bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Prolonged Education Causally Affect Dementia Risk When Adult Socioeconomic Status Is Not Altered? A Swedish Natural Experiment in 1.3 Million Individuals
Authors: Seblova Dominika , Fischer Martin , Fors Stefan , Johnell Kristina , Karlsson Martin , Nilsson Therese , Svensson Anna C , Lövdén Martin , Lager Anton 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Intervening on modifiable risk factors to prevent dementia is of key importance, since progress-modifying treatments are not currently available. Education is inversely associated with dementia risk, but causality and mechanistic pathways remain unclear. We aimed to examine the causality of this relationship in Sweden using, as a natural experiment, data on a compulsory schooling reform that extended primary education by 1 year for 70% of the population between 1936 and 1949. The reform introduced substantial exogenous variation in education that was unrelated to pupils’ characteristics. We followed 18 birth cohorts (n = 1,341,842) from 1985 to 2016 (up to ages 79–96 years) for a dementia diagnosis in the National Inpatient and Cause of Death registers and fitted Cox survival models with stratified baseline hazards at the school-district level, chronological age as the time scale, and cohort indicators. Analyses indicated very small or negligible causal effects of education on dementia risk (main hazard ratio = 1.01, 95% confidence interval: 0.98, 1.04). Multiple sensitivity checks considering only compliers, the pre-/post- design, differences in health-care-seeking behavior, and the impact of exposure misclassification left the results essentially unaltered. The reform had limited effects on further adult socioeconomic outcomes, such as income. Our findings suggest that without mediation through adult socioeconomic position, education cannot be uncritically considered a modifiable risk factor for dementia.
English School—“Chinese IR” Engagements: Order, Harmony, and the Limits of Elitism in Global IR
Authors: Williams John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article addresses ongoing discussions across the English School (ES) of International Relations (IR) theory and IR theory drawing on Chinese philosophical traditions and Chinese history as exemplifying a “Global IR” approach. However, common interests in long-run history, non-material forms of power, and an international social structure have not yet led to sustained discussion of normative issues important to both approaches. Showing how analytical commonalities between ES and “Chinese” IR accounts of international societies and concepts of order and harmony focus on elite-level perspectives and priorities, I draw on critical and decolonial aspects of Global IR to argue for alternative accounts. Unexplored potential for this exists within the distinct methodological bases of ES and “Chinese IR,” opening space for normative engagement that can provide a model for other inter-tradition encounters in Global IR.
DoNotRead the Latin: Latin as Satanic Signifier in Supernatural Horror Cinema
Authors: Banner Nicholas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article examines the tropological use of the Latin language to evoke the diabolical in supernatural horror cinema. When Latin is intoned in a suitably Gothic context, horror-savvy audiences have every reason to foresee the Devil and his minions arriving in short order, and are rarely disappointed. This article examines the genealogy of this trope, modelling the prolegomena to an intellectual history of cinematic Satanic Latin. The first part of the analysis traces the development of the trope through literature via the European and American Gothic traditions, the writings of the Decadents, and supernatural horror literature. The analysis then broadens to encompass Occultism, the occult, and ‘occulture’ more generally as important aspects of the discourse-community within which Satanic Latin functions. Finally, the scholarly concept of ‘re-enchantment’ from the history of religions is brought to bear on the semiotic role of Satanic Latin in its performative cinematic context.
Antiepileptic rufinamide and QTc interval shortening in a patient with long QT syndrome: case report
Authors: Mondal Tapas , Sullivan Kristen , Divakaramenon Syam , Hamilton Robert M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
There is limited pharmacologic therapy to reduce the QT interval in hereditary long QT syndrome (LQTS).

Case summary
We describe a child with Allan–Herndon–Dudley syndrome, Lennox–Gastaut epileptic syndrome (LGS), and LQTS Type 1 (LQTS1). Rufinamide was added to his antiepileptic medications to improve seizure control and was noted to be associated with a marked improvement in electrocardiogram QT interval. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of successful pharmacologic shortening of the QT interval in LQTS1.

