bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where did the globular clusters of the Milky Way form? Insights from the E-MOSAICS simulations
Authors: Keller Benjamin W , Kruijssen J M Diederik , Pfeffer Joel , Reina-Campos Marta , Bastian Nate , Trujillo-Gomez Sebastian , Hughes Meghan E , Crain Robert A 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Globular clusters (GCs) are typically old, with most having formed at z ≳ 2. This makes understanding their birth environments difficult, as they are typically too distant to observe with sufficient angular resolution to resolve GC birth sites. Using 25 cosmological zoom-in simulations of Milky Way-like galaxies from the E-MOSAICS project, with physically motivated models for star formation, feedback, and the formation, evolution, and disruption of GCs, we identify the birth environments of present-day GCs. We find roughly half of GCs in these galaxies formed in situ (52.0 ± 1.0 per cent) between z ≈ 2–4, in turbulent, high-pressure discs fed by gas that was accreted without ever being strongly heated through a virial shock or feedback. A minority of GCs form during mergers (12.6 ± 0.6 per cent in major mergers, and 7.2 ± 0.5 per cent in minor mergers), but we find that mergers are important for preserving the GCs seen today by ejecting them from their natal, high density interstellar medium (ISM), where proto-GCs are rapidly destroyed due to tidal shocks from ISM substructure. This chaotic history of hierarchical galaxy assembly acts to mix the spatial and kinematic distribution of GCs formed through different channels, making it difficult to use observable GC properties to distinguish GCs formed in mergers from ones formed by smooth accretion, and similarly GCs formed in situ from those formed ex situ. These results suggest a simple picture of GC formation, in which GCs are a natural outcome of normal star formation in the typical, gas-rich galaxies that are the progenitors of present-day galaxies.
Epidural dexmedetomidine infusion in a patient with chronic opioid use and intractable pain following abdominoperineal resection
Authors: Silvaggio Mathew P , Toman Melanie K , Peters Braden 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha 2 adrenergic agonist with known analgesic properties. Its perioperative use is associated with reduced pain scores and an opioid sparing effect. Management of postoperative pain in patients with a history of chronic opioid use can be challenging. Multimodal analgesia is recommended although the perioperative use of dexmedetomidine has not been extensively studied in this patient population. We present a case of intractable abdominal pain following open abdominoperineal resection in a patient with rectal cancer and a history of chronic opioid use. Following the introduction of dexmedetomidine into the patient’s postoperative epidural solution, a noticeable decline in reported pain scores and use of breakthrough analgesia was appreciated. The analgesic efficacy of epidural dexmedetomidine in patients with a history of chronic opioid use warrants further study.
Ovarian sex cord tumour with annular tubules in a 13-year-old female: a case report
Authors: Yahaya James J , Mshana Daudi , Mremi Alex 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Sex cord tumour with annular tubules (SCTAT) is uncommon and distinctive type of sex cord-stromal tumours of the ovary which develops from sex cord cells. Most of SCTATs are strongly associated with Peutz–Jeghers syndrome (PJS) and have low malignancy potential; however, 20% of non-PJS-associated SCTATs have been reported to have high malignancy potential. Herein, we present a 13-year-old female who presented with severe abdominal pain localized in the right lower side, associated with nausea. Based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings, the diagnosis was confirmed to be SCTAT. SCTAT of the ovary is extremely rare in the paediatric population as compared to the general population. Its occurrence among paediatrics as it was the case in the patient described in this paper may pose diagnostic challenges due to lack of clinical suspicion and therefore resulting in delay of diagnosis.
Subungual exostosis recurrence in a 16-year-old athletic male
Authors: Ardebol Javier , Mubarak Amir 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Subungual exostosis is a painful, benign bony outgrowth projecting from the distal phalanx of the toes. The present case consists of a 16-year-old male that presented to the primary clinic with a single circumscribed painful lesion underneath the nail of the first phalanx of the left foot that recurred after surgical extraction.
Using the Lateral Pontine Safe Entry Zone for Resection of Deep-Seated Cavernous Malformations in the Lateral Pons: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Cavalcanti Daniel D , Catapano Joshua S , Niemeyer Filho Paulo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The retrosigmoid approach is one of the main approaches used in the surgical management of pontine cavernous malformations. It definitely provides a lateral route to large central lesions but also makes possible resection of some ventral lesions as an alternative to the petrosal approaches. However, when these vascular malformations do not emerge on surface, one of the safe corridors delimited by the origin of the trigeminal nerve and the seventh-eight cranial nerve complex can be used.
1-5

