bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Sequenced and Team Approach to Surface Anatomy Education in Physical Therapy in Preparation for Clinical Practice and Collaborative Care
Authors: Topp Kimberly 
Published: April 2020

A deep understanding of anatomy is foundational in the clinical practice of physical therapy, and is key to discovery and scholarly work in movement sciences. Similar to several other health science professions, education of the physical therapist begins with prerequisite coursework in an undergraduate program, continues with doctoral‐level courses in a graduate program, and often post‐licensure residency or fellowship training. Anatomy and physiology are prerequisites for many DPT programs, and anatomy is included in the required elements for accreditation of DPT programs, residencies and fellowships. Surface anatomy is foundational for clinical work in physical therapy and is honed over years of practice.In the DPT curriculum, surface anatomy is incorporated into early courses in gross anatomy and skills acquisition, including training in goniometry and assessment of muscle strength and vital signs. Surface anatomy continues into advanced gross anatomy courses and education in physical examination, neuromusculoskeletal assessment, and movement science. Early on, students identify bony landmarks, arterial pulses and muscle bulk, similar to early learners in medical curricula. As they progress, DPT students learn to observe subtle contours and shadows, identify muscle weaknesses and joint restrictions through observation of movement, assess muscle contraction and tendon motion using ultrasound imaging, and palpate delicate superficial nerves, millimeter differences in joint motion, and directional restrictions in layers of fascia.Licensed physical therapists gain additional knowledge of anatomy through continuing education courses, residency and fellowship training. Courses may include advanced training in such areas as pelvic health, oncological care, prosthetics, or vestibular rehabilitation. Residencies and fellowships enable clinical specialization, such as in pediatrics, orthopedics or cardiopulmonary care. Each of these courses and specialty certifications includes advanced training in surface observation of underlying anatomy.In this talk, Dr. Topp will describe a sequenced approach to surface anatomy education in physical therapy, and how surface anatomy is used in clinical physical therapy. As budding experts in anatomy, students in physical therapy may provide guidance in surface anatomy for physicians in training, and the talk will include examples of near‐peer learning of surface anatomy and case‐based musculoskeletal examinations.Support or Funding InformationNo funding was required.
‘It All Begins with the Outside of the Body, with a Person Wrapped in Their Own Skin’: How to Make Surface Anatomy a Central Part of a Curriculum
Authors: Tunstall Richard 
Published: April 2020

The majority of patient examinations and interventions within a healthcare setting rely on the use of surface anatomy; why, therefore, do so many of the courses used to train healthcare practitioners place little emphasis on ensuring proficiency, or indeed mastery, in the surface landmarking and localisation relevant to safe practice? Despite the regularity with which it is used in practice, surface anatomy is often treated as a second‐class relation to gross anatomy, as an add‐on component that students will figure out for themselves via logical deduction. To further add to the issue, many current texts present outdated descriptions of surface anatomy and fail to recognise that there is a range of normal positions within which structures may sit.Arguably, surface anatomy should form one of the core components of any clinical anatomy and medical imaging curriculum for healthcare practitioners and all graduating practitioners should be able to consistently locate and visualise structures relevant to their practice via the skin. This presentation will discuss a range of techniques, methods and resources that have be used to enable surface anatomy to become an explicit and central part of undergraduate and postgraduate training, and will highlight the challenges and outcomes of implementing such an approach.
Comparative Anatomy and Histology Reveal the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) Exhibits Regenerative Capacity of the Tail
Authors: Xu Cindy , Palade Joanna , Fisher Rebecca E. , Smith Cameron I. , Clark Andrew R. , Sampson Samuel , Bourgeois Russell , Rawls Alan , Elsey Ruth M. , Wilson-Rawls Jeanne , Kusumi Kenro 
Published: April 2020

