bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Possibilities of achieving the nZEB building standard (nearly zero energy building) and the passive building standard for newly designed buildings in Poland
Authors: Fedorczak-Cisak Małgorzata , Furtak Marcin , Surówka Maciej 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
For some time, a trend has been noticeable in the construction sector to reduce energy consumption. It is manifested by the tightening regulations of thermal protection of buildings, an increasing number of low-energy and even passive buildings, new technologies available on the construction market, or the new name of the “nearly zero energy” (NZEB) building standard. It is true that the definition of NZEB buildings appeared already ten years ago in the Energy Performance Directive No. 2010/31 / EU, but despite the fact that to some extent this type of buildings should already be the standard of construction, very few people know what is meant by NZEB and how it differs from the passive standard. The nZEB standard for newly designed buildings applies from January 1, 2021, to all European countries. Parameters for nZEB buildings are determined individually by each European country. In Poland, the requirements specifying the standard for nearly zero-energy buildings are included in the Technical and Construction Conditions. These requirements are very difficult to meet. The requirements apply to the thermal insulation of the external casing of buildings. This can be achieved by using appropriate materials and construction technologies, as well as by minimizing thermal bridges. The second requirement for nZEB buildings in Polish regulations concerns the Primary Energy indicator. This requirement can only be achieved through the use of appropriate energy sources, a very large extent Renewable Energy Sources. The article presents the possibilities of achieving the standard of newly designed buildings with “almost zero energy consumption” thanks to the use of appropriate materials, technologies, installations as well as heat and cold sources. The article also describes the standard of passive buildings, as well as the standard of passive buildings, which has been compared with the Polish standard of buildings “nearly zero energy building” (NZEB).
Thermomodernization of a Residential Building to NZEB Level
Authors: Kozak-Jagieła Ewa , Kusak Grzegorz , Klich Agnieszka , Mojkowska-Gawełczyk Małgorzata 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Directive (EU) 2018/844 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings and Directive 2012/27/EU on energy efficiency introduces a zero-energy building standard, for which the energy balance per year is zero, i.e. the amount of energy obtained from renewable sources is equal to the annual demand. Each Member State shall establish a long-term renovation strategy to support the renovation of the national stock of residential and non-residential buildings, both public and private, into a highly energy efficient and decarbonised building stock by 2050, facilitating the cost-effective transformation of existing buildings into nearly zero-energy buildings. To achieve energy consumption at an appropriately low level in an existing building, you must adjust the heat transfer coefficients of the building envelope and the demand for primary energy to the requirements of the Technical Conditions for year 2021. Renewable energy sources, primarily from the sun, will also play a key role. A computational example of a single-family building shows which partitions are best modernized, what thickness of thermal insulation materials should be used to properly reduce heat transfer coefficients, and which installation systems to use to reduce the potential energy index (EP). It is also depicted as to how much the demand for usable energy in the building will decrease. This article aims to show residents of single-family buildings what steps should be taken to reduce energy consumption and thus - operating costs in an existing building to a minimum.
Protection Status of a World Cultural Heritage Site Under Tourism Development: Case Study of Shuhe Ancient Town
Authors: Li Bing , Xing Zhenpeng , Miao Li 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In 2019, China joined Italy as the two countries with the most UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Among the Chinese heritage sites, the inhabited ancient towns, called Living Heritage, are the most difficult to protect in the eyes of many scholars. Only two Chinese ancient towns are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Old Town of Lijiang in Yunnan province, the most important settlement of the Naxi people. This indicates Lijiang’s significance in the protection of China’s cultural heritage. As one of three heritage sites within Lijiang Old Town itself, Shuhe is a pilot site for tourist development and heritage protection, led by the local government. In contrast to the Model of Dayan, the largest area and the earliest tourist development heritage site in Lijiang Old Town, Shuhe was renovated and modernised by a real estate company under the official guidance of the Lijiang government. This model was created to solve the contradiction between local development and cultural heritage protection in Shuhe. Since its renovation 17 years ago, the model of Shuhe has typical Chinese characteristics and has been a great influence on many other historical cities in China. After nearly 20 years of follow-up research, this study combs the development history of Shuhe Ancient Town, by analysing examples of architectural heritage transformation, and further reflects on the root causes of Shuhe development from the perspective of laws and regulations. The rapid development of tourism has become means for the local government and the people to lift themselves out of poverty at the cost of their historical heritage. The development of tourism has brought immediate economic benefits to the local government, developers, outside operators and local habitants in Lijiang. However, the original Naxi habitants have left their historic settlement, and the profound changes to the Naxi living environment have caused the Shuhe world heritage site to lose its original significance. In the renovation of heritage buildings, architects and craftsmen are not responsible for the modification of the historical heritage but are only tools for local governments, developers and outsider operators to gain wealth. The defects, backwardness and inability to fully implement the laws and regulations on heritage protection are the fundamental causes of Shuhe’s problems, which reflect the huge gap between the administrators’ awareness of heritage protection and the requirements of the professional guidelines of the UNESCO for the world cultural heritage protection.
