bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Misconduct Committed by (Civilian) Private Contractors in Peacekeeping Operations
Authors: Buscemi Martina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In peacekeeping operations, private companies are frequently and increasingly engaged by the United Nations to carry-out a wide-range of activities that can potentially impinge on human rights. This article deals with two recent cases of misconduct committed by contractors whose activities, albeit not on the face of it involving the threat or (lethal or not-lethal) use of force, nonetheless caused harm to individuals. The first case-study relates to the mismanagement of sanitary waste, while the second case addresses the (mis)use of unarmed surveillance drones. Against this backdrop, the article purports to assess whether, and under what conditions, wrongdoing committed by private contractors gives rise to the international responsibility of the United Nations. The study explores, firstly, the question of the ‘direct’ attribution of such conduct to the United Nations, based on the qualification of the contractors as agent of the Organization, as understood in the Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations. It then analyzes the issue of the ‘indirect’ responsibility of the United Nations for failing to have sufficient oversight of the outsourced activities. In this respect, it highlights the crucial role played by internal accountability mechanisms, in particular the Office of Internal Oversight Services, in appraising the monitoring measures taken by the Organization with regard to the practice of contractors and in recommending remedial actions.
Frege on Singular Senses
Authors: Ruffino Marco 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this article the author discusses what seems to be a puzzle for Frege’s notion of singular senses (i.e., the senses of singular terms), in particular senses of definite descriptions. These senses are supposed to be complete (or saturated), but they are composed of the incomplete (unsaturated) senses of conceptual terms (i.e., conceptual senses). The author asks how the definite article (or what it expresses) transforms an unsaturated sense into a saturated one and reviews some attempted explanations in the literature. He argues that none of them is compatible with Frege’s views in semantics. Next, he discusses an alternative that Frege himself endorses and argues that it is also incompatible with his semantics. The author concludes that Frege has no coherent view on the senses of definite descriptions. If we assume that every name expresses a descriptive sense, then we must conclude that Frege has no coherent explanation for singular senses in general.
Pluralism at the Twilight of Franco’s Spain: Antifascist and Intersectional Practice
Authors: Valencia-García Louie Dean 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Since the late 1980s, the term ‘intersectionality’ has been used as a way to describe ways in which socially constructed categories must be considered in conjunction to better understand everyday oppression. This article presents a broad understanding of pluralism as antifascist practice, whilst studying antifascist publications in Spain during the 1970s, considering intersectional analysis and methodology. Many of the producers of these publications saw themselves as explicitly antifascist or at the very least part of a countercultural movement which challenged social norms promoted under the late fascist regime. By looking at these antifascist movements, using intersectional approaches, we can better understand how fascism itself functions and how it can be disentangled – as scholarship on fascism has largely ignored how intersectional analytical approaches might give us new insights into fascism.
‘Somehow Getting Their Own Back on Hitler’: British Antifascism and the Holocaust, 1960–1967
Authors: Cohen Joshua 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article considers the extent to which the Holocaust galvanized British antifascism in the 1960s. It explores whether the genocide surfaced in Jewish antifascists’ motivations and rhetoric but goes beyond this to assess the Holocaust’s political capital in wider antifascism and anti-racism. The article considers whether political coalitions were negotiated around Holocaust memory, for example, by analysing whether Jewish antifascism intersected with the black and Asian communities of Smethwick and Southall respectively who were targeted by the far right in 1964. Using archival materials and newly-collected oral histories, the article surveys organisations including the Jewish Board of Deputies, the 62 Group, Yellow Star Movement and Searchlight newspaper. It will argue that the Holocaust played a more important role in 1960s’antifascism than has been recognised. Jewish groups fragmented around the lessons of the genocide for their antifascism. The Holocaust influenced race relations legislation and became a metonym for extreme racist violence.
