bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formy współpracy administracji publicznej z organizacjami pozarządowymi — na przykładzie stowarzyszeń i fundacji
Authors: Pleśniak Marcin 
Published: March 2020

Forms of cooperation between public administration and non-governmental organizations, on the example of associations and foundationsThe article describes relations and forms of cooperation between public administration bodies, both government and local government administration, and non-governmental organizations NGOs be­longing to the so-called “Third sector”. Associations and foundations are the most popular forms of NGOs. The basis for their functioning are the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, which guar­antees freedom of association and foundation, and relevant acts, i.e. Law of Foundations and Law of Associations. There is no single, closed definition of the terms: public administration and ad­ministrative body. In literature they are defined by an indication of their characteristic features. We distinguish two forms of cooperation between the third sector and public administration: financial and non-financial. Financial support forms include targeted donations to NGO’s public tasks, finan­cial guarantees, loans and sureties given to perform public service tasks. The range of non-financial forms of cooperation includes among others consultations with non-governmental organizations on formulating legal acts related to their statutory activities, the establishment of joint advisory boards, the creation of units supporting the activities of third sector organizations, or the transfer of real estate to be used by non-governmental organizations.
Prawo przedsiębiorców — przedsiębiorca i reglamentacja na nowo?
Authors: Łysoń Artur 
Published: March 2020

The Law of Entrepreneurs — entrepreneur and rationing anew?On 13 February 2017, the Government Center for Legislation published aproposed piece of legis­lation called Law of entrepreneurs prepared by the Ministry of Development and Finance. The pro­posed act is supposed to replace the Act on freedom of economic activity and, together with the package of other acts, will be called the “Business Constitution”. The proposed draft law actually contains anumber of far-reaching changes in the legal environment of entrepreneurs. Adetailed dis­cussion of all proposed changes is beyond the scope of asingle article. Therefore, the main emphasis will be on the analysis and attempt to evaluate the proposed solutions related to the modification of basic definitions such as economic activity and entrepreneur and solutions relating to economic rationing.
Status ochotniczych straży pożarnych w Niemczech
Authors: Niemiec Marcin 
Published: March 2020

The status of volunteer fire brigades in GermanyVolunteer fire brigades have existed in Germany since the mid-19th century. There are belong to the category of public fire brigades next to professional and mandatory fire brigades. They are performing public tasks of the community in the field of fire protection. They are also the basis for the system of this protection at the national level. They provide technical assistance in combating the effects of disasters, in the emergency service and in removing threats to the environment. They are based on the voluntary and social involvement of their members, and only partly on full-time professionals.
Entre mondanité et libertinage : figures de l’amitié dans les romans de Charles Sorel
Authors: Gauthier Patricia 
Published: March 2020

BETWEEN WORLDLY FRIENDSHIP AND LIBERTINAGE : FIGURES OF FRIENDSHIP IN CHARLES SOREL’S NOVELSFriendship was an essential ferment in the advent of a new kind of sociability in the seven­teenth-century France. The comic novel — and especially Sorel’s works— with its ambition to accurately portraiting the world, provides a unique vantage point for observing this phenomenon. Whether honest friendship is praised or mocked, Sorel offers various images of a link between the characters that is often tantamount to belonging to the same environment. As a criterion of social dis­crimination, friendship is shown in an ambivalent light: thus, Lysis is mocked by his friends because he does not control gallantry codes Berger extravagant. Yet, the purpose is not to denigrate a virtue regarded as fundamental in the social life. The reason why Neophile and Polyandre are friends yet love rivals Polyandre, just as are Francion and Cléandre Francion, is that narrative techniques shift the painting of friendship towards an aesthetic of varietas meant to make it plausible. Thus the characters embody different variations of the stereotype of worldly friendship, allowing the reader to question its role in the society of the time. This worldly aspect is complemented by Sorel with another one in which the society of friends constitutes a crucible for other values that are capable to transcend the artifice of the most commonly shared social codes to assert a libertine credo Francion.
Aktywizm miejski i nowe rozumienie kultury. Przyczynek do badań miejskich na Ukrainie i Białorusi
Authors: Rybczyńska Zoriana 
Published: March 2020

