Influence of Chloride Concentration on the Pitting Probability of Copper Using Coupled Multielectrode Arrays
Authors: Matin Sina , Morgan Adam , Tahmasebi Arezoo , Behazin Mehran , Davison Matthew , Noel James 
Published: December 2020

The preferred disposal method for used nuclear fuel is to seal it in containers emplaced in a deep geologic repository (DGR) in a suitable rock formation. In Canada, the container is a robust steel vessel coated with 3 mm of Cu as a corrosion barrier. Eventually, the DGR environment will become anoxic, and in the absence of oxygen copper is thermodynamically stable in water. However, since exposure conditions will initially be oxidizing due to the presence of O2 trapped on sealing the DGR, there is a possibility of localized corrosion. Mass balance calculations show that uniform corrosion during this period will be within the designed corrosion allowance, however, since the Cu coating is relatively thin and the required lifetime is long, the risk of pitting corrosion during this period must be carefully evaluated.
Pitting corrosion susceptibility is determined by the corrosion potential of the material (Ecorr, the potential at which the rates of all anodic and cathodic reactions are equal), and the breakdown potential (Eb, the potential at which the copper oxidation rate on the surface increases abruptly due to the breakdown of the protective film), both of which are distributed parameters, due to the stochastic nature of passive film rupture and any uncontrollable variations in the structure and local environment at the metal surface. It is important to note that the analysis is based on the concept that pitting is only possible if the Ecorr is equal to, or more positive than the Eb. In this work, a multielectrode array was used to obtain a statistically meaningful set of potential measurements through the simultaneous monitoring of 30 electrodes to determine their corrosion and breakdown potentials. From the extensive database thus acquired, we defined the Ecorr and Eb distributions for copper electrodes exposed to solutions containing various chloride concentrations. Our previous studies showed passive behavior of copper surface exposed to high pH solutions. Therefore, a more thorough evaluation of the relative values of Ecorr and Eb is required to determine the susceptibility to pitting. Experiments were conducted by using multielectrode array at 25 C and pH 11. In alkaline solutions, copper oxide is more stable and can form a passive film, whereas chloride promotes the breakdown of the passive film. As the chloride concentration increased, values of Ecorr and Eb decreased, suggesting that the solubility of copper increases with increasing chloride concentration. Therefore, the stability of the passive film is decreased in the presence of chloride.
In general, the possibility of pitting increases with growing overlap between the distribution curves of Ecorr and Eb. To evaluate the possibility of pitting, histograms and distribution curves of Ecorr and Eb in the solutions what have different chloride concentrations were compared. In lower chloride concentrations, there was a very small overlap between Ecorr and Eb; consequently, the possibility of pitting under these conditions is very low. On the other hand, a high chloride concentration at high pH contributed to a higher probability of pitting, as the overlap between Ecorr and Eb distributions increased.