bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Debt Fundamentals and Indices
Authors: Dodge Ryan J. , Petra Steven T. , Spieler Andrew C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter serves as an introduction to debt obligations and securities and in particular bonds and related fixed income instruments. The chapter discusses the size of the bond market relative to other traditional asset classes as well as describing different types of debt instruments. The relatively large par value of bonds and structured payments affects the issuance, trading, and ratings processes. The unique structure and risk-return profile of fixed income instruments can be useful for investors to hold in their portfolios. Bonds are obligations of federal and local governments, corporations, and other issuers and are issued via auctions and public and private placements. The fundamental risk factors including interest rate risk, credit risk, and option risk are summarized. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion about the purpose and uses of bond indices with a focus on some challenges involved in their construction.
Interest Rate Risk, Measurement, and Management
Authors: Barkley Tom 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Interest rates are part of the fabric of finance, used for assessing rates of return on investments, determining costs of capital to firms, compounding and discounting cash flows, and as underlying variables in many derivative instruments. As interest rates change, so do values of associated securities, resulting in substantial risk to investors in these financial products. Interest rate risk measurement is often defined in terms of the sensitivity of prices to changes in interest rates. Duration is a measure used for small changes in rates, and convexity provides a correction to duration when the rate changes are larger. Forecasting how short- and long-term rates move based on macroeconomic factors becomes important for businesses in any country, as these rate changes affect borrowing costs and investment opportunities. Financial institutions carry out interest rate risk management using instruments such as interest rate swaps, or through more advanced approaches such as asset-liability management and gap analysis.
Other Risks Associated with Debt Securities
Authors: Nordby Randolph D. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers the additional risks in investing in debt securities that are not considered under interest rate risk. It emphasizes credit risk and provides a primer on understanding the S&P credit rating naming conventions. Investors are warned not to rely solely on credit rating agencies to conduct the required due diligence necessary to understand the credit risks associated with an individual security. Next, the chapter presents a method to supplement credit reporting agency reviews. This supplemental analysis involves applying the Cs of credit analysis and determining where the security resides in the overall corporate capital structure. The chapter also addresses inflation risk, liquidity risk, reinvestment risk, and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) risk. These additional risks provide a more comprehensive view of the risks facing fixed income investors.
Securitized Debt Markets
Authors: Ağca Şenay , Islam Saiyid S. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Securitized debt markets play a vital role in financial markets in risk-sharing and creating alternative financing sources, which provide benefits for both borrower and lenders. This chapter describes the main characteristics of securitized debt and securitized debt instruments. Major securitized debt instruments are mortgage-backed securities (MBSs) including residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBSs) and commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBSs) as well as asset backed commercial paper (ABCP) and collateralized debt obligations (CDOs). The characteristics of these securities, their associated benefits and uses, and the risk factors that determine the performance of securitized debt instruments are covered. The evolution and size of these securitized markets is also discussed. Overall, the chapter indicates that securitized markets help originators in transferring risks and monetizing illiquid assets and aid investors by providing an efficient mechanism for portfolio diversification and ability to better adjust their investments to their risk preferences.
Bonds with Embedded Options
Authors: Barnes Christopher J. , Gupta Gaurav , Abinanti Joseph F. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Bonds with embedded options are a subset of traditional fixed income instruments in which an option has the potential to influence the timing and amount of a security’s cash flows and the security’s valuation. The term embedded signifies that the option and the bond are inseparable. Unlike a warrant, which typically can be detached and traded independently of its underlying instrument, an embedded option cannot be split from the bond to create two distinct, investable assets—the bond and the option. The inseparability of the bond and option changes the risk-return profile for both issuers and investors alike, and therefore renders traditional bond metrics, such as yield-to-maturity, ineffective. This chapter explores the most common bonds with embedded options, which are callable, puttable, and convertible bonds, in addition to discussing some nontraditional embedded option bond structures including contingent convertibles, extendable bonds, combinations, and knock-in and knock-out options.
Bond Mutual Funds, Closed-End Bond Funds, and Exchange-Traded Funds
Authors: Kiymaz Halil , Simsek Koray D. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the academic literature involving bond mutual funds, closed-end bond funds (CEFs), and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). Since the turn of the century, the net assets under management (AUM) of investment firms have increased steadily. The composition of the net AUM has also changed in favor of ETFs. As more money flows to bond funds, bond CEFs, and ETFs, the issue for investment firms continues to be how to provide risk-adjusted returns to investors while minimizing expenses. The existing literature tends to report mixed evidence on the performance of bond mutual funds, bond CEFs, and ETFs. Most studies comparing performance against their benchmark index report widespread underperformance. However, actively managed global bond funds tend to provide higher risk-adjusted returns.
