bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiparametric Renal MRI: An Intrasubject Test–Retest Repeatability Study
Authors: de Boer Anneloes , Harteveld Anita A. , Stemkens Bjorn , Blankestijn Peter J. , Bos Clemens , Franklin Suzanne L. , Froeling Martijn , Joles Jaap A. , Verhaar Marianne C. , van den Berg Nico , Hoogduin Hans , Leiner Tim 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundRenal multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising tool for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring in kidney disease.PurposeTo determine intrasubject test–retest repeatability of renal MRI measurements.Study TypeProspective.PopulationNineteen healthy subjects aged over 40 years.Field Strength/SequencesT1 and T2 mapping, R2* mapping or blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), 2D phase contrast, arterial spin labelling (ASL), dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI, and quantitative Dixon for fat quantification at 3T.AssessmentSubjects were scanned twice with ~1 week between visits. Total scan time was ~1 hour. Postprocessing included motion correction, semiautomated segmentation of cortex and medulla, and fitting of the appropriate signal model.Statistical TestTo assess the repeatability, a Bland–Altman analysis was performed and coefficients of variation (CoVs), repeatability coefficients, and intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated.ResultsCoVs for relaxometry (T1, T2, R2*/BOLD) were below 6.1%, with the lowest CoVs for T2 maps and highest for R2*/BOLD. CoVs for all diffusion analyses were below 7.2%, except for perfusion fraction (FP), with CoVs ranging from 18–24%. The CoV for renal sinus fat volume and percentage were both around 9%. Perfusion measurements were most repeatable with ASL (cortical perfusion only) and 2D phase contrast with CoVs of 10% and 13%, respectively. DCE perfusion had a CoV of 16%, while single kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) had a CoV of 13%. Repeatability coefficients (RCs) ranged from 7.7–87% (lowest/highest values for medullary mean diffusivity and cortical FP, respectively) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranged from −0.01 to 0.98 (lowest/highest values for cortical FP and renal sinus fat volume, respectively).Data ConclusionCoVs of most MRI measures of renal function and structure (with the exception of FP and perfusion as measured by DCE) were below 13%, which is comparable to standard clinical tests in nephrology.Level of Evidence2Technical EfficacyStage 1
Agronomic and qualitative characterization of multi‐cut berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) cultivars
Authors: Salama Heba S A , El‐Zaiat Hani M , Sallam Sobhy M A , Soltan Yosra A 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDBerseem clover is the main forage crop grown in Mediterranean regions. There are plenty of cultivars that possess variability in their productivity and quality among the different cuts. Therefore, accurate agronomic and qualitative characterization is crucial for selecting the most promising cultivars for breeding and feeding purposes. In the present study, the agronomic characteristics, ruminal degradability and fermentation measures of five cuts of the five most prominent Egyptian beseem clover cultivars (Helaly, Serw, Giza6, Gemmeza1 and Sakha4) were evaluated.RESULTSThe Giza6 cultivar produced a significantly higher fresh yield and high whole plant dry matter content on the 3rd cut. Giza6 was among the superior cultivars in crude protein content and had the highest values of gas production at the 3rd cut, and ruminal degraded acid detergent fiber and propionate concentrations at the 2nd cut, at the same time as presenting the lowest ammonia concentrations at the 3rd and 5th cuts. Overall, the 3rd cut produced significantly higher fresh yield across all cultivars, except for Sakha4. The 3rd cut also produced a higher leaf to stem ratio compared to the 4th and 5th cuts. The 1st three cuts had higher degraded neutral detergent fiber than the 4th and 5th cuts. The 1st cut was characterized by low propionate concentration in the Helaly and Gemmeza1 cultivars compared to the other cuts.CONCLUSIONExpanded production of the high‐yielding, high‐quality cultivar Giza6 is recommended. When harvesting, three cuts is optimal for berseem clover cultivation for breeding and feeding programs. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Wide‐view augmented reality display with diffractive cholesteric liquid crystal lens array
Authors: Xiong Jianghao , Tan Guanjun , Zhan Tao , Wu Shin‐Tson 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA novel augmented reality display is proposed to achieve a field of view of 100°, while maintaining a good form factor with a glass‐thin waveguide combiner. The out‐coupler consists of an array of off‐axis diffractive lenslets with extremely low f‐number. A breadboard system is built and its performance characterized, combined with analysis and discussion of further improvement.
