bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogenetic changes in the targets of natural selection in three plant defenses
Authors: Ochoa‐López Sofía , Damián Xóchitl , Rebollo Roberto , Fornoni Juan , Domínguez César A. , Boege Karina 
Published: January 2020

Summary

The evolution of plant defenses has traditionally been studied at single plant ontogenetic stages, overlooking the fact that natural selection acts continuously on organisms along their development, and that the adaptive value of phenotypes can change along ontogeny.

We exposed 20 replicated genotypes of Turnera velutina to field conditions to evaluate whether the targets of natural selection on different defenses and their adaptative value change across plant development.

We found that low chemical defense was favored in seedlings, which seems to be explained by the assimilation efficiency and the ability of the specialist herbivore to sequester cyanogenic glycosides. Whereas trichome density was unfavored in juvenile plants, it increased relative plant fitness in reproductive plants. At this stage we also found a positive correlative gradient between cyanogenic potential and sugar content in extrafloral nectar.

We visualize this complex multi‐trait combination as an ontogenetic defensive strategy. The inclusion of whole‐plant ontogeny as a key source of variation in plant defense revealed that the targets and intensity of selection change along the development of plants, indicating that the influence of natural selection cannot be inferred without the assessment of ontogenetic strategies in the expression of multiple defenses.
Guidelines for the management of pregnant women with obesity: A systematic review
Authors: Simon Alexandre , Pratt Misty , Hutton Brian , Skidmore Becky , Fakhraei Romina , Rybak Natalie , Corsi Daniel J. , Walker Mark , Velez Maria P. , Smith Graeme N. , Gaudet Laura M. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryMultiple clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have been established for pregnant women with obesity. The quality and consistency of recommendations remain unknown. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review to synthesize and appraise evidence from CPGs, available worldwide, for pregnant women affected by obesity. An experienced information specialist performed a rigorous search of the literature, searching MEDLINE, Embase, grey literature, and guideline registries to locate CPGs that reported on pregnancy care relating to obesity. CPGs related to antenatal care of pregnant women with obesity (pre‐pregnancy body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2) in low‐risk (eg, care provider = family physician or midwife) or high‐risk settings (eg, obstetrician or maternal fetal medicine) were included. CPGs were appraised for quality with independent data collection by two raters. Information was categorized into five domains: preconception care. care during pregnancy, diet and exercise during pregnancy, care immediately before, during, and after delivery, and postpartum care. The literature search yielded 2614 unique citations. Following screening of abstracts and full texts, 32 CPGs were included, with quality ranging between 0 and 100 on the AGREE II tool. The strongest evidence related to nutritional advice, exercise, and pregnancy risk counselling. Guidance was limited for timing of screening tests, antenatal visits and delivery, ideal postpartum care, and management of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Most guidelines in this population are not evidence based. Research is needed to bridge knowledge gaps pertaining to fetal antenatal surveillance, management of adverse outcomes and postpartum care, and enhance consistency across CPGs.
Analysis of Related Factors of Brittle Hip Fracture in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis
Authors: Zhuang Hua‐feng , Wang Pei‐wen , Li Yi‐zhong , Lin Jin‐kuang , Yao Xue‐dong , Xu Hao 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of age, body mass index (BMI), bone mineral density (BMD), and levels of serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) on hip fracture on the condition of the bone density of femoral neck having reached the threshold of osteoporosis.MethodsA total of 252 postmenopausal women patients, whose bone density had reached the threshold of osteoporosis and age ≥50 years (50–98 years), collected from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from January 2015 to December 2018, were performed by retrospective analysis. According to whether or not they had a hip fracture, including femoral neck fracture or intertrochanteric fracture, the patients were divided into two groups, including 117 cases (50–84 years old) in the non‐hip fracture group and 135 cases (57–98 years old) in the hip fracture group. BMD was measured by Hologic Discovery A DXA bone mineral densitometer. Levels of serum 25OHD were detected by ROCHE detection instrument. Comparisons of age, BMI, bone density of femoral neck, and levels of serum 25OHD between the two groups were performed by using the Student's t‐test. Furthermore, the statistically significant factors were analyzed by multiple regression analysis to investigate the independent risk factors of hip fracture.ResultsThe group without hip fracture: 117 cases; average age: 67.4 ± 8.5 years; BMI: 22.3 ± 3.2 kg/m2; bone density of femoral neck: (0.504 ± 0.067) g/cm2; T‐value of femoral neck: −3.1 ± 0.6; levels of serum 25OHD: (24.9 ± 8.5) ng/mL. The group with brittle hip fracture: 135 cases; average age: 80.7 ± 7.6 years; BMI: 20.3 ± 3.5 kg/m2; bone density of femoral neck: (0.426 ± 0.077) g/cm2; T‐value of femoral neck: −3.8 ± 0.7; levels of serum 25OHD: (15.9 ± 8.9) ng/mL. Age, BMI, bone density of femoral neck, and 25OHD level of the group without hip fracture were markedly lower than hip fracture group (P < 0.05). The results of logistic regression analysis suggested that age, bone density of femoral neck, and levels of serum 25OHD were independent risk factors for fragile hip fracture on the condition of the bone density of femoral neck having reached the threshold of osteoporosis.ConclusionHigher age, lower levels of bone density and 25OHD are the main risk factors of hip fracture on the condition of the bone density of femoral neck having reached the threshold of osteoporosis.
