bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Four-Kallikrein Panel Is Effective in Identifying Aggressive Prostate Cancer in a Multiethnic Population
Authors: Darst Burcu F. , Chou Alisha , Wan Peggy , Pooler Loreall , Sheng Xin , Vertosick Emily A. , Conti David V. , Wilkens Lynne R. , Le Marchand Loïc , Vickers Andrew J. , Lilja Hans G. , Haiman Christopher A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background:
The four-kallikrein (4K) panel has been demonstrated to improve prediction of aggressive prostate cancer compared with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) among men with moderately elevated PSA levels. However, the development and testing of the 4K panel has been conducted primarily in White men, with limited data in African Americans and no studies in other racial and ethnic groups.

Methods:
We evaluated the 4K panel in a nested case–control study among African American, Latino, Japanese, Native Hawaiian, and White men in the Multiethnic Cohort. Prediagnostic blood levels of free, intact, and total PSA and human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 were measured among 1,667 incident prostate cancer cases and 691 controls with PSA ≥2 ng/mL. We evaluated the discriminative ability of the 4K panel within and across all racial/ethnic groups.

Results:
The 4K panel enhanced discrimination of overall prostate cancer compared with free plus total PSA and total PSA alone (AUC 0.748 vs. 0.711 and 0.669, respectively). Discrimination was further enhanced for Gleason 8+ prostate cancer, aggressive prostate cancer, and death due to prostate cancer, and to a lesser degree for nonaggressive prostate cancer. Improvement of the 4K panel over PSA was observed in each population. Adding a prostate cancer polygenic risk score slightly improved upon the discriminative ability of the 4K panel.

Conclusions:
The superior discriminative ability of the 4K panel over PSA for overall and aggressive prostate cancer across multiethnic populations indicates the broad clinical applicability of the 4K panel.

Impact:
Our multiethnic investigation suggests potential for the 4K panel to improve current prostate cancer screening practices.
Increasing Incidence of Testicular Germ Cell Tumors among Racial/Ethnic Minorities in the United States
Authors: Ghazarian Armen A. , McGlynn Katherine A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background:
The incidence of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) has been rising in the United States and is notably higher among white men. Previously, our group reported that rates were rising among Hispanic men in certain areas. This study sought to determine whether the patterns noted in our prior publication remained evident in more recent years and to determine whether any new patterns have emerged.

Methods:
Data from 51 U.S. cancer registries were examined. Racial/ethnic-specific incidence rates per 100,000 man-years were calculated overall and by census region. Annual percent changes (APC) were estimated, and joinpoint models were fit. Differences in regional incidence were examined using the Wald test.

Results:
During the time period 2001 to 2016, 126,575 TGCTs were recorded. TGCT incidence was highest among non-Hispanic whites (NHW; 6.63/100,000), followed by Hispanics (4.20), American Indian/Alaska Natives (AI/AN; 3.27), Asian/Pacific Islanders (A/PI; 1.72), and non-Hispanic blacks (NHB; 1.27). TGCT incidence increased significantly among all men; the greatest increase was experienced by A/PIs (APC: 2.47), followed in order by Hispanics (2.10), AI/ANs (1.71), NHBs (1.28), and NHWs (0.41). Significant differences in rates by region were seen for all men except NHBs, with the highest rates among Hispanics (5.38/100,000), AI/ANs (4.47), and A/PIs (2.37) found in the West, and among NHWs (7.60) and NHBs (1.51) found in the Northeast.

Conclusions:
Although TGCT incidence remained highest among NHWs between 2001 and 2016, the greatest increase was experienced by A/PI men.

Impact:
Rising rates of TGCTs among men of all racial/ethnic backgrounds in the United States suggest that future attention is warranted.
Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitor Prescription for Patients With Single Ventricle Physiology Enrolled in the NPC‐QIC Registry
Authors: Hansen Jesse E. , Brown David W. , Hanke Samuel P. , Bates Katherine E. , Tweddell James S. , Hill Garick , Anderson Jeffrey B. 
Published: May 2020

Background
The routine use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) during palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome is controversial. We sought to describe ACEI prescription in the interstage between stage 1 palliation (stage I Norwood procedure) discharge and stage 2 palliation (stage II superior cavopulmonary anastomosis procedure) admission using the NPC‐QIC (National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative) registry.

