bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an active live yeast (Levucell Saccharomyces cerevisiae, CNCM l-1077) on receiving and backgrounding period growth performance and efficiency of dietary net energy utilization in low health risk beef steers1
Authors: Smith Zachary K , Karges Kip , Aguilar Angel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of an active live yeast direct-fed microbial (DFM) product on receiving and backgrounding period growth performance and efficiency of dietary net energy (NE) utilization in low health risk beef steers. Maine-Anjou × Angus steers (n = 199; body weight [BW] = 252 ± 32.1 kg) were received from two sources at the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD, in November 2019 and used in a 77-d feedlot receiving and backgrounding experiment. Steers were provided access to long-stem hay and ad libitum water upon arrival. Steers were weighed, vaccinated for respiratory pathogens (source 2 only): infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea types 1 and 2, parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (Bovi-Shield Gold 5, Zoetis, Parsippany, NJ) vaccinated for clostridial species (Ultrabac 7/Somubac, Zoetis) and pour-on moxidectin (Cydectin, Bayer, Shawnee Mission, KS). Steers (n = 176 steers; initial unshrunk BW = 235 ± 27.6 kg) were allotted to pens (n = 20 pens; 10 pens per treatment; eight or nine steers per pen). Diets were based upon corn silage, dry-rolled corn, and dried distillers grains; dietary treatments were 1) no DFM (CON) and 2) DFM (Levucell SC, Advantage Titan, CNCM l-1077), fed at 10 g/steer/d providing 8 × 109 CFU of active live yeast to each steer daily (DFM). Initial BW was the average of day −1 and day 1 BW (n = 176 steers; initial BW = 253 ± 27.6 kg). On day 21, steers received a 200-mg progesterone and 20-mg estradiol benzoate implant. Data were analyzed from day 1 to 47 (receiving period), day 48 to 77, and from day 1 to 77 as a randomized complete block design; pen served as the experimental unit for all analyses. On day 47 of the experiment, DFM had greater BW (P = 0.01) by 0.9% and average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.01) by 4.2% and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) tended (P = 0.13) to be 2.8% greater. Day 77 BW did not differ (P = 0.60), cumulative (days 1–77): ADG (P = 0.47), dry matter intake (P = 0.66), and G:F (P = 0.56) were similar. Yeast inclusion had no appreciable influence on performance-based dietary NE utilization or the ratio of observed/expected dietary NE (P ≥ 0.59). In low health risk steers, DFM improved performance during the feedlot receiving period. However, no improvements for DFM were detected for cumulative performance from day 1 to 77. The confirmation of yeast counts indicated the CFU to be above the expected level at the start of the trial but was found below expected level at the end of the trial. This may explain differences during the initial 47 d compared to cumulative growth performance results.
Impact of the 2017 American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology hypertension guideline in aged individuals
Authors: Chowdhury Enayet Karim , Ernst Michael E. , Nelson Mark , Margolis Karen , Beilin Lawrie J. , Johnston Collin , Woods Robyn , Murray Anne , Wolfe Rory , Storey Elsdon , Shah Raj C. , Lockery Jessica , Tonkin Andrew , Newman Anne , Abhayaratna Walter , Stocks Nigel , Fitzgerald Sharyn , Orchard Suzanne , Trevaks Ruth , Donnan Geoffrey , Grimm R. , McNeil John , Reid Christopher M. 
Published: August 2020

Objectives:
The AHA/ACC-2017 hypertension guideline recommends an age-independent target blood pressure (BP) of less than 130/80 mmHg. In an elderly cohort without established cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline, we determined the impact of this guideline on the prevalence of hypertension and associated CVD risk.

Methods:
Nineteen thousand, one hundred and fourteen participants aged at least 65 years from the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) study were grouped by baseline BP: ‘pre-2017 hypertensive’ (BP ≥140/90 mmHg and/or on antihypertensive drugs); ‘reclassified hypertensive’ (normotensive by pre-2017 guidelines; hypertensive by AHA/ACC-2017 guideline), and ‘normotensive’ (BP <130 and <80 mmHg). For each group, we evaluated CVD risk factors, predicted 10-year CVD risk using the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) risk equation, and reported observed CVD event rates during a median 4.7–year follow-up.

