bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stuck in the Tearoom: Facial Reconstruction and Postapartheid Headache
Authors: Schramm Katharina 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTThis article examines a project of facial reconstruction of human remains from an archaeological excavation that took place in 1994 in the inner city of Cape Town, South Africa. The initiators of the project envisioned it as an opportunity to translate the power of scientific knowledge to a lay audience, conveying a postapartheid, postracial vision of unity in diversity. However, this translation failed, and the faces got stuck in limbo. I demonstrate how the logic of face resisted a linear translation whereby past could be juxtaposed with present, death with “bringing back to life,” or slavery, colonialism, and apartheid with a new nonracial democracy. Instead, all these different temporalities were collapsed in the practice of face‐making and the politics surrounding it. I argue that it is important to pay attention to such failed translation as an avenue to understanding race as an ongoing and troubling matter of concern. [facial reconstruction, race trouble, Indigenous human remains, postapartheid South Africa]
A Colonial‐Scientific Interface: The Construction, Viewing, and Circulation of Faces via a 1906 German Racial Atlas
Authors: Mak Geertje 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTAtlases of anthropometric portraits—a scientific genre that emerged during the last quarter of the nineteenth century in the context of classical physical anthropology—invite readers to compare different races from all over the world. Concentrating on Bernard Hagen's Atlas of Heads and Faces of Asian and Melanesian People (1906), this article describes the apparatus that enabled such a way of viewing. A microanalysis of Hagen's facial atlas reveals the circumstances under which the portraits were produced, the reading strategies the atlas stimulates, as well as the reification of data through their circulation. It shows how precisely a facial atlas could function as an imperceptible interface between harsh colonial practices and German public support for colonizing “missions,” between individual subjectivity and racialized category, and between everyday colonial recognition and scientific analysis of “races.” Obscuring the apparatus facilitating such a vision naturalizes the position of a viewer surveying, analyzing, and comparing people of different geographic backgrounds as races. [colonial history, photography, face, racial science, Dutch East Indies]
Pain is frequent in children with cerebral palsy and negatively affects physical activity and participation
Authors: Østergaard Cecilie Schmidt , Pedersen Nanna Sofie Astrup , Thomasen Anne , Mechlenburg Inger , Nordbye‐Nielsen Kirsten 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimThe aim was to identify the prevalence of long‐lasting pain among children with cerebral palsy (CP) and to investigate the association between pain and participation in physical leisure activities.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional study based on data from the National Danish Clinical Quality Database of children with CP. The study population consisted of 960 children aged 2‐11 years across all Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels. Data were collected at children’s regular clinical visits in 2016 or 2017. Information about pain and participation in physical leisure activities were obtained. The association was estimated as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) by logistic regression adjusted for age and sex.ResultsWe included data from 817 children (59% boys) median age 6 years, 52% classified as GMFCS level I. A total of 36% reported pain, and the most frequent pain locations were hips, feet and knees. Children reporting pain had lower odds for participation in physical leisure activities (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.53‐0.96).ConclusionA large proportion of children with CP reported pain. There is an indication that long‐lasting pain influences participation in physical leisure activities. Pain‐relieving interventions are important to decrease pain‐related suffering and facilitate participation.
