bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A synergy of activity, stability, and inhibitor‐interaction of HIV‐1 protease mutants evolved under drug‐pressure
Authors: Khan Shahid N. , Persons John D. , Guerrero Michel , Ilina Tatiana V. , Oda Masayuki , Ishima Rieko 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA clinically‐relevant, drug‐resistant mutant of HIV‐1 protease (PR), termed Flap+(I54V) and containing L10I, G48V, I54V and V82A mutations, is known to produce significant changes in the entropy and enthalpy balance of drug‐PR interactions, compared to wild‐type PR. A similar mutant, Flap+(I54A), which evolves from Flap+(I54V) and contains the single change at residue 54 relative to Flap+(I54V), does not. Yet, how Flap+(I54A) behaves in solution is not known. To understand the molecular basis of V54A evolution, we compared nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, and enzymatic assay data from four PR proteins: PR (pWT), Flap+(I54V), Flap+(I54A), and Flap+(I54), a control mutant that contains only L10I, G48V and V82A mutations. Our data consistently show that selection to the smaller side chain at residue 54, not only decreases inhibitor affinity, but also restores the catalytic activity.
An evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (AM65‐52) treatment for the control of Aedes aegypti using vehicle‐mounted WALS® application in a densely populated urban area of Puerto Rico
Authors: Harris Angela F , Sanchez Prats Jose , Nazario Maldonado Nicole , Piovanetti Fiol Cesar , García Pérez Marla , Ramírez‐Vera Patricia , Miranda‐Bermúdez Julieanne , Ortiz Marianyoly , DeChant Peter 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDWith a shortage of effective options for control of Aedes aegypti in Puerto Rico due to widespread resistance to conventional mosquito adulticides, an alternative approach was investigated to reduce vector populations. In two areas (totaling 144 ha) of the municipality of Bayamón, Puerto Rico, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) AM65‐52 WDG was applied at a rate of 500 g/ha using vehicle‐mounted aqueous wide‐area larvicide spray applications weekly for 4 weeks and then every other week for a further 16 weeks. Bioassay jars were placed in the field to monitor for deposition of Bti droplets in open spaces, and under vegetation and building coverage. Autocidal gravid ovitraps were placed throughout the field site to monitor the population of adult female Ae. aegypti in both treatment and control sites.RESULTSLarvicide spray was successfully deposited into jars in an array of open and covered locations, as confirmed by larval bioassays. After the fourth weekly spraying, differences in autocidal gravid ovitrap densities were observed between treatment and control sites resulting in 62% (P = 0.0001) and 28% (P < 0.0001) reductions in adult female Ae. aegypti numbers.CONCLUSIONRepeated wide‐area larvicide spray application of Bti AM65‐52 WDG to residential areas in Puerto Rico effectively suppressed dengue vector populations. The success of this trial has led to expansion of the WALS® program to a larger area of Bayamón and other municipalities in Puerto Rico. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
A new La‐Doped CuBi2O4 Catalysts for the Reduction of Nitroaromatic Compounds and Toxic Organic Dyes
Authors: Yang Li , Quan Shanyu , Li Ting , Shi Xuefeng , Liu Cong 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe new La‐doped CuBi2O4 catalysts were prepared by one‐pot hydrothermal method. The prepared catalysts were investigated by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Hydrogen temperature‐programmed desorption (H2‐TPD), and Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The synthetic catalysts have been investigated for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol and toxic organic dyes. La‐doping improve the surface electron transport and H2‐adsorption ability. The La−CuBi2O4(C) catalyst has higher electron transfer efficiency and stronger H absorption ability. It was proposed that the doped La3+ and surface hydrogen species play key roles in reduction reaction. The electron transfer can be achieved by La3+ capture electron to be reduced La2+, then La2+ return to original state. Meanwhile, the improvement of H absorption ability due to La‐doping is also benefit to reduce the 4‐NP. This study is helpful in acquiring an in‐depth insight into the catalytic role of doping.
Enhanced conversion of glucose to fructose over naturalattapulgite catalyst promoted by CeO2 in water
Authors: Li Bing , Jiang Huanhuan , Zhao Xuewei , Pei Zhangli , Zhang Qing 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFructose is an important platform compound for the production of chemicals and renewable fuels. Here, the CeO2/ATP catalysts were developed for glucose isomerization in water. The effects of CeO2 loading, glucose concentration and the catalyst dosage to glucose ratio on the activity for the reaction were investigated. Glucose was easily transformed over ATP in the presence of CeO2, and the 10 % CeO2/ATP catalyst exhibited a good fructose yield of 36.4 %. Meanwhile, the reaction activity of glucose was affected by glucose concentration and the catalyst dosage to glucose ratio, and more fructose would be generated at lower glucose concentration, wherein the highest yield of fructose was obtained 39.2 % at 5 % of glucose solution with the catalyst dosage to glucose ratio of 0.1. In addition, the characterization resultsrevealed that CeO2 had a positive interaction with ATP on the adjustment of its structural properties and the amount and distribution of basic sites, and therefore facilitated glucose isomerization.
