bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contextualising the link between adolescents’ use of digital technology and their mental health: a multi‐country study of time spent online and life satisfaction
Authors: Kardefelt‐Winther Daniel , Rees Gwyther , Livingstone Sonia 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundEvidence on whether the amount of time children spend online affects their mental health is mixed. There may be both benefits and risks. Yet, almost all published research on this topic is from high‐income countries. This paper presents new findings across four countries of varying wealth.MethodsWe analyse data gathered through the Global Kids Online project from nationally representative samples of Internet‐using children aged 9 to 17 years in Bulgaria (n = 1,000), Chile (n = 1,000), Ghana (n = 2,060) and the Philippines (n = 1,873). Data was gathered on Internet usage on week and weekend days. Measures of absolute (comparable across countries) and relative (compared to other children within countries) time use were constructed. Mental health was measured by Cantril’s ladder (life satisfaction). The analysis also considers the relative explanatory power on variations in mental health of children’s relationships with family and friends. Analysis controlled for age, gender and family socioeconomic status.ResultsIn Bulgaria and Chile, higher‐frequency Internet use is weakly associated with lower life satisfaction. In Ghana and the Philippines, no such pattern was observed. There was no evidence that the relationship between frequency of Internet use and life satisfaction differed by gender. In all four countries, the quality of children’s close relationships showed a much stronger relationship with their life satisfaction than did time spent on the Internet.ConclusionsTime spent on the Internet does not appear to be strongly linked to children’s life satisfaction, and results from one country should not be assumed to transfer to another. Improving the quality of children’s close relationships offers a more fruitful area for intervention than restricting their time online. Future research could consider a wider range of countries and links between the nature, rather than quantity, of Internet usage and mental health.
Innovation disclosure in times of uncertainty
Authors: Amore Mario Daniele 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA recent literature shows that many firms feature missing R&D expenses in their accounting statements. This study explores how economic policy uncertainty affects the decision to disclose innovation‐related information. Empirical analyses on a panel of U.S. listed companies show that policy uncertainty increases the likelihood of missing R&D (as opposed to both positive and zero R&D). This result is more pronounced for firms that enjoy a leadership position in their industry, firms in states subject to a weaker legal protection of internal knowledge, and firms that rely more on government demand. During uncertain times, firms also file patents that exhibit a greater textual vagueness. Finally, the evidence suggests that missing R&D helps firms alleviate the negative impact of policy uncertainty on market value.
Stereotactic radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: Expanding the multidisciplinary armamentarium
Authors: Shanker Mihir D , Liu Howard Y , Lee Yoo Young , Stuart Katherine A , Powell Elizabeth E , Wigg Alan , Pryor David I 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and the third most common cause of cancer‐related death. Long‐term prognosis remains poor with treatment options frequently limited by advanced tumor stage, tumor location, or underlying liver dysfunction. Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) utilizes technological advances to deliver highly precise, tumoricidal doses of radiation. There is an emerging body of literature on SABR in HCC demonstrating high rates of local control in the order of 80–90% at 3 years. SABR is associated with a low risk of radiation‐induced liver disease or decompensation in appropriately selected HCC patients with compensated liver function and is now being incorporated into guidelines as an additional treatment option. This review outlines the emerging role of SABR in the multidisciplinary management of HCC and summarizes the current evidence for its use as an alternative ablative option for early‐stage disease, as a bridge to transplant, and as palliation for advanced‐stage disease. We outline specific considerations regarding patient selection, toxicities, and response assessment. Finally, we compare current international guidelines and recommendations for the use of SABR and summarize ongoing studies.
