bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Investigation on Thermal Conductivity of Fluid in a Nanochannel by Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Bagheri Motlagh Mohammad , Kalteh Mohammad 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this paper, molecular dynamics simulation is used to investigate the effect of copper and argon nanochannels size on the thermal conductivity of argon. Thermal conductivity is calculated by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulation. Simulations are performed for different distances between the walls. Results for both copper and argon walls are investigated individually. Results show that the existence of argon walls has little effect on the thermal conductivity. However, the amount of it for the argon confined between the copper walls is affected by the distance between the two walls. In the same way, the effect of wall roughness on the thermal conductivity is investigated, which shows that roughness is effective only for low distances between the walls. Also, the thermal conductivity of argon under Poiseuille flow in a nanochannel is studied. The results indicate that by increasing the driving force, the thermal conductivity increases and the increase ratio is higher for larger forces.
Comparison of Local Heat Transfer Distribution in Between Three-Dimensional Inclined Closed and Open Cavities
Authors: Saxena Ashish , Singh Suneet , Srivastava Atul 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The phenomenon of natural convection is investigated in three-dimensional (3D) cavities with four adiabatic walls and one hot wall. The surface opposite to the hot wall is either a wall (closed cavity) at a lower constant temperature or is open to ambient at a lower temperature (open cavity). It is pointed out here that not only overall heat transfer is important, the distribution of local heat transfer is also important. To quantify the uniformity of heat transfer distribution, the ratio of maximum to average heat transfer is calculated for various Rayleigh numbers as well as inclination angles for open and closed cavities. A significant difference in the local heat transfer profile along the hot surface of the closed cavity in comparison to that in open cavity for small inclination angle (especially at higher values of Rayleigh number) is noted. However, the profile is remarkably similar in the case of vertical cavities. For inclined closed cavities, there is a buoyancy component of the flow acceleration normal to the hot and cold wall, which is absent in the case of vertical cavities. For lower inclinations, this component brings the three-dimensionality in the flow field and leads to the differences in the flow patterns. The fluid striking the cold wall in the case of the closed cavity causes significantly different flow patterns that, in turn, lead to nonuniform local heat transfer. To explain the flow behavior, iso-surfaces, stream ribbons, and the Y-components of the flow velocity are plotted at different surfaces of the closed cavity.
Semi-Analytical Solution of the Graetz Problem With Uniform Wall Heat Flux Utilizing the Transversal Method of Lines
Authors: Campo Antonio , Arıcı Müslüm 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study addresses the second Graetz problem with prescribed wall heat flux employing the transversal method of lines (TMOL), which deviates significantly from the traditional mathematical procedures employed in the past. The wall heat flux is customarily provided by electrical, radiative or solar heating in engineering applications. The TMOL transforms the governing two-dimensional energy equation with temperature-invariant thermo-physical properties into a sequence of adjoint ordinary differential equations of second order with the radial variable as the independent variable. The singular feature in those equations is the embedded axial variable interval. For the implementation of TMOL, a special computational domain consists in a condensed set of transversal lines displayed in the cross section of the tube. An approximate, semi-analytical temperature distribution is obtained with the solution of the first adjoint ordinary differential equation of second order, which is expressed in terms of the Kummer function of first kind M(a,b,c). From here, the approximate, semi-analytical wall and center temperature distributions exhibit excellent quality because the two compare favorably with the exact, analytical wall and center temperature distributions given by the classical Graetz infinite series. As a beneficial consequence, usage of the second adjoint ordinary differential equation of second order having more complex structure becomes unnecessary.
