bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beam Subjected to Shear Loading using Deep Embedment Method
Authors: Ridwan  , Dirar Samir , Jemaa Yaser , Kamaldi Alfian , Kurniawandy Alex 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This research investigates the behaviour of non-engineered reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened with embedded steel bars. Two RC beams, namely control beam (Beam-A) and strengthened beam (Beam-B) were fabricated and tested under shear loading. Beam-B was strengthened with four 12 mm steel bars embedded in the core of the concrete beam. The results showed that Beam-A experienced shear failure while Beam-B failed in flexural tension where most cracks developed in the flexural span. The embedded steel bars were proven to shift failure mode from shear failure on Beam-A to flexural one on Beam-B. Furthermore, the shear capacity of the strengthened beam was enhanced by 31% compared to that of the control beam.
Molecular Weight of Liquid Natural Rubber (LNR) Product from the Chemical Depolymerization Process of High Molecular Weight Narutal Rubber Latex
Authors: Bahruddin  , Fadhillah Ivan , Septian  , Wiranata Arya , Zahrina Ida 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The molecular weight of natural rubber varies greatly, from only a few hundred thousand to more than one million. Liquid natural rubber (LNR) products generally use natural rubber in the form of latex with a relatively low molecular weight, which ranges from a molecular weight of 600,000 g / mol. This study aims to determine the molecular weight of LNR products made from the chemical depolymerization process of natural rubber latex with a molecular weight of more than one million. The natural rubber used latex with 20% Dry Rubber Content (KKK). The natural rubber depolymerization process used NaNO2 and H2O2 degrading agents with a CoCl2 catalyst at 80 °C. H2O2 levels were kept constant at 1 parts per hundred rubber (phr), and NaNO2 levels vary at 0; 2; 3; and 4 phr. After the reactor temperature reaches 80°C, the CoCl2 catalyst was added, which level varied at 0; 1; 3; and 5 phr. The reaction time was varied, which 7, 8, and 9 hours. The results of LNR product was purified to form a semi-gel, and molecular weight was analyzed using gel permeable chromatography (GPC). The results showed that the lowest molecular weight of the resulting LNR product was 108,335 g / mol from the initial molecular weight of 1,384,638 g / mol.
Production of Cellulase and Xylanase from Eupenicillium Javanicum by Solid-State Fermentation Utilizing Pineapple Crown Leaves Waste as the Substrate
Authors: Evelyn  , Amraini S Z , Pratiwi E D , Ismala U N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Vast applications of cellulases and xylanases in many fields over the last few decades and high production cost demand extensive research in improving its quality and finding low cost substrates. These includes pulp and paper, food and feed, brewing, agriculture and biofuel industries. The main objective of this study was to investigate the use of pineapple crown leaves waste as the substrate to produce cellulases and xylanases in solid-state cultures (SSF) of Eupenicillium javanicum InaCC F154. Three SSF temperatures (25°C, 30°C and 35°C) and pH (4.0, 6.0 and 8.0) were tested for 96 h in solid media containing defatted soybean, (NH4)2SO4, NaNO3, CaCl2, and small amount of H2O. Then, its comparison with submerged fermentation (SmF) was also carried out. The SSF results showed that increasing temperature from 25°C to 35°C, increased the production of these enzymes. The pH also affected its activities, except at pH 4.0. The optimum pH and temperature for cellulase and xylanase production were found to be 6.0 and 35°C, respectively. The maximum cellulase obtained was 0.261 U/mL while much higher was obtained for xylanase with activity of 1.683 U/mL. SSF was better than SmF for xylanases (0.501 U/mL vs. 1.683 U/mL). The outcome of this study exhibits the potential of pineapple crown leaves as the substrate for xylanase production from E. javanicum by solid-state fermentation.
