bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extremely low birth weight influences the relationship between stress and telomere length in adulthood
Authors: Savoy Calan D. , Schmidt Louis A. , McGowan Patrick O. , Saigal Saroj , Van Lieshout Ryan J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study examined the link between two biological markers of stress vulnerability at 22–26 years of age and telomere length at 30–35 among extremely low birth weight (ELBW; <1000 g) survivors and normal birth weight (NBW; >2500 g) control participants. Sixteen ELBW and 22 NBW participants provided baseline afternoon salivary cortisol samples and resting frontal electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha asymmetry data at 22–26 years. Buccal cells were assayed for telomere length at 30–35 years. Analyses controlled for sex, postnatal steroid exposure, childhood socioeconomic status, time of cortisol sample collection, and body mass index at 22–26 years. Salivary cortisol and frontal asymmetry at age 22–26 independently predicted telomere length at age 30–35, such that relatively higher cortisol and greater relative right frontal asymmetry at rest predicted telomere shortening among NBW controls, but not among ELBW survivors. However, similar associations were not noted in ELBW survivors, suggesting that ELBW survivors may have different mechanisms of stress coping as a result of their early-life exposures. These findings offer preliminary evidence in support of the role of stress in the genesis of cellular senescence at least among those born at NBW, but that these links may differ in those born preterm.
Traveltime Calculations for qP, qSV, and qSH Waves in Two‐Dimensional Tilted Transversely Isotropic Media
Authors: Huang Guangnan , Luo Songting , Deng Juzhi , Vavryčuk Václav 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a fast sweeping method (FSM) to calculate the first‐arrival traveltimes of the qP, qSV, and qSH waves in two‐dimensional (2D) transversely isotropic media, whose symmetry axis may have an arbitrary orientation (tilted transverse isotropy [TTI]). The method discretizes the anisotropic eikonal equation with finite difference approximations on a rectangular mesh and solves the discretized system iteratively with the Gauss‐Seidel iterations along alternating sweeping orderings. At each mesh point, a highly nonlinear equation is solved to update the numerical solution until its convergence. For solving the nonlinear equation, an interval that contains the solutions is first determined and partitioned into few subintervals such that each subinterval contains one solution; then, the false position method is applied on these subintervals to compute the solutions; after that, among all possible solutions for the discretized equation, a causality condition is imposed, and the minimum solution satisfying the causality condition is chosen to update the solution. For problems with a point‐source condition, the FSM is extended for solving the anisotropic eikonal equation after a factorization technique is applied to resolve the source singularities, which yields clean first‐order accuracy. When dealing with the triplication of the qSV wave, solutions corresponding to the minimal group velocity are chosen such that continuous solutions are computed. The accuracy, efficiency, and capability of the proposed method are demonstrated with numerical experiments.
Crustal Structure of the Niuafo'ou Microplate and Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center in the Northeastern Lau Basin, Southwestern Pacific
Authors: Schmid F. , Kopp H. , Schnabel M. , Dannowski A. , Heyde I. , Riedel M. , Hannington M. D. , Engels M. , Beniest A. , Klaucke I. , Augustin N. , Brandl P. A. , Devey C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe northeastern Lau Basin is one of the fastest opening and magmatically most active back‐arc regions on Earth. Although the current pattern of plate boundaries and motions in this complex mosaic of microplates is reasonably understood, the internal structure and evolution of the back‐arc crust are not. We present new geophysical data from a 290 km long east‐west oriented transect crossing the Niuafo'ou Microplate (back‐arc), the Fonualei Rift and Spreading Center (FRSC) and the Tofua Volcanic Arc at 17°20′S. Our P wave tomography model and density modeling suggest that past crustal accretion inside the southern FRSC was accommodated by a combination of arc crustal extension and magmatic activity. The absence of magnetic reversals inside the FRSC supports this and suggests that focused seafloor spreading has until now not contributed to crustal accretion. The back‐arc crust constituting the southern Niuafo'ou Microplate reveals a heterogeneous structure comprising several crustal blocks. Some regions of the back‐arc show a crustal structure similar to typical oceanic crust, suggesting they originate from seafloor spreading. Other crustal blocks resemble a structure that is similar to volcanic arc crust or a “hydrous” type of oceanic crust that has been created at a spreading center influenced by slab‐derived water at distances <50 km to the arc. Throughout the back‐arc region, we observe a high‐velocity (Vp 7.2–7.5 km s−1) lower crust, which is an indication for magmatic underplating, which is likely sustained by elevated upper mantle temperatures in this region.
