bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mergers trigger active galactic nuclei out to z ∼ 0.6
Authors: Gao F. , Wang L. , Pearson W. J. , Gordon Y. A. , Holwerda B. W. , Hopkins A. M. , Brown M. J. I. , Bland-Hawthorn J. , Owers M. S. 
Published: April 2020

Aims. The fueling and feedback of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are important for understanding the co-evolution between black holes and host galaxies. Mergers are thought to have the capability to bring gas inward and ignite nuclear activity, especially for more powerful AGNs. However, there is still significant ongoing debate on whether mergers can trigger AGNs and, if they do, whether mergers are a significant triggering mechanism.
Methods. We selected a low-redshift (0.005 <  z <  0.1) sample from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and a high-redshift (0 <  z <  0.6) sample from the Galaxy And Mass Assembly survey. We took advantage of the convolutional neural network technique to identify mergers. We used mid-infrared (MIR) color cut and optical emission line diagnostics to classify AGNs. We also included low excitation radio galaxies (LERGs) to investigate the connection between mergers and low accretion rate AGNs.
Results. We find that AGNs are more likely to be found in mergers than non-mergers, with an AGN excess up to 1.81 ± 0.16, suggesting that mergers can trigger AGNs. We also find that the fraction of mergers in AGNs is higher than that in non-AGN controls, for both MIR and optically selected AGNs, as well as LERGs, with values between 16.40 ± 0.5% and 39.23 ± 2.10%, implying a non-negligible to potentially significant role of mergers in triggering AGNs. This merger fraction in AGNs increases as stellar mass increases, which supports the idea that mergers are more important for triggering AGNs in more massive galaxies. In terms of merger fraction as a function of AGN power we find a positive trend for MIR selected AGNs and a complex trend for optically selected AGNs, which we interpret under an evolutionary scenario proposed by previous studies. In addition, obscured MIR selected AGNs are more likely to be hosted in mergers than unobscured MIR selected AGNs.
How galaxies populate haloes in very low-density environments
Authors: Alfaro Ignacio G. , Rodriguez Facundo , Ruiz Andrés N. , Lambas Diego Garcia 
Published: April 2020

Context. Evidence shows that properties of dark matter haloes may vary with large-scale environment. Studying the halo occupation distribution in cosmic voids makes it possible to obtain useful information that can shed light on the subject. The history of the formation of the haloes and galaxies residing in these regions is likely to differ from the global behaviour given their extreme environment.
Aims. Our goal is to characterise the halo occupation distribution in the interior of cosmic voids and compare with the general results to unveil the way galaxies populate haloes in simulated galaxy catalogues.
Methods. We used two publicly accessible simulated galaxy catalogues constructed with different methods: a semi-analytical model and a hydrodynamic simulation. In both cases, we identified cosmic voids, and we measured the halo occupation distribution inside these regions for different absolute magnitude thresholds. We compared these determinations with the overall results, and we studied the dependence of different characteristics of the voids. We also analysed the stellar content and the formation time of the haloes inside voids and confronted the general halo population results.
Results. Inside the voids, we find a significantly different halo occupation distribution with respect to the general results. This is present in all absolute magnitude ranges explored. We obtain no signs of variation related to void characteristics, indicating that the effects depend only on the density of the large-scale environment. Additionally, we find that the stellar-mass content also differs within voids that host haloes with less massive central galaxies (∼10%), as well as satellites with significantly lower stellar-mass content (∼30%). Finally, we find a slight difference between the formation times of the younger haloes in voids than the average population. These characteristics indicate that haloes populating voids have had a different formation history, inducing significant changes on the halo occupation distribution.
Exomoon indicators in high-precision transit light curves
Authors: Rodenbeck Kai , Heller René , Gizon Laurent 
Published: April 2020

