bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Ronstar Formulations for Efficacy and Phytotoxicity in Container Grown Landscape Plants
Authors: Kalmowitz K. , Whitwell T. 
Published: August 2020

Three formulations of Ronstar [oxadiazon-2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-2-1 ,3,4-oxadiazolin-5 one], were evaluated for control of 3 weed species and injury to 3 woody landscape plants over 90 days. Wettable powder (WP) 50%, 20% granular and 0.24 kg/L (2 lb/gal) emulsifiable concentrate (EC) were evaluated at 3 rates, 2.2, 4.5 and 9.0 kg/ha (2,4 and 8 lb/A). The WP formulation was generally more effective than the G formulation for control of goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaert] and Pennsylvania smartweed (Polygonum pensylvanicum L.). Ronstar at the 4.5 kg/ha (4 lb/A) rate of WP and EC formulations provided excellent control of goosegrass and Pennsylvania smartweed. Prostrate spurge (Euphorbia humistrata Eagelm. ex gray) was controlled only by the 9.0 kg/ha (8 lb/A) rate of all 3 formulations.
Pronounced injury to Compact Japanese Holly (Ilex crenata Thumb. ‘Compacta’) and ‘Hershey Red’ Azalea Rhododendron obtusum was evident at 14 and 30 days after treatment with the WP and EC formulations. Ninety days after treatment the species were marketable plants. Evergreen euonymus (Euonymus japonica) was not injured with any formulation or rate of Ronstar.
Evaluation of Potato Leafhopper Injury Among Acer rubrum Progenies
Authors: Townsend A.M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Significant variation in injury from potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae (Harris)) was found among red maple (Acer rubrum L.) progenies grown from seed collected in 48 stands scattered throughout the species range. Both the stand of origin and one-parent families within stands were highly significant sources of variation in degree of injury. Seedlings from far northern areas generally sustained less injury than did seedlings from more southerly sources. The broad geographic pattern of injury paralleled that found in growth initiation in previous studies, and suggests that resistance to potato leafhopper injury is at least partially phenological in nature—with those trees initiating growth earliest in the spring sustaining the least injury.
Production of Pre-finished Northern Woody Plants in Florida
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L. , Zimet David , Still Steven , Kuhns Larry J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The physiological and economic feasibility of producing pre-finished woody landscape plants normally considered restricted to northern climates in the southern states was investigated. Several years of work in Florida indicates that this production scheme is feasible for Ilex × meserveae S.Y. Hu ‘Blue Prince’, Viburnum opulus L., V. × juddii Rehd. and Berberis thunbergii DC. ‘Crimson Pigmy’. Euonymus alata Thunb. ‘Compacta’, Acer rubrum L., Magnolia × soulangiana Soul. -Bod. and Hamamelis virginiana L. were not viable candidates under production practices considered to date. The estimated costs for producing these plants in 930 cm3 (1 qt) containers is $0.66, with about 38% of this cost associated with labor.
Influence of Light and Temperature on Seed Germination of Flame Azalea
Authors: Malek Asiah A. , Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L. , Shelton James E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seeds of flame azalea [Rhododendron calendulaceum (Michx.) Torr.] were germinated at 25°C (77°F) and 25°/15°C (77°/59°F) with daily photoperiods of 0, ½, ½ twice daily, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hr. Seeds exhibited an obligate light requirement. At 25°C (77°F), increasing photoperiods increased germination with maximum germination (85%) occurring by day 12 under continuous illumination. The alternating temperature of 25°/15°C (77°/59°F) enhanced germination when light was limiting. At this temperature, maximum germination of 84 to 91% was reached by day 24 for all photoperiods ≥½ hr although at photoperiods ≥4 hr, comparable germination was noted at day 18.
