bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinship Practices Among Alternative Family Forms in Western Industrialized Societies
Authors: Furstenberg Frank F. , Harris Lauren E. , Pesando Luca Maria , Reed Megan N. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis article discusses how kinship is construed and enacted in diverse forms of the family that are now part of the culturally pluralistic family system of Western societies.BackgroundThis study is the second in a pair documenting changes over the past century in the meaning and practice of kinship in the family system of Western societies with industrialized economies. While the first paper reviewed the history of kinship studies, this companion piece shifts the focus to research explorations of kinship in alternative family forms, those that depart from the standard nuclear family structure.MethodThe review was conducted running multiple searches on Google Scholar and Web of Science directly targeting nonstandard family forms, using search terms such as “cohabitation and kinship,” “same‐sex family and kinship,” and “Artificial Reproductive Technology and kinship,” among others. About 70% of studies focused on the United States, while the remaining 30% focused on other industrialized Western societies.ResultsWe identified three general processes by which alternative family forms are created and discussed how kinship practices work in each of them. The first cluster of alternative family forms comes about through variations of formal marriage or its absence, including sequential marriages, plural marriages, consensual unions, single parenthood, and same‐sex marriages and partnerships. The second cluster is formed as a result of alterations in the reproduction process, when a child is not the product of sexual intercourse between two people. The third cluster results from the formation of voluntary bonds that are deemed to be kinship‐like, in which affiliation rests on neither biological nor legal bases.ConclusionFindings from this study point to a broad cultural acceptance of an inclusive approach to incorporating potential kin in “family relationships.” It is largely left to individuals to decide whether they recognize or experience the diffuse sense of emotional connectedness and perceived obligation that characterize the bond of kinship. Also, family scripts and kinship terms often borrow from the vocabulary and parenting practices observed in the standard family form in the West. Concurrently, the cultural importance of biology remains strong.ImplicationsThis study concludes by identifying important gaps in the kinship literature and laying out a research agenda for the future, including building a demography of kinship.
Prestigious language, pigeonholed speakers: Stances towards the ‘native English speaker’ in a multilingual European institution
Authors: Lovrits Veronika , de Bres Julia 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCritical sociolinguistics has demonstrated that the social construct of the ‘native speaker’ has a strong impact on people's lives, but research on ‘native speaker effects’ in the workplace remains rare. This article examines such effects from the perspective of four ‘native English speaker’ trainees on temporary contracts in a multilingual European Union institution in Luxembourg. Applying the framework of sociolinguistic stance to interview data and drawings, we examine how the participants position themselves towards the ‘native English speaker’ construct at work, and how they think others position them. According to our participants, ‘native English speaker’ positioning confers privilege but restricts opportunities, demonstrating that the interest of a multilingual organisation in using the ‘native English speaker’ as a resource does not automatically provide a powerful position to ‘native English speaking’ workers. Our results featuring trainees in precarious labour conditions raise broader issues regarding the precaritisation of language work in the EU.
Telemedicine HCV treatment in department of corrections results in high SVR in era of direct‐acting antivirals
Authors: Syed Taseen A. , Cherian Reena , Lewis Shawn , Sterling Richard K. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractChronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is common in the Department of Corrections (DOC). Telemedicine is an effective way to treat HCV. The goal of this report was to demonstrate high SVR rate in DOC patients using telemedicine irrespective of the HCV genotype (GT) and DAAs used. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were prospectively collected. A total of 870 DOC patients were evaluated and completed HCV therapy June 2015‐December 2019 with SVR data were included. The mean age was 50 years, 90% were male, 63% were Caucasian, the majority (79%) had GT 1, 92% were treatment naive, and 80% had advanced fibrosis (FIB‐4 ≥ 3.25 and/or transient elastography ≥ 9.5 kPa). The overall SVR was 97% and was similar among all DAAs irrespective of age, sex, race, HIV status, fibrosis level, GT, ribavirin use, prior treatment experience or DAA duration. We conclude that HCV treatment in the DOC through telemedicine is achievable and highly effective with overall SVR 97%, irrespective of the underlying GT or DAA regimen used and can eliminate HCV in this microenvironment and reduce the overall burden of HCV.
