bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are some students graded more appropriately than others? Student characteristics as moderators of the relationships between teacher‐assigned grades and test scores in mathematics
Authors: Westphal Andrea , Lazarides Rebecca , Vock Miriam 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundBuilding on the Realistic Accuracy Model, this paper explores whether it is easier for teachers to assess the achievement of some students than others. Accordingly, we suggest that certain individual characteristics of students, such as extraversion, academic self‐efficacy, and conscientiousness, may guide teachers’ evaluations of student achievement, resulting in more appropriate judgements and a stronger alignment of assigned grades with students’ actual achievement level (as measured using standardized tests).AimsWe examine whether extraversion, academic self‐efficacy, and conscientiousness moderate the relations between teacher‐assigned grades and students’ standardized test scores in mathematics.SampleThis study uses a representative sample of N = 5,919 seventh‐grade students in Germany (48.8% girls; mean age: M = 12.5, SD = 0.62) who participated in a national, large‐scale assessment focusing on students’ academic development.MethodsWe specified structural equation models to examine the inter‐relations of teacher‐assigned grades with students’ standardized test scores in mathematics, Big Five personality traits, and academic self‐efficacy, while controlling for students’ socioeconomic status, gender, and age.ResultsThe correlation between teacher‐assigned grades and standardized test scores in mathematics was r = .40. Teacher‐assigned grades more closely related to standardized test scores when students reported higher levels of conscientiousness (β = .05, p = .002). Students’ extraversion and academic self‐efficacy did not moderate the relationship between teacher‐assigned grades and standardized test scores.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that students’ conscientiousness is a personality trait that seems to be important when it comes to how closely mathematics teachers align their grades to standardized test scores.
A cross‐sectional, case‐control study of intracranial arterial wall thickness and complete blood count measures in sickle cell disease
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Jordan Lori C. , Davis Larry T. , Cogswell Petrice M. , Lee Chelsea A. , Patel Niral J. , Waddle Spencer L. , Juttukonda Meher , Sky Jones R. , Griffin Allison , Donahue Manus J. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryIn sickle cell disease (SCD), cerebral oxygen delivery is dependent on the cerebral vasculature's ability to increase blood flow and volume through relaxation of the smooth muscle that lines intracranial arteries. We hypothesised that anaemia extent and/or circulating markers of inflammation lead to concentric macrovascular arterial wall thickening, visible on intracranial vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging (VW‐MRI). Adult and pediatric SCD (n = 69; age = 19.9 ± 8.6 years) participants and age‐ and sex‐matched control participants (n = 38; age = 22.2 ± 8.9 years) underwent 3‐Tesla VW‐MRI; two raters measured basilar and bilateral supraclinoid internal carotid artery (ICA) wall thickness independently. Mean wall thickness was compared with demographic, cerebrovascular and haematological variables. Mean vessel wall thickness was elevated (P < 0·001) in SCD (1·07 ± 0·19 mm) compared to controls (0·97 ± 0·07 mm) after controlling for age and sex. Vessel wall thickness was higher in participants on chronic transfusions (P = 0·013). No significant relationship between vessel wall thickness and flow velocity, haematocrit, white blood cell count or platelet count was observed; however, trends (P < 0·10) for wall thickness increasing with decreasing haematocrit and increasing white blood cell count were noted. Findings are discussed in the context of how anaemia and circulating inflammatory markers may impact arterial wall morphology.
