bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Representational Theory of Measurement
Authors: Wolff J. E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the representational theory of measurement as the relevant formal framework for a metaphysics of quantities. After presenting key elements of the representational approach, axioms for different measurement structures are presented and their representation and uniqueness theorems are compared. Particular attention is given to Hölder’s theorem, which in the first instance describes conditions for quantitativeness for additive extensive structures, but which can be generalized to more abstract structures. The last section discusses the relationship between uniqueness, the hierarchy of scales, and the measurement-theoretic notion of meaningfulness. This chapter provides the basis for Chapter 6, which makes use of more abstract results in measurement theory.
British Literature and Culture in Second World Wartime
Authors: Pong Beryl 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
What happens to the concept of wartime in the 1940s? For the Duration excavates British late modernism’s relationship to war in terms of chronophobia: a joint fear of the past and future. Coloured by the trauma of past violence and dread of those to come, the Second World War and its defining military strategy, civilian aerial bombardment, upended straightforward understandings of past, present, and future. Identifying a constellation of temporalities and affects under three tropes—time capsules, time zones, and ruins—the book contends that Second World Wartime is a pivotal moment when wartime surpassed the boundaries of a specific state of emergency, becoming first routine and then open-ended. It scrutinizes a variety of cultural artefacts, from life-writings to short stories, from novels to film and painting, that formally registered the distinctiveness of this wartime through a complex feedback between anticipation and retrospection. While offering a strong foundation for new readers of the mid-century, the book and its overall theoretical focus on chronophobia will be an important intervention for those already working in the field.
Introduction
Authors: Pong Beryl 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The introduction examines how writers anticipated the Second World War in the interwar period, and why dread became a pervasive experience in the 1930s and 1940s. Beginning with the problem of how to define the spatio-temporal boundaries of modern wartime, it argues that, with war looming, modernist time philosophy gradually shifted focus from the past to the future. The chapter then presents a model for understanding Second World Wartime through the concept of late modernist chronophobia. As a war understood to be a repetition of the First World War, but whose effects were expected to be more catastrophic and total, it is characterized by a fear of time itself. During the Blitz, this is enacted on a local level on the home front, through the temporalities of aerial bombardment. The chapter discusses why, as a bridge between the memory of the First World War and the incipient temporalities of the Cold War, the Second World War is crucial to understanding how modern wartime developed in the twentieth century.
Wartime Presentness
Authors: Pong Beryl 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 offers a theoretical account of how aerial violence solicits a temporality of dread, as a present upended by the fear of past trauma and the expectation of future trauma. It argues that Second World War writing is defined by a desire to manage anxieties about death, and, drawing from theories of autobiography, it examines why there was an outpouring of autobiographical narratives at this historical juncture. Comparing Henry Green’s self-portrait Pack My Bag (1940) to Arthur Gwynn-Browne’s Dunkirk memoir F. S. P. (1942), the chapter identifies a ‘wartime style’ that renders, while trying to assuage, the experience of dread experienced on both home front and war front. This focus on life-writing and dread is theorized through Sigmund Freud’s diagnosis of anxiety’s simultaneously injurious and inoculating effects.
Work and Welfare as Strategic Complements in Germany’s Postwar Economic Order
Authors: Manow Philip 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 argues that in the three high-growth postwar decades, the welfare state facilitated corporatist cooperation between labor and capital, specifically in the form of wage coordination, thereby avoiding inflation in periods of (almost) full employment. The period of high growth and full employment allowed, in turn, welfare state expansion which was always supported by a grand coalition of Christian and Social Democrats. The chapter reconstructs in more detail how industrial conflict in the metalworking sector—both in the north of Germany, in the shipyards, and in the south of Germany, in the automobile industry—over social rights instead of wages laid the ground for wage coordination (and moderation) German style. It also explains how the welfare state helped unions and employers’ associations to “police the bargain,” to stabilize an inherently unstable arrangement between capital and labor.
International Complementarities of National Capitalism
Authors: Manow Philip 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The adjustment pattern of the German model to low growth and to the transition to the service economy proved unsustainable in the medium to long term, and ultimately led to a profound welfare state reform that in many respects broke with the quasi-corporatism of Modell Deutschland. This has been associated with the spectacular revival of the German economy, before and after the Great Recession, also because its competitive characteristics were significantly strengthened within the euro area. Yet, the success of Modell Deutschland of course also contributes to the increasing imbalances and to the divergent economic dynamics within the common currency area, which ultimately have the potential to disrupt it. The chapter explains in more detail how wage moderation remained stable in Germany even though the strategic interaction with the German Bundesbank, on which the wage-moderation arrangement for a long time had been based, was a thing of the past after the introduction of the euro. It points to functional equivalents for the disciplining effect of Germany’s accommodating social policy.
