bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis of 3D orthogonal polymeric composites reinforced with metallic and glass fibrous z‐binders of varying sizes
Authors: Ghandour A. Ashraf , Selmy A. I. , Megahed M. , Kabeel A. M. , Ibrahim Ahmed 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDespite the wide use of three‐dimensional (3D) woven composites in different applications, their production is often costly. This study explores cost‐effective 3D orthogonal woven polymer composites to enhance mechanical performance. Four 3D composite variants, each incorporating different volumes of z‐binders (copper wires or glass fibers), were compared to a 2D woven composite. All composites were produced using a simple, economical hand lay‐up method. Wear resistance, in‐plane shear strength, and impact strength were assessed. Results indicated that all 3D composites surpassed the 2D composite in impact strength, especially those reinforced with glass fiber z‐binders. The single glass fiber z‐binder composite exhibited the highest impact strength increase (20.6%). Most 3D composites showed slightly reduced in‐plane shear strength compared to the 2D composite, with the smallest decrease (1.68%) observed in specimens with a small copper z‐binder. Notably, all 3D composites demonstrated superior wear resistance to 2D counterparts under various loads. Glass fiber z‐binder reinforcements outperformed copper z‐binders, with double fiber z‐binders yielding the maximum wear resistance enhancement. These findings underscore the potential of 3D woven composites for applications demanding high impact and wear resistance, such as automotive, structural components, and sports equipment.Highlights
3D woven composites are widely used in various engineering applications.
Limited studies explore the in‐plane shear and wear behavior of 3D composites.
Copper and glass fiber z‐binders were used in manufacturing 3D woven composites.
The used hand lay‐up method reduces manufacturing costs.
3D woven composites improve impact and wear resistance compared to 2D ones.
Flow modeling in a metering section of a single screw extruder with a small helix angle based on the energy dissipation rate
Authors: Gao Xuesi , Kim Hyoung Bum , Hwang Wook Ryol 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn the present work, an approach based on energy dissipation rate was presented for quantifying the screw characteristics, effective Reynolds number, viscosity, and shear rate of non‐Newtonian fluids in the metering zone of a single screw extruder, characterized by a small helix angle. The flow is separated into two individual flows: one induced by the screw rotation, known as rotational flow, and another driven by back‐pressure from the die, known as pressure‐driven flow. We start by investigating the individual flow problems separately, specifically focusing on the torque and rotation speed correlations in the rotational flow and exploring pressure buildup and flow rate correlations in the pressure‐driven flow. Following this, a method to quantify the combined flow, which includes both rotational and pressure‐driven flows, is formulated by blending the relationships from each of the individual flow, employing mixture rules to determine shear rate. The mixture rules involve a key parameter, the velocity ratio, to define the flow rate contribution of the two individual flows to the combined flow. The proposed method for quantifying flow is confirmed, by comparing the results with numerical simulations employing three different inelastic non‐Newtonian fluids. The proposed method can be employed to predict the pressure buildup and the torque and to monitor the viscosity behavior of the material as a function of the shear rate. A comparison of the theoretical predictions and the numerical simulation results for the estimation of pressure buildup, torque, and shear‐rate dependent viscosity revealed discrepancies of 11.7%, 3.6%, and 6.2%, respectively. Furthermore, we report that the commonly used relationship between dimensionless pressure number and dimensionless throughput number for a Newtonian fluid is applicable to that of non‐Newtonian fluids, with the effective viscosity employed in the present study.Highlights
Accurate estimation of representative viscosity of non‐Newtonian fluids for the flow in a single screw.
The flow in the screw is split into a rotating flow and a pressure‐driven flow.
Representative shear rates can be determined by rotational speed and flow rate.