A large testudinid with African affinities in the post‐Messinian (lower Pliocene) record of south‐eastern Spain
Authors: Pérez‐García Adán , Vlachos Evangelos , Murelaga Xabier 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHerein, we describe Alatochelon myrteum gen. et sp. nov., a large tortoise from the post‐Messinian (lower Pliocene) of the area of Puerto de la Cadena (Region of Murcia), Spain. The new taxon cannot be attributed to Titanochelon, which represented the only lineage of large tortoises previously recognized in the Neogene record of Europe. Alatochelon myrteum shows African affinities, especially with the extant African spurred tortoise Centrochelys sulcata. Although close phylogenetic relationships have previously been recognized among some tortoises of both continents, the dispersal of this lineage had always been proposed as having occurred in only one direction: from Europe to Africa. The dispersal of the lineage including the new Spanish form and Centrochelys sulcata from Africa to Europe is proposed here. This proposal is compatible with those previously recognized for some lineages of mammals also found in Puerto de la Cadena, identified as African lineages that probably reached Europe during the Messinian Salinity Crisis event. An African origin is also proposed for the lineage of Titanochelon. Therefore, the two lineages of large derived testudinids (i.e. Geochelona) recognized in the European record experienced diachronic dispersal events from Africa to Europe: that to which Alatochelon belongs probably during the Messinian and the other much earlier, at the beginning of the Miocene or before.
Quality of life in Korean tuberculosis patients: A longitudinal study
Authors: Park Sujung , George Maureen , Choi Ja Yun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) in Korean tuberculosis (TB) patients and to identify factors associated with HRQoL.DesignA longitudinal study design was employed with a six‐month tracking period.SampleFifty patients were enrolled from a single TB clinic.MeasurementsData on physical and mental HRQoL domains, physical symptoms, self‐esteem, stigma, treatment adherence and social support were collected on the day of TB diagnosis, and then again at 2‐ and 6‐months’ post‐TB diagnosis.ResultsMental HRQoL scores did not change over time (p = .500) although changes in the physical HRQoL significantly improved over 6 months (p < .001); these changes were small and not considered clinically meaningful. Worse physical symptoms (p < .001) but better treatment adherence (p = .006) were associated with lower physical HRQoL. Similarly, worse physical symptoms but better self‐esteem (p < .001) and social support (p = .015) were associated with higher mental HRQoL.ConclusionsIt is important that nurses caring for TB patients understand the physical and mental impact of TB and its treatment.