Putative Cut‐Points in Sarcopenia Components and Incident Adverse Health Outcomes: An SDOC Analysis
Authors: Cawthon Peggy M. , Manini Todd , Patel Sheena M. , Newman Anne , Travison Thomas , Kiel Douglas P. , Santanasto Adam J. , Ensrud Kristine E. , Xue Qian‐Li , Shardell Michelle , Duchowny Kate , Erlandson Kristine M. , Pencina Karol M. , Fielding Roger A. , Magaziner Jay , Kwok Timothy , Karlsson Magnus , Ohlsson Claes , Mellström Dan , Hirani Vasant , Ribom Eva , Correa‐de‐Araujo Rosaly , Bhasin Shalender 
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVESAnalyses performed by the Sarcopenia Definitions and Outcomes Consortium (SDOC) identified cut‐points in several metrics of grip strength for consideration in a definition of sarcopenia. We describe the associations between the SDOC‐identified metrics of low grip strength (absolute or standardized to body size/composition); low dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) lean mass as previously defined in the literature (appendicular lean mass [ALM]/ht2); and slowness (walking speed <.8 m/s) with subsequent adverse outcomes (falls, hip fractures, mobility limitation, and mortality).DESIGNIndividual‐level, sex‐stratified pooled analysis. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) or hazard ratios (HRs) for incident falls, mobility limitation, hip fractures, and mortality. Follow‐up time ranged from 1 year for falls to 8.8 ± 2.3 years for mortality.SETTINGEight prospective observational cohort studies.PARTICIPANTSA total of 13,421 community‐dwelling men and 4,828 community‐dwelling women.MEASUREMENTSGrip strength by hand dynamometry, gait speed, and lean mass by DXA.RESULTSLow grip strength (absolute or standardized to body size/composition) was associated with incident outcomes, usually independently of slowness, in both men and women. ORs and HRs generally ranged from 1.2 to 3.0 for those below vs above the cut‐point. DXA lean mass was not consistently associated with these outcomes. When considered together, those who had both muscle weakness by absolute grip strength (<35.5 kg in men and <20 kg in women) and slowness were consistently more likely to have a fall, hip fracture, mobility limitation, or die than those without either slowness or muscle weakness.CONCLUSIONOlder men and women with both muscle weakness and slowness have a higher likelihood of adverse health outcomes. These results support the inclusion of grip strength and walking speed as components in a summary definition of sarcopenia. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1429‐1437, 2020.
Mortality and the Use of Antithrombotic Therapies Among Nursing Home Residents with COVID‐19
Authors: Brouns Steffie H. , Brüggemann Renée , Linkens Aimée E. M. J. H. , Magdelijns Fabienne J. , Joosten Hanneke , Heijnen Ron , ten Cate‐Hoek Arina J. , Schols Jos M. G. A. , ten Cate Hugo , Spaetgens Bart 
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESNursing home (NH) residents are a vulnerable population, susceptible to respiratory disease outbreaks such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Poor outcome in COVID‐19 is at least partly attributed to hypercoagulability, resulting in a high incidence of thromboembolic complications. It is unknown whether commonly used antithrombotic therapies may protect the vulnerable NH population with COVID‐19 against mortality. This study aimed to investigate whether the use of oral antithrombotic therapy (OAT) was associated with a lower mortality in NH residents with COVID‐19.DESIGNA retrospective case series.SETTINGFourteen NH facilities from the NH organization Envida, Maastricht, the NetherlandsPARTICIPANTSA total of 101 NH residents with COVID‐19 were enrolled.MEASUREMENTSThe primary outcome was all‐cause mortality. The association between age, sex, comorbidity, OAT, and mortality was assessed using logistic regression analysis.RESULTSOverall mortality was 47.5% in NH residents from 14 NH facilities. Age, comorbidity, and medication use were comparable among NH residents who survived and who died. OAT was associated with a lower mortality in NH residents with COVID‐19 in the univariable analysis (odds ratio (OR) = 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.41–1.95). However, additional adjustments for sex, age, and comorbidity attenuated this difference. Mortality in males was higher compared with female residents (OR = 3.96; 95% CI = 1.62–9.65). Male residents who died were younger compared with female residents (82.2 (standard deviation (SD) = 6.3) vs 89.1 (SD = 6.8) years; P < .001).CONCLUSIONNH residents in the 14 facilities we studied were severely affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic, with a mortality of 47.5%. Male NH residents with COVID‐19 had worse outcomes than females. We did not find evidence for any protection against mortality by OAT, necessitating further research into strategies to mitigate poor outcome of COVID‐19 in vulnerable NH populations. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1647‐1652, 2020.
