bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iceberg melting substantially modifies oceanic heat flux towards a major Greenlandic tidewater glacier
Authors: Davison B. J. , Cowton T. R. , Cottier F. R. , Sole A. J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFjord dynamics influence oceanic heat flux to the Greenland ice sheet. Submarine iceberg melting releases large volumes of freshwater within Greenland’s fjords, yet its impact on fjord dynamics remains unclear. We modify an ocean model to simulate submarine iceberg melting in Sermilik Fjord, east Greenland. Here we find that submarine iceberg melting cools and freshens the fjord by up to ~5 °C and 0.7 psu in the upper 100-200 m. The release of freshwater from icebergs drives an overturning circulation, resulting in a ~10% increase in net up-fjord heat flux. In addition, we find that submarine iceberg melting accounts for over 95% of heat used for ice melt in Sermilik Fjord. Our results highlight the substantial impact that icebergs have on the dynamics of a major Greenlandic fjord, demonstrating the importance of including related processes in studies that seek to quantify interactions between the ice sheet and the ocean.
Structural basis for inhibition of an archaeal CRISPR–Cas type I-D large subunit by an anti-CRISPR protein
Authors: Manav M. Cemre , Van Lan B. , Lin Jinzhong , Fuglsang Anders , Peng Xu , Brodersen Ditlev E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA hallmark of type I CRISPR–Cas systems is the presence of Cas3, which contains both the nuclease and helicase activities required for DNA cleavage during interference. In subtype I-D systems, however, the histidine-aspartate (HD) nuclease domain is encoded as part of a Cas10-like large effector complex subunit and the helicase activity in a separate Cas3’ subunit, but the functional and mechanistic consequences of this organisation are not currently understood. Here we show that the Sulfolobus islandicus type I-D Cas10d large subunit exhibits an unusual domain architecture consisting of a Cas3-like HD nuclease domain fused to a degenerate polymerase fold and a C-terminal domain structurally similar to Cas11. Crystal structures of Cas10d both in isolation and bound to S. islandicus rod-shaped virus 3 AcrID1 reveal that the anti-CRISPR protein sequesters the large subunit in a non-functional state unable to form a cleavage-competent effector complex. The architecture of Cas10d suggests that the type I-D effector complex is similar to those found in type III CRISPR–Cas systems and that this feature is specifically exploited by phages for anti-CRISPR defence.
Prognostic value of texture analysis from cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients with Takotsubo syndrome: a machine learning based proof-of-principle approach
Authors: Mannil Manoj , Kato Ken , Manka Robert , von Spiczak Jochen , Peters Benjamin , Cammann Victoria L. , Kaiser Christoph , Osswald Stefan , Nguyen Thanh Ha , Horowitz John D. , Katus Hugo A. , Ruschitzka Frank , Ghadri Jelena R. , Alkadhi Hatem , Templin Christian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has become an important technique for non-invasive diagnosis of takotsubo syndrome (TTS). The long-term prognostic value of CMR imaging in TTS has not been fully elucidated yet. This study sought to evaluate the prognostic value of texture analysis (TA) based on CMR images in patients with TTS using machine learning. In this multicenter study (InterTAK Registry), we investigated CMR imaging data of 58 patients (56 women, mean age 68 ± 12 years) with TTS. CMR imaging was performed in the acute to subacute phase (median time after symptom onset 4 days) of TTS. TA of the left ventricle was performed using free-hand regions-of-interest in short axis late gadolinium-enhanced and on T2-weighted (T2w) images. A total of 608 TA features adding the parameters age, gender, and body mass index were included. Dimension reduction was performed removing TA features with poor intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC ≤ 0.6) and those being redundant (correlation matrix with Pearson correlation coefficient r > 0.8). Five common machine-learning classifiers (artificial neural network Multilayer Perceptron, decision tree J48, NaïveBayes, RandomForest, and Sequential Minimal Optimization) with tenfold cross-validation were applied to assess 5-year outcome including major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE). Dimension reduction yielded 10 TA features carrying prognostic information, which were all based on T2w images. The NaïveBayes machine learning classifier showed overall best performance with a sensitivity of 82.9% (confidence interval (CI) 80–86.2), specificity of 83.7% (CI 75.7–92), and an area-under-the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.88 (CI 0.83–0.92). This proof-of-principle study is the first to identify unique T2w-derived TA features that predict long-term outcome in patients with TTS. These features might serve as imaging prognostic biomarkers in TTS patients.
