bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linking servant leadership to positive deviant behavior: The mediating role of self‐determination theory
Authors: Brière Mathilde , Le Roy Jeanne , Meier Olivier 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHow can servant leadership focused primarily on developing employees help them to become more ethical and prosocial, and to achieve positive results reaching beyond mere compliance with their tasks? More specifically, we propose that servant leadership may influence employees to engage in positive deviant behavior (PDB), meaning non‐conforming behavior that is positive and ethical. Using self‐determination theory (SDT), our research examines the effect of perceived servant leadership on the adoption of PDB by employees, mediated by basic psychological needs satisfaction and intrinsic motivation. To this end, we conducted a quantitative study of 344 French employees’ answers to an online survey. Structural equation modeling results indicated that the relationship between perceived servant leadership and innovative PDB is strongly predicted by SDT. Intrinsic motivation mediates the relationship between perceived servant leadership, satisfaction of basic psychological needs, and innovative PDB. Several limitations and implications will be discussed.
Cause of death in adults with intellectual disability in the United States
Authors: Landes S. D. , Stevens J. D. , Turk M. A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundPrior studies report that adults with intellectual disability (ID) have cause of death patterns distinct from adults in the general population but do not provide comparative analysis by specific causes of death.MethodsData are from the National Vital Statistics System 2005–2017 US Multiple Cause‐of‐Death Mortality files. We utilised adjusted odds ratios to identify causes of death that were more common for adults whose death certificate indicated ID (N = 22 512) than for adults whose death certificate did not indicate ID (N = 32 738 229), controlling for severity level of ID. We then examine the associations between biological sex and race‐ethnicity and causes of death solely among adults with ID.ResultsThe leading cause of death for adults with and without ID indicated on their death certificate was heart disease. Adults with ID, regardless of the severity of the disability, had substantially higher risk of death from pneumonitis, influenza/pneumonia and choking. Adults with mild/moderate ID also had higher risk of death from diabetes mellitus. Differences in cause of death trends were associated with biological sex and race‐ethnicity.ConclusionsEfforts to reduce premature mortality for adults with ID should attend to risk factors for causes of death typical in the general population such as heart disease and cancer, but also should be cognisant of increased risk of death from choking among all adults with ID, and diabetes among adults with mild/moderate ID. Further research is needed to better understand the factors determining comparatively lower rates of death from neoplasms and demographic differences in causes of death among adults with ID.
Vertebral pneumaticity of the North American therizinosaur Nothronychus
Authors: Smith David K. , Sanders R. Kent , Wolfe Douglas G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNothronychus was a large, derived therizinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Utah and New Mexico. The genus is known from elements that have been referred to single individuals. Therizinosaurs were unusual maniraptoran theropods close to the origin of birds. The axial skeleton is extensively pneumatized, but CT scans reveal an apneumatic synsacrum. Inferred air sacs invade the basicranium, the presacral vertebrae, and the proximal caudal vertebrae, but bypassed the sacrum resulting in a caudosacral hiatus similar to some sauropods and reflecting the development of multiple diverticula from the abdominal air sac. The vertebral pneumatic chambers are described here and compared with those observed in the theropod Allosaurus and the recent avian Dinornis. The vertebrae of Nothronychus are intermediate between those two theropods. It is inferred to have possessed avian‐like abdominal air sacs. This theropod would have had unidirectional lungs, as in birds, but this character cannot be related to endothermy.
The role of chemerin in the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis in children and adolescents
Authors: Zdanowicz Katarzyna , Ryzko Joanna , Bobrus‐Chociej Anna , Wojtkowska Malgorzata , Lebensztejn Dariusz Marek 
Published: October 2020

Background and aimAdipokines and hepatokines are proteins secreted by adipose tissue and the liver. To date, the levels of adipokines and hepatokines in cholelithiasis have only been evaluated in studies in adult patients. The purpose of our research was to assess the levels of circulating adipokines: chemerin, vaspin, progranulin, retinol‐binding protein 4 (RBP‐4) and hepatokine: fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF‐21) and to compare their concentrations in paediatric patients with and without cholelithiasis.MethodsThe prospective study included 54 children and adolescents diagnosed with gallstones and 26 controls. Fasting serum levels of adipokines and hepatokine were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays.ResultsThe serum levels of chemerin, FGF‐21 and RBP‐4 were significantly higher in children and adolescents with gallstones compared to the control group. Elevated levels of triglycerides, RBP‐4, and a homeostatic model for assessing insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) were observed in overweight or obese patients compared to patients with normal weight and cholelithiasis. Chemerin concentrations were increased in the normal‐weight children and adolescents with cholelithiasis compared to the control group. Children and adolescents with gallstones and abnormal weight had significantly higher levels of chemerin, FGF‐21 and RBP‐4 than healthy controls.ConclusionElevated serum chemerin levels were significantly higher in non‐obese patients with cholelithiasis than in non‐obese controls, suggesting a potential role of chemerin in the development of cholelithiasis in children and adolescents.
