bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Starch: An Undisputed Potential Candidate and Sustainable Resource for the Development of Wood Adhesive
Authors: Din Zia‐ud , Chen Lei , Xiong Hanguo , Wang Zhenjiong , Ullah Ikram , Lei Weiwei , Shi Dean , Alam Mukhtar , Ullah Hidayat , Khan Sheraz Ahmad 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDue to extensive utilization of fossil fuels, the energy demand of the growing population of the world is increasing day by day. The utilization of these fossil fuels also results in environmental pollution and energy crisis around the globe. As such, scientists and academics are trying to develop green materials which tend to reduce the impact of human on environment. Starch is the most abundant organic compound found in nature after cellulose. Thus, starch is an attractive natural green material candidate for researchers to replace the petro‐chemical‐based ingredients in wood composite products. There is an increasing demand for the wood adhesives in the recent years due to increasing applications of wood products. The wood adhesive industry remains dependent on the petroleum resources due to attributes such as high performance and low cost. However, these adhesives can create serious risks to human health and spoil the indoor air quality by emitting these carcinogenic compounds into the environment. Therefore, there is a growing interest to replace the petro‐chemical based ingredients in the adhesive formulation with green renewable material. This review focuses on research conducted in the recent past to develop adhesive for wood application from green renewable material such as starch.
How photographs can be a complement of herbarium vouchers: A proposal of standardization
Authors: Gómez‐Bellver Carlos , Ibáñez Neus , López‐Pujol Jordi , Nualart Neus , Susanna Alfonso 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChallenges in the collection of vouchers, either because of the physical properties of the material (species difficult to collect or to press, e.g., palms, cycads, toxic plants, and cacti) or because drying may have a negative effect on taxonomic characters (e.g., colour), recommend the use of photographs to complement herbarium specimens. In a series of cases (enumerated in the present contribution), however, it may be impossible to collect material and, thus, photographs may be the only option to document the presence of a plant in a given locality. We propose in this paper some guidelines for the standardization of photographs intended for deposit in herbaria.
Enhancing swine wastewater hydrolysis with thermophilic bacteria and assisted pretreatments
Authors: Li Xunzhou , Guo Liang , Liu Yue , Wang Yi , She Zonglian , Gao Mengchun , Zhao Yangguo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSlow degradation rate of swine wastewater, which is mainly caused by particulate and refractory organic matters, is the main drawback of anaerobic digestion. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the hydrolysis of swine wastewater. In this study, different pretreatments were used to hydrolyze swine wastewater, including thermophilic bacteria (TB), alkali, acid, ultrasound (UL), and ultrasonic‐combined thermophilic bacteria (UL‐TB) pretreatment. The hydrolysis effect was investigated by analyzing the changes of pretreated soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), soluble protein, and carbohydrate. The experimental results showed that effect of different pretreatments on swine wastewater hydrolysis had the following order: TB = alkali>UL‐TB > UL>acid. Alkali pretreatment was effective for the release of protein from swine wastewater, and TB pretreatment was advantageous for carbohydrate release during hydrolysis. The results could provide valuable information for the disposition of swine wastewater as well as the application of TB‐related pretreatments.Practitioner points

TB and alkali pretreatment exhibited the highest hydrolysis ability.

The release of carbohydrate by TB was higher than other pretreatments.