Phytotoxicity and Yellow Nutsedge Control in Azalea and Liriope with Basagran (bentazon)
Authors: Derr Jeffrey F. , Appleton Bonnie Lee 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Tolerance of eight azalea cultivars and three liriope cultivars to two broadcast applications of Basagran at 1.1 and 2.2 kg/ha (1.0 and 2.0 lb/A) was determined in container studies. No injury was observed on azalea cultivars ‘Rosebud’, ‘Tradition’, ‘Delaware Valley White’ or ‘Elsie Lee’ 40 days after the second application of Basagran at 2.2 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb/A) plus crop oil. This treatment injured ‘Hershey's Red’ and ‘Girard's Rose’, but two applications of Basagran at 2.2 kg/ha applied alone or at 1.1 kg/ha (1.0 lb/A) with or without crop oil did not injure these two varieties. Slight injury (16%) was observed on ‘Corsage’ 20 days after the second application of Basagran at 1.1 kg/ha (1.0 lb/A), although no injury was seen with other treatments. Greater injury (22 to 35%) occurred to ‘Pleasant White’ 20 days after treatment when Basagran was applied twice at 1.1 or 2.2 kg/ha (1.0 or 2.0 lb/A) with or without crop oil. Injury to all azalea cultivars decreased with time, with no injury apparent 70 days after treatment. Greater injury (22 to 27%) was observed in variegated than green liriope or Liriope spicata (8 to 13%) 20 days after the second application of Basagran at 1.1 or 2.2 kg/ha (1.0 or 2.0 lb/A) with or without crop oil. Addition of crop oil improved the control of yellow nutsedge with Basagran at 1.1 or 2.2 kg/ha (1.0 or 2.0 lb/A).
Effect of Selected Pruning Methods to Obtain Straight Trunks on Container Grown Quercus shumardii Buckl.
Authors: Laiche Adolph J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Quercus shumardii seedling trees in 7.6 1 (2 gal) containers were selected with straight and crooked trunks and planted in 26 1 (7 gal) containers on March 13, 1987. Pruning treatments to trees with straight and crooked trunks were: (A) not pruned; (B) lower lateral branches on the trunk headed back; and trunks severed at 5 cm (2 in) on (C) March 30, 1987 or (D) May 13, 1987 with lower lateral branches arising on the forced new trunk headed back. Trees were allowed to branch normally above 91 cm (3 ft). The study was terminated October 19, 1987.
Tree height and trunk quality of trees with straight trunks were not improved by pruning treatments. Height of trees with crooked trunks was not reduced by heading back laterals only, or by severing trunks on March 30, 1987. Trunk quality of trees with crooked trunks was substantially improved by all pruning treatments, although the resultant trunk quality was not equal to that of trees with straight trunks. Severing trunks 5 cm (2 in) above the growth medium and heading back lateral branches on the lower trunk reduced caliper and the number of branches above 91 cm (3 ft). Delaying severing of trunks approximately 6 weeks after bud break caused a further reduction of trunk caliper.
Rooting Response of Photinia × fraseri Dress ‘Birmingham’ to 25 Carrier and Carrier Plus IBA Formulations
Authors: Dirr Michael A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Twenty-five carriers (solvents) either separately or in combination with IBA were tested for effectiveness in promoting rooting of Photinia × fraseri ‘Birmingham’, Fraser photinia. Maximum rooting percentages, root numbers and lengths resulted from carrier plus IBA solutions, although 95% ethanol produced 87% rooting. IBA plus 95 and 50% ethanol, 20 and 10% polyethylene glycol (PEG), 20 and 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) produced the highest rooting percentages, root numbers and lengths. K-IBA and water was largely ineffective, suggesting that carriers enhanced the effect of the K-IBA. Twenty percent (20%) formulations of PEG, DMSO, and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) without IBA improved rooting response compared to 10 and 1% concentrations. The lack of effectiveness of K-IBA and water, and the relative effectiveness of higher rates of PEG, DMSO, and DMF without IBA suggest that carriers may have a significant effect on rooting with or without IBA.
Susceptibility of Lilacs to Mycoplasmalike Organisms
Authors: Hibben C.R. , Franzen L.M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The cause of lilac witches'-broom has been identified as a mycoplasmalike organism (MLO). From field symptoms and the detection of MLO in the phloem by fluorescence microscopy, Syringa vulgaris cultivars were identified as susceptible but more tolerant of infection than non-vulgaris lilacs. The MLO were graft-transmissible but not seed-transmissible. Mycoplasmal infection has been identified in the following lilac species and hybrids: S. × diversifolia, S. × henryi, S. henryi × tomentella, S. × josiflexa, S. josikaea, S. julianae, S. komarowii, S. laciniata, S. meyeri, S. microphylla, S. × nanceiana, S. oblata var. dilatata, S. × persica, S. × prestoniae, S. sweginzowii, S. villosa, S. villosa × sweginzowii, S. vulgaris, and S. yunnanensis.
