bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can digital data diagnose mental health problems? A sociological exploration of ‘digital phenotyping’
Authors: H. Birk Rasmus , Samuel Gabrielle 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper critically explores the research and development of ‘digital phenotyping’, which broadly refers to the idea that digital data can measure and predict people’s mental health as well as their potential risk for mental ill health. Despite increasing research and efforts to digitally track and predict ill mental health, there has been little sociological and critical engagement with this field. This paper aims to fill this gap by introducing digital phenotyping to the social sciences. We explore the origins of digital phenotyping, the concept of the digital phenotype and its potential for benefit, linking these to broader developments within the field of ‘mental health sensing’. We then critically discuss the technology, offering three critiques. First, that there may be assumptions of normality and bias present in the use of algorithms; second, we critique the idea that digital data can act as a proxy for social life; and third that the often biological language employed in this field risks reifying mental health problems. Our aim is not to discredit the scientific work in this area, but rather to call for scientists to remain reflexive in their work, and for more social science engagement in this area.
Discerning Hope: Intra-Actions of a Philosophy for Children Workshop and the Eco-Socially Just Potential of Practising Hope
Authors: Birch Rosamonde 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article is an extended discussion from the recent opening presentation for the Annual Winchester Advanced ‘Philosophy for Children’ Seminar in Climate Change Education, Hope and Philosophy for Children. The presentation and text originate from Rosamonde Birch's (2019) Masters’ dissertation research discerning hope through an Education for Sustainable Development Philosophy for Children workshop.
Partus Sequitur Ventrem in Theory and Practice: Slavery and Reproduction in Early Modern Portuguese Asia
Authors: McManus Stuart M. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTWhereas partus sequitur ventrem (“the birth follows the womb”) laws and their effects on the lives of enslaved women and their children are well understood in the Atlantic context, they remain entirely unstudied in the case of the slave trade in Asia, in particular Portuguese Asia, the string of entrepôts between India and Japan. Focusing on Portuguese Asia between c. 1550 and 1750, this article relies on a little‐known corpus of manuscript treatises on slavery alongside baptismal records, manumission letters and other archival documents to argue that Jesuit missionaries built on the longstanding and varied legal tradition that they had inherited to create a mixed descriptive‐prescriptive framework for understanding and regulating the hereditability of slavery in Asia, which simultaneously admitted departures from partus sequitur ventrem, including Chinese, Japanese and Mughal slavery. This theoretical framework reflected (and to some degree created) the reality on the ground, although the lives of enslaved women were inevitably also shaped by factors that the Jesuits did not fully comprehend, such as Chinese conventions surrounding female bondservants and the seemingly divergent manumission rates of different ethnic groups.
Dealing with dysnomia: Strategies for the cultivation of used concepts in social research
Authors: Fordahl Clayton 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis article follows recent calls to turn social theory away from its fixations on intellectual history and toward the mechanics and craft of creating social theories in the research process. The subject of this article is a dilemma common to theorizing in social science: dysnomia, or the phenomenon in which some object is poorly named. Specifically, this article focuses on how social scientists distinguish original concepts from their equivalents in everyday speech. Three tactics for dealing with dysnomia are named—academic arcana, classification and sociologism—and considered in order to ascertain the strengths and weaknesses of each.
Reducing the prevalence of low‐back pain by reducing the prevalence of psychological distress: Evidence from a natural experiment and implications for health care providers
Authors: Brown Timothy T. , Ahn Christie , Huang Haoyue , Ibrahim Zaidat 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether exogenously reduced psychological distress reduces reported low‐back pain (LBP) and is associated with reduced medical visits for LBP.Data SourcesNational Health Interview Survey, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1998‐2004.Study DesignWe estimate a fuzzy regression discontinuity model in which a discontinuity in the prevalence of psychological distress is identified by exogenous national events. We examine whether this discontinuity induced a corresponding discontinuity in the prevalence of LBP. We additionally estimate a regression discontinuity model to determine associated changes in medical visits with LBP as the primary complaint.Principal FindingsThe prevalence of LBP was discontinuously reduced by one‐fifth due to the exogenous national discontinuous reduction in psychological distress. This discontinuity in LBP cannot be explained by discontinuities in employment, insurance, injuries/poisoning, general health status, or other factors. We find an associated three‐fifth discontinuous reduction in medical visits with LBP as the primary complaint.ConclusionsOn a monthly basis, 2.1 million (P < .01) adults ceased to suffer LBP due to the national reduction in psychological distress, and associated medical visits with LBP as the primary complaint declined by 685 000 (P < .01).
