bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term clinical outcomes following surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax caused by pulmonary blebs and bullae in dogs – a multicentre (AVSTS Research Cooperative) retrospective study
Authors: Howes C. L. , Sumner J. P. , Ahlstrand K. , Hardie R. J. , Anderson D. , Woods S. , Goh D. , de la Puerta B. , Brissot H. N. , Das S. , Nolff M. , Liehmann L. , Chanoit G. 
Published: May 2020

ObjectivesTo report the clinical characteristics and recurrence rate of spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to pulmonary blebs and bullae following surgical management in a large cohort of dogs. To explore potential risk factors for recurrence and describe outcome.Materials and MethodsMedical records were retrospectively reviewed for cases with spontaneous pneumothorax managed surgically between 2000 and 2017. Signalment, clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging, surgery, histopathology findings and patient outcomes were recorded. Follow‐up was performed via patient records and telephone contact.ResultsRecords of 120 dogs with surgically treated pneumothorax were identified and reviewed, with 99 cases appropriate for exploratory statistical analysis. Median follow‐up was 850 days (range: 9–5105 days). Two‐ and 5‐year survival rates were 88.4% and 83.5%, respectively. There was recurrence in 14 of 99 dogs (14.1%) with adequate follow‐up, with a median time to recurrence of 25 days (1–1719 days). Univariable Cox regression analysis suggested increased risk for recurrence in giant breeds (hazard ratio = 11.05, 95% confidence interval: 2.82–43.35) and with increasing bodyweight (HR = 1.04, 95% confidence interval: 1.00–1.09). Of 14 dogs with recurrence, six were euthanased, two died of causes related to pneumothorax and six underwent further treatment, of which five were resolved.Clinical SignificanceLong‐term survival for dogs with surgically managed spontaneous pneumothorax was good and associated with a low risk of recurrence. Giant breed dogs and increased bodyweight were the only variables identified as possible risk factors for recurrence. The outcome for dogs with recurrence undergoing a second intervention was also favourable.
The applicability of using a protease extracted from cashew fruits (Anacardium occidentale), as possible meat tenderizer: An experimental design approach
Authors: Ahmad Mohammad Norazmi , Shuhaimen Muhammad Shahrain , Normaya Erna , Omar Muhammad Nor , Iqbal Anwar , Ku Bulat Ku Halim 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMeat tenderness is one of the most important organoleptic properties in determining consumer acceptance in meat product marketability. Therefore, an effective meat tenderization method is sought after by exploring plant‐derived proteolytic enzymes as meat tenderizer. In this study, a novel protease from Cashew was identified as a new alternative halal meat tenderizer. The extraction of cashew protease was optimized using response surface methodology (R2 = 0.9803) by varying pH, CaCl2 concentration, mixing time, and mass. pH 6.34, 7.92 mM CaCl2 concentration, 5.51 min mixing time, and 19.24 g sample mass were the optimal extraction conditions. There was no significant difference (n = 3; p < 0.05) between the calculated (6.302 units/ml) and experimental (6.493 ± 0.229 units/ml) protease activity. The ascending order of the effects was pH < mixing time < CaCl2 < sample mass. In meat tenderizing application, the meat samples treated with 9% (v/w) crude protease extract obtained the lowest shear force (1.38 ± 0.25 N) to cause deformation on the meat. An electrophoretic analysis showed that protein bands above ~49.8 kDa were completely degraded into protein bands below ~22.4 kDa. Scanning electron microscopy shows the disruption of the muscle fibers after being treated by the Cashew protease. The results of this study show the Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) crude extract can be used as an alternative of the animal and microbial protease as meat tenderizer and subsequently overcome the shortcoming of the halal industrial protease.