Performance and Accuracy Implications of Parallel Split Physics‐Dynamics Coupling in the Energy Exascale Earth System Atmosphere Model
Authors: Donahue Aaron S. , Caldwell Peter M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSimultaneous calculation of atmospheric processes is faster than calculating processes one at a time. This type of parallelism is beneficial or perhaps even necessary to provide good performance on modern supercomputers, which achieve faster performance through increased processor count rather than improved clock speed. The scalability of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Atmosphere Model (EAM) is limited by the fluid dynamics which scales up to the number of mesh cells in the global mesh. In contrast, the suite of physics parameterizations in EAM is scalable up to the total number of physics columns, which is an order of magnitude greater than the number of mesh cells. A proposed solution to unlocking the greater potential performance from the physics suite is to solve the physics and dynamics in parallel. This work represents a first attempt at parallel splitting of the grid‐scale fluid dynamics model and the subgrid‐scale physics parameterizations in a global atmosphere model. We will demonstrate that switching to parallel physics‐dynamics coupling extends the scalability of the EAM to up to 3 times the previous peak scalability limit and is up to 20% faster than the sequentially split coupling at the highest core counts and the same time step. Decadal simulations of both coupling approaches show very little impact to the model climate. This improved performance does not come without drawbacks, however. Parallel splitting requires a shorter time step and other modifications which largely offset performance gains. A mass fixer is required for conservation. Techniques for mitigating these issues are also discussed.
Neoplastic fibrocytes play an essential role in bone marrow fibrosis in Jak2V617F-induced primary myelofibrosis mice
Authors: Ozono Yoshinori , Shide Kotaro , Kameda Takuro , Kamiunten Ayako , Tahira Yuki , Sekine Masaaki , Akizuki Keiichi , Nakamura Kenichi , Iwakiri Hisayoshi , Sueta Mitsue , Hidaka Tomonori , Kubuki Yoko , Yamamoto Shojiro , Hasuike Satoru , Sawaguchi Akira , Nagata Kenji , Shimoda Kazuya 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPrimary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) characterized by clonal myeloproliferation, progressive bone marrow (BM) fibrosis, splenomegaly, and anemia. BM fibrosis was previously thought to be a reactive phenomenon induced by mesenchymal stromal cells that are stimulated by the overproduction of cytokines such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. However, the involvement of neoplastic fibrocytes in BM fibrosis was recently reported. In this study, we showed that the vast majority of collagen- and fibronectin-producing cells in the BM and spleens of Jak2V617F-induced myelofibrosis (MF) mice were fibrocytes derived from neoplastic hematopoietic cells. Neoplastic monocyte depletion eliminated collagen- and fibronectin-producing fibrocytes in BM and spleen, and ameliorated most characteristic MF features in Jak2V617F transgenic mice, including BM fibrosis, anemia, and splenomegaly, while had little effect on the elevated numbers of megakaryocytes and stem cells in BM, and leukothrombocytosis in peripheral blood. TGF-β1, which was produced by hematopoietic cells including fibrocytes, promoted the differentiation of neoplastic monocytes to fibrocytes, and elevated plasma TGF-β1 levels were normalized by monocyte depletion. Collectively, our data suggest that neoplastic fibrocytes are the major contributor to BM fibrosis in PMF, and TGF-β1 is required for their differentiation.
