bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel model of restricted mobility induced osteopenia in zebrafish
Authors: Khajuria Deepak Kumar , Karasik David 
Published: May 2020

AbstractImmobilization, such as prolonged bed rest, is a risk factor for bone loss in humans. Motivated by the emerging utility of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as an animal of choice for the study of musculoskeletal disease, here we report a model of restricted mobility induced osteopenia in adult zebrafish. Aquatic tanks with small cubical compartments to restrict the movement and locomotion of single fish were designed and fabricated for this study. Adult zebrafish were divided into two groups: a normal control (CONT) and a restricted mobility group (RMG) (18 fish/group). Six fish from each group were euthanized on days 14, 21 and 35 of the movement restriction. By using microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT), we assessed bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) and bone density in the whole skeleton of the fish. Furthermore, we assessed skeletal shape in the vertebrae (radius, length, volume, neural and haemal arch aperture areas, neural and haemal arch angle, and thickness of the intervertebral space), single vertebra bone volume and bone density. Movement restriction significantly decreased vertebral skeletal parameters such as radius, length, volume, arch aperture areas and angles as well as the thickness of the intervertebral space in RMG. Furthermore, restricted mobility significantly (P < 0.001) decreased BV/TV and bone density as compared to the CONT group, starting as early as 14 days. By analysing zebrafish from CONT and RMG, we show that micro‐CT imaging is a sensitive method to quantify distinct skeletal properties in zebrafish. We further defined the micro‐CT parameters which can be used to examine the effects of restricted mobility on the skeleton of the fish. Our findings propose a rapid and effective osteopenia “stabulation” model, which could be used widely for osteoporosis drug screening.
Field studies of seahorse population density, structure and habitat use in a semi‐closed north‐eastern Mediterranean marine area (Stratoni, North Aegean Sea)
Authors: Correia Miguel , Paulo Diogo , Samara Elina , Koulouri Panayota , Mentogiannis Vasilis , Dounas Costas 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe present study was carried out in the marine area of Stratoni, Greece, where two seahorse species are present (Hippocampus hippocampus and Hippocampus guttulatus). Two surveys were conducted (September 2016 and May 2019) to gather information regarding seahorse species' abundance, distribution and habitat characteristics. Four different seahorse natural and artificial habitat types were identified. The results revealed that the presence of H. hippocampus was relatively high, especially at sites with artificial structures, whereas the presence of H. guttulatus was rare. Data collected can provide baseline information for future population assessments.
Twilight activity patterns and angling vulnerability of yellowmouth barracuda (Sphyraena viridensisCuvier, 1829), a range‐expanding thermophilic fish
Authors: Merciai Roberto , Casadevall Margarida , Villegas‐Hernández Harold , Lloret Josep 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAmong the thermophilic fishes that have become established in the north‐western Mediterranean as a consequence of sea warming, the yellowmouth barracuda (Sphyraena viridensisCuvier, 1829) appears to be one of the most successful and abundant in the coastal rocky environment, having increasingly become the object of recreational and commercial exploitation in the study area. Lure‐fishing sessions were carried out from May 2016 to November 2018 in the Catalan Sea (NE Spain) at dawn and dusk, with the aim of providing new insight into the behavioural, spatial and feeding ecology and vulnerability to angling of this poorly known species. Generalized mixed‐effects linear models showed thatS. viridensisis a crepuscular inshore dweller, whose vulnerability to angling is significantly influenced by solar and lunar light intensities, being highest in the pre‐spawn and spawning periods. Asymmetries between dawn and dusk activity patterns were detected, evidently related to a drop in aggressiveness at dusk following the spawning period. The simple study design adopted may be applied to other contexts, aiming to the recognition of several levels of fish vulnerability to angling.