Methods and Results

Analysis of all patients (n=2180) enrolled in NPC‐QIC from 2008 to 2016 included preoperative anatomy, risk factors, and echocardiographic data. ACEI were prescribed at stage I Norwood procedure discharge in 38% of patients. ACEI prescription declined from 2011 to 2016 compared with pre‐2010 (36.8% versus 45%;
P
=0.005) with significant variation across centers (range 7–100%;
P
<0.001) and decreased prescribing rates associated with increased center volume (
P
=0.004). There was no difference in interstage mortality (
P
=0.662), change in atrioventricular valve regurgitation (
P
=0.101), or change in ventricular dysfunction (
P
=0.134) between groups. In multivariable analysis of all patients, atrioventricular septal defect (odds ratio [OR], 1.84; 95% CI, 1.28–2.65) or double outlet right ventricle (OR, 1.47; CI, 1.02–2.11), and preoperative mechanical ventilation (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.12–1.68) were associated with increased ACEI prescription. In multivariable analysis of patients with complete echocardiographic data (n=812), ACEI prescription was more common with at least moderate atrioventricular valve regurgitation (OR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.22–2.31).

Conclusions
ACEI prescription remains common in the interstage despite limited evidence of benefit. ACEI prescription is associated with preoperative mechanical ventilation, double outlet right ventricle, and atrioventricular valve regurgitation with marked inter‐center variation. ACEI prescription is not associated with reduction in mortality, ventricular dysfunction, or atrioventricular valve regurgitation during the interstage.
Age, Sex, and Valve Phenotype Differences in Fibro‐Calcific Remodeling of Calcified Aortic Valve
Authors: Voisine Martine , Hervault Maxime , Shen Mylène , Boilard Anne‐Julie , Filion Benoît , Rosa Mickael , Bossé Yohan , Mathieu Patrick , Côté Nancy , Clavel Marie‐Annick 
Published: May 2020

Background

In calcific aortic valve disease on tricuspid aortic valves (
TAVs
), men have higher aortic valve calcification and less fibrosis than women. However, little is known in bicuspid aortic valves (
BAV
). We thus aimed to investigate the impact of age, sex, and valve phenotype (
TAVs
versus
BAVs
) on fibro‐calcific remodeling in calcific aortic valve disease.

Methods and Results

We included 2 cohorts: 411 patients who underwent multidetector computed tomography (37% women) for aortic valve calcification density assessment and 138 explanted aortic valves (histological cohort; 50% women). The cohorts were divided in younger (<60 years old) or older patients with
BAV
(≥60 years old), and
TAV
patients. In each group, women and men were matched. Women presented less aortic valve calcification density than men in each group of the multidetector computed tomography cohort (all
P
≤0.01). Moreover, in women, younger patients with BAV had the lowest aortic valve calcification density (both
P
=0.02). In multivariate analysis, aortic valve calcification density correlated with age (β estimate±standard error: 6.5±1.8;
P
=0.0004) and male sex (109.2±18.4;
P
<0.0001), and there was a trend with
TAVs
(41.5±23.0;
P
=0.07). Women presented a higher collagen content than men (77.8±10.8 versus 69.9±12.9%;
P
<0.001) in the entire cohort. In women, younger patients with BAV had denser connective tissue than
TAV
and older patients with BAV (both
P
≤0.05), while no difference was observed between men.

