bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ATTRIBUTION OF FORGOTTEN ASSEMBLAGE FOUND NEAR VASYLKIV VILLAGE
Authors: Babenko L. I. , Lifantii O. V. 
Published: January 2020

In 1895 Yulia F. Abaza made the archaeological excavations near Vasylkiv village of Zvenyhorod district. The found materials were given to the Archaeological museum of Kiev Saint Vladimir Imperial University that has not survived till nowadays. In 1899 these artefacts were presented as one Scythian burial mound assemblage at the 11th Archaeological Congress exhibition in Kyiv, though the analysis of collection’s items demonstrate their cultural and historical broad range. There are ca. fifteen vessels of Trypillia and one — of Middle Dnieper cultures. The biggest part of the assemblage under discussion is presented by two horizons of Scythian Age. Also one sword belongs to the Sarmatian culture. This diversity makes impossible to assume belonging of all described items to one archaeological complex.
A little bit later the finials (pole-tops) discovered by Yulia F. Abaza were published as finds from Kaniv district (B. I. and V. A. Khanenko) or as the finds from the Mezhirichka from Balta (A. A. Bobrinskii). The last passport was recognized by scholars and was repeated in a lot of analytical papers. However no paper mentioned these finials among the finds explored by Yu. F. Abaza in 1895 at the barrows near Mezhirichka village. It is absolutely clear now that their interpretation as the Mezhirichka’s finds was mistaken. The arguments on the matter are fully described in the paper.
Now due to our «investigation» the main part of collection of Yulia F. Abaza’s excavation in 1895 in Zvenyhorod district was reinvented again. Now almost all artefacts from this works near Vasylkiv village (modern Cherkasy Region of Ukraine) are kept in National Museum of Ukrainian History. The one finial was given in 1950 to M. F. Sumtsov Kharkiv Historical Museum.
BARROW 6 OF VODOSLAVKA BURIAL GROUND. THE GRAVE OF SCYTHIAN NOBILITY
Authors: Kuprii S. O. , Lifantii O. V. , Shelekhan O. V. 
Published: January 2020

This is the first publication of the barrow 6 of burial ground placed near Vodoslavka village in Novotroitskyi district of Kherson Oblast of Ukraine. Under the small mound of soil 1.4 m height two wealthy persons were buried in the same catacomb with two entering pits. Due to stratigraphy observation, the funeral rate in this case had two phases. Firstly, the body of Scythian noble warrior was placed in the grave in his armour and with weapon. Near him on the West his horse was putted in separate small grave. Some time since, the woman’s corpse dressed in ceremonial gown with gold decoration was placed near man in his grave. Lately, the grave was robbed (probably not long time since funeral rates). But robbers used the second entering pit for their purpose. It is very uncommon, that after taking some of the grave goods and disturbing the upper part of bodies, thefts have leaved in the second entering pit the animal sacrifice (?) — horse corpse.
The grave goods demonstrate the high social level of the two Scythians. The man was buried with representative set of weapon: set of ranged weapon, spears and javelins, scaled armour and antique greaves. On the woman’s skeleton the number of gold clothes decorations were recorded. Besides that, the set of silver table ware was found inside the catacomb, and the entrance to the grave was lock with wagon parts.
The analysis of the gold appliquйs and rings, armour, weapon and silver vessels shows the time of burial — second—third quarter of the 4th century BC. The area, where these noble Scythians found their last resting place, was strategically important at that time. This barrow was built on the way that leaded from the Bosporan Kingdom to the center of the Scythia in the Dnieper River area.
STUDENETS-BUCHATSKA — THE NEW SETTLEMENT OF SCYTHIAN PERIOD IN THE MID-DNIEPER BASIN
Authors: Kushtan D. P. , Kuzmich D. V. 
Published: January 2020

