bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification and kinematics of the Planpincieux Glacier break-offs using photographic time-lapse analysis
Authors: Giordan Daniele , Dematteis Niccolò , Allasia Paolo , Motta Elena 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHerein, we present results obtained from time-lapse imagery acquired by a digital single-lens reflex camera during 2014–18 used to monitor the Planpincieux Glacier on the Italian side of the Grandes Jorasses (Mont Blanc massif). We processed the images using image cross-correlation to measure the surface kinematics of the most active lobe of the glacier that presents a high velocity and frequent ice detachments. During the monitoring, we observed two or three periods of sharp acceleration per year that culminated with large break-offs followed by analogous decelerations. Overall, we registered more than 350 failures with a volume >100 m3, of which, 14 events had volumes larger than 10 000 m3. The study identified a monotonic positive relationship between the velocity and failure volume that may be used to estimate the volume of the collapses before an event. We identified the thresholds of velocity and acceleration that characterise the activation of the speed-up periods. The study allowed the characterisation of three different instability processes that lead to the break-off of ice chunks from the glacier terminus: (i) disaggregation, (ii) slab fracture and (iii) water tunnelling failure which can be differentiated based on the rheology, the volume involved and the trigger process.
Variation in the yak lipin-1 gene and its association with milk traits
Authors: Wang Xin , Zhou Huitong , Hickford Jon G. H. , Li Shaobin , Wang Jiqing , Liu Xiu , Hu Jiang , Luo Yuzhu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe aim of this research was to identify variation in the yak lipin-1 gene (LPIN1) and determine whether this variation affects milk traits. PCR-single stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis was used to detect variation in the 5′ untranslated region of LPIN1 in 500 yaks from four populations: Tianzhu white yaks, Qinghai yaks, wild × domestic-cross yaks and Gannan yaks. Four unique PCR-SSCP patterns, representing four different DNA sequence variants (named A, B, C and D), were observed. These contained six single nucleotide polymorphisms. Female Gannan yaks with BC genotype produced milk with a higher fat content (P < 0.001) and total milk solids (P < 0.001), than those with the AA, AB and BB genotypes. These results would suggest that LPIN1 is having an effect on yak milk fat synthesis.
Improvement of Single-Frequency GPS Positioning Performance Based on EGNOS Corrections in Algeria
Authors: Tabti Lahouaria , Kahlouche Salem , Benadda Belkacem , Beldjilali Bilal 
Published: January 2020

The main objective of the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay System (EGNOS) is to improve the positioning accuracy by correcting several error sources affecting the Global Positioning System (GPS) and to provide integrity information to GPS signals for users in real time. This research presents analysis used to investigate improvement in the performance of single-frequency GPS positioning using EGNOS corrections in Algeria. In this study, we performed position measurements with two calculation approaches, the first based on GPS single-point positioning and the second using EGNOS differential corrections. Positioning accuracy was determined by comparison with the known precise coordinates of the sites; and then the improved ionospheric correction using EGNOS was investigated. The results revealed that GPS + EGNOS performance was significantly improved compared with GPS alone, when measurements of horizontal and vertical accuracy were taken into account, and that the EGNOS corrections improved east and north components slightly, and the up component significantly.
