bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nominal contracts and the payment system
Authors: Tomura Hajime 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper introduces into an overlapping generations model the civil court’s inability to distinguish different qualities of goods of the same kind. This friction prevents the enforcement of real credit contracts through the civil court. Given this environment, fiat money is introduced into the model as an intrinsically useless, but recognizable instrument for the court. With fiat money, there exists an equilibrium in which agents write pledgeable nominal debt contracts, while fiat money circulates as both a means of debt repayment and a means of payment for goods. This result does not require dynamic inefficiency or lack of double coincidence of wants. However, there can occur a shortage of real money balances for debt repayments, because lenders must pay fiat money for borrowers’ output before receiving the repayment of debt, in order for borrowers to obtain fiat money to repay debt. The central bank can resolve this bottleneck if it provides an elastic money supply through a discount window within each period. These results replicate two institutional features of the current monetary system—that is, fiat money being legal tender and a discount window offered by the central bank—in an unified framework.
Gender Differences in the Emotional Response and Subjective Sexual Arousal Toward Non-Consensual Sexual Intercourse: A Pupillometric Study
Authors: Carvalho Joana , Rosa Pedro J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Gender differences in sexual response have targeted individuals' emotional appraisal of mainstream erotica. Yet, evidence reveals that men and women commonly endorse non-normative sexual interests, and no evidence has been collected on their emotional responses toward deviant sexual stimuli.

Aim
This study was aimed at evaluating gender differences in the emotional responses toward non-consensual sexual intercourse, thus revealing individuals' appraisal of non-normative sexual contents. In order to provide an initial background to interpret findings, this study further tested the association between individuals' emotional responses and sexual self-schemas (SSSs).

Methods
29 men and 45 women (all heterosexual) were voluntarily exposed to audiovisual presentations of non-consensual/physically forced sexual intercourse in a laboratory context. Markers of emotional response were collected by psychophysiological and self-report means.

Outcomes
Pupil activation, namely pupil diameter ratio, during exposure to the video clips was captured with an eye tracker. Positive and negative emotions and subjective sexual arousal toward the clips were also collected. In addition, participants responded to the SSS scale assessing individuals' sexual self-perceptions.

Results
Findings revealed a small degree of gender differences. While men reported significantly more positive emotions toward the clip displaying a woman as recipient to non-consensual sex, no further differences were found. Also, participants revealed an increased pupil diameter ratio only in the first moments of the video clips. SSSs, including themes of aggression and power, were associated with men's emotional responses toward the clips, while no associations were found in women.

Clinical Translation
Despite its preliminary nature, the current study provides evidence on the emotional mechanisms underpinning human sexual response, and may eventually translate to conceptualizing models with a focus on non-normative sexual behavior.

Strengths & Limitations
To our best knowledge, this is the first study researching gender specificities in the emotional appraisal of non-consented sex. Current findings may help to understand individuals' deviant sexual interests and establish a framework for future research in this area. However, it is worth noting that lack of previous research prevents the generalization of findings and limits our interpretation of data.

