bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
319 Effects of repeated exposure to either energized or non-energized prods on the behavioral responses of beef cattle to handling
Authors: Gellatly Désirée , Meléndez Daniela M , Marti Sonia , Moya Diego , Yang Xiaohui , Church John S , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen S 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The cattle industry has adopted the use of low stress handling aids however, the continuous-pulse electric prod is still used on hard-to-move cattle. This study aimed to assess behavioral responses of beef cattle after five consecutive exposures to either energized or non-energized prods for 1 s while enclosed in a squeeze chute. A total of 208 7–8 mo old crossbred Angus steers (487.6 ± 41.68 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: non-energized prod (CT), continuous-pulse electric prod (CP), broken-pulse electric prod (BP) and a vibration prod (VP) that did not produce a shock. Prior to (d -3, -2 and -1; baseline), during (d 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) and after (d 5, 6 and 7) the application of treatments, behavior of each steer was assessed including: using voice and touch (VAT; score), race transit time (RTT; s), squeeze chute score (SC; score) and flight speed (FS; m/s). Data was analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS including treatment, day and interaction as fixed effects. No treatment effect (P &gt; 0.05) was found for VAT. The VP steers had greater (P &lt; 0.05) RTT on d 4 and 5 compared to CT and CP, respectively. The CP steers had greater (P &lt; 0.05) SC than CT, BP and VP. The CP had greater (P &lt; 0.05) FS from d 0 to 7 compared to all other treatments with the exception that no differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed on d 1 between CP and BP. Based on SC and FS, the CP prod was more aversive to cattle than all other prods. However, due to the lack of differences in VAT and RTT measures between control and electric prods, further studies are required to determine the aversiveness of prods balanced with their ability to move hard-to-move cattle.
317 Survey of veterinary student attitudes toward animal welfare and pain
Authors: Martin Miriam S , Baysinger Angela , Viscardi Abbie , Kleinhenz Michael , Edwards-Callaway Lily , Johnstone Elizabeth C , Coetzee Johann 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Discrepancies in the background and training of veterinarians regarding the painfulness of procedures across species may impact their decision to use analgesia. The objective of this study was to investigate veterinary student attitudes toward pain and animal welfare. An electronic survey instrument was developed to assess demographic information, perceptions of animal welfare, concern with specific animal welfare issues, and estimation of pain scores on a scale of 1–10 for certain procedures and conditions. A subset of 131 responses from veterinary students were analyzed from an ongoing study involving 14 colleges of veterinary medicine in the United States and Canada. Results suggest that females believed more strongly that an animal welfare and ethics course should be part of the veterinary curriculum than males (P = 0.03). Respondent preparedness to discuss certain welfare topics differed based on background (farm/ranch, rural or urban community) (P ≤ 0.03) and year of veterinary school (P ≤ 0.02). Respondent willingness to administer pain management also differed by background (P = 0.04). Whether respondents had observed a veterinarian in practice properly administer pain medication to a food animal also differed by area of interest, background, and year in veterinary school (P ≤ 0.03). Assigned pain scores for bovine dystocia, bovine acute metritis, canine tail docking and porcine castration also differed by background (P ≤ 0.03). These data show that gender, background and the year of veterinary school should be considered when developing and standardizing the delivery of animal welfare topics across the veterinary curriculum.