Rethinking nongovernmental organizations: Neoliberalism, “nonstate” actors, and the politics of recognition in the United States
Authors: Carrington Jara M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article builds on and contributes to the scholarship on social movements and the law by revealing the critical function of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in law and policy in neoliberal times. Building on frame theories in social movement literature, this essay uses the lens of NGO‐produced advocacy for binational same‐sex couples to consider more broadly the relationship between individual experience, subjectivity, and the discourses and practices employed by NGO actors. It offers an analysis of both how NGOs developed and utilized particular messaging strategies and rhetorical frames to discursively produce a normative image of their constituency, and how constituents navigated and made use of the framing strategies developed by NGOs in their own claims to state rights and recognition. This discussion thus highlights the potentials and the problematics of the NGO model in social movements' efforts toward legal and political change.
The relationship between housing instability and intimate partner violence: A retrospective study
Authors: R. Wilson Patty , J. Thorpe Roland , Sharps Phyllis , Laughon Kathryn 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relationship between housing instability (HI) and intimate partner violence (IPV) over time, controlling for individual, situational, and social structural factors among women and to determine whether race/ethnicity modifies these relationships.Design and SampleThe study was a retrospective secondary data analysis from the Fragile Families and Child Well‐Being Study. The sample included women who reported their housing status at year 5, yielding 4,000 women.MeasuresHousing instability was our main independent variable. Our dependent variable of IPV was divided into two categories: no IPV or IPV overtime (IPV reported at baseline, year 1 and year 5).ResultsWomen were more likely to report HI if they were between the ages of 20–24 (36%), Black (53.2%), did not graduate from high school (48.6%), and were employed with an income of less than $10,000 USD (69%). Race/ethnicity was not found to influence the association between HI and IPV overtime.ConclusionsWomen in their early to mid‐twenties, with a low level of education and are employed at low‐wage jobs have an increased risk for HI and experiencing IPV. Therefore, nurses need to move beyond traditional assessments and screening to elicit information that will help determine increased risk for HI.
Registered Nurses’ Evidence‐Based Practice Revisited: A Longitudinal Study in Mid‐Career
Authors: Rudman Ann , Boström Anne‐Marie , Wallin Lars , Gustavsson Petter , Ehrenberg Anna 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundTo improve patient outcomes and patient safety and to reduce costs in health care, the implementation of evidence‐based practice (EBP) is crucial.AimsTo examine the use of the EBP process in Swedish health care. Specifically, to examine whether professional career development (years of experience, years in current position, specialist education, care setting) is associated with RNs’ practice of EBP activities and changes in the extent of practicing the EBP process between early and mid‐career.MethodsIn this observational longitudinal study, the extent of EBP activities was investigated in three national cohorts of 2,474 RNs. Nurses rated their own EBP levels 11–15 and three years after graduation. Six items measured the respondents’ extent of practicing the EBP process. Comparisons of EBP levels between subgroups were tested using unpaired t‐tests or one‐way ANOVAs.ResultsOn average, RNs used the EBP process occasionally every half year. RNs with specialist education reported a higher extent of EBP activities as did RNs who worked in outpatient and home care settings. There was a significant increase in the extent of EBP activities 11 to 13 years after graduation compared to three years after graduation.Linking Evidence to ActionThe findings raise some central questions for practice: How well equipped are RNs to practice the EBP process? What is needed to facilitate EBP in clinical settings? Building on the findings of this study, managers in clinical practice need to develop supportive organizational structures that facilitate EBP. This study suggests that mid‐career RNs increased the extent of practicing the EBP process over time compared to previous reported practice in their first years as RNs. However, the level of EBP activities was low to moderate, and this modest increase took 11 to 13 years to achieve. To enhance the practice of EBP in nursing care, educational and organizational factors need to be considered.
