bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IncobotulinumtoxinA Treatment in Upper‐Limb Poststroke Spasticity in the Open‐Label Extension Period of PURE: Efficacy in Passive Function, Caregiver Burden, and Quality of Life
Authors: Marciniak Christina , Munin Michael C. , Brashear Allison , Rubin Bruce S. , Patel Atul T. , Slawek Jaroslaw , Hanschmann Angelika , Hiersemenzel Reinhard , Elovic Elie P. 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundPoststroke spasticity affects motor function and the ability to perform activities of daily living, with the potential to affect quality of life (QoL) and increase caregiver burden.ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of repeated incobotulinumtoxinA treatment on spasticity‐associated functional disability, caregiver burden, and QoL in the 36‐week open‐label extension of the phase 3 PURE study (NCT01392300).DesignOpen‐label extension period of a prospective, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized, multicenter study.SettingForty‐six investigation sites in seven countries (Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, India, Poland, Russia, United States).ParticipantsAdults, aged 18‐80 years, ≥12 months since last botulinum neurotoxin injection or entirely toxin naïve, with median poststroke upper‐limb spasticity of >2 years' duration.MethodsParticipants who completed the 12‐week, double‐blind main period could enter the open‐label extension and receive up to three additional incobotulinumtoxinA treatments (fixed total dose 400 U at 12‐week intervals) into the affected muscles of one upper limb.Main Outcome MeasuresFunctional disability (Disability Assessment Scale; DAS), caregiver burden (Carer Burden Scale), and quality of life (QoL; EuroQol [EQ] 5‐dimensions three‐level [EQ‐5D‐3L]).ResultsThe open‐label extension included 296 treated patients. Mean DAS score for the principal target domain improved significantly from the main period baseline to the end‐of‐study visit (P < .0001). Carer Burden Scale scores also significantly improved from the main period baseline to the end‐of‐study visit (P < .05 for all caregiving activities except “applying a splint”). At the end‐of‐study visit, versus the main period baseline, 19.7%‐33.3% of patients experienced improvements for each parameter on the EQ‐5D‐3L, except “mobility,” with significant improvement in EQ‐5D visual analog scale scores (P < .001).ConclusionsRepeated incobotulinumtoxinA treatments at 12‐week intervals in participants with chronic poststroke upper‐limb spasticity resulted in significant improvements in QoL, as well as significant reductions in upper‐limb functional disability and caregiver burden.
Rural–urban patterns of disability: The role of migration
Authors: von Reichert Christiane , Berry E. Helen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDisability rates are higher in rural than in urban areas of the United States, raising the question: do residential preferences and selective migration of people with disabilities play a role in higher rural disability rates? Utilising concepts of environmental fit from the disability literature and ideas from classic, residential preference, and household migration studies, we examine the 2011–2015 American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Sample to understand whether migration contributes to higher rural disability. Results show only slightly different propensities to stay in rural than in urban areas and similar destination choices of people with or without disability, suggesting that migration does little to explain higher rates of rural disability. However, we detect noteworthy differences in age migration schedules for persons with disability, persons without disability in households with disability, and persons without disability in households without disability. Disability emerges as a relevant, although underresearched, dimension in household migration research.
Suppression of Leakage for a Charge Qubit in Triangular Triple Quantum Dots
Authors: Chan Guo Xuan , Wang Xin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper presents a simple yet effective strategy to suppress the leakage in a three‐quantum‐dot charge qubit system by having the dots in a triangle as opposed to the linear geometry commonly conceived. It is found that the tunnel coupling between the two outmost dots is amplified in triangular triple dots, which consequently reduces leakage by separating the leaked state and qubit states. It has been found that the leakage can be suppressed by as much as five orders of magnitude when the dots form an equilateral triangle, with further improvement of control fidelities possible if composite pulses are applied.
Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Abraham Aswin , Krasnodembskaya Anna 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a serious and potentially fatal acute inflammatory lung condition which currently has no specific treatments targeting its pathophysiology. However, mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to have very promising therapeutic potential, and recently, it has been established that their effect is largely due to the transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs have been shown to transfer a variety of substances such as mRNA, miRNA, and even organelles such as mitochondria in order to ameliorate ARDS in preclinical models. In addition, the fact that they have been proven to have the same effect as their parent cells combined with their numerous advantages over whole cell administration means that they are a promising candidate for clinical application that merits further research.

