bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Deep Dive into Disruptive Technologies in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Wishnow David , Rokhsari Azar Hossein , Pashaei Rad Maziar 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
We have conducted research with 50 E&P companies to identify the emerging technologies that would have the potential to disrupt oil and gas industry in the next three to five years. Examples of these technologies include: Aerial Data Gathering & Interpretations, Artificial Intelligence including Machine & Deep Learning, Biosciences including DNA Sequencing CRISPR Editing, Blockchain, Micro fluidics, Digital Twin 2.0., Nanotechnology, Natural Language Processing, Quantum Computing, and 3D Printing.
The scope of this research will include identification of those disrupting technologies, field level tactical applications of those technologies and use cases, the potential impact of those technologies voted by the 50 operators, and required conditions for top selected technologies to flourish.
In this paper we will not review an individual technology to utmost technical depth but we will provide a portfolio view of emerging technologies and their level of impact on the industry.
The foresight into the future technological disruptions is critical for the E&P companies who are investing millions of dollars each year in upgrading their equipment and infrastructure. Without this foresight, much of their investments could rapidly become obsolete.
Our approach involved deep interviews with subject matter experts within 50 oil companies to collect a database of interests and needs by them.
Then we investigated more than 150 technology innovators and startups to identify disruptive solutions that could match those particular needs of the operators.
Finally, we brought the top selected technologies in touch with the operators in a one full day workshop to high-grade and discuss the implications.
We have reviewed 20 technology trends that have the potential to be disruptive and found out that 5 of these technology trends attracted and were viewed as top areas for disruption by 80% of the operators. We also found out that a few of these technology themes are more fundamental and the enablers for the broader set of disruptions to happen, while a number of them are more secondary or consequential.
Up to this date all research on frontier technologies that could have an impact on oil and gas industry have been studied academically and/or by industry on a one by one basis. This paper for the first time collects a statistically valid interpretation on the importance of these technologies by the resource holders themselves and takes a portfolio view on emerging technologies versus the silo view that makes it difficult to prioritize resources and technology roadmaps. This will benefit all stakeholders of the oil and gas industry ranging from operators, innovators, investors, and to the resource holder nations in large.
Deepwater Riser Systems – Historical Review and Future Projections
Authors: Simpson Pete James , Lima Alexandre Jorio 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present the historical development of installed riser systems from the earliest offshore installations to the current state of the art and into the future.
The paper describes the main driving forces during the riser design process and presents the evolution of riser technology in a range of different regions and describes the influencing factors behind each development and the propagation of technology around the world. Using graphical visualizations of an extensive dataset of installed riser systems, the paper breaks down the global trends in riser by type, size, water depth and market dominance.
How Repeatable will Libra Pre-Salt PRM Permanent Reservoir Monitoring be ? A Full Wave Elastic and Acoustic Study
Authors: Deplante Christian , Sansonowski Rui Cesar , Garcia Diego Chagas , Mereilles Bernardo Radefeld , Da Costa Monica Muzette , De Melo Dias Roberto 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Mero (Libra NW) is a field with high Gas Oil Rate (GOR) and high CO2 content, therefore the produced gas is reinjected in the reservoirs and the reservoir management strategy revolved around mitigating gas to maximize oil production within the limitations of surface gas reinjection capability. The reservoirs are thick but present 4 orders of magnitude in the variations of permeability (Fig. 1 left), including presence of high porosity/high permeability units that we anticipate will channel part of the gas injection, but are generally impossible to map from 3D seismic.
The production strategy put in place by Libra Join Project Team (JPT) to address this setting combines several technologies that combine together with others such as HiSep CO2 separation:
An injection strategy combining Water Alternating Gas (WAG) to slow the gas, with injection of gas into the most porous parts of aquifers in order to delay the increase of GOR around the producers.
The use of intelligent well completions with several levels that can be de-activated in order to limit the amount of gas injected or produced in various zones.
A monitoring strategy combining the usage of tracers with high-quality 4D in order to detect and track the gas fronts.
Firstly, combining the two first strategies should provide efficiency in reactive reservoir management, adressing the risks induced by locally strong values of respectively high horizontal (Kh) or vertical (Kv) permeability (Fig. 1 right).
A New Maintenance Era with Digitalization
