bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prevalence and effects of on-call stepdown on orthopaedic registrar training: the North West trainees’ perspective
Authors: Ajwani SH , Biant LC 
Published: December 2019

Introduction Safe staffing levels are increasingly being threatened by gaps in rotas. When a gap occurs in junior grade on-call rotas the orthopaedic registrar needs to step down and undertake the role of both junior and middle-grade doctor. This increased responsibility could compromise the safety and wellbeing of patients and doctors. This study quantifies the prevalence and effects for trainees of stepdown while on call. Materials and methods An anonymous online and paper survey of trainees was conducted. The primary outcomes were the prevalence of stepdown in trainees’ experience, the effects of stepdown on trainees and patients, and the overall impact on training and morale. Results The response rate was 93% (n = 51). Of the total, 55% of trainees had experienced stepdown, which occurred a minimum of 84 times, statistically more frequently for expected absences rather than unexpected absences (p = 0.002). Of the trainees who stepped down, 64% felt pressure to do so from seniors and 79% from hospital management. Some 50% of trainees felt that step down was managed in an unsafe manner; 40% of trainees stated that stepdown impacted on their own personal safety and 50% of trainees lost a training opportunity. Overall, 57% of trainees considered that stepdown and rota gaps affected their morale negatively. In 85% of cases there were no issues that resulted in patient harm. Conclusion The survey results suggest that stepdown is common and it does impact negatively upon registrar training, safety and morale. Patient safety overall seems to be well protected.
Constitutional Job Creation
Authors: Anderson Gary M. , Tollison Robert D. 
Published: December 2019

La Costituzione americana viene considerata da mold come un esempio concreto del modo in cui i vincoli costituzionali aH’opportunismo politico abbiano favorito lo sviluppo di un sistema istituzionale nel cui ambito l’economia ha avuto modo di prosperare.
Peraltro, studi recenti hanno sostenuto che le decisioni dei partecipanti alia Convenzione repubblicana del 1787 sono state influenzate dagli interessi che essi rappresentavano. In tal modo è stata riveduta la diffusa opinione secondo cui i costituenti erano persone disinteressate, con il solo obiettivo del bene pubblico.
Un aspetto che in questi studi è stato trascurato riguarda il fatto che questi rappresentanti, che erano prevalentemente ambiziosi, nel disegnare la Costituzione hanno creato una serie di cariche che essi stessi si sono poi candidati ad occupare.
Questo studio costituisce un primo tentativo di analisi di un aspetto sin ora trascurato della storia costituzionale americana. Da esso appare che dei 39 firmatari, ben 32 occuparono importanti posizioni nel governo federale.
Military Conscription, Efficient Policies, and Transfers from the Politically Weak
Authors: Greene Kenneth V. , Balkan Erol 
Published: December 2019

Questo scritto mette a confronto differenti teorie economiche sull’arruolamento militare obbligatorio, sottoponendole successivamente a verifica empirica.
Si è sostenuto che, poiché il costo del servizio militare è concentrato su una ristretta base sociale, la maggioranza sarebbe pronta a votare contro la sua eliminazione.
Il contro-argomento è stato che, poiché l’arruolamento obbligatorio è inefficiente, sarebbe invece conveniente eliminarlo. Infatti, con una forte domanda di lavoro e in assenza di guerre si dovrebbe fare minore ricorso all’arruolamento.
Malgrado la varietà delle situazioni concrete, appare che i sistemi democratici sono quelli che maggiormente ricorrono all’arruolamento.
Il problema è quello del confronto tra i costi di efficienza dell’arruolamento e quelli dovuti alle distorsioni prodotte dalle imposte che dovrebbero altrimenti essere prelevate per far fronte alle spese militari.
Local Government without Taxing Authority: A Viable Party Democracy?
Authors: Sørensen Rune J. , Hagen Terje P. 
Published: December 2019

