bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Admissible Locations of Transonic Shock Fronts for Steady Euler Flows in an Almost Flat Finite Nozzle with Prescribed Receiver Pressure
Authors: Fang Beixiang , Xin Zhouping 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper concerns the existence of transonic shock solutions to the 2‐D steady compressible Euler system in an almost flat finite nozzle (in the sense that it is a generic small perturbation of a flat one), under physical boundary conditions proposed by Courant‐Friedrichs in [14], in which the receiver pressure is prescribed at the exit of the nozzle. In the resulting free boundary problem, the location of the shock front is some of the most desirable information one would like to determine. However, the location of the normal shock front in a flat nozzle can be anywhere in the nozzle so that it provides little information on the possible location of the shock front when the nozzle's boundary is perturbed. So one of the key difficulties in looking for transonic shock solutions is to determine the shock front. To this end, a free boundary problem for the linearized Euler system will be proposed, whose solution will be taken as an initial approximation for the transonic shock solution. Once an initial approximation is obtained, a further nonlinear iteration can be constructed and proved to lead to a transonic shock solution. In this paper, a sufficient condition in terms of the geometry of the nozzle and the given exit pressure is derived that yields the existence of the solutions to the proposed free boundary problem. By this condition, it will be shown that, for the proposed linear free boundary problem, if the nozzle is either strictly expanding or contracting, there exists only one solution as long as the given pressure at the exit lies within a certain interval; while if the nozzle is generic with both expanding and contracting portions, there may exist more than one solution for the same given receiver pressure, which implies the existence of more than one initial approximating shock front. This nonuniqueness of the initial approximations will lead to the nonuniqueness of the transonic shock solutions for generic nozzles with the same given receiver pressure, which shows the instability of the unperturbed normal shock solution under general perturbations of the nozzle boundary and how this instability may behave. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Efficient and secure routing protocol based on Blockchain approach for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Lazrag Hilmi , Chehri Abdellah , Saadane Rachid , Rahmani Moulay Driss 
Published: December 2020

AbstractEmbedded systems and wireless sensor networks (WSN) are found today in increasingly critical areas of applications. They have become integrated and embedded in nearly all aspects of everyday life, including manufacturing, healthcare, education, critical infrastructure, and entertainment. The number of connected devices continues to grow, and due to the insecure nature of these devices, the amount of risk continues to grow as well. These risks, however, can be mitigated with the creation and adoption of WSN security standards developed to create an environment of safety, security, and confidence in the technology. Designing the security policy for WSNs requires asking some preliminary questions. These questions are particularly important in the case of WSNs because their use is highly decentralized. Blockchain's ability on governing decentralized networks makes it especially suitable for designing a self‐managing system on WSN devices. This article proposes a routing protocol that uses Blockchain technology to offer a shared memory between the network's nodes. The simulation results have shown that this solution could be applicable and could resolve the issues cited above.
Does overweight affect the sagittal dimension of the posterior airway space in a non‐OSAS population? A case control study
Authors: Apolloni Federico , Fusetti Stefano 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe null hypothesis was that, in a non‐obstructive sleep apnea syndrome population, overweight do not reduce the antero‐posterior dimension of the posterior airway space.Materials and MethodsThe author retrospectively reviewed the records of subjects evaluated at the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova Medical School, Padova, Italy, from 2016 to 2018. Only patients with complete demographic, anthropological and CBCT dataset were enrolled. OSAS patient were also ruled‐out. Enrolled patients were divided into overweight (28 cases) and non‐overweight (32 controls) groups according to the patient's Body Mass Index. Each two‐dimensional cephalometric radiography obtained from the cone‐beam computer tomography dataset was evaluated in order to measure linear and angular distances between standardized cephalometric landmarks. The two‐sample t‐test was the statistical test applied to compare the case and control data.ResultsThere were no statistical differences between the two study groups for any of the evaluated variables: the null hypothesis was accepted.ConclusionThis study showed that in a non‐obstructive sleep‐apnea population, overweight and class I obesity does not influence the airway space in the antero‐posterior dimension. Further investigation should focus on categorized overweight‐obese population. Accurate and reliable protocol for tridimensional airways assessment should be implemented.
