bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency Stay Duration of Patients in Emergency Department of A Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Simkhada Prashant , Acharya Shradha , Lama Roshan , Dahal Sujata , Lohola Nita , Thapa Ashish 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Emergency department of a hospital is responsible for providing medical and surgical care to patients arriving at the hospital in need of immediate care. Emergency department is not staffed or equipped to provide prolonged care. Duration of stay in the Emergency department directly affects the quality of patient care. Longer length of stay is associated with Emergency department overcrowding, decline in patient care, increased mortality and decreased patients satisfaction. The main aim of this study is to find the mean stay duration of patients in the emergency department of a tertiary care hospital in Nepal.Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital from Jan 15,2019 to Jan 30, 2019. Ethical clearance was obtained from Kathmandu Medical College- Instutional Review Committee. The calculated sample size was 587. Consecutive sampling technique was used. The data thus obtained was entered in SPSS version 20 and necessary calculations were done.
Results: The mean emergency stay duration was obtained to be 3.18 hours at 95% confidence interval (C.I and standard deviation was 2.51 hours. Female had longer mean duration of stay (3.25 hours) compared to male (3.11 hours). The maximum length of stay was 15.3 hours. Most of the patients attending the emergency department were discharged right through the emergency department 398 ( 67.8%). Mean duration of stay was longest (5.06 hours) for the referral group.
Conclusions: The mean stay duration in Emergency Department of tertiary care hospital in Nepal is getting shorter compared to similar study done previously.
Pain and Oral Health Related Quality of LIfe among Patients Undergoing Fixed Orthodontic Treatment: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Poudel Prakash , Dahal Sirjana , Thapa Vivek Bikram 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Fixed orthodontic procedures such as separator placement, archwire placement andactivations, application of orthopaedic forces, and debonding of brackets produce pain in patients.This study was conducted to assess pain and oral health-related quality of life among patientsundergoing orthodontic treatment.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 152 orthodontic patients ofa teritary care center from January 2019 to October 2019 after receiving ethical approval from theInstitutional Review Committee (Ref. no. 2311201813). Convenience sampling method was done toselect the participants. Oral health-related quality of life using “Oral Health Impact Profile-14” andpain experienced during the first month of fixed orthodontic treatment were assessed. Data analysisfor calculation of frequency and proportion was done in Statistical Package of Social Sciences.
Results: Mean pain score of the study participants was 5.05±2.07 and their mean oral health impactwas 12.71±7.27. Most of the study participants 86 (56.58%), had experienced moderate pain due toorthodontic treatment. Out of the reported impacts, 134 (88.2%) had painful aching in mouth and 127(83.6%) had difficulty during eating. Least impact was seen in alteration of taste 35 (23%).
Conclusions: The pain intensity experienced by patients was variable. Most participants hadmoderate pain but few patients perceived no pain at all. The participants had at least one or otheroral health impacts due to fixed orthodontic treatment. Orthodontists should counsel the patientsregarding possible discomfort so that there is no discontinuation of treatment due to pain.
Sensitivity of Sinus Radiography Compared to Computed Tomogram: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study from Western Region of Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Manish Kiran , Ghartimagar Dilasma , Ghosh Arnab , Jhunjhunwala Adarsh Kumar 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Radiography of the paranasal sinuses is commonly used diagnostic modality. However,the trustworthiness of plain radiographic findings of paranasal sinuses is debatable. The intentionof this study was to weigh the diagnostic soundness of plain radiograph of the paranasal sinuses tothat of computed tomogram scan.
Methods: This is a descriptive cross sectional study carried out in 110 participants in Departmentof Radiology of Gandaki Medical College from November 2017 to April 2018. Ethical approval isobtained from Institution review board (Ref. No.39/074/075). Sample size was calculated takingconfidence level of 95%, expected prevalence of 14% and precision of 6.5% in population of 492098 inProvince 4 of Nepal. Random sampling method was used. Data was enter in Statistical Package forthe Social Sciences version 17 software and analysed.
Results: A total of 110 participants are included in this study of which 62 (56.4%) are females and48 (43.6%) are males with an overall mean age of 34.5 years. The commonly involved sinus wasmaxillary 56 (50.9%) followed by ethmoid 33 (30%) sinus. The overall sensitivity and specificity ofdetecting sinusitis by sinus radiography is higher for maxillary sinus (89.7% and 87%) followed byethmoid (69.7% and 96.1%) and frontal (61.5% and 96.9%) sinuses.
