bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and flowering of young cocoa plants is promoted by organic and nitrate-based fertiliser amendments
Authors: Lambert Smilja , bin Purung Hussin , Syawaluddin  , McMahon Peter 
Published: December 2020

SummaryCocoa (Theobroma cacao) farmers in Sulawesi, Indonesia typically use subsidised, ammonium-based rice fertilisers that in combination with poor agricultural practices have resulted in soil acidification, loss of organic matter, aluminium toxicity and lower soil fertility. As a result, these soils are only marginally appropriate for replanting cocoa to boost production. A field experiment was performed to test alternative soil amendments for successful replanting of cocoa on these deficient soils. In a trial with a randomised block design, 6-month old seedlings, top-grafted with the local MCC02 clone, were planted under light Gliricidia sepium shade and after 3 months treated quarterly with two options of mineral fertilisers: either a customised fertiliser, consisting of Nitrabor (a combination of calcium nitrate and boron), dolomite, rock phosphate and KCl or a NPK/urea mix used by farmers, each supplied with or without ‘micronutrient’ rock salt, organic fertiliser and beneficial microorganisms or their culture medium, a mixture of chitin and amino acids (a total of 20 treatments). Over a 4-year period, the marginal mean rates of stem diameter increment and flowering score were higher in customised fertiliser than NPK/urea treatments. The average growth rate was highest in the first year and was increased by supplying organic fertiliser. A significant correlation (r = 0.22, p < 0.05) occurred between growth and available P, but concentrations of available P were higher in the NPK/urea plots, which also had lower mean growth rates. Combined supply of organic fertiliser and microbes increased available P, as well as growth rates, in both the customised and NPK/urea treatments. In contrast, NPK/urea-treated plots without these amendments demonstrated very low growth rates. The customised formulation was more effective with or without added organic fertiliser or inoculated microbes. Micronutrient supply stimulated flowering. Growth rates in trees supplied with NPK/urea were also promoted by micronutrients. Leaf flush production occurred in regular cycles and was unaffected by the nutrient amendments. After 3 years, the customised and organic fertiliser application increased soil pH and exchangeable Ca and Mg concentrations, although they remained below recommended levels for cocoa production. These treatments had little impact on soil C content (about 1.3%) which was also deficient. Exchangeable Al and total Zn concentrations were higher in soils amended with NPK/urea. The results of the trial provide evidence that utilisation of organic fertiliser in combination with customised nitrate-based formulations improves cocoa establishment, growth and soil properties and should be recommended as a replacement for the NPK/urea fertilisers traditionally used by farmers.
Al-Dāraquṭnı̄'s (d. 385 ah) Faḍā’il al-Ṣaḥāba: Mild anger and the history of emotions in religious merits literature
Authors: Khalek Nancy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis essay analyses the sole extant chapter of a fourth/tenth-century Faḍā'il al-Ṣaḥaba work by the ḥadı̄th critic and scholar Al-Ḥasan ʿAlı̄ ibn ʿUmar ibn Aḥmad Ibn Mahdı̄ ibn Masʿūd al-Dāraquṭnı̄ (d. 385/995). As scholars have noted, faḍā’il literature beyond the chapters on religious merits of the Companions in the Ṣaḥı̄ḥayn is among a number of sub-genres of tradition-based literature (alongside, for example, targhı̄b wa tarhı̄b), which tends largely to be comprised of weak, non-canonical ḥadı̄th. This has generally been interpreted as evidence of the acceptability of “lower standards” for the inclusion of ḥadı̄th in exhortatory or edifying literature (lower when compared to standards for the authentication of ḥadı̄th in relation to law). This conceptualization both centres law as the dominant lens through which to view the reception of ḥadı̄th in general, and contributes to the marginalization of faḍā’il literature as merely folkloric. Using a history of emotions perspective to elucidate the nature and mechanisms of edification and pious instruction in faḍā’il texts, this essay argues that far from being marginal, faḍā’il works were central to the formation of emotional communities and to the construction of pious subjects in the Būyid period. Al-Dāraquṭnı̄'s fragmentary text reflects how a well-known and highly respected fourth-century ḥadı̄th scholar capitalized on the emotional resonances and sectarian ambiguities made available by the abundance of non-legal and non-prophetic ḥadı̄th generated during the second and third centuries ah.