Increase of breast-feeding in the past decade in Greece, but still low uptake: cross-sectional studies in 2007 and 2017
Authors: Iliodromiti Zoi , Zografaki Irini , Papamichail Dimitris , Stavrou Theodora , Gaki Eleni , Ekizoglou Chryssa , Nteka Eleni , Mavrika Panagiota , Zidropoulos Spilios , Panagiotopoulos Takis , Antoniadou Ioanna 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjective:To estimate breast-feeding prevalence in Greece in 2007 and 2017, compare breast-feeding indicators and maternity hospital practices between these years, and investigate breast-feeding determinants.Design:Two national cross-sectional studies (2007 and 2017) using systematic cluster sampling of babies with the same sampling design, data collection and analysis methodology.Setting:Telephone interview with babies’ mothers or fathers.Participants:Representative sample of infants who participated in the national neonatal screening programme (n 549 in 2017, n 586 in 2007).Results:We found that breast-feeding indicators were higher in 2017 compared with 10 years before. In 2017, 94 % of mothers initiated breast-feeding. Breast-feeding rates were 80, 56 and 45 % by the end of the 1st, 4th and 6th completed month of age, respectively. At the same ages, 40, 25 and <1 % of babies, respectively, were exclusively breast-feeding. We also found early introduction of solid foods (after the 4th month of age). Maternity hospital practices favouring breast-feeding were more prevalent in 2017, but still suboptimal (63 % experienced rooming-in; 51 % experienced skin-to-skin contact in the first hour after birth; 19 % received free sample of infant formula on discharge).Conclusions:We observed an increasing trend in all breast-feeding indicators in the past decade in Greece, but breast-feeding rates – particularly rates of exclusive breast-feeding – remain low. Systematic public health initiatives targeted to health professionals and mothers are needed in order to change the prevailing baby feeding ‘culture’ and successfully implement the WHO recommendations for exclusive breast-feeding during the first 6 months of life.
An Open-Cell Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy Technique for In Situ Characterization of Samples in Aqueous Liquid Solutions
Authors: Levin Barnaby D.A. , Haiber Diane , Liu Qianlang , Crozier Peter A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe desire to image specimens in liquids has led to the development of open-cell and closed-cell techniques in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The closed-cell approach is currently more common in TEM and has yielded new insights into a number of biological and materials processes in liquid environments. The open-cell approach, which requires an environmental TEM (ETEM), is technically challenging but may be advantageous in certain circumstances due to fewer restrictions on specimen and detector geometry. Here, we demonstrate a novel approach to open-cell liquid TEM, in which we use salt particles to facilitate the in situ formation of droplets of aqueous solution that envelope specimen particles coloaded with the salt. This is achieved by controlling sample temperature between 1 and 10°C and introducing water vapor to the ETEM chamber above the critical pressure for the formation of liquid water on the salt particles. Our use of in situ hydration enables specimens to be loaded into a microscope in a dry state using standard 3 mm TEM grids, allowing specimens to be prepared using trivial sample preparation techniques. Our future aim will be to combine this technique with an in situ light source to study photocorrosion in aqueous environments.
Comparison of conventional and hypofractionated radiation after mastectomy in locally advanced breast cancer: a prospective randomised study on dosimetric evaluation and treatment outcome
Authors: Maiti Sumana , Meyur Suman , Mandal Bidhan Chandra , Shenoi Lekshmi R , Biswas Susmita , Basu Siddhartha 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackground:Although hypofractionated radiotherapy has been standardised in early breast cancer, even in post-mastectomy no such consensus has been developed for locally advanced breast cancer (LABC), probably due to complex planning and field matching. This study is directed towards dosimetric evaluation and comparison of toxicity, response and disease-free survival (DFS) comparison between hypofractionation and conventional radiotherapy in post-mastectomy LABC.Methodology:In total, 222 female breast cancer patients were randomly assigned to be treated with either hypofractionated radiotherapy (n= 120) delivering 40 Gy in 15 fractions over 3 weeks or conventional radiotherapy (n= 102) with 50 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks after modified radical mastectomy (MRM) along with neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant chemotherapy. All patients were planned with treatment planning software and assessed regularly during and after treatment.Results:Median follow-up period was 178 weeks in conventional arm (CRA) and 182 weeks in hypofractionation arm (HFA). There exists a dosimetric difference between the two arms of treatment, in spite of similar dose coverage [planning treatment volume (PTV) D90 92·04% in CRA versus 92·5% in HFA;p= 0·49], average dose in HFA is less than that of CRA (p< 0·001); so is the maximum clinical target volume (CTV) dose (p< 0·001). Similarly, average lung dose in HFA arm is significantly lower than CRA (9·9 versus 10·84;p= 0·06), but the V20Gyof lung and V30Gyof heart had no difference. The toxicity of radiation was comparable with similar mean time to produce toxicity [CRA: 7 W, HFA: 10 W; hazard ratio 0·64, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0·28–1·45]. Three-year recurrence event was alike in two arms (CRA: 4·9%, HFA: 5·8%;p= 0·76). Mean DFS in CRA is 230 weeks and that of HFA is 235 weeks with hazard ratio 1·01 (95% CI = 0·32–3·19;p= 0·987).Conclusion:Though biologically effective dose (BED) in hypofractionation is lesser than that of conventional fractionation, there are indistinguishable toxicity, locoregional recurrence, distant failure rate and DFS between the two modalities.