Stress distribution in thick‐walled cylinder due to non‐uniform radial pressure on the example of reinforcement corrosion in concrete
Authors: Abdelatif Amged O. , Ožbolt Joško , Omara Afra 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper presents an analytical solution to the non‐uniform pressure on thick‐walled cylinder. The formulation is based on the linear elasticity theory (plain strain) and stress function method. As an example, the proposed solution is used to model the stress distribution due to non‐uniform steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete. The model is formulated considering different scenarios of corrosion pressure distribution. It is validated against the finite element model for different cases of non‐uniform pressure distributions. The results show that the corrosion‐induced cracks are likely to start just beyond the anodic zone. This is confirmed by the experimental tests on concrete cylinder exposed to non‐uniform accelerated corrosion of steel reinforcement. The model can be effectively used to calculate the distribution of corrosion‐induced stresses in concrete.
Creating Transient Gradients in Supramolecular Hydrogels
Authors: Thomson Lisa , Schweins Ralf , Draper Emily R. , Adams Dave J. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe self‐assembly of low molecular weight gelators in water usually produces homogeneous hydrogels. However, homogeneous gels are not always desired. Using a photoacid generator, it is shown how to form gels with a transient gradient in stiffness, proved using cavitation and bulk rheology. Small‐angle neutron scattering is used to show that the gels formed by photoacid are the result of the same structures as when using a conventional pH trigger. Patterned gels can also be formed, again with transient differences in stiffness.
Spatiotemporal analysis of the relationship between near‐surface air temperature and troposphere thickness over Iran
Authors: Darand Mohammad 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe correlation between the thickness of the troposphere (THK) and observed temperature over Iran is investigated. To achieve this goal, the monthly observed temperature data for the period between January 1, 1979 and December 31, 2013, from 42 meteorological stations throughout Iran were used. Atmospheric thickness, defined as the vertical distances between the 500, 700, 850 and 1,000 hPa pressure surfaces, is directly related to near‐surface air temperature. The results show that the magnitude of the correlation between near‐surface air temperature and the THK vary in different months and from region to region. The strongest significant correlation was observed between December and March when air temperature is low. The correlation was particularly high in the eastern part of the study area at layer 1,000–850 hPa, while the strongest correlation was observed at layer 1,000–700 hPa in the mountainous western parts of the country. The study area's average correlation co‐efficient in March fluctuated between 0.900 at layer 1,000–500 hPa to 0.918 at layer 1,000–700 hPa. The magnitude of the correlation co‐efficients and the spatial extent of the significant positive correlation gradually decreased with increasing air temperature, reaching a minimum during the summer. Low‐level troposphere thickness (1,000–700 hPa) plays an important role in impacting near‐surface temperature comparable with the effect of mid‐level troposphere thickness.
The Use of Telehealth to Enhance Care in ALS and other Neuromuscular Disorders
Authors: Haulman Anne , Geronimo Andrew , Chahwala Amit , Simmons Zachary 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTelehealth has the potential to improve the efficiency of healthcare while reducing the burden on patients and caregivers. Encounters can be synchronous or asynchronous. When used for care of those with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) by individual health care providers or by a multidisciplinary team, synchronous telehealth is feasible, acceptable, may produce outcomes comparable to those of in‐person care, and is cost effective. Individuals with ALS who use telehealth tend to have lower physical and respiratory function and to live farther from an ALS clinic than those who exclusively attend in‐person clinic visits. Asynchronous telehealth can be used as a substitute full multidisciplinary visits, or for remote monitoring of pulmonary function, gait/falls, and speech. Barriers to implementing telehealth on a wider scale include disparities in access to technology and challenges surrounding medical licensure and billing, but these are being addressed.
