bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Panel Community Surveys to Track the Impact of Crop Pests Over Time and Space – The Case of Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) Disease in Kenya from 2013 to 2018
Authors: De Groote Hugo , Munyua Bernard G. , Palmas Sebastian , Suresh L. M. , Bruce Anani Y. , Kimenju Simon 
Published: December 2020

Maize lethal necrosis (MLN) disease appeared in Kenya in 2011, causing major damage. In a first survey of 121 communities in 2013, participants estimated the proportion of households affected and the yield loss in affected areas; from this survey, the overall loss was estimated at 22%, concentrated in western Kenya (94%). Efforts to combat the disease included planting resistant varieties, creating awareness of MLN management, and producing pathogen-free seed. In 2018, the same communities were revisited and asked the same questions, establishing a panel community survey. The results showed that incidents of MLN had greatly decreased, and the number of communities that had observed it had reduced from 76% in 2013 to 26% by the long rains of 2018; while still common in western Kenya (60%), MLN had greatly reduced elsewhere (to 10%). In 2013, 40% of farmers were affected, yield loss among affected farmers was estimated at 44%, and total yield loss was estimated at 22% (a production loss of 0.5 million metric tons/year), valued at US$187 million. By the long rains of 2018, 23% of farmers were affected, with a loss among affected farmers of 36%; overall annual loss was estimated at 8.5% or 0.37 million metric tons, valued at US$109 million, concentrated in western Kenya (79%). Of the recommended control measures, only the removal of diseased plants was commonly used (by 62% of affected communities), but not the use of agronomic practices (11%) or resistant varieties (9.5%). The reasons for the reduction in MLN are not well understood; external factors such as spraying insecticide against fall armyworm and unfavorable weather likely played a role, as did using disease-free seed, but not the use of resistant varieties or appropriate management practices. Still, as the pathogen remains in the fields, it is important to keep disseminating these control methods, particularly resistant varieties.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Preoperative Versus Postoperative Scalp Block Combined With Incision Line Infiltration for Pain Control After Supratentorial Craniotomy
Authors: Kulikov Alexander , Tere Valentina , Sergi Paola G. , Pugliese Francesco , Lubnin Andrey , Bilotta Federico 
Published: December 2020

Objective:
Postoperative pain after craniotomy is a significant clinical problem that is sometimes underestimated, although moderate or severe pain in early postoperative period complicates up to 60% of cases. The purpose of this prospective randomized multicenter trial was to determine the optimal timing for selective scalp block in patients undergoing general anesthesia for supratentorial craniotomy.

Materials and Methods:
After ethics committee approval and informed consent, 56 adult patients were enrolled, and randomly assigned to receive a selective scalp block combined with incision line infiltration preoperatively or postoperatively.

Results:
Postoperative pain at 24 hours after the procedure was recorded in all 56 enrolled patients. In patients assigned to receive a scalp block preoperatively, median VAS score at 24 hours after surgery was 0 (0 to 2), and in patients assigned to receive a scalp block postoperatively it was 0 (0 to 3) (P>0.05). There was no difference in severity of pain at 24, 12, 6, and 2 hours after surgery between the 2 study groups, but the amount of fentanyl administered intraoperatively was lower in patients assigned to the preoperative scalp block group (1.6±0.7 vs. 2.4±0.7 mkg/kg/h, P=0.01).

Discussion:
This study confirms and extends available clinical evidence on the safety and efficacy of selective scalp blocks for the prevention of postoperative pain. Recorded data suggest that there is no difference in terms of occurrence and severity of postoperative pain regardless of whether the scalp block is performed preoperatively (after general anesthesia induction) or postoperatively (before extubation). Patients assigned to receive a scalp block combined with incision line infiltration preoperatively needed less intraoperative opioids than those assigned to postoperative scalp block.
Impact of New Motor Deficit on HRQOL After Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery
Authors: Saigal Rajiv , Lau Darryl , Berven Sigurd H. , Carreon Leah , Dekutoski Mark B. , Kebaish Khaled M. , Qiu Yong , Matsuyama Yukihiro , Kelly Michael , Dahl Benny T. , Mehdian Hossein , Pellisé Ferran , Lewis Stephen J. , Cheung Kenneth M.C. , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Fehlings Michael G. , Lenke Lawrence G. , Ames Christopher P. 
Published: December 2020

Study Design.
International, multicenter, prospective, longitudinal observational cohort.