Unplanned Closure of Public Schools in Michigan, 2015‐2016: Cross‐Sectional Study on Rurality and Digital Data Harvesting
Authors: Jackson Ashley M. , Mullican Lindsay A. , Tse Zion T. H. , Yin Jingjing , Zhou Xiaolu , Kumar Dharamendra , Fung Isaac C.‐H. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDFor pandemic preparedness, researchers used online systematic searches to track unplanned school closures (USCs). We determine if Twitter provides complementary
data.METHODSTwitter handles of Michigan public schools and school districts were identified. All tweets associated with these handles were downloaded. USC‐related tweets were identified using 5 keywords. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were performed in
R.RESULTSAmong 3469 Michigan public schools, 2003 maintained their own active Twitter accounts or belonged to school districts with active Twitter accounts. Of these 2003 schools, in 2015‐2016 school year, at least 1 USC announcement was identified for 349 schools via the current method only, 678 schools via Twitter only, and 562 schools via both methods. No USC announcements were identified for 414 schools. Rural schools were less likely than city schools to have active Twitter coverage (adjusted relative risk [adjRR] = 0.3956, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3312‐0.4671), and to announce USCs on Twitter (adjRR = 0.5692, 95% CI 0.4645‐0.6823), but more likely to have USCs identified by the current method (adjRR = 1.4545, 95% CI 1.3545‐1.5490).CONCLUSIONSEach method identified USCs that were missed by the other. Our results suggested that identifying USCs on Twitter is complementary to the current method.
A Risk Stratification Algorithm for Asthma Identification and Prioritization in a Low‐Income Urban School
Authors: Rabner Marc , Bissett Katherine , Johnson Sara B. , Connor Katherine A. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDAsthma can interfere with school attendance and engagement. School health programs are central to asthma management. Case identification is limited by reliance on parent‐completed forms, which are often missing. This project tested a low‐burden screening algorithm to stratify students based on priority for nurse outreach at 2 large, urban schools with high asthma prevalence.METHODSStudents in grades 1‐8 completed a 4‐item asthma screener. Two‐stage stratification incorporated screener responses, school nurse records, and absenteeism. Students were assigned low, medium, or high priority for follow up. Asthma prevalence in the high priority group was calculated for substantiated asthma. Whether stratification was more likely than chance to identify new cases of asthma in the high‐priority group was evaluated using chi‐square tests.RESULTSOf 1397 students, 69.7% were screened. Secondary stratification decreased the number of students in the high and medium priority groups. New asthma cases were identified in 46.4% of high‐priority families reached for follow up. High‐priority students were more likely to be identified as having asthma than chance alone (p < .001).CONCLUSIONSA low‐burden screening algorithm appropriately placed students with asthma in the high priority group. This approach may allow efficient, targeted follow up of the highest need students in high prevalence populations.
Cost drivers and profitability of U.S. pond, raceway, and RAS aquaculture
Authors: Engle Carole R. , Kumar Ganesh , van Senten Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAquaculture in the United States has grown at a slower rate than the rest of the world in spite of abundant resources to support its growth. Although regulatory costs have widely been cited as the cause, there has not been a comprehensive attempt to examine cost structures, productivity, and associated efficiencies across various species, production systems, and scales of production in the United States. In this analysis, 58 comprehensive enterprise budgets were developed for various management strategies and scales of production for catfish, baitfish/sportfish, and largemouth bass foodfish in ponds, trout production in raceways, and recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) production of Atlantic salmon, trout, and tilapia in the United States. Results showed long‐term profitability only for pond production of catfish, trout, largemouth bass, and baitfish/sportfish (only if annualized capital costs of baitfish/sportfish ponds were treated as sunk costs given the pond ages). None of the RAS showed profits, but larger‐scale RAS showed fewer losses (in $/kg of fish produced) than smaller‐scale RAS. Economies of scale were found for all species/systems analyzed. Feed, capital, labor, management, energy, and fingerling costs (in some scenarios) were identified as the major factors contributing to overall costs of production, but the order of importance varied with the species/system/scale. For those species/systems for which variable costs tended to be the greatest type of costs, improvements in feed conversion ratio and labor productivity (kg of fish produced per $ of annual labor cost) have the greatest potential to reduce per‐unit costs of production. For RAS, improving productivity of both labor and capital (in terms of kg of fish produced per $ of annualized capital costs) may be as important as production scale to achieve profitability. Labor and capital use productivity were much greater on the well‐established and generally profitable catfish and trout businesses than in the RAS scenarios analyzed. Results should be of value to lenders, investors, those who make decisions on research funding priorities, and policymakers.
