bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sprawa białoruska w początkowym okresie kształtowania państwowości II RP — problem polityczny i społeczno-kulturowy czy niewykorzystana szansa konsolidacji narodowej?
Authors: Landmann Tomasz 
Published: March 2020

Белорусский вопрос на начальном этапе формирования государственности II Речи Посполитой — политическая и социально-культурная проблема, или неиспользованный шанс народной консолидации?В статье даётся характеристика белорусского вопроса при власти Речи Посполитой на начальном этапе формирования основ государственности, то есть с 1919 до начала 1922 года, а также выводы по основному тезису работы. Анализ опирается на архивные материалы из архива института Юзефа Пилсудского в Америке и имеющуюся научную литературу.Выдвинут тезис о больших трудностях оценки властей II Речи Посполитой в связи с проблемами народной консолидации в восточной и северо-восточной Польше. Автор разделяет мнение о разнице источников и условности проблем, связанных с жизнью белорусского населения, влияющей и на безопасность II Речи Посполитой.Можно утверждать, что власти II Речи Посполитой были в курсе масштаба проблем, связанных с функционированием белорусского меньшинства. Были предприняты усилия для осуществления народной консолидации на Восточных Кресах, но эта политика ока­залась безуспешной, будучи дополнительно предопределяема многочисленными источ­никами угрозы для безопасности государства. The Belarusian case in the initial period of shaping the statehood of the Second Polish Republic: A political and socio-cultural problem or a missed opportunity for national consolidation?The article presents the characteristics of the Belarusian case made by the authorities of the Second Polish Republic in the initial period of shaping the foundations of statehood, i.e. from 1919 until the beginning of 1922. The analysis was based on archival material from the Archive of the Józef Piłsudski Institute in America and the available literature.A thesis was put forward about serious difficulties noticed in the assessments of the authorities of the Second Polish Republic in connection with attempts at national consolidation in eastern and north-eastern Poland. The author defends the belief in the diversity of sources and determinants of problems related to the life of the Belarusian population, also affecting the security of the Second Polish Republic.It can be said that the authorities of the Second Polish Republic were aware of the scale of problems related to the functioning of the Belarusian minority. The objective of national consolidation in the Eastern Borderlands was pursued, although this policy proved ineffective, being additionally determined by numerous sources of threats to the security of the state.
Polityka wspierania gospodarki społecznej na poziomie regionu. Wybrane aspekty funkcjonowania dolnośląskich przedsiębiorstw społecznych
Authors: Cisek Marta 
Published: March 2020

Social economy support policy at a regional level. Selected issues concerning social enterprises in Lower SilesiaSocial enterprises develop in regions where they are actively supported by the local government and NGOs. That is why in this paper public social economy support instruments strategic, legal and financial at a regional level are analyzed. The main purpose of this paper is to present the situation of the social economy based on the example of the Lower Silesian social enterprises. Of particular value is the empirical part — results of my own research on the experience of social enterprises in Lower Silesia. Interviews with Lower Silesian social entrepreneurs provided information about the effectiveness of public support instruments, the quality of cooperation with stakeholders, legal and financial situation, areas of destructive social entrepreneurship, and finally allowed me to formulate some conclusions in this field.
Zastosowanie stopy społecznego zwrotu z inwestycji SROI jako wskaźnika mierzenia efektywności projektów społecznych
Authors: Moroń Dorota , Klimowicz Monika 
Published: March 2020

Applying Social Return on Investment SROI to measure the effectiveness of social projectsThe article presents the results of research on the possibility of applying the Social Return on Investment SROI methodology for the valuation of the economic results of social projects. The aim of the article is to present the possibility of using the SROI analysis as an indicator for measurement of the effectiveness of social projectsIn this context, the hypothesis has been put that the Social Return on Investment SROI can be a useful tool for evaluating and forecasting the effectiveness of a social project. The article presents the research results obtained in the frames of the research project: “Innovative Social Investment Strength­ening Communities in Europe” InnoSi, funded by the European Commission Programme Horizon 2020.
Globalna sprawiedliwość a problem imigracji
Authors: Mirocha Łukasz 
Published: March 2020

Global justice and the problem of immigrationModern legal philosophy provides us with two main types of global justice theories. Distributive or egali­tarian theories claim that justice requires striving to achieve the global equality from us not only in legal but also economic dimension. On the other hand, there are many theories focusing on providing and keeping only „minimal standard” i.e. human rights and questioning the global equality as an ideal. In the article I investigate which type of theories describes contemporary international relations in the most accurate way claiming that „minimal standard” theory does it and I also wonder which type is more legitimate. In my opinion, considerations devoted to the question of global justice give us a well-established background for further studies on immigration policy, especially in the context of recent EU frontiers incidents.
Przemoc w państwie demokratycznym
Authors: Antosz Mateusz 
Published: March 2020

