bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution as an Unwrapping of the Gift of Freedom
Authors: McLeish Tom 
Published: November 2020

Extending the approach to a ‘theology of science’ developed in Faith and Wisdom in Science (McLeish 2014), I expand its theme of the tension between chaos and emergent order, within the arc of the Biblical story of creation, towards a theology of evolutionary science. In addition to the material in Job, the book of Wisdomprovides a remarkable account of transmutation of species, within a recapitulation of the Exodus theme, that I juxtapose with a modern genotype-phenotype theory of evolutionary dynamics, exploiting analogies with statistical mechanics. The dual and connected structures of microscopic and macroscopic provide a locus for the Joban tensions of chaos and emergent order, and provide an interpretative narrative for the emergent directionality of evolution, and a theology that situates within a creation of freedom to explore the potential of the created order.
Ammonia and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Different Types of Livestock and Poultry Manure During Storage
Authors: Zhu Zhiping , Li Lulu , Dong Hongmin , Wang Yue 
Published: November 2020

HighlightsCarbon and nitrogen gas emissions from manure storage were influenced by manure characteristics.The main GHG contributor for dairy cattle, beef cattle, and broiler manure was methane.The main GHG contributor for laying hen manure was nitrous oxide (N2O).N2O emissions of the five types of manure were comparable with the IPCC recommended value.Abstract. Livestock manure management is an important source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from agriculture. Large amounts of manure are produced in China, while little research is available on the gas emission characteristics from different manure sources. The GHG and NH3 emissions from pig manure (PM), dairy cattle manure (DCM), beef cattle manure (BCM), layer manure (LM), and broiler manure (BM) during storage were monitored using the dynamic emission chamber method to compare the differences in gas emission characteristics among the five manure types and elucidate the key factors causing the differences. The results indicated that C and N gas emissions from manure storage were influenced by manure characteristics. The total CO2-eq (without CO2) emissions from PM, DCM, BCM, LM, BM were, respectively, 49.98 ±3.53, 1160.4 ±55.22, 692.16 ±42.98, 61.99 ±1.92, and 72.52 ±3.45 g per kg of dry basis manure during 77-day storage. The main GHG contributor for DCM, BCM, and BM was methane (CH4), accounting for 65% to 94%, and the main GHG contributor for LM was nitrous oxide (N2O). For PM, CH4 and N2O contributed equally to the total emissions. The N2O emissions of the five manure types were 0.002 to 0.013 kg N2O-N kg-1 N and were comparable with the IPCC recommended value. Keywords: Ammonia, Animal manure, Emission, Methane, Nitrous oxide.
Application of laser cleaning in postwelding treatment of aluminum alloy
Authors: Zhu Guodong , Wang Shouren , Zhang Mingyuan , Yang Xuefeng , Liu Wentao , Wang Gaoqi 
Published: November 2020

This paper presents a new method of postweld treatment. The 5154 aluminum alloy was cleaned by Nd:YAG laser after welding. The surface morphology, energy spectrum, friction and wear properties, hardness, and residual stress of the welded joint at different cleaning speeds were studied. The results show that an Nd:YAG laser can effectively remove the welding slag and eliminate the pores in the weld under a certain cleaning speed. When the cleaning speed is in the range of 5.2–20.7 mm/s, laser cleaning can improve the heat-affected zone’s tribological characteristics. Laser cleaning can eliminate the residual stress of the welded joint and improve the welding joint’s strength, which provides a reference for laser cleaning instead of traditional heat treatment.
Design of all-optical reversible logic gates using photonic crystal waveguides for optical computing and photonic integrated circuits
Authors: Rao Dalai Gowri Sankar , Swarnakar Sandip , Kumar Santosh 
Published: November 2020

Reversible logic gates are capable of designing lossless digital systems, which have received a great deal of attention in photonic integrated circuits due to their advantages, such as less heat generation and low power dissipation. In this paper, all-optical reversible Feynman and Toffoli logic gates are designed for optical computing devices and low-power integrated circuits. Proposed designs of all-optical reversible logic gates are implemented with two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides without using any nonlinear material. The finite-difference time-domain method is used to simulate and verify the proposed design, and it is operated at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The structure of all-optical reversible logic gates requires much less area, and Feynman logic gates offer a contrast ratio (CR) of 12.4 dB, transmittance of 0.96, and less insertion loss of