The paper introduces the archaeological materials discovered in 2018 on the territory of Studenets village of Kaniv district, Cherkasy region. Here, along Buchatska Street, the site of Scythian Age was stumbled upon while digging the water-pipe trench. The site included the accumulation of ceramic vessels, laying compactly on the same level. Some of them were turned upside down (fig. 4).
In total six vessels have been discovered (fig. 6). Three of them are kitchen pots ornamented with finger-prints on the edge and neck. Three other vessels are tableware with more thorough surface: two pots and a black-glazed conical bowl. The typological features of the ceramics allow to date the group to the late 5th—4th centuries BC.
The discovered object as well as the surface finds indicate the presence of the Early Iron Age settlement here. It occupied the middle part of the slope of watershed terrace facing to the Dnieper. On both sides the settlement is bounded by the upper spurs of the spring which, connecting with each other, form a stream flowing into the Kaniv reservoir after 2 km. The approximate area of the settlement is about 5 hectares (fig. 2). Most likely, it belongs to the economic district of the Scythian settlement «Viha» with an area of 27 hectares, located 3 km to the northeast, near the village of Buchak (fig. 1).
The materials, being introduced into the scientific circulation, will complement the map of the archeological sites of Trakhtemiriv peninsula, as well as enrich our knowledge of the material and spiritual culture of the ancient population lived here in the Early Iron Age
PROBLEM OF FUNERAL RITES OF THE POPULATION OF SCYTHIAN AGE IN THE SEYM RIVER BASIN
Authors: Bilynskyi O. O. 
Published: January 2020

The author analyzed the problem of burial sites of the population of Scythian Age in the Seym region. Currently there are several locations associated with the local population. These are the burial sites from the Moiseevo and Maritsa hillforts and the necropolis near Dolinske village. The burials from the Moiseevo hillfort probably date back to the medieval times and the necropolis at the Maritsa settlement belonged to the Yukhniv culture. According to the available data, burial in the territory of this site was carried out after the hillfort ceased to function as a settlement — ca. 4th century BC. Necropolis near the Dolynske village is well known in the literature as an example of ground burials of the forest-steppe population of Scythian Age. However, detailed analysis of the circumstances of discovery of burials and the grave goods suggests that the burials were actually covered by the mounds but they did not survive due to the removal of soil. The grave goods is reminiscent of the nearby Sula necropolises. The lack of common burial sites in the region prompts the search for other burial rites. Traditionally cremations with the further dispersal of ashes are the common types of burial that do not leave visible burial sites but despite the complexity of their detection there are still no finds that would indicate this rite. The fragments of human bones at Shyryaevo, Kuzina Gora and Moiseyevo hillforts are the only hints that could indicate this. A round amulet which was made of human skull bone was discovered at the latter. Stray finds of human remains occurred at the sites of the entire forest-steppe territory in Scythian Age and many sites of Central Europe but the irregularity of such finds at the Seym region demonstrate that they could not be a mandatory consequence of a certain burial rite. The wide variety of analogies offers the options for the reconstruction of special burial practices that could lead to the deposition of human bones. By analogy with other cultures, the cannibalism, temporary burial at the site, and the deliberate storage of bones that may have been obtained from the burials can be assumed.
CHERTOMLYK AND KOZEL: BARROWS, HORSES AND CROSSING
Authors: Perevodchikova E. V. , Firsov K. B. 
Published: January 2020

According to Dr. Yu. Boltrik’s works the Scythian royal barrows were situated on the high places (watersheds) as well as along the roads. One of the biggest roads marked by Oguz, Solokha, Kozel, Chertomlyk and Alexandropol barrows run in meridional direction and crossed the Dnieper. The Dnieper crossing was a start point in barrow creation: the later is a barrow, the more distant from the Dnieper crossing it is placed. Kozel and Chertomlyk barrows situated across the Dnieper (Kozel on the left coast, Chertomlyk — on the right one), both dated to the second half of the 4th century BC, are similar in planigraphy, quantity of buried horses and some details of their arrangement.
In both barrows the horses were buried in special tombs situated to the West of the central tomb. Each horse tomb consisted of three large rectangular separate pits formed a line situated North-South.
In both cases 11 horses were buried. Their bridles were made of two metals: of silver and gold in Chertomlyk and of bronze and silver — in Kozel. Some had also saddles with golden plates and some had bronze breast (neck) dressings.
We compared the arrangement of horses in the tombs of Kozel and Chertomlyk concerning the Dnieper crossing and observed a kind of bilateral symmetry in it. So we may suppose they had in mind this crossing not only constructing barrows but burying horses too.
River crossing in archaic cultures is a border dangerous to overcome. Because of that some rituals should be performed and some constructions installed at that place. Near the Dnieper crossing a group of Scythian barrows is known. The Dnieper direction in this place is latitudinal and the direction of road — meridional, so the place of crossing looks like a center of sacred space, and the way to it is also sacred.
So we do not except the Dnieper crossing was significant for arranging horses’ tombs in Kozel and Chertomlyk barrows.
SYMBOLIC MEANING OF METAL CAULDRON IN SCYTHIAN BURIAL PRACTICE FROM ETHNOANALOGY PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Bielopolska O. A. 
Published: January 2020

