bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pendidikan Janin pada Masa Pre-natal (kehamilan) sampai dengan Post-natal (pasca persalinan) Ditinjau dari 6 Kategori Rumpun Pendidikan Islam dan Asas Hikmah
Authors: Octofrezi Permana 
Published: September 2020

Untuk memperoleh generasi yang berkualitas dan bertaqwa, maka idealnya orangtua mempersiapkannya sejak dini yakni mendidik sejak anak di dalam kandungan ibunya. Artikel ini memaparkan tentang pendidikan islam masa pre-natal– post natal (masa kehamilan sampai dengan masa pasca persalinan). Secara detail, naskah ini mengungkapkan tabir beberapa hal yakni : Pertama, bagaimana definisi, bentuk dan hikmah pendidikan islam masa pre-natal ; Kedua, bagaimana definisi, bentuk dan hikmah pendidikan islam pada masa post-natal. Pada masa post-natal (dalam kandungan) pendidikan islam untuk janin dalam kandungan antara lain : mendo’akan janin, berkomunikasi dengan janin, sholat wajib, sholat sunat, bersodaqoh, mengikuti majelis taklim dan berkumpul dengan orang sholeh, berdo’a dan berdzikir menjelang persalinan, memberi makanan, minuman dan suplemen yang halal dan thoyyib, membaca dan memperdengarkan Al-Qur’an. Sedangkan pendidikan pada masa post-natal (pasca persalinan) meliputi : mengadzani dan mengiqomati bayi baru lahir, memberi nama yang baik, mengenalkan kalimat tauhid, do’a setelah melahirkan, menyuapi bayi dengan kurma, ucapan selamat dan mengumumkan kelahiran bayi, mengenalkan kalimat-kalimat thoyyibah, membacakan do’a-do’a harian, mencukur rambut kepala anak, aqiqah, berkhitan, menyusui dan menyapih, melantunkan bacaan Al-Qur’an di depan sang bayi saat ia terjaga dan tertidur.
KONSEP PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL
Authors: Pala Sudirman , Rahman Hardianto , Kadir Muhammad 
Published: September 2020

Pendidikan multikultural menawarkan satu alternatif melalui penerapan strategi dan konsep pendidikan yang berbasis pada pemanfaatan keragaman yang ada di masyarakat, khususnya yang ada pada siswa seperti keragaman etnis, budaya, bahasa, agama, status sosial, gender, kemampuan, umur, dll. Karena itulah yang terpenting dalam pendidikan multikultural adalah seorang guru atau dosen tidak hanya dituntut untuk menguasai dan mampu secara profesional mengajarkan mata pelajaran atau mata kuliah yang diajarkan. Lebih dari itu, seorang pendidik juga harus mampu menanamkan nilai-nilai inti dari pendidikan multikultural seperti demokrasi, humanisme, dan pluralisme atau menanamkan nilai-nilai keberagamaan yang inklusif pada siswa. Pada gilirannya, out-put yang dihasilkan dari sekolah/ universitas tidak hanya cakap sesuai dengan disiplin ilmu yang ditekuninya, tetapi juga mampu menerapkan nilai-nilai keberagamaan dalam memahami dan menghargai keberadaan para pemeluk agama dan kepercayaan lain. Konsep pendidikan Paulo Freire dalam ruang pembelajaran atau interaksi belajar mengajar adalah Paulo Freire sama sekali tidak menginginkan ada perbedaan atau pengklasifikasian status sosial yang akhirnya kemudian memunculkan kaum dominan dan yang didominan yang besar kemungkinan akan melahirkan sebuah konflik. Jika dikotomi angtara mengajar dengan belajar sampai menyebabkan pihak mengajar tidak mau belajar dari peserta didik yang diajarnya, berarti sebuah ideology dominasi mulai tumbuh. Paulo Freire hadir membawa misi pendidikan kritis namun disisi lain, Paulo Freire tidak akan lupa akan pentinya sebuah perbedaan dan perbedaan itu harus saling menghargai, dan saling memahami. Akhirnya penulis perpendapat inilah salah satu bentuk konsep pendidikan multicultural menurut Paulo Freire.
