bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Wider Range of Conditions Contributing to Death in a Cohort of People Who Have Injected Drugs. Findings from an Edinburgh Cohort.
Authors: Robertson Roy , Copeland Lorraine , McKenzie James 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundThe morbidity and mortality attributed to injecting drug use is a substantial contributor to any study on causes of premature death. Understanding the extent of this may be limited by difficulties in observing and recording outcomes over several decades. Historic studies have recorded information in a period when blood borne virus and drug deaths were a smaller proportion or, in the cases of Hepatitis C and HIV/AIDS, absent from National mortality figures.Design and settingA cohort of people who had, ever, injected drugs was established over a prolonged period of observation in one, community based, medical practice in Edinburgh (UK). Outcomes were measured in the clinical situation and by accessing death certificates from national, UK, registers.FindingsCauses of death in a cohort of 794 people who inject drugs (PWIDs) varied over time, some conditions relating to single pathological diagnoses and others were more complicated, multimorbid, and cumulative over time. HIV/AIDS was a striking cause of death until 1995 when antiviral chemotherapy was introduced. Drug related deaths (mainly overdose) remained a significant cause of death and death due to alcohol, respiratory, cardiovascular and cancer (mainly lung) increased over time. A wide range of other causes including suicide and violence and trauma were recorded.ConclusionsMortality resulting from present or historic drug use may be underestimated in current recoding systems, which largely record deaths from overdose or a single pathological event in an acute situation. The range of conditions causing or contributing to premature death is enormous reflecting multiple risks associated with drug use.
Nasal Probe Tests Decreased the Procedure Time During Flexible Bronchoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Zhu Wenjun , Zhang Yuchen , Shi Jingyu , Wang Xiaoqin , Li Renjiao , Liu Jia , Liu Dan , Luo Fengming 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Nasal insertion is the preferred method in flexible bronchoscopy; however, the relatively narrow nasal cavity increases the difficulty of bronchoscope insertion. The aim of the study was to investigate the advantages of a prior nasal cavity probe during flexible bronchoscopy and to investigate whether this novel method could reduce the complications associated with flexible bronchoscopy.Methods: This prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted in a tertiary hospital between May 2020 and October 2020. Three hundred patients requiring diagnosis and treatment using flexible bronchoscopy were randomly allocated to three groups: a control group, a simple cotton bud detection group (CD group), and an adrenaline detection group (AD group). The outcomes were the time to pass the glottis, the first-pass intubation success rate, and postoperative complications, especially nasal bleeding.Results: In total, 189 men and 111 women were enrolled in the study, with a mean age of 55.69 ± 12.86 years. The operation time was longer in the control group (24 [14.25-45.75] s) than in the CD group (19.5 [12.25-32.75] s). Compared with that in the CD group, the first-pass intubation success rate was significantly lower in the control group (p<0.05). There was no difference in nasal bleeding between the control group and the CD group (p=0.506). Nasal bleeding after flexible bronchoscopy was more common in the CD group than in the AD group (p=0.005); however, there was no significant between-group difference in hemostatic use (p=0.245). Conclusions: Use of a prior nasal cavity probe during flexible bronchoscopy can significantly reduce the time to pass the nasal cavity, improve the first-pass intubation success rate, and reduce postoperative nasal bleeding. Nasal detection is recommended as a time-saving procedure for patients undergoing flexible bronchoscopy. Trial registration: ChiCTR2000032668, 6th May.2020.
WITHDRAWN: Idle&nbsp;peripheral intravenous cannulation: An observational cohort study of pre-hospital and emergency department practices
Authors: Evison Hugo , Sweeny Amy , Ranse Jamie , Carrington Mercedes , Marsh Nicole , Byrnes Joshua , Rickard Claire , Carr Peter , Keijzers Gerben 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background Unused ('idle') peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVC) are those not used within 24 hours of insertion. There is little data on cannulation practices and idle PIVC rates in emergency settings, especially the pre-hospital environment. Methods This was an observational cohort study set in south-east Queensland, Australia using data from a large tertiary level emergency department (ED) and the local statutory ambulance service. Demographic, clinical and PIVC data were collected over two periods; 9 February - 18 March 2017 and 5 January - 4 February 2018. Adult patients were included if they were allocated an Australasian triage scale (ATS) category between 2 and 5, and had a PIVC inserted in the pre-hospital setting or ED. PIVC use was defined as idle if no fluids, medications or contrast were administered intravenously within 24 hours of insertion. Comparisons between pre-hospital and ED practice and idle PIVC status were undertaken using descriptive statistics and logistic regression.Results A total of 1249 patients with a PIVC (372 pre-hospital; 877 ED) were included. Overall, 366 PIVCs (29.3%; 95% CI 26.9%-31.9%) remained idle at 24h. In the pre-hospital group, 147 (39.5%) PIVCs inserted were not used pre-hospital, and 74 (19.9%) remained idle. In comparison, 292 (33.3%) PIVCs placed in the ED remained idle. ED staff more frequently inserted PIVCs in the antecubital fossa than paramedics (65.5% vs 49.7%), where forearm PIVC insertion was more common pre-hospital than in ED (13.7% vs 7.4%). Nursing staff inserted idle PIVC at a rate of (35.1%) compared to doctors (29.6%) and paramedics (19.9%). Having a PIVC insertion in the ED was the only factor significantly (p=<.001) predicting an idle outcome (Odds Ratio: 2.4; 95%CI 1.7-3.3). Conclusion One-third of PIVCs inserted within the emergency setting remained idle, suggesting unnecessary risk and costs. Pre-hospital and ED PIVC insertion practices differed, with idle PIVCs 2.4 times more prevalent if inserted in the ED than pre-hospital and with greater use of ante-cubital insertion. Reasons for these differences are not well understood and requires more targeted research.
