bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges of Solid Oxide Electrolysis for Production of Fuel and Oxygen from Mars Atmospheric CO2
Authors: Hartvigsen Joseph J , Elangovan S , Larsen Dennis , Elwell Jessica , Bokil Mukul , Frost Lyman J , Clark Laurie M. 
Published: February 2020

Due to the potential for unmatched efficiency, solid oxide electrolysis has long been considered a leading technology for enabling the hydrogen economy. More recently, the potential of co-electrolysis to “fix” intermittent renewable energy by recycling CO2 to storable, transportable liquid transportation fuels has demonstrated substantial progress. A new field of application for solid oxide electrolysis producing fuels from CO2 is emerging in the area of human exploration of Mars. The Martian atmosphere is 96% CO2, making it a prime resource for extraction of oxygen that will be needed by human explorers and for production of the fuel that will be needed for the ascent vehicle to return them to earth.
There are innumerable logistical and programmatic challenges to designing, qualifying, delivering and operating any process for insitu resource utilization (ISRU) on the surface of such a remote and inhospitable place such as Mars. This paper makes no attempt to address any beyond the design of the solid oxide electrolysis device itself.
Ceramatec has been active in solid oxide fuel cell R&D for nearly three decades, and solid oxide electrolysis for the later half of that period. The fundamental operating principles and materials of the Mars ISRU application are no different than the hydrogen and synfuel applications of past decades. However there are circumstances of the ISRU application that place challenging constraints on the design and performance that have not been previously encountered in our SOEC development efforts. These issues are outlined and the design, analysis, materials and operational approaches to address them are presented. Ceramatec is designing and building the SOEC (aka SOXE) stack for the MOXIE instrument on the Mars 2020 mission.
Development of La0.6Sr0.4TiXFe1-XO3-Based Composite Cathode Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Iwai Hiroyuki , Suzuki Shinsuke , Inaoka Koji , Murakami Ayumi , Takahashi Yosuke 
Published: February 2020

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have received a lot of attention as promising electrochemical power generation devices due to their high electrical efficiency and adaptability to a variety of fuels such as hydrocarbons, ammonia, and hydrogen. The utilization of LaSrTiFeO3-δperovskite oxide was proposed as an oxygen permeable membrane and electrode materials of SOFCs. Durability in thermal cycling test is an important factor for applying SOFCs to power sources. The reduction of operating temperature and enhancement of thermal-cycling capability are indispensable requirement for industrial-scale commercialization of SOFCs.
A new cathode material for SOFCs has been developed in R&D Center of Noritake Co., Ltd. In which, it contain La0.6Sr0.4TixFe1-xO3-δ (0<x<0.4) and La0.6Sr0.4CoyFe1-yO3-δ (0<y<1). Here, we report the performance evaluation of our developed cathode material. It was found that the developed cathode material had a high power density and extremely high stability to hydrogen and ammonia fuel.
Oxide-Ion Dynamics in the SOFC Cathode Material La2NiO4+d by Experimental and Computational Solid-State 17 O NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Halat David M. , Dervisoglu Riza , Kim Gunwoo , Grey Clare P 
Published: February 2020

