bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trinigyrusspp. (Monogenea: Dactylogyridae) from Brazilian catfishes: new species, molecular data and new morphological contributions to the genus
Authors: Franceschini L. , Acosta A.A. , Zago A.C. , Müller M.I. , da Silva R.J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study describes two new species,Trinigyrus anthusn. sp. andTrinigyrus carvalhoin. sp., from gills ofHypostomusspp. from the Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil.Trinigyrus peregrinusis redescribed based on examination of its holotype, paratypes and new material of specimens parasitizingPterygoplichthys ambrosettii, also from the Upper Paraná River basin, Brazil. New morphological features were included in the diagnosis of the genus, such as the presence of a sclerotized border on the anchor base, and a weakly sclerotized fringe on the base of the male copulatory organ (MCO).Trinigyrus anthusn. sp. differs from other congeners by the shape of the MCO, presenting an enlarged base with sclerotized fringes resembling flower petals.Trinigyrus carvalhoin. sp. andT. peregrinusare similar but can be differentiated from each other mainly by the sclerotization of the vagina (absent in the new species), and the morphology of the MCO (C-shaped versus one counterclockwise circle, respectively). For the first time, gene sequences ofTrinigyrusspp. from Brazil were obtained (partial ribosomal 28S and mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase I (mtCOI)). The genetic divergences among the new species andT. peregrinusvaried from 2 to 3% (6‒18 pb) based on sequences of 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), and 6–7% (83‒92 pb) using mtCOI. Phylogenetic analyses based on partial 28S rDNA revealed thatTrinigyrus,HeteropriapulusandUnilatusformed a monophyletic and well-supported clade of monogeneans from Neotropical freshwater loricariids, suggesting a closer relationship among these dactylogyrids and their hosts.
From donor darling to beyond aid? Public perceptions of ‘Ghana Beyond Aid’
Authors: Kumi Emmanuel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn recent years, there has been growing interest among lower-middle income countries (LMICs) to reduce their dependence on donor resources, framed normatively as ‘beyond aid’. Yet, public perceptions about beyond aid narratives remain under-studied. This article explores current public perceptions in Ghana about the ‘Ghana Beyond Aid’ (GhBA) vision aimed at promoting structural economic transformation through the use of national resources while reducing dependence on donor aid. Drawing on 67 semi-structured interviews with government officials, civil society organisations (CSOs), donor representatives, academics, ‘ordinary citizens’ and media reviews, this article examines public understanding, rationale and perceived barriers to the implementation of the GhBA vision. I show that while GhBA is a welcome development for promoting structural economic transformation and ownership over national development priorities, mechanisms for propelling the GhBA are largely absent. Achieving GhBA will require a conscious effort by government and stakeholders to move beyond political rhetoric and partisan politics to setting out clear policy direction in addition to building a national consensus in promoting the vision. Implications of the research findings are discussed.
Decolonising African Studies?
Authors: Clapham Christopher 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInsistent calls to ‘decolonise’ African studies beg the question of what this quest actually involves. If it refers to an attempt to understand the continent's diverse and complex societies that builds on their indigenous structures and values, this was a task initiated during the decolonisation era of the 1950s and early 1960s. Led by historians and drawing heavily on insights from anthropology, it led to a revolution in the understanding of Africa, which nonetheless failed to maintain its impetus as a result of the political authoritarianism and economic decay of the post-independence period, which had a particularly damaging impact on Africa's universities. Of late, however, the phrase has come to refer to developments notably in North America and Europe, which in subordinating the study of Africa to agendas in the global North may appropriately be described not as decolonisation but as recolonisation. A genuine decolonisation of knowledge production for Africa must rest on a return to its roots within the continent itself.
Interdependence, commitment, learning and love: the case of the United Kingdom's first older women's co-housing community
Authors: Arrigoitia Melissa Fernández , West Karen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHousing options for older people in the United Kingdom (UK) have been rather limited to remaining living ‘independently’ in one's own home and some variant of institutionally provided, pre-established and age-exclusive housing such as retirement communities, extra-care or sheltered housing. However, interest in alternative forms of housing and living which align more closely with the expectations of those currently entering later life is steadily growing. In this paper, we present some findings from original, mixed-methods research on the UK's only established example of senior co-housing, which also happens to be women only. Through thematic analysis, we explore two key questions about this important social experiment: (a) is this a model merely for the dedicated, activist and privileged few, as is often presumed; and (b) what might it tell us about post-traditional ageing. Is it merely a retirement lifestyle choice and identity project, grounded in logics of age denial, activity, choice, individualism and risk management? Our findings cannot be conclusive at this stage, but they do suggest a new model of later-life dwelling for the UK based on more collectivist values of inter-dependence, commitment, learning and, even, love.