Факторы улучшения социально-политической и общественной активности женщин в нашей стране
Authors: Маткаримова Гулчехра 
Published: September 2020

Цель статьи – обзор и анализ мер, принимаемых в целях предупреждения насилия в отношении женщин в Узбекистане. Автор дает подробный обзор нормативно-правовых актов, тщательный анализ их положений, основных понятий, а также механизмов их реализации. Автор делает вывод, что тем более защищена женщина от насилия, тем лучше условия ее жизни. Уровень насилия в отношении женщин – один из показателей, на основе которого можно судить о степени благополучия женщин. Автор рассматривает искоренение насилия в отношении женщин как важнейший фактор улучшения положения женщин в обществе.
Об особенностях раскрытия и расследования киберпреступлений
Authors: Матчанов Алимжан 
Published: September 2020

В статье, с целью анализа современного состояния киберпреступности, рассматриваются методы борьбы с ней и факторы достижения положительного результата, зависящего от оптимизации следствия и криминалистического обеспечения. Автор, указывая на проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются следователи в расследовании киберпреступлений, приходит к выводу о необходимости совершенствования данной правоохранительной деятельности. Особое внимание уделено комплексному исследованию проблем, связанных с уголовно-правовой квалификацией, уголовно-процессуальным порядком проведения расследования, криминалистической методикой и тактикой, оперативно-розыскным обеспечением раскрытия, международным сотрудничеством. Все это направлено на оптимизацию механизма проведения следственных, процессуальных действий и оперативно-розыскных мероприятий по выявлению, фиксированию и проверке цифровых доказательств в электронной форме. В данной работе выделяются и описываются характерные особенности исследования научно-теоретических и практико-прикладных проблем правоприменительной деятельности должностных лиц государственных органов следствия, уголовного розыска, экспертов и специалистов, ответственных за раскрытие и расследование киберпреступлений. В статье выяснены особенности объекта посягательства, выраженного в информации, хранящейся на технических носителях информационных систем и передаваемой по коммуникационным каналам связи глобальной сети Интернет. Автором обобщен материал по исследуемой теме и вводится в научный оборот термин «технология расследования», который наиболее полно отражает комплексный механизм, межотраслевой подход (уголовное право, уголовный процесс, криминалистика, оперативно-розыскная деятельность, судебная экспертиза, международное уголовное право, юридическая психология и др.) к процедуре досудебного производства уголовных дел связанных с преступлениями, совершенными в киберпространстве. Излагаются взгляды отечественных и зарубежных ученых в сфере уголовно-правовых, криминологических, криминалистических, оперативно-розыскных и международно-правовых характеристик киберпреступлений. Значительное внимание уделяется субъективным и объективным факторам, способствующим совершению рассматриваемых преступных деяний, а так же приведены примеры наиболее распространённых их видов. В заключении приводится перечень причин, способствующих совершению этих преступлений, и выработаны авторские предложения по совершенствованию алгоритма деятельности правоохранительных органов в раскрытии и расследовании киберпреступлений.
Внедрение мер по предупреждению коррупции в частном секторе Узбекистана
Authors: Исмаилов Баходир 
Published: September 2020

В статье рассматриваются опыт Узбекистана по предупреждению коррупции в частном секторе. Определено, что негативными факторами распространения коррупции среди компаний приводит к снижению конкурентоспособности национальной экономики, качества государственного управления, подрывает основы свободной конкуренции, создает угрозы политической стабильности и безопасности страны.
При распространении коррупции ухудшается деловой климат, качество корпоративного управления, подрывается репутация компаний, и снижается их инвестиционная привлекательность. На рынках товаров, работ, услуг происходит отрицательная селекция, усиливается монополизм и протекционизм.
Выявлено, что коррупция в частном секторе девальвирует демократические ценности, способствует распространению правового нигилизма, вседозволенности, стяжательства, безнаказанности и др., причиняется существенный вред интересам как общества и государства, так и правам граждан.
Обосновывается тезис о том, что наиболее действенным средством предотвращения коррупции в частном секторе является внедрение в его субъекты систем антикоррупционного комплаенса и соответствующих методик их сертификации.
На основе методов сравнительного исследования выявлены меры по внедрению антикоррупционного комплаенса в бизнес структурах, а также субъектах предпринимательства с государственным участием.
Определено, что значительное влияние на развитие национального законодательства и практики правоприменения в указанной сфере оказывают международные универсальные, региональные и специальные стандарты (ООН, ОЭСР, GRECO, ISO и др.). Обоснован тезис о необходимости совершенствования правовых основ системы антикоррупционного комплаенса, необходимости внедрения в Узбекистане институтов ответственности юридических лиц, предупреждения нелегальной лоббисткой деятельности и др.
