bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unlived Lives, Imaginary Widowhood and Elizabeth Bowen’s A World of Love
Authors: Bryan Rachel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article reads Elizabeth Bowen’s 1955 novel A World of Love as exploring the legacy of certain highly imaginative coping mechanisms that were adopted by women in response to wartime losses. Acknowledging how Bowen’s mid-century works exhibit a curious return to the lot of those who came of age amidst the demographic imbalances that followed the Great War, it suggests that A World of Love interrogates the psychological draw of ‘imaginary widowhood’: a form of counterfactual self-fashioning that saw many single women of Bowen’s generation elect to view themselves not as spinsters, but as those who would have been married were it not for the conflict. Noting parallels between the novel’s depiction of a girl whose sexuality is awakened by the letters of a long-dead soldier from the Great War and the various forms of appropriation that were encouraged around the body of the Unknown Warrior—including the 1918 literary hoax The Love of an Unknown Soldier: Love Letters Found in a Trench—the article offers a new account of A World of Love as a text which registers the ambivalent and creatively rich qualities of a psychological climate that was at work throughout the twentieth century. Bowen’s novel, it argues, is propelled by a profound interest in the forces which induced successive generations of British women to forge intimate counterfactual relationships with those lives rendered unliveable, and the loves that were denied them, on account of world war.
Literature and the Culture of Elections and Electioneering in
Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: Packham Kendra 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed the rise of contested elections as an important aspect of political life, and an outpouring of literary texts concerned to represent, and intervene in, the electoral process. This article recovers this rich, wide-ranging, and ideologically diverse genre, and argues that, interacting and overlapping with other forms, literature both reflected and helped to shape electoral culture. Popular literary varieties (from ballad opera to mock-heroic verse) were reworked to serve topical electoral purposes. This literature contributed to the culture of elections, making available particular, generically shaped representations and potentially increasing forms of electoral participation and partisanship. Like election rituals and other forms, literary texts encouraged engagement with elections among voters and non-voters. Indeed, through their formal qualities and modes of dissemination, literary texts could have pronounced power to engage varied audiences, and fuel a culture of contested elections, even when many seats were not contested and many could not vote. The election miscellany highlights links between election literature and regional printing, political, and literary cultures, and the growth of a market for this writing. At the same time, the authorship of election literature afforded diverse individuals a form of political expression and participation. Furthermore, the article considers the significance of the divergent, generically inflected views of candidates, elections, and the electoral activity of particular groups such literature advanced—for wider political culture, as well as specific elections. It proposes that texts from rousing ballads to vividly critical satires energized the divisions key to adversarial electoral culture, and could play into different calls for ‘reform’.
O2.1. LOCAL AND LONG-RANGE CONNECTIVITY PATTERNS OF AUDITORY PERCEPTUAL DISTURBANCE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Hare Stephanie , Adhikari Bhim , Chiappelli Joshua , Du Xiaoming , Chen Shuo , Kochunov Peter , Elliot Hong L 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Auditory hallucinations are a prevalent, debilitating symptom of schizophrenia (Sz). Lack of detailed phenomenological assessments of perceptual disturbances in large psychiatric imaging datasets limits our ability to disentangle the underlying neural mechanisms of hallucinations. Our study investigates how changes in local functional communication dynamics may be associated with wide-ranging auditory disturbances in Sz.

Methods
Local functional connectivity was estimated using regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis of resting fMRI data, which quantifies synchronization of fMRI activity of a voxel to its neighboring voxels. Resting fMRI data of 99 Sz patients was analyzed (mean age=36.2±13.3 y, sex=71/28 m/f); Auditory perceptual disturbance in the past week was estimated using the auditory perception state (APS) subscale score of the recently validated Auditory Perceptual Trait and State Scale (http://www.mdbrain.org/APTS.pdf). Voxelwise regression analysis of ReHo was performed including APS score as a regressor of interest. Significant results were thresholded using AFNI’s 3dClustSim with autocorrelation function option to yield corrected p&lt;0.05, corresponding to cluster-size threshold of 49 voxels at voxelwise p=0.001.

