bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Habitat urbanization and stress response are primary predictors of personality variation in northern cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis)
Authors: Huang Ping , St.Mary Colette M , Kimball Rebecca T 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBehavioral traits that vary consistently among individuals across different contexts are often termed as ‘personality traits,’ while the correlated suite formed by those traits is called a ‘behavioral syndrome’. Both personality trait and behavioral syndrome are potentially responsive to animal ‘states’, defined as strategically relevant individual features affecting the cost-and-benefit trade-offs of behavioral actions. Both extrinsic ‘states’ (e.g. urban versus rural habitats), and intrinsic ‘states’ (e.g. sex), may shape among-individual variation in personality traits, as well as behavioral syndromes. Here, we used northern cardinals sampled from four locations to examine the effect of habitat type (urban versus rural, an extrinsic state), stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) parameters, body weight and sex (intrinsic states) on personality traits and behavioral syndrome variation. We used behavioral trials to measure five personality traits. Using principal component analysis to quantify personality traits first, followed by general linear mixed models, we found that habitat type, CORT at capture and 2-day CORT response affected some personality traits, while body weight and sex did not. Cardinals inhabiting more urbanized areas had lower CORT metabolite levels at capture and were more neophilic, less neophobic and also less aggressive than their rural conspecifics. Using structural equation modeling to construct behavioral syndromes formed by our selected personality traits, we found that urban and rural cardinals varied in the models representing syndrome structure. When utilizing the shared syndrome structural model to examine the effects of states, habitat type and 2-day CORT response appear to affect syndrome variation in a coordinated, not hierarchical, manner.
Stellar-mass black holes in young massive and open stellar clusters – IV. Updated stellar-evolutionary and black hole spin models and comparisons with the LIGO-Virgo O1/O2 merger-event data
Authors: Banerjee Sambaran 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT
I present a set of long-term, direct, relativistic many-body computations of model dense stellar clusters with up-to-date stellar-evolutionary, supernova (SN), and remnant natal-kick models, including pair instability and pulsation pair instability supernova (PSN and PPSN), using an updated version of ${\rm{\small NBODY7}}$ N-body simulation program. The N-body model also includes stellar evolution-based natal spins of black holes (BHs) and treatments of binary black hole (BBH) mergers based on numerical relativity. These, for the first time in a direct N-body simulation, allow for second-generation BBH mergers. The set of 65 evolutionary models have initial masses $10^4{\!-\!}10^5\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, sizes 1–3 pc, metallicity 0.0001–0.02, with the massive stars in primordial binaries and they represent young massive clusters (YMC) and moderately massive open clusters (OC). Such models produce dynamically paired BBH mergers that agree well with the observed masses, mass ratios, effective spin parameters, and final spins of the LVC O1/O2 merger events, provided BHs are born with low or no spin but spin-up after undergoing a BBH merger or matter accretion on to it. In particular, the distinctly higher mass, effective spin parameter, and final spin of GW170729 merger event is naturally reproduced, as also the mass asymmetry of the O3 event GW190412. The computed models produce intermediate-mass, $\sim 100\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ BBH mergers with primary mass within the ‘PSN gap’ and also yield mergers involving remnants in the ‘mass gap’. They also suggest that YMCs and OCs produce persistent, Local-Universe GW sources detectable by LISA. Such clusters are also capable of producing eccentric LIGO-Virgo mergers.
Roles of the gut microbiota in the adaptive evolution of mammalian species
Authors: Moeller Andrew H. , Sanders Jon G. 
Published: August 2020

Every mammalian species harbours a gut microbiota, and variation in the gut microbiota within mammalian species can have profound effects on host phenotypes. In this review, we summarize recent evidence that gut microbiotas have influenced the course of mammalian adaptation and diversification. Associations with gut microbiotas have: (i) promoted the diversification of mammalian species by enabling dietary transitions onto difficult-to-digest carbon sources and toxic food items; (ii) shaped the evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in mammalian species through the amplification of signals from the external environment and from postnatal developmental processes; and (iii) generated selection for host mechanisms, including innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, to control the gut microbiota for the benefit of host fitness. The stability of specific gut microbiotas within host species lineages varies substantially across the mammalian phylogeny, and this variation may alter the ultimate evolutionary outcomes of relationships with gut microbiotas in different mammalian clades. In some mammalian species, including humans, relationships with host species-specific gut microbiotas appear to have led to the evolution of host dependence on the gut microbiota for certain functions. These studies implicate the gut microbiota as a significant environmental factor and selective agent shaping the adaptive evolution of mammalian diet, phenotypic plasticity, gastrointestinal morphology and immunity.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.
The evolution of paternal care: a role for microbes?
Authors: Gurevich Yael , Lewin-Epstein Ohad , Hadany Lilach 
Published: August 2020

