bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Human Right to Free Internet Access
Authors: Reglitz Merten 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn 2016, the United Nation's General Assembly adopted a non‐binding resolution regarding ‘The Promotion, Protection and Enjoyment of Human Rights on the Internet’. At the heart of this resolution is the UN's concern that rights that people have offline must also be protected online. While the UN thus recognises the importance of the Internet, it problematically does so selectively by focusing on protecting existing offline rights online. I argue instead that Internet access is itself a moral human right that requires that everyone has unmonitored and uncensored access to this global medium, which should be publicly provided free of charge for those unable to afford it. Rather than being a mere luxury, Internet access should be considered a universal entitlement because it is necessary for people to be able to lead minimally decent lives. Accepting this claim transforms our conception of the Internet from a technology to that of a basic right.
Clinical significance of circulating microRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for coronary artery disease
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhang Yuan , Xue Sheng , Ding Han , Wang Yu , Qi Hongzhao , Wang Yin , Zhu Wenjie , Li Peifeng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCoronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the biggest threats to human life. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be linked to the pathogenesis of CAD, indicating the possible role in CAD diagnosis. The present study aimed to explore the expression profile of plasma miRNAs and estimate their value in diagnosis for CAD. 67 Non‐CAD control subjects and 88 CAD patients were enrolled. We conducted careful evaluation by RT‐PCR analysis, Spearman rank correlation coefficients analysis, Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves analysis and so on. The plasma levels of six miRNAs known to be related to CAD were measured and three of them showed obvious expression change. Circulating miR‐29a‐3p, miR‐574‐3p and miR‐574‐5p were all significantly increased. ROC analysis revealed the probability of the three miRNAs as biomarkers with AUCs (areas under the ROC curve) of 0.830, 0.792 and 0.789, respectively. They were significantly correlated with each other in CAD patients, suggesting the possibility of joint diagnosis. The combined AUC was 0.915, much higher than each single miRNA. Therefore, our study revealed three promising biomarkers for early diagnosis of CAD. The combination of these miRNAs may act more effectively than individual ones for CAD diagnosis.
Therapist self‐disclosure and the problem of shared‐decision making
Authors: Berg Henrik , Bjornestad Jone , Våpenstad Eystein Victor , Davidson Larry , Binder Per‐Einar 
Published: November 2019

AbstractTherapist self‐disclosure is one of the most controversial topics in the history of psychotherapy. The controversies reflect some basic discussions regarding the nature of psychotherapy practice. In psychotherapy practice, a particular concern is the interaction between the psychotherapist and the patient. The expert‐patient interaction has been addressed in a novel framework for clinical practice called shared‐decision making. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between self‐disclosure and shared‐decision making. The chief aim is to illustrate some of the principles and practical problems with shared‐decision making by using therapist self‐disclosure as an example.
Allergic reaction from dental bonding material through nitrile gloves: Clinical case study and glove permeability testing
Authors: Sananez Andreina , Sanchez April , Davis Loretta , Vento Yosvany , Rueggeberg Frederick 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveThis study examines monomer permeation of commercial dental adhesive through nitrile‐based gloves, and correlates findings with clinical case studies of dental students having localized skin eruptions following resin placement on a gloved hand to manipulate composite.MethodsThree dental students self‐reported presenting itchy, red skin lesions underneath the area where they placed uncured adhesive resin on a nitrile‐gloved hand. Histories and cursory examinations were performed in the Department of Dermatology at The Medical College of Georgia. Infrared spectroscopic methods were used to determine permeation times of known monomer components of commercial adhesive material used through nitrile glove. Monomer permeation times were correlated with the time when the commercial adhesive first applied and penetrated through the glove.ResultsAssessment by the dermatologist concluded that the reporting students had occupational contact dermatitis resulting from components of the adhesive permeating through the barrier glove. Permeation times of neat monomer components of the adhesive resin varied over a wide range, with lower molecular weight showing faster pass‐through times. Spectroscopic interpretation indicated that the probable causative agent for the student's skin reaction was 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA).ConclusionsProbable correlation of the observed skin reaction sites was made with diffusion of HEMA in the uncured dental adhesive formulation through nitrile glove material.Clinical SignificanceAll measures to prevent skin contact with uncured methacrylate‐based resin components should be taken, including avoidance of resin permeation through a gloved hand. Sensitization to one type of methacrylate can result in sensitization to other types of resins within this family, significantly impacting the careers of both dental auxiliaries as well as clinicians.
