bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on adaptive thermal comfort of personnel in residential buildings based on tracking test
Authors: Cai Qicong , Li Baizhan , Ming Ru 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
most of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river in China are hot in summer and cold in winter. In order to study the adaptive thermal comfort of indoor personnel in residential buildings in these areas, a tracking test was conducted on 10 free-running residential buildings in Chongqing from July 2017 to August 2018 through a combination of field test and questionnaire survey. Through the study, in this area, occupants’ evaluations of thermal environment were summarized and analyzed, the relationship between activity level, Clothing insulation and air temperature was established, the thermal neutral temperature and acceptable temperature range in summer and winter were obtained, and the characteristics of adaptive thermal comfort of people in free-running residential buildings were revealed, which provided a reference for improving the thermal environment of residential buildings in the area with hot summer and cold winter in the Yangtze river basin.
Benchmarking thermal performance of buildings and identifying preferred thermal conditions with highly deployable IoT devices
Authors: Kokogiannakis G , Lin W , Fiorentini M , Ledo Gomis L , Cooper P , Hoskins E , Elgood T 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Low cost, network-based, pervasive sensing devices that capture a range of indoor environmental parameters were successfully developed and deployed in two large mechanically ventilated buildings in Sydney and in Wollongong in Australia. The devices could provide information over the internet for the indoor environment of the buildings at high spatial and temporal resolutions and could also capture occupant expressions of preferences for the indoor thermal environment. The paper describes findings from the monitoring data and the real-time occupant responses that were collected between March/2017 and October/2018. The analysis includes records from approximately 1450 real-time expressions of thermal preferences from the occupants of the two buildings and more than 5.5 million time stamp rows that contained sets of indoor environmental quality data. The paper demonstrates a low-cost method for benchmarking buildings with each other and providing the means of communicating the often-unknown occupant requirements to facility managers.
VOC concentrations in healing environments: a protocol for monitoring activities in inpatient wards and its application on some case studies
Authors: Settimo G , Gola M , Capolongo S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Introduction. IAQ is one the main topic in which governments are focusing. In architectures for health, several researches are reporting a growing number of data analysis and research works in order to improve users’ health. Nowadays many studies are related to biological and physical risks otherwise chemical ones are less investigated. It determinates the need of guideline values for hospitals because the current scenario lacks of specific norms. Methods. A research group has started a monitoring of IAQ in inpatient rooms, giving rise to a protocol supported by ISO 16000 and international guidelines. The analysis examines VOCs, and the influence of thermos-hygrometric, ventilation and concentration of pollutants’ conditions. Results. The application of the protocol on some inpatient rooms permitted to verify the monitoring feasibility. Each investigation (12 weeks per year) considered all the activities, users and processes that affect IAQ, as well as room configuration. Although data analysis reports quite adequate values, several design and management activities affect the performances and VOC values, especially related to Benzene, Carbon Dioxide, and Formaldehyde. Conclusion. The analysis is expanding to several hospitals. Although the main goal is to reduce the concentration levels, the aim is to define limit values for VOCs, for guaranteeing healthy healing spaces.
Performance investigation of ground source heat exchanger with desiccant-based hybrid cooling system in humid climate
Authors: Heidarinejad Ghassem , Berardi Umberto , Rayegan Saeed 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A desiccant-based hybrid cooling is among the most cost-effective air conditioning systems. The main purpose of this paper is the assessment of the potential of ground-assisted direct evaporative cooler together with a desiccant evaporative cooling cycle integrated with a ground source renewable energy for the pre-cooler process. Simulation results obtained using the TRNSYS software are compared with experimental data. The simulation of the mentioned systems are conducted in Bari (south of Italy), Palermo (south of Italy) and Ramsar (north of Iran) for the humid-mild climate of July. Assuming the low regeneration temperature (Treg) for the desiccant wheel is one of the highlights of this paper. Utilizing ground source heat exchanger (GSHE) will result in increase of the system potential in providing thermal comfort. The average thermal comfort achieves in Bari, Palermo and Ramsar in 95.72%, 93.94% and 93.15% of the time from 6 AM to 6 PM in July with utilizing the combination of GSHE and desiccant cooling system. The COP of this cycle is highly dependent on the Treg, and varies in the range of 0.35-0.53, 0.34-0.6 and 0.34-0.52 for the maximum Treg of 50 °C in Bari, Palermo and Ramsar, respectively.
