bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protecting the Citadel of Islam in the Modern Era: A Case of Shiʿi Mujtahids and the Najaf Seminary in Early Twentieth‐Century Iraq
Authors: Kalantari Mohammad R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe concept of protecting the Citadel of Islam (Hifẓ Bayzat al‐Islam), is common in the lexicon of Shiʿi political jurisprudence. It refers to those Islamic principles and foundations without which the existence of Islam and the Muslim community would be in danger. During the Occultation Era, Shiʿi mujtahids, as general deputies of the Hidden Imam, are believed to commit their utmost effort to fulfilling this sacrosanct responsibility. The meaning and applications of the concept have been evolved throughout the Shiʿi history. A noteworthy case of protecting the citadel of Islam is the position of Sayyid Abu’l‐Ḥasan al‐Iṣfahānī (1867‐1946) and Mirza Muḥammad‐Ḥusayn Nāʾīnī (1862‐1937), vis‐à‐vis the Najaf seminary and the newly established Hashemite dynasty in early twentieth century. This paper aims to shed more light on the concept of the Citadel of Islam, its implications in Shiʿi political thought, and contemporary applications.
Organization of Bone Sarcoma Care: A Cross‐Sectional European Study
Authors: Goedhart Louren Matthias , Leithner Andreas , Jutte Paul Christiaan 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveTo assess organization of care in several bone sarcoma centers in Europe affiliated with the European Musculoskeletal Oncology Society (EMSOS) for comparison and to identify potential improvements in organization of care.MethodsData for this observational cross‐sectional study was obtained through healthcare professionals affiliated to EMSOS. The authors formulated 10 questions regarding organization of care. The questions were focused on guidance, multidisciplinary decision‐making, and data storage. A digital questionnaire was synthesized and included quality control. The digital questionnaire was sent to 54 representative members of EMSOS. We did not receive responses from 29 representative countries (53.7%) after one digital invitation and two digital reminders.ResultsWe received data from 25 representatives of bone sarcoma centers from 17 countries across Europe (46.3%). Authorization to perform oncological care in a bone sarcoma center was government issued in 41.2% of cases and based on expertise without governmental influence in 52.9% of cases. In 64.7% of the countries, a national bone tumor guideline regarding for diagnosis and treatment is used in oncological care. A national bone tumor board for extensive case evaluation including classification and advice for treatment is available for 47.1% of the countries. All participating bone sarcoma centers have a mandatory local multidisciplinary meeting before the start of treatment; in 84.0% this meeting takes place once a week. During this multidisciplinary meeting a median of 15 cases (range, 4–40 cases) are discussed. In terms of storage of oncological data, a local registry is used in eight countries (47.1%). A national registry is used in eight countries (47.1%).ConclusionsA national bone tumor board gives bone sarcoma centers with little adherence the opportunity to gain knowledge from a more experienced team. Centralization of care in a bone sarcoma center is important to lower incidences. The optimal size for a bone sarcoma center in terms of patient adherence is not known at present.
Physical activity in a pandemic: A new treatment target for psychological therapy
Authors: Diamond Rowan , Waite Felicity 
Published: June 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic and its management are placing significant new strains on people’s well‐being, particularly those with pre‐existing mental health conditions. Physical activity has been shown to improve mental as well as physical health. Increasing activity levels should be prioritized as a treatment target, especially when the barriers to exercise are greater than ever. Promoting physical activity has not traditionally been the remit of psychologists. Yet psychological theory and therapeutic techniques can be readily applied to address physical inactivity. We present theoretical perspectives and therapy techniques relating to (1) beliefs about physical activity, (2) motivation to be physically active, and (3) the sense of reward achieved through being physically active. We outline strategies to initiate and maintain physical activity during the COVID‐19 pandemic, thereby benefitting mental and physical health. COVID‐19 is demanding rapid and substantial change across the whole health care system. Psychological therapists can respond creatively by addressing physical activity, a treatable clinical target which delivers both mental and physical health benefits.Practitioner points

Physical activity is essential for our mental and physical health.

Yet COVID‐19 presents novel barriers to physical activity.

