bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maroon Ecology: Land, Sovereignty, and Environmental Justice
Authors: Connell Robert 
Published: July 2020

ResumenLos cimarrones surgieron de campañas armadas de auto‐emancipación en contra de la esclavitud en las américas, siendo Jamaica la que albergó comunidades de cimarrones que ahora están organizados como formas de gobierno interculturales. La etnogénesis y lucha de los cimarrones dió lugar a una ética ambiental en donde las características de los ecosistemas locales están profundamente conectados con la memoria histórica colectiva y con la vida espiritual. Los cimarrones de Accompong de Jamaica acoplan dentro de su estructura social una visión única de la protección ambiental enraizado en sus conexiones ancestrales a la tierra. Aquí lo describimos como Ecología Cimarrona. Es esta ética que inspira su lucha contra la industria extractiva, cuyas acciones, desde el punto de vista de los cimarrones, son perjudiciales para la integridad de su tierra y su autonomía. La Ecología Cimarrona se diferencia del ambientalismo Jamaicano dominante al demandar soberanía y una redistribución soberanía como parte de la protección ambiental. Esta práctica sitúa la Ecología Cimarrona dentro del movimiento global por la justicia ambiental. Este último caso del legado de resistencia de Accompong coloca a los cimarrones como actores clave dentro de las politicas ambientales y de desarrollo del Caribe. [Cimarrones, desarrollo, extracción de recursos, justicia ambiental, soberanía]
Expression of SOLOIST/MRTFB i4, a novel neuronal isoform of the mouse serum response factor coactivator myocardin‐related transcription factor‐B, negatively regulates dendritic complexity in cortical neurons
Authors: Ishibashi Yuta , Shoji Shizuku , Ihara Daisuke , Kubo Yukimi , Tanaka Takuro , Tanabe Hiroki , Hakamata Tomoyuki , Miyata Tomoaki , Satou Natsumi , Sakagami Hiroyuki , Mizuguchi Mineyuki , Kikuchi Keietsu , Fukuchi Mamoru , Tsuda Masaaki , Takasaki Ichiro , Tabuchi Akiko 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMegakaryoblastic leukemia 2 (MKL2)/myocardin‐related transcription factor‐B (MRTFB), a serum response factor (SRF) coactivator, is an important regulator of gene expression and neuronal morphology. Here, we show that different mouse MRTFB splice isoforms, including a novel fourth MRTFB isoform named spliced neuronal long isoform of SRF transcriptional coactivator (SOLOIST)/MRTFB isoform 4 (MRTFB i4), play distinct roles in this process. SOLOIST/MRTFB i4 has a short exon that encodes 21 amino acid residues ahead of the first RPXXXEL (RPEL) motif in MRTFB isoform 3. Quantitative PCR revealed that SOLOIST/MRTFB i4 and isoform 1 were enriched in the forebrain and neurons, and up‐regulated during brain development. Conversely, isoform 3 was detected in various tissues, including both neurons and astrocytes, and was down‐regulated in the developing brain. Reporter assays supported the SRF‐coactivator function of SOLOIST/MRTFB i4 as well as isoform 1. Acute expression of MRTFB isoform 1, but not isoform 3 or SOLOIST/MRTFB i4, in neuronal cells within 24 hr drastically increased endogenous immediate early gene [c‐fos, egr1, and activity‐regulated cytoskeleton‐associated protein] expression, but not endogenous actinin α1, β‐actin, gelsolin, or srf gene expression measured by qPCR. Over‐expression of SOLOIST/MRTFB i4 reduced the dendritic complexity of cortical neurons, whereas over‐expression of isoform 1 increased this complexity. Co‐expression of isoform 1 and SOLOIST/MRTFB i4 in cortical neurons revealed that isoform 1 competitively counteracted down‐regulation by SOLOIST/MRTFB i4. Our findings indicate that MRTFB isoforms have unique expression patterns and differential effects on gene expression and dendritic complexity, which contribute to shaping neuronal circuits, at least in part.