Multi-ethnic Settlement Concept in Denpasar City, Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Agustian Endy , Rachmawati Rini , Rijanta R. , Pitoyo Agus Joko 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Kampung Islam Kepaon settlement is a portrait of Islamic-based community settlements in Denpasar city, Bali with the values of traditions, customs, culture, and traditions of Islamic ancestral heritage in the middle of the Balinese who are Hindus. The characteristics of the Islamic community are provided by cultural acculturation, which is the key to harmony and connecting in establishing relationships with the surrounding community who are Hindus. This research objective is to reveal a multi-ethnic settlement concept in the Kampung Islam Kepaon settlement which is based on the phenomenon of the community in the Kampung Islam Kepoan settlement. The research method used in this research is a qualitative method and when it is carried out is based on natural conditions, as well as with less patterned and specific research. The data found can be interpreted to reveal a variety of uniqueness, describe, understand the meaning of a particular social and can be justified scientifically as a result of the research. The results show that the Kampung Islam Kepaon settlement concept is based on Islamic values which have contributed greatly to every aspect of society, such as the physical aspects of settlements, economic aspects, socio-cultural aspects, and basic values of life aspects.
Community Preparedness on Transboundary Oil Spill Governance in Bintan Island
Authors: Akbar Dhani , Setiawan Azhari , Prayuda Rendi , Putra Ardi , Aznor Ariski , Yudiatmaja Wayu Eko 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The waters of the Kepulauan Riau have a strategic position, the entry and exit point of the Malacca Strait and connecting Middle Eastern which known as oil producer countries regions and East Asian Industrial countries. The main role to guard the environment and implement the government policies is the local community in the border area. This study applied quantitative method to investigate public perceptions towards oil waste-related issues by identifying knowledge, attitude, perception about impact and future condition foreseeing, attribution of responsibility, political perception, and political attitudes. KMO Measure of Sampling value is greater than. 5 (KMO = .672) and indicates the research instrument was meritorious and statistically significant (<.001). In term of political perception and attitude, we found a high positive correlation (Pearson’s R=.700, p=<.001) between the two variables. High score in attribution of responsibility to TNI indicates a potential further analysis on behalf of securitization theory from Copenhagen School of International Security and International Relations. Respondents tend to believe and demand that security sector must take a major role within the issues since a normal political process was perceived to be not quite enough to overcome the problems. It means that securitization will be perceived to succeed in the bilateral or trilateral framework instead of multilateral one.
Study of Groundwater Pathway in the Shallow Bedrock Area using Very Low Frequency Method
Authors: Islami Nur , Juandi Muhammad 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the hard rock and thick forest area, the use of active geophysical method for groundwater exploration is relatively difficult. In this study, very low frequency survey method has been successfully used to explore the possibility of the groundwater pathway in the hard rock area. The very low frequency method used T-VLF with the reding stations of 2 m and 5 m. The data then processed using inhouse software. As the results, the VLF model shows the conductive zones at several sites that are observed at the depth of less than 10 m. These conductive zones are indicating as the zone of water pathway. The study area is dominated by the non-conductive zone which is indicating that there is no possibility of water pathway. Generally, the water pathway has been found between the hot spring and small lake at the southeast of the study area.
Preparation and Characterization Activated Carbon Based on Mesocarp of Bintaro Fruit as Electrode Materials Supercapacitor Cell Application
Authors: Farma Rakhmawati , Siagian Wellny Fransisca , Taer Erman , Awitdrus  
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Supercapacitor is an energy storage device that has high energy and power density. One of the main component in supercapacitor cells is electrode. A production of activated carbon made from mesocarp of Bintaro fruit as a supercapacitor cell electrode has been successfully. Activated carbon electrodes were prepared through a pre-carbonization process, chemical with KOH 0.5 M activator, carbonization process using N2 gas and physical activation using CO2 gas. In this study, the physical activation process was carried out with temperature variations of 650°C, 750°C, 850°C and 950°C which of KAMBB-650, KAMBB-750, KAMBB-850 and KAMBB-950 respectively. Microstructure analysis shows amorphous structure for the carbon electrodes which is by the presence of peaks at an angel of 2θ around 24° and 44°. The increasing physical activation cause smaller Lchigh specific capacitance. In this study, the optimum temperature obtained in 850°C of KAMBB-850 sample. High specific capacitance as high as 267,6 F/g was found on KAMBB-850. The lowest capacitance obtained at carbonization temperature 950°C of KAMBB-650 sample with specific capacitance as high as 71,4 F/g.
