bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population genomic evidence for a repeated introduction and rapid expansion in Europe of a maize fungal pathogen
Authors: Vidal-Villarejo Mireia , Freund Fabian , Hanekamp Hendrik , von Tiedemann Andreas , Schmid Karl 
Published: September 2020

AbstractModern agricultural practices and the climate change foster the rapid spread of plant pathogens like the maize fungal pathogenSetosphaeria turcica, which causes Northern corn leaf blight and expanded into Central Europe since the 1980s. To investigate the rapid expansion ofS. turcicawe sequenced 121 isolates from Europe and Kenya. Population genomic inference revealed a single genetically diverse cluster in Kenya and three clonal lineages with low diversity and one cluster of multiple clonal sublineages in Europe. Phylogenetic dating suggests that all European lineages originated by sexual reproduction outside Europe and subsequently were subsequently introgressed multiple times. In contrast to Kenyan isolates, European isolates did not show sexual recombination despite the presence of bothMAT1-1andMAT1-2mating types. Coalescent analysis of the geographically most widespread European lineage supported a neutral, strongly exponential population growth model over models with natural selection caused by host defence resistance or environmental adaptation. Within clonal lineages, we observed phenotypic variation in virulence to different monogenic resistances that may originate from repeated mutations in virulence genes. Association mapping between genetic clusters did not identify genomic regions associated with pathogen races but uncovered strongly differentiated genomic regions between clonal lineages that harbor putative effector genes. In conclusion, the expansion and population growth ofS. turcicain Europe was mainly driven by the expansion of maize cultivation area and not by rapid adaptation.Significance statementThe geographic expansion and plant pathogens caused by modern agricultural practices and climate change is a major problem in modern agriculture. We investigated the rapid spread of the maize fungal pathogen Setosphaeria turcica by whole genome sequencing of isolates from Kenya and Europe and demonstrated that the rapid expansion in Central Europe since the 1980s mainly reflects the rapid growth of the maize cultivation area in this region and not a rapid adaptation to resistant maize varieties. Our analyses show that by monitoring whole genome sequence diversity of plant pathogens and their invasion history, agricultural management and breeding strategies can be developed to control the evolution and future spread of plant pathogens.
NBR1 directly promotes the formation of p62 – ubiquitin condensates via its PB1 and UBA domains
Authors: Savova Adriana , Romanov Julia , Martens Sascha 
Published: September 2020