Conclusion
Findings revealed a small degree of gender differences in the emotional appraisal of non-consensual sexual intercourse, and suggested partial evidence in the relationship between sexual self-perceptions and emotional responses to forced sex.
Dietary valine levels affect growth, protein utilisation, immunity and antioxidant status in juvenile hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ ×Epinephelus lanceolatus ♂)
Authors: Zhou Zhiyu , Wu Xiaoyi , Gatlin Delbert M. , Wang Xiao , Mu Wei , Ye Bo , Ma Lei 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA 6-week growth trial was conducted to evaluate the influences of dietary valine (Val) levels on growth, protein utilisation, immunity, antioxidant status and gut micromorphology of juvenile hybrid groupers. Seven isoenergetic, isoproteic and isolipidic diets were formulated to contain graded Val levels (1·21, 1·32, 1·45, 1·58, 1·69, 1·82 and 1·94 %, DM basis). Each experimental diet was hand-fed to triplicate groups of twelve hybrid grouper juveniles. Results showed that weight gain percentage (WG%), protein productive value, protein efficiency ratio, and feed efficiency were increased as dietary Val level increased, reaching a peak value at 1·58 % dietary Val. The quadratic regression analysis of WG% against dietary Val levels indicated that the optimum dietary Val requirement for hybrid groupers was estimated to be 1·56 %. Gut micromorphology and expression of growth hormone in pituitary, insulin-like growth factor 1, target of rapamycin and S6 kinase 1 in liver were significantly affected by dietary Val levels. In serum, fish fed 1·58 % dietary Val had higher superoxide dismutase, catalase, lysozyme activities and IgM concentrations than fish fed other dietary Val levels. Fish fed 1·58 % dietary Val had higher expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 in head kidney than fish fed other dietary Val levels. Generally, the optimum dietary Val requirement for maximal growth of hybrid groupers was estimated to be 1·56 % of DM, corresponding to 3·16 % of dietary protein, and dietary Val levels affected growth, protein utilisation, immunity and antioxidant status in hybrid groupers.
Private Placements of Equity and Firm Value: Value Enhancing or Value Destroying?
Authors: Kang Jun-Koo , Park James L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper reassesses two conflicting hypotheses on the valuation impacts of private placements of equity (PPEs), the monitoring/certification hypothesis and the managerial entrenchment hypothesis, by focusing on the shareholder approval, active buyer, and premium pricing features of PPEs. We find that PPEs with these features have significant positive announcement returns and insignificant mean long-run returns, while the corresponding announcement and long-run returns for PPEs without such features are significantly negative. Firms with value-enhancing PPE features are better governed and use proceeds more efficiently. Thus, the heterogeneous nature of PPEs helps reconcile the puzzling return patterns and conflicting hypotheses regarding PPEs.
Nucleation of Stick‐Slip Instability Within a Large‐Scale Experimental Fault: Effects of Stress Heterogeneities Due to Loading and Gouge Layer Compaction
Authors: Buijze L. , Guo Y. , Niemeijer A. R. , Ma S. , Spiers C. J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGeodetic observations and large‐scale laboratory experiments show that seismic instability is preceded by slow slip within a finite nucleation zone. In laboratory experiments rupture nucleation is studied mostly using bare (rock) interfaces, whereas upper crustal faults are typically filled with gouge. To investigate effects of gouge on rupture nucleation, we performed a biaxial shearing experiment on a 350 mm long saw‐cut fault filled with gypsum gouge, at room temperature and a minimum horizontal stress σ2 = 0.3–5 MPa. The gouge layer was sandwiched between polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) plates For reference also a fault without gouge was deformed. Strain gauges and Digital Image Correlation were used to monitor the deformation field along the fault zone margins. Stick‐slip behavior occurred on both the gouge‐filled fault and the PMMA fault. Nucleation of instability on the PMMA fault persistently occurred from one location 2/3 to 3/4 along the fault adjacent to a slow slip zone at the fault end, but nucleation on the gouge‐filled fault was more variable, nucleating at the ends and/or at approximately 2/3 along the fault, with precursory slip occurring over a large fraction of the fault. Nucleation correlated to regions of high average fault stress ratio τ/σn, which was more variable for the gouge‐filled fault due to small length scale variations in normal stress caused by heterogeneous gouge compaction. Rupture velocities and slip rates were lower for the gouge‐filled fault than for the bare PMMA fault. Stick‐slip persisted when σ2 was lowered and the nucleation zone length increased, expanding from the center to the sample ends before transitioning into instability.
Record‐Breaking Sea Surface Temperatures in the Yellow and East China Seas
Authors: Yan Yunwei , Chai Fei , Xue Huijie , Wang Guihua 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSatellite observations of sea surface temperature (SST) show that SST in 2004, 2006, and 2016 broke the previous record in the Yellow and East China Seas (YECS). The underlying cause of the record‐breaking SSTs in the YECS is still under debate. Our analysis results demonstrate that enhanced solar radiation and weakened wind, due to a high‐pressure system over the YECS splitting from the western Pacific subtropical high, were mainly responsible for the record‐breaking SSTs in these 3 years. The enhanced solar radiation and weakened wind both depressed oceanic turbulent mixing, and more heat was concentrated in a shallower mixed layer, inducing an anomalous SST rise and resulting in the record‐breaking SSTs.
Origin of an Uncommon Multiple‐Stroke Positive Cloud‐to‐Ground Lightning Flash With Different Terminations
