bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of preterm delivery: nifedipine or magnesium sulfate
Authors: Haghighi L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: to establish the efficacy and safety of nifedipine and magnesium sulfate in arresting preterm labor. Method: seventy‐four patients with singleton pregnancies at 23–36 weeks in preterm labor, were selected randomly to receive either oral nifedipine or intravenous magnesium sulfate.Results: both drugs had similar tocolytic efficacy and side effects while nifedipine was faster than magnesium sulfate in arresting uterine contractions (4.8±4.23 vs. 2.98±3.03 h) P=0.04. Conclusion: this data suggests that oral nifedipine with the same efficacy, side effects and faster action could be a suitable and more convenient alternative to intravenous magnesium sulfate in arresting preterm labor.
Medical management of non‐viable early first trimester pregnancy
Authors: Autry A. , Jacobson G. , Sandhu R. , Isbill K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To compare the efficacy of intramuscular methotrexate plus vaginal misoprostol to vaginal misoprostol alone in completing abortion in women with non‐viable early first trimester pregnancy. Method: Twenty‐one women with non‐viable pregnancy up to 49 days gestation were randomized to receive intramuscular methotrexate, followed 2 days later by vaginal misoprostol or misoprostol alone. We also collected patient satisfaction information. Result: Complete abortion occurred in all 12 (100%) women in the combined group and eight of nine (89%, RR=1.13, CI 0.89–1.42) women in the misoprostol only group. Of the women, 75% rated their experience as good and would choose medical management again. Conclusion: Either methotrexate plus misoprostol or misoprostol alone effectively completed abortion in women with non‐viable early pregnancy and represent acceptable medical alternatives to surgery or expectant management.
Effects of oophorectomy on functional properties of resistance arteries isolated from the cancellous bone of the rabbit femur
Authors: Hansen Vibeke B. , Forman Axel , Lundgaard Annette , Aalkjaer Christian , Skajaa Kristjar , Hansen Ebbe S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInformation is sparse concerning the effect of oophorectomy (OOX) on bone vascularization and blood flow of possible significance for altered remodeling. Whether OOX affects functional characteristics of isolated bone resistance arteries was investigated. Ring preparations (diameter ∼250 μm) of small femoral bone arteries from oophorectomized and sham‐operated rabbits were mounted on a myograph six weeks postoperatively. Cumulative concentration‐response curves were obtained for various agonists at a normalized lumen diameter. Oophorectomy did not significantly influence lumen diameter, maximal response to high potassium, or maximal response to high potassium and 10−5 M noradrenaline. However, OOX significantly increased the maximal response to noradrenaline (OOX 2.14 ± 0.36 N/m, Sham 1.25 ± 0.14 N/m) and endothelin‐1 (OOX 1.76 ± 0.32, Sham 0.95 ± 0.15) in meta‐physeal arteries. Moreover, the corresponding maximal active pressure for the agonists was significantly increased. OOX did not influence endothelial function assessed by the effects of acetylcholine or substance P. The functional responses of diaphyseal arteries were unaffected by OOX. The study demonstrates regional differences in the effects of OOX on small arteries of importance for control of vascular resistance in bone which suggests a relation between altered vascular function after ovarian hormonal withdrawal and the changes in bone turnover associated with osteoporosis. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Temporal characterization of microglia, II‐1β‐like immunoreactivity and astrocytes in the dentate gyrus of hippocampal organotypic slice cultures
Authors: Coltman Bertram W. , Ide Charles F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThese studies demonstrate that murine hippocampal slice cultures possess neural‐immune elements that show responses parallel to comparable in vivo models of neural‐immune activation. Using immunocytochemical techniques, this study characterized the phenotypes of specific glial elements and the expression of the cytokine, interleukin‐1 (IL‐1β), in the hippocampal dentate gyrus over a period of 10 days in vitro (DIV). Preparation of organotypic slice cultures of neonatal mouse hippocampus produced cellular damage including axotomy of afferent fibers within the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. This form of lesion‐induced injury caused activation of neural‐immune elements in the slice cultures. Staining with the microglial specific, biotinylated Griffonia simplicifolia B4‐isolectin revealed reactive microglia were most prevalent at 2 DIV and decreased in number from 4 to 10 DIV, whereas the initial population of resting microglia at 2 DIV increased approximately four‐fold from 4 to 10 DIV. The presence of a round IL‐1β‐like immunophenotype closely paralleled the temporal and spatial distribution of the reactive form of microglia observed in the dentate gyrus. In addition, between 4 and 10 DIV, some IL‐1β‐like immunoreactive cells exhibited a stellate‐like morphology with numerous branching processes, similar to resting microglia. At 2 DIV, astrocytes showed minimal labeling with antibodies directed against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), while from 4 to 10 DIV, a dramatic hypertrophic astrocytic response occurred, resulting in a gliotic scar forming over the entire dentate gyrus. We conclude that neural‐immune activation in the hippocampal organotypic slice culture preparation closely parallels similar responses observed in vivo and thus slice cultures represent an excellent model for further studies of neural‐immune interactions resulting from lesion‐induced injury in the central nervous system.
