bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exposure of Foraging Bees (Hymenoptera) to Neonicotinoids in the U.S. Southern High Plains
Authors: Longing Scott D , Peterson Eric M , Jewett Christopher T , Rendon Bianca M , Discua Samuel A , Wooten Kimberly J , Subbiah Seenivasan , Smith Philip N , McIntyre Nancy E 
Published: January 2020

AbstractExposure to pesticides is a major threat to insect pollinators, potentially leading to negative effects that could compromise pollination services and biodiversity. The objectives of this study were to quantify neonicotinoid concentrations among different bee genera and to examine differences attributable to body size and surrounding land use. During the period of cotton planting (May–June), 282 wild bees were collected from habitat patches associated with cropland, grassland, and urban land cover and analyzed for three neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and imidacloprid). Twenty bees among eight genera contained one or more of the neonicotinoid compounds and detections occurred in all landscape types, yet with the most detections occurring in cropland-associated habitats. Apis Linnaeus (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Melissodes Latreille (Apidae), Perdita Smith (Andrenidae), and Lasioglossum Curtis (Halictidae) had multiple individuals with neonicotinoid detections. Two of the largest bees (Apis and Melissodes) had the greatest number of detections within genera, yet the relatively small-bodied genus Perdita had the three highest neonicotinoid concentrations reported. The number of detections within a genus and average generic body mass showed a marginally significant trend towards larger bees having a greater frequency of neonicotinoid detections. Overall, the relatively low percentage of detections across taxa suggests practices aimed at conserving grassland remnants in intensified agricultural regions could assist in mitigating exposure of wild bees to agrochemicals, while differences in bee traits and resource use could in part drive exposure. Further work is needed to address variable agrochemical exposures among pollinators, to support strategies for conservation and habitat restoration in affected landscapes.
Prediction models for atrial fibrillation applicable in the community: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Himmelreich Jelle C L , Veelers Lieke , Lucassen Wim A M , Schnabel Renate B , Rienstra Michiel , van Weert Henk C P M , Harskamp Ralf E 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimsAtrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia associated with an increased stroke risk. The use of multivariable prediction models could result in more efficient primary AF screening by selecting at-risk individuals. We aimed to determine which model may be best suitable for increasing efficiency of future primary AF screening efforts.Methods and resultsWe performed a systematic review on multivariable models derived, validated, and/or augmented for AF prediction in community cohorts using Pubmed, Embase, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) through 1 August 2019. We performed meta-analysis of model discrimination with the summary C-statistic as the primary expression of associations using a random effects model. In case of high heterogeneity, we calculated a 95% prediction interval. We used the CHARMS (Critical Appraisal and Data Extraction for Systematic Reviews of Prediction Modelling Studies) checklist for risk of bias assessment. We included 27 studies with a total of 2 978 659 unique participants among 20 cohorts with mean age ranging from 42 to 76 years. We identified 21 risk models used for incident AF risk in community cohorts. Three models showed significant summary discrimination despite high heterogeneity: CHARGE-AF (Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology) [summary C-statistic 0.71; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.66–0.76], FHS-AF (Framingham Heart Study risk score for AF) (summary C-statistic 0.70; 95% CI 0.64–0.76), and CHA2DS2-VASc (summary C-statistic 0.69; 95% CI 0.64–0.74). Of these, CHARGE-AF and FHS-AF had originally been derived for AF incidence prediction. Only CHARGE-AF, which comprises easily obtainable measurements and medical history elements, showed significant summary discrimination among cohorts that had applied a uniform (5-year) risk prediction window.ConclusionCHARGE-AF appeared most suitable for primary screening purposes in terms of performance and applicability in older community cohorts of predominantly European descent.
Pluralist Marriage Laws in a Former Colonial System: Cultural Authenticity or Hybridisation?
