bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Geochemical Baseline Mapping in India for Environmental Management Using Topsoil
Authors: Govil Pradip K. , Krishna A. Keshav , Dimri V. P. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
As a part of International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS)/ International Association of Geochemistry (IAGC) Task Group on Global Geochemical Baselines, CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR-NGRI), Hyderabad, India has carried out geochemical baseline mapping of India to provide high quality data for a wide range of environmental applications. A project based on IUGS global baselines project was initiated by NGRI to cover the whole of India which is having 122 Global Terrestrial Network (GTN)/Global Reference Network (GRNs) of 160 x 160 km. Soil samples were studied in 115 out of the 122 GRN cells in India. 544 topsoil samples were collected for these studies. The soil samples were collected as per the guidelines given in the IUGS/IAGC field manual. The samples were analyzed for 10 major and 12 trace elements (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, TiO2, P2O5, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, V, Y, Zn and Zr) by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer at NGRI. The analytical data were computed to prepare geochemical maps showing the distribution of major oxides and trace elements all over India. These maps will help to know the distribution of the toxic and hazardous metals and their relation to human health. These maps also help to see the hot spots for the entire country and in suggesting remedial measures.
The “Lower Kaimur Porcellanite” (Vindhyan Supergroup) is of Sedimentary Origin and not Tuff
Authors: Choudhuri Adrita , Schieber Juergen , Sarkar Subir , Bickford Marion E. , Basu Abhijit 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The ‘Lower Kaimur Porcellanite’ from the Proterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup (~1700-900? Ma) is not only a chronostratigraphic marker but also an indicator of the tectonic setting of the basin. A few other silicified shaly units (porcellanites) from the upper strata have been thought to be tuff. New petrographic (optical microscopic; SEM-BSE), chemical, and U-Pb zircon geochronological studies of the lowermost of these suspected tuff units, however, do not support an igneous origin for these beds. The rocks do not contain phenocrysts or glass shards, but contain remains of mineralized microbial spheres, mudclasts, and other detrital grains that include one datable zircon grain (~1715 Ma). Their chemical compositions are not diagnostic of tuff. Despite this result, investigations of other porcellanites from Upper Vindhyan strata is recommended, because they have the potential of identifying crucially important tuff beds.
Sub-watershed Prioritization Based on Drainage Morphometric Analysis: A Case Study of Cauvery River Basin in South India
Authors: Arulbalaji P. , Padmalal D. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Prioritization of sub-watersheds in a river basin using morphometric parameters is one of the simplest approaches for development of watersheds for its use and management. In this perspective, a study has been undertaken in the Cauvery river basin in South India, using morphometric analysis of the entire river basin in relation to its 17 sixth order sub-watersheds. In this study, automated extraction of drainage network method was applied using geospatial techniques. Drainage morphometric analysis was performed through linear, aerial and relief aspects. Strahler stream order classification was applied for classifying the stream order. In general, dendritic and sub-dendritic types of drainage patterns are noticed in the Cauvery river basin. The total length of the river and basin area are 800 km and 82283 km2, respectively. Hypsometric analysis reveals that about 30% of the study area is covered by steep slope with deeply dissected landscapes and the remaining 70% spreads essentially in the Mysore plateau and Tamil Nadu plains which are generally having gentle slopes with an equilibrium stage of landscape development. Prioritization of sub-watershed was carried out based on compound parameter analysis by adding the values of linear and shape parameters of each sub-watershed. The results of prioritization of sub-watersheds reveal that about 88% of sub-watersheds that spread in the river basin fall under high and moderate priority categories for water resource developments. Only two subwatersheds fall under the low priority category which in turn are safe in the case of water resource development. The study warrants the need for more focused investigations and corrective measures including construction of appropriate recharge structures for improving the water potential of the river basin.