316 Comparison of two cannulation methods on post-operative recovery in sheep
Authors: Gleason Claire B , White Robin R , Schramm Hollie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare post-operative recovery of sheep undergoing one of two methods of cannulation. Twelve commercial wethers were assigned to a surgical treatments (1-step cannulation or 2-step cannulation) and monitored post-operatively. In the 1-step treatment a cannula was fitted during surgery; in the 2-step procedure, the rumen wall is externalized and clamped off for 7 days, after which the cannula is fitted. Surgeries were performed on 2 consecutive days by the same surgeon with treatments balanced across surgery day. Dry matter intake (DMI), body temperature (T), heart rate (HR), and respiration rate (RR) were monitored for 24 days post-surgery. Blood samples were collected daily for 14 days post-surgery and serum fibrinogen levels (F) were measured as an indication of inflammatory response. Initial and final body weights (BW) were taken to assess weight loss during the post-operative period. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with fixed effects of initial value, procedure, and day post-surgery. Day of surgery was used as a random effect and the interaction between procedure and day post-surgery was also evaluated. Cannulation method did not affect BW (P = 0.23), T (P = 0.11), HR (P = 0.96), RR (P = 0.16), or F (P = 0.80). After surgery, F (P = 0.0003) and T (P &lt; 0.0001) increased to plateaus reached at d 5 and 11, respectively, post-surgery, irrespective of treatment. Sheep HR (P = 0.0019) increased steadily post-surgery. Although no treatment effects were observed for these recovery metrics, DMI for Treatment 2 was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.0001) than for Treatment 1. Results indicate the cannulation methods elicit similar post-operative recovery responses but that animals may not come back onto feed as well after undergoing two-step cannulation.
312 Effects of castration stress on behaviors and leukocyte cytokine gene expression in Korean cattle bull calves
Authors: Yoo Seon Pil , Baik Myunggi , Kang Hyeok Joong , Park Seung Ju , Jung Da Jin Sol , Seok-Hyeon Beak , Jeong Inhyuk 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study investigated behavioral, physiological, and inflammatory responses, as well as leukocyte cytokine gene expression, of Korean cattle calves following surgical castration. Nineteen Korean cattle bull calves (average body weight, 254.5 kg; average age, 8.2 months) were assigned to one of two treatment groups: control (n = 9) and surgical castration (n = 10). Castration was performed surgically using Newberry knives and a Henderson castrating tool. Blood was collected immediately before castration and at 0.5 h, 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, and 14 d after castration, and analyzed cortisol and substance P concentrations and leukocyte cytokine gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR. Behaviors were observed for 3 h, from 0.5 to 3.5 h after castration. Feed intake was recorded daily, and body weight was measured 1 d prior to the experiment and 14 d after castration. Castration decreased average daily gain (P = 0.005) and gain-to-feed ratio (P = 0.003). Castration reduced the time spent eating (P &lt; 0.001) and the frequency of eating (P = 0.003) and increased (P &lt; 0.001) the frequency of lying during the 3 h after castration. Castration temporarily increased circulating plasma cortisol (P &lt; 0.001) and salivary cortisol concentrations (P = 0.03) at 0.5 h after castration. Castration temporarily increased (P &lt; 0.05) plasma substance P concentration at 1 d after castration. Castration increased plasma haptoglobin concentration at 1 d and 3 d after castration. With regard to leukocytes, castration increased (P &lt; 0.05) mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1-beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RA) genes at 6 h after castration, and increased (P &lt; 0.05) IL1RA, interleukin-1-alpha, and interleukin-6 mRNA levels at 1 d after castration. In conclusion, castration of Korean cattle bull calves temporarily induced stress, retarded growth, and affected behaviors and inflammatory cytokine gene expression.
314 How physically effective fiber affects ruminal pH in beef cattle fed high-concentrate diets
Authors: Fernández Lourdes Llonch , Velázquez Lorena Castillejos , Quesada Alfred Ferret 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
To assess the effect of physically effective fiber (peNDF) on ruminal pH, 8 Simmental heifers with 258±5.7kg BW were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a replicated 4x4 Latin square design. Diets were formulated with an 83 to 17 concentrate to straw ratio, and offered ad libitum as total mixed ration. Barley straw was chopped with a feeder wagon, and then processed either by: a) sifting with the 3-screen Penn State Particle Separator to obtain straw particle size greater than 4 mm, or b) grinding in a hammer mill through a 2-mm screen to obtain straw particle size lesser than 4 mm. Treatments after mixing the processed straws to obtain different peNDF proportions were: 5%, 7%, 9%, and 11%. Concentrate was ground through a 3-mm screen and manually mixed with the straw. The study was performed in 4 3-wk periods: 2-wk diet adaptation and 1-wk sampling. A ruminal bolus (smaXtec, Graz, Austria) was orally inserted in each heifer to measure ruminal pH every 10 min. Dry matter intake was individually measured. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS. No significant effects were found in average and minimum pH (6.66 and 5.87 on average, respectively). Time under pH lesser than 5.8 was significantly longer (P &lt; 0.01) in 5% (134 min/d) than 7%, 9% and 11% (63 min/d on average). Time under pH lesser than 5.6 tended to be longer (P = 0.074) in 5% (65 min/d), and shorter in 9% and 11% (25 min/d on average). Time under pH lesser than 5.5 was unaffected by treatment (23 min/d on average). Intake of DM was greater (P &lt; 0.001) in 5% and 7% than 9% and 11%. These results suggest that the risk of subclinical acidosis decreases from 7 to 11% of peNDF, but DMI also decreases in 9% and 11%.
