bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saunders Mac Lane: From Principia Mathematica through Göttingen to the Working Theory of Structures
Authors: McLarty Colin 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Saunders Mac Lane heard David Hilbert’s weekly lectures on philosophy and utterly believed Hilbert’s declaration that mathematics will know no limits. He studied algebra with Emmy Noether, and both mathematics and philosophy with Hermann Weyl. As a young algebraist he created today’s standard working method for mathematical structure: category theory, with topologist Samuel Eilenberg. As one step, they created the now standard definition of “isomorphism.” They originally saw categories as just a working tool. But in the 1950s, Mac Lane saw Alexander Grothendieck and others radically extend the range of the theory, and in the 1960s, he took up William Lawvere’s idea of categorical foundations. The essay relates all of this to current philosophical structuralism, especially concerning isomorphisms and automorphisms of structures. It concludes by comparing Mac Lane’s motives for structuralist working mathematics with current philosophical motives for structuralist ontology.
“If Numbers Are to Be Anything At All, They Must Be Intrinsically Something”: Bertrand Russell and Mathematical Structuralism
Authors: Heis Jeremy 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBertrand Russell was one of the first philosophers to recognize clearly the philosophically innovative nature of Richard Dedekind’s philosophy of arithmetic: a position we now describe as non-eliminative structuralism. But Russell’s response was deeply negative: “If [numbers] are to be anything at all, they must be intrinsically something” (Principles of Mathematics, §242). Nevertheless, Russell also played a significant positive role in making possible the emergence of structuralist philosophy of mathematics. This chapter explains Russell’s double role, identifying three positive contributions to structuralism, while laying out Russell’s objections to Dedekind’s non-eliminative structuralism.
The Shadow of the Black Hole
Authors: Moffat John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The author visits one of the two Laser Interferometer Gravitational- Wave Observatory (LIGO) sites in the United States, at Hanford, Washington. This is where scientists are detecting gravitational waves generated by faraway merging black holes and neutron stars. He meets the people who work there and has discussions with some of them. The director gives him a tour of the LIGO experimental installation, describing the work, the technological details of the apparatus, and answers his questions. On the final day of the visit, the author gives a talk to the LIGO group on gravitational waves and on an alternative gravitational theory.
Thermodynamics, Quantum Physics, and Black Holes
Authors: Moffat John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A major question confronting physicists studying black holes was whether thermodynamics applied to them—that is, whether the black holes radiated heat and lost energy. Bekenstein considered heat and thermodynamics important for the interior of black holes. Based on the second law of thermodynamics, Hawking proposed that black holes evaporate over a very long time through what we now call Hawking radiation. This concept contradicts the notion that nothing can escape a black hole event horizon. Quantum physics enters into Hawking’s calculations, and he discovered the conundrum that the radiation would violate quantum mechanics, leading to what is called the information loss problem. These ideas are still controversial, and many physicists have attempted to resolve them, including Russian theorists Zel’dovich and Starobinsky. Alternative quantum physics interpretations of black holes have been proposed that address the thermodynamics problems, including so-called gravastars.
The Biggest Eyes in the Sky: The EHT
Authors: Moffat John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The international Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) project aims to observe the supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies, such as Sagittarius A* at the center of the Milky Way and the more distant M87* in the galaxy M87. Using Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry, the project can observe the shadows of the supermassive black holes that block the bright light emitted by their accretion disks. The EHT ties together radio telescopes ranging across the western hemisphere of Earth to create, in effect, a planet-size telescope. The EHT will determine the size of the shadow, which can be compared to the predictions of general relativity and modified gravity theories. The EHT will also observe the physics of the accretion disks surrounding supermassive black holes. These observations can potentially determine whether a black hole event horizon exists.
Knowing
Authors: Silva José Filipe 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The longest chapter of the book examines Kilwardby’s theory of knowledge, from sense perception to intellectual cognition. The key texts to understanding Kilwardby’s interpretation of Aristotelian and Augustinian epistemology are considered and the original solutions presented. Kilwardby combines an active theory of perception of Augustinian influence with a standard interpretation of the doctrine of abstraction. Also examined in this chapter is Kilwardby’s moderate realist interpretation of universals and how their discovery and application is found in scientific demonstrations. The conditions for and the nature of scientific demonstrations are examined in detail.
