bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
10. Les essais randomisés en grappe
Authors: Dumont Alexandre 
Published: July 2020

Les essais contrôlés randomisés en grappe permettent d’évaluer l’impact des interventions en santé avec un niveau de preuve très élevé. Si les essais randomisés en grappes offrent plusieurs avantages dans les pays à faibles ressources par rapport aux essais individuels, ils présentent quelques défis méthodologiques qui tiennent au fait que l’unité d’analyse est différente de l’unité de randomisation ou d’intervention. Ces défis tant sur le plan de la mise en œuvre de l’intervention que de l’analyse statistique sont présentés à partir d’une expérience réalisée au Mali et au Sénégal (essai QUARITE) pour réduire la mortalité maternelle et néonatale hospitalière. Nous verrons comment l’approche « différence des différences » permet de mesurer l’effet l’intervention tout en tenant compte de l’effet du temps qui joue souvent favorablement sur les indicateurs de santé en dehors de toute intervention extérieure. Les modèles statistiques appropriés sont présentés pour pouvoir ajuster l’effet de l’intervention sur les différences qui existent entre les groupes expérimentaux avant le démarrage du programme à tester et sur l’effet de groupe propre aux essais en grappe.
17. L’évaluation réaliste
Authors: Dossou Jean-Paul , Marchal Bruno 
Published: July 2020

L’évaluation réaliste (ER) explicite les mécanismes causaux des résultats d’une intervention dans différents contextes. En s’appuyant sur l’évaluation de la mise en œuvre d’une politique de santé en Afrique de l’Ouest, ce chapitre illustre les différentes étapes du cycle de l’ER. À la première étape, les questions de recherche sont formulées. La valeur ajoutée de l’approche de l’ER est optimale sur des questions de type « Pourquoi ? Comment ? Pour qui ? et dans quels contextes une intervention marche ou non ? ». La seconde étape est la formulation de la théorie de programme initiale qui dépend de la nature de l’intervention, les objectifs d’évaluation, la nature des produits prioritaires attendus de l’évaluation, les ressources disponibles et la familiarité de l’évaluateur avec l’objet d’évaluation. La collecte des données peut se baser sur une forme particulière d’entretien qualitatif appelé « entretien réaliste ». En pratique, la collecte de données doit s’adapter aux informateurs clés, à leurs perceptions et attentes vis-à-vis des évaluateurs et évaluatrices pour éviter la tendance à la confirmation systématique de la théorie de l’évaluateur par les interviewés. L’analyste réaliste identifie activement les configurations « Intervention-Contexte-Acteur-Mécanisme-Résultat ». En pratique le raisonnement par rétroduction est utilisé pour expliciter les mécanismes. Un tableau permettant de suivre les changements apportés à la théorie de programme initiale facilite la dernière étape de la synthèse et du rapport de l’ER.
On the number of linearly independent admissible solutions to linear differential and linear difference equations
Authors: Heittokangas Janne , Yu Hui , Zemirni Mohamed Amine 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA classical theorem of Frei states that if
$A_p$
is the last transcendental function in the sequence

$A_0,\ldots ,A_{n-1}$
of entire functions, then each solution base of the differential equation

$f^{(n)}+A_{n-1}f^{(n-1)}+\cdots +A_{1}f'+A_{0}f=0$
contains at least

$n-p$
entire functions of infinite order. Here, the transcendental coefficient

$A_p$
dominates the growth of the polynomial coefficients

$A_{p+1},\ldots ,A_{n-1}$
. By expressing the dominance of

$A_p$
in different ways and allowing the coefficients

$A_{p+1},\ldots ,A_{n-1}$
to be transcendental, we show that the conclusion of Frei’s theorem still holds along with an additional estimation on the asymptotic lower bound for the growth of solutions. At times, these new refined results give a larger number of linearly independent solutions of infinite order than the original theorem of Frei. For such solutions, we show that

$0$
is the only possible finite deficient value. Previously, this property has been known to hold for so-called admissible solutions and is commonly cited as Wittich’s theorem. Analogous results are discussed for linear differential equations in the unit disc, as well as for complex difference and complex q-difference equations.
POTENSI PEWARNA ALAMI TEKSTIL DI KEBUN RAYA SRIWIJAYA (STUDI PENGARUH AIR GAMBUT TERHADAP KECERAHAN WARNA DARI TUMBUHAN BEGONIA (BEGONIA SP.) DAN SEDUDUK (MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM L.))
Authors: Maryani Sri , Komalasari Oom , Rahayu Niken Probowati Nur , Suswara Tri Novayanti 
Published: July 2020

