bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acoustic Radiation, Cavitation Collapses, and Dryout in a Capillary Oscillating Heat Pipe
Authors: Cai Steve Q. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In an oscillation heat pipe (OHP), when two-phase flow oscillates to the condensation region, saturated vapor bubbles/slugs are subjected to a sudden temperature reduction or immediate subcooling. Rapid condensation ruptures vapor bubbles and generates cavitation erosions on the tube interior surface. In this article, a thorough study is performed to understand discrepancy of variation tendency between acoustic radiation and OHP temperature difference that both are operating temperature-dependent. On this basis, three temperature zones were identified: (1) low operating temperature zone with strong cavitation collapse and acoustic radiations, (2) optimal temperature zone with the minimum temperature difference and weakening cavitation collapses, and, (3) high-temperature zone where dryout and oscillation failures develop. At the optimal operating temperature, high-frequent oscillations reduce subcooling of two-phase flow, alleviating the impact of cavitation collapses and ceasing acoustic radiations. At high operating temperature, liquid surface tension dramatically reduces and dynamic contact angle significantly increases. Both the factors tend to lower the critical diameter necessary to maintain pressure difference and oscillating two-phase slug flow. When the critical diameter reduces to be less than the OHP tube diameter, liquid slugs are not able to seal the OHP capillary tubes, leading to dryout or insufficient heat and mass transfer.
Ethical dilemmas in providing acute medical care at home for children: a survey of health professionals
Authors: Bryant Penelope A 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveAcute care at home is increasing. We aimed to determine the views of healthcare professionals on the ethics of providing home care and compare the impact of situational changes on their opinions.DesignAn analysis of opinions of home healthcare professionals.SettingThe Australasian Hospital-in-the-Home Annual Conference, November 2017.ParticipantsEighty physicians, nurses and allied health staff who provide acute care for children and adults at home.MethodsClinical scenarios were presented about a 14 years old receiving intravenous antibiotics at home via an established home care pathway, and participants were asked to vote manually on whether providing home care was ethical.Main outcomesThe proportions of healthcare professionals who believed that provision of home care was ethical in different situations.ResultsFor each question the response rate ranged from 71% to 100%. While the provision of acute home care was deemed ethical by the majority (77/80, 96%), this decreased when other factors were involved such as domestic violence (37/63 (59%) OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.20, p<0.001) and parental reluctance (28/67 (42%) OR 0.02, 95% CI 0.008 to 0.09, p<0.001). The age of consent affected the proportion who considered home care ethical against parental wishes: 16 years (48/58, 83%) versus 14 years (33/53, 52%) OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.9 to 10.1, p<0.001. The lowest proportion to consider home care ethical (16%) was when home care was deemed less than hospital care.ConclusionsHome healthcare providers are supportive of the ethics of providing acute care at home for children, although differ among themselves with situational complexities. Applying the tenets of medical ethics (autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice) can provide insights into the factors that may influence opinions.
Analysis of n-evaporation from light mass nuclei formed via p-induced reactions
Authors: Kaur Amandeep , Sharma Manoj K. 
Published: February 2020

This work deals with the decay analysis of three compound nuclei [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] formed in proton-induced reactions [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at incident beam energies of 1–5 MeV using the Dynamical Cluster-decay Model (DCM). The motive is to explore the decay of compound systems formed via light charged particles as projectiles. The experimentally available data of n-evaporation for the aforementioned systems are addressed by optimizing the neck-length parameter [Formula: see text], using spherical fragmentation approach. The comparative analysis of the decay structure of the chosen systems is carried out at a common incident beam energy [Formula: see text] MeV. The effect of angular momentum [Formula: see text] and quadrupole [Formula: see text]-deformations is explored in reference to the decay structure/fragmentation of compound systems. In addition to this, the sensitivity of DCM-based cross-sections toward level density parameter (LDP) [Formula: see text] is also analyzed. The relative role of mass-dependent level density parameter [Formula: see text] is also investigated for compound systems belonging to light and heavy mass region. Lastly, a theoretical systematics is explored where the proton beam in the reaction [Formula: see text] is replaced by a neutron beam forming the compound system [Formula: see text], having the same [Formula: see text], but [Formula: see text] one less than that of the compound system formed in the reaction using proton beam, and its effect on the decay characteristics such as preformation probability, penetration probability and barrier height is analyzed.
ATP-Citrate Lyase Epigenetically Potentiates Oxidative Phosphorylation to Promote Melanoma Growth and Adaptive Resistance to MAPK Inhibition
Authors: Guo Weinan , Ma Jinyuan , Yang Yuqi , Guo Sen , Zhang Weigang , Zhao Tao , Yi Xiuli , Wang Huina , Wang Shiyu , Liu Yu , Dai Wei , Chen Xuguang , Shi Qiong , Wang Gang , Gao Tianwen , Li Chunying 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
Enhanced lipogenesis and mitochondrial function are two critical metabolic characteristics in melanoma, but their crosstalk involved in tumor biology and targeted therapy remains unknown. ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is a crucial lipogenic enzyme that is greatly implicated in tumor development, but its role in mitochondrial function and melanoma pathogenesis has not been elucidated.

