bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of mixed pigments for Chinese paintings using the improved method of ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry based on mode
Authors: Lyu Shuqiang , Liu Yiyi , Hou Miaole , Yin Qinli , Wu Wangting , Yang Xueyun 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Mixed pigment analysis is an important and complex subject in preserving and restoring Chinese paintings since the colors observed by our naked eyes or instruments such as hyperspectral cameras are usually a mixture of several kinds of pigments. The purpose of this study was to explore a more effective method to confirm the type of every pure pigment and their proportion in pigment mixtures on the surface of paintings.

Methods
Two endmember extraction algorithms were adopted to identify the types of pigments and an improved method of ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry was used to determine their proportion.

Main works
(1) Extracting the pure pigment components from mixed spectrum by adopting two blind source separation algorithms: Independent Component Analysis and Non-negative Matrix Factorization; (2) matching the separated pure spectrum with the pigment spectral library built in our laboratory to determine the pigment type; and (3) calculating the proportions of mixed pigments using the Ratio Spectra Derivative Spectrophotometry based on Mode, which is improved based on the original algorithm. Finally, a comparison was made with two abundance inversion algorithms: Least Squares Algorithm and Minimum Volume Simplex Analysis. The correlation coefficient and root mean square error were used to provide evidence for accuracy evaluation.

Conclusions
(1) Non-negative matrix factorization is more suitable for endmember extraction; and (2) Ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry based on mode is more suitable for abundance inversion.
A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study Investigating the Optimal Timing of a Caffeine-Containing Supplement for Exercise Performance
Authors: Davenport Andrew D. , Jameson Tom S. O. , Kilroe Sean P. , Monteyne Alistair J. , Pavis George F. , Wall Benjamin T. , Dirks Marlou L. , Alamdari Nima , Mikus Catherine R. , Stephens Francis B. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Pre-exercise supplements containing low doses of caffeine improve endurance exercise performance, but the most efficacious time for consumption before intense endurance exercise remains unclear, as does the contribution of caffeine metabolism.

Methods
This study assessed the timing of a commercially available supplement containing 200 mg of caffeine, 1600 mg of β-alanine and 1000 mg of quercetin [Beachbody Performance Energize, Beachbody LLC, USA] on exercise performance, perception of effort and plasma caffeine metabolites. Thirteen cyclists (V̇O2max 64.5 ± 1.4 ml kg− 1 min− 1 (± SEM)) completed four experimental visits consisting of 30 min of steady-state exercise on a cycle ergometer at 83 ± 1% V̇O2max followed by a 15-min time trial, with perceived exertion measured regularly. On three of the visits, participants consumed caffeine either 35 min before steady-state exercise (PRE), at the onset of steady-state (ONS) or immediately before the time trial (DUR) phases, with a placebo consumed at the other two time points (i.e. three drinks per visit). The other visit (PLA) consisted of consuming the placebo supplement at all three time points. The placebo was taste-, colour- and calorie-matched.

Results
Total work performed during the time trial in PRE was 5% greater than PLA (3.53 ± 0.14 vs. 3.36 ± 0.13 kJ kg− 1 body mass; P = 0.0025), but not ONS (3.44 ± 0.13 kJ kg− 1; P = 0.3619) or DUR (3.39 ± 0.13 kJ kg− 1; P = 0.925), which were similar to PLA. Perceived exertion was lowest during steady-state exercise in the PRE condition (P < 0.05), which coincided with elevated plasma paraxanthine in PRE only (P < 0.05).

