bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Materials, Actuators, and Sensors for Soft Bioinspired Robots
Authors: Ilami Mahdi , Bagheri Hosain , Ahmed Reza , Skowronek E. Olga , Marvi Hamid 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBiological systems can perform complex tasks with high compliance levels. This makes them a great source of inspiration for soft robotics. Indeed, the union of these fields has brought about bioinspired soft robotics, with hundreds of publications on novel research each year. This review aims to survey fundamental advances in bioinspired soft actuators and sensors with a focus on the progress between 2017 and 2020, providing a primer for the materials used in their design.
Enhancing Cationic Drug Delivery with Polymeric Carriers: The Coulomb‐pH Switch Approach
Authors: De Luca Sergio , Treny Jennifer , Chen Fan , Seal Prasenjit , Stenzel Martina H. , Smith Sean C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA new coulomb‐pH switch method is proposed to enhance the efficient release of cationic drugs under acidic conditions occurring near tumor cells or during uptake into cells via endocytosis. The strategy is based on incorporation into the polymeric carrier of both weak acid and weak base functionalities. The consequence of this new design is that the polymeric vector adopts negative charge at physiological pH—facilitating complexation—while at late endosomal pH of 4.5, the polymeric vector adopts a positive charge—promoting highly efficient release of the drug. To illustrate the strategy, molecular dynamics simulations are carried out for a representative system comprising of a peptide dendrimer Gly‐Lys(Arg)2 as a model cationic drug and a short poly(4‐vinyl imidazole)‐b poly(acrylic acid) (PVI‐b‐PAA) block co‐polymer vector. Simulations suggest that these coulomb‐pH switch vectors bind the cationic drug effectively at pH = 7.0 and release it decisively once the charge state is changed to reflect pH = 4.5, as indicated by hydrogen bonding, close contact, and distance correlation analyses. Complementary experiments with bespoke synthesized peptide dendrimers indicate that the complexation involves much larger aggregrates than the one‐to‐one simulation; however unambiguous evidence is provided for the dissolution of the aggregates at pH = 4.5.
Catalytic ozonation of ethyl acetate over mesoporous manganese oxides synthesized by a sonochemical method
Authors: Xu Zhongjun , Qin Zhiyuan , Zhang Tingting , Chen Xiaochun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEthyl acetate is one of typical volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitting from solvent use, and removing ethyl acetate from exhaust air is vital to VOCs abatement. The mesoporous manganese oxide (MnOx) samples were sonochemically synthesized by the reduction of KMnO4 using Mn(NO3)2. The characterization shows that γ‐MnO2, β‐MnO2, and bixbyite‐like Mn2O3 were obtained by calcining the MnOx samples from 200°C to 500°C. The results show that γ‐MnO2 and β‐MnO2 possess more Mn4+ than bixbyite‐like Mn2O3. β‐MnO2 has the highest contents of surface oxygen species (Oads) and average oxidation state (AOS) among the MnOx catalysts. Based on a 7‐day test, β‐MnO2 performed the highest activity for the catalytic ozonation of ethyl acetate compared with the other MnOx catalysts. The results show that ethyl acetate is easy to be destroyed but difficult to be completely mineralized by catalytic ozonation. Lower gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) leads to higher CO2 selectivity and more intermediate products form in the catalytic ozonation of ethyl acetate under higher GHSV. A further study indicates that β‐MnO2 has a long‐term stability for catalytic ozonation of ethyl acetate because the accumulation and the decomposition of intermediate products are in a dynamic equilibrium during the catalytic ozonation.