Antifascism in the Neighborhood: Daily Life, Political Culture, and Gender Politics in the German Communist Antifascist Movement, 1930–1933
Authors: Sewell Sara Ann 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article examines grassroots communist antifascist politics in Germany during the final years of the Weimar Republic. In contrast to most studies on Weimar’s street politics, which focus on political violence, this research demonstrates that daily life, political culture, and gender relations shaped the communist antifascist movement in working-class neighborhoods. It argues that daily conflict with distinct political overtones or undertones increased steadily in the early 1930s. As a result, quarrels between neighbors were often colored with political narratives, and sometimes ordinary disputes escalated into political conflict and even violence. Political culture inflamed the tensions, particularly when Nazis and communists littered proletarian boroughs with their symbols. Women were often at the center of the conflict. Many joined the frontlines of communist antifascist struggle, where they faced widespread discrimination from male comrades who, flaunting a militant hypermasculinity, insisted that women belonged only in the rearguard.
Extrapolation of Survival Curves Using Standard Parametric Models and Flexible Parametric Spline Models: Comparisons in Large Registry Cohorts with Advanced Cancer
Authors: Gray Jodi , Sullivan Thomas , Latimer Nicholas R. , Salter Amy , Sorich Michael J. , Ward Robyn L. , Karnon Jonathan 
Published: December 2020

Background It is often important to extrapolate survival estimates beyond the limited follow-up times of clinical trials. Extrapolated survival estimates can be highly sensitive to model choice; thus, appropriate model selection is crucial. Flexible parametric spline models have been suggested as an alternative to standard parametric models; however, their ability to extrapolate is not well understood. Aim To determine how well standard parametric and flexible parametric spline models predict survival when fitted to registry cohorts with artificially right-censored follow-up times. Methods Adults with advanced breast, colorectal, small cell lung, non–small cell lung, or pancreatic cancer with a potential follow-up time of 10 y were selected from the SEER 1973–2015 registry data set. Patients were classified into 15 cohorts by cancer and age group at diagnosis (18–59, 60–69, 70+ y). Follow-up times for each cohort were right censored at 20%, 35%, and 50% survival. Standard parametric models (exponential, Weibull, Gompertz, log-logistic, log-normal, generalized gamma) and spline models (proportional hazards, proportional odds, normal/probit) were fitted to the 10-y data set and the 3 right-censored data sets. Predicted 10-y restricted mean survival time and percentage surviving at 10 y were compared with the observed values. Results Across all data sets, the spline odds and spline normal models most frequently gave accurate predictions of 10-y survival outcomes. Visually, spline models tended to demonstrate better fit to the observed hazard functions than standard parametric models, both in the censored and 10-y data. Conclusions In these cohorts, where there was little uncertainty in the observed data, the spline models performed well when extrapolating beyond the observed data. Spline models should be routinely included in the set of models that are fitted when extrapolating cancer survival data.
A systematic review of the published literature on interventions to improve personal self-care for people with severe mental health problems
Authors: Birken Mary , Wong Hei Ting , McPherson Peter , Killaspy Helen 
Published: December 2020

Introduction People with severe mental health problems often struggle to manage everyday tasks such as personal hygiene, housework, shopping, cooking and budgeting. These functional problems result in self-neglect and are associated with specific cognitive impairments and poor outcomes. Despite their importance, little guidance is available for practitioners in how to address these problems. Method We conducted a systematic review of the research literature published since 1990 on the effectiveness of interventions that aim to assist people with severe mental health problems to manage their personal self-care. We searched six major electronic databases and followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidance in the conduct of the review and reporting of results. Results Our search identified 2808 papers of which only eight met our inclusion criteria. The included papers comprised six randomised controlled trials and two ‘pre-post’ studies reporting on evaluations of five different interventions. We used narrative synthesis to summarise our findings. The strongest evidence was for cognitive adaptation training, comprising environmental supports provided in the home that address the functional problems arising from specific cognitive impairments. Conclusion The paucity of research into interventions to assist personal self-care for people with severe mental health problems is surprising. More research in this area is urgently needed.