Factors associated with severity of naturally occurring piscirickettsiosis in netpen‐ and tank‐reared juvenile Atlantic salmon at a research aquarium in western Canada
Authors: Jones Simon R. M. , Long Amy , MacWilliams Christine , Polinski Mark , Garver Kyle 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe opportunistic examination of factors associated with an outbreak of piscirickettsiosis (SRS) is described in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar post‐smolts held in an open netpen or in tanks supplied with raw sea water at a research aquarium in western Canada. During the outbreak, seawater temperature was significantly higher and salinity significantly lower in the netpen compared with the tanks. Mortality in the netpen began approximately 3 weeks prior to that in the tanks, and cumulative mortality in the netpen (34%) was significantly higher than in the tanks (12%). Piscirickettsia salmonis was confirmed by qPCR in tissues from moribund and dead fish and from colonies grown on enriched blood agar medium. Neither P. salmonis nor SRS were observed in salmon held concurrently in UV‐irradiated sea water. The elevated mortality was curtailed by treatment with oxytetracycline. These observations further indicate warmer, less saline and periodically hypoxic seawater are risk factors for SRS. UV irradiation of sea water is shown to be a tool for SRS management in fish‐holding facilities.
Vertebrate mucus stimulates biofilm development and upregulates iron acquisition genes in Flavobacterium columnare
Authors: Lange Miles D. , Farmer Bradley D. , Abernathy Jason 
Published: November 2019

AbstractColumnaris disease is responsible for substantial losses throughout the production of many freshwater fish species. One of the ways in which the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare is so effective in initiating disease is through the formation of biofilms on fish skin and gills. To further explore the interaction between host factors and bacterial cells, we assayed the ability of vertebrate mucus to enhance F. columnare biofilm development. Different concentrations of catfish, tilapia and pig mucus (5–60 µg/ml) increased biofilm growth at varying degrees among F. columnare isolates. Our data suggest that vertebrate mucus acts as a signalling molecule for the development of F. columnare biofilms; however, there are clear disparities in how individual isolates respond to different mucus fractions to stimulate biofilms. The expression of iron acquisition genes among two genomovar II isolates showed that ferroxidase, TonB receptor and the siderophore synthetase gene were all significantly upregulated among F. columnare biofilms. Interestingly, the siderophore acetyltransferase gene was only shown to be significantly upregulated in one of the genomovar II isolates. This work provides insight into our understanding of the interaction between F. columnare and vertebrate mucus, which likely contributes to the growth of planktonic cells and the transition into biofilms.
Intermediary metabolic response and gene transcription modulation on the Sub‐Antarctic notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus (Valenciennes, 1930) injected with two strains of Piscirickettsia salmonis
Authors: Soto‐Dávila Manuel , Martinez Danixa , Oyarzún Ricardo , Pontigo Juan P. , Vargas‐Lagos Carolina , Morera Francisco J. , Saravia Julia , Zanuzzo Fábio , Vargas‐Chacoff Luis 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPathogen interactions with cultured fish populations are well studied, but their effects on native fishes have not been characterized. In Chile, the disease caused by bacterial species Piscirickettsia salmonis represents one of the main issues and is considered to be one of the important pathogens in the field of aquaculture. They have been found to infect native fish. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the impact of P. salmonis on native species of local commercial value, as well as the potential impact associated with the emergence of antibiotic‐resistant strains of P. salmonis. Due to this purpose, the native fish Eleginops maclovinus was used in our study. Fish were randomly distributed in tanks and intraperitoneally inoculated with two strains of P. salmonis. No mortality was recorded during the experiment. Cortisol, glucose and total α‐amino acid levels increased in fish injected with AUSTRAL‐005 strain compared to sham‐injected and LF‐89‐inoculated fish. Moreover, results showed an increase in the activity of carbohydrates and lipids metabolism in liver; and an increase in the carbohydrates, lipids and total α‐amino acid metabolism in muscle after injection with AUSTRAL‐005. Our results suggest that P. salmonis modulates the physiology of E. maclovinus and the physiological impact increase in the presence of the antibiotic‐resistant strain AUSTRAL‐005.
