bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Open string QED meson description of the X17 particle and dark matter
Authors: Wong Cheuk-Yin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAs a quark and an antiquark cannot be isolated, the intrinsic motion of a composite $$ q\overline{q} $$
q

q
¯

system in its lowest-energy states lies predominantly in 1+1 dimensions, as in an open string with the quark and the antiquark at its two ends. Accordingly, we study the lowest-energy states of an open string $$ q\overline{q} $$
q

q
¯

system in QCD and QED in 1+1 dimensions. We show that π0, η, and η′ can be adequately described as open string $$ q\overline{q} $$
q

q
¯

QCD mesons. By extrapolating into the $$ q\overline{q} $$
q

q
¯

QED sector in which a quark and an antiquark interact with the QED interaction, we find an open string isoscalar I(Jπ) = 0(0−) QED meson state at 17.9±1.5 MeV and an isovector (I(Jπ) = 1(0−), I3 = 0) QED meson state at 36.4±3.8 MeV. The predicted masses of the isoscalar and isovector QED mesons are close to the masses of the hypothetical X17 and E38 particles observed recently, making them good candidates for these particles. The decay products of QED mesons may show up as excess e+e− and γγ pairs in the anomalous soft photon phenomenon associated with hadron productions in high-energy hadron-proton collisions and e+-e− annihilations. Measurements of the invariant masses of excess e+e− and γγ pairs will provide tests for the existence of the open string $$ q\overline{q} $$
q

q
¯

QED mesons. An assembly of gravitating QED mesons are expected to emit electron-positron pairs and/or gamma rays and their decay energies and lifetimes will be modified by their gravitational binding energies. Consequently, a self-gravitating isoscalar QED meson assembly whose mass M and radius R satisfy (M/M⨀)/(R/R⨀) ≳ 2 4.71 × 105 will not produce electron-positron pairs nor gamma rays and may be a good candidate for the primordial dark matter.
Stainless steel and NiTi torque archwires and apical root resorption
Authors: Wichelhaus Andrea , Dulla Marc , Sabbagh Hisham , Baumert Uwe , Stocker Thomas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Objective
The amount of apical root resorption when using the torque-segmented archwire (TSA) was investigated as well as the extent and direction of the therapeutically indicated apical movement and the treatment duration.

Materials and methods
The degree of apical root resorption in 18 randomly chosen Class II and Class I patients treated with the TSA, as well as in 18 conventionally treated patients were evaluated using pre- and posttreatment panoramic radiographs. The sagittal and vertical apical movements and inclination changes were determined based on pre- and posttreatment lateral cephalograms. Nonparametric tests were applied to test between treatment groups and steps. The Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis, Pearson correlation and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were applied for statistical analysis (p < 0.05).

Results
The incidence of root resorptions was 89–94.4% in low or moderate level. The relative root–crown ratio (rRCR) was not statistically different between the TSA and control groups except tooth 12. The axis of the incisors in the TSA group was significantly improved. The main direction of movement of the apices of the central incisors was retrusion and extrusion. No interdependence between the amount of resorption and the parameters of treatment duration, extent and direction of apical movement were found.