Results:
:Overall, 74.4% (14 213/19 114) were ‘pre-2017 hypertensive’; an additional 12.3% (2354/19 114) were ‘reclassified hypertensive’ by the AHA/ACC-2017 guideline. Of those ‘reclassified hypertensive’, the majority (94.5%) met criteria for antihypertensive treatment although 29% had no other traditional CVD risk factors other than age. Further, a relatively lower mean 10-year predicted CVD risk (18% versus 26%, P < 0.001) and lower CVD rates (8.9 versus 12.1/1000 person-years, P = 0.01) were observed in ‘reclassified hypertensive’ compared with ‘pre-2017 hypertensive’. Compared with ‘normotensive’, a hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for CVD events of 1.60 (1.26–2.02) for ‘pre-2017 hypertensive’ and 1.26 (0.93–1.71) for ‘reclassified hypertensive’ was observed.

Conclusion:
Applying current CVD risk calculators in the elderly ‘reclassified hypertensive’, as a result of shifting the BP threshold lower, increases eligibility for antihypertensive treatment but documented CVD rates remain lower than hypertensive patients defined by pre2017 BP thresholds.
Small-fibre pathology has no impact on somatosensory system function in patients with fibromyalgia
Authors: Fasolino Alessandra , Di Stefano Giulia , Leone Caterina , Galosi Eleonora , Gioia Chiara , Lucchino Bruno , Terracciano Alessandra , Di Franco Manuela , Cruccu Giorgio , Truini Andrea 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether small-fibre pathology, a common skin biopsy finding in patients with fibromyalgia, implies clinically important abnormalities of somatosensory system function and verify whether it is associated with voltage-gated sodium channel variants. In 57 consecutively enrolled patients with fibromyalgia, we used skin biopsy to distinguish patients with and without small-fibre pathology. In all patients, we assessed somatosensory system function using quantitative sensory testing (QST) and laser-evoked potentials and investigated voltage-gated sodium channel genotyping. We then compared these variables in patients with and without small-fibre pathology. We found that clinical measures, QST, and laser-evoked potential variables did not differ between patients with and without small-fibre pathology. In most patients with small-fibre pathology, QST and laser-evoked potential variables fell within normative ranges commonly used in clinical practice. Of the 57 patients, one patient without small-fibre pathology and 2 patients with small-fibre pathology had rare variants of voltage-gated sodium channels, namely SCN11A, SCN9A, and SCN1A variants. The SCN9A variant, found in a patient with small-fibre pathology, was an already profiled gain-of-function mutation, previously reported in small-fibre neuropathy. Our findings suggest that small-fibre pathology has a negligible impact on somatosensory system function in fibromyalgia. The genetic analysis suggests that patients with rare small-fibre neuropathy due to voltage-gated sodium channel variants may be misdiagnosed as patients with fibromyalgia.
An experimental investigation into the mediating role of pain-related fear in boosting nocebo hyperalgesia
Authors: Thomaidou Mia Athina , Veldhuijzen Dieuwke Swaantje , Meulders Ann , Evers Andrea Walburga Maria 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nocebo hyperalgesia refers to increases in perceived pain that putatively result from negative expectations regarding a nocebo stimulus (eg, an inert treatment, compared with no treatment). The precise cognitive-emotional factors contributing to the origins of nocebo effects are poorly understood. We aimed to test the effects of experimentally induced pain-related fear on the acquisition and extinction of nocebo hyperalgesia in healthy participants (N = 72). Acquisition and extinction of nocebo hyperalgesia were compared between a group receiving standard nocebo conditioning (Control group) and 2 groups receiving distinct fear inductions: high intensity of pain stimulations (High-pain group) or a threat manipulation (High-threat group). During nocebo acquisition, the Control and High-threat groups were administered thermal pain stimulations of moderate intensity paired with sham electrical stimulation (nocebo trials), whereas high pain intensity was administered to the High-pain group. During extinction, equivalent pain intensities were administered across all trials. Pain-related fear was measured by eyeblink startle electromyography and self-report. Nocebo hyperalgesia occurred in all groups. Nocebo effects were significantly larger in the High-pain group than those in the Control group. This effect was mediated by self-reported fear, but not by fear-potentiated startle. Groups did not differ in the extinction rate. However, only the High-pain group maintained significant nocebo responses at the end of extinction. Anticipatory pain-related fear induced through a threat manipulation did not amplify nocebo hyperalgesia. These findings suggest that fear of high pain may be a key contributor to the amplification of nocebo hyperalgesia, only when high pain is experienced and not when it is merely anticipated.
GABA and glutamate in pediatric migraine
Authors: Bell Tiffany , Stokoe Mehak , Khaira Akashroop , Webb Megan , Noel Melanie , Amoozegar Farnaz , Harris Ashley D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Migraine is one of the top 5 most prevalent childhood diseases; however, effective treatment strategies for pediatric migraine are limited. For example, standard adult pharmaceutical therapies are less effective in children and can carry undesirable side effects. To develop more effective treatments, improved knowledge of the biology underlying pediatric migraine is necessary. One theory is that migraine results from an imbalance in cortical excitability. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies show changes in GABA and glutamate levels (the primary inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain, respectively) in multiple brain regions in adults with migraine; however, they have yet to be assessed in children with migraine. Using MRS and GABA-edited MRS, we show that children (7-13 years) with migraine and aura had significantly lower glutamate levels in the visual cortex compared to controls, the opposite to results seen in adults. In addition, we found significant correlations between metabolite levels and migraine characteristics; higher GABA levels were associated with higher migraine burden. We also found that higher glutamate in the thalamus and higher GABA/Glx ratios in the sensorimotor cortex were associated with duration since diagnosis, i.e., having migraines longer. Lower GABA levels in the sensorimotor cortex were associated with being closer to their next migraine attack. Together, this indicates that GABA and glutamate disturbances occur early in migraine pathophysiology and emphasizes that evidence from adults with migraine cannot be immediately translated to pediatric sufferers. This highlights the need for further mechanistic studies of migraine in children, to aid in development of more effective treatments.
Intraocular Pressure Responses to Four Different Isometric Exercises in Men and Women
Authors: Vera Jesús , Redondo Beatriz , Koulieris George-Alex , Torrejon Alejandro , Jiménez Raimundo , Garcia-Ramos Amador 
Published: August 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
The performance of resistance exercise has evidenced to induce abrupt intraocular pressure (IOP) changes, which has been linked to the onset and progression of glaucoma. We found that four different isometric resistance exercises lead to an instantaneous and progressive IOP elevation, with these changes being independent of the type of exercise.

