bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibody Panel Based N‐Glycan Imaging for N‐Glycoprotein Biomarker Discovery
Authors: Black Alyson P. , Angel Peggi M. , Drake Richard R. , Mehta Anand S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAntibody panel based N‐glycan imaging is a novel platform for N‐glycan analysis of immunocaptured proteins. N‐glycosylation is a post‐translational modification of pathophysiological importance and is often studied in the context of disease biomarkers. Determination of protein‐specific N‐glycosylation changes in patient samples has traditionally been laborious or limited to study of a single protein per analysis. This novel technique allows for the multiplexed analysis of N‐glycoproteins from biofluids. Briefly, this platform consists of antibodies spotted in an array panel to a microscope slide, specific capture of glycoproteins from a biological sample, and then enzymatic release of N‐glycans for analysis by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). N‐glycans are detected at each individual spot, allowing N‐glycan information to easily be linked back to its protein carrier. Using this protocol, multiplexed analysis of N‐glycosylation on serum glycoproteins can be performed. Human serum is discussed here, but this method has potential to be applied to other biofluids and to any glycoprotein that can be captured by a validated antibody. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Basic Protocol: Antibody panel based N‐glycan imaging by MALDI MSSupport Protocol: Confirmation of antibody capture by IR‐labeled proteins
Distinguishing naive‐ from memory‐derived human B cells during acute responses
Authors: Auladell Maria , Nguyen Thi Ho , Garcillán Beatriz , Mackay Fabienne , Kedzierska Katherine , Fox Annette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesA fundamental question in influenza research is whether antibody titre decline upon successive exposure to variant strains is consequent to recall of cross‐reactive memory B cells that competitively inhibit naive B‐cell responses. In connection, it is not clear whether naive and memory B cells remain phenotypically distinct acutely after activation such that they may be distinguished ex vivo.MethodsHere, we first compared the capacity of anti‐Ig and Toll‐like‐receptor (TLR) 7/8 and TLR9 agonists (R848 and CpG) to augment human B‐cell differentiation induced by IL‐21 and sCD40L. The conditions that induced optimal differentiation were then used to compare the post‐activation phenotype of sort‐purified naive and memory B‐cell subsets by FACS and antibody‐secreting cell (ASC) ELISPOT.ResultsSort‐purified naive and memory B cells underwent robust plasmablast and ASC formation when stimulated with R848, but not CpG, and co‐cultured with monocytes. This coincided with increased IL‐1β and IL‐6 production when B cells were co‐cultured with monocytes and stimulated with R848, but not CpG. Naive B cells underwent equivalent ASC generation, but exhibited less class‐switch and modulation of CD27, CD38 and CD20 expression than memory B cells after stimulation with R848 and monocytes for 6 days.ConclusionStimulation with R848, IL‐21 and sCD40L in the presence of monocytes induces robust differentiation and ASC generation from both naive and memory B‐cells. However, naive and memory B cells retain key phenotypic differences after activation that may facilitate ex vivo discrimination and better characterisation of acute responses to variant antigens.
A novel software‐defined networking approach for load balancing in data center networks
Authors: Chakravarthy V. Deeban , Amutha Balakrishnan 
Published: November 2019

SummaryIn today's modern era, the internet usage has been developing tremendously. In data center network (DCN), the traffic has been rising constantly in the past few years. Hence, greater traffic of network needs several services such as Domain Name Service (DNS) to manage. It is not possible for one server to manage entire requests coming from client because of huge amount of traffic. To resolve this issue, load balancing is used. The major purpose of load balancing is to forward incoming client requests and distribute the traffic across various servers using customized algorithm which is deployed in the load balancer. Traditional load balancers are very costly and inflexible hardware. A substitute of this hardware is to use software‐defined network load balancers. The software‐defined networking (SDN) load balancers offer the facility to programmers to design and construct their own strategy of load balancing, which makes the software‐defined network load balancer flexible and programmable. This research proposes a novel algorithm that performs load balancing through calculating in advance the capacity of each and every switch across the path to which the packets are routed.
