bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of cerebral electrical propagation generated by deep brain stimulation using finite elements
Authors: Devia D M , Mesa F , Ospina R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The surgical intervention called deep brain stimulation, is a stereotactic surgery that allows the control of some motor functions in the human body. For its execution it is necessary to make use of software engineering and an understanding of the operation and electrical activation in the brain. Based on the finite element method, this document will provide a solution to the Laplace differential equation that models the electrical potential generated during deep brain stimulation. To achieve this objective, we will initially present the theoretical foundations of the finite element method that include the approximation of Galerkin and the Max Milgram and Poincaré theorems; then assuming that the model of the human head is isotropic and uniform, the brain regions will be modeled with the characteristics of the environment (external skin of the skull, skull and brain) in such a way that the attenuation, direction and value of the potential a can be visualized as it changes material and moves along the surfaces that make up the human head model. The simulations obtained using the finite element method allowed determining which areas of the brain are involved by the interaction of potential sources, observing that bioelectric sources originate electrochemical activity in brain cells that are inactive in such a way that they generate controlled movements in the human body.
Overall heat transfer coefficient optimization in a spiral-plate heat exchanger
Authors: Rodriguez-Cabal M A , Arias Londoño A , Ardila-Marin J G , Grisales-Noreña L F , Castro-Vargas A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Heat exchangers are widely used in the industry to allow the heat transfer between two fluids. For that reason, correctly sizing said devices poses a design problem in order to guarantee the efficiency and appropriate conditions of the equipment and the processes. In this paper, the geometry of a spiral-plate heat exchanger is optimized by means of a particle swarm optimization algorithm, whose objective function is the maximization of the overall heat transfer coefficient. The process variables considered in the model were channel spacing, spiral length, spiral width, and wall thickness. The mathematical model and the particle swarm optimization were programmed in Matlab®, where the parameters and the constraints were defined, limiting the pressure drop and guaranteeing the heat transfer required for a study case taken from Minton’s work. In this study, the overall heat transfer coefficient was increased by 12.73% in comparison with the original design.
Modelling of the response of the generators to the automatic generation control commands under communication protocols based on the international standard
Authors: Molina J E , Holguin M , Rivas-Trujillo E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The frequency of an electrical power system is controlled by generators doing primary frequency regulation, which stands for maintaining the stability and reliability in short times and secondary frequency regulation, also known as Automatic Generation Control, which its main goal is to maintain the frequency in a set-point. This last is done remotely from the control centre of an electric power system operator in most cases, and to carry it out supervisory control and data acquisition -automatic generation control- energy management system. These systems are used that make use of current international standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission that adapt in any case to many supervision and control mechanisms. Using those standards supposes the use of a range of available options; particularly, the commands used to control electric power generators fall into 2 possible options, and to evaluate responses under disturbances, a study of the modelling of generators under automatic generation control becomes necessary. A study of the response in closed loop control of automatic generation control is discussed to determine its models under different scenarios. Then, this is the input to determine responses to simulated deviations on the commands due to known failures or disturbances.
Estimation of the parameters of the particular solution of a partial differential equation through Cramer Rao
Authors: Mesa F , Devia D M , Ospina R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The parameter estimation task is given by statistical exploration of probability density functions. The volume of samples and characteristics of a database is an advantage to solve the problem of parameter estimation but finding a function that models the behavior of a database or its distribution is complex and without this step it is not possible to use advanced statistical techniques. This document solves the problem of parameter estimation of a particular solution of a partial differential diffusion equation, the parameters found are suitable for the distribution in a domain of the amount of concentration of a material by means of the Cramer Rao limit and the value expected coefficients. With the non-linear technique used to find the optimal value of the constants, it was possible to observe the convergence of the coefficients at a given value thanks to the performance of this technique and the intrinsic characteristics of the database combined with a Gaussian normal distribution.
Trans-complexity: a management fad or a mathematical construct
Authors: Bravo A , Salazar-Torres J , Madriz D , Vergel-Ortega M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Trans–complex organizations concept has been introduced in the management science, even becoming an object of study. In the global context, definitions, concepts, research and philosophical or practical proposals have emerged for the understanding of organizations from a trans-complex perspective. In this work, a critical position of trans-complexity is presented as a historical discovery that associates a new characterization of phenomena: for example, in exchange for trans–complex organizations, a trans-complex epistemic vision of social organizations is proposed. Thus, the trans-complexity is ratified not as a quality, but as a requirement of epistemic order of scientific research. From this perspective, that complex organization can be explained through elements such as uncertainty, chaos and self-organization, with an epistemological explanation of systems theory, decision theory and dynamic systems theory. This paper shows the trans-complexity more than a management fad, an analysis model or a management topic, as an element to be incorporated by researchers in the construction of theoretical frameworks and methodical designs of their researches in order to purpose significant contributions to science, and to the organization itself, based on such important mathematical theories.
Microstructure and corrosion resistance of in-suit coating on copper alloy using laser shock melt injection of fine-CeO2 particles
Authors: Wang Hongyu , Zhai Xuqiang , Sun Yongyi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In order to improve the marine corrosion resistance of the copper alloy, the method of synergistic modification was introduced to prepare the in situ coating on the surface of HSn62-1 by laser shock melt injection of fine-CeO2 particles. The micrograph and microstructure of the Hsn62-1, in situ coating, and the laser-treated sample were investigated in contrast. Besides, the electrochemical corrosion resistance of the three specimens in 3.5% NaCl solution was studied. The results demonstrated that the in situ coating had good compactness and no apparent defects. The upper part of the in-suit coating was mainly cellular solidification microstructure, while the microstructure in the middle and lower part was coarse dendrite. Compared with Hsn62-1 copper alloy, the corrosion resistance of the laser-treated sample and the in-suit coating were improved, which proved that the synergistic modification of laser and rare earth could improve the corrosion resistance of the copper alloy. The analysis indicated that the rare earth elements in the in-suit coating would undergo hydrolysis reaction to form the dense rare-earth hydroxide in an ‘island growth’ way, which effectively prevented the invasion of corrosion ions.
The Effectiveness of Non-Benzodiazepine, Non-Barbiturate Medications for Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome: A Rapid Systematic Review
Authors: Ghosh Abhishek , Mahintamani Tathagata , Choudhury Shinjini , Sharma Nidhi , Das Sauvik 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Aim
There are potential clinical, ethical and legal concerns with overdosing benzodiazepines (or barbiturates) for the treatment of moderate to severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms (AWS) through telemedicine or ambulatory outpatients. A rapid systematic review to (a) qualitatively summarize the non-benzodiazepine treatment alternatives, (b) evaluate the quality of evidence for the same to effectively manage moderate to severe AWS.

