bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policing Reform in the Context of Plural Policing: The South African Case
Authors: Berg Julie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUsing South African examples, this article explores how legitimacy is constituted amongst state and non-state actors in a highly pluralized context of limited statehood and the implications that this has for policing reform. In particular, it explores the means by which the legitimacy of the state and non-state is relational, co-produced, and co-dependent by focusing on two components of legitimacy: effectiveness and accountability. Given the contextual realities of policing legitimation in pluralized contexts, the article provides a critical appraisal of the challenges for policing reform.
Stochastic Revealed Preferences with Measurement Error
Authors: Aguiar Victor H , Kashaev Nail 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA long-standing question about consumer behaviour is whether individuals’ observed purchase decisions satisfy the revealed preference (RP) axioms of the utility maximization theory (UMT). Researchers using survey or experimental panel data sets on prices and consumption to answer this question face the well-known problem of measurement error. We show that ignoring measurement error in the RP approach may lead to overrejection of the UMT. To solve this problem, we propose a new statistical RP framework for consumption panel data sets that allows for testing the UMT in the presence of measurement error. Our test is applicable to all consumer models that can be characterized by their first-order conditions. Our approach is non-parametric, allows for unrestricted heterogeneity in preferences and requires only a centring condition on measurement error. We develop two applications that provide new evidence about the UMT. First, we find support in a survey data set for the dynamic and time-consistent UMT in single-individual households, in the presence of nonclassical measurement error in consumption. In the second application, we cannot reject the static UMT in a widely used experimental data set in which measurement error in prices is assumed to be the result of price misperception due to the experimental design. The first finding stands in contrast to the conclusions drawn from the deterministic RP test of Browning (1989, International Economic Review, 979–992). The second finding reverses the conclusions drawn from the deterministic RP test of Afriat (1967, International Economic Review, 8, 6–77) and Varian (1982, Econometrica, 945–973).
Epidemiology of systemic sclerosis in the UK: an analysis of the Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Authors: Pauling John D , McGrogan Anita , Snowball Julia , McHugh Neil J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objectives
We developed and tested a robust case ascertainment strategy within the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD), with the aim of assessing the incidence, prevalence, mortality and delay in diagnosis of SSc in the UK.

Methods
A two-stage case ascertainment strategy was devised and tested to establish a valid cohort of SSc cases within the CPRD. Incidence, prevalence and mortality statistics were analysed, alongside evaluation of the relationship between primary care codes for RP and SSc to examine diagnostic delay.

Results
SSc Read codes were identified in 3123 patients (from a study cohort of &gt;10.1 million individuals). Of these, 1757 cases of SSc were identified using our case ascertainment approach. The overall incidence rate of SSc over the period between 1999 and 2017 was 10.7/million/year (95% CI: 9.9–11.4), being higher in females [17.69/million/year (95% CI: 16.32–19.07)] than in males [3.59/million/year (95% CI: 2.97–4.21)]. The overall prevalence of SSc in adults was 235.5/million (95% CI: 207.2–245.7). The mean rate of mortality was 32/1000 person-years, with an overall standardized mortality ratio of 3.51 (95% CI: 3.19–3.84). Of those with an initial code of RP prior to a Read code of SSc, 191/854 (22.4%) had a lag period of &gt;10 years.

