bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Durian pectin and rice husk ash (RHA) as partial replacement of cement in concrete
Authors: Chia Soi Lee , Zamri Zamsalwani , Muniandy Amruthavarsini , Joseph Evania , Sathasivam Jezzindren 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCement is one of the important materials in concrete mixture and use for building construction. High demand for cement usage due to the rapid development of construction in the country needs to be addressed. The objective of this study is to identify the workability and compressive strength of concrete at different level of replacement of cement. Cement was replaced with durian pectin and RHA by weight at 10%, 15% and 20%. Compressive strength and water absorption test were carried out on hardened 150mm x 150mm x 150mm concrete cubes after 7, 14 and 28 days of curing. The results revealed that the compressive strengths reduced as the percentage durian pectin and RHA increased in same ratio 5:5, 7.5:7.5 and 10:10. The sample consist of 5% of durian pectin and 5% of RHA is the optimum ratio replacement of cement in concrete with highest compressive strength 27.5 N/mm2, medium workability and water absorption 6%.
Influence of superplasticizer on performance of cement – bottom ash concrete
Authors: Che Amat R , Ismail K N , Mohamad Ibrahim N , Azmi N J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The issue related to disposing waste material from industries has become one of the major environmental, economic and social problems. However, natural resources consumed worldwide, while at the same time increased amount and type of the waste material has resulted in waste disposal crisis with a growing consumer population. Therefore, the solution to this crisis is recycling waste into useful materials. In this project, Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) by product which is bottom ash is used as partial replacement in cement. However, its properties as water absorbent become the issue for concrete strength. This research paper is to investigate the influence of superplasticizer on performance of cement-bottom ash concrete and designed for strength of 20 MPa at 28 days will be evaluated for its early stage properties. Superplasticizer is used to reduce water in cement while keeping up a consistent workability. The percentage of replacement in cement is by 0% (control), 10% and also 10%, 20% and 30% with addition of 0.30% by weight of cement of superplasticizer. In order to achieve the objective, few tests were carried out including slump test, density test, water absorption test and compression test. The result of this research indicates that 10% of replacement of bottom ash with superplasticizer shows highest compressive strength with 33.215 MPa with density 2417 kg/m3, water absorption of 1.41% and 122 mm for slump loss at 28 days. This study proved that the addition of superplasticizer can increase the workability and strength of concrete containing bottom ash as replacement for cement.
The Impact of Various Soil Proportions Towards the Strength of Interlocking Compressed Earth Brick
Authors: Tonduba Y W , Mirasa A K , Asrah H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
An interlocking compressed earth brick (ICEB) is a dry-stacked masonry brick with a similar production process to the Compressed Earth Brick (CEB). ICEB mainly consists of clay soil, sand, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and water. This paper studies the properties of a combined soil (clay soil and sand), which affects the optimum moisture content (OMC) of the mixture and compressive strength of the produced specimens. There are five types of combined soils with mixture ratios of clay(C) soil to sand (S) of C55:S45, C50:S50, C45:S55, C40:S60, C35:S65 and C30:S70. Every mixture ratio shows a different OMC and varies in its compressive strength. The combination soil ratio of C45:S55, which means 45% of clay soil + 55% of sand, produced the highest compressive strength. The compressive strength increases as the clay content decreases and sand content increases. However, as the clay soil content decreased to lower than 45%, the compressive strength starts to decrease. It is due to the lack of plasticity properties from the clay which are responsible for bonding the material particles.
Influence of rice husk ash (RHA) on performance of green concrete roof tile in application of green building
Authors: Muhamad K , Zainol N Z , Yahya N , Noor S N A M , Hashim N H , Shahrazi D Z 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This paper studies on the development of green concrete roof tiles by using rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement of cement as a green material. Rice husk is a product of agricultural waste that can be found easily and in large quantities due to increased annual paddy production in Malaysia. Demand for cement in construction has increased over the years as a result of over dependence on the modern building materials, which are so expensive that low income earners cannot afford building houses of their own. Besides, the satisfaction of building users is closely related to thermal comfort which is a complex dynamics of temperature and humidity. In this study, cement was replaced by the RHA at 0% until 20% by weight. Roof tiles performance were assessed based on Malaysian Standard (MS) requirement comprised of transverse strength, water absorption and water permeability. Results show that up to 10% of RHA give a good performance of concrete roof tiles which comply with Malaysia Standard.
