bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Solution‐Processed Hyperfluorescent OLEDs with Spectrally Narrow Emission at 840 nm
Authors: Shahalizad Afshin , Malinge Alexandre , Hu Lei , Laflamme Grégory , Haeberlé Louis , Myers David M. , Mao Jian , Skene William G. , Kéna‐Cohen Stéphane 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo reduce cost and improve environmental sustainability, there continues to be an important need for the development of efficient organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) that do not rely on heavy metal‐containing compounds. In particular, the efficiency of fluorescent near‐infrared (NIR) OLEDs continues to lag well‐behind that of their platinum‐containing counterparts. Low efficiencies in this spectral range mainly arise from the low quantum yields of fluorescent NIR emitters due to the energy gap law and inefficient harvesting of triplet excitons. In this paper, a thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) material is used as the assistant dopant to demonstrate pure NIR‐emitting fluorescent OLEDs with an external quantum efficiency of up to 3.8%, with an electroluminescence maximum at 840 nm and a spectral full‐width at half‐maximum of < 40 nm. The efficiency is more than three times higher than that of the best previously reported fluorescent OLEDs in this spectral range and approaches that achievable with the best platinum‐containing phosphorescent emitters.
Salt Mitigation Strategies of Solar‐Driven Interfacial Desalination
Authors: Xu Keyuan , Wang Chengbing , Li Zhengtong , Wu Sanmin , Wang Jiulong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSolar‐driven interfacial desalination (SDID), which is based on localized heating and interfacial evaporation, provides an opportunity for developing environmentally friendly and cost‐effective seawater thermal desalination. However, localized heating and rapidly generated interfacial steam may cause salt to accumulate on the evaporator's surface and block the channel of steam evaporation. Salt accumulation inevitably reduces the light absorption and service period of the solar absorber, resulting in a significant decrease in evaporation efficiency over time. Salt accumulation makes it difficult to produce SDID devices with high energy efficiency and long‐term stability for large‐scale use in remote poverty‐stricken areas. Therefore, the exploration of novel and effective strategies for addressing salt accumulation through both material design and structural engineering has attracted more attention in recent years. This review presents an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art advancements in salt‐resistant photothermal evaporation and discusses the critical issues for achieving salt mitigation SDID, focusing on the classification of salt mitigation strategies based on photothermal evaporation configurations, the basic mechanism of salt mitigation, and the architectural design of photothermal materials. Finally, the important challenges and prospects of SDID are discussed to providing a meaningful roadmap to efficient salt mitigation SDID.
Sub‐Femtojoule‐Energy‐Consumption Conformable Synaptic Transistors Based on Organic Single‐Crystalline Nanoribbons
Authors: Zhang Cong , Wang Shuya , Zhao Xiaoli , Yang Yahan , Tong Yanhong , Zhang Mingxin , Tang Qingxin , Liu Yichun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractInspired from powerful functionalities of human brain, artificial synapses are innovated continuously for the construction of brain‐like neuromorphic electronics. The quest to rival the ultralow energy consumption of biological synapses has become highly compelling, but remains extremely difficult due to the lack of appropriate materials and device construction. In this study, organic single‐crystalline nanoribbon active layer and elastic embedded photolithographic electrodes are first designed in synaptic transistors to reduce energy consumption of single device. The minimum energy consumption (0.29 fJ) of one synaptic event is far lower than that of biological synapse (10 fJ). Notably, sub‐femtojoule‐energy‐consumption synaptic transistors can simulate various biological plastic behaviors even under different tensile and compressive strains, offering a new guidance for the construction of ultralow‐energy‐consuming neuromorphic electronic devices and the development of flexible artificial intelligence electronics in the future.
