bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The anatomy of exhumed river‐channel belts: Bedform to belt‐scale river kinematics of the Ruby Ranch Member, Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA
Authors: Cardenas Benjamin T. , Mohrig David , Goudge Timothy A. , Hughes Cory M. , Levy Joseph S. , Swanson Travis , Mason Jasmine , Zhao Feifei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMany published interpretations of ancient fluvial systems have relied on observations of extensive outcrops of thick successions. This paper, in contrast, demonstrates that a regional understanding of palaeoriver kinematics, depositional setting and sedimentation rates can be interpreted from local sedimentological measurements of bedform and barform strata. Dune and bar strata, channel planform geometry and bed topography are measured within exhumed fluvial strata exposed as ridges in the Ruby Ranch Member of the Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, USA. The ridges are composed of lithified stacked channel belts, representing at least five or six re‐occupations of a single‐strand channel. Lateral sections reveal well‐preserved barforms constructed of subaqueous dune cross‐sets. The topography of palaeobarforms is preserved along the top surface of the outcrops. Comparisons of the channel‐belt centreline to local palaeotransport directions indicate that channel planform geometry was preserved through the re‐occupations, rather than being obscured by lateral migration. Rapid avulsions preserved the state of the active channel bed and its individual bars at the time of abandonment. Inferred minimum sedimentation durations for the preserved elements, inferred from cross‐set thickness distributions and assumed bedform migration rates, vary within a belt from one to ten days. Using only these local sedimentological measurements, the depositional setting is interpreted as a fluvial megafan, given the similarity in river kinematics. This paper provides a systematic methodology for the future synthesis of vertical and planview data, including the drone‐equipped 2020 Mars Rover mission, to exhumed fluvial and deltaic strata.
Multilingualism in the linguistic landscape of Istanbul
Authors: İnal Dilek , Bayyurt Yasemin , Özturhan Münir , Bektaş Sezen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSituated in the Expanding Circle, Turkey has become a setting which offers vibrant linguistic landscapes fascinating to linguists. Underlying this vibrancy is the prevalent use of English for a wide variety of instrumental purposes and multilingualism that is becoming increasingly tangible. This paper explores how diversity brought about by globalization and migration has generated an interesting mix of languages, scripts and modalities led by English in the Turkish context. The data collected from the streets of various districts in Istanbul indicate an interplay of Turkish, English and Arabic, and a sociolinguistic analysis reveals practices of code‐switching and translanguaging. The pedagogical implications highlight the importance of promoting a WE/ELF‐aware English language teaching through a framework that considers both the plurilingual view of English and the entailing sociolinguistic processes.
Enhanced B7-H4 expression in gliomas with low PD-L1 expression identifies super-cold tumors
Authors: Chen Di , Li Gaopeng , Ji Chunxia , Lu Qiqi , Qi Ying , Tang Chao , Xiong Ji , Hu Jian , Yasar Fatma Betul Aksoy , Zhang Yan , Hoon Dave S B , Yao Yu , Zhou Liangfu 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundCharacterizing expression profiles of different immune checkpoint molecules are promising for personalized checkpoint inhibitory immunotherapy. Gliomas have been shown as potential targets for immune checkpoint inhibitors recently. Our study was performed to determine coexpression levels of two major B7 immune regulatory molecules programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and B7-H4, both of which have been demonstrated to inhibit antitumor host immunity in gliomas.MethodsWe assessed tumor tissues from stage II–IV primary gliomas (n=505) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for protein levels of both PD-L1 and B7-H4. Gene coexpression analysis assessing clusters based on extent of PD-L1/B7-H4 classifier genes expression were investigated in two transcriptome datasets (The Cancer Genome Atlas and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas). In addition, levels of immune cell infiltrates were estimated with IHC and RNA-seq