bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the coronal evolution of AR 12473 using time-dependent, data-driven magnetofrictional modelling
Authors: Price D. J. , Pomoell J. , Kilpua E. K. J. 
Published: October 2020

Aims. We present a detailed examination of the magnetic evolution of AR 12473 using time-dependent, data-driven magnetofrictional modelling.
Methods. We used maps of the photospheric electric field inverted from vector magnetogram observations, obtained by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), to drive our fully time-dependent, data-driven magnetofrictional model. Our modelled field was directly compared to extreme ultraviolet observations from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, also onboard SDO. Metrics were also computed to provide a quantitative analysis of the evolution of the magnetic field.
Results. The flux rope associated with the eruption on 28 December 2015 from AR 12473 was reproduced by the simulation and found to have erupted due to a torus instability.
Microsurgery: A 10-Year Experience with Loupe Magnification
Authors: Nangole Ferdinand Wanjala , Khainga Stanley Ominde 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background Microsurgical procedures are still rare in many countries especially in resource-constrained countries. Among reasons for this is the unavailability of operating microscopes that are costly. Operating loupes are considered inferior to the microscope and are most discouraged for many microsurgical procedures. We audit patients operated under loupes for the past 10 years and present our findings.
Patients and Methods This was a prospective audit of patients who underwent microsurgical reconstructive procedures in the plastic surgery unit at Kenyatta National Hospital between January 2009 and December 2019.
Results A total of 352 patients with 360 procedures were done over a 10-year period. The age range for the patients was 5 to 90 years. Free flaps accounted for 78% of the surgical procedures (n = 298) followed by nerve repairs 8.8% (n = 32) and reimplantation surgeries 8.5% (n = 30). The overall success rate for free flaps was 93.3% with reimplantations of 77%.
Conclusion Microsurgical reconstructive procedures as demonstrated in this study can safely be done with loupes. Loupes provide an alternative means of magnification that is cost effective and cheaper. In good hands, good surgical outcomes can be achieved that are comparable to the operating microscopes.
How and Why to Define Unexplained Infertility?
Authors: Abdallah Karim S. , Hunt Sarah , Abdullah Sayed A. , Mol Ben W.J. , Youssef Mohamed A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUnexplained infertility represents up to 30% of all cases of infertility. It is a diagnosis of exclusion, where no cause for infertility may be identified in the investigation of the couple, be it anovulation, fallopian tube blockage, or severe male factor. Unexplained infertility therefore cannot be considered a diagnosis to which a specific treatment is directed, rather that it indicates a failure to reach a diagnosis of the true cause of infertility. In this review, we explore the evidence base and potential limitations of the current routine infertility assessment. We also aim to highlight the importance of considering the prognosis of each individual couple through the process of assessment and propose a reconsidered approach to treatment, targeted to the prognosis rather than the diagnosis. Ultimately, a better understanding of the mechanisms of infertility will reduce the number of couples diagnosed with “unexplained” infertility.
Lost for words: an extraordinary structure at the early Neolithic settlement of WF16
Authors: Mithen Steven 
Published: October 2020

AbstractExtraordinariness is a useful concept for everyday life and for academic research, frequently invoked within archaeology. In this contribution I explore how this term might be defined and whether it is appropriate for a large early Neolithic structure excavated at the site of WF16 in the southern Levant, dating to c. 11,200 BP. I draw on research regarding categorisation, concepts and their relationships to words, to suggest that Structure O75 can usefully be considered as ‘extraordinary’ because it does not comfortably fit into a category of finds currently used by Neolithic archaeologists. To do so, a brief review of the history of Neolithic research is required because that has shaped the categories that archaeologists bring to the archaeological record and hence what might be viewed as either ordinary or extraordinary discoveries. I conclude that extraordinary objects such as Structure O75 are likely to have played an active role in the conceptual and linguistic developments that was associated with the transition from mobile hunting and gathering to sedentary farming communities.
Collective cancer cell invasion requires RNA accumulation at the invasive front
Authors: Chrisafis George , Wang Tianhong , Moissoglu Konstadinos , Gasparski Alexander N. , Ng Yeap , Weigert Roberto , Lockett Stephen J. , Mili Stavroula 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Specific RNAs are enriched at protrusive regions of migrating cells. This localization is important for cell migration on 2D surfaces. However, in vivo, tumor cells navigate complex 3D environments often in collective groups. Here, we investigated protrusion-enriched RNAs during collective 3D invasion. We show that specific RNAs exhibit a striking accumulation at the front of invasive leader cells. We provide insights into the mechanism underlying RNA accumulation at the invasive front, and we further demonstrate that it is required for efficient 3D invasion of tumor cells. We additionally observe RNA enrichment at invasive sites of in vivo tumors, supporting the physiological relevance of this mechanism and suggesting a targeting opportunity for perturbing cancer cell invasion.
Qualitative study of a model with Rastall gravity
Authors: Llibre Jaume , Pantazi Chara 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We consider the Rastall theory for the flat Friedmann–Robertson–Walker Universe filled with a perfect fluid that satisfies a linear equation of state. The corresponding dynamical system is a two dimensional system of polynomial differential equations depending on four parameters. We show that this differential system is always Darboux integrable. In order to study the global dynamics of this family of differential systems we classify all their non-topological equivalent phase portraits in the Poincaré disc and we obtain 16 different dynamical situations for our spacetime.
Skew-symmetric endomorphisms in