Institutionalizing inequality in the courts: Decomposing racial and ethnic disparities in detention, conviction, and sentencing*
Authors: Omori Marisa , Petersen Nick 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA significant body of literature has examined racial and ethnic inequalities in sentencing, focusing on how individual court actors make decisions, but fewer scholars have examined whether disparities are institutionalized through legal case factors. After finding racial and ethnic inequalities in pretrial detention, conviction, and incarceration based on 4 years of felony court data (N = 83,924) from Miami‐Dade County, we estimate nonlinear decomposition models to examine how much of the inequalities are explained by differences in criminal history, charging, and for conviction and incarceration, pretrial detention. Results suggest that inequality is greatest between White non‐Latinos and Black Latinos, followed by White non‐Latinos and Black non‐Latinos, ranging from 4 to more than 8 percentage points difference in the probability of pretrial detention, 7–13 points difference in conviction, 5–6 points in prison, and 4–10 points difference in jail. We find few differences between White non‐Latinos and White Latinos. Between half and three‐quarters of the inequality in pretrial detention, conviction, and prison sentences between White non‐Latino and Black people is explained through legal case factors. Our findings indicate that inequality is, in part, institutionalized through legal case factors, suggesting these factors are not “race neutral” but instead racialized and contribute to inequalities in court outcomes.
Relationships between socio‐economic status and lottery gambling across lottery types: neighborhood‐level evidence from a large city
Authors: Fu Hin‐Ngai , Monson Eva , Otto A. Ross 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground and aimsLottery gambling participation tends to be higher among lower socio‐economic status (SES) individuals, but it is unclear how this relationship differs as a function of lottery type. We estimated how the relationship between SES and lottery gambling rates varies across different types of lottery gambling: fixed‐prize, progressive‐prize (jackpot) and instant‐win (scratch card) lottery tickets in a large Canadian city.DesignNeighborhood‐level lottery purchase data obtained from the Ontario Lottery and Gaming Commission were analysed in conjunction with demographic data. Mixed‐effects regression was used to assess simultaneously how neighborhood‐level SES predicts per‐person lottery gambling rates across fixed‐prize, progressive‐prize lottery and instant‐win lotteries.Setting and participantsNeighborhoods in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in the years 2012–15.MeasurementsPer‐capita sales in dollars (CAD) of fixed‐prize lottery, progressive‐prize lottery and instant‐win tickets in Toronto postal codes. SES was estimated as a composite of income, years of education and white‐collar employment.FindingsLower‐SES neighborhoods engaged in higher rates of lottery gambling overall [β = −0.084, standard error (SE) = 0.24, P = 0.0007]. The predictive effect of SES varied significantly by lottery type (fixed‐prize: β = −0.105, SE = 0.004, P < 0.0001, instant‐win: β = −0.054, SE = 0.004, P < 0.0001; relative to progressive‐prize). The predictive effect of SES was strongest for fixed‐prize lotteries and weakest for progressive‐prize lotteries, such that we did not observe a significant predictive effect of SES for progressive‐prize lotteries (β = −0.031, SE = 0.024, P = 0.198).ConclusionsPeople in lower socio‐economic status neighborhoods in Toronto, Canada appear to engage in more lottery gambling than those in higher socio‐economic status neighborhoods, with the difference being largest for fixed prize lotteries followed by instant win lotteries, and no clear difference for progressive prize lotteries.