−

0.015

d
B

, while Toffoli logic gates offer a CR of 32.5 dB, transmittance of 0.9, and less insertion loss of

−

0.04

d
B

.
400  MHz ultrafast optical coherence tomography
Authors: Huang Dongmei , Li Feng , He Zijian , Cheng Zihao , Shang Chao , Wai P. K. A. 
Published: November 2020

An ultrafast time-stretched swept source with a sweep rate of 400 MHz is demonstrated based on the buffering of a 100 MHz femtosecond laser pulse train. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest sweep rate of swept sources for optical coherence tomography (OCT) that has been reported. With a 10 dB sweep range of

∼

100

n
m

, an axial resolution of 19 µm is obtained in the OCT. OCT imaging of high-speed rotating disks is demonstrated. A composite complex apodization method is proposed and demonstrated to enhance the signal to noise ratio in the OCT imaging.
Challenges in the care of patients with Chagas disease in the Brazilian public health system: A qualitative study with primary health care doctors
Authors: Damasceno Renata Fiúza , Sabino Ester Cerdeira , Ferreira Ariela Mota , Ribeiro Antonio Luiz Pinho , Moreira Hugo Fonseca , Prates Thalita Emily Cezário , Sampaio Cristina Andrade , Haikal Desirée Sant´Ana 
Published: November 2020

Background
Care to patients with Chagas disease (CD) is still a challenge for health systems in endemic and non-endemic countries. In the Brazilian public health system, the expansion of Primary Health Care (PHC) services to remote and disadvantaged areas has facilitated the access of patients with CD to medical care, however this is in a context where care gaps remain, with insufficient public funding and inadequate distribution of services. Considering the need for studies on care to patients with CD in different settings, this study explored the challenges of family doctors to provide care to patients with CD in an endemic region in Brazil with high coverage of public PHC services.

Methods and findings
This is a qualitative study. A focus group with 15 family doctors was conducted in a municipality participating in a multicenter cohort that monitors almost two thousand patients with CD in an endemic region in Brazil. The data were analyzed using a thematic content analysis technique. The family doctors pointed out the following challenges for care to patients with CD: unsatisfactory medical training (academic education not suitable for the clinical management of the disease, and lack of training on CD in PHC); uncertainties regarding antiparasitic treatment in the chronic phase of the disease; difficulty in patients’ access to specialized care when necessary, especially to the cardiologist; and trivialization of the disease by patients as a barrier to seeking care.

Conclusion
The access of CD patients to adequate medical care, even in regions with high coverage of public PHC services, still represents an important challenge for health systems. The results of this study may contribute to the development of strategies to improve the clinical management of CD in PHC.
Identifying genetic variants associated with ritodrine-induced pulmonary edema
Authors: Lee Seung Mi , Park Yoomi , Kim Young Ju , Hwang Han-Sung , Seo Heewon , Min Byung-Joo , Lee Kye Hwa , Kim So Yeon , Jung Young Mi , Lee Suehyun , Park Chan-Wook , Kim Ju Han , Park Joong Shin 
Published: November 2020

IntroductionRitodrine is one of the most commonly used tocolytics in preterm labor, acting as a ß2-adrenergic agonist that reduces intracellular calcium levels and prevents myometrial activation. Ritodrine infusion can result in serious maternal complications, and pulmonary edema is a particular concern among these. The cause of pulmonary edema following ritodrine treatment is multifactorial; however, the contributing genetic factors remain poorly understood. This study investigates the genetic variants associated with ritodrine-induced pulmonary edema.MethodsIn this case-control study, 16 patients who developed pulmonary edema during ritodrine infusion [case], and 16 pregnant women who were treated with ritodrine and did not develop pulmonary edema [control] were included. The control pregnant women were selected after matching for plurality and gestational age at the time of tocolytic use. Maternal blood was collected during admission for tocolytic treatment, and whole exome sequencing was performed with the stored blood samples.ResultsGene-wise variant burden (GVB) analysis resulted in a total of 71 candidate genes by comparing the cumulative effects of multiple coding variants for 19729 protein-coding genes between the patients with pulmonary edema and the matched controls. Subsequent data analysis selected only the statistically significant and deleterious variants compatible with ritodrine-induced pulmonary edema. Two final candidate variants inCPT2andADRA1Awere confirmed by Sanger sequencing.ConclusionsWe identified new potential variants in genes that play a role in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) regulation, which supports their putative involvement in the predisposition to ritodrine-induced pulmonary edema in pregnant women.
Molecular strategy for the direct detection and identification of human enteroviruses in clinical specimens associated with hand, foot and mouth disease
Authors: Zhou Yonghong , Qiu Qi , Luo Kaiwei , Liao Qiaohong , Li Yu , Cui Peng , Liang Lu , Cheng Yibing , Wang Lili , Wang Kai , Van Tan Le , Rogier van Doorn H. , Yu Hongjie 
Published: November 2020

