bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water ice deposition and growth in molecular clouds
Authors: Rawlings Jonathan M C , Williams D A 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
In interstellar clouds, the deposition of water ice on to grains only occurs at visual extinctions above some threshold value (Ath). At extinctions greater than Ath, there is a (near-linear) correlation between the inferred column density of the water ice and AV. For individual cloud complexes such as Taurus, Serpens, and ρ-Ophiuchi, Ath and the gradients of the correlation are very similar along all lines of sight. We have investigated the origin of this phenomenon, with careful consideration of the various possible mechanisms that may be involved and have applied a full chemical model to analyse the behaviours and sensitivities in quiescent molecular clouds. Our key results are as follows: (i) the ubiquity of the phenomenon points to a common cause, so that the lines-of-sight probe regions with similar, advanced, chemical, and dynamical evolution; (ii) for Taurus and Serpens Ath and the slope of the correlation can be explained as resulting from the balance of freeze-out of oxygen atoms and photodesorption of H2O molecules. No other mechanism can satisfactorily explain the phenomenon; (iii) Ath depends on the local density, suggesting that there is a correlation between local volume density and column density; (iv) the different values of Ath for Taurus and Serpens are probably due to variations in the local mean radiation field strength; (v) most ice is accreted on to grains that are initially very small (&lt;0.01$\,\mu$m); and (vi) the very high value of Ath observed in ρ-Ophiuchi cannot be explained in the same way, unless there is complex microstructure and/or a modification to the extinction characteristics.
Modelling neutron star mountains
Authors: Gittins F , Andersson N , Jones D I 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
As the era of gravitational-wave astronomy has well and truly begun, gravitational radiation from rotating neutron stars remains elusive. Rapidly spinning neutron stars are the main targets for continuous-wave searches since, according to general relativity, provided they are asymmetrically deformed, they will emit gravitational waves. It is believed that detecting such radiation will unlock the answer to why no pulsars have been observed to spin close to the break-up frequency. We review existing studies on the maximum mountain that a neutron star crust can support, critique the key assumptions and identify issues relating to boundary conditions that need to be resolved. In light of this discussion, we present a new scheme for modelling neutron star mountains. The crucial ingredient for this scheme is a description of the fiducial force which takes the star away from sphericity. We consider three examples: a source potential which is a solution to Laplace’s equation, another solution which does not act in the core of the star and a thermal pressure perturbation. For all the cases, we find that the largest quadrupoles are between a factor of a few to two orders of magnitude below previous estimates of the maximum-mountain size.
Chemical mechanism for the decomposition of CH3NH2 and implications to interstellar glycine
Authors: de Jesus Diego N , da Silva Jean M B A , Tejero Tatiane N , de Souza Machado Gladson , Xavier Neubi F , Bauerfeldt Glauco F 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Complex organic molecules from extraterrestrial source are expected to have contributed to the Early Earth chemistry. Methylamine (CH3NH2)has already been observed in the interstellar medium (ISM) and is generally related to the formation of glycine, although the latter has not been identified in the ISM yet. In this work, a chemical model for CH3NH2 was investigated, comprising twenty-eight reactions and including reactions involving NH3 and HOOC, aiming to understand the main routes for formation and decomposition of methylamine and also to infer about the chemical behaviour of glycine in the ISM. Calculations were performed at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/aug-cc-pVTZ level and rate coefficients were calculated adopting the canonical variational transition state theory (CVTST), in the temperature range 100 to 4000 K, including tunnelling effects. Starting from HCN, the preferred pathway for methylamine formation is through consecutive hydrogenation steps, forming CH2N, CH2NH, and CH2NH2 intermediates. Considering the decomposition, dissociation into CH3 and NH2 is the most favourable step. NH3 and HCN are common compounds in interstellar ice analogues and react producing NH2 and CH2N through NH2NCH2 and H2NCH2N intermediates. The latter is proposed here and spectroscopic data for any future experimental investigation are given. Finally, an extension to the ISM glycine chemistry is explored and routes to its formation, from the simplest compounds found in interstellar ices, are proposed.
The signature of granulation in a solar power spectrum as seen with co5bold
Authors: Lundkvist Mia S , Ludwig Hans-Günter , Collet Remo , Straus Thomas 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The granulation background seen in the power spectrum of a solar-like oscillator poses a serious challenge for extracting precise and detailed information about the stellar oscillations. Using a 3D hydrodynamical simulation of the Sun computed with co5bold, we investigate various background models to infer, using a Bayesian methodology, which one provides the best fit to the background in the simulated power spectrum. We find that the best fit is provided by an expression including the overall power level and two characteristic frequencies, one with an exponent of two and one with a free exponent taking on a value around six. We assess the impact of the 3D hydro-code on this result by repeating the analysis with a simulation from S tagger and find that the main conclusion is unchanged. However, the details of the resulting best fits differ slightly between the two codes, but we explain this difference by studying the effect of the spatial resolution and the duration of the simulation on the fit. Additionally, we look into the impact of adding white noise to the simulated time series as a simple way to mimic a real star. We find that, as long as the noise level is not too low, the results are consistent with the no-noise case.
