bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“They have this not care – don’t care attitude:” A Mixed Methods Study Evaluating Community Readiness for Oral PrEP in Adolescent Girls and Young Women in a Rural Area of South Africa
Authors: Nakasone Sarah E , Chimbindi Natsayi , Mthiyane Nondumiso , Nkosi Busisiwe , Zuma Thembelihle , Baisley Kathy , Dreyer Jaco , Pillay Deenan , Floyd Sian , Birdthistle Isolde , Seeley Janet , Shahmanesh Maryam 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionAdolescent girls and young women (AGYW) remain disproportionately affected by HIV. In a rural area of South Africa with an annual incidence (2011–2015) of 5 and 7% per annum for 15–19 and 20–24-year olds respectively, oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) could provide AGYW with a form of HIV prevention they can more easily control. Using quantitative and qualitative methods, we describe findings from a study conducted in 2017 that assessed knowledge of and attitudes toward PrEP to better understand community readiness for an AGYW PrEP rollout.MethodsWe used descriptive analysis of a quantitative demographic survey (n = 8,414 ages 15–86) to identify population awareness and early PrEP adopters. We also conducted semi-structured, in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of 52 potential PrEP gatekeepers (health care workers, community leaders) to assess their potential influence in an AGYW PrEP rollout and describe the current sexual health landscape. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and iteratively coded to identify major themes.ResultsPrEP knowledge in the general population, measured through a demographic survey, was low (n = 125/8,414, 1.49% had heard of the drug). Medicalized delivery pathways created hostility to AGYW PrEP use. Key informants had higher levels of knowledge about PrEP and saw it as a needed intervention. Community norms around adolescent sexuality, which painted sexually active youth as irresponsible and disengaged from their own health, made many ambivalent towards a PrEP rollout to AGYW. Health care workers discussed ways to shame AGYW if they tried to access PrEP as they feared the drug would encourage promiscuity and “risky” behaviour. Others interviewed opposed provision on the basis of health care equity and feared PrEP would divert both drug and human resources from treatment programs.ConclusionsThe health system in this poor, high-HIV incidence area had multiple barriers to a PrEP rollout to AGYW. Norms around adolescent sexuality and gatekeeper concerns that PrEP could divert health resources from treatment to prevention could create barriers to PrEP roll-out in this setting. Alternate modes of delivery, particularly those which are youth-led and demedicalize PrEP, must be explored.
Impact of 6% balanced hydroxyethyl starch following cardiopulmonary bypass on renal function: a retrospective study
Authors: Lim Ju Yong , Kim Yun Seok , Kim Joon Bum 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
We aimed to evaluate the effect of limited volume of hydroxyethyl starch (HES) administration on postoperative renal function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).

Methods
One thousand six hundred fifty-seven patients undergoing cardiac surgery under CPB over two years were included. The patients were divided according to the amount of HES administrated during the first 2 days post-surgery; moderate dose HES (≥20 ml/kg) versus low dose HES (< 20 ml/kg). Outcomes were compared by using inverse probability weighting.

Results
Incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) was higher in the moderate HES group (p = .02). However, new renal replacement therapy (RRT) (P = .30) and early mortality (p = .97) was similar between the groups. When adjusted, the moderate HES use was associated with AKI (OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.12–2.44; p = .01), but did not increase the risk of new RRT (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 0.71–2.18; p = .40) or early mortality (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.29–1.81; p = .50).

Conclusions
The moderate dose administration of HES (≥20 ml/kg) in the postoperative period following cardiac surgery might be associated with the risk of AKI. However, it was not associated with serious adverse outcomes such as new RRT or mortality. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to validate study results.
Intubation during a medevac flight: safety and effect on total prehospital time in the helicopter emergency medical service system
Authors: Maeyama Hiroki , Naito Hiromichi , Guyette Francis X. , Yorifuji Takashi , Banshotani Yuki , Matsui Daisaku , Yumoto Tetsuya , Nakao Atsunori , Kobayashi Makoto 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Introduction
The Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) commonly intubates patients who require advanced airway support prior to takeoff. In-flight intubation (IFI) is avoided because it is considered difficult due to limited space, difficulty communicating, and vibration in flight. However, IFI may shorten the total prehospital time. We tested whether IFI can be performed safely by the HEMS.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study in adult patients transported from 2010 to 2017 who received prehospital, non-emergent intubation from a single HEMS. We divided the cohort in two groups, patients intubated during flight (flight group, FG) and patients intubated before takeoff (ground group, GG). The primary outcome was the proportion of successful intubations. Secondary outcomes included total prehospital time and the incidence of complications.

