bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity in the Muslim Student Experience
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the experience that Muslim students have of higher education in the UK. It is divided into three main sections, the first focusing on the individual level of analysis, the second and third on the collective. First, survey data is used to paint a picture of how Muslim students experience university and relate it to their identities as Muslims. Second, a theoretical framework for situating this experience within broader contexts is proposed, based around a three-fold distinction between governing discourses, contexts of teaching and learning, and the campus interaction order as stratified dimensions of university life. Third, this framework is built upon in introducing the six case studies from which our qualitative data is drawn. The four universities are described and compared, before the two Muslim colleges are also introduced.
Islam and Religious Diversity on Campus
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The higher education sector must facilitate discussions around inter-religious co-existence on campus and beyond. In our research, participants used different words to describe their relationships with others beyond their faith, often using ‘inter-cultural’ and ‘inter-religious’ interchangeably. For some religious people their religion may be a matter of cultural or habitual identity rather than a conviction—such as those who describe themselves as marginally, culturally, or nominally religious. Our focus on inter-religious relations repositions Islam and Muslims as equally valued collaborators in the cause of promoting ‘good’ inter-religious relations. We identified three modes of prejudice. Firstly, we identified subtle forms of discrimination and unfair treatment; secondly, a climate of prejudice against Muslims; thirdly, evidenced discrimination, where it is possible to legally prove an act of discrimination. Personal encounters are crucial. Four types of diversity can be found on campus: pluralist, incumbent, fragmented, and indifferent, of which the first two are more harmonious. We recommend that the higher education sector aim for the plural diversity model and that it learns from the incumbent diversity of the Muslim colleges.
‘Radicalization’
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which the policy language of radicalization contributes to the securitization of the university campus. It addresses the phenomenon of ‘radicalization,’ not as a process of identity transformation but as a discursive element of campus life that refracts wider perceptions of risk and risky identities. The chapter offers a critical engagement with the UK Government’s Prevent Strategy, building on previous scholarship in highlighting the importance of addressing the social contexts of policy implementation. The remainder of the chapter analyses evidence gathered from across our six case study campuses, tracing how perceptions of Islam and Muslims are framed by the idea of ‘radicalization’, particularly via a heightened anxiety and suspicion about extremism and a complex stigmatization of Muslims. It considers institutional variations of these patterns, including among Muslim colleges, before commenting on how the emergent picture speaks to current sociological debates about surveillance.
Multiple Hierarchies
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Islamic Studies is slowly moving beyond the long-established divide between neo/orientalist and confessional approaches. A more integrated, reflexive model is in progress at a few Islamic colleges now accredited by universities, but even then, the support flows asymmetrically from the university to the college. In addition, assumptions about the criticality of believers still pervade and divide the field, which is largely configured by gendered, epistemic, and institutional hierarchies. Yet, the growing number of Muslim students and staff, the expansion in private provision aspiring to accreditation, and even problematic political changes such as securitization, are some of the changing conditions allowing for the boundaries of the field to be negotiated and redefined more collaboratively. This is beckoning a promising though cautious move away from monological—and hierarchical—constructions of Islam and Muslims, whether as objects of enquiry or as confessional staff and students subjected to epistemic and institutional monitoring.
Conclusions
Authors: Scott-Baumann Alison , Guest Mathew , Naguib Shuruq , Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Phoenix Aisha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
These research findings show that the higher education research agenda can become distorted by imperatives coloured by political ideologies and a caricatured polarization of religion and secularity. These impulses originate outside the higher education sector and should be challenged. The UK universities need to improve the religious literacy of university students and to tackle ignorance towards Muslims in order for campuses to be inclusive spaces where all students can learn from the diversity around them. Islamic colleges need to interrogate some of their patriarchal assumptions about gendered roles in line with the important feminist work that their syllabi explore. This would be aided by recruitment of high profile women Islamic Studies lecturers and critical reflection on gender roles on campus. We call for the prophetic role of the universities and the Islamic colleges to be reclaimed through a transparent, joint programme of robust and critical cultural engagement for all.
Multisensory Experiences
Authors: Velasco Carlos , Obrist Marianna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Most of our everyday life experiences are multisensory in nature, i.e. they consist of what we see, hear, feel, taste, smell, and much more. Almost any experience, such as eating a meal or going to the cinema, involves a magnificent sensory world. In recent years, many of these experiences have been increasingly transformed through technological advancements such as multisensory devices and intelligent systems. This book takes the reader on a journey that begins with the fundamentals of multisensory experiences, moves through the relationship between the senses and technology, and finishes by considering what the future of those experiences may look like, and our responsibility in it. The book seeks to empower the reader to shape his or her own and other people’s experiences by considering the multisensory worlds in which we live. This book is a powerful and personal story about the authors’ passion for, and viewpoint on, multisensory experiences.