Incarnating
Authors: Silva José Filipe 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The chapter examines Kilwardby’s account of the doctrine of the Incarnation from the threefold perspective of its metaphysics, its epistemology, and its emotion theory. Adopting the medieval structure of analysis of the doctrine of the incarnation in Book III of the Sentences, the chapter considers in three different sections the core issues of the Christological debate: first, how do the two natures of Christ (divine and human) come together in constituting one person? Second, what kind of knowledge was available to Christ as both human and divine, namely does he acquire new knowledge and is thus changed? Third, was the incarnated Christ subject to suffering as other human beings, that is to say, was Christ’s soul affected by passions like fear?
What Is Diversity?
Authors: Weissmark Mona Sue 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter traces the history of ideas about race and human classification systems, from the bible to the Classical period and on to the first “scientific” attempts to rank differences and ascribe characteristics to races. Starting with the view from the Tower of Babel came the notion that linguistic and cultural diversity was the Supreme Being’s punitive response to such human hubris of reaching for heaven on earth. Following that came a litany of scholars, scientists, and doctors, who established hierarchies that left white Europeans on the top of the intellectual period, and other races lagging behind. Among these was Hippocrates, who wrote that the forms and dispositions of human beings corresponded with the nature of the country, their region’s climate and topography. Meanwhile, the French physician Francois Bernier developed the first post-Classical racial classification system, basing it on physical attributes. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach was the first phrenologist, and although he also classified race, he asserted that all races belonged to a single species. Physician George Morton measured cranial size and then estimated brain size in an effort to rank humans based on intelligence. The chapter then looks at more modern concepts, such as Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution; scientific rejection of the notion that races were biologically different; and UNESCO’s statement that social issues give rise to racism.
Diversity and Relationships
Authors: Weissmark Mona Sue 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines key issues in scientific literature concerning how evolutionary processes have shaped the human mind. To that end, psychologists have drawn on Charles Darwin’s sexual selection hypothesis, or how males compete for reproduction and the role of female choice in the process. Darwin argued that evolution hinged on the diversity resulting from sexual reproduction. Evolutionary psychologists posit that heterosexual men and women evolved powerful, highly patterned, and universal desires for particular characteristics in a mate. Critics, however, contend that Darwin’s theory of sexual selection was erroneous, in part because his ideas about sexual identity and gender were influenced by the social mores of his elite Victorian upper class. Despite this critique, some researchers argue similarly to Darwin that love is part of human biological makeup. According to their hypotheses, cooperation is the centerpiece of human daily life and social relations. This makes the emotion of love, both romantic and maternal love, a requirement not just for cooperation, but also for the preservation and perpetuation of the species. That said, researchers speculate that encounters with unfamiliar people, coincident with activated neural mechanisms associated with negative judgments, likely inspire avoidance behavior and contribute to emotional barriers. This suggests the need to further study the social, psychological, and clinical consequences of the link between positive and negative emotions.
Israel’s Neighbors and the Problem of the Past
Authors: Doak Brian R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Tellingly for their importance to ancient Israelite audiences, Israel’s closest geographical neighbors—the Canaanites, Arameans, Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites, Philistines, and Phoenicians—appear nearly as much in the Hebrew Bible as the three dominant empires of Assyria, Babylon, and Egypt. Indeed, several of these smaller neighboring groups individually feature more frequently in the Bible than the mighty Assyrians. These numbers tell us that Israelite authors and their audiences were frequently engaged with their bordering neighbors. The story Israel has to tell about itself deeply involves these smaller, lesser-known nations. By way of beginning the investigation, this chapter clarifies some issues of geography and discusses key terms, such as nation, state, tribe, and addresses other problems of describing borders and national neighbors in the ancient (and modern) world.
The Canaanites
Authors: Doak Brian R. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Canaanites become one of the most intriguing examples of the neighboring group as “other” in the Bible, and because the narrator of the book of Genesis repeatedly calls the land Israel’s ancestors occupy “Canaan,” we begin with them. It is not too much of a stretch to say that the Canaanites are Israel’s first neighbor, their most primordial neighbor, setting a pattern of tensions and interaction that prove instructive for thinking about other neighboring groups. The archaeological record of the Canaanites in the period before “Israel” arrives on the scene is difficult on many fronts, and the problem doesn’t end when Israel arrives either, since the Canaanites seem to coexist alongside Israel in an ambiguous manner. The Hebrew Bible considers the Canaanites and groups associated with them—Amorites, Hittites, Jebusites, Hivites, Perizzites, and Girgashites—constituting what tradition calls the “seven nations of Canaan,” as distinct people who are to be variously resisted or destroyed.
