bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biological anthropology's critical engagement with genomics, evolution, race/racism, and ourselves: Opportunities and challenges to making a difference in the academy and the world
Authors: Fuentes Agustín 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBiological anthropology can, and should, matter in the Anthropocene. Biological anthropologists are interested in human biology and the human experience in a broader ecological, evolutionary, and phylogenetic context. We are interested in the material of the body, the history of the body, and interactions of diverse bodies, communities, ecologies, and evolutionary processes. However, the cultural realities of bodies, histories, communities, livelihoods, perceptions, and experiences are as central to the endeavor and inquiry of biological anthropology as are their material aspects. Biological anthropology is a constant dialectic between the cultural and the biological. In this essay, I argue that Biological Anthropology has much to offer, a history to contend with, and a future that matters. To illustrate this, I highlight theoretical and methodological issues in genomics, evolutionary theory and connect them to the study of Race and Racism to emphasize specific arenas where Biological Anthropology has a great capacity, and a strong obligation, to play a central role. However, Biological Anthropology also has substantive internal issues that hinder our ability to do the best possible science. If we are to live up to our potential and make a difference in the 21st century we need to ameliorate our structural shortcomings and expand our voice, and impact, in academic and public discourse. The goal of this perspective is to offer suggestions for moving us toward this goal.
Oxidation Control of Bottlebrush Molecular Conformation for Producing Libraries of Photonic Structures
Authors: Li Yu‐Lian , Chen Xi , Geng Hong‐Kun , Dong Yun , Wang Bin , Ma Zhe , Pan Li , Ma Gui‐Qiu , Song Dong‐Po , Li Yue‐Sheng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSelf‐assembly is important for creating photonic structures and structural color is typically tunable by varying the size of building blocks, which are themselves obtained after time‐consuming chemical syntheses. The molecular conformation of bottlebrush block copolymers (BBCPs) in solution can be manipulated to create libraries of photonic structures. Amphiphilic BBCPs bearing oxidation‐responsive ferrocene groups on the hydrophilic block are used to fabricate porous particles via evaporation‐induced self‐assembly of water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) double emulsions stabilized by the BBCP surfactant. In situ oxidation of the ferrocene groups by hydrogen peroxide at the W/O interface leads to enhanced hydrophilicity, more hydration, and chain extension of the hydrophilic block. Consequently, larger internal water droplets are spontaneously formed, yielding larger pores within the microparticles. The pore diameter is readily tunable from 144 to 301 nm with a single BBCP, thereby generating full‐spectrum structural colors. This work provides a straightforward method for fabrication of libraries of photonic pigments in an easy and scalable manner.
Real‐Time Visual Monitoring of Kinetically Controlled Self‐Assembly
Authors: Huang Zizhao , Jiang Tao , Wang Jie , Ma Xiang , Tian He 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe construction of artificial structures through hierarchical self‐assembly based on noncovalent interactions, as well as monitoring during the self‐assembly process, are important aspects of dynamic supramolecular chemistry. Herein we describe the complex dynamics of chiral N,N′‐diphenyl dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazine derivatives (S)/(R)‐DPAC, whose different assemblies were found to have distinct optical and morphological characteristics. With ratiometric fluorescence originating from vibration‐induced emission (VIE), the self‐assembly process from kinetic traps to the thermodynamic equilibrium state could be monitored in real time by optical spectrometry. During the morphology transformation from particles to nanobricks, strong circularly polarized luminescence was induced with glum=1.6×10−2. The excited‐state characteristics of the self‐assemblies enabled investigation of the relationship between molecular aggregation and conformational change, thus allowing effective monitoring of the sophisticated supramolecular self‐assembly process.
