bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Horticultural availability and homeowner preferences drive plant diversity and composition in urban yards
Authors: Cavender‐Bares Jeannine , Padullés Cubino Josep , Pearse William D. , Hobbie Sarah E. , Lange A. J. , Knapp Sonja , Nelson Kristen C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the factors that influence biodiversity in urban areas is important for informing management efforts aimed at enhancing the ecosystem services in urban settings and curbing the spread of invasive introduced species. We determined the ecological and socioeconomic factors that influence patterns of plant richness, phylogenetic diversity, and composition in 133 private household yards in the Minneapolis‐Saint Paul Metropolitan area, Minnesota, USA. We compared the composition of spontaneously occurring plant species and those planted by homeowners with composition in natural areas (at the Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve) and in the horticulture pool of species available from commercial growers. Yard area and fertilizer frequency influenced species richness of the spontaneous species but expressed homeowner values did not. In contrast, the criteria that homeowners articulated as important in their management decisions, including aesthetics, wildlife, neatness and food provision, significantly predicted cultivated species richness. Strikingly, the composition of plant species that people cultivated in their yards resembled the taxonomic and phylogenetic composition of species available commercially. In contrast, the taxonomic and phylogenetic composition of spontaneous species showed high similarity to natural areas. The large fraction of introduced species that homeowners planted was a likely consequence of what was available for them to purchase. The study links the composition and diversity of yard flora to their natural and anthropogenic sources and sheds light on the human factors and values that influence the plant diversity in residential areas of a major urban system. Enhanced understanding of the influences of the sources of plants, both native and introduced, that enter urban systems and the human factors and values that influence their diversity is critical to identifying the levers to manage urban biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Amorphous polymerization of nitrogen in compressed cupric azide
Authors: Xu Yujia , Zhang Weijing , Zhang Tonglai , Guo Wei , Lü Yongjun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMetal azides have attracted increasing attention as precursors for synthesizing polymeric nitrogen. In this article, we report the amorphous polymerization of nitrogen by compressing cupric azide. The ab initio molecular dynamics simulations show that crystalline cupric azide transforms into a disordered network composed of singly bonded nitrogen at a hydrostatic pressure of 40 GPa and room temperature. The transformation manifests the formation of a π delocalization along the disordered Cu‐N network, thus resulting in a semiconductor–metal transition. The estimated heat of formation of the amorphous polymeric nitrogen system is comparable to conventional high‐energy‐density materials. The amorphization provides an alternative route to the polymerization of nitrogen under moderate conditions.
Effective electron–hole separation over N‐doped TiO2 materials for improved photocatalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol using visible light
Authors: May Ix Luis A , Estrella González Alberto , Cipagauta‐Díaz Sandra , Gómez Ricardo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDNitrogen‐doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst was synthesized successfully by a low temperature microwave‐assisted sol–gel method. Ethylenediamine was used as a source of nitrogen dopants to extend and improve the photoresponse of the materials to visible light. The photocatalysts were characterized by several techniques to determine the structural, textural and optical characteristics. The activity of the materials was tested in the photoreduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) to 4‐aminophenol (4‐AP) under visible light.RESULTSThe results indicate that nitrogen ions were substitutedly doped into oxygen sites of the TiO2 lattice, resulting in band gap narrowing, which significantly promotes the visible light absorption of TiEN catalysts. When initial ethylenediamine concentration was increased, the content of nitrogen dopant and optical absorption in the visible region increased. Moreover, it was found that TiEN photocatalyst significantly enhances the photoreduction of 4‐NP in comparison to the bare TiO2.CONCLUSIONThe increased photocatalytic activity of TiEN new materials are predominantly related to a lower energy gap, enhanced visible light absorption, higher reactive surface area and improved charge separation of photoinduced electron–hole pairs. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessing cost‐effective nutrient removal solutions in the urban water system
Authors: Hodgson Brock , Dell Tyler , Sharvelle Sybil , Arabi Mazdak 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMany states are adopting more stringent nutrient load restrictions, requiring utilities to invest in costly improvements. To date, substantial research has been done to independently assess the nutrient removal efficacy of wastewater treatment technologies and stormwater control measures. The analysis presented here provides a unique assessment by evaluating combinations of nutrient load reduction strategies across water supply, wastewater, and stormwater sectors. A demonstration study was conducted evaluating 7812 cross‐sector removal strategies in the urban water system using empirical models to quantify efficacy of common wastewater treatment, water management, and stormwater control measures (SCMs). Pareto optimal solutions were evaluated to identify the most cost‐effective strategies. To meet stringent nutrient requirements, wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) will likely require advanced biological nutrient removal with carbon and ferric addition. Even with these technologies, WWTFs may still be unable to obtain target nutrient requirements. In addition, municipalities can consider water management practices and SCMs to further reduce nutrient loading or provide a more cost‐effective nutrient removal strategy. For water management practices, source separation and effluent reuse were frequently identified as part of the most effective nutrient strategies but face engineering, political, and social adoption barriers. Similarly, SCMs were frequently part of effective nutrient removal strategies compared to only adopting nutrient removal practices at WWTFs. This research provides the framework and demonstrates the value in using an urban water system approach to identify optimal nutrient removal strategies that can be easily applied to other urban areas.
