bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Pelvis Bayesian Injury Probability Curves From Whole Body Lateral Impact Experiments
Authors: Yoganandan Narayan , DeVogel Nicholas , Pintar Frank , Banerjee Anjishnu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractInjury criteria are used in military, automotive, and aviation environments to advance human safety. While injury risk curves (IRCs) for the human pelvis are published under vertical loading, there is a paucity of analysis that describe IRCs under lateral impact. The objective of the present study is to derive IRCs under this mode. Published data were used from 60 whole-body postmortem human surrogate (PMHS) tests that used repeated testing protocols. In the first analysis, from single impact tests, all injury data points were considered as left censored and noninjury points were considered as right censored, while repeated testing results were treated as interval censored data. In the second analysis, injury data were treated uncensored. Peak force was used as the response variable. Age, total body mass, gender, and body mass index (BMI) were used as covariates in different combinations. Bayesian survival analysis model was used to derive the IRCs. Plus-minus 95% credible intervals (CI) and their normalized CI sizes (NCIS) were obtained. This is the first study to develop IRCs in whole body PMHS tests to describe the human pelvic tolerance under lateral impact using Bayesian models.
Data-Driven Performance Monitoring of Dynamical Systems Using Granger Causal Graphical Models
Authors: Saha Homagni , Liu Chao , Jiang Zhanhong , Sarkar Soumik 
Published: March 2020

AbstractData-driven analysis and monitoring of complex dynamical systems have been gaining popularity due to various reasons like ubiquitous sensing and advanced computation capabilities. A key rationale is that such systems inherently have high dimensionality and feature complex subsystem interactions due to which majority of the first-principle based methods become insufficient. We explore the family of a recently proposed probabilistic graphical modeling technique, called spatiotemporal pattern network (STPN) in order to capture the Granger causal relationships among observations in a dynamical system. We also show that this technique can be used for anomaly detection and root-cause analysis for real-life dynamical systems. In this context, we introduce the notion of Granger-STPN (G-STPN) inspired by the notion of Granger causality and introduce a new nonparametric technique to detect causality among dynamical systems observations. We experimentally validate our framework for detecting anomalies and analyzing root causes in a robotic arm platform and obtain superior results compared to when other causality metrics were used in previous frameworks.
Studying Dynamic Change Probabilities and Their Role in Change Propagation
Authors: Long Daniel , Ferguson Scott 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Long-lived systems are likely to experience many independent modifications during their lifecycles. Prior literature provides tools for predicting how a change in a fixed system is likely to propagate, but these tools do not address change propagation across multiple, independent modifications. The phenomenon of a modification consuming excess, thereby increasing the likelihood of change propagation in future modifications, is studied in this work as dynamic change probabilities (DCP). This research builds on change propagation techniques, network theory, and excess to provide high-level guidance about how DCP may alter change propagation within a system over time. A sample of existing and synthetic systems are explored, as we show that the rate of change likelihood increase following a modification depends on the number of components (nodes), the dependencies between components (edges), and initial change propagation probability values (edge weights). Results also show that excess placement in specific components, and the presence of system hubs (high-degree components), can mitigate the impact of excess consumption when multiple system modifications are made over time.
Friction Reduction of Oil-Impregnated Sintered Bearings by Surface Texturing
Authors: Korenaga Atsushi , Mano Hiroki , Omura Ayako , Ohana Tsuguyori , Aso Shinobu , Sadakata Kazuki , Tanabe Shigeyuki , Akiyama Yuji , Habuki Fumio 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this study, to reduce the friction of oil-impregnated sintered bearings, rounded-rectangle dimples are processed on the bearing surface and the bearing properties are examined. The dimpled bearings achieved lower friction than the flat bearings without dimple processing. To investigate the mechanism of friction reduction of the dimpled bearings, the friction coefficient, the eccentricity ratio, and the attitude angle of the bearings were measured. As a result, the dimpled bearings showed a larger eccentricity ratio and a smaller attitude angle than the flat bearings. In addition, the attitude angles of the dimpled bearings were negative in some cases. The reason for the reduced friction of the dimpled bearings is presumed to be that the extent of the lubricating oil in the bearing clearance was narrower, while the dimple enabled a sufficient amount of lubricating oil to be supplied to the plateau region.