Sumber pewarna alami yang saat ini sedang menjadi pilihan menarik didunia tekstil mendorong berbagai pihak untuk mencari dan mengembangkan berbagai tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai sumber pewarna alami di berbagai daerah, termasuk di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan yang kaya dengan beragam jenis tanamannya, baik lahan kering maupun lahan basah. Kebun Raya Sriwijaya sebagai salah satu wilayah di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan yang menyimpan beragam jenis tanaman juga memiliki potensi sumber pewarna alam yaitu Begonia (Begonia Sp) dan seduduk (Melastoma malabathricum L.). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitan eksperimen yang dilakukan pada bulan Januari-Mei 2020. Dari observasi hasil penggunaan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kecerahan warna yang dihasilkan terhadap kain dapat diperoleh dengan penggunaan air mineral, sementara untuk menghasilkan warna yang lebih gelap dapat digunakan air gambut. Jenis zat pengikat yang digunakan juga dapat mempengaruhi kenampakan warna yang dihasilkan sehingga dapat menambah keragaman warna berbahan alami. Ke depannya uji kandungan senyawa kimia dari warna yang dihasilkan sangat diperlukan sehingga dapat dikembangkan sebagai pewarna alami dalam dunia industri tekstil.
Challenges for Federalism in Pakistan, Post Musharraf Era
Authors: Ali Ghulam , Musarrat Razia 
Published: July 2020

Federalism is a form of government that solves the challenges of diversity of a state. Many ethnic groups resides in Pakistan .Baluchistan is the biggest province having smallest number of population of the state ,Punjab the dominant province in terms of population and size has further divisions on linguistic and territorial grounds. Small provinces always raised their voices against the unjust sharing of resources, administrative posts and political positions. The study reveals that mostly resources and political and administrative positions are shared by the two dominant provinces, Punjab and Sindh and other federating units and regions are usually deprived from these prestigious positions that is causing unrest in those regions which is very harmful for the integration of the state. Post Musharraf era in Pakistan is witnessing a continuity of democratic regimes in the state and democratic government of Yousaf Raza Gailani shared maximum powers to the provinces in the form of 18th Amendment but still state of Pakistan has to do a lot more for solving the issues of the provinces.
Measurement of Stock Market Crisis & its Dimensions: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Khan Mehwish Aziz , Ahmad Eatzaz 
Published: July 2020

This study explores the history of stock market crisis in the emerging market of Pakistan from different perspectives over the period July-1997 to December-2016. To identify and measure the timing of crises occurrence and their various dimensions (magnitude of crisis, days to recovery, duration of crisis, depth of crisis, size of crisis, etc.), CMAX methodology is employed. Thus, the study adds to existing literature by studying the Pakistani market in this regard and also proposing a method to quantify the intensity of crisis (within CMAX framework). The results indicate that the two major crises of 1997-2002 and 2008-2012 are found to coincide with a number of major financial, economic and political crises in Pakistan and around the world.
Determinants of Terrorism and Its Impact on Economic Growth: A Panel Study of South Asian Region
Authors: Saddiqa Maria , Parveen Shabana , Ali Sher , Ahmed Waqas 
Published: July 2020

The objective of the study is to examine the key determinants of Terrorism and its Impact on Economic Growth in case of South Asian Region. Panel data is used for the period of 1985-2018 for selected south Asian countries. Terrorism affected adversely most of the world’s regions since the start of the 1980s. The main issues which are faced by these countries are related to political or economic aspects like poverty, inflation, unemployment and repression. In present study we used the role of macroeconomic factors of terrorism. The study comprised of balance panel data and employed Fixed Effect Model to analyze the determinants of terrorism in such a way that characteristics of each country can be taken into account. The findings of the study suggest that higher literacy rate determines terrorism, as confirmed by many studies, because the more people are educated the more knowledge they may have for making plans or strategies similarly, unemployment is not leading terrorism showing that more the people involved in terrorism are employed or experienced. A terrorist act destroys the infrastructure; people are afraid to move for their work in a terrorized society these results in low production and makes demand greater than supply consequently high inflation rate so economy has to pay higher economic cost in any form.
Socio-Economic and Demographic Factors of Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan: A Case Study of Southern Punjab
Authors: Ahmad Rashid , Faridi Muhammad Zahir 
Published: July 2020

