bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
221 Quantifying the relationship between fasting heat production and chemical empty body composition in sheep and cattle
Authors: Lancaster Phillip A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Previous research indicates that animals of similar weight but greater protein mass have greater metabolic rate. The objective was to quantify the relationship between fasting heat production (FHP) and empty body composition in ruminants. A literature search was conducted to compile data on FHP and empty body composition. Seven studies using sheep or cattle consisting of 49 treatment means were found reporting FHP and chemical empty body composition. Data were analyzed with R statistical packages using mixed model methodology with study as a random variable. Given the strong correlations (r &gt; 0.7) and high degree of multicollinearity (VIF &gt; 30) among EBW, empty body protein (EBP) and empty body fat (EBF), LASSO regression was used to reveal that EBP was the important predictor of FHP. Allometric models (a*X^b) gave significant (P &lt; 0.001) values for a and b of 74.3 ± 10.4 and 0.74 ± 0.02 for X = EBW (R2 = 0.963, RMSE = 432 kcal, AIC = 737), 227.7 ± 21.1 and 0.86 ± 0.02 for X = EBP (R2 = 0.972, RMSE = 375 kcal, AIC = 724), and 270.8 ± 75.9 and 0.75 ± 0.07 for X = EBF (R2 = 0.702, RMSE = 1219 kcal, AIC = 839), respectively. Log transformed models (lnFHP = lnX) gave significant (P &lt; 0.001) values for intercept and slope of 4.47 ± 0.13 and 0.69 ± 0.02 for X = EBW (R2 = 0.979, RMSE = 0.088 lnkcal, AIC = -62.6), 5.61 ± 0.11 and 0.74 ± 0.03 for X = EBP (R2 = 0.973, RMSE = 0.096 lnkcal, AIC = -45.1), and 6.44 ± 0.19 and 0.33 ± 0.02 for X = EBF (R2 = 0.894, RMSE = 0.125 lnkcal, AIC = -13.8), respectively. A log transformed model including both EBP and EBF resulted in significant intercept (5.79 ± 0.14; P &lt; 0.0001), lnEBP coefficient (0.56 ± 0.08; P &lt; 0.0001) and lnEBF coefficient (0.09 ± 0.04; P = 0.02) with VIF of 8.3. The R2, RMSE and AIC of this model were 0.970, 0.088 lnkcal and -43.5; not improved over the model with EBP alone. In conclusion, EBP explained the variation in FHP as well or slightly better than EBW, and EBF did not significantly improve the prediction.
215 Supplementation with beta-carotene and vitamins improves pregnancy rate after timed-AI in beef Nellore cows grazed in pasture systems
Authors: Factor Luana , Vasconcellos Guilherme S , Acedo Tiago S , de Carvalho Victor V Valério , Catussi Bruna L , Baruselli Pietro S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the effects of beta-carotene and vitamins (A, D3, E and biotin) on reproductive performance of grazing Nellore cows calving in different moments. A total of 497 multiparous cows (5.68 ± 0.11 parities) were homogeneously divided in 4 paddocks (Brachiaria brizantha spp.) according to BCS (2.8 ± 0.27), following a completely randomized design in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, being the factors: calving moment [CM = early October (EO; 1st-15th) or late October (LO; 16th-31st)]; and supplementation (SUP): control [(mineral supplementation, Fosbovi® Reprodução; n = 251) or vitamins (control + beta-carotene (150 mg), vitamins A (40.000IU), D3 (5.000IU), E (300 mg) and biotin (20 mg)/cow/day; n = 246)]. Mineral supplement and vitamins were daily offered for 60 days (30d before to 30d after 1st FTAI), and provided by DSM Produtos Nutricionais Brasil S.A. Cows were synchronized (1st FTAI) with a P4/E2-based FTAI protocol, and open cows were resynchronized (2nd FTAI) 30 days after the first insemination. The 1st FTAI conception rate (CR) tended to be greater for vitamins group, compared to control [64.2%(158/246) vs. 56.6%(142/251); P = 0.08], regardless of CM. The CM*SUP interaction was significant for CR at 2nd FTAI, with vitamins presenting higher CR over control in LO moment [52.1% (38/73) vs. 41.4% (24/58), P = 0.0053]. Greater cumulative CR (1st + 2nd FTAI) was observed for vitamins over control [83% (204/246) vs. 79% (198/251); P = 0,058], and for LO compared to EO [86% (157/183) vs. 78% (245/314); P = 0.01], without CM*SUP significance. The BCS was higher for the vitamins group, compared to control, at AI moment (3.00 vs. 2.81, P &lt; 0.0001) and 30 days after AI (3.11 vs. 3.03, P &lt; 0.0001), regardless of CM. The inclusion of beta-carotene and vitamins A, D3, E and biotin in mineral supplements is a tool to optimize reproductive performance and BCS of grazing Nellore beef cows during breeding season.