Heterogeneity of cellular inflammatory responses in ageing white matter and relationship to Alzheimer’s and small vessel disease pathologies
Authors: Waller Rachel , Narramore Ruth , Simpson Julie E. , Heath Paul R. , Verma Nikita , Tinsley Megan , Barnes Jordan R. , Haris Hanna T. , Henderson Frances E. , Matthews Fiona E. , Richardson Connor D. , Brayne Carol , Ince Paul G. , Kalaria Raj N. , Wharton Stephen B. ,   CFAS
Published: December 2020

AbstractWhite matter lesions (WML) are common in the ageing brain, often arising in a field effect of diffuse white matter abnormality. Although WML are associated with cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), their cause and pathogenesis remain unclear. The current study tested the hypothesis that different patterns of neuroinflammation are associated with SVD compared to AD neuropathology by assessing the immunoreactive profile of the microglial (CD68, IBA1 and MHC‐II) and astrocyte (GFAP) markers in ageing parietal white matter (PARWM) obtained from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (CFAS), an ageing population‐representative neuropathology cohort. Glial responses varied extensively across the PARWM with microglial markers significantly higher in the subventricular region compared to either the middle‐zone (CD68 p = 0.028, IBA1 p < 0.001, MHC‐II p < 0.001) or subcortical region (CD68 p = 0.002, IBA1 p < 0.001, MHC‐II p < 0.001). Clasmatodendritic (CD) GFAP+ astrocytes significantly increased from the subcortical to the subventricular region (p < 0.001), whilst GFAP+ stellate astrocytes significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Cellular reactions could be grouped into two distinct patterns: an immune response associated with MHC‐II/IBA1 expression and CD astrocytes; and a more innate response characterised by CD68 expression associated with WML. White matter neuroinflammation showed weak relationships to the measures of SVD, but not to the measures of AD neuropathology. In conclusion, glial responses vary extensively across the PARWM with diverse patterns of white matter neuroinflammation. Although these findings support a role for vascular factors in the pathogenesis of age‐related white matter neuroinflammation, additional factors other than SVD and AD pathology may drive this. Understanding the heterogeneity in white matter neuroinflammation will be important for the therapeutic targeting of age‐associated white matter damage.
Bats and hawkmoths form mixed modules with flowering plants in a nocturnal interaction network
Authors: Queiroz Joel A. , Diniz Ugo M. , Vázquez Diego P. , Quirino Zelma M. , Santos Francisco A. R. , Mello Marco A. R. , Machado Isabel C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBased on the conceptual framework of pollination syndromes, pollination networks should be composed of well‐delimited subgroups formed by plants that diverge in floral phenotypes and are visited by taxonomically different pollinators. Nevertheless, floral traits are not always accurate in predicting floral visitors. For instance, flowers adapted to bat‐pollination are larger and wider, enabling the exploitation by other nocturnal animals, such as hawkmoths. Thus, should an interaction network comprising bats and hawkmoths, the most important nocturnal pollinators in the tropics, be formed of mixed‐taxon modules due to cross‐syndrome interactions? Here, we analyzed such a network to test whether resource plants are shared between the two taxa, and how modules differ in terms of species morphologies. We sampled interactions through pollen grains collected from floral visitors in a Caatinga dry forest in northeastern Brazil. The network was modular yet interwoven by cross‐syndrome interactions. Hawkmoths showed no restriction to visit the wider chiropterophilous flowers. Furthermore, bats represented a subset of a hawkmoth‐dominated network, as they were restricted to chiropterophilous flowers due to constraints in accessing narrower sphingophilous flowers. As such, the bat‐dominated module encompassed relatively wider flowers, but hawkmoths, especially long‐tongued ones, were unrestricted by floral width or length. Thus, pollination of flowers with open architectures must be investigated with caution, as they are accessible to a wide array of floral visitors, which may result in mixed‐pollination systems. Future research should continue to integrate different syndromes and pollinator groups in order to reach a better understanding of how pollination‐related functions emerge from community‐level interactions.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
Validity and reliability of the Turkish versions of Assessment of Children's Hand Skills and Children's Hand‐Skills Ability Questionnaire in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy
Authors: Gün Fatma , Temizkan Ege , Bumin Gonca 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAssessment of Children's Hand Skills (ACHS) and Children's Hand‐Skills Ability Questionnaire (CHSQ) are interconnected hand skills assessment tools that together contain parent questionnaire and observational assessment. With this quality, ACHS and CHSQ enable the therapist to obtain information about the child's real‐life performances as well as to conduct a clinical observational assessment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Turkish versions of ACHS and CHSQ in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (HCP).MethodsA total of 112 children with HCP between 2 and 12 years of age were included. All participants were subjected to ACHS, CHSQ, Shriners Hospital Upper Extremity Evaluation (SHUEE) and ABILHAND‐Kids. Convergent construct validity was investigated through analysing the relationship between ACHS and SHUEE and between CHSQ and ABILHAND‐Kids. Discriminative construct validity was investigated through analysing the differences between genders for CHSQ and ACHS. For reliability, test–retest interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and internal consistency Cronbach's alpha were calculated and analysed.ResultsACHS showed very strong relationships with SHUEE's spontaneous functional analysis (r = 0.86) and grip–release function (r = 0.86) parameters with a strong relationship with positional dynamic analysis (r = 0.78). CHSQ's leisure (r = 0.80), school/education (r = 0.75) and activities of daily living (r = 0.76) domains showed strong relationships with the ABILHAND‐Kids. There was no difference between genders for ACHS and all domains of CHSQ (p > 0.05). All domains and total score of ACHS and CHSQ had perfect test–retest reliability (ICC > 0.90). ACHS had perfect internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.98); CHSQ had very high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.84).ConclusionsThe Turkish versions of ACHS (ACHS‐TR) and CHSQ (CHSQ‐TR) are valid and reliable hand skills assessment tools in children with HCP.
