bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heritability of specific cognitive functions and associations with schizophrenia spectrum disorders using CANTAB: a nation-wide twin study
Authors: Lemvigh Cecilie K. , Brouwer Rachel M. , Pantelis Christos , Jensen Maria H. , Hilker Rikke W. , Legind Christian S. , Anhøj Simon J. , Robbins Trevor W. , Sahakian Barbara J. , Glenthøj Birte Y. , Fagerlund Birgitte 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundMany cognitive functions are under strong genetic control and twin studies have demonstrated genetic overlap between some aspects of cognition and schizophrenia. How the genetic relationship between specific cognitive functions and schizophrenia is influenced by IQ is currently unknown.MethodsWe applied selected tests from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to examine the heritability of specific cognitive functions and associations with schizophrenia liability. Verbal and performance IQ were estimated using The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III and the Danish Adult Reading Test. In total, 214 twins including monozygotic (MZ = 32) and dizygotic (DZ = 22) pairs concordant or discordant for a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, and healthy control pairs (MZ = 29, DZ = 20) were recruited through the Danish national registers. Additionally, eight twins from affected pairs participated without their sibling.ResultsSignificant heritability was observed for planning/spatial span (h2 = 25%), self-ordered spatial working memory (h2 = 64%), sustained attention (h2 = 56%), and movement time (h2 = 47%), whereas only unique environmental factors contributed to set-shifting, reflection impulsivity, and thinking time. Schizophrenia liability was associated with planning/spatial span (rph = −0.34), self-ordered spatial working memory (rph = −0.24), sustained attention (rph = −0.23), and set-shifting (rph = −0.21). The association with planning/spatial span was not driven by either performance or verbal IQ. The remaining associations were shared with performance, but not verbal IQ.ConclusionsThis study provides further evidence that some cognitive functions are heritable and associated with schizophrenia, suggesting a partially shared genetic etiology. These functions may constitute endophenotypes for the disorder and provide a basis to explore genes common to cognition and schizophrenia.
Of neurons and pericytes: The neuro-vascular approach to diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Eleftheriou Cyril G. , Ivanova Elena , Sagdullaev Botir T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a frequent complication of diabetes mellitus and an increasingly common cause of visual impairment. Blood vessel damage occurs as the disease progresses, leading to ischemia, neovascularization, blood–retina barrier (BRB) failure and eventual blindness. Although detection and treatment strategies have improved considerably over the past years, there is room for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the diabetic retina. Indeed, it has been increasingly realized that DR is in fact a disease of the retina’s neurovascular unit (NVU), the multi-cellular framework underlying functional hyperemia, coupling neuronal computations to blood flow. The accumulating evidence reveals that both neurochemical (synapses) and electrical (gap junctions) means of communications between retinal cells are affected at the onset of hyperglycemia, warranting a global assessment of cellular interactions and their role in DR. This is further supported by the recent data showing down-regulation of connexin 43 gap junctions along the vascular relay from capillary to feeding arteriole as one of the earliest indicators of experimental DR, with rippling consequences to the anatomical and physiological integrity of the retina. Here, recent advancements in our knowledge of mechanisms controlling the retinal neurovascular unit will be assessed, along with their implications for future treatment and diagnosis of DR.
