bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Molecular Description of a Novel GST Gene in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Ali Hagar Samy , Khaled Amany Soliman , Hamouda Laila Sayed , Ghallab Enas Hamdy 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Repeated exposure to insecticides, particularly pyrethroids and organophosphates, has resulted in the development of insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens, a primary disease vector. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is involved in the phase II detoxification of numerous xenobiotics, including insecticides. In this study, a GST gene (CPIJ002678) was amplified, sequenced, and used in comprehensive molecular analyses ending up in development of a rapid assay to distinguish more tolerant individuals from susceptible Culex pipiens using the Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) technique. Field collected Culex pipiens strains from untreated areas, organophosphates-treated areas and a lab strain reared for many generations, all were used in CDC bottle bioassays to evaluate the susceptibility status of the studied individuals to malathion insecticide. Interestingly, both field sites collected groups showed high levels of resistance at the malathion diagnostic time. Gene amplification, and bidirectional direct sequencing results were analyzed. Compared with the reference genome sequence, the pairwise alignment of the amplified sequences showed 96.6% similarity to the reference sequence in the GenBank database. The confirmed gene sequences were assembled and aligned using various bioinformatic softwares. The assembled contigs were used in NEBcutter V2.0 for constructing restriction maps and checked for the availability of differences (if present) between susceptible and more tolerant strains. Specific molecular RFLP markers were successfully recognized to differentiate the more tolerant from the susceptible Culex pipiens phenotypes.
Qua Objects and Their Limits
Authors: Loets Annina J 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIt is both a matter of everyday experience and a tenet of sociological theory that people often occupy a range of social roles and identities, some of which are associated with mutually incompatible properties. But since nothing could have incompatible properties, it is not clear how this is possible. It has been suggested, notably by Kit Fine (1982, 1999, 2006), that the puzzling relation between a person and their various social roles and identities can be explained by admitting an ontology of social qua objects—objects constituted by, yet distinct from, the persons on which they are based. This article argues that admitting even a rich ontology of such qua objects does not suffice to explain the puzzle cases of interest. Instead, alternative resources are required which, once available, diminish the motivation for adopting an ontology of social qua objects in the first place. The paper concludes by considering whether there remains work for social qua objects in explaining differences in persistence conditions between a person and the social individuals to which they may give rise, but reaches a negative verdict. Social qua objects, if they exist, have little work to do in our theorizing about the relation between a person and their various social roles and identities.
Astronomical masers and Dicke’s superradiance
Authors: Rajabi Fereshteh , Houde Martin 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We consider the radiation properties and processes of a gas with a population inversion using the formalism based on the Maxwell–Bloch equations. We focus on the maser action and Dicke’s superradiance to establish their relationship in the overall radiation process during the temporal evolution of the system as a function of position. We show that the maser action and superradiance are not competing phenomena but are rather complementary and define two distinct limits for the intensity of radiation. Masers characterize the quasi-steady state limit, when the population inversion density and the polarization amplitude vary on time-scales longer than those of non-coherent processes affecting their evolution (e.g. collisions), while superradiance defines the fast transient regime taking place when these conditions are reversed. We show how a transition from a maser regime to superradiance will take place whenever a critical threshold for the column density of the population inversion is reached, at which point a strong level of coherence is established in the system and a powerful burst of radiation can ensue during the transient regime. This critical level also determines the spatial region where a transition from the unsaturated to the saturated maser regimes will take place; superradiance can thus be seen as the intermediary between the two. We also quantify the gain in radiation intensity attained during the superradiance phase relative to the two maser regimes and show how the strong coherence level during superradiance is well suited to explain observations that reveal intense and fast radiation flares in maser-hosting regions.
A non-linear mathematical model for the X-ray variability classes of the microquasar GRS 1915+105 – II. Transition and swaying classes
Authors: Massaro E , Capitanio F , Feroci M , Mineo T , Ardito A , Ricciardi P 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
The complex time evolution in the X-ray light curves of the peculiar black hole binary GRS 1915+105 can be obtained as solutions of a non-linear system of ordinary differential equations derived from the Hindmarsh–Rose model and modified introducing an input function depending on time. In the first paper, assuming a constant input with a superposed white noise, we reproduced light curves of the classes ρ, χ, and δ. We use this mathematical model to reproduce light curves, including some interesting details, of other eight GRS 1915+105 variability classes either considering a variable input function or with small changes of the equation parameters. On the basis of this extended model and its equilibrium states, we can arrange most of the classes in three main types: (i) stable equilibrium patterns (classes ϕ, χ, α″, θ, ξ, and ω) whose light curve modulation follows the same time-scale of the input function, because changes occur around stable equilibrium points; (ii) unstable equilibrium patterns characterized by series of spikes (class ρ) originated by a limit cycle around an unstable equilibrium point; and (iii) transition pattern (classes δ, γ, λ, κ, and α′), in which random changes of the input function induce transitions from stable to unstable regions originating either slow changes or spiking, and the occurrence of dips and red noise. We present a possible physical interpretation of the model based on the similarity between an equilibrium curve and literature results obtained by numerical integrations of slim disc equations.
