bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction Performance of WO3/Nb:SrTiO3 Heterostructure By Using Graphene
Authors: Cho Ayoung , Lee Ho Jin , Lee Sangwoo , Lee Joonbong , Youn Chulmin , Seong Hanwool , Choi Taekjib 
Published: December 2020

Designing photoelectrodes by incorporation of photo-active nanomaterials is an emerging strategy to enhance photoelectrochemical performance of semiconducting metal oxides. The small diffusion paths through the ultrathin layer, large surface area, and exposing abundant active sites can effectively boost charge separation and charge transfer in photoelectrochemical water oxidation. We utilized single layer graphene as a photocatalyst on WO3 thin film/Nb:SrTiO3 (100) structure to enhance oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline electrolyte. The photoelectrode exhibits efficient charge transfer due to electronic properties of graphene edges. Graphene decreases onset potential and increases photo current density from 237 μA/cm2 to 763 μA/cm2 at 1.23 V vs RHE. In addition, such extremely thin layer can protect the photoelectrode from chemical corrosion without disturbing the light absorption. In this study, we investigated mechanism of photoelectrochemical water splitting in graphene edge. Thus, these results can provide a new route for advanced designs of nanomaterial-based PECs devices.
Acknowledge : This research was supported by Next Generation Engineering Researcher Program of National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT (NRF-2019H1D8A2106002).
Analysis of Rate and Temperature Dependence of Inhomogeneous Cathode Reaction By Means of in-Situ XAFS Imaging
Authors: Katayama Misaki , Yamagishi Hirona , Orikasa Yuki , Inada Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2020

Inhomogeneous reaction in secondary batteries promotes local degradation of the electrode. Composite electrodes have inhomogeneity of conductivity at a certain scale. The inhomogeneity depends on the conductivity of each materials and the ratio of conductive additive. The study on the inhomogeneity of reaction in the composite electrode is essential as well as a development for manufacturing homogeneous composite electrodes. In the present study, we analyzed the temperature dependence of reaction distribution of LiFePO4 lithium-ion battery by using in-situ XAFS imaging technique. In LiFePO4 cathodes, remarkable inhomogeneity has been reported because of low conductivity of the active material.
A cathode sheet was prepared using composite mixture of LiFePO4, acetylene black, and polyvinylidene difluoride binder. A lithium foil was used as an anode. An Al-laminated pouch cell was used for analyzing the reaction distribution in the discharging process at four conditions of temperatures (23 °C and 60 °C) and discharging rates (0.2 C and 2.0 C). XAFS imaging experiments were performed at BL-4 of Ritsumeikan Synchrotron Radiation Center in Japan. The cathode of 3 × 10 mm2 was fully covered by the X-ray beam. Obtained X-ray images were converted to X-ray absorption spectra at each detector pixel. The chemical state of active material was estimated from the energy of Fe K absorption edge, E
0. Variance in the histogram of E
0 for the whole electrode was used as a measure of the inhomogeneity.
The 2-dimentonal chemical state maps at the depth of discharge of 20% showed inhomogeneous distribution at all discharging conditions. The values of variance of the histograms are 0.6 eV2, 1.2 eV2 at 23 °C for the discharging rate of 0.2 C and 2.0 C, respectively. The values at 60 °C are 1.0 eV2 for 0.2 C and 1.8 eV2 for 2.0 C. The variance becomes large at higher temperature and higher discharging rate. At high rate processes, electric current in the cathode concentrates to the limited path with low resistance in compared with low rate processes. Inhomogeneous distribution caused by conductivity in the cathode will be emphasized. The temperature dependence indicates that ion diffusion in electrolyte solution affects to inhomogeneity of the cathode reaction. The inhomogeneous reaction is promoted at higher temperature by the following mechanism. The concentration of lithium ion in the solution decreases at reaction preceding area in a cathode during discharging process. The further discharge reaction at the area restrains by the concentration gradient in the solution. When the fast diffusion in the solution supplies lithium ions continuously, the reaction proceeds without the effect of concentration gradient.
In conclusions, higher discharging rate and higher temperature promote inhomogeneous cathode reaction. These results show the reaction distributions are considerably affected by the environment and the condition of use.
Production of High-Quality Graphene Using a Novel Electrochemical Intercalation-Exfoliation Approach
Authors: Singh Ashutosh Kumar , Perez-Page Maria , Yasri Nael , Momodu Damilola , Holmes Stuart , Roberts Edward P.L. 
Published: December 2020

