bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aspen Wood Chip and Stone Mulches for Landscape Plantings in Interior, Alaska
Authors: Holloway Patricia S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Five woody landscape plants were grown on five mulch treatments: 2.5 or 5 cm (1 or 2 in) crushed basaltic rock, 5 or 10 cm (2 or 4 in) of aspen wood chips and a non-mulched control, to determine the usefulness of these mulches in subarctic landscape plantings. Weed control was best, but growth and plant nutrition poorest on the wood chip mulches. White spruce, Siberian crabapple, Peking cotoneaster, and rugosa rose had low levels of leaf nitrogen on the wood chip plots, and all species except cotoneaster and lodgepole pine showed significant N deficiency symptoms after 2 years. With the exception of the roses, all species grew best on the stone mulch plots. Roses grew vigorously on the stone mulches and the unmulched soil, but were subject to winter dieback. After 3 years, their total biomass did not exceed the recumbent, spindly and nitrogen deficient roses that were growing on the wood chip mulches. Plant growth, nutrition, and weed control were best achieved on the 5 cm (2 in) stone mulch plots.
Influence of Compost Aging and Fertilizer Regimes on the Growth of Bedding Plants, Transplants and Poinsettia
Authors: Purman Judith R. , Gouin Francis R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rooted cuttings of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Clotzsch ‘Amy’) and seedlings of bibb lettuce (Lactusa sativa L.), baldhead cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. Capitata), sweet william (Dianthus barbatus L.) and pansy (Viola & Wittrockiana Gams.) were grown in Sunshine Mix and 7 experimental media containing 30-day-old (“New”) or 90-day-old (“Aged”) cocompost (polymer dewatered sewage sludge composted with processed garbage), perlite or vermiculite, and peatmoss. Plants were fertilized biweekly with water soluble fertilizer of 25N-2.2P-16.6K (25-5-20) at 250 ppm of N applied at 0, 1 or 2 wks after transplanting. The growth of all species did not vary with compost age. Dianthus and pansy plants grown in 50% “New” compost and dianthus grown in 25% “New” compost produced significantly lower top dry mass than those grown in Sunshine Mix. All other treatments for cabbage, lettuce, dianthus and pansy showed no significant difference in top growth from those grown in Sunshine Mix. Poinsettia plants grown in Sunshine Mix produced greater total growth than all other treatments except those grown in equal portions of “New” compost, peat and perlite. Lettuce and cabbage leaf tissue contained cadmium levels less than 0.5 ppm regardless of compost level.
Effect of Elm Selection, Explant Source and Medium Composition on Growth of Ophiostoma ulmi on Callus Cultures
Authors: Domir Subhash C. , Schreiber Lawrence R. , Ichida Jann M. , Eshita Steven M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
We examined the effects of elm selection, explant source and media composition on growth of the Dutch elm disease (DED) fungus Ophiostoma ulmi on callus cultures. Calluses were generated from leaf and stem tissue of an American elm (Ulmus Americana L.) seedling (A), susceptible to the disease; an American elm selection 8630, resistant to the disease; and a Siberian elm (U. pumila L.) seedling, also resistant to DED. Calluses were generated on modified Murashige-Skoog (MMS) medium, either with (MMSC) or without coconut milk. Explant source did not affect the fungal growth rate on the callus. Rate of O. ulmi growth on American elm A callus was similar on both media; on Siberian and 8630, fungal growth rate was more rapid on callus cultured on MMS than on MMSC. However, in the absence of callus tissue, O. ulmi growth on MMSC medium was more than five times as rapid as it was on MMS. We observed significant interactions between explant source and selection, and between medium and selection. Fungal growth was always more rapid on American A, and American 8630 then on Siberian. Scanning electron microscopy revealed heavy fungal sporulation on American A, slight on Siberian and none on American 8630. High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the secondary metabolic profiles were distinguishable for callus tissue versus explant tissue, but were similar for calli generated from different explant sources.
