bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insights into leading edge vortex formation and detachment on a pitching and plunging flat plate
Authors: Kissing Johannes , Kriegseis Jochen , Li Zhenyao , Feng Lihao , Hussong Jeanette , Tropea Cameron 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The present study is a prelude to applying different flow control devices on pitching and plunging airfoils with the intention of controlling the growth of the leading edge vortex (LEV); hence, the lift under unsteady stall conditions. As a pre-requisite the parameters influencing the development of the LEV topology must be fully understood and this constitutes the main motivation of the present experimental investigation. The aims of this study are twofold. First, an approach is introduced to validate the comparability between flow fields and LEV characteristics of two different facilities using water and air as working media by making use of a common baseline case. The motivation behind this comparison is that with two facilities the overall parameter range can be significantly expanded. This comparison includes an overview of the respective parameter ranges, control of the airfoil kinematics and careful scrutiny of how post-processing procedures of velocity data from time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV) influence the integral properties and topological features used to characterise the LEV development. Second, and based on results coming from both facilities, the appearance of secondary structures and their effect on LEV detachment over an extended parameter range is studied. A Lagrangian flow field analysis based on finite-time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE) ridges allows precise identification of secondary structures and reveals that their emergence is closely correlated to a vortex Reynolds number threshold computed from the LEV circulation. This threshold is used to model the temporal onset of secondary structures. Further analysis indicates that the emergence of secondary structures causes the LEV to stop accumulating circulation if the shear layer angle at the leading edge of the flat plate has ceased to increase. This information is of particular importance for advanced flow control applications, since efforts to strengthen and/or prolong LEV growth rely on precise knowledge about where and when to apply flow control measures.

Graphical abstract
Functional diversity of habitat formers declines scale-dependently across an environmental stress gradient
Authors: Cappelatti Laura , Mauffrey Alizée R. L. , Griffin John N. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMarine habitat formers such as seaweeds and corals are lynchpins of coastal ecosystems, but their functional diversity and how it varies with scale and context remains poorly studied. Here, we investigate the functional diversity of seaweed assemblages across the rocky intertidal stress gradient at large (zones) and small (quadrat) scales. We quantified complementary metrics of emergent group richness, functional richness (functional space occupied) and functional dispersion (trait complementarity of dominant species). With increasing shore height, under species loss and turnover, responses of functional diversity were scale- and metric-dependent. At the large scale, functional richness contracted while—notwithstanding a decline in redundancy—emergent group richness and functional dispersion were both invariant. At the small scale, all measures declined, with the strongest responses evident for functional and emergent group richness. Comparisons of observed versus expected values based on null models revealed that functional richness and dispersion were greater than expected in the low shore but converged with expected values higher on the shore. These results show that functional diversity of assemblages of marine habitat formers can be especially responsive to environmental stress gradients at small scales and for richness measures. Furthermore, niche-based processes at the small—neighbourhood—scale can favour co-occurrence of functionally distinctive species under low, but not high, stress, magnifying differences in functional diversity across environmental gradients. As assemblages of marine habitat formers face accelerating environmental change, further studies examining multiple aspects of functional diversity are needed to elucidate patterns, processes, and ecosystem consequences of community (dis-)assembly across diverse groups.
Daily and seasonal variabilities of thermal stress (based on the UTCI) in air masses typical for Central Europe: an example from Warsaw
Authors: Okoniewska Monika 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe objective of research involved the comparison of daily and seasonal courses of thermal stress occurring in Central Europe depending on the inflowing air mass. The analysis used data from Warsaw (1991–2000), including air temperature (°C), water vapour pressure (hPa), wind speed (m s−1) and cloud cover (%). Universal thermal climate index was calculated and subsequently averaged for the individual months and four types of atmospheric air masses: polar maritime (mP), arctic(A), polar continental (cP) and tropical (T). The studies analysed differences in daily patterns of the averaged values of universal thermal climate index between air masses and determined the frequency of days with various types of thermal stress in individual air masses. The analyses indicated that under the conditions of Central Europe, the highest daily variance of biothermal conditions occurs between the masses of cP and T in the spring and autumn. Considerably greater diversity of biothermal conditions was observed between the masses during daytime compared with nighttime, especially in the warm half of the year. The thermal stress, which can be encountered in Central Europe, ranges from an “extreme cold stress” in winter at night and early morning hours to “very strong heat stress” in summer at noon. Extreme thermal stress is related primarily to the masses of cP, A and T. The most optimal biothermal conditions occur during the advection of mP air.