Locations for advice‐giving and the production of neutrality in divorce mediation sessions
Authors: Garcia Angela Cora 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this paper I use a conversation analytic approach to investigate the relationship between the location of advice within a mediation session and the mediator's construction of a neutral stance. I find that while mediator advice is often placed after disputant disagreements, problem statements, or position statements, these locations may present challenges for mediator neutrality. On the other hand, the placement of advice within a mediator's extended turn or monologue may insulate it from disputants' prior utterances so that the advice can be given without challenging the mediator's neutral stance.
Functioning Water‐Insoluble Ferrocenes for Aqueous Organic Flow Battery via Host–Guest Inclusion
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Xu Ziang , Liu Yahua , Jin Shijian , Fell Eric M. , Wang Baoguo , Gordon Roy G. , Aziz Michael J. , Yang Zhengjin , Xu Tongwen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFerrocene (Fc) is one of the very limited organic catholyte options for aqueous organic flow batteries (AOFBs), a potential electrochemical energy storage solution to the intermittency of renewable electricity. Commercially available Fc derivatives are barely soluble in water, while existing methods for making water‐soluble Fc derivatives by appending hydrophilic or charged moieties are tedious and time‐consuming, with low yields. Here, a strategy was developed based on host–guest inclusion to acquire water‐soluble Fc‐based catholytes by simply mixing Fc derivatives with β‐cyclodextrins (β‐CDs) in water. Factors determining the stability and the electrochemical behavior of the inclusion complexes were identified. When adopted in a neutral pH AOFB, the origin of capacity loss was identified to be a chemical degradation caused by the nucleophilic attack on the center FeIII atom of the oxidized Fc derivatives. By limiting the state of charge, a low capacity fade rate of 0.0073 % h−1 (or 0.0020 % per cycle) was achieved. The proposed strategy may be extended to other families of electrochemically active water‐insoluble organic compounds, bringing more electrolyte options for practical AOFB applications.
Quantitative multiplex profiling of the complement system to diagnose complement‐mediated diseases
Authors: Willems Esther , Lorés‐Motta Laura , Zanichelli Andrea , Suffritti Chiara , van der Flier Michiel , van der Molen Renate G , Langereis Jeroen D , van Drongelen Joris , van den Heuvel Lambert P , Volokhina Elena , van de Kar Nicole CAJ , Keizer‐Garritsen Jenneke , Levin Michael , Herberg Jethro A , Martinon‐Torres Federico , Wessels Hans JTC , de Breuk Anita , Fauser Sascha , Hoyng Carel B , den Hollander Anneke I , de Groot Ronald , van Gool Alain J , Gloerich Jolein , de Jonge Marien I 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectivesComplement deficiencies are difficult to diagnose because of the variability of symptoms and the complexity of the diagnostic process. Here, we applied a novel ‘complementomics’ approach to study the impact of various complement deficiencies on circulating complement levels.MethodsUsing a quantitative multiplex mass spectrometry assay, we analysed 44 peptides to profile 34 complement proteins simultaneously in 40 healthy controls and 83 individuals with a diagnosed deficiency or a potential pathogenic variant in 14 different complement proteins.ResultsApart from confirming near or total absence of the respective protein in plasma of complement‐deficient patients, this mass spectrometry‐based profiling method led to the identification of additional deficiencies. In many cases, partial depletion of the pathway up‐ and/or downstream of the absent protein was measured. This was especially found in patients deficient for complement inhibitors, such as angioedema patients with a C1‐inhibitor deficiency. The added value of complementomics was shown in three patients with poorly defined complement deficiencies.ConclusionOur study shows the potential clinical utility of profiling circulating complement proteins as a comprehensive read‐out of various complement deficiencies. Particularly, our approach provides insight into the intricate interplay between complement proteins due to functional coupling, which contributes to the better understanding of the various disease phenotypes and improvement of care for patients with complement‐mediated diseases.
