bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drinker’s Paradise?
Authors: West Mark D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the book and introduces the book’s methodology through a 1956 case of attempted murder in which the defendant was found not guilty because he was intoxicated. The court’s opinion begins with many specific facts that help readers understand the characters and the outcome of the case and ends by editorializing about the dangers of Japan’s emergence as a “drinker’s paradise.” Using this opinion as an example, the chapter sets forth the goals of the book: to use law to create a rich description of the role of alcohol in Japan and to use the alcohol-related cases to challenge traditional depictions of the Japanese legal system as one that provides systematic and routinized justice. It closes with a brief description of Japanese judges and their role in the judicial system.
Drunk Driving
Authors: West Mark D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Japanese drunk driving laws are among the strictest in the world and are stricter than those of any U.S. state. Yet despite considerable drinking in Japan, drunk driving arrests and prosecutions are relatively rare. When cases reach the courtroom, Japanese judges apply an extraordinary range of tests to determine liability. Sometimes they rely on blood alcohol or breath alcohol results, and sometimes they don’t. Sometimes they rely on subjective observations of intoxication, and sometimes they don’t. Sometimes they rely on factors unrelated to drinking or driving to determine liability both for drivers and for passengers alike.
Music Cognition in Frontotemporal Dementia and Non-Alzheimer’s Dementias
Authors: Omar Rohani 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how music knowledge is affected in non-Alzheimer’s dementias, with a focus on frontotemporal dementia syndromes. It discusses the clinical and neurobiological rationale for studying music knowledge in non-Alzheimer’s dementia. It describes some of the ways in which music knowledge has been investigated in these patients, what musical abilities are lost or preserved in non-Alzheimer’s dementia, and how this information helps us improve our knowledge of how the brain processes music. The social role of music in evolution is briefly discussed. The chapter examines how emotions generated by and recognized in music are processed differently in frontotemporal dementia compared to healthy individuals and Alzheimer’s disease patients, including the phenomenon of musicophilia, the abnormally enhanced craving for music. Finally it explains how the differences in emotion processing between dementia diseases highlight the need for some selectivity in designing music-based therapies.
Musical Leisure Activities to Support Cognitive and Emotional Functioning in Aging and Dementia
Authors: Särkämö Teppo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The capacity of music to engage auditory, cognitive, motor, and emotional functions across cortical and subcortical brain regions and the relative preservation of music in the aging and degenerating brain makes music a promising tool both in supporting healthy neurocognitive aging and maintaining better emotional well-being, cognitive functioning, and communication and social interaction in different stages of dementia. As the incidence and prevalence of aging-related neurological illnesses is rapidly increasing, it is important to develop music-based interventions that make use of self- or caregiver-implemented musical leisure activities and that are enjoyable and effective in the everyday care of the persons with dementia. This chapter reviews recent experimental evidence on the emotional and cognitive effects of musical leisure activities in healthy older adults and in persons with dementia and their caregivers. The chapter also discusses which factors are crucial for the efficacy of music in different stages of dementia.
Preserved Musical Instrument Playing in Dementia
Authors: Baird Amee , Thompson William Forde 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The ability to play a musical instrument can remain in people with dementia, despite their cognitive impairment in other non-music domains. Case studies of people with Alzheimer’s Dementia (AD) or Behavioural variant Frontotemporal dementia (Bv-FTD) have reported preserved musical instrument playing even in the severe stage and, in some cases, the ability to learn a musical instrument after the onset of dementia. We propose that playing a musical instrument allows a unique form of access to two crucial domains, memory and the self. It enables the expression of preserved forms of memory, namely procedural, semantic, and episodic, including autobiographical memories. In doing so, it can provide access to one’s past and continuing self and can be considered a form of self-preservation and expression in musicians with dementia. Four new cases of preserved musical instrument playing in people with AD and Bv-FTD are described to illustrate our proposal.
Music and Music-Therapy Interventions for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
Authors: Lipe Anne W. , Edmonston Molly 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This umbrella review summarizes and compares evidence from existing systematic reviews on the effectiveness of music and music-therapy interventions in addressing behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) among individuals with dementia. Characteristics of 14 reviews are presented and findings from these reviews are organized and described by individual symptoms (anxiety, agitation, and depression). The results of this umbrella review suggest that music and music-therapy interventions have a positive effect on the short-term reduction of BPSD. Recommendations for best clinical practice are generated from these findings. Sources of heterogeneity in the reviews make it difficult to formulate meaningful conclusions on the effectiveness of music and music-therapy interventions for BPSD symptoms at specific stages of dementia. Best practice dictates that music and music-therapy interventions within the context of a person-centered approach are likely to be the most successful in reducing BPSD for individuals with dementia.