Responsive Colloidal Polymer Particles with Ordered Mesostructures
Authors: Deng Renhua , Xu Jiangping , Yi Gi‐Ra , Kim Jin Woong , Zhu Jintao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractResponsive colloidal polymer particles with well‐defined shapes and ordered internal mesostructures are attracting increasing attention because of their potential applications in sensors, catalysis, nano‐drug carriers, color pigments, and others. Recently, 3D confined assembly of block copolymers in emulsion droplets has emerged as a promising method for fabrication of colloidal polymer particles with controllable shapes and internal structures. In this paper, the recent advances in engineering anisotropically shaped and internally ordered colloidal polymer particles are summarized, followed by highlighting their stimuli‐responsiveness and emerging applications. In the last section, the current challenges and future opportunities in this fast growing research field are discussed.
Bioinspired Self‐Healing Human–Machine Interactive Touch Pad with Pressure‐Sensitive Adhesiveness on Targeted Substrates
Authors: Gao Guorong , Yang Fangjian , Zhou Fenghua , He Jiang , Lu Wei , Xiao Peng , Yan Huizhen , Pan Caofeng , Chen Tao , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThere is an increasing interest to develop a next generation of touch pads that require stretchability and biocompatibility to allow their integration with a human body, and even to mimic the self‐healing behavior with fast functionality recovery upon damage. However, most touch pads are developed based on stiff and brittle electrodes with the lack of the important nature of self‐healing. Polyzwitterion–clay nanocomposite hydrogels as a soft, stretchable, and transparent ionic conductor with transmittance of 98.8% and fracture strain beyond 1500% are developed, which can be used as a self‐healing human–machine interactive touch pad with pressure‐sensitive adhesiveness on target substrates. A surface‐capacitive touch system is adopted to sense a touched position. Finger positions are perceived during both point‐by‐point touch and continuous moving. Hydrogel touch pads are adhered to curved or flat insulators, with the high‐resolution and self‐healable input functions demonstrated by drawing, writing, and playing electronic games.
Biomimicking Antibacterial Opto‐Electro Sensing Sutures Made of Regenerated Silk Proteins
Authors: Liu Mengwei , Zhang Yujia , Liu Keyin , Zhang Gai , Mao Ying , Chen Liang , Peng Yinbo , Tao Tiger H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSurgical sutures play an important role across a wide range of medical treatments and a wide variety exist, differing in strength, size, composition, and performance. Recently, increasing interest has been paid to bioactive and electronic sutures made of synthetic polymers, owing to their ability to reduce inflammation as well as medically and/or electronically facilitate wound healing. However, integrating sensing capabilities into bioactive sutures without adversely affecting their mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and/or bioactivity remains challenging. In this work, a set of biomimicking, antibacterial, and sensing sutures based on the regenerated silk fibroin is designed and fabricated. These sensing sutures, inspired by the “core–shell” multilayered structure of natural spider‐silk fibers, are hierarchically structured and heterogeneously functionalized to allow for the integration of multiple, clinically favorable functions into one suture device. These functions included: reducing inflammation and bacterial infection in wound sites, measuring tension of both the tissue and suture, and aiding tissue healing via multi‐modal controlled drug and growth factor release. Critically, these functions are coupled with real‐time optical and electronic monitoring capabilities. This approach provides greater insight into multifunctional sutures with inherent sensing capabilities and offers enormous potential in both therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence Resonance Energy Transfer for Construction of Near‐Infrared Afterglow Imaging Agents
Authors: Dang Qianxi , Jiang Yuyan , Wang Jinfeng , Wang Jiaqiang , Zhang Qunhua , Zhang Mingkang , Luo Simeng , Xie Yujun , Pu Kanyi , Li Qianqian , Li Zhen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAfterglow imaging that detects photons after cessation of optical excitation avoids tissue autofluorescence and thus possesses higher sensitivity than traditional fluorescence imaging. Purely organic molecules with room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have emerged as a new library of benign afterglow agents. However, most RTP luminogens only emit visible light with shallow tissue penetration, constraining their in vivo applications. This study presents an organic RTP nanoprobe (mTPA‐N) with emission in the NIR range for in vivo afterglow imaging. Such a probe is composed of RTP molecule (mTPA) as the phosphorescent generator and an NIR‐fluorescent dye as the energy acceptor to enable room‐temperature phosphorescence resonance energy transfer (RT‐PRET), ultimately resulting in redshifted phosphorescent emission at 780 nm. Because of the elimination of background noise and redshifted afterglow luminescence in a biologically transparent window, mTPA‐N permits imaging of lymph nodes in living mice with a high signal‐to‐noise ratio. This study thus opens up a universal approach to develop organic RTP luminogens into NIR afterglow imaging agents via construction of RT‐PRET.
