bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intersections of the Real and the Virtual Caliphates: The Islamic State's Territory and Media Campaign
Authors: Kaczkowski Wojciech , Winkler Carol , El Damanhoury Kareem , Luu Yennhi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In 2014, the Islamic State (ISIS) emerged as one of the most prominent global security threats after securing large swaths of land in Syria and Iraq. By 2018, it has lost nearly all of its territory to the various military forces allied against it. ISIS's territorial expansion correlated with the group's online propaganda activities. With the established contribution of online media efforts to ISIS recruitment and fundraising, isolating factors that correspond to changes in the group's media output takes on added importance. The following study, designed to track ISIS's territorial expansions and contractions from July 2014 to September 2018 against the group's visual output levels and content, seeks to resolve such disputes by both expanding the period of analysis and deconflating land acquisition from other possible variables of analysis. Specifically, the study explores the relationship between territorial control and the visual imagery in ISIS's two English-language online magazines, Dabiq and Rumiyah, across all published issues from July 2014 until September 2017. It also examines any territorial links to the visual imagery in al-Naba’, the group's Arabic-language newsletter, from December 2015 until September 2018. We find that territorial control is significantly associated with changes in the number of images for all publications. Furthermore, we observe an overall trend from military to state-building imagery as territorial losses occur. Thus, territorial changes appeared to influence ISIS's messaging as the group tried to reassure its readers of its continued state presence through a shift toward state-building imagery.
Internal hernia of the stomach through the lateral space of the colostomy: a case report
Authors: Shinohara Kentaro , Suzuki Masahiko , Asaba Yutaro , Maeta Takao , Ishida Tomoyuki , Mizukami Yasunobu 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
An 81-year-old woman had undergone laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection for rectal cancer. A permanent colostomy was created through an intraperitoneal route. Three months after the surgery, the patient presented with lower abdominal pain and vomiting. Computed tomography showed gastric incarceration through the lateral space of the lifted sigmoid colostomy. Although the herniated stomach was reduced by nasogastric tube decompression, the patient experienced a recurrence of gastric hernia shortly thereafter. A laparoscopic operation was performed, and a new colostomy was constructed through an extraperitoneal route. The patient had no hernia recurrence during the 20 months of follow-up after the operation. Gastric internal hernia associated with colostomy can occur as a rare complication. Although reduction of the incarcerated stomach is possible by nasogastric tube decompression, surgical repair of the hernia may be the optimal management to prevent recurrence.
Seizure as the first manifestation of transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis
Authors: Moussa Mohamad , Chakra Mohamed Abou , Dabboucy Baraa , Papatsoris Athanasios G , Fares Youssef 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare genitourinary entity of the renal pelvis and the ureter characterized by an aggressive behavior. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy is the first-line therapy of metastatic UTUC. However, a large number of patients with metastatic UTUC are considered ineligible for cisplatin. Immunotherapy emerged as a promising treatment in this setting. Brain metastasis from UTUC is unusual, occurring most often in the presence of systemic metastases. Local therapies such as stereotactic radiosurgery, neurosurgical resection and whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) remain the main therapeutic options for brain metastasis. We report a case of a 65-year-old male patient presenting with generalized tonic–clonic seizure. Imaging studies confirmed the presence of multiple brain metastasis. During an evaluation for the primary, he was found to be having metastatic UTUC of the renal pelvis. The brain metastases were treated by hippocampal sparing WBRT with minimal neurotoxicity. The primary tumor was treated by pembrolizumab.
