bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paradoxes of professional autonomy: a qualitative study of U.S. neonatologists from 1978‐2017
Authors: Rozier Michael D. , Willison Charley E. , Anspach Renee R. , Howell Joel D. , Greer Ann L. , Greer Scott L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe professional autonomy of physicians often requires they take responsibility for life and death decisions, but they must also find ways to avoid bearing the full weight of such decisions. We conducted in‐person, semi‐structured interviews with neonatologists (n = 20) in four waves between 1978 and 2017 in a single Midwestern U.S. city. Using open coding analysis, we found over time that neonatologists described changes in their sense of professional autonomy and responsibility for decisions with life and death consequences. Through the early 1990s, as neonatology consolidated as a profession, physicians simultaneously enjoyed high levels of professional discretion and responsibility and were often constrained by bioethics and the law. By 2010s, high involvement of parents and collaboration with multiple subspecialties diffused the burden felt by individual practitioners, but neonatology’s professional autonomy was correlatively diminished. Decision‐making in the NICU over four decades reveal a complex relationship between the professional autonomy of neonatologist and the burden they bear, with some instances of ceding autonomy as a protective measure and other situations of unwelcomed erosion of professional autonomy that neonatologists see as complicating provision of care.
De novo assemblies of Luffa acutangula and Luffa cylindrica genomes reveal an expansion associated with substantial accumulation of transposable elements
Authors: Pootakham Wirulda , Sonthirod Chutima , Naktang Chaiwat , Nawae Wanapinun , Yoocha Thippawan , Kongkachana Wasitthee , Sangsrakru Duangjai , Jomchai Nukoon , U‐thoomporn Sonicha , Sheedy John R. , Buaboocha Jarunee , Mekiyanon Supat , Tangphatsornruang Sithichoke 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLuffa spp. (sponge gourd or ridge gourd) is an economically important vegetable crop widely cultivated in China, India and Southeast Asia. Here, we employed PacBio long‐read single‐molecule real‐time (SMRT) sequencing to perform de novo genome assemblies of two commonly cultivated Luffa species, L. acutangula and L. cylindrica. We obtained preliminary draft genomes of 734.6 Mb and 689.8 Mb with scaffold N50 of 786,130 and 578,616 bases for L. acutangula and L. cylindrica, respectively. We also applied long‐range Chicago and HiC techniques to obtain the first chromosome‐scale whole‐genome assembly of L. acutangula. The final assembly contained 13 pseudomolecules, corresponding to the haploid chromosome number in Luffa spp. (1n = 13, 2n = 26). The sizes of the assembled Luffa genomes are approximately twice as large as the genome assemblies of related Cucurbitaceae. A large proportion of L. acutangula (62.17%; 456.69 Mb) and L. cylindrica (56.78%; 391.65 Mb) genome assemblies contained repetitive elements. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the substantial accumulation of transposable elements likely contributed to the expansion of the Luffa genomes. We also investigated alternative splicing events in Luffa using full‐length transcript sequences obtained from PacBio Isoform Sequencing (Iso‐seq). While the predominant form of alternative splicing in most plant species examined was intron retention, alternative 3’ acceptor site selection appeared to be a major event observed in Luffa. High‐quality genome assemblies for L. acutangula and L. cylindrica reported here provide valuable resources for Luffa breeding and future genetics and comparative genomics studies in Cucurbitaceae.
Scaling methods in ecological modelling
Authors: Fritsch Matthias , Lischke Heike , Meyer Katrin M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Modelling is often confronted with scaling problems, because modelling—directly or indirectly—always implies scaling. This is because models simplify. Simplification usually means aggregation, and aggregation is a scaling process. As scaling cannot be avoided in modelling, it should carefully be addressed and resolved, at least to the degree possible.

In this paper, we give an overview of scaling approaches in ecological modelling. We propose to classify scaling approaches into pre‐model scaling, in‐model scaling and post‐model scaling depending on the timing of the scaling relative to the main modelling process.

We show general approaches, examples and potential application problems for each category. We suggest that scaling problems might be more widespread than previously thought. These scaling problems are matched with a range of solutions, but often these solutions will have to be adapted and tailored to the specific scaling case.

Thus, we recommend that ecologists be aware of scaling challenges especially where models do not explicitly aim at scaling. Developing general test systems for scaling methods may help to broaden and enhance the application of scaling methods in ecology.
