bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cocoa agroforestry systems versus monocultures: a multi-dimensional meta-analysis
Authors: Niether Wiebke , Jacobi Johanna , Blaser Wilma J , Andres Christian , Armengot Laura 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Scientific knowledge, societal debates, and industry commitments around sustainable cocoa are increasing. Cocoa agroforestry systems are supposed to improve the sustainability of cocoa production. However, their combined agronomic, ecological, and socio-economic performance compared to monocultures is still largely unknown. Here we present a meta-analysis of 52 articles that directly compared cocoa agroforestry systems and monocultures. Using an inductive, multi-dimensional approach, we analyzed the differences in cocoa and total system yield, economic performance, soil chemical and physical properties, incidence of pests and diseases, potential for climate change mitigation and adaptation, and biodiversity conservation. Cocoa agroforestry systems outcompeted monocultures in most indicators. Cocoa yields in agroforestry systems were 25% lower than in monocultures, but total system yields were about ten times higher, contributing to food security and diversified incomes. This finding was supported by a similar profitability of both production systems. Cocoa agroforestry contributed to climate change mitigation by storing 2.5 times more carbon and to adaptation by lowering mean temperatures and buffering temperature extremes. We found no significant differences in relation to the main soil parameters. The effect of the type of production system on disease incidence depended on the fungal species. The few available studies comparing biodiversity showed a higher biodiversity in cocoa agroforestry systems. Increased and specific knowledge on local tree selections and local socio-economic and environmental conditions, as well as building and enabling alternative markets for agroforestry products, could contribute to further adoption and sustainability of cocoa agroforestry systems.
On the phase transition in the sublattice TASEP with stochastic blockage
Authors: Schütz G M 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We revisit the defect-induced nonequilibrium phase transition from a largely homogeneous free-flow phase to a phase-separated congested phase in the sublattice totally asymmetric simple exclusion process with local deterministic bulk dynamics and a stochastic defect that mimicks a random blockage. Exact results are obtained for the compressibility and density correlations for a stationary grandcanonical ensemble given by the matrix product ansatz. At the critical density the static compressibility diverges while in the phase separated state above the critical point the compressibility vanishes due to strong non-local correlations. These correlations arise from a long range effective interaction between particles that appears in the stationary state despite the locality of the microscopic dynamics.
A review of anoa conservation efforts in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Arini D I D , Christita M , Sheherazade  , Mayasari A , Suryaningsih R , Simamora A T A J 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAnoa is an endemic Sulawesi mammal and listed as Endangered in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This conservation status represents the critical condition of declining population in the wild due to continuing habitat loss and poaching. This paper aims to review anoa conservation efforts both in-situ and ex-situ that have been conducted by the Government of Indonesia, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private companies, and local communities in Sulawesi. A number of 16 papers were reviewed in order to gather some information regarding the conservation efforts in Sulawesi. Several protected areas were established to protect Sulawesi biodiversity, including anoa. Local communities within the park (e.g.,Toro local people) contribute to this effort by having customary laws, not to hunting anoa. The government also ratified relevant policies and regulations to support anoa conservation. Anoa Breeding Center in North Sulawesi was started in 2010 to foster research and breeding program. The center has been working together with other local conservation NGOs, Nature Resources Conservation Agency, and private sectors through their corporate social responsibility (CSR) programs to set up anoa sanctuaries. Also, to organize outreach activities to raise social awareness of this charismatic animal. Increasing the anoa population depends on the continuity of these concerted efforts and regional regulations should be created to improve anoa conservation programs.
Conservation strategy for Taxus sumatrana, a species with limited geographical distribution yet limitless benefit and economic value
Authors: Novriyanti E , Susilo A 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Taxus sumatrana is a pharmacologically essential tree species that have not yet adequately studied and commercially utilized in Indonesia yet recently was added in the List of Protected Plants and Animals by the government of Indonesia. This paper discussed the conservation strategy of the paradox situation. Protected species yet has not been utilized. T. sumatrana in Indonesia is distributed in a confined range of geographical areas and with particular environmental requirements. T. sumatrana allegedly occurs along unexplored Bukit Barisan Mountains. Biologically, the species is a slow-growing dioecious tree with prolonging seed dormancy period, lack of suitable regeneration site, leading to low generation capacity creating population dominated by tree stage with barely pole sapling and seedling. Genetically, the species own insignificant differences among the population. Strategy to conserve T. sumatrana should include an in-depth exploration of T. sumatrana in the natural habitat, improvement of regeneration capacity, revitalization and development of reserves based on genetic information, cultivation and development of plantation for sustainable utilization, campaign and promotion on sustainable utilization, stakeholder networking, and capacity building.
