bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stigmatized Bodies Near Lake Victoria: A Cultural Analysis of Institutions
Authors: Stroeken Koen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn recent intervention campaigns sensitizing about harmful practices in eastern Africa, the beliefs and institutions of rural populations are marked out: culture is the culprit. This article concentrates on the most targeted region, Sukuma-speaking communities in Tanzania, to verify the stigmatizing impact of institutions: whether bridewealth treats women as commodities, whether children withnsebudisorder are stigmatized, and why children living with albinism are stigmatized. Complementing the situational analysis of power relations, cultural analysis approaches institutions as established practices in a group and as generated from the palette of experiential frames constituting the cultural system prevailing in that group. The method’s sensitivity to intracultural diversity highlights the local capacity of applying cultural logics, ethically framing situations and creating new institutions, for instance by female healers protecting their clients against stigmatization. The method permits to conclude, for the cases studied, that institutions categorizing people prevent rather than cause the discreditable social status known as stigma.
What perspectives underlie ‘researcher identity’? A review of two decades of empirical studies
Authors: Castelló Montserrat , McAlpine Lynn , Sala-Bubaré Anna , Inouye Kelsey , Skakni Isabelle 
Published: June 2020

AbstractOver the past two decades, identity has emerged as a concept framing studies of early career researcher experience. Yet, identity is an amorphous concept, understood and used in a range of ways. This systematic review aimed to unpack the underpinnings of the notion of researcher identity. The final sample consisted of 38 empirical articles published in peer-reviewed journals in the last 20 years. Analyses focused on (a) identifying the dimensions used to define researcher identity, and (b) characterising the meta-theories—the underlying assumptions of the research—in relation to these dimensions. We identified four different stances towards researcher identity (clusters), based on variation on the identity dimensions in relation to the meta-theories. We characterised these as (1) transitioning among identities, (2) balancing identity continuity and change, (3) personal identity development through time and (4) personal and stable identity. These stances incorporate thought-provoking nuances and complex conceptualisations of the notion of researcher identity, for instance, that meta-theory was insufficient to characterise researcher identity stance. The contribution of the study is first to be able to differentiate four characterizations of researcher identity—important given that many studies had not clearly expressed a stance. The second is the potential of the four dimensions to help characterise identity, in past as well as future research—thus a useful tool for those working in this area. Many questions remain, but perhaps the biggest is to what extent and under what conditions is identity a productive notion for understanding early career researcher experience?
Risk-Neutral Pricing for Arbitrage Pricing Theory
Authors: Carassus Laurence , Rásonyi Miklós 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe consider infinite-dimensional optimization problems motivated by the financial model called Arbitrage Pricing Theory. Using probabilistic and functional analytic tools, we provide a dual characterization of the superreplication cost. Then, we show the existence of optimal strategies for investors maximizing their expected utility and the convergence of their reservation prices to the super-replication cost as their risk-aversion tends to infinity.
A Well-Defined Composite Indicator: An Application to Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Aparicio Juan , Kapelko Magdalena , Monge Juan F. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper introduces a model to construct composite indicators for performance evaluation of decision making units, which is based upon the determination of the least distance from each assessed unit to a frontier estimated by data envelopment analysis. This generates less demanding targets from a benchmarking point of view. The model also makes it possible to account for the existence of slacks in all the considered dimensions (sub-indicators), playing with the notion of Pareto efficiency. Additionally, our approach satisfies units invariance, translation invariance and strong monotonicity and ensures that the weights used for the aggregation of the sub-indicators are always strictly positive. All previous approaches based on data envelopment analysis have failed to satisfy at least one of these properties. We also implement a new version of the Russell output measure of technical efficiency working with full-dimensional efficient facets. Finally, the new approach is illustrated by an application to the sphere of corporate social responsibility, showing the main empirical implications of the theoretical properties.
Der Gasteiner Heilstollen und eine mögliche Ansteckungsgefahr im Therapiebereich mit Viren
Authors: Offenbächer M. , Hölzl B. , Gaisberger M. , Untner H. , Würzner R. 
Published: June 2020