Discussion
This case report highlights the potential benefits of rufinamide, a drug associated with mild QT shortening in normal individuals, to markedly reduce and normalize QT duration in a subject with LQTS1.
Dual attenuation peaks revealing mesoscopic and microscopic fluid flow in partially oil-saturated Fontainebleau sandstones
Authors: Zhao Liming , Tang Genyang , Sun Chao , Zhao Jianguo , Wang Shangxu 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARY
We conducted stress–strain oscillation experiments on dry and partially oil-saturated Fontainebleau sandstone samples over the 1–2000 Hz band at different confining pressures to investigate the wave-induced fluid flow (WIFF) at mesoscopic and microscopic scales and their interaction. Three tested rock samples have similar porosity between 6 and 7 per cent and were partially saturated to different degrees with different oils. The measurement results exhibit a single or two attenuation peaks that are affected by the saturation degree, oil viscosity and confining pressure. One peak, exhibited by all samples, shifts to lower frequencies with increasing pressure, and is mainly attributed to grain contact- or microcrack-related squirt flow based on modelling of its characteristics and comparison with other experiment results for sandstones. The other peak is present at smaller frequencies and shifts to higher frequencies as the confining pressure increases, showing an opposite pressure dependence. This contrast is interpreted as the result of fluid flow patterns at different scales. We developed a dual-scale fluid flow model by incorporating the squirt flow effect into the patchy saturation model, which accounts for the interaction of WIFFs at microscopic and mesoscopic scales. This model provides a reasonable interpretation of the measurement results. Our broad-frequency-band measurements give physical evidence of WIFFs co-existing at two different scales, and combining with modelling results, it suggests that the WIFF mechanisms, related to pore microstructure and fluid distribution, interplay with each other and jointly control seismic attenuation and dispersion at reservoir conditions. These observations and modelling results are useful for quantitative seismic interpretation and reservoir characterization, specifically they have potential applications in time-lapse seismic analysis, fluid prediction and reservoir monitoring.
Northern Chile intermediate-depth earthquakes controlled by plate hydration
Authors: Cabrera Leoncio , Ruiz Sergio , Poli Piero , Contreras-Reyes Eduardo , Osses Axel , Mancini Renzo 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARY
We investigate the variations of the seismic source properties and aftershock activity using kinematic inversions and template-matching for six large magnitude intermediate-depth earthquakes occurred in northern Chile. Results show similar rupture geometry and stress drop values between 7 and 30 MPa. Conversely, aftershock productivity systematically decreases for the deeper events within the slab. Particularly, there is a dramatic decrease in aftershock activity below the 400–450 °C isotherm depth, which separates high- and low-hydrated zones. The events exhibit tensional focal mechanisms at unexpected depths within the slab, suggesting a deepening of the neutral plane, where the extensional regimen reaches the 700–800 °C isotherm depth. We interpret the reduction of aftershocks in the lower part of the extensional regime as the absence of a hydrated-slab at those depths. Our finding highlights the role of the thermal structure and fluids in the subducting plate in controlling the intermediated-depth seismic activity and shed new light in their causative mechanism.
Heart transplant outcomes in patients with mechanical circulatory support: cold storage versus normothermic perfusion organ preservation
Authors: Sponga Sandro , Benedetti Giovanni , de Manna Nunzio Davide , Ferrara Veronica , Vendramin Igor , Lechiancole Andrea , Maiani Massimo , Nalon Sandro , Nalli Chiara , Di Nora Concetta , Bortolotti Uberto , Livi Ugolino 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOBJECTIVESPatients with mechanical circulatory support bridged to a heart transplant (HTx) are at higher risk of postoperative graft dysfunction. In this subset, a mode of graft preservation that shortens graft ischaemia should be beneficial.METHODSThe outcomes of 38 patients on mechanical circulatory support (extracorporeal life support, left ventricular assist device and biventricular assist device) who received a HTx between 2015 and 2020 were analysed according to the method of graft preservation: cold storage (CS) group, 24 (63%) or ex vivo perfusion (EVP) group, 14 (37%).RESULTSThe median age was 57 (range 30–73) vs 64 (35–75) years (P = 0.10); 88% were men (P = 0.28); extracorporeal life support was more frequent in the CS group (54% vs 36%; P = 0.27) versus left ventricular and biventricular assist devices in the EVP group (46% vs 64%; P = 0.27). Clamping time was shorter in the EVP group (P &lt; 0.001) and ischaemic time &gt;4 h was higher in the CS group (P = 0.01). Thirty-day mortality was 13% (0–27%) in the CS group and 0% (P = 0.28) in the EVP group. A significantly lower primary graft failure [7% (0–23%) vs 42% (20–63%); P = 0.03] was observed in the EVP group. Survival at 1 year was 79 ± 8% (63–95%) in the CS group and 84 ± 10% (64–104%) in the EVP group (P = 0.95).CONCLUSIONSOur results support the use of ex vivo graft perfusion in patients on mechanical circulatory support as a bridge to a HTx. This technique, by shortening graft ischaemic time, seems to improve post-HTx outcomes.
Investigating the causal effect of maternal vitamin B12 and folate levels on offspring birthweight
Authors: Moen Gunn-Helen , Beaumont Robin N , Grarup Niels , Sommer Christine , Shields Beverley M , Lawlor Deborah A , Freathy Rachel M , Evans David M , Warrington Nicole M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Lower maternal serum vitamin B12 (B12) and folate levels have been associated with lower offspring birthweight, in observational studies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this relationship is causal.

