bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multilateral trade liberalisation helps promote export product diversification: Trade tensions damage the prospects of the poorest economies
Authors: Gnangnon Sena Kimm 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUsing a large panel dataset over a 20‐year period, this article explores the effect of multilateral trade liberalisation on export product diversification. Empirical results show that multilateral trade liberalisation is positively associated with export product diversification. However, less‐developed economies experience a greater positive effect than relatively advanced economies. This analysis suggests that if trade tensions reduce cooperation on trade matters among World Trade Organization members, it may hinder export product diversification in developing countries, and the poorest countries might be the most adversely affected.
Two‐dimensional speckle‐tracking strain detects subclinical cardiotoxicity in older patients treated for acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Cascino Gregory J. , Voss Woo Bin , Canaani Jonathan , Furiasse Nicholas , Rademaker Alfred , Ky Bonnie , Luger Selina , Altman Jessica K. , Foran James M. , Litzow Mark R. , Tallman Martin S. , Rigolin Vera , Akhter Nausheen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundPatients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are surviving longer. There are no data on changes in myocardial mechanics from standard of care low‐dose anthracycline‐based induction chemotherapy in older patients with AML. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential utility of strain imaging in detecting early changes in left ventricular function in this patient population after induction chemotherapy.MethodsThirty two patients enrolled in the ECOG‐ACRIN E2906 study (cytarabine and daunorubicin vs clofarabine [Genzyme/Sanofi]) from 2011 to 2014 were evaluated retrospectively. Two‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) imaging with Doppler and two‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography (2DSTE) using EchoInsight software (Epsilon imaging) were performed before and after induction chemotherapy.ResultsEighteen patients received cytarabine and daunorubicin (7 + 3) and 14 received clofarabine. The clofarabine group was older than the 7 + 3 cohort (67.8 ± 4.0 vs 63.7 ± 3.8, P = .007). There were no other significant differences in cardiac risk factors between groups. The 7 + 3 group had a decrease in average peak systolic global longitudinal (−19.1 ± 2.8 to −17.2 ± 3.0, P = .01) and circumferential strain (−29.4 ± 6.3 to −23.9 ± 4.3, P = .011). These changes were not demonstrated in the clofarabine group and were not associated with a decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).ConclusionsIn older AML patients, standard cytarabine and daunorubicin chemotherapy causes early changes in global longitudinal and circumferential strain not seen with clofarabine therapy. These findings demonstrate subclinical left ventricular dysfunction after exposure to low cumulative doses of anthracycline‐based induction chemotherapy and may help us better identify those patients at risk for adverse long‐term cardiovascular outcomes.
Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index: Face and content validation
Authors: Eden Ece , Baysal Mehmet , Andersson Lars 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackground/AimRecording of traumatic dental injuries in the emergency situation with a simple and easily recordable index that will also enable computer registration is advantageous. The aim of this paper is to present a new index to facilitate recording traumatic dental injuries and assess its face and content validity.Materials and methodsThe index included information on the type of injury related to the affected structures (enamel, dentin, cement, pulp, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone) in accordance with Andreasen's classification. In addition, injuries to the alveolar bone and the maturity of the root were included. Fifteen dental trauma experts from 11 different countries rated the codes and content of the “Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index” using the RAND modified e‐Delphi consensus method. A statement was considered valid after reaching 75% consensus among panel members. Two rounds were necessary for reaching consensus on seven statements and the definition. The last version of the index was then presented online to a feedback group that included 10 experts from five countries to determine the external validity by representative cases.ResultsThe wording of the definition showed 92.8% agreement in the first round. Statements 1 and 2 gave information about the structure of the index and both reached 90% agreement in the first round. Definition and statements from 1 to 7 reached agreement as 93.3%, 93.3%, 100%, 93.3%, 80%, 93.3%, 80%, and 93.3%, respectively, in the second round. Most of the experts in the feedback group reported that the index was useful and user‐friendly.ConclusionAfter a total of two rounds with the panel members and one round with the feedback group, the “Eden Baysal Dental Trauma Index” was approved for face and content validity and external validity was obtained.