On-chip plasmonic spin-Hall nanograting for simultaneously detecting phase and polarization singularities
Authors: Feng Fu , Si Guangyuan , Min Changjun , Yuan Xiaocong , Somekh Michael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPhase and polarization singularities are important degrees of freedom for electromagnetic field manipulation. Detecting these singularities is essential for modern optics, but it is still a challenge, especially in integrated optical systems. In this paper, we propose an on-chip plasmonic spin-Hall nanograting structure that simultaneously detects both the polarization and phase singularities of the incident cylindrical vortex vector beam (CVVB). The nanograting is symmetry-breaking with different periods for the upper and lower parts, which enables the unidirectional excitation of the surface plasmon polariton depending on the topological charge of the incident optical vortex beam. Additionally, spin-Hall meta-slits are integrated onto the grating so that the structure has a chiral response for polarization detection. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that the designed structure fully discriminates both the topological charges and polarization states of the incident beam simultaneously. The proposed structure has great potential in compact integrated photonic circuits.
Trophic innovations fuel reef fish diversification
Authors: Siqueira Alexandre C. , Morais Renato A. , Bellwood David R. , Cowman Peter F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractReef fishes are an exceptionally speciose vertebrate assemblage, yet the main drivers of their diversification remain unclear. It has been suggested that Miocene reef rearrangements promoted opportunities for lineage diversification, however, the specific mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we assemble near-complete reef fish phylogenies to assess the importance of ecological and geographical factors in explaining lineage origination patterns. We reveal that reef fish diversification is strongly associated with species’ trophic identity and body size. Large-bodied herbivorous fishes outpace all other trophic groups in recent diversification rates, a pattern that is consistent through time. Additionally, we show that omnivory acts as an intermediate evolutionary step between higher and lower trophic levels, while planktivory represents a common transition destination. Overall, these results suggest that Miocene changes in reef configurations were likely driven by, and subsequently promoted, trophic innovations. This highlights trophic evolution as a key element in enhancing reef fish diversification.
A network of RNA-binding proteins controls translation efficiency to activate anaerobic metabolism
Authors: Ho J. J. David , Balukoff Nathan C. , Theodoridis Phaedra R. , Wang Miling , Krieger Jonathan R. , Schatz Jonathan H. , Lee Stephen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractProtein expression evolves under greater evolutionary constraint than mRNA levels, and translation efficiency represents a primary determinant of protein levels during stimuli adaptation. This raises the question as to the translatome remodelers that titrate protein output from mRNA populations. Here, we uncover a network of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that enhances the translation efficiency of glycolytic proteins in cells responding to oxygen deprivation. A system-wide proteomic survey of translational engagement identifies a family of oxygen-regulated RBPs that functions as a switch of glycolytic intensity. Tandem mass tag-pulse SILAC (TMT-pSILAC) and RNA sequencing reveals that each RBP controls a unique but overlapping portfolio of hypoxic responsive proteins. These RBPs collaborate with the hypoxic protein synthesis apparatus, operating as a translation efficiency checkpoint that integrates upstream mRNA signals to activate anaerobic metabolism. This system allows anoxia-resistant animals and mammalian cells to initiate anaerobic glycolysis and survive hypoxia. We suggest that an oxygen-sensitive RBP cluster controls anaerobic metabolism to confer hypoxia tolerance.
Quantum interference device for controlled two-qubit operations
Authors: Loft Niels Jakob Søe , Kjaergaard Morten , Kristensen Lasse Bjørn , Andersen Christian Kraglund , Larsen Thorvald W. , Gustavsson Simon , Oliver William D. , Zinner Nikolaj T. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUniversal quantum computing relies on high-fidelity entangling operations. Here, we demonstrate that four coupled qubits can operate as a quantum gate, where two qubits control the operation on two target qubits (a four-qubit gate). This configuration can implement four different controlled two-qubit gates: two different entangling swap and phase operations, a phase operation distinguishing states of different parity, and the identity operation (idle quantum gate), where the choice of gate is set by the state of the control qubits. The device exploits quantum interference to control the operation on the target qubits by coupling them to each other via the control qubits. By connecting several four-qubit devices in a two-dimensional lattice, one can achieve a highly connected quantum computer. We consider an implementation of the four-qubit gate with superconducting qubits, using capacitively coupled qubits arranged in a diamond-shaped architecture.
