bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Murayama Test for Hemoglobin S: Simplification in Technique
Authors: Nichols Bruce M , Nalbandian Robert M , Henry Raymond L , Wolf Paul L , Camp Frank R 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An improved technique is reported for the Murayama test, which is a simple and specific test for S hemoglobin [Clin. Chem. 16, 945 (1970)]: moisturized N2 is used optimally and several steps are eliminated in the part of the test in which concentrated hemolysates are prepared by use of a dense sucrose solution. Each test, which took 1 h, can now be done in 20 min, with equal reliability and accuracy.
Simplified Turbidimetric Assay for Lipase Activity
Authors: Shihabi Zakariya K , Bishop Charles 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Serum lipase is determined by following turbidity changes during two 1-min intervals after adding serum to an olive oil emulsion containing desoxycholate. The olive oil emulsion is simply prepared and is stable for a month under refrigeration. Our observations confirm the findings of other investigators that increases in serum lipase activity are more accentuated than increases in serum amylase activity during pancreatitis. With the present fast and convenient method, serum lipase appears to be a better test for pancreatitis than is serum amylase.
Metastatic Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma: Biochemical Changes Accompanying Clinical Regression During Therapy with o,p'-DDD
Authors: Helson Lawrence , Wollner Norma , Murphy M Lois , Schwartz Morton K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A 7-year-old girl with a six-month history of increasing virilism, growth, and acne excreted supranormal amounts of urinary 17-ketosteroids (87.6 mg/24 h). ACTH stimulation and dexamethasone suppression studies indicated adrenal tumor. A large left adrenal carcinoma was removed. Metastases were not observed. Postoperatively, 24-h urinary ketosteroids remained supranormal (16 mg). Sudden fever, cough, and hemoptysis precipitated hospitalization 42 months later. Bilateral lung metastases, a mass in the right upper quadrant, virilism, advanced bone age, and supranormal 24-h urinary ketosteroids (166 mg) and hydroxysteroids (16 mg) were found. The patient received 240 g of o,p'-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethane (o,p'-DDD), whereupon the abdominal mass and lung lesions regressed and 24-h urinary ketosteroids and hydroxysteroids decreased. Since this treatment (which ended April, 1968) the patient has been maintained at home on 7.5 g o,p'-DDD/day and replacement therapy with 9-α-fluorohydrocortisone and cortisone acetate. Almost all signs and symptoms have disappeared and urinary steroids are normal.
Electrophoretic Separation of Serum Lipoproteins in Polyacrylamide Gel
Authors: Frings Christopher S , Foster Lowell B , Cohen Patricia S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A method is described for electrophoresing lipoproteins in polyacrylamide gels, in which separations depend both on electrophoretic mobility and molecular size. The sample is prestained with Sudan Black B in a sample gel and then resolved by electrophoresis in a discontinuous pH system consisting of a sample gel, concentrating gel, and separating gel. This method was compared with the paper electrophoretic method of Lees and Hatch [J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61, 518(1963)] and was found to be equally useful in phenotyping lipoproteinemias, with two distinct improvements over paper electrophoretic methods: lipoproteins are more quickly and discretely separated.
Use of a New Reducing Agent, Metamizol, in Determining Inorganic Phosphorus in Blood and Urine
Authors: Guirgis Fayez K , Habib Yehia A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We introduce a new reducing agent, metamizol, for determining inorganic phosphorus colorimetrically in a protein-free filtrate of serum or plasma or in a diluted urine specimen. A 1 g/100 ml solution of metamizol, 0.2 ml, is used with acid-molybdate reagent. The metamizol solution is stable at 4°C for as long as 3.5 months, and can replace the reducing agents used in the various reference procedures discussed. The results agree well with those obtained by standard procedures.
