bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors that influence the response time in STEMI patients in Lisbon 2017
Authors: Gil M , Garcia M , Aguiar P 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The success of the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) approach is based on early diagnosis and on the institution of timely reperfusion therapy, with response times remaining variable. The objective of this study was to determine which factors influenced the response time to patients with STEMI until the treatment with coronary reperfusion from the prehospital service or the emergency room in three hospitals in the greater Lisbon area in 2017. An epidemiological, cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive study with an analytical component was performed, with data from the National Institute of Medical Emergency (INEM) and clinical trials of patients. Patients who were not referred to these hospitals were excluded. Univariate statistical analysis was performed, as well as c2 tests, t-student and logistic regression model (r &lt; 0.05). The population included 95 patients, the majority being male (67.4%), and with a mean age of 63.8 years. 61.1% were hypertensive and the majority (87.4%) had no signs of previous heart failure. The mean door-to-balloon time was 159 minutes, with 57.4% showing time greater than 120 minutes. In patients in whom the INEM Coronary Greenway was activated, mean door-to-balloon time was 99 minutes. Diagnostic, symptom-admission and transport times showed a statistically significant association with the door-to-balloon time in the bivariate analysis. The times are fulfilled in the prehospital service, but in the hospital, services can be improved through the early accomplishment of electrocardiogram and the optimization of interhospital transport.

Key messages
Reducing ECG time and inter-hospital transport time improves STEMI response and outcome. Time is muscle is the main message for de concern of identifying influence factors of STEMI response time.
Pepper mild mottle virus in different water matrices
Authors: Ferraro G Bonanno , Suffredini E , Mancini P , Veneri C , Iaconelli M , Bonadonna L , Montagna M T , De Giglio O , La Rosa G 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), a plant virus belonging to Virgoviridae, has recently been suggested as a potential viral indicator for faecal pollution in aquatic environments, since it has been found to be abundantly excreted from healthy human subjects.

Methods
The occurrence, amount and diversity of PMMoV was investigated in water environments by nested RT-PCR and TaqMan based quantitative PCR. During 2017-2019, 251 water samples (92 urban wastewaters, 32 treated effluents, 16 surface water samples, 9 estuarine samples, 20 seawater samples, 67 groundwater samples, and 15 drinking waters) were analysed.

Results
PMMoV was detected in 73/92 (79%) wastewater samples, 22/32 (69%) treated sewages, 11/16 (69%) river samples, 6/9 (67%) estuarine samples, 5/20 (25%) bathing waters, and 9/67 (13%) groundwaters, whilst drinking water samples tested always negative. Mean viral concentrations (genome copies/L) were: raw sewage 4.2 × 106, treated sewage 7.4 × 105, river 3.2 × 103, estuarine waters 9.6 × 102, seawaters 3.0 × 102, groundwaters 7.7 × 101.

Conclusions
This study highlights the significant occurrence of PMMoV in aquatic environment in Italy, and a clear gradient of viral prevalence and concentrations from polluted to clean waters (wastewaters to drinking waters).

Key messages
PMMoV is ubiquitous throughout the water cycle in Italy with different concentrations. Studies are needed to evaluate the suitability of PMMoV as a viral indicator for human fecal pollution in waters.
A gendered typology of tobacco use among college students
Authors: Igboanugo T 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Smoking habits initiated during the adolescent period often persist into adulthood leading to tobacco and nicotine dependence with associated morbidity and premature mortality. Parental smoking has been associated with early tobacco dependence on their children. An understanding of students' smoking patterns in relationship to parents' smoking habits is crucial to informing the establishing of a smoking reduction intervention in students.

Methods
Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to characterize the different patterns of smoking among 361 Irish university students. The participants were enrolled in this cross-sectional study by inviting them to complete an online survey.

Results
Three groups were identified: (1) Chain smokers (n = 92, 25.52%). (2) Moderate tobacco users (n = 124, 34.60%). (3) Experimenters (n = 145, 40.16%). The predominantly male 'chain-smokers' groups (class 1) has a higher probability of using tobacco several times a day, have both parents as tobacco users and both parents smoking in the home compared to the 'moderate tobacco users' group (class 2) and 'experimenters' groups (class 3) which are both predominantly females. The majority (70.40%) of the chain smokers source their tobacco from family members (either parents or an older sibling); moderate tobacco users (84.74%), from friends and experimenters (100%) buy themselves.

