bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shared micromobility: The influence of regulation on travel mode choice
Authors: Lo Dominic , Mintrom Chelsea , Robinson Kate , Thomas Ryan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractShared micromobility, in the form of e‐scooter sharing systems, was introduced to New Zealand (NZ) in late 2018 without a consistent national regulatory framework. This article reflects on the relationship between potential scooter‐share regulations and ridership. Examples of scooter‐share regulations overseas and existing research into similar bicycle‐ and moped‐sharing systems were synthesised into a framework for analysis. Results from an online survey in NZ suggested that regulations governing user behaviour have a negative effect on scooter‐share usage. They also indicated that micromobility technology in the right regulatory environment may offer social, environmental, and transport equity benefits.
RAC1mutation is not a predictive biomarker for PI3’‐kinase‐β‐selective pathway‐targeted therapy
Authors: Foth Mona , Parkman Gennie , Battistone Benjamin , McMahon Martin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMutational activation of RAC1 is detected in ~7% of cutaneous melanoma, with the most frequent mutation (RAC1C85T) encoding for RAC1P29S. RAC1P29S is a fast‐cycling GTPase that leads to accumulation of RAC1P29S‐GTP, which has potentially pleiotropic regulatory functions in melanoma cell signaling and biology. However, the precise mechanism by which mutationally activated RAC1P29S propagates its pro‐tumorigenic effects remains unclear. RAC1‐GTP is reported to activate the beta isoform of PI3’‐kinase (PIK3CB/PI3Kβ) leading to downstream activation of PI3’‐lipid signaling. Hence, we employed both genetic and isoform‐selective pharmacological inhibitors to test if RAC1P29S propagates its oncogenic signaling in melanoma through PI3Kβ. We observed that RAC1P29S‐expressing melanoma cells were largely insensitive to inhibitors of PI3Kβ. Furthermore, RAC1P29S melanoma cell lines showed variable sensitivity to pan‐class 1 (α/β/γ/δ) PI3’‐kinase inhibitors, suggesting that RAC1‐mutated melanoma cells may not rely on PI3’‐lipid signaling for their proliferation. Lastly, we observed that RAC1P29S‐expressing cell lines also showed variable sensitivity to pharmacological inhibition of the RAC1 → PAK1 signaling pathway, questioning the relevance of inhibitors of this pathway for the treatment of patients with RAC1‐mutated melanoma.
Health literacy and its association with adherence in pediatric liver transplant recipients and their parents
Authors: Dore‐Stites Dawn , Lopez M. James , Magee John C. , Bucuvalas John , Campbell Kathleen , Shieck Victoria , Well Andrew , Fredericks Emily M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectiveNon‐adherence to pediatric regimens is a common concern. Low health literacy is correlated with poor outcomes in adults but is understudied in pediatrics. The current project aimed to determine the relationship between health literacy, adherence, and outcomes in pediatric liver transplant recipients. Hypotheses included a) parent and patient health literacy would be positively correlated; and b) low patient and/or parent health literacy would be negatively correlated with adherence and health outcomes.Patients and MethodsEligible participants were recruited during routine follow‐up visits in a pediatric liver transplant clinic. Parents and patients (>13 years old) completed 2 measures of health literacy. Patients ≥18 years completed health literacy measures without corresponding parent surveys. Adherence variables and health outcomes were obtained from medical records.ResultsSeventy‐nine patients across two sites completed the study. Variance in classification of health literacy between measures was observed; however, most parents (82%‐100%) scored within an “adequate literacy” range. More adolescents scored in lower health literacy ranges relative to the parents. Markers of SES were positively correlated with health literacy. Parent health literacy was negatively associated with biopsy‐proven rejection episodes and the number of hospitalizations; however, it was not associated with measures of tacrolimus adherence. There were no relationships observed between parent and adolescent health literacy.ConclusionsHealth literacy is an important consideration in managing patient care; however, available measures demonstrate variability in capturing the skills of patients. Effective communication strategies may ameliorate admittedly small, but negative, impacts of limited health literacy on outcomes.
A portrait of the immune response to proliferative kidney disease (PKD) in rainbow trout
Authors: Bailey Christyn , Holland Jason W. , Secombes Christopher J. , Tafalla Carolina 
Published: May 2020