Thymus algeriensis and Thymus fontanesii exert neuroprotective effect against chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain in rats
Authors: Rezq Samar , Alsemeh Amira E. , D’Elia Luigi , El-Shazly Assem M. , Monti Daria Maria , Sobeh Mansour , Mahmoud Mona F. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that the Thymus algeriensis and Thymus fontanesii extracts have powerful anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects against acute pain models. We profiled their chemical composition and found many phenolic acids, flavonoids, and phenolic diterpenes. In this work, we investigated their antioxidant properties on HaCaT cells exposed to UVA-induced oxidative stress and examined their effects against chronic neuropathic pain and the underlying mechanisms. Through a rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model, we induced chronic neuropathic pain by placing 4 loose ligatures around the right sciatic nerve for 14 days. Thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia in addition to cold and dynamic allodynia were tested on the day before surgery and on the 7th and 14th post-surgery days. Key markers of the nitrosative and oxidative stresses, in addition to markers of inflammation, were measured at day 14 post surgery. Histopathological examination and immunostaining of both synaptophysin and caspase-3 of sciatic nerve and brain stem were also performed. Results of this study showed that T. algeriensis extract suppresses UVA oxidative stress in HaCaT cells via activation of the Nrf-2 pathway. Both extracts attenuated hyperalgesia and allodynia at 7- and 14-days post-surgery with more prominent effects at day 14 of surgery. Their protective effects against neuropathic pain were mediated by inhibiting NOX-1, iNOS, by increasing the enzyme activity of catalase, and inhibition of inflammatory mediators, NF-κB, TNF-α, lipoxygenase, COX-2 enzymes, and PGE2. Furthermore, they improved deleterious structural changes of the brainstem and sciatic nerve. They also attenuated the increased caspase-3 and synaptophysin. The data indicate that both extracts have neuroprotective effects against chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain. The observed protective effects are partially mediated through attenuation of oxidative and nitrosative stress and suppression of both neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis, suggesting substantial activities of both extracts in amelioration of painful peripheral neuropathy.
Nod2 protects mice from inflammation and obesity-dependent liver cancer
Authors: Gurses Serdar A. , Banskar Sunil , Stewart Cody , Trimoski Bill , Dziarski Roman , Gupta Dipika 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNod2 is a pattern recognition receptor that modulates host innate immune responses and protects from inflammation, steatosis, and obesity. Obesity and inflammation are risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma, however, the role of Nod2 in obesity-dependent hepatic tumorigenesis is not known. Here we tested the hypothesis that Nod2 protects from high fat diet (HFD)-dependent hepatic cancer. We used an obesity-dependent hepatic tumor model. WT and Nod2−/− mice were treated with the carcinogen dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and maintained on HFD. Nod2−/− mice treated with DMBA and maintained on HFD gain significantly more weight and develop more liver tumors than similarly treated WT mice. Livers of Nod2−/− tumorigenic mice had increased expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, immune responses, and cholesterol biosynthesis, increased infiltration of neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, and T cells, and increased activation of STAT3 and ERK during the later stages of tumorigenesis. Bioinformatic analyses of genes with differential expression predicted an increase in cancer, immune, and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways. In summary, we have identified a novel role for Nod2 and demonstrate that Nod2 protects from HFD-dependent liver malignancy and this protection is accompanied by decreased cell proliferation, inflammation, steroid biosynthesis, neutrophils and macrophages infiltration, and STAT3 and MAPK signaling in the liver.
