bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selected Supplementary Poems by Giun and Other Relevant Monk-Poets
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter features a representative selection of additional kanbun poems composed by Giun and several other prominent monk-poets from the Sōtō and Rinzai schools in China and Japan. The work of those monks is particularly relevant for providing a context by which to understand the crucial role played by the fifth Eiheiji abbot in shaping the early-medieval history of Zen’s approach to studying Dōgen’s Treasury by appropriating Chinese poetic sources, including interpretations of the doctrine of the Five Ranks, and embracing key elements of the boundary-crossing Wanshi-ha movement’s literary standpoint for Zen training. Following an introductory discussion, two main parts of the chapter cover more than twenty translated verses in all.
Winning by Threat of Force
Authors: Skillen James R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Cliven Bundy has grazed livestock on federal land through the last three sagebrush rebellions. The story of the Bundy family ranch, northeast of Las Vegas, Nevada, illustrates the frustrations that many ranchers had with evolving federal land management over the last fifty years, as they went from being the dominant users of federal rangeland to one of multiple, competing users. It also illustrates some of the dominant ideologies and arguments that drove the last three conservative rebellions against federal authority, particularly those rooted in American civil religion and popular constitutionalism. And it encapsulates the evolution of western rebellion, from a regional, political challenge to federal authority to one that drew armed support from across the national. Having faced down federal law enforcement with armed militias, the Bundy family continues to graze livestock on federal land without authorization.
“This Precious Heritage of Desert”
Authors: Skillen James R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Sagebrush Rebellion erupted in 1979 out of anger over changing federal land law and management. In particular, many westerners were frustrated by expanding restrictions on grazing and road access, which threatened economic development. The Nevada State Legislature launched the rebellion when it passed legislation claiming ownership of all unreserved federal lands within its boundaries. Other western states followed Nevada. The Sagebrush Rebellion helped elected Ronald Reagan to the White House, and his first interior secretary, James Watt, gave considerably more control over federal land management to the states, thereby effectively ending the rebellion.
Sagebrush Rebels and the New Face of Conservative Politics
Authors: Skillen James R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The broader political story of the Sagebrush Rebellion is less about roads or grazing AUMs; it is about how a regional challenge to federal authority in the West aligned with challenges from both business interests and religious conservatives in the New Right. Like the sagebrush rebels, conservative business and religious leaders were fighting back against the federal government, which had expanded its regulatory footprint dramatically in the rights revolution and environmental movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Together they forged a new coalition aimed at bringing conservatives to office and slashing the federal government’s regulatory power. And together they built a conservative infrastructure that would support future sagebrush rebellions and that eventually made opposition to federal land authority part of the conservative platform.
Pluralism and Public-Private Relationships in the Field of Cultural Production
Authors: Uy Michael Sy 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the coordination, cooperation, and competition between the federal government and private philanthropic organizations. As a federal agency, the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) was mandated to serve broadly the interests of all citizens, groups, and communities. Private foundations, on the other hand, could decide to uniquely tailor their chosen missions. Regardless of differences in institutional practices and operation, however, the NEA, Ford Foundation, and Rockefeller Foundation collectively served as weathervanes in the field. Their “seals of approval” guided the decision making of individual patrons, smaller foundations, state art agencies, and corporations. Furthermore, their matching requirements concentrated winners and excluded losers because most often, grantees already possessed other sources of social and economic capital. After the Tax Reform Act of 1969, foundations and the federal government found even more reasons to communicate and cooperate with one another, including at high-powered gatherings like Rockefeller’s “How Can Foundations Help the Arts?” meeting in 1974.
The Ford Foundation, Matching Grants, and Endowment Building
Authors: Uy Michael Sy 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the Ford Foundation’s predominantly economics- and finance-based expertise, and the way it sustained the country’s largest and most expensive performing arts institutions: orchestras, operas, and conservatories. Ford accomplished its goals primarily through matching grants and endowments, hoping with matching requirements to diversify organizations’ funding sources and expand the public’s commitment to local arts. Based on the expert advice of economists and administrators, Ford intended endowments to be a permanent source of income for orchestras and conservatories, if they managed the invested principal properly. In practice, however, wealthy individuals on boards of trustees for institutions such as the Boston Symphony Orchestra and the Juilliard School solidified their personal, social connections to elicit five-, six-, and sometimes seven-figure gifts. In general, ordinary citizens and the local community did not participate, and as a result, broad-based support never materialized. Orchestras and conservatories came back knocking on the foundation’s door again and again.
