bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Analysis and Life Prediction of Pitting Failures for Carburized Gear Material
Authors: Suzuki Tomohiro , Ogawa Kazuyoshi , Hotta Shoji 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In order to elucidate the mechanism and factors of tooth face pitting, roller tests were carried out. In the tests, the oxidized-nonmartensitic layer, surface roughness, case hardness and residual compressive stress were noted as the material factors, and sliding, oil temperature and viscosity were considered the running condition factors. As a result, the pitting could be classified into two forms according to the crack origin; subsurface origin pitting and surface origin pitting. In the former case, the pitting life coincided with the value estimated from the shear stress and shear strength related to the Vickers hardness. In the latter case, the influence of shot peening could be regarded as the sum of influences due to surface roughness, hardness and residual compressive stress. These factors of shot peening, the existence of the oxidized-nonmartensitic layer and specific sliding determined the life of the surface origin pitting. The life of tooth face pitting could be calculated using these roller test results.
Predesign Investigations of Non-Orthogonal Spiroid Gears
Authors: Goldfarb V. I. , Trubachov Ye. S. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Gear non-orthogonality is well known to be an efficient aid in obtaining new gear properties and achieving better design and operating specifications. However, this holds for certain combinations of geometric gear parameter values, one of the variables being axis angle Σ. Predesign research aims at finding such combinations of gear parameter values that provide better gear properties. The paper discusses some predesign research results of non-orthogonal (Σ ≠ 90°) spiroid gears.
Development of High-Loaded, Low-Speed Spiroid Gearboxes
Authors: Goldfarb V. I. , Spiridonov V. M. , Golubkov N. S. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Actuator rotation sometimes is required to transmit considerable torques at low speeds in a limited angular range. Such operating conditions are typical, for example, for the rotational drives of gas pipeline stop valves. These conditions are made worse by increased torques requried at the initial instant of motion when the torque is 1.3 to 1.5 times greater than the nominal torque, and by the range of operating temperatures of −60°C to +50°C.
A number of gearboxes with a spiroid gear mesh were developed to satisfy these conditions for different torques (i.e. for different standard stop valves), with the steel spiroid pair case-hardened to 60–62 hardness Rc. A set of numerical studies had been conducted in order to choose gear design parameters and other elements of the gearbox. Experimental research performed using special testing rigs for definite operating modes showed high reliability and wear resistance of the drives developed and their high durability compared to known ones which is of great importance for given application domain.
Development Process to Optimize and Quantify Effectiveness of Differential Crowning™ for Noise Reduction in Drivetrains
Authors: Kim H. A. , Allen M. A. , Ditto D. H. , Wickert J. A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Noise and vibration are undesirable side effects associated with the use of spur gears in drivetrains. With market pressures for higher power densities, the development of high performance drivetrains with reduced noise and vibration thresholds forms a generic problem in the power transmission and gearing fields. In this paper, a process to reduce mesh stiffness variation in a spur gear set through the use of Differential Crowning™ technology, with concomitant reductions in acoustic noise and structure borne vibration, is presented. Through certain topological modifications to the profile of the gear teeth, mesh stiffness variation can be consistently minimized over a range of input loads. Analytical predictions for the mesh stiffness variation and transmission error in a conventional baseline drivetrain, and in one optimized through Differential Crowning™, are discussed. Design and operating parameters are used as inputs in a “design of experiments test protocol” so as to isolate those parameters which most influence performance. Controlled testing is performed in an acoustically-treated chamber, and sound pressure, sound intensity, vibration, and transmission error data are obtained for the baseline and optimized drivetrains. The test results are correlated with the predictions, and they demonstrate a mean reduction of 8 dB in total sound power for the optimized drivetrain over the six input speeds and loads that were considered.
Regular and Interference Tangents of Tooth Surfaces in Point Contact Gearing
Authors: Chen Ningxin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The presented paper studies regular and interference tangents of two tooth surfaces in point contact gearing. The relative surface of two tangent surfaces is introduced and algorithm of its principal curvatures and principal directions are given. By analysis of three types of the relative surfaces, their principal curvatures and surface normal directions, the conditions of the regular and the interference tangents are obtained. Two numerical examples, a spiral bevel and a hypoid gear sets, both face-hobbed, illustrate the above conditions and the TCA results.