Do intertidal Zostera noltei meadows represent a favourable habitat for amphipods? The case of the Kneiss Islands (Gulf of Gabès: Central Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Mosbahi Nawfel , Boudaya Lobna , Neifar Lassad , Dauvin Jean‐Claude 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe structure, diversity, spatial and seasonal distributions of amphipod assemblages associated with intertidal Zostera (Zosterella) noltei meadows were studied around the Kneiss Islands (central Mediterranean Sea). This site represents a site of international interest in terms of its ornithological diversity (Important Bird Area, Ramsar Site and SPAMI). The amphipod fauna was sampled at 32 stations in spring 2014. A total of 6,482 individuals belonging to 78 species and 22 families were identified; among these taxa, Lysianassa ceratina is new for the Tunisian amphipod inventory, whereas 25 species are identified for the first time in the Gulf of Gabès. The dominant species are Cymadusa filosa, Microdeutopus gryllotalpa, Gammarus insensibilis, Dexamine spiniventris, Monocorophium insidiosum, Elasmopus rapax, Melita palmata and Leucothoe incisa. Four amphipod assemblages are identified using MDS analysis. The distribution of amphipod assemblages is linked to several environmental factors, such as sediment type, organic matter content and distance from the shore, which is itself associated with a clear inshore–offshore gradient. Seasonal variations of the amphipod assemblage patterns at eight stations, sampled between April 2014 and January 2015, show a maximum abundance and diversity during summer and autumn, with a minimum in winter. These seasonal fluctuations may be related to many factors such as variations of climatic factors (e.g. temperature, salinity), the growth and production rates of Zostera noltei meadows and seasonal patterns in the life cycle of dominant species.
Atmospheric heat and moisture transport to energy‐ and water‐limited ecosystems
Authors: Schumacher Dominik L. , Keune Jessica , Miralles Diego G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe land biosphere is a crucial component of the Earth system that interacts with the atmosphere in a complex manner through manifold feedback processes. These relationships are bidirectional, as climate affects our terrestrial ecosystems, which, in turn, influence climate. Great progress has been made in understanding the local interactions between the terrestrial biosphere and climate, but influences from remote regions through energy and water influxes to downwind ecosystems remain less explored. Using a Lagrangian trajectory model driven by atmospheric reanalysis data, we show how heat and moisture advection affect gross carbon production at interannual scales and in different ecoregions across the globe. For water‐limited regions, results show a detrimental effect on ecosystem productivity during periods of enhanced heat and reduced moisture advection. These periods are typically associated with winds that disproportionately come from continental source regions, as well as positive sensible heat flux and negative latent heat flux anomalies in those upwind locations. Our results underline the vulnerability of ecosystems to the occurrence of upwind climatic extremes and highlight the importance of the latter for the spatiotemporal propagation of ecosystem disturbances.
Indexing watchdog accountability powers a framework for assessing the accountability capacity of independent oversight institutions
Authors: Bovens Mark , Wille Anchrit 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIndependent oversight institutions are critical components of the accountability landscape in modern democracies. This paper presents a framework for assessing the accountability powers of these watchdogs. This watchdog accountability index is an empirical tool to assess the key accountability powers of accountability forums that operate in a democratic constitutional context. The aim is to provide a richer evidence base to assess evolving external accountability arrangements and their effectiveness. Our approach breaks down the concept of watchdog accountability power into three distinct, conceptually coherent dimensions. We apply the accountability index to assess the strength of one of the main watchdog institutions in the EU, the European Court of Auditors in 2017. Data were collected by means of a study of secondary sources and by an expert survey.
