bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound to Identify Landmarks of the Proximal Humerus
Authors: Bustamante Sergio , Bajracharya Gausan Ratna , Cheruku Shravan , Leung Steve , Mao Guangmai , Singh Asha , Mamoun Negmeldeen 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesThe inability to identify landmarks is an absolute contraindication for intraosseous access. The feasibility of landmark identification using ultrasound (US) has been demonstrated on human cadavers. We aimed to study the feasibility of point‐of‐care US in identifying proximal humerus landmarks in living human patients.MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study conducted from May 3 to June 7, 2017, after approval from the Institutional Review Board at the Cleveland Clinic. Sixty upper extremities of 30 consenting participants across 3 distinct body mass index (BMI) groups (normal, obese, and morbidly obese) were alternately examined with a 12 L‐RS linear US transducer (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL) by 2 investigators. Six anatomic landmarks were identified: the humeral shaft, the surgical neck of the humerus, the lesser tubercle, the greater tubercle, the inter tubercular sulcus, and the target site for needle insertion on the greater tubercle. Rates of successful identification of all 6 landmarks as defined by independent agreement between the investigators were reported as estimated incidence rates with 95% bootstrap confidence interval (CI) sampling at the participant level.ResultsUltrasound had an overall success rate of 0.87 (95% CI, 0.78–0.95) in identifying all 6 landmarks with slight variability among various BMI groups. After excluding the surgical neck, the overall success rate improved to 0.93 (95% CI, 0.87–0.98), with minimum variability across BMI groups and no change in the ability to identify the target site.ConclusionsUltrasound is reliable in identifying proximal humerus intraosseous landmarks, with reasonable accuracy across various BMI groups.
Development and Characterization of Ultrasound Activated Lipopolyplexes for Enhanced Transfection by Low Frequency Ultrasound in In Vitro Tumor Model
Authors: Shah Hirva , Tariq Imran , Engelhardt Konrad , Bakowsky Udo , Pinnapireddy Shashank Reddy 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis work focuses on the development of ultrasound contrast vesicles for ultrasound‐mediated enhanced transfection of nucleic acids in the cancer cells and projects its application as a tool for diagnostic imaging. The ultrasound contrast vesicles are stable, anionic, nanoscaled vesicles with ultrasound contrast equivalent to the commercially available SonoVue. These anionic lipid vesicles establish electrostatic interaction with cationic polyplexes based on linear polyethylenimine (22kDa) forming lipopolyplexes with ultrasound contrast. The lipopolyplexes are characterized regarding shape, size, and zeta potential. When exposed to low frequency ultrasound, these carriers show elevated transfection efficiency and reduced cytotoxicity. The effect of post‐transfection ultrasound on cellular uptake of lipopolyplexes is also evaluated. An analogous transfection is also observed in the tumor mimicking multicellular 3D spheroid culture of ovarian cancer cells. The emergence of tumor imaging and enhanced gene delivery by medical ultrasound, a noninvasive imaging modality, is considered paving the way for efficient theranostic gene therapy.
Perception and purchase behavior of young Indian consumers towards Chinese products under the backdrop of their economic and political rivalry
Authors: Sengupta Angan 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveThis study examines the impact of perceptions of young Indian adults about Chinese products in Indian markets upon their purchase behavior, especially after the border conflict in Doklam.MethodologyWe have analyzed data collected from a randomly selected sample of 339 educated urban individuals (18–40 years). Binary logistic regression was conducted to estimate the likelihood of buying Chinese products given their level of acceptance among those respondents who are aware of the Indo‐China conflict.FindingsYoung Indians mainly focus on quality and price while purchasing a product, and not the country‐of‐origin (COO). Those who