Filling ability of three bioceramic root‐end filling materials: A micro‐computed tomography analysis
Authors: Toia Cassia Cestari , Teixeira Fabricio Batista , Cucco Carolina , Valera Marcia Carneiro , Cavalcanti Bruno Neves 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study aimed at evaluating the volume of gaps and voids, and the total porosity percentage of three calcium‐silicate‐based materials in mandibular molars apicoectomy by Micro‐CT analysis. Thirty‐three mesial roots of extracted human mandibular molars were instrumented and obturated. The apical 3mm of each root was resected and prepared. Root‐end cavities were filled with EndoSequence BC Putty (BC); ProRoot MTA (MTA) and Biodentine (BIO). Samples were scanned using a Micro‐CT scanner and the tridimensional images reconstructed. Percentage of gaps (VG%) and of voids (VV%) were obtained. Porosity percentage (Po%) was also assessed. Data were analysed using Student’s t‐test (P < 0.05). All materials presented gaps and voids. VG% was 2.006 (BC), 1.882 (MTA) and 1.450 (BIO), and VV% was 0.039 (BC), 0.021 (MTA) and 0.024 (BIO) with no statistical difference. Po% were 56.73 (BC), 51.94 (MTA) and 50.45 (BIO), with BC being statistically (P > 0.05) more porous.
Anatomic investigation of the lumbosacral plexus of the helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris)
Authors: Nilgun Kuru , Ismail Turkmenoglu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe study was conducted for the determination of the main nerves of the lumbosacral plexus in the helmeted guineafowl. Five helmeted guineafowls were used. Fowls were anaesthetised and the a. carotis communis was cut for blood drainage. Body cavities were revealed and were fixated with 10% formaldehyde. Nerves forming the lumbosacral plexus were dissected and photographed. Results were named according to the Nomina Anatomica Avium. It was determined that the lumbosacral plexus forms by 8 synsacral ventral rami from the ventrolateral side of synsacrum which include (2–9) synsacral spinal nerves. It was seen that the lumbar plexus was formed by the ventral rami of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th spinal nerves, and the sacral plexus was formed by the ventral rami of the 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th synsacral spinal nerves. It was observed that following nerves of n. pubicus (ilioinguinalis), r. cutaneous femoris lateralis, r. cutaneous femoris medialis (n. saphenus), n. femoralis and n. obturatorius originate from the lumbar plexus, and following nerves of n. ischiadicus, the common branch of n. fibularis and n. tibialis originate from the sacral plexus. It was determined that the n. ischiadicus was formed by the truncus cranialis, medianus and caudalis. In conclusion, it was determined that there are macro anatomical differences between different avian species in the quantity, thickness and distribution of the spinal nerves that form the lumbosacral plexus, and in formations of the plexus, and in separations of nerve branches.
Predicting food allergy: The value of patient history reinforced
Authors: Lyons Sarah A. , Knulst André C. , Burney Peter G. J. , Fernandez‐Rivas Montserrat , Ballmer‐Weber Barbara K. , Barreales Laura , Bieli Christian , Clausen Michael , Dubakiene Ruta , Fernandez‐Perez Cristina , Jedrzejczak‐Czechowicz Monika , Kowalski Marek L. , Kummeling Ischa , Kralimarkova Tanya , Mustakov Tihomir B. , van Os‐Medendorp Harmieke , Papadopoulos Nikolaos G. , Popov Todor A. , Potts James , Versteeg Serge A. , Xepapadaki Paraskevi , Welsing Paco M. J. , Mills Clare , van Ree Ronald , Le Thuy‐My 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundEAACI guidelines emphasize the importance of patient history in diagnosing food allergy (FA) and the need for studies investigating its value using standardized allergy‐focused questionnaires.ObjectiveTo determine the contribution of reaction characteristics, allergic comorbidities and demographics to prediction of FA in individuals experiencing food‐related adverse reactions.MethodsAdult and school‐age participants in the standardized EuroPrevall population surveys, with self‐reported FA, were included. Penalized multivariable regression was used to assess the association of patient history determinants with “probable” FA, defined as a food‐specific case history supported by relevant IgE sensitization.ResultsIn adults (N = 844), reproducibility of reaction (OR 1.35 [95% CI 1.29‐1.41]), oral allergy symptoms (OAS) (4.46 [4.19‐4.75]), allergic rhinitis (AR) comorbidity (2.82 [2.68‐2.95]), asthma comorbidity (1.38 [1.30‐1.46]) and male sex (1.50 [1.41‐1.59]) were positively associated with probable FA. Gastrointestinal symptoms (0.88 [0.85‐0.91]) made probable FA less likely. The AUC of a model combining all selected predictors was 0.85 after cross‐validation. In children (N = 670), OAS (2.26 [2.09‐2.44]) and AR comorbidity (1.47 [CI 1.39‐1.55]) contributed most to prediction of probable FA, with a combined cross‐validation‐based AUC of 0.73. When focusing on plant foods, the dominant source of FA in adults, the pediatric model also included gastrointestinal symptoms (inverse association), and the AUC increased to 0.81.ConclusionsIn both adults and school‐age children from the general population, reporting of OAS and of AR comorbidity appear to be the strongest predictors of probable FA. Patient history particularly allows for good discrimination between presence and absence of probable plant FA.
