bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving Beyond the Absence of Pain and Distress: Focusing on Positive Animal Welfare
Authors: Turner Patricia V 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
For many years, researchers, veterinarians, animal ethics committees, and regulators have focused on minimizing pain and distress as a primary goal of refinement when working with animals in science. More recent publications as well as a shift in animal ethics and public opinion have emphasized promotion of positive affective states, culminating in the concept of positive animal welfare. Robust measures are required to know when positive animal welfare states are occurring, and a number of measures are proposed and discussed. Regardless of whether there are newer methods available that focus exclusively on measuring positive affective states, consistent consideration of research animal behavioral programs, refinement, and adopting periodic stand-alone animal welfare assessments for all species involved will help to push the care and practices of research animals towards an increased focus on positive animal welfare.
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Promoter -196 to -174 Deletion Affects CD4 Levels Along Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Progression
Authors: Laplana Marina , Bravo Maria Jose , Fernández-Fuertes Marta , Ruiz-Garcia Celia , Alarcón-Martin Emilio , Colmenero Juan de Dios , Caruz Antonio , Fibla Joan , Real Luis Miguel , Royo Jose Luis 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) plays a key role in innate immune response recognizing molecular patterns expressed by pathogens. rs111200466 is a TLR2 promoter insertion/deletion polymorphism with contradictory data about its role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. We analyzed rs111200466 in HIV-1 disease progression and showed a correlation with a faster progression to the CD4+ &lt; 200 cells/μL outcome for deletion allele carriers (Cox regression analysis: hazard ratio, 2.4 [95% confidence interval, 1.4–4]; P = .001). When naive patients with CD4+ &lt; 200 cells/μL started antiretroviral treatment, rs111200466-deletion carriers showed a trend toward a slower, recovery rate (time required to reach CD4+ &gt; 350 cells/μL; Cox P = .36). Our data suggest rs111200466 as a prognosis factor for HIV-1 disease progression.
The Idea of Terror: Institutional Reproduction in Government Responses to Political Violence
Authors: Meier Anna A 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDespite the recent global uptick in white supremacist terrorism, governments continue to face accusations of not taking the threat seriously, either discursively or in terms of policy responses. Why do acts of white supremacist violence consistently fail to constitute turning points for policy change? Rather than considering acts of political violence as critical junctures for change, I argue that such acts instead reveal how persistent institutions of power actually are. I develop a theory of hegemonic components of national identity that links institutionalized white supremacy to the differential treatment of non-white perpetrators, even when they are deemed terrorists, through a process of institutional reproduction. Drawing on interviews with German national security elites, I show that even when white supremacist violence is treated as terrorism, both legally and discursively, it does not engender policy responses and attitudinal changes on par with those following other terrorist threats.
Effect of Short-Term Low Temperature on the Growth, Development, and Reproduction of Bactrocera tau (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Bactrocera cucurbitae
Authors: Huang Yuyu , Gu Xiangpeng , Peng Xiaoqin , Tao Mei , Peng Lei , Chen Guohua , Zhang Xiaoming 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The fruit flies Bactrocera tau (Walker) and B. cucurbitae (Coquillett) are economically important invasive pests on numerous vegetable and fruit species in China. Due to the instability of the early spring climate, temperatures often deviate far below the normal temperature for short periods of time. Such a sudden short-term low temperature may impact the reproduction and development of the two fruit fly species. In this study, the effects of low temperatures (8, 6, 4, 2, 0, −2, and −4°С) on the development and reproduction of these two closely related fruit fly species were studied under laboratory condition. The results showed that their survival rates decreased gradually with corresponding decreases in the tested temperatures. On the other hand, their pre-oviposition periods and their adult female to male sex ratios increased, while the average number of eggs per female of each species and longevity of male adult of B. cucurbitae initially increased and later decreased after exposure to the low-temperature treatments. Overall, low temperatures promoted reproduction in B. cucurbitae and B. tau at temperatures ranging from 24°С to as low as 8°С. Development and reproduction of the two species were negatively affected when temperatures were between 8 to −4°С. The cold resistance of each developmental stage was higher in B. tau than in corresponding stages of B. cucurbitae.
What Affects the Relationship Between Oil Prices and the U.S. Stock Market? A Mixed-Data Sampling Copula Approach
Authors: Gong Yuting , Bu Ruijun , Chen Qiang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe relationship between oil prices and stocks is an important issue for portfolio selection and risk management. This article proposes a mixed frequency data sampling copula model with explanatory variables that incorporates low-frequency explanatory variables into a high-frequency dynamic copula model. It enables us to investigate the impacts of economic factors on the relationship between oil and stocks. It is found that the dependence of oil and stock markets is influenced by aggregate demand and stock-specific negative news. The impact of aggregate demand lasts for two years, while the impact of stock-specific news lasts for one quarter.
