bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supervisor-subordinate relationships and employee performance appraisals: a multi-source investigation in Croatia
Authors: Varma Arup , Zilic Ivana , Katou Anastasia , Blajic Branimir , Jukic Nenad 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to empirically examine supervisor-subordinate relationships and their impact on performance appraisal in Croatia. Specifically, we were interested in examining how supervisor-subordinate relationships impact subordinate perceptions of performance evaluation and the subordinate's reactions to the performance evaluation.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses matched data from a sample of supervisors and subordinates (n = 53) in a leading organization in the hospitality industry in Croatia, as well as objective performance appraisal data to examine the impact of supervisor-subordinate relationships on subordinate reactions to performance appraisal.FindingsThe key findings of this study include (1) supervisor trustworthiness determines the quality of their relationship with subordinates and leads to interpersonal liking, and (2) supervisor-subordinate relationship quality has a significant impact on subordinate reactions to performance appraisal process and outcomes.Research limitations/implicationsThe overall sample size (n = 53) of this study is small, and limits our ability to make generalizations beyond a point. Also, since the sample included only Croatian individuals, the findings maybe an artifact of the fact that they all hold similar values. Future studies should examine these relationships in supervisor-subordinate dyads comprised of individuals of different cultural backgrounds.Practical implicationsSupervisors should attempt to have high quality relationships with most, if not all, subordinates, as this would lead to higher acceptance of the performance appraisal process, which can impact future performance. Also, trustworthiness is closely related to the subordinate's perception of the quality of relationship he/she shares with the supervisor.Originality/valueThis is the first known paper to empirically study performance appraisal processes and relationships in Croatia, which also included both supervisor and subordinate perspectives.
Job search strategies of recent university graduates: prevalence and effectiveness
Authors: Varshavskaya Elena , Podverbnykh Ulyana 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to analyse the prevalence and effectiveness of methods and strategies for job searches amongst recent graduates of Russian universities.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis is carried out on data from the Russian Graduate Survey 2016, which is representative of individuals graduating during 2010–2015. The sample included 12,370 individuals. The empirical approach combined standard descriptive statistics, factor and regression analysis (multiple logit regression).FindingsResults show that the most common strategies are a combined strategy that involves the use of formal and informal methods, as well as “pure” informal strategies – applying to relatives and friends or contacting employers. The most effective strategies are job searches with the help of relatives and friends, by contacting employers and with the help of educational organisations. The choice of job search strategy is determined by the expected return in terms of the likelihood of finding a job.Practical implicationsThe paper increases understanding of graduate job search behaviour. The results can be used by multiple stakeholders in higher education to better prepare students for job seeking.Originality/valueThis research, based on a large field survey of recent university graduates, provides the first estimates of use of job search strategies and their effectiveness for Russian university graduates.
How internal transparency impacts organizational resilience
Authors: Al Balushi Mohammed 
Published: November 2020