Individual‐level data reveal high prevalence of positive size‐trophic position relationships for vertebrates in temperate streams
Authors: McGarvey Daniel J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

A positive relationship between body size and trophic position is often assumed in ecology, but efforts to confirm the generality of this relationship for freshwater vertebrates have produced mixed results. Some authors have tested for among‐species relationships, using species‐level estimates of average size and trophic position. Others have used individual‐level body size and trophic position data to test for within‐species relationships. However, no study has yet estimated prevalence, defined here as the fraction of total standing stock biomass within a given ecosystem that consists of taxa exhibiting positive size versus trophic position relationships.

Individual‐level estimates of body size and relative trophic position (inferred from bulk‐tissue nitrogen stable isotopes) were collected for vertebrates in six temperate streams. In each stream, all locally occurring vertebrate taxa were collected and closed population depletion samples were used to obtain standing stock biomass estimates.

Ordinary least squares regression was used with the individual‐level data to test for positive relationships between body size and relative trophic position (r‐STPRs). A separate r‐STPR model was tested for each vertebrate species collected at the six study sites. Linear mixed‐effects modelling was then used to test for differing r‐STPRs among species.

Prevalence of the r‐STPR was calculated for each site by summing the standing stock biomass of all taxa that exhibited a statistically significant, positive STPR at a given site, then dividing this number by the total standing stock biomass of vertebrates at the site.

Significant, positive r‐STPRs were detected in 15 of 22 species × site regression models. Prevalence of species with positive r‐STPRs ranged from 91 to 100% of the total vertebrate biomass in western streams and from 45 to 66% in eastern streams.

Results confirm that positive r‐STPRs are characteristic of many of the vertebrate taxa considered in this study. Furthermore, species that exhibit positive r‐STPRs comprise a clear majority of the standing stock biomass in five of six study streams. By using individual‐level data to account for prevalence, a more complete understanding of size‐dependent trophic dynamics should be possible in freshwater ecosystems.
Genetic association of BIN1 and GAB2 in Alzheimer's disease: A meta‐analysis and systematic review
Authors: Hao Xiaoyan , Wang Aijun , Li Chong , Shao Lufei , Li Yi , Yang Ping 
Published: December 2020

AimHeredity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) especially for single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of susceptible genes, which is one of the significant factors in the pathogenesis of AD. The SNPs of BIN1 rs744373, BIN1 rs7561528 and GAB2 rs2373115 are associated with AD in Asian and white people.MethodsWe included 34 studies with a total of 38 291 patients with AD and 55 538 controls of diverse races from four main databases. We used meta‐analysis to obtain I2‐values and odds ratios of five genetic models in three SNPs. We carried out analysis of sensitivity, subgroup, publication bias and linkage disequilibrium test.ResultsThe forest plots showed the odds ratio value of the three SNPs was >1 in white individuals, but not Asian individuals, in their genetic model. The funnel plot was symmetrical, and the D'‐value was 0.986 between rs744373 and rs7561528.ConclusionsBIN1 rs744373, BIN1 rs7561528 and GAB2 rs2373115 are pathogenicity sites for AD in white people, and also rs7561528 belongs to a risk site in Asian people. The rs7561528 and rs744373 SNPs have strong linkage disequilibrium in Chinese people. In addition, apolipoprotein E ε4 status promotes them to result in the pathogenesis of AD. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 185–191.
