bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le « citoyen du monde » et l’évasion fiscale
Authors: Liger-Belair Philippe 
Published: April 2020

La citoyenneté au sens moderne implique certains devoirs, parmi lesquels le devoir fiscal. Si les États ont toujours eu à faire face à des tentatives d’évitement de l’impôt par les contribuables, la mondialisation a introduit une dynamique inédite d’évasion fiscale. Face aux « citoyens du monde », les États peuvent déplorer le manque de civisme par rapport à l’impôt ou entrer dans le jeu de la compétition fiscale. En s’appuyant sur une connaissance intime du sujet par l’auteur qui a mené une première carrière de fiscaliste international, sur des apports théoriques sur la citoyenneté et sur une enquête sociologique auprès de trente-cinq individus appartenant à l’élite économique mondiale, cet article analyse le cercle vicieux qui mine l’un des piliers des démocraties modernes qu’est le consentement à l’impôt.
Dapatkah D-dimer Digunakan sebagai Penanda Koagulasi pada Kanker?
Authors: Sukrisman Lugyanti 
Published: April 2020

Pasien kanker mempunyai risiko tinggi untuk mengalami trombosis, terutama tromboemboli vena (TEV).. Pasien kanker yang mengalami TEV mempunyai risiko mortalitas yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pasien kanker tanpa TEV.Faktor-faktor risiko yang berkaitan dengan terjadinya trombosis pada pasien kanker bersifat multipel dan kompleks, tidak hanya akibat cancer procoagulant yang dilepaskan oleh sel kanker, tetapi juga jenis kanker, stasis akibat masa tumor, respons tubuh dari pejamu (penderita kanker), dan pengobatan yang dijalani oleh pasien tersebut. Pengobatan yang meningkatkan risiko trombosis pada penderita kanker diantaranya adalah operasi, kemoterapi dengan obat-obat tertentu seperti cisplatin, asparaginase, thalidomide, maupun terapi hormonal. Kondisi komorbid atau imobilisasi yang sering dialami oleh pasien kanker yang dirawat juga meningkatkan risiko trombosis pada pasien tersebut. Selain itu, pemakaian kateter vena sentral juga meningkatkan risiko trombosis pada area kateter tersebut.
The Cybernetics Group
Authors: Heims Steve Joshua 
Published: April 2020

This is the engaging story of a moment of transformation in the human sciences, a detailed account of a remarkable group of people who met regularly from 1946 to 1953 to explore the possibility of using scientific ideas that had emerged in the war years (cybernetics, information theory, computer theory) as a basis for interdisciplinary alliances. The Macy Conferences on Cybernetics, as they came to be called, included such luminaries as Norbert Wiener, John von Neumann, Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, Warren McCulloch, Walter Pitts, Kurt Lewin, F. S. C. Northrop, Molly Harrower, and Lawrence Kubie, who thought and argued together about such topics as insanity, vision, circular causality, language, the brain as a digital machine, and how to make wise decisions. Heims, who met and talked with many of the participants, portrays them not only as thinkers but as human beings. His account examines how the conduct and content of research are shaped by the society in which it occurs and how the spirit of the times, in this case a mixture of postwar confidence and cold-war paranoia, affected the thinking of the cybernetics group. He uses the meetings to explore the strong influence elite groups can have in establishing connections and agendas for research and provides a firsthand took at the emergence of paradigms that were to become central to the new fields of artificial intelligence and cognitive science. In his joint biography of John von Neumann and Norbert Wiener, Heims offered a challenging interpretation of the development of recent American science and technology. Here, in this group portrait of an important generation of American intellectuals, Heims extends that interpretation to a broader canvas, in the process paying special attention to the two iconoclastic figures, Warren McCulloch and Gregory Bateson, whose ideas on the nature of the mind/brain and on holism are enjoying renewal today.
Steve J. Heims, once a research physicist, has devoted his attention to the history of twentieth century science for the past two decades.
The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
Turtle Geometry
Authors: Abelson Harold , diSessa Andrea 
Published: April 2020