Southern right whales show no behavioral response to low noise levels from a nearby unmanned aerial vehicle
Authors: Christiansen Fredrik , Nielsen Mia L. K. , Charlton Claire , Bejder Lars , Madsen Peter T. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used for wildlife research and monitoring, but little information exists on their potential effect on marine mammals. We assessed the effects of a UAV on the behavior of southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) in Australia. Focal follows of ten right whale mother‐calf pairs were conducted using a theodolite. Control data were recorded for 30 min, and then a DJI Inspire 1 Pro was flown above the whales for 10 min at 5 m altitude. Potential changes to horizontal behavior (swim speed and turning angle) and surfacing pattern (interbreath intervals) were investigated by comparing mother‐calf behavior before and during UAV approaches. Changes in respiration rate were used to quantify energetic effects. We also explored acoustic cue perceptibility of the UAV at 5, 10, and 30 m altitude, by measuring the received UAV underwater noise level on whales equipped with acoustic tags (DTAGs). The received noise levels were 86.0 ± 3.9 dB re 1 μPa, while the measured ambient noise was 80.7 ± 7.3 dB re 1 μPa in the same frequency band (100–1,500 Hz). No behavioral response to the UAV was observed. This provides support for UAVs as a noninvasive tool to study baleen whale behavior and ecophysiology.
Proximal reflux: biochemical mediators, markers, therapeutic targets, and clinical correlations
Authors: Klimara Miles J. , Randall Derrick R. , Allen Jacqueline , Figueredo Edgar , Johnston Nikki 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAirway reflux is implicated in the pathophysiology of a wide range of adult and pediatric upper and lower airway diseases. However, the diagnosis of proximal reflux–associated disease remains challenging due to evolving clinical criteria and institutional and regional variances in diagnostic practices. Evidence suggests that nonacidic contents of reflux may serve as both pathologic mediators of and biomarkers for reflux in the upper airway. Furthermore, they offer potential pharmaceutical and surgical intervention targets and are the focus of novel clinical diagnostic tools currently under investigation.
Social norms and obesity prevalence: From cohort to system dynamics models
Authors: Crielaard Loes , Dutta Pritha , Quax Rick , Nicolaou Mary , Merabet Nadège , Stronks Karien , Sloot Peter M.A. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryGroup‐level obesity can be seen as an emergent property of a complex system, consisting of feedback loops between individual body weight perception, individual weight‐related behaviour and group‐level social norms (a product of group‐level ‘normal' body mass index (BMI) and sociocultural ‘ideal' BMI). As overweight becomes normal, the norm might be counteracting health awareness in shaping individual weight‐related behaviour. System dynamics modelling facilitates understanding and simulating this system's emergent behaviour. We constructed six system dynamics models (SDMs) based on an expert‐informed causal loop diagram and data from six sociocultural groups (Dutch, Moroccan and South‐Asian Surinamese men and women). The SDMs served to explore the effect of three scenarios on group‐level BMI: ‘what if' weight‐related behaviour were driven by (1) health awareness, (2) norms or (3) a combination of the two. Median BMI decreased approximately 50% and 30% less in scenarios 2 and 3, respectively, than in 1. In men, the drop in BMI was approximately two times larger in scenario 1 versus 3, whereas in women, the drop was approximately equal in these scenarios. This study indicates that the overweight norm in men holds group‐level BMI close to overweight despite health awareness. Since norms are counteracting health awareness less strongly in women, other drivers of obesity must be more relevant.
Prevention, diagnosis, and management of atrioesophageal fistula
Authors: Gianni Carola , Della Rocca Domenico G. , MacDonald Bryan C. , Mohanty Sanghamitra , Quintero Mayedo Angel , Sahore Salwan Anu , Trivedi Chintan , Natale Andrea 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAtrioesophageal fistula (AEF) is a rare but deadly complication of radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation. Given its rarity, the diagnosis of AEF is usually delayed with a wide variation in management strategies, which contribute to the high mortality associated with AEF. As such, the most important step of AEF management is prevention, whereas early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to reduce its associated high mortality.