took the social media messages to ban Chinese products seriously, concerned about the dominance of Chinese products in the Indian market, and check if the COO is China demonstrate significantly aversive purchase intention towards Chinese products. On the contrary, the odds of purchase decision making getting influenced by Indo‐China conflict is significantly lower for them who have some preference for Chinese products over its Indian substitutes.ConclusionsFeeling of animosity does not result in considerable hostility against the willingness to buy Chinese products, when price, quality, brand awareness, and non‐availability of appropriate Indian substitutes matter more. However, if the sense of animosity is utilized well, Indian manufacturers, especially the MSME sectors, can gain entrepreneurial opportunities and mileage.
Covalent Organic Frameworks as Electrode Materials for Metal Ion Batteries: A Current Review
Authors: Wang Zhaolei , Jin Weize , Huang Xiaoyu , Lu Guolin , Li Yongjun 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAs the world moves toward electromobility, our daily lives are flooded with variety of lithium ion batteries (LIBs), and the concerns of cost, safety and environmental friendliness of LIBs spring up in the minds of scientists. Although organic electrodes have been considered as promising alternatives to their inorganic counterparts, some intrinsic weaknesses still plague scientists, such as high solubility, low conductivity and sluggish ion diffusion. The emergence of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) attracts our attention because of their robust networks and open pores that could facilitate the infiltration of electrolyte ions when used as electrodes for metal‐ion batteries (MIBs). In this review, we summarized the recent progress of COFs as electrode materials, and the strategies toward enhancing electrochemical performance of COF‐based electrode in MIBs are discussed. Hopefully, this review will provide a fundamental guidance for future development of COF‐based electrodes.
An Essay on Humble Economics
Authors: Hardt Łukasz 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this essay is to show that the departure from the Walrasian branch of neoclassical economics could lead to conceptualization of economics as a humble science, i.e. a science that is aware of its explanatory capabilities, but also convinced that discovering unambiguous regularities is not possible. Humble economics does not claim the power of formulating explanations which will not need further justification. It is based on an ontology of potentialities where one does not find laws, but capacities, tendencies, natures, and Aristotelian dynameis. It is based on the recognition that there is an irremovable mystery inherent in the functioning of the economy.
What Is Economics for?
Authors: Hogan Brendan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe methodological foundations of any scientific discipline are shaped by the goals towards which that discipline is aiming. While it is almost universally accepted that the goals of explanation and prediction of natural and non-human phenomena have been met with great success since the scientific revolution, it is almost just as universally accepted that the social sciences have not even come close to achieving these goals. This raises the question addressed in this paper, namely, what is economics, and social science more broadly speaking, for? What is their aim, and how is it similar and dissimilar to that of the natural sciences as we have come to classify them? I take up this question from a pragmatic perspective in this paper, setting economics within the wider context of social inquiry. Specifically, I turn to Hilary Putnam and John Dewey as exemplars of the pragmatic critique of any economics that sees its goals in line with those of the natural sciences, that is, as aiming for explanation and prediction according to governing laws of human behaviour.
Der Diagnostik-Parcours
Authors: Vielsmeier V. , Bohr C. , Müller N. 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Fehlende praktische Übungen sowie Anstieg der Studierendenzahlen führen zu der Notwendigkeit innovativer Lehrmethoden. Wir etablierten einen Diagnostik-Parcours zur Darstellung der Sinne unseres Faches.