SummarySelective autophagy removes harmful intracellular structures such as ubiquitinated, aggregated proteins ensuring cellular homeostasis. This is achieved by the encapsulation of this cargo material within autophagosomes. The cargo receptor p62/SQSTM1 mediates the phase separation of ubiquitinated proteins into condensates, which subsequently become targets for the autophagy machinery. NBR1, another cargo receptor, is a crucial regulator of condensate formation. The mechanisms of the interplay between p62 and NBR1 are not well understood. Employing a fully reconstituted system we show that two domains of NBR1, the PB1 domain which binds to p62 and the UBA domain which binds to ubiquitin, are required to promote p62-ubiquitin condensate formation. In cells, acute depletion of endogenous NBR1 reduces formation of p62 condensates, a phenotype that can be rescued by re-expression of wild-type NBR1, but not PB1 or UBA domain mutants. Our results provide mechanistic insights into the role of NBR1 in selective autophagy.
Chronic Psychosocial Stress and Experimental Pubertal Delay Affect Socioemotional Behavior and Amygdala Functional Connectivity in Adolescent Female Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Pincus Melanie , Godfrey Jodi S. , Feczko Eric , Earl Eric , Miranda-Dominguez Oscar , Fair Damien , Wilson Mark E. , Sanchez Mar M. , Kelly Clare 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTIn females, pubertal onset appears to signal the opening of a window of increased vulnerability to the effects of stress on neurobehavioral development. What is the impact of pubertal timing on this process? We assessed the effects of pubertal timing and stress on behavior and amygdala functional connectivity (FC) in adolescent female macaques, whose social hierarchy provides an ethologically valid model of chronic psychosocial stress. Monkeys experienced puberty spontaneously (n=34) or pubertal delay via Lupron treatment from age 16-33 months (n=36). We examined the effects of stress (continuous dimension spanning dominant/low-stress to subordinate/high-stress) and experimental pubertal delay (Lupron-treated vs. Control) on socioemotional behavior and FC at 43-46 months, after all animals had begun puberty. Regardless of treatment, subordinate monkeys were more submissive and less affiliative, and exhibited weaker FC between amygdala and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and stronger FC between amygdala and temporal pole. Regardless of social rank, Lupron-treated monkeys were also more submissive, less affiliative, and explored less in a “Human Intruder” task but were less anxious than untreated monkeys; they exhibited stronger FC between amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. No interactions between rank and Lupron treatment were observed. These data suggest that some of the effects of chronic subordination stress and delayed puberty overlap behaviorally, such that late-onset puberty-linked exposure to female hormones mimics chronic stress. In the brain, however, delayed puberty and subordination stress had separable effects, suggesting that the overlapping socioemotional outcomes may be mediated by distinct neuroplastic mechanisms. To gain further insights, additional longitudinal studies are required.
Increased excitation-inhibition balance due to a loss of GABAergic synapses in the serine racemase knockout model of NMDA receptor hypofunction
Authors: Jami Shekib A. , Cameron Scott , Wong Jonathan M. , Daly Emily R. , McAllister A. Kimberley , Gray John A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThere is substantial evidence that both NMDA receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction and dysfunction of GABAergic neurotransmission contribute to schizophrenia, though the relationship between these pathophysiological processes remains largely unknown. While models using cell-type-specific genetic deletion of NMDARs have been informative, they display overly pronounced phenotypes extending beyond those of schizophrenia. Here, we used the serine racemase knockout (SRKO) mice, a model of reduced NMDAR activity rather than complete receptor elimination, to examine the link between NMDAR hypofunction and decreased GABAergic inhibition. The SRKO mice, in which there is a >90% reduction in the NMDAR co-agonist D-serine, exhibit many of the neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities observed in schizophrenia. We found a significant reduction in inhibitory synapses onto CA1 pyramidal neurons in the SRKO mice. This reduction increases the excitation/inhibition balance resulting in enhanced synaptically-driven neuronal excitability and elevated broad-spectrum oscillatory activity inex vivohippocampal slices. Consistently, significant reductions in inhibitory synapse density in CA1 were observed by immunohistochemistry. We further show, using a single-neuron genetic deletion approach, that the loss of GABAergic synapses onto pyramidal neurons observed in the SRKO mice is driven in a cell-autonomous manner following the deletion of SR in individual CA1 pyramidal cells. These results support a model whereby NMDAR hypofunction in pyramidal cells disrupts GABAergic synapse development leading to disrupted feedback inhibition and impaired neuronal synchrony.
Developmental variation in ovaries and kernels in a multi-kernelled rice variety- Jugal
Authors: Saha Pallabi , Murali H.A. , Roy Bidhan 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThe rice fruit or spikelet contains only one kernel. A handful traditional cultivars are available with more than one ovaries/kernels per spikelet.Jugal, a traditional rice cultivar from West Bengal, India possess multiple ovaries before flowering and multiples kernels per spikelet. In this endeavour, the single grained-spikelet varied from 0.00 to 46.26% per panicle. Single pistillated-spikelet was first reported on 8thday before flowering and it was 2.63%. The number of spikelet bearing single ovary/kernel gradually increased till the panicle emergence and then till physiological maturity of grains. Maximum single kernelled-spikelet was recorded on 30thday after panicle emergence (46.26%). The double ovary/kernelled-spikelet per panicle varied from 53.74% to 95.39%. High percentage of double pistillated-spikelet per panicle was recorded before heading and it was more than 90% or very near to 90%. Gradually the double pistillated-spikelet per panicle decreased with the advancement of developmental course of the panicle and continued to decrease till grain maturity. Lowest percentage (53.74%) of double kernelled-spikelet per panicle was observed on 30thday after panicle emergence and it almost remained static till harvest of the crop. Triple pistillated-spikelet was 4.33% per on 10thday before panicle emergence. On 9thday before panicle emergence it was 2.33% and on 8thday before panicle it was 1.00% only and subsequently, no triple pistillated-spikelet was observed till grain maturity. However, randomly one/two triple kernelled-spikelet was also reported. It would be useful if all the spikelets were doubled kernelled. The shape of kernels obtained from doubled kernelled-spikelets were slender, which has high demand among the urban and sub-urban consumers.
