bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greenhouse gas emissions are affected by land use type in two agroforestry systems: Results from an incubation experiment
Authors: Li Ping , Lang Man , Zhu Sixi , Bork Edward W. , Carlyle Cameron N. , Chang Scott X. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn order to better understand factors affecting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Canadian agroforestry systems, we conducted a laboratory incubation study to assess N2O, CO2 and CH4 emissions from soils in response to land use (forestland vs. cropland) and agroforestry system type (hedgerow vs. shelterbelt) in central Alberta, Canada. Emissions of N2O were lower in soils from forestland than cropland, and forest soils acted as a net sink of atmospheric CH4 while cropland soils were weak sources of CH4. However, the forest soil had higher CO2 emission rates than the cropland soil within both agroforestry systems. Soil CH4 oxidation was higher in soil from hedgerow (consisted of natural forest vegetation) than from shelterbelt system (planted forest vegetation), while the former also had lower N2O emissions. Overall, soil CO2 emissions were significantly higher from hedgerow than from shelterbelt systems. Emissions of N2O were positively related with gross nitrification rates and soil pH, and negatively related with gross N immobilization rates. The CO2 emissions were positively related with water‐soluble organic C contents, while CH4 emissions were positively related with clay content, but negatively with gross N immobilization rates and soil organic C content. The global warming potential was higher in forestland soil than in cropland soil within agroforestry systems, and higher in forestland soil of the hedgerow compared to that in shelterbelts. Our results suggest that we need to select land uses or agroforestry systems that have a higher potential of mitigating GHG emissions from soils.
Characterization of Algerian‐Seized Hashish Over Eight Years (2011–2018). Part II: Chemical Categorization
Authors: Boumrah Yacine , Baroudi Salem , Kecir Mohamed , Bouanani Sabrina 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn Algeria, large quantities of hashish are seized every year. This study aimed to investigate the total content of major cannabinoids in the illicit seized hashish in Algeria over an 8‐year period (2011–2018) in order to establish the chemical profile of North African hashish. A total of 3265 hashish samples were analyzed using a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection (HPLC‐DAD) method, allowing the simultaneous quantification of both the acidic and the neutral forms of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabinol (CBN). The results revealed a slight upward trend in the mean THC content, from 7.0% in 2011 to 9.4% in 2018, with an overall mean value of 8.4%. The overall means of CBD and CBN content were 3.5% and 0.8%, respectively. The number of high‐potency hashish samples gradually increased to reach 6% in 2018. Two distinct hashish chemotypes were identified: the highly populated chemotype II, corresponding to the traditional medium‐potency hashish ([THC + CBN]/CBD ~ 2.16), and chemotype I, containing hashish samples of relatively high THC levels and low levels of CBD (ratio ~ 4.90). Both chemotypes I and II were characterized in the ternary plot, and the proportions (THC:CBD:CBN) were about 85%:13%:2% and 60%:35%:5%, respectively.
Impact of patient isolation on emergency department length of stay: A retrospective cohort study using the Registry for Emergency Care
Authors: O'Reilly Gerard M , Mitchell Rob D , Mitra Biswadev , Noonan Michael P , Hiller Ryan , Brichko Lisa , Luckhoff Carl , Paton Andrew , Smit De Villiers , Cameron Peter A 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe number of patients with suspected COVID‐19 presenting to Australian EDs continues to impose a burden on healthcare services. Isolation is an important aspect of infection prevention and control, but has been associated with undesirable consequences among hospital inpatients. The aim of the present study was to determine if isolation is associated with an increased length of stay (LOS) in the ED.MethodsThe Registry for Emergency Care Project is a prospective cohort study with a series of nested sub‐studies. The present study was a retrospective analysis of adult patients allocated an Australasian Triage Scale category of 1 or 2 who presented to a tertiary ED between 18 and 31 May 2020. The primary outcome was ED LOS. Regression methods were used to determine the independent association between ED isolation and LOS.ResultsThere were 447 patients who met inclusion criteria, of which 123 (28%) were managed in isolation. The median (interquartile range) ED LOS was 259 (210–377) min for the isolation group and 204 (126–297) min for the non‐isolation group, a difference in median ED LOS of 55 min (P < 0.001). Isolation was independently associated with a 23% increase in ED LOS (P = 0.002) and doubled the odds of an ED stay of more than 4 h (adjusted odds ratio 2.2 [1.4–3.4], P = 0.001).ConclusionConsistent with the anecdotal experience of Australian ED clinicians, the present study demonstrated an increased ED LOS for patients managed in isolation. Enhanced infection prevention and control precautions will be required during and beyond the current pandemic, creating significant ongoing challenges for emergency care systems.