Restructuring the Governance of Imprisonment
Authors: Zimring Franklin E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses methods of altering how state governments structure decision-making about imprisonment policy to rationalize outcomes. Changes that enhance the power of state government (which pays for prisons) to control prison terms and populations are important features of these strategic shifts. And making specific judgments about the proper scale of imprisonment should become a prominent part of each state's criminal justice policy.
Federal Relations
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article I of the Oklahoma constitution. The provisions in Article I were included as part of the requirement for gaining statehood. In practice, Section 1 means that the actions of the state cannot contravene the national Constitution. This section has also been invoked to support the doctrine of preemption, under which federal laws supersede state regulations or laws that conflict with them. Section 2 guarantees the protection of religious freedom, but it does not protect all actions pursued in the name of religion. Section 3 was required by the Oklahoma Enabling Act to preserve the treaty obligations still in effect when the delegates were meeting to write the state’s constitution. Section 4 provides for territorial debts and liabilities; this section also comes from the Enabling Act and is now obsolete. Section 5 concerns public schools; it was amended in 1966 after the abolishment of racial segregation in public schools in 1954. Lastly, Section 6 guarantees the right of suffrage.
Judicial Department
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores Article VII of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the judiciary. Section 1 states that “the judicial power of this State shall be vested in the Senate, sitting as a Court of Impeachment, a Supreme Court, the Court of Criminal Appeals, the Court on the Judiciary, the State Industrial Court, the Court of Bank Review, the Court of Tax Review, and such intermediate appellate courts as may be provided by statute, District Courts, and such Boards, Agencies and Commissions created by the Constitution or established by statute as exercise adjudicative authority or render decisions in individual proceedings.” The Oklahoma Supreme Court is the head of the state’s judicial system; all other courts are inferior to it. Section 2 provides for the number, terms, vacancies, and qualifications of supreme court justices. The justices shall choose from among their members a chief justice and a vice chief justice. Section 4 provides for the jurisdiction of the state supreme court. The chapter then looks at the provisions for district courts.
Selection of Justices and Judges
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights Article VII-B of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the selection of justices and judges. Section 1 states that “the provisions of this Article shall govern the selection and tenure of all Justices of the Supreme Court and Judges of the Court of Criminal Appeals of the State of Oklahoma.” Section 2 sets forth the procedure for a judicial officer to run for unlimited additional terms of office. The provision in Section 3 creates a Judicial Nominating Commission, which possesses jurisdiction to determine whether the nominees for judicial office meet applicable requirements, and to determine the existence of vacancies on the commission. In the event of a judicial vacancy, Section 4 instructs the Judicial Nominating Commission to submit the names of three nominees to the governor and the chief justice of the supreme court. Section 5 sets forth the specific parameters of judicial terms of office. In an attempt to prohibit political partiality by judges, Section 6 prohibits judges from making contributions to, or holding office in, a political entity. Lastly, Section 7 concerns the effective date of Article VII-B.
Corporations
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Article IX of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the powers, limits, and regulation of corporations. The prodigious length of the article reflects the importance of corporations in the economic life of Oklahoma, and the determination of the framers to bring them under regulatory control, to the point of micromanagement. Concern about discriminatory rates charged by railroads and pipelines was foremost, but the authority conferred by Article IX is broad enough to allow the legislature to regulate a variety of other enterprises as well, including electric, gas, and water companies; oil and natural gas production; and conservation, cotton gins, motor carriers, telephone and telegraph lines; and even ice plants. The framers borrowed freely from the constitutions and statutes of other states—especially the Virginia constitution, the Texas constitution, and the Texas Railway Act—as models for Article IX. Whole sections were often copied verbatim. Moreover, often competing strains of waning Populism and rising Progressivism of the early 1900s pervade this article.
