bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real Time Prediction of Li-Ion Battery Pack Temperatures in EV Vehicles
Authors: Soleymani Azita , Maltz William 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A semi-analytical digital twin model of a 90 kW.h li-ion battery pack was developed to capture thermal behavior of the pack in a real-time environment. The solution uses reduced-order models that minimize compute cost/time yet are accurate in predicting real-world operation. The real-time heat generation rate in the battery pack is calculated using 2RC equivalent circuit model. A series of HPPC tests were conducted to calibrate the equivalent circuit model in order to accurately calculate heat generation rate as a function of SOC, temperature, current, charge/discharge mode and pulse duration. In the paper, live-sensor data was integrated into the digital twin system level model of the battery pack to create a real-time environment. The generated tool was utilized to monitor the real-time temperature of the battery pack remotely and have a predictive maintenance solution. The model results for heat generation rate, terminal voltage, and temperature were found to be consistent with the test data across a wide range of conditions.
The generated model was used to accelerate battery pack design and development by enabling the evaluation of design feasibility and to conduct in-depth root causes analyses for various inputs and operating conditions, including initial SOC, temperature, coolant flow rate, different charge and discharge profiles. The resulting digital twin model provides additional data that cannot be measured offering the EV industry an opportunity to improve its safety record.
Reliability of Flexible Wearable Band With Printed Sensors for Vital Sign Acquisition
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Jang Hyesoo , Hill Curtis , Creel Libby 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Wearable electronics need a number of desirable attributes, such as being compact, flexible, and lightweight. Prior studies on reliability testing have examined the relationship between a flexible electronic and repetitive human body motions (i.e., stretching, bending, twisting, and folding). Such mechanical loads can cause fatigue failure in a wearable electronic. In regard to a wearable band, fatigue failure can be influenced by folding stress. This research study involved the assessment of wearable biometric bands that were calibrated and examined by a test device for folding reliability. The wearable band combines a biometric sensor unit, a micro-controller unit with a wireless connection, and a printed thermistor unit. The sensors have been calibrated by actual temperature and biometric signals. Furthermore, the folding test was conducted utilizing multiple boards. Due to multiple components and printed lines of the PCB, optical images were taken in order to confirm which parts failed and the reasons for the failures. An FEM analysis was conducted in order to understand how stress impacts the PCB and which parts are stressed during the folding process. Throughout the process, an equation was developed to predict the number of cycles necessary for reaching fatigue failure. Throughout this study, the fatigue failure analysis on folding reliability of the wearable biometric band was conducted using experimental analysis, microscopy analysis, and simulating analysis. The study provided further knowledge about the fatigue failure mechanism, which resulted from the prediction of fatigue life developed from the PCB.
Non-Perpendicular Orientation High-G Impact Reliability of Electronics Potted Assemblies
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Pandurangan Aathi Raja Ram , Suhling Jeff , Deep John 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Commercial electronics being used in defense and aerospace applications are being exposed to extreme environments including high-G shock conditions, which is not their intended purpose of use. Currently most of the board level testing is being done at horizontal zero degree drop angle. In real life drop scenarios, the angle of drop varies a lot. The damage accrued in the board interconnects and components and solder-joint interconnects, varies with the change in the drop angle. The reliability of the electronic components and interconnections of the solder-joint depends on the effect of drop angle on the test vehicle. The results acquired under these varying drop angle environments would be more relatable to the real life drop scenarios. The test vehicle is a circular PCB and two different configurations of the test vehicle are tested bare and potted. The boards are tested for three different drop angles of 0-degree, 30-degree and 60 degree. Two different shock levels are tested at each drop angle 10,000g and 25,000g. To predict the effect of drop angle on the test assembly, an explicit finite element model of the assembly has been created and simulated.