Psychological and relational conditions for job crafting to occur
Authors: Huyghebaert‐Zouaghi Tiphaine , Berjot Sophie , Cougot Baptiste , Gillet Nicolas 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to provide a wider understanding of the determinants of job crafting by jointly considering employee well‐ and ill‐being (work engagement and exhaustion) and socio‐environmental factors (supervisor and colleague support) as possible levers to promote job crafting. A secondary goal of this research was to simultaneously explore the multidimensionality of work engagement and the potentially differentiated associations between the different facets of work engagement and job crafting behaviours. Questionnaire surveys were collected among 533 workers from various organizations located in France. Results from preliminary analyses showed the superiority of a Bifactor Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (B‐ESEM) representation of work engagement when compared to alternative representations of ratings of this multidimensional construct. Specifically, employees' ratings of work engagement simultaneously reflected a global work engagement construct, which co‐existed with specific vigor, dedication and absorption components. Results from a predictive model indicated that the different facets of work engagement held differentiated relations with job crafting behaviours, while exhaustion did not significantly relate to any job crafting behaviours. Colleague and supervisor support also held differentiated relations with the demands‐related job crafting behaviours, while both forms of support were associated with employees' seeking more job resources. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Strain Engineering in 2D Material‐Based Flexible Optoelectronics
Authors: Du Junli , Yu Huihui , Liu Baishan , Hong Mengyu , Liao Qingliang , Zhang Zheng , Zhang Yue 
Published: December 2020

AbstractFlexible optoelectronics, as promising components hold shape‐adaptive features and dynamic strain response under strain engineering for various intelligent applications. 2D materials with atomically thin layers are ideal for flexible optoelectronics because of their high flexibility and strain sensitivity. However, how the strain affects the performance of 2D materials‐based flexible optoelectronics is confused due to their hypersensitive features to external strain changes. It is necessary to establish an evaluation system to comprehend the influence of the external strain on the intrinsic properties of 2D materials and the photoresponse performance of their flexible optoelectronics. Here, a focused review of strain engineering in 2D materials‐based flexible optoelectronics is provided. The first attention is on the mechanical properties and the strain‐engineered electronic properties of 2D semiconductors. An evaluation system with relatively comprehensive parameters in functionality and service capability is summarized to develop 2D materials‐based flexible optoelectronics in practical application. Based on the parameters, some strategies to improve the functionality and service capability are proposed. Finally, combining with strain engineering in future intelligence devices, the challenges and future perspective developing 2D materials‐based flexible optoelectronics are expounded.
Micro‐/Nano‐Structures on Biodegradable Magnesium@PLGA and Their Cytotoxicity, Photothermal, and Anti‐Tumor Effects
Authors: Zhou Weixiao , Zhang Yinling , Meng Si , Xing Chenyang , Ma Mingze , Liu Zhou , Yang Chengbin , Kong Tiantian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe size and structural control of particulate carriers for imaging agents and therapeutics are constant themes in designing smart delivery systems. This is motivated by the causal relationship between geometric parameters and functionalities of delivery vehicles. Here, both in vitro and in vivo, the controlling factors for cytotoxicity, photothermal, and anti‐tumor effects of biodegradable magnesium@poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid (Mg@PLGA) particulate carriers with different sizes and shell thicknesses are investigated. Mg@PLGA microspheres fabricated by microfluidic emulsification are shown to have higher Mg encapsulation efficiency, 87%, than nanospheres by ultrasonic homogenization, 50%. The photothermal and anti‐tumor effects of Mg@PLGA spheres are found to be dictated by their Mg content, irrelevant to size and structural features, as demonstrated in both in vitro cell assays and in vivo mice models. These results also provide important implications for designing and fabricating stimuli‐responsive drug delivery vehicles.