Authors: Bonthuys Elsje 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Legal pluralism in former colonial territories, like South Africa, often involve the simultaneous existence of multiple marriage forms, distinguishing marital forms associated with former colonial systems from indigenous forms of marriage. These pluralist systems are not value-neutral but continue to favour marriages associated with colonial rules and processes. In addition, they create complicated distinctions between different forms of marriage which are thought to reflect the distinctive cultural or religious identities of those who marry according to these systems. This article argues for an alternative approach: the explicit recognition and encouragement of legal hybridisation as a strategy for disrupting colonial identities and hierarchies which recognises and values the historical and contemporary processes of hybridisation in the law and social practices. It uses the metaphors of the language politics around Afrikaans to describe a rigid form of pluralism based on claims of authentic identity on the one hand, and of isishweshwe, a colourful cotton fabric, which represents the resilience, vitality, and creative exchange which characterises hybridity and which promises to address gender and racial inequality inherent in the current model.
Cosmic rays escaping from Galactic starburst-driven superbubbles
Authors: Zhang Zhaowei , Murase Kohta , Mészáros Peter 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We calculate spectra of escaping cosmic rays (CRs) accelerated at shocks produced by expanding Galactic superbubbles powered by multiple supernovae producing a continuous energy outflow in star-forming galaxies. We solve the generalized Kompaneets’ equations adapted to expansion in various external density profiles, including exponential and power-law shapes, and take into account that escaping CRs are dominated by those around their maximum energies. We find that the escaping CR spectrum largely depends on the specific density profiles and power source properties, and the results are compared to and constrained by the observed CR spectrum. As a generic demonstration, we apply the scheme to a superbubble occurring in the centre of the Milky Way, and find that under specific parameter sets the CRs produced in our model can explain the observed CR flux and spectrum around the second knee at 1017 eV.
The halo mass function in alternative dark matter models
Authors: Lovell M R 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
The claimed detection of large amounts of substructure in lensing flux anomalies, and in Milky Way stellar stream gap statistics, has led to a step change in constraints on simple warm dark matter models. In this study, we compute predictions for the halo mass function both for these simple models and for comprehensive particle physics models of sterile neutrinos and dark acoustic oscillations. We show that the mass function fit of Lovell et al. underestimates the number of haloes less massive than the half-mode mass, $M_\mathrm {hm}$, by a factor of 2, relative to the extended Press–Schechter (EPS) method. The alternative approach of applying EPS to the Viel et al. matter power spectrum fit instead suggests good agreement at $M_\mathrm {hm}$ relative to the comprehensive model matter power spectrum results, although the number of haloes with mass $\rm{\lt} M_\mathrm {hm}$ is still suppressed due to the absence of small-scale power in the fitting function. Overall, we find that the number of dark matter haloes with masses $\rm{\lt} 10^{8}{\, \rm M_\odot }$ predicted by competitive particle physics models is underestimated by a factor of ∼2 when applying popular fitting functions, although careful studies that follow the stripping and destruction of subhaloes will be required in order to draw robust conclusions.
SWI/SNF complex heterogeneity is related to polyphenotypic differentiation, prognosis, and immune response in rhabdoid tumors
Authors: Panwalkar Pooja , Pratt Drew , Chung Chan , Dang Derek , Le Paul , Martinez Daniel , Bayliss Jill M , Smith Kyle S , Adam Mike , Potter Steven , Northcott Paul A , Mascarenhas Leo , Shows Jared , Pawel Bruce , Margol Ashley , Huang Annie , Judkins Alexander R , Venneti Sriram 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Rhabdoid tumors (RTs) arise within (atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor [AT/RT]) or outside the brain (extra [e]CNS-RT) and are driven mainly by inactivation of the SWItch/sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complex subunit SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1 (SMARCB1). A pathognomonic hallmark of RTs is heterogeneous multilineage differentiation, including anomalous neuronal differentiation in some eCNS-RTs. Because remodeling of the SWI/SNF complex regulates differentiation, we hypothesized that SWI/SNF Brahma-associated factors (BAF) and polybromo-associated BAF (PBAF) complex heterogeneity are related to both multilineage differentiation and clinical outcome.

