bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional models of core-collapse supernovae from low-mass progenitors with implications for Crab
Authors: Stockinger G , Janka H-T , Kresse D , Melson T , Ertl T , Gabler M , Gessner A , Wongwathanarat A , Tolstov A , Leung S-C , Nomoto K , Heger A 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present 3D full-sphere supernova simulations of non-rotating low-mass (∼9 M⊙) progenitors, covering the entire evolution from core collapse through bounce and shock revival, through shock breakout from the stellar surface, until fallback is completed several days later. We obtain low-energy explosions (∼0.5–1.0 × 1050 erg) of iron-core progenitors at the low-mass end of the core-collapse supernova (LMCCSN) domain and compare to a super-AGB (sAGB) progenitor with an oxygen–neon–magnesium core that collapses and explodes as electron-capture supernova (ECSN). The onset of the explosion in the LMCCSN models is modelled self-consistently using the vertex-prometheus code, whereas the ECSN explosion is modelled using parametric neutrino transport in the prometheus-HOTB code, choosing different explosion energies in the range of previous self-consistent models. The sAGB and LMCCSN progenitors that share structural similarities have almost spherical explosions with little metal mixing into the hydrogen envelope. A LMCCSN with less second dredge-up results in a highly asymmetric explosion. It shows efficient mixing and dramatic shock deceleration in the extended hydrogen envelope. Both properties allow fast nickel plumes to catch up with the shock, leading to extreme shock deformation and aspherical shock breakout. Fallback masses of $\mathord {\lesssim }\, 5\, \mathord {\times }\, 10^{-3}$ M⊙ have no significant effects on the neutron star (NS) masses and kicks. The anisotropic fallback carries considerable angular momentum, however, and determines the spin of the newly born NS. The LMCCSN model with less second dredge-up results in a hydrodynamic and neutrino-induced NS kick of &gt;40 km s−1 and a NS spin period of ∼30 ms, both not largely different from those of the Crab pulsar at birth.
Automatic disturbance identification for linear quadratic Gaussian control in adaptive optics
Authors: Wang Jiaying , Guo Youming , Kong Lin , Zhang Lanqiang , Gu Naiting , Chen Kele , Rao Changhui 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) control is an appealing control strategy to mitigate disturbances in adaptive optics (AO) systems. The key of this method is to quickly and consecutively build an accurate dynamical model to track time-varying disturbances such as turbulence, wind load and vibrations. In order to address this problem, we propose an automatic identification method consisting mainly of an improved spectrum separation procedure and a parameter optimization process based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The improved spectrum separation can pick out perturbation peaks more accurately, especially when some peaks are very close together. Moreover, compared with the Levenberg–Marquardt method and the maximum-likelihood technique based on grids, the PSO algorithm has a faster convergence speed and lower computational burden, and thus is easier to implement. The entire identification process can run automatically online without human intervention. This identification method is verified with a synthetic disturbance profile in a simulation. Furthermore, the performance of the method is evaluated with consecutive measurement data recorded by the 1-m New Vacuum Solar Telescope at the Fuxian Solar Observatory.
Expansions of tree amplitudes for Einstein–Maxwell and other theories
Authors: Zhou Kang , Hu Shi-Qian 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The expansions of tree-level scattering amplitudes for one theory into amplitudes for another theory, which have been studied in recent work, exhibit hidden connections between different theories that are invisible in the traditional Lagrangian formulism of quantum field theory. In this paper, the general expansion of tree Einstein–Maxwell amplitudes into the Kleiss–Kuijf basis of tree Yang–Mills amplitudes has been derived by applying a method based on differential operators. The obtained coefficients are shared by the expansion of tree $\phi^4$ amplitudes into tree BS (bi-adjoint scalar) amplitudes and the expansion of tree special Yang–Mills scalar amplitudes into tree BS amplitudes, as well the expansion of tree Dirac–Born–Infeld amplitudes into tree non-linear sigma model amplitudes.
Deconstructing Negative Symptoms in Individuals at Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis: Evidence for Volitional and Diminished Emotionality Subgroups That Predict Clinical Presentation and Functional Outcome
Authors: Gupta Tina , Cowan Henry R , Strauss Gregory P , Walker Elaine F , Mittal Vijay A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Negative symptoms are characteristic of schizophrenia and closely linked to numerous outcomes. A body of work has sought to identify homogenous negative symptom subgroups—a strategy that can promote mechanistic understanding and precision medicine. However, our knowledge of negative symptom subgroups among individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis is limited. Here, we investigated distinct negative symptom profiles in a large CHR sample (N = 244) using a cluster analysis approach. Subgroups were compared on external validators that are (1) commonly observed in the schizophrenia literature and/or (2) may be particularly relevant for CHR individuals, informing early prevention and prediction. We observed 4 distinct negative symptom subgroups, including individuals with (1) lower symptom severity, (2) deficits in emotion, (3) impairments in volition, and (4) global elevations. Analyses of external validators suggested a pattern in which individuals with global impairments and volitional deficits exhibited more clinical pathology. Furthermore, the Volition group endorsed more disorganized, anxious, and depressive symptoms and impairments in functioning compared to the Emotion group. These data suggest there are unique negative symptom profiles in CHR individuals, converging with studies in schizophrenia indicating motivational deficits may be central to this symptom dimension. Furthermore, observed differences in CHR relevant external validators may help to inform early identification and treatment efforts.
Integrating Parasite Eradication with Family Planning: The Colonial Legacy in Post-War Medical Cooperation in East Asia
Authors: Homei Aya , DiMoia John P 
Published: June 2020