Developing a model of resilience in older adulthood: a qualitative meta-synthesis
Authors: Wilson Claire A. , Walker Deanna , Saklofske Donald H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe study of resilience in an older adult population is expanding rapidly. However, most theoretical models of resilience have been developed with children or young to middle-aged adults. The objective of the present study was to review systematically the qualitative literature examining resilience in older adults, and to develop a comprehensive model of resilience in older adulthood. A qualitative meta-synthesis was conducted to review the qualitative literature examining resilience from older adults’ perspectives. An exhaustive search of the literature revealed 1,752 articles. From these articles, 34 studies meeting inclusion criteria were selected for analysis. Across the 34 studies analysed, eight themes were revealed as important for achieving resilience later in life: perseverance and determination, self-efficacy and independence, purpose and meaning, positive perspective, social support, faith and prayer, previous experience and being proactive. These themes can be organised into a four-factor model: (a) Intrapersonal Protective Factors; (b) Interpersonal Protective Factors; (c) Spiritual Protective Factors; and (d) Experiential Protective Factors. This study presents a new model of resilience in older adulthood that is grounded in qualitative literature and is relevant and appropriate for an older adult population. This research may be useful for clinicians, support workers and researchers working with older individuals through improving our understanding of what contributes to resilience later in life.
ON THE LATIN SOURCE OF THE ITALIAN VERSION OF ALHACEN'S DE ASPECTIBUS (VAT. LAT. 4595)
Authors: Raynaud Dominique 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA comparison of the manuscripts has shown that De li aspecti, the Italian version of Alhacen's De aspectibus, Vat. lat. 4595 (I), was copied from London, British Library, Royal 12.G.vii (L). The discovery of long omissions in L, not reproduced in I, disproves this conclusion. The error has two reasons: a sampling too small, the confusion between phenetic and cladistic approaches.
War, interaction capacity, and the structures of state systems
Authors: Butcher Charles , Griffiths Ryan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHow have the structures of state systems varied over time and space? We outline a game theoretic model of the decision by political units to accept offers of graded sovereignty from imperial centers. We conceptualize four types of sovereign bargains – tributary, informal extractive, suzerain, and departmental – as a function of whether a polity has external sovereignty and whether resources flow from the subordinate polity to the imperial center through transfers or direct extraction. We then specify the payoffs for these bargains and theorize how increasing interaction capacity and international competition shape the structure of state systems. We show how increasing interaction capacity is related to the transition from transfers to extraction while international competition plays a role only when interaction capacity is already high. We demonstrate the applicability of our model with case studies from low- and high-density environments during the early modern period, respectively: (1) The Oyo Empire of western Africa; (2) Mysore of south Asia.
FORMAL QUALITATIVE PROBABILITY
Authors: KIAN Mc KIERNAN DANIEL 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChoices rarely deal with certainties; and, where assertoric logic and modal logic are insufficient, those seeking to be reasonable turn to one or more things called “probability.” These things typically have a shared mathematical form, which is an arithmetic construct. The construct is often felt to be unsatisfactory for various reasons. A more general construct is that of a preordering, which may even be incomplete, allowing for cases in which there is no known probability relation between two propositions or between two events. Previous discussion of incomplete preorderings has been as if incidental, with researchers focusing upon preorderings for which quantifications are possible. This article presents formal axioms for the more general case. Challenges peculiar to some specific interpretations of the nature of probability are brought to light in the context of these propositions. A qualitative interpretation is offered for probability differences that are often taken to be quantified. A generalization of Bayesian updating is defended without dependence upon coherence. Qualitative hypothesis testing is offered as a possible alternative in cases for which quantitative hypothesis testing is shown to be unsuitable.
Mediation of the association between maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and childhood overweight/obesity by birth anthropometry
Authors: Stevens Danielle R. , Neelon Brian , Roberts James R. , Taylor Sarah N. , Newman Roger B. , Vena John E. , Hunt Kelly J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe mechanism through which developmental programming of offspring overweight/obesity following in utero exposure to maternal overweight/obesity operates is unknown but may operate through biologic pathways involving offspring anthropometry at birth. Thus, we sought to examine to what extent the association between in utero exposure to maternal overweight/obesity and childhood overweight/obesity is mediated by birth anthropometry. Analyses were conducted on a retrospective cohort with data obtained from one hospital system. A natural effects model framework was used to estimate the natural direct effect and natural indirect effect of birth anthropometry (weight, length, head circumference, ponderal index, and small-for-gestational age [SGA] or large-for-gestational age [LGA]) for the association between pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI) category (overweight/obese vs normal weight) and offspring overweight/obesity in childhood. Models were adjusted for maternal and child socio-demographics. Three thousand nine hundred and fifty mother–child dyads were included in analyses (1467 [57.8%] of mothers and 913 [34.4%] of children were overweight/obese). Results suggest that a small percentage of the effect of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI overweight/obesity on offspring overweight/obesity operated through offspring anthropometry at birth (weight: 15.5%, length: 5.2%, head circumference: 8.5%, ponderal index: 2.2%, SGA: 2.9%, and LGA: 4.2%). There was a small increase in the percentage mediated when gestational diabetes or hypertensive disorders were added to the models. Our study suggests that some measures of birth anthropometry mediate the association between maternal pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and offspring overweight/obesity in childhood and that the size of this mediated effect is small.
