bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working Out the Solution to Rural Poverty
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ideas about poverty and poverty reduction policy are clouded by misleading measures and unreliable evidence. National statistical organizations (NSOs) are under-resourced and the collection and dissemination of data are compromised by political pressures. Allegedly pro-poor policies have had an inegalitarian impact in rural Africa. Conventional views expecting that support spread across smallholder farmers will reduce poverty are based on skewed evidence and ideology. Large farms have a bigger effect on poverty reduction through labour markets. ‘Gold standard’ poverty measures based on consumption surveys are unreliable and misleading. Composite indices are even less useful. There are better ways to assess deprivation. The poorest typically live in small households with few men in them. Women and children in these households suffer the risks of teenage pregnancy; they risk undernutrition because of a monotonous and undiversified diet; they can acquire hardly any basic consumer wage goods; they depend on access to wage employment opportunities.
The Metaphysics of Quantities
Authors: Wolff J. E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This book articulates and defends a new and original answer to two questions: What are physical quantities and what makes them quantitative? This novel position—substantival structuralism—says that quantitativeness is an irreducible feature of particular attributes, and quantitative attributes are best understood as substantival structured spaces. Physical quantities like mass, momentum, or temperature play an important role in formulating laws of nature and in testing scientific theories. It is therefore important to have a clear philosophical understanding of what makes these attributes special. Traditional views of quantities have either suggested that quantities are determinables, that is, attributes that require determination by magnitudes, or that quantities are in some sense numerical, but neither view is satisfactory. The book shows how to use the representational theory of measurement to provide a better, more abstract criterion for quantitativeness: only attributes whose numerical representation has a high degree of uniqueness are quantitative. The best ontology for quantities is offered by a form of sophisticated substantivalism applied to quantities as structured spaces. Substantivalism, because an infinite domain is required to satisfy the formal requirements of quantitativeness; structured spaces, because they contain fundamental relations; sophisticated substantivalism because the identity of positions in such spaces is irrelevant. The resulting view is a form structuralism about quantities. The topic of the book falls squarely in the metaphysics of science, with contributions to general metaphysics and philosophy of science.
The Neutral Hour
Authors: Pong Beryl 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Taking as its context and metaphor the dislocated time zones of the Second World War—where neutral Ireland progressed on a different time zone from Britain—Chapter 4 addresses why neutrality was such a fraught political decision. Independence, for Ireland, was often couched in the rhetoric of youthful potential, but this theme came to suggest political irresponsibility in being ‘off war time’ instead. Examining Henry Green’s ‘fairy tale’ about neutral Ireland, Loving (1945), and Elizabeth Bowen’s non-fiction writings and short fiction, as well as her novel The Heat of the Day (1949), the chapter delves into the contradictory circumstances of neutral Ireland during the Emergency. Two competing understandings of the politics of time—as the temporality of colonial independence, on the one hand, and as the temporality of global war, on the other—created a situation that these writers found difficult to reconcile.
Social Insurance and the Origins of the German Political Economy
Authors: Manow Philip 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The chapter reconstructs the parallel emergence of Germany’s corporatist industrial relations and of the Bismarckian welfare state. It traces the influence that the parity representation of organized labor and organized capital on the self-government boards of the various social insurance schemes had (1) on union organization and organizational development, and (2) on the system of corporatist regulation of work and welfare that started to emerge in Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The chapter argues that the principle of self-administration of the various social insurance schemes was decisive for the development of German unions into industrial unions, and that it provided both capital and labor with extremely important organizational resources which helped in the creation and then stabilization of corporatist coordination between both. It also provided the responsible ministry with a blueprint for regulating industrial conflict.
Positioning Development in Human Protection
Authors: Foot Rosemary 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter concentrates on the Beijing government’s attachment to a view that human protection requires a state to be economically developed, domestically stable, and strongly effective and capable. The chapter places the focus on Chinese official arguments in support of this articulated triadic position, but also examines a range of Chinese and non-Chinese scholarly perspectives on this topic area. It situates Chinese voices within a larger, mostly UN-centred, policy literature that explores the relationship between economic development and the management of international peace and security. The chapter explores whether there is a gap between UN and Chinese thinking on how best to prevent conflict and give better protection to individuals caught up in violence, entertaining also the possibility that there has been something of a convergence of UN and official Chinese perspectives.
