bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formjacking attack: Are we safe?
Authors: Dharmavaram Vijaya Geeta 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
Today, online shopping and online business has become a new norm especially in the current pandemic scenario. With more businesses running online, cyber criminals are coming up with different tactics to steal identity and sensitive information such as credit card and banking credentials either for personal monetary gain or to sell in the dark Web. One form of such attack that is seen in the recent times is formjacking attack. This paper aims to review the current scenario of formjacking attack and its modus operandi. The paper also provides certain counter measures that can be adopted by the users and website owners.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper mainly focuses on the modus operandi of formjacking attack to understand the severity of the problem. Based on the way the attack is carried out, some guidelines to be followed are provided. Later, a brief review of machine learning techniques is furnished to understand how it may help as secure defense mechanism.

Findings
Formjacking attacks are on a rise in the past two years, especially during the holiday season. Cyber criminals have been using smart tactics to carry out these attacks which are very difficult to detect. Machine learning techniques may prove to be effective in combating these attacks.

Originality/value
Formjacking attack is not just a concern of the customers who may lose their sensitive data, but the onus also lies on the companies itself to ensure they protect their customer’s data from theft. Not much research is found regarding formjacking attack, as it is relatively a new form of attack. The paper reviews this attack and provides some measure that can be followed. It also provides few guidelines which can be used for further research in devising a security tool to mitigate this problem.
Public accounting profession and fraud detection responsibility
Authors: Rustiarini Ni Wayan , Yuesti Anik , Gama Agus Wahyudi Salasa 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe study aims to examine the influence of auditor personal factors, such as goal orientation, self-efficacy and professional commitment to auditor’s responsibility to detect the fraudulent, particularly in small accounting firms.Design/methodology/approachThe authors surveyed 86 auditors working in small accounting firms in Bali Province, Indonesia.FindingsThe results prove the role of self-efficacy as a mediating variable in the relationship of goal orientation and auditor responsibility. This result at once confirms that self-efficacy can improve individual performance even in complex tasks. This study also proves the role of professional commitment as a mediator variable.Research limitations/implicationsGiven that the respondents came from small accounting firms, these findings are not intended to be generalized with auditors in large accounting firms.Practical implicationsThese findings highlight essential efforts to reduce audit expectation gaps between auditors and the public. The small accounting firms’ leaders must to alignment workplace organizational goals and organization professional goals. A dualism of purpose causes the auditor to fail to fulfill the responsibility of fraud detection.Social implicationsThere is a severe audit expectation gap related to the auditor’s role in detecting fraud. This finding expected to answer public questions related to auditors’ ability and responsibility in small accounting firms in detecting fraud.Originality/valueThere is limited research on auditor responsibility, particularly in small audit firms in developing countries. Also, there is still debate scientific about the influence of goal orientation, self-efficacy and professional commitment to auditor performance.
Work design expectations of Japanese MNCs’ local managers in English-speaking and Far East cultural clusters – USA, Thailand and India
Authors: Ashta Ashok 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe importance of work design to organizational engagement and firm performance is increasingly recognized in management scholarship. For international business, a majority of variation in work design based on national cultures is addressed through cross-cultural management scholarship. However, there is a paucity of qualitative research on the influences international business human resource managers face for work design in the intercultural environment of overseas subsidiaries. The purpose of this interpretivist study was to examine the lived experience of overseas subsidiaries’ local managers to surface a more nuanced understanding of their expectations and related implications for work.Design/methodology/approachEmpirical research was conducted through semistructured in-depth interviews with senior managers of subsidiaries of Japanese MNCs in USA, Thailand and India.FindingsThe findings of the study develop and extend on prior cross-cultural management scholarship on world cultural clusters revealing changed expectations of work in intercultural work environments as instantiated by Japanese MNCs.Social implicationsThrough engaging work design, international businesses can contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 8 that pertains to decent work.Originality/valueThe study adds to extant understanding of the work design antecedent to engagement by broadening to intercultural environment impacts understanding facilitated by empirical lived experience data and suggesting a modification to extant theory. This study pioneers in taking world cultural clusters as the field for evaluating data.
Do cryptocurrencies enable and facilitate modern slavery?
Authors: Naheem Mohammed Ahmad 
Published: November 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of cryptocurrencies in facilitating operations relating to modern slavery and specifically human trafficking. Over the past decade, law enforcement agencies and intergovernmental organisations have established mechanisms, including financial regulations, to curb and identify such operations. Regulation over conventional financial institutions has greatly aided in identifying cross-border and transregional trafficking operations. However, there remains concern over the role of cryptocurrencies in the modern trafficking enterprise.Design/methodology/approachThis paper follows a review of the literature, discussing specific cases that have exposed the role of cryptocurrencies in facilitating human trafficking. This paper first presents a comprehensive discussion on the existing operational mechanism of organisations in human trafficking. Subsequently, it determines the potential use of cryptocurrencies in circumventing detection by law enforcement agencies.FindingsThis paper finds that existing controls have allowed law enforcement to identify illicit transactions concerning human trafficking through conventional financial institutions. However, the most effective mechanism of identifying such operations is becoming increasingly difficult with the use of cryptocurrencies. Although there are potential solutions to the issues, cryptocurrencies, and the anonymity they offer, have allowed criminal organisations to evade detection using a more active marketplace through the internet.Research limitations/implicationsLaw enforcement agencies and regulators must take into account the nature of cryptocurrencies and the limitations of regulations on such global virtual assets. Instead, this paper’s findings suggest alternate methods, including regulation on exchanges, blockchain use for documentation and investments in detection technologies that allow identification of trafficking operations and forced labour.Originality/valueThis paper presents existing cases and growing concerns that cannot be quantified in the current circumstance. Further, the paper aims to specifically discuss the role of cryptocurrencies in the existing human trafficking supply chain, offering readers and law enforcement agencies a perspective into criminal organisations’ combination of conventional trafficking operations and modern technological resources. Further, it makes a recommendation to invest in detection mechanisms that are different from the conventional theory based on identification by “following the money”.
The relationship between organizational learning and sustainable performance: an empirical examination
Authors: Zgrzywa-Ziemak Anna , Walecka-Jankowska Katarzyna 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational learning (OL) and business sustainability (BS) and to carry out its empirical examination.

