bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid loss of an ecosystem engineer: Sphagnum decline in an experimentally warmed bog
Authors: Norby Richard J. , Childs Joanne , Hanson Paul J. , Warren Jeffrey M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSphagnum mosses are keystone components of peatland ecosystems. They facilitate the accumulation of carbon in peat deposits, but climate change is predicted to expose peatland ecosystem to sustained and unprecedented warming leading to a significant release of carbon to the atmosphere. Sphagnum responses to climate change, and their interaction with other components of the ecosystem, will determine the future trajectory of carbon fluxes in peatlands. We measured the growth and productivity of Sphagnum in an ombrotrophic bog in northern Minnesota, where ten 12.8‐m‐diameter plots were exposed to a range of whole‐ecosystem (air and soil) warming treatments (+0 to +9°C) in ambient or elevated (+500 ppm) CO2. The experiment is unique in its spatial and temporal scale, a focus on response surface analysis encompassing the range of elevated temperature predicted to occur this century, and consideration of an effect of co‐occurring CO2 altering the temperature response surface. In the second year of warming, dry matter increment of Sphagnum increased with modest warming to a maximum at 5°C above ambient and decreased with additional warming. Sphagnum cover declined from close to 100% of the ground area to <50% in the warmest enclosures. After three years of warming, annual Sphagnum productivity declined linearly with increasing temperature (13–29 g C/m2 per °C warming) due to widespread desiccation and loss of Sphagnum. Productivity was less in elevated CO2 enclosures, which we attribute to increased shading by shrubs. Sphagnum desiccation and growth responses were associated with the effects of warming on hydrology. The rapid decline of the Sphagnum community with sustained warming, which appears to be irreversible, can be expected to have many follow‐on consequences to the structure and function of this and similar ecosystems, with significant feedbacks to the global carbon cycle and climate change.
Lung ultrasound‐guided treatment in ambulatory patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled clinical trial (LUS‐HF study)
Authors: Rivas‐Lasarte Mercedes , Álvarez‐García Jesús , Fernández‐Martínez Juan , Maestro Alba , López‐López Laura , Solé‐González Eduard , Pirla Maria J. , Mesado Nuria , Mirabet Sonia , Fluvià Paula , Brossa Vicens , Sionis Alessandro , Roig Eulàlia , Cinca Juan 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAimsLung ultrasound (LUS) is a useful tool with which to assess subclinical pulmonary congestion and to stratify the prognosis of patients with heart failure (HF). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether an LUS‐guided follow‐up protocol improves the outcomes of patients with HF.Methods and resultsIn this single‐blind clinical trial, 123 patients admitted for HF were randomized to either a standard follow‐up (n = 62, control group) or a LUS‐guided follow‐up (n = 61, LUS group). The primary endpoint was a composite of urgent visit, hospitalization for worsening HF and death during follow‐up. Visits were scheduled at 14, 30, 90 and 180 days after discharge. Treating physicians were encouraged to modify diuretic therapy in accordance with the number of B‐lines recorded by LUS. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of the patients was 69 ± 12 years and 72% were male. The mean ± SD left ventricular ejection fraction was 39 ± 14%. The hazard ratio for the primary outcome in the LUS group was 0.518 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.268–0.998; P = 0.049], mainly resulting from a decrease in the number of urgent visits for worsening HF. The number of patients needed to treat to avoid an event was 5 (95% CI 3–62). Other secondary endpoints such as N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide reduction were not achieved. The safety parameters were similar in the two groups. Patients in the LUS group received more loop diuretics [51 (91%) vs. 42 (75%); P = 0.02] and showed an improvement in the distance achieved in the 6‐min walking test [60 m (interquartile range: 29–125 m) vs. 37 m (interquartile range: 5–70 m); P = 0.023].ConclusionsTailored LUS‐guided diuretic treatment of pulmonary congestion in this proof‐of‐concept study reduced the number of decompensations and improved walking capacity in patients with HF. LUS is a non‐invasive, safe and easy‐to‐use technique with potential clinical applicability to guide pulmonary congestion treatment in patients with HF.
