bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composite "Layered-Layered-Spinel" Electrodes for High Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Park Joong Sun , Croy Jason R. , Long Brandon R. , Lee Eungje , Thackeray Michael M. 
Published: February 2020

The lithium- and manganese-rich class of composite materials, xLi2MnO3•(1-x)LiMO2(M=Ni ,Mn, Co), have attracted great interest as next generation cathode materials for advanced lithium ion batteries [1]. Significant capacities of over 250mAh/g can be achieved with x values between 0.3 and 0.5; however these electrodes suffer from severe structural and electrochemical decay related to voltage fade and hysteresis [2].
Recently, structurally compatible spinel components have been incorporated into the ‘layered-layered’ structures, and it has been demonstrated that these new ‘layered-layered-spinel’ composites, with formula y[xLi2MnO3•(1-x)LiMO2]•(1-y)LiM2O4), show enhanced electrochemical properties including high first cycle efficiency and good structural stability through careful control operating voltage and composition [3,4]. In a recent study it was found that the cobalt concentration plays an important role in controlling the cycling stability of ‘layered-layered-spinel’ composites [4].
This presentation will discuss results on electrochemical properties of ‘layered-layered-spinel’ composites obtained by further exploring and optimizing electrode compositions and structures. In particular, the effect of nickel and manganese concentrations on tailoring of structures and electrochemical performance will be reviewed.

References

[1] M. M. Thackeray, C. S. Johnson, J. T. Vaughey, N. Li, and S. A. Hackney, J. Mat. Chem., 15, 2257 (2005).
[2] J. R. Croy, K. G. Gallagher, M. Balasubramanian, B. R. Long, and M. M. Thackeray, J. Electrochem. Soc, 161, A318 (2014).
[3] D. Kim, G. Sandi, J. R. Croy, K. G. Gallagher, S.-H. Kang, E. Lee, M. D. Slater, C. S. Johnson, M. M. Thackeray, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, A31 (2013).
[4] B. R. Long, J. R. Croy, J. S. Park, J. Wen, D. J. Miller, M. M. Thackeray, J. Electrochem. Soc, 161, A2160 (2014)

Acknowledgment

Support from the Vehicle Technologies Program, Hybrid and Electric Systems, in particular, David Howell, Peter Faguy, and Tien Duong at the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, is gratefully acknowledged.
The submitted document has been created by UChicago Argonne, LLC, Operator of Argonne National Laboratory (“Argonne”). Argonne, a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science laboratory, is operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357. The U.S. Government retains for itself, and others acting on its behalf, a paid-up nonexclusive, irrevocable worldwide license in said article to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies to the public, and perform publicly and display publicly, by or on behalf of the Government.
Performance Enhancement of Li4Ti5O12 and Si/C Electrodes Using Graphene/CMC Conductive Composite Binder
Authors: Lee Ji-Eun , Choi In-Yeong , Oh Eun-Suok 
Published: February 2020

Lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12, LTO) is a prospective anode material for high-powered and long-lasting Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) due to its fast cycle reversibility and zero-strain during charge/discharge processes. Despite these advantages, there is a major drawback that LTO has low electrical conductivity, leading to relatively worse performance at high current rates[1].

Another promising anode material for LIBs is silicon due to its very high capacity of 4200 mAh/g. However, the critical defect of silicon is huge volumetric change during charge/discharge processes, ultimately resulting in the isolation of silicon from conductive materials.

In order to overcome these problems, we try to enhance electrical conductivity of LTO and Si electrodes using a conductive composite binder, graphene/carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). To evaluate the effect of the conductive composite binder, physical and electrochemical characteristics have been tested by FT-IR, cycle performance, rate capability, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and so on.