Being a volunteer encountering older people’s loneliness and existential loneliness: alleviating loneliness for others and oneself
Authors: Sundström Malin , Blomqvist Kerstin , Edberg Anna‐Karin 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundThe increasing proportion of older people worldwide is challenging society and the healthcare sector to develop new solutions, such as involving volunteers, especially to combat loneliness among older people. Loneliness is a broad concept comprising, for example existential loneliness – a deep feeling of aloneness in the world. We know little about volunteers’ experience of encountering older people’s loneliness in general and existential loneliness in particular. Such knowledge is important in order to develop high‐quality volunteering.AimThis study aimed to describe volunteers’ experience of becoming and being a volunteer, and encountering older people’s loneliness in general and existential loneliness in particular.MethodsThis descriptive qualitative study is based on eight focus group interviews and twelve individual interviews with volunteers from different organisations, analysed using conventional content analysis.FindingsBeing a volunteer meant being a fellow human being, alleviating loneliness for others and oneself. Becoming a volunteer was a way of finding meaning, and volunteering made the volunteers feel rewarded and simultaneously emotionally challenged. Being a volunteer also meant acting on one’s values, challenging boundaries when necessary. Encountering loneliness, including existential loneliness, required sensitivity to others’ needs for both closeness and distance.ConclusionBeing a volunteer benefitted not only the older persons the volunteers met, but also the volunteers’ own sense of meaning, by alleviating their own loneliness. Sharing existential thoughts and having meaningful conversations about life and death are challenging, but can contribute to the personal growth of the volunteers themselves. It is important to remember that not all volunteers are confident in having existential conversations, so it is important to pay attention to each volunteer’s prerequisites and needs. In addition, there is a need for support to volunteers’ engagement such as clarifying their role and clarifying the responsibility and expectations from health and social care.
Homeland‐Making among Cultural and Ethnic Kin: Ahıska Turks in Turkey
Authors: Dogan Hulya 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAhıska Turks are a dispersed community without a nation‐state and, similar to other ethnic minorities of the former Soviet Union, their political powerlessness rendered them subject to persecution under Stalinist rule. Most of the Ahıska Turks interviewed for this study identify themselves both ethnically and nationally with Turkey, but their cultural geographic focus lies in present‐day Georgia. By incorporating qualitative data collected through fieldwork in Turkey, this article investigates where home is for this group by asking whether Georgia still holds any meaning as homeland, or whether the location of the ‘homeland’ is shifting as the population resettles in Turkey.
When class is colorblind: A race‐conscious model for cultural capital research in education
Authors: Richards Bedelia Nicola 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSociologists of education frequently draw on the cultural capital framework to explore the ways in which educational institutions perpetuate inequality in schools and the larger society. However, these studies adhere to a white centered “class‐based master‐narrative,” to legitimize and perpetuate the assumption that racial differences are secondary manifestations of class‐based structures. The class‐based master‐narrative elevates a one‐dimensional view of inequality as rooted primarily in class‐based stratification and downplays the fact that the economic elites who inhabit these dominant social positions are predominantly white. In this essay, I propose a race‐conscious framework to challenge the colorblind assumptions and deficit perspectives inherent to the cultural capital framework. The race‐conscious model (a) focuses on how racial stratification impacts the cultivation, transmission, and activation of cultural capital on the individual and institutional levels and (b) highlights the harmful impact of the lack of racial literacy that is inherent to the white habitus.
A Unified Account: Pictorial, Photographic and Sculptural Seeing as Spectral Seeing
Authors: Kemp Gary 
Published: May 2020

AbstractI extend my account involving the notion of “spectral seeing” from representation in painting (and drawing, etching, etc.) to representation in photography and sculpture. The account is psychological, but it steers clear of the psychological complexity often found in Wollheim‐derived accounts of pictorial representation; indeed no extra‐ordinary special sensory capacity is involved. That the account extends so naturally to these other non‐linguistic varieties of representation is a virtue of the account.
