bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, attitudes, and acceptability of direct-acting antiviral hepatitis C treatment among people incarcerated in jail: A qualitative study
Authors: Akiyama Matthew J. , Ross Jonathan , Rimawi Fatimah , Fox Aaron , Jordan Alison O. , Wiersema Janet , Litwin Alain H. , Kaba Fatos , MacDonald Ross 
Published: December 2020

Introduction
While U.S. jails are critical sites for engagement in HCV care, short lengths-of-stay often do not permit treatment in jail. Therefore, linkage to HCV care after incarceration is crucial. However, little is known about HCV treatment acceptability among justice-involved individuals in U.S. jails. The goal of this study was to understand knowledge, attitudes, and acceptability of HCV treatment among people living with HCV in the New York City (NYC) jail system.

Methods
We recruited 36 HCV-antibody-positive individuals in the NYC jails using clinical data reports and performed semi-structured interviews to explore participants’ attitudes toward HCV treatment in jail and following return to the community. We continued interviews until reaching thematic saturation and analyzed interviews using an inductive, thematic approach.

Results
Participants were mostly male, Latina/o, with a mean age of 40 years. Nearly all were aware they were HCV antibody-positive. Two thirds of participants had some awareness of the availability of new HCV therapies. Key themes included: 1) variable knowledge of new HCV therapies affecting attitudes toward HCV treatment, 2) the importance of other incarcerated individuals in communicating HCV-related knowledge, 3) vulnerability during incarceration and fear of treatment interruption, 4) concern for relapse to active drug use and HCV reinfection, 5) competing priorities (such as other medical comorbidities, ongoing substance use, and housing), 6) social support and the importance of family.

Conclusions
Patient-centered approaches to increase treatment uptake in jail settings should focus on promoting HCV-related knowledge including leveraging peers for knowledge dissemination. In addition, transitional care programs should ensure people living with HCV in jail have tailored discharge plans focused on competing priorities such as housing instability, social support, and treatment of substance use disorders.
The human axial length and choroidal thickness responses to continuous and alternating episodes of myopic and hyperopic blur
Authors: Delshad Samaneh , Collins Michael John , Read Scott Andrew , Vincent Stephen James 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
To investigate the change in axial length (AxL) and choroidal thickness (ChT) in response to continuous and alternating episodes of monocular myopic and hyperopic defocus.

Methods
The right eye of sixteen young adults was exposed to 60 minute episodes of either continuous or alternating myopic and hyperopic defocus (+3 DS & -3 DS) over six separate days, with the left eye optimally corrected for distance. During alternating defocus conditions, the eye was exposed to either 30 or 15 minute cycles of myopic and hyperopic defocus, with the order of defocus reversed in separate sessions. The AxL and ChT of the right eye were measured before, during and after each defocus condition.

Results
Significant changes in AxL were observed over time, dependent upon the defocus condition (p < 0.0001). In general, AxL exhibited a greater magnitude of change during continuous than alternating defocus conditions. The maximum AxL elongation was +7 ± 7 μm (p = 0.010) in response to continuous hyperopic defocus and the maximum AxL reduction was -8 ± 10 μm of (p = 0.046) in response to continuous myopic defocus. During both 30 and 15 minute cycles of alternating myopic and hyperopic defocus of equal duration, the effect of opposing blur sessions cancelled each other and the AxL was near baseline levels following the final defocus session (mean change from baseline across all alternating defocus conditions was +2 ± 10 μm, p > 0.05). Similar, but smaller magnitude, changes were observed for ChT.