M1,3

: a unified canonical form with applications to conformal geometry
Authors: Mars Marc , Peón-Nieto Carlos 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We derive a canonical form for skew-symmetric endomorphisms F in Lorentzian vector spaces of dimension three and four which covers all non-trivial cases at once. We analyze its invariance group, as well as the connection of this canonical form with duality rotations of two-forms. After reviewing the relation between these endomorphisms and the algebra of conformal Killing vectors of

S

2

,

C
K
i
l
l

S

2

, we are able to also give a canonical form for an arbitrary element

ξ
∈
C
K
i
l
l

S

2

along with its invariance group. The construction allows us to obtain explicitly the change of basis that transforms any given F into its canonical form. For any non-trivial ξ we construct, via its canonical form, adapted coordinates that allow us to study its properties in depth. Two applications are worked out: we determine explicitly for which metrics, among a natural class of spaces of constant curvature, a given ξ is a Killing vector and solve all local traceless and transverse tensors that satisfy the Killing initial data equation for ξ. In addition to their own interest, the present results will be a basic ingredient for a subsequent generalization to arbitrary dimensions.
Numerical simulation of elasto-inertial focusing of particles in straight microchannels
Authors: Jiang Di , Ni Chen , Tang Wenlai , Xiang Nan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Viscoelastic microfluidics has become a new trend for particle/cell manipulation in recent years. The coupling of fluid viscoelasticity and inertia has been proved to be effective for achieving particle elasto-inertial focusing at the channel centerline experimentally, which is important for downstream particle counting and detection. However, the mechanism of particle elasto-inertial focusing in viscoelastic flow is still unclear. This paper systematically explores particle elasto-inertial focusing in straight microchannels through using numerical simulation. The performance of particle focusing is studied under various control parameters. Numerical simulation is conducted under different Reynolds numbers Re, Weissenberg numbers Wi and particle diameters d to elucidate the force competition mechanisms. The results show that the increase of flow intensity and particle diameter d can speed up the focusing migration. Elasticity of the flow quantified by Wi can attenuate the particle rotation and thus weaken the lateral particle focusing towards the channel centerline. The separatrix for particle focusing towards the channel centerline or the channel walls is observed in the simulation. The results provide new insight into understanding particle elasto-inertial focusing in viscoelastic flows, and can be useful for guiding the design of viscoelastic microfluidics.
Modeling study of the indirect treatment of phosphate buffered saline in surface air plasma
Authors: Luo Santu , Liu Zhichao , Liu Dingxin , Zhang Hao , Guo Li , Rong Mingzhe , Kong Michael G 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) is a commonly used medium for in vitro experiments in plasma biomedicine; however, the mechanism for changes in PBS in response to plasma treatment is not well understood. Many kinds of reactive species are produced in plasma-activated PBS, but to date only a few of them can be quantified. In this paper, therefore, we aim to develop a fully coupled model for the interaction between surface air plasma and PBS, primarily to quantify its plasma-induced aqueous reactive species, as well as to elucidate their production mechanism. This model consists of a 0D sub-model for the surface plasma in air, and two 1D sub-models: for the PBS, and for the air gap between the plasma and the PBS. Similar models have been reported by our group fwith respect to the plasma treatment of deionized water. Here, by comparison, an additional 24 chlorine compounds, 17 phosphorous species and 123 chemical reactions are incorporated in our model. Our results indicate that the main aqueous reactive species are H2O2aq, O3aq, NO2aq
−, NO3aq
−, HClOaq, ClO2aq and ClO3aq
−. During plasma treatment, the oxidation reduction potential of most reactive species increases within the first 50 s, then remains almost constant. The chemical profile of the plasma-activated PBS is also plotted, from which it can be observed that some reactive oxygen species, such as OHaq, H2O2aq, and O3aq play a crucial role in the production of chlorine compounds such as HClOaq and ClO3aq
−.
Defect identification and statistics toolbox: automated defect analysis for scanning probe microscopy images
Authors: Gudinas Alana , Moscatello Jason , Hollen Shawna M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Identifying and classifying defects in scanning probe microscopy (SPM) images is an important task that is tedious to perform by hand. In this paper we present the defect identification and statistics toolbox (DIST), an image processing toolbox for identifying and analyzing atomic defects in SPM images. DIST combines automation with user input to accurately and efficiently identify defects and automatically compute critical statistics. We describe using DIST for interactive image processing, generating contour plots for isolating extrema from an image background, and processes for identifying defects.
ECT Attention Reverse Mapping algorithm: visualization of flow pattern heatmap based on convolutional neural network and its impact on ECT image reconstruction
