bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Midwestern cropping system effects on drainage water quality and crop yields
Authors: Dougherty Brian W. , Pederson Carl H. , Mallarino Antonio P. , Andersen Daniel S. , Soupir Michelle L. , Kanwar Ramesh S. , Helmers Matthew J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGrain producers are challenged to maximize crop production while utilizing nutrients efficiently and minimizing negative impacts on water quality. There is a particular concern about nutrient export to the Gulf of Mexico via loss from subsurface drainage systems. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of crop rotation, tillage, crop residue removal, swine manure applications, and cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crops on nitrate‐N (NO3‐N) and total reactive phosphorus (TRP) loss via subsurface drainage. The study was evaluated from 2008 through 2015 using 36 0.4‐ha plots outfitted with a subsurface drainage water quality monitoring system. Results showed that when swine manure was applied before both corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], drainage water had significantly higher 8‐yr‐average flow‐weighted NO3‐N concentrations compared with swine manure applied before corn only in a corn–soybean rotation. The lowest NO3‐N loss was 15.2 kg N ha−1 yr−1 from a no‐till corn–soybean treatment with rye cover crop and spring application of urea‐ammonium nitrate (UAN) to corn. The highest NO3‐N loss was 29.5 kg N ha−1 yr−1 from swine manure applied to both corn and soybean. A rye cover crop reduced NO3‐N loss, whereas tillage and residue management had little impact on NO3‐N loss. Losses of TRP averaged <32 g P ha−1 yr−1 from all treatments. Corn yield was negatively affected by both no‐till management and cereal rye cover crops. Results showed that cropping management affected N leaching but impacts on P leaching were minimal.
The efficient synthesis of 3‐[6‐(substituted)‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazol‐3‐yl]‐1H‐indazole
Authors: Raut Santosh , Hadi Abdul , Pathan Mohd Arif 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study presents an efficient synthesis of 3‐[6‐(substituted‐phenyl)‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4] thiadiazol‐3‐yl]‐1H‐indazole via dehydrative condensation with cyclization of 4‐amino‐5‐(1H‐indazol‐3‐yl)‐4H‐[1,2,4]triazole‐3‐thiol and fluorinated or nonfluorinated carboxylic acids in presence of phosphorous oxychloride. The multistep reaction pathway proceeds through different compounds. Present synthesis has the advantages of easily accessible starting materials, convenient synthesis, simple reaction condition, wider substrate scope, and higher yield (75% to 90% isolated).
Synthesis of spiro(indoline‐3,1′‐pyrazolo[1,2‐a]pyrazoles) by 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of isatin N,N′‐cyclic azomethine imines with alkynes
Authors: Shi Yang , Wang Gangqiang , Chen Zhiyu , Wu Minghu , Wang Jian , Trigoura Leslie , Guo Haibing , Xing Yalan , Sun Shaofa 
Published: January 2020

Abstract1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of isatin N,N′‐cyclic azomethine imine catalyzed by CuCO3 has been developed. Structurally interesting heterocyclic spiro(indoline‐3,1′‐pyrazolo[1,2‐a]pyrazoles) have been synthesized as single regioisomers in good yields and high functional group compatibility.
αβ and γδ T cell receptors: Similar but different
Authors: Morath Anna , Schamel Wolfgang W. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
There are 2 populations of T lymphocytes, αβ T and γδ T cells, that can be distinguished by the expression of either an αβ TCR or a γδ TCR, respectively. Pairing of the Ag binding heterodimer, which consists of TCR-α/TCR-β (TCRαβ) or TCR-γ/TCR-δ (TCRγδ), with proteins of the CD3 complex forms the complete αβ or γδ TCR. Despite some similarities in the structure of TCRαβ and TCRγδ and the shared subunits of the CD3 complex, the 2 receptors differ in important aspects. These include the assembly geometry of the complex, the glycosylation pattern, the plasma membrane organization, as well as the accessibility of signaling motifs in the CD3 intracellular tails. These differences are reflected in the different demands and outcomes of ligand-induced signaling. It was shown that exposure of the proline-rich sequence (PRS) in CD3ε occurs with all activating αβ TCR ligands and is required to induce αβ TCR signaling. In sharp contrast, CD3ε PRS exposure was not induced by binding of those ligands to the γδ TCR that have been studied. Further, signaling by the γδ TCR occurs independently of CD3ε PRS exposure. Interestingly, it can be enhanced by anti-CD3ε Ab-induced enforcement of CD3ε PRS exposure. This review contrasts these two similar, but different immune receptors.
