bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Potential Efficacy of Coliphage Therapy on Multidrug Resistant Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli
Authors: Sulaiman, M. A.  , Usman, A.R.  
Published: September 2020

Coliphages are the bacteriophage that attack and lyse Escherichia coli, a bacterium emerging as multidrug resistant, thereby posing serious public health challenge. Thus, searching for alternative therapies, one of which is coliphage therapy is timely. The work was aimed at screening clinical isolates of E. coli for the ability to host the coliphage and to determine the cytopathic effect of the coliphages against the multidrug resistant E. coli hosts. Eight (8) clinical isolates of E. coli were reconfirmed using both conventional and PCR techniques. The isolates were used for the detection and enumeration of the coliphage. The lowest plaque forming unit (PFU/µL) dilution of each of the 5 samples collected, was determined using double agar overlay method. The isolates that successfully hosted the growth of the phage were further screened against 8 commonly used antibiotics, using disc diffusion method. Out of the 8 clinical isolates collected, 5(62.5%) were confirmed as E coli, out of which 3 (60%) supported the growth of the coliphage. The lowest PFU dilution was 1:108 and all the 3 isolates of E. coli that supported the growth of the coliphages were found to be Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) and were all (100%) lysed by the coliphages. Phage therapy was found to be effective against even the MDR bacteria as such, can be considered an alternative therapy. However, a cocktail of the phages may be necessary to ensure absolute adsorption and successful lysis of the pathogens.
Resistance Patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to First-Line Anti-TB Drugs in Kaduna State, North-Western Nigeria
Authors: Aliyu, M. S.  , Garba, I.  , Tijjani, M. B.  , Doko, M. H.I.  , Mamuda, K.  , Suleiman, M. A.  , Hussaini, I. M.  
Published: September 2020

The problem of tuberculosis (TB) in Nigeria has been made worse by the issues of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Resistance associated with treatment failures has become a common occurrence worldwide. Of particular concern is the increasing prevalence of multi drug resistant M. tuberculosis; organisms resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, the two drugs that form the backbone of modern short-course therapy. Susceptibility of forty (40) M. tuberculosis isolates to isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RIF), streptomycin (SM) and ethambutol (EMB) was determined by the proportion method on Lowenstein Jensen egg based slopes containing critical concentrations of INH, RIF, SM and EMB (0.2 μg/ml, 40 μg/ml, 4.0 μg/ml and 2.0 μg/ml respectively). Overall drug resistance was found in 21 (52.5%) isolates. Mono-drug resistance was seen in 9 (22.5%) of the isolates tested and was against streptomycin. Two (5.0%) isolates were found to be MDR. Five (12.5%) were poly-drug resistant. One isolate showed poly-drug resistance to SM and INH, 2 (5%) were poly-drug resistant to SM and EMB, 1 (2.5%) was resistant to INH and EMB. Poly resistance to SM, INH and EMB was found in only 1 isolate. No poly-resistance to RIF and EMB, RIF and SM or RIF/SM/EMB was observed.
Problematika Dakwah di Indonesia
Authors: Meisil Meisil B. Wulur 
Published: September 2020

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tentang problematika dakwah di Indonesia . Metodelogi yang digunakan adalah Library Research. Pengumpulan data yang digunakan berkaitan dengan problematika dakwah, kemudian tentang upaya-upaya dalam mengatasi problema dakwah di Indonseia. Dan data di ambil dari beberapa buku yang berkaitan dengan tulisan ini. Hasil dari pembahasan tulisan ini adalah tentang gambaran problematika dakwah di Indonesia dan upaya-upaya dalam mengatasinya. Tulisan merupakan gambaran dan problematika dakwah, sehingga lebih mudah memahami tantangan dakwah dan lebih memahami apa yangt erjadi dalam kondisi lapangan secara nyata.
Adat Perkawinan Budaya Bugis Makassar dan Relevansinya dalam Islam
Authors: P Sudirman 
Published: September 2020