Long‐term changes in Italian mountain forests detected by resurvey of historical vegetation data
Authors: Lelli Chiara , Nascimbene Juri , Alberti Davide , Agostini Nevio , Zoccola Antonio , Piovesan Gianluca , Chiarucci Alessandro 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimIn the last decades most European mountain forests have been abandoned after centuries of human management, paving the way for a landscape planning oriented to the conservation and rewilding of forest ecosystems. By resurveying historical vegetation plots in a mountain area of the Italian Apennines (southern Europe), we focused on yet overlooked processes in this area, to allow for a more comprehensive picture of the ongoing dynamics at a broad forest landscape scale.LocationMountain forests in the northern Apennines, Italy.MethodsWe resampled 22 historical forest vegetation plots recorded between 1934 and 1961. In each original quasi‐permanent plot, three plots were sampled to improve the reliability of the comparison. We analyzed changes in forest cover, structure, alpha, beta, and gamma diversity, and ecological groups focusing on the understorey species community.ResultsForests are getting poorer in species in the understorey, with a higher tree layer and denser canopy cover. Alpha and gamma diversity significantly decreased from the original to the resurveyed plots. Several species of open habitats were associated with the original plots, while in the resurveyed plots several shade‐adapted species were detected. Forest cover in the surroundings of the sites remained stable for the higher sites along the Apennines mountain ridge, while major changes in the surroundings and in species composition were detected for the plots located at lower elevations and marginal sites.ConclusionsOur main findings are in line with the majority of resurvey studies performed in European forests, with a general mesification of local communities after management cessation. Despite the limited number of available historical plots, their location along a wide gradient of elevation and naturalness allowed considering also the importance of site location, forest continuity and marginality as drivers of changes that need to be taken into account when planning conservation actions for restoration of mature forests.
Large‐scale prion protein genotyping in Canadian caribou populations and potential impact on chronic wasting disease susceptibility
Authors: Arifin Maria Immaculata , Staskevicius Antanas , Shim Su Yeon , Huang Yuan‐Hung , Fenton Heather , McLoughlin Philip D. , Mitchell Gordon , Cullingham Catherine I , Gilch Sabine 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPolymorphisms within the prion protein gene (Prnp) are an intrinsic factor that can modulate chronic wasting disease (CWD) pathogenesis in cervids. Although wild European reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) were infected with CWD, as yet there have been no reports of the disease in North American caribou (R. tarandus spp.). Previous Prnp genotyping studies on approximately 200 caribou revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at codons 2 (V/M), 129 (G/S), 138 (S/N), 146 (N/n) and 169 (V/M). The impact of these polymorphisms on CWD transmission is mostly unknown, except for codon 138. Reindeer carrying at least one allele encoding for asparagine (138NN or 138SN) are less susceptible to clinical CWD upon infection by natural routes, with the majority of prions limited to extraneural tissues. We sequenced the Prnp coding region of two caribou subspecies (n = 986) from British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Yukon, Nunavut and the Northwest Territories, to identify SNPs and their frequencies. Genotype frequencies at codon 138 differed significantly between barren‐ground (R. t. groenlandicus) and woodland (R. t. caribou) caribou when we excluded the Chinchaga herd (p < .05). We also found new variants at codons 153 (Y/F) and 242 (P/L). Our findings show that the 138N allele is rare among caribou in areas with higher risk of contact with CWD‐infected species. As both subspecies are classified as Threatened and play significant roles in North American Indigenous culture, history, food security and the economy, determining frequencies of Prnp genotypes associated with susceptibility to CWD is important for future wildlife management measures.
