bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S112. ELUCIDATING THE CHRONOLOGY OF FLUCTUATIONS IN BASIC SYMPTOMS, EARLY SIGNS AND PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS IN ESTABLISHED PSYCHOSIS USING REPEATED MEASURES DATA GATHERED USING A SMARTPHONE APP
Authors: Eisner Emily , Drake Richard , Emsley Richard , Barrowclough Christine , Bucci Sandra 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Psychosis relapses are common, have profound adverse consequences for patients, and are costly to health services. ‘Early signs’ (e.g. anxiety; insomnia) have been used to predict relapse, in the hope of prevention or mitigation, with moderate sensitivity and specificity. Recent studies have provided preliminary prospective evidence that assessing ‘basic symptoms’ (e.g. vivid colour vision; disturbances in expressive speech) in addition to conventional early signs improves relapse prediction.
Basic symptoms are assumed to be one of the earliest, most basic subjective expressions of the underlying neurobiological disruption preceding the development of psychosis. There is some empirical evidence from ultra-high risk groups suggesting that basic symptoms do indeed emerge prior to other risk indicators during the prodromal period. However, no studies to date have examined the relative timing of increases in basic symptoms, conventional early signs and psychotic symptoms in individuals with established psychosis.
In the current study, we used time-lagged, repeated measures, prospective data to test whether increased basic symptoms would precede increased conventional early signs, and in turn increased psychotic symptoms.

Methods
Individuals who had experienced a relapse of psychosis within the past year (n=18) were asked to use a smartphone app (‘ExPRESS’) weekly for six months to report early signs, basic symptoms and psychotic symptoms. Participants completed 65% of app assessments over the 6 month follow-up period, providing &gt;200 observations in total. These data were analyzed using mixed effects models to account for clustering within individuals and to allow for missing data.

Results
App items showed high concurrent validity with researcher-rated psychotic symptoms (ρ range 0.80 to 0.87, p&lt;0.001) and basic symptoms (ICC=0.76, p&lt;0.001) over six months. The results of the mixed effects analyses described above will be presented in full, and their theoretical and clinical implications will be discussed.

Discussion
We anticipate that the findings of this study will be of theoretical interest. Within the socio-developmental-cognitive model (Howes & Murray, 2014), it would be logical to equate basic symptoms with the initial ‘anomalous experiences’ that are proposed to occur as a result of a disrupted dopamine system. Conventional early signs may then either occur later in the deterioration process laid out in the model or, as a heterogeneous group, may relate to more than one stage of the process. The results of the current study may help to elucidate the place of basic symptoms and conventional early signs within the socio-developmental-cognitive model. The findings may also lend support to the idea that basic symptoms are dopaminergic in origin.
S243. RACIAL AND ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN PATHWAY TO CARE AND BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS IN EARLY INTERVENTION SERVICES FOR PSYCHOSIS IN NEW YORK STATE
Authors: van der Ven Els , Smith Stephen , Rawlins Yasmin , Nossel Ilana , Basaraba Cale , Wall Melanie , Scodes Jennifer , Veling Wim , Marino Leslie , Dixon Lisa 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The racial and ethnic background of individuals with psychosis may shape their pathway to early intervention services and clinical presentation at admission. Studies from Europe and Canada demonstrate that black minority patients with first-episode psychosis experience a more adverse and coercive pathway to care. The extent to which these findings can be extrapolated to the US context is unknown. The aims of this study are (1) to compare baseline contextual and clinical characteristics, and (2) to examine care pathways by race and ethnicity among young people with psychosis in early intervention services.

Methods
This study included individuals with a recent-onset (&lt;2 years) psychosis aged 16 to 30 years enrolled at 19 early intervention programs across New York State. Clinicians collected data on pathway to care, demographic, social and clinical variables at program entry. Level of functioning was assessed using the social, occupational and symptomatic functioning subscales of the MIRECC GAF.