Conclusion
In summary, ingestion of a pre-exercise supplement containing 200 mg caffeine 35 min before exercise appeared optimal for improved performance in a subsequent fatiguing time trial, possibly by reducing the perception of effort. Whether this was due to increased circulating paraxanthine requires further investigation.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.Gov,NCT02985606; 10/26/2016.
Exploration of indigenous strains of the green muscardine fungus from soils and their pathogenicity against the tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Dhanapal R. , Kumar D. V. Sai Ram , Lakshmipathy R. , Rani C. Sandhya , Kumar V. Manoj 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn the recent years, the keen interest has been increased towards biological control-based management practices using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) for the control of many economically important insects. In this management practices, selection of right strains of EPF is an important criteria to control the target pests in effective manner. In this context, this research work was formulated to find out environmentally effective strains of EPF in the soils of costal districts of Andhra Pradesh. Out of 135 soil samples collected, 8 soil samples yielded 8 strains of Metarhizium anisopliae. Among all 8 M. anisopliae isolates, the least median lethal concentration (LC50) for 2nd instar of the tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was 1.24 × 105 spores ml-1 in M-7, followed by 1.72 × 105 spores ml-1 in M-5 and 1.86 × 105 spores ml-1 in M-4 in an increasing order. Likewise, the median lethal time (LT50) values of different isolates of EPF against 2nd instar of S.litura were calculated for a uniform highest dose of 1 × 108 spores ml−1. Among all 8 M. anisopliae isolates, the lowest LT50 was observed as 186.44 hours post infection (hpi) with M-5 and 189.34 hpi with M-7.
Estimation method of SBAS dual-frequency range error integrity parameter
Authors: Shao Bo , Ding Qun , Wu Xianbing 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe development of a dual-frequency multi-constellation satellite-based augmentation system (DFMC SBAS) is in progress worldwide. The broadcasted dual-frequency range error (DFRE) integrity parameter reflects the effects of satellite ephemeris and clock corrections. A user uses the DFRE to calculate the protection level and then determines whether the DFMC SBAS service satisfies the requirements of the current flight phase. However, the calculation of the DFRE has not been reported. Herein, a DFRE estimation method is proposed based on the projection method. Using the ephemeris–clock covariance matrix of each satellite, the maximal projection direction was solved, and the projection of the covariance matrix on this direction was used as the DFRE to form an envelope for the maximal corrected error. Results show that the DFRE can form an envelope of the maximal corrected error with a set probability, and the integrity performance in the user segment satisfies the Category I precision approach requirement.
Effect of moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest on neurological outcomes in elderly patients undergoing replacement of the thoracic aorta
Authors: Salem Mohamed , Friedrich Christine , Thiem Alexander , Salem Mostafa Ahmed , Puehler Thomas , Rusch Rene , Berndt Rouven , Cremer Jochen , Haneya Assad 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundVarious studies evaluated the relationship between hypothermic circulatory arrest and neurological outcome in patients undergoing replacement of ascending aorta. The current analysis focuses on the effect of moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest (MHCA) on elderly patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of MHCA on neurological outcomes in elderly patients undergoing replacement of the ascending aorta.ResultsWe retrospectively analyzed 905 consecutive patients, who underwent elective replacement of ascending aorta in MHCA (24 ± 2 °C, nasopharyngeal) between 2001 and 2015. Patients with acute aortic dissection were excluded from this study. Patients were divided into two groups: those aged 75 years and older (elderly group 22.4%,n = 203) and those younger than 75 years (younger group 77.6%,n = 702).The average age was 63.2 ± 10.2 in the young group vs. 78.7 ± 3.0 years in elderly group (p < 0.001). The elderly group had a significantly higher EuroSCORE II [26.7% (18.1, 36.3) vs. 11.6% (7.4, 19.9);p < 0.001)]. The incidence of coronary heart disease (49.8% vs. 35.6%,p < 0.001) and chronic renal failure (17.2% vs. 9.1%,p = 0.001) was significantly higher in the elderly group. Intraoperatively, the time of MHCA [14 min (12, 17) vs. 15 min (12, 18);p = 0.42], cardiopulmonary bypass [139 min (110, 183) vs. 144 min (113, 189);p = 0.225], and cross-clamping [91 min (63, 116) vs. 92 min (65, 127);p = 0.348] was similar in both groups. Postoperatively, a higher incidence of delirium was significantly reported in the elderly group (24.1% vs. 9.0%,p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference regarding neurological complications between both groups. A 30-day mortality was acceptable for the elderly group, but significantly higher compared with the younger group (7.1% vs. 3.5%,p = 0.031).ConclusionsOur study suggests that surgical replacement of the ascending aorta in MHCA can also be applied safely in elderly patients without increasing the risk of severe neurological complications.
Toll-like receptor 9 negatively related to clinical outcome of AML patients
Authors: Al-Kahiry Waiel M. A. , Dammag Enas A. M. , Abdelsalam Hadeel S. T. , Fadlallah Hayat K. , Owais Mona S. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) can modulate toll-like receptor-9 (TLR9) expression and activation. This study was conducted to elucidate the expression of TLR9 in AML patients and its relation to the prognosis of the disease.

Results
The study included 40 newly diagnosed AML patients managed in the hospital in addition to 20 sex and age matched normal volunteers as control. TLR9 expression assay was conducted on peripheral blood samples of AML cases before the start of treatment as well as the controls by immunophenotyping. TLR9 expression was ranging from 0.10 to 2.40% in AML patients with higher expression among the control, ranging from 0.94 to 8.25%. The median TLR9 expression in AML patients was significantly lower with advanced cytogenetic risk score. It is not significantly differing in relation to patients’ sex, age group, and FAB type of AML. However, significant lower median expression was found in relation to clinical outcome. TLR9 expression ≤ 1% showed lower median overall survival time when compared to those with > 1% expression.