Reference

1. Sang-Wook Han, So-Jin Kim, and Eun-Suok Oh, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 161 (4) A587-A592 (2014)
(Invited) High Electrochemical Performance of High Voltage LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 By Decoupling the Ni/Mn Disordering from the Presence of Mn3+ ions
Authors: Kang Byoungwoo 
Published: February 2020

High energy density of a lithium ion battery (LIB) is an essential requirement for novel applications such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles. Increasing the redox potential of cathode materials is an effective way to achieve high energy density in the cell. For this purpose, high-voltage spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) is a promising cathode material for LIBs because it has a high redox potential of ~ 4.7 V, which makes its energy density (~650 W∙h/kg) 20% higher than that of conventional LiCoO2. However, the electrochemical properties of LNMO spinel depend on several factors such as its structure, the quantity of Mn3+ ions, the particle size, and the morphology of particles.
Especially, the structure of the spinel has a critical influence on its electrochemical performance. LNMO structure is dictated by the ordering of Ni and Mn at two octahedral sites, which take two forms: disordered and ordered spinel. However, under typical experimental conditions, disordered spinel shows the disordering of Ni/Mn with the presence of Mn3+ ions, whereas ordered spinel shows the ordering of Ni/Mn without Mn3+ ions. As a result, electrochemical properties of the disordered spinel always depend on both the disordering of Ni/Mn and Mn3+ ions. For example, disordered spinel shows an extended solid-solution reaction during phase transformation whereas ordered spinel shows two distinct two-phases reactions. Furthermore, the presence of Mn3+ ions in the disordered spinel increases its electronic conductivity, and thereby improves its electrochemical performance. Therefore, disordered LNMO spinel can have better electrochemical performance than ordered spinel due to high electronic conductivity and facile phase transformation. The origin of the different electrochemical properties in the disordered spinel is not clear because of the coupling of the Ni/Mn disordering with Mn3+ ions. Understanding of this origin could guide improvement of LMNO’s electrochemical properties. However, experimentally understanding the effect of disordering or the effect of Mn3+ ions on the electrochemical properties is not easy because the Ni/Mn disordering is always coupled with the presence of Mn3+ ions.
In this presentation, we will discuss the effect of the Ni/Mn disordering without the presence of Mn3+ on the electrochemical performance. At first, the Ni/Mn disordering was decoupled from the Mn3+ ions in this study. By using this decoupling, we will show how the Ni/Mn disordering affects electrochemical properties and the phase transformation behavior. Furthermore, we will discuss about key factors affecting superior rate capability in high voltage spinel by decoupling of the disordering from Mn3+ ions.
Low-Temperature Prepared Lithium-Cobalt-Nickel-Oxide Spinels
Authors: Lee Eungje , Croy Jason R. , Park Joong Sun , Johnson Christopher , Thackeray Michael M. 
Published: February 2020

LiMn2O4-based spinel materials have been one of the most important types of cathode materials in current lithium-ion batteries since layered LiCoO2 was used in the first commercial products by Sony Corporation in 1991. While LiCoO2 is still the preferred cathode of choice for portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, cameras, and laptop computers, the LiMn2O4-based spinels, which have low price and high power performance, are finding application in batteries for electric vehicles.1

Compared to the extensive understanding of manganese-based spinel materials, relatively little is known about the structural and electrochemical properties of cobalt-nickel-based spinel electrodes, since lithium-cobalt-nickel-oxides stabilize as a layered structure during high-temperature synthesis. However, low-temperature firing of precursor materials during the solid state synthesis of layered oxide compositions, particularly those with high cobalt content, can result in intermediate structures with quasi-spinel character.2,3 A significant advantage of these Li-Co-Ni-O (LCNO-S) spinel structures is that they offer an attractive ~3.6 V vs. lithium, i.e., approximately 600 mV higher than their manganese analogues. Moreover, unlike manganese, cobalt has a lower propensity to migrate during the electrochemical reactions. In this presentation, the low-temperature prepared LCNO-S materials will be revisited to delve into their structural and electrochemical properties.

References

1. M. M. Thackeray, C. Wolverton and E. D. Isaacs, Energy & Environmental Science, 5, 7854 (2012).
2. R. J. Gummow, M. M. Thackeray, W. I. F. David and S. Hull, Materials Research Bulletin, 27, 327 (1992).
3. R. J. Gummow and M. M. Thackeray, Solid State Ionics, 53, 681 (1992).
Use of Swcnts to Increase the Energy Density of Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Bobrenok Oleg , Kosolapov Andrew , Tikhonov Konstantin , Notman Konstantin 
Published: February 2020