309 Effects of dietary supplying icariin on the bone metabolism and the laying performance in caged laying hens
Authors: Huang Jie , Zhang Lei , Zhou Zhongxin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Icariin, a flavonol glycoside, is one of major active ingredients of the traditional Chinese medicine Herba epimedii. Icariin has been reported to successfully treat the osteoporosis of the rat. However, effects of icariin on the osteoporosis in caged laying hens are still unkown. This study present the effects of dietary icariin supplementation on the laying performance, the egg quality and the bone metabolism in caged laying hens. A total of 216 Lohmann pink-shell laying hens of 54-week-old from a commercial farm in the Hubei province of China were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups with 6 replications per group and 12 birds per replication. The control group was fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 500 and 2000 mg/kg icariin for 90 d. Layer performance responses, egg quality parameters, the bone mineral density and serum biochemical indicators were measured at the end of the experiment. Results showed that feed/egg ratio decreased as the supplied icariin level increased. The laying rate and the average egg weight were increased compared to the control group. However, no significant effect was observed on the egg quality. The bone mineral density of the tibia was measured by the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, indicating that icariin can increase the bone mineral density. Serum biochemical analysis showed that icariin decreased the level of alkaline phosphatase, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, osteocalcin and calcitonin. Our observations provided evidences that dietary supplementation of icariin increased the bone mineral density and improved the laying performance, and icariin can be used for the prevention of the osteoporosis in caged laying hens.
186 To tweet or not to tweet: what does science communication look like in 2019?
Authors: Place Sara E 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We live in an era of increasing data availability, from technology that allows for precise and repeated measures of animal behavior and physiology outcomes to the constant posts on Facebook from that uncle we see once per year at Thanksgiving. While it may seem disingenuous to compare data collected in a controlled experiment to social media posts, which has a larger impact on society? If research results that are relevant to public square debates about food and agriculture, such as animal welfare and environmental sustainability, are only published in academic journals and read and understood by peers, how will they inform the public debate? If animal scientists are not actively engaged in sustained communication (two-way dialogue, not one-way lecturing) than an uncle’s Facebook post on factory farming may have a larger effect on the public debate than a carefully planned and executed experiment. In addition to data overload, we also seemingly have ever less time to process this data into meaningful and actionable information. As scientists, we are trained to interpret data into meaningful information. That skill is evermore needed and valuable to the public now. While engagement will look different depending upon each scientist’s discipline, skills, and willingness to engage, we should not expect it is someone else’s job to communicate the importance of animal science.