Surface runoff and erosion on various sengon (Falcataria moluccana (Miq.) Barneby & J.W.Grimes) – based agroforestry patterns in small scale private forest, Sumber Urip Village, Blitar, East Java
Authors: Pratiwi P , Mindawati N , Tyasmoro S Y 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Indonesia is still facing several problems concerning to degraded land. These problems often a result of surface runoff and erosion. The intensity of surface runoff and erosion depended on one of the others is soil cover. Research on surface runoff and erosion on various sengon-based agroforestry pattern has been conducted to address this challenge. Plots of various patterns are as follow A: sengon plantation; B: sengon + coffee + gamal + cassava + cowpea; C: sengon + coffee + gamal + cacao + corn +cowpea; D: sengon + coffee + gamal + ginger + cowpea; E: sengon + coffee + gamal + ginger + corn + cowpea; F: reeds (control). The results show that agroforestry patterns are very effective in reducing soil surface runoff and erosion. The B pattern was considered as the best combination compared to the other combinations in this research. The decrease in the surface runoff and erosion rate was 74.33% and 63.42%, respectively. While the highest surface runoff and erosion occur in the D pattern, which was given the surface runoff and erosion value of 565.6 mm/ha/year and 3.4 ton/ha/year, respectively.
Reforestation by direct seeding of Gmelina arborea using seed briquettes: Composition, size and site preparation, and sowing date
Authors: Sudrajat D J , Rustam E 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDirect seeding is a promising technique for reforestation, but it has been poorly studied in tropical forests. The research aims to assess the briquette composition, size and site preparation, and sowing date on the seedling survival and early growth ofGmelina arboreadirect seeding at 12 months in Parung Panjang, Bogor. The briquette was printed using some materials, i.e., soil, compost, charcoal, lime and tapioca as a glue, and tested in a greenhouse to obtain the optimal seed germination. The complete randomized design was used to assess the optimum seed briquette composition on germination parameters in the greenhouse, while a randomized block design was used to assess the eight combinations of briquette sizes and site preparation techniques on the seedling survival and growth. The briquette composition of soil 10%, compost 45%, rice husk charcoal 35%, lime 5%, and tapioca 5% resulted in the best germination capacity (78.5%) and other germination parameters.Gmelina arboreaseed briquette, which had the size of diameter 5 cm and thickness 3 cm sowed by land clearing and briquette burial, showed the highest seedling survival (56.8%) and growth (seedling height 120.32 cm and diameter 15.92 mm) compared to other sizes. The sowing date also significantly influenced the survival of direct seeding. The application on the early-middle rainy season (the middle of December) was optimal for direct seeding because of the stable rainy frequency in Parung Panjang, Bogor. This study supports the use of direct seeding of the species being studied, but the methods could be improved to include a more significant number of species.
A sustainable community empowerment model of Giam Siak Kecil - Bukit Batu Biosphere Reserve Area, Riau Province
Authors: Gevisioner  , Rasyid T H , Arbaini  , Saghita E P 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Sustainable development is at the core of the conceptual approach of biosphere reserves, so the objectives of biodiversity conservation must be in line with economic development, cultural enrichment, and the involvement of local communities. Community activities in the Giam Siak Kecil - Bukit Batu (GSKBB) biosphere reserve area have affected its ecosystem changes. The purpose of this study was to develop a model of sustainable community empowerment around the biosphere reserve area. Data collection was done through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, while data analysis was conducted with a qualitative approach. The results showed that the institutional management of community empowerment in buffer villages was still stagnant and not dynamic, so that community empowerment programs from the economic, social, cultural, and political sectors did not develop massively. Factors that hinder the management of community empowerment institutions in buffer villages are limited human resources, transportation facilities and information, the principle of cooperation that begins to fade, and the existence of institutions that are only formalities. The research concluded that the model of innovative collaboration in community empowerment institutional management is a suitable model to be applied in the GSKBB biosphere reserve area.
Livelihoods survival strategy of sharecropper household in Sumbawa District, West Nusa Tenggara and Tasikmalaya Districts, West Java
Authors: Diniyatiand D , Achmad B 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSharecroppers need their own strategy of livelihood survival due to low income from the farming of dry land and paddy field. This paper aims to evaluate the strategy of livelihoods survival of farmers at two research plots located in Cukangkawung village, Tasikmalaya District and Labuhan Badas Village, Sumbawa Districts. The research Ade was conducted in February and April 2017. The data were collected through observation and interviews with 30 farmers in Cukangkawung and 30 farmers in Labuhan Badas and analyzed descriptively. The result revealed that farmers in both locations showed different strategies of livelihood survival, although identical in characteristic. It was due to tenurial factors. The Cukangkawung’s farmers practice agroforestry in both village and private lands, while the Labuhan Badas farmers only in the state land. The Cukangkawung’s farmers earned income by implementing a set of strategies by intensifying and extensively farming business, increase value-added, get a transfer from children, and make an investment, while Labuhan Badas farmers neither able to intensify farming business nor increase added value. They also decrease the consumption of food, clothing, and medicines. They broaden friendship, create brotherhood, and help each other to make lending and borrowing money easier. It is strongly recommended for local government to facilitate farmers to access the new business center through training, business meeting, and linking to the market to improve farmer livelihood.