Conclusions
This study reveals the predictors of tobacco use patterns among students and can inform smoking reduction intervention and strategies among students.

Key messages
Regulating tobacco access will checkmate use among teens/young adults. Understanding how parenteral smoking habits and tobacco access influences use and abuse among students is crucial to instituting intervention strategies.
Efficacy of electronic cigarettes for tobacco smoking cessation: An adapted systematic review
Authors: O'Dowd T 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Worldwide smoking remains the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality. Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are increasingly used by tobacco smokers as an aid to smoking cessation; however, their efficacy remains uncertain.

Methods
Electronic databases, clinical trial registries and grey literature sources were searched. The aim was to examine randomised controlled trials or prospective cohort studies, published since the 2016 Cochrane review on this topic, that assessed the efficacy of ECs in achieving smoking cessation among current smokers.

Results
Two RCTs and five cohort studies, including a total of 16,460 participants, were eligible for inclusion. One RCT found sustained 1-year abstinence of 18.0% in the EC group versus 9.9% in the nicotine replacement therapy group (RR: 1.83; 95% CI 1.30 to 2.58; P &lt; 0.001). The second RCT did not find a statistically significant difference in abstinence rates between EC users and non-users (RR 0.71). Of the five included cohort studies, four reported statistically significant RRs. Two found a positive association (RRs of 1.45 and 1.84) between EC use and smoking cessation but two studies showed EC use was associated with reduced smoking cessation (RRs of 0.25 and 0.35). Due to significant heterogeneity between the studies the data were deemed unsuitable for pooling into a meta-analysis. All trials assessing smoking reduction reported higher rates of reduction among EC users. No serious adverse events were reported with EC use. Follow-up periods of included trials ranged from one to four years, with an average of 1.6 years.

Conclusions
There is limited, low-quality evidence that ECs are an effective intervention for smoking cessation and smoking reduction. The overall quality of evidence is low as it is based on a small number of studies with inconsistent and imprecise results. Due to the short follow-up periods of the included trials, the long-term safety of ECs is unclear from this review.

Key messages
Limited evidence that electronic cigarettes are an effective smoking cessation intervention. Further well-designed randomised controlled trials are required to investigate the efficacy of ECs for smoking cessation.
Unveiling barriers and facilitators to physical activity participation among urban Indian men
Authors: Rathi N , Kulkarni M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Purpose
Regular participation in physical activity is critical for nurturing optimum health and well-being. It also prevents the onset of obesity and associated non-communicable diseases. Indeed, urban Indian men are more prone to these chronic illnesses as most of them lead a very sedentary lifestyle. Thus, a public health priority is to increase physical activity levels among sedentary urban Indian men. With this objective in mind, an exploratory study was designed to understand men's perspective of physical activity and the factors influencing physical activity participation.

Methods
Five focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with adult men (n = 26; age: 20-60 years) between August and November 2019. The participants were recruited from Mumbai Metropolitan Area through snowballing. All the FGDs were audio-recorded and conducted in both Hindi and English. The audio recordings were transcribed and translated. Content analysis was used to obtain frequencies of different barriers and facilitators. Thematic analysis was applied to cluster responses, identify themes in the data, and build an explanation from the FGDs.

Results
All the participants perceived the need to participate in physical activity as it was associated with a better quality of life. Commonly identified facilitators were health benefits, physical appearance, and adequate facilities in the neighbourhood to engage in physical activity. Self-reported barriers included lack of time because of hectic work schedules and commuting, laziness, physical activity not viewed as a priority, and engagement with mobile phones.

Conclusions
The emerging findings can inform the development of a physical activity intervention to support behaviour change as well as ensure its sustainability among inactive urban Indian men. This qualitative inquiry contributes to the body of knowledge on physical activity in a culture that is relatively underrepresented in the current literature.

Key messages
Physical activity was influenced by multiple factors at multiple levels i.e. intrapersonal level, interpersonal level, and community level. There is a need to design effective public health interventions to increase physical activity and thereby control the prevailing disease burden.
Fractured lives in fractured cities: towards a critical Public Health approach to urban violence
Authors: Borde E 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
43 of the 50 cities with the highest homicide rates worldwide are Latin American. Although the mechanisms through which urban violence is (re-)produced are complex, the inequalities that shape fragmented Latin American urban landscapes and define the patterns of urban violence have been forged by sociopolitical processes including market-driven urban restructuring processes in the realm of “actually existing” neoliberalism. The comparative case study on two neighborhoods in Bogotá and Rio de Janeiro seeks to contribute to the development of a critical Public Health approach to urban violence that moves beyond the description of death registries and the association of discrete risk factors.