X-ray nano-tomography of complete scales from the ultra-white beetles Lepidiota stigma and Cyphochilus
Authors: Burg Stephanie L. , Washington Adam L. , Villanova Julie , Dennison Andrew J. C. , McLoughlin Daragh , Mykhaylyk Oleksandr O. , Vukusic Pete , Furnass Will , Jones Richard A. L. , Parnell Andrew J. , Fairclough J. Patrick A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHigh resolution X-ray nano-tomography experiments are often limited to a few tens of micrometer size volumes due to detector size. It is possible, through the use of multiple overlapping tomography scans, to produce a large area scan which can encompass a sample in its entirety. Mounting and positioning regions to be scanned is highly challenging and normally requires focused ion beam approaches. In this work we have imaged intact beetle scale cells mounted on the tip of a needle using a micromanipulator stage. Here we show X-ray holotomography data for single ultra-white scales from the beetlesLepidiota stigma(L. stigma) andCyphochiluswhich exhibit the most effective scattering of white light in the literature. The final thresholded matrices represent a scan area of 25 × 70 × 362.5 µm and 25 × 67.5 × 235µm while maintaining a pixel resolution of 25 nm. This tomographic approach allowed the internal structure of the scales to be captured completely intact and undistorted by the sectioning required for traditional microscopy techniques.
Modulation of inter-organ signalling in obese mice by spontaneous physical activity during mammary cancer development
Authors: Le Guennec Delphine , Hatte Victor , Farges Marie-Chantal , Rougé Stéphanie , Goepp Marie , Caldefie-Chezet Florence , Vasson Marie- Paule , Rossary Adrien 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAccumulative evidence links breast cancer development to excess weight and obesity. During obesity, dysregulations of adipose tissue induce an increase in pro-inflammatory adipokine secretions, such as leptin and oestrogen secretions. Furthermore, a raise in oxidative stress, along with a decrease in antioxidant capacity, induces and maintains chronic inflammation, which creates a permissive environment for cancer development. Physical activity is recommended as a non-pharmacological therapy in both obese and cancer situations. Physical activity is associated with a moderation of acute inflammation, higher antioxidant defences and adipokine regulation, linked to a decrease of tumour-cell proliferation. However, the biological mechanisms underlying the relationship between oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, carcinogenesis, obesity and physical activity are poorly understood. Our study is based on old, ovariectomised mice (C57BL/6J mice, 33 weeks old), fed with a high fat diet which increases adipose tissue favouring overweight and obesity, and housed in either an enriched environment, promoting physical activity and social interactions, or a standard environment constituting close to sedentary conditions. Our model of mammary carcinogenesis allowed for the exploration of tissue secretions and signalling pathway activation as well as the oxidative status in tumours to clarify the mechanisms involved in a multiple factorial analysis of the data set. The multiple factorial analysis demonstrated that the most important variables linked to moderate, spontaneous physical activity were the increase in growth factor (epithelial growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)) and the activation of the signalling pathways (STAT3, c-jun n-terminal kinases (JNK), EKR1/2, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)) in the gastrocnemius (G). In inguinal adipose tissue, the NF-κB inflammation pathway was activated, increasing the IL-6 content. The adiponectin plasma (P) level increased and presented an inverse correlation with tumour oxidative status. Altogether, these results demonstrated that spontaneous physical activity in obesity conditions could slow down tumour growth through crosstalk between muscle, adipose tissue and tumour. A spontaneous moderate physical activity was able to modify the inter-organ exchange in a paracrine manner. The different tissues changed their signalling pathways and adipokine/cytokine secretions, such as adiponectin and leptin, resulting in a decrease in anti-oxidative response and inflammation in the tumour environment. This model showed that moderate, spontaneous physical activity suppresses tumour growth via a dialogue between the organs close to the tumour.
