bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Wealth and Poverty of Cities
Authors: Polèse Mario 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Much has been written about cities as engines of growth and prosperity. Cities have been centers of civilization since the beginning of history. A rich nation without cities is an impossibility. Yet, as this book explains, the central foundations of wealth and economic well-being are rooted in the attributes of nations and actions of national governments. If the nation does not work, nor will its cities. This book looks at the economy of cities through the lens of “The Ten Pillars of Urban Success,” covering a full range of policy concerns from top (i.e., sound macroeconomic management) to bottom (i.e., safe neighborhoods). Cities rich and poor around the world that are as different as New York, Vienna, Buenos Aires, and Port au Prince are examined. Urban success or failure almost always takes us back to the wise or unwise decisions of national and/or state governments. Urban success is about more than economics. Cities that have managed to produce livable urban environments for the majority of their citizens mirror the societies that spawned them. Similarly, cities that have failed are almost always signs of more deep-rooted failures. A socially cohesive city in a divided nation is an oxymoron. In the final chapter, the book proposes a critical look at America’s urban failures, its declining Rustbelt cities, and inner-city ghettos. Such failures should not have happened in the world’s richest nation. That they did is not only the sign of a deeper malaise, but also a warning to the wealthy urbanizing societies of tomorrow.
Conclusion
Authors: Polèse Mario 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Why has the richest nation in the world produced dismal urban failures: stagnating Rustbelt cities and inner-city ghettos, breeding grounds for poverty and violence? At the same time, America has produced great urban success stories, generating unparalleled wealth. This concluding chapter examines the roots of America’s unequal urban landscape, going back to the ideals of the American Revolution and the institutional legacy it spawned, and which some two centuries later would leave their mark on America’s cities. In the face of America’s urban challenges, the temptation is strong to revert to local solutions. Strong mayors and dedicated community leaders are needed. However, ultimately, fixing America’s urban failures will require leadership at the top. A socially cohesive city in a divided nation is an oxymoron. By the same token, America’s story is a warning for the wealthy urbanizing societies of tomorrow.
Build
Authors: Katz Mark 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Hip hop and diplomacy are unlikely partners. And yet, since 2001 the US Department of State has been sending hip hop artists to perform and teach around the world. The government has good reason to be interested in hip hop: it is known and loved across the globe, readily acknowledged as a product of American culture. Moreover, hip hop has long been a means of fostering community through creative collaboration—what hip hop artists call building—and can thus facilitate mutual respect and cooperation among people of different nations, a key objective of diplomacy. At heart, Build is about the intersection of art and power. It reveals the power of art to bridge cultural divides, facilitate understanding, and express and heal trauma. Yet power is always double-edged, and the story of hip hop diplomacy is deeply fraught. Build explores the inescapable tensions and ambiguities in the relationship between art and the state, revealing the ethical complexities that lurk behind what might seem mere goodwill tours. In the end, however, Build makes the case that hip hop can be a valuable, positive, and effective means to promote meaningful and productive relations between people and nations. Hip hop, a US-born art form that has become a voice of struggle and celebration worldwide, has the power to build global community at time when it is so desperately needed.
Early Childhood Trauma and Substance Misuse and Addiction
Authors: Merrick Melissa T. , Ford Derek C. , Houry Debra E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the complex relationship between childhood trauma and substance use. Not all children who experience childhood trauma will go on to use substances, and persons with no childhood trauma may develop substance use disorders. However, trauma has been found to greatly increase the risk of later substance use. Further, research suggests that individuals with histories of childhood trauma are more likely to report chronic pain symptoms that interfere with daily activities and are also more likely to be prescribed multiple prescription medications. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been directly associated with substance misuse and substance use disorders in adulthood, including illicit drug use, with a dose–response relationship such that the more ACEs children experience, the more likely they are to have such substance use problems as adults. Implications for prevention of opioid use disorder in particular, and substance misuse and addiction more generally, are discussed.
Heresy without Orthodoxy
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter probes heresiological tendencies in the works of the first-century ce Jewish historian Josephus. Josephus hones in on what he considers dangerous beliefs, such as the denial of providence or renunciation of punishments after death. Josephus’s works prove even more important when considering how he constructs what he calls the “Fourth Philosophy”—rebels whose philosophy is not only dangerous but new. Using many strategies adopted by later Christian heresiologists, Josephus describes this group as recently created, by a named founder, whose distinctive and dangerous ideas are entirely novel, unjustified by scripture or tradition. Examining Josephus as well as some later rabbinic works illustrates the need to separate out heresy from orthodoxy, for in both bodies of literature one can find evidence for heresy without evidence of orthodoxy. Rather, in both Josephus and the rabbis, beliefs deemed dangerous are set against a looser notion of consensus.