Evolutionary mechanisms of choice: Hayekian perspectives on neurophilosophical foundations of neuroeconomics
Authors: Herrmann-Pillath Carsten 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHayek’s seminal contribution to theoretical neurosciences,The Sensory Order(1952) remains neglected in current efforts at integrating the neurosciences, psychology and economics. I defend the view that Hayek presents the case for an evolutionary alternative to leading paradigms in the field and look at two in more detail: the good-based model in neuroeconomics and the dual systems approach in behavioural economics. In both cases, essential Hayekian insights remain valid in the context of modern neuroscience, allow for taking account of recent research, and sketch a dynamic and selectionist model of choice.
Have socio-economic inequalities in sugar purchasing widened? A longitudinal analysis of food and beverage consumer data from British households, 2014–2017
Authors: Berger Nicolas , Cummins Steven , Smith Richard D , Cornelsen Laura 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective:To examine socio-economic inequalities in decreases in household sugar purchasing in Great Britain (GB).Design:Longitudinal, population-based study.Setting:Data were obtained from the GB Kantar Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) panel (2014–2017), a nationally representative panel study of food and beverages bought and brought into the home. We estimated changes in daily sugar purchases by occupational social grade from twenty-three food groups, using generalised estimating equations (household-level clustering).Participants:British households who regularly reported food and beverages to the GB Kantar FMCG (n 28 033).Results:We found that lower social grades obtained a lower proportion of sugar from healthier foods and a greater proportion of sugar from less healthy foods and beverages. In 2014, differences in daily sugar purchased between the lowest and the highest social grades were 3·9 g/capita/d (95 % CI 2·9, 4·8) for table sugar, 2·4 g (95 % CI 1·8, 3·1) for sugar-sweetened beverages, 2·2 g (95 % CI 1·5, 2·8) for chocolate and confectionery and 1·0 g (95 % CI 0·7, 1·3) for biscuits. Conversely, the lowest social grade purchased less sugar from fruits (2·1 g (95 % CI 1·5, 2·8)) and vegetables (0·7 g (95 % CI 0·5, 0·8)) than the highest social grade. We found little evidence of change in social grade differences between 2014 and 2017. These results suggest that recent overall declines in sugar purchases are largely equally distributed across socio-economic groups.Conclusions:This suggests that recent population-level policy activity to reduce sugar consumption in GB does not appear to exacerbate or reduce existing socio-economic inequalities in sugar purchasing. Low agency, population-level policies may be the best solution to improving population diet without increasing inequalities.
Immediate Experience, Mystical ‘Encounters’ and the ‘Voice’ of God: Palmquist’s Critical Mysticism and Kant’s Theory of Experience
Authors: Pasternack Lawrence 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this brief commentary, I focus on Part II of Kant and Mysticism, where Stephen Palmquist explores the space for mystical experience in Kant. In particular, I focus on (a) what Palmquist calls ‘immediate experience’ or ‘encounters’; (b) what he calls the ‘supervening’ of religious experience on ordinary experience; and (c) moral conscience as the ‘voice’ of God.