Perkawinan merupakan suatu peristiwa yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Dalam ajaran Islam pun kita di anjurkan untuk menikah, Al-Qur’an pun menjelaskan dalam surah Az-Zariyah ayat 49, dan surah yasin ayat 36, bahwa manusia telah diciptakan dalam bentuk pasangan-pasangan, baik dari apa yang ditumbuhkan oleh bumi dan dari diri mereka maupun dari apa yang tidak mereka ketahui. Tujuan perkawinan menurut agama islam ialah untuk memenuhi petunjuk agama dalam rangka mendirikan keluarga yang harmonis, sejahtera dan bahagia. Harmonis dalam menggunakan hak dan kewajiban anggota keluarga, sehinggah timbullah kebahagiaan, yakni kasih sayang angtar anggota keluarga. Begiru pula dalam budaya Bugis Makassar perkawinan adalah salah satu cara untuk melanjutkan keturunan dengan dasar cinta kasih untuk melanjutkan hubungan yang erat angtara keluarga yang lain, angtara suku dan suku yang lain bahkan angtara bangsa dengan bangsa lain. Budaya dan adat perkawinan Bugis Makassar adalah salah satu budaya pernikahan di Indonesia yang paling kompleks dan melibatkan banyak emosi. Bagaimana tidak, mulai dari ritual lamaran hingga selesai resepsi pernikahan akan melibatkan seluruh keluarga yang berkaitan dengan kedua pasangan calon mempelai. Ditambah lagi dengan biaya mahar dan “Doi’ Panaik atau uang naik atau biaya akomodasi pernikahan yang selangit. Sebenarnya dulu adat budaya pernikahan yang tergolong mewah ini hanya berlaku bagi keluarga kerajaan, namun sekarang mengalami pergeseran dan mulai dipraktekkan masyarakat umum suku Bugis Makassar Dalam budaya adat Bugis Makassar juga dikenal pula perkawinan ideal dan pembatasan jodoh yaitu perkawinan angtara Sampo Sikali (sepupu satu kali), hubungan perkawinan ini disebut sialleang baji’na (perjodohan yang paling baik), perkawinan angtara Sampo Pinruang (sepupu dua kali), hubungan perkawinan ini disebut nipassikaluki, perkawinan angtara sampo pintallu (sepupu tiga kali), dan seterusnya. hubungan perkawinan ini disebut nipakambani bellayua (yang jauh didekatkan). Dalam budaya adat Bugis Makassar ada beberapa bentuk-bentuk perkawinan, mulai dalam bentuk peminangan, perkawinan dengan annyala, silariang, nilariang,dan erangkale. Upacara perkawinan di daerah Sulawesi Selatan banyak dipengaruhi oleh ritual-ritual sakral dengan tujuan agar perkawinan berjalan dengan lancar dan kedua mempelai mendapat berkah dari Tuhan. Semua itu dilakukan mempunyai makna dan kepercayaan tersendiri.
Definisi Diri Dan Definisi Situasi Remaja Dalam Penjajakan Karier
Authors: Fitriana Fitriana 
Published: September 2020

Kajian ini didasarkan pada pentingnya definisi diri dan definisi situasi dalam kehidupan manusia. Salah satunya dalam hal perjalaan karir, misalnya sebelum memutuskan untuk menjadi apa, mau kerja apa, siapa sayadan pekerjaan apa yang cocok untuk saya selalu diawali oleh pertimbangan yang ditentukan sendiri oleh pelaku karir yang disebut sebagai definisi diri. Begitu juga dalam mendefinisikan situasi, setiap orang melalui tahap pengujian dan pertimbangan dalam menghadapi setiap situasi sebelum mengambil tindakan yang disebut sebagai definisi situasi.Pada intinya definisi diri dan definisi situasi merupakan hal konkret yang menjadi pertimbangan sendiri ketika orang dihadapkan pada situasi-situsi pilihan untuk berbuat atau tidak. Hal itu tentu saja berperan dalam hal pengambilan keputusan, salah satunya dalam pilihan-pilihan pekerjaan. Fokus dalam kajian ini adalah mengetahui pola definisi diri dan definisi situasi yang berperan dalam membentuk konstruksi pemikiran subjek tentang dunia karier.Adapun subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah subjek tunggal dimana data dianalisis menggunakan unit analisis individual.
Shalat dan Khutbah Jumat di Sinjai (Telaah Fenomena Nongkrong di Luar Mesjid Saat Khutbah)
Authors: Anis Anis , Rahmatullah Rahmatullah , Kusnadi Kusnadi 
Published: September 2020