Features of historical and cultural development in different geographical conditions (in example of Central Asia)
Authors: Sagdullaev Anatoliy , Abdullaev Utkir , Togaev Jasur 
Published: September 2020

The history of all societies is associated with human activity, his economic and cultural needs, therefore, activity and needs as vital qualities of people are widely reflected in their interaction with nature and the environment. In the process of labor and production, nature is the main object of human activity, and certain economic and cultural types have developed in different geographic conditions. This law of historical and cultural development is confirmed by the example of the history of the Bronze Age in Central Asia.
In the Bronze Age, among the population living on the territory of the steppes, the socio-economic system was preserved, characteristic of the tribal communities of cattle-breeding tribes, which were at the stage of decomposition of primitive communal relations. In Central Asia at this time, the process of allocation of historical and cultural regions and ethnic territories was noted.
This article is dedicated to analysis of features of historical and cultural development of Central Asian population in different geographical conditions. The main attention is paid to the fact that the history of economic-cultural types and their development is connected with geographical atmosphere.
Экскурс современным эпидемиологическим проблемам и эволюционным учениям в эпидемиологии
Authors: Амиреев Сакен 
Published: September 2020

Охарактеризована современная эпидемиологическая ситуация по заболеваемости и смертности в мире, представлены основные социально-экономические показатели, поддерживающие распространение возбудителей инфекции, приведены принципы, концепции и основные положения расширенной программы иммунизации (РПИ) ВОЗ и три этапа РПИ. Освещены актуальные вопросы специфической защиты (вакцинации), показаны упущенные возможности и пути их преодоления. Обращено внимание трем основным источникам эволюционного становления инфекционных болезней человека и обсуждены различные точки зрения, касающихся причин и механизмов эволюционной трансформации посредством смены механизма передачи микроорганизмов основному хозяину - макроорганизму.
Involvement of IGF2 and H19 imprinting in choriocarcinoma development
Authors: Wake Norio , Arima Takahiro , Matsuda Takao 
Published: July 2002

AbstractComplete hydatidiform mole is an abnormal pregnancy characterized by grossly swollen villi in the absence of a fetus (Kajii and Ohama 1997, Wake et al., 1978, Jacobs et al., 1980). It is well known that this abnormal pregnancy product is androgenetic in origin. The entire genome of the molar conceptus is paternally derived. The majority of moles result from fertilization of an empty egg by haploid sperm. The paternally derived haploid set then duplicated without cytokinesis and restores diploidy. Invariably, this class of moles has a 46, XX karyotype and is completely homozygous for genetic markers. Fertilization of an empty egg by two sperms is responsible for the remaining case. These moles show a mixture of homozygous and heterozygous patterns of paternally derived genetic markers. Although complete mole is usually a benign process, 10 to 20 percent of cases leads to either invasive mole or choriocarcinoma. This propensity to malignancy has to associate with the genetic features shown in the mole, that imply the formation of homozygosity and the selective inheritance of paternal genome. It has been described in various human malignancies that both genetic features associate with the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Homozygosity would lead to the inactivation of tumor suppressor gene in the mole by a signal event occurred on sperm DNAs. In turn, paternal transmission would result in the silencing of particular tumor suppressor genes. Thus, tumor suppressor genes inactivated either by homozygosity formation or by paternal transmission would be involved in the pathogenesis of choriocarcinoma.Both the maternal and paternal genomes are necessary for normal embryonic development in mammals. Parental‐origin‐specific functional differences between two alleles, known as genomic imprinting, seem to be exploited for a regulatory mechanism crucial for the proper development of both embryonic and extraembryonic tissues. The list of imprinted genes identified is growing rapidly lately in mouse and man (DeChiara TM et al., 1991, Barlow et al., 1991, Bartolomei MS et al., 1991, Leff SE et al., 1992, Hatada I et al., 1993, Giddings SJ et al., 1994, Hayashizaki Y et al., 1994, Villar AJ et al., 1994, Guillemot F et al., 1995). Among these, IGF2 and H19 tightly linked on human chromosome 11 are of special interest because of their reciprocal imprinting and possible association with certain malignancy and congenital abnormalies. The IGF2 gene expressed from the paternally derived allele (Ohlsson et al., 1993, Giannoukalis et al., 1993), whereas the H19 gene is expressed from the maternally derived allele (Rachmilewitz et al., 1992, Zhang et al 1993, Ferguson‐Smith et al., 1993).
