bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Invited) Magnesium Organic Batteries
Authors: Bitenc Jan , Pirnat Klemen , Randon-Vitanova Anna , Dominko Robert 
Published: February 2020

Magnesium insertion cathodes are predominantly based on chalcogenide materials and possess low energy density due to high molecular weight and low operational voltage. Redox active organic material can be considered as an alternative material, which due to open structure caused by relatively weak intermolecular forces possess much higher gravimetrical energy density. Although, their drawback can be low volumetric energy density since polymers have low density, latter can be compensated with high volumetric density of Mg metal. Redox active organic molecules were considered as a cathode for rechargeable Mg batteries more than decades ago, however their practical application in two electrode cell has been demonstrated with discovery of non-nucleophilic electrolytes which enable reversible stripping and deposition of metallic magnesium. Several different redox active organic materials show potential application, but the most promising direction is use of conjugated carbonyls since predicted theoretical energy density can exceed 700 Wh/kg and batteries show working potential of 2V. Reduction of conjugated carbonyl compounds occurs through the reversible reduction of carbonyl bond as it has been demonstrated by ATR-IR operando measurements.
In this presentation, an overview of recent achievements on the field of magnesium organic batteries will be discussed with a focus on remaining problems that has to be solved in the future.

Acknowledgement: This work is supported HONDA R&D Europe and by the Slovenian Research Agency (research core funding No. P2-0393 and research project J2-8167).

References:

1) J. Bitenc, K. Pirnat, T. Bančič, M. Gaberšček, B. Genorio, A. Randon-Vitanova and R. Dominko, Anthraquinone-Based Polymer as Cathode in Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries, ChemSusChem, 2015, 8, 4128–4132.
2) A. Vizintin, J. Bitenc, A. Kopač Lautar, K. Pirnat, J. Grdadolnik, J. Stare, A. Radon-Vitanova and R. Dominko, Probing electrochemical reactions in organic cathode materials via in operando infrared spectroscopy, Nat. Commun., 2018, 9, 661.
3) J. Bitenc, K. Pirnat, G. Mali, B. Novosel, A. Randon Vitanova and R. Dominko, Poly(hydroquinoyl-benzoquinonyl sulfide) as an active material in Mg and Li organic batteries, Electrochem. commun., 2016, 69, 1–5.
4) T. Bančič, J. Bitenc, K. Pirnat, A. Kopač Lautar, J. Grdadolnik, A. Randon Vitanova and R. Dominko, Electrochemical performance and redox mechanism of naphthalene-hydrazine diimide polymer as a cathode in magnesium battery, J. Power Sources, 2018, 395, 25–30.
5) K. Pirnat, J. Bitenc, A. Vizintin, A. Krajnc and E. Tchernychova, Indirect Synthesis Route toward Cross-Coupled Polymers for High Voltage Organic Positive Electrodes, Chem. Mater., 2018, 30, 5726–5732.
Electrodeposition of Lithium in LiPF6-Based Electrolyte with Trace-Amount of Water
Authors: Yoshii Kazuki , Taguchi Noboru , Kiuchi Hisao , Sakaebe Hikari , Matsubara Eiichiro 
Published: February 2020

Lithium metal has been considered as an attractive candidate of the anode material for the next-generation secondary batteries because of its high theoretical capacity and low redox potential. Among a lot of strategies in order to suppress the inhomogeneous or dendritic growth of lithium during deposition have been proposed so far, some reports suggested that the trace-amount of water leads to smooth the morphology of deposited lithium metal. (1, 2) However, the relationship between the morphology of deposited lithium metal and the content of the electrolyte which changes with the time after addition of the water is not clear. In the present study, we investigated the electrodeposition of lithium in LiPF6-based electrolyte with trace-amount of water. Especially, we focused on the change of the morphology and surface state of the deposited lithium metal with the content of the electrolyte.
100 ppm of water was added into 1.0 mol dm–3 LiPF6 in propylene carbonate (PC) in the Ar-filled glove box and temporal change of its water content was checked by Karl-Fischer titration method. The water content was gradually decreased with time due to the reaction of LiPF6 and water. (3) When the electrodeposition of lithium was conducted on the copper electrode in the electrolyte, the morphology of the deposited lithium changed from inhomogeneous to granular and smooth as time passes after addition of water. This result proposed that the decomposed product in the electrolyte was strongly affected to the morphology of the deposit. (4) We also checked the surface state of the deposits by auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, suggesting that the component of the film greatly influences the morphology of the deposit.
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) under the “Research and Development Initiative for Scientific Innovation of New Generation Batteries 2 (RISING2)”
References

J. Qian, W. Xu, P. Bhattacharya, M. Engelhard, W. A. Henderson, Y. Zhang and J.-G. Zhang, Nano Energy, 15, 135 (2015).

H. Koshikawa, S. Matsuda, K. Kamiya, Y. Kubo, K. Uosaki, K. Hashimoto and S. Nakanishi, J. Power Sources, 350, 73 (2017).

