bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical Institutionalism
Authors: Hom Andrew R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter seven covers historical institutionalism (HI), a new approach to international institutions that embraces overtly temporal themes like sequence, path dependence, critical junctures, legacy effects, and the importance of “founding moments.” While historical institutionalists make great strides in setting institutions in motion, this chapter argues that they remain trapped by the problem of Time tradition and moreover that timing theory can help them escape. After summarizing the rise of HI against sociological and especially rationalist treatments, it uses HI accounts of institutions of the “liberal international order” to clarify the role and status of “history” in HI, to show how HI recapitulates and narratively confronts the problem of Time, and to argue that historical institutionalists unintentionally position themselves as horologists who explain institutional faults without challenging the rationalist baseline assumption that institutions should work like near-perfect cooperation mechanisms. This depoliticizes HI and hamstrings its efforts to develop a distinctive theory of institutions. However, timing theory can help by recasting institutions as collective timing projects and by embracing a more realistic view of international-institutional possibility. In turn, HI can push several concepts and insights of timing theory further, opening the possibility not only of a more thoroughly temporal account of institutions but an institutionalist perspective on timing.
Critical Approaches
Authors: Hom Andrew R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter eight tackles the vanguard of IR time studies, where critical scholars have successfully placed time and temporality at the front of the agenda but done less to elaborate and interrelate their diverse conceptual innovations. Covering four critical discourses of time—“savage” and neoclassical times, accelerating time, and temporalities of rupture—this chapter uses timing theory to assess pivotal assumptions at the heart of critical IR. While they propose to problematize time, critical scholars still reify various concepts and selectively deploy the problem of Time against hegemonic political logics. In each case, timing theory offers a more thoroughgoing and coherent account of critical temporalities. In particular, it shows that past times signal long-running timing successes bound up with power, that fast times need not lead to alienation, and that ruptures can never be ends in themselves unless underwritten by the sorts of politics that many critical scholars refute. Instead, ruptures must be understood as moments requiring fraught new forms of timing, unless we rely on silently shared assumptions and a form of liberal-idealism that depoliticizes critical times just when we should be pushing the politics of time and timing further, a task better met by the open timing standards of reflexive realism.
Conclusion
Authors: Hom Andrew R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The book’s conclusion takes stock of insights developed throughout and highlights some of their wider implications. After summarizing narrative timing theory’s contributions to IR and our understanding of time, it proposes that taking timing seriously entails rethinking several aspects of what it means to do IR. Timing theory suggests that IR’s intellectual and academic hierarchies require revision and perhaps outright inversion. It also shows how, in re-timing IR, scholars can also re-claim their field from arbitrary and largely impertinent scientific standards ill-suited to the level of difficulty at which IR scholarship operates. Timing theory also bears on recent efforts to cultivate a more reflexive brand of scholarship, warning against the tendency to reify any methodological, theoretical, or disciplinary doxa when studying the temporal domain of global politics.
Mendelssohn’s Aesthetics
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Mendelssohn made his mark early with his writings on aesthetics, beginning with the Letters on Sentiments of 1755. He argues that we respond to both the perfections of objects represented by works of art and the works of art as representations themselves, and thus can have “mixed sentiments,” for example in the case of beautiful presentations of tragic events. We enjoy the activity of both our perceptual and cognitive and our conative and emotional powers in such aesthetic experience. Mendelssohn further developed this view in Morning Hours, although in the radically different context of explaining how God can approve of the best of all possible worlds in the absence of desire, which would be an impossible imperfection on his part.
Mendelssohn, Kant, and the Possibility of Progress
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The book concludes with an examination of Kant’s critique of Mendelssohn’s view of the possibility of moral progress in Part III of his 1793 essay on “theory and practice.” In Jerusalem, Mendelssohn had argued against Lessing’s view of the moral education of humankind that individuals can make moral progress but that the human race as a whole does not morally progress. Kant rejected Mendelssohn’s view in favor of rational belief that the human species as a whole will eventually achieve its moral objective. But Kant’s commitment to the radical freedom of each individual implies that change of heart not only from evil to good but also from good to evil is always possible, so that moral progress of the whole species may be possible but can never be guaranteed. On this issue too, Mendelssohn seems more realistic than Kant.