Ultrasonic assistance generated inhibition on the hydrolysis of TB.
Growth control in the Drosophila wing disk
Authors: Gou Jia , Stotsky Jay A. , Othmer Hans G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe regulation of size and shape is a fundamental requirement of biological development and has been a subject of scientific study for centuries, but we still lack an understanding of how organisms know when to stop growing. Imaginal wing disks of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which are precursors of the adult wings, are an archetypal tissue for studying growth control. The growth of the disks is dependent on many inter‐ and intra‐organ factors such as morphogens, mechanical forces, nutrient levels, and hormones that influence gene expression and cell growth. Extracellular signals are transduced into gene‐control signals via complex signal transduction networks, and since cells typically receive many different signals, a mechanism for integrating the signals is needed. Our understanding of the effect of morphogens on tissue‐level growth regulation via individual pathways has increased significantly in the last half century, but our understanding of how multiple biochemical and mechanical signals are integrated to determine whether or not a cell decides to divide is still rudimentary. Numerous fundamental questions are involved in understanding the decision‐making process, and here we review the major biochemical and mechanical pathways involved in disk development with a view toward providing a basis for beginning to understand how multiple signals can be integrated at the cell level, and how this translates into growth control at the level of the imaginal disk.This article is categorized under:Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational MethodsBiological Mechanisms > Cell SignalingModels of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
Debugging Persistent Memory Applications
Authors: Scargall Steve 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPersistent memory programming introduces new opportunities that allow developers to directly persist data structures without serialization and to access them in place without involving classic block I/O. As a result, you can merge your data models and avoid the classic split between data in memory – which is volatile, fast, and byte addressable – with data on traditional storage devices, which is non-volatile but slower.
Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability (RAS)
Authors: Scargall Steve 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes the high-level architecture of RAS features designed for persistent memory. Persistent memory RAS features were designed to support the unique error-handling strategy required for an application when persistent memory is used. Error handling is an important part of the program's overall reliability, which directly affects the availability of applications. The error-handling strategy for applications impacts what percentage of the expected time the application is available to do its job.
Introducing the Persistent Memory Development Kit
Authors: Scargall Steve 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPrevious chapters introduced the unique properties of persistent memory that make it special, and you are correct in thinking that writing software for such a novel technology is complicated. Anyone who has researched or developed code for persistent memory can testify to this. To make your job easier, Intel created the Persistent Memory Development Kit (PMDK). The team of PMDK developers envisioned it to be the standard library for all things persistent memory that would provide solutions to the common challenges of persistent memory programming.
libpmemobj: A Native Transactional Object Store
Authors: Scargall Steve 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn the previous chapter, we described , the low-level persistent memory library that provides you with an easy way to directly access persistent memory. is a small, lightweight, and feature-limited library that is designed for software that tracks every store to and needs to flush those changes to persistence. It excels at what it does. However, most developers will find higher-level libraries within the Persistent Memory Development Kit (PMDK), like , to be much more convenient.
pmemkv: A Persistent In-Memory Key-Value Store
Authors: Scargall Steve 
Published: January 2020

AbstractProgramming persistent memory is not easy. In several chapters we have described that application which takes advantage of persistent memory must take responsibility for atomicity of operations and consistency of data structures. PMDK libraries like are designed with flexibility and simplicity in mind. Usually, these are conflicting requirements, and one has to be sacrificed for the sake of the other. The truth is that in most cases, API’s flexibility increases its complexity.
Leptogenesis via varying Weinberg operator: the Closed-Time-Path approach
Authors: Turner Jessica , Zhou Ye-Ling 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this work we provide a detailed study of the CP violating phase transition (CPPT) which is a new mechanism proposed to produce a baryon asymmetry. This mechanism exploits the Weinberg operator whose coefficient is dynamically realised from the vacuum expectation values (VEVs) of new scalars. In the specific case of the first order phase transition, the scalar VEVs vary in the bubble wall which separates the two phases. This results in a spacetime varying coefficient for the Weinberg operator. The interference of two Weinberg operators at different spacetime points generates a CP asymmetry between lepton and anti-lepton production/annihilation processes, which eventually results in an asymmetry between baryon and anti-baryon number densities in the early Universe. We present the calculation of the lepton asymmetry, based on non-equilibrium quantum field theory methods, in full. We consider the influence of the bubble wall characteristics and the impact of thermal effects on the lepton asymmetry and draw a comparison between the CPPT mechanism and electroweak baryogenesis.
Quantum vs. classical information: operator negativity as a probe of scrambling
Authors: Kudler-Flam Jonah , Nozaki Masahiro , Ryu Shinsei , Tan Mao Tian 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We consider the logarithmic negativity and related quantities of time evolution operators. We study free fermion, compact boson, and holographic conformal field theories (CFTs) as well as numerical simulations of random unitary circuits and integrable and chaotic spin chains. The holographic behavior strongly deviates from known non- holographic CFT results and displays clear signatures of maximal scrambling. Intriguingly, the random unitary circuits display nearly identical behavior to the holographic channels. Generically, we find the “line-tension picture” to effectively capture the entanglement dynamics for chaotic systems and the “quasi-particle picture” for integrable systems. With this motivation, we propose an effective “line-tension” that captures the dynamics of the logarithmic negativity in chaotic systems in the spacetime scaling limit. We compare the negativity and mutual information leading us to find distinct dynamics of quantum and classical information. The “spurious entanglement” we observe may have implications on the “simulatability” of quantum systems on classical computers. Finally, we elucidate the connection between the operation of partially transposing a density matrix in conformal field theory and the entanglement wedge cross section in Anti-de Sitter space using geodesic Witten diagrams.
Yukawa hierarchies in global F-theory models
Authors: Cvetič Mirjam , Lin Ling , Liu Muyang , Zhang Hao Y. , Zoccarato Gianluca 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We argue that global F-theory compactifications to four dimensions gener- ally exhibit higher rank Yukawa matrices from multiple geometric contributions known as Yukawa points. The holomorphic couplings furthermore have large hierarchies for generic complex structure moduli. Unlike local considerations, the compact setup realizes these features all through geometry, and requires no instanton corrections. As an example, we consider a concrete toy model with SU(5) × U(1) gauge symmetry. From the geometry, we find two Yukawa points for the $$ \mathbf{1}{\mathbf{0}}_{-2}{\overline{\mathbf{5}}}_6{\overline{\mathbf{5}}}_{-4} $$
1

