bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative High Resolution Electron Microscopy of Grain Boundaries and Comparison with Atomistic Simulations
Authors: Campbell GH , King WE , Plitzko JM , Belak J , Foiles SM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The technique of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM) produces images that contain information about the atomic structure of the specimen. Within additional, very stringent, constraints, the HREM image can contain information about atomic structure of crystal defects, including grain boundaries and interfaces. to extract this information from the image it is necessary to compare the experimental image with a simulated image calculated based upon an atomic model of the specimen.2 in this comparison, investigators have been aided by the use of quantitative techniques.
Atomistic simulations are often used to predict the atomic structure of crystal defects or to simulate the evolution of dynamic processes in crystals, e.g. radiation effects or dislocation motion and interaction. During the development of new models of interatomic interactions, the predictions of simulations are tested against experimental observations to validate new potentials. Grain boundary structure is a good test because atoms residing in the boundary experience environments (interatomic distances and angles) that are significantly different from those experienced by atoms residing in a perfect crystal lattice site.
AEM and HRTEM Analysis of the Metal-Oxide Interface of Zircaloy-4, Prepared by FIB
Authors: Abolhassani S , Schäublin R , Groeschel F , Bart G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The understanding of the mechanism of oxidation of Zircaloy materials provides an important support for the corrosion control of the fuel claddings in the light water nuclear reactors. Many investigations are devoted to the study of the oxidation of these materials. One of the important aspects of these studies, is the analysis of the metal-oxide interface, which produces information about the nature of the oxide formed at the interface, at different stages of oxidation and the influence of the oxide structure and morphology on the formation and growth of the oxide.
In the present study, analytical electron microscopy (AEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) are used to examine the metal-oxide interface of an un-irradiated Zircaloy-4 material, oxidized in autoclave, under pressurized water reactor conditions.
The TEM specimen preparation for the interface analysis is an important step of the investigation, since the transverse section required for such observation should be sufficiently thin exactly at the position of the interface.
Experimental Evidence of Ca Segregation to Antiphase Boundaries in Pigeonite
Authors: Moore KT , Veblen DR , Howe JM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
For over 30 years geologists have been trying to better understand antiphase domains (APD) and boundaries (APB) in pigeonite in hopes of using them as markers for the thermal history of the rocks in which they are found. The ability to know the cooling history of igneous rocks is of great interest to geologists and pigeonite has received special attention on this matter because it has exsolution (precipitation) and antiphase domains (APD), both of which can be used as possible thermal markers. APDs in pigeonite arise because of the C2/c → P21/c transformation that occurs upon cooling. When multiple APDs nucleate, grow, and impinge upon one another, they are either in registry or have a translational discrepancy of ½(a+b). The size of the APDs can be used as a qualitative marker of cooling rates, since slowly cooled pigeonites favor large APDs and rapidly cooled pigeonites favor small APDs.
Energy-Filtering TEM Imaging of Zrb2/Sic Composite — An Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramic for Thermal Protection
Authors: Xu Huifang , Zhai Jiangping 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ceramic of ZrB2 and its composite of the ceramics with SiC are used for ultrahigh temperature protection coatings in re-entry space vehicles because of high melting temperature of ZrB2 (3245°C). Chemical composition and microstructure of the ceramics are critical to thennal shock properties of the ceramics. Especially oxidation of boron and formation of boron oxide will degrade property of thermal resistance. Conventional TEM with Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is unable to study light elements like boron. However, parallel-recorded electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-filtering GIF system associated with field-emission gun (FEG) TEM are able to carry out chemical imaging and chemical information of light elements. Bonding structure and oxidation states of an element (such as B) can be obtained by using EELS.
Figure A is a zero-loss bright-field TEM image showing an interface between ZrB2 and SiC. Figure B is a Plasmon-loss filtered TEM image of the same area. A plasmon peak at about 20 eV was used for this image.
Anisotropic Grain Boundary Segregation in Y-Doped TiO2
Authors: Lian G D , Susalla A , Dickey E C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A variety of properties of polycrystalline TiO2, such as conductivity, creep and grain boundary diffusion, are strongly dependent on the atomic-level structure and chemistry of grain boundaries. TiO2 has been studied as a model dielectric system because of its relatively simple structure and well-understood point defect chemistry. Defect segregation in grain boundaries of polycrystalline and bi-crystal TiO2 have been studied by several groups and significant variations in solute segregation levels from boundary to boundary were observed. in this paper, we address this issue of anisotropic grain boundary segregation. We have measured solute segregation as a function of grain boundary misorientation to determine any correlation between segregation and misorientation.
Yttria-doped TiO2 polycrystalline samples were prepared by mixing 99.999% pure TiO2 powder with 0.1% mole percent 99.99% purity Y(NO3)3 (both powders are commercially available from Aldrich Co. or Alfa Co.), followed by uni-axial pressed to 200-400Pa and sintering at 1300 °C for about 5-7 hours.