Authors: Yuan Shanfeng , Qie Xiushu , Jiang Rubin , Wang Dongfang , Sun Zhuling , Srivastava Abhay , Williams Earle 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn uncommon three‐stroke positive cloud‐to‐ground (+CG) lightning flash was observed by synchronous multifrequency radiation sensors, and the three‐dimensional development of the channel was carefully mapped. Results show that three positive strokes grounded at different points approximately 4–8 km apart and time intervals between neighboring +CG strokes were 85 and 222 ms, respectively. This +CG flash was preceded by an intracloud (IC) discharge. The locations of the termination points on the ground were just below the preestablished horizontal IC discharge channels, and the three strokes were linked with each other through sharing horizontal negative leader channels inside the cloud. There were stepping pulses less than 0.4 ms before the first and second return strokes (RSs), and their location results were distributed nearby the following RS, indicating that the pulses might be associated with the attachment process. The first and second positive strokes occurred when the horizontal in‐cloud negative channel stopped extending, while the third positive stroke occurred below the opposite end of an advancing negative leader in the cloud. The above results suggest that the downward positive leader preceding the strokes possibly developed either from different decayed leader channels or from the opposite end of an advancing leader channel. A high‐speed camera captured a downward positive attempted leader from another +CG flash, revealing how a downward positive leader incepted from a horizontal negative lightning channel.
Characterizing and Quantifying African Dust Transport and Deposition to South America: Implications for the Phosphorus Budget in the Amazon Basin
Authors: Prospero Joseph M. , Barkley Anne E. , Gaston Cassandra J. , Gatineau Alexandre , Campos y Sansano Arthur , Panechou Kathy 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSoils in the Amazon Basin are deficient in phosphorus, essential to soil fertility. Previous studies suggested that African mineral dust deposited to Amazonian soils served as an important source of phosphorus that enhances soil fertility. These studies lacked the quantitative measurements essential to validate estimates. Here we present daily measurements of mineral dust and PM10 carried in the trade winds at Cayenne, French Guiana, during 2002–2017. MERRA‐2 model dust concentrations showed excellent agreement with measurements over this period. Consequently, we used MERRA‐2 to estimate temporal and spatial deposition rates to Amazonia. Our annual deposition rate, 8–10 Tg dust, is substantially lower than previous estimates. Deposition rates are greatest over the northern and northeastern regions of South America. In contrast, rates are low in central Amazonia. Our results raise questions about the impact of African dust on soil fertility in Amazonia. However, African aerosol transport carries other aerosol species that could play a role in soil fertility, including biomass‐burning products known to contain substantial concentrations of phosphorus. Our study highlights the need for more measurements of aerosol and precipitation chemistry over wider expanses of South America in order to better characterize aerosol chemical and physical properties, to identify aerosol sources, and to constrain model estimates. We show that over 2002–2017 dust transport to South America was negatively correlated to rainfall over the Sahel in North Africa. Long‐term monitoring is needed to capture changes in transport from Africa that might occur as a result of climate change.
Differences in local population history at the finest level: the case of the Estonian population
Authors: Pankratov Vasili , Montinaro Francesco , Kushniarevich Alena , Hudjashov Georgi , Jay Flora , Saag Lauri , Flores Rodrigo , Marnetto Davide , Seppel Marten , Kals Mart , Võsa Urmo , Taccioli Cristian , Möls Märt , Milani Lili , Aasa Anto , Lawson Daniel John , Esko Tõnu , Mägi Reedik , Pagani Luca , Metspalu Andres , Metspalu Mait 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSeveral recent studies detected fine-scale genetic structure in human populations. Hence, groups conventionally treated as single populations harbour significant variation in terms of allele frequencies and patterns of haplotype sharing. It has been shown that these findings should be considered when performing studies of genetic associations and natural selection, especially when dealing with polygenic phenotypes. However, there is little understanding of the practical effects of such genetic structure on demography reconstructions and selection scans when focusing on recent population history. Here we tested the impact of population structure on such inferences using high-coverage (~30×) genome sequences of 2305 Estonians. We show that different regions of Estonia differ in both effective population size dynamics and signatures of natural selection. By analyzing identity-by-descent segments we also reveal that some Estonian regions exhibit evidence of a bottleneck 10–15 generations ago reflecting sequential episodes of wars, plague and famine, although this signal is virtually undetected when treating Estonia as a single population. Besides that, we provide a framework for relating effective population size estimated from genetic data to actual census size and validate it on the Estonian population. This approach may be widely used both to cross-check estimates based on historical sources as well as to get insight into times and/or regions with no other information available. Our results suggest that the history of human populations within the last few millennia can be highly region specific and cannot be properly studied without taking local genetic structure into account.
Whose Service Is It Anyway? Patients as Co-Designers to Improve Dysphagia Care Pathways
Authors: Brady Grainne C. , Roe Justin W. G. 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
The field of speech-language pathology has made remarkable strides to improve the evidence-based management of oropharyngeal dysphagia. Dysphagia services have evolved in response to the ever-increasing evidence base for the role of the speech-language pathology in the assessment, diagnosis, and management of oropharyngeal dysphagia. However, dysphagia service pathway design and provision are driven by service capacity or national guidance. Rarely are patients and clinicians truly working together to develop or redesign dysphagia care pathways. This article will describe Experience Based Co-Design and how the methodology has contributed to a better understanding of pretreatment service provision at our center.