The Technology of Warfare on Land
Authors: Plank Geoffrey 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the weapons and logistical equipment warriors and soldiers in Europe, Africa, and the Americas deployed in warfare on land. The introduction of gunpowder weapons and the erection of new kinds of fortifications for artillery combat transformed warfare in Europe in the early modern era in a process often described as a military revolution. Nonetheless, Europeans did not possess any technological advantage in warfare in Africa or the Americas comparable to the supremacy ships gave them at sea. The chapter analyzes several technologies of war including firearms, poisoned arrows, canoes, and the use of dogs and horses in warfare.
Horror
Authors: Plank Geoffrey 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores how warfare affected the way rival communities across the Atlantic viewed each other. When Europeans, Africans, and indigenous Americans began to engage each other militarily they did not share a common, effective way of interpreting each other’s actions. The warring peoples of Africa, the Americas, and Europe had distinctive methods of sending messages through violence. On each continent, with regional variations, rituals and codes of conduct defined the terms of acceptable behavior, for example authorizing or forbidding torture, sexual violence, execution, dismemberment, the display of body parts, the killing of noncombatants, and other demonstrative acts associated with warfare. In the confusion of violent encounters myths arose that helped define and divide the peoples of the Atlantic world, promoting stereotypes and steering discriminatory patterns of behavior. In many places, misunderstandings and fears contributed to elaborately exaggerated perceptions of racial difference, encouraging animosity and pre-emptive and retributory action.
Assessment
Authors: Snodgrass Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Assessment is a vital part of the undergraduate experience, but there are more ways to be effective in gathering data on learning outcomes than just the traditional pencil-and-paper test. Assessment for the undergraduate music major begins well before the student arrives on the college campus in the form of auditions and performance juries. In many cases, this performance assessment begins at an early age. From placement exams to timed quizzes to final exams, college students are bombarded with assignments and tests. There are a multitude of other ways in which to gather information about student understanding, including low-stakes assessments, technology-based gaming, creative and collaborative projects, and even self-assessment. Standards-based grading also helps to shift the focus away from grades to a focus on mastering a set of level skills, which, in turn, gives students more ownership of their learning experiences and less anxiety than with traditional assessment methods.
Empower the Undergraduate
Authors: Snodgrass Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Empowering all undergraduate music majors to go outside of their comfort zone with activities such as research and self-discovery will only help to sustain the field of music theory with strong, competent, thoughtful leaders. Today’s undergraduate students are motivated by a multitude of factors, including peers, effective classroom environments, parents, faculty, and knowing that what they are learning is applicable to a future career in music. Effective instructors motivate by teaching all students how to apply their academic studies to everyday musical experiences and seek to understand how they can evolve as the landscape of musical careers changes. These instructors continually share their musical excitement with their classes and challenge students to ask questions and become independent thinkers. Opportunities such as undergraduate research, teaching opportunities on the undergraduate level, and independent mentoring play a pivotal role in the undergraduate student’s journey.
Taking the First Steps into Academia
Authors: Snodgrass Jennifer 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The learning curve is quite large when moving from the role of a graduate student to the role of a faculty member in academia. Preparation to move into full-time academia begins during one’s time in graduate school, and factors such as finding the right adviser and taking advantage of opportunities in research and teaching are imperative for success. Understanding the first steps in academia helps new PhD students not only to find the right position by creating a curriculum vitae and attending conferences, but also to the importance of surrounding oneself with a supportive network of scholars. A supportive environment embraces questions and celebrates both the successes and the learning opportunities that come from challenges that new faculty may face.
The Rise of the Trio
Authors: Friedwald Will 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the musical output of the King Cole Trio in the peak years of 1943 to 1946 and breaks down the different kinds of songs they favored. Although they were first famous for jivey novelty songs like “Straighten Up and Fly Right,” they also played a large number of classic songs from what would later be called the Great American Songbook, and even at the beginning, Nat was featuring more and more ballads in the Trio’s musical makeup. Also, he was cultivating a network of songwriters who were giving him first crack at their wares. By the end of the war, Nat King Cole had risen as high as any African American artist ever had before him, and yet it was only the beginning.
Entr’acte
Authors: Friedwald Will 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In spring 1948, Capitol Records finally releases “Nature Boy” (at the time of Cole’s marriage to his second wife, Maria Hawkins Ellington). The song is a blockbuster, remaining #1 on the pop charts for almost two months and pushing Nat into a more popular direction. This is also when he introduces a whole new Trio—with guitar (Irving Ashby), bass (Joe Comfort), and percussion (conga and bongo player Jack Costanzo)—now called “Nat King Cole and His Trio.” The new group’s entirely different sound lets Cole explore modern jazz and Afro-Latin music. Cole is also experimenting with the transition from jazz pianist to popular vocalist. From 1949 to 1952, Cole makes about forty titles with his first full-time musical director, arranger, and conductor, Pete Rugolo. The chapter ends with Nat’s first venture outside of America, a brief tour of the UK and Scandinavia that also opened up the floodgates for things to come.
