bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dynamics and impact of compositionally originating provinces in a mantle convection model featuring rheologically obtained plates
Authors: Langemeyer Sean M , Lowman Julian P , Tackley Paul J 
Published: December 2019

SUMMARYPrevious geodynamic studies have indicated that the presence of a compositionally anomalous and intrinsically dense (CAID) mantle component can impact both core heat flux and surface features, such as plate velocity, number and size. Implementing spherical annulus geometry mantle convection models, we investigate the influence of intrinsically dense material in the lower mantle on core heat flux and the surface velocity field. The dense component is introduced into a system that features an established plate-like surface velocity field, and subsequently we analyse the evolution of the surface velocity as well as the interior thermal structure of the mantle. The distribution and mobility of the CAID material is investigated by varying its buoyancy ratio relative to the ambient mantle (ranging from 0.7 to 1.5), its total volume (3.5–10 per cent of the mantle volume) and its intrinsic viscosity (0.01–100 times the ambient mantle viscosity). We find at least three distinct distributions of the dense material can occur adjacent to the core–mantle boundary (CMB), including multiple piles of varying topography, a core enveloping layer and two diametrically opposed provinces (which can on occasion break into three distinct piles). The latter distribution mimics the morphology of the seismically observed large low shear wave velocity provinces (LLSVPs) and can occur over the entire range of CAID material viscosities. However, diametrically opposed provinces occur primarily in cases with CAID material buoyancy numbers of 0.7–0.85 (corresponding to contrasts in density between ambient and CAID material of 130 and 160 kg m−3, respectively) in our model (with an effective Rayleigh number of order 106). Steep and high topography piles are also obtained for cases featuring buoyancy ratios of 0.85 and viscosities 10–100 times that of the ambient mantle. An increase in relative density, as well as larger volumes of CAID material, lead to the development of a core enveloping layer. Our findings show that when two provinces are present core heat flux can be reduced by up to 50 per cent relative to cases in which CAID material is absent. Surface deformation quantified by Plateness is minimally influenced by variation of the properties of the dense material. Surface velocity is found to be reduced in general but mostly substantially in cases featuring high CAID material viscosities and large volumes (i.e. 10 per cent) or buoyancy ratios.
Strain energy released by earthquake faulting with random slip components
Authors: Saito Tatsuhiko , Noda Akemi 
Published: December 2019

SUMMARYThis study investigates the strain energy change caused by earthquake faulting. While conventional theories often assumed uniform stress change on the fault plane, this study supposed the slip fluctuation and non-uniform stress change on the fault. By using a stochastic modelling of the slip distribution, we represent the ensemble average of the strain energy change by using the power spectral density function of the slip fluctuation. This yields the following results. (1) When the initial stress is uniform and the earthquake contains a fluctuating slip distribution, the released strain energy is less than the one by an earthquake with the uniform stress change on the fault with the same seismic moment. (2) On the other hand, when the initial stress is fluctuating, the earthquake contains a fluctuating slip distribution, and the final stress is uniform, the released strain energy is more than the one by an earthquake with the uniform stress change on the fault. (3) The stress drop becomes large due to the fluctuating slip distribution from the viewpoint of the strain energy release. We derived the analytical solution of the stress change by using the power spectral density function of the random slip fluctuation. (4) The strain energy change is proportional to the seismic moment when ${\epsilon ^2}/a \propto {( {{M_0}} )^{ - 1/3}}$ (${\epsilon ^2}$ is the variance of the fractional slip fluctuation and $a$ is the correlation distance). (5) The energy balance gives the value of initial stress that is required for the earthquake generation. In order to generate an earthquake, the initial stress needs to be larger than the sum of half of the stress drop and the apparent stress. In other words, earthquakes having rich short-wavelength components in the slip distribution are not generated under a low initial stress level.