The Mathematics of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Quantum mechanics is written in the language of linear algebra. On the Schrodinger picture the theory represents quantum-mechanical states using the elements of a Hilbert space and represents observable physical properties and the standard dynamics using the linear operators on the state space. We consider the mathematical notions for understanding and working with the standard formulation of quantum mechanics. Each mathematical notion is characterized geometrically, algebraically, and physically. The mathematical representation of quantum-mechanical superpositions is discussed.
Real and/or Local
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) argued that quantum mechanics was incomplete. We consider their argument and the physical and philosophical intuitions that motivated it. Among their intuitions was a commitment to real physical properties and to local properties and interactions. For his part, Einstein’s commitment to locality was closely related to how he understood special relativity. We show why the standard collapse formulation of quantum mechanics is flatly incompatible with special relativity. Following Bell, we then see why no physical theory that satisfies EPR’s commonsense and philosophical intuitions can be empirically adequate over quantum phenomena.
Introduction
Authors: Norcross Alastair 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Consequentialist theories share the motivation that we have reason to care about how good or bad the world is, and reason to make a positive difference to net goodness. Core Consequentialism (CC) states that an action is morally better or worse than available alternatives, and thus there is greater or lesser reason to opt for it, entirely to the extent that the world containing it is overall better or worse (contains more or less net intrinsic value) than the worlds containing the alternatives. Although CC doesn’t say anything about right or wrong, or morality’s demands, popular consequentialist theories, such as utilitarianism, are usually presented in maximizing form, with the demand to do the best we can. Such theories are often criticized as being too demanding.
Good and Bad Actions
Authors: Norcross Alastair 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Should consequentialism simply equate rightness with goodness? It is usually assumed to be possible, and sometimes even desirable, for consequentialists to make judgments about the goodness of actions, in addition to states of affairs. Whether a particular action is good or bad, and how good or bad it is, are two such judgments. However, consequentialism cannot provide a satisfactory account of the goodness of actions, on the most natural approach to the question. Strictly speaking, a consequentialist cannot judge one action to be better or worse than another action performed at a different time or by a different person. Consequentialism is actually strengthened by the realization that actions can only be judged as better or worse than possible alternatives.
Facing Up to Scarcity
Authors: Fried Barbara H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The essays collected in this book take stock of the nonconsequentialist project over the past fifty years, in two key areas. The first part focuses on the moral “duty not to harm” others. Under a suitably broad definition of harm, that duty encompasses most of the restrictions imposed on individual conduct in the secular, liberal state. It examines how that duty has been cashed out in ostensibly nonaggregative terms in the principal strains of nonconsequentialist thought: tragic choices (trolleyology), libertarian property rights, corrective justice in tort law, and Scanlonian contractualism. Nonconsequentialists have not only failed to articulate a viable alternative to aggregation in this domain; they are doomed to fail, because in a world of scarcity (in the broadest sense) and epistemic uncertainty, everything we do poses some risk of harm to others’ fundamental interests, a conflict that can be resolved only through aggregation. The second part examines the treatment of distributive justice in nonconsequentialist political theory over the past fifty years, focusing on Nozickian libertarianism, Rawlsianism, left-libertarianism, and social contractarianism. It argues that whatever the moral attractiveness of the various distributive schemes proposed, none is logically entailed by the normative premises from which it is ostensibly derived. Unlike the argument in the first part, this is not an argument for consequentialism by logical elimination. Societal wealth need not be, and almost never is, distributed to optimize consequences. Rather, it underscores the relatively weak justifications that have been offered for some very strong conclusions.
Tortious Harms
Authors: Fried Barbara H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the recent revival of a corrective justice approach to tort law. Seeking to reclaim tort theory from the now dominant welfarist perspective, corrective justice theorists like Ernest Weinib, Arthur Ripstein, Jules Coleman, and John Goldberg have stressed the corrective justice roots of the rules governing compensation for “wrongful” acts. The literature is either silent on what makes an act wrongful in the first place or suggests criteria that seem indistinguishable from some version of cost/benefit analysis. The failure of corrective justice theorists to address the central regulatory question at issue in tort law—appropriate standards of conduct—results from their conflating prohibition and compensation; viewing the tort system in isolation from the larger regulatory regime; and treating the imposition of risk and imposition of harm as distinct forms of conduct, rather than the identical conduct viewed from different temporal perspectives.