Conclusion
We have developed and tested a robust case ascertainment strategy to examine the incidence, prevalence, mortality and diagnostic delay of SSc using primary care records of over 10 million UK residents. A significant lag between coding of RP and SSc in many patients suggests diagnostic delay in SSc remains an important unmet need.
Exploring a Safety Signal of Antipsychotic-Associated Pneumonia: A Pharmacovigilance-Pharmacodynamic Study
Authors: Cepaityte Dainora , Siafis Spyridon , Egberts Toine , Leucht Stefan , Kouvelas Dimitrios , Papazisis Georgios 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
An association between antipsychotic drugs and pneumonia has been demonstrated in several studies; however, the risk for pneumonia caused by specific antipsychotics has not been extensively studied. The underlying mechanism is still unknown, and several receptor mechanisms have been proposed. Therefore, using a combined pharmacovigilance-pharmacodynamic approach, we aimed to investigate safety signals of US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved antipsychotics for reporting pneumonia and the potential receptor mechanisms involved. A disproportionality analysis was performed to detect a signal for reporting “infective-pneumonia” and “pneumonia-aspiration” and antipsychotics using reports submitted between 2004 and 2019 to the FDA adverse events spontaneous reporting system (FAERS) database. Disproportionality was estimated using the crude and the adjusted reporting odds ratio (aROR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) in a multivariable logistic regression. Linear regressions investigated the relationship between aROR and receptor occupancy, which was estimated using in vitro receptor-binding profiles. Safety signals for reporting infective-pneumonia were identified for clozapine (LL = 95% 3.4, n = 546 [aROR: 4.8]) as well as olanzapine (LL = 95% 1.5, n = 250 [aROR: 2.1]) compared with haloperidol, while aRORs were associated with higher occupancies of muscarinic receptors (beta = .125, P-value = .016), yet other anti-muscarinic drugs were not included as potential confounders. No safety signals for reporting pneumonia-aspiration were detected for individual antipsychotics. Multiple antipsychotic use was associated with both reporting infective-pneumonia (LL 95%: 1.1, n = 369 [aROR:1.2]) and pneumonia-aspiration (LL 95%: 1.7, n = 194 [aROR: 2.0]). Considering the limitations of disproportionality analysis, further pharmacovigilance data and clinical causality assessment are needed to validate this safety signal.
Unsettling the Self: the Paradoxes of Narrative Identity in Christian Testimonial Practice
Authors: Hill Graham W 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBorn-again conversion offers the paradoxical promise of self-transcending self-transformation, which takes narrative form when converts attempt to recount their experiences: how to tell a story of self-transformation, in which oneself is neither the author nor the agent of change? Existing scholarship suggests that conversion narratives work insofar as they resolve underlying paradoxes and stitch together a sense of coherent selfhood. This paper tacks in the opposite direction: the analysis focuses on the tendencies of conversion narratives to blur, blend and double over categorical bounds of selfhood, highlighting paradoxes rather than looking for their resolution. The paper contends, therefore, that conversion narrative practices facilitate converts’ experience of conversion, not only insofar as they resolve paradox and stitch together coherent identity, but also insofar as they cultivate ephemeral experiences and explorations of narrative paradoxes that are inherent to—though often hidden from—most any attempt to find and feel identity.
New distribution record of Anopheles rivulorum-like from Sadiola, Mali, with notes on malaria vector insecticide resistance
Authors: Wragge Sue-Ellen , Venter Nelius , Touré Dramane , Hunt Richard H , Coetzee Maureen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
The SEMOS gold mine in Sadiola, southwestern Mali, has been implementing a malaria vector control programme for 15 y using indoor residual house spraying and sporadic larval control. Periodic screening of the vector populations have been carried out over the years to provide information to the control programme, mainly on vector species present and their insecticide resistance status. The data from five entomological surveys, carried out in 2006, 2011, 2014, 2016 and 2018, are presented.

Methods
Adult mosquitoes were collected resting on walls inside houses and on verandas. Insecticide susceptibility assays were carried out and mosquitoes subsequently identified by species using molecular assays.

Results
The major malaria vector mosquitoes, Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis were abundant at each sampling period with Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles funestus being rare or absent. Anopheles rivulorum was identified in 2006 and Anopheles leesoni in 2016. The presence of Anopheles rivulorum-like, identified for the first time in 2018, was not screened for in previous surveys. Insecticide susceptibility bioassays showed resistance in both A. gambiae and A. arabiensis to pyrethroids, carbamates and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane over the 12 y.

Conclusions
This is the first record of A. rivulorum-like west of Côte d'Ivoire. Resistance levels to the three classes of insecticides were variable but appeared to decrease after pyrethroids were discontinued for house spraying.
Venous Thromboembolism in Hip Fracture Patients: A Subanalysis of the FAITH and HEALTH Trials
Authors: MacDonald David R. W. , Neilly David , Schneider Prism S. , Bzovsky Sofia , Sprague Sheila , Axelrod Daniel , Poolman Rudolf W. , Frihagen Frede , Bhandari Mohit , Swiontkowski Marc , Schemitsch Emil H. , Stevenson Iain M. ,   on behalf of the FAITH and HEALTH Investigators
Published: October 2020

Background:
The primary objective of this study was to determine the incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), in the hip fracture population. Secondary objectives included determining timing of VTE diagnosis, VTE thromboprophylaxis given, and identifying any factors associated with VTE.

