bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lessons Learned From 10 Years of CO2 Reduction Efforts and Reporting
Authors: Kuykendall Dina , Sun Jeanne-Mey 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to share our lessons learned from 10 years of carbon emission reduction efforts and reporting. This includes emissions from our direct operations and value chain and more recent efforts to measure, reduce, and verify emissions from our products and services. We provide a holistic view of our journey, including successes and challenges.
Our data collection efforts have evolved over the years as we’ve endeavored to obtain verifiable information across a complex global organization. We’ll describe how to select a scope and boundary, develop a reporting threshold, present data to improve visibility and drive behaviors, enhance reporting processes, obtain desired precision and accuracy, and ensure appropriate external verification. We also discuss considerations involved with external reporting through company reports, to CDP1, and to investor sustainability surveys. Finally, we review how to identify improvement projects, establish the business case, examine funding mechanisms, organize an internal strategy team and leverage internal and external collaboration forums.
We’ll demonstrate how our 10-year track record of consistent progress enabled our bold commitment, to reduce our combined Scope 1 and 2 carbon equivalent emissions 50% by 2030 and to achieve net-zero by 2050. Our carbon reduction pathways include:

Facility Operational Improvements
Identifying opportunities using energy treasure hunts, audits, and Lean Six Sigma/kaizen events, installing smart meters, variable frequency drives, automation, additive and intelligent manufacturing, and lower emission refrigerants.

Building Construction, Renovation, and Retrofits
Using sustainable building standards and energy efficient equipment including LED lighting, building automation systems, heating/cooling equipment and building envelope.

Transportation in Company Vehicles
Implementing a vehicle idling policy, optimizing scheduling and logistics, and enabling use of electric vehicles.

Renewable Energy Sourcing
Incorporating an increased percentage of renewables in utility contracts and the increased use of onsite power generation through rooftop solar and other opportunities.

Tool and Equipment Redesign
Reducing energy consumption as identified by the systematic use of life cycle assessment to quantify emissions of our products and services.
In addition to tool and equipment redesign, we are working to reduce other elements of our Scope 3 emissions through employee commuting solutions and evaluating and adjusting modes of transport through the Eco Mode process.
We believe the continuity of experience across a full ten-year period provides a broad array of learnings, which can help others at various stages of their journey. As of mid-June 2019, we were the first and only energy service and equipment company to have made a carbon reduction commitment that aligns with the Paris Climate Accord, demonstrating that we will do our part to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
Eliminating Fatalities from Motor Vehicle Crashes in the Upstream Industry
Authors: Carvalho Mariana 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the period 2005-2018, land transportation-related incidents reported to the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers, IOGP, resulted in 195 workforce fatalities. Land transportation-related incidents have historically been the single largest cause of fatalities in IOGP member company operations. This paper summarises IOGP's Motor Vehicle Crash, MVC, data and how the IOGP Land Transportation Subcommittee, LTSC, is using it to launch initiatives aimed at eliminating fatalities from the Upstream industry.
IOGP members voluntarily report their annual Motor Vehicle Crash data against four categories: Category C - Catastrophic events, Category M - Major events, Category S - Serious events, Category O - Other events. IOGP Members are encouraged to collect kilometres/miles driven by motor vehicles on company business, including company, contractor or subcontractor vehicles. This data is required to calculate Motor Vehicle Crash Rates, MVCR.
If we accept that no loss of life is acceptable, that people are vulnerable, even the best trained and most experienced make mistakes, and that we share the roads, then what can we do eliminate fatalities from motor vehicle crashes?
Analysis of IOGP datasets, including MVC and the fatal events submitted for the annual safety performance indicators reporting, has led to a recommendation to implement 3+1 for no more fatalities on the road, which is being adopted by IOGP Members:Require use of three-point seatbelts and head restraints for all occupants for all type of vehicles.Safe vehicles - For any newly purchased, leased or contracted light vehicles, only select vehicles with a five star NCAP rating in the region where the vehicle is purchased.For any newly purchased, leased or contracted vehicles, equip/install vehicles with advanced vehicle technology based on outcome of risk assessment, and the +1) Visible leadership and commitment to implement IOGP Report 365
IOGP's MVC data records the annual global safety performance of the contributing IOGP member companies and associated contractors. This gives IOGP's Land Transport Sub Committee, LTSC, a unique view, broader than that derived from company or regional only data, and a unique platform to build initiatives from.