Impaired prolactin transport into the brain and functional responses to prolactin in aged male mice
Authors: Barad Zsuzsanna , Khant Aung Zin , Grattan David R. , Ladyman Sharon R. , Brown Rosemary S. E. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAgeing is related to changes in a number of endocrine systems that impact on the central actions of hormones. The anterior pituitary hormone prolactin is present in the circulation in both males and females, with widespread expression of the prolactin receptor throughout the forebrain. We aimed to investigate prolactin transport into the brain, as well as circulating levels of prolactin and functional responses to prolactin, in aged male mice (23 months). Transport of 125I‐labelled prolactin (125I‐prolactin) from the peripheral circulation into the brain was suppressed in aged compared to young adult (4 months) male mice, with no significant transport into the brain occurring in aged males. We subsequently investigated changes in the negative‐feedback regulation of prolactin secretion and prolactin‐induced suppression of luteinising hormone (LH) pulsatile secretion in aged male mice. Feedback regulation of prolactin secretion appeared to be unaffected in aged males, with no change in levels of circulating prolactin, and normal prolactin‐induced phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5(pSTAT5) immunoreactivity in tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic (TIDA) neurones in the arcuate nucleus. There were, however, significant impairments in the ability of prolactin to suppress LH pulsatile secretion in aged males. In young adult males, acute prolactin administration significantly decreased LH pulses from 1.5 ± 0.19 pulses of LH in 4 hours to 0.5 ± 0.27 pulses. In contrast, prolactin did not suppress LH pulse frequency in aged males, with prolactin leading to an increase in mean LH concentration. These data demonstrate the emergence of impairments in prolactin transport into the brain and deficits in specific functional responses to prolactin with ageing.
IGFBP5 enhances the dentinogenesis potential of dental pulp stem cells via JNK and ErK signalling pathways
Authors: Hao Junling , Yang Haoqing , Cao Yangyang , Zhang Chen , Fan Zhipeng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundDental stem cell transplantation has become a new method for tooth tissue regeneration. However, its molecular mechanism of the dentinogenic differentiation is still unclear, limited its application. Our previous studies found that insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) can promote the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells and the regeneration of periodontal tissues. This study aims to clarify the effect and mechanism of IGFBP5 on the dentinogenesis of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs).Objective and MethodsLentiviral IGFBP5 shRNA was used to knock‐down of IGFBP5. And recombinant human IGFBP5 protein (rhIGFBP5) was used to treat DPSCs. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, Alizarin red staining, quantitative calcium analysis, real‐time RT‐PCR and Western Blot were used to detect dentinogenic differentiation markers and related signalling pathways. Transplantation in nude mice was used to detect the dentin regeneration in vivo.ResultsDepletion of IGFBP5 inhibited ALP activity and the mineralisation and reduced the expressions of osteo/dentinogenic differentiation markers BSP, DMP‐1 and DSPP in DPSCs. 0.05 ng/mL rhIGFBP5 promoted ALP activity, the mineralisation and the expressions of BSP, DMP‐1 and DSPP in DPSCs. In addition, 0.05 ng/mL rhIGFBP5 could promote DPSC‐mediated dentin‐like tissues formation in vivo. Western blot results showed that IGFBP5 activated JNK and Erk signalling pathways in DPSCs. Furthermore, inhibition of JNK pathway by SP600125, the expression of p‐JNK and p‐Erk was reduced, while inhibition of Erk pathway by PD98059, only p‐Erk expression was decreased.ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that IGFBP5 could promote the dentinogenic differentiation and dentinogenesis potential of DPSCs via JNK and ErK signalling pathways.
