bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Cognitive-Driven Performance-Based Activities of Daily Living Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Sulzer Patricia , Bäumer Alena , Hoang Huong Giang , Becker Sara , Lönneker Hannah Dorothea , Graessel Elmar , Liepelt-Scarfone Inga 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectives:Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) have an increased risk of developing dementia (PDD). As activities of daily living (ADL) impairment is mandatory for the diagnosis of PDD, assessing early signs of instrumental ADL (iADL) dysfunction, especially in PD-MCI, is essential. In PD, self- and caregiver-reported iADL performance is often confounded by motor dysfunction and mood. Objective and time-efficient performance-based measurements are needed to screen for cognitive-related iADL dysfunction. We evaluated the Erlangen Test of Activities of Daily Living in Mild Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment (ETAM) in PD and determined its value for characterizing a subgroup of PD-MCI patients with mild performance-based iADL impairment.Methods:Twenty-one cognitively normal PD patients (PD-NC), 24 PD-MCI patients, and 18 healthy controls (HC) were analyzed. Assessments included the ETAM, a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery, iADL, mood, and motor measurements.Results:PD-MCI patients scored significantly lower on the ETAM total score compared to PD-NC patients (p = .002), whereas HC and PD-NC patients did not statistically differ. No HC scored lower than 27 points (diagnostic cutoff for mild iADL impairment); only PD-MCI patients scored below this cutoff (29.2%) suggesting the ETAM is able to characterize a PD-MCI subgroup with early iADL impairment. PD-MCI patients below the cutoff were more impaired in the attention domain (p = .04).Conclusions:The ETAM is a potentially valuable clinical assessment, able to detect first signs of iADL dysfunction in PD-MCI. Further studies in larger cohorts are needed to evaluate the prognostic ability for predicting PDD.
The Role of Motor System in Mental Rotation: New Insights from Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1
Authors: Cona Giorgia , Casagrande Arianna , Lenzoni Sabrina , Pegoraro Elena , Bozzoni Virginia , Bello Luca , Sorarù Gianni , Botta Annalisa , Semenza Carlo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjective:This study explored mental rotation (MR) performance in patients with myotonic dystrophy 1 (DM1), an inherited neuromuscular disorder dominated by muscular symptoms, including muscle weakness and myotonia. The aim of the study was twofold: to gain new insights into the neurocognitive mechanisms of MR and to better clarify the cognitive profile of DM1 patients. To address these aims, we used MR tasks involving kinds of stimuli that varied for the extent to which they emphasized motor simulation and activation of body representations (body parts) versus visuospatial imagery (abstract objects). We hypothesized that, if peripheral sensorimotor feedback system plays a pivotal role in modulating MR performance, then DM1 patients would exhibit more difficulties in mentally rotating hand stimuli than abstract objects.Method:Twenty-four DM1 patients and twenty-four age- and education-matched control subjects were enrolled in the study and were required to perform two computerized MR tasks involving pictures of hands and abstract objects.Results:The analysis of accuracy showed that patients had impaired MR performance when the angular disparities between the stimuli were higher. Notably, as compared to controls, patients showed slower responses when the stimuli were hands, whereas no significant differences when stimuli were objects.Conclusion:The findings are coherent with the embodied cognition view, indicating a tight relation between body- and motor-related processes and MR. They suggest that peripheral, muscular, abnormalities in DM1 lead to alterations in manipulation of motor representations, which in turn affect MR, especially when body parts are to mentally rotate.
Backlash against human rights shaming: emotions in groups
Authors: Snyder Jack 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHuman rights advocates continue to use shaming as a central tool despite recognizing its declining effectiveness. Shame is indeed a potent motivator, but its effects are often counterproductive for this purpose. Especially when wielded by cultural outsiders in ways that appear to condemn local social practices, shaming is likely to produce anger, resistance, backlash, and deviance from outgroup norms, or denial and evasion. Shaming can easily be interpreted as a show of contempt, which risks triggering fears for the autonomy and security of the group. In these circumstances, established religious and elite networks can employ traditional normative counter-narratives to recruit a popular base for resistance. If this counter-mobilization becomes entrenched in mass social movements, popular ideology, and enduring institutions, the unintended consequences of shaming may leave human rights advocates farther from their goal.
