bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement Method of Nanofibrils Length
Authors: Warji W , Purwanti N , Mardjan S S , Yuliani S 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nanofibril is a bio material in the form of fibrils and nano-sized. These fibrils can be made from protein; one of them is soy protein isolate (SPI). Nanofibrils can be used in the fields of food and medicine, for example, shells of microcapsules, food thickener, and food texture makers. To utilize this nanofibril need to know the characteristics of nanofibrils. One of the important characteristics of nanofibrils is the diameter and length of nanofibrils. Based on the shape of the fibrils that can be taken from the image with TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) visible irregular curved fibrils. Therefore we need a measurement method that can measure the length of the nanofibrils. One such method is to trace the image of the fibril and convert it to a certain scale. Methods that can be used to trace and measure the length of the curve are using the GDG Measure It to DRAW X4, X5, X6 which is nested in Corel DRAW X4 (Evaluation Version). Based on the results of calibration and trials show this method can be used to measure the length of nanofibrils with an error of about 0.17%.
Sensitivity analysis of nitrocellulose production from palm oil empty fruit bunches
Authors: Panjaitan Jabosar Ronggur Hamonangan , Gozan Misri 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nitrocellulose as a propellant can be obtained using a nitration reaction of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches (POEFBs). In this study, we examined the sensitivity analysis of nitrocellulose production from POEFBs based on POEFBs price, electricity price, nitrocellulose price, and production capacity. The results showed that economic evaluations without sensitivity analysis deviations produced NPV, IRR, PBP and ROI in the values of US$ 1,437,097, 18.36%, 4.51 years and 16.31%. The most influential variable in the sensitivity analysis of nitrocellulose production was nitrocellulose price and production capacity. On the other side, POEFBs price and electricity price did not significantly affect the sensitivity analysis of nitrocellulose production.
Tunable Schottky barrier height of ZnO films by Cu doping
Authors: Nurfani E , Kesuma W A P , Lailani A , Anrokhi M S , Kadja G T M , Rozana M , Sipahutar W S , Arif M F 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnderstanding a mechanism behind photosensitivity in oxide materials is important to realize future photodetector devices. We have studied electrical properties of ZnO:Cu (0-2.5 at.%) films deposited by a spray technique. Here, Ag-ZnO-Ag planar configuration was used to study the Schottky barrier. Using current-voltage (I-V) characterization, a significant increment in the photocurrent is observed in all samples, indicating a photosensitivity behavior. The Schottky barrier is clearly observed in the doped sample. The Cu concentration of 1.5 at.% show the highest Schottky barrier height (0.8 eV), which may be originated from carrier trapping under dark and carrier de-trapping under ultraviolet radiation. Thus, our result is essential to improve the functionality of ZnO for photodetector applications.
Antidiabetic Bioactivity Test Of Chromium(III) And Copper(II) Complex Compounds On Mice (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Ambarwati Y , Septiani L , Bahri S , Yandri  , Hadi S , Kesumaningrum N D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The Chromium(III) complex compounds have been known to reduce glucose levels in people with type 2 diabetes. This study aims to test the antidiabetic bioactivity of mice from the synthesis of complex compounds of Cr(III) and Cu(II) with amino acid alanine. The antidiabetic testing was carried out in vivo using alloxan-induced mice. Antidiabetic test results are expressed in %GL (Glucose Lowering) for Cr-alanine dose of 50 μg at 29.79%, dose of 100 μg at 37.13%, and a dose of 200 μg at 59.19%. Whereas at Cu-alanine dose of 50 μg was 25.39%, dose of 100 μg was 33.87%, and the dose of 200 μg was 54.96%. Antidiabetic tests show that the Cr-alanine complex compound is more effective in reducing blood glucose levels in mice compared with Cu-alanine.
The Role of Sustainable Development Approaches in Addressing Urban Tensions in Cities
Authors: Al-Khafagy Z. F. , Al-Hinkawi W. Sh. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the stages of their development, cities become a grouping of different urban contexts as a result of development projects of all kinds, which generates, over time, spatial tensions at different levels and dimensions within cities in their different contexts.
Previous literature have pointed out the phenomenon of urban tension, between the existing systems and the process of withdrawing them towards sustainability, or as a result of globalization and rapid urbanization that brought with it many tensions and contradictions in urban environments. The research has classified these tensions into: economic, such as the effects of the recent global financial crisis; social tensions that have been exacerbated by persistent poverty and discrimination worldwide; migration pressures and social disintegration as a result of economic restructuring; and environmental tensions due to ecosystems threatened by uncontrolled flows of energy and waste. The research indicated the tension between any two entities during the development process, where the tension occurs between what is added and what is existing of urban systems. The research aims to clarify and explain the urban tension, its causes and manifestations, and to present global experiences to reach a comprehensive theoretical framework for sustainable development approaches and ways to activate them to address urban tension in local contexts to achieve sustainable, safe, and livable cities.