Revenue and Taxation
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter details Article X of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns revenue and taxation. The original form of this provision was borrowed from the constitutions of North and South Dakota, but the article was subsequently adapted to the changing needs and moods of the Oklahoma electorate. The Guthrie delegates’ distrust of the legislature is evident in the meticulous detail of Article X, as well as in the numerous restrictions placed on the power of the purse. Some of these restrictions have been relaxed, but others were made even more restrictive by later amendments. Section 1 specifies the fiscal year of the Oklahoma state financial system, while Section 2 through Section 4 identify the required amount of tax that must be levied by the legislature. Section 5 contains two limitations on the exercise of the taxing power by the legislature: the prohibition against giving up the power of taxation and the requirement of uniformity of taxation for a given class. Section 6 designates that certain categories of property must be tax exempt, including property for various religious, charitable, governmental, educational, and other public service functions. Section 8 explains the system for the valuation of property for taxation.
State and School Lands
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article XI of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns state and school lands. Section 1 provides for acceptance by the state of all grants of land and donations of money by the United States under the Enabling Act. In 1982, the Oklahoma Supreme Court held that this section, when considered with the Enabling Act, is an irrevocable compact between the United States and Oklahoma for the benefit of the state’s schools. In accepting grants from the federal government to establish the permanent school fund, Section 2 requires that the fund may only be used for the benefit of Oklahoma common schools, and that the $5 million principal of the fund shall never be spent. The state is also required to reimburse the fund for all losses that may occur, and no portion of this fund is to be used for any other purpose. Meanwhile, Section 4 confers on the legislature exclusive power to set the rules and regulations for selling public lands granted to the state by Congress for charitable and other purposes.
Homestead Exemptions from Taxation
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses Article XII-A of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns homestead exemptions from taxation. Section 1 provides that “all homesteads as is or may be defined under the Laws of the State of Oklahoma for tax exemption purposes, may hereafter be exempted from all forms of ad valorem taxation by the Legislature.” An “ad valorem tax” is a tax that is imposed on the value of property. Section 2 was added by initiative petition in 1935 and tied the legislature’s hands by stating that the definition of a homestead may not be diminished by the legislature; the legislature may only increase or expand the definition. Additionally, statutes regarding homesteads’ exemptions from ad valorem taxation are to be in effect for at least twenty years after enactment; after that, those statutes can be repealed or amended by the legislature.
Board of Regents of Oklahoma Colleges
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores Article XIII-B of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the Board of Regents of Oklahoma colleges. Section 1 provides for the creation, membership, and terms of the Board of Regents of Oklahoma colleges. The meetings of the Board of Regents are open. The Board of Regents of Oklahoma colleges are only authorized to hold executive sessions when considering matters involving appointment of personnel and then only when ordered by unanimous vote of the members of the board. Under Section 2, the Board of Regents of Oklahoma colleges has all power necessary to accomplish objectives it was constitutionally empowered to achieve, and it is therefore authorized to enact rules, regulations, and bylaws for good government and management of the university and all of its departments. Section 4 provides for the authorization of the Board of Regents regarding allocation of funds for payment of salaries and expenses.
Constitutional Amendments
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies Article XXIV of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns constitutional amendments. Section 1 gives the legislature power to submit constitutional amendments to a vote of the citizens of Oklahoma and sets forth legislative direction in the first paragraph. Subject to the requirements that a legislative joint resolution proposing an amendment to the constitution set forth the test of the amendment and a ballot title for the election ballot, the precise form and content of the resolution is a matter for the legislature to decide. Under Section 2, which is routinely ignored, a law providing for a constitutional convention must be submitted to the people for their approval, passed by the legislature, and approved by the governor, and it must contain the makeup and procedure of the convention. Section 3 deals with the power of the initiative amendment.
Social Security
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights Article XXV of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns Social Security. Section 1 provides for a separate state program to help the needy and also provides for cooperation with federal programs to provide such aid. It was adopted in 1936 and amended in 1941 for the purpose of permitting full participation in the federal program. The state may not spend ad valorem taxes, which are taxes imposed upon the value of real or personal property, to fund the programs contemplated by this section. Section 2 through Section 4 of this article are repealed. Meanwhile, Section 5 is merely a housekeeping provision to ensure that the timing of passage of the sections in this article did not interfere with the validity of the sections.
