bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Pediatric Dental Program Directors’ Selection of Residents and Demographics of Current Directors
Authors: Majewski Robert F. , da Fonseca Marcio A. , DeVries Eric S. , Hu Jan C. , Murdoch‐Kinch Carol Anne 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe primary goal of this study was to examine the criteria that influence rankings of candidates by advanced education program directors in pediatric dentistry. Secondary objectives were to obtain information on the resident selection process and to explore demographics of current program directors. A survey was sent in 2005 to all sixty‐three program directors of pediatric dentistry residency programs accredited within the United States for the graduating class of 2007. The survey had a response rate of almost 78 percent (49/63). Respondents were requested to rank the importance of eleven factors that are typically included in the selection criteria for pediatric dentistry residents. Factors were rated on a scale of critical, very important, fairly important, somewhat important, and not important. The four highest ranked criteria by program directors were the following, in order: National Board scores, dental school clinical grades, class rank, and grade point average (GPA). Other factors ranked in descending order of perceived importance were the following: dental school basic science grades, experience in pediatric dentistry, extracurricular activities, completion of a general practice residency or advanced education in general dentistry program, the application essay, a publication or professional presentation, and private practice experience. All directors ranked personal interviews as very important to critical. Letters of recommendation from a pediatric dentistry department chairperson or faculty member were viewed more favorably than letters from dental school deans and non‐pediatric dentistry faculty. Fifty‐seven percent of the directors responding (28/49) were male, and 81 percent (40/49) were white, non‐Hispanic. Fifty‐nine percent of the directors (29/49) graduated from a residency program over twenty years ago, with 39 percent (19/49) having been a director for less than five years.
An Assessment of Promotion and Tenure Requirements at Dental Schools
Authors: Pilcher Elizabeth S. , Kilpatrick Anne Osborne , Segars John 
Published: June 2020

AbstractTenure and promotion are integral parts of the academic environment; however, in this era of growing shortages of faculty, as the baby boomers retire and the majority of dentists choose private practice, recruitment and retention may be affected by the way institutions handle promotion and tenure. A national survey of U.S. dental schools conducted in 2007 assessed the existence of multiple employment tracks for faculty and examined the requirements for promotion and tenure. All responding schools reported the existence of multiple tracks for academic faculty appointments. Many dental schools reported that they provided opportunity for faculty members to switch from one track to another, thus circumventing the traditional “up‐or‐out” policy. The number of schools offering non‐tenure appointment tracks has also increased. This finding indicates an apparent increase over time in flexibility regarding tracks and tenure. The majority of schools did not report requirements for the number of publications necessary for promotion. Those that did report requirements showed an increase in expected scholarly activity relative to past studies, indicating that it may be more difficult than ever to achieve promotion.
Implication of hsa_circ_0028007 in reinforcing migration, invasion, and chemo‐tolerance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells
Authors: Qiongna Dong , Jiafeng Zhang , Yalin Hao , Ping He , Chuan Zhou , Xiaojie Jin , Miaomiao Zhao , Yiting Shao , Hui Zhao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundGiven the reliability of circRNAs in symbolizing cancer progression, this investigation was designed to expound the involvement of hsa_circ_0028007 in regulating chemosensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells.MethodsAltogether, 241 pairs of NPC tissues and para‐cancerous normal tissues were collected to identify NPC‐symbolic circRNAs, which have been screened by circRNA microarray in advance. Expressions of the circRNAs were determined by means of real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Besides, human NPC cell lines (ie, CNE2 and HONE1) were transfected by si‐hsa_circ_0028007 and si‐NC. Scratch assay, transwell assay, and MTT assay were performed to assess migration, invasion, and paclitaxel/cisplatin‐resistance of NPC cell lines.ResultsHsa_circ_0028007 expression was abnormally heightened within NPC tissues in comparison with matched non‐tumor tissues (P < .05). Over‐expressed hsa_circ_0028007 was strongly associated with advanced (III‐IV) tumor stage, aggressive infiltration, and metastatic lymph nodes of NPC patients (P < .05). Regarding in vitro experiments, hsa_circ_0028007 expression was elevated in CNE2 and HONE1 cell lines as compared with HENE cell line (P < .05). Silencing of hsa_circ_0028007 not merely sensitized CNE2 and HONE1 cells against paclitaxel and cisplatin (P < .05), but also significantly repressed migration and invasion of the cell lines (P < .05).ConclusionHsa_circ_0028007 was involved in facilitating progression and chemo‐resistance of NPC, which might offer an alternative for NPC treatment.