PURPOSE
The impact of physical exercise on IOP has demonstrated to be dependent on exercise type and intesity, as well as individuals' characteristics. In this study, we aimed to explore the influence of the load, exercise type, and participant's sex on the IOP behavior during a 2-minute isometric effort.

METHODS
Twenty-eight physically active collegiate students performed 2 minutes of isometric exercise in the military press, biceps curl, leg extension, and calf raise exercises against two different loads (high load and low load). Intraocular pressure was measured by rebound tonometry before, during (semicontinuos assessment [24 measurements]), and after 10 seconds of recovery in each of the eight (four exercises × two loads) conditions.

RESULTS
We found a statistically significant effect of load (P < .001, n
p
2 = 0.906), with greater IOP values when performing the isometric exercises against heavier loads. There was a positive IOP rise during the execution of isometric exercise in the high-load condition, returning to baseline levels after 10 seconds of passive recovery. The exercise type and participant's sex did not reveal statistically significant differences (P = .33 and P = .56, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
Our data evidenced an instanteneous and progressive IOP rise during the execution of isometric exercise leading to muscular failure, regardless of the exercise type and participant's sex. After exercise, IOP rapidly retuned to baseline levels (within 10 seconds). The inclusion of glaucoma patients in future studies is guarranteed.
Peripapillary Retinal and Choroidal Perfusion in Nonarteritic Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
Authors: Dhiman Rebika , Chawla Rohan , Azad Shorya Vardhan , Kumar Pawan , Gupta Vinay , Kumar Atul , Saxena Rohit 
Published: August 2020

SIGNIFICANCE
Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) has been linked with vascular insufficiency, although the pathophysiology remains elusive. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a promising technology that noninvasively evaluates optic disc perfusion and that may help to characterize peripapillary vascular changes in NAION.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to evaluate peripapillary vascularity in NAION eyes and to compare it with fellow unaffected eyes and healthy control eyes using OCTA.

METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, OCTA of the optic nerve head was obtained in 10 nonacute unilateral NAION and 12 healthy age-matched controls using ZEISS Angioplex. Quantitative analysis of peripapillary retinal and choroidal vascularity of NAION eyes was done using the instrument's inbuilt algorithm and ImageJ software and compared with fellow and control eyes.

RESULTS
Mean total peripapillary superficial retinal vessel and perfusion density as calculated by the instrument was significantly reduced in NAION eyes compared with fellow eyes (13.93 ± 4.27 mm−1/0.36 ± 0.07 for NAION eyes; 17.77 ± 1.26 mm−1/0.43 ± 0.08 for fellow eyes; P = .01/P = .05). Using the ImageJ software technique, the mean superficial retinal perfusion was found to be significantly reduced in NAION eyes (0.17 ± 0.07) compared with fellow eyes (0.25 ± 0.06; P < .01) and control eyes (0.25 ± 0.04; P < .01). At the level of choriocapillaris, it was not significantly affected in NAION eyes (0.37 ± 0.13) versus fellow (0.34 ± 0.14; P = .1) and control eyes (0.31 ± 0.34; P = .83). Analysis with the two techniques yielded differing results: the ImageJ analysis technique found a 32% reduction in superficial retinal perfusion in NAION eyes, whereas the instrument's inbuilt algorithm found a 16% reduction compared with fellow and control eyes (P ≤.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Peripapillary vascularity can be estimated both at the retinal and choroidal levels using ImageJ software to analyze OCTA images. Retinal peripapillary vascularity is compromised in NAION eyes, but vascularity is not significantly affected at the choroidal level.
Novel Dual-Energy Computed Tomography Enterography Iodine Density Maps Provide Unique Depiction of Crohn Disease Activity
Authors: Dane Bari , O'Donnell Thomas , Ream Justin , Chang Shannon , Megibow Alec 
Published: August 2020

Objective
To create a map of iodine densities within affected segments of small-bowel Crohn disease (CD) derived from contrast-enhanced dual-energy computed tomography enterography (DECTE) studies.

Methods
Twenty CD patients imaged with intravenous contrast-enhanced DECTE between June 2016 and December 2017 were retrospectively identified. Ten patients without clinical evidence of CD and 8 normal-appearing jejunal segments in CD patients were controls. Using prototype software, 8 manual contours were drawn along the mucosa of affected segments. Relatively normal-appearing bowel was included at the edges. These contours served as a basis for iodine density calculation and 3-dimensional iodine density map rendering. Color-coded iodine densities allowed detection and quantification of the most and least dense portion of each segment and also permitted relative comparison between segments.

Results
The average iodine density per CD involved segment ranged 1.0 to 3.3 mg/mL, which differed significantly from normal ileum (P < 0.0001) and normal-appearing jejunum in patients with CD (P = 0.0009). Standard deviations ranged from 0.8 to 1.7 mg/mL, which differed significantly from normal ileum (P = 0.0039) and normal-appearing jejunum in patients with CD (P = 0.0056). The amplitude of the power spectrum ranged from 0.66 to 3.3 demonstrating patches of iodine rather than uniform distribution. This differed significantly from normal ileum (P = 0.0005) and normal-appearing jejunum in patients with CD (P = 0.0004).

Conclusions
Heterogeneous CD activity and distribution can be displayed as iodine density maps created from DECTE.
Feasibility of Low Volume of High-Concentration Iodinated Contrast Medium With 70 kVp Tube Voltage on High-Pitch Dual-Source Computed Tomography Angiography in Children With Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Nie Pei , Guo Jian , Yang Zhitao , Li Xiaoli , Yang Guangjie 
Published: August 2020

Objective
The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of high-concentration iodinated contrast medium (CM) with 70 kVp tube voltage on high-pitch dual-source computed tomography (DSCT) in children with congenital heart disease (CHD).