Results
The sample included 767 individuals with a non-Hispanic white (n=209, 27.2%), non-Hispanic black (277, 36.1%), Hispanic (218, 28.4%), or Asian (63, 8.2%) racial/ethnic background. Compared to non-Hispanic white, minority individuals were more likely to have public or no insurance and, overall, had a lower level of completed education. In terms of pathway to care, a lower proportion of non-Hispanic black (65.7%) and Asian (58.7%) participants had previously used mental health services compared to the non-Hispanic white group (78.0%). In contrast, psychiatric hospital or emergency department admissions in the 90 days prior to program enrollment were more frequent among all minority groups in comparison to the non-Hispanic white group. There were no significant differences by race and ethnicity in the level of symptoms or social functioning at baseline.

Discussion
Our findings suggest a pattern of mental health service use among minority groups with psychosis characterized by less mental health contacts but more inpatient and emergency care prior to the initiation of early intervention services. This trend could be partly explained by racial and ethnic patterning at the contextual level, including financial barriers to care, less so by racial/ethnic differences in illness severity. Our findings are consistent with evidence demonstrating an overrepresentation of minority individuals, especially African-Americans, in psychiatric emergency services suggesting a gap in unmet mental health need among minority populations in the US.
Longitudinal Assessment and Functional Neuroimaging of Movement Variability Reveal Novel Insights Into Motor Dysfunction in Clinical High Risk for Psychosis
Authors: Dean Derek J , Bernard Jessica A , Damme Katherine S F , O’Reilly Randall , Orr Joseph M , Mittal Vijay A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Motor dysfunction in youth at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis is thought to reflect abnormal neurodevelopment within cortical-subcortical motor circuits and may be important for understanding clinical trajectories of CHR individuals. However, to date, our perspective of brain-behavior relationships has been informed solely by cross-sectional correlational studies linking behavior in the lab to brain structure or respective resting-state network connectivity. Here, we assess movement dysfunction from 2 perspectives: study 1 investigates the longitudinal progression of handwriting variability and positive symptoms in a sample of 91 CHR and healthy controls during a 12-month follow-up and study 2 involves a multiband functional magnetic resonance imaging task exploring the relationship between power grip force stability and motor network brain activation in a subset of participants. In study 1, we found that greater handwriting variability was a stable feature of CHR participants who experienced worse symptom progression. Study 2 results showed that CHR individuals had greater variability in their grip force and greater variability was related to decreased activation in the associative cortico-striatal network compared to controls. Motor variability may be a stable marker of vulnerability for psychosis risk and possible indicator of a vulnerable cortico-striatal brain network functioning in CHR participants, although the effects of antipsychotic medication should be considered.
When to be temperate: on the fitness benefits of lysis vs. lysogeny
Authors: Li Guanlin , Cortez Michael H , Dushoff Jonathan , Weitz Joshua S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Bacterial viruses, that is ‘bacteriophage’ or ‘phage’, can infect and lyse their bacterial hosts, releasing new viral progeny. In addition to the lytic pathway, certain bacteriophage (i.e. ‘temperate’ bacteriophage) can also initiate lysogeny, a latent mode of infection in which the viral genome is integrated into and replicated with the bacterial chromosome. Subsequently, the integrated viral genome, that is the ‘prophage’, can induce and restart the lytic pathway. Here, we explore the relationship among infection mode, ecological context, and viral fitness, in essence asking: when should viruses be temperate? To do so, we use network loop analysis to quantify fitness in terms of network paths through the life history of an infectious pathogen that start and end with infected cells. This analysis reveals that temperate strategies, particularly those with direct benefits to cellular fitness, should be favored at low host abundances. This finding applies to a spectrum of mechanistic models of phage–bacteria dynamics spanning both explicit and implicit representations of intra-cellular infection dynamics. However, the same analysis reveals that temperate strategies, in and of themselves, do not provide an advantage when infection imposes a cost to cellular fitness. Hence, we use evolutionary invasion analysis to explore when temperate phage can invade microbial communities with circulating lytic phage. We find that lytic phage can drive down niche competition amongst microbial cells, facilitating the subsequent invasion of latent strategies that increase cellular resistance and/or immunity to infection by lytic viruses—notably this finding holds even when the prophage comes at a direct fitness cost to cellular reproduction. Altogether, our analysis identifies broad ecological conditions that favor latency and provide a principled framework for exploring the impacts of ecological context on both the short- and long-term benefits of being temperate.