Ziel der Arbeit
Das vorwiegende Ziel der Einführung des Diagnostik-Parcours war die kompakte Darstellung der Funktionsdiagnostik einer HNO(Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde)-Abteilung sowie die praktische und abwechslungsreiche Gestaltung des bestehenden Blockpraktikums.

Material und Methoden
Am ersten Tag des fünftägigen Blockpraktikums wird ein „HNO-Spiegelkurs“ durchgeführt, bei dem die Studierenden lernen, einen HNO-Spiegelbefund zu erheben. Nach der Einteilung auf den HNO-Stationen, in der Poliklinik sowie in den Operationssälen erfolgt am 5. Tag der Diagnostik-Parcours, bei dem vier verschiedene Stationen der Diagnostik einer HNO-Klinik in praktischen Übungen durchlaufen werden.

Ergebnisse
In der Evaluation des Blockpraktikums konnten wir unsere Bewertung durch Einführung des Diagnostik-Parcours signifikant verbessern. So lag im Sommersemester 2019 die Note bei 1,4 bei 38 % von n = 105. Auch persönliche Rückmeldungen sowie mehrere Famulaturanfragen verdeutlichen das positive Feedback.

Schlussfolgerung
Der Vorteil des Diagnostik-Parcours ist die Möglichkeit, praktische Fertigkeiten direkt anzuwenden. Außerdem ist die kleine Gruppengröße von maximal fünf Studierenden als positiv zu werten. Somit kann das Fach der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde mit seinem abwechslungsreichen Charakter attraktiv dargestellt werden. Auch wenn der vorgestellte Parcours einen hohen personellen Aufwand bedeutet, sollte dies in der universitären Lehre ermöglicht werden.
Intestinal microbial metabolites in human metabolism and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Herrema Hilde , Niess Jan Hendrik 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHumans with the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes have an altered gut microbiome. Emerging evidence indicates that it is not only the microorganisms and their structural components, but also their metabolites that influences the host and contributes to the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Here, we discuss some of the mechanisms underlying how microbial metabolites are recognised by the host or are further processed endogenously in the context of type 2 diabetes. We discuss the possibility that gut-derived microbial metabolites fuel the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes.
Trophodynamics at the Longqi hydrothermal vent field and comparison with the East Scotia and Central Indian Ridges
Authors: Reid W. D. K. , Wigham B. D. , Marsh L. , Weston J. N. J. , Zhu Y. , Copley J. T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Longqi vent field, situated on the Southwest Indian Ridge, is ecologically distinct among known hydrothermal vents fields. It hosts a combination of previously unknown species and those shared at species or genus level with other hydrothermal vents on the Central Indian Ridge (CIR) and East Scotia Ridge (ESR). We investigate the size-based and trophodynamics of consumers at Longqi vent field and compared these with ESR and CIR vent fields using stable isotope analysis. Intra-specific variability in δ13C and δ15N values in relationship to shell length was observed in Gigantopelta aegis but absent in Chrysomallon squamiferum. A model-based clustering approach identified four trophic groupings at Longqi: species with the lowest δ13C values being supported by carbon fixed via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle, the highest δ13C values being supported by the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle and intermediate values potentially supported by a mix of these primary production sources. These clusters were driven by potential differences in resource partitioning. There were also differences in the spread of stable isotope values at the vent field level when comparing Bayesian stable isotope ellipse areas among Longqi, CIR and ESR vent fields. This was driven by a combination of the range in δ13C value of macrofauna, and the negative δ15N values which were only observed at Longqi and CIR vent fields. Many of the shared species or genera showed inter-vent field differences in stable isotope values which may be related to site-specific differences in food sources, geochemistry or potential intra-field competition. This study provides important information on the trophic ecology of hydrothermal vent macrofauna found within an area of seabed that is licensed for seabed mining exploration.
Characterization and functional analysis of two novel thermotolerant α-l-arabinofuranosidases belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 51 from Thielavia terrestris and family 62 from Eupenicillium parvum
Authors: Long Liangkun , Sun Lu , Lin Qunying , Ding Shaojun , St John Franz J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Arabinofuranose substitutions on xylan are known to interfere with enzymatic hydrolysis of this primary hemicellulose. In this work, two novel α-l-arabinofuranosidases (ABFs), TtABF51A from Thielavia terrestris and EpABF62C from Eupenicillium parvum, were characterized and functionally analyzed. From sequences analyses, TtABF51A and EpABF62C belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 51 and 62, respectively. Recombinant TtABF51A showed high activity on 4-nitrophenyl-α-l-arabinofuranoside (83.39 U/mg), low-viscosity wheat arabinoxylan (WAX, 39.66 U/mg), high-viscosity rye arabinoxylan (RAX, 32.24 U/mg), and sugarbeet arabinan (25.69 U/mg), while EpABF62C preferred to degrade arabinoxylan. For EpABF62C, the rate of hydrolysis of RAX (94.10 U/mg) was 2.1 times that of WAX (45.46 U/mg). The optimal pH and reaction temperature for the two enzymes was between 4.0 and 4.5 and 65 °C, respectively. Calcium played an important role in the thermal stability of EpABF62C. TtABF51A and EpABF62C showed the highest thermal stabilities at pH 4.5 or 5.0, respectively. At their optimal pHs, TtABF51A and EpABF62C retained greater than 80% of their initial activities after incubation at 55 °C for 96 h or 144 h, respectively. 1H NMR analysis indicated that the two enzymes selectively removed arabinose linked to C-3 of mono-substituted xylose residues in WAX. Compared with the singular application of the GH10 xylanase EpXYN1 from E. parvum, co-digestions of WAX including TtABF51A and/or EpABF62C released 2.49, 3.38, and 4.81 times xylose or 3.38, 1.65, and 2.57 times of xylobiose, respectively. Meanwhile, the amount of arabinose released from WAX by TtABF51A with EpXYN1 was 2.11 times the amount with TtABF51A alone.