Natural history of central sparing in geographic atrophy secondary to non-exudative age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Shen Liangbo L , Sun Mengyuan , Ahluwalia Aneesha , Park Michael M , Young Benjamin K , Lad Eleonora M , Toth Cynthia , Del Priore Lucian V 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundThe macular central 1 mm diameter zone is crucial to patients’ visual acuity, but the long-term natural history of central sparing in eyes with geographic atrophy (GA) is unknown.MethodsWe manually segmented GA in 210 eyes with GA involving central 1 mm diameter zone (mean follow-up=3.8 years) in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study. We measured the residual area in central 1 mm diameter zone and calculated central residual effective radius (CRER) as square root of (residual area/π). A linear mixed-effects model was used to model residual size over time. We added a horizontal translation factor to each data set to account for different durations of GA involving the central zone.ResultsThe decline rate of central residual area was associated with baseline residual area (p=0.008), but a transformation from central residual area to CRER eliminated this relationship (p=0.51). After the introduction of horizontal translation factors to each data set, CRER declined linearly over approximately 13 years (r2=0.80). The growth rate of total GA effective radius was 0.14 mm/year (95% CI 0.12 to 0.15), 3.7-fold higher than the decline rate of CRER (0.038 mm/year, 95% CI 0.034 to 0.042). The decline rate of CRER was 53.3% higher in eyes with than without advanced age-related macular degeneration in the fellow eyes at any visit (p=0.007).ConclusionsCRER in eyes with GA declined linearly over approximately 13 years and may serve as an anatomic endpoint in future clinical trials aiming to preserve the central zone.
Integrated genomic profiling and modelling for risk stratification in patients with advanced oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Hao Dapeng , He Siyuan , Harada Kazuto , Pizzi Melissa Pool , Lu Yang , Guan Pujun , Chen Lu , Wang Ruiping , Zhang Shaojun , Sewastjanow-Silva Matheus , Abdelhakeem Ahmed , Shanbhag Namita , Bhutani Manoop , Han Guangchun , Lee Jeffrey H , Zhao Shuangtao , Weston Brian , Blum Murphy Mariela , Waters Rebecca , Estrella Jeannelyn Santiano , Roy-Chowdhuri Sinchita , Gan Qiong , Lee Ju-Seog , Peng Guang , Hanash Samir M , Calin George Adrian , Song Xingzhi , Zhang Jianhua , Song Shumei , Wang Linghua , Ajani Jaffer A 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivePrognosis of patients with advanced oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma (mEGAC) is poor and molecular determinants of shorter or longer overall survivors are lacking. Our objective was to identify molecular features and develop a prognostic model by profiling the genomic features of patients with mEGAC with widely varying outcomes.DesignWe profiled 40 untreated mEGACs (20 shorter survivors <13 months and 20 longer survivors >36 months) with whole-exome sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing and performed an integrated analysis of exome, transcriptome, immune profile and pathological phenotypes to identify the molecular determinants, developing an integrated model for prognosis and comparison with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohorts.ResultsKMT2C alterations were exclusively observed in shorter survivors together with high level of intratumour heterogeneity and complex clonal architectures, whereas the APOBEC mutational signatures were significantly enriched in longer survivors. Notably, the loss of heterozygosity in chromosome 4 (Chr4) was associated with shorter survival and ‘cold’ immune phenotype characterised by decreased B, CD8, natural killer cells and interferon-gamma responses. Unsupervised transcriptomic clustering revealed a shorter survivor subtype with distinct expression features (eg, upregulated druggable targets JAK2, MAP3K13 and MECOM). An integrated model was then built based on clinical variables and the identified molecular determinants, which significantly segregated shorter and longer survivors. All the above features and the integrated model have been validated independently in multiple TCGA cohorts.ConclusionThis study discovered novel molecular features prognosticating overall survival in patients with mEGAC and identified potential novel targets in shorter survivors.