Urban activism and changesin the recognition of culture for example, Ukraine and BelarusIn the article the activity of urban activists is presented based on various examples, together with their main subjects and methods of operation. The problems occuring in this field in Ukraine and Belarus are also discussed. At the same time on the basis of this analysis, the author tries to answer a number of questions about the place and the creators of culture, of urban policies and rhetorical strategies defining culture and, finally, how the modern practices of urban activism impact the recognition of culture as a whole.
Kontrasty i syntezy. Retoryczne obrazy miast ogrodów
Authors: Szurek Agnieszka 
Published: March 2020

Contrasts and syntheses: Rhetorical images of garden citiesEbenezer Howard’s book Garden Cities of To-Morrow is not only a treatise on urban planning or a modern utopia, but also a rhetorical case, using carefully built argumentation scheme. The aim of this article is to show how Howard’s ideas are presented and supported, and how his whole work is centered around the romantic notion that “extremes meet”. Both Howard and Polish interpreters of his ideas presented garden cities as a remedy for urgent problems Lloyd F. Bitzer’s “exigence”. Their opinions on what exactly these problems are were, however, different. For Howard the most important aim was to draw people back to the country and provide them with cheaper, more comfortable houses. For Władysław Dobrzyński, the chief propagator of garden cities in Poland, the main problem were health conditions in Warsaw. The city is presented as ultimate evil, so the “marriage” between the country and the town is not possible and in fact not desired. Thus, Polish journalists and activists who tried to make Howard’s idea attractive to popular public, reversed his course of reasoning. In their visions extremes not only do not meet, but are radically separated. The city and the country, work and free time, gardens and industry are polar opposites. They can be reconciled not in actual, physical space, but only by leading a “double life”, shared between working in a city and living in an idyllic country refuge.
Zur REvolution des Populären. Christian Kracht und seine Bedeutung für die Popliteraturforschung
Authors: Jędrzejewski Maciej 
Published: March 2020

The revolution of the popular: Christian Kracht and its significance for pop literature researchThe aim of the study is the analysis of the reception of the German writer Christian Kracht in the pop literature research. As empirical material were used selected scientific articles about the pop literature. At the beginning are an introduction and theoretical elaborations. The second part focuses on analytic considerations. At the end is a summary. The thesis is that Kracht is considered one of the most important representatives of the pop literature. He contributed significantly to a revolution of the literary stream and the beginning of the New German Pop Literature in the 90s.
Orędzie prezydenckie w komunikacji publicznej — konwencja i/lub oryginalność a kontekst polityczny
Authors: Sękowska Elżbieta 
Published: March 2020

The proclamations of presidents in public communication — ritual and/or novelty and the political contextThe article analyses proclamations pronounced by four Polish presidents: S. Wojciechowski, I. Mościcki, L. Kaczyński and B. Komorowski. The president’s inaugural proclamation is a ritualised genre directed at the nation, concerning matters of high importance. Its structure depends on the political context which defines the topic, the audience and the role of the rhetoric subject. The proclamations contain axiological vocabulary, defined by the country’s historical situation, as well as pathetic constructions. Also, in this genre the impressive function predominates. The linguistic means of persuasion are independent of the historical period, nonetheless, its intensity differs. The construction of the implied receiver differs from text to text, which is aresult of the role taken by the speaker.
Nowe wyrazy w polszczyźnie XXI wieku odnoszące się do werbalnej agresji i przemocy
Authors: Zdunkiewicz-Jedynak Dorota 
Published: March 2020

New words relating to verbal aggression and violence in thetwenty-first century Polish languageAmongst discussed new Polish words referring to aggression and violence we can find only one word that really describes anew kind of verbal aggressive behaviour — hejting. Others relate to communication behaviours known outside of the network, in our times Internet provides only new possibilities of their realisation cyberbullying, cyberstalking or trolling.
Dopuszczalność „złotej akcji” w polskim systemie prawa spółek
Authors: Piotrowski Tomasz 
Published: March 2020