Large scale production of graphene has recently received a great deal of attention because of its interesting properties and wide range of potential applications. Conventional chemical exfoliation approaches, such as Hummer’s method,provides cost-effective pathway for large scale production, however, the method suffers from several key challenges such as the usage of corrosive and toxic solution, high processing temperature, long duration, and the poor quality of graphene produced which severely affects its potential applications. Recently, electrochemical exfoliation of graphene has been proposed for a high production yield with better quality. The electrochemical method involves two steps: 1) intercalation of ionic species between the graphene layers, followed by 2) oxidation of these ionic species under an anodic voltage into gas molecule enabling exfoliation of graphene flakes from the graphite electrode.1 In this study we examine a new approach to the intercalation, using an intercalating ion that has received very little attention and has not been evaluated for electrochemical exfoliation. The intercalation was followed by exfoliation in (NH4)2SO4 solution leading to the production of graphene flakes. The resultant graphene was found to have less disrupted sp2 lattice structure, with a high yield of about 95 % of graphene, along with high electrical conductivity and a low oxidation level (with a C:O ratio of about 15, determined by XPS). In addition, the presence of nitrogen and sulfur moieties in the resulting graphene structure can act as an electrocatalyst2 for applications such as the oxygen reduction reaction. Thus, the as-prepared graphene could be used for a range of electrochemical applications.

References:

(1) Sharif, F.; Zeraati, A. S.; Ganjeh-Anzabi, P.; Yasri, N.; Perez-Page, M.; Holmes, S. M.; Sundararaj, U.; Trifkovic, M.; Roberts, E. P. L. Synthesis of a High-Temperature Stable Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphene. Carbon
2019.
(2) Singh, A.; Yasri, N.; Karan, K.; Roberts, E. P. L. Electrocatalytic Activity of Functionalized Carbon Paper Electrodes and Their Correlation to the Fermi Level Derived from Raman Spectra. ACS Appl. Energy Mater.
2019, acsaem.9b00180.
Facile Solution Plasma Synthesis of Cationic Nitrogen-Doped Graphene
Authors: Chae Sangwoo , Saito Nagahiro 
Published: December 2020

Cationic N-doped graphene (CNG) was synthesized through a new method called Solution Plasma (SP) in a mixture of ionic liquid and organic solution, at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. The originality of the research consists in two things. First, the process allows one-step, rapid, substrate-free synthesis and simultaneously doping of CNG. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the graphene synthesis had proceeded, the material contains a high-level of nitrogen (13.4 at%) with the presence of cationic nitrogen, and has a few-layer structure (about 3-layer). Second, CNG behave like p-type semiconductor with a high sheet resistance of 16 Ω sq−1 and a high carrier concentration of 1019 cm−3; indicating that process can significantly control the electrical properties of graphene. The combination of SP and ILs shows a promising strategy for the design and synthesis of NG using cationic N-doping, which cannot be achieved with other methods.
Acknowledgements
This work was financially supported by JST-OPERA (JPMJOP1843), JST-SICORP (JPMJSC18H1) and JSPS-KAKENHI (JP18K18998).

Figure 1
Subgraph-Indexed Sequential Subdivision for Continuous Subgraph Matching on Dynamic Knowledge Graph
Authors: Sun Yunhao , Li Guanyu , Guan Mengmeng , Ning Bo 
Published: December 2020

Continuous subgraph matching problem on dynamic graph has become a popular research topic in the field of graph analysis, which has a wide range of applications including information retrieval and community detection. Specifically, given a query graph

q

, an initial graph

G

0

, and a graph update stream

△

G

i

, the problem of continuous subgraph matching is to sequentially conduct all possible isomorphic subgraphs covering