As historiography shows, sociocultural aspect is the main perspective commonly analyzed in the interpretation of symbolic meaning of Scythian bronze cauldrons. The deposition of such vessels is typical to burials: average barrows of ordinary members of society as well as unique wealthy graves of Scythians with high social status. The hypothesis of sacral symbolic meaning of a cauldron in social perspective is primarily based on some passages by Herodotus (IV, 61 and IV, 81). These written sources merge with general context of archaeological findings — cauldrons are associated with rich grave goods.
Number of scholars made some successful attempts to calculate the size of Scythian cauldrons, correlate it with a reconstructed nomadic food-value and archaeological context (such as high of the mound and grave goods). Therefore, the cauldrons became a definite marker in Scythian society stratification study. But such viewpoint does not explain the urgent need to deposit Scythian bronze vessels during the burial ritual.
The article introduces ethnoanalogy as a method, vital for interpretation of spiritual and ideological nature of artifacts. It is underlined that the approach in choosing analogies in ethnography should be structured and calibrated in order to escape scholar’s personal influence on results and to broaden the range of possible meanings.
Earlier researches failed to find constant features of the cauldron agency in Scythian burial practice and thus to interpret them. The author states that a cauldron possesses certain characteristic features in every case of Scythian burial practice. Such peculiarities include the disposition (namely the main chamber, dromos and household premises), quantity in one grave, quality of a vessel.
Strictly correlated with archaeological data, ethnoanalogy reveals that cauldron’s agency in Scythian burial practice is strongly connected with the Otherworld (votive offerings, border guard), and this symbolic meaning is realized in the concrete context of depositions.
NOTES ON BRONZE POLE-TOPS WITH A GRIFFIN FROM SCYTHIAN ALEKSANDROPOL BARROW
Authors: Alekseev A. Yu. , Minasyan R. S. , Shablavina E. A. 
Published: January 2020

The article proposes a scheme and algorithm for the manufacture of four bronze pole-tops from the Scythian Royal Alexandropol burial mound dated to the second half of the 4th century BC, which can serve as a basis for understanding the manufacturing process or the ancient repair of the similar Scythian replicated products.
There is both a general idea of the manufacture of such bronze pole-tops by casting (according to a wax model or in detachable forms), and private judgments about the nature of castings, the correction of defects and the repair of pole-tops and their parts. But at the same time, specific details of the production process by different researchers (S. V. Polin, B. N. Mozolevsky, A. I. Melyukova, L. I. Babenko, A. R. Kantorovich, V. R. Erlikh, etc.) are assumed different, showing a very colorful picture.
The process of making bronze pole-tops which were similar in composition, but different in the elaboration and decoration, most likely consisted of the following successive steps: creating a stencil of wax models of griffins in a rectangular frame; revision and decoration by hand of some individual parts on the surface of these wax figures (wings, paws, etc.), giving individuality to each object; attachment and molding of wax plugs; closure of the wax model by the clay mold, its drying and firing (?); casting in metal; destruction of clay mold; machining the surface of the casting.
The pole-tops are casted from lead-tin bronze (copper is the base, tin is 9—12 %, lead is 2—3 %, traces of arsenic, iron and nickel). The pole-top (no. Dn 1853 1/6) differs by one feature. On the side edges of the nozzle are high dark triangles with clear boundaries, made by lead-tin plating. On the other objects such ornamentation (?) is not visible.
Thus, the considered pole-tops were made using a single stencil and cast according to a single technical scheme.
POLE-TOPS OF CHMYREVA MOHYLA BARROW
Authors: Popandopulo Z. H. 
Published: January 2020