Numerical Analysis of Oil Immersion Cooling of a Server Using Mineral Oil and Al2O3 Nanofluid
Authors: Niazmand Amirreza , Murthy Prajwal , Saini Satyam , Shahi Pardeep , Bansode Pratik , Agonafer Dereje 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Increased demand for computer applications has manifested a rise in data generation, resulting in high Power Density and Heat Generation of servers and their components, requiring efficient thermal management. Due to the low heat carrying capacity of air, air cooling is not an efficient method of data center cooling. Hence, the liquid immersion cooling method has emerged as a prominent method, where the server is directly immersed in a dielectric liquid. The thermal conductivity of the dielectric liquids is drastically increased with the introduction of non-metallic nanoparticles of size between 1 to 150 nm, which has proven to be the best method. To maintain the dielectric feature of the liquid, non-metallic nanoparticles can be added.
Alumina nanoparticles with a mean size of 80 nm and a mass concentration of 0 to 5% with mineral oil are used in the present study. The properties of the mixture were calculated based on the theoretical formula and it was a function of temperature. Heat transfer and effect of the nanoparticle concentration on the junction temperature of the processors using CFD techniques were simulated on an open commute server with two processors in a row. The junction temperature was studied for different flow rates of 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 LPM, at inlet temperatures of 25, 35, and 45 degrees Celsius. The chosen heatsink geometries were: Parallel plate, Pin fin, and Plate fin heatsinks.
Development of Process-Recipes for Multi-Layer Circuitry Printing With Z-Axis Interconnects Using Aerosol-Jet Nanoparticle Ink
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Narangaparambil Jinesh , Soni Ved , Miller Scott 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Flexible electronics is a rapid emerging trend in consumer-electronics with ever-increasing applications showing feasibility of functionality with flexibility. Aerosol Jet printing technology has gained rapid acceptance for additive printing owing to non-contact deposition and ability to print on non-planar surfaces. Prior work on aerosol-jet print processes primarily focuses on single-layer printing, taking into account different parameters such as mass flow, line width, sintering conditions, and overspray. Flexible PCBs in complex applications are envisioned to be multi-layered, involving stacking of interconnections and connection between successive layers through use of z-axis connections. Aerosol-jet printing method allows the printing of interconnections with a number of inks including silver, copper, and carbon with fine lines and spaces in neighborhood of 10μm. Process recipes for manufacturing multilayer circuits and system scale-up methods are required. The objective of the paper is to establish process-recipes for z-axis interconnects and quantify process variability with Aerosol-jet print process needed for high volume scale-up. Conductive interconnects have been printed using the ultrasonic atomizer and the interlayer dielectrics have been printed using the pneumatic atomizer. The effect of thermal sintering on the performance of the printed circuits has been quantified through measurements of interconnect resistance and shear load to failure. This paper explores the printing of multi-layer upto 8 conductive layers. Sintering profile for lower resistance per unit length and higher shear load to failure was tested.
Process-Consistency in Additive Printed Multilayer Substrates With Offset-Vias Using Aerosol Jet Technology
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Goyal Kartik , Miller Scott 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The transition of additive printed electronics into high-volume production requires process consistency to allow quality control of the manufactured product. Process recipes are needed for multilayer substrates with z-axis interconnects in order to enable complex systems. In this paper, process recipes have been developed through fundamental studies of the interactions between the process parameters and the mechanical-electrical performance achieved for multilayer substrates. The study reported in this paper focuses on printed vias also known as donut vias. Aerosol jet process parameters studied include carrier mass flow rate, sheath mass flow rate, exhaust mass flow rate, print speed, number of passes, sintering time and temperature, uv-intensity for uv-cure, and standoff height. The electrical performance has been quantified through the measurements of resistance. The mechanical performance has been quantified through measurement of shear load-to-failure. The effect of sequential build-up on the mechanical-electrical properties vs process parameters have been quantified for up tp 8-layers designs. The performance of 5-layer and 8-layer additively printed substrate designs and effect of multiple vias has been compared to assess process consistency.
