bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creation of accurate 3D models of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) using 3D photogrammetry
Authors: Irschick Duncan J. , Martin Johnson , Siebert Ursula , Kristensen Jakob H. , Madsen Peter T , Christiansen Fredrik 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCreating accurate 3D models of marine mammals is valuable for assessment of body condition, computational fluids dynamics models of locomotion, and for education. However, the methods for creating 3D models are not well‐developed. We used photography and video to create 3D photogrammetry models of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena).We accessed one live adult female (155.5 cm total length), and two dead animals, one juvenile (110 cm total length) and one calf (88 cm total length). We accessed the two dead individuals through a stranding network in Germany, and the live individual through the Fjord and Baelt research center in Denmark. For all porpoises, we used still photographs from hand‐held cameras, drone video, and synchronized GoPro videos to create 3D photogrammetric models. We used Blender software, and other 3D reconstruction software, to recreate the 3D body meshes, and confirmed the accuracy of each of the 3D body meshes by comparing digital measures on the 3D models to original measures taken on the specimens. We also provide a colored, animated version of the live harbor porpoise for educational purposes. These open‐access 3D models can be used to develop methods to study body morphometrics and condition, and to study bioenergetics and locomotion costs.
The molecular–physiological functions of mineral macronutrients and their consequences for deficiency symptoms in plants
Authors: de Bang Thomas Christian , Husted Søren , Laursen Kristian Holst , Persson Daniel Pergament , Schjoerring Jan Kofod 
Published: November 2020

SummaryThe visual deficiency symptoms developing on plants constitute the ultimate manifestation of suboptimal nutrient supply. In classical plant nutrition, these symptoms have been extensively used as a tool to characterise the nutritional status of plants and to optimise fertilisation. Here we expand this concept by bridging the typical deficiency symptoms for each of the six essential macronutrients to their molecular and physiological functionalities in higher plants. We focus on the most recent insights obtained during the last decade, which now allow us to better understand the links between symptom and function for each element. A deep understanding of the mechanisms underlying the visual deficiency symptoms enables us to thoroughly understand how plants react to nutrient limitations and how these disturbances may affect the productivity and biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. A proper interpretation of visual deficiency symptoms will support the potential for sustainable crop intensification through the development of new technologies that facilitate automatised management practices based on imaging technologies, remote sensing and in‐field sensors, thereby providing the basis for timely application of nutrients via smart and more efficient fertilisation.
Attributes of dysgeusia and anosmia of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in hospitalized patients
Authors: Samaranayake Lakshman Perera , Fakhruddin Kausar Sadia , Mohammad Osman Elfadil , Panduwawala Chamila , Bandara Nihal , Ngo Hien Chi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectivesWhile chemosensory dysfunctions, dysgeusia and anosmia/hyposmia, are recognized as distinctive symptoms of COVID‐19, their temporality of presentation and association with the patient age, gender, disease severity, and comorbidities has been sparsely studied. Hence, we evaluated the latter associations of chemosensory dysfunction, in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).Materials and MethodsInformation on chemosensory dysfunction and history of chronic systemic comorbidities, if any, was obtained from 149 COVID‐19 patients in an infectious disease hospital in UAE, using their medical records, as well as from a face‐to‐face questionnaire survey. Additionally, a modified SNOT‐22 questionnaire that measures disease‐specific quality of life in patients with upper respiratory tract affections was also administered.ResultsChemosensory dysfunction was reported by 94.6% of the cohort, and anosmia with dysgeusia was significantly more in males than females with severe COVID‐19. Males with moderate COVID‐19 and systemic comorbidities were more likely to present with chemosensory dysfunction in comparison with females. SNOT‐22 questionnaire revealed that nasal blockage and runny nose were more prevalent in mild/moderate, than in the severe, state of COVID‐19.ConclusionOur data confirm the commonality of chemosensory dysfunction during COVID‐19 progression, and the significantly more pronounced combined dysfunction in males with severe COVID‐19, and comorbidities.