Relationship between the use and type of eye protection and work-related corneal and conjunctival foreign body injuries
Authors: Sun Fei , Zhou Yongdong , Dong Liqun , Qin Haofang 
Published: December 2020

ObjectiveThis study was designed to reveal the relationship between the use and type of eye protection and the occurrence of work-related corneal and conjunctival foreign body injuries.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study of patients with work-related corneal and/or conjunctival foreign body injuries between 1 August 2017 and 31 July 2018. They were all diagnosed and treated at Jia Ding Hospital affiliated to the Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences in Shanghai, China. All patients received a comprehensive eye examination and a face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire by ophthalmologists.ResultsA total of 426 consecutive patients were included in the study. The majority of work-related eye injuries occurred in men (94.17%). Summer was the season that had the highest incidence of eye injuries, especially in July and August (38.03%). There were 290 patients (68.08%) that were injured more than once. The ratio of eye protection use to non-protection was 1:7 at the first time of eye injury. The ratio improved to 1:3 on subsequent injury. A majority of employers (79.11%) provided eye protection to employees. However, 19.95% of the workers were injured despite wearing a pair of protective spectacles. The causes of work-related eye injury were as follows: no eye protections provided (20.89%); unawareness of work safety (30.99%); defect of spectacles (47.18%).ConclusionsProtection use at work effectively prevents work-related eye injuries. Both employers and employees require improved awareness of workplace hazards and personal protection. Eye protection should be selected appropriately according to the work environment.
New considerations about inflammatory brain diseases in cats and dogs
Authors: Gonçalves Rita 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundInflammatory brain diseases are relatively common causes of CNS disease in dogs and cats but its overall incidence in the veterinary species is currently unknown. They can be associated with infectious agents (such as bacteria, virus, protozoa and fungi) or autoimmune causes. Achieving a definitive diagnosis can be challenging in most cases, as this would require obtaining samples from the CNS for histological examination and that would pose high risks to the patient and is associated with significant financial cost. In practice, clinicians use a combination of clinical, imaging and laboratory test findings to achieve a presumptive diagnosis, so an in‐depth understanding of the most common conditions is essential in order to plan appropriate diagnostic investigations.Aim of the articleThis article reviews the latest knowledge on inflammatory brain diseases in companion animals, including current thoughts on aetiology, treatment options and prognostic factors.
Dealing with chronic diarrhoea in adult horses
Authors: Chidlow Hayley 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundChronic diarrhoea is not uncommon in adult horses. Affected horses will often maintain a good appetite and bright demeanour, in contrast to those with acute diarrhoea. The condition is can be a frustrating diagnostic and management challenge for both clinicians and owners, with many cases remaining idiopathic despite diagnostic investigations.Aim of the articleThis article outlines the approach the first‐opinion practitioner can take to diagnosis and possible treatment options when dealing with cases of chronic diarrhoea in adult horses. It follows on from an article published in last month's In Practice that focused on acute diarrhoea in adult horses.