Conclusions
In calcific aortic valve disease, women had less calcification and more fibrotic remodeling than men, regardless of the phenotype of the valve or age of the patient. Moreover, younger women with BAVs had less valve calcification. Thus, mineralization/fibrosis of the aortic valve is likely to have sex/age‐specific mechanisms and be influenced by the valve morphology.
Investigating the Origins of Body-Disownership: the Case Study of the Gulag
Authors: Ataria Yochai 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper describes the phenomenology of the prisoner in the Gulag. In this extreme situation, the prisoner is reduced to the body-as-an-object and, as a result, develops a strong sense of hostility towards the body. In cognitive terms, this mechanism can be defined as body-disownership.
The Significance of the EU Trust Fund for Africa on the Ugandan Refugee-Hosting Model
Authors: Juška Žygimantas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Uganda’s refugee policy is perceived by the international community to be among the most progressive in the world. It is grounded on the 2006 Refugees Act and its implementation is reinforced by three frameworks: the STA, integrated in the National Development Plan II, as well as two international approaches – CRRF and ReHope – supported by the United Nations and the World Bank. However, the sustainability of the Uganda’s refugee-hosting model is completely dependent on effective financial support from donors, which has been lacking. Indeed, the EU Trust Fund for Africa has been the primary financial tool to facilitate Uganda’s refugee policy. First, this article examines the three main frameworks of the Ugandan policy on refugees: the CRRF, ReHope and STA. Second, it scrutinises three EU projects in Uganda and discusses their relationship with the CRRF, ReHope and STA. Finally, this paper analyses the importance of the EU projects on the refugee policy in the National Development Plan III (2020–2025).
Intentional Binding for Unintended Effects
Authors: Ruess Miriam , Thomaschke Roland , Kiesel Andrea 
Published: May 2020

We execute most of our movements in order to elicit an intended effect. This kind of intentionality is commonly assumed to drive a temporal illusion, referred to as Intentional Binding (IB): Stimuli intentionally elicited by one’s own action (i.e., effects) are perceived as temporally earlier compared to unintentionally occurring stimuli (not elicited by one’s own action). It is currently under debate whether intentionality is necessary for IB to occur, or whether causality might be sufficient for IB to occur. In the present study, we investigated the importance of an intention for the occurrence of IB. Employing a Libet Clock paradigm, we assessed IB for effects which participants were instructed to cause by their action (i.e., intended effect) as well as for effects participants were instructed not to cause by their action (i.e., unintended effect). Both effects, the intended as well as the unintended, were subject to IB, with a Bayesian analysis favoring no difference for both effect types. This implies that even an unintended effect is subject to IB and that, thus, causality instead of intentionality might be sufficient for IB.
Barriers to mental health care for Australian children and adolescents in 1998 and 2013–2014
Authors: Schnyder Nina , Sawyer Michael G , Lawrence David , Panczak Radoslaw , Burgess Philip , Harris Meredith G 
Published: May 2020

Objective: To assess changes in barriers to mental health care for children and adolescents over 16 years. Methods: We used data from two nationally representative surveys of Australian children and adolescents (4–17 years old), conducted in 1998 ( N = 4509) and 2013–2014 ( N = 6310). Barriers to care were assessed among parents who had reported a perceived partially met or unmet need for their child in the past 6 months in 1998, and the past 12 months in 2013–2014; barriers were similarly assessed among adolescents in relation to themselves. We addressed measurement inconsistencies between surveys by harmonising barriers to accommodate differences in wording and performing sensitivity analyses among those with a 1-month disorder to equalise the timeframes in which barriers were assessed. To assess change, we examined whether the rank order of the three most commonly endorsed barriers changed and whether the 95% confidence intervals (CI) around their estimates overlapped. Results: Similar proportions of parents reported a partially met or unmet need in 1998 (12.9%, 95% CI = [11.7, 14.0]) as in 2013–2014 (14.3%, 95% CI = [13.2, 15.3]), but the ratio of unmet to partially met need decreased from 3:1 in 1998 to 1:1 in 2013–2014. Top three parent-endorsed barriers (‘self-reliance’, ‘unsure where to get help’, and ‘cost’) were the same at both time points; ‘self-reliance’ decreased from 65.9% (95% CI = [61.1%, 70.7%]) to 34.9% (95% CI = [31.5%, 38.3%]). Top two adolescent-endorsed barriers (‘self-reliance’ and ‘concerned what others might think’) were the same at both time points, the third differed, but none of them decreased. Conclusion: Perceived unmet need for mental health care for children and adolescents may have decreased between 1998 and 2013–2014, but the gap in receiving sufficient care may have increased. Despite investments in community awareness and treatment during this period, key barriers seemed largely unchanged. For parents, the decrease in self-reliance may reflect a positive shift in beliefs about the potential benefits of treatment.
The Spiritual Works of Mercy as a Tool to Prevent Burnout in Medical Trainees
Authors: Shaniuk Paul M. 
Published: May 2020

