bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of endemism of world arthropod distribution data supports biogeographic regions and many established subdivisions
Authors: Liria Jonathan , Szumik Claudia A. , Goloboff Pablo A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe analyzed 769 242 occurrence records for 115 424 species of terrestrial arthropods, from three biodiversity repositories (Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Natural History Museum, London, and “Sistema de Informação Distribuído para Coleções Biológicas” (SpeciesLink)), to test the use of global‐scale data points for quantitative assessments of areas of endemism. The data include Insecta (105,941 species), Arachnida (7984 species), Myriapoda (1229) and terrestrial crustaceans (270 Branchiopoda). The species were assigned to 14 543 higher taxonomic groups because such groups often characterize larger areas of endemism. Putative areas of endemism were visualized as sets of cells displaying unique groups of species without the assumption of hierarchical relationships. Yet, the use of 10° grid cells recovered many large areas broadly corresponding to biogeographic Regions (Nearctic, Neotropical, Panamanian, Palaearctic, Afrotropical, Australian, Oceanian and Oriental) albeit with the limits poorly defined. An analysis of 5° grids resulted in 306 sets included in the different biogeographic Realms: Afrotropical, Australian, Madagascan, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceanian, Oriental, Palaearctic, Saharo‐Arabian and Sino‐Japanese. The Panamanian Realm comprises 89 partly overlapping sets, crossing the Nearctic and Neotropical boundaries. A total of 7338 species of Insecta were endemic to some areas (Sino‐Japanese, Afrotropical, Panamanian, Palaearctic, among others), followed by Arachnida (412 spp) and 105 species in other clades ranked as “classes”. Six sets were supported only by genera, except for Panamanian sets that were supported by genera and families. Many of the species in the dataset are included in IUCN red lists, but probably most of those have distributions more restricted than global areas of endemism; only 102 appear as endemic to some area (Neartic, Madagascan, Panamanian, Afrotropical, among others). The results show that data from global databases can be used to identify areas of endemism on a worldwide basis but—owing to their incompleteness—only at a relatively coarse level. At the level of resolution currently allowed by such databases, such global studies are only complementary to studies where areas are determined subjectively by systematists (instead of actual point records), or studies using point records in datasets for specific taxonomic groups curated and compiled by specialists.
Does prophylactic ureteric stenting at the time of colorectal surgery reduce the risk of ureteric injury? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hird Amanda E. , Nica Andra , Coburn Natalie G. , Kulkarni Girish S. , Nam Robert K. , Gien Lilian T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimCystoscopic placement of ureteric stents during colorectal surgery (CRS) may aid in the intraoperative identification of the ureters and thus prevent ureteric injury, but may also be associated with prolonged operating time, increased cost and adverse events. No formal recommendations exist regarding the use of ureteric stents prior to CRS. Our aim was to determine the effect of prophylactic ureteric stent insertion on the risk of ureteric injury among adult patients undergoing CRS.MethodA systematic search using the Ovid platform was completed. The primary outcome was risk of ureteric injury. Secondary outcomes included the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI), urinary tract infection (UTI), sepsis, length of stay (LOS) and mortality. The Paule–Mandel pooling and a random effects model was used to produce odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for binary outcomes. Standardized mean differences (MD) were reported for continuous variables. Analyses were completed using R3.5.ResultsNine retrospective cohort studies evaluating 98 507 patients were included. The incidence of ureteric injury was 0.6%. Overall, 5.1% of patients underwent ureteric stenting. There was no change in the odds of ureteric injury among stented patients compared with controls (OR 1.30, 95% CI 0.39‐4.29, I2 = 25%). Operating time was significantly longer (MD 49.3 min, 95% CI 35.3–63.4, I2 = 96%) in the intervention group. There was no difference in rates of AKI, UTI, sepsis, LOS or mortality between groups.ConclusionGiven the retrospective nature of the identified studies, the benefit of prophylactic ureteric stenting remains uncertain. Prophylactic ureteric stenting was not associated with increased patient morbidity but did significantly increase operating time.