Key points
• Two novel α-l-arabinofuranosidases (ABFs) displayed high thermal stability.
• The thermal stability of GH62 family EpABF62C was dependent on calcium.
• Buffer pH affects the thermal stability of the two ABFs.
• Both ABFs enhance the hydrolysis of WAX by a GH10 xylanase.
Incidence of Appendiceal Malignancies in Sweden Between 1970 and 2012
Authors: Johansson Joel , Andersson Roland E. , Landerholm Kalle , Redéen Stefan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere is limited knowledge about the epidemiology of the major histological subtypes of appendiceal malignancy: adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine neoplasm of the appendix (A‐NEN). The aims of this national cohort study were to assess the prevalence, incidence and trends of appendiceal malignancies in Sweden.MethodAll individuals who underwent appendicectomy and all diagnosed with appendiceal malignancy from 1970 to 2012 were identified from the National Patient Register and the Swedish Cancer Registry. Demographic data of the background population were obtained from Statistics Sweden. The incidence rate (IR) and the prevalence of appendiceal malignancy per performed appendicectomy were calculated.ResultsWe identified 3774 patients with appendiceal malignancy. IR of A‐NEN was 5.8/106 person‐years with a peak of 8.4/106 at age 20–30 years, whereafter it plateaued at a somewhat lower level. IR for adenocarcinoma was 3.7/106 person‐years, starting at a very low level among the youngest and increasing to 15.4/106 at age 80–89 years. The IR of adenocarcinoma increased from 2.6/106 in 1970–1979 to 5.4/106 in 2010–2012. The IR of A‐NEN was stable during the study period. The prevalence per appendicectomy was low for both types of malignancies among the young but increased with age, most dramatically for adenocarcinoma. There was a trend during the study period towards more extensive surgery.ConclusionAdenocarcinoma is most common and increasing in the elderly, whereas A‐NEN affects all ages with a peak in young age. This peak probably reflects removal of occult A‐NEN due to the higher appendicectomy frequency in the young.
European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) Malnutrition Criteria for Predicting Major Complications After Hepatectomy and Pancreatectomy
Authors: Fukami Yasuyuki , Saito Takuya , Arikawa Takashi , Osawa Takaaki , Komatsu Shunichiro , Kaneko Kenitiro , Ishida Yuria , Maeda Keisuke , Mori Naoharu , Sano Tsuyoshi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundRecently, diagnostic criteria for malnutrition have been proposed by the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN). This study aimed to investigate the utility of the ESPEN malnutrition criteria as a predictor for major complications following hepatectomy and pancreatectomy.MethodsData were reviewed from 176 consecutive patients who underwent hepatectomy (n = 103) or pancreatectomy (n = 73) between November 2017 and December 2019. Patients were divided into two groups according to the ESPEN malnutrition criteria using a prospectively collected database. The clinical data and the surgical outcomes of patients in the malnourished and normal groups were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThirty‐five (20%) patients were diagnosed with malnourishment according to ESPEN criteria. The malnourished group had a significantly low preoperative albumin concentration (p = 0.001). After hepatectomy, major complications (Clavien grade ≥ 3a) occurred significantly more frequently in the malnourished group than in the normal group (p = 0.013). Multivariate analysis indicated that operative duration ≥ 300 min (hazard ratio: 22.47, 95% CI: 2.17 to 232.73, p = 0.009) and malnourishment (hazard ratio: 14.56, 95% CI: 2.58 to 82.17, p = 0.002) were independently associated with major complications after hepatectomy. On the other hand, malnutrition was not associated with major complications after pancreatectomy.ConclusionsThe ESPEN malnutrition criteria are a valuable predictor for major complications following hepatectomy.
Can mobile genetic elements rescue genes from extinction?
Authors: van Dijk Bram 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBacteria and other prokaryotes evolve primarily through rapid changes in their gene content by quickly losing and gaining genes whenever an ecological opportunity emerges. As gene loss and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) appear to be the most common events across the prokaryotic tree of life, we need to think beyond gradual sequence evolution if we wish to understand the microbial world. Especially genes that reside on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) may spread much more rapidly through a microbial population than genes that reside on the bacterial chromosome. This raises the question: why are some genes associated with MGEs, while others are not? Here, I briefly review a recently proposed class of genes for which we have coined the term “rescuable genes”. The fitness effect of carrying these genes is so small, either constantly or on average, that they are prone to be lost from a microbial population. I argue that HGT, even when costly to the individual cells, may play an important role in maintaining these rescuable genes in microbial communities.
Whole-body MRI versus an FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard for staging of paediatric Hodgkin lymphoma: a prospective multicentre study
Authors: Spijkers Suzanne , Littooij Annemieke S. , Kwee Thomas C. , Tolboom Nelleke , Beishuizen Auke , Bruin Marrie C. A. , Elias Sjoerd G. , van de Brug Tim , Enríquez Goya , Sábado Constantino , Miller Elka , Granata Claudio , de Lange Charlotte , Verzegnassi Federico , Greer Mary-Louise C. , de Keizer Bart , Nievelstein Rutger A. J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To assess the concordance of whole-body MRI (WB-MRI) and an FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard for the initial staging in children with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL)