Discovery of thermonuclear Type-I X-ray bursts from the X-ray binary MAXI J1807+132
Authors: Albayati A C , Altamirano D , Jaisawal G K , Bult P , Rapisarda S , Mancuso G C , Güver T , Arzoumanian Z , Chakrabarty D , Chenevez J , Court J M C , Gendreau K C , Guillot S , Keek L , Malacaria C , Strohmayer T E 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
MAXI J1807+132 is a low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) first detected in outburst in 2017. Observations during the 2017 outburst did not allow for an unambiguous identification of the nature of the compact object. MAXI J1807+132 that was detected in outburst again in 2019 and was monitored regularly with Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer(NICER). In this paper, we report on 5 days of observations during which we detected three thermonuclear (Type-I) X-ray bursts, identifying the system as a neutron star LMXB. Time-resolved spectroscopy of the three Type-I bursts revealed typical characteristics expected for these phenomena. All three Type-I bursts show slow rises and long decays, indicative of mixed H/He fuel. We find no strong evidence that any of the Type-I bursts reached the Eddington Luminosity; however, under the assumption that the brightest X-ray burst underwent photospheric radius expansion, we estimate a &lt;12.4 kpc upper limit for the distance. We searched for burst oscillations during the Type-I bursts from MAXI J1807+132 and found none (&lt;10 per cent amplitude upper limit at 95 per cent confidence level). Finally, we found that the brightest Type-I burst shows a ∼1.6 s pause during the rise. This pause is similar to one recently found with NICER in a bright Type-I burst from the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658. The fact that Type-I bursts from both sources can show this type of pause suggests that the origin of the pauses is independent of the composition of the burning fuel, the peak luminosity of the Type-I bursts, or whether the NS is an X-ray pulsar.
MobiDB: intrinsically disordered proteins in 2021
Authors: Piovesan Damiano , Necci Marco , Escobedo Nahuel , Monzon Alexander Miguel , Hatos András , Mičetić Ivan , Quaglia Federica , Paladin Lisanna , Ramasamy Pathmanaban , Dosztányi Zsuzsanna , Vranken Wim F , Davey Norman E , Parisi Gustavo , Fuxreiter Monika , Tosatto Silvio C E 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe MobiDB database (URL: https://mobidb.org/) provides predictions and annotations for intrinsically disordered proteins. Here, we report recent developments implemented in MobiDB version 4, regarding the database format, with novel types of annotations and an improved update process. The new website includes a re-designed user interface, a more effective search engine and advanced API for programmatic access. The new database schema gives more flexibility for the users, as well as simplifying the maintenance and updates. In addition, the new entry page provides more visualisation tools including customizable feature viewer and graphs of the residue contact maps. MobiDB v4 annotates the binding modes of disordered proteins, whether they undergo disorder-to-order transitions or remain disordered in the bound state. In addition, disordered regions undergoing liquid-liquid phase separation or post-translational modifications are defined. The integrated information is presented in a simplified interface, which enables faster searches and allows large customized datasets to be downloaded in TSV, Fasta or JSON formats. An alternative advanced interface allows users to drill deeper into features of interest. A new statistics page provides information at database and proteome levels. The new MobiDB version presents state-of-the-art knowledge on disordered proteins and improves data accessibility for both computational and experimental users.
Changes of air quality during the pandemic and airborne transmission issues
Authors: Zhao Weijie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has killed more than 1 000 000 people within nine months in 2020. The world is changed as the cities were locked down, the traffic reduced, and people forced to work from home and keep social distance. These controlling measures also resulted in drastic reduction of the emission of many air pollutants, providing researchers an unprecedented large-scale natural experiment in examining how the air quality would respond to a strong forcing. In this panel discussion held on 22 September 2020, five experts gathered to discuss their observations and analyses, as well as the current understanding and misconception about airborne transmission.This Forum article is dedicated to Prof. Martin Williams of the Imperial College London, who intended to join the panel discussion but passed away one day before it.Guy BrasseurProfessor of Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, GermanyJunji CaoProfessor of Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ChinaAijun DingDean and Professor of School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, ChinaLidia MorawskaProfessor of Queensland University of Technology, AustraliaTong Zhu (Chair)Dean and Professor of College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, China
Adherence to Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy in People Actively Using Drugs and Alcohol: The INCLUD Study
Authors: Brooks Kristina M , Castillo-Mancilla Jose R , Morrow Mary , MaWhinney Samantha , Rowan Sarah E , Wyles David , Blum Joshua , Huntley Ryan , Salah Lana M , Tehrani Arya , Bushman Lane R , Anderson Peter L , Kiser Jennifer J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Hepatitis C virus treatment in persons who use drugs (PWUD) is often withheld due to adherence and reinfection concerns. In this study, we report treatment outcomes, technology-based adherence data, and adherence predictors in PWUD and/or alcohol.

