bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Qualitative Study on Making Rural Communities More Dementia-Friendly
Authors: OConnor Melissa , Pedersen Megan , Grace Rachel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Recent studies on attitudes toward dementia in the United States, such as the World Alzheimer Report 2019, have found that fear and stigma are still widespread among the general public. This may be particularly true in rural communities. In the current study, community-dwelling adults in small Midwestern communities responded to the open-ended survey question, “What do you think could be done to make your community more welcoming for people with Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia?” Participants (N=242) ranged in age from 18-88 (M=40, SD=21). The sample was 68% female, and 61% lived in communities of 50,000-150,000 people, while 39% lived in smaller towns. Most participants (61.2%) did not personally know someone with dementia. Data were collected via paper and telephone surveys. Responses to the open-ended question were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding. The following themes emerged: greater exposure to individuals with dementia; educational workshops about dementia; more intergenerational programs; greater accessibility of respite care and other services; more fundraising efforts; and community leaders talking about dementia. Responses included, “Have more intergenerational programs that bring together Alzheimer’s patients and children in a positive environment.” “When I was in school, we visited an Alzheimer’s unit. That was a great experience.” “I know what it is, but I don’t know anything else. I wish I was more informed. I don’t know how to help.” These findings indicate that residents of rural communities are motivated to help individuals with dementia, but need more guidance, education, and personal connections/exposure.
The Role of Stressful Childhood Experiences in Shaping Later-Life Memory Loss Among Black and White U.S. Adults
Authors: Hartnett Caroline 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Cognitive decline common in the U.S. and greatly impacts quality of life, both for those who experience it and for those who care for them. Black Americans experience higher burdens of cognitive decline but the mechanisms underlying this disparity have not been fully elucidated. Stress experienced in early life is a promising explanatory factor, since stress and cognition are linked, childhood stressors been shown to have a range of negative implications later in life, and Black children experience more childhood stressors than White children, on average. In this paper, we use data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) to examine whether stressful experiences in childhood help explain Black-White disparities in memory loss. These data were available for 5 state-years between 2011 and 2017 (n=11,708). Preliminary results indicate that, while stressful childhood experiences are strongly associated with memory loss, stressful experiences do not mediate the association between race and memory loss. However, race does appear to moderate the association between stressful childhood experiences and memory loss. Specifically, stressful experiences are associated with a higher likelihood of memory loss for Black adults compared to White adults.In addition, there seem to be some noteworthy patterns across different types of experiences (i.e. parental drinking may predict later memory loss more strongly for Black adults than White adults, but parental hitting may predict memory loss more strongly for White adults than Black adults).
The Interrelationship Between Subjective Health, Cognitive Decline, and Late Life Disability: A Path Analysis
Authors: Hubner Sarah , Kim Hyeon Jung , Nguyen Brenda , Hansen Brooke , Boron Julie Blaskewicz 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Relationships between mental, physical and cognitive health can differentially impact individuals’ ability to function in everyday life. As people age, this can further influence independence and quality of life. To better understand these relationships, the current study implemented path analysis to investigate the impact of subjective mental, physical, and cognitive health on disability. Analyses explored relationships between demographic variables, subjective mental and physical health, cognitive decline, and self-reported disability (difficulty Walking/Climbing stairs [WC], Dressing/Bathing [DB], and Doing Errands [EA]). Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were examined. The most recent four waves (2015-2018) of available data from states utilizing the Cognitive Decline Module were included (50 states, two territories). Path analyses were conducted and modeled in AMOS. Measures of CFI (0.986), TLI (0.938), and RMSEA (0.046) indicate good model fit. Listwise deletion was utilized (n=212117) . Respondents were aged 45+ and were generally white (82.8%), female (58.7%), and of “good/very good” subjective general health (64.0%). Results revealed being non-white (WCΣβ=0.028, DBΣβ=0.021, EAΣβ=0.025, all p’s&lt;.001), of older age (WCΣβ=0.124, DBΣβ=0.004, EAΣβ=0.001, all p’s&lt;.001), female (WCΣβ=0.016, DBΣβ=0.013, EAΣβ=0.016, all p’s&lt;.001), poorer mental health (WCΣβ=0.080, DBΣβ=0.082, EAΣβ=0.116, all p’s&lt;.001), poorer physical health (WCΣβ=0.410, DBΣβ=0.294, EAΣβ=0.314, all p’s&lt;.001), and presence of subjective cognitive decline (WCΣβ=0.107, DBΣβ=0.107, EAΣβ=0.138, all p’s&lt;.001) all had a positive total effect on disability. Ultimately, these results indicate the interrelationship between subjective health and self-reported ability/disability. These findings may help to improve care considerations for an aging population by serving as indicators for needs for assistance and support.