Stability of vitamin C, color, and garlic aroma of garlic mashed potatoes in polymer packages processed with microwave‐assisted thermal sterilization technology
Authors: Patel Juhi , Parhi Ashutos , Al‐Ghamdi Saleh , Sonar Chandrashekhar R. , Mattinson D. Scott , Tang Juming , Yang Tom , Sablani Shyam S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe U.S. Army and NASA need ready‐to‐eat meals with extended shelf‐life for military operations and future manned space missions. For traditional heat sterilization methods, aluminum foil laminated pouches are used to achieve a shelf‐life of 3 to 5 years at room temperature. However, those packages are not suited for advanced thermal processing technologies based on microwave energy. This research investigated the effect of polymeric packaging materials on storage stability of garlic flavor, vitamin C, and color of garlic mashed potatoes processed with microwave‐assisted thermal sterilization (MATS) technology. Three types of high‐barrier metal oxide‐coated polymer pouches were used for MATS process, designed to achieve lethality approximately F0 = 6 min. Aluminum foil‐based pouches were used for retort process as control. Results demonstrated that both oxygen and water vapor barrier properties (oxygen transmission rate [OTR] and water vapor transmission rate [WVTR]) of the polymer pouches were affected by MATS processing. OTR increased by three to nine times, while WVTR increased by 5 to 20 times after processing. The MATS process resulted in 13% to 16% vitamin C loss, while retort process resulted in 18% loss in garlic mashed potato. The kinetics of vitamin C indicated that metal oxide‐coated high‐barrier packages (after processing OTR <0.1 cc/m2.day; WVTR <1.0 g/m2.day) could replace aluminum foil‐based pouches for MATS processed shelf‐stable ready‐to‐eat garlic mashed potatoes.Practical ApplicationGarlic mashed potatoes in polymer packages processed in a microwave‐assisted thermal sterilization (MATS) system had better retention of vitamin C compared to samples packaged in aluminum laminated pouches and processed in retort. Polymer packages combined with MATS processing could potentially provide safe, better quality, and nutritious shelf‐stable food products for military and space missions.
Effect of protein oxidation and degradation on texture deterioration of ready‐to‐eat shrimps during storage
Authors: Li De‐Yang , Liu Zi‐Qiang , Liu Bing , Qi Yan , Liu Yu‐Xin , Liu Xiao‐Yang , Qin Lei , Zhou Da‐Yong , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe impact of protein oxidation and degradation on texture deterioration of ready‐to‐eat (RTE) shrimps during storage was investigated. The deterioration in texture during storage was manifested by decreased instrumental hardness, elasticity, chewiness, and recoverability. The occurrence of protein oxidation was revealed by a significant increase in the contents of free radicals and carbonyls. The increases in trichloroacetic acid‐soluble peptide (TCA‐soluble peptide) content and myofibril fragmentation index (MFI) were also observed, suggesting the degradation of protein. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the decreased instrumental texture parameters were negatively correlated with the increased carbonyl content, TCA‐soluble peptide, MFI, porosity, and pore size as well as the decreased water‐holding capacity (WHC), thus, it was hypothesized that protein oxidation and degradation were responsible for changes in the microstructure and reduction of WHC, which ultimately resulted in texture deterioration of RTE shrimps.
