bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interrelationship of Nitrogen and Light on Episodic Growth of Ligustrum japonicum
Authors: Kuehny Jeff S. , Decoteau Dennis R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Exclusion of nitrogen and light from existing leaves at initiation of an episode of shoot growth decreased shoot and root relative growth rate. The combination of both nitrogen and light exclusion synergistically impacted relative growth rate for shoot (RGRs) and relative growth rate for root (RGRr). The next episode of shoot growth provided sufficient leaf area for carbohydrate assimilation and maintaining shoot and root growth rates when light was excluded from mature leaves. A better understanding of the developmental and biochemical changes of this episodic species provided useful information for timing of fertilizer application and transplanting of Ligustrum and other episodic species.
Metolachlor and Simazine Leaching through Horticultural Substrates
Authors: Mahnken G.E. , Skroch W.A. , Sheets T.J. , Leidy R.B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study was designed to determine whether differences existed in the amount of Derby (metolachlor and simazine) leached through four substrates used in container production. Substrate compositions (by vol) used in this study were 3:1 redwood bark:sand, 2:1:1 redwood bark:Yolo loam:sand, 3:1 pine bark:sand, and 1:1 composted hardwood bark:pine bark. Substrates were packed into #3 containers, and 4.5 kg ai/ha (4 lb ai/A) of metolachlor and 1.1 kg ai/ha (1 lb ai/A) of simazine were applied to the containers as a granular formulation. Containers were leached with 2.7 cm (1.06 in) of water per day, and leachate samples were collected 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 days after herbicide application. Both herbicides were detected in the redwood bark:sand leachate on the day of herbicide application, and concentrations increased over time but appeared to level off between day 8 and day 16. Metolachlor and simazine were detected in the redwood bark:Yolo loam:sand leachate 4 days after application, and concentrations of both herbicides increased over time. Metolachlor and simazine were detected in a few leachate samples from the hardwood bark:pine bark and pine bark:sand substrates. Substrate ranking based on the amount of herbicide lost was 3:1 redwood bark:sand &gt;2:1:1 redwood bark:Yolo loam:sand &gt;1:1 hardwood bark:pine bark &gt;3:1 pine bark:sand.
Influence of Irrigation Water Salinity on Optimal Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Liquid Fertilizer Rates for Spathiphyllum ‘Petite’
Authors: Campos Ricardo , Reed David Wm. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The experiment was a 5 × 5 factorial composed of 5 fertilizer levels and 5 salinity levels applied to Spathiphyllum ‘Petite’. Fertilizer levels were 0, 125, 250, 375 and 500 mg/l (ppm) N from a 24N-3.4P-13.3K (24-8-16) soluble fertilizer. Salinity levels were 0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/l (ppm) from NaCl:CaCl2 in a 1:1 equivalent ratio. Maximum growth was observed at 250 mg/l N and no salts. At the highest salinity level tested (2000 mg/l), maximum growth was observed at 125 mg/l N. Generally, as salinity level increased the measured growth parameters decreased. Leaf calcium, sodium, and chloride increased with increasing levels of salinity in the irrigation water. Leaf nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium generally increased with increasing levels of fertilizer, but were not affected by salinity levels. It is possible that high sodium and chloride concentration in leaves produced an ion toxicity.
The Contribution of Landscaping to the Price of Single Family Houses: A Study of Home Sales in Greenville, South Carolina
Authors: Henry Mark S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The market for housing is often analyzed from the hedonic perspective where the characteristics of the house and its location together influence its market price. In this study, the contribution of the quality of landscaping to the house price is estimated. Using data from a sample of 288 recent home sales in Greenville, South Carolina, a linear in the logs regression of house price on house characteristics, location and landscape quality was estimated. A house that obtained an excellent landscaping rating from a local landscaping professional could expect a sales price of about 4 to 5 percentage points higher (depending on the size of the lot) than equivalent houses with good landscaping. Homes with landscaping appeal far below (fair or poor) neighboring homes with excellent landscapes can expect a sales price 8–10% below equivalent homes with good landscaping appeal.