Direct Blood-Injection Method for Gas Chromatographic Determination of Alcohols and Other Volatile Compounds
Authors: Jain Naresh C 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An extremely simple, rapid method is described for simultaneously determining methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, and low-boiling hydrocarbons associated with glue sniffing. Less than 1 µl of blood, mixed with an internal standard, is injected directly into a low-cost gas chromatograph equipped with a flame-ionization detector. No extraction, distillation, and (or) sample preparation is required, and the method is sensitive to less than 10 µg of alcohol per ml.
Simultaneous Direct Estimation by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry of Copper and Zinc in Serum, Urine, and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Meret S , Henkin R I 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A method is described for simultaneously estimating copper and zinc in serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Standards are prepared in 150 millimolar NaCl solution, and subsequently standards and samples are diluted with n-butanol:water (6:94, by vol). Both ions may be simultaneously determined in as little as 0.5 ml. The procedure is simple, quick, reliable and reproducible.
Biological and Analytic Components of Variation in Long-Term Studies of Serum Constituents in Normal Subjects
Authors: Young D S , Harris Eugene K , Cotlove Ernest 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Blood was sampled from nine healthy subjects weekly for 10 weeks, under controlled conditions. Eighteen serum constituents were measured in duplicate in each sample on a single occasion. In this way analytic variation was minimized. Considerable variations in mean values and standard deviations of results were observed among the subjects. Physiological control of serum calcium and magnesium concentrations appeared to be more precise than duplicate determinations in the laboratory. Compared with a previous study from this laboratory, significantly different estimates of personal variation were noted for sodium, chloride, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, and LDH in a group matched by age, race, and sex. At the same time, the present study group, homogenous with respect to these demographic factors (and also occupation) showed as great a diversity in the mean concentrations of most constituents as was seen earlier in a larger, more heterogenous group of normal individuals. These findings indicate that certain blood parameters depend more on personal characteristics than on broad demographic factors.
Separation of Proteins in Concentrated Cerebrospinal Fluid by Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis in Acrylamide Gel
Authors: Wright G L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Two-dimensional electrophoresis in acrylamide was used to separate the proteins in concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). More than 60 such components could be detected, twice as many as separated by conventional polyacrylamide techniques. Many of the proteins were common to CSF and serum. The high resolution attainable with this procedure may make it useful in detecting specific CSF alterations associated with neurologic diseases.
Blood Glucose Determination without Deproteinization, with Use of o-Toluidine in Dilute Acetic Acid
Authors: Ceriotti Giovanni 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A method is described for determining glucose in 25 µl of plasma. o-Toluidine is used in weak acetic acid solution. Addition of the emulsifier "Cremophor" obviates the need for deproteinization. The reaction is complete after 15 min at 100°C, and the color is stable for longer than 24 h. The blank is almost colorless. The reagent is stable, colorless, not viscous, and convenient to handle.
Colorimetric Measurement of Serum Bromide with a Bromate-Rosaniline Method
Authors: Goodwin Jesse F 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A procedure is presented for measuring bromide in serum filtrates, after protein has been precipitated with a HCl—tungstate reagent. The bromide in the filtrate is oxidized to bromate with hypochlorite. The resulting bromate reacts with added bromide to release bromine. Bromine reacts with rosaniline to form bromorosaniline, which is measured colorimetrically. The method is specific, sensitive, and reproducible. Bilirubin and hemoglobin do not interfere appreciably with the procedure, and iodine interference is negligible if less than 80 mg is present per 100 ml. Various factors affecting the sensitivity of the method have been studied. Preliminary data on the estimation of bromide in urine are also presented.