Conclusion
We make recommendations for clinicians on the application of this methodology in future projects for the design and redesign of speech-language pathology dysphagia services.
Eating, Drinking, and Comfort at End-of-Life: Promoting a Quality of
Death
Authors: Askren Annette N. , Kershner Marnie 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
Dysphagia is common in the last days of life (Bogaardt et al., 2015). Patients themselves, their families and caregivers, and health care professionals often struggle to deploy best practices in dysphagia management during this stage. Despite agreement that one's end-of-life should promote comfort, whether or not this is achieved can be unintentionally negatively impacted by the values of loved ones and health care workers, as well as health care workers' practice patterns. Importantly, we have yet to establish a comprehensive understanding of the patient experience at end-of-life to determine what truly entails “comfort” surrounding eating and drinking. Speech-language pathologists are increasingly consulted to address swallowing at end-of-life. It behooves the skilled clinician to have an understanding of the human condition in the final days to hours of life.

Method
In this piece, we explore the effects of food, drink, and the fasted state in both healthy adults and adults at end-of-life. We pose the thought-provoking question: Do food and drink contribute to a quality of death?

Conclusion
With this information, we work at the top of our license as providers who bring a unique, comprehensive understanding of such patients to the multidisciplinary comfort care team.
First detection of NHD and ND2 in the interstellar medium
Authors: Melosso M. , Bizzocchi L. , Sipilä O. , Giuliano B. M. , Dore L. , Tamassia F. , Martin-Drumel M.-A. , Pirali O. , Redaelli E. , Caselli P. 
Published: July 2020