The Effect of Biofilms on Turbulent Flow Over Permeable Beds
Authors: Kazemifar Farzan , Blois Gianluca , Aybar Marcelo , Perez Calleja Patricia , Nerenberg Robert , Sinha Sumit , Hardy Richard J. , Best Jim , Sambrook Smith Gregory H. , Christensen Kenneth T. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDespite an increasingly large body of work advancing our understanding of flow interactions occurring at the interface of a turbulent flow overlying a permeable bed, little is known concerning how such flow may be affected by the presence of biofilms, which exist in nearly all aquatic environments. This study quantifies the effects on flow exerted by biofilms grown over experimental laboratory permeable beds until biofilm detachment, and then compares this to the residual effects after its detachment. The investigation is conducted in a flow channel by immersing two‐dimensional permeable beds with idealized geometry and different porosities in order to explore different bed permeabilities. Sequences of increasingly higher flow velocity conditions, followed by lower flow, were considered to explore the effect of detachment. Measurements were performed using particle image velocimetry. The total wall shear stress and friction velocity were found to increase in the presence of pregrown biofilm, and decrease after biofilm detachment, when compared at the same pump frequency. The dimensionless Reynolds stresses, at constant pump frequency, collapsed for different bed configurations in the outer layer, while for the inner layer, the presence of biofilm led to a decrease in dimensionless Reynolds stress. Quadrant analysis shows that this decrease was primarily due to a reduction in strong Q2 contributions. These results suggest that models for flow and transport over permeable media in aquatic environments cannot neglect the role of biofilms in modifying turbulence.
When Does the Lorenz 1963 Model Exhibit the Signal‐To‐Noise Paradox?
Authors: Mayer Björn , Düsterhus André , Baehr Johanna 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSeasonal prediction systems based on Earth System Models exhibit a lower proportion of predictable signal to unpredictable noise than the actual world. This puzzling phenomena has been widely referred to as the signal‐to‐noise paradox (SNP). Here, we investigate the SNP in a conceptual framework of a seasonal prediction system based on the Lorenz, 1963 Model (L63). We show that the SNP is not apparent in L63, if the uncertainty assumed for the initialization of the ensemble is equal to the uncertainty in the starting conditions. However, if the uncertainty in the initialization overestimates the uncertainty in the starting conditions, the SNP is apparent. In these experiments the metric used to quantify the SNP also shows a clear lead‐time dependency on subseasonal timescales. We therefore, formulate the alternative hypothesis to previous studies that the SNP could also be related to the magnitude of the initial ensemble spread.
The Influence of Meltwater on Phytoplankton Blooms Near the Sea‐Ice Edge
Authors: Lester C. W. , Wagner T. J. W. , McNamara Dylan E. , Cape M. R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPhytoplankton blooms occur annually at the sea‐ice edge throughout the Arctic during the spring melt period. Our study considers how these spring blooms may depend on sea‐ice meltwater, focusing on the role of horizontal mixing and advection. We extend the classic Fisher reaction‐diffusion equation to consider a time‐ and space‐varying death rate that represents the role of meltwater in the system. Our results indicate that blooms peak at a characteristic distance from the ice edge where (i) meltwater is concentrated enough to stratify the upper ocean such that the phytoplankton are confined near the surface and (ii) phytoplankton have been exposed to sufficient sunlight to allow for optimized growth. The results reproduce key characteristics of a large bloom observed in Fram Strait in May 2019. Our findings support the idea that sea‐ice meltwater is of central importance in setting the spatial patterns of Arctic phytoplankton blooms.
Reconstruction of GRACE Total Water Storage Through Automated Machine Learning
Authors: Sun Alexander Y. , Scanlon Bridget R. , Save Himanshu , Rateb Ashraf 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission and its follow‐on, GRACE‐FO, have provided unprecedented opportunities to quantify the impact of climate extremes and human activities on total water storage at large scales. The ∼1‐year data gap between the two GRACE missions needs to be filled to maintain data continuity and maximize mission benefits. In this study, we applied an automated machine learning (AutoML) workflow to perform gridwise GRACE‐like data reconstruction. AutoML represents a new paradigm for optimal algorithm selection, model structure selection, and hyperparameter tuning, addressing some of the most challenging issues in machine learning applications. We demonstrated the workflow over the conterminous U.S. (CONUS) using six types of machine learning models and multiple groups of meteorological and climatic variables as predictors. Results indicate that the AutoML‐assisted gap filling achieved satisfactory performance over the CONUS. On the testing data, the mean gridwise Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency is around 0.85, the mean correlation coefficient is around 0.95, and the mean normalized root‐mean‐square‐error is about 0.09. Trained models maintain good performance when extrapolating to the mission gap and to GRACE‐FO periods (after June 2017). Results further suggest that no single algorithm provides the best predictive performance over the entire CONUS, stressing the importance of using an end‐to‐end workflow to train, optimize, and combine multiple machine learning models to deliver robust performance, especially when building large‐scale hydrological prediction systems and when predictor importance exhibiting strong spatial variability.