Mixed ionic-electronic conductors (MIECs) show promise as next-generation solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode materials with improved performance at intermediate temperatures (500-800°C) as compared to materials lacking oxide-ion conductivity. The complex interplay of electronic and ionic conductivity in these strongly correlated systems often derives from the mutual influence of transition metal cation mixed valency and oxygen nonstoichiometry. Among MIECs tested as SOFC cathodes, the Ruddlesden-Popper phase La2NiO4+
δ exhibits rapid oxygen transport at low temperatures, attributed to loosely bound interstitial oxides (0 < δ < 0.3). Key to understanding the high oxide-ion conductivity in La2NiO4+
δ is experimental confirmation of hypothesized interstitial- and vacancy-mediated mechanisms at the atomic level.
In this study, solid-state 17O MAS-NMR spectroscopy of La2NiO4+
δ at temperatures up to 800°C is supported by a theoretical methodology equipped with results from periodic hybrid DFT calculations. Three distinct 17O resonances are observed and assigned to equatorial, axial, and interstitial oxygen environments in La2NiO4+
δ. Moreover, with high-resolution MAT-PASS experiments, the axial feature splits into several resonances, consistent with local structural distortions due to nearby interstitials. Loss of the interstitial oxygen feature in the NMR spectra upon heating to ~150°C is attributed to onset of exchange of interstitial and axial oxygen sites. Structural rearrangements due to interstitial motion also manifest as linewidth changes in the axial and equatorial resonances. At operational SOFC temperatures (600-800°C), interstitialcy and vacancy mechanisms of oxide-ion conduction are tentatively confirmed for the first time, showing that interstitial-axial exchange continues to dominate transport at the highest temperatures. Slow vacancy diffusion (equatorial-axial exchange) is surmised to limit the overall three-dimensional ionic conduction. This work is among the first examples of dynamics in a paramagnetic oxide-ion conductor studied by 17O solid-state NMR.
Effect of Chromium Vapor Pressure on Accelerated Poisoning Tests for (La0.6Sr0.4)(Co0.2Fe0.8)O3 Cathode
Authors: Cho Do-Hyung , Bagarinao Katherine Develos- , Kishimoto Haruo , Yamaji Katsuhiko , Horita Teruhisa , Yokokawa Harumi 
Published: February 2020

One of the most critical issues causing degradation of SOFCs is poisoning of cathodes by a trace amount of impurities transferred with air such as sulfur (S) and chromium (Cr), and therefore, we are continuously investigating the test method on accelerated degradation by these impurities. In our previous studies on Cr poisoning, chromium metal covered with Cr2O3 was directly placed on the current collector of the cathode as a source of Cr vapor. However, the setting accelerated the performance degradation in surplus. In order to perform accerelated poisoning test at an appropriate rate, we improved the cell operating equipment to control the Cr vapor pressure during the cell tests. The Cr vapor pressure was controlled by adjusting the place and temperature of the Cr source. The cell tests were operated at 1073 K under controlled feeding rate of Cr vapor after the cell performance became stable. The degradation behavior was analyzed with AC impedance analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) / wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (WDS). The vapor pressure of Cr species was estimated from the amount of Cr trapped by (Sm,Sr)CoO3cathode in the same equipment of cell tests. The degradation rate decreased with decreasing the Cr vapor pressure, and the amount of Cr species deposited in LSCF cathode decreased with decreasing the Cr vapor pressure.
Influence of the Solid Oxide Electrolysis Component Characteristics on the Electrochemical Performance of SOE Cells
Authors: Tamm Kadi , Kukk Freddy , Salvan Laur Kristjan , Kanarbik Rait , Möller Priit , Nurk Gunnar , Lust Enn 
Published: February 2020

Four solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOEC) with different cathode microstructure and chemical composition (Ni-YSZ and Ni-GDC) and electrolyte thickness (ScSZ) have been prepared using tape casting and screen printing methods. Electrochemical performance of the single cells at various working temperatures and gas mixtures in the cathode compartment has been analyzed using cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy and other electrochemical methods. It was established that the ratio of the rate-determining steps (mass transfer, charge transfer and adsorption of intermediates and fuel products) changes from mixed kinetics process at 1 V (solid oxide fuel cell regime) towards mainly the diffusion (δ = -45°) limited process at 1.4 V (electrolysis regime). It was shown that the total polarization resistance decreases with the replacement of Ni-YSZ to Ni-GDC. The lowest total polarization resistance (and highest current density values) has been measured for single cell consisting on the supportive ScSZ electrolyte and thin Ni-GDC cathode layer.
Electrochemical Properties of DLC/Lzo Double Coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode Material of All-Solid-State Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Visbal Heidy , Aihara Yuichi , Ito Seitaro , Watanabe Taku , Tsujimura Tomoyuki , Park Youngsin , Doo Seokgwang 
Published: February 2020