Liquid argon photodetection systems for neutrino detectors: A minireview
Authors: Delgado M , Gutiérrez R M , Fuentes F 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A growing number of experiments with particle detectors using liquid argon are currently being carried out, as this is an excellent means of detecting neutrinos. These experiments develop different capture and measurement systems of the photons generated by the excitation of the argon atoms when a charged particle passes. New low-cost technologies, more sensitive and efficient detection methods, hardware and electronics, optimize and take advantage of the characteristics of the processes involved. This minireview presents the main characteristics of photodetection systems used in some of the most important experiments for the finding of neutrinos, particularly those that use liquid argon at cryogenic temperatures (-186 °C), such as Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment and the Micro Booster Neutrino Experiment. In addition, this article presents a comparison of the advances of each cryogenic photodetection system with the aim of promoting the use of this technology in new research fields.
Rice husk incidence on the physical, thermal and mechanical properties of H10 block from San José de Cúcuta, Colombia
Authors: Colmenares-Uribe A P , Sánchez-Molina J , Díaz-Fuentes C X 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The generation of new building materials responds to the reduction of energy consumption and regulation of building interior temperatures as strategy to improve energy efficiency in materials engineering and architecture. This research focuses on the study of the rice husk incidence on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of H10 block manufactured in the metropolitan area of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia. The methodology consists in 4 stages: In first instance, raw material characterization to identify chemical, structural and morphological components of clay and rice husk. Then, H10 blocks manufacturing in 2 clay mixtures, fired at 900 °C, 1000 °C and 1100 °C. Likewise, tests of manufactured samples to analyze its physical and mechanical properties. Parallel to the manufacturing process, transfer and heat fluxes simulations to evaluate surface temperatures and energy concentration of H10 block. In conclusion, rice husk acts as a technological nutrient added to clay mixture and strengthens thermal and insulating capacity of blocks. Nevertheless, the presence of rice husk in clay mixtures increases water absorption capacity of the products, as the percentage of husk increases. And therefore, the compressive strength decreases, which is a factor to consider for the constructive application of H10 block.
Biodegradable thermosets polymers as an alternative solution to pollution generated by plastics
Authors: Paipa-Álvarez H O , Palacios Alvarado W , Medina Delgado B 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this research work, a description was made of thermoset polymer materials and their relationship with the environment. The traditional thermoset manufacturing processes make their recycling and reuse complicated. Consequently, most products made with this type of material end up accumulating in landfills and their disposal generates a high environmental impact. This is why a description of thermoset and biodegradable polymers is made to identify the differences between them and the advantages of biodegradable materials. This being so, it is found that the scientific community presents as a proposal or alternative solution to this environmental problem the development of new methodologies and technologies to synthesize families of thermoset biodegradable materials, as for example the case of “glycix”, “titan” and “hydro”, and that from capital investment in science and technology processes in the area of materials engineering, by the productive sector and Universities of countries such as for example; Mexico and Argentina, managed to develop on an industrial scale biodegradable resins that can be processed by all conventional plastic molding methods and significantly reduce the carbon footprint.