A novel paradigm for assessing olfactory working memory capacity in mice
Authors: Huang Geng-Di , Jiang Li-Xin , Su Feng , Wang Hua-Li , Zhang Chen , Yu Xin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA decline in working memory (WM) capacity is suggested to be one of the earliest symptoms observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although WM capacity is widely studied in healthy subjects and neuropsychiatric patients, few tasks are developed to measure this variation in rodents. The present study describes a novel olfactory working memory capacity (OWMC) task, which assesses the ability of mice to remember multiple odours. The task was divided into five phases: context adaptation, digging training, rule-learning for non-matching to a single-sample odour (NMSS), rule-learning for non-matching to multiple sample odours (NMMS) and capacity testing. During the capacity-testing phase, the WM capacity (number of odours that the mice could remember) remained stable (average capacity ranged from 6.11 to 7.00) across different testing sessions in C57 mice. As the memory load increased, the average errors of each capacity level increased and the percent correct gradually declined to chance level, which suggested a limited OWMC in C57 mice. Then, we assessed the OWMC of 5 × FAD transgenic mice, an animal model of AD. We found that the performance displayed no significant differences between young adult (3-month-old) 5 × FAD mice and wild-type (WT) mice during the NMSS phase and NMMS phase; however, during the capacity test with increasing load, we found that the OWMC of young adult 5 × FAD mice was significantly decreased compared with WT mice, and the average error was significantly increased while the percent correct was significantly reduced, which indicated an impairment of WM capacity at the early stage of AD in the 5 × FAD mice model. Finally, we found that FOS protein levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and entorhinal cortex after the capacity test were significantly lower in 5 × FAD than WT mice. In conclusion, we developed a novel paradigm to assess the capacity of olfactory WM in mice, and we found that OWMC was impaired in the early stage of AD.
Giant Seebeck effect across the field-induced metal-insulator transition of InAs
Authors: Jaoui Alexandre , Seyfarth Gabriel , Rischau Carl Willem , Wiedmann Steffen , Benhabib Siham , Proust Cyril , Behnia Kamran , Fauqué Benoît 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLightly doped III–V semiconductor InAs is a dilute metal, which can be pushed beyond its extreme quantum limit upon the application of a modest magnetic field. In this regime, a Mott-Anderson metal–insulator transition, triggered by the magnetic field, leads to a depletion of carrier concentration by more than one order of magnitude. Here, we show that this transition is accompanied by a 200-fold enhancement of the Seebeck coefficient, which becomes as large as 11.3 mV K−1$$\approx 130\frac{{k}_{B}}{e}$$

≈
130

k

B

e

at T = 8 K and B = 29 T. We find that the magnitude of this signal depends on sample dimensions and conclude that it is caused by phonon drag, resulting from a large difference between the scattering time of phonons (which are almost ballistic) and electrons (which are almost localized in the insulating state). Our results reveal a path to distinguish between possible sources of large thermoelectric response in other low-density systems pushed beyond the quantum limit.
