bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Probabilistic Method for Assessing Pipeline Strain Demand Using InSAR Ground Movement Data
Authors: Schell Colin A. , Paluchova Mirka , Lever Ernest , Groth Katrina M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Ground movement hazards, such as landslides, ground settlement, and heave, pose a major threat to buried pipelines and resulted in $391M USD in property damages in the United States from 2002 to 2021. The dynamic nature of ground movement makes it necessary to actively model and predict pipeline integrity in order to maintain a reliable pipeline network. Strain-based design and assessment (SBDA) methods excel at predicting pipeline failure in the presence of large longitudinal strains that commonly result from ground movement hazards. Applying SBDA methods to operational pipelines requires the estimation of strain demand, the strain induced on the pipeline. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, acquired by satellite, can be used to compute ground movement using SAR interferometry (InSAR). When combined with pipe-soil interaction (PSI) modeling, InSAR offers an attractive method for estimating strain demand; InSAR can cover large areas of interest and provide precise ground displacement measurements at a high spatial and temporal resolution.
This paper presents a probabilistic method for predicting pipeline strain demand using ground movement data computed with InSAR. Pipe-soil interaction models from prior research were integrated into a Bayesian network (BN) which accounts for the environmental effects on pipeline displacement. Model performance was tested using a landslide case study in which the predicted axial strain was within reason. However, the model needs further work to accurately predict bending strain. The high resolution of InSAR data and the use of BN models enable the probabilistic evaluation of strain demand without the need for finite element method (FEM) models. The proposed method can empower pipeline companies to perform pipeline integrity assessments with greater ease, promoting a fast and data-informed response to ground movement hazards.
Engineering Critical Assessment for MAOP Reconfirmation: Insights From a Project Instituted by a Consortium of Pipeline Operators
Authors: Alexander Tom , Mittelstadt Benjamin C. , Williams Dan , DeLong Terry , Maddin Kim , Jimenez Brian 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Part 1 of the Gas Mega Rule (RIN-1) became effective July 1st, 2020. A key component of RIN-1 is the requirement for the reconfirmation of maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP) for certain segments of gas transmission pipelines. Pursuant to 49 CFR §192.624, MAOP can be reconfirmed using one of six methods: hydrostatic test, pressure reduction, Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) (as prescribed in 49 CFR §192.632), pipe replacement or pressure reduction for segments with small potential impact radius or an alternative technical assessment subject to notification in advance to the Pipeline Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) in accordance with 49 CFR §192.18.
The regulations in 49 CFR §192.632 specify the necessary elements for an ECA for MAOP reconfirmation, however they do not provide detailed instructions for executing an ECA. A Consortium of pipeline operators initiated a pilot project to develop ECAs for pipelines requiring MAOP reconfirmation, using the guidelines in 49 CFR §192.632. This initiative offered key insights into how pipeline operators can leverage established integrity management (IM) activities and principles to support ECA objectives. While certain consensus standards, such as American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standard B31.8S and American Petroleum Institute (API) recommended practice 1160 have long provided guidance on pipeline integrity management, it’s crucial to recognize the distinctly different objectives of integrity management and ECA, despite their significant technical overlap.
Pipeline operators have employed data integration and integrity assessment principles in these standards for integrity management for decades, and many of the activities supporting IM objectives are relevant to ECA objectives. Integrity management is an ongoing process, whereas ECA for MAOP reconfirmation is typically a one-time analysis confirming that the pipeline’s design and construction are suitable for operating at the established MAOP.
This paper will explore the similarities and differences between ECA and IM objectives, the assessment of relevant threats and conditions pursuant to 49 CFR §192.632 and examine data requirements that are relevant to each.
Study of Microstructural and Mechanical Evolutions of API X80 Heavy Gauge Large Diameter (OD1,219 mm×22 mm) Pipes and Their Weldability With Customised Niobium Microalloying
Authors: Han David 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
To explore the optimum application of niobium (Nb) element and study the influences of Nb in 22 mm-thick API X80 heavy gauge pipes with a large diameter, the investigation regarding 0.026 wt.% Nb difference, i.e. middle Nb (0.058 wt.%) and high Nb (0.084 wt.%), focuses on the correlations between microstructure, mechanical properties and weldability of the Nb-microalloyed X80 pipe steels. The Thermo-Calc software was used to predict the precipitation behaviours of equilibrium phases. Afterwards, the microstructures (grain size, precipitation and dislocation) and mechanical properties (strength and Charpy V-notch-/shear area-based ductile brittle transition temperatures), were analysed through multiple characterisation methods to verify the designed solid solution and precipitation of Nb during hot rolling, aiming at optimised performance of X80 pipes and their subsequent weldability. The weldability comparison of two Nb-level steels was conducted through welding thermal simulation. The positive factors that Nb has enable the improvement in weldability from the points regarding the combined controlling of prior austenite grain size, bainitic microstructure, and martensite-austenite constituent during single-pass welding thermal simulation. And these facts have led to the conclusions that the higher Nb X80 has a better performance after welding simulation. This study evidently clarifies the advantage of Nb addition in designing base material and its weldability for API X80 pipes with a heavy gauge and a large diameter, which can contribute to the safety during pipeline operation.
