bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabarcoding assays for the detection of freshwater mussels (Unionida) with environmental DNA
Authors: Klymus Katy E. , Richter Catherine A. , Thompson Nathan , Hinck Jo Ellen , Jones Jess W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFreshwater mussels of the order Unionida are a widely distributed taxon that are important in maintaining freshwater ecosystems and are also highly imperiled throughout the world. Monitoring of mussel populations with environmental DNA (eDNA) is an attractive alternative to traditional methods because it is noninvasive and requires less labor and taxonomic knowledge from field personnel. We developed eDNA metabarcoding assays specific to freshwater mussels and tested them at six sites in the Clinch River, located in the southeastern United States. Our objective was to determine the utility of eDNA metabarcoding for future monitoring of mussel populations and restoration efforts in this watershed. Two metabarcoding assays that target the mitochondrial DNA regions of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit (ND1) genes were developed and tested. Our assays appear to be order specific, amplifying members from the two families found in North America, Unionidae and Margaritiferidae, while not amplifying nontarget fish or other bivalve species. From the field collected samples, our assays together detected 19 species, eight of which are listed as federally endangered. The assays also detected 42%, 58%, and 54% of the species identified by recent quantitative visual mussel surveys at three sampling sites. Increased sampling effort by processing a greater water volume or number of samples will likely increase species detections. These eDNA metabarcoding assays may enable enhanced monitoring of freshwater mussel assemblages and subsequently inform conservation efforts.
Beyond the barriers: An overview of mechanisms driving barriers to adaptation in Bangladesh
Authors: Ishtiaque Asif , Stock Ryan , Vij Sumit , Eakin Hallie , Chhetri Netra 
Published: November 2020

AbstractClimate change adaptation governance involves multiple actors, operating from local to national level, and during their interactions, several challenges may surface and act as barriers to adaptation. While existing studies attempted to create an exhaustive list of barriers by focusing on “what” is occurring, we continue to have a meager understanding of “how” or “why” barriers emerge in the governance process. Selecting Bangladesh as a case study area, we identify the mechanisms that cause the emergence of barriers in the climate change adaptation governance process. We particularly focus on the barriers that emerge through interactions among actors. We base our research on data from key‐informant interviews and a systematic literature review. Our analysis reveals that there are at least five mechanisms that are involved in the emergence of barriers: enclosure and exclusion, boundary control, organizational inertia, belief formation, and frame polarization. Our identification of common mechanisms provides insights on actors' roles and activities in adaptation governance and elucidates the processes through which actors' interactions lead to barriers. This mechanism‐based analysis of barriers will help to address and navigate through the barriers more effectively to ensure successful adaptation. As climate change is becoming mainstreamed in development plans and policies in our study area, identifying the mechanisms of adaptation barriers can elucidate how development and climate adaptation strategies are affected by identified barriers.
Effect-Based Trigger Values for Mixtures of Chemicals in Surface Water Detected with In Vitro Bioassays
Authors: Escher Beate I. , Neale Peta A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Effect-based trigger (EBT) values for in vitro bioassays are important for surface water quality monitoring because they define the threshold between acceptable and poor water quality. They have been derived for highly specific bioassays, such as hormone-receptor activation in reporter gene bioassays, by reading across from existing chemical guideline values. This read-across method is not easily applicable to bioassays indicative of adaptive stress responses, which are triggered by many different chemicals, and activation of nuclear receptors for xenobiotic metabolism, to which many chemicals bind with rather low specificity. We propose an alternative approach to define the EBT from the distribution of specificity ratios of all active chemicals. The specificity ratio is the ratio between the predicted baseline toxicity of a chemical in a given bioassay and its measured specific endpoint. Unlike many previous read-across methods to derive EBTs, the proposed method accounts for mixture effects and includes all chemicals, not only high-potency chemicals. The EBTs were derived from a cytotoxicity EBT that was defined as equivalent to 1% of cytotoxicity in a native surface water sample. The cytotoxicity EBT was scaled by the median of the log-normal distribution of specificity ratios to derive the EBT for effects specific for each bioassay. We illustrate the new approach using the example of the AREc32 assay, indicative of the oxidative stress response, and 2 nuclear receptor assays targeting the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma and the arylhydrocarbon receptor. The EBTs were less conservative than previously proposed but were able to differentiate untreated and insufficiently treated wastewater from wastewater treatment plant effluent with secondary or tertiary treatment and surface water. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:487–499. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Abstract
New effect-based triggers were derived for bioassays that are responsive to many different chemicals with relatively low potency accounting for their mixture effects. AhR = arylhydrocarbon receptor; BEQ = bioanalytical equivalent concentration; EBT = effect-based trigger; PPARγ = peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma; SR = specificity ratio; WWTP = wastewater-treatment plant.