Portal vein flow velocity as a possible fast noninvasive screening tool for esophageal varices in cirrhotic patients
Authors: Elkenawy Yara N , Elarabawy Reda A , Ahmed Layla M , Elsawy Abdallah A 
Published: January 2020

Background and AimEsophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is the gold standard tool in both screening/diagnosis and management of varices in cirrhotic patients; however, its invasive nature may be uncomfortable to some patients, and in addition, it may be unavailable in some centers that cannot afford it. Therefore, to decrease the economic and physical burden on patients, multiple noninvasive clinical, laboratory, and radiological parameters are evaluated as triage screening predictors of varices before patients' referral to endoscopy. In this respect, we tried to evaluate the validity of portal vein velocity (PVV) as a noninvasive screening tool of esophageal varices (EV).MethodsOne hundred thirty‐five cirrhotic patients were consecutively enrolled in this cross‐sectional study. All patients were evaluated independently and blindly by EGD as the gold standard and then by Doppler ultrasound on portal vein (PV).ResultsUnivariate regression showed significant coefficients for PVV, platelet (PLT), albumin, bilirubin, international normalized ratio (INR), portal vein diameter, and ascites; however, multivariable regression showed significant coefficients only for PVV, PLT, and albumin; (P = 0.000, 0.000, and 0.006, respectively). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), sensitivity, specificity, LR+, and LR− values were then calculated and validated using bootstrap analysis. PVV was more accurate than other evaluated parameters (AUROC: 0.927 and P = 0.000). The most accurate rule out cutoff value for PVV was ≥19 cm/s with the sensitivity of 97% and LR− of 0.05.ConclusionPVV may be useful as a noninvasive triage test for selection of the high‐risk cirrhotic patients who should be referred to and could benefit from EGD. We could highlight using PVV to rule out EV at a cutoff value ≥19 cm/s, reserving EGD only for patients with the PVV value <19 cm/s.
Putting time in perspective: How and why construal level buffers the relationship between wait time and aggressive tendencies
Authors: Efrat‐Treister Dorit , Daniels Michael A. , Robinson Sandra L. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryWe spend a substantial part of our daily life waiting, and unfortunately, wait time can fuel aggressive tendencies. Our study examines the relationship between wait time, perceived wait time, and aggressive tendencies from a construal level perspective. In Study 1, we found that the higher the construal level, the stronger the relationship between actual and perceived wait time and the stronger relationship between perceived wait time and aggressive tendencies. In Study 2, we manipulated construal level and found that power explains the moderating impact of construal on the wait—aggressive tendencies relationships. Results demonstrate the role of construal in explaining both perceived wait time and aggressive responses to long wait times, suggesting that mental construal influences both the psychological experience of time and the subsequent reaction to that experience. Overall, these results contribute to research on subjective time perspective by enhancing the knowledge and understanding of the determinants and effects of perceived wait time.
East Asian summer rainfall projection and uncertainty under a global warming scenario
Authors: Liu Yunyun , Li Yi , Ding Yihui 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis work investigated the simulation and future changes in East Asian summer mean rainfall, interannual variability, and associated uncertainty based on the historical and representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 runs of 26 CMIP5 models. It is noted that the present‐day mean rainfall was well simulated by most of the models, though underestimation is over the Meiyu/Baiu/Changma (MBC) rainfall belt, and overestimation is in the western North Pacific (WNP). Nevertheless, it is still a challenge for the CMIP5 models to well simulate the interannual variability. The approach of the multi‐model ensemble greatly improves the credibility of model simulations, especially for the rainfall variability. The East Asian summer rainfall is projected to a relatively consistent increase in the near future, while the spatial distributions of the summer rainfall changes by the end of the 21st century are similar to those in the near future, with twice magnitude of the mean rainfall amount increase. The rainfall changes are associated with the strengthened low‐level southerly wind over East China and intensified western North Pacific high. Also, the variation of rainfall interannual variability by the end of the 21st century over East Asia is larger than that in the near future, with similar spatial patterns. It may imply that the stronger rainfall interannual variability is associated with the increased mean rainfall amount in the future. The inter‐model spreads of both the mean and interannual variability changes are larger in the low latitudes than in the high latitudes over East Asia. The signal‐noise‐ratio (SNR) is largely determined by the rainfall change (signal) in the future. Lower SNR of interannual variability than that of mean rainfall over East Asia implies that the CMIP5 models are more robust to a certain extent in simulating the summer mean rainfall change in East Asia than the change of interannual variability.