Credit Analysis and Ratings
Authors: Dadalt Peter , Gueli Michael , Khalid Rafay , Zhang Ling 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Credit analysis is more than just a quantitative exercise because qualitative factors can influence creditor decisions to lend funds. This chapter discusses the importance of balancing the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative characteristics with an analysis of qualitative characteristics. The extension of credit from a lender to a business is a decision that should follow the careful analysis of factors recognized as industry structuring tools. The “five Cs of credit” provide a framework to begin a qualitative assessment of a company, for without context, financial analysis is almost meaningless. A subsequent discussion of business, industry, and economic analysis rounds out the qualitative considerations. The chapter also offers a discussion of the critical role of the credit rating agencies as gatekeepers. Finally, a review of financial statements, metrics, ratio analysis, and firm capital structure provides a broad view of the firm when conducting a financial analysis. The chapter presents a case study to illustrate key principles.
Distressed Debt
Authors: Kim Seoyoung 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to distressed debt, primarily from the vantage point of debtholders in financially distressed corporations. In doing so, it gives a description of this sub-asset class and the basic intuition along with stylized examples to explain the motivating factors behind the strategic behavior of other stakeholders that may devalue a distressed-debt investor’s financial claim if left unattended. This chapter also discusses the considerations in distressed debt exchanges of public bond issuances or in the restructuring of private loan agreements, with the view to minimizing the likelihood of strategic default and other inefficient outcomes to investors of distressed debt. Overall, this chapter offers exposure to the basic features and terminology in distressed debt and debt restructuring.
Debt Investment Strategies
Authors: Cosares Steven , Riggs Taylor , Spieler Andrew C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The diverse investment opportunities available in the debt market enable both individual and institutional investors to develop effective passive and active strategies for financial planning and portfolio management. Such strategies suggest a set of purchases, redemptions, and liquidations to meet investor objectives that consider such factors as market risk, expected investment returns, cash flows, liquidity, and investor convenience. Investment strategies can inoculate the portfolio against potential adverse markets events such as wide fluctuations in interest rates or can be executed in anticipation of an event affecting future market conditions such as an announcement by the Federal Reserve or the default of a municipality. This chapter presents different scenarios in which an investor would employ some appropriate strategies involving bonds or other debt-based securities.
Debt Portfolio Management
Authors: Jersky Zachary , Li He 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Debt portfolio management has received increasing attention over time as both academics and practitioners have become aware of its unique challenges. This chapter discusses the common risk factors faced by debt portfolio managers and introduces a set of portfolio management strategies that are targeted at addressing major debt portfolio risks in order to achieve common portfolio management goals. These strategies differ in both style and objective. Passive strategies only require investor effort and decision-making at the initial formation of the portfolio, whereas active strategies require frequent restructuring and rebalancing of the portfolio. Some strategies aim at funding liabilities, while others attempt to seek total return. The chapter also provides a discussion of the application of modern portfolio theory within the context of debt portfolio management.
Teaching Music Theory
Authors: Snodgrass Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Many innovative approaches to teaching are being used around the country, and there is an exciting energy about the scholarship of teaching and learning. But what is happening in the most effective music theory and aural skills classrooms? Based on 3 years of field study spanning 17 states, coupled with reflections from the author’s own teaching strategies, Teaching Music Theory: New Voices and Approaches highlights teaching approaches with substantial real-life examples from instructors across the country. The main premise of the text focuses on the question of “why.” Why do we assess in a particular way? Why are our curricula designed in a certain manner? Why should students master aural skills for their career as a performer, music educator, or music therapist? It is through the experiences shared in the text that many of these questions of “why” are answered. Along with answering some of the important questions of “why,” the book emphasizes topics such as classroom environment, undergraduate research and mentoring, assessment, and approaches to curriculum development. Teaching Music Theory: New Voices and Approaches is written in a conversational tone to provide a starting point of dialogue for students, new faculty members, and seasoned educators on any level. The pedagogical trends presented in this book provide a greater appreciation of outstanding teaching and thus an understanding of successful approaches in the classroom.
