bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence, severity and tolerability of pneumothorax following low‐dose CT‐guided lung biopsy in different severities of COPD
Authors: Zhou Mi , Wang Ting , Wei Dongshan , Zhu Yong , Jiang Yudan , Zuo Cui , Jiang Li , Chen Hong , Guo Shuliang , Yang Li 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe feasibility of pneumothorax following low‐dose CT‐guided puncture lung biopsy in different severities of COPD has not been reported.MethodsThe data of the patients with pulmonary lesion who underwent low‐dose CT‐guided lung biopsy by one experienced operator in our hospital from January 1st to September 30th in 2019 were retrospectively collected. They were divided into COPD group and non‐COPD group. The risk factors, incidence and severity of pneumothorax with the severity of COPD and changes in MMRC score, treatment way and discharge time after pneumothorax were assessed.ResultsTwo hundred and nineteen patients were retrospectively enrolled in this study with 64 in the COPD group and 155 in the non‐COPD group. The average age, MMRC score and the incidence of pneumothorax after biopsy were significantly higher in the COPD group (64.7 ± 1.27 years, 1.02 ± 0.13, 31.3%) than in the non‐COPD group (58.8 ± 1.16 years, 0.35 ± 0.06, 17.4%, P < 0.05). The incidence of pneumothorax between I‐II and III‐IV in COPD did not reach the significant difference (P = 0.863). COPD was the only independent risk factor for pneumothorax after biopsy in a multivariable regression (P < 0.05). MMRC score was significantly increased at post‐pneumothorax in the two groups (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in diagnostic rate, severity of pneumothorax, the proportion of delayed pneumothorax, the changes in treatment way and discharge time between the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionAlthough the incidence of pneumothorax after low dose CT‐guided lung biopsy is increased in COPD, there was no difference in the severity of pneumothorax amongst the different severities of COPD and it is well‐tolerated without increasing medical burden.
Climate change exposure and vulnerability of the global protected area estate from an international perspective
Authors: Hoffmann Samuel , Beierkuhnlein Carl 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimProtected areas are essential to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem benefits to society under increasing human pressures of the Anthropocene. Anthropogenic climate change, however, threatens the enduring effectiveness of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and providing ecosystem services, because it modifies and redistributes biodiversity with unknown consequences for ecosystem functioning within protected areas. Here, we assess (a) the climate change exposure of the global terrestrial protected area estate and (b) the climate change vulnerability of national protected area estates.LocationTerrestrial protected areas worldwide.MethodsWe calculated local climate change exposure as predicted climate anomalies between the present and 2070 using ten global climate models, two emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) and the finest spatial resolution available for global climate projections (approx. 1 km). We estimated the climate change vulnerability of national protected area estates by analysing countrywide relationships between protected areas’ climate anomalies and other protected area characteristics, that is area, elevation, terrain ruggedness, human footprint and irreplaceability for globally threatened species.ResultsWe found predicted climate anomalies highest in protected areas of (sub‐)tropical countries. The correlations between climate anomalies and protected area characteristics strongly differ between countries. Globally, protected areas showing large climate anomalies tend to be at high elevation and highly irreplaceable for threatened species, increasing climate change vulnerability. These protected areas are relatively large in area, of high topographic heterogeneity and less pressured by humans, decreasing climate change vulnerability.Main conclusionThis study reveals potential hotspots of climate change impact inside the terrestrial protected area estate. It thus supports and guides climate‐smart conservation policy and management, particularly national to local authorities, to ensure the future effectiveness of protected areas in preserving biodiversity and ecosystem benefits under climate change.
