bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology, life cycle and management of two invasive subspecies of Papilio demoleus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): A review
Authors: Riaz Shahzab , Johnson Joel B. , Rasheed Talha , Wiemers Martin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPapilio demoleus L., also known as the citrus butterfly or chequered swallowtail, is a common species in the Asia‐Pacific region, with two of its subspecies (P. d. demoleus and P. d. malayanus) posing significant threats to the citrus industry in Asia and other regions of the world. Its predominant natural host plants are the Rutaceae for the invasive northern subspecies and Fabaceae for the southern subspecies. The morphology and development of this species are reasonably well studied, although further information is required on its natural mortality rates and environmental tolerance in order to accurately predict its future potential spread throughout the Middle East and Central Americas. Synthetic pyrethroids such as deltamethrin are highly effective for the control of P. demoleus larvae. However, better control is likely to be found using an integrated approach to pest management, incorporating techniques such as biocontrol agents, microbial pesticides and phytopesticides, in conjunction with synthetic pesticides where required.
Research synthesis of information theory measures of uncertainty: Meta‐analysis of entropy and mutual information of diagnostic tests
Authors: Tsalatsanis Athanasios , Hozo Iztok , Djulbegovic Benjamin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesAssessing the performance of diagnostic tests requires evaluation of the amount of diagnostic uncertainty a test reduces. Statistical measures, such as sensitivity and specificity, currently dominating the evidence‐based medicine (EBM) and related fields, cannot explicitly measure this reduction in diagnostic uncertainty. Mutual information (MI), an information theory statistic, explicitly quantifies diagnostic uncertainty by measuring information gain before vs after diagnostic testing. In this paper, we propose the use of MI as a single measure to express diagnostic test performance and demonstrate how it can be used in the meta‐analysis of diagnostic test studies.MethodsWe use two case studies from the literature to demonstrate the applicability of MI meta‐analysis in assessing diagnostic performance. Meta‐analysis of studies evaluating (a) ultrasonography (US) to detect endometrial cancer and (b) magnetic resonance angiography to detect arterial stenosis.ResultsThe results of MI meta‐analyses are comparable to those of traditional statistical measures' meta‐analyses. However, the results of MI are easier to understand as it relates directly to the extent of uncertainty a diagnostic test can reduce. For example, the US test, diagnosing endometrial cancer, is 40% specific and 94% sensitive. The combination of these values is difficult to interpret and may lead to inappropriate assessment (eg, one could favour the test due to its high sensitivity, ignoring its low specificity). In terms of MI, however, a single metric shows that the test reduces diagnostic uncertainty by 10%, which many users may consider small under most circumstances.ConclusionsWe have demonstrated the suitability of MI in assessing the performance of diagnostic tests, which can facilitate easier interpretation of the true utility of diagnostic tests. Similarly, to the guidance for interpretation of effect size of treatment interventions, we also propose the guidelines for interpretation of the utility of diagnostic tests based on the magnitude of reduction in diagnostic uncertainty.
Reproductive cycle and fecundity of the bonnethead Sphyrna tiburo L. from the northwest Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Gonzalez De Acevedo Melissa , Frazier Bryan S. , Belcher Carolyn , Gelsleichter James 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe present study examined temporal changes in plasma sex hormone concentrations and the morphology and histology of reproductive organs in mature northwest Atlantic (NWA) bonnetheads Sphyrna tiburo L. to characterize reproductive cycle, breeding periodicity and fertility in this still poorly studied population. Progressive increases in testis width, epididymis head width, plasma testosterone (T) concentrations, and occurrence of mature spermatozoa were observed in male S. tiburo from June to September, demonstrating that spermatogenesis occurs during the summer. Nonetheless, increases in maximum follicle diameter, oviducal gland width, plasma 17β‐estradiol and T concentrations, and occurrence of vitellogenic follicles were not observed in mature females until between October and April, demonstrating non‐synchronous patterns of gametogenesis in males and females. Fresh copulatory wounds were observed in females collected during late September along with histological evidence for sperm presence in the oviducal gland between September and April, confirming a 6‐ to 7 month period of female sperm storage. Ovulation occurred between mid‐April and early May in concert with increases in female plasma progesterone concentrations. Gestation occurred during a 4.5‐ to 5 month period between May and early September, and 97% of mature females collected during this period were gravid, indicating a highly synchronized, annual reproductive periodicity. Brood size was significantly correlated with maternal size and ranged from 1 to 13 pups with a mean ± S.D. of 8.1 ± 2.2, which was significantly lower than reported in Gulf of Mexico (GOM) populations. The occurrence of non‐fertile offspring was observed in 17% of broods with a range of 1–7 non‐fertile eggs present in individual females. Thus, as previously reported in GOM S. tiburo, this unusual form of infertility also appears to be prevalent in the NWA population and requires further study. This study has demonstrated meaningful differences in reproductive biology of these populations, emphasizing the need for region‐specific approaches for population management.