Seasonal and Spatial Features of Barotropic and Baroclinic Tides in the Northwestern South China Sea
Authors: Yan Tong , Qi Yiquan , Jing Zhiyou , Cai Shuqun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSeven seasonal moorings distributed over the shelf and slope east of Hainan Island and south of western Guangdong Province are used to investigate the seasonal characteristics of barotropic and baroclinic tides in the northwestern South China Sea (NWSCS). The barotropic K1 current intensified during summer over the shelf sites. The diurnal baroclinic tides are much more prominent than the semidiurnal tides at each mooring site. Over the continental shelf, accompanied by large phase speeds and wavelengths, baroclinic tides are significantly enhanced in summer whereas they decrease to minimum values in winter when the water column is vertically well mixed, suggesting the key role of seasonal stratification in modulating the seasonal variation of baroclinic tide. To aid in elucidating these observations, a circulation‐tide coupled model covering the whole South China Sea (SCS) is set up for baroclinic tidal energetics in the NWSCS. Comparisons with moorings, tidal gauges, altimeters, and so on show that the model reasonably predicts the barotropic and baroclinic tides and seasonal upper circulations in the SCS and NWSCS. The model results present significant summer intensification of barotropic K1 energy in the NWSCS, which is in accordance with the observed summer‐enhanced barotropic K1 current. Strong baroclinic tides are reproduced over the summer shelf, which is related to intense stratification. The slope south of Hainan Island is a major local generation source for diurnal baroclinic tides that radiate southeastward approximately 500 km away. Both the Xisha Islands and Shenhu‐Yitong shoals act as baroclinic tidal energy sink subregions.
Carbon Deposition and Burial in Estuarine Sediments of the Contiguous United States
Authors: Hutchings J. A. , Bianchi T. S. , Najjar R. G. , Herrmann M. , Kemp W. M. , Hinson A. L. , Feagin R. A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEstuaries represent the primary linkage between the terrestrial and marine carbon cycles, and estuarine processing of riverine and coastal carbon plays a disproportionately large role in the global carbon cycle relative to the small areal extent of the estuarine environments. However, knowledge of the rate of organic carbon deposition and burial in estuarine sediments is lacking at regional scales. Data on surficial total organic carbon, linear sedimentation, and bulk density of estuarine sediments were compiled and categorized via a cluster analysis in order to estimate carbon deposition within the contiguous United States (CONUS). The cluster analysis broadly grouped estuaries by geography, but exceptions to geographic clustering highlighted differences within regions. A transfer function from deposition to burial based on linear sedimentation rate was used to estimate burial efficiency, and thus the rate of carbon burial within each cluster. We estimate organic carbon deposition rates within CONUS estuarine sediments to be 161 [121–217, 95% confidence] g C/m2/yr with a burial efficiency estimated at 38 [34–42, 95% confidence] %, which yields a long‐term burial rate of 64 [44–97, 95% confidence] g C/m2/yr. Spatially integrated organic deposition and burial rates are 11.3 [8.5–15.2, 95% confidence] and 4.5 [3.1–6.8, 95% confidence] Tg C/yr, respectively. Our findings allow a more thorough understanding of coastal carbon cycling, which is critical for both management purposes as well as for the assessment of the role of estuaries in past and future climate change.