Ductility and energy dissipation of perforated steel plate shear walls
Authors: Abd Samat R , Tahir D , Fadzil A B , Abu Bakar S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Steel plate shear wall (SPSW) that consists of boundary elements and steel plate, has been used as a structural system to resist lateral loads such as strong wind and earthquake. The capability of SPSW to resist a relatively strong earthquake has been tested in an actual earthquake when a 35-story high rise building that employed SPSW stood still during 1995 Kobe earthquake while a nearby building collapsed during the catastrophe. The need for serviceability such as piping, duct for air conditioning, heating and ventilation as well as passageway requires SPSW to be perforated. Despite the expanding research on SPSW, there is a scarcity in the research on the effect of perforations on the performance of the SPSW. The objective of this research is to determine how openings of different sizes and orientations influence energy dissipation, shear load capacity, and ductility ratio of SPSW. Earthquake resistant building must have adequate energy dissipation capacity and ductility. Analysis was carried out on six SPSW models where three of them were denoted as Model A series. These models differ in the area of the openings. The rest of the models were denoted as Model B series which have the exact area of perforation, but different orientation. In both series, ASTM A36 steel was used for the plate and ASTM A992 steel was used for the boundary elements. The results were obtained with the aid of ABAQUS software application. Lateral loads were allowed in a cyclic orientation applied to a single side of the structure following the protocols of ATC 24. It is concluded that certain sizes of openings enhance the energy dissipation and ductility ratio. Model B3 which has the smallest dimension of the opening perpendicular to the load has the largest energy dissipation and shear load capacity but, has the smallest ductility.
Shear behaviour of 0.6 % and 0.7 % steel fibre reinforced concrete beams without stirrups
Authors: Lim J H , Lim S K , Mahzabin M S , Lee Y L , Yew M K , Ng C W 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Concrete is a brittle material and respectively weak in tensile strength and tensile strain. Concrete technology is applied at which concrete is reinforced with steel fibre, as known as steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) to produce a versatile structural material to exhibit superior strength properties in terms of ductility, fracture energy, toughness, strength and durability. The introduction of short, discontinuous and randomly oriented steel fibres into conventional concrete mixes possesses a strong bond with the concrete matrix with high elastic modulus. The goal of this study is to create a standard foresight in determining the potentiality of steel fibre as secondary shear reinforcement to partially or fully replace shear stirrups in conventional concrete. For this purpose, the series of SFRC beam specimens without stirrups which have the same concrete mixing ratios were produced with the inclusion of 0.6 % and 0.7 % steel fibre by volume fractions and compared with conventional normal weight reinforced concrete (NWRC) beam with stirrups. After the beam specimens had attained the target concrete characteristic strength of C25/30, four-point bending test was conducted to investigate the shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beams. The structural performance of shear beams was evaluated in the response of load-deflection, load-steel strain, crack patterns and failure modes. Test results indicated that with incorporation of steel fibres, the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were improved, ultimate shear strength was improved up to 36 % at addition of 0.7 % steel fibre content, but water absorption was reduced. Besides, NWRC beam with stirrup increased 43 % in ultimate shear strength which possessed better performance in ductility.
An overview of the transportation issues in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Authors: Besar S N A , Ladin M A , Harith N S H , Bolong N , Saad I , Taha N 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The explosive growth of population in Sabah has caused the rise of private vehicle ownership and utilizations which give significant defects on transportation and environmental conditions, especially in the central city of Sabah, Kota Kinabalu. As the demand in transportation increased, traffic congestion occurs due to the abundance of a private vehicle on the road while the improvement of traffic facilities is weak and slow. Traffic congestion is an urban mobility problem that worsens traffic flow and eventually, causing economic hindrance to happen. In order to overcome this problem, a good plan, systematic and safe transportation system should be developed. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to study and understand the transportation system in Kota Kinabalu and the feasibility of existing transportation plans for Kota Kinabalu. This paper outlines an overview of the existing transportation system available in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, the issues encountered, as well as the impacts regarding the current city transport system. In summary, urban transportation relies on proper planning by experts based on passenger experience to find proper solutions to complex urban transport issues in Kota Kinabalu.
The effects of microclimate and air-infiltration on energy and long-term thermal comfort in high-rise buildings in tropical climate
Authors: Roslan N H , Ismail M R , Ahamed Hassain Malim N H 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
An increase in the number of high-rise buildings in most developing cities affects the surrounding microclimate. In this study, the influence of microclimate due to height variations and air infiltration were investigated for a building’s energy and long-term thermal comfort performances. A 20-storey high-rise office building with full glass façade in a hot and humid climate of Malaysia was studied using EnergyPlus to simulate the energy performance and RStudio programme for thermal comfort performance analysis. It was found that the building energy consumption reduced up to 2% when the air infiltration was removed from the building. However, the effect of microclimate showed insignificant reduction in energy consumption, but it had a significant difference in discomfort hours up to 17%. Air infiltration had less effect on thermal comfort with only 3 % reduction in discomfort hours. Microclimate should be considered to accurately evaluate the building performances in the densely built with high-rise buildings area. Removal of air infiltration from space helped in providing comfort and at the same time reduced the building energy consumption.