Highly Selective Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Methanol on Iridium Dioxide with CO* Spectators
Authors: Zhao He , Zhu Haiyan , Feng Yifan , Zhao Qinfu , Suo Bingbing , Zou Wenli , Han Huixian , Zhai Gaohong , Jiang Zhenyi , Song Qi , Li Yawei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIridium dioxide has emerged as a promising anode family for electrocatalytic reduction of CO2. Herein, the catalytic mechanism of CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) on the IrO2 (110) electrocatalyst model has been assessed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The CO* spectator on the IrO2 (110) is the crucial factor, which directly affects the binding free energy of the reaction intermediates by means of the different ratios of CO* spectator models. Our results showed that the CO* spectator may have a great promotion effect on the methanol production, and it always maintains low sensitivity on the CO2 reduction to methane reaction. The onset potentials for reducing to methanol and methane are −0.32 V‐RHE and −0.68 V‐RHE, respectively, at a CO* coverage of 50 %, which means that providing an appropriate CO* coverage can improve the selectivity of CO2 catalytic reduction to methanol tremendously. It is worth noting that the intermediate CH3O*+OH*, which plays a vital role in the major pathways to produce methanol and methane, is a branch point that led to the formation of two products. Although both subsequent protonation processes are exothermic, the path to methanol production is more favorable than that of CH4 formation. These results demonstrate that iridium dioxide should be a good CO2RR catalyst, and the CO* spectator also exhibits an enhanced effect on the selectivity of CO2 reduced to alcohol products.
Sensitivity analysis of mechanical properties and ductile/brittle behaviors in aluminum‐silicon alloy to loading rate and nano‐particles, considering interaction effects
Authors: Azadi Mohammad , Zomorodipour Mohammad , Fereidoon Abdoulhossein 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAluminum‐silicon alloys have been widely used in automotive industries. To know mechanical properties of such materials is essential for engineers to have a superior design for components. Therefore, in this article, the sensitivity analysis of mechanical and fracture features in the aluminum alloy has been performed to find the effect of the loading rate and nano‐particles. For this objective, tensile tests were performed on casting standard specimens. Then, obtained experimental data were analyzed by the Minitab software, using the factorial method. In addition, the interaction between the effect of the loading rate and the addition of nano‐particles, on mechanical properties and ductile/brittle behaviors, was also investigated. Obtained results indicated that the yield stress, the elastic modulus and the elongation were sensitive to the interaction of both factors (the multiply of the nano‐particle addition and the loading rate). Besides, the fracture surface illustrated that by increasing the loading rate and the addition of nano‐particles, the brittleness of the material increased.
Shock tube data processing tools using open source hardware and software platforms
Authors: Thirumalesh K. , Raju Salgeri Puttaswamy , Somashekarappa Hiriyur Mallaiah , Swaroop Kumaraswamy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo cater the need of specific shock‐tube data acquisition and processing system, a low cost open‐source alternative has been developed and presented in this paper. Using easily available open‐source hardware and software platforms such as ARDUINO, a robust 5.3 MHz speed data acquisition system along with optimized shock tube data processing software is designed and an indigenous shock tube data processing tool has been developed. This has been found to be 10 times less cost than the general‐purpose computing equipment available on the market, with a substantial reduction in shockwave data processing time and effort. The setup has been tested with the different diaphragms producing shockwaves of different Mach numbers. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical values obtained using normal shock relations and are found to be consistent with admissible error limits. This validates the design and construction of the device for scientific experiments.
Bromodomain‐containing protein 4 and its role in cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Li Liang , Xie Wei , Gui Yu , Zheng Xi‐Long 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBromodomain‐containing protein 4 (BRD4), a chromatin‐binding protein, is involved in the development of various tumors. Recent evidence suggests that BRD4 also plays a significant role in cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy. This review summarizes the roles of BRD4 as a potential regulator of various pathophysiological processes in cardiovascular diseases, implicating that BRD4 may be a new therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases in the future.
How effective is a mask in preventing COVID‐19 infection?