data for assessing the tumor immune microenvironment of PD-L1/B7-H4 subgroups.ResultsHigh expression of PD-L1 and B7-H4 in gliomas was 23% and 20%, respectively, whereas coexpression of two proteins at high levels was limited to 2% of the cases. Comparable results were seen in RNA-seq datasets where PD-L1 mRNA expression levels negatively correlated with that of B7-H4. Gene coexpression modules clustered within each grade of gliomas demonstrated lack of double-high modules (cluster with high expression of both PD-L1 and B7-H4 classifier genes). B7-H4 mRNA expression levels showed negative correlation with extent of immune cell infiltration and High-B7-H4 module gliomas (high B7-H4 but low PD-L1 classifier genes expression) had less tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). IHC assessment also showed few TILs and TAMs in High-B7-H4 subgroup gliomas.ConclusionsThe majority of gliomas express PD-L1 or B7-H4, however, coexpression of both at high levels is minimal. The high-B7-H4 patients could be considered as ‘super-cold’ gliomas with significantly deficient in TILs, suggesting that B7-H4 might inhibit T-cell trafficking into the central nervous system. This study demonstrated that PD-L1 and B7-H4 may serve as mutually compensatory immune checkpoint molecules in gliomas for immune targeted or active-specific immunotherapy. The distinct B7-H4 pathways modulating T-cell function and immune evasion in glioma patients deserved to be further explored in the future during immunotherapy.
Thirty-nine newly documented plant species of Great Nicobar, India
Authors: Pradheep Kanakasabhapathi , John Kattukkunnel Joseph , Jaisankar Iyyappan , Ahlawat Sudhir Pal 
Published: May 2020

A constituent of the Sundaland Biodiversity Hotspot, Great Nicobar in the Nicobar group of islands, India, is known for rich floristic diversity. As this geographically distinct and southernmost island of India has not been surveyed for plant genetic resources, three survey-cum-exploration trips were undertaken during 2017–2019 to make an inventory of the taxa of importance for food and agriculture, besides their collection for ex situ conservation. These surveys revealed the new distribution of 39 taxa (belonging to 37 genera, 24 families) in this island, including 14 new to the Nicobar group of islands and one to Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Among the 39 taxa, 16 have the importance of being wild relatives of 15 crop species. Fourteen species are classified as naturalized ones (including four globally recognized invasive species); some of them pose potential threat to the ecosystem of this fragile island. Detailed field studies in this remote island will help in better understanding of phytogeography in general and impact of alien species on native plant diversity in particular.
Diversity and synanthropy of flies (Diptera: Calyptratae) from Ecuador, with new records for the country
Authors: Blacio Karen , Liria Jonathan , Soto-Vivas Ana 
Published: May 2020

The Calyptratae are one of the most diverse groups of Diptera. Some species have immature states involved in the decomposition of organic matter of animal origin (i.e., they are sarcosaprophagous). In this study, we examined the diversity and synanthropy of sarcosaprophagous calyptrates in several environmental zones of the Ecuadorian Andes. Captures were performed in an urban zone located in the Tocachi community with monocultures (MC) and polycultures (PC), a rural zone with an agroecological farming system (AFS), and a forest zone with a montane forest located in the Parque Arqueológico Cochasquí (PAC) and the Cochasquí montane forest (CMF). A total of 2,925 specimens of Calyptratae were collected, representing 38 morphotypes and 17 species. Four are new reports for Ecuador: Dolichophaonia trigona (Shannon & Del Ponte), Phaonia trispila (Bigot), Compsomyiops melloi Dear, and Calliphora lopesi Mello. CMF and PAC presented high abundance and richness, followed by AFS, MC, and PC; PAC showed the highest diversity, in contrast to lowest in MC; the evenness decreased from forest to urban zones. Species that exhibited a preference for human settlements (positive synanthropic index) included Limnophora marginata Stein, Phaonia trispila, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann), Calliphora lopesi, Compsomyiops melloi, and Calliphora nigribasis Macquart. Those with a preference for uninhabited areas (negative index) included Tricharaea sp1, Sarconesiopsis magellanica (Le Guillou), and Sarconesia chlorogaster (Wiedemann).