Testicular Lmcd1 regulates phagocytosis by Sertoli cells through modulation of NFAT1/Txlna signaling pathway
Authors: Jin Xiaohang , Zhang Sheng , Ding Tianbing , Zhao Pengtao , Zhang Chunli , Zhang Yuxing , Li Wei 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIncreased oxidative stress is well known to cause testicular dysfunction in aging males, but the detailed relationships between aging, oxidative stress, and testicular function remain to be elucidated. LIM and cysteine‐rich domains 1 (LMCD1) regulates fundamentally cellular process by interacting with transcription factors. A recent study has identified Lmcd1 as one of the most upregulated nuclear proteins associated with Sertoli cell (SC) differentiation, raising the possibility that testicular actions of LMCD1 are likely to take place. Herein, we reported that LMCD1 was exclusively expressed in the nuclei of SCs. This expression was regulated by TNF‐α signaling produced by apoptotic germ cells (GCs) and was suppressed by oxidative stress in a STAT3‐dependent manner. Ablation of endogenous LMCD1 expression caused lipid accumulation and senescence in GC co‐incubated SCs. Using a previously validated in vivo siRNA approach, we showed that LMCD1 depletion significantly impaired male fertility by inducing oligozoospermia and asthenospermia. Mechanistically, LMCD1 upregulation was associated with the nuclear enrichment of the nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1), a core component of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent pathway. LMCD1 facilitated the dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NFAT1, which consequently expedited the transactivation of Txlna, a binding partner of the syntaxin family essential for testicular phagocytosis, and thus promoted the removal of apoptotic GCs by phagocytic SCs. Collectively, LMCD1 may operate as a novel pretranscriptional integrator linking SC phagocytosis, lipid homeostasis, and cell senescence.
Acute Alcohol Intoxication Impairs Sonic Hedgehog‐Gli1 Signaling and Activation of Primitive Hematopoietic Precursor Cells in the Early Stage of Host Response to Bacteremia
Authors: Shi Xin , Simms Kevin J. , Zhang Ping 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundActivation of hematopoietic stem cells [HSCs, lineage(lin)−stem cell growth factor receptor (c‐kit)+stem cell antigen‐1(Sca‐1)+, or LKS cells in mice] is critical for initiating the granulopoietic response. This study determined the effect of alcohol exposure on sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling in the regulation of HSC activation during bacteremia.MethodsAcute alcohol intoxication was induced in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 20% alcohol (5 g alcohol/kg body weight). Control mice received i.p. saline. Thirty minutes later, mice were intravenously (i.v.) injected with Escherichia coli (E. coli, 1 to 5 × 107 CFUs/mouse) or saline.ResultsSHH expression by lineage‐negative bone marrow cells (BMCs) was significantly increased 24 hours after E. coli infection. Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)‐specificity protein 1 (Sp1) signaling promotes SHH expression. ERK1/2 was markedly activated in BMCs 8 hours following E. coli infection. Alcohol suppressed both the activation of ERK1/2 and up‐regulation of SHH expression following E. coli infection. E. coli infection up‐regulated GLI family zinc finger 1 (Gli1) gene expression by BMCs and increased Gli1 protein content in LKS cells. The extent of Gli1 expression was correlated with the activity of proliferation in LKS cells. Alcohol inhibited up‐regulation of Gli1 expression and activation of LKS cells in response to E. coli infection. Alcohol also interrupted the granulopoietic response to bacteremia.ConclusionThese data show that alcohol disrupts SHH‐Gli1 signaling and HSC activation in the early stage of the granulopoietic response, which may serve as an important mechanism underlying the impairment of immune defense against bacterial infection in host excessively consuming alcohol.
Patterns of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Alcohol‐Related Dysmorphic Features
Authors: Bandoli Gretchen , Jones Ken , Wertelecki Wladimir , Yevtushok Lyubov , Zymak‐Zakutnya Natalya , Granovska Iryna , Plotka Larysa , Chambers Christina ,   The CIFASD
Published: August 2020

BackgroundIn animal models, it is possible to induce different alcohol‐related dysmorphic abnormalities based on the timing of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Our objective was to assess whether patterns of PAE differentially predict alcohol‐related dysmorphic features in 415 infants.MethodsWe analyzed a prospective pregnancy cohort in western Ukraine enrolled between 2008 and 2014. Five distinct trajectories were previously identified to summarize PAE: (i) minimal/no PAE (n = 253), (ii) low/moderate PAE with reduction early in gestation (n = 78), (iii) low/moderate sustained PAE (n = 20), (iv) moderate/high PAE with reduction early in gestation (n = 45), and (v) high sustained PAE (n = 19). A dysmorphology examination of body size, 3 cardinal, and 15 noncardinal dysmorphic features was performed at approximately 6 to 12 months of age. A modified dysmorphology score was created based on previously published weights. Univariate comparisons were made between each dysmorphic feature and trajectory group. Features that differed by trajectory group were assessed in multivariable analyses. Models were adjusted for maternal age, prenatal vitamin use, socioeconomic status, smoking, and child’s age at dysmorphology examination, with censoring weights for losses to follow‐up.ResultsThe 3 highest trajectories predicted total dysmorphology score, with larger effects in sustained exposure groups. Cardinal features: The 3 highest trajectories were each associated with a 2‐ to 3‐fold increased risk of having 2 + cardinal facial features. When assessed individually, there were no consistent associations between the individual trajectories and each cardinal feature. Noncardinal features: The 3 highest trajectories were associated with increased risk of hypotelorism. Only the highest trajectory was associated with heart murmur. The highest trajectory predicted <10th centile for sex and age on height, weight, and head circumference; and moderate/high with reduction trajectory also predicted height.ConclusionsWhile we did not observe differential results based on specific trajectories of exposure, findings support the wide range of dysmorphic features associated with PAE, particularly at high and sustained levels.