Analysis of Polycomb Repressive Complexes binding dynamics during limb development reveals the prevalence of PRC2-independent PRC1 occupancy
Authors: Gentile Claudia , Mayran Alexandre , Guerard-Millet Fanny , Kmita Marie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are key players in the regulation of tissue-specific gene expression through their known ability to epigenetically silence developmental genes. The PcG proteins form two multicomponent complexes, Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 and 2 (PRC1 and PRC2), whereby the hierarchical model of recruitment postulates that PRC2 triggers the trimethylation of Histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) leading to the recruitment of PRC1. Here we report on the genome-wide binding dynamics of components from both PRC1 and PRC2 in the developing limb. We show that a large proportion of PRC-bound promoters are occupied exclusively by PRC1, suggesting a more extensive PRC1-specific activity than anticipated. We found that PRC1 (RING1B) and PRC2 (SUZ12) co-occupy the promoters of developmental genes, for which a subset become up-regulated upon the inactivation of PRC2. Strikingly, we found that RING1B occupancy is largely unaffected by the loss of PRC2, revealing a complex functional relationship between these two complexes in regulating gene expression and possibly an expansive functional interplay between canonical and non-canonical PRC1.
Mental health of healthcare workers during early phase of COVID19: Variable performance on different factors of stress
Authors: Chatterjee Seshadri Sekhar , Chakrabarty Madhushree , Chatterjee Shiv Sekhar , Dan Utpal 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundRisks to healthcare workers (HCWs) escalate during pandemics and they are likely to experience a greater level of stress. This cross-sectional study investigated mental distress among HCWs during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).Method140 HCWs of a tertiary care hospital in India were assessed for perceived stress and insomnia. A factor analysis with principal component method reduced these questions to four components which were categorized as insomnia, Stress-related Anxiety, Stress-related Irritability, and Stress-related Hopelessness. Further statistical analyses were done on these factor scores to identify the predictors and investigate the differences between the different categories of HCWs.ResultDoctors were the most anxious among the HCWs. Both doctors and nurses perceived a greater level of irritability than the other HCWs. Compared to the doctors and nurses, other HCWs were more likely to experience insomnia. Lower age, higher education, female gender, and urban habitat were associated with the perception of anxiety. Older age, quarantine, single marital-status predicted irritability. Female gender, single marital-status, and greater ailments contributed to perceived hopelessness. Quarantine significantly predicted insomnia.ConclusionDifferent categories of HCWs might experience disparate mental health problems owing to their heterogeneous socio-demographic backgrounds. Customized and personalized care might prove to be helpful in alleviating their problems.HighlightsThe doctors and nurses have greater psychological distress than other health-care workers (HCWs).Female HCWs are more likely to have stress related anxiety and hopelessnessInsomnia, stress-related anxiety, stress-related irritability, and stress-related hopelessness have different predictive factors.Different categories of HCWs might be affected differently
Differential Activation of Partially Redundant Δ9 Stearoyl-ACP Desaturase Genes Is Critical for Omega-9 Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis During Seed Development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kazaz Sami , Barthole Guillaume , Domergue Frédéric , Ettaki Hasna , To Alexandra , Vasselon Damien , De Vos Delphine , Belcram Katia , Lepiniec Loïc , Baud Sébastien 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe spatiotemporal pattern of deposition, final amount, and relative abundance of oleic acid (cis-ω-9 C18:1) and its derivatives in the different lipid fractions of the seed of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) indicates that omega-9 monoenes are synthesized at high rates in this organ. Accordingly, we observed that four Δ9 stearoyl-ACP desaturase (SAD)-coding genes (FATTY ACID BIOSYNTHESIS2 [FAB2], ACYL-ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN5 [AAD5], AAD1, and AAD6) are transcriptionally induced in seeds. We established that the three most highly expressed ones are directly activated by the WRINKLED1 transcription factor. We characterized a collection of 30 simple, double, triple, and quadruple mutants affected in SAD-coding genes and thereby revealed the functions of these desaturases throughout seed development. Production of oleic acid by FAB2 and AAD5 appears to be critical at the onset of embryo morphogenesis. Double homozygous plants from crossing fab2 and aad5 could never be obtained, and further investigations revealed that the double mutation results in the arrest of embryo development before the globular stage. During later stages of seed development, these two SADs, together with AAD1, participate in the elaboration of the embryonic cuticle, a barrier essential for embryo–endosperm separation during the phase of invasive embryo growth through the endosperm. This study also demonstrates that the four desaturases redundantly contribute to storage lipid production during the maturation phase.
Developing and evaluating the validity of the behavioural assessment of dysexecutive functioning – intellectual disabilities adaptation (BADS-ID)
Authors: Webb Zillah , Dodd Karen , Livesey Alexandra , Sunak Sanjay , Marshall Chris , Harrison Lee , Liddiard Heather 
Published: September 2020