Assessment of Ground Water Quality of Central and Southeast Districts of NCT of Delhi
Authors: Bidhuri Swati , Khan Mohd Mazhar Ali 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The river Yamuna has become a waste water reservoir due to the disposal of municipal and industrial waste into the river. Most of the water treatment plants are either not working at all or they are overloaded for their respective capacities. Yamuna is the main source for the replenishment of ground water in the study area. Hence the assessment of ground water quality seems to be essential. The present study is confined to evaluate the groundwater quality of central and southeast districts of NCT of Delhi. In this study, arithmetic weighted water quality index (WQI) method is applied for analysing the quality of groundwater. Spatial interpolation model was applied to depict the groundwater quality potentiality map of the area. The results so obtained reveal that the groundwater of the study area is completely unpotable for drinking as well as for other domestic usage without proper treatment because maximum part of the study area exhibits a very high WQI value.
Evaluation Method of ARAS Combining Simulator Experiment and Computer Simulation in Terms of Cost-Benefit Analysis
Authors: Lee Joohyeong , Ozaki Ikumi , Kishino Saya , Suzuki Keisuke 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this study, we propose an evaluation method for an Advanced Rider Assistance System (ARAS) for two-wheeled vehicles, combining riding simulator experiments and computer simulations in terms of cost-benefit analysis. This evaluation method focuses on the collision warning system at intersections using an ARAS for two-wheeled vehicles. The study was carried out experiments with 30 test subjects who have two-wheeled vehicle licenses and are not novice riders. To quantify the accident-reduction effect, a Monte-Carlo simulation based on a time-series reliability model was used. Based on the collision probability results derived from the Monte-Carlo Simulation, the overall error probability as a human-machine system was calculated based on an integrated error model. In addition, cost-benefit analysis was conducted to quantify the social benefits and costs of introducing the ARAS to the market. As a result, we confirmed that the system can be beneficial after 4 years when introduced into the market.
Is the IDH Mutation a Good Target for Chondrosarcoma Treatment?
Authors: Cojocaru Elena , Wilding Christopher , Engelman Bodil , Huang Paul , Jones Robin L. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChondrosarcomas are rare cancers of bone that arise from the malignant transformation of cells of chondrocytic lineage. They are known to be resistant to systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The mainstay of management of localised disease is en bloc surgical resection with curative intent. Metastatic chondrosarcoma has a dismal prognosis, and to date, there are no proven effective systemic therapies in the advanced setting. Genomic studies have demonstrated that 50 to 80% of chondrosarcomas harbour a mutation in either the IDH1 or IDH2 gene. IDH inhibitors are currently under investigation in clinical trials, after showing promising results in phase 1 studies in IDH mutated cancers. In chondrosarcoma, IDH mutations represent an attractive target, however, early results with IDH inhibitors in IDH mutated chondrosarcoma are modest and the final results of ongoing trials are eagerly awaited.
shinyChromosome: An R/Shiny Application for Interactive Creation of Non-Circular Plots of Whole Genomes
Authors: Yu Yiming , Yao Wen , Wang Yuping , Huang Fangfang 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Non-circular plots of whole genomes are natural representations of genomic data aligned along all chromosomes. Currently, there is no specialized graphical user interface (GUI) designed to produce non-circular whole genome diagrams, and the use of existing tools requires considerable coding effort from users. Moreover, such tools also require improvement, including the addition of new functionalities. To address these issues, we developed a new R/Shiny application, named shinyChromosome, as a GUI for the interactive creation of non-circular whole genome diagrams. shinyChromosome can be easily installed on personal computers for own use as well as on local or public servers for community use. Publication-quality images can be readily generated and annotated from user input using diverse widgets. shinyChromosome is deployed at http://150.109.59.144:3838/shinyChromosome/, http://shinyChromosome.ncpgr.cn, and https://yimingyu.shinyapps.io/shinyChromosome for online use. The source code and manual of shinyChromosome are freely available at https://github.com/venyao/shinyChromosome.
