bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MHD Pulsating Flow of Casson Nanofluid in a Vertical Porous Space with Thermal Radiation and Joule Heating
Authors: Kumar Challa Kalyan , Srinivas Suripeddi , Subramanyam Reddy Anala 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTIn this investigation, the magnetohydrodynamic pulsatile flow of Casson nanofluid through a vertical channel embedded in porous medium with thermal radiation and heat generation/absorption has been analyzed using Buongiorno model. The influence of viscous and Joules dissipations are taken into account. The governing coupled partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations using perturbation scheme and then solved numerically by using Runge-Kutta fourth order technique along with shooting method. The impact of various emerging parameters on velocity, temperature, nanoparticles concentration, Nusselt number and Sherwood number distributions are analyzed in detail. Analysis indicates that the temperature distribution increases for a given increase in Brownian motion parameter and thermophoresis parameter, while it decreases with an increase in Hartmann number. Further, the nanoparticles concentration distribution decreases with an increase in the chemical reaction parameter and the Lewis number, while it increases for a given increase in the Brownian motion parameter.
How does inequality affect our sense of moral obligation?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Tomasello's novel and insightful theory of obligation explains why we sometimes sense an obligation to treat each other equally, but he has not yet explained why human morality also allows and enables much inequality in wealth and power. Ullman-Margalit's (1977) account of norms of partiality suggested a different source and kind of norms that might help to fill out Tomasello's picture.
The role of affect in feelings of obligation
Authors: Beeler-Duden Stefen , Yucel Meltem , Vaish Amrisha 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Tomasello offers a compelling account of the emergence of humans’ sense of obligation. We suggest that more needs to be said about the role of affect in the creation of obligations. We also argue that positive emotions such as gratitude evolved to encourage individuals to fulfill cooperative obligations without the negative quality that Tomasello proposes is inherent in obligations.
The divided we and multiple obligations
Authors: Franks Bradley , Stewart Andrew 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTomasello's account of the origins and nature of moral obligation rightly emphasises the key roles of social relations and a cooperative sense of “we.” However, we suggest that it overlooks the complexity of those social relations and the resulting prevalence of a divided “we” in moral social groups. We argue that the social identity dynamics that arise can lead to competing obligations in a single group, and this has implications for the evolution of obligation.
Spatial and temporal variation in the migration of Ruddy-headed Goose in southern South America using satellite tagging
Authors: PEDRANA JULIETA , PÜTZ KLEMENS , BERNAD LUCÍA , MUÑOZ SEBASTIÁN , GOROSÁBEL ANTONELLA , CASTRESANA GABRIEL , LEISS ALEJANDRO , SECO PON JUAN PABLO 
Published: April 2020

SummaryRuddy-headed GooseChloephaga rubidicepsis the smallest of the five South American sheldgeese and has two separate populations: one sedentary, which resides in the Malvinas/Falkland Islands and one migratory that overwinters mainly in the Pampas region, Argentina and breeds in Southern Patagonia. The Ruddy-headed Goose’s continental population has decreased considerably, and recent estimates indicated that the population size is less than 800 individuals. In Argentina and Chile, this population is categorised as endangered. Understanding migration across vast landscapes is essential for the identification of factors affecting the survival of this endangered population and for the application of effective conservation measures. We aim to provide the first documentation of the complete migration cycle of Ruddy-headed Goose, and to analyse their annual migration in detail, including identification of stop-over, breeding and wintering sites, and to compare migration timing during spring and autumn migration. Adults were captured in the southern Pampas and equipped with solar satellite transmitters in 2015 and 2016. We analysed the influence of season (spring vs autumn migration) on the number and duration of stop-overs, distance travelled and overall migration speed using Generalized Linear Mixed Models. Our results showed that tracked geese used the eastern Patagonian route to reach their breeding grounds and take the same route after breeding. Spring migration was significantly faster than autumn migration, at least based on the number of days spent in their stop-overs. Stop-overs were closer to the final destination, either during spring and autumn migrations, though some of them were not used during subsequent migrations. Our migration cartography for Ruddy-headed Geese, together with the timing and location data, should be used to improve conservation efforts directed at this species and might contribute to the modification of the current status of ‘Least Concern’ under the IUCN criteria.
