bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of fracture parameters for asphalt mixtures using semi-circular bending test
Authors: Banyhussan Qais Sahib , Qasim Gofran J. , Al-Dahawi Ali M , Jabar Yaser H. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
fracture due to brittleness of asphalt concrete mixtures at low and/or intermediate temperatures is considered as the main unsightly distresses of pavements. A dependable value for fracture properties of AC mixtures is required which is considered as a significant design parameter. The aim of this research is to investigate the contribution of different variables on the fracture properties; fracture energy and fracture toughness using semi-circular bending (SCB) test. Routine tests were achieved as Marshall Test, where the optimum asphalt content (OAC) was 5.2% with air voids 4%. At this OAC, the number of blows (B) was lowered from 75 to 50 to assess the increase in the air voids on the fracture properties. Three variables were adopted to evaluate the fracture properties; temperature (0, 10 and 20°C), loading rate (0.25, 0.5, and 1 in/min) and compaction effort (50 and 75 blow). The results showed that, a fracture energy (Gf) trend to increase due to increasing in energy effort, loading rate, and temperature. Regarding fracture toughness (Kj), it increased with an increase energy effort and loading rate. On the other hand, the fracture toughness shows a different trend in terms of the changing in temperature where it decreased when the temperature raised from 0 to 20°C. Furthermore, a good correlation between the adopted variables and fracture properties were found through statistical models, where the correlation coefficients R2 for all models were greater than 0.90.
Develop a methodology for evaluation of the environmental sensitivity areas to desertification in the Maysan Province, Iraq
Authors: Al-Bahadeli Rahma , al-hadith Mufid , Shnewer Fadhil M. , Ali Yasin Abbas 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Systematic studies have been conducted in the present work to develop a methodology for evaluation of the environmental sensitivity areas to desertification. The area selected for the study is the Maysan Governorate which is located in the southern eastern part of Iraq. The methodology involves use of an integrated approach comprised of data generated from remote sensing assisted by population data, climatic factors, field survey and available previous studies. All data were classified and integrated in GIS environments to develop a model using a mathematical overlapping weights. This model is theoretically based on the relationship between a number of indicators directly related to the effect of desertification, namely Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized difference Water index (NDWI), Salinity Index (SI), Eolin Mapping Index (EMI), population data and climate factors. Weights have been giving by expert’s scientists for each indicator and within the class-specific index and classes with the help of ArcGIS and the Raster Calculator toolbox. Thus, a possible map of sensitivity areas to desertification in Maysan provenance desertification was obtained. Based on the analysis of this map the entire area divided into five possible sensitive grades, which are highly sensitive, high, moderate, low and very low. It is noted that the area affected or highly sensitive to desertification is located in the north and west of the study area due to the presence of sand dunes and salinity, while desertification decreases towards the city center because of the increase in rainfall and abundant vegetation.
Compatibility of Spaces Organization of Islamic Schools with the characteristics of the contemporary learning environment
Authors: Al-Moqaram A.M.H. , Al-Amara R.R.F. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Most of the Islamic schools were characterized by distinctive features, which formed a certain pattern, on space organization (building layout and spaces arrangement) and spaces relationships, as a reflection of compatibility with learning system throughout history. On the other hand, a set of characteristics of contemporary schools, both at the intellectual”, social and physical level, emerged as a “self-organizing learning environment. The research hypotheses, that there is compatibility in the spatial characteristics of the learning environment of the Islamic schools with the characteristics of the contemporary learning environment, especially with the self-organizing learning environment. The research problem identifies as“The need to determine the compatibility levels in learning environment between Islamic and contemporary schools”. The evaluation methodology was adopted by applying the characteristics of the contemporary learning environment like Openness and Connectivity on samples of Islamic schools, after analyzing the results, and determining the conclusions. The most important of these is that the contemporary ideas in learning, especially those related to the physical environment, have already been achieved in the old Islamic schools and their historical and intellectual origins are realized by modernity and modernity.
