bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single Institution Trial Comparing Whole Blood vs Balanced Component Therapy: 50 Years Later
Authors: Duchesne Juan , Smith Alison , Lawicki Shaun , Hunt John , Houghton August , Taghavi Sharven , Schroll Rebecca , Jackson-Weaver Olan , Guidry Chrissy , Tatum Danielle 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND:
Early close ratio transfusion with balanced component therapy (BCT) has been associated with improved outcomes in patients with severe hemorrhage; however, this modality is not comparable with whole blood (WB) constituents. We compared use of BCT vs WB to determine if one yielded superior outcomes in patients with severe hemorrhage. We hypothesized that WB would lead to reduced in-hospital mortality and blood product volume if given in the first 24 hours of admission.

STUDY DESIGN:
This was a 1-year, single institution, prospective, observational study comparing BCT with WB in adult (18+y) trauma patients with active hemorrhage who required blood transfusion upon arrival at the emergency department. Primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary endpoints included 24-hour transfusion volumes, in-hospital clinical outcomes, and complications.

RESULTS:
A total of 253 patients were included; 71.1% received BCT and 29.9% WB. The WB cohort had significantly more penetrating trauma (64.4% vs 48.9%; p = 0.03) and higher Shock Index (1.12 vs 0.92; p = 0.04). WB patients received significantly fewer units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) (p < 0.001) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) (p = 0.04), with a lower incidence of ARDS (p = 0.03) and fewer ventilator days (p = 0.03). Kaplan Meier survival analysis revealed no difference in survival between the 2 transfusion strategies (p = 0.80). When adjusted for various markers of injury severity and critical illness in Cox regression analysis, WB remained unassociated with mortality (hazard ratio 1.25; 95% CI 0.60–2.58; p = 0.55).

CONCLUSIONS:
There was no difference in survival rates when comparing BCT with WB. In the WB group, the incidence of ARDS, duration of mechanical ventilation, massive transfusion protocol (MTP) activation, and transfusion volumes were significantly reduced. Further research should be directed at analyzing whether there is a true hemorrhage-related pathophysiologic benefit of WB when compared with BCT.
Relativism in the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Kusch Martin 
Published: December 2020

'Relativism versus absolutism' is one of the fundamental oppositions that have dominated reflections about science for much of its (modern) history. Often these reflections have been inseparable from wider social-political concerns regarding the position of science in society. Where does this debate stand in the philosophy and sociology of science today? And how does the 'relativism question' relate to current concerns with 'post truth' politics? In Relativism in the Philosophy of Science, Martin Kusch examines some of the most influential relativist proposals of the last fifties years, and the controversies they have triggered. He argues that defensible forms of relativism all deny that any sense can be made of a scientific result being absolutely true or justified, and that they all reject 'anything goes' – that is the thought that all scientific results are epistemically on a par. Kusch concludes by distinguishing between defensible forms of relativism and post-truth thinking.
Day‐to‐Day Variability of Diurnal Tide in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Driven From Below
Authors: Wang Jack C. , Palo Scott E. , Liu Han‐Li , Siskind D. E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe migrating diurnal tide (DW1) is one of the dominant wave motions in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. It plays a crucial role in neutral atmosphere and ionosphere coupling. The DW1 can vary over a range of time scales from days to years. While the long‐term variability of the DW1 is mainly attributed to the source and background atmosphere variability, the driving mechanism of short‐term DW1 variability is still openly debated. Herein the daily structure of the DW1 is extracted from observations using a novel multi‐satellite estimation technique and compared with model simulations (NOGAPS‐ALPHA and WACCM‐X). Both the observations and the models show that the day‐to‐day variability of the DW1 is a persistent and ubiquitous feature. The standard deviation peak of DW1 amplitudes, which is used to measure the maximum variability, is generally aligned with the DW1 amplitude peak. This result indicates that the day‐to‐day variability of the DW1 reflects global‐scale changes rather than local excitation of diurnal oscillation. The spatial lag‐correlation analysis of the diurnal (1,1) and (1,2) Hough modes suggests that the day‐to‐day variability of the diurnal (1,1) Hough mode is likely driven by variability in the lower atmosphere and the source of day‐to‐day variability of the (1,2) mode is uncertain. The significant correlation of the DW1 day‐to‐day variability between the NOGAPS‐ALPHA and the multi‐satellite estimation techniques also indicates that the model is capable of reproducing the DW1 structure on a daily basis.