Below‐ and aboveground traits explain local abundance, and regional, continental and global occurrence frequencies of grassland plants
Authors: Lachaise Tom , Bergmann Joana , Rillig Matthias C. , van Kleunen Mark 
Published: November 2020

Plants vary widely in how common or rare they are, but whether commonness of species is associated with functional traits is still debated. This might partly be because commonness can be measured at different spatial scales, and because most studies focus solely on aboveground functional traits.We measured five root traits and seed mass on 241 central European grassland species, and extracted their specific leaf area, height, mycorrhizal status and bud‐bank size from databases. Then we tested if trait values are associated with commonness at seven spatial scales, ranging from abundance in 16‐m2grassland plots, via regional and European‐wide occurrence frequencies, to worldwide naturalization success.At every spatial scale, commonness was associated with at least three traits. The traits explained the greatest proportions of variance for abundance in grassland plots (42%) and naturalization success (41%) and the least for occurrence frequencies in Europe and the Mediterranean (2%). Low root tissue density characterized common species at every scale, whereas other traits showed directional changes depending on the scale. We also found that many of the effects had significant non‐linear effects, in most cases with the highest commonness‐metric value at intermediate trait values. Across scales, belowground traits explained overall more variance in species commonness (19.4%) than aboveground traits (12.6%).The changes we found in the relationships between traits and commonness, when going from one spatial scale to another, could at least partly explain the maintenance of trait variation in nature. Most importantly, our study shows that within grasslands, belowground traits are at least as important as aboveground traits for species commonness. Therefore, belowground traits should be more frequently considered in studies on plant functional ecology.
His bundle pacing: Tips and tricks
Authors: Ravi Venkatesh , El Baba Mohammad , Sharma Parikshit S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHis bundle (HB) pacing is an established modality for achieving physiological pacing with a low risk of long‐term lead‐related complications. The development of specially designed lead and delivery tools has improved the feasibility and safety of HB pacing (HBP). Knowledge of the anatomy of HB region and the variations is essential for successful implantation. Newer delivery systems have further improved procedural outcomes. Challenging implant cases can be successfully performed by reshaping the current sheaths, using “sheath in sheath” technique or “two‐lead implantation technique.” Special attention to the lead parameters at implant, programming, and follow‐up is necessary for successful long‐term outcomes with HBP. Widespread use of HBP by electrophysiologists and further advances in dedicated delivery systems and leads are essential to further improve the effectiveness of the implantation.
The Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (PCCG) Consensus Conference Methodology
Authors: Derderian Courtney K. , Derderian Christopher A. , Fernandez Allison , Glover Chris D. , Goobie Susan , Hansen Jennifer K. , King Michael , Kugler Jane , Lang Shih‐Shan , Meier‐Haran Petra , Nelson Olivia , Reddy Srijaya K. , Reid Russell , Ricketts Karene , Rottgers Stephen A. , Singh Davinder , Szmuk Peter , Taicher Brad M. , Taylor Jesse , Stricker Paul A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveThis article describes the methodology used for the Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group (PCCG) Consensus Conference.DesignThis is a novel Consensus Conference of national experts in Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery and Anesthesia, who will follow standards set by the Institute of Medicine and using the Research and Development/University of California, Los Angeles appropriateness method, modeled after the Pediatric Critical Care Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative. Topics related to pediatric craniofacial anesthesia for open cranial vault surgery were divided into twelve subgroups with a systematic review of the literature.SettingA group of 20 content experts met virtually between 2019 and 2020 and will collaborate in their selected topics related to perioperative management for pediatric open cranial vault surgery for craniosynostosis. These groups will also identify where future research is needed.ConclusionsExperts in pediatric craniofacial surgery and anesthesiology are developing recommendations on behalf of the Pediatric Craniofacial Collaborative Group for perioperative management of patients undergoing open cranial vault surgery for craniosynostosis and identifying future research priorities.