Penelitian ini, Pelaksanaan Shalat dan Khutbah Jumat di Sinjai (Telaah Fenomena Nongkrong di Luar Mesjid Saat Khutbah), maka ada dua frame work yang menjadi fokus penelitian, yakni: pertama, analisis konsepsi mengenai pelaksanaan shalat dan khutbah Jumat berdasarkan dalil-dalil al-Qur’an- Hadis, paradigma shalat dan khutbah Jumat perspektif mazhab fiqih ibadah. Kedua, fenomena kebiasaan nongkrong di luar mesjid saat khutbah berlangsung. Penelitian ini berusaha menemukan masalah yang menyebabkan fenomena tersebut muncul menjadi realitas yang cenderung mentradisi di seluruh mesjid tempat pelaksanaan shalat Jumat di Kabupaten Sinjai. Dalam penelitian ini dengan metode kualitatif pendekatan teori-teori sosiologi, antropologi, dan teologi. Selain itu, pada pembahasan penelitian ini akan disertai dengan rekomendasi-rekomendasi solusi pemecahan masalah atau langkah-langkah alternatif yang dapat ditempuh mengatasi masalah. Sehingga hasil penelitian ini mengemukakan bahwa, Shalat Jumat dan khutbah merupakan satu rangkaian yang tidak terpisahkan dalam prosesi ibadah di hari jumat. Eksistensi khutbah dalam prosesi shalat jumat sangat jelas ditinjau dari landasan dalil-dalil dan hikmah yang terkandung di dalamnya bagi kaum muslimin. Karenanya, pelaksanaan prosesi shalat dan khutbah jumat perlu ada manajemen dari pengurus/ta’mir mesjid. Untuk itu penting ada konsep tertulis mengenai perencanaan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi untuk pelaksanaan shalat dan khutbah jumat. Selain itu, mesjid sebagai pusat ibadah kaum muslimin sekaligus sebagai tempat berkumpul menghendaki adanya fasilitas yang memadai. Fasilitas yang memadai dalam mesjid akan membuat betah jama’ah. Masalah pengadaan fasilitas di setiap mesjid biasanya terkendala dengan kemampuan dana mesjid. Akan tetapi hal ini dapat diatasi dengan ikhtiar dari para pengurus mesjid kepada pihak-pihak donatur baik perseorangan maupun lembaga tertentu untuk pengadaan fasilitas. Satu hal yang perlu dicatat bahwa rata-rata berdirinya mesjid berdasarkan swadaya masyarakat itu sendiri.
Analisa Metode Least Significant Bit Dalam Penyisipan Pesan Terenkripsi Terhadap Citra Digital
Authors: Hasugian Penda Sudarto 
Published: September 2020

Berkembangnya jaringan komunikasi membuat pertukaran informasi semakin sering terjadi, baik dalam bentuk teks, audio, dan video. Semakin banyaknya pesan yang yang ingin dikirimkan maka keamanan dan kerahasiaan dari pesan tersebut semakin sulit dijaga. Keamanan dan kerahasiaan adalah aspek yang penting pada proses pertukaran informasi atau pesan. Untuk melindungi kerahasiaan pesan bisa menggunakan teknik kriptografi. Kriptografi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari teknik – teknik matematika yang berhubungan dengan aspek keamanan seperti kerahasiaan, integritas data, serta otentikasi. Sedangkan Steganografi adalah salah satu teknik yang dilakukan dalam mengamankan pesan yaitu dengan cara menyembunyikan pesan ke sebuah media digital. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan analisis untuk mengimplementasikan keamanan file txt dan rtf dengan kombinasi algoritma kriptografi One Time Pad dengan steganografi least significant bit (LSB). Pada tahap kriptografi pesan yang telah berhasil diinput akan dienkripsi dengan kunci yang telah diberikan kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses penyisipan pesan di tahap steganografi.. Pesan yang dapat dibaca oleh sistem adalah pesan berformat .txt dan .rtf. Pada Algoritma LSB penyisipan dilakukan dengan menggantikan bit terakhir citra dengan bit pesan yang akan disisipkan. Pada tahap enkripsi dan penyisipan akan dihasilkan stego image, stego image merupakan citra yang sudah disisip oleh pesan. Kemudian pada tahap ekstraksi dan dekripsi yang dihasilkan adalah plaintext, plaintext merupakan pesan yang belum diberikan kunci apapun.
Perancangan Aplikasi Pemilihan Texapon Dalam Pembuatan Sabun Cair Dengan Menerapkan Metode Analytical Hierarchy Process
Authors: Riandari Fristi 
Published: September 2020