The admissibility of the “golden share” in Polish stock companyThe present article is devoted to admissibility of the “golden share” in Polish stock company. The current legislation does not explicitly allow or prohibit the existence of this statutory instrument. The article considered the possibility of granting such special privileges both as a shareholding privilege and as a personal right granted to a shareholder. The admissibility of these concepts has been assessed on the basis of the rules and common rules of company law, as well as the concepts incompatible with them has been criticised. In addition, the issue of statutory “gold shares” of the State Treasury, which grants the relevant minister a right to object to the specific decisions of the company, is outlined. Regulations and concepts under the current and previous law has been compared, as well as the above solutions were compared with the general rules and principles of company law.
Służebność gruntowa o treści odpowiadającej służebności przesyłu w świetle najnowszego orzecznictwa Trybunału Konstytucyjnego
Authors: Barańska Anna Maria 
Published: March 2020

Problem konstytucyjności służebności gruntowej o treści odpowiadającej służebności przesyłu oraz możliwości jej zasiedzenia jest przedmiotem ożywionej dyskusji już blisko od dekady. Mimo ugruntowanej i jednolitej linii orzeczniczej Sądu Najwyższego w tym zakresie sądy powszechne cały czas mają wątpliwości, czy ta wykładnia znajduje umocowanie w przepisach kodeksu cywilnego. Nie odmawiając interpretacji Sądu Najwyższego funkcjonalności, nie sposób jednak nie zauważyć towarzyszących jej mankamentów. Z tego względu warte uwagi są ostatnie orzeczenia Trybunału Konstytucyjnego, który zdaje się po raz pierwszy zdecydował się przełamać swoją bierną postawę. Building lease with the content corresponding to transmission easement in the light of the latest case law of the Constitutional TribunalThe problem of the constitutionality of a building lease with the content corresponding to transmission easement and the possibility of acquisitive prescription has been the subject of lively discussion already for almost a decade. Despite the well-established and unified jurisprudence of the Supreme Court in this regard, common courts constantly have doubts whether this interpretation is in line with the provisions of the Civil Code. The Supreme Court’s interpretation is thought to have some shortcomings. That is why the last ruling of the Constitutional Tribunal is worth paying attention to, as the Constitutional Tribunal seems to be for the first time active in this topic.
Charakter prawny zobowiązania awalisty — przegląd orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego
Authors: Wszołek Roksana 
Published: March 2020

Niniejszy artykuł stanowi przegląd orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego w przedmiocie kształtowania przez niego charakteru zobowiązania poręczyciela wekslowego. Ustawowa regulacja tej instytucji nie jest wyczerpująca, więc wymaga doprecyzowania przez doktrynę i judykaturę. Publikacja jest deliberowaniem nad typowymi cechymi zobowiązania awalisty jakimi są: abstrakcyjność, solidarność, nieodwołalność, akcesoryjność formalna, samodzielność i bezwarunkowość oraz scharakteryzowano je pokrótce w oparciu o tezy i uzasadnienia Sądu Najwyższego oraz literaturę. Autorka wyraża ponadto swoją opinię na temat słuszności pewnych wniosków SN, odnosząc się do nich aprobująco bądź krytycznie. Legal character of the avalist’s obligation — review of the Supreme Court’s case lawThis article is a review of the Supreme Court’s case law regarding the nature of the commitment from a bill of exchange. The statutory regulation of this institution is not exhaustive, and thus it requires clarification by doctrine and judicature. The publication indicates typical features of the avalist’s commitment: abstractionism, solidarity, irrevocability, formal accessibility, independence and unconditionality, and they are characterized briefly in relation to the thesis and justifications of the Supreme Court. Furthermore, the author expresses her opinion about certain theses of the Supreme Court: she approves some of them and criticizes others.
The Internet as a public place and a place of committing a prohibited act: Comments regarding the judgment of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland, case ref. no. IV KK 296/17
Authors: Kluza Jan , Sączek Konrad 
Published: March 2020