Persistent Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Landscape Performance of Seed Geraniums
Authors: Latimer Joyce G. , Baden Sherrod A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In 1988, spray applications of 3.5 or 7 ppm paclobutrazol, 1500 ppm chlormequat, or 200 ppm ancymidol were applied to seed geraniums (Pelargonium x hortorum L. H. Bailey ‘Ringo White’ and ‘Ringo Rose’) to determine effects on growth in the greenhouse and the subsequent growth and performance of treated plants in the landscape. All growth retardants reduced stem length and shoot dry weight as well as time required for flowering, while branching was increased relative to the untreated plants. Flowering in the landscape was increased by all growth regulator treatments at 4 weeks after planting but was generally not different from the untreated plants at 6 weeks after planting. Plant height and width were reduced by all treatments for both cultivars, relative to untreated plants, at 4 weeks after planting. However, only 7 ppm paclobutrazol reduced height and width of ‘Ringo White’ plants at 6 weeks after planting. Plant height, but not width, was reduced by all treatments for ‘Ringo Rose’ at 6 weeks after planting.
In 1989, seedlings of ‘Ringo Rose’ were treated with 3.5, 7, 16, 40, or 80 ppm paclobutrazol or 1500 ppm chlormequat or 200 ppm ancymidol. Seedling growth was excessively reduced by 40 or 80 ppm paclobutrazol. Time required for flowering was not reduced by growth regulators in 1989. Landscape performance under conditions of excess rain was not improved by plant growth regulators and the height of plants treated with 16, 40 or 80 ppm paclobutrazol was still less than that of the untreated plants at 12 weeks after planting. Only chlormequat controlled plant growth in the greenhouse without delaying the resumption of growth in the landscape.
Cyclic Sprinkler Irrigation of Container Substrate Affects Water Distribution and Marigold Growth
Authors: Karam Nabila S. , Niemiera Alexander X. , Leda Carol E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine how cyclic sprinkler irrigation (daily water allotment applied in more than one application) influenced water distribution and leaching, and marigold growth in a pine bark (PB) or a PB:sand (S) substrate. Marigolds (Tagetes erecta L. ‘Apollo’), were grown in PB-filled 3.8 liter (1 gal) containers. Substrate was allowed to dry via evapotranspiration (ET) to targeted pre-irrigation substrate water contents (PSWC) and respective ET volumes were applied as a single application (continuous) or by multiple applications (cyclic irrigation) via a simulated sprinkler irrigation system; leachates were collected. In the first experiment, the influences of irrigation method, continuous and cyclic irrigation, on water distribution in the top, middle and bottom substrate (9: 1pine bark to sand, by vol) sections were investigated. Two hundred seventy five (275) ml were applied continuously or cyclically (three 92 ml allotments with 1 hr interval between applications) to containers at 84 % of container capacity (CC). In the second experiment, marigolds were grown in a growth chamber for three weeks and received 12 irrigations. In each irrigation, a complete nutrient solution was applied continuously or cyclically (three applications each of one-third of the total volume with 1 hr between applications). Substrate solution N concentration (via pour-through method), leachate N, and plant growth was measured. In the first experiment, gravimetric water contents of top and middle substrate sections were similar, whereas the water content of the bottom section was higher with cyclic than with continuous. In the second experiment, root dry weight was 43% higher, shoot fresh and dry weights were similar, and plant N concentration was 0.7% higher (absolute basis) with cyclic than with continuous irrigation. Irrigation method had no influence on substrate solution and leachate NO3-N and NH4-N concentrations. However, total N leached was 43% higher with continuous than with cyclic irrigation. These results demonstrate that cyclic irrigation increased root N concentration and root growth without a toxic accumulation of N in the substrate solution.
Micropropagation of Gas Plant (Dictamnus albus L.)
Authors: Jones Rodney O. , Geneve Robert L. , Kester Sharon T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Gas plant.(Dictamnus albus L.) was successfully micropropagated from greenhouse-grown plants capable of flowering. Stems from initial spring growth were surface disinfested and two- node sections were placed horizontally on modified Murishige and Skoog medium with 1 μM (0.2, ppm) benzyladenine (BA). A dose response to BA at 1,5 and 10 μM (0.2, 1.1,2.3 ppm) indicated that the greatest number of usable microshoots was observed in cultures from horizontally placed explants treated with 1 μM (0.2 ppm) BA. These cultures initiated between 7.6 and 9.5 shoots per culture with approximately 70% of the shoots greater than 2 cm (0.8 in). Microcuttings rooted poorly in vitro even with indolebutyric acid in the medium. However, microcuttings rooted between 71 and 86 percent under ex vitro conditions. Microcuttings either untreated or treated with indolebutyric acid (5,000 or 10,000 ppm) as a quick dip produced 1.8 to 2.6 roots per rooted cutting after being directly stuck in a peat-lite medium (Metro-Mix or Promix) in cell packs under high humidity. Untreated microcuttings rooted at higher percentages (67 to 88%) in peat-lite media compared to perlite or vermitculite (25 to 58%). Rooted microcuttings were successfully acclimatized to greenhouse conditions by gradually reducing humidity.