190 President Oral Presentation Pick: Transit affects metabolic profiles and antioxidant enzyme activity in the muscle of beef steers
Authors: Deters Erin L , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study sought to elucidate the effects of road transportation on muscle metabolites and antioxidant defense of beef steers. Thirty-six Angus-cross steers (324 ± 36 kg) from a single source were stratified by body weight, then randomly assigned to pens equipped with GrowSafe bunks (6 steers/pen) and treatments (12 steers/treatment): CON = no transit, ad libitum feed and water; DEPR = no transit, deprived of feed and water for 18 h; or TRANS = trucked (1,790 km) with no feed and water for 18 h. Treatments were initiated on d 0 and terminated ~18 h later. Muscle (longissimus dorsi) samples collected from all steers on d -4, 1, and 3 were analyzed for superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; while d 1 and 3 samples were utilized for complete metabolite analysis via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antioxidant data were analyzed as a completely randomized design using ProcMixed of SAS 9.4 (experimental unit = steer, fixed effect = treatment). Metabolomics data were analyzed with MetaboAnalyst 4.0 where area under the curve (AUC) was used to identify metabolites as potential biomarkers. On d 1, total SOD activity was greatest for TRANS (P = 0.02) driven by a tendency for greater Mn-SOD activity (P = 0.10) and greater CuZn-SOD activity (P = 0.02). On d 3, Mn-SOD activity tended to be least for TRANS (P = 0.07). Metabolites of the pentose phosphate pathway (gluconic acid and D-ribose) were identified as potential biomarkers in TRANS muscle on d 3 when compared to CON (AUC ≥ 0.85) or DEPR (AUC ≥ 0.75). Under conditions of oxidative stress, glucose will be diverted from glycolysis to the pentose phosphate pathway to produce reducing equivalents. Alterations in muscle metabolic profiles coupled with lesser Mn-SOD activity 48 h post-transit may indicate residual oxidative stress, which could negatively affect feedlot performance.
194 Effects of feeding increased roughage to feedlot steers the last 56 days of finishing
Authors: Pierce Kaitlyn N , Foote Andrew P , Beck Paul A , Robison Colton A , Warner Andrea L , Hubbell Don S , Wilson Blake K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Finishing cattle are fed high concentrate diets to increase deposition of both muscle and adipose tissue and decrease cost of gain. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of increased roughage inclusion late in the finishing period on growth performance, carcass traits, and ruminal and fecal characteristics of feedlot steers. Treatments included a control (CON; 6% roughage DM), intermediate (INT; 12% roughage DM), and high (HGH; 18% roughage DM) roughage diets. Crossbred beef steers (n = 54; BW = 289 ± 35.6 kg) were assigned to treatments for the late finishing period in a randomized complete block design (4 pens of INT and HGH, 5 pens of CON; 4 steers per pen). Experimental diets contained prairie hay, Sweet Bran, rolled corn, dry supplement, urea, and a corn steep and molasses-based liquid supplement. The inclusion rate of roughage and rolled corn were adjusted for each treatment diet. Steers in HGH tended to have increased overall DMI (P = 0.07). No differences in final BW, overall ADG, or gain:feed were observed among treatments (P ≥ 0.72). Steers fed HGH had the greatest REA (P = 0.03) and a tendency for a lower yield grade (P = 0.08). Fat thickness, HCW, marbling, liver scores, and KPH did not differ (P ≥ 0.29) among treatments. Steers fed the HGH diet had a lower fecal pH at the end of finishing (P = 0.05) compared to CON and INT steers. Ruminal lactate was increased on d 14 for CON steers compared to other treatments (P &lt; 0.001). No differences were observed for ruminal pH (P ≥ 0.11). Results of this experiment suggest that increasing roughage late in the finishing period does not negatively impact growth performance or carcass characteristics, but may alter ruminal fermentation and post ruminal digestion.