Root‐lesion nematodes of potato: Current status of diagnostics, pathogenicity and management
Authors: Orlando Valeria , Grove Ivan G. , Edwards Simon G. , Prior Thomas , Roberts David , Neilson Roy , Back Matthew 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRoot‐lesion nematodes of the genus Pratylenchus are migratory endoparasites with worldwide economic impact on several important crops including potato, where certain species like P. penetrans, P. neglectus, and P. scribneri reduce the yield and quality of potato tubers. Morphological identification of Pratylenchus spp. is challenging, and recent advancements in molecular techniques provide robust and rapid diagnostics to differentiate species without the need of specialist skills. However, the fact that molecular diagnostics are not available for all Pratylenchus species means that there are limitations in worldwide application. In general, root‐lesion nematodes are difficult to manage once introduced into agricultural land and damage can be related to pathogenicity and population densities. In addition, root‐lesion nematodes interact with fungi such as Verticillium dahliae, resulting in disease complexes that enhance the damage inflicted on the potato crop. Management interventions are often focused on limiting nematode reproduction before planting crops and include the application of nematicides, and cultural practices such as crop rotation, cover crops, biofumigation, and biological control. Understanding the limitations of the available crop protection strategies is important and there are many gaps for further study. This review discusses the status of the diagnosis, distribution, pathogenicity, and management of the main species of root‐lesion nematodes, reported to infect potatoes worldwide, and highlights areas for potential future research.
The interaction of tectonics, climate and eustasy in controlling dolomitization: A case study of Cenomanian–Turonian, shallow marine carbonates of the Iberian Basin
Authors: Newport Richard , Segura Manuel , Redfern Jonathan , Hollis Cathy 
Published: January 2020

abstractDuring the Cretaceous, high global sea‐level and low latitudinal temperature variations led to the growth of epeiric carbonate platforms. Platform‐scale dolomitization of these platforms is not common, reflecting the low Mg/Ca ratio of seawater and a humid climate. This study describes the processes governing pervasive dolomitization of a land‐attached carbonate platform within the Iberian Basin. Dolomite is planar to sub‐planar with a geochemical signature consistent with dolomitization from penesaline seawater. Dolomitization was most pervasive during a 1 Myr period in the middle Cenomanian, by repeated reflux of seawater from brine pools formed on the top of a southward‐prograding carbonate platform. Tilting and structural reorganization in the Upper Cenomanian led to a reversal in polarity of the platform, and dolomitization was restarted by the northward reflux of seawater. Rising relative sea‐level and oceanic acidification led to back‐stepping of the platform such that the supply of dolomitizing fluids was cut off. In the Lower Turonian, pervasively dolomitized rudist rudstone facies in the south of the study area indicate that dolomitization restarted, either penecontemporaneously or later, from highly evaporated Campanian–Maastrichtian seawater. A systematic increase in dolomite crystal size up‐section ties broadly, but not entirely, to stratigraphy. It is possible that these textural differences reflect changes in fluid chemistry, limestone permeability or precursor rock texture. However, the lack of stratigraphic conformance, and the preservation of the earliest‐formed dolomite only in the oldest sediments, could indicate a progressive recrystallization of early‐formed dolomite through repeated reflux of brines. As such, the succession appears to preserve a fossilized record of dolomite recrystallization through time during the Cenomanian–Turonian. The results of this study therefore provide a record of the progressive dolomitization of a carbonate platform and demonstrate the important interplay of climate and basin‐scale tectonics on dolomite distribution and crystallinity.
