bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infrared, Ultraviolet, and Visible Spectrophotometric Determination of Imidan in Animal Dips and Sprays
Authors: Czech Fred P , Mack Marvin D , Evans George 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Procedures utilizing certain regions of spectral energy for the analysis of Imidan in emulsifiable and wettable powder concentrates, aqueous livestock dips, spray dips, and sprays are presented and compared. The UV method is recommended for rapid analysis of proprietary concentrates. IR and colorimetric methods are advised for filth-laden animal dips and sprays. The IR method can be genrerally applied, is entirely specific for Imidan, and is quite precise. The other procedures are particularly useful for determination of low levels of Imidan.
Fate of Diazinon in Field-Sprayed Agricultural Crops, Soil, and Olive Oil
Authors: Eberle D O , Novak D 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Residues of unchanged diazinon in agricultural crops, olive oil, and soil are measured routinely by an improved analytical method, using various selective gas chromatographic detector systems. The limit of detectability is 0.01 to 0.02 ppm, using analytical aliquots representing 1 g suhsamples. Possible metabolites with strong cholinesterase-inhibiting activity are detected on TLC plates by fly head cholinesterase inhibition with a limit of detection of 0.002 ppm from 1 g suhsamples. Residues of diazinon dissipate rapidly. Traces of oxodiazinon were detected, but no other cholinesterase- inhibiting metabolites were discovered at any time between application and harvest.
Cyclodiene Chemistry. II. Identification of the Derivatives Employed in the Confirmation of Heptachlor, Heptachlor Epoxide, cis-Chlordane, and frans-Chlordane Residues
Authors: Cochrane W P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The effect of strong basic reagents on the title compounds was investigated. The dehydrochlorination of cis-chlordane proceeds rapidly to give 3-chlorochlordene, whereas its isomer, trans-chlordane, loses HCl very slowly to yield 2-chlorochlordene. The difference in rates of HCl elimination and the formation of isomeric chloro-vinyl derivatives is discussed with reference to the mechanisms of the reactions and the structures of the parent compounds. The action of basic reagents on heptachlor epoxide resulted in preferential epoxide isomerization (or rearrangement) to an allylic alcohol derivative. The structure of this α,β- unsaturated alcohol was elucidated from the characterization of the products formed by chlorination and oxidation. Ileptachlor undergoes substitution to give 1-hydroxychlordene in basic hydroxylic media. The addition reactions of tert.-butyl hypochlorite/glacial acetic acid to both heptachlor and aldrin are also mentioned.
Note on a Two-Dimensional Thin Layer Chromatographic Technique for Identification of Pesticide Residues in Troublesome Samples
Authors: Kawatski J A , Frasch D L 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Pesticide residue samples which have not been cleaned up enough for confirmatory TLC are spotted and developed in two directions on alumina plates. After ascending development with n-heptane, plates are rotated 90° and developed with n-heptane-saturated acetonitrile to separate residue spots from sample interferences.
Interlaboratory Study of Analytical Techniques for Fluorine in Vegetation
Authors: Jacobson Jay S , McCune D C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An interlaboratory study of fluorine analyses on plant tissues was performed to determine the current levels of within- and between-laboratory precision. Homogeneous, ground, fluorine-containing leaf tissues of alfalfa, citrus, gladiolus, pine, and orchard grass were analyzed by the routine methods currently in use in 31 different laboratories. Wide differences in results from these laboratories were obtained. Variations in procedures, techniques, and operating conditions probably account for the large relative standard deviations between laboratories, which ranged from 12.7 to 25.4%. The results of duplicate analyses indicated that some laboratories had difficulty in obtaining reproducible results. Greater attention to detail, more careful performance of operations, increased use of check procedures, standardization of techniques, and development and use of referee samples are needed in order to improve agreement within and between laboratories.
Neutron Activation and Atomic Absorption Analyses of Chemical Elements in Soil
Authors: Brunelle R L , Hoffman C M , Snow K B , Pro M J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Procedures are described for the determination of about 20 chemical elements in soil by NAA and AAA. It is shown that the combination of these techniques is particularly suitable for soil analysis, because a large number of both major and minor elements can be determined with good precision and accuracy.