Psychological theory and techniques to address beliefs, motivation, and reward can be applied to increase physical activity during COVID‐19.

Physical activity is an important clinical target to sustain and improve mental health, especially in the current pandemic.
Winners And Losers In Coronavirus Times: Financialisation, Financial Chains and Emerging Economic Geographies of The Covid‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Sokol Martin , Pataccini Leonardo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper has two interrelated aims. First, it attempts to sketch a preliminary map of economic winners and losers to highlight the emerging economic geographies of the coronavirus pandemic. Second, it aims to explore the links between these emerging economic geographies and the processes of ‘financialisation’, drawing on the concept of ‘financial chains’. Regarding the first aim, the paper argues that the pandemic‐induced crisis will exacerbate social inequalities and deepen uneven development at multiple geographical scales. Regarding the second aim, the paper argues that the ‘financialisation’ perspective in general, and the concept of ‘financial chains’ in particular, provide useful insights into the crisis and its uneven effects, by shedding light on the complex web of flows of value and power relations established/emerging between the prospective winners and losers. It also highlights the prominent role of debt and debt‐based financial chains in shaping economic geographies in times of major global crisis.
CityJSON in QGIS: Development of an open‐source plugin
Authors: Vitalis Stelios , Arroyo Ohori Ken , Stoter Jantien 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWhen QGIS 3.0 was released in 2018, it added support for 3D visualisation. At the same time, CityJSON has been developing as an easy‐to‐use JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) encoding for 3D city models using the CityGML 2.0 data model. Together, this opened the possibility to support semantic 3D city models in the popular open‐source GIS software for the first time. In order to add support for 3D city models in QGIS, we have developed a plugin that enables CityJSON datasets to be loaded. The plugin parses a CityJSON file and analyses its tree structure to identify all city objects. Then, the geometry and attributes of every city object are transformed into QGIS features and divided into layers according to user preferences. CityJSON parsing was proven to be straightforward and consistent when tested against several open datasets. One of the biggest challenges we faced, though, was mapping CityJSON’s hierarchical data structure to the relational model of QGIS. We undertook this issue by providing various methods on how geometries from the model are loaded as QGIS features. We intend to use the plugin for educational purposes in our university and we believe it can be proven a worthy tool for researchers and practitioners.
Prediction of Hydroplaning Potential Using Fully Coupled Finite Element-Computational Fluid Dynamics Tire Models
Authors: Nazari Ashkan , Chen Lu , Battaglia Francine , Ferris John B. , Flintsch Gerardo , Taheri Saied 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Hydroplaning is a phenomenon that occurs when a layer of water between the tire and pavement pushes the tire upward. The tire detaches from the pavement, preventing it from providing sufficient forces and moments for the vehicle to respond to driver control inputs such as breaking, accelerating, and steering. This work is mainly focused on the tire and its interaction with the pavement to address hydroplaning. Using a tire model that is validated based on results found in the literature, fluid–structure interaction (FSI) between the tire-water-road surfaces is investigated through two approaches. In the first approach, the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) formulation was used. The drawback associated with the CEL method is the laminar assumption and that the behavior of the fluid at length scales smaller than the smallest element size is not captured. To improve the simulation results, in the second approach, an FSI model incorporating finite element methods (FEMs) and the Navier–Stokes equations for a two-phase flow of water and air, and the shear stress transport k–ω turbulence model, was developed and validated, improving the prediction of real hydroplaning scenarios. With large computational and processing requirements, a grid dependence study was conducted for the tire simulations to minimize the mesh size yet retain numerical accuracy. The improved FSI model was applied to hydroplaning speed and cornering force scenarios.
