bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Last Words and Dying Speeches
Authors: Fox Adam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 focuses in detail on the gallows speeches printed in Scotland between the late sixteenth and the late eighteenth centuries. It provides the first detailed examination of this form of cheap print in a Scottish context. The dying words spoken by convicted felons on the scaffold before their execution were as popular as the spectacle of capital punishment itself. Printed sheets containing these farewell orations sold on the streets and were a staple form of popular literature. Their contents reveal much about the nature of public execution in Scotland, the attitudes of the authorities towards sin and crime, and the behaviour of sufferers on the point of death.
Almanacs and Prognostications
Authors: Fox Adam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 surveys the development of almanacs and prognostications in Scotland during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It demonstrates the huge numbers in which they were printed, the low price at which they sold, and the ways in which they were distributed nationwide by chapmen and hawkers. It examines their most prominent printers, explores the identity of their authors, and discusses the nature of their content. It highlights the status of Aberdeen as an early and renowned centre of almanac production and illustrates the ways in which these very cheap and ubiquitous publications changed over time.
Conclusion
Authors: Fox Adam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The conclusion draws together the themes of this study. It emphasises just how much ephemeral print was produced in early modern Scotland. At the same time, it reiterates how little of such material has survived and suggests that this accounts for the fact that its contemporary significance has been insufficiently appreciated. The book demonstrates that various forms of cheap print were much more widely produced and circulated in early modern Scotland than was once thought. It illustrates something of the extent, range, and distribution of these slightest kinds of text and suggests that this evidence invites a re-evaluation of Scottish popular literature and popular culture in the period.
Consuming Fictions Part I
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Given that we imagine in response to fictions, the key question is whether these imaginings can be understood in more basic folk psychological terms. This chapter argues that we can determine what is true in a fiction without use of sui generis imaginative states. Related arguments from Derek Matravers (2014) and Kathleen Stock (2017) are discussed in some depth. Uses of genre conventions and symbolism by an author to generate fictional truths do not imply any special role for imagination. Moreover, Stock’s “extreme intentionalist” view of what constitutes truth in fiction can be configured to omit any appeal to imagination. The questions of what generates truth in a fiction, of how we come to know those truths, and of what makes something a fiction can all be answered without appeal to an irreducible mental state of imagining.
Consuming Fictions Part II
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter and the next consider whether our emotional and cognitive “immersion” within fiction suggests a role for sui generis imaginative states. Currie’s (2010) argument that “i-desires” should be posited to explain our responses to fiction—and tragedy, in particular—is critically discussed. It is argued that beliefs and desires featuring ‘in the fiction’ operators—and not sui generis imaginings—are the crucial states involved in generating fiction-directed affect. A defense of the Operator Claim is mounted, according to which ‘in the fiction’ operators would also be required within fiction-directed sui generis imaginings, were there such. When we appreciate that even fiction-directed sui generis imaginings would need to incorporate ‘in the fiction’ operators, the main appeal of the thesis that sui generis imaginings are at work in fiction-appreciation is undercut.
Humanizing War
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter introduces issues in the ethics of war by considering the Vietnam War. It describes the main aim of the book as to totalize the humanitarian impulse in the moral assessment of war. By that it means to understand the morality of war by understanding the significance of each human life in war, and to regulate our actions in accordance with this significance. It widens the focus to the relationship between state responsibility for war. and individual responsibility for wrongdoing. It then outlines the main themes of the book.
Personal and Interpersonal Sources of Doing and Allowing
Authors: Tadros Victor 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the distinction between doing harm and allowing harm. It considers two different kinds of rationale for that distinction. The first is concerned with the constraints on the use of a person’s personal resources. The other has to do with the significance of involving others in our plans. These two different rationales explain why certain acts either count as allowings or are permitted in just the same way as allowings. They also explain why doing and allowing is significant both in cases where the agent’s interests are at stake and cases where they are not.