Operative consideration in patient with cryoglobulinaemia undergoing cardiac surgery with use of cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Mohamed Saifullah , Patel Akshay J , Iqbal Yassir , Mazhar Khurum , Graham Timothy R 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Cryoglobulinaemia can be defined as the presence of single or mixed immunoglobulins in the serum, which precipitate at sub-homeostatic temperatures and redissolve at higher temperatures. This condition in the context of cardiac surgery can precipitate systemic complications secondary to cold agglutination and lead to significant perioperative problems with the cardiopulmonary bypass machine and the extracorporeal circuit. We present a case of a 74-year-old gentleman with cryoglobulinaemia who underwent mitral valve repair and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The patient was to undergo preoperative plasmapheresis to reduce circulating levels of cryoglobulin and thereby decrease the risk of potential protein agglutination during cardiopulmonary bypass. Operative considerations included the level of systemic temperature required, the temperature of the cardioplegia solution, level of anticoagulation and the speed and timing of rewarming of the patient to normal homeostatic temperatures. The postoperative management also consisted of early plasmapheresis to further reduce the number of cryoglobulins.
Simulating the effect of flowering time on maize individual leaf area in contrasting environmental scenarios
Authors: Lacube Sebastien , Manceau Loïc , Welcker Claude , Millet Emilie J , Gouesnard Brigitte , Palaffre Carine , Ribaut Jean-Marcel , Hammer Graeme , Parent Boris , Tardieu François 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe quality of yield prediction is linked to that of leaf area. We first analysed the consequences of flowering time and environmental conditions on the area of individual leaves in 127 genotypes presenting contrasting flowering times in fields of Europe, Mexico, and Kenya. Flowering time was the strongest determinant of leaf area. Combined with a detailed field experiment, this experiment showed a large effect of flowering time on the final leaf number and on the distribution of leaf growth rate and growth duration along leaf ranks, in terms of both length and width. Equations with a limited number of genetic parameters predicted the beginning, end, and maximum growth rate (length and width) for each leaf rank. The genotype-specific environmental effects were analysed with datasets in phenotyping platforms that assessed the effects (i) of the amount of intercepted light on leaf width, and (ii) of temperature, evaporative demand, and soil water potential on leaf elongation rate. The resulting model was successfully tested for 31 hybrids in 15 European and Mexican fields. It potentially allows prediction of the vertical distribution of leaf area of a large number of genotypes in contrasting field conditions, based on phenomics and on sensor networks.
Leniency and Whistle-Blowers
Authors: Suurnäkki Sari , Tomassi Paolo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on leniency, which is an important investigative tool designed to serve the enforcement of cartel law, particularly the detection and investigation of cartel activity. In essence, leniency policy offers undertakings involved in a cartel—which self-report and hand over evidence—either total immunity from fines or a reduction of fines, which the European Commission would have otherwise imposed on them. It encourages cartel members to confess and provide first-hand, direct ‘insider’ evidence of conduct that is otherwise concealed. The leniency reward is thus essentially a cooperation incentive for undertakings that ensures detection and punishment of secret cartels. Moreover, leniency programs can help competition authorities to obtain evidence faster and at a lower direct cost, compared to other methods of investigation, and can lead to a more efficient resolution of cases. While the leniency program of the Commission is addressed to undertakings participating in a cartel, individuals can also help the Commission in the fight against cartels and other anti-competitive practices. In 2017, the Commission introduced a specially designed tool for ‘whistle-blowers’ willing to report cartel behaviour anonymously. The chapter then describes the Commission leniency and whistle-blower procedures.
Recognition of Belligerency and the Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: McLaughlin Robert 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Prior to the progressive development of the law of armed conflict (LOAC) heralded by the 1949 Geneva conventions—most particularly in relation to the concepts of international and non-international armed conflict—the customary doctrine on recognition of belligerency functioned for almost 200 years as the definitive legal scheme for differentiating internal conflict from ‘civil wars’ in which the law of war as applicable between states applied de jure. Employing a legal historical approach, this book describes the thematic and schematic fundamentals of the doctrine, and analyses some of the more significant challenges to its application. In doing so, the book assesses whether, how, and why the doctrine on recognition of belligerency was considered ‘fit for purpose’, and seeks to inform debate as to its continuity and utility within the modern scheme of LOAC.
The Scope and Structure of This Book
Authors: McLaughlin Robert 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter argues that most difficulties encountered in the application of the law of armed conflict (LOAC), or in proffering fixes for alleged lacunae in LOAC, are dealt with through exegetical analysis from modern rules and their underpinning principles. This is generally undertaken with a view towards progressive development of the law. Nowhere is this more currently apparent than in relation to grappling with the status and obligations of non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in the context of non-international armed conflict (NIAC). The chapter then presents three assumptions. The legal assumption is that the threshold between civil war and international armed conflict (IAC) is not an exact correlate of that between NIAC and IAC. The doctrinal assumption is that the harmonization of NIAC and IAC LOAC will never be total. Finally, the historical assumption is that a true rendering of the utility and influence of a legal doctrine is born of an assessment of its uses as an analytical tool, not just as a label for an outcome. The chapter also sets out the methodological background to the project: why and how this book will examine recognition of belligerency, and some clarifications on terminology.
