bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The potential role of sensors in equine melanoma prevention
Authors: Kanellis V. G. 
Published: November 2019

SummaryIt is common knowledge that avoiding excessive ultraviolet light exposure is key to good sun safety practices in humans and horses. Photoprotection and avoiding excessive ultraviolet light exposure can reduce the risk of actinic damage, skin cancers and premature ageing. Accurate, cheap and self‐contained ultraviolet light sensor devices can measure parameters such as light intensity that in turn can be used to quantify the potential of light to cause harm. Knowledge of local light intensity is important because it can actively guide good sun safety practices. Other devices, called melanometers, can measure an individual’s skin sensitivity to ultraviolet light, quantify their tendency to sunburn and determine the degree of photoprotection required by that individual whilst outdoors. This article highlights the potential of the aforementioned devices and good sun safety practices to reduce the incidence and burden of skin cancers caused by excessive sunlight exposure in horses and other companion animals.
Annual booster vaccination and the risk of equine influenza to Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Gildea Sarah , Lyons Pamela , Lyons Rachel , Gahan Jacinta , Garvey Marie , Cullinane Ann 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundEquine influenza (EI) outbreaks occurred among horses on four racing yards (two National Hunt, one Flat, one mixed National Hunt racing/breeding yard) in Ireland within a 4‐week period.ObjectivesTo carry out a detailed analysis of racing yards affected in order to identify the source of infection and monitor virus spread among a vaccinated population.Study designObservational field study.MethodsEpidemiological and vaccination data along with repeat clinical samples were collected from 118 horses on four premises.ResultsFailure to implement appropriate biosecurity measures following the introduction of new arrivals and the return of horses from equestrian events contributed to disease spread as did the movement of horses within premises. Mixing of racing and non‐racing populations with inadequate vaccination histories also facilitated virus transmission. The index case(s) on all premises was vaccinated in accordance with the Turf Club rules. Vaccine breakdown was observed across all products in 27/80 horses (33.8%) with an up‐to‐date vaccination record. Eighteen of the 27 (66.7%) horses had not received a booster vaccination within the previous 6 months and 10 (37%) horses were due annual booster vaccination at the time of developing clinical signs.Main limitationsThe interpretation of laboratory results followed a delay in veterinary intervention.ConclusionsAnnual booster vaccination should not be relied on as the sole preventative measure against EI. The findings of this study suggest that increasing the frequency of booster vaccinations may be beneficial particularly in young horses and that synchronised scheduling of vaccination regimes across racing yards may contribute to high‐risk periods for EI virus (EIV) transmission.
Growing‐season temperature and precipitation are independent drivers of global variation in xylem hydraulic conductivity
Authors: He Pengcheng , Gleason Sean M. , Wright Ian J. , Weng Ensheng , Liu Hui , Zhu Shidan , Lu Mingzhen , Luo Qi , Li Ronghua , Wu Guilin , Yan Enrong , Song Yanjun , Mi Xiangcheng , Hao Guangyou , Reich Peter B. , Wang Yingping , Ellsworth David S. , Ye Qing 
Published: November 2019

AbstractStem xylem‐specific hydraulic conductivity (KS) represents the potential for plant water transport normalized by xylem cross section, length, and driving force. Variation in KS has implications for plant transpiration and photosynthesis, growth and survival, and also the geographic distribution of species. Clarifying the global‐scale patterns of KS and its major drivers is needed to achieve a better understanding of how plants adapt to different environmental conditions, particularly under climate change scenarios. Here, we compiled a xylem hydraulics dataset with 1,186 species‐at‐site combinations (975 woody species representing 146 families, from 199 sites worldwide), and investigated how KS varied with climatic variables, plant functional types, and biomes. Growing‐season temperature and growing‐season precipitation drove global variation in KS independently. Both the mean and the variation in KS were highest in the warm and wet tropical regions, and lower in cold and dry regions, such as tundra and desert biomes. Our results suggest that future warming and redistribution of seasonal precipitation may have a significant impact on species functional diversity, and is likely to be particularly important in regions becoming warmer or drier, such as high latitudes. This highlights an important role for KS in predicting shifts in community composition in the face of climate change.
Great Auricular Neuralgia: Case Series
Authors: Duvall Jaclyn R. , Garza Ivan , Kissoon Narayan R. , Robertson Carrie E. 