Sex, stress and steroids
Authors: Sze Ying , Brunton Paula J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in the neuroendocrine response to stress and in maintaining physiological homoeostasis. However, stress that is chronic in nature can lead to HPA axis dysfunction and increase the risk for developing affective disorders, particularly if the stress is experienced during vulnerable periods in life. Sex differences in how the HPA axis responds to stress are well established, with females typically displaying heightened responses. The underlying cause of these sex differences is important to understand, as many neuropsychiatric disorders disproportionately affect females. Much research has provided evidence for gonadal sex steroids in underpinning sex differences in HPA axis responsivity; however, we suggest that neuroactive metabolites of these steroids also play a key role in the brain in mediating sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress. The relationship between neuroactive steroids and stress is complex. Acute stress rapidly increases neuroactive steroid production, which can in turn modulate activity of the HPA axis. However, under chronic stress conditions, stress can impact the brain's capacity to generate steroids, and this in turn has corollary effects on HPA axis function that may increase the propensity for psychopathology, given both HPA axis dysfunction and deficits in neuroactive steroids are implicated in affective disorders. Hence, here we review the evidence from animal and human studies for sex differences in the interactions between neuroactive steroids and the stress axis at various stages of life, under physiological and pathophysiological stress conditions and consider the implications for health and disease.
Activation of the RAS/B‐RAF‐MEK‐ERK pathway in satellite glial cells contributes to substance p‐mediated orofacial pain
Authors: Zhang Yan‐yan , Song Ning , Liu Fei , Lin Jiu , Liu Meng‐ke , Huang Chao‐lan , Liao Da‐qing , Zhou Cheng , Wang Hang , Shen Jie‐fei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe cross talk between trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs) is crucial for the regulation of inflammatory orofacial pain. Substance P (SP) plays an important role by activating neurokinin (NK)‐I receptors in this cross talk. The activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) in neurons and SGCs of peripheral ganglions by peripheral inflammation is associated with inflammatory hypersensitivity. This study tested the hypothesis that SP evoked SP‐NK‐I receptor positive feedback via the Renin–Angiotensin System/B‐Protein Kinase A‐Rapidly Accelerates Fibrosarcoma‐MEK‐Extracellular Signal‐Regulated Kinase (RAS/PKA‐RAF‐MEK‐ERK) pathway, which is involved in pain hypersensitivity. Inflammatory models were induced in vivo by injecting Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into the whisker pad of rats. SP was administrated to SGCs in vitro for investigating, whether SP regulates the expression of NK‐I receptor in the SGC nucleus. The effects of RAS‐RAF‐MEK, PKA and PKC pathways in this process were measured by co‐incubating SGCs with respective Raf, PKA, PKC and MEK inhibitors in vitro and by pre‐injecting these inhibitors into the TG in vivo. SP significantly upregulated NK‐I receptor, p‐ERK1/2, Ras, B‐Raf, PKA and PKC in SGCs under inflammatory conditions. In addition, L703,606 (NK‐I receptor antagonist), U0126 (MEK inhibitor), Sorafenib (Raf inhibitor) and H892HCL (PKA inhibitor) but not chelerythrine chloride (PKC inhibitor) significantly decreased NK‐I mRNA and protein levels induced by SP. The allodynia‐related behavior evoked by CFA was inhibited by pre‐injection of L703,606, U0126, Sorafenib and H892HCL into the TG. Overall, SP upregulates NK‐I receptor in TG SGCs via PKA/RAS‐RAF‐MEK‐ERK pathway activation, contributing to a positive feedback of SP‐NK‐I receptor in inflammatory orofacial pain.
Cladribine in myasthenia gravis: a pilot open‐label study
Authors: Rejdak K. , Szklener S. , Korchut A. , Baranowski D. 