Conclusion
The results of the study showed that the amount of apical root resorption with the TSA is slight to moderate and can be compared to conventional orthodontic treatment. The TSA is hence a suitable method for applying targeted torques to the incisors.
Linear parameter varying sensorless torque control for singularly perturbed induction motor with torque and flux observers
Authors: Khamari Dalila , Benlaloui Idriss , Ouchen Sabir , Makouf Abdesslem , Chrifi Alaoui Larbi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a new approach being different from the concept of DTC and IFOC for a robust torque control design for induction motor is addressed. The design is based on the framework of singularly perturbed system theory and linear varying parameter systems. In these systems, the rotor flux is considered to be a time-varying parameter in order to guarantee a robust torque control with LPV flux observer with respect to the speed and resistance variations. In fact, this observer is designed to estimate the rotor flux as well as an MRAS observer is introduced to estimate the mechanical speed and rotor resistance. The main feature of this proposed structure is the enhancement of robustness with flux, speed and rotor resistance variation. This improvement leads to a considerable decrease of the torque ripples and ensures the stability for the entire operating range. The obtained simulations and experimental results are used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)–based immunosystem for ultrasensitive detection of the 90K biomarker
Authors: Gallo Valentina , Lai Antonia , Pasquo Alessandra , Almaviva Salvatore , Iacobelli Stefano , Persichetti Luca , Capellini Giovanni , Antonini Giovanni 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe research and the individuation of tumour markers in biological fluids are currently one of the main tools to support diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of the therapeutic response in oncology. Although the identification of tumour markers in asymptomatic patients is crucial for early diagnosis, its application is still limited by the relatively low sensitivity and the complexity of existing methods (i.e. ELISA, mass spectrometry). We developed an easy, fast, and ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)–based system, for the detection and quantitation of the LGALS3BP (90K) biomarker that was used as a model, based on the development of antibody-functionalized nanostructured gold surfaces. The detection system was effective for the ultrasensitive detection and characterization of samples of different biochemical compositions. In conclusion, this work could provide the foundation for the development of a medical diagnostic device with the highest predictive power when compared with the methods currently used in cancer diagnostics.
Diffusion tensor imaging in frontostriatal tracts is associated with executive functioning in very preterm children at 9 years of age
Authors: Kallankari Hanna , Saunavaara Virva , Parkkola Riitta , Haataja Leena , Hallman Mikko , Kaukola Tuula 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundVery preterm birth can disturb brain maturation and subject these high-risk children to neurocognitive difficulties later.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of prematurity on microstructure of frontostriatal tracts in children with no severe neurologic impairment, and to study whether the diffusion tensor imaging metrics of frontostriatal tracts correlate to executive functioning.Materials and methodsThe prospective cohort study comprised 54 very preterm children (mean gestational age 28.8 weeks) and 20 age- and gender-matched term children. None of the children had severe neurologic impairment. The children underwent diffusion tensor imaging and neuropsychological assessments at a mean age of 9 years. We measured quantitative diffusion tensor imaging metrics of frontostriatal tracts using probabilistic tractography. We also administered five subtests from the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, Second Edition, to evaluate executive functioning.ResultsVery preterm children had significantly higher fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity values (P<0.05, corrected for multiple comparison) in dorsolateral prefrontal caudate and ventrolateral prefrontal caudate tracts as compared to term-born children. We found negative correlations between the diffusion tensor imaging metrics of frontostriatal tracts and inhibition functions (P<0.05, corrected for multiple comparison) in very preterm children.ConclusionPrematurity has a long-term effect on frontostriatal white matter microstructure that might contribute to difficulties in executive functioning.
A Nordic survey of the management of palliative care in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Boëthius Helena , Saarto Tiina , Laurell Göran , Farnebo Lovisa , Mäkitie Antti A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
The five Nordic countries with a population of 27M people form a rather homogenous region in terms of health care. The management of Head and Neck Cancer (HNC) is centralized to the 21 university hospitals in these countries. Our aim was to survey the current status of organization of palliative care for patients with HNC in the Nordic countries as the field is rapidly developing.

Materials and methods
A structured web-based questionnaire was sent to all the Departments of Otorhinolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology managing HNC in the Nordic countries.

Results
All 21 (100%) Nordic university hospitals responded to the survey. A majority (over 90%) of the patients are discussed at diagnosis in a multidisciplinary tumor board (MDT), but the presence of a palliative care specialist is lacking in 95% of these MDT’s. The patients have access to specialized palliative care units (n = 14, 67%), teams (n = 10, 48%), and consultants (n = 4, 19%) in the majority of the hospitals.

Conclusion
The present results show that specialized palliative care services are available at the Nordic university hospitals. A major finding was that the collaboration between head and neck surgeons, oncologists and palliative care specialists is not well structured and the palliative care pathway of patients with HNC is not systematically organized. We suggest that early integrated palliative care needs to be included as an addition to the already existing HNC care pathways in the Nordic countries.
Survey of European neurosurgeons’ management of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: inconsistent practice and organization
Authors: Skodvin Torbjørn Øygard , Kloster Roar , Sorteberg Wilhelm , Isaksen Jørgen Gjernes 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
The discovery of an unruptured intracranial aneurysm creates a dilemma between observation and treatment. Neurosurgeons’ routines for risk assessment and treatment decision-making are unknown. The position of evidence-based medicine in European neurosurgery is considered to be weak, high-grade guidelines do not exist and variations between institutions are probable. We aimed to explore European neurosurgeons’ management routines for newly discovered unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

Methods
In cooperation with the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS), we conducted an online, cross-sectional survey of 420 European neurosurgeons during Spring/Summer 2016 (1533 non-Norwegians invited through the EANS, and 16 Norwegians invited through heads of departments because of the need for additional information for a separate study). We asked about demographic variables, routines for management and risk assessment of newly discovered unruptured intracranial aneurysms and presented a case. We collected information about gross domestic product (GDP) per capita from the International Monetary Fund.

