bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of Innovative Heavy-Gauge Strain-Based 33.0 mm X80 Pipeline Steel Plate and Pipe Designed via Niobium Microalloying
Authors: Zhang Yongqing , Han David , Nie Wenjin , Guo Aimin , Ren Yi 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In order to be subjected to large displacement, which results in corresponding plastic deformation, the conventional stress-based approach for pipeline design turned to be insufficient for displacement-controlled or partly displacement-controlled load scenarios. As a replacement for a conventional solution, the strain-based pipeline steels were developed to meet the requirements through large plastic deformation. In this study, two heavy-gauge 33 mm (thickest strain-based pipe in the world) X80 pipeline steel plates were designed via niobium microalloying (low carbon and 0.075 wt.% niobium) and selected rolling procedures. The key rolling procedures, including rough rolling start temperature, finish rolling start temperature, final rolling temperature, cooling start temperature and cooling stop temperature, aiming at balanced phases of granular bainite (GB) and polygonal ferrite (PF) as the microstructure of base material, are of crucial importance based on the theory of phase transition, and have been optimized in order to obtain qualified longitudinal performances before and after being aged at 200 °C for 5 mins. Further, the niobium microalloying contributes to the microstructural homogeneity and refined grain distribution through its effective control of solid solution and precipitation.
It is verified through this study and comparison analysis that during the development of innovative heavy-gauge strain-based 33 mm X80 pipe steels, the uniform elongation along the longitudinal direction as well as fracture performance, especially drop weight tear test (DWTT), have been improved to a great extent through optimized rolling procedures.
Steady State Hydraulic and Thermal Simulation Model of Natural Gas Pipeline Network Based on Logistic Regression and Newton Rapson Adaptive Iteration Algorithm
Authors: Chengwei Sun , Lili Zuo , Ming Zhao , Lei Hou 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Natural gas pipeline simulation technology is the core technology for pipeline management departments to acquire and monitor the operational status of pipelines. It enables managers to observe changes in the pipeline network, thereby improving the safety and reliability of pipeline operations. When solving large-scale and complex natural gas pipeline models using the traditional Newton-Raphson algorithm, issues such as slow convergence speed and low computational efficiency may arise. In this paper, an improved Newton-Raphson adaptive iteration algorithm based on Logistic Regression is proposed. Based on the variation law of iteration error when solving the model using the Newton-Raphson algorithm, an adaptive iteration step size control and convergence judgment mechanism are introduced based on the Logistic Regression function to improve the convergence speed and stability of the algorithm. The improved algorithm effectively improves the solution efficiency while maintaining high accuracy. Computational results show that when using the improved algorithm to solve steady-state simulation models of pipelines of different scales and complexities, it can maintain the same level of accuracy and stability as commercial software SPS. Compared with the traditional Newton-Raphson algorithm, the improved algorithm can achieve an acceleration effect of over 12% in terms of solution time.
Profile Matching for Performance Assessment of Dented Pipe
Authors: Phan Hieu , Dhar Ashutosh , Muntakim Abu 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In the finite element analysis of dented pipes, an indenter is numerically pushed against the pipe wall to produce a dent profile measured from in-line inspection (ILI). The analysis is repeated until the differences between the calculated and measured profiles (i.e., depths) are less than a tolerance limit. If the differences between the depths are less than the typical ILI measurement tolerance, then the FE profile is assumed to represent the actual profile. ILI tools were reported to measure dent depths with a tolerance of 0.5% and 0.77% of the pipe’s outer diameter. However, many different dent profiles can be developed with depths within the tolerance limit, resulting in different stress and strain levels, that can affect the assessment results. This paper presents an investigation of the effects of different profile shapes on the results of performance assessment of dented pipes. Three-dimensional FE analysis was conducted to simulate the dent on a pipe using the different sizes and shapes of the indenter. The stresses and strains on the pipes with the dent depths within the tolerance are compared. The study reveals that the dent profile created using the depth tolerance criteria may lead to misleading information of the pipe performance.
Incorporating Risk-Informed Methodologies to Complement Deterministic Integrity Decision-Making in the Gas Industry
Authors: Chebaro Mohamed R. , Ji Kai , Safari Miaad , Turney Danielle , Hildebrand Mike R. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper illustrates the practical application of risk-informed methodologies to complement existing deterministic methods for managing the integrity of gas-carrying assets. This approach aims to enhance the understanding of uncertainty and its role in decision-making while offering a supplementary lens for managing asset condition. It can be particularly relevant when managing the safety and reliability of hydrocarbon-carrying assets in an evolving energy landscape, where additional quantification and justification may become necessary for driving toward optimized remediation or replacement decisions.