Cumulative distribution functions: An alternative approach to examine the triggering of prepared motor actions in the StartReact effect
Authors: McInnes Aaron N. , Castellote Juan M. , Kofler Markus , Honeycutt Claire F. , Lipp Ottmar V. , Riek Stephan , Tresilian James R. , Marinovic Welber 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThere has been much debate concerning whether startling sensory stimuli can activate a fast‐neural pathway for movement triggering (StartReact) which is different from that of voluntary movements. Activity in sternocleidomastoid (SCM) electromyogram is suggested to indicate activation of this pathway. We evaluated whether SCM activity can accurately identify trials which may differ in their neurophysiological triggering and assessed the use of cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of reaction time (RT) data to identify trials with the shortest RTs for analysis. Using recent data sets from the StartReact literature, we examined the relationship between RT and SCM activity. We categorised data into short/longer RT bins using CDFs and used linear mixed‐effects models to compare potential conclusions that can be drawn when categorising data on the basis of RT versus on the basis of SCM activity. The capacity of SCM to predict RT is task‐specific, making it an unreliable indicator of distinct neurophysiological mechanisms. Classification of trials using CDFs is capable of capturing potential task‐ or muscle‐related differences in triggering whilst avoiding the pitfalls of the traditional SCM activity‐based classification method. We conclude that SCM activity is not always evident on trials that show the early triggering of movements seen in the StartReact phenomenon. We further propose that a more comprehensive analysis of data may be achieved through the inclusion of CDF analyses. These findings have implications for future research investigating movement triggering as well as for potential therapeutic applications of StartReact.
Comparison of anadromous and landlocked Atlantic salmon genomes reveals signatures of parallel and relaxed selection across the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Kjærner‐Semb Erik , Edvardsen Rolf B. , Ayllon Fernando , Vogelsang Petra , Furmanek Tomasz , Rubin Carl Johan , Veselov Alexey E. , Nilsen Tom Ole , McCormick Stephen D. , Primmer Craig R. , Wargelius Anna 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMost Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) populations follow an anadromous life cycle, spending early life in freshwater, migrating to the sea for feeding, and returning to rivers to spawn. At the end of the last ice age ~10,000 years ago, several populations of Atlantic salmon became landlocked. Comparing their genomes to their anadromous counterparts can help identify genetic variation related to either freshwater residency or anadromy. The objective of this study was to identify consistently divergent loci between anadromous and landlocked Atlantic salmon strains throughout their geographical distribution, with the long‐term aim of identifying traits relevant for salmon aquaculture, including fresh and seawater growth, omega‐3 metabolism, smoltification, and disease resistance. We used a Pool‐seq approach (n = 10–40 individuals per population) to sequence the genomes of twelve anadromous and six landlocked Atlantic salmon populations covering a large part of the Northern Hemisphere and conducted a genomewide association study to identify genomic regions having been under different selection pressure in landlocked and anadromous strains. A total of 28 genomic regions were identified and included cadm1 on Chr 13 and ppargc1a on Chr 18. Seven of the regions additionally displayed consistently reduced heterozygosity in fish obtained from landlocked populations, including the genes gpr132, cdca4, and sertad2 on Chr 15. We also found 16 regions, including igf1 on Chr 17, which consistently display reduced heterozygosity in the anadromous populations compared to the freshwater populations, indicating relaxed selection on traits associated with anadromy in landlocked salmon. In conclusion, we have identified 37 regions which may harbor genetic variation relevant for improving fish welfare and quality in the salmon farming industry and for understanding life‐history traits in fish.
Type XVII collagen interacts with the aPKC‐PAR complex and maintains epidermal cell polarity
Authors: Watanabe Mika , Kosumi Hideyuki , Osada Shin‐Ichi , Takashima Shota , Wang Yunan , Nishie Wataru , Oikawa Tsukasa , Hirose Tomonori , Shimizu Hiroshi , Natsuga Ken 
Published: September 2020

AbstractType XVII collagen (COL17) is a transmembrane protein expressed in the basal epidermis. COL17 serves as a niche for epidermal stem cells, and although its reduction has been implicated in altering cell polarity and ageing of the epidermis, it is unknown how COL17 affects epidermal cell polarity. Here, we uncovered COL17 as a binding partner of the aPKC‐PAR complex, which is a key regulating factor of cell polarity. Immunoprecipitation‐immunoblot assay and protein‐protein binding assay revealed that COL17 interacts with aPKC and PAR3. COL17 deficiency or epidermis‐specific aPKCλ deletion destabilized PAR3 distribution in the epidermis, while aPKCζ knockout did not. Asymmetrical cell division was pronounced in COL17‐null neonatal paw epidermis. These results show that COL17 is pivotal for maintaining epidermal cell polarity. Our study highlights the previously unrecognized role of COL17 in the basal keratinocytes.
