bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection on old variants drives adaptive radiation ofMetrosiderosacross the Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Choi Jae Young , Dai Xiaoguang , Peng Julie Z. , Rughani Priyesh , Hickey Scott , Harrington Eoghan , Juul Sissel , Ayroles Julien , Purugganan Michael , Stacy Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSome of the most spectacular adaptive radiations begin with founder populations on remote islands. How genetically limited founder populations give rise to the striking phenotypic and ecological diversity characteristic of adaptive radiations is a paradox of evolutionary biology. We conducted an evolutionary genomic analysis of genusMetrosideros, a landscape-dominant, incipient adaptive radiation of woody plants that spans a striking range of phenotypes and environments across the Hawaiian Islands. Using nanopore-sequencing, we created a chromosome-level genome assembly forM. polymorphavar.incanaand analyzed wholegenome sequences of 131 individuals from 11 taxa sampled across the islands. We found evidence of population structure that grouped taxa by island. Demographic modeling showed concordance between the divergence times of island-specific lineages and the geological formation of individual islands. Gene flow was also detected within and between island taxa, suggesting a complex reticulated evolutionary history. We investigated genomic regions with increased differentiation as these regions may harbor variants involved in local adaptation or reproductive isolation, thus forming the genomic basis of adaptive radiation. We discovered differentiation outliers have arisen from balancing selection on ancient divergent haplotypes that formed before the initial colonization of the archipelago. These regions experienced recurrent divergent selection as lineages colonized and diversified on new islands, and hybridization likely facilitated the transfer of these ancient variants between taxa. Balancing selection on multiple ancient haplotypes–or time-tested variants–may help to explain how lineages with limited gene pools can rapidly diversify to fill myriad ecological niches on remote islands.Significance statementSome of the most spectacular adaptive radiations of plants and animals occur on remote oceanic islands, yet such radiations are preceded by founding events that severely limit genetic variation. How genetically depauperate founder populations give rise to the spectacular phenotypic and ecological diversity characteristic of island adaptive radiations is not known. We generated novel genomic resources for HawaiianMetrosideros––a hyper-variable incipient adaptive radiation of woody taxa—for insights into the paradox of remote island radiations. We found thatMetrosideroscolonized each island shortly after formation and diversified within islands through recurrent selection on ancient variations that predate the radiation. Recurring use of ancient variants may explain how genetically depauperate lineages can diversify to fill countless niches on remote islands.
Ownership structure and R&D investment: the role of identity and contestability in Spanish listed firms
Authors: García-García Laura , Gonzalo Alonso-Buenaposada Macarena , Romero-Merino M. Elena , Santamaria-Mariscal Marcos 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the ownership structure and the investment in research and development (R&D) for a sample of listed Spanish companies.Design/methodology/approachFollowing the agency theory and the socioemotional wealth (SEW) perspective, the authors propose that R&D investment is affected by ownership structure, specifically by the identity of the controlling owner (family firms and firms with an institutional investor) and the level of contestability by other shareholders. In order to test these hypotheses, the authors build an original database identifying, at a 10% threshold, the ultimate shareholders of a sample of 96 Spanish firms listed during 2008–2018 (1,002 obs).FindingsThe results show that there is no significant relationship between the ownership concentration and the R&D investment. Only when the authors consider the nature of the main shareholder, the authors find that in family firms there is an invertedUrelationship between ownership and R&D, so that at low levels of ownership, the R&D increases, while at high levels of ownership (that we compute around 54%) the R&D decreases. Also, when the main shareholder is an institutional investor, the greater its ownership, the higher the R&D investment. Finally, the authors test that, contrary to what mainstream suggests, contestability in family firms is higher when ownership in the hands of other family shareholders increases.Originality/valueThe work uses an original database to test a nonlinear relationship between ownership and R&D investment in family firms. Also, the study addresses a topic hardly ever discussed in the literature about R&D as it is the role of the contestability by other controlling shareholders.
How to deal with policy uncertainty to attain sustainable growth: the role of corporate governance
Authors: Ahsan Tanveer , Mirza Sultan Sikandar , Al-Gamrh Bakr , Bin-Feng Chai , Rao Zia-Ur-Rehman 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating impact of corporate governance (CG) on the relationship between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and the sustainable growth (SG) of Chinese firms.

