bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Biess Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The conclusion explains what was distinctly “German” about German Angst after 1945. It summarizes the argument of the book and reflects on the general historical factors that explain the rise and fall of specific fears in postwar Germany. Recurring episodes of fear resulted from changing international and global contexts. Intense media attention exacerbated certain fears, whereas shifting scientific understandings of emotions enabled other fears. Political elites engaged in a deliberate politics of fear, but fears and emotions more generally often evaded attempts at control or manipulation. The conclusion then also discusses the significance of the history of fear for our contemporary political moment.
Maximizing Expected Choiceworthiness
Authors: MacAskill William , Bykvist Krister , Ord Toby 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this chapter we argue that, in conditions of interval-scale measurability and unit-comparability, one should maximize expected choice worthiness. Though this position has often been suggested in the literature and is often taken to be the ‘default’ view, it has so far received little in the way of positive argument in its favour. We start, in section I, by providing new arguments against two rival theories that have been proposed in the literature—the accounts which we call My Favourite Theory and My Favourite Option. Then we give a novel argument for the view that, under moral uncertainty, one should take into account both probabilities of different theories and magnitudes of choice-worthiness. Finally, we argue in favour of maximizing expected choice-worthiness (MEC).
Ordinal Theories and the Social Choice Analogy
Authors: MacAskill William , Bykvist Krister , Ord Toby 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe introduce and discuss the problems of intertheoretic incomparability and merely ordinal theories. We then introduce the analogy between decision-making under moral uncertainty and social choice, and explain how this analogy can help us to overcome these problems. The rest of the chapter is spent fleshing out how this idea can help us to develop a theory of decision-making under moral uncertainty that is applicable even when all theories under consideration are merely ordinal, and even when there is neither level-nor unit- comparability between those theories. We consider whether My Favourite Theory or My Favourite Option might be the right theory of decision-making under moral uncertainty in conditions of merely ordinal theories and incomparability, but reject both of these accounts. We defend the idea that, when maximizing choice worthiness is not possible, one should use the Borda Rule instead.
Metaethical Implications
Authors: MacAskill William , Bykvist Krister , Ord Toby 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we show that moral uncertainty creates a challenge for another metaethical view, namely non-cognitivism, according to which moral judgements are desires, or some other desire-like states, rather than beliefs. We show that it is surprisingly difficult, though perhaps not impossible, for non-cognitivists to accommodate moral uncertainty, for they lack the resources to adequately distinguish degrees of moral confidence and degrees of value ascribed to things. We discuss Lenman’s and Ridge’s versions of ecumenical expressivism and argue that neither are able to satisfactorilty explain moral uncertainty. We consider Sepielli’s defense, based on the ‘being for’ account of normative certitude, but argue that it, too, suffers from grave problems.
LU decomposition
Authors: Bisseling Rob H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses parallel dense matrix computations, in particular the solution of linear systems by LU decomposition with partial row pivoting. It first presents a general Cartesian scheme for the distribution of matrices. Based on BSP cost analysis, the square cyclic distribution is proposed as particularly suitable for matrix computations such as LU decomposition and Gaussian elimination. The chapter introduces two-phase broadcasting of vectors, which is a useful collective-communication method for sending copies of matrix rows or columns to a group of processors. It also discusses how to achieve high performance by delaying rank-1 matrix updates to create a multiple-rank update, which can be carried out by multiplying tall-and-skinny matrices in a cache-friendly manner. The high-performance parallel LU decomposition is tested on a top-ranking supercomputer, and its performance is analysed with respect to computation, communication, and synchronization.
The fast Fourier transform
Authors: Bisseling Rob H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the use of different data distributions in different phases of a parallel fast Fourier transform (FFT), which is a regular computation with a predictable but challenging data access pattern. Both the block and cyclic distributions are used and also intermediates between them. Each required data redistribution is a permutation that involves communication. By making careful choices, the number of such redistributions can be kept to a minimum. FFT algorithms can be concisely expressed using matrix/vector notation and Kronecker matrix products. This notation is also used here. The chapter then shows how permutations with a regular pattern can be implemented more efficiently by packing the data. The parallelization techniques discussed for the specific case of the FFT are also applicable to other related computations, for instance in signal processing and weather forecasting.