Kebun-Ghepang: ecological and institutional reference for social forestry at highlands of Sumatra
Authors: Martin E , Herdiana N , Nurlia A , Premono B T 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe government has granted Social Forestry (SF) management licenses since 2014, in the Village Forest and Community Forestry scheme, for communities around the forest in the highlands of South Sumatra. However, until early 2019, most of the SF groups still did not have a concept or vision of what was to be designed. The work area of SF is generally a stretch of monoculture coffee plantations. Within the frame of a sustainable forest management system, they are confused about making plans and actions. We conducted action research at two Village Forest groups in Muara Enim, South Sumatra, to encourage the implementation of independent SF. We use Vayda’s progressive contextualization research approach. We found the desire of farmers to makeKebun-Ghepangin the SF work area, not just tree planting activities, as requested by the forester.Ghepangis a term of the Besemah ethnic people for fruit gardens that resemble forests, generally dominated by durian trees.Ghepangis a legacy of ancestors. Kebun-ghepang is an imagined forest by both the local community and foresters. The formation and conception of Kebun Ghepang would be an ecological and institutional reference in managing and building SF work areas, as analyzed in this paper.
Strategy option to improve income sustainability of private forest farmer in Ciamis District, West Java
Authors: Achmad B , Diniyati D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Traditional farmers often show illogical behavior to manage their private forests. They heavily depend on forest products, but some of them are unwilling to maintain the forest properly. This discrepancy led the economic contribution of forest products to farmer incomes to fall into a subsistence level. The private forest is also characterized by a low absorption capacity of the laborer, which makes the target decrease of unemployed farmers hard to achieve. Regarding this condition, the government should make a strategy to intensify on-farm management as well as to improve farmers’ capacity. This study was conducted in Ciamis District through an interview of 13 key persons. Collected data were then analyzed using the SWOT approach. The research proposed a set of strategies that the government should provide a guide about agroforestry system based on elevation range and management unit, which has a potential product with high economic and environmental values, to meet the increasing market demand of timber. Also, farm laborers around the forest should be trained and introduced with the technology to inspire them to create a new source of income. Technology has to be considered as the primary reference at any program related to private forest development to improve the forest roles in solving the problem of the unemployed farm laborer. The government also has to facilitate forest product processing to gain added value.
Empowerment effort for surrounding forest community living in the buffer zone and traditional zone at Bukit Tigapuluh National Park (BTNP)
Authors: Yunianto A S 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The current condition of Bukit Tigapuluh National Park (BTNP) is far from the standard function of a national park, as defined in Law no 5/1990, regarding biodiversity conservation and its ecosystem. The condition influences all organisms (flora and fauna) and surrounding forest communities who depend on the existence of BTNP. One solution that can be offered to tackle the situation is by providing empowerment programs for the local community who live near the national park to optimize the use of their local wisdom. Methods used in this study is an in-depth interview. The result of this study shows that area near the national park has a high potential to develop Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) commodity, especially for honey bee cultivation. As a result, in 4 months of honey bee development program, the community could harvest 14.95 kg of honey from 57 boxes of species Trigona sp. Honey bee produced in the traditional zone is more productive than that in the buffer zone area. The government needs to prepare sustainable programs of community empowerment by improving the productivity of NTFPs. The increasing community involvement in forest management and revitalization is needed to restore the function of the forest area.
In vitro propagation of white mahang (Macaranga hypoleuca (Reichb.f.et Zoll.) Mull Arg.)
Authors: Nuroniah H S , Bogidarmanti R 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
White mahang (Macaranga hypoleuca Mull.Arg) is considered as an alternative species for light construction and traditional medicine. In vitro propagation, it has been attempted through series of in vitro propagation protocols, i.e., explant sterilization, shoots multiplication, root induction, and acclimatization using terminal and axillary buds explants. WPM basal medium supplemented by plant growth regulators BAP (cytokinin group), NAA and IBA (auxin group) were used for shoot regeneration studies. Various concentration of BAP (0, 0.5, 1 mg l−1), IBA (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1 mg l−1) and NAA (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 m l−1) were tested for shoot induction and elongation. Interaction between BAP concentration and explant types, both those taken from apex- and axillary- buds showed significant differences for shoot induction and elongation. The highest number of shoots were resulted from the WPM media containing BAP (0.5 mg l−1), while the addition of IBA (0.5-1.0 mg l−1) and NAA (0.01-0.1 mg l−1) combined with BAP (0-1.0 mg l−1) produced a high percentage of callus (> 60%). In vitro, rooting was induced on half-strength MS media supplemented with IBA (1 mg l−1). The regenerated shoots with developed root systems were successfully acclimatized and established in pots containing sand and compost (3:1).
Ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) cultivation: A short review
Authors: Suhartati  , Alfaizin D 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh.) is an endemic tree species of Sulawesi. Based on the World Conservation Monitoring Centre, it is one of the protected tree species and listed in IUCN Red List under the category of vulnerable. This species is well known for its beautiful and luxurious wood. In practice, natural forests dominated by Diospyros can be managed using the Indonesian Selective Logging System (TPTI). The purpose of this paper was to determine the cultivation and management techniques of ebony plants in order to establish ebony plantations and their conservation strategy. Data were collected based on primary field observation and review of previous research written by other authors. Direct field observations were conducted to collect data on the management of seed, scarification techniques, germination, and seedling growth increment (height and diameter), while secondary data were collected from Diospyros-related studies. From the study, it was identified that the best time to produce fruit for the species was between September - November, with a germination rate, was up to 94.67%. The recommended parent trees should be over 20 years old. Seedlings were weaned when having 2 - 4 leaves with compost enriched with NPK as the best planting media. The seedling can be moved to the planting location after the age of 8-9 months with weeding as the initial treatment. The optimum growth for nine-year-old Ebony trees may reach 6.5 m in height and 6.63 cm in diameter and this growth may still be seen for 12 years old trees that showed 9 m in height and 12.81 cm in diameter. Based on this optimum growth, it is prospective to establish ebony plantation and or enrichment planting as long as the silvicultural aspect described in this study was used as a basic guideline.
Flower and fruit development and flower-visiting insects of gmelina (Gmelina arborea roxb.)
Authors: Pramono A A , Rustam E , Syamsuwida D , Putri K P , Djam’an D F , Pujiastuti E 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe purpose of the research was to identify flower development and fruit formation as well as identification of flower-visiting insects as potential pollinators. Observations carried out in three sample trees, and five flowering branches at each sample tree were marked. We also carried out the identification of flower-visiting insects, foraging behavior, visiting rate, number of visiting insects, and time of flower visit. The results showed that in one year, 2-3 reproductive cycles might occur, which one cycle lasted about 1-2 months. In a panicle of flowers, flower buds, flower bursts and fruitlets are found simultaneously. The panicle has 5-34 flower buds. The development of buds to panicle formation takes 5-7 days, while the time required for flower and fruit development from generative buds up to yellow fruit was in a range between 38 to 67 days or 1 to 2 months. The total reproductive success of sample trees was varying from 12% to 17%. The most dominant flowers-visiting insects and alleged as pollinators ofG. arboreais a carpenter bee (Xylocopa latipes) that actively visiting flowers at 8:00 until 11:00 am. Insect visited about 5 to 20 flower panicles with an average of 11 flower panicles per minute.
Level of damage on sengon stand based on tree vitality indicators at sengon community forest in Serang District, Banten Province
Authors: Putri K P , Yulianti  , Zanzibar M , Danu  
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Sengon plantation is the primary commodity of the community forests, which produces timber with high economic value, especially in Java Island. However, now the condition of sengon stands in Java Island, pests and diseases have attacked most. The information about the health and the severity of the stands due to pests and diseases is beneficial for determining stand productivity and investment security. The purpose of this activity is to determine the level of damage on sengon stands at various locations in Serang Regency, Banten, based on indicators of tree vitality. The method used to determine stand health is Forest Health Monitoring (FHM), which includes using tree vitality indicators and site quality indicators as a basis for assessment. The observation plot was carried out at 3 locations determined purposively based on the flat distance from the beach, which is ≤ 2 km; 2> X≤ 4 km; 4> X ≤6 km. The results showed that the average percentage of healthy sengon trees was still quite high (82.7%), but the level of damage to stands was moderate. The most common type of damage is gummosis (distance ≤ 2 km and > 4-6 km) and boktor (> 2-4 km). Many tree damage occurs in the main branch location found in the live canopy section (code 6), especially in plots that are 2> X≤ 4 km from the coastline and lower stem (distance ≤ 2 km). However, no damage was found at the root location (code 1), shoots (code 8) and leaves (code 9). The damage of the stem causes a decrease in wood production because the damaged at part of the stem cannot be used anymore. Visual Crown Ratio of sengon trees tends to be low due to young trees so that the canopy is not maximal. Maintenance activities, as well as mixed planting techniques with intercropping plants and other woody plants, can prevent sengon plants from attacking pests and diseases.