Conclusions
The human eye appears capable of temporal averaging of visual cues from alternating myopic and hyperopic defocus. In the short term, this integration appears to be a cancellation of the effects of the preceding defocus condition of opposite sign.
Percepção dos profissionais, professores e estudantes da área da saúde quanto ao trabalho em equipes multiprofissionais e a geração e compartilhamento de informações
Authors: Magri Patricia Ester Fendrich , Furlan Sandra Aparecida , Volkweis Aline Andreia Marques 
Published: December 2020

Gestão do conhecimento(GC) é inovação, em especial no trabalho em equipes. Segundo Stefano et al. (2014), GC é um conjunto de processos para produção e difusão do conhecimento em organizações. Trabalho em equipes é aquele constituído por profissionais de diferentes formações, que estão dispostos a ensinar, aprender e compartilhar de maneira colaborativa. Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar a percepção dos profissionais, professores e estudantes da área da saúde vinculados a Univille quanto ao trabalho em equipes e a gestão do conhecimento. A pesquisa foi do tipo exploratória e utilizou como instrumento um formulário Googledocs, com afirmações e três categorias de respostas. Responderam ao questionário onze profissionais de saúde, dezenove professores e duzentos e noventa e seis estudantes. Os participantes teriam que ter vínculo com os cursos da área da saúde da Univille e Atenção Básica. Os resultados indicam que 100% dos professores e profissionais da saúde e 90,8% dos estudantes concordam que é importante o incentivo ao trabalho em equipes. Quando perguntados se o trabalho multiprofissional contribui para gerar novos conhecimentos, 87,1% dos estudantes e 100% dos professores e profissionais concordaram que sim. Sobre o compartilhamento de informações, 100% dos profissionais que responderam ao instrumento, concordam que o trabalho multiprofissional em saúde contribui para o compartilhamento de informações. Já a maior parte dos professores (55 %) e dos estudantes (39,5%), responderam que não concordam e nem discordam dessa afirmação. Com estes resultados é possível inferir que há consenso quanto a importância do incentivo ao trabalho em equipes multiprofissionais de saúde e que esse contribui para gerar novos conhecimentos, A fragilidade encontrada está no compartilhamento de informações o que sugere a necessidade de se estabelecer processos que possam garantir a disseminação do que é produzido entre os profissionais, estudantes e professores
VITAMIN-MINERAL ISOTONIC DRINKS WITH SPIRULINA IN SPORTS NUTRITION
Authors: Gubanenko G , Kudriavtsev M , Rechkina E , Naimushina L , Mayurnikova L 
Published: December 2020

Aim. The paper is aimed at developing isotonic vitamin and mineral drinks with spirulina, fruits and Siberian berries. Materials and Methods. Spirulina microalgae (Royal Forest, TU 03.21.49-009-29903295-2017) was purchased at the Healthy Food Products specialized store. The physicochemical parameters of spirulina powder were determined in accordance with GOST 31412-2010. The mineral composition of spirulina was studied by atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) using the Thermo Scientific iCaP-6500 DUO spectrometer and the iTEVA software package. The determination of vitamin content was carried out in accordance with GOST and pharmacopoeial standards. Directions for creating isotonic vitamin and mineral drinks with spirulina, fruits and berries were determined based on organoleptic criteria. Results. The mineral composition of spirulina (Royal Forest) was determined, and the content of macro- and microelements in spirulina was correlated with physiological norms for satisfying daily demand of an adult. It is shown that microalgae are a source of iron and copper as the content of these minerals in 100 g of the product reaches 27.9 and 66.3 % of recommended daily intake, respectively. When studying the content of vitamins, it was found that thiamine and riboflavin showed the best indicators of ensuring daily demand of vitamins – 18.5 and 26.3 %, respectively. Based on the assessment of organoleptic properties, the recipes for isotonic vitamin and mineral drinks made of spirulina, fruits and berries are presented. Conclusion. It is shown that isotonic vitamin and mineral fruit and berry drinks with spirulina contain a vitamin-mineral complex and are characterized by increased nutritional and biological value. Such drinks can be recommended for extreme conditions and sports nutrition, including faster and better recovery after heavy physical exertion.
Extensive Cortical Convergence to Primate Reticulospinal Pathways
Authors: Fisher Karen M. , Zaaimi Boubker , Edgley Steve A. , Baker Stuart N. 
Published: December 2020