Water Relations and Growth of Vinca Following Chemical Growth Regulation
Authors: Fuller Kim P. , Zajicek Jayne M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Growth of vinca (Vinca major (L.)) was limited by either a medium drench application of uniconazole of 2 or 4 mg a.i. per pot or a foliar spray application of 2, 4, or 6.25 mg a.i. per plant, both applied in 25 ml (0.75 fl oz) of water. Shoot length, leaf number, leaf area, leaf dry weight and stem dry weight averaged over uniconazole treatments were 51%, 45%, 32%, 33%, and 38% less than control plants, respectively. When compared to control plants, water use of chemically treated plants was reduced by 35% due to the reduction of leaf area and also lower stomatal conductance readings. Stomatal conductance readings of chemically treated plants were 2 to 5 times less than control plants indicating the plant size was not the only factor affecting plant water use.
Landscape Installation Firms: II. Source of Plant Material
Authors: Garber M.P. , Bondari K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The plant material purchasing patterns of landscape installers, which could help nurserymen develop marketing plans for this important segment of the green industry are identified in this study. Landscape installers revealed that approximately 97% of Georgia landscape installation firms purchased plants in-state and, in-state purchases were 73% of all plant material purchases. Most firms (91%) purchased directly from growers and obtained the largest percentage of plant material from this source (59.4%). The most important factors in selection of the production nursery where plants were purchased, as judged by the percent response for ‘very important’, were plant quality (85.3%), availability of plant material in desired sizes (62.7%) and, availability of plant varieties (60.0%). The quality of eight categories of plants grown in Georgia, relative to other states, was favorable. Landscape installation firms expected to purchase the same or greater quantities of plants over the next five years. The top three plant material trends likely to affect the type of plants purchased by landscape installers were decreased water availability (23.7%), increased demand for low maintenance landscapes (21.4%) and increased use of native or stress tolerant plants (17.6%). Across all size firms, the two most frequently listed opportunities for plant producers to help landscape installers were improved size and quality standards, and awareness of plant material specified by landscape architects so requested material is available. The results in this study varied by size of firm and provide valuable insight for development of marketing plans for growers serving the landscape installation industry.
Propagation of Pistacia chinensis by Mound Layering
Authors: Dunn Diane E. , Cole Janet C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chinese pistache (Pistacia chinensis, Bunge.) is a commonly recommended landscape shade tree in the nursery and landscape industry. Currently, Chinese pistache trees are propagated commercially from seed, which results in highly variable branch habit and fall color. Mature Chinese pistache, like other Pistacia have proven difficult to root, graft, or bud successfully. This study was initiated to investigate the potential of mound layering as an alternative vegetative propagation method for producing genetically identical clones of superior mature Chinese pistache trees. Results from a greenhouse pre-trial in which trees were cut at two different heights and at three different morphological stages showed that significantly more shoots were produced when stock plants were cut 5 cm (2 in) above the soil line compared to 1 cm (0.4 in), and when trees completely broke dormancy before cutting. Field trials during two consecutive years evaluated four treatments consisting of 1) wound; 2) 17,500 ppm IBA; 3) wound and 17,500 ppm IBA 4) no wound, no IBA. In 1993, 77% and in 1994, 75%of wounded shoots treated with IBA produced roots.