The Golden Circle
Authors: Snodgrass Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Everyone knows what they do, but do they know why they do it? This chapter presents the model of the Golden Circle that encourages educators to ask the questions of “why” and “how” well before “what.” The circle also challenges instructors to think carefully about “why” they are implementing certain concepts and strategies in the classroom beyond what may have been previously taught or what is comfortable. Through a better understanding of the trends in the undergraduate theory and aural skills core curriculum and answering the challenging question of “Why do students need to study music theory and aural skills?,” instructors can begin to think about their goals and purposes in teaching today’s undergraduate students.
Pedagogy of Chromatic Harmony and Form
Authors: Snodgrass Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
As the study of music theory becomes more advanced with the introduction of chromaticism and formal studies, there is an opportunity for instructors and students to create a dialogue based on interpretations and performance. Starting with sound is essential in teaching the more advanced topics, and students should be experiencing the music through singing, playing, and listening before analytical conclusions are made. Through visual interpretations, analogies, and incorporation of a multitude of genres, students are able to make meaningful connections between harmony and formal structures, harmony and textual references, and how formal structures are created within a musical context. These more advanced levels encourage students to become independent thinkers and to create their own understanding of “how” and “why” the music was composed by creating their own analytical discoveries.
What the Effective Music Theory Instructors Do
Authors: Snodgrass Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Why should we learn from some of the most effective music theory instructors? Their years of teaching have challenged each to embrace new ideas, to rethink curricula and course outlines, and to better engage with the student populations in the 21st century. There are 10 characteristics that all effective teachers seem to share, but the most important is that they understand their “why,” and they question themselves regularly in order to better their classrooms and scholarship. They realize the importance of their role as a guide in the classroom and strive to create a safe environment for their students, a classroom full of questions and self-discovery, where students understand relationships and the meaning of why aural skills and music theory are essential skills for the complete musician.
Introduction
Authors: Friedwald Will 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The introduction starts with the basic facts and statistics of Nat King Cole’s career, his rather overwhelming string of chart hits that established him as the most popular of all popular singers between Bing Crosby and Elvis Presley, and as one of the greatest pianists in all of jazz. It also talks about how remarkable it is that a pop culture figure who died more than fifty-five years ago is still so relevant as to be referenced in contemporary works like the current Broadway musical Hamilton. As a way of easing readers into Cole’s musical world, two of his most popular numbers are discussed in some detail here: the 1955 hit “A Blossom Fell,” a song that originated in England, and the 1943 “It’s Only a Paper Moon,” which Cole recorded early in his career for Capitol Records, which included it on his first album; it became a career-long perennial and signature song. A further “prelude” talks about the state of jazz and black music in 1930, the year before Cole made his debut and gave his first notable public performance, by focusing on the orchestra of Noble Sissle, then playing Paris, whose orchestra included Nat’s big brother, Eddie Coles, on bass.
Interlude
Authors: Friedwald Will 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how Nat Cole, in the early to mid-1940s, actually enjoyed two careers at the same time; one as leader of a “commercial” trio; the other as a “gigging” jazz pianist. With Norman Granz as producer, he recorded a series of sessions with Lester Young, Dexter Gordon, and Illinois Jacquet. Then, in July 1944, Granz launched the iconic Jazz at the Philharmonic series with an all-time classic concert, thankfully recorded, in which Nat created musical history in a brilliant duet with rising guitar star Les Paul. We also look at other instrumental sessions that Cole made in these years and the people he played with: the Capitol International Jazzmen with Benny Carter and Coleman Hawkins; the Sunset All Stars with Charlie Shavers, Herbie Haymer, and Buddy Rich; and the Keynoters with Willie Smith.
Nat and Nelson
Authors: Friedwald Will 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
For Nat King Cole, the 1950s brought his first “birth child,” Natalie, and his next blockbuster hit “Mona Lisa,” which completed his transition to pop music. But his struggle with the Internal Revenue Service nearly cost him his home and everything he had achieved. He met Nelson Riddle, his new musical partner who helped Cole attain his greatest heights. Meanwhile, he continued to land cameos in several important films and to headline on such television shows as The Toast of the Town and Your Show of Shows. In 1951, Cole announced the end of the Trio; in 1952, he recorded his next piano instrumental album, Penthouse Serenade. He and Riddle climaxed the period with Nat King Cole Sings for Two in Love (1953), probably his greatest straight down the middle collection of songbook standards.