Use of carglumic acid in valproate‐induced hyperammonemia: 25 pediatric cases
Authors: Palomino Pérez Laura María , Martín‐Rivada Álvaro , Cañedo Villaroya Elvira , García‐Peñas Juan José , Cuervas‐Mons Vendrell Margarita , Pedrón‐Giner Consuelo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractHyperammonemic encephalopathy is a rare but potentially dangerous complication of the antiepileptic drug (AED) sodium valproate (VPA). We report a retrospective study of 25 pediatric patients, (15 females [60%]; age: 7.6 ± 4.9 years), with different underlying disorders, who suffered from hyperammonemia due to VPA and who were treated with carglumic acid (CA). The duration of treatment with VPA was 15 ± 1 month, with a dose of 40 ± 16.6 mg/kg/d. VPA blood levels were 75.5 ± 60 mg/L with seven patients being overdosed (>100 mg/L). Twenty‐three patients received concomitant treatment with other AEDs. The initial dose of CA was 100 mg/kg. Subsequently, CA doses of 25 mg/kg were given to 22 patients every 6 hours (average treatment length 2.17 ± 1.1 days) until ammonemia was normalized. In nine patients, CA was used in combination with other drugs to treat hyperammonemia. In all cases, blood ammonia levels were brought under control and symptoms of hyperammonemia resolved. Two hours after CA administration, the average reduction in ammonium levels was 53 ± 29 and 88.6 ± 47.5 μmol/L at 24 hours, resulting in a statistically significant decrease when compared to pretreatment levels. There were no statistically significant differences between sexes, in the presence or not of cognitive impairment or previous carnitine treatment. There were no statistically significant differences when comparing treatment with CA plus ammonia scavengers vs CA alone. In 17 patients (68%) VPA was discontinued and 62% of the patients who maintained treatment had recurrent episodes of hyperammonemia.
The possible impairment of respiratory‐related neural loops may be associated with the silent pneumonia induced by SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Tan Bai‐Hong , Zhang Yan , Gui Yue , Wu Shuang , Li Yan‐Chao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAs compared to many other viral pulmonary infections, there existed several peculiar manifestations in the COVID‐19 patients, including the “silence” of pneumonia in both mild and severe cases and a long intensive care unit stay for those requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. Similar silent pneumonia has been documented in the infectioninduced by H5N1 influenza virus HK483 and was found to result from the direct attack of the virus on the bronchopulmonary C‐fibers at the early stage and the final infection in the brainstem at the late stage. The long stay of critical patients in the intensive care unit is possibly due to the depression of central respiratory drive, which resulted in the failure to wean from the mechanic ventilation. Carotid and aortic bodies and bronchopulmonary C‐fibers are two key peripheral components responsible for the chemosensitive responses in the respiratory system, while triggering respiratory reflexes depends predominantly on the putative chemosensitive neurons located in the pontomedullary nuclei. In view of the findings for the H5N1 influenza virus, the silence of pneumonia induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 may be due to the possible impairment of peripheral chemosensitive reflexes as well as the damage to the respiratory‐related central neurons.
