bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stabilizing Solid Electrolyte Interphases on Both Anode and Cathode for High Areal Capacity, High‐Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries with High Li Utilization and Lean Electrolyte
Authors: Ma Qingtao , Zhang Xinyue , Wang Aoxuan , Xia Yongyao , Liu Xingjiang , Luo Jiayan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHigh‐energy‐density lithium metal batteries are considered the most promising candidates for the next‐generation energy storage systems. However, conventional electrolytes used in lithium‐ion batteries can hardly meet the demand of the lithium metal batteries due to their intrinsic instability for Li metal anodes and high‐voltage cathodes. Herein, an ester‐based electrolyte with tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate additive that can form stable solid electrolyte interphases on the anode and cathode is reported. The additive decomposes before the ester solvent and enables the formation of P‐ and Si‐rich interphases on both electrodes that are ion conductive and robust. Thus, lithium metal batteries with a high‐specific‐energy of 373 Wh kg−1 can exhibit a long lifespan of over 80 cycles under practical conditions, including a low negative/positive capacity ratio of 2.3, high areal capacity of 4.5 mAh cm−2 for cathode, high‐voltage of 4.5 V, and lean electrolyte of 2.8 µL mAh−1. A 4.5 V pouch cell is further assembled to demonstrate the practical application of the tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphate additive with an areal capacity of 10.2 and 9.4 mAh cm−2 for the anode and cathode, respectively. This work is expected to provide an effective electrolyte optimizing strategy compatible with current lithium ion battery manufacturing systems and pave the way for the next‐generation Li metal batteries with high specific energy and energy density.
Effects of Fluorinated Diluents in Localized High‐Concentration Electrolytes for Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Kwak Won‐Jin , Lim Hyung‐Seok , Gao Peiyuan , Feng Ruozhu , Chae Sujong , Zhong Lirong , Read Jeffrey , Engelhard Mark H. , Xu Wu , Zhang Ji‐Guang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA stable electrolyte is critical for practical application of lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs). Although the ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of the electrolytes have been extensively investigated before, their oxygen solubility, viscosity, volatility, and the stability against singlet oxygen (1O2) still need to be comprehensively investigated to provide a full picture of the electrolytes, especially for an open system such as LOBs. Herein, a systematic investigation is reported on the localized high‐concentration electrolytes (LHCEs) using different fluorinated diluents in comparison with those of conventional electrolytes. The physical properties and activation energies for reactions with singlet oxygen (1O2) of these electrolytes are calculated by density functional theory. The electrochemical performances of LOBs using these electrolytes are compared. This study reveals that the correlation between the stability of the electrolytes and their physical and electrochemical properties depends strongly on the diluents in LHCEs. Therefore, it shines light on the rational design of new electrolytes for LOBs.
Multiphoton‐Pumped Highly Polarized Polariton Microlasers from Single Crystals of a Dye‐Coordinated Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Kottilil Dileep , Gupta Mayank , Vijayan Cheriyanath , Bharadwaj Parimal K. , Ji Wei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRoom‐temperature, low‐threshold, photostable, cost‐effective, efficient, miniaturized, and all‐solid‐state lasers are highly desirable in many technological and medicinal applications. Here, an archetypical dye laser is introduced, with the above attributes, based on single‐crystalline microplates of a dye‐coordinated metal–organic framework (MOF) without an external cavity, holding a potential to be the next‐generation laser. With an exciton–polariton lasing mechanism combined with large multiphoton absorption cross sections, the lasing thresholds of the three microplates are in the range from 0.34 to 0.12 µJ cm−2 under various optical pumping schemes. The lasing threshold is observed to be reduced with an increment in the order of optical nonlinearity involved in the pumping scheme. Lasing at an extreme‐red region is demonstrated, with a high photostability (with a drop in lasing output as low as 25% after 1.8 × 106 cycles), a large degree of polarization (up to 92%), and an excellent conversion efficiency (up to 12%), thereby realizing a crucial milestone in the field of laser technology.