Conclusion
This study concluded that AML patients express TLR9 in leukemic cells with very low percentage. This expression was negatively related to the clinical outcome.
Sustainability of the streamlined ART (START-ART) implementation intervention strategy among ART-eligible adult patients in HIV clinics in public health centers in Uganda: a mixed methods study
Authors: Katuramu Richard , Kamya Moses R. , Sanyu Naome , Armstrong-Hough Mari , Semitala Fred C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background
Despite increasing access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), the proportion of eligible patients initiated on treatment remains suboptimal. Only 64.6% of the people living with HIV (PLHIV) globally were initiated on ART by June 2019. The streamlined ART (START-ART) implementation study was based on the PRECEDE model, which suggests that “predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing” factors are needed to create behavior change. START-ART increased ART initiation within 2 weeks of eligibility by 42%. However, the gains from some implementation interventions erode over time. We evaluated facilitators and barriers to sustainability of this streamlined ART initiation in the year following the implementation period.

Methods
We designed a mixed-methods explanatory sequential study to examine the sustainability of START-ART implementation. Quantitative component consisted of cross-sectional patient chart reviews of routinely collected data; qualitative component consisted of key informant interviews of health workers in START-ART facilities 2 years after conclusion of the implementation period. We analyzed data from 15 public health centers of Mbarara district, where the START-ART implementation was carried out. We included PLHIV aged > 18 years who initiated ART from June 2013 to July 2016. The START-ART implementation took place from June 2013 to June 2015 while the sustainability period was from August 2015 to July 2016.

Results
A total of 863 ART-eligible patients were sampled. The median CD4 count was 348 cells/ml (IQR 215–450). During the intervention, 338 (77.4%) eligible patients initiated on ART within 2 weeks compared with 375 (88.2%) during the sustainability period (risk difference 10.8%; 95% CI 5.9–15.8%). In 14 of the 15 health centers, the intervention was sustained. During key informant interviews, rapid ART initiation sustainability was attributed to counseling skills that were obtained during intervention and availability of point-of-care (POC) CD4 PIMA machine. Failure to sustain the intervention was attributed to three specific barriers: lack of training after the intervention, transfer of trained staff to other health facilities, and shortage of supplies like cartridges for POC CD4 PIMA machine.

Conclusion
Rapid ART initiation was sustained in most health centers. Skills acquired during the intervention and functional POC CD4 machine facilitated while staff transfers and irregular laboratory supplies were barriers to sustainability of rapid ART initiation.
Recovery After Stroke
Authors: Cramer Steven C. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article describes restorative therapies to improve patient outcomes after stroke. These therapies contrast with acute stroke treatments such as recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) and thrombectomy that target clots, aim to salvage threatened brain tissue to limit injury, and have a time window measured in hours. Restorative therapies target the brain, aim to promote plasticity within surviving brain tissue, and have a time window measured in days to weeks or longer.

RECENT FINDINGS
A number of drugs are under study. Preclinical studies are providing attractive therapeutic candidates for translation, such as the C-C chemokine receptor 5 inhibitor maraviroc. Some drug studies have used a pragmatic approach, which is premature for the nascent field of neural repair. Substantial data support the utility of activity-dependent therapies, including constraint-induced movement therapy, with recent studies supporting the need for very high doses to generate the best functional gains. While stem cell therapies are at an early stage, mounting preclinical evidence supports the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells; some initial human studies are supportive. Several types of brain stimulation have been examined, and in some cases initial studies are promising.

SUMMARY
Improved insights into stroke recovery and its treatment have the potential to reduce disability in a large segment of stroke survivors.
Neuroimaging in Acute Stroke
Authors: Menon Bijoy K. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article describes how imaging can be used by physicians in diagnosing, determining prognosis, and making appropriate treatment decisions in a timely manner in patients with acute stroke.

RECENT FINDINGS
Advances in acute stroke treatment, including the use of endovascular thrombectomy in patients with large vessel occlusion and, more recently, of IV thrombolysis in an extended time window, have resulted in a paradigm shift in how imaging is used in patients with acute stroke. This paradigm shift, combined with the understanding that “time is brain,” means that imaging must be fast, reliable, and available around the clock for physicians to make appropriate clinical decisions. CT has therefore become the primary imaging modality of choice. Recognition of a large vessel occlusion using CT angiography has become essential in identifying patients for endovascular thrombectomy, and techniques such as imaging collaterals on CT angiography or measuring blood flow to predict tissue fate using CT perfusion have become useful tools in selecting patients for acute stroke therapy. Understanding the use of these imaging modalities and techniques in dealing with an emergency such as acute stroke has therefore become more important than ever for physicians treating patients with acute stroke.

SUMMARY
Imaging the brain and the blood vessels supplying it using modern tools and techniques is a key step in understanding the pathophysiology of acute stroke and making appropriate and timely clinical decisions.
Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Rost Natalia S. , Etherton Mark 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This article reviews the clinical significance and neuroimaging characteristics of cerebral small vessel disease and the impact on neurologic disease and current and potential therapeutic approaches.