Paternal care, particularly in cases of uncertain paternity, carries significant costs. Extensive research, both theoretical and experimental, has explored the conditions in which paternal care behaviour would be favoured. Common explanations include an adjustment of care with uncertainty in paternity and limited accuracy in parentage assessment. Here, we propose a new explanation that microbes may play a role in the evolution of paternal care among their hosts. Using computational models, we demonstrate that microbes associated with increased paternal care could be favoured by natural selection. We find that microbe-induced paternal care could evolve under wider conditions than suggested by genetic models. Moreover, we show that microbe-induced paternal care is more likely to evolve when considering paternal care interactions that increase microbial transmission, such as feeding and grooming. Our results imply that factors affecting the composition of host microbiome may also alter paternal behaviour.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of the microbiome in host evolution’.
Functional Organization of Midget and Parasol Ganglion Cells in the Human Retina
Authors: Kling Alexandra , Gogliettino Alex R. , Shah Nishal P. , Wu Eric G. , Brackbill Nora , Sher Alexander , Litke Alan M. , Silva Ruwan A. , Chichilnisky E.J. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTThe functional organization of diverse retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types, which shapes the visual signal transmitted to the brain, has been examined in many species. The unique spatial, temporal, and chromatic properties of the numerically dominant RGC types in macaque monkey retina are presumed to most accurately model human vision. However, the functional similarity between RGCs in macaques and humans has only begun to be tested, and recent work suggests possible differences. Here, the properties of the numerically dominant human RGC types were examined using large-scale multi-electrode recordings with fine-grained visual stimulation in isolated retina, and compared to results from dozens of recordings from macaque retina using the same experimental methods and conditions. The properties of four major human RGC types -- ON-parasol, OFF-parasol, ON-midget, and OFF-midget -- closely paralleled those of the same macaque RGC types, including the spatial and temporal light sensitivity, precisely coordinated mosaic organization of receptive fields, ON-OFF asymmetries, spatial response nonlinearity, and sampling of photoreceptor inputs over space. Putative smooth monostratified cells and polyaxonal amacrine cells were also identified based on similarities to cell types previously identified in macaque retina. The results suggest that recently proposed differences between human and macaque RGCs probably reflect experimental differences, and that the macaque model provides an accurate picture of human RGC function.
Prophylactic efficacy of riluzole against anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in two rodent stress models
Authors: Bansal Yashika , Fee Corey , Misquitta Keith A. , Codeluppi Sierra A. , Sibille Etienne , Berman Robert M. , Coric Vladimir , Sanacora Gerard , Banasr Mounira 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundChronic stress-related illnesses, such as major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder share symptomatology, including anxiety, anhedonia, and helplessness. Across disorders, neurotoxic dysregulated glutamate (Glu) signaling may underlie symptom emergence. Current first-line antidepressant drugs, which do not directly target Glu signaling, fail to provide adequate benefit for many patients and are associated with high relapse rates. Riluzole modulates glutamatergic neurotransmission by increasing metabolic cycling and modulating signal transduction. Clinical studies exploring riluzole’s efficacy in stress-related disorders have provided varied results. However, the utility of riluzole for treating specific symptom dimensions or as a prophylactic treatment has not been comprehensively assessed.MethodsWe investigated whether chronic prophylactic riluzole (~12-15mg/kg/day p.o.) could prevent the emergence of behavioral deficits induced by unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) in mice. We assessed: i) anxiety-like behavior using the elevated-plus maze, open field test, and novelty-suppressed feeding, ii) mixed anxiety/anhedonia-like behavior in the novelty-induced hypophagia test and, iii) anhedonia-like behavior using the sucrose consumption test. Z-scoring summarized changes across tests measuring similar dimensions. In a separate learned helplessness (LH) cohort, we investigated whether chronic prophylactic riluzole treatment could block the development of helplessness-like behavior.ResultsUCMS induced an elevation in anhedonia-like behavior, and overall behavioral emotionality that was blocked by prophylactic riluzole. In the LH cohort, prophylactic riluzole blocked the development of helplessness-like behavior.ConclusionThis study supports the utility of riluzole as a prophylactic medication for preventing anhedonia, and helplessness symptoms associated with stress-related disorders.