“Our Brazil Has Become a Mess”: Nostalgic Narratives of Disorder and Disinterest as a “Once‐Rising Poor” Family from Recife, Brazil, Anticipates the 2018 Elections
Authors: Junge Benjamin 
Published: November 2019

ResumenEste artigo apresenta um relato etnográfico de uma família extensa da cidade de Recife, nos meses que antecederam as eleições de 2018, nas quais o político de direita Jair Bolsonaro foi eleito para a presidência do Brasil. A família exemplifica o setor contenciosamente chamado de “nova classe média” ‐ os estimados 35 milhões que subiram acima da linha da pobreza durante 14 anos de governo do Partido dos Trabalhadores, mas cujas perspectivas se tornaram precárias desde então. A partir de um extenso trabalho de campo etnográfico, apresento uma série de momentos etnográficos, cada um ilustrando como as conversas informais sobre as próximas eleições refletiram e influenciaram a dinâmica familiar. Surgem nesses momentos narrativas de desintegração moral, aparente nostalgia da ditadura militar brasileira de 1964–85, a perda de masculinidades, sexualidades ameaçadoras e a regeneração de “zumbis” políticos. Adianto uma série de afirmações teóricas sobre as dimensões das afinidades políticas dos "previamente pobres” que merecem uma investigação etnográfica mais profunda.
Decreased levels of constitutive proteasomes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis may be caused by a combination of subunit displacement and reduced Nfe2l1 expression
Authors: Shanley Kara L. , Hu Che‐Lin , Bizzozero Oscar A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe goal of this study was to determine if subunit displacement and/or alterations in proteasome biosynthesis could explain the changes observed in the levels of constitutive proteasomes (c‐20S) and immunoproteasomes (i‐20S) in the spinal cords of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To this end, EAE was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with MOG35–55 peptide. Spinal cords were collected at different times during the disease course and used for western blotting, RNA analysis, and immunohistochemistry. The results show that, as expression of i‐20S and the activator PA28 rise in EAE, there is a concomitant decline in that of c‐20S at the mRNA and protein level. These changes are observed in neurons and astrocytes but not in oligodendrocytes. The increased amounts of the i‐20S‐specific subunit β5i and PA28α/β in EAE correlate with the levels of interferon‐γ and its downstream effectors p‐signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 and interferon regulatory factor‐1, but not with those of nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells. This suggests that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1/interferon regulatory factor‐1 pathway is solely responsible for the induction of these subunits. The decrease in the mRNA and protein levels corresponding to the c‐20S‐specific subunit β5 may also be due to reduced expression of the nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like‐1 (Nrf1 or Nfe2l1), specifically Nrf1α and Nrf1β. Low Nfe2l1 mRNA expression is unlikely caused by reduced mammalian target of rapamycin signaling but could be the result of diminished pre‐B‐cell leukemia homeobox‐1 transcription factor levels. Together, these findings suggest that a combination of subunit displacement and reduced Nrf1 expression may be responsible for c‐20S impairment in EAE. The present work provides insights into the dynamics of proteasome expression in the CNS of EAE mice and is the first to explore Nrf1 signaling in an inflammatory demyelinating disorder.