Sparseness and Completeness: Simplifying Bowties to Improve Understanding and Predictive Power
Authors: Hudson Timothy Gordon , Hudson Professor Patrick 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The paper discusses the use of mathematical and methodological tools to simplify bowties and create understanding of which barriers will be effective for unidentified threats. This paper further develops Bow-Tie concepts by applying the FAME methodology (SPE-190633) to the bowtie ‘levels analysis’ (SPE 127180). The ‘levels analysis’ defines the barriers at the various levels of a bowtie as the workplace (Level 1, L1), organisational (Level 2, L2), and cultural and regulatory factors (Level 3, L3).
Sparseness: When L1 contains only the controls appropriate it becomes clear that though the number of threats acting on the top event appear to be very high, threats can be bundled into generalised threats that are controlled by the same L1 controls.
Completeness: For management the most important information in a bowtie are the escalation controls in L2. In practice the number of L2 controls contained within a specific bowtie are a small set. This means that once sufficiently many L1 controls is identified, analysis of escalation factors and associated controls uncovers the full set of L2 controls.
Sparseness: While it might appear that generating a large enough set of threats covering the entire risk space to which an operation is exposed will demand the investment of significant time and effort, the actual number required is much lower and thus much more efficient. This sparseness approach requires the practitioner to question whether the threats being added to the bowtie analysis are truly separate areas in the risk space or if they are actually overlapping areas that are covered by the same controls.
Completeness: The completeness of understanding of the associated L2 controls does not require completeness of understanding of all the L2 controls. The General Failure Types of the original Tripod model, that led to the Swiss Cheese model, now called Basic Risk Factors, had 11 members intended to cover the whole range of organizational latent conditions. These can serve as categories, but other taxonomies appropriate to the organization and activities as long as they cover the whole range of organizational activities will be just as good.
This paper develops two tools to improve the usability and manageability of bowties. It provides mathematical tools to provide understanding of the remaining uncertainty in the bowtie creation process.
Mapping Methane Initiatives to Identify Gaps and Develop New Understandings
Authors: Sathiamoorthy M. , Grainger P. , Herbertson J. , Bajo L. Perez 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The expectation of policymakers and stakeholders is that the oil and gas industry will continually improve its operational performance by reducing fugitive emissions of methane along the value chain.
IPIECA has undertaken numerous wide-ranging activities on methane such as: holding workshops; publishing a factsheet on Exploring methane emissions; and developing a Methane glossary to help educate industry and stakeholders in a common terminology. There is a huge number of initiatives and studies underway in this topic area and it is difficult for any organization to keep track. Using commercial software, IPIECA has collected information from hundreds of methane studies and initiatives and built an interactive map that displays this information in an easily understood form and allows the user to undertake a gap analysis against a range of parameters.
The methane mapping tool provides an analysis of the numerous methane initiatives, planned, underway or completed. In scope are workshops, published articles, assessments, data or any activity related to detection, measurement and reduction of methane that is publicly available or provided by relevant parties. We included initiatives from: academic institutions with specific methane projects; industry bodies; government research support programmes; international institutions; and NGOs. Information was collected and sorted by data and performance, methane science, and technical application and good practice and an analysis of gaps was conducted for each of the themes explored.
This paper provides a novel approach through an interactive software map capturing a wide range of technical information from numerous academic, industry and other sources covering methane studies and initiatives, technology use and development, data analysis and verification, geography. It allows for a new type of interrogation by the user to produce a dedicated gap analysis for further focussed work, or to categorise and signpost to existing studies.
Improving & Sustaining Health Through Community Partnerships – The Oloibiri Health Programme Experience
Authors: Fajola Akinwunmi , Oduneye Femi , Onuaguluchi Nneka , Ogbimi Rebecca , Akenge Suodei 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Over the last decades, Nigeria has made several strides to address the escalating mortality rates and improve key health indicators and developments goals. Improving primary health care as a means of reduction in disease burden was a priority intervention. Despite several advances recorded in the last few years, challenges in healthcare service delivery remained. WHO reports continued to challenge the slow progress compared to other developing countries in Africa with similar or even lower GDP. In the Niger Delta Region where Shell presence is prominent, health care challenges are not very different from the rest of the regions in the country.
In 2015, the Shell Group committed $5 Million US Dollar to a novel public health initiative tagged "Oloibiri Health Programme" (OHP); a three-year Shell Group sponsored health initiative in Ogbia Local Government Area. The project was named after the Oloibiri community in Bayelsa State (where oil was first commercially explored in 1958). It was one of the three supported initiatives implemented to mark Nigeria's centenary celebrations. This Social Investment intervention aimed to improve and optimize health outcomes of communities within Ogbia LGA to developed economy levels, share lessons learnt for country-wide scaleup and replicate best practices by institutionalizing knowledge.