Strong complexation of water‐soluble betulin derivatives with (2‐hydroxypropyl)‐γ‐cyclodextrin studied by affinity capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Sursyakova Viktoria V. , Levdansky Vladimir A. , Rubaylo Anatoly I. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe complexation between (2‐hydroxypropyl)‐γ‐cyclodextrin (HP‐γ‐CD) and water‐soluble betulin derivatives, betulin 3,28‐disulfate (DSB) and betulin 3‐acetate‐28‐sulfate (ASB), belonging to the class of pentacyclic lupane triterpenoids, was studied using mobility shift ACE (ms ACE). It was found that the complexation is a high‐affinity interaction. In this case, a very low amount of HP‐γ‐CD should be added to the BGE, and triangular peaks are observed as a result of ligand deficiency in the sample zone. Le Saux et al. showed in 2005 that using the parameter a1 of the Haarhoff‐Van der Linde (HVL) function instead of the migration time measured at the peak apex eliminates the effect of ligand deficiency on effective electrophoretic mobility. Therefore, the electrophoretic mobilities of asymmetrical peaks of DSB and ASB were calculated in this way. The obtained experimental data correspond to 1:1 complexes. The calculated values of binding constants logarithms at 25°C are 6.70 ± 0.05 and 7.03 ± 0.10 for the HP‐γ‐CD complexes of DSB and ASB, respectively.
Mathematical modeling of mass transfer in supercritical fluid extraction of patchouli oil
Authors: Soh Soon Hong , Agarwal Shuchi , Jain Akshay , Lee Lai Yeng , Chin Siew Kian , Jayaraman Sundaramurthy 
Published: October 2019

Patchouli oil is a high‐value essential oil used in cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, supercritical fluid extraction of patchouli oil with various operating process parameters (pressure, temperature, flow rate, and particle size) were studied and the results were modeled using the broken and intact cell model (BICM). From the experimental studies, it was found that the extraction rate was improved at higher pressures and flow rates, where the mass transfer resistances in the liquid and solid phase were decreased; however, the increase in temperature had an inverse effect on extraction rate and mass transfer. In the case of particle size, a moderate size of 0.3 to 0.6 mm gave the optimal extraction rate. The BICM predictions showed good agreements with experimental data and gave valuable insights regarding the mass transfer mechanism of the extraction process, including mass transfer coefficients and extraction periods governed by convection and diffusion.
Seismic vulnerability of offshore wind turbines to pulse and non‐pulse records
Authors: Ali Ahmer , De Risi Raffaele , Sextos Anastasios , Goda Katsuichiro , Chang Zhiwang 
Published: October 2019

SummaryThe increasing number of wind turbines in active tectonic regions has attracted scientific interest to evaluate the seismic vulnerability of offshore wind turbines (OWTs). This study aims at assessing the deformation and collapse susceptibility of 2MW and 5MW OWTs subjected to shallow‐crustal pulse‐like ground motions, which has not been particularly addressed to date. A cloud‐based fragility assessment is performed to quantify the seismic response for a given intensity measure and to assess the failure probabilities for pulse‐like and non‐pulse‐like ground motions. The first‐mode spectral acceleration Sa(T1) is found to be an efficient response predictor for OWTs, exhibiting prominent higher‐mode behavior, at the serviceability and ultimate conditions. Regardless of earthquake type, it is shown that records with strong vertical components may induce nonlinearity in the supporting tower, leading to potential failure by buckling in three different patterns: (i) at tower base near platform level, (ii) close to tower top, and (iii) between the upper half of the main tower and its top. Type and extent of the damage are related to the coupled excitation of vertical and lateral higher modes, for which tower top acceleration response spectra Sa,i(Top) is an effective identifier. It is also observed that tower's slenderness ratio (l/d), the diameter‐to‐thickness ratio (d/t), and the rotor‐nacelle‐assembly mass (mRNA) are precursors for evaluating the damage mode and vulnerability of OWTs under both pulse‐like and non‐pulse‐like ground motion records.