Design Variety Measurement Using Sharma–Mittal Entropy
Authors: Ahmed Faez , Ramachandran Sharath Kumar , Fuge Mark , Hunter Sam , Miller Scarlett 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDesign variety metrics measure how much a design space is explored. This article proposes that a generalized class of entropy metrics based on Sharma–Mittal entropy offers advantages over existing methods to measure design variety. We show that an exemplar metric from Sharma–Mittal entropy, namely, the Herfindahl–Hirschman index for design (HHID) has the following desirable advantages over existing metrics: (a) more accuracy: it better aligns with human ratings compared to existing and commonly used tree-based metrics for two new datasets; (b) higher sensitivity: it has higher sensitivity compared to existing methods when distinguishing between the variety of sets; (c) allows efficient optimization: it is a submodular function, which enables one to optimize design variety using a polynomial time greedy algorithm; and (d) generalizes to multiple metrics: many existing metrics can be derived by changing the parameters of this metric, which allows a researcher to fit the metric to better represent variety for new domains. This article also contributes a procedure for comparing metrics used to measure variety via constructing ground truth datasets from pairwise comparisons. Overall, our results shed light on some qualities that good design variety metrics should possess and the nontrivial challenges associated with collecting the data needed to measure those qualities.
Identifying High-Potential Work Areas in Engineering for Global Development: Linking Industry Sectors to the Human Development Index
Authors: Smith Daniel O. , Mattson Christopher A. , Dahlin Eric C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThose working in Engineering for Global Development seek to improve the conditions in developing countries. A common metric for understanding the development state of a given country is the Human Development Index (HDI), which focuses on three dimensions: health, education, and income. An engineer’s expertise does not always align with any of those dimensions directly, while they still hope to perform impactful work for human development. To discover other areas of expertise that are highly associated with the HDI, correlations and variable selection were performed between all World Development Indicators and the HDI. The resultant associations are presented according to industry sector for a straightforward connection to engineering expertise. The associated areas of expertise can be used during opportunity development as surrogates for focusing on the HDI dimensions themselves. The data analysis shows that work related to “Trade, Transportation, and Utilities,” such as electricity distribution, and exports or imports, “Natural Resources and Mining,” such as energy resources, agriculture, or access to clean water, and “Manufacturing,” in general, are most commonly associated with improvements in the HDI in developing countries. Also, because the associations were discovered at country-level, they direct where geographically particular areas of expertise have been historically associated with improving HDI.
ALEvo: Development of a New Wind Turbine Actuator Line Numerical Model
Authors: O’Dea Murphy Leo , Guessous Laila 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Large-scale wind turbine installations are sited using layouts based on site topology, real estate costs and restrictions, and turbine power output. In order to plan efficient wind farm deployments, computationally efficient CFD models of wind turbine wakes are needed to predict the performance of individual turbines in the field. Given the large computational demands to calculate turbine wakes using traditional CFD methods, many research efforts have focused in recent years on the development of blade modeling techniques. These blade models are combined with CFD field computations and are intended to model the forces on turbine blades and their resulting effects on the flow, without actually including a physical model (grid) of the blades in the CFD simulation. The most promising method, the Actuator Line (AL) method, creates a physical model of the turbine blades, and has been found to result in realistic wake flow simulations with accessible compute resources. The AL method typically uses an exponential function to spread blade forces over a cloud of CFD grid points to prevent singularities from occurring when large force magnitudes are applied to individual grid points. Yet, in typical implementations of this method, the geometric extent to which this distribution occurs and the applied force directions do not appear to be related to the physics of the blade force calculations or geometry. Moreover, the distribution function reduces the force magnitude as distance from the actuator line increases, but this does not necessarily match the force loading on an actual turbine blade.
In order to address some of these issues, the current research study has focused on developing an evolved actuator line method (ALEvo) in combination with the advanced parallel Spectral Element Method (SEM) open-source CFD code NEK5000, to model the wake flows of large wind turbines. This alternate AL implementation creates a geometric representation of each rotating turbine blade, and the aerodynamic forces are calculated using traditional blade element equations. Turbine blades are rotated in time with progressing CFD field calculations. Blade forces are then input as body forces into the Navier Stokes equations in the host CFD program without the use of an exponential spreading function. In this paper, we compare results for the new actuator line method with those of the traditional AL method, as well as with published experimental results. Comparison with the traditional method shows better agreement of ALEvo with experimental data, and confirms overestimation of power output with the traditional method. Furthermore, significant computing time savings are achieved with the proposed new method.
Effects of Salinity and Temperature on Rheological and Flow Characteristics of Surfactant-Based Fluids
Authors: Kamel Ahmed H. , Alzahabi Ahmed 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Surfactant-based, SB fluids exhibit complex rheological behavior due to substantial structural changes caused by the molecules self-assembled colloidal aggregation. Temperature and salinity affect their rheology and flow properties.
In this study, both rheological and viscoelastic properties for the optimum concentration, 4%, of Aromox® APA-T viscoelastic surfactant (VES) were investigated using two brine solutions; 2 and 4% KCl and wide range of temperatures (72°F – 200°F). Flow properties were examined using a 1/2-in. straight and coiled tubing (CR = 0.019).