Septins and a formin have distinct functions in anaphase chiral cortical rotation in the C.eleganszygote
Authors: Zaatri Adhham , Perry Jenna A. , Maddox Amy Shaub 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMany cells and tissues exhibit chirality that stems from the chirality of proteins and polymers. In theC. eleganszygote actomyosin contractility drives chiral rotation of the entire cortex circumferentially around the division plane during anaphase. How contractility is translated to cell-scale chirality, and what dictates handedness, are unknown. Septins are candidate contributors to cell-scale chirality because they anchor and crosslink the actomyosin cytoskeleton. We report that septins are required for anaphase cortical rotation. In contrast, the formin CYK-1, which we found to be enriched in the posterior in early anaphase, is not required for cortical rotation, but contributes to its chirality. Simultaneous loss of septin and CYK-1 function led to abnormal and often reversed cortical rotation. Our results suggest that anaphase contractility leads to chiral rotation by releasing torsional stress generated during formin-based polymerization, which is polarized along the cell anterior-posterior axis, and which accumulates due to actomyosin network connectivity. Our findings shed light on the molecular and physical bases for cellular chirality in theC. eleganszygote. We also identify conditions in which chiral rotation fails but animals are developmentally viable, opening avenues for future work on the relationship between early embryonic cellular chirality and animal body plan.
Hydration-dependent phase separation of a prion-like protein regulates seed germination during water stress
Authors: Dorone Yanniv , Boeynaems Steven , Jin Benjamin , Bossi Flavia , Flores Eduardo , Lazarus Elena , Michiels Emiel , De Decker Mathias , Baatsen Pieter , Holehouse Alex S. , Sukenik Shahar , Gitler Aaron D. , Rhee Seung Y. 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTMany organisms evolved strategies to survive and thrive under extreme desiccation. Plant seeds protect dehydrated embryos from a variety of stressors and can even lay dormant for millennia. While hydration is the key trigger that reactivates metabolism and kick-starts germination, the exact mechanism by which the embryo senses water remains unresolved. We identified an uncharacterized Arabidopsis thaliana prion-like protein we named FLOE1, which phase separates upon hydration and allows the embryo to sense water stress. We demonstrate that the biophysical states of FLOE1 condensates modulate its biological function in vivo in suppressing seed germination under unfavorable environments. We also find intragenic, intraspecific, and interspecific natural variations in phase separation propensity of FLOE1 homologs. These findings demonstrate a physiological role of phase separation in a multicellular organism and have direct implications for plant ecology and agriculture, especially the design of drought resistant crops, in the face of climate change.
Fast and Flexible Estimation of Effective Migration Surfaces
Authors: Marcus Joseph H. , Ha Wooseok , Barber Rina Foygel , Novembre John 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAn important feature in spatial population genetic data is often “isolation-by-distance,” where genetic differentiation tends to increase as individuals become more geographically distant. Recently, Petkova et al. (2016) developed a statistical method called Estimating Effective Migration Surfaces (EEMS) for visualizing spatially heterogeneous isolation-by-distance on a geographic map. While EEMS is a powerful tool for depicting spatial population structure, it can suffer from slow runtimes. Here we develop a related method called Fast Estimation of Effective Migration Surfaces (FEEMS). FEEMS uses a Gaussian Markov Random Field in a penalized likelihood framework that allows for efficient optimization and output of effective migration surfaces. Further, the efficient optimization facilitates the inference of migration parameters per edge in the graph, rather than per node (as in EEMS). When tested with coalescent simulations, FEEMS accurately recovers effective migration surfaces with complex gene-flow histories, including those with anisotropy. Applications of FEEMS to population genetic data from North American gray wolves shows it to perform comparably to EEMS, but with solutions obtained orders of magnitude faster. Overall, FEEMS expands the ability of users to quickly visualize and interpret spatial structure in their data.
Team implicit coordination based on transactive memory systems
Authors: Nawata Kengo , Yamaguchi Hiroyuki , Aoshima Mika 
Published: August 2020