Un elemento essenziale della democrazia rappresentativa è il controllo elettorale. Si assume che i votanti mantengano responsabili i governi da loro eletti. La democrazia partitica assume che ogni partito politico rappresenti un distinto programma politico. I cambiamenti nella composizione dei consigli eletti dovrebbero influenzare le politiche perseguite. L’elettorato dovrebbe essere al corrente di queste differenze partitiche ed esprimere la sua soddisfazione o insoddisfazione votando a favore di particolari partiti. Comunemente, si asserisce che queste assunzioni sono violate nella democrazia locale. Ricerche empiriche suggeriscono che la composizione partitica delle assemblee locali non ha conseguenze per le politiche locali di spesa.
Il governo locale norvegese influenza la composizione dei bilanci locali, non la grandezza del reddito locale. Questa analisi rivela che le preferenze di spesa dei consigli locali divergono a seconda della forza di un partito e che i cambiamenti nella rappresentanza locale dei partiti influenzano le effettive politiche di spesa. In aggiunta, i cittadini sembrano avere una qualche conoscenza dei programmi dei partiti. L’insoddisfazione su particolari servizi locali influenza il loro comportamento elettorale, fenomeno che offre almeno parziale supporto empirico all’ipotesi della responsabilità. Questi riscontri ristabiliscono un modesto grado di coerenza tra la rappresentanza partitica locale, lo schema di spesa del governo locale ed il comportamento elettorale.
Parasitical Political Pricing, Economic Calculation, and the Size of Government: Variations on a Theme by Maffeo Pantaleoni
Authors: Wagner Richard E. 
Published: December 2019

Il lavoro estende 1’originate intuizione di Maffeo Pantaleoni che vede due distinti meccanismi del prezzo nelle contemporanee economie miste. Da una parte, vi è il meccanismo del prezzo del mercato, caratterizzato da diritti di proprietà esclusivi. Dall’altra, vi è il meccanismo di prezzo del sistema politico, distinto, fra le altre cose, da comitati amministrativi e proprietà comune. Si enfatizza come il sistema di prezzo politico può esistere solo in presenza del mercato ma non viceversa.
Tramite una semplice illustrazione si suggerisce che i «mercati politici» sono parassitari nei confronti di quelli privati. A volte questo parassitismo può essere benefico, come nel caso dei beni pubblici; mentre altre volte è nocivo, come nel caso dei sussidi pubblici che promuovono imprese inefficienti.
The Financing System of the Italian Catholic Church: An Economic Analysis
Authors: Creaco Salvo 
Published: December 2019

Prima della revisione del Concordato del 1984, il meccanismo di finanziamento della Chiesa Cattolica Italiana consisteva, da un lato, di un sistema privato, basato su donazioni a carattere volontario e, dall’altro, di un sistema pubblico, con risorse derivanti sia in modo diretto che indiretto dallo Stato.
Il nuovo sistema esclude l’intervento diretto dello Stato e lascia la principale responsabilità per il sostegno economico degli ecclesiastici alia scelta degli individui, sia mediante donazioni non favorite da speciale trattamento fiscale, sia mediante contributi che beneficiano di sgravi fiscali, sia infine mediante assegnazione dell’8 per mille del gettito dell’impostapersonale sul reddito.
L’analisi del nuovo sistema fa prevedere la possibilità di conflitti tra i centri di acquisizione delle entrate, a carattere centrahzzato (Conferenza Episcopale e Istituto per il sostegno del Clero) e i centri di spesa (Diocesi), a carattere decentrato. Tali conflitti potrebbero essere non diversi da quelli che hanno caratterizzato i rapporti tra finanza centrale e finanza locale in Italia.
Effects of working pressure and power on photovoltaic and defect properties of magnetron sputtered Sb2Se3 thin-film solar cells
Authors: Wang Youyang , Li Junda , Chen Yuanjing , Zhou Jianhong , Zhang Jiayan , Mao Wangchen , Zheng Shiqi , Pan Yuhan , Liu Yiqi , Dai Kaijie , Hu Xiaobo , Tao Jiahua , Weng Guoen , Jiang Jinchun , Chen Shaoqiang , Chu Junhao 
Published: December 2019

Antimony selenide (

Sb
2

Se
3

) is an emerging material with potential applications in photovoltaics, while magnetron sputtering is an important method in material growth. In this study,

Sb
2

Se
3

thin films, prepared by the magnetron sputtering technique with varied working pressures and sputtering powers, were fabricated into solar cells with a structure of

glass

/

ITO

/

CdS

/

Sb
2

Se
3

/

Au

. The current density versus voltage measurements and x-ray diffraction were introduced to compare the photovoltaic and structural properties of the cell samples. Characterization and identification of the defects in

