bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using working memory performance to predict mathematics performance 2 years on
Authors: Allen Katie , Giofrè David , Higgins Steve , Adams John 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA number of previous studies have used working memory components to predict mathematical performance in a variety of ways; however, there is no consideration of the contributions of the subcomponents of visuospatial working memory to this prediction. In this paper we conducted a 2-year follow-up to the data presented in Allen et al. (Q J Exp Psychol 73(2):239–248, 2020b) to ascertain how these subcomponents of visuospatial working memory related to later mathematical performance. 159 children (M age = 115.48 months) completed the maths test for this second wave of the study. Results show a shift from spatial–simultaneous influence to spatial–sequential influence, whilst verbal involvement remained relatively stable. Results are discussed in terms of their potential for education and future research.
Multimodal evaluation of the cerebrovascular reserve in Neurofibromatosis type 1 patients with Moyamoya syndrome
Authors: D’Amico Alessandra , Ugga Lorenzo , Cocozza Sirio , Giorgio Sara Maria delle Acque , Cicala Domenico , Santoro Claudia , Melis Daniela , Cinalli Giuseppe , Brunetti Arturo , Pappatà Sabina 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Moyamoya syndrome (MMS) is a rare intracranial arterial vasculopathy which can occur in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) disease, representing a cause of cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) impairment, possibly leading to ischemic stroke. Here, we evaluated noninvasive imaging techniques used to assess CVR in MMS patients, describing clinical and imaging findings in patients affected by MMS-NF1.

Methods
Following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, in this retrospective observational study, we evaluated imaging data of nine consecutive MMS-NF1 patients (M/F = 5/4, mean age: 12.6 ± 4.0). Subjects underwent a multimodal evaluation of cerebral vascular status, including intracranial arterial MR Angiography (MRA), MRI perfusion with dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) technique, and 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) SPECT.

Results
In 8 out 9 patients (88.8%, 6/8 symptomatic), time-to-peak maps were correlated with the involved cerebral hemisphere, while in 6 out 9 patients (66.6%, 5/6 symptomatic), mean transit time (MTT) maps showed correspondence with the affected cerebrovascular territories. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) calculated using DSC perfusion failed to detect the hypoperfused regions instead identified by SPECT-CBF in all patients, while MTT maps overlapped with SPECT-CBF data in all cases and time-to-peak maps in 60.0%.

Conclusions
Although SPECT imaging still represents the gold standard for CBF assessment, our results suggest that data obtained using DSC perfusion technique, and in particular MTT maps, might be a very useful and noninvasive tool for evaluating hemodynamic status in MMS-NF1 patients.
Tablet computer-supported conversation between people with dementia and their carers: technology as interactional focus
Authors: Ferm Ulrika , Ekström Anna , Larsson Elias , Samuelsson Christina 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe purpose of the study is to explore when and how technology becomes a topic in interactions involving people with dementia and their carers. Three dyads of older women with dementia and their carers participated in the study. The dyads interacted in the home environments of the persons with dementia using tablet computers and two web-based applications with generic pictures, videos, and music files (CIRCA) and personalized pictures and films (CIRCUS). The data included twenty-one video-recorded interactions. Topical episode analysis and transcripts of interaction were used to analyze and exemplify when and how technology was talked about in the dyads. The dyads were engaged in exploring the tablets, and six common ways of making technology a topic of conversation were identified: talk about tech problems, commenting actions, expressing uncertainty in navigation, instructing and explaining, expressing surprise, and talk about technical development. The dyads explored the tablets in ways that were reflected in the content of their conversations. If people with dementia and their carers should benefit from today’s technology, such as there is evidence for the interactions examined in this study, their homes and daily environments must be equipped with sufficient internet access and technical support.