Burnout is highly prevalent among physicians and is associated with negative patient outcomes. Furthermore, medical training is a particularly vulnerable time as studies show that medical students, residents, and fellows experience burnout and emotional exhaustion at higher rates than both the general population and physicians in practice. Multiple recent studies have demonstrated the practice of religion and spirituality to be protective against burnout in trainees. Can Catholic academic physicians transfer these protective benefits of religion and spirituality to their trainees, who are at the highest risk, and who may or may not share their faith? An ancient Catholic tradition, the Seven Spiritual Works of Mercy, may hold the key. The Spiritual Works of Mercy are listed by the US Conference of Catholic Bishops as Counseling the Doubtful, Instructing the Ignorant, Admonishing the Sinner, Comforting the Sorrowful, Forgiving Injuries, Bearing Wrongs Patiently, and Praying for the Living and the Dead. Using this as a framework, examples of evidenced-based actions from the literature that have been shown to either prevent burnout or to improve the day-to-day experience of medical trainees were discussed. Examples include encouraging trainees to express doubts or to debrief after difficult and saddening cases. Academic physicians can provide instruction, feedback, or admonishment; demonstrate forgiveness of errors; and model the way in bearing wrongs patiently, all while uplifting their trainees in prayer. The Spiritual Works of Mercy can thus become a framework for academic physicians to uplift their trainees’ spirits and potentially prevent against burnout. Summary: Burnout is highly prevalent in medical students and in doctors during their residency or fellowship training, but multiple studies have shown regular practice of religion and spirituality to be protective against burnout. The Seven Spiritual Works of Mercy (Counsel the Doubtful, Instruct the Ignorant, Admonish the Sinner, Comfort the Sorrowful, Forgive All Injuries, Bear Wrongs Patiently and Pray for the Living and the Dead) provide a framework of powerful examples for teaching physicians, particularly Catholic teaching physicians, to uplift their students and potentially transfer this benefit to reduce their students’ risk for burnout.
The Prognostic Value of Preoperative Plasma Fibrinogen and Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Patients With Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Cai Hao , Zhang Zi-Heng , Zhou Yu-Jie , Liu Ji , Chen Huan-Qi , Lin Ren-Yu 
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Treatment effects in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma may vary significantly even among those with the same TNM stage. Routine preoperative blood and coagulation tests are economical and easily available hematological indicators. This study aimed to investigate the clinical predictive significance of pretreatment evaluation of plasma fibrinogen (FIB) level, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Methods: Clinicopathological and demographic data from 203 patients who underwent surgery for laryngeal carcinoma were collected and analyzed. The optimal cutoff values for FIB, NLR, and PLR were determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to study the relationship between blood markers and patient survival. Results: The optimal cutoff values for FIB, NLR, and PLR were 3.05 g/L, 2.41, and 110.94, respectively. Preoperative hyperfibrinemia (FIB >3.05 g/L) was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival in patients with laryngeal carcinoma. An NLR >2.41 was associated with reduced OS in patients with laryngeal carcinoma, while PLR >110.94 had no effect on prognosis in these patients. Conclusions: Fibrinogen and NLR were valuable markers in predicting survival in patients with laryngeal carcinoma and may be used to inform clinicians in designing individual treatment strategies.
Children's Thoughts about the Future: A Comparison of Gifted and Non-Gifted Students
Authors: George Pamela G. , Gallagher James J. 
Published: May 2020