Growth Control of Asiatic Jasmine and Carolina Jessamine with Uniconazole
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Foster William J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A single foliar spray of 75 to 300 ppm uniconazole suppressed runner elongation of Trachelospermum asiaticum (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai (Asiatic or Japanese star jasmine) for 9 weeks. Uniconazole did not, however, affect number of runners exceeding 20.3 cm (8 in) in length or shoot dry weight. Two foliar sprays of 300 to 900 ppm uniconazole or two drench applications of 3 to 20 mg ai/pot, applied 6½ weeks apart, suppressed lengths of the longest runners for at least 19 and 6 weeks, respectively, and runner number exceeding 20.3 cm (8 in) and shoot dry weight for 46 weeks. Two foliar sprays of 75 to 300 ppm uniconazole or two drench applications of 1 to 5 mg ai/pot, applied 14 weeks apart, reduced shoot dry weight of Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. (Carolina jessamine) 38 and 59 weeks after initial treatment, but had no effect on shoot length as early as 14 weeks after initial treatment. Shoot length of jessamine was reduced 6 and 19 weeks after initial treatment with two foliar sprays of 300 to 900 ppm uniconazole or two drench applications of 3 to 20 mg ai/pot. Foliar rates of 600 or 900 ppm and drench rates of 10 to 20 mg ai/pot suppressed shoot growth of jessamine excessively and were considered unacceptable.
Turf Herbicide Injury to Landscape Trees as Influenced by Mulch
Authors: Smith L.J. , Skroch W.A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A two year field study was conducted in 1991 and 1992 to evaluate the sensitivity of landscape trees to certain turf herbicides as affected by mulch. The study included four tree species (‘Bradford’ callery pear, crape myrtle, Eastern redbud, red maple), four mulch treatments (shredded hardwood bark, pine bark, pine needles, no mulch), and six herbicide treatments [Banvel (dicamba), BAS 514 OOH (quinclorac), Image (imazaquin), Redeem (triclopyr), Stinger (clopyralid)]. Herbicides were applied as directed sprays at the labeled rates for use on turf. Visual injury (%) ratings were measured at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after treatment. Trunk diameters and total plant fresh weights were measured at the conclusion of the study. In most cases, applying the herbicide over mulch decreased tree injury compared to applications to bare soil (Fig. 3). Red maples were most severely injured by Stinger (clopyralid) (27%) (60 DAT) and BAS 514 OOH (quinclorac) (33%) (60 DAT). Redbuds were most severely injured by the same two herbicides, but at 89% (120 DAT) and 73% (120 DAT), respectively. ‘Bradford’ pears were injured by Banvel (dicamba) (32%) (120 DAT), and crape myrtles by Image (imazaquin) (10%) (120 DAT).
Influence of Culture Age, Cytokinin Level, and Retipping on Growth and Incidence of Brooming in Micropropagated Rhododendrons
Authors: Keith Virginia M. , Brand Mark H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Active shoot cultures of Rhododendron ‘Aglo’, ‘Molly Fordham’, and ‘Scintillation’ were maintained on four levels [10, 20, 30, and 40 μ M (2, 4, 6 and 8 ppm)] of N6-(2-isopentenyl)adenine (2iP) for five months. Growth characteristics were evaluated at three and nine months post-acclimatization (PA). Differences in height or width were no more than 4 cm (1.6 in), and differences in branching were five branches or less. R. ‘Molly Fordham’ plants exhibiting a dwarf, brooming nature were generated from all 2iP levels, and accounted for 3–5% of all plants grown. R. ‘Molly Fordham’ plants generated from 26-week-old cultures were initially 13% taller at three months PA, and then 6% wider at nine months PA when compared to plants generated from 240-week-old cultures. Leaf area for plants generated from 26-week-old cultures was 12 or 23% greater than for plants from 240-week-old cultures. Variant plants were generated from the 26- and the 240-week-old cultures at 9% and 5% respectively, although the difference was non-significant. Rooted microcuttings (bases) of R. ‘Aglo’, ‘Molly Fordham’, and ‘Scintillation’ were cut half-way up the stem, and the top half (retips) were rooted also. The retipping procedure produced bases that had an increased branching development (12 or 69%). The population of R. ‘Molly Fordham’ bases produced variants (9%), although the population of retips did not (0%).