Juno Observations of Ion‐Inertial Scale Flux Ropes in the Jovian Magnetotail
Authors: Sarkango Yash , Slavin James A. , Jia Xianzhe , DiBraccio Gina A. , Gershman Daniel J. , Connerney John E. P. , Kurth William S. , Hospodarsky George B. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTwo ion‐inertial scale magnetic flux ropes are identified in the Juno magnetic field measurements in the dawnside Jovian magnetotail. Previously reported plasmoids in this region had typical diameters of several Jovian radii (RJ). However, events reported here are only ∼0.15–0.19 RJ in diameter, assuming that they move at the local Alfven speed. Using the plasma density determined by the Juno Waves instrument, the diameters are calculated to be on the order of the local ion inertial length (∼0.6–1.6 di). Multiple reversals in the north‐south component are observed ∼30 min before one of these events, which suggests that plasmoid ejection in the dawnside magnetotail may proceed via multiple X‐line reconnection in a highly thinned cross‐tail current sheet in a manner similar to that observed at Mercury and Earth. Further studies will be required to determine the contribution of these small flux ropes to mass loss through plasmoid ejection.
Wind Erosion on Mars Exposes Ideal Targets for Sample Return
Authors: Day Mackenzie , Anderson William 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Mars 2020 rover will land in Jezero crater, characterize the local geology, and collect samples to send back to Earth. Ionizing radiation at the Martian surface degrades the complex organic molecules sought by this mission, making it critical to mission success that samples be selected from recently eroded strata minimally exposed to surface radiation. We used numerical modeling to identify sites near the rover landing area potentially eroded by recent winds. Large‐eddy simulation of turbulent airflow over topography was coupled with interpretations of the surface geology to (1) establish a baseline estimate of local grain mobility and (2) characterize potential wind‐driven erosion across the Jezero crater delta deposit. We discuss sediment sources with respect to abrasion and rover trafficability at several locations. Our results identify several locations that provide optimal sites for sample collection. These results offer a baseline for comparing theory and observations collected by the rover.
The Continuum of Northeast Pacific Marine Heatwaves and Their Relationship to the Tropical Pacific
Authors: Xu Tongtong , Newman Matthew , Capotondi Antonietta , Di Lorenzo Emanuele 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSome questions remain concerning the record‐breaking 2013–2015 Northeast Pacific marine heatwave (MHW) event: was it exceptional or merely the most pronounced of a group of similar events, and was its intensity and multiyear duration driven by internal extratropical processes or did the tropics play an important role? By analyzing the statistical behavior of the historical MHWs within the ERSST.v3 data set over the 1950–2019 period, we find that Northeast Pacific MHWs occurred over a continuum of intensities and durations, suggesting that these events are a recurrent Pacific phenomenon. These statistics and corresponding composite evolution are dynamically reproduced by a large ensemble simulation of a Pacific Linear Inverse Model, thereby providing a greater range of MHW expressions than the short observational record alone. Consistent with the 2013–2015 event's evolution, we find that overall the tropics influence MHWs primarily by increasing their duration, while MHW intensity is related to the initial extratropical anomalies.