Impact of the inquiry based-science methodology on learning physics
Authors: Rodríguez H D , Gamboa-Suárez A A , Avendaño-Castro W R 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe stigmatization of natural sciences and mathematics as difficult, boring and non-practical subjects, starting at the secondary levels, has caused an increased disarticulation between the significant learning of physics and the student, this can be reflected in a less development of basic competences, an almost instinctive revulsion of a large number of students towards these subjects and poor results in the tests that are carried out. Reflecting on this situation, we apply the inquiry-based science education. The intervention was carried out in a private calendar B school in the town of Chía, Colombia; Latitude: 4.85, Longitude: -74.05 4° 51′ 0″. The participants were 80 students, the instruments used to collect the information were: class observations, surveys, interviews, an entrance, an exit test and another after the exit test. Two specific inquiry based-science type activities were designed: laboratory practices and the manufacture of a device by the student. These two activities in turn had matrices with defined evaluation criteria to evaluate the impact of the intervention. The students found in the investigation, a much more conducive environment for their learning and in the end the proposal allowed to identify positive impacts of the inquiry based-science as well as not so desired results.
Effects of cefazolin-containing niosome nanoparticles against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formed on chronic wounds
Authors: Zafari Mahdi , Adibi Mahsa , Chiani Mohsen , Bolourchi Negin , Barzi Seyed Mahmoud , Shams Nosrati Mohammad Sadegh , Bahari Zeinab , Shirvani Parisa , Noghabi Kambiz Akbari , Ebadi Mojgan , Rahimirad Nazanin , Shafiei Morvarid 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The ability of biofilm formation in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes significant mortality and morbidity in wound infections. Nanoparticles because of the drug concentration increment at the point of contact of nanoparticles and bacteria, and slower release of the drug at the desired location are considered as proper tools to overcome the therapeutic problem of antimicrobial-resistant infections. This study was aimed to evaluate the anti-biofilm activity of cefazolin-loaded nanoparticles against MRSA isolates. The 27 clinical isolates of MRSA were collected from patients with pressure sores and diabetic ulcers referred to Loghman Hospital in Tehran—Iran. MRSA isolates were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and biochemical tests. Cefazolin-loaded niosome was synthesized using the thin-film hydration method and were characterized by zeta potential measurement and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The round-shaped cefazolin-loaded niosomes had a diameter of 100 nm and a −63 mV zeta potential. The cefazolin-containing niosomes removed 1, 3, and 5 d old biofilms at the concentration of 128 µg ml−1, 128 µg ml−1, and 256 µg ml−1, respectively. Histological results indicated that BALB/c mice receiving cefazolin-loaded niosomes were treated effectively faster than those treated by cefazolin or untreated group. In conclusion, the cefazolin-loaded niosome could be considered as a promising candidate for the treatment of biofilm-mediated infections of MRSA.
A spatially variable scarcity of floating microplastics in the eastern North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Egger Matthias , Nijhof Rein , Quiros Lauren , Leone Giulia , Royer Sarah-Jeanne , McWhirter Andrew C , Kantakov Gennady A , Radchenko Vladimir I , Pakhomov Evgeny A , Hunt Brian P V , Lebreton Laurent 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Plastic waste accumulating in the global ocean is an increasingly threatening environmental issue. To date, the floating and thus most visible fraction of ocean plastic pollution has been mapped at global scale. Yet, large knowledge gaps exist in our current understanding of the transport and transformation processes of positively buoyant plastic debris at the sea surface. Observations at sea typically report an apparent scarcity of microplastics (<5 mm) relative to the expected abundance-size distribution based on fragmentation of larger plastic objects. Here, we provide a comprehensive study on the relative abundance of microplastics (>500 µm) and mesoplastics (0.5–5 cm) in the surface waters of the eastern North Pacific Ocean using data from 1136 040 plastic fragments collected by 679 neuston trawl deployments between 2015 and 2019. Our results reveal that the apparent microplastic scarcity is not uniformly distributed across the region. Instead, we show that the relative abundance of floating microplastics increases from the outside to the inside of the North Pacific Garbage Patch. We hypothesize that this observation could be explained by (i) a spatially variable microplastic removal due to spatial differences in ocean productivity, (ii) a differential dispersal of micro- vs. mesoplastics with a preferential accumulation of microplastics in the subtropical gyre, and/or (iii) the timescales associated with transport and fragmentation of plastic objects at the ocean surface with older, more degraded, floating plastic accumulation in subtropical gyres. The results presented here highlight that global estimates of the accumulation and removal of positively buoyant microplastics need to consider spatial aspects such as variations in ocean productivity, the dominant physical transport processes in a given area, as well as the time needed for a plastic object to reach the specific offshore location.