Conclusions: Sinus radiography is more sensitive for detecting pathologies in maxillary sinuses,while it is moderate for frontal, ethmoid sinuses and least for sphenoid sinuses. Diagnostic accuracyof computed tomogram scan is more, hence should be recommended to characterize the complexpathology and anatomy of the osteomeatal complex.
Morbidity of School Children in Panauti Municipality of Kavrepalanchowk: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Manandhar Naresh , Pathak Pratiksha , Lama Prasanna , Joshi Sunil Kumar 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: School health has been considered as a high priority intervention in developingcountries but it has not been prioritized in Nepal. The objectives of the study are to find out theprevalence of morbidity and nutritional status in school children.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a private school located at PanautiMunicipality of Kavrepalanchowk district for one week of November 2019. A convenient samplingtechnique was used. From a selected school, a total number of 356 students studying from Grade I toX were included in the study using. Confidence Interval at 95% was calculated along with frequencyand proportion for binary data using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software.
Results: Among 356 students, the most common three morbidities were dental caries 43 (18.1%),tonsillitis 26 (6.2 %), and headache 18 (7.1 %). Based on weight for age, 43 (23.9%) boys and 22 (12.5%)girls were underweight and 12 (6.7%) boys and 4 (2.7%) girls were overweight and 6 (2%) wereobese. Thus school health programs should give more emphasis on oral health, nutrition, personalhygiene, etc.
Conclusions: The health and nutritional status of school children in this study were found to besatisfactory compared to other studies. The present study emphasized oral health. The schoolhealth program is important in the school for the prevention of diseases like a parasitic infestation,improving personal hygiene, and nutritional status.
Preparedness for Coronavirus Disease in Hospitals of Nepal: A Nationwide Survey
Authors: Shrestha Gentle Sunder , Paneru Hem Raj , Acharya Subhash Prasad , Shrestha Sanjeet Krishna , Sigdel Mahesh Raj , Tiwari Sanjeeb , Yadav Bharat Kumar , Rijal Badri , Karki Lochan , Neupane Yogesh , Thapa Narmaya , Lakhey Sanjay 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Coronavirus disease pandemic has affected large number of peopleglobally and has continued to spread. Preparedness of individual nations and the hospitals isimportant to effectively deal with the surge of cases. We aimed to obtain nation wide data fromNepal, about hospital preparedness for COVID-19.
Methods: Online questionnaire was prepared in accordance with the Center for Disease Controlrecommendations to assess preparedness of hospitals for COVID-19. The questionnaire wascirculated to the over 800 doctors across the nation, who are the life members of six medical societies.
Results: We obtained 131 completed responses from all seven provinces. Majority of respondentshad anaesthesiology as the primary specialty. Only 52 (39.7%) participants mentioned that theirhospital had policy to receive suspected or proven cases with COVID-19. Presence of isolationward was mentioned by 83 (63.4%) respondents, with only 9 (6.9%)mentioning the presenceof airborne isolation. Supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) was inadequate as per 124(94.7%) respondents. Critical care services for COVID-19 patients were possible only in hospitals of42 (32.1%)respondents. RT-polymerase chain reaction could be performed only in the hospital of 6(4.6%) respondents.
Conclusions: It is apparent that most of the hospitals are not well prepared for management ofpatients with COVID-19. Resource allocation and policy making should be aimed to enhance nationalpreparedness for the pandemic.
Academic Stress among High School Students in a Rural Area of Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Gurung Minani , Chansatitporn Natkamol , Chamroonsawasdi Kanittha , Lapvongwatana Punyarat 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: The period of adolescence undergoes many physical and mental changes.Changing emotional and physical status along with increasing social, family, and academicpressure lead to various impairments in the mental health of adolescents. Academic failureleads to the suicide rate in adolescents, predominantly high during the declaration of examresults which is significantly high in a rural area in comparison with urban. The study examinedthe prevalence of academic stress among high school students in a rural area of Rolpa, Nepal.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 6 schools in Rolpa from July to October 2019. The sample size calculated was 521. A convenient sampling technique was used for this study.The target population was adolescents enrolled in high schools of Rolpa. Ethical approval was takenbefore data collection. The scale for assessing academic stress was used to find out the prevalence.A questionnaire was translated in local language and pre-testing was done in Nepal Police School,Sanga among 10% of the calculated sample size. Data entry was done in Statistical Package for theSocial Sciences version 18. Descriptive statistical analysis was done for prevalence calculation.
Results: Out of a total of 521 students, the prevalence of academic stress was seen among 138 (26.5%)students at a 95% confidence interval (22.72-30.28).