Purpose
Assessment of executive functioning is an important element of a comprehensive assessment of intellectual abilities. Few assessments available are accessible for individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) and none have population-specific norms. This paper aims to describe the adaptation of the behavioural assessment of dysexecutive syndrome (BADS).

Design/methodology/approach
Adaptations were made to the BADS tests to create the BADS – intellectual disabilities (BADS-ID). Data from three doctoral dissertations were combined to explore the utility, reliability, validity and component structure of the BADS-ID. Properties of the BADS-ID were compared with the Cambridge Executive Functioning Assessment (CEFA).

Findings
The BADS-ID is accessible to IQ range 50–70 and has a two-component structure. It has good inter-rater reliability, but poor internal consistency. It has a good face and content validity but evidence for concurrent and discriminative validity is weak. All properties are comparable to or better than the CEFA.

Research limitations/implications
Further research is needed to improve reliability and validity. The development of an accessible test battery with known reliability and validity for individuals with ID should facilitate research into executive functioning in this population. There is the potential to develop population-specific norms from the data.

Practical implications
An accessible test battery for individuals with ID is helpful in clinical situations.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to explore the adaptation of the BADS for use with individuals with ID.
How country of origin influences Chinese consumers' evaluation of imported milk?
Authors: Zhang Yan , Jin Shaosheng , Zhang Yu Yvette , Yu Xiaohua 
Published: September 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to decompose the effects of country-of-origin labeling (COOL) into multiple dimensions—macrolevel image, related to the country image, and microlevel image, related to dairy industry/product attributes—and investigate how each dimension affects Chinese consumers' evaluation of imported milk.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopted the Becker–DeGroot–Marschak (BDM) auction mechanism to elicit consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for milk from different countries (New Zealand, Australia, Germany, France and China). The experiment was conducted with 348 shoppers at supermarkets in three major cities of China (Hangzhou, Wuhan and Shijiazhuang). The study subject was ultrahigh-temperature processing (UHT) milk (200 mL Tetra Pak aseptic brick package).FindingsThe results show that Chinese consumers are willing to pay a premium for UHT milk from New Zealand, Australia, Germany and France compared to domestic milk, and the premiums are 59.4, 58.9, 57.9, and 52.9% respectively. Both microlevel and macrolevel images exert a substantial influence on consumers' WTP, and the microlevel image has a greater impact on consumers' evaluation of milk than the macrolevel image. Particularly, the macropolitical, microtechnology/quality and microdesign/package dimensions have a positive influence on WTP for milk.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing literature in introducing the country-of-origin image (COI) construct with different dimensions to get in-depth knowledge about the country-of-origin (COO) effect in food or agricultural economics.
On lemons and lemonade: the effect of positive and negative career shocks on thriving
Authors: Mansur Juliana , Felix Bruno 
Published: September 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how positive affectivity (PA) moderates the indirect effects of positive and negative career shocks – unplanned and often unexpected external events whose effects cannot be anticipated or countered – on thriving via career adaptability.Design/methodology/approachThe authors empirically tested the moderated mediation model with a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The study was performed with a valid sample of professionals who had experienced work-related career shocks.FindingsThe results indicated that career adaptability mediated the effects of positive and negative career shocks on thriving. In addition, the slope of the relationship between negative shocks and adaptability became positive for high levels of PA. The authors also found an indirect effect of negative career shocks on thriving at all levels of PA and importantly, when PA was high, the effects of negative shocks on thriving became positive.Practical implicationsIndividuals may use emotional reappraisal strategies to counter negative feelings that accompany negative events to mitigate the negative effects of such events. By strengthening their positivity, individuals facilitate their own perception of shocks, thereby minimizing the possibility of a decrease in adaptability resources.Originality/valueThis paper advances understanding of those mechanisms through which negative shocks lead to positive effects that can help individuals improve their career adaptability and thrive.
Fire risk reduction on the margins of an urbanizing world
Authors: Rush David , Bankoff Greg , Cooper-Knock Sarah-Jane , Gibson Lesley , Hirst Laura , Jordan Steve , Spinardi Graham , Twigg John , Walls Richard Shaun 
Published: September 2020

PurposeGlobally, over 95% of fire related deaths and injuries occur in low- and middle-income countries. Within informal settlements, the risk of fire resulting in injury or death is particularly high. This paper examines fire risks in informal settlements in New Delhi and Cape Town, and tented informal settlements in Lebanon.Design/methodology/approachOur analysis draws on primary sources, secondary literature, statistical data and qualitative interviews.FindingsThe distribution of fire risk across urban societies is a fundamentally political issue. Residential fire risk can be tackled by accessible, affordable, safety-compliant housing. That said, important interim measures can be taken to mitigate fire risk. Some of the risks requiring attention are similar across our case studies, driven by high population densities; flammable housing materials; unreliable or inaccessible access to safe power sources; and – in the case of Cape Town and New Delhi particularly – the inability of fire services to reach sites of fire. However, these common risks are embedded in distinct social, economic and political contexts that must be placed at the center of any intervention. Interventions must also be aware that the risk of fire is not spread evenly within informal settlements, intersecting as it does with factors like gender, age, health and disability.Originality/valueInformal settlement fires have been under-studied to date. The studies that do exist tend to operate within disciplinary silos. This paper represents an important interdisciplinary approach to fire within informal settlements, which grounds technical data, modeling and experiments in political, social and economic realities.