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Free riders and the optimal prize in public‐good funding lotteries
Authors: Jindapon Paan , Yang Zhe 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe prove the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium in a game where players, whose preferences exhibit constant absolute risk aversion or constant relative risk aversion, contribute to a public good via lottery‐ticket purchases. Contrasting models with risk neutrality, we show that an equilibrium with a strictly positive amount of the public good may not exist without a sufficient number of participants who are not too risk‐averse. We show that players who are more risk‐averse purchase fewer lottery tickets and are more likely to free ride in equilibrium. In fact, it is possible for free riders to place a larger value on the public good than do those who contribute. In a symmetric equilibrium, we show that an upper bound exists for the amount of the public good, even though there are infinitely many participants. Furthermore, we derive a lottery prize that maximizes the amount of the public good in a symmetric equilibrium and find that such a prize always results in an overprovision of the public good.
Synthesis, characterization, antidiabetic and antioxidative evaluation of a novel Zn(II)-gallic acid complex with multi-facet activity
Authors: Motloung Denice M , Mashele Samson S , Matowane Godfrey R , Swain Shasank S , Bonnet Susanna L , Noreljaleel Anwar E M , Oyedemi Sunday O , Chukwuma Chika I 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Objectives
This study was done to synthesize a novel Zn(II)-gallic acid complex with improved antidiabetic and antioxidative properties.

Methods
The complex was synthesized and characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and 1H NMR. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using Chang liver cells and L6 myotubes. Radical scavenging and Fe3+-reducing, as well as α-glucosidase, α-amylase and glycation inhibitory properties were measured. Glucose uptake was measured in L6 myotubes, while the complex was docked against glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4) and protein kinase B (PKB).

Key findings
Analysis showed that complexation occurred through a Zn(O4) coordination; thus, the complex acquired two moieties of gallic acid, which suggests why complexation increased the DPPH (IC50 = 48.2 µm) and ABTS (IC50 = 12.7 µm) scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory (IC50 = 58.5 µm) properties of gallic acid by several folds (5.5, 3.6 and 2.7 folds; IC50 = 8.79, 3.51 and 21.5 µm, respectively). Zn(II) conferred a potent dose-dependent glucose uptake activity (EC50 = 9.17 µm) on gallic acid, without reducing the viability of L6 myotubes and hepatocytes. Docking analysis showed the complex had stronger interaction with insulin signalling proteins (GLUT-4 and PKB) than its precursor.

Conclusions
Data suggest that complexation of Zn(II) with gallic acid resulted in a complex with improved and multi-facet antioxidative and glycaemic control properties.
Stall‐side screening potential of a smartphone electrocardiogram recorded over both sides of the thorax in horses
Authors: Corradini Ignacio , Fernández‐Ruiz Alicia , Barba Marta , Engel‐Manchado Javier 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundComparisons between smartphone ECG (SpECG) recordings obtained from the right and left sides of the thorax have not been reported in animals.ObjectivesTo evaluate the screening potential of a SpECG obtained from both sides of the thorax and to compare the degree of agreement between the SpECG and a reference ECG (rECG) for measurement of the duration of baseline electrical deflections recorded over both sides of the thorax.AnimalsFifty horses admitted to the equine hospital, university‐owned horses, and horses from an endurance riding facility.MethodsProspective observational study. Simultaneous rECG and SpECG tracings were recorded on both sides of the thorax and evaluated by 2 experienced observers for interpretability, presence and classification of arrhythmias, and duration of deflections of the electrical baseline.ResultsFifteen (15/50) horses had spontaneous arrhythmias. Excellent agreement was found between the 2 devices (κ = 0.91; P < .001; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79‐1.03) for the detection of arrhythmias. Significantly more P waves were of diagnostic quality from the right side (20 versus 5, P = .001) and significantly more QRS and QT intervals were of diagnostic quality from the left side (66 versus 38 and 62 versus 34, respectively, P < .001). Substantial agreement for the duration of deflections between devices only was observed for the QRS interval (SpECG left).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceIt is important to obtain SpECG tracings from both sides of the thorax in horses. The SpECG is a useful stall‐sidearrhythmia‐screening tool for some common arrhythmias in horses.