This study aims to explore the socio-economic and demographic determinants of poverty in Southern Punjab by using the cross sectional data consisting of 785 household heads. Binary logistic regression and ordinary least square method are used for estimation. The findings exhibit that the variables like family system, household size, presence of disease and status of employment of household head are positively and significantly related to poverty whereas household head age, rural-to-urban migration, years of schooling, number of earners, women status of work, remittances, the physical assets value and ownership of house significantly and negatively influence the likelihood of poverty and positively influence the per capita income of the households in Southern Punjab. The study also provides the comparison of regional and division level. It is concluded that DG Khan division is the poorest among all the divisions of the southern Punjab. In DG Khan Division, the households have less education, high dependency ratio. In rural areas of southern Punjab, there is more poverty as compare to urban areas. The rural poverty is due to many factors like high dependency rate, lower level of education, adoption of profession, lower per capita income, dissaving. It is suggested that education should be promoted, employment opportunity should be provided so that dependency rate may be reduced, rural areas should be restructured by provision of basic necessities of life.
Relationship Between Science Classroom Psychosocial Learning Environment and Secondary School Students’ Motivation
Authors: Ullah Samee , Sarfraz Beena 
Published: July 2020

The learning environment of a classroom plays an integral role in students’ life. If a student’s surrounding environment is good then they perform well in studies. Learning environments are of different types like physical environment, social environment, psychological environment, instructional environment and psychosocial environment. Among these, Psychosocial learning environment is very important. It not only encourages the science learners to learn new things but also enhances their motivation for science learning. The aim of this study is to investigate of relationship between science classroom psychosocial learning environment and secondary school students ‘motivation. The research design used is descriptive and quantitative in nature. Population of the study consisted of 10th grade Secondary School Students’ who enrolled in all the campuses of District public school Okara during academic session 2016-2018.The total numbers of students were 1146.The random sampling technique was used to select the sample. Two Questionnaires were used to collect the data about the perceptions of students for psychosocial environment and motivation. Collected data were tabulated in SPSS (version24) and then analyzed by using one sample t-test, and two way between groups analysis of variance (Two-way ANOVA). Significant difference between science classroom psychosocial learning environment and secondary school students’ motivation in science classes was found for Student Cohesiveness, Teacher Support, Involvement, and Equity.
Thanks for helping me find my enthusiasm for physics! The lasting impacts research in schools projects can have on students, teachers, and schools
Authors: Archer Martin O. , DeWitt Jennifer 
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Using 6 years of evaluation data we assess the medium- and long-term impacts upon a diverse range of students, teachers, and schools from participating in a programme of protracted university-mentored projects based in cutting-edge space science, astronomy, and particle physics research. After having completed their 6-month-long projects, the 14–18 year-old school students report having substantially increased in confidence relating to relevant scientific topics and methods as well as having developed numerous skills, outcomes which are corroborated by teachers. There is evidence that the projects helped increase students' aspirations towards physics, whereas science aspirations (generally high to begin with) were typically maintained or confirmed through their involvement. Longitudinal evaluation 3 years later has revealed that these projects have been lasting experiences for students which they have benefited and drawn upon in their subsequent university education. Data on students' destinations suggests that their involvement in research projects has made them more likely to undertake physics and STEM degrees than would otherwise be expected. Cases of co-created novel physics research resulting from PRiSE also has seemed to have a powerful effect, not only on the student co-authors but participating students from other schools also. Teachers have also been positively affected through participating, with the programme having influenced their own knowledge, skills, and pedagogy, as well as having advantageous effects felt across their wider schools. These impacts suggest that similar research in schools initiatives may have a role to play in aiding the increased uptake and diversity of physics and/or STEM in higher education as well as meaningfully enhancing the STEM environment within schools.
A Fast-Response Automated Gas Equilibrator (FaRAGE) for continuous in situ measurement of CH4 and CO2 dissolved in water
Authors: Xiao Shangbin , Liu Liu , Wang Wei , Lorke Andreas , Woodhouse Jason , Grossart Hans-Peter 
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Biogenic greenhouse gas emissions, e.g., of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from inland waters, contribute substantially to global warming. In aquatic systems, dissolved greenhouse gases are highly heterogeneous in both space and time. To better understand the biological and physical processes that affect sources and sinks of both CH4 and CO2, their dissolved concentrations need to be measured with high spatial and temporal resolution. To achieve this goal, we developed the Fast-Response Automated Gas Equilibrator (FaRAGE) for real-time in situ measurement of dissolved CH4 and CO2 concentrations at the water surface and in the water column. FaRAGE can achieve an exceptionally short response time
(t95 %=12 s when including the response time of the gas analyzer)
while retaining an equilibration ratio of 62.6 % and a measurement
accuracy of 0.5 % for CH4. A similar performance was observed for dissolved CO2 (t95 %=10 s, equilibration ratio 67.1 %). An equilibration ratio as high as 91.8 % can be reached at the cost of a slightly increased response time (16 s). The FaRAGE is capable of continuously measuring dissolved CO2 and CH4 concentrations in the nM-to-sub mM (10−9–10−3 mol L−1) range with a detection limit of sub-nM (10−10 mol L−1), when coupling with a cavity ring-down greenhouse gas analyzer (Picarro GasScouter). FaRAGE allows for the possibility of mapping dissolved concentration in a “quasi” three-dimensional manner in lakes and provides an inexpensive alternative to other commercial gas equilibrators. It is simple to operate and suitable for continuous monitoring with a strong tolerance for suspended particles. While the FaRAGE is developed for inland waters, it can be also applied to ocean waters by tuning the gas–water mixing ratio. The FaRAGE is easily adapted to suit other gas analyzers expanding the range of potential applications, including nitrous oxide and isotopic composition of the gases.
A Technical Note, Looback Options: a comparison between Monte Carlo Techniques
Authors: González A. Marcelo , Parisi F. Antonio , Rodríguez P. Arturo 
Published: July 2020