Refining projected multidecadal hydroclimate uncertainty in East-Central Europe using CMIP5 and single-model large ensemble simulations
Authors: Topál Dániel , Hatvani István Gábor , Kern Zoltán 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFuture hydroclimate projections of global climate models for East-Central Europe diverge to a great extent, thus, constrain adaptation strategies. To reach a more comprehensive understanding of this regional spread in model projections, we make use of the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble and six single-model initial condition large ensemble (SMILE) simulations to separate the effects of model structural differences and internal variability, respectively, on future hydroclimate projection uncertainty. To account for model uncertainty, we rank 32 CMIP5 models based on their predictive skill in reproducing multidecadal past hydroclimate variability. Specifically, we compare historical model simulations to long instrumental and reanalysis surface temperature and precipitation records. The top 3–ranked models—that best reproduce regional past multidecadal temperature and precipitation variability—show reduced spread in their projected future precipitation variability indicating less dry summer and wetter winter conditions in part at odds with previous expectations for Central Europe. Furthermore, not only does the regionally best performing CMIP5 models belong to the previously identified group of models with more realistic land-atmosphere interactions, their future summer precipitation projections also emerge from the range of six SMILEs’ future simulations. This suggests an important role for land-atmosphere coupling in regulating hydroclimate uncertainty on top of internal variability in the upcoming decades. Our results help refine the relative contribution of structural differences between models in affecting future hydroclimate uncertainty in the presence of irreducible internal variability in East-Central Europe.
Does implantoplasty affect the failure strength of narrow and regular diameter implants? A laboratory study
Authors: Bertl Kristina , Isidor Flemming , von Steyern Per Vult , Stavropoulos Andreas 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Objective
To assess whether the impact of implantoplasty (IP) on the maximum implant failure strength depends on implant type/design, diameter, or material.

Methods
Fourteen implants each of different type/design [bone (BL) and tissue level (TL)], diameter [narrow (3.3 mm) and regular (4.1 mm)], and material [titanium grade IV (Ti) and titanium-zirconium alloy (TiZr)] of one company were used. Half of the implants were subjected to IP in a computerized torn. All implants were subjected to dynamic loading prior to loading until failure to simulate regular mastication. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed with maximum implant failure strength as dependent variable and IP, implant type/design, diameter, and material as predictors.

Results
Implants subjected to IP and TL implants showed statistically significant reduced implant failure strength irrespective of the diameter compared with implants without IP and BL implants, respectively. Implant material had a significant impact for TL implants and for regular diameter implants, with TiZr being stronger than Ti. During dynamic loading, 1 narrow Ti TL implant without IP, 4 narrow Ti TL implants subjected to IP, and 1 narrow TiZr TL implant subjected to IP were fractured.

Conclusion
IP significantly reduced the maximum implant failure strength, irrespective implant type/design, diameter, or material, but the maximum implant failure strength of regular diameter implants and of narrow BL implants remained high.

Clinical Relevance
IP seems to have no clinically relevant impact on the majority of cases, except from those of single narrow Ti TL implants, which may have an increased risk for mechanical complications. This should be considered for peri-implantitis treatment planning (e.g., communication of potential complications to the patient), but also in the planning of implant installation (e.g., choosing TiZr instead of Ti for narrow implants).
Fluoride removal efficiencies of Al-EC and Fe-EC reactors: process optimization using Box–Behnken design of the surface response methodology
Authors: Nyangi Magori J. , Chebude Yonas , Kilulya Kessy F. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn this study, surface response methodology was employed to investigate the effect of different interacting factors on the removal of fluoride from synthetic water using aluminum electrocoagulation (Al-EC) and iron electrocoagulation (Fe-EC) in different reactors. Box–Behnken design of a Design Expert version 11 was used for the optimization and evaluation of the process independent variables: applied electric density, initial pH, initial fluoride concentration and treatment time on the efficiency of fluoride removal as a response. Results showed that the effect of current density and initial fluoride concentration was significant model terms for fluoride reduction in Fe-EC and Al-EC reactors, respectively. The Al-EC reactor model presented the R2 value of 79.2% while Fe-EC presented R2 value of 75.8%, showing that both models can predict the response well. The reduction by 94% (initial concentration of 16 mgF/L) was established at optimal operating parameters of 18.5 mAcm−2, pH 6.80 in 50 min using Al-EC. On the other hand, 16 mgF/L was reduced by 92% to 1.28 mgF/L in Fe-EC reactor at optimal condition of 6.5 mAcm−2, pH 6.50 in 50 min. Experimental results correlated well to the model predicted results that were 95 and 94% for Al-EC and Fe-EC, respectively. Both reactors manage to reduce fluoride to a level recommended by WHO (≤ 1.5 mg/L) for drinking purpose.