Carotid artery longitudinal wall motion alterations associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance
Authors: Taivainen S. Helena , Laitinen Tiina M. , Yli‐Ollila Heikki , Juonala Markus , Kähönen Mika , Raitakari Olli T. , Laitinen Tomi P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and aimsOur objective was to study relationships between the new biomarker of vascular health, carotid artery longitudinal wall motion (CALM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS).MethodsCarotid ultrasound and assessment of MetS and its components were performed with 281 subjects aged 30–45 years. In the longitudinal motion analysis, the amplitude of motion and the antegrade‐oriented and retrograde‐oriented components of motion between the intima–media complex and adventitial layer of the common carotid artery wall were assessed.ResultsMetabolic syndrome, according to the harmonized criteria, was detected in 53 subjects (19%). MetS was significantly associated with increased antegrade and decreased retrograde longitudinal motion in the carotid artery wall. Augmented antegrade amplitude of longitudinal motion was associated with obesity (β = 0.149, p < .05) and low HDL cholesterol (β = 0.177, p < .01). Attenuated retrograde amplitude of longitudinal motion was associated with hypertension (β = −0.156, p < .05), obesity (β = −0.138, p < .05) and hyperinsulinaemia (β = −0.158, p < .01). Moreover, insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment index above 2.44) was associated with adverse changes in CALM.ConclusionMetabolic syndrome and insulin resistance were associated with alterations in CALM. In particular, hypertension, obesity and hyperinsulinaemia were associated with reduced total peak‐to‐peak amplitude as well as increased antegrade and reduced retrograde amplitudes, all of which might be markers of unfavourable vascular health.
Proposing Customers Economic Value or Relational Value? A Study of Two Stages of the Crowdfunding Project
Authors: Ma Shuang (Sara) , Hua Ying , Li Dahui , Wang Yonggui 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTMost crowdfunding studies have examined factors that contribute to the success in the funding stage of a crowdfunding project, while little is known about success‐promoting factors in the postfunding stage. Based on customer value theory, this study investigates (a) the main effects of customer value propositions on project performance in both the funding stage and the postfunding stage and (b) how factors about customer value delivery moderate these main effects. We found that price incentive had a positive effect on funding performance in the funding stage, whereas the effect of personalization was negative. Price incentive was not found to influence postfunding satisfaction in the postfunding stage, while personalization exerted a positive effect. As indicators associated with customer value delivery, both creator's project experience and promised delivery time demonstrated interaction effects with personalization but not with price incentive on funding performance. These factors also interacted with price incentive to affect satisfaction. This study offers insights to help project creators achieve a balance between proposing economic value and relational value while the creators can leverage their project experience and promised delivery time for successful crowdfunding projects.
Roflumilast protects against spatial memory impairments and exerts anti‐inflammatory effects after transient global cerebral ischemia
Authors: Bonato Jéssica M. , Meyer Erika , de Mendonça Patrícia S. B. , Milani Humberto , Prickaerts Jos , Weffort de Oliveira Rúbia Maria 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPhosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors have been shown to present beneficial effects in cerebral ischemic injury because of their ability to improve cognition and target different phases and mechanisms of cerebral ischemia, including apoptosis, neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. The present study investigated whether repeated treatment with the PDE4 inhibitor roflumilast rescued memory loss and attenuated neuroinflammation in rats following transient global cerebral ischemia (TGCI). TGCI caused memory impairments, neuronal loss (reflected by Neuronal nuclei (NeuN) immunoreactivity), and compensatory neurogenesis (reflected by doublecortin (DCX) immunoreactivity) in the hippocampus. Also, increases in the protein expression of the phosphorylated response element‐binding protein (pCREB) and inflammatory markers such as the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ionized calcium‐binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba‐1), were detected in the hippocampus in TGCI rats. Repeated treatment with roflumilast (0.003 and 0.01 mg/kg) prevented spatial memory deficits without promoting hippocampal protection in ischemic animals. Roflumilast increased the levels of pCREB, arginase‐1, interleukin (IL) 4, and IL‐10 in the hippocampus 21 days after TGCI. These data suggest a protective effect of roflumilast against functional sequelae of cerebral ischemia, which might be related to its anti‐inflammatory properties.