New advances in synthesis of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) allowed for the first time to produce multi-ton quantities of this unique material while significantly reducing its cost, opening up many commercial applications in energy storage.
One of the applications is the use of SWCNTs as a conductive additive for high energy Li-ion batteries. It was found, that electrical properties of SWCNTs allow to reduce the amount of it in cathode and anode formulations to below 0.1% versus typical 2-5% of carbon black, maximizing the percentage of active materials and increasing the energy density of the Li-ion cells. Investigation of the electrode formulations revealed uniform distribution of SWCNT throughout the electrode structures, reinforcement of the electrode structure resulting in improved mechanical properties and electrochemical performance with both cathode and anode materials. In this presentation we will discuss the properties of commercially made SWCNTs and their comparison to MWCNTs and typical conductive carbons.
Technical challenges facing application of SWCNTs in batteries include preparation of stable dispersions and formulation of electrodes with good electrical and mechanical properties. The results on various polymer dispersants will be presented along with ways of accommodating low concentration dispersions into the material mixing process and battery manufacturing.
Test data was generated with LCO, LFP and NCM cathode materials and Si anode material will be discussed in detail with short term rate capability and long term cycle life and storage results.
Interrogation of Active Battery Material Intrinsic Properties
Authors: Takeuchi Esther S , Marschilok Amy C , Takeuchi Kenneth J 
Published: February 2020

The electrochemistry of an active material in a composite battery electrode may vary significantly depending on the selection of the type and amount of binder and conductive additives, as well as the preparation method used for the electrode. Only a few studies on the electrochemistry of individual particles have been reported where the lithiation or delithiation of individual particles of the pure active material in the absence of any additives was conducted. These types of studies provide the ability to interrogate the intrinsic properties of an active material directly without the complications of a composite electrode.
Here we report the electrochemistry, conductivity, and visual changes associated with the electrochemical reduction of small individual particles of electrochemically active material. Our examination of individual small particles involves aggregates of several crystallites where the influence of grain boundaries must be considered. In addition to quantitative electrochemistry, the particles were characterized as a function of state of charge. For example, a nanoprobe system was utilized to determine the resistance of the particle. Different locations within an individual particle were measured and probed the local resistance changes as a function of particle reduction. Finally, correlation of the behavior of the individual particle was reconciled relative to bulk material electrochemical performance. This study will help elucidate the behavior of mesoscale energy storage systems.
In Situ solvothermal synthesis of High-Energy Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Bai Jianming , Wang Liping , Wang Feng 
Published: February 2020

For the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and grid-scale storage, it has been of great interest to develop cost-efficient solvothermal methods to synthesize high-energy electrodes. As synthesis is generally carried out in a sealed reactor, like a black box where the inputs and outputs are known, little is known about the intermediate phases and the overall reaction pathway. In addition, the synthesis condition is far from thermodynamic equilibrium, implying that the reactions and induced phase transformations often proceed along a kinetics-controlled pathway that excludes the feasibility of following synthesis reactions using ex-situ methods. Herein, we report our latest results from development and application of in-situ techniques and capabilities for studying synthesis reaction in real time during preparing cathode materials (Fig. 1). Specific examples will be given on time-resolved XRD studies of solvothermal synthesis of high-energy polyanioic cathodes (i.e. LiFexMn1-xPO4, Li-V-PO4),1, 2to show how insights gained from these studies can be applied to gain precise control of the phase, stoichiometry and morphology. This research was supported by DOE-EERE under the Advanced Battery Materials Research (BMR) program, under Contract No. DE-SC0012704.
[1] J. Bai, J. Hong, H. Chen, J. Graetz and F. Wang, J. Phys. Chem. C.119, 2266 (2015).
[2] L. Wang, J. Bai, P. Gao, X. Wang, and F. Wang, Structure tracking aided design and synthesis of Li3V2(PO4)3 nanocrystals as high-power cathodes for lithium-ion batteries (submitted).