How does fire affect germination of grasses in the Cerrado?
Authors: Dairel Mariana , Fidelis Alessandra 
Published: April 2020

AbstractFire is a frequent disturbance in the Cerrado and is one of the major factors affecting vegetation structure and diversity. Fire events open gaps within the herbaceous layer and increase temperature fluctuation in the soil surface. In addition to being an important environmental filter for germination, fire is a germination cue for species with physiological dormancy. This study aimed to evaluate the germination of native grasses, using daily temperature fluctuations and heat shock to overcome physiological dormancy in native grasses. We also evaluated seed longevity after dispersal for some species. We conducted the daily temperature fluctuation experiments on seeds of ten native grass species, which were collected and then placed in germination chambers simulating thermal fluctuation throughout the day (19–55°C). We also subjected seeds to different heat-shock treatments: 100°C for 1 min, 100°C for 3 min and 200°C for 1 min. To determine seed longevity, we stored seeds for 6 and 12 months after collection and then set them to germinate (27°C, 12/12 h light). Non-germinated seeds from all experiments were tested for viability. Most species had low longevity and germination percentages. Those that had physiological dormancy were stimulated to germinate when exposed to temperature fluctuations. One species resisted temperatures up to 200°C. For all other species, neither treatment affected germination percentages. Our results indicate the importance of these environmental filters for seedling recruitment of these species, considering the low longevity and the presence of physiological dormancy.
Dietary lutein and zeaxanthin are associated with working memory in an older population
Authors: Zuniga Krystle E , Bishop Nicholas J , Turner Alexandria S 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjective:The purpose of the study was to examine the association between dietary lutein and zeaxanthin (L + Z) intake and immediate word recall (IWR) and delayed word recall (DWR), and to identify the major contributors to dietary L + Z intake in a recent and representative sample of the older US population.Design:In this cross-sectional analysis, multivariate path analytic models estimated the association between L + Z consumption and cognitive performance while adjusting for covariates.Setting:Observations were drawn from the 2014 Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative panel study of older US adults, and the 2013 Health Care and Nutrition Study, which assessed dietary intake via FFQ in a subsample of respondents.Participants:The analytic sample included 6390 respondents aged ≥50 years.Results:L + Z intake was 2·44 ± 2·32 mg/d on average, and L + Z intake differed significantly across quartiles (P < 0·001). For example, average L + Z intake in Q1 was 0·74 ± 0·23 mg/d and in Q4 was 5·46 ± 2·88 mg/d. In covariate adjusted models, older adults in the highest quartiles of L + Z intake had significantly greater IWR and DWR scores than those in the lowest quartile. Leafy vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, dark yellow vegetables, fish and seafood, legumes, eggs and fruit were significant and meaningful predictors of dietary L + Z intake.Conclusion:A high consumption of vegetables, fish and seafood, legumes, eggs and fruit is associated with a higher intake of L + Z and greater word recall among older adults.
The role of EU competition law in health care and the ‘undertaking’ concept
Authors: van de Gronden Johan W. , Guy Mary 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPart of the controversy surrounding competition and health care stems from the complexity connected with delineating the applicability of competition law – encompassing both the provisions governing anticompetitive agreements and abuse of dominance and the state-aid rules. Cases determined at the European Union (EU) level within the past 30 years have developed a broad framework, and notable trends have emerged – for example, a distinction between health care providers and managing bodies (purchasers). The former have been subject to an ‘abstract’ test and the latter to a more sophisticated ‘concrete’ test. In this paper, we chart the development of the EU courts’ approach to developing the ‘undertaking’ concept in health care and examine the current EU competition law framework with a view to identifying future directions. van de Gronden has recently identified a ‘three-prong’ test of exemption from competition law in connection with the recent CEPPB case: firstly, where the supply of services is predominantly dependent upon public financing; secondly, the public funding aims to achieve a public interest goal and thirdly, the activities concerned are closely related to this public interest goal. We examine this test in a health care context, drawing on our findings regarding Dutch competition reforms.