Anti-inflammatory and metabolic reprogramming effects of MENK produce antitumor response in CT26 tumor-bearing mice
Authors: Tuo Yali , Zhang Zijun , Tian Cheng , Hu Qinyu , Xie Rui , Yang Jian , Zhou Hong , Lu Lili , Xiang Ming 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Methionine enkephalin (MENK), an endogenous opioid peptide, has a role in nervous system, immune system, and anticancer therapy. Inflammation, metabolism and cancer are closely intertwined with each other. This study is to identify the correlation of the antitumor effects of MENK with systemic inflammation, liver metabolism, and immune cells as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). We established a subcutaneous CT26 colon carcinoma model and a cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressive model subjected to MENK. AML12 and MDSCs were used as in vitro models. The results showed that MENK treatment degraded tumor growth and inhibited proinflammatory cytokines both in tumor tissues and serum. The MENK-treated tumor mice showed normalized liver function with glycolipid metabolic homeostasis. No inhibitory effect on CT26 tumor cell in vitro, but only reduced lipid synthesis in AML12 were presented by MENK. Meanwhile, MENK invigorated immune response in both two animal models by markedly suppressing MDSCs and enhancing T cells response. In vitro MENK-treated MDSCs showed reduced glycolysis and less ROS production, which was mediated by PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone reversed most of the regulation. These results illustrate that MENK preventing development of colon carcinoma might be correlated with the suppression of inflammation, improving metabolism in liver as well as in MDSCs partly through opioid receptor, which brings new elements supporting the adjuvant therapy for tumor by MENK.
Updated understanding of the outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) in Wuhan, China
Authors: Wang Weier , Tang Jianming , Wei Fangqiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTo help health workers and the public recognize and deal with the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) quickly, effectively, and calmly with an updated understanding. A comprehensive search from Chinese and worldwide official websites and announcements was performed between 1 December 2019 and 9:30 am 26 January 2020 (Beijing time). A latest summary of 2019‐nCoV and the current outbreak was drawn. Up to 24 pm, 25 January 2020, a total of 1975 cases of 2019‐nCoV infection were confirmed in mainland China with a total of 56 deaths having occurred. The latest mortality was approximately 2.84% with a total of 2684 cases still suspected. The China National Health Commission reported the details of the first 17 deaths up to 24 pm, 22 January 2020. The deaths included 13 males and 4 females. The median age of the people who died was 75 (range 48‐89) years. Fever (64.7%) and cough (52.9%) were the most common first symptoms among those who died. The median number of days from the occurence of the first symptom to death was 14.0 (range 6‐41) days, and it tended to be shorter among people aged 70 years or more (11.5 [range 6‐19] days) than those aged less than 70 years (20 [range 10‐41] days; P = .033). The 2019‐nCoV infection is spreading and its incidence is increasing nationwide. The first deaths occurred mostly in elderly people, among whom the disease might progress faster. The public should still be cautious in dealing with the virus and pay more attention to protecting the elderly people from the virus.
The impact of north tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies in the ensuing spring of El Niño on the tropical Indian Ocean and Northwest Pacific
Authors: Ma Jing , He Weibang , Chen Zhehan , Fu Yihang , Yin Jiayue 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBased on the fifth generation reanalysis of European Centre for Medium–Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Hadley Centre sea ice and sea surface temperature data, and ENSEMLES hindcasts, the impact of north tropical Atlantic (NTA) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the ensuing spring of El Niño on the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and Northwest Pacific (NWP) is investigated using composites, singular value decomposition, and correlations. The anomalous SST warming in the NTA region in the decay spring of El Niño leads to a Gill‐type response of the overlying atmosphere in spring–summer. The Kelvin wave over the TIO stimulated by the NTA warming causes the anomalous easterlies in the regions of TIO and NWP, thereby the strengthening of the NWP subtropical anticyclone (NWPSA). The NTA SST warming also forces a local ascending motion, leading to a downward branch over the NWP region. This descent gives rise to the TIO‐NWP low‐level easterly anomalies and an intensification of the NWPSA. The anomalous easterly weakens the background southwesterly monsoon, accompanied by the increased atmospheric boundary layer specific humidity caused by the troposphere warming, suppressing upward latent heat fluxes, finally contributing to the North Indian Ocean (NIO) warming in summer. This indicates that the second warming of the NIO region in the following summer of El Niño may be partially attributed to the NTA warming in the ensuing spring of El Niño. This study improves our understanding of the impact of the NTA SST anomalies in the El Niño decay spring on the TIO and NWP regions, and emphasizes the importance of the NTA region in the pantropical inter‐basin interactions.