Three-dimensional finite element analysis for determining subgrade reaction modulus of subgrade soils
Authors: Jawad Ahelah A. , Almuhanna Raid R. , Shaban Alaa M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The success of any pavement system is depending on the strength of the subgrade layer that represents a foundation on which unbound and surface course layers are placed. The strength of the subgrade layer is often defined in terms of a subgrade reaction modulus (Ks) which is typically obtained from the static plate load test (PLT). The PLT test is known to be laborious, time-consuming and relatively expensive, therefore several alternative methodologies for predicting (Ks) are required. The objective of this research is developing a 3D-finite element model using Plaxis 3D software to simulate the plate load tests, and comparing the finite element results with those obtained from experimental tests. Twenty-seven plate load tests were carried out on three different types of subgrade soils. The soils collected from different sites in Kerbala city and tested under static load under three degrees of compaction. The experimental results were verified numerically using the finite element method. In the numerical simulation, the Mohr-Coulomb model was used to represent the behavior of soil. The numerical and experimental results were analyzed and compared. The results showed a good agreement with experimental work, also showed the possibility of using Plaxis 3D in the simulation of the static plate load test.
Degradation of Direct Blue from Synthetic Wastewater using Electrochemical Oxidation Method
Authors: Jasim Nidaa Adil 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis study is concerning the decolorization of direct blue dye by electrochemical oxidation technique. Laboratory testing was performed using graphite and stainless steel plates as the anode and cathode, respectively. The tests were performed using synthetic wastewater instead of real textile wastewater. The effect of operational factors (pH, dye initial concentration, the concentration of electrolyte, electrical supply voltage and run duration) were determined to study the efficiency of electrochemical oxidation for the removal of direct blue dye. The results have revealed that the maximum efficiency of direct blue removal was 98% under the optimum factors (pH of 2, dye initial concentration of 100 mg/L, NaCl of 500 mg/L and 5 V voltage).
Sustainability in the Design of Passenger Terminals for Airports
Authors: Hussain Aseel Saleem , Ramdan Anwar Subhi 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Contemporary trends in the design of passenger terminals have been linked to the concept of sustainability in terms of its endeavor to upgrade in order to suit the requirements of the current era, namely the integration of environmental, social and economic aspects that apply the principles of sustainability in the planning, design and operation of its various spaces, this is highlighted by the previous studies, although the introduction of them in most cases is general and implicit, and selectively in adopting and treating some aspects and not knowing how to apply in local experiences so far, the research problem was determined by the incomprehensiveness of knowledge on the dimensions of sustainability (environmental, social and economic) in the design or various treatments of airport terminals and ways of applying them in local reality, the main objective is to introduce this knowledge in a more comprehensive and clear manner, and to provide the possibility to achieve it locally, achieving this goal has necessitated the adoption of a descriptive-analytical approach to the studies and practical projects to build a comprehensive theoretical framework that defines the various dimensions of sustainable passenger terminals. To be applied at selected local case study in the form of an evaluation study of the reality situation, leading to the identification of conclusions and recommendations.
Determining field bearing resistance of subgrade soils using physical characteristics
Authors: allah Rawq Al-Fatteh , Al-Busaltan Shakir , Shaban Alaa M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In highway design, subgrade strength is mostly affected in pavement layers’ thickness. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is one of the simple testing methods that is commonly used to determine the strength of unbounded paving materials; i.e., subgrade, subbase, and base course materials of highways and airfield pavement. In-situ CBR test is intended to determine the static properties of unbound pavement layers represented by bearing capacity of subgrade soils without requiring the digging of test pits. The in-situ CBR test is laborious, time-consuming, and relatively expensive, therefore an alternative methodology is proposed for correlating CBR value with physical properties of subgrade soils such as field density and moisture content. Three testing methods were used: in-situ CBR test, sand replacement method for determining the field density and moisture content of granular soils and clayey soils, respectively. Selected types of soils were nominated from the local area having soil’s type of A-l-b, A-3, and A-6-7. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate bearing resistance of subgrade soils depending on water content and dry density obtained from field density tests. The results of two statistical models indicated that both field density and water content correlate well with the bearing ratio for various subgrade soils.
The Effective Facades Lighting in Contemporary Architecture
Authors: El-Eqapy Ahmed Hashim Hameed , Al-Majidi Basim H. Hashim , Al-Hasani Ahmed Abed Chaloob 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Since the design is less clear for the design idea during the night time, so, it is possible to enhance and activate the facades of that building at night using the attraction and excitement element, such as artificial lighting, and then building additional effects or hiding certain parts of the building. The search is limited to artificial lighting which is supported on the principle of stereoscopic deletion and addition in displaying the architectural facades in general. These visual forms are the result of the addition of a visible and intangible virtual stereoscopic interface, and thus, the addition to the building or deletion of part of it can be achieved, in addition to the formation of many interpretations of the building during the age of the individual. This could lead to the diversity and attraction of attention and staying away from boredom and thus increase interaction between the receiver and the building at night. Hence, the objective of the research was to increase the efficiency between the receiver and the building through the multiple interpretive readings of the architectural facade. Based on this, the research problem has emerged (the limits of the effectiveness of the facades lighting for the receiver in terms of multiple interpretations through light and shadow, and project it on virtual areas). A set of previous studies have been listed and then a cognitive framework has been built based on practical application. The results have been revealed that photo exhibiting illumination is better than video and flash exhibition which are accompanied by sound effects that create a kind of confusion, lack of clarity and loss the privacy of the building. The research also found that a large number of multi interpretations using deletion and shadow drilling, resulting from reading the architectural facade at night, does not affect its design during the day.