4‐month moxifloxacin containing regimens in the treatment of patients with sputum‐positive pulmonary tuberculosis in South India – a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Velayutham Banurekha , Jawahar Mohideen Shaheed , Nair Dina , Navaneethapandian Pooranagangadevi , Ponnuraja Chinnaiyan , Chandrasekaran Kandasamy , Narayan Sivaramakrishnan Gomathi , Makesh Kumar Marimuthu , Paul Kumaran Paramasivam , Ramesh Kumar Santhanakrishnan , Baskaran Dhanaraj , Bella Devaleenal Daniel , Sirasanambati Devarajulu Reddy , Vasantha Mahalingam , Palaniyandi Paramasivam , Ramachandran Geetha , Uma Devi Kadayam Ranganathan , Elizabeth Hannah Luke , Sekar Gomathi , Radhakrishnan Ammayappan , Kalaiselvi Dharuman , Dhanalakshmi Angamuthu , Thiruvalluvan Elangovan , Raja Sakthivel Murugesan , Mahilmaran Ayyamperumal , Sridhar Rathinam , Jayabal Lavanya , Rathinam Prabhakaran , Angamuthu Prabhakar , Soorappa Ponnusamy Kumaresan , Venkatesan Perumal , Natrajan Mohan , Prasad Tripathy Srikanth , Swaminathan Soumya 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundShortening tuberculosis (TB) treatment duration is a research priority. We tested the efficacy and safety of 3‐ and 4‐month regimens containing moxifloxacin in a randomised clinical trial in pulmonary TB (PTB) patients in South India.MethodsNew, sputum‐positive, adult, HIV‐negative, non‐diabetic PTB patients were randomised to 3‐ or 4‐month moxifloxacin regimens [moxifloxacin (M), isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide (Z) and ethambutol (E)] or to a control regimen (2H3R3Z3E3/4R3H3) [C]. The 4 test regimens were 3R7H7Z7E7M7 [M3], 2R7H7Z7E7M7/2R7H7M7 [M4], 2R7H7Z7E7M7/2R3H3M3 [M4‐I] or 2R7H7Z7E7M7/2R3H3E3M3 [M4‐IE]. Treatment was directly observed. Clinical and bacteriological assessments were done monthly during treatment and for 24 months post‐treatment. The primary end point was TB recurrence post‐treatment.ResultsOf 1371 patients, randomised, modified intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis was done in 1329 and per‐protocol (PP) analysis in 1223 patients. Regimen M3 was terminated due to high TB recurrence rates. ‘Favourable’ response at end of treatment was 96–100% in the moxifloxacin regimens and 93% in the control regimen. Among these, the TB recurrence occurred in 4.1% in the M4 regimen and in 4.5% in the control regimen and demonstrated equivalence within a 5% margin (95% CI −3.68, 4.55). Similar findings were observed in modified ITT analysis. The TB recurrence rates in the M4‐I and M4‐IE regimens did not show equivalence with the control regimen. Sixteen (1.4%) of 1087 patients in the moxifloxacin regimens required treatment modification.ConclusionThe 4‐month daily moxifloxacin regimen [M4] was found to be equivalent and as safe as the 6‐month thrice‐weekly control regimen.
A Context-Specific Design of an Electrosurgical Unit and Monopolar Handheld to Enhance Global Access to Surgical Care: A Design Approach Based on Contextual Factors
Authors: Oosting R. M. , Ouweltjes K. , Hoeboer M. D. B. , Hesselink L. , Madete J. K. , Diehl J. C. , Groen R. S. , Wauben L. S.G. L. , Dankelman J. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
To comply with the large global need for surgery, surgical equipment that fits the challenging environment in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) should be designed. The aim of this study is to present a context-specific design of an electrosurgical unit (ESU) and a monopolar handheld to improve global access to surgery. This paper presents both a detailed description of electrosurgery in clinical practice in LMICs and the design of an ESU generator and monopolar handheld for this specific setting. Extensive fieldwork (by means of surveys, interviews, observations, and collection of maintenance records) was done by authors RO, KO, and LH. Feedback from users working in Kenya on the first demonstrator designs was obtained, after which the designs were adapted into conceptual prototypes. These were further evaluated by surveying respondents who attended the annual meeting of the College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa (COSECSA) in Kigali, Rwanda in December 2018. Conceptual prototypes were developed for (a) an affordable ESU that is compact and battery powered and (b) a robust reusable monopolar handheld that can be cleaned in the autoclave and by chemicals (e.g., glutaraldehyde solution). The conceptual prototypes were positively received by the 51 respondents of the survey. The findings from the field work and the feedback from users during the design phase have led to a clear understanding of the specific needs and potential solutions. The presented conceptual prototypes need to be further developed into functional prototypes, which could be implemented in Kenya and other settings for further evaluation.