Methods
We conducted searches on PubMed (January 1990 to 31 March 2020), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar. We selected the English language randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the efficacy and adverse effects of non-benzodiazepine and non-barbiturate medications among adults with a diagnosis of AWS. Data extraction was done in a predefined format. Risk of bias (RoB) assessment and qualitative synthesis of evidence was done with the RoB2 tool and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) proGDT.

Results
Thirty-four RCTs were included. Gabapentin (n = 6), carbamazepine (n = 5), baclofen (n = 5), valproate (n = 3), clonidine/lofexidine (n = 3) and acamprosate (n = 2) had more than one trial with a particular comparison group. Four studies were found to have a low ROB. The GRADE evidence summary showed gabapentin had a ‘moderate’ level of evidence against standard benzodiazepine treatments for reducing the severity of AWS. The level of certainty was ‘low’ for carbamazepine, baclofen and valproate and ‘very low’ for acamprosate and clonidine/lofexidine. Reported adverse events between these alternative medications and benzodiazepines or placebo were generally unremarkable.

Conclusions
Although benzodiazepines remain the treatment of choice for AWS, during particular circumstances, gabapentin could be an alternative although like benzodiazepines is not without risk when used in the community. Future RCTs must aim to improve upon the quality of evidence.
Providing Opportunities for Patients to Say More about Their Pain without Overtly Asking: A Conversation Analysis of Doctors Repeating Patient Answers in Palliative Care Pain Assessment
Authors: Jenkins Laura , Parry Ruth , Pino Marco 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As the main symptom in palliative care, pain requires careful assessment. Repeating patient answers is one recommended communication technique for helping convey to patients that they have been heard, and to encourage them to say more. We examined 23 episodes where experienced doctors repeat patients' answers with mirrored rhythm and downward-final intonation, captured in pain assessments video-recorded in 37 consultations in a large UK hospice. Using conversation analysis, our aim was to determine whether or not the repeats invite additional talk, and if so, how they do so. Our findings reveal lexical and prosodic features of doctors’ repeated pain answers that signal completion of the sequence. At the same time, because the patient has greater epistemic access to their own pain, a repeat can also invite confirmation or disconfirmation. The patients in our data sometimes—but not always—respond to the repeat with confirmation or further talk. We conclude that repeating patient answers with mirrored rhythm and downward-final intonation provides a no-obligation opportunity for patient-led confirmation, disconfirmation, or expansion of pain descriptions, particularly when the pain matter is new, revised, or has been problematic to report.
Magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of cerebrospinal fluid tracer dynamics
in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus
Authors: Eide Per Kristian , Pripp Are H , Ringstad Geir 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Disturbed clearance of toxic metabolites from the brain via cerebrospinal fluid is emerging as an important mechanism behind dementia and neurodegeneration. To this end, magnetic resonance imaging work-up of dementia diseases is largely focused on anatomical derangements of the brain. This study explores magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of cerebrospinal fluid tracer dynamics in patients with the dementia subtype idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and a cohort of reference subjects. All study participants underwent multi-phase magnetic resonance imaging up to 48 h after intrathecal administration of the contrast agent gadobutrol (0.5 ml, 1 mmol/ml), serving as cerebrospinal fluid tracer. Imaging biomarkers of cerebrospinal fluid tracer dynamics (i.e. ventricular reflux grades 0–4 and clearance) were compared with anatomical magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of cerebrospinal fluid space anatomy (Evans’ index, callosal angle and disproportional enlargement of subarachnoid spaces hydrocephalus) and neurodegeneration (Schelten’s medial temporal atrophy scores, Fazeka’s scores and entorhinal cortex thickness). The imaging scores were also related to a pulsatile intracranial pressure score indicative of intracranial compliance. In shunt-responsive idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, the imaging biomarkers demonstrated significantly altered cerebrospinal fluid tracer dynamics (ventricular reflux grades 3–4 and reduced clearance of tracer), deranged cerebrospinal fluid space anatomy and pronounced neurodegeneration. The altered MRI biomarkers were accompanied by pressure indices of impaired intracranial compliance. In conclusion, we present novel magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers characterizing idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus pathophysiology, namely measures of cerebrospinal fluid molecular redistribution and clearance, which add information to traditional imaging scores of cerebrospinal fluid space anatomy and neurodegeneration.
