bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tailor‐Made Functional Polymethacrylates with Dual Characteristics of Self‐Healing and Shape‐Memory Based on Dynamic Covalent Chemistry
Authors: Mondal Prantik , Behera Prasanta K. , Voit Brigitte , Böhme Frank , Singha Nikhil K. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNew shape memory polymers with self‐healing behavior are obtained by thermoreversible Diels–Alder (DA) cross‐linking of a furfuryl group‐containing star‐block copolymer with 1,1′‐(methylenedi‐4,1‐phenylene)bismaleimide. The star‐block copolymer consisting of a 3‐arm polycaprolactone (PCL) core and a polyfurfuryl methacrylate shell is synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. For this, a 3‐arm macro‐RAFT agent based on PCL is converted with an appropriate amount of furfuryl methacrylate in the presence of a radical initiator. Films of the DA network are partly insoluble at ambient temperatures. After annealing at 120 °C the films become completely soluble because of the progressing retro‐DA reaction. Evaporation of the solvent and subsequent annealing at 60 °C restores the original insoluble state of the material. By means of a scratch test and tensile tests on cut and subsequently mended samples it is shown that the retro‐DA reaction facilitates self‐healing. Additionally, the films show pronounced shape memory effects with reasonable shape recovery and fixity ratios, which are attributed to the melting and crystallization of the PCL phase.
Recent Advances in Complex Coacervation Design from Macromolecular Assemblies and Emerging Applications
Authors: Zhou Lili , Shi Huihui , Li Zibiao , He Chaobin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCoacervation is a process during which a homogeneous aqueous solution undergoes liquid–liquid phase separation, giving rise to two immiscible liquid phases composed of a colloid‐rich coacervate phase in equilibrium with a colloid‐poor phase simultaneously. Recent attempts to develop complex coacervation from macromolecular self‐assemblies have diversified a large group of novel coacervate‐related materials with sophisticated properties and emerging applications. In this review, the most recent progress in the design strategies of macromolecular complex coacervation is discussed with respect to different key parameters, including macromolecular structure, mixing ratio, ionic strength, pH, and temperature, etc. Furthermore, the applications of these multiple‐functional coacervate materials, oriented toward advanced encapsulation, are further summarized into several active domains in wastewater treatment, protein purification, food formulation, underwater adhesives, drug delivery, and cellular mimics. Finally, perspectives and future challenges related to the further advancement of macromolecular complex coacervates are proposed.
Self‐Assembly Anisotropic Magnetic Nanowire Films Induced by External Magnetic Field
Authors: Hassan Muhammad , Zhan Hui‐Juan , Wang Jin‐Long , Liu Jian‐Wei , Chen Jia‐Fu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSelf‐assembly generated materials induced by an external magnetic field have attracted considerable interest following the development of nanodevices. However, the fabrication of macroscopic and anisotropic magnetic films at the nanoscale remains a challenge. Here, anisotropic magnetic films are successfully prepared using a solution‐based nanowire assembly strategy under a magnetic field. The assembly process is manipulated by changing the thickness of silica shell coated on the surface of magnetic nanowires. The anisotropic magnetic films show highly anisotropic magnetization under different angles of magnetic field and better magnetization properties than that of disordered magnetic films. The well‐defined nanowire arrays enable magnetization anisotropic property which may be useful in the magnetic energy conversion technologies and biomedical sciences which lie far beyond those achievable with traditional magnetic materials.
Does screening for prostate cancer improve cancer‐specific mortality in Asian men? Real‐world data in Yokosuka City 15 years after introducing PSA‐based population screening