Summary
This article depicts how anti-parasite and family planning campaigns developed in Japan and Korea independently after the Second World War, as specifically domestic public health initiatives that directly contributed to the post-war reconstruction (Japan) and nation-building (South Korea) exercises, and examines how they were later incorporated into development aid projects from the 1960s. By juxtaposing domestic histories of Japan as a former coloniser, and South Korea as its former colony, the article explores colonial legacies in post-war medical cooperation in East Asia. Furthermore, by clarifying how Japanese and South Korean development aid projects both grew from the links that existed in their respective domestic histories, the article aims to highlight complexities engrained in the history and to shed new light on a historiography that often locates the origins of development aid in colonial history.
The Effects of a Pain Psychology and Neuroscience Self-Evaluation Internet Intervention
Authors: Kohns David J. , Urbanik Christopher P. , Geisser Michael E. , Schubiner Howard , Lumley Mark A. 
Published: June 2020

Objectives:
Many patients’ chronic musculoskeletal pain is strongly influenced by central nervous system processes such as sensitization or amplification. Education about pain neuroscience can change patients’ beliefs but has less consistent effects on pain outcomes. Patients may have greater clinical benefits if the educational intervention is personalized, and they evaluate various psychosocial risk factors with respect to their pain. We developed and tested a brief, internet-based Pain Psychology and Neuroscience (PPN) self-evaluation intervention.

Materials and Methods:
From a patient registry, 104 adults reporting chronic musculoskeletal pain were randomized to the PPN intervention or a matched, active, education control condition. At baseline and 1-month (primary endpoint) and 10-month follow-ups, participants reported pain severity (primary outcome) and multiple secondary outcomes. Primary analyses compared the 2 experimental conditions using analyses of covariances; post hoc exploratory analyses compared the effects of PPN in subgroups of patients who met criteria for fibromyalgia (FM; n=50) or who did not (n=54; primarily spinal pain).

Results:
At 1-month follow-up, compared with the control condition, PPN led to significantly lower pain severity (ηp
2=0.05) and interference (ηp
2=0.04), greater brain (ηp
2=0.07) and psychological (ηp
2=0.07) attributions for pain, and greater readiness for pain self-management (ηp
2=0.08). Effects on distress, pain catastrophizing, kinesiophobia, and life satisfaction were not significant. Exploratory analyses showed that the PPN intervention was especially beneficial for patients without FM but was of less benefit for those with FM. Most of the effects (except attributions) were lost at 10 months.