Effects of Chemical Feedbacks on Decadal Methane Emissions Estimates
Authors: Nguyen Newton H. , Turner Alexander J. , Yin Yi , Prather Michael J. , Frankenberg Christian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe coupled chemistry of methane, carbon monoxide (CO), and hydroxyl radical (OH) can modulate methane's 9‐year lifetime. This is often ignored in methane flux inversions, and the impacts of neglecting interactive chemistry have not been quantified. Using a coupled‐chemistry box model, we show that neglecting the effect of methane source perturbation on [OH] can lead to a 25% bias in estimating abrupt changes in methane sources after only 10 years. Further, large CO emissions, such as from biomass burning, can increase methane concentrations by extending the methane lifetime through impacts on [OH]. Finally, we quantify the biases of including (or excluding) coupled chemistry in the context of recent methane and CO trends. Decreasing CO concentrations, beginning in the 2000's, have notable impacts on methane flux inversions. Given these nonnegligible errors, decadal methane emissions inversions should incorporate chemical feedbacks for more robust methane trend analyses and source attributions.
Episodic Lithospheric Deformation in Eastern Tibet Inferred From Seismic Anisotropy
Authors: Bao Xuewei , Song Xiaodong , Eaton David W. , Xu Yixian , Chen Hanlin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMechanisms for uplift and deformation of the Tibetan Plateau remain vigorously debated; hypotheses include stepwise growth, distributed thickening, and crustal channel flow, each with a distinct anisotropic signature. We have developed a new azimuthally anisotropic shear velocity model for the lithosphere beneath eastern Tibet, based on ambient noise tomography from 643 seismic stations. In our model, the Tibetan upper crust is characterized by strong anisotropy with fast axes that correlate with surface geology and mantle anisotropy, suggesting the occurrence of coherent deformation. However, a much different picture emerges in the middle and lower crust, where anisotropy is disordered and weaker beneath the plateau than along its margins, inconsistent with the prediction of large‐scale eastward crust flow in eastern Tibet. Our observations are best explained by heterogeneous crustal thickening beneath the plateau with complex flow in the middle and lower crust, accompanied by asthenospheric upwelling along the southeastern plateau margin.
In Situ Observations of the Diurnal Variation in the Boundary Layer of Mature Hurricanes
Authors: Zhang Jun A. , Dunion Jason P. , Nolan David S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRecent studies have suggested that the structure of tropical cyclones (TCs), especially the upper‐level clouds as indicated by satellite infrared brightness temperatures and precipitation, fluctuates with the diurnal cycle. The diurnal cycle of the low‐level structure, including the boundary layer, has not yet been investigated with observations. This study analyzes data from 2242 GPS dropsondes collected in mature hurricanes to investigate the diurnal variation of the mean boundary layer structure. A composite analysis is conducted to compare the kinematic and thermodynamic structure during nighttime (0–6 local time) vs in the afternoon (12–18 local time). The composites show that much stronger inflow occurs during nighttime and the moist entropy is also larger than that in the daytime. Grouping the dropsonde data into 6‐h time windows relative to the local time shows a clear diurnal signal of boundary layer inflow. The amplitude of the diurnal signal is largest at a radius of 250–500 km.
