bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetics of Mazaceae (Lamiales), with special reference to intrageneric relationships within Mazus
Authors: Deng Tao , Lin Nan , Huang Xianhan , Wang Hengchang , Kim Changkyun , Zhang Daigui , Zhu Weidong , Yusupov Ziyoviddin , Tojibaev Komiljon Sh. , Sun Hang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMazaceae, a recently proposed family in the Lamiales, contains three genera; Mazus, Lancea and Dodartia, yet the systematic position and the circumscription of the family have not been fully confirmed. This paper reports on an expanded analysis of the family that included most species of all three genera using five chloroplast DNA regions (matK, psbA‐trnH intergenic spacer, rbcL, rps16, trnL‐F intergenic spacer) and ITS of nrDNA to determine the phylogenetic placement of Mazaceae as well as the intrageneric relationships within the relatively large genus Mazus. The results support the recognition of the three genera (Mazus, Lancea, Dodartia), confirm the well‐supported monophyly of Mazaceae and show Lancea and Dodartia to be clustered together and sister to Mazus. The phylogenetic relationships within the Lamiales is highly congruent with previous molecular studies, with Mazaceae sister to a clade comprising Orobanchaceae, Phrymaceae and Paulowniaceae. Together they are sister to the rest of the families in the order. In Mazus, two major lineages were recognized, corresponding to the distribution ranges in Australia and Asia. Previous sectional treatments of Mazus are discussed in light of our molecular phylogenetic results. This study confirms the systematic position of Mazaceae within the Lamiales. The intrageneric relationships revealed in Mazus will provide evidence for further taxonomic studies of the genus.
Physical and policy pathways to net‐zero emissions industry
Authors: Bataille Christopher G. F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSeveral recent studies have identified emerging and near‐commercial process and technological options to transition heavy industry to global net‐zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by mid‐century, as required by the Paris Agreement. To reduce industrial emissions with sufficient speed to meet the Paris goals, this review article argues for the rapid formation of regional and sectoral transition plans, implemented through comprehensive policy packages. These policy packages, which will differ by country, sector, and level of development, must reflect regional capacities, politics, resources, and other key circumstances, and be informed and accepted by the stakeholders who must implement the transition. These packages will likely include a mix of the following mutually reinforcing strategies: reducing and substituting the demand for GHG intense materials (i.e., material efficiency) while raising the quantity and quality of recycling through intentional design and regulation; removal of energy subsidies combined with carbon pricing with competitiveness protection; research and development support for decarbonized production technologies followed by lead markets and subsidized prices during early stage commercialization; sunset policies for older high carbon facilities; electricity, hydrogen and carbon capture, and storage infrastructure planning and support; and finally, supporting institutions, including for a “just workforce & community transition” and monitoring and adjustment of policy effectiveness. Given the paucity of industrial decarbonization perspectives available for in‐transition and less‐developed countries, the review finishes with a discussion of priorities and responsibilities for developed, in‐transition and less developed countries.This article is categorized under:
Climate Economics > Economics of Mitigation
Climate and Development > Decoupling Emissions from Development
Effects of development interventions on biocultural diversity: a case study from the Pamir Mountains
Authors: Haider L. Jamila , Boonstra Wiebren J. , Akobirshoeva Anzurat , Schlüter Maja 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe relationship between nature and culture in biocultural landscapes runs deep, where everyday practices and rituals have coevolved with the environment over millennia. Such tightly intertwined social–ecological systems are, however, often in the world’s poorest regions and commonly subject to development interventions which effect biocultural diversity. This paper investigates the social and ecological implications of an introduced wheat seed in the Pamir Mountains. We examine contrasting responses to the intervention through participatory observation of food practices around a New Year ritual, and interviews in two communities. Our results show how one community fostered biocultural diversity, while the other did not, resulting in divergent processes of social and cultural change. In the former, ritual is practiced with traditional seed varieties, involving reciprocal exchange and is characterised by little outmigration of youth. In contrast, the second community celebrates the ritual with replaced store-bought ingredients, no longer cultivates any grain crops and where circular migration to Russia is the main livelihood strategy. Coevolution as an analytical lens enables us to understand these divergent pathways as processes of dynamically changing social–ecological relations. The paper suggests that a deeper understanding of social–ecological relationships in landscapes offers a dynamic and process-oriented understanding of development interventions and can help identify endogenous responses to local, regional and global change—thereby empowering more appropriate and effective development pathways.
