bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baby steps towards linking calcaneal trabecular bone ontogeny and the development of bipedal human gait
Authors: Saers Jaap P. P. , Ryan Timothy M. , Stock Jay T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTrabecular bone structure in adulthood is a product of a process of modelling during ontogeny and remodelling throughout life. Insight into ontogeny is essential to understand the functional significance of trabecular bone structural variation observed in adults. The complex shape and loading of the human calcaneus provides a natural experiment to test the relationship between trabecular morphology and locomotor development. We investigated the relationship between calcaneal trabecular bone structure and predicted changes in loading related to development of gait and body size in growing children. We sampled three main trabecular regions of the calcanei using micro‐computed tomography scans of 35 individuals aged between neonate to adult from the Norris Farms #36 site (1300 AD, USA) and from Cambridge (1200–1500 AD, UK). Trabecular properties were calculated in volumes of interest placed beneath the calcaneocuboid joint, plantar ligaments, and posterior talar facet. At birth, thin trabecular struts are arranged in a dense and relatively isotropic structure. Bone volume fraction strongly decreases in the first year of life, whereas anisotropy and mean trabecular thickness increase. Dorsal compressive trabecular bands appear around the onset of bipedal walking, although plantar tensile bands develop prior to predicted propulsive toe‐off. Bone volume fraction and anisotropy increase until the age of 8, when gait has largely matured. Connectivity density gradually reduces, whereas trabeculae gradually thicken from birth until adulthood. This study demonstrates that three different regions of the calcaneus develop into distinct adult morphologies through varying developmental trajectories. These results are similar to previous reports of ontogeny in human long bones and are suggestive of a relationship between the mechanical environment and trabecular bone architecture in the human calcaneus during growth. However, controlled experiments combined with more detailed biomechanical models of gait maturation are necessary to establish skeletal markers linking growth to loading. This has the potential to be a novel source of information for understanding loading levels, activity patterns, and perhaps life history in the fossil record.
Giving at the close: Experimental evidence on cooperation in contributing to a public good
Authors: Arbel Yuval , Bar‐El Ronen , Schwarz Mordechai E. , Tobol Yossef 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe present a simple dynamic model of contributions to a public good. We test the model by conducting a public good game experiment and fundraising experiment among religious Jewish students for the procurement of sustainable supplies for their campus synagogue. The results of the experiments show a high level of cooperation; particularly, the results of the public good experiment show that contributions are above the predicted optimum. Nevertheless, in accordance with the economic theory, we find that the contribution path is upward sloping and contributions increase with the benefit of the public good. Our findings also suggest that the level of contributions and their path are affected by peer and gender effects.
The influence of diffusion cell type and experimental temperature on machine learning models of skin permeability
Authors: Ashrafi Parivash , Sun Yi , Davey Neil , Wilkinson Simon C , Moss Gary P 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to use Gaussian process regression (GPR) methods to quantify the effect of experimental temperature (Texp) and choice of diffusion cell on model quality and performance.

Methods
Data were collated from the literature. Static and flow-through diffusion cell data were separated, and a series of GPR experiments was conducted. The effect of Texp was assessed by comparing a range of datasets where Texp either remained constant or was varied from 22 to 45 °C.

Key findings
Using data from flow-through diffusion cells results in poor model performance. Data from static diffusion cells resulted in significantly greater performance. Inclusion of data from flow-through cell experiments reduces overall model quality. Consideration of Texp improves model quality when the dataset used exhibits a wide range of experimental temperatures.

Conclusions
This study highlights the problem of collating literature data into datasets from which models are constructed without consideration of the nature of those data. In order to optimise model quality data from only static, Franz-type, experiments should be used to construct the model and Texp should either be incorporated as a descriptor in the model if data are collated from a range of studies conducted at different temperatures.