△

G

i

of

q

on

G

i

(=

G

0

⊕

△

G

i

). Since knowledge graph is a directed labeled multigraph having multiple edges between a pair of vertices, it brings new challenges for the problem focusing on dynamic knowledge graph. One challenge is that the multigraph characteristic of knowledge graph intensifies the complexity of candidate calculation, which is the combination of complex topological and attributed structures. Another challenge is that the isomorphic subgraphs covering a given region are conducted on a huge search space of seed candidates, which causes a lot of time consumption for searching the unpromising candidates. To address these challenges, a method of subgraph-indexed sequential subdivision is proposed to accelerating the continuous subgraph matching on dynamic knowledge graph. Firstly, a flow graph index is proposed to arrange the search space of seed candidates in topological knowledge graph and an adjacent index is designed to accelerate the identification of candidate activation states in attributed knowledge graph. Secondly, the sequential subdivision of flow graph index and the transition state model are employed to incrementally conduct subgraph matching and maintain the regional influence of changed candidates, respectively. Finally, extensive empirical studies on real and synthetic graphs demonstrate that our techniques outperform the state-of-the-art algorithms.
Through a Black Hole into Parallel Universes
Authors: Härke Heinrich 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Anglo-Saxon immigration of the 5th-6th centuries AD led to a dual contact situation in the British Isles: with the native inhabitants of the settlement areas in south-eastern England (internal contact zone), and with the Celtic polities outside the Anglo-Saxon areas (external contact zone). In the internal contact zone, social and ethnogenetic processes resulted in a complete acculturation of the natives by the 9th century. By contrast, the external contact zone between Anglo-Saxon and Celtic polities resulted in a cultural and linguistic split right across the British Isles up to the 7th century, and arguably well beyond. The cultural boundary between these two domains became permeable in the 7th century as a consequence of Anglo-Saxon Christianization which created a northern communication zone characterized by a distinct art style (Insular Art). In the early medieval British Isles, contact resulting from migration did not lead to cultural exchange for about two centuries, and it took profound ideological and social changes to establish a basis for communication.
In Pursuit of the White Whale of Cooperation
Authors: Steenkamp Robert C. , Jefferies Cameron 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
On 26 December 2018, Japan announced that it would withdraw from the International Whaling Commission (iwc) and indicated its intention to begin commercial whaling for the first time in 30 years. Despite the ethical and political outcry from several States, the legal ramifications of Japan’s withdrawal requires further analysis. This article examines the relationship between Japan and the iwc ex ante and ex post Japan’s withdrawal. Such an examination highlights the influence that Japan’s international duty to cooperate in the conservation and management of cetaceans might have across various international instruments. Japan is no longer bound by the recommendations and resolutions of the iwc; however, Japan remains a member of both the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. With this in mind, the article examines the interaction between these three international instruments as well as the influence that such interaction might have on Japan’s international obligation to cooperate in the conservation of cetaceans.
Preventive Effect of Probiotics on Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Meta-analysis of 2428 Patients
Authors: Ji Ting , Zhu Xingxing , Shang Futai , Zhang Xiangcheng 
Published: December 2020