Loss of gill rakers and teeth in adult specimens of barracudina Arctozenus risso (Aulopiformes: Paralepididae) from the western North Atlantic
Authors: Devine Brynn , Van Guelpen Lou 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTwo unusual adult specimens of the barracudina Arctozenus risso were caught in midwater trawls off the Flemish Cap in April 2016. These specimens displayed atypical traits including lack of teeth and gill rakers and fragile jaw bones; a combination of morphological examination and mtDNA sequencing confirmed species identification. Both specimens exhibited ripening ovaries and testes, confirming simultaneous hermaphroditism. These fish represent the first records of late‐stage loss of features in the genus Arctozenus and may indicate a relationship to spawning in larger specimens.
Screening of factors influencing the yield of Citrus hystrix leaves essential oil extracted via pressurized hot water extraction based on resolution V fractional factorial design
Authors: Halim Noor A. A. , Abidin Zurina Z. , Siajam Shamsul I. , Hean Chong G. , Harun Mohd R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) could be a better alternative in enhancing the yield of valuable Citrus hystrix leaves essential oil. Thus, the fractional factorial design based on resolution V was used to assess the crucial factors that affect the essential oil yield (%Y) extracted from Citrus hystrix leaves through a PHWE. A maximum Y% of 1.63% was successfully isolated at conditions involving 0.08% moisture content, 1 mm particle size, 1:0.2 ml/g solvent‐to‐sample ratio, 30 min extraction time, and 120°C extraction temperature. Moisture content and particle size were the main effects that significantly affect the %Y, while the extraction time and solvent‐to‐sample ratio exhibited a moderate effect on %Y, followed by extraction temperature that showed the least effect on %Y. A developed regression model has shown good correlation and adequacy on %Y. Based on the compositional analysis, neoisopulegol hydrate appears to be the main constituents of the oil obtained.Practical applicationsC. hystrix leaves could be a promising alternative commodity to citrus peels in fulfilling the increasing market demand for the natural citrus essential oils. However, the conventional essential oil extraction technique such as hydrodistillation is generally time and energy‐consuming and yields low production. Thus, an innovative technology involving a pressurized hot water extraction technique was employed to improve the efficiency of the extraction. A fractional factorial design approach was used to assist the optimization process with consideration on more factors with reduced experimental trials that can economically identify the significance of factors influencing the yield of essential oil. The use of resolution V design has enhanced the accuracy of the statistical analysis since the individual effects and the interaction effects of the factors studied were not aliased.