Water Utilization of Six Foliage Plants Under Two Interior Light Intensities
Authors: Conover C.A. , Poole R.T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Meeting and maintaining the proper watering requirements for indoor plants is a major obstacle to increased plant use in the home or office. Introduction of “self-watering” containers to the marketplace has been only marginally successful because of limited acceptability by consumers. Water use levels were determined for Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume ‘Petra’, Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd) G. Don ‘Camille’, Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker-Gawl. ‘Massangeana’, Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) Bunt. ‘Golden Pothos’, Spathiphyllum (Schott.) ‘Gretchen’, and Syngonium podophyllum (Schott.) ‘White Butterfly’ established in self-watering containers and maintained under 2 light intensities commonly found in the home or office [12 and 24 μmol · s−l · m−2 (75 and 150 ft-c)]. Plant growth was better at 24 μmol · s−1 · m−2) (150 ft-c) than at 12 μmol · s−l · m−2 (75 ft-c) for all plants tested except Dieffenbachia, Dracaena and Spathiphyllum. Water utilization varied widely among plant genera, from a low of 1.4 ml H2O · cm−2 (0.3 oz · in−2) to a high of 4.8 ml H2O · cm−2 (1.0 oz · in−2) of leaf area over a 6-month period. All plants utilized more water at 24 μmol · s−1 · m−2 (150 ft-c) than at 12 μmol · s−1 · m−2 (75 ft-c) but water use was also dependent on plant genus and size.
Pink Polka-Dot Plant (Hypoestes phyllostachya) Response to Growth Retardants
Authors: Foley James T. , Keever Gary J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Pink polka-dot plant, Hypoestes phyllostachya Bak., was treated with one or two foliar spray applications of Bonzi (paclobutrazol) (25, 50, or 100 ppm), Cycocel (chlormequat chloride) (3500 ppm) or B-Nine (daminozide) (3500 ppm) to suppress shoot elongation. One or two applications of 3500 ppm Cycocel (chlormequat chloride) retarded shoot elongation, resulting in consistently mounded plants. Bonzi (paclobutrazol) and B-Nine (daminozide) also suppressed shoot elongation but to a lesser degree, and plants were not uniform.
Propagation of a Hawthorn Lace Bug-Resistant Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster buxifolius) by Stem Cuttings
Authors: Banko Thomas J. , Schultz Peter B. , Dills Marie S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Semi-hardwood cuttings of Cotoneaster buxifolius Wallich ex Lindl. were treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) at rates of 0, 2000, 4000, 6000, or 8000 ppm. and rooted in flats containing either peat:perlite (1:l by vol) or 100% perlite. Rooting percentage, numbers of roots, and root quality were generally higher in the 100% perlite medium. The greatest numbers of roots and highest root quality were obtained with the 4000 or 6000 ppm IBA.
Ca, Mg, And Micronutrient Nutrition and Growth of Pelargonium In Pine Bark Amended With Composted Hardwood Bark
Authors: Svenson Sven E. , Witte Willard T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Growth and foliar nutrient analysis of Pelargonium X hortorum L. H. Bailey cv. Aurora grown in pine bark (PB) amended with 25%,50%, or 75% composted hardwood bark (HB) were studied with the bark components mixed either before or after composting. For each ratio of PB to HB, fresh PB was mixed with fresh HB before composting, or composted PB or noncomposted PB were mixed with composted HB. Media physical properties and plant growth and foliar nutrient levels were the same when media were mixed before or after composting. Plants had more shoot growth in media containing 25% or 50% HB. Media containing 25% or 50% HB had a stable pH during the study, while pH increased in other media. Plants grown in media containing 75% or more composted HB showed symptoms of Mn toxicity during the first month of growth. Except for Cu, plants grown in media containing composted HB had normal or above normal foliar tissue Ca, Mg, and micronutrient levels.
Air and Soil Temperatures and Fertilizer Level Affect Growth and Quality of Epipremnum aureum Bunt.
Authors: Conover C.A. , Poole R.T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three minimum air temperatures (AT), 15.5°, 18.5°, and 21°C (60°, 65°, and 70°F), four constant soil temperatures (ST), 15.5°, 21°, 26.5°, and 32°C (60°, 70°, 80°, and 90°F), and three fertilizer rates (FR) 2.5, 4.2, and 5.9 g 19N-2.6P-10K (0.09, 0.15, and 0.21 oz 19-6-12) Osmocote/15 cm (6 in) pot/3 months were utilized on Epipremnum aureum ‘Golden Pothos’ during November–April in 1983–84, 1984–85, and 1985–86. Data collected included plant grade, leaf color grade, top fresh weight, root fresh weight and leaf surface area. Analyzed data were similar for all three experiments with AT × ST interactions significant for 4 of 5 measurements in 1984 and 1985 and for all 5 measurements in 1986. In general, as fertilizer rate increased, all measurements increased linearly with only root fresh weight not increasing significantly. Results from the 1986 experiment are used for discussion.