Cancer Cell Invasion of Mammary Organoids with Basal‐In Phenotype
Authors: Parigoris Eric , Lee Soojung , Mertz David , Turner Madeleine , Liu Amy Y. , Sentosa Jason , Djomehri Sabra , Chang Hao Chen , Luker Kathryn , Luker Gary , Kleer Celina G. , Takayama Shuichi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper describes mammary organoids with a basal‐in phenotype where the basement membrane is located on the interior surface of the organoid. A key materials consideration to induce this basal‐in phenotype is the use of a minimal gel scaffold that the epithelial cells self‐assemble around and encapsulate. When MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells are co‐cultured with epithelial cells from day 0 under these conditions, cells self‐organize into patterns with distinct cancer cell populations both inside and at the periphery of the epithelial organoid. In another type of experiment, the robust formation of the basement membrane on the epithelial organoid interior enables convenient studies of MDA‐MB‐231 invasion in a tumor progression‐relevant direction relative to epithelial cell‐basement membrane positioning. That is, the study of cancer invasion through the epithelium first, followed by the basement membrane to the basal side, is realized in an experimentally convenient manner where the cancer cells are simply seeded on the outside of preformed organoids, and their invasion into the organoid is monitored. Interestingly, invasion is more prominent when tumor cells are added to day 7 organoids with less developed basement membranes compared to day 16 organoids with more defined ones.
Low‐Bandgap Porphyrins for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells: Materials, Morphology, and Applications
Authors: Gao Ke , Kan Yuanyuan , Chen Xuebin , Liu Feng , Kan Bin , Nian Li , Wan Xiangjian , Chen Yongsheng , Peng Xiaobin , Russell Thomas P. , Cao Yong , Jen Alex K.‐Y. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWith developments in materials, thin‐film processing, fine‐tuning of morphology, and optimization of device fabrication, the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs) has improved markedly in recent years. Designing low‐bandgap materials has been a focus in order to maximize solar energy conversion. However, there are only a few successful low‐bandgap donor materials developed with near‐infrared (NIR) absorption that are well matched to the existing efficient acceptors. Porphyrin has shown great potential as a useful building block for constructing low‐bandgap donor materials due to its large conjugated plane and strong absorption. Porphyrin‐based donor materials have been shown to contribute to many record‐high device efficiencies in small molecule, tandem, ternary, flexible, and OSC/perovskite hybrid solar cells. Specifically, non‐fullerene small‐molecule solar cells have recently shown a high power conversion efficiency of 12% using low‐bandgap porphyrin. All these have validated the great potential of porphyrin derivatives as effective donor materials and made DPPEZnP‐TRs a family of best low‐bandgap donor materials in the OSC field so far. Here, recent progress in the rational design, morphology, dynamics, and multi‐functional applications starting from 2015 will be highlighted to deepen understanding of the structure–property relationship. Finally, some future directions of porphyrin‐based OSCs are presented.
Interfacial Molecular Doping of Metal Halide Perovskites for Highly Efficient Solar Cells
Authors: Jiang Qi , Ni Zhenyi , Xu Guiying , Lin Yun , Rudd Peter N. , Xue Rongming , Li Yaowen , Li Yongfang , Gao Yongli , Huang Jinsong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTailoring the doping of semiconductors in heterojunction solar cells shows tremendous success in enhancing the performance of many types of inorganic solar cells, while it is found challenging in perovskite solar cells because of the difficulty in doping perovskites in a controllable way. Here, a small molecule of 4,4′,4″,4″′‐(pyrazine‐2,3,5,6‐tetrayl) tetrakis (N,N‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl) aniline) (PT‐TPA) which can effectively p‐dope the surface of FAxMA1−xPbI3 (FA: HC(NH2)2; MA: CH3NH3) perovskite films is reported. The intermolecular charge transfer property of PT‐TPA forms a stabilized resonance structure to accept electrons from perovskites. The doping effect increases perovskite dark conductivity and carrier concentration by up to 4737 times. Computation shows that electrons in the first two layers of octahedral cages in perovskites are transferred to PT‐TPA. After applying PT‐TPA into perovskite solar cells, the doping‐induced band bending in perovskite effectively facilitates hole extraction to hole transport layer and expels electrons toward cathode side, which reduces the charge recombination there. The optimized devices demonstrate an increased photovoltage from 1.12 to 1.17 V and an efficiency of 23.4% from photocurrent scanning with a stabilized efficiency of 22.9%. The findings demonstrate that molecular doping is an effective route to control the interfacial charge recombination in perovskite solar cells which is in complimentary to broadly applied defect passivation techniques.