Different vascular patterns of medulloblastoma and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors
Authors: Goldbrunner Roland H. , Pietsch Torsten , Vince Giles H. , Bernstein Jerald J. , Wagner Sven , Hageman Heather , Selby Dena M. , Krauss Juergen , Soerensen Nils , Tonn Jörg‐Christian 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAstrocytoma vasculature patterns differ according to histological grade of malignancy with glioblastoma multiforme (WHO grade IV) showing most extensive endothelial proliferation. Here, we determined whether the vascular patterns of medulloblastoma and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs), which can be hardly distinguished histopathologically, differ. We evaluated the spatial organization of vessels in medulloblastomas and PNETs using antibodies to von Willebrand factor (vWF) and CD34. Medulloblastoma capillaries showed slight endothelial cell hyperplasia. Microvessels sprouted from the capillaries and formed glomeruloid clusters. There were areas with chains of unopposed endothelial cells (3–10 cells). Supratentorial PNETs had highly branched capillaries with extensive endothelial cell hyperplasia. Glomeruloid arrays of microvessels extended from the capillaries. Small fragments of endothelial tubes were scattered throughout the tumor. Therefore, medulloblastomas and supratentorial PNETs showed different spatial organization of tumor vessels which can be used for differentiation of each tumor entity. These vascular patterns may reflect different tumor derived angiogenic stimuli.
Implications of Epidemiological Findings for the Management of Mental Disorders Encountered in Primary Care Settings
Authors: Goldberg D 
Published: July 2002

SummaryRecent epidemiological surveys that have attempted to include the need for treatment of mental disorders are reviewed, and it is concluded that the greatest unmet need is for those with non-psychotic disorders. Recent studies on factors that influence the natural history of such disorders reveal that these are largely social and environmental; one study suggests that genetic factors are only important in the group that have longer time courses. Those factors within the medical encounter that produce better outcomes are reviewed, and non-specific factors and supportive therapy are found to be important. Some additional advantages are to be obtained with specific antidepressant treatments (either pharmacological or problem-solving) and with re-attribution skills for psychologically determined somatic symptoms. The implications of these findings are discussed from the standpoint of the primary care team, the community mental health team and self-help materials.
Sterilisation and sexuality in the mentally handicapped
Authors: Giami A 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis article analyses the historical and psychosocial background of the sterilisation of mentally handicapped individuals in France and investigates the relationship between their sexuality and their sterilisation. Sterilisation of the mentally handicapped has been used as a method for controlling their sexual activity. The processes and situations leading to the sterilisation of the mentally handicapped are described and discussed.
