bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy Conversion and Dissipation at Dipolarization Fronts: A Statistical Overview
Authors: Zhong Z. H. , Deng X. H. , Zhou M. , Ma W. Q. , Tang R. X. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Giles B. L. , Russell C. T. , Burch J. L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDipolarization fronts (DFs) are important for energy conversion, particle acceleration, and flux transport in the magnetotail. The partition of energy conversion between ions and electrons and the energy dissipation at DFs are not well understood. In this paper, we present a statistical study of energy conversion and dissipation of 122 DFs observed by Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in the magnetotail. Statistically, electromagnetic energy transfers to plasma at DF. The released energy is mainly transferred to ions rather than electrons. On average, ions gain energy across the whole DF, while electrons gain energy at the leading part but lose energy at the trailing part of DFs. Joule dissipation J · (E+ve × B) can be either positive or negative at DFs, and its average value is very small. The kinetic energy dissipation parameter Pi − D does not exhibit clear signatures at the DFs; hence, it is not suitable for quantifying the energy dissipation at DF.
Anthropogenic Air Pollution Delays Marine Stratocumulus Breakup to Open Cells
Authors: Goren Tom , Kazil Jan , Hoffmann Fabian , Yamaguchi Takanobu , Feingold Graham 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMarine stratocumulus cloud (Sc) decks with high cloud fraction typically breakup when sufficient drizzle forms. Cloud breakup leads to a lower cloud radiative effect due to the lower cloud amount. Here we use realistic Lagrangian large eddy simulations along a 3‐day trajectory, evaluated with satellite observations, to investigate the timing of Sc breakup in response to aerosol conditions. We show that the timing of the breakup is strongly modulated by the diurnal cycle and large‐scale meteorology but varies systematically with the initial aerosol concentration: the more polluted the clouds, the later the breakup. This indicates that the cloud radiative effect via cloud cover adjustments is not saturated, in contrast to the effect of aerosol on cloud albedo at fixed cloudiness, which weakens with increasing aerosol levels. The results also show that the cloud radiative impact of anthropogenic aerosol is strongest far from its origin over land.
Brief Portrait of the Scientist as a Young Man: Researches on Dungey's “Open” Magnetosphere From the 1960s to the 1980s
Authors: Cowley Stanley W.H. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe author's early research career and scientific output is outlined, spanning the interval from the late 1960s to the late 1980s when he transitioned from Jim Dungey's PhD student at Imperial College, London, to full professor. The work, principally concerned with elucidating theoretical aspects of Dungey's “open” model magnetosphere, is set within the context of burgeoning observations from both ground and space, resulting in greatly improved knowledge and growing international acceptance. Scientific encounters with some of the major players in the field during that time are recounted, now recollected in tranquility.
Amplitude Source Location Method With Depth‐Dependent Scattering and Attenuation Structures: Application at Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia
Authors: Kumagai Hiroyuki , Londoño John Makario , Maeda Yuta , Acevedo Rivas Alvaro Esteban 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe amplitude source location (ASL) method, which uses high‐frequency amplitudes based on the assumption of isotropic radiation of S waves, was tested with envelope waveforms simulated from depth‐dependent scattering and attenuation structures at Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia. Our test results indicate that estimated ASLs are more accurate when a two‐layer attenuation model is used than when a homogenous attenuation model is used, as has commonly been done in previous studies. We applied the ASL method with a two‐layer attenuation model to the high‐frequency (5‐10 Hz) band of volcanotectonic (VT) earthquakes, long‐period (LP) and very long period (VLP) events, and tremor recorded in 2016 at Nevado del Ruiz. Results indicate that the differences between ASLs and VT earthquake hypocenters (determined using onset arrival times) were smaller for a two‐layer model compared to a homogeneous model. Our determined ASLs for LP and VLP events and tremor were distributed along a NW‐dipping plane beneath the summit crater, near and above a region with high P to S wave velocity ratios that has been interpreted as shallow magma storage. This plane may represent weak zones along the Palestina fault system. Our results suggest that LP and VLP events and tremor occur during magma ascent along the fault system. This study demonstrates that the ASL method with a depth‐dependent attenuation model is useful to improve the accuracy of estimated source locations for volcanoseismic signals.