Ramadan exposure and birth outcomes: a population-based study from the Netherlands
Authors: Savitri Ary I. , Painter Rebecca C. , Lindeboom Maarten , Roseboom Tessa J. , van Ewijk Reyn J. G. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackground:Ramadan, the Islamic month of daytime fasting, is observed by many pregnant Muslims. Although pregnant women are exempt, many prefer to fast. Previous research has shown long-term adverse effects on various health outcomes among the offspring, but evidence on effects on perinatal outcomes is mixed. This study investigates effects of Ramadan during pregnancy among Muslims in the Netherlands.Methods:Data from the Perinatal Registry of the Netherlands (Perined) on all births between 2000 and 2010 to mothers recorded as Mediterranean (i.e. of Turkish/Moroccan descent, a proxy for Muslim) (n = 139,322) or as ethnically Dutch (n = 1,481,435) were used. Ramadan exposure was defined using an intention-to-treat approach as the occurrence of a Ramadan during gestation. Muslims with versus without a Ramadan occurring during gestation were compared using difference-in-differences analyses. In these multiple linear/logistic regressions, non-Muslims were additionally included in order to take out potentially remaining confounding through seasonal effects.Results:The occurrence of a Ramadan during pregnancy among Muslims was not associated with altered birth weight, gestational length, newborn’s sex, perinatal mortality, low Apgar, or mild congenital anomalies. Odds for severe congenital anomalies were higher among the exposed (odds ratio: 1.17; 95% confidence interval: 1.00, 1.37), but this association became non-significant when adjusting for multiple testing.Conclusions:Despite earlier research showing long-term adverse health effects of prenatal exposure to Ramadan, there seems to be little or no relation between exposure to Ramadan during pregnancy and birth outcomes.
Determining the critical period for grass control in high-yielding cotton using Japanese millet as a mimic weed
Authors: Charles Graham W. , Sindel Brian M. , Cowie Annette L. , Knox Oliver G. G. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractField studies were conducted over five seasons from 2004 to 2015 to determine the critical period for weed control (CPWC) in high-yielding, irrigated cotton using a competitive mimic grass weed, Japanese millet. Japanese millet was planted with or after cotton emergence at densities of 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200 plants m−2. Japanese millet was added and removed at approximately 0, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, and 900 degree days of crop growth (GDD). Data were combined over years. Japanese millet competed strongly with cotton, with season-long interference resulting in an 84% reduction in cotton yield with 200 Japanese millet plants m−2. The data were fit to extended Gompertz and logistic curves including weed density as a covariate, allowing a dynamic CPWC to be estimated for densities of 10 to 200 Japanese millet plants m−2. Using a 1% yield-loss threshold, the CPWC commenced at 65 GDD, corresponding to 0 to 7 d after crop emergence (DAE), and ended at 803 GDD, 76 to 98 DAE with 10 Japanese millet plants m−2, and 975 GDD, 90 to 115 DAE with 200 Japanese millet plants m−2. These results highlight the high level of weed control required throughout the cropping season in high-yielding cotton to ensure crop losses do not exceed the cost of weed control.
The Topographic Signature of Ecosystem Climate Sensitivity in the Western United States
Authors: Hoylman Zachary H. , Jencso Kelsey G. , Hu Jia , Holden Zachary A. , Allred Brady , Dobrowski Solomon , Robinson Nathaniel , Martin Justin T. , Affleck David , Seielstad Carl 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIt has been suggested that hillslope topography can produce hydrologic refugia, sites where ecosystem productivity is relatively insensitive to climate variation. However, the ecological impacts and spatial distribution of these sites are poorly resolved across gradients in climate. We quantified the response of ecosystem net primary productivity to changes in the annual climatic water balance for 30 years using pixel‐specific linear regression (30‐m resolution) across the western United States. The standardized slopes of these models represent ecosystem climate sensitivity and provide a means to identify drought‐resistant ecosystems. Productive and resistant ecosystems were most frequent in convergent hillslope positions, especially in semiarid climates. Ecosystems in divergent positions were moderately resistant to climate variability, but less productive relative to convergent positions. This topographic effect was significantly dampened in hygric and xeric climates. In aggregate, spatial patterns of ecosystem sensitivity can be implemented for regional planning to maximize conservation in landscapes more resistant to perturbations.
