bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Sonication for Enhanced Sampling of Attached Microbes from Groundwater Systems
Authors: Close Murray , Abraham Phil , Webber Judith , Cowey Eliza , Humphries Bronwyn , Fenwick Graham , Howard Simon , Huynh Kimberly , Grace Travis , Dupont Pierre‐Yves , Weaver Louise 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe vast majority of microorganisms in aquifers live as biofilms on sediment surfaces, which presents significant challenges for sampling as only the suspended microbes will be sampled through normal pumping. The use of a down‐well low frequency sonicator has been suggested as a method of detaching microbes from the biofilm and allowing rapid sampling of this community. We developed a portable, easy to use, low‐frequency electric sonicator and evaluated its performance for a range of well depths (tested up to 42 m below ground level) and casing types. Three sonicators were characterized in laboratory experiments using a 1 m long tank filled with pea gravel. These included a commercially available pneumatic sonicator, a rotating flexible shaft sonicator, and the prototype electric sonicator. The electric sonicator detached between 56 and 74% of microbes grown on gravel‐containing biobags at distances ranging between 2 and 50 cm from the sonicator. The field testing comprises of a total of 55 sampling events from 48 wells located in 4 regions throughout New Zealand. Pre‐ and post‐sonication samples showed an average 33 times increase in bacterial counts. Microbial sequence data showed that the same classes are present in pre‐ and post‐sonicated samples and only slight differences were seen in the proportions present. The sampling process was rapid and the significant increases in bacterial counts mean that microbial samples can be quickly obtained from wells, which permits more detailed analysis than previously possible.
Coping styles associated with glucose control in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Murakami Hiroshi , Yasui‐Furukori Norio , Otaka Hideyuki , Nakayama Hirofumi , Murabayashi Masaya , Mizushiri Satoru , Matsumura Koki , Tanabe Jutaro , Matsuhashi Yuki , Yanagimachi Miyuki , Sugawara Norio , Shimoda Kazutaka , Daimon Makoto 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAims/ObjectivesGlycemic control varies according to stress level and the efficacy of control measures, affecting the outcomes of diabetes. Although detailed coping styles have not been well studied in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, problem‐focused coping strategies are believed to be related to better control of blood glucose. Associations between coping profiles/dimensions and blood glucose control were examined in individuals with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsThe participants included 503 Japanese patients (mean age 63.9 ± 12.6 years) with type 2 diabetes. The average glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were calculated from HbA1c levels measured more than four times within the 12 months before the assessment. Coping profiles were assessed using the Brief Scale for Coping Profile. Lifestyle factors were also included in the analyses.ResultsFactors other than age were not associated with HbA1c levels in patients who used insulin. Conversely, habitual alcohol consumption, single status, the adaptive emotion‐focused coping dimension, and changing mood and changing one’s point of view profiles were associated with HbA1c levels.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that adaptive emotion‐focused coping supports glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients who do not use insulin. Additional studies using a longitudinal design are required to further examine the relationships between psychological factors and glycemic control.
Microglial regulation of satiety and cognition
Authors: De Luca Simone N. , Miller Alyson A. , Sominsky Luba , Spencer Sarah J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMicroglia have been known for decades as key immune cells that shape the central nervous system (CNS) during development and respond to brain pathogens and injury in adult life. Recent findings now suggest that these cells also play a highly complex role in several other functions of the CNS. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the established microglial functions in development and disease. We also discuss emerging research suggesting that microglia are important for both cognitive function and the regulation of food intake. With respect to cognitive function, current data suggest microglia are not indispensable for neurogenesis, synaptogenesis or cognition in the healthy young adult, although they crucially modulate and support these functions. In doing so, they are likely important in supporting the balance between apoptosis and survival of newborn neurones and in orchestrating appropriate synaptic remodelling in response to a learning stimulus. We also explore the possibility of a role for microglia in feeding and satiety. Microglia have been implicated in both appetite suppression with sickness and obesity and in promoting feeding under some conditions and we discuss these findings here, highlighting the contribution of these cells to healthy brain function.