Perovskite Electronic Ratchets for Energy Harvesting
Authors: Hao Ji , Lu Haipeng , Nanayakkara Sanjini U. , Harvey Steven P. , Blackburn Jeffrey L. , Ferguson Andrew J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractElectronic ratchets are energy‐harvesting devices that can utilize spatially asymmetric potential distributions to convert nondirectional/random sources of energy into direct current. The potential asymmetry can be generated in a number of ways, but one purported mechanism is to redistribute ions directly within the active material. Utilizing the known propensity for ion migration in lead‐halide perovskites (LHP), the first LHP flashing electronic ratchet is demonstrated by using a voltage stress to intentionally redistribute halide ions within a prototypical 2D perovskite. The resulting asymmetric potential distribution across the 2D perovskite allows for conversion of both electronic noise and unbiased square‐wave potentials into current. Furthermore, simultaneous application of light illumination and voltage stress enhances the asymmetric potential distribution, enabling higher current than the nonilluminated device. This work presents an electronic ratchet system that exploits facile ion migration, which can be modified by both electrical and optical stimuli, providing a model system with the potential to test outstanding mechanistic questions for electronic ratchets.
Recent Advances in the Development of Single‐Atom Catalysts for Oxygen Electrocatalysis and Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Peng Lishan , Shang Lu , Zhang Tierui , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs) are presently attracting a lot of attention for electrical energy storage, owing to their low manufacturing cost and very high theoretical specific energy density. Currently, the large‐scale application of ZABs is hampered by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which underpin battery discharging and charging processes, respectively. In recent years, metal single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have emerged as promising candidates for driving oxygen electrocatalysis in ZABs, offering both high electrocatalytic activity and high metal atom utilization through unique metal coordination environments (typically porphyrin‐like MNx species on N‐doped carbon supports). Herein, recent breakthroughs in the design of SACs for ORR and OER electrocatalysis are summarized, with a general view towards improving ZAB performance. This Review begins by introducing the operating principles of ZABs and the reaction mechanisms of the ORR and the OER on the air electrode, after which the various types of SAC‐based materials developed to date for oxygen electrocatalysis and ZABs are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on the relationships between the structure of the SAC active site and electrocatalytic performance. Finally, challenges and opportunities for SACs in practical ZABs are explored.
Reproductive hormone measurement from minimally invasive sample types: Methodological considerations and anthropological importance
Authors: Gildner Theresa E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEnergetic investment in human reproduction has long been recognized as costly, influencing developmental, physiological, and behavioral patterns in males and females. These effects are largely coordinated through the actions of reproductive hormones (eg, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone). Here, the utility and limitations of minimally invasive sampling techniques are explored, providing a novel perspective on how reproductive hormone measurements can enhance reproductive endocrinology research. Salivary steroid measures are most commonly used, although several dried blood spot and urine assays are also available, and researchers continue to explore the efficacy of other sample types. These relatively simple measures have facilitated the collection of multiple samples from a single participant, allowing researchers to more accurately track the diurnal and cyclical variation exhibited by many reproductive hormones. Ultimately, the ability to collect fine‐grained participant data allows biological anthropologists to better test questions central to human reproductive ecology, life history theory, and public health. For example, fieldwork using these techniques suggests that testosterone profile variation across populations is influenced by energetic constraints and reproductive status. Moreover, hormone concentrations shape the development of sex characteristics, with implications for evolutionary questions related to sexual selection. Hormone levels also can be used to identify a range of medical concerns (eg, suppressed hormone production levels linked with psychosocial stress). These findings highlight how minimally invasive collection techniques can be applied to test diverse evolutionary hypotheses and identify important health concerns. Still, more work is needed to standardize collection and laboratory analysis procedures, thereby enabling more direct data comparisons between researchers.
