bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Health and Well-Being of African-American Older Adults With a History of Incarceration
Authors: Sneed Rodlescia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
African-Americans are overrepresented in the criminal justice system. Longer prison stays and release programs for older prisoners may result in an increased number of community-dwelling older adults with a history of incarceration. In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in research on health-related outcomes for currently incarcerated older adults; however, there has been little inquiry into outcomes for formerly incarcerated African-American older adults following community re-entry. In this study, we used secondary data from the Health and Retirement Study to describe employment, economic, and health-related outcomes in this population. Twelve percent of the 2238 African-Americans in our sample had been previously incarcerated. Those who had been previously incarcerated had higher rates of lung disease, arthritis, back problems, mobility problems, and mental health issues than their counterparts. They also had higher rates of hospitalization and lower use of dental health services. Further, while they did not experience lower employment rates than those with no criminal history, those who had been incarcerated had more physically demanding jobs and reported greater economic strain. Given the disproportionate incarceration rates among African-Americans, the aging of the prison population, and the increase in community re-entry for older prisoners, research that explores factors that impact the health and well-being of formerly incarcerated individuals has broad impact. Future work should focus on addressing the needs of this vulnerable population of African-American older adults.
Can Women Have It All: Marriage, Family, Career, and Good Health?
Authors: Cooney Julene 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Women in the U.S. have been earning more education than their male peers since the mid-1990’s. High power career positions that have historically been dominated by men are increasingly being filled by women. At the same time, since 2000, the U.S. workforce participation rate for women aged 25 – 55 has leveled off and begun to fall. Called the “mommy-wars” in the media, a heated debate has ensued between those women who feel that the role of mother should preempt seemingly selfish desires to engage in career work, while others firmly believe that it is possible to have it all; work, marriage and family. The purpose of this research project is to determine the health implications of each lifestyle for women later in life. Using the Health and Retirement Study, I compare self-rated health trajectories for the subset of women who are married, have children, and have attended college – those who are most likely to have the option to “opt-out” of the workforce for a stay-at-home mother lifestyle. Controlling for income and childhood health, and using growth curves and multivariate regression, preliminary results indicate that educated, married women who work full-time and raise children are the healthiest after age 50, while educated, married women who stay home with their children and do not work are the least healthy. In addition, these health trajectories have changed little since the 1950’s, even as cultural expectations for women have shifted.
Data From a Mindfulness Program for Family Caregivers to Persons With DD, and Application for Older Individuals
Authors: Kahana Jeffrey , Force Lawrence , Monthie Roger 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Parents who care for their children (young and adult) with developmental disabilities face many stressors and challenges. This paper reports on an intervention using mindfulness and cognitive reframing to improve psychological well-being of care-givers. We report on results based on 92 care-givers who participated in the program. An innovative component was utilizing parent care-givers along with trained peer facilitators. The program was conducted over six weeks, with three in person sessions, and three at home web-based sessions. The content emphasized mindfulness practice (meditation) along with cognitive reframing (aimed at boosting optimism) to address the stress family-caregivers experience in managing worry and the perceived lack of control that accompanies caring for children (young and adult) with developmental disabilities. Post-test data revealed increased awareness of stress coupled with greater competence in stress management. Given the life-long demands for care-giving of parents to the developmentally disabled, normative stressors of aging interact with stressors posed by care-giving demands. Implications for improving well-being of older parental care-givers will be discussed around the topics of (1) optimism and hope; (2) support of healthy behaviors; and (3) development of a mindset of gratitude.