Authors: Ribas Paulo Ramos , Barbosa Anderson Fabiano Monsores , Coutinho Carlos Juliano 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a digitization process that utilizes laser scanning techniques as the design basis for a process plant web-based 3D navigable model.
The solution is based on gathering a points cloud from the digitalized plant using the LiDAR surveying method, also commomly called 3D laser scanning, that measures the distance to target by illuminating the target with a pulsed laser light and measure the reflected light by a probe. The digital 3D model is assembled made from the laser return time and wavelength. Each scene is catalogued into a database and further presented into an interactive model of an industrial plant.
3D scanning techniques had been utilized in the Manufacturing and Construction businesses thoroughly and it has been proven very efficient. Constructability of like-for-like replacements and/or new installations, along with computer-based analysis of interreferences with millimetric dimensional verifications, are some of the most usual benefits. The WebScan-360 approach introduces a new portfolio of benefits where the conversion of the gathered scenes into construction drawings are faster, less prone to human error and a precise replica of the reality, especially when compared with the normal surveying method. Documents generation are quicker, more reliable and reduce exponentially the time for information gathering on existing documentation. Construction workpacks development and plant familiarization are much easily to be done, helpin in shutdown/campaign planning. Reduing the risks of misinterpretation and improves the communication across the involved teams with an easy and interactive reference.
The novelty of the WebScan-360 application lies in the interaction of a solid and precise engineering database to create efficients and quicker outputs for the entire industrial plants maintenance and modifications business.
New Compact Gas Dehydration Technology
Authors: Neumann Bjorn Kristian , Seltveit Tor Olav 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Drying natural Gas must be done to prevent corrosion and deterioration to the export/transport piping and equipment.
Today, the most common way of dehydrating Gas is by Tall and heavy contactor tower units. Contactor tower are sensitive to movements and not possible to install subsea. The towers take up valuable topside space, and today space and weight is limited.
New Compact DryGas is an all new technology for Gas-Dehydration where Company utilize its competence, experience and the field prooven «Company Technology». This will give the Client Low height and weight, smaller and cheaper units with Flexible installation and independant of movement. Company DryGas can reduce TEG circulation rate at higher pressure / lower temperature. The Compamy are probably! the only gas de-hydration technology capable for subsea installation (today)!
Epoxy Resin Ends 45 Days of Nonproductive Time in Deepwater Wells: Case History
Authors: Blanc Rômulo Vieira , Brunherotto Leonardo Rodrigues 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A major cause of remedial operations from production liner cementing is not achieving isolation from reservoir to surface. Occurrences increase in wells with inclinations of approximately 90° and necessitate isolating areas close to the liner overlap because of the difficulty reaching satisfactory standoff of the liner in relation to the wellbore or poor mud conditioning before the cement operation. During cement slurry displacement, a preferred circulation path for the cement slurry may cause poor or even nonexistent isolation. An even greater challenge is remediating this type of failure, because leakages at the top of liners may have extremely low injectivity. Conventional remediation systems, such as Class G cement slurries, are often ineffective because of the high concentration of solids present within these systems. Applying an epoxy resin (a solids-free system) combined with best practices of plug positioning to restore well integrity was achieved on the first attempt, ending 45 days of nonproductive time (NPT) for a deepwater operator.
Life Extension of Mooring Systems- A Structured Approach
Authors: Del Vecchio Cesar , Biasotto Paulo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Life extension of ageing floating production facilities can be an effective way to maximize profitability of mature assets by extending production and offset decommissioning expenditures, increasing profitability. Utilizing existing assets can be also an option to develop and tie-back new marginal fields in a more economical way rather than develop new large greenfield facilities.
Nonetheless, the benefits of extending the life of the production system might be reverted not only due to the installed capital cost of replacement of a mooring system, but also due to loss or deferred production.
The present paper proposes a holistic approach for assessment of the mooring system in order to achieve the intended performance of the asset, taking into consideration not only the system design but also the knowledge accumulated during the original operational life of the legacy system.
Walking epidural with low-dose levobupivacaine with fentanyl versus patient-controlled analgesia with fentanyl during painless labor
Authors: Abd-Elgaleel Ahmed M , AbdallahBadr Osama I , Rezq Hanan A 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Adequate pain relief is essential for patient healthcare, as it decreases hormonal stress response and hazards of postoperative analgesic drug effect, provides early ambulation and better wound healing, and is highly economical.