Topical oxatomide: an alternative approach for the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus
Authors: Origoni M. , Ferrari D. , Rossi M. , Gandini F. , Sideri M. , Ferrari A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: The treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus has greatly improved in recent years, with the introduction of new pharmacological approaches and reconsideration of the traditional ones. Oxatomide is a molecule with both antihistamine and inhibiting activities for the inflammatory response, which may have potential use against this disease. Methods: We enrolled 22 patients affected by vulvar lichen sclerosus in a double‐blind, cross‐over, controlled trial. They were administered a 5% oxatomide‐based gel formulation and a placebo (petrolatum ointment) topically. At the beginning and the end of the investigation the severity and duration of symptoms, clinical appearance and tolerability were recorded. Statistical analysis of data was performed by Fisher's exact test and the Student‐NewmanKeuls test. Results: The results indicate that both regimens are significantly correlated with vulvar pruritus improvement and that 5% oxatomide gel has better anti‐itching effects compared to the placebo. Other symptoms responded poorly to the treatment. The rate of complete‐partial regression of pruritus was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the oxatomide group than in controls, while no significant improvement was obtained neither with oxatomide or with placebo in terms of clinical appearance. Conclusions: These results, adequately confirmed, could suggest the introduction of oxatomide, in selected patients, as an alternative for the treatment of vulvar lichen sclerosus.
Pregnancy outcome beyond 41 weeks gestation
Authors: Roach V.J. , Rogers M.S. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To determine maternal and perinatal morbidity and the spontaneous labor rate beyond 41 weeks of gestation. Method: Patients with uncomplicated pregnancy were recruited at 41 weeks and screened for fetal or maternal well‐being. Following observation between 41 and 42 weeks, patients were randomized to either serial monitoring by cardiotocography and measurement of amniotic fluid index, or to immediate induction. Comparisons were made using the χ2 test. Results after 42 weeks were analyzed according to intention at randomization. Results: Morbidity was not increased before 42 weeks. After 42 weeks, the cesarean section rate and incidence of meconium below the vocal cords were increased in monitored patients. The median gestational age in patients who were monitored was 298.5 (294–321) days. In patients observed from 41 weeks, 91.6% labored spontaneously. Conclusion: It is reasonable to observe uncomplicated pregnancy until 42 weeks with adequate monitoring. After 42 weeks, induction of labor is preferred.
Recurrent abortion and moderate or strong antiphospholipid antibody production
Authors: Ogasawara M , Sasa H , Katano K , Aoyama T , Aoki K , Suzumori K 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To investigate the treatment outcome for women suffering recurrent miscarriages associated with strong or moderate antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) production. Methods: Sixty‐seven pregnancies in 61 women demonstrating at least one kind of aPL with a history of recurrent miscarriages were treated with: (1) aspirin (ASA) alone; (2) prednisolone (PSL) and ASA; and (3) PSL, ASA, heparin and/or immunoglobulin (IgG). For comparison purposes the aPL‐positive patients were divided into two groups, strongly and moderately‐positive. IgG and IgM antibodies against PE and five negatively‐charged phospholipids were measured by ELISA between 1987 and 1993. β2‐glycoprotein I (β2GPI) dependent anticardiolipin antibodies were measured by ELISA since 1993. Lupus anticoagulant was measured by a diluted aPTT method since 1993. Results: Out of a total of 16 (50%) patients strongly‐positive for aPL and 47 out of 51 (92.2%) moderately‐positive demonstrated a successful outcome. The live birth rate moderate group was significantly higher than in the strongly‐positive cases (P<0.0005). In the cases exhibiting moderate aPL production, 28 out of 30 (93.3%) receiving PSL and ASA and 14 out of 15 (93.3%) treated with ASA alone successfully gave birth. None of the 14 given ASA alone suffered preterm delivery or IUGR. In contrast 12 (36.4%) and 6 (18.2%) of the 33 patients treated with the PSL combination therapy suffered from preterm delivery and IUGR, respectively. Conclusions: The live birth rate in patients strongly positive for aPL is lower than that in patients with moderate aPL production even if treatment is performed during pregnancy. However, ASA is useful to treat cases with moderate aPL so that distinction of the two groups is warranted.
