bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recorded Legacy
Authors: Crist Stephen A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Once the seven cuts of Time Out had been committed to vinyl, there began a long period in which the Quartet revisited and reinterpreted this repertoire. The “classic” Quartet and its successors recorded many new versions of most of the tunes on Time Out. This chapter first examines a few of Brubeck’s most significant recordings of “Blue Rondo à la Turk,” “Strange Meadow Lark,” “Take Five,” “Three to Get Ready,” and “Kathy’s Waltz” in the thirty-five years after they originally appeared. The latter part of the chapter considers several cover versions of these tunes, which entail radical transformation of Brubeck’s original ideas. These include Anthony Braxton’s rendition of “Three to Get Ready” and Emerson, Lake & Palmer’s “Rondo.”
An Agnostic Moralist
Authors: Sidgwick Henry 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Henry Sidgwick’s dualism of practical reason is a problem confronting the ethical enterprise. It’s the tension between one’s own happiness and the happiness of others; or between rational self-love and rational benevolence. Sidgwick thought each impulse was equally legitimate, yet on occasion they encounter an intractable tension. The full rationality of morality requires the resolution of this dualism, but Sidgwick didn’t see such a rapprochement as forthcoming. The only potential solution he could see is a theistic one, according to which a providential God ensures their harmony, but Sidgwick himself refused to follow this path. Nevertheless, his writings include the seeds for such a moral argument, predicated on the full rationality of morality.
An Eminent and Erudite Platonist
Authors: Taylor A. E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A. E. Taylor argued at length against an artificial dichotomy between fact and value, in an effort to carve out evidential space for morality. Divorcing facts and values is like trying to separate the sounds of a great symphony from its musical quality. More important than what we do is who we are, and what’s needed is an adequate account for the sort of external assistance we desperately require to be radically transformed (even transfigured)—after all, Taylor said, we can’t pull ourselves up by our own hair—so we can enjoy a good never left behind and never superseded. The inherent features of moral guilt point in the direction of a personal and perfectly loving God as our first and final cause. Taylor counseled close and sustained attentiveness to the moral evidence and (as we’ve seen in others) modeled a laudably expansive epistemology.
A Dinosaur
Authors: Lewis C. S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Probably the most famous moral argument in Western philosophy is the popular version C. S. Lewis developed in Mere Christianity. Lewis starts with the common-sense observation that we make moral judgments about right and wrong that we take to be objectively true. This suggests a reality beyond and behind the moral law that Lewis goes on to argue is like a mind, which points ultimately to a theistic explanation. Around the same time Lewis articulated this argument, he spelled out another version for a more academic audience based on the claim that if we are to have morality at all, we must take our basic moral judgments as self-evidently true. Lewis also developed other variations of the moral argument in his essays “The Poison of Subjectivism” and “De Futilitate,” the latter of which argues that our condemnation of cruelty and indifference gives us the substance for a moral argument.
Contemporary Moral Apologists
Authors: Baggett David , Walls Jerry L. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A. C. Ewing worked on moral goodness; Austin Farrer focused on the value and dignity of persons; George Mavrodes underscored the odd nature of binding moral duties in a naturalistic world. Robert Adams did work in theistic ethics that produced innovative variants of the moral argument; his wife, Marilyn Adams, demonstrated how God’s incommensurable goodness can address versions of the problem of evil. Linda Zagzebski identified three ways we need moral confidence. C. Stephen Evans defended divine command theory and a natural signs approach to apologetics. John Hare did landmark work on moral arguments. William Lane Craig used the moral argument to powerful effect in books and debates. C. Stephen Layman used the overriding reason thesis and conditional thesis in his variant of the argument. Scott Smith, Mark Linville, Angus Menuge, and Angus Ritchie have offered brilliant epistemic moral arguments. Paul Copan has used history to augment the moral argument.
Introduction
Authors: Jorgensen John 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The introduction is designed to orient the reader with the main topics taken up in the Treatise and also to provide a scholarly resource for students, teachers, and researchers. The introduction first provides an explanation of the title of the Treatise and then turns to the question of the provenance of the text, its likely author, and its likely date of composition. This is followed by a detailed account of the historical and intellectual contexts of the Treatise’s composition. The centrality of the concept of ignorance, the role of practice, and key models used in the Treatise are introduced and clearly explained. Particular attention is also paid to introducing and comparing key sixth- and seventh-century commentaries. This comparison is further developed through a case study of commentarial differences over a key doctrinal issue: whether the unconditioned can be conditioned.
