bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incubation Temperature Affects Duckling Body Size and Food Consumption Despite No Effect on Associated Feeding Behaviors
Authors: Hope S F , Kennamer R A , Grimaudo A T , Hallagan J J , Hopkins W A 
Published: February 2020

SynopsisDevelopmental conditions can have consequences for offspring fitness. For example, small changes (&lt;1°C) in average avian incubation temperature have large effects on important post-hatch offspring phenotypes, including growth rate, thermoregulation, and behavior. Furthermore, average incubation temperatures differ among eggs within the same nest, to the extent (i.e., &gt;1°C) that differences in offspring phenotypes within broods should result. A potential consequence of within-nest incubation temperature variation is inequality in behaviors that could cause differences in resource acquisition within broods. To investigate this, we incubated wood duck (Aix sponsa) eggs at one of two ecologically-relevant incubation temperatures (35°C or 36°C), formed mixed-incubation temperature broods after ducklings hatched, and conducted trials to measure duckling behaviors associated with acquisition of heat (one trial) or food (three trials). Contrary to our predictions, we found no effect of incubation temperature on duckling behaviors (e.g., time spent occupying heat source, frequency of feeding bouts). However, we found evidence that ducklings incubated at the higher temperature consumed more food during the 1-h feeding trials, and grew faster in body mass and structural size (culmen and tarsus) throughout the study, than those incubated at the lower temperature. Apparent food consumption during the trials was positively related to culmen length, suggesting that differences in food consumption may be driven by structural size. This could result in positive feedback, which would amplify size differences between offspring incubated at different temperatures. Thus, our study identifies incubation temperature as a mechanism by which fitness-related phenotypic differences can be generated and even amplified within avian broods.
The Role of Autologous PRP on Deep Partial-Thickness Burn Wound Healing in Bama Pigs
Authors: Sun Yanwei , Cao Yongqian , Zhao Ran , Xu Famei , Wu Dan , Wang Yibing 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this study, we aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on deep partial-thickness burns in Bama pigs. Deep partial-thickness burn wounds were created on the back of Bama pigs. The reepithelialization time was compared between the PRP and control groups. The mean score of Ki67 (+) cells and α-SMA (+) vessels, the mean thickness of epidermis and dermis of the healing wounds were determined via H&E staining and immunohistochemical assay. The levels of the growth factors epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were examined by ELISA. Our data showed that the time to wound reepithelialization was shorter in the PRP group compared with the control group. The thickness of the epidermis was larger in the PRP group compared with the control group. On the 7th and 14th days after the treatment, the mean score of Ki67 (+) cells and α-SMA (+) vessels were higher in the PRP group compared with the control group. The PRP group showed higher levels of growth factors (EGF, bFGF, and VEGF) compared with the control group by ELISA. The results indicated that PRP could improve wound healing process of deep partial-thickness burns in Bama pigs. The PRP increased the thickness of epidermis of the healed wounds, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. We demonstrated that applying PRP had a greater potential for the treatment of deep partial-thickness burns.
Paris court grants an SEP anti-anti-suit injunction in IPCom v Lenovo: a worrying decision in uncertain times?
Authors: Bonadio Enrico , McDonagh Luke 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
IPCom v Lenovo, Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris, Case No RG 19/59311, 8 November 2019
The Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris has granted an anti-anti-suit injunction in favour of SEP-holder IPCom against Lenovo, requiring the latter to withdraw an anti-suit injunction action filed before the US District Court for the Northern District of California.
Parallel Proceedings under Chinese BITs: The Case of Hela Schwarz GmbH v PR China
Authors: Wei Shen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Classic issues in international commercial arbitration such as parallel proceedings also emerge in international investment arbitration. The parallel existence of international investment arbitration and domestic litigation deserves careful analysis for the sake of international legal certainty and security. Given a small number of international investment arbitration cases involving China and its bilateral investment treaties (BITs), the issue of parallel proceedings in Chinese BIT law and practice is underinvestigated. This article tries to look into this issue by reference to the case of Hela Schwarz GmbH v PR China, an ongoing BIT arbitration case registered with the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. Some improvements have been made to relevant jurisdictional clauses in China’s more recent free trade agreements filling the gap in this grey area.
The Global Burden of Disease: Measuring the health of populations
Authors: Vos Theo , Lopez Alan , Murray Christopher 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To make the best decisions to improve health, policymakers need reliable, up-to-date information on the major challenges facing their country. The Global Burden of Disease study facilitates this by providing comprehensive and scientifically rigorous estimates of the causes of death and illness across the globe. It examines a total of 79 risk factors and the amount of health loss attributable to each or combinations of them. Analysis over time reveals a shift from disease burden dominated by communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional causes to a burden increasingly made up of non-communicable diseases and injuries. By making comparisons between countries or subnational units like states or counties, the Global Burden of Disease can highlight areas of particular success or challenge, providing opportunities to examine what is working, or what is not.
