bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinal characterization in the eyes of two bats endemic in the Egyptian fauna, the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and insectivorous bat (Pipistrellus kuhlii), using the light microscope and transmission electron microscope
Authors: Aboelnour Asmaa , Noreldin Ahmed E. , Massoud Diaa , Abumandour Mohamed M. A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBats are the only mammals that can fly in the dark without eye usage. This study was conducted to describe the structural and functional adaptations of the retina of two bats very common in the Egyptian fauna having a different lifestyle: the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and insectivorous bat (Pipistrellus kuhlii). Seven eyes were collected from adult individuals of each species. Examination of the retina using a light microscope and a transmission electron microscope was carried out. The retina of P. kuhlii was thicker than that of R. aegyptiacus, which had many projections extended from the choroid layer into retina forming papillae. Despite rods being dominant in retinae of both species, cone photoreceptors were encountered in both retinae. The outer plexiform layer of R. aegyptiacus was arranged into islets between the outer nuclear layer produced differences in its thickness. However, the retina of P. kuhlii showed a normal arrangement of retinal structure. The retinal pigment epithelium of both bat species consists of a single layer of the cuboidal cells with a round to oval vesicular nuclei, which showed a lack of pigmentation in R. aegyptiacus and poor pigmentation in the P. kuhlii. In conclusion, our investigation detected many structural and ultrastructural differences between the two bat species. The presence of many projections protruded from the choroid layer of R. aegyptiacus retina is considered the most characteristic difference between the retinae of R. aegyptiacus and P. kuhlii.
Addressing treatment and care needs of older adults living with HIV who use drugs
Authors: Chayama Koharu Loulou , Ng Cara , McNeil Ryan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionOlder adults living with HIV (OALHIV; ≥50 years) who use drugs face unique needs and challenges that compromise their health and wellbeing due to the structural and environmental barriers they experience, in addition to being disproportionately affected by comorbidities. Nevertheless, research on this population is limited and work is needed to tailor and optimize their care and services. The purpose of this commentary is to address the key research gaps pertaining to OALHIV who use drugs.DiscussionWe identified four key research gaps specific to OALHIV who use drugs. Gap 1: Increased understanding of how older adults manage HIV alongside comorbidities in the context of substance use is critical to optimize their care management. Gap 2: More information on the geriatric characteristics of OALHIV who use drugs and the need and role of harm reduction in geriatric care is necessary for the provision of appropriate and effective care. Gap 3: Greater knowledge around the adoption of harm reduction and case manager approaches in various care facilities is essential to ensure equitable access to care for OALHIV who use drugs. Gap 4: Improved understanding of barriers to high‐quality palliative care among OALHIV who use drugs is important to enhance quality of life across their life course.ConclusionsAddressing the identified gaps in literature will lead to a more fulsome understanding of the issues encountered by OALHIV who use drugs and inform the development and implementation of strategies that address disparities at the intersection of HIV, substance use and ageing.