Peritonitis‐associated hyperlactatemia for evaluating mortality in secondary peritonitis
Authors: Negi Ravikanta , Bhardwaj Sushma , Singh Simrandeep , Gupta Seema , Kaushik Robin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn sepsis, lactate measurements correlate with mortality; however, the role of lactate in predicting mortality in patients of secondary peritonitis is not yet fully established.MethodsData were maintained prospectively on 224 patients of secondary peritonitis over a period of 10 years. Arterial lactate measurements were performed twice in each patient – once, initially on admission (ALI) and the other, 24 h after surgery (AL24); from these values, percentage lactate clearance was calculated. These lactate indices and other demographic factors were correlated with mortality.ResultsOverall mortality was 16.07% (36 patients) and morbidity was 63.39% (pulmonary complications commonest); preoperative lactate (more than 2.35 mmol/L), 24‐h postoperative lactate (more than 2.05 mmol/L), need for vasopressors and mechanical ventilation independently correlated with morbidity and mortality. A simple prognostic scale constructed using cut‐off values of ALI, AL24, need for vasopressor support and mechanical ventilation showed a sensitivity of 97.22% and specificity of 52.13% for predicting mortality.ConclusionPreoperative and postoperative arterial lactate levels, need for vasopressors and mechanical ventilation, are independent predictors of mortality. Using these parameters, it may be possible to identify high risk patients that can benefit from early, goal directed therapy to reduce the mortality of secondary peritonitis.
Closed reduction of paediatric forearm fractures: nitrous oxide versus general anaesthetic
Authors: Chan Mun K. , Cawthorne Donald P. , St George Justine E. , Little David G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundNitrous oxide with intranasal fentanyl is safe and effective in performing closed reduction of paediatric forearm fractures; however, the difference in outcome when compared to those performed under general anaesthesia (GA) is unclear. We aim to compare the outcomes of closed reduction of paediatric forearm fractures under nitrous oxide versus GA.MethodsThis retrospective study based on a prospective change in protocol reviewed the medical records and radiographs of patients with forearm fractures who presented to a tertiary paediatric centre, and who subsequently underwent closed reduction under either nitrous or GA. Data on patient demographics, type and site of fracture and the method of casting were collected. The primary outcomes were loss of reduction, the need for repeat intervention and the rate of complications.ResultsThere were 301 and 362 patients in the nitrous and GA groups respectively. The overall re‐intervention rate was 7.6% in the nitrous group versus 5.0% in the GA group (P = 0.155). There was no significant difference in loss of reduction which involved 9.0% in the nitrous group and 11.3% in the GA group (P = 0.320). There was no significance difference in overall complications. Nausea and vomiting comprised the majority of adverse events.ConclusionClosed reduction of paediatric forearm fractures performed under nitrous oxide with intranasal fentanyl is safe, effective and achieves comparable re‐intervention rates and adverse events to those performed under GA in the operating theatre.