Results
The response rate to the invite from the EANS was 26%, with respondents from 47 countries. More than half of the respondents (n = 226 [54%]) reported that their department treated less than 25 unruptured aneurysms yearly. Forty percent said their department used aneurysm size cut-off to guide treatment decisions, with a mean size of 6 mm. Presented with a case, respondents from countries with a lower GDP per capita recommended intervention more often than respondents from higher-income countries. Vascular neurosurgeons more commonly recommended observation.

Conclusion
The answers to this self-reported survey indicate that many centers have a treatment volume lower than recommended by international guidelines, and that there are socioeconomic differences in care. Better documentation of treatment and outcome, for example with clinical quality registries, is needed to drive improvements of care.
Does stakeholder engagement affect corruption risk management?
Authors: Monteduro Fabio , Cecchetti Ilenia , Lai Ylenia , Allegrini Veronica 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMajor international organizations such as the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the United Nations (UN), and the European Union (EU) have stressed the importance of risk management as a useful mechanism to prevent corruption. Anticorruption laws or regulations have been developed around the world, both at regional and national level. These aim to support the design and implementation of proactive management of corruption risks in the public sector. This article aimed to investigate the relationship between stakeholder engagement and the extent of implementation of corruption risk management systems by public organizations. We analysed the anticorruption plans of 343 Italian administrations to explore how different categories of stakeholders (i.e. employees, governing bodies, users/citizens associations) can contribute to the corruption risk management process. We found that the involvement of external and internal stakeholders can positively affect the extent of implementation of corruption risk management systems by public organizations. We explained our results by referring to both traditional organizational theories (institutional theory and the resource-based view) and public governance theories (collaborative and inclusive governance). Institutional pressures, knowledge and values emerged as keys to understanding the results.
The dynamic analysis of load motion during the interaction of wind pressure
Authors: Cekus Dawid , Kwiatoń Paweł , Geisler Tomasz 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis work presents the analysis of the load motion during the interaction of wind pressure. The load was treated as a rigid body, and the rope system model as a non-deformed. The influence of effective area of wind pressure on load motion was considered. The theoretical model of load motion was presented, which may be an universal approach for transporting machines equipped with a rope-lifting system. To define the orientation of the movable Cartesian coordinate system related to the load, Bryant angles were used. An algorithm and computational program were developed to allow for analysis of dynamic phenomena. The initial problem was solved with the use of the ode45 calculation procedure in the Matlab software on the basis of the Runge–Kutta 4th Order Method. The obtained results were verified with the experimental ones achieved in the wind tunnel and Tracker program. Numerical calculations using commercial software SolidWorks were also presented. In the experiment, the spatial motion of the load was analysed. Experimental tests were carried out for gust of wind and constant temperature and humidity. In addition, the paper presents the application of the proposed method for a load carried by a rotary crane. After taking into account the control functions resulting from the nature of the work of any machine, the formulated model can be a full description of the carried load motion taking into account external forces.
Embedding Values in Artificial Intelligence (AI) Systems
Authors: van de Poel Ibo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOrganizations such as the EU High-Level Expert Group on AI and the IEEE have recently formulated ethical principles and (moral) values that should be adhered to in the design and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI). These include respect for autonomy, non-maleficence, fairness, transparency, explainability, and accountability. But how can we ensure and verify that an AI system actually respects these values? To help answer this question, I propose an account for determining when an AI system can be said to embody certain values. This account understands embodied values as the result of design activities intended to embed those values in such systems. AI systems are here understood as a special kind of sociotechnical system that, like traditional sociotechnical systems, are composed of technical artifacts, human agents, and institutions but—in addition—contain artificial agents and certain technical norms that regulate interactions between artificial agents and other elements of the system. The specific challenges and opportunities of embedding values in AI systems are discussed, and some lessons for better embedding values in AI systems are drawn.
Identification of proteins involved in transcription/translation (eEF 1A1) as an inhibitor of Bax induced apoptosis
Authors: Akintade Damilare D. , Chaudhuri Bhabatosh 
Published: September 2020

