bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrocortisone decreases metacognitive efficiency independent of perceived stress
Authors: Reyes Gabriel , Vivanco-Carlevari Anastassia , Medina Franco , Manosalva Carolina , de Gardelle Vincent , Sackur Jérôme , Silva Jaime R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIt is well established that acute stress produces negative effects on high level cognitive functions. However, these effects could be due to the physiological components of the stress response (among which cortisol secretion is prominent), to its psychological concomitants (the thoughts generated by the stressor) or to any combination of those. Our study shows for the first time that the typical cortisol response to stress is sufficient to impair metacognition, that is the ability to monitor one’s own performance in a task. In a pharmacological protocol, we administered either 20 mg hydrocortisone or placebo to 46 male participants, and measured their subjective perception of stress, their performance in a perceptual task, and their metacognitive ability. We found that hydrocortisone selectively impaired metacognitive ability, without affecting task performance or creating a subjective state of stress. In other words, the single physiological response of stress produces a net effect on metacognition. These results inform our basic understanding of the physiological bases of metacognition. They are also relevant for applied or clinical research about situations involving stress, anxiety, depression, or simply cortisol use.
Panoramic ultrasound vs. MRI for the assessment of hamstrings cross-sectional area and volume in a large athletic cohort
Authors: Franchi Martino V. , Fitze Daniel P. , Hanimann Jonas , Sarto Fabio , Spörri Jörg 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe investigated the validity of panoramic ultrasound (US) compared to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of hamstrings cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume. Hamstrings CSA were acquired with US (by an expert operator) at four different sites of femur length (FL) in 85 youth competitive alpine skiers (14.8 ± 0.5 years), and successively compared to corresponding scans obtained by MRI, analyzed by a trained vs. a novice rater. The agreement between techniques was assessed by Bland–Altman analyses. Statistical analysis was carried out using Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient (r). US-derived CSA showed a very good agreement compared to MRI-based ones. The best sites were 40% FL (0 = mid patellar point) for biceps femoris long head (r = 0.9), 50% for semitendinosus (r = 0.9), and 30% for semimembranosus (r = 0.86) and biceps femoris short head (BFsh, r = 0.8). US-based vs. MRI-based hamstrings volume showed an r of 0.96. Poorer r values were observed for the novice compared to the trained rater, with the biggest difference observed for BFsh at 50% (r = 0.001 vs. r = 0.50, respectively) and semimembranosus at 60% (r = 0.23 vs. r = 0.42, respectively). Panoramic US provides valid CSA values and volume estimations compared to MRI. To ensure optimal US-vs.-MRI agreement, raters should preferably possess previous experience in imaging-based analyses.
Maternal Nutrition and the Risk of Obesity and Diabetes in the Offspring
Authors: Reynolds C. M. , Bridge-Comer P. E. , Vickers M. H. 
Published: August 2020

Epidemiological observations and work in experimental models in animals have highlighted the link between the nutritional environment in early life and an increased risk for offspring to develop a range of cardiometabolic and reproductive disorders in later life. This framework falls under the “Developmental Origins of Health and Disease” (DOHaD) hypothesis via a process termed developmental programming. Altered maternal nutrition, including undernutrition, overnutrition and specific micronutrient deficiencies during critical early windows of developmental plasticity, results in adaptive processes that confer short-term survival advantages but can lead to lifelong adverse impacts on the health of offspring. These effects are amplified postnatally via an obesogenic diet and sedentary behaviour and can also be passed on to future generations. The mechanistic basis of early-life programming remains largely undefined. However, involvement of epigenetic mechanisms, such as altered DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNAs, has been implicated in addition to permanent structural changes during organ development. Further, at least in animal models, aberrant developmental programming can be reversed via targeted nutritional supplementation during early life, albeit in a sex-specific manner. A better understanding of early nutritional programming and how disease traits are transmitted across future generations is essential for the development of preventative strategies aimed at addressing the current health crisis around obesity and related metabolic disorders.