Secret Supersessionism?
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the clearest evidence of an ancient Jewish embrace of innovation: the scattered references to a “new covenant” preserved in various Dead Sea Scrolls. While the term “new” does appear a few fleeting times in this body of literature, this chapter explores how any intimations of innovation at Qumran are gradually buried beneath alternate discourses, such as covenant renewal, the discovery of hidden meanings, and the fundamentally dualistic (and nonchronological) “Two Ways.” The question of Qumranic secrecy is also explored. An excursus to this chapter reconsiders Hazon Gabriel, the so-called Dead Sea Scroll in stone, which may, by some readings, also refer to a “new covenant.” Reasons for doubting the authenticity of this unprovenanced artifact are considered.
Innovation Asserted
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter traces the trajectory of early Christianity’s eventual embrace of the new, as articulated in the New Testament. Early sections probe the Gospels, illustrating how difficult it is to trace the word “new” back to the sayings of Jesus himself. Clearer evidence emerges in Paul, though he balances assertions of innovation with appeals to a prior covenant of faith. Other gospel traditions—above all, the Sermon on the Mount—seek to establish the novelty of Jesus’s teaching, a claim that sometimes entails denying earlier precedents for Jesus’s instruction. Going one important step further, the Letter to the Hebrews provides the earliest evidence for supersessionism, when the valorization of innovation is undergirded by a condemnation of the old. But an alternate discourse is also in evidence in texts like the Didache, which speak not of an old/new contrast but a timeless duality between good and evil.
Emergence of the Isolated Household
Authors: Bromley Daniel W. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We here explore the gradual emasculation of the household as the basic unit of provisioning during the four evolutionary phases of capitalism. This economic history reveals a gradual redefinition of the purpose of the household from the center of entrepreneurial initiative to a besieged and insecure provider of inconvenient and unwanted labor to managerial capitalism whose central imperative is to reduce labor costs in the service of greater net returns to owners of capital. This evolutionary pathway will reveal the household to be an increasingly precarious and politically vexing participant in global capitalism.
Methods and Measures in Testing a General Theory of Crime
Authors: Gottfredson Michael , Hirschi Travis 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Self control is a consistent, robust, and substantial cause of crime, and the foundational facts and other dimensions of the self-control theory of crime have found remarkable support in behavioral science. However, not all scholars view the evidence in the same way, and there have been several challenges to the expectations of the theory that merit consideration. Some of these challenges are important for what they say about the limits and contours of the theory; others are important for what they say about the process of theory testing in modern criminology. This chapter discusses methodological issues in testing general theories in criminology. This is followed by a discussion on how to conceptualize control variables and antecedent causes for research. Next, the scope and domain of a theory as relevant to its validity are discussed. In addition, the importance of the definitions of self control and crime is presented. The roles of prior record and of versatility in theory testing are then examined. Finally, a discussion of the tautology issue in self-control theory is presented.
Policing and Situational Crime Prevention
Authors: & Gottfredson 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Control theory doubts a significant effect for criminal sanctions, including policing and imprisonment, on the crime rate. Contemporary research supports that view, especially with respect to variation in severity of sanctions. This chapter reviews historical and recent claims about effects for policing, especially highly selective policing of high-crime-rate areas (hot spot and focused deterrence policing). Saturation policing is not inconsistent with the expectations of control theory, although the evidence of effectiveness is modest, and the research on collateral consequences is not encouraging for highly selective policing. It is noted that selective policing is a variant of situational crime prevention, which does have a considerable body of research support. Control theory predicts the lack of effects for general policing and the collateral negative consequences for selective policing, along with generally positive effects for situational crime prevention and a focus on early childhood undertaken by non-state entities, thus supporting alternative methods to prevent crime.
"Taken by the Devil"
Authors: Notley Margaret 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The book takes censorship as an entry point into Berg’s Lulu. Beginning in 1894 with the suppression of the Ur-Lulu, Wedekind’s original play, responses to acts of censorship played a role in ultimately determining the opera’s shape and tone. When Wedekind rewrote material from the Ur-Lulu as two supposedly self-sufficient plays, Erdgeist and Die Büchse der Pandora, he responded in different ways to the threat of further censorship. The resulting discrepancies between the later plays, second order consequences of censorship, created obstacles to the joining of them that Berg and other dramaturges, beginning with Wedekind himself, would undertake. Berg worked to overcome the second order consequences by composing intricate leitmotivic connections between the opera’s halves, each based on one of the plays. Recognizing fundamental differences between the plays, this book seeks to recover some of the nuances in the plays and Berg’s treatment of them that have been obscured by assumptions of their unity. It also considers the contradiction between dramatic material that many spectators find sordid and the beauty of much of the music, in particular three musical passages that make a Liebestod effect, and traces this to differences between Wedekind and Berg. The artistic stance known as fin-de-siècle decadence was responsible for deliberately offensive features of the Ur-Lulu. Berg associated the Lulu character with the beauty of major-minor tonality, a musical system over-ripe and in that sense decadent at the turn of the century, in that way enabling a problematic symbolic reading of the also problematic misogynistic material.