The Customary Three-Level Scheme Part II
Authors: McLaughlin Robert 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the third level of the three level scheme: belligerency. Belligerency, under the customary three level scheme, was a formal legal status. Once the conflict state accorded an adversary NSAG (non-state armed group) formal belligerency status—either directly or by implication—both parties were bound by the Law of War as applicable to conflicts between states. As Justice Brown noted in The Ambrose Light (1885): "The recognition by foreign states of a state of war in civil strife, or, what is the same thing, a recognition of the belligerent rights of the insurgents, authorizes courts of law to treat the insurgents as lawful combatants." This recognition did not bind third states, who were entitled to make their own determination based upon a part objective, part political test. As a matter of practicality, however, once the conflict state afforded the NSAG belligerency status, third states directly affected by the conflict usually acted in accordance with this recognition. The chapter then considers the belligerency test.
Lens modelling of the strongly lensed Type Ia supernova iPTF16geu
Authors: Mörtsell E , Johansson J , Dhawan S , Goobar A , Amanullah R , Goldstein D A 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
In 2016, the first strongly lensed Type Ia supernova (SN Ia), iPTF16geu, at redshift z = 0.409 with four resolved images arranged symmetrically around the lens galaxy at z = 0.2163, was discovered. Here, refined observations of iPTF16geu, including the time delay between images, are used to decrease uncertainties in the lens model, including the the slope of the projected surface density of the lens galaxy, Σ ∝ r1 − η, and to constrain the universal expansion rate H0. Imaging with Hubble Space Telescope provides an upper limit on the slope η, in slight tension with the steeper density profiles indicated by imaging with Keck after iPTF16geu had faded, potentially due to dust extinction not corrected for in host galaxy imaging. Since smaller η implies larger magnifications, we take advantage of the standard candle nature of SNe Ia constraining the image magnifications, to obtain an independent constraint of the slope. We find that a smooth lens density fails to explain the iPTF16geu fluxes, regardless of the slope, and additional substructure lensing is needed. The total probability for the smooth halo model combined with star microlensing to explain the iPTF16geu image fluxes is maximized at 12 per cent for η ∼ 1.8, in excellent agreement with Keck high-spatial-resolution data, and flatter than an isothermal halo. It also agrees perfectly with independent constraints on the slope from lens velocity dispersion measurements. Combining with the observed time delays between the images, we infer a lower bound on the Hubble constant, $H_0 \gtrsim 40\, {\rm km \ s^{-1} Mpc^{-1}}$, at 68.3 per cent confidence level.
Observations of the low-luminosity Type Iax supernova 2019gsc: a fainter clone of SN 2008ha?
Authors: Tomasella Lina , Stritzinger Maximilian , Benetti Stefano , Elias-Rosa Nancy , Cappellaro Enrico , Kankare Erkki , Lundqvist Peter , Magee Mark , Maguire Kate , Pastorello Andrea , Prentice Simon , Reguitti Andrea 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present optical photometric and spectroscopic observations of the faint-and-fast evolving Type Iax supernova (SN) 2019gsc, extending from the time of g-band maximum until about 50 d post-maximum, when the object faded to an apparent r-band magnitude mr = 22.48 ± 0.11 mag. SN 2019gsc reached a peak luminosity of only Mg = −13.58 ± 0.15 mag, and is characterized with a post-maximum decline rate Δm15(g) = 1.08 ± 0.14 mag. These light curve parameters are comparable to those measured for SN 2008ha of Mg = −13.89 ± 0.14 mag at peak and Δm15(g) =1.80 ± 0.03 mag. The spectral features of SN 2019gsc also resemble those of SN 2008ha at similar phases. This includes both the extremely low ejecta velocity at maximum, ∼3000 km s−1, and at late-time (phase +54 d) strong forbidden iron and cobalt lines as well as both forbidden and permitted calcium features. Furthermore, akin to SN 2008ha, the bolometric light curve of SN 2019gsc is consistent with the production of ≈0.003 ± 0.001 M⊙ of 56Ni. The explosion parameters, Mej ≈ 0.13 M⊙ and Ek ≈ 12 × 1048 erg, are also similar to those inferred for SN 2008ha. We estimate a subsolar oxygen abundance for the host galaxy of SN 2019gsc (12 + log10(O/H) =8.10 ± 0.18 dex), consistent with the equally metal-poor environment of SN 2008ha. Altogether, our data set for SN 2019gsc indicates that this is a member of a small but growing group of extreme SN Iax that includes SN 2008ha and SN 2010ae.