Turtle Geometry presents an innovative program of mathematical discovery that demonstrates how the effective use of personal computers can profoundly change the nature of a student's contact with mathematics. Using this book and a few simple computer programs, students can explore the properties of space by following an imaginary turtle across the screen. The concept of turtle geometry grew out of the Logo Group at MIT. Directed by Seymour Papert, author of Mindstorms, this group has done extensive work with preschool children, high school students and university undergraduates.
The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
Tuning the Bandgap Character of Quantum‐Confined Si–Sn Alloyed Nanocrystals
Authors: Bürkle Marius , Lozac'h Mickaël , McDonald Calum , Macias‐Montero Manuel , Alessi Bruno , Mariotti Davide , Švrček Vladimir 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNanocrystals in the regime between molecules and bulk give rise to unique electronic properties. Here, a thorough study focusing on quantum‐confined nanocrystals (NCs) is provided. At the level of density functional theory an approximate (quasi) band structure which addresses both the molecular and bulk aspects of finite‐sized NCs is calculated. In particular, how band‐like features emerge with increasing particle diameter is shown. The quasiband structure is used to discuss technological‐relevant direct bandgap NCs. It is found that ultrasmall Sn NCs have a direct bandgap in their at‐nanoscale‐stable α‐phase and for high enough Sn concentration (≈41%) alloyed Si–Sn NCs transition from indirect to direct bandgap semiconductors. The calculations strongly support recent experiments suggesting a direct bandgap for these systems. For a quantitative comparison many‐body GW + Bethe–Salpeter equation (BSE) calculations are performed. The predicted optical gaps are close to the experimental data and the calculated absorbance spectra compare well with the corresponding measurements.
High Thermoelectric Performance in Sulfide‐Type Argyrodites Compound Ag8Sn(S1−xSex)6 Enabled by Ultralow Lattice Thermal Conductivity and Extended Cubic Phase Regime
Authors: Shen Xingchen , Xia Yi , Yang Chun‐Chuen , Zhang Zhao , Li Shulong , Tung Yung‐Hsiang , Benton Allen , Zhang Xiao , Lu Xu , Wang Guoyu , He Jian , Zhou Xiaoyuan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractArgyrodites with a general chemical formula of A8BC6 are known for complex phase transitions, ultralow lattice thermal conductivity, and mixed electronic and ionic conduction. The coexistence of ionic conduction and promising thermoelectric performance have recently been reported in selenide and telluride argyrodites, but scarcely in sulfide argyrodites. Here, the thermoelectric properties of Ag8Sn(S1−xSex)6 are reported. Specifically, Ag8SnS6 exhibits intrinsically ultralow lattice thermal conductivities of 0.61–0.31 W m−1 K−1 over the whole temperature range from 32 to 773 K due to distorted local crystal structure, relatively weak chemical bonding, rattler‐like Ag atoms, low‐lying optical modes, and dynamic disorder of Ag ions at high temperatures. Se doping shifts the orthorhombic–cubic phase transition from 457 K at x = 0 to 430 K at x = 0.10, thereby expanding the temperature range of the thermoelectrically favored cubic phase. A figure of merit zT value ≈ 0.80 is achieved at 773 K in Ag8Sn(S1−xSex)6 (x = 0.03), the highest zT value reported in sulfide argyrodites. These results fill a knowledge gap of the thermoelectric study of argyrodites and contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the chemical bonding, lattice dynamics, and thermal transport of argyrodites.
Air‐Stable Monolayer Cu2Se Exhibits a Purely Thermal Structural Phase Transition