The paper concerns the analysis of the possibility for classifying the Internet as a public place, which is of extraordinary legal significance with regard to the fulfilment of the criteria of many prohibited acts. Such a statement was presented by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland in its judgment of 17 April 2018, case ref. no. IV KK 296/17. This paper attempts to assess the standpoint of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Poland and the way it is reflected in various factual situations. To determine whether the Internet can constitute a public space in the sense of criminal law, several factors must be indicated, including, first of all, the application of an appropriate interpretation of the norms of criminal law. Internet jako miejsce publiczne popełnienia przestępstwa — uwagi na tle wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 17 kwietnia 2018 roku, sygn. akt IV KK 296/17Artykuł zawiera analizę możliwości zakwalifikowania Internetu jako miejsca publicznego, co ma swoje doniosłe znaczenie prawne dla spełnienia znamion wielu typów czynów zabronionych. Taką tezę zaprezentował Sąd Najwyższy w wyroku z dnia 17 kwietnia 2018 roku sygn. IV KK 296/17. Niniejszy tekst to próba oceny stanowiska Sądu Najwyższego oraz jego przełożenia na różnorakie stany faktyczne. W kwestii tego, czy Internet może stanowić miejsce publiczne w rozumieniu prawa karnego, trzeba wskazać na kilka okoliczności, przede wszystkim na zastosowanie właściwego sposobu wykładni norm prawa karnego.
Inside information and insider trading
Authors: Hnyluch Sobański Konrad 
Published: March 2020

EU law acts often have a built-in element of the so-called self-control, consisting in verification of the effectiveness of regulation after a specified period of time from the entry into force of a legal act. In the year 2019, the Market Abuse Regulation MAR, which in 2016 introduced new regulations concerning confidential information and trade related to internal information, causing a revolution in the capital market, will be reviewed. Numerous new duties were imposed on market participants, among others in the field of transaction reporting, access to confidential information, the circle of persons having access to confidential information. Due to the above, the article discusses the regulations of confidential information and related obligations imposed on market participants, based on the current achievements of the doctrine and judicatory. These considerations have been confronted with the undesirable element of having confidential information, i.e. insider trading. Often, an entity that has access to specific confidential information uses it in an unlawful manner to achieve its own profit. This causes inequalities in access to market information and leads to distortions in the transparency of financial markets. The article also included a polemic on the morality of insider dealing. Informacja poufna w obrocie papierami wartościowymiAkty prawa unijnego często mają wbudowany element tak zwanej samokontroli self controlling, polegający na weryfikacji skuteczności regulacji po upływie określonego czasu od wejścia w życie aktu prawnego. Na rok 2019 przypada rewizja rozporządzenia MAR Market Abuse Regulation, które wprowadzając w 2016 roku nowe regulacje dotyczące informacji poufnej i obrotu związanego z informacją wewnętrzną, spowodowało rewolucję na rynku kapitałowym. Na uczestników rynku zostały nałożone nowe liczne obowiązki, między innymi w zakresie raportowania transakcji, dostępu do informacji poufnej czy też kręgu osób mających dostęp do informacji poufnej. Z uwagi na to w artykule omówione zostały regulacje informacji poufnej oraz związanych z nią obowiązków nałożonych na uczestników rynku, opierając się na aktualnym dorobku doktryny i dostępnym orzecznictwie. Rozważania zostały zestawione z niepożądanym elementem posiadania informacji poufnej, to jest insider trading. Często podmiot mający dostęp do określonych informacji poufnych wykorzystuje je w sposób bezprawny dla osiągnięcia własnego zysku. Powoduje to nierówności w dostępie do informacji rynkowych i prowadzi do zaburzenia transparentności rynków finansowych. W artykule podjęto również polemikę co do moralności wykorzystywania informacji poufnych.
Hyperlink networks as a means of mobilization used by far-right movements
Authors: Fujdiak Ina , Ocelík Petr 
Published: March 2020