The application of ceragenins to orthopedic surgery and medicine
Authors: Dao Aiken , Mills Rebecca J. , Kamble Sumedh , Savage Paul B. , Little David G. , Schindeler Aaron 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOsteomyelitis and infections associated with orthopedic implants represent a significant burden of disease worldwide. Ceragenins (CSAs) are a relatively new class of small‐molecule antimicrobials that target a broad range of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria as well as fungi, viruses, and parasites. This review sets the context of the need for new antimicrobial strategies by cataloging the common pathogens associated with orthopedic infection and highlighting the increasing challenges of managing antibiotic‐resistant bacterial strains. It then comparatively describes the antimicrobial properties of CSAs with a focus on the CSA‐13 family. More recently developed members of this family such as CSA‐90 and CSA‐131 may have a particular advantage in an orthopedic setting as they possess secondary pro‐osteogenic properties. In this context, we consider several new preclinical studies that demonstrate the utility of CSAs in orthopedic models. Emerging evidence suggests that CSAs are effective against antibiotic‐resistantStaphylococcus aureusstrains and can prevent the formation of biofilms. There remains considerable scope for developing CSA‐based treatments, either as coatings for orthopedic implants or as local or systemic antibiotics to prevent bone infection.
To what extent did changes in temperature affect China's socioeconomic development from the Western Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties period?
Authors: He Jia , Su Yun , Fang Xiuqi 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTAnalysing the contribution of climate and non‐climate change factors to social development and the occurrence of historical events represents important research on the impact of climate change. This study identifies combinations of social subsystem indices affected by temperature changes using the conceptual framework of food security, a priori knowledge and logical reasoning to statistically analyse three 10‐year data series (grain harvest grades, famine indices and economic levels) from the Western Han Dynasty to the Five Dynasties period of ancient China (210 bc to 960 ad). The results are as follows. For 94 of the 118 decades in the study period, social development was relatively directly related to temperature effects. On a decadal scale, against a cold background, grain production was closely related to temperature conditions in 40.7% of all decades. Economic prosperity and depressions in 5.1 and 21.2% of these decades, respectively, were directly related to temperature effects. Against a warm background, grain production was closely related to temperature conditions in 39% of all decades. Economic prosperity and depressions in 22 and 8.5% of these decades, respectively, were directly related to the temperature effects. The century and decadal‐scale characteristics were the same. Specifically, when mostly negative combinations of natural–socioeconomic factors dominated, the proportion of decades was slightly higher in cold than in warm periods. This case study enables a scientific understanding of the effect of changes in mean climate values/trends on social development and further demonstrates the different effects of the climate change process and mechanism. Climate cooling and warming may bring more positive than negative impacts in some regions and more negative than positive impacts in others. Complex feedback may amplify or reduce the impact of climate cooling and warming. Climate that evolves unfavourably has an impact more strongly correlated with the socioeconomic system's vulnerability and adaptability. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of a protective layer against corrosion on Mg alloy via alkali pretreatment followed by vanillic acid treatment
Authors: Li Sheng , Yi Laihua , Liu Tongfang , Deng Hao , Ji Bo , Zhang Kun , Zhou Lihong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAlthough Mg alloy possesses high specific strength, low density, and good biocompatibility, poor corrosion resistance hinders its further applications. In the present study, an innovative protective layer against corrosion was prepared on the AZ31 Mg alloy via alkali pretreatment followed by vanillic acid treatment. The alkali pretreatment supplied –OH for the AZ31 Mg alloy surface to react with vanillic acid. The vanillic acid treatment played a crucial role in enhancing the corrosion resistance due to the excellent ability to act as a barrier and retard aqueous solution penetration, which effectively isolated the underlying Mg alloy from the corrosive environment. The corrosion current density of alkali and vanillic acid‐treated Mg alloy (AZ31V) almost showed two orders of magnitude lower values in comparison with that of the AZ31 Mg alloy, and the corrosion potential of AZ31V Mg alloy increased from −1.41 to −1.25 V. The immersion tests proved that there was no occurrence of severe corrosion. Hence, the alkali pretreatment and vanillic acid treatment may represent a promising method to improve the corrosion resistance of Mg alloy.