Authors: Qian Kai , Gao Lei , Chen Xiya , Li Hang , Zhang Shuai , Zhang Xian‐Li , Zhu Shiyu , Yan Jiahao , Bao Deliang , Cao Lu , Shi Jin‐An , Lu Jianchen , Liu Chen , Wang Jiaou , Qian Tian , Ding Hong , Gu Lin , Zhou Wu , Zhang Yu‐Yang , Lin Xiao , Du Shixuan , Ouyang Min , Pantelides Sokrates T. , Gao Hong‐Jun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractMaterials possessing structural phase transformations exhibit a rich set of physical and chemical properties that can be used for a variety of applications. In 2D materials, structural transformations have so far been induced by strain, lasers, electron injection, electron/ion beams, thermal loss of stoichiometry, and chemical treatments or by a combination of such approaches and annealing. However, stoichiometry‐preserving, purely thermal, reversible phase transitions, which are fundamental in physics and can be easily induced, have not been observed. Here, the fabrication of monolayer Cu2Se, a new 2D material is reported, demonstrating the existence of a purely thermal structural phase transition. Scanning tunneling microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) identify two structural phases at 78 and 300 K. DFT calculations trace the phase‐transition mechanism via the existence/absence of imaginary (unstable) phonon modes at low and high temperatures. In situ, variable‐temperature low‐energy electron diffraction patterns demonstrate that the phase transition occurs across the whole sample at ≈147 K. Angle‐resolved photoemission spectra and DFT calculations show that a degeneracy at the Γ point of the energy bands of the high‐temperature phase is lifted in the low‐temperature phase. This work opens up possibilities for studying such phase transitions in 2D materials.
Molecular Approach to Electrochemically Switchable Monolayer MoS2 Transistors
Authors: Zhao Yuda , Bertolazzi Simone , Maglione Maria Serena , Rovira Concepció , Mas‐Torrent Marta , Samorì Paolo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAs Moore's law is running to its physical limit, tomorrow's electronic systems can be leveraged to a higher value by integrating “More than Moore” technologies into CMOS digital circuits. The hybrid heterostructure composed of two‐dimensional (2D) semiconductors and molecular materials represents a powerful strategy to confer new properties to the former components, realize stimuli‐responsive functional devices, and enable diversification in “More than Moore” technologies. Here, an ionic liquid (IL) gated 2D MoS2 field‐effect transistor (FET) with molecular functionalization is fabricated. The suitably designed ferrocene‐substituted alkanethiol molecules not only improve the FET performance, but also show reversible electrochemical switching on the surface of MoS2. Field‐effect mobility of monolayer MoS2 reaches values as high as ≈116 cm2 V−1 s−1 with Ion/Ioff ratio exceeding 105. Molecules in their neutral or charged state impose distinct doping effect, efficiently tuning the electron density in monolayer MoS2. It is noteworthy that the joint doping effect from IL and switchable molecules results in the steep subthreshold swing of MoS2 FET in the backward sweep. These results demonstrate that the device architecture represents an unprecedented and powerful strategy to fabricate switchable 2D FET with a chemically programmed electrochemical signal as a remote control, paving the road toward novel functional devices.
Covalent–Organic Frameworks: Advanced Organic Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Sun Tao , Xie Jian , Guo Wei , Li Dong‐Sheng , Zhang Qichun 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCovalent–organic frameworks (COFs), featuring structural diversity, framework tunability and functional versatility, have emerged as promising organic electrode materials for rechargeable batteries and garnered tremendous attention in recent years. The adjustable pore configuration, coupled with the functionalization of frameworks through pre‐ and post‐synthesis strategies, enables a precise customization of COFs, which provides a novel perspective to deepen the understanding of the fundamental problems of organic electrode materials. In this review, a summary of the recent research into COFs electrode materials for rechargeable batteries including lithium‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, potassium‐ion batteries, and aqueous zinc batteries is provided. In addition, this review will also cover the working principles, advantages and challenges, strategies to improve electrochemical performance, and applications of COFs in rechargeable batteries.
Small depressed lesion of the colon detected using image‐enhanced endoscopy: A case of adenocarcinoma of the lung with metastasis to the colon
Authors: Lin Shih‐Chun , Chien Hui‐Ping , Lin Yu‐Min 
Published: April 2020

