bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humidity‐Dependent Characteristics of Few‐Layer MoS2 Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Yang Hui , Cai Sa , Wu Dongping , Fang Xiaosheng 
Published: October 2020

Abstract2D semiconductors, such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), are emerging materials for field effect transistor (FET) channels in the field of nano‐electronics. These atomically thin 2D films are particularly sensitive to moisture due to their large specific surface area, making them promising candidates for humidity sensing applications. Studies on MoS2 FET humidity sensor have indicated that there are two key factors contributing to the performance of such devices: the number of MoS2 layer and the gate bias. However, no existing work has revealed the exact relation between humidity and electrical properties for few‐layer MoS2 FETs. Here, the effect of humidity on the electrical transport properties for back‐gated tri‐ and six‐layer MoS2 FETs is explored. The on‐state current of the tri‐layer MoS2 FET is heavily dependent on the relative humidity while that of the six‐layer MoS2 FET remains nearly unchanged when relative humidity varies. Moreover, a linear relationship between the hysteresis and relative humidity is found in both tri‐layer and six‐layer MoS2 FETs. These results advance the understanding of the dependence of electronic properties on relative humidity for few‐layer MoS2 FET.
Quantum Confinement and Thickness‐Dependent Electron Transport in Solution‐Processed In2O3 Transistors
Authors: Isakov Ivan , Faber Hendrik , Mottram Alexander D. , Das Satyajit , Grell Max , Regoutz Anna , Kilmurray Rebecca , McLachlan Martyn A. , Payne David J. , Anthopoulos Thomas D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe dependence of charge carrier mobility on semiconductor channel thickness in field‐effect transistors is a universal phenomenon that has been studied extensively for various families of materials. Surprisingly, analogous studies involving metal oxide semiconductors are relatively scarce. Here, spray‐deposited In2O3 layers are employed as the model semiconductor system to study the impact of layer thickness on quantum confinement and electron transport along the transistor channel. The results reveal an exponential increase of the in‐plane electron mobility (µe) with increasing In2O3 thickness up to ≈10 nm, beyond which it plateaus at a maximum value of ≈35 cm2 V−1 s−1. Optical spectroscopy measurements performed on In2O3 layers reveal the emergence of quantum confinement for thickness <10 nm, which coincides with the thickness that µe starts deteriorating. By combining two‐ and four‐probe field‐effect mobility measurements with high‐resolution atomic force microscopy, it is shown that the reduction in µe is attributed primarily to surface scattering. The study provides important guidelines for the design of next generation metal oxide thin‐film transistors.
Soil chemical properties following a one‐time spent drilling mud application on native prairie
Authors: Amarakoon Inoka , Zvomuya Francis , Larney Francis J. , Olson Andrew F. , DeMaere Paul R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLandspraying while drilling (LWD) is an approved disposal method for water‐based drilling mud (WBM) systems in western Canada, where the mud is applied either on arable or vegetated land. This study examined the effects of a single LWD application (0, 15, 20, 40, or 80 m3 ha−1) on native prairie soil properties. Results from the study showed a significant increase in Na concentration and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) in the 0‐ to 7.5‐cm depth. However, the highest SAR attained (3.46) after application at the 80 m3 ha−1 rate remained below levels considered detrimental to soil structure. Electrical conductivity (EC) also increased with the LWD rate but peaked at levels (447 μS cm−1 in the 0‐ to 2.5‐cm depth) much lower than the threshold for most plant species, and the effects on EC had disappeared by the end of the first year of mud application. Available P concentration (modified Kelowna method), averaged across sampling times and the two depths (0‐ to 2.5‐ and 2.5‐ to 7.5‐cm), increased from 7.4 to 11 mg kg−1 as LWD rate increased from 0 to 80 m3 ha−1. Although the available P remained at concentrations suboptimum for most crops, such concentrations may impact native prairie vegetation adapted to very low P. Drilling mud applications generally had no significant effect on available N. The application of WBM systems on the native prairie at recommended rates in western Canada may not be detrimental to soil quality and plant growth in this ecosystem.