AbstractEukaryotic elongation factor 1A1 (eEF1A1) is central to translational activity. It is involved in complexes that form signal transduction with protein kinase C, as well as being a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. eEF1A1 and eEF1A2 are isoforms of the alpha subunit of elongating factor 1 complex. It has been reported that eEF1A1 is expressed in most human tissues but the brain, skeletal muscle and heart. eEF1A1 has been linked to both apoptosis and anti-apoptotic activities. In this study, eEF1A1 was co-expressed with Bax, a proapoptotic protein via heterologous expression of recombinant DNA in yeast cells. Assays were carried out to monitor the fate and state of yeast cells when eEF1A1 was co-expressed with Bax. The yeast strain (bearing an integrated copy of the Bax gene) was transformed with an episomal 2-micron plasmid that encodes HA-tagged eEF1A1 gene. The resultant strain would allow co-expression of Bax and eEF1A1 in yeast cells, Bax being under the control of the GAL1 promoter, while the PGK1 promoter drives eEF1A1 expression. Bcl 2A1, a known anti-apoptotic protein, was also co-expressed with Bax in yeast cells as a positive control, to study the anti-apoptotic characteristic of eEF-1A1. The part eEF1A1 plays in apoptosis has been contentious, amidst the pro and anti-apoptotic properties of eEF1A1, it was shown clearly, in this study that eEF1A1 portrays only anti-apoptotic property in the presence of pro-apoptotic protein, Bax.
Understanding COVID-19 nonlinear multi-scale dynamic spreading in Italy
Authors: Quaranta Giuseppe , Formica Giovanni , Machado J. Tenreiro , Lacarbonara Walter , Masri Sami F. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe outbreak of COVID-19 in Italy took place in Lombardia, a densely populated and highly industrialized northern region, and spread across the northern and central part of Italy according to quite different temporal and spatial patterns. In this work, a multi-scale territorial analysis of the pandemic is carried out using various models and data-driven approaches. Specifically, a logistic regression is employed to capture the evolution of the total positive cases in each region and throughout Italy, and an enhanced version of a SIR-type model is tuned to fit the different territorial epidemic dynamics via a differential evolution algorithm. Hierarchical clustering and multidimensional analysis are further exploited to reveal the similarities/dissimilarities of the remarkably different geographical epidemic developments. The combination of parametric identifications and multi-scale data-driven analyses paves the way toward a closer understanding of the nonlinear, spatially nonuniform epidemic spreading in Italy.
A pixel level evaluation of five multitemporal global gridded population datasets: a case study in Sweden, 1990–2015
Authors: Archila Bustos Maria Francisca , Hall Ola , Niedomysl Thomas , Ernstson Ulf 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHuman activity is a major driver of change and has contributed to many of the challenges we face today. Detailed information about human population distribution is fundamental and use of freely available, high-resolution, gridded datasets on global population as a source of such information is increasing. However, there is little research to guide users in dataset choice. This study evaluates five of the most commonly used global gridded population datasets against a high-resolution Swedish population dataset on a pixel level. We show that datasets which employ more complex modeling techniques exhibit lower errors overall but no one dataset performs best under all situations. Furthermore, differences exist in how unpopulated areas are identified and changes in algorithms over time affect accuracy. Our results provide guidance in navigating the differences between the most commonly used gridded population datasets and will help researchers and policy makers identify the most suitable datasets under varying conditions.
Epistemology of testimony and values in science
Authors: Margitay Tihamér 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe paper has two interconnected objectives. It argues that the intrinsic epistemic value of testimonies (i.e., serving as evidence for what is asserted) can be reduced to their moral and social values, that is, to their competent, conscientious, and honest performance. Consequently, competence, conscientiousness, and honesty are intrinsic epistemic values in science. The second objective is to offer an answer to the questions why and under what conditions a hearer can rationally accept a testimony in science. The values and subsequent norms of testimony are espoused and strictly enforced by the scientific community. The norms of testimony ensure that rule-following scientists testify competently, conscientiously, and honestly. Due to value reduction, such testimonies also manifest their intrinsic epistemic value, that is, they serve as evidence for their content. So, if the norms of testimony are followed, then it is epistemically rational to adopt also the norm of the acceptance of testimonies. When the hearer accepts a testimony (unless he has counterevidence), he simply—and usually blindly—complies with this norm. Yet, he is epistemically rational because the norm he follows is epistemically rational, as well.