bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of sclerotherapy with polidocanol in children with internal hemorrhoids
Authors: Watanabe Toshihiko , Ohno Michinobu , Tahara Kazunori , Tomonaga Kotaro , Ogawa Katsuhiro , Takezoe Toshiko , Fuchimoto Yasushi , Fujino Akihiro , Kanamori Yutaka 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundHemorrhoids are an extremely rare condition in children, and data on its incidence and treatment in the pediatric population remains scarce. We retrospectively reviewed children who underwent sclerotherapy for internal hemorrhoids, and analyzed patients' characteristics and outcomes.MethodsA total of 14 pediatric patients who underwent sclerotherapy were included. Patients' ages and the required amount of polidocanol, depending on the grade of hemorrhoids, and the correlation between age and volume of sclerosant, were statistically analyzed.ResultsPatients had a male predominance with a ratio of 2.5:1 (grade 2:6 patients, grade 3:8 patients). Four children had underlying conditions including portal hypertension and Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome. Of the 14 patients, 43% had constipation requiring medication or enema. Only one minor complication, a perianal ulceration, was found to be associated with sclerotherapy. Patients with grade 3 hemorrhoids required a significantly larger amount of polidocanol than those with grade 2 hemorrhoids. Two patients with grade 3 hemorrhoids required a second session of treatment for recurrence. The success rate of sclerotherapy with polidocanol was 86%.ConclusionsSclerotherapy with polidocanol is a safe, effective, and less invasive treatment option for internal hemorrhoids in children. Further studies are needed to investigate this treatment approach.
Urban household consumption in China: Price, income, and demographic effects
Authors: Cao Jing , Ho Mun Sing , Hu Wenhao , Jorgenson Dale 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGiven the government’s goals to restructure the economy away from investment and exports to consumption and to reduce inequality, it is important to have a good understanding of China’s household consumption behavior and to obtain a good measure of consumption adjusted for price differences across regions. We estimate a consumption function that is flexible and distinguishes between different household types such as size and age of head. We develop detailed price data by region, including rental equivalents for owner‐occupied housing. This provides us the estimates of income and price elasticities of different consumption bundles that should be useful for analyzing public policies. We find distinct elasticities for residents of large and small cities. For all urban households the income elasticity for food is about 0.7–0.8, housing is 0.8–0.9, and services is 1.4–1.5. The price elasticity for food and services is about 0.5 and 0.8, respectively.
High‐resolution genotyping indicates that children with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease share three HLA class II loci in DRB3, DRB4 and DRB5 genes
Authors: Alshiekh Shehab , Maziarz Marlena , Geraghty Daniel E. , Larsson Helena E. , Agardh Daniel 
Published: October 2020

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease (CD) share common genetic loci, mainly within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II complex. Extended genotyping of HLA class II alleles and their potential risk for developing both diseases remains to be studied. The present study compared extended HLA‐class II gene polymorphisms in children with T1D, CD, and a subgroup diagnosed with both diseases (T1D w/CD).Next‐generation targeted sequencing (NGTS) of HLA‐DRB3, DRB4, DRB5, DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DPA1, and DPB1 alleles from DNA collected from 68 T1D, 219 CD, and seven T1D w/CD patients were compared with 636 HLA‐genotyped Swedish children from the general population selected as controls.In comparison to controls, the DRB4*01:03:01 allele occurred more frequently in T1D w/CD (odds ratio (OR) = 7.84; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = (2.24, 34.5), P = 0.0002) and T1D (OR = 3.86; 95% CI, (2.69, 5.55), P = 1.07 × 10−14), respectively. The DRB3*01:01:02 allele occurred more frequently in CD as compared to controls (OR = 7.87; 95% CI, (6.17, 10.03), P = 4.24 × 10−71), but less frequently in T1D (OR = 2.59; 95% CI, (1.76, 3.81), P = 7.29 × 10−07) and T1D w/CD (OR = 0.87; 95% CI, (0.09, 3.96), P ≤ 0.999). The frequency of the DRB4*01:03:01‐DRB1*04:01:01‐DQA1*03:01:01‐DQB1*03:02:01 (DR4‐DQ8) haplotype was higher in T1D w/CD (OR = 12.88; 95% CI (4.35, 38.14) P = 3.75 × 10−9), and moderately higher in T1D (OR = 2.13; 95% CI (1.18, 3.83) P = 0.01) compared with controls, but comparable in CD (OR = 1.45; 95% CI (0.94, 2.21), P = 0.08) and controls.Children with T1D and CD are associated with DRB4*01:03:01, DRB3*01:01:02, and DRB3*02:02:01 of which DRB4*01:03:01 confers the strongest risk allele for developing T1D w/CD.