Balloon angioplasty of bidirectional Glenn anastomosis
Authors: Matoq Amr , Radtke Wolfgang 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjective:We aim to assess the safety and efficacy of the transcatheter balloon dilation of superior cavopulmonary anastomosis (SCPA).Background:SCPA stenosis can lead to impaired pulmonary blood flow, hypoxemia and development of veno-venous collaterals with right-to-left shunt. Balloon dilation of SCPA has been rarely reported and follow-up information is lacking.Methods:We performed a retrospective review of patients who underwent cardiac catheterisation and angioplasty of SCPA and reviewed patient’s demographics, diagnosis, SCPA surgery and post-operative course, catheterisation haemodynamics, procedural technique, angiography, and the findings of follow-up catheterisation.Results:Between 2008 and 2017, seven patients showed significant narrowing of SCPA and underwent balloon angioplasty, all of whom had undergone bidirectional Glenn (BDG). Indications for cardiac catheterisation included persistent pleural effusion, hypoxemia, and echocardiographic evidence of BDG stenosis or routine pre-Fontan assessment. Five patients had bilateral SCPA. The procedure was successful in all cases with increase in the stenosis diameter from a median of 3.3 mm (range 1.2–4.7 mm) to a median of 4.7 mm (range 2.6–7.8 mm). All patients had at least one follow-up cardiac catheterisation. Only one patient required repeat angioplasty at the 2.3-month follow-up with no further recurrence. Sustained results and interval growth were noted in all other cases during up to 29 months of follow-up. No adverse events were encountered.Conclusion:Based on our small series, balloon angioplasty of BDG stenosis is feasible and safe and appears to provide sustained improvement with interval growth and only the rare recurrence of stenosis.
Role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in an adolescent with a giant intrapericardial mass
Authors: Krupickova Sylvia , Voges Inga , Mohiaddin Raad 
Published: August 2020

AbstractA 14 -year-old boy presented with chest pain and breathlessness. Echocardiography showed a large pericardial effusion with cardiac tamponade features and suspicion of cardiac mass. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance demonstrated a large, well-defined pericardial mass, suggesting atypical large coronary fistula with pericardial haematoma or primary cardiac/pericardial tumour such as angiosarcoma. Histology confirmed a mixed-type vascular malformation. Sirolimus therapy was initiated.
Percutaneous catheter interventions via Glidesheath Slender in small children
Authors: Gendera Katarzyna , Eicken Andreas , Ewert Peter , Georgiev Stanimir , Tanase Daniel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground:Catheterization in small children should be performed with the lowest diameter introducer sheaths to prevent permanent vessel damage. The objective of this study is to evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of the Glidesheath Slender in small children.Methods and results:We present a group of 52 patients (male: n = 36) with median age 118.5 days (min. 3; max. 1302), median weight: 5.3 kg (min. 1.4; max. 14.0), median height: 60.5 cm (min. 39; max. 102), and median body surface area 0.28 m2 (min. 0.12; max. 0.63) in whom percutaneous catheter interventions (n = 55) were performed via a Glidesheath Slender. In 49 children, the intervention was performed from femoral access (artery n = 35; vein n = 14) in 2 from the axillary arterial access and in 1 from the jugular venous access. In all patients, the vessel access was obtained under ultrasound guidance. After the catheterization, the pulse on the peripheral arteries (posterior tibial artery or radial artery) was palpable in all patients, and no signs for vessel dysfunction were present.Conclusion:The Glidesheath Slender effectively reduces the outer sheath diameter for various types of interventions in small children by one French, reducing the risk of vessel complications (stenosis, occlusion). Interventions via Glidesheath Slender in small patients are safe and feasible and extend the transcatheter possibilities in small children with congenital heart diseases.
Identifying elements for a comprehensive paediatric cardiac rehabilitation programme
Authors: Curran Tracy , Gauthier Naomi , Duty Susan M. , Pojednic Rachele 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroduction:The aim of this study was to identify relevant content among four important domains for the development and structure of a paediatric cardiac rehabilitation curriculum for young patients with congenital heart disease using a consensus approach.Methods:A three-round e-Delphi study among congenital heart disease and paediatric exercise physiology experts was conducted. Round 1, experts provided opinions in a closed- and open-ended electronic questionnaire to identify specific elements necessary for inclusion in a paediatric cardiac rehabilitation programme. Round 2, experts were asked to re-rate the same items after feedback and summary data were provided from round 1. Round 3, the same experts were asked to re-rate items that did not reach consensus from round 2.Results:Forty-seven experts were contacted via e-mail to participate on the Delphi panel, 37 consented, 35 completed round 1, 29 completed round 2, and 28 completed the final round. After round 2, consensus was reached in 55 of 60 (92%) questionnaire items across four domains: exercise training, education, outcome metrics, and self-confidence.Conclusion:This study established consensus towards programme structure, exercise training principles, educational content, patient outcome measures, and self-confidence promotion. By identifying the key components within each domain, there is potential to benchmark recommended standards and practice guidelines for the development of a paediatric cardiac rehabilitation curriculum to be used and tested by exercise physiologists, paediatric and adult congenital cardiologists, and other healthcare team members for optimising the health and wellness of paediatric patients with congenital heart disease.