Love Divine
Authors: Wessling Jordan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This book provides a systematic account of the deep and rich love that God has for humans. Within this vast theological territory, the objective is to contend for a unified paradigm regarding fundamental issues pertaining to the God of love who deigns to share His life of love with any human willing to receive it. Realizing this objective includes clarifying and defending theological accounts of the following: • how the doctrine of divine love should be constructed; • what God’s love is; • what role love plays in motivating God’s creation and subsequent governance of humans; • how God’s love for humans factors into His emotional life; • which humans it is that God loves in a saving manner; • what the punitive wrath of God is and how it relates to God’s redemptive love for humans; • and how God might share His intra-trinitarian love with human beings. As the book unfolds, a network of nodal issues are examined related to God’s love as it begins in Him and then overflows into the creation, redemption, and glorification of humanity. The result is an exitus-reditus structure driven by God’s unyielding love.
The Value Account of God’s Love
Authors: Wessling Jordan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A model of God’s love, called the ‘value account’, is defended in Chapter 2. According to this value account, God’s love is an appreciative response to intrinsic worth (dignity in the case of a human), wherein God values the existence and flourishing of the one loved as well as union with the loved individual. After this model of love is expounded, it is argued that conceiving of God’s love in this manner is independently plausible, compatible with important kinds of biblical data, and nourished by a traditional Christian stream of thinking about God’s love.
Collaboration
Authors: Pollard Natalie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines a particular instance of canonical late-twentieth-century poetry that shows close collaboration with the visual arts. It takes as a case study the work of Ted Hughes, who is often considered central to the development of the English poetic canon, in his collaboration with the American artist and publisher Leonard Baskin in producing the 1973 book, Cave Birds. The trade volume initially contained over ten of Baskin’s pen-and-ink images (which had inspired Hughes to pen his poems). Why, then, are Baskin’s artworks no longer published alongside Hughes’s poems? This chapter puts drawing and text back into dialogue, offering a sustained intra-artistic reading of an image-poem pair as it resonates with the vision of Michelangelo, Michael Ayrton, Giacometti, Sylvia Plath, and Seamus Heaney. Artwork and literary text interact before our viewing-reading eyes, performing an eloquent expression of the complexity of aesthetic co-constitution, across media and history.
Henry James and the Art of Impressions
Authors: Scholar John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Henry James and the Art of Impressions examines the concept of the ‘impression’ in the essays and late novels of Henry James. Although Henry James criticized the impressionism which was revolutionizing French painting and French fiction, and satirized the British aesthetic movement which championed impressionist criticism, he placed the impression at the heart of his own aesthetic project, as well as his narrative representation of consciousness. This book tries to understand the anomaly that James represents in the wider history of the impression. To do this it charts an intellectual and cultural history of the ‘impression’ from the seventeenth century to the twentieth, drawing in painting, philosophy (John Locke, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, J.L Austin), psychology (James Mill, J.S. Mill, William James, Ernst Mach, Franz Brentano), literature (William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde), and modern critical theory (Jacques Derrida, Paul de Man, Judith Butler, J. Hillis Miller). It then offers close readings of James’s non-fictional and fictional treatments of the impression in his early criticism and travel writing (1872–88), his prefaces to the New York Edition (1907–9), and the three novels of his major phase, The Ambassadors (1903), The Wings of the Dove (1902), and The Golden Bowl (1904). It concludes that the term ‘impression’ crystallizes James’s main theme of the struggle between life and art. Coherent philosophical meanings of the Jamesian impression emerge when it is comprehended as a family of related ideas about perception, imagination, and aesthetics—bound together by James’s attempt to reconcile the novel’s value as a mimetic form and its value as a transformative creative activity.
Introduction
Authors: Scholar John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The introduction argues that James’s work is best understood as impression-driven rather than impressionist. It allies the book with those critics who take a philosophical view of literary impressionism, while arguing that the book’s approach complements more historicist views of literary impressionism of the last decade. It emphasizes that this book’s contribution lies in: its belief that James has a greater debt to the impressions of pre-impressionist painters than to those of impressionist painters; its greater emphasis on the making of, rather than the receiving of, impressions, and its use of theories of the performative to conceptualize this; and in the detailed intellectual and cultural history of the impression that it offers, which helps the book tell a new story about James’s artistic, philosophical, and psychological influences.
James’s Criticism of Existing Theories of the Impression, 1872–88
Authors: Scholar John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 explores the anomaly that while James was critical of French impressionist painting and literature, he nevertheless made the impression the centrepiece of his representation of the novelist at work in ‘The Art of Fiction’ (1884). It addresses this anomaly by reading some of James’s early art criticism, literary criticism, and travel writing as a remaking of existing models of the impression, arguing that James’s impression combines the best of the French novel’s attention to sensation with the English novel’s attention to reflection. It also places the impressions of James’s criticism in dialogue with those of painterly impressionism. It observes that James attributes as much importance to the making of impressions as to the receiving of them. It thus introduces a distinction, fundamental to the argument in later chapters, between ‘performative’ impressions and ‘cognitive’ impressions.
