bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The limited contribution from outer core dynamics to global deformations at the Earth’s surface
Authors: Gillet N , Dumberry M , Rosat S 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYPlanetary scale interannual deformations of the Earth’s surface, of millimetric amplitude, have recently been related to both geomagnetic field changes and motion within the fluid outer core. We calculate the temporal variations of the dynamical pressure at the surface of the core associated with core flow models inverted from geomagnetic observations. From these we compute predictions of the changes in Earth’s topography in response to elastic deformations in the mantle. We show that at decadal periods, the predicted changes in Earth’s topography are at most of the order of 0.3 mm. Focused at interannual periods between 4 and 9.5 yr, the predicted topography variations are smaller than 0.05 mm, at least an order of magnitude smaller than the reported observations. These amplitudes are only weakly sensitive to the choice of hypothesis used to reconstruct fluid motions at the core surface. We conclude that surface deformations induced by dynamical pressure changes in the core are below the detection level at present-day. Alternative geophysical sources must be sought to explain the observed millimetric interannual variations of the planetary scale topography, and its associated gravity variations. We currently see no justification for a physical relationship between interannual fluctuations of the geomagnetic field and of Earth’s observed deformations. We conjecture that the largest gravity signal of core origin is potentially associated with decadal longitudinal oscillations of the inner core. It might be detectable as longer series will become available.
Application of a convolutional neural network for seismic phase picking of mining-induced seismicity
Authors: Johnson Sean W , Chambers Derrick J A , Boltz Michael S , Koper Keith D 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYMonitoring mining-induced seismicity (MIS) can help engineers understand the rock mass response to resource extraction. With a thorough understanding of ongoing geomechanical processes, engineers can operate mines, especially those mines with the propensity for rockbursting, more safely and efficiently. Unfortunately, processing MIS data usually requires significant effort from human analysts, which can result in substantial costs and time commitments. The problem is exacerbated for operations that produce copious amounts of MIS, such as mines with high-stress and/or extraction ratios. Recently, deep learning methods have shown the ability to significantly improve the quality of automated arrival-time picking on earthquake data recorded by regional seismic networks. However, relatively little has been published on applying these techniques to MIS. In this study, we compare the performance of a convolutional neural network (CNN) originally trained to pick arrival times on the Southern California Seismic Network (SCSN) to that of human analysts on coal-mine-related MIS. We perform comparisons on several coal-related MIS data sets recorded at various network scales, sampling rates and mines. We find that the Southern-California-trained CNN does not perform well on any of our data sets without retraining. However, applying the concept of transfer learning, we retrain the SCSN model with relatively little MIS data after which the CNN performs nearly as well as a human analyst. When retrained with data from a single analyst, the analyst-CNN pick time residual variance is lower than the variance observed between human analysts. We also compare the retrained CNN to a simpler, optimized picking algorithm, which falls short of the CNN's performance. We conclude that CNNs can achieve a significant improvement in automated phase picking although some data set-specific training will usually be required. Moreover, initializing training with weights found from other, even very different, data sets can greatly reduce the amount of training data required to achieve a given performance threshold.
Improving offset detection algorithm of GNSS position time-series using spline function theory
Authors: Khazraei S M , Amiri-Simkooei A R 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYIt is well known that unmodelled offsets in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) position time-series can introduce biases into the station velocities. Although large offsets are usually reported or can be visually detected, automated offset detection algorithms require further investigation. This problem is still challenging as (small) geophysical offsets are usually covered by coloured noise and remain undetected. An offset detection algorithm has recently been proposed, which can detect and estimate offsets in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Although efficient in truly detecting offsets, this method still suffers from a high rate of detected fake offsets. To improve the offset detection performance, we attempt to stabilize the offset power spectrum to reduce the number of false detections. The spline function theory is adopted in the smoothness process of the power spectrum. The algorithm modified using the spline functions, referred to as As-mode, is compared with its original counterpart, called A-mode. The GNSS position time-series consisting of a linear trend, seasonal signals, offsets, and white plus coloured noise are simulated for the numerical comparison. The overall performance of the algorithm is significantly improved using the As-mode algorithm. The multivariate analysis shows that the truly detected offsets' percentage (true positive) increases from 52.9 per cent for A-mode to 61.1 per cent for As-mode. Further, the falsely detected offsets' percentage (false positive) is reduced from 40.6 per cent to 29.8 per cent. The algorithm was also tested on the DOGEx data set. The results indicate that the proposed method outperforms the existing solutions, with TP, FP and FN being 33.3 per cent, 32.3 per cent and 34.4 per cent, respectively. Also, in 90 per cent of the station, velocities are estimated at a 0.8 mm yr−1 distance from the simulated values.
Power, policy and abortion care in Uganda
Authors: Kagaha Alexander , Manderson Lenore 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Unsafe abortion practices remain the major contributor to maternal death in Uganda, impeding the achievement of universal health coverage and quality of maternal health care. Using an ethnographic design and critical discourse analysis, we explored the operations of power in setting maternal healthcare priorities, as evident at the 2018 Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal, Child and Adolescents Health Conference. Observational data were collected of the policy-making activities, processes and events and key informant interviews were conducted with 27 participants. We describe how neoliberal and state governance through the structure and organization of policy-making, epistemic governance and universal concepts of ‘high-impact’ interventions, results-based financing, cost-effectiveness and accountability converge to suppress the articulation of local conditions associated with unsafe and risky abortion. By defining maternity along the continuum of birth and emphasizing birthing women, priority-setting was directed towards interventions promoting women’s normative role as mothers while suppressing unmet abortion care needs. Finally, discursive and communicative materials controlled how women of reproductive age in Uganda managed reproduction.
Effect of publicly funded assisted reproductive technology on maternal and infant outcomes: a pre- and post-comparison study
Authors: Wei Shu Qin , Bilodeau-Bertrand Marianne , Lo Ernest , Auger Nathalie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

