bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vertical cloud structure of warm conveyor belts – a comparison and evaluation of ERA5 reanalysis, CloudSat and CALIPSO data
Authors: Binder Hanin , Boettcher Maxi , Joos Hanna , Sprenger Michael , Wernli Heini 
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Warm conveyor belts (WCBs) are important cyclone-related airstreams that are responsible for most of the cloud and precipitation formation in the extratropics. They can also substantially influence the dynamics of cyclones and the upper-level flow. So far, most of the knowledge about WCBs is based on model data from analyses, reanalyses and forecast data with only a few observational studies available. The aim of this work is to gain a detailed observational perspective on the vertical cloud and precipitation structure of WCBs during their inflow, ascent and outflow and to evaluate their representation in the new ERA5 reanalysis dataset. To this end, satellite observations from the CloudSat radar and the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) lidar are combined with an ERA5-based WCB climatology for nine Northern Hemisphere winters. Based on a case study and a composite analysis, the main findings can be summarized as follows. (i) WCB air masses are part of deep, strongly precipitating clouds, with cloud-top heights at 9–10 km during their ascent and an about 2–3 km deep layer with supercooled liquid water co-existing with ice above the melting layer. The maximum surface precipitation occurs when the WCB is at about 2–4 km height. (ii) Convective clouds can be observed above the inflow and during the ascent. (iii) At upper levels, the WCB outflow is typically located near the top of a 3 km deep cirrus layer. (iv) There is a large variability between WCBs in terms of cloud structure, peak reflectivity and associated surface precipitation. (v) The WCB trajectories with the highest radar reflectivities are mainly located over the North Atlantic and North Pacific, and – apart from the inflow – they occur at relatively low latitudes. They are associated with particularly deep and strongly precipitating clouds that occur not only during the ascent but also in the inflow and outflow regions. (vi) ERA5 represents the WCB clouds remarkably well in terms of position, thermodynamic phase and frozen hydrometeor distribution, although it underestimates the high ice and snow values in the mixed-phase clouds near the melting layer. (vii) In the lower troposphere, high potential vorticity is diabatically produced along the WCB in areas with high reflectivities and hydrometeor contents, and at upper levels, low potential vorticity prevails in the cirrus layer in the WCB outflow. The study provides important observational insight into the internal cloud structure of WCBs and emphasizes the ability of ERA5 to essentially capture the observed pattern but also reveals many small- and mesoscale structures observed by the remote sensing instruments but not captured by ERA5.
The Bookbinding of Hortense P. Cantlie for McGill Library: Surfacing a Legacy of Invisible Labor in the Stacks
Authors: Desmeules Robin Elizabeth 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Bookbinding and restoration serves as palimpsest of the human labor required to maintain and curate the library's stacks. The material history of library collections is therefore about more than the book itself; it is a means of revealing the largely invisible histories of the library workers who interact with them. This article examines the binding and restoration work of Hortense P. Cantlie as a case study through which to expose and document the largely invisible networks of human labor in libraries. Beyond bringing to the surface a previously “hidden collection” for study, this reconstruction of Cantlie's work simultaneously reveals the invisible labor of library workers, her impact on the material history of the books she bound, and McGill Library's collections overall. Furthermore, the work presented in this article reveals the invisible labor involved in the process of reconstructing that history.
Poluição atmosférica e doenças respiratórias: um estudo de caso em Paranaguá, Paraná.