Pipe sizing based on domestic hot water consumption in Norwegian hotels, nursing homes, and apartment buildings
Authors: Stråby Karolina , Taxt Walnum Harald , Lekang Sørensen Åse 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Sizing of domestic hot water pipes are to a large extent based on calculations of peak flow rate according to current guidelines. This article compares detailed field measurements of peak flow rates in Norwegian hotels, nursing homes and apartment buildings with calculated values according to Norwegian NS 3055, German DIN 1988-300 and European EN 806-3 code of practice. Results indicate that existing guidelines overestimate the peak flow rate by a factor of 1.2– 2.6, depending on type of building and which standard the calculations are based on. In most cases, this also resulted in oversizing the pipes. Calculations according to NS 3055 are closest to the field measurements, on average overestimating the peak flow rate by a factor of 1.6. To analyze the effect of different measurement intervals, the measured peak flow rate is also calculated as a moving average for different time steps (t). Compared to using an interval of 2 s, averaging the data over 10 s would underestimate the peak flow rate by a factor of 0.80– 1.0. Using a 30 s interval would underestimate the peak flow rate by 0.67– 0.94.
Method identifying oversizing of mechanical ventilation systems in office buildings using airflow and electrical power measurements
Authors: Khan D S , Kolarik J , Hviid C A , Weitzmann P 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning engineers face high demands from their clients to deliver reliable, optimized solutions that perform acceptably in terms of energy use and provided comfort. However, time and resources are scarce to deliver an optimized solution. To ensure that the solution works under most operation scenarios, the design is typically based on a combination of conservative rules-of-thumb, general guidelines and a large safety factor. The consequences are building service systems designed for operating conditions that never or very rarely occur leading to oversized systems. The objective of this paper was to propose a method for identifying oversized air-handling units with variable speed drives. It was demonstrated on a case study including six air-handling units in an office building. The method was able to determine that the air-handling units were not grossly oversized or undersized by comparing the measured airflow and SFP from the part- and full-load operation to the design airflow and SFP. However, the method should be extended to include additional performance criterion such as indoor climate and thermal efficiency to be able to conclusively confirm the size of the units.
Analysis of the energy and thermal performance of a radiant cooling panel system with integrated phase change materials in very hot and humid conditions
Authors: Gallardo Andres , Berardi Umberto 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study evaluates the energy and thermal performance of a radiant cooling panel system with integrated phase change materials (PCMs) for application in building retrofit projects. The focus is on the energy saving potential of using two different strategies to avoid condensation in very hot and humid climate conditions. The cooling energy consumption of a DOE medium office prototype building model with a conventional all-air system is used as a baseline for comparing the proposed configurations. The results show that the radiant system yielded energy savings of around 48% compared to the all-air system for existing office buildings. Results also show that the proposed system is able to operate only during the night-time, which improves the plant efficiency. Thus, the energy savings are mainly due to a reduction in the energy consumption of the cold generation system and lower energy use for ventilation compared with conventional air systems.
Smart use of mechanical ventilation for energy retrofit of residential dwellings
Authors: Pedrazzi S , Ferrari C , Allesina G , Muscio A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Residential buildings of Italy built during the last century usually show very poor energy performance. The only retrofit action widely implemented on their envelope is substitution of windows. These are very seldom coupled with mechanical ventilation, however, so their high air tightness induces serious problems of moisture condensation and mold formation – unless they are left open and their usefulness nullified. In this work, a smart combination is simulated of single flow mechanical ventilation, in itself essential to control indoor air quality and ventilation heat loss, with a relatively inexpensive sunspace built on an existing balcony, aimed to behave as a preheating chamber of the inlet cold air in winter. Moreover, mechanical ventilation is combined with an electric heat pump for hot water production, in which the outlet air flow of warm exhaust air is introduced to improve the coefficient of performance of the heat pump in the cold seasons. Energy savings allowed by such smart yet simple combination of existing technologies are discussed.
A new air handling unit system for residential buildings: experiment and simulation-based analysis
Authors: Lazzarini Emanuele , Zarrella Angelo , Emmi Giuseppe , Biasin Enrico 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Energy saving in buildings is one of the main priorities of the last years. To reach this goal, the optimization of the building envelope and plant-systems with high energy performance are necessary. This work looks at the use of the air-handling unit based systems for heating and cooling of residential dwellings characterized by high thermal insulation level. A plant system based on a new concept of air-handling unit is analyzed by means of experimental analysis carried out in a real common apartment, named DemoLab and realised near Padova (Italy). This system provides both the heating and cooling thermal loads. The research outlines the analysis of the test measurements carried out in the laboratory, focusing on the profiles of air temperature, humidity and CO2 rate in several points and different rooms. As result, the analysis verified the control strategy implemented in the investigated plant system to improve the indoor environmental quality inside the building. Finally, the new system was also analysed in different climatic conditions by means of transient computer simulations implementing the current control strategies.