Estimate parking generation rates for educational sites
Authors: Al-Ghanimy Ghada Fahed , Asmael Noor Moutaz 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The benefits of providing sufficient parking spaces in a particular place return to the whole city, not just the intended place. Estimation of the required parking demand must rely on rates and models produced from the local studies, according to the local conditions, transportation habits, and law. This research is interested in educational sites (universities and colleges) in Iraq and works to establish a reliable reference to determine the required parking supply for them. Four educational sites in Baghdad city were selected to develop parking generation rates and models, besides two other sites were also chosen to verify the developed rates and models. Data collection was conducted using interviews and field surveys. Two kinds of data are collected, the first is about site characteristics, employees, and population, and the second is about the parked car accumulation, of three days, during two periods (am and pm). And then all the collected data were analyzed, and by using several different variables many parking generation rates and models were produced. The Data analysis and model production was done by using (SPSS) computer program. The research adopted the American Institute of transportation engineers (ITE) procedure as the main work reference. The results of the study can be used as guidance for the local government agencies to determine the required amount of parking spaces for educational sites.
Green City Shield
Authors: Jamil Abd Al Wahab Ahmed , Mullah-Howaish Loai Taha Al 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The current study highlighted the violations and the steady depletion of, and agricultural and green areas in and around cities, which is an accurate scientific research problem that affects the future perspectives of these areas, their production and their consequences for the life of cities and their vital surroundings. This research took Baghdad city as a model of this critical phenomenon in order to study the reality of these regions, the size of violations, and to set a future concept and strategy, in addition to the proper treatment that preserves the assets of this great wealth, It was one of the most important conclusions Urban planning disruption of Baghdad city formations, One of the most important recommendations, Scaling Baghdad city demographically and expanded spatially.
The benefits of applying project management methodology on project delay: A study in construction projects in Iraq
Authors: Aljamee Hayder K , Naeem Saja M 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe purpose of the research is to look after establishing an appropriate solution for the problems in Iraqi construction projects which have been affected in the last years. It aims to evaluate the problems and then fix and/or at least mitigate them properly. It takes a construction project in the petroleum industry as a case study so that it can identify the realistic causes of project problems. In regard to research methodology, this research remarks on the root causes of project delay in the previous studies in Iraq, Oman and Qatar that is realised as a secondary data. Also, primary data is conducted to collect up to date information by using questionnaire. It exposes the main problems in Iraqi construction projects which are project delay, change in design, plan, scope and specifications and project cost overrun. The root cause of project delay is to accept the lowest bidding prices from the contractors and financial difficulty from the contractors. To improve the project management implementation that may require applying one of the project management methodologies in Iraqi construction projects. This research recommends applying PMBoK because it could deal with the project schedule which is the important thing recently and with cost, quality, communication and stakeholder.
Metaphor of Symbols of Iraqi Architecture and Urbanism: Studying symbols as identity of Governmental Buildings’ façades in Baghdad, Iraq
Authors: Bassim Amna , Salih Mohamed , Alobaydi Dhirgham 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This paper analyses the role of the symbol considered as an effective tool used in strengthening the properties of façades in architecture and urbanism. The symbol always considers as one of the most important metaphors used in defining the local identity, in Iraq, the identity of architecture and urbanism has deteriorated and been disordered after 2003 when different trends used in shaping the façades. Due to this continuous deterioration, problems of forming identity of Iraqi architecture and urbanism have been grown with no considerations or restrictions. The research problem thus can be outlined: How have Iraqi architects dealt with the tasks of designing façades during the processes of formation, modification and decoration? Baghdad has selected as a case study to examine a set of samples of Governmental Buildings’ façades. The analysis has adopted a questionnaire technique to find out which factors have involved in the impact on the process of the metaphor of used symbols. The examination spans form the 1970s-2019. The results have shown that the use of the intellectual structure of the symbol has been very limited in the formations of the Governmental Buildings’ façades.