Keberhasilan sebuah produk dari perusahaan tergantung dari kwalitas bahan baku. dan sulitnya dalam menentukan bahan baku secara cepat dan membutuhkan waktu yang lama. Oleh karena itu di perlukan untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah sebuah Sistem Pendukung Keputusan untuk memilih Texapon dalam pembuatan sabun cair dengan metode AHP.Untuk mengetahui hal tersebut, maka akan dilakukan suatu metode pengambilan keputusan multikriteria dengan cara memecahkan situasi kompleks dan tidak terstruktur kedalam bagian-bagian dan menyusunnya dalam hierarki.Dengan menggunakan metode AHP pada SPK maka penentuan Texapon dalam pembuatan sabun cair dapat dihitung berdasarkan perhitungan dari bobot kriteria masing-masing, sehingga dapat memilih Texapon dalam pembuatan sabun cair di dalam perusahaan dapat dilakukan secara cepat.
Kinetics of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Southeast Sulawesi Sago Starch
Authors: Ansharullah Ansharullah , Natsir Muhammad 
Published: September 2020

The aims of this study were to characterize the kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of sago starch, obtained from Southeast Sulawesi Indonesia. The enzyme used for hydrolysis was bacterial ∝-amylase (Termamyl 120L from Bacillus licheniformis, E. C. 3.2.1.1). The method to determine the initial velocity (Vo) of the hydrolysis was developed by differentiation a nonlinear equation (NLE). The Vo of the hydrolysis was measured at various pH (6.0, 6.5,and 7.0), temperatures (40, 60, 75 and 95oC), enzyme concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 µg per mL) and in the presence of 70 ppm Ca++. The optimum conditions of this experiment were found to be at pH 6.5 – 7.0 and 75oC, and the Vo increased with increasing enzyme concentration. The Vo values at various substrate concentrations were also determined, which were then used to calculate the enzymes kinetics constant of the hydrolysis, including Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) using a Hanes plot. Km and Vmax values were found to be higher in the measurement at pH 7.0 and 75oC. The Km values at four different combinations of pH and temperatures (pH 6.5, 40oC; pH 6.5, 75oC; pH 7.0, 40oC; pH 7.0, 75oC) were found to be 0.86, 3.23, 0.77 and 3.83 mg/mL, respectively; and Vmax values were 17.5, 54.3, 20.3 and 57.1 µg/mL/min, respectively. The results obtained showed that hydrolysis rate of this starch was somewhat low.
Phytochemical Characterization and In vitro Effects of Extracts Produced from Different Maytenus ilicifolia Matrices on the Activity of Intestinal Disaccharidases
Authors: Schindler Monica S. Z. , Frozza Carine , Anzollin Gabriela , Calisto Jean F. F. , Radünz André L. , Mariot Márcio P. , Magro Jacir Dal , Zanatta Leila 
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. Ex Reiss, Celastraceae, popularly known as “espinheira-santa” is traditionally used to treat gastrointestinal disorders and diabetes. However, studies proving efficacy for the treatment of diabetes are scarce. Furthermore, it is believed that the presence of chemical constituents responsible for pharmacological activity may be affected by environmental variations. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the occurrence of variations in chemical composition, total polyphenol content, total tannin, antioxidant and antidiabetic activity in vitro for different matrices of M. ilicifolia.
Methodology: Chemical characterization was determined by CG-MS. Total polyphenol and total tannin contents were determined by spectrophotometer readings using standard gallic acid and tannic acid curves, respectively. In vitro antioxidant potential was determined by reducing the DPPH radical. In vitro antidiabetic activity was determined by inhibiting intestinal disaccharidases (maltase, sucrase and lactase) from a commercial glucose measurement kit produced by incubating intestinal homogenates with their substrates.
Results and Discussion: The results indicated the presence of variations in the chemical constituents and their concentrations, the total polyphenol content, total tannins and the in vitro antioxidant activity among the different tested extracts of M. ilicifolia. It is believed that these variations may be responsible for the differences found in inhibition of disaccharidases for the three intestinal enzymes.
Conclusion: Extracts 116 and 122 showed the best results in disaccharidase inhibition, however further studies are needed to investigate the results and reproducibility in vivo.
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among University Students in Uşak, Turkey
Authors: Kamacı Saygın , Şanlı Senem , Özdemir Ayşe , Sardoğan Seyfi , Erdoğan Sanem , Şanlı Nurullah 
Published: September 2020

Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as a pandemic with implications for multi-organ systems including bone health and immunological processes. Low levels have been associated with several chronic and infectious diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among university students in Usak, Turkey. This cross-sectional study included 100 (44 male and 56 female) university students between January 2020 to February 2020. Demographics, medical history, sunlight exposure, dietary vitamin D intake, body mass index of each individual were recorded in face-to-face interviews. Subjects with known metabolic conditions affecting vitamin D metabolism were excluded. Vitamin D nutritional status was assessed as deficient if 25(OH)D levels were <20ng/mL, insufficient if between 20 and 30 ng/mL, sufficient if ≥30 ng/mL, while <10ng/mL was considered as severe. The mean age for all students was 20.18±1.77(18-30) years. The mean serum 25(OH)D level was 11.60±9.81 among all students (12.22 ± 5.40 ng/mL in males, 11.11±12.24 ng/ml in females). 91 students (91%) were assessed as vitamin D deficient (92.86% among female, 88.64% among male, P >.05). Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency among male students were 11.36 and 88.64%, respectively. Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among medical students included in this study and its deficiency especially among female students is alarmingly prevalent. Absence of vitamin D fortified foods in Turkish market is shortcoming. Therefore, preventive strategies parallel to regular vitamin D fortified food consumption is seriously recommended.
Early response of organic matter dynamics to pine‐biochar in sandy soil under peach trees
Authors: Frene Juan Pablo , Frazier Mattie , Rutto Edwin , Jones McGwire , Liu Shuang , Clark Bernadette , Parker Michael , Gardner Terrence G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBiochar may enhance soil health in sandy soils under peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] tree production. A study was initiated in the Sandhills of North Carolina by applying pine‐biochar at two different rates (5 and 10%, v/v) and types of application (incorporation to 30 cm [‐Inc] and surface [‐Sur]) in 2017. Soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics was assessed via soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), permanganate‐oxidizable carbon (POXC), aggregate fractions (macro‐, micro‐aggregates, and clay + silt particles), and enzyme activities (CNPS activity) at 0–15 and 15–30 cm in 2018 and 2019. After the first year of pine‐biochar application, POXC decreased in all biochar treatments, SOC was higher in the 10%‐Inc treatment, whereas CNPS activities and macroaggregates were highest in the 5%‐Sur compared with the non‐treated control. These results suggest early changes in SOM dynamics and biogeochemical cycling and have the potential to guide producers with the long‐term application of pine‐biochar to sandy soils.
Soil aggregation as affected by application of diverse organic materials
Authors: Garba Maman , Wortmann Charles , Blanco‐Canqui Humberto 
Published: September 2020