Cyclostrophic Corrections of AVISO/DUACS Surface Velocities and Its Application to Mesoscale Eddies in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Ioannou Artemis , Stegner Alexandre , Tuel Alexandre , LeVu Briac , Dumas Franck , Speich Sabrina 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMesoscale eddies, having a characteristic radius equal or larger than the local deformation radius, are generally considered to be geostrophic. Even if this is true for most of them, there are few cases where the ageostrophic velocity components induced by the local curvature of the streamlines are not negligible. In order to account for this ageostrophic part, we investigate the performance of an optimized iterative method which computes the cyclostrophic corrections starting from the geostrophic surface velocity of the AVISO (Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic data)/DUACS (Data Unification and Altimeter Combination System). We optimized the convergence of the iterative method using an intermediate cubic interpolation. The performance and the accuracy of the optimized iterative method is first evaluated on idealized eddies for which we can obtain their exact cyclogeostrophic solution. Mesoscale eddies of various shapes, intensities and different ellipticity are investigated. The iterative method is then applied to 15 years (2000–2015) of AVISO/DUACS geostrophic velocity fields, gridded at 1/8o for the Mediterranean Sea. We found that these ageostrophic corrections are needed for most of the mesoscale anticyclones that have a geostrophic vortex Rossby number larger than Ro>0.1. Both the Alboran and the Ierapetra eddies are frequently affected by the cyclostrophic corrections that may exceed 50 cm s−1. Lastly, the corrected velocity fields are compared with available in situ observations of velocity measurements (vessel‐mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers) performed within the Ierapetra eddy confirming the benefit of the proposed method.
Heat Distribution in the Southeast Pacific Is Only Weakly Sensitive to High‐Latitude Heat Flux and Wind Stress
Authors: Jones Daniel C. , Boland Emma , Meijers Andrew J.S. , Forget Gael , Josey Simon A. , Sallee Jean‐Baptiste , Shuckburgh Emily 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Southern Ocean features regionally varying ventilation pathways that transport heat and carbon from the surface ocean to the interior thermocline on timescales of decades to centuries, but the factors that control the distribution of heat along these pathways are not well understood. In this study, we use a global ocean state estimate (ECCOv4) to (1) define the recently ventilated interior Pacific (RVP) using numerical passive tracer experiments over a 10‐year period and (2) use an adjoint approach to calculate the sensitivities of the RVP heat content (RVPh) to changes in net heat flux and wind stress. We find that RVPh is most sensitive to local heat flux and wind stress anomalies north of the sea surface height contours that delineate the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, with especially high sensitivities over the South Pacific Gyre. Surprisingly, RVPh is not especially sensitive to changes at higher latitudes. We perform a set of step response experiments over the South Pacific Gyre, the subduction region, and the high‐latitude Southern Ocean. In consistency with the adjoint sensitivity fields, RVPh is most sensitive to wind stress curl over the subtropical gyre, which alter isopycnal heave, and it is only weakly sensitive to changes at higher latitudes. Our results suggest that despite the localized nature of mode water subduction hot spots, changes in basin‐scale pressure gradients are an important controlling factor on RVPh. Because basin‐scale wind stress is expected to change in the coming decades to centuries, our results may have implications for climate, via the atmosphere/ocean partitioning of heat.