Information‐Based Machine Learning for Tracer Signature Prediction in Karstic Environments
Authors: Mewes B. , Oppel H. , Marx V. , Hartmann A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractKarstic groundwater systems are often investigated by a combination of environmental or artificial tracers. One of the major downsides of tracer‐based methods is the limited availability of tracer measurements, especially in data sparse regions. This study presents an approach to systematically evaluate the information content of the available data, to interpret predictions of tracer concentration from machine learning algorithms, and to compare different machine learning algorithms to obtain an objective assessment of their applicability for predicting environmental tracers. There is a large variety of machine learning approaches, but no clear rules exist on which of them to use for this specific problem. In this study, we formulated a framework to choose the appropriate algorithm for this purpose. We compared four different well‐established machine learning algorithms (Support Vector Machines, Extreme Learning Machines, Decision Trees, and Artificial Neural Networks) in seven different karst springs in France for their capability to predict tracer concentrations, in this case SO42− and NO3−, from discharge. Our study reveals that the machine learning algorithms are able to predict some characteristics of the tracer concentration, but not the whole variance, which is caused by the limited information content in the discharge data. Nevertheless, discharge is often the only information available for a catchment, so the ability to predict at least some characteristics of the tracer concentrations from discharge time series to fill, for example, gaps or increase the database for consecutive analyses is a helpful application of machine learning in data sparse regions or for historic databases.
Competing Topographic Mechanisms for the Summer Indo‐Asian Monsoon
Authors: Acosta R. P. , Huber M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe Indo‐Asian Monsoon (IAM) has changed as the topographies of Asia were assembled into their current configuration. Understanding complex interactions between topography and the IAM through time has been hampered, in part, by poorly resolved topography and atmospheric dynamics in climate models. Here, we employ high‐resolution (0.23° × 0.31°) global climate simulations, to more accurately capture these interactions. We find that the Himalayas and Tibet primarily redirect the onshore moisture transport and produce local orographic precipitation. The Iranian Plateau is the primary gatekeeper, insulating the pool of high‐enthalpy air in the Indo‐Gangetic Plain (IGP) from westerly low‐enthalpy advection. But, even when such high‐enthalpy air exists along the IGP, vigorous precipitation in the region (poleward of 25°N) still requires orographic steering and lifting. The large‐scale circulations—largely governed by sea surface temperature gradients—robustly advect water vapor onshore regardless of topography. Thus, neither topography nor localized enthalpy air drives onshore monsoon flow.
Intermodel Uncertainty in the Projection of the Anomalous Western North Pacific Anticyclone Associated With El Niño Under Global Warming
Authors: Wu Mingna , Zhou Tianjun , Chen Xiaolong , Wu Bo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBased on 34 coupled models from Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, we found that the projected changes in the western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone (WNPAC) during El Niño decaying summers show large spread among the models due to different decaying paces of El Niño. Models with a slower (faster) decaying El Niño are followed by weakened (intensified) tropical central Pacific cooling, which further drives a weaker (stronger) WNPAC through inducing weakened (intensified) descending Rossby waves to its west. The decaying pace of El Niño is dominated by the wintertime WNPAC because the easterly surface wind anomalies to its southern flank are critical to El Niño demise. Both the El Niño‐related sea surface temperature anomaly and the precipitation sensitivity to such kind of sea surface temperature anomaly under global warming could affect the wintertime WNPAC.