AbstractApplication of organic materials can amend soil for improved water infiltration and reduced erodibility with effects varying with soil properties and the organic amendment type and rate. The effects of four livestock manures, three municipal biosolids, and one industrial by‐product on dry and wet soil aggregate stability were evaluated at six sites in Nebraska. The amendments had similar C/N ratios but the biosolids had relatively high concentrations of lignin and cellulose. Soil organic matter (SOM) ranged from 21 to 65 g kg−1 and soils were silty clay loam, silt loam, or loamy sand. Soil was sampled for the 0‐ to 0.05‐m depth at physiological maturity of the second corn (Zea mays L.) crop following amendment application. Aggregation was high with no amendment applied as >95% of the soil was in water stable aggregates (WSA) > 0.053 mm and was not affected by amendments with a few exceptions such as an increase in dry aggregate size and WSA 0.25–2.0 mm at one location. Dry aggregate size was much less for the loamy sand than with other soils. With SOM >60 g kg−1 compared with less SOM, there was 42% more WSA >2 mm and 38% less WSA <2 mm diam. It cannot be concluded that organic amendment application will improve aggregation if SOM >20 g kg−1 but larger effects may have occurred with: sampling sooner after amendment application; a 0‐ to 0.025‐m sampling depth; or sampling at several months after harvest for reduced effect of the rhizosphere on aggregation.
Winter cover crop root biomass yield in corn and soybean systems
Authors: Ruis Sabrina J. , Blanco‐Canqui Humberto , Koehler‐Cole Katja , Jasa Paul J. , Slater Glen , Elmore Roger W. , Ferguson Richard B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCover crop (CC) roots are critical for soil ecosystem service delivery including soil stabilization, C and nutrient cycling, soil health improvement, and others. However, most CC studies only evaluate CC aboveground biomass yield, neglecting the belowground portion of the plant. The objectives of this study were to quantify the impacts of (a) CC planting (pre‐ and post‐harvest) dates and (b) early (2–4 wk before main crop planting) and late (at main crop planting) CC termination with and without corn (Zea mays L.) residue removal on root biomass yield. We assessed the effects of CC planting or termination dates on root biomass yield for surface 10 cm of soil at four sites through sampling at CC termination and separating roots from soil with a hydropneumatic elutriation system. Pre‐harvest CC planting had limited and variable impacts on root biomass yield compared with post‐harvest planting. Corn residue removal had no impact on root biomass yield. However, CC termination date had effects at the Irrigated but not at the Rainfed site. At the Irrigated site, late‐terminated CCs doubled root biomass yield in both years compared to early terminated and no CC. At this site, under late‐terminated CCs, root biomass yield was 2.8 Mg ha–1 attributed to their higher aboveground biomass yield and later termination. At the Rainfed site, root biomass yield was 1.6 Mg ha–1. Overall, late termination of CCs can increase root biomass yield; however, early planting into the cash crop did not consistently increase root biomass yield under the conditions of this study.
Corn yield response to late‐split nitrogen fertilizer
Authors: Nafziger Emerson D. , Rapp Derek 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMultiple applications of N fertilizer on corn (Zea mays L.), with the last application as late as tasseling (VT) or early reproductive stages, is regarded as having potential to lower N requirements or to increase yields, or both. To test this, we conducted trials with N rates ranging from 0 to 280 kg N ha−1, applied at or near planting (early), or with 56 kg N ha−1 retained and dribbled near the row at VT stage (late split). Averaged across eight trials with corn following soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], economically optimum nitrogen rate (EONR) values were 159 and 169 kg N ha−1 for early and late‐split N, and predicted yields at the economically optimum nitrogen rate (YEONR) were identical, at 14.8 Mg ha−1. The net return to nitrogen (RTN) at the EONR averaged $537 ha−1 for early N and $525 ha−1 for late‐split N. Averaged over six trials with corn following corn, EONR values were 171 and 170 kg N ha−1, YEONR values were 14.1 and 14.0 Mg ha−1, and RTN values were $745 and $731 ha−1 for early and late‐split N, respectively. Within each set of trials, t tests revealed no significant differences due to N timing on EONR, YEONR, or RTN. With little or no agronomic benefit and added costs for late application, applying late‐split N is unlikely to be profitable in productive Corn Belt soils.