Neutron Activation Analysis of Selenium in Biological Samples
Authors: Lambert J P F , Levander O , Argrett L , Simpson R E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The selenium content in tissues of rats fed chronically toxic levels of selenium was determined by neutron activation analysis. The results were highly dependent on the value of the 77mSe half-life used in the computations. The best half-life value was selected by comparing results for different values of half-life feith those from a colorimetric determination of identical samples. The neutron activation analysis method is rapid, nondestructive, and free of any chemical procedures. Selenium was determined at a 3 μg level with a counting error of ± 6% at the 95% confidence level.
Dry Ash Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Phosphorus in Milk
Authors: Bedessem R V , Alioto P , Moubry R J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Magnesium nitrate is added to milk, which is then dry ashed. Phosphorus is determined colorimetrically after reaction with bisulfitehydroquinone and ammonium molyhdate. A standard curve and blank analysis are used in the final calculation. Recoveries of phosphorus averaged 95 to 105%. Results of duplicate analysis are presented to show the precision of the method.
An Automatic Filter Pipet
Authors: Ellis John H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A precise automatic pipet has been developed to automate the filtering and aliquoting steps inherent in many chemical analyses. The pipet can be operated as a single unit or in a series; the standard deviation for 10 determinations with a 25 ml pipet was 0.020 and for an array of six 75ml pipets was 0.033.
Comparison of the Automatic Dumas and Kjeldahl Methods for the Determination of Total Nitrogen in Fertilizers
Authors: Morris G F , Carson R B , Jopkiewicz W T 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Representative N-P-K fertilizers were analyzed for total nitrogen by the automatic Dumas method, using a catalyst-assisted combustion at 900°C, and by the macro Kjeldahl method. The precision and accuracy of both methods were considered to be adequate for this type of material and compared favorably. The automatic Dumas method gave slightly higher results than the Kjeldahl method and a statistical evaluation of the experimental data showed that the Kjeldahl method was generally more precise.
Effects of Washing Technique in the Determination of Citrate-Insoluble and Available P2O5 in Triple Superphosphate
Authors: Harwell W J , Hewitt E B 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The results of the citrate-insoluble and available phosphorus determinations are influenced by the technique used in the initial step, the removal of the water-soluble fraction. An “active” washing technique in removing all of the water-soluble fraction will give lower values for citrate-insoluble phosphorus and higher values for available phosphorus.
Isolation and Purification of Ochratoxins A and B and Preparation of Their Methyl and Ethyl Esters
Authors: Nesheim Stanley 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Ochratoxins are extracted with hot chloroform from Aspergillus ochraceus cultures grown on moist shredded wheat breakfast cereal. The chloroform solution is mixed with hexane to precipitate the ochratoxins, which are filtered off and redissolved in fresh chloroform. The ochratoxins are further purified by extraction from the chloroform solution with 0.5Af aqueous bicarbonate and transfer to another portion of chloroform after acidification of the salt solution. Ochratoxins A and B are separated from each other by gradient .silica gel column chromatography, using an acetic acid-benzene cluant; the fractions are analyzed by TLC densitometry. Final purification is by crystallization of ochratoxin A from benzene and ochratoxin B from methanol. The ethyl and methyl esters of ochratoxins A and B are prepared by boron fluoride-catalyzed esterification with ethanol or methanol and are purified by aqueous sodium bicarbonate extraction from a chloroform solution.
Simultaneous Determination of Phosphorus, Iron, and Aluminum in Phosphate Rock and Fertilizer Systems by Automated Colorimetric Analysis
Authors: Hoyt Jack L , Jordan Donald E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An automated colorimetric method is used to simultaneously determine phosphorus, iron, and aluminum in phosphate rock and various solid and liquid fertilizer systems. Combination of an in situ dilution technique for phosphorus with a sample splitting technique results in an effective analysis rate of 60, 90, or 120 determinations/hr (20, 30, or 40 samples/hr, 3 elements/sample). Phosphorus is determined as the molybdovanadophosphate complex at 420 mμ; iron and aluminum are both determinated as “Ferron” (8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinoline sulfonic acid) complexes with the iron complex determined at 610 mμ and combined iron and aluminum complexes determined at 366 mμ. The precision and accuracy are better than ±1% relative throughout the total range of 0.1 to 75% P2O5, and up to 10% Fe2O3 and 10% AL2O3.