Sb
2

Se
3

thin films were investigated by admittance measurements. The

Sb
2

Se
3

cell samples prepared with appropriate sputtering power (about 60 W) or working pressure (about 0.4 Pa) were found to own better crystal qualities and lower defect densities, which may be the reason for better efficiency.
Simultaneous laser-driven x-ray and two-photon fluorescence imaging of atomizing sprays
Authors: Guénot D. , Svendsen K. , Björklund Svensson J. , Ekerfelt H. , Persson A. , Lundh O. , Berrocal E. 
Published: December 2019

In this Letter, we report for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the possibility of visualizing an atomizing spray by simultaneously recording x-ray absorption and two-photon laser-induced fluorescence imaging. This unique illumination/detection scheme is made possible due to the use of soft x rays emitted from a laser-driven x-ray source. An 800 mJ laser pulse of 38 fs duration is used to generate an x-ray beam with up to

4
×

10
8

photons ranging from 1 to 10 keV, allowing projection radiography of water jets generated by an automotive port fuel injector. In addition, a fraction of the laser pulse (

∼

10

m
J

) is employed to form a light sheet and to induce two-photon fluorescence in a dye added to the water. The resulting high-contrast fluorescence images provide fine details of the spray structure, with reduced blur from multiple light scattering, while the integrated liquid mass is extracted from the x-ray radiography. In this proof of principle, we show that the combination of these two highly complementary techniques, in both the visible and soft x-ray regimes, is very promising for future characterization of challenging spray, as well as for further understanding of the physics of liquid atomization.
Water window soft x-ray source enabled by a 25  W few-cycle 2.2 µm OPCPA at 100  kHz
Authors: Pupeikis J. , Chevreuil P.-A. , Bigler N. , Gallmann L. , Phillips C. R. , Keller U. 
Published: December 2019

Coherent soft x-ray (SXR) sources enable fundamental studies in the important water window spectral region. Until now, such sources have been limited to repetition rates of 1 kHz or less, which restricts count rates and signal-to-noise ratio for a variety of experiments. SXR generation at high repetition rate has remained challenging because of the missing high-power infrared laser sources to drive the high-harmonic generation (HHG) process. Here we present an optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier (OPCPA) centered at a wavelength of 2.2 µm and generating 16.5 fs pulses (2.2 oscillation cycles of the carrier wave) with 25 W of average power and a peak power exceeding 14 GW at 100 kHz pulse repetition rate. This corresponds to the highest reported peak power for high-repetition-rate long-wavelength laser systems. The output of this 2.2 µm OPCPA system was used to generate a coherent SXR radiation extending beyond 0.6 keV through HHG in a high-pressure gas cell.
Large-scale optical phased array using a low-power multi-pass silicon photonic platform
Authors: Miller Steven A. , Chang You-Chia , Phare Christopher T. , Shin Min Chul , Zadka Moshe , Roberts Samantha P. , Stern Brian , Ji Xingchen , Mohanty Aseema , Jimenez Gordillo Oscar A. , Dave Utsav D. , Lipson Michal 
Published: December 2019

Optical phased arrays are a promising beam-steering technology for ultra-small solid-state lidar and free-space communication systems. Long-range, high-performance arrays require a large beam emission area densely packed with thousands of actively phase-controlled, power-hungry light emitting elements. To date, such large-scale phased arrays have been impossible to realize since current demonstrated technologies would operate at untenable electrical power levels. Here we show a multi-pass photonic platform integrated into a large-scale phased array that lowers phase shifter power consumption by nearly 9 times. The multi-pass structure decreases the power consumption of a thermo-optic phase shifter to aPπof1.7mW/πwithout sacrificing speed or optical bandwidth. Using this platform, we demonstrate a silicon photonic phased array containing 512 actively controlled elements, consuming only 1.9 W of power while performing 2D beam steering over a70∘×6∘field of view. Our results demonstrate a path forward to building scalable phased arrays containing thousands of active elements.
Second-harmonic generation using d33 in periodically poled lithium niobate microdisk resonators
Authors: Hao Zhenzhong , Zhang Li , Mao Wenbo , Gao Ang , Gao Xiaomei , Gao Feng , Bo Fang , Zhang Guoquan , Xu Jingjun 
Published: December 2019