ZusammenfassungAn SARS-CoV‑2 haben sich in den letzten Monaten weltweit Millionen von Menschen infiziert, Hunderttausende sind an den Folgen einer Infektion gestorben. Das Ende der Pandemie ist nicht absehbar und viele Menschen haben Ängste, sich in unterschiedlichen Settings zu infizieren. Der Gasteiner Heilstollen (GHST) ist eine weltweit einmalige ambulante Einrichtung mit den Wirkfaktoren Wärme, hohe Luftfeuchtigkeit und milde Radonstrahlung. In dieser werden jährlich ca. 12.000 Patienten u. a. mit entzündlich-rheumatischen, degenerativen Erkrankungen und chronischen Schmerzen behandelt. Wir haben deshalb die Literatur gesichtet und hinsichtlich einer möglicherweise erhöhten Ansteckungsgefährdung für Patienten während einer Therapie bzw. Kur im GHST analysiert. Aus unserer Sicht sind zum einen die klimatischen und physikalischen Verhältnisse im GHST insgesamt als virenfeindlich anzusehen, zum anderen führen die milde Radonhyperthermie über komplexe physiologische Prozesse sowie die geografische Lage des GHST zu positiven gesundheitlichen Effekten. Daher erscheint uns eine Ansteckungswahrscheinlichkeit für Viren im GHST in keinem Fall erhöht, sondern sogar deutlich geringer als in anderen Settings.
Ripretinib: First Approval
Authors: Dhillon Sohita 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRipretinib (QINLOCK™) is a novel type II tyrosine switch control inhibitor being developed by Deciphera Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of KIT proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT)-driven and/or platelet derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA)-driven cancers, including gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST). Ripretinib inhibits KIT and PDGFRA kinase, including wild-type, primary and secondary mutations, as well as other kinases, such as PDGFRB, TIE2, VEGFR2 and BRAF. In May 2020, oral ripretinib received its first approval in the USA for the treatment of adult patients with advanced GIST who have received prior treatment with ≥ 3 kinase inhibitors, including imatinib. The US FDA, Health Canada and the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration collaborated on the review of the ripretinib new drug application in this indication as part of Project Orbis; regulatory review in Australia and Canada is ongoing. Clinical development for GIST, solid tumours and systemic mastocytosis is underway in several countries worldwide. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of ripretinib leading to this first approval for the treatment of advanced GIST.
Baicalein Alleviates Erectile Dysfunction Associated with Streptozotocin-Induced Type I Diabetes by Ameliorating Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Dysfunction, Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Fibrosis
Authors: Chen Yinwei , Zhou Bingyan , Yu Zhe , Yuan Penghui , Sun Taotao , Gong Jianan , Zhang Yan , Wang Tao , Wang Shaogang , Liu Kang , Liu JiHong 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Management of diabetes mellitus induced-erectile dysfunction (DMED) is challenging because of its poor responses to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Increasingly important roles of 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) have been proven in diabetes mellitus.

Aim
To investigate 12-LOX activity and therapeutic effect of its inhibitor, baicalein (BE), on DMED.

Methods
Intraperitoneal streptozotocin injection was used to induce type I DM, and an apomorphine test was used to evaluate erectile function. In experiment A, we assessed 12-LOX expression alteration in the corpus cavernosum (CC) of rats with DMED of different levels of severity. In experiment B, rats with DMED were intraperitoneally injected with BE for 4 weeks, and control rats were injected with vehicles. The erectile function was tested by cavernous nerve stimulation before penile tissue was harvested. We performed Western blot, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Masson trichrome staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to measure related proteins in CC.

Main Outcome Measure
The main outcome measures included rectile response, histologic examination, and expression alteration of related proteins.