Investigation on the thermal performance of the diaphragm wall in deep buried engineering: a simulation study
Authors: Zeng Chao , Yuan Yanping , haghighat Fariborz , Cao Xiaoling , Xiang Bo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Ground source heat pump technology is widely used in buildings’ to meet the cooling and heating demand. As a special form of the buried pipe, diaphragm wall has received increasing interests due to high energy-efficiency and relatively low costs. Previous studies investigated the thermal behavior of diaphragm wall in underground tunnels or underground parking while very few studies were carried out on deep-buried engineering with the air-conditioned adjacent indoor environment. In this study, the effects of buried pipes on the heat transfer regulation of the diaphragm wall and the indoor load are analyzed. Simulation results indicated that average energy exchange through the pipe in the diaphragm wall is 78.1% compared with that of the conventional buried pipe for the ground heat pump. The heat exchange capacity of the buried pipe in the diaphragm wall in intermittent mode is 1.2 times of that in the non-intermittent mode in 14h. For the underground engineering boundary with pipes buried in the concrete layer, heat transfer through the inner surface reduced 3.8W/m2, which would consequently add to the indoor cooling load. In order to reduce the heat transfer back to the indoor environment through the inner surface, insulation of the diaphragm wall are analyzed. This study can provide a reference for the analysis of the feasibility and application of diaphragm wall in deep-buried engineering.
Simulation and control of radiant floor cooling systems: intermittent operation and weather-forecast-based predictive controls
Authors: Zhang Linfang , Li Hao , Liu Jiying , Kim Moon Keun , Zhang Linhua 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
There has been great interest in the radiant floor cooling system over the past decades due to its great potential for energy conservation and load shifting, and the improvement of indoor thermal comfort. However, as a thermally activated building system, its performance is highly related to the building enclosure thermal mass through heat exchange with the outdoor environment, and therefore, its operation is challenged by control strategies. Because of the shift characteristic of the cooling load during the day and variable weather conditions, realistic operation will increase the park load if neglecting the predictive scheme. This study proposes two control strategies, intermittent operation and weather-forecast-based predictive controls, which were applied and simulated in a real demonstration office building located in Jinan, China. Displacement ventilation (DV) was used to maintain the requirement of fresh air and shifting of peak load. The TRNSYS program was utilized for the analysis of energy saving potential and optimization of the control settings. The results show that weather-forecast-based predictive control can improve indoor comfort. Intermittent operation during the day had no significant effect on the indoor temperature fluctuation due to the response period, while it decreased energy use by 3.3% to 7.5% when the system was turned off in advance. In summary, the combination of intermittent operation and weather-forecast-based predictive controls can better guide the operation of radiant floor cooling systems and will reduce energy use in the building sector.
Reinforcement learning control for indoor comfort: a survey
Authors: May Ross , Zhang Xingxing , Wu Jinshun , Han Mengjie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Building control systems are prone to fail in complex and dynamic environments. The reinforcement learning (RL) method is becoming more and more attractive in automatic control. The success of the reinforcement learning method in many artificial intelligence applications has resulted in an open question on how to implement the method in building control systems. This paper therefore conducts a comprehensive review of the RL methods applied in control systems for indoor comfort and environment. The empirical applications of RL-based control systems are then presented, depending on optimisation objectives and the measurement of energy use. This paper illustrates the class of algorithms and implementation details regarding how the value functions have been represented and how the policies are improved. This paper is expected to clarify the feasible theory and functions of RL for building control systems, which would promote their wider-spread application and thus contribute to the social economic benefits in the energy and built environments.
Dynamic heat transfer analysis on hwangtoh with PCM/eco-material for improving thermal inertia
Authors: Wi Seunghwan , Yang Sungwoong , Lee Jongki , Yun Beom Yeol , Park Ji Hun , Kim Sumin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The use of a latent-heat storage composite system for which phase-change materials (PCMs) are used is an effective way of storing thermal energy, and it has the advantages of a high energy-storage density and the isothermal nature of the storage process. Therefore, latent heat storage is considered to be the most effective way to use PCM to charge or discharge thermal energy as latent heat during the phase change period. However, the application of PCMs is difficult in a variety of fields due to their phase instability in the liquid state, and PCMs therefore need shape stabilization. To solve this problem, some investigators have studied the possibility of using a container that can prevent the leaking of liquid from PCMs by using a shape-stabilized PCM (SSPCM), a microencapsulated PCM (MPCM), or incorporated PCM techniques. The SSPCM was prepared by eco-material which are perlite and vermiculite. The selected PCM was n-octadecane, belongs to organic PCM. The thermal properties of the PCM, such as their melting and freezing temperatures and latent heat capacities, were measured using differential scanning calorimetry. The melting and freezing temperatures were measured by drawing a line at the point of maximum slope of the leading edge of the peak, and extrapolating to the base line. The latent heat capacities of the PCM were determined by numerical integration of the area under the peaks that represent the solid–solid and solid–liquid phase transitions. The thermal conductivities of the PCM and hwangtoh composite panels were measured by TCi thermal conductivity analyzer. The TCi developed by C-Therm Technologies Ltd. is a device for conveniently measuring the thermal conductivity of a small sample, by using the Modified Transient Plane Source (MTPS) method.