D. Strmcnik, I. E. Castelli, J. G. Connell, D. Haering, M. Zorko, P. Martins, P. P. Lopes, B. Genorio, T. Østergaard, H. A. Gasteiger, F. Maglia, B. K. Antonopoulos, V. R. Stamenkovic, J. Rossmeisl and N. M. Markovic, Nature Catalysis, 1, 255 (2018).

K. Kanamura, S. Shiraishi and Z. Takehara, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, 2187 (1996).
Quantifying the Prospects of Solid-State-Batteries with Lithium Metal
Authors: Richter Felix H. , Randau Simon , Janek Jürgen 
Published: February 2020

With every new announcement of solid-state-batteries (SSBs) shortly becoming a commercial reality, the idea of an electrochemical storage device outperforming lithium-ion-batteries is nearing realization. SSBs with polymer electrolyte and lithium metal were the first type of solid energy store to power electric vehicles, but showed inferior performance to lithium-ion-batteries. Since then, commercialization of SSBs with superior performance to lithium-ion-batteries has been announced for the coming years, but details on the underlying technology are scarce. Ceramic electrolytes with high ionic conductivity promise to form part of the solution. Analysis of published results highlights current research and indicates what may be feasible over the coming years.
The increase in specific energy, energy density, specific power, energy conversion efficiency and cycle efficiency of electrochemical storage devices are important incentives for the development of solid-state batteries. However, a general assessment of SSB performance is often difficult to extract from reports. This is partly due to the complex interplay of performance indicators, but also due to the lack of a basic reference system. In the Ragone diagram, the specific energy and specific power of cells is presented. As the focus here lies on cell chemistry, current collectors and cell casing are omitted in this comparison. Thiophosphate, oxide, and polymer based SSBs are compared.
Analysis of an SSB that is reduced to a minimum of compounds and contains only a lithium metal anode, β-Li3PS4 solid electrolyte and NCM cathode active material gives a minimalistic reference to which to relate cell performance. Even without using conductive carbon or protective coating, the obtained specific energy compares well with previous reports and cycling over at least 200 cycles is feasible. We use this system as an example to demonstrate a general method for evaluating battery performance.
One method of increasing the specific energy of cells is by increasing the cathode active material loading, but this increases cell weight. In order to maintain high specific power, energy conversion efficiency and C-rate, the current density needs to be high. This in turn puts constraints on the internal resistance of the cell, which is fundamental in limiting cell performance. The components making up internal resistance are lithium transport through the solid electrolyte, charge transfer at anode and cathode interfaces, and the electronic conductivity in the cathode composite. Hence, detailed investigations with electrochemical impedance measurements that determine the contributions making up internal resistance are required. In conclusion, we quantify target parameters with which to guide ongoing research efforts towards improving specific energy, energy density, specific power, energy conversion efficiency, and cycling efficiency of SSBs.
(Keynote) Revisiting Protection Matrices for Bioelectrochemical Systems
Authors: Plumeré Nicolas 
Published: February 2020