PurposeResearch on transparency has been concerned mainly with external transparency, leaving internal transparency understudied. In particular, there is a lack of empirical research on the relationship between internal transparency and organizational resilience. This paper aims at investigating how internal transparency impacts organizational resilience in a public entity. It also examines how (quality) management systems impact internal transparency, and thus organizational resilience.Design/methodology/approachThe research is based on semi-structured interviews covering the relevant topics. A total of 32 interviews were undertaken between January and May 2018.FindingsThe findings indicate that internal transparency contributes to better preparedness to adverse conditions by enhancing the ability to cumulate, locate and share knowledge. Similarly, management systems improve internal transparency through the enhancement of communication flow, use of indicators and accretion of a database.Originality/valueThe paper is the first, as evident from the literature review, to investigate how internal transparency impacts organizational resilience. Hence, it sheds light on a very important aspect of the effective management of quality, risk and reliability. It is also one of the first papers to examine the mediating role of (quality) management systems in organizational resilience.
Optimal preventive maintenance level for a repairable product under warranty subject to multimode failure process
Authors: Ullah Azmat , Ayat Muhammad , Rehman Hakeem Ur , Batala Lochan Kumar 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop a model that determines whether how much effort of preventive maintenance action is worthwhile for the consumer over the post-sale product life cycle of a repairable complex product where the product is under warranty and subject to stochastic multimode failure process, that is, damaging failure and light failure with different probabilities.Design/methodology/approachThe expected life cycle cost is designed for a warranted product from the consumer perspective. The product failure is quantified with failure rate function, which is the number of failures incurred over the product life cycle. The authors consider the failure rate function reduction method in their model where the scale parameter of a failure rate function is maximized by applying the optimal preventive maintenance level. The scale parameter of any failure distribution refers to the meantime to failure (MTTF). The first-order condition is applied with respect to the maintenance level in order to achieve the convexity of the nonlinear function of the expected life cycle cost function.FindingsThe authors have found analytically the close form of the preventive maintenance level, which can be used to find the optimal reduced form of the failure rate function of the product and the minimum product expected life cycle cost under the given condition of multimode stochastic failure process. The authors have suggested different maintenance policies to consumers in order to implement the proposed preventive maintenance model under different conditions. A numerical example further illustrated the analytical model by considering the Weibull distribution.Practical implicationsThe consumer may use this study in the accurate modeling of the life cycle cost of a product that is under warranty and fails with a multimode failure process. Also, the suggested preventive maintenance approach of this study helps the consumer in making appropriate maintenance decisions such as to minimize the expected life cycle cost of a product.Originality/valueThis study proposes an accurate estimation of a life cycle cost for a product that is under the support of warranty and fails with multimode. Furthermore, for such a kind of product, which is under warranty and fails with multimode, this study suggests a new preventive maintenance approach that assures the minimum expected life cycle cost.
Determinants of capital structure of banks: evidence from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Khan Shoaib , Bashir Usman , Islam Md. Saiful 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the most important factors that affect the capital structure of commercial banks in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Design/methodology/approach
This study uses annual data of 11 Saudi commercial, national banks listed on the tadawul Saudi stock exchange for the period 2010–2017. Data was collected from the banks financial statements, tadawul annual publications and Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority. By constructing a balanced panel, this study uses pooled ordinary least squares regression along with fixed effects and random effects to examine the relationship between the bank’s book leverage as the dependent variable and bank-specific explanatory variables that include profitability, tangibility, earnings volatility, growth opportunities and bank size, while controlling for macroeconomic conditions.

Findings
The findings of this study suggest that banks in Saudi Arabia are highly leveraged, endorsing the fact that the nature of banks’ business is different from non-banking firms. Earnings volatility, growth and bank size show positive and significant relations with book leverage. Profitability and tangibility are negatively related to the book leverage. Empirically, the explanatory variables profitability, earnings volatility, tangibility, growth and bank size have material effects on the capital structure decisions of Saudi commercial banks. In summary, the determinants of capital structure for Saudi banks are the same as those of non-financial firms but are distinctive in nature.

Research limitations/implications
An extensive study on all the banks operating in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries is suggested.

Practical implications
The findings have practical implications for bank managers, which will help them to identify the bank-specific factors affecting the capital structure and choose the values enhancing optimal capital structure. The results of this study can assist regulatory agencies to formulate an effective regulatory framework. Moreover, the findings lay a foundation for the development of financial sector under the umbrella of the Vision 2030 program in the Kingdom.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to explore the factors affecting the capital structure choices of commercial banks operating in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the findings of the study would prove useful in detailed studies of capital structure in the GCC countries as well.
Guardians of public interest: the expectation and experience of non-executive directors in National Health Service commissioning boards in England
Authors: Tweed Joy , Wallace Louise M. 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe purpose of the study is to examine how Non-Executive Directors (NEDs) in the English National Health Service (NHS) commissioning bodies experienced their role and contribution to governance.Design/methodology/approachSemi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 31 NEDs of Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) and 8 Clinical Commissioning Group (CCG) NEDs. Framework analysis was applied using a conceptualisation of governance developed by Newman, which has four models of governance: the hierarchy, self-governance, open systems and rational goal model.FindingsNEDs saw themselves as guardians of the public interest. NEDs’ power is a product of the explicit levers set out in the constitution of the board, but also how they choose to use their knowledge and expertise to influence decisions for, as they see it, the public good. They contribute to governance by holding to account executive and professional colleagues, acting largely within the rational goal model. CCG NEDs felt less powerful than in those in PCTs, operating largely in conformance and representational roles, even though government policy appears to be moving towards a more networked, open systems model.Originality/valueThis is the first in-depth study of NEDs in English NHS local commissioning bodies. It is of value in helping to inform how the NED role could be enhanced to make a wider contribution to healthcare leadership as new systems are established in the UK and beyond.
The development of a performance measurement system for indirect procurement: a Delphi study
Authors: Darom Michail , Plant Eoin 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
This study aims to address the current gap in knowledge of indirect procurement performance management. It attempts to argue the need for a specific and tailored performance management approach for the indirect procurement function that incorporates a balanced approach, beyond financial measures.