How Can We Make Disaster Management Evaluations More Useful? An Empirical Study of Dutch Exercise Evaluations
Authors: Beerens Ralf Josef Johanna , Tehler Henrik , Pelzer Ben 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe evaluation of simulated disasters (for example, exercises) and real responses are important activities. However, little attention has been paid to how reports documenting such events should be written. A key issue is how to make them as useful as possible to professionals working in disaster risk management. Here, we focus on three aspects of a written evaluation: how the object of the evaluation is described, how the analysis is described, and how the conclusions are described. This empirical experiment, based on real evaluation documents, asked 84 Dutch mayors and crisis management professionals to evaluate the perceived usefulness of the three aspects noted above. The results showed that how evaluations are written does matter. Specifically, the usefulness of an evaluation intended for learning purposes is improved when its analysis and conclusions are clearer. In contrast, evaluations used for accountability purposes are only improved by the clarity of the conclusion. These findings have implications for the way disaster management evaluations should be documented.
Critiquing and Joining Intersections of Disaster, Conflict, and Peace Research
Authors: Peters Laura E. R. , Kelman Ilan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDisaster research, conflict research, and peace research have rich and deep histories, yet they do not always fully intersect or learn from each other, even when they investigate if and how disasters lead to conflict or peace. Scholarship has tended to focus on investigating causal linkages between disaster (including those associated with climate change) and conflict, and disaster diplomacy emerged as a thread of explanatory research that investigates how and why disaster-related activities do and do not influence peace and conflict. However, definitive conclusions on the disaster-conflict-peace nexus have evaded scientific consensus, in part due to conceptual, methodological, and interpretive differences among studies. This article highlights that this nexus would benefit from a more robust engagement with each field’s foundational research that explores beyond binary and crude distinctions. Examples are concepts of destructive and constructive conflict; direct, structural, and cultural violence, and their relationships to vulnerability; negative and positive peace; and the ideals and realities of peacebuilding and conflict transformation. This article demonstrates how integrated scholarship could open up and advance new lines of questioning, with implications for developing coherent research, policy, and practice. The article concludes by offering recommendations for how to better connect disaster, conflict, and peace research.
Particle Image Velocimetry Measurements of Flow Over an Ogee-Type Weir in a Hydraulic Flume
Authors: Biegowski Jarosław , Paprota Maciej , Sulisz Wojciech 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLaboratory tests of water flowing over a modified ogee weir are carried out in a wave–current flume for two different scales. A model of a weir representing a part of a spillway section of the existing Włocławek dam (Vistula River, Poland) is mounted in a wave–current flume. The Froude similarity law is used to simulate the flow over a real damming structure at 1:25 and 1:50 scales. Particle image velocimetry methods are employed to measure a flow velocity field over the crest of the weir model. The system is capable of providing high fidelity velocity fields at sampling rates of 10 Hz and 50 Hz. Detailed information on flow characteristics is extracted from the instantaneous velocity field measurements to provide a comprehensive description of the kinematics of a weir flow at discharges corresponding to hydrological events with return periods of 100 and 1000 years, revealing some interesting spatial features. The geometry of the weir results in the development of a characteristic circulation cell, which is relatively wide for the lower discharge. When the flow intensity increases, a triangular circulation develops behind the weir crest instead. Moreover, sudden changes in the flow regime lead to the rapid formation of vortex structures, which propagate downstream at speeds ranging from 0.3 to 1 m s−1. The origin of eddy formation is identified at the upstream and downstream ends of the weir crest for respective average velocities at the crest of approx. 0.6 m s−1 and 1.2 m s−1.
REFLECTION RANKS AND ORDINAL ANALYSIS
Authors: PAKHOMOV FEDOR , WALSH JAMES 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIt is well-known that natural axiomatic theories are well-ordered by consistency strength. However, it is possible to construct descending chains of artificial theories with respect to consistency strength. We provide an explanation of this well-orderedness phenomenon by studying a coarsening of the consistency strength order, namely, the$\Pi ^1_1$reflection strength order. We prove that there are no descending sequences of$\Pi ^1_1$sound extensions of$\mathsf {ACA}_0$in this ordering. Accordingly, we can attach a rank in this order, which we call reflection rank, to any$\Pi ^1_1$sound extension of$\mathsf {ACA}_0$. We prove that for any$\Pi ^1_1$sound theoryTextending$\mathsf {ACA}_0^+$, the reflection rank ofTequals the$\Pi ^1_1$proof-theoretic ordinal ofT. We also prove that the$\Pi ^1_1$proof-theoretic ordinal of$\alpha $iterated$\Pi ^1_1$reflection is$\varepsilon _\alpha $. Finally, we use our results to provide straightforward well-foundedness proofs of ordinal notation systems based on reflection principles.