First Gaia dynamical model of the Milky Way disc with six phase space coordinates: a test for galaxy dynamics
Authors: Nitschai Maria Selina , Cappellari Michele , Neumayer Nadine 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
We construct the first comprehensive dynamical model for the high-quality subset of stellar kinematics of the Milky Way disc, with full 6D phase-space coordinates, provided by the Gaia Data Release 2. We adopt an axisymmetric approximation and use an updated Jeans Anisotropic Modelling (JAM) method, which allows for a generic shape and radial orientation of the velocity ellipsoid, as indicated by the Gaia data, to fit the mean velocities and all three components of the intrinsic velocity dispersion tensor. The Milky Way is the first galaxy for which all intrinsic phase space coordinates are available, and the kinematics are superior to the best integral-field kinematics of external galaxies. This situation removes the long-standing dynamical degeneracies and makes this the first dynamical model highly overconstrained by the kinematics. For these reasons, our ability to fit the data provides a fundamental test for both galaxy dynamics and the mass distribution in the Milky Way disc. We tightly constrain the volume average total density logarithmic slope, in the radial range 3.6–12 kpc, to be αtot = −2.149 ± 0.055 and find that the dark halo slope must be significantly steeper than αDM = −1 (NFW). The dark halo shape is close to spherical and its density is ρDM(R⊙) = 0.0115 ± 0.0020 M⊙ pc−3 (0.437 ± 0.076 GeV cm−3), in agreement with previous estimates. The circular velocity at the solar position vcirc(R⊙) = 236.5 ± 3.1 km s−1 (including systematics) and its gently declining radial trends are also consistent with recent determinations.
Adaptive Introgression across Semipermeable Species Boundaries between Local Helicoverpa zea and Invasive Helicoverpa armigera Moths
Authors: Valencia-Montoya Wendy A , Elfekih Samia , North Henry L , Meier Joana I , Warren Ian A , Tay Wee Tek , Gordon Karl H J , Specht Alexandre , Paula-Moraes Silvana V , Rane Rahul , Walsh Tom K , Jiggins Chris D 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHybridization between invasive and native species has raised global concern, given the dramatic increase in species range shifts and pest outbreaks due to anthropogenic dispersal. Nevertheless, secondary contact between sister lineages of local and invasive species provides a natural laboratory to understand the factors that determine introgression and the maintenance or loss of species barriers. Here, we characterize the early evolutionary outcomes following secondary contact between invasive Helicoverpa armigera and native H. zea in Brazil. We carried out whole-genome resequencing of Helicoverpa moths from Brazil in two temporal samples: during the outbreak of H. armigera in 2013 and 2017. There is evidence for a burst of hybridization and widespread introgression from local H. zea into invasive H. armigera coinciding with H. armigera expansion in 2013. However, in H. armigera, the admixture proportion and the length of introgressed blocks were significantly reduced between 2013 and 2017, suggesting selection against admixture. In contrast to the genome-wide pattern, there was striking evidence for adaptive introgression of a single region from the invasive H. armigera into local H. zea, including an insecticide resistance allele that increased in frequency over time. In summary, despite extensive gene flow after secondary contact, the species boundaries are largely maintained except for the single introgressed region containing the insecticide-resistant locus. We document the worst-case scenario for an invasive species, in which there are now two pest species instead of one, and the native species has acquired resistance to pyrethroid insecticides through introgression.
A quantitative framework for modeling COVID-19 risk during adjuvant therapy using published randomized trials of glioblastoma in the elderly
Authors: Tabrizi Shervin , Trippa Lorenzo , Cagney Daniel , Tanguturi Shyam , Ventz Steffen , Fell Geoffrey , Wen Patrick Y , Alexander Brian M , Rahman Rifaquat 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, contact with the health care system for cancer treatment can increase risk of infection and associated mortality. Treatment recommendations must consider this risk for elderly and vulnerable cancer patients. We reanalyzed trials in elderly glioblastoma (GBM) patients, incorporating COVID-19 risk, in order to provide a quantitative framework for comparing different radiation (RT) fractionation schedules on patient outcomes.