Design/methodology/approach
The case study approach evaluated key performance indicators from a balanced scorecard (BSC) perspective in the development of a performance measurement system (PMS) for a Middle Eastern university’s indirect procurement division. It initially reviewed the literature to assess potential indicators for this context. It used vision and mission statement analysis alongside expert interviews to augment the literature. The candidate indicators were then evaluated and ranked by an expert panel through applying a four-round Delphi technique.

Findings
Twenty-nine procurement-specific indicators are suggested in a BSC framework. The five highest-ranked indicators were not in the financial perspective unlike other BSC studies in the broader field of supply chain management (SCM).

Practical implications
The study suggests a framework and indicators for a procurement PMS for practitioners to consider. It also highlights there is no one-size-fits-all and that organisations need to tailor PM to the organisation and divisional strategy and operational needs. This study aids the development of guidelines for executives and procurement management that wish to develop indicators and a PMS.

Originality/value
This study contributes to knowledge by partly addressing the under-researched field of indirect procurement PM. The literature suggested that various roles in SCM require specific PM indicators. This study puts forward a BSC framework with 29 indicators specifically for indirect procurement. Fourteen of these indicators were derived from non-literature sources. This study enhances knowledge and contributes to the limited debate and evidence on indirect procurement PM and the broader PM literature.
Enabling processes as routines that facilitate cognitive change
Authors: Jammulamadaka Nimruji 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the role of capacity building in reverse mentoring as an enabling routine in bringing about changes in cognitions and capabilities for strategy formulation/implementation and organisational change.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on an action research case study of a reverse mentoring initiative for digital transformation in a large metal multinational based in India. The capacity-building action research was carried out during a consultancy project.FindingsTop management team (TMT) change does not always provide the route to change in managerial cognition. Sometimes the TMT has to develop cognitive changes and new cognitions through learning and engage in way-finding to formulate/implement a strategy. Such learning requires routines, here digital reverse mentoring with capacity-building intervention, to enable development of personal knowledge (Eraut, 2000), along with cognitive changes, leading to development of capabilities. Such capacity-building routines serve as the enabling processes that facilitate learning and cognitive change.Research limitations/implicationsThis study demonstrates the value of enabling process routines to facilitate learning and cognition change in bridging strategy implementation and change. It also suggests the need to look at a strategy as way-finding in order to better understand the gap between strategy formulation, implementation and change.Practical implicationsThe study suggests the need for development of learning and cognition change routines as enabling processes in firms and provides insights into how old economy firms may adapt to digital era.Originality/valueThis study documents the routine of digital reverse mentoring as an enabling process for strategy development/implementation.
The stronger, the better? A natural experiment on the effects of pepper spray concentration levels
Authors: Boivin Rémi , Tanguay Caroline 
Published: November 2020