Determination of Coupling Loss Factors Between Two Plates Joined at a Right Angle Using the Wave Approach
Authors: Patil Vinayak H. , Manik Dhanesh N. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Vibration transmission through two homogenous isotropic plates, joined at a right angle to each other, is studied using a wave approach in the audible frequency range. In this study, a generalized mathematical model is developed for the right-angled joint using a spring and dashpot model, which represents welded, riveted, and bolted joints. The energy transfer for the spring-dashpot model is determined in terms of transmission and reflection efficiencies of the aforementioned joints. The effect of variation of stiffness and damping of the joints on the transmission and reflection efficiencies is studied for variation in the coupled plate thickness and density ratio. The transmission efficiency is used to theoretically determine the coupling loss factor (CLF), which is an important parameter of statistical energy analysis (SEA) models. It is observed that with an increase in the mass of the second plate, it acts as a blocking mass to energy transfer. Experiments were performed on two mild steel plates connected using weld, rivet, and bolt joints to determine the CLFs for the joints and to verify the theoretical model. The CLFs determined from experiments and predicted using the wave approach were compared with those determined from the power injection method (PIM).
Effect of Fuel Injection Timing Relative to Ignition Timing on the Natural-Gas Direct-Injection Combustion
Authors: Huang Zuohua , Shiga Seiichi , Ueda Takamasa , Jingu Nobuhisa , Nakamura Hisao , Ishima Tusneaki , Obokata Tomio , Tsue Mitsuhiro , Kono Michikata 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Effect of fuel injection timing relative to ignition timing on natural gas direct-injection combustion was studied by using a rapid compression machine. The ignition timing was fixed at 80 ms from the compression start. When the injection timing was relatively earlier (injection start at 60 ms), the heat release pattern showed slower burn in the initial stage and faster burn in the late stage, which is similar to that of flame propagation of a premixed gas. In contrast to this, when the injection timing was relatively later (injection start at 75 ms), the heat release rate showed faster burn in the initial stage and slower burn in the late stage, which is similar to that of diesel combustion. The shortest duration was realized at the injection end timing of 80 ms (the same timing as the ignition timing) over the wide range of equivalence ratio. The degree of charge stratification and the intensity of turbulence generated by the fuel jet is considered to cause these behaviors. Earlier injection leads to longer duration of the initial combustion, whereas the later injection does longer duration of the late combustion. Earlier injection showed relatively lower CO emission while later injection produces relatively lower NOx emission. It was suggested that earlier injection leads to lower mixture stratification combustion and later injection leads to higher mixture stratification combustion. Combustion efficiency maintained high value over the wide range of equivalence ratio.
Alternative Refrigerant for an IC Engine Thermal Recuperation System
Authors: Hay E. , Moshi J. , Baker P. , Reid J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The hot tests on a prototype waste heat thermal recuperation system attached to a heavy-duty diesel engine and used with an inert gas as the cycle organic refrigerant described.
TER is a system attached to the engine that uses the waste heat in the hot coolant and can lead to an efficiency improvement of 2 to 4% with correspondingly lower emissions.
The heat balance, pressure losses, energy available for recuperation and other pertinent data are described and discussed.
The equipment proved to be rugged. High-pressure losses in the system were reduced and the heat losses improved. The TER55 refrigerant was easier to handle and could serve as a reasonable substitute for Butane: it is inert, non-CFC based and operates at similar pressures.