Measurements of Magnetic Pulse Bursts During Initial Continuous Current of Negative Rocket‐Triggered Lightning
Authors: Fan Yanfeng , Lu Gaopeng , Li Xiao , Zheng Tianxue , Zhang Hongbo , Jiang Rubin , Liu Mingyuan , Qie Xiushu , Zhang Yijun , Zhang Yang , Lyu Weitao , Zheng Dong 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDuring the SHandong Triggering Lightning Experiment (SHATLE) in summer of 2014 and 2015 and the Guangdong Comprehensive Observation Experiment on Lightning Discharge (GCOELD) campaign in 2018, we have conducted the observations of the magnetic pulse bursts (MPBs) during the initial continuous current in negative rocket‐triggered lightning. The MPBs are commonly recorded at the main site of SHATLE (970 m from the rocket launch site), but the synchronous magnetic field (B‐field) measurements at the close site of SHATLE (78 m from the rocket launch site) show the slow variations with small MPBs superposing on them. Note that both the charge transfer and the relative brightness increase notably during the appearance of the MPBs. After shifting up the operation frequency of the magnetic sensor, the MPBs can be observed at close distance (80 m from the rocket launch site) obviously in GCOELD. Observations show that the radiation sources of MPBs originate from the breakdown in the vicinity of the leader tip, but the sources of the initial magnetic pulses (IMPs) measured at the very initial stage of triggered lightning are from the radiation of the whole steel wire. The continuous current measured at the channel base during the MPBs cannot reflect the characteristics of breakdown current, because the current is attenuated and dispersed when propagating along the high‐impedance leader channel. The average peak current associated with the MPBs is estimated to be on the order of kiloamperes.
Bedload Sediment Transport Regimes of Semi‐alluvial Rivers Conditioned by Urbanization and Stormwater Management
Authors: Papangelakis E. , MacVicar B. , Ashmore P. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWatershed urbanization and stormwater management (SWM) alter the hydrologic processes of rivers. Although differences have been documented in channel morphology and sediment yield pre‐ and posturbanization, little is known about how the modified hydrology affects grain‐scale bedload transport dynamics. This study aims to characterize the bedload sediment transport regime of three rivers with different hydrologic settings: rural, urban with no SWM, and urban with peak‐shaving SWM. The rivers are “semi‐alluvial,” characterized by an alluvial layer over a cohesive till. Bedload transport was monitored using tracer stones over 3 years. Hydrograph characteristics of the streams fit with what is expected in urban and SWM systems, and the rural stream has an episodic transport regime typical of gravel‐bed rivers. Entrainment thresholds are not detectably impacted by the semi‐alluvial bed cover, but travel lengths of grains relative to their size are longer than in alluvial gravel‐bed streams. Downstream displacement rates of particles up to the D90 are accelerated in the urban river due to more frequent mobilization rather than increased event‐based travel lengths and may explain channel enlargement. SWM decreases the mobility and travel lengths of particles below those in the rural system, which is combined with channel narrowing, and the loss of bed forms suggests a shift toward a competence‐limited transport regime. This new regime is a result of reduced shear stresses that are insufficient to transport coarse material. This study presents empirical evidence of the effects of watershed urbanization and SWM on bedload transport and provides recommendations for process‐based river management strategies.
Prospective study to define the clinical utility and benefit of Decipher testing in men following prostatectomy
Authors: Marascio Joseph , Spratt Daniel E. , Zhang Jingbin , Trabulsi Edouard J. , Le Tiffany , Sedzorme Worlanyo Sosu , Beeler Whitney H. , Davicioni Elai , Dabbas Bashar , Lin Daniel W. , Gore John L. , Bloom Matthew , Mann Mark , Mark J. Ryan , Calvaresi Anne , Godwin James L. , McCue Peter , Hurwitz Mark D. , Kelly W. Kevin , Lallas Costas D. , Knudsen Karen E. , Gomella Leonard G. , Dicker Adam P. , Den Robert B. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Genomic classifiers (GC) have been shown to improve risk stratification post prostatectomy. However, their clinical benefit has not been prospectively demonstrated. We sought to determine the impact of GC testing on postoperative management in men with prostate cancer post prostatectomy.

Methods
Two prospective registries of prostate cancer patients treated between 2014 and 2019 were included. All men underwent Decipher tumor testing for adverse features post prostatectomy (Decipher Biosciences, San Diego, CA). The clinical utility cohort, which measured the change in treatment decision-making, captured pre- and postgenomic treatment recommendations from urologists across diverse practice settings (n = 3455). The clinical benefit cohort, which examined the difference in outcome, was from a single academic institution whose tumor board predefined “best practices” based on GC results (n = 135).