Green production of hydrogen-doped faceted cobalt microcrystals using water-assisted molten salt electro-reduction method
Authors: Qiao Dongwei , Xie Kaiyu , Kamali Ali Reza 
Published: August 2020

This article concerns the low voltage electro-production of hydrogen in molten salt, and the in situ utilisation of the generated hydrogen for the clean and efficient reduction of cobalt oxide into highly faceted cobalt microcrystals.
Kopfschmerzen während der HIV-Infektion
Authors: Evers Stefan 
Published: August 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGKopfschmerzen sind eines der häufigsten Schmerzsyndrome bei HIV-Infizierten. Wie bei vielen Schmerzzuständen besteht auch bei Kopfschmerzen eine schmerztherapeutische Unterversorgung der HIV-infizierten Patienten. Systematisch können Kopfschmerzen während der HIV-Infektion in 4 Gruppen eingeteilt werden. Zum einen können Kopfschmerzen durch das HI-Virus selbst ausgelöst werden. Semiologisch ähneln diese Kopfschmerzen einem Kopfschmerz vom Spannungstyp. Dann können Kopfschmerzen als Symptom einer sekundären Erkrankung auftreten, hierbei insbesondere bei opportunistischen Infektionen des ZNS. Weiterhin kann die Therapie der HIV-Infektion und der verschiedenen neurologischen Komplikationen zu Kopfschmerzen führen, dies gilt insbesondere für die Proteaseinhibitoren. Schließlich können idiopathische Kopfschmerzen bei HIV-Infizierten auftreten, dabei muss auf die spezifischen Interaktionen zwischen der Therapie dieser Kopfschmerzen und der antiretroviralen Therapie geachtet werden.
Ein aktueller Schwerpunkt, eine gute Neuigkeit und ein dankbares
„Adieu“
Authors: Singer Dominique 
Published: August 2020

Liebe Leserinnen und Leserein halbes Jahr ist nun vergangen, seit wir der herannahenden Pandemie sorgenvoll
entgegenblickten, und dank eines vergleichsweise stabilen Gesundheitswesens in
Verbindung mit früh einsetzenden Vorsichtsmaßnahmen und einer
inzwischen realistischer einzuschätzenden Virulenz des Erregers haben
sich die schlimmsten Befürchtungen hierzulande glücklicherweise
nicht bewahrheitet. Doch statt einer Erleichterung über die aufgegangene
„Flatten-the-curve“-Strategie zu weichen, hat sich die
anfängliche Sorge in eine anhaltende Hab-Acht-Stellung gewandelt. Grund
hierfür ist die Angst vor der Unberechenbarkeit des Erregers, die
infektiologisch (zumal angesichts der Abläufe in anderen
Ländern) durchaus berechtigt ist, aber durch hartnäckig
kursierende Absolutzahlen ohne Bezugsrahmen (hinsichtlich des relativen Anteils
der Positiven an den Getesteten, der Symptomatischen an den Positiven, der
Hospitalisierten an den Symptomatischen usw., jeweils gemessen an
Größe und Altersstruktur der Bevölkerung) noch
zusätzlich und mitunter unangemessen geschürt wird.
Establishment of Clinical and Lab Algorithms for the Identification
of Carriers of Mutations in CYP21A2 – A Study of 365 Children and
Adolescents
Authors: Meinel J. , Haverkamp T. , Wünsche F. , Richter-Unruh A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background Mutations of CYP21A2 encoding 21-hydroxylase are the
most frequent cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and are associated
either with elevated basal or ACTH-stimulated levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone
(17OHP) in blood.
Objective The study objective was to identify the most suitable of 12
different test algorithms and appropriate cut-off levels for that test to
recognize patients with non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCCAH) and
carriers of clinically relevant mutations in CYP21A2.
Method and Patients Between July 2006 and July 2015 ACTH-tests were
conducted in 365 children and adolescents (Age 1–20 y) suspected
to have NCCAH. As a reference, results from subsequent gene sequencing of
CYP21A2 was used. Inclusion criteria that were used were premature
pubarche with accelerated bone age, hyperandrogenism, hirsutism, or menstrual
irregularities. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were plotted. Evaluated
test algorithms were composed around 17OHP measurements by radioimmunoassays.
The most suitable test was identified by the greatest area under the curve
(AUC).