Background
Diseases caused by human enteroviruses (EVs) are a major global public health problem. Thus, the effective diagnosis of all human EVs infections and the monitoring of epidemiological and ecological dynamic changes are urgently needed.

Methods
Based on two comprehensive virological surveillance systems of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), real-time PCR and nested RT-PCR (RT-snPCR) methods based on the enteroviral VP1, VP4-VP2 and VP4 regions were designed to directly detect all human EVs serotypes in clinical specimens.

Results
The results showed that the proposed serotyping strategy exhibit very high diagnostic efficiency (Study 1: 99.9%; Study 2: 89.5%), and the variance between the study was due to inclusion of the specific Coxsackie virus A6 (CVA6) real-time RT-PCR and VP4 RT-snPCR in Study 1 but not Study 2. Furthermore, only throat swabs were collected and analyzed in Study 2, whereas in Study 1, if a specific EV serotype was not identified in the primary stool sample, other sample types (rectal swab and throat swab) were further tested where available. During the study period from 2013 to 2018, CVA6 became one of the main HFMD causative agents, whereas the level of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) declined in 2017.

Conclusion
The findings of this study demonstrate the appropriate application of PCR methods and the combination of biological sample types that are useful for etiological studies and propose a molecular strategy for the direct detection of human EVs in clinical specimens associated with HFMD.
Survival status and its predictors among multi-drug resistance tuberculosis treated patients in Ethiopia: Multicenter observational study
Authors: Bade Asnake Balche , Mega Teshale Ayele 
Published: November 2020

Background
Although substantial progress has been made in combating the crisis of multi-drug resistance tuberculosis (MDR-TB), it remained the major public health threat globally.

Objective
To assess patients’ survival and its predictors among patients receiving multi-drug resistance tuberculosis treatment at MDR-TB treatment centers of southern and southwestern Ethiopia.

Methods
A multicenter retrospective observational study was conducted from April 14 to May 14, 2019, among patients receiving MDR-TB treatment at three MDR-TB treatment centers, Butajira, Arbaminch and Shenengibe Hospitals, located in south and southwestern Ethiopia. A total of 200 records were reviewed using a check list adopted from the national MDR-TB treatment charts and other relevant documents. Data were entered into Epi-Data version 4.2.0 for cleaning and exported to STATA-13 for analysis. Descriptive analysis was carried out and results were presented by text, tables, and charts. Kaplan-Meier (log-rank test) and Cox regression were used to compare baseline survival experience and to determine predictors of patients’ survival (death), respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) was used to measure the strength of association and a p-value of <0.05 was considered to declare statistical significance.

Results
Of 200 patients, 108 (54%) of them were males. The mean (+ standard deviation) age of the study population was 32.9±9.5years. During follow-up, 22 (11%) deaths were reported. The overall incidence density of death was 11.99, 95% CI [7.89–18.21] per 100,000person-years. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) survival time was 375(249–457) days. Comorbidity (AHR = 23.68, 95% CI [4.85–115.46]), alcohol consumption (AHR = 4.53, 95% CI [1.21–16.97]), and history of poor adherence (AHR = 12.27, 95% CI [2.83–53.21]) were independently associated with patients’ survival (death).