Design/methodology/approach
The study collects data of 975 Chinese non-financial listed firms for the period from 2010 to 2017. The study measures SG using a comprehensive index based on nine financial indicators and applies industry and year fixed effects regression to investigate the direct and moderating impact of CG on the relationship between EPU and SG of Chinese firms.

Findings
The results of the study explain that EPU negatively affects SG, while concentrated ownership, board independence and board gender diversity (BGD) positively contribute to the SG of the Chinese firms. The results also explain that concentrated ownership and BGD reduce the negative impact of EPU on the SG of the Chinese firms.

Research limitations/implications
The study considers only non-financial firms; therefore, the results of this study cannot be generalized for financial firms. Future research can be carried out while considering financial firms as a unit of analysis.

Practical implications
The investigation of the negative impact of policy uncertainty on SG is essential for the government and policymakers to devise policies to reduce uncertainty. The investigation of the moderating effect of CG enriches the literature on corporates’ response to policy uncertainty. It provides valuable insights for corporates regarding CG mechanisms to attain SG.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that investigates the moderating impact of CG on the SG of Chinese firms using an index-based measurement of SG.
How do students perceive their own and their peers' progress in e-learning?
Authors: Somyürek Sibel , Brusilovsky Peter , Çebi Ayça , Akhüseyinoğlu Kamil , Güyer Tolga 
Published: November 2020

PurposeInterest is currently growing in open social learner modeling (OSLM), which means making peer models and a learner's own model visible to encourage users in e-learning. The purpose of this study is to examine students' views about the OSLM in an e-learning system.Design/methodology/approachThis case study was conducted with 40 undergraduate students enrolled in advanced programming and database management system courses. A Likert-type questionnaire and open-ended questions were used to obtain the students' views. System usage data were also analyzed to ensure the richness and diversity of the overall data set.FindingsThe quantitative data of the students' views were analyzed with descriptive statistics; the results are presented as graphics. The qualitative data of the students' views were examined by content analysis to derive themes. These themes are organized into four subtopics: the students' positive views, their negative views, their improvement suggestions and their preferences about using similar OSLM visualizations in other e-learning systems. The students' subjective views are discussed in the context of their recorded interactions with the system.Research limitations/implicationsCompetition due to seeing peer models was considered by participants both as positive and negative features of the learning system. So, this study revealed that, the ways to combine peer learner models to e-learning systems that promote positive competition without resulting social pressure, still need to be explored.Practical implicationsBy combining open learner models with open peer models, OSLM enhances the learning process in three different ways: it supports self-regulation, encourages competition and empowers self-evaluation. To take advantage of these positive contributions, practitioners should consider enhancing e-learning systems with both own learner and peer model features.Originality/valueDespite increasing interest in OSLM studies, several limitations and problems must be addressed such as sparsity of data and lack of study of different contexts and cultures. To date, no published study in this area exists in Turkey. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap by examining OSLM features in an e-learning system from the perspectives of Turkish students by using both their system interaction data and their subjective views.
Do firm-specific risks affect bank performance?
Authors: Hunjra Ahmed Imran , Mehmood Asad , Nguyen Hung Phu , Tayachi Tahar 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe authors examine the impact of credit, liquidity and operational risks on the financial performance of commercial banks of South Asia.Design/methodology/approachData are extracted from DataStream of 76 commercial banks of four countries, i.e. Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka for the period 2009–2018. The generalized method of moments (GMM) is used to analyze the results.FindingsAll three risks are significantly associated with financial performance. The authors find thatZ-score positively affects the bank performance, whereas the nonperforming loans (NPLs) ratio has a negative impact on financial performance of bank. Liquidity risk analyses show the current and loan-to-deposit (LTD) ratios positively and negatively, respectively, affect financial performance. While operational risk positively affects financial performance. The authors further present the significant effects of joint occurrence of credit and liquidity risks on financial performance.Practical implicationsFor managing credit risk, banking management should ensure the policies for granting loans and timely reimbursement of the loan installments from customers. Bank managers should regularly monitor the liquidity position by maintaining the necessary levels of loans and deposits. Management should retain a healthy capital charge to meet operational risks.Originality/valueCredit, liquidity and operational risks are considered the most important categories of risk which are faced by financial institutions. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study which investigates the impact of these risks on banks’ financial performance in selected South Asian countries. The results of this study have relevance and probable generalizability about the impact of risks on the performance of banks in emerging markets.