Atomic Structure Determination Using the Focal-Series Reconstruction Technique
Authors: Thust A , Jia CL 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During the last five years the technique focal-series reconstruction has evolved to a powerful tool for investigating materials science problems in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Compared to the conventional interpretation of one single high-resolution image, the quantum mechanical electron wave function at the exit plane of the object (exit-plane wave function, EPW) is in many cases a better starting point for the materials analysis. The retrieval of the EPW is achieved on a routine basis by applying automated numerical procedures to a series of images taken from the same specimen area at different objective lens defocus values. The application of the reconstruction procedure allows one to remove numerically all the well known instrumental artifacts, such as nonlinear contrast formation or delocalisation effects due to spherical aberration and other parasitic aberrations. The reconstructed EPW gives thus direct insight into the atomic structure in the case of sufficiently thin objects and renders tedious image simulations of complicated defects unnecessary in many cases.
Monodisperse Pbse Nanoparticle Self-Assembling Nanoarrays Before and After Annealing
Authors: Zhou WL , Wiemann J , Stokes KL , O’Connor CJ 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A variety of semiconductor and metal nanoparticles can be synthesized and tunable in size from about 10 to 200 Å using size-selective separation technique. Preparation of monodisperse samples enables systematic characterization of the structural, electron, and optical properties of materials as they evolve from molecular to bulk in the nanometer size range. Sample uniformity makes it possible to manipulate nanocrystals into close-packed, glassy and ordered nanocrystal. At inter-particle separations 5-100 Å, dipole-dipole interactions lead to energy transfer between neighboring nanocrystals, and electronic tunneling between proximal nanocrystals gives rise to dark and photoconductivity. The fabrication of monodisperse ordered nanoarrays with the inter-particle separations less than 5Å will be very important to study its physical properties since interaction between neighboring nanocrystals cause otherwise insulating assemblies to become semiconducting, metallic, or superconducting depending on nanocrystals composition. Here we present the fabrication of monodisperse PbSe nanoarrays with inter-particle distance less than 5 Å and its nanostructure study.
Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Y2O3 Nanotips Grown on LaAlO3
Authors: Sun HP , Jan DB , Jia QX , Pan XQ 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Y2O3 is a super refractory oxide with high thermal stability and finds various applications in optics and microelectronic devices. Recently, Eu-activated Y2O3 films attracted much research interest due to its promising applications in flat panel field emission displays. Epitaxial Y2O3:Eu thin films have been grown on LaA1O3(LAO). in this paper we report a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study of Y2O3 nano tip-structure grown on LAO by pulsed laser deposition using stoichiometric YBa2Cu3O7-σ.a target under a low oxygen pressure. The experimental work was conducted within a JEOL2010F TEM equipped with an ED AX system.
Fig.l is a low magnification cross-section TEM image of the nano-tip structure grown on (001) LAO. The lattice parameters of the tips were calculated to be that of Y2O3 by using LAO as a standard for indexing the diffraction patterns. Nano electron beam diffraction patterns from the tips along [100] and [110] axis are shown in Fig.2a and Fig.2b, respectively, in agreement with the simulated ones using bulk Y2O3 structure.
Grain Boundary Segregation in Zr-, B- and C-Doped Mo
Authors: Miller M K , Kenik E A , Russell K F , Bryhan A J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Molybdenum-based alloys possess a unique combination of physical properties including high strength at elevated temperatures, high thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and excellent performance in neutron flux environments. However, welds in commercial grade molybdenum alloys typically exhibit low (∼3%) ductility which limits their application. Bryhan has shown that controlled additions of substitutional and interstitial alloying elements can provide almost 20% elongation from gas-tungsten arc welds in 6.35-mm-thick material. Therefore, molybdenum alloys may be considered for use in fusion reactors and other high temperature applications.
The molybdenum alloy was vacuum arc-cast with 0.16 at % Zr intended to getter the O (250 appm) and N (178 appm) impurities together with 53 appm B and 96 appm C intended to strengthen the grain boundaries. The 4-pass welding process was performed on a 6.35-mm plate in a controlled atmosphere chamber where the O, N and water vapor impurity levels were &lt; 10 wppm each.
In Situ TEM Analysis of Facet Motion in Gold Σ=3 {112} Boundaries
Authors: Medlin DL 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Interfacial anisotropy complicates the prediction of microstructural evolution, particularly ir extreme cases for which the presence of facets and corners prevents the application of classical notions of grain-boundary curvature. Although there has been much effort at incorporating anisotropic grain-boundary properties, including faceted geometries, into computational approaches for microstructural evolution, at present our mechanistic understanding of the behavior of facets anc their junctions remains limited. In this presentation, we investigate the development of faceted boundaries between Σ=3 &lt;111&gt; oriented grains in epitaxially deposited gold thin films. This system is well suited tc experimental studies of facet evolution since the crystallography and structure of the boundaries is already well understood. It is well known that “double-positioning” of epitaxially aligned &lt;111&gt; grains on a surface of three-fold or six-fold symmetry results in a microstructure composed of grains in two twin-related (Σ=3) variants that are separated by facets running vertically through the film and forming 120 degree corners [1,2].