Context. While the Solar System contains about 20 times more moons than planets, no moon has been confirmed around any of the thousands of extrasolar planets discovered so far. Considering the large computational load required for the statistical vetting of exomoon candidates in a star–planet–moon framework, tools for an uncomplicated identification of the most promising exomoon candidates could be beneficial to streamline follow-up studies.
Aims. Here we study three exomoon indicators that emerge if well-established planet-only models are fitted to a planet–moon transit light curve: transit timing variations (TTVs), transit duration variations (TDVs), and apparent planetary transit radius variations (TRVs). We re-evaluate under realistic conditions the previously proposed exomoon signatures in the TTV and TDV series.
Methods. We simulated light curves of a transiting exoplanet with a single moon, taking into account stellar limb darkening, orbital inclinations, planet–moon occultations, and noise from both stellar granulation and instrumental effects. These model light curves were then fitted with a planet-only transit model whilst pretending there were no moon, and we explored the resulting TTV, TDV, and TRV series for evidence of the moon.
Results. The previously described ellipse in the TTV-TDV diagram of an exoplanet with a moon emerges only for high-density moons. However, low-density moons distort the sinusoidal shapes of the TTV and the TDV series due to their photometric contribution to the combined planet–moon transit. Sufficiently large moons can nevertheless produce periodic apparent TRVs of their host planets that could be observable. We find that Kepler and PLATO have similar performances in detecting the exomoon-induced TRV effect around simulated bright (mV = 8) stars. Although these stars are rare in the Kepler sample, they will be abundant in the PLATO sample. Moreover, PLATO’s higher cadence yields a stronger TTV signal. We detect substantial TRVs of the Saturn-sized planet Kepler-856 b although an exomoon could only ensure Hill stability in a very narrow orbital range.
Conclusions. The periodogram of the sequence of transit radius measurements can indicate the presence of a moon. The TTV and TDV series of exoplanets with moons could be more complex than previously assumed. We propose that TRVs could be a more promising means to identify exomoons in large exoplanet surveys.
Effect of the 3D distribution on water observations made with the SWI
Authors: Wirström E. S. , Bjerkeli P. , Rezac L. , Brinch C. , Hartogh P. 
Published: April 2020

Context. Characterising and understanding the atmospheres of Jovian icy moons is one of the key exploration goals of the Submillimetre Wave Instrument (SWI), which is to be flown on ESA’s Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) mission.
Aims. The aim of this paper is to investigate how and under which conditions a 3D asymmetric distribution of the atmosphere may affect the SWI observations. In this work we target the role of phase angle for both nadir and limb geometries for unresolved and partially resolved disc observations from large distances.
Methods. We adapted the LIME software package, a 3D non-local thermodynamical equilibrium radiative transfer model, to evaluate ortho-H2O populations and synthesise the simulated SWI beam spectra for different study cases of Ganymede’s atmosphere. The temperature and density vertical distributions were adopted from a previous work. The study cases presented here were selected according to the distance and operational scenarios of moon monitoring anticipated for SWI during the Jupiter phase of the JUICE mission.
Results. We demonstrate that nadir and limb observations at different phase angles will modify the line amplitude and width. Unresolved observations where both absorption against surface continuum and limb emission contributes within the beam will lead to characteristic line wing emission, which may also appear in pure nadir geometry for specific phase angles. We also find that for Ganymede, the 3D non-local thermodynamical equilibrium populations are more highly excited in the upper atmosphere near the sub-solar region than they are in 1D spherically symmetric models. Finally, the 3D radiative transfer is better suited to properly simulate spectral lines for cases where density or population gradients exist along the line of sight.
Mode conversion of two-fluid shocks in a partially-ionised, isothermal, stratified atmosphere
Authors: Snow B. , Hillier A. 
Published: April 2020

Context. The plasma of the lower solar atmosphere consists of mostly neutral particles, whereas the upper solar atmosphere is mostly made up of ionised particles and electrons. A shock that propagates upwards in the solar atmosphere therefore undergoes a transition where the dominant fluid is either neutral or ionised. An upwards propagating shock also passes a point where the sound and Alfvén speed are equal. At this point the energy of the acoustic shock can separated into fast and slow components. The way the energy is distributed between the two modes depends on the angle of magnetic field.
Aims. We aim to investigate the separation of neutral and ionised species in a gravitationally stratified atmosphere. The role of two-fluid effects on the structure of the shocks post-mode-conversion and the frictional heating is quantified for different levels of collisional coupling.
Methods. Two-fluid numerical simulations were performed using the (PIP) code of a wave steepening into a shock in an isothermal, partially-ionised atmosphere. The collisional coefficient was varied to investigate the regimes where the plasma and neutral species are weakly, strongly, and finitely coupled.
Results. The propagation speeds of the compressional waves hosted by neutral and ionised species vary and, therefore, velocity drift between the two species is produced as the plasma attempts to propagate faster than the neutrals. This is most extreme for a fast-mode shock. We find that the collisional coefficient drastically impacts the features present in the system, specifically the mode conversion height, type of shocks present, and the finite shock widths created by the two-fluid effects. In the finitely-coupled regime, fast-mode shock widths can exceed the pressure scale height, which may lead to a new potential observable of two-fluid effects in the lower solar atmosphere.
Sensitivity of germanium content on growth conditions of silicon-germanium nanoparticles prepared in nonthermal capacitively-coupled plasmas
Authors: Uddin Md. Seraj , Vijayan C. , Rath Jatindra Kumar 
Published: April 2020