Safety of Oil/Gas Offshore Platforms Designed According to European Provisions under the Action of Pulse-Like Ground Motions
Authors: Konstandakopoulou Foteini , Pnevmatikos Nikos , Papagiannopoulos George , Hatzigeorgiou George 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Oil and gas offshore platforms are important civil constructions, which are loaded by various types of environmental actions such as wave loads and wind forces. These actions usually govern the platforms’ structural design, while seismic action appears to have minor influence. Nonetheless, numerous offshore structures have been founded in earthquake-prone regions where the structural design can be strongly affected by earthquake action. Many studies have investigated the seismic behaviour of oil and gas offshore platforms examining traditional seismic records. This study investigates the application of simple pulses, i.e., exponential, triangular, rectangular and sinusoidal pulse waveforms, as an earthquake excitation for offshore platforms. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that the aforementioned set of simplified ground motions have been applied to assess the nonlinear seismic behaviour of offshore oil/gas platform. It should be mentioned that pulses could make important information concerning the dynamic response available considering that many intense seismic events enclose actually an acceleration pulse, which can lead to a nonlinear structural response. It is worth noticing that a small number of works have examined the nonlinear response of the platform and most of the previous works assumed fixed boundary conditions ignoring the soil-structure interaction. On the contrary, this study investigates the structural response of 3-D platforms under the action of simplified pulses, considering also the soil-pile-platform interaction. It should be mentioned that the structural design of these special structures fulfils the Eurocode 8 standards. Finally, this work investigates the effect of angle of earthquake waves incidence.
Optimizing of the Geometrical Accuracy of Windows and External Doors
Authors: Veselá Linda 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Geometric accuracy of building structures is an important part of the quality of construction work. Within the technical standards, it is assumed that the designer determines the functional geometrical parameters of building structures by calculation. The functional geometrical parameters are to be determined primarily for critical elements, i.e. for structures whose geometrical accuracy is important for structures that require high precision or are subject to functional requirements. If, for any reason, the designer fails to perform the calculation of the functional geometric parameters, the designer may use the recommended values of the geometric parameters given by the technical standards. The assumption is that the designers incorporate these geometrical deviations in the planning of spatial parameters of building structures, which should ensure that the minimum dimensional requirements for finished structures are met. The problem may arise in the implementation phase when the contractors follow the technical standards for the execution of individual parts of building structures. At present, when we adopt European technical standards, the system of technical standards is not interrelated and there may be situations where the standard requirements for the geometric accuracy of successive structures will differ significantly or will not be determined at all. These differences could lead to the fact, that the designer considered the design documentation with a margin for geometrical deviations for finished structures, with specified geometric accuracy requirements and required dimensions will not be met. One of these constructions are windows and external doors. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the determination of the basic geometric accuracy requirements and to define procedures for the fulfilment of these basic requirements in all related operations.