Getting Right with Slavery
Authors: Barney William L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Moral doubts about slavery persisted among Southern whites throughout the antebellum period, and planters were never convinced of the full loyalty to slavery of non-slaveholders. Largely in response to the moral indictment of slavery by Northern abolitionists, evangelical ministers launched a concerted movement to show that slavery was ordained by God in the Bible and was part of a divine plan entrusting Southerners with the care and moral uplift of an inferior race unfit to live in freedom. As revealed by slave testimony, the disciplinary measures of slaveholders, and the separation by sale of slave families, efforts to reform slavery by the Christian principle of stewardship were unsuccessful. Sporadic programs in the Upper South to gradually end the institution by colonizing slaves in Africa reached dead ends. Although often troubled by the responsibilities of managing slaves, plantation mistresses readily resorted to violence to enforce their will and placed their positions of wealth and privilege above any antislavery sentiments. Intimidation and expulsion faced dissenters who openly attacked slavery. Whatever doubts whites entertained, they closed ranks against any outside interference with slavery.
Waiting for Lincoln
Authors: Barney William L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The election of Abraham Lincoln, an antislavery Republican, was the catalyst secessionists had long sought for arousing Southern whites behind disunion. Southern radicals split the Democratic Party at its Charleston Convention in April by laying down an ultimatum over the federal protection of slavery in the territories, thus greatly increasing the odds for a Republican victory. Two sectional Democrats, John C. Breckinridge for the South and Stephen A. Douglas for the North; a conservative Whig, John Bell; and Lincoln ran for the presidency, and each had a distinctive stand on the slavery issue. Food shortages in the midst of a prolonged drought and near panic over slave insurrections rumored to be incited by abolitionist emissaries gripped the South. Slaves grew more defiant and were blamed for a series of major fires. Whites responded by forming vigilance committees that punished slaves and any outsiders seen as a danger to the security of their communities. Proclaiming that the South could never submit to the shame and degradation of living under an abolitionist president threatening slavery and its way of life, Southern Democrats called for secession should Lincoln win.
The Confederacy
Authors: Barney William L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In forming the Confederate States of America at a convention in Montgomery, Alabama, in February 1861, the delegates made the protection of slavery their top priority. They wrote into the Provisional Confederate Constitution explicit guarantees for the perpetuation of slavery. Anxious to project an image of bipartisan moderation, they denied leadership positions to the fire-eaters, the original hard-core radicals, and chose Jefferson Davis, a latecomer to secession, for president, and Alexander Stephens, who had warned against the dangers of secession, for vice-president. As inducements for the Upper South to join the Confederacy, the convention adopted a moderate tariff instead of free trade and constitutionally mandated the prohibition of the African slave trade. God was invoked as their protector on the official seal of the Confederacy, a confirmation of the evangelical belief that Southerners were undertaking a holy mission in forming a new Christian republic dedicated to the glory of God. Although specifically authorized only with drafting a provisional constitution, the delegates conferred the powers of a legislative body or congress on the convention in order to move ahead quickly in shaping their new government and preparing for a possible war with the North. By March, a functioning government and army were in place.
From Waiting Game to War
Authors: Barney William L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A month of anxious waiting came to an end in early April 1861 when Lincoln’s decision to send a relief expedition to Fort Sumter shattered an uneasy peace between the Union and the Confederacy and precipitated war and the last phase of secession. Just after delivering his Inaugural Address on March 4, 1861, in which he denounced secession as anarchy and pledged to hold federal properties as yet unseized in the South but not to initiate hostilities against the seceded states, Lincoln learned from Major Anderson that Fort Sumter would run out of supplies in about forty days. Whether to resupply the fort or order its evacuation was the defining issue of his first month in office. Against the advice of Republican conservatives led by William H. Seward, who were convinced that Southerners would voluntarily choose to reenter the Union in a matter of months if Lincoln refrained from any act that could touch off a war, Lincoln finally ordered a relief expedition but stipulated that no troops or ammunition would be sent in unless the Confederacy fired upon the expedition or the fort. On the orders of Jefferson Davis, Confederate artillery opened fire on the morning of April 12. On learning of the fort’s surrender, Lincoln called on all the states for militia troops to put down what he defined as a rebellion. Southerners viewed his troop call as a declaration of war to invade their homeland and end slavery. Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina in the Upper South quickly seceded, but the border slave states, a key to future Union offensive operations, held firm in the Union.
