bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sitting on the Fence: Bank Structural Reforms
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The main driver of new, stringent rules on bank structure was not pressure from elected officials, as the two largest UK political parties were ambiguous about the benefits of separating retail and investment banking. Instead, we argue that regulators in the Bank of England pushed strongly for ‘ring-fencing’ to address moral hazard concerns caused by too-big-to-fail banks. Despite fierce opposition from the financial industry, regulators were determined to trade up rules by actively cultivating political support through the Independent Commission on Banking (ICB) and in Parliament. At the international and EU levels, UK regulators acted as fence-sitters on banking reform for two reasons. First, unilateral reform by the US meant that it was not possible to push for an international solution with its traditional ally. Second, resistance to major structural reforms amongst several member states limited the scope for harmonization across the EU.
Resisting the Push for Tougher Regulation: Hedge Funds
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the wake of the crisis, regulators at the Financial Services Authority (FSA) sought to develop a tougher approach to overseeing hedge funds. But this push for trading-up regulation was opposed by elected officials, together with the financial industry, on the grounds that this would damage the competitiveness of the sector. The FSA’s capacity to resist this pushback was also severely constrained by growing speculation over whether it would be abolished, limiting its regulatory capacity and diminishing its institutional resources. At the international level, the UK allied with the US to act as foot-draggers to ensure that new international standards were broadly compatible with their relatively light-touch regime. However, the UK’s ability to resist the trading-up of EU rules was more limited because it lacked political allies and domestic constraints to exploit as bargaining leverage.
Conclusion: The Future(s) of UK Financial Regulation
Authors: James Scott , Quaglia Lucia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The concluding chapter begins by recalling the main puzzle and research questions set out at the beginning of the book, and by summarizing the main findings from the case study chapters. The second section details the book’s wider empirical and theoretical contribution to the field, as well as providing recommendations for future research. We focus on three main literatures: the political economy of financial regulation, theories of business power, and theories of new interdependence. The final section assesses the implications of Brexit for the UK’s role in shaping financial regulation in the future. Specifically, we consider how the UK’s withdrawal from the EU is likely to affect the UK’s regulatory preferences (more or less stringency), its regulatory strategy (greater divergence or further harmonization), and its regulatory influence (enhanced or diminished).
Leibniz: Discourse on Metaphysics
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Discourse on Metaphysics, written around January 1686, is one of Leibniz’s fundamental works, since it is the most accomplished systematic expression of Leibniz’s philosophy in the 1680s, the time when Leibniz’s philosophy reached maturity. The point of the Discourse is to give a metaphysics for Christianity. That is, Leibniz’s goal is to give the answers that he believes Christians should give to the basic metaphysical questions, questions about why the world exists, what is the world like, what kinds of things exist, and what is the place of human beings in the world. To this purpose Leibniz discusses some of the most traditional topics of metaphysics, like the nature of God, the purpose of God in creating the world, the nature of substance, the possibility of miracles, the nature of our knowledge, free will, and the justice behind salvation and damnation. This book is a new translation of the Discourse and a philosophical commentary of it.
Unsettled Thoughts
Authors: Staffel Julia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
How should thinkers cope with uncertainty? What makes their degrees of belief rational, and how should they reason about uncertain matters? Recent research in epistemology has attempted to answer these questions by developing formal models of ideally rational credences. However, we know from psychological research that ideal rationality is unattainable for human thinkers. This raises the question of how rational ideals can apply to human thinkers. A popular reply is that the more a thinker’s imperfectly rational credences approximate compliance with norms of ideal rationality, the better. But what exactly does this mean? Why is it better to be less irrational, if we can’t ever be completely rational? And what does being closer to ideally rational amount to? If ideal models of rationality are supposed to help us understand the rationality of human, imperfect thinkers, we need answers to these questions. Unsettled Thoughts offers these answers: we can explain why it’s better to be less irrational, because less irrational degrees of belief are generally more accurate, and better at guiding our actions. Moreover, the way in which approximating ideal rationality is beneficial can be made formally precise by using a variety of distance measures that track the benefits of being more rational.