Directly quantifying multiple interacting influences on plant competition
Authors: Trinder Clare J. , Brooker Rob W. , Davidson Hazel , Robinson David 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhen plants compete what influences that interaction? To answer this we measured belowground competition directly, as the simultaneous capture of soil ammonium and nitrate by co‐existing herbaceous perennials, Dactylis glomerata and Plantago lanceolata, under the influence of: species identity; N uptake and biomass of focal and neighbour plants; location (benign lowland versus harsher upland site); N availability (low or high N fertilizer); N ion, ammonium or nitrate production (mineralisation) rate, and competition type (intra‐ or interspecific), as direct effects or pairwise interactions in linear models. We also measured biomass as an indirect proxy for competition. Only three factors influenced both competitive N uptake and biomass production: focal species identity, N ion and the interaction between N ion and neighbour N uptake. Location had little effect on N uptake but a strong influence on biomass production. N uptake increased linearly with biomass only in isolated plants. Our results support the view that measuring resource capture or biomass production tells you different things about how competitors interact with one another and their environment, and that biomass is a longer‐term integrative proxy for the outcomes of multiple separate interactions—such as competition for N—occurring between plants.
Plant intraspecific competition and growth stage alter carbon and nitrogen mineralization in the rhizosphere
Authors: Sun Yue , Zang Huadong , Splettstößer Thomas , Kumar Amit , Xu Xingliang , Kuzyakov Yakov , Pausch Johanna 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPlant roots interact with rhizosphere microorganisms to accelerate soil organic matter (SOM) mineralization for nutrient acquisition. Root‐mediated changes in SOM mineralization largely depend on root‐derived carbon (root‐C) input and soil nutrient status. Hence, intraspecific competition over plant development and spatiotemporal variability in the root‐C input and nutrients uptake may modify SOM mineralization. To investigate the effect of intraspecific competition on SOM mineralization at three growth stages (heading, flowering, and ripening), we grew maize (C4 plant) under three planting densities on a C3 soil and determined in situ soil C‐ and N‐mineralization by 13C‐natural abundance and 15N‐pool dilution approaches. From heading to ripening, soil C‐ and N‐mineralization rates exhibit similar unimodal trends and were tightly coupled. The C‐to‐N‐mineralization ratio (0.6 to 2.6) increased with N availability, indicating that an increase in N‐mineralization with N depletion was driven by microorganisms mining N‐rich SOM. With the intraspecific competition, plants increased specific root lengths as an efficient strategy to compete for resources. Root morphologic traits rather than root biomass per se were positively related to C‐ and N‐mineralization. Overall, plant phenology and intraspecific competition controlled the intensity and mechanisms of soil C‐ and N‐ mineralization by the adaptation of root traits and nutrient mining.
“Rotten Row is Rotten to the Core”: The Material and Sensory Politics of Harare's Magistrates’ Courts after 2000
Authors: Verheul Susanne 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article analyzes how state power and authority were established and critiqued through the performative, material, and sensory characteristics of Harare's Criminal Magistrates’ Courts in Zimbabwe. Drawing on courtroom observations and interviews conducted with human rights lawyers and their clients between 2010 and 2018, this article shows how Zimbabwe's deteriorating political and economic situation after 2000 caused a decline of the material conditions in court. Lawyers and their clients played on this decline to emphasize how the state failed to display its authority. Simultaneously, these material conditions highlighted the ruling party's (ZANU‐PF) preoccupation with law's coercive rather than legitimating utility. A focus on material attributes, however, does not suffice in examining the ways in which court proceedings impose and challenge the authority of the law and of the state. The sensory dimensions of courtrooms also require attention. Within the courtroom, it was vital for actors to engage the visual, auditory, and—importantly—the olfactory reminders of the horrific conditions in police detention and prison. By doing so, lawyers and their clients reasserted and questioned not only the authority of law but also the control certain state actors exerted on and over the bodies and emotions of Zimbabwean citizens within legal spaces.