Aim
The aim of this study as a primary outcome is to compare and evaluate the efficacy and duration of analgesia between walking epidural analgesia using low-dose levobupivacaine with fentanyl versus intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA) with fentanyl during labor, and also, maternal satisfaction by visual analogue pain scale, whereas the secondary outcomes are maternal hemodynamic stability, obstetric outcomes, postoperative complications, and neonatal outcomes in terms of APGAR score and arterial blood gases.

Patients and methods
Eighty full-term primigravida patients, with American Society of Anesthesiologist status I and II scheduled for elective spontaneous vaginal delivery and requested analgesia, were divided into two groups: group I (n=40) was the epidural levobupivacaine with fentanyl (ELF) group, which received levobupivacaine 0.0625% with fentanyl 1 mcg/ml, 15 ml as initiation injection, followed by top-up doses of 5 ml in epidural catheter every 1 h or on patient's request, whereas group II (n=40) was the IV-PCA group, which received 1 mcg/kg fentanyl intravenous as bolus dose, and then fentanyl 20 mcg increment (2 ml) with lockout interval of 5 min and at basal rate of 2 ml/h.

Results
On comparing ELF with IV-PCA groups, obstetric patient's satisfaction was significantly more in ELF group (P<0.001), cervical dilatation was significantly rapid in ELF group (P=0.028), and also the duration to vaginal delivery was significantly lower in ELF group (P=0.037), whereas the results were insignificant for spontaneous vaginal delivery (P=0.728), instrumental vaginal delivery (P=0.526), and occasionally cesarean section (P>0.05). Maternal visual analogue pain scale was significantly less in ELF group from the fourth hour (P<0.001). Postoperative complications were insignificantly different between both the groups (P>0.05).

Conclusion
Epidural analgesia using low-concentration levobupivacaine 0.0625% with fentanyl 1 mcg/ml during early labor provided better analgesia and resulted in short duration for vaginal delivery than systemic analgesia. Patient-controlled analgesia is a good technique for the patients during labor if they refuse epidural analgesia or patients have any other contraindication to epidural analgesia.
Surgical treatment of spinal ependymomas
Authors: Al-Shyal Gasser H , Shehab Abd-El-Fatah A 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Spinal ependymom as are rare tumors and present mainly around 40 years of age. Total resection is claimed to be the best option for the treatment, but it carries some risk and it needs good evaluation and may be some proper facilities to get satisfactory results.

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate the surgical strategies and outcomes for spinal ependymomas of different lengths and locations. We present our surgical experience in Al-Zahraa University Hospital (Al-Azhar University) for managing spinal cord ependymomas.

Patients and methods
We report the results of eight patients over a 2-year period (2016–2018). All cases were managed in Al-Zahraa University Hospital. Surgery was recommended for all patients who have symptoms. Preoperative and postoperative clinical assessments were done for all cases.

Results
There were six men and two women. The mean age was 36.4 years (range, 24–60 years). The follow-up period ranged from 1 month to 2 years. Gross total resection was done in six (75%) cases. Near-total resection was done in one case, and partial resection was done in one cervical case. The overall postoperative complications rate was 12%. Seven of the eight cases improved clinically. Pain improved in seven (87.5%) cases. All three cases with weakness improved within the first week of surgery or during the first 6 months (postoperative follow-up period). Sphincters improved in three out four cases that had been presented with sphincters.

Conclusion
Most spinal ependymomas can be managed by gross total resection without significant morbidity. Neurological deficit occurred more in tumors that extend more than two spinal levels. Some cases have early postoperative neurological functions declination, but these cases improved during follow-up. It is better to use neurophysiological monitoring, but it is not essential for achieving good outcome.
Dexmedetomidine infusion for prevention of emergence agitation in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy under sevoflurane anesthesia
Authors: Sabra Mostafa M 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) under general anesthesia is more susceptible for developing emergence agitation (EA).

Aim
This randomized double-blinded, prospective, comparative, clinical study was aimed to evaluate dexmedetomidine efficacy for EA prevention in patients undergoing PCNL.

Patients and methods
A total of 44 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists grades I–II aged between 21 and 70 years, experiencing an elective PCNL under general anesthesia, were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated to one of two groups: group C and group D. Placebo was given to group C, whereas a bolus dose of dexmedetomidine 1.0 µg/kg was given to group D patients, followed by 0.4 µg/kg/h after anesthesia induction. Adjustment was made to end-tidal sevoflurane to keep bispectral index at 45–55. Sevoflurane and the study drug were stopped when surgical dressing was applied. Evaluation of EA was made from extubation until the patients was transferred to postanesthesia care unit. EA incidence was the primary outcome, whereas sevoflurane requirement, hemodynamic stability, and recovery from anesthesia were the secondary outcomes.

Results
There was a significant reduction of EA incidence (group C 54.5%; group D 9.1%) with dexmedetomidine infusion to 90.9% (P=0.0001). There was also significant lowering of the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration and an average 38.87% reduction in required concentration in group D, in contrast to group C (P<0.001). There was significantly higher average mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate in group C compared with group D (P<0.001). There is significantly lesser time to extubation, lesser time to achieve bispectral index 90, and lesser time in reacting to verbal command in group C when compared with group D (P<0.0001).