Published: November 2019

Background/ObjectiveThe great auricular nerve (GAN) arises from C2‐C3 and provides innervation over the skin in the pre‐auricular region, jaw angle, posteroinferior pinna, and mastoid. Although damage to the GAN has been reported following trauma or procedures nearby this nerve course, neuralgia of this nerve is uncommon with knowledge based on a handful of case reports in literature. The objective of this study is to describe the presentation, treatment, and outcome of 13 cases of GAN neuralgia.MethodsCase series. Retrospecive review of charts from 1994 to 2018 with diagnoses: “auricular neuralgia,” “auricular neuritis,” or “auricular neuropathy.” We included subjects with neuralgic pain within the distribution of the GAN, and excluded patients with atypical facial pain, GAN neuropathy, or unclear etiology.ResultsOf 79 charts, 13 patients met criteria (age at onset 11‐59; 11 women, 2 men). Pain was most often described as paroxysmal stabbing provoked by: turning the head (n = 7), touching the neck (n = 5), neck position during sleep (n = 2), jaw movement (n = 2), and other (n = 2). Seven patients received GAN blocks: all noted dramatic improvement in pain, including 3 who continued to receive serial blocks at our institution successfully for the next 2 to 5 years. Two patients successfully transitioned from GAN blocks to GAN stimulators. One patient with GAN lymphoma had resolution of pain following GAN resection.ConclusionGAN neuralgia should be considered in the differential for periauricular pain. GAN blocks or stimulators may be helpful for pain management.
Functional glycomics: Application to medical science and hepatology
Authors: Miyoshi Eiji , Kamada Yoshihiro , Suzuki Tadashi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractGlycomics refers to the comprehensive analysis of glycans. Recent progress in glycotechnology enables the determination of a variety of biological functions of glycans. Among different glycosylation patterns, certain types of aberrant glycosylation are linked to cancer and/or inflammation, and thus have biological importance. Glycotechnology has been applied to many fields of medical science, including hepatology. In particular, dramatic changes in glycosylation are observed in the progression of liver diseases. As the liver produces so many serum glycoproteins, changes in glycosylation of these proteins might provide useful disease biomarkers. Furthermore, many patients with genetic diseases of glycosylation who have liver dysfunction have been found as a result from whole genome sequencing, and various kinds of glycotherapy have been developed, especially in immunotherapy. In this review, we describe our basic knowledge of glycobiology and discuss the application of these data to medical science, especially hepatology.
Favorable outcome of retreatment by direct‐acting antivirals for hepatitis C patients with daclatasvir plus asunaprevir combination therapy failure
Authors: Tojima Hiroki , Kakizaki Satoru , Takakusagi Satoshi , Hoshino Takashi , Naganuma Atsushi , Nagashima Tamon , Namikawa Masashi , Ueno Takashi , Shimada Yasushi , Hatanaka Takeshi , Takizawa Daichi , Arai Hirotaka , Sato Ken , Takagi Hitoshi , Uraoka Toshio 
Published: November 2019

AimIn patients with hepatitis C virus, treatment failure of daclatasvir plus asunaprevir combination therapy (DCV + ASV) seems to become intractable due to the induction of resistance‐associated substitutions. This study aimed to investigate the outcomes of retreatment with direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) in patients with DCV + ASV therapy failure, as well as changes in drug resistance mutations.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 44 patients re‐treated with DAAs after DCV + ASV failure between December 2015 and April 2018. All patients were analyzed for amino acid substitutions, and additional treatment regimens were selected based on the results and current treatment guidelines.ResultsThe sustained virological response rate with second‐line treatment was 81.8% (36/44), and relapse occurred in five of 16 patients who received sofosbuvir/ledipasvir and three of seven patients who received DCV/ASV/beclabuvir. Third‐ and fourth‐line treatments were also tried in relapsed cases, and the overall sustained virological response rates were 90.9% (40/44) and 93.2% (41/44), respectively. A high rate of viral clearance was eventually observed. Before second‐line treatment, the prevalence of mutations in the NS5A and NS3/4A regions was 100% (44/44) and 86.4% (38/44), respectively. There was no significant increase in the number of amino acid substitutions in patients for whom second‐line treatment failed.ConclusionsAmino acid substitutions were frequently observed in patients with DCV + ASV failure, but most patients achieved a sustained virological response after retreatment with DAAs. Although the spread of drug‐resistant viruses due to unsuccessful DAA treatment was a matter of concern, most cases of DCV + ASV failure were overcome with additional treatment.