Baghai et al
2
described the lateral pontine safe entry zone in 1982, as an alternative to approaches through the floor of the fourth ventricle when performing tumor biopsies. They advocated a small neurotomy performed right between the emergence of the trigeminal nerve and the facial-vestibulocochlear cranial nerves complex. Accurate image guidance, intraoperative cranial nerve monitoring, and comprehensive anatomical knowledge are critical for this approach.
4,5

Knowing the natural history of a brainstem cavernous malformation after bleeding,
6
we sought to demonstrate in this video: (1) the use of the retrosigmoid craniotomy in lateral decubitus for resection of deep-seated pontine cavernous malformations; (2) the wide opening of arachnoid membranes and dissection of the superior petrosal vein complex to improve surgical freedom and prevent use of fixed cerebellar retraction; and (3) the opening of the petrosal fissure and exposure of the lateral pontine zone for gross total resection of a cavernous malformation in a 19-yr-old female with a classical crossed brainstem syndrome. She had full neurological recovery after 3 mo of follow-up.
The patient consented in full to the surgical procedure and publication of the video and manuscript.
MEASUREMENT OF OPERATIONAL DOSIMETRY QUANTITIES FOR NUCLEAR MEDICINE STAFF
Authors: Dehghan Nahid , Sina Sedigheh 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
According to the ALARA principle, exposure to radiation should be reduced as low as reasonably achievable. This principle is very important in nuclear medicine (NM), and different investigations have been performed by establishing protocols and standards for staff protection. This study aims to measure the operational quantities, personal dose equivalent, Hp (10), Hp (0.07) and Hp (3) for NM staff in Shiraz hospitals, and comparison with dose limits. Two types of dosimeters, TLD-100 and GR-200, were used in this study. In the first step, the calibration of dosimeters was performed using different phantoms. Then, a group of dosimeters was prepared and used for 1 month on the heads, wrists and chests of the staff for measurement of Hp (3), Hp (0.07) and Hp (10), respectively. The obtained values of Hp (10) were compared with the results of their personal dosimetry, film badge. The results of this study show good consistency in the measurements using the two dosimeters.
Narcolepsy type 1: what have we learned from genetics?
Authors: Ollila Hanna M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Type-1 narcolepsy is a severe neurological disorder with distinct characteristic of loss of hypocretin neurotransmitter. Genetic analysis in type-1 narcolepsy have revealed a unique signal pointing toward autoimmune, rather than psychiatric origin. While type-1 narcolepsy has been intensively studied, the other subtypes of hypersomnolence, narcolepsy, and hypersomnia are less thoroughly understood. This review summarizes the latest breakthroughs in the field in narcolepsy. The goal of this article is to help the reader to understand better the risk from genetic factors and their interplay with immune, genetic, and epidemiological aspects in narcolepsy.
Society of Behavioral Medicine Update: retain support for the National Colorectal Cancer Roundtable’s call to action to reach 80% colorectal cancer screening
Authors: Tussing-Humphreys Lisa , Buscemi Joanna , Kanoon Jacqueline M , Watts Elizabeth A , Watson Karriem , Fitzgibbon Marian , Jung Barbara , Winn Robert 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the USA. CRC can be prevented through regular screening and removal of precancerous polyps. However, roughly one third of eligible adults in the USA are not up to date with recommended CRC screening. To increase timely CRC screening uptake in the USA, in 2014, the National Colorectal Cancer Roundtable (NCCRT) launched 80% by 2018. This multilevel effort involved more than 1,500 pledged organizations targeting patients, providers, health care systems, and policymakers to increase U.S. CRC screening rates to 80% by 2018. Concurrent with this campaign, between 2012 and 2018, CRC screening rates increased nationwide by 3.6% from 65.2% to 68.8%, meaning that about 9.3 million more U.S. adults are being screened. NCCRT attributes these successes to widespread implementation of center- and system-wide evidence-based interventions to increase screening uptake, including direct patient communication, provider reminders via electronic health records, and patient navigation, among others. Moving beyond 2018, NCCRT has rebranded the initiative as the 80% Pledge and has since identified several targeted campaigns, including increased outreach to Hispanics, Latinos, and Asians, whose CRC screening uptake remains less than 50%; encouragement of Medicaid outreach activities around CRC screening in all 50 states; and advocacy for screening right at 50 years of age. Society of Behavioral Medicine continues to support NCCRT and encourages policymakers to do the same by taking legislative action to assure funding for Medicaid outreach, research innovations, and clinical quality improvement that supports the 80% Pledge.
11Science and Medicine
Authors: Chico Tita 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe titles reviewed in this chapter concern science and medicine studies. They represent work drawn from a variety of contexts and disciplinary perspectives, including science and technology, the history of science, literary studies, critical race theory, public health, the philosophy of science, law, ethnography, anthropology, architecture, and geology. The chapter has five sections: 1. Histories and Historicity; 2. Epistemology and Dissemination; 3. Institutions and Praxis; 4. Bodies and Subjectivities; and 5. Conversations (Journals).
First Oral Immunotherapy for Peanut Allergy
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: May 2020