Effects of astragalus and ginseng polysaccharides on growth performance, immune function and intestinal barrier in weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Wang Kangli , Zhang Haoran , Han Qianjie , Lan Junhong , Chen Guangyong , Cao Guangtian , Yang Caimei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of astragalus polysaccharides (Aps) and ginseng polysaccharide (Gps) on growth performance, liver function, immune function, TLR4 signalling pathways and intestinal barrier in weaned piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In an experiment spanning 28 days, 180 weaned piglets were randomly divided into three treatment groups: basal diet (Con), basal diet supplemented with 800 mg/kg Gps (Gps) and basal diet supplemented with 800 mg/kg Aps (Aps). At the end of the experiment, 12 piglets of each group were selected; half (n = 6) were intraperitoneally injected with LPS and half with normal saline. Dietary supplementation with Aps and Gps significantly increased (p < .05) the average daily gain and feed conversion rate. Lipopolysaccharide challenge increased (p < .05) expression of serum urea nitrogen (BUN), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumour inflammatory factor‐α (TNF‐α), but decreased (p < .05) serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) level, total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) expression. Lipopolysaccharide‐challenged piglets fed with Aps or Gps had lower (p < .05) BUN, ALT, AST, IL‐1β and TNF‐α levels and greater (p < .05) SOD, T‐AOC and IgA levels. Lipopolysaccharide challenge increased (p < .05) the expression of TLR4, MyD88 and NF‐κB, and LPS‐challenged piglets fed diets supplemented with Aps or Gps increased TLR4 and MyD88 and decreased NF‐κB expression. Lipopolysaccharide challenge reduced (p < .05) the jejunal villus height, and piglets fed with Aps or Gps had increased (p < .05) jejunal villus height. Supplementation with Aps or Gps enhanced the expression of occludin and claudin in challenged or unchallenged piglets. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with Aps or Gps enhanced piglet growth performance, alleviated liver dysfunction and reduced immunological stress caused by LPS, as well as increased the intestinal barrier function.
“Like Walking in a Fog”—Parents' perceptions of sleep and consequences of sleep loss when staying overnight with their child in hospital
Authors: Angelhoff Charlotte , Sjølie Hege , Mörelius Evalotte , Løyland Borghild 
Published: November 2019

SummaryDisruption of parental sleep in hospital, with frequent awakenings and poor sleep quality, limits the parents' resources to meet the child's needs and maintain parental wellbeing. The aim of the study was to explore and describe how parents perceive their sleep when staying overnight with their sick child in hospital. A further aim was to explore and describe parents’ perception of what circumstances influence their sleep in the hospital. Twenty‐two parents who were accommodated with their sick child (0–17 years) in paediatric wards in Norway and Sweden participated. Interviews were conducted during the hospital stay to elicit their perspectives. Phenomenography was used to analyse data. Two descriptive categories were found: (a) “Perceptions of sleep”, with two sub‐categories: “Sleep in the paediatric ward” and “Consequences of sleep loss”; and (b) “Circumstances influencing sleep in the paediatric ward” with three sub‐categories: “The importance of the family”, “Information and routines at the paediatric ward”, and “Accommodation facilities”. Parents’ sleep and needs must be acknowledged in paediatric wards. An individual plan of care for the upcoming night could be a valuable tool for both the parents and nurses. The child's medical needs must be met with respect to the parents’ willingness to take part in the child's care during the night, and the need for rest and sleep for both parent and child.
Serotonergic system may be involved in alterations of sleep homeostasis in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Cui Su‐Ying , Huang Yuan‐Li , Cui Xiang‐Yu , Zhao Hui‐Ling , Hu Xiao , Liu Yu‐Tong , Zhang Yong‐He 
Published: November 2019

SummaryHypertension is associated with sleep disorders. Spontaneously hypertensive rats are derived from Wistar‐Kyoto rats and widely used in research on hypertension. The present study investigated the propensity to sleep and electroencephalographic spectrum changes over 24 hr in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and proposed the involvement of the serotonergic system in these alterations. Time‐course analysis showed that spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibit hyperarousal during the light phase but hypersomnia during the dark phase. Spontaneously hypertensive rats also exhibited less slight fluctuation in electroencephalographic delta power density over 24 hr as compared with Wistar‐Kyoto rats, suggesting that the accumulation or elimination of sleep pressure was disrupted. Sleep deprivation disrupted the regulation of sleep homeostasis in spontaneously hypertensive rats, reflected by less sleep time and poor sleep quality during the recovery period. The density and activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus were higher in spontaneously hypertensive rats compared with Wistar‐Kyoto rats. Interestingly, we observed the absence of fluctuations in 5‐hydroxytryptamine and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid across the sleep, wake, sleep deprivation and sleep recovery stages in spontaneously hypertensive rats, which were dramatically different from Wistar‐Kyoto rats. These results indicate that the disruption of sleep−wake pattern and sleep homeostasis in spontaneously hypertensive rats might be related to abnormalities of the serotonergic system.