Results
In the clinical utility cohort, providers’ recommendations pregenomic testing were primarily observation (69%). GC testing changed recommendations for 39% of patients, translating to a number needed to test of 3 to change one treatment decision. In the clinical benefit cohort, 61% of patients had genomic high-risk tumors; those who received the recommended adjuvant radiation therapy (ART) had 2-year PSA recurrence of 3 vs. 25% for those who did not (HR 0.1 [95% CI 0.0–0.6], p = 0.013). For the genomic low/intermediate-risk patients, 93% followed recommendations for observation, with similar 2-year PSA recurrence rates compared with those who received ART (p = 0.93).

Conclusions
The use of GC substantially altered treatment decision-making, with a number needed to test of only 3. Implementing best practices to routinely recommend ART for genomic-high patients led to larger than expected improvements in early biochemical endpoints, without jeopardizing outcomes for genomic-low/intermediate-risk patients.
Unlinked rRNA genes are widespread among bacteria and archaea
Authors: Brewer Tess E , Albertsen Mads , Edwards Arwyn , Kirkegaard Rasmus H , Rocha Eduardo P C , Fierer Noah 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Ribosomes are essential to cellular life and the genes for their RNA components are the most conserved and transcribed genes in bacteria and archaea. Ribosomal RNA genes are typically organized into a single operon, an arrangement thought to facilitate gene regulation. In reality, some bacteria and archaea do not share this canonical rRNA arrangement—their 16S and 23S rRNA genes are separated across the genome and referred to as “unlinked”. This rearrangement has previously been treated as an anomaly or a byproduct of genome degradation in intracellular bacteria. Here, we leverage complete genome and long-read metagenomic data to show that unlinked 16S and 23S rRNA genes are more common than previously thought. Unlinked rRNA genes occur in many phyla, most significantly within Deinococcus-Thermus, Chloroflexi, and Planctomycetes, and occur in differential frequencies across natural environments. We found that up to 41% of rRNA genes in soil were unlinked, in contrast to the human gut, where all sequenced rRNA genes were linked. The frequency of unlinked rRNA genes may reflect meaningful life history traits, as they tend to be associated with a mix of slow-growing free-living species and intracellular species. We speculate that unlinked rRNA genes may confer selective advantages in some environments, though the specific nature of these advantages remains undetermined and worthy of further investigation. More generally, the prevalence of unlinked rRNA genes in poorly-studied taxa serves as a reminder that paradigms derived from model organisms do not necessarily extend to the broader diversity of bacteria and archaea.
Predicting rehospitalization within 2 years of initial patient admission for a major depressive episode: a multimodal machine learning approach
Authors: Cearns Micah , Opel Nils , Clark Scott , Kaehler Claas , Thalamuthu Anbupalam , Heindel Walter , Winter Theresa , Teismann Henning , Minnerup Heike , Dannlowski Udo , Berger Klaus , Baune Bernhard T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMachine learning methods show promise to translate univariate biomarker findings into clinically useful multivariate decision support systems. At current, works in major depressive disorder have predominantly focused on neuroimaging and clinical predictor modalities, with genetic, blood-biomarker, and cardiovascular modalities lacking. In addition, the prediction of rehospitalization after an initial inpatient major depressive episode is yet to be explored, despite its clinical importance. To address this gap in the literature, we have used baseline clinical, structural imaging, blood-biomarker, genetic (polygenic risk scores), bioelectrical impedance and electrocardiography predictors to predict rehospitalization within 2 years of an initial inpatient episode of major depression. Three hundred and eighty patients from the ongoing 12-year Bidirect study were included in the analysis (rehospitalized: yes = 102, no = 278). Inclusion criteria was age ≥35 and <66 years, a current or recent hospitalisation for a major depressive episode and complete structural imaging and genetic data. Optimal performance was achieved with a multimodal panel containing structural imaging, blood-biomarker, clinical, medication type, and sleep quality predictors, attaining a test AUC of 67.74 (p = 9.99−05). This multimodal solution outperformed models based on clinical variables alone, combined biomarkers, and individual data modality prognostication for rehospitalization prediction. This finding points to the potential of predictive models that combine multimodal clinical and biomarker data in the development of clinical decision support systems.