The Rebirth of Contract Theory
Authors: Weale Albert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In the second half of the twentieth century, social contract theory flourished as a branch of moral and political theory. Its central claim was that principles of social and political organization could be derived from a hypothetical social contract that would be agreed among rational persons. It aspired to provide a theory of content, so defining justifiable principles, as well as a theory of obligation, so explicating the reasons that agents would have for following those principles. In scope it offered an account of interpersonal morality, political authority, and economic justice, although all could be regarded as departments of the theory of justice. Social contract theory also offered a method of ethics of a constructivist type. In this respect it followed the model of utilitarianism. The key authors were: Barry, Buchanan and Tullock, Harsanyi, Gauthier, Grice, Rawls, and Scanlon. Their different theories can be classified by reference to two dimensions. Are the hypothetical contracting parties behind a veil of ignorance or not? And, to what type of rationality—utility-based or deliberative—is their reasoning supposed to conform? The purpose of this work is to offer an exposition and evaluation of this body of work.
Sweet and Clean?
Authors: North Susan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Sweet and Clean? Bodies and Clothes in Early Modern England challenges the widely held beliefs on bathing and cleanliness in the past. For over 30 years, the work of the French historian, George Vigarello, has been hugely influential on early modern European social history, describing an aversion to water and bathing, and the use of linen underwear as the sole cleaning agent for the body. However, these concepts do not apply to early modern England. Sweet and Clean? analyses etiquette and medical literature revealing repeated recommendations to wash or bathe in order to clean the skin. Clean linen was essential for propriety but advice from medical experts was contradictory. Many doctors were convinced that it prevented the spread of contagious diseases, but others recommended flannel for undergarments, and a few thought changing a fever patient’s linens was dangerous. The methodology of material culture helps determine if and how this advice was practised. Evidence from inventories, household accounts and manuals, and surviving linen garments tracks underwear through its life-cycle of production, making, wearing, laundering, and final recycling. Although the material culture of washing bodies is much sparser, other sources, such as the Old Bailey records, paint a more accurate picture of cleanliness in early modern England than has been previously described. The contrasting analyses of linen and bodies reveal what histories material culture best serves. Finally, what of the diseases—plague, smallpox, and typhus—that cleanliness of body and clothes were thought to prevent? Did following early modern medical advice protect people from these illnesses?
Manners and Health
Authors: North Susan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 surveys and analyses early modern English conduct literature to determine what standards of cleanliness were essential for propriety. It revises accepted wisdom that insists the repetition of this advice over two and a half centuries must mean that it was not being followed, and suggests instead that such reiteration signified parental insecurity. The presentation of advice on cleanliness is influenced by shifting concerns of class during this period. Also included in Chapter 2 is a review of the popular health manuals that have been traditionally used to assess habits of cleanliness. In both genres, recommendations on cleanliness are insistent but imprecise, giving little indication of what to clean, when, and how often, but the health manuals point to other medical genres with more detailed discussions and specific advice.
Manufacturing Linens
Authors: North Susan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The processing and marketing of linens expressly for use in underwear and accessories is examined in Chapter 7. The labour-intensive raising and refining of flax is described and the qualities desired in the finished textile are examined—fine, hardwearing, and washable. The property of whiteness demanded by propriety and which represented the cleanliness required by medical advice was particularly important. Centres of production, preferred brands, government support of linen production, and pricing are discussed, as well as the significance of imported plain white calicos from India as a suitable fabric for accessories and underwear.
Sewing Linens
Authors: North Susan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The transformation of flat linen textiles to underwear is described in Chapter 8. The cost of linen and the need to own as much underclothes and accessories as possible to maintain standards of propriety forced a strict economy on making these garments. All underwent the rigours of early modern laundry and needed to be firmly sewn together, yet finely enough to be worn comfortably under other clothing. Very little literature in the early modern period documents these processes, therefore, reconstruction is the primary research tool. The exercise of remaking linen shirts and shifts highlights the seamstress’s skills and knowledge, and emphasizes what impact different qualities of linen would have on the durability of the finished garments and cost of their making. How shirts and shifts could be ‘ready-made’ is also explored.
