bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Machines
Authors: Wallach Wendell , Vallor Shannon 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Implementing sensitivity to norms, laws, and human values in computational systems has transitioned from philosophical reflection to an actual engineering challenge. The “value alignment” approach to dealing with superintelligent AIs tends to employ computationally friendly concepts such as utility functions, system goals, agent preferences, and value optimizers, which, this chapter argues, do not have intrinsic ethical significance. This chapter considers what may be lost in the excision of intrinsically ethical concepts from the project of engineering moral machines. It argues that human-level AI and superintelligent systems can be assured to be safe and beneficial only if they embody something like virtue or moral character and that virtue embodiment is a more appropriate long-term goal for AI safety research than value alignment.
How to Catch an AI Zombie
Authors: Schneider Susan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
How can we determine if AI is conscious? The chapter begins by illustrating that there are potentially very serious real-world costs to getting facts about AI consciousness wrong. It then proposes a provisional framework for investigating artificial consciousness that involves several tests or markers. One test is the AI Consciousness Test, which challenges an AI with a series of increasingly demanding natural-language interactions. Another test is based on the Integrated Information Theory, developed by Giulio Tononi and others, and considers whether a machine has a high level of “integrated information.” A third test is a Chip Test, where speculatively an individual’s brain is gradually replaced with durable microchips. If this individual being tested continues to report having phenomenal consciousness, the chapter argues that this could be a reason to believe that some machines could have consciousness.
Spectres of Antiquity
Authors: Uden James 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Gothic literature imagines the return of ghosts from the past. What about the classical past? Spectres of Antiquity is the first full-length study describing the relationship between Greek and Roman culture and the Gothic novels, poetry, and drama of the eighteenth and early-nineteenth century. Rather than simply representing the opposite of classical aesthetics and ideas, the Gothic emerged from an awareness of the lingering power of antiquity, and it irreverently fractures and deconstructs classical images and ideas. The Gothic also reflects a new vision of the ancient world: no longer inspiring modernity through its examples, antiquity has become a ghost, haunting and oppressing contemporary minds rather than guiding them. Through readings of canonical works by authors including Horace Walpole, Ann Radcliffe, Matthew Lewis, and Mary Shelley, Spectres of Antiquity argues that these authors’ ghostly plots and ideas preserve the remembered traces of Greece and Rome. In comprehensive detail, Spectres of Antiquity rewrites the history of the Gothic, demonstrating that the genre was haunted by a far deeper sense of history than readers had previously assumed.
The Mission to China
Authors: Reilly Thomas H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
American Protestantism determined to a large extent the nature of the mission errand to China, especially in the Chinese Protestant elite’s understanding of social Christianity. American Protestantism, however, suffered from certain weaknesses in its own understanding of the relationship between Christianity and society, and this weakness was most evident in the message of the Social Gospel. The Social Gospel aimed to reshape the modern industrial economy, so that it was more humane to workers and more beneficial to society. That message, though, was compromised in its transmission to China by its association with imperialism. Beyond this message of the Social Gospel, American missions were also the early benefactors of the main institutions—colleges and universities, the YMCA and the YWCA—through which the Protestant elite influenced the larger society.
Protestant Youth Save the Nation
Authors: Reilly Thomas H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Protestant schools educated a significant percentage of China’s high school and college students, and the YMCA’s Student Division was influential in these schools and also the public schools. Protestant youth sponsored the most significant of the protests connected to the National Salvation Movement, which sought to mobilize the Chinese people to resist Japanese aggression. YMCA and YWCA secretaries and other Protestant elites helped to broaden and legitimate this movement, a movement that unified the Chinese people and prepared them to resist the Japanese. These efforts were further strengthened by the work of the YMCA secretary, Liu Liangmo, and his National Salvation Song Movement.
A Cold War Welcome
Authors: Searcy Anne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 discusses the Bolshoi Theater’s first tour of the United States in 1959. While the popular response was rapturous, critics were more cautious. They praised the company’s dancers, particularly the Soviet ballerinas, but disparaged the choreography and music. This split was gendered and allowed critics and audiences to sympathize with the performers while condemning the ostensibly more political works themselves. The chapter focuses on Sergei Prokofiev’s Romeo and Juliet and Stone Flower. Because Prokofiev’s music was so well known in the West, tour organizers hoped that his music could mediate between American expectations for Russian ballet and newer Soviet models. However, the Soviet performers failed to convince Western critics that their ballet was sufficiently “modern,” a complaint that would permeate American criticisms of the Soviet Union throughout the Cold War.