Evolution of Reaction‐Induced Phase Segregations in Bi‐Soft Segment Urethane Oligomers
Authors: Wenning Christian , Schmidt Annette M. , Leimenstoll Marc C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOligomeric bi‐soft segment isocyanate‐terminated polyurethanes (ITPUs) are semi‐finished goods crucial for the fabrication of various polyurethane (PU) products such as foams, thermoplastics, adhesives, dispersions, and elastomers. Incompatibilities and thus phase segregation phenomena play an essential role in tailoring the properties of the final products. In this work, the evolution of reaction‐induced phase segregation (RIPS) in ITPUs is explored in terms of composition and morphology of the phase segregated products as well as competing second order kinetics of the reaction. The results suggest that mechanism and extent of the phase segregation are thermodynamically controlled following the ternary phase diagram of the reactants. A comprehensive description of the phase behavior during the reaction is provided demonstrating excellent control over the morphology of ITPUs by means of appropriate adjustment of the initial reactant composition. These results are fundamental for tailored morphology design as it is employed for instance in membrane synthesis.
LncRNA HOTAIR promotes the invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma through metastasis‐associated gene 2
Authors: Tao Detao , Zhang Zhenxing , Liu Xue , Zhang Ziwen , Fu Yu , Zhang Ping , Yuan Hua , Liu Laikui , Cheng Jie , Jiang Hongbing 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDespite therapeutic advancements, there has been little improvement in the survival status of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) has been shown to be dysregulated in several cancer types. However, the roles of HOTAIR in OSCC remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the association of HOTAIR expression with clinicopathological features in OSCC patients and the crucial roles of HOTAIR in the modulation of tumor progression. Our results showed that HOTAIR was highly expressed both in OSCC tissue samples and cell lines compared with corresponding normal oral mucosa tissues and human oral keratinocytes. Its overexpression was positively correlated with TNM (tumor‐node‐metastases) stage, histological grade, and regional lymph node metastasis. The knockdown of HOTAIR by short hairpin RNA significantly decreased the migration, invasion, and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition of OSCC cells in vitro. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between HOTAIR and microRNA‐326 expression in OSCC tissue samples and cell lines. Luciferase reporter and loss‐of‐function assays revealed that HOTAIR acted as a competitive endogenous RNA effectively sponging miR‐326, thereby regulating the derepression of metastasis‐associated gene 2 (MTA2). Finally, the expression and clinical significance of MTA2 were analyzed in another cohort of OSCC tissue samples. High MTA2 expression was significantly correlated with clinicopathological features of advanced OSCC and poor prognosis for patients with OSCC. Collectively, HOTAIR overexpression promoted the progression of OSCC. The HOTAIR–miR‐326‐MTA2 axis may contribute to a better understanding of OSCC pathogenesis and be a potential therapeutic target for OSCC.