Gene flow creates a mirage of cryptic species in a Southeast Asian spotted stream frog complex
Authors: Chan Kin O. , Hutter Carl R. , Wood Perry L. , Grismer L. L. , Das Indraneil , Brown Rafe M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMost new cryptic species are described using conventional tree‐ and distance‐based species delimitation methods (SDMs), which rely on phylogenetic arrangements and measures of genetic divergence. However, although numerous factors such as population structure and gene flow are known to confound phylogenetic inference and species delimitation, the influence of these processes is not frequently evaluated. Using large numbers of exons, introns, and ultraconserved elements obtained using the FrogCap sequence‐capture protocol, we compared conventional SDMs with more robust genomic analyses that assess population structure and gene flow to characterize species boundaries in a Southeast Asian frog complex (Pulchrana picturata). Our results showed that gene flow and introgression can produce phylogenetic patterns and levels of divergence that resemble distinct species (up to 10% divergence in mitochondrial DNA). Hybrid populations were inferred as independent (singleton) clades that were highly divergent from adjacent populations (7%–10%) and unusually similar (<3%) to allopatric populations. Such anomalous patterns are not uncommon in Southeast Asian amphibians, which brings into question whether the high levels of cryptic diversity observed in other amphibian groups reflect distinct cryptic species—or, instead, highly admixed and structured metapopulation lineages. Our results also provide an alternative explanation to the conundrum of divergent (sometimes nonsister) sympatric lineages—a pattern that has been celebrated as indicative of true cryptic speciation. Based on these findings, we recommend that species delimitation of continuously distributed “cryptic” groups should not rely solely on conventional SDMs, but should necessarily examine population structure and gene flow to avoid taxonomic inflation.
Spatial gradients of introgressed ancestry reveal cryptic connectivity patterns in a high gene flow marine fish
Authors: Robinet Tony , Roussel Valérie , Cheze Karine , Gagnaire Pierre‐Alexandre 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAssessing genetic connectivity among populations in high gene flow species is sometimes insufficient to evaluate demographic connectivity. Genetic differentiation quickly becomes zero as soon as a few dozen migrants are exchanged per generation. This provides little information to determine whether migration can ensure demographic coupling. The resulting difficulties in delineating conservation units for the management of commercially exploited marine fish species are well illustrated in the case of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Previous attempts to assess connectivity patterns in the northeast Atlantic have been hampered by a lack of spatial genetic structure. In contrast, mark‐recapture data suggested low migration rates between regional spawning areas. Here, we show how a spatial gradient of introgressed Mediterranean ancestry across the northeast Atlantic reflects cryptic patterns of genetic and demographic connectivity. Using a 1K SNP chip data set in 827 individuals sampled from Portugal to the North Sea, we found null overall genetic differentiation across the northeast Atlantic. We however detected a subtle latitudinal admixture gradient originating at the edge of the contact zone with the Mediterranean sea bass lineage. Two significant breaks in the ancestry gradient at the tip of Galicia and northern Brittany indicated barriers to effective dispersal between demographically distinct units. Moreover, a northward expansion signal in Irish and North Seas was revealed by the surfing of rare Mediterranean alleles at the edge of the species range. Our results show that introgressed ancestry gradients offer a powerful alternative to assess genetic and demographic connectivity when the neutral migration‐drift balance is not informative.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Straightening the road from the Rome criteria
Authors: Camilleri Michael 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA sequence of consensus‐based Rome criteria for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) has been published since 1989. The fundamental definition based on abdominal pain in association with bowel dysfunction has been consistent. However, two major changes occurred in the Rome II and IV criteria. The former change involved “splitting off” of symptoms that were not consistently associated with pain, such as functional, constipation, diarrhea, and bloating. In Rome IV, the main changes were the exclusion of discomfort (in contrast to pain) and the more stringent frequency criteria for the pain to be eligible for diagnosis of IBS (specifically, on average, at least 1 day per week in the last 3 months). Validation studies of the consensus, symptom‐based criteria have identified multiple deficiencies that question the rationale for “splitting” the different syndromes, and favor a simpler identification of the classical symptoms of abdominal pain, bowel dysfunction, and bloating, and exclusion of alarm symptoms. Advances in the identification of actionable biomarkers related to the symptoms suggestive of functional gastrointestinal disorders have the potential to usher a change in practice from positive diagnosis of symptom complexes followed by empirical treatment to identification of the mechanisms causing the symptoms and targeted therapy.