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Care-Seeking for Children Under Five Before and After the Free Healthcare Initiative in Sierra Leone: An Analysis of Population-Based Survey Data
Authors: Bognini Joel Dofinisery , Samadoulougou Sekou , Ouedraogo Mady , Kangoye Tiga David , Malderen Carine Van , Tinto Halidou , Kirakoya-Samadoulougou Fati 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: There are real socioeconomic inequalities between and within countries, leading to disparities in the use of health services. In children under five years of age, this could be responsible for child mortality by depriving children of healthcare. By removing healthcare fees, the Free Healthcare Initiative (FHCI) adopted in Sierra Leone can contribute to reducing these inequities in healthcare-seeking for children. This study aimed to assess the socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare-seeking for children under five years of age before and after the implementation of the FHCI.Methods: We included 1207, 2815, and 1633 children under five years of age with fever from the 2008, 2013, and 2016 nationwide surveys database, respectively. Concentration curves were drawn for the period before (2008) and after (2013 and 2016) the implementation of the FHCI to assess socioeconomic inequalities in healthcare-seeking. Finally, concentration indices were calculated to understand the magnitude of these socioeconomic inequalities.Results: We found that before the implementation of the FHCI, there were inequalities in care-seeking for children under five (concentration index (CIn) = 0.168, standard error (SE) = 0.049) in favor of the wealthy households. These inequalities decreased after the implementation of the FHCI but remained in favor of the rich households (CIn = 0.039, SE = 0.040). There were more disparities in the healthcare-seeking between districts before the implementation of the FHCI. After the initiation of the FHCI, these disparities were reduced, and 12 of the 14 districts had a CIn around the value of equality. Conclusion: Our study observed pro-rich inequalities in care-seeking for children under five years of age before the implementation of the FHCI and a decrease in these inequalities after its implementation, even if it remained pro-rich. To continue to reduce wealth-related inequalities, policy actions can focus on the increase of availability of health services in the districts where the care-seeking was pro-rich.
miR-145 Inhibits Mitochondrial Function of Ovarian Cancer by Targeting ARL5B
Authors: Zhao Shuo , Zhang Yun , Pei Meili , Wu Lei , Li Jie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming refers to the transformation of the whole metabolic network including glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism, mainly manifested in Warburg effect and mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming. The roles of miR-145 in glycolysis have been established in ovarian cancer cells. Howerer, its roles in mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming are still unclear. This study aims to identify whether miR-145 regulates mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming in ovarian cancer cells. First, functional experiment showed that overexpression of miR-145 inhibited mitochondrial function in ovarian cancer cells, evident by the decreased mtDNA copy numbers, ATP level, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the expression levels of mitochondrial markers. Mechanistically, miR-145 inhibited mitochondrial function by targeting ARL5B directly. Futhermore, miR-145 overexpression decreased ARL5B expression in ovarian cancer tissue subcutaneous tumors of nude mice. In conclusion, we have highlighted that miR-145 inhibits mitochondrial function and achieves this by targeting ARL5B directly for the first time. The results provides a more adequate theoretical basis for understanding the molecular pathology of ovarian cancer, and provides the necessary basic data for miR-145 as a potential diagnosis and treatment target for ovarian cancer.