The programme was co-created by partners and focused on both health system strengthening as well as the enhancement of social determinants of health. It was championed by Shell in partnership with Bayelsa State Ministry of Health, Ogbia Local Government Area, Federal University Otuoke, World Bank/IFC and GE Healthcare as the implementing partners.
Improvement of Performance Through the Comprehensive Strengthening of Skills for Workover and Well Service Operations in La Cira Infantas Field
Authors: Pérez Carlos Alberto , Carvajal Milady , Chiquillo Carlos Julio , Giraldo Diego Alberto , Martín José Luis 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Developing activities or tasks in the oil industry, demands great knowledge and experience for their execution. However, contracting local non-specialized workforce has become a challenge in terms of risk prevention and control for those who are exposed and do not have experience and knowledge in workover and well service operations (WO/WS operations). Accidents have caused injuries, property damages and operative incidents. WO/WS operations accident rate represents 39% of the field's total, i.e., there is greater risk exposure thus activities are more critical.
A worker, who has been properly trained, is aware of the risks and knows what must be done in such regard. Research has shown that training is one of the most important factors in successful safety programs. The above confirms the relevance and importance of such training practices, which emphasize on the initial instruction and follow-up of workplace safety procedures.
The analysis in this paper is based on the need to have competent workers able to perform their activities, for which they must have specific knowledge, behaviors and skills related to their assignments. Achieving the above requires a systematic training, considered under a planned set-up process so that they can do their job in a safe manner, as well as the transfer of techniques that not only develop awareness, information and knowledge, but also how-to related skills through a "commitment that implies getting one's hands dirty, learning by doing and a guided practice".
The decision to look for alternatives aiming at strengthening knowledge and work best practices was made jointly with WO/WS contractor companies, betting on the optimization of the operations in terms of safety that would subsequently reduce the accident rate.
The skill strengthening strategy was first implemented in the last month of 2017 and was exclusively directed for key personnel of WO/WS operations.
This paper intends to analyze risk reduction in a population exposed to work accidents in the WO/WS operations for the following positions: supervisor, rig operator, derrick man and roughneck, for the period between 2014 and 2019, showing a considerable drop in occupational accident rate for the last year.
Puccinia triticina pathotypes- THTT and THTS display complex transcript profiles on wheat cultiver Thatcher
Authors: Wei jie , Cui Liping , Du dongdong , Zhang na , Meng qingfang , Yan hongfei , Yang wenxiang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Wheat leaf rust is an important disease worldwide. Understanding the Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici (Pt) pathogenic molecular mechanism and the inconstant toxic region is critical for managing the disease. The present study aimed to analyze pathogenic divergence between Pt isolates.Results: Total RNA was extracted from wheat cultiver Thatcher infected by two Pt isolates, Tc361_1 (THTT) and Tc284_2 (THTS) at 144 hours post inoculation (hpi). The mRNA was then sequenced, and a total of 2,784 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. Forty-five genes were specifically expressed in THTT; these genes included transcription initiation factors and genes with transmembrane transporter activity and other genes. Twenty-six genes were specifically expressed in THTS, including genes with GTPase activity, ABC transporter genes and other genes. Fifty-four differentially expressed candidate effectors were screened from the two isolates. Two candidate effectors were chosen and validated on tobacco, and the results showed that they could inhibit necrosis induced by Bax. qRT-PCR of 12 significant DEGs was carried out to validate the results are similar to that of RNA-seq at 144 hpi, to show the expression levels of these DEGs in the early stage and to elucidate the differences in expression between the two Pt pathotypes.Conclusion: The results obtained in this study showed that the two pathtypes of THTT and THTS although contribute similar virulence to wheat, there are a large number of genes participate in the interaction with susceptible wheat cultivar Thatcher, and revealed the pathgenicity of rust is very complicated.