Beyond the Known and into the Unknown Future
Authors: Velasco Carlos , Obrist Marianna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As technology advances, and our understanding of the human senses grows, we will be able to augment existing experiences but also create previously unimaginable ones. For example, we are just starting to understand how our senses change in outer space. We and several other researchers are developing technology-enabled experiences that consider these changes to facilitate future space travels. This chapter presents the scope for multisensory experiences in the years to come. As an illustrative example, it merges ‘science’ and ‘fiction’ and discusses the possibilities around multisensory experience design in the context of space travels.
Passing Over and Disinheritance in the Days of the Ius Commune
Authors: Lohsse Sebastian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
With Novel 115, a piece of legislation from 542 ad, Roman emperor Justinian had sought to implement a rather far-reaching reform of the classical Roman law rules on mandatory family protection. However, he had failed to make clear whether this reform was meant to be exhaustive or whether it left room for the application of at least some of the older rules. Likewise, Justinian’s reform left doubt with respect to the remedies that were to be employed when rules on mandatory family protection were infringed. The chapter shows how the ius commune discussion on mandatory family protection concentrated on these difficulties. In essence, the different theories that were developed by medieval lawyers dominated the discussion even as late as in the nineteenth century and hindered the development of coherent and convincing rules on mandatory family protection.
Compulsory Portion in France
Authors: Pérès Cécile 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with the réserve héréditaire in the French law of succession. In the presence of descendants or, failing that, a surviving spouse, French law limits the deceased’s freedom to dispose of his or her property by will or gifts. A person’s estate is notionally divided into two parts: the quotité disponible, which he or she may freely dispose of, and the réserve héréditaire, which the law transfers to certain designated heirs. The réserve héréditaire of the French Civil code is the fruit of a long historical tradition stemming from both Roman law and customary law. It has constantly adapted to the evolution of society. That evolution continues today. The Act of 23 June 2006 had made the réserve héréditaire evolve in a more liberal direction. However, the foundations of the réserve héréditaire – particularly with regard to descendants – remain solid and unchallenged.
Compulsory Portion and Other Aspects of Family Protection in Austria
Authors: Wendehorst Christiane 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Austrian law of succession boasts some rather strong mechanisms for overriding a will in the interest of surviving family members. Taken together, the law of compulsory portion, the various statutory legacies, and the maintenance claims significantly reduce a testator’s freedom to pass on his or her property as the testator deems appropriate. Yet, Austrian law does not necessarily ensure that all close family members obtain minimum levels of subsistence, as the group of individuals entitled to family protection benefits is small and more or less restricted to the surviving spouse or registered partner and descendants. The position of the surviving spouse or registered partner has been continuously strengthened over the years but there is still an unfortunate discrepancy between what a surviving spouse or partner is entitled to upon death as compared with the situation upon divorce. The existing patchwork of mechanisms does not seem to have created significant problems, but still it is fair to say that the Austrian law of family protection lacks a consistent approach. This is still true after major reform in 2015, which to some extent restricted entitlements under the law of compulsory portion but also introduced further compulsory benefits. Most conspicuously, the new ‘care legacy’ may entail sweeping changes for smaller estates, and it may well happen that the whole estate goes to one or several caring family members, with heirs possibly even having to pay out of their own pockets.
Compulsory Portion in Germany
Authors: Zimmermann Reinhard 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The compulsory portion of the German law of succession is a personal claim by a close family member of the deceased against the deceased’s heir, or heirs, to receive the value of one-half of his or her intestate share. The range of persons entitled to a compulsory portion is limited to the deceased’s descendants, his parents, and his surviving spouse. The right to a compulsory portion can be lost as a result of having been deprived of it by the deceased (which is possible in a limited number of situations), as a result of being ‘unworthy’ to receive a benefit from the deceased’s estate, or as a result of having waived the right. All in all, the system enacted in the German Civil Code (BGB) in 1900 has proved to be comparatively stable; even the amendments of 2010 as a result of the Act on the Reform of the Law of Succession and Prescription were rather modest and have shifted the balance between freedom of testation and family solidarity only very slightly in the direction of freedom of testation. This is often seen as confirmation that, essentially, the rules of the BGB provide a solution that is both pragmatic and reasonable. The Federal Constitutional Court has even, in 2005, ruled that a certain minimum participation for children in a deceased’s estate not only does not contravene the constitutional guarantee of ‘property and the right of inheritance’ in Article 14(1) GG, but is itself protected by that provision.