Antibiotic treatment duration for patients with bloodstream infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Yuting , Yang Juan , Yang Hongmei , Guo Jianxing , Zhang Dong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objectives: The optimal duration of therapy for primary bloodstream infection (BSI) and BSI secondary to major organ system infections has been poorly defined. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of short (≤10 days)and long course(>10 days) of antibiotic treatment on clinical outcomes in patients with BSI.Methods: We searched the PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases for randomized controlled trials(RCTs) and cohort studies from inception to the 1st of October 2020. We included studies involving patients with BSI. All authors reported our primary outcome of all-cause mortality and clearly comparing short versus long course of antibiotic treatment with clinically relevant secondary outcomes(source control and relapse). Results were expressed as odds ratio (OR) with accompanying 95% confidence interval (CI).Results: Six studies including 3593 patients were included. The primary outcome of this meta-analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference in the all-cause mortality between two groups (OR=1.10; 95% CI, 0.82 to 1.48; P=0.52; Chi2=7.57; I2=34%) . Secondary outcomes demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference in the source control(OR=0.82; 95% CI, 0.61 to 1.10; P=0.18; Chi2=2.68; I2=25%)and relapse(OR=1.20; 95%CI,0.71 to 2.01; P=0.49; Chi2=0.26; I2=0%) between two groups. Conclusions: Short course of antibiotic treatment is not associated with either an increased risk of mortality or an increased odds of relapse compared with longer antibiotic treatment course for BSI. Furthermore, short course of antibiotic therapy is non-inferior to long course in terms of source control. Further large-scale RCTs are still required to confirm these results.
Etiology-associated heterogeneity in acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Ruan Sheng-Yuan , Huang Chun-Ta , Chien Ying-Chun , Huang Chun-Kai , Chien Jung-Yien , Kuo Lu-Cheng , Kuo Ping-Hung , Ku Shih-Chi , Wu Huey-Dong 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Heterogeneity in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has led to many statistically negative clinical trials. Etiology is considered an important source of pathogenesis heterogeneity in ARDS but previous studies have usually adopted a dichotomous classification, such as pulmonary versus extrapulmonary ARDS, to evaluate it. Etiology-associated heterogeneity in ARDS remains poorly described.Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we described etiology-associated heterogeneity in gas exchange abnormality (PaO2/FiO2 [P/F] and ventilatory ratios), hemodynamic instability, non-pulmonary organ dysfunction as measured by the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, biomarkers of inflammation and coagulation, and 30-day mortality. Linear regression was used to model the trajectory of P/F ratios over time. Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, Kruskal-Wallis rank tests and Chi-squared tests were used to compare between-etiology differences. Results: From 1725 mechanically ventilated patients in the ICU, we identified 258 (15%) with ARDS. Pneumonia (48.4%) and non-pulmonary sepsis (11.6%) were the two leading causes of ARDS. Compared with pneumonia associated ARDS, extra-pulmonary sepsis associated ARDS had a greater P/F ratio recovery rate (difference = 13 mmHg/day, p = 0.01), more shock (48% versus 73%, p = 0.01), higher non-pulmonary SOFA scores (6 versus 9 points, p < 0.001), higher d-dimer levels (4.2 versus 9.7 mg/L, p = 0.02) and higher mortality (43% versus 67%, p = 0.02). In pneumonia associated ARDS, there was significant difference in proportion of shock (p = 0.005) between bacterial and non-bacterial pneumonia.Conclusion: This study showed that there was remarkable etiology-associated heterogeneity in ARDS. Heterogeneity was also observed within pneumonia associated ARDS when bacterial pneumonia was compared with other non-bacterial pneumonia. Future studies on ARDS should consider reporting etiology-specific data and exploring possible effect modification associated with etiology.
Impact of Comorbidity on Severity of Covid-19 Patients: A Network of Target Coding Genes Perspective
Authors: Sharma Reetu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Millions of people have been forfeiting their lives due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Most of them are patients suffering from comorbid complications. However, what makes these patients susceptible to mortality is unknown. For this, we employed a novel network-based approach to Covid-19 associated human target coding genes (TC-genes) overlapping with high relevant diseases to reveal the disease-disease relation. Classification of TC-genes in our study suggests that most of them participate in signal transduction, immune and neuronal systems. The network-based approach provides an insight into the mechanism involving the cascade of the TC-genes action that may drastically increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS). An increase in ROS triggers high oxidative stress and inflammation in the body through the cytokines storm. The cytokines storm set the burden on the comorbid patient by weakening the system that may lead to mortality. Our work highlights the TC-genes that may link Covid-19 to certain diseases. Collectively, the study indicates that selective TC-genes can carry out an overlapping role in seemingly distinct mechanisms. Besides, many mechanisms could independently affect selective targets. Oxidative stress and inflammation are the common processes present in severe Covid-19 patients. The approach demonstrates the potential to elucidate disease-disease relationship that can be applied to other diseases.