Relationship between serum iohexol clearance, serum SDMA concentration, and serum creatinine concentration in non‐azotemic dogs
Authors: McKenna Myles , Pelligand Ludovic , Elliott Jonathan , Cotter Daniel , Jepson Rosanne 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundSerum creatinine and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) are used as surrogate markers of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in clinical practice. Data pertaining to the correlations between GFR, SDMA, and serum creatinine in client‐owned dogs are limited.ObjectivesTo describe the relationship between GFR, SDMA, and serum creatinine in a population of client‐owned dogs, and to compare clinical utility of SDMA to GFR estimation for detecting pre‐azotemic chronic kidney disease.AnimalsMedical records of 119 dogs that had GFR estimation performed via serum iohexol clearance between 2012 and 2017.MethodsProspective study using archived samples. GFR, SDMA, and serum creatinine results were reviewed and submitting practices contacted for outcome data. All dogs included in the study population were non‐azotemic. Correlations between GFR, SDMA, and serum creatinine were determined by regression analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of different cutoffs for SDMA and serum creatinine for detecting decreased GFR were calculated, using a 95% confidence interval.ResultsSerum creatinine and SDMA were moderately correlated with GFR (R2= 0.52 and 0.27, respectively,P< .0001) and with each other (R2= 0.33,P< .0001). SDMA >14 μg/dL was sensitive (90%) but nonspecific (50%) for detecting a ≥40% decrease in GFR. Optimal SDMA concentration cutoff for detecting a ≥40% GFR decrease was >18 μg/dL (sensitivity 90%, specificity 83%).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIn non‐azotemic dogs being screened for decreased renal function, using a cutoff of >18 μg/dL rather than >14 μg/dL increases the specificity of SDMA, without compromising sensitivity.
Early Language Environments Predict Aspects of Explicit Language Awareness Development
Authors: Atagi Natsuki , Sandhofer Catherine M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlthough language awareness is typically defined as the explicit understanding of language's functions and conventions, much evidence on the influence of diverse language environments on language awareness has shown implicit understandings of language. In contrast, this study examined whether exposure to linguistic diversity predicted monolingual children's explicit language awareness. We examined four aspects of children's explicit language awareness: ability to label languages, understanding of the communicative consequences of speaking different languages, understanding of labeling conventions, and awareness of their language environment. Participants were monolingual 3‐ to 5‐year‐olds (N = 81) who were from (a) a relatively linguistically homogenous community, (b) a relatively linguistically diverse community, or (c) a bilingual household in a relatively linguistically diverse community. Results suggest that community linguistic diversity and home bilingual exposure predict children's explicit language labeling and understanding of labeling conventions but not other aspects of language awareness. These findings provide insight into the role of early language environments in explicit language awareness development.
A new type of isotopic anomaly in shergottite sulfides
Authors: Franz Heather B. , Wu Nanping , Farquhar James , Irving Anthony J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe isotopic composition and abundance of sulfur in extraterrestrial materials are of interest for constraining models of both planetary and solar system evolution. A previous study that included phase‐specific extraction of sulfur from 27 shergottites found the sulfur isotopic composition of the Martian mantle to be similar to that of terrestrial mid‐ocean ridge basalts, the Moon, and nonmagmatic iron meteorites. However, the presence of positive Δ33S anomalies in igneous sulfides from several shergottites, indicating incorporation of atmospherically processed sulfur into the subsurface, complicated this interpretation. The current study expands upon the previous work through analyses of 20 additional shergottites, enabling tighter constraints on the isotopic composition of juvenile Martian sulfur. The updated composition (δ34S = −0.24 ± 0.05‰, Δ33S = 0.0015 ± 0.0016‰, and Δ36S = 0.039 ± 0.054‰, 2 s.e.m.), representing the weighted mean for all shergottites within the combined population of 47 without significant Δ33S anomalies, strengthens our earlier result. The presence of sulfur isotopic anomalies in igneous sulfides of some meteorites suggests that their parent magmas may have assimilated crustal material. We observed small negative Δ33S anomalies in sulfides from two meteorites, NWA 7635 and NWA 11300. Although negative Δ33S anomalies have been observed in nakhlites and ALH 84001, previous anomalies in shergottites have all shown positive values of Δ33S. Because NWA 7635 has formation age of 2.4 Ga and is much more ancient than shergottites analyzed previously, this finding expands our perspective on the continuity of Martian atmospheric sulfur photochemistry over geologic time.
Effects of Self‐Concept on Restoring a Positive Motivational State After an Exam‐Like Situation
Authors: Wimmer Sigrid , Paechter Manuela , Lackner Helmut K. , Papousek Ilona 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTExams often trigger avoidance motivation and a tendency to withdraw; instead, an approach‐oriented motivational state would be more desirable, since this encourages an invigorated and persistent approach to tasks. This study investigated the role of academic self‐concept on the activation of relative approach versus avoidance motivation during the course of an exam‐like situation. In 62 university students (50 women), academic self‐concept was assessed using self‐ratings, and activation of approach versus avoidance motivation was assessed by using the electroencephalogram alpha asymmetry response. Academic self‐concept proved to be an important moderator of motivational responses during the challenging situation. A more negative self‐concept was related to sustained decrease in approach motivation, to rumination, and to worsened mood. In contrast, a positive self‐concept was related to more positive mood and activation of approach motivation even beyond task completion. The findings have educational implications, for instance, for the design of exams and performance feedback.