Interactions between coral propagules in aquarium and field conditions
Authors: Loo Poh Leong , Li Anqi , Tan Koh Siang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe effects of intraspecific and interspecific interactions between three species of scleractinian coral micro-colonies, namely Lithophyllon undulatum, Turbinaria mesenterina and Platygyra sinensis were evaluated for their survivorship, tissue loss and growth in both field (in-situ) and aquarium (ex-situ) conditions over 12 weeks. Regardless of environmental conditions and interactions, L. undulatum survived better (91.7 ± 6.2%) than T. mesenterina (75.0 ± 25.0%) and P. sinensis (60.4 ± 39.5%). Similarly, L. undulatum registered the lowest tissue loss (0.5 ± 0.7%) as compared to T. mesenterina (14.3 ± 19.4%) and P. sinensis (22.0 ± 30.0%). However, P. sinensis gained more weight (3.2 ± 5.2 g) than either T. mesenterina (2.7 ± 2.4 g) or L. undulatum (0.8 ± 1.1 g). In both environments, all three species in intraspecific interaction generally had higher survivorship, lower tissue loss and better growth than those in interspecific interaction except the latter in in-situ conditions had a twofold increase in growth (5.8 ± 3.7 g) than the former in-situ conditions (2.8 ± 3.7 g). Hence, all three species are potentially suitable for transplantation and mariculture except perhaps for P. sinensis which performed poorly in ex-situ conditions. Corals can be transplanted either with different colonies of the same species or together with other coral taxa. This study demonstrated that L. undulatum should be transplanted between T. mesenterina and P. sinensis for optimal growth and survival.
The outcomes of Ilizarov treatment in aseptic nonunions of the tibia stratified by treatment strategies and surgical techniques
Authors: Szelerski Łukasz , Pajchert-Kozłowska Andżelika , Żarek Sławomir , Górski Radosław , Małdyk Paweł , Morasiewicz Piotr 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNonunions of the tibia, particularly those located in the distal third of the bone, are relatively common in clinical practice. There is no gold standard for the treatment of nonunions of the tibia. The purpose of our study was to assess the results of treatment with the Ilizarov method in patients with aseptic nonunions of the tibia, depending on the employed treatment strategies and surgical techniques. A total of 75 patients with Ilizarov treatment of aseptic nonunions of the tibia were evaluated in the study. The patients’s mean age at the beginning of treatment was 46 years. The mean follow-up period was 10 years and 11 months. The evaluated patients underwent either closed technique or open technique. The operators used one of two treatment strategies: neutral fixation without compression or continued compression. The following were assessed: rates of union, ASAMI bone scores, ASAMI functional scores, treatment time, complications, duration of hospital stay. Bone union was achieved in all of the 75 evaluated patients. The results of most analyses showed no significant differences in the assessed variables, except for the ASAMI functional scores, which were higher in the group of patients who underwent closed surgery (Me = 6.00 vs. Me = 4.00). We observed better ASAMI functional score outcomes in the patients who underwent closed fixation than in the open fixation group. The different surgical techniques and treatment strategies had no effect on the number of complications, rates of bone union, length of hospital stay, duration of Ilizarov treatment, or ASAMI bone scores. For managing nonunions of the tibia we recommend the technique of closed fixation without continued compression. The Ilizarov method in the treatment of nonunions of the tibia gives good outcomes.
Processing of coding and non-coding RNAs in plant development and environmental responses
Authors: Si Fuyan , Cao Xiaofeng , Song Xianwei , Deng Xian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Precursor RNAs undergo extensive processing to become mature RNAs. RNA transcripts are subjected to 5′ capping, 3′-end processing, splicing, and modification; they also form dynamic secondary structures during co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional processing. Like coding RNAs, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) undergo extensive processing. For example, secondary small interfering RNA (siRNA) transcripts undergo RNA processing, followed by further cleavage to become mature siRNAs. Transcriptome studies have revealed roles for co-transcriptional and post-transcriptional RNA processing in the regulation of gene expression and the coordination of plant development and plant–environment interactions. In this review, we present the latest progress on RNA processing in gene expression and discuss phased siRNAs (phasiRNAs), a kind of germ cell-specific secondary small RNA (sRNA), focusing on their functions in plant development and environmental responses.