Self-reported and objectively measured physical activity levels among Hispanic/Latino adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bevier Wendy , Glantz Namino , Hoppe Charis , Morales Glass Jessikah , Larez Arianna , Chen Kong , Kerr David 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveIn the USA, minority populations face a disproportionate burden from type 2 diabetes (T2D), in whom physical activity (PA) is recommended. The aim of this study was to determine levels of PA among a community of free-living Hispanic/Latino adults with T2D using a research accelerometer, a consumer device and a pictogram self-assessment questionnaire.Research design and methodsThis was a cross-sectional, observational study. Participants (57 women and 31 men, body mass index (kg/m2) 32.2±7.9 and 29.9±4.5, waist circumference 97.1±30.1 and 93.7±33.0 cm and hemoglobin A1c 8.0±2.0 and 8.1%±1.8%, respectively) wore an ActiGraph (AG) on the hip and a Fitbit (FB) on the wrist for 1 week to estimate daily steps and energy expenditure (EE). Participants reported type and intensity of PA using English-language or Spanish-language pictograms and a 10-point Likert scale (1=‘not active’ to 10=‘very, very active’).ResultsSteps per day were not normally distributed; AG median steps/weekday (Monday–Friday) was 6990 (range 1091–25 884) compared with 9329 (288–31 669) using FB (p≤0.01). Both devices recorded significantly more steps on weekdays versus weekends (p≤0.05). EE was also higher during the week. AG and FB were highly correlated to each other (p<0.01). Men were more active than women and maintained their PA throughout the week, whereas women decreased theirs on weekends. Spanish-language pictograms were preferred and self-reported PA matched objective assessments by both devices. Participants perceived themselves to be active (7.1±2.0) due to work.ConclusionsBoth objectively measured and self-reported levels of PA in Hispanic/Latino adults with T2D challenge the assumption that lack of PA may be commonplace for this group. AG and FB are different in their measurement of PA but are significantly correlated. New strategies, including use of pictograms, for interventions need to be considered if further increases or changes in PA are to be used as T2D therapy.Trial registration numberNCT03736486
Obesity prevalence in Brazilian firefighters and the association of central obesity with personal, occupational and cardiovascular risk factors: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Damacena Fernanda Camargo , Batista Thatiany Jardim , Ayres Lorena Rocha , Zandonade Eliana , Sampaio Karla Nívea 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the obesity prevalence in a population of Brazilian firefighters and the association of central obesity (CO) with sociodemographic, occupational, life habits, fitness and health status variables.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingsThe data were collected during annual health inspections of firefighters from the Military Fire Service of the State of Espírito Santo, a state in Southeast Brazil.ParticipantsThe study encompassed 1018 active military firefighters. After exclusion criteria, 892 male firefighters were analysed.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe collected data included: sociodemographic, occupational, lifestyle, fitness and health status variables. The associations between these factors and CO were calculated by adjusted OR through a hierarchical logistic regression model.ResultsObesity estimation by body mass index indicated that 48.65% of the firefighters were overweight and 10.99% were obese. Concerning the body fat percentage, 26.23% of the participants were considered obese, while 18.61% of the firefighters were considered centrally obese or at risk using the waist circumference measure. After adjusted OR analysis, CO was more likely associated with the age range of 50 to 59 years old (OR 2.93; 95% CI 1.05 to 8.14), low self-reported physical activity (OR 1.95; 95% CI 1.14 to 3.34), low cardiorespiratory fitness (OR 5.15; 95% CI 3.22 to 8.23), hyperglycaemia (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.07 to 2.72) and hypertriglyceridaemia fasting status (OR 3.12; 95% CI 1.75 to 5.55).ConclusionsOur study identified an overall high prevalence of overweight and obese individuals in the examined firefighter population. Age and cardiovascular risk factors were directly associated with CO among the firefighters. Cardiovascular risk factors should be routinely inspected within the Brazilian firefighters’ corporations in order to improve the health condition and wellness of these workers. These endeavours will improve the performance of the services provided to the population.