Surfaces and Interfaces of Liquid Metal Core–Shell Nanoparticles under the Microscope
Authors: Hafiz Sabrina S. , Labadini Daniela , Riddell Ryan , Wolff Erich P. , Xavierselvan Marvin , Huttunen Paul K. , Mallidi Srivalleesha , Foster Michelle 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEutectic gallium indium (EGaIn), a Ga‐based liquid metal alloy holds great promise for designing next‐generation core–shell nanoparticles (CSNs). A shearing‐assisted ligand‐stabilization method has shown promise as a synthetic method for these CSNs; however, determining the role of the ligand on stabilization demands an understanding of the surface chemistry of the ligand–nanoparticle interface. EGaIn CSNs are created and functionalized with aliphatic carboxylates of different chain length, allowing a fundamental investigation on ligand stabilization of EGaIn CSNs. Raman and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform spectroscopies (DRIFTS) confirm reaction of the ligand with the oxide shell of the EGaIn nanoparticles. Changing the length of the alkyl chain in the aliphatic carboxylates (C2–C18) may influence the size and structural stability of EGaIn CSNs, which is easily monitored using atomic force microscopy (AFM). No matter how large the carboxylate ligand, there is no obvious effect on the size of the EGaIn CSNs, except the particle size getting more uniform when coated with longer chain carboxylates. The AFM force–distance measurements are used to measure the stiffness of the carboxylate‐coated EGaIn CSNs. In corroboration with DRIFTS analysis, the stiffness studies show that the alkyl chains undergo conformational changes upon compression.
A cellular perspective of bias at G protein‐coupled receptors
Authors: Fernandez Thomas J. , De Maria Monica , Lobingier Braden T. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractG protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) modulate cell function over short‐ and long‐term timescales. GPCR signaling depends on biochemical parameters that define the what, when, and where of receptor function: what proteins mediate and regulate receptor signaling, where within the cell these interactions occur, and how long these interactions persist. These parameters can vary significantly depending on the activating ligand. Collectivity, differential agonist activity at a GPCR is called bias or functional selectivity. Here we review agonist bias at GPCRs with a focus on ligands that show dramatically different cellular responses from their unbiased counterparts.
Soil‐gas diffusivity and soil‐moisture effects on N2O emissions from repacked pasture soils
Authors: Chamindu Deepagoda T.K.K. , Clough Timothy J. , Jayarathne J.R.R.N. , Thomas Steve , Elberling Bo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractGrazed pasture constitutes a major source of agriculturally derived nitrous oxide (N2O), which is a potent greenhouse gas. Soil texture and structure, soil moisture, and soil‐gas diffusivity are considered to be major soil physical drivers controlling pastoral N2O emissions. Research gaps exist regarding their combined roles on N2O emissions dynamics. This study used 2‐mm‐sieved and repacked soil samples, retrieved at three depths (0, 10, and 15 cm) from three grazed pasture sites in New Zealand, to investigate the combined effects of soil‐water characteristic (SWC) and soil‐gas diffusivity on N2O emissions. The existing and modified parametric functions were used to numerically characterize and parameterize measured particle size distribution (PSD), SWC, and soil‐gas diffusivity. We observed distinct PSDs within the three soils with little variation across depths. Distinct fingerprints were observed for SWC and gas diffusivity in the three pasture soils, suggesting clear effects of soil type on diffusion‐controlled gas emissions. The soil moisture retention above approximately −10 kPa decreased with increasing depth and showed clear soil type effects. Soil‐gas diffusivity, on the other hand, showed pronounced depth‐wise variation below approximately −1000 kPa. Pore tortuosity was found to be nonlinearly correlated to air‐filled pore space as well as the PSD. The measured N2O fluxes peaked around a diffusivity window of 0.005 to 0.01 for all soil types, and the corresponding water‐filled pore space ranged from 0.80 to 0.95. The results provide guidance for managing pasture soils to reduce high N2O fluxes through reductions in compaction and excess irrigation such that the critical diffusivity window, where peak N2O emissions occur, is avoided.
