bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance Switching Properties of Silicon Nitride Material with Heavily Doped Si As Bottom Electrode
Authors: Karakolis Panagiotis , Speliotis Athanasios , Ioannou-Sougleridis Vassilios , Normand Pascal , Skarlatos Dimitrios , Dimitrakis Panagiotis 
Published: February 2020

RRAMs are considered as the most promising devices for NVM and storage class memory applications at technology nodes below 20nm. In addition, due to their memristive properties pave the way for the realization of neuromorphic prototype circuits. The majority of these devices are two-terminal MIM structures and use as insulator (active material) metal oxides in combination with proper metals. The present models assuming the oxide and metal physical and chemical properties seem that can explain the observed resistive phenomena. Nevertheless, the effect of humidity seems to play a crucial role in the reliability of RRAMs.
In this context, nitride based insulators are of special importance because of their immunity in humidity and oxygen related parasitic effects. The present contribution reports on the preliminary results related to our research on MIM devices where LPCVD Si3N4 is used as insulating material, sputtered Cu as active (top) electrode and heavily doped Si (<0.003 Ω.cm) bottom electrode (BE). Both conductivity types of Si n and p have been tested (Figure). The devices have been characterized in terms of static I-V, resistance variability, impedance spectroscopy (IS) and retention measurements. Room temperature I-V measurements suggest that a space charge limited conduction (SCLC) is dominating through the nitride layer. According to our results the MIM diodes with p+ Si as BE present higher variability in VSET and VRESET compare to those diodes with n+ Si BE. IS measurements are in progress to investigate the mechanism for resistance switching. Upon the current results, his mechanism may be attributed to the presence of diffusion process. Temperature variable measurements are currently contacted in order to identify the electronic or ionic nature of the diffusion mechanism. The fabricated devices exhibit attractive multi-state operation under different current compliance values. In addition, retention measurements at room temperature indicated that the LRS is retained for 10 yrs.

Figure 1
(Invited) Interface Engineering of Silicon-Based Molecular Devices
Authors: Hacker Christina A. , Bruce Robert C , Takeuchi Saya 
Published: February 2020

Incorporation of novel materials, such as molecular layers or 2D layers, into electronic paradigms enables transformative potential in applications ranging from memory, batteries, catalysts, flexible devices, and alternate computing paradigms. In order to take advantage of the promising properties of these components, holistic study of the fundamental components as well as their impact on the final device properties are important. As interfaces continue to dominate the electrical performance, the ability to adjust the interface for desired properties becomes more critical. Molecular layers offer a versatile means of tuning interfacial electronic, chemical, physical, and magnetic properties.
This talk will focus on our work with engineering silicon interfaces and the impact that molecules have on the electrical properties. We will describe the impact surface functionalization conditions have on the resulting electrical properties where the monoloayers are characterized by using vibrational spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle, and e-GaIn based electrical measurements.
Analysis of Oxide Film on Aluminum Electrode in Aluminum-Air Battery
Authors: Mohammad adbul Kaleem , Hosmane Narayan S , Cho Kyu Taek 
Published: February 2020

In this research, aluminum air battery system was revisited to investigate key issues which have challenged its full application as a rechargeable battery. The Al-air battery had received intense attention once due to the excellent benefits such as low cost and high energy density, but due to the challenging issues such as hydrogen evolution, and inactive oxide film formed on the Al surface, it could not be fully applied. Recently, ionic liquid which is a salt in liquid form at room temperature started to be applied in the battery system to overcome the issues in aqueous electrolyte [1,2], but the inactive oxide film on Al surface is still dominant in decreasing cell performance and detailed research to understand how to control the oxide film was not conducted. In this study, 1-Ethyl 3-Methyl Imidazolium Chloride ([EmIm]Cl) and Aluminum Chloride (AlCl3) was applied in the Al-air battery, and its effect on oxide film on the surface aluminum electrode was analyzed through cell-base test, and SEM image analysis. It was found that the inert oxide film on aluminum, which is one of the most challenging issues, could be controlled and removed by using of proper ratio of [EmIm]Cl and AlCl3, and the growth/breakdown mechanism of the oxide film was theoretically considered. This research results are expected to suggest a new direction to control the surface of aluminum electrode to make it the most promising system.