High-Frequency-Induction Welded Steel Pipes for the Future Hydrogen Gas Grid
Authors: Brauer Holger , Golisch Georg , Wackenhut Georg 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Pipeline operators and pipe manufacturers need to consider the transport of hydrogen (compressed gas) to ensure the suitability of pipes and components for safe design. This article summarizes the status of hydrogen transport and storage in steel pipelines from the perspective of a steel pipe manufacturer. It reviews current standards, methods for testing pipeline materials and resulting requirements. The behavior of different high frequency induction welded steel pipe materials under hydrogen load is investigated and discussed on basis of fatigue requirements, crack growth behavior, hydrogen permeation and ductility. The article also gives insight to the importance of the inner surface of the pipe for hydrogen exposure. Comparative service life calculations are presented and evaluated based on crack propagation curves and different design curves, initial defects, and load scenarios.
Case Study: Leveraging API 1163 Validation and Verification to Manage SCC Using ILI Ultrasonics Crack Tool
Authors: Guajardo Rogelio , Urrea Santiago 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A pipeline underwent two ultrasonic high-resolution (UTCD) inspection in consecutive years, revealing consistent anomalies but questionable depth accuracy. Despite adequate POD, the POI, especially depth accuracy, was in doubt due to feature underestimation. Subsequent API 1163 Level 2 validation indicated the tool did not meet published specifications.
The paper presents a case study demonstrating the application of API 1163 verification and validation to ensure pipeline safety. The authors underwent API 1163 verification for both inspections, followed by Level 1 validation confirming tool repeatability but unable to explain underestimation. Level 2 validation involved categorizing and analyzing features via systematic pattern analysis, identifying feature geometry as the main cause of underestimation. Historical data and simulations were utilized to understand the impact of feature geometry on recorded amplitudes and depth calculation. This study underscores the importance of systematic analysis in maintaining pipeline integrity.
Subsequently, ILI analysts developed a non-standard analysis procedure for the pipeline, focusing on features meeting specific criteria identified through pattern analysis. These features were then reevaluated, and depth compensations were applied, ultimately achieving Level 2 validation.
Utilizing Partial Safety Factors to Better Manage Stress Corrosion Cracking on Pipelines
Authors: Stewart Ryan , Dessein Thomas , Lamborn Lyndon , Vorontsov Vitaly , Rawlick Evelyn 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Fitness for service assessments of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) crack fields must account for in-line inspection (ILI) tool measurement error. In deterministic assessments, the vendor-specified tool tolerance is typically added to the crack field depth and sometimes to the overall length. This methodology is very conservative and leads to a large number of false positives (resource outliers) when evaluated in the field. The resource outliers are defined as cases where the safety factor on the failure pressure (Pf) assessed using the ILI measurements is below 1.25 (Pf / MOP), but the field safety factor did not indicate a need for repair at this level.
In the present study, a semi-probabilistic model was calibrated to match lower percentiles (0.1th and 0.5th percentiles) drawn from distributions of predicted burst pressures generated using a full probabilistic model that is solved using Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo simulations account for measurement error in the ILI called wall thickness (WT), crack field depth, and crack field length, using probability distributions. The distributions are calibrated to reflect the difference between ILI measurements and field non-destructive examination (NDE) measurements. The calibration for length incorporates either the ratio between the total ILI-called total SCC field length and the NDE measurement of longest interacting length (LIL), or the ratio between the ILI-called LIL and the NDE LIL.
The semi-probabilistic model approximates the lower percentiles (0.1th and 0.5th percentiles) of the probabilistic burst pressure distributions using a deterministic evaluation of CorLAS™, incorporating partial safety factor (PSF) adjustments on the feature’s length and depth.
The PSFs are calibrated through an optimization which is run against probabilistic results generated for a comprehensive set of feature sizes and pipe attributes. The numerical optimization is done in two steps to ensure that a global optimum solution has been found. First, constrained global search is performed using simulated annealing and then steepest descent is used to fine tune to the best solution local to the outcome from the first step.