Outcomes of Multiple Runs of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: An analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Registry
Authors: Cooper David S. , Thiagarajan Ravi , Henry Brandon Michael , Byrnes Jonathan W. , Misfeldt Andrew , Frischer Jason , King Eileen , Gao Zhiqian , Rycus Peter , Marino Bradley S. 
Published: December 2020

Objective: When patients deteriorate after decannulation from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), a second run of extracorporeal support may be considered. However, repeat cannulation can be difficult and poor outcomes associated with multiple ECMO runs are a concern. The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes and identify factors associated with survival and mortality in cases of multiple runs of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Design: Retrospective cohort analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. Setting: The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization’s registry was queried for neonates, children, and adults receiving 2 or more runs of ECMO during the same hospitalization, for any indication, from 1998 to 2015. Patients: 1,818 patients from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry. Results: Of the 1,818 patients, 1,648 underwent 2 runs and 170 underwent 3 or more runs of ECMO. The survival to discharge rate was 36.7% for 2 runs and 29.4% for 3 or more runs. No significant differences in survival were detected in analysis by decade of ECMO run (p = 0.21). Pediatric patients had less mortality than adults (OR: 0.45, 95%CI: 0.24-0.82). Cardiac support on the first run portrayed worse mortality than pulmonary support regardless of final run indication (OR:1.38, 95%CI: 1.09-1.75). Across all age groups, patients receiving pulmonary support on the last run tended to have higher survival rates regardless of support type on the first run. The only first run complication independently predictive of mortality on the final run was renal complications (OR: 1.60, 95%CI: 1.28-1.99). Conclusions: Though the use of multiple runs of ECMO is growing, outcomes remain poor for most cohorts. Survival decreases with each additional run. Patients requiring additional runs for a pulmonary indication should be considered prime candidates. Renal complications on the first run significantly increases the risk of mortality on subsequent runs, and as such, careful consideration should be applied in these cases.
Educational Resources and Curriculum on Lactation for Health Undergraduate Students: A Scoping Review
Authors: Campbell Suzanne Hetzel , de Oliveira Bernardes Nicole , Tharmaratnam Thayanthini , Mendonça Vieira Flaviana Vely 
Published: December 2020

Background Breastfeeding is a fundamental component of health care, and health professionals need to be adequately prepared. As part of the system, health care professionals have the ability to influence the establishment and maintenance of breastfeeding. The global literature regarding the curricular approach or established best practices for health professional education in lactation is inconclusive and lacking in rigor. Research aim To explore the literature for the educational resources, methods, and curriculum used in the education of undergraduate health students related to lactation. Methods A scoping review examining the curricular programs of health professional students in lactation was undertaken exploring and summarizing evidence from peer reviewed and grey literature. A scoping review with a five-stage review process was followed. The database search between 1982–2018 generated 625 results, 79 full-text articles were reviewed, and 29 articles published in English met the inclusion criteria. Results In general, educational resources, methods, curricular approaches, and foundational topics were based on best practice standards. Some authors incorporated a variety of learning methods and provided experiential learning, with evidence of translation of knowledge into clinical practice. In the studies examined, researchers reported that students had improved their: knowledge and attitudes (59%); breastfeeding support skills (45%); and confidence (10%). However, even in programs that focused on developing students’ breastfeeding support skills, authors reported a lack of change in students’ confidence. Conclusions Although only English articles met the inclusion criteria, this review was unique in its search of multidisciplinary, multilingual, and international studies. Consistency in teaching across disciplines is key and not evident in the studies reviewed.
What are Optimal Bacteriological Screening Test Cut-Offs for Pasteurized Donor Human Milk Intended for Feeding Preterm Infants?