Conclusion
In this study, the incidence density of mortality was very high. Alcohol consumption, poor adherence, and the presence of comorbidity were independently associated with death. Hence, alcohol users, patients with comorbidity and poor adherence should be given due attention during therapy.
Using a Respectful Approach to Child-centred Healthcare (ReACH) in a paediatric clinical trial: A feasibility study
Authors: Nicholl Analise , Evelegh Kate , Deering Kane Evan , Russell Kate , Lawrence David , Lyons-Wall Philippa , O’Sullivan Therese Anne 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundThere is a growing momentum in paediatric ethics to develop respectful research and healthcare protocols. We developed, tested and refined our ‘Respectful Approach to Child-centred Healthcare’ (ReACH), to underpin respectful participant interactions in a clinical trial.ObjectiveTo determine whether a ReACH-based approach is acceptable to children and parents, and effective in obtaining compliance with common healthcare assessments in a clinical trial of healthy 4-6-year-old children.MethodsReACH-based child assessments were evaluated at two baseline clinics and one post-intervention, using mixed methods. Children (n = 49; 46.9% female; mean age = 5.24±0.88 years at baseline) and their parents provided independent evaluation, via customised 5-point Likert scales and qualitative feedback. A dedicated child researcher evaluated adherence to the study ReACH principles.ResultsChildren achieved compliance rates of 95% for body composition (BodPod) assessments; 89% for blood pressure measurements, and 92% (baseline) and 87% (post-intervention) for blood draws. Adherence to ReACH principles during clinic visits was positively associated with child compliance, significantly for baseline BodPod (p = 0.002) and blood test (p = 0.009) clinics. Satisfaction with BodPod protocols was positively associated with compliance, for children at baseline (p = 0.029) and for parents post-intervention (p <0.001). Parents rated the study itself very highly, with 91.7% satisfied at baseline and 100% post-intervention. Qualitative feedback reflected an enjoyable study experience for both parents and children.ConclusionsAdherence to our emerging ReACH approach was associated with high child compliance rates for common healthcare assessments, although no causality can be inferred at this preliminary stage of development. Participants expressed satisfaction with all aspects of the study. Our use of child-centred methods throughout a research intervention appears feasible and acceptable to children and their parents.
The bacterial association with oral cavity and intra-abdominal abscess after gastrectomy
Authors: Nishikawa Mao , Honda Michitaka , Kimura Ryosuke , Kobayashi Ayaka , Yamaguchi Yuji , Hori Soshi , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Waragai Mitsuru , Kawamura Hidetaka , Nakayama Yujiro , Todate Yukitoshi , Takano Yoshinao , Yamaguchi Hisashi , Hamada Koichi , Iketani Susumu , Seto Ichiro , Izumi Yuichi , Seto Kanichi 
Published: November 2020

Background
Perioperative oral management has been reported to be effective for preventing postoperative infectious complications. In addition, severe periodontal disease was identified as the significant risk factor for complications after gastrointestinal surgery. We investigated the bacteriological association between the periodontal pocket, stomach mucosa and drainage fluid to determine whether oral bacteria directly cause intra-abdominal infection after gastrectomy.

Methods
Patients who were scheduled to undergo surgery for gastric cancer were prospectively enrolled. We evaluated the similarity of bacterial strains in periodontal pocket, stomach mucosa and fluid from drainage tube. Gingival crevicular fluid and dental plaque were collected from the periodontal pocket and cultured to detect bacteria. Specimens from the resected stomach were collected and used for bacterial culturing. Drainage fluid from the abdominal cavity was also cultured.

Results
All of 52 patients were enrolled. In the periodontal pocket, α-Streptococcus spp., Neisseria sp., and Prevotella sp. were mainly detected. Bacterial cultures in the stomach mucosa were positive in 26 cases. In 20 cases (76.9%), the detected strains were the same as those in the periodontal pocket. Six patients had the postoperative intra-abdominal infection after gastrectomy, and the same bacterial strains was detected in both of drainage fluid and periodontal pocket in two patients with severe periodontal disease.

Conclusions
We found the bacteriological association that same strain detected in periodontal pocket, stomach and in intra-abdominal drainage fluid after gastrectomy in patients with periodontal disease.
Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among high-risk populations in Lomé (Togo) in 2020
Authors: Halatoko Wemboo Afiwa , Konu Yao Rodion , Gbeasor-Komlanvi Fifonsi Adjidossi , Sadio Arnold Junior , Tchankoni Martin Kouame , Komlanvi Koffi Segbeaya , Salou Mounerou , Dorkenoo Ameyo Monique , Maman Issaka , Agbobli Amétépé , Wateba Majesté Ihou , Adjoh Komi Séraphin , Goeh-Akue Edem , Kao Yem-bla , Kpeto Innocent , Pana Paul , Kinde-Sossou Rebecca , Tamekloe Agbeko , Nayo-Apétsianyi Josée , Assane Simon-Pierre Hamadi , Prine-David Mireille , Awoussi Sossinou Marcel , Djibril Mohaman , Mijiyawa Moustafa , Dagnra Anoumou Claver , Ekouevi Didier Koumavi 
Published: November 2020

Background
In December 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak began in China and quickly spread throughout the world and was reclassified as a pandemic in March 2020. The first case of COVID-19 was declared in Togo on March 5. Two months later, few data were available to describe the circulation of the new coronavirus in the country.