Current and emerging PCSK9‐directed therapies to reduce LDL‐C and ASCVD risk: A state‐of‐the‐art review
Authors: Garwood Candice L. , Cabral Katherine P. , Brown Roy , Dixon Dave L. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAtherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Lowering low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) levels is a primary strategy to reduce ASCVD risk. Although statin therapy remains the initial therapy of choice to reduce LDL‐C and ASCVD risk, statin intolerance and suboptimal LDL‐C lowering response prompts the need for additional non‐statin therapies. Ezetimibe and bempedoic acid are reasonable options but they modestly reduce LDL‐C levels (15% to 25%). Therapies directed at the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) enzyme, however, reduce LDL‐C levels by 50%–60% when added to background statin therapy. PCSK9 is an enzyme synthesized by the liver that facilitates the degradation of LDL receptors and prevents their recycling to the hepatocyte surface to remove LDL‐C from circulation. Approaches to inhibit this effect have centered on monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (alirocumab, evolocumab) targeting PCSK9 functionality and small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapies (inclisiran) targeting the hepatic synthesis of PCSK9. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated beneficial cardiovascular outcomes of PCSK9 mAbs, but such evidence is not yet available for inclisiran. Current clinical practice guidelines generally recommend PCSK9‐directed therapies for higher‐risk patients with established ASCVD and those with familial hypercholesterolemia. This approach is, in part, due to their cost and uncertain economic value, but also because these therapies require subcutaneous administration, which is not preferred by some patients. Oral therapies targeting PCSK9 are, however, in development. This scoping review covers the development of current and emerging PCSK9‐directed therapies, their efficacy, safety, and role in clinical practice.
Thiol‐dithioester reaction: An approach to the end‐group removal and end‐functionalization of RAFT‐synthesized polymers
Authors: Huang Shan , Zhao Hanying 
Published: December 2024

AbstractReversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization has been one of the most versatile methods in the synthesis of well‐defined polymers. The stability of the thiocarbonylthio chain transfer agents (CTAs) in the polymerization and the removal of CTAs after the polymerization are the two great concerns for the applications of RAFT polymerization. In this research, thiol‐dithioester reaction under the catalysis of triethylamine (TEA) is studied. In a model reaction, thiolate anion has nucleophilic addition reaction with dithioester compound, resulting in the synthesis of a new dithioester and a new thiol compound. The effects of TEA to dithioester molar ratio and reaction time on the yield of the product are investigated. The application of thiol‐dithioester reaction in the removal of end CTAs from polymer chains is studied. 1H NMR, UV–vis, and size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) results all demonstrate the effective removal of CTAs and the generation of thiol groups at polymer chain ends. The thiol groups can be further used for the terminal functionalization of polymers. In this research, alkyne‐terminated poly(methyl methacrylate) and FMOC‐l‐Cys‐labeled poly(di‐[ethylene glycol] methyl ether methacrylate) are synthesized by TEA‐catalyzed thiol‐ene reaction and thiol‐disulfide reaction, respectively. Thiol‐dithioester reaction provides an effective approach to the removal of CTAs and end functionalization of RAFT synthesized polymers.
Proliferation dynamic of Paranosema locustae after infection and histopathogenic features on Locusta migratoria
Authors: Huo Fan , Liu Huixia , Guo Weiqi , Kang Hanye , Zhang Huihui , Jashenko Roman , Ji Rong , Hu Hongxia 
Published: December 2024

AbstractParanosema locustae are specialized parasites of Orthoptera that have been applied widely in the control of grasshoppers in many parts of the world. However, it is slow to kill insects, and how it works in the host is unclear. This work aimed to examine the proliferation of P. locustae within locust tissues and characterize the histological alterations occurring in the midgut, hindgut, and gonads of infected Locusta migratoria. The results showed that during the later stage of infection, the reproduction of P. locustae was most prominent in the fat body and salivary glands (109.26 and 108.91 copies /ug DNA, respectively). In contrast, the load of P. locustae was least in the craw and midgut (107.37 and 107.58 copies /ug DNA, respectively), illustrating that the proliferation of P. locustae in the body of locusts had a tissue tendency. The histopathological study revealed that lesions in the hindgut occurred prior to those in the midgut, indicating that P. locustae may have a mechanism for survival that enables it to avoid immune responses in specific organs. The testis exhibited earlier lesions compared to the ovaries, and in the advanced stages of infection, the testis harbored a higher load of P. locustae than the ovaries, suggesting a more pronounced impact on the male reproductive organs in comparison to the female ones. The results of our study enhance our comprehension of the rapid growth and disease‐causing mechanism of P. locustae, which can serve as a basis for enhancing its ability to kill insects. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Superior Temperature Sensing and Capacitive Energy‐Storage Performance in Pb‐Free Ceramics
Authors: Zeng Xiangfu , Zhang Yangdong , Shen Jie , Jiang Xingan , Wang Simin , Dai Haoyu , Wu Xiao , Gao Min , Zhao Chunlin , Lin Tengfei , Luo Laihui , Lin Jinfeng , Sa Baisheng , Lin Cong 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe ultrafast charge/discharge rate and high power density (PD) endow lead‐free dielectric energy storage ceramics (LDESCs) with enormous application potential in electric vehicles. However, their low energy storage density and single energy storage performance (ESP) limit their further development and applicability in rugged environments. Here, through the design of vacancy defects and phase structure regulation, Pb‐free (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3‐based ceramics with an optimal composition can achieve a large maximum polarization (>44 µC cm−2) under a moderate electric field (410 kV cm−1), resulting in an extremely high recoverable energy storage density (≈6.14 J cm−3), nearly ideal energy storage efficiency (91.32%), a very short time (≈67 ns) to release 90% of the energy, and a high PD (243.57 MW cm−3). More importantly, the energy storage capacities of these ceramics remain stable over a wide temperature range (25–220 °C) and for a wide range of fatigue cycles (1‐106). Additionally, the real‐time temperature sensing performance with high sensitivity (with a relative sensitivity of up to ≈0.04 K−1) in the ceramics is developed based on Yb3+ and Tm3+ codoping, which further supports the potential application of LDESCs to automotive batteries with a temperature monitoring function.