Sonochemical Deposition of Palladium Nanoparticles Onto the Surface of N-Doped Carbon Nanotubes: A Simplified One-Step Catalyst Production Method
Authors: Prekob Ádám , Muránszky Gábor , Kocserha István , Fiser Béla , Kristály Ferenc , Halasi Gyula , Kónya Zoltán , Viskolcz Béla , Vanyorek László 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This work presents an easy, one-step procedure for catalyst preparation. A small fraction of palladium ions was reduced to Pd nanoparticles and deposited onto the surface of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-BCNT) by acoustic cavitation using high-intensity ultrasound in aqueous phase, where N-BCNT served as a reducing agent. The formation of elemental palladium and palladium oxides were confirmed and the particle size is < 5 nm. The catalytic activity of the synthesized Pd/N-BCNT catalyst was tested in nitrobenzene hydrogenation at four different temperature (273–323 K) and 20 bar pressure. The catalyst showed high activity despite the presence of palladium oxide forms, the conversion of nitrobenzene to aniline was 98% at 323 K temperature after 40 min. The activation energy was 35.81 kJ/mol. At 303 K and 323 K temperature, N-methylaniline was formed as by-product in a small quantity (8 mmol/dm3). By decreasing the reaction temperature (at 273 K and 283 K), the reaction rate was also lower, but it was favourable for aniline selectivity, and not formed n-methylaniline. All in all, Pd/N-BCNT catalyst was successfully produced by using a one-step sonochemical method, where further activation was not necessary as the catalytic system was applicable in nitrobenzene hydrogenation.

Graphic Abstract
Genomic analysis of powdery mildew resistance in a hop (Humulus lupulus L.) bi-parental population segregating for “R6-locus”
Authors: Padgitt-Cobb Lillian K. , Kingan Sarah B. , Henning John A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGenetic response in hop to fungal pathogen infection has been evaluated at the chromosomal level through QTL analyses but very little information exists on the expression of genes during infection periods. Raw GBS reads and phenotypic data from a previously published QTL analysis along with a newly assembled PacBio-derived hop reference genome were used to re-evaluate resistance to races v4/v6 of powdery mildew (PM; Podosphaera humuli). QTL analyses revealed two tightly linked regions of association on a single linkage group. The three SNP markers most tightly linked to PM resistance (found on contig 000559F) were observed downstream from a putative R-gene locus for powdery mildew resistance. This 230 kb region contained a series of seven putative R-genes surrounded by seven putative peroxidase-3 genes downstream and seven putative glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase upstream and an expressed F-box domain protein. RNAseq data showed all putative R-genes along with all putative glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase genes were expressed under diseased conditions, while none of the peroxidase genes were expressed. The second region contained three SNPs found on contig 002916F next to two putative R-genes. RNAseq data showed complex expression of exons contained in putative isoforms of R-genes. This preliminary information will prove valuable information for development of precise markers located either within or next to genes responsible for race v4/v6 PM resistance.
A Flow Cytometric Method to Quantify the Endosomal Escape of a Protein Toxin to the Cytosol of Target Cells
Authors: Wensley Harrison J. , Johnston David A. , Smith Wendy S. , Holmes Suzanne E. , Flavell Sopsamorn U. , Flavell David J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this work was to develop a quantitative, flow cytometric method for tracking the endolysosomal escape of a fluorescently labelled saporin toxin.MethodsFlow cytometric measurements of fluorescent pulse width and height were used to track the endocytic uptake into Daudi cells of a fluorescently labelled saporin toxin and the saporin based immunotoxin, OKT10-SAP. Subsequently, measurement of changes in pulse width were used to investigate the effect of a triterpenoid saponin on the endolysosomal escape of internalised toxin into the cytosol. Live cell confocal microscopy was used to validate the flow cytometry data.ResultsIncreased endolysosomal escape of saporin and OKT10-SAP was observed by confocal microscopy in cells treated with saponin. Fluorescent pulse width measurements were also able to detect and quantify escape more sensitively than confocal microscopy. Saponin induced endolysosomal escape could be abrogated by treatment with chloroquine, an inhibitor of endolysosomal acidification. Chloroquine abrogation of escape was also mirrored by a concomitant abrogation of cytotoxicity.ConclusionsPoor endolysosomal escape is often a rate limiting step for the cytosolic delivery of protein toxins and other macromolecules. Pulse width analysis offers a simple method to semi-quantify the endolysosomal escape of this and similar molecules into the cytosol.
