bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Plasma Electrochemical Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Authors: Chen Qiang 
Published: February 2020

When discharge plasma is in contact with liquid, the plasma-liquid interface provides a powerful reaction zone for many physical and chemical processes induced by the plasma-liquid interactions. A great number of applications take advantage of this highly active zone of plasma-liquid interface, such as plasma medicine, element analysis, and nanomaterials formation. The nanomaterials formation from plasma-liquid interactions is some kind of a modified electrochemical deposition, called plasma electrochemical method, but it is not the same to the latter, and it has some distinct characteristics, for instance, a gaseous plasma electrode instead of a solid electrode. Since there are several advantages for the plasma-liquid based nanomaterials formation, such as high synthesis speed, simplicity in device, compared to a solution-based one, nanomaterials synthesis from plasma-liquid interactions attracts much attention recently. In this talk, we give a review of the plasma electrochemical synthesis of nanomaterials. Additionally, we survey the basic processes in the plasma-liquid interface and the bulk solution, the role of these processes play in nanomaterials formation, and the current state of plasma electrochemical synthesis of nanomaterials. The technical challenges to future research on plasma electrochemical synthesis of nanomaterials are also discussed.
The work was partially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.: 11405144), and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No: 20720150022).
(Invited) Engineering of Nanostructures Using Microplasmas for Catalysis and Biosensing
Authors: Chiang Wei-Hung 
Published: February 2020

Microplasmas are a special class of electrical discharges formed in geometries where at least one dimension is less than 1 mm. As a result of their unique scaling, microplasmas operate stably at atmospheric pressure and contain large concentrations of energetic electrons (1-10 eV). These properties are attractive for a range of nanomaterials synthesis and nanostructure engineering [1-3]. Recently the development of carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene has been leading us to an exciting direction for both fundamental science and commercial applications because of their exceptional properties. While researchers have achieved significant progress in CNT synthesis, precise control of structure including diameter, wall number, and chirality remains a critical technological challenge due to the unclear role of the catalyst in controlling the CNT structure. Surface enhance Raman scattering (SERS) is a promising technology for various applications including plasmonic devices, photo energy generation and conversion, biomedical detection and chemical sensing. However, this conventional approach to fabricate SERS-active materials is usually time-consuming and laborious. In this presentation, I will discuss these topics in detail, highlighting the advantages of microplasma-based systems for the synthesis of well-defined nanomaterials. These experiments will aid in the rational design and fabrication of nanoparticle alloys for selective growth of CNT structures and may also have significant impact in other catalytic applications including nanowire growth, gas conversion, and fuel cells. Moreover I will present a facile synthesis of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs)/graphene composites using a unique atmospheric-pressure microplasma-assisted electrochemistry. The systematic micro Raman study indicates that the AgNP/graphene composites show superior SERS performance with low detection concentration of 10-
10 M of R6G and high enhance factor (EF) about 1×109.
Reference:
[1] W-H. Chiang and R. M. Sankaran, Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 121503 (2007)
[2] W-H. Chiang and R. M. Sankaran, Adv. Mater. 20, 4857 (2008)
[3] W-H. Chiang and R. M. Sankaran, Nature Mater. 8, 882 (2009)
(Invited) Enhanced Cycle Capacity of Lithium Ion Batteries with Nanocomposite Si Anodes Produced by Rapid Co-Condensation in Plasma Spray PVD
Authors: Fukada Kohei , Ohta Ryoshi , Kambara Makoto 
Published: February 2020

