bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breaking the paradigms of residual categories and neglectable importance of non-used resources; the "vital" traditional knowledge of non-edible mushrooms and their substantive cultural significance
Authors: Terrazo Amaranta Ramírez , Montoya Adriana , Garibay-Orijel Roberto , Caballero-Nieto Javier , Kong Alejandro , Méndez-Espinoza Claudia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Introduction One of the main goals of ethnomycological studies is to understand the role of wild edible mushrooms (WEM) in diverse cultures. To that end, the local knowledge of WEM and their cultural importance are evaluated and compared using qualitative and quantitative methods. However, few studies have attempted to discern such aspects about non-used mushrooms, since they are considered as a residual category without cultural relevance. Therefore, this paper analyses the traditional knowledge of non-edible mushrooms to understand their cultural role and break it down in its components. Methods This study was carried out in two communities from La Malintzi National Park, Tlaxcala, Mexico. Mushroom species indicated as non-edible were collected during 13 ethnomycological expeditions and 7 requests. To get an insight of local knowledge, we used ethnographic techniques, 91 free listings and 81 semi-structured interviews.Results In total, we collected 178 specimens of wild mushrooms recognized as non-edible by locals, which corresponded to 103 species belonging to 45 genera. The people who participated in the study had a vast and deep understanding of non-edible mushrooms. To avoid intoxications, all non-edible mushrooms were included in the general category of “poisonous mushrooms”. The knowledge and the nomenclature of non-edible mushrooms, as well as the ability to identify them, all emanate from the Mesoamerican duality conceptualization of the universe. Therefore, non-edible species are conceived as a cosmogonic counterpart ("twins") of the edible species to which they resemble. We obtained 101 specific recognition criteria, useful only when comparing species pairs: edible vs non-edible. The most culturally important non-edible groups were differentiated by clear and precise characteristics, which were reflected in the nomenclature and allowed their classification into specific ethnotaxa. Conclusions We found that non-used resources can be the object of a deep traditional knowledge and have a vast cultural importance. In the case of wild non-edible mushrooms in particular: the species are named, they are the subject of a vast traditional knowledge which is based on the edible/non-edible duality, this knowledge is widespread but has limited consensus, there is little lexical retention, and this knowledge is vital to avoid fatal intoxications. In consequence, deadly species and species that share similarities with the most important edible mushrooms have a high cultural importance.
Spatio-temporal Analysis of Deaths From Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Iran Between 2011 and 2018- An Ecological Study
Authors: Alimohamadi Yousef , Rahimi Danial , Ahmadi Delniya , Mehri Ahmad 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, as one of the lethal poisoning, is responsible for a large percentage of poisonings and accidental deaths. Since the investigation of the mortality and the distribution of CO poisoning deaths in Iranian provinces is still unknown and no study has investigated so far, this study was conducted to determine the trend of mortality rate changes due to CO poisoning by Spatio-temporal analysis in Iran from 2011 to 2018. Methods: An ecological study was conducted based on data from the reports of at the National Center for Statistics of Iran for eight years from 21 March 2011 to 21 March 2018. The number of deaths due to CO poisoning and the annual mortality rates of CO poisoning per 100,000 population were calculated. The Spatio-temporal analysis used to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of deaths.Results: A total of 6078 deaths were reported due to CO poisoning that 4497 death were male (74%) and 1596 were female (26%) from 2011 to 2018. In both sexes, the mortality rate due to CO poisoning was 1.26 from 2011 to 0.91 in 2018. According to the results, the overall male-to-female ratio was 2.8. The mortality rate due to CO Poisoning had a decreasing trend. However, this trend did not have a linear trend (p=0.37). Our results showed that most of the deaths due to CO poisoning are higher in the northern and western provinces of Iran.Conclusion: This study is one of the first studies to compare the spatial and temporal mortality rates due to CO poisoning in Iran. Paying attention to general education about the principles of safety in the installation of heaters and the use of the gas networks, continuous and accurate monitoring of the installation and operation of CO-producing, and the use of sensitive alarms can reduce mortality and morbidity due to CO poisoning.