A Note on the Comparative Analysis Between Rectangular and Modified Duct Heat Exchanger
Authors: Kumar Rajneesh , Goel Varun , Kumar Anoop 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The plate fin heat exchangers usually have either rectangular or triangular shaped flow passage. In comparison to triangular flow passage, rectangular flow passage gives comparatively higher heat transfer at the cost of higher pumping power. In the present investigation, flow passage is modified by rounding the corner of triangular passage to investigate the heat and flow characteristics of air flowing through it. Comparison of performance between modified and rectangular flow passage has also been presented and discussed. The radius of curvature of the rounded corner has been kept constant with value of 0.49 times duct height (H). The dimple was also fabricated at the inner side of the flow passage and arranged in rectangular array. Distance between them was defined by two different dimensionless parameters, relative transverse width (x/h), and relative streamwise length (z/h), whereas, dimensionless height of the protrusion is defined by relative dimple height (h/D). Noticeable increment in both heat transfer and friction factor has been observed by modifying the duct corners and 2.98 times increment in Nusselt number resulted due to dimples in modified duct for h/D, x/h, and y/h value of 0.44, 10, and 10, respectively, in comparison to smooth duct at Reynolds number of 19,500. For similar combination of roughness parameters, highest frictional penalty was estimated with value of 4.46 times that of the smooth duct at Reynolds number of 4400. Additionally, the comparative assessment of heat transfer enhancement (Nuenh), frictional penalty (fpenalty), and thermohydraulic performance index (THPi) has also been carried out to understand the suitability of round cornered duct. In comparison to protruded rectangular duct, 28% higher THPi is obtained in modified duct under similar conditions.
High-Resolution Measurements of Heat Transfer, Near-Wall Intermittency, and Reynolds-Stresses Along a Flat Plate Boundary Layer Undergoing Bypass Transition
Authors: Albiez Holger , Gramespacher Christoph , Stripf Matthias , Bauer Hans-Jörg 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A new experimental dataset focusing on the influence of high freestream turbulence and large pressure gradients on boundary layer transition is presented. The experiments are conducted in a new wind tunnel equipped with a flat plate test section and a new kind of turbulence generator, which allows for a continuous variation of turbulence intensity. The flat plate is mounted midway between contoured top and bottom walls. Two different wall contours can be implemented to create pressure distributions on the flat plate that are typical for the pressure and suction side of high pressure turbine cascades. A large variation of Reynolds number from 3.0 × 105 to 7.5 × 105 and inlet turbulence intensity between 1.1% and 8% is realized, resulting in more than 100 test cases. Measurements comprise highly resolved heat transfer, near-wall intermittency and freestream Reynolds stress distributions. Near-wall intermittency is measured using a traversable hotfilm sensor while freestream Reynolds stresses are measured simultaneously at the same position with a revolvable X-wire probe. Additionally, turbulent length scales are analyzed using the X-wire signal along the flat plate. Results show that heat transfer and near-wall intermittency distributions are in good agreement and that heat transfer at high turbulence levels increases prior to the formation of first turbulence spots. Transition onset is found to be influenced by the turbulence Reynolds number, i.e., turbulent length scales. At constant inlet turbulence intensity, transition onset moves upstream, when the turbulent Reynolds number is decreased.
Microstructure and Tensile Performance of Graphene-Reinforced Inconel 718 Alloy Via Selective Laser Melting and Post-Treatments
Authors: Wang Yachao , Shi Jing 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Graphene is an ideal reinforcement material for metal matrix composites (MMCs) owing to its high strength, high ductility, light weight, as well as good bonding with metal matrix. In this study, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) reinforced Inconel 718 composites are fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM) technique and processed under various postheat treatment schemes. It is found that the fabrication of GNPs-reinforced MMC using the SLM technique is a viable approach. The obtained composite possesses dense microstructure and enhanced tensile strength. Postheat treatments at two levels of solution temperature (980 and 1220 °C) for 1 h followed by two-step aging are carried out. The experimental results indicate that the addition of GNPs into Inconel 718 matrix results in significant strength improvement. Under the as-built condition, the ultimate tensile strengths (UTSs) of SLM Inconel 718 materials are 997 and 1447 MPa, respectively, at 0 and 4.4 vol % GNP content. The strengthening effect of GNPs is most prominent under the as-built condition, and the strength of as-built GNPs-reinforced Inconel 718 is higher than that of unreinforced Inconel 718 under any processing conditions. The formation of γ′ and γ″ precipitates is suppressed in the GNPs-reinforced composite under the aging condition due to the formation of metallic carbide (MC) carbide and the depletion of Nb. GNPs effectively inhibits grain growth during postheat treatment. Quantitative investigation of the various strengthening effects demonstrates that load transfer effect is dominating among all contributors.