Human‐induced shifts in habitat use and behaviour of a marine predator: the effects of bait provisioning in the blacktip reef shark
Authors: Mourier J. , Claudet J. , Planes S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWhile the negative effects of consumptive pressures on marine predators are well established, the effects of increasing non‐consumptive activities such as wildlife tourism are still understudied. As such, the long‐term effects of the provision of bait on shark behaviour are still unclear. Here, we assessed the effects of provisioning using a Control‐Impact design on the spatial use and level of residency of the blacktip reef shark Carcharhinus melanopterus over a 2‐year period. We used effect sizes to model the relative changes in residency between provisioning and non‐provisioning sites. Sharks showed a high degree of residency and significant changes in their habitat use which persisted overnight while the activity ceased. We suggest that provisioning activities can affect species with high level of residency such as the blacktip reef shark. Further research is needed to better understand how these behavioural modifications can alter the fitness of this species. It is important to adapt shark provisioning activities to limit the induced changes in habitat use.
Age‐friendly care for older adults within rural Australian health systems: An integrative review
Authors: Winterton Rachel , Hodgkin Suzanne , Clune Samantha Jane , Brasher Kathleen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo identify the core elements of interventions and models that facilitate age‐friendly care for older adults within rural Australian health systems, and assess the extent to which these align with core elements of the Institute for Health Improvement's (IHI) Age‐Friendly Health Systems 4Ms Model.MethodsPeer‐reviewed journal articles examining core elements of Australian rural geriatric care models were collected and analysed using an integrative review methodology.ResultsIdentified models and interventions addressed all four core elements of the IHI model—what matters, medications, mobility and mentation. There was more evidence relating to mobility and mentation, with lesser evidence relating to medications and what matters. A series of core elements not aligned with the model were also identified.ConclusionThe IHI 4Ms Model appears to be applicable in the rural Australian context. More high‐quality, systematic evidence is needed to investigate the core elements of age‐friendly care across diverse rural contexts.
City Government Activists and the Rights of Undocumented Immigrants: Fostering Urban Citizenship within the Confines of US Federalism
Authors: de Graauw Els 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWith the US federal government more aggressive in its efforts to find, detain, and deport undocumented immigrants, certain government officials in American cities have promoted urban citizenship for undocumented immigrants in their jurisdictions. Often acting on demands from community organisations, these activist city officials have developed policies and practices that include undocumented immigrants in public service provision, formal rights protections, and democratic participation modes. Drawing on scholarship on urban citizenship, urban politics, and multi‐level governance, this article analyses how we can understand these officials’ actions in a system where the federal government has monopoly power over immigration and citizenship matters. Based on the recent experiences of New York City and San Francisco, this article shows that government activists in these cities have promoted urban citizenship for undocumented immigrants by pushing against the confines of US federalism while also reaffirming traditional understandings of national citizenship, thus practicing disruption and conformity simultaneously.
Ageing and glaucoma progression of the retinal nerve fibre layer using spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography analysis
Authors: Öhnell Hanna Maria , Heijl Anders , Bengtsson Boel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPurposeTo compare the effects of ageing and glaucoma progression on the thickness of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (cpRNFL) and to evaluate the performance of a set of optical coherence tomography (OCT) progression analyses.MethodsThe cpRNFL was measured twice by OCT at each of two visits made 10 years apart in 69 healthy individuals and 49 glaucoma patients. Both visits also included Humphrey 24‐2 SITA standard testing. The change in cpRNFL thickness was analysed by linear regression, and a sub‐analysis was performed on glaucoma patients with a perimetric mean deviation better than −10 dB at the first visit. The proportion of individuals whose OCT progression analyses indicated progression was also evaluated for the same groups.ResultsThe average cpRNFL thickness deteriorated by a mean of −0.16 μm/year in the healthy cohort, increased by 0.03 μm/year in the glaucoma cohort, and deteriorated by −0.24 μm/year in eyes with less severe glaucoma; there were no statistically significant differences between the groups. For 17 (30%) of 56 healthy individuals, at least one of the three different OCT progression analyses incorrectly indicated progression.ConclusionsNo significant differences in change of cpRNFL thickness between visits were found when comparing healthy subjects with glaucoma patients. Also, further cpRNFL thinning was not observed in glaucomatous eyes in which at least one‐third of the visual field had been lost. The OCT progression analyses generated a relatively high proportion of false positives. Using OCT for glaucoma follow‐up may not be entirely straightforward.
