bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schizophrenia
Authors: Lawrie Stephen M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Schizophrenia is typically a severe chronic mental illness with a high morbidity and increased mortality. It has a complex aetiology including a substantial genetic component. Its clinical features include characteristic delusions and hallucinations. There are no diagnostic tests. The differential diagnosis is from manic states, organic brain disorders, and substance misuse. Whilst the management is complex, antipsychotic drugs are effective in reducing symptoms. The overall prognosis is poor; many patients live restricted lives and there is a high rate of suicide. However, some patients return to normal functioning. Importantly for physicians, people with schizophrenia die on average 10 years earlier than the general population, mainly because of cardiac and cerebrovascular disease, which is often inadequately treated.
Smoking cessation
Authors: Aveyard Paul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Smoking is harmful to health. The main harms are cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most people who smoke start in their teens, and some become addicted. Stopping smoking may be prompted by public policy or price rises, and while physicians have a role in lobbying for these, the main opportunity a physician has to help their patients stop smoking is during the medical consultation. Advising the patient to stop has some effect, but is more likely to be effective when combined with practical help, the best form of which is regular face-to-face meetings to support the patient combined with drugs that reduce craving. Helping a patient to stop smoking greatly reduces their risk of illness and early death.
Sport and exercise medicine
Authors: Speed Cathy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Physical activity through sport can promote health and well-being but can result in injury, illness, or both. Understanding the patient, their ideas, expectations, and concerns, their sporting goals, sporting level, psychology, and past history is essential to ensuring adherence to any management programme. The scope of sport and exercise medicine includes (1) injuries, including those impacting bone health; (2) illness in and caused by sport, ranging from sudden cardiac death to overtraining syndromes and exertional heat illnesses; (3) drugs in sport and doping—all high-performance athletes and associated staff need to be educated about the World Anti-Doping Association code, the dangers of doping, and testing protocols; and (4) exercise as medicine, which is an important part of most disease prevention and management strategies.
Iron kinetics following treatment with sucroferric oxyhydroxide or ferric citrate in healthy rats and models of anaemia, iron overload or inflammation
Authors: Floege Jürgen , Funk Felix , Ketteler Markus , Rastogi Anjay , Walpen Sebastian , Covic Adrian C , Sprague Stuart M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
The iron-based phosphate binders, sucroferric oxyhydroxide (SFOH) and ferric citrate (FC), effectively lower serum phosphorus in clinical studies, but gastrointestinal iron absorption from these agents appears to differ. We compared iron uptake and tissue accumulation during treatment with SFOH or FC using experimental rat models.

Methods
Iron uptake was evaluated during an 8-h period following oral administration of SFOH, FC, ferrous sulphate (oral iron supplement) or control (methylcellulose vehicle) in rat models of anaemia, iron overload and inflammation. A 13-week study evaluated the effects of SFOH and FC on iron accumulation in different organs.

Results
In the pharmacokinetic experiments, there was a minimal increase in serum iron with SFOH versus control during the 8-h post-treatment period in the iron overload and inflammation rat models, whereas a moderate increase was observed in the anaemia model. Significantly greater increases (P &lt; 0.05) in serum iron were observed with FC versus SFOH in the rat models of anaemia and inflammation. In the 13-week iron accumulation study, total liver iron content was significantly higher in rats receiving FC versus SFOH (P &lt; 0.01), whereas liver iron content did not differ between rats in the SFOH and control groups.

Conclusions
Iron uptake was higher from FC versus SFOH following a single dose in anaemia, iron overload and inflammation rat models and 13 weeks of treatment in normal rats. These observations likely relate to different physicochemical properties of SFOH and FC and suggest distinct mechanisms of iron absorption from these two phosphate binders.