Enhanced carbon dioxide adsorption by amine-modified KCC-1
Authors: Nasir M S R M , Khairunnisa M P , Jusoh N W C , Jalil A A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission due to anthropogenic activities has become a threat to our environment. Hence there is an urgent need to control its emission via carbon capture and storage (CCS) strategy. However, the readily available method, which is liquid amine absorption, possesses some drawbacks including being energy intensive and may cause material corrosion. Dry CO2 adsorption using amine-functionalized silica has been studied to provide a simple and cost-effective alternative for CO2 capture. Recently emerged dendritic fibrous silica possesses excellent morphology and characteristics to be developed as an effective CO2 adsorbent. Herein, the CO2 adsorption performance using amine-modified fibrous silica nanoparticle, KCC-1 was studied. As-synthesized KCC-1 was modified with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) via impregnation method. Its characteristics were studied before it was subjected to the CO2 adsorption experiment. The Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) results indicates that TEPA was successfully impregnated with peaks at 3383 cm−1, 2935 cm−1, 2837 cm−1, 1558 cm−1, 1479 cm−1 and 1309 cm−1, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that KCC-1 structure was preserved. KCC-1/TEPA recorded higher adsorption capacity of CO2 compared to the unmodified KCC-1, with maximum adsorption capacity of 189.86 mg/g. Equilibrium isotherm model fitting of the CO2 adsorption was also carried out, and the adsorption data of KCC-1/TEPA fitted well to Toth isotherm. Overall, it has been demonstrated that KCC-1/TEPA has excellent potential to be used for CO2 adsorption, and more studies need to be conducted for its development.
The use of treatment train for stormwater quality control in urban areas in Malaysia: A short review
Authors: Osman M , Takaijudin H , Yusof K W , Goh H W , Ghani A Ab 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWater pollution is a major challenge in urban areas. The main source of water pollution is the runoff accelerated from impervious areas and agricultural land. In recent years, planning and designing of urban water management in Malaysia is moving away from the conventional thinking of designing for flooding to balancing the impact of urban drainage on flood control and quality management. In order to minimize the environmental impact of water pollution, Best management practices (BMPs) and Low impact development (LID) approaches have been used to manage runoff as close as possible to its source. The individual practices often have a low ability to provide consistent pollutant removal. Therefore, the arrangement of several LID-BMPs is recommended. This arrangement in series is called a treatment train. There is a need to review findings in the use of treatment train for water quality control. Therefore, this review paper discussing the ability of the treatment train for water quality control of runoff in urban areas in Malaysia. In addition, it compares a single treatment with the treatment train. The use of treatment train was very effective for stormwater control when compared with a single treatment practice. However, the use of treatment train for treating other types of runoff such as agricultural runoff still not implemented yet. It is recommended to use this system for treating other types of runoff such as agricultural runoff in the future work.
Removal of ammonia from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill using hydrated lime
Authors: Tengku Izhar Tengku Nuraiti , Chua J S , Hwidi Rajeb Salem , Mohd Saad Farah Naemah , Zakarya Irnis Azura 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Leachate is known as a vigorous wastewater in terms of its organic matter and ammonia content. It is a major problem for municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. It posed threat to surface water and groundwater. This study focusing on the removal of ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) by coagulation on a raw leachate sample taken from Rimba Mas municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. The landfill leachate is tested for COD, colour and NH3N. Morphological features of calcium oxide are studied using XRF and SEM. Optimum dosage of coagulant for ammonia nitrogen removal from MSW leachate is investigated. The method used in this research was coagulant-flocculation treatment: jar test apparatus. The coagulant was conducted using hydrated lime, Ca(OH)2 with varying amount of coagulant to find the optimum dosage for ammonia nitrogen removal. A raw leachate sample taken from Rimba Mas landfill was treated with a different amount of hydrated lime (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 g/L) and 0 as a control to investigate the removal of ammonia nitrogen. The results showed that the pH of leachate (9.09) after treated with hydrated lime is increased when the dosage of hydrated lime is increased. Results showed that the best value of removal efficiency from leachate of colour, COD and NH3N were 54.70%, 56.22% and 85.25% respectively. We can conclude that as the optimum dosage increases, removal efficiency is increases.