Authors: Wang Yuxin , Deng Zicheng , Shi Donglu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe main clinical characteristics of COVID‐19 are respiratory symptoms that can lead to serious cardiovascular damages and severe worsening of other medical conditions. One of the major strategies in preparedness and response to COVID 19 is effective utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE) among which the masks of different kinds are on the top of the list especially for activities in the public places. However, the underlying mechanisms of masks in preventing virus transmission have not been well identified and the current experimental data still show inconsistent outcomes that may mislead the public. For instance, the early understanding of the mask functions was limited especially in the escalating phase of the COVID 19 pandemic, resulting in quite controversial remarks on masks. Although extensive studies in mask functions have been carried out ever since the COVID‐19 outbreaks, most of the investigations appear to have focused on exhalation isolation of individuals who may have been infected with the disease. Less emphasis was laid on inhalation protection from virus transmission, an important aspect that undergirds the public health policies and protective strategies. This review provides the most up‐to‐date information on the transmission modes of COVID‐19 virus in terms of droplets and aerosols. The roles of masks in disease prevention and transmission reduction are evaluated on various types, structures and functions. More important, both aspects of exhalation isolation and inhalation protection are discussed based on virus transmission modes and the effectiveness of different types of masks under varied environmental conditions.
Efficient modelling of flexible cable-pulley systems
Authors: Spiegelhauer Markus , Schlecht Berthold 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article proposes a universal procedure for efficiently modelling the flexible behaviour of pre-stressed cables, guided by multiple pulleys. Such cable-pulley systems usually connect various structural components, which often feature additional flexibility. One concern in holistic system analyses is to correctly describe the elasticity of the entire assembly for one particular spatial configuration. This can be achieved in terms of a linear stiffness matrix that accounts for the kinematics of the assembly. In this article, parametric stiffness matrices for arbitrary cable-pulley arrangements are derived. A reduction scheme is used to facilitate the integration of the derived stiffness matrix into superordinate finite element models. The method is validated with a non-linear finite element model and applied to a complex hoisting cable system connecting multiple large steel structures.
Population Grids for Analysing Long-Term Change in Ethnic Diversity and Segregation
Authors: Catney Gemma , Lloyd Christopher D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChanges in the spatial patterns of ethnic diversity and residential segregation are often highly localized, but inconsistencies in geographical data units across different time points limit their exploration. In this paper, we argue that, while they are often over-looked, population grids provide an effective means for the study of long-term fine-scale changes. Gridded data represent population structures: there are gaps where there are no people, and they are not (unlike standard zones) based on population distributions at any one time point. This paper uses an innovative resource,PopChange, which provides spatially fine-grained (1 km by 1 km) gridded data on country of birth (1971–2011) and ethnic group (1991–2011). These data enable insight into micro-level change across a long time period. Exploring forty years of change over five time points, measures of residential ethnic diversity and segregation are employed here to create a comprehensive ‘atlas’ of ethnic neighbourhood change across the whole of Britain. Four key messages are offered: (1) as Britain’s ethnic diversity has grown, the spatial complexity of this diversity has also increased, with greater diversity in previously less diverse spaces; (2) ethnic residential segregation has steadily declined at this micro-scale; (3) as neighbourhoods have become more diverse, they have become more spatially integrated; (4) across the whole study period, the most dynamic period of change was between 2001 and 2011. While concentrating on Britain as a case study, the paper explores the potential offered by gridded data, and the methods proposed to analyse them, for future allied studies within and outside this study area.
A framework for enhanced decision-making in aircraft conceptual design optimisation under uncertainty
Authors: Bianchi D.H.B. Di , Sêcco N.R. , Silvestre F.J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a framework to support decision-making in aircraft conceptual design optimisation under uncertainty. Emphasis is given to graphical visualisation methods capable of providing holistic yet intuitive relationships between design, objectives, feasibility and uncertainty spaces. Two concepts are introduced to allow interactive exploration of the effects of (1) target probability of constraint satisfaction (price of feasibility robustness) and (2) uncertainty reduction through increased state-of-knowledge (cost of uncertainty) on design and objective spaces. These processes are tailored to handle multi-objective optimisation problems and leverage visualisation techniques for dynamic inter-space mapping. An information reuse strategy is presented to enable obtaining multiple robust Pareto sets at an affordable computational cost. A case study demonstrates how the presented framework addresses some of the challenges and opportunities regarding the adoption of Uncertainty-based Multidisciplinary Design Optimisation (UMDO) in the aerospace industry, such as design margins policy, systematic and conscious definition of target robustness and uncertainty reduction experiments selection and prioritisation.