A new 3-D P-wave velocity model for the Gulf of Cadiz and adjacent areas derived from controlled-source seismic data: application to nonlinear probabilistic relocation of moderate earthquakes
Authors: Lozano Lucía , Cantavella Juan Vicente , Barco Jaime 
Published: December 2019

SUMMARYThe SW Iberian margin is well known for its complex tectonic setting and crustal structure and by the occurrence of moderate magnitude earthquakes and some great tsunamigenic earthquakes. Fortunately, many seismic reflection and refraction profiles have been carried out, providing detailed information about the crustal structure of the main geologic domains in this region. These studies show a first-order variation due to the transition from oceanic to continental domain, large-scale heterogeneities within the crust and an irregular Moho topography. Routine earthquake locations in this area have been usually computed using a general 1-D velocity model which is clear that cannot account for such a heterogeneous structure. In addition, regional seismic stations used to locate the Gulf of Cadiz seismicity are on land and far away to the east, implying large azimuthal gaps and distances. In this context, a 3-D approach seems necessary to properly solve the crustal velocity field and improve earthquake location in this area. With this purpose, we present a new digital 3-D P-wave velocity distribution for the crust and uppermost mantle derived from previously published controlled-source seismic experiments carried out in SW Iberia and the Gulf of Cadiz over the last 40 yr. We have reviewed more than 50 wide-angle and multichannel seismic reflection and refraction profiles and digitized the most significant published 2-D seismic velocity models, performing an updated compilation of crustal parameters (P-wave velocities and geometry and depth of the main crustal interfaces). These velocities as a function of position and depth have been interpolated using ordinary kriging algorithm to obtain, in the form of a regular georeferenced 20 × 20 × 1 km grid spacing, a high-resolution 3-D P-wave velocity distribution for the crust and uppermost mantle and a continuous Moho depth map of the whole area of this study (33°N–41°N latitude and 15°W–5°W longitude). Since current seismic location tools allow the implementation of 3-D grid structures, we have applied our 3-D model to relocate a selection of moderate earthquakes occurred in the studied region using a probabilistic nonlinear method. In the Gulf of Cadiz area the probabilistic approximation provides maximum likelihood hypocentres located within the uppermost mantle with the majority of depths ranging between 20 and 45 km. This model would subsequently be implemented at the Spanish Seismic Network for the routine relocation of the seismicity of the area.
A theory of porous media and harmonic wave propagation in poroelastic body
Authors: Brito da Silva Romulo , Liu I-Shih , Antonio Rincon Mauro 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The present work is based on a mixture theory of poroelastic media which is consistent with the classical Darcy’s law and uplift force in soil mechanics. In addition, it also results in having an inertial effect on the motion of solid constituent as commonly expected, in contrast to Biot’s theory, where relative acceleration is introduced as an interactive force between solid and fluid constituents to account for the apparent inertial effect. The propagation of plane harmonic waves in homogeneously deformed region is considered. For different poroelastic models with either incompressible solid or incompressible fluid constituent, phase speeds and attenuation coefficients are analysed and numerically determined with convenient data from a nonlinear material model for comparison with some available results in the literature.
The Law and Ethics of Switching from Biologic to Biosimilar in Canada
Authors: Murdoch Blake , Caulfield Timothy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Governments and financial institutions in several jurisdictions are planning or implementing nonmedical/‘forced’ switches by cutting drug coverage for reference biologics and funding only less expensive biosimilars. Switches raise numerous ethical and legal challenges, as the drugs are framed as not being identical and, despite strong evidence for noninferiority of some biosimilars, there is controversy over whether switching can sometimes lead to adverse events. Canadian law generally requires physicians to give precedence to their patients’ best interests over social interests such as cost containment. The primacy of patients’ interests is also clearly reflected in professional policies and codes of ethics. Moreover, physicians are obligated to disclose everything a reasonable person in the patient’s position would want to know when obtaining informed consent for treatment, including addressing not only scientific information but also relevant social controversy about nonmedical switches. Under Canadian law, physicians may be obligated to tell patients about the ability to access unfunded biologics, even if patients lack the resources to obtain them. In sum, while there is no inherent right to funding for reference biologics in Canada, physicians in some circumstances may have a legal obligation as fiduciaries to advocate on behalf of patients to remain on a reference biologic. At a minimum, the controversy surrounding switching will necessitate, as part of the consent process, a robust and thorough disclosure of relevant risks, benefits and reasonable alternatives.