Purpose
This study aims to examine how daily communication and transactive memory systems (TMSs) promote implicit team coordination, meaning when team members cooperate smoothly without engaging in explicit communication, in organizations. In TMSs, members share knowledge of who-knows-what with one another.

Design/methodology/approach
A survey was conducted with 216 teams consisting of 1,545 people in three organizations. The relationships among daily communication, TMSs and implicit coordination in the survey data and in team performance were analyzed using multi-level structural equation modeling.

Findings
Results confirmed a significant influence process model in which “daily communication → TMS → implicit coordination → team performance” at the team level. Therefore, as hypothesized, implicit coordination is positively related to team performance and daily communication has a positive relationship with implicit coordination through mediation by TMSs.

Originality/value
This study demonstrated the evidence of the relation between implicit coordination, TMS, team performance in organizational settings by using multi-level structural equation modeling.
Integrating floral trait and flowering time distribution patterns help reveal a more dynamic nature of co‐flowering community assembly processes
Authors: Albor Cristopher , Arceo‐Gómez Gerardo , Parra‐Tabla Víctor 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSpecies' floral traits and flowering times are known to be the major drivers of pollinator‐mediated plant–plant interactions in diverse co‐flowering communities. However, their simultaneous role in mediating plant community assembly and plant–pollinator interactions is still poorly understood. Since not all species flower at the same time, inference of facilitative and competitive interactions based on floral trait distribution patterns should account for fine phenological structure (intensity of flowering overlap) within co‐flowering communities. Such an approach may also help reveal the simultaneous action of competitive and facilitative interactions in structuring co‐flowering communities.Here we used modularity within a co‐flowering network context, as a novel approach to detect convergent and/or over‐dispersed patterns in floral trait distribution and pollinator sharing. Specifically, we evaluate differences in floral trait and pollinator distribution patterns within (high temporal flowering overlap) and among co‐flowering modules (low temporal flowering overlap). We further evaluate the consistency of observed floral trait and pollinator sharing distribution patterns across space (three geographical regions) and time (dry and rainy seasons).We found that floral trait similarity was significantly higher in plant species within co‐flowering modules than in species among them. This suggests pollinator facilitation may lead to floral trait convergence, but only within co‐flowering modules. However, our results also revealed seasonal and spatial shifts in the underlying interactions (facilitation or competition) driving co‐flowering assembly, suggesting that the prevalent dominant interactions are not static.Synthesis. Overall, we provide strong evidence showing that the use of flowering time and floral trait distribution alone may be insufficient to fully uncover the role of pollinator‐mediated interactions in community assembly. Integrating this information along with patterns of pollinator sharing will greatly help reveal the simultaneous action of facilitative and competitive pollinator‐mediated interactions in co‐flowering communities. The spatial and temporal variation in flowering and trait distribution patterns observed further emphasize the importance of adopting a more dynamic view of community assembly processes.
High‐sucrose diet potentiates hyperaldosteronism and renal injury induced by stress in young adult rats
Authors: Sánchez‐Solís Cristhian Neftaly , Cuevas Romero Estela , Soto‐Rodríguez Ida , de Lourdes Arteaga‐Castañeda María , De León‐Ramírez Yeimy Mar , Rodríguez‐Antolín Jorge , Nicolás‐Toledo Leticia 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAnalyze the effect of stress and high‐sucrose diet on serum aldosterone levels and the morphometric characteristics of the kidney in young adult rats. Wistar male rats aged 21 days old weaned were randomly assigned into four groups: control (C), stressed (St), high‐sucrose diet (S30), and chronic restraint stress plus a 30% sucrose diet (St + S30). Rats were fed with a standard chow and tap water ad libitum (C group) or 30% sucrose diluted in water (S30 group) during eight weeks. The St and St + S30 groups were subject to restraint stress (1‐hour daily in a plastic cylinder, 5 days per week), four weeks before euthanasia. At 81 days old, all animals were killed and blood samples and kidneys were collected. Stressed rats had an increase in the serum aldosterone and renal triacylglycerol, a decrease in the area of the renal corpuscle, glomeruli, proximal tubules, and aquaporin 2 expressions with loss of glomeruli. For its part, the high‐sucrose diet decreased the area of the renal corpuscle, glomeruli, and aquaporin 2 expressions in the cortex. The combination of stress and high‐ sucrose diet maintained similar effects on the kidney as the stress alone, although it induced an increase in the creatinine levels and renal glycogen. Our results showed that chronic stress induces hyperaldosteronism and kidney injury. The intake of a high‐sucrose diet may potentiate the renal injury promoted by stress.
A bespoke low‐cost system for radio tracking animals using multi‐rotor and fixed‐wing unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Roberts Benjamin , Neal Mark , Snooke Neal , Labrosse Frédéric , Curteis Tristan , Fraser Mariecia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Due to the costs of related technologies, tracking studies typically use low numbers of animals as representative samples for whole group or species analysis, often without clear knowledge as to how representative these numbers are.

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has the potential to considerably improve radio‐frequency (RF)‐based tracking systems. This includes improved line‐of‐sight visibility, access and range in difficult terrain and an increase in achievable spatial accuracy.

This paper presents details of a fully custom‐built active RF identification tag and receiver system bespoke to UAVs, compatible with both multi‐rotor and fixed‐wing platforms. Using sheep as a model, we show the suitability of this system for tracking large terrestrial mammals.

During static testing using both platform types, we calculated a spatial accuracy of 58.5 m (based on 95th percentile/R95 parameter) for this system using data from 14 flights (n = 175 tag interactions). When tested on sheep, working tags were detected 93% of the time over seven conducted flights.

We provide practical considerations for operating this system on a UAV platform, address concerns relating to the system and identify future areas of research both for this system and other UAV‐based RF tracking systems.