Results Among the 12 tested algorithms, the sum of 30 min and
60 min stimulated 17OHP values (sum17OHPstim) showed the highest AUC of
0.774 for identifying heterozygous and bi-allelic mutations. A cut-off of
10.1 μg/l was advisable. Bi-allelic mutations only were
best identified calculating the difference between 30 min and basal
17OHP values (Δ17OHP30). A cut-off of 9.4 μg/l
was most effective.
Conclusion Alternatively to the above mentioned cut-offs the difference
of 60 min after stimulation to basal 17OHP (Δ17OHP60) can be
used for the benefit of a combined test to identify both heterozygotes and
bi-allelic patients. There are minimal decreases in sensitivity and specificity
compared to an approach that applies two tests. However, it denotes a simpler
approach in the clinical routine.
Sexueller Missbrauch von Minderjährigen im Verantwortungsbereich der katholischen Kirche: Institutionelle Spezifika
Authors: Dreßing Harald , Hermann Dieter , Dölling Dieter , Collong Andrea , Horten Barbara , Salize Hans-Joachim 
Published: August 2020

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung Von 2014 bis 2018 hat ein interdisziplinäres Konsortium von Wissenschaftlern das Ausmaß und mögliche Ursachen des sexuellen Missbrauchs von Kindern und Jugendlichen im Verantwortungsbereich der katholischen Kirche in Deutschland untersucht. Nach den Standorten der beteiligten Universitäten trägt die Studie das Akronym MHG (Mannheim / Heidelberg/Gießen). Die dabei vorgenommene Personalaktenanalyse hat für den Zeitraum von 1946 bis 2014 1670 katholische Kleriker ermittelt, die des sexuellen Missbrauchs von Minderjährigen beschuldigt wurden. Die Personalaktenanalyse ergab weiterhin Hinweise darauf, dass es für die katholische Kirche spezifische systemische Bedingungen gibt, die den sexuellen Missbrauch von Minderjährigen begünstigen.
Methode Auf der Basis eines Vergleichs von Strafakten beschuldigter Kleriker und von Tätern aus anderen institutionellen Kontexten wird geprüft, ob sich die Hypothesen zu spezifischen systemischen Bedingungen des Missbrauchs in der katholischen Kirche falsifizieren lassen.
Ergebnis Taten von Priestern sind nicht weniger schwer und die Anzahl Betroffener pro Verurteiltem sind nicht geringer als bei Tätern in anderen Institutionen, die Dauer des Missbrauchs durch katholische Kleriker ist sogar signifikant länger. Von sexuellem Missbrauch Betroffene im Kontext der katholischen Kirche sind signifikant häufiger männlich. Die katholische Kirche hat bei Vorwürfen gegen Kleriker wegen eines sexuellen Missbrauchs von Kindern oder Jugendlichen umfassender als andere Institutionen versucht, die Taten zu verharmlosen und zu vertuschen.
Fazit Präventionskonzepte müssen die spezifischen Bedingungen des sexuellen Missbrauchs in der katholischen Kirche stärker berücksichtigen.
An Augmented Model with Inferred Blood Features for the Self-diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Zhou Tianshu , Zhang Ying , Wu Chengkai , Shen Chao , Li Jingsong , Liu Zhong 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background and Objectives The penetration rate of physical examinations in China is substantially lower than that in developed countries. Therefore, an auxiliary approach that does not depend on hospital health checks for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is needed.
Methods In this study, we proposed an augmented method with inferred blood features that uses self-care inputs available at home for the auxiliary diagnosis of MetS. The dataset used for modeling contained data on 91,420 individuals who had at least 2 consecutive years of health checks. We trained three separate models using a regularized gradient-boosted decision tree. The first model used only home-based features; additional blood test data (including triglyceride [TG] data, fasting blood glucose data, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C] data) were included in the second model. However, in the augmented approach, the blood test data were manipulated using multivariate imputation by chained equations prior to inclusion in the third model. The performance of the three models for MetS auxiliary diagnosis was then quantitatively compared.