Tariff pass‐through in the middle products model
Authors: Bond Eric W. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractI use the middle products model of Sanyal and Jones to study the pass‐through of a tariff on the price of non‐traded final goods. I extend their analysis by comparing the short‐run effect of the tariff, when all factors are immobile, with the effects when labor is mobile between all sectors. It is shown that the short‐run pass‐through may vary from zero to a magnified effect on the price of the final product, depending on the elasticities of substitution in consumption and production. The relative magnitude of these elasticities determines whether the pass‐through with labor mobility is greater or less than the short‐run pass‐through.
Introduction Les perspectives transnationales du droit international du travail
Authors: BLACKETT Adelle 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDans cette introduction, l'auteure replace le thème du numéro spécial dans le contexte du 100e anniversaire de l'OIT et de la difficulté à réaliser les principes du travail décent, qui reste entière aujourd'hui, alors que des forces transnationales diverses font sentir leur influence. Pour sortir de l'impasse et réformer le cadre de régulation transnational, il faut, pour l'auteure, redonner une place centrale au droit international du travail, qui fournit le fondement normatif du droit transnational du travail. En outre, il faut associer à l'entreprise une large gamme d'acteurs, tout en mobilisant l'OIT, en tant qu'organe normatif et force de coordination.
Loss of hnRNPLL‐dependent splicing of Ptprc has no impact on B‐cell development, activation and terminal differentiation into antibody‐secreting cells
Authors: Yabas Mehmet , Yazicioglu Yavuz F , Hoyne Gerard F , Goodnow Christopher C , Enders Anselm 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe RNA‐binding protein heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L‐like (hnRNPLL) controls alternative splicing of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type C (Ptprc) which encodes CD45. hnRNPLL deficiency leads to a failure in silencing Ptprc exons 4–6 causing aberrant expression of the corresponding CD45 isoforms, namely, CD45RA, RB and RC. While an N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea‐induced point mutation in murine Hnrnpll results in loss of peripheral naïve T cells, its role in B‐cell biology remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that B‐cell development in the bone marrow of Hnrnpllthu/thu mice is normal and the number of mature B‐cell subsets in the spleen and peritoneal cavity is comparable to control littermates. In response to in vivo immunization, Hnrnpllthu/thu mice were deficient in generating germinal center (GC) B cells, and analysis of mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that the GC B‐cell deficiency was a B‐cell extrinsic effect of the hnRNPLL mutation. Mature Hnrnpllthu/thu B cells proliferated normally in response to various B‐cell receptor‐ and Toll‐like receptor‐mediated stimuli. Similarly, in vitro stimulation of mutant B cells led to normal generation of plasmablasts, but mutant plasmablasts failed to downregulate B220 expression because of the inability of cells to undergo proper CD45 pre‐messenger RNA alternative splicing. These findings collectively suggest that, like in T and natural killer T cells, the mutation disrupts hnRNPLL‐mediated alternative splicing of the Ptprc gene in plasmablasts, but this dysregulation of Ptprc alternative splicing does not affect the development and function of B cells.
Linc00475 promotes the progression of glioma by regulating the miR‐141‐3p/YAP1 axis
Authors: Yu Mingjun , Yi Bolong , Zhou Wen , Gong Wei , Li Gang , Yu Shijia 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGlioma is the most prevalent and lethal primary brain tumour. Abundant long non‐coding RNAs ( lncRNAs) are aberrant and play crucial roles in the oncogenesis of glioma. The exact functions of linc00475 in glioma remain blurred. Here, we analysed the expression levels of linc00475 by qRT‐PCR and discovered that linc00475 was up‐regulated in glioma and predicted a poor prognosis in patients with glioma. Besides, inhibiting linc00475 restrained the progression of glioma in vitro and in vivo. Further experiments confirmed that linc00475 regulated the progression of glioma by acting as a sponge for miR‐141‐3p. Moreover, we detected the binding sites of linc00475 and miR‐141‐3p, the YAP1‐ 3′UTR and miR‐141‐3p by luciferase reporters. The rescue assays confirmed that inhibiting linc00475 restrained the progression of glioma through the miR‐141‐3p/YAP1 pathway. Collectively, our research demonstrates the key roles of linc00475 in glioma, which could be a promising therapeutic target.