We report on the synthesis of Si1−x
Ge
x
alloy nanocrystals by very-high-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (VHF PECVD) technique at different silane to germane gas flow ratio (R) in a mixture of (H2+Ar) dilution gas and H2 dilution gas alone. TEM, SAED, EDS studies and HAADF-STEM mapping of the samples were done to investigate the NCs' size, crystallinity and distribution of Si and Ge in the Si1−x
Ge
x
alloy NCs. The average estimated size of the NCs in all the samples are in the order of exciton Bohr radius of Ge (24.3 nm), thereby indicating the probability of good quantum confinement. The alloy nature of NCs was confirmed in Raman study. The content of Ge in SiGe NCs was evaluated from Raman spectra which show a direct correlation with the fraction of hydrogen flow in the dilution gas mixture.
Stable extension of the unified model into the mesosphere and lower thermosphere
Authors: Griffith Matthew J. , Jackson David R. , Griffin Daniel J. , Budd Chris J. 
Published: April 2020

A coupled Sun-to-Earth model is the goal for accurate forecasting of space weather. A key component of such a model is a whole atmosphere model – a general circulation model extending from the ground into the upper atmosphere – since it is now known that the lower atmosphere also drives variability and space weather in the upper atmosphere, in addition to solar variability. This objective motivates the stable extension of The Met Office’s Unified Model (UM) into the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT), acting as a first step towards a whole atmosphere model.
At the time of performing this research, radiation and chemistry schemes that are appropriate for use in the MLT had not yet been implemented. Furthermore, attempts to run the model with existing parameterizations and a raised upper boundary led to an unstable model with inaccurate solutions. Here, this instability is examined and narrowed down to the model’s radiation scheme – its assumption of Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) is broken in the MLT. We subsequently address this issue by relaxation to a climatological temperature profile in this region. This provides a stable extended UM which can be used as a developmental tool for further examination of the model performance.
The standard vertical resolution used in the UM above 70 km is too coarse (approx. 5 km) to represent waves that are important for MLT circulation. We build on the success of the nudging implementation by testing the model at an improved vertical resolution. Initial attempts to address this problem with a 3 km vertical resolution and a 100 km lid were successful, but on increasing the resolution to 1.5 km the model becomes unstable due to large horizontal and vertical wind velocities. Increasing the vertical damping coefficient, which damps vertical velocities near the upper boundary, allows a successful year long climatology to be produced with these model settings. With the goal of a whole atmosphere model we also experiment with an increased upper boundary height. Increasing the upper model boundary to 120 and 135 km also leads to stable simulations. However, a 3 km resolution must be used and it is necessary to further increase the vertical damping coefficient.
This is highly promising initial work to raise the UM into the MLT, and paves the way for the development of a whole atmosphere model.
Kopfkino: Angst, nicht mehr zu können
Authors: Gundacker Stefanie 
Published: April 2020

SummarySamuel B. leidet an einer Hodenentzündung, die neben anderen Symptomen Schmerzen bei der Erektion auslöst. Die Erkrankung provoziert beim Patienten eine Reihe von Ängsten, unter anderem davor, seine Ehefrau nie wieder befriedigen zu können. Die Hypnosetherapie deckt eine grundlegende Ursache der Ängste auf – ein traumatisches Erlebnis aus Samuel B.s früher Kindheit.
Kontra vegane Ernährung in kindlichen Wachstumsphasen – ein ernährungsmedizinischer Kommentar
Authors: Biesalski Hans-Konrad , Kalhoff Hermann 
Published: April 2020

