bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful Preservation Methodology on Gas Lift Network Pipeline and Wells in Offshore Field Fields
Authors: M. Al-Dhafeeri Abdullah , M. Al-Enezi Bader , A. Atwa Elessawy , A. Al-Aklabi Sultan , Fouad Abo Zkery Shebl , A. Al Sdeiri Saad 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Operation philosophy at an offshore field is relying on gas lift wells as an artificial lift. The contribution of gas lift wells is essential to achieve the Maximum Sustainable Capacity (MSC). Gas lift system included high- pressure gas piping network system to supply the required gas volume from onshore gas plant, which connected to offshore gathering facilities to feed oil producer wells. Dry gas source obtained from onshore compression plant through 12" high- pressure gas line with 1,250 psi. The major challenge is to preserve the gas-piping network and gas lift wells at a safe manner and a cost-effective approach. An attempt was made to maintain a minimum pressure at value of 150 psi in order to minimize a risk related to pipeline collapse and to shipment collusion at offshore area. A new approach was utilized to bleed off the high-pressure gas network and casing annulus of gas lift wells from operating value of 1,250 psi to the required pressure value of 150 psi. This approach was managed thorough the gas lift pipeline network as loops in terms of pressure and pipeline connection. Each pipeline loop consists of four inter-connected lines ended by one gas lift well at wellhead jacket. The results showed a successful preservation approach to bleed-off high-pressure gas lift wells with connected pipelines occupied with large volume of dry gas at a cost effective and a safe manner. A self-elevating service vessel was utilized to perform the task with proper procedures and safety measurements. The production casings which were occupied with high volume of dry gas had been successfully bled down at an acceptable pressure to ensure well integrity. The approach covered 20 loops related to offshore gas lift network pipelines at safe and cost effective manner. The new technique added a great value on preservation methodology in term of the released high-pressure gas from gas lift network and producer wells to resolve issues related to air emission and hazard potential through the surface testing equipment with its burner. Challenges, methodology, risk assessment, work schedule, findings and lesson learned will be discussed in this paper.
Revitalising Low Contrast Viscosities Between Oil and Water Reservoir Using Autonomous Inflow Control Device AICD Completion Strategy
Authors: M. Ariffin M. Hafizi , Bakar HAsmizah , Kumar AShok , ABD Rahman Roziman , M. Yusuf M. Nurudin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
To control and equalize the horizontal well drawdown, Autonomous Inflow Control Device (AICD) are planned to be installed along the homogenous reservoirs in five infill wells at B field, Sarawak offshore (Malaysia). The very low viscosity contrast between oil and water (0.6cp and 0.5cp) with 37API degree at B gives unfavorable mobility ratio and water flows with a higher velocity than the oil. This paper presents the interdisciplinary approach to completion design needs which evaluated the efficiency and performance between conventional completions compared with passive inflow control device (ICD), AICD namely Rate Control Production (RCP) and Fluidic Diode to qualify the representative technologies for use at B fields. The very purpose of this flow control device is the extension of well life due to deferment of water and/or gas production prior to water and/or gas breakthrough occurs. Flow performance tests are used to measure the performance of these various flow control devices at representative downhole conditions. The comparative analysis was primarily based on elapsed time comparisons for water/oil ratio (WOR), gas/oil ratio and water cut and sensitivity to historical drawdown, productivity index and production cumulative performance. To reduce formation damage and screen plugging effect in these horizontal section, appropriate fluid conditioning, fluid displacement, filter cake breaker system and compatibility between screen and the fluid in which the bottom hole assembly (BHA) will be deployed are discussed in this paper. The gas-water-control completion using AICD technology is predicted to provide significant benefit during the field development with incremental oil recovery around 10-40%, allowing well production with low water and gas production.