Evaluation of a VERT-based module for proton radiotherapy education and training
Authors: Rabus Amber , Kirby Mike C. , Nasole Laura , Bridge Pete 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroduction:In many countries, there is a skills gap in proton therapy with many staff unprepared to work with the new technology. The new Virtual Environment for Radiotherapy Training (VERT) proton module provides learners with a simulated proton machine 3D environment. This project aimed to evaluate the role of VERT in training the radiotherapy workforce for the future use of protons.Methods:A practical teaching session using VERT was deployed after a traditional teaching session had provided basic knowledge. A questionnaire deployed before and after VERT enabled comparison of knowledge while a combination of Likert and open questions gathered participant feedback concerning the initiative.Results:A total of 38 students provided evaluation of the session. Overall, there were high levels of satisfaction and enjoyment with 35 participants reporting enjoyment and 36 indicating that the event be repeated.Discussion:Participants felt that they had learned from the experience, although quantitative data lacked statistical significance to demonstrate this. All participants agreed that VERT had provided improved understanding of proton dose deposition arising from visualisation of beams and dose deposition. Most participants agreed that the simulation was realistic and that it had improved their understanding. Feedback in relation to future sessions concerned smaller group sizes, more patient cases, more time and additional clinical datasets.Conclusion:A proton simulation module has been shown to be an enjoyable teaching tool that improves students’ confidence in their knowledge of the underpinning theory and clinical usage of the modality. Learners felt better prepared to encounter protons in clinical practice. Future work will build on these findings using smaller group work and a more robust assessment tool to identify long-term impact of the training.
How to assess sustainability transformations: a review
Authors: Salomaa Anna , Juhola Sirkku 
Published: August 2020

Non-technical summaryThere is a call to change societies to become more sustainable. We examine how the concept of sustainability transformation has been used and find that it has been defined in many ways. The concept is still used without many real-world examples – we found only four studies that had assessed whether a multi-sectoral sustainability transformation had taken place. There is a need to further clarify what sustainability transformation means and how it can be assessed.
Wie viele Familien in Deutschland sind in welchem Ausmaß psychosozial belastet?
Authors: Lorenz Simon , Ulrich Susanne Marlene , Kindler Heinz , Liel Christoph 
Published: August 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die Kumulation von Risikofaktoren ist ein gängiges Kriterium zur Indikation eines frühen Hilfebedarfs. Über die Anzahl und das Ausmaß der psychosozial belasteten Familien in Deutschland ist bislang nur wenig bekannt. Mit Daten von N=7 549 Familien der Studie Kinder in Deutschland – KiD 0 – 3 und einem Inventar aus 25 Risikofaktoren wurde die Klassifizierung der Familien in Risikogruppen anhand einfacher Summenindizes mit den Ergebnissen einer Latenten Klassenanalyse (LCA) verglichen. Während einfache Summenindizes 24 – 30 % der Familien als belastet identifizierten, erzeugte die inhaltlich überlegene LCA eine Vier-Klassen-Lösung mit 59 % unbelasteten und 5 % hochbelasteten Familien. Im mittleren Belastungsbereich unterscheidet sich die Gruppe der sozioökonomisch belasteten Familien (19 %) von Familien mit hohem elterlichem Stress und Konfliktpotenzial (17 %). Die Ergebnisse liefern wichtige Hinweise für die Versorgungsforschung zu Frühen Hilfen.