Methods
We extracted individual patient-level data for 1321 patients from Kaplan–Meier curves from 5 randomized trials on treatment of elderly GBM patients including available subanalyses based on O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) methylation status. We simulated trial data with incorporation of COVID-19–associated mortality risk in several scenarios (low, medium, and high infection and mortality risks). Median overall survival and hazard ratios were calculated for each simulation replicate.

Results
Our simulations reveal how COVID-19–associated risks affect survival under different treatment regimens. Hypofractionated RT with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ) demonstrated the best outcomes in low and medium risk scenarios. In frail elderly patients, shorter courses of RT are preferable. In patients with methylated MGMT receiving single modality treatment, TMZ-alone treatment approaches may be an option in settings with high COVID-19–associated risk.

Conclusions
Incorporation of COVID-19–associated risk models into analysis of randomized trials can help guide clinical decisions during this pandemic. In elderly GBM patients, our results support prioritization of hypofractionated RT and highlight the utility of MGMT methylation status in decision making in pandemic scenarios. Our quantitative framework can serve as a model for assessing COVID-19 risk associated with treatment across neuro-oncology.

Key Points
• Re-analysis of randomized controlled trials in COVID-19 era gives insight on optimal treatment of GBM.
• Hypofractionated RT or temozolomide alone may be reasonable options in high risk pandemic settings.
• A quantitative framework incorporating COVID-19 risks can be applied across neuro-oncology.
Gamification and Value Capture
Authors: Nguyen C. Thi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Games work in the medium of agency; this chapter explores the special dangers of that medium. Understanding the value of games will show us why the gamification of ordinary life is problematic. Games can offer us seductive experiences of value clarity. In games, values are clear, and our achievements are usually quantifiable and rankable. We know exactly what we are doing, and why. This is unproblematic, as long as it is confined to the gaming context. But it is quite dangerous to export the expectation for value clarity outside the game. Our larger values are subtle and complex. If we are seduced by a fantasy of value clarity, we will be drawn to oversimplify our values. When we oversimplify our values in ordinary life to induce game-like experiences, we may amplify our motivation, but we will also change the target. And when we expect game-like value clarity in ordinary life, we may be too drawn to institutions and systems that present oversimplified versions of values. This chapter introduces the notion of “value capture.” Value capture occurs when our natural values are subtle, but institutions present us with simplified versions of those values, and then we internalize them. Value capture threatens to undermine our autonomy. But if we don’t manage our experience of games properly, they can make us more vulnerable to value capture. And the attempts to actively gamify ordinary life increase the threat of value capture.
Preserving, Protecting, and Defending Her Legacy (2006–Present)
Authors: Sewell Amanda 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at Wendy Carlos’s legacy in the twenty-first century, focusing on how she tries to stop the digital distribution of her music online and how journalists, scholars, and others choose to represent Carlos. When her music returned to her ownership from East Side Digital, she did not distribute it through any online sources. Through Serendip LLC, Carlos and Annemarie Franklin worked tirelessly to stop people from posting Carlos’s music online without permission. From online forums to newspaper articles to peer-reviewed scholarly works, Carlos’s gender is still the most-discussed aspect of her life, garnering far more attention than her music.
The Virtues of Violence
Authors: Duong Kevin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This book uncovers an unfamiliar vision of political violence that nonetheless prevailed in modern French thought: that through “redemptive violence” the people would not rend but regenerate society. It homes in on invocations of popular redemptive violence across four historical moments in France specifically: the French Revolution, Algeria’s colonization, the Paris Commune, and the eve of the first World War. In each of these cases, the book reveals how French thinkers experienced democratization as social disintegration. Yet, before such danger, they also proclaimed that virtuous violence by the people could repair the social fabric. The path leading from an anarchic multitude to an organized democratic society required, not violence’s prohibition, but its virtuous expression by the people. Understanding this counterintuitive vision of violence in French thought offers a new vantage point on the meaning of modern democracy. It alerts readers to how struggles for democracy do not merely seek justice or a new legal regime but also liberating visions of the social bond.
The Life of a Combat Social Worker
Authors: Yarvis Jeffrey S. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 gives the reader a tour—a kind of ride-a-long or a kind of “see-what-I-see” experience. Much of the chapter is about the combat part of combat social work: What does social work look like outside the wire, downrange, or in combat or other hostile and dangerous battles or threats. This chapter will enable the reader to appreciate the role and experiences of combat social workers, as captured in later autobiographical chapters. However, deployments are time-limited (7–15 months, as a rule), and most of the time spent as a military social worker is in garrison (i.e., base camp with offices, often a behavioral health clinic or the social work department at a military hospital). This is where and how most members of the military receive their mental health treatment—conducted by military social workers. This is discussed in Chapter 2.