Defects on CoS2−x: Tuning Redox Reactions for Sustainable Degradation of Organic Pollutants
Authors: Ji Jiahui , Yan Qingyun , Yin Pengcheng , Mine Shinya , Matsuoka Masaya , Xing Mingyang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIt is important to develop self‐producing reactive oxygen species (ROSs) systems and maintain the continuous and effective degradation of organic pollutants. Herein, for the first time, a system of ultrasound‐treated CoS2−x mixed with Fe2+ is constructed to sustainably release singlet oxygen (1O2) for the effective degradation of various organic pollutants, including dyes, phenols, and antibiotics. Ultrasonic treatment produces defects on the surface of CoS2 which promote the production of ROSs and the circulation of Fe3+/Fe2+. With the help of Co4+/Co3+ exposed on the surface of CoS2−x, the directional conversion of superoxide radical (.O2−) to 1O2 is realized. The CoS2−x/Fe2+ system can degrade organic pollutants efficiently for up to 30 days, which is significantly better than the currently recognized CuPx system (<3 days). Therefore, CoS2−x provides a new choice for the long‐term remediation of organic pollutants in controlling large area river pollution.
Dual Emission of a Free‐Base 5‐Oxaporphyrinium Cation from its cis‐ and trans‐NH Tautomers
Authors: Takiguchi Asahi , Kang Seongsoo , Fukui Norihito , Kim Dongho , Shinokubo Hiroshi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractReplacement of the meso methine carbon atoms of porphyrins with heteroatoms is a powerful strategy for tuning their optical and electronic properties. In particular, 5‐oxaporphyrin is an attractive target due to its importance as an intermediate in heme catabolism. In this work, we describe the synthesis and properties of a free‐base 5‐oxaporphyrinium cation, which was prepared by the ring‐closure of a bilindione with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride. This free‐base 5‐oxaporphyrinium cation exhibits dual fluorescence originating from its unique NH tautomerism. In contrast to normal porphyrins, the cis form of the 5‐oxaporphyrinium cation is more stable than the trans form due to the effective delocalization of its positive charge. We thus demonstrate here that meso‐modified heteroporphyrins enable the manipulation of NH tautomerism in porphyrinic macrocycles.
Flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer/polypropylene composites filled with intumescent flame retardant and inorganic synergists
Authors: Chen Can , Zhou Ying , He Weidi , Gao Chengtao , Chen Xiaolang , Guo Jianbing , Wang Meng 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThree kinds of inorganic particles, zinc borate (ZB), organic montmorillonite (OMMT), and expanded graphite (EG) as synergistic flame retardants, are incorporated into ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer/polypropylene (EPDM/PP) composites filled with intumescent flame retardants (IFR). The effect of three synergistic flame retardants on the combustion, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the EPDM/PP/IFR composites are investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, cone calorimeter test (CCT), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy, mechanical property testing, and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The results from LOI, UL‐94, and CCT show that the synergistic effect of IFR with ZB and EG is better than IFR with OMMT in the flame retardant EPDM/PP/IFR composites. The TGA results indicate that the thermal stability and char residues of the composites is improved with the addition of inorganic particles, which is attributed to the formation of dense char layers to isolate heat flow. DMA results including storage modulus (G'), loss modulus (G"), and loss factor (tan δ) suggest that the composites with inorganic particles exhibit more rubber‐filler interaction, which limits the movement of the rubber chains.
Fabrication of superhydrophobic and self cleaningPVA‐silicafiber coating on304L SSsurfaces by electrospinning
Authors: Vanithakumari Sampathkumar Chrisolite , Athulya Vijayan , George Rani Pongachira , Philip John 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this work superhydrophobic coating with self cleaning property is fabricated on 304L SS samples directly using a simple one step electrospinning process followed by silane treatment by using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and tetraethyl orthosilicate solution. A maximum water contact angle of 169.2° ± 2.1° is obtained at an electrospinning potential of 15 kV for 2 h, with a distance of 18 cm between the collector and needle. The hierarchical nanostructures thus formed on 304L SS composed of poly(vinyl alcohol)‐silica microbeads and nanofibers. The surface morphologies are optimized by varying the electrospinning voltage, time, distance between needle and the collector and aging duration of the precursors. Attenuated total reflectance‐infrared spectroscopy studies at different stages of preparation confirmed the presence of PVA/SiO2composite nanofibers deposited on the 304L SS surface. The reaction of SiO2nanofibers with hexamethyl disilazane resulted in the formation of SiOSi bonds that provided water repellent property. The developed SHP surface coating on 304L SS sample showed dynamic bouncing of water droplets and excellent self cleaning performance. The sample retained the SHP behavior in chloride solutions with different ionic strengths and pH.