STUDY QUESTION
Does publicly funded assisted reproductive technology result in improved maternal and infant outcomes?

SUMMARY ANSWER
Publicly funded ART in Quebec was associated with reduced risks of preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, preterm birth, low birth weight and other adverse outcomes.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY
Publicly funded ART programs that provide free access to single embryo transfer are known to decrease the rate of multiple pregnancy, but the impact on other pregnancy outcomes is unknown.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION
We conducted a pre- and post-comparison study of 597 416 pregnancies conceived between July 2008 and September 2015 in Quebec, Canada, a region where public funding of ART began in August 2010.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS
We included all pregnant women who conceived by ART (n = 14 309) or spontaneously (n = 583 107) and delivered a live or stillborn infant in hospitals of Quebec. The main exposure measure was conception before versus during the publicly funded ART program. Outcomes included measures of maternal and infant morbidity and mortality. We estimated risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals for the association of publicly funded ART with maternal and infant outcomes using log-binomial regression models adjusted for maternal characteristics.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE
In this study, 2638 pregnancies were conceived by ART before, and 11 671 were conceived by ART, during public funding. Compared with no public funding, ART funding was associated with reduced risks of severe maternal morbidity (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.50–0.83), preeclampsia (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.44–0.68), cesarean delivery (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.77–0.89), preterm birth (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.60–0.75), low birth weight (RR 0.63, 95% CI 0.55–0.72), severe neonatal morbidity (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.57–0.99) and neonatal intensive care unit admission (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.53–0.78). When multiple pregnancies were excluded, ART funding continued to be associated with a lower risk of preeclampsia (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48–0.79) and preterm birth (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73–0.99). However, ART funding was associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION
We had no information on the type of ART, number of in-vitro fertilization cycles or number of embryos transferred. We lacked data on body mass index, ethnicity and smoking and cannot rule out residual confounding.

WIDER IMPLICATION OF THE FINDINGS
Our findings suggest that publicly funded ART programs that encourage single embryo transfer may have substantial benefits for a range of maternal and infant outcomes, beyond prevention of multiple births.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)
This study was supported by grant 6D02363004 from the Public Health Agency of Canada. N.A. acknowledges a career award from the Fonds de recherche du Québec-Santé (34695). The authors declare no competing interests.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
N/A
Hypothermia for cardiogenic encephalopathy in neonates with dextro-transposition of the great arteries
Authors: Boos Vinzenz , Bührer Christoph , Photiadis Joachim , Berger Felix 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Neonates with dextro-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) may experience rapid haemodynamic deterioration and profound hypoxaemia after birth. We report on d-TGA patients with severe acidosis, encephalopathy and their treatment with systemic hypothermia.

METHODS
This study is a single-centre retrospective cohort analysis of newborns with d-TGA.

RESULTS
Ninety-five patients (gestational age ≥35 weeks) with d-TGA and intended arterial switch operation were included. Ten infants (10.5%) with umbilical arterial blood pH &gt; 7.10 experienced profound acidosis (pH &lt; 7.00) within the first 2 h of life. Six of these patients displayed signs of encephalopathy and received therapeutic hypothermia. Apgar scores at 5 min independently predicted the development of neonatal encephalopathy during postnatal transition (unit Odds Ratio 0.17, 95% confidence interval 0.06–0.49, P = 0.001). Infants treated with hypothermia had a more severe preoperative course and required more often mechanical ventilation (100% vs 35%, P = 0.003), treatment with inhaled nitric oxide (50% vs 2.4%, P = 0.002) and inotropic support (67% vs 3.5%, P &lt; 0.001), as compared to non-acidotic controls. The median age at cardiac surgery was 12 (range 6–14) days in cooled infants and 8 (4–59) days in controls (P = 0.088). Postoperative morbidity and total duration of hospitalization were not increased in infants receiving preoperative hypothermia. Mortality in newborns with severe preoperative acidosis was zero.