Thermosolutal convective non‐Newtonian radiative Casson fluid transport over a vertical plate propagated by Arrhenius kinetics with heat source/sink
Authors: Rajput Govind R. , Shamshuddin MD. , Salawu Sulyman O. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the current study, a mathematical formulation is developed by combining the non‐Newtonian (Casson) fluid model to simulate the thermosolutal free convection radiative flow over a vertical surface. The current flow model is formulated with a heat sink/source and radiation driven by Arrhenius kinetics. The basic flow equations are transmuted into a nondimensional form via similarity transformations for which numerical simulations are performed utilizing the Runge‐Kutta‐Fehlberg method with shooting technique. The results obtained for velocity, energy, and species mass concerning various flow parameters are presented graphically. Computed results for skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are tabulated. The results have been verified for limited cases by comparing with various investigations, revealing excellent accuracy. The detailed geometry reveals that an increase in the activation energy enhances the flow velocity and heat transport in the Casson fluid system due to exothermic heat reaction. With the increase of the Frank‐Kamenetskii term, there is a substantial rise in temperature distribution and a decrease in concentration profiles due to high Arrhenius exothermic process, which revealed that the presence of Arrhenius kinetics is more effective to improve heat transportation phenomenon. Enhancement of the heat source/sink term completely boosts heat distribution. Rise in Radiation parameter, temperature field increases by reducing heat dissipation to the ambient.
Heat and mass transfer characteristics of radiative hybrid nanofluid flow over a stretching sheet with chemical reaction
Authors: Santhi Muttukuru , Suryanarayana Rao Kavaturi Venkata , Sudarsana Reddy Patakota , Sreedevi Paluru 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUnsteady magnetohydrodynamic heat and mass transfer analysis of hybrid nanoliquid flow over a stretching surface with chemical reaction, suction, slip effects, and thermal radiation is analyzed in this study. A combination of alumina (Al2O3) and titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are taken as hybrid nanoparticles and water is considered as the basefluid. Using the similarity transformation method, the governing equations are changed into a system of ordinary differential equations. These equations together with boundary conditions are numerically evaluated by using the Finite element method. The influence of various pertinent parameters on the profiles of fluids concentration, temperature, and velocity is calculated and the outcomes are plotted through graphs. The values of nondimensional rates of heat transfer, mass transfer, and velocity are also analyzed and the results are depicted in tables. Temperature sketches of hybrid nanoliquid intensified in both the steady and unsteady cases as the volume fraction of both nanoparticles rises.
Serum levels of neuropeptide Y in patients with chronic schizophrenia during treatment augmentation with sarcosine (results of the double‐blind randomized controlled PULSAR study)
Authors: Strzelecki Dominik , Kotlicka‐Antczak Magdalena , Kaczmarek Bartosz , Jerczyńska Hanna , Wysokiński Adam 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveModulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia by sarcosine leads to a reduction in primary negative symptoms, while its metabolic profile is safe. In order to extend research in the area, we assessed serum levels of neuropeptide Y (NPY), a hypothalamic hormone related to anxiety and depression, also involved in mechanisms inducing weight gain. Additionally, we analyzed associations between NPY concentrations and its changes with severity of symptoms and metabolic parameters.MethodsA prospective 6‐month, randomized, double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial was completed by 57 subjects with chronic schizophrenia with predominant negative symptoms and stable antipsychotic treatment. The participants received 2 g of sarcosine (n = 28) or placebo (n = 29) daily. We assessed serum NPY concentrations and severity of symptoms (with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS] and Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia) at the beginning of the study, after 6 weeks and 6 months.ResultsSarcosine did not affect NPY levels in all time points. The highest decrease in NPY concentrations was observed in the subjects who were initially depressed, who became euthymic at the last visit. We noticed an improvement in the total PANSS score, and negative symptom and general psychopathology subscales in the sarcosine group, however, without any correlation with NPY levels.ConclusionThe use of sarcosine does not change NPY levels. Peripheral NPY concentrations may be related to depressive symptoms in schizophrenia.