The Herschel SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer Spectral Feature Finder − II. Estimating radial velocity of SPIRE spectral observation sources
Authors: Scott Jeremy P , Hładczuk Natalia , Spencer Locke D , Valtchanov Ivan , Benson Chris , Hopwood Rosalind 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The Herschel SPIRE FTS Spectral Feature Finder (FF) detects significant spectral features within SPIRE spectra and employs two routines, and external references, to estimate source radial velocity. The first routine is based on the identification of rotational 12CO emission, the second cross-correlates detected features with a line template containing most of the characteristic lines in typical far infrared observations. In this paper, we outline and validate these routines, summarize the results as they pertain to the FF, and comment on how external references were incorporated.
Modelling the 3D climate of Venus with oasis
Authors: Mendonça João M , Buchhave Lars A 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Flexible 3D models to explore the vast diversity of terrestrial planets and interpret observational data are still in their early stages. In this work, we present oasis: a novel and flexible 3D virtual planet laboratory. With oasis we envision a platform that couples self-consistently seven individual modules representing the main physical and chemical processes that shape planetary environments. Additionally, oasis is capable of producing simulated spectra from different instruments and observational techniques. In this work, we focus on the benchmark test of coupling four of the physical modules: fluid dynamics, radiation, turbulence, and surface/soil. To test the oasis platform, we produced 3D simulations of the Venus climate and its atmospheric circulation and study how the modelled atmosphere changes with various cloud covers, atmospheric heat capacity, and surface friction. 3D simulations of Venus are challenging because they require long integration times with a computationally expensive radiative transfer code. By comparing oasis results with observational data, we verify that the new model is able to successfully simulate Venus. With simulated spectra produced directly from the 3D simulations, we explore the capabilities of future missions, like LUVOIR, to observe Venus analogues located at a distance of 10 pc. With oasis, we have taken the first steps to build a sophisticated and very flexible platform capable of studying the environment of terrestrial planets, which will be an essential tool to characterize observed terrestrial planets and plan future observations.
Atmosphere loss in planet–planet collisions
Authors: Denman Thomas R , Leinhardt Zoe M , Carter Philip J , Mordasini Christoph 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Many of the planets discovered by the Kepler satellite are close orbiting super-Earths or mini-Neptunes. Such objects exhibit a wide spread of densities for similar masses. One possible explanation for this density spread is giant collisions stripping planets of their atmospheres. In this paper, we present the results from a series of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (sph) simulations of head-on collisions of planets with significant atmospheres and bare projectiles without atmospheres. Collisions between planets can have sufficient energy to remove substantial fractions of the mass from the target planet. We find the fraction of mass lost splits into two regimes – at low impact energies only the outer layers are ejected corresponding to atmosphere dominated loss, at higher energies material deeper in the potential is excavated resulting in significant core and mantle loss. Mass removal is less efficient in the atmosphere loss dominated regime compared to the core and mantle loss regime, due to the higher compressibility of atmosphere relative to core and mantle. We find roughly 20 per cent atmosphere remains at the transition between the two regimes. We find that the specific energy of this transition scales linearly with the ratio of projectile to target mass for all projectile-target mass ratios measured. The fraction of atmosphere lost is well approximated by a quadratic in terms of the ratio of specific energy and transition energy. We provide algorithms for the incorporation of our scaling law into future numerical studies.
A search for young exoplanets in Sectors 1–5 of the TESS full-frame images
Authors: Battley Matthew P , Pollacco Don , Armstrong David J 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Young (&lt;1 Gyr) exoplanets represent a critically important area of exoplanet research, as they offer the opportunity to learn about the formation and early dynamic history of exoplanetary systems. However, finding young exoplanets is significantly complicated by the fast rotation and complex activity of their young host stars, which are often not well handled by state-of-the-art automatic pipelines. This work presents an alternative LOWESS-based pipeline focused specifically on detrending young stellar light curves from the 30-min cadence full-frame images produced by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), and includes improvements such as automatic peak cutting of stellar variability and interpolation over masked transits to improve periodogram visibility and returned transit shapes. This work presents the details of the developed pipeline, along with initial results from its application to young stars within stellar associations in Sectors 1–5 of the TESS data. While no new exoplanet candidate signals were found in this work, interesting results included the recovery of all known 2-min TOIs around young stars in Sectors 1–5 from 30-min data alone, the recovery of the young exoplanet DS Tuc Ab, a number of young eclipsing binaries and a wide array of interesting rotation. A sensitivity analysis was also undertaken for each star, showing how the recovery of injected planets varied with both depth and period for each individual target. Challenges for future searches for young exoplanets are discussed, the largest being stellar rotation with periods less than 1 d and a lack of a large sample of confirmed young stars.