Methods:
Using data from the FAITH and HEALTH trials, the incidence of VTE, including DVT and PE, and the timing of VTE were determined. A multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to determine which factors were associated with increased risk of VTE, including age, treatment for comorbidity, thromboprophylaxis, time to surgery, and method of fracture management.

Results:
2520 hip fracture patients were included in the analysis. Sixty-four patients (2.5%) had a VTE [DVT: 36 (1.4%), PE: 28 (1.1%)]. Thirty-five (54.7%) were diagnosed less than 6 weeks postfracture and 29 (45.3%) more than 6 weeks postfracture. One thousand nine hundred ninety-three (79%) patients received thromboprophylaxis preoperatively and 2502 (99%) received thromboprophylaxis postoperatively. The most common method of preoperative (46%) and postoperative (73%) thromboprophylaxis was low molecular weight heparin. Treatment with arthroplasty compared to internal fixation was the only variable associated with increased risk of VTE (hazard ratio 2.67, P = 0.02).

Conclusions:
The incidence of symptomatic VTE in hip fracture patients recruited to the 2 trials was 2.5%. Although over half of the cases were diagnosed within 6 weeks of fracture, VTE is still prevalent after this period. The majority of patients received thromboprophylaxis. Treatment with arthroplasty rather than fixation was associated with increased incidence of VTE.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Association of Serotype With Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns Among Shigella flexneri Isolates From Pakistan: The Importance of Serotype 2b
Authors: Nisa Iqbal , Haroon Mohammad , Qasim Muhammad , Driessen Arnold , Nijland Jeroen , Yasin Nusrat , Jalal Abdullah , Ali Nawab , Ullah Waheed , Khan Taj Ali , Begum Asia , Rahman Hazir 
Published: October 2020

Background:

Shigella flexneri is an emerging threat in low socioeconomic countries including Pakistan. No previous data is available on the association between S. flexneri serotypes and antimicrobial resistance in Pakistan.

Objectives:
The objective of the present study was to assess the association between serotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns among S. flexneri isolated from clinical and nonclinical samples.

Methods:
A total of 199 S. flexneri isolates were subjected to molecular serotyping and antibiotic resistance.

Results:
The most prevalent S. flexneri serotype was 2b (38%) followed by 1b (24%), 7a (20%), 2a (11%), 1d (5%) and Y (2%). The phylogenetic reconstruction showed 12 clades among which the clades II, III, V, VIII, IX and XI have consisted of serotypes that were found both in human population and environment samples. A high level of multidrug resistance (MDR) was observed in serotype 2b (37.68%) followed by 1b (19.5%) and 7a (19.5%), 2a (11.5%), 1d (5%) and Y (2%). All isolates of serotype 2b showed high level of resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (100%) followed by quinolone (74.6%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (54.6%). Interestingly, none of the serotype was resistant to piperacillin-tazobactam, imipenem and amikacin. The most frequently detected resistance genes among serotype 2b were bla

OXA
(100%) followed by qnrS (88%), cat (81%) and sul2 (63%).

Conclusion:
The most frequent S. flexneri serotype was 2b while 1d and Y was first time reported in Pakistan. High frequency of MDR serotypes of S. flexneri is a serious threat in diarrhea endemic regions and thus require urgent strategies for its continuous monitoring and prevention.
A Multicentered Study of the Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of TEM- and SHV-type Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase Producing Enterobacterales Infections in Children
Authors: Logan Latania K. , Rispens Jared R. , Medernach Rachel L. , Domitrovic T. Nicholas , Hujer Andrea M. , Marshall Steven H. , Rudin Susan D. , Qureshi Nadia K. , Zheng Xiaotian , Hayden Mary K. , Weinstein Robert A. , Bonomo Robert A. 
Published: October 2020

Background:
Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales-(Ent) infections are increasing in pediatrics. Before CTX-M ESBL emerged, the most common infection-associated ESBL genes were TEM and SHV-type ESBLs. We sought to define the current epidemiology of Ent infections in children due to bla
TEM and bla
SHV (TEM-SHV-Ent).

