bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Track‐Etched Nanopore/Membrane: From Fundamental to Applications
Authors: Ma Tianji , Janot Jean‐Marc , Balme Sébastien 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBiomimetic and bio‐inspired membranes draw great attention and generate extensive efforts to solve environmental, health, and energy issues. In this field, track‐etched membranes present the advantage to be tuned from a single pore to a large‐scale multipore membrane. On one hand, from the large‐scale membrane to a single nanopore, the research becomes more fundamental, meticulous, and quantitative to describe concrete processes inside confined spaces. This allows understanding the role of the surface phenomena and nanoscale effects. On the other hand, working from a single pore to a multipore membrane allows perfect control of the membrane properties. This ensures a promising ability for upscale from the lab findings to applications. In this review, a global insight on the track‐etched nanopore/membrane is taken through presentation of fabrication and functionalization methods, transport properties, and the related applications. By functionalization, track‐etched nanopores can be used to understand ion transport under confined spaces with high aspect ratio, to analyze single molecules, to design stimuli‐responsive membranes, and to generate energy from salinity gradient and light.
Generation of cerebral cortical GABAergic interneurons from pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Fitzgerald Megan , Sotuyo Nathaniel , Tischfield David J. , Anderson Stewart A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The cerebral cortex functions by the complex interactions of intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal activities, glial actions, and the effects of humoral factors. The intrinsic neuronal influences are mediated by two major subclasses: excitatory glutamatergic neurons that generally have axonal projections extending beyond the neuron's locality and inhibitory GABAergic neurons that generally project locally. These interneurons can be grouped based on morphological, neurochemical, electrophysiological, axonal targeting, and circuit influence characteristics. Cortical interneurons (CIns) can also be grouped based on their origins within the subcortical telencephalon. Interneuron subtypes, of which a dozen or more are thought to exist, are characterized by combinations of these subgrouping features. Due to their well-documented relevance to the causes of and treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders, and to their remarkable capacity to migrate extensively following transplantation, there has been tremendous interest in generating cortical GABAergic interneurons from human pluripotent stem cells. In this concise review, we discuss recent progress in understanding how interneuron subtypes are generated in vivo, and how that progress is being applied to the generation of rodent and human CIns in vitro. In addition, we will discuss approaches for the rigorous designation of interneuron subgroups or subtypes in transplantation studies, and challenges to this field, including the protracted maturation of human interneurons.
Apoptosis of lung cells regulated by mitochondrial signal pathway in crotonaldehyde‐induced lung injury
Authors: Li Shuangshuang , Wei Ping , Zhang Biao , Chen Kechuan , Shi Gengsheng , Zhang Zhihu , Du Zhongjun 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCrotonaldehyde, a highly toxic α, β‐unsaturated aldehyde, is a ubiquitous hazardous pollutant. Because of its extreme toxicity and ubiquity in all types of smoke, most current research focuses on the lung toxicity of such air pollutants. However, the specific mechanism of pulmonary toxicity caused by crotonaldehyde remains unclear, especially after long‐term exposure to crotonaldehyde at low dose. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to determine whether crotonaldehyde‐induced oxidative damage and inflammation promote apoptosis in rats via the mitochondrial pathway using histopathology, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry analysis and Western blot analysis. The results show that crotonaldehyde elicited oxidative damage and inflammation in rats in a concentration‐dependent manner. Crotonaldehyde‐induced lung injury which was confirmed by H&E, Masson's trichrome staining and TUNEL. And crotonaldehyde‐induced lung cell apoptosis showed a concentration‐response relationship. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot results showed that apoptotic mitochondrial signaling pathway is abnormally activated in crotonaldehyde‐induced lung injury. Collectively, this study demonstrates that exposure of rats to crotonaldehyde induces lung injury by inducing apoptosis, which is related to oxidative damage and inflammation through mitochondrial pathway.
The interface between coronaviruses and host cell RNA biology: Novel potential insights for future therapeutic intervention
Authors: Maranon David G. , Anderson John R. , Maranon Abril G. , Wilusz Jeffrey 
Published: July 2020

AbstractCoronaviruses, including SARS‐Cov‐2, are RNA‐based pathogens that interface with a large variety of RNA‐related cellular processes during infection. These processes include capping, polyadenylation, localization, RNA stability, translation, and regulation by RNA binding proteins or noncoding RNA effectors. The goal of this article is to provide an in‐depth perspective on the current state of knowledge of how various coronaviruses interact with, usurp, and/or avoid aspects of these cellular RNA biology machineries. A thorough understanding of how coronaviruses interact with RNA‐related posttranscriptional processes in the cell should allow for new insights into aspects of viral pathogenesis as well as identify new potential avenues for the development of anti‐coronaviral therapeutics.This article is categorized under:
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Treatment of low-risk prostate cancer: a retrospective study with 477 patients comparing external beam radiotherapy and I-125 seeds brachytherapy in terms of biochemical control and late side effects
Authors: Moll Matthias , Paschen Christopher , Zaharie Alexandru , Berndl Florian , Goldner Gregor 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The goal of our study was comparison of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and I‑125 seeds brachytherapy in terms of biochemical control and development of late gastrointestinal and genitourinary side effects.