Establishment and validation of cell pools using primary muscle cells derived from satellite cells of pig skeletal muscle
Authors: Metzger Katharina , Tuchscherer Armin , Palin Marie-France , Ponsuksili Siriluck , Kalbe Claudia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPrimary cell cultures derived from satellite cells of skeletal muscle provide an appropriate in vitro model for proliferating myoblasts and differentiating myotubes for muscle biological research. These cell cultures may consist of harvested cells per animal or of a cell pool made of cells from several animals. However, cell pooling reduces the biological variability of the different cell donors. On the other hand, the use of cell pools offers an opportunity to use less donor tissue and to perform long-term projects with a broad spectrum of analysis and replications. In the literature, information about the donors of cell pools, the procedure used for pooling, and the characterization/validation of cell pools is often lacking. In this study, we established three cell pools consisting of M. rhomboideus or M. longissimus from ten or six piglets, each with one gender and medium birth weight. Real-time impedimetric monitoring was used to evaluate the proliferative growth behavior of myoblasts for the cell pools in comparison to their corresponding unpooled cells over a period of 72 h, with a measurement being taken every 30 min. For each of the tested cell pools, cell index, slope, and doubling time did not differ between the cell pool and the unpooled cells of the donor animals. Differentiation capacity and mRNA expression of PAX7, MYOD and MYOG remained unchanged between the cell pool and the unpooled cells. Current results support that the use of cell pools is an appropriate method to reflect the average proliferative growth behavior of unpooled cells.
Modeling Solid-State Phase Transformations of 13Cr-4Ni Steels in Welding Heat-Affected Zone
Authors: Lévesque J. B. , Lanteigne J. , Champliaud H. , Paquet D. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Fatigue damage is commonly encountered by operators of Francis type hydraulic turbine runners made of 13Cr-4Ni soft martensitic stainless steel. These large and complex welded casting assemblies are subjected to fatigue crack initiation and growth in the vicinity of their welded regions. It is well known that fatigue behavior is influenced by residual stresses and the microstructure. By including solid-state phase transformation models in welding simulations, phase distribution can be evaluated along with their respective volumetric change and their effect on residual stresses. Thus, it enables the assessment of welding process on fatigue crack behavior by numerical methods. This paper focuses on modeling solid-state phase transformations of 13Cr-4Ni soft martensitic stainless steel, used for manufacturing hydraulic turbine runners, occurring upon welding. It proposes to determine the material parameters of the models for both the austenitic and the martensitic transformation by nonisothermal dilatometry tests. The experiments are conducted in a quenching dilatometer with applied thermal conditions as experienced in the heat-affected zone of homogeneous welds. The activation energy and the kinetic parameters of the austenitic transformation from fully martensitic state are measured from the experimental results. The martensitic transformation modeling from a fully austenitic domain is also presented.
Neuroenhancement, the Criminal Justice System, and the Problem of Alienation
Authors: Varelius Jukka 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIt has been suggested that neuroenhancements could be used to improve the abilities of criminal justice authorities. Judges could be made more able to make adequately informed and unbiased decisions, for example. Yet, while such a prospect appears appealing, the views of neuroenhanced criminal justice authorities could also be alien to the unenhanced public. This could compromise the legitimacy and functioning of the criminal justice system. In this article, I assess possible solutions to this problem. I maintain that none of them qualifies as a satisfactory general solution to it, a solution that could reasonably be taken to solve the problem or to suffice for dealing with it in at least most cases. Yet I also suggest that, depending on contingent empirical circumstances, the responses – either singly or together – can sometimes amount to a sufficient answer to it.
Engineering of Exosomes to Target Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Zhang Zhenjiang , Dombroski Jenna A. , King Michael R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAs a nanoscale subset of extracellular vehicles, exosomes represent a new pathway of intercellular communication by delivering cargos such as proteins and nucleic acids to recipient cells. Importantly, it has been well documented that exosome-mediated delivery of such cargo is involved in many pathological processes such as tumor progression, cancer metastasis, and development of drug resistance. Innately biocompatible and possessing ideal structural properties, exosomes offer distinct advantages for drug delivery over artificial nanoscale drug carriers. In this review, we summarize recent progress in methods for engineering exosomes including isolation techniques and exogenous cargo encapsulation, with a focus on applications of engineered exosomes to target cancer metastasis.
The impact of blockchain technology on business models – a taxonomy and archetypal patterns
Authors: Weking Jörg , Mandalenakis Michael , Hein Andreas , Hermes Sebastian , Böhm Markus , Krcmar Helmut 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBlockchain technology enables new ways of organizing economic activities, reduces costs and time associated with intermediaries, and strengthens the trust in an ecosystem of actors. The impact of this seminal technology is reflected by an upcoming research stream and various firms that examine the potential uses of blockchain technology. While there are promising use cases of this new technology, research and practice are still in their infancy about altering existing and creating new business models. We develop a taxonomy of blockchain business models based on 99 blockchain ventures to explore the impact of blockchain technology on business models. As a result, we identify five archetypal patterns, which enhance our understanding of how blockchain technology affects existing and creates new business models. We propose to use these results to discover further patterns fueled by blockchain technology and illustrate how firms can use blockchain technology to innovate their business models.