The Missionary Solution
Authors: Laderman Charlie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the attempt by American missionaries to help remold the Ottoman state into a constitutional political system in the aftermath of the 1909 Young Turk Revolution. It explains why Americans, who had long regarded their missionaries as humanitarian aid agents helping to support and uplift the Armenians through their mission stations, now looked to them to extend their “civilizing mission” across the Empire. It explores the growth of the Protestant missionary lobby in the United States and the ways in which it developed support for an attempt to build a civil society in the Ottoman Empire that would ensure security for the Armenians within a reformed Ottoman polity. It explains why missionaries and their supporters viewed this as part of a larger mission to spread Christian ideals and representative government around the world alongside British evangelists. Missionary dreams of a new Ottoman nation collapsed when, amidst World War One, the Ottoman Armenians faced wholesale destruction. This chapter concludes by exploring how Woodrow Wilson’s administration and the missionaries responded to this “Crime Against Humanity,” and why their determination to maintain American neutrality so infuriated Theodore Roosevelt. It examines how the missionary lobby pioneered an unprecedented relief operation, and worked in partnership with the leading British champion of the Armenians, James Bryce, to publicize the atrocities and plan for Armenia’s ultimate liberation from Ottoman rule.
Misjudgments of Humanity
Authors: Cheng William 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 asks how people’s love of music can enable myths of music as an instrument of humanization and civilization. Although it sounds obvious that loving masterpieces doesn’t make someone a good person (think of the Beethoven-loving Nazis), the chapter emphasizes that this presumption of obviousness can itself pose problems. How immune are we really to the seductive myths of music-as-morality? Even if we claim immunity out loud, how might our verbal quandaries and silences about music loving nevertheless speak to our deep-seated vulnerabilities?
Moral Masquerades
Authors: Cheng William 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 3 drops in on a variety of “blind” auditions, commonly upheld as a gold standard in appraisals of musical excellence. Using screens and anonymizing apparatus, judges evaluate auditionees on sound alone, thereby doing right by the music they love. But a hidden cost of such auditions, whether for the Boston Symphony Orchestra or the reality show The Voice, is the wholesale severing of musicianship from human identity at large. With auditionees out of sight, the conceits of impartiality and meritocracy enable all parties to avoid talking about issues of discrimination altogether—that is, why anonymity is desirable or necessary to begin with. A short case study ventures outside the United States to consider the illustrious, nearly all-white and all-male Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. Tellingly, however, criticisms of this orchestra have come overwhelmingly from the United States, with music lovers exporting American brands of feminism and social justice to protest the ensemble’s discriminatory hiring practices.
The Worst You’ve Ever Sounded
Authors: Cheng William 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on the modern epidemic of public shaming. In 2014, someone leaked the raw, out-of-tune vocals of pop star Britney Spears attempting a studio take of her song “Alien.” Shame storms promptly followed. By connecting voice shaming to concomitant practices of sex shaming and slut shaming, the chapter asks what we think we gain when we judge, police, and dehumanize musicians at their worst moments. Do people shame musicians out of a putative love for music? Or is music simply an excuse, or an accomplice? Given the deluge of leakable data today—think of Ashley Madison, Panama Papers, congressional dossiers, revenge porn—provocative analogies materialize between our myths of secure networks (a technical impossibility) and our idealizations of pitch-perfect (infallible, unassailable) lyric voices. The chapter asks whether Spears’s naked voice can be heard not as shameworthy detritus best left on the cutting room floor, but rather as an object of clickbait that always already implicates our own aural vulnerability and consumer complicity.
Canada
Authors: Fairbrother Malcolm 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis chapter is the first of three that show how each country of North America embraced continental free trade. All three chapters describe key decisions and investigate whether there is evidence consistent with the liberal literature’s expectation that those decisions were strongly influenced by public preferences for free trade, as opposed to the agendas of economic elites. These three chapters also describe the motives, thinking, and actions of the people who made globalization happen in each country. This chapter begins with Canada and shows that while prominent economists and some public officials long favored free trade with the United States, key business groups—particularly manufacturers—were hostile. The views of Canadian business rapidly reversed themselves in the early 1980s, however, and after that the state’s position soon changed too. Business subsequently promoted free trade and ensured its political feasibility in a contentious national election in 1988.