Discussion:
A brief PPN self-evaluation intervention, presented on-line, can yield short-term improvements in musculoskeletal pain severity and interference, especially for people with spinal/localized pain rather than FM, perhaps because the psychology/neuroscience perspective is more novel for such patients.
Effect of IV Push Antibiotic Administration on Antibiotic Therapy Delays in Sepsis
Authors: Gregorowicz Alex J. , Costello Patrick G. , Gajdosik David A. , Purakal John , Pettit Natasha N. , Bastow Samantha , Ward Michael A. 
Published: June 2020

Objectives:
Timeliness of antibiotic administration is recognized as an important factor in reducing mortality associated with sepsis. According to guidelines, antibiotics should be administered within 1 hour of sepsis presentation and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services mandates administration within 3 hours. This study evaluates the difference in time from sepsis diagnosis to first-dose completion of β-lactam antibiotics between IV push and IV piggyback administration.

Design:
Single-center, retrospective analysis.

Setting:
Urban, tertiary-care emergency department.

Patients:
Inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) adult patients (n = 274) diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock per Sepsis-2 criteria from September to November 2016 and from September to November 2017 and 2) received β-lactam antibiotic.

Interventions:
Initial β-lactam agent administered as either IV push or IV piggyback.

Measurements and Main Results:
Median time (interquartile range) from sepsis diagnosis to administration of a β-lactam antibiotic was 48 minutes (19–96 min) versus 72 minutes (8–180 min) and to administration of the complete broad-spectrum regimen was 108 minutes (66–144 min) versus 114 minutes (42–282 min) in the IV push (n = 143) versus IV piggyback (n = 131) groups, respectively. When controlling for time to sepsis diagnosis and other factors, IV push was associated with approximately 32-minute time savings to β-lactam (β = –0.60; 95% CI, –0.91 to –0.29) and approximately 32-minute time savings to broad-spectrum (β = –0.32; 95% CI, –0.62 to –0.02) antibiotic administrations. The IV push group was less likely to fail the goal of β-lactam antibiotics within 1 hour (44.6% vs 57.3%; odds ratio, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.34–3.86) and 3 hours (7.6% vs 24.5%; odds ratio, 4.31; 95% CI, 2.01–10.28) of sepsis diagnosis compared with IV piggyback. The IV push strategy did not affect mortality, need for ICU admission, or ICU length of stay. No adverse events, including infusion reactions, were found in either arm.

Conclusions:
Use of an IV push strategy may safely facilitate more rapid administration of β-lactam antibiotics and may allow for better compliance with sepsis management guidelines.
Development of an Integer-based Risk Score to Predict 90-Day Mortality After Hepatectomy in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Qi Yongyue , LeVan Tricia D. , Haynatzki Gleb , Are Chandrakanth , Farazi Paraskevi A. 
Published: June 2020

Background:
The incidence of liver cancer has more than tripled since 1980. Hepatectomy represents the major curative treatment for liver cancer. The risk factors associated with 90-day mortality after hepatectomy are not well understood and there are currently no good prediction models for this outcome. The objectives of the current study were to identify risk factors of 90-day mortality after hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and to develop an integer-based risk score using the National Cancer Database.

Methods:
Hepatectomies recorded in the National Cancer Database during 2004-2012 were reviewed for 90-day mortality. Risk factors were identified by multivariate logistic regression models. An integer-based risk score was developed using the β coefficients derived from the logistic regression model and tested for discriminatory ability. According to the total risk score, patients were grouped into 4 risk groups.

Results:
The overall 90-day mortality was 10.2%. Ten risk factors were identified, which included sex, age, race/ethnicity, insurance status, education, annual hospital volume, stage, tumor grade, Charlson-Deyo Score, and surgical procedure. The risk of 90-day mortality was stratified into 4 groups. The calculated 90-day mortality rates were 2.47%, 5.88%, 12.58%, and 24.67% for low-risk, medium-risk, high-risk, and excessive-risk groups, respectively. An area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.69 was obtained for model discrimination.

Conclusions:
The integer-based risk score we developed could easily quantify each patient’s risk level and predict 90-day mortality after hepatectomy. The stratified risk score could be a useful addition to perioperative risk management and a tool to improve 90-day mortality after hepatectomy.
Impact of choosing the closest rather than the mean auscultatory blood pressure value on the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol device validation results
Authors: Padwal Raj , Wood Peter W. , McLean Donna , Ringrose Jennifer S. 
Published: June 2020

Objective
When calculating the difference between alternating auscultatory reference standard (ARS) and the automated device-under-test (DUT) blood pressure (BP) measurements, the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol (ESH-IP) allows investigators to choose the closest ARS value to the DUT value, rather than using the mean of the ARS readings [which is mandated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)]. The impact of this rule on ESH-IP validation study results is unknown and was assessed.