Shifts in microbial community composition in tannery-contaminated soil in response to increased gamma radiation
Authors: Al-Najjar Mohammad A. A. , Albokari Majed M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose
Contaminated sites from man-made activities such as old-fashioned tanneries are inhabited by virulent microorganisms that exhibit more resistance against extreme and toxic environmental conditions. We investigated the effect of different Gamma radiation doses on microbial community composition in the sediment of an old-fashioned tannery.

Methods
Seven samples collected from the contaminated sites received different gamma radiation doses (I = 0.0, II = 5, III = 10, VI = 15, V = 20, VI = 25, and VII = 30 kGy) as an acute exposure. The shift in microbial community structure was assessed using the high throughput 454 pyrosequencing. Variations in diversity, richness, and the shift in operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were investigated using statistical analysis.

Result
Our results showed that the control sample (I) had the highest diversity, richness, and OTUs when compared with the irradiated samples. Species of Halocella, Parasporobacterium, and Anaerosporobacter had the highest relative abundance at the highest radiation dose of 30 kGy. Members of the Firmicutes also increased by 20% at the highest radiation dose when compared with the control sample (0.0 kGy). Representatives of Synergistetes decreased by 25% while Bacteroidetes retained a steady distribution across the range of gamma radiation intensities.

Conclusion
This study provides information about potential “radioresistant” and/or “radiotolerant” microbial species that are adapted to elevated level of chemical toxicity such as Cr and Sr in tannery. These species can be of a high biotechnological and environmental importance.
Evaluation of Early Action Mechanisms in Peru Regarding Preparedness for El Niño
Authors: Aguirre Julio , De La Torre Ugarte Daniel , Bazo Juan , Quequezana Paulo , Collado Mauricio 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this article, we provide an impact evaluation of an intervention in Peru regarding preparedness for El Niño impacts in Picsi District of Chiclayo Province in Peru’s northwestern coastal Lambayeque region. This effort involved the provision of special kits that reduce the potential damage to homes as a consequence of rainfall and floods associated with an El Niño-Southern Oscillation event. Information was collected in 2016 when this Forecast-based Financing early action was activated by an El Niño forecast, and after a coastal El Niño actually struck in 2017. This dual database permits us to estimate the impact of the intervention on the damage level of homes by comparing those homes supported by the program with those homes not receiving pilot-program support. This comparison is achieved by using propensity score matching techniques, which identify the most comparable homes to the ones that were supported by the intervention. The main findings of the study suggest a positive impact of the program in terms of its effectiveness in mitigating the damage caused by the 2017 El Niño. These results suggest a drop in the scale of house damage (less damage) by around 63% for a home that received the modular kit treatment. When considering other specifications of the model, the decrease in the scale of house damage improves up to approximately 66%.
Convolutional neural networks based efficient approach for classification of lung diseases
Authors: Demir Fatih , Sengur Abdulkadir , Bajaj Varun 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTreatment of lung diseases, which are the third most common cause of death in the world, is of great importance in the medical field. Many studies using lung sounds recorded with stethoscope have been conducted in the literature in order to diagnose the lung diseases with artificial intelligence-compatible devices and to assist the experts in their diagnosis. In this paper, ICBHI 2017 database which includes different sample frequencies, noise and background sounds was used for the classification of lung sounds. The lung sound signals were initially converted to spectrogram images by using time–frequency method. The short time Fourier transform (STFT) method was considered as time–frequency transformation. Two deep learning based approaches were used for lung sound classification. In the first approach, a pre-trained deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) model was used for feature extraction and a support vector machine (SVM) classifier was used in classification of the lung sounds. In the second approach, the pre-trained deep CNN model was fine-tuned (transfer learning) via spectrogram images for lung sound classification. The accuracies of the proposed methods were tested by using the ten-fold cross validation. The accuracies for the first and second proposed methods were 65.5% and 63.09%, respectively. The obtained accuracies were then compared with some of the existing results and it was seen that obtained scores were better than the other results.
Parity generator and digital code converter in QCA nanotechnology
Authors: Khakpour Mahdi , Gholami Mohammad , Naghizadeh Shokoufeh 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this paper, new structures for digital code converter circuits in quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) technology are presented. The basic structure of most of these circuits is the XOR gate, which is widely used in digital design. Therefore, in the proposed, the XOR gate will be presented which will be better than previous circuits in terms of cell number and delay. Then, using the proposed circuits for the XOR gate, new circuits for generating parity bit, Binary to Gray, Gray to binary and BCD to gray code converter are introduced. Proposal designs have an efficient implementation in terms of complexity. The proposed structures are simulated using the QCAdesigner tool to evaluate the correct performance. The proposed final circuit as a digital code converter has improved by 37% in terms of cell consumption and 25% in speed.