The performance of the model was evaluated to ensure a proper balance is achieved between the level of conservatism in the predicted failure pressure and the dig efficiency. When evaluated against historical digs, the results showed a more than 80% reduction in the number of recommended digs that were ultimately found to be false positives (resource outliers). Based on these historical field measurements, the expected probability of a false negative call (near miss) is less than 1 × 10−8.
Quantitative Risk Assessment for Residential Hydrogen Supply Trailer With 100% Purity
Authors: Yoho Gary P. , Fusco Jacqueline , Klashinsky Tyler , Munoz Eduardo , Fateminia Seyed Hamed , Fontenault Jeremy , Franey Tara 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
ATCO Gas & Pipelines plans to deliver 100% gaseous hydrogen to a residential dwelling in Alberta using a temporary supply trailer in 2024. This document introduces a quantitative risk assessment methodology designed for this specific application. The assessment systematically evaluates potential threats arising from equipment failure, improper operational procedures, vandalism, and adverse weather conditions. Additionally, it presents a thorough analysis of the consequences ensuing from the release of hydrogen, both in the presence and absence of ignition.
This residence, to be used as a show-home, will utilize pure hydrogen for space and water heating purposes and will serve as a proof-of-concept demonstration to the public, regulators, and industry that hydrogen for residential heating is a viable decarbonization option especially in the extreme cold temperatures experienced in Alberta. Although the equipment employed for this endeavor is conventional for natural gas operations, it’s pure hydrogen application and installation site deviate from the norm. Additionally, threats linked to hydrogen storage have traditionally been confined to industrial settings, where exposure concerns differ. The primary focus of this paper pertains to the vulnerabilities to which the trailer is exposed and the subsequent risk it imposes upon the surrounding residential development.
Numerous companies in the natural gas industry are currently investigating the potential of hydrogen as an alternative or supplemental fuel for domestic heating and cooking. They are examining the feasibility of blending hydrogen up to 20% with natural gas, as well as the application of 100% pure hydrogen. To facilitate a smooth and safe transition from natural gas to hydrogen, it is key to thoroughly understand the risks associated with delivering hydrogen to residential areas, homes, and surrounding communities. Conducting detailed quantitative risk assessments is an important step in this process, as it helps to identify and mitigate potential hazards linked to the use of hydrogen in these settings. This comprehensive approach ensures that the adoption of hydrogen as a residential fuel is both safe and efficient.
Composite Repair of Large-Size Diameter Pipe With Severe Metal Loss Defects
Authors: Yu Deli , Hossain Asad , Huang Hannah , Coker David , Turchet Stefan , Alexander Chris , Mally Timothy , Whalen Casey 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A full-scale testing program was conducted to evaluate the use of carbon-epoxy composite repair technology to reinforce severe corrosion defects in large-diameter pipes. The technical elements associated with this program included reinforcing up to 85% deep corrosion defects in 24-inch diameter pipe samples, including integrating design equations, testing conditions, and performance subject to cyclic pressure and burst testing at elevated temperatures.
An objective of the test program was to evaluate changes in the composite design thickness considering a range of severe corrosion depths based on guidance provided in ASME PCC-2, as well as the pressure capacity reductions based on the methodology embodied in ASME B31G. The testing program also evaluated the ASME PCC-2 design guidance subjected to cyclic pressure conditions at 60°C (140°F).
The composite technology evaluated in this program has the potential to advance the effectiveness of composite repair while also addressing common severe corrosion defects to guarantee the operational life of a pipeline based on an optimized design configuration. This integration of knowledge based on results obtained in this program holds significant promise in guiding future composite repair procedures, structural reinforcement designs, and material choices, culminating in enhanced structural robustness and dependability of high-pressure transmission pipeline systems.
Phased Array Non-Destructive Error Measurement in the Characterization of Axially and Circumferentially Oriented Crack and Weld Defects in Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Catalano Joseph , Price Nicholas 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT) is among the most common non-destructive examination (NDE) methods for the characterization and sizing of pipeline defects. Where defects sized by PAUT cannot be removed by griding (internal/midwall defects or stacked defects) the practice of an operator was to add 1 mm depth to any PAUT reported values. If this assumed error is conservative, there may be significant impact to repair decisions, tool validation, and fatigue life calculations for crack defects or weld defects sized using PAUT. This impact is felt across the organization through higher integrity repair budget costs, an increase in required digs, and directly impacts workload for planning and execution groups. The purpose of the study was to verify whether the assumption to add 1mm depth to defects sized by PAUT was appropriate.