DNA repair during regeneration in Ambystoma mexicanum
Authors: García‐Lepe Ulises Omar , Cruz‐Ramírez Alfredo , Bermúdez‐Cruz Rosa María 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe remarkable regenerative capabilities of the salamander Ambystoma mexicanum have turned it into one of the principal models to study limb regeneration. During this process, a mass of low differentiated and highly proliferative cells, called blastema, propagates to reestablish the lost tissue in an accelerated way. Such a process implies the replication of a huge genome, 10 times larger than humans, with about 65.6% of repetitive sequences. These features make the axolotl genome inherently difficult to replicate and prone to bear mutations. In this context, the role of DNA repair mechanisms acquires great relevance to maintain genomic stability, especially if we consider the necessity of ensuring the correct replication and integrity of such a large genome in the blastema cells, which are key for tissue regeneration. On the contrary, DNA damage accumulation in these cells may result in senescence, apoptosis and premature differentiation, all of them are mechanisms employed to avoid DNA damage perpetuation but with the potential to affect the limb regeneration process. Here we review and discuss the current knowledge on the implications of DNA damage responses during salamander regeneration.
Effective number of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias, Linnaeus) breeders is stable over four successive years in the population adjacent to eastern Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Davenport Danielle , Butcher Paul , Andreotti Sara , Matthee Conrad , Jones Andrew , Ovenden Jennifer 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPopulation size is a central parameter for conservation; however, monitoring abundance is often problematic for threatened marine species. Despite substantial investment in research, many marine species remain data‐poor presenting barriers to the evaluation of conservation management outcomes and the modeling of future solutions. Such is the case for the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), a highly mobile apex predator for whom recent and substantial population declines have been recorded in many globally distributed populations. Here, we estimate the effective number of breeders that successfully contribute offspring in one reproductive cycle (Nb) to provide a snapshot of recent reproductive effort in an east Australian–New Zealand population of white shark. Nb was estimated over four consecutive age cohorts (2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013) using two genetic estimators (linkage disequilibrium; LD and sibship assignment; SA) based on genetic data derived from two types of genetic markers (single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNPs and microsatellite loci). While estimates of Nb using different marker types produced comparable estimates, microsatellite loci were the least precise. The LD and SA estimates of Nb within cohorts using SNPs were comparable; for example, the 2013 age cohort Nb(SA) was 289 (95% CI 200–461) and Nb(LD) was 208.5 (95% CI 116.4–712.7). We show that over the time period studied, Nb was stable and ranged between 206.1 (SD ± 45.9) and 252.0 (SD ± 46.7) per year using a combined estimate of Nb(LD+SA) from SNP loci. In addition, a simulation approach showed that in this population the effective population size (Ne) per generation can be expected to be larger than Nb per reproductive cycle. This study demonstrates how breeding population size can be monitored over time to provide insight into the effectiveness of recovery and conservation measures for the white shark, where the methods described here may be applicable to other data‐poor species of conservation concern.
Insect morphometry is reproducible under average investigation standards
Authors: Csősz Sándor , Seifert Bernhard , Mikó István , Boudinot Brendon E. , Borowiec Marek L. , Fisher Brian L. , Prebus Matthew , Puniamoorthy Jayanthi , Rakotonirina Jean‐Claude , Rasoamanana Nicole , Schultz Roland , Trietsch Carolyn , Ulmer Jonah M. , Elek Zoltán 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Morphometric research is being applied to a growing number and variety of organisms. Discoveries achieved via morphometric approaches are often considered highly transferable, in contrast to the tacit and idiosyncratic interpretation of discrete character states. The reliability of morphometric workflows in insect systematics has never been a subject of focused research, but such studies are sorely needed. In this paper, we assess the reproducibility of morphometric studies of ants where the mode of data collection is a shared routine.