The nervous and circulatory systems of a Cretaceous crinoid: preservation, palaeobiology and evolutionary significance
Authors: Saulsbury James , Zamora Samuel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFeatherstars, comatulid crinoids that shed their stalk during their ontogeny, are the most species‐rich lineage of modern crinoids and the only ones present in shallow water today. Although they are of considerable palaeontological interest as a ‘success story’ of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution, their fossil record is relatively species‐poor and fragmentary. New Spanish fossils of the Cretaceous featherstar Decameros ricordeanus preserve the shape and configuration of nervous and circulatory anatomy in the form of infilled cavities, which we reconstruct from CT scans. The circulatory system of D. ricordeanus was relatively extensive and complex, implying a pattern of coelomic fluid flow that is unique among crinoids, and the peripheral parts of the nervous system include linkages both to the circulatory system and to the surface of the body. A phylogenetic analysis (the first to include both living and fossil featherstars and which includes characters from internal anatomy) recovers D. ricordeanus among the lineage of featherstars that includes Himerometroidea, Tropiometra and ‘Antedonoidea’, among others. D. ricordeanus is larger than almost any modern featherstar, and its elaborate coelomic morphology appears to be a consequence of positive allometry. All featherstars with coelomic diverticula are shown to belong to a single comatulid subclade, and this feature may constitute a synapomorphy of that group. Some preservation of cavities corresponding to soft tissue is probably not exceptional in fossil crinoids, providing an opportunity to study the diversity and evolution of extinct anatomical systems typically only preserved in Lagerstätten.
Tomato roots have a functional silicon influx transporter but not a functional silicon efflux transporter
Authors: Sun Hao , Duan Yaoke , Mitani‐Ueno Namiki , Che Jing , Jia Jianhua , Liu Jiaqi , Guo Jia , Ma Jian Feng , Gong Haijun 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSilicon (Si) accumulation in shoots differs greatly with plant species, but the molecular mechanisms for this interspecific difference are unknown. Here, we isolated homologous genes of rice Si influx (SlLsi1) and efflux (SlLsi2) transporter genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicumL.) and functionally characterized these genes. SlLsi1 showed transport activity for Si when expressed in both ricelsi1mutant andXenopus laevisoocytes.SlLsi1was constitutively expressed in the roots. Immunostaining showed that SlLsi1 was localized at the plasma membrane of both root tip and basal region without polarity. Furthermore, overexpression ofSlLsi1in tomato increased Si concentration in the roots and root cell sap but did not alter the Si concentration in the shoots. By contrast, two Lsi2‐like proteins did not show efflux transport activity for Si inXenopusoocytes. However, when functionalCsLsi2from cucumber was expressed in tomato, the Si uptake was significantly increased, resulting in higher Si accumulation in the leaves and enhanced tolerance of the leaves to water deficit and high temperature. Our results suggest that the low Si accumulation in tomato is attributed to the lack of functional Si efflux transporter Lsi2 required for active Si uptake although SlLsi1 is functional.
Smoking behavior and social contexts associated with smoking among dual‐smoker couples
Authors: Choi Seung Hee , Ling Jiying , Noonan Devon , Kim Woojong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo examine smoking behavior and social contexts related to smoking among dual‐smoker couples.DesignCross‐sectional online survey study.SampleA convenience sample of 183 dual‐smoker couples.MeasurementsInvestigator‐developed survey on smoking and related social contexts.ResultsParticipants smoked 16.0 cigarettes daily for 14.2 years; 48.4% shared more than half of their smoking time with their spouse. More than half made quit attempts in the past year individually (M = 5.3) and jointly (M = 2.5). Couples sharing more smoking time were more likely to be motivated to quit (p = .002), make quit attempts (p < .0001), and be interested in cessation interventions (p = .002); but less likely to implement home smoking bans (p < .001). Among those who reported quit attempts, 41% quit by themselves and 15.3% sought professional assistance. Most common reasons for relapse were chronic stress and crisis, 63.6%, however, were interested in smoking cessation services, preferably technology‐based interventions.ConclusionsWe found smoking interdependence within dual‐smoker couples. Despite high levels of motivation to quit, most did not utilize professional help, leading to low successful quit rates. Technology‐based smoking cessation interventions incorporating spousal support and addressing stress/crisis may best assist dual‐smoker couples.
A biased firm in a market with complementary products. A note on the welfare effects
Authors: Buchen Clemens , Palermo Alberto 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe analyse a duopoly setting with complementary products, in which a firm has a bias about its absolute advantage. We show that the bias can internalize parts of the negative externality that the complementarity of goods creates implying a higher producer's surplus. Moreover, we analyse additional conditions, which lead to an increase in the consumer's surplus. Counterintuitively, we show that the presence of a bias can lead to a positive welfare effect.