Design and methods
Nine alternating BP measurements performed according to the ISO protocol were obtained in 94 subjects. The impact of using the closest rather than the mean ARS reading on mean error, SD of the difference, and proportion of readings with DUT-ARS differences within 5, 10, and 15 mmHg was determined.

Results
Mean age was 58.6 ± 18.3 years, screening BP was 126.4/77.7 mmHg, and arm circumference was 32.0 ± 4.7 cm. DUT-ARS difference was 0.0 ± 5.3/−0.5 ± 5.0 mmHg using the closest ARS and −0.2 ± 6.5/−0.7 ± 5.9 mmHg using the mean ARS. When using the closest rather than the mean ARS value, the proportion of systolic readings with absolute DUT-ARS differences ≤5 mmHg was 73% (vs. 60% for the mean ARS method), ≤10 mmHg was 93% (vs. 88%), and ≤15 mmHg was 99% (vs. 98%). Corresponding values for diastolic BP were 73% (vs. 62%) for differences ≤5 mmHg, 94% (vs. 91%) for ≤10 mmHg, and 99% (vs. 99%) for ≤15 mmHg.

Conclusion
Using the closest rather than the mean ARS value results in more favourable validation study results and increases likelihood of passing.
New updates in the world of hepatitis C virus infected organ transplantation
Authors: Prakash Katya , Aslam Saima 
Published: June 2020

Purpose of review
With the advent of direct acting antiviral (DAA) therapy, the use of organs from hepatitis C virus infected (HCV+) donors is gaining more traction. In this review, we aim to: provide an overview of recent literature that supports the use of HCV+ organs, outline ongoing challenges to the use of these organs, and highlight the areas within this field where active investigation is ongoing.

Recent findings
The present review describes clinical outcomes related to the transplantation of both HCV+ nonviremic and viremic organs and the distinction between hepatic and nonhepatic transplants. It also discusses the current debate pertaining to the ideal treatment strategy for donor-derived HCV infection, that is pre-emptive therapy versus prophylaxis therapy.

Summary
Data suggest that the use of HCV+ organs is an effective and relatively well tolerated strategy to combat the organ scarcity. However, clinicians must be vigilant to a signal of increased inflammation as HCV+ organ transplantation becomes more universal. Recent studies suggest that shorter courses of DAA may sufficiently treat donor-derived HCV infection, however the best treatment approach to minimize risk, cost, and toxicity is still under investigation.
Gastroepiploic Lymph Node Flap Harvest for Patients With Lymphedema
Authors: Manrique Oscar J. , Bustos Samyd S. , Kuruoglu Doga , Yan Maria , Ciudad Pedro , Forte Antonio J. , Chen Hung-chi 
Published: June 2020

Background
Vascularized gastroepiploic lymph node flaps have become a popular option to treat patients with extremity lymphedema. Overall, 2 surgical approaches to harvest this flap have been described: laparoscopic and open. In this study, we analyzed complications, harvesting time, and patient satisfaction scores, comparing these 2 techniques.

Methods
Between 2012– and 2018, all patients with extremity lymphedema and candidates for the gastroepiploic flap harvest were included. Two groups were compared: open and laparoscopic approaches. Flap harvest time, postoperative pain, complications, return of gastrointestinal motility, time to discharge, and patient satisfaction scores were assessed.

Results
A total of 177 patients were included, of which 126 underwent laparoscopic harvest and 51 patients underwent open approach. Only 2 patients in the laparoscopic group had prior abdominal surgery not related to cancer treatment compared with 7 patients in the open approach (P < 0.01). Average surgical completion time for the laparoscopic versus open approach was 136 and 102 minutes, respectively (P < 0.02). Postoperative complications for the laparoscopic versus open were as follows: 1 patient developed pancreatitis and 2 developed ileus in the laparoscopic approach, whereas 3 patients developed ileus, 1 developed small bowel obstruction, 2 developed superficial site infection, and 1 developed minor wound dehiscence in the open approach. No patient required further surgical intervention. Average return of gastrointestinal function was 1 day (laparoscopic) and 2 days (open), respectively. On a pain scale, pain scores at postoperative day 1 and upon discharge were on average 3 versus 7 and 2 versus 5, respectively (P < 0.05). Lengths of hospital stay were on average 2 days in the laparoscopic group and 5 days in the open group (P < 0.001). Patient satisfaction scores based on pain and scars were significantly better in the laparoscopic group versus open group (P < 0.03).