PurposeOleoresin capsicum (OC) spray has proven to be a relatively effective tool to subdue resistant or aggressive subjects without causing major and permanent injuries. Several products are available to law enforcement organizations and sprays with higher concentrations are sold as more effective, despite the lack of empirical evidence. This article aims to test the proposition that more concentrated OC sprays are more effective in a policing context.Design/methodology/approachTo test this proposition, retrospective data on police interventions that had occurred (N = 1,019) were used. Concentrations were divided in three levels: level 1 sprays (containing up to 0.49% of major capsaicinoids), level 2 sprays (from 0.5% to 0.99%) and level 3 sprays (between 1 and 1.33%). Propensity scores were calculated to estimate the average effect of concentration level on effectiveness, while controlling for confounding factors.FindingsLevel 1 and level 2 sprays were found to be similar in terms of effectiveness, but level 3 sprays were found to be more likely to have an immediate effect but were also related to higher chances that decontamination was needed after use.Originality/valueWhile several studies of the effectiveness of OC spray in general have been conducted in the past, this is one of the few to differentiate types of OC sprays according to their concentration level. As such, it aims to provide guidance to police organizations who must choose among a variety of products.
Supervisor bottom-line mentality and subordinates' unethical pro-organizational behavior
Authors: Farasat Mobina , Azam Akbar 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe multitude of high-profile corporate scandals has prompted the need for more nuanced understanding of factors within organizations that may influence unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB). Based on the social cognitive theory, this study aims to examine the impact of supervisor bottom-line mentality (BLM) on unethical, but pro-organizational conduct by employees through moral disengagement. Additionally, this study examines the moderating role of employee mindfulness in relation of supervisor BLM and moral disengagement.Design/methodology/approachTo test the study model, the authors collected data from 198 employees working in various Pakistani firms. This study uses PROCESS procedures for the analysis.FindingsAnalyses of time-lagged data showed that (1) supervisor BLM can lead to employee UPB through employee moral disengagement and (2) mindfulness moderated this relationship, such that high (versus low) mindfulness attenuates the link between supervisor BLM and moral disengagement.Originality/valueThis study adds to the extant research by examining how and when supervisor BLM leads to employee UPB. This is the first attempt to examine how supervisor BLM and trait mindfulness jointly determine moral disengagement, which drives UPB.
Systematic classification of maternal and fetal intervention‐related complications following open fetal myelomeningocele repair – results from a large prospective cohort
Authors: Vonzun L , Kahr MK , Noll F , Mazzone L , Moehrlen U , Meuli M , Hüsler M , Krähenmann F , Zimmermann R , Ochsenbein‐Kölble N 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveTo systematically categorise all maternal and fetal intervention‐related complications after open fetal myelomeningocele (fMMC) repair of the first 124 cases operated at the Zurich Centre for Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy.DesignA prospective cohort study.SettingSingle centre.PopulationMothers and fetuses after fMMC repair.MethodsBetween 2010 and 2019, we collected and entered all maternal complications following fMMC repair into the Clavien–Dindo classification. For fetal complications, a classification system based on the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities terminology of Adverse Events was used including the preterm definitions of the World Health Organization.Main outcome measuresSystematic classification of maternal and fetal complications following fMMC repair.ResultsGestational ages at surgery and birth were 25.0 ± 0.8 and 35.4 ± 2.0 weeks, respectively. In 17% of all cases, no maternal complications occurred. Maternal intervention‐related complications were observed as follows: 69% grade 1, 36% grade 2, 25% grade 3, 6% grade 4 and 0% grade 5. In 34%, no fetal complications were noted; however, 43% of the fetuses developed a grade 1, 14% a grade 2, 8% a grade 3, 2% a grade 4 and 2% a grade 5 complication.ConclusionThis study raises awareness of complications following open fMMC repair; 6% of mothers and 2% of fetuses experienced a severe complication (grade 4) and perinatal death rate of 2% was observed (grade 5). These data are useful for prenatal counselling, they help to improve the system of fetal surgical care, and they allow benchmarking with other centres as well as comparison with fetoscopic approaches.Tweetable abstractSystematic classification of all maternal and fetal intervention‐related complications following open fMMC repair.
Effects of wheat flour particle size on physicochemical properties and quality of noodles
Authors: Guan Erqi , Pang Jinyue , Yang Yuling , Zhang Tingjing , Li Mengmeng , Bian Ke 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe effect of particle size on the physicochemical and noodle quality of wheat flours was investigated. Granular wheat flour was ground by adjusting the distance between the rolls (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 mm) of the flour mill to obtain wheat flour in five different particle sizes. The results showed that milling intensity significantly reduced the particle size and increased the damaged starch content and sedimentation value, but there were no significant differences in protein or ash contents. The reduction of wheat flour particle size significantly decreased the peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown, and setback of the blends, while there were no significant differences in pasting temperature. Stress relaxation characteristics indicated that as the particle size of wheat flour decreased, dough hardness increased. The noodles made from wheat flour with a smaller particle size had a higher water absorption rate and cooking loss rate. Textural profile analysis parameters showed that as the particle size of wheat flour decreased, the hardness, chewiness, recovery, and adhesiveness of noodles showed increasing trends, and there was no significant difference in elasticity. In summary, it is found that the quality of the noodles made by sample C (D50: 78.47 µm) is better.