Patients and methods
477 low-risk prostate cancer patients treated between 2000 and 2019 at our department using either I‑125 seeds brachytherapy or EBRT with a dose of 74 or 78 Gy were reviewed for our analysis. 213 patients were treated with EBRT and 264 with seeds.

Results
Patients were followed up yearly with a median follow-up of 70 (3–192) months. The biochemical no evidence of disease (bNED) rates after 5 years were 95% for both EBRT and seeds, and after 10 years 87% for EBRT and 94% for seeds using the Phoenix criteria, although no significant difference was observed. Concerning gastrointestinal side effects, EBRT showed significantly higher rates of RTOG grade ≥2 toxicity compared to seeds, but at no point in follow-up more than 15% of all patients. On the other hand, genitourinary side effects were significantly more prevalent in patients treated with seeds, with 40% RTOG grade ≥2 toxicity 12 months after treatment. Nevertheless, both types of side effects decreased over time.

Conclusion
Both EBRT and seeds provide excellent biochemical control with bNED rates after 10 years of about 90%. In terms of side effects, patients treated with seeds show higher grades of genitourinary side effects, while patients treated with EBRT show higher grades of gastrointestinal side effects.
Socioeconomic position and mental health care use before and after first redeemed antidepressant and time until subsequent contact to psychologist or psychiatrists: a nationwide Danish follow-up study
Authors: Packness Aake , Wehberg Sonja , Hastrup Lene Halling , Simonsen Erik , Søndergaard Jens , Waldorff Frans Boch 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose was to investigate inequalities in access to care among people with possible depression.

Method
In this nationwide register-based cohort study of 30,593 persons, we observed the association between socioeconomic position (SEP, education/income) and mental health care use (MHCU) four months before the date of first redeemed antidepressant (Index Date/ID) and 12 months afterwards—and time to contact to psychologist/psychiatrist (PP). Logistic, Poisson, and Cox regression models were used, adjusted for sex, age, cohabitation, and psychiatric comorbidity.

Results
Before ID, high SEP was associated with less GP contact (general practitioner), higher odds ratios for GP-Mental Health Counseling (GP-MHC), psychologist contact, and admissions to hospital. This disparity decreased the following 12 months for GP-MHC but increased for contact to psychologist; same pattern was seen for rate of visits. However, the low-income group had more contact to private psychiatrist.
For the 25,217 individuals with no MHCU before ID, higher educational level was associated with almost twice the rate of contact to PP the following 12 months; for the high-income group, the rate was 40% higher. 10% had contact to PP within 40 days after ID in the group with higher education; whereas, 10% of those with a short education would reach PP by day 120. High-income group had faster access as well.

Conclusion
Being in high SEP was positively associated with MHCU, before and after ID, and more rapid PP contact, most explicit when measured by education. Co-payment for psychologist may divert care towards private psychiatrist for low-income groups.
Benefits of combining GPS and GLONASS for measuring ocean tide loading displacement
Authors: Abbaszadeh Majid , Clarke Peter J. , Penna Nigel T. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGPS has been used to estimate ocean tide loading (OTL) height displacement amplitudes to accuracies of within 0.5 mm at the M2 frequency, but such estimation has been problematic at luni-solar K2 and K1 frequencies because they coincide with the GPS orbital period and revisit period, leading to repeating multipath and satellite orbit errors. We therefore investigate the potential of using the GLONASS constellation (with orbital period 11.26 h and true site revisit period of 8 sidereal days distinct from K2 and K1) for OTL displacement estimation, analysing 3–7 years of GPS and GLONASS data from 49 globally distributed stations. Using the PANDA software in kinematic precise point positioning mode with float ambiguities, we demonstrate that GLONASS can estimate OTL height displacement at the M2, N2, O1 and Q1 lunar frequencies with similar accuracy to GPS: 95th percentile agreements of 0.6–1.3 mm between estimated and FES2014b ocean tide model displacements. At the K2 and K1 luni-solar frequencies, 95th percentile agreements between GPS estimates and model values of 3.9–4.4 mm improved to 2.0–2.8 mm using GLONASS-only solutions. A combined GPS+GLONASS float solution improves accuracy of the lunar OTL constituents and P1 (but not significantly for K1 or K2) compared with a single-constellation solution and results in hourly-to-weekly spectral noise very similar to a GPS ambiguity-fixed solution, but without needing uncalibrated phase delay information. GLONASS estimates are more accurate at higher compared with lower latitudes because of improved satellite visibility, although this can be countered by using a lower elevation cut-off angle.
COVID-19 and ethical preparedness?
Authors: Druml Christiane 
Published: July 2020