Rheological study of EPDM/silicone rubber blends phase inversion and characterization of resultant mechanical and thermal properties
Authors: Barbosa Rafael , Blanco Guilherme Eduardo de Oliveira , Kasama Alexander Hiroshi , Barbosa Diego Alexandre Belmonte , Peçanha Rafael de Almeida , Ambrósio José Donato 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study was committed to the characterization of the rheological, thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM)/silicone rubber (SR) blends. These blends are a potential new class of materials for the insulation of circuits and electrical components that actuate in environments with high heat generation. The blends were produced in a torque rheometer with a Banbury type rotor, varying the concentration of EPDM and SR. Results obtained by capillary rheometry were applied to three theoretical models to analyze the phase inversion threshold, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy images. Such analyzes were important to describe the consequence of phase inversion on the evaluated properties. It was reported that the increase in SR concentration decreased the elastic modulus and increased the tensile strength of the blends. For blends with composition situated after phase inversion, the SR becomes the matrix, leading to a significant rise in the Vicat softening temperature and reduced thermal conductivity. Such improvements extend the range of applications of these materials as electrical insulators in environments with higher heat generation.
Sulfonated and cross‐linked polystyrene ultrafine fibers for the esterification of palmitic acid for biodiesel production
Authors: Du Yijun , Shao Linjun , Qi Chenze 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFor the need of green and sustainable development, a fibrous solid acid catalyst was developed for the transformation of low cost oils to biodiesel in an efficient and green manner. Polystyrene was electrospun into ultrafine fibers with mean diameter of ~1.34 μm, and then simultaneously cross‐linked and sulfonated in sulfuric acid/acetic acid mixed solvent with paraformaldehyde as the external cross‐linker. The cross‐linking and sulfonation degrees were controllable by changing the ratio of sulfuric acid/acetic acid. After sulfonation and cross‐linking, the solvent resistance, chemical structure, and composition of these fibers were separately characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. At last, this novel fibrous solid acid catalyst was used to catalyze the esterification reaction of palmitic acid and methanol for biodiesel production. After optimizing the reaction conditions, this fibrous solid acid catalyst can catalyze the esterification of palmitic acid and methanol with the conversion up to 92% under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, due to the fibrous structure, this fibrous solid acid catalyst could be readily separated and reused.
Exfoliated and functionalized boron nitride nanosheets towards improved fire resistance and water tolerance of intumescent fire retardant coating
Authors: Wang Cheng , Huo Siqi , Liu Shi , Zhang Qi , Liu Zhitian 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this work, the exfoliated and functionalized boron nitride (f‐BN) nanosheets were prepared via facile treatment and used in the intumescent fire retardant (IFR) coatings, which offer passive fire protection to the steel. To acquire the best fire resistance, the formula of the coating was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design. According to the result, the optimal sample, with 36.2 wt% ammonium polyphosphate (APP), 27.4 wt% pentaerythritol (PER), 16.8 wt% melamine (MEL), and 7.9 wt% f‐BN, was prepared and its fire resistance was tested in our lab. At the end of fire resistance test, the backside temperature of optimal sample was only 185.2°C, which was very close to the RSM‐predicted result, indicating satisfactory fire resistance. During the test, the coating decomposed to form an intumescent char layer with high graphitization degree and compactness, thus suppressing the transfer of heat and protecting the underlying steel. In addition, the optimal coating possessed great water tolerance and thermal stability, and its water contact angle and char yield reached up to 66.7° and 40.5%, respectively. Hence, this IFR coating with satisfied fire retardancy and water tolerance has broad practical future in the fire safety of steel structure.