Economic Freedom as an Ideology*
Authors: Reykowski Janusz 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
There are two sides to economic freedom. It is a precondition for activating powerful psychological forces that stimulate human entrepreneurship and creativity, which allowed capitalism to effect the huge civilization leap made over the past 200 years. It has not been able, however, to control the destructive forces involved in competitive and hostile attitudes associated with conflicts of interests and the desire to maximize one’s own individual and group benefits. What is more, social processes that develop under economic freedom may have adverse influence on human relations and foster various social pathologies. There is also a rise in social inequalities, connected with the concentration of economic and, consequently, political power. The belief that there is a linear relationship between greater economic freedoms and improvement of productivity as well as in the quality of life in human societies has been only partly confirmed.
The Sources of Disenchantment with Democracy*
Authors: Reykowski Janusz 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Disenchantment with democracy may have different sources. One such source is the discrepancy between the expected advantages of the system and the experience with real democracy. In our research, we found that these expectations depend on lay theories of democracy that may differ substantially from its normative conceptions and practical realizations. Another source is the change in social priorities that can be described as a conservative shift. This change is a reaction to an increased sense of existential and epistemic insecurity that entails higher preferences for strong government founded on tradition and a shared worldview. It is associated with decreased importance of political agency and pluralism. There is also disappointment with democratic politics based on adversarial principles, in which those who gain political advantage shape the political and social relations according to their own interests and points of view, ignoring the interests and views of others.
Metaphor
Authors: Freeman Margaret H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Metaphor is dangerous. The act of metaphoring—mapping between unlike domains—has iconic power, power to transform our conventional ways of seeing and, by so doing, to change or modulate our minds and our behavior. First, the chapter lays the groundwork for a cognitively oriented view of metaphor by discussing two contrasting views of what happens when one either takes metaphor literally or sees it as a model of reality. It then explores the ways in which good metaphor has been traditionally understood in literary criticism in order to suggest a more interconnected approach between ourselves and the worlds of our experience. The chapter compares the present view of metaphorical function in structuring a poem as icon with two Peircean-influenced approaches, and introduces hierarchic metaphoric processing at the linguistic, conceptual, and sensory-emotive levels. Finally, the chapter builds on the model of blending to explain how metaphoring functions in the creation of a poetic icon.
Topography and Tools of Interaction
Authors: Leidwanger Justin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides the key parameters for modeling the Roman and Late Antique maritime movement and economic activities at the center of this study. It first explores the local marine environment, particularly the topography, currents, winds, and other natural factors most directly relevant to ancient seafaring. Following a brief overview of the archaeological evidence and allied iconographic and textual sources for Roman and Late Antique seafaring, the discussion turns to ship construction and types, sizes of vessels and cargos, and rigging and outfitting, as well as sailing speeds, capabilities, and journey conditions in the study area.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place
Authors: Haberman David L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers ways of thinking about the challenges of radical cultural difference posed by something like intimate interaction with a stone, and explores the nature of and possibilities within anthropological cross-cultural understanding and interpretation designed to address them. The author claims that, as one who works to interpret, translate, and explain aspects of Hindu religious culture primarily for an American readership, he stands between a rock—Mount Govardhan—and a hard place—American society. For most Americans the worship of stones is hard to understand. This practice is alien, weird, absurd, unreasonable, or silly and childish, perhaps even sinful. Comprehending it in any acceptable manner seems extremely difficult, maybe impossible.
A God of Stone
Authors: Haberman David L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers various theological conceptions of the mountain, much of which has never been presented in previous scholarly literature. This also helps illustrate the specific nature of the extreme cultural difference represented by Mount Govardhan. It argues that Mount Govardhan is a mountain of embodied love, and is identified with the very source of all love. Govardhan is a mountainous form of divinity that is said to give love quickly and is readily available for a loving relationship with those devotees who approach it. This goes for every stone on the mountain. In this sense, Govardhan is a mountain of “loving stones.” In return, what the mountain asks for is love. And indeed, Mount Govardhan and its stones are honored and loved intensely through a great variety of forms of worship.
Honoring the King of Mountains
Authors: Haberman David L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the ritualized ways in which the mountain is honored, specifically its circumambulation (parikrama) and devotional worship (puja). Pious pilgrims have been circumambulating Mount Govardhan for centuries; today, their numbers seem to be rising steadily. Although no official statistical information is available, residents of the five towns around the mountain report swelling crowds of visitors coming to circumambulate the sacred mountain. The routine parikrama draws thousands of pilgrims daily, and these numbers surge considerably on special days. The customary way of performing the circumambulation of Mount Govardhan consists of walking around the hill reverentially in a clockwise direction. All pilgrims are to fix their hearts and minds on this mountain form of Krishna and commune with it visually through sight (darshan) and physically with touch (sparshan).