Insight into the hidden bacterial diversity of Lake Balaton, Hungary
Authors: Tóth E. , Toumi M. , Farkas R. , Takáts K. , Somodi Cs. , Ács É. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the present study, the prokaryotic community structure of the water of Lake Balaton was investigated at the littoral region of three different points (Tihany, Balatonmáriafürdő and Keszthely) by cultivation independent methods [next-generation sequencing (NGS), specific PCRs and microscopy cell counting] to check the hidden microbial diversity of the lake. The taxon-specific PCRs did not show pathogenic bacteria but at Keszthely and Máriafürdő sites extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing microorganisms could be detected. The bacterial as well as archaeal diversity of the water was high even when many taxa are still uncultivable. Based on NGS, the bacterial communities were dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria, while the most frequent Archaea belonged to Woesearchaeia (Nanoarchaeota). The ratio of the detected taxa differed among the samples. Three different types of phototrophic groups appeared: Cyanobacteria (oxygenic phototrophic organisms), Chloroflexi (anaerobic, organotrophic bacteria) and the aerobic, anoxic photoheterotrophic group (AAPs). Members of Firmicutes appeared only with low abundance, and Enterobacteriales (order within Proteobacteria) were present also only in low numbers in all samples.
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CENTRAL ELEMENT THEORY
Authors: BADANO MARIANA VANESA , VAGGIONE DIEGO JOSE 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe give a short proof of the fundamental theorem of central element theory (see: Sanchez Terraf and Vaggione, Varieties with definable factor congruences, T.A.M.S. 361). The original proof is constructive and very involved and relies strongly on the fact that the class be a variety. Here we give a more direct nonconstructive proof which applies for the more general case of a first-order class which is both closed under the formation of direct products and direct factors.
Colostrum from primiparous Holstein cows shows higher antioxidant activity than colostrum of multiparous ones
Authors: Moretti Débora B. , Santos Caroline B. , Alencar Severino M. , Machado-Neto Raul 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAntioxidant components of colostrum prevent oxidative cell damage caused by free radicals that could harm the calf's development. The relationship of antioxidant potential of colostrum with parity is not well defined and could enlighten the importance of these components for the neonate and for the protection of the intestinal epithelium. The purpose of this work was to determine the antioxidant potential of colostrum from primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows in a commercial dairy farm. Samples from the first milk secretion from primiparous (first lactation, n = 8) and multiparous (second and third lactations, n = 8) Holstein cows were collected after birth of calves for determination of immune and antioxidant factors. The cows sampled in this study were vaccinated during pregnancy in order to improve colostrum quality. Colostrum from primiparous cows showed higher values of ceruloplasmin activity, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and transferrin saturation index (TSI) than colostrum from multiparous cows (P < 0.05). The total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin concentration in the colostrum of primiparous cows showed a non-significant numerical decrease (P = 0.06) in relation to the value in the colostrum of multiparous cows. Concentration of proteins, immunoglobulin G, and activity of lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, glutathione peroxidase and catalase, in turn, did not differ (P > 0.05). Metabolic differences between primiparous and multiparous cows may have affected the antioxidative status of colostrum, since ORAC values were twice higher in first lactation cows. Lower values of transferrin and TIBC and higher TSI in colostrum from primiparous cows suggests a relationship between lower iron stock and higher antioxidant activity. Thus, this work indicates an important role of the antioxidant potential of colostrum for neonates from first-lactation cows. Additionally, the iron stock may be directly related to the higher antioxidant potential of the colostrum from primiparous cows, and further investigations are required.
Genetic analysis of persistency indices of milk yield in Jersey crossbred cattle
Authors: Koloi Subrata , Mandal Ajoy 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe study reported in this Research Communication was conducted to estimate genetic parameters for different lactation persistency indices and their association with reproductive traits in Jersey crossbred cattle. Data on lactation traits (part lactation yields and 305-days milk yield) comprising all lactations as well as reproductive traits viz. calving interval, conception rate and gestation length of 378 Jersey crossbred cattle, maintained at National Dairy Research Institute, Kalyani, West Bengal, India, were collected over a period of 35 years (1982–2016). Five lactation persistency indices of animals (P21, P31, P32, P4 and P5) were calculated using ratio method. A total of six different animal models, ignoring or including maternal genetic or permanent environmental effects, were fitted for all persistency traits. The best model was chosen after testing the improvement of the log-likelihood values. The estimates of direct heritability were low in magnitude and ranged from 0.02 to 0.14 for the studied traits under the best fitted animal model. The permanent maternal environmental (c2) effects of different lactation persistency indices accounted for 2–9% of the total phenotypic variance in this study. Estimated genetic correlations of lactation persistency indices with all studied reproductive traits were low to moderate and negative (−0.11 to −0.68), except for calving interval. Phenotypic correlations of lactation persistency measures with studied reproductive traits were low (0.01 to 0.15). The low heritability estimates of all the persistency indices indicate some limited scope of genetic improvement of lactation persistency of animals through selection under the prevailing management conditions.