Rainfall Intensity Temporal Patterns Affect Shallow Landslide Triggering and Hazard Evolution
Authors: Fan Linfeng , Lehmann Peter , Zheng Chunmiao , Or Dani 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA characteristic of rainfall‐induced landslides is the gradual loading by infiltrating rainwater that weakens the soil mantle and could progress to abrupt soil mass release. The temporal patterns of similar rainfall amounts affect the hydrological response of a catchment and thus influence landslide dynamics. We use a novel catchment scale landslide hydromechanical triggering model to systematically study how different asymmetric distributions of rainfall intensities affect landslide dynamics and hazard evolution. Evaluating rainfall events with similar durations and total amounts shows that early rainfall peak intensity exerts stronger destabilizing effects, relative to delayed rainfall peak intensity. Intense rainfall events reduce landslide triggering relative to uniform‐intensity rainfall events due to reduced water infiltration. With advances in highly resolved and real‐time precipitation observations, the study offers a means for improving prediction of landslide timing and hazard evolution and identifying hydrological scenarios that enhance landslide activity.
Multiband Study of a Bidirectional Jet Occurred in the Upper Chromosphere
Authors: Cai Qiangwei , Shen Chengcai , Ni Lei , Reeves Katharine K. , Kang Kaifeng , Lin Jun 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe present a study of a jet observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), which provide high spatial‐temporal resolution observational data of (extreme) ultraviolet images, spectra, and magnetograms. The jet was observed in multiple bands of AIA and manifested clear bidirectional flows in
observations. The emission profiles of the Si IV 1402 Å line of the jet exhibited non‐Gaussian features and double‐peaked spectra, with the Doppler velocity and the nonthermal velocity up to 100 and 160 km s
, respectively. The plasma flows of the jet projected on the sky plane and in the line of sight (LOS) are the typical observational evidence of magnetic reconnection. The EM loci curves indicated that the plasma contains multi‐temperature components. The result deduced from the DEM method and changes in intensity of several spectral lines imply that the temperature of the plasma in the jet is heated to at least
K. The electron density is about
cm
according to the intensity ratios of the O IV 1399.77/1401.16 Å doublet and Si IV 1402.77/O IV 1401.16 Å lines. Via different approaches, we reached the conclusion that the jet occurred in the upper chromosphere. Investigating the magnetograms in the period when the jet appeared, we suggest that the jet results from the magnetic reconnection between the moving magnetic structure and the magnetic field nearby.
Multiphysics Modeling of a Brittle‐Ductile Lithosphere: 1. Explicit Visco‐Elasto‐Plastic Formulation and Its Numerical Implementation
Authors: Jacquey Antoine B. , Cacace Mauro 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe long‐term strength of the lithosphere is controled by two different modes of deformation: a brittle‐like, effective pressure‐sensitive behavior at shallow crustal depth, which gradually transits to a thermally activated ductile flow rheology with increasing depth. All applications dealing with long‐term tectonics therefore share the necessity to describe in a consistent way the multiphysics coupling among the different deformation mechanisms controlling the bulk behavior of the lithosphere. We describe an efficient numerical implementation of a consistent visco‐elasto‐plastic rheology suitable to describe the first‐order aspects of continental rock masses. Different from typical long‐term geodynamics numerical frameworks, we explicitly account for both volumetric and deviatoric response of lithospheric rocks to applied loads. Plastic correction to a viscoelastic stress state is introduced via a non‐associative Drucker‐Prager model, without resorting to the assumption of a plastic limiter. The transient behavior of crustal and lithospheric rocks is accounted for by an overstress (rate‐dependent) viscoplastic rheology, which additionally helps solving for numerical issues related to plastic strain accumulation even in the absence of energetic feedbacks. When applied to the study of the dynamics of plume‐lithosphere interactions, our implementation is able to reproduce a surface topography with complex multiharmonic wavelength patterns in agreement with observations. In the final chapter, we discuss main limitations of the current rheological description when applied to the study of transient semi‐brittle rock behavior. These aspects are tackled in a companion paper, where a thermodynamically consistent formulation extending the current numerical description is presented.