Assessment of drinking water quality in water distribution system at new and old residential area at Kangar, Perlis
Authors: Mohd Sabri S N A , Wan Ahmad W A A , Kamarudzaman A N , Jalil M F Ab 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Clean and safe drinking water is fundamental for human. Contaminated water can cause a vector of disease transmission and human health problem unless it is safe to drink. Although, a lot of technology developed to enhance the protected consuming water quality, water distribution system can adversely have an effect on the drinking water quality before it supplied to consumers. The aim of this study is to assess the physical and chemical parameters of drinking water quality in water distribution system at the old and new residential area in Kangar, Perlis. The water samples from tap water of old and new residential areas were collected and analysed for physical parameters (turbidity and colour) and chemical parameters (pH, free chlorine and ammoniacal nitrogen). From the findings, all the parameters tested complied to the limits set in the guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and National Water Quality Standards of Malaysia.
The relationship between land use and marine litter at Kuala Perlis coastal area
Authors: Odli Z S M , Abdullah A L , Saad F N M , Fadzillah N S A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Abundance of litter exist in our ocean are listed among the crucial threat to the biodiversity that caused a particular concern due to the abundance, durability and persistence in the coastal environment since the area is highly productive. This research paper is to focus on coastal pollution with the objectives of identifying marine litter to relate with the land use in Kuala Perlis, Malaysia. Marine litter is collected at three points along the shoreline stretching 30 meters in length and 5 meters in width. Collected litter varied between categories and the highest amount was plastic weighing 53.15 kg/m2 followed by fabric, wood, glass, rubber and metal. Generally, there are significant relationship between land use and accumulation of marine debris. As there is a development in the area, the accumulation of marine debris increases, in contrast with the small amount of debris found in undeveloped or nonpopulated areas. The accuracy assessment obtained from Landsat 8 year 2014 and 2018 and Kappa statistics shows value range from 0.7 to 0.9 which indicate good classification performance using ERDAS Imagine 2015. Slight changes in urban development, cultivation area and forest with 1 % while for the water bodies and unclassified or cloud with 9% and 8 %.
Spatiotemporal analysis of seasonal SPEI in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Fung Kit Fai , Huang Yuk Feng , Koo Chai Hoon 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Precipitation prevails in Peninsular Malaysia throughout the year. However, the extremity and inconsistencies in the pattern and intensity of precipitation also subject Malaysia vulnerable to droughts and dry spells. There are two main factors affecting the climate pattern in Peninsular Malaysia, namely the Northeast Monsoon and the Southwest Monsoon. Therefore, it is important to monitor the climate pattern in these periods to offer better drought prediction in Peninsular Malaysia. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), an index that considers both precipitation and temperature variables was adopted in the study. Seasonal SPEIs were built for the periods of the Northeast Monsoon (SPEI-NEM), the first inter-monsoon (SPEI-Inter1), the Southwest Monsoon (SPEI-SWM) and the second inter-monsoon (SPEI-Inter2) to represent the drought severity during these four periods. 133 precipitation and 28 temperature stations with availability of data from year 1983 to 2017 (35 years) were used to construct the seasonal SPEIs for whole Peninsular Malaysia. The number of dry seasons identified by the indices were first been tested to investigate the linear trend of seasonal drought occurrence in each region. Then, severity represented by the indices were spatially interpolated over Peninsular Malaysia to produce an overview of the changes of moisture condition over distance. Trend analyses using the Mann-Kendall trend test and the Sen’s Slope were also carried out on the drought index series. The results showed that the occurrence of seasonal droughts had increase throughout the years investigated. The spatial interpolation of drought severities also showed dissimilar variation among the seasons but justifiable on the premise of climatic change caused by monsoon winds and the topography of the study area. Thereafter, the spatial analysis of seasonal drought trend has also been carried out where the SWM season was found to be the most drought vulnerable season in the future, with the Southern region being the most vulnerable as its trend tests showed increasing drought trend regardless of the season period. These suggest that the water resources planning in the future should focus more on the two mentioned aspects for sustainable water supply.
Distribution of rainfall events in northern region of Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Alang Othman M , Ghani A A , Alang Othman M S 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Understanding of rainfall characteristics is important in designing Best Management Practices (BMPs) facilities. Because of intermittent rainfall, many researches on hydrology employ the concept of rainfall events. The selection of appropriate rainfall events for treatment design is essential to ensure the effectiveness of BMPs systems. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify the distribution of rainfall event using 6-hour Minimum Inter Event Time (MIT) and to identify the extreme rainfall thresholds over the study area. It shows that the rainfall data series consist of a large number of small events and rainfall depth of less than 2.5 mm (Type 1) contributes the highest percentage toward the overall record. About 63% of the rainfall record consists of Type 2 rainfall depth between 2.6 mm to 80 mm and only 1.3% recorded for rainfall event Type 3 with a depth exceeding 80 mm. It was found that the extreme rainfall threshold in Northern region of Peninsular Malaysia vary from 45 mm to 80 mm for R95 indices and 72 mm to 175 mm for R99 indices. These findings could be used as reference for better BMPs facilities design with extreme rainfall adaptation strategies.