Historically, deterministic methods were generally sufficient to inform decisions when managing asset integrity threats. Though such approaches remain relevant, they can present limitations, especially when effective systemic prioritization is required for complex systems encompassing dissimilar assets, such as distribution and transmission piping, various facilities, and underground storage assets. More advanced data-driven models utilizing multiple risk assessment techniques can benefit operators in these cases, particularly as more industry codes and standards evolve accordingly.
The authors of this paper highlight how they successfully adopted this approach in the Integrity Department at Enbridge Gas Inc. (EGI) in Ontario, Canada. They do so by describing the team’s comprehensive decision-making lifecycle and providing practical illustrations of how risk-based evaluations were layered over deterministic outcomes to better define asset condition and optimize mitigation strategies. In their first case study, they examine the overlay of the two approaches for an urban distribution network servicing tens of thousands of natural gas customers. In this illustration, incorporating and quantifying data uncertainty in probabilistic computations results in divergent conclusions between the two assessment streams, an outcome explored in the paper. In their second example, the authors describe a recent application of probabilistic risk evaluations following traditional deterministic analyses of axial and circumferential magnetic flux leakage (MFL-A and MFL-C) in-line inspection (ILI) data on a transmission pipeline. Finally, they present a third application to exemplify the interconnectedness between the deterministic and risk methodologies when prioritizing integrity decisions on underground gas storage assets. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed to underline the criticality of using both approaches concurrently to optimize the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of decision-making.
Advancements in Continuous Corrosion Monitoring Technology for Pipeline Integrity Assessments
Authors: Li Xingman Wendy , Anderson Toby , Kindel Samuel 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper introduces a technological innovation in continuous corrosion monitoring, specifically focusing on a novel approach inspired by guided wave testing. The developed technology, referred to as gPIMS, operates on the same underlying principles as guided wave testing but distinguishes itself by offering continuous monitoring capabilities. This is achieved through the use of permanent collars on pipelines, integrated into a system capable of automated data collection and upload to a cloud-based data management and visualization software. The information is delivered directly to desk, providing engineers with the tools to obtain a nuanced understanding of corrosion dynamics.
The primary emphasis of this paper lies in presenting the application of this technology in a real-world scenario through Enbridge’s first field deployment of gPIMS. The study encompasses critical aspects such as site selection criteria, the field installation and commissioning process, and an in-depth data comparison between gPIMS and traditionally acquired guided wave testing data. Furthermore, the paper delves into the long-term cost-effectiveness of utilizing continuous corrosion monitoring technology in comparison to other threat assessment methods, and how the data derived from continuous monitoring can dynamically drive the qualitative risk analysis.
By focusing on the technological advancements and their implications, this paper contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on enhancing the cost efficacy of corrosion monitoring and wide future applications in pipeline integrity management.
Effects of Axial Stress on Burst Strength of Corroded Pipes
Authors: Tao Gang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Pipes in service are often subjected to in-situ axial stresses in addition to the pressure loading. These additional axial stresses are known to affect the burst strength of uncorroded pipes. Therefore, it is expected that the burst strength of corroded pipes also has a dependency on axial stresses. However, incorporating the axial stress effect in burst strength assessment models for corroded pipes is much more challenging than for uncorroded pipes, due to the significantly increased difficulty in analytical characterization of the complex stress and strain distributions within a corroded pipe. Although methods for treatment of axial stresses in remaining burst strength models are available in a few industry codes, it appears that investigation of the applicability and accuracy of these methods is limited.
Adopting a recently proposed and validated plastic instability-based failure criterion, Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was performed on previously tested pipe samples to investigate the effects of axial stress on burst pressure of corroded pipes. In general, the axial stress was found to have an insignificant impact on the burst pressure of pipe samples with localized corrosion in this study. An in-depth investigation of the stress and strain response within the corrosion region revealed that the constraint effect of the surrounding uncorroded pipe body greatly reduces the axial stress effect on the burst pressure of pipes with localized corrosion. This finding poses a question to the assumption of the proportional relationship between the stresses within the corrosion region and uncorroded pipe body adopted in the burst strength assessment models in some industry codes. The outcome of this study proves the need for future research to improve the methods to account for the axial stress effect in burst pressure prediction for corroded pipes.