Dynamic coordination with timing frictions: Theory and applications
Authors: Guimaraes Bernardo , Machado Caio , Pereira Ana E. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe present a general framework of dynamic coordination with timing frictions. A continuum of agents receive random chances to choose between two actions and remain locked in the selected action until their next opportunity to reoptimize. The instantaneous utility from each action depends on an exogenous fundamental that moves stochastically and on the mass of agents currently playing each action. Agents' decisions are strategic complements and history matters. We review some key theoretical results and show a general method to solve the social planner's problem. We then review applications of this framework to different economic problems: network externalities, statistical discrimination, and business cycles. The positive implications of these models are very similar, but the social planner's solution points to very different results for efficiency in each case. Last, we review extensions of the framework that allow for endogenous hazard rates and ex ante heterogeneous agents.
Social welfare, parental altruism, and inequality
Authors: Reichlin Pietro 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWhen individuals have heterogeneous and persistent degrees of one‐sided parental altruism, inequality may grow large and standard social welfare criteria are problematic. If the planner selects Pareto optimal allocations based on some target level of consumption inequality, the solution implies an aggregation of individuals' utilities that is strongly asymmetric and biased toward the less altruistic dynasties. If instead, the planner uses a symmetric utilitarian criterion, the solution is likely to generate a large degree of long‐run inequality (even relative to laissez‐faire competitive equilibria), it can only be decentralized with negative estate taxes or lower bounds on bequests, and it is time‐inconsistent.
CT evaluation of elbow congruity in dogs: radial incisure versus apical medial coronoid process fragmentation
Authors: Baud K. , Griffin S. , Martinez‐Taboada F. , Burton N. J. 
Published: February 2020

ObjectivesTo compare elbow congruity in two cohorts of Labrador retrievers affected with either radial incisure or apex fragmentation of the medial coronoid process.Materials and MethodsDogs were included if they had elbow lameness and a CT diagnosis of a fissure or fragmentation of the medial coronoid process occurring either along the radial incisure or at the coronoid apex. Radioulnar joint space was measured incrementally from the lateral to the medial coronoid process on transverse slice images. Axial radioulnar congruency was also measured at the apex and mid‐coronoid in the dorsal plane and at the base of the coronoid in the sagittal plane.ResultsWe studied 99 elbows (in 66 dogs) of which 56 had a fissure or fragmentation along the radial incisure and 43 had an apical fragment. No difference was found between the two groups at the different measuring points – with the exception of a transverse plane radioulnar joint space measurement in the radial incisure group that was smaller adjacent to the lateral coronoid process.Clinical SignificanceAbnormal ulnar morphology in the radial incisure group could result in a fulcrum effect within the radioulnar joint, overloading the radial incisure and predisposing to osteochondral damage at this site.
Contactless detection of periodic leg movements during sleep: A 3D video pilot study
Authors: Seidel Stefan , Garn Heinrich , Gall Markus , Kohn Bernhard , Wiesmeyr Christoph , Waser Markus , Coronel Carmina , Stefanic Andrijana , Böck Marion , Wimmer Markus , Mandl Magdalena , Högl Birgit , Klösch Gerhard 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn clinical practice, the quality of polysomnographic recordings in children and patients with neurodegenerative diseases may be affected by sensor displacement and diminished total sleep time due to stress during the recording. In the present study, we investigated if contactless three‐dimensional (3D) detection of periodic leg movements during sleep was comparable to polysomnography. We prospectively studied a sleep laboratory cohort from two Austrian sleep laboratories. Periodic leg movements during sleep were classified according to the standards of the World Association of Sleep Medicine and served as ground truth. Leg movements including respiratory‐related events (A1) and excluding respiratory‐related events (A2 and A3) were presented as A1, A2 and A3. Three‐dimensional movement analysis was carried out using an algorithm developed by the Austrian Institute of Technology. Fifty‐two patients (22 female, mean age 52.2 ± 15.1 years) were included. Periodic leg movement during sleep indexes were significantly higher with 3D detection compared to polysomnography (33.3 [8.1–97.2] vs. 30.7 [2.9–91.9]: +9.1%, p = .0055/27.8 [4.5–86.2] vs. 24.2 [0.00–88.7]: +8.2%, p = .0154/31.8 [8.1–89.5] vs. 29.6 [2.4–91.1]: +8.9%, p = .0129). Contactless automatic 3D analysis has the potential to detect restlessness mirrored by periodic leg movements during sleep reliably and may especially be suited for children and the elderly.