Deformation of granitic rocks within Derbugan Fault belt, Erguna Massif, Northeast China: Implication of the subduction of Mongol‐Okhotsk oceanic plate
Authors: Liang Chenyue , Liu Yongjiang , Zheng Changqing , Li Wei , Li Weimin , Neubauer Franz , Zhang Qian , Chen Zhaoxu , Zhang Duo 
Published: October 2019

The NE–SW striking Derbugan Fault has been comprehensively accepted as a Mesozoic strike‐slip fault in Erguna Massif rather than a suture belt of Erguna and Xing'an massifs. The rocks exposed within the fault belt, which consist of Jiageda Formation and intrusions which have been multiply deformed and metamorphosed. These deformed rocks provide an ideal opportunity to understand the geodynamics of the uplift history and tectonic evolution of Derbugan Fault in Mongol‐Okhotsk regime and influence of the circum‐Pacific tectonic regime, particularly during the later stages of the Mongol‐Okhotsk Ocean collision. In this study, we report kinematics, meso‐microstructures, quartz EBSD analysis and geochronology data of the Jiageda Formation exposed within the Derbugan Fault belt in Cuogang area, Erguna Massif. The Jiageda Formation and granitic rocks have experienced regional metamorphism and deformation, and is mainly characterised by simple‐shear dominated general shearing with LS tectonites. Our new zircon U‐Pb data of mylonitic rocks from Cuogang area yielded ages between 381 to 401 Ma which was produced as a result of the subduction of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean. Deformed granitic intrusive formed in the Early Triassic (244.8 ± 5.6 Ma) was related to the southward subduction of the Mongol‐Okhotsk oceanic plate beneath the Erguna Massif. The Derbugan Fault represents a ductile to brittle deformation at decreasing crustal level due to the dominant oblique (subhorizontal) slip. The early sinistral strike‐slip deformation with a medium temperature between 450 and 550°C developed at a deep ductile regime resulted from NW–SE extension. The subsequent deformation was essentially brittle that corresponded to a low‐temperature deformation corresponded to a greenschist metamorphic facies. Crystallographic textures indicate a restricted recrystallisation of quartz mainly via dislocation creep through activation prismatic <a> slip and rhomb <a> slip system, with a later activation of basal <a> slip system. The Early Cretaceous extensional environment may consist with the main medium temperature deformation stage of Derbugan Fault, which was related to either delamination or upwelling of the thickened lithosphere of the Mongol‐Okhotsk tectonic regime, and rollback of the Paleo‐Pacific Plate.
NF‐E2‐related factor 2 activation boosts antioxidant defenses and ameliorates inflammatory and amyloid properties in human Presenilin‐1 mutated Alzheimer's disease astrocytes
Authors: Oksanen Minna , Hyötyläinen Ida , Trontti Kalevi , Rolova Taisia , Wojciechowski Sara , Koskuvi Marja , Viitanen Matti , Levonen Anna‐Liisa , Hovatta Iiris , Roybon Laurent , Lehtonen Šárka , Kanninen Katja M. , Hämäläinen Riikka H. , Koistinaho Jari 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a common dementia affecting a vast number of individuals and significantly impairing quality of life. Despite extensive research in animal models and numerous promising treatment trials, there is still no curative treatment for AD. Astrocytes, the most common cell type of the central nervous system, have been shown to play a role in the major AD pathologies, including accumulation of amyloid plaques, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Here, we show that inflammatory stimulation leads to metabolic activation of human astrocytes and reduces amyloid secretion. On the other hand, the activation of oxidative metabolism leads to increased reactive oxygen species production especially in AD astrocytes. While healthy astrocytes increase glutathione (GSH) release to protect the cells, Presenilin‐1‐mutated AD patient astrocytes do not. Thus, chronic inflammation is likely to induce oxidative damage in AD astrocytes. Activation of NRF2, the major regulator of cellular antioxidant defenses, encoded by the NFE2L2 gene, poses several beneficial effects on AD astrocytes. We report here that the activation of NRF2 pathway reduces amyloid secretion, normalizes cytokine release, and increases GSH secretion in AD astrocytes. NRF2 induction also activates the metabolism of astrocytes and increases the utilization of glycolysis. Taken together, targeting NRF2 in astrocytes could be a potent therapeutic strategy in AD.