Methods
We performed two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) using summary data on associations between genotype-B12 (10 genetic variants) or genotype-folate (four genetic variants) levels from: a genome-wide association study of 45 576 individuals (sample 1); and both maternal- and fetal-specific genetic effects on offspring birthweight from the latest Early Growth Genetics consortium meta-analysis with 297 356 individuals reporting their own birthweight and 210 248 women reporting their offspring's birthweight (sample 2). We used the inverse variance weighted method, and sensitivity analyses to account for pleiotropy, in addition to excluding a potentially pleiotropic variant in the FUT2 gene for B12 levels.

Results
We did not find evidence for a causal effect of maternal or fetal B12 levels on offspring birthweight. The results were consistent across the different methods. We found a positive causal effect of maternal folate levels on offspring birthweight [0.146 (0.065, 0.227), which corresponds to an increase in birthweight of 71 g per 1 standard deviation higher folate]. We found some evidence for a small inverse effect of fetal folate levels on their own birthweight [−0.051 (−0.100, −0.003)].

Conclusions
Our results are consistent with evidence from randomized controlled trials that higher maternal folate levels increase offspring birthweight. We did not find evidence for a causal effect of B12 levels on offspring birthweight, suggesting previous observational studies may have been confounded.
The Interplay of Online Network Homogeneity, Populist Attitudes, and Conspiratorial Beliefs: Empirical Evidence From a Survey on German Facebook Users
Authors: Cargnino Manuel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSocial networking sites are suspected to impede the communication between members of different political camps and thereby increase network homogeneity. This homogeneity can be a result of humans’ tendency to process information in confirmatory ways—a characteristic which is also ascribed to populist citizens and those who hold conspiratorial beliefs. It is hypothesized that populist views and conspiratorial beliefs are associated with higher exposure to like-minded information within Facebook. An online survey with German Facebook users (N = 469) revealed that populist attitudes are positively associated with conspiratorial beliefs but negatively associated with homogeneity. Conspiratorial beliefs are unrelated to homogeneity. Findings are discussed in the light of extant research.
A unified theory for continuous-in-time evolving finite element space approximations to partial differential equations in evolving domains
Authors: Elliott C M , Ranner T 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We develop a unified theory for continuous-in-time finite element discretizations of partial differential equations posed in evolving domains, including the consideration of equations posed on evolving surfaces and bulk domains, as well as coupled surface bulk systems. We use an abstract variational setting with time-dependent function spaces and abstract time-dependent finite element spaces. Optimal a priori bounds are shown under usual assumptions on perturbations of bilinear forms and approximation properties of the abstract finite element spaces. The abstract theory is applied to evolving finite elements in both flat and curved spaces. Evolving bulk and surface isoparametric finite element spaces defined on evolving triangulations are defined and developed. These spaces are used to define approximations to parabolic equations in general domains for which the abstract theory is shown to apply. Numerical experiments are described, which confirm the rates of convergence.
Log orthogonal functions: approximation properties and applications