Water stratification in the marine biome restricts vertical environmental DNA (eDNA) signal dispersal
Authors: Jeunen Gert‐Jan , Lamare Miles D. , Knapp Michael , Spencer Hamish G. , Taylor Helen R. , Stat Michael , Bunce Michael , Gemmell Neil J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe utility of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding surveys to accurately detect species depends on the degree of DNA dispersal. Multiple marine studies have observed only minimal eDNA transport by horizontal water movement across small spatial scales, leading to the conclusion that spatially specific eDNA signals accurately resemble in‐field species assemblages along a horizontal axis. Marine communities, however, are also structured vertically according to depth. In marine environments displaying permanent water stratification, vertical zonation patterns may be more apparent and present on smaller spatial scales (i.e., meters) than horizontal community structuring. The scale at which eDNA signals differ along a vertical transect and the accuracy of eDNA metabarcoding in revealing naturally stratified communities have yet to be assessed.Methods and resultsIn this study, we determined the ability of eDNA metabarcoding surveys to distinguish vertically localized community assemblages. To test this, we sampled three vertical transects along a steep rock wall at three depths (0 m, 4 m, 15 m), covering two distinct communities that were separated by near‐permanent water column stratification in the form of a strong halocline at ~3 m. Using three metabarcoding assays, our eDNA metabarcoding survey detected 54 taxa, across 46 families and 7 phyla, including 19 fish, 15 crustacean, and 8 echinoderm species. Ordination and cluster analyses show distinct eDNA signals across the halocline for all three replicate transects, suggesting that vertical dispersal of eDNA between communities was limited. Furthermore, eDNA signals of individual taxa were only retrieved within their observed vertical distribution, providing biological validation for the obtained results. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, the need to take into consideration oceanographic (e.g. water column stratification) and biological processes (e.g. vertical community structuring) when designing sampling strategies for marine eDNA metabarcoding surveys.
Heart failure after treatment for breast cancer
Authors: Boekel Naomi B. , Duane Fran K. , Jacobse Judy N. , Hauptmann Michael , Schaapveld Michael , Sonke Gabe S. , Gietema Jourik A. , Hooning Maartje J. , Seynaeve Caroline M. , Maas Angela H.E.M. , Darby Sarah C. , Aleman Berthe M.P. , Taylor Carolyn W. , van Leeuwen Flora E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to develop dose–response relationships for heart failure (HF) following radiation and anthracyclines in breast cancer treatment, and to assess HF associations with trastuzumab and endocrine therapies.Methods and resultsA case–control study was performed within a cohort of breast cancer survivors treated during 1980–2009. Cases (n = 102) had HF as first cardiovascular diagnosis and were matched 1:3 on age and date of diagnosis. Individual cardiac radiation doses were estimated, and anthracycline doses and use of trastuzumab and endocrine therapy were abstracted from oncology notes. For HF cases who received radiotherapy, the estimated median mean heart dose (MHD) was 6.8 Gy [interquartile range (IQR) 0.9–13.7]. MHD was not associated with HF risk overall [excess rate ratio (ERR) = 1%/Gy, 95% confidence interval (CI) −2 to 10]. In patients treated with anthracyclines, exposure of ≥20% of the heart to ≥20 Gy was associated with a rate ratio of 5.7 (95% CI 1.7–21.7) compared to <10% exposed to ≥20 Gy. For cases who received radiotherapy, median cumulative anthracycline dose was 247 mg/m2 (IQR 240–319). A dose‐dependent increase was observed after anthracycline without trastuzumab (ERR = 1.5% per mg/m2, 95% CI 0.5–4.1). After anthracycline and trastuzumab, the rate ratio was 34.9 (95% CI 11.1–110.1) compared to no chemotherapy.ConclusionsIn absence of anthracyclines, breast cancer radiotherapy was not associated with increased HF risk. Strongly elevated HF risks were observed after treatment with anthracyclines and also after treatment with trastuzumab. The benefits of these systemic treatments usually exceed the risks of HF, but our results emphasize the need to support ongoing efforts to evaluate preventative strategies.