Sex-specific depressive symptoms as markers of pre-Alzheimer dementia: findings from the Three-City cohort study
Authors: Norton Joanna , Carrière Isabelle , Pérès Karine , Gabelle Audrey , Berr Claudine , Ritchie Karen , Ancelin Marie-Laure 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLate-life depression, as a potential marker of pre-dementia, has seldom been explored by symptom dimension and sex, despite sexual dimorphic differences. This study aimed to examine whether specific depressive dimensions were associated with pre-Alzheimer’s disease dementia (pre-AD), separately for women and men. Data were drawn from 5617 (58% women) community-dwellers aged 65+ recruited in 1999–2000 and followed at 2-year intervals for 12 years. We used Cox proportional hazard models to study associations between time-dependent Centre for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) symptom dimensions (namely somatic, depressed, positive affect, and interpersonal challenge) and pre-AD, defined retrospectively from validated diagnoses established 3.5 (IQR: 3.2–4.0) years onwards. Analyses were performed according to overall depressive symptomatology (DS+: CES-D score ≥ 16) and antidepressant/anxiolytic medication use (AA). Results indicated that in DS+ women only, all four dimensions were significantly associated with pre-AD in the AA- group, in particular somatic item ‘Mind’ and depressed affect items ‘Depressed’ and ‘Blues’. The most depression-specific dimension, depressed affect, was also significantly associated with pre-AD in the DS– AA- women (HR:1.28, 95%CI: 1.12;1.47). In both sexes, in the DS– groups somatic affect was the most robust pre-AD marker, irrespective of treatment (women: HR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.08;1.38; men: HR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.14;1.48). Our findings highlight sex-specific associations between depressive symptom dimensions and pre-AD, modulated by depressive symptomatology and treatment. Assessment of specific symptom dimensions taking into account overall symptomatology and treatment could help identify and target high-risk AD-dementia profiles for interventions.
Prefrontal cortex interneurons display dynamic sex-specific stress-induced transcriptomes
Authors: Girgenti Matthew J. , Wohleb Eric S. , Mehta Sameet , Ghosal Sriparna , Fogaca Manoela V. , Duman Ronald S. 
Published: November 2019

Abstractγ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibitory interneurons play a key role in efferent and afferent control of principle neuron activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), thereby regulating signal integrity of cognitive and behavioral processes. Recent evidence suggests that specific subtypes of interneurons in the PFC mediate stress-induced depressive-like behaviors. Abnormalities of GABA interneurons, particularly the somatostatin (human, SST; mouse, Sst) subtype, have been reported in postmortem brains of depressed subjects and include sex differences that could explain the increased incidence of depression in women. Here, we analyze the transcriptional profiles and the effects of chronic stress in males vs. females on GABA interneuron subtypes in the PFC. Using Sst- and Parvalbumin-fluorescence tagged reporter mice and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) combined with RNA sequencing, we identify distinct transcriptome profiles for these interneuron subtypes in the medial PFC. Based on evidence that SST interneurons are altered in depression, we then determined the effects of chronic stress on this interneuron subtype. Chronic stress causes significant dysregulation of several key pathways, including sex-specific differences in the Sst interneuron profiles. The transcriptional pathways altered by chronic stress in males overlap with enriched pathways in non-stressed females. These changes occurred predominantly in decreased expression of elongation initiation factor 2 (EIF2) signaling, suggesting that dysfunction of the translational machinery of SST interneurons could be critical to the development of depressive-like behaviors in males. In addition, SST interneurons from females exposed to chronic stress show dysregulation of different, growth factor signaling pathways.