Results from the first geologic traverse on the topographic rim of a complex impact crater, Endeavour Crater, Mars
Authors: Crumpler L.S. , Arvidson R.E. , Mittlefehldt D.W. , Grant J.A. , Farrand W.H. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA geologic traverse along the rim of the 22-km-diameter Endeavour Crater by the Opportunity Mars rover has provided the first field geologic observations of outcrop-scale structure and stratigraphy at a complex impact crater, characteristics that were previously undocumented due to erosion of similar-size craters on Earth. Two findings of note are (1) the attitude of sheets, foliations, and contacts between rim impact breccias and pre-impact substrate is antiformal, the limbs dipping inward toward the center of the crater inside the crater rim and outward exterior to the crater rim; and (2) coherent blocks of crust segment the rim topographically and structurally into a series of right- and left-stepping elongate rises of variable size and orientation. These segments experienced differing magnitudes of uplift during crater formation along identified vertical scissors faults. Brecciation along the faults bounding rim segments created zones of enhanced subsurface fluid transport through the crater rim, potentially responsible for localized areas of aqueous alteration identified in outcrops near segment boundaries.
Mobile device applications and treatment of autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness
Authors: Moon Sun Jae , Hwang Jinseub , Hill Harrison Scott , Kervin Ryan , Birtwell Kirstin Brown , Torous John , McDougle Christopher J. , Kim Jung Won 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveThe current study was performed to assess the evidence for effects of therapeutic intervention with mobile device applications (apps) for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).DesignThe main methodology of the current study was systematic review with meta-analysis.SettingOnly randomised controlled trials (RCTs) for mobile device apps for individuals with ASD were considered for review in the current study.PatientsThe target population was individuals clinically diagnosed with ASD.InterventionsApplications that are operable on a smart (mobile) device and interactive with users.Main outcome measuresThe main outcomes were based on standardised mean differences in pretrial and post-trial scales in each control and intervention group.ResultsOut of a total of 1100 studies (after duplicate removal), 7 RCTs were selected for final analysis. Of the seven studies, two RCTs were further analysed for effects based on the visual and fine motor subscales of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning, which favoured the intervention groups (standardised mean difference (SMD)=0.41, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.80; SMD=0.41, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.80), without either having any heterogeneity (p>0.1) or publication bias.ConclusionsAlthough it is still early to draw a conclusion, available studies are showing promise for use of mobile device apps for treatment of individuals with ASD. More well-designed and large-scale studies focused on improving behavioural symptoms of ASD are warranted.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019128362.
Core outcomes for geographic atrophy trials
Authors: Krezel Aniela Krystyna , Hogg Ruth , Lohfeld Lynne , Chakravarthy Usha , Azuara-Blanco Augusto 
Published: December 2019

Background/Aims
Ongoing and recent clinical trials for geographic atrophy (GA) have used different outcomes. The goal of this study was to identify a core outcome set (COS) important for patients, clinicians and researchers, and to propose the use of COS in the design of future GA trials.

Methods
Five-component project including: Delphi method with patients and experts, focus groups and interviews with patients, relatives and workers supporting patients. Three hundred and one patients (301) with age-related macular degeneration participated in round 1 of a Delphi exercise. Most subjects had GA; 183 patients (61%) were females and the median (range) age was 77 (50–99) years. In round 2, of the 301 of the first round, 100 participants were randomly selected of whom 76 agreed to take part. In a parallel Delphi exercise, panellists comprised a mix of non-clinical scientists and clinicians (43 in the initial and 21 in the final round). In addition, interviews and focus groups consisting of patients (n=20), family members (n=4) and support workers (n=5) were undertaken.