The Effect of Weather Variability on Child Marriage in Bangladesh
Authors: Tsaneva Magda 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBangladesh has one of the world's highest child marriage rates. It is also one of the countries most vulnerable to climate change. This paper studies the effect of climate variability on child marriage using data from five waves of the Demographic and Health Surveys. I find that a higher number of dry months in a given year significantly increases the probability of early marriage. Importantly, precipitation fluctuations only affect rural but not urban populations, suggesting that the main channel through which climate affects early marriage is likely an income channel. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated Assessment of Cerebral Arterial Perforator Function on 7T MRI
Authors: Arts Tine , Siero Jeroen C.W. , Biessels Geert Jan , Zwanenburg Jaco J.M. 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundBlood flow velocity and pulsatility of small cerebral perforating arteries can be measured using 7T quantitative 2D phase contrast (PC) MRI. However, ghosting artifacts arising from subject movement and pulsating large arteries cause false positives when applying a previously published perforator detection method.PurposeTo develop a robust, automated method to exclude perforators located in ghosting artifacts.Study TypeRetrospective.SubjectsFifteen patients with vascular cognitive impairment or carotid occlusive disease and 10 healthy controls.Field Strength/Sequence7T/cardiac‐gated 2D PC MRI.AssessmentPerforators were automatically excluded from ghosting regions, which were defined as bands in the phase‐encoding direction of large arteries. As reference, perforators were manually excluded by two raters (T.A., J.J.M.Z.), based on perforator location with respect to visible ghosting artifacts. The performance of both censoring methods was assessed for the number of (Nincluded), mean velocity (Vmean), and pulsatility index (PI) of the included perforators.Statistical TestsFor within‐method comparisons, inter‐ and intrarater reliability were assessed for the manual method, and test–retest reliability was assessed for both methods from repeated 2D PC scans (without repositioning). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined for Nincluded, Vmean, and PI for all within‐method comparisons. The ICC to compare between the two methods was determined with the use of both (test–retest) scans using a multilevel nonlinear mixed model.ResultsThe automated censoring method showed a moderate to good ICC (95% CI) vs. manual censoring for Nincluded (0.73 [0.58–0.87]) and Vmean (0.90 [0.84–0.96]), and a moderate ICC for PI (0.57 [0.37–0.76]). The test–retest reliability of the manual censoring method was considerably lower than the interrater and intrarater reliability, indicating that scanner noise dominates the uncertainty of the analysis.Data ConclusionThe proposed automated censoring method can reliably exclude small perforators affected by ghosting artifacts.Level of Evidence3.Technical Efficacy Stage1.
Management of SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia
Authors: Sagnelli Caterina , Celia Benito , Monari Caterina , Cirillo Salvatore , De Angelis Giulia , Bianco Andrea , Coppola Nicola 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection has rapidly spread throughout the world since December 2019 to become a global public health emergency for the elevated deaths and hospitalizations in Intensive Care Units. The severity spectrum of SARS‐CoV‐2 pneumonia ranges from mild to severe clinical conditions. The clinical course of SARS‐CoV‐2 disease is correlated with multiple factors including host characteristics (genetics, immune status, age, and general health), viral load and, above all, the host distribution of the airways and lungs of the viral receptor cells. In this review, we will briefly summarize the current knowledge of the characteristics and management of coronavirus disease 2019‐pneumonia. However, other studies are needed to better understand the pathogenetic mechanisms induced by SARS‐Cov‐2 infection, and to evaluate the long‐term consequences of the virus on the lungs.
Beyond barrier functions: Roles of pericytes in homeostasis and regulation of neuroinflammation
Authors: Bhattacharya Anindita , Kaushik Deepak Kumar , Lozinski Brian Mark , Yong V. Wee 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPericytes are contractile cells that extend along the vasculature to mediate key homeostatic functions of endothelial barriers within the body. In the central nervous system (CNS), pericytes are important contributors to the structure and function of the neurovascular unit, which includes endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons. The understanding of pericytes has been marred by an inability to accurately distinguish pericytes from other stromal cells with similar expression of identifying markers. Evidence is now growing in favor of pericytes being actively involved in both CNS homeostasis and pathology of neurological diseases, including multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, and Alzheimer's disease among others. In this review, we discuss the current understanding on the characterization of pericytes, their roles in maintaining the integrity of the blood–brain barrier, and their contributions to neuroinflammation and neurorepair. Owing to its plethora of surface receptors, pericytes respond to inflammatory mediators such as CCL2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1) and tumor necrosis factor‐α, in turn secreting CCL2, nitric oxide, and several cytokines. Pericytes can therefore act as promoters of both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Much like professional phagocytes, pericytes also have the ability to clear up cellular debris and macromolecular plaques. Moreover, pericytes promote the activities of CNS glia, including in maturation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells for myelination. Conversely, pericytes can impair regenerative processes by contributing to scar formation. A better characterization of CNS pericytes and their functions would bode well for therapeutics aimed at alleviating their undesirable properties and enhancing their benefits.