A Question of Taste
Authors: Searcy Anne 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the Bolshoi Ballet’s 1962 tour of the United States, which took place during the Cuban Missile Crisis. In the wake of the crisis, President Kennedy and his family staged numerous public meetings with the Bolshoi dancers to soothe the mounting political tensions. In the critical reception of the Bolshoi, however, a less conciliatory strain emerged. American critics understood the Soviet works through the lens of taste, a framework related to domestic struggles about the positioning of ballet in an aesthetic and class hierarchy. They disparagingly compared the Bolshoi’s new production of Spartacus to Hollywood epic films. These concerns were in turn related to a desire to foster the United States’ status as an emerging ideological empire.
Why Is America So Polarized?
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines one of the potential implications of the shift in campaign-targeting strategies: its effects on partisan polarization. Over the last few decades, elected officials have grown further apart based on the voting records of members of Congress. On some measures, the mass public has also grown further apart. Each party’s shift toward disproportionately communicating with their base has likely exacerbated and accelerated both mass and elite polarization. Using a common measure of elite polarization, the analyses reveal a marked shift following the 2000 election that, at a minimum, coincides with the changes in overall campaign strategies documented in the book.
Beyond Empathy and Inclusion
Authors: Scudder Mary F. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Beyond Empathy and Inclusion: The Challenge of Listening in Democratic Deliberation considers how to improve democracy under the politically divided conditions we currently face. The book argues that while democracy does not require that citizens reach an agreement, it does require that they listen to one another. The book goes on to offer a systematic theory of listening acts to explain the democratic force of listening. Modeled after speech act theory, Scudder’s listening act theory shows how we do something in listening, independent of the outcomes of listening. In listening to our fellow citizens, we recognize their moral equality of voice. Being heard by our fellow citizens is what ensures we have a say in the laws to which we are held. The book offers a realistic view of listening, one that does not assume it will always produce empathy or even understanding. Listening is not the answer to all of our problems. In fact, listening can even produce certain undemocratic effects. The book argues that despite these challenges and risks, listening is a key responsibility of democratic citizenship. It also tackles questions regarding the limits of toleration in a democratic society. Do we owe listening even to democracy’s enemies? The book shows how listening can be used defensively, to protect against threats to democracy. The democratic listening this book prescribes is admittedly hard, especially in pluralistic societies. This volume investigates how to motivate citizens to listen seriously, attentively, and humbly even to those with whom they disagree.
Optical properties of organic semiconductors
Authors: Forrest Stephen R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Organic semiconductors are often called excitonic materials since their optical properties derive from the photogeneration of excitons, that is, bound electron–hole pairs. Organic excitons are either Frenkel or charge-transfer-like with binding energies of 0.5–1.0 eV, making them stable at room temperature. This chapter describes the fundamental optical properties of organics, starting with those of individual molecules, and then building the solid from pairs of molecules (dimers) and oligomers. Theoretical approaches to describe optical properties start by introducing the Born–Oppenheimer approximation and the Franck–Condon principle. Calculational approaches to understanding optical characteristics based on the linear combination of atomic orbitals are described. Both theory and experimental observation of optical phenomena are discussed in detail. Also, electron spin, spin–orbit coupling, fluorescence, and phosphorescence are quantitatively described. Finally, long and short range energy transfer, exciton diffusion, and annihilation processes ae described.
Organic light emitters
Authors: Forrest Stephen R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the design and fundamental concepts of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic semiconductor lasers (OSLs). The chapter begins by describing device architectures used in fluorescent, phosphorescent, and thermally assisted delayed fluorescent (TADF) devices. Device characterization for both white and monochromatic OLEDs with application to displays and white illumination sources is discussed. OLED displays are compared with liquid crystal displays, and quantification of perceived color and luminosity is described. Materials and layer structures leading to high efficiency even at high brightness where exciton annihilation dominates, is followed by a discussion of methods used to efficiently outcouple light from substrate, waveguide, and surface plasmon modes. A discussion of reliability, with particular emphasis of the relatively short operational lifetime of blue phosphorescent and TADF devices, is provided. The last section is devoted to optically pumped OSLs, along with limitations encountered in achieving electrically pumped organic laser diodes.