In 1977 on the site of famous burial mound Chmyrеva Mohyla located on the northern outskirts of Velyka Bilozerka village of Zaporizhzhia region three bronze pole-tops with images of gryphons were found by local people on the plowed field. There is no evidence whether other artifacts have been found. Luckily nearby in Gunovka village the expedition of Institute of Archaeology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine was working under the leadership of Yu. V. Boltryk who got the founded artifacts and then sent them to Zaporizhzhia regional museum of local lore, history and economy. The history of excavations of Chmyrеva Mohyla numbers more than a century. They were started by F. A. Braun in 1898, M. I. Veselovskiy (1909—1910) continued the excavations and Yu. V. Boltryk in 1994 completed them. The burial mound has not been excavated in full because of various reasons. The destiny of finds from this barrow was tragic. A lot of artifacts among them silver vessels from the hiding-place which was revealed by M. I. Veselovskiy were lost during the World War II when the collections of Kharkiv historic museum were evacuated.
Scythian bronze pole-tops as one of the most interesting categories of artifacts for a long time attracted attention of scholar world. They were classified by types and date, their significance in funeral ceremony and everyday life was searched for. The questions still remain. In this article we tried to put into scholar circulation a scanty type of pole-tops with the image of pacing gryphon on the pear-shaped little bell which is characteristic only for Steppe Dnieper river region. For today only eight of them are known and most of them are originated from of the burial mounds of high Scythian aristocracy: Tovsta Mohyla, Haimanova Mohyla, Chmyrova Mohyla. Chronologically they are slightly differed from other pole-tops both with the image of deer on pear-shaped little bells from Tovsta Mohyla, and with the image of deer on flat cone bushes from Haimanova Mohyla. The question about the place of production of such pole-tops is still opened. Probably just these types of pole-tops could be produced in one workshop but not all known variety of objects as V. A. Ilinska thought. One of the problems to be solved by researchers is searching for such workshops. But if these objects have been moulded by wax models the task becomes more complicated.
ON THE STUDIES OF THE ZOOMORPHIC IMAGES REPERTOIRE IN THE ART OF INKARDARIA SAKAS
Authors: Jumabekova G. S. , Bazarbaeva G. A. 
Published: January 2020

The article is devoted to zoomorphic images analysis received from the Saka sites of the Eastern Aral Sea region — Uygarak (VII—VI cc. BC) and South Tagisken (VII—V cc. BC). The images were studied by the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition under the guidance of S. P. Tolstov. This material has been due to the fact that now there is an update of the source base of the studies of art objects belonging to the Saka time in the archaeology of the early Iron Age of Kazakhstan.
At present the materials on Uygarak and South Tagisken are still among the sites with a large series of excavated mounds, both in the region and in Kazakhstan. Almost completely excavated burial grounds of the early Iron Age containing a large number of objects in Kazakhstan archaeology are single.
The analysis of the material on Uygarak and Tagisken depicts that objects with zoomorphic decor were found in every burial. In percentage this makes 21 % in Uygarak and 18 % in Tagisken. According to the archaeologists O. A. Vishnevskaya, M. A. Itina, L. T. Yablonsky, who studied the monuments, the mounds were robbed by contemporaries. Consequently, conducting an objective analysis is difficult, but a trial to trace the dynamics of the emergence of objects created in zoomorphic style seems extremely interesting. There is a high probability that a small number of objects with preserved works of ancient art marks complexes belonging to the steppe aristocracy.
Among zoomorphic images, the most common were birds and cat predators. There are objects in the shape of saigas and horses. Images of bears, wolves, deer, argali, wild boars, camels are quite rare. It is worth noting that bird images have never been found in Tagisken materials, and not a single horse and saiga image has been recorded in Uygarak. At the same time, the majority of zoomorphically decorated items are parts of horse equipment.
HORN COMB FROM THE EXCAVATION ON NEMYRIV HILLFORT
Authors: Ocheretnyi S. I. 
Published: January 2020