COVID‐19: A perspective on Africa's capacity and response
Authors: Dzinamarira Tafadzwa , Dzobo Mathias , Chitungo Itai 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGlobal powerhouses with tried and tested health systems have struggled to contain the COVID‐19 pandemic. One is left to wonder what will be left of Africa, the second most populous continent after Asia, which is torn by civil wars, hunger, and diseases like AIDS and TB and, in recent years, the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). The majority of countries’ health systems, already dependent on donor aid, are ill‐equipped and under‐resourced to deal with the raging pandemic. There is a lack of isolation and intensive care infrastructure, ventilators, and financial resources to bankroll the fight against COVID‐19 pandemic. However, there is some cause for optimism, for example, in West Africa where infrastructure like diagnostic testing facilities, intensive care units, surveillance, and systems for reporting emergencies used during the EVD outbreak of 2013–2016 can be leveraged to fight the COVID‐19 pandemic. Further, a number of African countries have responded swiftly by activating the necessary political and financial tools to combat the pandemic. Technical support from continental bodies like the Africa Centers for Disease Control and global development partners has improved the capacity of the continent to handle the pandemic. In this article, the authors unpack, review, and share a perspective on Africa's capacity to contain and control the COVID‐19 pandemic and review the current response.
Potential for elimination of SAR‐CoV‐2 through vaccination as inspired by elimination of multiple influenza viruses through natural pandemics or mass vaccination
Authors: Chen Ji‐Ming , Sun Ying‐Xue , Chen Ji‐Wang 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by the novel virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has claimed many lives worldwide. To combat the pandemic, multiple types of vaccines are under development with unprecedented rapidity. Theoretically, future vaccination against COVID‐19 may fall into long‐term costly guerrilla warfare between SARS‐CoV‐2 and humans. Elimination of SARS‐CoV‐2 through vaccination to avoid the potential long‐term costly guerrilla warfare, if possible, is highly desired and worth intensive consideration. Human influenza pandemics emerging in 1957, 1968, and 2009 established strong global herd immunity and led to the elimination of three human influenza viruses, which circulated worldwide for years before the pandemics. Moreover, both clade 7.2 of subtype H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and subtype H7N9 avian influenza virus circulated in poultry in China for years, and they have been virtually eliminated through mass vaccination in recent years. These facts suggest that the rapid establishment of global herd immunity through mass vaccination using an appropriate vaccine could eliminate SARS‐CoV‐2. The coming 2 years are a golden time for elimination through vaccination, which requires tremendous national and international collaboration. This review also prioritizes the efficacy of vaccines for COVID‐19 and elucidates the importance of the development of more live vaccines for COVID‐19.
Can fructose influence the development of obesity mediated through hypothalamic alterations?
Authors: Cargnin‐Carvalho Anderson , de Mello Aline Haas , Bressan Joice Benedet , Backes Kassiane Mathiola , Uberti Marcela Fornari , Fogaça Jéssica Benedet , da Rosa Turatti Cristini , Cavalheiro Eulla Keimili Fernandes Ferreira , Vilela Thais Ceresér , Rezin Gislaine Tezza 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEpidemiological data from the last decades point to an exponential growth in the number of obese people. Different behavioral factors, mainly associated with food consumption, appear to contribute significantly to its development. Concomitant with increased obesity rates, an increase in the consumption of fructose has been observed; therefore, fructose consumption has been implicated as an important obesogenic factor. However, changes in brain activity due to fructose consumption are possible, especially in relation to hypothalamic satiety mechanisms. In addition, the obese state may provide an environment of chronic inflammation and further contribute to the discontinuation of satiety mechanisms in the hypothalamus. We briefly review the intrinsic alterations to the increased adipose tissue, its connections with the hypothalamus in the control of energy signaling mechanisms and, consequently, the participation of fructose as a co‐adjuvant or trigger. Presenting the current context with clinical trials involving human and animal studies, we seek to contribute to a better understanding of the role of fructose in the progression of obesity.
