bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological and social constraints combine to promote evolution of non-breeding strategies in clownfish
Authors: Branconi Rebecca , Barbasch Tina A. , Francis Robin K. , Srinivasan Maya , Jones Geoffrey P. , Buston Peter M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIndividuals that forgo their own reproduction in animal societies represent an evolutionary paradox because it is not immediately apparent how natural selection can preserve the genes that underlie non-breeding strategies. Cooperative breeding theory provides a solution to the paradox: non-breeders benefit by helping relatives and/or inheriting breeding positions; non-breeders do not disperse to breed elsewhere because of ecological constraints. However, the question of why non-breeders do not contest to breed within their group has rarely been addressed. Here, we use a wild population of clownfish (Amphiprion percula), where non-breeders wait peacefully for years to inherit breeding positions, to show non-breeders will disperse when ecological constraints (risk of mortality during dispersal) are experimentally weakened. In addition, we show non-breeders will contest when social constraints (risk of eviction during contest) are experimentally relaxed. Our results show it is the combination of ecological and social constraints that promote the evolution of non-breeding strategies. The findings highlight parallels between, and potential for fruitful exchange between, cooperative breeding theory and economic bargaining theory: individuals will forgo their own reproduction and wait peacefully to inherit breeding positions (engage in cooperative options) when there are harsh ecological constraints (poor outside options) and harsh social constraints (poor inside options).
Intrastrand backbone-nucleobase interactions stabilize unwound right-handed helical structures of heteroduplexes of L-aTNA/RNA and SNA/RNA
Authors: Kamiya Yukiko , Satoh Tadashi , Kodama Atsuji , Suzuki Tatsuya , Murayama Keiji , Kashida Hiromu , Uchiyama Susumu , Kato Koichi , Asanuma Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractXeno nucleic acids, which are synthetic analogues of natural nucleic acids, have potential for use in nucleic acid drugs and as orthogonal genetic biopolymers and prebiotic precursors. Although few acyclic nucleic acids can stably bind to RNA and DNA, serinol nucleic acid (SNA) and L-threoninol nucleic acid (L-aTNA) stably bind to them. Here we disclose crystal structures of RNA hybridizing with SNA and with L-aTNA. The heteroduplexes show unwound right-handed helical structures. Unlike canonical A-type duplexes, the base pairs in the heteroduplexes align perpendicularly to the helical axes, and consequently helical pitches are large. The unwound helical structures originate from interactions between nucleobases and neighbouring backbones of L-aTNA and SNA through CH–O bonds. In addition, SNA and L-aTNA form a triplex structure via C:G*G parallel Hoogsteen interactions with RNA. The unique structural features of the RNA-recognizing mode of L-aTNA and SNA should prove useful in nanotechnology, biotechnology, and basic research into prebiotic chemistry.
Enhanced hole injection assisted by electric dipoles for efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes
Authors: Xiao Xiangtian , Wang Kai , Ye Taikang , Cai Rui , Ren Zhenwei , Wu Dan , Qu Xiangwei , Sun Jiayun , Ding Shihao , Sun Xiao Wei , Choy Wallace C. H. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEnhanced hole injection is essential to achieve high performance in perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Here, a strategy is introduced to enhance hole injection by an electric dipole layer. Hopping theory demonstrates electric dipoles between hole injection layer and hole transport layer can enhance hole injection significantly. MoO3 is then chosen as the electric dipole layer between PEDOT:PSS (hole injection layer) and PVK (hole transport layer) to generate electric dipoles due to its deep conduction band level. Theoretical results demonstrate that strong electric fields are produced for efficient hole injection, and recombination rate is substantially increased. Capacitance-voltage analyses further prove efficient hole injection by introducing the electric dipole layer. Based on the proposed electric dipole layer structure, perovskite LEDs achieve a high current efficiency of 72.7 cd A−1, indicating that electric dipole layers are a feasible approach to enhance perovskite LEDs performance.
White dwarf-open cluster associations based on Gaia DR2
Authors: Prišegen M. , Piecka M. , Faltová N. , Kajan M. , Paunzen E. 
