton is the major commercial crop amongst all cash crops in India and providesÂ livelihood toÂ moreÂ thanÂ 60Â millionÂ peopleÂ inÂ itsÂ cultivation,Â processingÂ andÂ textileÂ industry.Â CottonÂ cropÂ isÂ infestedÂ byÂ variousÂ pestsÂ causingÂ significantÂ yieldÂ losses therefore Bt cotton was introduced in India to reduce pesticide consumption and also increaseÂ productivity. Since introduction there has been ongoing debate on the superiority and/ or inferiority of Bt cotton over non Bt cotton. Therefore the present study was undertaken to examine the Bt cotton technology on output and efficiency of inputs used in cotton cultivation in Karnataka state of South India during 2007. Primary data was collected from 90 farmers cultivating Bt and non-Bt cotton in Haveri district, Karnataka, India. The Cobb-Douglas production and decomposition analysis techniques were used to estimate the influence of factors and Bt technology on output change. The production function analysis indicated that the co-efficients of expenditure on fertilizers, labour, plant protection chemicals and land were significant in case of Bt cotton cultivation. The result of Resource use efficiency analysis showed that efficient use of labour, fertilizers and seeds had contributed the most to the difference in returns between Bt-cotton and non-Bt cotton cultivation.Â Contribution of differences in the quantity of inputs used to higher returns from Bt cotton to the measured difference in gross returns between Bt and non-Bt cotton was 56.56 per cent, while that of the efficiency in the use of inputs was 23.83 per cent. Key words: Bt cotton, Resource use efficiency, Decomposition analysis
Impacts of two-year multi-sectoral interventions on young adolescent girls’ education, health and economic outcomes: Adolescent Girls Initiative-Kenya randomized trial
Authors: Austrian Karen , Soler-Hampejsek Erica , Kangwana Beth , Wado Yohannes , Abuya Benta , Maluccio John 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background

Early adolescence is a critical window for intervention when it is possible to lay a foundation for a safe transition to adulthood, before negative outcomes occur. The Adolescent Girls Initiative–Kenya randomized trial tested the effects of combinations of interventions for young adolescent girls in two sites – the Kibera informal settlement in Nairobi and rural Wajir County in the Northeastern region.
Methods

The interventions included community dialogues on the role and value of girls (violence prevention), a conditional cash transfer (education), weekly group meetings for girls with health and life skills training (health), and training and incentives for financial literacy and savings activities (wealth creation). Participants were randomized to one of four study arms: 1) violence prevention only, 2) violence prevention and education, 3) violence prevention, education and health or 4) violence prevention, education, health and wealth creation. An intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis was conducted to estimate the impact of each combination of interventions and various sensitivity analyses conducted addressing potential attrition bias and multiple hypothesis testing concerns.
Results

In Kibera, the conditional cash transfer had small effects on grade attainment but larger impacts on completion of primary school and the transition to secondary school in the most comprehensive arm; the health intervention improved sexual and reproductive health knowledge and condom self-efficacy; and the wealth intervention improved financial literacy and savings behavior. In Wajir, the conditional cash transfer increased school enrollment and grade attainment, and the wealth intervention improved savings behavior.
Conclusions