Post-collisional crustal thickening and plateau uplift of southern Tibet: Insights from Cenozoic magmatism in the Wuyu area of the eastern Lhasa block
Authors: Hao Lu-Lu , Wang Qiang , Kerr Andrew C. , Yang Jin-Hui , Ma Lin , Qi Yue , Wang Jun , Ou Quan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe nature and timing of post-collisional crustal thickening and its link to surface uplift in the eastern Lhasa block of the southern Tibetan plateau remain controversial. Here we report on Cenozoic magmatism in the Wuyu area of the eastern Lhasa block. The Eocene (ca. 46 Ma) trachyandesites and trachydacites show slight fractionation of rare earth elements (REE), slightly negative Eu and Sr anomalies, and relatively homogeneous Sr-Nd and zircon Hf isotopes (87Sr/86Sr(i) = 0.7050–0.7063, εNd(t) = −0.92 to −0.03, εHf(t) = +2.6 to +4.8). Previous studies have suggested Neo-Tethys oceanic slab break-off at 50–45 Ma; thus, the Wuyu Eocene magmatism could represent a magmatic response to this slab break-off and originate from relatively juvenile Lhasa crust. The Miocene (ca. 15–12 Ma) dacites and rhyolites have adakitic affinities, e.g., high Sr (average 588 ppm), Sr/Y (29–136), and La/Yb (30–76) values, low Y (4–12 ppm) and Yb (0.4–0.9 ppm) contents, and variable Sr-Nd and zircon Hf isotopes (87Sr/86Sr(i) = 0.7064–0.7142, εNd(t) = −11.7 to −3.7, εHf(t) = −3.2 to +4.5). Their more enriched Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes relative to the Eocene lavas indicate that they should be derived from mixed Lhasa lower crust comprising juvenile crust, ultrapotassic rocks, and probably Indian lower crust-derived rocks. This study has also revealed the transformation from Eocene juvenile and thin crust with a thickness of &lt;40 km to Miocene mixed and thickened crust with a thickness of &gt;50 km. Combined with published tectonic data, we suggest that both lithospheric shortening and magma underplating contributed to eastern Lhasa block post-collisional crustal thickening. Given the spatial-temporal distribution of eastern Lhasa block magmatism and regional geology, we invoke a post-collisional tectonic model of steep subduction of the Indian plate and subsequent westward-propagating plate break-off beneath the eastern Lhasa block, which caused the surface uplift.
Mixing of brine with oil triggered sphalerite deposition at Pine Point, Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Szmihelsky Marko , Steele-MacInnis Matthew , Bain Wyatt M. , Falck Hendrik , Adair Robin , Campbell Brandon , Dufrane S. Andrew , Went Ashley , Corlett Hilary J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHydrocarbons are commonly invoked as triggers for the precipitation of sphalerite in carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn deposits, but direct evidence for the presence of petroleum during sulfide mineralization is rarely documented. Here, we report evidence of fluid mixing between basinal brines and oil during deposition of coarse sphalerite at a classic carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn district, Pine Point, Northwest Territories, Canada. The brines contain high concentrations of Pb, detectable aqueous sulfate, and hydrocarbons that attest to chemical interaction with oil. The oil inclusions in sphalerite contain much less Pb relative to the brines and no evident H2S, suggesting that the principal role of hydrocarbons was as a reductant. Mixing of brine with oil enabled the conversion of aqueous sulfate to sulfide, and thereby triggered sphalerite deposition.
Fluid compositions reveal fluid nature, metal deposition mechanisms, and mineralization potential: An example at the Haobugao Zn-Pb skarn, China
Authors: Shu Qihai , Chang Zhaoshan , Mavrogenes John 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFluid inclusion compositions obtained from laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry at the Haobugao Zn-Pb skarn in northeastern China provide constraints on fluid origin, evolution, and metal deposition mechanisms and an example of evaluating mineralization potential. Metal concentrations in the prograde fluids were high (up to 1.4 wt% Zn and 1.8 wt% Pb) but remained in solution, likely due to the high temperatures (440–575 °C) and salinities (35.4–45.3 wt% NaCl equivalent). Absolute concentrations of elements (e.g., Rb and Na) and mass ratios (e.g., Zn/Na and K/Na) reveal that the early, prograde fluids were magmatic, consistent with the oxygen isotope composition of fluids (δ18OH2O = 5.5‰–8.5‰). Later mixing with a meteoric fluid caused dilution and Zn-Pb deposition, as revealed by lowered element concentrations and Pb/(Na + K) and Zn/(Na + K) ratios in the sulfide-stage fluid inclusions. Elevated Ca/K ratios in sphalerite-hosted inclusions indicate fluid-carbonate reactions that buffered fluid pH, also facilitating Zn-Pb precipitation. Although cassiterite and molybdenite occur locally at Haobugao, mass balance calculation shows low metal endowment (maximum 2900 t Sn and 2200 t Mo) of the system. Furthermore, the generally unchanged Sn/(Na + K) and Mo/(Na + K) ratios from pre- to late-mineralization fluids suggest that the fluids were never saturated in Sn and Mo. Therefore, finding much Sn or Mo at Haobugao is unlikely. This demonstrates a potential tool for evaluating the metal endowment of a mineral prospect, which may guide exploration.