Dysregulation of Neuronal Protein Synthesis in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Ma Tao 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Currently there is no effective cure or intervention available for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a devastating neurodegenerative disease and the most common form of dementia. It is urgent to understand the basic cellular/molecular signaling mechanisms underlying AD pathophysiology to identify novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers. Many studies indicate impaired synaptic function as a key and early event in AD pathogenesis. Mounting evidence suggests that dysregulations in mRNA translation (protein synthesis) may contribute to the development of synaptic dysfunction and cognitive defects in neurodegenerative diseases including AD. Protein synthesis happens in three phases (initiation, elongation, and termination) and is tightly controlled through regulation of multiple signaling pathways in response to various stimuli. Integral protein synthesis is indispensable for memory formation and maintenance of synaptic plasticity. Interruption of protein synthesis homeostasis can lead to impairments in cognition and synaptic plasticity. This chapter reviews recent studies supporting the idea that impaired protein synthesis is an important mechanism underlying AD-associated cognitive deficits and synaptic failure. It focuses on three signaling cascades controlling protein synthesis: eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2). Findings from human and animal studies demonstrating an association between dysregulation of these pathways and AD pathophysiology are summarized and discussed.
The Muddled Distinction Between De Jure and De Facto Segregation
Authors: Boddie Elise C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In 2007, the U.S. Supreme Court in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 declared unconstitutional voluntary, race-based plans to integrate public schools in Jefferson County, Kentucky and Seattle, Washington. The decisionrested on a critical distinction in constitutional law between “de jure” segregation—resulting from purposeful discrimination by the government—and “de facto” racial imbalance derived from unintentional or “fortuitous” actions by state and private entities. The Court held that de facto school districts could not voluntarily assign students to schools according to their race for purposes of promoting integration. In a vigorous dissent, Justice Breyer argued the “futility” of the de jure–de facto distinction, contending that both districts should have been afforded the constitutional flexibility to pursue voluntary remedies that address racial imbalance in their schools. This chapter takes up Justice Breyer’s dissent to explore the complicated origins of school segregation outside the South and the federal cases that adjudicated its constitutionality. Its central contribution is to recover the often confusing legal narratives about segregation in the period after Brown and how federal courts struggled to discern the constitutional boundaries between de jure and de facto discrimination. The chapter briefly describes the constitutional turns that facilitated the Court’s decision in Parents Involved, including the advent of the intent requirement in equal protection and “colorblindness” doctrine, which treats any use of race as presumptively unconstitutional, regardless of its integrative purpose.
Developing the Free Mind
Authors: Buss Emily 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the U.S. Supreme Court’s cases addressing students’ constitutional rights in school, the focus is near exclusively on the special constraints imposed on rights by the school context. Largely missing is any consideration of the special opportunities created by students as actively developing rights holders, despite the increasing attention to the significance of children’s ongoing development to their constitutional rights in other contexts. This chapter calls for similar attention to children’s development in the school context, and considers how that attention, generated by courts and then addressed by educators, might alter the scope and nature of children’s rights of expression, due process, privacy, and religious freedom in school. While educators will necessarily take the lead in preparing children to assume adult roles, it falls on courts to help define those adult roles to ensure that students’ experiences in school are designed to produce citizens with the inclination and competence to exercise the rights required to preserve our most basic constitutional values.
Varieties of Time in Comparative Historical Analysis
Authors: Kreuzer Marcus 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn recent years, comparative historical analysis (CHA) has become more cognizant of the role time plays in analyzing the past. It has begun to distinguish between clock-like, reversible, and measurable physical time and social, irreversible, and qualitative historical time. This chapter elaborates on this distinction and shows how it has enriched and refined CHA’s temporal vocabulary and defines three distinct strands of CHA: eventful analysis, longue durée, and macrocausal analysis. Each of these strands configures physical and historical time in distinct ways and thereby makes a distinct contribution in understanding and explaining macrohistorical phenomena.