The surface of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) cathode material was coated with diamond like carbon (DLC) and LZO (Li2O-ZrO2) by chemical vapor deposition and sol-gel method respectively, in order to prevent the side reaction at the interface and stabilize the surface Ni-O bonds during charge and discharge process for sulfide based all-solid state lithium-ion batteries. The double coated (DLC/LZO) material showed a higher capacity with significantly improve in surface resistance and high rate performance than the single coating of DLC or LZO and without coating. The interface resistance between the cathode active material and the solid electrolyte significantly decreases by double coating onto the NCA powder. The discharge capacity of DLC coated sample at 0.05C was 123 mAhg−1 while that of bared one was about 102 mAhg−1. The charge and discharge cut off potentials were 4.0 and 2.8 V, respectively. The thickness of the DLC/LZO coated layer was verified by transmission electron microscope (TEM), and was about 10-20 nm. The sp2 bonding ratio of the DLC coated LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 powder was estimated from the C-KELNES spectra to be 50-55%. In this work, the diamond like carbon (DLC) and combination with LZO coating were proposed for the first time as buffer coating layers for all-solid state battery. We demonstrated that the combination of lithium ion conductivity (LZO) and DLC will reduce the interface resistance between cathode material and sulfide based electrolyte.
A Novel Lithium Ion Battery Combining a Sustainable CuO-Carbon Conversion Anode with a High Voltage Li0.85Ni0.46Cu0.1Mn1.49O4 cathode
Authors: Verrelli Roberta , Scrosati Bruno , Hassoun Jusef 
Published: February 2020

The development of novel cell configurations represents a key step towards a lithium ion batteries technology able to meet the increasing global energy demand.
The search for sustainable and low cost electrode materials exhibiting high specific capacity, efficiency and stability is a longstanding goal of electrochemistry(1).
In this respect, the replacement of conventional intercalation anodes with transition metal oxides reacting by conversion mechanisms is a promising, cheap approach to increase the cell specific capacity(2). Furthermore, the exploitation of cobalt-free, manganese spinel-structure materials at the cathode side is expected to overcome the problems deriving from the high cost and relatively low operating voltage of the presently most used LiCoO2 electrodes.
Here we propose an alternative lithium ion battery combining an easily prepared, eco-compatible CuO-MCMB (Meso Carbon Micro Beads) conversion anode(3) (Theoretical capacity: 520 mAh g-1) with a high voltage, Li0.85Ni0.46Cu0.1Mn1.49O4 spinel-structure cathode(4) (Theoretical capacity: 146 mAh g-1), using propylene carbonate (PC), LiPF6 electrolyte solution.
Both the anode, prepared by high energy ball milling, and the cathode, obtained by co-precipitation and solid state reaction, exhibit optimized morphologies that lead to good electrochemical responses in terms of stability, efficiency and rate-capability. The electrodes structures and morphologies are analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, respectively, while their electrochemical behaviors in cell are investigated by means of potentiodinamic cycling with galvanostatic acceleration (PCGA) and galvanostatic cycling tests at different C-rates.
The novel electrode combination here disclosed results in a full lithium ion battery characterized by an operating voltage of 3.4 V, a stable capacity of 90 mA h g-1 and a coulombic efficiency higher than 95% (see Figure below), with estimated gravimetric and volumetric energy densities of about 100 Wh/kg and 220 Wh/l, respectively.
The rationale of this cell configuration lies in the employment of sustainable, low-cost and easily prepared electrode materials that make the battery particularly suitable for practical exploitation.
(1) D. Larcher, J-M. Tarascon, Nature Chemistry, 2015, 7, 19.
(2) J. Cabana, L. Monconduit, D. Larcher and M. Palacìn, Advanced Materials, 2001, 22, E170.
(3) R. Verrelli, J. Hassoun, A. Farkas, T. Jacob, B.Scrosati, Journal of Material Chemistry A, 2013,1, 15329.
(4) R. Verrelli, B. Scrosati, Y.-K. Sun, J. Hassoun, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2014, 6, 5206.