ATCO radar training assessment and flight efficiency: the correlation between trainees’ scores and fuel consumption in real-time simulations
Authors: Rogošić T. , Juričić B. , Aybek Çetek F. , Kaplan Z. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTAir traffic controller training is highly regulated but lacks prescribed common assessment criteria and methods to evaluate trainees at the level of basic training and consideration of how trainees in fluence flight efficiency. We investigated whether there is a correlation between two parameters, viz. the trainees’ assessment score and fuel consumption, obtained and calculated after real-time human-in-the-loop radar simulations within the ATCOSIMA project. Although basic training assessment standards emphasise safety indicators, it was expected that trainees with higher assessment scores would achieve better flight efficiency, i.e. less fuel consumption. However, the results showed that trainees’ assessment scores and fuel consumption did not correlate in the expected way, leading to several conclusions.
Ice stream subglacial access for ice-sheet history and fast ice flow: the BEAMISH Project on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica and initial results on basal conditions
Authors: Smith A. M. , Anker P. G. D. , Nicholls K. W. , Makinson K. , Murray T. , Rios-Costas S. , Brisbourne A. M. , Hodgson D. A. , Schlegel R. , Anandakrishnan S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThree holes were drilled to the bed of Rutford Ice Stream, through ice up to 2154 m thick, to investigate the basal processes and conditions associated with fast ice flow and the glacial history of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. A narrative of the drilling, measuring and sampling activities, as well as some preliminary results and initial interpretations of subglacial conditions, is given. These were the deepest subglacial access holes ever drilled using the hot-water drilling method. Samples of bed and englacial sediments were recovered, and a number of instruments were installed in the ice column and the bed. The ice–bed interface was found to be unfrozen, with an existing, well-developed subglacial hydrological system at high pressure, within ~1% of the ice overburden. The bed itself comprises soft, water-saturated sediments, consistent with previous geophysical interpretations. Englacial sediment quantity varies significantly between two locations ~2 km apart, and possibly over even shorter (~20 m) distances. Difficulties and unusual observations encountered while connecting to the subglacial hydrological system in one hole possibly resulted from the presence of a large clast embedded in the bottom of the ice.
Proof of a conjecture of Galvin
Authors: Raghavan Dilip , Todorcevic Stevo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We prove that if the set of unordered pairs of real numbers is coloured by finitely many colours, there is a set of reals homeomorphic to the rationals whose pairs have at most two colours. Our proof uses large cardinals and verifies a conjecture of Galvin from the 1970s. We extend this result to an essentially optimal class of topological spaces in place of the reals.
Physical Attraction Scale — Short Version: Cross-Cultural Validation
Authors: Karandashev Victor , Evans Nicholas D. , Zarubko Elena , Neto Félix , Evans Makesha , Artemeva Veronika , Morgan Kai Andito Damali , Feybesse Cyrille , Surmanidze Lali 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Physical attraction is an important dimension of both romantic and companionate relationship of partners. This article presents a comprehensive cross-cultural validation of the short version of the Physical Attraction Scale (PAS-S) scale — the first and only multidimensional measure of physical attraction available for research and practice. The initial development of the scale was completed in a multisite study conducted with a large sample of university students, largely from the midwest and southeast of the United States. Results demonstrated a two-dimensional factor structure, excellent reliability, and evidence of content, convergent and discriminant validity. The following cross-cultural studies, which used the PAS-S, confirmed its robust factor structure, validity and reliability in the samples from 10 cultural regions in six countries. Therefore, this short version of the PAS-S can be recommended for cross-cultural practice and research. The versions of the scale in English, French, Portuguese, Russian and Georgian are provided in appendices. Based on the results of cross-cultural validation, authors recommend the PAS-S for research purposes and practical use in counselling and therapy. The scale provides a short and informative measure of (1) how a person feels attraction to their partner in close relationships and (2) which aspects of attraction are problematic.