Accessibility to Parks and Trails and Physical Health Measures in CATSLife: Evaluating Selection
Authors: Reynolds Chandra , Knaap Elijah , Corley Robin , Gebelin Kyle , Munoz Elizabeth , Rhee Soo , Wadsworth Sally 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Associations of obesity and cardiovascular health with neighborhood walkability have been observed in the literature; however, limited research has evaluated self-selection that may underlie associations. We measured accessibility to parks and trails using geospatial measurements as well as self-reported activity-friendliness of neighborhoods (ease of walking, biking, and recreating) in 1140 participants (ages 28-49 years) in the ongoing Colorado Adoption/Twin Study of Lifespan behavioral development and cognitive aging (CATSLife). Physical health indicators included BMI, resting heart rate, and mean arterial blood pressure. The relative similarity of siblings’ accessibility was evaluated to consider self-selection; all models were adjusted for sociodemographics including education. BMI was associated with accessibility to parks, with each increasing log(mile) distance associated with 1.2 BMI unit increase (se=.49, p&lt;0.02). Self-reported neighborhood activity-friendliness was comparable in prediction of BMI (p&lt;0.01). Greater trail accessibility was associated with lower resting heart rate (b=-.30, se=.14, p&lt;0.04) and mean arterial pressure (b=-0.33, se=0.14, p&lt;0.03), whereas self-reported neighborhood activity-friendliness was not associated (p&gt;0.40). Measures of park accessibility tended to be more similar among identical twins (median ICC = 0.30) than fraternal twins or siblings (median ICC = 0.15) or siblings in adoptive families (median ICC = 0.12), excluding siblings who live together. Measures of trail accessibility were consistent across sibling types (median ICCs = 0.25-0.27). Sibling similarity for park accessibility modestly increased with genetic relatedness suggesting potential heritable contributions, whereas comparable similarity was apparent for trail accessibility. Altogether, small associations were observed for park and trail access with physical health, with indications of environmental selection.
Intergenerational Caregiving Patterns, BMI, and Gender Gaps Among the Sandwich Generation in China
Authors: Liu Jingwen , Chen Feinian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Existing literatures yield established evidence about the heightened stress brought by multiple roles and potential role overload across work-family context, but little is known about the BMI levels of the “sandwich” caregivers within families and the associated gender inequalities. Indeed, the Chinese pivotal generations are exposed to unshared stress and higher health risks considering that intergenerational support still predominates the caregiving patterns for the oldest old and dependent children under current socioeconomic backgrounds. Using 2011 and 2013 waves of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, N = 12186), we examine associations of BMI and intergenerational caregiving patterns among the “sandwich generation” aged 45 to 69. We find that the sandwich generation with at least one parent alive and one grandchild under 16 have higher BMI (24.2, within obesity range) than their counterparts (23.7, within normal range). A higher proportion of females act as caregivers and especially high-intensity caregivers than males, and they also score one-unit higher in BMI than males (23.4). Fixed effect regression results indicate that simultaneous caregiving to both parents and young grandchildren significantly advances individuals’ BMI levels, while no evidence shows similar negative effect of providing care to one generation. Moreover, high-intensity caregiving (1000 hours and above during the past year) is associated with elevated BMI for females but not for males. The gendered caregiving patterns and health implications inform the physical and psychological vulnerability of the pivotal generation and the necessities of gender-specific intervention in middle and later life.
Within-Family Patterns of Sharing Instrumental Support to Older Parents of Multi-Child Families in China
Authors: Chen Jia , Zhou Xiaochen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In different multi-child families, adult children may share their instrumental support to older parents in distinct ways regarding its family mean level and differentiation among multiple offspring within families. Based on the family systems theory and the collective ambivalence perspective, we aimed (1) to identify different within-family patterns in relation to multiple offspring’s sharing instrumental support to an older parent in Chinese multi-child families; (2) to investigate potential individual and family predictors for different within-family patterns. Applying data from the China Family Panel Studies (2016, N=5791 older adults aged 60+), we employed latent profile analysis for classifying patterns and multinomial logistic regression for investigating predictors. Results showed three within-family patterns identified: independent (59.78%), highly-ambivalent (30.41%) and filial-cohesive (9.81%). Compared with the independent families, older parents in highly-ambivalent families were more likely to be older (OR=1.03), divorced/widowed (OR=0.61), to have lower educational levels(OR=0.84, ), poorer physical health (OR=0.92), to live in rural areas (OR=0.84), to have at least one adult daughter (OR=1.95)and one coresiding adult child (OR=3.22). Older parents in filial-cohesive families tended to be mothers (OR=0.82), divorced/widowed (OR=0.62), to have fewer adult children (OR=0.78) ,to have at least one adult daughter (OR=1.67) and one coresiding adult child (OR=2.16). The youngest adult children in filial-cohesive families tended to be older (OR=1.04). This study highlighted the importance of capturing different within-family dynamics regarding instrumental support to older parents among multiple adult children at the family level. It also uncovered the commons and differences between multi-child aging families in contemporary China.