Results The results showed that the third model exhibited the highest classification accuracy for MetS in comparison with the other two models (area under the curve [AUC]: 3rd vs. 2nd vs. 1st = 0.971 vs. 0.950 vs. 0.905, p < 0.001). We further revealed that with full sets of the three measurements from earlier blood test data, the classification accuracy of MetS can be further improved (AUC: without vs. with = 0.971 vs. 0.993). However, the magnitude of improvement was not statistically significant at the 1% level of significance (p = 0.014).
Conclusion Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of the third model for MetS homecare applications and lend novel insights into innovative research on the health management of MetS. Further validation and implementation of our proposed model might improve quality of life and ultimately benefit the general population.
Endoscopic Orbital and Periorbital Approaches in Minimally Disruptive Skull Base Surgery
Authors: Miller Craig , Bly Randall , Moe Kris S. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEndoscopic surgery of the orbit, periorbital region, and adjacent areas of the anterior and middle cranial fossae and brain has gained significant popularity over the last decade. These procedures are now being used at multiple institutions internationally with a success and safety record that has been demonstrated to be at par with or better than other techniques. The approaches provide minimally disruptive, scarless access to regions that previously required extensive open operations with significant retraction of critical neurovascular structures leading to prolonged morbidity and hospitalization.This paper will describe the basic techniques of these approaches, how they can be used alone or in multiportal (para- and contraportal) technique and guide the reader to resources for further learning.
Social pathologies and ideologies in light of Jürgen Habermas: a new interpretation of the thesis of colonisation
Authors: Ortega-Esquembre César 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis paper analyses the role that the critique of ideologies plays within Jürgen Habermas’ Critical Theory. I offer a reinterpretation of the thesis of colonisation of lifeworld in light of a specific reading of the critique of ideologies, trying to show that this thesis can be interpreted as a case of critique of ideologies. To do so, I firstly present a brief general map of the different forms of social critique present today in social philosophy by placing special emphasis on the critique of ideologies. Secondly, I briefly state Habermas’ diagnosis on the colonisation of lifeworld by differentiating the two levels of critique which are, in my view, contained within the theory of communicative action: critique as the discursive redemption of validity claims by participants and critique as an observer’s social diagnosis. Lastly, I confront these two levels of critique with the form of critique of ideologies analysed in the first point and conclude that we can refer to the second level as a case of a critique of ideologies.
Thermodynamic instabilities in holographic neutron stars at finite temperature
Authors: Argüelles Carlos R , Canavesi Tobías , Díaz Manuel , Grandi Nicolás 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We study the thermodynamics of a self-gravitating system of neutral fermions at finite temperature and analyze its backreaction in an asymptotically AdS space. We evaluate numerically the free entropy as a function of temperature, and perform a stability analysis applying the simpler and powerful graphical method referred as the Katz criterion. We found that for highly-enough degenerate fermionic solutions, the onset of thermodynamic instability arises, though prior to the turning point on the mass as a function of the central density. Our results for finite temperature fermions provide a novel and more general way to study the confinement to deconfinement phase transition in the holographic field theory, generalizing former conclusions developed for systems at zero temperature.
Interface modification of SnO2 layer using p–n junction double layer for efficiency enhancement of perovskite solar cell
Authors: Yarangsi Vasan , Hongsith Kritsada , Sucharitakul Sukrit , Ngamjarurojana Athipong , Tuantranont Adisorn , Kumnorkaew Pisist , Zhao Yixin , Phadungdhitidhada Surachet , Choopun Supab 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this work, interface modification of SnO2 layer using p–n junction double layer is investigated for the efficiency enhancement of perovskite solar cell (PSC). For the double layer, a Sn additive layer was applied on a SnO2 layer by using the DC magnetron sputtering technique at various deposition times. The highest power conversion efficiency of 15.11% is obtained for PSC with a SnOx additive layer at 5 s sputtering time, compared to 12.89% for the best PSC without the additive layer. The effect of the SnOx additive layer on PSCs at optimum sputtering time is further explored via the photoconversion properties of both optical and electrical properties. From the results, it is found that the SnOx additive layer is essential for efficiency enhancement by forming the p-n junction with a SnO2 electron transporting layer (ETL) and modifying the interface between the ETL and the perovskite layer. The p-n junction of the ETL is observed via the diode-like behavior of I–V characteristics. The interface modification can enhance the PSC efficiency by improving the quality of the perovskite layer due to the larger grain size and higher absorbance, and by improving the charge transfer. The faster photogenerated charge transfer is confirmed by lower PL intensity and the shorter charge transfer lifetime is confirmed by the fitted open-circuit voltage decay. In addition, the SnOx additive layer can also eliminate the hysteresis effect of PSCs. This interface modification technique for PSC efficiency enhancement could be further explored for other ETLs.