Prognostic prediction of resectable colorectal liver metastasis using the apparent diffusion coefficient from diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Yoshikawa Masato , Morine Yuji , Yamada Shinichiro , Miyazaki Katsuki , Tokuda Kazunori , Saito Yu , Arakawa Yusuke , Ikemoto Tetsuya , Imura Satoru , Shimada Mitsuo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimDiffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI‐MRI) is used to predict tumor malignancy. Here we explored the role of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in the treatment of patients with resectable colorectal liver metastasis (CRLM).MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were conducted using a Signa HDe or Signa Explorer 1.5‐T scanner (GE Healthcare). ADC maps were calculated using DWI with b values of 0, 20, and 800 s/mm2. We enrolled 60 patients who underwent upfront hepatic resection for CRLM and divided them into ADC‐high (n = 30) and ADC‐low (n = 30) groups. Clinicopathological variables of the groups were compared. Immunohistochemical analysis of HIF‐1α expression in tumor tissues was performed, and the relationship between the ADC value and HIF‐1α expression was evaluated.ResultsThe disease‐free survival rate of the ADC‐low group was significantly lower than that of the ADC‐high group (P < .05). Univariate analysis revealed that tumor number (more than five), synchronous metastasis, and low ADC were prognostic factors. Multivariate analysis identified low ADC as an independent prognostic factor. Furthermore, the ADC‐low group more frequently expressed high levels of HIF‐1α than the ADC‐high group.ConclusionLow ADC values were an independent prognostic factor of resectable CRLM and correlated with HIF‐1α expression.
Five thousand years of bellyaches: Exploring boron concentration in ancient populations of the Atacama Desert
Authors: Arriaza Bernardo , Blumenstiel David , Amarasiriwardena Dulasiri , Standen Vivien G. , Vizcarra Arnoldo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesThis study explores whether ancient Atacama Desert populations in northern Chile were exposed to endemic boron contamination.Materials and methodsUsing Laser Ablation‐Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS), we studied 144 strands of ancient mummy hair, ranging from 3000 B.C. to 1500 A.D., excavated from the Lluta, Azapa, and Camarones valleys in northern Chile. We tested whether these ancient populations showed signs of significant boron concentration in hair tissue.ResultsOn average, all individuals from these valleys showed high boron concentrations, ranging from 1.5 to 4 times above the average boron concentration in contemporary hair (baseline <0.85 μg/g). The boron concentration in mummy hair varied according to the main geographic areas mentioned above.ConclusionsThe rivers of northern Chile have high geogenic boron concentrations. They contain 38 times above the recommended limit for human consumption. Geogenic boron contamination likely played a role in population morbidity and the types of crops that were cultivated in antiquity. The ancient populations were chronically affected by boron overexposure, suggesting that ancient geogenic water contamination should be considered when discussing the biocultural trajectories of ancient populations.
Assessment of physiological disturbances during pre‐ and early postnatal development based on microscopic analysis of human deciduous teeth from the Late Epipaleolithic site of Shubayqa 1 (Jordan)
Authors: Kierdorf Horst , Witzel Carsten , Bocaege Emmy , Richter Tobias , Kierdorf Uwe 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo study pre‐ and early postnatal tooth formation and to analyze the effects of physiological disturbances on enamel and dentin formation in deciduous teeth of infants from the Late Epipaleolithic (Natufian) site Shubayqa 1.Materials and methodsTen deciduous teeth from six infants (ages at death between 21 and 239 days) were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy.ResultsMarked prism cross‐striations and an abnormal wavy course of the prisms were recorded in pre‐ and postnatal enamel of all analyzed teeth. Single or multiple accentuated incremental lines were observed in prenatal enamel of nine teeth and in postnatal enamel of eight teeth. Accentuated Andresen lines and broader zones exhibiting an enhanced calcospheritic pattern were recorded in the pre‐ and postnatally formed dentin of nine teeth.DiscussionThe structural abnormalities in the pre‐ and postnatally formed enamel of the infants are considered indicative of chronic stress that negatively affected the activity of secretory ameloblasts. The structural aberrations in pre‐ and postnatal dentin denote that odontoblasts were also affected by this stress. The presence of single or multiple accentuated incremental lines in pre‐ and postnatal enamel is interpreted as reflecting (short‐term) impacts of higher intensity superimposed on the chronic stress. Our findings suggest compromised maternal health affecting the late fetus and compromised health in newborns. Although limited by the small number of analyzed individuals, the present study contributes to the knowledge of maternal and early infant health conditions in Late Epipaleolithic populations.