Results
12-LOX upregulation was associated with the progression of type I DMED. After 4 weeks treatment, compared with the DMED group, the DMED + BE group showed better erectile responses to cavernous nerve stimulation. In the DMED + BE group, significantly enhanced endothelial nitric oxide synthase/nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway, reduced 12-LOX expression, and inhibited p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/arginase II/L-arginine pathway were showed in CC relative to the DMED group. In addition, overactivated oxidative stress and fibrosis in the DMED group were both partially ameliorated in the DMED + BE group.

Clinical Implications
BE may be considered as an effective therapy for DMED, but needs to be verified in future human investigations.

Strengths & Limitations
The role of 12-LOX and its inhibitor, BE, is firstly demonstrated in rats with type I DMED. However, the experimental data are derived from animal models with without evidences from cellular-based experiments.

Conclusion
12-LOX might serve as an important factor in the pathogenesis of type I DMED. BE alleviated erectile dysfunction in rats with type I DMED probably by inhibiting 12-LOX expression, ameliorating endothelial nitric oxide synthase dysfunction, as well as suppressing oxidative stress and fibrosis.
Skeptical Theism Proved
Authors: HENDRICKS PERRY 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSkeptical theism is a popular response to arguments from evil. Many hold that it undermines a key inference often used by such arguments. However, the case for skeptical theism is often kept at an intuitive level: no one has offered an explicit argument for the truth of skeptical theism. In this article, I aim to remedy this situation: I construct an explicit, rigorous argument for the truth of skeptical theism.
Cancer screening and accessibility bias: people want screening when informed it saves no lives
Authors: HODSON NATHAN 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSome cancer screening programs are built on contentious evidence, but the public are generally positive about screening. Many professional organizations have settled on a fudge: allow the people to decide for themselves. Given the potential limitations of individual decision-making, there is increasing support for helping individuals to make better decisions. This paper presents experimental data supporting the claim that individuals are largely unresponsive to data about screening and base their decisions upon factors that professionals would consider inappropriate reasons for screening. The most plausible explanation for this phenomenon comes from accessibility bias. Professionals can no longer sustain the argument that, with respect to cancer screening, individual choice reflects a meaningful expression of autonomy.
Sharing is caring: How EM Sim Cases (EMSimCases.com) has created a collaborative simulation education culture in Canada
Authors: Caners Kyla , Baylis Jared , Heyd Christopher , Chan Teresa 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTFree open access medical education (FOAM) resources in emergency medicine (EM) have grown exponentially in recent years. Within this movement, there are relatively few resources dedicated to simulation in EM. EM Sim Cases is a FOAM resource that was started in 2015 with the goal of creating a central database of simulation cases and scholarly articles that could be shared worldwide and thus reduce needless duplication of effort. Since 2015, EM Sim Cases has grown to have an annual average of 8,148 views per month from a total of 161 countries. It has an editorial team of 18 members as well as a leadership team of three. There is a robust, peer-reviewed case bank ranging in topic from neonatal resuscitation to end-of-life care as well as a number of simulation-relevant educational posts.
35 W continuous-wave Ho:YAG single-crystal fiber laser
Authors: Zhao Yongguang , Wang Li , Chen Weidong , Wang Jianlei , Song Qingsong , Xu Xiaodong , Liu Ying , Shen Deyuan , Xu Jun , Mateos Xavier , Loiko Pavel , Wang Zhengping , Xu Xinguang , Griebner Uwe , Petrov Valentin 
Published: June 2020

We report on a high-power Ho:YAG single-crystal fiber (SCF) laser inband pumped by a high-brightness Tm-fiber laser at 1908 nm. The Ho:YAG SCF grown by the micro-pulling-down technique exhibits a propagation loss of

$0.05\pm 0.005~\text{cm}^{-1}$

at

$2.09~\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$

. A continuous-wave output power of 35.2 W is achieved with a slope efficiency of 42.7%, which is to the best of our knowledge the highest power ever reported from an SCF-based laser in the 2

