bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What shapes our knowledge of the relationship between water deficiency stress and plant volatiles?
Authors: Szabó Krisztina , Zubay Péter , Németh-Zámboriné Éva 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this review, we attempt to highlight the issues related to plant volatile and essential oil studies in connection with drought stress. Our literature search included all publications on drought stress related to either the biosynthetic context of volatiles, or the ecophysiology and environmental interactions of species via these compounds. In addition, we surveyed publications on practical questions, such as the optimization of cultivation techniques of essential oil bearing plants. Emphasis was placed on theories explaining regularities in the detected symptoms of test plants and discrepancies of other results. Carbon allocation from primarily metabolism to secondary one, competition of parallel terpenoid pathways and the surplus of reductive power are the main theories that are discussed around. During evaluation, the main question was: which principles have already been justified in the biosynthesis/accumulation/emission of plant volatiles due to drought stress? What are the strengths and limitations of the theories? In discussing results from different scientific fields, the intention is to reveal logical connections that are yet to be addressed in the future co-operative multidisciplinary research. The simple question—whether drought stress increases the biosynthesis/accumulation/emission of plant volatiles—is not adequate any more. According to current scientific knowledge, the fine-tuning of all related variables is the challenge of next generation studies, especially for MAP species.
Hepatitis B Core Antibody: Role in Clinical Practice in 2020
Authors: Gish Robert G. , Basit Syed Abdul , Ryan John , Dawood Altaf , Protzer Ulrike 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
It is crucial for clinicians to understand the need to screen for hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc status), proper interpretation of HBV biomarkers, and that “anti-HBc only” indicates HBV exposure, lifelong persistence of cccDNA with incomplete infection control, and potential risk for reactivation.

Findings
Many common misconceptions exist, including that tests for anti-HBc have high false-positive rates, that patients with anti-HBc alone or occult hepatitis B may profit from “vaccine boosting” to achieve immune control of HBV, and that anti-HBc(+)/anti-HBs(+) patients have cleared HBV when they have actually achieved immune control, while HBV persists in some hepatocytes and can reactivate.

Summary
This review breaks down several common misconceptions regarding anti-HBc with the most recent evidence. In addition, current best strategies for anti-HBc testing and interpretation are reviewed and summarized.
Lean Stability Case Studies—Leveraging Science- and Risk-Based Approaches to Enable Meaningful Phase Specific Pharmaceutical Stability Strategies
Authors: Adamec Eric , Babayan Yelizaveta , Catacchio Bruno , Coon Angela , Dill Allison , Fu Mingkun , Gruenig Lars , Hyzer Cherokee Hoaglund , Lesslie Michael , McMahon Megan , Pulliam Donnie , Qiu Fenghe , Regler Brian P. , Szymulanska-Ramamurthy Karina , Timpano Robert , Wannere Chait 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Lean stability is a science- and risk-based initiative which utilizes the enhanced understanding of drug substance and drug product physical and chemical characteristics to (1) reduce and optimize the design of standard stability protocols; (2) expedite the generation of stability data without impact to safety, efficacy, or quality of the product; and (3) decrease time to market for innovative drugs. Lean stability was introduced in the early 2000s [ICH: Guideline Q1A(R2) (2003), ICH: Guideline Q1D (2002)] followed by reduced stability protocols, focusing on the critical quality attributes and critical time points, being reported in the literature [Skrdla et al. (J Pharm Biomed Anal 50: 794–796, 2009)]. While the concept of lean testing is not entirely new, and it is currently a part of several regulatory guidances, it continues to evolve and gain acceptance of the industry and regulators.

Methods
In this review, twelve case studies are presented where stability data was collected during clinical, registration, and post-approval phases of the product development.

Results
Case studies summarize the lean stability testing design, the strategies applied during the regulatory filing and the outcomes of the regulatory filings.

