bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shifting baseline syndrome among coral reef scientists
Authors: Muldrow Milton , Parsons Edward C. M. , Jonas Robert 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe ‘shifting baseline syndrome’ has received much attention and acceptance within the conservation science community. In this study, the ‘shifting baseline syndrome’ based on which each generation of fisheries scientists accepts the stock size and species composition extant in the beginning of their careers as the normal baseline, as proposed by Pauly in 1995, was tested. It was hypothesized that Florida Keys reef scientists use the reef conditions at the beginning of their careers as the baseline for the evaluation of change. A cohort of these scientists was used as a study group to test this hypothesis and explore expert opinions on reef baselines. Snowball sampling led to a total of 54 interviews of Florida Keys Reef-experienced scientists. Among all contacts, 48% responded and were interviewed for a total of 37.6 h. Correlation statistics were used to analyse the respondent’s age and experience and their correlations with the reported baselines. Ninety-six percent of the interviewees were professional scientists. Baselines for the Florida Keys bank reef ecosystem were established based on the respondents’ testimonies. Independent of the age, experience, or affiliation, the respondents agreed that the baselines for the Florida Keys bank reef are a coral cover of ~33% and 44 years before present (1972). Seventy percent of the respondents who were under the age of 40 stated that they never witnessed anAcroporasp.-dominated reef, whereas 96% of the experts over the age of 60 stated the opposite. This demonstrates the dramatic change in the interaction with the coral reef from one generation of experts to the next; however, the consensus regarding the baselines is high. Our results indicate the general consensus regarding reef baselines among scientists, which may inform the management practices of a wide range of stakeholders. This study provides evidence that Florida Keys reef scientists are not subject to the shifting baseline syndrome, highlighting that education and experience may counter potential baseline shifting. These results can be used as references for the establishment of unified restoration goals in coral restoration programs. Appropriate coral baselines have been debated for decades, with little understanding of the community consensus.
Is water consumption embedded in crop prices? A global data-driven analysis
Authors: Falsetti Benedetta , Vallino Elena , Ridolfi Luca , Laio Francesco 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Agricultural production exploits about 70% of all water withdrawals around the globe, but to date, it is not clear if and how this water consumption is taken into consideration in the price of the agricultural primary goods. To shed light on this point, we analyze the farm gate prices of twelve representative crops in the period 1991-2016, considering data from 162 countries in total. The crop price dependence on the water footprint is investigated, also accounting for the country’s water scarcity as a possible additional determinant of the price, and of the land footprint as a possible confounding factor. We find that prices of staple crops (e.g. wheat, maize, soybeans, and potatoes) typically embed the amount of water used for their production. Differently, food products that do not contribute in an essential way to the human diet and whose production is more export-oriented (e.g. coffee, cocoa beans, tea, vanilla) exhibit weaker or negligible water-price links. These variations may be ascribable to specific market dynamics related to the two product groups. Staple crops are often produced in markets where many producers have more space for price setting and may have an incentive to include also the value of water in the final crop price. In contrast, cash crops are cultivated in situations where few producers are ‘price takers’ with respect to the international market. This mechanism may decrease the influence of the water used on crop farm gate price composition. The understanding of different water impacts on crop prices may be useful for increasing efficiency in water allocation and governance decisions, with the aim of improved environmental sustainability in this domain.