Methods:
A retrospective case-control analysis of children with TEM-SHV-Ent infections at 3 Chicago-area hospitals was performed. Cases had extended-spectrum-cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant infections due to bla
TEM or bla
SHV. DNA analysis assessed β-lactamase (bla) genes, multilocus sequence types, and E. coli phylogenetic grouping. Controls had ESC-susceptible Ent infections, matched 3:1 to cases by age, source, and hospital. Clinical-epidemiologic infection predictors were assessed.

Results:
Of 356 ESC-R-Ent isolates from children (median 4.3 years), 38 (10.7%) were positive solely for bla
TEM-ESBL (26%) or bla
SHV-ESBL genes (74%). Predominant organisms were Klebsiella (34.2%) and E. coli (31.6%); 67% of E. coli were phylogroup B2. Multilocus sequence types revealed multiple strains, 58% resistant to ≥3 antibiotic classes. On multivariable analysis, children with TEM-SHV-Ent infections more often had recent inpatient care (OR, 8.2), yet were diagnosed mostly as outpatients (OR, 25.6) and less in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (OR, 0.036) than controls. TEM-SHV-Ent patients had more gastrointestinal (OR, 23.7) and renal comorbidities (OR, 4.2). Differences in demographics, antibiotic exposure, and foreign bodies were not found.

Conclusion:
TEM-SHV-Ent are commonly linked to inpatient exposures in children with chronic conditions but most often present in outpatient settings. Clinicians should be aware of the potential increased risk for TEM-SHV-Ent infections in outpatients with gastrointestinal and renal comorbidities and histories of prolonged hospital stays.
Utilization of High-Intensity Statins in Patients at Risk for Cardiovascular Events: A National Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Moorman John M. , Boyle Jaclyn , Bruno Leah , Dugan Sara , Everly Lukas , Gustafson Kyle , Hartzler Caleb , Homan Nathan , Joshi Dankesh , King Cynthia , King Kevin , King Philip K. , Pesce Anthony , Sadana Prabodh , Schneider Harold , Toth Jennifer , Unruh Amy , Walkerly Autumn 
Published: October 2020

Background:
The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association cholesterol guidelines, which identified four groups of patients at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events, departed from the target-based approach to managing cholesterol. The impact of these guidelines on high-intensity statin use across the United States is unclear.

Study Question:
The primary objective was to evaluate the rate of high-intensity potential (HIP) statin use before and after the 2013 guidelines. The secondary objective was to identify predictors of HIP statin use within the study population.

Study Design:
A national cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. Office visits involving patients aged 21–75 years where criteria for HIP statin therapy were met were included. Visits involving pregnant patients were excluded.

Measures and Outcomes:
Prescribing trends of HIP statins were measured from National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey data before and after the 2013 guidelines. Multivariate logistic regression identified variables associated with prescribing HIP statins.

Results:
A total of 48,884 visits were included, representing more than 940 million office visits nationally. HIP statins were listed in 9.5% and 16.5% of visits before and after 2013, respectively (odds ratio [OR] 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.62–2.20). The strongest predictors of HIP statin use were antihypertensive use (OR 5.38, 95% CI 4.67–6.20), comorbid hyperlipidemia (OR 2.93, 95% CI 2.62–3.29), Black race (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.49–0.81), and Hispanic ethnicity (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.52–0.80).

Conclusions:
Prescribing rates for HIP statins increased after the release of the 2013 guidelines. The prescribing rates were lower than expected, especially in Black and Hispanic patients. These observations signify opportunities to improve the quality of care for patients who are at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events in the United States.
Prevalence and Outcomes of Congenital Heart Disease in Very Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants: An Observational Study From the Brazilian Neonatal Network Database
Authors: Anderson Daniela , Aragon Davi Casale , Gonçalves-Ferri Walusa A. , Manso Paulo H. , Leal Gabriela , Krebs Vera L. J. , Caldas Jamil P. S. , Almeida João H. C. L. , Ribeiro Manoel A. S. , Silveira Rita C. , Duarte José L. M. B. , Penido Márcia G. , Ferreira Daniela M. L. M. , Alves José M. S. , Sakano Karen M. K. , Santos Juliana P. F. , Gimenes Carolina B. , Silva Nathalia M. M. , Melo Fernanda P. G. , Venzon Paulyne S. , Meneses Jucille , Marques Patrícia F. , Rugolo Ligia M. S. S. , Testoni Daniela , Carmona Fabio 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
To evaluate the prevalence of congenital heart disease and their outcomes in a Brazilian cohort of very low birth weight preterm infants.