15 Dietary supplementation with lactic acid and glutamine improve intestinal digestive and regulate intestinal microflora in weaning piglets
Authors: Zheng Ping , Jiang Junjie , Yu Bing , He Jun , Yu Jie , Mao Xiangbing , Luo Yuheng , Chen Daiwen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of lactic acid and glutamine on growth performance and intestinal health in weaning pigs. Ninety six 24-d-old piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) with BW of 7.24± 0.09 kg were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: 1) basal diet (CON), 2) CON supplemented with 2% lactic acid (LS), 3) CON supplemented with 1% glutamine (GS), and 4) CON supplemented with 2% lactic acid and 1% glutamine (LGS). After 28-d trial, 6 piglets from each treatment were randomly selected to collect serum and intestinal samples. The results showed that piglets fed the LGS had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADG than piglets fed the CON diet. Compared with CON, apparent total tract digestibility of CP in LS, GS and LGS was greater (P &lt; 0.05), index of diarrhea in LS and LGS was lower (P &lt; 0.05), serum IGF-1 in LS, GS and LGS and serum growth hormone in LS and GS were improved (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, jejunal villus height in LS and LGS were increased (P &lt; 0.05), the activities of amylase and lipase of the jejunal mucosa in LS and LGS were increased (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, compared with CON, pigs fed the LS, GS and LGS up-regulated (P &lt; 0.05) the mRNA levels of glucose transport type 2, IGF-1, occludin. Moreover, LGS had higher (P &lt; 0.05) abundances of total bacteria, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in cecal and colonic digesta, and higher concentrations of total volatile fatty acid in cecal digesta. Collectively, the current results indicate that dietary addition of lactic acid and glutamine combination could improve growth performance through the promotion of the small intestinal development, increasing digestive, and regulating balances of microflora in piglets.
20 Antibody response, lesions, and performance do not differ between injection site (ischiorectal fossa or neck) after multivalent modified-live virus vaccination in Jersey steers
Authors: Seiver Hannah A , Lawrence Ty , Meyer Nathan F , Tomczak Dexter J , Smock Taylor M , Griffin Dicky D , Richeson John T 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The study objective was to explore the feasibility of an alternative injection site, ischiorectal fossa (IRF), for modified-live virus (MLV) vaccination in Jersey steers. We hypothesized administration of MLV in the IRF would not cause injection site lesions and result in similar antibody response against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) compared to the neck. Jersey steers (n = 28; BW=517 ± 116 kg) were stratified by a previously assigned growth implant treatment and day-35 BVDV antibody titer and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments with injection treatment equivalently represented in each of 2 pens. Treatments consisted of: 1) 2 mL MLV vaccine administered s.c. in the neck (NECK); or 2) 2 mL MLV vaccine administered s.c. in the IRF. Blood was collected on days -35, 0, 35, 70, and 105 to determine BVDV-specific antibody titers using the virus neutralization assay and BW was recorded on the same days to determine gain performance. Steers were harvested on day 106 and examined for lesions respective to injection site. Antibody titers and performance variables were statistically analyzed via a mixed model with animal as the experimental unit. Concentration of BVDV antibody increased (P = 0.05) with time, but there was no treatment difference (P = 0.94) or treatment × day interaction (P = 0.70). There was no treatment difference for BW on any day (P ≥ 0.78). There was also no treatment difference in ADG (P ≥ 0.45). However, there was a period effect, where ADG was reduced markedly (P &lt; 0.0001) for the day 0 to 35 interim period immediately following MLV vaccination compared to day -35 to 0 (0.79 vs. 0.18 kg/d). No injection site lesions were observed during harvest and results from BVDV antibody titers and performance indicate IRF as a potential alternative route of administration for MLV vaccines.
22 Biological quality of drinking water for dairy cows - A risk oriented evaluation of influencing factors
Authors: Hayer Jason J , Dieckhoff Benedikt G Schulze , Heinemann Celine , Steinhoff-Wagner Julia 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Despite its importance, legal regulations and official guidelines regarding the quality of livestock drinking water are rather unspecific. The study aimed to investigate biological livestock drinking water quality considering influences of risk factors and relations to biofilm development and hygiene status of dairy troughs. On 24 dairy operations in Western Germany, 105 troughs were sampled. Water and biofilm were analyzed for aerobic total viable count (TVC), coliform count (CC), Escherichia coli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases building bacteria (ESBL). 33 possible influences on biological water quality for each trough were either recorded or inquired. The troughs surface was examined with protein- and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-rapid tests for hygiene. A mixed model and Spearman rank correlations (SAS 9.4) were used for estimating the probability of quality impairment in relation to recorded influences. Average TVC in water samples was 4.4 log10 cfu/ml. Coliforms were detectable in 94.3% of all troughs and E. coli in 48.6%. CC seems to be a more sensitive and suitable indicator to check fecal contamination because 16 water samples were positive for CC (&gt;2.0 log10 cfu/ml) but negative for E. coli. MRSA were found in livestock drinking water of a single, and ESBL on three farms, suggesting that troughs might contribute to an exchange of antibiotic resistant bacteria in some dairy farms. Risk factors (P &lt; 0.05) for at least one quality criteria (TVC, CC or E. coli) were water origin, trough type, degree of trough soiling, visible biofilm, ambient temperature and distance to the milking parlor. Water CC (r = 0.46; P &lt; 0.001) and E. coli (r = 0.31; P &lt; 0.01) correlated with their equivalent in biofilm and with hygiene tests on trough surfaces (0.31 &gt;r &gt;0.19; P &lt; 0.05). Biological livestock drinking water quality can be improved by addressing the risk factors and be monitored with hygiene tests.