Introduction
Authors: Spencer Jane 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter places nonhuman animals at the centre of the age of revolution, outlining the naturalistic and sympathetic perspectives on animal life underpinning emergent animal rights discourses. Firstly it shows how eighteenth-century natural history influenced a shift from symbolic to literal animal representation. Secondly it argues that David Hume’s and Adam Smith’s philosophies of sympathy each encouraged anthropomorphism in animal representation, Hume’s by blurring the distinction between rationality and animality, Smith’s by opening up the possibility of imaginative projection into nonhuman experiences. Thirdly, it traces the radicalization of the idea of natural rights, showing how the concept of human rights was locked in a complex and fraught relationship with that of animal rights. Human demands for rights entailed claims to a fully human rationality distinct from animality, but the concept of universal natural rights for man and woman was extended beyond the human.
Introduction: Balkan Paramilitaries – Undemobilized Combatants
Authors: Tasić Dmitar 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction provides information about the study chronological and geographical contexts; similarities and differences between broader European and Balkan phenomenon’s of paramilitarism after the First World War as well as most important features of Balkan paramilitarism in investigated period (1917-1924) such as: intensive political engagement, strong inclination towards guerrilla warfare, personal allegiances rather than organizational or institutional ones, active participation in armed conflicts, political crisis, coups, etc, arrival of ‘White’ Russians and ex Russian revolutionaries as the new bearers of paramilitarism and paramilitary violence in the Balkans, violence as an integral part of paramilitaries and reoccurring in identical or similar shapes despite the changes in ideological and political context. It also speaks of strong legacy of Balkan paramilitarism and how it continued to have strong influence in subsequent conflicts in the region—Second World War and Wars of Yugoslav Succession 1991–1999.
The Age of Coups d’état
Authors: Tasić Dmitar 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter V is dedicated to several coup d’états as well as counter coups and unsuccessful attempts that happened in investigated period in Albania and Bulgaria. In Albania coups were integral part of struggle for stability in this country while in Bulgaria coup was a mean for undoing changes that occurred after the Great War. In almost all of them paramilitaries had their peace of action. In the same time Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, despite numerous difficulties and overall diversity, was never endangered by prospect of violent overturn. On the contrary, it often served as safe haven for those actors from Albania and Bulgaria who lost and were forced to leave the country or served as basis for counter-coup providing assistance, resources and even experienced paramilitaries. However, in both Albanian and Bulgarian examples of overturn it showed how for successful outcome good organization, determination, focus, and precise plans both for the execution and ‘the day after’ showed to be far more important than overall numbers.
Individuals and Organizations
Authors: Tasić Dmitar 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter VI turns attention on individuals and organizations by emphasizing of the notable features of the Balkan paramilitaries—personal allegiances and building strong personal ties rather than institutional ones. In case of disruption of these ties and drastic changes within organization many Balkan paramilitaries would rather defect or change side. Often these turbulent shifts represented introduction to vicious cycles of vendetta assassinations that threatened to completely paralyse organization’s activities. It also led to the appearance of colourful and interesting personalities whose career paths used to be equally turbulent. Also, opposite to period before the Balkan Wars when organizations tend to rely only on their sponsor states, after the First World War began realignment of organizations following the newly established division on vanquished and victorious. All those who were interested in revision of existing order were considered as convenient ally despite considerable political and ideological differences. In one moment IMRO was forging alliances with Kosovo Committee, Italy, Croatian extremists, and international communist movement.
Legacies
Authors: Tasić Dmitar 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter VII as final chapter tells a story of legacies, that is, how it happened that in decade to follow, despite weakening of the paramilitary phenomenon, Balkan witnessed several revivals of the paramilitarism. Although in Yugoslavia it had slowly moved towards the commemorations, in Bulgaria ban of IMRO after the 1934 shattered its structures, and in Albania paramilitarism was neutralized through militarization, already during the Second World War it went through its first resurgence. Many paramilitary groups appeared claiming to rely on rich traditions of paramilitary organizing. After the war rich tradition and experience in guerrilla warfare made it possible for many anti-communist individuals and groups to try to resist rapid sovietisation of their respective countries. Finally, during the violent dissolution of Yugoslavia during 1990’s many paramilitary groups tried to appeal to senses of common people and evoke legacies of paramilitary organization of the past. Although they claimed to be heirs of paramilitaries from the time of Macedonian struggle 1903–1908, Balkan Wars and First World War, their ethos, behavioural patterns, and language made them very different. Their appearance was the only thing they had in common. Needless to say how majority of the perpetrators of war crimes during the Yugoslav wars were actually members of various paramilitary organizations.