Marangoni convective nanofluid flow over an electromagnetic actuator in the presence of first‐order chemical reaction
Authors: Rasool Ghulam , Shafiq Anum , Tlili Iskander 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe present study aims to investigate Marangoni‐forced convective nanofluid flow over an electromagnetic actuator (Riga plate). A first‐order homogeneous chemical reaction is considered. The thermocapillary and solutocapillary Marangoni effect developed by the surface tension is considered as a driving force for the nanofluid. In addition, Grinberg‐term is accounted to involve the impact of Lorentz force impinged by the actuator in the model. A set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is obtained via suitable transformations for a nonsimilar analysis. Series solutions are achieved through homotopy to discuss the behavior of the velocity field, thermal distribution, and concentration of the nanoparticles graphically. The variation in Nusselt and Sherwood numbers is discussed. The outcomes declared that the flow parallel to the surface of the plate is assisted by the Lorentz forces generated by electromagnetic bars of the actuator resulting in an enhancement in the fluid motion. Furthermore, the stronger Marangoni effect resulted in the declining trend of the temperature profile. The concentration of nanoparticles near the surface reduced intensive chemical reaction inside the nanofluid.
A semianalytical formula for European options under a hybrid Heston–Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model with regime switching
Authors: He Xin‐Jiang , Chen Wenting 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the pricing of European options under a regime‐switching Heston–Cox–Ingersoll–Ross (CIR) hybrid model, where the mean‐reversion levels of both the stochastic volatility and interest rate are assumed to change among different states. Albeit difficult, we have still managed to derive an semianalytical pricing formula for European options after the generalized moment generating function of this particular model is worked out. Numerical experiments are also carried out to demonstrate the accuracy of the newly derived formula as well as the influence of the introduction of the regime‐switching mechanics on option prices. Finally, through a preliminary empirical study, our model is shown to be superior to the Heston‐CIR model, which demonstrates the importance of introducing the regime‐switching mechanics.
Effects of Long-Duration Spaceflight on Vertebral Strength and Risk of Spine Fracture
Authors: Burkhart Katelyn , Allaire Brett , Anderson Dennis E , Lee David , Keaveny Tony M , Bouxsein Mary L 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACT
Although the negative impact of long-duration spaceflight on spine BMD has been reported, its impact on vertebral strength and risk of vertebral fracture remains unknown. This study examined 17 crewmembers with long-duration service on the International Space Station in whom computed tomography (CT) scans of the lumbar spine (L1 and L2) were collected preflight, immediately postflight and 1 to 4 years after return to Earth. We assessed vertebral strength via CT-based finite element analysis (CT-FEA) and spinal loading during different activities via subject-specific musculoskeletal models. Six months of spaceflight reduced vertebral strength by 6.1% (−2.3%, −8.7%) (median [interquartile range]) compared to preflight (p &lt; 0.05), with 65% of subjects experiencing deficits of greater than 5%, and strengths were not recovered up to 4 years after the mission. This decline in vertebral strength exceeded (p &lt; 0.05) the 2.2% (−1.3%, −6.0%) decline in lumbar spine DXA-BMD. Further, the subject-specific changes in vertebral strength were not correlated with the changes in DXA-BMD. Although spinal loading increased slightly postflight, the ratio of vertebral compressive load to vertebral strength for typical daily activities remained well below a value of 1.0, indicating a low risk of vertebral fracture despite the loss in vertebral strength. However, for more strenuous activity, the postflight load-to-strength ratios ranged from 0.3 to 0.7, indicating a moderate risk of vertebral fracture in some individuals. Our findings suggest persistent deficits in vertebral strength following long-duration spaceflight, and although risk of vertebral fracture remains low for typical activities, the risk of vertebral fracture is notable in some crewmembers for strenuous exercise requiring maximal effort. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
miR‐98‐5p promotes apoptosis and inhibits migration and cell growth in papillary thyroid carcinoma through Bax/Caspase‐3 by HMGA2
Authors: Qiu Kai , Xie QingJi , Jiang Shan , Lin Ting 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe aims of this study were to investigate the function and mechanism of miRNA‐98‐5p in papillary thyroid carcinoma.MethodsQuantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was used to measure the expression of miRNA‐98‐5p in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Western blotting and caspase‐3/9 activity levels, flow cytometric analysis, cell migration assays, DAPI assay, cell proliferation assay, and LDH activity levels were used in this study.ResultsIn patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma, miRNA‐98‐5p was reduced, and HMGA2 was increased. Downregulation of miRNA‐98‐5p promoted the cell growth, inhibited apoptosis, and induced HMGA2 protein expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma cell via activation of HMGA2. Overexpression of miRNA‐98‐5p inhibited the cell growth, induced apoptosis, and suppressed HMGA2 protein expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma cell through the suppression of HMGA2. Si‐HMGA2 inhibited the effects of anti‐miRNA‐98‐5p on cell growth of papillary thyroid carcinoma.ConclusionTherefore, these results suggested the regulation of HMGA2 suppresses proliferation of papillary thyroid carcinoma through miRNA‐98‐5p.