A Self‐Cascading Catalytic Therapy and Antigen Capture Scaffold‐Mediated T Cells Augments for Postoperative Brain Immunotherapy
Authors: Yalamandala Bhanu Nirosha , Moorthy Thrinayan , Liu Zhuo‐Hao , Huynh Thi My Hue , Iao Hoi Man , Pan Wan‐Chi , Wang Kang‐Li , Chiang Chi‐Shiun , Chiang Wen‐Hsuan , Liao Lun‐De , Liu Yu‐Chen , Hu Shang‐Hsiu 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe recruitment of T lymphocytes holds great potential for suppressing the most aggressive glioblastoma (GBM) recurrence with immunotherapy. However, the phenomenon of immune privilege and the generally low immunogenicity of vaccines often reduce the presence of lymphocytes within brain tumors, especially in brain tumor recurrence clusters. In this study, an implantable self‐cascading catalytic therapy and antigen capture scaffold (CAS) that can boost catalytic therapy efficiency at post‐surgery brain tumor and capture the antigens via urethane‐polyethylene glycol‐polypropylene glycol (PU‐EO‐PO) segments are developed for postoperative brain immunotherapy. The CAS consists of 3D‐printed elastomers modified with iron (Fe2+) metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs, MIL88) and acts as a programmed peroxide mimic in cancer cells to initiate the Fenton reaction and sustain ROS production. With the assistance of chloroquine (CQ), autophagy is inhibited through lysosome deacidification, which interrupts the self‐defense mechanism, further enhances cytotoxicity, and releases antigens. Then, CAS containing PU‐EO‐PO groups acts as an antigen depot to detain autologous tumor‐associated antigens to dendritic cells maturation and T cell augments for sustained immune stimulation. CAS enhanced the immune response to postoperative brain tumors and improved survival through brain immunotherapy.
Non‐Conjugated Gridized Nanopolymers as an Efficient Hole‐Transport Material for Blue Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Tao Fangju , Wei Ying , Chen Jian , Li Yang , Wang Yongxia , Zhang Zheng , Pu Yueting , Wang Kuande , Li Hao , Li Xiaoyan , Feng Quanyou , Chen Shufen , Yang Tonglin , Liu Lihui , Xie Linghai , Huang Wei 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDespite the remarkable advancements in perovskite light‐emitting diode (PeLED) technology, the development of blue PeLEDs has lagged. The primary bottleneck lies in the difficulty of finding hole transport materials (HTMs) that can both match the energy levels of blue perovskite materials and exhibit efficient hole transport performance. Herein, a novel non‐conjugated polyethylene carbazole‐based polymer (P‐AGCz) is developed that has excellent solution processability and serves as an efficient dopant‐free HTM for PeLEDs. The flexible non‐conjugated polyethylene backbone of P‐AGCz provides exceptional film‐forming capabilities. Moreover, the A‐shaped carbazole‐based side chains deepen the HOMO energy level and minimize the recombination energy, enhancing its ability to inject and transport holes within PeLEDs. The PeLEDs employing P‐AGCz as a low‐cost, dopant‐free polymer HTM have attained an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 3.26%, which is 1.54 times greater than poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK)‐based devices, with a brightness enhancement of 584 cd m−2 over the PVK‐based devices. Furthermore, the P‐AGCz‐based devices exhibit higher current efficiency at lower driving voltages, indicating reduced energy consumption and expanded potential for future applications.