The Role of the Satirist and the Problem of Moral Conviction
Authors: Hale Meredith McNeill 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses two related subjects, the reception of De Hooghe’s satires and the role of the satirist. The focus of this discussion is the so-called Pamphlet War of 1690, the primary vehicle for much of the criticism of De Hooghe’s satires. In twelve scathing pamphlets published against Romeyn de Hooghe in the first several months of 1690, witnesses alleged his blasphemy, atheism, and sexual perversion, and embroiled him in a fevered exchange of pamphlets with representatives of Amsterdam. While such rhetoric employed against the printmaker in pamphlet literature vividly described his manifold immorality, Hollands hollende koe (Holland’s running cow), an anti-Williamite satire produced by the printmaker’s enemies in his distinctive etching style, provided material ‘evidence’ of his lack of integrity. With this print, De Hooghe was accused of working for both sides of the political divide—producing Orangist satires for William III and anti-Williamite satires for the Amsterdam regents. The potency of Hollands hollende koe depends fundamentally upon the assumption of integrity between satirist and satire, the notion that he or she believes in the positions and ideologies espoused in his or her satires. It will be argued that the conflation of satirist and satire and the attendant expectation of moral conviction on the part of the satirist are not only associated with the genre of political satire, they are engendered by it and feature prominently throughout its history.
Access to healthcare in the remote and resource-poor region of the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Tobias Rodrigo , Schweickardt Julio Cesar , Harris Matthew 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Access to healthcare is a particular challenge in extreme, remote contexts, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In Brazil, the primary care and social care policies of the early 1990s have led to remarkable improvements in healthcare access in urban, peri-urban, and rural contexts. This chapter examines the strategies that the Brazilian government has developed to address access in its most extreme context—the Amazon region. The chapter explores how these policies have had to be adapted to account for the extreme environments of the vast, impenetrable rainforest region of the Amazon and the particular needs of indigenous populations and fluvial communities.
Programme budgeting and marginal analysis, and developing a business case for a new service
Authors: Winrow Eira , Edwards Rhiannon Tudor 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Health economics is the study of scarcity and choice. It focuses on the evaluation of the cost effectiveness of health and social care programmes, and the efficiency and equity implications of whole system change. Programme budgeting and marginal analysis (PBMA) is one framework for incorporating evidence of cost effectiveness alongside other relevant goals of service commissioners. A business case is designed to support proposals for a new service development or a capital project. The UK Treasury has set out guidance on the construction of a business case using a five-case model. This guidance was used in the business case for redesign of the Possilpark Health Centre in a deprived area of Glasgow. This business case emphasized that redesign could potentially improve the connection between health, social care, and other community services to meet the complex needs of patients in deprived areas of Glasgow.
Population screening
Authors: Streetly Allison , Houssami Nehmat 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the concept and definition of population screening. It identifies key challenges and considerations in converting the simple concept of early identification of disease into population screening programmes. Ethical considerations are important in evaluating the potential benefits and harms of screening programmes. These inform the criteria used to determine whether it is appropriate to introduce screening. Screening tests must usually be sensitive to maintain public confidence in a screening programme, but specific tests are also required because false positives may often outnumber true positives in a population screening context. Assessment of screening programme effectiveness usually requires randomized controlled trials that minimize the potential effects of lead time and length bias. The chapter concludes by discussing policy decisions involving starting, stopping, and changing programmes, as well as how screening programme performance can be measured.
Healthcare public health in disasters and emergencies
Authors: Jessop Edmund 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Public health and health systems must prepare a plan for the emergencies and disasters that will inevitably occur sooner or later. Such plans are needed at global, national, and local levels. A basic framework for emergency preparedness will include a cycle of plan–prepare–respond–recover–report. Planning includes consideration of all events that may occur, prioritized by severity and likelihood. Preparation includes consideration of staff, supplies, structures, and systems—including decision and communication systems. For mass casualty incidents, public health will likely have a lesser role in the response phase; but for pandemics, public health expertise is crucial. A prolonged recovery phase must be expected, even for acute incidents such as earthquakes and terrorism. Post-disaster incident reports allow learning to be shared; such reports also feed back into a revised plan. Mental healthcare and service abroad require specific attention. The concept of ‘everyday resilience’ can help systems to cope.
Introduction
Authors: Treiber Hubert 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of Max Weber's works. Taking a comparative approach that spans legal systems both inside and outside Western societal formations, Weber pursues above all the developmental conditions which ultimately led to the rational form of law in the West, conceiving this development as a process of rationalization. Before using Weber's Rechtssoziologie (Sociology of Law)—or, following the new edition of the text in the Max Weber complete works, the Entwicklungsbedingungen des Rechts (Developmental Conditions of the Law)—as the basis for a detailed consideration of the process of legal rationalization, it is necessary to explore what Weber understood by the law and the legal system and how he defined these terms. It is also important to clarify his distinction between juristic and sociological conceptions of law and validity. The chapter then considers the date when Weber is presumed to have written his texts. The precise identification and collation of groups of texts shed light not only on Weber's methods, but also on the history of his oeuvre.