The Standard Formulation of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The standard von Neumann-Dirac formulation of quantum mechanics is presented as a set of five basic rules. We discuss each rule is discussed in turn paying particular attention to the conceptual history of the theory. Of central importance is the standard interpretation of states (the eigenvalue-eigenstate link) and the dynamical laws of the theory (the random collapse dynamics and the deterministic linear dynamics) and how the interpretation and dynamics work together to predict and explain the results of basic quantum experiments. While the focus is on the behavior of electrons, we also briefly consider how the theory uses the same mathematical formalism to treat other phenomena like the behavior of neutral K mesons and qbits in a quantum computer.
Quantum Interference
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Moving to more subtle experiments, we consider how the standard formulation of quantum mechanics predicts and explains interference phenomena. Tracking the conditions under which one observes interference phenomena leads to the notion of quantum decoherence. We see why one must sharply distinguish between collapse phenomena and decoherence phenomena on the standard formulation of quantum mechanics. While collapses explain determinate measurement records, environmental decoherence just produces more complex, entangled states where the physical systems involved lack ordinary physical properties. We characterize the quantum-mechanical wave function as both an element of a Hilbert space and a complex-valued function over a configuration space. We also discuss how the wave function is interpreted in the standard theory.
The Collapse of the Quantum State
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We consider Wigner’s proposal for solving the quantum measurement problem. His solution involves a strong mind-body dualism, but it is also possible to provide a purely physical collapse solution to the quantum measurement problem. To this end, we consider the GRW formulation of quantum mechanics and three ways one might interpret it: GRWr, GRWm, and GRWf. These ways of interpreting the theory differ in the metaphysical commitments one makes and, hence, in how one explains one’s measurement records and hence one’s experience. This provides an introduction to the notions of an empirical ontology and a primitive ontology. We consider some of the comparative virtues and vices of the GRW formulation of quantum mechanics.
Many Worlds and Such
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We consider a number of radically different ways that Everett’s pure wave mechanics has been understood. Each of these reconstructions aims to provide a stronger variety of empirical adequacy than Everett’s own formulation of the theory. Among the alternative formulations of quantum mechanics we consider are splitting worlds, decohering worlds, many minds, many threads, and many maps. Each of these differs in its metaphysical commitments and, hence, in how it explains determinate measurement records and probabilities. We focus, in particular, on the problem of accounting for the standard quantum probabilities. To this end, we consider the relationship between typicality and probability and contrast synchronic and forward-looking probabilities. We conclude with a brief discussion of epistemological, pragmatic, and information-theoretic formulations of quantum mechanics. A recurring issue in this chapter concerns what it should mean for a physical theory to be empirically adequate.
Empirical Ontology and Explanation
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Each formulation of quantum mechanics we consider in the book seeks to explain why we have determinate measurement records distributed according to the standard quantum statistics. The explanation we get relies on the metaphysical assumptions that underlie the particular theory. Metaphysics here does real explanatory work in accounting for our experience. While it is not at all clear what specific metaphysical commitments best explain our experience, one can distinguish between different types and degrees of empirical adequacy each formulation provides. Stronger notions of empirical adequacy might be characterized in terms of such things as the plausibility that one’s experience in fact supervenes on the sort of records a particular theory provides and the richness of the account of experience provided by the theory.
The Scalar Approach to Consequentialism
Authors: Norcross Alastair 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
According to maximizing consequentialism, rightness is an all-or-nothing property, rather than one that admits of degrees. This demands much of agents, and leaves no conceptual room for supererogation. While a retreat to satisficing consequentialism mitigates this problem, any choice of a threshold for rightness, even maximization, is arbitrary, and the difference between right and wrong has no more significance than other differences in net goodness. Consequentialist theories, such as utilitarianism, are thus best conceived, in scalar fashion, as, at the fundamental level, theories of the good, that judge actions to be better or worse than possible alternatives, and provide reasons for actions corresponding in strength to differences in net goodness. Such theories are no less capable of action-guidance than theories that incorporate rightness and wrongness at the fundamental level.
Contextualism
Authors: Norcross Alastair 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Although consequentialism is not fundamentally concerned with such staples of moral theory as rightness, duty, obligation, goodness of actions, and harm, such notions may nonetheless be of practical significance. A contextualist approach to all these notions makes room for them in ordinary moral discourse, but also illustrates why there is no room for them at the level of fundamental moral theory. Roughly, to say that an act is right is to say that it is at least as good as the appropriate alternative, to say an act is good is to say that it is better than the appropriate alternative, to say an act harms someone is to say that it makes them worse off than they would have been on the appropriate alternative. In each case, “appropriate” is an indexical, whose referent is fixed by the context of utterance. This approach also makes room for an account of supererogation.