Methods
We performed an integrated analysis of SWI/SNF complex alterations in the developing kidney and cerebellum (most common regions of RT origin) in comparison to eCNS-RT (n = 14) and AT/RT (n = 25) tumors. RT samples were interrogated using immunohistochemistry, DNA methylation, and gene expression analyses.

Results
The SWI/SNF BAF paralogs actin-like protein (ACTL)6A and ACTL6B were expressed in a mutually exclusive manner in the developing cerebellum and kidney. In contrast, a subset of eCNS-RTs lost mutual exclusivity and coexpressed both subunits. These tumors showed aberrant DNA methylation of genes that regulate neuronal and renal development and demonstrated immunohistochemical evidence of neuronal differentiation. In addition, low expression of the PBAF subunit polybromo-1 (PBRM1) identified a group of AT/RTs in younger children with better overall prognosis. PBRM1-low AT/RT and eCNS-RTs showed altered DNA methylation and gene expression in immune-related genes. PBRM1 knockdown resulted in lowering immunosuppressive cytokines, and PBRM1 levels in tumor samples showed an inverse relationship with cluster of differentiation (CD)8 cytotoxic T-cell infiltration.

Conclusions
Heterogeneity in SWI/SNF BAF (ACTL6A/ACTL6B) and PBAF (PBRM1) subunits is related to histogenesis, contributes to the immune microenvironment and prognosis in RTs, and may inform opportunities to develop immunotherapies.
RF-INDUCED TEMPERATURE INCREASE IN A STRATIFIED MODEL OF THE SKIN FOR PLANE-WAVE EXPOSURE AT 6–100 GHZ
Authors: Christ Andreas , Samaras Theodoros , Neufeld Esra , Kuster Niels 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This study assesses the maximum temperature increase induced by exposure to electromagnetic fields between 6 and 100 GHz using a stratified model of the skin with four or five layers under plane wave incidence. The skin model distinguishes the stratum corneum (SC) and the viable epidermis as the outermost layers of the skin. The analysis identifies the tissue layer structures that minimize reflection and maximize the temperature increase induced by the electromagnetic field. The maximum observed temperature increase is 0.4°C for exposure at the present power density limit for the general population of 10 W m −2 . This result is more than twice as high as the findings reported in a previous study. The reasons for this difference are identified as impedance matching effects in the SC and less conservative thermal parameters. Modeling the skin as homogeneous dermis tissue can underestimate the induced temperature increase by more than a factor of three.
Focus on Cell Biology of Virus-Plant and Virus-Vector Interactions
Authors: Wang Aiming , Burch-Smith Tessa M , Li Yi 
Published: January 2020

A successful viral infection requires complex, compatible molecular interactions between the invading virus and the host. A better understanding of such interactions may assist in the development of novel approaches to control viral diseases for sustainable crop production. In the past decade, the cell biology of virus-host and virus-vector interactions has been one of the most exciting areas of research in the molecular plant-microbe field. This is partially attributed to the availability of powerful cell biology techniques, including imaging tools like confocal microscopy and electron microscopy and tomography. As a result, there has been an unprecedented increase in knowledge in the areas of the bi- and tripartite interactions of virus, host, and vector. We now have a much clearer picture of viral virulence mechanisms, virus-induced host defenses, viral counteracting strategies, and viral circulations in the insect vectors. This Focus Issue highlights molecular virus-plant and virus-vector interactions in the areas of cell biology and closely related disciplines and explores biotechnology-based antiviral strategies using knowledge generated from these research areas. Additional content is available on the Focus on Cell Biology of Virus-Plant and Virus-Vector Interactions. New Technologies for Studying Negative-Strand RNA Viruses in Plant and Arthropod Hosts A Non-Conserved p33 Protein of Citrus Tristeza Virus Interacts with Multiple Viral Partners
Pre-operative transnasal endoscopy as a predictor of difficult airway
Authors: Gemma Marco , Buratti Luca , Di Santo Davide , Calvi Maria R. , Ravizza Alfredo , Bondi Stefano , Bussi Mario , Beretta Luigi 
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND
Consequences of failed endotracheal intubation can be catastrophic and predicting difficulty is therefore a critical issue. There is no consensus on the best way to predict difficulty.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the role of transnasal flexible endoscopic laryngoscopy (TFEL), a minimally invasive procedure, in the prediction of difficult intubation.

DESIGN
Prospective cohort study.

SETTING
San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, a tertiary university hospital.

PATIENTS
One hundred and sixty nine adults scheduled for elective ear, nose and throat surgery under general anaesthesia with pre-operative TFEL.