Bovine lactoferrin and lactoferrin peptides affect endometrial and cervical cancer cell lines
Authors: Ramírez-Sánchez Diana A. , Arredondo-Beltrán Izamar G. , Canizalez-Roman Adrián , Flores-Villaseñor Héctor , Nazmi Kamran , Bolscher Jan G.M. , León-Sicairos Nidia 
Published: December 2020

Cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancers are the most common malignancies of the female genital tract worldwide. Despite advances in prevention, early diagnosis, effective screening, and treatment programs, mortality remains high. Consequently, it is important to search for new treatments. The activity of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) and LF peptides against several types of cancer has been studied; however, only a few studies report the effect of bLF and LF peptides against cervical and endometrial cancers. In this study, we explored the effect of bLF as well as LF chimera and its constituent peptides LFcin17–30 and LFampin265–284 on the viability of cervical (HeLa, SiHa) and endometrial (KLE, HEC-1A) cancer cell lines. Cell proliferation was quantified with an MTT assay, cell morphological changes and damage were determined by Giemsa and phalloidin-TRITC and DAPI staining, and apoptotic and necrotic cells were identified by Alexa Fluor® 488 Annexin V and propidium iodide staining. Additionally, the effect of combinations of bLF and LF peptides with cisplatin was assessed. bLF and LF peptides inhibited the proliferation of uterine cancer cells and caused cellular morphological changes and damage to cell monolayers. bLF induced apoptosis, LFcin17–30 and LFampin265–284 induced apoptosis and necrosis, and LF chimera induced necrosis. Additionally, bLF and LF chimera showed an additive interaction with cisplatin against uterine cancer cells.
The Use of Gamma in Place of Digamma in Ancient Greek
Authors: Camagni Francesco 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Originally, Ancient Greek employed the letter digamma ( ϝ) to represent the /w/ sound. Over time, this sound disappeared, alongside the digamma that denoted it. However, to transcribe those archaic, dialectal, or foreign words that still retained this sound, lexicographers employed other letters, whose sound was close enough to /w/. Among these, there is the letter gamma (γ), attested mostly but not only in the Lexicon of Hesychius. Given what we know about the sound of gamma, it is difficult to explain this use. The most straightforward hypothesis suggests that the scribes who copied these words misread the capital digamma (Ϝ) as gamma (Γ). Presenting new and old evidence of gamma used to denote digamma in Ancient Greek literary and documentary papyri, lexicography, and medieval manuscripts, this paper refutes this hypothesis, and demonstrates that a peculiar evolution in the pronunciation of gamma in Post-Classical Greek triggered a systematic use of this letter to denote the sound once represented by the digamma.
The εὐνοµώτατος ἔρανος in Pindar O. 1.25-27 and the Myth of Pelops
Authors: Acerbo Stefano 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The reference to Pelops emerging from the cauldron in verses 25-27 of Pindar O. 1 is one of the most enigmatic passages in the ode. Scholars have regarded it as an allusion to the tale of a cannibalistic banquet or as a new story invented by Pindar himself, but both of these interpretations fail to satisfy. Many of the problems caused by this passage derive from the evidence used to reconstruct pre-Pindaric traditions. A second boiling to restore Pelops, preserved only in a scholium to O. 1, is an ad hoc interpretation of the annotator. Based on evidence provided by Apollodorus the mythographer, a different version of this episode may be inferred, whereby the cauldron evokes mythical representations, involving rejuvenation and immortality, which can fully account for the enigmatic passage of O. 1.