Regional material properties of the human hip joint capsule ligaments
Authors: Hewitt John , Guilak Farshid , Glisson Richard , Vail T. Parker 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe hip joint capsule functions to constrain translation between the femur and acetabulum while allowing rotational and planar movements. Despite the crucial role it plays in the pathogenesis of hip instability, little is known about its biomechanical properties. The goal of this study was to determine the regional material properties of the iliofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments of the capsule.Ten human cadaveric specimens of each ligament were tested to failure in tension. The stress at failure, strain at failure, strain energy density at failure, toe‐ and linear‐region elastic moduli, and the Poisson's ratio were measured for each ligament.The strain to failure was greatest in the ischiofemoral ligament, while no significant difference was noted in failure stress by region or ligament. The Young's moduli of elasticity ranged from 76.1 to 285.8 MPa among the different ligaments, and were generally consistent with properties previously reported for the shoulder capsule. The elastic moduli and strain energy density at failure differed by region. No significant differences in Poisson's ratio were found by region or ligament. The average Poisson's ratio was approximately 1.4, consistent with anisotropic behavior of ligamentous tissues.Understanding the material properties of the hip capsule may help the orthopaedic surgeon better understand normal ligament function, and thereby choose a surgical approach or strategy of repair. Furthermore, knowledge of the normal mechanical function of the hip capsule ligaments could assist in the evaluation of the success of a repair. © 2001 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Neurotrophins can enhance spiral ganglion cell survival after inner hair cell loss
Authors: Miller Josef M. , Chi David H. , O'Keeffe Leonard J. , Kruszka Paul , Raphael Yehoash , Altschuler Richard A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFollowing destruction of sensory cells of the organ of Corti, spiral ganglion cells (SGC) in the guinea pig degenerate. Chronic electrical stimulation via cochlear prostheses can enhance their survival, with the effect blocked by stopping the electrically elicited action potentials with tetrodotoxin. Blocking action potentials in the normal hearing ear with tetrodotoxin, however, does not cause degeneration. This suggests that in the pathological ear VIII N activity acts as a survival factor, while in the normal ear there are other survival factors that maintain SGCs. We examined neurotrophins, as survival factors in the deafened ear. Two weeks of treatment with BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor) administered chronically via a mini‐osmotic pump into scala tympani at 50 ng/ml, provided a statistically significant enhanced SGC survival over untreated deafened ears or deafened ears treated with artificial perilymph. Neurotrophin 3 provided some enhanced survival, but this was not statistically significant over untreated deafened ears. These observations suggest there are survival factors in the inner ear, including those coupled to direct activation of the auditory nerve fibers, that may serve to maintain the auditory nerve. These factors may be applied following deafness to maintain and enhance neural populations and to increase benefits to the profoundly deaf receiving cochlear implants.
Dopamine D3receptor agents as potential new medications for drug addiction
Authors: Le Foll B. , Schwartz J.C. , Sokoloff P. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryAll drugs abused by humans increase dopamine in the shell of nucleus accumbens, which implicate the neurons of this structure in their hedonic and reinforcing properties. Among the various dopamine receptor subtypes, the D1(D1R) and D3(D3R) receptors co-localise in accumbal shell neurons. Synergistic D1R/D3R interactions at this level were found on gene expression and during induction and expression of behavioral sensitisation to levodopa in rats bearing unilateral lesions of dopamine neurons. Behavioral sensitisation to abused drugs is a component of their long-term effects. Converging pharmacologic, human postmortem and genetic studies suggest the involvement of the D3R in reinforcing effects of drugs; D3R agonists reduced cocaine self-administration in rats, without disrupting the maintenance of self-administration. These data suggest the use of D3R agonists as partial substitutes to treat cocaine dependence, by affecting its reward component. However, substitution therapies maintain dependence and may be inefficient on drug craving and relapse, which are the unsolved and critical problems in the treatment of drug addiction. Recently, a highly selective and partial D3R agonist was shown to reduce cocaine-associated cue-controlled behaviour in rats, without having any primary intrinsic effects. As drug-associated cues maintain drug-seeking in animals and elicit craving and relapse in humans, such D3R agents have potential therapeutic applications.