Band sowing with hoeing in organic grains: II. Evidence of improved weed management in spring wheat, oats, field peas, and flax
Authors: McCollough Margaret R. , Gallandt Eric R. , Molloy Thomas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe long-term success of weed management programs requires that all crops in a rotation receive satisfactory weed control. Band sowing with inter-band hoeing has been proposed as an innovative weed management strategy for grain crops. In the band-sowing system, crops are sown in a broadcast pattern within a band of some chosen width (here we selected 12.7 cm); weeds between bands are controlled with inter-band hoeing, with or without so-called “blind cultivation,” for example, tine harrowing. Alteration of the crop spatial arrangement from typical single-line rows to a more evenly distributed pattern aims to enhance interspecific competition while reducing intraspecific competition. Field experiments, conducted in Maine in 2016 and 2017, compared band sowing with inter-band hoeing to the region’s standard practice of planting in 16.5-cm rows and tine harrowing in four test crops: spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Glenn’), oat (Avena sativa L. ‘Colt’), field pea (Pisum sativum L. ‘Jetset’), and flax (Linum usitatissimum L. ‘Prairie Thunder’). Band sowing improved weed control relative to the standard practice, especially in crops with greater competitive ability (wheat and oat). Despite improved weed control, in most cases, yields were unaffected by treatment. While band sowing with hoeing provided improved weed control in multiple crops, further study is warranted to optimize seeding rate, band width, and inter-band width to improve crop yields.
Can Terrestrial Water Storage Dynamics be Estimated From Climate Anomalies?
Authors: Jing Wenlong , Zhao Xiaodan , Yao Ling , Di Liping , Yang Ji , Li Yong , Guo Liying , Zhou Chenghu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFreshwater stored on land is an extremely vital resource for all the terrestrial life on Earth. But our ability to record the change of land water storage is weak despite its importance. In this study, we attempt to establish a data‐driven model for simulating terrestrial water storage dynamics by relating climate forcings with terrestrial water storage anomalies (TWSAs) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites. In the case study in Pearl River basin, China, the relationships were learned by using two ensemble learning algorithms, the Random Forest (RF) and eXtreme Gradient Boost (XGB), respectively. The TWSA in the basin was reconstructed back to past decades and compared with the TWSA derived from global land surface models. As a result, the RF and XGB algorithms both perform well and could nicely reproduce the spatial pattern and value range of GRACE observations, outperforming the land surface models. Temporal behaviors of the reconstructed TWSA time series well capture those of both GRACE and land surface models time series. A multiscale GRACE‐based drought index was proposed, and the index matches the Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index time series at different time scales. The case analysis for years of 1963 and 1998 indicates the ability of the reconstructed TWSA for identifying past drought and flood extremes. The importance of different input variables to the TWSA estimation model was quantified, and the precipitation of the prior 2 months is the most important variable for simulating the TWSA of the current month in the model. Results of this study highlight the great potentials for estimating terrestrial water storage dynamics from climate forcing data by using machine learning to achieve comparable results than complex physical models.
Dictionary‐Based Automated Information Extraction From Geological Documents Using a Deep Learning Algorithm
Authors: Qiu Qinjun , Xie Zhong , Wu Liang , Tao Liufeng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMassive unstructured geoscience data are buried in geological reports. Geological text classification provides opportunities to leverage this wealth of data for geology and mineralization research. Existing studies of massive geoscience documents/reports have not provided effective classification results for further knowledge discovery and data mining and often lack adequate domain‐specific knowledge. In this paper, we present a novel and unified framework (namely, Dic‐Att‐BiLSTM) that combines domain‐specific knowledge and bidirectional long short‐term memory (BiLSTM) for effective geological text classification. Dic‐Att‐BiLSTM benefits from a matching strategy by incorporating domain‐specific knowledge developed based on geoscience ontology to grasp the linguistic geoscience clues. Furthermore, Dic‐Att‐BiLSTM brings together the capacity of a geoscience dictionary matching approach and an attention mechanism to construct a dictionary attention layer. Finally, the network framework of Dic‐Att‐BiLSTM can utilize domain‐specific knowledge and classify geological text automatically. Experimental verifications are conducted on two constructed data sets, and the results clearly indicate that Dic‐Att‐BiLSTM outperforms other state‐of‐the‐art text classification models.