AbstractProliferative kidney disease (PKD), caused by the myxozoan Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, is one of the most serious parasitic diseases of salmonids in which outbreaks cause severe economic constraints for the aquaculture industry and declines of wild species throughout Europe and North America. Given that rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is one of the most widely farmed freshwater fish and an important model species for fish immunology, most of the knowledge on how the fish immune response is affected during PKD is from this organism. Once rainbow trout are infected, PKD pathogenesis results in a chronic kidney immunopathology mediated by decreasing myeloid cells and increasing lymphocytes. Transcriptional studies have revealed the regulation of essential genes related to T‐helper (Th)‐like functions and a dysregulated B‐cell antibody type response. Recent reports have discovered unique details of teleost B‐cell differentiation and functionality and characterized the differential immunoglobulin (Ig)‐mediated response. These studies have solidified the rainbow trout T. bryosalmonae system as a sophisticated disease model capable of feeding key advances into mainstream immunology and have contributed essential information to design novel parasite disease prevention strategies. In our following perspective, we summarize these efforts to evaluate the immune mechanisms of rainbow trout during PKD pathogenesis.
Salmon immunological defence and interplay with the modulatory capabilities of its ectoparasite Lepeophtheirus salmonis
Authors: Braden Laura M. , Monaghan Sean J. , Fast Mark D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe salmon louse Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Lsal) is an ectoparasitic copepod that exerts immunomodulatory and physiological effects on its host Atlantic salmon. Over 30 years of research on louse biology, control, host responses and the host‐parasite relationship has provided a plethora of information on the intricacies of host resistance and parasite adaptation. Atlantic salmon exhibit temporal and spatial impairment of the immune system and wound healing ability during infection. This immunosuppression may render Atlantic salmon less tolerant to stress and other confounders associated with current management strategies. Contrasting susceptibility of salmonid hosts exists, and early pro‐inflammatory Th1 type responses are associated with resistance. Rapid cellular responses to larvae appear to tip the balance of the host‐parasite relationship in favour of the host, preventing severe immune‐physiological impacts of the more invasive adults. Immunological, transcriptomic, genomic and proteomic evidence suggests pathological impacts occur in susceptible hosts through modulation of host immunity and physiology via pharmacologically active molecules. Co‐evolutionary and farming selection pressures may have incurred preference of Atlantic salmon as a host for Lsal reflected in their interactome. Here, we review host‐parasite interactions at the primary attachment/feeding site, and the complex life stage‐dependent molecular mechanisms employed to subvert host physiology and immune responses.
Effect of light and dark on the growth and development of downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis
Authors: Telli Osman , Jimenez‐Quiros Catherine , McDowell John M. , Tör Mahmut 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDisease development in plants requires a susceptible host, a virulent pathogen, and a favourable environment. Oomycete pathogens cause many important diseases and have evolved sophisticated molecular mechanisms to manipulate their hosts. Day length has been shown to impact plant–oomycete interactions but a need exists for a tractable reference system to understand the mechanistic interplay between light regulation, oomycete pathogen virulence, and plant host immunity. Here we present data demonstrating that light is a critical factor in the interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and its naturally occurring downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa). We investigated the role of light on spore germination, mycelium development, sporulation, and oospore formation of Hpa, along with defence responses in the host. We observed abundant Hpa sporulation on compatible Arabidopsis under day lengths ranging from 10 to 14 hr. In contrast, exposure to constant light or constant dark suppressed sporulation. Exposure to constant dark suppressed spore germination, mycelial development, and oospore formation, whereas exposure to constant light stimulated these three stages of development. A biomarker of plant immune system activation was induced under both constant light and constant dark. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that Hpa has the molecular mechanisms to perceive and respond to light and that both the host and pathogen responses are influenced by the light regime. Therefore, this pathosystem can be used for investigations to understand the molecular mechanisms through which oomycete pathogens like Hpa perceive and integrate light signals, and how light influences pathogen virulence and host immunity during their interactions.
The Growth of the Evaluation Tree in the Policy Analysis Forest: Recent Developments in Evaluation
Authors: Lemire Sebastian , Peck Laura R. , Porowski Allan 
Published: May 2020

The practice and profession of evaluation is continually evolving. From its early origin in the Great Society years of the 1960s, through its golden years of the 1970s, its transformation under the fiscal conservatism of the Reagan era in the 1980s, and in its maturation during the performance and results era of the 1990s, the field of evaluation continues to evolve in response to broader trends in society. This article examines recent developments and trends in the practice and profession of evaluation. Structured around the evaluation theory tree, the presentation of these developments elaborates on the three main branches of evaluation: methods, use, and valuing. The concluding discussion briefly addresses the central role of evaluation—and other types of knowledge production—in providing actionable evidence for use in public policy and program decision making.
Evaluation of cervical and uterine size, at 4 weeks postpartum, as a predictor of subsequent fertility in Jersey cattle
Authors: Poock Scott E. , Melendez Pedro , Caldeira Monica O. , Moore Stephen G. , Mayo Lauren M. , Molina‐Coto Roger , Lucy Matthew C. 
Published: May 2020