Characterisation of moisture migration of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) during storage and its relationship to quality deterioration
Authors: Cheng Shasha , Ranran Li , Yang Huimin , Wang Siqi , Lin Rong , Tan Mingqian 
Published: November 2019

SummaryWater is a critical factor influencing the quality of mushrooms. This paper investigated the moisture migration of shiitake mushroom during storage using low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its relationship to quality deterioration. Three water components assigned as water in different cell compartments of cell wall, cytoplasm and vacuole were observed in shiitake mushroom matrix. As the prolonging of storage time, the right shift of immobilised water and left shift of free water led to the merge of these two peaks at the end of storage. The increase in peak area of water in cytoplasm and decrease in the peak area of water in vacuole indicated evident moisture migration from vacuole to cytoplasm. MRI images showed heterogeneous water distribution in shiitake mushroom, and the water migrated from centre to surface, then evaporated to the environment. Besides, the moisture migration might be related to the weight loss and textural softening of shiitake mushroom.
In and out of America: Ecological and species diversity in Holarctic giant silkmoths suggests unusual dispersal, defying the dogma of an Asian origin
Authors: Rubinoff Daniel , Doorenweerd Camiel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAimThere is growing evidence that the North Atlantic Land Bridge may have had a significant, underappreciated, role in structuring northern hemispheric biodiversity. Understanding the biogeography of less vagile animals with specific habitat requirements could provide fine‐scale information about the duration and environmental conditions of both the North Atlantic Land Bridge and the Bering Land Bridge.LocationAsia, Europe and North America.TaxonSaturnia giant silkmoths. The genus has a relictual distribution from the Neogene, with species and subgenera endemic to subregions across the Northern Hemisphere.MethodsWe sequenced six genes totalling 4,674 base pairs from representatives of all subgenera and augmented this with publicly available COI sequences to build a dataset covering 34 Saturnia species—about half of the described species. Datasets were subjected to phylogenetic, molecular dating and biogeographic analyses.ResultsWe found that adding a ‘jump’ parameter to a dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (DEC) model results in contradictory biogeographic inferences, with the jump dispersal model being more biologically plausible for Saturnia. We found that Saturnia has a much earlier origin in North America than previously thought, and from there colonized Europe. The most parsimonious scenario involves a relatively recent (19.6–11.7 Ma) transit across the North Atlantic Land Bridge, and subsequent dispersal across all of Eurasia. Without jump dispersal, Saturnia biogeography requires complex patterns of in situ extinction and recolonization followed by bursts of dispersal and speciation.Main conclusionsAlthough it is difficult to verify the appropriate model through fossil data or tectonic histories, allowing jump dispersal in Saturnia moth biogeography invokes far fewer assumptions and indicates the use of both Beringia and the North Atlantic Land Bridge, suggesting the importance of the latter for other groups may be underestimated.
Neurocognitive risk markers in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Negreiros Juliana , Belschner Laura , Best John R. , Lin Sarah , Franco Yamin Diana , Joffres Yayuk , Selles Robert R. , Jaspers‐Fayer Fern , Miller Lynn D. , Woodward Todd S. , Honer William G. , Stewart S. Evelyn 
Published: November 2019

BackgroundObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) has complex genetic underpinnings, particularly in its early‐onset form, which places siblings at a 10‐fold increased risk of developing the disorder. Examination for neurocognitive markers preceding pediatric OCD onset has not been conducted, although markers have been identified in adult OCD. This study compared neurocognition across groups of OCD‐affected youth (n = 87), unaffected siblings of those with early‐onset OCD (n = 67), and healthy controls (HC; n = 79).MethodsA total of 233 participants aged 6–18 years old completed standardized neurocognitive tests of cognitive flexibility, decision making, planning, response inhibition, spatial working memory, attention, recognition nonverbal memory, and intelligence. They were administered the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule–Parent version (ADIS‐P) and completed self‐report anxiety and OCD questionnaires. Linear mixed‐effects models tested for differences between groups, adjusting for age, gender, IQ, state anxiety, and ethnicity, and accounting for random effects of family membership.ResultsOCD‐affected youth and unaffected siblings performed significantly worse on planning in comparison to HCs (Cohen’s d = 0.74; 95% CI = [0.11, 1.36]; Cohen’s d = 0.75; 95% CI = [0.12, 1.38], respectively; omnibus group effect p = .007). No other significant between‐group differences were identified.ConclusionsNeurocognitive performance differences between groups identified planning as a preexisting trait marker of pediatric OCD, while no other domain presented as a marker of pediatric OCD. This differs from adult OCD, which is associated with broader cognitive impairments. Investigating longitudinal trajectories and predictive significance of neurocognition in those affected by, and at risk for, early‐onset OCD is warranted. Ideally, this will enhance individualized risk stratification and inform future prevention and early intervention strategies.