Prediction of gestational age with symphysis-fundal height and estimated uterine volume in a pregnancy cohort in Sylhet, Bangladesh
Authors: Lee Anne C C , Whelan Rachel , Bably Nazmun Nahar , Schaeffer Lauren E , Rahman Sayedur , Ahmed Salahuddin , Moin Syed Mamun Ibne , Begum Nazma , Quaiyum Mohammad Abdul , Rosner Bernard , Litch James A , Baqui Abdullah H , Wylie Blair J 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveTo improve the accuracy of the prediction of gestational age (GA) before birth with the standardised measurement of symphysis-fundal height (SFH), estimation of uterine volume, and statistical modelling including maternal anthropometrics and other factors.DesignProspective pregnancy cohort study.SettingRural communities in Sylhet, Bangladesh.Participants1516 women with singleton pregnancies with early pregnancy ultrasound dating (<20 weeks); 1486 completed follow-up.MethodsSFH and abdominal girth were measured at subsequent antenatal care (ANC) visits by community health workers at 24 to 28, 32 to 36, and/or >37 weeks gestation. An estimated uterine volume (EUV) was calculated from these measures. Data on pregnancy characteristics and other maternal anthropometrics were also collected.Primary outcome measureGA at subsequent ANC visits, as defined by early ultrasound dating.Results1486 (98%) women had at least one subsequent ANC visit, 1102 (74%) women had two subsequent ANC visits, and 748 (50%) had three visits. Using the common clinical practice of approximating the GA (in weeks) with the SFH measurement (cm), SFH systematically underestimated GA in late pregnancy (mean difference −4.4 weeks, 95% limits of agreement −12.5 to 3.7). For the classification of GA <28 weeks, SFH <26 cm had 85% sensitivity and 81% specificity; and for GA <34 weeks, SFH <29 cm had 83% sensitivity and 71% specificity. EUV had similar diagnostic accuracy. Despite rigorous statistical modelling of SFH, accounting for repeated longitudinal measurements and additional predictors, the best model without including a known last menstrual period predicted 95% of pregnancy dates within ±7.4 weeks of early ultrasound dating.ConclusionsWe were unable to predict GA with a high degree of accuracy before birth using maternal anthropometric measures and other available maternal characteristics. Efforts to improve GA dating in low- and middle-income countries before birth should focus on increasing coverage and training of ultrasonography.Trial registration numberNCT01572532
Disability discrimination and well-being in the United Kingdom: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Hackett Ruth A. , Steptoe Andrew , Lang Raymond P. , Jackson Sarah E. 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesDisability discrimination is linked with poorer well-being cross-sectionally. The aim of this study was to explore prospective associations between disability discrimination and well-being.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingThe United Kingdom Household Longitudinal Study.ParticipantsData were from 871 individuals with a self-reported physical, cognitive or sensory disability.Primary outcome measuresDepression was assessed in 2009/10. Psychological distress, mental functioning, life satisfaction and self-rated health were assessed in 2009/10 and 2013/14.ResultsData were analysed using linear and logistic regression with adjustment for age, sex, household income, education, ethnicity and impairment category. Perceived disability discrimination was reported by 117 (13.4%) participants. Cross-sectionally, discrimination was associated with depression (OR=5.40, 95% CI 3.25 to 8.97) fair/poor self-rated health (OR=2.05; 95% CI 1.19 to 3.51), greater psychological distress (B=3.28, 95% CI 2.41 to 4.14), poorer mental functioning (B=−7.35; 95% CI −9.70 to −5.02) and life satisfaction (B=−1.27, 95% CI −1.66 to −0.87). Prospectively, discrimination was associated with increased psychological distress (B=2.88, 95% CI 1.39 to 4.36) and poorer mental functioning (B=−5.12; 95% CI −8.91 to −1.34), adjusting for baseline scores.ConclusionsPerceived disability-related discrimination is linked with poorer well-being. These findings underscore the need for interventions to combat disability discrimination.
We all want to die in peace - So why don’t we?
