bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceived Discrimination Trajectories and Depressive Symptoms Among Middle-Aged and Older Black Adults
Authors: White Kellee , Bell Bethany A , Huang Shuo J , Williams David R 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPerceived discrimination is a risk factor for poor mental health. However, most studies measure discrimination at one time point, which does not account for heterogeneity in the cumulative patterning of exposure to discrimination. To address this gap, we examine the association between discrimination trajectories and depressive symptoms among black middle-aged and older adults.Research Design and MethodsData were analyzed from a subsample of black Health and Retirement Study respondents (2006–2018, N = 2926, older than 50 years). General discrimination and racial discrimination trajectories were constructed based on the Everyday Discrimination Scale using repeated measures latent profile analyses. We examined the extent to which the association between discrimination trajectories are differentially associated with depressive symptoms (8-item Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale) using negative binomial regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Effect modification by age and gender was tested.ResultsIndividuals in the persistently high (incident rate ratio [IRR]: 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.49–1.95) and moderate general discrimination trajectories (IRR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.06–1.33) were more likely to have elevated depressive symptoms in comparison to those in the persistently low trajectory. This relationship was strongest among older adults aged older than 65 years. Respondents in the persistently high racial discrimination trajectory (IRR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.29–1.73) had a higher risk of elevated depressive symptoms in comparison to respondents in the persistently low trajectory. Sensitivity analyses indicated that there was an independent association between persistently high racial discrimination trajectory class and elevated depressive symptoms, after adjusting for racial discrimination measured at a single time point.Discussion and ImplicationsCharacterizing longitudinal patterns of perceived discrimination may facilitate the stratification of mental health risk and vulnerability among black middle-aged and older adults. Trajectories of racial discrimination may inform risk of worse depressive symptoms more accurately than a single assessment of discrimination.
Piezoelectricity as a mechanism on generation of electromagnetic precursors before earthquakes
Authors: Wang Jeen-Hwa 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYTo produce the electromagnetic (E&M) precursors of an earthquake, the existence of electric field due to stress-induced charges on the ground surface or in shallow depths of upper crust inside the fault zone is a basic condition. Here, we consider the piezoelectric effect or the elastic–electric coupling as a major mechanism on generating such an electric field. A 1-D model based on the elastic mechanics and electromagnetic Maxwell equations is built up to formulate the relationship between electric field and slip as well as stress on a fault before an earthquake. From the model, we may estimate the low-bound values of stress and slip to yield the critical electric field, Ec, for generation of electromagnetic signals. The normal and shear stresses on the fault planes for three faulting types are constructed. The normal stress is stronger than the shear stress to result in piezoelectricity. The depth ranges for yielding an average normal stress being able to generate Ec are similar for thrust and strike-slip faults and deep for normal faults. The possibility of generating Ec is almost the same for thrust and strike-slip faults and low for normal faults. The pre-earthquake slip could be related to nucleation phases or microfractures. The possible occurrence time of E&M signals may be several 10 min to few hours before impending earthquakes. The major factor in yielding a piezoelectric field to generate the TEC anomalies before an earthquake is the existence of fault gouges composed mainly of clays. A thick gouge layer with low electric resistivity and a piezoelectric coupling coefficient ≥0.67 × 10−12 coul  nt–1 is an important condition for yielding piezoelectricity.
The Psychological Impact of Military Operations on Civilians and the UN Human Rights Committee Japalali Decision: Exploring Mental Anguish under a Vida Digna, Right to Life Prism
Authors: Solomon Solon 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Among international scholars, much emphasis has been given on how in situations of warfare, international humanitarian law can impact upon international human rights law (IHRL). The opposite scenario has been little explored. On this account, the article will explore how under the influence of IHRL in instances of wounded civilians feeling mental anguish as a result of their uncertainty whether or not they will remain alive, a state can be found as violating these civilians’ right to life vida digna facet. At the same time, the article will proceed to analyze how such vida digna mental anguish parameter must be seen not just as general carte blanche for expanding the notion of psychological injury beyond cases of mental harm in all military operations, but as relevant only in instances, like ‘kill or capture’ operations where the state is seen in a position to consider in advance the conditions under which a military engagement takes place.