Larger Drought and Flood Hazards and Adverse Impacts on Population and Economic Productivity Under 2.0 than 1.5°C Warming
Authors: Zhai Ran , Tao Fulu , Lall Upmanu , Fu Bojie , Elliott Joshua , Jägermeyr Jonas 
Published: April 2020

AbstractClimate change may have major influences on surface runoff, which would consequently result in important implications for terrestrial ecosystems and human well‐being. At global scale there is limited understanding of these issues with respect to the warming targets stipulated in the Paris Agreement. Here we use a well‐established hydrological model (Variable Infiltration Capacity [VIC]) forced with a representative ensemble of latest climate projections from four global circulation models (GCMs) to estimate potential future changes in runoff and Terrestrial Ecosystem Water Retention (TEWR), as well as changes in extreme runoff and their impacts on population, and overall gross domestic product (GDP) worldwide. Results suggest that annual runoff generally would have larger increases, while annual TEWR generally would have larger decreases under the 2.0°C warming scenario as opposed to 1.5°C warming scenario. Global mean warming of 2°C versus 1.5°C would lead to more distinct spatial patterns in runoff change, with a general shift of the runoff distribution towards more extreme low runoff in Mexico, western United States, Western Europe, southeastern China, West Siberian Plain and more extreme high runoff in Alaska, northern Canada, and large parts of Asia. More people and GDP would be exposed to extreme low runoff decrease, extreme high runoff increase, extreme low runoff decrease as well as extreme high runoff increase under a higher warming scenario. This study differentiates hydrological impacts between the two warming scenarios and illustrates higher runoff, lower TEWR, larger potential drought and flood hazards and adverse impacts on population and GDP under 2°C than 1.5°C.
Conditions for Triggering Seismic Ruptures and/or Slow Slip Events in the Framework of a Poro‐Plastic Fault Zone Model
Authors: Maury V. , Piau J.‐M. , Fitzenz D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractActive fault zones are not simple frictional interfaces. They are complex, evolving 3‐D structures that contain pore fluids in drained or undrained conditions. They show stable or unstable slip, dilatant or contractant elastic or plastic local deformations in response to far‐field extensive or compressive displacements. Pore fluid pressure variations induce effective stress and fluid compressibility changes, possibly up to degassing. For these reasons, we choose to use an analytical model in which the fault zone is schematized by a mesoscale poroplastic interface surrounded by two symmetrical elastic pads to investigate the conditions that can lead to slow slip vs. seismic slip. The chosen end‐cap plastic failure criterion and associated flow rule account for hardening/softening regimes. The model computes stress paths, normal/tangential displacement, and fluid pressure variations of the fault zone with time. Depending on the initial stress, pore pressure conditions, far‐field loading rate, and fluid compressibility, scenarios emerge that link together stable plastic deformation regimes (months to years, small displacements) and unstable regimes (seconds, metric displacements). While some scenarios show the occurrence of instability preceded or not by slow slip events, others show slow events without instability (mainshock). Also investigated are the effect of a switch from undrained to drained condition and the role of the change in fluid compressibility due to dilatancy. Finally, we discuss the geodetic and geophysical data necessary to calibrate the parameters of the empirical relationships. Slow slip event areas are therefore not necessarily “safe” and might produce earthquakes if conditions change.