The Behavior of Scouring Around Multiple Bridge Piers Having Different Shapes
Authors: Abed Basim Sh. , Majeed Hayder Q. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this research, a numerical simulation was conducted to study the behavior of the scouring pattern and the effect of spacing between bridge piers at specified hydraulic conditions such as velocity, depth of flow, and the sediment effective diameter. Moreover, the cross-section shape of piers and their effect on the scouring depth around bridge piers was studied, using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), ANSYS (Fluent) software. A comparison of the simulation results obtained with previous laboratory investigations was done to verify the validity of the numerical model. Generally, the scour pattern using the CFD software gave good agreement with the experimental study. A reversed proportion between scour depth and the spacing between piers were noticed, as pier spacing increase the scour depths decrease, for the spacing ratios were 2, 3.5, 4.6, 5.5, and the maximum scour depths were 32, 34, 37, 50 mm respectively. The results show that the minimum scouring depth happened with triangle-noise pier, then with oblong pier, and the maximum was with pier having a circular section. Moreover, results show that the maximum scouring depths at the center pier are 22, 29, and 36 mm for these shapes respectively.
Influence of Nano Silica on the compressive strength and flexural behaviour of Bridge rubberised concrete
Authors: Sami Asmaa G. , Aziz Hussein Y. , Hussein Farah M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Based on the need of light weight concrete used in the bridge construction to reduce loadings on foundation and in the same time maintain enough strength to resist the stresses developed from the structure. Incorporation of recycled rubber from scrap tires in concrete as a partial replacement of course aggregate in production of new type of recycled aggregate lightweight concrete has provided many beneficial effects to both concrete and environments. Many properties of tire rubber concrete are improved compared with normal concrete. However, disadvantage such as reduction in rubber concrete strengths have limited the application of rubber concrete drastically. Therefore, this study presents a new method on producing rubber concrete with comparable compressive strength to Normal concrete strength (without rubber aggregate) by adding Nano silica as a partial replacement of binder (cement). The experimental program includes Four mixes, with one ratio of rubber (10 %,) as a partial replacement of course aggregate by weigh and, one of them is the reference rubberized concrete mix (without NS) and the other three is with three different ratios of Nano silica (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) from the weight of cement. The experimental program also includes 36 samples were prepared and tested as 6 cubes for compression strength test, three of them in age of 7 days and the other three in age 28 days, and 3 prisms for flexural strength test. The data that obtained from the experimental program indicates that the compression and flexural strength properties of the rubber concrete increases nonlinearly with the increase of Nano silica ratio. The comparison between reference rubber concrete samples (without Nano silica) and other rubber concrete samples (with Nano silica), showed that the compression strength of rubber concrete in age of 7 days increases about (15%, 28% and 43%) for Nano silica (NS) ratio of (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) respectively The increase in flexural strength was less but still obvious which is about(9%, 15% and 26%) for Nano silica (NS) ratio of (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) respectively as well. The ultimate strength results of rubberized concrete with NS that obtained from the experimental work was with highest ratio of NS 1.5%.
Using traditional and intelligent organizational means to solve traffic problems in Baghdad/Maysaloun Intersection
Authors: Mesrop Seda Sarkis , Al-Bakry Hiyam Majeed Jaber , Yousif Ban Faraj 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

The widespread use of vehicle has led to new problems in the city because of the need for these vehicles in the organization of movement and parking, especially in areas characterized by increased congestion in the morning and evening peak, which is one of the problems of the great urban growth that hit the city of Baghdad. Accordingly, this study dealt with identifying the traditional and intelligent organizational means to regulate traffic, and the most important specifications and requirements for their distribution within cities. An applied case study of Maysaloun intersection in Al-Ghadeer municipality in Baghdad city was studied for identifying the streets that suffer from the lack of traditional organizational means and the imbalance in their spatial distribution. Through field surveys of the study area, it was noted that the streets suffer from congestion in the morning and evening rush hours resulting from a spatial distribution deficit and a large deficit in the number of traffic signs that have a significant role in regulating traffic and traffic management. Service levels as a street condition were compared with US HCM standards using the HCS2010 program. It was found that all streets of the study area with a service level (LOS) are lower than level (C) and therefore this condition is met by the applicability of Variable message sign (VMS). Finally, a digital photo map using a satellite image of the study area has been prepared as a proposal showing the streets where the requirements for the deployment of intelligent signs (VMS) and basic traffic signs are available to regulate and control the traffic movement and to fill the deficit and imbalance in the number and spatial distribution.