Design/methodology/approach
Extensive literature research was carried out. Then, an empirical study was conducted in 694 Polish and Danish companies. Two phenomena related to OL were adopted: OL processes and organizational learning capability (OLC). BS was examined through the concept of sustainable performance (SP). Research models were tested using structural equation modeling.

Findings
The empirical studies have shown a positive, statistically significant relationship between OL and BS. The research supports the view that the intensification of the OL processes is substantial for BS, whereas the OLC concept is less relevant to the development of BS. The effect of OL on total SP was stronger than on any SP dimension. OL supports the synergies of the results obtained by the organization for the benefit of BS.

Research limitations/implications
The model verification is based on the samples from two countries, and, therefore, the hypothesis requires further verification in different business contexts. In addition, there are different factors influencing BS, which have not been included in the research and should be analyzed in the future.

Originality/value
An in-depth, critical literature analysis shows that the theoretical foundation of the role of OL in shaping BS is fragmented and poorly empirically verified. The value of this paper is the presentation of large-scale empirical studies comparing the relationship between BS and two phenomena: OLC and the OL processes. The results obtained in the course of the research open up new research directions with respect to both the relationship between OL and BS as well as between OL and organizational performance.
Prognosis after steroid pulse therapy and seasonal effect in acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis
Authors: Iida Tadatsune , Nakamura Michiko , Inazawa Minako , Munetsugu Takichi , Nishida Makiko , Fujimoto Tomoko , Sasaki Yoshiyuki , Ohshima Yuichiro , Nakazato Yoshihiko , Namiki Takeshi , Yokozeki Hiroo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAcquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis is a rare disease with unknown etiology. Sudden loss of sweating function adversely affects young patients’ quality of life. Although systemic corticosteroid therapy is the most frequently reported treatment for the disease, its effectiveness is controversial because of the risk of recurrence. To assist clinical decision‐making regarding whether to use steroids, we investigated the treatment responsiveness and recurrence rates in patients undergoing steroid pulse therapy and explored factors affecting these rates. We retrospectively collected data of 124 patients who received steroid pulse therapy to calculate the rate of responsiveness to the therapy. We also conducted a time‐to‐event analysis in a cohort of 57 patients who responded to steroid pulse therapy to estimate the recurrence rate after the therapy. As a result, the response and recurrence rates were 73% and 48%, respectively. Recurrence occurred within 1 year in most patients. The overall effectiveness of steroid pulse therapy was estimated to be 57% considering the recurrence rate. A delay from onset to treatment and younger age appeared to be negative factors for effectiveness. Moreover, we found a significant seasonal effect on both treatment and recurrence: autumn was the worst season for acquired idiopathic generalized anhidrosis in Japan. Our study revealed that steroid pulse therapy can be expected to be effective in half of treated patients. We recommend starting the therapy promptly after the diagnosis; however, it is also worth considering the season for treatment planning.
Root microbiome assembly of As‐hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata and its efficacy in arsenic requisition
Authors: Xiao Enzong , Cui Jinli , Sun Weimin , Jiang Shiming , Huang Mengyan , Kong Deguan , Wu Qihang , Xiao Tangfu , Sun Xiaoxu , Ning Zengping 
Published: November 2020