Modeling of temperature distribution of engineering objects on the basis of data obtained from a thermal imaging camera and geodetic instruments
Authors: Kujawa Paulina , Muszyński Zbigniew 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the modern world, collections of various types of data have become the most valuable commodity. Data is obtained automatically or manually and comes from various measuring techniques, monitoring systems, sensors or methods of tracking human activity on the Internet. This combined with the idea of intelligent devices, which can automatically exchange data (Internet of Things), creates unimaginably large sets of data that seem to be unrelated to each other. Only the application of advanced Big data analysis can detect connections that are not visible at first glance. A common desire to integrate various types of measurement data also applies to engineering facilities. In the case of modeling temperature distribution, the integration of data from terrestrial laser scanning and thermovision, i.e. mapping of thermal images on point clouds, is very popular. This provides a three-dimensional representation of the tested object enriched with information about temperature. These types of models are used to identify damaged parts of the object, determine the size of leaks (e.g. heat and/or air leaks) or perform thermal analyses. In the classic approach, modeling of temperature distribution is performed in two-dimensional space using a set of quasi-continuous thermographic images with a colored scale or a set of point data with temperature values measured at a specific time. In the latter case, we can talk about the integration of spatial data (regarding the location of points, obtained by geodetic techniques) with the results of point measurements of temperature made by physical techniques (e.g. contactless pyrometer). The combined data sets can be further analyzed, e.g. using geostatistical methods, enabling continuous temperature distribution model to be obtained. This article presents the three-dimensional integration of data from two measurement techniques and methods to model the temperature distribution in two-dimensional space. Three-dimensional spatial integration concerned the point cloud acquired by terrestrial laser scanning and thermal imaging. The measurement object was a fragment of the ventilation system in the underground car park. Modeling of temperature distribution in two-dimensional space uses an unusual data source, which are temperature readings from a precision level, obtained during measurements of vertical displacements of a multi-level underground parking structure. These data, combined with images from a thermal imaging camera, enabled performing thematic maps of temperature distribution to be made using the IDW method and ordinary kriging. These maps can help in the future to interpret the values of vertical displacements of the parking structure.
Smart Solar Micro-exchangers for Sustainable Mobility of University Camps
Authors: Rosa-Jiménez Carlos , De-La-Bandera Isabel , Mora-López Llanos , Sidrach-De-Cardona Mariano , Álvarez-Gil Antonio , Camacho-Mérida Lourdes , Casauco-Tenllado Inmaculada , Delgado-Fernández Samuel , García-Moreno Alberto E. , Márquez-Ballesteros Maria J. , Ruiz Jessica Mendoza , Morales-Martín Alejandro , Nebot Nuria , Baena-González Jose Carlos , Ventura-Blanch Ferrán , Vías-Martínez Jesús 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A significant number of universities have several campuses located in urban or rural settings, or with scattered university buildings that require the use of means of transportation. This implies the mobility and potential displacement of a large community of students, professors and researchers. The use of electric bicycles (e-bikes) is an intermediate alternative between the bicycle and electric cars. It can be an important stimulus for the promotion of the decarbonisation of the University Campus, avoiding the traffic congestion and reducing space requirements for parking. This paper presents the smart solar micro-exchanger model managed through a sustainable mobility web platform, applied to the case study of the University of Malaga (Spain). It is a solar charging station for e-bike, whose design is based on the principles of solar architecture (providing great security to e-bike). It managed by a web platform and app that allows the user to make reservations and learn about the savings in CO2 emissions. The system allows performing an aerobic sports activity without sweating problems when you reach the job. The platform also incorporates a database of quiet and safe routes for e-bike users.
Economic and Environmental Assessment of New Generation Concretes
Authors: Wałach Daniel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The identification of an anthropogenic environmental degradation has led to a transformation of social and economic trends in the world, which has resulted in the idea of sustainable development, which, in recent years, has become a key point of scientific consideration and a challenge for economic operators. Previously, the dominant aspects of the design of buildings and constructions were functional and structural issues. Nevertheless, based on sustainable development, a new approach to design has emerged, taking into account all the requirements for sustainable construction in one design process, called ILCD - integrated life-cycle design. The new concept combines the design of a building at the level of material, structural element and the whole structure, while, at the same time, assessing design solutions in terms of meeting technical requirements and, among others, economic and environmental efficiency. The development of concrete technology involving a new generation concrete with significantly improved properties, not only in terms of strength and durability but also in terms of rheology, has made it necessary to evaluate these materials from an economic and environmental point of view. The article presents such an assessment of new generation concretes. In this way, the idea of integrated design was presented in practice. The paper also indicates the sources of data and the tools that can be used for the inventory of the indicators for individual processes. The conducted analyses were also an attempt to estimate selected issues of the integrated design of new generation concrete technology against the background of normal concrete technology.