The effect of employment on the subjective well-being of 60–80 years old people
Authors: Axelrad Hila , Sherman Arie , Luski Israel 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe current study investigates the association of employment at older age (60–80 years ) with the cognitive component of subjective well-being (SWB): life satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachOut of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the present study’s sample included 58,197 observations of participants aged 60–80 years from 18 countries. The authors estimate the direct effects of employment and number of working hours on life satisfaction while considering the characteristics of the job and their impact.FindingsResults reveal that individuals who do not work enjoy a higher level of life satisfaction and so do those who work in developing jobs. Work under pressure reduces the level of SWB and working in physically demanding jobs has no significant impact on SWB. The results confirm previous findings regarding the positive contribution of self-employment to individuals’ SWB.Originality/valueThe results allow policy makers to implement policy measures that can improve older workers' SWB.
Brand community motives and their impact on brand community engagement: variations between diverse audiences
Authors: Haverila Matti , McLaughlin Caitlin , Haverila Kai Christian , Viskovics Julio 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to compare two different sample populations (student and general) to determine the impact of brand community motives on brand community engagement.Design/methodology/approachTwo samples were drawn for the purpose of the current research. The first sample was drawn among the members of various brand communities from a general North American population sample (N = 503). The second sample was drawn purely from students, belonging to a variety of brand communities, from a middle-sized Canadian university (N = 195). Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to analyse the strength, significance and effect sizes of the relationships between brand community motive and engagement constructs.FindingsThe findings indicate that the impact of brand community motives varied by sample population. The information and entertainment motives were significantly related to brand community engagement in both sample populations with roughly equal effect sizes. The social integration motive was again significantly related to the brand community engagement construct in the student sample population – but not for the general North American general population sample. Further, the self-discovery motive and status enhancement motives were significantly related to brand community engagement in the North American sample, but not for the student sample. This indicates significant differences between the two sample populations.Originality/valueThe results of the current research demonstrate that student populations are significantly different from the general population regarding their motives towards brand communities. This indicates that brand community managers need to be aware of the motives of different brand community members and also that they need to exercise caution about utilizing purely student data to make decisions about brand community management.
Inter‐rater reliability of the assessment of learning powered mobility use, version 2.0, when applied with children and adults engaged in Driving to Learn in a powered wheelchair
Authors: Svensson Eva , Nilsson Lisbeth 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntroductionThe Assessment of Learning Powered mobility use (ALP) tool including the ALP instrument and facilitating strategies, was developed for Driving to Learn. This therapeutic intervention aims to provide children and adults who have profound cognitive disabilities with opportunities to learn tool use through powered mobility practise. To allow for longer intervention periods, a partnership was developed between professionals supervising Driving to Learn and persons accompanying children or adults to their practice sessions. Accompanying persons (relatives or assistants) gradually took on shared responsibility for applying the intervention and conducting assessments with the ALP‐instrument. The aim of this study was to test the inter‐rater reliability of the ALP‐instrument version 2.0 as applied in this novel partnership in assessment and intervention.MethodA psychometric analysis compared pair‐wise assessments with the ALP‐instrument version 2.0, made independently by professional supervisors and accompanying persons following each Driving to Learn session. Weighted kappa statistic was used to compare the matched pair ordinal data.ResultsEight professional supervisors and 22 accompanying persons independently completed assessments with the ALP‐instrument after 55 sessions with six children and five adults, who each participated in five Driving to Learn sessions. When the scores from the 55 pairs of assessments were compared, a weighted kappa value of 0.85 was obtained, indicating very good inter‐rater reliability between the two rater groups.ConclusionThe resulting inter‐rater reliability suggests that it is reliable to implement the ALP‐instrument as part of partnership in intervention between supervisors and accompanying persons. Provision of longer periods of Driving to Learn is possible when those who accompany the child or adult are able to gradually assume responsibility for practice and assessment under the supervision of a professional. This partnership approach enables children and adults with multiple and complex disabilities to practise and learn in accordance with their conditions and needs.