Numerical evaluation of temperature fields and residual stresses in butt weld joints and comparison with experimental measurements
Authors: Sepe Raffaele , De Luca Alessandro , Greco Alessandro , Armentani Enrico 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a novel numerical model, based on the finite element (FE) method, for the simulation of a welding process aimed to make a two‐pass V‐groove butt joint, paying attention on the prediction of residual stresses and distortions. The ‘element birth and death’ technique for the simulation of the weld filler supply has been considered within this paper. The main advancements with respect to the state of the art herein proposed concern: (i) the development of a modelling technique able to simulate the plates interaction during the welding operation when an only plate is modelled. This phenomenon is usually neglected in literature; (ii) the heat amount is supplied to the FEs as volumetric generation of the internal energy, allowing overcoming the time‐consuming calibration phase needed to use the Goldak's model, commonly adopted in literature. Predicted results showed a good agreement with experimental ones.
Global analysis of fish growth rates shows weaker responses to temperature than metabolic predictions
Authors: van Denderen Daniël , Gislason Henrik , van den Heuvel Joost , Andersen Ken H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimHigher temperatures increase the metabolic rate of ectothermic organisms up to a certain level and make them grow faster. This temperature‐sensitivity of growth is frequently used to predict the long‐term effects of climate warming on ectotherms. Yet, realized growth also depends on ecological factors and evolutionary adaptation. Here we study whether faster growth is observed along temperature clines within and between marine fish species from polar to tropical regions.LocationGlobal.Time periodThe sampling or publication year is for 718 observations before 1980, 1,073 observations between 1980 and 2000, and 390 observations after 2000 (for 336 observations no year was recorded).Major taxa studiedMarine teleost fish and elasmobranchs.MethodsThe effects of temperature on fish growth are studied using 2,517 growth observations, representing 771 species in 165 marine ecoregions. The effects of temperature are presented with a Q10, describing relative increase in the rate of growth for each 10 °C increase.ResultsWe find weak within‐ and between‐species effects of temperature on growth. The typical within‐species effect of temperature has a Q10 of 1.1. The between‐species effect is a little higher (Q10 = 1.4, or Q10 = 1.2 when corrected for phylogenetic relationships). When analysed per fish guild, growth responses vary from nearly independent of temperature in large demersals (Q10 = 1.1) to positive in small pelagics (Q10 = 1.6) and elasmobranchs (Q10 = 2.3). Average growth is higher in ecoregions with high primary production.Main conclusionThe change in average growth along temperature clines is weaker than predicted by metabolic theory, suggesting that the metabolic predictions are not sustainable in an ecosystem context. The long‐term response of fish to the increase in temperature associated with climate change may hence be shaped more by local environmental and ecological dynamics than by the physiological temperature response of the species currently present.
