bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research Design
Authors: Moser Carolyn 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the methodological choices made in this book on accountability in the multilevel and multi-actor environment of EU security and defence. The inquiry stretches across governance levels, while the focus lies on accountability arrangements involving the Brussels-based crisis management bureaucracy. Rooted in a constitutional perspective on accountability, which establishes a link between accountability and key concepts of constitutional law (eg the rule of law) and thus puts an emphasis on countervailing powers, the analysis covers both law and practice. The sources, hence, include legal and empirical material. The chapter also presents the criteria, according to which the appropriateness of accountability arrangements in the context of civilian crisis management is evaluated.
Legal Accountability: Beyond Jurisdictional Reach?
Authors: Moser Carolyn 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with legal accountability arrangements in the context of EU peacebuilding activities carried out under the CSDP with a special focus on legality, access to justice, and monetary relief. It starts by illustrating why and how judicial actors were kept at a safe distance from EU foreign policy and security matters. The analysis then moves on to sketch out the limited function of national judicial actors in adjudicating matters pertaining to civilian CSDP. Subsequently, the chapter discusses the important role of the CJEU with regard to foreign policy issues (ie the implied and contingent jurisdictional competences of the Court), while concentrating on recent case law pertaining to civilian CSDP. Moreover, it measures the wider jurisdictional field, that is, the division of labour between the CJEU on the one hand, and national courts and the ECtHR on the other. Finally, the chapter draws some conclusions on the evolution and current state of legal accountability in civilian CSDP.
Trafficking in Cultural PropertyWhere Cultural Heritage Law and the International Fight Against Transnational Organized Crime Coincide
Authors: Blake Janet 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The loss of their cultural treasures through illicit excavation, illegal export, and trafficking and the associated harm to national identity and the rights of their citizens presents a major challenge to many countries around the world. The source countries tend, on the whole, to be poorer developing States while the importing market countries are rich States such as the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, and Switzerland. This chapter first provides a critical analysis of the international cultural heritage law governing this question, in particular the 1970 UNESCO Convention on Illicit Trade in Cultural Property and the 1995 UNIDROIT Convention on the Return of Stolen and Illegally Exported Cultural Objects. Following this discussion, and as a contrast to the purely cultural heritage-based approach, it focuses on two complementary efforts to combat cultural property trafficking as an international or transnational crime: the 2000 ‘Palermo’ UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the 2017 ‘Nicosia’ Convention on Offences Relating to Cultural Property.
Starvation Science and Political Economy
Authors: Mangham Andrew 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter suggests, contrary to views such as those expressed in Terry Eagleton’s Heathcliff and the Great Hunger (1995), that political economy was not ‘a gross, materialist language, heavy with biological ballast’, but rather a set of abstractions based on moral judgement and laissez-faire approaches to wealth and well-being. Looking at the major works that pioneered dietetics, gut physiology, and hunger therapeutics, it sets out how scientists, surgeons, and doctors offered an alternative narrative of hunger as unnecessary, unjust, and unnatural. Comparing understandings of famine and sickness during the Irish Hunger against the ill-assumed confidence of statisticians, Chapter 1 also studies how science developed a critically sophisticated, multi-textured mode of exploring the meanings, languages, and repercussions of hunger.
Asymmetric Killing
Authors: Renic Neil C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This book offers an engaging and historically informed account of the moral challenge of radically asymmetric violence—warfare conducted by one party in the near-complete absence of physical risk, across the full scope of a conflict zone. What role does physical risk and material threat play in the justifications for killing in war? And crucially, is there a point at which battlefield violence becomes so one-directional as to undermine the moral basis for its use? In order to answers these questions, Asymmetric Killing delves into the morally contested terrain of the warrior ethos and Just War Tradition, locating the historical and contemporary role of reciprocal risk within both. This book also engages two historical episodes of battlefield asymmetry, military sniping and manned aerial bombing. Both modes of violence generated an imbalance of risk between opponents so profound as to call into question their permissibility. These now-resolved controversies will then be contrasted with the UAV-exclusive violence of the United States, robotic killing conducted in the absence of a significant military ground presence in conflict theatres such as Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia. As will be revealed, the radical asymmetry of this latter case is distinct, undermining reciprocal risk at the structural level of war. Beyond its more resolvable tension with the warrior ethos, UAV-exclusive violence represents a fundamental challenge to the very coherence of the moral justifications for killing in war.