Endoscopic features for early detection of superior mesenteric artery syndrome in children
Authors: Kim Jae Young , Shin Myung Seok , Lee Sun Ho 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMA) syndrome is a rare cause of duodenal obstruction. Diagnostic delay of SMA syndrome is common due to its rarity and lack of index of clinical suspicion. Present study aims to explore the endoscopic features for early decision to evaluate SMA syndrome in children.
Methods

In case controlled observation study, we identified three endoscopic findings in enrolled cases like as, finding I: a pulsating band like luminal narrowing of the third part of the duodenum without no expansion over one third during air insufflation for at least 15 seconds, finding II: marked dilatation of the duodenal second part during air insufflation at the duodenal third part, and finding III: bile lake in the stomach. SMA syndrome was confirmed with upper GI series in patients with endoscopic finding I or I plus more. We analyzed positive endoscopic findings related with SMA syndrome.
Results

Twenty-nine patients consisted of 18 (62.1%) cases with SMA syndrome and 11 (37.9%) cases without SMA syndrome. The 3 most common presenting symptoms were postprandial discomfort, abdominal pain, and early satiety. The initial impressions before endoscopy were functional dyspepsia (37.9%), gastritis or gastric ulcer (31.0%), and SMA syndrome (24.1%). Sixteen patients (55.2%) had the constellation of three endoscopic findings (finding I + II + III). Of them, 72.2% confirmed with SMA syndrome, and 27.3% had no SMA syndrome in upper GI series (P = 0.027).
Conclusions

Endoscopic examination down to the third part of duodenum can provide a clue making a decision to evaluate SMA syndrome, which includes a feature composed of three findings like as a pulsating band like luminal narrowing of duodenal third part, a marked expansion of duodenal second part, and a bile lake in the stomach.
Medical educators’ beliefs about teaching, learning, and knowledge: development of a new framework
Authors: de Jonge Marleen Ottenhoff- , Hoeven Iris van der , Gesundheit Neil , Rijst Roeland van der , Kramer Anneke 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundThe educational beliefs of medical educators influence their teaching practices. Insight into these beliefs is important for medical schools to improve the quality of education they provide students and to guide faculty development.Several studies in the field of higher education have explored the educational beliefs of educators, resulting in classifications that provide a structural basis for diverse beliefs. However, few classification studies have been conducted in the field of medical education. We propose a framework that describes faculty beliefs about teaching, learning, and knowledge which is specifically adapted to the medical education context. The proposed framework describes a matrix in which educational beliefs are organised two dimensionally into belief orientations and belief dimensions. The belief orientations range from teaching-centred to learning-centred; the belief dimensions represent qualitatively distinct aspects of beliefs, such as ‘desired learning outcomes’ and ‘students’ motivation’.MethodsWe conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with 26 faculty members, all of whom were deeply involved in teaching, from two prominent medical schools. We used the original framework of Samuelowicz and Bain as a starting point for context-specific adaptation. The qualitative analysis consisted of relating relevant interview fragments to the Samuelowicz and Bain framework, while remaining open to potentially new beliefs identified during the interviews. A range of strategies were employed to ensure the quality of the results.ResultsWe identified a new belief dimension and adapted or refined other dimensions to apply in the context of medical education. The belief orientations that have counterparts in the original Samuelowicz and Bain framework are described more precisely in the new framework. The new framework sharpens the boundary between teaching-centred and learning-centred belief orientations. ConclusionsOur findings confirm the relevance of the structure of the original Samuelowicz and Bain beliefs framework. However, multiple adaptations and refinements were necessary to align the framework to the context of medical education. The refined belief dimensions and belief orientations enable a comprehensive description of the educational beliefs of medical educators. With these adaptations, the new framework provides a contemporary instrument to improve medical education and potentially assist in faculty development of medical educators.