Assessing the Impact of a Test Question: Evidence from the “Underground Railroad” Controversy
Authors: Dee Thomas S. , Domingue Benjamin W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOn the second day of a 2019 high‐stakes English Language Arts assessment, Massachusetts 10th graders faced an essay question that was based on a passage from the novel “The Underground Railroad” and publicly characterized as racially insensitive. Though the state excluded the essay responses from student scores, an unresolved public controversy focused on whether this question created a racial bias in performance on the remaining test items. We present the results from an independent, preregistered study of this question. Our confirmatory results indicate that exposure to the controversial question is associated with a small reduction in the comparative performance of Black students on the overall test (approximately .006σ). However, we also find a wide dispersion of such effects when examining similarly small sets of test items from prior state assessments that lacked a controversial question, which suggests the 2019 assessment was not distinctive. Our approach offers a potential template that may be useful in other contexts where testing controversies occur and underscores the importance of carefully screening test items to avoid such occurrences.
APOL1 risk variants and the development of HIV‐associated nephropathy
Authors: Goyal Rohan , Singhal Pravin C. 
Published: December 2020

HIV‐associated nephropathy (HIVAN) remains a concern among untreated HIV patients, notably of African descent, as patients can reach end‐stage renal disease within 3 years. Two variants (G1 and G2) of the APOL1 gene, common in African populations to protect against African sleeping sickness, have been associated with an increased risk of several glomerular disorders including HIVAN, hypertension‐attributed chronic kidney disease, and idiopathic focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and are accordingly named renal risk variants (RRVs). This review examines the mechanisms by which APOL1 RRVs drive glomerular injury in the setting of HIV infection and their potential application to patient management. Innate antiviral mechanisms activated by chronic HIV infection, especially those involving type 1 interferons, are of particular interest as they have been shown to upregulate APOL1 expression. Additionally, the downregulation of miRNA 193a (a repressor of APOL1) is also associated with the upregulation of APOL1. Interestingly, glomerular damage affected by APOL1 RRVs is caused by both loss‐ and gain‐of‐function changes in the protein, explicitly characterizing these effects. Their intracellular localization offers a further understanding of the nuances of APOL1 variant effects in promoting renal disease. Finally, although APOL1 variants have been recognized as a critical genetic player in mediating kidney disease, there are significant gaps in their application to patient management for screening, diagnosis, and treatment.
A global analysis of the susceptibility of river basins to invasion of a freshwater zooplankton (Daphnia lumholtzi)
Authors: Mantovano Tatiane , Bailly Dayani , Ferreira José Hilário Delconte , de Oliveira da Conceição Eliezer , Cassemiro Fernanda A. S. , de Campos Ramiro , Paulo Mormul Roger , Rangel Thiago Fernando , Lansac‐Tôha Fábio Amodêo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractClimate change and species invasions pose serious threats to biodiversity.Daphnia lumholtziSars, 1885, a cladoceran species native to Africa, Asia, and Oceania, has successfully invaded large sections of North and South America, there is evidence that the increase in the Earth's temperature and the number of reservoirs have facilitated this process.In this context, our study evaluated the effects of climate change on the invasive potential ofD. lumholtzi, identifying the environmental suitability of non‐native river basins around the world to invasion by this species.Using ecological niche modelling, we predicted potential distribution areas ofD. lumholtziin non‐native continents at the present time, in 2050 and 2080. For future scenarios we considered two hypotheses of greenhouse gas emission: extreme (8.5 representative concentration pathways) and moderate (4.5 representative concentration pathways). We used different algorithms in niche models within the ensemble forecast approach to estimate the potential distribution ofD. lumholtziriver basins worldwide. Furthermore, we developed a susceptibility index, that uses the presence ofD. lumholtzi,its suitability information, area, and number of reservoirs to evaluate the susceptibility to invasion for each river basin.Our predictions showed that future climate change will have a strong influence on the invasive potential ofD. lumholzti, potentially expanding its distribution in eastern North America and boosting invasion across Europe, especially at the end of the century. The susceptibility index also showed that many river basins that presently are not vulnerable to invasion by this species will become susceptible to invasion, these basins lie mainly in Europe.Our results will be useful for monitoring and mitigating the spread of this species, especially for river basins identified as highly susceptible to invasion. Thus, we suggested thatD. lumholtzishould be a high priority for monitoring and preventive actions against invasion of these river basins. We also suggest that better risk assessments, that include invasive species and reservoirs, should be a priority in national energy development plans.