Context. Deuterium fractionation processes in the interstellar medium (ISM) have been shown to be highly efficient in the family of nitrogen hydrides. To date, observations have been limited to ammonia (NH2D, NHD2, ND3) and imidogen radical (ND) isotopologues.
Aims. We want to explore the high-frequency windows offered by the Herschel Space Observatory to search for deuterated forms of the amidogen radical NH2 and to compare the observations against the predictions of our comprehensive gas-grain chemical model.
Methods. Making use of the new molecular spectroscopy data recently obtained at high frequencies for NHD and ND2, we searched for both isotopologues in the spectral survey toward the Class 0 protostar IRAS 16293-2422, a source in which NH3, NH, and their deuterated variants have previously been detected. We used the observations carried out with HIFI (Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared) in the framework of the key program “Chemical Herschel surveys of star forming regions” (CHESS).
Results. We report the first detection of interstellar NHD and ND2. Both species are observed in absorption against the continuum of the protostar. From the analysis of their hyperfine structure, accurate excitation temperature and column density values are determined. The latter were combined with the column density of the parent species NH2 to derive the deuterium fractionation in amidogen. We find a high deuteration level of amidogen radical in IRAS 16293-2422, with a deuterium enhancement about one order of magnitude higher than that predicted by earlier astrochemical models. Such a high enhancement can only be reproduced by a gas-grain chemical model if the pre-stellar phase preceding the formation of the protostellar system has a long duration: on the order of one million years.
Conclusions. The amidogen D/H ratio measured in the low-mass protostar IRAS 16293-2422 is comparable to that derived for the related species imidogen and much higher than that observed for ammonia. Additional observations of these species will provide more insights into the mechanism of ammonia formation and deuteration in the ISM. Finally, we indicate the current possibilities to further explore these species at submillimeter wavelengths.
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Women Presenting with Venous Thromboembolism during Pregnancy and Postpartum Period: Findings from the RIETE Registry
Authors: Elgendy Islam Y. , Fogerty Annemarie , Blanco-Molina Ángeles , Rosa Vladimir , Schellong Sebastian , Skride Andris , Portillo José , Lopez-Miguel Patricia , Monreal Manuel , Weinberg Ido 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlthough venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of maternal mortality, there is a paucity of real-world clinical data on clinical presentation and management of VTE during pregnancy and postpartum period. Using data from the international RIETE (Registro Informatizado Enfermedad Trombo Embólica) registry, pregnant and postpartum women with VTE were identified. Baseline characteristics, risk factors, therapies, and outcomes were compared. From March 2001 to July 2019, 596 pregnant and 523 postpartum women had symptomatic, objectively confirmed VTE. Pregnant or postpartum women were less likely to have another risk factor for VTE (i.e., immobility, cancer, recent travel) than nonpregnant women aged < 50 years. The prevalence of thrombophilia was higher among pregnant and postpartum women compared with nonpregnant women (53.2% vs. 46%). Pulmonary embolism (PE) was less commonly diagnosed in pregnant versus postpartum women (27% vs. 42%). Pregnant women with PE were commonly treated with low molecular weight heparin (73% vs. 29%), and received more inferior vena cava filters (6.0% vs. 4.2%) compared with postpartum women. By 90 days, one pregnant and one postpartum woman died after PE, and one died after a deep venous thrombosis. The incidence of recurrent VTE was low. In this largest cohort of pregnant and postpartum women with confirmed VTE, we found that pregnant and postpartum women with VTE were unlikely to present with other risk factors for VTE. Adverse outcomes in our study were uncommon.
A hierarchical Bayesian mixture model for inferring the expression state of genes in transcriptomes
Authors: Thompson Ammon , May Michael R. , Moore Brian R. , Kopp Artyom 
Published: July 2020

Significance
How do the cells of an organism—each with an identical genome—give rise to tissues of incredible phenotypic diversity? Key to answering this question is the transcriptome: the set of genes expressed in a given tissue. We would clearly benefit from the ability to identify qualitative differences in expression (whether a gene is active or inactive in a given tissue/species). Inferring the expression state of genes is surprisingly difficult, owing to the complex biological processes that give rise to transcriptomes and to the vagaries of techniques used to generate transcriptomic datasets. We develop a hierarchical Bayesian mixture model that—by describing those biological and technical processes—allows us to infer the expression state of genes from replicate transcriptomic datasets.