Mesoscale Effects of Composition and Calendering in Lithium-Ion Battery Composite Electrodes
Authors: Trembacki Bradley L. , Noble David R. , Ferraro Mark E. , Roberts Scott A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMacrohomogeneous battery models are widely used to predict battery performance, necessarily relying on effective electrode properties, such as specific surface area, tortuosity, and electrical conductivity. While these properties are typically estimated using ideal effective medium theories, in practice they exhibit highly non-ideal behaviors arising from their complex mesostructures. In this paper, we computationally reconstruct electrodes from X-ray computed tomography of 16 nickel–manganese–cobalt-oxide electrodes, manufactured using various material recipes and calendering pressures. Due to imaging limitations, a synthetic conductive binder domain (CBD) consisting of binder and conductive carbon is added to the reconstructions using a binder bridge algorithm. Reconstructed particle surface areas are significantly smaller than standard approximations predicted, as the majority of the particle surface area is covered by CBD, affecting electrochemical reaction availability. Finite element effective property simulations are performed on 320 large electrode subdomains to analyze trends and heterogeneity across the electrodes. Significant anisotropy of up to 27% in tortuosity and 47% in effective conductivity is observed. Electrical conductivity increases up to 7.5× with particle lithiation. We compare the results to traditional Bruggeman approximations and offer improved alternatives for use in cell-scale modeling, with Bruggeman exponents ranging from 1.62 to 1.72 rather than the theoretical value of 1.5. We also conclude that the CBD phase alone, rather than the entire solid phase, should be used to estimate effective electronic conductivity. This study provides insight into mesoscale transport phenomena and results in improved effective property approximations founded on realistic, image-based morphologies.
Effects of consultant residence out-of-hours on acute paediatric admissions
Authors: Scott-Jupp Robert , Carter Emily , Brown Nick 
Published: January 2020

Acute paediatric units require round-the-clock skilled resident medical cover. Fully trained doctors remaining resident on-site at night and weekends may improve care at these times, but costs are higher. In compensation, more senior doctors may be less likely to admit children.MethodsIn a unit providing 24-hour, 7-day acute services, out-of-hours resident cover has been divided between level 2/3 trainees and consultants. Between 2007 and 2017, night and weekend day shifts were identified as resident consultant or non-resident consultant. Admission numbers (duration of stay of ≥4 hours) were obtained from hospital activity databases. Analyses were undertaken on total admissions and stratified by time of day and duration of stay of >12 or < 12 hours. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were derived using negative binomial regression .ResultsFor all out-of-hours and short-stay patients, children were significantly more likely to be admitted when there was no resident consultant: IRRs 1.07 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.09) and 1.09 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.18), respectively. There was no difference between rates stratified into long stay at night or weekend days: IRRs 1.01 (95% CI 0.96 to 1.07) and 1.03 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.18) respectively .ConclusionA resident consultant presence was associated with reduced total, night-time and short-stay admissions.
Effects of improved complementary feeding and improved water, sanitation and hygiene on early child development among HIV-exposed children: substudy of a cluster randomised trial in rural Zimbabwe
Authors: Chandna Jaya , Ntozini Robert , Evans Ceri , Kandawasvika Gwendoline , Chasekwa Bernard , Majo Florence D , Mutasa Kuda , Tavengwa Naume V , Mutasa Batsirai , NN Mbuya Mduduzi , Moulton Lawrence H , Humphrey Jean H , Prendergast Andrew J , Gladstone Melissa 
Published: January 2020

IntroductionHIV-exposed uninfected children may be at risk of poor neurodevelopment. We aimed to test the impact of improved infant and young child feeding (IYCF) and improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) on early child development (ECD) outcomes.MethodsSanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy was a cluster randomised 2×2 factorial trial in rural Zimbabwe ClinicalTrials.govNCT01824940). Pregnant women were eligible if they lived in study clusters allocated to standard-of-care (SOC; 52 clusters); IYCF (20 g small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement/day from 6 to 18 months, complementary feeding counselling; 53 clusters); WASH (pit latrine, 2 hand-washing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, play space, hygiene counselling; 53 clusters) or IYCF +WASH (53 clusters). Participants and fieldworkers were not blinded. ECD was assessed at 24 months using the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT; assessing motor, cognitive, language and social skills); MacArthur Bates Communication Development Inventories (assessing vocabulary and grammar); A-not-B test (assessing object permanence) and a self-control task. Intention-to-treat analyses were stratified by maternal HIV status.ResultsCompared with SOC, children randomised to combined IYCF +WASH had higher total MDAT scores (mean difference +4.6; 95% CI 1.9 to 7.2) and MacArthur Bates vocabulary scores (+8.5 words; 95% CI 3.7 to 13.3), but there was no evidence of effects from IYCF or WASH alone. There was no evidence that that any intervention impacted object permanence or self-control.ConclusionsCombining IYCF and WASH interventions significantly improved motor, language and cognitive development in HIV-exposed children.Trial registration numberNCT01824940.