The hypoglycemic effect of extract/fractions from Fuzhuan Brick‐Tea in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice and their active components characterized by LC‐QTOF‐MS/MS
Authors: Xiang Xingliang , Xiang Yi , Jin Shuna , Wang Zhiqiang , Xu Yiqiang , Su Chao , Shi Qingxin , Chen Cheng , Yu Qingsong , Song Chengwu 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFuzhuan Brick‐Tea is a postfermented product with the hypoglycemic effect, which is prepared from the leaves of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis. However, the material basis associated with the hypoglycemic effect was not clear. The present research was designed to explore the hypoglycemic effect of extract/fractions from Fuzhuan Brick‐Tea in streptozotocin‐induced type II diabetic mice. Then an ultra‐high pressure liquid chromatography along with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry was used to analyze the phytochemicals in Fuzhuan Brick‐Tea fractions. As a result, the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects were evidently observed from the serum biochemical indexes and liver pathological examination in type II diabetic mice. In addition, there were total of 20 major components including eight lysophosphatidylcholines (Lyso‐PCs), five fatty acids, and seven novel theophylline derivatives tentatively identified in the active fraction from water extract. Therefore, these components were assumed to contribute partly to the hypoglycemic effect of Fuzhuan Brick‐Tea. These findings also give the evidence that the Lyso‐PCs, fatty acids, and novel theophylline derivatives in Fuzhuan Brick‐Tea may provide benefits in ameliorating disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism.Practical ApplicationThis study suggests that the Lyso‐PCs, fatty acids, and novel theophylline derivatives in Fuzhuan Brick‐Tea may provide benefits in ameliorating disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism. It can be taken as a beneficial diet additive or nutraceutical.
A chromosome‐scale assembly of the black gram (Vigna mungo) genome
Authors: Pootakham Wirulda , Nawae Wanapinun , Naktang Chaiwat , Sonthirod Chutima , Yoocha Thippawan , Kongkachana Wasitthee , Sangsrakru Duangjai , Jomchai Nukoon , U‐thoomporn Sonicha , Somta Prakit , Laosatit Kularb , Tangphatsornruang Sithichoke 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBlack gram (Vigna mungo) is an important short duration grain legume crop. Black gram seeds provide an inexpensive source of dietary protein. Here, we applied the 10X Genomics linked‐read technology to obtain a de novo whole genome assembly of V. mungo cultivated variety Chai Nat 80 (CN80). The preliminary assembly contained 12,228 contigs and had an N50 length of 5.2 Mb. Subsequent scaffolding using the long‐range Chicago and HiC techniques yielded the first high‐quality, chromosome‐level assembly of 499 Mb comprising 11 pseudomolecules. Comparative genomics analyses based on sequence information from single‐copy orthologous genes revealed that black gram and mungbean (Vigna radiata) diverged about 2.7 million years ago . The transversion rate (4DTv) analysis in V. mungo revealed no evidence supporting a recent genome‐wide duplication event observed in the tetraploid créole bean (Vigna reflexo‐pilosa). The proportion of repetitive elements in the black gram genome is slightly lower than the numbers reported for related Vigna species. The majority of long terminal repeat retrotransposons appeared to integrate into the genome within the last five million years. We also examined alternative splicing events in V. mungo using full‐length transcript sequences. While intron retention was the most prevalent mode of alternative splicing in several plant species, alternative 3' acceptor site selection represented the majority of events in black gram. Our high‐quality genome assembly along with the genomic variation information from the germplasm provides valuable resources for accelerating the development of elite varieties through marker‐assisted breeding and for future comparative genomics and phylogenetic studies in legume species.