Stress Transfer From Opening Hydraulic Fractures Controls the Distribution of Induced Seismicity
Authors: Kettlety T. , Verdon J. P. , Werner M. J. , Kendall J. M. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the dominant physical processes that cause fault reactivation due to fluid injection is vital to develop strategies to avoid and mitigate injection‐induced seismicity. Injection‐induced seismicity is a risk for several industries, including hydraulic fracturing, geothermal stimulation, oilfield waste disposal and carbon capture and storage, with hydraulic fracturing having been associated with some of the highest magnitude induced earthquakes (
). As such, strict regulatory schemes have been implemented globally to limit the felt seismicity associated with operations. In the UK, a very strict “traffic light” system is currently in place. These procedures were employed several times during injection at the PNR‐1z well at Preston New Road, Lancashire, UK, from October to December 2018. As injection proceeded, it became apparent to the operator that stages were interacting with a seismogenic planar structure, interpreted as a fault zone, with several
events occurring. Microseismicity was clustered along this planar structure in a fashion that could not readily be explained through pore pressure diffusion or hydraulic fracture growth. Instead, we investigate the role of static elastic stress transfer created by the tensile opening of hydraulic fractures. We find that the spatial distributions of microseismicity are strongly correlated with areas that receive positive Mohr‐Coulomb stress changes from the tensile fracture opening, while areas that receive negative Mohr‐Coulomb stress change are quiescent. We conclude that the stressing due to tensile hydraulic fracture opening plays a significant role in controlling the spatiotemporal distribution of induced seismicity.
Intermittent Propagation of Upward Positive Leader Connecting a Downward Negative Leader in a Negative Cloud‐to‐Ground Lightning
Authors: Srivastava Abhay , Jiang Rubin , Yuan Shanfeng , Qie Xiushu , Wang Dongfang , Zhang Hongbo , Sun Zhuling , Liu Minyuan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBoth upward positive connecting leader (UPL) and downward negative leader (DNL) involved in a lightning striking the 325‐m meteorology tower were captured by using a high‐speed video camera with 2.7‐μs temporal resolution and 1‐m spacial resolution, in association with electromagnetic field measurements. The UPL initiated around 1.6 ms prior to the attachment when the DNL was outside the field of view of the camera, and 38 hop forwards with backward re‐illumination through the UPL channel were identified. As the stepped DNL approached, 34 space stems were observed in front of the leader tip during 0.62‐ms period prior to the attachment, while, based on the present observation system, no visible space stem was found throughout the intermittent UPL propagation. The 2‐D propagation speed of the UPL and DNL was 1.16 × 105 and 3.6 × 105 m/s, within channel extensions of 100 and 95 m, respectively. For the UPL, the inter‐step interval was longer in its initial development while the step length was similar throughout the propagation. Several steps of DNL could be identified within an inter‐step of UPL, and vice versa. The different intermittent behaviors of negative and positive leaders with temporal‐inconsistent steps suggest that their stepping was independent from each other. When the DNL was very close to the UPL, the DNL can induce and support the UPL development by enhancing the overall electric field. However, it seems that the generation of space stems and their bridging to the DNL, as involved in the DNL stepping, might not the direct cause of the UPL intermittence.