Significance statement Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being actively explored as an alternative to whole-cell therapy. Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a devastating clinical condition with high mortality rate and no pharmacological treatment; therefore, novel therapies for this condition are critically needed. This review discusses preclinical studies where the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) EVs was investigated in models of lung injury. Evidence suggests that MSC EVs demonstrate potent protective effects mediated through a variety of mechanisms related to the transfer of EVs cargo to the recipient cells. Further research into the mechanism of action, biodistribution, standardization, and biomanufacturing is needed to facilitate clinical translation of this exciting new cell therapy product.
TiO2@Perylene Diimide Full‐Spectrum Photocatalysts via Semi‐Core–Shell Structure
Authors: Wei Weiqin , Zhu Yongfa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA semi‐core–shell structure of perylene diimide (PDI) self‐assembly coated with TiO2 nanoparticles is constructed, in which nanoscale porous TiO2 shell is formed and PDI self‐assembly presented 1D structure. A full‐spectrum photocatalyst is obtained using this structure to resolve a conundrum—TiO2 does not exhibit visible‐light photocatalytic activity while PDI does not exhibit ultraviolet photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, the synergistic interaction between TiO2 and PDI enables the catalyst to improve its ultraviolet, visible‐light, and full‐spectrum performance. The interaction between TiO2 and PDI leads to formation of some new stacking states along the Π–Π stacking direction and, as a consequence, electron transfer from PDI to TiO2 suppresses the recombination of e−/h+ and thus improves photocatalytic performance. But the stronger interaction in the interface between TiO2 and PDI is not in favor of photocatalytic performance, which leads to rapid charge recombination due to more disordered stacking states. The study provides a theoretical direction for the study of core–shell structures with soft materials as a core, and an idea for efficient utilization of solar energy.
Bond behavior between basalt fiber‐reinforced polymer rebars and coral‐reef‐sand concrete conditioned in saline solution
Authors: Ding Lining , Shi Jianzhe , Wang Xin , Liu Ying , Jin Yundong , Wu Zhishen 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis paper studies the bond behavior between basalt fiber‐reinforced polymer (BFRP) rebars and coral‐reef‐sand (CRS) concrete exposed to a saline environment. The gradation and mix proportion of CRS concrete was firstly selected, through compressive tests on CRS concrete cubes. A series of pullout tests were conducted on a total of 84 pullout specimens after conditioning in a saline solution. The experimental variables included type of rebar (steel and BFRP), diameter of BFRP rebar, conditioning duration and temperature, and type of conditioning (continuous immersion and wet–dry cycle). The stress–slip curves and bond strength of the pullout specimens were analyzed and discussed. The results show that 0.54 is selected as the water/cement ratio for CRS concrete, among the range of analyzed concrete mixes. The bond behaviors of BFRP rebars depend on their diameter. BFRP rebars with 12‐mm‐diameter have the best bond durability after conditioning in a saline solution, when compared with their counterparts with 8‐ and 16‐mm‐diameters. The effects of conditioning temperature and type of conditioning on the bond behavior of 12‐mm‐diameter BFRP rebar are negligible. A design‐oriented formula was proposed for the prediction of the development length of a BFRP rebar in CRS concrete based on the experimental data. Furthermore, modified BPE models were calibrated to describe the bond–slip relationship of BFRP rebars in CRS concrete in a saline environment.
Intensification of treatment processes for oily wastewater: Theoretical foundations for calculating the hydrodynamic characteristics of tube coalescers
Authors: Andreyev Sergey Yu. , Yakhkind Michael I. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe present the results of theoretical studies of the pressure fluid flow fundamental characteristics in tube coalescers used in the treatment processes for oily wastewater. It is shown that three different regions of flow (wall sublayer, transition sublayer, and flow kernel), having their own hydrodynamic characteristics, are formed in a cross section of the tube coalescer. In the viscous wall sublayer (of thickness δ*), viscous frictional forces exceed inertial forces (Reδ* < 1), and “creeping flow” is observed. This region borders on the transition sublayer (of thickness δ** = δ*), in which inertial forces exceed viscous frictional forces (Reδ** > 1). For both laminar and turbulent flow, distribution laws of local velocities and velocity gradients along the pipe radius are obtained in each of the three regions. In the flow kernel, the linear distribution law of velocity gradients gives a square distribution law of velocities for both types of flow, but for the turbulent flow, the correction coefficients A = β and B = 2β − 1 must be introduced.