A Union of Peoples
Authors: Eleftheriadis Pavlos 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This book offers a legal and political theory of the European Union. Many political and legal philosophers compare the EU to a federal union. They believe that its basic laws should be subject to the standards of constitutional law. They thus find it lacking or incomplete. This book offers a rival theory. If one looks more closely at the treaties and the precedents of the European courts, one sees that the substance of EU law is international, not constitutional. Just like international law, it applies primarily to the relations between states. It binds domestic institutions directly only when the local constitutions allow it. The member states have democratically chosen to adapt their constitutional arrangements in order to share legislative and executive powers with their partners. The legal architecture of the European Union is thus best understood under a theory of dualism and not pluralism. According to this internationalist view, EU law is part of the law of nations and its distinction from domestic law is a matter of substance, not form. This arrangement is supported by a cosmopolitan theory of international justice, which we may call progressive internationalism. The EU is a union of democratic peoples, that freely organize their interdependence on the basis of principles of equality and reciprocity. Its central principles are not the principles of a constitution, but cosmopolitan principles of accountability, liberty, and fairness,
A Community of Principle
Authors: Eleftheriadis Pavlos 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the question of the relations between EU law and domestic law from the point of view of a political theory of the European Union. It is common to see EU law under ‘federalism’ or under a theory of ‘statism’. These two views are outlined at the start of this chapter by examining various arguments made for them. They are both rejected. The chapter defends a rival view, the ‘internationalist’ reading of the EU, according to which it is a branch of the law of nations. A careful look at the EU treaties and the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU shows that the EU endorses an internationalist model based on equality and reciprocity. The EU does not replace the relation between citizens and political power. It does not establish a new constitutional law that replaces the national ones. It is a new way of organizing the relations between the various member states whose equality it fully respects. The coherence of European Union law is therefore not provided by uniformity imposed by a single master or constitutional rule, but is given by the political coordination of the laws of the member states achieved under the treaties. Coherence is achieved because the member states have adopted similar, although not identical, constitutional principles.
Conceptualizing political support in democracies and autocracies
Authors: Mauk Marlene 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter conceptualizes political support in democratic and autocratic contexts. It first sets the basis for a comparison between democratic and autocratic contexts by defining both democracy and autocracy and outlining the fundamental differences between the two types of regimes, both in terms of institutional structures and functional logics. Taking into account how the different institutional structures and functional logics of democracies and autocracies affect the structure of political support, it distinguishes between three levels of political support: political value orientations, regime support, and incumbent support. Discussing their consequences for the stability of democratic and autocratic regimes, the chapter identifies regime support as the most consequential attitude for regime stability.
Visual Art
Authors: Hutchinson G. O. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractVisual art shows the ancient interest in motion palpably, and helps in perceiving both differences between depictions in art and literature and aspects they have in common. Mostly well-known works of art are chosen for detailed discussion. A Corinthian arbyallos shows leaping in a dance as an action admired in itself; a Boeotian skyphos gives a dynamic picture of Odysseus blown by the wind. The stele of Dexileos presents a moment of motion just before a decisive event, as does a wall-painting of Pentheus. Still further back before events come the discus-thrower (Discobolus) and a painting of Medea. A wall-painting of Hades and Persephone and Exekias’ vase-painting of Dionysus show gods in motion at the start and in the sequel of events. Artistic depictions exploit space, visual detail, and the regularity of motion; the viewer’s knowledge is important, as in literature. Lessing misguidedly thinks that literature is more suited to depicting motion; literature can do more with time, but less with physical detail and space. The contribution of the reader’s or listener’s imagination does not reduce the significance of described motion, any more than the contribution of the viewer reduces the significance of depicted thought. Part of literature’s interest in art is an interest in motion, as in ekphrasis or Pindar. Art and literature together show important variables (like speed), oppositions (as between individual and a group), structures (as of male and female). In literature, language is important to what motion arrests attention.
Reframing the Pedagogical Map
Authors: Furas Yoni 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines the evolution of the Palestinian and Hebrew education systems from the late Ottoman period into the Mandate and brings forward key players and institutions in this process. The chapter highlights the differences and commonalities between the two systems. Under British rule, the Arab system was administered by the colonial Department of Education, headed by colonial officials, while the Hebrew system remained autonomous to determine its general goals and curriculum. The chapter underlines the importance of the British national home policy according to the Balfour Declaration and its influence on the education of Arabs in Palestine.