Structures of Multiple Large‐Scale Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Observed by Dense Global Navigation Satellite System Networks in China
Authors: Chen Ge , Ding Feng , Wan Weixing , Hu Lianhuan , Zhao Xiukuan , Li Jianyong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe propagation features of three groups of multiple large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs), which formed on 22 June 2015 during the passage of LSTIDs that propagated in different directions simultaneously over China, were investigated using the total electron content data from 341 Global Navigation Satellite System stations. The ranges of the periods and horizontal phase velocities of the LSTIDs were ~40–120 min and ~209–750 m/s, respectively. The first two groups were observed during 0700–1400 UT. The meeting of LSTIDs propagating in opposite directions yielded a differential of total electron content (DTEC) variation net structure, where the enhancement and reduction of DTEC amplitude appeared successively and reached a maximum amplitude of ~16% in the overlapping areas. DTEC series based on the observations of geostationary satellites from China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System addressed the propagation and meeting of fronts. The third group contained two southward propagating LSTIDs, a northward LSTID, and a northwestward one. The joint propagation of the northward LSTID and northwestward LSTID led to a large‐amplitude mixed front, which was broadened both in latitudinal and meridional range. The mixed front moved northward at a distance of ~1,500‐km until it separated into two fronts, due to the difference in propagation velocities and directions. After separation, the northward LSTID continued to propagate and encountered a southward LSTID. The northwestward LSTID dissipated within 30 min in the northwest of China. Such multi‐LSTIDs have mainly been observed previously in equatorial regions, and our observations imply that the propagation of LSTIDs in the mid and low latitudes is more complicated than previously reported.
Response of Stratification Processes to Tidal Current Alteration due to Channel Narrowing and Deepening
Authors: Zhu Lei , He Qing , Shen Jian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractStratification in estuaries has received much focus due to its importance in estuarine hydrodynamics and material transport. By utilizing a well‐calibrated numerical model, in this work we investigate the changes in stratification in the deepened and narrowed North Passage of the Changjiang Estuary. Before channel narrowing and deepening, lateral straining, generated by the interaction between vertical shear in lateral flow and transverse salinity gradient, is the dominant factor that controls stratification. A two‐layer structure of the lateral flow strains the isopycnal transversely, resulting in rapid stratification from late flood to early ebb tide. Thus, maximum stratification occurs during the early ebb. Then, the stratification was suppressed by the vertical mixing and the less stratified water advected from upstream, even the vertical shear in along‐channel flow continued to strain the isopycnal. After channel deepening and narrowing, the salinity in the upper water column experienced a sharp vertical gradient during the entire tidal cycle, while the transverse salinity gradient and lateral flow are profoundly reduced. The impact of lateral straining on stratification becomes minor. The enhanced stratification results in a sharp decrease in turbulent mixing within the pycnocline. The water movement in the upper layer is in a free‐stream status and the tidal current speed increases significantly. The alteration of the vertical current structure enhances the along‐channel tidal straining and stratification is most vigorous on late ebb tide.
The First Andean Compressive Tectonic Phase: Sedimentologic and Structural Analysis of Mid‐Cretaceous Deposits in the Coastal Cordillera, Central Chile (32°50′S)
Authors: Boyce Daniel , Charrier Reynaldo , Farías Marcelo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe document the effects of major mid‐Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous compression within the volcanic arc of the western Gondwanan margin. The thinned Early Cretaceous Andean margin underwent rapid thickening and shortening‐related exhumation of magmatic arc rocks during compressional inversion of late Early Cretaceous intra‐arc basins. Clastic sedimentary and volcanic rocks recording this phase of initial Andean shortening correspond to the Las Chilcas Formation and are interpreted to have been deposited in a proximal retro‐arc position. A detailed analysis of these deposits reveals multiple periods during sustained compressional deformation throughout the latest Early and Late Cretaceous, from 105 to 83 Ma. This deformation is evidenced by the exhumation of older units in the Coastal Cordillera, together with the development of contractional structures and a strong sedimentary response involving deposition of approximately 3 km of synorogenic nonmarine clastic deposits of the Las Chilcas Formation. The structures and associated deposits suggest that the strongest uplift and deformation period occurred from 100 to 95 Ma, whereas subsequent Late Cretaceous deformation was less pronounced, possibly a result of eastward migration of deformation. This tectonic phase coincided with similar coeval synorogenic deposits in Chile and other Andean regions, which have been attributed to initial Andean shortening resulting from a major plate reorganization.