Degradation of Satellite‐Based Navigation Performance Observed From an Anomaly Crest Location in the Indian Longitude Sector
Authors: Goswami Samiddha , Ray Sarbani , Paul Ashik 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGPS amplitude and phase scintillations in terms of the index S4 and σϕ and the corresponding losses of lock in signal have been studied with consequent errors in receiver positions for the whole month of March 2014 from Calcutta situated near the northern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). The impact of phase and amplitude scintillations is found to be different on GPS satellites in terms of intensities and duration. There are 42 and 59 cases of loss of lock in C/NO and phase, respectively, all occurring during 13–18 UT (LT = UT + 06:00). For all the cases, duration of amplitude loss of lock is longer than that of phase loss of lock. Associated with such signal perturbations, deviations in receiver positions are found to occur having maximum values of 31.72 m for latitude and 85.2 m for longitude during 15–16 UT. Though 9.5% of the cases start when amplitude scintillation was moderate (0.4 < S4 ≤ 0.6), 32.2% of the cases occurred when phase scintillation was moderate (0.2 < σϕ ≤ 0.7). The percentage of occurrences of moderate amplitude scintillation is 5.07% during 19:00–20:00 UT and does not occur thereafter, whereas the percentage of occurrences of moderate phase scintillations are found to be 18% even during 21:00–22:00 UT. The percentage of occurrences of weak phase scintillations was also higher (49.25%) compared to 1.98% corresponding to amplitude scintillations even at 23:00 UT. Occurrence of phase scintillations on GPS links has not been frequently reported from this longitude sector before, mainly due to nonavailability of appropriate transmissions.
Pore‐Scale Modeling of Drainage Displacement Patterns in Association With Geological Sequestration of CO2
Authors: Zacharoudiou Ioannis , Boek Edo S. , Crawshaw John 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe investigate the immiscible displacement (drainage) of a wetting fluid in a porous medium by a nonwetting fluid using multi–graphics processing unit (GPU) lattice Boltzmann simulations with the aim of better understanding the pore‐scale processes involved in the geological sequestration of CO2. Correctly resolving the dynamics involved in multiphase flow in permeable media is of paramount importance for any numerical scheme. Generally, the average fluid flow is assumed to be at low Reynolds numbers Reav. Hence, by neglecting inertial effects, this immiscible displacement should be characterized by just two dimensionless numbers, namely, the capillary number Caav and the viscosity ratio, which quantify the ratio of the relevant forces, that is, the viscous and capillary forces. Our investigation reveals that inertial effects cannot be neglected in the range of typical capillary numbers associated with multiphase flow in permeable media. Even as the average Caav and Reav decrease away from the injection point, inertial effects remain important over a transient amount of time during abrupt Haines jumps, when the nonwetting phase passes from a narrow restriction to a wider pore space. The local Rel at the jump sites is orders of magnitude higher than the average Reav, with the local dynamics being decoupled from the externally imposed flow rate. Therefore, a full Navier‐Stokes solver should be used for investigating pore‐scale displacement processes. Using the Ohnesorge number to restrict the parameter selection process is essential, as this dimensionless number links Caav and Reav and reflects the thermophysical properties of a given system under investigation.
Molecular Tracing of Riverine Soil Organic Matter From the Central Himalaya
Authors: Märki L. , Lupker M. , Gajurel A. P. , Gies H. , Haghipour N. , Gallen S. , France‐Lanord C. , Lavé J. , Eglinton T. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe isomer distribution of branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs) in soils has been shown to correlate to the local mean annual temperature. Here, we explore the use of brGDGT distributions as proxy for the elevation at which soil organic carbon is preferentially mobilized in the Central Himalaya. Soil brGDGT distributions collected along an altitudinal profile, spanning elevations from 200 to 4,450 m asl, are linearly correlated to elevation. We use this calibration to trace the provenance of soil organic matter in suspended sediments of rivers draining the Himalaya. BrGDGT distributions of fluvial sediments reflect the mean elevation of the soil cover in most catchments. Inverse modeling of the brGDGT data set suggests similar relative contribution to soil organic carbon mobilization from different land covers within a factor 2. We conclude that riverine soil organic carbon export in the Himalaya mostly occurs pervasively and is at the catchment scale insensitive to anthropogenic perturbations.