Determination of Free and Total Water in Fertilizers by Karl Fischer Titration
Authors: Duncan R D , Brabson J A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Free water in fertilizers is determined by extraction of the sample with 1,4-dioxane and titration of the extract with Karl Fischer reagent. Total water is determined by distillation of n-amyl alcohol from its mixture with the sample and titration of the distillate with Karl Fischer reagent. Hydrate water is taken as the difference between the total water and the free water.
Collaborative Study of a Method for Determination of MVIalic Acid in Grapes and Grape Products
Authors: Fernandez-Flores E , Johnson Arthur R , Blomquist Victor H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The polarimetric method for the determination of l-malic acid in grape juice and grape products has been further modified by increasing the amount of potassium acetate used, adjusting the alcohol wash concentration, and utilizing a more efficient filtration for the removal of interfering tartrate salts. Collaborators reported acceptable results and no difficulties were reported. It is recommended that the method as modified be adopted as official first action for the determination of l-malic acid in grape juice and grape products.
Determination of Total Solids in Frozen Spinach
Authors: Winter F H 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The frozen contents of the package, including frost crystals, are first thawed in warm water and then blended. A portion of the blended sample is mixed with dried diatomaceous earth and then dried at 105°C to constant weight in an oven with mechanical air circulation or gravity convection. The results give total solids present, including water picked up by blanching, and are a measure of efficiency of draining before freezing. The method was applied to over 100 samples of commercially frozen spinach with standard deviations ranging from ±0.03 to ±0.13 within replications.
Studies on the Possible Formation of Azo Compounds in Rumen Fluid
Authors: Katz Stanley E , Fassbender Carol A , Strusz Richard F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Studies of the transformations of substituted urea herbicides in rumen fluid, using metobromuron as a pilot compound, indicated that one of the products is the corresponding aniline. Because it was possible for a diazotization reaction to take place from the reduction of nitrate to hydroxylamine and ammonia through a transient nitrite step, the formation of azo compounds in rumen fluid was investigated. Incubation of 3,4-dichloroaniline with rumen fluid did not result in t he formation of any measurable azo compounds. The stability in rumen fluid of a known azo compound, 3,3’,4,4’-tetrachloroazobenzene, was also studied. Evidence is presented to show that azo compounds can break down in rumen fluid.
GLC Determination of Dichlorvos in Milk, Eggs, and Various Body Tissues of Cattle and Chickens
Authors: Ivey M C , Claborn H V 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A gas chromatograph equipped with a flame photometric detector provided a highly sensitive method of determining residues of dichlorvos in milk, eggs, and various body tissues of cattle and chickens. Extraction and cleanup makes possible the detection of 0.003 ppm dichlorvos in milk and 0.002 ppm in body tissues and eggs. Recoveries of 79–87% are obtained from fat, muscle, and chicken skin, 93–97% from milk, and 77% from eggs.
Evaluation of Eight Gas Chromatographic Columns for Chlorinated Pesticides
Authors: Thompson John F , Walker Annita C , Moseman Robert F 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Eight single and mixed polarity column packings were prepared and optimum operating parameters were determined for each column. Data were obtained for efficiency, effect on detector sensitivity, absolute retention times, and peak elution patterns. Retention and peak height response values, both relative to aldrin, are reported for 50 chlorinated pesticides and related compounds on the eight columns. The column of 3% diethylene glycol succinate and the mixed liquid phase columns of 2% OV-1/3% QF-1 and 1.5% OV-17/1.95% QF-1 performed very well by virtue of their capacity for high efficiency, response, practical retention times, and compound separation characteristics.