Early evolution of the motor cortex included development of connections to brainstem reticulospinal neurons; these projections persist in primates. In this study, we examined the organization of corticoreticular connections in five macaque monkeys (one male) using both intracellular and extracellular recordings from reticular formation neurons, including identified reticulospinal cells. Synaptic responses to stimulation of different parts of primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) bilaterally were assessed. Widespread short latency excitation, compatible with monosynaptic transmission over fast-conducting pathways, was observed, as well as longer latency responses likely reflecting a mixture of slower monosynaptic and oligosynaptic pathways. There was a high degree of convergence: 56% of reticulospinal cells with input from M1 received projections from M1 in both hemispheres; for SMA, the equivalent figure was even higher (70%). Of reticulospinal neurons with input from the cortex, 78% received projections from both M1 and SMA (regardless of hemisphere); 83% of reticulospinal cells with input from M1 received projections from more than one of the tested M1 sites. This convergence at the single cell level allows reticulospinal neurons to integrate information from across the motor areas of the cortex, taking account of the bilateral motor context. Reticulospinal connections are known to strengthen following damage to the corticospinal tract, such as after stroke, partially contributing to functional recovery. Extensive corticoreticular convergence provides redundancy of control, which may allow the cortex to continue to exploit this descending pathway even after damage to one area.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe reticulospinal tract (RST) provides a parallel pathway for motor control in primates, alongside the more sophisticated corticospinal system. We found extensive convergent inputs to primate reticulospinal cells from primary and supplementary motor cortex bilaterally. These redundant connections could maintain transmission of voluntary commands to the spinal cord after damage (e.g., after stroke or spinal cord injury), possibly assisting recovery of function.
Study of association and prognostic correlation of cardiac troponin I estimation in acute decompensated heart failure patients
Authors: Tripathi Sunil Kumar , Mishra Vikas A. , Kinare Amit B. , Tripathi Vishwa Deepak , Sharma Ravi Shankar 
Published: December 2020

Background: Heart failure is a major public health problem since last few decades affecting significant number of people worldwide. Acute decompensated heart failure is a major cause of hospitalization in elderly people with a high mortality rate. Heterogeneity and non-specificity of symptoms makes diagnosis of heart failure by clinical presentation alone more challenging. Aim of current study was to investigate troponin biomarkers in diagnosis, prognosis and management of acute decompensated heart failure. Methods: Present study was a prospective observational study conducted on 100 patients at Department of Cardiology, Superspeciality hospital, NSCB medical college Jabalpur and Department of cardiology Superspeciality hospital, SS medical college Rewa from October 2019 to August 2020. Patients were investigated for clinical, echocardiographic parameters and NYHA classification. Cardiac functions were analyzed by color doppler echocardiography. Results: According to study findings, 65.2% of TnI positive patients were males whereas 34.8% were females. Mean age of TnI positive group was observed to be higher. Majority of troponin positive patients were in NYHA class IV. Recurrent hospitalization was observed more in TnI positive group. Logistic regression analysis depicted systolic blood pressure reduced significantly (p<0.001) on follow up study in TnI positive patients, FBS was significantly more in TnI positive patients (131.4+42.9 mg/dl) (p=0.049). LVID was significantly more in TnI positive patients (p=0.022). Reduction in EF was statistically significant (p=0.03) at the three months follow up study. Conclusions: A positive prognostic correlation was established between ADHF and troponin positivity, large prospective randomized trials are necessary to recommend quantitative troponin I determination in all patients of acute decompensated heart failure for prognosis and guiding therapy.
Biopesticides Activity of the Extracts of Three Medicinal Plants in the Developmental Stages of Malaria Vector, Anopheles Gambiae Giles (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Ileke Kayode David , Mobolade Adesina Jacobs , Adeoye Adebimpe Olabisi , Olabimi Omotayo Isaac 
Published: December 2020