Methods
The case studies are based on qualitative analyses of 4 focus groups and 46 semi-structured interviews with residents and specialists (2016 and 2019) using the Framework Method as well as comprehensive literature reviews.

Results
Both cases reveal nuanced processes through which urban violence is produced and reproduced by different actors and suggest that violence is inherent in the market-driven territorial making and un-making of increasingly “fragmented” cities. The cases suggest that violence is implied in threats of eviction, “necropolitical” police/military interventions and in the silent imposition of a “slow death” on urban infrastructure and entire neighborhoods, which bring about health consequences that include injuries but also shape other health problems. Both cases provide evidence to suggest selective and contradictory state presence that implies, admits or reinforces violence.

Conclusions
The cases combat simplistic readings of Latin American urban violence as a phenomenon exclusively related to confrontations between rival drug gangs and the police or aggressive individuals by revealing a great variety of actors and processes involved in (re-)producing urban violence that have serious implications for life and health in Latin American cities.

Key messages
Need for a critical Public Health approach to urban violence that moves beyond the description of death registries and the association of discrete risk factors. A great variety of actors and processes is involved in (re-) producing urban violence that have serious implications for life and health in Latin American cities.
Biomass combustions and biomonitoring of airborne particulate: suggestions for preventive actions?
Authors: Gea M , Bonetta S , Marangon D , Fontana M , Schilirò T 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Biomass combustions generated by both forest fires and home heating in urban centers produce a huge amount of pollutants which can be adsorbed on the particulate matter (PM) and subsequently carried within the human respiratory system. Moreover the occurrence of forest fires is growing due to climate change and it poses a great risk both to environment and to human health.
The aim of this study was to investigate different biological effects of PM collected during a big forest fires phenomenon that occurred in Piedmont (Northern Italy) in autumn 2017. PM2.5 and PM10 were collected near the forest fires and in three other areas of Piedmont (two urban and one rural areas). Mutagenicity of organic extracts was assessed on different strains of Salmonella typhimurium using Ames assay while cytotoxicity (WST-1 and LDH assays) and genotoxicity (Comet assay) were evaluated on human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). The estrogenic activity of organic extracts was estimated through a gene reporter assay on MELN cells, in order to analyse the presence of endocrine disruptors adsorbed on PM.
The contribution of fires to urban mutagenicity was low moreover samples did not induce any significant cytotoxic or genotoxic effect. A slight increase in estrogenic activity was detected in samples from urban and rural areas, while an anti-estrogenic effect was induced by forest fires samples. The biological effects induced by extracts were low respect to what is normally observed in urban sites but are probably due to the tested concentrations, which are closer to realistic human exposure but are insufficient to show differences among areas.
These findings may be helpful for public health policies, suggesting to include in the monitoring of traditional parameters the contribution of biomass combustion to the air quality. Finally the PM biomonitoring could improve the air quality assessment, which is essential to plan strategies focused on environment and health protection.

Key messages
The PM biomonitoring could improve the air quality assessment, which is essential to plan strategies focused on environment and health protection. Public health policies should consider the contribution of biomass combustion to the air quality in monitoring plans.
Factors affecting medication assisted treatment success for opioid use disorder
Authors: DeLellis N , Mitchell M , Frederick A , Schachman K 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
In the United States (US) when opioid use disorder (OUD) is treated with medication assisted treatment (MAT), many patients in MAT will relapse into active opioid use during the recovery process. About 23% drop out of treatment within 3 months, and 40-50% drop out within 6 months of MAT start. Using the Anderson and Newman (2005) Framework for Health Services Utilization, 27 variables reflecting predisposing, enabling, and need factors were used to examine the impact on the number of days patients were retained in treatment.

Methods
One MAT clinic in rural Michigan used random sample of archival records (n = 390) OUD patients (DSM-V-TR code 304.00, ICD-10 code F11.20) between Jan. 1, 2014 and Nov. 21, 2018 with prescribed buprenorphine as part of MAT program. The first set of linear regressions (backward elimination) defined significant variables for each factor, and the final model included significant variables to predict length of retention in MAT.