Is Nozick a Libertarian?
Authors: Fried Barbara H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Nozick’s libertarian theory of property rights, laid out in Part II of Anarchy, State and Utopia, has been subject to innumerable internalist and external critiques. But the book read as a whole poses a deeper puzzle. Parts I, II, and III present at least three mutually inconsistent theories of property rights: utilitarian; libertarian; and anything goes, provided that citizens have some unspecified level of choice among legal regimes. If any of the three predominates, it is not libertarianism but utilitarianism. Nozick is hardly alone in this regard. Nozick’s inconstancy to libertarian principles is typical of the problems deontologists of all stripes encounter in translating vague, abstract rights into concrete rules. His de facto solution is typical as well: when the going gets tough, rights theorists usually turn utilitarian.
The Unwritten Theory of Justice
Authors: Fried Barbara H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Rawls’s Theory of Justice has had two parallel lives in political theory. The first—the version Rawls wrote—is a response to utilitarianism’s failure to take seriously the separateness of persons. The second—the unwritten version “received” by its general audience—is a response to libertarianism’s failure to take seriously our moral obligations to the well-being of our fellow citizens. This chapter explores how, had he written the second version, Rawls might have dealt with libertarians’ critique of “justice as fairness” as fundamentally illiberal, and how his two principles might have been transformed in the process.
Left-Libertarianism
Authors: Fried Barbara H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Left-libertarianism marries a very thin reading of Lockean self-ownership with an extraordinarily expansive reading of Locke’s famous proviso that those who appropriate common resources must leave “enough, and as good” for all others. Left-libertarians have argued that those twin commitments justify a redistributive system that is egalitarian in effect, without direct appeal to egalitarianism. To reach that conclusion, however, left-libertarians have had to give both self-ownership and the Proviso highly strained interpretations. The motivation for doing so clearly seems to be to get to the desired conclusion (some form of egalitarianism). At the end of the day, then, left-libertarianism is probably best viewed as egalitarianism in drag.
The Case for a Progressive Benefits Tax
Authors: Fried Barbara H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Opponents of redistributive taxation have long supported a “benefits” tax, which would tax individuals in accordance with the market value of the benefits they receive from the government. The question is, what market? A perfectly competitive market in which goods and services are priced at their marginal cost of production? A quasi-monopolistic market in which the supplier (here, the state) can price-discriminate among customers based on their willingness to pay? Some third alternative? Depending upon the answer, a benefits tax could yield radically different distributions of the tax burden, from a regressive to a steeply progressive rate structure. Benefits tax proponents have opted for a perfectly competitive market, but their own laissez-faire precommitments support a different answer, with radically different implications for the “right” rate structure.
International Relations and the Problem of Time
Authors: Hom Andrew R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
What is time and how does it influence our knowledge of international politics? For decades International Relations (IR) paid little explicit attention to time. Recently this began to change as a range of scholars took an interest in the temporal dimensions of politics. Yet IR still has not fully addressed the issue of why time matters, nor has it reflected on its own use of time—how temporal assumptions and ideas affect the way we understand political phenomena. Moreover, IR remains beholden to two seemingly contradictory visions of time: the time of the clock and a long-standing tradition of treating time as a problem to be solved. International Relations and the Problem of Time develops a unique response to these interconnected puzzles. It reconstructs IR’s temporal imagination by developing an argument that all times—from the rhythms of the universe to individual temporal experience—spring from social and practical timing activities, or efforts to establish meaningful and useful relationships in complex and dynamic settings. In IR’s case, across a wide range of approaches scholars employ narrative timing techniques to make sense of political processes and events. This innovative account of time provides a more systematic and rigorous explanation for all manner of temporal phenomena in international politics. It also develops provocative insights about IR’s own history, its key methodological commitments, supposedly “timeless” statistical methods, historical institutions, and the critical vanguard of time studies. This book invites us to reimagine time in theory and practice, and in so doing to significantly rethink the way we approach the study of international politics.