Online Liquid Microextraction Coupled with HPLC-ABTS for Rapid Screening of Natural Antioxidants: Case Study of Three Different Teas
Authors: Qian Zheng-Ming , Fang Bo-Wen , Chen Hai-Ming , Li Chun-Hong , Huang Qi , Chen Ling , Li Wen-Jia , Li De-qiang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the present study, an online liquid extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (HPLC-ABTS) system for rapid screening of antioxidants in tea samples was proposed. As an example, the tea samples were firstly extracted by online HPLC extractor with mobile phase at 70°C, then the hyphenated HPLC-ABTS was used for the chromatographic separation on a Poroshell EC C18 column by 0.3% aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile with a gradient elution at 1.5 mL·min−1, and the UV and antioxidant chromatograms with detection wavelengths at 270 nm and 750 nm were recorded, respectively. The established system integrated the processes of online HPLC sample extraction, HPLC separation and online antioxidants detection, the total analysis time of which was &lt;20 min. The developed method was successfully applied to samples of green tea, oolong tea and black tea. As a result, 11 antioxidants were found in tea samples, including gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, epigallocatechingallate, epicatechingallate, rutin, 1,4,6-trigalloylglucose, quercetin-3-glycoside and kaempferol-3-glucoside. The combined online liquid microextraction and online HPLC-ABTS method is a rapid and green approach for the quality evaluation of tea.
Geographical patterns of root nodule bacterial diversity in cultivated and wild populations of a woody legume crop
Authors: Ramoneda Josep , Roux Johannes J Le , Frossard Emmanuel , Frey Beat , Gamper Hannes Andres 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
There is interest in understanding how cultivation, plant genotype, climate and soil conditions influence the biogeography of root nodule bacterial communities of legumes. For crops from regions with relict wild populations, this is of even greater interest because the effects of cultivation on symbiont communities can be revealed, which is of particular interest for bacteria such as rhizobia. Here, we determined the structure of root nodule bacterial communities of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), a leguminous shrub endemic to South Africa. We related the community dissimilarities of the root nodule bacteria of 18 paired cultivated and wild rooibos populations to pairwise geographical distances, plant ecophysiological characteristics and soil physicochemical parameters. Using next-generation sequencing data, we identified region-, cultivation- and farm-specific operational taxonomic units for four distinct classes of root nodule bacterial communities, dominated by members of the genus Mesorhizobium. We found that while bacterial richness was locally increased by organic cultivation, strong biogeographical differentiation in the bacterial communities of wild rooibos disappeared with cultivation of one single cultivar across its entire cultivation range. This implies that expanding rooibos farming has the potential to endanger wild rooibos populations through the homogenisation of root nodule bacterial diversity.
Fetal expression of genes related to metabolic function is impacted by supplementation of ground beef and sucrose during gestation in a swine model
Authors: Hoyle Ashley S , Menezes Ana Clara B , Nelson Megan A , Swanson Kendall C , Vonnahme Kimberly A , Berg Eric P , Ward Alison K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