Authors: Santana Gabriela Pereira , Moreira Virnei Silva , Armani Fernando Augusto Silveira 
Published: October 2020

Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação da qualidade do ar da cidade que abriga o maior porto graneleiro do Brasil, Paranaguá - PR, e a sua relação com registros de doenças respiratórias nas unidades de saúde da cidade. O intenso tráfego de veículos que transportam cargas, faz dessa fonte uma das principais emissoras de poluentes atmosféricos em Paranaguá. As concentrações de dióxido de enxofre, dióxido de nitrogênio, monóxido de carbono, ozônio, materiais particulados totais e materiais particulados com até 10 micrômetros de diâmetro aerodinâmico (PM10) foram monitoradas de maio de 2016 a fevereiro de 2017 em uma estação de qualidade do ar distante em 200 metros de uma das principais vias de acesso ao porto. Desses poluentes, a concentração de PM10 ultrapassou o seu padrão de qualidade do ar em vigência no Brasil em 12% dos dias monitorados. A sua concentração variou com o tráfego de veículos na cidade, com maiores concentrações de dia e nos dias úteis. Esses materiais podem ser oriundos tanto da queima dos combustíveis quanto da dispersão da poeira das cargas transportadas pelos veículos. Uma vez que as vias de acesso ao porto de Paranaguá passam por regiões residenciais da cidade, as concentrações de PM10 medidas na estação de qualidade do ar também podem estar ocorrendo nessas regiões. A exposição contínua da população de Paranaguá a esses poluentes pode estar aumentando o número de casos de doenças respiratórias na cidade. A relação entre o número de casos de doenças respiratórias e a quantidade de habitantes é maior em Paranaguá do que em cidades mais urbanizadas, mais populosas e tipicamente mais frias.
Fungistatic Activity of Floral Volatile Compounds of Alstonia scholaris
Authors: Mugdha Ambatkar , Kevin D’Cruz 
Published: October 2020

Aims: The fragrant flowers of Alstonia scholaris are rich in volatile compounds or essential oils, which comprise terpenes such as 1,8-cineole and linalool. The effects of the oils on the growth of Aspergillus niger were assessed for the first time in the present study.
Study Design: Fungal growth assay.
Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Department of Botany, St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai, between September 2006 and December 2006.
Methodology: The volatile compounds of A. scholaris were extracted through steam distillation and hydrodistillation by using a Clevenger apparatus. The effect of the steam distillate (10% v/v) on the number of spores of A. niger was observed over 5 days. Furthermore, three fractions with distinct fragrances and boiling points were collected through hydrodistillation. The effects of each fraction on mycelial growth and sporulation in A. niger were examined. Accordingly, each hydrodistilled fraction was incorporated in growth medium (10% v/v) inoculated with fungal spores. The growth of the fungus was observed over 5 days. Distilled water was used as the control. All experiments were conducted in triplicate.
Results: The fungal samples treated with steam distillates showed a significantly lower number of spores than the control after 5 days (165 ± 36 vs. 35 ± 7 spores/mL) at P ≤ .05. Furthermore, the fungal samples treated with the hydrodistilled fractions exhibited a delayed mycelial growth and sporulation compared with the control over 5 days. Fraction 1 was most effective in delaying mycelial growth (Day 4 vs. Day 1). Notably, on Day 4 none of the treated samples but the control sample exhibited sporulation.
Conclusion: The volatile compounds of A. scholaris flowers clearly suppressed and delayed both mycelial growth and sporulation in A. niger but did not inhibit growth entirely. Hence, the floral volatile compounds exhibit fungistatic activity against A. niger.
Palliative Surgical Treatment for Liver Metastases Arising From Breast Cancer
Authors: Enomoto Katsuhisa 
Published: October 2020

Introduction
Patients with liver metastases arising from breast cancer presenting with jaundice have poor prognoses; most patients are not treated aggressively. However, we report an improvement in the quality of life (QOL) of the patient by inserting a biliary stent as palliative surgical treatment.

Case presentation
The patient was a 63-year-old woman. She had left breast cancer and had undergone total mastectomy and axillar lymph node dissection approximately 20 years ago. Thereafter, chemotherapy and hormonal therapy were continued for approximately 5 years. Sixteen years after surgery, the patient presented with hepatic failure; furthermore, total bilirubin (T-Bil) levels had increased to 5.5 mg/dL. Imaging revealed multiple liver metastases and dilatation of the intrahepatic bile duct. A biliary stent was placed, and treatment for obstructive jaundice was administered. After 3 months, the patient was able to maintain QOL without any increase in T-Bil levels.