Optimization of an extrusion process for the development of a fiber‐rich, ready‐to‐eat snack from pineapple by‐products and sweet whey protein based on corn starch
Authors: Rivera‐Mirón María Isabel , Torruco‐Uco Juan Gabriel , Carmona‐García Roselis , Rodríguez‐Miranda Jesús 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe aim of the present study was optimized extrusion cooking process for the development of a fiber‐rich, ready‐to‐eat snack from pineapple by‐products and sweet whey protein based on corn starch. The variables studied were the extrusion temperature (ET = 120–180°C), feed moisture content (FMC = 18–25 g/100 g), proportion of sweet whey powder/corn starch (SWP/CS = 0–59.5 g/100 g), and proportion of pineapple by‐product powder (PBP = 0–30 g/100 g), (PBP + [SWP + CS] = 100 g). Analysis of the standardized effects revealed that the SWP/CS proportion had the most significant importance among all the variables, followed by the PBP content. The optimal extrusion conditions were ET = 160.00°C, FMC = 23.04 g/100 g, SWP/CS = 52.08 g/100 g, and PBP =22.50 g/100 g. These results represent an alternative to add value to these raw materials of low commercial value while also avoiding the generation of waste and environmental pollution.Practical applicationsThese results represent an alternative to add value to these raw materials of low commercial value, as well as avoiding the generation of waste and environmental pollution.
A holistic approach for microwave assisted solvent extraction of phenolic compounds from Ficus benghalensis fruits and its phytochemical profiling
Authors: Jayasree Radhakrishnan Anupama , Venkatachalam Sivakumar 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFicus benghalensis is a fig species spread throughout Asia, especially India, which finds its place in the tradition Indian system of medicines for their renowned protective properties. This study explores the extraction and identification of phytochemicals from the fruits of Ficus benghalensis using a time‐saving nonconventional technique of microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE). The influence of independent variables (viz., solid‐solvent ratio, microwave power and irradiation time) on the maximum total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) values was analyzed and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken Design. The maximum values of TPC (340.14 ± 0.34 mg/g) and TFC (413.64 ± 0.19 mg/g) were found at a shorter extraction time of 5 min, solid‐solvent ratio of 1:17 g/ml and microwave power of 420 W. The GC chromatogram was used for the phenolic distribution analysis and screening of the secondary metabolites. The GC spectra showed the presence of 26 biologically active secondary metabolites. 7‐tetradecenal (Z) (42.14%) was the predominant compound followed by n‐hexadecanoic acid (20.61%) and octadecanoic acid (14.07%). These compounds, along with others reportedly exhibit anticancer, antioxidant, anti‐diabetic, and antibacterial activities, thereby validating the traditional uses of the Ficus benghalensis fruit as a pharmaceutical supplement.Practical applicationThe outcome of this work shows a time‐saving method of phytochemical extraction which can be used for extracting valuable metabolites from Ficus benghalensis fruits. Moreover, findings from this research work will aid as a baseline to facilitate future studies in the isolation and purification of the identified pharmaceutically active phytochemicals present in the Ficus benghalensis fruit extract. This can be further used to increase the fruits' bioprospecting.
Failure analysis method for enhancing circularity through systems perspective
Authors: Kimita Koji , Brambila‐Macias Sergio A. , Tillman Anne‐Marie , Sakao Tomohiko 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRecently, a circular economy has attracted global attention as an approach for addressing material security and resource‐efficiency issues. As our societies shift toward a circular economy, manufacturers need to not only produce environmentally conscious products but to also realize reliable systems that will ensure the closure of the loops of the products, components, and materials. To do so, early‐stage design is crucial to effectively and efficiently detect possible failures and then take adequate countermeasures against them. Although a few methods of failure analysis have been proposed to address environmental issues, these methods have failed to consider the cause–effect relationships among failures. This will hinder manufacturers from identifying core problems that should be addressed in a given system. Therefore, this study extends failure mode and effect analysis, which is an engineering technique used to address potential failures, by addressing the entire system reliability in relation to circularity. As a result of a case study of a manufacturer aiming to increase circularity with their products on the market, we revealed that the proposed method is useful in the early stage of design to (a) identify failure modes where effects are largely given to or received from other failures, (b) develop countermeasures effectively by addressing root causes of failures, and (c) find an opportunity to collaborate with external actors.