Redox hydrogel films are among the most practical approaches for protecting O2-sensitive biocatalysts such as hydrogenases from O2 inactivation in bioelectrochemical devices (1). Their protection mechanism relies on the viologen catalyzed reduction of O2 with electrons diverted from the hydrogenase catalyzed H2 oxidation. Despite multiple example of the versatility and universal applicability of the concept (1-3), numerous key question related to their practical use remain open. The lecture will cover unresolved points related to (i) the generation of reactive oxygen species, (ii) the use of excessive thicknesses to ensure protection as well as (iii) the elusive direct evidence for the protection mechanism. Recent progress in the ability to form films with controlled thicknesses (4) and the use of confocal fluorescence microscopy led to new exciting insights in these systems.
(1) N. Plumeré, O. Rüdiger, A. Alsheikh Oughli, R. Williams, J. Vivekananthan, S. Pöller, W. Schuhmann, W. Lubitz, Nature Chemistry, 2014, 6, 822–827.
(2) V. Fourmond, S. Stapf, H. Li, D. Buesen, J. Birrell, O. Rüdiger, W. Lubitz, W. Schuhmann, N. Plumeré, C. Léger, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2015, 137, 5494-5505.
(3) A. Alsheikh Oughli, F. Conzuelo, M. Winkler, T. Happe, W. Lubitz, W. Schuhmann, O. Rüdiger, N. Plumeré, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2015, 54, 12329 –12333.
(4) H. Li, D. Buesen, R Williams, J. Henig, S. Stapf, K. Mukherjee, E. Freier, W. Lubitz, M. Winkler, T. Happe, N. Plumeré, Chemical Science, 2018, 9, 7596-7605.
Financial support by the Cluster of Excellence RESOLV (EXC 1069), by the ERC starting grant 715900 and by the ANR-DFG project SHIELDS (PL 746/2-1) is gratefully acknowledged.
(Invited) The Photoelectrochemistry of Photosynthetic Machineries: From Isolated Proteins to Living Cells
Authors: Zhang Jenny Z 
Published: February 2020

The photoelectrochemistry of natural photosynthetic machineries forms the foundations of many upcoming biotechnologies, whilst also providing valuable insights into the bioenergetics of the complex biological systems. Here, I will show recent developments in the integration of cyanobacterial components, including isolated photosystems, thylakoids and live biofilms into inverse opal mesoporous electrodes for photoelectrochemical studies. The systematic comparison of the different components, each being one step removed in metabolic complexity, allows the electron transfer processes at each level to be more effectively teased out.
I will also showcase the coupling of photoelectrochemistry with additional biophysical techniques, including quartz crystal microbalance and dissipation, ATR-IR spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and rotating ring disk electrode, for providing complemental insights into the bio-material interface.
Interaction between Enzymes and Carbon Nanomaterialsfor Nanobiocatalysis
Authors: Kim Jungbae 
Published: February 2020

Carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene oxides (GROs) have gathered great attention due to their unique physical, chemical and electrical properties. However, the poor dispersion of hydrophobic carbon nanomaterials in hydrophilic aqueous solution makes their versatile uses difficult. As a solution, CNTs are usually treated with strong acids to be dispersed in aqueous solution, but the acid treatment of CNTs is not only tedious and time-consuming but also causes structural defects that can seriously impair the electrical conductivity of CNTs. This presentation will introduce the simple dispersion of CNTs into an enzyme solution, which enables a new nanobiocatalytic approach for the immobilization and stabilization of enzymes. The good dispersion of CNTs in the enzyme solution can be explained by the amphiphilic nature of enzyme’s surface, where hydrophobic moieties interact with the hydrophobic carbon surface while hydrophilic moieties interact with the aqueous solution. Based on effective dispersion of CNTs without acid treatment, we have developed stable form of nanobiocatalyst using glucose oxidase, which was successfully employed for electrochemical biosensors and biofuel cells, respectively. It is anticipated that this newly-developed protocol of nanobiocatalysis based on the simple dispersion of CNTs in aqueous enzyme solution can be easily employed for many other combinations of enzymes and carbon nanomaterials in order to achieve successes in various electrochemical enzyme applications.
Keywords:
Nanobiocatalysis, Carbon nanotubes, Glucose oxidase, Biosensors, Biofuel cells
Construction of Efficient Bio-Electrochemical Devices; An Improved Electricity Production from Cyanobacterium (Leptolyngbia sp.) Based on π-Conjugated Conducting Polymers/Gold Nanoparticles Composite Interfaces
Authors: Buyukharman Mustafa , Cevik Emre , Yildiz Huseyin Bekir 
Published: February 2020