Conclusions: The prevalence of academic stress in our study was high and was consistent with otherSouth Asian studies. Understanding academic stress and providing help and support to the studentswould help ease the burden for them.
Prevalence of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Thapa Pukar , KC Sudhamshu , Hamal Achyut Bikram , Sharma Dilip , Khadka Sandip , Karki Niyanta , Jaishi Bikash , Tiwari Pratap Sagar , Vaidya Anshu , Karki Binod 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Acute kidney injury is a common and life-threatening event in patients with liver cirrhosis occurring in approximately 20-50% of hospitalized patients of liver cirrhosis. Pre-renal acute kidney injury, the hepatorenal syndrome type of acute kidney injury and acute tubular necrosis represent the common causes. The aim of this study was to study the profile of acute kidney injury in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Methods: Consecutive patients of liver cirrhosis admitted in Liver unit of Bir Hospital were studied to see the presence of acute kidney injury in this hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study. Clinical and laboratory parameters along with various clinical outcome were compared between different groups categorized by the severity of liver disease and renal dysfunction.
Results: Out of 302 liver cirrhosis patients, 56 (18.5%) had acute kidney injury among which 23 (46%) were found to have pre-renal acute kidney injury, 15 (30%) with hepatorenal syndrome– acute kidney injury and 12 (24%) with intrinsic renal disease. Patients with higher stages of acute kidney injury had longer duration of hospital stay and hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury was seen in patients with higher grade of ascites and with hyponatremia.
Conclusions: Acute kidney injury is a common occurrence in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis with pre-renal acute kidney injury being the commonest cause. Median hospital stay is directly affected by the severity of acute kidney injury and hepatorenal syndrome–acute kidney injury was seen in patients with higher grade of ascites and hyponatremia. Early identification of patients at high risk for acute kidney injury may help to reduce mortality and contain costs.
Abnormal Fetal Echocardiography in Diabetic Pregnant Women at a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Sharma Jyotshna , Tiwari Sanjeeb 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: The sedentary lifestyle of women and change in their food habits has a significantrole in developing diabetes in pregnancies. This leads to an increased chance of fetal cardiacabnormality born by a mother with gestational diabetes and pre-existing diabetes. The objectiveof the study is to find out the prevalence of abnormal fetal echocardiography in gestational andpre-existing diabetic pregnant women at a tertiary care hospital.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 104 diabetic pregnantwomen in a tertiary care hospital from April 15, 2017, to April 14, 2018. Ethical approvalwas obtained from the institutional review committee. The convenient sampling method wasused. The patients who were diagnosed as gestational diabetes and diabetic before pregnancywere included in the study. Fetal echocardiography was mainly done at a gestational age of22-32 weeks depending upon the time of diagnosis of gestational diabetes and for pre-diabeticwomen, fetal echocardiography was done at 24-26 weeks of gestation. Statistical analysis wasdone using the Statistical Package of the Social Sciences version 20.
Results: Among 104 patients, 16 (15.38%) patients had abnormal fetal echocardiography.Eighty-three (79.81%) were gestational diabetics, 21 (20.19%) were pre-existing diabeticwomen. Among 83 gestational diabetes, 7 (8.4%) had abnormal echo finding and among 21pre-existing diabetics, 9 (42.8%) had abnormal echo finding.
Conclusions: There was an increased chance of fetal cardiac malformation in gestational diabeticand pre-existing diabetics diabetic especially in an uncontrolled glycemic state. And, if theywere diagnosed prenatally, clinical outcomes for both mother and fetus would have been better.
Self-medication Practices among the Peri-urban Households of Two Communities of Dharan Sub-metropolitan city of Eastern Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Chapagain Kumud , Rauniyar Gajendra Prasad 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Self-medication practice is the use of medication without prescription of health care professionals. Drug resistance, drug side effects, wastage of resources, and serious health hazards including death are associated with self-medication. We conducted this study to find out the prevalence of self- medication among the peri-urban population of two randomly selected communities of Dharan, Nepal.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among people residing in two randomly selected wards of peri-urban areas of Dharan from November 2017 and April 2018 after obtaining ethical clearance (IRC/1030/017). A pretested, structured self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were collected and entered in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 11.5; point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data.
Results: Among 426 respondents, the overall prevalence of self-medication was 312 (73.23%) at 95% Confidence Interval (67.83-78.63%). It was more common among female 158 (78.60%). Common symptoms were headache 201 (64.42%), fever 135 (43.26%), gastrointestinal 93 (29.8%) and respiratory illness 87 (27.88%). Analgesics and antipyretics 275 (88.14%) were the most common drugs self- medicated with. Seeking opinion from pharmacist 112 (35.89%) was the commonest method adopted to procure drugs and comfort 127 (40.7%) and time constraints 122 (39.1%) were the commonest reasons.