Rawls, Risk, and the Maximin Principle
Authors: Fried Barbara H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In A Theory of Justice, Rawls acknowledged that rational choice behind the veil of ignorance would generally yield average utilitarianism—John Harsanyi’s conclusion fifteen years earlier. The question is, why would it yield a different conclusion in the Original Position? If, as Rawls assumed, the representative person would be infinitely risk averse in those unique circumstances, utility functions would reflect that preference in the relative weights assigned to different outcomes, yielding Rawls’s maximin solution. In short, Rawls’s disagreement with utilitarians is an empirical dispute about individual preferences and nothing more. Rawls believed the disagreement was more fundamental, because of two erroneous assumptions about standard utility functions: that they reflect peoples’ psychological attitudes toward risk-taking rather than their preferences over a range of outcomes, that they would ignore the transitory disutility of uncertainty aversion in calculating expected utilities.
“If You Don’t Like It, Leave It”
Authors: Fried Barbara H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The leverage the most fortunate possess to extract a favourable deal for themselves in hypothetical social contractarian bargains depends on what exit options they are endowed with. Social contractarian arguments typically enlarge their exit options by suppressing many of the social constraints on exit they would face in the real world. The result is to greatly increase the share of the joint surplus that the most fortunate can extract in the hypothetical bargain. Suppressing naturally arising social constraints on exit is inconsistent with the parsimonious view of our collective responsibility to the least fortunate that animates social contractarianism to begin with.
Central Banking before 1800
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During the 20th century, a view established itself, according to which (a) defining central banking would be difficult, (b) the Sveriges Riksbank (established in 1668) and the Bank of England (established in 1694) would have been the first central banks, (c) although at that time central banks did not have a policy mandate and no concept of central banking would have existed before the 19th century. This book challenges these views and rehabilitates pre-1800 central banking, including the role of numerous other institutions, mainly on the European continent. Central banking should be defined as being associated with the issuance of “central bank money”, i.e. financial money of the highest possible credit quality, that is accepted for settlement of any other financial claim in the same way as species money is accepted as it is considered credit, liquidity and market risk free, to use modern terminology. Issuing central bank money is a natural monopoly, and therefore central banks were always based on public charters regulating them and giving them a unique role in a sovereign territorial entity. Many early central banks were not only based on a public charter but were also publicly owned and managed, and had well defined policy objectives. The book reviews these policy objectives and the financial operations of 25 central banks established before 1800. The book shows that many of the central bank controversies debated today actually date back to the period 1400-1800.
Annex
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The annex presents, with a common template, a catalogue of 25 pre-1800 central banks. While it benefits considerably from previous surveys, it has a narrower focus on central bank operations and balance sheets, and on the genealogy of central banking. It also includes some banks which are not contained in the previous surveys of Roberds and Velde (the Bank of Scotland, the Banco di Santo Spirito di Roma, the American settlers’ land bank projects, the central bank projects of Leipzig and Cologne, the Copenhagen bank, the Russian Assignation Banks, the Banco Nacional de San Carlo, the Bank of North America, and the Bank of the United States). Not all institutions completely fulfil the definition of a central bank, and particularly not for the entire lifetime of its existence. However, all banks included had, at least in the way they were conceived, important elements of central banking, and thereby at least illustrate the challenges that central bank design faced pre-1800.
Prologue
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In 1762, both Mendelssohn and Kant submitted essays in response to the Berlin Academy’s question on the possibility of using the mathematical method in philosophy, specifically natural theology and morality. Mendelssohn won first prize for his argument that both mathematics and philosophy tie conceptual analyses to reality by experience, while Kant won honorable mention for an early version of his position that the methods of mathematics and philosophy are essentially different. After this, the two philosophers could not avoid taking account of the views of each other.
Mendelssohn, Kant, and Proofs of the Existence of God in Kant’s Pre-Critical Period
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews Mendelssohn’s early defense of the ontological and cosmological arguments for the existence of God, then examines Kant’s criticism of those arguments, especially in his 1763 book Only Possible Basis for a Demonstration of the Existence of God and his attempt at a new proof of the existence of God as the ground of all possibility rather than actuality. The chapter then examines Mendelssohn’s critique of Kant’s new argument and defense of his own position in a review of Kant’s book.