Medicine quality, physicians, and patients
Authors: Newton Paul N. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Poor-quality medicines negate the enormous advantages of modern pharmaceuticals and lead to avoidable morbidity and mortality; loss of confidence in medicines and healthcare systems; economic losses for patients, their families, governments, and the pharmaceutical industry; and—for anti-infectives—engender pathogen drug resistance.
There are many examples of both falsified (due to fraudulent production) and substandard (due to in-factory negligence) medicines, vaccines, diagnostic tests, and devices. New portable diagnostic devices offer hope that they could empower medicine inspectors and pharmacists to obtain objective evidence for selection of suspicious samples for formal analysis. Much greater international effort is needed for the reporting of poor-quality medicines so that detection can be acted upon and patients protected.
The cell
Authors: Banting George , Luzio J. Paul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The cell is a dynamic entity. Cells are not simply building blocks that are linked together to create an organism: each cell comprises a dynamic network of interacting macromolecules. Just how dynamic has been brought home by recent advances in cell imaging technologies. A host of multisubunit molecular structures must assemble and disassemble in a highly coordinated, exquisitely regulated, and beautifully choreographed manner to ensure the integrity of the cell and provide its ability to function correctly as a single unit within a large multicellular organism. This chapter explains how the cell is the fundamental unit of all forms of independent life on this planet, from the simplest single-celled prokaryote to the most complex multicellular eukaryote.
Circulating DNA for molecular diagnostics
Authors: Dennis Lo Y.M. , Chiu Rossa W.K. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Short fragments of cell-free DNA are released into the plasma when cells die. In patients with cancer some of this circulating DNA is released by tumour cells; in pregnant women some is derived from the fetus; and increased amounts are found in many pathological conditions associated with cell death. In each of these circumstances, analysis of cell-free DNA can provide useful clinical information (e.g. detection or monitoring of cancer, determination of mutation status of a fetus). With further improvement in analytical technologies and developments of new markers, it is likely that the application of circulating cell-free DNA and cell-free RNA species in molecular diagnostics will increase in the future.
Principles of transplantation immunology
Authors: Wallin Elizabeth , Wood Kathryn J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Since the first successful transplant of a kidney between identical twins in 1954, transplantation has progressed from being an experimental procedure to a routine clinical therapy offering immense benefits for patients with organ failure. However, the survival of transplanted organs remains limited by the body’s immune responses, and many of the complications of transplantation result from the crude nature of our attempts to suppress these. This chapter explains how the survival of transplanted organs remains limited by the body’s immune responses, which are designed to discriminate between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ or ‘altered-self’, and how many of the complications of transplantation result from the crude nature of our attempts to suppress these.
Frailty and sarcopenia
Authors: Clegg Andrew , Patel Harnish 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Sarcopenia and frailty are inter-related expressions of ageing which identify people at risk of important adverse health events such as falls, disability, and mortality, and the consequent health and social care needs such as hospitalization or care home admission.
Sarcopenia is the progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and function with age. It has a complex aetiology involving neurohormonal, immunological, and nutritional mechanisms, and is a core component of frailty, which is characterized by reduced biological reserves across a range of physiological systems that increase vulnerability to adverse outcomes following minor stressor events. Detection of frailty should be an essential part of assessment of older people, and the Clinical Frailty Scale is a simple tool based on comprehensive geriatric assessment that enables assignment of a frailty category based on clinical judgement.
Older people and urgent care
Authors: Conroy Simon , Banerjee Jay 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Older people, especially those with frailty, are increasingly becoming the main users of urgent care services, despite efforts to promote care at home. This is a global issue. Older people with frailty will usually present with non-specific presentations, multiple morbidities, functional decline, and differential challenge (those most in need are least able to access the services they require) a constellation that challenges the traditional paradigm of urgent care responses. Comprehensive geriatric assessment is a useful evidence-based, overarching framework to guide assessment and management of older people with frailty presenting with crises. Geriatric teams should be excellent at delivering comprehensive geriatric assessment, but all clinicians throughout the health and social care system need to be able to apply its principles.
Introduction to palliative care
Authors: Salt Susan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Palliative care shifts the focus of care from managing the underlying pathophysiological processes to one that looks at the individual and the impact of life-threatening illness on them and those important to them. It aims to prevent and relieve suffering by means of early identification, assessment, and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial, and spiritual. It focuses on interventions which might improve an individual’s quality of life rather than alter the underlying disease process, and routinely extends support to those important to the individual both during that individual’s lifetime and into bereavement. Challenges to the provision of effective palliative care include prognostic uncertainty, the necessity for engaging in difficult conversations, and the need to deal with a variety of ethical issues.