Human neocortical development as a basis to understand mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disabilities in extremely preterm infants
Authors: Kubo Ken‐ichiro , Deguchi Kimiko 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimRecent advances in perinatal and neonatal medicine have resulted in marked improvements in the survival rates of extremely preterm infants (born before 28 gestational weeks) around the world, and Japan is among the countries with the highest reported survival rates of extremely preterm infants. However, it remains a major concern that many survivors develop neurodevelopmental disabilities, including cognitive dysfunctions and neurodevelopmental disorders later in life. In order to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the neurodevelopmental disabilities observed in the survivors of extremely preterm births, we reviewed recently reported findings about the development of the human neocortex.MethodsFirst, we have summarized the current knowledge about the development of the neocortex, including recently reported human‐ and/or primate‐specific developmental events. Next, we discussed the possible causal mechanisms underlying the development of neurodevelopmental disabilities in extremely preterm infants.ResultsAround the birth of extremely preterm infants, neurogenesis and succeeding neuronal migrations are ongoing in the neocortex of human brain. Expansion and maturation of the subplate, which is thought to reflect the axonal wiring in the neocortex, is also prominent at this time.ConclusionBrain injuries that occur around the birth of extremely preterm infants are presumed to affect the dynamic developmental events in the neocortex, such as neurogenesis, neuronal migrations and maturation of the subplate, which could underlie the neurodevelopmental disabilities that often develop subsequently in extremely preterm infants. These possibilities should be borne in mind while considering maternal and neonatal care to further improve the long‐term outcomes of extremely preterm infants.
Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter Measured by Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound and MRI
Authors: Shokoohi Hamid , Pyle Matthew , Kuhl Evan , Loesche Michael A. , Goyal Aakshit , LeSaux Maxine A. , Boniface Keith S. , Taheri M. Reza 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEUltrasound (US) measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and optic nerve diameter (OND) is a method frequently used to screen for an increased intracranial pressure. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of US measurements of ONSD and OND, when compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements as the criterion standard.METHODSIn this prospective, single‐institution study, orbital US was performed for those patients requiring an emergent brain MRI. ONSD and OND of both eyes were measured in the axial and coronal planes in straight gaze by US. ONSD and OND from brain and orbital MRI were measured by two neuroradiologists. Correlation and agreement between readings were assessed using Pearson's correlations.RESULTSEighty‐two patients met inclusion criteria. The mean axial and coronal ONSD in the MRI examinations was 5.6 and 5.7 mm at 3‐5.9 mm behind the globe, respectively. The mean ONSD from the US measurements was 6.22 and 5.52 mm in the axial and coronal planes, respectively. The mean OND in US examinations was 4.31 mm (axial) and 3.68 mm (coronal). Axial versus coronal measurements of ONSD had a modest correlation in US assessment with an r2 of .385 (P < .001) but there were no correlations between any of the US and MRI measurements.CONCLUSIONSIn measuring ONSD and OND, US measurements showed a modest correlation between axial and coronal measurements, but no concordance was found between US and MRI in our setting.
Behavioural and emotional profiles of children and adolescents with disorders of arousal
Authors: Castelnovo Anna , Turner Katherine , Rossi Alessandro , Galbiati Andrea , Gagliardi Alessandra , Proserpio Paola , Nobili Lino , Terzaghi Michele , Manni Raffaele , Ferini Strambi Luigi , Manconi Mauro , Miano Silvia , Zambrelli Elena , Paola Canevini Maria 
Published: September 2020

SummaryDisorders of arousals are common sleep disorders characterized by complex motor behaviours that arise episodically out of slow‐wave sleep. Psychological distress has long been associated with disorders of arousal, but this link remains controversial, especially in children and adolescents. The aim of this multi‐centre study was to characterize behavioural and emotional problems in a sample of children/adolescents with disorders of arousal, and to explore their relationship with the severity of nocturnal episodes. The parents of 41 children/adolescents with a diagnosis of disorders of arousal (11.5 ± 3.3 years old, 61% males) and of a group of 41 age‐ and gender‐matched control participants filled in the Child Behavior Checklist, along with the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children and the Paris Arousal Disorders Severity Scale. Multilevel t‐tests revealed significantly higher total scores and sub‐scores of the Child Behavior Checklist for the patient group compared with the control group. Thirty‐four percent of the patients obtained pathological total scores, and 12% of them borderline scores. The severity of emotional/behavioural problems in the patient group was positively correlated with the severity of the nocturnal episodes. Interestingly, children/adolescents with disorders of arousal also obtained higher excessive daytime sleepiness and insomnia symptoms sub‐scores at the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children. These results confirmed the hypothesis that behavioural/emotional problems are surprisingly common in children/adolescents with disorders of arousal. Further studies are warranted to investigate the causal relationship between pathological manifestations, subtler sleep abnormalities, and diurnal emotional/behavioural problems in children/adolescents with disorders of arousal.