Conclusions: Prevalence of self-medication among the peri-urban population was similar to other studies. Headache and fever was the common symptoms for which self-medication were adopted. Awareness regarding potential dangers of self-medication and different drug side effects are recommended at the community level.
Study of Menopausal Symptoms using Menopause Rating Scale at a Tertiary Care Center: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Pandey Asmita , Karki Chanda , Shrivastava Veena Rani , Shrestha Dipty , Gautam Pratigyan 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation for more than a year resulting from the loss of follicular activity of the ovaries. It is manifested by vasomotor, psychological, and urogenital symptoms which can be assessed by an internationally accepted scale known as Menopause Rating Scale. This study was conducted to find out the issues of perimenopausal women and proceed for management and proper counseling.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among women visiting the gynecological outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital from June 2017 to May 2018 using the Menopause Rating Scale. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee (reference number: 20122016). Convenient sampling was done. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Point estimate at 90% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data.
Results: Out of 189 perimenopausal women interviewed, the mean age of menopause was found to be 50.2±2.1 years. The most common gynecological symptoms among the study population was abnormal uterine bleeding 66 (34.9%) followed by abnormal vaginal discharge 50 (26.5%). Among symptoms in Menopause Rating Scale, the depressive mood was found in 99 (52.4%) cases followed by joint and muscular discomfort 88 (46.6%) and bladder problems in 87 (46%). None of the women had a score on the Menopause Rating Scale more than 16 and did not require management for their problem.
Conclusions: Most of the women didn't know menopausal symptoms. However, none required intervention from gynecologists for their problems reflecting better quality of life.
Health Co-morbidities and Early Marriage in Women of a Rural Area of Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Manandhar Naresh , Joshi Sunil Kumar 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Early marriage is defined as the marriage of a young person less than 18 years. Early marriage is more prevalent in South Asia as more than half of all child marriage occurs here. Thirtyseven percent of girls in Nepal marry before age 18 years. This study was done to find out the health consequences of early marriage in women of a rural area of Nepal.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 10th to 15th Feb 2020 February in 358 women from Panauti, Kavrepalchowk. The convenient sampling method was used. Ethical approval was taken from the Institutional Review Committee. Economic status was assessed by using Kuppuswamy’s socioeconomic scale. The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science version 20. Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data.
Results: The prevalence of early marriage was 187 (52.2%) (47.03 to 57.37 at 95% confidence interval). One hundred sixteen (62%) early marriage women had gynecological problems followed by depression problem 85 (45.5%) and miscarriage 32 (17.1%). The mean age of marriage was 17.2 years. The majority, i.e. 167 (89.3%) of respondents who married earlier were Hindu by religion. Early marriage was observed in 104 (55.6 %) of illiterate women.
Conclusions: The prevalence of early marriage was high. Early married women had a lower level of socio-economic status, lower level of education, which harmed the participants' health status.
Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori in Endoscopic Gastric Biopsies of Chronic Gastritis Patients at A Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Tiwari Archana , Rai Ramji , Dahal Prahar , Regmi Sudeep 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Presence and severity of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) colonization is an important factor to decide the treatment of chronic gastritis. This study aimed to find the prevalence of H. pylori colonization in chronic gastritis patients.
Methods: This descriptive,cross-sectional study was carried out at the tertiary care center in the the western region of Nepal among the dyspeptic patients undergoing endoscopic gastric biopsy from October 2018 to March 2020 after approval from the Institutional review committee. Convenience sampling was done to reach the sample size. Two hundred fifty cases were included in the study. Data were recorded in proforma and Data analysis was done in the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS 16.0). The severity of H. pylori colonization and gastritis was graded using the Updated Sydney System.
Results: All cases showed chronic gastritis on histopathology. H. pylori were seen in 150 (60%) of cases. Mild, moderate, and severe H. pylori infection was seen in 59, 78, and 13 cases respectively. Out of 59 mild H. pylori cases, 35 (59.32%) had mild chronic inflammation; out of 78 moderate H. pylori cases 51 (65.38%) had moderate chronic inflammation and among 13 severe H. pylori cases, 10 (76.92%) had severe chronic inflammation.
Conclusions: Prevalence of H. pylori colonization is high in chronic gastritis and there is a parallel increase in the severity of gastritis with an increase in the severity of H. pylori load.