The Journey of Serving as an Army Reserve Social Worker
Authors: DeCoster Vaughn A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the author describes how and why he joined the U.S. Army and became a social worker officer, commanding a combat stress team in Baghdad during the surge of 2006–2007. He explains the lessons learned from a combat deployment, providing mental health services to military and civilian personnel in theater, and working with veterans adjusting to life back home in the United States. The author also discusses the emotional strain and costs of doing trauma work—that selfless service is fine but not very realistic in an intense environment; that establishing rapport quickly under stressful conditions is important; and that some wars are unwinnable or not worth the human costs. Finally, the author describes postcombat readjustment and the role of community resources like the Department of Veteran’s Affairs Vet Center.
Triumph Over Adversity
Authors: Atkins Christopher Lee 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Like other chapters, the author takes the reader on a journey of a combat social worker beginning in his childhood as the son of a Vietnam veteran with severe PTSD. With the valuable lessons learned from his father’s mental health treatment journey with the help of the early 1980s Vet Centers. The author shares his life experiences and lessons gleaned from a career as a trauma therapist and finally a 16-year career as an Army social worker, including lessons from Iraq combat tour and the Army’s comprehensive soldier fitness program. Research-based theories, books, and interventions are described critical to healing PTSD and empowering the holistic well-being of today’s service members. The author, currently an Army lieutenant colonel behavioral health officer concludes with a call for reinforcements due to increasing attrition of combat social workers, and the corresponding traits and mindset required for this dynamic career opportunity in today’s military mental health community.
Conclusion
Authors: Denton Melinda Lundquist , Flory Richard 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The concluding chapter has four related aims. First, the authors present an overview of all the previous chapters, providing in a concise format the major contours of the religious and spiritual lives of emerging adults. Second, the authors take the major findings and use them to think about how young people are constructing their own religious/spiritual perspectives and to address the question of religious return for those who have left religion. Third, the authors revisit the concept of Moralistic Therapeutic Deism, which was first presented in Soul Searching, asking how this has changed from these young people’s teenage years to where they are as emerging adults. Finally, the chapter raises several questions related to the future of religion both for these emerging adults and for religious institutions.
Drugs for the Tengatenga, 1861–1919
Authors: Messac Luke 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 draws a link between the conscription of hundreds of thousands of Nyasaland’s Africans into the British military’s carrier service during the First World War and the first efforts to provide some measure of government health care to rural colonial subjects during the 1920s. Prewar colonial civilian medical care was poor. During the First World War, hundreds of thousands of Africans were forcibly conscripted into the British war effort. For the most part, this experience consisted of brutal and often deadly labor. However, the experience of even threadbare medical care during the war years did lead to calls for better civilian government health facilities during the 1920s.
A Freedom to Die For, 1964–1982
Authors: Messac Luke 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores the place of public-sector medicine in President Hastings Kamuzu Banda’s ideology of social protection in post-colonial Malawi. In the midst of internecine strife with his cabinet soon after independence, Banda abandoned health-care user fees, provided free food to hospital inpatients and promised new medical facilities. Later, Banda disregarded international advisers by refusing to promote contraception. Though some commentators attributed this policy to Banda’s conservatism, birth control also ran counter to his regime’s carefully constructed symbolism of abundance. Malawi’s government was not unique in opposing outside efforts at population control, but Banda’s ideology, which invoked what anthropologists of the 1970s called “wealth-in-people,” made birth control particularly unacceptable. Banda also made grand displays of his government’s new hospitals. While he would not devote significant domestic resources to health, he mobilized funds from external donors, particularly governments facing their own crises of legitimacy. While Banda did not consider health a priority, his reliance on symbols of abundance, health and fertility left him vulnerable to critique and compelled him to direct a modicum of resources toward public sector health facilities and to keep care at those facilities free of charge.
Reordering International Order
Authors: Lascurettes Kyle M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 (“Reordering International Order”) reviews the pitfalls of existing conceptions of international order before arguing that order is best conceptualized not as particular material, institutional, or normative environments but instead as the presence of a set of observed rules in world politics. It then returns to the primary empirical focus of the book, dominant-actor preferences for international order. After justifying this focus on the most powerful polities, it more precisely defines dominant actors and moments of order change opportunity and identifies a universe of cases for potential study. It then introduces the nine cases to be studied in chapters 4 through 8 and justifies a focus on these historical periods in particular.