A stochastic model of superstardom: evidence from institutional investor's All‐American Research Team
Authors: Cox Raymond A.K. , Kleiman Robert T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the superstar phenomenon in the security analysis industry through an analysis of the probabilistic mechanism by which security analysts are selected for inclusion in Institutional Investor's All‐American Research Team (II AART). Specifically, we examine whether the statistical distribution of the number of first team appearances by security analysts conforms to the Yule distribution, which implies that luck rather than differential talent explains success. This is an important issue since an analyst's position on the AART is an important determinant of the individual's pay and reputation. Our research results reject the Yule distribution. Thus, consistent with previous empirical studies by Stickel [Stickel, S. E. (1992). Reputation and performance among security analysis. J Finance 47, 1811–1836; Stickel, S. E. (1995). The anatomy of the performance of buy/sell recommendations. Financ Anal J 51, 25–39] and Brown and Chen [Brown, L. D., & Chen, D.M. (1991). How good is the All‐American Research Team in forecasting earnings. J Bus Forecast 9, 14–18], we find that selection to the AART can be attributed to skill rather than luck.
FINDINGS FROM THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NURSE‐MIDWIVES‘ ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP SURVEY, 1995–1999
Authors: Kovner Christine Tassone , Burkhardt Patricia 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTAmerican College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM) membership data collected from 1995–1999 offer a description of the evolution of the profession of midwifery, as shown in the characteristics of certified nurse‐midwives and certified midwives, including basic demographics, practice characteristics, and employment components. During the period studied, slight increases were noted in age, number of years in practice, salary, and education level. Although the overall proportion of midwives of color did not change appreciably during the 5‐year period, the absolute numbers of culturally diverse midwives increased. Student midwives were found to be younger and more culturally diverse than they were in the early 1990s. Data about midwifery practice provide valuable information to health care managers, educators, policy makers, legislators, and professional organizations, which may guide allocation of resources and reflect how members of the professions can influence access to health care for women and their families.
Cystatin C regulates the cytotoxicity of infection‐induced endothelial‐derived β‐amyloid
Authors: Balczon Ron , Morrow Kyle A. , Leavesley Silas , Francis Christopher M. , Stevens Trevor C. , Agwaramgbo Ezinne , Williams Christopher , Stevens Reece P. , Langham Geri , Voth Sarah , Cioffi Eugene A. , Weintraub Susan E. , Stevens Troy 
Published: October 2020

Infection of rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells with the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa induces the production and release of cytotoxic oligomeric tau and beta amyloid (Aβ). Here, we characterized these cytotoxic amyloids. Cytotoxic behavior and oligomeric tau were partially resistant to digestion with proteinase K, but cytotoxicity was abolished by various denaturants including phenol, diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC), and 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐isopropanol (HFIP). Ultracentrifugation for 8 h at 150 000 g was required to remove cytotoxic activity from the supernatant. Ultracentrifugation, DEPC treatment, and immunodepletion using antibodies against Aβ also demonstrated that cytoprotective protein(s) are released from endothelial cells during P. aeruginosa infection. Mass spectrometry of endothelial cell culture media following P. aeruginosa infection allowed identification of multiple potential secreted modulators of Aβ, including cystatin C, gelsolin, and ApoJ/clusterin. Immunodepletion, co‐immunoprecipitation, and ultracentrifugation determined that the cytoprotective factor released during infection of endothelial cells by P. aeruginosa is cystatin C, which appears to be in a complex with Aβ. Cytoprotective cystatin C may provide a novel therapeutic avenue for protection against the long‐term consequences of infection with P. aeruginosa.
Long‐term effects of hormone replacement therapy on hepatocellular carcinoma risk and overall survival rate in women with chronic hepatitis C: A population‐based cohort study in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Kuo‐Kuan , Mo Lein‐Ray , Wang Chun‐Hsiang , Hsieh Chia‐Chi , Hsu Hua‐Yin , Tseng Yi‐Chen , Tseng Yuan‐Tsung 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe relationship between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was discussed for several decades. However, the long‐term effects of HRT on female patients with hepatitis C during nature postmenopausal periods are unclear. This study aimed at investigating the effect of HRT on HCC risk and overall survival. We conducted a retrospective population‐based cohort study using data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2013. The treated cohort, consisting of 1022 patients with hepatitis C who received hormone analog therapy for at least 90 days (treated cohort), was matched with the control cohort, consisting of 1022 untreated patients with hepatitis C (controls) who had never received a hormone prescription, through propensity score adjustment; furthermore, cumulative incidence was calculated, and multivariable analyses were performed. The treated and control cohorts were followed up for mean periods of 7.47 and 6.64 years, respectively. The treated cohort had a significantly lower crude hazard ratio (HR) of HCC of 0.43 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30‐0.61, P < .001), with an adjusted HR of 0.49 (95% CI 0.31‐0.76, P = .001). After adjustment for other confounders and comorbidities, the hormone analog treatment was associated with a reduced risk of HCC. Subgroup analyses provided estimates of the strength of the associations between HRT and reduced HCC risk in different age categories. Our retrospective population study in Taiwan revealed that using hormone analog reduces the risk of HCC and mortality in patients with hepatitis C virus infection who are receiving HRT, such as menopausal women.