The article provides an analysis of the mobilization strategies of far-right movements from the Czech Republic and Germany based on the content they provide via hyperlinks on their websites. Vertical and reticular characteristics of the hyperlinked pages have been analyzed, two aspects which form central parts of the mobilization strategies of social movements. The vertical level refers to territorial relations, while the reticular level refers to relations with other actors. The analyses confirmed that the movements focused on the vertical level to their countries of origin. With respect to reticular characteristics the type of hyperlinked content neither differs significantly throughout countries, nor throughout segments of the far-right movement. Additionally, the analysis of the type of hyperlinked content provides insight into the general mobilization strategies employed.
Gdzie jest gej? O nazwach przestrzeni w pierwszych polskich pismach gejowskich
Authors: Nowak Tomasz Łukasz 
Published: March 2020

Where is a gay? On names of space in the first Polish gay magazinesGay zines of the 1980s and 1990s make up a unique communication space of gay communities at a time when communication was clearly problematic and in small towns even impossible, especially given the fact that communication over the internet did not begin until the mid-1990s. That is why the press became a sort of gay information agency, a platform for information and experience sharing and — most importantly — a record of the language of sexual minorities at the time.In the article the author describes the spaces real and mental presented in gay magazines, their names and selected names of things, types of behaviour etc. inextricably linked to these spaces. In his research he draws on M. Foucault’s concept of heterotopia and on the concept of subversion of space essential to the building of a gay community at the time. He points to the process of creating such spaces by taking over and recoding as well as redefining, in the gay sociolect, what was originally heteronorma­tive. Finally, he draws a linguistic map of the spaces of gay culture.
Nowy wymiar niepełnosprawności? Rozważania na temat wpływu pojęć na wizerunek osób z różnymi dysfunkcjami
Authors: Burczyc Dorota 
Published: March 2020

A new dimension of disability? Reflections on the impact of concepts on the image of people with various dysfunctionsThe work focuses on the impact of concepts on the image of people with disabilities. The article is based on research on interpretation of both “disabled person” and “person with disability” terms. The survey was performed among students at the University of Wroclaw at the Faculty of Philology.The results of this study indicate the scale and scope of ignorance regarding the disability among society. Indicates on the gap caused by the mismatch of language with respect to the constantly changing quality of life of people with disabilities. Research results are important from the point of view of design­ing communication tools, especially social advertising.
Analiza kulturoznawcza dwóch akapitów z „Pamiętników” Jana Chryzostoma Paska
Authors: Stabrowski Marcin 
Published: March 2020

Cultural analysis of two paragraphs of Jan Chryzostom Pasek’s MemoirsThe article was written as an outcome of the workshops organized during conference “Personal accounts in research experience”. Its aim was to present the differences between sociology, history, literary studies and history of culture. The aim of the author was to present a research method specif­ic to cultural studies. Culture was understood, according to S. Pietraszko, as a way of living towards the values and as such it is a part of the Lebenswelt, whereas the typology of values was taken from the writings of Max Scheler. The analysis of historical sources is aimed at grasping a possible valua­tion in a given time and space. In two paragraphs of “Memoirs” by Jan Chryzostom Pasek particular types of values were found and a question about their precedence was asked. Dominant values in the Pasekʼs Lebenswelt were holiness and vitality. They were above in the hierarchy of values law, beauty and utility. The analysis enabled reconstruction of piety of Sarmatian memoirist, his image of God and his views about war, violence and community.
Ciało w odcieleśnionej rzeczywistości. „Tango” Kultury Zrzuty
Authors: Pawlak Ada Florentyna 
Published: March 2020

Body in disembodied reality. The „Pitch-In Culture” and „Tango”This is an essay about PITCH-IN CULTURE — an alternative current, alternative group of artists, who in the 1980s in Lodz had created an autonomic space, an artistic shelter which let them function away from an official, mainstream structures of life and its culture designed by the state. Counterculture from Lodz, rebelling against reality and fictional freedom created by author­ities, found its space in the city centre, in the attic of one of townhouses. THE ATTIC had be­come an agora of underground, place of transgression of enforced schemes, clichés, patterns and truths. According to an idea — DO IT YOURSELF — DIY they published handmade magazine with art works that aroused or were related to sexual desire, often incorporating nude figures.