Authors: Gijsbertsen Brecht , Kremer Jan A M 
Published: March 2020

ObjectivesApproximately 70% of Americans would prefer to die at home and avoid hospitalization or intensive care during the terminal phase of illness. Given the wish to die at home, it should follow the majority of Americans achieves their wish. However, recent data indicate ~60% of people dies away from home or hospice care. This article sets out to understand what makes it so difficult to attain what we aspire for in death and provide a starting point for change.MethodThe authors reviewed and analysed literature on elements which drive patients to continue treatment even though prospects are grim.ResultsSix elements which combine into a system driving non-peaceful death were identified (western culture, healthcare system, pharmaceutical industry, professionals, family and loves ones, patients themselves) and complemented with three additional factors entrenched in us as humans which make the system particularly difficult to overcome ((rational) decision making, option framing, inability to change).ConclusionDying in peace is easier said than done because the cards are stacked against us and we seem to remain unaware of the breadth and depth at which continuing treatment is ingrained in our system.
Peritumoral administration of IFNβ upregulated mesenchymal stem cells inhibits tumor growth in an orthotopic, immunocompetent rat glioma model
Authors: Mao Jiaji , Cao Minghui , Zhang Fang , Zhang Jingzhong , Duan Xiaohui , Lu Liejing , Yang Zehong , Zhang Xiang , Zhu Wangshu , Zhang Qinyuan , Wang Zhe , Shen Jun 
Published: March 2020

Background
Immunotherapy with IFNβ is a promising strategy for treating malignant glioma. However, systemic administration of IFNβ is inadequate because of low intratumoral concentration and major adverse effects. This study aimed to determine whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be used as cellular vehicles to locally deliver IFNβ for glioma therapy by using in vivo MRI tracking.

Methods
A recombinant lentiviral vector encoding IFNβ and ferritin heavy chain (FTH) reporter genes was constructed to transduce MSCs. The effectiveness and safety of transduction were assessed. After the IFNβ and FTH overexpressed MSCs (IFNβ-FTH-MSCs) were transplanted into intracranial orthotopic rat F98 gliomas via peritumoral, intracerebral, intratumoral or intra-arterial injection, MRI was performed to track IFNβ-FTH-MSCs and to evaluate their therapeutic effect on glioma in vivo, as validated by histologic analysis, quantitative PCR and ELISA assays.

Results

MSCs were efficiently and safely transduced to upregulate their IFNβ secretion and FTH expression by the constructed lentivirus. After peritumoral injection, IFNβ-FTH-MSCs appeared as hypointense signals on MRI, which gradually diminished but remained visible until 11 days. Compared with other administration routes, only peritumoral injection of IFNβ-FTH-MSCs showed a remarkable inhibition on the glioma growth. Nearly 30% of IFNβ-FTH-MSCs survived up to 11 days after peritumoral injection, while most of IFNβ-FTH-MSCs injected via other routes died within 11 days. IFNβ-FTH-MSCs grafted peritumorally secreted IFNβ persistently, leading to pronounced Batf3
+
dendritic cells and CD8
+
T lymphocyte infiltration within the glioma.

Conclusions
MSCs can be used as cellular vehicles of IFNβ to treat malignant glioma effectively via peritumoral injection.
A case of dual-mechanism immune-related anaemia in a patient with metastatic melanoma treated with nivolumab and ipilimumab
Authors: Olson Daniel J , Rajagopal Padma , Tjota Melissa Y , Venkataraman Girish , Luke Jason J , Gajewski Thomas F 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundThe combination of the immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) ipilimumab and nivolumab is a mainstay of treatment for selected patients with metastatic melanoma. This combination also results in more frequent immune-related adverse events (irAEs) than either ICI alone. These irAEs can be severe and their pathogenesis is poorly understood.Case presentationWe report a case of a woman with metastatic melanoma, treated with combined ipilimumab and nivolumab, who developed severe anaemia. While initial workup revealed autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, the anaemia persisted despite corticosteroids and paradoxical reticulocytopenia was observed. Bone marrow biopsy demonstrated a CD8+T cell-mediated destruction of the red cell precursors implying concurrent pure red cell aplasia. Both processes resolved after the addition of cyclosporine A.ConclusionsThis report describes a rare case of two concurrent mechanisms of haematological irAE in a patient treated with combined ICI therapy. Successful treatment resulted only after the second underlying mechanism of toxicity was uncovered. Prompt recognition of these unusual presentations of rare irAEs is now key to effective irAE management.