Authors: Tabei Tadashi , Taguri Masataka , Sakai Naoki , Koh Hideshige , Yosida Minoru , Fujikawa Atsushi , Nirei Takuma , Tsutsumi Sohgo , Ito Hiroki , Furuhata Souichi , Kawahara Takashi , Miyoshi Yasuhide , Noguchi Sumio , Uemura Hiroji , Kobayashi Kazuki 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundStudies of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA)‐based population screening have been conducted in western countries, but there is little data in Asian populations. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of PSA screening in Asian men using real‐world data over a period of 15 years after introducing population screening in Yokosuka City, Japan.MethodsWe investigated patients with pathologically diagnosed prostate cancer at four hospitals and two clinics across the Yokosuka area (Miura peninsula) between April 2001 and March 2015. Patients were divided into two groups; the S group consisted of those diagnosed by PSA‐based population screening in Yokosuka City and the NS group consisted of those diagnosed by methods other than screening. Cancer‐specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) rates were calculated using the Kaplan‐Meier method with the log‐rank test to compare survival between the two groups. Clinical and pathological factors for cancer‐specific mortality were assessed with Cox regression analyses to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).ResultsA total of 3094 patients had been diagnosed with prostate cancer over the 15‐year period. The median follow‐up period was 77 months. The S group and the NS group consisted of 977 and 2117 patients, respectively. Patients in the S group were younger (age: 71 years vs 73 years, P < .001) and had a lower Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) with favorable oncological factors, such as lower initial PSA, Gleason score (GS), and risk category. Kaplan‐Meier curves for OS and CSS revealed significant differences between the two groups (OS: P < .001, CSS: P < .001). Analysis with Cox proportional hazards model indicated the NS group (HR: 1.584, 95% CI, 1.065‐2.356, P = .023), a CCI > 4 (HR: 1.552, 95% CI, 1.136‐2.120, P = .006), a GS ≥ 8 (HR: 4.869, 95% CI, 2.631‐9.001, P < .001), and nonlocalized cancer (locally advanced; HR: 2.632, 95% CI, 1.676‐4.133, P < .001, advanced; HR: 9.468, 95% CI, 6.279‐14.278, P < .001) as independent risk factors for cancer‐specific mortality.ConclusionsPSA‐based population screening of prostate cancer might be useful in the Japanese population.
Robust inference for one‐shot device testing data under exponential lifetime model with multiple stresses
Authors: Balakrishnan Narayanaswamy , Castilla Elena , Martín Nirian , Pardo Leandro 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroduced robust density‐based estimators in the context of one‐shot devices with exponential lifetimes under a single stress factor. However, it is usual to have several stress factors in industrial experiments involving one‐shot devices. In this paper, the weighted minimum density power divergence estimators (WMDPDEs) are developed as a natural extension of the classical maximum likelihood estimators (MLEs) for one‐shot device testing data under exponential lifetime model with multiple stresses. Based on these estimators, Wald‐type test statistics are also developed. Through a simulation study, it is shown that some WMDPDEs have a better performance than the MLE in relation to robustness. Two examples with multiple stresses show the usefulness of the model and, in particular, of the proposed estimators, both in engineering and medicine.
The Structural Determination of Drotaverine Hydrochloride Using NMR Studies
Authors: Kuz'mina Natalya E. , Moiseev Sergey V. , Khorolskiy Mikhail D. , Lutceva Anna I. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn product specification files and scientific literature, the international name of drotaverine hydrochloride is assigned to two different chemical compounds: 1‐(3,4‐diethoxybenzylidene)‐6,7‐diethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride (I) and 1‐(3,4‐diethoxybenzyl)‐6,7‐diethoxy‐3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline hydrochloride (II). These compounds are double bond position isomers; each of them has its own CAS number and the international chemical structural identifier‐InChIKey. The fact that there are two different structural formulas under the name of drotaverine hydrochloride can be explained by the intramolecular tautomerism between the compounds I and II. The aim of the study is to determine the structure of drotaverine hydrochloride samples with different structural formulas using NMR spectroscopy, and explore the possibility of their intramolecular rearrangement. We studied twenty‐two samples of drotaverine hydrochloride produced by various manufacturers. All the studied samples were found to be the compound II. Changes in the temperature, solvent, and pH did not cause the intramolecular tautomerism and conversion of the compound II into the compound I. There is no published evidence of methods, specific for either of the compounds, that confirm the structure of the compound I. The international non‐proprietary name of drotaverine hydrochloride was found to correspond to the compound 1‐(3,4‐diethoxybenzyl)‐6,7‐diethoxy‐3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline hydrochloride.