Figure 1
Fire-Retardant Pyrrolinium-Based Ionic Liquids As Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Hyung-Tae , Yim Taeeun , Mun Junyoung , Oh Seung M. , Kim Young Gyu 
Published: February 2020

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have some advantages such as a high energy density, negligible memory effect and a less self-discharge. Consequently, they have been applied to not only small electronic devices but also large energy storage systems. Although LIBs have been considered as one the most promising energy conversion/storage systems, the safety issue of LIBs must be overcome to realize large, high-power, and high-voltage LIBs. To get over the limitation of safety, many kinds of approach have been attempted to enhance the safety of the LIBs and one of the efficient ways is partial or total replacement of combustible organic electrolytes with a new class viscous materials, acting as poorly flammable and/or flame retardant components. In this respect, ionic liquids (ILs) have been considered as attractive electrolyte candidates because they are non-flammable owing to its unique chemical nature.
The ILs are salts that remain as liquid at room temperature even if they are composed of ionic species, cations and anions. Due to the ionic nature in bonding, ILs show favorable physicochemical properties such as high ionic conductivity, non-volatility, and non-flammability as well as a wide liquid range and wide electrochemical stability window. Previously reported imidazolium-based ILs with low viscosity and high ionic conductivity have some defects such as decomposition of an acidic proton at the C-2 position[1]. To overcome the decomposition imidazolium ring, we have studied saturated cyclic ammonium-based ILs based on pyrrolidinium[2] or piperidinium[2], which showed more stable electrochemical behavior compared to the imidazolium-based ILs, but less favored physicochemical properties such as high viscosity and lower ionic conductivity.
In this work, some novel pyrrolinium-based ionic liquids have been prepared and studied as electrolytes for LIBs to address those problems. Introduction of a beneficial functional group such as an oxygen atom into the partially saturated pyrrolinium ring was expected to give some positive effects on both the electrochemical stability and the physicochemical properties. Therefore, several target ILs that were synthesized in the present study showed higher thermal stability than the combustible organic solvent such carbonates. We will present the thermal, physicochemical, and electrochemical properties of several pyrrolinium-based ionic liquids as electrolytes, which are compared to those of the conventional carbonate.
[1] Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 2006, 27, 847
[2] Bull. Korean Chem. Soc.,
2007, 28, 1567

Figure 1
Electrochemical Stability of PEDOT:PSS As Cathodic Binder for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Das Pratik Ranjan , Komsiyska Lidiya , Osters Oliver , Wittstock Gunther 
Published: February 2020

Cathodes in Li-ion batteries are composites and consist of redox active compounds such as metal oxides (LiCoO2, LiMn2O4, LiNixMnyCozO2) or metal phosphates (LiFePO4), and electrochemically inactive components with different functionalities. Organic polymers such as polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) are used as binder that forms a supporting matrix for the active material particles (1, 2). The properties of the binder significantly influence the electronic/ionic conductivity and the mechanical properties of the electrodes and the battery behavior (3). Since the commonly used binders are electrically insulating, additives such as carbon black and carbon nanotubes are added to the electrodes. However, the addition of redox inactive compounds reduces the total electrode capacity and has a crucial influence on the battery performance and stability.
In our recent work we proposed a new electrode concept for LiFePO4 cathodes, where poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) plays a dual role of binder and conducting additive (4). The new composite cathodes were prepared free of any other conductive additives such as carbon black or carbon nanotubes. The results show that an increasing PEDOT:PSS content leads to a decrease in the overvoltage and correspondingly to an improvement in the rate capability of resulting electrodes.
In this contribution we report the electrochemical behavior of PEDOT:PSS casted on an Al current collector in an aprotic Li-containing electrolyte in the potential range 2.5 to 4.2 V. In addition, the influence of the temperature on the electrochemical performance of the polymer was examined in the temperature range 10 °C to 50 °C by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The obtained results show, that the polymer is electrochemically inactive in the applied potential window and remains in the oxidized conductive state. The polymer film shows high electrochemical stability and only slight changes in the impedance are visible during multiple cycling.
Reference
1. I. Krylova, Prog. Org. Coat., 42, 119 (2001).
2. S. Babinec, H. Tang, A. Talik, S. Hughes, G. Meyers, J. Power Sources, 174, 508 (2007).
3. B. Lestriez, C. R. Chim, 13, 1341 (2010).
4. P. R. Das, L. Komsiyska, O. Osters, G. Wittstock, J. Electrochem. Soc 162 (4) 674 (2015).
Tin Sulfide(SnS) 3-D Nanoflowers with Superb Kinetic Property for the Anodic Use in Next-Generation Sodium Rechargeable Battery
Authors: Cho Eunbi , Song Kyeongse , Park Mihui , Agyeman Daniel Adjei , Kang Yong-Mook 
Published: February 2020