SOPHOCLES’ BALL (FR. 781)
Authors: Panegyres Konstantine 
Published: October 2019

In the interpretation of fragments the omission or neglect of even the most minute detail can lead a scholar to false conclusions or to ill-founded speculations. How careful one must be to draw out every possibility and nuance from every little piece of textual evidence can be seen in the following case. This is the text of Soph. fr. 781 (ed. Radt) as quoted by a late lexicographer (Etym. Magn. s.v. ἔγχος [313.3–4]):
ὁ δὲ Σοφοκλῆς τὴν σφαῖραν ἔγχος κέκληκεν, οἷον “τὸ δ’ ἔγχος ἐν ποσὶ κυλίνδεται”.
TWO TEXTUAL NOTES ON CICERO, DE OFFICIIS
Authors: Dyck Andrew R. 
Published: October 2019

(1) 1.21:
ex quo, quia suum cuiusque fit eorum quae natura fuerant communia quod cuique obtigit, id quisque teneat; †e quo si quis† sibi appetet, uiolabit ius humanae societatis.The base text cited is that of Winterbottom. After discussing the origin of private property, Cicero asserts that it should be maintained as distributed (id quisque teneat). Of the matter marked corrupt, e quo (sometimes written ex quo or with a letter deleted after e; see Winterbottom's apparatus criticus) is likely to be a repetition of the preceding ex quo and therefore intrusive (as Winterbottom suggested ad loc.: ‘fort. delendum’). si quis evidently requires supplementation. Müller (after marginal corrections in printings of Lambinus's edition) inserted quid after quis, but in that case one would expect a further specification (quid alienum or the like). The better candidate for the supplement after quis is perhaps plus, the reading of the two fifteenth-century Munich codices 7020 and 650 (M and S respectively), an easy error. Cf. Cic. Leg. agr. 3.13: cum plus appetat quam ipse Sulla …; Sull. 84: ut ego mihi plus appetere coner quam quantum omnes inimici inuidique patiantur.
THREE TEXTUAL NOTES ON CICERO, DE LEGE AGRARIA 2
Authors: Dyck Andrew R. 
Published: October 2019

(1) 2.4:
itaque me non extrema †tribus† suffragiorum, sed primi illi uestri concursus, neque singulae uoces praeconum, sed una uox uniuersi populi Romani consulem declarauit.Cicero narrates his election as consul. The above is the text printed by G. Manuwald, who notes that the construction of tribus is ‘odd’ and was queried by J.-L. Ferrary. She suspects that tribus ‘may be an explanatory gloss (or part of it) that entered the text’ and should therefore be deleted with Kayser. She rejects Richter's conjecture diribitio for tribus as palaeographically implausible.
Power Play: A Game Illustrating Power Transition in Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Haynes Susan Turner 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTOne of the most alarming trends of the past decade has been the rise in authoritarianism and the growing support of strongman politics among citizens of democratic regimes. College instructors have a unique opportunity to challenge such thinking at a time when many of their students are still forming their political beliefs. Using a game, instructors not only can show students the perils of authoritarianism, they also can potentially expand students’ appreciation of democracy. This article describes a game suitable for this purpose. Students take on the role of workers, soldiers, and rulers in a military dictatorship to learn about the “guns-and-butter tradeoff” and authoritarian uncertainty.