Conclusion
The authors expect that the case studies presented in this review will increase the visibility of lean stability, facilitate overcoming of the existing challenges, and accelerate the global regulatory acceptance of lean stability practices in the industry.
Cyanotoxin Analysis and Amino Acid Profiles of Cyanobacterial Food Items from Chad
Authors: Metcalf J. S. , Dunlop R. A. , Banack S. A. , Souza N. R. , Cox P. A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn some parts of the world, cyanobacteria are used as a food in the human diet, due to their ready availability. Lake Chad, has long been a traditional site for the collection of Arthrospira fusiformis which is dried and processed at the lake into thin wafers called Dihé for later consumption or is transported to market for sale. However, Dihé purchased from markets in Chad has not been analyzed for known cyanobacterial toxins or assessed for total amino acid content. Since BMAA in traditional foodstuffs of the indigenous Chamorro people of Guam causes neurodegenerative illness, it is important that Dihé from Chad be analyzed for this neurotoxin. BMAA and its isomer AEG were not detected in our analyses, but a further isomer DAB was detected as both a free and bound amino acid, with an increase in the free concentration after acid hydrolysis of this fraction. Microcystins were present in 6 samples at up to 20 μg/g according to UPLC-PDA, although their presence could not be confirmed using PCR for known microcystin synthetic genes. Amino acid analysis of the cyanobacterial material from Chad showed the presence of large amounts of canonical amino acids, suggesting that this may supplement indigenous people on low protein diets, although regular monitoring of the foodstuffs for the presence of cyanotoxins should be performed.
Evaluating controls on potentially toxic element release in circum-neutral mine water: a case study from the abandoned Pb–Zn mines of Leadhills and Wanlockhead, South of Scotland, United Kingdom
Authors: Chukwura Uche O. , Hursthouse Andrew S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHistoric sulphidic Pb–Zn mining catchments at Leadhills and Wanlockhead, in the south of Scotland, UK have a legacy of mining of PbS (galena) and ZnS (sphalerite) from the twelfth century to the 1930s. The mining activities created tailing piles, ponds, adits and contaminated soils that contribute leaching and surface runoff of potentially toxic elements, particularly lead (Pb), which impact on the surface water and groundwater and are rapidly diluted in the wider catchment area. Studies by environmental regulators have shown that Pb, Cd and Zn in water can locally exceed the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS), particularly at Leadhills. To evaluate geochemical controls on release, 20 water sources (adits, surface water and near-surface groundwater) were sampled over four seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) over a 1-year period and characterized. Samples were circum-neutral pH from 6.3 to 7.9 (with average total dissolved solids < 55.0 mg/L), with no characteristics of acid mine drainage. The concentrations of PTEs in the water exceed UK EQS and WHO standards (and non-compliance on the Water Framework Directives). Geochemical modelling (GWB and PHREEQCv2) predicted mineral control on solubility which identified PbSO4 (anglesite), Fe2O3 ferric oxide (haematite), Fe3O4 (magnetite), FeCO3 (siderite), CaMg(CO3)2 (dolomite), CaCO3 (calcite) and Ca(Fe·Mg)(CO3)2 (ankerite) to be important. These were confirmed in solid phases analysed from tailings and sediments in contact with the hydrological cycle at the sites. Multivariate statistical analysis (PCA) of water samples associated with leaching through mine tailings showed strong seasonal variation with some elements (Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Na, Ca and Zn) with higher variance. The strong negative association of pH with soluble Zn, Cu, As, Cd and Pb highlights typical sulfide oxidation processes are taking place and supported by a positive correlation with temperature. Dissolution processes of mineral phases indicated by positive association of TDS and EC with Na, Ca and Zn. The data from PCA suggest contributions with potential for active generation of acid mine drainage and dissolution of solid phases influencing the release of PTEs into surface waters.
Constructing and Extending Description Logic Ontologies using Methods of Formal Concept Analysis
Authors: Kriegel Francesco 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMy thesis describes how methods from Formal Concept Analysis can be used for constructing and extending description logic ontologies. In particular, it is shown how concept inclusions can be axiomatized from data in the description logics $$\mathcal {E}\mathcal {L}$$

E
L

, $$\mathcal {M}$$
M
, $$\textsf {Horn}$$
Horn
-$$\mathcal {M}$$
M
, and $$\textsf{Prob}\text{-}\mathcal {E}\mathcal {L}$$

Prob
-
E
L

. All proposed methods are not only sound but also complete, i.e., the result not only consists of valid concept inclusions but also entails each valid concept inclusion. Moreover, a lattice-theoretic view on the description logic $$\mathcal {E}\mathcal {L}$$

E
L

is provided. For instance, it is shown how upper and lower neighbors of $$\mathcal {E}\mathcal {L}$$

E
L

concept descriptions can be computed and further it is proven that the set of $$\mathcal {E}\mathcal {L}$$

E
L

concept descriptions forms a graded lattice with a non-elementary rank function.
The effectiveness of diabetes self-management education (DSME) on glycemic control among T2DM patients randomized control trial: systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Bekele Bayu Begashaw , Negash Samuel , Bogale Biruk , Tesfaye Melkamsew , Getachew Dawit , Weldekidan Fekede , Balcha Behailu 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been a global pandemic resulting in physical, financial and psychosocial crises. Thus, it is important to investigate pooled effectiveness of Diabetes Self-Management Education (DSME) on glycemic control among T2DM patients.

Objective
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to investigate the association between DSME or Support (DSME/S) and glycemic control among T2DM patients.