Controlling Enamel Remineralization by Amyloid‐Like Amelogenin Mimics
Authors: Wang Dong , Deng Jingjing , Deng Xuliang , Fang Changqing , Zhang Xu , Yang Peng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn situ regeneration of the enamel‐like structure of hydroxyapatite (HAp) crystals under oral conditions is significant for dental caries treatment. However, it is still a challenge for dentists to duplicate the elegant and well‐aligned apatite structure bonding to the surface of demineralized enamel. A biocompatible amelogenin‐inspired matrix, a phase‐transited lysozyme (PTL) film mimicking an N‐terminal amelogenin with central domain (N‐Ame) combined with synthetic peptide (C‐AMG) based on the functional domains of C‐terminal telopeptide (C‐Ame) is shown here, which is formed by amyloid‐like lysozyme aggregation at the enamel interface through a rapid one‐step aqueous coating process. In the PTL/C‐AMG matrix, C‐AMG facilitated the oriented arrangement of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nanoparticles and their transformation to ordered enamel‐like HAp crystals, while PTL served as a strong interfacial anchor to immobilize the C‐AMG peptide and PTL/C‐AMG matrix on versatile substrate surfaces. PTL/C‐AMG film‐coated enamel induced both of the in vivo and in vitro synthesis of HAp crystals, facilitated epitaxial growth of HAp crystals and recovered the highly oriented structure and mechanical properties to levels nearly identical to those of natural enamel. This work underlines the importance of amyloid‐like protein aggregates in the biomineralization of enamel, providing a promising strategy for treating dental caries.
Unveiling the Fine Structural Distortion of Atomically Thin Bi2O2Se by Third‐Harmonic Generation
Authors: Liang Jing , Tu Teng , Chen Guanchu , Sun Yuanwei , Qiao Ruixi , Ma He , Yu Wentao , Zhou Xu , Ma Chaojie , Gao Peng , Peng Hailin , Liu Kaihui , Yu Dapeng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBismuth oxyselenide (Bi2O2Se), a new type of 2D material, has recently attracted increased attention due to its robust bandgap, stability under ambient conditions, and ultrahigh electron mobility. In such complex oxides, fine structural distortion tends to play a decisive role in determining the unique physical properties, such as the ferrorotational order, ferroelectricity, and magnetoelasticity. Therefore, an in‐depth investigation of the fine structural symmetry of Bi2O2Se is necessary to exploit its potential applications. However, conventional techniques are either time consuming or requiring tedious sample treatment. Herein, a noninvasive and high‐throughput approach is reported for characterizing the fine structural distortion in 2D centrosymmetric Bi2O2Se by polarization‐dependent third‐harmonic generation (THG). Unprecedentedly, the divergence between the experimental results and the theoretical prediction of the perpendicular component of polarization‐dependent THG indicates a fine structural distortion, namely, a <1.4° rotation of the oxygen square in the tetragonal (Bi2O2) layers. This rotation breaks the intrinsic mirror symmetry of 2D Bi2O2Se, eventually reducing the symmetry from the D4h to the C4h point group. The results demonstrate that THG is highly sensitive to even fine symmetry variations, thereby showing its potential to uncover hidden phase transitions and interacting polarized sublattices in novel 2D material systems.
Controlled High‐Capacity Storage of Lithium‐Ions Using Void‐Incorporated 3D MXene Architectures
Authors: Min Gyu Duk , Nam Myeong Gyun , Kim Dongjae , Oh Min Jun , Moon Joon Hyung , Kim Woo‐Jae , Park Juhyun , Yoo Pil J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMXene, an example of 2D transition metal carbides, has recently been explored as an energy storage material for batteries or supercapacitors due to its high electrical conductivity and tunability of functional moieties. As with other 2D nano‐materials, however, attempts to harness MXene‐based electrodes have been limited by deterioration in mass transfer owing to self‐stacking and aggregation problems of MXenes. Here, means of creating 3D‐structured MXene films having voids of controlled size using templated co‐assembly between MXene nanosheets and monodisperse colloidal particles are presented. Using a 3D‐structured MXene‐only film incorporating microscale voids as a thin‐film electrode for Li‐ion batteries yield an initial specific capacity of 435.4 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.01 A g−1 and highly extended cyclic stability persisting 1200 cycles, approaching the reported theoretical capacity of MXene even without employing any binder or conductive species. Electrochemical analyses reveal that the improved specific capacity is attributable to enhanced contribution of pseudo‐capacitive Li‐storage compared to diffusion‐mediated capacity, as incorporated voids tend to facilitate ionic transport into the interior region of the MXene films. Therefore, this work offers a concrete understanding to realize improved electrochemical performances of 2D nanomaterial‐based electrodes, especially in the form of free‐standing thin films.