Extending State Authority
Authors: Rendle Matthew 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines how the creation of a justice system, like other institution-building exercises, formed an important part of re-establishing central state authority during this period. The Bolsheviks inherited a shattered state and their weaknesses, alongside widespread opposition, exacerbated the problem initially. As political courts targeting a wide variety of counter-revolutionary crimes, staffed by party members who proactively targeted criminals, tribunals were better placed to convey the authority and objectives of the state than other courts. Law became the ‘emissary of the state’, extending the state’s reach across Russia. This chapter explores the steady expansion of tribunals, including the establishment of military tribunals, transport tribunals, and travelling sessions of tribunals, as a means of exerting state authority from the end of 1918. Gradual unification of the system followed, but the Bolsheviks had re-established the state by 1922, and this achievement, the end of the civil war, and the publication of new law codes rendered many tribunals obsolete. Law’s purpose changed in a more stable Soviet Union, moving from revolutionary consciousness to revolutionary legality, although this chapter finishes by exploring the legacy of exceptional forms of justice and its continuance in the military and in the form of show trials.
Publicizing Revolutionary Justice
Authors: Rendle Matthew 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses how all courts were, as officials liked to note, schoolrooms where people could learn about the revolution, the new proletarian state, and its ideals. Only a minority of people, however, were involved directly in tribunals or able to watch trials in person. The chapter analyses, therefore, the wider publicity surrounding trials, making extensive use of national and local newspapers, images, and newsreels to examine how tribunals were portrayed, the language and images used, and how this fitted in with broader agitational attempts to mobilize people. The chapter concludes with a systematic analysis of the publicity surrounding the trial of the Socialist Revolutionaries in 1922—the first ‘show’ trial—to explore how the Bolsheviks used various forms of media in tandem to convey their narrative of the trial, a major advance on previous efforts even if it still enjoyed mixed success among the population.
From Discontinuity to Interruption
Authors: Robbins Joel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSome influential theologians argue that God’s presence in the world, and in the life of believers, takes place as an interruption. Central to the work of both the Lutheran theologian Eberhard Jüngel and the Catholics Lieven Boeve and Christian Metz, the concept of interruption resonates with but is not the same as the ideas of rupture and discontinuity that anthropologists of Christianity have rendered important for anthropological debates about the nature of conversion and Christian understandings of time. This chapter examines what it would mean for these anthropological debates about the nature of cultural change and Christian temporality to shift toward a discussion of interruption understood in theological terms. The discussion is illustrated by materials drawn from the author’s fieldwork among the Urapmin of Papua New Guinea.
Conclusion
Authors: Robbins Joel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe conclusion considers what the limits to transformative dialogue set by different theological and anthropological understandings of human and divine agency suggest for the future of the relationship between the two disciplines. Examining recent anthropological and wider discussions of the secular with an eye to this issue, and considering current anthropological attempts to rethink the role of divine agency in its theoretical agenda and ethnographic practice, the chapter explores some fundamental differences that remain between anthropology and theology in order to specify the ways in which dialogue between them may be fruitful even if, or perhaps precisely because, it cannot take as its goal a move toward disciplinary identity in relation to this key issue.
The Golden Calf between Bible and Qur'an
Authors: Pregill Michael E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This book explores the story of the Israelites’ worship of the Golden Calf in its Jewish, Christian, and Muslim contexts, from ancient Israel to the emergence of Islam. It focuses in particular on the Qur’an’s presentation of the narrative and its background in Jewish and Christian retellings of the episode from Late Antiquity. Across the centuries, the interpretation of the Calf episode underwent major changes reflecting the varying cultural, religious, and ideological contexts in which various communities used the story to legitimate their own tradition, challenge the claims of others, and delineate the boundaries between self and other. The book contributes to the ongoing re-evaluation of the relationship between Bible and Qur’an, arguing for the necessity of understanding the Qur’an and Islamic interpretations of the history and narratives of ancient Israel as part of the broader biblical tradition. The Calf narrative in the Qur’an, central to the qur’anic conception of the legacy of Israel and the status of the Jews of its own time, reflects a profound engagement with the biblical account in Exodus, as well as being informed by exegetical and parascriptural traditions in circulation in the Qur’an’s milieu in Late Antiquity. The book also addresses the issue of Western approaches to the Qur’an, arguing that the historical reliance of scholars and translators on classical Muslim exegesis of scripture has led to misleading conclusions about the meaning of qur’anic episodes.