Results
Higher APS scores were associated with reduced ReHo in clusters in left putamen, right putamen, left temporoparietal junction, and right hippocampus. In a follow-up analysis using these clusters as seeds in whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity analysis (rsFC) analysis, higher APS scores were significantly associated with reduced rsFC between the right putamen seed and clusters in the contralateral putamen and auditory cortex.

Discussion
Our findings are consistent with those of a prior study that reported abnormal ReHo in left and right putamen of a unmedicated first-episode Sz patients (Cui et al. 2016). However, in that small sample (n=32), striatal ReHo was elevated relative to controls, and AH severity was not significantly correlated with striatal ReHo measures. Our study investigated ReHo in a large sample of chronic, medicated patients (all except 4 were taking antipsychotic medication at time of study). While it is widely accepted that striatal signaling is disrupted in Sz, future work is needed to better understand how striatal signaling deficits may change over the course of illness and how this relates to particular symptoms such as hallucinations. Implications for development of novel therapies that account for these nuanced findings will be discussed.
O2.2. EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLUTAMATE AND BRAIN CONNECTIVITY IN ANTIPSYCHOTIC-NAïVE FIRST EPISODE PATIENTS – A COMBINED MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY AND RESTING STATE FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY MRI STUDY
Authors: Maximo Jose , Briend Frederic , Armstrong William , Kraguljac Nina , Lahti Adrienne 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Schizophrenia is thought to be a disorder of brain dysconnectivity. An imbalance between cortical excitation/inhibition is also implicated, but the link between these abnormalities remains unclear. The present study used resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to investigate how measurements of glutamate + glutamine (Glx) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) relate to rs-fcMRI in medication-naïve first episode psychosis (FEP) subjects compared to healthy controls (HC). Based on our previous findings, we hypothesized that in HC would show correlations between Glx and rs-fMRI in the salience and default mode network, but these relationships would be altered in FEP.

Methods
Data from 53 HC (age = 24.70 ±6.23, 34M/19F) and 60 FEP (age = 24.08 ±6.29, 38M/22F) were analyzed. To obtain MRS data, a voxel was placed in the ACC (PRESS, TR/TE = 2000/80ms). Metabolite concentrations were quantified with respect to internal water using the AMARES algorithm in jMRUI. rs-fMRI data were processed using a standard preprocessing pipeline in the CONN toolbox. BOLD signal from a priori brain regions of interest from posterior cingulate cortex (default mode network, DMN), anterior cingulate cortex (salience network, SN), and right posterior parietal cortex (central executive network, CEN) were extracted and correlated with the rest of the brain to measure functional connectivity (FC). Group analyses were performed on Glx, FC, and Glx-FC interactions while controlling for age, gender, and motion when applicable. FC and Glx-FC analyses were performed using small volume correction [(p &lt; 0.01, threshold-free cluster enhancement corrected (TFCE)].

Results
No significant between-group differences were found in Glx concentration in the ACC [F(1, 108) = 0.34, p = 0.56], but reduced FC was found on each network in FEP compared to HC (pTFCE corrected). Group Glx-FC interactions were found in the form of positive correlations between Glx and FC in DMN and SN in the HC group, but not in FEP; and negative correlations in CEN in HC, but not in FEP.

Discussion
While we did not find significant group differences in ACC Glx measurements, ACC Glx modulated FC differentially in FEP and HC. Positive correlations between Glx and FC were found in the SN and DMN, suggesting long range modulation of the two networks in HC, but not in FEP. Additionally, negative correlations between Glx and FC were found in CEN in HC, but not in FEP. Overall, these results suggest that even in the absence of group differences in Glx concentration, the long-range modulation of these 3 networks by ACC Glx is altered in FEP.
O3.1. CLUSTER ANALYSIS FINDS THREE CLINICALLY-RELEVANT SUBGROUPS OF TRAIT EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA OUTPATIENTS
Authors: Cowan Henry , Mittal Vijay , Allen Daniel , Gold James , Strauss Gregory 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Previous research shows that trait emotion is more affected than state emotion in schizophrenia. This literature is also somewhat inconsistent, particularly in terms of specific links between affective traits and clinical symptoms. The current study examined whether subgroups of trait emotional experience predict symptom presentation and functional outcome in schizophrenia.