How accurate is ALCHEMI for ordering measurements?
Authors: Jiang Nan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Atom location by channeling-enhanced microanalysis (ALCHEMI) promises a straightforward measurement of ordering in materials. On tilting the electron beam in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) about a superlattice Bragg position the electron channeling changes, weighting X-ray production from each of the sublattices differently. The overall X-ray signal, converted to an apparent composition via a kinematical non-channeling standardization, moves between the composition of the constitute sublattices. However, the accuracy of measurement always bothers many researchers. Results may vary from time to time, and in the worse cases, the composition outputs are nonsense. Table 1 gives an example of a series of ALCHEMIC measurements in a B2 Ti50Al42Mo8 intermetallic alloy.
In general, two major sources cause errors in ALCHEMI: weak channeling and delocalization effects. The later only results in “systematic errors”, which can always be corrected or reduced by theoretical calculations. However, it is difficult to improve the error due to weak channeling.
3d Reconstruction of Sub-Nm Beam Profiles in STEM
Authors: Möbus G , Dunin-Borkowski RE , Hethėrington CJD , Hutchison JL 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction:Atomically resolved chemical analysis using techniques such as electron energy loss spectroscopy and annular dark field imaging relies on the ability to form a well-characterised sub-nm electron beam in a FEGTEM/STEM [1-2]. to understand EELS+EDX-signal formation upon propagation of a sub-nm beam through materials we first have to assess precisely the beam intensity distribution in vacuum and find conditions for the best obtainable resolution.
Experimental Details:Modern TEM/STEM instruments combine features of both imaging and scanning technology. The beam forming capability approaches closely that for dedicated STEMs, while CCD recording devices allow us to measure the beam profile by direct imaging at magnifications up to 1.5 M. The recording of a “z-section” series through the 3D intensity distribution of the cross-over can therefore be realised by recording of a “condenser focal series”.
The Study of Structural Disorder in Spinel by ALCHEMI
Authors: Anderson IM 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The mineral spinel (MgAl2O4) is a candidate material for proposed fusion reactors because of its resistance to structural damage during irradiation. When irradiated to high damage levels, spinel is eventually driven amorphous. However, at lower fluences the nearly cubic close packed arrangement of the oxygen anions remains intact, as indicated by electron diffraction patterns consistent with a face centered cubic Bravais lattice. in this regime, the damage to the material is manifested primarily in the redistribution of the magnesium and aluminum cations among the interstices of the anion sublattice. For ion irradiation, the study of these early stages of damage is well suited to electron beam characterization methods, because the damage is spatially localized at the nearsurface region. Electron diffraction methods have been used for the characterization of cation disorder, but are notoriously unreliable because the similarity in the elastic scattering cross sections offers little discrimination between the magnesium and aluminum cations.
Anomalies in the Hough Transform of Kikuchi Bands in EBSD
Authors: Tao Xiaodong , Eades Alwyn 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Hough Transform is widely used to detect linear features in image processing techniques. However, the features sought in the EBSD patterns are typically Kikuchi bands from low-index crystal planes, which are not lines but are bands of above average intensity bordered by dark bands. This gives rise to a characteristic shaped peak in the Hough transform that has been called the “butterfly” shape. in most cases, to reduce noise, the Hough Transform is convoluted with a mask having a matching “butterfly” shape. Unfortunately, this method sacrifices resolution through averaging the intensity of neighboring pixels. We have been concerned to use the Hough transform to locate the position of the Kikuchi bands with the highest possible precision. in order to achieve this goal we have looked into the way the Hough transform works on Kikuchi bands in detail, and found some anomalies that must be considered if accuracy is to be achieved.
Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) of Sub 500 Nm Particles
Authors: Small J , Michael J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In our initial studies of the phase identification analysis of individual particles by EBSD, we observed that the quality of the EBSD patterns obtained from particles less than 1 micrometer in size decreased with decreasing particle size, density, and atomic number. This effect is shown in FIG. 1 by comparison of an EBSD pattern from a 12 um Al2O3 particle (FIG. la) and a 200 nm Al2O3 particle FIG. lb. Both particles were mounted on 2 mm thick carbon substrates. The Kikuchi bands from the larger particle are clearly visible while the bands from the smaller particle are not. This decrease in image quality is believed to be the result of a combination of 2 factors related to the electron scattering associated with these very small particles. First, as particle size decreases below about 1 micrometer, an increasing number of electrons are transmitted through the bottom of the particles.
