bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of surgical resection after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in locally advanced stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Romero Román Alejandra , Campo-Cañaveral de la Cruz Jose Luis , Macía Iván , Escobar Campuzano Ignacio , Figueroa Almánzar Santiago , Delgado Roel María , Gálvez Muñoz Carlos , García Fontán Eva M , Muguruza Trueba Ignacio , Romero Vielva Laura , Cano Garcia José Ramón , Martínez Téllez Elisabeth , Partida González Concepción , Jiménez López Marcelo Fernando , Jiménez Maestre Unai , Mongil Poce Roberto , Sánchez Lorente David , Álvarez Kindelán Antonio , Provencio Pulla Mariano 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This analysis aimed to evaluate perioperative outcomes of surgical resection following neoadjuvant treatment with chemotherapy plus nivolumab in resectable stage IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer.

METHODS
Eligible patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (paclitaxel + carboplatin) plus nivolumab for 3 cycles. Reassessment of the tumour was carried out after treatment and patients with at least stable disease as best response underwent pulmonary resection. After surgery, patients received adjuvant treatment with nivolumab for 1 year. Surgical data were collected from the NADIM database and patient charts were reviewed for additional surgical details.

RESULTS
Among 46 patients who received neoadjuvant treatment, 41 (89.1%) underwent surgery. Two patients rejected surgery and 3 did not fulfil resectability criteria. There were 35 lobectomies (85.3%), 3 of which were sleeve lobectomies (9.4%), 3 bilobectomies (7.3%) and 3 pneumonectomies (7.3%). Video-assisted thoracoscopy was the initial approach in 51.2% of cases, with a conversion rate of 19% (n = 4). There was no operative mortality at either 30 or 90 days. The most common complications were prolonged air leak (n = 8), pneumonia (n = 5) and arrhythmia (n = 4). Complete resection (R0) was achieved in all patients who underwent surgery, downstaging was observed in 37 patients (90.2%) and major pathological response in 34 patients (82.9%).

CONCLUSIONS
Surgical resection following induction therapy with chemotherapy plus nivolumab appears to be safe and offers appropriate oncological outcomes. Perioperative morbidity and mortality rates in our study were no higher than previously reported in this setting. A minimally invasive approach is, therefore, feasible.
ANALYSIS OF A MOUSE α-GLOBIN GENE MUTATION INDUCED BY ETHYLNITROSOUREA
Authors: Popp R A , Bailiff E G , Skow L C , Johnson F M , Lewis Susan E 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A DBA/2 mouse treated with ethylnitrosourea sired an offspring whose hemoglobin showed an extra band following starch gel electrophoresis. The variant hemoglobin migrated to a more cathodal position in starch gel. Isoelectric focusing indicated that chain 5 of the mutant hemoglobin migrated to a more cathodal position than the normal chain 5 from DBA/2 mice and that the other α-globin, chain 1, was not affected. On focusing gels the phenotype of the mutant allele, Hbay 9, was expressed without dominance to normal chain 5, and Hbay 9 /Hbay 9 homozygotes were fully viable in the laboratory. The molecular basis for the germinal mutation was investigated by analyzing the amino acid sequence of chain 5y9, the mutant form of α-chain 5. A single amino acid substitution (His → Leu) at position 89 was found in chain 5y9. We propose that ethylnitrosourea induced an A → T transversion in the histidine codon at position 89 (CAC → CTC). This mutation has apparently not been observed previously in humans, mice or other mammals, and its novel occurrence may be indicative of other unusual mutational events that do not ordinarily occur in the absence of specific mutagen exposure.
GENETIC LOCALIZATION AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A TRANS-ACTING REGULATORY EFFECT IN DROSOPHILA
Authors: King Joseph J , McDonald John F 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A region-specific, trans-acting regulatory gene that alters in vivo protein levels of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPDH) has been mapped to position 55.4 on the third chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster. The gene has been found to affect the in vivo stability of α-GPDH in adult thoracic tissue but has no effect on α-GPDH levels in the abdomen. Although no other thoracic proteins were found to be influenced by the locus, it appears to modify the level of one additional abdominal protein. The action of the gene over development and its possible mode of control are discussed.