A successful case of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation treatment for intractable pneumothorax in a patient with COVID‐19
Authors: Nakatsutsumi Keita , Sekiya Kosuke , Urushibata Nao , Hosoi Marie , Arai Hirokuni , Nagaoka Eiki , Fujiwara Tatsuki , Morishita Koji , Aiboshi Junichi , Otomo Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundSome patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) develop pneumothorax. Tube thoracotomy and bulla resection could generate aerosols and cause virus transmission; the optimal treatment strategy remains unclear.Case PresentationA 57‐year‐old male was transferred as a severe COVID‐19 pneumonia case. On the 16th day after admission, the patient’s respiratory condition deteriorated, and the chest X‐ray revealed the presence of severe right‐sided pneumothorax. A chest drain was immediately inserted; however, a significant air leak continued, and severe ventilator settings were required. Thus, veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV‐ECMO) treatment was initiated to allow the lungs to rest. After 10 days of lung‐protective ventilation, the patient was weaned from ECMO and the chest drain was removed on the following day with no major comorbidities.ConclusionThe combination of ECMO with lung rest strategy could be a treatment option for intractable pneumothorax with COVID‐19 to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures and aerosol generation.
Quantum Version of a Generalized Monty Hall Game and Its Possible Applications to Quantum Secure Communications
Authors: Quezada Luis Fernando , Dong Shi‐Hai 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this work, the authors propose a quantum version of a generalized Monty Hall game, that is, one in which the parameters of the game are left free and not fixed on its regular values. The developed quantum scheme is then used to study the expected payoff of the player, using both a separable and an entangled initial‐state. In the two cases, the classical mixed‐strategy payoff is recovered under certain conditions. Lastly, the authors extend the quantum scheme to include multiple independent players, and use this extension to sketch two possible application of the game mechanics to quantum networks, specifically, two validated, multi‐party, key‐distribution quantum protocols.
Ultra‐Low Loading Pt/CeO2 Catalysts: Ceria Facet Effect Affords Improved Pairwise Selectivity for Parahydrogen Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Song Bochuan , Choi Diana , Xin Yan , Bowers Clifford R. , Hagelin‐Weaver Helena 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOxide supports with well‐defined shapes enable investigations on the effects of surface structure on metal–support interactions and correlations to catalytic activity and selectivity. Here, a modified atomic layer deposition technique was developed to achieve ultra‐low loadings (8–16 ppm) of Pt on shaped ceria nanocrystals. Using octahedra and cubes, which expose exclusively (111) and (100) surfaces, respectively, the effect of CeO2 surface facet on Pt‐CeO2 interactions under reducing conditions was revealed. Strong electronic interactions result in electron‐deficient Pt species on CeO2 (111) after reduction, which increased the stability of the atomically dispersed Pt. This afforded significantly higher NMR signal enhancement in parahydrogen‐induced polarization experiments compared with the electron‐rich platinum on CeO2 (100), and a factor of two higher pairwise selectivity (6.1 %) in the hydrogenation of propene than any previously reported monometallic heterogeneous Pt catalyst.