Silicon (Si) is the promising candidate of anode for the next generation high-density lithium-ion batteries (LiB) owing to its 10 times greater theoretical capacities than the conventional carbonous material. This material however needs to be structured at nano-to-micron length scale to cope with inevitable volume change up to 400% during (de)lithiation reaction that leads eventually to fracture of the material and to a significant capacity drop in short cycles. Among various approaches for structuring proposed, battery industries are seeking for techniques with which high throughput production at reasonable cost is anticipated. In this respect, plasma spray physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) can be a strong candidate. In fact, 20-40 nm nanoparticles (NP) are produced from metallurgical grade Si powders which is several dollars per kilogram and these particles used as anode of the battery have exhibited an improved capacity retention at longer battery cycles. Further improvement in cycle capacity has been observed with nanocomposite Si:Ni anode, in which NiSi2 are epitaxially attached on Si-NP through heterogeneous nucleation during co-condensation of Si-Ni vapors. Uniqueness of this anode is that crystalline Si (c-Si) anode remains even after 50th cycle while c-Si conventionally experiences the structural change to amorphous as a result of (de)lithiation. The electric resistance associated with anode is also found to reduce with Si:Ni-NP. These suggest that the epitaxial NiSi2 contributes mechanically and electrochemically to suppress the capacity decay during cycles. The detailed effect of additives will also be discussed in the presentation. This work was partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) 15H04152 of Japan.
References: [1] Graetz, J. et al., Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 2003,6 (9), A194-A197. [2] Liu, X.H. et al., ACS Nano 2012, 6 (2), 1522-1531. [3] Magasinski, A. et al., Nature Mater. 2010, 9, 353-358. [4] Kim, H. et al., Nano Lett. 2008, 8 (11), 3688-3691. [5] Kambara, M. et al., J. Appl. Phys. 2014, 115 (14), 143302.
(Invited) An Aqueous Rechargeable Desalination System
Authors: Yang Hui Ying 
Published: February 2020

In this work, we present a new concept of aquous flow battery deionization (FBDI) system based on dual-ions electrochemistry, which consists of BiOCl as chloride-capture anode, sodium manganese oxide (Na0.44MnO2) as sodium-capture cathode. It utilizes a redox reaction to individually absorb chloride ion at anode and sodium ion at cathode at the same time. When charged, the two ions are released to flow sodium chloride electrolyte solution. Upon discharge, the chloride ion was extracted into the anode from flow NaCl solution while sodium ion was electrochemically captured into the cathode. The novel battery deionization delivers a stable and reversible salt absorption/desorption capacity of 68.5 mg g-1 with ~100% columbic efficiency when operated at a current density 100 mA g-1, which makes over twice salt absorption of the previous reported best performance (31.2 mg g-1) obtained by a hybrid capacitive deionization system. The “ion/electron transfer efficiency” as a new concept was proposed to replace the “charge efficiency”, since the salt was removed during the discharge process, which is the first time to report thus a phenomenon. The ion/electron transfer efficiency is up to 0.977 during charge-desorption process and 0.958 during discharge-absorption process. Owing to salt removal during discharge, the current system is called “desalination generator”. The current study will supply a new view of desalination and flow battery system.
(Invited) Plasma Based Synthesis of Conductive Polymers: Experimental Results and Some Remarks about General Strategies for Plasma Based Polymerization Processes
Authors: Berndt Johannes , Pattyn Cedric , Hussain Shahzad , Kovacevic Eva 
Published: February 2020

Conductive polymers belong certainly to the most promising materials in current research. They have a high potential for a great variety of different applications as for example for super capacitors, antistatic coatings for electronic packaging, electrodes for organic LEDs or for novel types of sensors [1]. This contribution deals with the plasma based synthesis of intrinsically conductive polymers which can be produced either in the form of thin films or as nanoaparticles and nanoparticle deposits. Despite the successful application of plasma processes for the deposition of thin films in general (in particular on an industrial scale) the plasma based synthesis of conductive polymers still remains a great challenge in particular with respect to the avoidance of excessive cross linking reactions.
This paper will mainly focus on polymerization processes in low temperature plasmas containing aniline. Aniline (C6H7N, prototypical aromatic amine) is a monomer used in industry for production of for example polyurethane precursors, but also in the production of polyaniline. Polyaniline was one of the first conducting polymers used in practice (e.g. as an antistatic coating material) in particular due to its high stability also in aggressive chemical environments due to its unique complex properties and due it slow manufacturing cost. Recent works showed that PANI nanostructures and in particular PANI nanoparticles are also promising materials for microwave absorption [3].
This contribution will discuss experiments concerning the deposition of thin films and the production of nanoparticles in a capacitively coupled (low temperature) plasma operated in mixtures of noble gases and aniline. The experiments comprise the analysis of the plasma (plasma mass spectroscopy, in-situ multi pass FTIR spectroscopy, Laser light scattering, microwave interferometry) and the analysis of the obtained material (NEXAFS, XPS, FTIR, SEM). The discussion will be completed by some general remarks about the control of plasma based polymerisation processes in particular by using pulsed plasmas.