Seasonal Characteristics of Model Uncertainties From Biogenic Fluxes, Transport, and Large‐Scale Boundary Inflow in Atmospheric CO2 Simulations Over North America
Authors: Feng Sha , Lauvaux Thomas , Davis Kenneth J. , Keller Klaus , Zhou Yu , Williams Christopher , Schuh Andrew E. , Liu Junjie , Baker Ian 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRegional estimates of biogenic carbon fluxes over North America from both atmospheric inversions (“top‐down” approach) and terrestrial biosphere models (“bottom‐up”) remain highly uncertain. We merge these approaches with an ensemble‐based, regional modeling system able to diagnose and quantify the causes of uncertainties in top‐down atmospheric estimates of the terrestrial sink over North America. Our ensemble approach quantifies and partitions the uncertainty stemming from atmospheric transport, the biosphere, and large‐scale CO2 boundary inflow (boundary conditions). We use meteorological data, CO2 fluxes, and CO2 mole fraction measurements to assure the reliability of the ensemble system. Our results show that all uncertainty components have clear seasonal variations. The biogenic flux component dominates modeled boundary layer CO2 uncertainty, ranging from 2.5 ppm in summer and winter to 1.5 ppm in fall and spring. Spatially, it remains highly uncertain in the U.S. Corn Belt regions. Transport uncertainty reaches a maximum of 2.5 ppm in the summer months and stays at 1.2 ppm for the rest of the year and is highly correlated with the biogenic CO2 fluxes. Boundary conditions play the smallest role in atmospheric boundary layer CO2 uncertainty with a magnitude smaller than 1 ppm. However, boundary conditions are the most important uncertainty component in column‐averaged CO2 (XCO2). The spatiotemporal variations of the uncertainties in modeled XCO2 are similar to those in atmospheric boundary layer CO2.
Characterizing Thunder‐Induced Ground Motions Using Fiber‐Optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing Array
Authors: Zhu Tieyuan , Stensrud David J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe report for the first time on a distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) array using preexisting underground fiber optics beneath the Penn State campus for detecting and characterizing thunder‐induced ground motions. During a half‐hour interval from 03:20–03:50 UTC on 15 April 2019 in State College, PA, we identify 18 thunder‐induced seismic events in the DAS array data. The high‐fidelity DAS data show that the thunder‐induced seismics are very broadband, with their peak frequency ranging from 20 to 130 Hz. We use arrival times of the 18 events to estimate the phase velocity of the near surface, the back azimuth, and location of thunder‐seismic sources that are verified with lightning locations from the National Lightning Detection Network. Furthermore, the dense DAS data enable us to simulate thunder‐seismic wave propagation and full waveform synthetics and further locate the thunder‐seismic source by time‐reversal migration. Interestingly, we found that thunder‐seismic power recorded by DAS is positively correlated with National Lightning Detection Network lightning current power. These findings suggest that fiber‐optic DAS observations may offer a new avenue of studying thunder‐induced seismics, characterizing the near‐surface velocity structure, and probing the thunder‐ground coupling process.
Sociological Perspectives on Earth System Modeling
Authors: Grundmann Reiner , Rödder Simone 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHow can we understand climate change from a sociological perspective? In asking this question, we assume that Sociology has something to contribute to such an enterprise. The argument that we put forward is twofold: We argue that Sociology provides a much needed alternative to two dominant approaches that have influenced public discourse, behaviorist theories, mainly employed in Economics, and a belief in the centrality of science in policy making (“evidence first”), mainly entertained by physical scientists. We critically discuss both approaches, showing the limits of behaviorism and the linear model of policy making and provide an alternative framework, which emphasizes the role of social action, of organizations, and of structural differences between different social worlds. We then apply our framework to assess the role of evidence at the climate science‐policy interface and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a boundary organization in particular. We argue that science and politics follow different logics and that the IPCC is simultaneously both more political and less policy relevant than its self‐description as “policy‐relevant, never policy prescriptive” tries to make us believe. We conclude that a depoliticization of politics by IPCC expert advice and a politicization of climate science occur simultaneously and mutually reinforce one another. The result is a lack of progress in climate policy as science has taken center stage but is unable to offer political solutions.
Philosophical Perspectives on Earth System Modeling: Truth, Adequacy, and Understanding
Authors: Gramelsberger G. , Lenhard J. , Parker W.S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe explore three questions about Earth system modeling that are of both scientific and philosophical interest: What kind of understanding can be gained via complex Earth system models? How can the limits of understanding be bypassed or managed? How should the task of evaluating Earth system models be conceptualized?