Understanding the Role of Nutrient Limitation on Plankton Biomass Over Arabian Sea Via 1‐D Coupled Biogeochemical Model and Bio‐Argo Observations
Authors: Anju M. , Sreeush M. G. , Valsala V. , Smitha B. R. , Hamza Faseela , Bharathi G. , Naidu C. V. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractArabian Sea (AS) is known to have seasonal phytoplankton blooms during winter and summer driven by dynamically distinct physical forcing mechanisms and associated nutrient dynamics. A 1‐D coupled physical‐biogeochemical model based on North Pacific Ecosystem Model for Understanding Regional Oceanography (NEMURO) with nitrogen and silicon cycles is adapted for the AS environment. The model is implemented to investigate the role of nitrogen (nitrate + ammonium) versus silicate limitation on plankton biomass. The seasonal cycle of plankton biomass is well simulated by the model along bio‐Argo (during a period from 2013 to 2016) and ship cruise tracks (for the single year 2009). Further, three sensitivity simulations are conducted by suppressing (1) nitrate availability (representing new production), (2) ammonium availability (representing regenerated production), and (3) silicate availability (for diatom production). The new production represents 80% of the total primary production in the AS and implicitly controls 70% of total zooplankton production annually. The regenerated production augments small phytoplankton (by ~50%; e.g., flagellates) and small zooplankton (by ~20%; e.g., ciliates) growth with negligible effects on large phytoplankton (e.g., diatom) and predatory zooplankton (e.g., copepods). The diatom production remains within the observed range due to silicate limitation which is fundamental in the model for realistic simulation of chlorophyll. Silicate is the primary limiting nutrient in diatom bloom in the subsurface chlorophyll maxima with maximum limitation occurring during the winter season, due to the deeper silicicline as compared to shallower nitricline. At the surface, both nitrogen and silicate co‐limit the total production; however, nitrogen is a stronger limiter than silicate from March to June. The study highlights the relative role of silicate versus total nitrogen (nitrate + ammonium) in limiting primary production in the AS.
Asymmetries in Snowfall, Emissivity, and Albedo of Mars' Seasonal Polar Caps: Mars Climate Sounder Observations
Authors: Gary‐Bicas C. E. , Hayne P. O. , Horvath T. , Heavens N. G. , Kass D. M. , Kleinböhl A. , Piqueux S. , Shirley J. H. , Schofield J. T. , McCleese D. J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe stability of the residual carbon dioxide cap near the south pole of Mars is currently not well understood. The cap's survival depends on its radiation budget, controlled by the visible albedo and infrared emissivity. We investigated the role of CO2 snowfall in altering the albedo and emissivity, leading to the observed asymmetry in the net CO2 accumulation at the two poles. Uncontaminated snowfall increases albedo, and lowers emissivity, due to scattering by optically thick clouds and granular surface deposits. Data from the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) show that fall and winter snowfall is correlated with higher springtime albedo at both poles. For the seasonal CO2 deposits in each polar region >60° latitude, we find mean albedo values of 0.39 in the north and 0.51 in the south, and winter 32‐μm emissivity values of 0.84 in the north and 0.87 in the south. Using a radiative transfer model and the MCS data, we find that the north polar deposits have ∼10× higher dust content than those in the south, explaining the ∼31% lower albedo of the north seasonal cap during spring. Our model shows that greater amounts of snowfall can explain the ∼4% lower emissivity of the north polar seasonal cap. These findings demonstrate that winter snowfall and dust transport affect the composition of Mars' seasonal ice caps and polar energy balance. Snowfall and dust loading are therefore important in modeling the CO2 cycle on Mars, as well as the planet's long‐term climate variations.
Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Northwest Africa 10401: A New Type of the Mg‐Suite Rocks
Authors: Gross Juliane , Hilton Annette , Prissel Tabb C. , Setera Jacob B. , Korotev Randy L. , Calzada-Diaz Abigail 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe petrogenetic models of the lunar crust are built on the returned Apollo and Luna samples collected from limited parts of the lunar nearside that are chemically unusual (i.e., material rich in K, Rare Earth Elements, and P [KREEP]) and not representative of the entire lunar lithologic suite. The lunar Mg‐suite is part of this sample collection and ubiquitously has geochemical characteristics indicating the involvement of KREEP in their petrogenesis and seemed to be linked to the Procellarum KREEP Terrain (PKT). However, it is unclear if KREEP is necessary for Mg‐suite magmatism or whether Mg‐suite magmatism was a global event that occurred without significant KREEP contribution, and thus, Mg‐suite rocks outside of the PKT region may exist without containing a significant KREEP signature. Here, we investigate lunar meteorite Northwest Africa (NWA) 10401, an anorthositic troctolitic breccia with a granulitic texture. NWA 10401 shares many characteristics of Apollo Mg‐suite rocks: both its bulk rock composition and alumina content, as well as its mineralogy and mineral chemistry, are more consistent with typical Apollo Mg‐suite rocks, rather than ferroan anorthosites. In addition, olivine‐spinel equilibria calculations indicate that NWA 10401 is consistent with being derived from a common parent to the Apollo Mg‐suite troctolites. However, despite these many shared characteristics, NWA 10401 is strongly depleted in REE, starkly separating it from the typical Apollo Mg‐suite of the PKT. This indicates that NWA 10401 (and pairs) could represent a Mg‐suite component outside the PKT, and thus, KREEP‐poor Mg‐suite magmatism may have been a global phenomenon on the Moon.