SummaryMankind has to prepare for a pandemic with respect to medical and practical aspects, but also with respect to ethical issues. There are various ethical guidelines for managing infectious disease outbreaks, but they do not apply to the specific aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic, since they were formulated after the different kinds of outbreaks of avian influenza and Ebola. Today we are confronted with completely new issues endangering our fundamental human rights. As COVID-19 is spreading all over the world, we are in a desperate situation to find treatment solutions; however, despite the urgency, scientific rules have to be applied as bad science is unethical since it might be harmful for patients. Fake news and alternative facts might not be easily recognized and are also threatening scientific values. Pandemics might be leading to a meltdown of the health system if no measures are being taken constraining fundamental human rights. Tracking of persons is violating human rights as well if not accepted on a voluntary basis. A failure to have safeguards for times of crisis leads to a scarcity of medicinal products and goods resulting in a nationalistic approach and ignorance of international solidarity. And last but not least selective measures and triage in intensive care have to be taught to young physicians and nursing staff in medical schools in order to be prepared in times of an infectious disease outbreak and scarcity of resources.
Searching therapeutic strategy of new coronavirus pneumonia from angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: the target of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV
Authors: Li Shu-ren , Tang Zi-jian , Li Zai-han , Liu Xuan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSince December 2019, the infection of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) caused an outbreak of new coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and caused great public concern. Both COVID-19 and SARS-CoV belong to the coronavirus family and both invade target cells through ACE2. An in-depth understanding of ACE2 and a series of physiological and physiological changes caused by the virus invading the human body may help to discover and explain the corresponding clinical phenomena and then deal with them timely. In addition, ACE2 is a potential therapeutic target. This article will summarize the role of ACE2 in multiple organ damage caused by COVID-19 and SARS-CoV, targeted blocking drugs against ACE2, and drugs that inhibit inflammation in order to provide the basis for subsequent related research, diagnosis and treatment, and drug development.
Population differentiation, antifungal susceptibility, and host range of Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates causing recalcitrant infections in humans and animals
Authors: Gnat Sebastian , Łagowski Dominik , Nowakiewicz Aneta , Osińska Marcelina , Kopiński Łukasz 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe major problems in determining the causative factors of the high prevalence of dermatophytoses include the lack of a well-standardized antifungal susceptibility testing method, the low consistency of in vitro and clinical minimal inhibitory concentration values, the high genomic diversity of the population, and the unclear mechanism of pathogenicity. These factors are of particular importance when the disease is recalcitrant and relapses. Herein, we identified and characterizedTrichophyton mentagrophytesisolates obtained from therapy-resistant cases in humans and animals. We used genomic diversity analysis of 17 human and 27 animal clinical isolates with the MP-PCR technique, determined their phenotypic enzymatic activity and host range, and performed antifungal susceptibility testing to currently available antifungal drugs from various chemical groups. Genomic diversity values of 35.3% and 33.3% were obtained for clinical isolates from humans and animals, respectively, yet without any relationship to the host species or antifungal drug to which resistance in therapy was revealed. The highest activity of keratinase enzymes was recorded for fox, guinea pig, and human hairs. These hosts can be considered as the main species in the host range of these isolates. A phenyl morpholine derivative, i.e. amorolfine, exhibited superior activity against strains obtained from both humans and animals with the lowest MIC50. Interestingly, high compliance of terbinafine in vitro resistance with clinical problems in the treatment with this substance was shown as well. The high resistance of dermatophytes to drugs is the main cause of the recalcitrance of the infection, whereas the other features of the fungus are less important.
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for production of chemicals derived from the shikimate pathway
Authors: Li Zhu , Wang Huiying , Ding Dongqin , Liu Yongfei , Fang Huan , Chang Zhishuai , Chen Tao , Zhang Dawei 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The shikimate pathway is indispensable for the biosynthesis of natural products with aromatic moieties. These products have wide current and potential applications in food, cosmetics and medicine, and consequently have great commercial value. However, compounds extracted from various plants or synthesized from petrochemicals no longer satisfy the requirements of contemporary industries. As a result, an increasing number of studies has focused on this pathway to enable the biotechnological manufacture of natural products, especially in E. coli. Furthermore, the development of synthetic biology, systems metabolic engineering and high flux screening techniques has also contributed to improving the biosynthesis of high-value compounds based on the shikimate pathway. Here, we review approaches based on a combination of traditional and new metabolic engineering strategies to increase the metabolic flux of the shikimate pathway. In addition, applications of this optimized pathway to produce aromatic amino acids and a range of natural products is also elaborated. Finally, this review sums up the opportunities and challenges facing this field.