Driving private schools to go "green": The case of Spanish and Italian religious schools
Authors: Robina‐Ramírez Rafael , Cotano‐Olivera Cecilio 
Published: October 2020

AbstractReligious schools in Spain and Italy have been focused for centuries on spreading the Bible's message among students. In the beginning of the sacred scriptures, there is a mandate to protect nature as God's steward of creation; however, that reality has played a secondary role amongst believers and educational institutions. 180 Spanish and 135 Italian religious schools participated in the study. Through structural equation modeling (SEM‐PLS), hypotheses were defined based on the understanding of sustainability as a moral issue. Results underscored that religious schools should protect nature by combining religion and environmental science.
Time-Dependent System Reliability Analysis With Second-Order Reliability Method
Authors: Wu Hao , Hu Zhangli , Du Xiaoping 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSystem reliability is quantified by the probability that a system performs its intended function in a period of time without failures. System reliability can be predicted if all the limit-state functions of the components of the system are available, and such a prediction is usually time consuming. This work develops a time-dependent system reliability method that is extended from the component time-dependent reliability method using the envelope method and second-order reliability method. The proposed method is efficient and is intended for series systems with limit-state functions whose input variables include random variables and time. The component reliability is estimated by the second-order component reliability method with an improve envelope approach, which produces a component reliability index. The covariance between component responses is estimated with the first-order approximations, which are available from the second-order approximations of the component reliability analysis. Then, the joint distribution of all the component responses is approximated by a multivariate normal distribution with its mean vector being component reliability indexes and covariance being those between component responses. The proposed method is demonstrated and evaluated by three examples.
Evaluation of Grad's Second Problem Using Different Higher Order Continuum Theories
Authors: Jadhav Ravi Sudam , Agrawal Amit 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In our earlier work (Jadhav, and Agrawal, 2020, “Grad's second problem and its solution within the framework of Burnett hydrodynamics,” ASME J. Heat Transfer, 142(10), p. 102105), we proposed Grad's second problem (examination of steady-state solution for a gas at rest upon application of a one-dimensional heat flux) as a potential benchmark problem for testing the accuracy of different higher order continuum theories and solved the problem within the framework of Burnett hydrodynamics. In this work, we solve this problem within the moment framework and also examine two variants, Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK)–Burnett and regularized 13 moment equations, for this problem. It is observed that only the conventional form of Burnett equations which are derived retaining the full nonlinear collision integral are able to capture nonuniform pressure profile observed in case of hard-sphere molecules. On the other hand, BGK–Burnett equations derived using BGK-kinetic model predict uniform pressure profile in both the cases. It seems that the variants based on BGK-kinetic model do not distinguish between hard-sphere and Maxwell molecules at least for the problem considered. With respect to moment equations, Grad 13 and regularized 13 moment equations predict consistent results for Maxwell molecules. However, for hard-sphere molecules, since the exact closed form of moment equations is not known, it is difficult to comment upon the results of moment equations for hard-sphere molecules. The present results for this relatively simple problem provide valuable insights into the nature of the equations and important remarks are made in this context.