The results show that increasing solution salinity promotes formation of rod-like micelles and increases its flexibility. Salinity affects micelles growth and their rheological and viscoelastic behavior is very sensitive to the nature and structure of the added salt. Different molecular structures are formed; spherical micelles occur first and then increased temperature and/or salinity promotes the formation of rod-like micelles. Later, rod-like micelles are aligned in the flow direction and form a large super ordered structure of micellar bundles or aggregates called shear induced structure (SIS). Different structures implies different rheological and flow properties. Likewise, rheology improves with increasing temperature up to 100°F. Further increase in temperature reverses the effects and viscosity decreases. In addition, drag reduction and flow characteristics of SB fluids are improved by the addition of salt and/or increasing temperature up to 100°F. Results obtained are in full agreement with rheological and viscoelastic behavior of SB fluids for both salinity and temperature.
Backlit Imaging of a Circular Plunging Jet With Floor Interactions
Authors: Pillers Roy A. , Heindel Theodore J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Plunging jets occur when a liquid stream enters a slower moving or stationary liquid body after first passing through a gaseous region. The most commonly studied plunging jet structure is that of water entering water. Plunging jets have been studied in order to understand and model mixing and transport from the atmosphere into the liquid. Shear forces at the edge of the jet cause air entrainment both in the free jet and at the impact point on the pool surface. Plunging jet applications range from large scale environments, such as ocean waves, waterfalls, wastewater treatment, and dams, to small scale environments, such as liquid-gas fuel mixing, mineral separation, and molten metal pouring. The majority of the literature today involve facilities designed to approximate an infinite liquid pool; few of these studies take into account the compression effects prevalent in several of the real systems. Therefore, a tank has been developed for the visualization of plunging jet flows with varying pool depth. This study involved the creation of a 32 cm by 32 cm, 91.4 cm deep rectangular acrylic tank with an interior adjustable acrylic bottom for the visualization of plunging jet flows with bottom compression effects. The pool height was held constant using a secondary tank with an overflow weir. In this study high-speed backlit images were taken of the plunging jet region. Preliminary results indicate that there is a significant change in both the shape and estimated entrained air volume when the plunging jet is subjected to compression effects. This is attributed to the plate spreading the bubble plume and allowing for easier bubble rise.
Cellular Vortex Shedding From Linearly Tapered Finite Cylinders
Authors: Rooney David M. , Vaccaro John C. , Smijtink Rafael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Hot-wire measurements were taken in the wake of ten finite length circular cylinders, six of which were also tapered, in a uniform flow in a low speed wind tunnel. The Reynolds number based on mean cylinder diameter ranged from 2100 ≤ Re ≤ 5500, the aspect ratio (AR) of the cylinders varied from 16 ≤ AR ≤ 64, and the taper ratio (RT) varied from 21.3 ≤ RT ≤ 96. The vortex shedding along the spans of the cylinders coalesced into discrete cells, the range of Strouhal numbers and the number of cells being a function of the cylinder aspect ratio and taper ratio. It was found that the number of discrete cells is linearly related to a cylinder geometry ratio (CGR) defined as CGR = AR(1 + AR/RT).
CFD Evaluation of Bend Angle Effects on Sand Particle Erosion in Multiphase Flows
Authors: Farokhipour A. , Mansoori Z. , Saffar-Avval M. , Shirazi S. A. , Ahmadi G. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In many industrial applications, gas-liquid-particle three-phase flows are observed. Predicting erosion damage in this type of flow is a challenging issue, and so many factors, such as the liquid film behavior have significant effects on the erosion rate. In the present study, the Eulerian-Lagrangian approach was implemented to study the process of sand particle erosion in elbows with different bend angles. For this purpose, gas and liquid phases under annular flow conditions were introduced at the pipe inlet, and the volume of fluid (VOF) method was employed to solve the governing equations. For evaluating the erosion rate, the Det Norske Veritas (DNV) model was applied. The predicted erosion results for the bend angles of 30°, 60° and 90° at different orientations were compared with those of the two-phase gas-particle flows. The simulation results indicated that for gas-liquid-particle flow, the behavior of film thickness in the bend plays a major role on the particle impact velocity and the corresponding erosion rates. By comparing the impact characteristics for gas and liquid superficial velocities of 40 and 0.4 m/s, respectively, in the 90° elbow, it was found that the impact velocities for gas-particle and gas-liquid-particle flows at the erosion hotspot are 38 and 14 m/s, respectively. In addition, among the studied geometries, the 30° elbow is the most erosion-resistant bend angle configuration among those studied for both two- and three-phase flows.