The influence of operational sex ratio on reproductive success in male sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)
Authors: Paciorek Timothy , McQuillan Michael , Al-Shaer Layla , Bloch Andrew , Carroll Zachary , Moyer Rachel , Vaze Jai , Leiser John , Kuchka Michael , Itzkowitz Murray 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Operational sex ratio (OSR) is predicted to influence the direction and intensity of sexual selection. Thus, as the relative numbers of reproductively active males vs females change, the behavioural competition among males and their differences in reproductive success are also predicted to change. While these outcomes seem intuitively obvious, there have been few experimental tests that examine these predictions. Here, we experimentally tested the relationship between OSR and reproductive behaviour in sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) competing in laboratory-based pools. Males and females were assigned to one of three OSRs (female-biased, equal, or male-biased). We monitored aggression, territory size, and number of eggs acquired by the most aggressive male, termed the “focal male,” in the pool. We used microsatellite analyses to determine the parentage of the eggs within the focal males’ territories. Focal males, by definition, were the most aggressive individual in their pools, but the degree of their aggressiveness and number of spawning sites they controlled were not influenced by OSR. Compared to focal males in the equal and male-biased OSRs, focal males in the female-biased OSR did receive more eggs but the OSR did not appear to influence the percentage of eggs they fathered on their own spawning sites. We speculate that a focal male’s competitive ability is more important to reproductive success than the number of other males and females present.
Religiosity and Wage Earnings in Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Tovar-García Edgar Demetrio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article empirically studies the relationship between religiosity, to be a believer or not and to what extent, and wage earnings in post-Soviet Russia. Mincer equations are estimated adding religious affiliation and religiosity as explanatory variables and using dynamic specifications, controlling for endogeneity and time-invariant independent variables. The empirical strategy includes working age individuals (eighteen to sixty) and uses longitudinal data (2000–2017). The results suggest that male believers suffer a wage penalty, about 7%. Moreover, on average, Muslims obtain lower earnings than do individuals from other religious affiliations, roughly 21% less income; for female Muslims this figure is even higher, about 38%. Nonetheless, analysing younger individuals (eighteen to forty-two), the findings are slightly different. In this case, female believers suffer a wage penalty, about 5%. The findings are robust under different specifications, controlling for education, work experience, civil status, migration background, ethnicity, city size, occupation, and macroeconomic conditions.
Exhalation Delivery Systems for Application of Intranasal Corticosteroids
Authors: Kovacs Alexander J. , Adappa Nithin D. , Kuan Edward C. 
Published: December 2020

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common sinonasal disorder which results in significant inflammation in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. Topical nasal steroids play an important role in the treatment of CRS. Exhalation delivery system with fluticasone (EDS-FLU) utilizes a patient’s forced exhalation to power the delivery of topical steroids to deeper areas of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses most affected by CRS. This review focuses on evidence surrounding the safety and efficacy of the EDS-FLU system. Methods: Literature search was conducted of articles investigating the safety and efficacy of EDS-FLU. Relevant efficacy and safety data were examined and summarized from the studies. Results: The efficacy and safety of EDS-FLU in CRS, both with and without polyps, has been established in open-label and placebo-controlled phase 3 trials. There was significant improvement in the cardinal symptoms of CRS and subjective patient-reported outcomes scores. Additionally, there was objective improvement in sinonasal inflammation as measured by polyp grade. Recent studies have also established significant improvement in health status and general quality of life following treatment using EDS-FLU. Emerging data have also examined patients who have previously had endoscopic sinus surgery and on appropriate medical therapy and noted improvement in polyp burden and overall Lund-Kennedy scores after using EDS-FLU. Conclusion: Exhalation delivery system with fluticasone demonstrates significant results in both patient-oriented outcomes and objective measures of sinonasal inflammation in patients with CRS with and without polyps. Further research is needed to investigate the long-term outcomes of EDS-FLU and to compare the effects of EDS-FLU with ESS. Exhalation delivery system with fluticasone provides an additional effective treatment modality for patients suffering from CRS.