References

[1] D. Gelman, B. Shvartsev, Y. Ein-Eli, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2 (2014) 20237-20242.
[2] R. Revel, T. Audichon, S. Gonzalez, J. Power Sources, 272 (2014) 415-421.
(Keynote) To Honor Michel Armand: Developments on New Electrode and Electrolyte Materials for Batteries at the IMN
Authors: Guyomard Dominique , Boucher Florent , Brousse Thierry , Crosnier Olivier , Dupré Nicolas , Gaubicher Joël , Le Bideau Jean , Lestriez Bernard , Moreau Philippe , Poizot Philippe , Soudan Patrick 
Published: February 2020

A selection of recent developments at IMN will be reviewed on several research directions dealing with new electrode and electrolyte materials for batteries. We focus on innovative surface modifications of electrode components, new electrode materials, compositions and architectures, and failure mechanism upon cycling by in-depth characterization through coupled advanced techniques. We cover the topics of silicon electrodes for Li-ion batteries, positive and negatives for Na batteries, renewable organic aqueous batteries, and all-solid-state ionogel Li-metal batteries.
Surface derivatization of powder oxide materials by molecular grafting modifies their interfacial chemical reactivity, thus increasing cycle life and decreasing self-discharge. Molecular junctions through double-side grafting between non-carbon-coated LFP and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) enables original electrode architecture, leading to higher specific capacity and better capacity retention. Our recently synthesized lithium-doped PANI shows excellent performance both as bulk material and as thin layer coating of bare LFP particles.
We are also developing organic materials for bulk application in the new generation of renewable organic batteries. New results in the area of organic aqueous batteries for renewable energy storage will be disclosed.
In the Na-FePO4 system, we identified the intermediate phase as a fully ordered Na2/3FePO4 composition showing a vacancy ordering along the channels coupled with a Fe(II)/Fe(III) charge ordering. Ab initio DFT total energy and molecular dynamics calculations lead to the optimized structure of the Li2/3FePO4 phase, and show the Na2/3FePO4 phase is thermodynamically stable while the Li2/3FePO4 phase is metastable. In the domain of negatives for non-aqueous Na-ion batteries, we found GaV4S8 is a new material with high cycled capacity of 500 mAh/g and an atypical reaction mechanism.
In the field of silicon negative electrodes, we show some examples of nanoscale STEM-EELS imaging of the reaction mechanism upon cycling, and we describe an electrode maturation process that improves the performance whatever the type of silicon, binder and conductive agent. We also identify the end-of-life mechanism that is different in half cell and in full cell.
Ionogels, which are confined ionic liquids within various host networks, are developed in order to fabricate self-standing solid-state membranes, all-solid-state Li metal batteries, and all-solid-state supercapacitors with good performance. We analyze as well what are the needed criteria to obtain good cycling efficiency and durability of the Li metal electrode in contact with these ionogel solid electrolytes.
(Invited) Do Hybrid Electrolytes Offer the Best Option for Lithium Metal Rechargeable Batteries?
Authors: Blomgren George E 
Published: February 2020

Research and development on the technology of solid state batteries has become an important field of enquiry in recent years. The history of the field goes back to the 1980’s when thin layers of positive active material, solid electrolyte and evaporated lithium were developed into the so-called micro-battery. These micro batteries were capable of very high cycle life and reasonable current densities, but the capacity is always low and the cost of production is high. The vacuum methods, however, resulted in thin, dense layers which had excellent interfacial contact with the layer above and below, which resulted in the good performance as well as the high cycle life. The discovery of much high conductivity solid electrolytes, some with good stability against lithium metal, has resulted in the renewal of interest in the field.
Research into these new, high conductivity materials has led to attempts to form thicker layers in more conventional methodology with the hopes of lower cost and obviating the interfacial problems of earlier work with thick layers. Eliminating porosity with such methods as well as eliminating ion blocking interfacial layers has proved to be a problem. Also, the original idea that lithium metal would be blocked from access to the positive electrode because of the non-porous solid electrolyte has also proven to difficult to attain. These aspects of the conventional approach will be explained.
More recent attempts have been made with the use of liquid electrolytes to contact the dense solid electrolyte layer as well as fill the porosity in the inherently porous pressed powder positive electrode and sometimes to serve as an intermediate layer between the solid separator and lithium foil. The results of such tests on “hybrid” electrolyte cells will be discussed and an attempt to predict the likelihood of success of such batteries will be made. The approach will also be compared to the more conventional all solid electrolyte systems that have been studied to date.
(Keynote) Tribute to Michel Armand: Lithium Metal Solid State Batteries from 1979 to 2019
Authors: Zaghib Karim , Julien Christian M , Mauger Alain 
Published: February 2020