Methods
In this cross-sectional observational study, 192 outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SZ) and 149 matched healthy controls completed the trait version of the Positive and Negative Affect Scale and symptom and functional outcome assessments. Cluster and discriminant function analyses identified distinct profiles of trait affect, which were then compared on clinical and functional variables.

Results
Three SZ clusters reflected normative affect (n = 80, 42%), low trait positive affect (PA; n = 54, 28%), and high trait negative affect (NA; n = 58, 30%), compared to controls. Symptom profiles differentiated the three subgroups. Compared to the Normative Affect cluster, the Low PA cluster had more severe negative symptoms; the High NA cluster had more severe positive symptoms, disorganization, anxiety, and depression; and both the Low PA and High NA cluster had poorer overall functioning. Diagnostic and medication status also differentiated the three subgroups. The Low PA subgroup was most likely to be prescribed 1st-generation antipsychotics, while the High NA subgroup was most likely to be diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder.

Discussion
Distinct subgroups with unique trait affect profiles can be identified within the broader diagnosis of schizophrenia. These subgroups show meaningful clinical differences in presentation, with theoretical and clinical implications.
O5.1. STRIATAL DOPAMINE AND REDUCED REWARD PREDICTION ERROR SIGNALING IN UNMEDICATED SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS
Authors: Katthagen Teresa , Kaminski Jakob , Heinz Andreas , Buchert Ralph , Schlagenhauf Florian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Increased striatal dopamine synthesis capacity (DSC) has consistently been reported in patients with schizophrenia (Sz). However, the functional mechanism translating this into behavior and symptoms remains unclear. It has been proposed that heightened striatal dopamine may blunt dopaminergic reward prediction error (RPE) signaling during reinforcement learning.

Methods
In this study, we investigated striatal DSC and RPEs and their association in unmedicated Sz and healthy controls. 23 healthy controls (HC) and 20 unmedicated Sz took part in an FDOPA-PET scan measuring DSC and underwent fMRI scanning, where they performed a reversal learning paradigm. We compared groups regarding DSC und neural RPE signals and probed the respective correlation (23 HC and 16 Sz for both measures).

Results
There was no significant difference between HC and Sz in DSC. Taking into account comorbid alcohol abuse revealed that only patients without such abuse showed elevated DSC in the associative and sensorimotor striatum, while those with abuse did not differ from HC. Patients performed worse during learning, accompanied by a reduced RPE signal in the ventral striatum. In HC, the DSC in the limbic striatum correlated with higher RPE signaling, while there was no significant association in patients. DSC in the associative striatum correlated with higher positive symptoms, and blunted RPE signaling was associated with negative symptoms.

Discussion
Our results suggest that dopamine modulation of RPE is impaired in schizophrenia. Furthermore, we observed a dissociation with elevated DSC in the associative and sensorimotor striatum contributing to positive symptoms and blunted RPE in the ventral striatum to negative symptoms.
O7.3. EXPLORING COMORBIDITY BETWEEN MENTAL DISORDERS AND GENERAL MEDICAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Momen Natalie , Plana Ripoll Oleguer , Prior Anders , McGrath John 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
A large body of evidence shows that comorbidity is pervasive among individuals being treated for mental disorders, including schizophrenia. Those with mental disorders have been found to have higher rates of comorbidity and associated mortality due to a range of general medical conditions. However much of the evidence relies on surveys, cross-sectional studies and retrospectively collected data.

Methods
Using the Danish registers, we identified those born in Denmark (1900–2015) and who resided there during the study period (2000–2016). Information was obtained on ten groups of mental disorders (MDs), including “Schizophrenia spectrum disorders” (corresponding to ICD-10 F20-F29 codes). We compared the rate of diagnosis with nine general medical conditions (GMC) categories between those exposed and unexposed to each MD. Overall and lagged hazard ratios, with 95% confidence intervals, were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Absolute risks were estimated by competing risks survival analyses.