Time‐varying trends in frost indicators in the U.S. Southern Great Plains
Authors: Zhang Yongjun , Gowda Prasanna , Brown David , Rice Charles , Zambreski Zachary , Kutikoff Seth , Lin Xiaomao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractClimatic frost indicators, including the dates of the last spring frost (LSF), the dates of the first fall frost (FFF), and the length of the frost‐free season (FFSL), are critical factors in anthropogenic and natural ecosystem management and can be directly calculated from daily minimum temperatures. Daily minimum temperature from the Applied Climate Information System was used to determine long‐term trends of frost indicators across the U.S. Southern Great Plains. The results demonstrated statistically significant trends of earlier LSF in eastern Kansas, western and eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas from 1950 to 2017. However, significantly later FFF trends and longer FFSL trends were mainly identified in eastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas. Overall, the region was characterized by the trends toward earlier LSF, later FFF, and longer FFSL from 1950 to 2017. In addition, the choice of time period in the climatic time series played an important role in LSF, FFF, and FFSL trends. Furthermore, the results from the correlation analysis of LSF and FFF with multiple climate indices indicated that the increasing trends in the spring Arctic Oscillation (AO) were consistent with the earlier onset of spring in Kansas and Texas, and the fall Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) was positively correlated with the later FFF dates in Kansas.
An appraisal of the gut health modulatory effects of a calf faecal‐origin probiotic Lactobacillus salivariusCPN60 using Wistar rats with dextran sulfate sodium‐induced colitis
Authors: Gupta Mokshata , Pattanaik Ashok K , Singh Asmita , Sharma Shalini , Jadhav Sunil E 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDProbiotics of varied origins are being developed for augmenting the gut health of human and animals. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a calf‐origin probiotic supplement on the gut health of Wistar rats for both healthy and colitis conditions.RESULTSForty‐eight rats were randomly distributed into four equal groups. The 42‐day study involved feeding basal diet alone (CON) or diet supplemented with the calf‐origin Lactobacillus salivarius strain CPN60 (PRO). The third (CONc) and fourth (PROc) groups of rats also received the same dietary treatments (CON and PRO, respectively) but were subjected to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis after 32 days of feeding. The results of a digestion trial conducted after 5 days of DSS administration revealed no influence of probiotic on the digestibility of nutrients. However, the reduced digestibility of protein and fat seen in the CONc rats was improved in the PROc group. The concentrations of lactate and acetate, propionate and butyrate, as well as total short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA), were increased (P < 0.05) in the caecal and colonic digesta upon probiotic supplementation, together with significantly reduced colonic ammonia levels. Furthermore, there were reductions (P < 0.05) in acetate, butyrate and total SCFA levels in the caecal contents as a result of colitis. Probiotic supplementation increased (P < 0.05) lactobacilli and bifidobacteria counts in the colon, whereas clostridia and coliform counts were reduced (P < 0.05). These were reversed by the probiotic supplementation.CONCLUSIONDietary supplementation of L. salivarius CPN60 had a positive effect with respect to improving the overall gut health of healthy rats, as well as that of rats exposed to experimental colitis. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Is minimally invasive surgery of lesions in the right superior segments of the liver justified? A multi‐institutional study of 245 patients
Authors: Gholami Sepideh , Judge Sean J. , Lee Ser‐Yee , Mashayekhi Kiarash , Goh Brian K. P. , Chan Chung‐Yip , Nuño Miriam A. , Gönen Mithat , Balachandran Vinod P. , Allen Peter J. , Drebin Jeffrey A. , Jarnagin William R. , D' Angelica Michael I. , Kingham Thomas Peter 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundControversy exists regarding the safety and feasibility of minimally invasive resection for lesions in segments 7 or 8. We compare outcomes of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) and Open parenchymal sparing liver resections at two high‐volume centers.MethodsFrom 2003 to 2016 we identified patients who underwent MIS or Open resections for lesions in segments 7 or 8 at two institutions (MSKCC and SGH). Outcomes were compared using univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsTwo‐hundred and forty‐five patients underwent resection of lesions in segments 7 or 8 (MIS 30% and Open 70%). Compared to the Open group, the MIS group had longer operative time (223 ± 88 vs 188 ± 72 minutes, P = .003), lower blood loss (297 ± 287 vs 448 ± 670 mL, P = .03), and shorter mean length of stay (5.2 ± 7.4 vs 8.3 ± 11.7 days, P < .001), which remained significant on multivariate analysis. No differences in Pringle time, rate of postoperative complications, or R0 resections were detected.ConclusionsWith appropriately selected patients treated by experienced MIS hepatopancreatobiliary surgeons, MIS resection of segments 7 or 8 is safe with similar rates of complications and R0 resections, with significantly less blood loss and shorter length of stay.