Characteristics of convections associated with the Tibetan Plateau vortices based on geostationary satellite data
Authors: Li Lun , Zhang Renhe , Wu Peili , Wen Min , Li Bo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTibetan Plateau vortices (TPVs) are major rain producers over the Tibetan Plateau, some of which can move eastward off the plateau and trigger heavy rainfall over southwestern and eastern China. The infrared black body temperature (TBB) data, derived from geostationary meteorological satellite FY‐2E in the period of May–August of 2010–2014, is utilized to investigate the characteristics of convections associated with the moving‐off TPVs. During May–August, negative TBB anomalies appear over the tracks of the TPVs, but are located further north of the tracks in May and June than in July and August. Relative to the centre of TPVs, low TBB appears in the southeast and extends from southwest to northeast, whose values are smaller and ranges are larger before the TPVs move off than after moving off. Distributions of TBB at different evolution times show a close relationship with the characteristics of TPVs. The intensity, scales and shape of the convections linked to the TPVs are explored in the coordinates whose origin is the composite centre of the convections. Generally, convections associated with the TPVs are elliptic and stretch from southwest to northeast, with average spatial scales of approximately 3° in the zonal and 2° in the meridional direction. Convections in July and August are more intensive and lie southwest‐northeast, and those in May and June are weaker with a quasi‐zonal orientation. The horizontal scales of convections are much larger in May and July than those in June and August. Convections are usually larger and more intense before the TPVs move off than after moving off, corresponding to the changes of TPVs.
ACL injury and reconstruction affect control of ground reaction forces produced during a novel task that simulates cutting movements
Authors: Lanier Amelia S. , Knarr Brian A. , Stergiou Nicholas , Snyder‐Mackler Lynn , Buchanan Thomas S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAfter anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction, biomechanical and neuromuscular control deficits persist and 25% of those who have experienced an ACL injury will experience a second ACL rupture in the first year after returning to sports. There remains a need for improved rehabilitation and the ability to detect an individual's risk of secondary ACL rupture. Nonlinear analysis metrics, such as the largest Lyapunov exponent (LyE) can provide new biomechanical insight in this population by identifying how movement patterns evolve over time. The purpose of this study was to determine how ACL injury, ACL reconstruction (ACLR), and participation in high‐performance athletics affect control strategies, evaluated through nonlinear analysis, produced during a novel task that simulates forces generated during cutting movements. Uninjured recreational athletes, those with ACL injury who have not undergone reconstruction (ACLD [ACL deficient]), those who have undergone ACL reconstruction, and high‐performance athletes completed a task that simulates cutting forces. The LyE calculated from forces generated during this novel task was greater (ie, force control was diminished) in the involved limb of ACLD and ACLR groups when compared with healthy uninjured controls and high‐performance athletes. These data suggest that those who have experienced an ACL injury and subsequent reconstructive surgery exhibit poor force control when compared with both uninjured controls and high‐performance athletes. Clinical significance: significantly larger LyE values after ACL injury and reconstruction when compared with healthy athletes suggest a continuing deficit in force control not addressed by current rehabilitation protocols and evaluation metrics that could contribute to secondary ACL rupture.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ulixertinib in rat by liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Yu Bin , Duan Jie , Ning Hong , Huang Yi‐Lan , Ling Bao‐Dong , Lin Fei 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop and validate a simple and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of ulixertinib in rat plasma. The plasma samples were precipitated with acetonitrile and then separated on a C18 column with water containing 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile as mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Analytes were monitored on a TSQ Vantage triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer operated in positive electrospray ionization mode. Selected reaction monitoring transitions were m/z 433.1→262.1 for ulixertinib and m/z 450.1→260.1 for internal standard. The assay achieved good linearity over the concentration range of 0.1‐1000 ng/mL with correlation coefficient > 0.9991. The validated assay has been successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of ulixertinib in rat after oral and intravenous administration. The results revealed that ulixertinib showed high exposure in rat plasma, low clearance, moderate oral bioavailability (45.13%), and dose‐independent pharmacokinetic profiles over the oral dose range of 1‐15 mg/kg. In addition, six metabolites from rat plasma and hepatocytes were detected and structurally identified by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography combined with high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The metabolic pathways of ulixertinib referred to hydroxylation and dealkylation and glucuronidation.