Interaction of Treatment Intensity and Autism Severity on Frequency and Maturity of Spontaneous Communication in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Yoder Paul , Rogers Sally , Estes Annette , Warren Zachary , Munson Jeff , Hellemann Gerhard , McEachin John 
Published: October 2020

This study tested whether the effect of treatment intensity or treatment style on children's frequency and maturity of spontaneous communication varied by initial severity of disability. Eighty‐seven toddlers with autism spectrum disorders were randomly assigned to either (a) 15 hrs per week of discrete trial teaching (DTT), (b) 25 hrs per week of DTT, (c) 15 hrs per week of a naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention (NDBI), or (d) 25 hrs per week of NDBI. Trained research staff implemented the 1:1 treatments in homes or educational centers over 12 months. We quantified the frequency and maturity of spontaneous communication during monthly 6‐min communication samples. We quantified disability severity at Time 1 using the developmental quotient from the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and the total calibrated severity score from the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule‐second edition. Higher levels of treatment intensity (i.e., more hours per week) benefited frequency and maturity of spontaneous communication growth rate only in children with relatively mild autism symptoms. Other results were nonsignificant. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1902‐1912. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLCLay SummaryEighty‐seven toddlers with autism spectrum disorders were randomly assigned to 15 hrs per week of discrete trial teaching (DTT), 25 hrs per week of DTT, 15 hrs per week of a naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention (NDBI), or 25 hrs per week of NDBI. Trained research staff implemented the treatments in homes or educational centers over 12 months. More hours of treatment per week benefited frequency and maturity of spontaneous communication growth rate only in children with relatively mild autism symptoms. Other results were nonsignificant.
Green spectrofluorimetric methods for tramadol assay with ibuprofen or chlorzoxazone: comparison of greenness profiles
Authors: Abdel Moneim Mona M. , Hamdy Mohamed M. A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAt this time, green analytical chemistry is gaining more interest and concern. The present work details three green spectrofluorimetric methods for tramadol (TRM) determination using ibuprofen (IBU) (mixture 1) and chlorzoxazone (CLZ) (mixture 2). In first method, two excitation wavelengths (λex), 220 and 280 nm, were used to record the emission spectra for IBU and TRM, respectively (mixture 1) followed by a first derivative treatment. For mixture 2, one λex (280 nm) was optimum for both drugs followed by a first derivative technique for TRM and a second derivative for CLZ determinations. The second method measured the first derivative values for synchronous spectra using constant‐wavelength mode at 280 nm for TRM and 260 nm for IBU, and at 270 nm for TRM and 292 nm for CLZ. The third method used constant‐energy mode to record synchronous spectra. First derivative values were computed at 282 nm for TRM and 260 nm for IBU in mixture 1 and at 272 nm for TRM and 292 nm for CLZ in mixture 2. ICH validation guidelines were assessed in full and assay of the two TRM binary mixtures in their drug products was successful. Green profile evaluation for the developed methods compared with the reported chromatographic methods was performed using the ‘analytical eco‐scale’ and the ‘green analytical procedure index’. These two assessment tools corroborated that the proposed methods achieved the most green parameters, therefore recommending their use as a green option for analyzing the studied drugs in bulk and dosage forms for routine quality control.
Regional variability of integral intensity of bioluminescence of hydrobionts in the waters of the Black Sea in the summer period under the influence of hydrophysical processes
Authors: Mel'nikova Ye.B. , Serebrennikov A.N. , Melnikov A.V. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCharacterization of hydrobionts concentrations in coastal and deep‐water areas of the Black Sea during the summer was carried out to analyse features related to the vertical distribution of bioluminescence intensity in the phytoplankton community. The thermohaline structure of the water and regional characteristics of eddy formations determined from satellite measurements of sea level anomalies were taken into account. Integral intensity of bioluminescence of hydrobionts (IIBH) was used to comparatively assess total biomass variability and the numbers of hydrobionts in the considered regions. The highest IIBH, averaging 37 830 pW·cm−2·L−1, was observed at stations located on the south‐western shelf of the Crimea; high levels of bioluminescence intensity of hydrobionts in this layer were located at depths of 15–23 m. For stations located in the Kerch pre‐strait area, most of which were in the divergence zone, the average IIBH was quite high (30 530 pW·cm−2·l−1), second only to the value recorded for the shallow south‐western shelf.