Sparse matrix–vector multiplication
Authors: Bisseling Rob H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces irregular algorithms and presents the example of parallel sparse matrix-vector multiplication (SpMV), which is the central operation in iterative linear system solvers. The irregular sparsity pattern of the matrix does not change during the multiplication, which may be repeated many times. This justifies putting a lot of effort into finding a good data distribution. The Mondriaan distribution of a sparse matrix is a useful non-Cartesian distribution that can be found by hypergraph-based partitioning. The Mondriaan package implements such a partitioning and also the newer medium-grain partitioning method. The chapter analyses the special cases of random sparse matrices and Laplacian matrices. It uses performance profiles and geometric means to compare different partitioning methods. Furthermore, it presents the hybrid-BSP model and a hybrid-BSP SpMV, which are aimed at hybrid distributed/shared-memory architectures. The parallel SpMV can be incorporated in applications, ranging from PageRank computation to artificial neural networks.
The Late Ottoman Practice of Violence, 1878–1914
Authors: Robson Laura 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys developments within the late Ottoman state. It begins by exploring communal relations during the period of tanzimat reforms, going on to investigate how the takeover of the Ottoman state by a group of military politicians from Salonika, their attempted centralization and territorialization of the Ottoman state as a response to the Balkan losses, and the European ethnicization of imperial intervention—not yet fully evident in the Arab provinces but certainly becoming clear in the Balkans and the Caucasus—served to shape the consciousness of Arab political elites and formed the backdrop to later expressions of political violence in the Mashriq.
The Violence of World War, 1914–1920
Authors: Robson Laura 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates the unfolding of the war in the Arab provinces, examining how imperial reforms morphed into extreme violence as the Ottoman state enacted genocidal campaigns against Armenians and practiced political repression against Arab activists while European forces invaded, blockaded, and occupied the famine-stricken Levant. It focuses in particular on the rather sudden delegitimization of Ottoman authority in the Mashriq as a consequence of the multiple Allied invasions; the Committee of Union and Progress’s emerging policies of mass conscription, material requisitioning, and political repression in greater Syria and the Iraqi provinces, symbolized particularly by the public executions in Beirut and Damascus in 1915 and 1916. It also articulates how the Allied military campaigns in Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine aimed not only to defeat the Ottomans but also to establish the outlines of a postcolonial absorption of these territories and their resources into the British and French Empires.
Voter Behaviour
Authors: Thorlakson Lori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
How do party organizational and party system linkages help us understand how voters treat multi-level contexts? It is commonly argued that federal contexts disrupt the accountability mechanism. Do certain institutional designs of federalism affect this? Institutional designs that maximize the autonomy of each level of government should preserve the clarity of responsibility more than institutional designs that create a high degree of interdependence between levels of government. The existence of other forms of political linkage, at the party organizational and party system level, should also affect the emergence of linked political behaviour. This chapter tests whether this prediction holds using aggregate-level electoral data to identify barometer voting and subnational economic voting effects across seven multi-level systems. It then uses individual-level data to more closely examine how and when partisanship serves as a linkage mechanism in the case of Canada.
Introduction
Authors: Gellert Raphaël 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The introductory chapter frames the way the topic of the risk-based approach will be addressed throughout the book. Rather than studying the risk-based approach as a given that is often seen as the irreconcilable opposite of the so-called rights-based approach (directly stemming from the status of data protection as a fundamental right of the EU), it sees the risk-based approach instead as the latest avatar of a series of regulation models applied in the data protection context. If the risk-based approach is the implementation of a regulation model to data protection, this means that the rights-based approach, and data protection more generally, has always had something to do with regulation. Furthermore, given the crucial importance that risk management tools play in the regulation model at stake, the issue becomes one of the entanglement of data protection law, risk, and regulation. One of the main points put forth is that the principle of proportionality is common to data protection law, regulation, and risk. From this perspective it frames the shift from the rights-based approach to the risk-based approach as a matter of variations around the proportionality principle. These variations are encapsulated in the different models of regulation at play: from the command and control model of the Data Protection Directive, to the meta regulation model underpinning the risk-based approach in the GDPR and other statutes.