Reliability of Sonography‐based Volume Computer Aided Diagnosis in the Normal Fetal Heart
Authors: Hu Wan Yu , Yu Yan Cheng , Dai Li Ya , Li Shi Yan , Zhao Bo Wen 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesTo explore the inter‐ and intra‐observer reliability of Sonography‐based Volume Computer Aided Diagnosis (SonoVCAD) in the display of 8 diagnostic planes of fetal echocardiography and to evaluate its efficiency.MethodsThree‐dimensional volume data sets of the 56 normal singleton fetuses were acquired from a 4‐chamber view by using a volume probe. After processing the data sets by using SonoVCAD, 8 cardiac diagnostic planes were displayed automatically. Three doctors with different experiences of performing fetal echocardiography evaluated each diagnostic plane and the success rates of 8 diagnostic planes were calculated. Inter‐observer and intra‐observer reliabilities were estimated by Cohen's kappa statistics.ResultsA total of 276 volume data sets acquired from the 56 normal fetuses were used for SonoVCAD analysis and display. The success rate of each diagnostic section was more than 90%, ranging from 90.6% to 99.6%. Among 276 volumes, 81.5% (225/276) of volumes were able to generate all 8 diagnostic views successfully. Moderate to substantial agreement (kappa, 0.509–0.794) was found between 2 less experienced operators. Moderate to near‐perfect agreement (kappa, 0.439–0.933) was found between an expert and 2 less experienced sonographers. Intra‐observer reliability was substantial to near‐perfect (kappa, 0.602–0.903). The efficiency of SonoVCAD was assessed. The expert spent less time than 2 less experienced examiners (P < 0.001) but no significant difference was found between 2 less experienced examiners (P = 0.176). Besides, SonoVCAD consumed significantly less time than 2‐dimensional ultrasound (P < 0.001).ConclusionsSonoVCAD can significantly improve the success rates of 8 diagnostic planes in fetal echocardiography with low operator dependency, good reproducibility and high efficiency.
Current Management of Large Vestibular Schwannomas for NF2 Patients in a National Reference Center
Authors: Comes Pierre‐Cyril , Peyre Matthieu , Sanson Marc , Sterkers Olivier , Bernardeschi Daniele , Kalamarides Michel 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveRecently, treatment decision making for large vestibular schwannomas (VS) in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) has become increasingly challenging due to the availability of multiple therapeutic options including surgery, bevacizumab (an anti‐VEGF), radiosurgery, and observation; and it often remains an arbitrary decision based on local practices without firm recommendations. Our objective is to discuss the multimodal treatment options for Koos IV VS in a national reference center for NF2.Study DesignSingle‐institution retrospective cohort study.MethodsAll NF2 patients with Koos IV VS who visited our center, the National Reference Center for NF2 Rare Disease in Pitié‐Salpétrière Hospital of Paris, between January 2016 and December 2018 were included. Clinical charts, radiology, operative reports, and audiograms were reviewed.ResultsAmong 54 NF2 patients with Koos IV VS (mean maximum extrameatal diameter: 34 mm; range:17–62 mm), 27 were operated on for 28 VS; 21 were treated with bevacizumab; and six were observed. In the surgical group, VS resections were gross total, near‐total, subtotal, or partial in 32%, 25%, 32%, and 11%, respectively; and a good (House‐Brackmann grades I–II) facial nerve function was achieved in 81.5% at 1 year. Hearing was preserved in 14%, 78%, and 66% of the surgical (n = 7), bevacizumab (n = 9), and observation (n = 3) patients, respectively.ConclusionAll therapeutic options, including surgery and/or bevacizumab and occasionally observation, should be proposed to NF2 patients with large VS in the setting of dedicated centers. A decision‐making tree is proposed for Koos IV VS management based on tumor evolution, hearing and clinical status of the patient, and contralateral VS size.Level of Evidence4, case series study, historically controlled study Laryngoscope, 131:E98–E107, 2021
Can Ophthalmologic Examination Predict Abducens Nerve Recovery After Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery?