Ecological legacies of past human activities in Amazonian forests
Authors: McMichael Crystal N.H. 
Published: August 2020

SummaryIn Amazonia, human activities that occurred hundreds of years ago in the pre‐European era can leave long‐lasting effects on the forests – termed ecological legacies. These legacies include the intentional or nonintentional enrichment or depletion of certain species. The persistence of these legacies through time varies by species, and creates complex long‐term trajectories of post‐disturbance succession that affect ecosystem processes for hundreds of years. Most of our knowledge of Amazonian biodiversity and carbon storage comes from a series of several hundred forest plots, and we only know the disturbance history of four of them. More empirical data are needed to determine the degree to which past human activities and their ecological legacies affect our current understanding of Amazonian forest ecology.
Urban sprawl and childhood obesity
Authors: Wu Tong , Yang Shujuan , Liu Meijing , Qiu Ge , Li Hanqi , Luo Miyang , Jia Peng 
Published: August 2020

SummaryUrban sprawl is thought to be a risk factor for childhood obesity primarily because the physical environment it creates discourages children's physical activity while encouraging their sedentary behavior. However, there has not been any review on the association between urban sprawl and childhood obesity. This study filled this research gap by comprehensively reviewing literature focusing on associations between urban sprawl and weight‐related behaviors and outcomes among children and adolescents. Only two longitudinal and three cross‐sectional studies conducted in two countries were identified. Sample sizes ranged from 2324 to 129 781. Four studies used weight status, and only one study used both behaviors and weight status as outcome variables. All positive, negative, and non‐significant associations were reported. This review could not identify a clear association between urban sprawl and childhood obesity. More longitudinal studies are needed for in‐depth analyses on this important topic in more regions, which would be important not only for public health guidelines but also for research, practice, and policies in urban planning.
A qualitative study of handovers at shift changeovers in five care homes for older people in England
Authors: Norrie Caroline , Moriarty Jo , Lipman Valerie , Elaswarapu Rekha , Manthorpe Jill 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundIt is widely acknowledged that inadequate handovers are associated with putting patients at risk in clinical settings; however, handover practices have received little attention in other 24‐hr settings such as long‐stay residential care facilities.AimThis study aimed to explore the perceived purpose and organisational processes involved in the handover of information between shifts of staff caring for older residents in five care homes in England.MethodsThe study took an ethnographic approach to fieldwork, undertaken between February and June 2016. It consisted of observations of handovers (n = 12) and interviews with managers, Registered Nurses (RNs) and care assistants (n = 27) working day and night shifts. Interview transcripts and observation notes were analysed within NVivo using a matrix approach.ResultsHandovers were highly variable in all five care homes in relation to their timings, locations, content and participants. Managers and RNs highlighted handovers as an opportunity for risk assurance, supervision, team building, staff education and monitoring of residents’ clinical status. In comparison, care assistants considered the purpose of handovers to be prepared for the responsibilities of working a shift. The discussion addresses implications of these findings, particularly consideration of how best use can be made of RN skills and knowledge in handovers.ConclusionResearch is needed to identify whether care home resident safety can be linked to handover practices and how the presence of RNs in handovers in care homes affects this.Implications for practiceCare home managers, RNs and care workers may find this research useful in practice when considering how best to organise handovers and deploy staff in care homes for older people.