Identification of drugs targeting multiple viral and human proteins using computational analysis for repurposing against COVID-19
Authors: Kumar Sugandh , Kumari Pratima , Agnihotri Geetanjali , Kumar Preethy V , Singh Bharti , Khan Shaheerah , Beuria Tushar Kant , Syed Gulam Hussain , Dixit Anshuman 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The SARS-CoV2 is a highly contagious pathogen that causes COVID-19 disease. It has affected millions of people globally with an average lethality of ~3%. Unfortunately, there is no standard cure for the disease, although some drugs are under clinical trial. Thus, there is an urgent need of drugs for the treatment of COVID-19. In the current studies, we have used state of the art bioinformatics techniques to screen the FDA approved drugs against nine SARS-CoV2 proteins to identify drugs for quick repurposing. The strategy was to identify potential drugs that can target multiple viral proteins simultaneously. Additionally, we analyzed if the identified molecules can also affect the human proteins whose expression is differentially modulated during SARS-CoV2 infection. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as a result of SARS-CoV2 infection were identified using NCBI-GEO data (GEO-ID: GSE-147507). Targeting such genes may also be a beneficial strategy to curb disease manifestation. We have identified 74 molecules that can bind to various SARS-CoV2 and human host proteins. Their possible use in COVID-19 have also been reviewed in detail. We hope that this study will help development of multipotent drugs, simultaneously targeting the viral and host proteins, for the treatment of COVID-19.
Leakage Calculation Method of Carbon Fiber Brush Seal Based on Porous Medium
Authors: Zhang Yan-Chao , Du Chun-hua , Zhao Rui , Cui Ya-Hui 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As a kind of flexible high-speed dynamic sealing device, brush seal has a good application prospect in high-speed dynamic sealing parts of major equipment, such as gas path of aircraft engines, rocket motors and gas turbines. However, the theoretical research and practical engineering application of brush seal are limited because there are some problems in the practical application. For example, the tip of bristle burned by friction heat under high speed, increased wear and the difficult calculation of leakage. To this end, the structure of the brush seal use the carbon fiber instead of the high-temperature alloy metal bristle. Then the carbon fiber brush volume equivalent diameter is used to establish the carbon fiber brush resistance calculation model based on the porous medium method, which construct the leakage calculation model of the carbon fiber brush seal. Finally, they are obtained by solution of the model in Fluent software that the leakage flow characteristics of the carbon fiber brush seal at work and the influence of different working conditions and structural parameters on the leakage performance. The results show that the carbon fiber calculation model has better adaptability, and the calculation results also show that the carbon fiber brush seal has a lower leakage than the metal bristle under the same working condition. Moreover, the linear factors affecting the leakage of the carbon fiber brush seal are the height of the back plate and the diameter of the bristle, and the height of the front baffles has little effect, while the nonlinear factors are the thickness of brush and the angle of the bristle arrangement. The study provide an significant reference for high performance design of brush seal and its engineering applications.
Posterior Ligamentous Complex Reconstruction for Cervical Dislocation and Instability in Patients without Vertebral Fracture with Artificial Ligaments: A Technical Note
Authors: Huang Chengyi , Wang Beiyu , Liu Hao , Wu Tingkui , Huang Kangkang , He Junbo , Abudouaini Haimiti , Ding Chen , Chen Hua 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Introduction: The posterior ligamentous complex (PLC) offers restraints to deformation in a complex and interconnected manner. The stability and range of motion (ROM) of the posterior cervical spine is greatly restricted when the PLC is damaged, even without bone disruptions. We describe a novel surgical technique, its advantages, and the postoperative condition of the first patient to use artificial ligament in a reconstruction surgery of PLC injuries in patients without lower cervical vertebral fracture. This technique aimed to fully retain the mobility of the injured segment based on spinal stability and apply dynamic reconstruction in patients’ treatment.Method: We present a detailed description of the reconstruction surgery with artificial ligaments performed on C4-6 PLC injuries in a 27-year-old male presented with neck pain and restricted movement following a high fall injury accompanied by impaired movement of limbs. Results: Immediately postsurgery, the patient’s neck pain and quadriparesis had been improved. The spinal canal decompression and cervical spine sequence results were satisfactory, the facet joint face was in a good position, and the spinous process spacing returned to normal. After three months of rehabilitation, the patient reported improvement of symptoms and the physical and imaging examination showed a significant improvement in the patient’s condition. The patient’s neck mobility motor function had improved further.Conclusion: The present data demonstrate that the novel technique for reconstruction of PLC injury is feasible and safe. However, familiarity with cervical anatomy and adequate experience in lateral mass screws placement during surgery is crucial for this procedure. Therefore, a highly experienced cervical surgery team is recommended to perform the surgery.