Fundamental notions
Authors: Gellert Raphaël 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is twofold. First, it provides a comprehensive overview of two key notions: risk and regulation. In the case of risk this includes the following. An explanation of risk and risk management, including an appraisal and description of the technical notion of risk as it appears in ISO Standards. It also provides for a discussion of some of the key methods for assessing and managing risks, including some of the main drawbacks and criticisms that have been raised against the use of risk management. In the case of regulation, it includes a more in-depth analysis of the notion, and of its constitutive elements; a discussion on the conflation between law and regulation; and a discussion on what exactly the object of regulation is. These discussions of key caveats pertaining to these two notions serve as the backbone of many of the analyses carried out in later chapters (e.g. understanding data protection in the light of the constitutive elements of regulation, discussing various methods for data protection risk management, etc). Second, beyond these caveats, this chapter also shows and contrasts how both risk and regulation can be analysed as a matter of two balancing exercises with associated safeguards, and hence, as variations around the proportionality principle. A grid at the end of the chapter summarises this, with reference to the European Convention on Human Rights proportionality test.
A Thousand Years of History
Authors: Wall Stephen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Joining the European Community would, in the words of Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell, be ‘the end of a thousand years of history’. Britain, as an island, was set apart from continental Europe both geographically, politically, and psychologically. It had fought off invasion and fought continental wars to prevent the formation of too-dominant continental alliances. But Britain’s economic and political life was inextricably bound up with that of the continent and its own monarchical dynasties were sometimes more foreign than domestic in origin. The English Reformation was a key definer of national identity and resistance to continental encroachment. The Second World War entrenched British confidence in the UK’s national institutions, which had stood against tyranny, by comparison with those on the continent that had been disgraced or destroyed. After the Second World War, Winston Churchill played a key role in the vision that became the European Community but he wanted to be ‘with’ it, not ‘of’ it.
The Price of Victory
Authors: Wall Stephen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Post-war Labour and Conservative governments saw the UK’s global interests as lying primarily with the United States and the Commonwealth. They took no part in the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community or in the proposed European Defence Community, though, when the EDC idea foundered, Prime Minister Anthony Eden played a prominent role in promoting European defence, just as Labour Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin had done in fostering the establishment of NATO. The British sent only an observer to the Messina Conference (1956) that negotiated the terms of the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Community (EEC). The UK set up its own trading bloc (EFTA) but it could not compete politically or economically with the EEC and, in 1961, the government of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan applied for EEC membership, despite the opposition of France’s President de Gaulle.
Introduction
Authors: da Costa Alexandra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Introduction foregrounds the ways in which printers paid attention to market developments, both in England and in Europe, and the successes and failures of the books they and their competitors printed. It establishes how books were physically sold in this period, including the role of printers’ advertisements, what bookshops were like, and the importance of browsing in the buying process. A final section summarizes the development of different paratexts to market books within that context, including title-pages, woodcuts, tables of contents and indices, and errata notices. It also considers how printers exploited similarities and complementarity between books to suggest sammelbände (compilations).
For the Reader’s Digest
Authors: da Costa Alexandra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Even as travel guides and pilgrimage souvenirs encouraged readers to be interested in distant places, printers exploited a counterbalancing attention to the household. Chapter 6 looks at the printing of guides to husbandry (that is, land management), cooking, carving, and other practical topics related to the household. It explores how printers developed these reference works and shifted away from printing material of most relevance to those at the apex of society to guides relevant to a broader swathe of readers, including women. The chapter argues that printers recognized the potential demand for material related to domestic life and, by offering works that first tangentially and then explicitly concerned the household, gave it a greater visibility and importance in the early Tudor imagination, making it available for increased religious, political, and imaginative use from the 1530s onwards.
Family, Community, and Mental Wellbeing
Authors: Cable Noriko , Sekine Michikazu , Koike Shinsuke 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Japanese demographic changed rapidly after 1945. There was rapid ageing, a sharp decline in three-generation households, and a rise in solo households. Still, the Japanese family-based collective culture continues to shape individuals’ overall beliefs and attitudes within society. The demographic shift has become a significant constraint on the Japanese social care system, manifesting as ro-ro kaigo (the old caring for the older), kaigo-rishoku (leaving employment to become a carer), and ‘8050’ (parents in their eighties caring for socially withdrawn children in their fifties). The national tendency towards social detachment makes such problems difficult to address. Today, Japan is finding a way to overcome these social challenges and establish an inclusive society by re-connecting people, including the mentally ill, within communities by tapping into the culturally inherited collective mentality of its people.