In this study, the electrochemical communication of Lyptolyngbia sp. (CYN82) were accomplished using two different DtP type conducting polymers 4-(4H-Dithieno[3,2-b:2’,3’-d]pyrrole-4-yl)aniline, P(DtP-Py-NH2) and 5-(4H-dithieno [3,2-b:2’,3’-d]pyrol-4-yl) naphtalene-1-amine, P(DtP-Nptyl-NH2) via electropolymerization. After that, p-aminothiophenol and 2-mercaptoethane functionalized AuNPs were cross-linked to DtP polymers modified GE as a result of electropolymerization. Bioelectrodes were obtained by attaching of Leptolyngbia sp. onto the conducting polymer/AuNP modified GEs and stabilized on the electrode surface by using a dialysis membrane. These electrode structures were generated enhanced photocurrent due to high wiring capacity and high electron transfer ability. Electrons are formed as a result of oxidation in CYN82 by photosynthesis in water under visible light is easily transferred to the GE by DtP/AuNP structure (Figure 1). Photocurrent experiments were proved the transfer of electrons were achieved and the effect of P(DtP-Py-NH2) and P(DtP-Nptyl-NH2) polymers reveal that the photocurrent obtained from the electrode using polymer is almost eight-fold greater than the electrode without using polymer. This result indicates that the polymer is highly effective in electron transfer. Another important point in obtaining the enhanced photocurrent is the use of gold nanoparticles in the electrode structure. Results clearly show that the photocurrent measured from the electrodes with AuNP is higher than the other electrodes (without AuNP). Conductivity of AuNP and oligoaniline bridges serves a very suitable surface for fast electron transfer from CYN82 to the gold electrode. A 25 nA cm-2 photocurrent was observed by GE/Leptolyngbia sp.. After the electrode modifications, a significant improvement in the photocurrent up to 630 nA cm-2 was achieved. Bioelectrodes P(DtP-Py-NH2)/AuNP/CYN82 and P(DtP-Nptyl-NH2)/AuNP/CYN82 were tested with diuron, clorpyrifos and atrazine which are the important pesticides as by the decrease in photocurrent which is resulted from inhibition of photosynthesis by pesticides [1].
References
[1] E.Cevik, M. Buyukharman, H.B. Yildiz, "Construction of Efficient Bio-Electrochemical Devices; An Improved Electricity Production from Cyanobacterium (Leptolyngbia sp.) Based on π-Conjugated Conducting Polymers/Gold Nanoparticles Composite Interfaces",
Biotechnology and Bioengineering

2018 (In Press) Doi: 10.1002/bit.26885.

Figure 1
Biowaste-Carbon Materials for Microbial Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Hung Yu-Hsuan , Liu Tzu-Yin , Chen Han-Yi 
Published: February 2020

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs), an unique type of fuel cell, have deeply attracted scientists’ attention as new sustainable energy devises in the past several years. They can transform chemical energy into bioelectricity by utilizing active microorganisms as biocatalyst in the anode compartment. Carbon materials including carbon paper, graphite plates, carbon cloth, and carbon nanotubes are the most commonly used electrodes because of their high surface area, good electric conductivity, and well biocompatibility.
In this study, biowaste-derived activated carbon was fabricated with different activating agent ratios and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The MFCs with biowaste derived activated carbon electrodes exhibited well cell performance with a power density more than 1600 mW/cm2. It demonstrates that the biowaste-derived activated carbon is a promising MFC electrode for sustainable bioelectricity generation.

Keywords: Microbial fuel cells, biowaste derived activated carbon, nitrogen-doped carbon
Self-Powered Photosynthetic Biosensor for Pesticide Detection in Water
Authors: Gonzalez Dolores , Di Lorenzo Mirella 
Published: February 2020

The excessive and uncontrolled use of pesticides seriously compromises the ecological status of water bodies worldwide. The fate and impact of these compounds in the environment is uncertain, due to the lack of appropriate sensing technologies for in situ and real time monitoring of the water quality. Such devices would allow a better assessment of the impact of pesticides on the biodiversity and human health in alternative to lab-based analytical techniques. To this end, algae-based sensors hold great potential, due to the sensitivity and rapid response to environmental changes of algae. Yet, practical applications of this type of biosensors are limited by the long-term stability of the biological sensing element and the actual portability of the device. Photosynthetic biological fuel cells (pBFC) could solve some of the issues associated with traditional algae-based electrochemical biosensors. pBFCs are a specific type of fuel cells, in which the electrochemical reactions are catalysed by photosynthetic microorganisms. In this context, we propose a simple, cost-effective photosynthetic biological fuel cell as a biosensor, for in situ monitoring of water quality.
The aim of this study is to assess the ability of an algae biocathode to detect pesticides in water. The biosensor, based on a double chamber biological fuel cell design, was inoculated on the algae Scenedesmus obliquus at the cathode and anaerobic sludge at the anode. Two cathode materials were tested, graphite felt and ITO/PET, to assess relevance of the electrode morphology and transparency on the system performance. In both cases, the current output generated by the system exhibited a characteristic photosynthetic cyclic pattern, with current increasing during the day and decreasing during the night. The best performance was, however, observed with the graphite felt cathode, with a maximum value of 80 mA m-2 during the day and minimum value of 27 mA m-2, observed during the night. A linear relationship was observed between the dissolved oxygen in the catholyte and the current output, suggesting that this system can be used as dissolved oxygen sensor.
When the catholyte was exposed to a herbicide, such as atrazine, the output current was reduced. Yet, the high porosity of the carbon felt was detrimental for the sensitivity and response time of the sensor, in the sub ppm range.
Overall, our results suggest that the system could be used as an early warning sensor for water contamination.
Keywords: biosensor, biological fuel cell, atrazine, water quality.