Oklahoma Alcoholic Beverage Control Board
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Article XXVII of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the Oklahoma Alcoholic Beverage Control Board. This entire article was repealed by State Question No. 563, Initiative Petition No. 319, adopted at election held on September 18, 1984. Among other things, Article XXVII repealed prohibition. Section 11 of State Question No. 563 states that the “Prohibition Ordinance” and Section 7 of Article I of this constitution (which were previously repealed by Article XXVII) are not revived by the repeal in 1984. Legislation in 1984 allowed liquor-by-the-drink as an option to the state’s individual counties. In 2018, the last of the state’s so-called “dry” counties voted to allow the sale of liquor-by-the-drink.
Ethics Commission
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses Article XXIX of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the Ethics Commission. This part of the constitution establishes and sets forth member requirements and prohibitions for the state’s Ethics Commission. The commission enjoys an unusual level of autonomy because it is constitutional rather than statutory. Creation of this commission reflects a nationwide reform movement that began in the 1960s and led to new ways of supervising political campaign practices and regulating the behavior of public officials and lobbyists at the federal and state levels. Section 2 addresses budgetary considerations of the Ethics Commission. Section 3 basically sets forth the Ethics Commission’s job: to establish ethical rules and guidelines for state campaigns, officers, and employees. Section 4 gives the Ethics Commission broad powers to enforce its rules, including subpoena and settlement power. Meanwhile, Section 6 stresses that the Ethics Commission’s existence and rules are not intended to replace criminal laws pertaining to certain conduct.
Official Actions of the State of Oklahoma
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses Article XXX of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the official actions of the state of Oklahoma. This article was adopted at an election held on November 2, 2010, making English the state’s official language. Supporters of such measures commonly argued it would ultimately increase the incentive for immigrants to learn English and assimilate and succeed in the United States, and would reduce budgetary pressures on the state. This provision does not prohibit private individuals and businesses from using whatever language they choose. It only affects official government business of the state of Oklahoma. In 2014, Oklahoma’s Court of Civil appeals upheld the article, concluding there is “no federal law requiring that Oklahoma’s Implied Consent Advisory [in the context of driving under the influence] be given in any language other than English.”
From the Studia Humanitatis to the Modern Humanities
Authors: Adler Eric 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a history of the humanities, from their origins as the studia humanitatis in Roman antiquity to the modern humanities we think of today. By charting this path, it offers a sense of the humanistic tradition in its entirety and explains what is at stake in its prospective downfall. The chapter focuses particular attention on the history of the humanities in American higher education, especially during the run-up to the Battle of the Classics. This introduces the reader to much of the historical and intellectual background for future chapters. Part of this chapter also highlights a crucial shift in the definition of the humanities that took place during the latter half of the nineteenth century. This shift, from what one might call the classical to the modern humanities, makes it extraordinarily difficult to defend the hodgepodge of subjects we associate with the contemporary humanities.
Morality and Art
Authors: Harold James 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter sets out the main questions to be explored more fully in the chapters to follow. It does this by studying three well-known debates about morality and art: from classical China, the debate between Mozi and Xunzi about the value of music; from ancient Greece, the difference between Plato and Aristotle over poetry; and from the Harlem Renaissance, the argument between W. E. B. Du Bois and Alain LeRoy Locke over the value of art as propaganda. The chapter concludes by showing that the problem of morality and art has three main parts: the morality of the artist; the effects of art on the audience; and the relationship between art and moral knowledge. The chapter also serves to set out some arguments and positions that are made use of later in the book.
Why They Meddle in Elections—And What Are the Effects on the Results
Authors: Levin Dov H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 lays out in detail the theoretical arguments on the causes and effects of partisan electoral interventions. It also notes the main theoretical assumptions underlying these theoretical arguments, some of which are non-obvious in many political science approaches. It then provides a description of the main methods for testing these theoretical arguments. It first describes how the main historical case studies were chosen and how the data for them was collected. It then concludes by briefly explaining how the definition of electoral interventions was operationalized and how the dataset of partisan electoral interventions (PEIG) utilized for the main statistical analyses was constructed.