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) allergen powder-dnfp (Palforzia) is the first oral immunotherapy for children ages four to 17 years who have been diagnosed with a peanut allergy.Like subcutaneous forms of immunotherapy, Palforzia introduces the allergen in increasing doses and risks inducing allergic responses, including anaphylaxis.
Reducing Waste in the Clinical Setting
Authors: Wohlford Sara , Esteves-Fuentes Nathalia , Carter Kimberly Ferren 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
Nurses have the capacity and opportunity to alter their organization's environmental footprint. This article addresses how they can strengthen efficiency and environmental sustainability initiatives in their facilities by engaging in, monitoring, and supporting environmentally friendly clinical practices and programs at the point of care. Included are practical tips and examples of projects in which nurses identified sources of waste—the relaundering of unused linens; disposal of unused products; and improper sorting of pharmaceutical waste, recycling, and regulated medical waste—and realized significant cost savings as well as improved efficiency and environmental sustainability.
Automated CT Biomarkers Predict Cardiovascular Events and Survival Better than Clinical Parameters
Authors: Rosenberg Karen 
Published: May 2020

According to this study:

In asymptomatic adults, fully automated quantitative tissue biomarkers derived from computed tomography (CT) scans can perform better than established clinical parameters in predicting future cardiovascular events and overall survival.These data support the added value of abdominal CT scans performed for other indications.
Tear Levels of IGFBP-3: A Potential Biomarker for Diabetic Nerve Changes in the Cornea
Authors: Stuard Whitney L. , Titone Rossella , Robertson Danielle M. 
Published: May 2020

Introduction:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic levels in the United States and worldwide. Ocular complications from this disease include diabetic retinopathy and keratopathy, both of which can lead to significant vision loss. While frequently underappreciated, diabetic keratopathy is associated with painful ocular surface disorders, including corneal erosions and delayed wound healing. Recent work in our laboratory has focused on the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in diabetic corneal disease.

Methods:
Here, we review recent findings on the presence of IGF-1, insulin, and the insulin-like binding protein (IGFBP-3) in human tear fluid and evaluate their potential use as biomarkers in diabetes. We further examine clinical evidence using in vivo confocal microscopy as an important imaging biomarker in diabetes and discuss associations between tear film changes in diabetes and corneal nerve loss.

Results:
IGFBP-3 was the only tear film marker significantly associated with nerve loss in type 2 diabetes, whereas tear levels of IGF-1 were associated with aging. Interestingly, tear levels of IGFBP-3 were not directly related to serum levels of HbA1c, suggesting that hyperglycemia alone is not driving increased secretion of this protein.