Acknowledgments: The financial support of the European Commission under the FP7 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative grant agreement FP7-2012-JTI-FCH-325327 for the SMARTCat project is gratefully acknowledged, as well as support obtained by French Region Centre project APR IR Capt’Eau.
[1] T.K. Das and S.Prusty, Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 51: 1487–1500, 2012
[2] M. Atesa, T. Karazehir and A. Sezai Sarac, Current Physical Chemistry, 2012, 2, 224-240
[3] P. Zhang, X.Han, L. Kang, R. Qiang, W. Liu and Y. Du, RSC Advances, 2013, 3, 12694
Poly-Si Planarization by ICP Plasma Etch at FinFET Technology
Authors: Wang Yan , Han Qiuhua , Zhang Haiyang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract:

The fin field effect transistors (FinFET) have been extensively explored for many years and recently mass production have been realized for its superior properties in solving short channel effects and size-down requirements. [1]
In FinFET technology node, the topography started to turn worse due to the introduction of the three-dimensional (3D) fin structures. The control became one of the most important issues in FEoL. In poly-gate loop, the lithography window and poly silicon etch profile will be limited by the surface topography and thus affect the device performance as well as the yield improvement. To improve the poly-silicon topography after the CMP process becomes very important.
In this paper, we report the poly-silicon planarization with the introduction of the matrix-temperature controller, named as Hydra, which is equipped in one commercial inductive coupled plasma (ICP) etch tool. The 3sigma of poly-silicon thickness within improved 80% and the uniformity is very close to current planar technology node, as shown in Figure 1. The temperature dependence is 21.7A/℃. The planarization results show better performance than gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) method as reported. [2]
For more common use, an advanced process control is also proposed to overcome the difference of incoming after CMP process. The CMP process always shows a major radical thickness map, which can be compensated by tuning radical etch rate map by changing process parameters. The Hydra based etch planarization technology can also be extend to other process as ILD etch back with suitable etch process. This technology will be very power in the future 3D transistors for planarization.
This work was partially sponsored by Program of Shanghai Technology Chief Scientist (B type). The authors would like to thank Mr. Kui Wang, Mr. Jiangang Liu, and Dr. Yushan Chi from Lam research for the support of constructive discussion.

Reference:

[1] C. Auth et al., “A 22 nm high performance and low-power CMOS technology featuring fully-depleted tri-gate transistors, self-aligned contacts and high density MIM capacitors,” in VLSI Symp. Tech. Dig., pp. 131–132, 2012,
[2] T. Kagalwala et al., “Integrated metrology's role in Gas Cluster Ion Beam etch”, 26th Annual SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference (ASMC), pp. 72-77, 2015

Figure 1
Electrodeposition of Purified Aluminum Coatings from AlCl3-Dimethylsulfone(DMSO2) Electrolytes with Isopropylamine Hydrochloride
Authors: Kim Sangjae , Kumeno Shota , Kuroda Kensuke , Okido Masazumi 
Published: February 2020