Figure 1
A prevalence survey of patients with indwelling urinary catheters on district nursing caseloads in the United Kingdom: The Community Urinary Catheter Management (CCaMa) Study
Authors: Prieto Jacqui , Wilson Jennie , Bak Aggie , Denton Andrea , Flores Ashley , Lusardi Gail , Reid Matthew , Shepherd Lesley , Whittome Niamh , Loveday Heather 
Published: February 2020

Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is common in both hospitals and the community. Aim: To investigate the prevalence of indwelling urinary catheters on district nursing caseloads in the UK. Methods: Participants were recruited through the Infection Prevention Society (IPS). An electronic survey was undertaken on a single day between November 2017 and January 2018. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings: A total of 49,575 patients were included in the survey, of whom 5352 had an indwelling urinary catheter. This gave a point prevalence of 10.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 10.53–11.07), which varied between organisations, ranging from 2.36% (95% CI = 2.05–2.73) to 22.02% (95% CI = 20.12–24.05). Of catheters, 5% were newly placed (within four weeks). Of these, most (77%) had a documented indication for insertion. Only half of patients with a newly placed catheter had a plan for its removal. This varied between organisations in the range of 20%–96%. Only 13% of patients had a patient-held management plan or ‘catheter passport’ but these patients were significantly more likely to also have an active removal plan (28/36 [78%] vs. 106/231 [46%]; P < 0.0001). Alternative bladder management strategies had been considered for 70/267 (26%) patients. Discussion: The management of patients with an indwelling urinary catheter represents a significant component of district nursing caseloads. Given the high proportion of newly catheterised patients without an active management plan for removal of the catheter, the establishment of an optimal management pathway should be the focus of future prevention efforts.
Anterior-Alone Surgical Treatment for Subaxial Cervical Spine Facet Dislocation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lee Wendy , Wong Chung Chek 
Published: February 2020

Study Design: Systematic review. Objective: Anterior-alone surgery has gained wider reception for subaxial cervical spine facets dislocation. Questions remain on its efficacy and safety as a stand-alone entity within the contexts of concurrent facet fractures, unilateral versus bilateral dislocations, anterior open reduction, and old dislocation. Methods: A systematic review was performed with search strategy using translatable MESH terms across MEDLINE, EMBASE, VHL Regional Portal, and CENTRAL databases on patients with subaxial cervical dislocation intervened via anterior-alone approach. Two reviewers independently screened for eligible studies. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) flow chart was adhered to. Nine retrospective studies were included. Narrative synthesis was performed to determine primary outcomes on spinal fusion and revisions and secondary outcomes on new occurrence or deterioration of neurology and infection rate. Results: Nonunion was not encountered across all contexts. A total of 0.86% of unilateral facet dislocation (1 out of 116) with inadequate reduction due to facet fragments between the facet joints removed its malpositioned plate following fusion. No new neurological deficit was observed. Cases that underwent anterior open reduction did not encounter failure that require subsequent posterior reduction surgery. One study (N = 52) on old dislocation incorporated partial corpectomy in their approach and limited anterior-alone approach to cases with persistent instability. Conclusions: This systematic review supports the efficacy and success of anterior reduction, fusion, and instrumentation for cervical facet fracture dislocation. It is safe from a neurological standpoint. Revision rate due to concurrent facet fracture is low. Certain patients may require posteriorly based surgery or in specific cases combined anterior and posterior procedures.