Published: November 2020

Context. Fundamental parameters and physical processes leading to the formation of white dwarfs (WDs) may be constrained and refined by discovering WDs in open clusters (OCs). Cluster membership can be utilized to establish the precise distances, luminosities, ages, and progenitor masses of such WDs.
Aims. We compile a list of probable WDs that are OC members in order to facilitate WD studies that are impractical or difficult to conduct for Galactic field WDs.
Methods. We use recent catalogs of WDs and OCs that are based on the second data release of the Gaia satellite mission (GDR2) to identify WDs that are OC members. This crossmatch is facilitated by the astrometric and photometric data contained in GDR2 and the derived catalogs. Assuming that most of the WD members are of the DA type, we estimate the WD masses, cooling ages, and progenitor masses.
Results. We have detected several new likely WD members and reassessed the membership of the literature WDs that had been previously associated with the studied OCs. Several of the recovered WDs fall into the recently reported discontinuity in the initial-final mass relation (IFMR) around Mi ∼ 2.0 M⊙, which allows for tighter constrains on the IFMR in this regime.
Durchführung und Umsetzung von StäB in einer Großklinik
Authors: Assion Hans-Jörg , Hecker Helen 
Published: November 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Stationsäquivalente Behandlung (StäB) ist als fünfte Säule der Versorgung im Sozialgesetzbuch (SGB V) verankert. Diese Form der Zuhause-Behandlung bietet eine Reihe von Vorteilen bei der Bewältigung von psychischen Krisen. StäB ist geeignet, um stationäre Behandlung zu verhindern oder zu verkürzen und dient der Gestaltung von Behandlungsübergängen. StäB ist geeignet für Patienten, die bei Vorliegen einer stationären Behandlungsindikation nicht auf einer Station verbleiben können, weil es Angehörige oder Kinder zu versorgen gibt, die stationäre Therapie eine Überforderung darstellt oder das stationäre Milieu nicht als förderlich erlebt wird. Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Implementierung von StäB in einer Großklinik, mit sowohl einem Versorgungsauftrag im städtischen als auch ländlichen Raum. Konzept und Arbeitsalltag werden vorgestellt.
Förderfaktoren und Barrieren der Medikamentenadhärenz von Rehabilitanden mit kardiologischen Erkrankungen – Eine qualitative Befragung
Authors: Quaschning Katharina , Körner Mirjam 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Die Medikamentenadhärenz von Menschen mit chronischen Erkrankungen ist häufig defizitär. Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte Förderfaktoren und Barrieren bezüglich der Umsetzung von ärztlich verordneter Medikation bei Rehabilitanden mit kardiologischen Erkrankungen in der medizinischen Rehabilitation.
Methodik Es wurden N=22 Rehabilitanden mit kardiologischen Erkrankungen in der medizinischen Rehabilitation mithilfe eines leitfadengestützten Interviews befragt. Alle Interviews wurden digital aufgezeichnet und wörtlich transkribiert. Die Analyse der Interviews erfolgte softwaregestützt (MAXQDA 12) nach dem zusammenfassenden inhaltsanalytischen Ansatz von Mayring. Die Hauptkategorien (Barrieren/Förderfaktoren) wurden deduktiv und die Subkategorien induktiv entwickelt.
Ergebnisse Insgesamt wurden 698 Textstellen in 22 Dokumenten codiert, im Durchschnitt 32 pro Interview (SD=13.2; Range 12–65). Die in der Hauptkategorie Barrieren vergebenen 370 Nennungen verteilen sich auf 13 Subkategorien (u. a. Sorglosigkeit, Mangelnde Informiertheit, Vorbehalte, Belastungen, Vergesslichkeit). Die in der Hauptkategorie Förderfaktoren vergebenen 328 Aussagen konnten 14 Subkategorien zugeordnet werden (u. a. Individuelle Strategien, Informiertheit, Hilfsmittel, Behandlungseinsicht, Kommunikation).