The nature of the formation in clay strata of oil and gas saturated fractured reservoirs
Authors: Alexandrov B L , Zakharchenko E I , Moskalenko I V , Elzhaev A S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Today, the production of hydrocarbons produced from clay strata of varying degrees of consolidation and metamorphization had widely developed in the world. Currently, there are many hypotheses on the formation of reservoirs in industrial oil-bearing clay rocks. The paper analyzes the mindsets on the occurrence of oil-saturated fractured clay reservoirs, presents factors affecting the distribution of radioactive elements, substantiates the mechanism of formation of fractured porosity in clay oil-saturated strata. Due to the lack of a generally accepted concept for the formation of unconventional clay reservoirs, the article proposes a new hypothesis for the formation of fractured reservoirs in these unique sections, based on a critical analysis of existing views.
Intrasoil dispersed phosphogypsum utilization in a small aggregate chernozem system
Authors: Batukaev A A , Mishchenko N A , Kalinichenko V P , Sukovatov V A , Chernenko V V , Batukaev A A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Unregulated accumulation of phosphogypsum leads to dangerous geochemical flows with an avalanche effect. As a new option for the application of phosphogypsum, its dispersed placement in the small aggregate chernozem system at a depth of its modern anthropogenic illumination was described. A milling method for treating a soil layer of 30–60 cm was developed. Phosphogypsum and soil interact and agrophysical soil properties can be improved. The anthropogenic eluvial-illuvial structure of the soil profile can be eliminated. The morphological, agrophysical properties and soil moisture conditions, thermodynamic processes with Pb2 +, Cd2 + ions, the morphological parameters of the root system and the yield of sunflower after application of phosphogypsum during its utilization by dispersing in the soil layer of 30–60 cm were studied. Improved soil properties and conditions for development of the rhizosphere, passivation of heavy metals as a result of the carbonate-calcium equilibrium in the soil solution were described. The ecosphere and the agricultural production effect of phosphogypsum utilization in chernozem were substantiated.
Study of soil enzymatic activity of oil fields in the Republic of Kalmykia
Authors: Buluktaev A A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Pollution of soils with oil and oil products, for today, very actual problem. In the present study, the content of soil enzymes (catalases, phosphatases, ureases and invertases) in the soils of Kalmykia oilfields has been studied to diagnose oil pollution. The content of oil products in the soils of oilfields is studied. As a result of research, it is established that the most informative soil enzyme in relation to oil pollution is catalase. Activity of phosphatase, ureases and invertase even in the background soils is minimal, as the studied soils show weak biological activity. It is proved that the change of catalase activity, as a rule, is in direct dependence on oil content in soil, the higher the content of oil and oil products in soil, the lower the activity of catalase.
The influence of sample preparation techniques on results of extraction of heavy metals from soil
Authors: Burachevskaya M V , Minkina T M , Mandzhieva S S , Cicuashvili V S , Fedorenko E S , Pogonyshev P D , Coskun G , Kizilkaya R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A study of the composition of mobile compounds of heavy metals (HM) in the area of aerosol contamination by a heat supply company showed an increase in the number of these compounds near the source of contamination. In the group of loosely bound compounds, the largest part is represented by specifically sorbed compounds. Sample preparation (the degree of sample grinding) had a noticeable effect on the extractability of Zn, Cu, and Pb from the soil. During the sifting of a soil sample through a 0.25 mm sieve, the extraction of mobile forms of HM increases significantly (by 7–16 %). Thus, with an increase in the specific surface of soil particles, the extracting ability of the reagents increases. It is necessary to take into account the sample preparation used in each fractionation method to evaluate the results and compare them.