Assessment of a Food-Warming Cabinet for Heat and Humidity Decontamination of N95 Respirators
Authors: Williams Stuart J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
During the COVID19 pandemic, various investigations have been conducted to determine if personal protective equipment (PPE), and specifically N95 masks, can be decontaminated for reuse when unused equipment is not available. One method under investigation that may be particularly adaptable in lower resource communities is the use of heat and humidity for the de-activation of SARS-CoV-2. Food-warming cabinets (also known as holding cabinets) may reach applicable temperatures and thus the purpose of this study was to characterize the temperatures achieved in a typical food-warming cabinets that has been adapted for the de-activation of N95 masks. This paper provides a general description of how a food-warming cabinet operates and describes aspects that are important for heat de-activation including characterizing cyclical heating and temperature variations within the cabinet. The described experimental procedure could be used as a guide to characterize similar food-warming cabinets.
Assessing Engineering Design: A Comparison of the Effect of Exams and Design Practica on First-Year Students’ Design Self-Efficacy
Authors: Nolte Hannah , Berdanier Catherine , Menold Jessica , McComb Christopher 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn response to calls for engineering programs to better prepare students for future careers, many institutions offer courses with a design component to first-year engineering students. This work proposes that traditional exam-based assessments of design concepts are inadequate, and alternative forms of assessment are needed to assess student learning in design courses. This paper investigates the self-efficacy differences between a traditional exam and a two-part practicum as a mid-semester assessment for introductory engineering students enrolled in a first-year design course. Increased self-efficacy has been linked to various positive student outcomes and increased retention of underrepresented students. The practicum consisted of an in-class team design task and an out-of-class individual reflection, while the exam was a traditional, individual written exam. All students completed a pre-assessment survey and a post-assessment survey, both of which included measures of design self-efficacy. Analysis showed that the practicum increased the design self-efficacy of students more effectively than the exam. Students who identified as women had greater gains in design self-efficacy during the practicum as compared with men. Identifying as a minority subgroup student was also trending toward being a significant predictor of change in design self-efficacy for the practicum. Findings suggest that a mid-semester practicum is a successful assessment of design competencies that contributes to increased first-year engineering student self-efficacy.
Theoretical and Experimental Study on Active Stiffness Control of a Two-Degrees-of-Freedom Rope-Driven Parallel Mechanism
Authors: Gu Haiyu , Wei Cheng , Zhang Zeming , Zhao Yang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Rope-driven mechanisms with the characteristics of high speed, low inertia, and high precision are widely utilized in numerous fields. Stiffness is an important indicator to illustrate the precision and compliance of the mechanism. However, realizing active stiffness control is difficult for the mechanisms due to the coupling of rope tension and controller stiffness. To solve the problem, a verification prototype, 2-DOF rope-driven parallel mechanism (RDPM), is designed and manufactured, and its mechanical model is established. And then the general stiffness model of the RDPM is derived. Meanwhile, the rope-hole friction is calculated based on the Stribeck model. An active stiffness control scheme considering the pose retention, vibration suppression, and friction compensation is proposed. According to the stiffness model and active stiffness control law, the linear motion stiffness of the RDPM is analyzed in detail. The conclusion shows the motion stiffness is linear with the controller stiffness and initial rope tension. Finally, the theoretical stiffness, simulation stiffness and experimental stiffness are calculated and compared by the co-simulation technique and physical prototype experiment. The error between experimental data and simulation data is within 10%, which verifies the stiffness model and active stiffness control scheme.