Expect the unexpected: more possibilities for organic electronics
Authors: Forrest Stephen R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
There are a plethora of devices and phenomena that have been explored beyond the more conventional topics covered in the previous eight chapters. In this chapter, several of these interesting and promising topics in organic electronics are introduced. These include electrochemical light emitting devices, strong coupling between excitons and photons in optical microcavities forming so-called exciton polaritons and their associated devices, organic memory devices, and organics in limited dimensional systems. This latter topic includes discussions of energy transfer between organics and two-dimensional electronic materials, and single molecule, one-dimensional devices and phenomena. In each case, the discussions begin with an introduction to the subject, followed by laying the theoretical foundations of device operation, and finally by presenting several exemplary results that illuminate critical concepts. The purpose of this choice of topics is to show the endless horizons that are open to further investigation in the field of organic electronics.
German Angst
Authors: Biess Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
German Angst analyzes the relationship of fear and democracy in postwar West Germany. While fear has historically been associated with authoritarian regimes, the book highlights the role of fear and anxiety in a democratizing society: these emotions undermined democracy and stabilized it at the same time. By taking seriously postwar Germans’ uncertainties about the future, the book challenges dominant linear and teleological narratives of postwar West German “success.” It highlights the prospective function of memories of war and defeat, of National Socialism and the Holocaust. Fears and anxieties derived from memories of a catastrophic past that postwar Germans projected into the future. Based on case studies from the 1940s to the present, the book provides a new interpretive synthesis of the Federal Republic. It tells the history of the Federal Republic as a series of recurring crises, in which specific fears and anxieties emerged, served a variety of political functions, and then again abated. Drawing on recent interdisciplinary insights of emotion studies, the book transcends the dichotomy of “reason” and “emotion.” Fear and anxiety were not exclusively irrational and dysfunctional but served important roles in postwar democracy. These emotions sensitized postwar Germans to the dangers of an authoritarian transformation, and they also served as the emotional engine of the environmental and peace movements. The book also provides an original analysis of the emotional basis of right-wing populism in Germany today, and it explores the possibilities of a democratic politics of emotion.
A Mediterranean history
Authors: Thompson John D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Mediterranean region has had a long and complex history. The phasing of three main historical elements forms a Mediterranean triptych: geology, climate, and human activities. The geological fragmentation of the Mediterranean into distinct microregions and tectonic movement of its different microplates has continually reshaped the configuration of the terrestrial landscapes, islands, and mountains. Many areas have been land bridge connections across the sea. The Mediterranean region has a characteristic climate, the essential element of which is the occurrence of a summer drought. Although initial trends towards aridity are ancient, the Mediterranean climate only dates to the Pliocene. Climatic oscillations since its onset have caused sea level changes, influencing the appearance and disappearance of land bridge connections across different parts of the Mediterranean Sea, causing species’ range sizes to expand and contract in repeated phases. Finally, nowhere else in Europe has had such a long history of human presence and activity. In the last three millennia, the impact of human activities on the landscape has been dramatic in terms of the evolution of the mosaic landscape we now observe. The phased history of these three factors is at the heart of plant evolution in the Mediterranean.
Conclusions
Authors: Gellert Raphaël 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The final chapter provides conclusions containing a summary of the main argument pertaining to the risk-based approach as an implementation of meta regulation in the data protection context. It returns to the debate between rights and risk-based approaches with a focus on the issue of standard setting in data protection, given that the latter has been left out of the equation of the risk-based approach. This renewed focus on the distinction between rights and risk-based approaches allows for a final discussion on the pros and cons of the risk-based approach especially in contrast to a command and control type of data protection. Finally, the chapter also reflects on some of the limitations and contradictions inherent in the notion of regulation and regulation models, and what this means for the future of data protection.