Cystatin C Trajectories Among Middle-Aged and Older Americans
Authors: Zhao Erfei , Crimmins Eileen , Ailshire Jennifer , Kim Jung Ki , Wu Qiao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Deterioration in kidney functioning is associated with aging and is a major risk factor for mortality and other poor health outcomes. Medicare expenses for poor kidney functioning are about 100 billion dollars every year. High Cystatin-C is an indicator of poor kidney functioning. We do not know if cystatin-C increases gradually as an individual ages. We use the Health and Retirement Study 2006/2008 Biomarker sample with follow-up for 8 years to examine this. Demographic and socioeconomic differences in trajectories of Cystatin-C trajectories were examined for 22,984 participants aged 50 and older. Growth curve models reveal that, although Cystatin-C increases with age (beta=0.025, p&lt;0.001), the annual increase varies by age (60-69 = 0.005, 70-79 = 0.013, 80+ = 0.017, p&lt;0.001), controlling for other socioeconomic variables. Cystatin-C increases faster for males than females. Cystatin-C of non-Hispanic Whites is lower than non-Hispanic Blacks but higher than Hispanics; there is no racial/ethnic difference in change over time. People who spent fewer years in school have higher Cystatin-C, and college graduates have slower growth in Cystatin-C compared to people who did not graduate from high school. These novel findings highlight the disparities in the process of kidney aging among older Americans.
Later-Life Health Disparities in Nepal: Intersection of Gender and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Bhatta Tirth , Langa Neema , Lekhak Nirmala , Burnette Denise 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study focuses on Nepal, a country still undergoing capitalist expansion, to examine intersectional effects of fundamental causes on later life health outcomes. Sandwiched between the republic of China and India, Nepal still has remnants of pre-capitalist social and economic formations. Despite growing focus on independent effects of SES and gender on health, the intersectional influences of such fundamental causes on later life health in Nepal has, however, been largely unexplored. Drawing from the World Health Survey (WHS) survey data (n=2,250 aged 50 years and older), we rely on negative binomial regression models to examine whether the effect of education and household wealth on chronic diseases and functional limitations differs between men and women. Findings indicate intersectional effects of gender, wealth, and education on health. Women do not incur health benefits from education and wealth. Statistically significant negative effect of education on functional limitations (OR=0.87, p&lt;0.01) was documented only for men. Contrary to our theoretical expectations, we observed significantly higher count of chronic diseases among women (OR=1.13, p&lt;0.01) with higher levels of education relative to lower educated women. Similarly, men in higher wealth quintiles reported significantly higher count of chronic diseases (OR=1.05, p&lt;0.01) than their counterparts in lower wealth quintiles. Our study paves a way for future research on a range of structural mechanisms such as gendered labor market, patriarchal cultural expectations, and inequities in health care that could mediate intersectional effects of gender and education on later life health disparities in the Global South.