Predictions of Scour Around Submerged Object Using LES-DEM
Authors: Elghannay Husam , Tafti Danesh 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Local scour around structures is a natural process that impacts the design of submerged hydraulic structures. The phenomenon of erosion and movement of sediment particles in the vicinity of a submerged object is a result of the interaction between the turbulent flow and a bed of sediment particles. In this work Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) coupled to Discrete Element Method (DEM) is used to numerically predict the temporal evolution and morphology of the scour around a submerged structure. Simulations of scour and morphology are typically performed using Eulerian-Eulerian representations and thus avoid the excessive computational resources required to track all the discrete sediment particles of the bed material in the domain of interest. In the current work a periodic domain is assumed making this type of simulation more feasible for CFD-DEM simulations. An augmented soft sphere collision, which includes rolling friction and adhesive forces is used for representing the contact physics. The simulation was run for more than 50 s of real time. The temporal evolution of the scour around the submerged obstacle is investigated and compared to published experimental results and past simulations. The current work shows a deeper initial scour compared to experiment. The build-up of the ridges downstream start at the same rate predicted by experiment but seem to progress at a slower rate after 15s.
Uncertainty Evaluation of Flow Meter Calibration by Gravimetric Water Flow Standards at KRISS
Authors: Chun Sejong , Yoon Byung-Ro 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Petrochemical and electric power plants are using flow meters, of which capacity is larger than 1000 m3/h. They require the accuracy of flow meters better than ±0.3% if the flow meters are being used for custody transfer or allocation measurement. However, the number of national metrology institutes, which can handle this issue, is very limited, including PTB (Germany), NMIJ/AIST (Japan), MIKES (Finland), CEESI-NIST (USA), and TÜV-NEL (UK). Large-capacity flow measurement standards are also needed to make better quality control for process engineering in the Republic of Korea.
This study aims at establishing the water flow measurement standards up to 2000 m3/h with uncertainty better than 0.06%. How to evaluate the measurement uncertainty is discussed for establishing the large-capacity water flow standards at KRISS.
Acoustic Measurement of Ultrasound Sensors in a Water Bath
Authors: Chun Sejong , Kwon Hyu-Sang , Park Doo-Sik , Lee Kang-Wook 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
PMN-PT is one of promising materials for fabrication ultrasound sensors for flow metering, in that the relative permittivity and the dielectric loss factor are superior to PZT, the popular piezoelectric materials at present. However, there are not many studies focusing on characterizing the PMN-PT ultrasound sensors by acoustic measurements. This study introduces an acoustic bath to accommodate a pair of ultrasound sensors for measuring the relative acoustic sensitivity and the dispersion angle by ultrasound waves.
Ultrasound sensors with resonance frequencies from 0.2 MHz to 1 MHz are also tested in terms of the relative permittivity, the dielectric loss factor, the electric impedance, and the electric admittance. From these measurements, it is found that PMN-PT is superior to PZT for increasing the relative acoustic sensitivity of ultrasound sensors. Impedance matching electronic circuits are fabricated by designing capacitance and inductance with the reflectance coefficients. Smith chart is used to calculate the capacitance and the inductance for the PMN-PT ultrasound sensors with resonance frequencies of 0.2 MHz and 0.5 MHz. As a results, it is also found that the impedance matching electronic circuits enhance the electrical admittance by 3.6 ∼ 25 times while keeping the electrical impedance between 50 Ω and 100 Ω.
Behavior of Myoblast Under Shear Stress in Couette Type of Flow
Authors: Hashimoto Shigehiro 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Behavior of myoblast has been investigated under the uniform shear flow in vitro. The culture medium was sandwiched with the constant gap between the lower stationary culture plate and the upper rotating parallel plate to make a Couette type of the shear flow. By the rotating speed of the upper disk, the wall shear stress (τ) on the lower culture plate was controlled. C2C12 (mouse myoblast cell) was used in the test. After cultivation without flow for 24 hours for adhesion of cells on the lower plate, τ &lt; 2 Pa was continuously applied on cells for 7 days in the incubator. Behavior of each cell was traced at the time lapse images observed by an inverted phase contrast microscope placed in an incubator. Experimental results show that cells differentiate to myotubes under τ &lt; 2 Pa. Both the cell cycle and the cell length tend to scatter in the wider range, and the longitudinal axis of each cell tends to align to the flow direction by the shear stress of 1 Pa. The experimental system is useful to study quantitative relationships between the shear stress and the cell behavior: deformation, orientation, and differentiation.