Six steps to produce stock assessments for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive compliant with Descriptor 3
Authors: Probst Wolfgang Nikolaus , Kempf Alexander , Taylor Marc , Martinez Inigo , Miller David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the European Union (EU), the ecosystem approach to fisheries is implemented through several directives and polices, which are overarched by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The MSFD requires the assessment of the environmental status of exploited fish and shellfish stocks, among others, to advise the EU Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) on sustainable catch options. The stock assessments for the CFP and the MSFD are supposed to be congruent, yet they differ in several substantial subjects. While the annual CFP assessment is based on two indicators, fishing mortality (F) and spawning stock biomass (SSB), in its Descriptor 3 (D3) the MSFD requires the assessment of three criteria (F, SSB, and age or size structure) within a six year period. Assessing exploited fish and shellfish stocks under the MSFD by using existing CFP assessments has therefore been a half-completed task, which had to be fulfilled by the member states of the EU. This paper suggests six easy steps, referred to as “quick wins” (QW), which are based on existing information from CFP stock assessments. The implementation of these six QW would allow for assessments of exploited fish and shellfish stocks that are compliant to D3. These QW are to (i) assess length/age structure within a stock, (ii) analyse and assess selectivity by fisheries, (iii) use all available information to assess a stock, (iv) use response indicators to assess environmental targets, (v) provide integrated stock-specific advice, and (vi) provide assessments with a mid-term perspective over a-period of six years. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) combines the infrastructure and expertise to produce stock-specific assessment products tailored to the requirements of MSFD D3. Thereby, ICES could provide a valuable service to EU member states in the north-east Atlantic region by providing scientifically validated, quality-assured, and MSFD-compliant single-stock assessment products. This would be a big advancement towards implementing the ecosystem approach to fisheries management within Europe.
Growth and reproduction in mesopelagic fishes: a literature synthesis
Authors: Caiger Paul E , Lefebve Lyndsey S , Llopiz Joel K 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The mesopelagic zone covers a vast expanse of the World’s oceans and contains some of the most abundant vertebrates on the planet. This midwater region is central to the transfer of energy and carbon between the atmosphere and the deep, yet there are large knowledge gaps in our understanding of the life history of its animals. Here we synthesize the current state of knowledge of research on age, growth, and reproduction of mesopelagic fishes, the basic biological information fundamental to understanding the population dynamics of species in this ecosystem. Collectively, two-thirds of life history research on mesopelagic fishes has been undertaken on myctophids, yet many other abundant and important groups are lacking research. There are generally hotspots of mesopelagic fish research mostly centred in the northern hemisphere, with little to no coverage in the Indo-Pacific region nor the poles. Furthermore, the effects of some anthropogenic stressors—chiefly climate change and resource extraction—on the life history of the animals in this zone is uncertain and needs to be considered. Knowledge of growth and reproduction are key traits required for a holistic assessment and understanding of this ecosystem, and hopefully this synthesis will provide a springboard for greater focus in this area.
Makeup Who You Are: Self-Expression Enhances the Perceived Authenticity and Public Promotion of Beauty Work
Authors: Smith Rosanna K , vanDellen Michelle R , Ton Lan Anh N 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Although consumers put substantial effort toward their appearance, engaging in beauty work is often seen as inauthentic, posing challenges for beauty companies that increasingly rely on social media-driven product promotion where authenticity perceptions are consequential. This article draws on existentialist notions of authenticity (wherein the true self is created rather than innate) to explore how framing beauty work as self-expression alters others’ perceptions and, in turn, marketing outcomes. First, an archival analysis of Instagram posts demonstrates that rebranding beauty work as self-expression is positively associated with word-of-mouth about beauty products. Six studies then test how motivational information alters perceptions of people who engage in beauty work. Lowered authenticity perceptions arise from observers’ default assumption that beauty work is motivated by self-enhancement and serves primarily to conceal appearances. By contrast, self-expression enhances authenticity by leading others to see beauty work as a form of creation rather than concealment. This pattern extends to when people engage in a variety of beauty work transformations but not when beauty work is designed to restore appearances or is framed as connected to the innate self. These findings provide insight into judgments of authenticity and the management of a stigma associated with product use.
Tort to the Environment: A Stretch Too Far or a Simple Step Forward?
Authors: Hook Maria , Warnock Ceri , Allan Barry , Pirini Mihiata 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This analysis considers the implications of Smith v Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd [2020] NZHC 419 and the possibility of a new tort to the environment developing within New Zealand jurisprudence. In Smith, the New Zealand High Court refused to strike out a cause of action based on a new inchoate tort against seven corporations for the damage likely to be caused by their greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), and allowed the matter to proceed to trial. The case raises questions as to whether the time is ripe in New Zealand for the development of a tort to the environment, and whether such a tort could apply to hold private emitters liable for harm caused to the atmosphere by GHGs. In this analysis, we conclude that a duty to protect the environment may be a natural evolution of the New Zealand law of torts and may extend to conduct causing damage to the atmosphere, opening up the possibility of successfully suing corporations for harm to the climate.