The violence in democratic state The democratic state — like any social-political system — have to contend with numerous forms of social tensions that force governments to take action in order to preserve organizational stability of the whole state. Democratic systems are characterized by having a number of tools and mechanisms to regulating system and/or to “the spreading” social mood, which makes it possible to “peaceful” resolutions of conflicts. However, even in consolidated and mature democracies there are situations where the state government resort to coercion and violence against citizens. What factors influence the making “definitive” measures? How different is the coercion between state violence? These and many other questions I will try to answer in this article.
Unia Europejska wobec paradygmatu inwestycji społecznych
Authors: Michalewska-Pawlak Małgorzata 
Published: March 2020

European Union’s position towards social investment paradigmIn this paper the author analyses the new social investment paradigm which has been applied by the Euro­pean Union since several years. The main aim is to present the attitude and activities of the European Com­mission in order to implement this new paradigm in the member states’ social policies. The reasons of es­tablishment the investment paradigm in social development policy are explained. The main elements of the social investment concept as: activisation, productivity, social services orientation, combating social exclusion are described. The economic, social, demographic and cultural changes in Europe during the last twenty years and their impact on new social risks development are considered. The article also contains the characteristics of two case studies of social investment which has been implemented in the selected Euro­pean countries. The first one is the „Big Society Capital” and the second is ASOS Programme. At the end of the paper the author discusses the main critical points which refer to the social investment paradigm and arouse controversy among scholars.
Czy mieszkalnictwo w Polsce zmierza w kierunku standardów europejskich?
Authors: Kubów Adam 
Published: March 2020

Is housing in Poland moving towards European standards?This article approximates changes in the housing situation in Poland during the period of membership of the European Union. It is also an attempt to reflect on whether the ongoing changes in housing in Poland are moving towards European standards. The Polish government has adopted the National Housing Program in 2016, which sets out the key goals, thus setting the direction for changes in housing. Generally, the idea is to increase the supply of housing, including those that could serve the needs of low-income families, preventing them from purchasing or renting a home on a commercial basis. The program also aims to improve housing conditions, among other things. By reducing overcrowding and deprivation of housing.
Hermann Cohen w drodze ku „Religii rozumu ze źródeł judaizmu”. Przystanek Breslau
Authors: Różanowski Ryszard 
Published: March 2020

Hermann Cohen on the Way to „Religion of Reason: Out of the Sources of Judaism” Breslau Stop On the way leading Hermann Cohen from his family Coswig to Marburg and — later — to Berlin, from a Jewish province to a multicultural metropolis, Breslau is a special point. The future philosopher came here in 1857, hoping for the future of fice of the rabbi, to begin studies at the newly established Jewish Theological Seminary. Here too, four years later, he enrolled at the university, opening up the prospect of an academic career. A special point, which allowed him to create in the next years an “impressive system” which is a bold attempt to present German and Judaism as identical or connected. Jewish and religious content was a permanent and constant component of Cohen’s works, and Religion of Reason and System of Philosophy form a whole. Already before the creation of works devoted to Kant, some features of Cohen’s philosophy of religion are revealed, which originated in his studies at Breslau, one of the most important Haskalah centers in the middle of the 19th century. Cohen found there an atmosphere conduciveto the later shaping of the science of the universal religion of reason. After many years, Cohen assessed the Jewish Theological Seminary as “the most important educational institution [of his] youth.”
„Klatka Ezry”. Między poezją a polityką
Authors: Sikorski Tomasz 
Published: March 2020

EZRA’S CAGE”. BETWEEN POETRY AND POLITICSEzra Pound 1885–1975 was, next to Thomas Stearns Eliot, the most prominent American poet of modernist. He was considered the creator of vorticism and imagism — modern trends in art and world culture. In his works he reached to different eras and cultural trends. He was as well fascinated by medieval Provençal, Spanish and Italian literature, and Japanese art of haiku. On his work also had an impact scholasticism, Confucianism and Far East literature. In addition to poetry, Pound was also involved in literary criticism, painting and sculpture, he wrote historiosophical es­says and dramas. The greatest fame brought him, however, written for many years, „Canto”. During his stay in the British Isles he also dealt with politics and economics. He was considered a supporter of the theory of Social Credit of Hugh Douglas Clifford, aBritish engineer and economic theorist. In the early twenties Pound went to Italy. Here he became fascinated with fascism and the person of Benitto Musollini. In his works including his poetic works appeared clear fascist and anti-Semitic accents. He criticized Jewish international financiers and banking critique of usury. During World War II he gave propaganda „talks” in the Italian radio. He praised the organization of the fascist state and fascism as an idea, and at the same time warned the threat from international Jewish conspiracy. His views meant that he was accused of collaboration and treason. He was arrested and imprisoned in the US prison camp near Genoa. He spent almost amonth in aclosed cage. During his stay in the camp he had nervous breakdown. After transportation to the United States for many years he was locked out in hospital for mentally ill. After leaving the hospital, he returned to public space. Still creative, he was nominated for the most prestigious literary awards. His works have been translated into many languages around the world, including Polish. He died in Italy in 1975.
Przestępstwo publicznego propagowania faszystowskiego lub innego totalitarnego ustroju państwa art. 256 k.k.. Analiza doktrynologiczna wybranych wypowiedzi piśmiennictwa i judykatury. Część szczególna III
Authors: Scheffler Tomasz 
Published: March 2020

