bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant foods, dietary fibre and risk of ischaemic heart disease in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort
Authors: Perez-Cornago Aurora , Crowe Francesca L , Appleby Paul N , Bradbury Kathryn E , Wood Angela M , Jakobsen Marianne Uhre , Johnson Laura , Sacerdote Carlotta , Steur Marinka , Weiderpass Elisabete , Würtz Anne Mette L , Kühn Tilman , Katzke Verena , Trichopoulou Antonia , Karakatsani Anna , La Vecchia Carlo , Masala Giovanna , Tumino Rosario , Panico Salvatore , Sluijs Ivonne , Skeie Guri , Imaz Liher , Petrova Dafina , Quirós J Ramón , Yohar Sandra Milena Colorado , Jakszyn Paula , Melander Olle , Sonestedt Emily , Andersson Jonas , Wennberg Maria , Aune Dagfinn , Riboli Elio , Schulze Matthias B , di Angelantonio Emanuele , Wareham Nicholas J , Danesh John , Forouhi Nita G , Butterworth Adam S , Key Timothy J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Epidemiological evidence indicates that diets rich in plant foods are associated with a lower risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD), but there is sparse information on fruit and vegetable subtypes and sources of dietary fibre. This study examined the associations of major plant foods, their subtypes and dietary fibre with risk of IHD in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).

Methods
We conducted a prospective analysis of 490 311 men and women without a history of myocardial infarction or stroke at recruitment (12.6 years of follow-up, n cases = 8504), in 10 European countries. Dietary intake was assessed using validated questionnaires, calibrated with 24-h recalls. Multivariable Cox regressions were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of IHD.

Results
There was a lower risk of IHD with a higher intake of fruit and vegetables combined [HR per 200 g/day higher intake 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.90–0.99, P-trend = 0.009], and with total fruits (per 100 g/day 0.97, 0.95–1.00, P-trend = 0.021). There was no evidence for a reduced risk for fruit subtypes, except for bananas. Risk was lower with higher intakes of nuts and seeds (per 10 g/day 0.90, 0.82–0.98, P-trend = 0.020), total fibre (per 10 g/day 0.91, 0.85–0.98, P-trend = 0.015), fruit and vegetable fibre (per 4 g/day 0.95, 0.91–0.99, P-trend = 0.022) and fruit fibre (per 2 g/day 0.97, 0.95–1.00, P-trend = 0.045). No associations were observed between vegetables, vegetables subtypes, legumes, cereals and IHD risk.

Conclusions
In this large prospective study, we found some small inverse associations between plant foods and IHD risk, with fruit and vegetables combined being the most strongly inversely associated with risk. Whether these small associations are causal remains unclear.
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Epidemic Doubling Time in the United States Before and During Stay-at-Home Restrictions
Authors: Lurie Mark N , Silva Joe , Yorlets Rachel R , Tao Jun , Chan Philip A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly in the United States since January 2020.

Methods
We estimated mean epidemic doubling time, an important measure of epidemic growth, nationally, by state, and in association with stay-at-home orders.

Results
The epidemic doubling time in the United States was 2.68 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.30–3.24 days) before widespread mitigation efforts, increasing by 460% to 15 days (12.89–17.94 days) during the mitigation phase. Among states without stay-at-home orders, the median increase in doubling time was 60% (95% CI, 9.2–223.3), compared with 269% (95% CI, 277.0–394.0) for states with stay-at-home orders.

Conclusions
Statewide mitigation strategies were strongly associated with increased epidemic doubling time.