Mendelssohn and Kant on the Immortality of the Soul
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Mendelssohn argued for the immortality of the soul in his 1767 best-seller Phaedo. Kant’s argument for the postulate of immortality in the first two Critiques was not dissimilar to Mendelssohn’s; both may have drawn on the influential Vocation of Man by Johann Joachim Spalding. But in his 1793 Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason, published after the death of Mendelssohn, Kant argued that the radical nature of human freedom means that a human being can undertake a change of heart from evil to good at any time, thereby undercutting any need to postulate immortality.
Mendelssohn, Kant, and Idealism
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
After examining the dispute between Mendelssohn and Kant over the ideality of time in 1770, this chapter argues that Kant’s addition of a “Refutation of Idealism” to the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason in 1787 is a response to Mendelssohn’s treatment of idealism in his 1785 Morning Hours. Both defend the position that Kant calls empirical realism, but only Kant defends it by means of a transcendental argument that knowledge of external objects is a necessary condition of empirical self-knowledge, although only within the framework of transcendental idealism. Mendelssohn accepts that human experience can never tell us how things are in themselves, but does not accept Kant’s outright denial of the non-spatiality and non-temporality of things in themselves.
Approaching the Doctrine of Divine Love
Authors: Wessling Jordan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 is methodological and sets the stage for many of the modes of reasoning found within the remainder of the book. The central argument is that reflection upon ideal human love can be used as a reliable source for gaining significant insight into the nature of God’s love. More specifically, reasons are presented for believing that various New Testament authors presuppose that divine and human love (or species of each) are similar in such a way that scrutiny of how humans ideally should love can be used fruitfully to inform how Christian theologians and philosophers think of God’s perfect love. This methodological conclusion provides a foundation for the construction of a model of God’s love found in Chapter 2, and it offers the beginnings of a more general framework for considering certain kinds of actions relevant to this book that God might, or might not, be inclined to perform.
Creation out of Love
Authors: Wessling Jordan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
There are two prominent and opposing Christian views about why God created, and consequently governs, the world. On the one hand, there is the view that God’s creative and providential activity is fundamentally motivated by God’s desire for self-glorification. God creates not ultimately for the creature, but for Himself, specifically for the enjoyment of the ad extra expression of His attributes. On the other hand, a rival theological group contends that God’s creative activity and care for the world is fundamentally motivated by love. God creates not primarily for Himself, but out of a self-giving love for the creature. Chapter 3 contains an exposition and defence of the second of these views as the more plausible of the two Christian views on why God created, and thereby governs, the world.
Reverberation
Authors: Pollard Natalie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores—from the direction of non-mainstream poetics—the politics of embodiment and reception in Denise Riley’s poetry. Its focus is her late-twentieth-century avant-garde pamphlets and small press publications. What is at stake in Riley’s poetic emphasis on the punctured, uncertain, and wounded textual-corporeal body? Why do her poems invite readers to witness the traces of their physical making/printing? The chapter examines what Riley’s use of unmarked space can teach readers about their role in the politics of production and reception. It explores how sparse type energizes gaps between words (giving them a fugitive figuration) and draws attention to the conflict involved in acts of listening and receiving, inking and uttering. The chapter considers whether such effects are compromised when larger, more commercial houses republish the works.
Ventriloquism
Authors: Pollard Natalie 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Tracking fugitive dynamics into the twenty-first century, this chapter probes Paul Muldoon’s exploration of metamorphosing poetic and corporeal forms. It focuses on the ventriloquizing of artworks, artists, and nonhuman agents (animals, plants, bodies, objects, waste products). It offers particular attention to: a) Muldoon’s limited edition pamphlets and literary-artistic collaborations containing photographs, drawings, and paintings. One example is Plan B, the cover of which shows a statue of Apollo wrapped in polythene. The poems within depose the colonizing order Apollo’s torso represents, engaging in refractions of aesthetic and literary inheritance. b) the voice of human and nonhuman bodies, especially Muldoon’s mythological preoccupation with half-animal forms, degenerating waste products, and digesting/gustatory metaphors for the lyric work. Each destabilizes fixed and perfected forms, often in favour of organic mutability and resonance.