Impact of Free Maternity Services on Outcomes related to Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Kenya: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Buitendyk Marie , Kosgei Wycliffe , Thorne Julie , Millar Heather , Marsha Joy , Kibet Vincent , Bernard Christian Ochieng , Payne Beth , Bernard Caitlin , Christoffersen-Deb Astrid 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background
Preeclampsia is a major contributor to maternal and neonatal mortality worldwide. Ninety-nine percent of these deaths occur in resource limited settings. One of the greatest barriers to women seeking medical attention remains the cost of care. Kenya implemented a nation-wide policy change in 2013, offering free maternity services to all women to address this concern. Here, we explore the impact of this policy change on maternal and neonatal outcomes specific to the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional chart review of women discharged or deceased with a diagnosis of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia or HELLP syndrome at a tertiary referral center in western Kenya one year before (June 1, 2012-May 31, 2013) and one year after (June 1, 2013-May 31, 2014) free maternity services were introduced at public facilities across the country. Demographic information, obstetric history, medical history, details of the current pregnancy, diagnosis on admission and at discharge, antepartum treatment, maternal outcomes, and neonatal outcomes were collected and compared.
Results
There were more in hospital deliveries after policy change was introduced. The proportion of women diagnosed with a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy was higher in the year before free maternity care although there was a statistically significant increase in the proportion of women diagnosed with gestational hypertension after policy change. Among those women diagnosed with hypertensive disorders, there was no difference in the proportion who developed obstetric or medical complications. Of concern, there was a statistically significant increase in the proportion of women dying as a result of their condition after policy change. There was a statistically significant increase in the use of magnesium sulfate for seizure prophylaxis. There was no overall difference in the use of anti-hypertensives between groups and no overall difference in the proportion of women who received dexamethasone for fetal lung maturity.
Conclusions
Free maternity services, however necessary, are insufficient to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes related to the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy at a tertiary referral center in western Kenya. Multiple complementary strategies acting in unison are urgently needed.
Impact of High Dietary Cornstarch Level on Growth,&nbsp;Antioxidant Response, and Immune Status in GIFT Tilapia, Oreochromis Niloticus
Authors: Han Haojun , Wang Zhen , Wang Jiting , Wang Tingting , Li Yang , Guan Dongyan , Sun Huiwen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between different starch levels in tilapia diet and immune function. All test fish were fed with three cornstarch levels: low-cornstarch (0, LS), medium-cornstarch (18%, MS) and high-cornstarch (36%, HS) groups. Three hundred and sixty fish (initial mean body weight 31.73 ± 1.36g) with good health condition were randomly allocated into twelve water-circulated tanks, and thirty fish per tank. After 70 days of feeding, the FBW, WGR, and SGR in HS group were significantly lower than those in LS and MS groups (P<0.05). The feed intake of the HS diet was lower than that of the MS and LS diets (P>0.05), and the FCR in HS diet was significantly higher than that of the MS and LS diets (P<0.05). The HS diet significantly decreased the content of crude protein and increased the content of crude lipid in whole body composition (P<0.05). Moreover, the VSI and CF in HS diet were significantly higher than those of LS diet (P<0.05). The results of blood biochemical index exhibited that the HS diet significantly increased the content of blood glucose, and liver/muscle glycogen (P<0.05). The results of antioxidant experiments demonstrated that the content of SOD and T-AOC in MS group were significantly higher than those of HS group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the content of MDA in MS group was significantly lower than that of HS group (P<0.05). The results of immune index test showed that the LYZ activities in the serum, liver, and gill, and the phagocytic activity and index in MS diet were significantly higher than those of HS diet (P<0.05). The challenge assay results revealed that the mortality rate of HS diet was higher than those of MS and LS diets, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). In conclusion, the results suggested that the 36% cornstarch diet reduced not only the growth performance, but also body immunity. Under this experimental condition, GIFT tilapia could tolerate 18% cornstarch, but not 36% cornstarch.