A laboratory study of root canal and isthmus disinfection in extracted teeth using various activation methods with a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and etidronic acid
Authors: Villalta‐Briones N. , Baca P. , Bravo M. , Solana C. , Aguado‐Pérez B. , Ruiz‐Linares M. , Arias‐Moliz M. T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimTo evaluate in a laboratory setting the antibiofilm activity of several irrigating protocols including conventional irrigation, ultrasonic activation and XP‐endo Finisher, with a mixture of sodium hypochlorite and etidronic acid in infected isthmuses and root canals of extracted human mandibular molar teeth.MethodologyFifty‐six mesial roots of mandibular molars, half of them with a continuous isthmus from the cervical to the apical third between the two root canals (type 1), and the other half with a continuous isthmus from the cervical to the middle third and one canal in the apical third (type 2), were included. The root canals were contaminated for 7 days with an Enterococcus faecalis suspension. There were three experimental groups plus a control group (n = 7 per type of root canal anatomy). All the root canals, except for the control group that was not treated, were chemomechanically prepared and then assigned to one of the experimental groups according to the final adjunctive procedure: conventional irrigation, ultrasonic activation or XP‐endo Finisher activation. The irrigating solution used was a combination of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 9% etidronic acid, and the final protocols were applied for three cycles of 30 s with a 3 mL volume. The antibiofilm activity was evaluated at each location (root canal and isthmus) and third (cervical, middle and apical) using confocal laser scanning microscopy and the live/dead technique. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (descriptive statistics) and SUDAAN (P‐value calculations).ResultsRoot canals had significantly lower biovolume values than the isthmuses (P < 0.05). The biovolume in the root canals was significantly reduced in all the experimental groups in all the thirds except for conventional irrigation in the apical third (P > 0.05). In the cervical and middle thirds, ultrasonic activation was associated with the lowest biovolumes (P < 0.05), followed by XP‐endo Finisher. In the isthmus, disinfection was similar in all the thirds for all the protocols. Conventional irrigation was associated with intermediate values with no significant differences from the control group or from the activated protocols (P > 0.05), although the latter were significantly different from the control group (P < 0.05). No differences were found between ultrasonic activation and XP‐endo Finisher in the middle and apical thirds (P > 0.05) in the isthmuses.ConclusionsIn this laboratory study on extracted teeth, the isthmus was more difficult to disinfect than root canals. In the root canals, ultrasonic activation and XP‐endo Finisher had a greater effectiveness than conventional irrigation. In the isthmuses, no differences were observed between the two activation techniques and conventional irrigation.
The management of deep carious lesions and the exposed pulp amongst members of two European endodontic societies: a questionnaire‐based study
Authors: Careddu R. , Plotino G. , Cotti E. , Duncan H. F. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimsTo investigate and compare views on management of deep caries and the exposed pulp by Endodontic Society members in Ireland (Irish Endodontic Society [IES]) and Italy (Accademia Italiana di Endodonzia [AIE]). Further aims were to investigate the influence of patient‐related factors (age, symptoms) and operator‐related factors (material choice, antibiotics) on management.MethodologyA structured online questionnaire containing two cases (an 18‐ and 45‐year‐old) and two scenarios (± mild symptoms), including history and radiograph, was sent to IES and AIE members. The answers were analysed using chi‐square and Fisher's exact test (P < 0.05).ResultsIn total, 120 dentists participated, representing 49% of the AIE and 48% of the IES membership. Age distribution was similar between the societies; however, most AIE members had no further qualifications (63%), while IES respondents generally had a postgraduate endodontic qualification (71%). AIE respondents carried out a larger volume of vital pulp treatment (VPT) per month, with 69% carrying out over five cases, compared with 22% of IES respondents. The presence of patient symptoms significantly altered treatment planning decisions (P < 0.001) with root canal treatment (RCT) more frequently selected in both societies. Patient age significantly influenced treatment choice in the absence (P = 0.043) or presence (P = 0.012) of symptoms with less VPT advocated in older patients. There were no significant differences in the treatment of a young patient in the presence (P = 0.302) or absence of symptoms (P = 0.297); however, older patient management differed between the societies for symptomatic (P = 0.041) and asymptomatic scenarios (P = 0.044) with significantly more RCTs carried out in the AIE than the IES. Hydraulic calcium silicate materials were commonly selected, accounting for 81% of IES and 69% of AIE VPT materials, although younger members of the AIE preferred calcium hydroxide materials. Younger dentists in both societies prescribed less RCT than older age groups.ConclusionsAlthough VPT is carried out by members of both societies there was no consistency regarding the most appropriate management for the exposed pulp or the VPT material of choice. Patient symptoms and age significantly influence the decision‐making process and invasiveness of treatment. Hydraulic calcium silicate materials were the most commonly advocated material in all groups except young AIE members who preferred calcium hydroxide.