Ethnobotanical study on the medicinal plants in khosh Yeilagh rangeland, Golestan province, Iran
Authors: Kiasi Yasaman , Forouzeh Mohammad Rahim , Mirdeilami Seyede Zohreh , Niknahad-Gharmakher Hamid 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundIran is of the species-rich areas in diversity of plants, especially medicinal plants being renowned worldwide as crucial for people’s health. Ethnobotany is the information retrieval science of unwritten experiences and is one of the valuable ways to develop the science of medicinal plants and herbal medicine. Objective : This present study aims to identify medicinal plants used widely by local people in Azad Shahr (Golestan province), collect information about diseases treated by using these plants, and boost indigenous knowledge concerning medicinal plants used by local people.MethodsAn ethnobotanical survey was conducted to document indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants uses among local people in Khosh Yeilagh rangelands within 2 years (2018-2020). The data were collected by using field observation, participatory and semi-structured interviews with 41 people (11 male, 30 female). A snowball sampling technique was used to selecte the interviewees. The collected information were categorized based on local names, parts consumed, medicinal properties, consumption habits, and other uses of wild edible plants, WEPs.ResultEighty-four plant species belonging to 27 families were identified in the study area. Most plant species in the region were respectively Lamiaceae (20 species), Compositae (12 species) and Legominaceae (6 species). The results showed that the most frequent medicinal plants were used for gastrointestinal problems (34%), cough and colds (18%), and respiratory disease (13%).ConclusionThe presence of various species of medicinal plants and vast indigenous knowledge in Khoshyilagh rangelands indicate the richness of this area. Research on these plants can pave the way for discovering new medicine in the field of treatment and for preserving these valuable reserves as well as preventing the disappearance and destruction of herbs.
Pilot Evaluation of an Enzymatic Assay for Rapid Measurement of Antiretroviral Drug Concentrations
Authors: Olanrewaju Ayokunle O. , Sullivan Benjamin P. , Bardon Ashley R. , Lo Tiffany J. , Cressey Tim R. , Posner Jonathan D. , Drain Paul K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objective: Maintaining adequate drug adherence is crucial to ensure the HIV prevention benefits of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). We developed an enzymatic assay for rapidly measuring tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) concentrations – a metabolite that indicates long-term PrEP adherence.Setting: The study was conducted at the Madison HIV Clinic at Harborview Medical Center in Seattle.Methods: We enrolled adults receiving standard oral PrEP, and individuals not receiving any antiretrovirals. We measured TFV-DP concentrations in diluted whole blood using our novel REverSe TRanscrIptase Chain Termination (RESTRICT) assay, based on inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme. Blood samples were diluted in water, DNA templates, nucleotides, RT, and intercalating dye added, and results measured with a fluorescence reader—stronger fluorescence indicated higher RT activity. We compared RESTRICT assay results to TFV-DP concentrations from matched dried blood spot samples measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using ≥700 fmol/punch TFV-DP as a threshold for adequate adherence (≥4 doses/week).Results: Among 18 adults enrolled, 4 of 7 participants receiving PrEP had TFV-DP levels ≥700 fmol/punch by LC-MS/MS. RESTRICT fluorescence correlated with LC-MS/MS measurements (r=-0.845, p<0.0001). Median fluorescence was 93.3 (95% CI: 90.9 to 114) for samples <700 fmol/punch and 54.4 (95% CI: 38.0 to 72.0) for samples ≥700 fmol/punch. When calibrated to an a priori defined threshold of 82.7, RESTRICT distinguished both groups with 100% sensitivity and 92.9% specificity. Conclusions: This novel enzymatic assay for measuring HIV reverse transcriptase activity may be suitable for distinguishing TFV-DP concentrations in blood that correspond to protective PrEP adherence.