Paclobutrazol Inhibits Growth of Woody Landscape Plants
Authors: Keever G.J. , Foster W.J. , Stephenson J.C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Paclobutrazol, applied as a spray or drench, suppressed growth of 8 woody landscape species. Magnitude of growth inhibition was directly correlated with application rate, whereas both magnitude and duration of growth inhibition was influenced by application method. Generally, paclobutrazol when applied as a drench suppressed growth to a greater degree than did spray applications. Flowering or fruiting of 3 species was generally promoted with paclobutrazol, while phytotoxicity symptoms were observed on 4 species.
Evaluation of Dinitroaniline Herbicides for Weed Control in Container Landscape Plant Production
Authors: Stamps Robert H. , Neal Catherine A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Five formulations of three dinitroaniline (DNA) herbicides [Surflan (oryzalin); Pre-M, Southern Weedgrass Control (pendimethalin); and Barricade (prodiamine)] were applied at 4.48 kg ai/ha (4.0 lb ai/A) every four months to container-grown landscape plants. These treatments were compared with untreated and weed-free controls, as well as the combination herbicides Rout and Ornamental Herbicide 2 composed of oryzalin or pendimethalin, respectively, [1.12 kg ai/ha (1.0 lb ai/A)] with Goal (oxyfluorfen) [2.24 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb ai/A)]. The combination herbicides caused the greatest amount of acute phytotoxicity, severely damaging Hemerocallis hybrid ‘Aztec Gold’ and Liriope muscari ‘Big Blue’. Water dispersable granular formulations of Pre-M (pendimethalin) and Barricade (prodiamine) were phytotoxic to Photinia × fraseri while the granular formulations were not. Surflan (oryzalin) caused the greatest reduction in crop growth and was the only treatment that reduced survival. Surflan (oryzalin) and Ornamental Herbicide 2 (pendimethalin + oxyfluorfen) inhibited daylily flowering 98% and 65%, respectively. Hairy bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), spotted spurge (Chamaesyce maculata), and yerba-de-tago (Eclipta alba) control generally was best with Barricade (prodiamine) and treatments containing Goal (oxytluorfen). All herbicides, except Surflan (oryzalin), reduced weed biomass after two herbicide applications. All herbicides provided significant weed control after three applications.
Rooting of American Chestnut Microcuttings
Authors: Serres Rod , Read Paul , Hackett Wesley , Nissen Per 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A procedure for micropropagation of American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.) seedlings was devised and three factors affecting in vitro rooting were investigated. A two-step rooting procedure is utilized with a short term exposure to the auxin, IBA (indole-3-butyric acid), called the pulse treatment followed by transfer to an auxin-free medium called the rooting treatment. Optimum rooting was attained with an IBA concentratIon of 369 μM, a sucrose concentration of 4% (w/v) and half strength WPM basal medium concentration. This rooting regimen should enhance vegetative propagation techniques needed for rapid multiplication of selected disease-resistant trees.
Propagation of Heptacodium jasminoides Airy-Shaw by Softwood and Semi-hardwood Cuttings
Authors: Lee Chin Chin , Bilderback T.E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Softwood and semi-hardwood two node cuttings of Heptacodium jasminoides from basal and middle stem sections rooted better than terminal sections. Basal and middle softwood cuttings exhibited greater rooting (65 and 55% resp.) than terminal cuttings (42%). Basal softwood cuttings produced more roots (7.0) than terminal cuttings (3.8). Root length and rootball diameter were not different among the three cutting positions. Semi-hardwood basal cuttings produced an average of 53.5 roots, while middle and terminal cuttings produced 25.8 and 19.7, resp. Cuttings treated with the potassium salt formulation of indolebutyric acid (K-IBA) exhibited increased rooting, greater root number and length, and greater rootball diameter in softwood cuttings. Semi-hardwood cuttings treated with K-IBA rooted in higher percentages and produced more roots than untreated cuttings.
Growth Response of Podocarpus and Ligustrum to VA Mycorrhizae and Fertilizer Rate
Authors: Yeager T.H. , Johnson C.R. , Schenck N.C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Container-grown Podocarpus macrophyllus (Thunb.) D. Don and Ligustrum japonicum Thunb. inoculated or noninoculated with the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith were fertilized with Lesco 20N-2.6P-10K (20-6-12) at either 0, 4.3, 8.6, 17.3 or 34.6 g (0, 0.15, 0.30, 0.60 or 1.20 oz) per 6-l (#2) container. Plants were fertilized at potting and again 3.5 months later for each of 2 consecutive applications. Seven months after potting, P. macrophyllus shoot dry weights were greater for noninoculated than inoculated plants when fertilized with the manufacturer's recommended fertilizer rate of 17.3 g per container. L. japonicum shoot dry weights were not different due to inoculation at the 17.3 g fertilizer rate. Mean heights for P. macrophyllus were greater for the inoculated than noninoculated plants and plants fertilized with one-half the recommended fertlizer rate (8.6 g) were ranked superior to noninoculated P. macrophyllus receiving the manufacturer's recommended rate (17.3 g). One year after plants were transplanted to a simulated landscape, P. macrophyllus and L. japonicum shoot dry weights were not different due to inoculation.