Deliberation Naturalized
Authors: Tanasoca Ana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Democratic theory’s deliberative turn has hit a dead end. It is unable to find a good way to scale up its small-scale, formally organized deliberative mini-publics to include the entire community. Some turn to deliberative systems for a way out, but none have found a credible way to deliberatively involve the citizenry at large. Deliberation Naturalized offers an alternative way out—one we have been using all along. The key sites of democratic deliberation are everyday political conversations among people networked across the community. Informal networked deliberation is how all citizens deliberate together, directly or indirectly. That is how public opinion emerges in civil society. Networked deliberation satisfies the classic deliberative desiderata of inclusion, equality, and reciprocity reasonably well, albeit differently than standard mini-publics. Reconceptualizing democratic deliberation in this way highlights some real threats to the networked mode of deliberative democracy, such as polarization, message repetition, and pluralistic ignorance. Deliberation Naturalized assesses the extent of each of those threats and proposes ways of protecting real existing deliberative democracy against them. By focusing on the mechanisms underpinning every democratic deliberation among citizens, Deliberation Naturalized offers a truly novel approach to deliberative democracy.
Introduction
Authors: Tanasoca Ana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Deliberative democracy has experienced several ‘turns’. This chapter reflects critically on them, situating the book’s main arguments within the academic landscape. By its focus on mechanisms at work in a real existing deliberative democracy, and its support for informal networked deliberation as its main platform, Deliberation Naturalized aims to tackle some important shortcomings associated with the last ‘turns’ of deliberative theory.
Mechanisms of Deliberation in the Formal Political System
Authors: Tanasoca Ana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the mechanisms of deliberation at work in the empowered space. The chapter discusses several institutions, such as legislatures, executive cabinets, and courts. It points out that the nature, structure, and function that these institutions fulfil in a democracy makes them poor sites for genuine democratic deliberation. Instead, the public sphere, which does not exhibit the same limitations, can better accommodate genuine democratic deliberation. Coupled with periodic accountability mechanisms to ensure it is consequential, mass citizen deliberation must be the currency of a deliberative democracy.
Williamson on the Distinction between the A Priori and the A Posteriori Once Again1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This essay responds to Williamson’s reformulated argument against the feasibility of a top-down characterization of the a priori–a posteriori distinction, arguing that Williamson fails to show that sense experience plays an irreducibly epistemic role in his new Mathematician example. Williamson’s example turns on the problematic claim that there is something intermediate between reading a proof lazily, deferring to the authority of its author, and reading it while checking its soundness for oneself. Furthermore, it is argued that Williamson’s defense of his Central argument is vitiated by a serious misreading of Boghossian’s initial criticism: that criticism was not meant to supply an alternative account of the way in which certain a priori propositions are known.
Knowing by Imagining1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the cognitive role of the imagination as a means to knowledge, permitting the offline use of cognitive faculties in both mental and non-mental simulation to assess counterfactual conditionals, in an analogue of online updating and prediction on the basis of new information. Other modal claims can be assessed similarly. This role involves the context of justification as well as the context of discovery. It substantiates the examples in Chapter 10, where imagination is treated as a means to knowledge. An analogy is sketched between the development of hypotheses in the imagination and the tableau method in deductive logic, which casts light on our ability to imagine an F when there is no F that we are imagining. It is suggested that such an overall cognitive role for the imagination makes sense on evolutionary grounds, including the distinction between voluntary and involuntary uses of the imagination.
Reply to Boghossian on Intuition, Understanding, and the A Priori1
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter is a response to Boghossian’s arguments in Chapter 13. The first part explains the failure of his objections to the author’s counterexamples to inferentialism, involving unorthodox experts who retain linguistic understanding of a term by ordinary standards while rejecting a rule associated with it by an inferentialist possession condition. The key point is that although one can retain a disposition (e.g. to accept a rule) while inhibiting it, one can also gradually lose the disposition itself. The second part argues that Boghossian’s account of intuitions fails to distinguish them adequately from conscious inclinations to believe, lacks a convincing basis in phenomenology, and will not properly serve the purposes of his account of a priori justification.
Closing Reflections
Authors: Boghossian Paul , Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The author reflects on the origin of his interest in, and the evolution of his views on, the a priori, including its role in characterizing philosophical activity itself. The author also muses about the extent to which his debate about the a priori with Williamson has been shaped by divergent background philosophical commitments. In particular, the author argues that many of Williamson’s detailed positions on the a priori are traceable back to his largely unspoken allegiance to externalist views about epistemic justification and his endorsement of lax externalist criteria for concept attribution in the theory of understanding and meta-semantics.