Multi‐Omics Analysis of the Effects of Egg Ovotransferrin on the Gut Environment in Mice: Mucosal Gene Expression, Microbiota Composition, and Intestinal Structural Homeostasis
Authors: Zhang Qinjun , Tan Wen , Yang Lu , Lu Mei , Dong Shijian , Liu Xuebo , Duan Xiang 
Published: January 2020

ScopeEgg ovotransferrin (OVT) is considered a functional food ingredient for its various bioactivities. The objective of this work is to explore the potential biological activity of OVT on the gut health.Methods and resultsBoth young (3 week old) and adult (8 week old) mouse models are utilized in this research. Each group receives a standard diet containing either OVT (experimental group) or distilled water (control group) for a 14 day period. Transcriptome and 16S rDNA sequencing analyses are applied to characterize the gene expression in colonic epithelial cells and gut microbiota composition. In the young groups, OVT suppresses the genes correlated with lipid metabolism and signal transduction. The regulated genes in the adult groups encompass various biological processes, including lipid metabolism, signal transduction, endocrine system, and others. OVT increases the proportion of some beneficial bacteria significantly, especially Akkermansia, and inhibits some harmful bacteria. Furthermore, OVT affects mucosal morphology positively via increasing the crypt depth. OVT also increases the expression of tight junction protein occludin by 3.0‐ and 5.2‐folds in young and adult groups, respectively.ConclusionOVT exhibits some beneficial effects on the gut environment. These positive findings provide new insight into the understanding of OVT as an excellent functional ingredient.
Reversible 3D compression of segmented medical volumes: usability analysis for teleradiology and storage
Authors: Aldemir Erdoğan , Gezer Naciye Sinem , Tohumoglu Gulay , Barış Mustafa , Kavur A. Emre , Dicle Oguz , Selver M. Alper 
Published: January 2020

BackgroundDICOM standard does not have modules that provide the possibilities of two‐dimensional Presentation States to three‐dimensional (3D). Once the final 3D rendering is obtained, only video/image exporting or snapshots can be used. To increase the utility of 3D Presentation States in clinical practice and teleradiology, the storing and transferring the segmentation results, obtained after tedious procedures, can be very effective.PurposeTo propose a strategy for preserving interaction and mobility of visualizations for teleradiology by storing and transferring only binary segmented data, which is effectively compressed by modern adaptive and context‐based reversible methods.Material and MethodsA diverse set of segmented data, which include four abdominal organs (liver, spleen, right, and left kidneys) from 20 T1‐DUAL and 20 T2‐SPIR MRI, liver from 20 CT, and abdominal aorta with aneurysms (AAA) from 19 computed tomography‐angiography datasets, are collected. Each organ is segmented manually by expert physicians, and binary volumes are created. The well‐established reversible binary compression methods PNG, JPEG‐LS, JPEG‐XR, CCITT‐G4, LZW, JBIG2, and ZIP are applied to medical datasets. Recently proposed context‐based (3D‐RLE) and adaptive (ABIC) algorithms are also employed. The performance assessment has been presented in terms of the compression ratio that is a universal compression metric.ResultsReversible compression of binary volumes results with substantial decreases in file size such as 254 to 2.14 MB for CT‐AAA, 56.7 to 0.3 MB for CT‐liver. Moreover, compared to the performance of well‐established methods (i.e., mean 76.14%), CR is observed to be increased significantly for all segmented organs from both CT and MRI datasets when ABIC (95.49%) and 3D‐RLE (94.98%) are utilized. The hypothesis is that morphological coherence of scanning procedure and adaptation between the segmented organs, that is, bi‐level images, contributes to compression performance. Although the performance of well‐established techniques is satisfactory, the sensitivity of ABIC to modality type and the advantage of 3D‐RLE when the spatial coherence between the adjacent slices are high results with up to 10 times more CR performance.ConclusionAdaptive and context‐based compression strategies allow effective storage and transfer of segmented binary data, which can be used to re‐produce visualizations for better teleradiology practices preserving all interaction mechanisms.
Improved L2 and H1 error estimates for the Hessian discretization method
Authors: Shylaja Devika 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe Hessian discretization method (HDM) for fourth‐order linear elliptic equations provides a unified convergence analysis framework based on three properties namely coercivity, consistency, and limit‐conformity. Some examples that fit in this approach include conforming and nonconforming finite element methods (ncFEMs), finite volume methods (FVMs) and methods based on gradient recovery operators. A generic error estimate has been established in L2, H1, and H2‐like norms in literature. In this paper, we establish improved L2 and H1 error estimates in the framework of HDM and illustrate it on various schemes. Since an improved L2 estimate is not expected in general for FVM, a modified FVM is designed by changing the quadrature of the source term and a superconvergence result is proved for this modified FVM. In addition to the Adini ncFEM, in this paper, we show that the Morley ncFEM is an example of HDM. Numerical results that justify the theoretical results are also presented.