Prognostic significance of NDRG2 combined with EGFR patients with lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yang Bo , Li Xiao-Ping , Zhou Hong-Gang , Jiang Tao , Xiao Ting , Li Xiao-He , Zhang Liang , Li Lei , Wang Wen-Chen , Zhang Wei-Dong 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) plays a substantial role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation could significantly improve prognosis in patients with LUAD. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the prognostic value of NDRG2/EGFR in patients with LUAD. Methods: Immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were conducted to detect the expression levels of NDRG2 protein. Associations between NDRG2/EGFR expression and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with LUAD were examined as well. Serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were tested prior to treatments. Patients’ overall survival (OS) was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was carried out to investigate the effects of patients’ demographic characteristics on overall survival . Results: The expression of NDRG2 was significantly decreased in patients with LUAD. The expression of NDRG2 was positively correlated with the levels of CEA and EGFR. Advanced stages were significantly associated with low expression of NDRG2. We found that the patients in the NDRG2-high/EGFR(+) group had the best outcomes, while the patients in the NDRG2-low/EGFR(-) group had the worst outcomes. Cox regression analysis showed that NDRG2-low/EGFR(+), NDRG2-high/EGFR(+), and vascular invasion were independent prognostic factors of LUAD. Conclusion: NDRG2 and EGFR should be considered in patients with LUAD.
Impact of a Postcrash First Aid Educational Program on Knowledge, Perceived Skills Confidence, and Skills Utilization Among Traffic Police Officers: A Single-Arm Before-After Intervention Study
Authors: Ndile Menti Lastone , Lukumay Gift G. , Bolenius Karin , Outwater Anne H. , Saveman Britt-Inger , Backteman-Erlanson Susann 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background: An overwhelming proportion of road traffic deaths and injuries in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) occur in prehospital environments. Lay first responders such as police officers play an important role in providing initial assistance to victims of road traffic injuries either alone or in collaboration with others. The present study evaluated a postcrash first aid (PFA) educational program developed for police officers in Tanzania.Method: A 16-hour PFA educational program was conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, for 135 police officers. Participants completed training surveys before, immediately and six months after the training (before, N = 135; immediately after, N = 135; after six months, N = 102). The primary outcome measures were PFA knowledge, perceived skills confidence, and skills utilization. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to analyse changes in outcome.Results: The mean PFA knowledge score increased from 44.73% before training (SD = 20.70) to 72.92% six months after training (SD = 18.12), p ˂ .001, N = 102. The mean PFA perceived skills confidence score (measured on a 1–5 Likert scale) increased from 1.96 before training (SD = 0.74) to 3.78 six months after training (SD = 0.70), p ˂ .001, N = 102. Following training, application of the recovery position skill (n = 42, 46%) and application of the bleeding control skill (n = 45, 49%) were reported by nearly half of the responding officers. Less than a quarter of officers reported applying head and neck immobilization skills (n = 20, 22%) following training. Conclusion: A PFA educational program has shown to improve police officers’ knowledge and perceived skills confidence on provision of first aid. However qualitative research need to be conducted to shed more light regarding reasons for low utilization of trained first aid skills during follow-up.
What Explains the Regional Variation in the Use of General Practitioners in Australia?
Authors: Mu Chunzhou , Hall Jane 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Regional variation in the use of health care services is widespread. Identifying and understanding the sources of variation and how much variation is unexplained can inform policy interventions to improve the efficiency and equity of health care delivery. Methods: We examined the regional variation in the use of general practitioners (GPs) using data from the Social Health Atlas of Australia by Statistical Local Area (SLAs). 756 SLAs were included in the analysis. The outcome variable of GP visits per capita by SLAs was regressed on a series of demand-side factors measuring population health status and demographic characteristics and supply-side factors measuring access to physicians. Each group of variables was entered into the model sequentially to assess their explanatory share on regional differences in GP usage. Results: Both demand-side and supply-side factors were found to influence the frequency of GP visits. Specifically, areas in urban regions, areas with a higher percentage of the population who are obese, who have profound or severe disability, and who hold concession cards, and areas with a smaller percentage of the population who reported difficulty in accessing services have higher GP usage. The availability of more GPs led to higher use of GP services while the supply of more specialists reduced use. 30.56% of the variation was explained by medical need. Together, both need-related and supply-side variables accounted for 32.24% of the regional differences as measured by the standard deviation of adjusted GP-consultation rate. Conclusions: There was substantial variation in GP use across Australian regions with only a small proportion of them being explained by population health needs, indicating a high level of unexplained clinical variation. Supply factors did not add a lot to the explanatory power. There was a lot of variation that was not attributable to the factors we could observe. This could be due to more subtle aspects of population need or preferences and therefore warranted. However, it could be due to practice patterns or other aspects of supply and be unexplained. Future work should try to explain the remaining unexplained variation.