Results
We analyzed 376 patients transported during the study period, 192 patients in the FG and 184 patients in the GG. The intubation success rate did not differ between the two groups (FG 189/192 [98.4%] vs. GG 179/184 [97.3%], p = 0.50). There were also no differences in hypoxia (FG 4/117 [3.4%] vs. GG 4/95 [4.2%], p = 1.00) or hypotension (FG 6/117 [5.1%] vs. GG 5/95 [5.3%], p = 1.00) between the two groups. Scene time and total prehospital time were shorter in the FG (scene time 7 min vs. 14 min, p <  0.001; total prehospital time 33.5 min vs. 40.0 min, p <  0.001).

Conclusions
IFI was safely performed with high success rates, similar to intubation on the ground, without increasing the risk of hypoxia or hypotension. IFI by experienced providers shortened transportation time, which may improve patient outcomes.
The Tug1 lncRNA locus is essential for male fertility
Authors: Lewandowski Jordan P. , Dumbović Gabrijela , Watson Audrey R. , Hwang Taeyoung , Jacobs-Palmer Emily , Chang Nydia , Much Christian , Turner Kyle M. , Kirby Christopher , Rubinstein Nimrod D. , Groff Abigail F. , Liapis Steve C. , Gerhardinger Chiara , Bester Assaf , Pandolfi Pier Paolo , Clohessy John G. , Hoekstra Hopi E. , Sauvageau Martin , Rinn John L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
Several long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to function as components of molecular machines that play fundamental roles in biology. While the number of annotated lncRNAs in mammalian genomes has greatly expanded, studying lncRNA function has been a challenge due to their diverse biological roles and because lncRNA loci can contain multiple molecular modes that may exert function.

Results
We previously generated and characterized a cohort of 20 lncRNA loci knockout mice. Here, we extend this initial study and provide a more detailed analysis of the highly conserved lncRNA locus, taurine-upregulated gene 1 (Tug1). We report that Tug1-knockout male mice are sterile with underlying defects including a low number of sperm and abnormal sperm morphology. Because lncRNA loci can contain multiple modes of action, we wanted to determine which, if any, potential elements contained in the Tug1 genomic region have any activity. Using engineered mouse models and cell-based assays, we provide evidence that the Tug1 locus harbors two distinct noncoding regulatory activities, as a cis-DNA repressor that regulates neighboring genes and as a lncRNA that can regulate genes by a trans-based function. We also show that Tug1 contains an evolutionary conserved open reading frame that when overexpressed produces a stable protein which impacts mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting a potential third coding function.

Conclusions
Our results reveal an essential role for the Tug1 locus in male fertility and uncover evidence for distinct molecular modes in the Tug1 locus, thus highlighting the complexity present at lncRNA loci.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel benzodioxole derivatives as COX inhibitors and cytotoxic agents
Authors: Hawash Mohammed , Jaradat Nidal , Hameedi Saba , Mousa Ahmed 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are among the most used drugs. They are competitive inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX). Twelve novel compounds (aryl acetate and aryl acetic acid groups) were synthesized in this work in order to identify which one was the most potent and which group was most selective towards COX1 and COX2 by using an in vitro COX inhibition assay kit. The cytotoxicity was evaluated for these compounds utilizing MTS assay against cervical carcinoma cells line (HeLa). The synthesized compounds were identified using FTIR, HRMS, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR techniques. The results showed that the most potent compound against the COX1 enzyme was 4f with IC50 = 0.725 µM. The compound 3b showed potent activity against both COX1 and COX2 with IC50 = 1.12 and 1.3 µM, respectively, and its selectivity ratio (0.862) was found to be better than Ketoprofen (0.196). In contrast, compound 4d was the most selective with a COX1/COX2 ratio value of 1.809 in comparison with the Ketoprofen ratio. All compounds showed cytotoxic activity against the HeLa Cervical cancer cell line at a higher concentration ranges (0.219–1.94 mM), and the most cytotoxic compound was 3e with a CC50 value of 219 µM. This was tenfold more than its IC50 values of 2.36 and 2.73 µM against COX1 and COX2, respectively. In general, the synthesized library has moderate activity against both enzymes (i.e., COX1 and COX2) and ortho halogenated compounds were more potent than the meta ones.
Sequence diversity of cytotoxic T cell antigens and satellite marker analysis of Theileria parva informs the immunization against East Coast fever in Rwanda
Authors: Atuhaire David Kalenzi , Muleya Walter , Mbao Victor , Bazarusanga Thomas , Gafarasi Isidore , Salt Jeremy , Namangala Boniface , Musoke Antony Jim 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background
East Coast fever (ECF) caused by Theileria parva is endemic in Rwanda. In this study, the antigenic and genetic diversity of T. parva coupled with immunization and field challenge were undertaken to provide evidence for the introduction of ECF immunization in Rwanda.