Neuroprotective effects of flavone luteolin in neuroinflammation and neurotrauma
Authors: Kempuraj Duraisamy , Thangavel Ramasamy , Kempuraj Deepak D. , Ahmed Mohammad Ejaz , Selvakumar Govindhasamy Pushpavathi , Raikwar Sudhanshu P. , Zaheer Smita A. , Iyer Shankar S. , Govindarajan Raghav , Chandrasekaran Premkumar Nattanmai , Zaheer Asgar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNeuroinflammation leads to neurodegeneration, cognitive defects, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurotrauma/traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause activation of glial cells, neurons, and neuroimmune cells in the brain to release neuroinflammatory mediators. Neurotrauma leads to immediate primary brain damage (direct damage), neuroinflammatory responses, neuroinflammation, and late secondary brain damage (indirect) through neuroinflammatory mechanism. Secondary brain damage leads to chronic inflammation and the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, there are no effective and specific therapeutic options to treat these brain damages or neurodegenerative diseases. Flavone luteolin is an important natural polyphenol present in several plants that show anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, cytoprotective, and macrophage polarization effects. In this short review article, we have reviewed the neuroprotective effects of luteolin in neurotrauma and neurodegenerative disorders and pathways involved in this mechanism. We have collected data for this study from publications in the PubMed using the keywords luteolin and mast cells, neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and TBI. Recent reports suggest that luteolin suppresses systemic and neuroinflammatory responses in Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Studies have shown that luteolin exhibits neuroprotective effects through various mechanisms, including suppressing immune cell activation, such as mast cells, and inflammatory mediators released from these cells. In addition, luteolin can suppress neuroinflammatory response, activation of microglia and astrocytes, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and the severity of neuroinflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and TBI pathogenesis. In conclusion, luteolin can improve cognitive decline and enhance neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases, TBI, and stroke.
6‐phenylpyrrolocytosine as a fluorescent probe to examine nucleotide flipping catalyzed by a DNA repair protein
Authors: Kotandeniya Delshanee , Rogers Melanie S. , Fernandez Jenna , Kanugula Sreenivas , Hudson Robert H. E. , Rodriguez Freddys , Lipscomb John D. , Tretyakova Natalia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCellular exposure to tobacco‐specific nitrosamines causes formation of promutagenic O6‐[4‐oxo‐4‐(3‐pyridyl)but‐1‐yl]guanine (O6‐POB‐G) and O6‐methylguanine (O6‐Me‐G) adducts in DNA. These adducts can be directly repaired by O6‐alkylguanine‐DNA alkyltransferase (AGT). Repair begins by flipping the damaged base out of the DNA helix. AGT binding and base‐flipping have been previously studied using pyrrolocytosine as a fluorescent probe paired to the O6‐alkylguanine lesion, but low fluorescence yield limited the resolution of steps in the repair process. Here, we utilize the highly fluorescent 6‐phenylpyrrolo‐2′‐deoxycytidine (6‐phenylpyrrolo‐C) to investigate AGT‐DNA interactions. Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide duplexes containing O6‐POB‐G and O6‐Me‐G adducts were placed within the CpG sites of codons 158, 245, and 248 of the p53 tumor suppressor gene and base‐paired to 6‐phenylpyrrolo‐C in the opposite strand. Neighboring cytosine was either unmethylated or methylated. Stopped‐flow fluorescence measurements were performed by mixing the DNA duplexes with C145A or R128G AGT variants. We observe a rapid, two‐step, nearly irreversible binding of AGT to DNA followed by two slower steps, one of which is base‐flipping. Placing 5‐methylcytosine immediately 5′ to the alkylated guanosine causes a reduction in rate constant of nucleotide flipping. O6‐POB‐G at codon 158 decreased the base flipping rate constant by 3.5‐fold compared with O6‐Me‐G at the same position. A similar effect was not observed at other codons.