Metallicity‐Dependent Ultrafast Water Transport in Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Velioğlu Sadiye , Karahan Hüseyin Enis , Goh Kunli , Bae Tae‐Hyun , Chen Yuan , Chew Jia Wei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) with hydrophobic and atomically smooth inner channels are promising for building ultrahigh‐flux nanofluidic platforms for energy harvesting, health monitoring, and water purification. Conventional wisdom is that nanoconfinement effects determine water transport in CNTs. Here, using full‐atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, it is shown that water transport behavior in CNTs strongly correlates with the electronic properties of single‐walled CNTs (metallic (met) vs semiconducting (s/c)), which is as dominant as the effect of nanoconfinement. Three pairs of CNTs (i.e., (8,8)met, 10.85 Å vs (9,7)s/c, 10.88 Å; (9,8)s/c, 11.53 Å vs (10,7)met, 11.59 Å; and (9,9)met, 12.20 Å vs (10,8)s/c, 12.23 Å) are used to investigate the roles of diameter and metallicity. Specifically, the (9,8)s/c can restrict the hydrogen‐bonding‐mediated structuring of water and give the highest reduction in carbon–water interaction energy, providing an extraordinarily high water flux, around 250 times that of the commercial reverse osmosis membranes and approximately fourfold higher than the flux of the state‐of‐the‐art boron nitrate nanotubes. Further, the high performance of (9,8)s/c is also reproducible when embedded in lipid bilayers as synthetic high‐water flux porins. Given the increasing availability of high‐purity CNTs, these findings provide valuable guides for realizing novel CNT‐enhanced nanofluidic systems.
Transient Photovoltage Measurements on Perovskite Solar Cells with Varied Defect Concentrations and Inhomogeneous Recombination Rates
Authors: Wang Zi Shuai , Ebadi Firouzeh , Carlsen Brian , Choy Wallace C. H. , Tress Wolfgang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn all kinds of solar cells, transient photovoltage (TPV) decay measurements have been used to determine charge carrier lifetimes and to quantify recombination processes and orders. However, in particular, for thin‐film devices with a high capacitance, the time constants observed in common TPV measurements do not describe recombination dynamics but RC (R: resistance, C: capacitance) times for charging the electrodes. This issue has been revisited for organic and perovskite solar cells in the recent literature. Here, these discussions are extended by analyzing a perovskite model system (Bi defects in Cs0.1FA0.9Pb(Br0.1I0.9)3 in which defect recombination can be tuned. It is found that TPV, intensity‐modulated photovoltage spectroscopy, and impedance spectroscopy yield the same time constants that do not describe recombination dynamics but are limited by the differential resistance of the diode and the geometric capacitance in common light intensity ranges (<1 sun). By employing numerical device simulations, it is found that low charge carrier mobility can furthermore limit the TPV time constants. In samples with spatially nonuniform recombination dynamics, two time constants are measured, which depend on the charge carrier generation profile that can be tuned by the wavelength of the incident light. In that case, numerical simulation provides insights into recombination and charge transport processes in the device.
Der erste Bau des neuen Campus in Arlesheim – ein Kompetenzzentrum für die Industrie 4.0
Authors: Lequime Pascal , Trösch Christoph 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAuf dem ehemaligen Fabrikareal der Stamm Bau AG, dem Schorenareal in Arlesheim, entwickelt und realisiert die uptown Basel AG in unmittelbarer Nähe zum Wirtschaftszentrum Basel einen modernen Campus. Das Ziel ist, auf dem neuen Campus einen führenden Standort der Schweiz für die Industrie 4.0 zu etablieren. Der erste Bau von mehreren Gebäuden steht aktuell kurz vor Fertigstellung der Rohbauarbeiten. Das zukunftsfähige Gebäude soll für Mieter mit automatisierten Arbeits‐ und Produktionsprozessen zur Verfügung stehen und dafür möglichst flexibel und modular ausbaubar sein. Das Erdgeschoss ist weitgehend stützenfrei – die darüberliegenden drei Geschosse werden mithilfe von Fachwerkträgern abgefangen. Die über alle Seiten überstehenden Teile der zwei oberen Geschosse werden über außen liegende Fachwerke getragen. Ohne den Einsatz von Stahl als maßgeblichen Gestaltungsfaktor des Tragwerks wäre dies alles nicht in der vorliegenden Form möglich.