Cementitious plasters for façade finishing with phase change materials and thermochromic pigments
Authors: Shahrzad Soudian , Umberto Berardi 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Exterior building surfaces are exposed to considerable thermal stresses and UV radiations that significantly reduce their durability. Additionally, solar and thermal energy affect energy transfer through the building envelope that impacts indoor comfort and energy demands. Thus, improving the performance of exterior finish materials in regulating exterior surface temperatures would impact the overall performance of buildings. The aim of this research is to develop a responsive cementitious finish plaster for building façade applications to act as a filter for variable solar and thermal loads. The proposed cement plaster is combined with phase change materials (PCMs) and thermochromic (TC) pigments to control solar radiation and surface temperatures dynamically on the exterior façade. This paper presents the prototype development and optical characterization of the prototypes. The objective is to investigate the interaction between different PCM and TC pigments in regulating surface temperatures. Three different melting temperatures for the PCMs were tested in consideration of two different colours of the TC paint. Twelve samples were produced with 2.5% mass fraction of PCM and TC pigment each. The emissivity of the samples was measured using infrared thermography. The results showed that a high emissivity in high temperatures and a low emissivity in colder temperatures could be achieved.
Investigating the impact of electrochromic glazing on energy performance in hot arid climate using parametric design
Authors: Lahmar Imene , Zemmouri Noureddine , Cannavale Alessandro , Martellotta Francesco 
Published: October 2019

AbstractOne of the most important functions for windows is to connect the interior space to the outside, as well as having a role in ventilation and natural lighting. However, as it is considered the weakest link in the building envelope, in terms of thermal insulation, designers in the areas with severe climatic factors, tend to minimize the window ratio, without taking into account the importance of the other functions, in providing the user’s comfort. This research aims to investigate the ability of electrochromic glazing to solve limited ratio problem and give designers more flexibility. A case study located in a hot and dry area was compared with several scenarios where electrochromic glazing was used in various ratios. Simulations were made using parametric design tools based on Rhinoceros and Grasshopper, which are among the most used software by designers. The study concluded that electrochromic glazing was useful in increasing the window-to-wall ratio and improving the building opening on the outside without having a negative impact on building energy performance.
Measurement data analysis for heat balance of air-conditioning system in actual office space
Authors: Tamaki Shogo , Horie Hayato , Ito Shinichi , Hamada Mamoru , Koyano Takehiro 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Research on net-zero energy buildings (nZEB), is currently increasing. To realize a ZEB, it is important to develop a control system for air conditioners and ventilators. This research aims to construct a simulator for office air conditioning to evaluate system control technology.
Generally, more than two air conditioning systems are installed in offices, and the cooling operations of each are influenced by the other system’s operation status. To realize a simulator that can capture this effect, we take into account the building envelope, fluid dynamics, and actual system controls. The cooling load and capacity from every source should be balanced in a steady state; thus, obtaining experimental data within a certain error is critical to simulate the power consumption of office cooling precisely.
The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the heat balance between the measured cooling load and cooling capacity evaluated from the change in a) inlet and outlet air enthalpy of the air conditioners, and b) enthalpy of the refrigerant.
A measurement in an actual office is carried out to study space cooling considering the building environment, office layout (e.g., desks), electricity consumption by computers and lighting, and cooling operation status of the air-conditioning systems. Temperature/humidity sensors, electric-power meters, and several other types of sensors are installed. The office is located on the top floor of a four-story building completed in 1997. The air-conditioning system consists of two VRF outdoor units with a cooling capacity of 28 kW, with six indoor units for perimeter and interior, respectively, and a total of 1600m3/h ventilation flow with the ventilator units.
Good heat balance is observed with errors within 10% between the measured cooling load and a), and 15% between measured cooling load and b).