Rivastigmine in Parkinson's Disease Dementia with Orthostatic Hypotension
Authors: Espay Alberto J. , Marsili Luca , Mahajan Abhimanyu , Sturchio Andrea , Pathan Rashidkhan , Pilotto Andrea , Elango Damodaran S. , Pezous Nicole , Masellis Mario , Gomez‐Mancilla Baltazar 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate if the cognitive benefit of rivastigmine is affected by the presence of orthostatic hypotension (OH) in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD).MethodsWe conducted a post hoc analysis on 1,047 patients with PDD from 2 randomized controlled trials comparing rivastigmine versus placebo at week 24 (n = 501) and rivastigmine patch versus capsule at week 76 (n = 546). A drop ≥ 20 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure (SBP) or ≥ 10 in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) upon standing classified subjects as OH positive (OH+); otherwise, OH negative (OH‐). The primary end point was the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale ‐ Cognitive subscale (ADAS‐Cog) at week 24 and the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS) at week 76, using intention‐to‐treat with retrieved dropout at week 24 and observed cases at week 76, consistent with the original analyses.ResultsOverall safety was comparable between OH+ (n = 288, 27.5%) and OH‐ (n = 730, 69.7%), except for higher frequency of syncope (9.2%) in the OH+ placebo arm. The placebo‐adjusted effect of rivastigmine on ADAS‐Cog at week 24 was 5.6 ± 1.2 for OH+ and 1.9 ± 0.9 in OH‐ (p = 0.0165). Among subjects with OH, the MDRS change from baseline at week 76 was higher for rivastigmine capsules versus patch (10.6 ± 2.9 vs ‐1.5 ± 3.0, p = 0.031). The overall prevalence of OH was lower for rivastigmine than placebo at week 24 (28.3% vs 44.6%, p = 0.0476).InterpretationThe cognitive benefit from rivastigmine is larger in patients with PDD with OH, possibly mediated by a direct antihypotensive effect. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:91–98
Optogenetic Spreading Depression Elicits Trigeminal Pain and Anxiety Behavior
Authors: Harriott Andrea M. , Chung David Y. , Uner Aylin , Bozdayi Refik O. , Morais Andreia , Takizawa Tsubasa , Qin Tao , Ayata Cenk 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveCortical spreading depression (SD) is an intense depolarization underlying migraine aura. Despite the weight of evidence linking SD to the pain phase of migraine, controversy remains over a causal role of SD in cephalgia because of the invasive nature of previous SD induction methods. To overcome this problem, we used a novel minimally invasive optogenetic SD induction method and examined the effect of SD on behavior.MethodsOptogenetic SD was induced as a single event or repeatedly every other day for 2 weeks. End points, including periorbital and hindpaw mechanical allodynia, mouse grimace, anxiety, and working memory, were examined in male and female mice.ResultsA single SD produced bilateral periorbital mechanical allodynia that developed within 1 hour and resolved within 2 days. Sumatriptan prevented periorbital allodynia when administered immediately after SD. Repeated SDs also produced bilateral periorbital allodynia that lasted 4 days and resolved within 2 weeks after the last SD. In contrast, the hindpaw withdrawal thresholds did not change after repeated SDs suggesting that SD‐induced allodynia was limited to the trigeminal region. Moreover, repeated SDs increased mouse grimace scores 2 days after the last SD, whereas a single SD did not. Repeated SDs also increased thigmotaxis scores as a measure of anxiety. In contrast, neither single nor repeated SDs affected visuospatial working memory. We did not detect sexual dimorphism in any end point.InterpretationAltogether, these data show a clinically congruent causal relationship among SD, trigeminal pain, and anxiety behavior, possibly reflecting SD modulation of hypothalamic, thalamic, and limbic mechanisms. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:99–110
Z‐Selective α‐Arylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Nitriles via [3,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement
Authors: Chen Mengyuan , Liang Yuchen , Dong Taotao , Liang Weijian , Liu Yanping , Zhang Yage , Huang Xin , Kong Lichun , Wang Zhi‐Xiang , Peng Bo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Morita‐Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reaction and [3, 3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement are two paradigms in organic synthesis. We have merged the two types of reactions to achieve [3,3]‐rearrangement of aryl sulfoxides with α,β‐unsaturated nitriles. The reaction was achieved by sequentially treating both coupling partners with electrophilic activator (Tf2O) and base, offering an effective approach to prepare synthetically versatile α‐aryl α,β‐unsaturated nitriles with Z‐selectivity through direct α‐C‐H arylation of unmodified α,β‐unsaturated nitriles. The control experiments and DFT calculations support a four‐stage reaction sequence, including the assembly of Tf2O activated aryl sulfoxide with α,β‐unsaturated nitrile, MBH‐like Lewis base addition, [3,3]‐rearrangement, and E1cB‐elimination. Among these stages, the Lewis base addition is diastereoselective and E1cB‐elimination is cis‐selective, which could account for the remarkable Z‐selectivity of the reaction.