Fiscal Policy in a Currency Union at the Zero Lower Bound
Authors: COOK DAVID , DEVEREUX MICHAEL B 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis paper constructs a two‐country core–periphery New Keynesian model of a currency union to address the interaction between the objectives of regionally directed fiscal policy constrained by a single currency and the aggregate use of fiscal policy in face of the zero lower bound (ZLB) on policy interest rates. We identify an optimal path of aggregate and relative fiscal policy responses to a negative region‐specific demand shock. Our results show that (i) in a monetary union, the optimal policy response to an asymmetric reduction in demand concentrated in the periphery always entails a relative shift of fiscal expenditure toward the worse‐affected regions, (ii) though no aggregate fiscal response is required outside the ZLB, and (iii) optimal union‐wide fiscal policy is expansionary at the ZLB. Therefore, optimal policy always entails an expansion in the periphery at the ZLB, but the optimal fiscal response in the core regions can be either expansionary or contractionary depending on the parameters of the model. However, (iv) fiscal expansion in the core is warranted if the periphery cannot implement an expansion due to constraints on public spending.
Improved outpatient haemodialysis adequacy using queued schedules
Authors: Nappo Robert W. , Ross Edward A. 
Published: November 2019

SUMMARYBackgroundAlthough technical advances help achieve haemodialysis adequacy, we hypothesise remediable non‐therapy factors exacerbate patient dissatisfaction, non‐adherence to treatment time and failure to meet dialysis goals. Scheduling inefficiencies lead to the total time in the unit far greater than actual treatment time, impacting facility efficiency and patient frustration.ObjectivesWe used queuing theorem principles to optimise schedules by incorporating timing and workflow for every dialysis process step to design a new schedule, rather than the whole‐shift blocks at baseline.DesignThe goals were to: (1) craft schedules that maximised efficiency and economics from a facility perspective, and (2) minimise total time in the dialysis unit from a patient viewpoint. As dialysis units are held to a national standard of urea clearance, reduction ratios (URRs) were measured for the 3 months before and after the new scheduling was implemented.ResultsDialysis staff and process parameters were measured to craft queued schedules of staggered small groups of patients instead of baseline blocks of 2 large shifts, 24 each. A total of 65 patients changed to groups of 8, with entry‐to‐exit at 290 minutes for four hours treatments. The URRs improved from 72.8 ± 6.9 to 75.2 ± 5.4% (p < 0.001). Before implementation, only 89% of subjects reached the URR facility compliance target of 65%, and afterwards 97% (p < 0.001).ConclusionQueuing theorem principles can be successfully adopted to optimise haemodialysis scheduling. The resultant staggered timing increases facility efficiency, minimises the long wait time dissatisfier, and is associated with improved URRs with more patients reaching target clearance thresholds.