Approximation Measures
Authors: Staffel Julia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The focus of Chapter 3 is the central Bayesian tenet that a thinker’s unconditional credences should be probabilistically coherent. Plausibly, thinkers who don’t have coherent credences can be more or less incoherent, i.e. their credences can diverge from complying with the probability axioms only a little, or quite substantially. We can capture this intuitive idea by representing a thinker’s credence function as a vector, and measuring its distance to the closest probabilistically coherent credence function that is defined over the same set of propositions. The problem that arises in this context is that there are many possible measures we can use to determine the distance from coherence, and those measures can deliver incompatible rankings. I present a representative range of such measures and illustrate the ways in which they differ.
Why Approximate Coherence?
Authors: Staffel Julia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 begins to answer the question of how Bayesians can justify the claim that approximating probabilistic coherence is beneficial for non-ideal thinkers. Dutch book arguments are often put forth to argue that ideal rationality requires being coherent. I show that we can justify that it is better to be less incoherent by showing that decreased incoherence is associated with decreased losses from Dutch books. While incoherent thinkers can never be immune from Dutch book losses, the amount they stand to lose, given that we standardize bet sizes, is greater the more incoherent their credences are.
Approximating Ideal Rationality with Multiple Norms
Authors: Staffel Julia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers views on which being ideally rational requires more than just being coherent. While extreme subjective Bayesians think that the coherence norm is the only requirement of epistemic rationality, more moderate proponents defend further requirements, such as versions of the Indifference Principle or the Principal Principle. This raises the question of how we can measure approximations to rationality, when being ideally rational requires thinkers to comply with multiple different epistemic norms. Different approaches to justifying norms of rationality are distinguished by whether they assume that there is a single epistemic value or good that explains the various requirements of rationality, or whether there are multiple epistemic values or goods that have to be aggregated somehow in evaluating the rationality of epistemic states. Each view of how epistemic values give rise to norms of rationality is then paired with a suitable strategy for measuring approximations to ideal rationality.
A Small Piece of the Puzzle
Authors: Staffel Julia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 examines how the proposed view of rationality fits in with other related approaches to theorizing about rationality. The view is best seen as a small piece of a bigger puzzle, and it is therefore important to ensure that there is no tension between this view and nearby puzzle pieces. Five topics are discussed in particular: the relationship between propositional and doxastic rationality, the relationship between ideal and ecological/bounded rationality, the relationship between evaluative and ameliorative approaches to theorizing about rationality, the relationship between epistemological and semantic perspectives on rationality, and the relationship between rational evaluations, permissions, and obligations. The view proposed in this book is best understood as an account of the propositional epistemic rationality of credences. It not only harmonizes with the ways in which rationality is theorized in related domains, but is often a necessary ingredient for developing theories of these aspects of rationality.
Introduction
Authors: McCarthy Erin A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces Doubtful Readers: Print, Poetry, and the Reading Public in Early Modern England. Early modern lyric poetry was a social form, but print publication made poems available to anyone who either had the means to a buy a book or knew someone who did, radically expanding the early modern reading public. The study focuses on the period between the maturing of the market for printed English literature in the 1590s and the emergence of the professional poet following the Restoration to acknowledge changes in both the economics and aesthetics of poetry book publication. It argues that publication in its broadest sense is a form of mediation between multiple agents and material forms. Because print did not change poetry in a single way, this book presents a series of case studies. This chapter concludes with a brief overview of each.
Typography, Genre, and Authorship in The Passionate Pilgrim (1599) and Shake-speares Sonnets (1609)
Authors: McCarthy Erin A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that Thomas Thorpe’s 1609 edition of Shake-speares Sonnets was stymied by the success of The Passionate Pilgrim, a poetry collection first published by William Jaggard in 1599 and reprinted in 1612. Critics have suggested that the success of Jaggard’s volume may “have spoiled the market for authentic ‘sugred Sonnets’ by Shakespeare.” But to date, no one has read The Passionate Pilgrim as a sonnet sequence in its own right. This chapter outlines a history of sonnet publication that reveals striking resemblances between The Passionate Pilgrim and the printed English sonnet sequences then in fashion. Moreover, every element of the book—the title page, the poems it contained, and even its format—seems designed to highlight its place within Shakespeare’s oeuvre. Thus, when Thorpe’s Shake-speares Sonnets was printed in 1609, it appeared to be less sequence-like and less Shakespearean than The Passionate Pilgrim.