389 Interactions between zinc, copper, and growth promoting technologies in beef cattle
Authors: Genther-Schroeder Olivia N , Carmichael Remy N , Messersmith Elizabeth M , Hochmuth Katherine , Lonergan Elisabeth , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Trace minerals (TM) are required for many biochemical processes and support optimal animal growth. However, as animal genetics and feed technologies in the beef industry have advanced, our understanding of the TM requirements of modern cattle has lagged. Recently, Zn and Cu have emerged as potential targets for better understanding the interaction between nutrition and growth-promoting technologies like anabolic implants and β-agonists (BA). Both Zn and Cu are phosphodiesterase inhibitors, potentially maintaining cAMP concentrations, potentiating the BA signal. Zinc supplementation well above national recommendations can improve ADG or HCW in finishing cattle during the BA feeding period, and N retention is increased by both Zn and BA supplementation, suggesting a major role for Zn is in protein accretion. Interestingly, Cu status of feedlot steers appears to affect ADG during the BA period, where steers with moderate liver Cu and 10 mg Cu/kg diet DM gaining more than steers with high or low Cu status. Anabolic implants likely improve growth through altering protein deposition, degradation and satellite cell proliferation, processes that can be linked to Cu and Zn metalloproteins. Implanting cattle decreases both plasma and liver Zn, and heifers receiving a long-lasting implant had greater HCW when supplemented with 100 mg Zn/kg DM when compared with 30 mg Zn/kg DM. It is apparent Cu status and supplementation also affect the response to hormone implants. Steers supplemented with 20 mg Cu/kg DM had greater liver Cu concentrations and a lesser response to an implant than steers supplemented with 10 mg Cu/kg DM. Current state of knowledge suggests TM status and diet concentrations can impact the response to growth promoting technologies. Much remains to be learned about cattle requirements for dietary TM, and the appropriate TM concentrations to optimize feedlot cattle performance.
237 Evaluation of fleece and fiber characteristics of ultrafine Paco-Vicunas farmed in Missouri
Authors: Wuliji Tumen , Smith Gloria , Smith Don 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Data recordings of animal breeding, fleece production, and fiber characteristics in an ultrafine Paco-Vicuna herd farmed at Victory Farm, Missouri were analyzed. A selective mating strategy was applied while establishing an ultrafine fleece growing Paco-Vicuna herd on the ranch over 12 years. The herd size was expanded from five males and one dozen breeding females in 2009 to more than 200 heads in 2016. All animals were recorded for sires, dams, and registered pedigree, birth weight, weaning weight, shearing weight, and fleece weight. Mid-side flank fleece samples were measured for Optical Fiber Diameter Analyser (OFDA) fiber characteristics, including mean fiber diameter, length, and fiber curvature. Live weight, fleece weight, and fiber characteristics were analyzed using SAS® GLM procedures. Mean birth weight, weaning weight, mixed age shearing weight, fleece weight, fiber diameter, coefficient of fiber diameter variation, fiber length, and fiber curvature were 6.82 kg, 25.27 kg, 48.84 kg, 0.85 kg, 16.6 µm, 25.2%, 64.6 mm and 56.9 degree /mm, respectively. The average fiber diameter of herd was 18.3 µm at 2009 clip, which was gradually but significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced yearly to 16.4 µm at 2019 clip. In addition, the finest 25 percent of the herd’s fleeces were tested and found to have an average fiber diameter of 14 micron, which was within vicuna fleece fiber diameter ranges. These measures did not significantly increase with ages. Heritability estimates for the fleece weight and fiber diameter, length, and curvature were 0.40, 0.65, 0.29, and 0.50, respectively. The average fiber diameter measurements of Paco-Vicuna herd at Victory Farm were significantly (P &lt; 0.01) finer than the comparable camelid herds in the country. This study found that strict selective breeding is effective for genetic gains in ultrafine fiber diameter and fleece quality in Paco-Vicunas.