The signaling effect of ambidexterity of social enterprises on acquiring financial resources in South Korea
Authors: Lim Chang Gue , Lee Sang‐Youn , Seo Jinseon 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFinancial resources are critical for any young social enterprise. This study investigates the impact of social and economic signals on those social enterprises receiving loans from a social finance institution. Analysis of a sample of 109 social enterprises in South Korea showed that social entrepreneurship and management capabilities at the CEO level, and the corporate pursuit of social values and validity of business plans at the firm level, have a positive impact on getting loans approved by a social finance institution. We also found that those social enterprises that perform well on both social and economic dimensions, namely ambidextrous enterprises, are at a disadvantage when it comes to securing loan approval. Such a trade‐off is counterintuitive, making the financial resource strategies and consequent signals of social enterprises more complicated than previously assumed.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progression rates to cirrhosis and progression of cirrhosis to decompensation and mortality: a real world analysis of Medicare data
Authors: Loomba Rohit , Wong Robert , Fraysse Jeremy , Shreay Sanatan , Li Suying , Harrison Stephen , Gordon Stuart C. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryBackgroundRisk factors and timing associated with disease progression and mortality in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are poorly understood.AimsTo evaluate the impact of disease severity, demographics and comorbidities on risk of mortality and time to progression in a large, real‐world cohort of diagnosed NAFLD patients.MethodsClaims data from a 20% Medicare representative sample between 2007 and 2015 were analysed retrospectively. Adults were categorised into disease severity groups: NAFLD/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) alone, compensated cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis, liver transplant or hepatocellular carcinoma. Cumulative incidence of mortality and disease progression were calculated for each group and multivariate analyses performed adjusting for demographics, comorbidities and disease severity.ResultsA total of 10 826 456, patients were assessed and the prevalence of NAFLD was 5.7% (N = 621 253). Among patients with NAFLD, 71.1% had NAFLD/NASH alone and 28.9% had NAFLD cirrhosis. Overall, 85.5% of patients had hypertension, 84.1% dyslipidemia, 68.7% had cardiovascular disease and 55.5% diabetes. The cumulative risk of progression of NAFLD to cirrhosis, and compensated cirrhosis to decompensated cirrhosis was 39% and 45%, respectively, over 8 years of follow‐up. The independent predictors of progression included cardiovascular disease, renal impairment, dyslipidemia and diabetes. The cumulative risk of mortality for NAFLD, NAFLD cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma was 12.6%, 31.1%, 51.4% and 76.2%, respectively.ConclusionsThe present report (a) demonstrates that NAFLD is grossly underdiagnosed in real‐world clinical settings and (b) provides new evidence on the progression rates of NAFLD and risk factors of mortality across the spectrum of severity of NAFLD and cirrhosis.
Letter: intestinal inflammation, COVID‐19 and gastrointestinal ACE2—exploring RAS inhibitors
Authors: Garg Mayur , Royce Simon G. , Lubel John S. 
Published: May 2020

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Taxonera et al papers. To view these articles, visit
https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15804 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15893.
Reporting rates of adverse reactions to specialty care medicines exhibit a direct positive correlation with patient exposure: A lack of evidence for the Weber effect
Authors: Modgill Vikas , Dormegny Léa , Lewis David J. 
Published: May 2020

AimsThe classical Weber effect describes an increase in adverse reaction (AR) reports after medicinal product authorisation, with a peak in AR reporting at the end of the second year followed by a decline, despite increasing patient exposure. The present study aimed to evaluate the validity of the Weber effect in the context of authorised medicines in a specialty care setting.MethodsUsing 6‐monthly sales data as a proxy for exposure, the exposure–adjusted reporting rates for AR reports for 10 selected specialty care medicines were plotted against time. These data were also evaluated based on the source of report (solicited or unsolicited) and the nature of the AR contained within the reports (listed or unlisted). Unsolicited reports were analysed against sales volumes. Goodness of fit (R2) was calculated and the trend representing the highest R2 was selected.ResultsStudy data comprised a total of 1 222 852 AR reports for 10 specialty care medicines. Amongst all of the products evaluated, none of the associated data represented reporting patterns entirely consistent with the classical Weber effect (see Figure 1). The results, however, showed a systemic direct correlation between AR reporting and sales volumes, especially throughout the first 5 years post‐authorisation.ConclusionThe study not only presents evidence of the absence of the Weber effect with specialty care medicines but also provides a substantial evidence of linear AR reporting correlating with sales volumes, especially during the first 5 years after marketing.
Practical guidance for the management of adults with immune thrombocytopenia during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Pavord Sue , Thachil Jecko , Hunt Beverley J. , Murphy Mike , Lowe Gillian , Laffan Mike , Makris Mike , Newland Adrian C. , Provan Drew , Grainger John D. , Hill Quentin A. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryThis document aims to provide practical guidance for the assessment and management of patients with thrombocytopenia, with a particular focus on immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The intention is to support clinicians and, although recommendations have been provided, it is not a formal guideline. Nor is there sufficient evidence base to conclude that alternative approaches to treatment are incorrect. Instead, it is a consensus written by clinicians with an interest in ITP or coagulation disorders and reviewed by members of the UK ITP forum.