Adults' and children's perceptions of barriers and facilitators of school‐aged children's physical activity in an inner‐city urban area
Authors: Duck Angela Allen , Robinson Jennifer C. , Stewart Mary W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn the United States, obesity rates among children remain a pressing public health concern Compounding that, disparities exist with higher childhood obesity among minority and lower socioeconomic neighborhoods. Physical activity is associated with more favorable weight status in children and adolescents.PurposeThis study aimed to identify and explore factors that influence physical activity in children in a low‐income neighborhood.Design and MethodsAn exploratory descriptive qualitative design was employed using Photovoice and focus group interviews to identify barriers and facilitators of physical activity.ResultsEight adults and five children enrolled in the study. Photovoice was used to prompt discussions during the focus groups. Analysis of verbatim transcripts included constructed coding with categorization into themes. Four themes of (a) knowledge, (b) play, (c) opportunities and a changing environment, and (d) resources were identified. Among children, three themes from the children's focus group were identified as (a) knowledge, (b) play, and (c) environment. This study found both resource and knowledge challenges, as well as a strong commitment to providing physical activity opportunities.Practice ImplicationsContinued efforts are needed to develop and implement physical activity interventions to reduce obesity and improve health among children in impoverished, urban areas.
In situ Pb‐Pb dating of silica‐rich Northwest Africa (NWA) 6594 basaltic eucrite and its constraint on thermal history of the Vestan crust
Authors: Liao Shiyong , Hsu Weibiao , Wang Ying , Li Ye , Tang Chipui , Mei Bao 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEucrites represent one of the major lithologies of the Vestan upper crust, which had experienced pervasive and intense thermal metamorphism. To better constrain the timing and mechanism of thermal metamorphism, we carried out in situ Pb‐isotope analysis of an unbrecciated basaltic eucrite NWA 6594 on the basis of detailed mineralogical and petrographic investigations. Zircon Pb‐Pb dating reveals that NWA 6594 emplaced before or at 4547 ± 11 Ma (95% confidence, MSWD = 1.3). Studies of silica minerals indicate that NWA 6594 had experienced intense thermal metamorphism after emplacement, followed by a late impact reheating and rapid cooling. Apatite grains yield a weighted mean Pb‐Pb age of 4523 ± 2 Ma (95% confidence, MSWD = 0.76). This age could not be attributed to slow cooling after the initial crystallization, but most likely related to an independent thermal event that induced thermal metamorphism. The protracted time lag (~24 ± 13 Myr) between zircon and apatite closure ages indicates that this thermal event is most probably induced by an intense impact event that was synchronous with the metal–silicate mixing event recorded by mesosiderites. HEDs may have experienced multiple stages of thermal metamorphism after emplacement. The late impact reheating occurred after thermal metamorphism, which caused crystallization of tridymite.
The presolar grain inventory of fine‐grained chondrule rims in the Mighei‐type (CM) chondrites
Authors: Leitner Jan , Metzler Knut , Vollmer Christian , Floss Christine , Haenecour Pierre , Kodolányi János , Harries Dennis , Hoppe Peter 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe investigated the inventory of presolar silicate, oxide, and silicon carbide (SiC) grains of fine‐grained chondrule rims in six Mighei‐type (CM) carbonaceous chondrites (Banten, Jbilet Winselwan, Maribo, Murchison, Murray and Yamato 791198), and the CM‐related carbonaceous chondrite Sutter's Mill. Sixteen O‐anomalous grains (nine silicates, six oxides) were detected, corresponding to a combined matrix‐normalized abundance of ~18 ppm, together with 21 presolar SiC grains (~42 ppm). Twelve of the O‐rich grains are enriched in 17O, and could originate from low‐mass asymptotic giant branch stars. One grain is enriched in 17O and significantly depleted in 18O, indicative of additional cool bottom processing or hot bottom burning in its stellar parent, and three grains are of likely core‐collapse supernova origin showing enhanced 18O/16O ratios relative to the solar system ratio. We find a presolar silicate/oxide ratio of 1.5, significantly lower than the ratios typically observed for chondritic meteorites. This may indicate a higher degree of aqueous alteration in the studied meteorites, or hint at a heterogeneous distribution of presolar silicates and oxides in the solar nebula. Nevertheless, the low O‐anomalous grain abundance is consistent with aqueous alteration occurring in the protosolar nebula and/or on the respective parent bodies. Six O‐rich presolar grains were studied by Auger Electron Spectroscopy, revealing two Fe‐rich silicates, one forsterite‐like Mg‐rich silicate, two Al‐oxides with spinel‐like compositions, and one Fe‐(Mg‐)oxide. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopic investigation of a relatively large silicate grain (490 nm × 735 nm) revealed that it was crystalline åkermanite (Ca2Mg[Si2O7]) or a an åkermanite‐diopside (MgCaSi2O6) intergrowth.