A fabrication process allowing for the production of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) photonic devices with any domain pattern and unit size down to 200 nm is developed by combining semiconductor fabrication techniques and piezo-force-microscopy tips polarization. Based on this fabrication process, PPLN microdisk resonators with quality factors of

8
×

10
4

were fabricated from a Z-cut lithium niobate film. Second-harmonic generation (SHG) utilizing

d
33

in the whole cavity was demonstrated in a PPLN microdisk with a 2 μm-spatial-period radial domain pattern. The SHG conversion efficiency was measured to be

1.44
×

10

−
5

mW

−
1

. This work paves the way to fabricate complex PPLN photonic devices and to obtain efficient nonlinear optical effects that have wide applications in both classical and quantum optics.
Preserving lions and culture: Conflicting standards of human–wildlife conflict
Authors: Hahn Allison Hailey 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Conservation biologists predict that human–wildlife conflicts will increase in the near future as climate change forces the migration of both human and animal populations in search of increasingly scarce resources. These conflicts often capture international attention pitting wildlife against human communities, which are framed as savage hunters or uncaring consumerists. This framing often presumes that wildlife killing is optional, a sport or an outdated cultural activity. And while it may at times be all three, rural and traditional communities also argue that at times it is necessary to kill wildlife to save their children, communities and wildlife. This article explores one instance of such clash between human and wildlife communities, when in 2012 Maasai herders in southern Kenya were accused of illegally hunting and killing lions. Through an examination of multiple media sources, I ask how these events were framed, in what ways were the Maasai community’s traditions and perspective reported, and how did international stakeholders construct value criteria from which they argued for the protection of wildlife and against the protection of indigenous communities. Through this study, I aim to better understand the nuances of human–wildlife conservation and the differing ways that events are understood in local and international reporting.
Rise and #Fall: The unsuspended revolution
Authors: Leopeng Bandile Bertrand 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article utilizes a multimodal media analysis similar to Parker that takes place on three levels: (1) it connects an interview completed by professor Habib in a 2014 issue of the South African magazine publication Destiny Man, (2) with the events captured in photography of the 2015 #FeesMustFall protest as well as (3) the events recorded an Internet documentary entitled Decolonising Wits. This critical analysis utilizes a psychosocial perspective showing strong links between these events that led to the proliferation of decolonization in South African academic institutions as a result. The #FeesMustFall protests at Wits University is seen as a response to the inegalitarian modes of discourse present in the analysed interview, and the selected scenes of real events in the documentary film. This article includes direct quotes from that written interview, photography from the #Feesmustfall events, and links to specific scenes in the documentary film in order to provide a multimodal approach to analysing psychosocial politics in the media.
Cross-cultural adaptation issues and strategies for Cameroonian students in China
Authors: Qi Yue , Di Deng , Kamgaing Christian Tabouguia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Migration is on the rise globally, and education is a major cause of cross-border movements. In the realm of the long-standing cultural differences among international students, the existing research by most western scholars shows the neglect of study on cultural adaptability of African students, particularly on the dual identity of being both foreigners and students. This research focuses on the cross-cultural adaptation of Cameroonian students, adopting both qualitative and quantitative research methods, emphasizing on the following three aspects: First, the current status of Cameroonian students in China, including their psychological adaptability to cross culture, academic achievement and social life. Second, the factors influencing cross-cultural adaptation of Cameroonian students in China. Third, the coping strategies for Cameroonian students’ cross-cultural conflicts. The research contributes to work on Sino-African experiences and more broadly to responses to China’s globalizing strategy.
Influence of ethnicity on biochemical markers of health and disease in the CALIPER cohort of healthy children and adolescents
Authors: Tahmasebi Houman , Asgari Shervin , Hall Alexandra , Higgins Victoria , Chowdhury Ashfia , Thompson Rebecca , Bohn Mary Kathryn , Macri Joseph , Adeli Khosrow 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
Accurate pediatric reference intervals (RIs) for laboratory tests determined in a healthy pediatric population are essential for correct laboratory test interpretation and clinical decision-making. In pediatrics, RIs require partitioning by age and/or sex; however, the need for partitioning based on ethnicity is unclear. Here, we assessed the influence of ethnicity on biomarker concentrations in the Canadian Laboratory Initiative on Pediatric Reference Intervals (CALIPER) cohort of healthy children and adolescents and compared the results with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Methods
A total of 52 biomarkers were measured in a multiethnic population of 846–1179 healthy children (aged 5 to <19 years) upon informed consent. Biomarker concentrations were retrospectively compared between four major ethnic groups (i.e. Black, Caucasian, East Asian, and South Asian, determined by parental ethnicity). Retrospective results were verified prospectively using an additional 500 healthy pediatric samples with equal sample size across ethnicities. Ethnic-specific differences were assessed based on statistical significance and biological and analytical variations. Appropriate age-, sex-, and ethnic-specific RIs were calculated.