Schlussfolgerung Die Befunde legen nahe, dass eine mangelnde Medikamentenadhärenz v. a. durch ein individualisiertes Barrierenmanagement, das auf mehreren Ebenen ansetzen muss, verbessert werden kann.
Aggressive Treatment in Glioblastoma: What Determines the Survival of Patients?
Authors: Yu Lei , Zhang Guozhong , Qi Songtao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background and Study Aims The exact reason of long-term survival in glioblastoma (GBM) patients has remained uncertain. Molecular parameters in addition to histology to define malignant gliomas are hoped to facilitate clinical, experimental, and epidemiological studies.
Material and Methods A population of GBM patients with similar clinical characteristics (especially similar resectability) was reviewed to compare the molecular variables between poor (overall survival [OS] < 18 months, control cohort) and long-term survivors (overall survival > 36 months, OS-36 cohort).
Results Long-term GBM survivors were younger. In the OS-36 cohort, the positive rate of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutation was very low (7.69%, 3/39) and there was no statistical difference in OS between IDH mutant and wild-type patients. The results of 1p/19q codeletions are similar. Besides, there were no significant difference in MGMT promoter methylation, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation, and TP53 mutations between OS-36 cohort and control cohort.
Conclusions No distinct markers consistently have been identified in long-term survivors of GBM patients, and great importance should be attached to further understand the biological characteristics of the invasive glioma cells because of the nature of diffuse tumor permeation.
Current and Future Surgical and Interventional Management Options for Adenomyosis
Authors: Chen Joseph , Porter Anne E. , Kho Kimberly A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHistorically, hysterectomy has been the recommended treatment for patients with adenomyosis. However, in the past two decades, various uterine-sparing treatment methods have emerged. These range from excisional techniques such as adenomyomectomy or wedge resection to uterine artery embolization, radiofrequency thermal ablation, hysteroscopic excision, endometrial ablation, and high-intensity focused ultrasound. While largely investigative for the treatment of adenomyosis, these procedures have demonstrated improvement in symptoms including abnormal uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, and overall quality of life. However, long-term data including fertility and obstetric outcomes are needed. Future research is needed to better understand the impact of these uterine-preserving techniques to expand our armamentarium for the treatment of adenomyosis.
Artificial Intelligence in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Greco Massimiliano , Caruso Pier F. , Cecconi Maurizio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe diffusion of electronic health records collecting large amount of clinical, monitoring, and laboratory data produced by intensive care units (ICUs) is the natural terrain for the application of artificial intelligence (AI). AI has a broad definition, encompassing computer vision, natural language processing, and machine learning, with the latter being more commonly employed in the ICUs. Machine learning may be divided in supervised learning models (i.e., support vector machine [SVM] and random forest), unsupervised models (i.e., neural networks [NN]), and reinforcement learning. Supervised models require labeled data that is data mapped by human judgment against predefined categories. Unsupervised models, on the contrary, can be used to obtain reliable predictions even without labeled data. Machine learning models have been used in ICU to predict pathologies such as acute kidney injury, detect symptoms, including delirium, and propose therapeutic actions (vasopressors and fluids in sepsis). In the future, AI will be increasingly used in ICU, due to the increasing quality and quantity of available data. Accordingly, the ICU team will benefit from models with high accuracy that will be used for both research purposes and clinical practice. These models will be also the foundation of future decision support system (DSS), which will help the ICU team to visualize and analyze huge amounts of information. We plea for the creation of a standardization of a core group of data between different electronic health record systems, using a common dictionary for data labeling, which could greatly simplify sharing and merging of data from different centers.
Ketogenic Diet Therapies for Seizures and Status Epilepticus
Authors: McDonald Tanya J. W. , Cervenka Mackenzie C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractKetogenic diet therapies are high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets designed to mimic a fasting state. Although initially developed nearly one century ago for seizure management, most clinical trials for the management of drug-resistant epilepsy in children as well as adults have been conducted over the last 3 decades. Moreover, ketogenic diets offer promising new adjunctive strategies in the critical care setting for the resolution of acute status epilepticus when traditional antiseizure drugs and anesthetic agents fail. Here, we review the history of ketogenic diet development, the clinical evidence supporting its use for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy in children and adults, and the early evidence supporting ketogenic diet feasibility, safety, and potential efficacy in the management of status epilepticus.
