bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weed control and crop tolerance with S-metolachlor in seeded summer squash and cucumber
Authors: Besançon Thierry E. , Wasacz Maggie H. , Carr Baylee L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractResidual herbicides remain the primary tool for efficient weed control in cucurbit crops because of the lack of crop tolerance to many POST herbicide options. Field experiments were conducted in New Jersey in 2018 and 2019 to determine weed control efficacy and tolerance of direct-seeded cucumber ‘Python’ and summer squash ‘Gold Prize’ to S-metolachlor applied at 0.7 or 1.4 kg ai ha−1 at planting (PRE) or when crops reached the second- to third-leaf stage (EPOST). Regardless of applied rate, S-metolachlor PRE or EPOST provided 96% to 100% control 3 wk after planting (WAP) of smooth pigweed, large crabgrass, and giant foxtail. S-metolachlor PRE significantly improved American black nightshade and carpetweed control 3 WAP with respect to bensulide, and smooth pigweed with respect to clomazone + ethalfluralin. Summer squash showed excellent tolerance, regardless of S-metolachlor rate or timing of application, with stunting not exceeding 17% 4 WAP and 3% 7 WAP at the 1.4 kg ha−1 rate. Marketable yield decreased by 15% with S-metolachlor PRE or POST at 1.4 kg ha−1 with respect to clomazone + ethalfluralin, a reduction not noted when comparing with bensulide or the handweeded control. Marketable fruit number plant−1 and individual fruit weight were not affected by S-metolachlor applications. Conversely, cucumber was more sensitive to S-metolachlor than summer squash was with 30% seedling emergence reduction and 36% to 43% stunting 4 WAP when S-metolachlor was applied PRE at 1.4 kg ha−1. EPOST application resulted in 15% to 26% cucumber injury 1 wk after treatment. Marketable yield declined by 21% and 39% with the 0.7 and 1.4 kg ha−1 rates of S-metolachlor, respectively, compared with clomazone + ethalfluralin. Therefore, S-metolachlor may be a novel alternative to already labeled residual herbicides for summer squash, but unacceptable injury and yield reduction do not support its registration on cucumber.
Stratigraphy of the Von Kármán Crater Based on Chang'E‐4 Lunar Penetrating Radar Data
Authors: Zhang Ling , Li Jing , Zeng Zhaofa , Xu Yi , Liu Cai , Chen Shengbo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Chang'E‐4 (CE‐4) achieved the first successful soft landing on the floor of the Von Kármán crater located in the northeast of the South Pole‐Aitken (SPA) basin on the Moon. Here, through analysis and processing of the dual‐channel lunar penetrating radar (LPR) data, the shallow regolith structure and deep geological strata below the landing site are exposed. The high‐frequency data (CH‐2, 500 MHz) show that the Von Kármán crater underwent remodeling because of ejecta from multiple craters within a thickness of 40 m. Under the surface fine‐grained regolith, superpositions among these crater materials and mare basalt units establish shallow regolith stratigraphic sequences. The low‐frequency data (CH‐1, 60 MHz) show a deep stratigraphic structure to the depth of 360 m that indicates the previous geological evolution history of the Von Kármán crater. The LPR results provide an important scientific basis for understanding the geological history of the far side of the Moon.
Climate Change Significantly Alters Future Wildfire Mitigation Opportunities in Southeastern Australia
Authors: Di Virgilio Giovanni , Evans Jason P. , Clarke Hamish , Sharples Jason , Hirsch Annette L. , Hart Melissa Anne 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPrescribed burning is used globally to mitigate the risks of wildfires, with severe wildfires increasing in frequency in recent decades. Despite their importance in wildfire management, the nature of future changes to prescribed burn windows under global warming remains uncertain. We use a regional climate projection ensemble to provide a robust spatiotemporal quantification of statistically significant future changes in prescribed burn windows for southeastern Australia. There are significant decreases during months presently used for prescribed burning, that is, in March to May in 2060–2079 versus 1990–2009 across several temperate regions. Conversely, burn windows show widespread significant increases in June to August, that is, months when burns have rarely occurred historically, and also in spring (September–October). Overall, projected changes in temperature and fuel moisture show the most widespread and largest decreases (or increases) in the number of days within their respective ranges suitable for conducting burns. These results support wildfire risk mitigation planning.