Results
Ethnic-specific differences were not observed for 34 biomarkers examined in the retrospective analysis, while 18 demonstrated statistically significant ethnic differences. Among these, seven analytes demonstrated ethnic-specific differences in the prospective analysis: vitamin D, amylase, ferritin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM). Analysis of select NHANES data confirmed CALIPER findings.

Conclusions
This is the first comprehensive Canadian pediatric study examining ethnic-specific differences in common biomarkers. While the majority of biomarkers did not require ethnic partitioning, ethnic-specific RIs were established for seven biomarkers showing marked differences. Further studies in other populations are needed to confirm our findings.
Sleep quality and its effect on event related potential P300 in adolescents with and without sleep disturbances
Authors: Aseem Anam , Hussain Mohammed Ejaz 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Objectives
The present study aimed: (i) to investigate the sleep quality and cortical arousal (ERP P300) in adolescents with and without sleep disturbances, and (ii) to examine whether P300 vary as a function of quality of the previous night’s sleep in sleep disturbed adolescents and to compare the findings with healthy controls.

Methods
Fifteen sleep disturbed adolescents and 15 age-matched controls were recruited. Participants filled 10 days of sleep logs to identify their good (GN) and bad nights (BN). GN and BN were scored as a measure of sleep efficiency (SE), with nights having greater SE defined as GN and nights with lower SE scores labelled as BN. Afterwards, subjects were summoned to the lab for recording ERP P300 once after a night of good sleep (GN) and once after a night of bad sleep (BN).

Results
The findings demonstrate that sleep disturbed adolescents exhibited poorer quality of sleep than controls. The ERP P300 also revealed significant difference in participants with and without sleep disturbance. Moreover, the P300 amplitude was higher and the latency was shorter after a GN in sleep disturbed as well as in controls, however, the values were better for adolescents without disturbed sleep. Similarly, amplitude and latency of P300 was lower and longer, respectively, after a BN in both the groups, however, participants with sleep disturbance demonstrated very penurious scores for amplitude and latency than the controls.

Conclusion
Adolescents with sleep disturbance have poorer sleep quality and ERP characteristics than their healthy counterparts. Moreover, the quality of the previous night sleep determines cortical arousal in both sleep disturbed and healthy controls.
Mitigation of Commutation Current Ripple in the BLDC Motor Drive Based on DC-DC Converter Using PR Compensator
Authors: Kumar Dileep , Gupta Ram Avtar , Tiwari Harpal 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Mitigation of commutation current ripple (CCR) in the brushless direct current (BLDC) motor drive using DC-DC converter based topologies are achieving widespread popularity. However, undesired alternating current (AC) components are presented in the DC-link voltage across the capacitor of the DC-DC converter which leads to a destabilization of the power supply during the commutation interval. In addition, undesired speed regulation and audible noise occur which deteriorates the motor performance. In order to encounter this problem, different conventional compensation techniques based on the low-pass filter (LPF) has been proposed. However, LPF requires a close relation between dynamic coupling and active compensation. In view of the limitation, this paper proposes a proportional-resonant (PR) compensator to stabilize the DC-link voltage. Performance of the PR compensator is tested on a combination of modified single-ended primary inductor converter (MSEPIC), DC-link voltage selector circuit is used in the proposed current ripple mitigation technique for BLDC motor drive. The PR compensator is utilized to stabilize the DC-link voltage whereas the DC-link voltage selector circuit is employed to achieve a regulated DC voltage from the MSEPIC converter for efficient current ripple suppression during the commutation interval. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed compensation scheme for current ripple mitigation technique of BLDC motor drive. The simulation and experimental results clearly reveal that the PR compensator effectively stabilized the DC-link voltage, which alleviates the CCR.