Authors: Clifford Vanessa , Klein Laura D. , Sulfaro Christine , Karalis Tass , Hoad Veronica , Gosbell Iain , Pink Joanne 
Published: December 2020

Background Definitive criteria for microbial screening of pasteurized donor human milk are not well established and international recommendations vary. Aims (1) To review pasteurized donor human milk batch discard due to failed microbial screening criteria at our milk bank (following United Kingdom National Institute of Clinical Excellence guidelines), and (2) to compare our known milk discard proportion with estimated milk discard proportions that would be required by other international milk bank guidelines. Methods We reviewed our microbial screening results ( N = 783) over 18-months (July 2018-December 2019) and compared our known milk discard proportion with estimated milk discard proportions using other international milk bank guidelines. Results Of samples, n = 50 (6.4%) failed pre-pasteurization screening, most commonly due to the presence of >104 CFU/mL Enterobacterales in the pre-pasteurization sample ( n = 30; 3.8%). Two (0.3%) samples failed post-pasteurization screening, with Bacillus cereus identified in both cases, resulting in total discard proportion of 6.7% ( n = 52) of batches. Applying European Milk Bank Association recommended bacterial screening criteria, approximately 23.3% ( n = 183) of milk batches would have been discarded. Conclusions Further research is required to justify the stringent European Milk Bank Association recommendations for pre-pasteurization discard criteria, although we believe that a post-pasteurization acceptance criterion of <1 CFU/mL is appropriate and aligns with international guidance. Further work is needed to understand pasteurized donor human milk microbiological safety risks, to better integrate screening criteria within current food standards regulation, and to consider risk-based assessment including the impact on availability and affordability.
Review of research on basalt fibers and basalt fiber-reinforced composites in China (I): Physicochemical and mechanical properties
Authors: Yan Li , Chu Faliang , Tuo Wanyong , Zhao Xiaobo , Wang Yan , Zhang Pengqi , Gao Yibin 
Published: December 2020

This paper reviewed the research progress in China on the durability, acid and alkali corrosion resistances, thermal insulation, sound insulation, and hygroscopic properties of basalt fibers (BFs) as well as the physicochemical and mechanical properties of BF-reinforced resin composites. The acidity coefficient and pH value of BFs and glass fibers (GFs) were tested, which showed that BFs had better chemical stability. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed that the acid corrosion of BFs gradually occurred from the outside to the inside, whereas the alkali corrosion of BFs occurred nearly simultaneously both inside and outside. Moreover, the reasons for these results were analyzed from a chemical reaction perspective. BFs met the thermal conductivity and sound absorption coefficient requirements of building thermal insulation and sound absorption materials. The hygroscopicity of BFs was 1/8–1/6 that of GFs, and BFs also had a smaller dielectric loss angle. Tests confirmed that BFRC exhibited great high-temperature resistance. As the short BF content increased, the flexural strength, splitting tensile strength and impermeability of BFRC significantly improved, and an optimal fiber length and content were proposed. A comparison showed that the mechanical properties of BF-reinforced resin were generally better than those of GF-reinforced resin. Finally, this review identified some concepts to be studied in this field and prospects for possible future research directions. [Formula: see text]
Pharmacokinetics of mycophenolic acid after haplo-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in Japanese recipients
Authors: Uchiyama Kazuki , Saito Yoshitaka , Takekuma Yoh , Sugita Junichi , Teshima Takanori , Sugawara Mitsuru 
Published: December 2020

Purpose Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), a mycophenolic acid (MPA) prodrug, is used to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Although previous studies have reported that enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of MPA, which is usually observed in MMF-treated patients, does not occur in HSCT patients, it is unclear what happens in haploidentical–HSCT (haplo-HSCT) patients, who are using post-transplant cyclophosphamide. This study was conducted to investigate MPA pharmacokinetics in haplo-HSCT patients. Methods Seventeen haplo-HSCT patients, who received MMF for GVHD prophylaxis, were enrolled in this study. We collected blood samples on days 14 and 28, and plasma MPA concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography; pharmacokinetic parameters such as area under the curve (AUC), mean residence time (MRT), and apparent oral clearance (CL/F) were measured with moment analysis. We also evaluated EHC as AUC6-12h/AUC0-12h. Results There was no significant difference in MPA pharmacokinetic parameters between days 14 and 28. There was also no difference between the pharmacokinetic parameter changes and diarrhea. Additionally, varying plasma MPA concentrations suggested that MPA EHC did not occur. Conclusion In this study, we revealed the pharmacokinetics of MMF in Japanese haplo-HSCT recipients. Additionally, our study demonstrated that MPA EHC might not occur in Japanese haplo-HSCT recipients.