Background and purpose: The insecticidal potential of Carica papaya (male and female species), and Spondias mombin were tested against the developmental stages of the malaria vector; Anopheles gambiae in the laboratory at an ambient condition.
Materials and Methods: Methanolic leaves extracts of S. mombin and C. papaya (male and female species) were carried out using cold extraction method. The extracts were evaporated and concentrated using a rotary evaporator under low pressure to make solvent-free. The An. gambiae larvae and pupae were exposed to 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5% concentrations of the plant methanolic extracts for 24 hours and their mortality was recorded.
Results: Results indicated that C. papaya (male species) caused significantly higher mortality of the An. gambiae larvae and pupae than the other plant extract tested (p< 0.05). It caused 100% larval mortality and 95% pupal mortality at 0.5% concentration. However, it was observed that the larvae were more susceptible to the extracts of all the plants tested. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and log probit analysis.
Conclusion: All the three medicinal plants screened in this work showed high potency to induce mortality of both the larval and pupal stages of the malaria vector and could consequently be used to reduce malaria prevalence in the endemic areas of Nigeria.
Family mediation as a form of alternative dispute resolution in Poland
Authors: Rynkowska Dorota 
Published: December 2020

For years, mediation has been unused as an institutionalised form of dispute resolution. The introduction of methods for alternative dispute resolution (ADR) into social life, including the use of impartial mediation in the practice of the Polish justice system, signals some social change. The practice and procedure of mediation is of particular importance in cases regarding close relationships between people. This article explains and promotes family mediation as a form of ADR. Experience shows that mediation in family matters brings a number of benefits to conflicted parties and the justice system.

Keywords: Conflict, dispute, mediation, family.
Distance learning system, learning programming languages by using mobile applications
Authors: Salama Ramiz , Uzunboylu Huseyin , Alkaddah Bashar 
Published: December 2020

E-learning involves the use of a computer or electronic device (e.g., a mobile phone) in some way to provide training, educational or learning material. E-learning can involve a greater variety of equipment than online training or education, for as the name implies, â€˜onlineâ€™ involves using the Internet or an Intranet. CD-ROM and DVD can be used to provide learning materials. Distance education provided the base for e-learningâ€™s development. E-learning can be â€˜on demandâ€™. It overcomes timing, attendance and travel difficulties. Today, colleges and university students find themselves with obligations beyond that of getting a degree. Jobs and family commitments make equal demands on their time. Having the option of taking online classes and studying on their own time is critically important. At the same time, many state institutions are unable to accommodate all those who want to take classes on campus, escalating the demand for online learning. The aim of this project is the development of learning management system for all purpose and all courses. You can be as a teacher and upload your course materials to all students in our e-learning system, you can write an article to all students and teachers also. With our e-learning system you are online every time, you can get messages from all students and teacher, without e-mail, just by your username in our system. If you are a student, our e-learning system will be your school. You can study any course that is available. You can make a discussion with another student and your teacher by using comments, you can compile your code and share the result with others by social media links. You can upload any file like quizzes answers and share the link in comment with other students. This system provides you with knowledge about our e-learning system and which tools that we used. The online courses may be unfamiliar to many students and teachers;threfore,this system may be help you to try a new teaching technology with learning management system.In this e-system, we have mentioned about Teacher and student features, these features will make you more attractive to go on and create your courses and start teaching your student, or to join other teacher classes and start learning, this e-system will help you to understand how we make the e-learning system by messages or comments, also how you can compile your code with built-in online compiler. Finally, lifelong learning must now be a part of everyoneâ€™s career plans. In todayâ€™s job market, taking online courses help workers remain competitive and they donâ€™t need to take time off from their jobs to do this. Therefore, our e-learning system provide all facilities to taking online course and be in your community to learn without boring.