To determine the effects of maternal supplementation on the mRNA abundance of genes associated with metabolic function in fetal muscle and liver, pregnant sows (Landrace × Yorkshire; initial body weight (BW) 221.58 ± 33.26 kg; n = 21) fed a complete gestation diet (corn–soybean meal based diet, CSM) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 isocaloric supplementation treatments: control (CON, 378 g/d CSM, n = 5), sucrose (SUGAR, 255 g/d crystalized sugar, n = 5), cooked ground beef (BEEF, 330 g/d n = 6), or BEEF + SUGAR (B+S, 165 g/d cooked ground beef and 129 g/d crystalized sugar, n = 5), from days 40 to 110 of gestation. Sows were euthanized on day 111 of gestation. Two male and 2 female fetuses of median BW were selected from each litter, and samples of the longissimus dorsi muscle and liver were collected. Relative transcript level was quantified via qPCR with HPRT1 as the reference gene for both muscle and liver samples. The following genes were selected and analyzed in the muscle: IGF1R, IGF2, IGF2R, GYS-1, IRS-1, INSR, SREBP-1C, and LEPR; while the following were analyzed in the liver: IGF2, IGF2R, FBFase, G6PC, PC, PCK1, FGF21, and LIPC. No effect of fetal sex by maternal treatment interaction was observed in mRNA abundance of any of the genes evaluated (P &gt; 0.11). In muscle, the maternal nutritional treatment influenced (P = 0.02) IGF2 mRNA abundance, with B+S and SUGAR fetuses having lower abundance than CON, which was not different from BEEF. Additionally, SREBP-1 mRNA abundance was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for B+S compared with CON, BEEF, or SUGAR fetuses; and females tended (P = 0.06) to have an increased abundance of SREBP-1 than males. In fetal liver, IGF2R mRNA abundance was greater (P = 0.01) for CON and BEEF than SUGAR and B+S; while FBPase mRNA abundance was greater (P = 0.03) for B+S compared with the other groups. In addition, maternal nutritional tended (P = 0.06) to influence LIPC mRNA abundance, with increased abundance in CON compared with SUGAR and B+S. These data indicate limited changes in transcript abundance due to substitution of supplemental sugar by ground beef during mid to late gestation. However, the differential expression of FBPase and SREBP-1c in response to the simultaneous supplementation of sucrose and ground beef warrants further investigations, since these genes may play important roles in determining the offspring susceptibility to metabolic diseases.
The Relationship Between Ingested Dose of Ethanol and Amount of Ethyl Glucuronide Formed in Blood
Authors: Fosen Jan Toralf , Mørland Jørg , Høiseth Gudrun 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A positive non-linear relation between the dose of ethanol ingested and the area under the curve (AUC) for ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in urine is previously observed. The relation between both doses and AUC of ethanol and the AUC for EtG in blood is not previously published, and this study aimed to investigate this relationship. After an overnight fast, 10 healthy volunteers ingested 0.5-g ethanol per kilo body weight (low dose) in one occasion and 1.0-g ethanol per kilo body weight (high dose) in the next occasion. Results showed that there was a significant higher median ratio between blood AUC for EtG and dose of ethanol in the high-dose (8.99; range 7.37–10.94) group compared to the low-dose (5.02; range 4.25–6.15) group (P = 0.005). The median ratio between the AUC for EtG and AUC for ethanol was actually significantly higher in the low-dose (1.77; range 1.51–2.24) group compared to the high-dose (1.67; range 1.30–2.02) group (P = 0.005), although values are quite similar. This study therefore showed that the ratio between the AUC for EtG in blood and dose of ethanol is higher after intake of 1.0 g/kg than 0.5 g/kg. This pattern is however not seen when AUC for EtG is compared to AUC for ethanol. Results therefore support that the percentage of ethanol converted to EtG is not increasing when the doses increase. An explanation for the positive non-linear relation previously observed between the dose of ethanol ingested and amount of EtG formed may be a relative higher first-pass metabolism of ethanol at lower doses.
Association of Mild Hyperbilirubinemia with Decreased ECG-Based Ventricular Repolarization Parameters in Young Men
Authors: Sengul Cihan , Sen Ahmet , Barutcu Suleyman , Cakir Cayan , Sarikaya Remzi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objective
Hyperbilirubinemia is associated with protection against various oxidative stress-mediated diseases. We aimed to investigate the association between bilirubin and novel electrocardiography (ECG)-based ventricular repolarization parameters.