Uterine, vaginal and placental blood flows increase with dynamic changes in serum metabolic parameters and oxidative stress across gestation in buffaloes
Authors: Elmetwally Mohammed A. , Elshopakey Gehad E. , Eldomany Wael , Eldesouky Ashraf , Samy Alaa , Lenis Yasser Y. , Chen Dong‐bao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe aims of the present study were to determine uterine, vaginal and placental blood flows by Doppler ultrasound cross‐buffalo gestation and to evaluate the relationships among reproductive Doppler parameters and serum metabolic parameters as well as oxidative stress. Uterine (UA) and vaginal (VA) arteries were scanned every month, and placentome was scanned from month 4 till 8 in gestation. Time‐averaged maximum velocity (TAMV), pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), systolic/diastolic ratio (SD) and arterial diameter (AD) were used for accessing UA and VA hemodynamics. Time‐averaged maximum velocity positively correlated with and AD, and both negatively correlated with their PI, RI and SD in UA and VA. TAMV and AD increased constantly in pregnancy, with maximum increase in months 4 and 9. Pulsatility index, RI and AD of UA decreased between months 4 and 9, while PI, RI and AD of VA decreased between months 5 and 9 and then increased in month 10 in pregnancy. Time‐averaged maximum velocity of placentome blood flow increased exponentially from months 4 to 8, but decreased at the last two months in pregnancy. Serum lipids were significantly higher in the first month compared to all other months, while glucose was significantly lower in months 9 and 10. Malondialdehyde increased from month 3 till term, but peaked in month 5 and 10. Glutathione and catalase were highest in the first month and remained after. Time‐averaged maximum velocity and AD for both UA and VA negatively correlated with serum lipids, glucose, catalase and glutathione, while positively correlated with malondialdehyde and total protein. Thus, increases in uterine blood flow (UtBF), vaginal blood flow (VaBF) and placental blood flow (PaBF) are associated with increased metabolism and oxidative stress in buffalo pregnancy.
Updated Characterization of Outbreak Response Strategies for 2019–2029: Impacts of Using a Novel Type 2 Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Strain
Authors: Kalkowska Dominika A. , Pallansch Mark A. , Wilkinson Amanda , Bandyopadhyay Ananda S. , Konopka‐Anstadt Jennifer L. , Burns Cara C. , Oberste M. Steven , Wassilak Steven G. F. , Badizadegan Kamran , Thompson Kimberly M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDelays in achieving the global eradication of wild poliovirus transmission continue to postpone subsequent cessation of all oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) use. Countries must stop OPV use to end all cases of poliomyelitis, including vaccine‐associated paralytic polio (VAPP) and cases caused by vaccine‐derived polioviruses (VDPVs). The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) coordinated global cessation of all type 2 OPV (OPV2) use in routine immunization in 2016 but did not successfully end the transmission of type 2 VDPVs (VDPV2s), and consequently continues to use type 2 OPV (OPV2) for outbreak response activities. Using an updated global poliovirus transmission and OPV evolution model, we characterize outbreak response options for 2019–2029 related to responding to VDPV2 outbreaks with a genetically stabilized novel OPV (nOPV2) strain or with the currently licensed monovalent OPV2 (mOPV2). Given uncertainties about the properties of nOPV2, we model different assumptions that appear consistent with the evidence on nOPV2 to date. Using nOPV2 to respond to detected cases may reduce the expected VDPV and VAPP cases and the risk of needing to restart OPV2 use in routine immunization compared to mOPV2 use for outbreak response. The actual properties, availability, and use of nOPV2 will determine its effects on type 2 poliovirus transmission in populations. Even with optimal nOPV2 performance, countries and the GPEI would still likely need to restart OPV2 use in routine immunization in OPV‐using countries if operational improvements in outbreak response to stop the transmission of cVDPV2s are not implemented effectively.