Insights Into Mount Etna December 2018 Eruption From Joint Inversion of Deformation and Gravity Data
Authors: Chauhan Mahak Singh , Cannavó Flavio , Carbone Daniele , Greco Filippo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWe present results of the joint analysis of ground deformation and superconducting gravity data encompassing Etna's December 2018 eruption. The horizontal ground deformation points to a mechanism of dike opening. Accordingly, we consider forward analytical models describing the effects of a tensile dislocation and use two data inversion approaches, based on heuristic and probabilistic methods. The observed changes can be explained assuming the intrusion of a fluid lighter than bubble‐free magma, along a dike‐like structure. However, the poor fit to the vertical deformation and the discrepancy between bulk volume increase, deduced by the data inversion (some tens of millions of m3), and volume emitted through effusive activity (∼1 × 106 m3) suggest that a more complex mechanism led to the eruption, involving partial inelastic accommodation of the strain and the formation of void space through increase in the fracturing rate of the medium.
Drumbeat LP “Aftershocks” to a Failed Explosive Eruption at Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador
Authors: Butcher S. , Bell A. F. , Hernandez S. , Calder E. , Ruiz M. , Mothes P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHighly periodic, repetitive long‐period (LP) earthquakes, known as “drumbeats,” have been observed at a range of volcanoes, typically during the ascent of degassed magma. Accelerating rates of drumbeats have been reported before explosions and potentially offer forecasts of future activity. However, the broader phenomenology of drumbeats is poorly understood. Here we describe an episode of over 900 LP earthquakes recorded in November 2015 at Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador, that we believe are associated with a failed explosion. Rates of LP drumbeats accelerated for 10 hr, consistent with an inverse Omori's law. Before any explosion occurred, seismicity decreased following Omori's law, over a further 6 days. Despite earthquake rates decelerating, amplitudes, spectral peaks, Q values, and periodicity remain constant, suggesting there is little change in the source process with time. We argue that the decelerating seismicity is a result of progressive reduction of gas flux, unable to provide sufficient overpressure for explosion.
The Role of Westerly Wind Bursts During Different Seasons Versus Ocean Heat Recharge in the Development of Extreme El Niño in Climate Models
Authors: Yu Sungduk , Fedorov Alexey V. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe mechanisms and predictability of extreme El Niño events, as in 1982, 1997, and 2015, remain unclear. Here we investigate the relative roles of the ocean initial heat recharge and westerly wind bursts (WWBs) that occur during different seasons in the generation of extreme El Niño events in a climate model (CESM1.2). Several sets of 100‐member ensemble simulations, along with CMIP5 and atmospheric reanalysis data, are used. We show that while the probability of extreme El Niño increases progressively with ocean heat recharge, tropical conditions by year‐end are least predictable (the largest ensemble spread) for moderately‐to‐strongly recharged ocean initial states, rather than neutrally charged. Even after strong early‐year WWBs and recharged ocean the occurrence of extreme El Niño has limited predictability. While the early‐year WWBs are still important for strong El Niño, it is to a lesser extent than suggested previously, as mid‐year WWBs play a critical role in El Niño progression.
Energetic Constraints on the Intertropical Convergence Zone Position in the Observed Seasonal Cycle From Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA‐2)
Authors: Wei Ho‐Hsuan , Bordoni Simona 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIdealized simulations show that the approximate colocation between the ITCZ and the energy flux equator (EFE), which holds on the annual and zonal average, breaks down on subseasonal timescales, as the Hadley cell develops a shallow return flow and negative gross moist stability (GMS). Here, we explore if similar mechanisms are seen in reanalysis data. In the zonal mean, a temporal offset exists between the ITCZ and the EFE as the ITCZ is retreating from the Northern to Southern Hemisphere and the Hadley cell transports energy northward across the equator despite a northward‐shifted ITCZ. At these times, the southern cell has a bottom‐heavy structure, with a distorted cell boundary and northward energy transport. In the Eastern Pacific, while bottom‐heavy structures exist throughout the year, the bottom heaviness is stronger in boreal fall, when GMS is negative, and SSTs are weak while their Laplacian is large and negative below the ITCZ.