234 Woodlands for Expanding the Grazing Opportunity for Small Ruminants in the Southeast: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Karki Uma , Paneru Bidur , Bhattrai Shailes , Ellis Nevershi , Karki Lila B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Woodlands account for around 60 percent of the land cover in the Southeast and offer a great potential for expanding the grazing opportunity for small ruminants. However, such opportunities and challenges associated with woodland grazing have not been documented well. The objectives of this study were to 1) develop strategies for increasing understory-vegetation biomass and its utilization by small ruminants and 2) identify challenges associated with the use of small ruminants in woodland plots. The study was initiated in 2017 using six woodland plots (0.4-ha each) that consisted of southern pines, as the main timber species, and numerous non-pine species. Each plot was virtually divided into four sections, and each section was randomly allocated to one of the cutting treatments or control. Treatments included the cutting of non-pine species into one of the three heights from the ground surface: 0 m, 0.9 m, or 1.5 m, and the control section did not receive any cut. Samples of understory vegetation were collected during the production period of 2018 and 2019, dried, and weighed. Small ruminants were rotationally stocked in the plots and their behavior (feeding: grazing, browsing; non-feeding: loafing, lying, and debarking) and landscape-use pattern (time spent by animals in different treatments or control in performing various behaviors) monitored. The understory-vegetation biomass increased tremendously in treatments compared to the control (33%-160%), with maximum increment (100%-160%) occurring in the section that received 0-m cut. Animals spent much of their feeding time in sections that received 0-m and 0.9-m cut consuming much of the vegetation available within their reach (goats or goats-sheep mixed: 0–1.5 m; sheep: 0–1.1 m from the ground). They selected dry and less vegetated areas containing shelters and tree shade for resting, visited the least to the control, and did not impose any damage to timber trees.
397 Using nutribiosis to improve robustness in pigs
Authors: Remus Janet C , Parrott Terry , Gruber Jordon 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Nutribiosis is interaction between nutrition, the gastrointestinal microbiome and gut/immune function. Putting nutribiosis into action means re-considering strategies around nutrition and perhaps even husbandry. Monogastric nutritionists are trained to consider the impact of feed and its nutritive value to the growth and development of the pig. Yet today, nutrition needs to consider not just the impact that feed and nutrient digestibility will have on the pig, but also what could happen with the composition, development and maturation of the microbiome as well as immune function within the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, the environment the animal is in may influence gastrointestinal microbial composition and immune competence alongside nutrition as the animal matures from neonate to a robust market hog. From an energetics standpoint, how the microbiome develops ultimately impacts maintenance cost of digestion as well as productive energy that the pig will have to support growth and robustness. As such, good nutribiotic management means balancing favorable microbiome development via targeted nutrition that manages both nutrition to the pig as well as nutrient bypass to the microbiota via use of probiotics, feed enzymes and other nutritive tools, with the end goal being a more robust pig.
410 Steroids Regulate SLC2A1 and SLC2A3 to Deliver Glucose into Trophectoderm for Metabolism via Glycolysis
Authors: Johnson Gregory A , Kramer Avery C , Steinhauser Chelsie , Seo Heewon , McLendon Bryan A , Burghardt Robert C , Wu Guoyao , Bazer Fuller W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The conceptuses (embryo/fetus and placental membranes) of pigs require energy to support elongation and implantation, and amounts of glucose and fructose increase in the uterine lumen during the peri-implantation period. Conceptuses from Day 16 of pregnancy were incubated with either 14C-glucose or 14C-fructose and amounts of radiolabeled CO2 released from the conceptuses measured to determine rates of oxidation of glucose and fructose. Both glucose and fructose transport into conceptuses, and glucose is preferentially metabolized in the presence of fructose, while fructose is actively metabolized in the absence of glucose and to a lesser extent in the presence of glucose. Endometrial and placental expression of glucose transporters SLC2A1, SLC2A2, SCL2A3 and SLC2A4 were determined. SLC2A1 mRNA and protein, and SLC2A4 mRNA were abundant in the uterine luminal epithelium of pregnant compared to cycling gilts, and increased in response to progesterone and conceptus-secreted estrogen. SLC2A2 mRNA was expressed weakly by conceptus trophectoderm on Day 15 of pregnancy, while SLC2A3 mRNA was abundant in trophectoderm/chorion throughout pregnancy. Therefore, glucose can be transported into the uterine lumen by SLC2A1, and then into conceptuses by SLC2A3. On Day 60 of gestation, the cell-specific expression of these transporters was more complex, suggesting that glucose and fructose transporters are precisely regulated in a spatial-temporal pattern along the uterine-placental interface of pigs to maximize hexose sugar transport to the pig conceptus/placenta.
