bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel alternative ribonucleotide excision repair pathways in human cells by DDX3X and specialized DNA polymerases
Authors: Riva Valentina , Garbelli Anna , Casiraghi Federica , Arena Francesca , Trivisani Claudia Immacolata , Gagliardi Assunta , Bini Luca , Schroeder Martina , Maffia Antonio , Sabbioneda Simone , Maga Giovanni 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Removal of ribonucleotides (rNMPs) incorporated into the genome by the ribonucleotide excision repair (RER) is essential to avoid genetic instability. In eukaryotes, the RNaseH2 is the only known enzyme able to incise 5′ of the rNMP, starting the RER process, which is subsequently carried out by replicative DNA polymerases (Pols) δ or ϵ, together with Flap endonuclease 1 (Fen-1) and DNA ligase 1. Here, we show that the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3X has RNaseH2-like activity and can support fully reconstituted in vitro RER reactions, not only with Pol δ but also with the repair Pols β and λ. Silencing of DDX3X causes accumulation of rNMPs in the cellular genome. These results support the existence of alternative RER pathways conferring high flexibility to human cells in responding to the threat posed by rNMPs incorporation.
RedEx: a method for seamless DNA insertion and deletion in large multimodular polyketide synthase gene clusters
Authors: Song Chaoyi , Luan Ji , Li Ruijuan , Jiang Chanjuan , Hou Yu , Cui Qingwen , Cui Tianqi , Tan Long , Ma Zaichao , Tang Ya-Jie , Stewart A Francis , Fu Jun , Zhang Youming , Wang Hailong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Biosynthesis reprograming is an important way to diversify chemical structures. The large repetitive DNA sequences existing in polyketide synthase genes make seamless DNA manipulation of the polyketide biosynthetic gene clusters extremely challenging. In this study, to replace the ethyl group attached to the C-21 of the macrolide insecticide spinosad with a butenyl group by refactoring the 79-kb gene cluster, we developed a RedEx method by combining Redαβ mediated linear-circular homologous recombination, ccdB counterselection and exonuclease mediated in vitro annealing to insert an exogenous extension module in the polyketide synthase gene without any extra sequence. RedEx was also applied for seamless deletion of the rhamnose 3′-O-methyltransferase gene in the spinosad gene cluster to produce rhamnosyl-3′-desmethyl derivatives. The advantages of RedEx in seamless mutagenesis will facilitate rational design of complex DNA sequences for diverse purposes.
Japanese Electoral Systems since 1947
Authors: Reed Steven R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyzes the electoral systems used to elect members of the Japanese Diet since 1947. The more powerful lower house has used two different electoral systems, and the upper house has used three. The chapter focuses on each system’s effects on the quality of democracy, particularly malapportionment and alternation in power. Electoral systems powerfully influence the quality of democracy. Many of those effects can be predicted by political science theory, but others cannot. The chapter shows that the effects of the first electoral system have long-lasting effects. The institutions and practices developed as the party system develops are not easily changed by later political reforms.
How to Manage Performance-Based Contracting
Authors: Glas Andreas H. , Essig Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Peter Drucker formulated a management by objectives approach in the 1950s. That approach is a management system based on goal congruence as a means of improving performance. Since then, this management approach developed from leadership of employees to the arena of buyer–supplier relationships, where the approach is called performance-based contracting (PBC) and merges outcome goals with incentives. This chapter briefly introduces the peculiarities and differences of PBC in contrast to more traditional approaches. The chapter indicates that PBC is not just a contract, but in fact a strategic approach, and thus necessitates strategic management activities. Therefore, the focus of this work is on how to manage PBC. For this purpose, the management problem is differentiated into three management needs in two dimensions: The first dimension is the management of the supply architecture. This dimension has two relevant management needs: (a) positioning of PBC and (b) PBC subsupplier management. The second dimension addresses the need for a PBC (project) management in the buyer–supplier relationship. That dimension is further split into ten different steps. To address the management needs, insights from management control theory and new institutional economies theory are used. On this basis, this chapter conceptualizes both management dimensions. Insights about the main decisions for each dimension are given. These insights build the basis for several propositions and managerial implications.