Censorship, Berg’s Lulu, and the Opera’s Temporal Setting
Authors: Notley Margaret 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The chapter introduces this book as inspired by continuing work in recent censorship studies, including books by Annabel Patterson (1984) and William Olmsted (2016). Olmsted’s work on Flaubert and Baudelaire is especially relevant here because Wedekind’s responses to censorship resemble those of both authors and because of Berg’s affinity for Baudelaire. It discusses the changed understanding of censorship in the 1990s, observes the centrality of indirectness as a feature of artists’ negotiations with censors and censorship, and defines the concepts of preemptive censorship and second order consequences of censorship. In addition, the chapter introduces the metaphor of a palimpsest that several writers have found appropriate in reference to the perceptible layers in censored works. The chapter argues that Berg retained Wedekind’s turn-of-the-century setting, even though productions in the 1920s were updating Wedekind’s plays, and it undertakes an initial explanation of the complex genesis of the Lulu plays.
“Burlesque Tragedy” and “tristan Rapture”
Authors: Notley Margaret 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter addresses connections between the Lulu works of Wedekind and Berg and several understandings of “fin-de-siècle decadence.” The title quotes reviews of two works that owe their existence to censorship, Erdgeist and Symphonic Pieces from “Lulu,” both of which are arguably more perfect than the uncensored original works, Wedekind’s Ur-Lulu, suppressed in 1894, and Berg’s opera, rejected by authorities in 1934. After tracing the censorship of Wedekind’s Lulu plays, the chapter focuses on his transformation of Act 3 of the Ur-Lulu, manifestly a product of turn-of-the-century decadence in its ironic, over-the-top depiction of drug use and risqué sexual relationships, into passages in acts of the two later plays. It begins a discussion of Berg’s responses to those passages in the scenes of his opera’s Act 2, each of which recalls Tristan und Isolde in a different way, and touches on the broader significance of “fin-de-siècle decadence” in Berg’s time.
Berg’s Literal-Mindedness and Second Order Consequences of Censoring Wedekind
Authors: Notley Margaret 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces Berg’s approach to handling discrepancies created by Wedekind’s responses to the threat of further censorship in the plays he derived from the Ur-Lulu: “second order consequences of censorship.” One strategy was to inflect the material differently by turning the two plays’ acts into scenes and distributing them into three acts. Another was to require the actors who perform Lulu’s husbands to return as her customers when she is a prostitute at the end and underscore the doublings through leitmotifs. A third solution was to conceive Lulu’s relationships with other characters within a framework of instrumental forms that span scenes in each act. The chapter offers a typology of leitmotifs in Berg’s operas, introduces his “literal-mindedness,” which emerges in his approach to leitmotifs and his over-coordination of musical and physical gestures, and demonstrates his application of this trait to a project of making Lulu a more sympathetic figure.
Act 2
Authors: Notley Margaret 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The chapter focuses on Berg’s Act 2. Because this is the act that joins Wedekind’s plays in the opera, the second order consequences of censoring Act 3 of the Ur-Lulu could have created an acute problem. Censorship of that act had inspired Wedekind’s pronounced use of innuendo in Act 4 of Erdgeist, an example of the indirect treatment of taboo subject matter associated with censored works, but also his quarantining of offensive lines in Act 1 of Die Büchse der Pandora, an indirect consequence of censorship. Wedekind’s responses can be said ultimately to have defined the tone and shape of Berg’s Act 2, in which musical autonomy becomes an especially pronounced possibility: the “censorship effect” that William Olmsted discusses with regard to Flaubert and Baudelaire, the chapter suggests, manifests itself in Berg’s opera as an impulse toward absoluteness in his music.