Comparison of Dyad Versus Individual Simulation-Based Training on Stress, Anxiety, Cognitive Load, and Performance: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Authors: Abbott Eduardo F. , Laack Torrey A. , Licatino Lauren K. , Wood-Wentz Christina M. , Warner Paul A. , Torsher Laurence C. , Newman James S. , Rieck Katie M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Objective: Dyad learning has been shown to be an effective tool for teaching procedural skills, but little is known about how dyad learning may impact the stress, anxiety, and cognitive load that a student experiences when learning in this manner. In this pilot study, we investigate the relationship between dyad training on stress, anxiety, cognitive load, and performance in a simulated bradycardia scenario. Methods: Forty-one fourth-year medical school trainees were randomized as dyads (n=24) or individuals (n=17) for an education session on Day 1. Reassessment occurred on Day 4 and was completed as individuals for all trainees. Primary outcomes were cognitive load (Paas scale), stress (Cognitive Appraisal Ratio), and anxiety levels (abbreviated State-Trait Anxiety Inventory). Secondary outcomes were time-based performance metrics. Results: On Day 1 we observed significant differences for change in anxiety and stress measured before and after the training scenario between groups. Individuals compared to dyads had larger mean increases in anxiety, (19.6 versus 7.6 on 80-point scale, p=0.02) and stress ratio (1.8 versus 0.9, p=0.045). On the Day 4 post-intervention assessment, no significant differences were observed between groups. Secondary outcomes were significant for shorter time to diagnosis of bradycardia (p=0.01) and time to initiation of pacing (p=0.04) in the dyad group on Day 1. On Day 4, only time to recognizing the indication for pacing was significantly shorter for individual training (Hazard ratio [HR] = 2.26, p = 0.02).Conclusions: Dyad training results in lower stress and anxiety levels with similar performance compared to individual training.
Human Cost of Tyranny in Kurdistan Region of Iraq
Authors: Ameen Jamal 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
BackgroundThe 2003 liberation/invasion of Iraq and the resulting casualties from civilians and armed forces attracted researchers publishing in high prestigious journals but little was mentioned about the events that led to the armed intervention. This paper assesses the human cost of successive Iraqi governments’ tyrannical rule in Kurdistan Region of Iraq over three decades.MethodThe two most recent and reliable census datasets of 1947 and 1957 were used to estimate fertility and survival rates by age group under normal circumstances. These were used in the classical Leslie Matrix to predict the 2007 Kurdistan Region of the Iraqi population. Results were contrasted with estimates for the same year that were obtained by the World Food Programme as part of their Food Security Analysis for Iraq to arrive at estimates that would indicate the scale of the loss in human capital from Saddam Hussein’s tyranny. FindingsThe Kurdistan Region has lost around 1,911,479 people of which 1,043,549 were male and 867,930 female of different age groups. These include the direct victims of past genocide actions of successive Iraqi governments as well as those who sought refuge beyond the boundaries of the Kurdistan Region during past decades. InterpretationSaddam Hussein’s actions were directed to all indigenous inhabitants irrespective of gender and age. As such, any possible offspring, had life continued as normal, is counted as human loss. Demographical, socio-political and the environmental impact of Saddam Hussien’s tyrannical rule are worthy of further investigation.