More Sustainable Supply Chains
Authors: Klassen Robert D. , Gualandris Jury , Diebel William 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Management efforts to design, develop, and operate more sustainable supply chains encompass an increasingly complex variety of social and environmental issues. More sustainable supply chains must now consider how product, operations, natural resources, technologies, and multiple tiers of organizations collectively create value for a diverse set of stakeholders. For multiple reasons, research and practice have tended to adopt an outcome-based perspective, whereby these efforts focus on a sustainability “destination,” which suffers from several shortcomings. Drawing from research in operations management, stakeholder theory, institutional theory, and innovation, this chapter posits how more sustainable supply chains might be co-defined and co-developed by emphasizing a journey that engages multiple stakeholders beyond supply chain partners. Design thinking is a very promising approach, with its iterative steps of empathy, defining the problem, ideate, prototype, and test. This journey-based perspective provides a framework for structuring engagement and encouraging openness to new observations and insights. Finally, the breadth and depth of collaboration with stakeholders, the nature of governance mechanisms, and the form and scale of resource investment all provide the means to assess the journey as it occurs.
Managing and Repairing Supply Chains upon Disruptions
Authors: Wang Qiong , Li Julie Juan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Supply chain serves as a critical infrastructure that contributes to the value creation for firms. To help organizations mitigate the negative impacts of disruption, this chapter provides a conceptual foundation for supply chains upon disruptions, identifies the endogenous and exogeneous sources of supply chain disruptions, and explores key concepts essential to the repair of supply chain disruptions. Specifically, this chapter prescribes the mitigation strategies to repair damages of the disruptions from the perspectives of buyers and suppliers, respectively. While the knowledge of managing and repairing supply chains upon disruptions remains limited, this chapter highlights a few directions for future research.
Supplier Involvement in New Product Development
Authors: Wang Yuan , Modi Sachin B. , Mishra Saurabh 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Supplier involvement in new product development (NPD) has received significant attention in the operations management literature. Based on a thorough meta-analysis of correlations for papers published in operations management journals from 1989 to 2014, this study assesses the performance implications of supplier involvement in NPD. The analysis at the aggregate level indicates a significant positive relationship between supplier involvement and overall NPD performance. However, the analysis also indicates that this relationship may be contingent on the presence of various moderating factors. Further, the detailed analysis suggests that it is important to understand that certain supplier involvement dimensions do not simultaneously affect all performance dimensions. This study highlights the dimensions of supplier involvement with the greatest impact, emphasizes the importance of considering moderating factors in future investigations, and identifies areas of future research on the topic.
Research on Contracting in Supply Chain Management and Related Disciplines
Authors: van der Valk Wendy , Lumineau Fabrice , Wang Wenqian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses research on contracting in supply chain management and beyond. It examines the limitations sections of research on contracting in interorganizational relationships (IORs) published in the decade 2010 to 2019. A synthesis of contracting-related limitations reveals four major sets of issues. First, current conceptualization and operationalization of IOR contracting usually build on a simplified characterization of contracts. More effort should be exerted to study a larger number and variety of provisions in relation to distinct types of contracts, functions of contracts, and contract management. Second, more attention should be devoted to studying a larger number and variety of antecedents to and consequences of contract design and management. In addition, the need for a more systematic investigation of moderators and their effects has been repeatedly indicated in the literature. Third, studies on IOR contracting should focus more on contract dynamics and its interplay with relational and other governance mechanisms as well as the link between contracts and their performance implications. These dynamics should be studied in relation to temporal factors, critical events, and learning. Finally, the chapter notes that findings to date tend to have a narrow generalizability, because studies usually draw on a limited number of theories, use data from a limited number of actors, and mostly rely on subjective and perceptual data. Building on this synthesis, fruitful opportunities for future research into IOR contracting are discussed.
Cultural Learning Theory and Career Development
Authors: McCash Phil 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the theoretical basis for career development work. It sets out a case for an integrative cultural learning theory of career development. The distinctive basis of this theoretical perspective is explained, and the five facets of cultural learning theory are described, namely: learning relationships, learning contents, learning processes, learning contexts, and personal myth. In order to inform career development work, these facets are combined in the form of a cultural learning alliance. The formation and agreement of the alliance are described in detail in relation to the initial, middle, and end phases of interactions. Further practical innovations include seven techniques for supporting client learning, including a cultural influences collage, career management styles card sort, and golden threads activity. Implications for the training and development of practitioners are discussed in relation to reflexivity and assessment.
Client-Centred Career Development Practice: A Critical Review
Authors: Bassot Barbara 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to question and critique the concept of client-centredness, which is often taken for granted in careers work. Client-centredness has been at the heart of ethical career development practice for many years, to the point that it has become accepted as a given by many professional practitioners. On the surface, questioning it seems unwise and even unthinkable, but at a deeper level it is important to consider its flaws, the limitations it can sometimes place on professional practice, and the ethical dilemmas that can then ensue. Some potential challenges in relation to client-centredness and professional codes of ethics are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a theoretical model that seeks to reposition the concept of client-centredness in a way that recognises the culture of the client, the factors at play in clients’ lives, and the labour market context in which clients are making career decisions.