Consolidation of Reward Memory during Sleep Does Not Require Dopaminergic Activation
Authors: Asfestani Marjan Alizadeh , Brechtmann Valentin , Santiago João , Peter Andreas , Born Jan , Feld Gordon Benedikt 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Sleep enhances memories, especially if they are related to future rewards. Although dopamine has been shown to be a key determinant during reward learning, the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission for amplifying reward-related memories during sleep remains unclear. In this study, we scrutinize the idea that dopamine is needed for the preferential consolidation of rewarded information. We impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission, thereby aiming to wipe out preferential sleep-dependent consolidation of high- over low-rewarded memories during sleep. Following a double-blind, balanced, crossover design, 17 young healthy men received the dopamine d2-like receptor blocker sulpiride (800 mg) or placebo, after learning a motivated learning task. The task required participants to memorize 80 highly and 80 lowly rewarded pictures. Half of them were presented for a short (750 msec) and a long (1500 msec) duration, respectively, which permitted dissociation of the effects of reward on sleep-associated consolidation from those of mere encoding depth. Retrieval was tested after a retention interval of approximately 22 hr that included 8 hr of nocturnal sleep. As expected, at retrieval, highly rewarded memories were remembered better than lowly rewarded memories, under placebo. However, there was no evidence for an effect of reducing dopaminergic neurotransmission with sulpiride during sleep on this differential retention of rewarded information. This result indicates that dopaminergic activation likely is not required for the preferential consolidation of reward-associated memory. Rather, it appears that dopaminergic activation only tags such memories at encoding for intensified reprocessing during sleep.
<p><strong><em>Monoon kalimantanense</em> (Annonaceae), a new species from Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia</strong></p>
Authors: NURMAWATI SUBEKTI , ARIYANTI NUNIK SRI , CHIKMAWATI TATIK , KEΒLER PAUL J.A. 
Published: May 2020

During the study of Monoon Miquel (1865: 15) in western Malesia, we found two individuals of this genus cultivated in the Bogor Botanic Garden. According to the catalogue An alphabetical list of plant species cultivated in the Bogor Botanic Gardens, these plants were collected from South Kalimantan in 1977 (Sari et al. 2010). Leaves and aggregate fruits of these plants indicated that they are a species of Monoon (Annonaceae). The leaves exhibit eucamptodromous venation, decurrent insertion of secondary veins, and scalariform tertiary veins. The aggregate fruits consist of many one-seeded, stalked monocarps. However, other characters indicated that they differ from already known Monoon species. We consider these plants, therefore as new to science. This new species shares characters with M. lateriflorum (Blume) Miquel (1865: 19), previously Guatteria lateriflora Blume (1825: 20) and M. sclerophyllum (Hook. & Thomson) Xue & Saunders in Xue et al. (2012: 1033), previously Polyalthia sclerophylla Hooker & Thomson (1872: 65), in having ramiflorous, fasciculate inflorescences, many-flowered fascicles, oblong petals slightly constricted basally and many-stipitate monocarps (ca. 30) in aggregate fruits. However, other characters of leaves, flowers, and monocarps indicate that this new material differs from M. lateriflorum, and M. sclerophyllum (Table 1).