Published: November 2019

Background and purposeThe aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of cladribine treatments in a population of patients with refractory myasthenia gravis (MG).MethodsIn a prospective open‐label study of cladribine in refractory MG, 13 patients received cladribine at baseline with repetitive cycles driven by clinical response. A Myasthenia Gravis Composite (MGC) score was obtained and a standard dose of steroids was administered.ResultsA total of 11 patients achieved significant clinical improvement in MGC score during their therapy. The mean MGC score declined from 15.1 to 6.3 points within 4 months of observation. The dosage of prednisolone declined from 9.5 to 1.9 mg. None of the patients required intravenous immunoglobulin or plasma exchange treatments and no adverse events occurred in the study period.ConclusionCladribine seems to be a safe and effective emergency therapy in a population of patients with refractory MG.
NREM sleep is the state of vigilance that best identifies the epileptogenic zone in the interictal electroencephalogram
Authors: Klimes Petr , Cimbalnik Jan , Brazdil Milan , Hall Jeffery , Dubeau François , Gotman Jean , Frauscher Birgit 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveInterictal epileptiform anomalies such as epileptiform discharges or high‐frequency oscillations show marked variations across the sleep‐wake cycle. This study investigates which state of vigilance is the best to localize the epileptogenic zone (EZ) in interictal intracranial electroencephalography (EEG).MethodsThirty patients with drug‐resistant epilepsy undergoing stereo‐EEG (SEEG)/sleep recording and subsequent open surgery were included; 13 patients (43.3%) had good surgical outcome (Engel class I). Sleep was scored following standard criteria. Multiple features based on the interictal EEG (interictal epileptiform discharges, high‐frequency oscillations, univariate and bivariate features) were used to train a support vector machine (SVM) model to classify SEEG contacts placed in the EZ. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated by the mean area under the receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUCs) and positive predictive values (PPVs) across 10‐minute sections of wake, non–rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) stages N2 and N3, REM sleep, and their combination.ResultsHighest AUCs were achieved in NREM sleep stages N2 and N3 compared to wakefulness and REM (P < .01). There was no improvement when using a combination of all four states (P > .05); the best performing features in the combined state were selected from NREM sleep. There were differences between good (Engel I) and poor (Engel II‐IV) outcomes in PPV (P < .05) and AUC (P < .01) across all states. The SVM multifeature approach outperformed spikes and high‐frequency oscillations (P < .01) and resulted in results similar to those of the seizure‐onset zone (SOZ; P > .05).SignificanceSleep improves the localization of the EZ with best identification obtained in NREM sleep stages N2 and N3. Results based on the multifeature classification in 10 minutes of NREM sleep were not different from the results achieved by the SOZ based on 12.7 days of seizure monitoring. This finding might ultimately result in a more time‐efficient intracranial presurgical investigation of focal epilepsy.
The emergence of new wine design practices: Flexitanks and the assembling of bulk wine across global rural regions
Authors: Rainer Gerhard , Pütz Robert , Steiner Christian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we argue that the rapid expansion of exports as a share of global wine production is strongly related to the invention of flexitanks for wine transportation and the concurrent exponential growth of the bulk wine industry. Bulk wine fundamentally changes wine production, from the organisation of grape growing to the commercialisation of the final product, as it enables companies to assemble wine across the globe by establishing new connections between distant rural regions. Building on ethnographic fieldwork with New Zealand and Chilean bulk wine producers and German large‐scale wineries which specialise in bulk wine blending and bottling, our aim in this paper is to investigate how these new connections are forged and sustained. Drawing on the work of Çalışkan and Callon, we consider marketisation processes to be composed of different types of framing, and we analyse three of them in respect of the bulk wine market: objectification of goods, marketising agencies, and market encounters. Through detailed analysis of one market encounter that we have called “wine design sessions,” we show that German retailers align the other bulk wine agencies in a way that means they are well placed to decide on the final composition of the wines in a highly flexible accumulation scheme. It is through these wine design sessions and the practices of tasting, comparing, designing, analysing, and controlling wines that they organise the assembling and objectification of bulk wines from Chile and New Zealand (and from other countries around the globe) according to their specifications. Hence, rather than through top‐down pressure, coordination in the bulk wine market is accomplished through mundane practices and mechanisms which allow for action at a distance and which connect (and sometimes disconnect) rural regions on a global stage.