Authors: Xu Zhuoqun , Wu Fan , Yang Yiyuan , Li Yi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The flow pattern is one of the most basic characteristic parameters of oil–gas two-phase flow, and it has a great influence on the accurate measurement of other parameters of two-phase flow. Over the past decade, the convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm has been widely used in flow pattern research. Unfortunately, the flow pattern research based on the CNN algorithm is more on model structure optimization, and there is still little insight into the relationship between the CNN algorithm and the physical meaning of the flow pattern. Thus, in this paper, inspired by the neural network visualization gradient-based class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) method, we propose the electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) Attention Reverse Mapping algorithm (EARM) to explore the relationship between the physical meaning of flow patterns and the CNN algorithm. Specifically, the Grad-CAM method is used to obtain heatmaps of flow patterns, and the EARM algorithm combines the hotspot information of the flow pattern heatmap with the ECT image reconstruction principle, which deeply explores the relationship between the CNN flow pattern identification and the ECT image reconstruction algorithm. Furthermore, we conduct prediction experiments based on the parameters of the flow pattern hotspot capacitance data, and the experimental results are compared with the ECT original capacitance data parameter prediction. The prediction accuracy of oil–gas two-phase flow parameters has been improved by more than 50% on average, and experiments have verified the correctness of the visualization of CNN network flow pattern identification.
Nanoparticles of chosen noble metals as reactive oxygen species scavengers
Authors: Ivanova Polina , Dzięgielewski Konrad , Drozd Marcin , Skorupska Sandra , Grabowska-Jadach Ilona , Pietrzak Mariusz 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in various physiological processes of living organisms. However, their increased concentration is usually considered as a threat for our health. Plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates including humans have various enzymatic and non-enzymatic defence systems against ROS. Unfortunately, both bad condition of surrounding environment and unhealthy lifestyle can interfere with an activity of enzymes responsible for a regulation of ROS levels. Therefore, it is important to look for alternative ROS scavengers, which could be administrated to chosen tissues to prevent pathological processes such as distortion of DNA or RNA structures and oxidation of proteins and lipids. One of the most recently proposed solutions is the application of nanozymes, which could mimic the activity of essential enzymes and prevent excessive activity of ROS. In this work, nanoparticles of Au, Pt, Pd, Ru and Rh were synthesized and studied in this regard. Peroxidase-, catalase (CAT)- and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of obtained nanoparticles were tested and compared using different methods. The influence of bovine and human albumins on CAT- and peroxidase-like activity was examined. Moreover, in the case of CAT-like activity, an influence of pH and temperature was examined and compared. Determination of SOD-like activity using the methods described for the examination of the activity of native enzyme was not fully successful. Moreover, cytotoxicity of chosen nanoparticles was studied on both regular and tumor cells.
Enhanced stability of silver nanowire transparent conductive films against ultraviolet light illumination
Authors: Wang Wenwen , Yang Zhonglin , Gu Yujia , Wu Zelei , Wang Guixin , Chen Guinan , Huang Minchu , Xu Chenhui , Ye Cui , Zhang Wang , Nai Jianwei , Peng Yongwu , Pan Jun , Ye Changhui 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Silver nanowires are susceptible to degradation under ultraviolet (UV) light illumination. Encapsulating silver nanowire transparent conductive films (AgNW TCFs) with UV shielding materials usually result in the increasing of the sheet resistance or the decrease of the visible light transparency. Herein, we combine a reducing species (FeSO4) and a thin layer (overcoating) of UV shielding material to solve the stability and the optical performance issues simultaneously. The AgNW TCFs show excellent stability under continuous UV light illumination for 14 h, and their sheet resistance varies only 6%. The dramatic enhancement of the stability against UV light illumination for as-obtained TCFs will make them viable for real-world applications in touch panels and displays.
Ultrasound-induced and MRI-monitored CuO nanoparticles release from micelle encapsulation
Authors: Aresteanu Roana N Schiopu , Borodetsky Alexander , Azhari Haim , Weitz Iris S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) have anticancer and antimicrobial activities. Moreover, they have a contrast enhancing effect in both MRI and ultrasound. Nonetheless, encapsulation is needed to control their toxic side effects and a mechanism for release on demand is required. A methodology is introduced herein for encapsulating and releasing CuO NPs from micelles by ultrasound induced hyperthermia and monitoring the process by MRI. For this aim, CuO NPs loaded poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PEG-b-PLA) micelles were prepared. Then, the profile of copper release with application of ultrasound was examined as a function of time and temperature using a colorimetric method. Finally, T1 weighted MRI images of suspensions and ex vivo poultry liver samples containing the CuO NPs loaded micelles were acquired before and after ultrasound application. The results confirmed that: (i) encapsulated NPs are detectible by MRI T1 mapping, depicting substantial T1 shortening from 1872 ± 62 ms to 683 ± 20 ms. (ii) Ultrasonic hyperthermia stimulated the NPs release with an about threefold increase compared to non-treated samples. (iii) Releasing effect was clearly visible by T1-weighted imaging (mean signal increase ratio of 2.29). These findings can potentially lead to the development of a new noninvasive methodology for CuO NPs based theranostic process.