Compulsory Portion and Family Provision in the Netherlands
Authors: Kolkman Wilbert D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyses the Dutch rules on mandatory family protection. It starts with a historical overview, leading to the Civil Code of 1838 with its forced heirship (on the French model). In 2003, the Netherlands moved from this forced heirship (in kind) to a compulsory portion (in value) for descendants (on the German model). For the surviving spouse and the children the new Civil Code introduced ‘other statutory entitlements’ in the form of a right of usufruct and lump sums. The results is a hybrid system of family protection, with both civil law (fixed portion) and common law (discretionary claim) features. The chapter sheds light on a number of problems arising from this complex system, such as the role of gifts. It concludes by arguing that the compulsory portion can be abolished.
Compulsory Portion and Minimum Inheritance in Norway
Authors: Scherpe Jens M , Eeg Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter describes the current law of succession in Norway with regard to mandatory protection of family members, explains its historical background, and situates it in the debates surrounding the changed realities of family life in the twenty-first century. Family law and family life have undergone many changes, not least the increasing prevalence of second or third families/remarriages and cohabitation, as well as the acceptance of same-sex families. The chapter argues that, despite recent reform proposals, the limited changes implemented by reforms in 2019 fall short of what is required of a modern law of succession for all families in Norway.
Mandatory Family Protection in the Common Law Tradition
Authors: Reid Kenneth G C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In medieval English law, widows were entitled to dower and widowers to curtesy, both being life interests in the deceased’s real property. In addition, the personal property of the deceased was divided according to a tripartite system, with surviving spouse and children being entitled to one-third each and only the final third being available for disposal by will. The tripartite system was abandoned in the early modern period though it survives still in Scotland. But dower and curtesy remained and were exported to the British Empire. In the United States they had a rich future, developing into the fixed ‘elective share’ of the deceased’s estate which is available, in many states, for the surviving spouse. Elsewhere, dower and curtesy faded away during the nineteenth century giving rise to almost complete freedom of testation. This freedom was, however, short-lived. In 1900, New Zealand, having considered but rejected the tripartite system of fixed shares still used in Scotland, introduced a discretionary ‘family provision’ by which courts could make awards to close family members. The New Zealand model was soon copied throughout Australia, in the common law provinces of Canada, and, in 1938, in England and Wales itself. The chapter considers the reasons for the abandonment of freedom of testation, and examines the debate in New Zealand, England, and the Republic of Ireland as to whether family protection was best achieved by a system of fixed shares, as in Scotland, or by a system involving judicial discretion.
Is There New Capacity for Redistribution to End Poverty in MICs?
Authors: Hoy Christopher , Sumner Andy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Amartya Sen’s famous study of famines found that people died not because of a lack of food availability in a country but because some people lacked entitlements to that food. Is a similar situation now the case for middle-income countries, meaning that national resources are available but are not used to end poverty? This chapter argues that (i) MICs account for a large proportion of global poverty; (ii) most MICs have the financial capacity to end poverty at least at lower poverty lines. Our findings provide a rationale for a stronger consideration of some national redistribution for purely instrumental reasons: to reduce or end global poverty sooner than waiting for growth. Our findings also support the extension of Sen’s theory of famines to global poverty meaning global poverty is increasingly a matter of national inequality.
Patron Saints: (2) Continental European Ethical Philosophy
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which the distinctive conception of the moral order in conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism bears testament to the metaphysical and epistemological imprints of continental European ethical philosophy as it evolved in the period from the 1880s to the 1930s. Ethical philosophy helped to give flesh to their conception of liberalism as about human flourishing. The chapter begins by reflecting on the complex relationship with Adam Smith as political economist and moral philosopher and on the enormous importance of Immanuel Kant in shaping the broad parameters of the way in which conservative liberals and Ordo-liberals engaged with the ethical basis of liberalism. The founding thinkers of this tradition rejected Sigmund Freud, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The chapter investigates in depth the complex connections—far from neat causal relationships—between conservative liberals and Ordo-liberals and a range of philosophers with whom they had often studied or knew as family friends: Rudolf Eucken, Edmund Husserl, Max Scheler, Nicolai Hartmann, William James, and G. E. Moore, as well as the special case of Louis Rougier and of French positivism in the work of Rougier and Jacques Rueff. Attention is also paid to the Euckenbund (Eucken Association). This context is important in understanding the hostility of the founding thinkers to determinism, subjectivism, utilitarianism, naturalism, empiricist Realism, and moral relativism. A contrast is drawn between the differing philosophical roots of the early Austrian tradition and Ordo-liberalism. The chapter closes with an examination of the implications of developments in philosophy for the reception of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism and of the problematic relationship between truth and relevance as it arises in economic and financial crisis.