Nanostructured Boron‐Doped Ultra‐Nanocrystalline Diamond Micro‐Pyramids: Efficient Electrochemical Supercapacitors
Authors: Suman Shradha , Sharma Dhananjay Kumar , Szabo Ondrej , Rakesh Benadict , Marton Marian , Vojs Marian , Sankaran Kamatchi Jothiramalingam , Kromka Alexander 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe miniaturization of electrochemical supercapacitors (EC‐SCs) requires electrode materials that are both durable and efficient. Boron‐doped diamond (BDD) films are an ideal choice for EC‐SC due to their durability and exceptional electrochemical performance. In this study, nanostructured boron‐doped ultra‐nanocrystalline diamonds (NBUNCD) are fabricated on Si micro‐pyramids (SiP) using a simple reactive ion etching (RIE) process. During the etching process, the high aspect ratio and the induction of sp2 graphite in these nanorod electrodes achieved a maximum specific capacitance of 53.7 mF cm−2 at a current density of 2.54 mA cm−2, with a 95.5% retention after 5000 cycles. Additionally, the energy density reached 54.06 µW h cm−2 at a power density of 0.25 µW cm−2. A symmetric pouch cell using NBUNCD/SiP exhibited a specific capacitance of 0.23 mF cm−2 at 20 µA cm−2, an energy density of 31.98 µW h cm−2, and a power density of 0.91 µW cm−2. These superior EC properties highlight NBUNCD/SiP’s potential for advancing miniaturized supercapacitors with high capacitance retention, cycle stability, and energy density.
Engineered Aptamer‐Derived Fluorescent Aptasensor: the Label‐Free, Single‐Step, Rapid Detection of Vancomycin in Clinical Samples
Authors: Liu Zhou‐Jie , Liang Yu‐Qi , Li Jia‐Yi , Wu Bing , Huang Chen , Liu Yi‐Wei , Zhang Chen‐Zhi , Yang Ye , Cai Nai‐Qing , Chen Jin‐Yuan , Lin Xin‐Hua 
Published: December 2024

AbstractCurrently, the reported vancomycin (VCM) aptamers, including the 3‐ (Kd = 9.13 × 10−6 m) and 4‐truncated variants (Kd = 45.5 × 10−6 m), are engineered via stem truncation of the VCM parent aptamer, which inevitably compromises their affinities, thus affecting their clinical application within the VCM therapeutic window of 6.9–13.8 × 10−6 m. Herein, the binding pocket of the VCM parent aptamer is elucidated for the first time and we implemented the Post‐SELEX modification strategy involving truncation and mutagenesis to refined the VCM parent aptamer. This yielded a VCM aptamer (ABC20‐11) with an intramolecular G‐triplex, an enhanced thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence intensity, and an improved affinity (Kd = 0.591 × 10−6 m) and specificity (one‐methyl level) for VCM. Utilizing a portable fluorescence detector specifically designed for rapidly detecting VCM concentration and leveraging the competitive binding between VCM and ThT to ABC20‐11, a label‐free fluorescent aptasensor is developed. This aptasensor exhibits exceptional analytical performances across various clinical samples (serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and joint fluid), with corresponding linear ranges of 0.5–50, 0.5–40, and 0.5–50 × 10−6 m and detection limits at 0.11, 0.12, and 0.16 × 10−6 m, respectively. Consequently, the proposed VCM aptasensor displays considerable clinical value and potential for use in rapid VCM detection.