Interactions Between the Amazonian Rainforest and Cumuli Clouds: A Large‐Eddy Simulation, High‐Resolution ECMWF, and Observational Intercomparison Study
Authors: Vilà‐Guerau de Arellano J. , Wang X. , Pedruzo‐Bagazgoitia X. , Sikma M. , Agustí‐Panareda A. , Boussetta S. , Balsamo G. , Machado L. A. T. , Biscaro T. , Gentine P. , Martin S. T. , Fuentes J. D. , Gerken T. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe explicit coupling at meter and second scales of vegetation's responses to the atmospheric‐boundary layer dynamics drives a dynamic heterogeneity that influences canopy‐top fluxes and cloud formation. Focusing on a representative day during the Amazonian dry season, we investigate the diurnal cycle of energy, moisture and carbon dioxide at the canopy top, and the transition from clear to cloudy conditions. To this end, we compare results from a large‐eddy simulation technique, a high‐resolution global weather model, and a complete observational data set collected during the GoAmazon14/15 campaign. The overall model‐observation comparisons of radiation and canopy‐top fluxes, turbulence, and cloud dynamics are very satisfactory, with all the modeled variables lying within the standard deviation of the monthly aggregated observations. Our analysis indicates that the timing of the change in the daylight carbon exchange, from a sink to a source, remains uncertain and is probably related to the stomata closure caused by the increase in vapor pressure deficit during the afternoon. We demonstrate quantitatively that heat and moisture transport from the subcloud layer into the cloud layer are misrepresented by the global model, yielding low values of specific humidity and thermal instability above the cloud base. Finally, the numerical simulations and observational data are adequate settings for benchmarking more comprehensive studies of plant responses, microphysics, and radiation.
Impacts of Mixed‐Wettability on Brine Drainage and Supercritical CO2 Storage Efficiency in a 2.5‐D Heterogeneous Micromodel
Authors: Chang Chun , Kneafsey Timothy J. , Wan Jiamin , Tokunaga Tetsu K. , Nakagawa Seiji 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGeological carbon storage (GCS) involves unstable drainage processes, the formation of patterns in a morphologically unstable interface between two fluids in a porous medium during drainage. The unstable drainage processes affect CO2 storage efficiency and plume distribution and can be greatly complicated by the mixed‐wet nature of rock surfaces common in hydrocarbon reservoirs where supercritical CO2 (scCO2) is used in enhanced oil recovery. We performed scCO2 injection (brine drainage) experiments at 8.5 MPa and 45°C in heterogeneous micromodels, two mixed‐wet with varying water‐ and intermediate‐wet patches, and one water‐wet. The flow regime changes from capillary fingering through crossover to viscous fingering in the micromodels of the same pore geometry but different wetting surfaces at displacement rates with logCa (capillary number) increasing from −8.1 to −4.4. While the mixed‐wet micromodel with uniformly distributed intermediate‐wet patches yields ~0.15 scCO2 saturation increase at both capillary fingering and crossover flow regimes (−8.1 ≤ logCa ≤ − 6.1), the one heterogeneous wetting to scCO2 results in ~0.09 saturation increase only at the crossover flow regime (−7.1 ≤ logCa ≤ − 6.1). The interconnected flow paths in the former are quantified and compared to the channelized scCO2 flow through intermediate‐wet patches in the latter by topological analysis. At logCa > − 6.1 (near well), the effects of wettability and pore geometry are suppressed by strong viscous force. Both scCO2 saturation and distribution suggest the importance of wettability on CO2 storage efficiency and plume shape in reservoirs and capillary leakage through caprock at GCS conditions.