Research on lithium metal combined with polymer electrolyte in lithium rechargeable batteries was started in 1979 by Michel Armand. Since that time, lithium battery research has expanded worldwide. Several new polymers, solid electrolytes and ionic liquids with improved conductivity were identified. These advances resulted from a better understanding of the major parameters controlling ion migration, such as favorable polymer structure, phase diagrams between solvating polymers and lithium salts, and the development of new lithium counter-anions. In spite of the progress so far, the quest for a highly conductive dry polymer at room temperature is still not available. However, effort is continuing, and all-lithium polymer battery (LPB) developers presently face the challenge of whether to heat the polymer electrolyte to enable high-power performance, as required for electric vehicles and energy storage. LPB developers have explored both the high-temperature and low-temperature options.
The commercial use of lithium metal/polymer batteries has been delayed because of the adverse effects of dendrites on the surface of the lithium electrodes, and the difficulty in finding a polymer that has both the mechanical strength and ionic conductivity required in a solid electrolyte. However, recent strategies have emerged to overcome these difficulties, and now these batteries are currently an option for different applications, including electric cars.
In this presentation, we review these strategies and discuss the different promising routes that should result in further progress on lithium metal/polymer batteries in the near future. This presentation also discusses the challenges and opportunities in developing thin lithium negative electrodes with stable SEI layers for three battery technologies using:

All solid-state Li- batteries

Rechargeable lithium batteries containing dry polymer and ionic liquid-polymer électrolytes

Li-Sulfur batteries.

In addition, we will discuss the safety of lithium, dendrite mechanism, interface phenomena, side reactions, protection of lithium metal, and lithium alloys that are relevant to lithium batteries.

Acknowledgement: The author thanks the CETEES groups in Varennes Shawinigan teams for helpful discussion.
Polymer Gel Electrolytes for Magnesium Batteries: Ion Transport and Electrochemical Characterization
Authors: Merrill Laura C. , Ford Hunter O. , Brankin Colin , Schaefer Jennifer L. 
Published: February 2020

The development of new rechargeable battery systems employing novel chemistries is imperative to meet the increasing energy storage demands of emerging technologies. Magnesium metal batteries are one attractive type of beyond lithium-ion system, due to the widespread abundance, gravimetric and volumetric charge capacity, and electrodeposition potential of magnesium. However, the electrolyte formulations that enable magnesium deposition and dissolution are few in comparison with lithium. Here we report on the ion transport and electrochemical properties of magnesium polymer gel electrolytes based crosslinked, ionomeric networks that are swelled. The nature of the solvent(s) and salt(s) of the liquid medium, and the charge density of the ionomer network, are all found to heavily influence the properties of the gel electrolyte.
Magnesium polymer gel electrolytes are created by swelling the ionic networks in electrolytes containing AlCl3, MgCl2, and/or Mg(HMDS)2. Interestingly, higher ionic conductivities and higher current densities for magnesium deposition/dissolution are observed for some gel electrolytes compared to the properties of the pure liquid component. This is hypothesized to be due to the speciation of the free complex ions, which is altered by the presence of the ionic polymer network. These gels are further applied to the Mg-S system, and it is shown that the structure and charge density of the gels influence anionic polysulfide transport. Gel formulations are identified where polysulfides are preferentially rejected while complex magnesium cations are facilely transported across the gel. Structure-property correlations will be presented as found from the combination of SAXS/WAXS, diffusion, elemental analysis, and conductivity measurements.
Single-ion conducting magnesium polymer electrolytes are also created by swelling the ionomeric networks in pure solvents. High ionic conductivities are achievable (> 10^-4 S/cm). However, even when these electrolytes have high magnesium conductivity and are electrochemical stable (non-passivating) against magnesium metal, no magnesium electrodeposition is induced at reasonable potentials. This is suspected to be due to the difficulty of the desolvation of Mg+2.
(Invited) Lanthanide Magnetoelectrocatalysis: Studying Electrocatalytic Effects of Various Lanthanide Triflates As Related to Their Magnetic Properties
Authors: Knoche Krysti L. , Parr Daniel , Rathuwadu Nadeesha , Leddy Johna 
Published: February 2020

Electron transfer events are commonly considered in light of the transfer of charge. But, electrons also have properties of spin. Electron spins interact with magnetic fields. In the presence of a localized magnetic field, electron transfer rates of electrochemical reactions change. Correlations between a redox species’ number of unpaired electrons and the change in electron transfer rate have been found.
Many important reactions that include the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and carbon dioxide reduction have been shown to be kinetically limited. ORR limits performance of many fuel cell and air batteries. Increased rates of HER facilitate energy generation. The presence of lanthanides at electrode surfaces can mediate the rates of such important reactions. For example, Ytterbium triflate extracted into Nafion on an electrode in acetonitrile increases oxygen reduction currents by 15%.
Despite largely similar properties, lanthanide magnetic properties are diverse because the number of unpaired electrons in the d orbitals ranges from 0 to 7. Voltammetry for lanthanides extracted into Nafion films on electrodes undertaken in the presence of some of these species will be presented. Correlations between lanthanides (and their spin and magnetic properties) and the type and magnitude of effects on important reactions will be discussed.
(Invited) Magnetic Gradient-Assisted Physical and Chemical Structuring of Electrodeposits
Authors: Blanc Niclas , Tschulik Kristina 
Published: February 2020