Assault on a King
Authors: Friedwald Will 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
By the mid-1950s, Cole was firmly established as the most popular singer of his time. Yet some resented his success because he was African American. Even as the civil rights movement was strengthening, a radical fringe of white supremacists were determined to uphold segregation. On April 10, 1956, four men attacked Nat King Cole in the Birmingham Auditorium; police stopped them before they could do any serious harm. And the attack backfired, as Cole’s support grew even stronger. Some of his greatest albums were made in this period: The Piano Style of Nat King Cole, After Midnight, and Love Is the Thing. He also launched his TV series, The Nat King Cole Show, on NBC TV barely three months after the attack.
Postscript: The Afterlife
Authors: Friedwald Will 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
During Christmas 1964, three members of the Cole family were in the hospital: Nat, in Los Angeles, and his father, in Chicago, were essentially on their deathbeds, but Nat’s oldest child, Carole was bringing a new life into the world. Nat’s granddaughter, eventually named Caroline Clarke, was born on Christmas 1964, but Nat wouldn’t live to meet her. In the meantime, Nat’s last album, L-O-V-E, was successfully released in January. His father died on February 1, followed by Nat in the early hours after Valentine’s Day. This chapter talks briefly about his posthumous legacy but concludes with an account of his funeral in 1965, in which the primary eulogy was given by friend Jack Benny, who said, poignantly, “Time, as always, will work its healing ways. And I know that someday the dew drops will glisten on the ‘Ramblin’ rose’ again. The ‘Ballerina’ will dance again, and the ‘Mona Lisa’ will smile.”
The Problem
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses Buddhism's view on worries and anxiety. The basic insight of Buddhism is that the source of this fundamental problem is a mismatch between an individual’s fundamental feeling about the world and how it really is. The painful experiences, the faint buzz of anxiety, they happen because an individual’s outlook on life has certain assumptions built into it that are out of step with reality. Since the source of the problem is that an individual’s way of experiencing things is misaligned with the world, it is important to think and examine very carefully both that outlook and the world. Indeed, Buddhism is about taking a long, hard look at the way things are. Rather than pretending things are not that way or wishing and hoping that somehow things might be different, Buddhism offers a way to live at ease in full view of such facts.
The Solution
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines two general strands in Buddhism: philosophy and practice. Philosophy involves understanding the nature of the world and the mind. It involves careful examination, reasoning, and analysis of the world in general and the self in particular. Meanwhile, practice involves specific techniques to bring about a change in how we respond to the world. It aims at changing mental habits and ways of experiencing the world. These two aspects can, and often are, discussed separately. This is no surprise given how monumental each task is; people sometimes devote their entire lives to only one philosophical question or Buddhist practice. Nevertheless, these two aspects do inform each other. Philosophy helps to establish the aim of practice. Practice, on the other hand, can help one to have certain experiences which can, in turn, inform ideas about how the world works.
Buddhism and Reason
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at how many people think of Buddhism, seeing it as at odds with reflective, rational, or abstract thinking. Indeed, Buddhism in the West is often placed on the emotion side of the divide between reason and emotion, but there are lots of reasons to question this. For one thing, there is good reason to question the divide itself. When one engages in reasoning, one often relies on subtle emotional cues. Thinking and feeling are not separable domains and are often intertwined in complicated ways. The chapter then considers another dispute that Western Buddhists in particular are fond of having: Is Buddhism a religion? Often, people who like Buddhism but do not like religion insist that Buddhism is not a religion. Certainly, many people in many places around the world relate to Buddhism in ways that are religion-like. This is one aspect of what is sometimes called “traditional” Buddhism. Others de-emphasize these aspects and attempt to fit Buddhist ideas into a scientific worldview, sometimes called “modern” or “secularized” Buddhism.
Heaps and Hurricanes
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the prominent Buddhist view of collections. To talk about the wants, plans, and traits of a company or a government is really to talk about the members that make it up and their relationships. Although these collections can seem to be separately existing things in the world, they are just handy names for what makes them up. This is not to deny that these labels can be useful, at least for some purposes. Sometimes talking about things that do not really exist can be helpful and even teach people things. These labels are just the name people give to a bunch of parts that interact in ways that are relevant to them. Indeed, using handy names for certain collections is not necessarily bad. However, when one starts to think of those names as picking out something real in the world, one starts running into trouble.