AbstractColonic metastasis from lung cancer is rare. The findings of metastatic lesion colonoscopies are variable, and such lesions usually have advanced features. Here, we report a case of a patient with lung adenocarcinoma metastasis to the colon presenting with chronic diarrhea. The patient underwent a colonoscopy, and a small depressed lesion was identified at the ascending colon. In narrow‐band imaging (NBI), the lesion appeared dark brown with an irregular and disrupted vascular pattern on the surface. An invasive tumor was suspected based on image‐enhanced endoscopy (IEE). The pathologic report revealed adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry was positive for thyroid transcription factor 1 and negative for caudal‐related homeobox transcription factor 2 in colonic biopsy specimens. The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the lung with metastasis to the colon was confirmed. This case report presents surface images of metastatic lesions in the colon and highlights the role of NBI in predicting the invasiveness of depressed lesions. The application of IEE could be extended to the evaluation of not only primary but also metastatic lesions in the colon.
Relationships between population traits, nonstructural carbohydrates, and elevation in alpine stands of Vaccinium myrtillus
Authors: Casolo Valentino , Braidot Enrico , Petrussa Elisa , Zancani Marco , Vianello Angelo , Boscutti Francesco 
Published: April 2020

PremiseDespite great attention given to the relationship between plant growth and carbon balance in alpine tree species, little is known about shrubs at the treeline. We hypothesized that the pattern of main nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) across elevations depends on the interplay between phenotypic trait plasticity, plant–plant interaction, and elevation.MethodsWe studied the pattern of NSCs (i.e., glucose, fructose, sucrose, and starch) in alpine stands of Vaccinium myrtillus (above treeline) across an elevational gradient. In the same plots, we measured key growth traits (i.e., anatomical stem features) and shrub cover, evaluating putative relationships with NSCs.ResultsGlucose content was positively related with altitude, but negatively related with shrub cover. Sucrose decreased at high altitude and in older populations and increased with higher percentage of vascular tissue. Starch content increased at middle and high elevations and in stands with high shrub cover. Moreover, starch content was negatively related with the number of xylem rings and the percentage of phloem tissue, but positively correlated with the percentage of xylem tissue.ConclusionsWe found that the increase in carbon reserves across elevations was uncoupled from plant growth, supporting the growth limitation hypothesis, which postulates NSCs accumulate at high elevation as a consequence of low temperature. Moreover, the response of NSC content to the environmental stress caused by elevation was buffered by phenotypic plasticity of plant traits, suggesting that, under climate warming conditions, shrub expansion due to enhanced plant growth would be pronounced in old but sparse stands.
Neurosurgical Intervention for Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Sondag Lotte , Schreuder Floris H. B. M. , Boogaarts Hieronymus D. , Rovers Maroeska M. , Vandertop W. Peter , Dammers Ruben , Klijn Catharina J. M. ,   the Dutch ICH Surgery Trial Study Group, part of the CONTRAST consortium
Published: April 2020

ObjectiveThe effect of surgical treatment for supratentorial spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and whether it is modified by key baseline characteristics and timing remains uncertain.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials of surgical treatment of supratentorial spontaneous ICH aimed at clot removal. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to February 21, 2019. Primary outcome was good functional outcome at follow‐up; secondary outcomes were death and serious adverse events. We analyzed all types of surgery combined and minimally invasive approaches separately. We pooled risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals and assessed the modifying effect of age, Glasgow Coma Scale, hematoma volume, and timing of surgery with meta‐regression analysis.ResultsWe included 21 studies with 4,145 patients; 4 (19%) were of the highest quality. Risk ratio of good functional outcome after any type of surgery was 1.40 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22–1.60, I2 = 46%, 20 studies), and after minimally invasive surgery it was 1.47 (95% CI = 1.26–1.72, I2 = 47%, 12 studies). For death, the risk ratio for any type of surgery was 0.77 (95% CI = 0.68–0.85, I2 = 23%, 21 studies), and for minimally invasive surgery it was 0.68 (95% CI = 0.56–0.83, I2 = 14%, 13 studies). Serious adverse events were reported infrequently. Surgery seemed more effective when performed sooner after symptom onset (p = 0.04, 12 studies). Age, Glasgow Coma Scale, and hematoma volume did not modify the effect of surgery.InterpretationSurgical treatment of supratentorial spontaneous ICH may be beneficial, in particular with minimally invasive procedures and when performed soon after symptom onset. Further well‐designed randomized trials are needed to demonstrate whether (minimally invasive) surgery improves functional outcome after ICH and to determine the optimal time window of the treatment after symptom onset. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:239–250.
Photon Equivalents as a Parameter for Scaling Photoredox Reactions in Flow: Translation of Photocatalytic C−N Cross‐Coupling from Lab Scale to Multikilogram Scale
Authors: Corcoran Emily B. , McMullen Jonathan P. , Lévesque François , Wismer Michael K. , Naber John R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWith the development of new photocatalytic methods over recent decades, the translation of these chemical reactions to industrial‐production scales using continuous‐flow reactors has become a topic of increasing interest. In this context, we describe our studies toward elucidating an empirically derived parameter for scaling photocatalytic reactions in flow. By evaluating the performance of a photocatalytic C−N cross‐coupling reaction across multiple reactor sizes and geometries, it was demonstrated that expressing product yield as a function of the absorbed photon equivalents provides a predictive, empirical scaling parameter. Through the use of this scaling factor and characterization of the photonic flux within each reactor, the cross‐coupling was scaled successfully from the milligram scale in batch to a multi‐kilogram reaction in flow.
A Janus Fe‐SnO2Catalyst that Enables Bifunctional Electrochemical Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Cong Meiyu , Ding Xin , Jin Yu , Xu Fanfan , Wang Yong , Chen Lin , Zhang Lixue 
Published: April 2020