Bacterioplankton metabolism of phytoplankton lysates across a cyclone‐anticyclone eddy dipole impacts the cycling of semi‐labile organic matter in the photic zone
Authors: Wear Emma K. , Carlson Craig A. , Church Matthew J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMesoscale eddies, prominent physical processes in the stratified ocean gyres, affect community composition and metabolic rates of both phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacterioplankton (free‐living bacterial and archaeal) communities. We hypothesized that in situ differences in organic matter production would predispose bacterioplankton communities from cyclonic vs. anticyclonic eddies toward metabolic capabilities better suited to utilizing dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the phytoplankton groups commonly associated with each eddy polarity. To test this, we established dilution batch‐culture bioassay incubations along a cyclone to anticyclone spatial transect in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Unamended incubations, to assess spatial variability in ambient DOM bioavailability, and incubations amended with lysates of phytoplankton cultures were established and community growth and metabolic responses were assessed. Over timescales of days, lysate type was more influential than incubation origin: Prochlorococcus lysate was rapidly remineralized, while Emiliania huxleyi lysate was efficiently incorporated into biomass and developed a unique community of copiotrophic bacteria. Over timescales of 1 week to 1 month, eddy effects were indirectly apparent in their potential to promote metabolic processes related to DOM production and consumption. Surface lysate incubations showed priming of ambient DOM, that is, the remineralization of DOM, which was otherwise not bioavailable, in the presence of labile substrates. Some incubations originating from the deep chlorophyll maximum demonstrated signatures of chemoautotrophy fueled by nitrification, coincident with eddy‐driven isopycnal uplift. We conclude that eddy polarity itself does not determine community‐level bacterioplankton metabolic capabilities; however, mesoscale processes may indirectly affect slower, semi‐labile organic matter processing in the oligotrophic ocean.
Ultra‐low phase noise oscillator employing mixed electric and magnetic coupling resonator
Authors: Cai Zongqi , Yang Yang , Tang Xiaohong , Li Zhiyou , Zhang Ting , Zhu Hailiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this article, a pair of stub‐loaded interdigital hairpin resonators‐based filter with high group delay and improved stopband suppression is used to design an S‐band ultra‐low phase noise single‐ended oscillator. A transmission zero closed to the edge of passband in the filter is generated by introducing strong electric and magnetic coupling, which can improve the phase noise performance of the proposed oscillator. A low phase noise figure‐of‐merit (FOM) that considers both insertion loss and group delay of the feedback loop is used to evaluate the overall phase noise performance of the proposed oscillator. In order to verify the concept, the proposed oscillator is designed and fabricated. The measured results show that the oscillation frequency is 2.037 GHz with the output power of 8.92 dBm while the second harmonic suppression level is about 35.66 dB. The phase noise and the FOM of the proposed oscillator at 100 kHz frequency offset are −127.95 and −199.31 dBc/Hz, respectively. According to the open literature, this is one of the best phase noise performances of the single‐ended hybrid integrated oscillators oscillating at the similar frequency range.
A divide‐by‐3 planar power divider with >30 dB isolation
Authors: Abdullah Amber , Zakir M. Ayaz , Cheema Hammad M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA new three‐way planar power divider, based on recombinant structure and multisection impedance transformers achieving equal division ratio and high isolation is presented. The new design structure comprises of unequal impedance multisections, and achieves higher isolation than planarized Wilkinson dividers and smaller structure than recombinant designs. The divider is completely modeled analytically using transmission line theory, followed by verification through simulation and measurements. With an overall size of 23.5 mm × 29 mm, the divider demonstrates a bandwidth from 1.8 GHz to 2.8 GHz with measured 20 dB isolation bandwidth of 43%, peak isolation of 31 dB, insertion loss of 4.99 ± 0.5 dB and return loss better than 13 dB at 2.4 GHz. The planar structure, small size and highest reported isolation at 2.4 GHz, makes the design suitable for MMICs, antenna feed networks and power amplifier applications.
Predicted Lifetime Third‐Party Costs of Obesity for Black and White Adolescents with Race‐Specific Age‐Related Weight Gain
Authors: Schell Robert C. , Just David R. , Levitsky David A. 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveThere exists enormous variation in estimates of the lifetime cost of adolescent obesity by race. To justify policy measures to reduce obesity rates nationally in this demographic, the costs of obesity in late adolescence must first be discerned. Although several researchers have sought to quantify obesity’s true cost, none has accounted for race‐specific age‐related weight gain, a vital component in producing an accurate estimate.MethodsThis paper employs a Markov model of BMI category state changes separately for black and white males and females from age 18 to 75 applied to updated estimates of obesity’s costs and effect on mortality to quantify the median lifetime cost of obesity at age 18.ResultsThis study found lower lifetime costs than previously, largely because of the dramatic gain in weight among normal‐weight individuals, particularly black males, that occurs in early adulthood.ConclusionsA substantial portion of obesity’s prevalence, and therefore cost, for black males and females comes from age‐related weight gain in early adulthood. This speaks to the persistent threat of obesity beyond adolescence for this demographic, and further research should focus on whether policy can modify the behaviors and environment through which and in which this sharp increase in weight occurs.