bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of p‐type N‐doped TiO2 thin films by co‐reactive magnetron sputtering
Authors: Panepinto Adriano , Dervaux Jonathan , Cormier Pierre‐Antoine , Boujtita Mohammed , Odobel Fabrice , Snyders Rony 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTandem dye‐sensitized solar cell devices (t‐DSSCs) are a potential alternative to Si‐based solar cells as autonomous power sources. Nevertheless, their further development suffers from the poor quality of the p‐type material, that is, NiO. In this study, N‐doped TiO2 thin films exhibiting a p‐type conductivity (p‐TiO2:N) are successfully grown by co‐reactive magnetron sputtering. Its p‐type conductivity is correlated to the incorporation of N atoms in substitutional positions which is controllable by carefully tuning the ratio between O2 and N2 reactive gases during the growth of the material. Furthermore, it reveals a three to six times higher mobility of the carriers (1.5–3.1 cm2·V−1·s−1) than sputtered NiO. These results are in particular interest for the development of new TiO2‐based t‐DSSCs.
The Weyl‐Wigner‐Moyal Formalism on a Discrete Phase Space. I. A Wigner Function for a Nonrelativistic Particle with Spin
Authors: Przanowski Maciej , Tosiek Jaromir , Turrubiates Francisco J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Weyl‐Wigner‐Moyal formalism for quantum particle with discrete internal degrees of freedom is developed. A one to one correspondence between operators in the Hilbert space and functions on the phase space is found. The expressions for the Stratonovich‐Weyl quantiser, star product and Wigner functions of such systems for arbitrary values of spin are obtained in detail. As examples the Landau levels and the corresponding Wigner functions for a spin nonrelativistic particle as well as the magnetic resonance for a spin nonrelativistic uncharged particle are analysed.
Individualized medicine: Sex, hormones, genetics, and adverse drug reactions
Authors: Moyer Ann M. , Matey Eric T. , Miller Virginia M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractClinically relevant adverse drug reactions differ between men and women. The underlying physiological and pharmacological processes contributing to these differences are infrequently studied or reported. As gene expression, cellular regulatory pathways, and integrated physiological functions differ between females and males, aggregating data from combined groups of men and women obscures the ability to detect these differences. This paper summarizes how genetic sex, that is, the presence of sex chromosomes XY for male or XX for female, and the influence of sex hormones affect transporters, receptors, and enzymes involved in drug metabolism. Changing levels of sex steroids throughout life, including increases at puberty, changes with pregnancy, and decreases with age, may directly and indirectly affect drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The direct and indirect effects of sex steroids in the form of exogenous hormones such as those used in hormonal contraceptives, menopausal hormone treatments, transgender therapy, and over‐the‐counter performance enhancing drugs may interfere with metabolism of other pharmaceuticals, and these interactions may vary by dose, formulation, and mode of delivery (oral, injection, or transdermal) of the steroid hormones. Few drugs have sex‐specific labeling or dosing recommendations. Furthermore, there is limited literature evaluating how the circulating levels of sex steroids impact drug efficacy or adverse reactions. Such research is needed in order to improve the understanding of the impact of sex hormones on pharmacological therapies, particularly as medicine moves toward individualizing treatments.
An Interfacial Electron Transfer on Tetrahedral NiS2/NiSe2 Heterocages with Dual‐Phase Synergy for Efficiently Triggering the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Yang Yang , Kang Yikun , Zhao Huihui , Dai Xiaoping , Cui Meilin , Luan Xuebin , Zhang Xin , Nie Fei , Ren Ziteng , Song Weiyu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTetrahedral NiS2/NiSe2 heterocages with rich‐phase boundaries are synthesized through a simultaneous sulfuration/selenylation process using Ni‐based acetate hydroxide prisms as precursor. Such a nanocage‐like NiS2/NiSe2 heterostructure can expose more active sites, accelerate the mass transport of the ions/gas, and optimize the interfacial electronic structure, which shows a significantly lower overpotential of 290 mV at 20 mA cm−2 than those of NiS/NiS2 and NiSe2 as counterparts. The experimental characterizations and theoretical density functional theory (DFT) calculations unveil that the interfacial electron transfer from NiSe2 to NiS2 at the heterointerface can modulate the electronic structure of NiS2/NiSe2, which further cooperates synergistically to change the Gibbs free energy of oxygen‐containing intermediates as the rate‐determining step (RDS) from 2.16 eV (NiSe2) and 2.10 eV (NiS2) to 1.86 eV (NiS2/NiSe2 heterostructures) during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) process. And as a result, tetrahedral NiS2/NiSe2 heterocages with dual‐phase synergy efficiently trigger the OER process, and accelerate the OER kinetics. This work provides insights into the roles of the interfacial electron transfer in electrocatalysis, and can be an admirable strategy to modulate the electronic structure for developing highly active electrocatalysts.