Water Stress and Osmotic Adjustment during Post-digging Acclimatization of Quercus virginiana Produced in Fabric Containers
Authors: Beeson R.C. , Gilman E.F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Quercus virginiana Mill. (live oak) trees produced in in-ground 61 cm (24 in) diameter fabric containers were overhead misted and given root ball irrigation after harvesting during early summer. Duration and frequency of overhead misting was reduced to zero over a 3 week period. Water potentials (ΨT) were measured diurnally and osmotic potentials measured from leaves at midday. Intermittent overhead misting was as effective as continuous overhead misting in maintenance of ΨT above −1.0 MPa. Water potentials of −1.5 to −2.0 MPa were measured when the period between overhead misting was expanded from 30 min to 45 min. Osmotic adjustment occurred only in trees receiving overhead misting. Trees receiving only root ball irrigation developed ΨT below −2.5 MPa within 5 days after harvesting. After 3 weeks, ΨT and osmotic potentials were the same for all treatments. In a second experiment, trees were root pruned inside the fabric container 11 weeks before harvest. All root pruned trees survived acclimatization, but only 50% of unpruned trees survived. Water relations were similar to trees in Experiment 1. Surviving trees, both pruned and unpruned, had a significantly higher percentage of fine root weight (roots &lt; 2 mm diameter) than trees that did not survive.
Shoot and Root Responses of Eighteen Southeastern Woody Landscape Species Grown in Cupric Hydroxide-treated Containers
Authors: Beeson R.C. , Newton R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eighteen species of woody landscape trees commonly produced in the southeastern United States were grown in 3.8 1 (# 1) plastic containers painted on the inside with cupric hydroxide (7% w/w) and untreated control containers. Plants were evaluated for copper toxicity symptoms, root circling and growth. No copper toxicity symptoms were observed. Root circling and deflection were completely controlled except for bald cypress and laurel oak. Yet for these two species, root circling was less in the copper-treated than control containers. Root circling was not controlled in the bottom of square containers designed to prevent root circling for a subset of six species. For a few species, treatment effects on plant growth were seen, though most would be commercially insignificant.
Effect of Prodiamine and Oxadiazon on Growth of Bedding Plants and Ground Covers
Authors: Henderson-Cole Janet C. , Schnelle Michael A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Four bedding plant species, rose periwinkle, petunia, geranium, and scarlet salvia; four ground cover cultivars, golden Japanese barberry, common periwinkle, Bowles periwinkle, and greater periwinkle; and pots seeded with two weed species, crabgrass or pigweed were sprayed with 0, 1.1 or 4.5 kg ai/ha (0, 1.0 or 4.0 lb/A) prodiamine (Barricade) or 2.2 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb/A) oxadiazon (Ronstar). Heights or dry weights or both of all bedding plant species decreased linearly with increasing prodiamine (Barricade) application rates. Ground covers were not affected by oxadiazon (Ronstar) or prodiamine (Barricade) except for a reduction in root dry weight of common periwinkle with prodiamine (Barricade) applications. Crabgrass and pigweed were completely controlled by prodiamine (Barricade) throughout the growing season, but oxadiazon (Ronstar) lost its effectiveness after three months.
Flower Bud Hardiness of Forsythia Cultivars
Authors: McNamara Steve , Pellett Harold 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Winter hardiness profiles were developed for six Forsythia cultivars introduced in the last 10—15 years for superior flower bud hardiness. The cultivars ‘Meadowlark’, ‘Northern Gold’, ‘Northern Sun’, ‘New Hampshire Gold’, ‘Sunrise’, and ‘Vermont Sun’ were at least 2–4°C (4–7°F) more hardy than F. × intermedia and F. ovata cultivars on most sampling dates. All cultivars acclimated sufficiently to withstand early-season minimum temperatures in most years. By mid-winter, five of the six new introductions obtained maximum hardiness levels of – 36°C (−33°F). ‘Sunrise’ was 2–4°C (4–7°F) less hardy than the other cultivars in mid-winter but was one of the most hardy cultivars in late-winter. With the exception of ‘Vermont Sun’, there was little difference among the new cultivars in timing of deacclimation. ‘Vermont Sun’ deacclimated earliest and was less hardy than the other cultivars by mid-March. While these new introductions have experienced little flower-bud injury in field trials over the past decade, nearly 100% of the flower buds of these cultivars were killed in two of three winters encompassed by this study. The climatic conditions that resulted in injury were distinctly different for the two years.