CONCLUSIONS
Newborn infants with d-TGA have a substantial risk for profound acidosis during the first hours of life. Systemic hypothermia for encephalopathic patients may delay corrective surgery without compromising perioperative outcomes.
Passivity-based control of islanded microgrids with unknown power loads
Authors: Avila-Becerril Sofía , Espinosa-Pérez Gerardo , Montoya Oscar Danilo , Garces Alejandro 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the control problem of microgrids (MGs)operating in islanded mode is approached from a passivity-based control perspective. A control scheme is proposed that, relying only on local measurements for the power converters included in the network representation, achieves both voltage regulation and power balance in the network through the generation of grid-forming and grid-following nodes. From the mathematical perspective, the importance of the contribution lies in the feature that, exploiting a port-controlled Hamiltonian representation of the MG, the closed-loop system’s stability properties are formally proved using arguments from the theory of non-linear dynamical systems. Fundamental for this achievement is the decomposition of the system into subsystems that require a control law and another whose variables can evolve in a free way. From the practical viewpoint, the advantage of the proposed controller lies in the feature that the power demanded by the loads is satisfied without neither computing its specific value nor solving the non-linear algebraic equations given by the power flow, avoiding the computational burden associated with this task. The usefulness of the scheme is illustrated via a numerical simulation that includes practical considerations.
A Zero-One Law for Uniform Diophantine Approximation in Euclidean Norm
Authors: Kleinbock Dmitry , Rao Anurag 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We study a norm-sensitive Diophantine approximation problem arising from the work of Davenport and Schmidt on the improvement of Dirichlet’s theorem. Its supremum norm case was recently considered by the 1st-named author and Wadleigh [ 17], and here we extend the set-up by replacing the supremum norm with an arbitrary norm. This gives rise to a class of shrinking target problems for one-parameter diagonal flows on the space of lattices, with the targets being neighborhoods of the critical locus of the suitably scaled norm ball. We use methods from geometry of numbers to generalize a result due to Andersen and Duke [ 1] on measure zero and uncountability of the set of numbers (in some cases, matrices) for which Minkowski approximation theorem can be improved. The choice of the Euclidean norm on $\mathbb{R}^2$ corresponds to studying geodesics on a hyperbolic surface, which visit a decreasing family of balls. An application of the dynamical Borel–Cantelli lemma of Maucourant [ 25] produces, given an approximation function $\psi $, a zero-one law for the set of $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$ such that for all large enough $t$ the inequality $\left (\frac{\alpha q -p}{\psi (t)}\right )^2 + \left (\frac{q}{t}\right )^2 &lt; \frac{2}{\sqrt{3}}$ has non-trivial integer solutions.
Budget Depreciation: When Budgeting Early Increases Spending
Authors: Choe Yuna , Kan Christina 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
While budgeting in advance is seen as a good practice to control spending, this research shows that budgeting too early for a specific purchase may increase spending. We argue that as the temporal separation between budget setting and actual purchase increases, consumers become more willing to overspend because of what we term “budget depreciation.” Consumers adapt to the reference point set by the budget such that, over time, the budgeted level becomes the status-quo spending. Thus, as more time passes, pain of payment from the budgeted amount decreases, and the willingness-to-spend increases. Across a secondary dataset of real estate purchases, one field study, and three experiments, we find evidence that consumers who set a budget in the distant (vs. near) past are more likely to overspend relative to their budget. The effect emerges for single purchase occasions rather than a category of purchases over multiple occasions. It emerges because of the hypothesized pain-of-payment process (e.g., effect is stronger among tightwads, who feel greater pain from spending; effect is mitigated under budget reassessment, which prevents pain adaptation). Our work contributes to the mental budgeting literature by invoking a role for temporal separation and draws a novel connection to prior work on payment depreciation.
The poet’s skull
Authors: Mencfel Michał 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This essay discusses collections of historical memorabilia assembled in Poland at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century, which contained the physical remains (bones and hair) of historical figures. An analysis is offered of the traditions and circumstances that made it acceptable and possible for Polish antiquaries and collectors to open the tombs of eminent historical figures and to remove the contents of graves to private collections. Emphasis is placed on the role of national trauma, brought about by the crisis of the partition of Poland, culminating in 1795 in the demise of Poland as an independent state, which provided an impetus for the development of a distinctive historical consciousness. It is argued that while objects of this kind would cause moral and other dilemmas in other countries in Europe, such concerns were absent in Poland owing to its unique situation. Attention is also paid to changing attitudes throughout the nineteenth century, which influenced both the shape of historical collections and the manner of examining the corpses of historical figures. An explanation is offered for why, in the second half of the nineteenth century, despite the continuing exploration of tombs, the practice of collecting and displaying human remains and grave goods never gained wide public approval.
Challenge Trials: What Are the Ethical Problems?
Authors: Hausman Daniel M 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
If, as is alleged, challenge trials of vaccines against COVID-19 are likely to save thousands of lives and vastly diminish the economic and social harms of the pandemic while subjecting volunteers to risks that are comparable to kidney donation, then it would seem that the only sensible objection to such trials would be to deny that they have low risks or can be expected to have immense benefits. This essay searches for a philosophical rationale for rejecting challenge trials while supposing that they have huge benefits and relatively low risks. Although it finds some force in objections to challenge trials grounded in the obligations of researchers to limit the harms imposed on some individuals for the benefit of others, it argues that there is no compelling objection to challenge trials of vaccines for COVID-19—if they have the benefits and risks that have been claimed.
“When Offered to Participate”: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Patient Agreement to Participate in Cancer Clinical Trials
Authors: Unger Joseph M , Hershman Dawn L , Till Cathee , Minasian Lori M , Osarogiagbon Raymond U , Fleury Mark E , Vaidya Riha 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Patient participation in clinical trials is vital for knowledge advancement and outcomes improvement. Few adult cancer patients participate in trials. Although patient decision-making about trial participation has been frequently examined, the participation rate for patients actually offered a trial is unknown.