Hubs disruption in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. A resting‐state fMRI study on a language‐and‐memory network
Authors: Roger Elise , Pichat Cedric , Torlay Laurent , David Olivier , Renard Felix , Banjac Sonja , Attyé Arnaud , Minotti Lorella , Lamalle Laurent , Kahane Philippe , Baciu Monica 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) affects the brain networks at several levels and patients suffering from mTLE experience cognitive impairment for language and memory. Considering the importance of language and memory reorganization in this condition, the present study explores changes of the embedded language‐and‐memory network (LMN) in terms of functional connectivity (FC) at rest, as measured with functional MRI. We also evaluate the cognitive efficiency of the reorganization, that is, whether or not the reorganizations support or allow the maintenance of optimal cognitive functioning despite the seizure‐related damage. Data from 37 patients presenting unifocal mTLE were analyzed and compared to 48 healthy volunteers in terms of LMN‐FC using two methods: pairwise correlations (region of interest [ROI]‐to‐ROI) and graph theory. The cognitive efficiency of the LMN‐FC reorganization was measured using correlations between FC parameters and language and memory scores. Our findings revealed a large perturbation of the LMN hubs in patients. We observed a hyperconnectivity of limbic areas near the dysfunctional hippocampus and mainly a hypoconnectivity for several cortical regions remote from the dysfunctional hippocampus. The loss of FC was more important in left mTLE (L‐mTLE) than in right (R‐mTLE) patients. The LMN‐FC reorganization may not be always compensatory and not always useful for patients as it may be associated with lower cognitive performance. We discuss the different connectivity patterns obtained and conclude that interpretation of FC changes in relation to neuropsychological scores is important to determine cognitive efficiency, suggesting the concept of “connectome” would gain to be associated with a “cognitome” concept.
Threshold Effects of Financial Sector Development on International Trade in Africa
Authors: Sare Yakubu Awudu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEarlier studies on threshold effects of financial sector development on international trade have relied on rudimentary approach which assumes exogenous inclusion of quadratic square terms of finance. However, findings from such studies are not instructive as it obscures country's unique domestic conditions such as differences in the levels of financial sector development. By relying on 46 countries in Africa over the period 1980–2016, this study employs a sample splitting and threshold estimation approach which allows finance–international trade to be mediated by the level of domestic financial sector development. We find evidence of threshold effects for a number of the countries suggesting that the precise impact of financial development on international trade is threshold–specific given the various indicators of finance. The study highlights that whether finance supports or limits international trade crucially depends on the attainment of a certain threshold which is both country and indicator–specific.
INCOSE Practitioners Challenge 2019: Clean Water and Sanitation in the Ganges River Basin
Authors: El‐Haloush Omar , Powley Stephen , Kaushik Yash , Flanigan David , Sitomer Joseph 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTDuring the INCOSE International Symposium 2019, INCOSE issued a Practitioners Challenge to address the problem of clean water and sanitation in the river Ganges basin in support of the broad focus INCOSE has placed on the topic of clean water and sanitation to tackle the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) Grand Challenges previously identified by the INCOSE Academic Council. The INCOSE Board chose to continue the Academic Council's work on the NAE Grand Challenges, focusing on Clean Water and Sanitation (CWS) and working to establish Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) with organizations to provide systems expertise as appropriate. The United Nations’ (UN) may be one such organization with their focus on global Clean Water and Sanitation in their Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). The team was asked to demonstrate the application of Systems Engineering principles and methods to explore solutions to achieve clean water for the inhabitants of the Ganges River basin.After applying different systems engineering techniques and carrying out research, the team identified a multi‐facetted approach to addressing the clean water challenge, identifying key areas where systems engineering can be of benefit. Though this problem is, on the surface, one of technology and land use, it is set against the backdrop of arguably one of the most complex socio‐economic regions on the earth.The need to address cultural aspects of the system and facilitate changes in human behavior, therefore, stands out as being particularly important in order to affect a successful outcome. Another key observation was that approaching and achieving the UN goals individually could lead to undesirable, unintended consequences due to strong interdependencies. This is an area where systems engineering could make a major contribution.