On the biocompatibility of graphene oxide towards vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Ren Jianzhen , Braileanu George , Gorgojo Patricia , Valles Cristina , Dickinson Adam , Vijayaraghavan Aravind , Wang Tao 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives have shown fascinating potential in biomedical applications. However, the biocompatibility of graphene with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and applications to vascular engineering have not been explored extensively. Using a rat aortic smooth muscle cell line, A7r5, as a VSMC model, we have explored the effects of graphene oxide (GO) on the growth and behaviours of VSMCs. Results demonstrated that GO had no obvious toxicity to VSMCs. Cells cultured on GO retained the expression of smooth muscle cell-specific markers CNN1, ACTA2 and SMTN, on both mRNA and protein levels. A wound healing assay demonstrated no effect of GO on cell migration. We also found that small-flaked GO favoured the proliferation of VSMCs, suggesting a potential of using surface chemistry or physical properties of GO to influence cell growth behaviour. These results provide insight into the suitability of GO as a scaffold for vascular tissue engineering.
Applications of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor-based sensors in water quality monitoring
Authors: Guo Hui , Jia Xiuling , Dong Yan , Ye Jiandong , Chen Dunjun , Zhang Rong , Zheng Youdou 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have demonstrated their extraordinary potential in developing solid-state microsensors for detecting gases, metal ions, anions, biomolecules, and other substances due to their excellent chemical stability, high surface charge sensitivity, high temperature-tolerance performance, and low power consumption characteristics. In this paper, only three types of AlGaN/GaN HEMT-based sensors used for detecting thepH value, heavy metal ions, and harmful anions, which are suitable for water quality monitoring, will be discussed. First, we introduce the structural design, detection principle, and fabrication processes of AlGaN/GaN HEMT-based sensors. Then, surface functionalization methods for the gate region, sensing mechanisms, and the sensitivity and selectivity performances based on different gate region treatments are reviewed and analyzed. Finally, some challenging problems that hinder the practical application of the sensors are proposed.
Inelasticity resulting from rapidity spectra analysis
Authors: Rybczyński Maciej , Włodarczyk Zbigniew 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this work we study the pseudorapidity spectra of charged particles produced in proton + proton and proton + antiproton interactions in a wide energy range using the non-extensive Tsallis approach. We evaluate the inelasticity coefficients of the discussed reactions which remain approximately independent of the collision energy.
Investigations on biogas fuelled Homogeneous Charged Compression Ignition engine with Di ethyl ether -Biodiesel-Butanol blend as Pilot fuel
Authors: Bansal Aaradhya , Chatterjee Debdutta , Pradhan Buland , Darshan Varun , Dan Reuben , Feroskhan M , Gobinath N 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The continuous and increasing in volume of fossil fuels utilization leads to an alarming increase in green-house gases emissions. Consequentially, the release of toxic agents may cause detrimental health issues and aggravate global warming effects. Biofuels, due to its reduced emission effects, are found to be a potential alternate to fossil fuels, especially for their usage in internal combustion engines under certain loading conditions. The present research work aims at investigating the effects of butanol blending ratio at different biogas flow rates on the performance and emission characteristics of a single-cylinder CI (Compression ignition) engine under Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) mode. Flow rates of biogas taken in the present study are 12 lpm and 16 lpm whereas the butanol is blended in biodiesel – DEE (Diethyl-ether) mixture at 10, 20 & 30% concentration by volume. The engine parameters analysed in the present work are brake thermal efficiency, Brake Specific Energy Consumption (BSEC), Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon monoxide (CO), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) and Smoke emissions. Results showed that the butanol addition in the fuel reduced the NOx emissions considerably at various loads between 0.1 N-m to 15 N-m. Further increase in load resulted in knocking conditions in the engine due to multipoint ignition. Based on the experiments, it is witnessed that 30% of butanol blend in biodiesel-DEE mixture high efficiency and low smoke emissions compared to all other blends. Simultaneous reduction of NOx and smoke emissions is observed in HCCI mode.