A Modified Chief Complaint-Based Cardiac Triage Strategy for Reducing Delays in the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Su Hung-Yuan , Tsai Jen-Long , Hsu Yin-Chou , Lee Kuo-Hsin , Chang Chao-Sheng , Sun Cheuk-Kwan , Wang Yu-Han , Hsu Chih-Wei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: This study aimed at investigating the efficacy of utilizing a modified cardiac triage strategy at the emergency department for timely detection of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).Methods: A chief complaint-based “cardiac triage” protocol comprising (1) raising alert among medical staff with bedside triage tags, and (2) immediate bedside electrocardiography (ECG) after focused history-taking was implemented at the emergency department of a single tertiary referral center since December 2018. All patients diagnosed with STEMI visiting the emergency department (ED) between November 2017 and January 2020 were retrospectively reviewed to investigate the effectiveness of the strategy by comparing the primary [i.e., door-to-ECG (DTE) time and achievement rate of DTE time<10 minutes] and secondary [i.e., door-to-balloon (DTB) time and achievement rate of DTB time<90 minutes] outcomes among STEMI patients before (pre-intervention) and after (post-intervention) strategy implementation.Results: Analysis of a total of 117 ED patients with STEMI (pre-intervention group, n=57; post-intervention group, n=60) showed significant overall improvements in median DTE time from 5 to 4 minutes (p=0.02), achievement rate of DTE time<10 minutes from 45% to 57% (p=0.01), median DTB time from 81 to 70 minutes (p<0.01). Significant trends were also noted in achievement rates for DTE and DTB times (p=0.01 and p=0.006, respectively) after strategy implementation. The incidence of DTE time>10 minutes for those with initially underestimated disease severity was also reduced from 90% to 10% (p<0.01).Conclusions: A chief complaint-based “cardiac triage” strategy successfully improved the quality of emergency care for STEMI patients through reducing delays in diagnosis and treatment.
Postural Synergy-Based Exoskeleton Reproducing Natural Human Movements to Improve Upper Limb Motor Control after Stroke
Authors: He Chang , Xiong Cai-Hua , Chen Ze-Jian , Fan Wei , Huang Xiao-Lin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background: Upper limb exoskeletons have drawn significant attention in neurorehabilitation because of anthropomorphic mechanical structure analogous to human anatomy. Whereas, the training movements are typically underorganized because most exoskeletons only control the movement of the hand in space, without considering rehabilitation of joint motion, particularly inter-joint postural synergy. The purposes of this study were to explore the application of a postural synergy-based exoskeleton (Armule) reproducing natural human movements for robot-assisted neurorehabilitation and to preliminarily assess its effect on patients' upper limb motor control after stroke. Methods: We developed a novel upper limb exoskeleton based on the concept of postural synergy, which provided five degrees of freedom (DOF) , natural human movements of the upper limb. Eight participants with hemiplegia due to a first-ever, unilateral stroke were recruited and included. They participated in exoskeleton therapy sessions 45 minutes/day, 5 days/week for 4 weeks, with passive/active training under anthropomorphic trajectories and postures. The primary outcome was the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremities (FMA-UE). The secondary outcomes were the Action Research Arm Test(ARAT), modified Barthel Index (mBI) , and exoskeleton kinematic as well as interaction force metrics: motion smoothness in the joint space, postural synergy error, interaction force smoothness, and the intent response rate. Results: After the 4-weeks intervention, all subjects showed significant improvements in the following clinical measures: the FMA-UE ( p =0.02), the ARAT ( p =0.003), and the mBI score ( p <0.001). Besides, all subjects showed significant improvements in motion smoothness ( p =0.004), postural synergy error ( p =0.014), interaction force smoothness ( p =0.004), and the intent response rate ( p =0.008). Conclusions: The subjects were well adapted to our device that assisted in completing functional movements with natural human movement characteristics. The results of the preliminary clinical intervention indicate that the Armule exoskeleton improves individuals’ motor control and activities of daily living (ADL) function after stroke, which might be associated with kinematic and interaction force optimization and postural synergy modification during functional tasks. Clinical trial registration: ChiCTR, ChiCTR1900026656; Date of registration: October 17, 2019. http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=44420