Aluminum (Al) have played an important role in the recent advance of civilization and as a basic material for industry, construction, and agriculture. Because of its glossy appearance, low weight, and good mechanical properties, Al has been widely used in the information technology and electronics industries, e.g., smart phones, notebooks, netbooks, etc.
However, Al requires surface treatment to improve corrosion resistance, durability, wear resistance, abrasion resistance. Al coatings have been electrodeposited from AlCl3 - dimethylsulfone (DMSO2) electrolytes at 403K. The coatings usually contained trace amounts of sulfur (S) due to DMSO2 and chlorine (Cl) due to AlCl4
- as impurities. Since these impurities make the coatings hard and brittle, and moreover may adversely affect the corrosion- and oxidation resistances of the Al coatings, it would be desirable to decrease their contents in the Al coatings. Examination of the Al coatings electrodeposited from the electrolytes with the addition of various amounts of isopropylamine hydrochloride (IPA) revealed that the S and Cl contents of the Al coatings decreased with increasing concentration of IPA in the electrolyte. The addition of IPA also brought about changes in the surface morphology and crystal orientation of the Al coatings. Preferential adsorption of IPA on the surface of the Al deposit was inferred to be a cause of the exclusion of S and Cl from the Al coating. As a result of the decrease in S and Cl contents, the Al coatings were softened.
Cyclic voltammgram shows 23 mol % AlCl3 / DMSO2 electrolytes contain from 0 to 0.4mmol IPA with respect to 10 M DMSO2. Most of the cycles of precipitation and dissolution of Al was occurs at the potential of - 0.5V. The addition of IPA, lead to decreasing of the flowing current and produce smooth stable films. The higher current density was observed at 0.1mmol IPA among using additives. On the other hand, the lower and stable cathodic current 0.2mmol produces smooth film.
S and Cl contents plots the Al coatings determined by EDX against the IPA content in the electrolyte. While the Al coatings from the electrolyte without IPA contained 2.1 mass % S and 1.4 mass% Cl, both the contents decreased with increasing content of IPA in the electrolyte. The decrease leveled off when the amount of IPA was 0.2mmol, at which point the S and Cl contents were below 1 mass %.
SEM images shows the surface of these samples. It can be seen that the film formed in the solution without additive is many cracks are observed. On the other hand, the film fotmed on the solution with the using 0.2mmol IPA contains no crack.

Figure 1
Effect of the Use of Pulse Plating Techniques in Electrodeposited Sn-Cucoatings for Pb-Free, Environmentally-Friendly Applications
Authors: Wu Liang , Cobley Andrew J 
Published: February 2020

The electrodeposition of lead containing alloys have found many industrial applications including electronics and other applications. However, lead is very harmful to health and the environment and the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive (RoHS) has been in force in Europe since 2003 restricting the use of certain hazardous substances (e.g. lead, cadmium, mercury etc.) in electrical and electronic equipment and this is likely to be extended to other industrial sectors. For this reason there is intensive research to find alternatives to lead alloys and one favourable candidate is Sn-Cu.
This paper will describe a study carried out to obtain a deeper understanding of some of the factors affecting Sn-Cu electroplating. Experimental work, by means of Hull Cell tests, ultrasonic agitation and pulse plating, has been undertaken to understand the effect of these factors on the properties of the Sn-Cu coatings. A number of advanced analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and white light scanning interferometry (WLS), have been used to evaluate the characteristics of the Sn-Cu coatings, in terms of their surface morphology, chemical composition and microstructure.
Our experimental results showed that pulse plating techniques combined with high speed magnetic stirring during deposition had a strong effect on the characteristics of the Sn-Cu electrodeposits and aslo Sn whiskers developing from the deposit.
Electrodeposition of Sn-Ni Alloy As Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Jinqiu , Zhou Minjian , Chen Miaomiao , Yang Peixia , An Maozhong 
Published: February 2020

Sn can form Li22Sn4 reversibly with Li and gets more exploration as a kind of anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Li22Sn4 has a high theoretical capacity of 994 mAh/g, however, along with a problem that the huge volume change during the Li insertion and extraction and the material’s pulverization, leading to the short cycle ability. Using Ni as the inert matrix for Sn atom can control the volume change of tin material. In this paper, Sn-Ni alloys were electrodeposited on copper foils from aqueous electrolytes containing tin dichloride, nickel sulfate, sodium citrate, disodium EDTA and ascorbic acid. When the concentration rate of [Ni2+] to [Sn2+] was 3 to 1, Ni-Sn alloy particles were 400nm in diameter. Ni3Sn4 were the main structure of the alloy, which increased the cycle life of the lithium ion batteries. The reversible specific capacity of the Sn-Ni alloy electrode can reach to 654mAh/g. By the composite deposition of graphene, the sizes of Sn-Ni grains decreased and the properties of Sn-Ni alloy anodes improved. Magnetic fields also have effect on the micromorphologies and structures of Sn-Ni alloy, which cause the improvements of the performance of lithium ion batteries.