Epidemiological trends in HCV transmission and prevalence in the Viennese HIV+ population
Authors: Schmidbauer Caroline , Chromy David , Schmidbauer Victor , Bauer David , Apata Michael , Nguyen Dung , Mandorfer Mattias , Simbrunner Benedikt , Rieger Armin , Mayer Florian , Schmidt Ralf , Holzmann Heidemarie , Trauner Michael , Gschwantler Michael , Reiberger Thomas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground & AimsHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection is common in people who inject drugs (PWIDs). Recently, ‘high‐risk’ behaviour among men who have sex with men (MSM) has emerged as another main route of HCV transmission. We analysed temporal trends in HCV epidemiology in a cohort of Viennese HIV+ patients.MethodsHepatitis C virus parameters were recorded at HIV diagnosis (baseline [BL]) and last visit (follow‐up [FU]) for all HIV+ patients attending our HIV clinic between January 2014 and December 2016. Proportions of HIV+ patients with anti‐HCV(+) and HCV viraemia (HCV‐RNA(+)) at BL/FU were assessed and stratified by route of transmission.ResultsIn all, 1806/1874 (96.4%) HIV+ patients were tested for HCV at BL. Anti‐HCV(+) was detected in 93.2% (276/296) of PWIDs and in 3.7% (31/839) of MSM. After a median FU of 6.9 years, 1644 (91.0%) patients underwent FU HCV‐testing: 167 (90.3%) of PWIDs and 49 (6.7%) of MSM showed anti‐HCV(+). Among 208 viraemic HCV‐RNA(+) patients at BL, 30 (14.4%) had spontaneously cleared HCV, 76 (36.5%) achieved treatment‐induced eradication and 89 (42.8%) remained HCV‐RNA(+) at last FU. Among 1433 initially HCV‐naive patients, 45 (3.5%) acquired de‐novo HCV infection (11.1% PWIDs/80.0% MSM; incidence rate (IR) 0.004%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.0%‐0.022%) and 14 had HCV reinfections (85.7% PWIDs/14.3% other; IR 0.001%; 95% CI 0.0%‐0.018%) during a median FU of 6.7 years (interquartile range 7.4).ConclusionHepatitis C virus testing was successfully implemented in the Viennese HIV(+) patients. Anti‐HCV(+) prevalence remained stable in HIV+ PWIDs but almost doubled in HIV+ MSM. De‐novo HCV infection occurred mostly in MSM, while HCV reinfections were mainly observed in PWIDs. HCV treatment uptake was suboptimal with 42.8% remaining HCV‐RNA(+) at FU.
The evolution, progress, and future direction of Nepal's universal salt iodization program
Authors: Paudyal Naveen , Chitekwe Stanley , Rijal Sanjay , Parajuli Kedar , Pandav Chandrakant , Maharjan Macha , Houston Robin , Gorstein Jonathan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNepal is located in what was once known as the Himalayan Goitre Belt and once had one of the highest prevalence's of iodine deficiency disorders in the world. However, through a well‐executed universal salt iodization program implemented over the past 25 years, it has achieved optimal iodine intake for its population, effectively eliminating the adverse consequences of iodine deficiency disorders. A comprehensive review of policy and legislation, surveys, and program reports was undertaken to examine the key elements contributing to the success of this program. The paper reviews the origins and maturation of salt iodization in Nepal, as well as trends in the coverage of iodized salt, the iodine content in salt, and population iodine status over the past two decades. The paper describes critical components of the program including advocacy efforts, trade issues with India, the role of the Salt Trading Corporation, monitoring, and periodic program reviews. The paper discusses the recent findings from the 2016 national micronutrient survey demonstrating the success of the salt iodization program and describes emerging challenges facing the program in the future.