Methods
Blood collected from cattle in the field was screened for T. parva using ELISA and PCR targeting the p104 gene. Tp1 and Tp2 gene sequences were generated from field samples and from Gikongoro and Nyakizu isolates. Furthermore, multilocus genotype data was generated using 5 satellite markers and an immunization challenge trial under field conditions using Muguga cocktail vaccine undertaken.

Results
Out of 120 samples, 44 and 20 were positive on ELISA and PCR, respectively. Antigenic diversity of the Tp1 and Tp2 gene sequences revealed an abundance of Muguga, Kiambu and Serengeti epitopes in the samples. A further three clusters were observed on both Tp1 and Tp2 phylogenetic trees; two clusters comprising of field samples and vaccine isolates and the third cluster comprising exclusively of Rwanda samples. Both antigens exhibited purifying selection with no positive selection sites. In addition, satellite marker analysis revealed that field samples possessed both shared alleles with Muguga cocktail on all loci and also a higher proportion of unique alleles. The Muguga cocktail (Muguga, Kiambu and Serengeti) genotype compared to other vaccine isolates, was the most represented in the field samples. Further low genetic sub-structuring (FST = 0.037) coupled with linkage disequilibrium between Muguga cocktail and the field samples was observed. Using the above data to guide a field immunization challenge trial comprising 41 immunized and 40 control animals resulted in 85% seroconversion in the immunized animals and an efficacy of vaccination of 81.7%, implying high protection against ECF.