Conclusion
Palliative surgical treatment via biliary stenting for the onset of obstructive jaundice caused by liver metastases arising from breast cancer can be useful for maintaining patient QOL.
Cesarean and postpartum hysterectomy
Authors: Chanrachakul B. , Chaturachinda K. , Phuapradit W. , Roungsipragarn R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To review the cases of cesarean and postpartum hysterectomy. Method: A retrospective study of all cases of cesarean and postpartum hysterectomy during 1985–1994. Maternal characteristics, method of delivery, indications for hysterectomy and complications were reviewed. Results: The rate of cesarean and postpartum hysterectomy was 1:1667 deliveries. Half of these cases were delivered by cesarean section. The main indications for hysterectomy were massive bleeding due to uterine atony, abnormal placental adhesions or uterine rupture. Maternal morbidity was high and there was one maternal death. Conclusion: Cesarean and postpartum hysterectomy is a necessary life‐saving operation. Although maternal mortality is rare, morbidity remains high. Prevention of complications that give rise to hysterectomy and optimally timed surgery should decrease maternal morbidity and mortality.
THE NANOMELIC MUTATION IN THE AGGRECAN GENE IS EXPRESSED IN CHICK CHONDROCYTES AND NEURONS
Authors: Domowicz Miriam , Krueger Richard C. , Li Hao , Mangoura Dimitra , Vertel Barbara M. , Schwartz Nancy B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe have established the presence of at least two large chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the developing chick brain, one that reacts exclusively with HNK‐1, a carbohydrate epitope found on several neural specific molecules, and one that reacts with S103L, a defined peptide epitope in the CS‐2 domain of the cartilage‐specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), aggrecan. In order to determine the relationships between the two distinct S103L‐reactive CSPGs from cartilage (chondrocytes) and brain (neurons), as well as among the three large CSPGs expressed in brain, S103L, HNK‐1 and versican, we studied the expression of these multiple proteoglycan species in the brain of nanomelic chicks. We have previously shown that homozygous embryos expressing the nanomelic phenotype exhibit a single point mutation in the aggrecan gene. In the present study, the S103L CSPG is not accumulated or synthesized by embryonic chick CNS tissue or E8CH neuronal cultures derived from nanomelic chick embryo cerebral hemispheres. In contrast, expression of both versican and the HNK‐1 CSPG was normal in the mutant embryo CNS. Pulse chase experiments demonstrated the presence of the 380 kDa precursor in normal neurons and the 300 kDa truncated precursor in nanomelic neurons. Northern blot analysis revealed normal‐sized mRNA but reduced levels of expression of the S103L CSPG message in nanomelic neurons, while expression of the versican message was comparable in normal and nanomelic neurons. Most conclusively, the point mutation previously identified in nanomelic cartilage mRNA was also identified in nanomelic brain mRNA. Together these results provide evidence that a single aggrecan gene is expressed in both cartilage and CNS tissue leading to the production of identical core proteins which then undergo differential and tissue‐specific post‐translation processing, resulting in the characteristic tissue‐specific proteoglycans. Furthermore, versican and the HNK‐1 CSPG, although structurally and chemically similar to the S103L CSPG, are the products of separate genes.
Holding up a mirror: changing obstetric practice through criterion‐based clinical audit in developing countries
Authors: Wagaarachchi P.T. , Graham W.J. , Penney G.C. , McCaw‐Binns A. , Yeboah Antwi K. , Hall M.H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe objective of the study described is to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of using a criterion‐based clinical audit to measure and improve the quality of obstetric care at the district hospital level in developing countries. The focus is on the management of five life‐threatening obstetric complications — hemorrhage, eclampsia, genital tract infection, obstructed labor and uterine rupture was audited using a ‘before and after’ design. The five steps of the audit cycle were followed: establish criteria of good quality care; measure current practice (Review I); feedback findings and set targets; take action to change practice; and re‐evaluate practice (Review II). Systematic literature review, panel discussions and pilot work led to the development of 31 audit criteria. Review I included 555 life‐threatening complications occurring over 66 hospital‐months; Review II included 342 complications over 42 hospital‐months. Many common areas for improvement were identified across the four hospitals. Agreed mechanisms for achieving these improvements included clinical protocols, reviews of staffing, and training workshops. Some aspects of clinical monitoring, drug use and record keeping improved significantly between Reviews I and II. Criterion‐based clinical audit in four typical district hospitals in Ghana and Jamaica is a feasible and acceptable method for quality assurance and appears to have improved the management of life‐threatening obstetric complications.