Modern Social Contract Theory
Authors: Weale Albert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This book provides an exposition and evaluation of major work in social contract theory from 1950 to present. It locates the central themes of that theory in the intellectual legacy of utilitarianism, particularly the problems of defining principles of justice and of showing the grounds of moral obligation. Subsequently, it demonstrates how theorists responded in a novel way to the dilemmas articulated in utilitarianism, developing in their different approaches a constructivist method in ethics—a method that aimed to vindicate a liberal, democratic, and just political order. A distinctive feature of the book is its comparative approach. Each theory is placed in its particular intellectual context. Special attention is paid to the contrasting theories of rationality adopted by the different authors, whether that be utility theory or a deliberative conception of rationality, with the intention of assessing how far the principles advanced can be justified by reference to the hypothetical choices of rational contracting agents. The book also looks at some principal objections to the enterprise of contract theory, and offers its own programme for the future of that theory taking the form of the empirical method.
Paramilitarism in the Balkans
Authors: Tasić Dmitar 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This book is analysing the origins and manifestations of paramilitary violence in three neighbouring Balkan countries—Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Albania after the First World War. It shows the role of paramilitarism in internal as well as in external policies in all three above-mentioned states, and it focuses on the main actors and perpetrators of paramilitary violence, their social backgrounds, motivations and future career trajectories. It also places the region into the broader European context of booming paramilitarism that came as the result of first global conflict, dissolution of old empires, creation of nation-states and simultaneous revolutions. While paramilitarism in most of post-Great War European states was the product of violence of the First World War and brutalization which societies of both victorious and defeated countries went through, paramilitarism in the Balkans was closely connected with the already existing traditions originating from the period of armed struggle against the Ottoman rule, and state and nation building projects of the late 19th and early 20th century. Paramilitary traditions here were so strong that in all subsequent crises and military conflicts in the Balkans, i.e. the Second World War and Wars of Yugoslav Succession during the 1990’s, the legacy of paramilitarism remained alive and present. Among several features of paramilitarism in the Balkans 1917 - 1924 this book analyse strong inclination towards guerrilla warfare as the integral part of the warfare culture of the Balkans paramilitaries.
Balkan Borderlands
Authors: Tasić Dmitar 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter III is introduction to geographical and demographic context of the study. It uses the concept of borderlands, more precisely imperial borderlands that is territories which are considered as spaces-in-between with malleable identities which are often disputed and in general difficult to control. It analyses situation in all three countries such as: first usages of paramilitaries in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and controversies that occurred; how IMRO adjusted to new circumstances and continued with its operation; how new agrarian regime in Bulgaria, overwhelmed with challenges and dysfunctional state and its institutions was forced to create its own paramilitary formation—Orange Guard and which in practical terms represented discontinuity with Balkan paramilitary traditions; and what was the role of the Albanian irregulars during the turbulent post-war quest for stability in that country taking in mind specific features Albanian society. It also questions if Albanian irregulars as such can be determined as paramilitaries as their contemporary counterparts. Finally it presents what was the role and place of Serbian chetniks in their post-Black Hand years, that is, in period when, after the annihilation of the secret organization Unification or Death aka the Black Hand, the organization that had strong influence on their organization and usage, they became one of many veterans’ associations. It also analyses the place of the Toplica Uprising in 1917 as one of the most important determinants of chetniks identity and ethos.
New Context + Traditional Methods = Unexpected Outcomes
Authors: Tasić Dmitar 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter IV is dedicated to the situation in all three countries after the Great War, that is, among theirs paramilitaries, and how they have adjusted to new realities. One big change was the fact that Ottoman Empire vanished from the Balkans, however its legacy and traditions were very alive and present. However, some of the former komitajis faced with existential difficulties begin with criminal activities such as pillaging, extortion, kidnapping and smuggling. It also shows how Yugoslav army and Gendarmerie slowly but surely started to coordinate their activities with civil authorities in order to prevent incursions of IMRO komitajis and Albanian kachak’s. Chapter analyses to what extent extraordinary measures that were introduced helped in suppression of two different security challenges as well as what were the answers of individuals and organizations. Most notable were office of the Commissar for Southern Regions and Organization against the Bulgarian Bandits. For the short time of its work office of the Commissar was given extraordinary authorisation and mechanisms for coordination between different agencies which proved efficient in fight against IMRO komitajis and kachaks. Organization against Bulgarian Bandits was completely new paramilitary formation. Created on existing principles it in a way represented step back in efforts to modernize Yugoslav southern regions.