A Superior Counting Solution for Water-Soluble Tritiated Compounds
Authors: Carter G W , Dyke K Van 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We describe a simple liquid-scintillation solution for use with water-soluble tritiated compounds that is superior to other such systems. Its advantages include: (1) a refrigerated-type liquid scintillation spectrometer is not needed because the solution has extremely good thermal stability from 22° to 75°C; (2) counting efficiencies are high from pH 1-12, therefore eliminating neutralization; (3) a sample is stable for at least one week, with a 7% variation in counting after three weeks (a comparison with counting in Bray's and Triton X-100 solutions is included); (4) there is no detectable phosphorescence or chemiluminescence; (5) toluene need not be analytical grade; (6) for more than 10,000 samples, efficiency has deviated less than 5%; (7) there is no odor (except for the toluene) as with naphthalene "cocktails" (Bray’s solution); (8) cost of the system compares favorably with that for other counting systems; (9) plastic vials can be used (40% less costly than glass) and are easily cleaned because of the detergent qualities of the cocktail. The only obvious disadvantage of the system is that high salt concentrations (&gt;5 g of NaCl per 100 ml) cause a marked decrease in efficiency of aqueous radioactivity, and somewhat erratic counting for the toluene internal standard. However, additional solubilizer will sometimes correct this problem.
Automated Reaction-Rate Method for Determination of Serum Creatinine with the CentrifiChem
Authors: Fabiny Diane L , Ertingshausen Gerhard 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
An automated kinetic method to determine creatinine in serum with the Jaffé reaction is described. The method does not require deproteinization or adsorption of creatinine on Fuller's earth or ion-exchange resin. A maximum of 29 serum samples, standards, and control sera can be assayed in less than 1.5 min. Interferences by most of the known Jaffé-positive serum constituents were studied and minimized by optimal selection of the time interval during which the reaction rate was measured. Results of precision studies and correlation with a manual method requiring adsorption of creatinine on ion-exchange resin are reported. Spectroscopic data suggest that the product of reaction between picrate and creatinine is a 1:1 adduct of the two starting molecules.
High-Resolution Chromatography of Complex Organic Mixtures
Authors: Stevenson Robert L , Burtis Carl A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The high-resolution uv analyzer has been used to investigate the effect of diet on urine profile. In addition, new applications in the food and beverage industry appear promising. More than 100 compounds, acidic to basic, can be separated. The clinical analyst may be interested in scanning a wide variety of compounds or in rapid separation of only a few compounds. For the latter purpose, the effect of changing the gradient elution program has been investigated, and conditions have been defined for rapid analysis of specific regions of the chromatogram. Additionally, the chromatogram may be simplified by fractionation—for example, by solvent extraction—before high-resolution analysis. The sensitivity of the instrument is often limited by baseline drift caused by absorbance of the buffer. Various methods for compensating for this drift have been investigated. Reproducibility of retention time, response, and computerized data processing are discussed.
Metabolic Profiles: Gas-Phase Methods for Analysis of Metabolites
Authors: Horning E C , Horning M G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Multicomponent analyses were carried out for three types of urinary constituents: steroids, acids, and drugs and drug metabolites. The methods were based on gas-phase analytical techniques, which include the use of instruments and instrumental systems for gas chromatography, gas chromatography—mass spectrometry, and mass spectrometry—computerization. After isolating an analytical sample, we prepared derivatives in each instance. Gas chromatography was used for separations, mass spectrometry for identification. These procedures for obtaining metabolic profiles may be used in various ways, including studies of abnormal conditions, drug metabolism, and the effects of drugs on metabolic pathways, as well as for human developmental studies.
Characterization of High-Purity Chemicals for Use as Clinical Laboratory Standards
Authors: Barnard A J , Joy E F , Michelotti F W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Some practical approaches to the broad analytical definition of high-purity chemicals for use as clinical laboratory standards are highlighted. Techniques applied include precision gravimetry and titrimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, phase solubility analysis, emission spectrography, flame absorption photometry, polarography, cold-vapor atomic absorption photometry (for mercury), solution photometry, turbidimetry, thin-layer chromatography, as well as general tests, and the measurement of properties. The characterization of various standards is delineated, including standards for calcium, chloride, lithium, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, sodium, creatinine, dextrose, glycine, urea, and uric acid.