Metabolic health and lifestyle medicine should be a cornerstone of future pandemic preparedness
Authors: Wood Thomas R. , Jóhannsson Guðmundur F. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe recent impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has shown major differences in infrastructure and approach across healthcare systems worldwide. One thing we can already be certain of is that governments and policy makers worldwide will place a greater focus on pandemic preparedness in the future. However, as well as ensuring that robust pipelines for rapid test, highly effective treatment or vaccine, and personal protective equipment (PPE) production are in place, we must address underlying resilience and susceptibility of our populations to infectious disease. Although the true spread and case fatality rate of SARS‐CoV‐2 may not be known for several months or even years, what is becoming increasingly clear is the significant degree to which underlying conditions associated with suboptimal metabolic health appear to be associated with poor outcomes in those with COVID‐19. Considering the nature of these underlying conditions, such as obesity and hypertension, lifestyle‐based approaches are likely to be one of our best tools in order to address ongoing and future disease burden during pandemics.
In Vivo Photodynamic Therapy With a Lipophilic Zinc(II) Phthalocyanine Inhibits Colorectal Cancer and Induces a Th1/CD8 Antitumor Immune Response
Authors: Chiarante Nicolás , Duhalde Vega Maite , Valli Federico , Zotta Elsa , Daghero Hellen , Basika Tatiana , Bollati‐Fogolin Mariela , García Vior María C. , Marino Julieta , Roguin Leonor P. 
Published: June 2020

Background and ObjectivesPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is an antitumor procedure clinically approved for the treatment of different cancer types. Despite strong efforts and promising results in this field, PDT has not yet been approved by any regulatory authority for the treatment of colorectal cancer, one of the most prevalent gastrointestinal tumors. In the search of novel therapeutic strategies, we examined the in vivo effect of PDT with a lipophilic phthalocyanine (Pc9) encapsulated into polymeric poloxamine micelles (T1107) in a murine colon carcinoma model.Study Design/Materials and MethodsIn vivo assays were performed with BALB/c mice challenged with CT26 cells. Pc9 tumor uptake was evaluated with an in vivo imaging system. Immunofluorescence, western blot, and flow cytometry assays were carried out to characterize the activation of apoptosis and an antitumor immune response.ResultsPc9‐T1107 effectively delayed tumor growth and prolonged mice survival, without generating systemic or tissue‐specific toxicity. The induction of an apoptotic response was characterized by a decrease in the expression levels of Bcl‐XL, Bcl‐2, procaspase 3, full length Bid, a significant increment in the amount of active caspase‐3 and the detection of PARP‐1 cleavage. Infiltration of CD8+ CD107a+ T cells and higher levels of interferon‐γ and tumor necrosis factor‐α were also found in PDT‐treated tumors.ConclusionsPc9‐T1107 PDT treatment reduced tumor growth, inducing an apoptotic cell death and activating an immune response. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Patients' satisfaction and safety of bulk injection therapy Urolastic for treatment of stress urinary incontinence: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Casteleijn Fenne M. , Kowalik Claudia R. , Berends Claudia , Blaganje Mija , Lasić Pecev Mateja , van der Linden Ellen , Zwolsman Sandra E. , Roovers Jan‐Paul W. R. , Minnee Pieter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsPrimary outcome was to evaluate patients' satisfaction after being treated with bulk injection therapy polydimethylsiloxane Urolastic (PDMS‐U) for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Secondary outcomes were: subjective cure, objective cure, severity of SUI symptoms, complications, reintervention rate, and disease‐specific quality of life. Furthermore, to determine if outcomes worsened during time‐after‐treatment (time‐frames: 0‐12, 13‐24, and ≥25 months).MethodsIn a cross‐sectional design, patients treated with PDMS‐U were recruited for hospital revisit. The primary outcome, patients' satisfaction, was assessed by the surgical satisfaction questionnaire. Subjective cure, objective cure, and severity of symptoms were assessed by the patients global impression of improvement, standardized cough stress test, and Sandvik severity scale, respectively. Medical charts and face‐to‐face interviews were used to determine complications and reinterventions.ResultsAbout 110 patients participated, 87 revisited the hospital. Median follow‐up was 25 months (interquartile range: 14;35 months). Patients' satisfaction rate was 51%. Subjective and objective cure were respectively 46% and 47%. Most prevalent complications were: urinary retention (22%), pain (15%), and dyspareunia (15%). Exposure and erosion occurred in 7% and 5%, respectively. Reintervention rate of reinjection and excision of bulk material was 6% and 18.0%, respectively. Objective cure significantly worsened during time‐after‐treatment (P = < .05).ConclusionsAbout half of the patients being treated with PDMS‐U were satisfied and subjectively cured 2 years after treatment, although the majority still experienced symptoms of SUI. Most complications were mild and transient, however, in 18% excision of bulk material was indicated for severe or persistent complications such as pain, exposure, or erosion.