SummaryThe assemblage of root‐associated microorganisms plays important roles in improving their capability to adapt to environmental stress. Metal(loid) hyperaccumulators exhibit disparate adaptive capability compared to that of non‐hyperaccumulators when faced with elevated contents of metal(loid)s. However, knowledge of the assemblage of root microbes of hyperaccumulators and their ecological roles in plant growth is still scarce. The present study used Pteris vittata as a model plant to study the microbial assemblage and its beneficial role in plant growth. We demonstrated that the assemblage of microbes from the associated bulk soil to the root compartment was based on their lifestyles. We used metagenomic analysis and identified that the assembled microbes were primarily involved in root–microbe interactions in P. vittata root. Notably, we identified that the assembled root microbiome played an important role in As requisition, which promoted the fitness and growth of P. vittata. This study provides new insights into the root microbiome and potential valuable knowledge to understand how the root microbiome contributes to the fitness of its host.
Exploration of family dynamics in adults who self‐harm: a multi‐perspective approach
Authors: Buckmaster Ruth , Guerin Suzanne , O’Leary Tess , McNulty Muireann 
Published: November 2020

The aim of the present study was to explore the experience of family relationships in an adult self‐harm population. Relationships are concerned with the connection between two or more individuals and therefore a multi‐perspective phenomenological design was employed to explore the perspectives of both adults who self‐harm and their family members. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with twelve adults: six who attend a community mental health service and engage in self‐harm and six of their family members. Transcripts were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Four superordinate themes emerged within the data: family and societal culture, coping with traumatic relationships, inner conflict and the generational impact. Findings highlight the importance of considering family relationships in the treatment of self‐harm in adults. The impact of self‐harm on family members is also illuminated, in addition to the need to develop and assess interventions for family members.Practitioner points

Self‐harm in adults can impact family units as a whole, resulting in changes in family dynamics and conflicting emotions of fear, resentment and empathy in family members

Preliminary research suggests that interventions examining the role of family dynamics and their relationship with self‐harming behaviours may be beneficial

Education and interventions are needed for families of such adults to help build their awareness of self‐harm