Glass: The carrier of light—Part II—A brief look into the future of optical fiber
Authors: Ballato John , Dragic Peter D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGlass optical fibers have reached a scale and commercial maturity that few, if any, other material and form can claim. Furthermore, optical fibers not only enable a remarkably broad range of applications but are, themselves, unique tools for fundamental studies into light‐matter interactions. That said, despite such ubiquity and global impact, increasing demands from existing systems, coupled with new expectations from novel emerging technologies, are necessitating a remarkably creative renaissance in optical fiber materials, structures, and processing methodologies. This paper, a follow‐on to a previous historical retrospective [Ballato and Dragic, Int. J. Appl. Glass Sci. 7, 413 (2016)], discusses current and future trends, recent advances in optical fiber materials, processing and properties, and muses about their forthcoming prospects and areas for further study and development. Specifically, optical fibers employed in present and future communications, sensors, and laser systems are discussed along with material innovations that could yield revolutionary advances in performance or manufacturability.
In situ characterization of residual stress evolution during heat treatment of SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites using high‐energy X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Knauf Michael W. , Przybyla Craig P. , Shade Paul A. , Park Jun‐Sang , Ritchey Andrew J. , Trice Rodney W. , Pipes R. B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractVolumetric strains were measured in silicon carbide/silicon carbide melt‐infiltrated ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) at ambient and high temperatures using high‐energy synchrotron X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Both silicon and silicon carbide constituents were interrogated utilizing a broad spectrum of diffracting planes that would be largely inaccessible to common laboratory XRD equipment. Residual room‐temperature principal strains in the melt‐infiltrated silicon phase were found to be approximately 1100 με in compression, corresponding to stresses of approximately 300 MPa using simplifying constitutive assumptions. Residual room‐temperature principal strains in silicon carbide particles found throughout the matrix were approximately 500 με in tension, corresponding to approximately 300 MPa. Residual strains were found to decrease considerably as temperatures increased from ambient temperature to 1250°C. Residual strains returned to approximately preheat treatment values after cool‐down to ambient temperature. Strain measurements in the silicon phase were found to be significantly affected by dissolved boron dopant levels causing contraction of the silicon lattice. This contraction must be accounted for in high‐temperature experiments for accurate calculation of stresses in the silicon phase.
Secular trends of hypertension prevalence based on 2017 ACC/AHA and 2018 Chinese hypertension guidelines: Results from CHNS data (1991‐2015)
Authors: Zheng Liqiang , Dai Yue , Fu Peng , Yang Tiangui , Xie Yanxia , Zheng Jia , Gao Jinyue , Niu Tiesheng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the impact of the 2017 American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline and the 2018 Chinese hypertension guidelines on the different secular trends for hypertension prevalence. A total of 82 665 eligible individuals aged ≥20 years were selected from nine cross‐sectional study periods (1991‐2015) from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Over the 24‐year period, the long‐term trend for the prevalence of the 2017 ACC/AHA‐defined age‐adjusted hypertension showed an increase from 32.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 31.0%‐33.3%) in 1991 to 60.0% (95% CI: 58.6%‐61.3%) in 2015 (Ptrend < 0.001). According to the 2018 Chinese guideline for hypertension, the weighted hypertension prevalence increased from 10.0% (95% CI: 9.4%‐10.5%) in 1991 to 28.7% (95% CI: 27.9%‐29.6%) in 2015 (Ptrend < 0.001). However, slopes of increasing prevalence of hypertension were significantly greater according to the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline than that based on Joint National Committee (JNC 7) report (β = 1.00% vs β = 0.67% per year, respectively, P = 0.041). Based on the 2017 ACC/AHA definition, the prevalence of stage 1 hypertension and elevated blood pressure significantly increase from 22.3% and 6.9% in 1991 to 31.2% and 10.1% in 2015 (all P < 0.05), respectively. The secular trend for the prevalence of hypertension according to the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline showed a greater rate of increase compared with the prevalence based on the 2018 Chinese hypertension guidelines. Public health initiatives should focus on the current status of hypertension in China because of the possible high prevalence of hypertension and concomitant vascular risks.