Effects of High-Temperature Storage on the Glass Transition Temperature of Epoxy Molding Compound
Authors: Li Ruifeng , Yang Daoguo , Zhang Ping , Niu Fanfan , Cai Miao , Zhang G. Q. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article describes research on changes of glass transition temperature of electron encapsulated polymer-epoxy molding compound (EMC) after thermal oxidation under high-temperature air storage conditions. The evolutions of glass transition temperature of two EMCs with different compositions (different filling contents) under different temperatures (175, 200, and 225 °C) and different aging times (100, 500, and 1500 h) were analyzed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) technology. Research results demonstrated that two glass transition temperatures occurred during thermal aging. These two temperatures were the glass transition temperature of the unaged core material (Tg1) and the glass transition temperature of completely oxidized surface material (Tg2). Tg2 increased continuously with the increase of temperature and the prolonging of the aging time. The filling content could have significantly influenced the aging degree of materials.
Eyelid skin trichilemmoma and underlying local malignancy: is an aggressive treatment necessary?
Authors: Putri Christine Anggun , Mudhar Hardeep Singh , Meeney Adam , Tan Jennifer H Y 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveTrichilemmoma is a benign tumour derived from the outer root sheath of hair follicles. Trichilemmoma can be associated with basal cell carcinoma (BCC), either as a collision lesion or from malignant transformation. This study evaluates malignancy associated with eyelid trichilemmoma and principles of treatment.Methods and analysisRetrospective study involving biopsy-proven eyelid trichilemmoma cases over 14 years encountered at a tertiary referral centre. Presenting features, differential diagnosis, type and number of operations required and histopathological features including coexisting BCC were analysed.ResultsWe identified 36 cases with an average age of 66 years. The clinical differential diagnoses were mainly BCC (44%), papilloma (36%) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (3%). Three patients (8%) had trichilemmoma with associated BCC. Of the 19 cases (53%) of trichilemmomas without BCC with equivocal surgical margins, seven patients (19%) opted for further excision while 12 patients (33%) opted for observation and were discharged. A patient re-presented two years later with invasive BCC. Overall, 11% of our biopsy-proven eyelid trichilemmoma cases were associated with BCC.ConclusionPatients should be informed that a proportion of incompletely excised eyelid trichilemmomas may conceal underlying BCC. Therefore, further surgery to achieve clear surgical margins should be offered. Patients who opt for observation should be offered 6-monthly follow-up for three to five years. Alternatively, they can be discharged with advice to report any recurrence of lumps, skin changes or loss of lashes at the site of previous lesion.
Patterns of oral anticoagulation use with cardioversion in clinical practice
Authors: Geurink Kyle , Holmes DaJuanicia , Ezekowitz Michael D , Pieper Karen , Fonarow Gregg , Kowey Peter R , Reiffel James A , Singer Daniel E , Freeman James , Gersh Bernard J , Mahaffey Kenneth W , Hylek Elaine M , Naccarelli Gerald , Piccini Jonathan P , Peterson Eric D , Pokorney Sean D 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundCardioversion is common among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). We hypothesised that novel oral anticoagulants (NOAC) used in clinical practice resulted in similar rates of stroke compared with vitamin K antagonists (VKA) for cardioversion.MethodsUsing the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation II, patients with AF who had a cardioversion, follow-up data and an AF diagnosis within 6 months of enrolment were identified retrospectively. Clinical outcomes were compared for patients receiving a NOAC or VKA for 1 year following cardioversion.ResultsAmong 13 004 patients with AF, 2260 (17%) underwent cardioversion. 1613 met the inclusion criteria for this analysis. At the time of cardioversion, 283 (17.5%) were receiving a VKA and 1330 (82.5%) a NOAC. A transoesophageal echocardiogram (TOE) was performed in 403 (25%) cardioversions. The incidence of stroke/transient ischaemic attack (TIA) at 30 days was the same for patients having (3.04 per 100 patient-years) or not having (3.04 per 100 patient-years) a TOE (p=0.99). There were no differences in the incidence of death (HR 1.19, 95% CI 0.62 to 2.28, p=0.61), cardiovascular hospitalisation (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.35, p=0.91), stroke/TIA (HR 1.18, 95% CI 0.30 to 4.74, p=0.81) or bleeding-related hospitalisation (HR 1.29, 95% CI 0.66 to 2.52, p=0.45) at 1 year for patients treated with either a NOAC or VKA.ConclusionsCardioversion was a low-risk procedure for patients treated with NOAC, and there were statistically similar rates of stroke/TIA 30 days after cardioversion as for patients treated with VKA. There were no statically significant differences in death, stroke/TIA or major bleeding at 1 year among patients treated with NOAC compared with VKA after cardioversion.