Conclusion
The EA incidence and sevoflurane requirement among patients experiencing PCNL are significantly decreased by dexmedetomidine infusion. Moreover, dexmedetomidine was associated with delayed extubation time, residual sedation, and prolonged postanesthesia care unit stay.
Comparative study between paracervical block and general anesthesia for pain control in first-trimester surgical abortion
Authors: Hanafy Madiha M , Elkafrawy Mona E , Mohamad Sawsan G , Hussien Shimaa E 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Pain perception is a complex phenomenon that impacts the selection of analgesia. The majority of first-trimester surgical abortions in United States are performed with a paracervical block (PCB). Satisfactory pain control for women undergoing surgical abortion is important for patient comfort and satisfaction.

Aim of the work
The aim of this study was to estimate the pain related to first-trimester abortion under local or general anesthesia.

Patients and methods
A hundred female patients (American Society of Anesthesiologists)(ASA) I-II undergoing dilatation and curettage were randomly allocated into two equal groups. Group A (n=50): they received a PCB with 5 ml of 2% lidocaine injected into each side of cervix at the 3 and 9 o'clock positions. Group B (n=50): they received general anesthesia with intravenous bolus of 2.5 to 4 mg/kg propofol and 1 µg/kg fentanyl, and maintained anesthesia by 1 mac isoflorine in oxygen as inhalational anesthesia by face mask.

Results
The study showed that the most commonly prevalent type of pain by the visual analog scale is in group A during aspiration, curettage, and immediately postoperatively as 41; 27 and 48 patients felt mild pain, respectively; while during dilatation increase incidence of moderate pain as 26 (52%) patients felt moderate pain.

Conclusion
The PCB is more preferred than general anesthesia under condition that we wait a few minutes before beginning the procedure as it insures the satisfaction of the patient while avoiding the side effects of general anesthesia and is also not as expensive.
Electrolyte disturbances in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Maklad Sameh F , Basiony Fareed S 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a cover term that includes a variety of progressively debilitating lung diseases. COPD includes both emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Although COPD is mainly a chronic disease, a substantial number of patients experience exacerbations that are related to a significantly worse survival outcome, especially with abnormal serum electrolyte level.

Aim
To detect the serum electrolytes disturbances in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD.

Patients and methods
A prospective study was conducted at Chest Department, El-Hussein University Hospital, Al Azhar University, on patients with acute exacerbation of COPD. The study was approved by the hospital ethics committee, and a written consent was obtained from each patient before the procedure.

Results
We found a significantly low level of serum sodium (Na) (131±4.45 mEq/l), potassium (3.19±0.96 mEq/l), magnesium (1.85±0.17 mEq/l), and chloride (84.75±7.31 mEq/l) in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD than their healthy controls (Na+=138±2.28 mEq/l, potassium=4.50±0.02 mEq/l, magnesium=2.20±0.14 mEq/l and chloride=100.30±2.67 mEq/l) (P<0.05).

Conclusion
In patients with acute exacerbation of COPD, there are abnormal serum electrolytes like sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride levels.
Different methods for surgical treatment of ectopic parathyroid in the mediastinum
Authors: Abogamela Rezk Z 
Published: October 2019

Background
Ectopic parat hyroid glands result from aberrant migration during early stages of development. They constitute a common etiology of persistent or recurrent hyperparathyroidism when they are missed at initial diagnosis. Ectopic inferior parathyroid glands are most frequently found in the anterior mediastinum, in association with the thymus or the thyroid gland.

Patients and methods and results
Eight cases of ectopic parathyroid in the mediastinum underwent surgery with different methods of surgical management. Hyperparathyroidism diagnosis is usually assisted by parathyroid hormone (PTH) measurement in peripheral blood after resection of a suspected adenoma and by frozen section histology. Intraoperative PTH levels are reduced within 10 min. The PTH levels should fall to at least 50% of the preoperative level or time of gland removal concentrations and should be measured at least for 15 min after excision. If they persist, the ectopic gland or multiple-gland disease is suspected. Seven patients with hyperparathyroidism and ectopic parathyroid glands were identified from a parathyroid database. Laboratory data, gland weights, and surgical outcomes were obtained. The locations of the ectopic glands were correlated with results of technetium-99-m-sestamibi-imaging. Of the operated eight patients with ectopic parathyroid glad, 50% in the anterior mediastinum were treated by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, 12.5% in middle mediastinum treated by mediastinoscopy, and 37.5% treated by neck exploration.

Conclusion
All glands were successfully identified preoperatively and subsequently resected. Ectopic mediastinal parathyroid glands may be safely and accurately resected using VATS, and mediastinoscopy, to avoid open approaches.