Conclusions
Authors: Fairbrother Malcolm 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGlobalization’s origins are not just a historical concern. Democracy and expertise confer legitimacy. Insofar as the foundations of today’s global economy were neither very democratic nor based on serious expertise, it is unsurprising that globalization remains contentious. In this light, Chapter 8 considers the implications of the book’s analysis for the future of globalization. It also compares the case of North America to cases elsewhere, and reflects on the implications for the social science literatures on international political economy and ideas in politics. This chapter closes with a discussion of the costs of thinking about trade in the informal, anti-expert way of the businesspeople and politicians who defended CUFTA and NAFTA back in the 1980s and 1990s. Such thinking biases domestic decision-making against the interests of workers and the environment.
Measuring Amendment Difficulty
Authors: Albert Richard 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Which constitution is the world’s most difficult to amend? Scholars of comparative constitutional law almost uniformly have the same answer: the U.S. Constitution. It has been amended relatively few times since its creation in 1787, thousands of amendment proposals have failed, and today it seems virtually impossible to amend. Is this enough to prove that the U.S. Constitution is the hardest to amend? This chapter examines rankings of amendment difficulty that focus on the codified rules of amendment, and concludes that none of them is a reliable ordering of relative rigidity and moreover that all of them have a fatal flaw: they fail to account for nontextual sources of amendment ease or difficulty. These nontextual sources include uncodified changes to formal amendment rules, popular veneration for the constitution, temporal variability in amendment difficulty, and prevailing cultures of amendment. The chapter shows that three different cultures of amendment can either exacerbate or assuage amendment difficulty: amendment culture as an accelerator of change, as a redirector of change, and as an incapacitator of change. This chapter also illustrates how and theorizes why formal amendment rules are sometimes modified in ways that ultimately remain invisible to scholars who take a narrow text-based approach to measure amendment difficulty. The chapter concludes both that rankings of amendment difficulty are doomed to failure and that they may not be worth the effort. This chapter considers constitutions from around the globe.
Finding Constitutional Amendments
Authors: Albert Richard 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Constitutional designers rarely ask many questions they should. How and where will the constitution indicate that it has been amended? Will it record the change at the end of the original constitution, or will the change be inserted directly into the founding text? And what about an uncodified constitution: How will it identify constitution-level changes? This chapter offers the first analysis into the options available to constitutional designers for codifying constitutional amendments. This chapter identifies and illustrates the four major models of amendment codification in the world: the appendative model in the United States, the integrative model in India, the invisible model in Ireland, and the disaggregative model in Great Britain. How and where to memorialize changes to the constitution entails implications for how interpreters of constitutional meaning will read the constitution in the course of adjudication, whether the constitution will become a focal point of reference in constitutional politics, and how intensely citizens will venerate their constitution. The way amendments are recorded is ultimately a choice about how and indeed whether a people chooses to remember its past. Today constitutional designers do not consider the consequences of amendment codification, but they should. This chapter explains why the choices involved in amendment codification concern more than mere aesthetics. This chapter considers constitutions from Canada, Great Britain, India, Ireland, Israel, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Saint Lucia, Spain, and the United States.
Big Chills
Authors: Verchick Robert R. M. , Sokol Karen C. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
As Cuba’s economic model evolves and market mechanisms take root, concerns over environmental degradation increase. These issues are relevant to Cuba’s long term development as well as its place in a broader international effort to implement rules and norms to improve environmental protections. This chapter explores the myriad contributions of Cuban and multinational legal structures to address these concerns. The chapter explores the current state of Cuban legislation and legal practices to address environmental protection. Through an assessment of the current legal structure and proposed reforms, the analysis addresses the potential for economic growth and environmental protection in the near future.
Transboundary Natures
Authors: Eckert Astrid M. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This chapter investigates the consequences of the border regime for landscape and wildlife. The ecological impact of the inter-German border has become widely known through the work of a postunification conservation project, the Green Belt. The chapter not only looks at the final ecological footprint of the Iron Curtain as evident in 1989–1990 but considers the effects of the East German border regime on landscape over time. It argues that these effects were neither purely detrimental to nor exclusively beneficial for nature and wildlife; hence neither a narrative of declension nor a narrative of creation adequately captures the dynamic influence of the border regime. This chapter introduces the term “transboundary natures” to refer to the landscapes shaped by the border, a concept that highlights the role of the border in landscape change, regardless of whether such change was embraced by contemporaries as advantageous for or rejected as deleterious to nature.
Overview
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Psychology was a relatively young science when Münsterberg published On the Witness Stand, and efforts to apply psychological principles to legal issues were not much older. Law and psychology take very different epistemological approaches, and the threads of the two disciplines have come together and diverged over the years. This chapter includes a brief biography of Münsterberg and a summary of other contemporary work that addressed legal issues. The chapter also introduces important contrasts that have been central to the field since Münsterberg’s day. Of particular note, Münsterberg conducted basic psychological research but is also considered a pioneer in the field of applied psychology, albeit at times an ambivalent one; and current tensions between clinical and experimental psychology date back to his day and the early years of the American Psychological Association.