Urban Acupuncture, a Strategy for Development: Case Study of Al-Rusafa, Baghdad
Authors: Al-Hinkawi W. Sh. , Al-Saadi S. M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
City centres face many social and environmental challenges, such as environmental pollution, narrowing or lacking green spaces, low urban quality of life and loss of vitality. These challenges have brought calls for sustainable development. The strategy of urban acupuncture has emerged as a model and approach for developing third-generation cities. It combines the principles of urban design with the traditional medical theory of acupuncture: catalytic and energy-intensive interventions in the urban fabric regulate so-called “energy flows” (environmental, social, cultural and informational) within the city. The strategy transforms the scope of acupuncture into the larger urban context, as needles refresh the whole patient’s body through the healing of parts. Our research problem is the lack of a comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms of acupuncture theory and its benefits in the context of city centres. To address the research problem, we built a comprehensive theoretical framework for the concept of acupuncture and the levels of intervention in general. We propose an acupuncture theory for revitalizing city centres in particular, which we then test and apply in a part of the historical Rusafa Center in Baghdad City.
Economic revitalization of historical paths, Analytical study of the tourist attraction property
Authors: Khalaf R A , Abbas S S 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Historical Paths suffer from negligence for a long time as a result of inappropriate interventions, the miss use of unsuitable activities and the loss of public space, which took away their tourist attraction. The research problem is represented by “the absence of obvious vision about the role of economic revitalization mechanisms as a type of sustainable revitalization in tourist attraction for the historical paths”. The aim of this paper is to revitalize the historical paths and makes them tourist hubs, while these paths suffer from a physical and economic obsolescence. As well as building a theoretical framework about economic revitalization and its relation to tourist attraction property. The research hypothesis is that “the mechanisms of economic revitalization have a role in achieving the tourist attraction of historical paths, preparing and activating them to become effective and attractive historical tourist paths”. The current study adopted the descriptive analytic methodology in describing and analyzing a selected sample (the path of Suq Al-Safafeer). The research finds that the mechanisms of economic revitalization (such as the density of lands using, functional diversity, functional regeneration and redirecting cultural and artistic activities) played a role in achieving tourist attraction for the historical paths. The research emphasized that economic revitalization can lead to activate these paths if it was invested in sustainable way.
Semi-alive architecture “from healing to self-healing in architecture”
Authors: Kadhom Ghassan Ibrahim , Jaafar Ali Mohsen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Buildings are exposed to external factors, time factor, and usage during their operational life that their sustainability, toughness, and shape get affected negatively. Those factors also reduce the reliability of building materials and technologies used in them since buildings are lifeless being and they don’t possess the properties of living beings. For decades, scientists tried to transform the properties of living beings to various science fields such as computing, architecture, and others. One of the most important properties is the ability of living beings to heal from damage and to resist external factors. The concept of healing in architecture refers to developing maintenance and preservation techniques but they remain traditional and don’t evolve to the concept of sustainability. Therefore, more attention has been given to making buildings possess self-healing property and making them sustainable so that they last for the most possible period while reducing maintenance costs and preserving them. Hence, this study is concerned with “the problem of the absence of a complete knowledgeable vision of the self-healing concept in architecture and that of transferring the properties of this concept from living beings to architecture”, while the object of the study “is to transform buildings from being dead to being semi-alive those can specify and fix damage by themselves, so they can renew themselves or resist external factors”. In order to achieve its objective, this study have taken the concept of healing in general and particularity in architecture form various angles, from the effects of healing on the user or the environment and also the effect on the building itself, to recommending traditional methods of maintenance, renovation, and rehabilitation to achieve healing. Also, the study was concerned with self-healing concept in general and how to achieve it in architecture with the aid of technological advancements via surveillance systems of the structural health, developments in building materials, self-assembly, and renewal and how it affected the designers’ design strategy and philosophy. A comparison was also made between healing and self-healing methodologies in order to achieve sustainability in architecture before finishing the study with conclusions.