Evolutionary Origin and Genetic Diversity of Ring‐necked Pheasants in the Upper Midwest United States
Authors: Vázquez‐Miranda Hernán , Olson Magdalena J. , Zink Robert M. 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTWe compared mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of ring‐necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) from Midwestern United States (SD and NE, USA) to a molecular phylogeographic hypothesis of pheasants in the native Eurasian range to understand which subspecies are represented by wild and captive‐released birds. We found that these birds represent 2 Eurasian lineages, which we refer to generally as northern Eurasian (Colchicus group) and eastern China (Torquatus group). These mitochondrial DNA lineages occur in different frequencies in the wild, with the latter being 3 times more common. This suggests that 1) the eastern China lineage is either better suited to surviving in natural environments of the Midwestern United States outside captivity; 2) this group was more highly represented in original or ongoing releases; or 3) this group is more easily harvested. Confirmation of these possibilities could affect the type of pheasants bred for release. We also detected a low level of genetic variability in Midwestern birds relative to those from the native range, suggestive of an inbreeding effect. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Understanding Irregularity
Authors: Triandafyllidou Anna , Bartolini Laura 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter conceptualises irregular migration status as a continuum of grey areas or of degrees and types of irregularity rather than as a clear black and white distinction. It thus sets the framework for understanding terms such as ‘befallen regularity’ and ‘semi-legality’. We consider irregular migration and irregular stay or work as inter-related phenomena embedded in the labour market dynamics of European countries. We seek to highlight the administrative rules and labour market conditions that can foster irregularity and create these in-between spaces where irregular migrants are positioned, and also seek to provide an estimate of the irregular migrant population in Europe. Last but not least, we discuss why people strive to remain in Europe despite irregular migration status and the challenges of (sustainable) return. The chapter concludes with some critical remarks on the links between irregular migration and employment.
Contradictions in the Moral Economy of Migrant Irregularity
Authors: Chauvin Sébastien , Garcés-Mascareñas Blanca 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn spite of their rhetorical emphasis on enforcement, European governments have overseen a process of formal semi-inclusion of irregular migrants. That process has been taken further at the regional and municipal levels. This chapter explores the implications of that tension between formal exclusion and formal inclusion in two different ways. First, this apparent paradox allows us to deepen our understanding of the drivers and inherent trade-offs in the development of migration policies. Against unilaterally repressive theories, we argue that, in the area of migration, the state is confronted with contradictory imperatives and, ultimately, its various components have to choose whether to effectively exclude those not recognised as legitimate members or embrace the population as it is. Second, by unveiling the new moral economy of migrant illegality, that is, the contemporary discourse–policy nexus regulating the construction of irregular migrants as more or less illegal, this chapter reconsiders the notion of citizenship beyond dichotomous frameworks based on binary oppositions such as citizens vs non-citizens, formal vs informal, national vs local or legal exclusion vs performative acts of inclusion.
Searching for dark photon dark matter with cosmic ray antideuterons
Authors: Randall Lisa , Xu Weishuang Linda 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Low energy antideuteron detection presents a unique channel for indirect detection, targeting dark matter that annihilates into hadrons in a relatively background-free way. Since the idea was first proposed, many WIMP-type models have already been disfavored by direct detection experiments, and current constraints indicate that any thermal relic candidates likely annihilate through some hidden sector process. In this paper, we show that cosmic ray antideuteron detection experiments represent one of the best ways to search for hidden sector thermal relic dark matter, and in particular investigate a vector portal dark matter that annihilates via a massive dark photon. We find that the parameter space with thermal relic annihilation and