High genetic variability of clinical and environmental Cryptococcus gattii isolates from Brazil
Authors: Vilas-Bôas Anderson Mançan , Andrade-Silva Leonardo Euripedes , Ferreira-Paim Kennio , Mora Delio José , Ferreira Thatiana Bragine , Santos Daniel de Assis , Borges Aercio Sebastião , Melhem Marcia de Souza Carvalho , Silva-Vergara Mario Léon 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAmong Cryptococcus gattii genotypes, VGII has gained pivotal relevance in epidemiological, clinical and genetic contexts due to its association with several outbreaks in temperate regions and due to the high variability of this genotype. The aim of this study was to compare 25 isolates of C. gattii from the Southeast region of Brazil with previously described isolates from other regions of the country and around the world. Among the 25 isolates, 24 were VGII and one was VGI. All of them were newly identified. Three new allele types (AT) (AT47 for the URA5 locus, AT56 for the LAC1 locus, and AT96 for the IGS1 region) were also described. Compared with other Brazilian isolates, those from the Southeast region presented the greatest haplotype diversity. In general, the regions presented different sequence types (STs), and only nine STs were found in more than one location. GoeBURST analysis showed two large groups among the Brazilian isolates. The largest group consists of 59 STs predominantly from the North and Northeast regions; the other large group includes 57 STs from the Southeast and Midwest regions. In a global context the South American isolates presented the highest genetic diversity (STs = 145, haplotype diversity (Hd) = 0.999 and π = 0.00464), while the African populations showed the lowest genetic diversity (STs = 3, Hd = 0.667 and π = 0.00225). These results confirm that the Brazilian C. gattii VGII population is highly diverse and reinforce the hypothesis of dispersion of this genotype from South America.
Comments on ‘Type II migration strikes back – an old paradigm for planet migration in discs’ by Scardoni et al.
Authors: Kanagawa Kazuhiro D , Tanaka Hidekazu 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
In the conventional view of type II migration, a giant planet migrates inward in the viscous velocity of the accretion disc in the so-called disc-dominate case. Recent hydrodynamic simulations, however, showed that planets migrate with velocities much faster than the viscous one in massive discs. Such fast migration cannot be explained by the conventional picture. Scardoni et al. has recently argued this new picture. By carrying out similar hydrodynamic simulations, they found that the migration velocity slows down with time and eventually reaches the prediction by the conventional theory. They interpreted the fast migration as an initial transient one and concluded that the conventional type II migration is realized after the transient phase. We show that the migration velocities obtained by Scardoni et al. are consistent with the previous simulations even in the transient phase that they proposed. We also find that the transient fast migration proposed by Scardoni et al. is well described by a new model of Kanagawa, Tanaka & Szuszkiewicz. The new model can appropriately describe significant inward migration during the initial transient phase that Scardoni et al. termed. Hence, we conclude that the time variation of the transient migration velocity is due to the changes of the orbital radius of the planet and its background surface density during the migration.
Identifying strong lenses with unsupervised machine learning using convolutional autoencoder
Authors: Cheng Ting-Yun , Li Nan , Conselice Christopher J , Aragón-Salamanca Alfonso , Dye Simon , Metcalf Robert B 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we develop a new unsupervised machine learning technique comprised of a feature extractor, a convolutional autoencoder, and a clustering algorithm consisting of a Bayesian Gaussian mixture model. We apply this technique to visual band space-based simulated imaging data from the Euclid Space Telescope using data from the strong gravitational lenses finding challenge. Our technique promisingly captures a variety of lensing features such as Einstein rings with different radii, distorted arc structures, etc., without using predefined labels. After the clustering process, we obtain several classification clusters separated by different visual features which are seen in the images. Our method successfully picks up ∼63 per cent of lensing images from all lenses in the training set. With the assumed probability proposed in this study, this technique reaches an accuracy of 77.25 ± 0.48 per cent in binary classification using the training set. Additionally, our unsupervised clustering process can be used as the preliminary classification for future surveys of lenses to efficiently select targets and to speed up the labelling process. As the starting point of the astronomical application using this technique, we not only explore the application to gravitationally lensed systems, but also discuss the limitations and potential future uses of this technique.