Predicting the Downward and Surface Influence of the February 2018 and January 2019 Sudden Stratospheric Warming Events in Subseasonal to Seasonal (S2S) Models
Authors: Rao Jian , Garfinkel Chaim I. , White Ian P. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUsing the real‐time predictions from 11 models, this study analyzes the prediction of the downward propagation and surface impact of the 2018 and 2019 sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs). These two SSWs differed both in their morphology types (2018: split; 2019: displacement followed by split) and magnitudes (the former being stronger). With a large sample size (>2,200) of multimodel ensemble forecasts, it is revealed that the strength of the SSW is more important than the vortex morphology in determining the magnitude of its downward impact, with strong SSWs more likely to propagate downward than weak SSWs. Therefore, based on the probabilistic forecasts, the observed strong SSW in February 2018 was more likely to have a downward and surface impact than the January 2019 SSW. The relationship between the 10‐hPa dominant wave number and the 100‐hPa polar cap height (or the Northern Annular Mode) is weak, implying that the dominant wave number might not be the primary factor determining the downward propagation of SSWs in the two analyzed cases. Hence, the high polar cap height (or negative Northern Annular Mode) response in the lower stratosphere and troposphere following the February 2018 SSW is mainly attributed to its strong intensity rather than the split morphology. Further, the 2‐m temperature anomaly pattern following the January 2019 SSW is not forecasted due to its weak downward propagation, whereas the 2‐m temperature in North Eurasia, Middle East, south China, and eastern United States could be forecasted for the downward propagating February 2018 SSW. However, regional rainfall anomalies are poorly forecasted (both in a deterministic and probabilistic sense) for both SSWs.
Precession‐ and Obliquity‐Induced Changes in Moisture Sources for Enhanced Precipitation Over the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Bosmans J.H.C. , van der Ent R.J. , Haarsma R.J. , Drijfhout S.S. , Hilgen F.J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEnhanced winter precipitation over the Mediterranean Sea at times of minimum precession and maximum obliquity, that is, times of enhanced insolation seasonality, could provide freshwater required to form orbitally paced sedimentary cycles across the Mediterranean, offering a possible alternative to monsoonal runoff. We investigate the sources of the enhanced winter precipitation, by applying a moisture tracking model on the results of idealized orbital extreme experiments with a state‐of‐the‐art climate model. Precession and obliquity enhance precipitation in fall and winter. Our study shows that the source of enhanced precipitation over the Mediterranean Sea differs during the winter half‐year. In fall, the majority of the precession‐induced precipitation increase originates from the Mediterranean itself. However, in late winter, the increase can be attributed to enhanced moisture advection from the Atlantic. This agrees with changes in evaporation and air‐sea temperature differences over the Mediterranean. The obliquity‐induced precipitation increase shows much less differences, with an equal contribution of local and Atlantic sources. The mechanism behind the Atlantic source of moisture, particularly important in late winter for precession‐induced precipitation changes, is related to a weakened Azores High and slightly higher surface pressure over North Africa. The resulting anomalous circulation patterns generate enhanced Atlantic moisture transport toward the Mediterranean. These mechanisms coincide with weaker storm track activity over the North Atlantic, opposite to previous studies that often attribute enhanced Mediterranean winter precipitation to a southward shift and intensification of the Atlantic storm track. We thus provide an alternative mechanism for Atlantic sources of orbitally paced Mediterranean precipitation changes.
Who Are we Measuring and Modeling for? Supporting Multilevel Decision‐Making in Watershed Management
Authors: Bremer Leah L. , Hamel Perrine , Ponette‐González Alexandra G. , Pompeu Patricia V. , Saad Sandra I. , Brauman Kate A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAs watershed management programs have become more common globally, so have efforts to support these initiatives through hydrologic modeling and monitoring. However, these efforts are often guided by oversimplified assumptions of how management programs work and the quantity, quality, and type of information needed to support their planning, implementation, and evaluation. Semi‐structured interviews and focus groups with project managers, funders, and participants in three watershed management programs in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil revealed a range of hydrologic modeling and monitoring needs of watershed management programs. We identify five opportunities for hydrologic information to support overlapping management contexts: (1) inspire action and support, (2) inform investment decisions, (3) engage with potential participants, (4) prioritize location and types of activities at regional to national scales, and (5) evaluate program success. Within these opportunities, understanding who will use the information generated and how they will do so is critical to increasing the salience, credibility, and legitimacy of modeling efforts. Hydrologic modeling and monitoring play a small but critical role in the larger context of program conceptualization, design, implementation, and evaluation; grounding these efforts in local contexts supports watershed management projects in relevant and effective ways.