4.4.28.17 α-Silyl Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines (Update 2020)
Authors: Zhang Q.-W. , An K. , He W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 4.4.28) describing methods for the synthesis of α-silyl alcohols, ethers, and amines. Recent approaches in this area have been achieved by virtue of transition-metal catalysis and ligand-controlled asymmetric synthesis. This review focuses on the literature published from 2000 to 2019.
14.7.5 Benzothiopyrylium Salts (Update 2020)
Authors: Lu J.-M. , Shao L.-X. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the original Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 14.7) describing methods for the synthesis of benzothiopyrylium salts. Although this update also covers new approaches to 1- and 2-benzothiopyrylium salts, most methods developed during recent years have focused on dibenzo[b,e]thiopyrylium salts.
14.4.20 9H-Xanthene-9-thiones (Update 2020)
Authors: Gao W.-C. , Tian J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis contribution (Section 14.4.11) describing methods for the synthesis of 9H-xanthene-9-thiones. This update describes the use of thionation reagents for the preparation of 9H-xanthene-9-thiones from pre-existing xanthene-type cyclic frameworks.
Measuring the Concentration of Colloidal Solutions or the Dirt Content of Water
Authors: Kallard T. 
Published: November 2020

First a simple apparatus is described for measuring the concentration of a colloidal solution.
As shown in Fig. 106, the direct laser beam is incident on the colloidal solution (C) within the sample cell (Sc) made of glass. A ray shielding layer is formed on the surface of a lens (L). At the center portion of the ray shielding layer a small circular aperture (1) about the diameter of the laser beam, and a ring shaped thin slit (2) concentrically surrounding the center aperture are provided. A photo-detector (PD1) is provided on the axis of the direct laser beam, and a similar photo-detector (PD2) is provided at the imaging position of the solution (C). The outputs of these light sensitive elements are amplified (Amp) and fed to a ratio meter (M) such as a potentiometer type or wattmeter type device.
F = ma Contests
Authors: Kisačanin Branislav , Zhang Eric K. 
Published: November 2020

This book presents clear and detailed solutions to all problems from the annual F=ma contest hosted by the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT) between 2011 and 2019. The competition is the precursor to the USAPhO (United States National Physics Olympiad) and the IPhO (International Physics Olympiad).
F = ma Contests: 2011-2019 Solutions Manual bridges a significant gap in existing literature for competition preparation and is a great resource for students preparing for physics exams and competitions.
Nebkhas play important roles in desertification control and biodiversity protection in arid and semi-arid regions of China
Authors: Luo Weicheng , Zhao Wenzhi , Liu Bing , Zhou Hai 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Nebkhas are isolated mounds vegetated with burial-tolerant desert plants that trap windborne sediment within their canopies. Nebkhas are critical to desertification control and biodiversity protection of oases in arid and semi-arid regions of China, as they (ⅰ) trap windborne sediments and ensure oasis security; (ⅱ) as “fertile islands,” nebkhas can trap and provide a suitable micro-environment for seeds, birds, and small soil animals, and increase biodiversity; (ⅲ) increase the soil surface roughness and significantly reduce soil erosion following heavy rain. However, the establishment of sand-fixing vegetation and over-grazing significantly limits the development and accelerate the degradation of nebkhas, threatening oasis ecosystems. We provide background and recommendations for protective measures for nebkha landscapes in arid and semi-arid areas of China to aid managers in oasis protection.
Impacts of close-to-nature management on the stand states of Masson pine forests
Authors: Chai Zongzheng , Tan Wei 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Research on the effect of close-to-nature management (CTNM) on stand states and dynamics of forests is crucial for the evaluation of CTNM implemented and sustainable development of forestry.