Design:
Post hoc analysis of data from the Brazilian Neonatal Network database, complemented by retrospective data from medical charts and a cross-sectional survey.

Setting:
Twenty public tertiary-care university hospitals.

Patients:
A total of 13,955 newborns weighing from 401 to 1,499 g and between 22 and 36 weeks of gestational age, born from 2010 to 2017.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
The prevalence of congenital heart disease was 2.45% (95% CI, 2.20–2.72%). In a multivariate regression analysis, risk factors associated with congenital heart disease were maternal diabetes (relative risk, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.11–2.20) and maternal age above 35 years (relative risk, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.73–2.51), whereas the protection factors were maternal hypertension (relative risk, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.43–0.69), congenital infection (relative risk, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.21–0.94), and multiple gestation (relative risk, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.55–0.97). The pooled standardized mortality ratio in patients with congenital heart disease was 2.48 (95% CI, 2.22–2.80), which was significantly higher than in patients without congenital heart disease (2.08; 95% CI, 2.03–2.13). However, in multiple log-binomial regression analyses, only the presence of major congenital anomaly, gestational age (< 29 wk; relative risk, 2.32; 95% CI, 2.13–2.52), and Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology and Perinatal Extension II (> 20; relative risk, 3.76; 95% CI, 3.41–4.14) were independently associated with death, whereas the effect of congenital heart disease was spotted only when a conditional inference tree approach was used.

Conclusions:
The overall prevalence of congenital heart disease in this cohort of very low birth weight infants was higher and with higher mortality than in the general population of live births. The occurrence of a major congenital anomaly, gestational age (< 29 wk), and Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology and Perinatal Extension II (> 20) were significantly and independently associated with death, whereas the association of congenital heart disease and death was only evident when a major congenital anomaly was present.
Asymptomatic Malaria Co-infection of HIV-Infected Adults in Nigeria: Prevalence of and Impact on Cognition, Mood, and Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation
Authors: Bharti Ajay R. , McCutchan John Allen , Umlauf Anya , Okwuegbuna Oluwakemi K. , Letendre Scott , Cherner Mariana , Burdo Tricia , Jumare Jibreel , Williams Kenneth , Blattner William , Royal Walter 
Published: October 2020

Background:
HIV and malaria are associated with immunological perturbations and neurocognitive disorders even when asymptomatic. However, the effect of asymptomatic malaria (AM) in HIV-infected adults on neurocognitive impairment (NCI) is not well understood. This study investigated the biomarkers of systemic inflammation and neurocognition in dually infected Nigerian adults.

Methods:
We assessed the HIV and AM status of 269 adults and measured their global and domain-specific neurocognition and depression using standardized measures. Blood levels of sCD14 and sCD163 were also measured.

Results:
The mean age of the participants (n = 269) was 33 years, 62% were women, and AM among HIV+ and HIV− was similar (36% versus 37%). NCI was found in 23% (62/269) of participants. HIV+/AM+ had a higher prevalence of impaired learning and executive functions and were more depressed than HIV−/AM− or HIV+/AM−. HIV+ with CD4+ T-cell counts ≤200/µL were more impaired in the learning domain than those with >200/µL. HIV+/AM+ group had higher levels of sCD14 compared to the other 3 groups and higher levels of sCD163 than the HIV−/AM− group. Higher levels of sCD14 and sCD163 were each associated with NCI. The sCD163 (log10) levels were higher for those with 1+ versus 2+ parasitemia level.

Conclusions:
HIV and AM coinfection was associated with an increased risk of reduced learning and executive functions, and elevated systemic inflammation. Mood was more depressed in HIV patients with than those without AM. The mechanisms and long-term effects on neurocognition and depression among HIV+/AM+ individuals should be studied because this coinfection is common globally.