Disentangling the Effects of Climate, Vegetation, Soil and Related Substrate Properties on the Biodegradability of Permafrost‐Derived Dissolved Organic Carbon
Authors: Liu Futing , Kou Dan , Abbott Benjamin W. , Mao Chao , Chen Yongliang , Chen Leiyi , Yang Yuanhe 
Published: October 2019

Key PointsDissolved organic carbon (DOC) from thawed permafrost had high biodegradability, with an average of 21.7% loss over a 28‐day incubationThe biodegradability of permafrost‐derived DOC was larger than or equal to that in active‐layer across 72% of sampling sitesSpatial and vertical variations in DOC biodegradability were jointly determined by vegetation types, soil properties, and DOC composition
Finite Strain Analysis of Shear and Compressional Wave Velocities
Authors: Melinger‐Cohen Ariel , Jeanloz Raymond 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPublished shear‐modulus measurements for a wide variety of materials (Ar, Xe, H2, He, NaCl, H2O‐VII, MgO, stishovite, bridgmanite) show that the Eulerian (spatial) description of energy vs. strain fits both finite‐ and infinitesimal‐strain (e.g., wave velocity) elasticity data under high pressure. The Eulerian (spatial) formulations do so better than the Lagrangian (material) finite‐strain description, with differences of 1% to 60% in both P‐ and S‐wave velocities for these materials at the pressures of Earth's mantle. The results are significant in extending to shear previous findings that compressional (pressure‐volume and bulk‐modulus) measurements are also best fit using the spatial formulation. Our analysis empirically documents that a self‐consistent Eulerian finite‐strain equation of state offers a reliable means of describing the thermodynamic and elastic properties of planetary interiors.
Evaluation of Soil Thermal Conductivity Schemes for Use in Land Surface Modeling
Authors: Dai Yongjiu , Wei Nan , Yuan Hua , Zhang Shupeng , Shangguan Wei , Liu Shaofeng , Lu Xingjie , Xin Yufei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSoil thermal conductivity (STC) is an important physical parameter in modeling land surface processes. Previous studies on evaluations of STC schemes are mostly based on direct measurements of local conditions, and their recommendations cannot be used as a reference in selecting STC schemes for land modeling use. In this work, seven typical STC schemes are incorporated into the Common Land Model to evaluate their applications in land surface modeling. Statistical analyses show that the Johansen (1975) scheme and its three derivatives, Côté and Konrad (2005, https://doi.org/10.1139/t04‐106), Balland and Arp (2005, https://doi.org/10.1139/s05‐007), and Lu et al. (2007, https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2006.0041), are significantly superior to the other schemes with respect to both STC estimations and their applications in modeling soil temperature and the partitioning of surface available energy in the Common Land Model. The Balland and Arp (2005, https://doi.org/10.1139/s05‐007) scheme ranks at the top among the selected schemes. Uncertainty analyses based on single‐point and global simulations both show that the differences in STC estimations can induce significant differences in simulated soil temperature in arid/semiarid and seasonally frozen regions, especially at deep layers. The hydrology‐related variables are slightly affected by STC variations, but slight changes in these variables can induce notable changes in soil temperature by altering soil thermal properties. These results emphasize the important role of STC in modeling soil thermodynamics and suggest the necessity of further developing STC schemes based on land modeling applications. According to the evaluation analyses, we recommend the Balland and Arp (2005, https://doi.org/10.1139/s05‐007) scheme as a more suitable selection for use in land surface models.
Reconstructing Chemical Weathering Intensity in the Mekong River Basin Since the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Jiwarungrueangkul Thanakorn , Liu Zhifei , Stattegger Karl , Sang Pham Nhu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHigh‐resolution clay mineralogy and major element geochemistry of Core SO18383‐3 collected off the Mekong River mouth in the southern South China Sea have been investigated, aiming to reconstruct sediment provenance and chemical weathering intensity since the last glaciation. The chronology is based on foraminiferal accelerator mass spectrometry 14C dates. Clay mineral analysis suggests that the Mekong River is a major sedimentary source for the studied area. The values of chemical index of alteration (CIA) indicate moderate chemical weathering in the Mekong River basin. Smectite/(illite + chlorite) and smectite/kaolinite ratios coupled with TiO2/K2O ratio reveal the temporal variation in chemical weathering intensity in the Mekong River basin. The lower ratios around the Last Glacial Maximum (29.9–14.7 cal ka BP), the Heinrich Event 1 (~14.8 cal ka BP), the Younger Dryas interval (12.4–11.3 cal ka BP), and middle to late Holocene (7.6–1.1 cal ka BP) indicate weak chemical weathering intensity. In contrast, the higher ratios occurring during the Bølling‐Allerød period (14.7–12.7 cal ka BP) and the period of main deglaciation (14.7–7.6 cal ka BP) indicate stronger chemical weathering in the Mekong River basin. The good correlations between these proxies and the available proxy records of the East Asian summer monsoon intensity suggest that the intensity of chemical weathering in the Mekong River basin over the last 30 ka is significantly controlled by the summer monsoon. This study greatly increases our understanding of the principal forcing factor on continental weathering in the Mekong River basin since the Last Glacial Maximum.