Overwintering Container-grown Herbaceous Perennials in Northern Regions
Authors: Perry Leonard P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A 3 year study was initiated to evaluate the survival of several species of container-grown herbaceous perennials with various overwintering techniques. Although species reacted individually to overwintering covers, those with white reflective surfaces generally provided adequate protection. Straw, non-reflective Plantfoamss™, or no cover usually resulted in large losses. Container medium temperatures were 4° to 7°C (8° to 15°F) degrees warmer than surrounding air temperatures, with a “sandwich” of 30 cm (1 ft ) fluffed oat straw between layers of white polyfilm providing the least medium temperature fluctuation (3°C or 6°F with ambient fluctuation of 16°C or 34°F), and the most temperature moderation (1°C or 34°F with ambient −16°C or 3°F). Uncovering plants later than the first week in April occasionall y resulted in plant losses.
Tolerance of Leyland Cypress and Red-Tip Photinia to Soil and Foliar Applied Sodium Chloride
Authors: Dirr Michael A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
NaCl at 0.15 N was applied 3 times per week as a soil drench or foliar spray to established container-grown plants of Leyland cypress [× Cupressocyparis leylandii (A. B. Jacks. & Dallim.) Dallim. & A. B. Jacks.] and red-tip photinia (Photinia × fraseri Dress ‘Birmingham’). Soil-salt applications were more injurious than spray applications. Leyland cypress did not develop necrosis, but dry weights of plants drenched with salts were reduced. Photinia leaves were necrotic in both salt treatments but dry weight was reduced only with plants receiving soil salts. Tissue Na levels did not reflect the degree of injury while Cl levels correlated with injury. Leyland cypress displayed high salt tolerance and red-tip photinia low tolerance.
Control of Basal Sprout Regrowth on Crapemyrtle with NAA
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Foster William J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Inhibition of basal sprout development on Lagerstroemia indica L. × fauriei Koehne ‘Natchez’ and L. indica L. ‘Country Red’ was achieved with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied as a directed trunk spray or in a lanolin paste. A directed trunk spray was more effective than lanolin paste application in reducing sprout number and dry weight; plant height of ‘Country Red’, but not ‘Natchez’ crapemyrtle, was reduced by spray application compared to lanolin paste application or the control. Sprout number and dry weight of both crapemyrtle cultivars, shoot dry weight of both cultivars sprayed, and plant height of sprayed ‘Country Red’ crapemyrtle decreased with increasing NAA rate. NAA rate did not affect shoot dry weight of either cultivar or height of ‘Country Red’ crapemyrtle treated with NAA in a lanolin paste. Height of ‘Natchez’ crapemyrtle treated by either method of application was not affected by NAA rate.
Anthracnose of Piggyback Plant Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc.
Authors: Pierce Luellen , McCain A.H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A leaf spotting disease of Tolmiea menziesii Torr. & Gray (piggyback plant) caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacco was investigated. The disease requires a moisture period of at least 12 hours for symptoms to occur. The disease is severe at 15.5, 21, and 27°C, (60, 70, 80°F), but does not occur at 32°C (90°F). Daconil and Fore are effective fungicidal controls.
Effects of Application of Benzyladenine to Seedlings of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra
Authors: Boe A.A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Greenhouse grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) and Pinus nigra Arnold. (Austrian pine) were treated with plant growth regulators in a 1% solution of dimethyl sulfoxide. Benzyladenine (BA) induced branching of seedlings of Scots pine. Both Scots pine and Austrian pine seedlings were reduced in height by BA treatments. The addition of gibberellic acid (GA) to the BA treatments had little effect on branching or seedling height. After a second growth cycle the Scots pine seedlings treated with BA were shorter and had more branches while the Austrian pine seedlings were also shorter without an increase in the number of branches.