A Tale of Two Mountains
Authors: Haberman David L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates the history of the application of the concept of idolatry as an interpretive strategy in the comparative study of religions—particularly as it has been applied to the worship of material forms such as mountains or stones. It also considers more productive ways of regarding religious interaction with material forms of divinity. The roots of the concept of idolatry can be traced back to the times of the Hebrew Bible and theological reflections of Jewish thinkers like Maimonides. However, in the sixteenth century, Europe witnessed enormous changes wherein this concept came to overshadow much thought and action. Application of the concept of idolatry became the crucial concern, and was employed in a much stricter and more extensive manner.
Non-Duality, Play, and an Invitation
Authors: Haberman David L. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers major philosophical tenets that circumscribe the particular Hindu worldview which supports and informs many of the conceptions and practices associated with Mount Govardhan—especially non-duality (advaita) and play (lila). It reflects on some of the implications derived from the interrelated concepts of non-duality and play in the context of the worship of Mount Govardhan, particularly as they relate to the possibilities they have to offer to the larger field of religious studies. What might non-dual play contribute to the study of religion that takes difference seriously, and what might be gained from engaging in such an adventure into religious difference? The chapter concludes with an examination of some of the environmental lessons that can be inferred from a study of the worship of Mount Govardhan.
If Research Is So Important, Why Do We Often Ignore the Results?
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In If Research is So Important, Why Do We Often Ignore the Results? the authors challenge the extent to which mental health professionals truly are consumers of research. Do they keep up with research or even care about research in the field. Many of the issues, concerns, and problems faced in social science research are multi-faceted, yet society tends to focus on simple solutions. For example, violence in the schools can be curtailed by school uniforms. Such myths perpetuate poor practice. In addition, the scientific method adopted from the physical sciences have limited application to the social sciences, of which psychotherapy is based. As these limitations are applied to psychotherapy, the ability to understand the extent to which psychotherapy is beneficial to clients is compromised. Reframing what constitutes success with a client may be necessary.
Mythology and Ethics
Authors: Kottler Jeffrey A. , Balkin Richard S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In Mythology and Ethics the authors note the difficulty in navigating emotional and values-based conflicts. Cases of counter-transference are common and require an awareness by the therapist to address the conflict. Sometimes a referral could be necessary. But when such conflicts are values-based, ethical bracketing is recommended, which runs counter-intuitive to countertransference. Individual change, even for therapists, can be difficult, and although the research basis for counter-transference is well-established, extant research on ethical bracketing is very limited. Such issues, along with other ethical mandates such as confidentiality, can compromise client trust. Moreover, although therapists may strive to be honest with clients, transparency and honesty are not always easy to maintain. Therapists cannot guarantee the success of a client or know that an intervention will be effective. Yet, such statements often persist in counseling.
All You Need Is Tea
Authors: Herrold Catherine E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractChapter 4 presents the democracy building strategies of Egypt’s philanthropic foundations and development NGOs. Amidst widespread government repression of civil society and heightened suspicion of Western efforts to promote democracy, local organizations stepped in. They harnessed citizens’ desires to take part in Egypt’s trajectory and positioned themselves as facilitators of citizen-led initiatives. Instead of creating and imposing their own reform initiatives, Egyptian foundations and development NGOs worked closely with grassroots communities to cultivate democracy on their terms. Egyptians wanted political, economic, and social justice, not necessarily a Western-style democracy. The approach taken by local groups both respected grassroots priorities and cultures and allowed the organizations to evade government crackdowns.
The New Normal
Authors: Wallace Jeremy 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Since 2012, politics in the People’s Republic of China has been remade. Both institutional and rhetorical changes characterize this neopolitical “new normal,” which coincides with Xi Jinping’s rise to the top of the party-state hierarchy. But these changes extend well beyond Xi himself. Political authority has been centralized and folded back into the Chinese Communist Party, while complaints, self-criticisms, and confessions have begun to air publicly. Repression and humiliation have been used against critics as wide-ranging as Hong Kong booksellers, feminist activists, and rights lawyers, among others. Most ominously, the government has embarked on a massive detention and reeducation scheme in Xinjiang, with the number of those interned estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands or even surpassing a million. This chapter investigates China’s neopolitical turn—its limits, sources, and implications.