Assessment and Comparison of the Overall Analytical Potential of Capillary Electrophoresis and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Using the RGB Model: How Much Can We Find Out?
Authors: Nowak Paweł Mateusz , Sekuła Edyta , Kościelniak Paweł 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe choice between capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is not easy and depends on many factors. An attempt to facilitate this choice is this work, in which both techniques have been confronted on the basis of the RGB model, offering a transparent and pictorial way to compare individual parameters as well as the overall analytical potential of each tool.
To ensure the universal nature of the comparison, a simple in composition and chemically diverse model sample was used, accompanied by the data processing method reducing the potential impact of analyte selection. Moreover, permanent coating of the inner surface of the capillary and addition of a surfactant to the separation buffer were considered as the additional factors that may affect the assessment of the CE technique. The presented analysis can be valuable in any discussions about the intrinsic advantages and disadvantages of CE and HPLC, and divagations on how they affect the overall potential and usability of each. We also provide access to the Excel worksheets used for the assessment, which can be easily modified to reevaluate the methods with a different selection of variables, and analyze other possible scenarios.
Dominance, reproductive behaviours and female mate choice in sterilised versus non-sterilised invasive male crayfish
Authors: Green Nicky , Britton J. Robert , Bentley Matt , Stebbing Paul , Andreou Demetra 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMany methods of controlling invasive crayfishes have limited success because they fail to target all life stages of the population, notably by capturing only large adults that can result in increased juvenile recruitment by removing intraspecific predation. An alternative approach uses the sterile male release technique that involves the mass release of sterile males into the environment, which then mate with fertile females, resulting in unfertilised eggs and, ultimately, reduced juvenile recruitment. This does, however, rely on the sterilised males exhibiting behaviours similar to non-sterilised (entire) males and remaining attractive to females during mate choice. Post-copulatory male guarding behaviour and female promiscuity might also be affected by male sterilisation. To test for the presence of normal reproductive behaviours in sterilised male American signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, a two-stage experiment examined how sterilisation affects female mate choice and promiscuity, male hierarchical status (relative dominance) and post-copulation guarding. Sterilised males showed similar reproductive behaviours to entire males and remained as attractive to females, with no differences in relative dominance. Post-copulation, guarding behaviours were also unaffected. Females did not display promiscuous behaviour and this was unaffected by whether males were entire or sterilised. The results demonstrated that sterilised males were equally as capable as entire males of achieving dominance and winning mates. In combination, these findings suggest that male sterilisation could be an effective control technique to help reduce juvenile recruitment in wild P. leniusculus populations by reducing reproductive success.
How Elastic is the Labour Supply of Female Migrants Relative to the Labour Supply of Female Natives?
Authors: Fendel Tanja 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study estimates the wage elasticities of migrants and natives by using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel from 1984 to 2015 and a grouping instrumental variable estimator. Female migrants who live with a partner have lower own- and cross-wage elasticities than respective female natives, and the elasticities of non-Western female migrants are insignificant. The relationship between participation and elasticity is not in all cases positive, but parallel to labour market integration, the time since migration increases the elasticities of women. Elasticities indicate the potential to increase participation; therefore, it is especially important for non-Western female migrants to remove barriers to flexible wage responses.
Identity of China’s modern academic system: A Chinese–Western interaction perspective
Authors: Yan Fengqiao 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe establishment of China's modern academic system was shaped by the interaction of internal (traditional) elements and external (Western) forces. Therefore, China and Western countries display many similarities in their academic systems. As with its Western counterpart, China’s modern academic system is characterized by disciplined knowledge, theories, and research methods. However, there are also significant differences between the modern Chinese and Western academic systems. China’s academic system has made significant progress in modernization, yet is also distorted in this process. This paper traces the historical evolution of the modern Chinese academic system and the key thoughts of contemporary Chinese scholars to reevaluate China’s academic modernization experience.