Impact of remittances on household health care expenditure: Evidence from the Nepal Living Standards Survey
Authors: Kapri Kul , Jha Stuti 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of remittance inflows on health care expenditure in Nepal using the Nepal Living Standards Survey 2010–2011. Using the recursive three‐stage least square regression method, the propensity score matching method, and the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition method, we find a positive and significant effect of remittances on health care expenditure. In particular, our analysis shows a 0.099% increase in health care expenditure for every 1% increase in overall remittances. This effect increases to 0.189% for earned remittances (remittances received from a household member). We also find that remittance‐receiving households with at least one migrant family member have different health care spending behavior than those with no migrant members.
Examining the Causal Mediating Role of Brain Pathology on the Relationship Between Diabetes and Cognitive Impairment: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Andrews Ryan M. , Shpitser Ilya , Lopez Oscar , Longstreth William T. , Chaves Paulo H. M. , Kuller Lewis , Carlson Michelle C. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryThe paper examines whether diabetes mellitus leads to incident mild cognitive impairment and dementia through brain hypoperfusion and white matter disease. We performed inverse odds ratio weighted causal mediation analyses to decompose the effect of diabetes on cognitive impairment into direct and indirect effects, and we found that approximately a third of the total effect of diabetes is mediated through vascular-related brain pathology. Our findings lend support for a common aetiological hypothesis regarding incident cognitive impairment, which is that diabetes increases the risk of clinical cognitive impairment in part by impacting the vasculature of the brain.
The ‘saffronisation’ of India and contemporary political ideology
Authors: Bhatia Aditi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe victory of India's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in 2014, led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has shaped current socio‐political discourse through the lens of Hindu fundamentalism. Driven by right‐wing Hindu nationals in the party that advocate the hegemony of the Hindu way of life, or Hindutva (‘Hindu nationalism’), contemporary political narrative can be seen to recontextualise the country's history through ‘saffronisation’ of public space, social practice, and education. This paper will explore how under the governance of the ruling party, socio‐political sentiment is perceived to be shaped increasingly through Hindutva, by analysing the media framing of political ideology. To conduct the analysis, the paper draws on Bhatia's (2015) theoretical framework of the Discourse of Illusion.
Densely sampled phylogenetic analyses of the Lesser Short‐toed Lark (Alaudala rufescens) — Sand Lark (A. raytal) species complex (Aves, Passeriformes) reveal cryptic diversity
Authors: Ghorbani Fatemeh , Aliabadian Mansour , Zhang Ruiying , Irestedt Martin , Hao Yan , Sundev Gombobaatar , Lei Fumin , Ma Ming , Olsson Urban , Alström Per 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe taxonomy of the Lesser/Asian Short‐toed Lark Alaudala rufescens–cheleensis complex has been debated for decades, mainly because of minor morphological differentiation among the taxa within the complex, and different interpretations of the geographical pattern of morphological characters among different authors. In addition, there have been few studies based on non‐morphological traits. It has recently been suggested based on a molecular study of the lark family Alaudidae that the Sand Lark A. raytal is nested within this complex. We here analysed mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) from 130 individuals across the range of this complex (hereafter called Alaudala rufescens–raytal complex), representing all except two of the 18 currently recognized subspecies. We also analysed 11 nuclear markers from a subsample of these individuals, representing all of the clades found in the cyt b tree. Five primary clades were recovered, which confirmed that A. raytal is nested within this complex. Divergence time estimates among these five clades ranged from 1.76 to 3.16 million years (my; 95% highest posterior density [HPD] 1.0–4.51 my) or 1.99–2.53 my (95% HPD 0.96–4.3 my) in different analyses. Only four of the currently recognized subspecies were recovered as monophyletic in the cyt b tree. Our results call for a taxonomic revision, and we tentatively suggest that at least four species should be recognized, although we stress the need for an approach integrating molecular, morphological and other data that are not yet available.