Humane Neoclassicism
Authors: Lappi-Seppälä Tapio 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The principle of proportionality has its roots in the rule of law, legal safeguards, and guarantees to citizens against abuse, arbitrariness, and excessive use of force. It is more important to prevent overly harsh penalties than to prevent overly lenient ones. The main function of the proportionality principle is, thus, to impose the upper limit that the punishment may never exceed. In this framework, limiting discretion through proportionality is, above all, limiting excess. The normative framework of Scandinavian criminal justice policy—“humane neoclassicism”—stresses both legal safeguards against coercive care and a preference for less repressive measures in general. The key function of criminal law is to produce compliance through norm declaration and reinforcement. People refrain from illegal behavior not because it may be punished but because it is morally blameworthy (or because of force of habit). Criminal law’s goals are best served by a system of sanctions that maintains a moral character and demonstrates the relative blameworthiness of wrongful acts, is perceived to be fair and just, and respects the rights and intrinsic moral value of all parties involved.
The Law of Personal Status: Wives, Paupers, and Slaves
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the law on marriage and divorce, family property, adoption, poor laws and social welfare, and slavery and African Americans in the United States. In the colonial period, the United States had no courts to handle matters of marriage and divorce. Marriage was a contract—an agreement between a man and a woman. Under the rules of the common law, the country belonged to the whites; and more specifically, it belonged to white men. Women had civil rights but no political rights. There were no formal provisions for adoption. A Massachusetts law, passed in 1851, was one of the earliest, and most significant, general adoption law. The so-called poor laws were the basic welfare laws.
Regulation, Welfare, and the Rise of Environmental Law
Authors: Friedman Lawrence M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses changes in American law in the twentieth century covering land use, environmental law, intellectual property, regulation of business, and business law. The twentieth century was a century of land-use controls. An important legal invention was zoning. The central idea of zoning is to divide a town or city into zones or segments and to regulate what kinds of land use are allowed in each of these segments. Some zones will be limited to one-family houses, others will be open to apartment buildings, stores and offices, and even to factories. New York City was a pioneer in the zoning movement. After the state passed an enabling act, New York City adopted the first comprehensive zoning ordinance (1916). Zoning soon spread to city after city. By 1930, it was pretty much the rule in both large and small cities and in the suburbs as well.
The Anti-orthodoxy Principle
Authors: Zick Timothy 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the “anti-orthodoxy principle,” which holds that governments and majorities cannot compel or prescribe what thoughts or gestures are acceptable in the realms of politics, culture, or faith. President Trump’s public dispute with NFL players and owners over pregame protests, petty insistence on certain holiday greetings, proposal to criminalize flag-burning and denaturalize flag burners, and insistence on “loyalty” all implicate the anti-orthodoxy principle. The Supreme Court has frequently and ardently rejected governmental efforts to compel convention or punish dissent from majority opinion. This position is rooted in principles of speaker autonomy and freedom to dissent. The president’s statements and actions have challenged Americans to once again tolerate peaceful forms of dissent and differing views regarding matters such as patriotism, religion, social justice, and race.
Blockchain and Identity Persistence
Authors: Marthews Alex , Tucker Catherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Blockchain technologies are being touted as a way to protect individual privacy. Blockchain app developers and theorists, often out of a genuine desire to protect people and their privacy, have devoted considerable efforts to devising ways that the blockchain can be used to verify aspects of a static digital identity. However, these notions of a static, single, and accurate digital identity ignore the reality of how people's identities work, and especially the plural, time-varying, and fictionalizing elements of personal identity. This chapter charts out ways that people’s multiple identities may be affected and undermined by the development of public and unmodifiable ledgers of transactions and contractual undertakings. Following on from this discussion, the chapter applies a clearer model of identity to the blockchain use-cases of marriage, money laundering, and criminal justice records, and draws conclusions for regulators, blockchain applications developers, and the general public.
Online Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Tufford Lea 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The past two decades have seen the development, diversification, and intensification of information and communication technologies. The result is that society now has unlimited opportunity for communication and access to information. Despite the multitude of benefits, the Internet has propagated new ways to both sexually victimize and exploit children and youth in an online environment and through multiple formats including sexting, child luring and sexual solicitation, and child sexual abuse images online. This chapter explores each of these forms of child exploitation and concludes by outlining the signs and impact of online abuse.
Following the Report
Authors: Tufford Lea 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses what happens after a report to Child Protection Services (CPS), including foundations of CPS authority, contact with the reporting source, interviews with children, parental consent, physical examinations, interviewer skills, service to Indigenous children, and practice models. This content is embedded in a demonstration of the child protection services path. By clarifying the processes and potential outcomes of a child protection investigation, this chapter aims to increase mandatory reporters’ comfort level and knowledge base when contacting CPS. The information provided herein about child protection investigations aims to increase reporters’ sense of confidence and credibility when reporting, which may subsequently enhance their feeling of efficacy when advocating for the family.