Extinct and extant Pacific Trogossitidae and the evolution of Cleroidea (Coleoptera) after the Late Triassic biotic crisis
Authors: Kolibáč Jiří , Bocakova Milada , Liebherr James K , Ramage Thiboult , Porch Nick 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA new subgenus of Tenebroides, Polynesibroides subgen. nov., is established for six potentially extinct beetles, Tenebroides atiu, T. moorea, T. raivavae, T. rimatara, T. tubuai and T. mihiura spp. nov., described from the Cook, Austral and Society Islands based on subfossil fragments, and the extant T. tahiti sp. nov. from the island of Tahiti, Society Islands. Here we present the first detailed time-scaled phylogeny of the superfamily Cleroidea inferred from our four-gene dataset, including T. tahiti. Bayesian tip-dating, incorporating 17 fossils, estimated that Cleroidea appeared at the end of the Triassic (~210 Mya). The split of Biphyllidae + Byturidae + Phloiophilidae was reconstructed at ~204 Mya, followed by Early Jurassic separation of Trogossitidae (~200 Mya), Acanthocnemidae (~197 Mya), stem Cleridae–Thanerocleridae–Chaetosomatidae (~194 Mya), Peltidae, Lophocateridae, Decamerinae and the melyrid lineage (~191 Mya). Trogossitidae diversified by separation of Kolibacia (~136 Mya) in the Cretaceous, followed by parting Temnoscheila + Nemozoma and Airora + Tenebroides lineages (~113 Mya). Tenebroides radiated ~75 Mya and T. tahiti diverged from Panamanian taxa in the Middle Eocene (~40 Mya). Fourteen morphological characters of Pacific trogossitids were analysed. Parallelodera, including the Panamanian species, is nested within Tenebroides being sister to Polynesibroides. Therefore, Parallelodera is classified as a subgenus of Tenebroides. Tenebroides fairmairei is placed in the subgenus Parallelodera. A Neotropical origin for Parallelodera and Polynesibroides is inferred.
Decision making in the face of a deadly predator: high-amplitude behavioural thresholds can be adaptive for rainforest crickets under high background noise levels
Authors: Römer Heiner , Holderied Marc 
Published: May 2020

Many insect families have evolved ears that are adapted to detect ultrasonic calls of bats. The acoustic sensory cues indicating the presence of a bat are then used to initiate bat avoidance behaviours. Background noise, in particular at ultrasonic frequencies, complicates these decisions, since a response to the background may result in costly false alarms. Here, we quantify bat avoidance responses of small rainforest crickets (Gryllidae, Trigoniinae), which live under conditions of high levels of ultrasonic background noise. Their bat avoidance behaviour exhibits markedly higher thresholds than most other studied eared insects. Their responses do not qualitatively differ at suprathreshold amplitudes up to sound pressure levels of 105 dB. Moreover, they also exhibit evasive responses to single, high-frequency events and do not require the repetitive sequence of ultrasonic calls typical for the search phase of bat echolocation calls. Analysis of bat and katydid sound amplitudes and peak frequencies in the crickets' rainforest habitat revealed that the cricket's behavioural threshold would successfully reject the katydid background noise. Using measurements of the crickets' echo target strength for bat predators, we calculated the detection distances for both predators and prey. Despite their high behavioural threshold, the cricket prey still has a significant detection advantage at frequencies between 20 and 40 kHz. The low-amplitude bat calls they ignore are no predation threat because even much louder calls would be detected before the bat would hear the cricket echo. This leaves ample time for evasive actions. Thus, a simple decision criterion based on a high-amplitude behavioural threshold can be adaptive under the high background noise levels in nocturnal rainforests, in avoiding false alarms and only missing detection for bat calls too far away to pose a risk.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests’.