Peeking over the Fence
Authors: Furas Yoni 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 investigates the engagement of both the Arab and Jewish communities with the education of the national Other, while stressing the importance that Arab and Jewish scholars, publicists, security apparatuses, and educators attributed to the way in which the other community was being educated and the reflective effect of this engagement. The first part of the chapter is dedicated to texts in Arabic and texts in Hebrew, written by educators, journalists, and intellectuals. The second part is dedicated to the work of the Shai, the Haganah’s intelligence service, and its engagement with Arab education. The chapter stresses the importance of the Shai’s reports as a characteristic of the Yishuv’s view of Arab education.
Teaching History
Authors: Furas Yoni 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the teaching of history through an administrative and pedagogical prism. It discusses the historical evolution of the Mandate’s curricula and history syllabi and traces their origins. The history syllabus is viewed as a complex colonial document that reflects the pedagogical negotiations, negations, and oversights in history instruction. The pedagogical characteristics of history teaching are surveyed in pedagogical articles and books published during the Mandate period. The chapter concludes with the problematic intersection between the educational aspirations reflected in the syllabus and the pedagogical discourse of the intellectual elite with the ‘normal’ or peripheral classroom, and the challenges facing rank-and-file teachers, while trying to comply with both.
Space
Authors: Carman John , Carman Patricia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChapter 1 argues the basis of the book: that the category ‘battle’ is one that has not been subject to any systematic attempt to understand it as a phenomenon, and it therefore examines the place of battle in Western modes of thought. The chapter also sets out the distinction (so frequently elided) between the battle as event and the place where it took place. It looks at the kinds of places sought as battlefields at different periods of the past and at the idea of ‘the battle’ as conventionally understood in order to challenge that conventional understanding.
The ‘Archives of Terror’
Authors: Bercault Olivier 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the unlikely discovery of the abandoned archives documenting crimes of Hissène Habré and his regime by members of a Human Rights Watch (HRW) team. These were the lost archives of Habré's former political police, the Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS). It was a trove of evidence that would prove critical in Habré's eventual prosecution. The victims of Hissène Habré's regime started a criminal case against their former dictator in 1999–2000 based on hundreds of detailed testimonies, data gathered by the victims' organization and the conclusions of the 1992 Chadian Truth Commission. The recovery of the DDS archives proved to be decisive for the case. These archives corroborated the statements made in court and shed new light on the scale, pattern, and systematic organization of Habré's political police and ‘machine of repression’. The archives also helped to establish Hissène Habré's personal criminal responsibility. The DDS was directly subordinated to Habré, who was in total control over its structure and agents.
Professionalizing a Political Trial
Authors: Ba Aboubacry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights the ways in which the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) clerking experience compared to that of other Senegalese courts. In any trial, the clerk is a critical link as the guarantor of the proceedings. The EAC, under Senegalese jurisdiction, had qualified clerks to accompany the Administration, the different courts, and the Prosecutor's Office in the preparation, investigation, and judgment of the Hissène Habré case. It should be noted that the Habré trial, which was a first for Senegal, was almost a leap in the dark for clerks as they had had no experience with or training on the international courts which usually dealt with the types of crimes being brought before the African Chambers. The clerks nonetheless executed their work quite satisfactorily at the various posts to which they were assigned. Ultimately, the Habré trial was a rich experience in all manner of ways. On a professional level, it allowed some of the clerks to complete or participate in procedures that they had previously known only in theory. The trial is of immense pedagogical interest as it was the first time that a former president was tried on African soil. The chapter then considers the professionalization of political trials in Africa.
The Habré Trial Judgment
Authors: Gall Élise Le 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the judgment of the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) in the Hissène Habré trial. The EAC Trial Court ruling of 30 May 2016, found Hissène Habré guilty of crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the autonomous crime of torture. He was acquitted on several counts of war crimes, namely: unlawful transfer; deprivation of a prisoner of war or any other person of the right to a fair and impartial trial by a court; destruction and appropriation of property not justified by military necessity; and pillage. For the crimes of which he was found guilty, the judges of the EAC upheld Hissène Habré's individual criminal liability, as well as his liability pursuant to joint criminal enterprise and command responsibility. As punishment, the judges of the Trial Chamber sentenced Hissène Habré to life imprisonment but did not impose the penalty of confiscation of the seized property. The Chamber also rendered a second decision on 29 July 2016, as to civil interests granting individual reparations to the victims. The chapter then highlights the key points of the Trial Chamber's judgments.