Resistance to the CHK1 inhibitor prexasertib involves functionally distinct CHK1 activities in BRCA wild-type ovarian cancer
Authors: Nair Jayakumar , Huang Tzu-Ting , Murai Junko , Haynes Brittany , Steeg Patricia S. , Pommier Yves , Lee Jung-Min 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHigh grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is a fatal gynecologic malignancy in the U.S. with limited treatment options. New therapeutic strategies include targeting of the cell cycle checkpoints, e.g., ATR and CHK1. We recently reported a promising clinical activity of the CHK1 inhibitor (CHK1i) prexasertib monotherapy inBRCAwild-type (BRCAwt) HGSOC patients. In this study, biopsies of treated patients and cell line models were used to investigate possible mechanisms of resistance to CHK1i. We report that BRCAwt HGSOC develops resistance to prexasertib monotherapy via a prolonged G2 delay induced by lower CDK1/CyclinB1 activity, thus preventing cells from mitotic catastrophe and cell death. On the other hand, we noted CHK1’s regulation on RAD51-mediated homologous recombination (HR) repair was not altered in CHK1i-resistant cells. Therefore, CHK1i sensitizes CHK1i-resistant cells to DNA damaging agents such as gemcitabine or hydroxyurea by inhibition of HR. In summary, our results demonstrate new mechanistic insights of functionally distinct CHK1 activities and highlight a potential combination treatment approach to overcome CHK1i resistance in BRCAwt HGSOC.
Variants in the 5′UTR reduce SHOX expression and contribute to SHOX haploinsufficiency
Authors: Babu Deepak , Vannelli Silvia , Fanelli Antonella , Mellone Simona , Baffico Ave Maria , Corrado Lucia , Essa Wael Al , Grandone Anna , Bellone Simonetta , Monzani Alice , Vinci Giulia , De Sanctis Luisa , Stuppia Liborio , Prodam Flavia , Giordano Mara 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSHOXhaploinsufficiency causes 70–90% of Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis (LWD) and 2–10% of idiopathic short stature (ISS). Deletions removing the entire gene or enhancers and point mutations in the coding region represent a well-established cause of haploinsufficiency. During diagnostic genetic testing on ISS/LWD patients, in addition to classicSHOXdefects, five 5′UTR variants (c.-58G > T, c.-55C > T, c.-51G > A, c.-19G > A, and c.-9del), were detected whose pathogenetic role was unclear and were thus classified as VUS (Variants of Uncertain Significance). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of these noncoding variations inSHOXhaploinsufficiency. The variants were tested for their ability to interfere with correct gene expression of a regulated reporter gene (luciferase assay). The negative effect on the mRNA splicing predicted in silico for c.-19G > A was assayed in vitro through a minigene splicing assay. The luciferase assay showed that c.-51G > A, c.-19G > A, and c.-9del significantly reduce luciferase activity by 60, 35, and 40% at the homozygous state. Quantification of the luciferase mRNA showed that c.-51G > A and c.-9del might interfere with the correct SHOX expression mainly at the post-transcriptional level. The exon trapping assay demonstrated that c.-19G > A determines the creation of a new branch site causing an aberrant mRNA splicing. In conclusion, this study allowed us to reclassify two of the 5′UTR variants identified during SHOX diagnostic screening as likely pathogenic, one remains as a VUS, and two as likely benign variants. This analysis for the first time expands the spectrum of the genetic causes ofSHOXhaploinsufficiency to noncoding variations in the 5′UTR.