Validating an empiric sulfadiazine–trimethoprim dosage regimen for treatment of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus delphini infections in mink (Neovison vison)
Authors: Ronaghinia Amir Atabak , Nikolaisen Nanett Kvist , Hansen Stine Green , Poulsen Helle Harding , Frandsen Henrik Lauritz , Struve Tina , Toutain Pierre‐Louis , Damborg Peter 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAntimicrobial agents are used extensively off‐label in mink, as almost no agents are registered for this animal species. Pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data are required to determine antimicrobial dosages specifically targeting mink bacterial pathogens. The aims of this study were to assess, in a PKPD framework, the empirical dosage regimen for a combination of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) in mink, and secondarily to produce data for future setting of clinical breakpoints. TMP and SDZ PK parameters were obtained experimentally in 22 minks following IV or oral administration of TMP/SDZ (30 mg/kg, i.e. 5 mg/kg TMP and 25 mg/kg SDZ). fAUC/MIC with a target value of 24 hr was selected as the PKPD index predictive of TMP/SDZ efficacy. Using a modeling approach, PKPD cutoffs for TMP and SDZ were determined as 0.062 and 16 mg/L, respectively. By incorporating an anticipated potentiation effect of SDZ on TMP against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus delphini, the PKPD cutoff of TMP was revised to 0.312 mg/L, which is above the tentative epidemiological cutoffs (TECOFF) for these species. The current empirical TMP/SDZ dosage regimen (30 mg/kg, PO, once daily) therefore appears adequate for treatment of wild‐type E. coli and S. delphini infections in mink.
Mixed support for gene flow as a constraint to local adaptation and contributor to the limited geographic range of an endemic salamander
Authors: Micheletti Steven J. , Storfer Andrew 
Published: September 2020

AbstractUnderstanding mechanisms that underlie species range limits is at the core of evolutionary ecology. Asymmetric gene flow between larger core populations and smaller edge populations can swamp local adaptation at the range edge and inhibit further range expansion. However, empirical tests of this theory are exceedingly rare. We tested the hypothesis that asymmetric gene flow can constrain local adaptation and thereby species’ range limits in an endemic US salamander (Ambystoma barbouri) by determining if gene flow is asymmetric between the core and peripheries of the species’ geographic distribution and testing whether local adaptation is swamped at range edges with a reciprocal transplant experiment. Using putatively neutral loci from populations across three core‐to‐edge transects that covered nearly the entire species’ geographic range, we found evidence for asymmetric, core‐to‐edge gene flow along western and northern transects, but not along a southern transect. Subsequently, the reciprocal transplant experiment suggested that northern and western edge populations are locally adapted despite experiencing asymmetric gene flow, yet have lower fitness in their respective home regions than those of centre population. Conversely, southern populations exhibit low deme quality, experiencing high mortality regardless of where they were reared, probably due to harsher edge habitat conditions. Consequently, we provide rare species‐wide evidence that local adaptation can occur despite asymmetric gene flow, though migration from the core may prohibit range expansion by reducing fitness in edge populations. Further, our multitransect study shows that multiple, nonmutually exclusive mechanisms can lead to range limits within a single species.