Irrigation and Fertilizer Placement Affect Root and Canopy Growth of Trees Produced in In-ground Fabric Containers
Authors: Beeson R.C. , Gilman E.F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) and Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. ‘Drake’) were transplanted from 3.8 liter (#1) containers into 35-cm (14 in) fabric containers in sandy soils. Irrigation or fertilizer was applied all inside, half-in half-out (50/50), or all outside the fabric container during a 2-year production cycle. For live oak, neither irrigation nor fertilizer placement increased fine root mass within the fabric container. Maximum trunk diameter was achieved by applying both irrigation and fertilizer inside the container. For Chinese elm, applying either fertilizer or irrigation inside or half-in half-outside the container increased fine root mass within the harvested root ball. Elm shoot growth was greatest with 50/50 placement of both irrigation and fertilizer. Field site influenced the effect of Irrigation on shoot growth, but not root mass. Greater fine root mass occurred in the heavier soil type
Effects of Shade Level and Fertilizer Rate on Yield and Vase Life of Aspidistra elatior ‘Variegata’ Leaves
Authors: Stamps Robert H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Aspidistra elatior ‘Variegata’ plants were grown for 3.75 years in containers under 63% or 73% shade and fertilized with controlled release fertilizer at rates equivalent to 448, 896, 1344 or 1792 kg N/ha (400, 800, 1200 or 1600 lb N/A) per year. Yield of variegated, but not all-green, leaves was greater under 63% than under 73% shade. Combined yield of green and variegated leaves produced under 63% shade was 42% greater by weight and 47% greater by number than under 73% shade. Fertilizer rate did not affect total yield and neither fertilizer rate nor shade level affected the percent of total leaf production that was green. Leaves were harvested August 1990, January 1991, November 1991 and March 1993 for vase life determinations. Harvested leaves were stored for one week at 4C (40F) and evaluated under indoor conditions of 23 ± 2C. (74 ± 4F), 60 ± 16% relative humidity and 12-hour photoperiod at 17 μmol·m−2·S−2 (107 ft-candles). Treatments did not affect vase life except at a winter harvest when 63% shade-produced leaves lasted 14% longer than 73% shade-produced leaves. Average overall vase life for each of four harvests ranged from 22 to 34 days.
Development of Embryo Rescue and Shoot Regeneration Techniques in Ilex
Authors: Mattis Pamela R. , Swartz Harry Jan , Eisenbeiss Gene 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Studies were conducted on embryo rescue and shoot regeneration from juvenile leaves to develop a system to improve Ilex using in vitro techniques. Unlike previous reports for Ilex, embryo germination and growth in the eight species tested was not consistently affected by light. Gibberellic acid had little effect on excised embryo germination in August through October; however, embryo germination was completely inhibited by 3 μM GA in November and December.
Shoot regeneration was obtained from juvenile leaves of Ilex myrtifolia and I. opaca, the two species tested. Thidiazuron, at concentrations from 5 to 50 μM, consistently resulted in the largest percentage shoot regeneration, when compared to benzyl adenine or a lower rate of thidiazuron. Indole butyric acid or pretreatment of source shoots with cytokinin or auxin did not increase regeneration percentages. Colchicine treatment of source shoots had an effect on regeneration; 100 μM was slightly stimulatory while 5 μM was significantly inhibitory. This protocol has resulted in regeneration rates that appear suitable for production of polyploid or transformed plants.
Water Conservation Potential and Quality of Non-turf Groundcovers versus Kentucky Bluegrass under Increasing Levels of Drought Stress
Authors: Staats David , Klett James E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In June 1991, a 2-year field study was initiated to examine if three non-turf groundcovers require less irrigation than Kentucky bluegrass (KBG). Irrigation treatments were based on decreasing percentage of évapotranspiration (ET) (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0%). ET was estimated by the modified Penman equation using alfalfa as a reference crop. Plants receiving the 0% irrigation treatment were not irrigated and relied on precipitation for survival. The groundcovers studied were Kentucky bluegrass ‘Challenger’ (Poa pratensis L.), creeping potentilla (Potentilla tabernaemontani Asch.), goldmoss (Sedum acre L.) and snow-in-summer (Cerastium tomentosum L.). Data were collected on visual ratings, growth, soil moisture and canopy temperature. Optimum irrigation for KBG was 50% ET. Cerastium required irrigation at 50%-75% of estimated ET during the initial season (1991) for optimum appearance and growth. During 1992, the plants were better established and 25% ET was optimum. Potentilla required irrigation at the 75% ET rate for optimum visual quality. Sedum maintained a good aesthetic appearance at irrigation rates as low as 25% ET and could be considered as a water-conserving alternative to KBG