Body fluid from the parasitic worm Ascaris suum inhibits broad‐acting pro‐inflammatory programs in dendritic cells
Authors: Arora Pankaj , Moll Janne Marie , Andersen Daniel , Workman Christopher Thomas , Williams Andrew R. , Kristiansen Karsten , Brix Susanne 
Published: November 2019

SummaryDendritic cells (DCs) are essential for generating T‐cell‐based immune responses through sensing of potential inflammatory and metabolic cues in the local environment. However, there is still limited insight into the processes defining the resultant DC phenotype, including the type of early transcriptional changes in pro‐inflammatory cues towards regulatory or type 2 immune‐based cues induced by a variety of exogenous and endogenous molecules. Here we compared the ability of a selected number of molecules to modulate the pro‐inflammatory phenotype of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ)‐stimulated human monocyte‐derived DCs towards an anti‐inflammatory or regulatory phenotype, including Ascaris suum body fluid [helminth pseudocoelomic fluid (PCF)], the metabolites succinate and butyrate, and the type 2 cytokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin‐25. Our data show that helminth PCF and butyrate treatment suppress the T helper type 1 (Th1)‐inducing pro‐inflammatory DC phenotype through induction of different transcriptional programs in DCs. RNA sequencing indicated that helminth PCF treatment strongly inhibited the Th1 and Th17 polarizing ability of LPS + IFN‐γ‐matured DCs by down‐regulating myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)‐dependent and MyD88‐independent pathways in Toll‐like receptor 4 signaling. By contrast, butyrate treatment had a strong Th1‐inhibiting action, and transcripts encoding important gut barrier defending factors such as IL18, IL1B and CXCL8 were up‐regulated. Collectively, our results further understanding of how compounds from parasites and gut microbiota‐derived butyrate may exert immunomodulatory effects on the host immune system.
Flying, phones and flu: Anonymized call records suggest that Keflavik International Airport introduced pandemic H1N1 into Iceland in 2009
Authors: Kishore Nishant , Mitchell Rebecca , Lash Timothy L. , Reed Carrie , Danon Leon , Sigmundsdóttir Guðrún , Vigfusson Ymir 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundData collected by mobile devices can augment surveillance of epidemics in real time. However, methods and evidence for the integration of these data into modern surveillance systems are sparse. We linked call detail records (CDR) with an influenza‐like illness (ILI) registry and evaluated the role that Icelandic international travellers played in the introduction and propagation of influenza A/H1N1pdm09 virus in Iceland through the course of the 2009 pandemic.MethodsThis nested case‐control study compared odds of exposure to Keflavik International Airport among cases and matched controls producing longitudinal two‐week matched odds ratios (mORs) from August to December 2009. We further evaluated rates of ILI among 1st‐ and 2nd‐degree phone connections of cases compared to their matched controls.ResultsThe mOR was elevated in the initial stages of the epidemic from 7 August until 21 August (mOR = 2.53; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.35, 4.78). During the two‐week period from 17 August through 31 August, we calculated the two‐week incidence density ratio of ILI among 1st‐degree connections to be 2.96 (95% CI: 1.43, 5.84).ConclusionsExposure to Keflavik International Airport increased the risk of incident ILI diagnoses during the initial stages of the epidemic. Using these methods for other regions of Iceland, we evaluated the geographic spread of ILI over the course of the epidemic. Our methods were validated through similar evaluation of a domestic airport. The techniques described in this study can be used for hypothesis‐driven evaluations of locations and behaviours during an epidemic and their associations with health outcomes.
An easy-to-perform, culture-free Campylobacter point-of-management assay for processing plant applications
Authors: Mason M.G. , Blackall P.J. , Botella J.R. , Templeton J.M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Aims
Current culture-based methods for detection and determination of Campylobacter levels on processed chickens takes at least 2 days. Here we sought to develop a new complete, low-cost and rapid (approximately 2·5 h) detection system requiring minimal operator input.