Conclusions
These data support that a minimal invasive approach is ideal and efficient when resources are available. In addition, the lower complication rate and high patient satisfaction scores give promising feedback to continue offering this technique.
Blunt cerebrovascular injury: The case for universal screening
Authors: Leichtle Stefan W. , Banerjee Debolina , Schrader Robin , Torres Beth , Jayaraman Sudha , Rodas Edgar , Broering Beth , Aboutanos Michel B. 
Published: June 2020

BACKGROUND
Current evidence-based screening algorithms for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI) may miss more than 30% of carotid or vertebral artery injuries. We implemented universal screening for BCVI with computed tomography angiography of the neck at our level 1 trauma center, hypothesizing that only universal screening would identify all clinically relevant BCVIs.

METHODS
Adult blunt trauma activations from July 2017 to August 2019 underwent full-body computed tomography scan including computed tomography angiography neck with a 128-slice computed tomography scanner. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of common screening criteria. We determined independent risk factors for BCVI using multivariate analyses.

RESULTS
A total of 4,659 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, 2.7% (n = 126) of which had 158 BCVIs. For the criteria outlined in the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program Best Practices Guidelines, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 72.2%, 64.9%, 6.8%, 98.5%, and 65.2%, respectively; for the risk factors suggested in the more extensive expanded Denver criteria, they were 82.5%, 50.4%, 5.3%, 98.9%, and 51.4%, respectively. Twenty-three percent (n = 14) of patients with BCVI grade 3 or higher would not have been captured by any screening criteria. Cervical spine, facial, and skull base fractures were the strongest predictors of BCVI with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of 8.1 (5.4–12.1), 5.7 (2.2–15.1), and 2.7 (1.5–4.7), respectively. Eighty-three percent (n = 105) of patients with BCVI received antiplatelet agents or therapeutic anticoagulation, with 4% (n = 5) experiencing a bleeding complication, 3% (n = 4) a BCVI progression, and 8% (n = 10) a stroke.

CONCLUSION
Almost 20% of patients with BCVI, including a quarter of those with BCVI grade 3 or higher, would have gone undiagnosed by even the most extensive and sensitive BCVI screening criteria. Implementation of universal screening should strongly be considered to ensure the detection of all clinically relevant BCVIs.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Diagnostic study, level III.
Physical Exercise and Longitudinal Trajectories in Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers and Cognitive Functioning
Authors: Stojanovic Marta , Jin Yuxuan , Fagan Anne M. , Benzinger Tammie L. , Hassenstab Jason , Cruchaga Carlos , Morris John C. , Head Denise 
Published: June 2020

Introduction:Associations of physical exercise with Alzheimer disease (AD) biomarkers and cognitive functioning have been observed cross-sectionally. However, the effects of exercise on longitudinal change in AD biomarkers have not been thoroughly investigated. The current study examined whether individuals with higher baseline exercise exhibited less longitudinal change in AD biomarkers and cognitive functioning, and whetherAPOEand/or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) genotypes moderated the effects of exercise on longitudinal changes.Methods:Clinically normal individuals completed a questionnaire on physical exercise over the prior 10-year period at baseline. Ninety-five individuals had serial cerebrospinal fluid samples collected to examine Aβ42, ptau181and total tau; 181 individuals underwent multiple assessments of amyloid positron emission tomography imaging with Pittsburgh Compound-B; 327 individuals underwent multiple cognitive assessments, including measures of episodic memory, executive functions, verbal fluency, and processing speed.Results:Greater exercise was associated with less steep decline in processing speed. Baseline exercise did not robustly impact longitudinal change for any other outcomes. NeitherAPOEnorBDNFgenotype robustly moderated the effect of exercise on trajectories of AD biomarkers or cognitive decline.Interpretation:Results suggest that self-reported physical exercise may be limited as a moderator of changes in AD biomarkers.