The results indicate that when trying to improve a range of outcomes related to adolescent wellbeing for young girls, a multi-sectoral intervention with components addressing household economic constraints is a promising approach.
Survival and Predictors of Mortality among Breast Cancer Patients Diagnosed at Hawassa Comprehensive Specialized and Teaching Hospital and Private Oncology Clinic in Southern Ethiopia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Shita Abel , Yalew Alemayehu Worku , Tesfaw Aragaw , Afework Tsion , Gufie Zenawi Hagos , Getachew Sefonias 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in over 100 countries. Despite the high burden of the problem, the survival status and the predictors for mortality are not yet determined well in Ethiopia. Therefore, we aimed to determine the survival and predictors of mortality among breast cancer patients diagnosed from 2013-2018 at Hawassa comprehensive specialized and teaching hospital and private oncology clinic in Southern Ethiopia.Methods: Hospital-based retrospective cohort study of 302 patients was conducted. Data was collected on breast cancer patients diagnosed from January, 1st, 2013 to December, 30th, 2018 using a data extraction checklist and by telephone interview. The median survival was estimated by Kaplan- Meier. Log Rank test was used to compare survival among groups. Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify predictors. Results were repaired as hazard ratio (HR) along with the corresponding 95% CI. Sensitivity analysis was done with the assumption of loss to follow-ups (LTF) might die 3 months after the last hospital visit. Results: Advanced stage diagnosis of breast cancer was found on 83.4 % of patients with breast cancer. The study participants were followed for a total of 4685.62 person-months. Their median survival was 50.61 months (IQR=18.38-50.80) which declined to 30.57 months in the worst-case analysis (WCA). The overall survival of patients at two years was 73.2% and it declines to 51.3 % in the worst-case analysis. Rural residence (AHR=2.71, 95% CI: 1.44, 5.09), travel time >7 hours (AHR=3.42, 95% CI: 1.05, 11.10), duration of symptom 7-23 months (AHR=2.63, 95% CI: 1.22, 5.64), > 23 months (AHR=2.37, 95% CI: 1.00, 5.59), advanced stage (AHR=3.01, 95% CI: 1.05, 8.59) and not taking chemotherapy (AHR=6.69, 95% CI: 2.20, 20.30) were independent predictors of death. Conclusion: Above two-third of the patients have two years of overall survival in south Ethiopia. Rural residence, advanced stage, and poor adherence to chemotherapy were independent predictors of death. Thus, Improving early detection, diagnosis, and treatment capacity of breast cancer patients are an important way-outs to avert the problem with appropriate intervention means.
Analysis of fatality of cases by the new coronavirus, in the Mexican state of Guanajuato: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Padilla-Raygoza Nicolas , Flores-Vargas Gilberto , Navarro-Olivos Efrain , Lara-Lona Elia , de Gallardo-Luna Maria , Magos-Vazquez Francisco , Diaz-Martinez Daniel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background. The spread of infection and disease of SARS-CoV-2 is in all the world affecting more than 200 countries. Mexico has high new cases of disease and death for COVID-19. Although Guanajuato state also has a high number of new cases, the fatality of cases is below the mean in Mexico.Methods. It was a cross-sectional design, using the database of National Epidemiological Surveillance System in Mexico. It was collected data about age, sex, comorbidities (diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, immunosuppression, chronic kidney disease, obesity and smoking), date of death, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase test. The statistical analysis was using Case Fatality Ratio, Chi squared test and P-value to show relationship among variables and Odds Ratio and confidence intervals at 95% to show the effect of comorbidities on death due to COVID-19.Results. There were 100,109 suspected cases, 41.69% were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Age from 50 or higher and male sex had higher effect on fatality by COVID-19. In Guanajuato state, 48.68% of deaths occurred in Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, with a case fatality ratio 15.63% and in the Secretaría de Salud del estado de Guanajuato occurred 42.10% of the deaths with a case fatality ratio of 4.14%. Diabetes (OR 5.16, CI95% 4.77–5.59), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 6.34, CI95% 5.37–7.49), immunosuppression (OR 2.85, CI95% 2.17–3.76), cardiovascular disease (OR 4.20, CI95% 3.51–5.02), hypertension (OR 4.74, CI95% 4.39–5.11), chronic kidney disease (OR 6.27, CI95% 5.30–7.42), obesity (OR 1.87, CI95% 1.72–2.03), and smoking (OR 1.60, CI95% 1.41–1.81) had effect on death by COVID-19. In all cases age and male sex, acted as confounder. Asthma had a preventive effect on death by COVID-19 (OR=0.72, CI95% 0.54–0.97) Conclusion. Among the Guanajuato population with COVID-19, the main risk factor for dying were advanced age and male sex; diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunosuppression, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and smoking are risk factors for dying from COVID-19. HIV/AIDS has no effect on fatality from SARS-CoV-2 disease. Asthma is shown as a protective factor for dying from COVID-19.
Predicting synchronized gene coexpression patterns from fibration symmetries in gene regulatory networks in bacteria
Authors: Leifer Ian , Sanchez Mishael , Ishida Cecilia , Makse Hernan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Gene regulatory networks coordinate the expression of genes across physiological states and ensure a synchronized expression of genes in cellular subsystems, critical for the coherent functioning of cells. Here we address the questions whether it is possible to predict gene synchronization from network structure alone. We have recently shown that synchronized gene expression may be predicted from symmetries in the transcriptional regulatory networks (TRN) and described by the concept of symmetry fibrations. We showed that symmetry fibrations partition the genes into groups called fibers based on the symmetries of their 'input trees', the set of paths in the network through which signals can reach a gene. In idealized dynamic gene expression models, all genes in a fiber are perfectly synchronized, while less idealized models -- with gene input functions differencing between genes -- predict symmetry breaking and desynchronization. Results: To study the functional role of gene fibers and to test whether some of the fiber-induced coexpression remains in reality, we analyze gene fibrations for the transcription networks of E. coli and B. subtilis and confront them with expression data. We find approximate gene coexpression patterns consistent with symmetry fibrations with idealized gene expression dynamics. This shows that network structure alone provides useful information about gene synchronization, and suggest that gene input functions within fibers may be further streamlined by evolutionary pressures to realize a coexpression of genes. Conclusions: Thus, gene fibrations provides a sound conceptual tool to describe tunable coexpression induced by network topology and shaped by mechanistic details of gene expression.