AbstractElectrochemical N2reduction reactions (NRR) and the N2oxidation reaction (NOR), using H2O and N2, are a sustainable approach to N2fixation. To date, owing to the chemical inertness of nitrogen, emerging electrocatalysts for the electrochemical NRR and NOR at room temperature and atmospheric pressure remain largely underexplored. Herein, a new‐type Fe‐SnO2was designed as a Janus electrocatalyst for achieving highly efficient NRR and NOR catalysis. A high NH3yield of 82.7 μg h−1 mgcat.−1and a Faraday efficiency (FE) of 20.4 % were obtained for NRR. This catalyst can also serve as an excellent NOR electrocatalyst with a NO3−yields of 42.9 μg h−1 mgcat.−1and a FE of 0.84 %. By means of experiments and DFT calculations, it is revealed that the oxygen vacancy‐anchored single‐atom Fe can effectively adsorb and activate chemical inert N2molecules, lowering the energy barrier for the vital breakage of N≡N and resulting in the enhanced N2fixation performance.
Guest Binding Drives Host Redistribution in Libraries of CoII4L4 Cages
Authors: Kieffer Marion , Bilbeisi Rana A. , Thoburn John D. , Clegg Jack K. , Nitschke Jonathan R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTwo CoII4L4 tetrahedral cages prepared from similar building blocks showed contrasting host–guest properties. One cage did not bind guests, whereas the second encapsulated a series of anions, due to electronic and geometric effects. When the building blocks of both cages were present during self‐assembly, a library of five CoIILAxLB4−x cages was formed in a statistical ratio in the absence of guests. Upon incorporation of anions able to interact preferentially with some library members, the products obtained were redistributed in favor of the best anion binders. To quantify the magnitudes of these templation effects, ESI‐MS was used to gauge the effect of each template upon library redistribution.
Squalenyl Hydrogen Sulfate Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Delivery of Tobramycin and an Alkylquinolone Quorum Sensing Inhibitor Enable the Eradication of P. aeruginosa Biofilm Infections
Authors: Ho Duy‐Khiet , Murgia Xabier , De Rossi Chiara , Christmann Rebekka , Hüfner de Mello Martins Antonio G. , Koch Marcus , Andreas Anastasia , Herrmann Jennifer , Müller Rolf , Empting Martin , Hartmann Rolf W. , Desmaele Didier , Loretz Brigitta , Couvreur Patrick , Lehr Claus‐Michael 
Published: April 2020

AbstractElimination of pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections is challenging to accomplish with antibiotic therapies, mainly due to resistance mechanisms. Quorum sensing inhibitors (QSIs) interfering with biofilm formation can thus complement antibiotics. For simultaneous and improved delivery of both active agents to the infection sites, self‐assembling nanoparticles of a newly synthesized squalenyl hydrogen sulfate (SqNPs) were prepared. These nanocarriers allowed for remarkably high loading capacities of hydrophilic antibiotic tobramycin (Tob) and a novel lipophilic QSI at 30 % and circa 10 %, respectively. The drug‐loaded SqNPs showed improved biofilm penetration and enhanced efficacy in relevant biological barriers (mucin/human tracheal mucus, biofilm), leading to complete eradication of PA biofilms at circa 16‐fold lower Tob concentration than Tob alone. This study offers a viable therapy optimization and invigorates the research and development of QSIs for clinical use.