A comparison of PAUT measured sizing to ground (true) depths was conducted on over five hundred individual defects during integrity repair programs completed between 2020 and 2022 on a 1960’s vintage 317 MPa grade and 4.78 mm nominal wall thickness NPS 12 pipeline. The pipeline was selected as a candidate for the study due to the significant amount of available NDE data, particularly for axial/circumferential crack and girth/longseam weld defects. The influence of variables including technician conducting work, defect orientation, defect type, and longseam/girth weld interaction on the accuracy of measurements were assessed.
Refining the Hydrostatic Design Basis Assessment for Composite Pipes
Authors: Gilde Mohammad , Fujinaga Daniel , Ohaeri Enyinnaya George , Bussiere Mathew 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper proposes a preliminary, supplementary testing approach aimed at refining the hydrostatic design basis assessment for composite pipes, which is crucial for oil and gas transportation under high-pressure conditions. The paper begins with an overview of existing standards and practices related to maximum allowable operating pressure and composite pipe longevity, highlighting limitations and opportunities for improvement. A short-term burst test based on the ultimate elastic wall stress (UEWS) principle is then proposed as a possible alternative to ASTM D2992 for requalifying family product variants. The proposed preliminary testing methodology is demonstrated by way of a limited demonstration test on two anonymized commercial composite pipe products. The demonstration test shows that, by using appropriate instrumentation, reliable strain field mapping, and robust statistical analysis, UEWS can offer a more practical means by which to requalify different product variations within the same family.
Numerical Modelling and Analysis of the Behaviour of Composite Flanges Joints With Conical Collar
Authors: Amar Manal , Boutahar Lhoucine , Chouiyakh Hajar 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Glass fiber reinforced polymers, or GFRP, represents a kind of composite material being employed increasingly in different applications. It is frequently mixed with other materials to develop structures. Due to its excellent mechanical properties and resistance to chemical reactions, GFRP is used instead of metal pipes and bolted flanges in critical industrial sectors including the chemical, petroleum, and maritime industries.
The application of GFRP in bolted flange assemblies has, however, been the subject of limited published research, making the design of these joints difficult for the lack of specific standards. The understanding of the implications for the reliability of these flanges is limited since existing standards do not provide guidelines for the construction of GFRP bolted flange assemblies.
The modelling and finite element analysis of GFRP flange joints with a conical collar, according to ASTM D5421 and PS 15-69 standards, are the main purpose of this study. The NPS 4 and NPS 12 class 150 flange sizes were analysed to pinpoint the crucial components that need further consideration regarding to material selection, bolt tightening, sealing, and pressure limits.
The stated purpose was to figure out the most crucial places and their accurate locations through evaluating the deformations and stresses in the flange, gasket, and bolts. The overall aim of this global analysis is to highlight weaknesses within the assembly, with a view to optimize the design and ensure the reliability of the bolted GFRP flange assemblies.
Comparative Analysis of Running Ductile Fractures in Dense-Phase and Supercritical CO2 Pipelines Designed Per DNV-RP-F104 and ISO-27913
Authors: Ghoraishi Parnian , Zhou Wenxing , Kang Jidong 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Transmission pipelines carrying dense-phase and supercritical CO2 are susceptible to running ductile fractures (RDF). This vulnerability arises from the unique thermodynamic characteristics of dense-phase and supercritical CO2 during its release from an orifice in the pipeline. Dense-phase and supercritical CO2 pipelines operate at high pressures, and depressurization resulting from a through-wall fracture can lead to a phase change in CO2. The present study investigates the differences between two well-known standards DNV-RP-F104 and ISO-27913 in terms of the minimum wall thickness and Charpy v-notch (CVN) impact energy required for the RDF control for a set of analysis cases representative of dense-phase and supercritical CO2 pipelines. The prediction of RDF is commonly carried out using the Battelle two-curve method (BTCM). Given the long plateau in the decompression wave speed curve that is typical of CO2 pipelines, a simplified BTCM is employed in this study for the RDF assessment by comparing the arrest pressure with the saturation pressure. The arrest pressure is computed using the Battelle through-wall crack model with modifications based on full-scale experimental data reported in the literature. The open-source tool RAMDECOM is used to compute the saturation pressure for a given set of initial operating pressure and temperature based on the one-dimensional isentropic decompression assumption and rigorous equation of state. It was observed that the wall thickness and CVN impact energy values determined per ISO-27913 are higher than those determined per DNV-RP-F104, suggesting a more conservative design based on ISO-27913. DNV-RP-F104 emerged as more straightforward for designing the analysis cases considered in the present study, whereas ISO-27913 necessitated adjustments in the calculated wall thickness to adhere to its maximum CVN impact energy requirement.