Characterizing Mars's Magnetotail Topology With Respect to the Upstream Interplanetary Magnetic Fields
Authors: Xu Shaosui , Mitchell David L. , Weber Tristan , Brain David A. , Luhmann Janet G. , Dong Chuanfei , Curry Shannon M. , Ma Yingjuan , DiBraccio Gina A. , Halekas Jasper , Dong Yaxue , Mazelle Christian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe canonical picture of the magnetotail of unmagnetized planets consists of draped interplanetary magnetic fields (IMFs) forming opposite‐directed lobes, separated by the current sheet. DiBraccio et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL077251) showed that Mars's magnetotail has a twist departing from this picture. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) results suggest that the asymmetry in how open field lines connected to the planet populate the tail causes the apparent twist. To validate this interpretation, we compare the tail topology determined from MHD simulations to that inferred from data collected by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft, in particular, how each topology responds to the upstream IMF orientation. The occurrence rates for open topology from both data and MHD vary with IMF polarities in a similar fashion as the tail twisting. This suggests that Mars's crustal fields have a global effect on the magnetosphere configuration, supporting the picture of a “hybrid” magnetotail that is partly induced/draped and partly intrinsic/planetary in origin.
In Situ Quantitative Tensile Testing of Antigorite in a Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Idrissi Hosni , Samaee Vahid , Lumbeeck Gunnar , van der Werf Thomas , Pardoen Thomas , Schryvers Dominique , Cordier Patrick 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe determination of the mechanical properties of serpentinites is essential toward the understanding of the mechanics of faulting and subduction. Here we present the first in situ tensile tests on antigorite in a transmission electron microscope. A push‐to‐pull deformation device is used to perform quantitative tensile tests, during which force and displacement are measured, while the evolving microstructure is imaged with the microscope. The experiments have been performed at room temperature on 2 × 1 × 0.2 μm3 beams prepared by focused ion beam. The specimens are not single crystals despite their small sizes. Orientation mapping indicated that several grains were well oriented for plastic slip. However, no dislocation activity has been observed even though the engineering tensile stress went up to 700 MPa. We show also that antigorite does not exhibit a purely elastic‐brittle behavior since, despite the presence of defects, the specimens accumulate permanent deformation and did not fail within the elastic regime. Instead, we observe that strain localizes at grain boundaries. All observations concur to show that under these experimental conditions, grain boundary sliding is the dominant deformation mechanism. This study sheds a new light on the mechanical properties of antigorite and calls for further studies on the structure and properties of grain boundaries in antigorite and more generally in phyllosilicates.
Effective Fluid Bulk Modulus in the Partially Saturated Rock and the Amplitude Dispersion Effects
Authors: Rozhko Alexander Y. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFrequency dispersion is a well‐known effect in geophysics, which means that waves of different wavelengths propagate at different velocities. Amplitude dispersion is a less‐known effect, which means that waves of different amplitudes propagate at different velocities. Herewith, we consider the alteration of the interfacial energy during wave‐induced two‐phase fluid flow in a partially saturated rock and demonstrate that this leads to a nonlinear amplitude dispersion effect. When the wave amplitude is small, seismic waves cause bending of the interface menisci between immiscible fluids at the pore scale. However, when the wave amplitude is sufficiently large, the interface menisci will slip at the pore scale, causing attenuation of the elastic energy by the contact line friction mechanism. At the zero frequency limit, all viscous dissipation models predict zero attenuation of the elastic wave energy, while this approach predicts a nonzero attenuation due to a static contact angle hysteresis effect. Herein, we extend the Gassmann's theory with three extra terms, which can be obtained from standard laboratory tests: pore‐size distribution and interfacial tension between immiscible fluids and rock wettability (advancing and receding contact angles). We derive closed‐form analytical expressions predicting the effective fluid modulus in partially saturated rock, which falls between Voigt and Reuss averages. Next, we demonstrate that the nonlinear amplitude dispersion effect leads to energy transfer between different frequencies. This may explain the low‐frequency microtremor anomalies, frequently observed above hydrocarbon reservoirs, when the low‐frequency energy of ocean waves (0.1–1 Hz) is converted to higher frequencies (2–6 Hz) by partially saturated reservoirs.