Solid–liquid equilibria in the quaternary system LiBr−NaBr−KBr−H2O and its two ternary subsystems at 288.15 K
Authors: Qi Xiao‐Yun , He Chun‐Xia , Sang Shi‐Hua , Liu Jia , Gao Yun‐Yun 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe solubilities of the LiBr−NaBr−KBr−H2O system and its subsystems LiBr−NaBr−H2O and LiBr−KBr−H2O were investigated at 288.15 K by the isothermal dissolution equilibrium method, and the corresponding phase diagrams were plotted, respectively. In the three systems, neither solid solution nor double salt was found. For the first subsystem LiBr−NaBr−H2O, there are two invariant points, three dissolution equilibrium curves, and three crystallization regions, which are LiBr·2H2O, NaBr·2H2O, and NaBr. An invariant point, two dissolution equilibrium curves, and two crystallization regions, which are LiBr·2H2O and KBr, constitute the stable phase diagram of the second subsystem LiBr−KBr−H2O. The phase diagram of the quaternary system LiBr−NaBr−KBr−H2O consists of two invariant points, five solubility curves, and four regions in which are LiBr·2H2O, NaBr, NaBr·2H2O, and KBr.
Properties of thermally conductive silicone rubbers filled with admicellar polymerized polypyrrole‐coatedAl2O3particles
Authors: Wu Shuqing , Xiong Qipeng , Li Xiaoqi , Chen Dapeng , Liu Binbin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPolypyrrole (PPy) nanolayers were introduced on the surface of alumina (Al2O3) particles via admicellar polymerization. The properties of silicone rubbers (SRs) filled with PPy‐coated Al2O3and pristine Al2O3as thermally conductive fillers were studied and compared. The results demonstrate that the addition of PPy‐coated Al2O3leads to a better interfacial compatibility but lower cross‐linking density of the composites than pristine Al2O3. The improvement in the compatibility and the decrease in the cross‐linking density are paradoxes in affecting mechanical properties. The improvement in the compatibility shows a slight predominance on the strength at low‐filler contents. Lower cross‐linking density of modified‐Al2O3/SR composites led to a better processing performance and a higher maximum filler loading amount than the pristine Al2O3/SR composites, which is beneficial to increasing the thermal conductivity and maintaining a relatively good strength. The PPy‐coated Al2O3/SR composite with 83 wt% filler content has a thermal conductivity of 1.98 W/(m K) and a tensile strength of 2.9 MPa, and the elongation at break was 63%. Functionalized fillers by admicellar polymerization used in the fabrication of filler/SR composites not only improve the interfacial compatibility but also optimize and expand the functions of the composites, which has great significance for the production and application of thermally conductive SR in some branches of industry (automotive, electrical engineering, etc.) in the future.
The cavitation development of poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) casting films studied by in situ small angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Xu Liyang , Jiang Yuanping , Wang Dezheng , Yin Bo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, the on‐line small angle X‐ray scattering/wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) characterization method was adopted to study the morphology evolution of poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) casting films during stretching. In this process, the lamellae structure was destroyed. And “bridge structure” was generated in the amorphous region. The scattering pattern changed obviously before and after cavities orientation. Stretching temperature and stretching speed mattered for the size of micropores. Low temperature helped generate more and larger voids. The faster stretching speed can improve the generation of cavities, enlarged cavitation number and helped its reorientation. These results provide the basic knowledge of how to produce poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) microporous membranes with high electrochemical performance.
Synthesis of restorative microcapsules having vinyl ester healing medicine for hybrid resin/modified carbon fiber self‐healing composites
Authors: K Venkata Chalapathi , Cheedarala Ravi Kumar , Song Jung‐il 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this study, we aimed to synthesize restorative microcapsules using aminopropyl triethoxy silane through a combination of both microemulsions with a sol–gel technique and vinyl ester resin used as a healing component. The characteristic features of the microcapsules were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM and confirmed by the formation of core‐shell microspheres with desired properties. The fabricated core‐shell microspheres were reinforced into a hybrid resin (vinyl ester (80): epoxy (20)/silane modified carbon fiber composites) using the hand lay‐up method. The effect of the microspheres on the mechanical and self‐healing properties of composites was investigated. The mechanical test results showed a significant improvement in the flexural and impact strength by approximately 23% and 30%, respectively. The healing property was observed using the flexural test and the results indicated that the recovered strength almost 74% of the composites after initial damage was due to the healing medicine released from the broken portion of the core‐shell microspheres that filled and cured the cracked area of the composites.