Magnetospheric Multiscale Observations of Earth's Oblique Bow Shock Reformation by Foreshock Ultralow‐Frequency Waves
Authors: Liu Terry Z. , Hao Yufei , Wilson Lynn B. , Turner Drew L. , Zhang Hui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCollisionless shocks can be nonstationary with periodic reformation shown in many simulation results, but direct observations are still tenuous and difficult to conclusively interpret. In this study, using Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations, we report direct observational evidence of Earth's oblique bow shock reformation driven by the foreshock Ultralow‐Frequency (ULF) waves. When the four MMS spacecraft were in a string‐of‐pearls formation roughly along the bow shock normal, they observed that when each period of foreshock ULF waves encountered the bow shock, a new shock ramp formed. Meanwhile, in the magnetosheath, the old bow shock's remnants were observed periodically convecting downstream. We propose that the reformation mechanism of the oblique bow shock is the variation of the upstream conditions by the periodic ULF waves as they encounter the bow shock. We also examine the nature of reflected ions during the reformation process.
Measurement of Magnetic Field Fluctuations in the Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter Missions
Authors: Jannet G. , Dudok de Wit T. , Krasnoselskikh V. , Kretzschmar M. , Fergeau P. , Bergerard‐Timofeeva M. , Agrapart C. , Brochot J.‐Y. , Chalumeau G. , Martin P. , Revillet C. , Bale S. D. , Maksimovic M. , Bowen T. A. , Brysbaert C. , Goetz K. , Guilhem E. , Harvey P. R. , Leray V. , Lorfèvre E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe search‐coil magnetometer (SCM) measures the magnetic signature of solar wind fluctuations with three components in the 3 Hz–50 kHz range and one single component in the 1 kHz–1 MHz range. This instrument is important for providing in situ observations of transients caused by interplanetary shocks and reconnection, for the identification of electromagnetic wave modes in plasmas and the determination of their characteristics (planarity, polarization, ellipticity, and k‐vector) and for studying the turbulent cascade in the kinetic range. Two similar triaxial search‐coils have been built for the Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter missions. Here we describe the science objectives of both missions which led to the SCM design and present the characteristics of the two instruments.
Projecting Three‐Dimensional Ocean Thermohaline Structure in the North Indian Ocean From the Satellite Sea Surface Data Based on a Variational Method
Authors: He Zikang , Wang Xidong , Wu Xinrong , Chen Zhiqiang , Chen Jian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study uses a variational method combined with satellite observations to reconstruct three‐dimensional temperature and salinity profiles for the Northern Indian Ocean. Sensitivity experiments show that sea surface temperature dominantly improve the temperature reconstruction of upper 100 m; sea surface salinity determines salinity estimation in the upper 100 m; sea surface height anomaly dominates the reconstruction of thermocline. The reconstructed temperature fields can be greatly improved in the thermocline by removing barotropic signal from the altimeter sea surface height data through a linear regression method. Ocean reanalysis and in situ temperature and salinity data are used to evaluate the results of reconstruction. Comparing with Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) in 2016, the spectral correlation between the reconstruction and the SODA density anomalies show that the reconstruction fields can retrieve mesoscale and large‐scale signals better. Moreover, the reconstruction salinity is much more accurate than SODA salinity in the upper ocean over the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Compared with CTD section observations, the reconstruction fields can capture the mesoscale eddy structure in the Arabian Sea and BoB well, respectively. The long time series of reconstruction along Argo trajectory shows that the reconstruction fields can better reproduce the observed intraseasonal oscillations of thermocline/halocline in the BoB. Compared with the World Ocean Atlas 2013 climatology, the reconstruction fields can better characterize upper ocean water mass variability.