Methods
Fifty-eight CHD patients underwent high-pitch DSCT in 2 protocols: 70 kVp tube voltage, 1.0 mL/kg CM volume, 370 mg I/mL concentration (group A); 80 kVp tube voltage, 1.5 mL/kg CM volume, 350 mg I/mL concentration (group B). The diagnostic accuracy, image quality, iodine delivery rate, iodine dose, and radiation dose were compared.

Results
There was no significant difference in the diagnostic accuracy (P > 0.05), image quality (P > 0.05) and iodine delivery rate (P > 0.05) between the 2 groups. The iodine dose (P < 0.05) and radiation dose (P < 0.05) in group A were significantly lower than those in group B.

Conclusions
Reduction in iodine dose and radiation exposure can be achieved with 70 kVp high-pitch DSCT by administering a smaller volume of high-concentration CM in children with CHD.
Passively parallel regularized stokeslets
Authors: Gallagher Meurig T. , Smith David J. 
Published: August 2020

Stokes flow, discussed by G.G. Stokes in 1851, describes many microscopic biological flow phenomena, including cilia-driven transport and flagellar motility; the need to quantify and understand these flows has motivated decades of mathematical and computational research. Regularized stokeslet methods, which have been used and refined over the past 20 years, offer significant advantages in simplicity of implementation, with a recent modification based on nearest-neighbour interpolation providing significant improvements in efficiency and accuracy. Moreover this method can be implemented with the majority of the computation taking place through built-in linear algebra, entailing that state-of-the-art hardware and software developments in the latter, in particular multicore and GPU computing, can be exploited through minimal modifications (‘passive parallelism’) to existing Matlab computer code. Hence, and with widely available GPU hardware, significant improvements in the efficiency of the regularized stokeslet method can be obtained. The approach is demonstrated through computational experiments on three model biological flows: undulatory propulsion of multipleCaenorhabditis elegans, simulation of progression and transport by multiple sperm in a geometrically confined region, and left–right symmetry breaking particle transport in the ventral node of the mouse embryo. In general an order-of-magnitude improvement in efficiency is observed. This development further widens the complexity of biological flow systems that are accessible without the need for extensive code development or specialist facilities.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Stokes at 200 (part 2)’.
Monitoring systems for resistance to plant protection products across the world: Between redundancy and complementarity
Authors:   The Reflection and Research Ring on Pesticide Resistance (R4P) is constituted of, Barrès Benoit , Corio-Costet Marie-France , Debieu Danièle , Délye Christophe , Fillinger Sabine , Gauffre Bertrand , Grosman Jacques , Hannachi Mourad , Jerphanion Pauline de , Le Goff Gaëlle , Plantamp Christophe , Siegwart Myriam , Walker Anne-Sophie , Nistrup-Jørgensen Lise 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDMonitoring resistance to Plant Protection Products (PPPs) is crucial for understanding the evolution of resistances in bioagressors, thereby allowing scientists to design sound bioagressor management strategies. Globally, resistance monitoring is implemented by a wide range of actors that fall into three distinct categories: academic, governmental, and private. The purpose of this study was to investigate worldwide diversity in PPP resistance monitoring systems, and to shed light on their different facets.RESULTSA large survey involving 162 experts from 48 countries made it possible to identify and analyze 250 resistance monitoring systems. Through an in-depth analysis, the features of the different monitoring systems were identified. The main factor differentiating monitoring systems was essentially the capabilities (funding, manpower, technology, etc.) of the actors involved in each system. In most countries, and especially in those with a high Human Development Index, academic, governmental, and private monitoring systems coexist. Overall, systems focus far more on monitoring established resistances than on the detection of emerging resistances. Governmental and private resistance monitoring systems generally have considerable capacities to generate data, whereas academic resistance monitoring systems are more specialized. Governmental actors federate and enroll a wider variety of stakeholders.CONCLUSIONThe results show functional complementarities between the coexisting actors in countries where they coexist. We suggest PPP resistance monitoring might be enhanced if the different actors focus more on detecting emerging resistances (and associated benefits) and increase collaborative and collective efforts and transparency.