Poems, by J.D. (1633 and 1635), the O’Flahertie Manuscript, and the Many Careers of John Donne
Authors: McCarthy Erin A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows how the 1635 second edition of Poems, by J.D. promulgated the tale of Jack Donne’s transformation into Doctor Donne in response to concerns about the volume’s reception by an unidentified reading public. The 1633 first edition had presented Donne’s poems in a loosely organized collection resembling a manuscript miscellany, while the O’Flahertie manuscript (Harvard MS Eng. 966.5), created around the same time, divided the poems by genre in order to highlight Donne’s religious poems. Critics have long recognized that the changes in the second edition of Poems, by J.D. made it more biographically suggestive than the first, but they have taken for granted that this version of Donne’s life story would have been self-evident to readers in 1635. This chapter argues that the revised second edition created this narrative and, in the process, radically changed the way readers read and understood both John Donne and poetic authorship.
Conclusion
Authors: McCarthy Erin A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This short chapter summarizes the book’s major findings about the print publication of early modern English poetry. Between 1590 and 1660, the social form of the lyric was increasingly recognized as a literary genre worthy of preservation and careful reading. Stationers played an important, if often unacknowledged, role in delineating genres, addressing readers, defining poetic authorship, and assembling texts. Because these mediations have influenced our canons, texts, and histories, a fully historical formalism must account for both the literary content and material forms of printed editions. Doubtful Readers ultimately proposes a new methodology, and the chapter concludes with a call for further study.
‘Turky Labours’
Authors: Mills Simon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets out the institutional history of the Levant Company in London and Aleppo. It argues that the infrastructures developed from the late sixteenth century to facilitate trade – the legal protection provided by the capitulations, regular shipping routes, systems of postal communication – laid the foundations for a ‘literarum commercium’, a commerce of letters, that would have implications beyond the immediate mercantile concerns of the Levant Company. New opportunities for scholarly inquiry were augmented by the growth of the English community, or ‘factory’, in Aleppo, and, in particular, by the appointment, from the early seventeenth century, of a line of clergymen employed to minister to the expatriate merchants and consular staff. Drawing on the Levant Company archive, the chapter paints a detailed picture of this small outpost, positioning it alongside the more established Venetian and French (and later Dutch) communities and the various Roman Catholic missions then stationed in Aleppo. The chaplains came to serve as the crucial link between Syria, London, and the English universities (predominantly Oxford), with whose members many of them remained in touch from abroad. The chapter also provides an overview of intellectual developments which sets the scene for the more detailed investigations of individual projects explored in the remainder of the book.
Henry Maundrell and the Making of A Journey
Authors: Mills Simon 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 reconstructs the production of the most enduring of the chaplains’ works of antiquarian reportage: Henry Maundrell’s A Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem at Easter, A. D. 1697 (1703). The first part of the chapter uncovers the story of Maundrell’s election to the Aleppo chaplaincy, and explores some of his early work securing copies of Greek inscriptions from sites in the vicinity of Aleppo. It then turns to his Jerusalem journey, showing how the different strains of interest which had developed during the course of the seventeenth century found expression in Maundrell’s account: the careful description of biblical and Greco-Roman antiquities; the testing of traditions against the authority of first-hand experience; and the attempt to reconcile the testimonies of Scripture with the landscape and material traces of the past.
From Servants of the Empire to Everyday Heroes
Authors: Harper Tobias 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In the twentieth century the British Crown appointed around a hundred thousand people, military and civilian, in Britain and the British Empire to honours and titles. For outsiders, and sometimes recipients too, these jumbles of letters are tantalizingly confusing: OM, MBE, GCVO, CH, KB, or CBE. Throughout the century this system expanded to include more different kinds of people, while also shrinking in its imperial scope with the declining empire. Through these dual processes this profoundly hierarchical system underwent a seemingly counter-intuitive change: it democratized. Why and how did the British government change this system? And how did its various publics respond to it? This book addresses these questions directly by looking at the history of the honours system as a whole in the wider context of some of the major historical changes in Britain and the British Empire in the twentieth century. In particular, it looks at the evolution of this hierarchical, deferential system amidst democratization and decolonization. It focuses on the system’s largest—and most important—components: the Order of the British Empire, the Knight Bachelor, and the lower ranks of other Orders. By creatively analyzing the politics and administration of the system alongside popular responses to it using diaries, letters, newspapers, and memoirs, it shows the many different meanings that honours took on for the establishment, dissidents, and recipients. It also shows the ways in which the system succeeded and failed to order and bring together divided societies.