An Economic Inquiry into South Florida's Foliage and Woody Container Nurseries
Authors: Haydu John J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
South Florida's nursery industry was examined to isolate important factors contributing to a recent loss of market share. Results indicate that a wide range of problems afflict both the foliage and woody industries. Two of the most pressing problems are easy market access and a lack of basic supply and demand information necessary for firm-level decision-making. These factors are detrimental to even the most efficiently run firms.
English Ivy (Hedera helix) Response to Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Derr Jeffrey F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
One application of Roundup at 2.2 or 4.5 kg ai/ha (2.0 or 4.0 lb/A) with or without surfactant, Weedar 64 (2.4-D amine) at 1.1 kg ae/ha (1.0 lb/A), Banvel at 0.6 kg ae/ha (0.5 lb/A), or Garlon 3A at 0.6 kg ae/ha (0.5 lb/A) reduced new shoot growth of English ivy 10 weeks after treatment by 46 to 80%. Roundup at 4.5 kg/ha plus non-ionic surfactant was the only single application treatment that reduced older shoot growth of English ivy (41% reduction) 19 weeks after treatment. English ivy outgrew injury from all other single application treatments. Two applications of Weedar 64 completely controlled English ivy. Two applications of Roundup at 4.5 kg/ha (4.0 lb/A), with or without surfactant, eliminated new shoot growth 11 weeks after treatment, and reduced total shoot weight by approximately 60% 15 weeks after treatment. English ivy shoot weight decreased when the rate of Roundup was increased from 2.2. to 4.5 kg/ha (74 versus 92% reduction) 7 weeks after treatment, but adding a non-ionic surfactant did not further reduce shoot weight. Two applications of Banvel or Garlon (52 and 67% reduction, respectively, 7 weeks after treatment) were less effective than two applications of Roundup at 4.5 kg/ha (4.0 lb/A) in reducing English ivy shoot growth.
Drought Response of Low and High Maintenance Landscape Roses
Authors: Henderson-Cole Janet C. , Davies Fred T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Acclimation to drought was studied in the low-maintenance (Rosa hybrida) ‘Ferdy’ and ‘Pink Meidiland’, and the high-maintenance ‘Double Delight’ and ‘Paradise’. All plants were acclimated to drought with five consecutive, 4-day drought cycles, followed by a 2-day irrigation recovery period after the fifth drought cycle. Low-maintenance cultivars experienced less drought stress, as evidenced by higher leaf water potential, whole plant transpiration rate (E), relative water content, and leaf conductance on the final day of drought stress cycles. Morphologically, the low-maintenance cultivars had greater leaf cuticle weight than high-maintenance cultivars. Differences in the density and size of stomata and epidermal cells were not related to drought response. Low-maintenance cultivars had a smaller evaporative surface (smaller total leaf areas, smaller individual leaves, and reduced shoot dry weights). However, root : shoot ratios (root dry weight : top dry weight) and leaf area ratios (total leaf area : total plant dry weight) were comparable. Drought acclimation caused a greater reduction in osmotic potential of low-maintenance roses during the recovery period. Apparently, drought resistance in the low-maintenance roses was associated with increased cuticle thickness, reduced evaporative surface, and smaller individual leaves.
VA Mycorrhizal Inoculation of Landscape Trees and Shrubs Growing under High Fertility Conditions2
Authors: Morrison Sean J. , Nicholl Peter A. , Hicklenton Peter R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) inoculation on the growth of landscape trees and shrubs under high-fertility nursery growing conditions. Four species of 1 year old trees, and rooted cuttings of nine species of shrubs, were inoculated with Glomus intraradices, or Glomus fasiculatum, or served as non-inoculated controls. The trees were transplanted to two high fertility, non-sterile field locations. Inoculation significantly increased the level of colonization in Acer platanoides, Sorbus aucuparia, Malus, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica, but did not enhance growth. The shrubs were containerized in a peat and bark medium with two levels of controlled release fertilizer. VAM inoculation significantly increased the level of colonization in Spiraea × bumalda, Syringa × chinensis, Prunus × cistena, and Cornus alba, while Weigela, Cotoneaster dammeri, and Potentilla parvifolia became well colonized without inoculation. Forsythia ovata and Viburnum opulus did not become significantly colonized. The growth of Syringa was stimulated by VAM inoculation during consecutive seasons, irrespective of fertilizer level. The growth of Prunus at the lower fertilizer level was significantly stimulated by inoculation even though control plants became highly colonized without VAM inoculation. Two years after inoculation, five species were transplanted to a second, non-sterile, field site to monitor the effect of inoculation on post transplant growth. G. intraradices significantly enhanced S. aucuparia caliper growth in the second year post-transplant.