The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2
Authors: Cautun Marius , Benítez-Llambay Alejandro , Deason Alis J , Frenk Carlos S , Fattahi Azadeh , Gómez Facundo A , Grand Robert J J , Oman Kyle A , Navarro Julio F , Simpson Christine M 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We determine the Milky Way (MW) mass profile inferred from fitting physically motivated models to the Gaia DR2 Galactic rotation curve and other data. Using various hydrodynamical simulations of MW-mass haloes, we show that the presence of baryons induces a contraction of the dark matter (DM) distribution in the inner regions, r ≲ 20 kpc. We provide an analytic expression that relates the baryonic distribution to the change in the DM halo profile. For our galaxy, the contraction increases the enclosed DM halo mass by factors of roughly 1.3, 2, and 4 at radial distances of 20, 8, and 1 kpc, respectively compared to an uncontracted halo. Ignoring this contraction results in systematic biases in the inferred halo mass and concentration. We provide a best-fitting contracted NFW halo model to the MW rotation curve that matches the data very well.1 The best-fit has a DM halo mass, $M_{200}^{\rm DM}=0.97_{-0.19}^{+0.24}\times 10^{12}\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$, and concentration before baryon contraction of $9.4_{-2.6}^{+1.9}$, which lie close to the median halo mass–concentration relation predicted in ΛCDM. The inferred total mass, $M_{200}^{\rm total}=1.08_{-0.14}^{+0.20} \times 10^{12}\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$, is in good agreement with recent measurements. The model gives an MW stellar mass of $5.04_{-0.52}^{+0.43}\times 10^{10}\,\mathrm{M}_\odot$ and infers that the DM density at the Solar position is $\rho _{\odot }^{\rm DM}=8.8_{-0.5}^{+0.5}\times 10^{-3}\,\mathrm{M}_\odot \,\mathrm{pc}^{-3}\equiv 0.33_{-0.02}^{+0.02}\,\rm {GeV}\,\rm {cm}^{-3}$. The rotation curve data can also be fitted with an uncontracted NFW halo model, but with very different DM and stellar parameters. The observations prefer the physically motivated contracted NFW halo, but the measurement uncertainties are too large to rule out the uncontracted NFW halo.
Explaining the chemical trajectories of accreted and in-situ halo stars of the Milky Way
Authors: Brook Chris B , Kawata Daisuke , Gibson Brad K , Gallart Carme , Vicente Andrés 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The Milky Way underwent its last significant merger ten billion years ago, when the Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage (GES) was accreted. Accreted GES stars and progenitor stars born prior to the merger make up the bulk of the inner halo. Even though these two main populations of halo stars have similar durations of star formation prior to their merger, they differ in [α/Fe]-[Fe/H] space, with the GES population bending to lower [α/Fe] at a relatively low value of [Fe/H]. We use cosmological simulations of a ‘Milky Way’ to argue that the different tracks of the halo stars through the [α/Fe]-[Fe/H] plane are due to a difference in their star formation history and efficiency, with the lower mass GES having its low and constant star formation regulated by feedback whilst the higher mass main progenitor has a higher star formation rate prior to the merger. The lower star formation efficiency of GES leads to lower gas pollution levels, pushing [α/Fe]-[Fe/H] tracks to the left. In addition, the increasing star formation rate maintains a higher relative contribution of Type II SNe to Type Ia SNe for the main progenitor population that formed during the same time period, thus maintaining a relatively high [α/Fe]. Thus the different positions of the downturns in the [α/Fe]-[Fe/H] plane for the GES stars are not reflective of different star formation durations, but instead reflect different star formation efficiencies.
Cosmic archaeology with massive stellar black hole binaries
Authors: Graziani L , Schneider R , Marassi S , Del Pozzo W , Mapelli M , Giacobbo N 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The existence of massive stellar black hole binaries (MBHBs), with primary black hole masses $\ge 31 \, \mathrm{ M}_\odot$, was proven by the detection of the gravitational wave (GW) event GW150914 during the first LIGO/Virgo observing run (O1), and successively confirmed by seven additional GW signals discovered in the O1 and O2 data. By adopting the galaxy formation model gamesh coupled with binary population synthesis (BPS) calculations, here we investigate the origin of these MBHBs by selecting simulated binaries compatible in mass and coalescence redshifts. We find that their cosmic birth rates peak in the redshift range 6.5 ≤ z ≤ 10, regardless of the adopted BPS. These MBHBs are then old systems forming in low-metallicity ($Z \sim [0.01\!-\!0.1] \, Z_{\odot }$), low-stellar-mass galaxies, before the end of cosmic reionization, i.e. significantly beyond the peak of cosmic star formation. GW signals generated by coalescing MBHBs open up new possibilities to probe the nature of stellar populations in remote galaxies, at present too faint to be detected by available electromagnetic facilities.