Herbicide Use In Propagation: Effects on Rooting and Root Growth of Stem Cuttings
Authors: Thetford Mack , Gilliam Charles H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of several preemergence applied herbicides on rooting, root quality and subsequent root growth of selected woody cuttings. In the first experiment Ilex × attenuata Ashe ‘Fosteri’ rooting percentage, primary root numbers and root ratings were suppressed with Surflan (oryzalin). In the second experiment, the long-term effects of herbicide use in propagation were monitored for 13 months after potting. Suppression of one or more rooting variables occurred with the 3 species, Abelia X grandiflora ‘Sherwoodii’, Buxus microphylla var. koreana, and Ilex crenata ‘Compacta’, 8 weeks after cuttings were placed in propagation. Thirteen months later, Surflan treated boxwood exhibited root and shoot growth suppression while ‘Compacta’ holly exhibited suppressed root growth.
Evaluation of Landscape Fabrics in Suppressing Growth of Weed Species
Authors: Martin Chris A. , Ponder Harry G. , Gilliam Charles H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Two tests were conducted to evaluate weed penetration up through landscape fabrics. The degree of weed suppression varied depending on the specific landscape fabric. No landscape fabric gave total suppression of weeds tested. Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia L.) and smallflower morningglory (Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Grisebach.) were inhibited by all landscape fabrics. Growth of pigweed (Aranthus sp.), bermudagrass (Cynodon datylon (L.) Persoon.), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.), and johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Persoon.) was suppressed by certain landscape fabrics.
Effects of Banding and IBA on Rooting and Budbreak in Cuttings of Apple Rootstock ‘MM.106’ and Franklinia
Authors: Sun Wen-Quan , Bassuk Nina L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Banding with Velcro™ of new shoot growth in moderately difficult-to-root apple rootstock MM.106 (Malus domestica Borkh.) for 7 days prior to taking cuttings, and treatment of cuttings with 500 to 2000 ppm indolebutyric acid (IBA) increased both percent rooting and root number. Banding, however, did not influence the rooting of easy-to-root Franklinia alatamaha Marsh. IBA at 0 to 1000 ppm induced a logarithmic increase in percent rooting of cuttings of MM.106 and root number of cuttings of Franklinia; but, higher levels of IBA reduced both. Banding prevented the rooting inhibition found at high concentrations of IBA in cuttings of MM.106, while simultaneously stimulating lateral budbreak and greater root number. Stem banding improved the establishment of cuttings treated with 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm IBA. Without banding, establishment of these cuttings was markedly decreased.
Growth of Perennials and Leaching of Heavy Metals in Media Amended with a Municipal Leaf, Sewage Sludge and Street Sand Compost
Authors: Bugbee G.J. , Frink C.R. , Migneault D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Municipal leaves, sewage sludge, and street sand were composted by a modified Beltsville aerated pile technique. Rooted cuttings of Aster novi-belgii L. ‘Peter Harrison,’ Gaura Lindheimeri Engelm. & A. Gray and Sedum purpurem (L.) Link ‘Autumn Joy’ were grown for 4 months in 2 1 (2 qt) containers filled with media containing 0, 10, 30, 60, 80 and 100 (percent by vol) compost. The medium with 0% compost contained loamy sand topsoil, peat, sand and Styrofoam pellets (1:5:2:2 by vol). The pH of all media was between 6.0 and 7.0. Half the containers in each treatment received liquid fertilization in mid-season and half did not. Leachate from the containers was collected at monthly intervals and analyzed for the heavy metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn to determine their potential for leaching.
Growth of perennials was equal or greater in all media containing compost, compared to the medium containing no compost. Liquid fertilizer further improved growth. Adding compost increased media aeration, available plant nutrients and heavy metals and decreased moisture retention and bulk density. Heavy metal concentrations in leachate were low, probably due to the near neutral media pH, and not likely to pose an environmental risk.
Effect of Potassium Level on Severity of Drechslera Leaf Spot of Calathea picturata ‘Vandenheckei’
Authors: Chase A.R. , Broschat T.K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Severity of Drechslera leaf spot (Drechslera setariae) of Calathea picturata ‘Vandenheckei’ was affected by potassium fertilization rate with ½, 1 or 2 times the recommended rate (1400 g/m3) causing a reduction in number of lesions caused by Drechslera setariae compared to plants receiving no potassium. In addition, plant quality, height and number of leaves were unaffected by potassium rate during the test period. Leachate electrical conductivity was unaffected by these potassium rates and was approximately 1000 μhos/cm two months after fertilization.