Evaluation of Three Numerical Weather Prediction Models for the Weddell Sea Region for the Austral Winter 2013
Authors: Jonassen M. O. , Nygård T. , Vihma T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIt is widely recognized that numerical weather prediction (NWP) results for the Antarctic are relatively poor compared to the mid‐latitudes. In this study, we evaluate output from three operational NWP systems: the ECMWF, Global Forecast System (GFS) and Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS), for the Austral winter (June‐August) of 2013 for the Weddell Sea region, paying special attention to regional patterns of error statistics. This is the first evaluation of NWP systems over the Southern Ocean that also addresses the accuracy of forecasted vertical profiles. In the evaluation, we use data from land‐ and ship‐based automatic weather stations (AWS) and radiosoundings. While the ECMWF and AMPS forecasts are on average biased cold and dry near the surface, the GFS forecasts are on average biased warm and moist. The near‐surface wind speed is on average overestimated by the AMPS forecasts, whereas it is slightly underestimated by the forecasts of the other two NWP systems. Among the variables investigated, all three NWP systems forecast the near‐surface specific humidity most accurately, followed by the temperature and then the wind speed. The forecast quality for the near‐surface and upper‐air wind speed degrades the most rapidly with increasing lead time, compared to the other variables. ECMWF is the overall best NWP system when compared against both the near‐surface and upper‐air observations, followed by AMPS and then GFS. The generally poorest model performance is found in locations with complex terrain along the coast of the Antarctic continent, and the best over the ocean.
Residence Time in Hyporheic Bioactive Layers Explains Nitrate Uptake in Streams
Authors: Li Angang , Bernal Susana , Kohler Brady , Thomas Steven A. , Martí Eugènia , Packman Aaron I. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Tracer Additions for Spiraling Curve Characterization (TASCC) model has been rapidly adopted to interpret in‐stream nutrient spiraling metrics over a range of concentrations from breakthrough curves (BTCs) obtained during pulse solute injection experiments. TASCC analyses often identify hysteresis in the relationship between spiraling metrics and concentration as nutrient concentration in BTCs rises and falls. The mechanisms behind these hysteresis patterns have yet to be determined. We hypothesized that differences in the time a solute is exposed to bioactive environments (i.e., biophysical opportunity) between the rising and falling limbs of BTCs causes hysteresis in TASCCs. We tested this hypothesis using nitrate data from Elkhorn Creek (CO, USA) combined with a process‐based particle‐tracking model representing travel times and transformations along each flow path in the water column and hyporheic zone, from which the bioactive zone comprised only a thin superficial layer. In‐stream nitrate uptake was controlled by hyporheic exchange and the cumulative time nitrate spend in the bioactive layer. This bioactive residence time generally increased from the rising to the falling limb of the BTC, systematically generating hysteresis in the TASCC curves. Hysteresis decreased when nutrient uptake primarily occurred in the water column compared to the hyporheic zone, and with increasing the distance between the injection and sampling points. Hysteresis increased with the depth of the hyporheic bioactive layer. Our results emphasize that good characterization of spatial heterogeneity of surface‐subsurface flow paths and bioactive hot spots within streams is essential to understanding the mechanisms of in‐stream nutrient uptake.
Assimilation of Ground‐Based GPS Observations of Vertical Displacement into a Land Surface Model to Improve Terrestrial Water Storage Estimates
Authors: Yin Gaohong , Forman Barton A. , Wang Jing 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGround‐based Global Positioning System (GPS) observations of vertical surface displacement can be used to study terrestrial water storage (TWS) change after properly accounting for nonhydrological loading effects. This study systematically merged ground‐based GPS observations of vertical displacement into a land surface model in order to better estimate TWS. Assimilation was conducted across two snow‐dominated watersheds in the western United States using a one‐dimensional ensemble Kalman filter (EnkF). Modeled estimates were compared against TWS retrievals derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission and in situ measurements of snow water equivalent (SWE), soil moisture, and runoff. The GPS data assimilation (GPS DA) technique improves prediction skill of TWS anomalies relative to the Open Loop (OL; model run without assimilation) when compared against GRACE TWS retrievals, especially during an extended drought period post‐2011 (e.g., correlation coefficient ROL = 0.46 and RGPSDA = 0.82 in the Great Basin). Furthermore, GPS DA improves SWE estimation with improved R values found over 76% and 69% of all pixels collocated with in situ stations in the Great Basin and Upper Colorado watersheds, respectively. GPS DA estimates of surface soil moisture and runoff, however, exhibit degraded performance relative to the OL due to the limited sensitivity of GPS observations to surface soil moisture variations and the lack of a dynamic surface routing scheme as well as other missing model physics (e.g., river and dam regulation, irrigation‐related water withdrawals, surface water impoundments) that are not included in the Catchment Land Surface Model.