Atomic Layer Engineering of Epsilon‐Near‐Zero Ultrathin Films with Controllable Field Enhancement
Authors: Gurung Sudip , Anopchenko Aleksei , Bej Subhajit , Joyner Jay , Myers Jason D. , Frantz Jesse , Lee Ho Wai Howard 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEnhanced and controlled light absorption, as well as field confinement in optically thin materials, are pivotal for energy‐efficient optoelectronics and nonlinear optical devices. Highly doped transparent conducting oxide (TCO) thin films can support the so‐called epsilon near zero (ENZ) modes in a frequency region of near‐zero permittivity, which can lead to the perfect light absorption and ultrastrong electric field intensity enhancement (FIE) within the films. To achieve full control over absorption and FIE, one must be able to tune the ENZ material properties as well as the film thickness. Here, engineered absorption and FIE are experimentally demonstrated in aluminum‐doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films via control of their ENZ wavelengths, optical losses, and film thicknesses, tuned by adjusting the atomic layer deposition (ALD) parameters such as dopant ratio, deposition temperature, and the number of macrocycles. It is also demonstrated that under ENZ mode excitation, though the absorption and FIE are inherently related, the film thickness required for observing maximum absorption differs significantly from that for maximum FIE. This study on engineering ENZ material properties by optimizing the ALD process will be beneficial for the design and development of next‐generation tailorable photonic devices based on flat, zero‐index optics.
Building High Rate Capability and Ultrastable Dendrite‐Free Organic Anode for Rechargeable Aqueous Zinc Batteries
Authors: Liu Nannan , Wu Xian , Zhang Yu , Yin Yanyou , Sun Chengzhi , Mao Yachun , Fan Lishuang , Zhang Naiqing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are an alternative energy storage system for large‐scale grid applications compared with lithium‐ion batteries, when the low cost, safety, and durability are taken into consideration. However, the reliability of the battery systems always suffers from the serious challenge of the large Zn dendrite formation and “dead Zn,” thus bringing out the inferior cycling stability, and even cell shorting. Herein, a dendrite‐free organic anode, perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) polymerized on the surface of reduced graphene oxide (PTCDI/rGO) utilized in ZIBs is reported. Moreover, the theoretical calculations prove the reason for the low redox potential. Due to the protons and zinc ions coparticipant phase transfer mechanism and the high charge transfer capability, the PTCDI/rGO electrode provides superior rate capability (121 mA h g−1 at 5000 mA g−1, retaining the 95% capacity of that compared with 50 mA g−1) and a long cycling life span (96% capacity retention after 1500 cycles at 3000 mA g−1). In addition, the proton coparticipation energy storage mechanism of active materials is elucidated by various ex‐situ methods.
Ultrathin Phosphate‐Modulated Co Phthalocyanine/g‐C3N4 Heterojunction Photocatalysts with Single Co–N4 (II) Sites for Efficient O2 Activation
Authors: Chu Xiaoyu , Qu Yang , Zada Amir , Bai Linlu , Li Zhijun , Yang Fan , Zhao Lina , Zhang Guiling , Sun Xiaojun , Yang Zhao‐Di , Jing Liqiang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRealization of solar‐driven aerobic organic transformation under atmospheric pressure raises the great challenge for efficiently activating O2 by tailored photocatalysts. Guided by theoretical calculation, phosphate groups are used to induce the construction of ultrathin Co phthalocyanine/g‐C3N4 heterojunctions (CoPc/P‐CN, ≈4 nm) via strengthened H‐bonding interfacial connection, achieving an unprecedented 14‐time photoactivity improvement for UV–vis aerobic 2,4‐dichlorophenol degradation compared to bulk CN by promoted activation of O2. It is validated that more •O2− radicals are produced through the improved photoreduction of O2 by accelerated photoelectron transfer from CN to the ligand of CoPc and then to the abundant single Co–N4 (II) catalytic sites, as endowed by the matched dimension, intimate interface even at the molecular level, and high CoPc dispersion of resulted heterojunctions. Interestingly, CoPc/P‐CN also exhibits outstanding photoactivities in the aerobic oxidation of aromatic alcohols. This work showcases a feasible route to realize efficient photocatalytic O2 activation by exploiting the potential of ultrathin metal phthalocyanine (MPc) assemblies with abundant single‐atom sites. More importantly, a universal facile strategy of H‐bonding‐dominating construction of MPc‐involved heterojunctions is successfully established.