Figure 1
Dimensionally Stable and Fast-Charging Graphite-Silicon Planar Composite Anode for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Wu Nae-Lih , Yang Nai-Hsuan , Wu Yu-Shiang , Chou Jackey 
Published: February 2020

Advanced Li-ion batteries (LIBs) have been developed to have high capacity density, long cycle life, and high-rate performance for portable electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), and renewable energy storage. Graphite is currently the predominant anode material for commercial LIBs because it has a low cost, low charge/discharge plateau potential, satisfactory specific capacity (372 mAh/g), and substantially high dimensional stability; its essential role in high-energy LIBs is expected to continue. Si is a potential Li-insertion anode material that has a substantially higher capacity than graphite but is susceptible to large (>300% when fully lithiated) volume expansion. The cyclic dimensional variations during charge/discharge cycles result in pulverization and electrical disconnection from the conductive paths of the Si active materials, leading to rapid capacity reduction during the cycles. In spite of a large amount of literature devoted to solving this issue in the past years, long-lasting Si anode up to now remains as a formidable challenge. On the other hand, composite anodes comprising graphite and limited amount of Si or Si oxide may be attractive transient products for advanced high-energy LIBs before viable Si-dominant anodes are realized. Moreover, improvement in the rate capability of Si-based anodes is needed for meeting the power requirements of various applications.
In this presentation, a planar graphite-silicon composite Li-ion battery anode showing substantially higher capacities than graphite, fast-charging capability, and exceptional cycle stability will be described. The Si oxide-coated graphite flake (SGF) composite anode for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) synthesized by a unique microwave-heating process of graphite flakes (GFs) in a solution made of liquid polysiloxanes as the Si-containing precursor. Microwave-heating of the GFs induces the deposition of a conformal Si-containing conformal layer on the GF surfaces, which subsequently turns into oxide-graphite-oxide sandwiched planar composite structure. The resulting SGF exhibits a reversible specific capacity of nearly 480 mAh/g, 97% capacity retention at the current density of 2.5 A/g (~5C-rate), and 95% capacity retention after 400 cycles with an average Coulombic efficiency > 99.9%. The data suggest new strategies for both designing and synthesizing high-performance anode materials for LIB applications.

Figure 1
Pulsed Laser Deposited Sns-Snse Composite Thin Film As a New Anode Material for Lithium Storage
Authors: Liu Xiaojiang , Liu Jiabing , Cui Yanhua 
Published: February 2020

In recent years tin-based materials has been subjected as promising anode materials due to a high theoretical capacity of Li4.4Sn (994mAh g-1). However, tin-based materials is still far away from practical use since it suffers from significant volume change. It has been demonstrated that nano-thin film have its unique characteristics than bulk materials.
In this work, SnS-SnSe composite thin films are synthesized by plused laser deposition. Its first discharge capacity was 1225.8 mAh g-1 and capacity after three cycles maintained about 650 mAh g-1. SnS-SnSe composite thin film firstly reacted with Li during discharge to form Li2SALi2Se and Sn, then Sn reacted with Li to form LixSn alloy. During the charge, LixSn firstly decomposed to form elementary Sn, then Sn catalyzed Li2S and Li2Se to decompose to rebuild SnS-SnSe composite thin film. Li2S and Li2Se produced during discharge can suffer a certain amount of volume change which enhanced the cycle performance. SnS-SnSe composite thin film had more grain boundary than SnS or SnSe thin film which could effectively enhance electrochemical activity and increase capacity.
Fig.1 The first three CVs of SnS-SnSe composite thin film
Fig.2 Galvanostatic charge-discharge curve of SnS-SnSe composite thin film electrodes
Fig.3 Cycling performance of SnS-SnSe, SnS and SnSe thin films with 20 cycles
Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate the financial support of LPMT, CAEP (ZZ13007), Project 2013A030214 supported by CAEP.

Figure 1
3D Paper-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Origami Folding Principles
Authors: Cheng Qian , Chan Candace K. 
Published: February 2020