Methods
INCLUD was a prospective, open-label study of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir for 12 weeks in PWUD aged 18–70 years. Participants were randomized to wireless (wirelessly observed therapy) or video-based directly observed therapy (vDOT). Drug use was assessed every 2 weeks. Sustained virologic response (SVR) was examined by intention-to-treat and as-treated. Factors associated with missing ≥1 dose(s) between visits were examined using generalized linear models.

Results
Sixty participants received ≥1 ledipasvir/sofosbuvir dose (47 human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]/hepatitis C virus [HCV], 13 HCV only; 78% male; 22% black; 25% cirrhotic). Substance use occurred at 94% of person-visits: 60% marijuana, 56% alcohol, 37% methamphetamine, 22% opioids, 17% cocaine, and 20% injection drug use. The SVR by intention-to-treat was 86.7% (52 of 60) and as-treated was 94.5% (52 of 55). Confirmed failures included 1 relapse, 1 reinfection, and 1 unknown (suspected reinfection). Median total adherence was 96% (interquartile range [IQR], 85%–100%; range, 30%–101%), and between-visit adherence was 100% (IQR, 86%–100%; range, 0%–107%). The odds of missing ≥1 dose between visits increased with HIV coinfection (2.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37–6.32; P = .006), black race (4.09; 95% CI, 1.42–11.74; P = .009), methamphetamine use (2.51; 95% CI, 1.44–4.37; P = .0.001), and cocaine use (2.12; 95% CI, 1.08–4.18; P = .03) and decreased with marijuana use (0.34; 95% CI, 0.17–0.70; P = .003) and vDOT (0.43; 95% CI, 0.21–0.87; P = .02).