Looback options are path dependent contingent claims whose payoffs depend on the extrema of the underlying asset price over a certain time interval. In this note we compare the performance of two Monte Carlo techniques to price lookback options, a crude Monte Carlo estimator and Antithetic variate estimator. We find that the Antithetic estimator performs better under a variety of
performance measures.
Relación de la alimentación y el desarrollo de enfermedades en prematuros
Authors: Salinas de Romero Ruth Elizabeth , Erazo Sánchez Astrid Leticia 
Published: July 2020

Resumen
Introducción. El uso de sucedáneos de leche materna se asocia a un mayor riesgo de presentar enfermedades respiratorias, diarreicas y peso inadecuado; además, provoca complicaciones a corto y largo plazo en la salud del lactante. Objetivo. Evaluar la relación de la alimentación con el desarrollo de enfermedades en prematuros atendidos en la red de salud del Sistema Básico de Salud Integral del departamento de La Libertad. Metodología. Estudio cuantitativo con diseño de casos y controles. La muestra fue de 64 casos y 64 controles, siendo los casos niños que recibieron fórmula, y los controles niños con lactancia materna exclusiva hasta los 6 meses de edad corregida. Resultados. Se encontró un OR de 2.435 (IC95% 1.197 – 4.958) para resfriado común; OR de 4.081 (IC95% 1.506 – 11.061) para neumonía; OR de 1.623 (IC95% 0.734 – 3.592) para diarrea; OR de 1.306 (IC95% 0.637 – 2.677) para peso inadecuado a los 6 meses de edad corregida y OR de 1.567 (IC95% 0.678 – 3.622) para peso inadecuado al año de edad corregida, siendo no significativos estos 3 últimos datos. Conclusiones. Los niños alimentados con sucedáneos de la leche materna presentan un riesgo mayor de padecer neumonía y resfriado común en comparación con los prematuros que recibieron lactancia exclusiva hasta los 6 meses de edad corregida. El riesgo de presentar diarreas y peso inadecuado no fue significativo; sin embargo, desde el punto de vista clínico, sí ejerce un impacto negativo la alimentación con sucedáneos sobre las diarreas y el incremento de peso.
e significativo.
Localization, Isomorphisms and Adjoint Isomorphism in the Category Comp(A - Mod)
Authors: Dembele Bassirou , Maaouia Mohamed Ben Faraj Ben , Sanghare Mamadou 
Published: July 2020