Imparting Superhydrophobicity with a Hierarchical Block Copolymer Coating
Authors: Cheng Li‐Chen , Simonaitis John W. , Gadelrab Karim R. , Tahir Mukarram , Ding Yi , Alexander‐Katz Alfredo , Ross Caroline A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA robust and transparent silica‐like coating that imparts superhydrophobicity to a surface through its hierarchical multilevel self‐assembled structure is demonstrated. This approach involves iterative steps of spin‐coating, annealing, and etching of polystyrene‐block‐polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer thin films to form a tailored multilayer nanoscale topographic pattern with a water contact angle up to 155°. A model based on the hierarchical topography is developed to calculate the wetting angle and optimize the superhydrophobicity, in agreement with the experimental trends, and explaining superhydrophobicity arising through the combination of roughness at different lengthscales. Additionally, the mechanical robustness and optically passive properties of the resulting hydrophobic surfaces are demonstrated.
Study of energy deposition patterns in hadron calorimeter for prompt and displaced jets using convolutional neural network
Authors: Bhattacherjee Biplob , Mukherjee Swagata , Sengupta Rhitaja 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSophisticated machine learning techniques have promising potential in search for physics beyond Standard Model in Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Convolutional neural networks (CNN) can provide powerful tools for differentiating between patterns of calorimeter energy deposits by prompt particles of Standard Model and long-lived particles predicted in various models beyond the Standard Model. We demonstrate the usefulness of CNN by using a couple of physics examples from well motivated BSM scenarios predicting long-lived particles giving rise to displaced jets. Our work suggests that modern machine- learning techniques have potential to discriminate between energy deposition patterns of prompt and long-lived particles, and thus, they can be useful tools in such searches.
A novel dual reporter embryonic stem cell line for toxicological assessment of teratogen-induced perturbation of anterior–posterior patterning of the heart
Authors: Leigh Robert S. , Ruskoaho Heikki J. , Kaynak Bogac L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractReliable in vitro models to assess developmental toxicity of drugs and chemicals would lead to improvement in fetal safety and a reduced cost of drug development. The validated embryonic stem cell test (EST) uses cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to predict in vivo developmental toxicity, but does not take into account the stage-specific patterning of progenitor populations into anterior (ventricular) and posterior (atrial) compartments. In this study, we generated a novel dual reporter mESC line with fluorescent reporters under the control of anterior and posterior cardiac promoters. Reporter expression was observed in nascent compartments in transgenic mouse embryos, and mESCs were used to develop differentiation assays in which chemical modulators of Wnt (XAV939: 3, 10 µM), retinoic acid (all-trans retinoic acid: 0.1, 1, 10 µM; 9-cis retinoic acid: 0.1, 1, 10 µM; bexarotene 0.1, 1, 10 µM), and Tgf-β (SB431542: 3, 10 µM) pathways were tested for stage- and dose-dependent effects on in vitro anterior–posterior patterning. Our results suggest that with further development, the inclusion of anterior–posterior reporter expression could be part of a battery of high-throughput tests used to identify and characterize teratogens.