EVEN IN THE BEST-CASE SCENARIO L2 LEARNERS HAVE PERSISTENT DIFFICULTY PERCEIVING AND UTILIZING TONES IN MANDARIN
Authors: Pelzl Eric , Lau Ellen F. , Guo Taomei , DeKeyser Robert 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLexical tones are widely believed to be a formidable learning challenge for adult speakers of nontonal languages. While difficulties—as well as rapid improvements—are well documented for beginning second language (L2) learners, research with more advanced learners is needed to understand how tone perception difficulties impact word recognition once learners have a substantial vocabulary. The present study narrows in on difficulties suggested in previous work, which found a dissociation in advanced L2 learners between highly accurate tone identification and largely inaccurate lexical decision for tone words. We investigate a “best-case scenario” for advanced L2 tone word processing by testing performance in nearly ideal listening conditions—with words spoken clearly and in isolation. Under such conditions, do learners still have difficulty in lexical decision for tone words? If so, is it driven by the quality of lexical representations or by L2 processing routines? Advanced L2 and native Chinese listeners made lexical decisions while an electroencephalogram was recorded. Nonwords had a first syllable with either a vowel or tone that differed from that of a common disyllabic word. As a group, L2 learners performed less accurately when tones were manipulated than when vowels were manipulated. Subsequent analyses showed that this was the case even in the subset of items for which learners showed correct and confident tone identification in an offline written vocabulary test. Event-related potential results indicated N400 effects for both nonword conditions in L1, but only vowel N400 effects in L2, with tone responses intermediate between those of real words and vowel nonwords. These results are evidence of the persistent difficulty most L2 learners have in using tones for online word recognition, and indicate it is driven by a confluence of factors related to both L2 lexical representations and processing routines. We suggest that this tone nonword difficulty has real-world implications for learners: It may result in many toneless word representations in their mental lexicons, and is likely to affect the efficiency with which they can learn new tone words.
D-dimer levels on admission and all-cause mortality risk in COVID-19 patients: a meta-analysis
Authors: Simadibrata Daniel Martin , Lubis Anna Mira 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
D-dimer level on admission is a promising biomarker to predict mortality in patients with COVID-19. In this study, we reviewed the association between on-admission D-dimer levels and all-cause mortality risk in COVID-19 patients. Peer-reviewed studies and preprints reporting categorised D-dimer levels on admission and all-cause mortality until 24 May 2020 were searched for using the following keywords: ‘COVID-19’, ‘D-dimer’ and ‘Mortality’. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the pooled risk ratio (RR) for all-cause mortality. In total, 2911 COVID-19 patients from nine studies were included in this meta-analysis. Regardless of the different D-dimer cut-off values used, the pooled RR for all-cause mortality in patients with elevated vs. normal on-admission D-dimer level was 4.77 (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.02–7.54). Sensitivity analysis did not significantly affect the overall mortality risk. Analysis restricted to studies with 0.5 μg/ml as the cut-off value resulted in a pooled RR for mortality of 4.60 (95% CI 2.72–7.79). Subgroup analysis showed that the pooled all-cause mortality risk was higher in Chinese vs. non-Chinese studies (RR 5.87; 95% CI 2.67–12.89 and RR 3.35; 95% CI 1.66–6.73; P = 0.29). On-admission D-dimer levels showed a promising prognostic role in predicting all-cause mortality in COVID-19 patients, elevated D-dimer levels were associated with increased risk of mortality.
Precedent Autonomy and Surrogate Decisionmaking After Severe Brain Injury
Authors: GRAHAM MACKENZIE 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPatients with disorders of consciousness after severe brain injury need surrogate decision makers to guide treatment decisions on their behalf. Formal guidelines for surrogate decisionmaking generally instruct decision makers to first appeal to a patient’s written advance directive, followed by making a substituted judgment of what the patient would have chosen, and lastly, to make decisions according to what seems to be in the patient’s best medical interests. Substituted judgment is preferable because it is taken to preserve patient autonomy, by using a patient’s past wishes and values to reconstruct what they would have chosen for themselves. In this paper, the author argues that for a certain population of patients, the standard interpretation of substituted judgment cannot ensure the preservation of patient autonomy. Patients with “covert awareness” may continue to have values and an authentic sense of self, which may differ from their past values and wishes. Accordingly, surrogate decision makers should make decisions based on how the patient is likely to experience their condition in the present, rather than their past wishes and values.