A and B are considered to be non necessarily commutative rings and X a complex of (A - B) bimodules. The aim of this
paper is to show that:

The functors \overline{EXT}^n_{Comp(A-Mod)}(X,-): Comp(A-Mod) \longrightarrow Comp(B-Mod) and Tor_n^{Comp(B-Mod)}(X,-): Comp(B-Mod) \longrightarrow Comp(A-Mod) are adjoint functors.
The&nbsp; functor S_C^{-1}() commute with&nbsp; the functors X\bigotimes - , Hom^{\bullet}(X,-) and their corresponding derived functors&nbsp; \overline{EXT}^n_{Comp(A-Mod)}(X,-) and&nbsp; Tor_n^{Comp(B-Mod)}(X,-).
Existence of solutions for a class of $p(x)$-curl systems arising in electromagnetism without (A-R) type conditions
Authors: Chung Nguyen Thanh 
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we study the existence and multiplicity of solutions for a class of of $p(x)$-curl systems arising in electromagnetism. Under suitable conditions on the nonlinearities which do not satisfy Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz type conditions, we obtain some existence and multiplicity results for the problem by using the mountain pass theorem and fountain theorem. Our main results in this paper complement and extend some earlier ones concerning the $p(x)$-curl operator in [4, 15].
Evaluation of Positive B- and T-Cell Gene Rearrangement Studies in Patients With Negative Morphology, Flow Cytometry, and Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Mendoza Hadrian , Tormey Christopher A. , Siddon Alexa J. 
Published: July 2020

Context.—
The significance of positive immunoglobulin (IG) or T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement studies in the context of otherwise normal ancillary findings is unknown.

Objective.—
To examine long-term hematologic outcomes of individuals with positive gene rearrangement studies with otherwise unremarkable blood or bone marrow studies in parallel.

Design.—
Data from patients who underwent IG or TCR gene rearrangement testing at the authors' affiliated Veterans Affairs Hospital January 1, 2013 to July 6, 2018 were extracted from medical records. Date of testing, specimen source, and morphologic, flow cytometric, immunohistochemical, and cytogenetic characterization of the tissue source were recorded. Gene rearrangement results were categorized as test positive/phenotype positive (T+/P+), test positive/phenotype negative (T+/P−), test negative/phenotype negative (T−/P−), or test negative/phenotype positive (T−/P+) based on comparison to other studies and/or final diagnosis. Patient records were reviewed for subsequent diagnosis of hematologic malignancy for patients with positive gene rearrangements but no other evidence for a disease process.

Results.—
A total of 136 patients with 203 gene rearrangement studies were analyzed. For TCR studies, there were 2 T+/P− and 1 T−/P+ results in 47 peripheral blood assays, as well as 7 T+/P− and 1 T−/P+ results in 54 bone marrow assays. Regarding IG studies, 3 T+/P− and 12 T−/P+ results in 99 bone marrow studies were identified. None of the 12 patients with T+/P− TCR or IG gene rearrangement studies later developed a lymphoproliferative disorder.

Conclusions.—
Positive IG/TCR gene rearrangement studies in the context of otherwise negative bone marrow or peripheral blood findings are not predictive of lymphoproliferative disorders.
RESEÑA. MOVILIDADES, TRAYECTORIAS VITALES Y SOSTENIBILIDAD RURAL
Authors: Espí Verdú Lidia 
Published: July 2020

Resumen. Esta obra reivindica que no se puede hablar del mundo rural como un sistema cerrado o autárquico, ya que la globalización ha permitido entenderlo como un sistema abierto donde las movilidades actuales que se dan en el entorno, potencian las conexiones entre lo urbano y lo rural, una relación cada vez menos uniforme y más acordada. Estas relaciones de movilidad son mucho más que un proceso existente en el territorio, son un hecho que ha potenciado el cambio de la ruralidad y que poseen gran importancia.

Palabras clave: movilidades, sostenibilidad, espacios rurales, São Jacinto (Aveiro, Portugal), Gran Vega de Sevilla, montaña pirenaica navarra.