$$ {m}_{\chi }>{m}_{A\prime}\underset{\sim }{>} $$

m
χ

>

m

A
′

>
~

20 GeV is largely unconstrained, and near future antideuteron experiment GAPS will be able to probe models in this space with m

χ
≈ m

A′ up to masses of O (100 GeV). Specifically the dark matter models favored by the Fermi Galactic center excess is expected to be detected or constrained at the 5(3) −σ level assuming a optimistic (conservative) propagation model.
Präklinisches Management bei Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand – extrakorporale kardiopulmonale Reanimation
Authors: Lotz C. , Muellenbach R. M. , Meybohm P. , Rolfes C. , Wulf H. , Reyher C. 
Published: May 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Überlebenschancen nach präklinischem Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand sind weiterhin sehr gering. Trotz intensiver Bemühungen bleibt das Outcome seit vielen Jahren weitestgehend konstant. Neue Technologien wie die extrakorporale kardiopulmonale Reanimation (eCPR) können in bestimmten Situationen möglicherweise das Überleben mit gutem neurologischen Outcome signifikant verbessern.

Fragestellung
Beeinflusst die sofortige Reperfusion und Reoxygenierung des Körpers mittels eCPR das Überleben nach Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand? Bedarf es einer Erweiterung der „chain of survival“ um die eCPR?

Material und Methoden
Diskussion aktueller Studienergebnisse und Leitlinienempfehlungen.

Ergebnisse
Die Überlebensraten nach präklinischem Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand sind weltweit seit vielen Jahren unverändert bei 10–30 %. Trotz geringer Fallzahlen zeigen neuere retrospektive Studien, dass durch die eCPR eine Verbesserung des Outcome erzielt werden kann. In selektionierten Patientenkollektiven ist ein Überleben mit gutem neurologischen Outcome von 38 % möglich.

Schlussfolgerung
Ob und mit welcher Lebensqualität ein Herz-Kreislauf-Stillstand überlebt werden kann, ist von vielen unterschiedlichen Faktoren abhängig. Der Faktor Zeit, also die Vermeidung einer „No-flow-Phase“ und die Reduktion der „Low-flow-Phase“, ist von zentraler Bedeutung. Durch die sofortige Wiederherstellung von Zirkulation und Sauerstoffversorgung kann durch die eCPR das Überleben signifikant verbessert werden. Große kontrollierte, randomisierte Studien hierzu fehlen jedoch bisher.
Europäische Leitlinien (S1) für die Verwendung von hoch dosierten intravenösen Immunglobulinen in der Dermatologie
Authors: Hadaschik Eva , Eming Rüdiger , French Lars E. , Girolomoni Giampiero , Hertl Michael , Jolles Stephen , Karpati Sarolta , Steinbrink Kerstin , Stingl Georg , Volc-Platzer Beatrix , Zillikens Detlef , Enk Alexander 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrund und ZieleDie Behandlung schwerer dermatologischer Autoimmunerkrankungen und der toxischen epidermalen Nekrolyse (TEN) mit hoch dosierten intravenösen Immunglobulinen (IVIg) ist ein bewährtes therapeutisches Verfahren in der Dermatologie. Da eine IVIg-Therapie in der Regel nur bei seltenen Erkrankungen oder bei schweren Fällen in Betracht gezogen wird, stützt sich die Anwendung von Immunglobulinen zumeist nicht auf Daten aus randomisierten kontrollierten Studien, wie sie in der evidenzbasierten Medizin erforderlich sind. Da Indikationen für die Anwendung von IVIg selten sind, ist es unwahrscheinlich, dass solche Studien in absehbarer Zeit durchgeführt werden. Da der Einsatz von IVIg als Therapie der ersten Wahl aufgrund der hohen Kosten begrenzt ist, wurden erste klinische Leitlinien für die Anwendung von IVIg bei dermatologischen Erkrankungen im Jahr 2008 herausgegeben und im Jahr 2011 überarbeitet.Patienten und MethodenDie europäischen Leitlinien wurden von einer Gruppe durch das EDF („European Dermatology Forum“) und die EADV („European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology“) benannter Experten erarbeitet. Die Leitlinien wurden erstellt, um die derzeit als wirksam erachteten Behandlungsindikationen zu aktualisieren und die Evidenz der für die Anwendung von IVIg bei dermatologischen Autoimmunerkrankungen und TEN vorliegenden Daten zusammenzufassen.Ergebnisse und SchlussfolgerungDie vorliegenden Leitlinien repräsentieren die einvernehmliche Meinung und Definitionen von Experten zur Anwendung von IVIg, die die aktuell publizierten Daten widerspiegeln, und sollen als Entscheidungshilfe für den Einsatz von IVIg bei dermatologischen Erkrankungen dienen.
Symmetry and Multiplicity of Solutions in a Two-Dimensional Landau–de Gennes Model for Liquid Crystals
Authors: Ignat Radu , Nguyen Luc , Slastikov Valeriy , Zarnescu Arghir 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe consider a variational two-dimensional Landau–de Gennes model in the theory of nematic liquid crystals in a disk of radius R. We prove that under a symmetric boundary condition carrying a topological defect of degree $$\frac{k}{2}$$k2 for some given even non-zero integer k, there are exactly two minimizers for all large enough R. We show that the minimizers do not inherit the full symmetry structure of the energy functional and the boundary data. We further show that there are at least five symmetric critical points.