Modification of the AOAC Method for Multiple Pesticide Residues in Nonfatty Foods for Samples of High-Sugar Content
Authors: Porter Mildred L , Burke Jerry A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Data are presented which illustrate a tendency to high results by the AOAC method for multiple pesticide residues with samples containing sugar. Addition of 50 ml water to 200 ml acetonitrile before sample extraction reduces sugar concentration and overcomes separation of water and acetonitrile which concentrates pesticides in the acetonitrile phase; this is suitable for fruit and other samples containing about 5–15% sugar. For samples with a higher sugar content the extractant requires heating. Recoveries from a variety of fruits, using the proposed method, range from 87–100%. Extraction of residues of aldrin, dieldrin, and methoxychlor, resulting from foliar spraying, shows that extraction efficiency is 91, 94, and 99%,respectively, of a Soxhlet extraction with chloroform-methanol. The relatively simple modification is easily incorporated into the AOAC method without further change of the basic approach.
Collaborative Study of Nonaqueous Titration Method for Dodine in Formulations
Authors: Pasarela N Robert 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A nonaqueous titration method for the determination of dodine in 65% wettable powder formulations was studied by ten collaborators. The dodine is extracted from the formulation with acetic acid-acetic anhydride (10 + 90). The extract is filtered, and the resultant acetylated compound in solution is basic enough to be titratable with perchloric acid at a relatively low potential. The titration is carried out potentiometrically or visually, using metanil yellow as an indicator. The coefficients of variation for re-dodecylguanidine acetate standard and the 65% wettable powder formulation were 0.24 and 0.55%, respectively. The method is recommended for adoption as official first action.
Collaborative Study on a Method for Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Green Coffee Beans
Authors: Levi Colette P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Nine laboratories collaboratively studied a method for the detection of aflatoxin B1 in green coffee beans. The method investigated incorporates a Florisil column cleanup step, followed by visual estimation of aflatoxin. The method is recommended for adoption as official first action for semiquantitative determination of aflatoxin B1. Further study is required on the Florisil cleanup step.
Enhancing evacuation response to extreme weather disasters using public transportation systems: a novel simheuristic approach
Authors: Yazdani Maziar , Mojtahedi Mohammad , Loosemore Martin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In recent years, there have been an increasing number of extreme weather events that have had major impacts on the built environment and particularly on people living in urban areas. As the frequency and intensity of such events are predicted to increase in the future, innovative response strategies to cope with potential emergency conditions, particularly evacuation planning and management, are becoming more important. Although mass transit evacuation of populations at risk is recognized to play a potentially important role in reducing injury and mortality rates, there is relatively little research in this area. In answering the need for more research in this increasingly important and relatively new field of research, this study proposes a hybrid simulation–optimization approach to maximize the number of evacuees moved from disaster-affected zones to safe locations. In order to improve the efficiency of the proposed optimization approach, a novel multipopulation differential evolution approach based on an opposition-based learning concept is developed. The results indicate that even for large populations the proposed approach can produce high-quality options for decision makers in reasonable computational times. The proposed approach enables emergency decision makers to apply the procedure in practice to find the best strategies for evacuation, even when the time for decision making is severely limited.
Improved stomatal opening enhances photosynthetic rate and biomass production in fluctuating light
Authors: Kimura Haruki , Hashimoto-Sugimoto Mimi , Iba Koh , Terashima Ichiro , Yamori Wataru 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
It has been reported that stomatal conductance often limits the steady-state photosynthetic rate. On the other hand, the stomatal limitation of photosynthesis in fluctuating light remains largely unknown, although in nature light fluctuates due to changes in sun position, cloud cover, and the overshadowing canopy. In this study, we analysed three mutant lines of Arabidopsis with increased stomatal conductance to examine to what extent stomatal opening limits photosynthesis in fluctuating light. The slac1 (slow anion channel-associated 1) and ost1 (open stomata 1) mutants with stay-open stomata, and the PATROL1 (proton ATPase translocation control 1) overexpression line with faster stomatal opening responses exhibited higher photosynthetic rates and plant growth in fluctuating light than the wild-type, whereas these four lines showed similar photosynthetic rates and plant growth in constant light. The slac1 and ost1 mutants tended to keep their stomata open in fluctuating light, resulting in lower water-use efficiency (WUE) than the wild-type. However, the PATROL1 overexpression line closed stomata when needed and opened stomata immediately upon irradiation, resulting in similar WUE to the wild-type. The present study clearly shows that there is room to optimize stomatal responses, leading to greater photosynthesis and biomass accumulation in fluctuating light in nature.