Chronic Diseases and Risk Factor Trends in Japan
Authors: Iso Hiroyasu , Maruyama Kotatsu , Yamagishi Kazumasa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Top longevity in Japan since the 1990s was primarily due to a large reduction in the incidence of stroke and a moderate reduction in ischaemic heart disease. Such trends in cardiovascular diseases in Japan are attributable to population-level health and changes in cardiovascular risk factors, especially (a) the high but largely reduced prevalence of hypertension and smoking (in men), and (b) the low but increased or stable prevalence of high blood cholesterol and the low prevalence of overweight and diabetes. Economic development, integrated activities in public health services, and improved medical care contributed to these favourable trends for stroke and ischaemic heart disease in Japan, reducing the urban-rural inequalities in cardiovascular diseases, risk factors and behaviours. An important aspect of cardiovascular health in Japan is national resistance to westernization of diet although meat and dairy consumption has tended to increase. Growing socioeconomic gradients among the ageing population however might worsen the health inequalities in cardiovascular health, requiring urgent measures for healthy ageing.
Cancer Inequalities in Japan
Authors: Ito Yuri , Rachet Bernard 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Cancer death has been Japan’s greatest public health enemy since the 1980s, after controlling infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis. Improvement in cancer survival due to the development of effective cancer treatment and the spread of screening for early detection of cancer has led to declining trends in cancer mortality. However, inequalities in cancer outcome have been observed and trends in inequalities for some cancers have widened in Japan. Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer can be partly explained by differences in the prevalence of cancer risks and screening uptakes. Issues of access to treatment and diagnostic differences still need clarification due to the lack of data in Japan. We need to understand the mechanisms of inequalities in cancer occurrence, detection, and treatment to deal with this barrier to cancer control.
Social Determinants of Health on the Island of Okinawa
Authors: Shirai Kokoro 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how island of Okinawa achieved the highest longevity in the world and why it then came to have high premature death rate in Japan. Okinawa returned to Japanese control in 1972 and for 20 years from 1975 to 1995 had the highest life expectancy and the highest number of centenarians per 100,000 population in the country. These days, Okinawa has a higher prevalence of obesity and higher mortality rates among 40-65 years-old than mainland Japan. This chapter seeks to understand the reasons for the health changes, from historical and cultural perspectives as example of social determinants of health.
New Legal Pluralism and Transnational Private Law
Authors: Mak Vanessa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter makes an analysis of the theoretical foundations of lawmaking in European private law. It shows that they can be traced to transnational and constitutional pluralist theories. The main question is in which respects legal pluralism should replace the monist, state-centred perspective on lawmaking that prevailed in Western Europe since the creation of the Westphalian nation state. It is argued that, even though the state remains the primary locus for lawmaking in private law in the EU, the rise of private regulation and the interaction between courts through judicial dialogues plead in favour of adopting a strong legal pluralist perspective. ‘Strong’ or ‘radical’ legal pluralism, other than monism or ‘ordered’ legal pluralism, holds that norms can co-exist without a formal hierarchy. Both a descriptive and a normative case are put forward in support of adopting this perspective.
Realizing the EU Social Market Economy through Law
Authors: Mak Vanessa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter asserts that a case can be made for a strong legal pluralist theory of lawmaking in European private law. It takes a discursive approach, focusing on some aspects that require further consideration. The chapter considers how, and to what extent, the regulation of offline transactions is affected by the perceived shift towards legal pluralism. In addition, the chapter assesses which risks are posed to the instrumental-normative framework by political, economic, and social divides in the EU. Finally, the chapter closes with a reflection on the connections that could be made between certain fields such as citizens' rights as workers or in relation to environmental protection, opening up vistas for further research on lawmaking in European private law.
Introduction
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Virginia Woolf dismissed Byron’s early poetry as ‘album stuff’ and critics have assumed album poetry is inherently unoriginal and imitative. The introduction challenges these received ideas by laying out the aesthetic and cultural interest of this neglected hybrid, protean form designed to be read and circulated in manuscript, and which developed its own poetic language, generic conventions, and common themes. Writers of album poetry range from canonical Romantic poets, women poets, society poets, to amateurs, and albums create social spaces where different views of gender, hierarchy, and poetry clash. ‘Albo-mania’ has been seen as a phenomenon of the 1820s. The introduction traces the fashion’s origins in the 1780s, defines and contextualizes key terms ‘album verse’ and ‘album’, while analysis of Byron’s ‘Written in an Album’ (1812) lays out the characteristics and creative possibilities of album poetry examined in the six case studies which follow.