Objective.
To assess how new motor deficits affect patient reported quality of life scores after adult deformity surgery.

Summary of Background Data.
Adult spinal deformity surgery is associated with high morbidity, including risk of new postoperative motor deficit. It is unclear what effect new motor deficit has on Health-related Quality of Life scores (HRQOL) scores.

Methods.
Adult spinal deformity patients were enrolled prospectively at 15 sites worldwide. Other inclusion criteria included major Cobb more than 80°, C7–L2 curve apex, and any patient undergoing three column osteotomy. American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scores and standard HRQOL scores were recorded pre-op, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 2 years.

Results.
Two hundred seventy two complex adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients enrolled. HRQOL scores were worse for patients with lower extremity motor score (LEMS). Mean HRQOL changes at 6 weeks and 2 years compared with pre-op for patients with motor worsening were: ODI (+12.4 at 6 weeks and –4.7 at 2 years), SF-36v2 physical (–4.5 at 6 weeks and +2.3 at 2 years), SRS-22r (0.0 at 6 weeks and +0.4 at 2 years). Mean HRQOL changes for motor-neutral patients were: ODI (+0.6 at 6 weeks and –12.1 at 2 years), SF-36v2 physical (–1.6 at 6 weeks and +5.9 at 2 years), and SRS-22r (+0.4 at 6 weeks and +0.7 at 2 years). For patients with LEMS improvement, mean HRQOL changes were: ODI (–0.6 at 6 weeks and –16.3 at 2 years), SF-36v2 physical (+1.0 at 6 weeks and +7.0 at 2 years), and SRS-22r (+0.5 at 6 weeks and +0.9 at 2 years).

Conclusion.
In the subgroup of deformity patients who developed a new motor deficit, total HRQOLs and HRQOL changes were negatively impacted. Patients with more than 2 points of LEMS worsening had the worst changes, but still showed overall HRQOL improvement at 6 months and 2 years compared with pre-op baseline.

Level of Evidence: 3
Changes in Muscle Morphology in Female Chronic Neck Pain Patients Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Van Looveren Eveline , Cagnie Barbara , Coppieters Iris , Meeus Mira , De Pauw Robby 
Published: December 2020

Study Design.
Population-based cross-sectional study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of changes in muscle morphology in patients with chronic idiopathic neck pain (CINP) and chronic whiplash-associated disorder (CWAD).

Summary of Background Data.
Worldwide, neck pain (NP) is a common health problem with high socioeconomic burden. A high percentage of these patients evolves toward chronic symptoms. Efficacy of treatments for these complaints remains variable. In current literature, changes in muscle morphology (muscle fat infiltration and cross-sectional area) have been reported in patients with NP, both CWAD and CINP. However, no strong conclusions could be made.

Methods.
In this study, magnetic resonance imaging was used to obtain data on muscle morphology from 14 cervical flexor and extensor muscles in 117 female subjects with NP (CWAD = 37; CINP = 45) and healthy controls (HC = 35).

Results.
The CWAD group had a significantly larger muscle fat infiltration in some extensor (semispinalis and splenius capitis, trapezius, obliquus capitis inferior) and flexor (sternocleidomastoid) muscles compared to the CINP and/or HC group. A significantly larger (muscle) cross-sectional area was found in some extensor (levator scapulae, semispinalis capitis, trapezius) and flexor (longus colli, longus capitis, sternocleidomastoid) muscles in the HC group compared to the CINP and/or CWAD group. No clear associations were found between group differences and factors as pain duration, kinesiophobia, and disability.