Usefulness of the ‘cosmos pattern’ for differentiating between cervical gastric‐type mucin‐positive lesions and other benign cervical cystic lesions in magnetic resonance images
Authors: Ohya Ayumi , Kobara Hisanori , Miyamoto Tsutomu , Komatsu Mai , Shiozawa Tanri , Fujinaga Yasunari 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate the usefulness of the ‘cosmos pattern’ (CP) on magnetic resonance (MR) images for differentiating between gastric‐type mucin‐positive lesions (GMPL) and gastric‐type mucin‐negative lesions (GMNL).MethodsThis study included 131 patients with clinical suspicion of lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) who underwent pelvic MR imaging and a Pap smear and/or latex agglutination assay. Differences in MR findings, such as cyst and solid component patterns, cervical location and T1‐weighted image (T1WI) signal intensity, were compared between GMPL and GMNL. The diagnostic performances of the findings were assessed.ResultsThe frequencies of CP (63.1%), upper part (UP) lesions (72.3%) and hypointense area compared with the cervical stroma on T1WI (61.3%) were significantly greater in GMPL than in GMNL (P < 0.05). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and odds ratio of the CP for diagnosis of GMPL were 63.1%, 87.9%, 83.7%, 70.7% and 12.4, respectively. In GMNL, a ‘macrocystic pattern’ was observed in 65.2% of patients; an isointense or hyperintense area on T1WI was observed in 86.4% of patients. The sensitivity was highest (90.8%) when one or more of the following were observed: CP, UP lesion, or hypointense area on T1WI. The specificity was highest (95.5%) when the CP was observed as a hypointense area on T1WI.ConclusionThe CP is a highly specific finding for diagnosis of GMPL. If the CP is observed as a hypointense area compared with the cervical stroma on T1WI, GMPL (i.e., LEGH or gastric‐type mucinous carcinoma) should be strongly suspected.
National survey of primary amenorrhea and relevant conditions in Japan
Authors: Haraguchi Hirofumi , Harada Miyuki , Kashimada Kenichi , Horikawa Reiko , Sakakibara Hideya , Shozu Makio , Fujii Tomoyuki , Osuga Yutaka , Kugu Koji 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimIn Japan, most of the patients with primary amenorrhea or related conditions, such as delayed menarche, are diagnosed by pediatricians or gynecologists; accordingly, the number of the patients and the ratio of the causes were unclear. To clarify them, we conducted a nationwide survey in both the departments for the first time.MethodsWe sent a questionnaire about the patients with chief complaint of no menarche whose first visit was from January 2015 to December 2017, to 596 training institutions for specialist physicians of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and 152 facilities to which councilors of the Japanese Society for Pediatric Endocrinology belong.ResultsWe received replies from 283 (37.8%) institutions. During the 3 years, 1043 patients first visited pediatrics or gynecology for no menarche. In 303 patients under 16 years old at the first visit, 177 (58.4%) patients had menarche by the age of 16. Of them, 41 (13.5%) patients had menarche spontaneously. Among 308 patients aged 16 to 17 at the first visit, 216 patients were 18 years or older at the survey. Of them, 124 (57.4%) patients had menarche by the age of 18, and 21 (9.7%) of them had menarche spontaneously. The causes of amenorrhea were detected in 462 patients. Abnormal karyotype including Turner syndrome was the most common at 122 (26.4%), followed by Mullerian agenesis at 73 (15.8%).ConclusionsThe first national survey revealed the number and causes of primary amenorrhea and related conditions. This report will provide better information for clinicians.