$\unicode[STIX]{x03BC}\text{m}$

spectral range.
Letter-Writing as a Decolonial Feminist Praxis for Philosophical Writing
Authors: Acevedo-Zapata Diana María 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAccording to Chandra Mohanty, there is no apolitical academy; academic and scholarly practices are in themselves political, insofar as they are inscribed in power and validation relations, which answer to and have effects upon the patriarchal, colonial, and capitalist structures to which they belong. In the case of philosophical writing, this means that the forms that regulate writing, that is, what determines how one must write in different contexts, are expressive of the power structures within philosophical academia. These power structures are upheld through time because of, among many other factors, the rendering invisible of the diversity of places of enunciation belonging to those who write and think in philosophy, and of the universalization of the privileges associated with said places of enunciation. In this article, I propose a way of writing letters that appeals to grammatical persons and their relation to the authors of the texts. Through this writing practice it is possible to make explicit the places of enunciation from which we write philosophy. This enables, first, making visible the privileges and oppressions of those writing philosophy; and second, generating small spaces of resistance and transformation of the oppressive power relations within the philosophical academy.
Impact of rapid diagnostics with antimicrobial stewardship support for children with positive blood cultures: A quasi-experimental study with time trend analysis
Authors: Tribble Alison C. , Gerber Jeffrey S. , Bilker Warren B. , Lautenbach Ebbing 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:Evaluate the clinical impact of the implementation of VERIGENE gram-positive blood culture testing (BC-GP) coupled with antimicrobial stewardship result notification for children with positive blood cultures.Design:Quasi-experimental study.Setting:Quaternary children’s hospital.Patients:Hospitalized children aged 0–21 years with positive blood culture events 1 year before and 1 year after implementation of BC-GP testing.Methods:The primary outcome was time to optimal antibiotic therapy for positive blood cultures, defined as receiving definitive therapy without unnecessary antibiotics (pathogens) or no antibiotics (contaminants). Secondary outcomes were time to effective therapy, time to definitive therapy, and time to stopping vancomycin, length of stay, and 30-day mortality. Time-to-therapy outcomes before and after the intervention were compared using Cox regression models and interrupted time series analyses, adjusting for patient characteristics and trends over time. Gram-negative events were included as a nonequivalent dependent variable.Results:We included 264 preintervention events (191 gram-positive, 73 gram-negative) and 257 postintervention events (168 gram-positive, 89 gram-negative). The median age was 2.9 years (interquartile range, 0.3–10.1), and 418 pediatric patients (80.2%) had ≥1 complex chronic condition. For gram-positive isolates, implementation of BC-GP testing was associated with an immediate reduction in time to optimal therapy and time to stopping vancomycin for both analyses. BC-GP testing was associated with decreased time to definitive therapy in interrupted time series analysis but not Cox modeling. No such changes were observed for gram-negative isolates. No changes in time to effective therapy, length of stay, or mortality were associated with BC-GP.Conclusions:The implementation of BC-GP testing coupled with antimicrobial stewardship result notification was associated with decreased time to optimal therapy and time to stopping vancomycin for hospitalized children with gram-positive blood culture isolates.
INTIMACY IN MODERN BRITISH HISTORY
Authors: MORRIS GEORGE 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRecent developments in the history of modern Britain have led to the emergence of a history of intimacy, whether or not it is recognized as such. This historiographical review argues that intimacy is a useful category of historical analysis. Thinking in terms of inter-relationships between different forms of intimacy allows us to think with greater conceptual clarity about these forms, as well as types of intimacy that are difficult to categorize. The first section reviews recent and significant contributions to the literature and seeks to draw out existing connections and crosscurrents between subfields. The second section turns to recent work on the histories of selfhood and the emotions and considers what thinking about intimacy might add to these fields; it then builds on this recent work to propose that one way to ‘do’ the history of intimacy is to think in terms of ‘intimate practices’.
Information processing in the European Union’s Common Fisheries Policy