Accelerating Liquid Simulation With an Improved Data‐Driven Method
Authors: Gao Yang , Zhang Quancheng , Li Shuai , Hao Aimin , Qin Hong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn physics‐based liquid simulation for graphics applications, pressure projection consumes a significant amount of computational time and is frequently the bottleneck of the computational efficiency. How to rapidly apply the pressure projection and at the same time how to accurately capture the liquid geometry are always among the most popular topics in the current research trend in liquid simulations. In this paper, we incorporate an artificial neural network into the simulation pipeline for handling the tricky projection step for liquid animation. Compared with the previous neural‐network‐based works for gas flows, this paper advocates new advances in the composition of representative features as well as the loss functions in order to facilitate fluid simulation with free‐surface boundary. Specifically, we choose both the velocity and the level‐set function as the additional representation of the fluid states, which allows not only the motion but also the boundary position to be considered in the neural network solver. Meanwhile, we use the divergence error in the loss function to further emulate the lifelike behaviours of liquid. With these arrangements, our method could greatly accelerate the pressure projection step in liquid simulation, while maintaining fairly convincing visual results. Additionally, our neutral network performs well when being applied to new scene synthesis even with varied boundaries or scales.
The effect of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists liraglutide and semaglutide on cardiovascular and renal outcomes across baseline blood pressure categories: Analysis of the LEADER and SUSTAIN 6 trials
Authors: Leiter Lawrence A. , Bain Stephen C. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Buse John B. , Mazer C. David , Pratley Richard E. , Rasmussen Søren , Ripa Maria Sejersten , Vrazic Hrvoje , Verma Subodh 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIt is unknown if the cardioprotective and renal effects of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists are consistent across blood pressure (BP) categories in patients with type 2 diabetes and at high risk of cardiovascular events. Using data from the LEADER (9340 patients) and SUSTAIN 6 (3297 patients) trials, we evaluated post hoc the cardiorenal effect of liraglutide and semaglutide on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and nephropathy by baseline BP categories using a Cox proportional hazards model (treatment and subgroup as factors; adjusted for cardiorenal risk factors). Data from the two trials were analysed separately. In the LEADER and SUSTAIN 6 trials, the prevalence of stage 1 hypertension was 30% and 31%, respectively, and of stage 2 hypertension 41% and 43%, respectively. There was no statistical heterogeneity across the BP categories for the effects of liraglutide (P = .06 for MACE; P = .14 for nephropathy) or semaglutide (P = .40 for MACE; P = .27 for nephropathy) versus placebo. This implies that liraglutide and semaglutide may be beneficial for patients with type 2 diabetes, irrespective of their baseline BP.
Hypocalcaemia predicts 12‐month re‐hospitalization in heart failure
Authors: Liu Feng , Zhang Han , Li Yanming , Lu Xueli 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundPotential pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has not been fully explored. The aim of the study was to reveal the association of serum calcium concentration at baseline with 12‐month clinical outcome in the disease.Materials and methodsA total of 350 patients with newly diagnosed HFpEF were included in this prospective observational study. There were no malignant tumour, kidney disease, thyroid disease, calcium and vitamin D supplements in the patients. All of them received 12‐month follow‐up, and endpoints were cardiac re‐hospitalization and death. Baseline serum calcium concentration was measured using AIA2000ST enzyme immunoassay analyser. Cardiopulmonary exercise, six‐minute walk distance test, EQ5D questionnaire and cardiac ultrasound were performed to evaluate exercise capacity, quality of life and left ventricle function.ResultsMultivariate COX regression analysis revealed that baseline hypocalcaemia was associated with the increased risk of cardiac re‐hospitalization and death during the follow‐up period (HR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.69‐2.61; HR: 8.26, 95% CI: 2.88‐23.70). Furthermore, baseline hypocalcaemia was related to the deterioration of 6‐minute walk distance, quality of life score (EQ‐5D), right quadriceps strength, left atrium volume index and left ventricular ejection fraction during the follow‐up period (HR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.21‐2.26; HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.12‐2.11; HR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.68‐3.89; HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.03‐1.98; HR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.02‐1.80).ConclusionBaseline hypocalcaemia predicted 12‐month cardiac re‐hospitalization and death in HFpEF patients without calcium and vitamin D supplements partly through left ventricle and skeletal muscle function pathways.