Genetic analysis of disease resilience in wean-to-finish pigs from a natural disease challenge model
Authors: Cheng Jian , Putz Austin M , Harding John C S , Dyck Michael K , Fortin Frederic , Plastow Graham S , Canada PigGen , Dekkers Jack C M 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe objective was to estimate the genetic parameters of performance and resilience of growing pigs under disease. Data were from 3,139 Yorkshire × Landrace wean-to-finish pigs that were exposed to a natural polymicrobial disease challenge that was established by entering naturally infected animals into a nursery barn, targeting various viral and bacterial diseases. The challenge was maintained by entering batches of 60 or 75 healthy nursery pigs every 3 wk in a continuous flow system. Traits analyzed included average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI) and duration (ADFD); feed conversion ratio (FCR); residual feed intake (RFI); mortality (MOR); number of health treatments (TRT); health scores (HScore); carcass weight (CWT), back fat (CBF) and loin depth (CLD); dressing percentage (DRS); lean yield (LYLD); day-to-day variation in feed intake and duration (VARFI and VARDUR); and the proportion of off-feed days (OFFFI and OFFDUR). Analyses were performed by mixed linear models with genomic relationships. The resilience traits, such as TRT, MOR, and HScore, were lowly heritable (up to 0.15) but had high genetic correlations with each other. Performance traits, such as ADG, ADFI, ADFD, FCR, RFI, and carcass traits, were moderate to highly heritable (0.17 to 0.49). Heritabilities of resilience indicator traits such as OFF and VAR had low to moderate heritabilities (0.08 to 0.23) but were higher when based on duration vs. amount. ADFI had a low genetic correlation with ADFD (0.13). ADG in the challenge nursery had stronger negative genetic correlations with both TRT and MOR than ADG in the finisher (−0.37 to −0.74 vs. −0.15 to −0.56). ADFI and FCR had moderate negative (−0.21 to −0.39) and positive (0.34 to 0.49) genetic correlations, respectively, with TRT and MOR. ADFD and RFI had very low genetic correlations with TRT and MOR. CWT and DRS were moderately negatively correlated with TRT and MOR (−0.33 to −0.59). Resilience indicator traits based on feed intake or duration had moderate to high positive genetic correlations with TRT (0.18 to 0.81) and MOR (0.33 to 0.87). In conclusion, performance and resilience traits under a polymicrobial disease challenge are heritable and can be changed by selection. Phenotypes extracted from feed intake patterns can be used as genetic indicator traits for disease resilience. Most promising is day-to-day variation in intake duration, which had a sizeable heritability (0.23) and favorable genetic correlations with MOR (0.79) and treatment rate (0.20).
Improvements in fundamental performance of in-liquid frequency modulation atomic force microscopy
Authors: Fukuma Takeshi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In-liquid frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) has been used for visualizing subnanometer-scale surface structures of minerals, organic thin films and biological systems. In addition, three-dimensional atomic force microscopy (3D-AFM) has been developed by combining it with a three-dimensional (3D) tip scanning method. This method enabled the visualization of 3D distributions of water (i.e. hydration structures) and flexible molecular chains at subnanometer-scale resolution. While these applications highlighted the unique capabilities of FM-AFM, its force resolution, speed and stability are not necessarily at a satisfactory level for practical applications. Recently, there have been significant advancements in these fundamental performances. The force resolution was dramatically improved by using a small cantilever, which enabled the imaging of a 3D hydration structure even in pure water and made it possible to directly compare experimental results with simulated ones. In addition, the improved force resolution allowed the enhancement of imaging speed without compromising spatial resolution. To achieve this goal, efforts have been made for improving bandwidth, resonance frequency and/or latency of various components, including a high-speed phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit. With these improvements, now atomic-resolution in-liquid FM-AFM imaging can be performed at ∼1 s/frame. Furthermore, a Si-coating method was found to improve stability and reproducibility of atomic-resolution imaging owing to formation of a stable hydration structure on a tip apex. These improvements have opened up new possibilities of atomic-scale studies on solid-liquid interfacial phenomena by in-liquid FM-AFM.