Reparations and the Habré Trial in Context
Authors: Sperfeldt Christoph 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the particular problem of victim satisfaction, considering reparations. One of the interesting features of the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) is that its victim participation scheme allows individual victims of crime to submit claims for reparations. The promise that reparations can be delivered through international criminal justice has now been around for more than two decades, but the first practice has only emerged in the last few years. The adjudication of the first reparations claims before the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) has been arduous and revealed disagreement within and outside these courts over the nature, extent, and purpose of reparations in an international criminal justice framework. Considerable uncertainty surrounds whether these reparations schemes can live up to expectations placed upon them. It is in this context that an examination and a comparative discussion of the EAC's approach to reparations might provide some fruitful insights.
‘Sexualized Slavery’ and Customary International Law
Authors: Sellers Patricia Viseur , Kestenbaum Jocelyn Getgen 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the doctrinal avenues for the recognition and prosecution of ‘sexualized slavery’. The Hissène Habré trial and appellate judgments represent watershed legal decisions rendering long-denied justice to victims of the brutal Chadian regime. Delayed charges of credible sexual violence inflicted upon both males and females challenged the judges of the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) in Senegal. Legal characterizations of sexual assaults ultimately attributed to Habré represent significant jurisprudential advancements on rape, sexual slavery, and torture as international crimes. The EAC's observations acknowledge that sexual slavery constitutes part of the actus reus of enslavement as crime against humanity and of slavery as a war crime. While agreeing with the Chambers that sexual slavery is anchored in customary international law, the chapter deepens the inquiry into the international legal prohibition of sexual slavery. It posits that, in fact, the 1926 Convention to Suppress the Slave Trade and Slavery (1926 Slavery Convention) proscribed what is identified as ‘sexual slavery’ because sexualized violence is and always has been part and parcel of both de jure (legal) and de facto (customary) forms of slavery.
Why History?
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
What is the point of history? Why has the study of the past been so important for so long? Why History? A History contemplates two and a half thousand years of historianship to establish how very different thinkers in diverse contexts have conceived their activities, and to illustrate the purposes that their historical investigations have served. At the core of this work, whether it is addressing Herodotus, medieval religious exegesis, or twentieth-century cultural history, is the way that the present has been conceived to relate to the past. Alongside many changes in technique and philosophy, Donald Bloxham’s book reveals striking long-term continuities in justifications for the discipline. The volume has chapters on classical antiquity, early Christianity, the medieval world, the period spanning the Renaissance and the Reformation, the era of the Enlightenment, the nineteenth and early twentieth century, and developments down to the present. It concludes with a meditation on the point of history today.
The ‘Middle Age’
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The first two sections of the chapter illustrate continuity with late antique and classical historiography in the areas of History as Identity, History as Memorialization, and History as Lesson. Remaining sections show that within historically oriented medieval thought there were three tendencies for which the medieval world is not generally renowned: the conceptualization of human cultural difference over time, with its associations of an awareness of anachronism and accompanying debates over the relevance of the past to the present; a literal sense of the past, with its associations of specificity and accuracy; and the capacity for often quite sophisticated source criticism. As we traverse time and place, distinctions between Latin and vernacular Histories also become relevant, as do distinctions between, say, monastic Histories and urban Histories, or baronial and royal genealogies. Each of these sorts of History had the potential to imply a different scale and periodization of time—a different ‘temporality’—as did technical and economic developments. A section is devoted to religious hermeneutics and theological–philosophical shifts, some of which cohered with Christian History as Speculative Philosophy, some of which ran separately to it, and some of which stood in tension with it. In the eleventh–thirteenth centuries the clergy made a great contribution to developments in source evaluation, and increasingly their endeavours took account of the different contexts in which the sacred texts had been written and those in which they were read.
Building a Career
Authors: Dasgupta Ushashi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Dickens’s journalism and fiction of the 1830s and 1840s, and identifies the features of his urban style. It places his writing on tenancy in the context of comic theatre: namely, an influential tradition of lodging-house farce. The chapter surveys a number of plays and identifies the conventions of lodging-house farce, and it explores how Dickens adapts these materials to paint a vivid picture of life in London lodgings. The two-dimensional characters of the farce universe offer Dickens a reference point for theorizing the ‘flattening’ of identity in the city’s rented spaces. Dickens is especially interested in the landlady as a comic trope, social reality, and important figure in women’s history. Both the landlady and her lodgers provide Dickens with a set of tools to contemplate the nature of nineteenth-century authorship and readership: the lodging house, he discovers, is a literary space, and his early writing is witty and metafictional.