African Yam Bean the Choice for Climate Change Resilience: Need for Conservation and Policy
Authors: Nnamani C. V. , Adewale D. B. , Oselebe H. O. , Atkinson C. J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGlobal warming has emerged as a major challenge to development and human wellbeing in Sub-Saharan Africa in general and Nigeria in particular. Periodic incidents show that this challenge will continue and increase in impact on all aspects of natural resources – agriculture, ecosystems services, biodiversity depletion, environmental degradation and human health. Recognizing the enormous potential of underutilized plant genetic resources (PGRs) is crucial as sources of solutions to a number of these threatening challenges emanating from climate change (food and nutrition insecurity, genetic erosion, loss of agro-biodiversity, green job growth and income generation) cannot be over-emphasized. Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst. ex. A. Rich) Harms., commonly known as African yam bean (AYB) belonging to the leguminous Fabaceae, is an underutilized PGR with rich portfolio which could serve as vital source of robust adaption and resilient germplasm for vulnerable local communities in Nigeria. Its substantial nutritional, environmental, cultural, social, medicinal, industrial and soil restorative potentials underpins its position as climate – smart species. Enhancing the potentials of African yam bean via robust innovative approaches for wider utilization through accelerated research, farmer seed exchanges, in-situ and ex-situ conservations, farmers selection, and policy programs such as seed sovereignty will accentuate its adaptation and used as resilient climate –smart species for the vulnerable groups in Nigeria to cushion impact of climate change.
Intersectional Perspective of Strengthening Climate Change Adaptation of Agrarian Women in Cameroon
Authors: Ngum Faith , Bastiaensen Johan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIt is a widely accepted notion that climate change affects men and women within agrarian populations differently; consequently, their adaptation strategies are gendered. Besides climate change, women’s vulnerability and their corresponding adaptation strategies are embedded within a complex web of social identities/status, agroecological location, gender norm/roles and power struggles within the plurality of normative orders governing land (property rights). This chapter focuses on Cameroon and seeks to analyze how the interactions between various normative orders governing access to land, co-dependent upon the multiple gendered identities (intersectionality), impact climate change adaptation strategies of female farmers. The results show that the degree of vulnerability and adaptation strategies of women are context specific and gendered across the five distinct agroecological zones of Cameroon. Furthermore, secured access to and ownership over land is crucial in determining the adaptation choices and options available to female farmers. A complex mix of state and non-state norms govern property rights in Cameroon, within which women have to constantly negotiate their land claims. These negotiations are influenced by marital status, ethnicity, educational level, and community/social relations, such that the outcome translates differently for women within the Muslim, Anglophone, and Francophone communities. The chapter concludes with context-specific recommendations to strengthen the adaptive capacity of agrarian women across Cameroon.
Characteristics of Family Lives in Central Europe
Authors: Kraus Blahoslav , Ondrejkovič Peter , Krzysztof Świątkiewicz Wojciech , Vilka Lolita , Rieke Ursula , Trapenciere Ilze , Pankiv Lyudmila 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, authors give a picture of families in individual countries, which participated in the survey, so from the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Poland, Ukraine and Latvia. They pay attention mainly to the family changes after the year 1990. There is mainly demographic situation. Furthermore, there are features which present contemporary family such as an increase of democratization in family coexistence in connection with the shifts of roles and disintegration in a family life linked with overall individualism manifested by automation, where one creates his/her own way of life. The contemporary family is more likely affected in all countries by progressive social differentiation; in a different level of unemployment, certain isolation and changes are always seen in intergeneration relationships. The authors also pay attention to family social policy and housing situation when starting a family.
Family Policies Across the Globe
Authors: Filgueira Fernando , Rossel Cecilia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter analyzes family policies across the globe, describing patterns in the development of family allowances, leave schemes, and ECEC services both in developed and developing regions. Using the OECD family database and the ILO global social protection database, it compares the developments in family policy across different regions. The chapter reveals that the way regions and countries in the world have followed the main goals of family policy varies significantly, not only in terms of coverage and quality, but also in terms of design and context of implementation. Despite the efforts made in developing regions are still limited and rarely based on the idea of a universal set of interrelated transfers and services, there is still room for them to learn from the experience of the leaders in family policy.
Policies for Later-Life Families in a Comparative European Perspective
Authors: Dykstra Pearl A. , Djundeva Maja 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter, we consider cross-national differences in policies for later-life families in Europe, focusing on state support freeing family members from caring responsibilities or enabling them to care. These policies come under the umbrella of long-term care (LTC), help required by persons with a reduced degree of functional capacity for an extended period of time. Publicly funded LTC includes “in-kind” services, where care is provided by professionals at home or in an institution, and “cash benefits” which can be used to purchase professional care or which can be paid to informal caregivers as income support. Apart from long-term care for dependents themselves, there are policies supporting family members in their caregiving tasks: “cash for care” (financial compensation for helping those with impairments), “care leaves” (the right to be absent from work in order to care), and “care credits” (time spent on caring that is credited towards a basic pension).