The Effect of Smart Low Emission Glass Material on Reducing Energy Consumption for Office Building in Hot Arid Climate
Authors: Taha Hiyam Siham , Hassan Susan Abed 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
There were massive innovations in the field of buildings materials at the beginning of the new millennium especially in the field of smart materials. There were many literatures that searched on the role of the smart materials on reduce energy consumption for buildings. This research problem that there was no obvious studies about the effect of smart low emission glass material on reducing energy consumption for office buildings in Baghdad city as an example for hot aired climate cities. Software simulations were used to comparatively estimate the energy performance model for an office building (Baghdad University office tower) after replace the glass of windows with low emission glass. The results showed that reduce of energy consumption reached to 11% as compared to typical type of glass materials.
Automation in architecture and its effect on the regeneration of traditional buildings: Al-Shawi House as a case study
Authors: Al-Tameemi Osamah Abdulmunem , Toma Tara A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The increased applications of technology in the field of architecture, especially digital technology and aspects of automation, have made a major impact on various aspects of local architecture, especially the traditional ones. As these technologies have succeeded in integrating many technological applications in many traditional and heritage buildings and taking them to more complex uses. And included in it characteristics that were not contained, therefore the research problem was concentrated in the absence of a holistic view of the role of the aspects of automation as a technological and design effect and its mutual effects on traditional buildings (especially the traditional Baghdadi houses), in terms of their foundations, indicators and use aspects, where the research aims to apply the characteristics of automation from Through the complementarity of its features, and an attempt to formulate new traditional local architectural text strategically rooted by the technology. This contributes to the advancement of the declining reality of selected models of Baghdadi houses and the attempt to elevate the architecture and use of them through the use of the effects of automation in them. Communication between the past, present and future towards creating a building with a new spirit.
Evaluation of curriculum quality in Architectural Academic Program, Case Study - Outcomes of Architectural Academic Program – (graduates Architects)
Authors: Rizco Nawfal Josef , Yousif Sajjad Yaqoob 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the course of the Academic Program Architect of the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Nahrain in light of international quality standards and your failure by revealing the availability of international quality standards in the architectural academic curriculum. The problem of the study was the extent to which the academic curriculum included international quality standards. In order to achieve the objectives, the researcher used the descriptive analytical method to evaluate the quality of the academic curricula and their vocabulary (knowledge - skill - ability) for developing the efficiency of the academic director. This is done by acquiring a characterization that meets the requirements of the reality of the architectural practice. In addition, the graduate architect through the learning outcomes targeted to the Department of Architecture at the University of Nahrain. A range Results and conclusions have been reached.
Sustainability of Sovereign Buildings in Mesopotamian Civilization
Authors: Al Yaseen Elaf Hasan , Ashour Ammar S , Al-Alwan Hoda A. S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The pattern of sovereign buildings has emerged within the course of the history of architecture around the world and through the succession of civilizations since ancient times. The planning and designing foundations of these buildings were mainly affected by the diverse ruling authorities and differed according to the successive systems of government. The main thing that distinguishes most of the designs of this style of building is their sustainability through the materials used in its construction as a means of perpetuation throughout the ages, constantly marking the eternity of its rulers. The lack of knowledge in previous literature in the field of Architecture about the role of materials and technologies in achieving sustainable sovereign buildings in Mesopotamian civilization, constitutes the main research problem. The aim of the present paper is thus defined as arriving at the establishment of a theoretical framework by which are determined the main principles and mechanisms of materials’ choice and techniques utilized in different eras of ancient Iraqi architecture, to finally benefit from the past experiences to attain sustainable sovereign buildings today and in the future.
The research results confirm the role of the ruling authority (priests and rulers) in the choice of materials and techniques, as a prominent contribution in achieving sustainability and eternity in sovereign buildings of Mesopotamian civilization.
The role of social sustainability in reviving heritage buildings in the city of Baghdad after crises
Authors: Fadhil Halah Issa , Ashour Ammar Salih 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Heritage buildings are an important part of human achievement and city memory, as well as being a cornerstone of the cultural heritage of societies. The City of Baghdad has a rich legacy of heritage buildings that represent various historical periods, which the city has gone through and reflect a place identity and its local communities. These buildings have suffered from cognitive negligence, their importance and poor maintenance during the past decades, as well as the demolitions of many parts of them and their exposure to various types of deterioration, especially during and after the conflicts and crises that the city of Baghdad has gone through. This research explains the role of social sustainability in reviving the heritage of the existing buildings in the City of Baghdad, in particular after crises times. It also discusses the role of social sustainability, based on activities, in revitalising the heritage of buildings by generating new human activities in and around these buildings; this can improve the communication between the social groups and influence their spatial distribution and interaction around the buildings and thus explore buildings’ identity. The aim of this study is to identify appropriate strategies of social sustainability relied on creative new human activities achieved the revival and restoration local cultural identities of the buildings’ heritage. Methods were included the study case approach, Lynch building in Al-Rashid Street, and applying a set of new creative human activities to meet the revitalization. Findings have concluded a clear development for urban development, based on sustainable social patterns of human activities, that enhance the physical, spatial, and cultural identities of buildings’ heritage.