Keywords: Online learning, digital ocean, android studio, Paiza. IO, mobile app.
Empirical study of the effect of type of family and extra lesson on students’ academic performance
Authors: Udokang Anietie Edem , Odeyemi Joseph Bamidele 
Published: December 2020

Extra lesson for students has been adopted by schools and families in Nigeria to enhance academic performance. The study was undertaken to investigate the effect of type of family and type of extra lesson on students’ academic performance. The students’ academic performance was from test administered jointly by the teachers and enumerators on 1,191 students in 24 randomly selected schools, eight each from the three senatorial districts. The effects of type of family, extra lesson and interaction between family and extra lesson were determined using a two-way analysis of variance. The result indicates that type of family (p-value = 0.021) and type extra lesson (p-value=0.001) have a significant effect on students’ academic performance, but the interaction between the two factors (p-value=0.081) does not have significantly effect. Further investigation revealed that students from monogamy family performed significantly better than those from polygamous families. Also, students involve in holiday lesson and home lesson did significantly better than those participating in school extra lesson. It is important that parents should have more time for their wards after school hours instead of transferring their responsibilities to the teachers by extending the school hours because of extra lesson.

Keywords: Extra lesson, family, academic performance, students’ enrolment, analysis of variance.
ANXIETAS AND COPING MECHANISM OF THE FINAL SEMESTER NURSING STUDENTS IN THE SITUATION OF COVID-19
Authors: Ekayamti Endri 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic which hit 215 countries has an impact on all aspects of life for the world community, including Indonesia. One of the most significant impacts is the world of education. The government policy towards education is to do distance learning or learning from home. This changing learning system raises various problems, especially for nursing students. Competencies that must be mastered by nursing students, especially at the final level, apart from a cognitive perspective, are also abilities in the psychomotor field and skills where this ability is obtained by laboratory practice and the ability to provide direct nursing care to patients in the hospital. This change raises its own problems for student psychology, students have feelings of anxiety and worry about their studies. Students also questioned whether they can graduate at the specified time. This study aims to analyze the relationship between anxiety and coping mechanisms in final semester nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This study used a descriptive correlational design with a cross sectional approach. The population is students of the Akper Pemkab Ngawi in the final semester of the 2018/2019 academic year, the sampling technique used is total sampling with a total of 110 respondents. The anxiety instrument used is the STAI measurement scale and the scale of the coping mechanism. The statistical test used is the Pearson correlation. Results: The results obtained were that there was a significant relationship between anxiety and the coping mechanism used by students with a value of p = 0.007 for the state anxiety scale and p = 0.000 for the trait anxiety scale. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the final semester student anxiety during the Covid-19 pandemic is more towards momentary anxiety, where this could have happened because the feeling of uncertainty in their study was related to the covid-19 pandemic
What might it cost to increase soil organic carbon using no-till on U.S. cropland?
Authors: Sperow Mark 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
BackgroundExisting research provides estimates of the biophysical potential for increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stock, however additional research is needed to enhance our understanding of the economic potential for agricultural soils to offset or help reduce CO2 emissions. This study derives the marginal cost to increase SOC sequestration by combining SOC sequestration potential estimates developed using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) factors with an existing payment scheme that was designed to increase no-till (NT) adoption on U.S. cropland. The marginal costs of increasing SOC is a function of the amount of SOC that could be increased through NT and the expected cost to landowners of changing management to use NT.ResultsThe variability in SOC sequestration rates due to different land-use, management histories, climate, and soils, combined with the 48 unique payment rates to adopt NT, yield over 5,000 unique marginal cost values for increasing SOC sequestration. Nearly 95 percent of the biophysical potential SOC sequestration increase on U.S. cropland (2802 Tg CO2 from 140.1 Tg CO2 yr-1 for twenty years) could be captured for less than $100 Mg-1 CO2. An estimated 64 to 93 percent of the biophysical potential could be captured for less than the low and high estimated costs to capture CO2 for geologic storage of $36.36 to $86.06 Mg-1 CO2, respectively.ConclusionsDecreasing tillage intensity through adoption of no-till agriculture offers a cost-effective way to offset a portion of increasing global CO2 emissions. This research demonstrates that increasing SOC stocks through NT adoption can offset CO2 emissions at a lower cost than some other options for preventing CO2 from entering the atmosphere.