We compared datasets generated by eleven independent gaugers, that is, collaborators, who measured 21 continuous morphometric traits on the same pool of individuals according to the same protocol. The gaugers possessed a wide range of morphometric skills, had varying expertise among insect groups, and differed in their facility with measuring equipment. We used intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) to calculate repeatability and reproducibility values (i.e., intra‐ and intergauger agreements), and we performed a multivariate permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) using the Morosita index of dissimilarity with 9,999 iterations.

The calculated average measure of intraclass correlation coefficients of different gaugers ranged from R = 0.784 to R = 0.9897 and a significant correlation was found between the repeatability and the morphometric skills of gaugers (p = 0.016). There was no significant association with the magnification of the equipment in the case of these rather small ants. The intergauger agreement, that is the reproducibility, varied between R = 0.872 and R = 0.471 (mean R = 0.690), but all gaugers arrived at the same two‐species conclusion. A PERMANOVA test revealed no significant gauger effect on species identity (R2 = 0.69, p = 0.58).

Our findings show that morphometric studies are reproducible when observers follow the standard protocol; hence, morphometric findings are widely transferable and will remain a valuable data source for alpha taxonomy.
Effusive–constrictive pericarditis secondary to pneumopericardium associated with gastropericardial fistula
Authors: Ono Yoshiyasu , Hashimoto Toru , Sakamoto Kazuo , Matsushima Shouji , Higo Taiki , Sonoda Hiromichi , Kimura Yasue , Mori Masaki , Shiose Akira , Tsutsui Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA 66‐year‐old man with a history of gastric pull‐up reconstruction for oesophageal cancer was hospitalized because of prolonged chest pain. Chest X‐ray demonstrated pneumopericardium. Computed tomography revealed ulceration and abscess in the gastric conduit adjacent to the heart, suggesting gastropericardial fistula. As the patient did not show tamponade physiology, he was conservatively treated with antibiotics. The pneumopericardium diminished; however, he developed effusive–constrictive pericarditis with overt heart failure symptoms. Because pericardiocentesis failed to relieve the symptoms, pericardiectomy was performed. Intraoperative exploration revealed remarkably thickened pericardium and epicardium constituting multiple layers with purulent effusion. Epicardiectomy as well as pericardiectomy were required to achieve the effective reduction of central venous pressure. Perforation of the gastric conduit into the pericardial cavity was identified and repaired. Histopathology demonstrated thickened pericardium composed of hyalinized stroma, collagenous bundles, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Streptococcus anginosus and Candida tropicalis were identified by culture of the resected tissue.
High‐resolution numerical simulations of electrophoresis using the Fourier pseudo‐spectral method
Authors: Gupta Prateek , Bahga Supreet Singh 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe present the formulation, implementation, and performance evaluation of the Fourier pseudo‐spectral method for performing fast and accurate simulations of electrophoresis. We demonstrate the applicability of this method for simulating a wide variety of electrophoretic processes such as capillary zone electrophoresis, transient‐isotachophoresis, field amplified sample stacking, and oscillating electrolytes. Through these simulations, we show that the Fourier pseudo‐spectral method yields accurate and stable solutions on coarser computational grids compared with other nondissipative spatial discretization schemes. Moreover, due to the use of coarser grids, the Fourier pseudo‐spectral method requires lower computational time to achieve the same degree of accuracy. We have demonstrated the application of the Fourier pseudo‐spectral method for simulating realistic electrophoresis problems with current densities as high as 5000 A/m2 with over tenfold speed‐up compared to the commonly used second‐order central difference scheme, to achieve a given degree of accuracy. The Fourier pseudo‐spectral method is also suitable for simulating electrophoretic processes involving a large number of concentration gradients, which render the adaptive grid‐refinement techniques ineffective. We have integrated the numerical scheme in a new electrophoresis simulator named SPYCE, which we offer to the community as open‐source code.