ZusammenfassungVegane Ernährung ist im Trend und vor allem bei jungen Frauen sehr beliebt. Abgesehen von der verständlichen ethischen Motivation (Tierwohl) gibt es eine Reihe von gesundheitlichen Aspekten, die als Argument vertreten werden. Dazu gehören z. B. der unbestritten geringere Fettgehalt oder der höhere Gehalt an Ballaststoffen. Aber auch Argumente, wie der Mensch hat seine Entwicklung der vegetarischen Ernährung zu verdanken, werden gerne ins Feld geführt. Nun sollte es jedem Einzelnen selbst überlassen sein, wie er sich ernährt. Was aber, wenn in der Schwangerschaft ein werdender Mensch mitisst? Sieht man sich den Bedarf einer Schwangeren, der bei manchen Mikronährstoffen (Vitamine, Minerale, Spurenelemente) deutlich über dem liegt, was eine Nichtschwangere braucht, an, so wird die vegane Ernährung selbst bei bester Planung problematisch. Dies betrifft vor allem die Versorgung mit Vitamin B12, aber auch Eisen, Jod, Vitamin D, Kalzium und Zink sowie Folsäure. Eine Versorgung, die den gesteigerten Bedarf in Schwangerschaft und Stillzeit unterschreitet, kann das körperliche Wachstum und die kognitive Entwicklung des Kindes gefährden. Für Säuglinge, Kinder und Jugendliche müssen bei veganer Kost anhaltend differenzierte und individualisierte Ernährungsstrategien und regelmäßig spezifische Substitutionen sichergestellt werden (in allen Altersgruppen ist eine regelmäßige Vitamin-B12-Substitution notwendig). Wer generell eine vegane Ernährung in der Schwangerschaft, Stillzeit und in weiteren kindlichen Wachstumsphasen empfiehlt, gefährdet damit die Entwicklung des Kindes.
Comparison of patterns of laxative ingestion to improve bowel preparation for colonoscopy: a pilot randomized clinical trial
Authors: Laiyemo Adeyinka O. , Idowu Kolapo A. , Burnside Clinton , Williams Carla D. , Jack Momodu , Mekasha Getachew , Ashktorab Hassan , Brim Hassan , Lee Edward L. , Sanderson Andrew K. , Kibreab Angesom , Kwagyan John 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background and study aims Negative experiences with bowel preparation are a barrier to uptake of colonoscopy. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of different flavoring of polyethylene glycol (PEG) laxatives on patient satisfaction with and adequacy of bowel preparation during colonoscopy.
Patients and methods This was a single-blind (endoscopist), parallel design, randomized trial (NCT 02062112) during which patients scheduled for colonoscopy were assigned to one of three groups: Group 1 (no laxative flavoring, n = 84); Group 2 (flavored entire laxative, n = 90) and Group 3 (tasted PEG with and without flavoring and decided how they want to drink the rest of the laxatives (choice group), n = 82). Patients rated their bowel preparation experience (satisfaction) and endoscopists accessed adequacy of bowel preparation during colonoscopy.
Results There were no differences in patient ratings across the groups (1, 2 and 3) in taste of the laxatives (P = 0.67), ease of drinking (P = 0.53), and overall experience of bowel preparation process (P = 0.18). However, higher percentage of patients in the choice group would want the same laxative again if they were going to have a repeat colonoscopy in the future (72.5 % vs 81.3 % vs 88.9 %, P = 0.04). Surprisingly, adequacy of bowel preparation was highest among patients who drank their PEG unflavored (89.3 % vs 80 % vs 75.5 %, P = 0.07) and the had highest rates of adenoma detection (40.5 % vs 23.3 vs 39.0, P = 0.03).
Conclusions There were no differences in overall tolerability of bowel preparation by patterns of flavoring of PEG. Those who drank unflavored PEG were less satisfied but had better clinical outcome, suggesting minimum justification effect in bowel preparation process.
Cellulose nanofiber dispersion as a new submucosal injection material for endoscopic treatment: preliminary experimental study
Authors: Morisawa Toshiyuki , Okada Akihiko , Kataoka Yuuki , Masaki Sho , Hayashi Takayuki 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background and aims Although various solutions have been tested for submucosal injections during endoscopic treatment, the ideal solution has not been established. We investigated the suitability of a cellulose nanofiber (CNF) dispersion with high viscosity and thixotropy as a potential submucosal injection material for endoscopic treatment.
Methods We evaluated the catheter injectability and mucosa-elevating capacity of CNF dispersion compared with sodium hyaluronate (SH) solution, which has been reported to be a promising submucosal injection solution. The catheter injectability of CNF dispersion was examined under conditions equivalent to those used clinically in endoscopic treatment. The mucosa-elevating capacity of CNF dispersion was examined in porcine stomachs.
Results There was no significant difference between the catheter injectability of 0.4 % CNF dispersion and 0.4 % SH solutions; however, 0.4 % CNF dispersion maintained significantly higher and longer elevation of the submucosal layer than 0.4 % SH solution. A clear separation of the mucosal layer from the underlying muscle layer was achieved by injecting 0.4 % CNF dispersion.
Conclusion This preliminary study suggests that CNF dispersion could be an ideal submucosal injection material for endoscopic treatment because of its unique high thixotropy index.
Slow-pull compared to suction technique for EUS-guided sampling of pancreatic solid lesions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Capurso Gabriele , Archibugi Livia , Petrone Maria Chiara , Arcidiacono Paolo Giorgio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background and study aims Current ESGE guidelines suggest employing the suction (SU) technique for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling of pancreatic solid lesions. Nonetheless, recent randomized controlled trials (RCT) have reported that the slow-pull (SP) technique has similar diagnostic accuracy with possibly less blood contamination. However, these results are heterogeneous and limited to small cohorts. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare adequacy, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the SU and SP techniques for EUS-guided sampling of solid pancreatic lesions.
Methods A computerized bibliographic search was restricted to RCTs. Pooled effects were calculated using a random-effects model and expressed in terms of pooled sensitivity and specificity and OR (95 % CI) for adequacy and accuracy.
Results Overall, seven RCTs were included, for a total of 475 patients (163 lesions sampled with SU, 164 with SP and 148 by both). The adequacy was similar (OR = 0.98) without heterogeneity (I2 = 0 %), but a high degree of blood contamination was more common with SU than SP (pooled rate 27.6 % vs 19.7 %). A non-significant superiority of SP in terms of pooled accuracy (OR = 0.82; 95 % CI 0.36–1.85) was recorded, with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 52.4 %). The SP technique showed a slightly higher pooled sensitivity compared to SU (88.7 % vs 83.4 %), while specificity was similar (97.2 % SP vs 96.9 % SU), with considerable heterogeneity.
Conclusion The current meta-analysis reveals non-superiority of SU over SP, while SP results in reduced blood contamination. If the 5 % accuracy difference favouring SP is true, with alfa error = 0.05 and beta = 0.20, a RCT of 982 patients per arm is needed to confirm significance.
Lavendel
Authors: Niedenthal Tobias , Puchtler Elke 
Published: April 2020