Contributions of Nonverbal Cues to the Accurate Judgment of Personality Traits
Authors: Breil Simon M. , Osterholz Sarah , Nestler Steffen , Back Mitja D. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes research on nonverbal expressions of behavior (nonverbal cues) and how they contribute to the accuracy of personality judgments. First, it presents a conceptual overview of relevant nonverbal cues in the domains of facial expressions, body language, paralanguage, and appearance as well as approaches to assess these cues on different levels of aggregation. It then summarizes research on the validity of nonverbal cues (what kind of nonverbal cues are good indicators of personality?) and the utilization of nonverbal cues (what kind of nonverbal cues lead to personality impressions?), resulting in a catalog of those cues that drive judgment accuracy for different traits. Finally, it discusses personal and situational characteristics that moderate the expression and utilization of nonverbal cues and give an outlook for future research.
Prevalence of HCV in prisons in Wales, UK and the impact of moving to opt-out HCV testing
Authors: Perrett Stephanie E , Plimmer Amy , Shankar Ananda Giri , Craine Noel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Viral hepatitis is a leading cause of death worldwide. The World Health Organisation introduced a target to reduce hepatitis C virus (HCV) as a public health threat by 2030. Testing and treatment of those at elevated risk of infection in prison is key to achieving disease elimination. An opt-out testing policy for those in prison was introduced in Wales, UK, in 2016.

Methods
We analysed all Wales laboratory data where the testing site was a prison. We analysed numbers tested and positivity for a 14-month period before and after the introduction of opt-out testing policy.

Results
Between September 2015 and December 2017, 6949 HCV tests were from prison settings in Wales, equating to 29% of admissions to prison (P &lt; 0.001). All but one prison increased testing following the introduction of opt-out policy. Percentage positivity for HCV remained at 11% before and after opt-out policy (P = 0.572). Short-stay prisons saw higher rates of HCV positivity than long stay.

Conclusion
Data suggest implementation of opt-out policy improved uptake and diagnosis of HCV amongst those in prison; however, further effort is required to fully embed screening for all. Positivity remains high amongst those in prison, particularly in short-stay prisons. Laboratory data can support audit of opt-out policy.
ON RELATIVE COMPLETE REDUCIBILITY
Authors: Attenborough Christopher , Bate Michael , Gruchot Maike , Litterick Alastair , Röhrle Gerhard 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Let $K$ be a reductive subgroup of a reductive group $G$ over an algebraically closed field $k$. The notion of relative complete reducibility, introduced in [M. Bate, B. Martin, G. Röhrle, R. Tange, Complete reducibility and conjugacy classes of tuples in algebraic groups and Lie algebras, Math. Z.269 (2011), no. 1, 809–832], gives a purely algebraic description of the closed $K$-orbits in $G^n$, where $K$ acts by simultaneous conjugation on $n$-tuples of elements from $G$. This extends work of Richardson and is also a natural generalization of Serre’s notion of $G$-complete reducibility. In this paper we revisit this idea, giving a characterization of relative $G$-complete reducibility, which directly generalizes equivalent formulations of $G$-complete reducibility. If the ambient group $G$ is a general linear group, this characterization yields representation-theoretic criteria. Along the way, we extend and generalize several results from [M. Bate, B. Martin, G. Röhrle, R. Tange, Complete reducibility and conjugacy classes of tuples in algebraic groups and Lie algebras, Math. Z.269 (2011), no. 1, 809–832].
The Efficiency of Real-World Bargaining: Evidence from Wholesale Used-Auto Auctions
Authors: Larsen Bradley J 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study empirically quantifies the efficiency of a real-world bargaining game with two-sided incomplete information. Myerson and Satterthwaite (1983) and Williams (1987) derived the theoretical ex-ante efficient frontier for bilateral trade under two-sided uncertainty and demonstrated that it falls short of ex-post efficiency, but little is known about how well bargaining performs in practice. Using about 265,000 sequences of a game of alternating-offer bargaining following an ascending auction in the wholesale used-car industry, this study estimates (or bounds) distributions of buyer and seller values and evaluates where realized bargaining outcomes lie relative to efficient outcomes. Results demonstrate that the ex-ante and ex-post efficient outcomes are close to one another, but that the real bargaining falls short of both, suggesting that the bargaining is indeed inefficient but that this inefficiency is not solely due to the information constraints highlighted in Myerson and Satterthwaite (1983). Quantitatively, findings indicate that over one-half of failed negotiations are cases where gains from trade exist, leading an efficiency loss of 12–23% of the available gains from trade.