Partitioning the Ongoing Extension of the Central Apennines (Italy): Fault Slip Rates and Bulk Deformation Rates From Geodetic and Stress Data
Authors: Carafa M. M. C. , Galvani A. , Di Naccio D. , Kastelic V. , Di Lorenzo C. , Miccolis S. , Sepe V. , Pietrantonio G. , Gizzi C. , Massucci A. , Valensise G. , Bird P. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe investigated whether the joint inversion of geodetic and stress direction data can constrain long‐term fault slip rates in the central Apennines, and ultimately how extension is partitioned among fault slip and bulk lithosphere permanent strain. Geodetic velocities are collected in the fault interseismic stage with steady secular deformation; thus, long‐term estimates can be derived with a model of elastically unloading seismogenic faults within a viscously deforming lithosphere. As the average spacing of permanent Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) stations is similar to the average length of seismogenic faults (25–35 km), if not larger, we decided to merge permanent and temporary GNSS measurements, resulting in a denser geodetic data set. Given that most normal faults in the Apennines have slip rates around or below 1 mm/a, and most campaign GNSS velocities carry similar uncertainties, simple local back slip models cannot be applied. More sophisticated modeling is required to extract reasonable bulk deformation rates and long‐term fault slip rates at signal‐to‐noise ratio of order unity. Given the spatial distribution of the GNSS network, we estimated the long‐term slip rate of seven major fault systems that are in satisfactory agreement with available geological slip rates. The resulting spatial distribution of bulk deformation rates locally fits short‐term transients; in other cases, they represent the currently unclear signature of tectonic processes like upper‐crustal viscoplastic deformation and aseismic slip, or indicate missing faults in the adopted database. We conclude that the time is ripe for determining fault slip rates using geodetic and stress direction data, particularly where fault activity rates are hard to determine geologically.
Evaluating the Dust Storm Probability in Isidis‐Elysium Planitia, a Tentative Landing Area of China's First Mars Mission (Tianwen‐1)
Authors: Yao Peiwen , Li Chenfan , Wang Biao , Li Bo , Zhang Jiang , Ling Zongcheng , Chen Shengbo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChina's first Mars exploration mission (Tianwen‐1), launched on July 23, 2020 with the goal of “orbiting, landing, and roving,” and its tentative landing areas (TLAs) are Chryse Planitia (TLA 1) and Isidis‐Elysium Planitia (TLA 2). Dust storm is a typical activity on Mars; it has strong interaction with atmospheric circulation and will influence the visibility of the Martian surface. To ensure the safety and accuracy for landing, it is meaningful to analyze the probability of dust storm activity during Entry‐Descent‐Landing (EDL) season in TLAs. First, based on Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) and Mars Color Imager (MARCI) Daily Global Maps (MDGMs) from Mars Years 24–31, we identified 882 dust storms within the 2,000 km radius monitor circle of TLA 2 (short for TLA 2‐C). Second, the average daily probability of dust storm activity (Adp_ds) in TLA 2‐C was calculated, with a range of 0% to 14.13% showing obvious seasonality and discontinuity. Third, we divided TLA 2‐C into 0.5° longitude × 0.5° latitude square grids and calculated their spatial probability of dust storm activity. The spatial probability of dust storm in TLA 2‐C ranged from 0% to 11.87% and generally reduced from north to south. Finally, according to the temporal and spatial dust storm probability in TLA 2 during EDL season, we suggested the optimal landing time of China's Tianwen‐1 mission was in Ls = 20–41° and selected five preferred landing areas with the spatial probability of dust storm <3% for this mission.