Maßgeschneiderte SAM‐Synthetasen zur enzymatischen Herstellung von AdoMet‐Analoga mit Photoschutzgruppen und zur reversiblen DNA‐Modifizierung in Kaskadenreaktionen
Authors: Michailidou Freideriki , Klöcker Nils , Cornelissen Nicolas V. , Singh Rohit K. , Peters Aileen , Ovcharenko Anna , Kümmel Daniel , Rentmeister Andrea 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDie Methylierung und Demethylierung von DNA, RNA und Proteinen stellt einen wichtigen Regulationsmechanismus dar. Um die Funktionen dieser Modifikationen aufzuklären, wären Werkzeuge nützlich, die die sequenzspezifische Blockierung und zeitlich präzise Freisetzung der entsprechenden Stellen ermöglichen. S‐Adenosyl‐L‐Methionin (AdoMet)‐Analoga erweisen sich in Kombination mit Methyltransferasen (MTasen) als nützlich bei der Kartierung oder Blockierung und Freisetzung von MTase‐Zielsequenzen. Allerdings war ihre enzymatische Herstellung bisher auf aliphatische Gruppen am Schwefelatom beschränkt. Wir konnten eine SAM‐Synthetase aus Cryptosporidium hominis (PS‐ChMAT) für die effiziente Herstellung von AdoMet‐Analoga mit Photoschutzgruppen entwickeln, die von keiner der bisher bekannten WT‐MATs akzeptiert werden. Die Kristallstruktur von PS‐ChMAT bei 1.87 Å zeigt, wie das Photoschutzgruppen tragende AdoMet‐Analogon in der Enzymtasche vorliegt und bahnte den Weg für die Entwicklung einer thermostabilen MAT aus Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. Die PS‐MATs sind mit DNA‐ und RNA‐MTasen kompatibel und ermöglichen die sequenzspezifische Modifizierung einer Plasmid‐DNA (“Schreiben”) sowie die lichtgesteuerte Entfernung (“Löschen”).
Disease‐Associated Tau Phosphorylation Hinders Tubulin Assembly within Tau Condensates
Authors: Savastano Adriana , Flores David , Kadavath Harindranath , Biernat Jacek , Mandelkow Eckhard , Zweckstetter Markus 
Published: October 2020

AbstractCellular condensation of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) through liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) allows dynamic compartmentalization and regulation of biological processes. The IDP tau, which promotes the assembly of microtubules and is hyperphosphorylated in Alzheimer's disease, undergoes LLPS in solution and on the surface of microtubules. Little is known, however, about the influence of tau phosphorylation on its ability to nucleate microtubule bundles in conditions of tau LLPS. Herein, we show that unmodified tau as well as tau phosphorylated at disease‐associated epitopes condense into liquid‐like droplets. Although tubulin partitioned into and reached high concentrations inside all tau droplets, it was unable to grow into microtubules form the inside of droplets formed by tau phosphorylated at the AT180 epitope (T231/S235). In contrast, neither phosphorylation of tau in the repeat domain nor at its tyrosine residues inhibited the assembly of tubulin from tau droplets. Because LLPS of IDPs has been shown to promote different types of cytoskeletal assembly, our study suggests that IDP phosphorylation might be a broadly used mechanism for the modulation of condensate‐mediated cytoskeletal assembly.