INTERVENTION
In addition to routine pre-operative evaluation by an anaesthesiologist, glottis exposure during TFEL was assessed with a scoring system similar to the modified Cormack–Lehane (MCL).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The extent to which TFEL improves the prediction of difficult direct laryngoscopy, measured with the MCL score, and of difficult intubation, measured with the intubation difficulty scale score.

RESULTS
When added to bedside evaluation, TFEL performed during tongue protrusion significantly (P = 0.005) improved the prediction of MCL. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 0.83] vs. 0.65 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.74). For the intubation difficulty scale (P = 0.049), the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.70 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.80) vs. 0.66 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.74).

CONCLUSION
TFEL is a useful tool in predicting difficult intubation, improving predictability of routine bedside evaluation.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02671877.
An ultrasound assessment of gastric emptying following tea with milk in pregnancy
Authors: Irwin Ruairi , Gyawali Icchya , Kennedy Bernard , Garry Niamh , Milne Sarah , Tan Terry 
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND
Peri-operative fasting guidelines allow clear fluids including tea without milk to be consumed up to 2 h before surgery. Recent evidence has shown that a modest amount of milk consumed with clear fluids does not significantly slow gastric emptying.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to compare the gastric emptying of tea with milk versus water using ultrasonography in fasted pregnant patients.

DESIGN
A randomised controlled trial quantifying gastric emptying in two groups using ultrasonography by an operator blinded to the group allocation.

SETTING
Department of Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin. The study was conducted between October 2018 and June 2019.

PARTICIPANTS
Total 50 nonlabouring pregnant women, more than 36 weeks gestation.

INTERVENTIONS
After a standard overnight fast, women were randomised to either 250 ml of water or 250 ml of tea with milk. All patients underwent a gastric ultrasound assessment at regular intervals for 2 h after consumption of their drink.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
The primary outcome was the difference in gastric antrum cross-sectional area (CSA) at 2 h.

RESULTS
A total of 50 women were recruited to the study. There was no significant difference in the median [IQR] gastric antrum CSA in either group at 2 h: 3.2 cm2 [2.3 to 3.7] vs. 3.1 cm2 [2.6 to 3.9]; P = 0.720. The gastric antrum CSA had returned to its baseline measurement in both groups by 90 min.

CONCLUSION
The change of gastric antrum CSA after 250 ml of tea with milk is similar to a corresponding volume of water in fasted pregnant patients. This study could help inform future peri-operative fasting guidelines regarding the use of a modest volume of milk with clear fluids.

TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER
NCT 03694509 ClinicalTrials.gov.
Mechanisms of spectrotemporal modulation detection for normal- and hearing-impaired listeners
Authors: Ponsot Emmanuel , Varnet Léo , Wallaert Nicolas , Daoud Elza , Shamma Shihab A. , Lorenzi Christian , Neri Peter 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSpectrotemporal modulations (STMs) offer a unified framework to probe suprathreshold auditory processing. Here, we introduce a novel methodological framework based on psychophysical reverse-correlation deployed in the modulation space to characterize how STMs are detected by the auditory system and how cochlear hearing loss impacts this processing. Our results show that young normal-hearing (NH) and older hearing-impaired (HI) individuals rely on a comparable non-linear processing architecture involving non-directional band-pass modulation filtering. We demonstrate that a temporal-modulation filter-bank model can capture the strategy of the NH group and that a broader tuning of cochlear filters is sufficient to explain the overall shift toward temporal modulations of the HI group. Yet, idiosyncratic behaviors exposed within each group highlight the contribution and the need to consider additional mechanisms. This integrated experimental-computational approach offers a principled way to assess supra-threshold auditory processing distortions of each individual.
The role of Fnr paralogs for controlling anaerobic metabolism in diazotrophPaenibacillus polymyxaWLY78
Authors: Shi Haowen , Li Yongbin , Hao Tianyi , Liu Xiaomeng , Zhao Xiyun , Chen Sanfeng 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTFnr is a transcriptional regulator that controls the expression of a variety of genes in response to oxygen limitation in bacteria. Genome sequencing revealed four genes (fnr1,fnr3,fnr5andfnr7) coding for Fnr proteins inPaenibacillus polymyxaWLY78. Fnr1 and Fnr3 showed more similarity to each other than to Fnr5 and Fnr7. Also, Fnr1 and Fnr3 exhibited high similarity withBacillus cereusFnr andBacillus subtilisFnr in sequence and structures. Deletion analysis showed that the fourfnrgenes, especiallyfnr1andfnr3,have significant impacts on the growth and nitrogenase activity. Single deletion offnr1orfnr3led to 50% reduction in nitrogenase activity and double deletion offnr1andfnr3resulted to 90% reduction in activity. Both of the aerobically purified His-tagged Fnr1 and His-tagged Fnr3 inEscherichia colicould bind to the specific DNA promoter. Genome-wide transcription analysis showed that Fnr1 and Fnr3 indirectly activated expression ofnif(nitrogen fixation) genes and Fe transport genes under anaerobic condition. Fnr1 and Fnr3 inhibited expression of the genes involved in aerobic respiratory chain and activated expression of genes responsible for anaerobic electron acceptor genes.IMPORTANCEPaenibacillusis a genus of Gram-positive, facultative anaerobic and endospore-forming bacteria. The members of nitrogen-fixingPaenibacillushave great potential use as a bacterial fertilizer in agriculture. However, the functions offnrgene(s) in nitrogen fixation and other metabolisms inPaenibacillusspp. are not known. Here, we revealed that copy numbers vary largely among differentPaenibacillusspecies and strains. Deletion and complementation analysis demonstrated thatfnr1andfnr3have significant impacts on the growth and nitrogenase activity. Both of the aerobically purified His-tagged Fnr1 and His-tagged Fnr3 purified inEscherichia colicould bind to the specific DNA promoter asBacillus cereusFnr did. Fnr1 and Fnr3 indirectly activatednifexpression under anaerobic condition. Fnr1 and Fnr3 directly or indirectly activated or inhibited expression of many important genes involved in respiration, energy metabolism, Fe uptake and potentially specific electron transport for nitrogenase under anaerobic condition. This study not only reveals the roles offnrgenes in nitrogen fixation and anaerobic metabolism, but also provides insight into the evolution and regulatory mechanisms offnrinPaenibacillus.
Development of a soft cell confiner to decipher the impact of mechanical stimuli on cells
Authors: Prunet A. , Lefort S. , Delanoë-Ayari H. , Laperrousaz B. , Simon G. , Saci S. , Argoul F. , Guyot B. , Rieu J.-P. , Gobert S. , Maguer-Satta V. , Rivière C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEmerging evidence suggests the importance of mechanical stimuli in normal and pathological situations for the control of many critical cellular functions. While the effect of matrix stiffness has been and is still extensively studied, few studies have focused on the role of mechanical stresses. The main limitation of such analyses is the lack of standardin vitroassays enabling extended mechanical stimulation compatible with dynamic biological and biophysical cell characterization. We have developed an agarose-based microsystem, the soft cell confiner, which enables the precise control of confinement for single or mixed cell populations. The rigidity of the confiner matches physiological conditions and enables passive medium renewal. It is compatible with time-lapse microscopy,in situimmunostaining, and standard molecular analyses, and can be used with both adherent and non-adherent cell lines. Cell proliferation of various cell lines (hematopoietic cells, MCF10A epithelial breast cells and HS27A stromal cells) was followed for several days up to confluence using video-microscopy and further documented by Western blot and immunostaining. Interestingly, even though the nuclear projected area was much larger upon confinement, with many highly deformed nuclei (non-circular shape), cell viability, assessed by live and dead cell staining, was unaffected for up to 8 days in the confiner. However, there was a decrease in cell proliferation upon confinement for all tested cell lines. The soft cell confiner is thus a valuable tool to decipher the effect of long-term confinement and deformation on the biology of cell populations. This tool will be instrumental in deciphering the impact of nuclear and cytoskeletal mechanosensitivity in normal and pathological conditions involving highly confined situations, such as those reported upon aging with fibrosis or during cancer.Graphical abstractA unique tool to analyze the role of long-term effect of mechanical confinement in normal and pathological conditions