263 Impact of cow milk production on cow-calf performance in the Nebraska Sandhills
Authors: Mulliniks Travis , King Tasha , Musgrave Jacki , Funston Rick N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As cow-calf producers focus on greater weaning weights, selection for increased production parameters including milk production and weaning weight have become prevalent. However, increased cow-calf production may not be captured due to environmental conditions and resource availability. A retrospective analysis was conducted to model the impact of milk production on utilizing data collected from a March calving herd (n = 348) from 2000 to 2018 in the Nebraska Sandhills. The objective of this study was to determine the impact milk production has on subsequent cow reproductive performance and calf performance throughout the pre- and post-weaning phases. Cow body weight (BW) and cow age increased (P &lt; 0.01) average milk production throughout the lactation period with body condition score (BCS) decreasing (P &lt; 0.01) as milk production increased. Pregnancy rate and subsequent calf birth date were not influenced (P ≥ 0.80) by level of milk production. Increasing dam milk production resulted in increased (P &lt; 0.05) calf pre-weaning ADG and adjusted 205-d calf weaning BW. In addition, dam milk production positively influenced (P &gt; 0.05) steer progeny final live calf BW and hot carcass weight (HCW). All other post-weaning performance and carcass characteristics were not influenced (P &gt; 0.05) by dam milk production. This study indicates for each additional kg of milk production calf weaning BW increased 6.6 kg. The greater adjusted 205-d calf weaning BW was maintained through the feeding period resulting in greater final live BW and HCW.
271 Beta-adrenergic agonists increase maximal output of oxidative phosphorylation in bovine satellite cells
Authors: Sieck Renae L , Treffer Leah K , Viana Martonio Ponte , Khalimonchuk Oleh , Schmidt Ty B , Yates Dustin T , Petersen Jessica L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Beta-adrenergic agonists (βAA) are widely used supplements in beef production to improve feed efficiency and increase lean muscle mass, yet little is known about the molecular mechanism by which βAA achieve this outcome. Our objective was to identify the influence of Ractopamine HCl (RH) and Zilpaterol HCl (ZH) on mitochondrial function in muscle stem cells. Satellite cells were isolated from skeletal muscle of cattle (n = 4) and yak (n = 1) at harvest. Cells were exposed to ZH, RH, or no βAA in replicates of four. Real-time measurements of oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) were recorded using intracellular flux analysis. Incubation of bovine (n = 4) cells with either ZH or RH increased maximal respiration (P = 0.004) and spare respiratory capacity (P = 0.013). When yak cells were included, the response to treatment was similar (P = 0.006 and P = 0.006), but an animal effect was also observed (P &lt; 0.02), presumably due to differences in genetic background. These findings indicate that βAA-treated cells have the capacity to respond more efficiently to increased energy demands than non-supplemented cells. Beta-adrenergic agonists improve the efficiency of muscle stem cells in part by modifying mitochondrial function.
276 Repeated Measures of PAP at Different Elevations in Beef Bulls in Colorado
Authors: Zimprich Taylor R , Speidel Scott , Schafer David , LaShell Beth , Holt Tim , Enns Mark , Cunningham Sam , Thomas Milt 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
High Mountain Disease (HMD) in cattle is a consequence of altitude-induced (&gt; 1500 m) pulmonary hypertension (PH). Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP; mmHg) is an indicator of PH-HMD and moderately heritable. This study analyzed repeated measures of PAP in growing bulls and estimated correlations across elevations and ages. Data included breed, PAP, elevation, weights and ages in spring-born bulls from the Agriculture Research, Development, and Education Center (ARDEC) in Colorado. Five PAP measurements were collected from each bull: 1) Weaning PAP at ARDEC (1,525 m); 2) Yearling PAP at ARDEC (i.e., gain-test); 3) PAP after acclimating for 28 days at Fort Lewis College (FLC; 2,470 m); 4) before returning to ARDEC from FLC after 110 days of grazing; and 5) after re-acclimating for 57 days to the moderate elevation and feeding systems at ARDEC when bulls were 18 months of age. Across these 5 times in Angus (n = 18) and Hereford (n = 12) bulls, PAP measures were: 1) 37.97 ± 0.37; 2) 40.93 ± 0.77; 3) 46.10 ± 1.48; 4) 45.00 ± 1.11; and 5) 42.23 ± 0.67, respectively. Breed and elevation-age were important (P &lt; 0.05) sources of variation. Also, PAP changed (P &lt; 0.05) across the 5 time periods (i.e., increased with altitude and then declined as bulls returned to moderate altitude). Yearling PAP measurements collected at 1,525 m were highly correlated with PAP measures at 2,470 m, as well as a PAP collected at 18.3 ± 0.1 mo of age at 1,525 m (r = 0.93 to 0.99); therefore, suggesting that the yearling PAP measurement collected at 1,525 m in gain-tested bulls was an adequate predictor of PAP at elevations of 1,525 and 2,470 m as bulls aged to 18 months; however, additional study of bovine PAP across elevations, ages, and rates of gain is warranted.