Non‐invasive risk scores do not reliably identify future cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma in Type 2 diabetes: The Edinburgh type 2 diabetes study
Authors: Grecian Sheila M. , McLachlan Stela , Fallowfield Jonathan A. , Kearns Patrick K. A. , Hayes Peter C. , Guha Neil I. , Morling Joanne R. , Glancy Stephen , Williamson Rachel M. , Reynolds Rebecca M. , Frier Brian M. , Zammitt Nicola N. , Price Jackie F. , Strachan Mark W. J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increased in Type 2 diabetes, primarily secondary to non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). European guidelines recommend screening for NAFLD in Type 2 diabetes. American guidelines, while not advocating a screening protocol, suggest using non‐invasive markers of fibrosis for risk‐stratification and guiding onward referral.AimsTo test the ability of individual fibrosis scores and the European screening algorithm to predict 11‐year incident cirrhosis/HCC in an asymptomatic community cohort of older people with Type 2 diabetes.MethodsThe Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study investigated men and women with Type 2 diabetes (n = 1066, aged 60–75 at baseline). Liver markers were measured at baseline and year 1; steatosis and fibrosis markers were calculated according to independently published calculations. During 11 years of follow‐up, cases of cirrhosis and HCC were identified.ResultsForty‐three out of 1059 participants with no baseline cirrhosis/HCC developed incident disease. All scores were significantly associated with incident liver disease by odds ratio (P < .05). The ability of the risk‐stratification tools to accurately identify those who developed incident cirrhosis/HCC was poor with low‐positive predictive values (5‐46%) and high false‐negative and ‐positive rates (up to 60% and 77%) respectively. When fibrosis risk scores were used in conjunction with the European algorithm, they performed modestly better than when applied in isolation.ConclusionsIn a cohort with a moderately low incidence of cirrhosis/HCC, existing risk scores did not reliably identify participants at high risk. Better prediction models for cirrhosis/HCC in people with Type 2 diabetes are required.
Neighborhood sidewalk access and childhood obesity
Authors: Wei Junxiang , Wu Yang , Zheng Jinge , Nie Peng , Jia Peng , Wang Youfa 
Published: July 2020

SummaryThe lack of access to sidewalks is a barrier for physical activity (PA) and may be a risk factor for childhood obesity. However, previous studies reported mixed findings and the association between sidewalk accessibility and childhood obesity remains unclear. This study systematically examined the evidence on the association between sidewalk accessibility and childhood obesity. PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched for relevant articles (published before 1 January 2019) that reported on the association between neighborhood sidewalk access and weight‐related behaviors and outcomes in children. Seventeen studies conducted in five countries were included. Ten studies used objective measure of access to sidewalks, seven studies measured children's height and weight, and seven studies objectively measured the PA or sedentary behaviors. Ten studies reported on the association of better access to sidewalks with increased PA (β ranging from 0.032 to 2.159; p < 0.05), reduced sedentary behaviors (β ranging from −0.19 to −0.14; p < 0.05), lower body mass index (BMI) (β ranging from −0.261 to −0.144; p < 0.001), or obesity risks (OR ranging from 1.02 to 1.32; p < 0.05); while the remaining seven studies did not report a desirable obesity–sidewalk association. Our findings support the hypothesis that higher sidewalk accessibility is associated with higher PA levels, lower BMI, and obesity risks. Efforts in building healthy environments, including health‐promoting city planning, can help minimize the growing obesity epidemic and promote public health.
Effect of environmental tobacco smoke on COX‐2 and SHP‐2 expression in a periodontitis rat model
Authors: Li Xiangjun , Liang Xiangyang , Li Shujuan , Qi Xia , Du Ning , Yang Dongru 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on the inflammatory process of periodontitis by evaluating bone loss and the expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and Src homology phosphotyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP‐2).Materials and MethodsEighty 6‐month‐old male SD rats were randomized into four groups (10 rats/group/per time point): (a) normal group, (b) ETS group, (c) ligature‐induced periodontitis group, and (d) ligature‐induced periodontitis + ETS group. After treatment with ligature and/or ETS for 8 and 12 weeks, the levels of alveolar bone resorption and the expressions of COX‐2 and SHP‐2 in periodontal tissue were analyzed using histology and immunohistochemistry.ResultsThe ligature‐induced periodontitis group displayed increased bone resorption and elevated expression of COX‐2 and SHP‐2 in periodontal tissues compared to the normal and ETS groups at 8 and 12 weeks. Furthermore, bone resorption and COX‐2 and SHP‐2 levels in the ligature‐induced periodontitis + ETS group were significantly increased compared to those in the normal and ligature‐induced periodontitis groups at both 8 and 12 weeks.ConclusionEnvironmental tobacco smoke increased alveolar bone loss in periodontitis with enhanced expression of COX‐2 and SHP‐2 in periodontal tissues. Further investigation is needed to explore the role of COX‐2 and SHP‐2 in ETS‐associated periodontitis.