Authors: Princen Sebastiaan , Siderius Katrijn , Villasante Sebastián 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe policy studies literature is divided on how information processing takes place in policy processes. Punctuated equilibrium theory claims that policymakers tend to process information disproportionately, giving more weight to some incoming signals than to others. By contrast, thermostatic models of policymaking argue that policymakers respond in a more proportionate way. In this paper, we analyse information processing in the adoption of Total Allowable Catches (TACs) under the European Union’s (EU) Common Fisheries Policy. Based on a novel measure for the proportionality of information processing, it shows that over time TACs have become more closely aligned with incoming signals about fish stocks. This development can be explained through a combination of changing discourses around fisheries conservation and institutional adjustments in EU fisheries policy. This analysis has implications for the debate between punctuated equilibrium and thermostatic models of policymaking and our understanding of the effectiveness of EU fisheries policies.
In Between Market and Charity: Child Domestic Work and Changing Labor Relations in Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Istanbul
Authors: Araz Yahya , Kokdaş İrfan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article focuses on children taken by Istanbulite families for upbringing and employment in the Ottoman capital during the 1800–1900 period. It suggests that domestic child labor which was shaped by the concept of ‘charity’ and economic interests during the first half of the nineteenth century progressively turned into wage labor during the second half of the century. The study claims that the nineteenth century witnessed a transformation of labor relations in the domestic service market, implying the transition from reciprocal to commodified labor. The labor of children employed in domestic services underwent a monetization process throughout the nineteenth century. Parallel to this monetization, the status of children under foster care or in domestic service came to be determined by standardized legal contracts.
Segmented Possibilities: Migrant life Histories of Hindustani Workers in Post Colonial India
Authors: Buat Camille 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStarting in the late 19 th century, workers from north India came to constitute the backbone of the urban and industrial labour force in Calcutta and neighboring mill municipalities. As they settled in and around the colonial metropolis, these Hindustani workers maintained strong connections with their rural homes. One generation after the other, they reproduced this dual settlement over the following decades. This bi-local structure of labour circulation, which linked village and city through the constant coming and going of men and women, progressively broke down from the late 20 th century onwards, following the closure of the large textile, engineering and paper industries which underpinned the economic vitality of the Calcutta region. The article sketches out the history of this socio-spatial configuration over the second half of the 20 th century, through the life histories of two migrant Hindustani workers. Born around 1940, Siraj Prajapati and Mohan Lal both spent the greater part of their working lives in Calcutta's industrial suburbs. Siraj, a potter by caste, was engaged in the artisanal production tea-cups in Howrah. Born into one of the most marginalized sections of north Indian society, Mohan managed to train as a mason, and was employed in the Titagarh Paper Mill through the 1960s and 70s. Both have now settled back in their respective villages of eastern Uttar Pradesh. Teasing out the contradictory ways in which both men frame their life trajectories, the article contributes a micro-perspective to the social history of rural-urban migration in post-colonial north India.
Slavery and Decline of Slave-Ownership in Ottoman Bursa 1460–1880
Authors: Canbakal Hülya , Filiztekin Alpay 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe most widely accepted narrative about the long-term history of slavery in Ottoman lands rests on a supply-side story. According to this, military and diplomatic factors reduced the inflow of slaves from the seventeenth century onwards and, consequently, exorbitant prices turned slaveholding into a luxury inaccessible to all but the top elite. Using evidence from probate inventories of the city of Bursa and its hinterland from 1460 to 1880, the present study examines this narrative in light of the incidence of slave-ownership and prices. We observe substantial decline in slaveholding already before the beginning of the government reforms concerning slavery and slave trade in the nineteenth century. We also find a decline in slave prices, both absolute and relative to wages. This is unexpected. Further analysis suggests, on the one hand, that a different supply factor, relative increase in the African slave population due to changes in the global traffic may have been instrumental in these trends, which links Bursa's non-colonial market to world slavery. On the other hand, examination of the consumption/investment preferences of the wealthy suggests that demand for slaves, too, may have declined, we surmise, in response to demographic and social change affecting alternative labor costs as well as cultural change affecting the meaning of slaveholding.