Conclusions
Antigenic and genetic diversity analysis of T. parva facilitated the use of Muguga cocktail vaccine in field conditions. A protection level of 81.7% was achieved, demonstrating the importance of combining molecular tools with field trials to establish the suitability of implementation of immunization campaigns. Based on the information in this study, Muguga cocktail immunization in Rwanda has a potential to produce desirable results.
Molecular epidemiology of a fatal sarcoptic mange epidemic in endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica)
Authors: Rudd Jaime L. , Clifford Deana L. , Cypher Brian L. , Hull Joshua M. , Jane Riner A. , Foley Janet E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn 2013, sarcoptic mange, caused bySarcoptes scabieimites, precipitated a catastrophic decline of the formerly stable urban population of endangered San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in Bakersfield, California, USA. In 2019, a smaller sarcoptic mange outbreak affected kit foxes 58 km southwest of Bakersfield in the town of Taft, California. To determine whether the Taft outbreak could have occurred as spillover from the Bakersfield outbreak and whether epidemic control efforts must involve not only kit foxes but also sympatric dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), coyotes (Canis latrans), and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), we evaluated genotypes and gene flow among mites collected from each host species.MethodsWe used 10Sarcoptesmicrosatellite markers (SARM) to perform molecular typing of 445S. scabieimites collected from skin scrapings from twenty-two infested kit foxes, two dogs, five coyotes, and five red foxes from Bakersfield, Taft, and other nearby cities.ResultsWe identified 60 alleles across all SARM loci; kit fox- and red fox-derived mites were relatively monomorphic, while genetic variability was greatest in Bakersfield coyote- and dog-derived mites. AMOVA analysis documented distinct mite populations unique to hosts, with an overall FSTof 0.467. The lowest FST(i.e. closest genetic relationship, FST = 0.038) was between Bakersfield and Taft kit fox-derived mites while the largest genetic difference was between Ventura coyote- and Taft kit fox-derived mites (FST = 0.843).ConclusionsThese results confirm the close relationship between the Taft and Bakersfield outbreaks. Although a spillover event likely initiated the kit fox mange outbreak, mite transmission is now primarily kit fox-to-kit fox. Therefore, any large-scale population level intervention should focus on treating kit foxes within the city.
The magnitude of undiagnosed diabetes and Hypertension among adult psychiatric patients receiving antipsychotic treatment
Authors: Hirigo Agete Tadewos , Teshome Tesfaye 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundPatients with severe mental illness (SMI) are at increased risk of developing non-communicable diseases that could cause significantly lower life expectancy when compared to the general population. This study aimed to assess the magnitude and predictors of undiagnosed type-2 diabetes and hypertension among adult patients with SMI on antipsychotic treatments.MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 237 psychiatric patients from January to June 2019 at Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. All relevant information was collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire with a systematic random sampling technique. A total of 4–5 mL of overnight fasting venous blood was collected from each patient. Serum lipid profiles and fasting blood sugar (FBS) were measured using the A25™ BioSystem Random Access chemistry analyzer. To identify predictors of hyperglycemia and raised blood pressure, multiple linear regression analysis was done using SPSS version 23. Statistical significance was set at p value < 5%.ResultsFrom 247 patients with SMI approached, 237 (58.2% male and 41.8% females) were take part in the study giving a response rate of 95.9%. The overall 31.2% (95%CI: 24.1–37.6) and 27.8% (95%CI: 23.2–33.4) of patients had hyperglycemia and raised BP. The magnitude of prediabetes and type-2 diabetes was 24.9% (95%CI:19.4–30.4), and 6.3% (95% CI: 3.4–10.1), respectively. While the magnitude of prehypertension and hypertension was 23.2% (95%CI: 17.3–29.5) and 4.6% (95%CI: 2.1–8.0), respectively. In multiple linear regression analyses: age, HDL-cholesterol, physical activity and Triglyceride/HDL-cholesterol ratio were positively correlated with FBS. While, HDL-cholesterol, waist circumference, physical activity, total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio, and body mass index were positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures.ConclusionThe findings indicate a need to assess blood glucose and blood pressure at baseline before the commencement of any antipsychotic therapy and during therapeutic follow up to manage any increasing trends. Moreover, close monitoring of patients with severe mental illness on antipsychotic therapy is exclusively recommended.
Comparative analysis of cadmium uptake and distribution in contrasting canadian flax cultivars
Authors: House Megan A. , Young Lester W. , Liu Xia , Liber Karsten , Diederichsen Axel , Booker Helen M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveHumans consume low quantities of cadmium (Cd), a non-nutritive and potentially toxic heavy metal, primarily via the dietary intake of grains. A trial experiment was conducted to investigate physiological and developmental differences in Cd content in four flax cultivars (‘AC Emerson’, ‘Flanders’, ‘CDC Bethune’, and ‘AC McDuff’) as part of a study to provide information that will assist in the breeding of low Cd-accumulating flax cultivars. Our objective was to identify varietal differences in the uptake and distribution of Cd in various tissues among flax cultivars grown in naturally Cd-containing soil in a controlled environment.ResultsCadmium concentration was dependent on genotype, developmental stage, and tissue type, as well as their interaction. Cadmium concentration was higher in roots and leaves, relative to all other tissues, with a general trend of decreasing Cd content over time within leaves and stems. Notably, the concentration of Cd was higher in ‘AC Emerson’ relative to ‘AC McDuff’ across tissues and ages, including the seeds, while the concentration of ‘Flanders’ was higher than in ‘AC McDuff’ in seeds and other reproductive organs but similar in roots and leaves. The results suggest varietal differences in the mechanisms that determine Cd content in seeds.
Higher integrability for obstacle problem related to the singular porous medium equation
Authors: Li Qifan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this paper we study the self-improving property of the obstacle problem related to the singular porous medium equation by using the method developed by Gianazza and Schwarzacher (J. Funct. Anal. 277(12):1–57, 2019). We establish a local higher integrability result for the spatial gradient of the mth power of nonnegative weak solutions, under some suitable regularity assumptions on the obstacle function. In comparison to the work by Cho and Scheven (J. Math. Anal. Appl. 491(2):1–44, 2020), our approach provides some new aspects in the estimations of the nonnegative weak solution of the obstacle problem.
Existence of nonoscillatory solutions to nonlinear higher-order neutral dynamic equations
Authors: Qiu Yang-Cong , Chiu Kuo-Shou , Jadlovská Irena , Li Tongxing 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe investigate the existence of different types of nonoscillatory solutions to a class of higher-order nonlinear neutral dynamic equations on a time scale. Two examples are provided to show the significance of the conclusions.
Boring bivalve traces in modern reef and deeper-water macroid and rhodolith beds
Authors: Bassi Davide , Braga Juan C. , Owada Masato , Aguirre Julio , Lipps Jere H. , Takayanagi Hideko , Iryu Yasufumi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMacroids and rhodoliths, made by encrusting acervulinid foraminifera and coralline algae, are widely recognized as bioengineers providing relatively stable microhabitats and increasing biodiversity for other species. Macroid and rhodolith beds occur in different depositional settings at various localities and bathymetries worldwide. Six case studies of macroid/rhodolith beds from 0 to 117 m water depth in the Pacific Ocean (northern Central Ryukyu Islands, French Polynesia), eastern Australia (Fraser Island, One Tree Reef, Lizard Island), and the Mediterranean Sea (southeastern Spain) show that nodules in the beds are perforated by small-sized boring bivalve traces (Gastrochaenolites). On average, boring bivalve shells (gastrochaenids and mytilids) are more slender and smaller than those living inside shallow-water rocky substrates. In the Pacific, Gastrochaena cuneiformis, Gastrochaena sp., Leiosolenus malaccanus, L. mucronatus, L. spp., and Lithophaga/Leiosolenus sp., for the first time identified below 20 m water depth, occur as juvenile forms along with rare small-sized adults. In deep-water macroids and rhodoliths the boring bivalves are larger than the shallower counterparts in which growth of juveniles is probably restrained by higher overturn rates of host nodules. In general, most boring bivalves are juveniles that grew faster than the acervulinid foraminiferal and coralline red algal hosts and rarely reached the adult stage. As a consequence of phenotypic plasticity, small-sized adults with slow growth rates coexist with juveniles. Below wave base macroids and rhodoliths had the highest amounts of bioerosion, mainly produced by sponges and polychaete worms. These modern observations provide bases for paleobiological inferences in fossil occurrences.
Bioelectronics-on-a-chip for cardio myoblast proliferation enhancement using electric field stimulation
Authors: Aragón Ángel , Cebro-Márquez María , Perez Eliseo , Pazos Antonio , Lage Ricardo , González-Juanatey José Ramón , Moscoso Isabel , Bao-Varela Carmen , Nieto Daniel 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Cardio myoblast generation from conventional approaches is laborious and time-consuming. We present a bioelectronics on-a-chip for stimulating cells cardio myoblast proliferation during culture.