The Memory of the Witness
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Here, Münsterberg emphasizes the importance of doing field studies as opposed to laboratory experiments. Contemporary eyewitness researchers have, until recently, largely ignored Münsterberg’s advice to study naïve witnesses. Rather, they have tended to favor well-controlled laboratory studies. This approach has yielded a wealth of useful data, but it has also been criticized as lacking relevance to real-world phenomena. The apparent “generalizability gap” has also been used by courts to dismiss experimental psychological research, despite little evidence showing that methodological variables alter empirical conclusions. This chapter compares the conclusions from the field studies with the laboratory findings to explore whether verisimilitude is a possible moderator. In addition, Münsterberg’s discussion of different sensory modalities raises the question of “earwitness” versus “eyewitness” memory. This chapter reviews research on earwitness versus eyewitness memory.
Suggestions in Court
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Neuschatz Jeffrey S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Although Münsterberg introduces this chapter with a clinical case study involving posthypnotic suggestion, the focus is on suggestibility and reconstructive memory processes broadly, including the role of individual differences (e.g., age, gender) and alcohol intoxication, which he supports with both experimental evidence and anecdotal observation. The documentation of suggestibility effects is one of the most significant contributions of modern research on eyewitness memory and has yielded important, now widely used, experimental approaches. False memories, in today’s parlance, are essentially the same as what Münsterberg calls pseudo-memories, and they have been demonstrated in a variety of situations and shown to have behavioral consequences. Consistent with Münsterberg’s impression, individual differences in suggestibility are key, especially age differences, with children and elderly adults both being more suggestible than young adults. The present chapter reviews experimental research on suggestibility, with the exception of hypnosis, to be treated in the next chapter.
The Holy One of Israel
Authors: Goodman Lenn E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Holy, holy, holy! The Lord of hosts! The fill of all the earth is His glory. In these few ecstatic words the prophet Isaiah captured the core of Jewish thinking about God, humanity and nature. If the idea of holiness points toward God’s transcendence, Isaiah’s balancing half-line comes down to earth, recognizing God’s presence throughout the world. This book is a philosophical exploration of that remarkable and distinctively Jewish idea—that God is everywhere, yet not in space. Here the author, long recognized as one of Judaism’s foremost living philosophers, explores what can be meant by God’s uniqueness, presence and perfection. In a text richly resonant with the classic Jewish sources and in dialogue with the great philosophers, Goodman probes the ideas of revelation, natural law, the problem of evil, the challenges and limits of the idea of God’s transcendence and God’s actions in and through nature, including human nature. The Holy One of Israel is must reading for anyone seriously interested in how our ideas about God can inform our lives and our thinking about individual and social responsibility and intellectual and artistic creativity and spiritual growth.
The Presence of the Holy
Authors: Goodman Lenn E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 speaks of how the idea of God works like a value concept, purging notions of worth that fail to cohere. Love, truth, and beauty fuse in the idea of God. Violence, cruelty, and deceit are purged. Pursuing the logic of perfection, we look to the idea of a perfect being, argued as a matter of theory by Plato. The Torah goes a step further, suppressing the myths of fractious and priapic gods. Justice is indissoluble from God’s identity. Grace and love become guides for our moral aspirations. Pursuing the idea of God’s goodness, we consider the binding of Isaac. Where sacrifice might have seemed the paradigm of piety, or arbitrary commands might seek to set God beyond mere goodness, I see a turning point: Abraham must choose between presuming that the highest devotion demands sacrifice of any lesser love, and the recognition that God’s absoluteness rests in goodness.
Natural Law
Authors: Goodman Lenn E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Natural law links moral and legal theory with natural theology and science. It is critical to thinking about God’s sovereignty and human freedom. Tracing the roots of the natural law idea, I defend the approach against conventionalism and legal positivism. For they leave human norms ungrounded. Chapter 7 opens by disarming Hume’s elenchus about ‘is’ and ‘ought’. I do not deny the reality of a naturalistic fallacy, but I do argue that facts make rightful claims on us and that the unity of reality and value central to Jewish thinking and to the philosophical great tradition does not confuse facts with values but does appreciate the preciousness of being—of life and personhood most pointedly. Once again here transcendence consorts with immanence. For we find God’s law writ subtly in nature, not least when we discover what it means to perfect ourselves as loving and creative human beings.