Background: Researchers had contradictory conclusions about the role of probiotics in preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), which has led to the controversial use of probiotics in mechanically ventilated patients. Objective: To explore the efficacy and safety of probiotics in preventing VAP. Methods: A literature search was conducted in 7 medical databases. Two investigators assessed literature quality independently and collected data. The primary outcome was the incidence of VAP. Secondary outcomes included 16 measures. Sensitivity analysis and subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to analyze the source of heterogeneity. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant, and CIs were set at 95%. A random-effects model was set when I2 <50%, otherwise a fixed-effects model was used. Results: A total of 20 randomized controlled studies with a total of 2428 patients were analyzed. Pooled results showed positive effects of probiotics on the reduction of VAP incidence (risk ratio [RR] = 0.672; P < 0.001; I2 = 11.3%), length of ICU stay (WMD = −1.417; P = 0.012; I2 = 90.7%), oropharyngeal (RR = 0.866; P = 0.031; I2 = 12.4%) and gastric (RR = 0.645; P < 0.001; I2 = 30.2%) colonization. Conclusions and Relevance: Probiotics can reduce the incidence of VAP and reduce oropharyngeal and gastric bacterial colonization. The results also suggest that probiotics do not cause adverse effects.
Intracranial Arterial Stenosis Among Filipino Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Single Center Study
Authors: Ilagan-Gacita Suzanne Marie Q. , Sanchez-Tapia Jennifer Ann P. , Navarro Jose C. 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Intracranial arterial stenosis (ICAS) is common among certain race. It is prevalent in Asians, Hispanics, and African Americans, who constitutes about 2/3 of the world population making it the most common cause of stroke worldwide. Objectives: The objectives are to describe the demographic data and risk factors of patients with ICAS and 1-year outcome. Methods: Patients who had ischemic stroke by cranial computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance angiography, computed tomographic angiography, or transcranial Doppler with periodic follow-up for 1 year were consecutively collected. Patients without intracranial stenosis were also collected and served as control. The demographic data, risk factors, modified Rankin Scale, stroke recurrence and mortality between ICAS and large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) patients were compared. The distribution and the degree of steno-occlusive lesions were estimated. Results: A total of 258 cases were consecutively collected. ICAS was demonstrated in 109 patients and 149 were LAA patients. There were 62 (56.88%) males. The age range distribution was as follows: 18 to 45 year olds, 15 (13.76%); 46 to 60 year olds, 28 (25.69%); and 61 year olds and above 66 (60.55%). Risk factors were hypertension 82 (75.23%), diabetes mellitus 46 (42.20%), hyperlipidemia 27 (24.77%), atrial fibrillation 16 (14.68%), history of previous stroke 23 (21.10%), alcohol drinker 28 (25.69%), obesity 8 (7.34%), and family history of cerebrovascular disease 33 (30.28%). ICAS was seen in the middle cerebral artery 46 (46.9%), ICA 21 (21.4%), BA 11 (11.2%), VA 8 (8.16%), PCA 7 (7.14%), and ACA 5 (5.1%). Majority of the patients showed moderate to severe stenosis. Modified Rankin Scale ranged from 0 to 2 in the majority of the patients and showed not much difference compared to LAA patients. The recurrence of stroke and death rate showed no significant difference between the 2 groups. Conclusion: In this study, no difference was seen between ICAS and LAA patients.
Impact of COVID-19 on adolescents’ mental health: a systematic review
Authors: Octavius Gilbert Sterling , Silviani Felicia Rusdi , Lesmandjaja Alicya , Angelina  , Juliansen Andry 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe impact of COVID-19 towards psychology and mental health is anticipated to be significant and may affect the population disproportionately, especially adolescent as the vulnerable category. We aimed to analyze the impact of COVID-19 towards adolescents’ mental health.Main bodyA systematic search was conducted from Cochrane, Google Scholar, Scielo, and PubMed. Inclusion criteria included all types of studies which observed the effect of COVID-19 and its related causes, such as lockdown, on adolescents’ mental health. All studies were assessed for its level of evidence according to Oxford 2011 criteria and Newcastle Ottawa Scale (NOS). Three studies (Seçer and Ulaş, Int J Ment Health Addict: 1–14, 2020; Zhou et al., Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29:749–58, 2020; Qu et al., Lancet: 1–17, 2020) showed that COVID-19 was a risk factor for mental health problems in adolescents while Oosterhoff et al. (J Adolesc Health 67: 179–185, 2020) showed that adolescents who preferred to stay at home during this pandemic reported less anxiety and depressive symptomsConclusionCOVID-19 has been found to be associated with mental health changes in adolescents which meant management of COVID-19 should also focus on mental health as well.
Προς μια ολιστική αντιμετώπιση της διαφοροποιημένης παιδαγωγικής: Αντιλήψεις και πρακτικές εκπαιδευτικών παιδιών προσχολικής ηλικίας
Authors: Σφυρόερα Μαρία 
Published: December 2020