Nitrate and nitrite‐based therapy to attenuate cardiovascular remodelling in arterial hypertension
Authors: Guimaraes Danielle A. , Batista Rose I. M. , Tanus‐Santos Jose E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHypertension is a highly prevalent disease marked by vascular and cardiac maladaptive remodelling induced mainly by renin‐angiotensin system activation followed by oxidative stress. Here, we briefly describe these damages and review the current evidence supporting a potential role for nitrate and nitrite as antihypertensive molecules that act via nitric oxide (NO) formation–dependent and NO formation–independent mechanisms and how nitrate/nitrite inhibits cardiovascular remodelling in hypertension. The renin‐angiotensin system activation and oxidative stress converge to activate proteases involved in cardiovascular remodelling in hypertension. Besides these proteases, several investigations have demonstrated that reduced endogenous NO bioavailability is a central pathological event in hypertension. In this regard, nitrate/nitrite, long considered inert products of NO, is now known as physiological molecules able to reduce blood pressure in hypertensive patients and in different experimental models of hypertension. These effects are associated with the formation of NO and other NO‐related molecules, which could induce S‐nitrosylation of target proteins. However, it remains unclear whether S‐nitrosylation is an essential mechanism for the anti‐remodelling effects of nitrate/nitrite in hypertension. Moreover, nitrate/nitrite produces antioxidant effects associated with the inhibition of signalling pathways involved in cardiovascular remodelling. Together, these findings may help to establish nitrate and nitrite as effective therapies in hypertension‐induced cardiovascular remodelling.
The (in)compatibility of identities: Understanding gender differences in work–life conflict through the fit with leaders
Authors: Morgenroth Thekla , Ryan Michelle K. , Rink Floor , Begeny Christopher 
Published: August 2020

Women’s concerns about work–life balance are cited as a key factor underlying their continued underrepresentation in particular domains and roles. This gendered pattern is often attributed to factors in the home, such as women’s disproportionate share of domestic work and childcare responsibilities. We offer an additional explanation that focuses on workplace identities. Across four studies, we demonstrate that perceptions of work–life balance are not only a matter of balancing time, but also a matter of balancing identity, and that the availability of attainable leaders plays a key role in determining these processes. More specifically, a survey study (Study 1, N = 1223) among participants working in a historically male‐dominated profession shows that gender differences in work–life balance perceptions are, in part, explained by women’s perceived lack of fit with leaders and, in turn, their perceptions of incompatibility between who they are at home and who they are at work. In Studies 2 (N = 207), 3a (N = 209), and 3b (N = 191), we demonstrate that gender differences in anticipated work–life balance can be ameliorated through exposure to attainable female leaders. These findings have implications for organizations that seek to recruit and retain women and demonstrate that issues of identity are crucial for facilitating work–life balance.
The nation in context: How intergroup relations shape the discursive construction of identity continuity and discontinuity
Authors: Obradović Sandra , Bowe Mhairi 
Published: August 2020

The perceived collective continuity (PCC) of a national identity serves as a crucial source of stability and self‐esteem for group members. Recent work has explored the consequences of perceived continuity when the meaning of a nation’s past is seen in a negative light, and the challenges this brings for the negotiation of a positive identity in the present, signalling the potential value of perceived discontinuity The current paper extends this literature by examining the role of intergroup relations in the construction of both collective continuities and discontinuities. Through analysing the discursive management of national identity in nine focus groups in a post‐conflict context (Serbia, N = 67), we reveal how the tensions between continuity and discontinuity are embedded within a broader discussion of the nation’s relationship with relevant national outgroups across its history. The findings contribute to theoretical knowledge on the interlinking of national identity and PCC by illustrating the ways in which intergroup relations of the past shape the extent to which continuity is seen as desirable or undesirable. We argue that despite the psychological merits of collective continuity, discontinuity can become attractive and useful when there is limited space to challenge how a nation’s history is remembered and the valence given to the past. The paper concludes by offering an account of how social and political contexts can influence the nature, functions, and valence of PCC within national identities.