Magnetic thin films, micro and nano structures are key features in magnetic sensors and for data storage in hard drives. To date often physical deposition methods are more frequently employed than electrodeposition to produce these magnetic structures. This is due to the fact that the usually inexpensive alternative production by electrodeposition requires sophisticated masking or templating if structured deposits are desired. Magnetic-field assisted electrodeposition has been demonstrated as a method to produce structured deposits by employing reusable magnetic gradient templates. [1] The working principle is based on a locally enhanced mass transports thanks to a magnetic gradient force induced local convection in the electrolyte during electrodeposition. In regions of high magnetic gradients, typically film thickness and roughness are increased for paramagnetic ions like Cu2+, Co2+ or Fe2+. Here, we demonstrate that not only single component metals, but also bimetallic alloy electrodeposits can be deposited in a desired structure by this approach. By suitably selecting the electrolyte composition and deposition parameters, we demonstrate that the current efficiency can be increased for the electrodeposition of transition metal-based alloys. This is evidenced by electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies during electrodeposition of CoFe in the presence of varied magnetic gradients. [2] In addition, we show that also chemical structuring of bimetallic deposits can be achieved by means of magnetic gradient-assisted electrodeposition, which is shown or CuNi electrodeposits. For both systems the observed local morphological and compositional changes are characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, respectively. The experimental findings are then discussed in terms of magneto-hydrodynamic effects, which are attributed to the magnetic field gradient force. Thus, magnetic-gradient assisted electrodeposition is suggested as a new route to magnetic patterning of surfaces.
[1] Tschulik, Kristina; Koza, Jakub Adam; Uhlemann, Margitta; Gebert, Annett; Schultz, Ludwig

Electrochemistry Communications, 2009, 11(11), 2241–2244
[2] Karnbach, F.; Uhlemann, M.; Gebert, A.; Eckert, J.; Tschulik, K.

Electrochimica Acta, 2014, 123, 477–484
Galvanic Replacement of Chiral Hosts for Generating Helical Nanoparticles with Engineerable Compositions and Optical Activity
Authors: Liu Junjun , Huang Zhifeng 
Published: February 2020

Metallic helices with a characteristic helical pitch (P) in the micro- or nano-scale have been proposed to develop diverse chirality-related primary applications. However, limit development of nanofabrication techniques leads to P > 20 nm; molecules are too small in size to effectively perceive the helical chirality, and such the dimensional mismatch will substantially prohibit the development of those applications.
Currently, we devise glancing angle deposition (GLAD) with fast substrate rotation to successfully generate metallic helical nanoparticles (HNPs) with a sub-10-nm P. The sub-10-nm P is compatible with the molecular scale, such that we use the sub-10-nm-P HNPs to amplify optical activity of enantiomers that are grafted on the HNPs in roughly one order of magnitude, and to effectively mediate the enantioselective photocyclodimerization of 2-Anthracenecarboxylic acid.
However, GLAD is operated at an extremely oblique deposition angle of > 85° with respect to the direction of substrate normal, resulting in an evidently low deposition yield given that most of evaporated atoms will not condense on the substrate. From the production cost point of view, low deposition yield tends to severely limit the application of such the technique to generate HNPs made of noble metals, which typically function as heterogeneous asymmetric catalysts. It is of practical demand on developing an economic method to produce noble metal HNPs with high production yield.
In this talk, we will present a two-step fabrication of noble metal HNPs, composed of fast-substrate-rotation GLAD of HNPs made of low-cost metals (such as Cu, denoted as chiral host) and galvanic replacement of chiral hosts with noble metals (such as Ag, Au, Pt, and so on). Limit, controllable usage of noble metal salts in the galvanic replacement reaction not only reduces the production cost of noble metals, but also leads to generating alloy HNPs with tunable alloy composition. Systematic characterizations of nanostructure, material and optical activity are operated to study the galvanic replacement processes and dynamics. This work paves the way to generating novel asymmetric catalysts to operate heterogeneous asymmetric catalysis with high enantioselectivity, and to dramatically enhancing enantiodifferentiation by amplifying optical activity of enantiomers.