On the possibility of baryon acoustic oscillation measurements at redshift z &gt; 7.6 with the Roman space telescope
Authors: Satpathy Siddharth , An Zhaozhou , Croft Rupert A C , Di Matteo Tiziana , Tenneti Ananth , Feng Yu , Heitmann Katrin , Rossi Graziano 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (RST), with its field of view and high sensitivity will make surveys of cosmological large-scale structure possible at high redshifts. We investigate the possibility of detecting baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) at redshifts z &gt; 7.6 for use as a standard ruler. We use data from the hydrodynamic simulation bluetides in conjunction with the gigaparsec-scale Outer Rim simulation and a model for patchy reionization to create mock RST High Latitude Survey grism data for Lyman α emission line selected galaxies at redshifts z = 7.4 to z = 10, covering 2280 deg2. We measure the monopoles of galaxies in the mock catalogues and fit the BAO features. We find that for a line flux of $L = 7\times 10^{-17} \ {\rm erg\, s^{-1}\, cm}^{-2}$, the 5σ detection limit for the current design, the BAO feature is partially detectable (measured in three out of four survey quadrants analysed independently). The resulting root mean square error on the angular diameter distance to z = 7.7 is 7.9 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. If we improve the detection sensitivity by a factor of two (i.e. $L = 3.5\times 10^{-17} \ {\rm erg\, s^{-1}\, cm}^{-2}$), the distance error reduces to $1.4{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. We caution that many more factors are yet to be modelled, including dust obscuration, the damping wing due to the intergalactic medium, and low redshift interlopers. If these issues do not strongly affect the results, or different observational techniques (such as use of multiple lines) can mitigate them, RST, or similar instruments may be able to constrain the angular diameter distance to the high redshift universe.
Windowing artefacts likely account for recent claimed detection of oscillating cosmic scale factor
Authors: Brownsberger Sasha R , Stubbs Christopher W , Scolnic Daniel M 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Using the Pantheon data set of Type Ia supernovae, a recent publication (R20 in this work) reports a 2σ detection of oscillations in the expansion history of the Universe. The study conducted by R20 is wholly worthwhile. However, we demonstrate that there is a $\gt 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ chance of statistical fluctuations in the Pantheon data producing a false oscillatory signal larger than the oscillatory signal that R20 report. Their results are a less than 2σ detection. Applying the R20 methodology to simulated Pantheon data, we determine that these oscillations could arise due to analysis artefacts. The uneven spacing of Type Ia supernovae in redshift space and the complicated analysis method of R20 impose a structured throughput function. When analysed with the R20 prescription, about $11{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of artificial ΛCDM data sets produce a stronger oscillatory signal than the actual Pantheon data. Our results underscore the importance of understanding the false ‘signals’ that can be introduced by complicated data analyses.
Jovian electrons at the Earth orbit and stationary structures in the solar wind
Authors: Logachev Yu I , Daibog E I , Kecskeméty K 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
This work studies the influence of the structure of inner heliospheric magnetic field on the propagation of Jovian electrons from Jupiter to the Earth orbit. Beginning from 1974, 13-month variations of relativistic Jovian electron fluxes were recorded by spacecraft near the Earth. 22 synodic cycles are analysed. The best connection in each cycle was found within a narrow longitudinal interval with an angular divergence of the planets 230 ± 20°, when the Parker field line connecting the two planets is formed at solar wind speed 450 ± 50 km s−1. Such invariability for more than 45 yr could not be accidental. We attribute the observed phenomenon to the long-term presence of recurrent stationary structures in the solar wind generated near the Sun. This assumption is confirmed by comparing the time profiles of the solar wind speed measured over all solar rotations in the solar activity minima in 1975 and 2007–2008.
Observing imprints of black hole event horizon on X-ray spectra
Authors: Banerjee Srimanta , Gilfanov Marat , Bhattacharyya Sudip , Sunyaev Rashid 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
A fundamental difference between a neutron star (NS) and a black hole (BH) is the absence of a physical surface in the latter. For this reason, any remaining kinetic energy of the matter accreting on to a BH is advected inside its event horizon. In the case of an NS, on the contrary, accreting material is decelerated on the NS surface, and its kinetic energy is eventually radiated away. Copious soft photons produced by the NS surface will affect the properties of the Comptonized component dominating spectra of X-ray binaries in the hard state. Thus, parameters of the Comptonized spectra – the electron temperature kTe and the Compton y-parameter, could serve as an important tool for distinguishing BHs from NSs. In this paper, we systematically analyse heretofore the largest sample of spectra from the BH and NS X-ray binaries in the hard state for this purpose, using archival RXTE/PCA and RXTE/HEXTE observations. We find that the BHs and NSs occupy distinctly different regions in the y − kTe plane with NSs being characterized by systematically lower values of y-parameter and electron temperature. Due to the shape of the boundary between BHs and NSs on the y − kTe plane, their 1D y and kTe distributions have some overlap. A cleaner one parameter diagnostic of the nature of the compact object in X-ray binaries is provided by the Compton amplification factor A, with the boundary between BHs and NSs lying at A ≈ 3.5–4. This is by far the most significant detection of the imprint of the event horizon on the X-ray spectra for stable stellar-mass BHs.