RECENT FINDINGS
Cerebral small vessel disease is increasingly prevalent and highly heterogeneous in neuroimaging and clinical presentation. Small subcortical infarcts, lacunes, cerebral microbleeds, cortical microinfarcts, and white matter hyperintensity of presumed vascular origin represent the major neuroimaging markers of small vessel disease. Increasing small vessel disease burden is associated with risk of incident stroke and dementia, as well as other neuropsychiatric symptoms. Current research strategies are targeting elucidation of the mechanisms of small vessel disease pathogenesis and pursuing clinical trials of therapeutic agents to reduce the clinical manifestations of cerebral small vessel disease.

SUMMARY
Cerebral small vessel disease is common in aging adults and represents a major risk factor for multiple acute and chronic neurologic diseases. Increased awareness of cerebral small vessel disease as a modifiable risk factor holds potential for reducing neurologic disease morbidity and mortality across diverse populations in the United States and worldwide.
Auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata modify root-tip auxin distribution
Authors: Mellor Nathan L. , Voß Ute , Janes George , Bennett Malcolm J. , Wells Darren M. , Band Leah R. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACT
Auxin is a key signal regulating plant growth and development. It is well established that auxin dynamics depend on the spatial distribution of efflux and influx carriers on the cell membranes. In this study, we employ a systems approach to characterise an alternative symplastic pathway for auxin mobilisation via plasmodesmata, which function as intercellular pores linking the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. To investigate the role of plasmodesmata in auxin patterning, we developed a multicellular model of the Arabidopsis root tip. We tested the model predictions using the DII-VENUS auxin response reporter, comparing the predicted and observed DII-VENUS distributions using genetic and chemical perturbations designed to affect both carrier-mediated and plasmodesmatal auxin fluxes. The model revealed that carrier-mediated transport alone cannot explain the experimentally determined auxin distribution in the root tip. In contrast, a composite model that incorporates both carrier-mediated and plasmodesmatal auxin fluxes re-capitulates the root-tip auxin distribution. We found that auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata enable auxin reflux and increase total root-tip auxin. We conclude that auxin fluxes through plasmodesmata modify the auxin distribution created by efflux and influx carriers.
Implications of Labor Market Frictions for Risk Aversion and Risk Premia
Authors: Swanson Eric T. 
Published: March 2020

A flexible labor margin allows households to absorb asset value shocks with changes in hours worked, altering the households’ attitudes toward risk (Swanson 2012). This paper analyzes how frictional labor markets affect that analysis. Risk aversion is higher (i) in countries with more frictional labor markets, (ii ) in recessions, and (iii ) for households that have more difficulty finding a job. Labor market frictions in Europe are large enough to raise risk aversion in those countries. Nevertheless, risk aversion in the United States and Europe is much closer to the frictionless benchmark in Swanson (2012) than to traditional, fixed-labor measures. (JEL D11, D81, E24, E32, J22)
The effectiveness of digital multimedia presentation of trial information on recruitment and retention of patients: Protocol for a study within a trial (SWAT).
Authors: Duane Sinead , Vellinga Akke , Smith Valerie , Tierney Marie , Beecher Claire , Burke Megan , Murphy Andrew W. , Devane Declan 
Published: March 2020

Background: Studies within trials (SWATs) present an opportunity to examine design factors that may impact on the successful delivery of trials. One area in need of research is trial recruitment. Recruiting patients to trials is a major challenge facing trialists. Failure to meet recruitment targets can result in delays and underpowered studies. This SWAT evaluates the effectiveness of hand-held digital multimedia presentation of trial information and standard written patient information to potential participants on recruitment and retention to a host trial. Methods: This is the protocol for SWAT 15, a two-group, embedded parallel randomised controlled trial (RCT) (ISRCTN12838042) designed within a host trial - the SATIN trial (ISRCTN88111427), a RCT designed for implementation in the Irish primary care setting. The SWAT eligibility criteria was determined by the host trial. General practices who agree to participate in the host trial will provide women (participants) who are willing to consider participating in the host trial with either a multimedia digital information resource facilitated through a handheld tablet device, plus a written participant information leaflet (Intervention) or a written participant information leaflet (comparator). Outcomes are recruitment and retention to the host SATIN trial and participant’s quality of decision-making. Discussion: Although designed to be implemented in a host trial, the host trial, was suspended and therefore this SWAT was not implemented. The protocol and the lessons learnt whilst developing it offer guidance to researchers who wish to answer similar research questions in the future in a similar context or setting. Trial registration: ISRCTN Registry ISRCTN12838042 (11/10/2017)