Development of non-soil media capable of degrading organic nitrogen to nitrate, as in natural soil
Authors: Meeboon Jamjan , Nishida Ryoya , Iwai Takashi , Fujiwara Kazuki , Takano Masao , Shinohara Makoto 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Artificial soil materials are unable to catalyse nitrification because added organic substances suppress nitrifying bacteria. We used a multiple parallel mineralization method, which enables the use of organic fertilizers in hydroponics, to support nitrification in non-soil materials. In this method, microorganisms immobilized on porous carriers produce inorganic nitrate from organic substances, as in natural soil. The carriers also released phosphate and potassium ions. Microorganisms produced nitrate from organic substances when immobilized on polyurethane resin, rockwool, vermiculite, oyster shell lime, and rice husk charcoal. The optimal amount of organic material added daily to 100 mL of carrier held 6 mg of organic N. Vegetable plants grew on inoculated materials but not on uninoculated materials. These results show that non-soil materials can be used to create artificial soils in which plants can be grown with the addition of organic fertilizer, as in natural soil.
Notch1 Haploinsufficiency in Mice Accelerates Adipogenesis
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazutoshi , Hayashi Motoharu , Uchida Yasuhiro , Cheng Xian , Nakayama Takayuki , Matsushita Tadashi , Murohara Toyoaki , Takeshita Kyosuke 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Notch signaling has been recognized recently as a key regulator of metabolism. Here, we determined the role of Notch1 in adipogenesis in wild-type (WT) and Notch1 hetero-mutant (N1+/-) mice provided with 12-week normal or high-fat diet. Haploinsufficiency of Notch1 was associated with adipose tissue accumulation despite similar food intake. White adipose tissue (WAT) of N1+/- showed accumulation of adipogenic cells (CD34 + CD68 + cells), crown-like structures, and upregulation of cell proliferation markers (cyclin D1 and Ki67). Notch1 expression in WAT reached peak levels in 8-week-old WT mice in parallel with fat accumulation, especially under HF/HS-feeding, whereas such increment was blunted in N1+/- mice. Downstream of Notch1 haploinsufficiency, over-expression of adipogenic factors PPARγ and C/EBPα was noted following down-regulation of downstream transcriptional factors of Notch signaling (Hes-1, Pref-1, and Sox9). Both pharmacological Notch signal inhibition and Notch1 knockdown enhanced adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. N1+/- mice showed impaired glucose and insulin tolerance with downregulation of IRS-1 and GLUT4 in WAT after high-fat diet. Taken together, our results suggest that haploinsufficiency of Notch1 promotes fat accumulation and adipogenesis and provides a mechanistic link between Notch signaling and development of metabolic syndrome.
Characteristics of Postgraduate Physician Assistant Residency/fellowship Programs: A National Survey
Authors: Kidd Vasco , Vanderlinden Sarah , Hooker Roderick 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Introduction: The development of postgraduate programs for physician assistants (PAs) began in 1973 and by 2020 there were approximately 100 programs spread across a broad range of medical and surgical disciplines. An assessment of these programs was undertaken. Method: A non-experimental, descriptive research study was designed to obtain information on the characteristics of PA postgraduate education programs in the US. The source of information was from surveyed members of the Association of Postgraduate Physician Assistant Programs. Questions were drawn from consensus discussions. Programs that were operational in 2020 were eligible to participate. Results: Seventy-two programs were invited to the survey and 34 replied. They are geographically distributed across the US in 13 states. The respondents represent a wide range of medicine: surgery, emergency medicine, critical care, orthopaedics, hospitalist, psychiatry, oncology, primary care, pediatrics, and cardiology. Most programs are associated with an academic medical center. The curriculum includes bedside teaching, lectures, mentorship, assigned reading, procedures, simulation, and conferences. The PA fellow serves as house officer alongside physician residents and fellows. An average program length is 12 months and awards a certificate. Stipends for PA fellows are $50,000-80,000 (2020 dollars) and benefits include paid time off, health and liability insurance. About half of the programs bill for the services rendered by the PA. Over 90% of graduates are employed within two months of fellowship completion. Conclusion: A trend is underway in American medicine to include PAs in postgraduate education. PA fellowships occur across a broad spectrum of medical and surgical areas, as well as diverse institutions and organizations overseeing the programs. Most are in academic medical centers or teaching hospitals. This study expands information on PA fellowships and their operation.