This helps families address complex emotions such as guilt, shame and resentment which have been found to arise in this cohort
How Institutions Matter in the Context of Business Exit: A Country Comparison Using GEM Data and fsQCA
Authors: Beynon Malcolm , Battisti Martina , Jones Paul , Pickernell David 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDespite evidence of substantial differences in business exit rates across countries, understanding of the institutional conditions contributing to those differences is still incomplete. Methodological limitations have left considerable gaps in our understanding of business exit, due to the dominance of regression models that capture institutional conditions in isolation, but fall short of identifying complex combinations of conditions. Using Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data and a fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) of a sample of 54 case countries, we utilize a configurational approach to examine how different combinations of regulatory, normative and cultural‐cognitive institutional conditions lead to variations in business exit rates across countries at different stages of economic development. Further, we identify distinct recipes leading to business exit that are associated with the presence or absence of high business exit rates across countries. The study contributes to institutional theory as well as the business exit literature not only by discussing which combinations of institutions determine when exit is beneficial and detrimental to the economy, but also which specific combinations apply across sets of countries.
Contribution of dietary snacking behaviours to discretionary energy intake and anthropometric measures in Australian adults: A comparison using an objective vs subjective definition for snacking
Authors: Fayet‐Moore Flavia , McConnell Andrew , Petocz Peter , Cassettari Tim , Tuck Kate , Blumfield Michelle , Warner Molly , Marshall Skye 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimThere is limited information on the snacking behaviour of Australian adults, and the role of snacking in the diet may depend on how it is defined. This study aimed to compare the dietary snacking behaviours and associated nutritional intake and body composition in Australian adults, using an objective vs a subjective definition for snacking.MethodsCross‐sectional data were analysed from the 2011 to 2012 National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (n = 8361, 19+ years). Objective snacking was defined based on time of day between main meals. Subjective snacking was self‐reported by participants.ResultsUsing the objective definition, 88.2% of adults were snack consumers; where snacking contributed 20.0% (SD 20.0%) of total daily energy intake and 27.0% (SD 31.4%) of total daily discretionary energy. 41.3% (SD 37.1%) of snacking energy intake came from discretionary foods. Using the subjective definition, 98.5% of adults were snack consumers, where discretionary foods contributed 52.6% (SD 35.2%) of all snacking energy. The proportion of objective and subjective snacking energy from discretionary foods did not differ across body mass index groups.ConclusionsObjective snacking energy contributed more to core food groups than discretionary, was not associated with anthropometric measures, and contributed less to total discretionary energy than the evening meal. When snacking was defined subjectively, more than half of snacking energy was discretionary, suggesting that adults are more likely to perceive discretionary foods as snacks. Differences between snacking definitions means that associations between self‐reported snacking and diet or health outcomes, should be interpreted with caution.
Gonadal hormonal factors before menopause and incident type 2 diabetes in women: A 22‐year follow‐up of 83 799 women from the E3N cohort study
Authors: Tatulashvili Sopio , Gusto Gaelle , Cosson Emmanuel , Balkau Beverley , Gourdy Pierre , Bonnet Fabrice , Bihan Hélène , Fagherazzi Guy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundIn many populations the incidence of type 2 diabetes is higher in men than in women. This may be explained by exposure to female gonadal hormones, but so far, there is no consensus on their role over the life course in type 2 diabetes etiology.MethodsData are from 83 799 French women from the E3N (Etude Épidémiologique de Femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale) cohort study, followed for 22 years. Multivariable Cox models including classical risk factors were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) between gonadal hormonal factors and incident type 2 diabetes.ResultsOlder age at menarche, more menstrual cycles, older age at menopause, longer duration of exposure to gonadal hormones and breastfeeding were inversely associated with incident type 2 diabetes cases (n = 4806). While a longer duration of menstrual cycles (HR = 1.23 [95% CI: 1.07‐1.41] comparing ≥32 vs ≤24 days) and use of contraceptive pills (HR = 1.33 [1.25‐1.42]) were associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes.ConclusionsIn women, a longer exposure to endogenous gonadal hormones with a later menopause as well as breastfeeding were associated with a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes, independently of classical diabetes risk factors. In contrast, the use of contraceptive agents was associated with incident diabetes, but the influence of each type of contraception and of exposure duration remain to be investigated.
Augmented descriptions of growth and development stages of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown from different types of planting material
Authors: Kacheyo Olivia Cynthia , van Dijk Luuk Christiaan Maria , de Vries Michiel Erik , Struik Paul Christiaan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe recent invention of hybrid breeding technology for potato has led to an increased interest in hybrid potato R&D. Hybrid true potato seeds (TPS) are used to produce planting materials such as transplants and seedling tubers, but can also be used for direct seeding of seed or ware crops. Transplants and seedling tubers can be used to produce seed tubers or ware tubers. The rise in R&D in hybrid breeding creates the need for phenological scales of growth and development of plants produced by the various planting material types of hybrid‐TPS. The BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemical Industry) scale is one of the phenological scales developed for the description of the growth and development stages of plants. In 1993, a BBCH scale with descriptions for potato plants was released. The original BBCH scale gave standardised descriptions for TPS‐ and tuber‐grown plants. Differences in the morphology of plants originating from the different planting materials in terms of types of branches and differences in below‐ground growth and development were not included. Moreover, for reproductive growth stages, crucial for hybrid breeding, the original scale is incomplete as it does not carefully take the complex sympodial branching into account. Methods of describing growth of tubers and berries are complex and impossible to use when final tuber mass or berry size is unknown. The current paper augments the original BBCH scale, while retaining its structure and logic. It provides alternative and comprehensive descriptions of growth stages suitable for potato plants grown from different types of planting materials, and for all end uses of these plants. The proposed scale is detailed enough for research and breeding but still general enough for agricultural use.