Satellite Gravimetry Improves Seasonal Streamflow Forecast Initialization in Africa
Authors: Getirana Augusto , Jung Hahn Chul , Arsenault Kristi , Shukla Shraddhanand , Kumar Sujay , Peters‐Lidard Christa , Maigari Issoufou , Mamane Bako 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWest Africa is one of the poorest regions in the world and highly vulnerable to extreme hydrological events due to the lack of reliable monitoring and forecast systems. For the first time, we demonstrate that initial hydrological conditions informed by satellite‐based terrestrial water storage (TWS) estimates improve seasonal streamflow forecasts. TWS variability detected by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellites is assimilated into a land surface model during 2003–2016 and used to initialize 6‐month hindcasts (i.e., forecasts of past events) during West Africa's wet seasons. We find that GRACE data assimilation (DA) generally increases groundwater and soil moisture storage in the region, resulting in increased evapotranspiration and reduced total runoff. Total runoff is particularly lower at the headwaters of the Niger River, positively impacting streamflow simulations and hindcast initializations. Compared to simulations without GRACE‐DA, hindcasts are notably improved at locations draining from large basin areas, in particular, over the Niger River basin, which is consistent with GRACE's coarse spatial resolution. The long memory of groundwater and deep soil moisture, two main TWS components updated by GRACE‐DA, is reflected in prolonged improvements in the streamflow hindcasts. Model accuracy at Niamey, Niger, the most populated city where streamflow observations are available, improved up to 33% during the flood season. These new findings directly contribute to ongoing developments in food security, flood potential forecast, and water‐related disaster warning systems for Africa.
Fault ride‐through of grid‐connected THIPWM fired DCMLI‐based DFIG using parallel switched feedback‐controlled DVR
Authors: Hossam‐Eldin Ahmed A. , Negm Abdallah Emtethal , Elgamal Mohamed S. , AboRas Kareem M. 
Published: January 2020

The proposed approach shows that the DCMLI systems generate a near sinusoidal voltage with reduced total harmonic distortion (THD). The power quality of the DFIG system is upgraded. A modified feedback control technique of DVR is pivotal to improve the capability of FRT in WECS based on DFIG like voltage sag, dip, swell, active and reactive power support with no tripping in the DFIG. It also achieves a flexible control solution for balanced and unbalanced fault conditions. The modified feedback DVR control overcomes any fault conditions that occur in the grid. The proposed system with DVR showed to be stable, very effective and verified. The main feature of using such combined control is verified through MATLAB/Simulink based simulation results of a 1.5 MW grid‐connected WECS based on DFIG. It has been verified under different operating conditions based on wind speed to test THD levels and under different fault conditions, to test ride‐through capabilities. The results showed good power quality performance and good FRT capability during various fault scenarios. The results are compared to the recently updated grid code standards, which make large wind farms to be treated, in the future, like conventional power plants.
Effects of cost optimised grid configuration on earthing system performance: a comparative assessment
Authors: Sengar Kaushal Pratap , Chandrasekaran Kandasamy 
Published: January 2020

This study presents the comparative analysis of earthing grid configurations to determine the optimum design in terms of safety parameters and cost for 66/11 kV substation. For different grid configurations, a fixed earthing area of 9000 m2 was considered. Rectangular, triangular, L‐shaped and T‐shaped grids buried in two‐layer soil model were considered for this study. Three methods, i.e. ANSI/IEEE standard 80‐2000, finite element method and genetic algorithm, were used to design the grids. All safety constraints as mentioned in the IEEE standard were followed for designing the earthing grid. A new mathematical cost function (CF) was proposed for designing an effective and economic L‐shaped, T‐shaped and triangular earthing systems. The CFs used in this study include grid depth, dimensions of earthing rod and horizontal conductor, number of rods and conductors, revetment and excavation area. The economic earthing grid obtained through the proposed method reduces the total cost related to grid materials, installation and excavation. Analysis also showed that the rectangular grid showed preferred results in terms of safety parameters while the triangular grid showed optimum cost design for the earthing system under study. Good agreements were found with the rectangular earthing grid in comparison with triangular, T‐shape and L‐shape configurations.