Rosai-Dorfman disease: an overview
Authors: Bruce-Brand Cassandra , Schneider Johann W , Schubert Pawel 
Published: June 2020

ContextRosai-Dorfman disease is an uncommon histiocytic disorder most frequently presenting as bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy in children and young adults. Extranodal disease occurs in a significant proportion of patients. It has been recently classified as part of the ‘R group’ of histiocytoses by the Histiocyte Society in 2016. Cutaneous Rosai-Dorfman disease is regarded as a separate disease entity that falls into the ‘C group’ of histiocytoses according to this classification system. The pathogenesis was previously poorly understood; however, recent evidence demonstrating clonality in a subset of cases raises the possibility of a neoplastic process. A possible association with IgG4-related disease remains controversial.ObjectivesTo provide a comprehensive review of Rosai-Dorfman disease, including nodal, extranodal and cutaneous forms, with a particular emphasis on new insights into the possible clonal nature of the disease; to discuss the recently revised classification of the histiocytoses by the Histiocyte Society; and to summarise the findings from the literature regarding the controversial association with IgG4-related disease.Data sourcesThis review is based on published peer-reviewed English literature.ConclusionsClassic Rosai-Dorfman disease, which may be sporadic or familial, is considered a separate entity from cutaneous disease, which is reflected in the revised classification of histiocytoses. An increase in IgG4-positive plasma cells may be seen in Rosai-Dorfman disease. This finding in isolation is of limited significance and should be interpreted with caution. Studies investigating the molecular profile of the disease show that in at least a subset of cases the disease is a clonal process. The classification of Rosai-Dorfman disease is therefore likely to change as our understanding of the aetiopathogenesis evolves.
Safety and immunogenicity of novel 5T4 viral vectored vaccination regimens in early stage prostate cancer: a phase I clinical trial
Authors: Cappuccini Federica , Bryant Richard , Pollock Emily , Carter Lucy , Verrill Clare , Hollidge Julianne , Poulton Ian , Baker Megan , Mitton Celia , Baines Andrea , Meier Armin , Schmidt Guenter , Harrop Richard , Protheroe Andrew , MacPherson Ruth , Kennish Steven , Morgan Susan , Vigano Selena , Romero Pedro J , Evans Thomas , Catto James , Hamdy Freddie , Hill Adrian V S , Redchenko Irina 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundProstate cancer (PCa) has been under investigation as a target for antigen-specific immunotherapies in metastatic disease settings for the last two decades leading to a licensure of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine, Sipuleucel-T, in 2010. However, neither Sipuleucel-T nor other experimental PCa vaccines that emerged later induce strong T-cell immunity.MethodsIn this first-in-man study, VANCE, we evaluated a novel vaccination platform based on two replication-deficient viruses, chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAd) and MVA (Modified Vaccinia Ankara), targeting the oncofetal self-antigen 5T4 in early stage PCa. Forty patients, either newly diagnosed with early-stage PCa and scheduled for radical prostatectomy or patients with stable disease on an active surveillance protocol, were recruited to the study to assess the vaccine safety and T-cell immunogenicity. Secondary and exploratory endpoints included immune infiltration into the prostate, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) change, and assessment of phenotype and functionality of antigen-specific T cells.ResultsThe vaccine had an excellent safety profile. Vaccination-induced 5T4-specific T-cell responses were measured in blood by ex vivo IFN-γ ELISpot and were detected in the majority of patients with a mean level in responders of 198 spot-forming cells per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated the presence of both CD8+ and CD4+ polyfunctional 5T4-specific T cells in the circulation. 5T4-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were isolated from post-treatment prostate tissue. Some of the patients had a transient PSA rise 2–8 weeks following vaccination, possibly indicating an inflammatory response in the target organ.ConclusionsAn excellent safety profile and T-cell responses elicited in the circulation and also detected in the prostate gland support the evaluation of the ChAdOx1-MVA 5T4 vaccine in efficacy trials. It remains to be seen if this vaccination strategy generates immune responses of sufficient magnitude to mediate clinical efficacy and whether it can be effective in late-stage PCa settings, as a monotherapy in advanced disease or as part of multi-modality PCa therapy. To address these questions, the phase I/II trial, ADVANCE, is currently recruiting patients with intermediate-risk PCa, and patients with advanced metastatic castration-resistant PCa, to receive this vaccine in combination with nivolumab.Trial registrationThe trial was registered with the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT02390063).