3D Vessel Image Reconstruction by MDCT for Surgical Indication and Timing of Strangulating Small Bowel Obstructions
Authors: Murata Masaru , Hiraki Masayuki , Hagiwara Akira , Sawami Hirokazu , Suzuki Rei , Fukunaga Hiroki , Tanaka Nobuo , Inoue Akira , Takahashi Hidekazu , Morita Shunji 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundPatients with strangulating small bowel obstructions (SBOs) can rapidly deteriorate, in condition; therefore, immediate and appropriate diagnosis is required. However, some cases of SBO are difficult to diagnose using axial computed tomography (CT) images alone. The impact of 3D vessel imaging for the diagnosis, surgical indication, and timing of strangulating SBOs was investigated, prospectively.MethodsClinical data were collected for 111 strangulating SBOs and 48 simple SBOs from patients receiving surgical interventions from January 2009 to March 2018. The accuracy of preoperative diagnoses for the type of SBO was evaluated. Among 159 patients, 27 underwent contrast‐enhanced CT imaging as well as prospectively reconstructed 3D vessel imaging of the superior mesenteric artery, vein, and branches. The concordance rate of operative findings and preoperative diagnoses of the type of SBO were compared between axial CT imaging alone and combination of axial and 3D vessel imaging.ResultsOverall concordance rate of diagnosis for the type of SBO by axial imaging was 93.1% and that of strangulating and simple SBOs was 92.8% and 93.8%, respectively. Combined axial and 3D vessel imaging resulted in 100% accuracy of preoperative diagnoses for both types of SBO. In addition, abnormalities could be classified from 3D vessel images as central twists or peripheral twists, and deteriorated vascular flow could also be detected.ConclusionsThe combination of axial imaging and 3D vessel imaging can be used to accurately diagnose SBOs, and this imaging technique may be useful for determining the surgical indication and suitable timing of strangulating SBOs.
Plinabulin ameliorates neutropenia induced by multiple chemotherapies through a mechanism distinct from G-CSF therapies
Authors: Tonra James R. , Lloyd G. Kenneth , Mohanlal Ramon , Huang Lan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose
Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN) increases the risk of infections and mortality in cancer patients. G-CSF therapies are approved for the treatment of CIN, but non-G-CSF therapies are needed to increase efficacy and minimize side effects. Plinabulin is an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization that ameliorates CIN caused in patients by the microtubule stabilizer docetaxel. The present study evaluates the potential of plinabulin to reduce neutropenia induced by chemotherapies of different classes in a manner not dependent on increasing G-CSF.

Methods
The anti-CIN benefits of plinabulin were tested in rodents co-treated with docetaxel, cyclophosphamide or doxorubicin. Effects on G-CSF levels were evaluated in tissues by immunoassay. Flow cytometry was utilized to test treatment effects on femur bone marrow cell counts from immunocompetent mice-bearing orthotopic 4T1 breast cancer tumors.

Results
Plinabulin alleviated neutropenia induced by microtubule stabilizing, DNA cross-linking and DNA intercalating chemotherapies, yet did not affect bone marrow or blood G-CSF levels. The number of lineage−/Sca1+/c-Kit+ (LSK) hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPC) in murine bone marrow collected 2 days after treatment was not affected by docetaxel monotherapy despite increased plasma G-CSF in this group. LSK cell number was, however, increased when plinabulin was combined with docetaxel, without affecting G-CSF.

Conclusions
Results support the clinical testing of plinabulin as a non-G-CSF-based treatment for CIN associated with chemotherapies of different mechanisms. Results also support HSPC as a focal point for future mechanism-of-action work aimed at understanding the ability of plinabulin to reduce this serious side effect of cytotoxic therapy in cancer patients.
Convection-permitting regional climate simulation of warm-season precipitation over Eastern China
Authors: Yun Yuxing , Liu Changhai , Luo Yali , Liang Xudong , Huang Ling , Chen Fei , Rasmmusen Roy 
Published: December 2019

AbstractConvection-permitting regional climate models have been shown to improve precipitation simulation in many aspects, such as the diurnal cycle, precipitation frequency, intensity and extremes in many studies over several geographical regions of the world, but their skill in reproducing the warm-season precipitation characteristics over the East Asia has not been robustly tested yet. Motivated by recent advances in computing power, model physics and high-resolution reanalysis, we use the convection-permitting weather research and forecasting (WRF) model configured with 3 km grid spacing to simulate the warm-season precipitation in eastern China for 10 seasons (2008–2017). The hourly 31-km-resolution ERA5 reanalysis data are used to provide initial and boundary conditions for the simulations. The objectives are (1) to evaluate the model skill in simulating warm-season precipitation climatology in the East Asian monsoon region, (2) to identify the promises and problems of the convection-permitting simulation, and (3) to investigate solutions for the model deficiencies. Results demonstrate that the 3-km-resolution WRF model reasonably reproduces the spatial characteristics of seasonal and sub-seasonal precipitation, the seasonal meridional migration associated with the summer monsoon activity, the diurnal variation phase and amplitude, and the propagating convection east of the Tibetan Plateau. The major deficiency is that the model overestimates precipitation amount, especially in the afternoon. Analysis and sensitivity experiments suggest that improved treatment of sub-grid cloud fraction and the aerosol effects may help to suppress the oft-reported high precipitation bias. These results provide useful guidance for improving the model skill at simulating warm-season precipitation in East Asia.