Visual‐only assessments of skin lesions on free‐ranging common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus): Reliability and utility of quantitative tools
Authors: Toms Christina N. , Stone Tori , Och‐Adams Traci 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPhoto analysis offers a simple, noninvasive approach to characterizing and quantifying skin lesions in cetaceans; however, this process involves methodological considerations that have often gone unaddressed or have varied in approach among investigators. Subjectivity associated with classifying skin lesion types of unknown etiology and quantifying measures of skin lesion prevalence and extent from photo data raises questions about observer bias and agreement (i.e., interrater reliability), which are often ignored. The purpose of the present study was to improve upon data quality control and assessment practices when studying skin lesions using only photo data. Specifically, we tested interrater reliability of a skin lesion classification system, compared methods of quantifying skin lesion extent, and determined the validity of the dorsal fin as a proxy for skin lesions on the entire body. Acceptable levels of interrater reliability were achieved for only 7 of 17 defined lesion types, but reliability was high for the two tested measures of lesion extent. Skin lesion extent measured from the dorsal fin alone was not a decent proxy for the whole visible surface; disparities between measures were as high as 43%. We discuss the potential pitfalls discovered and provide recommendations for others attempting similar approaches.
Turkish nationalism and the evolutionary idea (1923–1938)
Authors: Karaömerlioğlu M Asım , Yolun Murat 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper sheds light on the role of evolutionary ideas in the making of Turkish nationalism during the Kemalist era (1923–1938). By so doing, it aims to challenge some of the dominant historiographical viewpoints as to the nature of Turkish nationalism. One is related to the Kemalist elites' predisposition towards the so‐called “scientism” seen as one of the bases for nationalism. We intend to turn upside–down the relation between the Kemalists' use of science and Turkish nationalism. Second, we problematize the “culturalist” origins of Turkish nationalism arguing that the seemingly “culturalist” reflections of the time were, indeed, materialist formulations based on the science of the times. We discuss in this respect the Kemalist elites' use of evolutionary ideas. By synthesizing the ways in which these elites employed evolutionary ideas in the fields of history, language, geography, anthropology, biology, eugenics, and pedagogy, we aim to understand the specific nature of Turkish nationalism before 1945. This secular nationalism conceived culture as having materialist bases and differed fundamentally from the culturalist varieties of Turkish nationalism coloured by Islam in the post‐1945 era. Furthermore, the paper empirically enriches the complex and entangled story of evolutionary ideas in the early Turkish Republic.
Oral immunotherapy in pediatrics
Authors: Arasi Stefania , Castagnoli Riccardo , Pajno Giovanni B. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIgE‐mediated food allergy (FA) has been emerging as a public health priority, mainly in children. It represents a heavy burden for the entire society and not only for the patients and their families. There is evidence that in children with persistent FA, at least to cow's milk, hen's egg, and peanut, oral immunotherapy (OIT) may increase the reaction threshold to food allergen(s), while receiving active therapy (the so‐called “desensitization”). Furthermore, OIT protects patients from the occurrence of severe reactions in the event of accidental ingestion of the culprit food during treatment. However, many gaps are still unsolved, including safety issues, identification of predictive biomarkers, and post‐desensitization efficacy. This article briefly summarizes the current evidence and the main needs in OIT to stimulate the development of longitudinal, prospective, well‐designed studies able to fill the current gaps soon.
Update on rhinitis and rhinosinusitis
Authors: Zicari Anna Maria , De Castro Giovanna , Leonardi Lucia , Duse Marzia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRhinitis is a common, under‐diagnosed condition in childhood and adolescence. Pathogenic classification of rhinitis includes allergic rhinitis (AR) and non‐allergic rhinitis (NAR); the latter is characterized by non‐infectious and infectious subtypes; non‐infectious subtype is by far the most prevalent in infancy. Endotyping may help to predict chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) risk factors, as well as disease progression and response to different treatments. The validation of pediatric algorithms and the implementation of novel biotherapeutics in the endotype‐driven integrated pathways of CRS will lead in the next future to more successful disease management.
Diagnostic approach of hypogammaglobulinemia in infancy
Authors: Plebani Alessandro , Palumbo Laura , Dotta Laura , Lougaris Vassilios 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPrimary B‐cell immunodeficiency is the most frequent immune defect in infancy. Selective absence of serum and secretory immunoglobulin IgA is the most common, with rates ranging from 1/333 persons to 1/16 000, among different races. By contrast, it has been estimated that hypo/agammaglobulinemia occurs with a frequency of 1/50 000 persons. Patients with antibody deficiency are usually recognized because they have recurrent infections with encapsulated bacteria or a history of failure to respond adequately to antibiotic treatment. However, some individuals, mainly those affected by IgA deficiency (SIgAD) or transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy , may have few or no infections.