Visualization Research on Low-Temperature Ignition and Combustion Characteristics of Diesel/Gasoline Blends Under Cold-Start Conditions
Authors: Shi Zhicheng , Lee Chia-Fon , Wu Han , Li Haiying , Wu Yang , Zhang Lu , Liu Fushui 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Although engines fueled with diesel/gasoline blends show excellent combustion and emission performance, its low-temperature flame development characteristics under cold-start conditions remain to be further verified. To clarify the details, experiments were conducted in an optical constant volume combustion chamber using Mie-scattering and direct photography methods at different ambient temperatures. Results show that the ignition delay of pure diesel during spray combustion shows a zero temperature coefficient (ZTC) region, and the addition of gasoline weakens the ZTC behavior until it disappears. The cool flame initiates the ignition, and the hot flame tends to far from the base of the cool flame as the gasoline content increases. In addition, the addition of gasoline to diesel increases the ratio of cool flames because the high evaporation reduces the temperature in the mixing zone, so only cool flame occurs in the G45 blends. Consequently, the total flame intensity presents an order of magnitude decrease. At lower ambient temperatures, the addition of gasoline significantly increases ignition instability. It is difficult to convert a cool flame into a hot flame due to the inhomogeneity of temperature and species field, which results in various unstable ignition phenomena, such as a short flash cool flame and intermittent cool and hot flame. Therefore, it is essential to directly target the cool flame and pay attention to the intrinsic mechanism of the evolution from the cool flame to the hot flame during the spray combustion process.
Combustion Instabilities With Different Degrees of Premixedness in a Separated Dual-Swirl Burner
Authors: Wang Xinyao , Han Xiao , Song Heng , Zhang Chi , Wang Jianchen , Hui Xin , Lin Yuzhen , Yang Dong , Sung Chih-Jen 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The effects of premixedness degrees on combustion instabilities of separated dual-swirl flames have been investigated experimentally in the Beihang Axial Swirler Independently Stratified (BASIS) burner. The degree of premixedness is modulated by the fuel split between two injection positions in the outer stream. In the spectra of pressure oscillations, both the frequency and amplitude are positively correlated with fuel split ratios under partially premixed conditions, and the mode transition between perfectly and partially premixed conditions has been observed. The location of perfectly premixed flames shows no obvious variation at different phase angles, only with a slightly wrinkling of the flame surface along the shear layer. Under partially premixed conditions, however, the flame is found to feature a large-scale periodic convective motion, accompanied by the obvious variation of heat releases due to the equivalence ratio oscillations. The local Rayleigh index map compares the thermoacoustic driving factors under perfectly and partially premixed conditions. The development of above convective motions under partially premixed conditions is explained by combining the variations of pressure oscillations and heat releases. An analysis of the thermoacoustic network and convective path is applied to explain the cause of the mode transition. The results show that the appearance of equivalence ratio oscillations and the elongated convective path under partially premixed conditions brings a longer delay time of the flame response, which could be the reason for the mode transition.
Serum amoxicillin levels in young infants (0–59 days) with sepsis treated with oral amoxicillin
Authors: Mir Fatima , Pearce Robin E , Baig-Ansari Naila , Qazi Shamim , Barrett Jeffrey S , Abdel-Rahman Susan , Kearns Greg , Zaidi Anita KM 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundWHO recommends simplified antibiotics for young infants with sepsis in countries where hospitalisation is not feasible. Amoxicillin provides safe, Gram-positive coverage. This study was done to determine pharmacokinetics, drug disposition and interpopulation variability of oral amoxicillin in this demographic.MethodsYoung infants with signs of sepsis enrolled in an oral amoxicillin/intramuscular gentamicin treatment arm of a sepsis trial in Karachi, Pakistan, were studied. Limited pharmacokinetic (PK) sampling was performed at 0, 2–3 and 6–8 hours following an index dose of oral amoxicillin. Plasma concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Values of ≥2 mg/L were considered as the effect threshold, given the regional minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.ResultsAmoxicillin concentrations were determined in 129 samples from 60 young infants. Six of 44 infants had positive blood cultures with predominant Gram-positive organisms. Forty-four infants contributing blood at ≥2 of 3 specified timepoints were included in the analysis. Mean amoxicillin levels at 2–3 hours (11.6±9.5 mg/L, n=44) and 6–8 hours (16.4±9.3 mg/L, n=20) following the index dose exceeded the MIC for amoxicillin (2.0 mg/L) against resistant S. pneumoniae strains. Of 20 infants with three serum levels, 7 showed a classic dose–exposure profile and 13 showed increasing concentrations with time, implying delayed absorption or excretion.ConclusionAmoxicillin concentrations in sera of young infants following oral administration at 75–100 mg/kg/day daily divided doses exceeds the susceptibility breakpoint for >50% of a 12-hour dosing interval.Oral amoxicillin may hold potential as a safe replacement of parenteral ampicillin in newborn sepsis regimens, including aminoglycosides, where hospitalisation is not feasible.Trial registration numberNCT01027429.