THE CRIME OF PUBLIC PROPAGATION OF A FASCIST OR OTHER TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM ARTICLE 256 OF THE PENAL CODE: A DOCTRINOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED SCHOLARLY WRITINGS AND JUDICATURE. DETAILED PART IIIThe paper presents interpretations of the content of art. 256 of the Polish Penal Code of 1997 The crime of public propagation of a fascist or other totalitarian governmental/state system, which were developed amid amendment in 2009. The most difficult problem for commentators, much like authors, about whom we have deliberated earlier, was to understand the complexity of the phenomenon of totalitarianism and the consequences resulting from accepting one of the competing concepts of totalitarianism. Similarly, interpretational problems led to misunderstandings of the concept of fascism and the state system. As a result, individual authors incorrectly found resemblance between the regulations contained in the Penal Code of 1969 and the regulation contained in art. 256 from 1997. In this paper we prove that the Polish Supreme Court and even Polish Constitutional Tribunal also had the same problem with the interpretation of the content of art. 256.
Klasyk nieortodoksyjny. Estetyka książki w twórczości Andrzeja Heidricha
Authors: Kielan Marcin 
Published: March 2020

An unorthodox classic. The esthetics of a book in Andrzej Heidrich’s worksGraphic design in Poland after World War II has not been completely explored so far. This article de­scribes the state of graphic design during the Polish People’s Republic period as well as presents the life and work of Andrzej Heidrich — one of the leading designers of that time. It shows his artistic versatility, which manifests itself in designing such varied works as books, banknotes, bookplates, postage stamps, identity papers and more. The main purpose of this article is to present one of Heidrich’s work aspects — the book design. The conclusions show that Heidrich is the advocateof clas­sic solutions, developed by former printing masters. However, he attempts to modify some elements, making them modern and original.
One-pot Synthesis of Janus Nanosheets on Strengthening and Toughening Nanocomposite Double Network Hydrogels
Authors: Chen Shuning , Qian Wei , Chen Jiawen , Lin Jianrong , Chen Qinhui 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Nanoparticles have leading strengthening and toughening effects on polymer matrix. Anisotropic Janus nanoparticles exhibit abundant interfacial behavior because their two surfaces possess different chemical properties. Herein, Janus nanosheets (JNSs) were synthesized by one-pot method. Different surficial morphology and chemical groups on each surface of JNSs were observed by SEM and AFM. In the process of tannic acid/polyacrylic acid (TA/PAA) polymerization, JNSs act as crosslinking agent to promote the formation of nanocomposite double network hydrogels. When the TA/PAA hydrogels were stretched, both strength and toughness of TA/PAA hydrogels are improved owing to the solid silica enhancement, the orientation-disorientation and the interfacial chemical bond of JNSs. Besides, adsorption-desorption of PAA molecular chains also toughens hydrogels. The tensile strength and the elongation at break of TA/PAA hydrogels containing 1.5wt% JNSs are 42 KPa and 370.9 %, respectively. Compared with the TA/PAA without JNSs, they increase by 90.9% and 88.7%. The recovery and self-healing of hydrogels with JNSs were accelerated dramatically. Meanwhile, the anti-fatigue property was improved. The as-prepared anisotropic Janus particles synthesized by one-pot method on strengthening and toughening double network hydrogels provide a new idea for the synthesis of Janus nanosheets and the crosslinking of hydrogel.
Putative positive role of inflammatory genes in fat deposition supported by altered gene expression in purified human adipocytes and preadipocytes from lean and obese adipose tissues
Authors: Lee Sang-Hyeop , Choi Nak-Hyeon , Koh In-Uk , Kim Bong-Jo , Lee Song , Kim Song-Cheol , Choi Sun Shim 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
BackgroundObesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease that is generally characterized by enhanced inflammation in obese adipose tissue (AT). Here, we investigated alterations in gene expression between lean and obese conditions using mRNA-Seq data derived from human purified adipocytes (ACs) and preadipocytes (preACs). ResultsWe defined four classes of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by comparing gene expression between 1) lean and obese ACs, 2) lean and obese preACs, 3) lean ACs and lean preACs, and 4) obese ACs and obese preACs. Based on an analysis of comparison 1, numerous canonical obesity-related genes, particularly inflammatory genes including IL6, TNF- and IL-1, i.e., the genes that are expected to be upregulated in obesity conditions, were found to be expressed at significantly lower levels in