Maternal and fetal outcomes in hyperemesis gravidarum
Authors: Tsang I.S. , Katz V.L. , Wells S.D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: This study sought to evaluate maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes among women with hyperemesis gravidarum. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of pregnancy records of obstetric admissions during a 6‐year period. Women treated as out‐patients for hyperemesis were also identified. Hyperemesis was defined as excessive nausea and vomiting resulting in dehydration, extensive medical therapy, and/or hospital admission. Statistical analysis was by t‐test and chi square. Results: We identified 193 women (1.5%) who developed hyperemesis among 13053 women. Racial status, marital status, age, and gravidity were similar between the hyperemesis patients and the general population. However, there were less women with hyperemesis who were para 3 or greater. Forty‐six women (24%) required hospitalization for hyperemesis, mean hospital stay 1.8 days, range 1–10 days. One patient required parenteral nutrition, two had yeast esophagitis, none had HIV infection, psychiatric pathology or thyroid disease. Pregnancy outcomes between hyperemesis patients and the general population were similar for mean birth weight, mean gestational age, deliveries less than 37 weeks, Apgar scores, perinatal mortality or incidence of fetal anomalies. Our incidence of hyperemesis (1.5%) is similar to that of other published reports. Conclusion: Women with hyperemesis have similar demographic characteristics to the general obstetric population, and have similar obstetric outcomes.
Intraoperative blood salvage in abdominal simple total hysterectomy for uterine myoma
Authors: Yamada T , Ikeda A , Okamoto Yu , Okamoto Yo , Kanda T , Ueki M 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To investigate the safety and usefulness of salvage‐type autologous blood transfusion for abdominal simple total hysterectomy for uterine myoma. Methods: Forty patients with uterine myoma diagnosed histologically were treated by abdominal simple total hysterectomy using an intraoperative blood salvage apparatus. Bacterial contamination in the processed blood was studied. Results: Homologous blood transfusion was unnecessary. There was a positive relationship between bleeding volume and the hemoglobin (g) level in the processed blood. All vaginal swabs were positive for bacteria. Bacterial cultures of all processed blood samples without an antibiotic were positive whereas results were negative in 11 (50%) of the processed blood samples with an antibiotic. There were no significant side effects after reinfusion. Conclusion: Salvage‐type autologous blood transfusion in abdominal simple total hysterectomy for uterine myoma was safe and its future use is promising.
Chronic low‐dose maternal exposure to methylmercury enhances epileptogenicity in developing rats
Authors: Szász A. , Barna B. , Szupera Z. , De Visscher G. , Galbács Z. , Kirsch‐Volders M. , Szente M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEffects of continuous low‐dose maternal methylmercury intoxication on the induction and propagation of ictal epileptiform activity induced by 3‐aminopyridine, were investigated on the neocortex of 4‐weeks‐old offspring rats. Epileptogenicity was significantly increased in offspring of mercury‐treated animals compared to those of controls, characterized by more frequent occurrence of periodic ictal activity, a facilitated propagation of epileptiform discharges and a strong tendency to generalization. The latency of first ictal event was slightly shorter and the average duration of individual ictal periods slightly longer in treated animals. However, the amplitude of seizure discharges was significantly smaller in treated animals than in controls.We conclude, that the synaptic and membrane mechanisms responsible for initiation and propagation of paroxysmal activity were probably facilitated, while the efficacy of cortical inhibition, in preventing initiation and spread of epileptiform discharges was reduced by mercury treatment in the developing nervous system. The smaller amplitude of paroxysmal discharges could be a sign of a remarkable loss of cortical neurons.