The processing of bone and horn is the pinnacle of handicraft of forest-steppe population of Scythian time. In early Scythian Age the most bone and horn products are represented by elements of horse bridle, household implements and toilet objects in the material culture of the population of Ukraine.
The comb made from horns of deer from the excavations of B. I. Lobai at the Nemyriv hillfort in 1980 is published in the paper. Іts form and ornamentation are analyzed, parallels with similar archetypes of early-Scythian Age throughout the territory of Ukraine are presented. There are two main categories of combs divided according to their function: economic tools and toiletries. Considering the fragile proportions and exquisite ornamentation, this example should be attributed to disparate specimens to the toiletries.
The horn combs of the Scythian time are divided according to their functionality. The most common combs were simple and used for household purposes, for combing wool. They were based on several teeth (5—8 pieces) sometimes with a vertical handle but more often they were a single plate without a handle. Such simple forms of comb are spread throughout the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, in such settlements of the Scythian time as Severinovka, Trakhtemyriv, Bielsk and other.
Dr. G. Smirnova considered analogs of a comb for hairstyles from the Nemyriv settlement. These combs had a vertical handle with a small shield at the end. The number of teeth, unlike commercial combs, is larger (8—10 teeth, sometimes up to 25). The ridges of Perebikovtsi and Novozvedenye II mounds were similar to Nemyrivsky but without ornament. Combs for hairstyles were spread not only among the indigenous population but also among the inhabitants of the Greek Black Sea Policies. But unlike the Scythian combs made of horns, or sometimes of precious metal, the Greeks used wooden combs for their daily consumption.
Periodic Modulation: Newly Emergent Emission Behavior in Pulsars
Authors: Basu Rahul , Mitra Dipanjan , Melikidze Giorgi I. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Periodic modulations are seen in normal pulsars (P > 0.1 s) over timescales ranging from a few seconds to several minutes. Such modulations have usually been associated with the phenomenon of subpulse drifting. A number of recent studies have shown subpulse drifting to exhibit very specific physical characteristics: (i) drifting is seen only in conal components of the pulse profile and is absent in central core emission; (ii) drifting pulsars are distributed over a narrow range of spin-down energy loss (

), where pulsars with

2 × 1032 erg s−1 show this behavior; and (iii) drifting periodicity (P
3) is anti-correlated with

, such that pulsars with lower values of

tend to have longer P
3. These detailed characterizations of drifting behavior, on the other hand, also revealed the presence of other distinct periodic modulations, which can be broadly categorized into two types, periodic nulling, and periodic amplitude modulation. In contrast to drifting, these periodic phenomena are seen across the entire profile in both the core and conal components simultaneously and are not restricted to any specific

range. In this work we have assembled an exhaustive list of around 70 pulsars that show such periodic modulations, 22 of which were newly detected using observations from the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope and the remaining compiled from past publications. The presence of such a significant group in the pulsar population suggests periodic modulations to be newly emergent phenomena in pulsars, with a physical origin that is distinct from that of subpulse drifting.
Analysis of the methods for projection of spaces for good manufacturing practice
Authors: Panovski-Nikoljski Elena , Petanovski Aleksandar , Spiroski Ivo 
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND: In this Paper we will present the evolution of the best practice for biobanks, the technical and medical standards for collecting, processing and storing, as well as the socio-economic standards for biobank management.
AIM: The aim of this Thesis is to analyse and to present the methods for projection of spaces for good manufacturing practice.
METHODS: The European Union has adopted guidelines for good manufacturing practice which define the requirements for manufacturing of sterile products. In the following text we will describe the details for determining microbiological cleanliness and cleanliness of the particles in the air, on the surfaces, etc.
RESULTS: The length of time between the collecting of blood or tissues could affect the final result. The preparation of sterile products requires special conditions, in order the risk of microbiological contamination and certain pyrogenic contaminations to be minimized. We make difference between four levels of guidelines for good manufacturing practice, which in this Paper are taken from the practice of the European Union. Level A is local zone with high-risk procedures, e.g. filling, closing of bottles, opening of ampoules and bottles and making septic connections. Level B is aseptic preparation and filling of the samples. Level C and D are the clean spaces for less critical procedures for preparation of sterile products.
CONCLUSION: Technical standards, medical standards, socio-economic standards for biobank management, informatics practices for biobanks, economic recommendations for biobanks have been established, as well as a quality of biobanks has been provided.