Economic, Trade and Employment Implications from EVs Deployment and Policies to Support Domestic Battery Manufacturing in the EU
Authors: Fragkiadakis Kostas , Charalampidis Ioannis , Fragkos Panagiotis , Paroussos Leonidas 
Published: May 2020

The decarbonization of the energy system requires the adoption of a mix of zero or low carbon intensive technological options, which depends on their cost-effectiveness, their potential to reduce emissions and on social acceptance issues. Transport electrification combined with renewable energy sources (RES) deployment in power generation is a key decarbonization option assessed in many recent studies that focus on national or international climate policies. The penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) together with a gradual retirement of conventional oil-fuelled vehicles implies that a new ‘trade ecosystem’ will be created characterized by different features (move from OPEX to CAPEX) and supply chains. A key component of the EVs are the Lithium-Ion batteries, the manufacturing of which is employment intensive and constitutes an essential element of the EVs that can act as a driver for establishing comparative advantages and increasing EV market shares. Our study focuses on the size of the EV market that can be established within ambitious global and EU decarbonization scenarios and investigates the economic, trade and employment implications considering the production chain of EVs (i.e., the regional production of batteries and vehicles). We use the large-scale global GEM-E3-FIT model to capture the trade dynamics of decarbonization scenarios. We find that under ambitious climate policies, the global size of the clean energy technologies will be US$44 trillion cumulatively over the 2020–2050 period. 44per cent of the market relates to EVs, which will mostly be produced outside EU. For the EU to capture a significant segment of the EV value chain, it needs to increase clean energy R&D and associated supportive policies so as to boost the domestic capacity to produce competitively batteries. JEL: F11, F13, F16, F18, F62, F68
Factors Affecting the Value-Relevance of Capitalized Exploration and Evaluation Expenditures Under IFRS 6
Authors: Ferguson Andrew , Kean Stephen , Pündrich Gabriel 
Published: May 2020

This study examines factors affecting the value-relevance of financial and nonfinancial disclosure in the context of the long contentious International Financial Reporting Standard 6 (IFRS 6). Relative to the capitalization of R&D expenditures, IFRS 6 follows a far less restrictive approach, delaying the requirement for probable future economic benefits in settings of high uncertainty. We compare the value-relevance of this asset with that of nonfinancial information commonly reported by mining firms, namely mineral resource estimates. We report evidence that investors utilize nonfinancial information to assess the value-relevance of financial information, initially focusing on whichever information is timelier. We do not find evidence that investors prefer conservative reporting practices in a setting with high uncertainty; rather we provide evidence that investors interpret the capitalization decision as a signal of project viability. This finding is of particular relevance to the ongoing Intangible Assets project being conducted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). JEL classifications: G12, G14
Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery Protocol From the Frontlines: Transnasal Surgery During the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Spock Todd , Kessler Remi , Lerner David , Filip Peter , Del Signore Anthony , Colley Patrick , Morgenstern Peter , Schaberg Madeleine , Bederson Joshua , Govindaraj Satish , Iloreta Alfred Marc , Shrivastava Raj 
Published: May 2020

ObjectiveThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic disrupted the standard management paradigms for care of patients with sinus and skull base presentations due to concern for patient and health care provider safety, given the high aerosol‐generating potential of endonasal procedures.Data SourcesWe reviewed the relevant literature complied from available sources, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and otolaryngology journals providing electronic manuscripts ahead of indexing or publication.Review MethodsIncorporating available evidence and the projected infection control and resource limitations at our institution, we collectively authored a dynamic set of protocols guiding (1) case stratification, (2) preoperative assessment, (3) operative setup, and (4) postoperative care of patients with sinus or skull base presentations. Due to the rapidly evolving nature of COVID‐19 publications, lack of rigorous data, and urgent necessity of standardized protocols, strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were not employed.ConclusionsAs scarce hospital resources are diverted to COVID‐19 care and staff are redeployed to forward‐facing roles, endonasal procedures have largely ceased, leaving patients with ongoing sinonasal and skull base complaints untreated. Skull base teams now weigh the urgency of surgery in this population with the regional availability of resources.Implications for PracticeThe COVID‐19 pandemic will have an enduring and unpredictable impact on hospital operations and surgical skull base practices and will require a dynamic set of management protocols responsive to new evidence and changing resources. In the current resource‐limited environment, clinicians may utilize these protocols to assist with stratifying patients by acuity, performing preoperative assessment, and guiding peri‐ and postoperative care.