Measurement properties of selected patient-reported outcome measures for use in randomised controlled trials in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review
Authors: Strand Vibeke , Simon Lee S , Meara Alexa Simon , Touma Zahi 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveThe heterogeneous multisystem manifestations of SLE include fatigue, pain, depression, sleep disturbance and cognitive dysfunction, and underscore the importance of a multidimensional approach when assessing health-related quality of life. The US Food and Drug Administration has emphasised the importance of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) for approval of new medications and Outcome Measures in Rheumatology has mandated demonstration of appropriate measurement properties of selected PRO instruments.MethodsPublished information regarding psychometric properties of the Medical Outcomes Survey Short Form 36 (SF-36), Lupus Quality of Life Questionnaire (LupusQoL) and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue Scale (FACIT-F), and their suitability as end points in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and longitudinal observational studies (LOS) were assessed. A search of English-language literature using MEDLINE and EMBASE identified studies related to development and validation of these instruments. Evidence addressed content validity, reliability (internal consistency and test-retest reliability), construct validity (convergent and divergent) and longitudinal responsiveness, including thresholds of meaning and discrimination.ResultsAll instruments demonstrated strong internal consistency, reliability and appropriate face/content validity, indicating items within each instrument that measure the intended concept. SF-36 and LupusQoL demonstrated test-retest reliability; although not published with FACIT-F in SLE supported by evidence from other rheumatic diseases. All instruments demonstrated convergent validity with other comparable PROs and responsivity to treatment.ConclusionThe measurement properties of PRO instruments with published data from RCTs including: SF-36, LupusQoL and FACIT-F indicate their value as secondary end points to support labelling claims in RCTs and LOS evaluating the efficacy of SLE treatments.
No benefit of flat head positioning in early moderate–severe acute ischaemic stroke: a HeadPoST study subgroup analysis
Authors: Brunser Alejandro M , Ouyang Menglu , Arima Hisatomi , Lavados Pablo M , Robinson Thompson , Muñoz-Venturelli Paula , Olavarría Verónica V , Billot Laurent , Hackett Marre L , Song Lili , Middleton Sandy , Pontes-Neto Octavio , Lee Tsong-Hai , Watkins Caroline , Anderson Craig S 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundAlthough the Head Positioning in acute Stroke Trial (HeadPoST) showed no effect of the flat head position (FP; vs sitting up head position (SUP)) on functional outcome, we hypothesised that it could still offer benefits if commenced early in those with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) of at least moderate severity.MethodsSubgroup analysis of HeadPoST in participants with National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores ≥7, ≥10 and ≥14, randomised to FP or SUP <4.5 hours of AIS onset on functional outcomes defined by a shift in scores on the modified Rankin scale (mRS) and death/disability (mRS scores 3–6), and any cardiovascular serious adverse event. Logistic regression analyses were undertaken adjusted for study design and baseline risk factors.ResultsThere was no significant differential treatment effect in patient subgroups defined by increasing baseline NIHSS scores: adjusted OR and 95% CI for ordinal shift and binary (3–6) mRS scores: for NIHSS ≥7 (n=867) 0.92 (0.67 to 1.25) and 0.74 (0.52 to 1.04); NIHSS ≥ 10 (n=606) 0.80 (0.58 to 1.10) and 0.77 (0.49 to 1.19); NIHSS ≥14 (n=378) 0.82 (0.54 to 1.24) and 1.22 (0.69 to 2.14).ConclusionsEarly FP had no significant effect in patients with moderate–severe AIS.Trial registration numberNCT02162017.