Value and choice as separable and stable representations in orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Kimmel Daniel L. , Elsayed Gamaleldin F. , Cunningham John P. , Newsome William T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractValue-based decision-making requires different variables—including offer value, choice, expected outcome, and recent history—at different times in the decision process. Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in value-based decision-making, but it is unclear how downstream circuits read out complex OFC responses into separate representations of the relevant variables to support distinct functions at specific times. We recorded from single OFC neurons while macaque monkeys made cost-benefit decisions. Using a novel analysis, we find separable neural dimensions that selectively represent the value, choice, and expected reward of the present and previous offers. The representations are generally stable during periods of behavioral relevance, then transition abruptly at key task events and between trials. Applying new statistical methods, we show that the sensitivity, specificity and stability of the representations are greater than expected from the population’s low-level features—dimensionality and temporal smoothness—alone. The separability and stability suggest a mechanism—linear summation over static synaptic weights—by which downstream circuits can select for specific variables at specific times.
A family of lead clusters with precious metal cores
Authors: Shu Cong-Cong , Morgan Harry W. T. , Qiao Lei , McGrady John E. , Sun Zhong-Ming 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGold nanoparticles have been used for centuries, both for decoration and in medical applications. More recently, many of the major advances in cluster chemistry have involved well-defined clusters containing tens or hundreds of atoms, either with or without a ligand shell. In this paper we report the synthesis of two gold/lead clusters, [Au8Pb33]6− and [Au12Pb44]8−, both of which contain nido [Au@Pb11]3− icosahedra surrounding a core of Au atoms. Analogues of these large clusters are not found in the corresponding Ag chemistry: instead, the Ag-centered nido icosahedron, [Ag@Pb11]3−, is the only isolated product. The structural chemistry, along with the mass spectrometry which shows the existence of [Au2Pb11]2− but not [Ag2Pb11]2−, leads us to propose that the former species is the key intermediate in the growth of the larger clusters. Density functional theory indicates that secondary π-type interactions between the [Au@Pb11]3− ligands and the gold core play a significant part in stabilizing the larger clusters.
Large-scale mass wasting in the western Indian Ocean constrains onset of East African rifting
Authors: Maselli Vittorio , Iacopini David , Ebinger Cynthia J. , Tewari Sugandha , de Haas Henk , Wade Bridget S. , Pearson Paul N. , Francis Malcolm , van Vliet Arjan , Richards Bill , Kroon Dick 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFaulting and earthquakes occur extensively along the flanks of the East African Rift System, including an offshore branch in the western Indian Ocean, resulting in remobilization of sediment in the form of landslides. To date, constraints on the occurrence of submarine landslides at margin scale are lacking, leaving unanswered a link between rifting and slope instability. Here, we show the first overview of landslide deposits in the post-Eocene stratigraphy of the Tanzania margin and we present the discovery of one of the biggest landslides on Earth: the Mafia mega-slide. The emplacement of multiple landslides, including the Mafia mega-slide, during the early-mid Miocene is coeval with cratonic rifting in Tanzania, indicating that plateau uplift and rifting in East Africa triggered large and potentially tsunamigenic landslides likely through earthquake activity and enhanced sediment supply. This study is a first step to evaluate the risk associated with submarine landslides in the region.