Στο πρώτο μέρος του παρόντος κειμένου επιδιώκουμε: α) να επαναπροσδιορίσουμε, με βάση τη θεωρία, τη διαφοροποιημένη παιδαγωγική, εντάσσοντάς την σε μια ολιστική αντίληψη για την εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία και β) να διερευνήσουμε τις προϋποθέσεις υιοθέτησης διαφοροποιημένων προσεγγίσεων από τους εκπαιδευτικούς μέσα από την ανασκόπηση σχετικών ερευνών που μελετούν τις αντιλήψεις των εκπαιδευτικών για τη διαφοροποίηση, όσο και ερευνών που μελετούν απόπειρες εκπαίδευσης εκπαιδευτικών στην κατεύθυνση της διαφοροποιημένης παιδαγωγικής, τα όρια και τις δυσκολίες τους. Στο δεύτερο μέρος, αξιοποιώντας τη θεωρία, εστιάζουμε στην προσχολική εκπαίδευση επιχειρώντας: α) να αναλύσουμε τις αντιλήψεις νηπιαγωγών και τις δηλωθείσες πρακτικές τους σε σχέση με τη διαφοροποιημένη παιδαγωγική στο ελληνικό νηπιαγωγείο, αντλώντας δεδομένα από 100 ερωτηματολόγια και β) να παρουσιάσουμε τις αντιλήψεις, τις πρακτικές και τους προβληματισμούς, 9 νηπιαγωγών στην προσπάθειά τους να λειτουργήσουν με βάση τις αρχές της διαφοροποιημένης παιδαγωγικής στην τάξη τους. Τα αποτελέσματα αναδεικνύουν ότι, αν και η διαφοροποιημένη παιδαγωγική κατακτά όλο και περισσότερο έδαφος στον λόγο των εκπαιδευτικών παιδιών προσχολικής ηλικίας που αναγνωρίζουν την αξία της για τη νοηματοδότηση της εκπαιδευτικής διαδικασίας και την παροχή ευκαιριών σε όλους τους μαθητές, ως έννοια παραμένει ασαφής και συνοδεύεται από αρκετές «παρανοήσεις» & αντιφάσεις. Προκειμένου να αξιοποιηθεί ενταγμένη σε μια ολιστική αντίληψη, απαιτείται η υιοθέτηση μιας αναστοχαστικής πρακτικής, ρήξεις με τις βιωμένες εκπαιδευτικές εμπειρίες, μακροχρόνιες διαδικασίες επιμόρφωσης και δημιουργία κοινοτήτων πρακτικής.
Ileocolonic Histopathological and Microbial Alterations in the Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Nested Community Case-Control Study
Authors: Talley Nicholas J. , Alexander James L. , Walker Marjorie M. , Jones Michael P. , Hugerth Luisa W. , Engstrand Lars , Agréus Lars , Powell Nicholas , Andreasson Anna 
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION:
Histopathological alterations in the ileum and colon in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are controversial, and normal values are poorly established. We hypothesized that changes in mucosal immune cells characterize IBS and key changes in immune composition are associated with the mucosa-associated microbiota (MaM).

METHODS:
A nested case-control study (48 IBS and 106 controls included) from 745 colonoscopy participants in a random population sample. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs)/100 enterocytes and eosinophils/5 nonoverlapping high-power fields counted; mast cells identified by immunocytochemistry (CD117)/5 high-power fields. Paneth cells quantified per 5 crypts. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing performed on available sigmoid MaM, n = 55 and fecal microbiota, n = 20. Microbiota profiles compared between samples with high and low IEL counts.

RESULTS:
IBS had increased IELs in the terminal ileum (relative risk ratio = 1.70, 95% confidence interval 1.08–2.76, P = 0.022 adjusted for age, sex, and smoking). Cecal IELs were increased in IBS—diarrhea (relative risk ratio = 2.03, 95% confidence interval 1.13–3.63, P = 0.017). No difference was observed in alpha diversity of MaM or fecal microbiota based on IEL count. There was no difference in beta diversity of the MaM according to IEL count in the terminal ileal (TI) (P = 0.079). High TI IEL counts associated with a significant expansion of the genus Blautia (P = 0.024) and unclassified Clostridiales (P = 0.036) in colon MaM.

DISCUSSION:
A modest but significant increase in IELs was observed in IBS vs. controls in a population-based setting. Subtle TI and cecal inflammation may play a pathogenic role in IBS but needs confirmation. Modest but discernible differences in the colonic MaM were seen according to TI IEL count but not IBS status.
Afinal, livro por quê?
Authors: Lampert Letícia 
Published: December 2020

Este artigo traz uma reflexão sobre as razões que levam artistas a optar pelo livro como forma de realizar seus projetos, considerando vantagens e desvantagens do formato, além de questões conceituais e pragmáticas que podem estar diretamente relacionadas a este processo. Partindo da experiência pessoal da autora em diferentes publicações, serão abordados processos e motivações por trás de projetos como Escala de Cor do Tempo, Escala de Cor das Coisas, Entre, Manual Prático de Arquitetura, 拆 [chai] e Conhecidos de Vista.
Group polynomials over rings
Authors: Akishin Aleksandr V. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe consider polynomials over rings such that the polynomials represent Latin squares and define a group operation over the ring. We introduce the notion of a group polynomial, describe a number of properties of these polynomials and the groups generated. For the case of residue rings$\mathbb{Z}_{r^n},$where r is a prime number, we give a description of groups specified by polynomials and identify a class of group polynomials that can be used to construct controlled cryptographic transformations.
On the waiting times to repeated hits of cells by particles for the polynomial allocation scheme
Authors: Selivanov Boris I. , Chistyakov Vladimir P. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe consider random polynomial allocations of particles over N cells. Let τk, k ≥ 1, be the minimal number of trials when k particles hit the occupied cells. For the case N → ∞ the limit distribution of the random variable $\tau_k/\sqrt{N}$is found. An example of application of τk is given.