VOLCANS: an objective, structured and reproducible method for identifying sets of analogue volcanoes
Authors: Tierz Pablo , Loughlin Susan C. , Calder Eliza S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe definition of a suite of analogue volcanoes, or volcanoes that are considered to share enough characteristics as to be considered exchangeable to a certain extent, is becoming a key component of volcanic hazard assessment. This is particularly the case for volcanoes where data are lacking or scarce. Moreover, volcano comparisons have often been based on similarities and differences inferred through expert judgement and not necessarily informed by volcano characteristics from global datasets. These similarities can be based on a range of features, from very simplified (e.g. statrovolcanoes) to very specific (e.g. detailed eruption chronologies), and may be strongly influenced by the personal experience of individuals or teams conducting the analogue analysis. In this work, we present VOLCANS (VOLCano ANalogues Search)—an objective, structured and reproducible method to identify sets of analogue volcanoes from global volcanological databases. Five overarching criteria (tectonic setting, rock geochemistry, volcano morphology, eruption size and eruption style), and a structured combination of them, are used to quantify overall multi-criteria volcano analogy. This innovative method is complementary to expert-derived sets of analogue volcanoes and provides the user with full flexibility to weigh the criteria and identify analogue volcanoes applicable to varied purposes. Some results are illustrated for three volcanoes with diverse features and significant recent and/or ongoing eruptions: Kı̄lauea (USA), Fuego (Guatemala) and Sinabung (Indonesia). The identified analogue volcanoes correspond well with a priori analogue volcanoes derived from expert knowledge. In some cases, single-criterion searches may not be able to isolate a reduced set of analogue volcanoes but any multi-criteria search can provide high degrees of granularity in the sets of analogue volcanoes obtained. Data quality and quantity can be important factors, especially for single-criterion searches and volcanoes with very scarce data (e.g. Sinabung). Nevertheless, the method gives stable results overall across multi-criteria searches of analogue volcanoes. Potential uses of VOLCANS range from quantitative volcanic hazard assessment to promoting fundamental understanding of volcanic processes.
Comparison of multi-delay FAIR and pCASL labeling approaches for renal perfusion quantification at 3T MRI
Authors: Harteveld Anita A. , de Boer Anneloes , Franklin Suzanne Lisa , Leiner Tim , van Stralen Marijn , Bos Clemens 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective
To compare the most commonly used labeling approaches, flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) and pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL), for renal perfusion measurement using arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI.

Methods
Multi-delay FAIR and pCASL were performed in 16 middle-aged healthy volunteers on two different occasions at 3T. Relative perfusion-weighted signal (PWS), temporal SNR (tSNR), renal blood flow (RBF), and arterial transit time (ATT) were calculated for the cortex and medulla in both kidneys. Bland–Altman plots, intra-class correlation coefficient, and within-subject coefficient of variation were used to assess reliability and agreement between measurements.

Results
For the first visit, RBF was 362 ± 57 and 140 ± 47 mL/min/100 g, and ATT was 0.47 ± 0.13 and 0.70 ± 0.10 s in cortex and medulla, respectively, using FAIR; RBF was 201 ± 72 and 84 ± 27 mL/min/100 g, and ATT was 0.71 ± 0.25 and 0.86 ± 0.12 s in cortex and medulla, respectively, using pCASL. For both labeling approaches, RBF and ATT values were not significantly different between visits. Overall, FAIR showed higher PWS and tSNR. Moreover, repeatability of perfusion parameters was better using FAIR.