Durvalumab and tremelimumab with or without stereotactic body radiation therapy in relapsed small cell lung cancer: a randomized phase II study
Authors: Pakkala Suchita , Higgins Kristin , Chen Zhengjia , Sica Gabriel , Steuer Conor , Zhang Chao , Zhang Guojing , Wang Shuhua , Hossain Mohammad S , Nazha Bassel , Beardslee Tyler , Khuri Fadlo R , Curran Walter , Lonial Sagar , Waller Edmund K , Ramalingam Suresh , Owonikoko Taofeek K 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundImmune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting programmed cell death protein 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 has achieved modest clinical activity as salvage therapy in relapsed small cell lung cancer (SCLC). We conducted this signal-finding study to assess the efficacy of ICB with or without radiation in relapsed SCLC.MethodsPatients with relapsed SCLC and ≤2 previous lines of therapy were randomized to (1) arm A: durvalumab (D) 1500 mg/tremelimumab (T) 75 mg (intravenously every 4 weeks without stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT)) or (2) arm B: immune-sensitizing SBRT to one selected tumor site (9 Gy × 3 fractions) followed by D/T. Treatment continued until progression or a maximum of 12 months. The co-primary endpoints of the study were overall response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS). We evaluated circulating lymphocyte repertoire in serial peripheral blood samples and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from on-treatment biopsies as pharmacodynamic markers.ResultsEighteen patients were randomized to arms A and B (n=9 each): median age 70 years; 41.2% women. The median PFS and ORR were 2.1 months and 0% in arm A and 3.3 months and 28.6% in arm B. The median overall survival (OS) was 2.8 months in arm A and 5.7 months in arm B (p=0.3772). Pooled efficacy of D/T±SBRT in 15 Response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) evaluable patients across both arms showed the best ORR in terms of partial response in 13.3%, stable disease in 26.6% and progressive disease in 60.0%; the overall median PFS and OS were 2.76 and 3.9 months. The most common adverse events were grade 1 fatigue (66%) and grade 1 elevated amylase (56%) in arm A, and grade 1 fatigue (56%) and pain (44%) in arm B. There was a significant increase in activated CD8(+)ICOS+ T cells (p=0.048) and a reduction in naïve T cells (p=0.0454) in peripheral blood following treatment, along with a significant amount of activated CD8+ICOS+ T cells in TILs from responders.ConclusionsThe D/T combination with and without SBRT was safe but did not show sufficient efficacy signal in relapsed SCLC. Changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte and TILs were consistent with an immunologic response.Trial registration numberNCT02701400.
Blood-based kinase activity profiling: a potential predictor of response to immune checkpoint inhibition in metastatic cancer
Authors: Hurkmans Daan P , Verdegaal Els M E , Hogan Sabrina A , de Wijn Rik , Hovestad Lies , van den Heuvel Dianne M A , Ruijtenbeek Rob , Welters Marij J P , van Brakel Mandy , Basak Edwin A , Pinedo Herbert M , Lamers Cor H J , van de Werken Harmen J G , Groten John P , Debets Reno , Levesque Mitchell P , Dummer Reinhard , Kapiteijn Ellen , Mathijssen Ron H J , Aerts Joachim G J V , van der Burg Sjoerd H 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundMany cancer patients do not obtain clinical benefit from immune checkpoint inhibition. Checkpoint blockade targets T cells, suggesting that tyrosine kinase activity profiling of baseline peripheral blood mononuclear cells may predict clinical outcome.MethodsHere a total of 160 patients with advanced melanoma or non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), treated with anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (anti-CTLA-4) or anti-programmed cell death 1 (anti-PD-1), were divided into five discovery and cross-validation cohorts. The kinase activity profile was generated by analyzing phosphorylation of peripheral blood mononuclear cell lysates in a microarray comprising of 144 peptides derived from sites that are substrates for protein tyrosine kinases. Binary grouping into patients with or without clinical benefit was based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors V.1.1. Predictive models were trained using partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), performance of the models was evaluated by estimating the correct classification rate (CCR) using cross-validation.ResultsThe kinase phosphorylation signatures segregated responders from non-responders by differences in canonical pathways governing T-cell migration, infiltration and co-stimulation. PLS-DA resulted in a CCR of 100% and 93% in the anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD1 melanoma discovery cohorts, respectively. Cross-validation cohorts to estimate the accuracy of the predictive models showed CCRs of 83% for anti-CTLA-4 and 78% or 68% for anti-PD-1 in melanoma or NSCLC, respectively.ConclusionBlood-based kinase activity profiling for response prediction to immune checkpoint inhibitors in melanoma and NSCLC revealed increased kinase activity in pathways associated with T-cell function and led to a classification model with a highly accurate classification rate in cross-validation groups. The predictive value of kinase activity profiling is prospectively verified in an ongoing trial.