A Rapid, Simple, Laboratory and Field-Adaptable DNA Extraction and Diagnostic Method Suitable for Insect-Transmitted Plant Pathogen and Insect Identification
Authors: Pusz-Bochenska Karolina , Perez-Lopez Edel , Dumonceaux Tim J. , Olivier Chrystel , Wist Tyler J. 
Published: February 2020

Watch a presentation about this research by first author Karolina Pusz-Bochenska. Surveillance for insect-transmitted pathogens of plants involves sampling insects in the field, followed by transport of the samples to the laboratory for DNA extraction and molecular analysis. Sample transport and DNA extraction are time consuming and can delay the implementation of measures to mitigate the effects of insect-transmitted plant pathogens. Looking for a fast and reliable method to extract DNA in the field where insects were collected, we used Flinders Technology Associates PlantSaver cards, which are designed for plant DNA extraction. Insect DNA extraction can be achieved in the field, and extracted DNA can be amplified using the field-adaptable method, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), in less than 1 h. Additionally, we demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the paper extraction method for molecular identification to the species level using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 amplification and sequencing on 11 genera of insects including beetles, leafhoppers, flies, psyllids, and aphids. The method was suitable for insects collected using three common methods: live-trapped and frozen, stored in ethanol, or trapped on sticky cards. Moreover, by testing leafhoppers collected in 2018 in the field, we demonstrated that the LAMP assay using the chaperonin-60 target detects a higher proportion of samples positive for ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ than conventional PCR targeting 16S rRNA. Lastly, the paper extraction method was used to determine the prevalence of leafhoppers carrying the plant pathogenic bacterium ‘Ca. P. asteris’, which causes aster yellows from a laboratory-reared colony using PCR-based tests (conventional PCR, qPCR, and droplet digital PCR) and the non-PCR-based LAMP assay.
Unplanned Complex Suicide by Self-Stabbing and Rail Suicide
Authors: Kulkarni Chaitanya , Mohite Shailesh , Meshram Vikas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInvestigation of a complex suicide is a challenging task, particularly when the combination of modalities adopted is rare and unplanned. There is often a significant likelihood of labeling the case as a homicide. We present an interesting case of unplanned complex suicide with self-stabbing and head injury resulting from intentionally being struck by a train. There were also hesitation cuts evident over the neck and left wrist. This case highlights the importance of studying the nature and characterization of the wounds, examination of clothes, and examination of the scene to safely conclude the cause and the manner of death.
Time cells in the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex support episodic memory
Authors: Umbach Gray , Kantak Pranish , Jacobs Joshua , Kahana Michael , Pfeiffer Brad E. , Sperling Michael , Lega Bradley 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe organization of temporal information is critical for the encoding and retrieval of episodic memories. In the rodent hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, recent evidence suggests that temporal information is encoded by a population of “time cells.” We identify time cells in humans using intracranial microelectrode recordings obtained from 27 human epilepsy patients who performed an episodic memory task. We show that time cell activity predicts the temporal organization of episodic memories. A significant portion of these cells exhibits phase precession, a key phenomenon not previously seen in human recordings. These findings establish a cellular mechanism for the representation of temporal information in the human brain needed to form episodic memories.