Utility of Clinical Chemical Determinations of Drug Concentrations in Biological Fluids
Authors: Vesell Elliot S , Passananti G Thomas 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Iatrogenic drug toxicity has become a major medical problem. An approach to avoiding adverse reactions arising from drug accumulation is suggested and explored in depth. Large differences in the rates at which individuals metabolize several commonly used drugs are reviewed, because they illustrate the dangers of prescribing drugs solely according to body weight or surface area, and they emphasize the need for more satisfactory guidelines. Direct measurement of certain drugs in blood is suggested as a convenient, economical, and reliable solution to this problem. In healthy nonmedicated subjects, rates of decay of certain drugs are highly reproducible. In spite of large, genetically controlled differences among subjects in rates of drug metabolism, individuals do not vary significantly with respect to the pharmacological effects produced by certain well-defined blood concentrations of most drugs. For this reason, blood concentrations of most drugs may be conveniently divided into three separate ranges: the low range of therapeutic ineffectiveness; the intermediate range, in which the pharmacologic activity of the drug with negligible toxic side reactions is produced; and, finally, the toxic range. Because many potent drugs with a narrow therapeutic index are in use today—both alone and in combination—it is extremely difficult for the physician to maintain his patients consistently within the therapeutic range and outside of the ineffective or toxic range. Toxicity could be appreciably decreased if this approach of measuring drug concentrations in blood were more widely used in selecting and modifying drug dosage. Clinical advantages and limitations of measuring drug concentrations in blood, as well as the pharmacologic and genetic principles underlying them, are discussed.
Excretion of L-Dopa and Its Metabolites in Urine of Parkinson's Disease Patients Receiving L-Dopa Therapy
Authors: Routh J I , Bannow R E , Fincham R W , Stoll J L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
L-Dopa and its major metabolites were separated from daily 24-h urines from patients with Parkinson’s disease, who were being treated with increasing doses of the drug, up to 4 g per day. An aliquot of each sample was passed through three different ion-exchange columns. Catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, metanephrine, and normetanephrine) were retained on a cation-exchange column, eluted with boric acid, and quantitated by fluorometric analysis. Catechol acids, present in the effluent of the cation-exchange column, were retained on an anion-exchange column. An aliquot of the eluate of the anion-exchange column was used for colorimetric determination of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, while the effluent from this column was used for colorimetric determination of dopa. A second aliquot of the eluate from this column was passed over a column of alumina, which retained all the acidic metabolites except homovanillic acid, which was measured fluorometrically in the effluent from the alumina column. Vanilmandelic acid was determined in another aliquot of each urine sample by use of paper electrophoresis. The excretion pattern elicited suggests a major metabolic pathway for the L-dopa administered to patients with Parkinson's disease.
Manual and Automated Methods for Urea Nitrogen Measurement in Whole Serum
Authors: Wybenga Donald R , Di Giorgio John , Pileggi Vincent J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A simple method is described for directly determining serum urea nitrogen, wtihout deproteinization. The urea in 20 µl of serum or plasma is reacted with diacetylmonoxime in the presence of thiosemicarbazide and cadmium ion under acid conditions. The absorbance of the resulting rose-purple solution is measured at 540 nm. Results agreed excellently with those obtained by a reference method that makes use of urease and the Berthelot phenate—hypochlorite reaction for ammonia. An automated adaptation utilizing the AutoAnalyzer is also described, which eliminates the need for a dialyzer. A further advantage is that the same reagents are used for both methods.
Determination of SMA—Mark X1,2 Set Points for Bilirubin by Standard Addition Technique
Authors: Laessig Ronald H , Schwartz Thomas H , Paskey Thomas A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A technique based on the standard addition method is described for calibration of the bilirubin channel on the SMA and Mark X analytical systems. Reference sera used for set point calibration contain significant blanks that are compensated in the present technique, which is based on actual bilirubin response of the respective instruments. Precision is improved by use of a least squares technique.