Evidence-Based Practice: Implementing Trauma-Informed Care of Children and Adolescents in the Inpatient Psychiatric Setting
Authors: Hale Renae , Wendler M. Cecilia 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: At our inpatient psychiatric hospital, which cares for children and adolescents, internal data of use of seclusions and holds as crisis interventions for immediate behavioral health issues demonstrated that we were using these too often. Aims: Benchmarking indicated that we were at the 75% in use of these measures, and it became an organizational goal to reduce the use of these strategies in order to reduce the risk of retraumatization to an already traumatized child. Methods: We used the Iowa Model for Evidence Based Practice–Revised to initiate an evidence-based practice project introducing and hardwiring Trauma Informed Care to the staff and institution. This involved implementing six core strategies specifically designed to reduce the use of crisis interventions. Results: Data obtained at 6 months revealed a 40% reduction in the use of holds and seclusions, and at 12 months, this change was sustained and even improved, reducing the use of these approaches by another 9%. Furthermore, the culture in the institution was changed, and Trauma Informed Care became the norm. Conclusions: Evidence-based practice is a viable approach to change the culture and improve patient outcomes in inpatient psychiatric care of children and adolescents. Further investigation is warranted to determine the specific patient and staff experiences of being cared for, and caring within, the context of trauma-informed care.
Hemodynamic impact of VASQ device in vascular access creation
Authors: Palumbo Roberto , Dominijanni Sara , Centi Alessia , D’Urso Gabriele , Tatangelo Paola , Floccari Fulvio , Smedile Gianluca , Niscola Pasquale , Londrino Francesco , Di Daniele Nicola 
Published: December 2020

Background: Native arteriovenous fistula is the preferred vascular access in term of functionality, efficiency and complication rate. Nevertheless, research continues to seek strategies to reduce the risk of neointimal hyperplasia and hemodynamic modification. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact on hemodynamic of the VasQ device in arteriovenous fistulae creation. Methods: The analysis included patients who underwent to fistula creation with or without implantation of the VasQ device between May and September 2019. The hemodynamic parameters were evaluated pre-operatively and at a follow-up of 1, 3, 6 months. The patency and complication rate were evaluated. Results: Fifteen VasQ devices were implanted during 30 arteriovenous fistula surgery. The baseline patients features were similar between groups (VasQ treated/control). At baseline, preoperative arterial flow was similar; radial artery diameter at surgical site was 3.4 ± 0.8 mm in treated and 2.8 ± 0.5 mm in the control group. The mean arterial flow at 1 month was 480 ± 210 mL/min in treated and 561 ± 27 mL/min in the control group. At 3 months the mean arterial flow in treated was 645 ± 143 mL/min versus 824 ± 211 mL/min ( p = 0.02) in the control group; at 6 months the arterial flow was 714 ± 146 mL/min versus 810 ± 194 mL/min ( p = 0.05) in control group. The cardiac output flow at 6 months in the treated group was 4458 ± 928 mL/min versus 5599 ± 1355 mL/min ( p = 0.05) in the control group. At 6 months the primary patency was 73% and 80% and the secondary patency 80% and 86% in treated compared to the control group, respectively. No VASQ device complications were recorded. Conclusion: The analysis of these data suggested that using VasQ device could be protective against the hemodynamic modification that occur during arteriovenous fistulae creation.