Energy Efficient Ultrahigh Flux Separation of Oily Pollutants from Water with Superhydrophilic Nanoscale Metal–Organic Framework Architectures
Authors: Mähringer Andre , Hennemann Matthias , Clark Timothy , Bein Thomas , Medina Dana D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe rising demand for clean water for a growing and increasingly urban global population is one of the most urgent issues of our time. Here, we introduce the synthesis of a unique nanoscale architecture of pillar‐like Co‐CAT‐1 metal–organic framework (MOF) crystallites on gold‐coated woven stainless steel meshes with large, 50 μm apertures. These nanostructured mesh surfaces feature superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic wetting properties, allowing for gravity‐driven, highly efficient oil–water separation featuring water fluxes of up to nearly one million L m−2 h−1. Water physisorption experiments reveal the hydrophilic nature of Co‐CAT‐1 with a total water vapor uptake at room temperature of 470 cm3 g−1. Semiempirical molecular orbital calculations shed light on water affinity of the inner and outer pore surfaces. The MOF‐based membranes enable high separation efficiencies for a number of liquids tested, including the notorious water pollutant, crude oil, affording chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations below 25 mg L−1 of the effluent. Our results demonstrate the great impact of suitable nanoscale surface architectures as a means of encoding on‐surface extreme wetting properties, yielding energy‐efficient water‐selective large‐aperture membranes.
Engineered SAM Synthetases for Enzymatic Generation of AdoMet Analogs with Photocaging Groups and Reversible DNA Modification in Cascade Reactions
Authors: Michailidou Freideriki , Klöcker Nils , Cornelissen Nicolas V. , Singh Rohit K. , Peters Aileen , Ovcharenko Anna , Kümmel Daniel , Rentmeister Andrea 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMethylation and demethylation of DNA, RNA and proteins has emerged as a major regulatory mechanism. Studying the function of these modifications would benefit from tools for their site‐specific inhibition and timed removal. S‐Adenosyl‐L‐methionine (AdoMet) analogs in combination with methyltransferases (MTases) have proven useful to map or block and release MTase target sites, however their enzymatic generation has been limited to aliphatic groups at the sulfur atom. We engineered a SAM synthetase from Cryptosporidium hominis (PC‐ChMAT) for efficient generation of AdoMet analogs with photocaging groups that are not accepted by any WT MAT reported to date. The crystal structure of PC‐ChMAT at 1.87 Å revealed how the photocaged AdoMet analog is accommodated and guided engineering of a thermostable MAT from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii. PC‐MATs were compatible with DNA‐ and RNA‐MTases, enabling sequence‐specific modification (“writing”) of plasmid DNA and light‐triggered removal (“erasing”).
Semi‐interpenetrating gel polymer electrolyte based on PVDF‐HFP for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Luo Kaili , Shao Dingsheng , Yang Li , Liu Lei , Chen Xiaoyi , Zou Changfei , Wang Dong , Luo Zhigao , Wang Xianyou 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPoly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP)‐based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is considered one of the promising candidate electrolytes in the polymer lithium ion battery (LIB) because of its free standing, shape versatility, security, flexibility, lightweight, reliability, and so on. However, the pristine PVDF‐HFP GPE cannot still meet the requirement of large‐scale LIBs and other electrochemical devices due to its relatively low ionic conductivity and deterioration of mechanical strength caused by the incorporation of organic liquid electrolyte into the polymer matrix as well as high cost. In order to overcome above deficiencies of PVDF‐HFP based GPE, ultraviolet (UV)‐curable semi‐interpenetrating polymer network is designed and synthesized through UV‐irradiation technique, and the as‐prepared semi‐interpenetrating matrix is constituted by pentaerythritol tetracrylate polymer network and PVDF‐HFP. The ionic conductivity of the optimized GPE is as high as 5 × 10−4 S/cm and electrochemical window is up to 4.8 V at room temperature. Especially, the LIB prepared by GPE shows the high initial discharge specific capacity of 151 mAh/g at 0.5 C and good rate capability. Therefore, the semi‐interpenetrating GPE based on PVDF‐HFP exhibits a promising prospect for the application of rechargeable LIBs.