Conclusions:
Overwhelming evidence supports the use of in vivo confocal microscopy as a tool to evaluate corneal nerve and epithelial changes induced by diabetes in research settings. The newly identified relationship between morphological changes in the corneal subbasal nerve plexus in diabetes and the increase in tear levels of IGFBP-3 suggest that this protein may represent an innovative new biomarker to assess risk of ocular and nonocular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Management of Post-DALK Recipient Posterior Stromal Scarring: A Novel Approach
Authors: Sharma Vijay K. , Trehan Hemant S. , Kurumkattil Raji , Dhar Sanjay K. 
Published: May 2020

Aim:
Management of recipient posterior stromal scarring following deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) by a novel approach.

Methods:
A side port knife bent at the tip is used to make a linear incision in the host posterior stroma. Plane between host posterior stroma and DALK tissue is separated using a reverse sinskey hook and multiple radial incisions are made using microvitroretinal scissors. The recipient posterior stromal wedges are removed using 20G vitrector with a cut rate of 800 cuts/min. A Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty lenticule is inserted into the anterior chamber and apposed to the posterior surface of DALK tissue using air tamponade.

Result:
This technique was used in 10 patients who showed clearing of the scarring after the surgery with good apposition of the donor graft to the previous DALK tissue. Conclusion: This is a sutureless, relatively simple, inexpensive, and effective novel surgical technique that avoids complications of open sky procedure and can be replicated in any ophthalmologic operation theatre setup.
Passive Verification: A Flawed System Putting Patients' Sight at Risk
Authors: Yupari Renato J. , Steinemann Thomas L. 
Published: May 2020

Objective:
To assess the rate of erroneous or expired (invalid) contact lens prescriptions submitted for passive verification at two practice sites in Cleveland, OH.

Methods:
Passive verification facsimile (FAX) requests were collected from office staff at a county hospital (MetroHealth [MH]), and at a private ophthalmology group office (University Ophthalmology Associates [UOA]) in Cleveland, Ohio, from January 2013 to January 2018.

Results:
A total of 415 verification requests were evaluated (339 MH, 75 UOA), 28.2% (104 MH, 13 UOA) were expired, 11.8% (48 MH, one UOA) were not under the care of the doctor to whom the request was directed, 8.9% (32 MH, 5 UOA) were incorrect, and 3.9% (16 MH, 0 UOA) did not complete fitting. The total rate of invalid prescriptions was 52.8% (200 MH, 19 UOA).

Conclusions:
There is a high rate of invalid prescriptions presented for passive verification. Although the majority of prescriptions are simply expired, there is a fraction of prescriptions that contain incorrect specification of lens parameters or no record of prescription by that doctor. The current mechanism of passive verification, with the burden on the provider for denial within a short time window, makes it likely that such prescriptions would be filled, potentially putting patient comfort and safety at risk.
Risk of HIV infection among adolescent girls and young women in age-disparate relationships in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Bajunirwe Francis , Semakula Daniel , Izudi Jonathan 
Published: May 2020

Objective:
To determine the association between age-disparate relationships and risk of HIV infection among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) aged 15–24 years.

Design:
Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies until January 5, 2020 in sub Saharan Africa (SSA).

Methods:
We searched several electronic databases, grey literature, and hand searched reference list of included studies to identify eligible studies for data abstraction. We assessed the quality of included studies using Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for nonrandomized studies. The DerSimonian–Laird random effects model was used to pool the overall results using risk ratios (RR), presented in a forest plot with 95% confidence interval (CI) and predictive interval. Heterogeneity was assessed with Cochrane's Q-test and quantified with I
2 values. Publication bias was checked with funnel plots and Egger's test.