Results of a UK National Cancer Research Institute Phase II study of brentuximab vedotin using a response‐adapted design in the first‐line treatment of patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma unsuitable for chemotherapy due to age, frailty or comorbidity (BREVITY)
Authors: Gibb Adam , Pirrie Sarah J. , Linton Kim , Warbey Victoria , Paterson Kathryn , Davies Andrew J. , Collins Graham P. , Menne Tobias , McKay Pamela , Fields Paul A. , Miall Fiona M. , Nagy Eszter , Wheatley Keith , Reed Rachel , Baricevic‐Jones Ivona , Barrington Sally , Radford John 
Published: September 2020

SummaryStandard treatment for classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is poorly tolerated in older patients and results disappointing. We assessed safety and efficacy of brentuximab vedotin (BV), in previously untreated patients with cHL unfit for standard treatment due to age, frailty or comorbidity. The primary outcome was complete metabolic response (CMR) by positron emission tomography/computed tomography after four BV cycles (PET4). The secondary outcomes included progression‐free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity. In all, 35 patients with a median age of 77 years and median total Cumulative Illness Rating Scale for Geriatrics (CIRS‐G) score of 6 were evaluable for toxicity and 31 for response. A median of four cycles were given (range one–16). In all, 14 patients required dose reduction due to toxicity and 11 patients stopped treatment due to adverse events (AEs). A total of 716 AEs were reported, of which 626 (88%) were Grade 1/2 and 27 (77%) patients had at least one AE Grade ≥3. At PET4, CMR was 25·8% [95% confidence interval (CI) 13·7–42.2%] and objective response rate 83·9% (95% CI 63·7–90·8%). Median PFS was 7·3 months (95% CI 5·2–9·0), and OS 19·5 months. Our results suggest that BV monotherapy is tolerable but suboptimal in the front‐line therapy of elderly or comorbid patients with cHL. Combining BV with other agents may be more effective.Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02567851.
Upregulation of S100A10 in metastasized breast cancer stem cells
Authors: Yanagi Hisano , Watanabe Takashi , Nishimura Tatsunori , Hayashi Takanori , Kono Seishi , Tsuchida Hitomi , Hirata Munetsugu , Kijima Yuko , Takao Shintaro , Okada Seiji , Suzuki Motoshi , Imaizumi Kazuyoshi , Kawada Kenji , Minami Hironobu , Gotoh Noriko , Shimono Yohei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMetastatic progression remains the major cause of death in human breast cancer. Cancer cells with cancer stem cell (CSC) properties drive initiation and growth of metastases at distant sites. We have previously established the breast cancer patient‐derived tumor xenograft (PDX) mouse model in which CSC marker CD44+ cancer cells formed spontaneous microscopic metastases in the liver. In this PDX mouse, the expression levels of S100A10 and its family proteins were much higher in the CD44+ cancer cells metastasized to the liver than those at the primary site. Knockdown of S100A10 in breast cancer cells suppressed and overexpression of S100A10 in breast cancer PDX cells enhanced their invasion abilities and 3D organoid formation capacities in vitro. Mechanistically, S100A10 regulated the matrix metalloproteinase activity and the expression levels of stem cell–related genes. Finally, constitutive knockdown of S100A10 significantly reduced their metastatic ability to the liver in vivo. These findings suggest that S100A10 functions as a metastasis promoter of breast CSCs by conferring both invasion ability and CSC properties in breast cancers.
Expression of ACE2 in airways: Implication for COVID‐19 risk and disease management in patients with chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases
Authors: Yao Yin , Wang Hai , Liu Zheng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has been a rising international cause of morbidity and mortality. Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is identified as a key cell entry receptor for SARS‐CoV‐2 and suggested to be a limiting factor for viral entry at the initial infection stage. Recent studies have demonstrated that ACE2 expression is highly enriched in nasal epithelial cells and type II alveolar epithelial cells, highlighting the importance of respiratory tract as the primary target site of SARS‐CoV‐2. The expression of ACE2 in airway epithelial cells is tightly regulated by inflammatory milieu and environmental and internal stimuli. Very recently, ACE2 has been reported to have different expression levels in airways under distinct chronic inflammatory airway diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and allergic asthma, which may associate with the COVID‐19 risk and affect the management of primary airway diseases. In this review, we focus on the cutting‐edge progress in distribution, expression, and regulation of ACE2 in respiratory system in physiological and pathological conditions, and their implication for the development of COVID‐19. We also discuss the management of airway diseases, including asthma, COPD, allergic rhinitis, and rhinosinusitis in the era of COVID‐19.