Use of Single-Primer DNA Amplifications for the Identification of Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.) Cultivars
Authors: Krahl Kimberly H. , Dirr Michael A. , Halward Tracy M. , Kochert Gary D. , Randle William M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Positive cultivar identification is often difficult or impossible based solely on morphological traits. A technique ensuring reliable, repeatable, and unique cultivar identification is needed. The use of molecular markers offers such a technique, allowing assessment of fine levels of variation directly at the DNA level. In this study, RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers were investigated for their utility to identify red maple cultivars. Three out of nineteen primers tested resulted in unique banding patterns for all the maples tested, including 9 red maple clones, 5 silver maple seedlings, and 4 purported interspecific cultivars. The red maple cultivars ‘Red Sunset’ and ‘October Glory’, which are almost indistinguishable morphologically as young trees, were clearly distinguished using RAPD markers. RAPD markers provide a consistently reliable technique for red maple cultivar identification.
Seasonal Phenology, Management, and Host Preferences of Potato Leafhopper on Nursery-Grown Maples
Authors: Potter Daniel A. , Spicer Patricia G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seasonal phenology and control of the potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae (Harris)) on red maples (Acer rubrum L.) were studied for three years in nurseries in central Kentucky. Migratory adult leafhoppers were first captured on yellow sticky traps in early May. Peak population density ranged from late May to late June. The second flush of leaves was most heavily damaged in each year. Foliar sprays of cyfluthrin (Tempo 2), a synthetic pyrethroid, beginning 1 to 2 weeks after first capture of leathoppers and repeated at biweekly intervals during May and June, greatly reduced symptoms of injury. Acephate (Orthene) was less effective than cyfluthrin, whereas treatment of the soil with disulfoton (Di-syston) was ineffective. Oviposition and development of the leafhopper on red maple were confirmed. Field evaluations of selected cultivars showed that red maples were more severely damaged than sugar (A. saccharum L.) or Norway (A. platanoides L.) maples. ‘Autumn Blaze’, an A. rubrum × saccharinum hybrid, was relatively resistant.
Cupric Hydroxide-Treated Containers Affect Growth and Flowering of Annual and Perennial Bedding Plants
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , Airhart Douglas L. , Edgar Davis W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Four annual cultivars, Celosia cristata L. ‘Castle Pink’, Impatiens Wallerana Hook. ‘Super Elfin Red’, Pelargonium × domesticum L.H. Bailey ‘Ringo Scarlet’ and Tagetes patula L. ‘Discovery Yellow’, and two perennial cultivars, Chrysanthemum × superbum Bergmans ex J. Ingram ‘Alaska’ and Coreopsis lanceolata L. ‘Early Sunrise’, of bedding plants were grown in a greenhouse for about 40 days in 0.3-1 (3.5 in.) containers treated with 25, 50, or 100 g Cu(OH)2/l (approximately 1.8, 3.5, and 7% (wt/wt), respectively) formulated as Spin OutTM or in non-treated containers. Following greenhouse production and a 4-day acclimation period in a shade-house, the plants were transplanted to a field plot. Cupric hydroxide concentrations that resulted in practical levels of control and/or elimination of root deformation (circled, kinked, and matted roots at container wall-media interfaces) were species dependent, varying between 25 and 100 g/1 (1.8 and 7%). During greenhouse production Cu(OH)2 treatments of 50 or 100 g/1 (3.5 or 7%) increased the vegetative growth of C. cristata and increased the number of flowers on I. Wallerana compared to plants in non-treated containers. After field planting, P. × domesticum grown in 50 or 100 g Cu(OH)2/1 (3.5 or 7%) and I. Wallerana in 100 g Cu(OH)2/1 treated containers had increased vegetative growth. The flowering potential of I. Wallerana was increased by the 50 g Cu(OH)2/1 (3.5%) treatment following field planting.