An Electroactive Pure Organic Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence Polymer Based on a Donor‐Oxygen‐Acceptor Geometry
Authors: Liu Xinrui , Yang Liuqing , Li Xuefei , Zhao Lei , Wang Shumeng , Lu Zheng‐Hong , Ding Junqiao , Wang Lixiang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAn electroactive room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) polymer has been demonstrated based on a characteristic donor‐oxygen‐acceptor geometry. Compared with the donor–acceptor reference, the inserted oxygen atom between donor and acceptor can not only decrease hole‐electron orbital overlap to suppress the charge transfer fluorescence, but also strengthen spin‐orbital coupling effect to facilitate the intersystem crossing and subsequent phosphorescence channels. As a result, a significant RTP is observed in solid states under photo excitation. Most noticeably, the corresponding polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) reveal a dominant electrophosphorescence with a record‐high external quantum efficiency of 9.7 %. The performance goes well beyond the 5 % theoretical limit for typical fluors, opening a new door to the development of pure organic RTP polymers towards efficient PLEDs.
Reductive Arylation of Amides via a Nickel‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura‐Coupling and Transfer‐Hydrogenation Cascade
Authors: Boit Timothy B. , Mehta Milauni M. , Kim Junyong , Baker Emma L. , Garg Neil K. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe report a means to achieve the addition of two disparate nucleophiles to the amide carbonyl carbon in a single operational step. Our method takes advantage of non‐precious‐metal catalysis and allows for the facile conversion of amides to chiral alcohols via a one‐pot Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling/transfer‐hydrogenation process. This study is anticipated to promote the development of new transformations that allow for the conversion of carboxylic acid derivatives to functional groups bearing stereogenic centers via cascade processes.
Solvent‐resistant ultrafine nonwoven fibrous membranes by ultraviolet‐assisted electrospinning of organo‐soluble photosensitive polyimide resin
Authors: Qi Lin , Liu Jin‐gang , Yang Yang , Guo Chen‐yu , Huangfu Meng‐ge , Zhang Yan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAn ultraviolet‐assisted electrospinning (UVAES) method was investigated to improve the solvent stability of soluble polyimide (PI) electrospun ultrafine fibrous membranes (UFMs) to assist in the development of fibrous polymeric materials with improved resistance to harsh environmental conditions and to expand the potential applications for such soft filaments. A preimidized soluble negative photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) was synthesized via an one‐step thermal polycondensation from 3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenonetetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTDA) and 1,1′‐bis(4‐amino‐3,5‐dimethylphenyl)‐1‐(3′‐trifluoromethylphenyl)methane (TFMDA). The PI resin was then fabricated into UFMs by both conventional electrospinning (ES) and UVAES with N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc) as the solvent. During spinning, photo crosslinking reaction occurred, accompanied by simultaneous micro‐jets of PI‐UV ultrafine fibers in the UVAES procedure. This created fibers that were thermally stable at higher than 500°C, reflection over 77% of the 457‐nm‐ wavelength light, whiteness index (WI) higher than 83, and enhanced solvent resistance in DMAc. Generally speaking, compared with the PI UFMs fabricated by conventional ES procedure, the PI‐UV UFMs obtained by the newly‐developed UVAES procedure showed much superior solvent resistance, comparable thermal stability, slightly decreased optical reflectance and WI values, and reduced fiber diameters. These properties are of great value to future applications in microelectronics and wearable technology.