Company-Level Family Policies: Who Has Access to It and What Are Some of Its Outcomes?
Authors: Chung Heejung 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDespite the increase in the number of studies that examine the cross-national variation in the policy configuration that allow a better work–family integration, very few look beyond the national levels. It is also crucial to examine occupational level welfare since companies may restrict or expand the existing national-level regulations, defining the “final availability” workers actually have toward various arrangements. In addition, companies may provide various additional arrangements through occupational policies which are not set out in the national-level agreements that are crucial in addressing reconciliation needs of workers. This chapter examines what types of arrangements are provided at the company level to address work–family demands of workers. It further provides a synthesis of studies that examine both national-level contexts and individual-level characteristics that explain who gets access to company-level family-friendly policies, which is linked to the possible outcomes of these policies.
Childcare Indicators for the Next Generation of Research
Authors: Sirén Sebastian , Doctrinal Laure , Van Lancker Wim , Nieuwenhuis Rense 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter argues for the importance of developing theoretically grounded family policy indicators, with emphasis on childcare/ECEC indicators. The chapter critically introduces the conceptual frameworks underpinning the most prevalent currents in comparative research, and then presents the most prominent empirical approaches utilized in existing studies. Next, it maps the availability of comparative data on the most widely used indicators and discusses the main sources from which this data originates. The final section concludes by pointing toward some challenges for the current research agenda, along with some tentative solutions. In particular, we argue for the need to engage in a research agenda that integrates family policies, including social care services, as essential components of social citizenship.
Family Policy: Neglected Determinant of Vertical Income Inequality
Authors: Nieuwenhuis Rense 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter develops a research agenda for examining family policy outcomes with respect to vertical economic inequality between households, arguing that family policies have wrongly been neglected as a determinant of vertical economic inequality. Three questions are central to this research agenda: who uses family policy, to what income effect, and with whom do people live? Family policies have been linked to women’s employment and earnings, and to lower vertical income inequality. Yet, the literature also makes abundantly clear that family policies come with trade-offs along the lines of gender and class, as well as Matthew effects. These mechanisms need to be better understood to integrate family policy in analyses of—and recommendation against—high and rising inequality. The challenge ahead is to understand what (combination of) family policies may be inclusive to a wide range of families across the full width of the income distribution.
Ideational Bases of Land Reform in Brazil: 1910 to the Present
Authors: Ondetti Gabriel 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter explores the history of the “agrarian question,” or what to do about a deeply inequitable landowning system, in Brazil. It focuses on ideas and how they have interacted with actors, institutions and policy outcomes. It distinguishes between four periods. During the 1910s, pro-land reform ideas emerged but a conservative political context limited their influence. From the 1920s to the mid-1950s, such ideas diffused more widely, but there was little grassroots mobilisation for, or implementation of, reform. Between the late 1950s and the mid-1980s, conflict over land escalated and innovations arose in the ideational and institutional realms. Again, however, little land reform resulted. Finally, since the late 1980s, there have been major increases in mobilisation and reform. Nevertheless, the agrarian structure remains highly unequal.
Minoritarian Labour Welfare in India: The Case of the Employees’ State Insurance Act of 1948
Authors: Ahuja Ravi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThrough a case study of the Employees’ State Insurance Act of 1948, this chapter examines the historical evolution of a type of welfare schemes in India that made entitlements conditional on specific forms of employment. Global trends in social policy had influenced debates on a social insurance for Indian workers since the 1920s. Transformations of Indian industry, World War II, the post-war crisis and postcolonial economic planning then created conditions for legislation. Just when the international welfare discourse, Indian contributions included, converged on social welfare as a universal citizen right, the regulatory content of the health insurance scheme devised for India diverged from this normative consensus: “Employees’ State Insurance” remained strictly employment-based but also generated horizons of expectation that continue to inform labour struggles.
Broadening the Objectives of Future Potassium Recommendations
Authors: Volenec Jeffrey J. , Brouder Sylvie M. , Murrell T. Scott 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPotassium (K) fertilizer recommendations for annual crops in the USA are generally founded in soil test results. The goal of this chapter is to highlight additional plant-related traits that may impact crop responses to K fertilization. This includes the role of tissue testing, the influence of luxury consumption, genetic improvement of K use efficiency, genotype × environment × management interactions on K uptake and yield, response to foliar K fertilization, intraplant K cycling, fungal associations and K uptake, the influence of K on crop quality, and the role of K in abiotic stress tolerance. Recognizing the potential role of these plant factors may help reconcile response inconsistencies based solely on soil test information, and improve future K recommendations. Finally, we hope to highlight knowledge gaps and opportunities for additional integrated soil–plant K research.