obese ACs than in lean ACs. In contrast, some inflammatory genes were found to be expressed at higher levels in obese preACs than lean preACs in the analysis of comparison 2. These two results indicate that (1) up-/downregulation of genes in ACs and preACs is inversely controlled during the fat deposition process and (2) preACs rather than ACs have increased inflammatory response genes in comparisons of lean and obese conditions for each of these cell types. Analysis of comparisons 3 and 4 showed that inflammatory gene classes were expressed at higher levels in differentiated ACs than undifferentiated preACs under both lean and obese conditions; however, the degree of upregulation was greater for lean than for obese conditions.ConclusionsTaken together, our analyses may suggest that lean fat differentiation involves even greater enhancement of inflammatory responses than does obese fat differentiation.
Knowledge and Attitude Towards Shisha Smoking Among Health College Students at Princess Nourah University.
Authors: Aldoss Atheer , JABER REEM BEN , ALRUSHUD NUJUD , Al-Qahtani Sarah , AlAlweet Randah M. , Alqahtani Abdulhadi , Abusalih Howeida Hassan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background Despite the negative effects of tobacco use, Saudi Arabia is one of the leading causes of death globally. In Saudi Arabia, 17.1% of both sexes and 3.0% of females aged 15 or older smoke. One common way to consume tobacco is through a shisha (waterpipe). This study aims to measure the knowledge of the negative health effects and attitudes toward shisha use among health college students at Princess Nourah University (PNU) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Method A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at PNU’s health colleges, with the 525 student participants selected evenly from each college by using cluster sampling into five health colleges(College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Nursing, Dentistry, Medicine and Pharmacy), data was collected by a pretested, structured questionnaire and was coded, entered and analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) v.20. Results 15.4% is the percentage for who had a history of smoked shisha. The percentage of current smokers was 4.19%. There was no association between the knowledge and shisha smoking practice ( P = .603). Conclusion In conclusion, the percentage of shisha smoking was high, in spite of having a high level of knowledge. Also, the knowledge toward shisha smoking and shisha practice was not associated. In contrast to a study conducted in USA which showed a slight association between the knowledge and smoking practice. (44)
Multi-Drug Resistant Acinetobacter: Detection of blaNDM-1 genotype and biofilm formation at a tertiary care hospital in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Kumari Manisha , Bhattarai Narayan Raj , Rai Keshav , Pandit Tejendra , Khanal Basudha 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Acinetobacter species is an important hospital acquired pathogen. Rapid development of resistance to multiple drug and ability to form biofilm make these bacteria more adaptable to survive in health care facilities, thus posing a challenge for its effective management. This study was aimed to characterize clinical isolates of Acinetobacter spp, study their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and ability to form biofilm. Resistant Acinetobacter was further analyzed for the detection of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), metallo β-lactamases (MBLs) production and presence of blaNDM-1 (New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1) gene.Results: A total of 324 Acinetobacter species isolated from various clinical specimens submitted to Department of Microbiology, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, were studied Antibiotic susceptibility testing, detection of ESBL and MBL production, and biofilm formation was performed by standard microbiological methods. PCR was done to determine the presence of blaNDM-1 gene.Predominant Acinetobacter species isolated was A calcoaceticus-baumannii Complex (Acb complex) 167 (51.5%). 13 (4.0%) were ESBL producers, 61.9% (70/113) were MBL, 10.6% (12/113) were carbapenemase producers. About 40% were Multi-drug resistant (MDR). Among MDR, producers of ESBL, MBL and carbapenemase were 1.6%, 57% and 9.6%, respectively. Thirty seven percent isolates formed biofilm. A significant proportion of biofilm producers were MDR (p<0.001). Majority was resistant to cefotaxime (73.8%) and cefepime (74.4%). blaNDM1 gene was present in 33 isolates. Conclusions: Resistant Acinetobacter formed a substantial proportion in our hospital with presence of blaNDM-1 gene in significant numbers. A matter of great concern is association of Multi-drug resistant phenotype with biofilm formation. This situation warrants a stringent surveillance and adherence to Infection prevention and control practice.