Extended Windage Loss Models for Gas Bearing Supported Spindles Operated in Dense Gases
Authors: Rosset Kévin , Schiffmann Jürg 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Generic models are proposed to evaluate the skin friction coefficient acting on enclosed rotating disks and cylinders under various flow regimes. In particular, a model taking into account the inner radius of the disk is developed. The models are compared with experimental data obtained from coast-down tests of a high-speed spindle supported on gas lubricated bearings, operated in air and in halocarbon R245fa at various pressures. The windage losses are first computed considering state-of-the-art laminar flow loss models in the gas bearings and an experimentally validated laminar-turbulent flow loss model in the air gap. This reference approach predicts the air data with a good accuracy (deviation less than 5%) but underestimates the organic fluid data by up to 36%. This deviation is considerably reduced (max 6.8%) when applying the proposed multiflow regime loss model for enclosed rotating disks to the thrust bearing. Finally, the proposed laminar-turbulent flow loss model for enclosed rotating cylinders is simultaneously applied to the journal bearings and the air gap. A peak deviation of 6.5% is maintained among all test cases when setting the critical Taylor number to an artificial value (67) instead of the theoretical value (41.1) characterizing the onset of growth of Taylor vortices. Taking into account the uncertainties on the bearing clearances, as well as on the operating pressure and temperature, a ±10% agreement with the experimental data is obtained.
<p><strong>Extraguild prey availability reduced cannibalism and reciprocal intraguild predation of </strong><strong><em>Neoseiulus barkeri</em></strong><strong> (Acari: Phytoseiidae) and </strong><strong><em>Scolothrips takahashii</em></strong><strong> (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)</strong><strong></strong></p>
Authors: Liu Ming Xiu , Chu Wen-Qiang , Xu Chen , Zheng Quan-Ming , Song Wen-Bin , Li Ya-Ying , Liu Huai 
Published: May 2020

Cannibalism and intraguild predation (IGP) are two common interactions occurs in animal kingdom which influence their population structure and dynamics. Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes) and Scolothrips takahashii (Priesner) are important natural enemies of citrus red mite Panonychus citri (McGregor). However, little was known about their interactions and how the availability of extraguild (EG) prey P. citri modulated their interactions. In this study, we determined incidences of cannibalism and intraguild predation of these two predators when different densities of extraguild prey P. citri were available. Our results showed that incidences of both cannibalism and IGP and were significantly reduced in the presence of the extraguild prey. The intraguild predation between N. barkeri and S. takahashii was bidirectional, but N. barkeri was a predominant intraguild predator over S. takahashii. The S. takahashii fed on immobile N. barkeri egg, and N. barkeri fed on inactive prepupa and pupa of S. takahashii, but the conspecifics seldom did. Our results indicated that the interactions of predators decreased significantly when prey was available. The predatory mite N. barkeri was a stronger interspecific competitor. The results of this study may be useful in developing effective biological control strategies against P. citri.
The Contribution of Commuting to Total Daily Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity
Authors: Gbadamosi Abolanle R. , Clarke-Cornwell Alexandra M. , Sindall Paul A. , Granat Malcolm H. 
Published: May 2020

Background: Actively commuting to and from work can increase moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and increase adherence to physical activity (PA) guidelines; however, there is a lack of evidence on the contribution of mixed-mode commutes and continuous stepping bouts to PA. Many commuting studies employ the use of self-reported PA measures. This study objectively determined the contribution of MVPA during commuting to total MVPA, using cadence to define MVPA, and explored how the length of stepping bouts affects adherence to PA guidelines. Methods: Twenty-seven university staff wore an activPAL™ activity monitor for seven days and kept an activity diary. The activPAL™quantified MVPA and bouts duration and the activity diary collected information about commute times and the modes of commute. Twenty-three participants with at least four days of data were included in the final analysis. Results: The median total time per day spent in MVPA was 49.6 (IQR: 27.4–75.8) minutes and 31% of the total time was accumulated during commuting (median = 15.2 minutes; IQR: 4.11–26.9). Walking and mixed-mode commuters spent more time in MVPA (37.6 and 26.9 minutes, respectively), compared to car commuters (5.8 minutes). Seventeen out of the 23 participants achieved more than 30 minutes of MVPA per day, with five achieving this in their commute alone. A significant positive association was found between commute time spent in MVPA and total MVPA (p < .001). Conclusion: Commuting can be a major contributor to total MVPA, with the mode of commute having a significant role in the level of this contribution to total MVPA.