Optimal temporal–spatial fluorescence techniques for phenotyping nitrogen status in oilseed rape
Authors: Sun Dawei , Xu Haixia , Weng Haiyong , Zhou Weijun , Liang Yan , Dong Xiaoya , He Yong , Cen Haiyan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer maximizes the growth of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) by improving photosynthetic performance. Elucidating the dynamic relationship between fluorescence and plant N status could provide a non-destructive diagnosis of N status and the breeding of N-efficient cultivars. The aim of this study was to explore the impacts of different N treatments on photosynthesis at a spatial–temporal scale and to evaluate the performance of three fluorescence techniques for the diagnosis of N status. One-way ANOVA and linear discriminant analysis were applied to analyze fluorescence data acquired by a continuous excitation chlorophyll fluorimeter (OJIP transient analysis), pulse amplitude-modulated chlorophyll fluorescence (PAM-ChlF), and multicolor fluorescence (MCF) imaging. The results showed that the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) and performance index for photosynthesis (PIABS) of bottom leaves were sensitive to N status at the bolting stage, whereas the red fluorescence/far-red fluorescence ratio of top leaves was sensitive at the early seedling stage. Although the classification of N treatments by the three techniques achieved comparable accuracies, MCF imaging showed the best potential for early diagnosis of N status in field phenotyping because it had the highest sensitivity in the top leaves, at the early seedling stage. The findings of this study could facilitate research on N management and the breeding of N-efficient cultivars.
UGT85A53 promotes flowering via mediating abscisic acid glucosylation andFLCtranscription inCamellia sinensis
Authors: Jing Tingting , Zhang Na , Gao Ting , Wu Yi , Zhao Mingyue , Jin Jieyang , Du Wenkai , Schwab Wilfried , Song Chuankui 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUridine diphosphate (UDP)-dependent glycosyltransferases catalyse the glycosylation of small molecules and play important roles in maintaining cell homeostasis and regulating plant development. Glycosyltransferases are widely distributed, but their detailed roles in regulating plant growth and development are largely unknown. In this study, we identified a UDP-glycosyltransferase, UGT85A53, from Camellia sinensis, the expression of which was strongly induced by various abiotic stress factors and its protein product was distributed in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. Ectopic overexpression of CsUGT85A53 in Arabidopsis resulted in an early-flowering phenotype under both long- and short-day conditions. The transcript accumulation of the flowering repressor genes FLC and ABI5, an activator of FLC in ABA-regulated flowering signaling, were both significantly decreased in transgenic Arabidopsis compared with wild-type plants. The decreased expression level of FLC might be associated with an increased level of DNA methylation that was observed in CsUGT85A53-overexpressing (OE) plants. Biochemical analyses showed that CsUGT85A53 could glucosylate ABA to form inactive ABA-glycoside in vitro and in planta. Overexpression of CsUGT85A53 in Arabidopsis resulted in a decreased concentration of free ABA and increased concentration of ABA-glucoside. The early-flowering phenotype in the CsUGT85A53-OE transgenic lines was restored by ABA application. Furthermore, CsUGT85A53-OE plants displayed an ABA-insensitive phenotype with higher germination rates compared with controls in the presence of low concentrations of exogenous ABA. Our findings are the first to identify a UGT in tea plants that catalyses ABA glucosylation and enhance flowering transition as a positive regulator.
A Local Authority v JB [2020] EWCA Civ 735 and A Local Authority v AW [2020] EWCOP 24: Rethinking Sexual Capacity?
Authors: Pritchard-Jones Laura 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In A Local Authority v JB and A Local Authority v AW, the Court of Appeal and Court of Protection, respectively, had to consider questions regarding decision-making about sexual relationships. This case commentary suggests that both decisions are to be welcomed in many ways, not least in the primacy they give to the role of consent within sexual relationships. However, working through their implications also reveals a number of perplexing legal and practical binds that cannot easily be overcome, and that in fact stem from the way that the Mental Capacity Act 2005 itself works. In light of this, the commentary concludes by suggesting that it is likely that there will be continued dissatisfaction with this area of law and hints that the time may have come to rethink sexual capacity.