To accept or reject heterospecific mates: behavioural decisions underlying premating isolation
Authors: Shizuka Daizaburo , Hudson Emily J. 
Published: May 2020

Premating isolation in animals involves decision-making processes that affect whether individuals accept or reject heterospecific mates. An integrative understanding of the behavioural processes underlying heterospecific acceptance can clarify the conditions under which premating isolation evolves. As an illustration, we review how Reeve's (Reeve 1989Am. Nat.133, 407–435. (doi:10.1086/284926)) acceptance threshold model can help make sense of patterns of premating isolation in nature. This model derives a threshold trait value for acceptance for rejection of recipients of an action (e.g. mating) based on the fitness consequences of these decisions. We show that the maintenance of partial reproductive isolation can be an outcome of optimal acceptance thresholds, even in the face of reinforcement. We also use this model to clarify how the composition of multispecies communities can shape premating isolation. The acceptance threshold model can also be viewed as the behavioural underpinning of reproductive character displacement and cascading reinforcement. Finally, we highlight potential limitations of the acceptance threshold model with respect to investigating the role of sexual selection in speciation, and we propose that integration of behavioural models in speciation research will help us gain a full picture of the mechanisms underlying premating isolation.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests’.
Coronavirus protective immunity is short-lasting
Authors: Edridge Arthur W. D. , Kaczorowska Joanna , Hoste Alexis C. R. , Bakker Margreet , Klein Michelle , Jebbink Maarten F. , Matser Amy , Kinsella Cormac M. , Rueda Paloma , Prins Maria , Sastre Patricia , Deijs Martin , van der Hoek Lia 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTIn the current COVID-19 pandemic a key unsolved question is the duration of acquired immunity in recovered individuals. The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 precludes a direct study on this virus, but the four seasonal human coronaviruses may reveal common characteristics applicable to all human coronaviruses. We monitored healthy subjects over a time span of 35 years (1985-2020), providing a total of 2473 follow up person-months, and determined a) the time to reinfection by the same seasonal coronavirus and b) the dynamics of coronavirus antibody depletion post-infection. An alarmingly short duration of protective immunity to coronaviruses was found. Reinfections occurred frequently at 12 months post-infection and there was for each virus a substantial reduction in antibody levels as soon as 6 months post-infection.
Basic emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care Knowledge retention and Skills of Health Professionals in Burundi following an ALARM International Program Training: A pilot study
Authors: Kalay Anifa Luyinga , Mareschal Veronique , Ndereye Juma , Cook Jocelynn 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundThis study describes the immediate and short-term improvement in basic emergency obstetric and neonatal care (BEmONC) knowledge and skills after ALARM International Programme (AIP) training in Burundi.Subjects and MethodIn 2017, sixteen health professionals participated in a 5-day AIP training. They completed pre and post course tests. At the end of the training, they did objective structured clinical examinations (OSCE) on postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), shoulder dystocia and neonatal resuscitation. In 2018, a refresher course was offered to participants who scored the highest in the 2017 post-training test. Pre and post tests were administered. Mean pre- and post-test scores and t-paired test was performed to determine the knowledge change and retention between 2017 and 2018. Mean OSCE scores were calculated to describe acquired clinical skills at the 2017 training. A one-way ANOVA test was performed to assess the differences between cadres’ scores in the tests and the OSCEs.ResultsIn 2017, pre and post scores were significantly different within cadres except imidwives: physicians t(5)=8.77(p<0.05), midwives t(1)=5,29 (p=0,11) and nurses t(7)=7,91(p<0.05) In 2018, the mean score was 67% (± 10.31) on the pre-test and was 82% (± 5.78) in 2017 post-test. The difference was significant (t(7)=4.80, p<0.05). Scores were significantly different between cadres in PPH [F=(2,13)=6.17, p <0.05)] and dystocia [F=(2,13)=3.92, p <0.05)].ConclusionAn immediate gain in knowledge and acquisition of critical skills was observed in all cadres. Knowledge significantly decreased eight months following AIP training. Supervision, mentoring of trainees and continuing medical education are needed following the initial training.