Results
Core outcomes identified as important for age-related macular degeneration trials were the health of the outer retina, multimodal estimation of lesion size, reading speed, best corrected distance and near acuity, low luminance visual acuity, patient reported visual performance and safety.

Conclusion
This study identified a set of core outcomes that should be used in GA trials. The COS include patient-reported outcome measures, near visual acuity, reading speed and assessment of the outer retina.
Contribution of type 2 diabetes to all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease incidence and cancer incidence in white Europeans and South Asians: findings from the UK Biobank population-based cohort study
Authors: Muilwijk Mirthe , Ho Frederick , Waddell Heather , Sillars Anne , Welsh Paul , Iliodromiti Stamatina , Brown Rosemary , Ferguson Lyn , Stronks Karien , van Valkengoed Irene , Pell Jill P , Gray Stuart Robert , Gill Jason Martin Regnald , Sattar Naveed , Celis-Morales Carlos 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveTo investigate whether the health implications of having type 2 diabetes (T2D) were different in South Asian compared with white European participants.Research design and methodsProspective data from UK Biobank were used, and 457 935 participants of white European and 7102 of South Asian background were included. Cox proportional regression was performed to investigate the association between T2D and health outcome by ethnicity.ResultsOver a mean of 7.0 years (IQR 6.3–7.6) of follow-up, 12 974 participants had died, and 30 347 and 27 159 developed cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer, respectively. South Asians had a higher risk for CVD mortality (HR: 1.42, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.89) and incidence (HR: 1.78, 95% CI 1.63 to 1.94), but a decreased risk for cancer mortality (HR: 0.59, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.85) and incidence (HR: 0.80, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.92) compared with white Europeans. Compared with individuals without T2D, both white Europeans and South Asians with T2D had a higher risk for all-cause mortality (1.59 (1.48 to 1.71) vs 2.83 (1.76 to 4.53)), CVD mortality (2.04 (1.82 to 2.28) vs 4.40 (2.37 to 8.16)) and CVD incidence (1.37 (1.31 to 1.44) vs 1.60 (1.31 to 1.95)), respectively. However, the magnitude of the risk was higher for South Asians than white Europeans.ConclusionsAlthough T2D was associated with a higher risk for all-cause mortality and CVD incidence and mortality, in both white Europeans and South Asians, the risk experienced by South Asians with T2D was higher than their white European counterparts.
Obstacle avoidance training for individuals with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Muroi Daisuke , Ohtera Shosuke , Kataoka Yuki , Banno Masahiro , Tsujimoto Yasushi , Tsujimoto Hiraku , Higuchi Takahiro 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesTo accumulate evidence that obstacle avoidance training alone is effective in improving the locomotor ability of individuals with stroke.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.SettingMEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, ICTRP and PEDro were searched for related information until December 2018. Two independent reviewers extracted data. Outcome measurement data were subjected to meta-analyses using random-effects models. Data syntheses were conducted using RevMan V.5.3, and the certainty of evidence was determined using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.ParticipantsParticipants with various types and phases of stroke were included.InterventionThe usual gait training including obstacle avoidance training (interventions of any type, intensity, duration and frequency).Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcomes were gait speed, composite gait ability and objective balance ability. Secondary outcomes were subjective balance ability, gait endurance and fall incidence.ResultsTwo randomised controlled trials with a total of 49 participants were used as data sources for this study. The obstacle avoidance training (training) group had lower gait speed than the control group (mean difference (MD) 0.03, 95% CI −0.11 to 0.16, p=0.51). Further, the certainty of evidence was very low. The subjective balance ability (Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale) was not significantly different between the training and control groups (MD 6.65, 95% CI −7.59 to 20.89, p=0.36), and it showed very low certainty of evidence.ConclusionsObstacle avoidance training may have little or no effect on individuals with stroke. The failure to find the effectiveness of obstacle avoidance training alone is possibly attributable to the insufficient amount of training in the intervention and the lack of well-designed studies that measured relevant outcomes.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42017060691.