Asset Revaluation and the Existential Politics of Climate Change
Authors: Colgan Jeff D. , Green Jessica F. , Hale Thomas N. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhereas scholars have typically modeled climate change as a global collective action challenge, we offer a dynamic theory of climate politics based on the present and future revaluation of assets. Climate politics can be understood as a contest between owners of assets that accelerate climate change, such as fossil fuel plants, and owners of assets vulnerable to climate change, such as coastal property. To date, obstruction by “climate-forcing” asset holders has been a large barrier to effective climate policy. But as climate change and decarbonization policies proceed, holders of both climate-forcing and “climate-vulnerable” assets stand to lose some or even all of their assets' value over time, and with them, the basis of their political power. This dynamic contest between opposing interests is likely to intensify in many sites of political contestation, from the subnational to transnational levels. As it does so, climate politics will become increasingly existential, potentially reshaping political alignments within and across countries. Such shifts may further undermine the Liberal International Order (LIO); as countries develop pro-climate policies at different speeds and magnitudes, they will have incentives to diverge from existing arrangements over trade and economic integration.
Proactive Capital Structure Adjustments: Evidence from Corporate Filings
Authors: Korteweg Arthur , Schwert Michael , Strebulaev Ilya A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe use new hand-collected data from corporate filings to study the drivers of corporate capital structure adjustment. Classifying firms by their adjustment frequencies, we reveal previously unknown patterns in their reasons for financing and the financial instruments used. Some are consistent with existing theory, whereas others are understudied. Many leverage changes are outside of the firm’s control (e.g., executive option exercise) or incur negligible adjustment costs (e.g., credit-line usage). This implies a lower frequency of proactive leverage adjustments than indicated by prior research using accounting data, suggesting that costs of adjustment are higher, or the benefits lower, than previously thought.
THE NEW LEGAL ANTI-POSITIVISM
Authors: Dindjer Hasan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAccording to a recent wave of work by legal anti-positivists, legal norms are a subset of moral norms. This striking “one-system” view of law has rapidly become the dominant form of anti-positivism, but its implications have so far been little tested. This article argues that the one-system view leads systematically to untenable conclusions about what legal rights and obligations we have. For many clear legal norms, the view lacks the resources to explain the existence of corresponding moral norms. And its criteria for distinguishing legal norms within morality imply an under- or over-inclusive set of legal norms. I stress the special difficulties that apply beyond obligations, in the case of privileges and powers, and I show that the view's problems do not only—or mainly—concern egregiously unjust law, or indeed morally defective law at all. I close with reflections on legal normativity and the prospects for different forms of anti-positivism.
The Patriotic Turn in Russia: Political Convergence of the Russian Orthodox Church and the State?
Authors: Shakhanova Gaziza , Kratochvíl Petr 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFollowing two decades of a state-supported patriotic campaign, the Russian Orthodox Church has dramatically increased its presence in the public sphere: in the Armed Forces, in public schools and universities, and even in retirement houses and prisons. The Church's recent activities seem to have no territorial limits: they reach up to the space station “Mir” and the Russian Antarctic Station, as well as the (Russian) Orthodox believers in 62 states. Using a critical discourse analysis of the speeches of top Church leaders as our main methodological tool, our research explores the Church's policies on patriotism and patriotic education, its re-interpretation of historical memory, and the role of the Church in Russian politics. We try to show that while the Church's agenda and approach to politics are idiosyncratic, the Church has become a key actor with an increasingly important political role.