Ammonia volatilization, nitrous oxide emissions, and corn yields as influenced by nitrogen placement and enhanced efficiency fertilizers
Authors: Woodley Alex L. , Drury Craig F. , Yang Xueming Y. , Phillips Lori A. , Reynolds Daniel W. , Calder Wayne , Oloya Tom Okello 
Published: April 2020

AbstractEnsuring sufficient fertilizer nitrogen (N) for crops while minimizing N losses requires best management practices optimized for climate, crop, soil, and root zone hydrology. In Ontario, pre‐plant N fertilization of corn (Zea mays L.) is common; however, this practice extends the time between application and significant root interception of N by the plant, potentially increasing the risk of N loss through soil nitrous oxide emissions, ammonia (NH3) volatilization, and nitrate leaching. These losses contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, affect air quality (NH3), and are a substantial financial loss. This study compared three N placement methods (broadcast urea [BrUrea], broadcast incorporated urea [BrIncUrea], and injected urea ammonium nitrate [InjUAN]) and the presence or absence of N metabolite inhibitors (urease inhibitor [UI], urease plus nitrification inhibitor [UI+NI]). Fertilizer N was applied immediately before planting (150 kg N ha−1) to all treatments except for the control. Averaged over 3 yr (2015–2017), NH3 losses were reduced by 34% from BrIncUrea, by 42–55% from BrUrea+UI+NI and BrIncUrea+UI+NI, and by 99% from InjUAN relative to BrUrea (21 kg N ha−1). On average, N application increased corn grain yields by 83% relative to the control (6 t ha−1). There were no annual yield differences among N placement methods. It was concluded that incorporation or injection of N in soil and use of urease and nitrification inhibitors reduced NH3 emissions when N fertilizer was applied pre‐plant.
Electroosmotic Facilitated Protein Capture and Transport through Solid‐State Nanopores with Diameter Larger than Length
Authors: Zhang Yin , Zhao Jiabin , Si Wei , Kan Yajing , Xu Zheng , Sha Jingjie , Chen Yunfei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSolid‐state nanopores can be a powerful tool to investigate proteins in their native state. However, the excessive fast translocation speed of proteins causes the majority of events to remain undetected. Here, the behaviors of streptavidin (SA) transport through a solid‐state nanopore are dominated by electroosmotic flow (EOF). Experimental results show the frequency of translocation events detected by the nanopore with a diameter slightly larger than length is ≈17 times larger than that in previously reported work. Numerical simulations elucidate the enhanced frequency comes from a concave‐shape EOF in the nanopore, which provides a low water velocity region allowing for numbers of SAs moving slowly enough to be detected. However, as pore diameter increases, the maximum detectable velocity of SAs decreases due to the reduced signal‐to‐noise ratio. Moreover, it is found the SA translocation frequency slowly increases with the amplitude of voltages, and then declines at a threshold bias. This phenomenon can be attributed to the bandwidth limitation combined with the non‐linear dependence of EOF velocity in the pore central region on applied voltage.
Toward Excellence of Transition Metal‐Based Catalysts for CO2 Electrochemical Reduction: An Overview of Strategies and Rationales
Authors: Li Mengran , Garg Sahil , Chang Xiaoxia , Ge Lei , Li Liye , Konarova Muxina , Rufford Thomas E. , Rudolph Victor , Wang Geoff 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRational modulations of interactions between the catalyst surface and intermediates are challenging but extremely important to achieve an efficient and selective electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R). Current CO2R catalyst design remains inefficient because of a gap between existing practical design paradigms and theoretical studies in catalysis. This review attempts to mitigate this gap through a critical discussion of the correlations between recent strategies to develop transition metal‐based catalysts and the underlying rationales and mechanisms. These strategies include surface engineering, the introduction of heterogeneous atoms, and dimension control, and can be implemented by tactics such as controlling catalyst surface facets, surface tethering, alloying, inducing strains, oxide derivation, molecular scaffolding, and nanostructuring. How these tactics are able to tailor the electronic structure, adsorption geometry, density of active sites, and local environment of catalyst to achieve an efficient and selective CO2R is described. This review concludes with a discussion of the key research needs in this field such as the surface proton formation and transfer involved in CO2R, the roles of mass‐transfer or electrode kinetics in CO2R catalysis, development of robust, standardized catalyst testing protocols, and application of machine learning and high‐throughput experiment to accelerate catalyst screening processes.