General psychopathology links burden of recent life events and psychotic symptoms in a network approach
Authors: Betz Linda T. , Penzel Nora , Kambeitz-Ilankovic Lana , Rosen Marlene , Chisholm Katharine , Stainton Alexandra , Haidl Theresa K. , Wenzel Julian , Bertolino Alessandro , Borgwardt Stefan , Brambilla Paolo , Lencer Rebekka , Meisenzahl Eva , Ruhrmann Stephan , Salokangas Raimo K. R. , Schultze-Lutter Frauke , Wood Stephen J. , Upthegrove Rachel , Koutsouleris Nikolaos , Kambeitz Joseph ,   the PRONIA consortium
Published: December 2020

AbstractRecent life events have been implicated in the onset and progression of psychosis. However, psychological processes that account for the association are yet to be fully understood. Using a network approach, we aimed to identify pathways linking recent life events and symptoms observed in psychosis. Based on previous literature, we hypothesized that general symptoms would mediate between recent life events and psychotic symptoms. We analyzed baseline data of patients at clinical high risk for psychosis and with recent-onset psychosis (n = 547) from the Personalised Prognostic Tools for Early Psychosis Management (PRONIA) study. In a network analysis, we modeled links between the burden of recent life events and all individual symptoms of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale before and after controlling for childhood trauma. To investigate the longitudinal associations between burden of recent life events and symptoms, we analyzed multiwave panel data from seven timepoints up to month 18. Corroborating our hypothesis, burden of recent life events was connected to positive and negative symptoms through general psychopathology, specifically depression, guilt feelings, anxiety and tension, even after controlling for childhood trauma. Longitudinal modeling indicated that on average, burden of recent life events preceded general psychopathology in the individual. In line with the theory of an affective pathway to psychosis, recent life events may lead to psychotic symptoms via heightened emotional distress. Life events may be one driving force of unspecific, general psychopathology described as characteristic of early phases of the psychosis spectrum, offering promising avenues for interventions.
Partial aperture imaging system based on sparse point spread holograms and nonlinear cross-correlations
Authors: Bulbul Angika , Rosen Joseph 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPartial aperture imaging system (PAIS) is a recently developed concept in which the traditional disc-shaped aperture is replaced by an aperture with a much smaller area and yet its imaging capabilities are comparable to the full aperture systems. Recently PAIS was demonstrated as an indirect incoherent digital three-dimensional imaging technique. Later it was successfully implemented in the study of the synthetic marginal aperture with revolving telescopes (SMART) to provide superresolution with subaperture area that was less than one percent of the area of the full synthetic disc-shaped aperture. In the study of SMART, the concept of PAIS was tested by placing eight coded phase reflectors along the boundary of the full synthetic aperture. In the current study, various improvements of PAIS are tested and its performance is compared with the other equivalent systems. Among the structural changes, we test ring-shaped eight coded phase subapertures with the same area as of the previous circular subapertures, distributed along the boundary of the full disc-shaped aperture. Another change in the current system is the use of coded phase mask with a point response of a sparse dot pattern. The third change is in the reconstruction process in which a nonlinear correlation with optimal parameters is implemented. With the improved image quality, the modified-PAIS can save weight and cost of imaging devices in general and of space telescopes in particular. Experimental results with reflective objects show that the concept of coded aperture extends the limits of classical imaging.
Zeroth- and first-order long range non-diffracting Gauss–Bessel beams generated by annihilating multiple-charged optical vortices
Authors: Stoyanov Lyubomir , Zhekova Maya , Stefanov Aleksander , Stefanov Ivan , Paulus Gerhard G. , Dreischuh Alexander 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe demonstrate an alternative approach for generating zeroth- and first-order long range non-diffracting Gauss–Bessel beams (GBBs). Starting from a Gaussian beam, the key point is the creation of a bright ring-shaped beam with a large radius-to-width ratio, which is subsequently Fourier-transformed by a thin lens. The phase profile required for creating zeroth-order GBBs is flat and helical for first-order GBBs with unit topological charge (TC). Both the ring-shaped beam and the required phase profile can be realized by creating highly charged optical vortices by a spatial light modulator and annihilating them by using a second modulator of the same type. The generated long-range GBBs are proven to have negligible transverse evolution up to 2 m and can be regarded as non-diffracting. The influences of the charge state of the TCs, the propagation distance behind the focusing lens, and the GBB profiles on the relative intensities of the peak/rings are discussed. The method is much more efficient as compared to this using annular slits in the back focal plane of lenses. Moreover, at large propagation distances the quality of the generated GBBs significantly surpasses this of GBBs created by low angle axicons. The developed analytical model reproduces the experimental data. The presented method is flexible, easily realizable by using a spatial light modulator, does not require any special optical elements and, thus, is accessible in many laboratories.