Constraints on Trenchward Arc Migration and Backarc Magmatism in the North Patagonian Andes in the Context of Nazca Plate Rollback
Authors: Fernández Paz L. , Bechis F. , Litvak V. D. , Echaurren A. , Encinas A. , González J. , Lucassen F. , Oliveros V. , Valencia V. , Folguera A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGeochemical and geochronological data reveal that late Oligocene‐early Miocene time is a break point in the evolution of Andean magmatism. The Patagonian Andes registered the onset of arc volcanism since the late Eocene forming part of the El Maitén Belt, whose development was driven by the subduction of the Farallon/Nazca plates beneath the Andean margin. During the Oligocene, the El Maitén Belt shows a change in the geochemical signature of its magmas from tholeiitic to calc‐alkaline compositions, reflecting a more mature stage in the magmatic arc evolution. Toward the early Miocene, a striking event is registered in Andean volcanic sequences as mafic tholeiitic lava flows of the El Maitén are interbedded with marine deposits, suggesting their development in the context of a fast subsiding regime. Geochemical analyses presented in this paper show that these rocks resemble enriched mid‐ocean ridge basalt‐like and ocean island basalt compositions, isotopically depleted, which strongly contrast with previous arc products. By this time, a global plate reorganization event had caused an increase in convergence rates, accelerated rollback, and a more orthogonal geometry of subduction, triggering widespread magmatism and the development of extensional basins in the overriding plate. Arc‐related volcanism during the early Miocene can be found only in the western slope of the Andes, suggesting the retreat of the volcanic front toward the trench. The proposed model highlights a strong linkage between the geochemical signature of magmatic products and changes in the subduction zone configuration and mantle dynamics during the evolution of the Patagonian Andes (41–44°S).
Capillary Trapping Following Imbibition in Porous Media: Microfluidic Quantification of the Impact of Pore‐Scale Surface Roughness
Authors: Mehmani Ayaz , Kelly Shaina , Torres‐Verdín Carlos , Balhoff Matthew 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDue to diagenesis, pores in subsurface rocks such as sandstones exhibit varying degrees of surface roughness in the forms of authigenic cement coatings and mineral dissolution. Previous work describing capillary trapping in porous media has primarily focused on pore‐space geometry, wettability, and fluid viscosity contrast, while acknowledging, but not quantifying, the potential impact of surface roughness. We introduce a method to implement surface roughness with controlled variation of hillock density and heights into glass microfluidic chips and investigate surface roughness impacts on gas trapping following imbibition of water into air. We demonstrate that surface roughness with hillock height‐to‐pore‐depth ratios (herein called Ω) less than a media‐dependent threshold (Ω = 6%–10% in the micromodels) does not promote nonwetting phase (gas) trapping. By contrast, rougher micromodels with Ω values larger than the aforementioned roughness threshold show a dramatic increase in the saturation of trapped gas (gas saturation values up to 64%) due to an observed change in imbibition dynamics from binary filling to pendular‐ring formation within pore throats as well as capillary pinning within pore bodies. Furthermore, when the micromodel intermediate capillary number results are compared to Land's model, only the roughest microfluidics chips (Ω > 10%) fall within the literature‐described values of the characteristic trapping constant, C, implying that surface roughness is also a key gas trapping control, independent of or in addition to pore‐space geometry and wettability. An a priori menisci stability criterion and a heuristic explanation based on local contact angle variations are proposed to explain surface roughness‐induced trapping.