Conclusion.
The results in this study suggest changes in muscle morphology in both NP cohorts. These results show some similarities with earlier findings in this research domain. Further studies based on controlled longitudinal designs are needed to facilitate data compilation, to draw stronger conclusions, and to integrate them into the treatment of patients with chronic NP.

Level of Evidence: 4
Do Markers of Inflammation and/or Muscle Regeneration in Lumbar Multifidus Muscle and Fat Differ Between Individuals with Good or Poor Outcome Following Microdiscectomy for Lumbar Disc Herniation?
Authors: Chen Xiaolong , Hodges Paul W. , James Gregory , Diwan Ashish D. 
Published: December 2020

Study Design.
Observational study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether inflammatory and/or muscle regeneration markers in paraspinal tissues (multifidus muscle/fat) during microdiscectomy surgery in patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) with radiculopathy, differ between individuals with good or poor outcome.

Summary of Background Data.
Structural back muscle changes, including fat infiltration, muscle atrophy, and fiber changes, are ubiquitous with LBP and are thought to be regulated by inflammatory and regeneration processes. Muscle changes might be relevant for recovery after microdiscectomy, but a link between expression of inflammatory and muscle regeneration genes in paraspinal tissues and clinical outcome has not been tested.

Method.
Paraspinal tissues from deep multifidus muscles and fat (intramuscular, sub-cutaneous, epidural) were harvested from twenty-one patients with LDH undergoing microdiscectomy surgery. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) measured expression of 10 genes. Outcome was defined as good (visual analogue scale (VAS) low back pain (LBP)+) or poor (VAS LBP−) by an improvement of >33% or ≤33% on the pain VAS, respectively. Good functional improvement was defined as 25% improvement on the physical functioning scale (PFS).

Results.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in deep multifidus was 91% lower (P = 0.014) in the VAS LBP- than VAS LBP+ group. Expression of interleukin-1β in subcutaneous fat was 48% higher (P = 0.026) in the VAS LBP– than VAS LBP+ group. No markers differed based on PFS.

Conclusion.
Results show a relationship between impaired muscle regeneration profile in multifidus muscle and poor outcome following microdiscectomy for LDH. Inflammatory dysregulation in subcutaneous fat overlying the back region might predict poor surgical outcome.

Level of Evidence: 4
Comparison of Outcomes Between Single-level Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion and Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Tan Marcus Wei Ping , Sayampanathan Andrew A. , Jiang Lei , Guo Chang Ming 
Published: December 2020

Study Design:
This is a meta-analysis and systematic review of the available literature.

Objective:
This study aims to compare the clinical and radiologic outcomes of single-level lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) with single-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF).

Summary of Background Data:
In the treatment of adult spinal deformity, LLIF allows interbody fusion while avoiding complications associated with an anterior or transforaminal approach, although the clinical outcomes of LLIF compared with other approaches have not been well established.

Methods:
We searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus for 385 unique studies. On the basis of our exclusion criteria, 8 studies remained for our systematic review. Data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.3 using Mantel-Haenszel statistics and random effect models. This study identified self-reported Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index, length of stay, blood loss, complication rate, and radiologic parameters (disk height, lumbar lordosis, segmental lordosis).

Results:
Our meta-analysis showed that LLIF contributed to decreased blood loss [mean difference (MD)=−67.62 mL, 95% confidence interval (CI): −104 to −30.90, P<0.001], superior restoration of segmental lordosis (MD=1.91 degrees, 95% CI: 0.71–3.10, P=0.002), lumbar lordosis (MD=1.95 degrees, 95% CI: 0.15–3.74, P=0.03), and disk height (MD=2.18 mm, 95% CI: 1.18–3.17, P<0.001) when compared with TLIF. However, current data suggests no significant difference in clinical outcomes between LLIF and TLIF based on overall complication rates (P=0.22), length of hospital stay (P=0.65), postoperative Oswestry Disability Index (P=0.13), postoperative VAS Back Pain (P=0.47) and VAS Leg Pain (P=0.16).