Contemporary Synthesis of Ultrasmall (sub‐10 nm) Upconverting Nanomaterials
Authors: Joshi Tanmaya , Mamat Constantin , Stephan Holger 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDue to their unique photophysical properties, upconverting nanoparticles (UCNPs), i. e. particles capable of converting near‐infrared (NIR) photons into tunable emissions in the range of ultraviolet (UV) to NIR, have great potential for use in various biomedical fields such as bioimaging, photodynamic therapy and bioanalytical applications. As far as biomedical applications are concerned, these materials have a number of advantageous properties such as brilliant luminescence and exceptional photostability. Very small “stealth” particles (sub‐10 nm), which can circulate in the body largely undetected by the immune system, are particularly important for in vivo use. The fabrication of such particles, which simultaneously have a defined (ultrasmall) size and the required optical properties, is a great challenge and an area that is in its infancy. This minireview provides a concise overview of recent developments on appropriate synthetic methodologies to produce such UCNPs. Particular attention was given to the influence of both surfactants and dopants used to precisely adjust size, crystalline phase and optical properties of UCNPs.
Assessing public expenditure efficiency at the subnational level in India: Does governance matter?
Authors: Mohanty Ranjan Kumar , Bhanumurthy N. R. 
Published: June 2020

The issue of public expenditure efficiency has drawn the attention of both policymakers and researchers globally. The paper attempts to measure the efficiency of government expenditures on the social sector, especially health and education, among the major Indian states using various data envelopment analysis. The paper also attempts to understand what drives public expenditure efficiency. The results suggest that there is a wide variation in the efficiency of public spending as well as scope for resource‐saving at the subnational level in India. It finds that states are spending their resources more efficiently on education than on health and the overall social sector spending. It also finds that quality of governance, economic growth, and mothers' schooling affects the efficiency of education, health, and social sector with governance to have a larger effect compared to other factors. Overall, the study suggests that improving governance could yield better outcomes from public expenditure.Highlights
The paper looks at understanding the issue of public expenditure of efficiency of education, health, and overall social sector over the 15 year period since the year 2000, broadly covering the millennium development goal period at the subnational level in India.
By using data envelopment analysis, the study derives the efficiency scores for major states for three‐time periods for input‐oriented, output‐oriented, and nonoriented conditions.
The results broadly suggest that there is wide divergence in terms of efficiency levels across the states and also finds some spatial patterns. States in Western region appear to be more efficient than compared to other regions.
Overall, the states appear to be spending efficiently on the education compared to health.
In terms of what explains such divergences in efficiency levels, the study looks at broader determinants‐overall governance‐with conditional variables such as level of incomes and mothers' schooling.
The econometric results suggest that it is the level of governance that affects the efficiency levels at the subnational level in India.
How I approach peer support in pediatric hematology/oncology
Authors: Nadel Amy L. , Barbach Nancy , Fish Jonathan D. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPeer support has begun to gain traction as a mechanism for improving well‐being in medicine. In this paper, we share our experience building, training, and piloting a peer support team based on a “critical incident stress management” model. The HOPES team (Helping Our Peers Endure Stress) is dedicated to, and composed entirely of, members of our division of pediatric hematology/oncology. Peer support will not solve all the well‐being problems afflicting medicine. It is, however, a very good place to start.