Methods
The systematic review and meta-analysis will include studies conducted throughout the world from 2010 to 2019. T2DM patients and their clinical, anthropometric, biomarkers from baseline to end line will be recorded. We will search all relevant articles from five databases namely; Cochrane Library, BioMed Central, MEDLINE (EBSCOhost), MEDLINE/PubMed and SCOPUS. Key terms will be used for questing relevant articles. Further efforts will be made to check quality of studies base on quality assessment instruments. Finally, the report will be made according Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Pooled standard mean difference in HbA1c will be used to calculate the effect size between the variables with random effects analysis assumption. Further subgroup analysis will be carried out for assessing the risk difference among groups.

Conclusion
Based on the existing and eligible researches this systematic review and meta-analysis will bring the best evidence on the effectiveness of DSME/S on glycemic control among the T2DM patients. Moreover, the subgroup analysis will inform the effectiveness heterogeneity based on continent, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) region, intervention period, World bank economic classification and glycemic markers used to follow the patients. The proposed review has been registered in the International PROSPERO website with registration number CRD42020124236.
European SMEs amidst the COVID-19 crisis: assessing impact and policy responses
Authors: Juergensen Jill , Guimón José , Narula Rajneesh 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe consider how the COVID-19 pandemic has challenged European small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the manufacturing sector, and draw suggests policy implications. The sudden onslaught of the pandemic has acted as an economic shock, and we consider how it is likely to affect different types of manufacturing SMEs. We distinguish between immediate effects, a result of the almost-simultaneous lockdowns across Europe and its major trading partners, and longer-term implications for both SMEs and the global value chains where they are inserted. In the shorter run, most SMEs have faced logistical challenges in addition to demand disruptions, although the severity has differed across firms and industries. We argue that in the longer-term, there will be different challenges and opportunities depending on the type of SME. Policy interventions will also need to be sensitive to the different types of SMEs, rather than adopting a one-size-fits-all approach. The policy mix will need to shift from its initial focus on the survival of European SMEs in the short term, towards a more structural and longer-term approach based on promoting their renewal and growth through innovation, internationalization and networking.
The mobility network of scientists: analyzing temporal correlations in scientific careers
Authors: Vaccario Giacomo , Verginer Luca , Schweitzer Frank 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe mobility of scientists between different universities and countries is important to foster knowledge exchange. At the same time, the potential mobility is restricted by geographic and institutional constraints, which leads to temporal correlations in the career trajectories of scientists. To quantify this effect, we extract 3.5 million career trajectories of scientists from two large scale bibliographic data sets and analyze them applying a novel method of higher-order networks. We study the effect of temporal correlations at three different levels of aggregation, universities, cities and countries. We find strong evidence for such correlations for the top 100 universities, i.e. scientists move likely between specific institutions. These correlations also exist at the level of countries, but cannot be found for cities. Our results allow to draw conclusions about the institutional path dependence of scientific careers and the efficiency of mobility programs.
An alternative approach to frequentist meta‐analysis: A demonstration of Bayesian meta‐analysis in adolescent development research
Authors: Thompson Christopher G. , Semma Brandie 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionPast decades have seen a surge of applied and methodological research on meta‐analysis. One methodological advancement that has gained significant traction is a Bayesian approach to meta‐analysis.MethodsWe present a non‐technical introduction to Bayesian meta‐analysis. This introduction re‐analyzes data from a meta‐analysis concerning the impact of media literacy interventions on attitudes and intentions related to risky health behaviors using a Bayesian approach. One data relate media literacy interventions to media literacy skills, and another relates media literacy interventions to attitudes and behavioral intentions towards risky health behaviors. In these examples we focus on how to conduct unconditional models via graphical and quantitative results. Further, we demonstrate how to conduct subgroup analyses using risk behavior type (drinking, sexual, or smoking).ResultsWe demonstrated how several meta‐analytical quantities could be computed and interpreted in a Bayesian framework. This was done both graphically (plot of the marginal posterior distributions) and quantitatively (e.g., central tendency measures, highest posterior density intervals). Results also showed how analyzing effect sizes at the risk‐behavior level could affect several interpretations.ConclusionsWe emphasize that in no way are Bayesian methods “superior” to frequentist methods, nor that frequentist methods should be abandoned. Instead, the two approaches should be viewed as familial, each with advantages and disadvantages, but strive at a common purpose. We hope for increased use of Bayesian meta‐analyses, and Bayesian methodology at large, in adolescence research. Last, all R code is provided for readers to use as a foundation for their own research.
The effect of family and neighbourhood social capital on youth mental health in South Africa