SINR improvement based on joint design of transmit covariance matrix and receive filter design for colocated MIMO radar
Authors: Imani Sadjad , Feraidooni Mohammad Mahdi , Gharavian Davood , Nayebi Mohammad Mahdi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper examines we aim to improve the performance of target detection in the presence of signal‐dependent interference in multiple‐input multiple‐output radar through the joint design of the receiver spatial filter and the covariance matrix of waveforms. For this purpose, the signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio is considered as the design criterion. The proposed method is a sequential algorithm that calculates the receiver filter coefficients through a closed form in each step of the algorithm. The correlation of transmit waveforms is also calculated utilizing the coordinate descent method. The covariance matrix is designed in two forms. In the first form, it is assumed that the optimal matrix is a Toeplitz matrix which leads to a simpler design. In the second form, the covariance matrix is calculated by combining orthogonal waveforms, which yields better performance for interfere reduction. Simulation results show that the proposed method has more appropriate performance in comparison with other methods.
Dynamic output‐feedback event‐triggered H∞ control for singular active seat suspension systems with a human body model
Authors: Li Wenxing , Du Haiping , Feng Zhiguang , Ning Donghong , Li Weihua 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe output‐feedback event‐triggered controller is designed in this paper for singular active seat suspension systems. The human body is simply separated into two parts (body torso and head) and is considered with the seat suspension system. The accelerations of each part are considered as part of the system states, which makes the system as a singular system. The seat suspension deflection, relative velocity, the accelerations of the seat frame, body torso, and head are defined as the system outputs, which are all measurable in real‐time. The output‐feedback controller is designed at first. Then, the event‐triggered scheme is designed for the seat suspension system to reduce data transmission. Linear matrix equalities criteria are presented to get the controller and event‐triggered scheme and ensure the admissibility of the seat suspension system. Simulation results are shown to illustrate the effectiveness of the considered control method.
Robust nonlinear observer design for permanent magnet synchronous motors
Authors: Pyrkin Anton , Bobtsov Alexey , Ortega Romeo , Vedyakov Alexey , Cherginets Dmitry , Ovcharov Alexey , Bazylev Dmitry , Petranevsky Igor 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper is devoted to the application of a recently proposed globally convergent adaptive position observer to non‐salient permanent magnet synchronous motors. Following the Dynamic Regressor Extension and Mixing Based Adaptive Observer (DREMBAO) approach, a new finite‐time robust observer is presented that allows to track adaptively the rotor position by measuring only the currents and voltages and without knowledge of mechanical, electrical and magnetic parameters. A numerical example for the case with different rotor speeds and time‐varying load torque is considered to reveal the advantages of the proposed approach in comparison with other existing methods. Experimental studies of the proposed robust nonlinear observer implementation are presented to illustrate the efficiency of the new design technique in different speed modes together with adaptive estimation of unknown parameters.
On well‐definability of the L∞/L2 Hankel operator and detection of all the critical instants in sampled‐data systems
Authors: Hagiwara Tomomichi , Inai Akira , Kim Jung Hoon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBecause sampled‐data systems have h‐periodic nature with the sampling period h, an arbitrary is taken and the quasi Hankel operator at Θ is defined as the mapping from to . Its norm called the quasi Hankel norm at Θ is used to define the Hankel norm as the supremum of their values over . If the supremum is actually attained as the maximum, then a maximum‐attaining Θ is called a critical instant and the Hankel operator is said to be well‐definable. An earlier study establishes a computation method of the Hankel norm, which is called a sophisticated method if our interest lies only in its computation. However, the feature of the method that it is free from considering the quasi Hankel norm for any prevents the earlier study to give any arguments as to whether the obtained Hankel norm is actually attained as the maximum, as well as detecting all the critical instants when the Hankel operator is well‐definable. This paper establishes further arguments to tackle these relevant questions and provides numerical examples to validate the arguments in different aspects of authors' theoretical interests.