Evils under the Ground
Authors: Patey Luke 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
For Beijing, military intervention overseas is no longer an unthinkable option. Rather, China’s expanding interests and newfound confidence and capabilities on the world stage, including overseas military bases in Djibouti and Tajikistan, make it a very real possibility. Official propaganda and popular films like Wolf Warrior II build up public expectations that Beijing is able and willing to protect Chinese interests abroad. A Chinese model for establishing peace and security may soon emerge in full. This is one that does not tear down state institutions overseas to usher in regime change, but works to maintain the legitimacy and power of state institutions, despite the violence they may have sown. It draws lessons from China’s counter-terrorism and the mass detainment of its Uyghur people at home. But this intervention threatens to bog down Beijing in quagmires overseas for decades. In Pakistan and Afghanistan, Beijing’s efforts to advance its strategic interests of developing new industrial corridors through South Asia face the challenge of overcoming long-standing regional insecurity and terrorism.
The (Nonstochastic) Producer Problem
Authors: Chambers Robert G. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The canonical profit maximization problem is surveyed. The concept of a technology set, T, is developed by interpreting ≽(y) as an order that characterizes technically feasible possibilities. Basic properties of T are discussed in terms of Y(x) and related to the generic properties of ≽(y) developed in Chapter 3. Distance functions are shown to characterize T, and the consequences of different structural restrictions routinely used in applied producer (and consumer) analysis are investigated. The canonical profit maximization problem is revisited using conjugate dual arguments and the LeChatelier Principle is discussed. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of Revealed Preference Methods in producer theory.
When Nehru Looked East
Authors: Frankel Francine R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Studies about the estrangement between India and the United States during the Cold War are written from the Western perspective of a bipolar world and relegate policies toward India and South Asia to a regional derivative of the struggle between the superpowers. A deeper understanding of India as a subject in world affairs is revealed in this work, the first able to draw upon the Nehru Papers, 1947–64, which span the period when the guiding principles of India’s foreign policy, nonalignment and Asianism, were formulated. Nehru’s certainty of India’s great power destiny and claim to be spokesman of Asia collided with the US role as leader of the free world, especially in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, viewed as India’s area of influence. Nehru’s “area of peace” excluding US-led collective security alliances brought the national interests of both countries into direct conflict. Nehru’s assumption that India’s friendly approach to China would result in a peaceful solution of their border dispute and allow the two countries to operate informally as protection against American interference in Asia proved to be a miscalculation of historic importance. The 1962 India-China war toppled the foundations of Asianism and nonalignment.
Korea
Authors: Frankel Francine R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
North Korea’s attack against South Korea evoked an immediate military response from the United States, under a UN command, to draw the line against communist expansion in Asia. Once the Chinese entered the war on the side of North Korea, India could not sustain its policy of nonalignment on the merits but began to practice nonalignment as an informal version of neutrality justified as its commitment to seek peace in the nuclear age. When Mao prolonged the war in an effort to win total victory and force the United States out of Asia, India’s bias toward China in the United Nations met with the US decision to exclude India from the Geneva Conference on Korea and Indo-China, paving the way for China to assert its position as a great power.
The Many Meanings of the Border
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the 1920s, Polish state officials saw the newly established and poorly guarded Polish-Soviet border as a site of both anxiety and opportunity. As refugees and remigrants from the First World War and subsequent borderland conflicts moved westward, politicians raised fears about humanitarian crises, epidemic diseases, and anti-Polish ideological infiltration. At a local level, however, border guards and state policemen were more concerned with peasant criminality, including smuggling, horse theft, and illegal distilling, that ran along and across national lines. Since such behavior, when combined with communist agitation, appeared to threaten the state’s territorial sovereignty, the government created a new border guard corps in 1924 to militarize the border and “civilize” local people. But although border guards appeared in Polish propaganda as heroes in a hostile physical and human environment, they feared the effects of daily contact with the Soviet Union—and with civilians on the Polish side.
Polish Towns? Jewish Towns?
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
With their Jewish majorities, towns became the focus of Polish attempts to simultaneously Polonize and civilize Volhynia. While Endecja discussions focused on the antisemitic trope that Jews were anti-modern Russian stooges who resisted European civilization, Sanacja authorities who entered the region after Józef Piłsudski’s 1926 coup d’état promoted a more inclusive vision of Polish-Jewish cooperation. At the same time, however, the technocrats who dominated the provincial government under the new governor Henryk Józewski used urban planning, including the construction of colonies for state officials and demographic reshuffling on town councils, to reduce what they saw as detrimental “Jewish” influence. In the provincial capital Łuck, as across many towns, projects to absorb urban hinterlands utilized Christian populations—Poles and non-Poles alike—in an attempt to make the town less Jewish. And yet even by the early 1930s, officials remained frustrated that Polish urban populations did not culturally and spiritually invest in towns.