Mothers’ Health and Relationships With Adult Children: The Moderating Role of Gender and Race
Authors: Stepniak Catherine , Suitor J Jill , Gilligan Megan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Consistent with theories of the life course and intergenerational solidarity, families are generally closely tied groups in which one family member’s event affects other members as well. Although the literature has documented that parents and adult children affect one another’s well-being, less is known about how parents’ health shapes relationship quality between family members. In this paper, we utilize data from the Within-Family Difference Study (WFDS) II to explore how mothers’ functional limitations affect relationship quality between mothers and their adult children, as reported by both family members. We hypothesized that the association between mothers’ health and intergenerational relationship quality would be moderated by gender and race. Using multi-level regression modeling, we found that mothers’ reports of relationship quality were not predicted by the presence of mothers’ functional limitations, nor were there any moderating effects of race or gender. In contrast, adult children who perceived that their mothers had limitations reported higher tension with them. Further, daughters were more likely than sons to report greater tension when they perceived that their mothers had limitations (differences between coefficients p &lt; .10). White adult children reported lower levels of closeness and higher levels of tension when they perceived that their mothers had health limitations (differences between coefficients p &lt; .05; p &lt; .10 respectively). However, limitations did not predict Black children’s reports of closeness or conflict with mothers. This study sheds new light on the complex ways in which race and gender moderate the role of mothers’ limitations in intergenerational relationship quality.
Sex Differences in Response to Metformin in a Longitudinal Study in Mice
Authors: Teixeira Camila Vieira Ligo , Alfaras Irene , Camadola Simonetta , Price Nathan , Bernier Michel , de Cabo Rafael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Sexual dimorphisms have been recognized in most aspects of human health and disease, and there is now clear evidence for more pronounced differences in response to pharmacological interventions of aging. Here, male and female C57BL/6J mice at six months of age were administered 0.5% metformin in their diet every-other-week (EOW) for the remainder of their lives. The intervention was well tolerated and did not result in lifespan extension. Male mice treated with metformin EOW lost weight and augmented lean-to-fat ratio. In contrast, EOW females were refractory to changes in body weight and body composition compared to controls. The intervention did not influence non-fasted plasma glucose levels, while causing an increase in lactate in mice of both sexes. Indirect calorimetry was performed to measure energy expenditure in EOW mice that were either ON or OFF metformin during testing. Focusing on the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), males, but not females, preferentially utilized carbohydrates (RER ~0.9-1.0) when OFF metformin, switching to lipids (RER ~0.8-0.9) when ON metformin. This resulted in significant differences compared to controls in both periods (OFF and ON). RER of EOW females was different from controls during OFF metformin (RER ~0.8-0.9), while exhibiting significantly lower RER when ON metformin (RER ~0.7-0.8). These results clearly point at a strong dimorphism in the action of metformin in mice, including its role in metabolic homeostasis and overall health span. A better understanding of how sex influences the health and prolongevity benefits of metformin will benefit our understanding of the longterm clinical implications.
Post-Operative Delirium and Cognitive Decline in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Chu Nadia , Chen Xiaomeng , Segev Dorry , McAdams-DeMarco Mara 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Post-operative delirium may be a marker for cognitive reserve, or a greater cognitive vulnerability to stressors. As a result, those with post-operative delirium may experience steeper decline in cognitive performance following stressors of surgery post-KT. We leveraged a single-center cohort study of 912 adult KT recipients with delirium assessments abstracted from medical records. Global cognitive function (3MS) and executive function (time to complete TMT-B minus TMT-A) were measured at time of KT, 1-month, 3-months, 6-months, 1-year, and annually thereafter post-KT. We used mixed effects models with fixed and random effects for person and time to describe repeated measures of cognitive performance and compared trajectories by post-operative delirium. Among 912 KT recipients, 44 (4.8%) had post-operative delirium. Post-operative delirium was associated with higher levels of cognitive impairment at KT (18.2% vs 8.0%), and was associated with lower 3MS component scores including in memory, identification/association, and orientation. After adjustment, those with delirium had 3MS scores that were on average 3.6 points lower than those without delirium (95%CI: -6.9, 0.3) at time of KT; delirium was not associated with differing global cognitive trajectories post-KT (difference=0.04 points/month, 95%CI:-0.1, 0.2). However, delirium was associated with lower executive function at KT (difference=44.0s, 95%CI: 17.4, 70.6) and steeper decline in executive function post-KT (difference=-1.1s/month, 95%CI:-2.1,-0.05). KT recipients with delirium experience greater decline in executive function, indicating greater cognitive vulnerability with potential vascular etiologies. Transplant centers should be aware of the cognitive risks associated with post-KT delirium and implement available preventative interventions to reduce risk of delirium.