Conclusions
Persons who use drugs achieved high SVR rates with high, but variable, ledipasvir/sofosbuvir adherence using technology-based methods. These findings support efforts to expand HCV treatment in PWUD.
Postdural Puncture Headache Related to Procedure: Incidence and Risk Factors After Neuraxial Anesthesia and Spinal Procedures
Authors: Kim Jung Eun , Kim Sung Hoon , Han Richard Jin Woo , Kang Min Hey , Kim Jae Hun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective
Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is a potential complication of certain neuraxial anesthesia and spinal procedures, and some risk factors for PDPH have been identified. However, there have been no detailed analyses of rates and risk factors of PDPH after various spinal and neuraxial anesthesia procedures.

Methods
Patient data from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2017, were retrospectively analyzed. The patients underwent dural puncture procedures (spinal anesthesia, lumbar puncture [spinal tap], lumbar cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] drainage) or nondural puncture procedures (transforaminal epidural injection, interlaminar epidural injection, epidural catheterization with patient-controlled analgesia for delivery). PDPH incidence and risk factors were evaluated.

Results
For dural puncture procedures, PDPH incidence was 2.96%, and risk factors were younger age, female sex, and lumbar puncture. Larger needle gauge was a risk factor according to Student t-test but not during logistic regression analysis. PDPH incidence was higher after lumbar puncture using a 22 G Tuohy needle (4.63%) than after lumbar CSF drainage using an 18 G Tuohy needle (3.05%). For nondural puncture procedures, PDPH incidence was 0.53% and did not differ between procedure types; no risk factors were identified.

Conclusions
PDPH incidence and risk factors depended on the type of neuraxial anesthesia and spinal procedures. PDPH incidence after lumbar puncture using a 22 G Tuohy needle was higher than that after lumbar CSF drainage using an 18 G Tuohy needle, suggesting that catheter insertion may reduce PDPH risk. In non-dural puncture procedures, PDPH risk did not differ according to type of procedure, and no risk factors were found.
AAAPT: Assessment of the Acute Pain Trajectory
Authors: Bayman Emine O , Oleson Jacob J , Rabbitts Jennifer A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective
Define and contrast acute pain trajectories vs. the aggregate pain measurements, summarize appropriate linear and nonlinear statistical analyses for pain trajectories at the patient level, and present methods to classify individual pain trajectories. Clinical applications of acute pain trajectories are also discussed.

Setting
In 2016, an expert panel involving the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations, Innovations, Opportunities, and Networks (ACTTION), American Pain Society (APS), and American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM) established an initiative to create a pain taxonomy, named the ACTTION-APS-AAPM Pain Taxonomy (AAAPT), for the multidimensional classification of acute pain. The AAAPT panel commissioned the present report to provide further details on analysis of the individual acute pain trajectory as an important component of comprehensive pain assessment.

Methods
Linear mixed models and nonlinear models (e.g., regression splines and polynomial models) can be applied to analyze the acute pain trajectory. Alternatively, methods for classifying individual pain trajectories (e.g., using the 50% confidence interval of the random slope approach or using latent class analyses) can be applied in the clinical context to identify different trajectories of resolving pain (e.g., rapid reduction or slow reduction) or persisting pain. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages that may guide selection. Assessment of the acute pain trajectory may guide treatment and tailoring to anticipated symptom recovery. The acute pain trajectory can also serve as a treatment outcome measure, informing further management.