Switch from enzyme replacement therapy to oral chaperone migalastat for treating fabry disease: real-life data
Authors: Riccio Eleonora , Zanfardino Mario , Ferreri Lucia , Santoro Ciro , Cocozza Sirio , Capuano Ivana , Imbriaco Massimo , Feriozzi Sandro , Pisani Antonio ,   AFFIINITY Group, Pisani Antonio , Riccio Eleonora , Cocozza Sirio , Santoro Ciro , Esposito Roberta , Imbriaco Massimo , Russo Camilla , Di Risi Teodolinda , Chiariotti Lorenzo , Spinelli Letizia , Pontillo Andrea , Cuocolo Alberto , Cennamo Gilda , Colao Annamaria 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe treatment options for Fabry disease (FD) are enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with agalsidase alfa or beta, and the oral pharmacological chaperone migalastat. Since few data are available on the effects of switching from ERT to migalastat, we performed a single-center observational study on seven male Fabry patients (18–66 years) to assess the effects of the switch on renal, cardiac, and neurologic function, health status, pain, lyso-Gb3, α-Gal A activity and adverse effects. Data were retrospectively collected at time of diagnosis of FD (baseline, T0), and after 12 months of ERT (T1), and prospectively after 1 year of therapy with migalastat (T2). No patient died or reported renal, cardiac, or cerebrovascular events during the study period. The predefined measures for cardiac, renal and neurologic function, and FD-related symptoms and questionnaires were stable between baseline and the switch, and remained unchanged with migalastat. However, a significant improvement was observed in left ventricular mass index from baseline to T2 (p = 0.016), with a significative difference between the treatments (p = 0.028), and in median proteinuria from T2 vs T1 (p = 0.048). Moreover, scores of the BPI improved from baseline to T1, and remained stable with migalastat. Plasma lyso-Gb3 levels significantly decreased from baseline to T1 (P = 0.007) and T2 (P = 0.003), while did not significantly differ between the two treatments. α-Gal A activity increased from T0 to T2 (p < 0.0001). The frequency of adverse effects under migalastat and ERT was comparable (28% for both drugs). In conclusion, switching from ERT to migalastat is valid, safe and well tolerated.
Inhalation exposure to cigarette smoke and inflammatory agents induces epigenetic changes in the lung
Authors: Seiler Christopher L. , Song J ung Min , Kotandeniya Delshanee , Chen Jianji , Kono Thomas J. Y. , Han Qiyuan , Colwell Mathia , Auch Benjamin , Sarver Aaron L. , Upadhyaya Pramod , Ren Yanan , Faulk Christopher , De Flora Silvio , La Maestra Sebastiano , Chen Yue , Kassie Fekadu , Tretyakova Natalia Y. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSmoking-related lung tumors are characterized by profound epigenetic changes including scrambled patterns of DNA methylation, deregulated histone acetylation, altered gene expression levels, distorted microRNA profiles, and a global loss of cytosine hydroxymethylation marks. Here, we employed an enhanced version of bisulfite sequencing (RRBS/oxRRBS) followed by next generation sequencing to separately map DNA epigenetic marks 5-methyl-dC and 5-hydroxymethyl-dC in genomic DNA isolated from lungs of A/J mice exposed whole-body to environmental cigarette smoke for 10 weeks. Exposure to cigarette smoke significantly affected the patterns of cytosine methylation and hydroxymethylation in the lungs. Differentially hydroxymethylated regions were associated with inflammatory response/disease, organismal injury, and respiratory diseases and were involved in regulation of cellular development, function, growth, and proliferation. To identify epigenetic changes in the lung associated with exposure to tobacco carcinogens and inflammation, A/J mice were intranasally treated with the tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), the inflammatory agent lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or both. NNK alone caused minimal epigenetic alterations, while exposure either to LPS or NNK/LPS in combination led to increased levels of global cytosine methylation and formylation, reduced cytosine hydroxymethylation, decreased histone acetylation, and altered expression levels of multiple genes. Our results suggest that inflammatory processes are responsible for epigenetic changes contributing to lung cancer development.
Effect of industrial wastewater on wheat germination, growth, yield, nutrients and bioaccumulation of lead
Authors: Kanwal Amina , Farhan Muhammad , Sharif Faiza , Hayyat Muhammad Umar , Shahzad Laila , Ghafoor Gul Zareen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDue to fresh water scarcity, farmers are using polluted water for irrigation. This research was conducted to study the bioaccumulation of Pb in wheat (Cv. Shafaq-2006). The experiment was comprised of seven treatments of lead i.e. 0–1,000 mg Pb/kg. The results revealed that lead severely reduces germination (− 30%), seedling fresh weight (− 74%), seedling dry weight (− 77%), vigor index (− 89%), tolerance index (− 84%), plant height (− 33%), number of leaves (− 41%), root fresh weight (− 50%), shoot fresh weight (− 62%), root dry weight (− 63%), shoot dry weight (− 71%), and root length (− 45%). The physiological parameters also respond negatively like stomatal conductance (− 82%), transpiration rate (− 72%) and photosynthetic rate (− 74%). Similarly, biochemical parameters also showed negative impacts, like carotenoids (− 41), total chlorophyll (− 43), chlorophyll a (− 42) and chlorophyll b (− 53). Yield parameters like the number of seed/plant, seed weight/plant, 1,000 seed weight and harvest index were reduced by 90%, 88%, 44% and 61%, respectively in T6. In addition, protein contents (− 81%), phosphorous (− 60%) and potassium (− 55%) were highly effected in the highest lead concentration (T6). Lead accumulation was extremely higher in seeds (119%) as compared to control plants. Lead bio-accumulation above threshold concentrations in crop parts is a serious human health concern.