The Dekel-Zhao profile: a mass-dependent dark-matter density profile with flexible inner slope and analytic potential, velocity dispersion, and lensing properties
Authors: Freundlich Jonathan , Jiang Fangzhou , Dekel Avishai , Cornuault Nicolas , Ginzburg Omry , Koskas Rémy , Lapiner Sharon , Dutton Aaron , Macciò Andrea V 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTWe explore a function with two shape parameters for the dark-matter halo density profile subject to baryonic effects, which is a special case of the general Zhao family of models applied to simulated dark-matter haloes by Dekel et al. This profile has variable inner slope and concentration parameter, and analytic expressions for the gravitational potential, velocity dispersion, and lensing properties. Using the Numerical Investigation of a Hundred Astrophysical Objects cosmological simulations, we find that it provides better fits than the Einasto profile and the generalized NFW profile with variable inner slope, in particular towards the halo centres. We show that the profile parameters are correlated with the stellar-to-halo mass ratio Mstar/Mvir. This defines a mass-dependent density profile describing the average dark-matter profiles in all galaxies, which can be directly applied to observed rotation curves of galaxies, gravitational lenses, and semi-analytic models of galaxy formation or satellite–galaxy evolution. The effect of baryons manifests itself by a significant flattening of the inner density slope and a 20 per cent decrease of the concentration parameter for Mstar/Mvir = 10−3.5–10−2, corresponding to $M_{\rm star} \!\sim \! 10^{7-10}\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot$. The accuracy by which this profile fits simulated galaxies is similar to certain multiparameter mass-dependent profiles, but its fewer parameters and analytic nature make it most desirable for many purposes.
Inclination damping on Callisto
Authors: Downey Brynna G , Nimmo Francis , Matsuyama Isamu 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Callisto is thought to possess a subsurface ocean, which will dissipate energy due to obliquity tides. This dissipation should have damped any primordial inclination within 1 Gyr – and yet Callisto retains a present-day inclination. We argue that Callisto’s inclination and eccentricity were both excited in the relatively recent past (∼0.3 Gyr). This excitation occurred as Callisto migrated outwards according to the ‘resonance-locking’ model and passed through a 2:1 mean-motion resonance with Ganymede. Ganymede’s orbital elements were likewise excited by the same event. To explain the present-day orbital elements, we deduce a solid-body tidal k2/Q ≈ 0.05 for Callisto and a significantly lower value for Ganymede.
Collisional excitation of the formyl radical (HCO) by molecular hydrogen
Authors: Dagdigian Paul J 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
This paper addresses the need for accurate rate coefficients for transitions between fine- and hyperfine-structure resolved rotational transitions in the formyl (HCO) radical induced by collisions with the two nuclear spin modifications of H2, the dominant molecule in the interstellar medium (ISM). These rate coefficients, as well as radiative transition rate coefficients, are required for accurate determination of the abundance of HCO in the ISM. Time-independent close-coupling quantum scattering calculations have been used to compute rate coefficients for (de-)excitation of HCO in collisions with para- and ortho-H2. These calculations utilized a potential energy surface for the interaction of HCO with H2 recently computed by the explicitly correlated RCCSD(T)-F12a coupled-cluster method. Rate coefficients for temperatures ranging from 5 to 400 K were calculated for all transitions among the fine and hyperfine levels associated with the first 22 rotational levels of HCO, whose energies are less than or equal to 144 K.
Hybridization-based in situ sequencing (HybISS) for spatially resolved transcriptomics in human and mouse brain tissue
Authors: Gyllborg Daniel , Langseth Christoffer Mattsson , Qian Xiaoyan , Choi Eunkyoung , Salas Sergio Marco , Hilscher Markus M , Lein Ed S , Nilsson Mats 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Visualization of the transcriptome in situ has proven to be a valuable tool in exploring single-cell RNA-sequencing data, providing an additional spatial dimension to investigate multiplexed gene expression, cell types, disease architecture or even data driven discoveries. In situ sequencing (ISS) method based on padlock probes and rolling circle amplification has been used to spatially resolve gene transcripts in tissue sections of various origins. Here, we describe the next iteration of ISS, HybISS, hybridization-based in situ sequencing. Modifications in probe design allows for a new barcoding system via sequence-by-hybridization chemistry for improved spatial detection of RNA transcripts. Due to the amplification of probes, amplicons can be visualized with standard epifluorescence microscopes for high-throughput efficiency and the new sequencing chemistry removes limitations bound by sequence-by-ligation chemistry of ISS. HybISS design allows for increased flexibility and multiplexing, increased signal-to-noise, all without compromising throughput efficiency of imaging large fields of view. Moreover, the current protocol is demonstrated to work on human brain tissue samples, a source that has proven to be difficult to work with image-based spatial analysis techniques. Overall, HybISS technology works as a targeted amplification detection method for improved spatial transcriptomic visualization, and importantly, with an ease of implementation.