Evaluating Content‐Related Validity Evidence Using a Text‐Based Machine Learning Procedure
Authors: Anderson Daniel , Rowley Brock , Stegenga Sondra , Irvin P. Shawn , Rosenberg Joshua M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractValidity evidence based on test content is critical to meaningful interpretation of test scores. Within high‐stakes testing and accountability frameworks, content‐related validity evidence is typically gathered via alignment studies, with panels of experts providing qualitative judgments on the degree to which test items align with the representative content standards. Various summary statistics are then calculated (e.g., categorical concurrence, balance of representation) to aid in decision‐making. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach for gathering content‐related validity evidence that capitalizes on the overlap in vocabulary used in test items and the corresponding content standards, which we define as textual congruence. We use a text‐based, machine learning model, specifically topic modeling, to identify clusters of related content within the standards. This model then serves as the basis from which items are evaluated. We illustrate our method by building a model from the Next Generation Science Standards, with textual congruence evaluated against items within the Oregon statewide alternate assessment. We discuss the utility of this approach as a source of triangulating and diagnostic information and show how visualizations can be used to evaluate the overall coverage of the content standards across the test items.
Cognitive disturbances in the cuprizone model of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kopanitsa Maksym V. , Lehtimäki Kimmo K. , Forsman Markku , Suhonen Ari , Koponen Juho , Piiponniemi Tuukka O. , Kärkkäinen Anna‐Mari , Pavlidi Pavlina , Shatillo Artem , Sweeney Patrick J. , Merenlender‐Wagner Avia , Kaye Joel , Orbach Aric , Nurmi Antti 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCognitive problems frequently accompany neurological manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, during screening of preclinical candidates, assessments of behaviour in mouse models of MS typically focus on locomotor activity. In the present study, we analysed cognitive behaviour of 9 to 10‐week‐old female C57Bl/6J mice orally administered with the toxin cuprizone that induces demyelination, a characteristic feature of MS. Animals received 400 mg/kg cuprizone daily for 2 or 4 weeks, and their performance was compared with that of vehicle‐treated mice. Cuprizone‐treated animals showed multiple deficits in short touchscreen‐based operant tasks: they responded more slowly to visual stimuli, rewards and made more errors in a simple rule‐learning task. In contextual/cued fear conditioning experiments, cuprizone‐treated mice showed significantly lower levels of contextual freezing than vehicle‐treated mice. Diffusion tensor imaging showed treatment‐dependent changes in fractional anisotropy as well as in axial and mean diffusivities in different white matter areas. Lower values of fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity in cuprizone‐treated mice indicated developing demyelination and/or axonal damage. Several diffusion tensor imaging measurements correlated with learning parameters. Our results show that translational touchscreen operant tests and fear conditioning paradigms can reliably detect cognitive consequences of cuprizone treatment. The suggested experimental approach enables screening novel MS drug candidates in longitudinal experiments for their ability to improve pathological changes in brain structure and reverse cognitive deficits.