Balance and Reactive Steps in Older Adults With and Without Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Conditions
Authors: Delgado Ferdinand , Ananian Cheryl Der , Peterson Daniel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Older adults with musculoskeletal conditions (MSC), including arthritis and osteoporosis, may have a higher risk of falls and falls-related injuries. Differences in balance between individuals with and without self-reported MSC are not well understood. Therefore, this study compared measures of balance (static and dynamic) and reactive stepping between older adults (N=99) with (75.79±5.38 years, n=38, 82% female) and without (75.93±6.36 years, n=61, 67% female) MSC. A cross-sectional design was used. Static balance was assessed via postural sway area (PSA) and PSA root mean square (PSARMS) during quiet stance. Dynamic balance was assessed with the Timed Up & Go (TUG), a dual-task cognitive TUG (TUG-COG), and the Four Square Step Test (FSST). Reactive stepping was measured as the first step latency, length, width, time, total number of recovery steps, and time until balance recovery after a backward lean and release. Linear regression was used to assess group differences. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and grip strength, there were no significant differences between groups in static balance (PSA (p=0.884); PSARMS (p=0.246)) and reactive stepping outcomes (first step latency (p=0.184); total number of steps (p=0.423); step width (p=0.964)). The other reactive step outcomes are not reported since explained variance was not statistically significant (p&gt;0.05). With dynamic balance, significant group differences showed individuals with MSC took more time to complete TUG (p=0.011) and TUG-COG (p=0.005), but not the FSST (p=0.493). Our findings suggest improving dynamic balance, especially with a walking component, in older adults with self-reported MSC is needed.
Motor Adaptation to Cognitive Challenges and Destabilizing Treadmill Walking in Healthy Older Adults
Authors: Kao Pei-Chun , Pierro Michaela 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
To develop effective fall prevention intervention, it is necessary to understand how older adults respond to challenges that demand cognitive-motor dual-tasking capability, an important capability in the daily lives. The purpose of this study is to investigate how older adults adjust their motor responses when encountering cognitive and walking perturbations simultaneously. We recorded kinematic data as subjects walked on a treadmill with or without 1) continuous random-amplitude treadmill platform sways (Perturbed vs. No-perturbed walking); and 2) each of the four cognitive tasks: Paced Auditory Serial Addition test (PASAT), clock test, visual color-word incongruent test (V-stroop), and auditory pitch-word incongruent test (A-stroop). We computed dynamic margins of stability (MOS), gait variability, and short-term local divergence exponent (LDE) of the trunk motion (local stability). Data of ten older subjects (age: 72.2±4.9) show that cognitive performance did not differ between standing, Perturbed or No-perturbed walking. Subjects demonstrated significantly greater local instability and variability in step measures, joint angle and MOS during Perturbed than No-perturbed walking (p&lt;0.001). During dual-task conditions, subjects walked with significantly larger medio-lateral MOS (MOSML) compared to walking only, especially during early phase of the trial. During Perturbed walking, subjects had significantly larger MOSML during PASAT and Vstroop than walking only. Our data showed that subjects tried to increase their dynamic MOS during Perturbed walking or a cognitive task more difficult or taxing visual attention. However, the adjustments do not sustain throughout the trial. These findings suggest older adults tend to prioritize cognitive over walking tasks even when encountering walking perturbations.