Prevalence of dementia and its impact on mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: July Julius , Pranata Raymond 
Published: December 2020

AimIn this systematic review and meta‐analysis, we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dementia in patients with COVID‐19 and its association with mortality. We also aimed to discover whether age, sex and other comorbidities might affect the association between dementia and mortality.MethodsWe carried out a systematic literature search using PubMed, SCOPUS, EuropePMC and the Cochrane Central Database. The outcome of interest was mortality, defined as clinically validated mortality/death/non‐survivor in the studies. The pooled effect estimates were presented as odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio.ResultsA total of 56 577 patients from 10 studies were included. The prevalence of dementia in this pooled analysis was 10% (7–13%). Dementia was associated with increased mortality in both pooled unadjusted (odds ratio 2.80, 95% CI 1.85–4.24, P < 0.001; I2 = 93.7%) and adjusted effect estimates (adjusted odds ratio 1.80, 95% CI 1.45–2.24, P < 0.001; I2 = 72.9%). The association between dementia and mortality was influenced by age (coefficient −0.047, P < 0.001) and hypertension (coefficient −0.009, P = 0.020).ConclusionsThis study showed that dementia was associated with increased mortality in COVID‐19 patients. The association was affected by age and comorbidities. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 172–177.
Comparative evaluation of four free radical scavengers for the inhibition of individual glycidyl ester formation in rice bran oil determined by UPLC‐MS/MS
Authors: Wang Shujie , Liu Guoqin , Cheng Weiwei 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThis research investigated the effect of carnosic acid (CA), tert‐butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), sesamol (SL) and L‐ascorbyl palmitate (AP) on the inhibition of glycidyl esters (GEs) and oxidation parameter changes in rice bran oil (RBO) during heat processing. The electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis showed that the free radical scavenging ability of them was ranked as CA > TBHQ > SL > AP. With the addition of CA, TBHQ, SL and AP (0.6 g kg−1), the GEs content was reduced significantly from 987.98 ± 8.45 to 283.87 ± 4.78, 303.21 ± 4.38, 440.52 ± 3.82 and 500.55 ± 2.99 μg kg−1, respectively. All four free radical scavengers had the highest inhibitory effect on C18:2‐GE, followed by C18:1‐GE and C16:0‐GE. Moreover, the free radical scavengers were also effective to inhibit oil oxidation. Overall, the natural‐free radical scavenger may be a promising candidate to mitigate GE formation and oil oxidation due to its effectiveness and safety.
Looking represents choosing in toddlers: Exploring the equivalence between multimodal measures in forced‐choice tasks
Authors: Hagihara Hiromichi , Ienaga Naoto , Terayama Kei , Moriguchi Yusuke , Sakagami Masa‐aki 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn the two‐alternative forced‐choice (2AFC) paradigm, manual responses such as pointing have been widely used as measures to estimate cognitive abilities. While pointing measurements can be easily collected, coded, analyzed, and interpreted, absent responses are often observed particularly when adopting these measures for toddler studies, which leads to an increase of missing data. Although looking responses such as preferential looking can be available as alternative measures in such cases, it is unknown how well looking measurements can be interpreted as equivalent to manual ones. This study aimed to answer this question by investigating how accurately pointing responses (i.e., left or right) could be predicted from concurrent preferential looking. Using pre‐existing videos of toddlers aged 18–23 months engaged in an intermodal word comprehension task, we developed models predicting manual from looking responses. Results showed substantial prediction accuracy for both the Simple Majority Vote and Machine Learning‐Based classifiers, which indicates that looking responses would be reasonable alternative measures of manual ones. However, the further exploratory analysis revealed that when applying the created models for data of toddlers who did not produce clear pointing responses, the estimation agreement of missing pointing between the models and the human coders slightly dropped. This indicates that looking responses without pointing were qualitatively different from those with pointing. Bridging two measurements in forced‐choice tasks would help researchers avoid wasting collected data due to the absence of manual responses and interpret results from different modalities comprehensively.