0

−
2

5
¯

6

5
¯

−
4

coupling, producing a rank two Yukawa matrix. Our methods allow us to track all complex structure dependencies of the holomorphic couplings and study the ratio numerically. This reveals hierarchies of $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(105) and larger on a full-dimensional subspace of the moduli space.
Conformal constraints on defects
Authors: Gadde Abhijit 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper we study the constraints imposed by conformal invariance on extended objects a.k.a. defects in a conformal field theory. We identify a particularly nice class of defects that is closed under conformal transformations. Correlation function of the defect with a bulk local operator is fixed by conformal invariance up to an overall constant. This gives rise to the notion of defect expansion, where the defect itself is expanded in terms of local operators. This expansion generalizes the idea of the boundary state. We will show how one can fix the correlation function of two defects from the knowledge of the defect expansion. The defect correlator admits a number of conformal cross-ratios depending on their dimensionality. We find the differential equation obeyed by the conformal block and solve them in certain special cases.
Relaxation of Higgs mass and cosmological constant with four-form fluxes and reheating
Authors: Lee Hyun Min 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We consider the most general effective action for the four-form fluxes in the Standard Model coupled to gravity. The Higgs mass parameter can be relaxed to a correct value due to the four-form coupling to the Higgs field and it stops changing due to an extremely suppressed transition probability from the observed cosmological constant to AdS space. We first introduce a non-minimal four-form coupling to gravity and discuss the role of a new scalar field as the inflaton and the conditions for a successful reheating at the end of relaxation.
Kerr black holes as elementary particles
Authors: Arkani-Hamed Nima , Huang Yu-tin , O’Connell Donal 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Long ago, Newman and Janis showed that a complex deformation z → z + ia of the Schwarzschild solution produces the Kerr solution. The underlying explanation for this relationship has remained obscure. The complex deformation has an electromagnetic counterpart: by shifting the Coloumb potential, we obtain the EM field of a certain rotating charge distribution which we term $$ \sqrt{\mathrm{Kerr}} $$

Kerr

. In this note, we identify the origin of this shift as arising from the exponentiation of spin operators for the recently defined “minimally coupled” three-particle amplitudes of spinning particles coupled to gravity, in the large- spin limit. We demonstrate this by studying the impulse imparted to a test particle in the background of the heavy spinning particle. We first consider the electromagnetic case, where the impulse due to $$ \sqrt{\mathrm{Kerr}} $$

Kerr

is reproduced by a charged spinning particle; the shift of the Coloumb potential is matched to the exponentiated spin-factor appearing in the amplitude. The known impulse due to the Kerr black hole is then trivially derived from the gravitationally coupled spinning particle via the double copy.
Traversable wormholes in AdS and bounds on information transfer
Authors: Freivogel Ben , Galante Damián A. , Nikolakopoulou Dora , Rotundo Antonio 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We analyze the amount of information that can be sent through the traversable wormholes of Gao, Jafferis, and Wall. Although we find that the wormhole is open for a proper time shorter than the Planck time, the transmission of a signal through the wormhole can sometimes remain within the semiclassical regime. For black holes with horizons of order the AdS radius, information cannot be reliably sent through the wormhole. However, black holes with horizon radius much larger than the AdS radius do allow for the transmission of a number of quanta of order the horizon area in AdS units. More information can be sent through the wormhole by increasing the number of light fields contributing to the negative energy. Our bulk computations agree with a boundary analysis based on quantum teleportation.
Identifying Scoliosis in Population-Based Cohorts: Automation of a Validated Method Based on Total Body Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Scans
Authors: Jamaludin Amir , Fairbank Jeremy , Harding Ian , Kadir Timor , Peters Tim J. , Zisserman Andrew , Clark Emma M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractScoliosis is a 3D-torsional rotation of the spine, but risk factors for initiation and progression are little understood. Research is hampered by lack of population-based research since radiographs cannot be performed on entire populations due to the relatively high levels of ionising radiation. Hence we have developed and validated a manual method for identifying scoliosis from total body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans for research purposes. However, to allow full utilisation of population-based research cohorts, this needs to be automated. The purpose of this study was therefore to automate the identification of spinal curvature from total body DXA scans using machine learning techniques. To validate the automation, we assessed: (1) sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operator curve value (AUC) by comparison with 12,000 manually annotated images; (2) reliability by rerunning the automation on a subset of DXA scans repeated 2–6 weeks apart and calculating the kappa statistic; (3) validity by applying the automation to 5000 non-annotated images to assess associations with epidemiological variables. The final automated model had a sensitivity of 86.5%, specificity of 96.9% and an AUC of 0.80 (95%CI 0.74–0.87). There was almost perfect agreement of identification of those with scoliosis (kappa 0.90). Those with scoliosis identified by the automated model showed similar associations with gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, BMI and lean mass to previous literature. In conclusion, we have developed an accurate and valid automated method for identifying and quantifying spinal curvature from total body DXA scans.
Simultaneous FET-PET and contrast-enhanced MRI based on hybrid PET/MR improves delineation of tumor spatial biodistribution in gliomas: a biopsy validation study
Authors: Song Shuangshuang , Cheng Ye , Ma Jie , Wang Leiming , Dong Chengyan , Wei Yukui , Xu Geng , An Yang , Qi Zhigang , Lin Qingtang , Lu Jie 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Glioma treatment planning requires precise tumor delineation, which is typically performed with contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI. However, CE MRI fails to reflect the entire extent of glioma. O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (18F-FET) PET may detect tumor volumes missed by CE MRI. We investigated the clinical value of simultaneous FET-PET and CE MRI in delineating tumor extent before treatment planning. Guided stereotactic biopsy was used to validate the findings.