Authors: Chen Sheng , Shen Jie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We present two new classes of orthogonal functions, log orthogonal functions and generalized log orthogonal functions, which are constructed by applying a $\log $ mapping to Laguerre polynomials. We develop basic approximation theory for these new orthogonal functions, and apply them to solve several typical fractional differential equations whose solutions exhibit weak singularities. Our error analysis and numerical results show that our methods based on the new orthogonal functions are particularly suitable for functions that have weak singularities at one endpoint and can lead to exponential convergence rate, as opposed to low algebraic rates if usual orthogonal polynomials are used.
Space–time discontinuous Galerkin approximation of acoustic waves with point singularities
Authors: Bansal Pratyuksh , Moiola Andrea , Perugia Ilaria , Schwab Christoph 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe develop a convergence theory of space–time discretizations for the linear, second-order wave equation in polygonal domains $\varOmega \subset{\mathbb R}^2$, possibly occupied by piecewise homogeneous media with different propagation speeds. Building on an unconditionally stable space–time DG formulation developed in Moiola & Perugia (2018, A space–time Trefftz discontinuous Galerkin method for the acoustic wave equation in first-order formulation. Numer. Math., 138, 389–435), we (a) prove optimal convergence rates for the space–time scheme with local isotropic corner mesh refinement on the spatial domain, and (b) demonstrate numerically optimal convergence rates of a suitable sparse space–time version of the DG scheme. The latter scheme is based on the so-called combination formula, in conjunction with a family of anisotropic space–time DG discretizations. It results in optimal-order convergent schemes, also in domains with corners, with a number of degrees of freedom that scales essentially like the DG solution of one stationary elliptic problem in $\varOmega $ on the finest spatial grid. Numerical experiments for both smooth and singular solutions support convergence rate optimality on spatially refined meshes of the full and sparse space–time DG schemes.
HIV, Immune Dysfunction, and the Natural History of Anal High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Infection in Gay and Bisexual Men
Authors: Poynten I Mary , Jin Fengyi , Garland Suzanne M , Hillman Richard J , Molano Monica , Roberts Jennifer M , Templeton David J , Phillips Samuel , Law Carmella , Fairley Christopher K , Farnsworth Annabelle , Grulich Andrew E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Incidence of anal cancer is highest in gay and bisexual men (GBM). Better understanding of the natural history of anal high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection is needed for anal cancer prevention.

Methods
The Study of the Prevention of Anal Cancer was a 3-year study of Australian GBM, aged 35 years or older. We examined incidence, clearance, and risk factors for 13 hrHPV types at baseline and 3 annual visits.

Results
In 525 men with ≥ 2 visits, 348 (66.3%) acquired ≥ 1 incident hrHPV infection. HPV16 incidence rates were similar, but non-16 hrHPV incidence was higher in HIV-positive (51.8/100 person years [PY]) than HIV-negative men (36.5/100 PY, P &lt; .001). Annual clearance rates of HPV16 (13.21/100 PY, 95% confidence interval, 10.53–16.56) were lower than for other hrHPV types. hrHPV clearance rates were not associated with HIV overall but were significantly lower in those with a lower nadir CD4 (&lt;200 cells/µL) for HPV16 (P = .015) and other hrHPV types (P = .007).

Conclusions
Higher incidence of non-16 hrHPV types, coupled with lower clearance of non-16 hrHPV types in those with past impaired immune function, is consistent with the greater role of non-16 hrHPV in anal cancer in HIV-positive people.

Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry
ANZCTR365383.
PCT Kinetics in the First Week Postburn for Sepsis Diagnosis and Death Prognosis—An Accuracy Study
Authors: Cabral Luís , Fernandes Mariana , Marques Sérgio , Meireles Rita , Caetano Marisa , Afreixo Vera 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Despite continuous advances in burn care, sepsis is still the main cause of death in burn patients. Procalcitonin (PCT) has been reported as an accurate sepsis biomarker and also as a fair predictor of death. The aim of this study was to assess PCT kinetics in the first week postburn regarding sepsis diagnosis and death prognosis. Sample included 142 patients with ≥15% TBSA, admitted from January 2011 to December 2014 at Coimbra Burns Unit, Portugal. Sepsis diagnosis was done according to American Burn Association criteria. PCT range and median values in the first 7 days after burns were statistically analyzed for its potential for sepsis diagnosis and death prognosis. A subanalysis was done regarding TBSA, sex, age, and inhalation injury. First week PCT range and median were significant for sepsis diagnosis and death prognosis, but the median area under the curve was greater in the last case. TBSA influenced PCT accuracy, which was greater for TBSA less than 40% either for diagnosis or prognosis. Age was inversely related to the accuracy, being better in younger than 40 years in both cases. PCT diagnostic accuracy was not affected by sex, opposing to the prognostic one which is better in women. Inhalation injury had no effect on diagnostic accuracy, but it happens with prognostic accuracy. PCT levels’ variation is related to sepsis evolution and outcome. Its median performs better than its range. Always coupled with clinical examination, monitoring PCT levels kinetics may help early sepsis detection, potentially reducing morbidity and mortality, being also useful for death prognosis.
Cardiovascular Safety of Metoclopramide Compared to Domperidone: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Cowan Andrea , Garg Amit X , McArthur Eric , Muanda Tsobo Flory , Weir Matthew A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Metoclopramide and domperidone are common prokinetics used to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms. However, both drugs may trigger ventricular arrhythmias.

Aim
We conducted this population-based study to compare the 30-day cardiovascular safety of metoclopramide versus domperidone in outpatient care.

Methods
We used health care databases to identify a cohort of patients in Ontario, Canada newly dispensed metoclopramide or domperidone. Inverse probability of treatment weighting based on propensity scores was used to balance the baseline characteristics of the two groups. All outcomes were assessed in the 30 days following drug dispensing. The primary outcome was hospital encounter with ventricular arrhythmia. The secondary outcomes were hospital encounter with cardiac arrest, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality.

Results
We identified 196,544 patients, 19% of whom were prescribed metoclopramide. There was no difference in the risk of a hospital encounter with ventricular arrythmia (0.02% in both groups), or cardiac arrest (0.10% with metoclopramide and 0.08% with domperidone). However, 1.34% of patients died after starting metoclopramide compared to 0.52% of patients starting domperidone; weighted risk ratio 2.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.13 to 3.03). Similarly, 0.42% of patients died of cardiovascular causes after starting metoclopramide compared to 0.19 % of patients starting domperidone; weighted risk ratio 2.00 (95% CI 1.44 to 2.77).

Conclusion
The 30-day risk for a hospital encounter with ventricular arrhythmia was low for both metoclopramide and domperidone, with no significant difference in the rate between the two drugs. The higher 30-day risk of death observed with metoclopramide compared with domperidone in this study has also been observed in other studies and warrants further investigation.
Unorganized point classification for robust NURBS surface reconstruction using a point-based neural network
Authors: Song Jinho , Lee Junhee , Ko Kwanghee , Kim Won-Don , Kang Tae-Won , Kim Jeung-Youb , Nam Jong-Ho 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a method for classifying 3D unorganized points into interior and boundary points using a deep neural network is proposed. The classification of 3D unorganized points into boundary and interior points is an important problem in the nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surface reconstruction process. A part of an existing neural network PointNet, which processes 3D point segmentation, is used as the base network model. An index value corresponding to each point is proposed for use as an additional property to improve the classification performance of the network. The classified points are then provided as inputs to the NURBS surface reconstruction process, and it has been demonstrated that the reconstruction is performed efficiently. Experiments using diverse examples indicate that the proposed method achieves better performance than other existing methods.