Neuroserpin regulates human T cell-T cell interactions and proliferation through inhibition of tissue plasminogen activator
Authors: Loef Evert Jan , Brooks Anna E.S. , Lorenz Natalie , Birch Nigel P. , Dunbar P. Rod 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
T cells play a key role in mounting an adaptive immune response. T cells are activated upon recognition of cognate Ag presented by an APC. Subsequently, T cells adhere to other activated T cells to form activation clusters, which lead to directed secretion of cytokines between communicating cells. T cell activation clusters have been implicated in regulating activation, proliferation, and memory formation in T cells. We previously reported the expression of the protease inhibitor neuroserpin by human T cells and showed that expression and intracellular localization is regulated following T cell activation. To gain a better understanding of neuroserpin in the proteolytic environment postactivation we assessed its role in human T cell clustering and proliferation. Neuroserpin knockdown increased T cell proliferation and cluster formation following T cell activation. This increased cluster formation was dependent on the proteases tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasmin. Furthermore, neuroserpin knockdown or plasmin treatment of T cells increased the cleavage of annexin A2, a known plasmin target that regulates the actin cytoskeleton. Live cell imaging of activated T cells further indicated a role of the actin cytoskeleton in T cell clustering. The inhibition of actin regulators myosin ATPase and Rho-associated protein kinase signaling completely reversed the neuroserpin knockdown-induced effects. The results presented in this study reveal a novel role for neuroserpin and the proteolytic environment in the regulation of T cell activation biology.
Cardiac‐Related Pulsatility in the Insula Is Directly Associated With Middle Cerebral Artery Pulsatility Index
Authors: Atwi Sarah , Robertson Andrew D. , Theyers Athena E. , Ramirez Joel , Swartz Richard H. , Marzolini Susan , MacIntosh Bradley J. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundArterial stiffness in large arteries is a risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease and neurodegeneration. The challenge of accessing intracranial pulsatility noninvasively is one reason few studies provide empirical insight on the relationship between large artery and tissue pulsatility in the human brain.PurposeTo investigate the association between the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)‐derived cardiac‐related pulsatility in the insular cortex and the ultrasound‐derived pulsatility index in the middle cerebral artery (MCA‐PI).Study TypeCross‐sectional.PopulationYounger adults (11; 25 ± 4 years) and older adults with and without cardiovascular risk factors (44; 70 ± 6 years).Field Strength/SequenceT1‐weighted, fluid attenuated inversion recovery, and T2*‐weighted blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) sequences at 3T.AssessmentMCA‐PI and cardiac‐related pulsatility were assessed at rest by transcranial Doppler ultrasound and BOLD fMRI, respectively.Statistical TestsMultivariate analyses of covariance between MCA‐PI and cardiac‐related pulsatility. Analysis of variance was used to assess regional differences.ResultsMCA‐PI was associated with cardiac‐related insular pulsatility (P = 0.037), but not whole‐brain pulsatility (P = 0.81). Left insular pulsatility was higher than right insular pulsatility (P < 0.01) and was associated with diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.028).Data ConclusionWe show a correlation between ultrasound and fMRI measures of cerebrovascular pulsatility. This association provides insight into the transmission of pulsatile energy from large basal arteries at the Circle of Willis to downstream cerebrovascular beds and has implications for the utility of cardiac‐related pulsatility as a potential marker for cerebral small vessel disease.Level of Evidence: 4Technical Efficacy: Stage 3J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1454–1462.