Associations of childcare type, age at start, and intensity with body mass index trajectories from 10 to 42 years of age in the 1970 British Cohort Study
Authors: Costa Silvia , Bann David , Benjamin‐Neelon Sara E. , Adams Jean , Johnson William 
Published: May 2020

SummaryBackgroundAttending childcare is related to greater childhood obesity risk, but there are few long‐term follow‐up studies. We aimed to examine the associations of childcare type, age at start, and intensity with body mass index body mass index (BMI) trajectories from ages 10 to 42 years.MethodsThe sample comprised 8234 individuals in the 1970 British Cohort Study, who had data on childcare attendance (no, yes), type (formal, informal), age at start (4‐5, 3‐3.99, 0‐2.99 years old), and intensity (1, 2, 3, 4‐5 days/week) reported at age 5 years and 32 563 BMI observations. Multilevel linear spline models were used to estimate the association of each exposure with the sample‐average BMI trajectory, with covariate adjustment. A combined age at start and intensity exposure was also examined.ResultsAttending vs not attending and the type of childcare (none vs formal/informal) were not strongly related to BMI trajectories. Among participants who attended childcare 1 to 2 days a week, those who started when 3 to 3.99 years old had a 0.197 (−0.004, 0.399) kg/m2 higher BMI at age 10 years than those who started when 4 to 5 years old, and those who started when 0 to 2.99 years old had a 0.289 (0.049, 0.529) kg/m2 higher BMI. A similar dose‐response pattern for intensity was observed when holding age at start constant. By age 42 years, individuals who started childcare at age 0 to 2.99 years and attended 3 to 5 days/week had a 1.356 kg/m2 (0.637, 2.075) higher BMI than individuals who started at age 4 to 5 years and attended 1 to 2 days/week.ConclusionsChildren who start childcare earlier and/or attend more frequently may have greater long‐term obesity risk.
Phase equilibria in the Fe‐V‐O system near “FeO”‐V2O3 isopleth
Authors: Xie Wei , Xing Xianran , Cao Zhanmin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPhase equilibria in the “FeO”‐V2O3 system from 1273 to 1808 K and in the range of oxygen partial pressure from 10−15 to 10−4 atm are investigated. High‐temperature quenching, XRD, SEM‐EDS, and DSC are used to determine the phase relations. Stable regions of (FeO)s.s., (V2O3)s.s., and spinel phases are considerably effected by the oxygen partial pressure, and structural models are proposed as (Fe2+, Fe3+, V2+)1‐xO, (V2+, V3+, V4+, Fe3+)2O3+x, and (Fe2+, Fe3+, V3+)(Fe2+, Fe3+, V3+, Va)2O4. Continuous solid solution FeV2O4‐Fe3O4 is formed. The nonstoichiometry of FeV2O4 is attributed to the appearance of vanadium vacancies for electroneutrality due to the oxidation of Fe2+. The standard Gibbs energy of formation for FeV2O4 and component activities in FeV2O4‐Fe3O4 solid solution at 1623 and 1773 K are derived based on the equilibrium oxygen partial pressure. The cation distribution in FeV2O4 at different temperatures is obtained according to site preference energy.
Calcitonin gene‐related peptide inhibits angiotensin II‐induced NADPH oxidase‐dependent ROS via the Src/STAT3 signalling pathway
Authors: Luo Hong‐min , Wu Xia , Xian Xian , Wang Lu‐yao , Zhu Liang‐yu , Sun Hong‐yu , Yang Lei , Liu Wen‐xuan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe had previously demonstrated that the calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) suppresses the oxidative stress and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation induced by vascular injury. A recent study also indicated that CGRP protects against the onset and development of angiotensin II (Ang II)‐induced hypertension, vascular hypertrophy and oxidative stress. However, the mechanism behind the effects of CGRP on Ang II‐induced oxidative stress is unclear. CGRP significantly suppressed the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by NADPH oxidase in Ang II‐induced VSMCs. The Ang II‐stimulated activation of both Src and the downstream transcription factor, STAT3, was abrogated by CGRP. However, the antioxidative effect of CGRP was lost following the expression of constitutively activated Src or STAT3. Pre‐treatment with H‐89 or CGRP8–37 also blocked the CGRP inhibitory effects against Ang II‐induced oxidative stress. Additionally, both in vitro and in vivo analyses show that CGRP treatment inhibited Ang II‐induced VSMC proliferation and hypertrophy, accompanied by a reduction in ROS generation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CGRP exhibits its antioxidative effect by blocking the Src/STAT3 signalling pathway that is associated with Ang II‐induced VSMC hypertrophy and hyperplasia.