Objective
This survey aimed to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in high-risk populations in Lomé.

Materials and methods
From April 23, 2020, to May 8, 2020, we recruited a sample of participants from five sectors: health care, air transport, police, road transport and informal. We collected oropharyngeal swabs for direct detection through real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) and blood for antibody detection by serological tests. The overall prevalence (current and past) of infection was defined by positivity for both tests.

Results
A total of 955 participants with a median age of 36 (IQR 32–43) were included, and 71.6% (n = 684) were men. Approximately 22.1% (n = 212) were from the air transport sector, 20.5% (n = 196) were from the police sector, and 38.7% (n = 370) were from the health sector. Seven participants (0.7%, 95% CI: 0.3–1.6%) had a positive rRT-PCR test result at the time of recruitment, and nine (0.9%, 95% CI: 0.4–1.8%) were seropositive for IgM or IgG against SARS-CoV-2. We found an overall prevalence of 1.6% (n = 15), 95% CI: 0.9–2.6%.

Conclusion
The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among high-risk populations in Lomé was relatively low and could be explained by the various measures taken by the Togolese government. Therefore, we recommend targeted screening.
O impacto da pandemia provocado pelo coronavírus no cenário educacional brasileiro
Authors: Carmona Raquel Torcani 
Published: November 2020

Resumo: O presente artigo busca apontar, ainda que de forma sucinta, alguns dentre os vários efeitos da pandemia provocada pela disseminação da Covid-19 e que impactaram o cenário educacional brasileiro, é bem verdade que não se pode, ao menos com bases seguras, prever o que ainda está por vir, todavia já é possível realizar um diagnóstico, mesmo que parcial, desses efeitos. Os problemas estão longe de terminar, mesmo assim, quanto mais incisivo e precoce é o debate, tanto maior serão as chances de se alcançar soluções possíveis e mais factíveis em tempo menor. Para tanto, propomos algumas reflexões, sem deixar de avaliar a necessidade de soluções, pois em nosso modo de discernir, elucubrações não são capazes de conduzir o ser humano a resultados efetivos e o problema da educação no Brasil é algo que requer soluções urgentes.
Incertidumbre y calidad de vida en cuidadores familiares de personas con cáncer en cuidado paliativo
Authors: Arias-Rojas Mauricio , Carreño Moreno Sonia , Arredondo Holgín Edith 
Published: November 2020

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las relaciones entre la dedicación del cuidador a las labores de cuidado, la incertidumbre ante la enfermedad y la calidad de vida de cuidadores familiares de personas con cáncer en cuidados paliativos.
Métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal desarrollado con 127 cuidadores familiares seleccionados mediante muestreo intencional en dos instituciones de salud en Bogotá- Colombia, a los que se les aplicaron los cuestionarios de caracterización del cuidado, incertidumbre ante la enfermedad y calidad de vida del cuidador. Para el análisis estadístico inferencial se emplearon las correlaciones por coeficiente de Pearson posterior a la prueba de normalidad.
Resultados: Para las correlaciones, se estableció un coeficiente de Pearson de r = -0,27 con una p < 0,002 entre la incertidumbre y la calidad de vida; surgieron además correlaciones negativas entre las dimensiones de bienestar psicológico y social con la inconsistencia (r = -0,27 p < 0,01 y r = -0,19 p < 0,05, respectivamente) y entre el bienestar social y la complejidad de la escala de incertidumbre (r = -0,2 p < 0,05). De las características del cuidado, se encontró unicamente una correlación negativa entre el bienestar físico y el tiempo que el cuidador lleva en este rol (r = -0,18 p < 0,05).
Conclusiones: El valor de las correlaciones indican que son significativas pero débiles dada la multidimensionalidad de los fenómenos. Las asociaciones inversas indican que a mayores niveles de incertidumbre, menor percepción de calidad de vida y viceversa.