Research progress on toxicity, function, and mechanism of metal oxide nanoparticles on vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Wang Zhihui , Tang Meng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMetal oxide nanoparticles present stable and unique performance that makes them suitable for various biomedical applications. There are four common exposure ways that nanoparticles enter our body: injection, inhalation, skin penetration, and ingestion. Among them, injection, ingestion, and skin routes may become significant ways for nano‐scale treatment and cosmetics, and inhalation is the essential way for occupational exposure. All those nanoparticles could pass through the exposure routes and enter the circulation, which could cause damage on the cardiovascular system. So it is necessary to evaluate the toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles and to explore the mechanism. This review chose four commonly used nanometal oxides to discuss about the toxicity they produced, the function they affected, and the mechanisms on cardiovascular endothelial cells. First, we discussed the toxicity they caused. These nanoparticles are less toxic when applied in low doses, but owing to the small particle size and large specific surface area, acute exposure or the metal ions released by nanoparticles will lead to phenotypic changes of endothelial cells, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. An endothelial cell is an essential part of blood vessels and could act as a barrier, maintain vascular tension, and keep the balance between coagulation and anticoagulation. Once vascular endothelium is injured or exposed to vascular risk factors, it would cause endothelial activation, endothelial dysfunction, and nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) dysfunction, which are closely related to the cardiovascular disease. Finally, we talked about the mechanisms by four levels, and we especially mentioned inflammation, the production of reactive oxygen species, and NO.
Single‐cell RNA sequencing and lipidomics reveal cell and lipid dynamics of fat infiltration in skeletal muscle
Authors: Xu Ziye , You Wenjing , Chen Wentao , Zhou Yanbing , Nong Qiuyun , Valencak Teresa G. , Wang Yizhen , Shan Tizhong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundAgeing is accompanied by sarcopenia and intramuscular fat (IMAT) infiltration. In skeletal muscle, fat infiltration is a common feature in several myopathies and is associated with muscular dysfunction and insulin resistance. However, the cellular origin and lipidomic and transcriptomic changes during fat infiltration in skeletal muscle remain unclear.MethodsIn the current study, we generated a high IMAT‐infiltrated skeletal muscle model by glycerol (GLY) injection. Single‐cell RNA sequencing and lineage tracing were performed on GLY‐injured skeletal muscle at 5 days post‐injection (DPI) to identify the cell origins and dynamics. Lipidomics and RNA sequencing were performed on IMAT‐infiltrated skeletal muscle at 14 DPI (or 17 DPI for the cold treatment) to analyse alterations of lipid compositions and gene expression levels.ResultsWe identified nine distinct major clusters including myeloid‐derived cells (52.13%), fibroblast/fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) (23.24%), and skeletal muscle stem cells (2.02%) in GLY‐injured skeletal muscle. Clustering and pseudotemporal trajectories revealed six subpopulations in fibroblast/FAPs and 10 subclusters in myeloid‐derived cells. A subpopulation of myeloid‐derived cells expressing adipocyte‐enriched genes and Pdgfra−/Cd68+ cells displayed lipid droplets upon adipogenic induction, indicating their adipogenic potential. Lipidomic analysis revealed the changes of overall lipid classes composition (e.g. triglycerides (TAGs) increased by 19.3 times, P = 0.0098; sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol decreased by 83%, P = 0.0056) and in the distribution of lipids [e.g. TAGs (18:2/18:2/22:6) increased by 181.6 times, P = 0.021] between GLY‐group and saline control. RNA‐seq revealed 1847 up‐regulated genes and 321 down‐regulated genes and significant changes in lipid metabolism‐related pathways (e.g. glycerolipid pathway and glycerophospholipid pathway) in our model of GLY‐injured skeletal muscle. Notably, short‐term cold exposure altered fatty acid composition (e.g. saturated fatty acid decreased by 6.4%, P = 0.058) in fat‐infiltrated muscles through directly affecting lipid metabolism pathways including PI3K–AKT and MAPK signalling pathway.ConclusionsOur results showed that a subpopulation of myeloid‐derived cells may contribute to IMAT infiltration. GLY‐induced IMAT infiltration changed the lipid composition and gene expression profiles. Short‐term cold exposure might regulate lipid metabolism and its related signalling pathways in fat‐infiltrated muscle. Our study provides a comprehensive resource describing the molecular signature of fat infiltration in skeletal muscle.