Depletion of the DarG antitoxin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis triggers the DNA‐damage response and leads to cell death
Authors: Zaveri Anisha , Wang Ruojun , Botella Laure , Sharma Ritu , Zhu Linnan , Wallach Joshua B. , Song Naomi , Jansen Robert S. , Rhee Kyu Y. , Ehrt Sabine , Schnappinger Dirk 
Published: July 2020

AbstractOf the ~80 putative toxin‐antitoxin (TA) modules encoded by the bacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), three contain antitoxins essential for bacterial viability. One of these, Rv0060 (DNA ADP‐ribosyl glycohydrolase, DarGMtb), functions along with its cognate toxin Rv0059 (DNA ADP‐ribosyl transferase, DarTMtb), to mediate reversible DNA ADP‐ribosylation (Jankevicius et al., 2016). We demonstrate that DarTMtb‐DarGMtb form a functional TA pair and essentiality of darGMtb is dependent on the presence of darTMtb, but simultaneous deletion of both darTMtb‐darGMtb does not alter viability of Mtb in vitro or in mice. The antitoxin, DarGMtb, forms a cytosolic complex with DNA‐repair proteins that assembles independently of either DarTMtb or interaction with DNA. Depletion of DarGMtb alone is bactericidal, a phenotype that is rescued by expression of an orthologous antitoxin, DarGTaq, from Thermus aquaticus. Partial depletion of DarGMtb triggers a DNA‐damage response and sensitizes Mtb to drugs targeting DNA metabolism and respiration. Induction of the DNA‐damage response is essential for Mtb to survive partial DarGMtb‐depletion and leads to a hypermutable phenotype.
Altered health knowledge and attitudes among health sciences students following media exposure
Authors: Trevino Amanda , Cardinal Christine , Douglas Crystal C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCommunications media that fails to present information supported by evidence‐based practice has the potential to adversely influence knowledge and, ultimately, behaviors. We assessed the immediate effect of a health science documentary on knowledge, attitude, and beliefs among collegiate health sciences students enrolled in an entry‐level nutrition course using surveys administered online. Participants (n = 160) completed the pre‐survey, watched the documentary What the Health, and immediately completed the post‐survey in one setting. Compared with pre‐survey scores, participants reported a significant decrease in knowledge, change in attitude to health toward regulation of animal products, and increased agreement with all seven, pre‐selected contradictory health claims presented in the documentary. Post‐documentary, most participants reported they were planning to make a change in their dietary habits to reflect a plant‐based diet. Documentaries providing health information contradictory to the current body of scientific literature are persuasive and can potentially increase negative health behaviors. Inclusion of practices within the health curriculum that encourage, and ultimately, improve health literacy among students before entering the health care workforce is essential.
Osteomyelitis, osteoradionecrosis, or medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaws? Can CBCT enhance radiographic diagnosis?
Authors: Gaêta‐Araujo Hugo , Vanderhaeghen Olivier , Vasconcelos Karla de Faria , Coucke Wim , Coropciuc Ruxandra , Politis Constantinus , Jacobs Reinhilde 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo attempt defining differential radiographic diagnostic characteristics for osteonecrotic lesions using 2D as opposed to 3D images.Materials and MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study. Subjects presenting mandibular osteonecrotic lesions (osteomyelitis, osteoradionecrosis, and medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaws) were selected and compared to a group of age‐ and gender‐matched controls, all having both cone‐beam computed tomographic images (CBCT) and panoramic radiographs (PANO). Both imaging modalities (predictor variables) were evaluated by two radiologists that scored lesion presence, eight additional radiological features, and a composite severity index (outcome variables). For each pathologic condition, characteristic features were assessed in PANO and CBCT by the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Regression tree analysis revealed the predictive value of PANO and CBCT (α = 5%).ResultsOverall, the predictive value of PANO reached 74%, while for CBCT it became 90%. Regarding the composite severity index, CBCT enabled to detect more subtle lesions. Also, CBCT imaging allowed showing more distinct radiographic diagnostic features as compared to PANO imaging, more specifically when distinguishing osteomyelitis from both other lesions.ConclusionsCone‐beam computed tomography enabled showing more differences in radiological features between distinct osteonecrosis disease entities. CBCT imaging might be a better contributor for the detection of early lesions and to monitor further pathological developments in the mandible.