Hierarchical arrangement of psychiatric symptoms in the context of schizophrenia
Authors: Angelopoulos N.V. , Economou M. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryFoulds’ model proposing a four-class hierarchical structure of mental illness represents an interesting dimension of psychiatric research and discussion and probably has a significant potential on diagnosis, taxonomy, therapeutics and theory. Psychiatric symptoms were investigated in a group of 244 schizophrenic patients with the purpose of analyzing Foulds and Bedford’s notion that psychiatric symptoms are arranged hierarchically. To achieve this the R (recent) version of the Delusions, Symptoms, States, Inventory (DSSI) was administered in the form of a constructed interview to these patients. The hierarchical arrangement of psychiatric symptoms was verified since a great majority of the cases (80.8%) produced symptom patterns conforming to the hierarchy model. However, patients with duration of illness longer than 10 years reported conforming patterns in a lower percentage (77%), whereas 84.6% of those with a duration of illness less than 2 years reported conforming patterns. The non-conforming patterns were those in which integrated delusions were absent in the presence of delusions of disintegration, neurotic symptoms were absent in the presence of integrated delusions, and dysthymic states were absent in the presence of neurotic symptoms.
Technical Note: Extended field‐of‐view (FOV) MRI distortion determination through multi‐positional phantom imaging
Authors: Schüler Emil , Mallozzi Richard , Levy Joshua , Hristov Dimitre 
Published: October 2020

AbstractComprehensive characterization of geometric distortions for MRI simulators and MRI‐guided treatment delivery systems is typically performed with large phantoms that are costly and unwieldy to handle. Here we propose an easily implementable methodology for MR distortion determination of the entire imaging space of the scanner through the use of a compact commercially available distortion phantom. The MagphanRT phantom was scanned at several locations within a MR scanner. From each scan, an approximate location of the phantom was determined from a subset of the fiducial spheres. The fiducial displacements were determined, and a displacement field was fitted to the displacement data using the entire multi‐scan data set. An orthogonal polynomial expansion fitting function was used that had been augmented to include independent rigid‐body transformations for each scan. The rigid‐body portions of the displacement field were thereafter discarded, and the resultant fit then represented the distortion field. Multi‐positional scans of the phantom were used successfully to determine the distortion field with extended coverage. A single scan of the phantom covered 20 cm in its smallest dimension. By stitching together overlapping scans we extended the distortion measurements to 30 cm. No information about the absolute location or orientation of each scan was required. The method, termed the Multi‐Scan Expansion (MSE) method, can be easily applied for larger field‐of‐views (FOVs) by using a combination of larger phantom displacements and more scans. The implementation of the MSE method allows for distortion determination beyond the physical limitations of the phantom. The method is scalable to the user’s needs and does not require any specialized equipment. This approach could open up for easier determination of the distortion magnitude at distances further from the scanner’s isocenter. This is especially important in the newly proposed methodologies of MR‐only simulation in RT and in adaptive replanning in MR linac systems.
Individual differences in face and voice matching abilities: The relationship between accuracy and consistency
Authors: Kramer Robin S. S. , Jones Alex L. , Gous Georgina 
Published: October 2020

SummaryDeciding whether two different face photographs or voice samples are from the same person represent fundamental challenges within applied settings. To date, most research has focussed on average performance in these tests, failing to consider individual differences and within‐person consistency in responses. Here, participants completed the same face (Experiment 1) or voice matching test (Experiment 2) on two separate occasions, allowing comparison of overall accuracy across the two timepoints as well as consistency in trial‐level responses. In both experiments, participants were highly consistent in their performances. In addition, we demonstrated a large association between consistency and accuracy, with the most accurate participants also tending to be the most consistent. This is an important result for applied settings in which organisational groups of super‐matchers are deployed in real‐world contexts. Being able to reliably identify these high performers based upon only a single test informs regarding recruitment for law enforcement agencies worldwide.