Welfare effect of international migration on the left-behind in Ghana: Evidence from machine learning
Authors: Martey Edward , Armah Ralph 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis article examines the effect of international migration on household expenditure, labor outcomes, and poverty on the left-behind household members in Ghana using nationally representative data. The study contributes to the literature in terms of the methodology employed to reinforce the welfare effect of international migration in a developing country like Ghana. The results suggest that international migration increases household expenditures, which is largely driven by investments relative to expenditure on consumption goods. In addition, transfer of remittances to left-behind household members by migrants results in a reduction of their weekly working hours in the labor market and modestly reduces household poverty. The findings of the study suggest that the gains from international migration can be consolidated with favorable policy environment that ensures flexible conditions and terms of borrowing from banks to finance the initial expenditure related to migration. In addition, reduction in remittance transfer charges is likely to increase transfer through the formal systems, which can be captured and used for future planning.
Antifungal efficacy of atorvastatin-containing emulgel in the treatment of oral and vulvovaginal candidiasis
Authors: de Oliveira Neto Ari Soares , Souza Israel Lucas Antunes , Amorim Maria Eliza Samuel , de Freitas Souza Thalita , Rocha Vinicius Novaes , do Couto Rene Oliveira , Fabri Rodrigo Luiz , de Freitas Araújo Marcelo Gonzaga 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDrug repositioning has been an important ally in the search for new antifungal drugs. Statins are drugs that act to prevent sterol synthesis in both humans and fungi and for this reason they are promissory candidates to be repositioned to treat mycoses. In this study we evaluated the antifungal activity of atorvastatin by in vitro tests to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration against azole resistant Candida albicans and its mechanisms of action. Moreover, the efficacy of both atorvastatin-loaded oral and vaginal emulgels (0.75%, 1.5% and 3% w/w) was evaluated by means of in vivo experimental models of oral and vulvovaginal candidiasis, respectively. The results showed that atorvastatin minimal inhibitory concentration against C. albicans was 31.25 μg/ml. In oral candidiasis experiments, the group treated with oral emulgel containing 3.0% atorvastatin showcased total reduction in fungal load after nine days of treatment. Intravaginal delivery atorvastatin emulgel showed considerable effectiveness at the concentration of 3% (65% of fungal burden reduction) after nine days of treatment. From these findings, it is possible to assert that atorvastatin may be promising for drug repositioning towards the treatment of these opportunistic mycoses.
A new way to constrain the densities of intragroup medium in groups of galaxies with convolutional neural networks
Authors: Shen A X , Bekki K 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Ram pressure (RP) can influence the evolution of cold gas content and star formation rates of galaxies. One of the key parameters for the strength of RP is the density of intragroup medium (ρigm), which is difficult to estimate if the X-ray emission from it is too weak to be observed. We propose a new way to constrain ρigm through an application of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to simulated gas density and kinematic maps galaxies under strong RP. We train CNNs using 9 × 104 2D images of galaxies under various RP conditions, then validate performance with 104 new test images. This new method can be applied to real observational data from ongoing WALLABY and SKA surveys to quickly obtain estimates of ρigm. Simulated galaxy images have 1.0 kpc resolution, which is consistent with that expected from the future WALLABY survey. The trained CNN models predict the normalized IGM density, $\hat{\rho }_{\rm igm}$ where $0.0 \le \hat{\rho }_{\rm igm, n} \lt 10.0$, accurately with root mean squared error values of 0.72, 0.83, and 0.74 for the density, kinematic, and joined 2D maps, respectively. Trained models are unable to predict the relative velocity of galaxies with respect to the IGM (vrel) precisely, and struggle to generalize for different RP conditions. We apply our CNNs to the observed H i column density map of NGC 1566 in the Dorado group to estimate its IGM density.
Shape of solar cycles and mid-term solar activity oscillations
Authors: Sokoloff D D , Shibalova A S , Obridko V N , Pipin V V 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTThe evolution of solar activity comprises, apart from the well-known 11-year cycle, various temporal scales ranging from months up to the secondary cycles known as mid-term oscillations. Its nature deserves a physical explanation. In this work, we have considered the 5–6 year oscillations as derived both from sunspots and solar magnetic dipole time series. Using a solar dynamo model, we have deduced that these variations may be a manifestation of dynamo non-linearities and the non-harmonic shape of the solar activity cycles. We have concluded that the observed mid-term oscillations are related to the non-linear saturation of dynamo processes in the solar interior.