Feasibility of using alternative swabs and storage solutions for paired SARS-CoV-2 detection and microbiome analysis in the hospital environment
Authors: Minich Jeremiah J. , Ali Farhana , Marotz Clarisse , Belda-Ferre Pedro , Chiang Leslie , Shaffer Justin P. , Carpenter Carolina S. , McDonald Daniel , Gilbert Jack , Allard Sarah M. , Allen Eric E , Knight Rob , Sweeney Daniel A. , Swafford Austin D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundDetermining the role of fomites in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is essential in the hospital setting and will likely be important outside of medical facilities as governments around the world make plans to ease COVID-19 public health restrictions and attempt to safely reopen economies. Expanding COVID-19 testing to include environmental surfaces would ideally be performed with inexpensive swabs that could be transported safely without concern of being a source of new infections. However, CDC-approved clinical-grade sampling supplies and techniques using a polyester swab are expensive, potentially expose laboratory workers to viable virus and prohibit analysis of the microbiome due to the presence of antibiotics in viral transport media (VTM). To this end, we performed a series of experiments comparing the diagnostic yield using five consumer-grade swabs (including plastic and wood shafts and various head materials including cotton, polyester, and foam) and one clinical grade swab for inhibition to RNA. For three of these swabs, we evaluated performance to detect SARS-CoV-2 in twenty intensive care unit (ICU) hospital rooms of patients with 16 COVID-19+. All swabs were placed in 95% ethanol and further evaluated in terms of RNase activity. SARS-CoV-2 was measured both directly from the swab and from the swab eluent.ResultsCompared to samples collected in VTM, 95% ethanol demonstrated significant inhibition properties against RNases. When extracting directly from the swab head as opposed to the eluent, RNA recovery was approximately 2-4x higher from all six swab types tested as compared to the clinical standard of testing the eluent from a CDC-approved polyester swab. The limit of detection (LoD) of SARs-CoV-2 from floor samples collected using the CGp or TMI swabs was similar or better than the CDC standard, further suggesting that swab type does not impact RNA recovery as measured by SARs-CoV-2. The LoD for TMI was between 0-362.5 viral particles while PE and CGp were both between 725-1450 particles. Lastly microbiome analyses (16S rRNA) of paired samples (e.g., environment to host) collected using different swab types in triplicate indicated that microbial communities were not impacted by swab type but instead driven by the patient and sample type (floor or nasal).ConclusionsCompared to using a clinical-grade polyester swab, detection of SARS-CoV-2 from environmental samples collected from ICU rooms of patients with COVID was similar using consumer grade swabs, stored in 95% ethanol. The yield was best from the swab head rather than the eluent and the low level of RNase activity in these samples makes it possible to perform concomitant microbiome analysis.
The impact of testing and infection prevention and control strategies on within-hospital transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in English hospitals
Authors: Evans Stephanie , Agnew Emily , Vynnycky Emilia , Robotham Julie 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is a key concern and evaluating the effect of testing and infection prevention control strategies is essential for guiding policy in this area. Using a within-hospital SEIR transition model of SARS-CoV-2 in a typical UK hospital, we predict that approximately 20% of infections in inpatients, and 89% of infections in HCWs were due to nosocomial transmission. Placing suspected COVID-19 patients in single rooms or bays has the potential to reduce hospital-acquired infections in patients by up to 80%. Periodic testing of HCWs has a smaller effect on the patient-burden of COVID-19 but would considerably reduce infection in HCWs by as much as 64% and result in only a small proportion of staff absences (approximately 1% per day). This is considerably fewer than currently observed due to suspected COVID-19 and self-isolation.