Is standard radical surgery necessary for elderly patients with early-stage epithelial ovarian carcinoma? ~Propensity score matched analysis~
Authors: Kajiyama Hiroaki , Yoshihara Masato , Tamauchi Satoshi , Yoshikawa Nobuhisa , Niimi Kaoru , Suzuki Shiro , Shibata Kiyosumi , Kikkawa Fumitaka 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Objective
The impact of ‘standard full-staged radical surgery (SRS)’ on overall survival (OS) in elderly patients with early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated the impact of SRS on OS in elderly patients with early-stage EOC in a multicentric analysis using a propensity score (PS)-matching technique.

Methods
Between 1986 and 2017, 3227 patients with EOC were registered and accumulated by the Tokai Ovarian Tumor Study Group, consisting of 14 collaborating institutions, after a central pathological review. Among them, 204 elderly patients aged older than or equal to 65 years who had a stage I EOC were analyzed, including 72 patients who had received SRS (Group I) and 132 who had undergone non-SRS limited surgery (Group II). Oncologic outcomes were compared between the two groups using a PS-matching technique to adjust for various clinicopathologic risk factors.

Results
The median follow-up duration of all surviving patients was 55.9 months. Consequently, 54 patients (26.5%) developed recurrence. In addition, 33 patients (16.2%) died of the disease. In the original cohort, the 5-year OS rates of Groups I and II were 95.8 and 82.3%, respectively. We identified a marginally significant difference between the two groups (Log-rank: P = 0.086). In the PS-matched cohort after adjustment for multiple clinicopathologic factors, there was no significant difference in OS between the two groups [OS (Group I vs. II), HR: 0.766 (95% CI: 0.271–2.165), P = 0.615].

Conclusions
After adjustment for clinicopathologic factors, non-SRS limited surgery may not worsen the oncologic outcome in elderly women with early-stage EOC. A large-scale clinical study is necessary to validate the findings.
Experimental Demonstration of Reservoir Competence of the White-Footed Mouse, Peromyscus leucopus (Rodentia: Cricetidae), for the Lyme Disease Spirochete, Borrelia mayonii (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae)
Authors: Parise Christina M , Breuner Nicole E , Hojgaard Andrias , Osikowicz Lynn M , Replogle Adam J , Eisen Rebecca J , Eisen Lars 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The white-footed mouse, Peromyscus leucopus (Rafinesque), is a reservoir for the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto in the eastern half of the United States, where the blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), is the primary vector. In the Midwest, an additional Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia mayonii, was recorded from naturally infected I. scapularis and P. leucopus. However, an experimental demonstration of reservoir competence was lacking for a natural tick host. We therefore experimentally infected P. leucopus with B. mayonii via I. scapularis nymphal bites and then fed uninfected larvae on the mice to demonstrate spirochete acquisition and passage to resulting nymphs. Of 23 mice fed on by B. mayonii-infected nymphs, 21 (91%) developed active infections. The infection prevalence for nymphs fed as larvae on these infected mice 4 wk post-infection ranged from 56 to 98%, and the overall infection prevalence for 842 nymphs across all 21 P. leucopus was 75% (95% confidence interval, 72–77%). To assess duration of infectivity, 10 of the P. leucopus were reinfested with uninfected larval ticks 12 wk after the mice were infected. The overall infection prevalence for 480 nymphs across all 10 P. leucopus at the 12-wk time point was 26% (95% confidence interval, 23–31%), when compared with 76% (95% confidence interval, 71–79%) for 474 nymphs from the same subset of 10 mice at the 4-wk time point. We conclude that P. leucopus is susceptible to infection with B. mayonii via bite by I. scapularis nymphs and an efficient reservoir for this Lyme disease spirochete.