An Improved Delves Cup Atomic Absorption Procedure for Determination of Lead in Blood and Urine
Authors: Olsen Eugene D , Jatlow Peter I 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Delves [Analyst (London) 95, 431 (1970)] cup atomic absorption procedure for determination of lead in blood has been studied in detail and modified to permit the direct use of aqueous standards. Precision has been improved by stabilizing the burner mount. The small nonspecific absorption is caused by molecular sodium chloride and potassium chloride, and can be compensated for by including sodium chloride in the aqueous standards. If the cups are pre-coated with albumin, aqueous standards can be used and the more complicated method of additions is obviated. A similar technique was used to examine the analysis of lead in urine.
Kinetic Nephelometric Procedure for Measurement of Amylase Activity in Serum
Authors: Shipe James R , Savory John 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
We developed a kinetic procedure for determination of amylase activity in serum by use of nephelometric measurements. Light scattering from the substrate, a stable suspension of starch, is decreased as amylase hydrolyzes the starch to soluble fragments. Values obtained for serum amylase correlate closely with those determined by a method in which a starch-dye complex is used. Precision of the new procedure is 3.4% (relative standard deviation). Units of amylase activity can either be expressed in terms of milligrams of starch consumed or converted to more conventional amylase units.
Interlaboratory and Intralaboratory Comparison of T3-Uptake Methodology
Authors: Spierto F W , Hubert Ivey Lois , Witter Robert F 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Triiodothyronine (T3)-uptake values in selected human serum pools were compared by use of Abbott's "Trisorb," Mallinckrodt Nuclear's "Res-O-Mat," Curtis Nuclear's "Tri-lonex," and a standard procedure. In addition, interlaboratory variation was measured among laboratories using the Abbott and Mallinckrodt procedures. Study of methodological variables indicated that incubation time and temperature affect T3 measurement. The Abbott procedure is most liable to variations caused by either time or temperature changes; the Mallinckrodt and Curtis methods are least liable to variations caused by changes in time and temperature, respectively. Between-run variation for sera with low T3-uptake values was greater than within-run variation as measured by the Abbott, Mallinckrodt, or standard procedure. For sera with high T3-uptake values, between-run variation and within-run variation are similar; with the Curtis method this was true for all serum pools. We and the reference laboratories found the Abbott method to be most sensitive in detecting changes in T3-uptake values of samples in the "hyperthyroid" range.
Spot Applicator for Quantitative Thin-Layer and Paper Chromatography, Suitable for Clinical Analysis
Authors: Rosenthal Arthur F , Vargas Marta G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Construction and operation of a semiautomatic TLC sample-spotting applicator are described. With the apparatus, multiple samples, each as large as 2.0 ml, can be transferred to a thin-layer chromatographic plate with little or no operator attention. Replicate analyses show a relative standard deviation of 1.35-1.99% without washout; liquid holdup is no more than 3-5%, and is of no significance in the analytical accuracy. The apparatus has been found to be very suitable for quantitative (as well as qualitative) thin-layer chromatographic analysis in the clinical laboratory.
The Relative Merits and Applicability of Kinetic and Fixed-Incubation Methods of Enzyme Assay in Clinical Enzymology
Authors: Moss D W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The considerations are discussed that make continuous monitoring of reaction-progress curves superior to fixed-incubation methods in the determination of enzyme activity. Provided that they are used with caution and their limitations are appreciated, fixed-incubation methods continue to fulfill a useful, though diminishing, role in clinical enzymology because of their adaptability to existing patterns of automation. The introduction of suitable mechanized equipment will favor the eventual complete adoption of the kinetic method. However, the use of such equipment should not be at the expense of th important characteristics of the kinetic principle.
Studies of the Stability of 18 Chemical Constituents of Human Serum
Authors: Wilson Sherman S , Guillan Ramon A , Hocker E Virginia 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The stability of 18 chemical constituents of human serum was measured at various times and temperatures, the measurements being made with the Technicon AutoAnalyzer, by routine N-methods (Technicon laboratory method file number). Data are presented illustrating what happens to human serum under defined conditions of collection and storage. Analysis of the data indicates that under certain conditions the concentration or enzymatic activity of certain constituents may be significantly altered.