Ferroelastic Domain Switching and Time‐Resolved Negative Capacitance in Polar‐Axis‐Oriented Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 Grown by Atomic Layer Epitaxy
Authors: Jiang Yu‐Sen , Lin Wei‐En , Shiojiri Makoto , Yin Yu‐Tung , Su Yu‐Cheng , Nien Chih‐Hung , Hsu Chen‐Feng , Hou Vincent Duen‐Huei , Chang Chih‐Sheng , Radu Iuliana , Chen Miin‐Jang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractFerroelectric properties of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 are strongly correlated with its crystallographic orientation, with the [001] direction serving as the polar axis. However, the epitaxial growth of highly polar‐axis‐oriented Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 layers with pronounced ferroelectricity is rarely reported. Here epitaxial (001)‐oriented Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films grown by atomic layer epitaxy (ALE) is demonstrated, which achieve a state‐of‐the‐art ferroelectric polarization up to 78.9 µC cm−2. The epitaxial Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 layer experiences a lattice reorientation from (010) to (001) during the wake‐up process, as evidenced by plane‐view precession electron diffraction. Accordingly, a two‐step, 90° ferroelastic domain switching model is proposed to elucidate multiple polarization switching. Furthermore, the observed polarization switching dynamics closely match with the time‐resolved negative capacitance, which is quantified as an equivalent high dielectric constant of −170. This study highlights the capability of ALE to precisely control the crystallographic orientation of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films, providing deep insights into fundamental ferroelectric mechanisms.
Constructing a Conductive Micro/Nano Network Within Interpenetrating Phase Composites for Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Su Yujie , Wang Yunxia , Li Xiaojuan , Liu Hao , Wang Jianzhang , Wang Daoai , Yu Qiangliang , Zhou Feng 
Published: December 2024

AbstractInterpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) are gaining popularity because of their unique topological characteristics, which include their light weight and ability to conduct electricity. Herein, a novel metal‒polymer IPC composed mainly of a 3D nickel foam(NF) at the microscale and a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) matrix are developed. Moreover, a nanonetwork composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) bridging the nickel skeleton and PTFE matrix is created within the IPC via a simple impregnation method. The construction of a micro/nano hybrid network not only enhances the tribological performance and friction heat dissipation but also increases the triboelectric output response, which is 30 and 7.5 times greater than that of pristine PTFE and binary NF‐PTFE IPC, respectively. The fabricated IPC endures long‐term tests after 36 000 cycles without notable wear scarring, exhibiting great potential for future optimization of triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG) durability and potential application in a variety of fields, such as wear‐resisting materials, high‐performance energy absorption and heat management.
ROS Regulation in CNS Disorder Therapy: Unveiling the Dual Roles of Nanomedicine
Authors: Quan Zhengyang , Wang Sa , Xie Huanhuan , Zhang Jiayi , Duan Ranran , Li Menglin , Zhang Jinfeng 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe treatment of brain diseases has always been the focus of attention. Due to the presence of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), most small molecule drugs are difficult to reach the brain, leading to undesirable therapeutic outcomes. Recently, nanomedicines that can cross the BBB and precisely target lesion sites have emerged as thrilling tools to enhance the early diagnosis and treat various intractable brain disorders. Extensive research has shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in the occurrence and progression of brain diseases, including brain tumors and neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, or traumatic brain injury, making ROS a potential therapeutic target. In this review, on the structure and function of BBB as well as the mechanisms are first elaborated through which nanomedicine traverses it. Then, recent studies on ROS production are summarized through photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and sonodynamic therapy (SDT) for treating brain tumors, and ROS depletion for treating NDDs. This provides valuable guidance for the future design of ROS‐targeted nanomedicines for brain disease treatment. The ongoing challenges and future perspectives in developing nanomedicine‐based ROS management for brain diseases are also discussed and outlined.
Ameliorating Defects in Wide Bandgap Tin Perovskite Solar Cells Using Fluorinated Solvent and Hydrazide
Authors: Khadka Dhruba B. , Shirai Yasuhiro , Sahara Ryoji , Yanagida Masatoshi , Miyano Kenjiro 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSurface passivation with multifunctional molecules is an effective strategy to mitigate the defect and improve the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, the fabrication of a wide bandgap‐PSC is reported with tin perovskite (WB‐Sn‐HP; bandgap: 1.68 eV), followed by molecular surface passivation using 4‐Fluoro‐benzohydrazide (F‐BHZ). WB‐Sn‐PSC has demonstrated a promising device efficiency of 11.14% with improved device stability. The key to enhancing device performance lies in the meticulous engineering of both surface and bulk properties of WB‐Sn‐HP film with F‐BHZ treatment as a consequence of stronger electrostatic potential and molecular interaction with hydrazine and carbonyl functionalities. A compact perovskite film and highly crystalline film growth results in a longer carrier lifetime and surface defect mitigation with the control of Sn2+ oxidation as supported by theoretical calculations. This work underlines the promising potential of chemical engineering to improve the device performance of WB‐Sn‐PSC and stability using multifunctional passivating molecules.