Connections between the internal and the external capsules and the globus pallidus in the sheep: A dichromate stain X‐ray microtomographic study
Authors: Murillo‐González Jorge Alfonso , Notario Belen , Maldonado Estela , Martinez‐Sanz Elena , Barrio M. Carmen , Herrera Manuel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSheep are recognized as useful species for translational neurodegeneration research, in particular for the study of Huntington disease. There is a lack of information regarding the detailed anatomy and connections of the basal ganglia of sheep, in normal myeloarchitectonics and in tract‐tracing studies. In this work, the organization of the corticostriatal projections at the level of the putamen and globus pallidus (GP) are explored. For the first time, the myeloarchitectonic pattern of connections between the internal (IC) and the external (EC) capsules with the GP have been investigated in the sheep. Formaldehyde‐fixed blocks of the striatum were treated with a metallic stain containing potassium dichromate and visualized using micro‐CT (µ‐CT). The trivalent chromium (Cr3+), attached to myelin phospholipids, imparts a differential contrast to the grey and white matter compartments, which allows the visualization of myelinated fascicles in µ‐CT images. The fascicles were classified according to their topographical location in dorsal supreme fascicles (X, Y, apex) arising from the IC and EC; pre‐commissurally, basal fascicles connecting the ventral part of the EC with the lateral zone of the ventral pallidum (VP) and, post‐commissurally, superior (Z1), middle (Z2) and lower (Z3) fascicles, connecting at different levels the EC with the GP. The results suggest that the presumptive cortical efferent and afferent fibres to the pallidum could be organized according to a dorsal to ventrolateral topography in the sheep, similar to that seen in other mammals. The proposed methodology has the potential to delineate the myeloarchitectonic patterns of nervous systems and tracts.
A single nucleotide polymorphism genetic risk score to aid diagnosis of coeliac disease: a pilot study in clinical care
Authors: Sharp Seth A. , Jones Samuel E. , Kimmitt Robert A. , Weedon Michael N. , Halpin Anne M. , Wood Andrew R. , Beaumont Robin N. , King Seema , van Heel David A. , Campbell Patricia M. , Hagopian William A. , Turner Justine M. , Oram Richard A 
Published: August 2020

SummaryBackgroundSingle nucleotide polymorphism–based genetic risk scores (GRS) model genetic risk as a continuum and can discriminate coeliac disease but have not been validated in clinic. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ gene testing is available in clinic but does not include non‐HLA attributed risk and is limited by discrete risk stratification.AimsTo accurately characterise both HLA and non‐HLA coeliac disease genetic risk as a single nucleotide polymorphism–based GRS and evaluate diagnostic utility.MethodsWe developed a 42 single nucleotide polymorphism coeliac disease GRS from a European case‐control study (12 041 cases vs 12 228 controls) using HLA‐DQ imputation and published genome‐wide association studies. We validated the GRS in UK Biobank (1237 cases) and developed direct genotyping assays. We tested the coeliac disease GRS in a pilot clinical cohort of 128 children presenting with suspected coeliac disease.ResultsThe GRS was more discriminative of coeliac disease than HLA‐DQ stratification in UK Biobank (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve [ROC‐AUC] = 0.88 [95% CIs: 0.87‐0.89] vs 0.82 [95% CIs: 0.80‐0.83]). We demonstrated similar discrimination in the pilot clinical cohort (114 cases vs 40 controls, ROC‐AUC = 0.84 [95% CIs: 0.76‐0.91]). As a rule‐out test, no children with coeliac disease in the clinical cohort had a GRS below 38th population centile.ConclusionsA single nucleotide polymorphism–based GRS may offer more effective and cost‐efficient testing of coeliac disease genetic risk in comparison to HLA‐DQ stratification. As a comparatively inexpensive test it could facilitate non‐invasive coeliac disease diagnosis but needs detailed assessment in the context of other diagnostic tests and against current diagnostic algorithms.