Conclusion
Authors: Ciancia Kathryn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The dual invasions of the Second World War—by the Soviet Union in September 1939 and by Nazi Germany in June 1941—led to mass violence against and between Volhynia’s populations. The nature of local participation in the Holocaust and Polish-Ukrainian atrocities suggests both the significance and the limited explanatory power of the interwar period. When Volhynia was absorbed into the Soviet Union after the war, old tropes found echoes in debates about the establishment of communism and postwar migrations. Although obfuscations surrounded official communist history of the eastern borderlands, many Poles repackaged interwar diversity within the politically useful framework of “inclusive” European multiculturalism in the period after 1989, a process that relied on further hierarchies and exclusions. By reemphasizing how Poles became embroiled in prevailing global debates about imperialism, nationalism, sovereignty, and civilization along the state’s fringes, the conclusion suggests that interwar Volhynia is best understood in concretely historical, rather than nostalgic or teleological, terms.
Well-Being as a Pathway to Equity
Authors: Flores Walter , Laurent Éloi , Ruger Jennifer Prah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between well-being and equity, and makes the case for well-being approaches as a powerful pathway to advance equity. In a world without equity, well-being is impossible. Inequities in income, health, education, environmental conditions, access to opportunity, and other factors hinder individual, community, and civic well-being. Pursuing a well-being approach centered on equity—from what gets measured and how, to the way stories are told and the voices that tell them, to what gets prioritized and acted upon and by whom—can reduce these inequities. And in the symbiotic relationship between well-being and equity, as well-being improves, so does equity; likewise, as equity improves, so does well-being. The chapter addresses three intersecting components of well-being and equity: economic equity, human rights, and social cohesion. Through these lenses, it looks at implications and opportunities for social and policy change and illuminates work that remains to be done.
Reduced Perplexity
Authors: Nelson Kenric P. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces a simple, intuitive approach to the assessment of probabilistic inferences. The Shannon information metrics are translated to the probability domain. The translation shows that the negative logarithmic score and the geometric mean are equivalent measures of the accuracy of a probabilistic inference. The geometric mean of forecasted probabilities is thus a measure of forecast accuracy and represents the central tendency of the forecasts. The reciprocal of the geometric mean is referred to as the perplexity and defines the number of independent choices needed to resolve the uncertainty. The assessment method introduced in this chapter is intended to reduce the ‘qualitative’ perplexity relative to the potpourri of scoring rules currently used to evaluate machine learning and other probabilistic algorithms. Utilization of this assessment will provide insight into designing algorithms with reduced the ‘quantitative’ perplexity and thus improved the accuracy of probabilistic forecasts. The translation of information metrics to the probability domain is incorporating the generalized entropy functions developed Rényi and Tsallis. Both generalizations translate to the weighted generalized mean. The generalized mean of probabilistic forecasts forms a spectrum of performance metrics referred to as a Risk Profile. The arithmetic mean is used to measure the decisiveness, while the –2/3 mean is used to measure the robustness.
Catherine Littlefield
Authors: Skeel Sharon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Born in Philadelphia in 1905, Catherine Littlefield first learns dancing from her mother, Caroline (called Mommie), who was an expert pianist, and from a local dancing master, C. Ellwood Carpenter. As a teenager, Catherine becomes a Ziegfeld dancer and takes lessons from Luigi Albertieri in New York. She returns home in 1925 to help Mommie teach at the Littlefield School (among her students is Zelda Fitzgerald) and stage dances for women’s musical clubs and opera companies. William Goldman hires Catherine to produce routines in commercial theaters throughout Philadelphia and becomes her boyfriend. Catherine, Mommie, and Catherine’s sister, Dorothie, travel to Paris so the sisters can study ballet with Lubov Egorova. They become friendly with George Balanchine in Paris and help him establish his first American school and company when he comes to the United States in 1933. Catherine marries wealthy Philadelphia attorney Philip Leidy and founds her Philadelphia Ballet Company in 1935. She choreographs—and her company presents—the first full-length, full-scale production of Sleeping Beauty in the United States as well as popular ballet Americana works such as Barn Dance and Terminal. Her company’s European tour in 1937 is the first ever by an American classical ballet troupe. Catherine loses some of her protégées to the newly formed Ballet Theatre and disbands her company after the United States enters World War II; she then choreographs Broadway musicals, Sonja Henie’s Hollywood Ice Revues, and Jimmy Durante’s NBC television show before dying in 1951 at age forty-six.