Conclusions:
LLIF is an increasingly popular option for single-level anterior column reconstruction. When compared with single-level TLIF, single-level LLIF is associated with greater changes in lumbar lordosis and disk height. The single-level LLIF is a viable alternative to TLIF, demonstrating comparable clinical outcomes and better restoration of spinopelvic parameters.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
A Retrospective Cohort Study of Effects of Antihypertensive and Anticholinergic Medications on Outcomes Following Elective Posterior Lumbar Spine Surgery
Authors: Golubovsky Joshua L. , Karnuta Jaret M. , Lee Maxwell , Enders Jacob , Banerjee Aditya , Grits Daniel , Nowacki Amy , Ilyas Haariss , Steinmetz Michael P. 
Published: December 2020

Study Design:
This was a retrospective consecutive cohort analysis.

Objective:
This study aimed to examine the association between commonly prescribed medications and outcomes following posterior lumbar spine surgery.

Summary of Background Data:
Postoperative complications and prolonged length of stay significantly increase costs following posterior lumbar spine surgery and worsen patient outcomes. To control costs and complications, providers should focus on modifiable risk factors, such as preoperative medications. Antihypertensive and anticholinergic drugs are among the most commonly prescribed medications but can carry significant risks in the perioperative period.

Materials and Methods:
This study was a retrospective cohort analysis of patients undergoing posterior lumbar spine surgery from January 2014 through December 2015 at a large tertiary care center. The variable selection followed by multivariable logistic and negative binomial regressions were performed. An α threshold of 0.0056 was used for significance after correction for multiple comparisons. A secondary analysis was performed to evaluate confounding or effect modifying variables.

Results:
This study included 1577 patients. Postoperative urinary retention risk was increased in patients taking loop diuretics. Acute kidney injury risk was increased for patients on nondihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers. Surgical site infection risk was increased for patients on aldosterone receptor blockers. Urinary tract infection risk was increased for patients on anticholinergics for urinary incontinence. Length of stay was decreased for patients on angiotensin II antagonists and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.

Conclusion:
A care path should be established in the perioperative period for patients who are deemed to be at higher risk due to medication status to either modify medications or improve postoperative monitoring.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Comparing Surgical Treatments for Spondylolysis
Authors: Tarpada Sandip P. , Kim Dongyoung , Levine Nicole L. , Morris Matthew T. , Cho Woojin 
Published: December 2020

Study Design:
Narrative review.

Objective:
To compare the various surgical methods of repairing spondylolysis defects in regard to improving pain, restoration of function, radiographic improvement, and complication rate.

Summary of Background Data:
Spondylolysis is a defect in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch, typically in the lumbar vertebra. Treatment can be nonoperative and/or surgical. There are various types of surgical repair including spinal compression, fusion, and direct pars repair.

Methods:
A comprehensive review of the English literature was performed utilizing Medline, Embase, and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria included papers or abstracts that evaluated the surgical techniques. Exclusion criteria included non–English-language papers or abstracts with inadequate information about outcomes.

Results:
Postoperative pain levels and patient function were consistently improved, regardless of surgical technique chosen. Positive clinical outcomes after surgery were seen more often in patients under age 20 and those who underwent minimally invasive repairs. Positive radiographic improvements were reported broadly, although some reported higher rates of nonunion with spinal compression. Complication rates were low throughout and minimally invasive techniques reported decreased blood loss and shorter hospital stays.

Conclusions:
Present surgical options appear largely comparable in terms of their ability to provide meaningful treatment for spondylolysis where conservative treatments have failed or otherwise remain unattempted.
Experiences of Faculty Members Giving Corrective Feedback to Medical Trainees in a Clinical Setting
Authors: Davila-Cervantes Andrea , Foulds Jessica L. , Gomaa Nahla A. , Rashid Marghalara 
Published: December 2020

Introduction:
Imperative to medical training is the observation and provision of feedback. In this era of competency-based medical education, feedback is one of the core components of this new model. A better understanding of the medical faculty's attitudes and experiences when providing feedback is essential. Currently, there are limited qualitative studies that have explored attitudes and experiences of faculty members when giving corrective feedback to medical trainees.