The dirty little secret of urate-lowering therapy: useless to stop chronic kidney disease progression and may increase mortality
Authors: Gonzalez-Martin Guillermo , Cano Jaime , Carriazo Sol , Kanbay Mehmet , Perez-Gomez Maria Vanessa , Fernandez-Prado Raul , Ortiz Alberto 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Hyperuricaemia is frequent in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Observational studies have shown an association with adverse outcomes and acquired hyperuricaemia (meaning serum urate levels as low as 1.0 mg/dL) in animal models induces kidney injury. This evidence does not justify the widespread use of urate-lowering drugs for asymptomatic hyperuricaemia in CKD. However, promising results from small, open-label studies led some physicians to prescribe urate-lowering drugs to slow CKD progression. Two recent, large, placebo-controlled trials (CKD-FIX and PERL) showed no benefit from urate lowering with allopurinol on the primary endpoint of CKD progression, confirming prior negative results. Despite these negative findings, it was still argued that the study population could be optimized by enrolling younger non-proteinuric CKD patients with better preserved glomerular filtration rate (GFR). However, in these low-risk patients, GFR may be stable under placebo conditions. Additionally, the increased mortality trends already identified in gout trials of urate-lowering therapy were also observed in CKD-FIX and PERL, sending a strong safety signal: 21/449 (4.7%) and 10/444 (2.2%) patients died in the combined allopurinol and placebo groups, respectively [chi-squared P-value 0.048; relative risk 2.07 (95% CI 0.98–4.34); P = 0.06]. Given the absent evidence of benefit in multiple clinical trials and the potentially serious safety issues, the clear message should be that urate-lowering therapy should not be prescribed for the indication of slowing CKD progression. Additionally, regulatory agencies should urgently reassess the safety of chronic prescription of urate-lowering drugs for any indication.
Assisting Elementary School Personnel to Better Serve and Support Immigrant and Latine Heritage Children
Authors: Garcia Martha Lucia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A 2019 United Nations (UN) report declared the need for educational support by teachers for immigrant and refugee children across the world. These children directly or indirectly experience trauma throughout the migration process, which manifests in different aspects of their development. At the educational level, trauma can affect children’s ability to concentrate and learn. Trainings on trauma-informed teaching may not include the specific forms of trauma experienced by immigrant children during stages of migration or the impact of trauma caused by war, or the hatred that leads to genocide. This makes invisible the extreme, repeated, or varied traumatic events that may have been lived by children escaping from Central America’s Northern Triangle, which includes El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras. Teachers working with immigrant children need this information to be able to adapt their lessons and teaching style to meet children’s needs. The study discussed in this article attempts to address the reactions of trauma and fear on immigrant children by training and supporting teachers and staff in an elementary school who work with “Latine” children. This article presents a tested training module that responds to the call by the UN to assist immigrant children through the training of school personnel.
EACVI survey on the management of patients with patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke
Authors: D'Andrea Antonello , Dweck Marc R , Holte Espen , Fontes-Carvalho Ricardo , Cameli Matteo , Aboumarie Hatem Soliman , Diener Hans Christoph , Haugaa Kristina H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Aims
The European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI) Scientific Initiatives Committee performed a global survey to evaluate the current practice for the assessment and management of patients with suspected patent foramen ovale (PFO) and cryptogenic stroke.