Class III peroxidases PRX01, PRX44, and PRX73 potentially target extensins during root hair growth inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Marzol Eliana , Borassi Cecilia , Ranocha Philippe , Aptekman Ariel. A. , Bringas Mauro , Pennington Janice , Paez-Valencia Julio , Pacheco Javier Martínez , Rodríguez Garcia Diana Rosa , del Carmen Rondón Guerrero Yossmayer , Carignani Mariana , Mangano Silvina , Fleming Margaret , Mishler-Elmore John W. , Blanco-Herrera Francisca , Bedinger Patricia , Dunand Christophe , Capece Luciana , Nadra Alejandro D. , Held Michael , Otegui Marisa S. , Estevez José M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRoot hair cells are important sensors of soil conditions. Expanding several hundred times their original size, root hairs grow towards and absorb water-soluble nutrients. This rapid growth is oscillatory and is mediated by continuous remodelling of the cell wall. Root hair cell walls contain polysaccharides and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins including extensins (EXTs).Class-III peroxidases (PRXs) are secreted into the apoplastic space and are thought to trigger either cell wall loosening, mediated by oxygen radical species, or polymerization of cell wall components, including the Tyr-mediated assembly of EXT networks (EXT-PRXs). The precise role of these EXT-PRXs is unknown.Using genetic, biochemical, and modeling approaches, we identified and characterized three root hair-specific putative EXT-PRXs, PRX01, PRX44, and PRX73. The triple mutantprx01,44,73and the PRX44 and PRX73 overexpressors had opposite phenotypes with respect to root hair growth, peroxidase activity and ROS production with a clear impact on cell wall thickness.Modeling and docking calculations suggested that these three putative EXT-PRXs may interact with non-O-glycosylated sections of EXT peptides that reduce the Tyr-to-Tyr intra-chain distances in EXT aggregates and thereby may enhance Tyr crosslinking. These results suggest that these three putative EXT-PRXs control cell wall properties during the polar expansion of root hair cells.
Deep phylo-taxono-genomics (DEEPT genomics) reveals misclassification ofXanthomonasspecies complexes intoXylella, StenotrophomonasandPseudoxanthomonas
Authors: Bansal Kanika , Kumar Sanjeet , Kaur Amandeep , Sharma Shikha , Patil Prashant , Patil Prabhu B. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractGenusXanthomonasencompasses specialized group of phytopathogenic bacteria with generaXylella, StenotrophomonasandPseudoxanthomonasbeing its closest relatives. While species of generaXanthomonasandXylellaare known as serious phytopathogens, members of other two genera are found in diverse habitats with metabolic versatility of biotechnological importance. Few species ofStenotrophomonasare multidrug resistant opportunistic nosocomial pathogens. In the present study, we report genomic resource of genusPseudoxanthomonasand further in-depth comparative studies with publically available genome resources of other three genera. Surprisingly, based on deep phylo-taxono-genomic or DEEPT criteria, all the four genera were found to be one genus and hence synonyms ofXanthomonas. The members ofPseudoxanthomonasare more diverse and ancestral and rest forming two mega species groups (MSGs) i.e.Xanthomonas Xylella(XX-MSG) andStenotrophomonas(S-MSG). Within XX-MSG, there are 3 species complexes i.e.,X. citricomplex (Xcc) member species are primarily pathogenic to dicots,X. hyacinthicomplex (Xhc) member species are primarily pathogenic to monocots andXanthomonas(Xylella)fastidosacomplex (Xfc) with diverse phytopathogenic potential. Interestingly,Xylellaseems to be a variantXanthomonaslineage or species complex that is sandwiched between Xcc and Xhc. LikeXylella, within S-MSG, we find a species complex of clinical originXanthomonas(Stenotrophomonas)maltophiliacomplex (Xmc). Comparative studies revealed selection and role of xanthomonadin pigment and xanthan gum in emergence of plant pathogenic XX-MSG. Pan genome analysis also revealed large set of unique genes with particular functions suited for plant/animal lifestyle responsible for emergence of variant Xfc and Xmc species complexes. Overall, our systematic and large scale genera based study has allowed us to understand the origin and to clarify the taxonomic breadth of genus of high importance in agriculture, medicine and industry. Such DEEPT genomics studies are also way forward to identify right markers or functions for diagnosis and drug development of any pathogenic bacteria.RepositoriesGenome Submission Accession Number:MWIP00000000, PDWO00000000, PDWN00000000, PDWT00000000, PDWS00000000, PDWW00000000, PDWU00000000, PDWR00000000, PDWL00000000, PDWQ00000000, PDWM00000000, PDWP00000000, PDWV00000000, PDWK00000000 and QOVG00000000