Dexamethasone Suppresses Radicular Pain Through Targeting the L‐PGDS/PI3K/Akt Pathway in Rats With Lumbar Disc Herniation
Authors: Xu Weixing , Ding Weiguo , Sheng Hongfeng , Lu Di , Xu Xinwei , Xu Bin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPurposeLumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a frequently occurring disease with unknown etiology, which makes treatment a challenge. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of dexamethasone on LDH and elucidate the underlying mechanisms.General MethodsAn LDH rat model was established by nucleus pulposus implantation. The activity of the lipocalin type prostaglandin D synthase (L‐PGDS)/phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) axis was evaluated by Western blotting. Paw withdrawal threshold and paw withdrawal latency were assessed by the Von Frey hairs method and the thermal dolorimeter of Hargreaves, respectively. The 21‐point Basso‐Beattie‐Bresnahan scale was used to assess the locomotor function of rats. Pathological changes in the affected region were analyzed by hematoxylin‐eosin staining. Immunofluorescence was used to measure the expression of microtubule‐associated protein (MAP‐2).FindingsLumbar disc herniation markedly increased thermo‐mechanical allodynia and induced dorsal root ganglion (DRG) degeneration by inactivating the L‐PGS/PI3K/Akt pathway. Dexamethasone restored the L‐PGDS/PI3K/Akt pathway and relieved LDH‐induced thermo‐mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, overexpression and knockdown of L‐PGDS respectively attenuated and worsened LDH‐triggered thermo‐mechanical allodynia and tissue degeneration by modulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. Pretreatment with dexamethasone partially abrogated the effect of L‐PGDS knockdown through PI3K/Akt activation.ConclusionsDexamethasone relieves LDH‐mediated radicular pain by exerting anti‐inflammatory effects and reducing the suppression of L‐PGDS induced by LDH. Meanwhile, the activity of the PI3K/Akt pathway was decreased, possibly due to the attenuated inflammation induced by dexamethasone. Our results revealed the underlying mechanism of dexamethasone, which might be helpful in reducing the side effects of dexamethasone and provide more focused therapy in LDH.
Base editing with high efficiency in allotetraploid oilseed rape by A3A‐PBE system
Authors: Cheng Hongtao , Hao Mengyu , Ding Bingli , Mei Desheng , Wang Wenxiang , Wang Hui , Zhou Rijin , Liu Jia , Li Chao , Hu Qiong 
Published: July 2020

SummaryCRISPR/Cas‐base editing is an emerging technology that could convert a nucleotide to another type at the target site. In this study, A3A‐PBE system consisting of human A3A cytidine deaminase fused with a Cas9 nickase and uracil glycosylase inhibitor was established and developed in allotetraploidBrassica napus. We designed three sgRNAs to targetALS,RGAandIAA7genes, respectively. Base‐editing efficiency was demonstrated to be more than 20% for all the three target genes. Target sequencing results revealed that the editing window ranged from C1 to C10 of the PAM sequence. Base‐edited plants ofALSconferred high herbicide resistance, while base‐edited plants ofRGAorIAA7exhibited decreased plant height. All the base editing could be genetically inherited from T0to T1generation. Several Indel mutations were confirmed at the target sites for all the three sgRNAs. Furthermore, though no C to T substitution was detected at the most potential off‐target sites, large‐scale SNP variations were determined through whole‐genome sequencing between some base‐edited and wild‐type plants. These results revealed that A3A‐PBE base‐editing system could effectively convert C to T substitution with high‐editing efficiency and broadened editing window in oilseed rape. Mutants forALS,IAA7andRGAgenes could be potentially applied to confer herbicide resistance for weed control or with better plant architecture suitable for mechanic harvesting.