Method and Context in the Study of Bible and Qur’an
Authors: Pregill Michael E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the story of the Golden Calf, comparing the biblical version found in the book of Exodus and the presentation of the episode in the Qur’an. It argues for the importance of conceiving of qur’anic and Islamic retellings of ancient Israelite narratives as part of a broader biblical tradition, of equal value and legitimacy to the canonical and paracanonical biblical literature of Jews and Christians. In support of this argument, it examines the contribution complex processes of acculturation and scripturalization made to the formation of the Qur’an in Late Antiquity; calls for the abandonment of a one-dimensional concept of “influence” of Jewish traditions on the Qur’an in favor of a conception of the Qur’an as actively engaging a variety of traditions in circulation in its environment; and suggests that this engagement was part of a larger discourse of contestation, polemic, and dispute between communities. In Late Antiquity, Jews, Christians, and Muslims were all committed to their particular visions of the legacy of ancient Israel and its significance for their community’s claims of divine favor. Scriptural rewriting and exegesis thus provided a major arena for demarcating boundaries and defining self and other through reinterpretation of episodes from Israel’s history.
Biblical Beginnings
Authors: Pregill Michael E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the main narrative of the Golden Calf found in Exodus 32, as well as other allusions to this episode from Israel’s history from what became the canonical Hebrew Bible. The account of the Calf in Exodus appears to have been shaped by polemical imperatives in the earliest stages of its development, and reflects complex questions surrounding sanctioned forms of divine worship, the status of different priestly groups, and the relationship of those groups to the Israelite monarchies and the cult forms they sponsored. The conception of the Calf in Exodus appears to reflect ancient ideas about the sanctioned means of worshipping the God of Israel, with an older form of Israelite cult practice—the use of bulls or calves to suggest the invisible divine presence—being critiqued here. However, rather than corroborating the Exodus narrative’s presentation of the affair, the version of the episode preserved in Deuteronomy reflects the profoundly different imperatives of a later age. While the Exodus narrative ultimately hearkens back to a time in Israel’s history in which the making of the Calf was perceived primarily as a lamentable cultic infraction, the reframing of the narrative in Deuteronomy embeds it in a larger discourse in which the making of the Calf appears as the pre-eminent example of idolatry, a distinctive ideological construction of the exilic and post-exilic periods that marked all forms of religious practice not sanctioned as “orthodox” as betrayals of the covenant and regression to the worship of false gods.
The Qur’anic Calf Episode Between Orientalism and Islamic Tradition
Authors: Pregill Michael E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the qur’anic Golden Calf episode as it is traditionally interpreted in both Muslim exegesis and Western scholarship. The qur’anic references to the image worshipped by the Israelites are usually understood as depicting the Calf as alive or at least possessing some semblance of life—as ? lowing image of a calf, as the Qur’an puts it. Further, the Qur’an seems to posit that the Calf was made and animated by a character called al-sāmirī—the “Samaritan”—and not Aaron as in the biblical story. Western scholars and traditional Muslim commentators have always agreed on this interpretation of the qur’anic version of the episode. However, this chapter shows that Western scholars have generally relied upon the explanation of the episode in Muslim exegesis or tafsīr, misunderstanding the role that early Muslim commentators played in introducing a radical revision of the story that was quite different in major details from the account found in the Qur’an itself. This can be demonstrated by examining historical translations of the Qur’an in the West, beginning with some of the earliest translations and commentaries of the medieval and early modern periods in Europe. In the specific case of the Calf narrative, Western scholars’ reliance on tafsīr has typically been motivated not by a desire to validate the claims of Muslim authorities, but rather by the assumption that Islam is at its root thoroughly dependent upon Judaism. This assumption has colored not only the overarching approach to the qur’anic narrative per se, but also the characterization of a number of rabbinic traditions that have been cited as the sources of that narrative.
Gods of the Common People
Authors: Bruce Steve 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
It is sometimes argued that, despite abandoning formal organizations, the British remain religious. Beyond churches, sects, and denominations, there is supposedly a deep reservoir of folk religion (which constructs magic rituals from Christian themes and places) and superstition. This chapter examines that case in detail and argues that folk religion has declined as fast as the formal organizations on which it is parasitic. Furthermore, superstition has changed in precisely the same way as has formal religion: what were shared beliefs have become highly personalized rituals, justified not by claims of supernatural power, but by the psychology of reassurance.