Nono deficiency compromises TET1 chromatin association and impedes neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Li Wenjing , Karwacki-Neisius Violetta , Ma Chun , Tan Li , Shi Yang , Wu Feizhen , Shi Yujiang Geno 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
NONO is a DNA/RNA-binding protein, which plays a critical regulatory role during cell stage transitions of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). However, its function in neuronal lineage commitment and the molecular mechanisms of its action in such processes are largely unknown. Here we report that NONO plays a key role during neuronal differentiation of mESCs. Nono deletion impedes neuronal lineage commitment largely due to a failure of up-regulation of specific genes critical for neuronal differentiation. Many of the NONO regulated genes are also DNA demethylase TET1 targeted genes. Importantly, re-introducing wild type NONO to the Nono KO cells, not only restores the normal expression of the majority of NONO/TET1 coregulated genes but also rescues the defective neuronal differentiation of Nono-deficient mESCs. Mechanistically, our data shows that NONO directly interacts with TET1 via its DNA binding domain and recruits TET1 to genomic loci to regulate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine levels. Nono deletion leads to a significant dissociation of TET1 from chromatin and dysregulation of DNA hydroxymethylation of neuronal genes. Taken together, our findings reveal a key role and an epigenetic mechanism of action of NONO in regulation of TET1-targeted neuronal genes, offering new functional and mechanistic understanding of NONO in stem cell functions, lineage commitment and specification.
Rights in Search of Protection†
Authors: Weinrib Jacob 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In Where Our Protection Lies, Dimitrios Kyritsis develops an innovative constitutional framework that aims to reconcile two commitments: democratic governance and the protection of fundamental rights. This review article argues that the reconciliation fails to provide fundamental rights with meaningful protection. On the one hand, the framework’s moral resources hollow out the duties that rights impose on legislatures. Instead of protecting persons from the abusive exercise of legislative power, the framework narrows what constitutes abuse. On the other hand, the framework’s institutional resources leave persons without the means of vindicating their rights. What Kyritsis terms protection consists in the ongoing susceptibility to the violation of one’s fundamental rights.
Star cluster formation in Orion A
Authors: Lim Wanggi , Nakamura Fumitaka , Wu Benjamin , Bisbas Thomas G , Tan Jonathan C , Chambers Edward , Bally John , Kong Shuo , McGehee Peregrine , Lis Dariusz C , Ossenkopf-Okada Volker , Sánchez-Monge Álvaro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We introduce new analysis methods for studying the star cluster formation processes in Orion A, especially examining the scenario of a cloud–cloud collision. We utilize the CARMA–NRO Orion survey 13CO (1–0) data to compare molecular gas to the properties of young stellar objects from the SDSS III IN-SYNC survey. We show that the increase of $v_{\rm {}^{13}CO} - v_{\rm YSO}$ and Σ scatter of older YSOs can be signals of cloud–cloud collision. SOFIA-upGREAT 158 μm [C ii] archival data toward the northern part of Orion A are also compared to the 13CO data to test whether the position and velocity offsets between the emission from these two transitions resemble those predicted by a cloud–cloud collision model. We find that the northern part of Orion A, including regions ONC-OMC-1, OMC-2, OMC-3, and OMC-4, shows qualitative agreements with the cloud–cloud collision scenario, while in one of the southern regions, NGC 1999, there is no indication of such a process in causing the birth of new stars. On the other hand, another southern cluster, L 1641 N, shows slight tendencies of cloud–cloud collision. Overall, our results support the cloud–cloud collision process as being an important mechanism for star cluster formation in Orion A.