A Case-Control Study Examining Disparities in Clinical Trial Participation Among Breast Surgical Oncology Patients
Authors: Fayanju Oluwadamilola M , Ren Yi , Thomas Samantha M , Greenup Rachel A , Hyslop Terry , Hwang E Shelley , Stewart John H 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundClinical trial participation among racial and ethnic minorities remains low despite national efforts. We sought to determine how participation in clinical trials by breast surgical oncology patients has changed over time and what characteristics are associated with participation.MethodsWomen with breast cancer enrolled in National Cancer Institute–sponsored, cooperative-group trials from 2000 to 2012 and who underwent oncologic surgery (n = 17 125) were compared with trial-eligible women in the National Cancer Database diagnosed in 2000–2012 (n = 792 719). Race-specific trial participation was plotted over time by income and reported as a proportion of the combined cohorts. Factors associated with trial participation were estimated using logistic regression; we report odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A P value less than  .05 was considered statistically significant for all analyses. All tests were two-sided.ResultsParticipation declined across all groups over time because of a decrease in the scale and number of trials. In 2000–2003, Asian–Pacific Islander (7.17%), Hispanic (3.48%), and white (7.13%) patients from the highest income group had higher participation than their lower-income counterparts (Asian–Pacific Islander: 3.95%; Hispanic: 2.67%; white: 5.96%), but by 2008–2012, only high-income white patients participated more than lower-income whites (0.32% vs 0.25%, all P &lt; .01). Black (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.85) and Hispanic (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.77 to 0.92) patients were less likely to participate than whites, but there were statistically significant interactions between income and race and ethnicity, with high-income black patients being approximately 50% less likely to participate than lower-income blacks (all P &lt; .001).ConclusionsMultifaceted interventions addressing the intersectionality of race, ethnicity, and other patient characteristics are needed to address persistent disparities in trial participation among breast surgical oncology patients.
Press Freedom and Investor–State Dispute Settlement: Past, Present and Future
Authors: King Aphiwan Natasha 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article argues in favour of the use of Investor–State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) as a mechanism for enforcing global freedom of the press. Commentators have increasingly recognized the potential of investor–State arbitration as a method for promoting good governance by host States. Given the shared preoccupation of international human rights law and ISDS with the protection of the individual against State action, it is unsurprising that the right to property, due process, and non-discrimination each has its analogue in investment treaty standards. This article summarizes disputes in which news and media organizations, as commercial actors, have successfully sought provisional measures and awards to address State controls on freedom of expression, through common investment protections such as Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET). Through this, the article highlights both the substantive and procedural advantages of this mode of dispute settlement, as well as the risks inherent in initiating arbitration against a State.
Shading of the mother plant during seed development promotes subsequent seed germination in soybean
Authors: Chen Feng , Zhou Wenguan , Yin Han , Luo Xiaofeng , Chen Wei , Liu Xin , Wang Xingcai , Meng Yongjie , Feng Lingyang , Qin Yuanyuan , Zhang Cuiying , Yang Feng , Yong Taiwen , Wang Xiaochun , Liu Jiang , Du Junbo , Liu Weiguo , Yang Wenyu , Shu Kai 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe effect of shading during seed development on subsequent germination remains largely unknown. In this study, two soybean (Glycine max) seed production systems, monocropping (MC) and maize–soybean intercropping (IC), were employed to examine the effects of shading of the mother plant on subsequent seed germination. Compared to the MC soybean seeds, which received light, the developing IC seeds were exposed to shade resulting from the taller neighboring maize plants. The IC seeds germinated faster than the MC seeds, although there was no significant difference in the thickness of the seed coat. The concentration of soluble pro-anthocyanidin in the IC seed coat was significantly lower than that in the MC seed coat. Changes in the concentrations of several types of fatty acids in IC seeds were also observed, the nature of which were consistent with the effect on germination. The expression levels of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis were down-regulated in IC seeds, while the transcription levels of the genes related to gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis were up-regulated. This was consistently reflected in decreased ABA concentrations and increased active GA4 concentrations in IC seeds, resulting in an increased GA4/ABA ratio. Our results thus indicated that shading of the mother plant during seed development in soybean promoted subsequent germination by mediating the biosynthesis of pro-anthocyanidins, fatty acids, and phytohormones.