In this study, children of both gifted and average ability levels confirmed that they are capable of reflecting on future occurrences, of assessing the probability of positive or negative outcomes, and of identifying implications of those future occurrences. This study compared positive versus negative attitudes of gifted and average children toward the future and found that gifted children identified themselves to be more pessimistic toward the future and were shown to respond more negatively to future issues of pollution, schools, and crime. Additionally, in analyzing responses to a call for implications of hypothetical future happenings, gifted children produced significantly more solution-oriented responses. No differences were seen between gifted and average students in the number of problem-oriented responses. Implications of these findings are discussed with regard to the developing of curricula and the teaching of gifted children in the schools.
Adjustment of the Gifted Child
Authors: Leaverton Lloyd , Herzog Steve 
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study was to obtain information regarding the overall adjustment of highly gifted children attending the Chicago public schools and to determine the extent to which this school system is meeting their unique needs. Children included in the study scored 140 or above on a standardized intelligence test administered on a city-wide basis. Data were gathered through school records and a standardized measure of self-concept. Findings and conclusions are as follows: 1) Gifted students are not, as many interpret from Terman's research, necessarily better adjusted than the child with average abilities. 2) The fact that our group of 113 exceptionally bright children ranked at the 25th percentile on Social Confidence and 32nd percentile on Self Acceptance would indicate that these children are in need of counseling to help them reach an adequate social and emotional adjustment. Yet only 13 had been seen by the school psychologist (essentially for testing purposes only), and only 6 had been referred for social work services.
Effects of combined physical and cognitive training on fall prevention and risk reduction in older persons with mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled study
Authors: Lipardo Donald S , Tsang William WN 
Published: May 2020

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of combined physical and cognitive training on fall rate and risks of falling in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Design: The design of this study was an assessor-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Setting: The setting for this study is the community from Manila, Philippines. Subjects: In total, 92 community-dwelling older persons with mild cognitive impairment (aged 60–83) were randomly allocated to three intervention groups and one waitlist control group. Interventions: The physical training, cognitive training, and combined physical and cognitive training intervention programs were delivered for 60 to 90 minutes, one to three times per week for 12 weeks with six-month follow-up. Main measures: Participants were assessed at baseline, 12 weeks after baseline, and 36 weeks after baseline for fall incidence, overall fall risk, dynamic balance, walking speed, and lower limb strength. Results: No significant difference was observed across time and groups on fall incidence rate at 12 weeks ( P = 0.152) and at 36 weeks ( P = 0.954). The groups did not statistically differ in other measures except for a significant improvement in dynamic balance based on Timed Up and Go Test in the combined physical and cognitive training group (9.0 seconds with P = 0.001) and in the cognitive training alone group (8.6 seconds with P = 0.012) compared to waitlist group (11.1 seconds) at 36 weeks. Conclusion: There was no significant difference among groups on fall rate and risks of falling post-intervention. Dynamic balance was improved with combined physical and cognitive training and cognitive training alone. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to establish whether or not the interventions are effective.
Imaging appearance of post-arthroscopic radiocarpal chondrolysis: comparison with osteoarthritis associated with scapholunate dissociation
Authors: Shim Euddeum , Kim Baek Hyun , Choi In Young , Hong Suk-Joo , Kang Chang Ho , Ahn Kyung-Sik 
Published: May 2020

Background Since the diagnosis of post-arthroscopic chondrolysis is very difficult, it can be underdiagnosed and confused with other diseases in clinical practice. Purpose To propose imaging features of post-arthroscopic radiocarpal chondrolysis (PRCC) and to compare these with osteoarthritis associated with scapholunate dissociation which are the most common misdiagnoses of PRCC. Material and Methods To identify missed diagnoses of PRCC, 994 magnetic resonance imaging scans performed in 910 patients were retrospectively reviewed. After the identification of 73 patients who exhibited significant radiocarpal cartilage loss, 11 were diagnosed with PRCC. Since scapholunate advanced collapse was the most common incorrect diagnosis of PRCC (4/11), the imaging findings were compared among the 11 patients with PRCC and 14 patients with osteoarthritis caused by scapholunate dissociation who were diagnosed in the same period. The following imaging features were evaluated: scapholunate dissociation; the center of disease and grade of radiocarpal joint destruction; characteristics of bone marrow edema; the presence of radial styloid and distal scaphoid osteophytes; and the extent of joint effusion and synovitis. Results The imaging diagnosis of PRCC was significantly differentiated from osteoarthritis associated with scapholunate dissociation based on occurrence at a younger age, bone marrow edema crossing the joint, center of disease in the proximal radioscaphoid joint, and absence of radial styloid and scaphoid osteophytes ( P < 0.05). PRCC occasionally presented with arch-shape bone marrow edema based on the proximal carpal row. Conclusion The diagnosis of PRCC can be aided if its characteristic imaging findings are differentiated from other disease entities in patients with a history of arthroscopy.