Letter to the Editor Concerning Skuk et al., “Parameter-Specific Morphing Reveals Contributions of Timbre and Fundamental Frequency Cues to the Perception of Voice Gender and Age in Cochlear Implant Users”
Authors: Meister Hartmut , Fuersen Katrin , Streicher Barbara , Lang-Roth Ruth , Walger Martin 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this letter is to compare results by Skuk et al. (2020) with Meister et al. (2016) and to point to a potential general influence of stimulus type.

Conclusion
Our conclusion is that presenting sentences may give cochlear implant recipients the opportunity to use timbre cues for voice perception. This might not be the case when presenting brief and sparse stimuli such as consonant–vowel–consonant or single words, which were applied in the majority of studies.
An engineered 4-1BBL fusion protein with “activity on demand”
Authors: Mock Jacqueline , Stringhini Marco , Villa Alessandra , Weller Michael , Weiss Tobias , Neri Dario 
Published: November 2020

SignificanceAntibody-cytokine fusion proteins have been successfully applied for the treatment of preclinical models of cancer and have yielded promising results in early clinical trials. The antibody moiety redirects the immunostimulatory payload to the tumor to boost the antitumor immune response. However, especially at early time points after administration, the relatively high concentration of the antibody-cytokine conjugate in blood can lead to severe side effects due to peripheral activation of cytokine receptors. Therefore, protein engineering approaches are needed to develop antibody-cytokine conjugates that selectively regain their immunostimulatory activity on antigen binding in the tumor. In this work, we have developed an antibody-cytokine conjugate that meets these criteria and shows antitumor activity in preclinical models of cancer.
KRAB zinc finger protein diversification drives mammalian interindividual methylation variability
Authors: Bertozzi Tessa M. , Elmer Jessica L. , Macfarlan Todd S. , Ferguson-Smith Anne C. 
Published: November 2020

Significance
Transposable elements (TEs) are repetitive sequences with potential to mobilize, causing genetic diversity. To restrict this, most TEs in the mouse are heavily epigenetically modified by DNA methylation. However, a few TEs exhibit variable methylation levels that differ between individuals and confer an epigenetic, rather than genetic, influence on phenotype. The mechanism underlying this remains unknown. We report the identification of a polymorphic cluster of KRAB zinc finger proteins (KZFPs) responsible for the epigenetic properties of these variably methylated TEs, with deletion of the cluster profoundly influencing their DNA methylation and expression of adjacent genes. We propose that rapid KZFP divergence underlies variable epigenetic states in mammals, with implications for epigenetically conferred phenotypic differences between individuals within and across generations.
Input–output relation in second language acquisition
Authors: Shin Gyu-Ho , Jung Boo Kyung 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Studies on the role of input in L2 acquisition often estimate L2 input properties through L1 corpora and focus on
L2-English. This study probes the initial stage of L2-Korean learning for adult English-speaking beginners of Korean to investigate
input-output relations in the acquisition of L2 that is typologically different from English in a more direct manner. We specifically ask
how L2 beginner input affects L2 beginner production with respect to Korean postpositions. For this purpose, we investigate how the
beginners receive input regarding Korean postpositions from a textbook and to what extent the input characteristics are manifested in
learner writing. We found that, whereas the presentation of certain postpositions in the textbook was generally reflected in learner
writing, individual postpositions showed disparity in their use between the textbook and the writing. Implications of the findings are
discussed in light of L1-L2 differences and how the textbook presents form-function pairings of these postpositions.