Results
The cohort followed 5.9 million individuals for 83.9 million person years. For the majority of prior MD-later GMC pairs, receiving a MD diagnosis increased the risk of subsequent GMC diagnosis; however, there were some exceptions. Focusing on those diagnosed with schizophrenia, elevated rates of diagnosis were observed for circulatory, endocrine, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, urogenital and hematological GMCs, and cancers. Various patterns were seen for lagged HRs. Results for schizophrenia generally showed hazard ratios for GMC diagnoses were most elevated the first couple of years after schizophrenia diagnosis. Cumulative incidence proportions for each GMC category 15 years after diagnosis with schizophrenia varied between 3.4% (for urogenital GMCs, 95% CI 3.2, 3.6) and 34.0% (for circulatory GMCs, 95% CI 33.51, 34.57).

Discussion
This study provides a comprehensive picture of GMC comorbidity among those with diagnosed with MDs in Denmark. It is the first study, to our knowledge, to provide both relative and absolute measures of the risk of such comorbidity. We hope that our findings related to specific MD-GMC comorbidity pairs will stimulate future research to explore mechanisms of action underlying of the observed associations. The provision of absolute risk estimates may aid in identifying those at greater need of primary prevention of GMC comorbidity. As MDs typically have a younger age of onset than many GMCs, natural critical windows exist for the reduction of secondary comorbidity.
O10.4. THE ROLE OF CONTEXTUAL FACTORS AND ASSESSMENT STRATEGIES IN THE ACCURATE SCREENING OF PSYCHOSIS-RISK SYMPTOMS
Authors: Schiffman Jason , Rakhshan Rouhakhtar Pamela , Millman Zachary , Thompson Elizabeth , Phalen Peter 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Falsely observing symptoms of psychosis risk in youth is a critical limitation to pluripotent prevention efforts. Factors including race, age, and measurement construction may affect the validity of semi-structured interviews and self-report screening tools designed to identify symptoms. Consideration of different constructs measured within a single screening tool, what a screening tool can offer beyond prediction of psychosis-like symptoms, and how to maximize efficiency may all influence the ability to effectively identify people who would benefit from services.

Methods
Help-seeking adolescents (N=134) ages 12–25 completed various screening tools for psychosis risk, and the Structured Interview for Psychosis-risk Syndromes (SIPS). The influence of race and age on screen scores and SIPS (CHR) symptoms were examined. We also evaluated alternatives to CHR symptom screening beyond conventional CHR screening tools.

Results
Higher Prime Screen scores increased the probability of clinician assessed symptoms among White participants, but not Black participants (interaction: b = -0.50 Wald χ2[1] = 4.63, p = .03, Exp[B] = 0.60), and younger participants were more likely to use the Prime Screen as a dichotomous (yes/no) screener relative to older participants, reducing screener efficacy (b = -0.04, Wald χ2[1] = 3.75, p = .05, Exp[B] = 0.96). Given discrepancies across groups, we attempted to expand screening strategies. First, to better understand the Prime Screen, factor analysis suggested two distinct factors that appear to measure different constructs. Additionally, an IRT model of several CHR screening tools suggested the value of an ultra-brief two-item measure. Finally, analyses of the BASC-2, a more comprehensive measure of behavior that includes, but is not limited to, psychosis risk items, also demonstrated accurate prediction of psychosis symptoms, as well as more pluripotent conceptualizations of symptoms.

Discussion
Results suggest that contextual or individual factors influence the accurate identification of individuals exhibiting psychosis-risk symptoms. Tailored approaches to screening based on an awareness of context, identity, setting, and preferences of clients are possible, and customizing assessment efforts accordingly may be useful for the accurate identification of a variety of people who might benefit from services.
O10.5. CLINICAL HIGH RISK (CHR) CRITERIA IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS NOT SUSPECTED TO DEVELOP PSYCHOSIS: NO TRANSDIAGNOSTIC SEVERITY MARKER OF MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
Authors: Schultze-Lutter Frauke , Michel Chantal , Schimmelmann Benno G , Franscini Maurizia , Traber-Walker Nina , Walger Petra 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Compared to adults, children and adolescents of the community more frequently report clinical high risk of psychosis (CHR) criteria. Yet, little is known about the prevalence of CHR criteria in clinical children and adolescents’ samples. Thus, we studied the prevalence of CHR criteria and symptoms in 8- to 17-year-old inpatients with disorders that have been associated with greater odds to develop psychosis in adulthood, i.e., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, social and specific phobia, and obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating disorders and Asperger’s disorder.