Population child health: understanding and addressing complex health needs
Authors: Aitchison Katelyn , McGeown Helen , Holden Ben , Watson Mando , Klaber Robert Edward , Hargreaves Dougal 
Published: May 2020

Advances in paediatric care mean that more children with complex medical problems (heart disease, neurodevelopmental problems and so on) are surviving their early years. This has important implications for the design and delivery of healthcare given their extensive multidisciplinary requirements and susceptibility to poor outcomes when not optimally managed. Importantly, their medical needs must also be understood and addressed within the context of the child and family’s life circumstances. There is growing recognition that many other factors contribute to a child’s complex health needs (CHNs), for example, family problems, fragmentation of health and care provision, psychological difficulties or social issues.
To facilitate proactive care for these patients, we must develop accurate ways to identify them. Whole Systems Integrated Care—an online platform that integrates routinely collected data from primary and secondary care—offers an example of how to do this. An algorithm applied to this data identifies children with CHNs from the entire patient population. When tested in a large inner-city GP practice, this analysis shows good concordance with clinical opinion and identifies complex children in the population to a much higher proportion than expected. Ongoing refinement of these data-driven processes will allow accurate quantification and identification of need in local populations, thus aiding the development of tailored services.
Rate of visual field decay in glaucomatous eyes with acquired pits of the optic nerve
Authors: Mahmoudinezhad Golnoush , Lin Mark , Rabiolo Alessandro , Morales Esteban , Hirunpatravong Pradtana , Sharifipour Farideh , Caprioli Joseph 
Published: May 2020

BackgroundTo evaluate the relationship between the presence of an acquired pit of the optic nerve (APON) and the rate of visual field (VF) decay in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).MethodsConsecutive patients with POAG were screened for APON by three glaucoma specialists. A control group of POAG eyes without APON were matched with the APON group for factors such as age, gender, baseline intraocular pressure and baseline mean deviation (MD). The pointwise rate of change (PRC) was used for pointwise comparisons between the two groups. MD rate, Visual Field Index (VFI) rate and Glaucoma Rate Index (GRI) were used for global rate comparisons. We compared the proportions of eyes progressing in the groups with event-based guided progression analysis (GPA), MD, VFI and GRI criteria.ResultsMean (SD) PRC was faster in the APON group −1.00 (±2.57) %/year compared with the control group −0.25 (±2.19) %/year; p<0.001. MD rate (−0.22 (±0.27) dB/year vs 0.03 (±0.41) dB/year; p=0.009), VFI rate (−0.81 (±0.86) %/year vs −0.05 (±1.0) %/year; p=0.04) and GRI (−12.27 (±16.27) vs -3.75 (±10.6); p=0.052) were all faster in the APON group compared with controls. The proportion of progressing eyes with GPA, MD, VFI and GRI was not significantly different between the two groups (p>0.1).ConclusionsThe presence of APON in patients with POAG is associated with focal, fast rates of VF decay. Identification of patients with APON should alert clinicians to the possibility of a fast rate of functional progression and to consider appropriately aggressive treatment of their glaucoma.