Application of artificial intelligence in the determination of impact parameter in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies
Authors: Li Fupeng , Wang Yongjia , Lü Hongliang , Li Pengcheng , Li Qingfeng , Liu Fanxin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The impact parameter is one of the crucial physical quantities of heavy-ion collisions, and can affect obviously many observables at the final state, such as the multifragmentation and the collective flow. Usually, it cannot be measured directly in experiments but might be inferred from observables at the final state. Artificial intelligence has had great success in learning complex representations of data, which enables novel modeling and data processing approaches in physical sciences. In this article, we employ two of commonly used algorithms in the field of artificial intelligence, the convolutional neural networks (CNN) and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), to improve the accuracy of determining impact parameter by analyzing the proton spectra in transverse momentum and rapidity on the event-by-event basis. Au + Au collisions with the impact parameter of 0 ⩽ b ⩽ 10 fm at intermediate energies (E
lab = 0.2–1.0 GeV/nucleon) are simulated with the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics model to generate the proton spectra data. It is found that the average difference between the true impact parameter and the estimated one can be smaller than 0.1 fm. The LightGBM algorithm shows an improved performance with respect to the CNN on the task in this work. By using the LightGBM’s visualization algorithm, one can obtain the important feature map of the distribution of transverse momentum and rapidity, which may be helpful in inferring the impact parameter or centrality in heavy-ion experiments.
Influence of non-equilibrium electron dynamics on photoluminescence of metallic nanostructures
Authors: Zhang Weidong , Wen Te , Ye Lulu , Lin Hai , Gong Qihuang , Lu Guowei 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A microscopic model is still strongly needed to understand the intrinsic photoluminescence (iPL) of metallic nanostructures. In this paper, a phenomenological model concerning the electron dynamics at the excited states, including the electron–phonon (e-p) and electron–electron (e-e) interactions, is developed. This model shows that the dynamics of non-equilibrium electrons at the excited states influence the iPL features significantly. Two main aspects determine the iPL process of metallic nanostructures: the photonic density of states relating to the Purcell effect caused by the surface plasmon resonances, and the electrons transition factor. This model takes into account the contribution of the e-p and e-e interactions to the dynamic electron distribution. The decay process of the non-thermal electrons at the excited states helps understanding most of the iPL features of metallic nanostructures. The calculated and experimental results coincide well regarding the spectral shape, temperature-dependent anti-Stokes emission, and nonlinear behaviors, and time-resolved spectra. The results presented in this paper provide a concise, intuitive, and comprehensive understanding of the iPL of metallic nanostructures.
Tunable electromagnetic shunt damper with opposing magnets configuration
Authors: Sun Ruqi , Wong Waion , Cheng Li 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Electromagnetic damper (EMD) has been widely studied in the control of vibrating structures. It has higher tunability when compared with a viscous damper and lower cost when compared with a magnetorheological damper. However, its use is limited mainly due to the high ratios of system mass/volume to the damping force produced. In this paper, an electromagnetic shunt damper (EMSD) with opposing magnets configuration to provide a tunable damping force is proposed for vibration damping applications. The proposed EMSD configuration allows a significant reduction in size in comparison with other similar designs of EMSD found in the literature. Both simulations and experiments are conducted to verify the improvements of this proposed design over existing ones. In particular, an ESMD comprising six opposing magnets is designed and tested on a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) vibration system. The damping coefficient of the proposed EMSD offers a large tunable range with maximum damping coefficient about nine times or 900% of the minimum damping coefficient. As a result, the force and displacement transmissibilities can be minimized in a wide frequency band by varying the damping ratio in the SDOF system at different vibrating frequencies.