Understanding and strengthening the role of catastrophe lottery in catastrophe risk transfer system
Authors: Kong Feng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAgainst the background of global climate change and rapid urbanization, all kinds of catastrophic events occur, which challenge regional socio‐economic and sustainable development. This Forum contribution introduces the tools and systems of catastrophe risk transfer and its characteristics in practice. The case is then made that the catastrophe risk transfer system needs to be innovated. It is found that the current catastrophe risk transfer system in China cannot on its own meet the needs of catastrophe risk transfer. This contribution argues that a lottery mechanism is one important means for catastrophe risk transfer. Its basic function is risk transfer and thereby raises funds for disaster recovery and reconstruction. Finally, this contribution suggests ways in which to normalize the independent issuance of catastrophe lottery, to strengthen the relevant research work for catastrophe lottery and to explore the catastrophe risk transfer mode of the combination of catastrophe lottery and disaster insurance.
Early and late pregnancy loss in women with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment: a retrospective cohort analysis of 21 820 pregnancies
Authors: Cai He , Mol BW , Gordts S , Wang H , Wang T , Li N , Shi J 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveTo examine early and late pregnancy loss in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing IVF/ICSI transfers.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingReproductive medicine centre at a tertiary hospital.PopulationWe studied women with a positive β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) after in vitro fertilisation/intra‐cytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) treatment from May 2014 to April 2019.MethodsOdds ratios (OR) for early (≤13 weeks) and late (>13 weeks) pregnancy loss were calculated among women with and without PCOS for plurality of the pregnancy with adjustment for confounding factors.Main outcome measuresEarly pregnancy loss (EPL) and late pregnancy loss (LPL).ResultsFrom 21 820 women identified with a positive β‐hCG, 2357 (10.8%) women had PCOS, and 19 463 (89.2%) women did not. EPL occurred in 16.6% (391) of women with PCOS versus 18.3% (3565) in women with non‐PCOS (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.79–0.99, P = 0.04). After adjustment for age and other confounders, the rate of EPL was not statistically significantly associated with PCOS status (adjusted OR [aOR] 0.91, 95% CI 0.80–1.05). Women with PCOS demonstrated a higher rate of LPL (6.4% in PCOS versus 3.6% in non‐PCOS, OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.48–2.21, P < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, the potential impact of PCOS was less strong (aOR 1.38, 95% CI 0.96–1.98), with BMI and maternal comorbidities also associated with LPL (aOR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04–1.1 and aOR 2.07, 95% CI 1.43–3.00, respectively).ConclusionsPolycystic ovary syndrome was not independently associated with EPL. There was an increased risk of LPL but this difference was not statistically significant.Tweetable abstractPolycystic ovary syndrome women are at increased risk of late pregnancy loss, partly driven by elevated BMI and maternal comorbidities.
Associations between mean systemic filling pressure and acute kidney injury: An observational cohort study following cardiac surgery
Authors: Neuman Jemma , Schulz Luis , Aneman Anders 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundVenous congestion has been implied in cardiac surgery‐associated acute kidney injury (CSA‐AKI). The mean systemic filling pressure may provide a physiologically more accurate estimate of renal venous pressure and renal perfusion pressure but its association with CSA‐AKI has not been reported.MethodsPatients admitted to ICU following cardiac surgery without pre‐operative renal dysfunction were included with monitoring of mean arterial pressure (MAP) and central venous pressure (CVP) and cardiac output (CO) to calculate the mean systemic filling pressure analogue (Pmsa). The AKI‐KDIGO guidelines were used to define CSA‐AKI. Logistic regression models including CO, heart rate, MAP, CVP and Pmsa were used to ascertain the association with CSA‐AKI and reported by odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) and area under the curve (AUROC).ResultsOne hundred and thirty patients (out of 221 screened) were included of whom 66 (51%) developed CSA‐AKI. Patients with CSA‐AKI were older, with greater weight and increased stay in ICU while the proportion of comorbidities, type of surgical procedures, APACHE III scores and fluid volumes administered were similar to patients without AKI. The Pmsa, but not CVP, was associated with CSA‐AKI (OR 1.2 95%CI [1.16‐1.25]). Renal perfusion pressure was associated with CSA‐AKI estimated as MAP‐Pmsa (OR 0.81 [0.76‐0.86]) and MAP‐CVP (OR 0.89 [0.85‐0.93]) with the former generating a higher AUROC (median difference 0.10 [0.07‐0.12], P < .001) in the regression model.ConclusionsThe Pmsa in post‐operative cardiac surgery patients was associated with the development of CSA‐AKI also when incorporated into estimates of renal perfusion pressure.