Russia and Peaceful Change
Authors: Krickovic Andrej 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Over the last four decades, Russia has been at the very center of peaceful change in international relations. Gorbachev’s conciliatory New Thinking (NT) fundamentally transformed international relations, ending the Cold War struggle and dismantling the Soviet empire and world communist movement. Contemporary Russia is at the forefront of the transition away from American unipolarity and toward what is believed will be a more equitable and just multipolar order. Over time, Russia has moved away from the idealism that characterized Gorbachev’s NT and toward a more hard-nosed and confrontational approach toward peaceful change. The chapter traces this evolution with a particular emphasis on the role that Russia’s unmet expectations of reciprocity and elevated status have played in the process. If they are to be successful, future efforts at peaceful change will have to find ways to address these issues of reciprocity and status, especially under circumstances where there are power asymmetries between the side making concessions and the side receiving them. Nevertheless, despite its disappointments, Russia’s approach to change remains (largely) peaceful. Elements of NT, including its emphasis on interdependence, collective/mutual security, and faith in the possibility of positive transformation, continue to be present in modern Russian foreign policy thinking.
Germany and Peaceful Change
Authors: Brummer Klaus 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
From the outset, (Western) Germany has pursued a multipronged foreign policy of peaceful change. This has encompassed peaceful foreign policy change based on processes of accommodation and reconciliation with other countries (e.g., France, Israel, and countries in the Eastern bloc), peaceful regional change through coleadership of the European integration process, and peaceful global change based on its engagement within the United Nations system. In several instances, this policy of peaceful change has gone beyond the mere conduct of interstate relations without resorting to violence toward a more fundamental transformation of state-to-state interaction in which nonviolent cooperation has become the norm and the recourse to war virtually unthinkable.
Central Asia
Authors: Dadabaev Timur , Heathershaw John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Central Asia has seen dramatic yet peaceful change since the end of the Soviet Union as it has once again become a world region of sovereign powers. The relatively low levels of political violence and the concomitant authoritarian stabilization of the region’s postcolonies are both remarkable and poorly understood. This chapter argues that IR theory is of little use in this regard because it is focused on external powers and systemic factors, be they material or normative, and fails to account for the Central Asian actors and transnational processes that have shaped the transformation. This weakness has been mirrored in scholarship that until recent years was produced overwhelmingly by scholars from outside Central Asia and in accordance with debates that have minimal relevance for the region. The largely peaceful decolonization of Central Asia is best understood from decolonial perspectives that emphasize the importance of the region’s particular ideas and practices and how these have been formed in conditions of globalization.
Economic Interdependence, Globalization, and Peaceful Change
Authors: Ravenhill John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The world is characterized by unprecedented levels of economic interdependence, intensified by globalization. It is also an era when the incidence of interstate warfare has declined markedly (Human Security Report Project 2009; Pinker 2011). To the casual observer, the link between these two trends may seem obvious. Demonstrating a more robust relationship between economic interdependence and peaceful change has proved challenging, however—fraught with problems such as how best to define and measure the two concepts. This chapter first examines the principal traditions that theorize the relationship between economic interdependence and peaceful change. It then reviews the challenges that have faced scholars who have sought through large-N studies to demonstrate a statistically significant association between these concepts. Problems in conceptualizing the independent and dependent variables cast doubt on the validity of the conclusions of many studies. They also fail to capture the complexities of the new interdependence associated with globalization.
Sexual Stylistics
Authors: Jódar-Sánchez José Antonio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to survey the field of sexual stylistics and to illustrate the latest analyses within that field. The first section addresses the questions some researchers have asked in their studies about the language of sexuality in literature. The second section lays out the primary trends in this field, including feminist, critical, and corpus stylistics. The third section delves into the main research topics in this field. Special attention is devoted to different genres (e.g., children’s literature or popular fiction), linguistic features (e.g., metaphors or euphemisms), and sexual practices (e.g., masturbation or incest). The fourth section illustrates the trend of corpus stylistics through a computational and discourse analysis of the language of sexuality in the tetralogy Antagonía by Catalan author Luis Goytisolo. The chapter closes with a summary and some guidelines for future research.