Vertically aligned carbon nanotubes, MoS2–rGo based optoelectronic hybrids for NO2 gas sensing
Authors: Ghasemi Foad 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA simple method is developed through drop-casting techniques to assemble a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) hybrid on vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) to perform as an optoelectronic device for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas sensing at room temperature. The VACNT not only forms an ohmic contact with the hybrid material, but also yields a weak charge impurity scattering in the rGo layers across the channel. These features dramatically affect the optical response of the device to the light through which improve the photoresponsivity by up to 236% and the response time by up to 40% compared to the Au contacted device. Next, the fabricated MoS2–rGo/VACNTs device is employed as a resistor gas sensor for NO2 under in situ exposure to the light at room temperature. Under laser illumination, the sensor demonstrates a high sensitivity of ~ 41% at an inlet NO2 concentration of 100 ppm with a complete recovery time of ~ 150 s which shows comparable improvements relative to the sensor performance in dark condition.
Wearable devices can predict the outcome of standardized 6-minute walk tests in heart disease
Authors: Schubert Charlotte , Archer Gareth , Zelis Jo M. , Nordmeyer Sarah , Runte Kilian , Hennemuth Anja , Berger Felix , Falk Volkmar , Tonino Pim A. L. , Hose Rod , ter Horst Herman , Kuehne Titus , Kelm Marcus 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWrist-worn devices with heart rate monitoring have become increasingly popular. Although current guidelines advise to consider clinical symptoms and exercise tolerance during decision-making in heart disease, it remains unknown to which extent wearables can help to determine such functional capacity measures. In clinical settings, the 6-minute walk test has become a standardized diagnostic and prognostic marker. We aimed to explore, whether 6-minute walk distances can be predicted by wrist-worn devices in patients with different stages of mitral and aortic valve disease. A total of n = 107 sensor datasets with 1,019,748 min of recordings were analysed. Based on heart rate recordings and literature information, activity levels were determined and compared to results from a 6-minute walk test. The percentage of time spent in moderate activity was a predictor for the achievement of gender, age and body mass index-specific 6-minute walk distances (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.48). The uncertainty of these predictions is demonstrated.
Evaporative cooling of icy interstellar grains
Authors: Kalvāns Juris , Kalnin Juris Roberts 
Published: July 2020

Context. Evaporative (sublimation) cooling of icy interstellar grains occurs when the grains have been suddenly heated by a cosmic-ray (CR) particle or other process. It results in thermal desorption of icy species, affecting the chemical composition of interstellar clouds.
Aims. We investigate details on sublimation cooling, obtaining necessary knowledge before this process is considered in astrochemical models.
Methods. We employed a numerical code that describes the sublimation of molecules from an icy grain, layer by layer, also considering a limited diffusion of bulk-ice molecules toward the surface before they sublimate. We studied a grain, suddenly heated to peak temperature T, which cools via sublimation and radiation.
Results. A number of questions were answered. The choice of grain heat capacity C has a limited effect on the number of sublimated molecules N, if the grain temperature T > 40 K. For grains with different sizes, CR-induced desorption is most efficient for rather small grains with a core radius of a ≈ 0.02 μm. CR-induced sublimation of CO2 ice can occur only from small grains if their peak temperature is T > 80 K and there is a lack of other volatiles. The presence of H2 molecules on grain surface hastens their cooling and thus significantly reduces N for other sublimated molecules for T ≤ 30 K. Finally, if there is no diffusion and subsequent sublimation of bulk-ice molecules (i.e., sublimation occurs only from the surface layer), sublimation yields do not exceed 1–2 monolayers and, if T > 50 K, N does not increase with increasing T.