Methods:
To allow an in-depth exploration of this phenomenon, a hermeneutics phenomenology approach was used, by conducting semistructured interviews with 10 faculty members representing six disciplines and used thematic analysis to create data-driven codes and identify key themes through an iterative consensus-building process.

Results:
Four themes were identified by the authors: (1) Elements of effective feedback, (2) Faculty members' perception of giving corrective feedback, (3) Challenges as it relates to the assessment culture of the institution, and (4) Providing effective corrective feedback as a mutual process focused on relationship building between learners and preceptors.

Discussion:
By exploring faculty members' perceptions of providing perceived corrective feedback, we identified actionable recommendations based on the study participants' experiences, expectations, and challenges which could be addressed involving future faculty development with the focus on modifying concepts of feedback and institutional changes that will promote an attitudinal and a cultural shift.
MULTIMODAL IMAGING OF ACUTE MULTIFOCAL HEMORRHAGIC RETINAL VASCULITIS: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Meng Ping-Ping , Lin Chun-Ju , Hsia Ning-Yi , Lai Chun-Ting , Bair Henry , Lin Jane-Ming , Tsai Yi-Yu 
Published: December 2020

Purpose:
To report a case of acute multifocal hemorrhagic retinal vasculitis and demonstrate the multimodal imaging.

Methods:
Interventional case report.

Results:
A 54-year-old woman without significant past medical history complained of redness and blurred vision in both eyes. Her visual acuity was counting fingers and 20/60. Mild conjunctival injection, anterior chamber cells, and vitreous haze were noted. Fundus showed multifocal intraretinal hemorrhages. Fluorescein angiography revealed vasculitic process with intraretinal hemorrhage blocking defects and retinal ischemic changes in both eyes. Anterior chamber tap fluid polymerase chain reaction for varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus I/II, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus was unremarkable. Rheumatology was consulted and systemic vasculitis was ruled out. Her vision improved to 20/50 and 20/20 after pulse methylprednisolone therapy, oral methotrexate, and prednisolone treatment.

Conclusion:
Acute multifocal hemorrhagic retinal vasculitis can occur in an immunocompetent patient. Multimodal Imaging is useful in the diagnosis and follow-up. Patients could benefit from early and aggressive immunosuppressive therapy.
Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty Using a Pull-Through Technique With Novel Infusion Forceps
Authors: Jabbour Samir , Jun Albert S. , Shekhawat Nakul S. , Woreta Fasika A. , Krick Tracy W. , Srikumaran Divya 
Published: December 2020

Purpose:
To describe a surgical technique of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) using an endothelium-in pull-through technique with novel infusion forceps and report 6-month clinical outcomes.

Methods:
This is a retrospective case series of 33 cases with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy who underwent either DMEK alone (n = 5), DMEK combined with phacoemulsification (n = 27), or DMEK combined with intraocular lens exchange (n = 1) performed by surgeons at the beginning of the DMEK learning curve. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), manifest refraction, central corneal thickness, endothelial cell density, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and need for additional surgeries including rebubbling were evaluated through 6 months postoperatively.

Results:
Preoperative BCVA was 0.37 ± 0.34 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution and improved to 0.09 ± 0.10 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution at 6 months (P < 0.001). Eighty-two percent of eyes obtained a BCVA of 20/25 or better. Central corneal thickness decreased significantly at 6 months (P < 0.001). Endothelial cell loss was 29.1% at 6 months (available for 20 of 33 eyes). All surgeries were uneventful. Six eyes required rebubbling for graft detachments. There were no primary or secondary graft failures at 6 months.

Conclusions:
DMEK with infusion microforceps is efficacious and safe in eyes with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy and could offer a more controlled surgery, making it suitable for both novice and experienced DMEK surgeons.