Replacement of 8-Inch Gas Transmission Pipeline With Smartpipe® Composite Liner in Roanoke County, Virginia
Authors: Vazquez Claudia S. , Strachan Kirk , Baraniecki Kurt , McIntosh Robin , Lee Liang-Hai , Nemeth Alex 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of Enbridge Gas Transmission and Midstream’s PHMSA special permitted project to install and use Smartpipe® to retrofit 0.64 miles of an 8-inch diameter, 1965 vintage steel pipeline, known as the Line 3320A-100. The new 6.25-inch internal diameter (ID), 7.6-inch outer diameter (OD) Smartpipe® was inserted through a small segment of the existing 8-inch diameter steel pipeline, which improves pipeline integrity and safety by eliminating corrosion and increasing resistance to third-party damage. Smartpipe® also significantly reduced the environmental impact and disturbance associated with the excavation, earth disturbance, and other activities that would have been necessary with removal of the existing 8-inch diameter steel pipeline and the installation of a new steel pipeline in the right of way (ROW). In addition to an overview of the engineering design and construction of the project, the short- and long-term use case of the Smartpipe technology over traditional materials is explored.
Smartpipe® offers a high strength composite pipe liner solution that involves a trenchless installation within the existing steel line to minimize disruption to both operations and the environment. Embedded fibre optics within the Smartpipe® offer real time leak detection monitoring capabilities and ROW activity real time monitoring along the entire length of the pipe. This ESG centric solution not only provides a reduction in carbon footprint when compared to traditional construction methods (open trench pipe replacement and horizontal directional drill replacement) and it is designed to address high consequence and difficult to access areas where operator systems may pass through. Smartpipe® has high pressure capabilities to provide repurposing opportunities for aging, derated and abandoned pipe assets. Smartpipe® is DOE tested for hydrogen use and compatibility with CO2 to provide a bridge to future energy sources. This study serves as a valuable case for industry professionals, offering lessons learned, a PHMSA special permit application template for Smartpipe® replacements as well as education and knowledge on the Smartpipe® technology and installation considerations.
Method for Establishing a Default Toughness for DSAW Long Seam Welds
Authors: Riccardella Scott , Al-Hasani Zain , Moran Sean , Ostahowski Dan , Molina Jose , Maier Clifford 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Double Submerged Arc Welded (DSAW) longitudinal seam welds have typically experienced fewer failures and demonstrated a greater level of reliability than other seam weld types (such as vintage Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) pipe). Given the greater reliability of DSAW seam welds, a higher default toughness is warranted when evaluating pipeline defects. This paper provides a comprehensive review of two pipeline operators’ systems, demonstrating that improved pipe manufacturing techniques such as DSAW pipe have significantly higher Charpy V-Notch (CVN) impact energy values for the longitudinal seam weld metal and heat affected zone than the default values prescribed in 49 CFR 192 to be used for all seam weld types. In accordance with pipeline safety regulation, these operators have proposed to use alternative, but conservative, default toughness values when performing Predicted Failure Pressure (PFP) analyses of crack or crack-like defects in DSAW long seam welds. This paper provides a summary of the results of the systemwide review for two major North American pipeline operators and details the process used to complete the statistical analysis to develop alternative default toughness values for DSAW seam welds.
Proper Probabilistic Characterization of Uncertainties and its Impact to Reliability-Based Pipeline Integrity and Risk Management
Authors: Lu Dongliang , Dessein Thomas , Bandstra Daryl , Ayello Francois 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Reliability-based integrity and risk management requires explicit consideration of various uncertainties in the modelling and decision-making process. In the case of likelihood of failure estimation of individual defects, the main uncertainties involved include uncertainties associated with the physical properties of the pipe, uncertainties associated with defect dimension and the model uncertainty associated with burst pressure calculation. In the case of likelihood of failure and risk analyses for segments with a large number of defects, additional consideration to aggregation of uncertainties from a joint or defect population is needed.
The current industry practice for the reliability-based assessment often takes a simplified approach on the probabilistic characterization of various uncertainties and the aggregation of uncertainties, resulting in inaccurate and often conservative estimation of likelihood of failure and risk. The objective of this study is to through examples illustrate how proper probabilistic characterization of uncertainties can be constructed and its impact to reliability-based integrity and risk management. Specifically, this study investigates characterization and modelling of burst pressure calculation error and probabilistic modelling of additive measurement error. The influence of different assumptions and probabilistic representations of the uncertainties to the estimated likelihood of failure for individual defects and a defect population on the segment is examined. The results from the study demonstrated the importance of proper probabilistic characterization of uncertainties in reliability-based integrity management and risk assessment and hopefully open discussions on further improvements in this area in the industry.