The Role of Fairness in Early Characterization of New Technologies: Effects on Selective Exposure and Risk Perception
Authors: Song Hwanseok , Lu Hang , McComas Katherine A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPrevious research suggests that when individuals have limited knowledge to make sense of new or emerging technologies, they may rely more on available cues, such as the fairness of those managing the risks, when developing their attitudinal and behavioral responses to the technology. To examine this further, we designed an online experiment (N = 1,042) to test the effects of risk managers’ nonoutcome fairness on individuals’ selective exposure to additional information and perceived risk. As the study context, we used the development of enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), which uses drilling to tap deep underground sources of heat for district heating and electricity and remains low in familiarity among the U.S. public. The results suggest that participants who read about the fair risk manager were subsequently more likely to have positive attitudes toward EGS development. In turn, those with more positive attitudes were more likely to select and read positively valenced articles about EGS, resulting in an indirect effect of the fairness condition. Although this study also explored whether uncertainty moderated this fairness effect on information seeking, it found no evidence. Additionally, when participants were exposed to information featuring fair risk managers, perceived risk decreased, an effect that was mediated by beliefs that EGS was controllable and not dreadful. These results underscore the importance of using practices that will increase nonoutcome fairness in the introduction of new technologies.
A Non-Parametric Hawkes Process Model of Primary and Secondary Accidents on a UK Smart Motorway
Authors: Kalair Kieran , Connaughton Colm , Alaimo Di Loro Pierfrancesco 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A self-exciting spatiotemporal point process is fitted to incident data from the UK National Traffic Information Service to model the rates of primary and secondary accidents on the M25 motorway in a 12-month period during 2017–2018. This process uses a background component to represent primary accidents, and a self-exciting component to represent secondary accidents. The background consists of periodic daily and weekly components, a spatial component and a long-term trend. The self-exciting components are decaying, unidirectional functions of space and time. These components are determined via kernel smoothing and likelihood estimation. Temporally, the background is stable across seasons with a daily double peak structure reflecting commuting patterns. Spatially, there are two peaks in intensity, one of which becomes more pronounced during the study period. Self-excitation accounts for 6–7% of the data with associated time and length scales around 100 min and 1 km, respectively. In-sample and out-of-sample validation are performed to assess the model fit. When we restrict the data to incidents that resulted in large speed drops on the network, the results remain coherent.
Effects of cryotherapy on the regeneration process and muscular mechanical properties after lacerative injury model
Authors: dos Santos Haupenthal Daniela Pacheco , de Bem Silveira Gustavo , Zaccaron Rubya Pereira , Corrêa Maria Eduarda Anastácio Borges , de Souza Priscila Soares , Filho Mário Cesar Búrigo , de Roch Casagrande Laura , de Melo Cardoso Mariana , Rigo Flávia Karine , Haupenthal Alessandro , Silveira Paulo Cesar Lock 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCryotherapy is a therapeutic modality widely used for the treatment of muscle injuries to control pain and inflammatory processes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cryotherapy on the inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters and mechanical properties of, and pain in, the skeletal muscles of rats with lacerative muscle injury. The rats were anesthetized with 4% isoflurane and subjected to gastrocnemius muscle laceration injury. After injury, all animals in the intervention groups received cryotherapy treatment for 20 minutes using plastic bags containing crushed ice. The protocol comprised three daily applications at 3‐hour intervals on the day of injury, with reapplication 24 hours later. Seventy‐two male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sham, muscle injury (MI), and MI + cryotherapy (MI + cryo). Muscle mechanical properties were analyzed by mechanical tensile testing on day 7 after injury. The MI + cryo group showed reduced TNF‐α, IFN‐γ, and IL1β levels; elevated IL4, IL6, and IL10 levels; reduced oxidant production and carbonyl levels; and elevated sulfhydryl contents. Animals that underwent tissue cooling showed superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione levels close to those of the animals in the sham group. The MI and MI + cryo groups showed reduced values of the evaluated mechanical properties and lower mechanical thresholds compared to those of the animals from the sham group. Our results demonstrated that the proposed cryotherapy protocol reduced the inflammatory process and controlled oxidative stress but did not reverse the changes in the mechanical properties of muscle tissues or provide analgesic effects within the time frame analyzed.