The ever-increasing demands of high power/energy density battery for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) as well as large-scale energy storage systems (ESSs) bring about the development of next-generation rechargeable battery systems with price competitiveness. Lithium rechargeable battery has been considered as a promising candidate for energy storage because of its high energy density. Unfortunately, the utilization of lithium rechargeable battery for large scale applications is restricted due to limited lithium resources leading to high cost. On the other hand, sodium metals and sodium compounds indeed have merits in terms of cost and suitable redox potential of Na ions (Na/Na+= 2.71 V vs. SHE at 298 K, 1 M, 1 atm), which can facilitate to commercialize sodium rechargeable battery for large scale application. Even if sodium rechargeable battery has recently attracted considerable interest, it still has low efficiency and poor cycle life at present. Such drawbacks are mainly attributed to the large ionic radius of Na ion (35% larger than Li ion), which may prompt mechanical stress and poor Na ion diffusivity in active materials of both cathode and anode sides. Therefore, there have been many attempts to design well-tailored materials for sodium rechargeable battery. Among them, metal sulfides have been extensively studied due to their fundamental properties for important technological applications. In particular, SnS has attracted much attention recently due to high theoretical capacity of 1,022 mAh/g, which is attributed to conversion and alloying-dealloying reaction with Na ion.
Here, we devised SnS three-dimensional (3-D) nanoflowers containing hierarchically organized two-dimensional (2-D) nanosheet subunits. Based on the electrochemical observations, SnS 3-D nanoflowers revealed that the unique morphology with large surface area and electrochemical interfacial region facilitates highly efficient Na ion insertion and extraction compared to those of bulk counterparts. Futhermore, the ex-situ characterizations let us know that the space between the each individual 2-D nanosheet subunit can effectively accommodates volume changes during charge/discharge process. Thus, the SnS 3-D nanoflowers can be considered as one of the most promising anode materials with superb kinetic property and stable cycle performance for sodium rechargeable battery.
Vacancy Ordering in Layered Metal Oxide Na-Ion Battery Cathodes
Authors: Toumar Alexandra J. , Ong Shyue Ping , Richards William Davidson , Dacek Stephen , Ceder Gerbrand 
Published: February 2020

Current state of the art Na-ion battery cathodes are selected from the broad chemical space of layered first row transition metal (TM) oxides. Unlike their lithium ion counterparts, seven first row layered TM oxides can intercalate Na ions reversibly. Their voltage curves also indicate significant and numerous reversible phase transformations during electrochemical cycling. These transformations are not yet fully understood, but arise from Na-ion vacancy ordering and metal oxide slab glide.
In this study, we investigate the nature of vacancy ordering transformations within the O3 lattice framework. We generate predicted electrochemical voltage curves for each of the Na-ion intercalating layered single TM oxides using a high-throughput framework of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We determine a set of vacancy ordered phases appearing as ground states in seven O3-NaxMO2systems (M = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni) and investigate the effect on phase stability of ordering interactions between adjacent sodium layers.
References
S. P. Ong, V. L. Chevrier, G. Hautier, A. Jain, C. Moore, S. Kim, X. Ma, G. Ceder. ”Voltage, stability and diffusion barrier differences between sodium-ion and lithium- ion intercalation materials” Energy Environ. Sci. (2011) doi:10.1039/c1ee01782a
C. Didier, M. Guignard, C. Denage, O. Szajwaj, S. Ito, I. Saadoune, J. Darriet, C. Delmas. ”Electrochemical Na-deintercalation from NaVO2” Electrochem. Solid St. 14, 5, A75-A78 (2011) doi:10.1149/1.3555102