The Signs of Deaf Female Masculinity: Styles of Gendering/Queering ASL
Authors: Moges Rezenet 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter merges studies of masculinity with studies of sign language as it analyzes the production of a Deaf masculine style among Deaf female-bodied masculine lesbian ASL signers. The case study demonstrates how these signers produce and reproduce gender through membership and associated forms of participation in their communities of practice. However, signers outside of the community may uncritically also adopt an embodiment associated with masculine signers. With Judith Butler’s theory of performativity in mind, what should we make of ASL learners who are unaware that their signing styles are perceived as masculine? This chapter shows how the existence of diverse “types” of masculinity in fact enables the plurality of gender identities, whether intentionally or unintentionally adopted. The analysis reveals that the theorization of gender is far from simplistic, especially when its performance involves the intersection of bodily movements and signed languages.
Mesopotamian Religion
Authors: Abusch Tzvi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the background situation that gave rise to Mesopotamian religious concepts, as well as the forms of the gods and their service in the classical theology of Mesopotamia. The chapter examines both the temple cult, that is, the public dimension of the religion, and the cult of the individual. It studies several supernatural beings, some active in the state pantheon, others in the sphere of family life, and discusses several literary works of religious significance. The chapter concludes its reflections on Mesopotamian religion with a short piece about the Epic of Gilgamesh, a profound Mesopotamian reflection on the meaning of life and death.
Sacred and Ritual Times
Authors: Davis Andrew R. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The present chapter explores the ritual times of ancient Israel. After providing a theoretical framework that draws on the work of Mircea Eliade, it provides an overview of the sacred times of the year in ancient Israel, as they are presented in the ritual calendars of the Hebrew Bible (e.g. Exod 23, 34; Lev 23; Num 28–29; Deut 16). Although this section follows the calendrical order of Israel festivals, it also considers how ritual times correspond to agricultural seasons and to the human life cycle. The final section highlights three features of sacred time in ancient Israel that can be drawn from the preceding overview.
Ritual and Religious Practices
Authors: Gane Roy E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAncient near eastern (ANE) rituals and other religious practices fostered relationships with superhuman members of the interactive cosmic community, especially deities, who affected human life. These practices were believed to establish, maintain, restore, or utilize such relationships. The present chapter explores the functions and worldview implications of ANE including biblical Israelite religious practices within the following categories: prayer, sacrificial rituals, non-sacrificial ritual activities including divination and magic, and ritual gestures. Similarities and differences between these and interhuman interactions reflect ANE perspectives regarding the nature of superhumans as personal beings and how to interact with them. The biblical Israelite religious system was more intensely relational than elsewhere in the ANE because the deity YHWH established a covenant with his people and personally resided among them so that they could interact with him more intimately, rather than through idols or other material symbols.
Ritualizing Iconic Jewish Texts
Authors: Watts James W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBibles and parts of bibles are themselves used as ritual objects in Jewish and Christian worship. Their display and manipulation, oral performance, and semantic interpretation have been ritualized by synagogues and churches since antiquity. The origins of these practices are rooted in the Bible itself. Their influence has shaped every Jewish and Christian tradition and reaches beyond them to Muslims, Manicheans, and other religious communities. This chapter and its companions in this volume on Christianity and Islam focus mostly on how the iconic dimension of scriptures gets ritualized, because the iconic dimension has received less scholarly attention than the ritualization of scripture’s oral performance, artistic illustration, and semantic interpretation.
Sin and Expiation
Authors: Janzen David 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Expiation refers to a ritual attempt to deal with sin, and while in the Hebrew Bible it can include such things as prayer and acts of mourning, we most frequently find it manifested in sacrifice. Biblical texts rarely explain how sacrifice functions in relation to sin, but sacrifice is described at greatest length in the Priestly writing, particularly in Leviticus 1–7, which has been described as a manual of sacrifice. Even here, however, P does not provide a theory of sacrificial expiation—does not, that is, explain how or why sacrifice functions as the proper ritual response to sin. Jacob Milgrom’s re-creation of the worldview that stands behind P’s understanding of sacrifice claims that the Priestly tradents understood sin as creating a miasma of impurity that polluted the sancta, and saw the blood of the sin or purification offering as a ritual detergent that cleansed the sanctuary. If we read the Priestly narrative without trying to reconstruct this worldview, but look rather for the ways in which P portrays sacrifice and expiation, we see that sacrifice functions as a way for Israelites to publically acknowledge their sin and to signal that they have no intentions of violating God’s commandments again. Part of this ritual message involves honoring God as sovereign, thus also acknowledging God’s right to command and indicating the sacrificers’ awareness that they must act as loyal subjects to their divine sovereign.