AN ANALYSIS OF HETEROSIS VS. INBREEDING EFFECTS WITH AN AUTOTETRAPLOID CROSS-FERTILIZED PLANT: MEDICAGO SATIVA L
Authors: Gallais A 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Self-fertilization and crossing were combined to produce a large number of levels of inbreeding and of degrees of kinship. The inbreeding effect increases with the complexity of the character and with its supposed relationship with fitness. A certain amount of heterozygosity appears to be necessary for the expression of variability. With crossing of unrelated noninbred plants, genetic variance is mainly additive, but with inbreeding its major part is nonadditive. High additivity in crossing, therefore, coexists with strong inbreeding depression. However, even in inbreeding the genetic coefficient of covariation among relatives appears to be strongly and linearly related to the classical coefficient of kinship. This means that deviations from the additive model with inbreeding could be partly due to an effect of inbreeding on variances through an effect on means. An attempt to analyze genetic effects from a theoretical model, based upon the identity by descent relationship at the level of means and of covariances between relatives, tends to show that allelic interactions are more important and nonallelic interactions are less important for a character closely related to fitness. For a complex character, these results lead to the conception of a genome organized in polygenic complementary blocks integrating epistasis and dominance. Some consequences for plant breeding are also discussed.
THE EFFECTIVE PROPORTION OF SELF-FERTILIZATION WITH CONSANGUINEOUS MATINGS IN INBRED POPULATIONS
Authors: Ritland Kermit 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Allelic segregation at a single locus among offspring derived from matings, including those between inbred relatives, is a combination of two patterns, corresponding to self-fertilization and random outcrossing. The proportion of effective self-fertilization is termed the "effective selfing rate," and it is specified with identity coefficients. The description of the offspring genotypic distribution for a population with mating among relatives requires a set of three independent parameters of genetic and mating structure. One such set is the inbreeding coefficient of parents, the coefficient of kinship between mates and the effective selfing rate. The model used to derive the effective selfing rate distinguishes between the effective selfing rates of inbred vs. outbred parents; the mixed mating model does not distinguish between these two rates. As a result, the mixed mating model usually gives biased estimates of effective selfing, if there is mating among inbred relatives. The procedure for estimation of effective selfing, based upon progeny array data distributed according to the "effective selfing model," is presented, and an example is given.
HEALING OF BROKEN LINEAR DICENTRIC CHROMOSOMES IN YEAST
Authors: Haber James E , Thorburn Patricia C 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
In yeast, meiotic recombination between a linear chromosome III and a haploid-viable circular chromosome will yield a dicentric, tandemly duplicated chromosome. Spores containing apparently intact dicentric chromosomes were recovered from tetrads with three viable spores. The spore containing the dicentric inherited URA3 (part of the recombinant DNA used to join regions near the ends of the chromosome into a circle) as well as HML, HMR and MAL2 (located near the two ends of a linear but deleted from the circle). The Ura+ Mal+ colonies were highly variegated, giving rise to as many as seven distinctly different stable ("healed") derivatives, some of which were Ura+ Mal+, others Ura+ Mal- and others Ura- Mal+. The colonies were also sectored for five markers (HIS4, LEU2, CRY1, MAT and THR4) initially heterozygous in the tandemly duplicated dicentric chromosome.—Southern blot and genetic analyses have demonstrated that these stable derivatives arose from mitotic break-age of the dicentric chromosome, followed by one of several different healing events. The majority of the stable derivatives contained circular or linear chromosomes apparently resulting from homologous recombination between a broken chromosome end and a homologous region on the other end of the original dicentric duplicated chromosome. A smaller proportion of events resulted in apparently uniquely healed linear chromosomes in which the broken chromosome acquired a new telomere. In two instances we recovered chromosome III partially duplicated with a novel right end. We have also found one derivative that had also experienced rearrangement of repeated DNA sequences found adjacent to yeast telomeres.
CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE-DEFICIENT MUTANTS OF THE NEMATODE CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS
Authors: Rand James B , Russell Richard L 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We have identified five independent allelic mutations, defining the gene cha-1, that result in decreased choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Four of the mutant alleles, when homozygous, lead to ChAT reductions of&gt;98%, as well as recessive phenotypes of uncoordinated behavior, small size, slow growth and resistance to cholinesterase inhibitors. Animals homozygous for the fifth allele retain approximately 10% of the wild-type enzyme level; purified enzyme from this mutant has altered K m values for both choline and acetyl-CoA and is more thermolabile than the wild-type enzyme. These qualitative alterations, together with gene dosage data, argue that cha-1 is the structural gene for ChAT. cha-1 has been mapped to the left arm of linkage group IV and is within 0.02 map unit of the gene unc-17, mutant alleles of which lead to all of the phenotypes of cha-1 mutants except for the ChAT deficiency. Extensive complementation studies of cha-1 and unc-17 alleles reveal a complex complementation pattern, suggesting that both loci may be part of a single complex gene.
MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE REGION SURROUNDING THE 93D HEAT SHOCK LOCUS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Mohler Jym , Pardue Mary Lou 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The region containing subdivisions 93C, 93D and 93E on chromosome 3 of Drosophila melanogaster has been screened for visible and lethal mutations. Treatment with three mutagens, γ irradiation, ethyl methanesulfonate and diepoxybutane, has produced mutations that fall into 20 complementation groups, including the previously identified ebony locus. No point mutations affecting the heat shock locus in 93D were detected; however, a pair of deficiencies that overlap in the region of this locus was isolated. Flies heterozygous in trans for this pair of deficiencies are capable of producing all of the major heat shock puffs (except 93D) and the major heat shock proteins. In addition, these flies show recovery of normal protein synthesis following a heat shock.
CHROMOSOMAL CONTROL OF FERTILITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. RESCUE OF T(Y;A)/bb
l-158 MALE STERILITY BY CHROMOSOME REARRANGEMENT
Authors: Lyttle Terrence W 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Many translocations between the Y chromosome and a major autosome have no effect on the fertility of Drosophila melanogaster males. However, when such translocation-bearing males also carry an X chromosome deficient for a large portion of the centric heterochromatin, they are generally sterile. This has been interpreted to be the result of an interaction between the deficiency and the subterminally capped autosome. Using this observation as a starting point, we have developed a selection scheme for radiation-induced translocation resealings that depends on the prediction that fertility in the presence of such a deficient X is restored whenever the displaced autosomal tip is brought back in association with an autosomal centromere. The observation and the prediction form the basis for what is referred to as the autosomal continuity model for male fertility.—Such a mutagenesis scheme offers several advantages. (1) It is efficient, producing upward of 1% resealings in some cases. (2) It is simple; since fertility is the basis for the selective screen, many males can be tested in a single vial. (3) It can be used to simultaneously generate both duplications and deficiencies specific for chromosomal material adjacent to the original translocation breakpoints. (4) The target for mutagenesis can be mature sperm.—Analysis of the pattern of male-fertile rearrangements obtained from several translocation lines using this protocol indicates that continuity of the autosomal tips and their centromeres is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for male fertility in the presence of a bobbed-deficient X. Thus, the simple autosomal continuity model is not adequate to explain this complicated mechanism of chromosomal control of fertility and will have to be revised accordingly. Potential future lines of inquiry toward this goal are discussed.
CHLOROPLAST DNA VARIATION IN PEARL MILLET AND RELATED SPECIES
Authors: Clegg Michael T , Rawson James R Y , Thomas Karen 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The evolution of specific regions of the chloroplast genome was studied in five grass species in the genus Pennisetum, including pearl millet, and one species from a related genus (Cenchrus). Three different regions of the chloroplast DNA were investigated. The first region included a 12-kilobase pair (kbp) EcoRI fragment containing the 23S, 16S and 5S ribosomal RNA genes, which is part of a larger duplicated region of reverse orientation. The second region was contained in a 21-kbp Sa/I fragment, which spans the short single-copy sequence separating the two reverse repeat structures and which overlaps the duplicated copies of the 12-kbp EcoRI fragment. The third region was a 6-kbp EcoRI fragment located in the large single-copy region of the chloroplast genome. Together these regions account for slightly less than 25% of the chloroplast genome. Each of these DNA fragments was cloned and used as hybridization probes to determine the distribution of homologous DNA fragments generated by various restriction endonuclease digests.—A survey of 12 geographically diverse collections of pearl millet showed no indication of chloroplast DNA sequence polymorphism, despite moderate levels of nuclear-encoded enzyme polymorphism. Interspecific and intergeneric differences were found for restriction endonuclease sites in both the small and the large single-copy regions of the chloroplast genome. The reverse repeat structure showed identical restriction site distributions in all materials surveyed. These results suggest that the reverse repeat region is differentially conserved during the evolution of the chloroplast genome.