Lanthanum‐based catalysts for (bio)ethanol conversion: effect of preparation method on catalytic performance – hard templating versus hydrolysis
Authors: Valsamakis Ioannis , Garbarino Gabriella 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDLanthanum‐based materials, namely La2O3 and La(OH)3, are of interest for several heterogeneous catalytic reactions because of their properties; that is, in spite of their poor resistance to CO2 and moisture, readily converting at room temperature to carbonates and oxycarbonates and requiring strong thermal treatments to revert back to their original form.RESULTSIn this study, hard template and hydrolysis synthetic procedures have been compared for the production of nanostructured La‐based catalysts. The materials have been characterized by means of various techniques and tested in ethanol conversion as a probe reaction. Both preparation procedures give rise to higher surface areas than those reported for conventional synthesis and the surface properties are different, showing the formation of oxysulfate or of a complex mixture of carbonate and hydroxycarbonate.CONCLUSIONSLanthanum‐based oxide can be efficiently prepared using different synthetic procedures that allow to obtain nanosized La‐based mixed oxides. However, great attention should be paid to the preparation step, because the role of impurities markedly affects the stability and the catalytic properties of the prepared oxide. The use of the hard templating procedure allows a reduction of the amount of carbonate upon air exposure, thus stabilizing the starting oxide, by protecting the surface with the presence of lanthanum oxysulfate (La2O2SO4). © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
High spatial resolution Raman mapping of complex mineral assemblages: Application on phosphate mineral sequences in pegmatites
Authors: Prado Araujo Fernando , Hulsbosch Niels , Muchez Philippe 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPhosphates are a group of complex minerals widespread on Earth that can crystallize in several environments. Changes in environmental conditions during crystallization are reflected in the formation of a sequence of phosphate minerals, termed paragenesis. Accordingly, analyses of textural and chemical properties of complex mineral assemblages are essential to reconstruct the history of rocks and solid materials. Raman mapping can detect those mineralogical changes in complex assemblages with high spatial resolution, successfully determining the paragenetic sequence. Specifically, Raman spectroscopy is more advantageous than conventional methods because it requires little sample preparation, it is nondestructive, and it is capable of identifying hydrated minerals and phases composed of light elements (e.g., H and Li). In this study, the parageneses of two phosphatic assemblages from the Buranga pegmatite, a P–Li–Nb–Ta‐rich magmatic rock, are reported in detail. The first case shows the replacement of primary F‐rich montebrasite [LiAl(PO4)(OH,F)] by secondary F‐poor montebrasite [LiAl(PO4)OH]. Mapping of the OH‐stretching peak position and width identifies the mineral phases, illustrates their spatial relations, and allows to estimate the F content distribution. The second case investigates a sequence of phosphate minerals in a complex assemblage (trolleite + rosemaryite ➔ lazulite–scorzalite ➔ samuelsonite ➔ wardite). The application of multivariate analysis methods to characterize complex assemblages is assessed, and the classical least squares method is identified as the best suited for this setting. An analysis of Raman images shows that Buranga samples experienced a progressive hydration process during cooling, followed by fluid‐assisted mineral reactions with remobilization of elements, such as Ca and Na.
A review on recent developments in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and its biomedical applications
Authors: Arif Rizwan , Uddin Rahis 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGreen chemistry is the significant field of research as it offers simple, cost‐effective, easy, biocompatible and eco‐friendly methods for the synthesis of nanomaterials. With the development of nanotechnology, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has become important areas of research due to their various applications in industrial, pharmacological and medicinal fields as they exhibited good antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antiviral, anticoagulant, thrombolytic, cytotoxic and photocatalytic properties due to their chemical stability and good biocompatibility. The size, shape, concentration, agglomeration and some other factors of AgNPs depend on the methods used for the synthesis of nanomaterials. Various methods have been used by the researchers in the last few years for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using various microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, algae, different parts of plants, agricultural wastes, arthropods and metabolites of arthropods. The use of microorganisms and plants for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles is very eco‐friendly, time‐saving and inexpensive methods. In this review, we have discussed the various synthetic methods for the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using microorganisms and plants. Also, the review explores the recent developments in antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of silver nanoparticles reported by the researchers during the last decade.
A complementary split‐ring array for compact decoupling 2 × 2 circularly polarized antenna
Authors: Gao Di , Cao Zhenxin , Quan Xin , Xu Changzhi , Chen Peng 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this letter, a complementary split‐ring array (CSRA) for decoupling compact (edge‐to‐edge spacing of 0.078 λ0) 2 × 2 circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antenna is proposed. The CSRA is the ground plane with the etched split‐ring array (SRA) which is composed of 12 split‐rings. Each element is surrounded by four etched split‐rings, and the two adjacent elements share the same etched split‐ring between them. The decoupling mechanism of the CSRA is to alter the amplitude and phase of the original coupling field and make the polarization of the adjusted coupling field mismatch with the receiving field. To verify the idea, the 2 × 2 CP antennas with and without CSRA are simulated and measured. The experimental results show that the maximum mutual coupling reduction is 29.6 dB for S12, 23.6 dB for S14, and 5.6 dB for S13. Meanwhile, the impedance bandwidth and radiation characteristics remain almost unchanged. The measured results agree well with the simulated results, which showed new light on application of the proposed CSRA for multiple‐input‐multiple‐output systems.