Diagnostic performance of zero-TE lung MR imaging in FDG PET/MRI for pulmonary malignancies
Authors: Zeng Feibi , Nogami Munenobu , Ueno Yoshiko R. , Kanda Tomonori , Sofue Keitaro , Kubo Kazuhiro , Kurimoto Takako , Murakami Takamichi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the lung zero-echo time (ZTE) sequence in FDG PET/MRI for detection and differentiation of lung lesions in oncologic patients in comparison with conventional two-point Dixon-based MR imaging.

Methods
In this single-institution retrospective study approved by the institutional review board, 209 patients with malignancies (97 men and 112 women; age range, 17–89 years; mean age, 66.5 ± 12.9 years) underwent 18F-FDG PET/MRI between August 2017 and August 2018, with diagnostic Dixon and ZTE under respiratory gating acquired simultaneously with PET. Image analysis was performed for PET/Dixon and PET/ZTE fused images by two readers to assess the detectability and differentiation of lung lesions. The reference standard was pathological findings and/or the data from a chest CT. The detection and differentiation abilities were evaluated for all lesions and subgroups divided by lesion size and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax).

Results
Based on the reference standard, 227 lung lesions were identified in 113 patients. The detectability of PET/ZTE was significantly better than that of PET/Dixon for overall lesions, lesions with a SUVmax less than 3.0 and lesions smaller than 4 mm (p < 0.01). The diagnostic performance of PET/ZTE was significantly better than that of PET/Dixon for overall lesions and lesions smaller than 4 mm (p < 0.01).

Conclusions
ZTE can improve diagnostic performance in the detection and differentiation of both FDG-avid and non-FDG-avid lung lesions smaller than 4 mm in size, yielding a promising tool to enhance the utility of FDG PET/MRI in oncology patients with lung lesions.

Key Points
• The detection rate of PET/ZTE for lesions with a SUVmax of less than 1.0 was significantly better than that of PET/Dixon.
• The performance for differentiation of PET/ZTE for lesions that were even smaller than 4 mm in size were significantly better than that of PET/Dixon.
• Inter-rater agreement of PET/ZTE for the differentiation of lesions less than 4 mm in size was substantial and better than that of PET/Dixon.
Analytische Ermittlung der Wicklung-Stator-Kapazität in elektrischen Maschinen zur Vorausberechnung des hochfrequenten Common-Mode-Stroms
Authors: Stockbrügger Jan Ole , Ponick Bernd 
Published: April 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Einsatz von Umrichtern ermöglicht einen einfachen drehzahlveränderbaren Betrieb von Elektromotoren. Allerdings treten bei umrichtergespeisten Antrieben parasitäre, hochfrequente Erscheinungen auf. Der Mittelwert der drei Ausgangsspannungen eines Zweipunkt-Wechselrichters ist aufgrund der diskreten Schaltzustände der Leistungstransistoren eine von Null verschiedene Gleichtaktspannung, welche als Common-Mode-Spannung bezeichnet wird. Die Gleichtaktspannung wird durch den Umrichter in die Motorwicklung eingeprägt und verursacht über die Nutisolierung einen kapazitiven, hochfrequenten Common-Mode-Strom.Die Wicklung-Stator-Kapazität setzt sich aus einem Nut- und einem Stirnraumanteil zusammen. In diesem Artikel wird eine analytische Bestimmung des Nutanteils der Wicklung-Stator-Kapazität vorgestellt, welche neben der Geometrie des Leiters den Einfluss von Materialien mit unterschiedlichen Permittivitäten berücksichtigt. Die Ermittlung des Nutanteils der Wicklung-Stator-Kapazität basiert auf der Spiegelungsmethode. Das vorgestellte Modell wird mithilfe von FEM-Simulationen für verschiedene Geometrien und Materialien validiert.