Methods
Children with newly diagnosed HL were included in this prospective, multicentre, international study and underwent WB-MRI and FDG-PET/CT at staging. Two radiologists and a nuclear medicine physician independently evaluated all images. Discrepancies between WB-MRI and FDG-PET/CT were assessed by an expert panel. All FDG-PET/CT errors were corrected to derive the FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard. The expert panel corrected all reader errors in the WB-MRI DWI dataset to form the intrinsic MRI data. Inter-observer agreement for WB-MRI DWI was calculated using overall agreement, specific agreements and kappa statistics. Concordance for correct classification of all disease sites and disease stage between WB-MRI (without DWI, with DWI and intrinsic WB-MRI DWI) and the reference standard was calculated as primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included positive predictive value, negative predictive value and kappa statistics. Clustering within patients was accounted for using a mixed-effect logistic regression model with random intercepts and a multilevel kappa analysis.

Results
Sixty-eight children were included. Inter-observer agreement between WB-MRI DWI readers was good for disease stage (κ = 0.74). WB-MRI DWI agreed with the FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard for determining disease stage in 96% of the patients versus 88% for WB-MRI without DWI. Agreement between WB-MRI DWI and the reference standard was excellent for both nodal (98%) and extra-nodal (100%) staging.

Conclusions
WB-MRI DWI showed excellent agreement with the FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard. The addition of DWI to the WB-MRI protocol improved the staging agreement.

Key Points
• This study showed excellent agreement between WB-MRI DWI and an FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard for staging paediatric HL.
• Diffusion-weighted imaging is a useful addition to WB-MRI in staging paediatric HL.
• Inter-observer agreement for WB-MRI DWI was good for both nodal and extra-nodal staging and determining disease stage.