Evaluating pearl millet and mungbean intercropping in the semi‐arid regions of Senegal
Authors: Diatta Andre A. , Abaye Ozzie , Thomason Wade E. , Lo Mamadou , Thompson Thomas L. , Vaughan Larry J. , Gueye Fatou , Diagne Nathalie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] yields in Senegal are constrained by rainfall variability, persistent drought, and low soil fertility. Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek], a short‐duration and relatively drought‐tolerant legume crop, is capable of improving soil fertility and productivity of associated crops. Our study evaluated the effects of pearl millet and mungbean intercropping on crop yields in the semi‐arid regions of Senegal. Field experiments were conducted during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons at Bambey and Nioro sites located within Senegal's west‐central and Saloum agricultural regions, respectively. Experimental treatments: monocropped millet (T1), monocropped mungbean (T2, 100%), and 23% (T3), 43% (T4), 47% (T5), 62% (T6), 125% (T7), and 164% (T8) of mungbean intercropped with millet were laid out in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times. In addition to yield, canopy cover and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were measured and yield advantage was assessed with the land equivalent ratio (LER). Combined millet and mungbean seed yields were up to 60 and 85% higher under intercropping systems compared to millet monocropping at Bambey and Nioro, respectively. Similarly, LER was always greater than unity (> 1) under millet–mungbean intercropping compared to millet monocropping. Mean canopy cover estimates and NDVI values increased by up to 60 and 30% in millet–mungbean intercropping over millet grown alone, respectively. These combined yield gains obtained without fertilizer applications suggested that optimizing mungbean density (62–125%) in pearl millet‐based systems can increase the combined yields in a low‐input and/or high‐risk environment in Senegal.
Hydration in relation to water insecurity, heat index, and lactation status in two small‐scale populations in hot‐humid and hot‐arid environments
Authors: Bethancourt Hilary J. , Swanson Zane S. , Nzunza Rosemary , Huanca Tomas , Conde Esther , Kenney W. Larry , Young Sera L. , Ndiema Emmanuel , Braun David , Pontzer Herman , Rosinger Asher Y. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis study compared the prevalence of concentrated urine (urine specific gravity ≥1.021), an indicator of hypohydration, across Tsimane' hunter‐forager‐horticulturalists living in hot‐humid lowland Bolivia and Daasanach agropastoralists living in hot‐arid Northern Kenya. It tested the hypotheses that household water and food insecurity would be associated with higher odds of hypohydration.MethodsThis study collected spot urine samples and corresponding weather data along with data on household water and food insecurity, demographics, and health characteristics among 266 Tsimane' households (N = 224 men, 235 women, 219 children) and 136 Daasanach households (N = 107 men, 120 women, 102 children).ResultsThe prevalence of hypohydration among Tsimane' men (50.0%) and women (54.0%) was substantially higher (P < .001) than for Daasanach men (15.9%) and women (17.5%); the prevalence of hypohydration among Tsimane' (37.0%) and Daasanach (31.4%) children was not significantly different (P = .33). Multiple logistic regression models suggested positive but not statistically significant trends between household water insecurity and odds of hypohydration within populations, yet some significant joint effects of water and food insecurity were observed. Heat index (2°C) was associated with a 23% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.09‐1.40, P = .001), 34% (95% CI: 1.18‐1.53, P < .0005), and 23% (95% CI: 1.04‐1.44, P = .01) higher odds of hypohydration among Tsimane' men, women, and children, respectively, and a 48% (95% CI: 1.02‐2.15, P = .04) increase in the odds among Daasanach women. Lactation status was also associated with hypohydration among Tsimane' women (odds ratio = 3.35, 95% CI: 1.62‐6.95, P = .001).ConclusionThese results suggest that heat stress and reproductive status may have a greater impact on hydration status than water insecurity across diverse ecological contexts.