The Use of Recombinant Human Growth Hormone to Protect Against Muscle Weakness in Patients Undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Pilot, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Mendias Christopher L. , Enselman Elizabeth R. Sibilsky , Olszewski Adam M. , Gumucio Jonathan P. , Edon Daniel L. , Konnaris Maxwell A. , Carpenter James E. , Awan Tariq M. , Jacobson Jon A. , Gagnier Joel J. , Barkan Ariel L. , Bedi Asheesh 
Published: May 2020

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are common knee injuries. Despite undergoing extensive rehabilitation after ACL reconstruction (ACLR), many patients have persistent quadriceps muscle weakness that limits their successful return to play and are also at an increased risk of developing knee osteoarthritis (OA). Human growth hormone (HGH) has been shown to prevent muscle atrophy and weakness in various models of disuse and disease but has not been evaluated in patients undergoing ACLR. Hypothesis: Compared with placebo treatment, a 6-week perioperative treatment course of HGH would protect against muscle atrophy and weakness in patients undergoing ACLR. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 19 male patients (aged 18-35 years) scheduled to undergo ACLR were randomly assigned to the placebo (n = 9) or HGH (n = 10) group. Patients began placebo or HGH treatment twice daily 1 week before surgery and continued through 5 weeks after surgery. Knee muscle strength and volume, patient-reported outcome scores, and circulating biomarkers were measured at several time points through 6 months after surgery. Mixed-effects models were used to evaluate differences between treatment groups and time points, and as this was a pilot study, significance was set at P < .10. The Cohen d was calculated to determine the effect size. Results: HGH was well-tolerated, and no differences in adverse events between the groups were observed. The HGH group had a 2.1-fold increase in circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 over the course of the treatment period ( P < .05; d = 2.93). The primary outcome measure was knee extension strength, and HGH treatment increased normalized peak isokinetic knee extension torque by 29% compared with the placebo group ( P = .05; d = 0.80). Matrix metalloproteinase–3 (MMP3), which was used as an indirect biomarker of cartilage degradation, was 36% lower in the HGH group ( P = .05; d = –1.34). HGH did not appear to be associated with changes in muscle volume or patient-reported outcome scores. Conclusion: HGH improved quadriceps strength and reduced MMP3 levels in patients undergoing ACLR. On the basis of this pilot study, further trials to more comprehensively evaluate the ability of HGH to improve muscle function and potentially protect against OA in patients undergoing ACLR are warranted. Registration: NCT02420353 ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier)
Tomographic characteristics of focal choroidal excavation and its association with retinal disorders
Authors: Inanc Merve , Tekin Kemal , Teke Mehmet Yasin , Kiziltoprak Hasan 
Published: May 2020

Purpose: To evaluate the morphological, clinical, and tomographic characteristics of focal choroidal excavation in the context of concomitant retinal pathologies. Methods: This case series included 13 eyes of 13 patients with focal choroidal excavation diagnosed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Morphologic characteristics of excavation and quantitative thicknesses of retinal layers and choroid were analyzed in excavation area, area adjacent to excavation, and fellow eye without focal choroidal excavation by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Results: At the initial examinations, one eye had a history of blunt trauma, three eyes were diagnosed with choroidal neovascularization, one with choroidal osteoma, one with angioid streaks, one with retinal detachment, one with diabetic macular edema, one with optic pit, one with torpedo maculopathy, and the rest three with idiopathic focal choroidal excavation. The mean choroidal thickness in the area of focal choroidal excavation was statistically significantly thinner compared to in the area adjacent to focal choroidal excavation and fellow eye ( p < 0.001) and total average outer nuclear layer thickness was statistically significantly thicker in the area of excavation compared with fellow eye ( p = 0.007). Conclusion: This study confirmed the presence of focal choroidal excavation in various ocular diseases and the evaluation of focal choroidal excavation using the spectral-domain optical coherence tomography demonstrated choroidal thinning and outer nuclear layer thickening in the area of the excavation.