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase correlates with tumor immune activity and programmed death ligand-1 expression in Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Nakamura Motoki , Nagase Kotaro , Yoshimitsu Maki , Magara Tetsuya , Nojiri Yuka , Kato Hiroshi , Kobayashi Tadahiro , Teramoto Yukiko , Yasuda Masahito , Wada Hidefumi , Ozawa Toshiyuki , Umemori Yukie , Ogata Dai , Morita Akimichi 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundMerkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and highly malignant skin cancer. Some cases have a good prognosis and spontaneous regression can occur. Reported prognostic markers, such as Merkel cell polyoma virus infection or programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression, remain insufficient for precisely estimating the vastly different patient outcomes. We performed RNA sequencing to evaluate the immune response and comprehensively estimate prognostic values of immunogenic factors in patients with MCC.MethodsWe collected 90 specimens from 71 patients and 53 blood serum samples from 21 patients with MCC at 10 facilities. The mRNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Next-generation sequencing, immunohistochemical staining and blood serum tests were performed.ResultsNext-generation sequencing results classified MCC samples into two types: the ‘immune active type’ was associated with better clinical outcomes than the ‘cell division type’. Expression of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene was highly significantly upregulated in the ‘cell division type’. Among 395 genes, G6PD expression correlated with the presence of lymph node or distant metastases during the disease course and significantly negatively correlated with PD-L1 expression. Immunohistochemical staining of G6PD also correlated with disease-specific survival and exhibited less heterogeneity compared with PD-L1 expression. G6PD activity could be measured by a blood serum test. The detection values significantly increased as the cancer stage progressed and significantly decreased after treatment.ConclusionsG6PD expression was an immunohistochemically and serum-detectable prognostic marker that negatively correlated with immune activity and PD-L1 levels, and could be used to predict the immunotherapy response.
Observation and measurements of vector-boson scattering with the ATLAS detector
Authors: Penc Ondřej 
Published: December 2020

The scattering of electroweak bosons tests the gauge structure of the Standard Model and is sensitive to anomalous quartic gauge couplings. In this paper, we present recent results on vector-boson scattering from the ATLAS experiment using proton–proton collisions with a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV at the LHC. This includes the observation of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and same-sign [Formula: see text] production via vector-boson scattering along with a measurement of [Formula: see text] production ([Formula: see text] denotes [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text] boson) in semileptonic final states. The results can be used to constrain new physics that manifests as anomalous electroweak-boson self-interactions. Finally, predicted cross-sections for the electroweak scattering of two same-sign [Formula: see text] bosons in association with two jets are compared for a number of generators.
The ATLAS electron and photon trigger performance in Run 2
Authors: Köck Daniela Maria 
Published: December 2020

Electron and photon triggers are an important part of many physics analyses at the ATLAS experiment, where electron and photon final states are considered. Understanding the performance of electron and photon triggers at the High Level trigger as well as the Level-1 trigger was crucial to improve and adapt the trigger during changing run conditions of the Large Hadron Collider in Run 2 (2015–2018).
An overview of the ATLAS New Small Wheel Micromegas construction project at Aristotle University
Authors: Lampoudis C. , Sampsonidis D. , Karkanias I. , Kompogiannis S. 
Published: December 2020

The upcoming luminosity upgrade of the LHC will impose new requirements for the detector installations. To perform under these conditions the Micromegas (MM) technology was selected to be adopted in the New Small Wheel (NSW) upgrade, dedicated to precision tracking. A large surface of the forward regions of the Muon Spectrometer will be equipped with 8 layers of MM modules forming a total active area of 1200 m2. The NSW is planned to be installed in the forward region of [Formula: see text] of ATLAS. This new system will have to operate in a high background radiation region, while reconstructing muon tracks as well as furnishing information for the Level-1 trigger. The project requires fully efficient MM chambers with spatial resolution down to 100 [Formula: see text]m, a rate capability up to about 15 kHz/cm2 and operation in a moderate (highly inhomogeneous) magnetic field up to [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]T. The required tracking is linked to the intrinsic spatial resolution in combination with the demanding mechanical accuracy. An overview of the design, construction and QA/QC procedures followed at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki for the Micromegas LM2 Drift panels production will be presented.