Anesthetic management of pediatric patients undergoing intrathecal nusinersen administration for treatment of spinal muscular atrophy: A single‐center experience
Authors: Brollier Lauren D. , Matuszczak Maria , Marri Tejaswi , Carbajal Jael G. , Moorman Andrew T. , Sorial Emad M. , Jain Ranu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundSpinal muscular atrophy is a group of autosomal recessive inherited neurological disorders secondary to a genetic mutation that leads to progressive muscle weakness and atrophy. Recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration, Nusinersen is the first treatment specifically for spinal muscular atrophy. This drug must be administered intrathecally, as it does not cross the blood‐brain barrier.AimsRetrospective review of the individualized perioperative care of spinal muscular atrophy type I and II patients for intrathecal Nusinersen injection.MethodsAfter approval from the Institutional Review Board and obtaining informed written consent from parents, we reviewed the anesthetic charts of nine patients who underwent 58 Nusinersen injections over a 23‐month period from February 2017 to December 2018. An individualized anesthetic plan was formulated based on the patient's disease severity, anxiety level, and comfort of parents as well as the provider performing the procedure. Patients underwent intrathecal Nusinersen injection under fluoroscopic guidance, with either general anesthesia, monitored anesthesia care with medications or monitored anesthesia care without medications. Patients recovered in the postanesthesia care unit for a minimum of 1 hour after injection, irrespective of the anesthetic method utilized. Analysis included patient demographics, anesthesia type relative to spinal muscular atrophy type I vs. II, and postanesthesia recovery.ResultsNine patients with spinal muscular atrophy types I and II underwent 58 encounters. Five spinal muscular atrophy type I patients underwent 31 encounters, general anesthesia (9), monitored anesthesia care with medications (2), and monitored anesthesia care without medications (20). Four spinal muscular atrophy type II patients underwent 27 encounters, general anesthesia (22), monitored anesthesia care with medications (2), and monitored anesthesia care without medications (3). There were no perioperative complications.ConclusionThe anesthetic plan for Nusinersen injections must be individualized to the patient's specific needs and clinical manifestations of the disease. When carefully tailored to each patient, anesthetic care is safe and successful.
Establishment of a mouse model for post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation
Authors: Nakano Shoko , Abe Yuko , Nakajima Kimiko , Sano Shigetoshi , Yamamoto Osamu , Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Ito Shosuke , Hayashi Masahiro , Suzuki Tamio 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPost‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a common cutaneous condition that can cause a disfigured appearance. However, the pathophysiology of PIH remains poorly understood, at least in part, because an appropriate animal model for research has not been established. In order to analyze the pathomechanism of PIH, we successfully induced PIH in a hairless version of transgenic mice (hk14‐SCF Tg/HRM) that have a human‐type epidermis containing melanin by repeated hapten application of 2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene. Histopathologic observation showed epidermal hyperplasia, predominant infiltrations of inflammatory cells, and melanin‐containing cells in the dermis just after elicitation of the atopic dermatitis‐like condition. At week 2, the findings were similar to the characteristics of PIH, that is, an increase of melanin without spongiosis or liquid degeneration in the epidermis and an increase in dermal melanophages. Dynamic analysis of melanin showed that the melanin in the dermis remained for a longer duration than in the epidermis. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining revealed that the majority of cells containing melanin were positive for the anti‐CD68 antibody, but negative for the anti‐F4/80 antibody. These data suggest that novel treatments of PIH should be targeted against macrophages and should eventually lead to the development of new treatment modalities.