Distribution and budget of 137Cs in the China Seas
Authors: Wu Junwen , Xiao Xiyu , Sun Jiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCesium–137 is one of the most abundant anthropogenic radionuclides released by atmospheric nuclear testing and nuclear accidents, and accordingly it may significantly impact the health of humans and marine environmental eco–systems. Documenting the distribution and inventory of 137Cs is thus a crucial task. In this study, we collected a large number of datasets with field observations of 137Cs in the China Seas, in order to provide an in–depth understanding of 137Cs budgets and distributions. The activity and inventory of 137Cs in China Seas’ sediments showed large spatial variations, related to the 137Cs source, sedimentation rates and the mineral composition of sediments. The 137Cs concentration in sediments decreased with distance from the shore, generally tracing the distribution of sedimentation rates. High 137Cs inventories in the water column indicated a high solubility and long mean residence times. The mean residence times of 137Cs in the China Seas were determined to be 45.6 ± 3.8 years for the South China Sea (SCS), 36.8 ± 3.1 years for the East China Sea (ECS), and 12.0 ± 1.0 years for the Yellow Sea (YS). A 137Cs mass balance suggests that oceanic input from the north Pacific is the dominant 137Cs source to the China Seas, contributing about 96.9% of this substance. Furthermore, the bulk of 137Cs remains dissolved in the SCS water column, while 137Cs is mostly deposited to the sediments of the ECS and the YS. This new compilation of the activity level and inventory of 137Cs help to establish background levels for future 137Cs studies in the China Seas.
Isolation and characterisation of novel phages infecting Lactobacillus plantarum and proposal of a new genus, “Silenusvirus”
Authors: Kyrkou Ifigeneia , Carstens Alexander Byth , Ellegaard-Jensen Lea , Kot Witold , Zervas Athanasios , Djurhuus Amaru Miranda , Neve Horst , Franz Charles M. A. P. , Hansen Martin , Hansen Lars Hestbjerg 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBacteria of Lactobacillus sp. are very useful to humans. However, the biology and genomic diversity of their (bacterio)phage enemies remains understudied. Knowledge on Lactobacillus phage diversity should broaden to develop efficient phage control strategies. To this end, organic waste samples were screened for phages against two wine-related Lactobacillus plantarum strains. Isolates were shotgun sequenced and compared against the phage database and each other by phylogenetics and comparative genomics. The new isolates had only three distant relatives from the database, but displayed a high overall degree of genomic similarity amongst them. The latter allowed for the use of one isolate as a representative to conduct transmission electron microscopy and structural protein sequencing, and to study phage adsorption and growth kinetics. The microscopy and proteomics tests confirmed the observed diversity of the new isolates and supported their classification to the family Siphoviridae and the proposal of the new phage genus “Silenusvirus”.
Blood-brain barrier disruption and delivery of irinotecan in a rat model using a clinical transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound system
Authors: McDannold Nathan , Zhang Yongzhi , Supko Jeffrey G. , Power Chanikarn , Sun Tao , Vykhodtseva Natalia , Golby Alexandra J. , Reardon David A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe investigated controlled blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption using a low-frequency clinical transcranial MRI-guided focused ultrasound (TcMRgFUS) device and evaluated enhanced delivery of irinotecan chemotherapy to the brain and a rat glioma model. Animals received three weekly sessions of FUS, FUS and 10 mg/kg irinotecan, or irinotecan alone. In each session, four volumetric sonications targeted 36 locations in one hemisphere. With feedback control based on recordings of acoustic emissions, 98% of the sonication targets (1045/1071) reached a pre-defined level of acoustic emission, while the probability of wideband emission (a signature for inertial cavitation) was than 1%. BBB disruption, evaluated by mapping the R1 relaxation rate after administration of an MRI contrast agent, was significantly higher in the sonicated hemisphere (P < 0.01). Histological evaluation found minimal tissue effects. Irinotecan concentrations in the brain were significantly higher (P < 0.001) with BBB disruption, but SN-38 was only detected in <50% of the samples and only with an excessive irinotecan dose. Irinotecan with BBB disruption did not impede tumor growth or increase survival. Overall these results demonstrate safe and controlled BBB disruption with a low-frequency clinical TcMRgFUS device. While irinotecan delivery to the brain was not neurotoxic, it did not improve outcomes in the F98 glioma model.