Size matters: Effect of granule size of the bone graft substitute (Herafill®) on bone healing using Masquelet's induced membrane in a critical size defect model in the rat's femur
Authors: Leiblein Maximilian , Koch Elias , Winkenbach Andreas , Schaible Alexander , Nau Christoph , Büchner Hubert , Schröder Katrin , Marzi Ingo , Henrich Dirk 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Masquelet technique for the treatment of large bone defects is a two‐stage procedure based on an induced membrane. The size of a scaffold is reported to be a critical factor for bone healing response. We therefore aimed to investigate the influence of the granule size of a bone graft substitute on bone marrow derived mononuclear cells (BMC) supported bone healing in combination with the induced membrane. We compared three different sizes of Herafill® granules (Heraeus Medical GmbH, Wehrheim) with or without BMC in vivo in a rat femoral critical size defect. A 10 mm defect was made in 126 rats and a membrane induced by a PMMA‐spacer. After 3 weeks, the spacer was taken out and membrane filled with different granule sizes. After 8 weeks femurs were taken for radiological, biomechanical, histological, and immunohistochemical analysis. Further, whole blood of the rat was incubated with granules and expression of 29 peptide mediators was assessed. Smallest granules showed significantly improved bone healing compared to larger granules, which however did not lead to an increased biomechanical stability in the defect zone. Small granules lead to an increased accumulation of macrophages in situ which could be assigned to the inflammatory subtype M1 by majority. Increased release of chemotactic respectively proangiogenic active factors in vitro compared to syngenic bone and beta‐TCP was observed. Granule size of the bone graft substitute Herafill® has significant impact on bone healing of a critical size defect in combination with Masquelet's technique in terms of bone formation and inflammatory potential.
Molecular epidemiology and virulence factors of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with bacteremia
Authors: Kim Hyun Jin , Choi Qute , Kwon Gye Cheol , Koo Sun Hoe 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe various virulence factors of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (MRSAB) are associated with a high mortality rate worldwide. Further studies are warranted to confirm the significant relationship between the strains and virulence genes. Here, we prospectively investigated the molecular characteristics underlying the genotypes and virulence factors of MRSA isolated from patients with bacteremia.MethodsWe collected 59 MRSA isolates from adult patients with bacteremia. Antimicrobial susceptibility results were obtained with the Vitek2 automated system. Genotypes were identified with multi‐locus sequence typing (MLST) and pulse‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and 21 virulence genes were detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR).ResultsThe 59 MRSA isolates mainly comprised ST5 (n = 31, 52.5%) and ST72 (n = 22, 37.2%). Most ST5 isolates and all ST72 isolates were clustered into one and two PFGE groups, respectively. The mean number of virulence genes was higher in ST5 than in ST72. Sel was more frequently detected in ST5 than in ST72, whereas sec and sed were found only in ST5. ST5 had significantly higher resistance against many antibiotics than ST72.ConclusionMost MRSA isolates causing bacteremia were ST5 (CC5) and ST72 (CC8), and those belonging to the same STs were divided into only a few PFGE groups. ST5 was associated with higher antibiotic resistance and staphylococcal superantigen toxin genes, than ST72, which may be related to its higher virulence.