Conclusions. Important details regarding the sublimation cooling of icy interstellar grains were clarified, which will enable a proper consideration of this process in astrochemical modeling.
A Systematic Review on Secondary Metabolites of Paecilomyces Species: Chemical Diversity and Biological Activity
Authors: Li Xiu-Qi , Xu Kuo , Liu Xin-Min , Zhang Peng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFungi are well known for their ability to synthesize secondary metabolites, which have proven to be a rich resource for exploring lead compounds with medicinal and/or agricultural importance. The genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Talaromyces are the most widely studied fungal groups, from which a plethora of bioactive metabolites have been characterized. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the genus Paecilomyces, which has been reported to possess great potential for its application as a biocontrol agent. Meanwhile, a wide structural array of metabolites with attractive bioactivities has been reported from this genus. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive overview of Paecilomyces species, with emphasis on the chemical diversity and relevant biological activities of these metabolic products. Herein, a total of 148 compounds and 80 references are cited in this review, which is expected to be beneficial for the
development of medicines and agrochemicals in the near future.
LRRK2 mediates axon development by regulating Frizzled3 phosphorylation and growth cone–growth cone communication
Authors: Onishi Keisuke , Tian Runyi , Feng Bo , Liu Yiqiong , Wang Junkai , Li Yinan , Zou Yimin 
Published: July 2020

Significance
In addition to responding to directional cues, axons join one another as they extend to form highly organized projections. We show here that growth cones communicate with each other, and this communication is mediated by planar cell polarity signaling components, which are known to mediate cell–cell interactions in tissue polarization. This interaction is, in part, mediated by an intercellular interaction between Frizzled3 and Vangl2. Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), encoded by a Parkinson’s disease gene, regulates Frizzled3 phosphorylation and the intercellular interaction between Frizzled3 and Vangl2. Both loss-of-function and gain-of-function LRRK2 mutants show axon guidance defects, including those of the dopaminergic neurons, suggesting that this Parkinson’s disease gene plays important roles in growth cone–growth cone interactions during axon development.
The role of turbulent fluctuations in aerosol activation and cloud formation
Authors: Prabhakaran Prasanth , Shawon Abu Sayeed Md , Kinney Gregory , Thomas Subin , Cantrell Will , Shaw Raymond A. 
Published: July 2020

Significance
Formation of cloud droplets is a threshold phenomenon; droplets form only when the local relative humidity (RH) exceeds a critical value which depends on the size and chemical composition of preexisting aerosol particles which serve as the seeds for droplets. In the traditional view of this process, only the average value of RH is considered. However, clouds are ubiquitously turbulent, meaning they are characterized not by a single value of relative humidity, but by a distribution. We show, with laboratory experiments and theory, that cloud formation occurs in three regimes, characterized by the relationship between the distribution of RH in the environment and the critical value. Our results show that fluctuations in RH must be considered, as well the average.
Conditional cash transfer and education under neoliberalism in Nigeria: inequality, poverty and commercialisation in the school sector
Authors: Ogamba Ikedinachi K. 
Published: July 2020

SUMMARY
This briefing contributes to the debate on education and inequalities in the era of neoliberal globalisation, exploring the extent to which conditional cash transfer (CCT) expands the choices and potentials of children from poor households using the critical lens of the capability approach. It argues that the effectiveness of the CCT programme in mitigating the effects of neoliberal policies in education and addressing inequalities in and through education has been limited, highlighting the implications for education and sustainable development.
Interspecies entanglement with impurity atoms in a lattice gas
Authors: Sarkar S , McEndoo S , Schneble D , Daley A J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The dynamics of impurity atoms introduced into bosonic gases in an optical lattice have generated a lot of recent interest, both in theory and experiment. We investigate to what extent measurements on either the impurity species or the majority species in these systems are affected by their interspecies entanglement. This arises naturally in the dynamics and plays an important role when we measure only one species. We explore the corresponding effects in strongly interacting regimes, using a combination of few-particle analytical calculations and density matrix renormalisation group methods in one dimension. We identify how the resulting effects on impurities can be used to probe the many-body states of the majority species, and separately ask how to enter regimes where this entanglement is small, so that the impurities can be used as probes that do not significantly affect the majority species. The results are accessible in current experiments, and provide important considerations for the measurement of complex systems with using few probe atoms.