Magmatic and Metasomatic Effects of Magma–Carbonate Interaction Recorded in Calc-silicate Xenoliths from Merapi Volcano (Indonesia)
Authors: Whitley Sean , Halama Ralf , Gertisser Ralf , Preece Katie , Deegan Frances M , Troll Valentin R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Magma–carbonate interaction is an increasingly recognized process occurring at active volcanoes worldwide, with implications for the magmatic evolution of the host volcanic systems, their eruptive behaviour, volcanic CO2 budgets, and economic mineralization. Abundant calc-silicate skarn xenoliths are found at Merapi volcano, Indonesia. We identify two distinct xenolith types: magmatic skarn xenoliths, which contain evidence of formation within the magma; and exoskarn xenoliths, which more likely represent fragments of crystalline metamorphosed wall rocks. The magmatic skarn xenoliths comprise distinct compositional and mineralogical zones with abundant Ca-enriched glass (up to 10 wt % relative to lava groundmass), mineralogically dominated by clinopyroxene (En15-43Fs14-36Wo41-51) + plagioclase (An37-100) ± magnetite in the outer zones towards the lava contact, and by wollastonite ± clinopyroxene (En17-38Fs8-34Wo49-59) ± plagioclase (An46-100) ± garnet (Grs0-65Adr24-75Sch0-76) ± quartz in the xenolith cores. These zones are controlled by Ca transfer from the limestone protolith to the magma and by the transfer of magma-derived elements in the opposite direction. In contrast, the exoskarn xenoliths are unzoned and essentially glass-free, representing equilibration at sub-solidus conditions. The major mineral assemblage in the exoskarn xenoliths is wollastonite + garnet (Grs73-97Adr3-24) + Ca-Al-rich clinopyroxene (CaTs0-38) + anorthite ± quartz, with variable amounts of either quartz or melilite (Geh42-91) + spinel. Thermobarometric calculations, fluid-inclusion microthermometry and newly calibrated oxybarometry based on Fe3+/ΣFe in clinopyroxene indicate magmatic skarn xenolith formation conditions of ∼850 ± 45°C, &lt; 100 MPa and at an oxygen fugacity between the NNO (nickel–nickel oxide) and HM (hematite-magnetite) buffer. The exoskarn xenoliths, in turn, formed at 510–910°C under oxygen-fugacity conditions between NNO and air. These high oxygen fugacities are likely imposed by the large volumes of CO2 liberated from the carbonate. Halogen- and sulphur-rich mineral phases in the xenoliths testify to infiltration by a magmatic brine. In some xenoliths, this is associated with the precipitation of copper-bearing mineral phases by sulphur dissociation into sulphide and sulphate, indicating potential mineralization in the skarn system below Merapi. The compositions of many xenolith clinopyroxene and plagioclase crystals overlap with that of magmatic minerals, suggesting that the crystal cargo in Merapi magmas may contain a larger proportion of skarn-derived xenocrysts than previously recognized. Assessment of xenolith formation timescales demonstrates that magma–carbonate interaction and associated CO2 release could affect eruption intensity, as recently suggested for Merapi and similar carbonate-hosted volcanoes elsewhere.
A Singular Nonlinear History-Dependent Cohesive Zone Model: Is it Possible?
Authors: Argatov I I 
Published: April 2020

SummaryA history-dependent cohesive zone model is considered in the linear elasticity framework with the cohesive stresses governed by the fracture condition formulated in terms of a nonlinear Abel-type integral operator. A possibility for the cohesive stresses to possess a weak singularity has been examined by utilizing asymptotic modeling approach. It has been shown that the balance of the leading-term asymptotic representations in the model equations is possible for nonsingular cohesive stresses only.
Religious Freedom and Local Conflict: Religious Buildings and Zoning Issues in the New York City Region, 1992–2017
Authors: Miller Brian J 
Published: April 2020

AbstractReligious freedom in the United States is negotiated in local conflicts arising from proposals from religious groups to municipalities in order to use or alter land and buildings. This study examines 116 cases of zoning conflict involving religious buildings in the New York City region between 1992 and 2017 as reported by the New York Times. Jewish and Muslim congregations experienced opposition at higher rates compared to their proportion in the region’s population and to Christians. Proposing to use a single-family home for worship or use a building near residences topped local concerns. Neighbors regularly expressed worries about traffic, parking, and preservation. More zoning controversies occurred in the suburbs. These findings advance our knowledge of religious freedom and pluralism in detailing how local religious land conflicts involving multiple social actors operating at different levels engage larger questions about religious gatherings, ideal land uses, and the character of communities.