Raman image-activated cell sorting
Authors: Nitta Nao , Iino Takanori , Isozaki Akihiro , Yamagishi Mai , Kitahama Yasutaka , Sakuma Shinya , Suzuki Yuta , Tezuka Hiroshi , Oikawa Minoru , Arai Fumihito , Asai Takuya , Deng Dinghuan , Fukuzawa Hideya , Hase Misa , Hasunuma Tomohisa , Hayakawa Takeshi , Hiraki Kei , Hiramatsu Kotaro , Hoshino Yu , Inaba Mary , Inoue Yuki , Ito Takuro , Kajikawa Masataka , Karakawa Hiroshi , Kasai Yusuke , Kato Yuichi , Kobayashi Hirofumi , Lei Cheng , Matsusaka Satoshi , Mikami Hideharu , Nakagawa Atsuhiro , Numata Keiji , Ota Tadataka , Sekiya Takeichiro , Shiba Kiyotaka , Shirasaki Yoshitaka , Suzuki Nobutake , Tanaka Shunji , Ueno Shunnosuke , Watarai Hiroshi , Yamano Takashi , Yazawa Masayuki , Yonamine Yusuke , Di Carlo Dino , Hosokawa Yoichiroh , Uemura Sotaro , Sugimura Takeaki , Ozeki Yasuyuki , Goda Keisuke 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe advent of image-activated cell sorting and imaging-based cell picking has advanced our knowledge and exploitation of biological systems in the last decade. Unfortunately, they generally rely on fluorescent labeling for cellular phenotyping, an indirect measure of the molecular landscape in the cell, which has critical limitations. Here we demonstrate Raman image-activated cell sorting by directly probing chemically specific intracellular molecular vibrations via ultrafast multicolor stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy for cellular phenotyping. Specifically, the technology enables real-time SRS-image-based sorting of single live cells with a throughput of up to ~100 events per second without the need for fluorescent labeling. To show the broad utility of the technology, we show its applicability to diverse cell types and sizes. The technology is highly versatile and holds promise for numerous applications that are previously difficult or undesirable with fluorescence-based technologies.
All-printed nanomembrane wireless bioelectronics using a biocompatible solderable graphene for multimodal human-machine interfaces
Authors: Kwon Young-Tae , Kim Yun-Soung , Kwon Shinjae , Mahmood Musa , Lim Hyo-Ryoung , Park Si-Woo , Kang Sung-Oong , Choi Jeongmoon J. , Herbert Robert , Jang Young C. , Choa Yong-Ho , Yeo Woon-Hong 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRecent advances in nanomaterials and nano-microfabrication have enabled the development of flexible wearable electronics. However, existing manufacturing methods still rely on a multi-step, error-prone complex process that requires a costly cleanroom facility. Here, we report a new class of additive nanomanufacturing of functional materials that enables a wireless, multilayered, seamlessly interconnected, and flexible hybrid electronic system. All-printed electronics, incorporating machine learning, offers multi-class and versatile human-machine interfaces. One of the key technological advancements is the use of a functionalized conductive graphene with enhanced biocompatibility, anti-oxidation, and solderability, which allows a wireless flexible circuit. The high-aspect ratio graphene offers gel-free, high-fidelity recording of muscle activities. The performance of the printed electronics is demonstrated by using real-time control of external systems via electromyograms. Anatomical study with deep learning-embedded electrophysiology mapping allows for an optimal selection of three channels to capture all finger motions with an accuracy of about 99% for seven classes.
A critical examination of compound stability predictions from machine-learned formation energies
Authors: Bartel Christopher J. , Trewartha Amalie , Wang Qi , Dunn Alexander , Jain Anubhav , Ceder Gerbrand 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMachine learning has emerged as a novel tool for the efficient prediction of material properties, and claims have been made that machine-learned models for the formation energy of compounds can approach the accuracy of Density Functional Theory (DFT). The models tested in this work include five recently published compositional models, a baseline model using stoichiometry alone, and a structural model. By testing seven machine learning models for formation energy on stability predictions using the Materials Project database of DFT calculations for 85,014 unique chemical compositions, we show that while formation energies can indeed be predicted well, all compositional models perform poorly on predicting the stability of compounds, making them considerably less useful than DFT for the discovery and design of new solids. Most critically, in sparse chemical spaces where few stoichiometries have stable compounds, only the structural model is capable of efficiently detecting which materials are stable. The nonincremental improvement of structural models compared with compositional models is noteworthy and encourages the use of structural models for materials discovery, with the constraint that for any new composition, the ground-state structure is not known a priori. This work demonstrates that accurate predictions of formation energy do not imply accurate predictions of stability, emphasizing the importance of assessing model performance on stability predictions, for which we provide a set of publicly available tests.