Outcomes:
We analyzed and compared the stand states and dynamics of Masson pine (
Pinus massoniana
) plantations in the young, middle-aged, and near-mature stages under CTNM eight years after selective cutting and unmanaged control. Both paired-sample T-tests and RDA ordination results demonstrated that the overall stand states with CTNM were superior to the control treatment in all three stages. The interaction of the CTNM and stand age significantly affected The Shannon-Wiener index of diameter class and regeneration density.

Discussion and Conclusion:
CTNM and stand age jointly affected the stand state of forests and CTNM accelerated the forest development, which promoted an increase in the heterogeneity of stand parameters and shortened the formation time of a target stand. Greater tree size differentiation and adequate regeneration are particularly important aspects for improving the quality of Masson pineforests during the management processes.
Conversion coefficients from total air kerma to the newly proposed ICRU/ICRP operational quantities for radiation protection for photon reference radiation qualities
Authors: Behrens Rolf , Otto Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) has recently proposed a set of new operational quantities for radiation protection. ICRU supplied conversion coefficients for mono-energetic photons but not for photon reference radiation qualities defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in ISO 4037 and by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in IEC 61267. Therefore, in this work, conversion coefficients from total air kerma to the newly proposed operational quantities are averaged for photon reference radiation qualities. Also, parameters necessary to determine the influence of the air density on the conversion coefficients are determined. Finally, the impact of the newly proposed quantities upon the response of dosemeters is investigated.
Quantifying changes in size of arrhythmic photoplethysmography waveforms during a Valsalva maneuver for assessing cardiac filling pressure
Authors: Silber Harry A , Win Theingi Tiffany , Monti Jennifer , Galiatsatos Panagis 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective: We previously showed that the change in amplitude of a finger photoplethysmography waveform during the Valsalva maneuver reflects cardiac filling pressure. However, the automated determination of peaks and valleys to calculate amplitude is limited in significant arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation and premature ventricular complexes, which are common in heart failure. The purpose of this study was to assess the change in size of the waveform by calculating the change in root mean square (RMS) of the signal, thereby utilizing the entire cardiac cycle, and to compare it to change in size of peak-to-valley amplitude. Approach: We compared the two approaches in signals obtained from participants of a prior study who were tested prior to a clinically indicated cardiac catheterization. Correlation between the two methods was assessed in cases without, and then with, significant arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation or premature ventricular complexes. Main results: Calculations from the two methods of peak-valley amplitude and RMS were highly correlated with each other in signals without (0.99, p < 0.0001, n = 252) and with significant arrhythmias (0.90, p < 0.0001, n = 34). Significance: RMS analysis of photoplethysmography signal size during the Valsalva maneuver is highly correlated with the method of analyzing changes in peak-valley amplitude, but does not rely on identifying peaks and valleys. The RMS method may be a more robust automated method of assessing cardiac filling pressure in patients with significant arrhythmias.
Lab-on-CMOS — an in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) tool for a healthier society
Authors: Mak Pui-In 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Towards a sustainable healthcare system, the clinical-grade diagnostic platform should be decentralized into low-cost consumer-grade handheld devices, for broadly and early disease screening and diagnosis. The joint advancement of CMOS biosensors and signal-processing capability has recently transformed bulky laboratory instruments into handheld devices, leading to cost, size and weight reduction by orders of magnitude. This article gives a glimpse of the lab-on-CMOS in-vitro diagnostic (IVD) tools for point-of-care applications.
A survey of high-speed high-resolution current steering DACs
Authors: Li Xing , Zhou Lei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Digital to analog converters (DAC) play an important role as a bridge connecting the analog world and the digital world. With the rapid development of wireless communication, wideband digital radar, and other emerging technologies, better performing high-speed high-resolution DACs are required. In those applications, signal bandwidth and high-frequency linearity often limited by data converters are the bottleneck of the system. This article reviews the state-of-the-art technologies of high-speed and high-resolution DACs reported in recent years. Comparisons are made between different architectures, circuit implementations and calibration techniques along with the figure of merit (FoM) results.