A COMPARISON OF POSTMIGRATION AND MIGRATION-COUPLED MISMATCH CORRECTION MECHANISMS FOR BRANCH MIGRATION-MEDIATED GENE CONVERSION
Authors: Seed Brian 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We examine several models for nonreciprocal recombination based on the formation of heteroduplex DNA by bidirectional branch migration. We show that the consistency of genetic maps resulting from postmigration mismatch correction is disrupted by the presence of a favored site for initiation of strand exchange, with local inversion of the genetic and physical maps a predicted consequence. We also examine models that allow mismatch correction to take place concurrently with the process of strand exchange and show that the genetic maps resulting from such migration-coupled conversions are substantially free of the anomalies expected of postmigration conversions.
GENETICAL ANALYSIS OF CHROMOSOMAL INTERACTION EFFECTS ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE AND 6-PHOSPHOGLUCONATE DEHYDROGENASES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Miyashita Naohiko , Laurie-Ahlberg C C 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
By combining ten second and ten third chromosomes, we investigated chromosomal interaction with respect to the action of the modifier factors on G6PD and 6PGD activities in Drosophila melanogaster. Analysis of variance revealed that highly significant chromosomal interaction exists for both enzyme activities. From the estimated variance components, it was concluded that the variation in enzyme activity attributed to the intera ction is as great as the variation attributed to the second chromosome but less than attributed to the third chromosome. The interaction is not explained by the variation of body size (live weight). The interaction is generated from both the lack of correlation of second chromosomes for third chromosome backgrounds and the heterogeneous variance of second chromosomes for different third chromosome backgrounds. Large and constant correlation between G6PD and 6PGD activities were found for third chromosomes with any second chromosome background, whereas the correlations for second chromosomes were much smaller and varied considerably with the third chromosome background. This result suggests that the activity modifiers on the second chromosome are under the influence of third chromosome factors.
INTERACTION IN TRANSMISSION FREQUENCY BETWEEN THE SECOND AND THE THIRD CHROMOSOMES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Hiraizumi Yuichiro 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Wild second and third chromosomes from isofemale lines established from wild-inseminated females captured in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster in Hawaii, New York, North Carolina and Texas were made heterozygous in males with marked second and third chromosomes from a laboratory strain, and the transmission frequencies of the wild second (= k 2) and the third (= k 3) chromosomes from the heterozygous male parents were measured. Based upon the preliminary tests of k 2, the isofemale lines were classified into two groups; group A included those lines showing average k 2 values considerably smaller than the Mendelian expectation of 0.5, and group B included those lines showing average k 2 values close to 0.5. Effects of the wild second chromosomes on k 2 in group A were suppressed (the average k 2 values increased) by the presence of the wild third chromosomes, whereas the wild second chromosomes in this group, in turn, caused a decrease in k 3 of the wild third chromosomes. The intensities of the observed effects were more or less comparable in their absolute values, and these phenomena do not appear to be due to differential viabilities of zygotes. No such interaction was observed between the wild second and third chromosomes in group B. An extention of the model of the Segregation Distorter system of D. melanogaster, as well as a model based upon the P-M system of hybrid dysgenesis, may explain the observed results.
MUTATION RATES FOR ENZYME AND MORPHOLOGICAL LOCI IN BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE L.)