Patron Saints: (3) Theological Foundations of Ordo and Religious Traces
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of religion and theological debate in conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism. It looks at the ethical and strategic roles of religion: for Walter Eucken, Lutheran faith should act as a guide; for Friedrich Hayek, an agnostic, religion had instrumental value in gathering support. The central reference point of Ordo-liberalism was in Lutheran thought and Reformed Protestantism; their cross-national reach; the ascetic and austere moral seriousness they imparted to debates about civic virtue and the just economic order; and the effect on their attitudes to John Maynard Keynes and Joseph Schumpeter. The chapter shows how this link played a key role in the Freiburg resistance circles to the Third Reich; the work by Franz Böhm, Eucken, and others on the Bonhoeffer Memorandum; and the secularized Calvinism of James Buchanan and Frank Knight. The chapter also explores the complex and difficult relationship to Roman Catholic Scholastic thought, notably the concept of Ordo; to Catholic social thought as it evolved from the late nineteenth century, notably about social solidarity; and to Classical humanism, as represented by Stoicism; and the relatively late development of Lutheran social ethics. The challenge of building bridges to Catholicism has been a persistent concern, notably in the writings of Wilhelm Röpke. The chapter also looks at Catholic theologians who have engaged with Ordo-liberalism; the appeal of ‘thinking in orders’ within Catholicism; and successive relevant papal encyclicals. The chapter closes with reflections on the contemporary relevance of religion and its role in upholding the values of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism.
Conservative Liberalism in American and British Political Economy
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the key figures in American and British conservative liberalism; the context in which they thought and wrote; how their thinking evolved; the reception of Ordo-liberalism; and the significance of conservative liberalism in their wider political economies. It shows why conservative liberalism did not flourish in a consistent manner, even with British Conservatives and American Republicans in power. Its significance was conditioned by cultural, historical, and institutional legacies, notably contending national unifying myths; by ideological competition from parties that gave primacy to reducing inequality of wealth and income and to economic security; by the structures of political incentives; and by crises and accidents. In the United States, the obstacles included opposition from the interventionism of the New Deal and the national security state, from the libertarianism of the frontier spirit, and from the idea of a Christian America, along with the structures of divided government. In Britain, they were linked to the post-war role of the welfare state and the global player in national unifying myth and the long shadow of Keynes. The chapter examines in detail the contributions of James Buchanan, Frank Knight, Walter Lippmann, and Henry Simons to US economic and political thought. In the case of Britain, the chapter focuses on Edwin Cannan, Ralph Hawtrey, William Hutt, Lionel Robbins, and Alan Peacock. The chapter concludes with reflections on the prospects of conservative liberalism, including on the contributions of John Rawls and Amartya Sen.
Representation of Language
Authors: Rey Georges 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This book is a defense, against mostly philosophical objections, of a Chomskyan postulation of an internal, innate computational system for human language that is typically manifested in native speaker’s intuitive responses to samples of speech. But it is also a critical examination of some of the glosses on the theory: the assimilation of it to traditional Rationalism; a supposed conflict between being innate and learned; an unclear ontology which requires what I call a “representational pretense” (whereby linguists merely pretend for the sake of exposition that, e.g., tokens of words are uttered); and, most crucially to my concerns, Chomsky’s specific eliminativism about the role of intentionality not only in his own theories, but in any serious science at all. This last is a fundamentally important issue for linguistics, psychology, and philosophy that I hope an examination of a theory as rich and promising as a Chomskyan linguistics will help illuminate. I will also touch on some peripheral issues that Chomsky seems to me to mistakenly associate with his theory: an anti-realism about ordinary thought and talk, and a peculiar dismissal of the mind/body problem(s), toward the solution of some of which I think his theory actually makes a promising contribution.