A haplotype‐specific linkage disequilibrium pattern of monoamine oxidase A gene associated with regular smoking in women
Authors: Chiang Shang‐Lun , Nithiyanantham Srinivasan , Velmurugan Bharath Kumar , Tu Hung‐Pin , Lee Chien‐Hung , Ko Ying‐Chin 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundCigarette smoking in women is raising a public health problem. The X‐linked monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) was considered as a susceptibility gene to substance abuse of tobacco, but the evolutionary effect of MAOA may lead to a positive or negative association between genetic variations and smoking development among study regions.MethodsBased on linkage disequilibrium (LD), we performed a haplotype‐based association to explore the effect of MAOA gene on women's smoking risk in a case‐control study.ResultsGenotyped single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MAOA gene, rs5953210G>A, rs2283725A>G and rs1137070T>C, were significantly associated with current smoking risk in women, and the increased level of plasma MAO‐A activity was raised with per copy increment of risk allele in current smokers (P < .01). The haplotype patterns with minor haplotype frequency >.05 were constructed using the Expectation‐Maximization algorithm, and the haplotype‐specific A‐G‐C pattern raised the 2‐fold risk to develop regular smoking (P = .0005). In the diplotype analysis based on X‐inactivation mechanism relative to no and full dosage compensation, we showed that A‐G‐C haplotype not only increased regular smoking risk in a dose‐dependent manner (Ptrend = .0011) but also contributed to smoking risk in the dosage compensation mechanism. Compared to non‐smokers, the effect of A‐G‐C haplotype on random X‐activation was associated with the raised MAO‐A activity in women smokers (P < .05) although the lifetime cigarette consumption showed a difference that was not statistically significant.ConclusionThis study provides information on MAOA LD‐based haplotype and diplotype patterns in women smoking.
Probing the changes of carotenoids in Microcystis flosaquae under environmental perturbations by two‐dimensional Raman correlation spectroscopy
Authors: He Shixuan , Xie Wanyi , Fang Shaoxi , Zhang Ping , Li Zhe , Zhou Daming , Zhang Yongna , Zhang Zhiyou , Guo Jinsong , Du Jinglei , Du Chunlei , Wang Deqiang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractRaman mapping spectra of Microcystis flosaquae (M. flosaquae) subjected to environmental perturbations were used to study the correlations among the characteristics of M. flosaquae by two‐dimensional (2‐D) Raman correlation spectroscopy. Overlapping Raman characteristics of the carotenoids in M. flosaquae and their differences in algal growths were shown in the 2‐D synchronous and asynchronous correlation spectra. The asynchronous correlation Raman spectra demonstrated the accumulation of carotenoids in M. flosaquae under normal culture condition and environmental perturbations. High light flux obviously led to the accumulation of β‐carotene in M. flosaquae in comparison with normal culture condition. The results showed that 2‐D Raman correlation spectroscopy can be used to analyze the correlation of complex changes of the Raman characteristics of M. flosaquae induced by different environmental conditions to assess the accumulation of the carotenoids in algae and to predict the algal growth phases.
Amplitude and Phase Control of Guided Modes Excitation from a Single Dipole Source: Engineering Far‐ and Near‐Field Directionality
Authors: F. Picardi Michela , V. Zayats Anatoly , J. Rodríguez‐Fortuño Francisco 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe design of far‐field radiation diagrams from combined electric and magnetic dipolar sources has recently found applications in nanophotonic metasurfaces that realize tailored reflection and refraction. Such dipolar sources also exhibit important near‐field evanescent coupling properties with applications in polarimetry and quantum optics. Here, a rigorous theoretical framework is introduced for engineering the angular spectra encompassing both far‐ and near‐fields of electric and magnetic sources and a unified description of both free space and guided mode directional radiation is developed. The approach uses the full parametric space of six complex‐valued components of magnetic and electric dipoles in order to engineer constructive or destructive near‐field interference. Such dipolar sources can be realized with dielectric or plasmonic nanoparticles. It is shown how a single dipolar source can be designed to achieve the selective coupling to multiple waveguide modes and far‐field simultaneously with a desired amplitude, phase, and direction.