Injury Mechanism of Acute Anterior Shoulder Dislocation Associated with Glenoid and Greater Tuberosity Fractures: A Study Based on Fracture Morphology
Authors: Dai Fei , Xiang Ming , Yang Jin‐song , Chen Hang , Hu Xiao‐chuan , Zhang Qing , Li Yi‐ping 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveBased on the morphological characteristics of glenoid and greater tuberosity (GT) fractures and the relationship between them, we explored the injury mechanism of acute anterior shoulder dislocation associated with glenoid and GT fractures.MethodsFrom December 2013 to December 2019, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of patients who were diagnosed with acute anterior shoulder dislocation associated with glenoid and GT fractures in our hospital. According to the fracture site, a glenoid fracture group and a greater tuberosity fracture (GT) group were established, and the morphological characteristics of both glenoid and GT fractures were measured and statistically analyzed.ResultsA total of 41 patients (43 shoulders) met the inclusion criteria (39 unilateral shoulders and 2 bilateral shoulders). The mean age was 50.21 years (range, 22–71 years). A total of 27 shoulder injuries (62.8%) were split GT fractures and 33 shoulder injuries (76.7%) were combined with rotator cuff tears. The mean size of glenoid fragments was 30.16% and the mean displacement was 8.85 mm. The mean size of GT fragments was 28.43 mm. The mean superoinferior and anteroposterior displacements of the GT fragment were 6.77 mm and 4.96 mm, respectively. There was a negative correlation between the size of glenoid and GT fracture fragments (r = −0.64, P < 0.05). The glenoid fragments in the Ideberg type Ia glenoid fracture group were smaller than those in the Ideberg type II glenoid fracture group (28.41% and 40.95%, respectively), while the size of GT fragments in the type Ia group were larger than those in the type II group (29.77 mm and 20.21 mm, respectively) (P < 0.05). The GT fragments in the split GT fracture group were larger than those in the avulsion or depression GT fracture group (33.69 mm, 19.07 mm and 21.12 mm, respectively), while the size of glenoid fragments in the split GT fracture group were smaller than those in the avulsion or depression GT fracture group (23.57%, 41.37%, and 43.42%, respectively) (P < 0.05). As for the displacement direction of GT fragments, depression fractures were mainly inferior displacements, avulsion fractures were mainly anterosuperior displacements, while split fractures were mainly posteroinferior displacements (P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis suggested that the type and the fragment size of GT fractures have a significant influence on the size of glenoid fragments.ConclusionAcute anterior shoulder dislocations associated with glenoid and GT fractures are often combined with rotator cuff tears. There is a negative correlation between the size of glenoid and GT fragments, and split GT fractures are most common. Such injuries are highly correlated to the relative spatial location between the GT and the glenoid when the shoulder dislocates.
Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Gutierrez Alejandra , Ash Jerry , Akdemir Baris , Alexy Tamas , Cogswell Rebecca , Chen Jane , Adabag Selcuk 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundVentricular tachycardia (VT) is a common arrhythmia in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction but its incidence, predictors, and significance have not been determined in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of arrhythmias in two cohorts of patients with an HFpEF diagnosis. Patients in cohort 1 (n = 40) underwent routine arrhythmia surveillance with a 14‐day ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) monitor. Patients in cohort 2 (n = 85) had cardiac pacemakers and underwent routine device interrogations.ResultsIn cohort 1, 13 patients (32.5%) had one or more episodes of nonsustained VT (NSVT) on ambulatory ECG. In cohort 2, 38 patients (44.7%) had NSVT on cardiac pacemaker interrogations. During a median (interquartile range) follow‐up of 3.0 (1.6 to 5.1) years, 15 (12%) patients died (20% of patients with NSVT versus 6.8% of those without NSVT; P = .03). In logistic regression analysis, NSVT was associated with a 3.4‐fold higher odds of death (95% confidence interval 1.08 to 10.53; P = .04) in HFpEF.ConclusionsIn conclusion, patients with HFpEF have a relatively high, and possibly underappreciated, burden of NSVT, which confers a higher risk of mortality. The frequent episodes of NSVT in these patients may provide insight into the mechanism of sudden cardiac death in HFpEF.