Use of a Digital Cognitive Aid in the Early Management of Simulated War Wounds in a Combat Environment, a Randomized Trial
Authors: Truchot Michael , Balança Baptiste , Wey Pierre François , Tazarourte Karim , Lecomte François , Le Goff Arnaud , Leigh-Smith Simon , Lehot Jean Jacques , Rimmele Thomas , Cejka Jean Christophe 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The French army has implemented an algorithm based on the acronym “MARCHE RYAN,” each letter standing for a key action to complete in order to help first care providers during emergency casualty care. On the battlefield, the risk of error is increased, and the use of cognitive aids (CAs) might be helpful to avoid distraction. We investigated the effect of using a digital CA (MAX, for Medical Assistance eXpert) by combat casualty care providers on their technical and nontechnical performances during the early management of simulated war wounds, compared to their memory and training alone.

Materials and Methods
We conducted a randomized, controlled, unblinded study between July 2016 and February 2017. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ethical Board of Desgenettes Army Training Hospital (14.06.2017 n°385) and was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03483727). It took place during medicalization training in hostile environment (“MEDICHOS”) in Chamonix Mont-Blanc and in the first aid training center in La Valbonne military base (France). Each participant had to deal with two different scenarios, one with MAX (MAX+) and the other without (MAX−). Scenarios were held using either high-fidelity patient simulators or actors as wounded patients. The primary outcome was participants’ technical performance rated as their adherence to the MARCHE RYAN procedure (maximum 100%). The secondary outcome was the nontechnical performance according to the Ottawa crisis resource management Global Rating Scale (maximum 42).

Results
Technical performance was significantly higher in the MAX+ scenarios (70.60 IQR [63.70–73.56] than in the MAX− scenarios (56.25 IQR [52.88–62.09], p = 0.002). The Ottawa scores were significantly higher in the MAX+ scenarios (31.50 IQR [29.50–33.75]) than in the MAX− scenarios (29.50 IQR [24.50–32.00], p = 0.031).

Conclusions
The use of a digital CA by combat casualty care providers improved technical and nontechnical performances during field training of simulated crises. Following recommendations on the design and use of CA, regular team training would improve fluidity in the use and acceptance of an aid, by a highly drilled professional corporation with a strong culture of leadership. Digital CA should be tested at a larger scale in order to validate their contribution to real combat casualty care.
Afterglow light curves from misaligned structured jets
Authors: Beniamini Paz , Granot Jonathan , Gill Ramandeep 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
GRB 170817A/GW 170817 is the first gamma-ray burst (GRB) clearly viewed far from the GRB jet’s symmetry axis. Its afterglow was densely monitored over a wide range of frequencies and times. It has been modelled extensively, primarily numerically, and although this endeavour was very fruitful, many of the underlying model parameters remain undetermined. We provide analytic modelling of GRB afterglows observed off-axis, considering jets with a narrow core (of half-opening angle θc) and power-law wings in energy per unit solid angle (ϵ = ϵcΘ−a where Θ = [1 + (θ/θc)2]1/2) and initial specific kinetic energy (Γ0 − 1 = [Γc, 0 − 1]Θ−b), as well as briefly discuss Gaussian jets. Our study reveals qualitatively different types of light curves that can be viewed in future off-axis GRBs, with either single or double peaks, depending on the jet structure and the viewing angle. Considering the light-curve shape rather than the absolute normalizations of times and/or fluxes, removes the dependence of the light curve on many of the highly degenerate burst parameters. This study can be easily used to determine the underlying jet structure, significantly reduce the effective parameter space for numerical fitting attempts and provide physical insights. As an illustration, we show that for GRB 170817A, there is a strong correlation between the allowed values of Γc, 0 and b, leading to a narrow strip of allowed solutions in the Γc, 0–b plane above some minimal values Γc, 0 ≳ 40, b ≳ 1.2. Furthermore, the Lorentz factor of the material dominating the early light curve can be constrained by three independent techniques to be Γ0(θmin, 0) ≈ 5–7.