Authors: Somefun Oluwaseyi Dolapo , Simo Fotso Arlette 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionDespite the prevalence of mental illness among young adults in South Africa, few studies have examined its correlation with social capital using nationally representative data. Sources of social capital are different for youth, which is why understanding the correlation between family and neighbourhood social capital and mental health outcomes is important for designing optimal interventions. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between social capital and youth mental health. We also sought to understand whether family social capital was more protective for the mental health of youth compared to neighbourhood social capital.MethodsUsing the National Income Dynamics Survey data for South Africa, we examine these associations among 2307 youth aged 15–24 across the four waves. Multilevel logistic regression was used to examine these associations.ResultsOur findings emphasize the substantial burden of mental illness among youth in South Africa (26% in wave 4). Although results for parental presence were not significant, family social capital measured by household income significantly decreased the odds of incident depression only for those belonging to the third quintile (aOR 0.74, 95% CI 0.54–1.01). High perception of crime in the neighbourhood was associated with significantly higher odds of incident depression (aOR 1.33, 95% CI 1.06–1.67).ConclusionsOur results confirm the independent effect of neighbourhood characteristics on youth mental health and did not support family social capital as being protective for developing depression. This implies that youth program planners must focus on community context in improving youth developmental outcomes such as mental health.
Air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Duan Rui‐Rui , Hao Ke , Yang Ting 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThere is considerable epidemiological evidence indicating that air pollution has adverse effects on human health and is closely related to respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These effects, which can be divided into short‐ and long‐term effects, can manifest as an exacerbation of existing symptoms, impaired lung function, and increased hospitalization and mortality rates. Long‐term exposure to air with a high concentration of pollutants may also increase the incidence of COPD. The combined effects of different pollutants may become more complex in the future; hence, there is a need for more intensive research on specific at‐risk populations, and formulating corresponding protective strategies is crucial. We aimed to review the epidemiological evidence on the effect of air pollution on COPD, the possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this effect, as well as protective measures against the effects of air pollutants in patients with COPD.
Where Is the Io Plasma Torus? A Comparison of Observations by Juno Radio Occultations to Predictions From Jovian Magnetic Field Models
Authors: Phipps Phillip H. , Withers Paul , Vogt Marissa F. , Buccino Dustin R. , Yang Yu‐Ming , Parisi Marzia , Ranquist Drake , Kollmann Peter , Bolton Scott 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Io plasma torus is thought to lie in Jupiter's centrifugal equator, a location that depends on Jupiter's rotation and magnetic field. Yet previous observations and predictions of the location of the Io plasma torus are inconsistent. Here we test the hypothesis that the Io plasma torus lies in the centrifugal equator by comparison of observations by Juno radio occultations to predictions derived from Juno‐era magnetic field models. These observations determine the locations of two torus components: The cold torus is centered near 5.3 Jovian radii (RJ), and the “torus beyond 5.5 RJ,” dominated by the warm torus, is centered near 5.9 RJ. The observations deviate by 1–2° from the planar centrifugal equator expected for a Voyager epoch dipolar magnetic field. In each observation, the locations of distinct torus regions differ by as much as 1° indicating significant radial structure. The root‐mean‐square error between observation and prediction is smaller for predictions from the JRM09 magnetic field model than for predictions from the VIP4 magnetic field model, confirming the JRM09 model is an improvement over the VIP4 model. Agreement between observations and predictions improves for the warm torus if the magnetic field contributions of a nominal magnetospheric current sheet model are included but worsens for the cold torus. Magnetic field conditions around 5.3 RJ are adequately represented by an internal field model without the current sheet. Conditions around 5.9 RJ require internal and external contributions. These results place constraints on properties of the magnetospheric current sheet during the Juno epoch.
Modeling the Effect of Pressure on the Moduli Dispersion in Fluid‐Saturated Rocks
Authors: Sun Yongyang , Gurevich Boris 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLaboratory experiments of ultrasonic velocities of fluid‐saturated rocks are often much higher than the predictions of the Gassmann theory. This difference is usually attributed to the velocity dispersion caused by fluid pressure relaxation between pores of different shapes and orientation. This paper proposes a simple model to characterize pressure and frequency effects on the elastic moduli of fluid‐saturated rocks in a broad frequency range. The proposed model incorporates micromechanics of wave‐induced fluid pressure relaxation at grain contacts (between crack‐like contacts and stiff pores) into pressure dependency of elastic moduli. Previously, the pressure dependency of the velocities or elastic moduli was ascribed to the progressive closure of cracks with the increasing effective pressure and expressed as an integral of crack compliance over the range of aspect ratios. For isolated cracks, this compliance is a function of crack geometry only. For cracks hydraulically connected to stiff pores, this crack compliance can be replaced by a frequency‐dependent solution of the micromechanical problem of fluid pressure relaxation between a single crack and surrounding pores. The resulting equation expresses the bulk and shear moduli of the fluid‐saturated rock as functions of both pressure and frequency. Furthermore, if pressure‐dependent moduli of both dry and fluid‐saturated moduli are known, the aspect ratio distribution can be obtained from the pressure dependency of the dry moduli, and then the saturated moduli can be computed with no adjustable parameters. The model predictions show reasonable agreement with laboratory data measured using ultrasonic and forced oscillation techniques.