26 Do we need a Plan B for Plan S?
Authors: Davis Teresa A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A group of European funding agencies launched an initiative called “Plan S” in September 2018 that would require scientific publications resulting from funded research to be published only in Plan S-compliant open access journals by 2020. A delegation from the European Commission visited the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and other federal agencies in December 2018 to gain support for Plan S. Plan S would force authors to publish solely in open access journals and bar researchers from publishing in hybrid journals, such as the Journal of Animal Science, that allow authors to choose between Gold and Green Open Access publishing. Gold Open Access allows immediate open access with articles made freely available at time of publication and requires payment of article processing charges that are usually higher than page charges of subscription-based journals. Green Open Access publishing is subscription-based and defers open access for the publisher embargo period (usually 12 months). Because 85% of journals are hybrid or subscription based, Plan S would limit researcher’s academic freedom to decide where to publish and prevent authors from publishing in most research society journals that are hybrid or subscription-based. Research society-based journals provide rigorous peer review and comprehensive editorial processes and thus, have earned the trust of researchers, professionals, and the public. Funneling research output to non-research society based open access journals may distort the dissemination of scientific research and reduce the quality of scientific communication. Nonprofit research societies use revenues from their publishing operations to finance educational, journalistic, outreach, and other activities and thus, Plan S threatens the financial stability of these research societies. Authors should be allowed to choose the best venue to publish their work. Plan S must be rejected.
38 Welfare and behavior considerations for cattle in tropical and subtropical environments
Authors: Daigle Courtney L 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Bos indicus and B. taurus are two different subspecies that differ in reproductive physiology, nutritional requirements, social behavior, digestive system, and body composition. A fundamental step in meeting the increasing global demand for protein on a planet experiencing climate change while addressing environmental stewardship is to identify management practices optimized for B. indicus-influenced cattle reared in the growing subtropical/tropical regions of the planet. Bos indicus-influenced cattle, are typically managed in subtropical/tropical regions utilizing practices developed and validated for B. taurus breeds in temperate environments. Little is known about the behavioral profile of B. indicus. Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD), lameness, and bulling are three welfare and productivity issues that require behavioral evaluation to identify and treat. Little is known regarding lameness in feedlot cattle, irrespective of breed, but cattle are prey animals designed to mask illness and pain. Therefore, characterizing species-specific behavioral indicators of discomfort are paramount to early detection and treatment of these afflictions. B. indicus cattle are more gregarious than B. taurus and have more excitable temperaments; thus, they are more susceptible to stress, may have greater difficulty coping, and may be more adept at masking health issues. These cattle display different social behaviors compared to B. taurus counterparts, which may contribute to differences in production efficiency and outcomes. Gaining an understanding of the behavioral and social aspects of these animals, and understanding their biological thresholds regarding thermoregulation, disease resistance, transportation resiliency, and the human-animal interaction will provide foundational data for developing appropriate stewardship practices. Beef cattle, irrespective of what sector they are managed (e.g., feedlot, cow-calf, pasture housed), are directly affected by weather. Therefore, as the climate changes, we must begin to increase our use of animals that are better suited to these environmental conditions, and within that framework increase our understanding of their species-specific welfare needs.