‘Which Story do you Prefer?’: The Limits of the Symbolic in Yann Martel’s Life of Pi
Authors: Karam Ally Hamza 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article investigates the symbolic and the material in Yann Martel’s novel Life of Pi. I develop through psychoanalytical and phenomenological argumentation a reading of Martel’s book as an updating of Herman Melville’s Moby Dick, in the sense that each tempts its protagonist to try to glimpse the presence of the divine within the indifferent mutability of animal natures. Like Ishmael, who alternatively perceives Ahab as Jonah and Job, Martel’s castaway Piscine asks us to choose which ‘story’ about the universe we prefer, one in which nature is a window into God’s mind, and the other in which it refuses us this desire.
Freedom at sea
Authors: Nesiah Vasuki 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The Amistad case deals with an 1839 slave-ship rebellion seeking to reverse the middle passage. The rebels reimagine freedom in counterpoint to liberal freedom and legal authority—a domain that intertwined emancipation and enslavement, the age of liberty and the Black Atlantic, the distance between continents and tides binding them together, redemption of American humanism and attacks on Black humanity.
The USU Global Health Distance Learning Program: An International Educational Consortium for Global Health Engagement
Authors: Boetig Bradley , Kumpf Josh , Jindal Rahul M , Lawry Lynn Lieberman , Baines Lindsay , Cullison Thomas R 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
USU’s Global Health Distance Learning Program has successfully enrolled over 400 students from all four services spread across six continents. British and Australian military physicians have joined as international partners, and the program now invites additional international, as well as USG interagency and war college partnerships. The program should also be employed as a tool for global health engagement itself.
Sudden and steady orbital period changes across the classical nova eruptions of DQ Her and BT Mon
Authors: Schaefer Bradley E 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
I report two new measures of the sudden change in the orbital period (P) across the nova eruption (ΔP) and the steady period change in quiescence ($\dot{P}$) for classical novae (CNe) DQ Her and BT Mon. The fractional changes (ΔP/P) in parts per million (ppm) are −4.46 ± 0.03 for DQ Her and +39.6 ± 0.5 for BT Mon. For BT Mon, the ΔP/P value is not large enough (i.e. &gt;1580 ppm) to allow for hibernation in this system. The negative ΔP/P for DQ Her is a confident counterexample of the hibernation model for the evolution of cataclysmic variables. Further, published models of period changes by nova eruptions do not allow for such a negative value, so some additional mechanism is required, with this perhaps being due to asymmetric ejection of material. My program has also measured the first long-term $\dot{P}$ for CNe, with 0.00 ± 0.02 for DQ Her and −2.3 ± 0.1 for BT Mon, all with units of 10−11 d cycle−1. These can be directly compared to the predictions of the magnetic braking model, where the long-term average $\dot{P}$ is a single universal function of P. The predicted values are −0.027 for DQ Her and −0.33 for BT Mon. For both novae, the measured $\dot{P}$ is significantly far from the predictions for magnetic braking. Further, the observed ΔP for BT Mon imposes an additional positive period change of +0.60 × 10−11 d cycle−1 when averaged over the eruption cycle, so this system actually has a long-term rise in P.