Methods and Results
We observed a strong correlation between culture-based cell counts and our ability to detect either Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli by loop-mediated isothermal amplification from the same samples. This knowledge was used to develop a rapid and simple five-step assay to quantify Campylobacter, which was subsequently assessed for its specificity, reproducibility and accuracy in quantifying Campylobacter levels from processed chickens. The assay was found to be highly specific for C. jejuni and C. coli and was capable of distinguishing between samples that are either within or exceeding the industry set target of 6000 Campylobacter colony forming units (CFU) per carcass (equivalent to 12 CFU per ml of chicken rinse) with &gt;90% accuracy relative to culture-based methods.

Conclusions
Our method can reliably quantify Campylobacter counts of processed chickens with an accuracy comparable to culture-based assays but provides results within hours as opposed to days.

Significance and Impact of the Study
The research presented here will help improve food safety by providing fast Campylobacter detection that will enable the implementation of real-time risk management strategies in poultry processing plants to rapidly test processed chickens and identify effective intervention strategies. This technology is a powerful tool that can be easily adapted for other organisms and thus could be highly beneficial for a broad range of industries.
Terminal investment strategies following infection are dependent on diet
Authors: Hudson Ali L. , Moatt Joshua P. , Vale Pedro F. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhen future reproductive potential is threatened, for example following infection, the terminal investment hypothesis predicts that individuals will respond by investing preferentially in current reproduction. Terminal investment involves reallocating resources to current reproductive effort, so it is likely to be influenced by the quantity and quality of resources acquired through diet. Dietary protein specifically has been shown to impact both immunity and reproduction in a range of organisms, but its impact on terminal investment is unclear. We challenged females from ten naturally derived fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) genotypes with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We then placed these on either a standard or isocaloric high‐protein diet, and measured multiple components of reproductive investment. As oogenesis requires protein, and flies increase egg production with protein intake, we hypothesized that terminal investment would be easier to observe if protein was not already limiting. Oral exposure to the pathogen triggered an increase in reproductive investment. However, whereas flies feeding on a high‐protein diet increased the number of eggs laid when exposed to P. aeruginosa, those fed the standard diet did not increase the number of eggs laid but increased egg‐to‐adult viability following infection. This suggests that the specific routes through which flies terminally invest are influenced by the protein content of the maternal diet. We discuss the importance of considering diet and natural routes of infection when measuring nonimmunological defences.
Genome‐wide Transcriptional Analysis of Tetrahymena thermophila Response to Exogenous Cholesterol
Authors: Najle Sebastián R. , Hernández Josefina , Ocaña‐Pallarès Eduard , García Siburu Nicolás , Nusblat Alejandro D. , Nudel Clara B. , Slamovits Claudio H. , Uttaro Antonio D. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila does not require sterols for growth and synthesizes pentacyclic triterpenoid alcohols, mainly tetrahymanol, as sterol surrogates. However, when sterols are present in the environment, T. thermophila efficiently incorporates and modifies them. These modifications consist of desaturation reactions at positions C5(6), C7(8), and C22(23), and de‐ethylation at C24 of 29‐carbon sterols (i.e. phytosterols). Three out of four of the enzymes involved in the sterol modification pathway have been previously identified. However, identification of the sterol C22 desaturase remained elusive, as did other basic aspects of this metabolism. To get more insights into this peculiar metabolism, we here perform a whole transcriptome analysis of T. thermophila in response to exogenous cholesterol. We found 356 T. thermophila genes to be differentially expressed after supplementation with cholesterol for 2 h. Among those that were upregulated, we found two genes belonging to the long spacing family of desaturases that we tentatively identified by RNAi analysis as sterol C22 desaturases. Additionally, we determined that the inhibition of tetrahymanol synthesis after supplementation with cholesterol occurs by a transcriptional downregulation of genes involved in squalene synthesis and cyclization. Finally, we identified several uncharacterized genes that are likely involved in sterols transport and signaling.