TCRdb: a comprehensive database for T-cell receptor sequences with powerful search function
Authors: Chen Si-Yi , Yue Tao , Lei Qian , Guo An-Yuan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractT cells and the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire play pivotal roles in immune response and immunotherapy. TCR sequencing (TCR-Seq) technology has enabled accurate profiling TCR repertoire and currently a large number of TCR-Seq data are available in public. Based on the urgent need to effectively re-use these data, we developed TCRdb, a comprehensive human TCR sequences database, by a uniform pipeline to characterize TCR sequences on TCR-Seq data. TCRdb contains more than 277 million highly reliable TCR sequences from over 8265 TCR-Seq samples across hundreds of tissues/clinical conditions/cell types. The unique features of TCRdb include: (i) comprehensive and reliable sequences for TCR repertoire in different samples generated by a strict and uniform pipeline of TCRdb; (ii) powerful search function, allowing users to identify their interested TCR sequences in different conditions; (iii) categorized sample metadata, enabling comparison of TCRs in different sample types; (iv) interactive data visualization charts, describing the TCR repertoire in TCR diversity, length distribution and V-J gene utilization. The TCRdb database is freely available at http://bioinfo.life.hust.edu.cn/TCRdb/ and will be a useful resource in the research and application community of T cell immunology.
Implementation of CSR Legislation in India through the Lens of Its Beneficiaries: A Case Study of Malwa Region, Punjab, India
Authors: Kumar Nishant , Kumar Chauhan Deepak 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This study examines how the Indian CSR law has been implemented and enforced by companies and industries situated in the Malwa region of Punjab state in India. Malwa region, one of the most industrialized clusters of the state, is also simultaneously one of its most polluted areas. Given the severe health effects that these polluting industries cause, implementing the law on CSR in its true spirit is of grave importance. This study uses in-depth interviews of the intended project beneficiaries to determine the state of implementation of the Indian CSR regulatory framework for the selected geographical region. Using the above methodology, this article suggests that businesses should strive at mitigation of the risks of their production and manufacturing activities to the community and the environment. Rather, CSR is viewed by companies as donating part of the companies’ profits to CSR activities, and undertaking social-welfare activities to meet statutory obligations. Hence, this article further determines that there is a need to implement the CSR law in its true spirit by developing an understanding among the companies on the concept and importance of CSR, which goes beyond profit donations. This article concludes with several policy recommendations that can be utilized by the government to strengthen the state of implementation of the law in not only the Malwa region, but also the entire country.
Effects of prolonged elevated temperature on leaf gas exchange and other leaf traits in young olive trees
Authors: Miserere Andrea , Rousseaux M Cecilia , Ploschuk Edmundo L , Brizuela M Magdalena , Curcio Matías H , Zabaleta Romina , Searles Peter S 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDespite the economic importance of long-lived crop species in the Mediterranean Basin and their expansion to new warmer regions, their potential responses to prolonged temperature increases have not been adequately addressed. The objectives of this study were to: (i) assess leaf gas exchange responses to prolonged elevated temperature in young olive trees; (ii) evaluate some additional leaf traits such as stomatal density and size under these same conditions; and (iii) determine whether photosynthetic acclimation to temperature was apparent. A field experiment with two temperature levels was conducted using well-irrigated, potted olive trees (cvs. Arbequina, Coratina) grown in open-top chambers during the summer and early fall in two growing seasons. The temperature levels were a near-ambient control (T0) and a heated (T+) treatment (+4 °C). Maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E) and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured. Stomatal size and density and trichome density were also determined. The Amax, gs and chlorophyll fluorescence were little affected by heating. However, leaf E was higher at T+ than T0 in the summer in both seasons due in large part to the moderate increase in vapor pressure deficit that accompanied heating, and consequently water-use efficiency was reduced in heated leaves. When reciprocal temperature measurements were conducted in mid-summer of the second season, Amax values of T0 and T+ leaves were higher under the temperature level at which they grew than when measured at the other temperature level, which suggests some thermal acclimation. Stomatal size and density were greater in T+ than in T0 grown leaves in some cases, which was consistent with a greater E in T+ leaves when measured at both temperature levels. These results suggest that acclimation to long-term changes in temperature must be carefully considered to help determine how olive trees will be influenced by global warming.