Methods
We enrolled 201 healthy men with mild hyperbilirubinemia (group 1) and 219 healthy men with normal bilirubin levels (group 2). The Tpeak-Tend (Tp-e) interval (defined as the interval from the peak of the T wave to the end of the T wave), corrected (c) Tp-e interval, QT interval, cQT interval, and Tp-e interval/QT interval ratio were measured from leads V5 and V6 with 20 mm/mV amplitude and 50 mm/second rate.

Results
The Tp-e interval, cTp-e interval, and Tp-e interval/QT interval ratio were significantly lower in group 1 compared with group 2. The cTp-e interval showed a significant negative correlation with total bilirubin, conjugated bilirubin, and unconjugated bilirubin. The cTp-e interval (odds ratio [OR], 0.900; P =.002) and Tp-e interval/QT interval ratio (OR, 0.922; P =.04) were significantly associated with mild hyperbilirubinemia.

Conclusion
We showed the association of mild hyperbilirubinemia with decreased novel ECG-based ventricular repolarization parameters.
Minimally Invasive Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion With Intraoperative Fluoroscopy for Disc Space Preparation: Analysis of Fusion Rate and Clinical Results
Authors: Lin Guang-Xun , Sharma Sagar , Rui Gang , Song Myung-Soo , Kim Jin-Sung 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Meticulous disc space preparation is an important step toward ensuring arthrodesis in the interbody fusion procedure. Although minimally invasive techniques are becoming increasingly advanced in lumbar interbody fusion, concerns exist regarding adequate discectomy and sufficient endplate preparation from a transforaminal lumbar approach.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the radiographic and clinical outcomes of single-level minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) using the intraoperative fluoroscopy-guided method for disc space preparation.

METHODS
This is a retrospective study of 25 patients operated between June 2016 and Dec 2017. The radiographic outcomes included the intraoperative percentage of disc space preparation, fusion, and subsidence. Percentage of disc space preparation was calculated through intraoperative fluoroscopic imaging. Clinical outcomes included visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and satisfaction rate.

RESULTS
Mean age of patients was 62.9 yr. The mean follow-up period was 22 mo. Mean extents of disc space preparation were 61.5% in the anteroposterior view and 80.3% in the lateral view. Fusion rates were 86% and 92% at 6 and 12-mo postoperatively, respectively. All patients showed clinical improvement according to VAS and ODI.

CONCLUSION
MI-TLIF with intraoperative fluoroscopy-guided disc space preparation is shown to lead to potentially improved fusion rate. It is a safe and effective surgical method for degenerative lumbar disease. Additionally, in cases of cage subsidence caused by the endplate violation during disc space preparation, thorough sufficient bone grafting of the defect region avoids pseudoarthrosis.
Polarized proton spin filter for epithermal neutrons based on dynamic nuclear polarization using photo-excited triplet electron spins
Authors: Takada Shusuke , Tateishi Kenichiro , Wakabayashi Yasuo , Ikeda Yoshimasa , Yoshioka Tamaki , Otake Yoshie , Uesaka Tomohiro 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
To polarize neutrons with energy beyond 0.1 eV, we developed a novel polarized proton spin filter based on dynamic nuclear polarization using photo-excited triplet electron spins. The spin filter consists of a single crystal of naphthalene doped with deuterated pentacene and has a size of $\varnothing15\times4 \, {\rm mm}^3$, allowing it to cover a wide beam diameter. It was operated in 0.35 T and at 90 K. We succeeded in polarizing neutrons in the energy range 0.1–10 eV using a RIKEN accelerator-driven compact neutron source. The averaged values of the proton and neutron polarization were $0.250\pm0.050$ and $0.076\pm0.015$, respectively.
Systematic Review of Changes and Recovery in Physical Function and Fitness After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Related Coronavirus Infection: Implications for COVID-19 Rehabilitation
Authors: Rooney Scott , Webster Amy , Paul Lorna 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objective
This review sought to (1) compare physical function and fitness outcomes in people infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) with healthy controls, (2) quantify the recovery of physical function and fitness following SARS-CoV infection, and (3) determine the effects of exercise following SARS-CoV infection.

Methods
Four databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, ProQuest, and Web of Science Core Collections) were searched in April 2020 using keywords relating to SARS-CoV, physical function, fitness, and exercise. Observational studies or randomized controlled trials were included if they involved people following SARS-CoV infection and either assessed the change or recovery in physical function/fitness or evaluated the effects exercise postinfection.

Results
A total 10 articles were included in this review. Evidence from 9 articles demonstrated that SARS-CoV patients had reduced levels of physical function and fitness postinfection compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, patients demonstrated incomplete recovery of physical function, with some experiencing residual impairments 1 to 2 years postinfection. Evidence from 1 randomized controlled trial found that a combined aerobic and resistance training intervention significantly improved physical function and fitness postinfection compared with a control group.