A City Game: Guidelines and Recommendations for Contemporary Urban Policy
Authors: Mazur-Belzyt Katarzyna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Cities are settlement units with a very diverse genesis and character. However, most of them are affected by similar, degrading social, economic and spatial phenomena. Solving city problems requires special attention and a very individual approach when looking for alternative functions, development opportunities and ways to improve the quality of life of their residents. The changes that constantly occur in the structure of the settlement network, as well as changing visions of shaping cities and problems related to such phenomena as: shrinking of cities, depopulation, suburbanization, metropolisation, climate change, etc. cause the need to answer the questions: what is the contemporary city vision and what contemporary urban policy should be in this connection. In order to solve the problems constructed in this way, several research methods and techniques were used. Among other things, a query was made of selected urban strategic documents and an analysis of the literature on the subject. On this basis, the vision of a modern city was determined. In the next stage of work, a proposal was prepared of a set of desirable directions of urban development and actions necessary for local government units to undertake in the area of spatial planning and development. These activities should support the qualitative and sustainable development of cities. This is the answer to social, environmental and economic needs. Nowadays, it is essential for improving the quality of life and planning for the benefit of future generations. Referring to the developed vision of the city, the author of the article presented recommendations that were divided into topics: compact and sustainable city, strong, efficiently managed, coherent, competitive, attractive and creative. An important element of contemporary urban policy seems to be the exchange of experiences between cities, promotion of examples of good practices and still underestimated social participation.
Behaviour of High-Modulus Asphalt Concrete from the Perspective of Deformation Characteristics - Stiffness
Authors: Valentin Jan , Kotoušová Adriana , Belhaj Majda , He Liang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
High-modulus asphalt concrete is a specific type of asphalt mixture which is used for several decades in pavement engineering. It was originally invented as a solution which should help to minimize the effects of permanent deformation caused mainly by heavy traffic and mainly during the periods with elevated temperatures. These mixtures are used either in binder or base courses, whereas for base courses, it is important to combine reasonably the high stiffness with good fatigue life to avoid premature pavement failures not caused by rutting but by fatigue cracking. In this respect, various types of HMAC used and designed in the Czech Republic were tested first and foremost to determine stiffness. The stiffness modules were tested according to EN 12607-26, test method IT-CY, at selected temperatures representing cold, moderate and high service temperatures. The susceptibility to temperature change can be shown by thermal susceptibility for each mixture. In the parallel test, specimens were laboratory age to identify the changes in stiffness caused by thermo-oxidative ageing. This allows calculating a simple measure of the ageing index. Not presented in this paper but performed as a very last test was resistance to crack propagation.
Analysis of a Damaged Bridge Object as a Result of Vehicle Impact
Authors: Śliwka Andrzej 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article presents a case of damage to an object caused by an impact of vehicle or load. The bridge over the expressway has a typical structure used in Poland in the 70’s and 80’s of the last century. Spans were made of Płońsk beams (T beams) joined only by locks at the junction of the upper beams’ flanges. As a result of impact with the vehicle / load, there was a horizontal crack at the contact of the web with the top flange almost along the entire length of the beam. Visible stirrup deformation indicates complete loss of cooperation between beam elements at the point of impact. The part of strands were also broken. The method of estimating the load capacity of a damaged beam is discussed and the temporary protection of a damaged beam and recommendations for further handling of the bridge are presented.
Building-Integrated Photovoltaics from Products to System Integration – A Critical Review
Authors: Fedorova Anna , Hrynyszyn Bozena Dorota , Jelle Bjørn Petter 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This review brings together research on the integration aspect of photovoltaic technologies in the building sector. Buildings are among the significant contributors of negative, yet not avoidable, environmental impact. Two primary drivers are pushing the building industry toward sustainability: a goal of lowering the emission levels emitted by the industry, and new norms and regulations on a zero-energy building. The zero-energy building concept is primarily based on the principle that the amount of renewable energy created on the site will be equal to the total amount of energy used by the building during its operational phase throughout its entire lifetime. As a result, the photovoltaic technology was introduced to the building sector, and from there started a rapid research and development of a merged field, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). The market of BIPV is still young and is hence constantly changing. A few BIPV product manufacturers are steadily represented on the market, while new products and manufacturers are emerging and others disappearing now and then. A critical review presented herein provides technical information on existing BIPV products and systems, considering their multi-functionality as a climate screen, energy generator and aesthetic component. Therefore, this paper aims to help to understand BIPV products and systems as well as possibilities and challenges associated with their integration into the built environment of today, thus also giving guidelines for the development and design of BIPV components for the future.