Age and gender in Iranian ‘taaroff’ politeness system
Authors: Makarova Veronika , Pourmohammadi Elham 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper focuses on the Iraniantaaroffpoliteness system. We report a quantitative analysis of the attitudes totaaroffheld by 60 Iranians (30 women and 30 men) of two age groups (20–29 and 40–59 years old) and their use of formulaictaaroffexpressions in conversations. The data come from dialogues elicited from the participants in Iran via short scripted scenarios and from their answers to a questionnaire survey about their attitudes totaaroff. Taaroffexpressions were manually extracted from the dialogue transcripts and their overall use as well as frequencies of each expression were compared across the gender and age groups with the help of t-tests. The participants’ answers to the survey questions were compared across the groups with Kruskal-Wallis H tests. The results show statistically significant differences in the participants’ attitudes totaaroffand in its use in dialogues by gender and age group.
Signed and spoken interaction at a distance
Authors: Warnicke Camilla 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In video relay service (VRS), the interpreter is the only person who is directly linked to both users of the service, seeing the signing user of a videophone and hearing the speaking user of a telephone. The interaction is especially challenging at the beginning of the call. In this study, 25 authentic recorded calls from the Swedish VRS were analysed using conversation analysis. The aim of the study was to explore and describe in detail how the interpreters facilitate and strive for progression at the beginning of a VRS call. The study findings show how the interpreters provide information to the signing callers about their progress prior to the call being accepted, how the interpreters manage the spoken interaction with the called party on the telephone and how the interpreters connect the parties to each other. It is also shown how the interpreters work to make the deaf callers master a call. The results of the study enrich our current understanding of calls made via VRS.
Feelings about language brokering
Authors: Martínez-Gómez Aída 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Young language brokers have a complex emotional relationship with the translation and interpreting tasks that they engage in for their families and communities. Whereas they often report feeling happy, useful and proud of themselves for being able to contribute to their families’ well-being, they also struggle with frustration, pressure from their loved ones, and cognitive and emotional burdens. This study aims to map the evolution of feelings regarding language brokering among young adults and to reveal the effects that formal interpreting education might have in this process. For these purposes, it examines the narratives of 75 self-identified former and/or current language brokers who are registered in an undergraduate interpreting program in the United States. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of these narratives (collected at three different points during their course of study) indicate that the participants feel more positively than negatively about their brokering tasks and that positive emotions increase overall throughout their interpreter education (with a noticeable peak halfway through the program). These analyses also reveal how triggers for positive and negative emotion shift through time: whereas their enhanced skills contribute to positive feelings, poor working conditions and brokering settings beyond their immediate families become new stressors.
The hidden legacy of Samir Amin: delinking’s ecological foundation
Authors: Ajl Max 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
This paper considers the relationship between Samir Amin’s programme for delinking, smallholder agriculture, his theories of ecology, and the current of ecological dependency that developed out of North African dependency analysis. It argues that ecological forms of agriculture in fact underpinned the original case from which Amin derived delinking – the developmental model of Amin’s China. It goes on to show how collaborators and fellow travellers of Amin like Mohamed Dowidar, Fawzy Mansour and Slaheddine el-Amami advanced the case for smallholder-centred national development, and connects their investigations to Amin’s theoretical framework.
Oscillations of a suspended slinky
Authors: Pretz Jörg 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper discusses the oscillations of a spring (slinky) under its own weight. A discrete model, describing the slinky by N springs and N masses, is introduced and compared to a continuous treatment. One interesting result is that the upper part of the slinky performs a triangular oscillation whereas the bottom part performs an almost harmonic oscillation if the slinky starts with ‘natural’ initial conditions, where the spring is just pushed further up from its rest position under gravity and then released. It is also shown that the period of the oscillation is simply given by

T
=

32
L
/
g

, where L is the length of the slinky under its own weight and g the acceleration of gravity, independent of the other properties of the spring.