Conclusions
Physical function and fitness are impaired following SARS-CoV infection, and impairments may persist up to 1 to 2 years postinfection. Researchers and clinicians can use these findings to understand the potential impairments and rehabilitation needs of people recovering from the current coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. While 1 study demonstrated that exercise can improve physical function and fitness postinfection, further research is required to determine the effectiveness of exercise in people recovering from similar infections (eg, COVID-19).

Impact
Considering the similarities in pathology and clinical presentation of SARS-CoV and COVID-19, it is likely that COVID-19 patients will present with similar impairments to physical function. Accordingly, research is required to measure the extent of functional impairments in COVID-19 cohorts. In addition, research should evaluate whether rehabilitation interventions such as exercise can promote postinfection recovery.
Potential cardiovascular implications of electronic cigarettes: how evident is the evidence?
Authors: Liew Chee H 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWith increasing use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) worldwide, both leisurely and as a smoking cessation aid, the potential health implications of e-cigarettes have generated concerns. Poor oral health associated with e-cigarette use may put additional strain on cardiovascular health. Acute effects of e-cigarette exposure on cardiovascular health are well established. Few studies have demonstrated the long-term cardiovascular implications of using e-cigarettes. Electronic cigarettes may pose less of a threat to vascular function compared to tobacco cigarettes. While further research is necessary for strengthening the available evidence base, the use of e-cigarettes beyond supporting smoking cessation should not be encouraged.
How to evaluateex anteimpact of funding proposals? An analysis of reviewers’ comments on impact statements
Authors: Ma Lai , Luo Junwen , Feliciani Thomas , Shankar Kalpana 
Published: July 2020

AbstractImpact statements are increasingly required and assessed in grant applications. In this study, we used content analysis to examine the ‘comments on impact’ section of the postal reviews and related documents of Science Foundation Ireland’s Investigators’ Programme to understand reviewers’ ex ante impact assessment. We found three key patterns: (1) reviewers favoured short-term, tangible impacts, particularly commercial ones; (2) reviewers commented on process-oriented impact (formative) in a more concrete and elaborate manner than on outcome-oriented impact (summative); and (3) topics related to scientific impacts were widely discussed even though the impact section was to be used for evaluating economic and societal impacts. We conclude that for ex ante impact assessment to be effective, funding agencies should indicate the types of impact expected from research proposals clearly instead of a general ‘wish list’ and that more focus should be put on process-oriented impact than outcome-oriented impact.
A Comprehensive Approach for Estimating Collective and Average Effective Doses of Galactic Cosmic Radiation Received by Pilots
Authors: Yang Zi-Yi , Sheu Rong-Jiun 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This study proposes a feasible and comprehensive approach for estimating collective and average effective doses of galactic cosmic radiation received by pilots on the basis of data in publicly available civil aviation annual statistical reports. Large uncertainties are associated with the estimation of these quantities because the radiation environment at aviation altitudes is complex, and a large number of flights operated by various air carriers is involved. A best estimate can be obtained through this approach because it considers all passenger, cargo, and charter flights operated during a long period of time instead of subjectively selecting some representative flights for dose evaluation. The approach becomes feasible and practical with the aid of a special feature called automatic batch analysis in the NTHU Flight Dose Calculator. There are two international airlines in Taiwan: China Airlines and EVA Air. As a demonstration, the collective effective dose received by the 2,513 pilots from the two airlines in 2018 was estimated to be 4,947 person-mSv, and the average effective dose per pilot was 1.97 mSv. These estimates were considered representative because they were based on all 151,526 flight segments operated that year. The assessment of the annual effective doses received by pilots in Taiwan from 2006 to 2018 was performed. The results varied in the range of 1.70–2.97 mSv because of variations in solar activity and operational flight routes. A regression model that can effectively reproduce the derived average effective dose rates on board aircraft was obtained for future application in aircrew dosimetry.