SummaryLavendel ist Arzneipflanze des Jahres 2020 in Deutschland und Österreich - In Deutschlandsteht die angstlösende Wirkung des Echten Lavendels im Vordergrund, in Österreich wird auchdie Anwendung des Speik-Lavendels bei Erkältungskrankheiten betont
Early Prenatal Diagnosis of Double Aortic Arch: Prevalence, Associated Anomalies and Outcome
Authors: Zmora Osnat , Beloosesky Ron , Khatib Nizar , Ginsberg Yuval , Khoury Asad , Bronshtein Moshe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose Our aims were to describe the feasibility of diagnosis of DAA in early pregnancy and to assess its prenatal prevalence, associated anomalies and outcome.
Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort review of all DAA cases diagnosed by early prenatal transvaginal scans at 12–17 weeks of gestation between the years 2007–2018 was performed. Associated anomalies, genetic abnormalities and long-term postnatal outcome were evaluated.
Results 12 cases of DAA were diagnosed by early prenatal transvaginal scans at a median of 15 (range: 12–17) weeks of gestation out of a total of 28 654 early scans preformed with a prevalence of at least 1:2378. Associated anomalies/genetic abnormalities were found in 5/12 (42 %) cases. The diagnosis was confirmed postnatally in all newborns. In two cases termination of pregnancy was performed. Four patients (40 %) were symptomatic. Six patients (60 %) underwent surgery due to symptoms or due to severe obstruction on imaging with resolution of symptoms in all except one patient.
Conclusion DAA can be readily diagnosed transvaginally even in the first trimester. Its prevalence is 1:2387. A search for associated anomalies and genetic abnormalities should be performed. If DAA is isolated, the prognosis with or without surgery is usually good.