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Blood flow rate and wall shear stress in seven major cephalic arteries of humans
Authors: Seymour Roger S. , Hu Qiaohui , Snelling Edward P. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBlood flow rate () in relation to arterial lumen radius (ri) is commonly modelled according to theoretical equations and paradigms, including Murray’s Law ( ∝ ) and da Vinci’s Rule ( ∝ ). Wall shear stress (τ) is independent of ri with Murray’s Law (τ ∝ ) and decreases with da Vinci’s Rule (τ ∝ ). These paradigms are tested empirically with a meta‐analysis of the relationships between and ri in seven major arteries of the human cephalic circulation from 19 imaging studies in which both variables were presented. The analysis shows that ∝ and τ ∝ , more consistent with da Vinci’s Rule than Murray’s Law. This meta‐analysis provides standard values for , ri and τ in the human cephalic arteries that may be a useful baseline in future investigations. On average, the paired internal carotid arteries supply 75%, and the vertebral arteries supply 25%, of total brain blood flow. The internal carotid arteries contribute blood entirely to the anterior and middle cerebral arteries and also partly to the posterior cerebral arteries via the posterior communicating arteries of the circle of Willis. On average, the internal carotid arteries provide 88% of the blood flow to the cerebrum and the vertebral arteries only 12%.
Trust, ability‐to‐pay, and charitable giving
Authors: Ferrara Ida , Missios Paul 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn the literature on privately provided public goods, altruism has been motivated by what contributions can accomplish (public goods philanthropy), by the pleasure of giving (warm‐glow philanthropy), or by the desire to personally make a difference (impact philanthropy). Underlying these motives is the idea that individuals trust that their donations reach their goal. We revisit these models but allow for distrust in the institutional structures involved. An important result we derive is that trust considerations determine whether crowding out is less or more than complete, and we thus open up possibilities in terms of the extent of crowding out not currently available. We also model socially motivated philanthropy when income‐heterogeneous donors take trust and ability‐to‐pay into account. With ability‐to‐pay in social motivation, an important result we obtain is that low‐income donors may contribute more than high‐income donors (in both absolute and percentage‐of‐income terms), giving a potential theoretical foundation to the frequently observed “U‐shaped” pattern of giving.
Efficiency of methionine and cystine utilization by broiler chickens using stable isotopes
Authors: Pacheco Letícia G. , Sakomura Nilva K. , Suzuki Rafael M. , Dorigam Juliano C. P. , Viana Gabriel S. , Leme Bruno B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop a method to determine the efficiency of utilization of Met and Cys using stable isotopes in order to reduce the number of sacrificed animals relative to the comparative slaughter technique. Met and Cys efficiencies were obtained separately and as total SAA values. Twenty‐one 14‐ to 28‐day‐old broiler chickens were fed experimental diets containing different Met:Cys ratios (44:56, 50:50 and 56:44). Birds were given diets with daily supplements of L‐(15N) Met (60 mmol/kg) or L‐(15N2) Cys (35 mmol/kg) throughout the entire experimental period. Excreta were collected daily, and birds were euthanized at the end of the trial to collect feather‐free bodies and feathers. Samples were analysed for 15N and 15N‐Met content. The utilization efficiency for Met, Cys and Met + Cys for feather‐free bodies was 55%, 75%, and 60%, while the efficiencies for feathers were estimated at 96%, 77% and 84% respectively.
Endoscopic retrieval of gastric and oesophageal foreign bodies in 52 cats
Authors: Dollo V. , Chambers G. , Carothers M. 
Published: November 2019

ObjectivesTo assess the outcomes and major complications in cats that require oesophageal and gastric endoscopic foreign body removal.Materials and MethodsThe medical records of 52 cats with oesophageal and gastric foreign bodies that underwent endoscopic foreign body retrieval during a 13‐year period (2006 to 2018) were retrospectively reviewed to characterise the clinical and radiographic signs, endoscopic findings, outcomes and major complications.ResultsEndoscopic foreign body retrieval was successful in 49 of the 52 cats (94.2%). Radiographs confirmed the foreign material in 24 of the 50 cats (48%). Major complications occurred in eight of the 52 cats (15.4%) and included pleural effusion (n=2), aspiration pneumonia (n=2), unsuccessful removal of foreign material with endoscopy (n=3), oesophageal stricture formation (n=3) and cardiopulmonary arrest (n=1). Cats with oesophageal foreign bodies were more likely to experience major complications than those with gastric foreign bodies.Clinical SignificanceEndoscopic foreign body removal in cats was associated with good overall outcomes and a low complication rate in this study sample. These results will help veterinarians better understand the outcomes of endoscopic foreign body removal in cats.