Results:
We included 24 studies with an overall sample size of 33 390. Data show that age-disparate relationships were significantly associated with unprotected sexual intercourse (pooled RR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.34–1.83; 95% predictive interval, 1.22–2.02), and higher risk for HIV infection (pooled RR, 1.39; 95 CI, 1.21–1.60; 95% predictive interval, 0.80–2.42). Studies included in pooling risk of unprotected sexual intercourse were largely homogeneous (I
2-value= 0.0, P = 0.79) whereas those for HIV infection were heterogeneous (I
2- value = 89.0%, P < 0.01). We found no publication bias and no study influenced the meta-analytic results.

Conclusion:
Age-disparate relationships among AGYW are associated with increased risk of unprotected sexual intercourse and HIV infection in SSA. HIV prevention interventions should target this sub-population.
Acquired fluoroquinolone resistance genes in corneal isolates ofPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Khan Mahjabeen , Summers Stephen , Rice Scott A , Stapleton Fiona , Willcox Mark D P , Subedi Dinesh 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFluroquinolones are widely used as an empirical therapy for pseudomonal ocular infections. Based on increasing reports on acquired fluroquinolone resistance genes in clinical isolates ofPseudomonas aeruginosa, we investigated 33 strains ofP. aeruginosaisolated from the cornea of microbial keratitis patients in India and Australia between 1992 and 2018 to understand the prevalence of acquired fluroquinolone resistance genes in ocular isolates and to assess whether the possession of those genes was associated with fluoroquinolone susceptibility. We obtained the whole genome sequence of 33 isolates using Illumina MiSeq platform and investigated the prevalence of two fluoroquinolone resistance genescrpPandqnrVC1. To examine the associated mobile genetic elements ofqnrVC1positive strains, we obtained long read sequences using Oxford Nanopore MinION and performed hybrid assembly to combine long reads with Illumina short sequence reads. We further assessed mutations in QRDRs and antibiotic susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin to examine the association between resistance genes and phenotype. Twenty strains possessedcrpPin genetic islands characterised by possession of integrative conjugative elements. TheqnrVC1gene was carried by four isolates on class I integrons and Tn3transposons along with aminoglycoside and beta-lactam resistance genes. We did not observe any evidence of plasmids carrying fluroquinolone resistance genes. Resistance to fluroquinolones was observed in those strains which possessedcrpP, qnrVC1and that had QRDRs mutations. The presence ofcrpPwas not a sole cause of fluroquinolone resistance.
Human Antibodies Targeting a Transporter Mediate Protection Against Tuberculosis
Authors: Watson Avia , Li Hao , Ma Bingting , Weiss Ronen , Bendayan Danielle , Abramovitz Lilach , Mor Michael , Pinko Erica , Bar-Oz Michal , Wang Zhenqi , Du Fengjiao , Lu Yu , Rybniker Jan , Huang Hairong , Barkan Daniel , Xiang Ye , Javid Babak , Freund Natalia T 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTEvidence has emerged that some healthy individuals with a history of exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) can develop protective antibody responses. However, it is not known whether patients with active tuberculosis elicit protective antibodies, and if they do, which bacterial antigens are targeted. To investigate the B cell responses during active infection, we generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies isolated from memory B cells of one patient. The antibodies, members of four distinct B cell clones, were directed against the Mtb phosphate transporter subunit PstS1. Antibodies p4–36 and p4–163 from two different B cell clones showed protective efficacy against Mtb and Mycobacterium bovis-BCG in an ex vivo human whole blood growth inhibition assay. Germline versions of p4–36 and p4–163 could no longer bind Mtb, implying that affinity maturation was vital for their activity. Crystal structures of p4–36 and a closely related clonal variant of p4–163, p4–170, complexed to PstS1 were determined at a resolution of 2.1Å and 2.4Å and revealed that the two antibodies recognize two distinctive epitopes on PstS1. As a proof of principle, p4–36 and p4–163 were used in a passive vaccination setting in aerosol Mtb-infected Balb/c mice, where both antibodies reduced bacterial lung burden by 50% after a single injection prior to Mtb infection. Our study shows that inhibitory B cell responses arise during active tuberculosis and identifies PstS1 as a target for elicitation of anti-Mtb antibodies.