Methods
As part of the multicenter naturalistic Bi-national Evaluation of At-Risk Symptoms in children and adolescents (BEARS-Kid) study, 8- to 17-year-olds of the community (N=235) and 8- to 17-year-old inpatients with any one of the above main diagnoses who were not suspected to be at increased risk of psychosis (N=306) were examined for CHR symptoms and criteria with the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument, Child & Youth version and with the Structured Interview for Psychosis-Risk Syndromes.

Results
At 6.4%, the prevalence rate of CHR criteria in the community sample did not significantly differ from the 8.2%-rate in the inpatient sample. CHR criteria and symptoms were generally associated with age but not with group membership.

Discussion
This indicates that, irrespective of their mental health status, children and adolescents present more frequently with CHR criteria compared to young adults of the community for whom a 2.4%-rate of CHR criteria had earlier been reported. Furthermore, these findings contradict assumptions that CHR criteria might be diagnostically puripotential or merely severity markers of mental illness. Yet, more research into these symptoms and their cause and meaning in children and adolescents is needed to understand their significance in this age group and to detect factors that convey their clinical relevance in adulthood.
T2. ADVERSE CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES IN PEOPLE WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Klaunig Mallory , du Plessis Stefan , Kilian Sanja , Cicero David , Schiffman Jason , Emsley Robin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) pose a public health concern worldwide (Anda, Tietjen, Schulman, Felitti, & Croft, 2010). Prevalence rates of ACEs appear to vary widely among countries (Finkelhor, Hotaling, Lewis, & Smith, 1990). ACEs are associated with increased likelihood of developing a mental illness (Green et al., 2010), including schizophrenia (Gibson, Alloy, & Ellman, 2016). Although this is a well-established finding in Western samples, it has only been addressed in a South African sample in one study (Kilian et al., 2017). In the current study, we aimed to examine the association between ACEs and schizophrenia in a South African sample.

Methods
Participants included 34 individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 33 non-psychiatric control participants. Schizophrenia and control participants did not differ on mean age (t(65) = 1.16, p = .251) or ethnicity (X2 (3, N = 66) = 4.27, p = .234). Schizophrenia participants were recruited as part of a larger research protocol within the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Stellenbosch in Stellenbosch, South Africa. ACEs were assessed using the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; Bernstein et al., 2003).

Results
Separate independent t-tests were used to compare CTQ total and subscale scores between groups. Scores on the CTQ total and all subscales did not differ significantly between schizophrenia participants and controls (ps &gt; .05)). Additional independent t-tests were used to compare CTQ scores in females with schizophrenia against female control subjects and males with schizophrenia against male controls. Females differed significantly between groups on one subscale, Physical Abuse, with female controls experiencing higher levels of physical abuse (t(65) = -2.33, p = .028). Males with schizophrenia scored significantly higher on the Emotional Neglect subscale (t(65) = 2.73, p = .010) and showed higher scores on the Physical Neglect subscale at a trend level of significance (t(65) = 2.03, p = .055). Males with schizophrenia also scored significantly higher on overall Neglect total (t(65) = 2.83, p = .008). Separate independent t-tests were used to compare groups on the number of types of traumas experienced in childhood. Number of types of trauma did not differ significantly between groups (t(64) = .228, p = .820).

Discussion
In the current study, we found no differences in the overall number of ACEs in people with schizophrenia as compared to non-psychiatric control participants. As well, we did not find overall differences in ACEs in females and males with schizophrenia. These findings are in contrast to most previous research. This study may highlight limitations in measuring ACEs across cultures using the CTQ.