How Does Railway Respond to COVID-19 Spreading? -- Countermeasure Analysis and Evaluation around the World
Authors: Yin Yonghao , Li Dewei , Zhang Songliang , Wu Lifu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 has a significant impact on world development. As an important part of public services, the rail transit requires effective response countermeasures to control the spread of COVID-19. On the premise of considering the current development of the epidemic situation, this article discusses the characteristics of the COVID-19 transmission and finds out the vulnerable spot of preventing and controlling the spread of the epidemic in the rail transit system. The countermeasures that adopted to prevent COVID-19 spreading are analyzed from the external and internal categories, which were classified by 6 aspects: passenger service, cases care, information, staff, equipment and operation management specifically. Meanwhile, an evaluation architecture was constructed, which were established from the views of effectiveness, economic efficiency, acceptability, privacy and so on. The implementation effect of the measures was evaluated and the advantage and shortage of them were analyzed, which can be used to guide the epidemic prevention and control for the rail transit systems of the countries around the world in the future. It is meaningful to formulate a reasonable work schedule according to local conditions, providing a reference for rapid response to future public health emergency of international concern.
Evaluation of RNA isolation methods for microRNA quantification in a range of clinical biofluids.
Authors: Roest Henk , IJzermans Jan N.M. , Laan Luc. J.W. van der 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs), released from cells into biofluids, have emerged as promising biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. For the analysis of these cell-free miRNAs in various biofluids by RT-qPCR, several RNA isolation methods are available. However, not all methods are equally suitable for different biofluids. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of different RNA isolation methods in a range of clinical biofluid samples.METHODS Total RNA was isolated from serum, urine, bile, and graft preservation fluid (perfusate) using four different protocols: phenol-chloroform extraction in combination with a precipitation carrier, and three different column-based isolation methods. Co-purification of heparin, a known RT-qPCR inhibitor, was assessed using heparinase I during cDNA synthesis. Synthetic miRNAs, spiked-in during RNA workup (cel-miR-39) or during cDNA synthesis (cel-miR-54), and endogenous miRNAs were quantified using RT-qPCR.RESULTS Recovery of cel-miR-39 significantly differed between methods with miRNeasy columns providing the best overall recovery in the four biofluids tested, as was also observed for endogenous miRNAs. Contamination of RNA with heparin differed between sample type and isolation method, and could be counteracted using heparinase I. Other co-isolated RT-qPCR inhibitors were not identified, except for biliverdin which co-isolated from some bile samples with one of the methods.CONCLUSIONS For reliable measurements of miRNA-based biomarkers in biofluids, optimization of RNA isolation procedures is recommended as methods can differ in miRNA detection and co-purification of RT-qPCR inhibitory compounds. Heparinase I treatment confirmed that heparin appeared to be the major RT-qPCR-inhibiting compound but also biliverdin, co-isolated from bile, could interfere with detection.
Efficient whole-cell oxidation of α,β-unsaturated alcohols to α,β-unsaturated aldehydes through cascade biocatalysis of alcohol dehydrogenase, NADPH oxidase and hemoglobin&nbsp;
Authors: Qiao Yan , Wang Can , Zeng Yin , Wang Tairan , Qiao Jingjing , Lu Chenze , Wang Zhao , Ying Xiangxian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: α,β-unsaturated aldehydes are widely used in as organic synthesis of fine chemicals such as flavor, fragrances and pharmaceuticals. The selective oxidation of α,β-unsaturated alcohols to the corresponding α,β-unsaturated aldehydes remains challenging to overcome poor selectivity, over-oxidation and low atom efficiency in chemical routes. Results: An E. coli strain co-expressing NADP+-specific alcohol dehydrogenase YsADH and oxygen-dependent NADPH oxidase TkNOX was constructed, which enabled the NADP+ regeneration and catalyzed the oxidation of 100 mM 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol to 3-methyl-2-butenal with the yield of 21.3%. The oxygen supply was strengthened by introducing the hemoglobin VsHGB into recombinant E. coli cells and replacing the atmosphere of the reactor with pure oxygen, which increased the yield up to 51.3%. To further improve catalytic performance, the E. coli cells expressing the multifunctional fusion enzyme YsADH-(GSG)-TkNOX-(GSG)-VsHGB were achieved, which totally converted 250 mM 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol to 3-methyl-2-butenal after 8 h of whole-cell oxidation. The reaction conditions of the cascade biocatalysis were optimized, in which the supplement of 0.2 mM FAD and 0.4 mM NADP+ was essential for maintaining high catalytic activity. Finally, the established whole-cell system could serve as a platform for the synthesis of valuable α,β-unsaturated aldehydes from selective oxidation of various α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Conclusions: The construction of the strain expressing the fusion enzyme YsADH-(GSG)-TkNOX-(GSG)-VsHGB fulfilled efficient NADP+ regeneration and selective oxidation of various α,β-unsaturated alcohols to the corresponding α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. With the scope of redox enzymes, the fusion enzyme YsADH-(GSG)-TkNOX-(GSG)-VsHGB has become the latest successful example to improve catalytic performance in comparison with separated counterparts.