Authors: Kahler A L , Allard R W , Miller R D 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Spontaneous mutation rates were estimated by assaying 84,126 seedlings of a highly homozygous barley line (isogenic line 2025) for five enzyme loci. No mutants were observed in 841,260 allele replications. This result excludes, at probability level 0.95, a spontaneous mutation rate larger than 3.56 x 10-6/locus/gamete/generation for these enzyme loci. Isogenic line 2025 also was scored for mutants at four loci governing morphological variants. No mutants were observed in 3,386,850 allele replications which indicates that the upper bound for the mutation rate for these loci is 8.85 x 10-7. It was concluded that, even though spontaneous mutation has been important in creating variability in the barley species at the loci scored, the rate is too low to have much affect on the short-term dynamics of barley populations.
ARYL HYDROCARBON HYDROXYLASE INDUCTION BY BENZO[a]ANTHRACENE: REGULATORY GENE LOCALIZED TO THE DISTAL PORTION OF MOUSE CHROMOSOME 17
Authors: Legraverend Catherine , Kärenlampi Sirpa O , Bigelow Sanford W , Lalley Peter A , Kozak Christine A , Womack James E , Nebert Daniel W 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Aryl hydrocarbon (benzo[a]pyrene) hydroxylase inducibility by benzo[a]anthracene was studied in 29 somatic cell hybrid clones, developed by fusing mouse spleen or peritoneal cells from four different inbred strains with hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase-deficient Chinese hamster E36 cells. Karyotype analysis plus 25 markers assigned to 16 autosomes and the X chromosome were examined. In 28 of the 29 clones, the presence or absence of inducibility is associated with the presence or absence, respectively, of mouse chromosome 17.—Liver microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction by 3-methylcholanthrene or benzo[a]anthracene was assessed in appropriate backcrosses with the Mus musculus molossinus, M. m. castaneus, MOR/Cv, PL/J, SM/J and DBA/2J inbred strains and in 13 NX8 recombinant inbred lines. Twenty-seven biochemical genetic markers representing all but four autosomes were tested for possible linkage with the hydroxylase inducibility, and no linkage was found. The hepatic Ah receptor was quantitated in 26 BXD recombinant inbred lines; the Ah phenotype did not match exactly any of the more than 70 genes with established strain distribution patterns representing 12 autosomes and at least five unlinked markers.—It is concluded that a major gene controlling aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase inducibility by benzo[a]anthracene is located on chromosome 17. Because there is no significant linkage with any of three biochemical markers in the upper third of the chromosome, we conclude that the inducibility gene is located in the distal 40% of mouse chromosome 17. Whether this trait represents the Ah locus, i.e., the gene encoding the cytosolic Ah receptor, will require further study.
NATURAL SELECTION WITH NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC TRANSMISSION. I. A DETERMINISTIC MODEL
Authors: Clark Andrew G 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A deterministic model allowing variation at a nuclear genetic locus in a population segregating two cytoplasmic types is formulated. Additive, multiplicative and symmetric viability matrices are analyzed for existence and stability of equilibria. The protectedness of polymorphisms in both nuclear genes and cytoplasmic types is also investigated in the general model. In no case is a complete polymorphism protected with this deterministic model. Results are discussed in light of the extensive variation in mtDNA that has recently been reported.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER IN JAPAN. III. GENETIC VARIABILITY OF INDUCING FACTORS OF AMYLASE AND FITNESS
Authors: Yamazaki Tsuneyuki , Matsuo Yoshinori 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
"Inducibility" of amylase in Drosophila melanogaster was defined and investigated in a natural population from Japan. Inducibility represents the effects of factors remote from the structural gene that control the amount of enzyme produced. Inducibility of an isogenic line is measured as the ratio of the enzyme's specific activity in two different inducing environments. There was considerable genetic variability with respect to inducibility of amylase in 44 isogenic lines derived from a natural population of D. melanogaster . Net fitness and its components in these isogenic lines were also measured. The results indicated that, although the inducibility of the enzyme was positively correlated with the net fitness (rg = 0.63 ± 0.2), the enzyme activities in the normal medium were not (rg = 0.12 ± 0.37). The analysis of the data shows that the differences in inducing factors are mainly responsible for the differences in the fitness of lines and are the genetic materials for the adaptive evolution of organisms.