Results
The first step identified legal issues (predisposing), MSHN insurance, distance to clinic, ability to drive, mental health diagnosis, and homelessness (enabling factors); Zung self-reporting depression score, starting dose, past suicide attempt, Hep-C status, and method of use (needs factor) as statistically significant to be used in the final model, controlling for age and gender. Starting dose (unstandardized b = 136.8, 95%CI 98.0, 175.6), driving license (b = 68.3, CI 13.2, 123.4), distance to clinic (b=-1.1, CI -2.2, -0.5) had statistical impact on the length of stay in MAT.

Discussion
This case study identified enabling factors (starting dose and access to clinic) affecting length of participation in MAT. Other factors warranting provider attention were identified for rural OUD patients.

Conclusions
Evidence based guidelines for starting doses are needed to increase MAT effectiveness. MAT services should consider distance to clinic as a factor of successful treatment.

Key messages
Evidence based guidelines for starting doses are needed to increase MAT effectiveness. Opiood treatment services should consider distance to clinic as a factor of successful treatment.
Workplace violence and all-cause mortality
Authors: Högnäs R , Magnusson Hanson L 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Research suggests that workplace violence (WPV) increases the risk of psychological and physical health problems (e.g., type 2 diabetes). Research further suggests that WPV may affect long-term health; however, there are few studies and it is unclear whether WPV is associated with mortality. This study extends the literature by examining the association between WPV and all-cause mortality and whether workplace support moderates the association.

Methods
Cox models were estimated using data from the Swedish Work Environment Survey and Swedish registers (≈ N = 82,400). WPV was measured in terms of the frequency of exposure during the previous twelve months. Workplace social support was measured in terms of perceptions of social support from co-workers and/or superiors when work becomes troublesome. All-cause mortality includes death for any reason by the year of 2017.

Results
Adjusting for demographic and health factors (e.g., sex, education, chronic pain) and workplace support, exposure to WPV more than once per week increased significantly the risk of all-cause mortality. There did not appear to be an increased risk for those exposed less than once per week. While workplace support moderated the association between WPV and all-cause mortality, this was only the case for females who perceived support from superiors.

Discussion
Increased attention to workplace violence and threats of violence is warranted given the prevalence of these negative social behaviors in the workplace and associated long-term health risks. Our results suggest that workplace social support may buffer the negative health effects of WPV, at least for females. This suggests that policies aimed at reducing exposure to WPV, which simultaneously encourage workplace support, are worth exploring.

Key messages
Frequent exposure to workplace violence increases the risk of all-cause mortality. Support from superiors may buffer against some of the risk of all-cause mortality among females exposed to violence in the workplace.
Tunisian Nurses experiences of their humanitarian mission in the ''Choucha” Refugee Camp
Authors: Limam M , Jomaa S , Mellouli M , Ben Kacem M , Sahli J , Ghardallou M , Zedini C , Ajmi T 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Participation in a humanitarian mission can be considered as a heroic work especially for health professionals. In 2011, a refugee camp was set up in southern Tunisia. The objective of this study was to describe and better understand the experience of Tunisian nurses in the Choucha refugee campbased on the Meleis transition theory.

Methods
We conducted a qualitative, phenomenological study among 14 nurses using an interview guide. Data analysis was carried out according to the method of Giorgi, from which 5 core themes and 28 sub-themes had emerged.

Results
This studydescribed the experience of nurses as a passage between 4 different phases: before, during, after the passage to the refugee camp and the memory.Five core themes emerged from our research:1) Trigger events: 3 sub-themes were evoked for the reason of participation: motivation, commitment and expectations; 2) Professional and interpersonal relationships marked the integration of the interviewees despite some misunderstandings, 3) Coping, 4) The impacts are mostly positive, and 5) Feelings that expressed emotions and nostalgia. For the transition, the last stage, which is the appreciation of the past moments, indicated the passage from an unbalanced state to stability.

Conclusions
Looking at the lived experience of the nurses and the transition experience described by the participants, this study found that the lack of training of the nurses previous to the humanitarian mission was the major barrier to making a healthy transition. These findings can contribute to raise the awareness, preparation and education of nurses to improve the experiences of future caregivers who will participate in humanitarian missions.

Key messages
It seems essential to set up training program focusing on preparation and debriefing of nurses to support them in achieving a healthy transition in their humanitarian mission in refugee camps. Training health care professionals before their participation to humanitarian mission in refugee camps can be among the factors that enhance the quality of care provided to refugee populations.