ContentsUterine and cervical size of Holstein dairy cows is reported among reasons for a decline in dairy cow fertility. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (a) determine whether size of the cervix and uterus at 4 weeks postpartum impacted subsequent fertility at first service in Jersey cattle, (b) determine whether progesterone level at 4 weeks postpartum impacted cyclicity and (c) the association of the presence of corpus luteum and uterus and cervix size. Body condition scores at calving, presence of postpartum diseases, parity number and milk weights were taken from lactating Jersey dairy cows (N = 147) for 28 days postpartum. During the fourth week postpartum, a blood sample was obtained for progesterone concentration, and transrectal ultrasonography was performed by a high‐resolution ultrasound machine to determine cervical and uterine horn diameter, as well as ovarian structures measurements. Correcting for parity number, BCS at calving, presence of diseases and milk yield, cows with a cervix >2.54 ± 0.63 cm and uterine horn >2.25 ± 0.59 cm were less likely to become pregnant at first service (p = .04 andp = .003, respectively). The cows with larger cervix had a trend to be less likely to have a corpus luteum present at the 4th week of lactation (p = .067). Cows with larger uterine horn size were less likely to have a corpus luteum present at the 4th week of lactation (p = .015). It is concluded that a larger cervix and/or uterus during the postpartum was associated negatively with fertility and cyclicity in Jersey cows.
Risk of Antibiotic‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Dispersion from Hog Farms: A Critical Review
Authors: George Alexandra N. , Stewart Jill R. , Evans Jessica C. , Gibson Jacqueline MacDonald 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe World Health Organization has declared antibiotic resistance “one of the biggest threats to global health.” Mounting evidence suggests that antibiotic use in industrial‐scale hog farming is contributing to the spread of antibiotic‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. To capture available evidence on these risks, we searched peer‐reviewed studies published before June 2017 and conducted a meta‐analysis of these studies’ estimates of the prevalence of swine‐associated, antibiotic‐resistant S. aureus in animals, humans, and the environment. The 166 relevant studies revealed consistent evidence of livestock‐associated methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in hog herds (55.3%) raised with antibiotics. MRSA prevalence was also substantial in slaughterhouse pigs (30.4%), industrial hog operation workers (24.4%), and veterinarians (16.8%). The prevalence of swine‐associated, multidrug‐resistant S. aureus (MDRSA)—with resistance to three or more antibiotics—is not as well documented. Nonetheless, sufficient studies were available to estimate MDRSA pooled prevalence in conventional hog operation workers (15.0%), workers’ household members (13.0%), and community members (5.37%). Evidence also suggests that antibiotic‐resistant S. aureus can be present in air, soil, water, and household surface samples gathered in or near high‐intensity hog operations. An important caveat is that prevalence estimates for humans reflect colonization, not active infection, and the health risks of colonization remain poorly understood. In addition, these pooled results may not represent risks in specific locations, due to wide geographic variation. Nonetheless, these results underscore the need for additional preventive action to stem the spread of antibiotic‐resistant pathogens from livestock operations and a streamlined reporting system to track this risk.
Longitudinal Networks of Dyadic Relationships Using Latent Trajectories: Evidence from The European Interbank Market
Authors: Bianchi Federica , Bartolucci Francesco , Peluso Stefano , Mira Antonietta 
Published: May 2020

SummaryFinancial markets are ultimately seen as a collection of dyadic transactions. We study the temporal evolution of dyadic relationships in the European interbank market, as induced by monetary transactions registered in the electronic market for interbank deposits (e-MID) during a period of 10 years (2006–2015). In particular, we keep track of how reciprocal exchange patterns have varied with macro events and exogenous shocks and with the emergence of the Global Financial Crisis in 2008. The approach adopted extends the model of Holland and Leinhardt to a longitudinal setting where individuals’ temporal trajectories for the tendency to connect and reciprocate transactions are explicitly modelled through splines or polynomials, and individual-specific parameters. We estimate the model by an iterative algorithm that maximizes the log-likelihood for every ordered pair of units. The empirical application shows that the methodology proposed may be applied to large networks and represents the process of exchange at a fine-grained level. Further results are available in on-line supplementary material.
Dairy Livestock Interventions for Food Security in Uganda: What are the Implications for Women's Empowerment?*
Authors: Bain Carmen , Ransom Elizabeth , Halimatusa’diyah Iim 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWomen are increasingly the target of agricultural development programs aimed at reducing poverty and food insecurity, especially in sub‐Saharan Africa. Some feminist scholars argue that such efforts are driven more by concerns about the efficient use of resources than the rights of women and do little to transform gendered power relations. We examine how development interventions that target women affect household well‐being, especially food insecurity, empower women, and transform gendered power relations. Our study uses the case of the Gates Foundation funded East Africa Dairy Development (EADD) program in Uganda. Our methods include the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index survey and in‐depth interviews of women farmers and key informants, within the EADD program. We argue that the livestock sector provides critical insights into women's empowerment because livestock are not “socially neutral” in their gendered effects. Our study found that: (1) ownership of dairy cows enhanced important dimensions of women's empowerment and gender equity that benefited women and households; (2) women's labor responsibilities for dairy cows disempowered some women by increasing their time poverty and; (3) ownership of dairy cows provided a means for women to disrupt entrenched social norms related to gender roles within the household and agriculture.
Multiscale change point detection for dependent data
Authors: Dette Holger , Eckle Theresa , Vetter Mathias 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn this article we study the theoretical properties of the simultaneous multiscale change point estimator (SMUCE) in piecewise‐constant signal models with dependent error processes. Empirical studies suggest that in this case the change point estimate is inconsistent, but it is not known if alternatives suggested in the literature for correlated data are consistent. We propose a modification of SMUCE scaling the basic statistic by the long run variance of the error process, which is estimated by a difference‐type variance estimator calculated from local means from different blocks. For this modification we prove model consistency for physical‐dependent error processes and illustrate the finite sample performance by means of a simulation study.
Increased oxygen extraction and mitochondrial protein expression after small muscle mass endurance training
Authors: Skattebo Øyvind , Capelli Carlo , Rud Bjarne , Auensen Marius , Calbet Jose A. L. , Hallén Jostein 
Published: May 2020