Interpretation of the Safety Risk Tolerance Criteria for Integrated Asset Management of Pipelines
Authors: Koduru Smitha D. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Safety risk tolerance criteria are commonly established using the risk measures for individual risk and societal risk. Several studies on the review of international standards for safety risk acceptance criteria have identified that in most international standards, the societal risk criterion is expressed in terms an F-N curve where N is the expected number of fatalities due to hazardous conditions posed by an infrastructure element and F is the estimated frequency of N or more fatalities. The Netherlands and the UK have pioneered establishing the risk tolerance criteria for both individual and societal risk. The development of the safety risk tolerance criteria was primarily in the context of regulatory decision-making for the permitting process of the facilities, which was later expanded to include hazardous materials transport and pipelines. For the existing facilities and pipelines, the risk tolerance criteria are used extensively for land-use planning and development.
Recently, Canadian standard, CSA Z662:2023 “Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems” has included quantitative risk criteria for pipelines in the informative (non-mandatory) Annex B portion that is applicable for the risk management of all aspects of the pipeline life cycle. Following the established international norms, the individual and societal risk criteria were published such that the societal risk criterion for the F-N curve to be applied over one kilometer of the pipeline. In contrast to the international standards such as IGEM/TD/2 “Assessing the risks from high pressure Natural Gas pipelines” (2015), there is little guidance to differentiate between use of the quantitative safety tolerance criteria for the purpose of permitting of new pipelines and land-use planning with the purpose of pipeline integrity management.
This paper presents the differences in the use of available quantitative safety risk tolerance criteria for land-use planning and the pipeline risk management during the pipeline life cycle. The applicability of the risk tolerance as intended during the development of criteria, is critically reviewed when used in the context of risk management for the integrated asset management of the pipeline considering the life cycle performance. Additional considerations for interpreting the safety risk tolerance criteria during decision-making regarding risk mitigation actions are proposed. Furthermore, linear metrics used in risk measures established for other linear infrastructure, such as roads, and railways are compared with pipelines, and the differences between risk measures to establish tolerance criteria for point-source hazard infrastructure, such as chemical facilities, with the linear infrastructure, such as pipelines are highlighted.
Use of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Slabs As an Effective Risk Mitigation Method for Mechanical Damage Hazard
Authors: Al-Amin Mohammad , Law Jonathan , Choudhary Usman , Bolaños Carla 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper presents the development history of high density polyethylene (HDPE) slabs as a mechanical protection barrier including all field and lab testing performed by various organizations to determine the effectiveness of HDPE slabs. All available test results for HDPE slabs were analyzed and compared with the test results for concrete slabs to determine the effectiveness of HDPE slabs in reducing pipeline hit compared to concrete slabs. The findings from the comparative study are presented in this paper. This paper describes the learnings and success story of TC Energy’s implementation of HDPE slabs as a mechanical protection method. The benefits of HDPE slabs compared to the traditional concrete slabs in TC Energy’s implementation are also presented in this paper.
Effective Analysis of Liquid Pipeline System Performance Post Upgrade Project
Authors: Ma Te , Mansour Vivianne , Qiao Sean 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
It is difficult to analyze the performance of liquid transmission pipelines that transport products through a process called batching which allows multiple products, such as heavy crude oil, refined and semi-refined products to be transported in batches one after another. This is because the products delivered vary in batch content, batch size and batch position. A combination of operating data analysis and Hydraulic Pipeline Simulator modeling could be used to effectively analyze the pipeline system performance improvements following a pipeline system upgrade to justify the project’s economic benefits.
The subject pipeline is a liquid transmission pipeline with approximately 1,150 km total length of pipe (nominal diameters of 610 mm / 762 mm / 914 mm) and twenty-three (23) pump stations. The pipeline delivers approximately 300,000 bbl/day of diverse types of crude products ranging from refined petroleum to heavy crude. In addition, the delivery batch line-ups vary from day to day. A system upgrade project was completed to improve the system throughput. The upgrade included installing larger motors and Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) at 7 of the 23 pump stations. Following the system upgrade, a method for quantifying post-project benefits was derived for a pipeline system using batch delivery to determine the pipeline throughput improvement and pump power consumption saving.
This paper showcases the analytical considerations and calculation methodologies involving pipeline operating SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) data analysis and Hydraulic Pipeline Simulator modeling as a combined approach. Both analytical approaches are utilized to evaluate the performance improvement of the subject pipeline system upgrade in terms of system throughput and power saving. It was concluded that the pipeline system throughput was improved up to 5% and annual energy savings of 18% was achieved post system upgrade.
With the optimized analytical evaluation method, the pipeline system performance improvement was effectively evaluated to demonstrate the economic benefits of such a system upgrade project. This combined analytical approach can be used for future system upgrade project discovery guidelines.