Experimental Design:
In vitro and in vivo functional experiments were performed to determine the effect of ACLY on melanoma growth. mRNA expression profile analysis and a panel of biochemical assays were used to investigate the role of ACLY in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and the underlying mechanism. The effect of combined ACLY inhibition on the efficacy of MAPK inhibition therapy was also examined.

Results:
We first found that ACLY expression was increased in melanoma and facilitated cell proliferation and tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Subsequent mRNA expression profile analysis and functional studies unveiled that ACLY specifically activated MITF–PGC1α axis to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and melanoma growth. Mechanistically, ACLY enhanced the activity of acetyltransferase P300, increasing the histone acetylation at MITF locus to promote MITF–PGC1α axis transcription. More importantly, the combined inhibition of ACLY sensitized BRAF-mutant melanoma to MAPK inhibition by suppressing MITF–PGC1α axis.

Conclusions:
We demonstrate that ACLY epigenetically potentiates oxidative phosphorylation to promote melanoma growth and MAPK inhibition adaptive resistance. Our study discovers the novel crosstalk between lipogenesis and mitochondrial function in tumor biology and highlights targeting ACLY as a potent therapeutic approach via simultaneously impairing tumor growth and MAPK inhibition resistance in melanoma.
An Introduction to the Stone Age Archaeology of the Polihali Dam Area, Mokhotlong District, Lesotho
Authors: Forssman Tim , Lotter Matt , Parkington John , Hollmann Jeremy , Angel Jessica , Fourie Wouter 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Much of Lesotho’s cultural heritage has been studied as a result of dam developments. Where dams have been built, heritage studies have provided crucial data for improving our understanding of local archaeological sequences. Ahead of the construction of the Lesotho Highland Development Authority’s (LHDA) new Polihali Dam in Lesotho’s Mokhotlong District and following the recommendations of a heritage assessment (CES 2014), a large-scale five-year cultural heritage management program was launched in 2018 that seeks to excavate and mitigate a number of heritage sites. Here, we provide the background to one of southern Africa’s largest heritage mitigation contracts by contextualising the current research program. We then present the archaeology of Lesotho’s eastern highlands basalt region using data collected during the inception phase of this program. The findings challenge current preconceived notions about the sparsity of archaeological remains for this region.
Characterization of Snowfall Rates, Totals, and Snow-to-Liquid Ratios in Electrified Snowfall Events Identified by the Geostationary Lightning Mapper
Authors: Harkema Sebastian S. , Berndt Emily B. , Schultz Christopher J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
It has been theorized that thundersnow (TSSN) occurs in conjunction with heavy snowfall rates and in geographical regions where heavy-banded snow occurs more frequently. This study aims to objectively and quantitatively identify characteristics associated with TSSN to improve the situational awareness of heavy snowfall and associated hazards. The Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM), National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Services (NESDIS) merged Snowfall Rate (mSFR) product, and surface observations were utilized to characterize snowfall accumulation, snow-to-liquid ratio (SLR) values, and radar characteristics of heavy snowfall events from a GLM perspective. When at least 2 in. of snowfall accumulation occurred, areas with TSSN flashes identified by the thundersnow detection algorithm (TDA) were likely to receive, on average, a total of 24.5 cm (9.6 in.) of snowfall. TSSN was more likely to occur in snowfall rates less than 2.54 cm h−1 (1 in. h−1) and be associated with snow-to-liquid ratio (SLR) values between 8:1 and 10:1. It was determined that TSSN flashes observed by GLM occurred in isothermal reflectivity values less than 30 dBZ and average spatial offsets of 131 km between the lightning flash location and the heaviest snowfall rates were observed. GLM flashes in proximity of National Lightning Detection Network cloud-to-ground flashes and tall structures were found to be statistically different (p &lt; 0.05) regarding snowfall rates, SLR values, and various Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor variables compared to other TSSN flashes. It was inferred that tower TSSN flashes, on median, were more likely to initiate within light-to-moderately rimed snowfall. Last, a heavy snowfall event was analyzed to demonstrate the capability of these products in identifying storm characteristics associated with TSSN.
Typing on a Smartwatch While Mobile: A Comparison of Input Methods
Authors: Turner Colton J. , Chaparro Barbara S. , He Jibo 
Published: February 2020