Method

The bioelectronics chip fabrication methodology involves two different process. In the first step, an aluminum layer of 200 nm is deposited over a soda-lime glass substrate using physical vapor deposition and selectively removed using a Q-switched Nd:YVO
4
laser to create the electric tracks. To perform the experiments, we developed a biochip composed of a cell culture chamber fabricated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) with a glass coverslip or a cell culture dish placed over the electric circuit tracks. By using such a glass cover slip or cell culture dish we avoid any toxic reactions caused by electrodes in the culture or may be degraded by electrochemical reactions with the cell medium, which is crucial to determine the effective cell-device coupling.

Results
The chip was used to study the effect of electric field stimulation of Rat ventricular cardiomyoblasts cells (H9c2). Results shows a remarkable increase in the number of H9c2 cells for the stimulated samples, where after 72 h the cell density double the cell density of control samples.

Conclusions
Cell proliferation of Rat ventricular cardiomyoblasts cells (H9c2) using the bioelectronics-on-a-chip was enhanced upon the electrical stimulation. The dependence on the geometrical characteristics of the electric circuit on the peak value and homogeneity of the electric field generated are analyzed and proper parameters to ensure a homogeneous electric field at the cell culture chamber are obtained. It can also be observed a high dependence of the electric field on the geometry of the electrostimulator circuit tracks and envisage the potential applications on electrophysiology studies, monitoring and modulate cellular behavior through the application of electric fields.