Methods
Conventional MRI and 18F-FET PET were performed simultaneously on a hybrid PET/MR in 33 patients with histopathologically confirmed glioma. Tumor volumes were quantified using a tumor-to-brain ratio ≥ 1.6 (VPET) and a visual threshold (VCE). We visually assessed abnormal areas on FLAIR images and calculated Dice’s coefficient (DSC), overlap volume (OV), discrepancy-PET, and discrepancy-CE. Additionally, several stereotactic biopsy samples were taken from “matched” or “mismatched” FET-PET and CE MRI regions.

Results
Among 31 patients (93.94%), FET-PET delineated significantly larger tumor volumes than CE MRI (77.84 ± 51.74 cm3 vs. 34.59 ± 27.07 cm3, P < 0.05). Of the 21 biopsy samples obtained from regions with increased FET uptake, all were histopathologically confirmed as glioma tissue or tumor infiltration, whereas only 13 showed enhancement on CE MRI. Among all patients, the spatial similarity between VPET and VCE was low (average DSC 0.56 ± 0.22), while the overlap was high (average OV 0.95 ± 0.08). The discrepancy-CE and discrepancy-PET were lower than 10% in 28 and 0 patients, respectively. Eleven patients showed VPET partially beyond abnormal signal areas on FLAIR images.

Conclusion
The metabolically active biodistribution of gliomas delineated with FET-PET significantly exceeds tumor volume on CE MRI, and histopathology confirms these findings. Our preliminary results indicate that combining the anatomic and molecular information obtained from conventional MRI and FET-PET would reveal a more accurate glioma extent, which is critical for individualized treatment planning.
Exon skipping induced by nonsense/frameshift mutations in DMD gene results in Becker muscular dystrophy
Authors: Okubo Mariko , Noguchi Satoru , Hayashi Shinichiro , Nakamura Harumasa , Komaki Hirofumi , Matsuo Masafumi , Nishino Ichizo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by a nonsense or frameshift mutation in the DMD gene, while its milder form, Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) is caused by an in-frame deletion/duplication or a missense mutation. Interestingly, however, some patients with a nonsense mutation exhibit BMD phenotype, which is mostly attributed to the skipping of the exon containing the nonsense mutation, resulting in in-frame deletion. This study aims to find BMD cases with nonsense/frameshift mutations in DMD and to investigate the exon skipping rate of those nonsense/frameshift mutations. We searched for BMD cases with nonsense/frameshift mutations in DMD in the Japanese Registry of Muscular Dystrophy. For each DMD mutation identified, we constructed minigene plasmids containing one exon with/without a mutation and its flanking intronic sequence. We then introduced them into HeLa cells and measured the skipping rate of transcripts of the minigene by RT-qPCR. We found 363 cases with a nonsense/frameshift mutation in DMD gene from a total of 1497 dystrophinopathy cases in the registry. Among them, 14 had BMD phenotype. Exon skipping rates were well correlated with presence or absence of dystrophin, suggesting that 5% exon skipping rate is critical for the presence of dystrophin in the sarcolemma, leading to milder phenotypes. Accurate quantification of the skipping rate is important in understanding the exact functions of the nonsense/frameshift mutations in DMD and for interpreting the phenotypes of the BMD patients.