Colorado tick fever and other arthropod-borne reoviruses
Authors: Warrell Mary J. , Warrell David A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Human pathogens are found in six genera of Reoviridae: Reovirus, Rotavirus, Orthoreovirus, and three arthropod-borne genera: Coltivirus (Colorado tick fever, Salmon River virus, and Eyach viruses); Orbivirus (Kemerovo, Changuinola, Orungo, and Lebombo); and Seadornavirus (Banna virus). Colorado tick fever is common in parts of north-western North America; acquired from tick (ixodid) bites, most often by hikers and campers, presenting 3–6 days later with sudden fever, rigors, generalized aches, myalgia, headache and backache, rashes (12%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (20%). Diagnosis is confirmed by detection of viral antigen in erythrocytes or serum, or by serodiagnosis. Management is symptomatic. Illness usually resolves in 10–14 days, but convalescence may be prolonged. Prevention is by avoiding, repelling, and rapidly removing ticks; no vaccines are available.
Rubella
Authors: Tookey Pat , Best J.M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Rubella is caused by an enveloped RNA virus, for which humans are the only known host. Transmission is by airborne droplet spread, with infection seen predominantly in spring and early summer in temperate zones. Postnatally acquired infection presents after incubation of 14–21 days with rash (maculopapular, usually beginning on the face before spreading to the trunk and extremities), lymphadenopathy (suboccipital and posterior cervical), and mild fever. Sore throat, coryza, cough, conjunctivitis, and arthralgia may be seen. The illness is usually mild. Management is symptomatic. With rubella in pregnancy, in the first 10 weeks of gestation this is associated with a 90% risk of congenital fetal abnormalities, most typically comprising sensorineural hearing loss, alone or combined with cataracts and/or cardiac anomalies. Clinical diagnosis is unreliable, hence rapid investigation is essential when a woman develops a rubella-like illness in the first 16 weeks of pregnancy.
Dengue
Authors: Wills Bridget , Leo Yee-Sin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne viral infection to affect humans. It is an RNA virus in the Flavivirus genus, family Flaviviridae. There are four closely related but serologically distinct viral serotypes, all of which may cause disease. Following infection with one serotype there is lifelong immunity to that serotype but the possibility of more severe disease during a subsequent infection with a different serotype. The primary mosquito vector is Aedes aegypti. Recent estimates suggest around 100 million symptomatic, and many more asymptomatic, infections occur annually worldwide. The disease is hyperendemic in many large Asian cities, and is also a significant problem in the Pacific region and in the Americas.
Hepatitis C virus
Authors: Klenerman Paul , Jeffery Katie J.M. , Barnes Ellie J. , Collier Jane 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Hepatitis C virus is a major cause of liver disease worldwide. It is estimated that globally 170 million people are affected. Infection is parenteral. In many countries most recent acquisition is in people who inject drugs, but transmission worldwide also occurs in in healthcare settings due to the reuse or inadequate sterilization of medical equipment and the transfusion of unscreened blood and blood products. Sexual transmission also occurs, particularly in men who have sex with men. The virus has a tendency to become persistent in most of those infected. However, a substantial minority (around 25%) do clear the virus as a result of effective innate and adaptive immune responses at the times of acute infection. In those with persistent infection, the clinical course is quite variable. Treatment with directly acting antiviral drugs is well tolerated and leads to very high cure rates in chronic disease.
Orf and Milker’s nodule
Authors: Aarons Emma , Warrell David A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers orf and milker’s nodule, which are characteristic nodular skin lesions caused by parapox viruses of sheep and goats, or cattle, respectively. These viruses are epitheliotropic and able to suppress the host’s immune response. The infections are occupational zoonoses of people working with ruminants. A single or small number of somewhat painful pustules develops, usually on the hand, at the site of contact with an animal’s lesions. Fever is unusual, but local lymphadenopathy, erythema multiforme, or secondary infection may occur. Spontaneous resolution within 6 weeks is usual. Multiple, giant lesions may develop in the immunosuppressed. Topical cidofovir is effective in severe cases.
Streptococci and enterococci
Authors: Stevens Dennis L. , Hobdey Sarah 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The term streptococcus was first used by Billroth in 1874 to describe chain-forming cocci found in infected wounds. The streptococci are a diverse group of Gram-positive pathogenic cocci that cause clinical disease in humans and domestic animals. They are traditionally classified on the basis of serological reactions, particularly Lancefield grouping based on cell-wall carbohydrates, and haemolytic activity on blood agar. Six groups can be defined by genetic analysis: pyogenic streptococci, milleri or anginosus group, mitis group, salivarius group, mutans group, and bovis group. Since the medically important members of the mitis, salivarius, and mutans groups are all oral streptococci and are of clinical relevance predominantly in endocarditis, they will be considered together in this chapter.
Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers
Authors: Parry Christopher M. , Basnyat Buddha 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Typhoid and paratyphoid fever (the enteric fevers) are caused by specific serovars of the Gram-negative bacillus, Salmonella enterica. Sources of typhoid transmission are excreting chronic or convalescent carriers and the acutely infected, with transmission occurring through contamination by carriers of food or water by effluents containing infected faeces or urine. Global estimates have varied between 12 and 27 million cases of enteric fever in the world each year, almost all in low- and middle-income countries, with about 200,000 deaths. Aside from supportive care, antibiotic therapy reduces mortality and complications and shortens the illness. Antibiotic resistance is a common and increasing problem, hence the choice of antibiotic should be informed by knowledge of likely local susceptibility.
Anaerobic bacteria
Authors: Venugopal Anilrudh A. , Hecht David W. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Anaerobic bacteria will not grow when incubated with 10% CO2 in room air, but they vary in their tolerance of different levels of oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria are important commensal flora of the skin and oral, intestinal, and pelvic mucosae, and are classified according to their Gram-staining characteristics and ability to produce spores: (1) Gram-positive—cocci, non-spore-forming bacilli, and spore-forming bacilli (notably the Clostridium spp.); (2) Gram-negative—cocci and bacilli. Many anaerobic bacteria possess virulence factors that facilitate their pathogenicity (e.g. histolytic enzymes and various toxins). A putrid odour of the affected tissue or drainage is highly suggestive of an anaerobic infection, as is the presence of gas in tissues. Aside from supportive care, treatment requires drainage of abscesses and resection of devitalized tissue; and antibiotics—agents that are active against anaerobes include clindamycin, metronidazole, vancomycin, β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, carbapenems, moxifloxacin, tigecycline, chloramphenicol, and even macrolides.
Legionellosis and legionnaires’ disease
Authors: Viasus Diego , Carratalà Jordi 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Legionellaceae are Gram-negative bacilli, of which Legionella pneumophila is the principal cause of human infections. Their natural habitats are freshwater streams, lakes, thermal springs, moist soil, and mud, but the principal source for large outbreaks of legionellosis is cooling systems used for air conditioning and other cooling equipment. Legionella spp. are principally transmitted to humans through contaminated water aerosols. Middle-aged men, smokers, regular alcohol drinkers, and those with comorbidity are most at risk. Aside from supportive care, the first-choice antibiotics are macrolides (mainly azithromycin) and/or fluoroquinolones (especially levofloxacin). Case fatality is 5–15% in previously well adults, but much higher in those who are immunocompromised or develop respiratory failure. Prognosis is improved by early administration of effective anti-legionella antibiotic therapy. Prevention is by the correct design, maintenance, and monitoring of water systems.
Cryptococcosis
Authors: Powderly William G. , Campbell J. William , Shapiro Larry J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans, which is found worldwide as a soil organism and thought to be transmitted by inhalation, most often causes disease in patients with abnormal cell-mediated immunity, notably patients with HIV infection and solid-organ transplant recipients, but the infection also occurs rarely in apparently immunocompetent people in restricted geographical areas, especially involving C. neoformans var. gattii. The most common presentation is with subacute meningoencephalitis, but other manifestations (e.g. isolated pulmonary disease or disseminated infection, are well described). Diagnosis is usually by culture or serology. Untreated cryptococcal meningitis is fatal: aside from supportive care (including monitoring for raised intracranial pressure), the therapy of choice is an initial period (at least two weeks) of amphotericin B (ideally with flucytosine), followed by at least 3 months of fluconazole. Most immunocompromised patients subsequently require maintenance suppressive therapy, usually with fluconazole.
Coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Anstead Gregory M. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Coccidioidomycosis results from inhalation of arthroconidia of Coccidioides spp., which are soil fungi endemic to the south-western United States of America and parts of Latin America. Most infections are asymptomatic, but primary infection may resemble community-acquired pneumonia, sometimes with hypersensitivity manifestations such as erythema nodosum, erythema multiforme, and arthritis. Acute pulmonary infection usually resolves spontaneously, but—especially in immunocompromised patients, African Americans, and Filipinos—it may progress to persistent pulmonary disease or disseminate to skin, soft tissues, the osteoarticular system, and the central nervous system. Diagnosis is by culture, histopathology, or serology. Fluconazole and itraconazole are usually the initial drugs of choice, with amphotericin B reserved for severe pulmonary and disseminated disease, and in pregnancy. In refractory cases, posaconazole, voriconazole, and isavuconazole are alternative antifungal agents.