Objective The user experience of typing on a smartwatch was evaluated with three unique input methods (tap, trace, and handwriting) while standing and while walking. Background Despite widespread development within the technology industry, smartwatches have had a relatively slow adoption worldwide compared to smartphones. One limiting factor of smartwatches has been the lack of an efficient means of text entry. The 2017 release of Android Wear addressed this issue by providing support for native text entry (i.e., tap, trace, and handwriting). Determining how user performance and subjective ratings compare across these input methods is essential to understanding their contribution to smartwatch user experience. Method Twenty college-age individuals typed phrases using tap, trace, and handwriting input on a smartwatch in three different mobility scenarios (standing, walking a simple course, walking a complex course). Results Participants typed faster with trace (30 words per minute; WPM) than with tap (20 WPM) and handwriting (18 WPM), regardless of mobility. Trace also outperformed tap and handwriting across all subjective metrics, regardless of mobility. Conclusion Trace input appears to be especially well suited for typing on a smartwatch as it was found to be objectively and subjectively superior to tap and handwriting regardless of user mobility. Objectively, typing speeds with trace are shown to be nearly two times faster than most alternative input methods described in the literature. Application Results suggest smartwatch manufacturers should include QWERTY keyboards with trace input as a standard feature in order to provide the best overall typing experience for their users.
Paget-Schroetter syndrome: A contemporary review of the controversies in management
Authors: Cai Tommy Y , Rajendran Saissan , Saha Prakash , Dubenec Steven 
Published: February 2020

Aim To assess the current evidence, controversies and technologies behind the various approaches and steps in the management of Paget-Schroetter syndrome. Materials and methods We performed a narrative review based on a literature search in Embase, Medline, Pubmed and Google Scholar through keyword searching related to upper extremity deep vein thrombosis, Paget-Schroetter syndrome and venous thoracic outlet syndrome. Results There is a paucity of high-quality evidence assessing the efficacy of contemporary approaches for the management of acute upper extremity deep vein thrombosis which, though promising, is largely limited to single institution case studies and small series. As a result, a formal systematic review could not be performed. Conclusions Paget-Schroetter syndrome is a rare condition, whose management approaches are largely guided by the accumulated expertise and clinical experience of vascular specialists. In the absence of randomized controlled trials, current practice has been guided by retrospective reviews and experience. Modern approaches and protocols appear to remain distinct between health care facilities, but have common features including early clot lysis, surgical decompression with first rib resection, followed by adjunctive open or endovascular procedures. Further high-quality level 1 evidence and research are required in order to standardize treatment for this condition.
Factors Influencing Return to Play and Second Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Rates in Level 1 Athletes After Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: 2-Year Follow-up on 1432 Reconstructions at a Single Center
Authors: King Enda , Richter Chris , Jackson Mark , Franklyn-Miller Andy , Falvey Eanna , Myer Gregory D. , Strike Siobhan , Withers Dan , Moran Ray 
Published: February 2020

Background:Despite the importance of return-to-play (RTP) rates, second anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates, and patient-reported outcomes of athletes returning to sports after ACL reconstruction (ACLR), these outcomes have not been evaluated together across a single cohort nor the pre- and intraoperative factors influencing outcomes explored.Purpose:To prospectively report outcomes after ACLR relating to RTP, second ACL injury, and International Knee Document Committee (IKDC) scores in a large cohort of athletes at a single center to examine the influence of pre- and intraoperative variables on these outcomes.Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A consecutive cohort of 1432 athletes undergoing primary ACLR by 2 orthopaedic surgeons was followed up prospectively more than 2 years after surgery. Pre- and intraoperative findings were reported with outcomes at follow-up relating to RTP, second ACL injury, and IKDC. Between-group differences for each outcome were reported and the predictive ability of pre- and intraoperative variables relating to each outcome assessed with logistic regression.Results:There was >95% follow-up 2 years after surgery. The RTP rate was 81%, and of those who returned, 1.3% of those with patellar tendon grafts and 8.3% of those with hamstring grafts experienced ipsilateral rerupture (hazard ratio, 0.17). The contralateral ACL injury rate was 6.6%, and the IKDC score at follow-up was 86.8, with a greater proportion of patients with patellar tendon grafts scoring <80 on the IKDC (odds ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.15-3.12). There was no relationship between time to RTP and second ACL injury, and there was a moderate correlation between ACL–Return to Sport After Injury score and RTP at follow-up ( P < .001, rho = 0.46). There were a number of differences in pre- and intraoperative variables between groups for each outcome, but they demonstrated a poor ability to predict outcomes in level 1 athletes at 2-year follow-up.Conclusion:Findings demonstrated high overall RTP rates, lower reinjury rates with patellar tendon graft after 2-year follow-up in level 1 athletes, and no influence of time to RTP on second ACL injury. Despite differences between groups, there was poor predictive ability of pre- and intraoperative variables. Results suggest pre- and intraoperative variables for consideration to optimize outcomes in level 1 athletes after ACLR, but future research exploring other factors, such as physical and psychological recovery, may be needed to improve outcome prediction after ACLR.Registration:NCT02771548 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
Alpha-1 antitrypsin inhibits formaldehyde-induced apoptosis of human peritoneal mesothelial cells
Authors: Lim Jeong-Hoon , Park Sang Mi , Yook Ju-Min , Ahn Ji-Sun , Choi Soon-Youn , Oh Se-Hyun , Jung Hee-Yeon , Choi Ji-Young , Cho Jang-Hee , Park Sun-Hee , Kim Yong-Lim , Kim Chan-Duck 
Published: February 2020