Stochastic core spin-up in massive stars – implications of 3D simulations of oxygen shell burning
Authors: McNeill Lucy O , Müller Bernhard 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
It has been suggested based on analytic theory that even in non-rotating supernova progenitors stochastic spin-up by internal gravity waves (IGWs) during the late burning stages can impart enough angular momentum to the core to result in neutron star birth spin periods below $100\, \mathrm{ms}$, and a relatively firm upper limit of $500\, \mathrm{ms}$ for the spin period. We here investigate this process using a 3D simulation of oxygen shell burning in a 3 M⊙ He star. Our model indicates that stochastic spin-up by IGWs is less efficient than previously thought. We find that the stochastic angular momentum flux carried by waves excited at the shell boundary is significantly smaller for a given convective luminosity and turnover time than would be expected from simple dimensional analysis. This can be explained by noting that the waves launched by overshooting convective plumes contain modes of opposite angular wavenumber with similar amplitudes, so that the net angular momentum of excited wave packets almost cancels. We find that the wave-mediated angular momentum flux from the oxygen shell follows a random walk, but again dimensional analysis overestimates the random walk amplitudes since the correlation time is only a fraction of the convective turnover time. Extrapolating our findings over the entire lifetime of the last burning stages prior to collapse, we predict that the core angular momentum from stochastic spin-up would translate into long birth spin periods of several seconds for low-mass progenitors and no less than $100\, \mathrm{ms}$ even for high-mass progenitors.
The gravitational wave background signal from tidal disruption events
Authors: Toscani Martina , Rossi Elena M , Lodato Giuseppe 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we derive the gravitational wave stochastic background from tidal disruption events (TDEs). We focus on both the signal emitted by main-sequence stars disrupted by supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in galaxy nuclei and on that from disruptions of white dwarfs by intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) located in globular clusters. We show that the characteristic strain hc’s dependence on frequency is shaped by the pericenter distribution of events within the tidal radius and under standard assumptions hc∝f−1/2. This is because, the TDE signal is a burst of gravitational waves at the orbital frequency of the closest approach. In addition, we compare the background characteristic strains with the sensitivity curves of the upcoming generation of space-based gravitational wave interferometers: the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), TianQin, ALIA, the DECI-hertz inteferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (DECIGO), and the Big Bang Observer (BBO). We find that the background produced by main-sequence stars might be just detected by BBO in its lowest frequency coverage, but it is too weak for all the other instruments. On the other hand, the background signal from TDEs with white dwarfs will be within reach of ALIA, and especially of DECIGO and BBO, while it is below the LISA and TianQin sensitive curves. This background signal detection will not only provide evidence for the existence of IMBHs up to redshift z ∼ 3, but it will also inform us on the number of globular clusters per galaxy and on the occupation fraction of IMBHs in these environments.
Step-size effect in the time-transformed leapfrog integrator on elliptic and hyperbolic orbits
Authors: Wang Long , Nitadori Keigo 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
A drift-kick-drift (DKD) type leapfrog symplectic integrator applied for a time-transformed separable Hamiltonian (or time-transformed symplectic integrator; TSI) has been known to conserve the Kepler orbit exactly. We find that for an elliptic orbit, such feature appears for an arbitrary step size. But it is not the case for a hyperbolic orbit: When the half step size is larger than the conjugate momenta of the mean anomaly, a phase transition happens and the new position jumps to the non-physical counterpart of the hyperbolic trajectory. Once it happens, the energy conservation is broken. Instead, the kinetic energy minus the potential energy becomes a new conserved quantity. We provide a mathematical explanation for such phenomenon. Our result provides a deeper understanding of the TSI method, and a useful constraint of the step size when the TSI method is used to solve the hyperbolic encounters. This is particular important when an (Bulirsch–Stoer) extrapolation integrator is used together, which requires the convergence of integration errors.