Pencil‐traced‐graphite on cellulose: A rapid and solvent‐less approach for solar steam generation
Authors: Tariq Muhammad Zakria , Hanif Zahid , La Moonwoo , Choi Dongwhi , Park Sung Jea 
Published: December 2020

SummarySolar steam generation has proven to be a sustainable method to handle water shortage. Various materials for solar steam generation have been introduced in the past few years. However, the utilization of tedious and complicated synthesis to generate a photoactive layer is a matter of concern in the fabrication solar steam generation devices. Thus, improved methods toward cost‐effectiveness by exploring economical materials with simple manufacturing process are urgently and essentially needed. In this study, we first report on manufacturing hybrid membranes using commercially accessible materials, that is, cellulose paper and pencil graphite. The proposed method is to trace and coat a cellulose paper directly with a pencil without the use of solvents and chemicals, and it is possible to create an ecofriendly photoactive layer without a complicated process. The formed pencil graphite‐traced membranes were successfully utilized in solar steam generation and showed excellent steam generation rate of 4.32 kg/m2h which is almost 3.5 times more than that of pristine membrane at solar intensity of 3 Sun. The developed method could be widely utilized in the field of solar steam generation, since it is very facile and simple, and can be integrated to other commonly used materials for solar steam generation such as fabric and wood. In addition, on‐site production is possible, so it has a potential to be utilized in remote and resource‐limited areas for steam generation.
Growth inhibition and suppression of the mTOR and Wnt/β‐catenin pathways in T‐acute lymphoblastic leukemia by rapamycin and MYCN depletion
Authors: Kong Desheng , Fan Shengjin , Sun Lili , Chen Xi , Zhao Yanqiu , Zhao Linlin , Guo Zhibo , Li Yinghua 
Published: December 2020

AbstractT‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) is an aggressive malignancy. Understanding of the molecular pathogenesis may lead to novel therapeutic targets. Rapamycin, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, showed inhibitory effects on T‐ALL cells. In this study, we showed that rapamycin significantly reduced MYCN mRNA and protein in a concentration‐dependent manner in T‐ALL cells. Selective knockdown of MYCN by small interfering RNA had similar effects to rapamycin to inhibit T‐ALL proliferation and colony formation and to induce G1‐phase cell‐cycle arrest and apoptosis. The inhibitory effects of rapamycin and MYCN depletion were also found in a Molt‐4 xenograft model. Rapamycin and MYCN inhibition suppressed both Wnt/β‐catenin and mTOR signaling pathways. The results suggest the effects of rapamycin on adult T‐ALL is likely mediated by downregulation of MYCN. The findings suggest MYCN a potential target for the treatment of adult T‐ALL. Additionally, dual targeting of mTOR and Wnt/β‐catenin pathways may represent a novel strategy in the treatment of adult T‐ALL.
An overview of the effect of bioaerosol size in coronavirus disease 2019 transmission
Authors: Guzman Marcelo I. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe fast spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) constitutes a worldwide challenge to the public health, educational and trade systems, affecting the overall well‐being of human societies. The high transmission and mortality rates of this virus, and the unavailability of a vaccine or treatment, resulted in the decision of multiple governments to enact measures of social distancing. Such measures can reduce the exposure to bioaerosols, which can result in pathogen deposition in the respiratory tract of the host causing disease and an immunological response. Thus, it is important to consider the validity of the proposal for keeping a distance of at least 2 m from other persons to avoid the spread of COVID‐19. This work reviews the effect of aerodynamic diameter (size) of particles carrying RNA copies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). A SARS‐CoV‐2 carrier person talking, sneezing or coughing at distance of 2 m can still provide a pathogenic bioaerosol load with submicron particles that remain viable in air for up to 3 h for exposure of healthy persons near and far from the source in a stagnant environment. The deposited bioaerosol creates contaminated surfaces, which if touched can act as a path to introduce the pathogen by mouth, nose or eyes and cause disease.