Geographic distribution and environmental risk factors of lymphoma in dogs under primary‐care in the UK
Authors: Schofield I. , Stevens K. B. , Pittaway C. , O'Neill D. G. , Fecht D. , Dobson J. M. , Brodbelt D. C. 
Published: November 2019

ObjectivesTo integrate external data sources with VetCompass postcode data to explore the spatial distribution and examine potential associations with environmental risk factors in dogs diagnosed with lymphoma at primary care veterinary practices.Materials and MethodsCases of lymphoma were identified from electronic patient records of 455,553 dogs under primary veterinary care during 2013 in the UK. Cases were defined as either laboratory‐confirmed or non‐laboratory‐confirmed. Disease maps at the postcode‐district level were used to define the geographic distribution of lymphoma incidence and spatial clustering was explored. Environmental risk factors from external data sources were transferred to a compatible format and logistic regression modelling was used to examine associations between environmental herbicide, fungicide and radon concentrations with lymphoma.ResultsFrom the denominator population of 455,553 dogs, 279 lymphoma cases (187 with laboratory confirmation and 93 without) were identified. Heterogeneous geographic variation was observed with weak evidence of clustering around London and the south‐west of England. Herbicide and fungicide exposures were weakly associated with a diagnosis of lymphoma in the univariable analysis. After accounting for the age at diagnosis and breed in the multivariable analysis, herbicide exposure was associated with a diagnosis of lymphoma.Clinical SignificanceThe heterogeneous distribution of lymphoma in UK dogs provides further evidence for geographic variation of lymphoma, perhaps in part associated with underlying environmental risk factors. The results suggest an association between environmental herbicide and canine lymphoma.
Homogeneity effects in natural language semantics
Authors: Križ Manuel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNatural language sentences in which a property is ascribed to a plurality of objects have truth conditions that are not complementary with the truth conditions of the negations of such sentences. Starting from this observation, this paper presents an overview of so‐calledhomogeneity effects. Arguably a pervasive feature of natural language, homogeneity has reflexes in various domains and opens up a prospect for a unified analysis of phenomena that were hitherto viewed in quite different terms.
Genome‐wide epigenetic isolation by environment in a widespread Anolis lizard
Authors: Wogan Guinevere O. U. , Yuan Michael L. , Mahler D. Luke , Wang Ian J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEpigenetic changes can provide a pathway for organisms to respond to local environmental conditions by influencing gene expression. However, we still know little about the spatial distribution of epigenetic variation in natural systems, how it relates to the distribution of genetic variation and the environmental structure of the landscape, and the processes that generate and maintain it. Studies examining spatial patterns of genetic and epigenetic variation can provide valuable insights into how ecological and population processes contribute to epigenetic divergence across heterogeneous landscapes. Here, we perform a comparative analysis of spatial genetic and epigenetic variation based on 8,459 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 8,580 single methylation variants (SMVs) from eight populations of the Puerto Rican crested anole, Anolis cristatellus, an abundant lizard in the adaptive radiations of anoles on the Greater Antilles that occupies a diverse range of habitats. Using generalized dissimilarity modelling and multiple matrix regression, we found that genome‐wide epigenetic differentiation is strongly correlated with environmental divergence, even after controlling for the underlying genetic structure. We also detected significant associations between key environmental variables and 96 SMVs, including 42 located in promoter regions or gene bodies. Our results suggest an environmental basis for population‐level epigenetic differentiation in this system and contribute to better understanding how environmental gradients structure epigenetic variation in nature.