Rebirth and Redeath
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the cycle of birth and death in Buddhism. It is important to distinguish rebirth from reincarnation. Reincarnation is the transfer of a soul from body to body. Rebirth, on the other hand, is a cycle of many births and deaths, without any soul linking them. It is commonly called rebirth but it could equally well be redeath since each lifetime involves both a birth and a death. In many traditional forms of Buddhism, this cycle of rebirth and redeath includes supernatural being and places. Many traditional Buddhists think of these places and beings as real. In fact, this is central to many traditional statements of the central problem Buddhism aims to solve; these different kinds of lives all make up what is called samsara. Beings are constantly being born and dying in these different realms, over and over and over. On this traditional understanding, Buddhism solves the problem by ending this cycle of birth and death. The solution, sometimes called nirvana, is about getting out of the cycle.
Getting Ready
Authors: Bommarito Nicolas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that, as when starting anything new, it is a good idea to spend some time getting ready in Buddhist practice. It is important to be careful of certain dangers: Developing bad habits early on will make things more difficult later on. Indeed, starting off well gives the best chances for making progress. Some Buddhists think that seeing reality clearly can happen suddenly, in a flash of insight. Other Buddhists have denied this. For them, seeing reality as it really is comes only after long and hard training. Whatever the speed of realization, it is important to practice regularly. Buddhism has a wide range of what are often called preliminary practices. These preliminary practices play an important role: They demonstrate and develop an intention to understand the world and act accordingly. Another common early step involves finding a teacher.
Introduction
Authors: Michael Arnold 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The introduction opens by examining the complications associated with the phrases “digital domesticity” and “household media ecologies.” It then provides an overview of the various projects undertaken by the authors that inform the arguments of the book. The introduction situates the fifteen years of research presented in the book on a broader historical canvas of media throughout the twentieth and into the twenty-first centuries in the Anglophone world, and it presents a concise introduction to scholarship mapping the relationship between our domestic lives and our technologies. Finally, the introduction provides an overview of the general terrain of the book as a whole and summarizes each chapter.
Ecologies
Authors: Michael Arnold 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter details the authors’ theoretical approach to understanding materiality and media of the home. It presents a framework for considering how technologies do not simply serve social uses or express social values but have a presence and performativity and interact with one another and with householders, and how they are embedded within the infrastructures of the home and daily life. This chapter explicitly builds on prior work in the field of media domestication and extends it through critical analysis of media ecologies. The authors describe their novel fieldwork approaches used to conceptually explore the “thingness” of the things that mediate the physical and spatial aspects of communications technologies in the ecology of the home.
Negotiations
Authors: Michael Arnold 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the various ways digital media technologies and devices are embedded and embodied in the everyday activities of parents and children working, playing, educating, socializing, and entertaining in the home. Through this century, we have visited many families and have talked with them about their experiences and their parenting strategies in the face of new technologies. In this chapter, we identify the major strategies and stances and contextualize their nuances and subtleties vis-à-vis the particulars of the family relationships. We also place our findings in the context of the literature on families and technology use, relating the particularities of the vignettes to observations derived from quantitative and larger-scale studies.
Non-uses
Authors: Michael Arnold 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how, just as domestic media ecologies are clearly shaped by the household denizens who interact with the technologies within these ecologies, they are also, and significantly, shaped by varied modes of not using technologies. This issue of non-use of domestic media technologies has traditionally been treated as a question of inequality and exclusion, measured in terms of a household’s access to a range of resources—financial, technical, social, and human—and has been addressed as a problem of scarcity or deficit to be overcome. There is, however, a growing body of research literature attending to the not inconsiderable volume and variation of disaffected or discriminating “non-use” emerging in places of technology abundance, to which this chapter contributes.
Conclusion
Authors: Michael Arnold 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The conclusion returns to the book’s key concerns and themes: the particular, the contextual, and the messiness of household media ecologies, as demonstrated through the various stages of technology appropriation, maintenance, negotiation, non-use, and displacement that have unfolded and mutated in the early years of the twenty-first century. It considers the broad range of ways in which people embrace digital media in their daily domestic lives; reflects on the ongoing changes in domestic media and communication technologies, platforms, and infrastructures; and addresses the broader implications of digital media materialities for contemporary household relations, economics, and environments.