Microbial effect on water sorptivity and sulphate ingress by Bacillus megaterium on mortars prepared using Portland Pozzolana cement
Authors: Mutitu D.K. , Muthengia J.W. , Mwirichia R. , Thiong’o J.K. , Mulwa M.O. , Genson M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Aims
To determine the effect of direct embedment of Bacillus megaterium into Portland pozzolana cement mortars on water sorptivity and diffusivity coefficient of sulphate ions.

Methods and Results
Prisms with a water/cement ratio of 0·5 were prepared by blending Portland Pozzolana cement with the requisite volume of a B. megaterium (microbial) solution whose concentration was 1·0 × 107 cells per ml. Mortar prisms of 160 mm × 40 mm × 40 mm were fabricated for this study. Mortars cured for 28 days were exposed to 0·2465 mol l−1 Na2SO4 solution using accelerated ion migration test method for 36-h session using a 12V DC power source. Sulphate ion concentration was then determined through the ingressed mortar at 10 mm interval. A minimum water sorption gain of 0·61% was observed on the prism prepared with and cured in microbial solution. A maximum of 0·0289 and a minimum of 0·0093 water sorptivity coefficients were exhibited by the control prism and microbial prisms, respectively. The microbial prisms exhibited the lowest apparent diffusion coefficient (Dapp) of 4·5179 × 10−11 m2 s−1.

Conclusions
Direct incorporation of B. megaterium in mortar preparation, curing or both regimes significantly retarded water sorption and lowered sulphate ion ingress. The inclusion of this bacterial in the mortar further complements the pozzolana pore structure benefits.

Significance and Impact of the Study
This novel B. megaterium bacteria which can survive and cause biocementation within hydrating cement mortar when not encapsulated would result in a green innovation. Once adopted and applied in real-life scenario, it would promote construction of durable, safe, resilient and affordable shelter.
Patterns of phylogenetic beta diversity measured at deep evolutionary histories across geographical and ecological spaces for angiosperms in China
Authors: Qian Hong , Jin Yi , Leprieur Fabien , Wang Xianli , Deng Tao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimUnderstanding patterns and drivers of phylogenetic beta diversity in a region is important to understanding the origin and maintenance of the regional species diversity and variation in species diversity between local sites. Here we used a phylogenetic beta diversity metric quantifying deep evolutionary histories to explore geographical and ecological patterns of phylogenetic beta diversity in angiosperm assemblages across China.LocationChina.TaxonFlowering plants (angiosperms).MethodsChina was divided into 100 × 100 km grid cells. Species composition in each grid cell was documented. We used a basal‐weighted metric (Dpw) to quantify phylogenetic beta diversity among angiosperm assemblages with two sampling approaches (neighbourhood approach and pairwise approach). Dpw was related to latitude and climatic conditions of angiosperm assemblages and to geographical and climatic distances between angiosperm assemblages across China.ResultsWe found that the southeastern portion of China has much higher Dpw than the northwestern portion of China. The line of high versus low values of Dpw across China is generally consistent with the line of 500‐mm precipitation per year. Our study shows that precipitation is associated with Dpw more strongly than temperature, and Dpw decreases with latitude, particularly in the eastern part of China.Main conclusionsThe emergence of the observed pattern of basal‐weighted phylogenetic beta diversity is at least partly because the southeastern portion of China retains a large number of Tertiary relicts, making it a biogeographical museum, whereas many Tertiary relicts went extinct from the northwestern portion of China, particularly the Tibetan Plateau, due to the uplift of the plateau and the Himalayas, which makes the region a biogeographical grave for Tertiary relicts.