Methods and results
In total, 79 imaging centres from 34 countries across the world responded to the survey, which comprised 17 questions. Most non-invasive investigations for PFO were widely available in the responding centres, with the exception of transcranial colour Doppler which was only available in 70% of sites, and most commonly performed by neurologists. Standard transthoracic echocardiography, with or without bubbles, was considered the first-level test for suspected PFO in the majority of the centres, whereas transoesophageal echocardiography was an excellent second-level modality. Most centres would rule out atrial fibrillation (AF) as a source of embolism in all patients with cryptogenic stroke (63%), with the remainder reserving investigation for patients with multiple AF risk factors (33%). Cardiac magnetic resonance was the preferred tool for identifying other unusual aetiologies, like cardiac masses or thrombi. After PFO closure, there was variation in the use of antiplatelet therapy: a quarter recommended treatment for life, while only 12% recommended 5 years as stipulated in the guidelines (12%). Antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental or endoscopic procedures was not recommended in 41% of centres, contrary to what the guidelines recommended.

Conclusion
Our survey revealed a variable adherence to the current recommendations for the diagnosis and management of patients with cryptogenic stroke and PFO. Efforts should focus on optimizing and standardizing diagnostic tests and treatment of this condition.
A clinical and echocardiographic case report of carcinoid-related valvular heart disease
Authors: Ebrahimi Ali J. , Marogil Peter , Von Mering Gregory , Ahmed Mustafa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Carcinoid syndrome is a rare disease caused by malignant neuroendocrine neoplasms. When vasoactive substances enter the systemic circulation, the triad of cutaneous flushing, bronchospasm, and diarrhoea often characterize carcinoid syndrome. Rarely, carcinoid syndrome can progress to involve the cardiac system, a condition known as carcinoid heart disease, often affecting right-sided valvular structures.

Case summary
Here, we present a case of malignant carcinoid syndrome with associated carcinoid heart disease in a 63-year-old female. The diagnosis of her dual regurgitant and stenotic valvular disease is detailed, with accompanying two- and three-dimensional echocardiographic images demonstrating the patient’s complex tricuspid dysfunction.

Discussion
Carcinoid heart disease encompasses a rare but important subset of valvular dysfunction caused by circulating vasoactive substances. Diagnosis utilizing serum studies, computed tomography scans, and echocardiography can help expedite the diagnosis and treatment of such rare conditions, and assist in the avoidance of complications. Despite its relatively well-recognized clinical presentation, carcinoid syndrome and its associated heart disease still remains a challenging condition to manage and treat, often requiring the input of several subspecialties to treat the condition appropriately.
Long-term and short-term outcomes of robot- versus video-assisted anatomic lung resection in lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wu Han , Jin Runsen , Yang Su , Park Bernard J , Li Hecheng 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Minimally invasive thoracic surgery has evolved with the introduction of robotic platforms. This study aimed to compare the long-term and short-term outcomes of the robot-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS) and video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for anatomic lung resection.

METHODS
We searched published studies that investigated RATS and VATS in anatomic lung resection. Long-term outcomes (disease-free survival and overall survival) and short-term outcomes (30-day mortality, postoperative complications, conversion rate to open surgery and lymph node upstaging) were extracted. The features were compared and tested as hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) at a 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS
Twenty-five studies with 50 404 patients (7135 for RATS and 43 269 for VATS) were included. The RATS group had a longer disease-free survival than the VATS group (HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.59–0.97; P = 0.03), and the overall survival showed a similar trend but was not statistically significant (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.57–1.05; P = 0.10). The RATS group showed a significantly lower 30-day mortality (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.38–0.81; P = 0.002). No significant difference was found in postoperative complications (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.87–1.16; P = 0.94), the conversion rate to open surgery (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.56–1.52; P = 0.75) and lymph node upstaging (OR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.52–1.54; P = 0.68).

CONCLUSIONS
RATS has comparable short-term outcomes and potential long-term survival benefits for anatomic lung resection compared with VATS.