Effects of 12‐month exercise intervention on physical and cognitive functions of nursing home residents requiring long‐term care: a non‐randomised pilot study
Authors: Tsugawa Akito , Shimizu Soichiro , Hirose Daisuke , Sato Tomohiko , Hatanaka Hirokuni , Takenoshita Naoto , Kaneko Yoshitsugu , Ogawa Yusuke , Sakurai Hirofumi , Hanyu Haruo 
Published: February 2020

AimsWe performed a 12‐month exercise intervention for ‘nursing home for the elderly’ residents requiring long‐term care. We evaluated changes in their muscular strength, muscle mass, and cognitive function.MethodsThirty‐seven nursing home residents (Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE): 14.7 ± 7.0, Barthel Index: 44.2 ± 18.9) were enrolled. We divided the participants into the exercise intervention group (n = 19) and non‐intervention group (n = 18) ensuring no significant difference in the participants' characteristics at baseline. For the exercise intervention group, exercise was performed for about 40 min twice a week for 12 months. Skeletal Mass Index and grip force were determined to evaluate muscle mass and muscle strength, respectively. MMSE, Trail Making Test (TMT) part A, and Geriatric Depression Scale 15 (GDS15) were used for cognitive function evaluation, with their changes investigated.ResultsAfter 12 months, the MMSE scores were significantly improved in the exercise intervention group compared with the non‐intervention group (change from baseline to 12 months: Non‐intervention: −1.0 ± 2.8, Intervention: 1.2 ± 3.0; P = 0.04). Moreover, the grip force of the dominant arm was significantly improved in the exercise intervention group compared with the non‐intervention group (change from baseline to 12 months: Non‐intervention: −1.3 ± 2.8 kg, Intervention: 1.4 ± 4.6 kg; P = 0.007). The prevalence of sarcopenia was significantly increased after 12 months compared with baseline in the non‐intervention group (Non‐intervention: 61.1% → 75.0%, Intervention: 77.8% → 71.4%; P < 0.02). There were no significant changes in GDS15, Barthel Index and TMT after 12 months in intervention and non‐intervention groups.ConclusionExercise intervention may be effectively used for improving the physical and cognitive functions of nursing home residents requiring long‐term care.
Therapeutic whole blood exchange in the management of methaemoglobinemia: Case series and systematic review of literature
Authors: Singh Pawan , Rakesh Kodati , Agarwal Ritesh , Tripathi Paramatma P. , Dhooria Sahajal , Sehgal Inderpaul S. , Prasad Kuruswamy T. , Hans Rekha , Sharma Rattiram , Sharma Navneet , Lad Deepesh , Aggarwal Ashutosh N. , Muthu Valliappan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundTherapeutic whole blood exchange (TWBE) has been used as an alternative when methylene blue (MB) fails in severe methaemoglobinemia. However, there are limited data on the efficacy and safety of TWBE.ObjectivesOur aim was to report our institutional experience with TWBE. We also perform a systematic review of published literature.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed our respiratory intensive care unit database to identify cases of methaemoglobinemia managed with TWBE. A systematic review of the PubMed database was performed to identify similar cases (≥12 years). We report the indications, utility, and safety of therapeutic exchange in methaemoglobinemia. The procedural details were also noted.ResultsWe identified five subjects who received TWBE for methaemoglobinemia (median methaemoglobin level 39%; range 19.6‐42.4%). TWBE was successful in all five cases and no adverse events were encountered. Our review identified 27 additional subjects. The median methaemoglobin level was 37.5% (range 3.7‐81%). The most common indication (n = 24, 75%) for therapeutic exchange was a lack of response to MB. A majority of the subjects (n = 26/32, 81.2%) survived. No procedure‐related complications were reported.ConclusionTWBE is a safe and effective salvage modality for adults with methaemoglobinemia, when MB is either contraindicated or ineffective. Future studies should standardise therapeutic exchange in the management of methaemoglobinemia.