Hydraulic Characteristics of Flow over Submerged Dams
Authors: Shehab Fatin Mahmoud , Jasim Sulaiman Dawood 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study investigates the hydraulic characteristics of two types of submerged dams, where a standard submerged dam and another one supported by an oblique plane with an angle of (16°) constructed with the channel surface. A total of 30 experiments were carried out and 5 discharges for each of the above models were tested. The changes in Froude number (Fr), the length of the hydraulic jump, the distance of the hydraulic jump away from the origin (Dj) in addition to the comparison of the percentage of flow dissipation of energy for the two cases have been studied. The results showed have been indicate a significant changes in the length values of the hydraulic jump (Lj), the distance of the hydraulic jump from the origin (Dj), in addition an increase in the percentage of flow dissipation (E%) when adding the oblique plane to the submerged dam. The two models have been verified based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics to evaluate values for the required variables(E%, Lj, Dj,…) then theoretical and practical results are compared to show the agreement between them. the obtained results exhibit a good compatibility for most cases, especially for the first model where the compatibility ratio of the discharge and the rate of flow dissipation is up to 95% for the standard submerged dam. A compatibility of 97% also has been obtained for the relation between Froude number (Fr) and percentage of flow dissipation E (%) between theoretical and practical laboratory calculations of the above model.
Experimental Comparative Study of Effect of Different Additive Materials on Concrete Mix Alkalinity and Heat Generation
Authors: Fayadh Omer Khalid , Qasim Ola Adel , Farhan Omar Shamal 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
There are different methods to minimize the evolution of heat in concrete. Since the cement is the main component that generates heat, the first procedure may be to reduce its quantities by replacing cement with fine materials that do not release heat during its reaction. This paper studies the influence of different additives (fly ash, silica fume, and metakaolin) to the concrete mixture with different ratios of (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30%) by weight of cement, with different parameters study, were presented, including impact of additives on (compressive strength, alkalinity, heat of hydration with fixed w/c ratio of 0.35, initial setting time, final setting time and impact of w/c ratio on heat of hydration with three w/c ratio of (0.3, 0.35 and 0.4)). The water cementations materials ratio was kept steady at (0.35). The heat of hydration measurement was carried out under isothermal constrain(25±0.1C°). Thermocouples were utilized to evaluate the heat of hydration of concrete by stating time from 0 to 24 hours and measured by a thermoelectric device. Concrete cubes with dimensions 100×100×100 mm for compressive strength test were used and examined at the time of 28 days, using different mix proportions resulted from different percentages of cement additives, to perform the compressive strength test. The results revealed that the Portland cement heat of hydration is retarded in the presence of additives. The decrease in pH of the concrete mix before casting and molding affects the early hydration and strength but improves the later age concrete properties.
Numerical Study of Specially Shaped Slender RC Columns under Compressive Load
Authors: Abdualrahman Safaa Qays , Al-Zuhairi Alaa Hussein 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In most Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings, the cross-section size of rectangular columns that conventionally used in these structures is larger than the thickness of their partitions. Consequently, a part of the column is protruded out of the wall which has some architectural disadvantages. Reducing the column size by using high strength concrete will result in slender column, thus the stability problem may be occurred. The stability problem is difficult to be overcome with rectangular columns. This paper study the effectiveness of using new types of columns called Specially Shaped Reinforced Concrete (SSRC) columns. Besides, the use of SSRC columns provides many structural advantages when compared with traditional rectangular columns. This research was conducted to study the structural behavior of slender SSRC columns via nonlinear finite element analysis using Abaqus program. The study based on twenty-four RC column specimens of the same cross-sectional area and different shapes and Slenderness Ratios (SR). The results showed that the use of SSRC columns led to improve the strength by about 12% and reduce deformations as compared with the square-shaped specimen. However, the columns individually exhibited almost the same trend of decreasing the strength with increasing in SR. In general, a maximum loss in strength of about 10% was found when the SR increased to 40 and 35% for columns with SR of 80. Two design approaches were proposed to evaluate the strength of SSRC columns under concentric loading. The results obtained show a good structural response of SSRC columns as compared with square-shaped columns.