When exercising with a small muscle mass, the mass‐specific O2 delivery exceeds the muscle oxidative capacity resulting in a lower O2 extraction compared with whole‐body exercise. We elevated the muscle oxidative capacity and tested its impact on O2 extraction during small muscle mass exercise. Nine individuals conducted six weeks of one‐legged knee extension (1L‐KE) endurance training. After training, the trained leg (TL) displayed 45% higher citrate synthase and COX‐IV protein content in vastus lateralis and 15%‐22% higher pulmonary oxygen uptake (

) and peak power output (

) during 1L‐KE than the control leg (CON; all P < .05). Leg O2 extraction (catheters) and blood flow (ultrasound Doppler) were measured while both legs exercised simultaneously during 2L‐KE at the same submaximal power outputs (real‐time feedback‐controlled). TL displayed higher O2 extraction than CON (main effect: 1.7 ± 1.6% points; P = .010; 40%‐83% of

) with the largest between‐leg difference at 83% of

(O2 extraction: 3.2 ± 2.2% points; arteriovenous O2 difference: 7.1 ± 4.8 mL· L−1; P < .001). At 83% of

, muscle O2 conductance (DMO2; Fick law of diffusion) and the equilibration index Y were higher in TL (P < .01), indicating reduced diffusion limitations. The between‐leg difference in O2 extraction correlated with the between‐leg ratio of citrate synthase and COX‐IV (r = .72‐.73; P = .03), but not with the difference in the capillary‐to‐fiber ratio (P = .965). In conclusion, endurance training improves O2 extraction during small muscle mass exercise by elevating the muscle oxidative capacity and the recruitment of DMO2, especially evident during high‐intensity exercise exploiting a larger fraction of the muscle oxidative capacity.
Sick but at work: Graded sick leave in a comparative perspective
Authors: Leoni Thomas 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMeasures to activate sick‐listed workers and to combine work with sickness benefits are a growing but little‐studied policy field. This article investigates graded sick leave benefits in Sweden, Finland and Germany. The analysis reveals some commonalities between countries, as well as substantial differences in terms of institutional background, benefit design and governance. The schemes range from models in which grading has become an integral component of the regular sickness certification process, to models in which the graded‐work option is targeted at a much smaller category of workers and has a stronger therapeutic character. The variation in design and governance of the models is reflected in large differences in terms of their diffusion. All schemes face a common set of obstacles and challenges. They relate in particular to the distribution of stakeholders' roles and responsibilities, the involvement of employers and the assessment of residual work ability.
An alternative interpretation for the formation of doubly plunging folds in sandstone terrains
Authors: Ji Shaocheng , Li Le 
Published: May 2020

AbstractFolds are marvellous features of mountain terrains, but despite extensive research, many fundamental problems have still not been solved. In terrains of sandstone, fold hinges are rarely straight lines but curved, forming a pattern characterized by doubly plunging, elliptical dome‐and‐basin structures. Such structures are an obvious manifestation of coeval or successive shortening deformation in two orthogonal principal directions in the horizontal plane. Based on an anatomic investigation of the fold pattern of sandstone beds at the rocky beaches of Saint‐Jean‐Port‐Joli (Quebec, Canada), we propose that the doubly plunging folds may result from a transition from a plane deformation to a constrictional deformation due to auxetic effects of quartz‐rich rocks. The sandstone beds possessed potentially such negative values of Poisson's ratio that, when placed under compression in one direction, they become contracted in the transverse direction, producing a series of doubly plunging folds. Further work is needed to approve or disapprove the interpretation.