Methods
A systematic review and meta-analysis using 3 major search engines was undertaken. We identified studies from January 1, 2000, to January 1, 2020, that examined clinical trial participation in the United States. Studies must have specified the numbers of patients offered a trial and the number enrolled. A random effects model of proportions was used. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
We identified 35 studies (30 about treatment trials and 5 about cancer control trials) among which 9759 patients were offered trial participation. Overall, 55.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 49.4% to 60.5%) of patients agreed to enroll. Participation rates did not differ between treatment (55.0%, 95% CI = 48.9% to 60.9%) and cancer control trials (55.3%, 95% CI = 38.9% to 71.1%; P = .98). Black patients participated at similar rates (58.4%, 95% CI = 46.8% to 69.7%) compared with White patients (55.1%, 95% CI = 44.3% to 65.6%; P = .88). The main reasons for nonparticipation were treatment choice or lack of interest.

Conclusions
More than half of all cancer patients offered a clinical trial do participate. These findings upend several conventional beliefs about cancer clinical trial participation, including that Black patients are less likely to agree to participate and that patient decision-making is the primary barrier to participation. Policies and interventions to improve clinical trial participation should focus more on modifiable systemic structural and clinical barriers, such as improving access to available trials and broadening eligibility criteria.
The close binary fraction as a function of stellar parameters in APOGEE: a strong anticorrelation with α abundances
Authors: Mazzola Christine N , Badenes Carles , Moe Maxwell , Koposov Sergey E , Kounkel Marina , Kratter Kaitlin , Covey Kevin , Walker Matthew G , Thompson Todd A , Andrews Brett , Freeman Peter E , Anguiano Borja , Carlberg Joleen K , De Lee Nathan M , Frinchaboy Peter M , Lewis Hannah M , Majewski Steven , Nidever David , Nitschelm Christian , Price-Whelan Adrian M , Roman-Lopes Alexandre , Stassun Keivan G , Troup Nicholas W 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
We use observations from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) survey to explore the relationship between stellar parameters and multiplicity. We combine high-resolution repeat spectroscopy for 41 363 dwarf and subgiant stars with abundance measurements from the APOGEE pipeline and distances and stellar parameters derived using Gaia DR2 parallaxes from Sanders & Das to identify and characterize stellar multiples with periods below 30 yr, corresponding to ΔRVmax ≳ 3 km s−1, where ΔRVmax is the maximum APOGEE-detected shift in the radial velocities. Chemical composition is responsible for most of the variation in the close binary fraction in our sample, with stellar parameters like mass and age playing a secondary role. In addition to the previously identified strong anticorrelation between the close binary fraction and [Fe/H], we find that high abundances of α elements also suppress multiplicity at most values of [Fe/H] sampled by APOGEE. The anticorrelation between α abundances and multiplicity is substantially steeper than that observed for Fe, suggesting C, O, and Si in the form of dust and ices dominate the opacity of primordial protostellar discs and their propensity for fragmentation via gravitational stability. Near [Fe/H] = 0 dex, the bias-corrected close binary fraction (a &lt; 10 au) decreases from ≈100 per cent at [α/H] = −0.2 dex to ≈15 per cent near [α/H] = 0.08 dex, with a suggestive turn-up to ≈20 per cent near [α/H] = 0.2. We conclude that the relationship between stellar multiplicity and chemical composition for sun-like dwarf stars in the field of the Milky Way is complex, and that this complexity should be accounted for in future studies of interacting binaries.