A Verification and Validation Study With Respect to Simulating Undulating Propulsion
Authors: Loubimov George , Kinzel Michael P. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this present work, a detailed verification and validation study is presented for a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) framework that aims to predict fluid physics and forces associated with naturally inspired marine propulsion. This approach involves comparing experimental datasets to their simulated counterparts and evaluating the numerical accuracy of the CFD toolset. In this manner, the error and uncertainty of the predictions from the CFD toolset can be established, which both convey the accuracy of the model and gives additional confidence in the underlying physical character of undulation-based propulsion. Validation efforts include simulation of a D-tube shedding a von Kármán vortex wake, a heaving and pitching foil generating thrust, and a traversing flat plate which is abruptly heaved and pitch. For all cases, mesh and time-step refinements are employed to ascertain numerical uncertainty. Although not yet complete, we also aim to roll up uncertainty from experiments and input uncertainties.
CFD Simulation and Design Improvement of Internal Rotating Flow of Turbomachine
Authors: Hadi Naseer , Jawad Badih , Hermez Munther , Metwally Hossam , Liu Liping 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Designing a turbomachine comes with many challenges due to many parameters affecting its performance. This study presents a design to reduce losses in turbulence flow and surface friction by using a disk located between the rotating centrifugal impeller and the pump casing, which in turn enhances the centrifugal pump performance, upon rotating freely during normal operation. Under a constant operating speed of 3000 RPM, the new design is shown to improve the centrifugal pump performance.
The turbulent flow between the rotating impeller and pump stationary walls increases the frictional losses. The highest friction occurs in the flow between two surfaces, one being close to zero velocity and the other one moving at high speed. Flow recirculation in the enclosure is a major problem that leads to a decrease in turbomachine’s performance. Two-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is used to numerically simulate the rotating flow field inside the centrifugal pump chamber and to provide critical hydraulic design information. In this study, ANSYS-FLUENT R19.2 is used to analyze the input torque under different angular velocities by applying a disk with various thicknesses at four different locations to get the best results. The flow field in the chamber is investigated using 2-D Naiver-Stokes Equations with a Realizable k-ϵ turbulence model. Standard water was used as the working fluid. The numerical analysis gives an idea of how the freely rotating disks behave, and the results will be compared to find the most efficient case of centrifugal pump operation with an adjacent disk. The best-case new design will identify the highest reduction of input power by 24.4%. This study will introduce to the future work of a three-dimensional model.
Variation of Zero Net Liquid Holdup in a Gas Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone Separator Below Operational Envelope
Authors: Shah Malay Jignesh , Kolla Srinivas Swaroop , Mohan Ram S. , Shoham Ovadia 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Novel experimental and theoretical investigations are carried out on Zero Net Liquid Flow (ZNLF) in the upper part of the Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone (GLCC©) separator. Experimental data are acquired for the variation of the Zero Net Liquid Holdup (ZNLH) and the associated Churn region height for air-oil and air-water flow. The experiments are carried out at normal operating conditions below the GLCC Operational Envelope (OPEN) for Liquid Carry-Over (LCO). The ZNLH measurements for air-oil flow are higher than those for air-water flow. The Churn region height is higher for air-oil flow, as compared to the air-water flow, for the same operating conditions. The higher oil viscosity, which results in higher frictional and drag forces, leads to greater ZNLH for air-oil flow. The Churn region height is sensitive to the superficial gas velocity, whereby a small increase of gas velocity results in exponential growth of the Churn region height. The model developed by Karpurapu et al. (2018) for predicting the ZNLH at specific operational conditions just below the OPEN for LCO is extended to predict the ZNLH variation along the upper part of the GLCC below the OPEN for LCO, as well as the associated Churn region height. The predictions of the developed extended model for the ZNLH variation compared to the acquired experimental data showing discrepancies of 8% and 3%, respectively, for air-oil and air-water flows.