Human herpesvirus 6B encephalitis in a liver transplant recipient: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Wang Yinfeng , Wang Di , Tao Xiaogen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHuman herpesvirus 6B (HHV‐6B) encephalitis in a liver transplant recipient is rarely reported. In this report, we presented a case of HHV‐6B encephalitis in a liver transplant recipient and reviewed the relevant literature. A 56‐year‐old man was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with an acute headache and intermittent convulsion 17 days after liver transplantation. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed 30691 sequence reads of HHV‐6B and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (real‐time PCR) of the CSF detected HHV‐6B DNA at 12 000 copies/mL, so the patient was diagnosed with HHV‐6B encephalitis and received ganciclovir treatment promptly. The condition of the patient improved well and returned to the general ward with no neurologic deficits. This case indicated that adequate awareness, early diagnosis, and timely treatment are crucial to a good prognosis of HHV‐6B encephalitis after liver transplantation.
SARS‐CoV2 and immunosuppression: A double‐edged sword
Authors: Lai Quirino , Spoletini Gabriele , Bianco Giuseppe , Graceffa Dario , Agnes Salvatore , Rossi Massimo , Lerut Jan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐Cov2) outbreak has caused a pandemic rapidly impacting on the way of life of the entire world. This impact in the specific setting of transplantation and immunosuppression has been poorly explored to date. Discordant data exist on the impact of previous coronavirus outbreaks on immunosuppressed patients. Overall, only a very limited number of cases have been reported in literature, suggesting that transplanted patients not necessarily present an increased risk of severe SARS‐Cov2‐related disease compared to the general population. We conducted a literature review related to the impact of immunosuppression on coronavirus infections including case reports and series describing immunosuppression management in transplant recipients. The role of steroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and mycophenolic acid has been explored more in detail. A point‐in‐time snapshot of the yet released literature and some considerations in relation to the use of immunosuppression in SARS‐Cov2 infected transplant recipients are provided here for the physicians dealing with immunocompromised patients.
On the Onset of Gravity Modulated Filtration Convection in Grade Fluids Via Mathieu Functions
Authors: Saravanan S. , Kousalya M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The effect of gravity modulation in controlling the onset of convection in a porous medium saturated with a second-grade fluid of Rivlin–Ericksen type is studied. The Brinkman equation of flow through porous media is considered with effective viscosity different from fluid viscosity. Necessary conditions for the occurrence of instability due to infinitesimal perturbations are found using the method of normal modes. Following Floquet analysis, the thresholds corresponding to synchronous and subharmonic solutions and the transition between them are predicted using the Mathieu functions.
Aflatoxin B1exposure and liver cirrhosis in Guatemala: a case–control study
Authors: Alvarez Christian S , Hernández Elisa , Escobar Kira , Villagrán Carmen I , Kroker-Lobos María F , Rivera-Andrade Alvaro , Smith Joshua W , Egner Patricia A , Lazo Mariana , Freedman Neal D , Guallar Eliseo , Dean Michael , Graubard Barry I , Groopman John D , Ramírez-Zea Manuel , McGlynn Katherine A 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveIn Guatemala, cirrhosis is among the 10 leading causes of death, and mortality rates have increased lately. The reasons for this heavy burden of disease are not clear as the prevalence of prominent risk factors, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and heavy alcohol consumption, appears to be low. Aflatoxin B1(AFB1) exposure, however, appears to be high, and thus could be associated with the high burden of cirrhosis. Whether AFB1increases the risk of cirrhosis in the absence of viral infection, however, is not clear.DesignCirrhosis cases (n=100) from two major referral hospitals in Guatemala City were compared with controls (n=200) from a cross-sectional study. Logistic regression was used to estimate the ORs and 95% CIs of cirrhosis and quintiles of AFB1in crude and adjusted models. A sex-stratified analysis was also conducted.ResultsThe median AFB1level was significantly higher among the cases (11.4 pg/mg) than controls (5.11 pg/mg). In logistic regression analyses, higher levels of AFB1was associated with cirrhosis (quintile 5 vs quintile 1, OR: 11.55; 95% CI 4.05 to 32.89). No attenuation was observed with adjustment by sex, ethnicity, hepatitis B virus status, and heavy alcohol consumption. A significantly increasing trend in association was observed in both models (p trend <0.01). Additionally, the cirrhosis–AFB1association was more prominent among men.ConclusionsThe current study found a significant positive association between AFB1exposure and cirrhosis. Mitigation of AFB1exposure and a better understanding of additional risk factors may be important to reduce the burden of cirrhosis in Guatemala.