Authors: Whelan Rachel L. , McDowell Michael , Chou Courtney , Medsinge Anagha , Lee Jennifer , Gardner Paul A. , Snyderman Carl H. , Stefko S. Tonya , Wang Eric W. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesWhile abducens nerve palsy (ANP) is a known risk in the setting of some endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery (ESBS), frequency and prognosis of post‐operative palsy remain unknown. Our goals were to determine the frequency and prognosis of ANP after high‐risk ESBS, and identify factors associated with recovery.MethodsRetrospective case series of all patients with pathology at highest risk for abducens nerve injury (pituitary adenoma, chordoma, meningioma, chondrosarcoma, cholesterol granuloma) generated a list of patients with abducens nerve palsy after ESBS performed from 2011–2016. A validated ophthalmologic clinical grading scale measuring lateral rectus duction from 0 to −5 (full motion to inability to reach midline) was measured at multiple time points to assess recovery of ANP.ResultsOf 655 patients who underwent ESBS with increased risk of abducens injury, 40 (6.1%) post‐operative palsies were identified and 39 patients with dedicated examination at multiple time points were included in subsequent analysis. Complete resolution was noted in 25 patients (64%) within 12 months. While 19 of 23 (83%) with a partial palsy had complete resolution, only six of 16 (38%) with a complete palsy resolved entirely (P = .005; Fisher's exact test). All six patients with delayed onset of palsy resolved (P = .070; Fisher's exact test). Meningioma and chordoma had higher rates of both temporary and permanent post‐operative ANP (P < .0001; Fisher's exact).ConclusionsThe frequency of post‐operative ANP following ESBS is low, even in high‐risk tumors. While only a minority of complete abducens nerve palsies recover, patients with partial or delayed palsy post‐operatively are likely to recover function without intervention.Level of EvidenceIV Laryngoscope, 131:513–517, 2021
Predictors of Increased Surgical Drain Output following Type I Thyroplasty for Glottic Insufficiency
Authors: Lenze Nicholas R. , Ghodke Ameer , Shah Rupali N. , Buckmire Robert A. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectiveTo determine predictors of increased drain output following type I thyroplasty for glottic insufficiency.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted for patients who underwent type I thyroplasty for glottic insufficiency from 2014–2019. The primary outcome was 24‐hour drain output. Increased drain output was defined as >50th percentile for the sample. Univariate logistic regression models and linear regression models were used.ResultsThere were 84 patients with a mean age of 58.9 (SD 16.9) years. Twenty‐four–hour drain output ranged from 0 to 29 mL with a mean of 9.47 (SD 6.49) mL. Patients with a history of tobacco use (OR 3.33; 95% CI, 1.24–8.95; P = .017) and prior neck surgery (OR 3.52; 95% CI, 1.26 to 9.83; P = .016) were significantly more likely to have increased drain output following surgery; these patients had a mean increase in 24‐hour drain output of 3.51 mL (95% CI, 0.52 to 6.51; P = .022) and 1.74 mL (95% CI, –1.41 to 4.89; P = .274), respectively. Type of implant (Gore‐Tex vs. Silastic; P = .425) and operative technique (unilateral vs. bilateral; P = .506) were not significantly associated with drain output.ConclusionHistory of tobacco use and prior surgery of the neck predict increased drain output following type I thyroplasty surgery. These patients may derive the most benefit from surgical drain placement. More research is needed to confirm these findings and elucidate potential mechanisms.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:1557–1560, 2021