Introduction
Authors: Harper Tobias 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The introduction discusses existing literature on honours systems around the world and, in particular, in Britain. It draws attention to some of the ways in which people have obscured or downplayed the centrality of honours to important social and political processes in Britain and the British Empire. It also briefly compares the British system to other international honours systems and how scholars have analyzed them. It discusses in some detail the relationship between party politics, the civil service, colonial governments, the monarchy, and civil society institutions in nominating people for honours.
People’s War, People’s Heroes? 1939–1945
Authors: Harper Tobias 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the changes, controversies, and continuities of the Second World War. Unlike the honorific revolution effected by the creation and wide use of the Order of the British Empire in the First World War, the Second was a time of careful control and continuity in the British government’s use of honours. The honours system focused on rewarding technocrats over volunteers, while also being careful to selectively integrate unions and Labour politicians rather than resisting their increased importance. In terms of certain social institutions, including honours, the Second World War was a period of continuity rather than change. Intuitively, the period between 1939 and 1960 seems revolutionary for Britain because of decolonization and the rise of the welfare state. However the “ideological apparatus of the state,” of which honours were an important part, was left intact during the wider “transwar” period, leading to continuities as well as breaks in the power of established institutions.
The Re-enchanted Hierarchy, 1970–2004
Authors: Harper Tobias 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
At the end of the twentieth century there were major reforms to the honours system. These were connected to larger processes of social change following the political and social shifts of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1993 the honours system was revised by John Major and civil servants concerned about its reputation as class-based and automatic for civil servants. The lower ranks of the Order of the British Empire (which make up a majority of total honours given out) were reoriented towards voluntary service and away from professional state service. Honours became a way of paying volunteers to do work once done by the state using social capital rather than money. This chapter also details the relationship between these changes and the role of the monarchy in British society. After 1948, all British recipients of honours at the level of MBE and above were entitled to visit Buckingham Palace and receive their award from a royal personage. Autobiographical writing suggests a set of characteristic experiences and feelings. Many who recorded their experiences not only celebrated their encounter, but also expressed empathy with the monarch, affirming both the normalcy of the royal family and also their special status. John Major’s reforms (and similar ones that followed them in the early 2000s) thus reintegrated two functions of the monarchy—its role as the affirmer of national merit through the honours system and its status as the leader of the voluntary sector in Britain.
The Good Friday Agreement, 1998: Negotiation
Authors: Coakley John , Todd Jennifer 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the process by which the Northern Ireland parties finally engaged in comprehensive negotiations that included Sinn Féin. The Framework Documents offered a blueprint for these discussions. The chapter notes the difficulties of securing Sinn Féin participation, which came only with the advent of a new (Labour) government in 1997, and at the cost of the withdrawal of Ian Paisley’s Democratic Unionist Party in protest at this. The set of interviews that documents this process covers the perspectives of the British and Irish governments and of the two main nationalist and unionist parties. The interviews illustrate vividly the painful process of negotiation and compromise that resulted finally in the Good Friday Agreement of 1998.
Protecting the Value of Investments
Authors: Ortino Federico 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The aim of the chapter is to trace the origin and evolution of the expropriation provision in modern investment treaties. Two main findings stem from the present analysis. First, the original aim of the expropriation provision in modern investment treaties was to afford foreign investors a wide level of protection vis-à-vis a host State’s conduct that deprived the investor of the value of its investments. Second, while many investment treaty tribunals have initially adhered to this broad understanding in line with the ‘sole-effect’ doctrine, an increasing number of investment tribunals have recently adopted a more cautious approach, both restricting the notion of expropriatory effect and increasing the relevance of the public policy of the allegedly expropriatory measure (pursuant to the ‘police powers’ doctrine).
A North American Perspective
Authors: Watkin Kenneth 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of the overlap of the laws of armed conflict and international human rights law from a North American perspective. It adds a regionally focused analysis of the US and Canadian approach to the relationship of IHRL and LOAC in extraterritorial, multinational operations. The chapter explains why exclusionary approaches are favoured both in Northern America and Europe. The United States and Canada apply international humanitarian law while Europe privileges human rights law. These approaches are impacted by the lack of a regional human rights tribunal exerting jurisdiction in these North American countries, their common law roots, as well as the involvement of Canada and the US militaries in expeditionary operations. However, it is evident that military forces, regardless of whether they are deployed from Europe or North America, must apply human rights law as they confront the contemporary insurgent and terrorist threats.