TEM Characterization of Pseudotetragonal Mullite
Authors: Johnson Bradley R , Kriven Waltraud M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Mullite (3Al2O3•2SiO2) exists in a solid solution field (∼57-63 mol% Al2O3) as the only stable compound in the Al2O3•SiO2 phase diagram at ambient pressures. Equilibrium 3:2 mullite has an orthorhombic structure with b&gt;a (o-mullite). However, when initially crystallized from molecularly mixed, 3:2 precursors at temperatures &lt; 1200°C, the first phase that forms has lattice parameters with a ≈b. This structure is often termed pseudotetragonal mullite (pt-mullite), since even when the ‘a’ and ‘b’ lattice parameters are identical, they are symmetrically independent. Pseudotetragonal mullite has been shown to contain approx. 70 mol% Al2O3. with increasing time and temperature, the structure gradually assimilates the residual SiO2, and the lattice parameters change, such that by 1400°C, the material has attained its equilibrium structure and composition.
TEM was used to determine the spatial relationship between the crystalline phase and the residual, amorphous, SiO2-rich phase in pt-mullite. The starting materials were quenched, 3:2 mullite beads and fibers (made by containerless processing).
A Seasonal Record of Total Particulate Matter Embedded in Greenland Surface Snow
Authors: Kessler JD , Currie LA , Windsor ES , Newbury DE 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are often investigated in order to gain insight into their effects on the global radiative heat budget, optical properties of the atmosphere, and their effects on human health. Characterizing the seasonal behavior of these aerosols is fundamental in understanding their climatological and air quality impacts. As part of a larger program to study the present and recent history of chemical species transported to Greenland, we analyzed a seasonal cycle of total aerosol matter scavenged from the air by surface snow.
During a “winter-over” experiment in Summit, Greenland, extending from June 1997 through March 1998, kilogram quantities of surface snow were collected, melted, and filtered onto high-purity quartz fiber filters in the field. Upon the receipt of these filters at NIST, the total particulate matter was removed from the filters and transferred to boron substrates with protocols involving resuspension, centrifugation, and filtration.’ Previous techniques that quantified multi-element particles used several different substrates.
Effect of Precipitates on the Recrystallization Behavior of Ti-Added If Steels
Authors: Choi Jae-young , Lee Hu-Chul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Because of its superior cold formability, a great amount of IF steels is being produced by many steel manufacturers. Accordingly, numerous efforts have been made to understand the mechanism of improved plastic strain ratio in Ti-added IF steels1“3. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the effect of Ti on the deep drawability of these steels: l)the scavenging effect that is removing carbon and nitrogen from the solution by fixing them as stable precipitates, 2)promotion of (111) texture by fine dispersion of TiC precipitates, and 3)effects of substitutional elements in solid solution4. in spite of these advantages, Ti-added ultra low carbon steels have a disadvantage of high recrystallization temperature. Hayakawa et al.5have reported that recrystallization temperature is sharply rises with the increase in titanium content and reaches a peak when solute titanium is nil, and the acute recrystallization temperature is lowered with the decrease in amount of fine TiC precipitates.
The Effect of Moore&s Law on the Growing Role of Transmission Electron Microscopy in the Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Mardinly John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
TEM has been used for semiconductor device characterization since the 1980's, when Marcus and Cheng first demonstrated the feasibility and utility of applying TEM to semiconductors. The frequency of use of TEM has accelerated briskly due to the continual shrinkage of devices as predicted by Gordon Moore and now documented in the SIA roadmap (http://public.itrs.net/Home.htm). TEM use has also grown due to application of FIB techniques which make possible high precision cross-sections of specific structures. This relentless shrinking has resulted in difficulties in preparing suitable specimens. Many of the features and interfaces in a device may be curved rather than planar, and as the radius of curvature begins to approach the thickness of a TEM specimen, it can result in “geometrical blurring” of features, both for imaging and microanalysis. The origin of this blurring is illustrated in Figure 1, where it can be seen that a single electron may pass through two different features, and as a result, they are not resolved.
Microscopy in the Real World: A Manufacturer’s Perspective
Authors: Kersker Michael M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
What in the “real” world does this title mean? I would argue that every paper given at this meeting in some way reflects an application in the real world, thus rendering this paper and this symposium redundant. But then again, here we are. of course, every one using an instrument will insist that his application is in some way unique and therefore not a common, mundane, “real-world” one. The “real-world” for an academically motivated scientist may be quite different from the “real-world” of the commercially motivated scientist. What happens in an asbestos testing lab is quite different from the activities of a consulting group using the microscope to solve industrial problems. Every application is “real world”...but they most certainly may be different.
And so, where to begin? For a start, consider the following “real world” situations: 1. a University using a microscope to support the research activities of that University,