Towards a New Pseudo-quantitative Approach to Evaluate the Ionization Response of Nitrogen Compounds in Complex Matrices
Authors: Guillemant Julie , Lacoue-Nègre Marion , Berlioz-Barbier Alexandra , Albrieux Florian , de Oliveira Luis Pereira , Joly Jean-François , Duponchel Ludovic 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Ultra high-resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) coupled to electrospray ionization (ESI) provides unprecedented molecular characterization of complex matrices such as petroleum products. However, ESI faces major ionization competition phenomena that prevent the absolute quantification of the compounds of interest. On the other hand, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC) coupled to specific detectors (HRMS or NCD) is able to quantify the main families identified in these complex matrices. In this paper, this innovative dual approach has been used to evaluate the ionization response of nitrogen compounds in gas oils as a case study. To this extent, a large gas oil dataset has been analyzed by GC × GC/HRMS, GC × GC-NCD and ESI(+/-)-FT-ICR MS. Then, the concentrations obtained from GC × GC-NCD have been compared to those obtained from FT-ICR MS hence proving that strong ionization competitions are taking place and also depending on the origin of the sample. Finally, multilinear regressions (MLR) have been used to quantitatively predict nitrogen families from FT-ICR MS measurements as well as start rationalizing the ionization competition phenomena taking place between them in different types of gas oils.
Fundamentally Different Roles of Neuronal TNF Receptors in CNS Pathology: TNFR1 and IKKβ&nbsp;Promote Microglial Responses and Tissue Injury in Demyelination, TNFR2 Protects in Excitotoxicity in Mice
Authors: Papazian Irini , Tsoukala Eleni , Karamita Maria , Boutou Athena , Iliopoulou Lida , Kambas Konstantinos , Fischer Roman , Kontermann Roland , Denis Maria , Kollias George , Lassmann Hans , Probert Lesley 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BACKGROUNDDuring inflammatory demyelination TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) mediates detrimental proinflammatory effects of soluble TNF, whereas TNFR2 mediates beneficial effects of transmembrane TNF through oligodendrocytes, microglia, and possibly other cell types. This model supports use of selective inhibitors of soluble TNF/TNFR1 as antinflammatory drugs for CNS disease. A potential obstacle is the neuroprotective effect of soluble TNF pretreatment described in cultured neurons, but the in vivo relevance is unknown. METHODSTo address this question we generated mice with neuron-specific depletion of TNFR1, TNFR2 or IKKβ and applied experimental models of inflammatory demyelination and acute and preconditioning glutamate excitotoxicity. We also investigated the molecular and cellular requirements of soluble TNF (and therefore TNFR1) neuroprotection by generating astrocyte-neuron co-cultures with different combinations of wildtype and TNF and TNF receptor knockout cells and measuring NMDA excitotoxicity in vitro.RESULTSNeither neuronal TNFR1 nor TNFR2 protected mice during inflammatory demyelination. In fact, both neuronal TNFR1 and neuronal IKKβ promoted microglial responses and tissue injury, and TNFR1 was further required for oligodendrocyte loss and axonal damage in cuprizone demyelination. In contrast, neuronal TNFR2 increased preconditioning protection in a kainic acid excitotoxicity model in mice, and limited hippocampal neuron death. The neuroprotective effects of neuronal TNFR2 observed in vivo were further investigated in vitro. Here as expected, pretreatment of astrocyte-neuron co-cultures with soluble TNF protected them against NMDA excitotoxicity. However, protection was dependent on astrocyte, not neuronal TNFR1, on astrocyte transmembrane TNF-neuronal TNFR2 interactions, and was reproduced by a TNFR2 agonist. CONCLUSIONSThese results demonstrate that neuronal TNF receptors perform fundamentally different roles in CNS pathology in vivo, with neuronal TNFR1 and IKKβ promoting microglial inflammation and neurotoxicity in demyelination, and neuronal TNFR2 mediating neuroprotection in excitotoxicity. They also reveal that previously-described neuroprotective effects of soluble TNF (and therefore TNFR1) against glutamate excitotoxicity in vitro are indirect, and mediated by astrocyte transmembrane TNF-neuron TNFR2 interactions. These results consolidate the concept that selective inhibition of soluble TNF/TNFR1 with maintenance of TNFR2 function would have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties required for the safe treatment of CNS disease.