Recently, there has been much interest in the development of energy storage and electronic devices using paper and textile components. The low cost, roll-to-roll fabrication methods, flexibility, and bendability of these substrates are attractive for high-performance devices. Many flexible devices demonstrated using paper or cellulose components include organic field effect transistors, RF devices, sensors, microfluidics, displays, transparent conducting films, and light-emitting diodes and 3D antennas. Specifically for energy storage and conversion applications, the ability for the power source to be intimately integrated to unconventional substrates has motivated research in flexible devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, nanogenerators, solar cells, and fuel cells.
For applications such as MEMS, smart dust motes, and on-chip power, there is an increasing need for batteries with high energy areal energy due to the limited area available in the device. However, it is difficult to increase the energy per footprint area in 2D, planar devices since increasing the thickness of the active material layers also leads to a corresponding increase in resistivity and decrease in electrochemical performance.
To address these issues, we have taken an approach that uses the conventional 2D planar battery platform but applies origami folding concepts typically used to fold paper into more compact shapes in order to realize a Li-ion battery with higher areal charge storage capacity. Origami paper folding techniques, namely the Miura-ori pattern, were used to compact a Li-ion battery and increase its energy per footprint area. Full cells were prepared using Li4Ti5O12 and LiCoO2 powders deposited onto paper coated with carbon nanotubes as current collectors. Our 5 x 5 folded cell was found to display a ~14X increase in areal energy density compared to the planar version.
References:
Q. Cheng, Z. Song, T. Ma, B.B. Smith, R. Tang, H. Yu, H. Jiang, C.K. Chan, Nano Lett., 13, 4969-4974 (2013).
Z. Song, T. Ma, R. Tang, Q. Cheng, X. Wang, D. Krishnaraju, R. Panat, C.K. Chan, H. Yu, H. Jiang, Nature Commun., 5, 3140 (2013).
Synthesis of MoO2 and Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotubes Composite Materials By Electrodeposition As Binder-Free Electrode for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Cui Yanhua , Zhang Hui 
Published: February 2020

Molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) have attracted much attention as an electrode material for lithium ion batteries because of high theoretical capacity. But bulk MoO2 exhibits low specific capacity and poor cycle stability because of the inert kinetics and significant structure change during the insertion/deinsertion of lithium ions. To address these problems, different nano-morphologies MoO2 is prepared to improve the specific capacity and enhance the cycle performance. Despite the superior specific capacity is obtained, the cycle performance of pure MoO2 is still not satisfactory. Another effective strategy to address these problems is to composite MoO2with high electro-conducting carbon materials.
In this work, MoO2 and N-CNTs nanocomposite have been successfully synthesized by a facile electrodepositon method followed by thermal annealing in argon atmosphere. As an anode material for lithium ion batteries, electrochemical behavior of the nanocomposite has been studied. The as-prepared nanocomposite with desirable structural features exhibits significantly improved electrochemical performance compared to pure MoO2 or N-CNTs, resulting from that the conductive and elastic carbon nanotube can effectively mitigate the strain caused by structural and volume change and prevent the aggregation of active materials during cycling. This novel architecture of the nanocomposite has the advantage of the high inherently higher capacity of the MoO2as well as the good cycle performance of the N-CNTs, feature which make the nanocomposite a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries.
Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate the financial support of LPMT, CAEP (ZZ13007), Project 2013A030214 supported by CAEP.

Figure 1
Design and Performances of Three-Dimensional Lithium-Ion Battery
Authors: Yang Ho-Jung , Park Hwi-Yeol , Cho Kyung-Hoon , Heo Jin S. , Nam Seunghoon , Jeong Huisu 
Published: February 2020

High-power and high-energy densities of lithium ion batteries are required, whereas there has been much less progress in the improvement of the conventional lithium ion batteries. Three-dimensional (3D) concept of batteries has been suggested to improve performances of batteries. A number of 3D architectures, such as 3D interdigitated rods, 3D interdigitated plates, concentric tube, and 3D aperiodic sponge structures, have been proposed in order to increase the areal energy density [1]. The 3D cells showed higher energy and power compared to the conventional structure of cells; however, their energy was limited due to the limitation of the manufacturing process.[2]
In this paper, the novel design and the performances of 3D lithium ion battery were suggested. First, the 3D trench cathode structure was rendered without a conducting agent or a binder. The cathode has an internal current collector for the electronic conduction and was controlled as a thick-film. Lipon and Li metal were applied as the electrolyte and the anode, respectively. Expansion buffers were located in the anode to stable the cell structure under the anode expansion during the charge. The design of the 3D cell increased the energy density considerably, depending on the dimension of the electrode.

References

[1] Stefania Ferrari et al, J. Power Sources, 286 (2015) 25-46
[1] Matthew Roberts et al, J. Mater. Chem, 21 (2011) 9876-90