Background: The alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein has an important role in the anti-inflammatory and apoptotic response. AAT inhibits not only serine proteases but also cysteine and aspartic proteases. Apoptosis results from the sequential activation of cysteine proteases of the caspase family. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of AAT on formaldehyde-induced apoptosis of human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). Methods: HPMCs were cultured and treated with formaldehyde (250 µM) to induce apoptosis. In the AAT group, the cultured HPMCs were pretreated with AAT (2 mg/mL) for 1 h before formaldehyde treatment. We used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays to determine cell viability, and flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assays to detect apoptosis. The MTT assays were used to find optimal concentrations of formaldehyde and AAT. We measured caspase-3 activity and used Western blotting to estimate Bcl-2 and Bad expression. Results: Flow cytometry and TUNEL assays revealed that formaldehyde exposure significantly increased apoptosis compared with the control treatment, but pretreatment with AAT significantly inhibited this effect. Compared with the control, caspase-3 activity was significantly increased and the ratio of Bcl-2 to Bad expression significantly decreased following treatment with formaldehyde. However, caspase-3 activity was significantly lower and the Bcl-2 to Bad expression ratio higher in the AAT group than in the formaldehyde-only group. Conclusion: AAT inhibits formaldehyde-induced apoptosis of HPMCs via a caspase-mediated pathway. These data support a potential use for AAT as a therapeutic agent for the inhibition of peritoneal cell apoptosis during peritoneal dialysis.
Quantifying the risk of insertion-related peritoneal dialysis catheter complications following laparoscopic placement: Results from the North American PD Catheter Registry
Authors: Oliver Matthew J , Perl Jeff , McQuillan Rory , Blake Peter G , Jain Arsh K , McCormick Brendan , Yang Robert , Pirkle James L , Fissell Rachel B , Golper Thomas A , Shen Jenny I , Hu Susie L , Pellegrino Bethany , Liebman Scott E , Krishna Vinay N , Ravani Pietro , Clarke Alix , Quinn Robert R 
Published: February 2020

Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a more cost-effective therapy to treat kidney failure than in-center hemodialysis, but successful therapy requires a functioning PD catheter that causes minimal complications. In 2015, the North American Chapter of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis established the North American PD Catheter Registry to improve practices and patient outcomes following PD catheter insertion. Aims: The objective of this study is to propose a methodology for defining insertion-related complications that lead to significant adverse events and report the risk of these complications among patients undergoing laparoscopic PD catheter insertion. Methods: Patients undergoing laparoscopic PD catheter insertion were enrolled at 14 participating centers in Canada and the United States and followed using a Web-based registry. Insertion-related complications were defined as flow restriction, exit-site leak, or abdominal pain at any point during follow-up. We also included infections or bleeding within 30 days of insertion, and any immediate postoperative complications. Adverse events were categorized as PD never starting or termination of PD therapy, delay in the start of PD therapy or interruption of PD therapy, an emergency department visit or hospitalization, or need for invasive procedures. Cause-specific cumulative incidence functions were used to estimate risk. Results: Five hundred patients underwent laparoscopic PD catheter insertion between 10 November 2015 and 24 July 2018. The cumulative risk of insertion-related complications 6 months from the date of insertion that led to an adverse event was 24%. The risk of flow restriction, exit-site leak, and pain at 6 months was 10.2%, 5.7%, and 5.3%, respectively. PD was never started or terminated in 6.4% of patients due to an insertion-related complication. Leaks and flow restrictions were most likely to delay or interrupt PD therapy. Flow restrictions were the primary cause of invasive procedures. Fifty percent of the complications occurred before the start of PD therapy. Conclusions: Insertion-related complications leading to significant adverse events following laparoscopic placement of PD catheters are common. Many complications occur before the start of PD. Insertion-related complications are an important area of focus for future research and quality improvement efforts.