“Impossible objects” in a life‐threatening crisis: A study of patients suffering from adverse childhood experiences and myocardial infarction
Authors: Petersen Anke , Ruettner Barbara , Kaiser Paul , Richardt Gert , Goetzmann Lutz 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAdverse childhood experiences (ACE) are considered as risk factors for myocardial infarction (MI). It is unknown how ACE affects the experience of MI patients. In a qualitative study, a total of 25 MI patients with and without ACE (ACE: n = 20, N‐ACE: n = 5) were asked about their biography and the heart attack. A content analysis was carried out. Inter‐rater reliability showed a good to complete agreement. ACE patients reported primarily on experiences of loss and violence in their childhood and youth. ACE patients tend to dissimulate symptoms, and there is a hazardous latency of seeking medical help. The potential helpers are experienced as “impossible objects.” Primary care providers should pay special attention to the situation of ACE patients and be aware of their countertransference, that is, that the condition is not recognized as seriously as it should be.
Responses of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) to small drones
Authors: Giles Anna B. , Butcher Paul A. , Colefax Andrew P. , Pagendam Dan E. , Mayjor Maddison , Kelaher Brendan P. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Recent advances in aerial drones offer new insights into the biology, ecology and behaviour of marine wildlife found on or near the ocean’s surface. While opening up new opportunities for enhanced wildlife monitoring, the impacts of drone sampling and how it might influence interpretations of animal behaviour are only just beginning to be understood.
The capacity of drones to record bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops spp.) behaviour was investigated, along with how the presence of a small drone at varying altitudes influences dolphin behaviour. Over 3 years and eight locations, 361 drone flights were completed between altitudes of 5 and 60 m above the ocean.
Analyses showed that dolphins were increasingly likely to change behaviour with decreasing drone altitude. A positive correlation was also found between time spent hovering above a group of dolphins and the probability of recording a behavioural response. Dolphin group size also influenced the frequency of an observed behavioural change, displaying a positive correlation between behaviour change and group size.
Overall, although drones have the potential to impact coastal dolphins when flown at low altitudes, they represent a useful tool for collecting ecological information on coastal dolphins owing to their convenience, low cost and capacity to observe behaviours underwater. To maximize benefits and minimize impacts, this study suggests that drones should be flown 30 m above coastal bottlenose dolphins.
Brain morphology of Gymnura lessae and Gymnura marmorata (Chondrichthyes: Gymnuridae) and its implications for batoid brain evolution
Authors: Montes‐Domínguez Héctor Marcos , Castillo‐Rivera Manuel Arnoldo , Ayala‐Pérez Luis Amado , González‐Isáis Mónica , Reynoso Víctor Hugo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAlthough skeletal and muscle anatomy has supported Gymnuridae as the sister group of the most derived myliobatoids, recent studies based on molecular characters suggest that the family branches into a more basal position than previously thought. This study aims to understand the brain anatomy of the genus Gymnura and its importance in the evolution of the batoid brain. The brain anatomy of Gymnura lessae and Gymnura marmorata is relatively simple. They exhibit a small brain and telencephalon (T), where the latter is wider than it is longer, and the division of the posterior central nucleus is poorly developed. The cerebellum (C) is symmetrical and is not highly foliated. Unlike other species, the brain auricles are smooth, and the posterior auricles exhibit a diagonal arrangement, not always forming a bridge over the fourth ventricle. These auricles are larger in G. marmorata. A principal component analysis based on 20 morphological variables, revealed a separation between species, and multivariate analysis of variance identified significant differences. The most important variables in species segregation were a deeper olfactory bulb in G. lessae and a greater distance between the bulbs in G. marmorata. Contrary to the body anatomy, the brain anatomy reveals that Gymnura has a simpler and more primitive brain than most derived myliobatoids. Our results are consistent with the evidence from phylogenies developed with molecular data, where gymnurids are a basal group within myliobatoids.