Discussion
This study showed that compared to (balanced) pCASL, FAIR perfusion values were significantly higher and more comparable between visits.
Acquisition strategies for spatially resolved magnetic resonance detection of hyperpolarized nuclei
Authors: Topping Geoffrey J. , Hundshammer Christian , Nagel Luca , Grashei Martin , Aigner Maximilian , Skinner Jason G. , Schulte Rolf F. , Schilling Franz 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHyperpolarization is an emerging method in magnetic resonance imaging that allows nuclear spin polarization of gases or liquids to be temporarily enhanced by up to five or six orders of magnitude at clinically relevant field strengths and administered at high concentration to a subject at the time of measurement. This transient gain in signal has enabled the non-invasive detection and imaging of gas ventilation and diffusion in the lungs, perfusion in blood vessels and tissues, and metabolic conversion in cells, animals, and patients. The rapid development of this method is based on advances in polarizer technology, the availability of suitable probe isotopes and molecules, improved MRI hardware and pulse sequence development. Acquisition strategies for hyperpolarized nuclei are not yet standardized and are set up individually at most sites depending on the specific requirements of the probe, the object of interest, and the MRI hardware. This review provides a detailed introduction to spatially resolved detection of hyperpolarized nuclei and summarizes novel and previously established acquisition strategies for different key areas of application.
Dementia diagnostics in general practitioner care
Authors: Wangler Julian , Jansky Michael 
Published: December 2019

SummaryGeneral practitioner (GP) treatment of dementia is often criticized as being ineffective and not implemented consistently enough. The causes and specific standpoints of GPs have not previously been thoroughly investigated. This paper focuses on the reasons and the criticisms levelled at GPs with regard to diagnosing dementia, and identifies approaches to enable optimization. The analysis is based on 41 semi-structured interviews with GPs in Hesse, Germany, in 2018. During the course of a content analysis, the interviewees’ attitudes and behavioral patterns towards dementia diagnostics were to be analyzed. The results of the study show various challenges and problems of primary care in this field. The majority of the sample showed skepticism and reluctance with regard to the diagnosis of dementia. Six key problem areas were extracted from the interviews, which can be seen as root causes for the distance kept by GPs: 1) early delegation of patients due to role understanding, 2) attitude of pessimism towards dementia, 3) differential diagnosis perceived as an obstacle, 4) insufficient remuneration, 5) fear of patient stigmatization, and 6) lack of application. Some GPs demonstrated personal initiative with the aim of optimizing dementia diagnostics. Three approaches can be derived which could be used to improve the GP-based care of dementia: 1) self-efficacy, 2) differential diagnostics and treatment pathways, and 3) physician–patient communication.
The Association Between Somatic Health, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Autistic Traits
Authors: Pan Pei-Yin , Tammimies Kristiina , Bölte Sven 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis study used a twin cohort to investigate the association of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autistic traits with somatic health. A total of 344 twins (172 pairs; mean age 15.56 ± 5.62 years) enriched for ASD and other neurodevelopmental conditions were examined. Medical history and current physical problems were collected with a validated questionnaire to determine twin’s somatic health. The Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-2) was used to measure the participant’s severity of autistic traits. Identified somatic health issues with significant within-twin pair differences were tested in relation to both ASD diagnosis and autistic traits in a co-twin control model. Twins with ASD exhibited more neurological and immunological health problems compared to those without ASD (p = 0.005 and p = 0.004, respectively). The intra-pair differences of neurological conditions and SRS-2 score were significantly correlated in monozygotic twins differing for autism traits (r = 0.40, p = 0.001), while the correlation was not found for immunological problems. In addition, a conditional model for analysis of within-twin pair effects revealed an association between neurological problems and clinical ASD diagnosis (Odds ratio per neurological problem 3.15, p = 0.02), as well as autistic traits (β = 10.44, p = 0.006), after adjusting for possible effects of co-existing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and general intellectual abilities. Our findings suggest that neurological problems are associated with autism, and that non-shared environmental factors contribute to the overlap for both clinical ASD and autistic traits. Further population-based twin studies are warranted to validate our results and examine in detailed the shared genetic and environmental contributions of neurological problems and ASD.