Conclusions
Application of trajectory approaches to acute pain assessments enables more comprehensive measurement of acute pain, which forms the cornerstone of accurate classification and treatment of pain.
3G Internet and Confidence in Government
Authors: Guriev Sergei , Melnikov Nikita , Zhuravskaya Ekaterina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHow does mobile broadband internet affect approval of government? Using Gallup World Poll surveys of 840,537 individuals from 2,232 subnational regions in 116 countries from 2008 to 2017 and the global expansion of 3G mobile networks, we show that on average, an increase in mobile broadband internet access reduces government approval. This effect is present only when the internet is not censored, and it is stronger when the traditional media are censored. 3G helps expose actual corruption in government: revelations of the Panama Papers and other corruption incidents translate into higher perceptions of corruption in regions covered by 3G networks. Voter disillusionment had electoral implications. In Europe, 3G expansion led to lower vote shares for incumbent parties and higher vote shares for the antiestablishment populist opposition. Vote shares for nonpopulist opposition parties were unaffected by 3G expansion.
JAK1 selective inhibitors for the treatment of spondyloarthropathies
Authors: White Jonathan P E , Coates Laura C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As our understanding of the pathogenesis of SpA improves, focus has turned to the role janus kinase (JAK)-mediated signal transduction and inhibiting its actions as a therapeutic mechanism. Small molecule inhibitors of JAK exist, with variable selectivity for the different JAK isoforms. Less selective JAK inhibitors have variable efficacy and safety profiles, prompting the investigation of selective JAK1 inhibition. In this review, we summarize the current phase 2 and 3 clinical trial data, evaluating the use of JAK1 selective inhibitors in the treatment of SpA, particularly AS and PsA. Selective JAK1 inhibition offers a promising therapeutic approach, however further longer-term trials are needed to fully establish their efficacy and safety at higher doses, and their use in the greater continuum of SpA.
Neural indicators of food cue reactivity, regulation, and valuation and their associations with body composition and daily eating behavior
Authors: Cosme Danielle , Lopez Richard B 
Published: November 2020

AbstractExposure to food cues activates the brain’s reward system and undermines efforts to regulate impulses to eat. During explicit regulation, lateral prefrontal cortex activates and modulates the activity in reward regions and decreases food cravings. However, the extent to which between-person differences in the recruitment of regions associated with reward processing, subjective valuation and regulation during food cue exposure—absent instructions to regulate—predict body composition and daily eating behaviors is unclear. In this preregistered study, we pooled data from five functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) samples (N = 262) to examine whether regions associated with reward, valuation and regulation, as well as whole-brain pattern expression indexing these processes, were recruited during food cue exposure and associated with body composition and real-world eating behavior. Regression models for a single a priori analytic path indicated that univariate and multivariate measures of reward and valuation were associated with individual differences in body mass index and the enactment of daily food cravings. Specification curve analyses further revealed reliable associations between univariate and multivariate neural indicators of reactivity, regulation and valuation and all outcomes. These findings highlight the utility of these methods to elucidate brain–behavior associations and suggest that multiple processes are implicated in proximal and distal markers of eating behavior.
Aberrant Interoceptive Accuracy in Patients With Schizophrenia Performing a Heartbeat Counting Task
Authors: Koreki Akihiro , Funayama Michitaka , Terasawa Yuri , Onaya Mitsumoto , Mimura Masaru 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Although self-disturbances and emotional disturbances are common in schizophrenia, there is no integrated understanding to explain these symptoms. Interoception has a crucial role in the development of self and emotion, and interoceptive abnormality could lead to such symptoms.

Methods
We compared interoceptive accuracy between controls and patients with schizophrenia. Forty-two patients and 30 healthy controls were recruited and their interoceptive accuracy was assessed using a heartbeat counting task. Participants were instructed to count the number of times they felt their own heartbeat during various measurement periods. Interoceptive accuracy was calculated based on the discrepancy between the number of reported and actual heartbeats during the measurement period. Participants also performed a time estimation task and were instructed to count the number of seconds there were during the same period. Time accuracy was calculated in a similar manner to that for the heartbeat. Participants also completed a questionnaire regarding interoception to assess their subjective experiences.

Results
Interoceptive accuracy was significantly lower among patients with schizophrenia than in healthy controls (P = .017), even after controlling for age, sex, time accuracy, anxiety, depression, educational level, and heart rate (HR). In addition, patients’ positive and negative symptoms were significantly associated with their HR-adjusted interoceptive accuracy, especially hallucination. The discrepancy between HR-adjusted interoceptive accuracy and the score of the questionnaire was significantly associated with positive symptoms, especially delusion, but not negative symptoms.

Discussion
These findings suggest that patients with schizophrenia have aberrant interoception. Aberrant interoception in schizophrenia could be a novel therapeutic target in future.