Acupuncture for patients with cancer-induced xerostomia: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Ni Xixiu , Yu Yang , Tian Tian , Liu Lu , Li Xiao , Li Fengmei , Xu Yue , Zhao Ling 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionXerostomia is a common symptom in patients with cancer. Currently available methods to manage xerostomia include stringent oral hygiene using fluoride agents and antimicrobials, saliva substitutes and sialagogic agents, but side effects such as headache, dizziness and sweating can occur with these therapies. Clinical trials have shown that acupuncture may be effective in treating xerostomia. The objective of this systematic review is to assess the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture treatment for xerostomia caused by cancer.Methods and analysisThis systematic review will incorporate articles identified by electronically searching the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, AMED, EMbase, WorldSciNet, Nature, Science Online, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the Chongqing VIP Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database, the Wanfang Database and China Biology Medicine Disc from inception to 1 December 2019. Other sources including conference proceedings and reference lists of identified publications and existing systematic reviews will also be searched. Two reviewers will independently search the databases, perform data extraction and assess the quality of studies. Data will be synthesised using either a fixed-effects model or a random-effects model, according to heterogeneity testing. Patient-reported change in the Visual Analogue Scale or the Xerostomia Inventory will be assessed as the primary outcome. Saliva collection, whole saliva production and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 will be evaluated as secondary outcomes. RevMan V. 5.3 will be employed for data analysis. The results will be expressed as risk ratios for dichotomous data and mean differences for continuous data.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol will not evaluate individual patient information or affect patient rights and therefore does not require ethical approval. Results from this review will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and conference reports.Trial registration numberCRD42019129069.
Understanding transitional care programmes for older adults who experience delayed discharge: a scoping review protocol
Authors: McGilton Katherine S , Vellani Shirin , Babineau Jessica , Bethell Jennifer , Bronskill Susan E , Burr Elaine , Keatings Margaret , McElhaney Janet E , McKay Sandra , Nichol Kathryn , Omar Abeer , Puts Martine T E , Singh Anita , Tamblyn Watts Laura , Wodchis Walter P , Sidani Souraya 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionMany hospitalised older adults experience delayed discharges due to increased postacute health and social support needs. Transitional care programmes (TCPs) provide short-term care to these patients to prepare them for transfer to nursing homes or back to the community with supports. There are knowledge gaps related to the development, implementation and evaluation of TCPs. The aims of this scoping review (ScR) are to identify the characteristics of older patients served by TCPs; criteria for transfer, components and services provided by TCPs; and outcomes used to evaluate TCPs.Methods and analysisThe study involves six-step ScR and is informed by a collaborative/participatory approach whereby stakeholders engage in the development of the research questions, identification of literature, data abstraction and synthesis; and participation in consultation workshop. The search for scientific literature will be done in the Medline, PsychINFO, Emcare and CINAHL databases; as well, policies and reports that examined models of transitional care and the outcomes used to evaluate them will be reviewed. Records will be selected if they involve community dwelling older adults aged 65 years or older, or indigenous persons 45 years or older; and presented in English, French, Dutch and German languages. Records will be screened, reviewed and abstracted by two independent reviewers. Extracted data will be analysed using descriptive statistics and a narrative analysis, and organised according to Donabedian’s model of structure (characteristics of older adults experiencing delayed discharge and served by TCPs), process (TCP components and services) and outcome.Ethics and disseminationThis ScR does not require ethics approval. Dissemination activities include integrated knowledge translation (KT) (consultation with stakeholders throughout the study) and end-of-grant KT strategies (presentations at national and international conferences; and publication in peer-reviewed interdisciplinary journal).