References

[1] X. Li, Y. Zhong, M. Cai, et al. Tin-alloy heterostructures encapsulated in amorphous carbon nanotubes as hybrid anodes in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. Electrochimica Acta, 2013, 89(1):387-393.
[2] W. Zhang. A review of the electrochemical performance of alloy anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Journal of Power Sources, 2011, 196 (1): 13-24.
[3] J. Zhang, M. An, P. Yang, et al. Preparation method of tin / graphene composite cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. ZL 201510114745.5. Nov. 30, 2016.

Acknowledgments

Thanks for the supports by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51474080, 51304056).
TiO2 Nanotubes As a Matrice for Electrodeposited Si, Au, and CdSe
Authors: Kowalski Damian 
Published: February 2020

The anodizing is a high-voltage electrochemical conversion process that forms barrier-type oxides or nanoporous/nanotubular layers on valve metals and alloys mainly depending on the composition of electrolyte used.[1] The key to achieve the ordered nanoporous/nanotubular structures is a displacement of the film material above the original surface position due to synergistic effect of pits generation (field assisted oxide dissolution), stress generated at the metal-oxide interface including electrostriction and plastic oxide flow switching the growth of the barrier-film to nanotube/nanopore. Typically, the TiO2nanotube array formed in organic electrolytes such as glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene-glycol is obtained in the form of close packed structure in which the nanotubes nearly stick together with the tube walls. A fundamentally different nanostructure from that is obtained in diethylene-glycol electrolyte. The nanostructure is characterized by free standing nanotubes separated by an interconnecting space much bigger than the thickness of nanotube wall (Fig. 1). [2,3] Such geometry gives possibility for deposition of secondary materials using electrochemical processes in view of improved wetting behavior of the nanostructure. [4] Herein we report on how to control the synthesis of nanotubes to achieve unique oxide geometries, we discuss functional properties of nanostructures and report an examples of composites formed between oxide layer and Si, CdSe, Au, Pt. An examples of the nanostructured energy storage devices will be demonstrated.[4]

References:

[1] D. Kowalski, D. Kim and P. Schmuki, Nano Today, 8(2013) 235.
[2] D. Kowalski, J. Mallet, J. Michel, and M. Molinari, J.Mater.Chem.A
3(2015) 6655.
[3] D. Kowalski, J. Mallet, S. Thomas, J. Rysz, B. Bercu, J. Michel and M. Molinari, Electrochim. Acta, (2016), 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.213.
[4] D. Kowalski, and P. Schmuki, Chem. Comm., 46(2010) 8585.

Fig. 1 SEM and TEM images for TiO2 nanotubes formed at 60V and 70V for 16h in diethylene glycol electrolyte containing 0.1M HF and H2O 2-4 wt.%. The right figure shows STEM and TEM images for Si electrodeposited on TiO2 nanotubes and applied as negative electrode in lithium ion battery.

Figure 1
Electrophoretic Deposition of MoS2 Thin Film As a Stable Counter Electrode for Quantum Dot Solar Cells
Authors: Nguyen Hoang Thai , Phap Ngo Huy , Le Thang Van , Nguyet Nguyen Thi Minh , Hai Le Viet 
Published: February 2020

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanoparticle has been synthesized by a facile and rapid microwave in the presence of ethylene glycol can act as an excellent susceptor of microwave irradiation. The structure and morphology of MoS2are characterized by X-ray diffraction, raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that nanometer scaled (<100nm) molybdenum disulfide with different morphologies can be successfully fabricated by microwave liquid state method with different time and power.
MoS2 thin films were deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conducting glass via electrophoretic deposition (EPD) from the as-synthesized MoS2 colloidal solution. The SEM-EDS analyses showed that MoS2 film were formed after 10 min deposition at varying applied voltages from 10 to 25 V. A high electrocatalytic activity of MoS2 films for S2−/Sn
2− redox couple, usually used as a mediator for quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs), has been observed by cyclic voltammetry measurements. The prepared MoS2/FTO counter electrode was used to fabricate QDSCs, in which the photoanode was two-layer CdS/CdSe adsorbed on a mesoporous TiO2 film and the electrolyte was a polysulfide solution.