Obstructive shock caused by right atrial thrombosis secondary to malignant pheochromocytoma in a dog
Authors: Robveille C , Smart L , Boyd CJ 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundObstructive shock can be caused by any lesion leading to extraluminal compression or intraluminal occlusion of the cardiac chambers or major vessels.Case ReportA 12‐year‐old, male castrated, Border Collie cross dog presented to a veterinary teaching hospital for collapse. A physical examination revealed severe vasoconstrictive shock and abdominal distension. Abnormalities on blood tests were consistent with systemic hypoperfusion. Cardiac underfilling, hepatomegaly with distended vasculature and ascites were identified by focused ultrasonography, raising suspicion of obstructive shock. This was supported by the radiographic findings of microcardia and a distended caudal vena cava (CVC). There was transient response to fluid therapy for blood volume expansion. Repeat focused ultrasonography during rapid intravenous fluid administration identified a right intra‐atrial mass, assessed as likely to be causing obstruction of venous return. The dog was humanely euthanased given the guarded prognosis. At postmortem evaluation, a malignant pheochromocytoma in the left adrenal gland with tumour thrombus extending to the tricuspid valve through the CVC was found. The extensive thrombus caused the obstructive shock in this case. Metastasis in a peripheral lymph node and neoplastic emboli in the heart and lungs were also visible at the histopathological evaluation.ConclusionTo the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first report of severe obstructive shock secondary to extension of caval tumour thrombus into the right atrium in a dog with malignant pheochromocytoma. Tumour thrombus from a malignant pheochromocytoma should be included as a differential diagnosis of obstructive shock, with or without a visible right intra‐atrial mass, in dogs. Serial focused ultrasonography during intravenous fluid administration can aid diagnosis.
Histological study of the thin skin of a migratory song bird
Authors: Yadav Garima , Majumdar Gaurav , Singh Namram S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAvian skin is remarkably different from common mammalian and much less studied in comparison. In the absence of recent studies on clear histological structure of avian skin, we undertook this study to see the thin skin structure of migratory song bird red‐headed bunting (Emberiza bruniceps). The seasonal changes in photoperiod results in significant changes in the colour, texture, fat content and external plumage, and as of yet no reports exist on how it effects the structure of integument itself. As a primary report, we find that thin section of skin of the migratory buntings in breast region is very lightly attached to the underlying muscle tissue while supporting a major plumage transition. There exists an extensive network of blood vessels beneath the loosely attached skin raising a possibility of the role of blood to bring nutrients/factors for seasonal changes seen in the external features of these birds. Cresyl violet staining of skin also indicates the presence of nucleic acid in skin‐muscle pockets. Finally, we show the arrangement of small muscle pockets in such loosely attached skin which holds a repertoire of feathers. Our results provide the first histological view of a migratory avian species.
Hypoxia‐inducible hexokinase‐2 enhances anti‐apoptotic function via activating autophagy in multiple myeloma
Authors: Ikeda Sho , Abe Fumito , Matsuda Yuka , Kitadate Akihiro , Takahashi Naoto , Tagawa Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematopoietic neoplasm derived from plasma cells, and existing in the bone marrow. Recent developments in the field of myeloma onco‐biology have enabled the use of proteasome inhibitors (PIs) as key drugs for MM. PIs can increase cell sensitivity to endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to apoptosis of myeloma cells. PI cannot kill all myeloma cells, however; one reason of this might be activation of autophagy via hypoxic stress in the bone marrow microenvironment. Hypoxia‐inducible gene(s) that regulate autophagy may be novel therapeutic target(s) for PI‐resistant myeloma cells. Here, a hypoxia‐inducible glycolytic enzyme hexokinase‐2 (HK2) was demonstrated to contribute by autophagy activation to the acquisition of an anti‐apoptotic phenotype in myeloma cells. We found that hypoxic stress led to autophagy activation accompanied by HK2 upregulation in myeloma cells. Under hypoxic conditions, HK2 knockdown inhibited glycolysis and impaired autophagy, inducing apoptosis. The cooperative effects of a PI (bortezomib) against immunodeficient mice inoculated with HK2‐knocked down myeloma cells were examined and significant tumor reduction was observed. An HK2 inhibitor, 3‐bromopyruvate (3‐BrPA), also induced apoptosis under hypoxic rather than normoxic conditions. Further examination of the cooperative effects between 3‐BrPA and bortezomib on myeloma cells revealed a significant increase in apoptotic myeloma cells. These results strongly suggested that HK2 regulates the activation of autophagy in hypoxic myeloma cells. Cooperative treatment using PI against a dominant fraction, and HK2 inhibitor against a minor fraction, adapted to the bone marrow microenvironment, may lead to deeper remission for refractory MM.