Reptiles are the only amniotes that maintain the capacity to lose and regrow entire appendages. Among reptiles, tail regeneration has been extensively studied in Lepidosauria, the subclass that includes lizards, but this study presents the first anatomical and histological evidence of tail regeneration in an archosaur, the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). All animals were wild caught juveniles or sub‐adults with an average total body length of 133.4±29.2cm (n=3). Although the duration of tail regrowth is unknown, the average length of the regenerated tail was 15.7±7.3cm. The regenerated tail was externally distinct from the original tail. The scales were compacted and lacked organization as well as dorsal scutes. Gross dissection, radiographs, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the caudal vertebrae were replaced by a ventrally‐positioned, unsegmented endoskeleton. This contrasts with lepidosaurs, where the regenerated tail is radially organized around a central endoskeleton, but shares commonality with urodele amphibians that regrow a tail with a clear dorsal‐ventral axis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that this alligator structure was composed of cartilage, which formed a hollow rod with foramina distributed along the proximal‐distal axis. Furthermore, in contrast to the original tail, the regenerated tail lacked skeletal muscle and instead featured adipose and fibrous connective tissue supplied by a dense network of newly established axons and blood vessels. Despite substantial regrowth of the tail, the deposition of extensive connective tissue is reminiscent of mammalian wound healing or fibrosis. Using Herovici’s stain, it was shown that the regenerated tail is composed of both type I and type III collagen fibers. The lack of muscle contrasts with the lepidosaurs, which regrow functional skeletal muscle groups, but shares similarities with regenerated limbs in Xenopus adult frogs, which have a cartilaginous endoskeleton surrounded by connective tissue, but lacking skeletal muscle. Overall, this study of regeneration in the alligator identifies a distinct pattern of regrowth with features in common with lepidosaurs, amphibia, and wound repair in mammals. Further analysis will help to shed light on the conservation of regeneration in amniote vertebrates.Support or Funding InformationThis work was funded by the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences at Arizona State University to KK.
Ras activates the first step of GPI anchor biosynthesis in Candida albicans
Authors: SETHI SUBHASH CHANDRA , JAIN PRIYANKA , PRATYUSHA VAVILALA A. , GARAI PRAMITA , NAQVI NILOFER , SINGH SONALI , PURI NITI , KOMATH SNEHA SUDHA 
Published: April 2020

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis is a multi‐step pathway found in all eukaryotes. GPI anchored proteins are involved in a variety of functions like adhesion, host cell attachment, invasion and biofilm formation in Candida albicans, a human pathogenic fungus. The first and committed step of the pathway i.e., transfer of GlcNAc from UDP‐GlcNAc to phosphatidylinositol (PI) to form GlcNAc‐PI, involves an enzyme complex (GPI‐GnT) of six subunits viz. CaGpi1, CaGpi2, CaGpi3, CaGpi15, CaGpi19 and CaEri1. A cross‐talk exists between GPI anchor biosynthesis, Ras signaling and ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans, in which CaGPI2 controls hyphal morphogenesis through CaRAS1 while CaGPI19 seems to regulate azole drug response via co‐regulation of CaERG11. Interestingly, both CaGPI2 and CaGPI19 also negatively regulate each other. Further investigations on how Ras signaling cross‐talks with GPI biosynthesis in C. albicans suggest that Ras activates GPI‐GnT activity, which runs counter to what is reported in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Out of the two Ras proteins of Candida albicans, CaRas1 alone activates the GPI‐GnT activity. Different forms of CaRas1 too can activate the GPI‐GnT in vivo. This evidence is further strengthened by the fact that CaRas1 physically interacts with CaGpi2, as evidenced by FRET. Furthermore, CaGpi2 appears to be important for virulence since a heterozygous mutant of CaGPI2 is unable to kill macrophage cells and the mutant is more susceptible for macrophage‐mediated killing. Current work is focused on identifying the domains of interaction between CaGpi2 and CaRas1. Understanding this interaction will enable us to target any or both of these molecules to control the virulence of this pathogen.Support or Funding InformationSSK received funding from Department of Science and Technology (DST) India Grant SB/SO/BB‐011/2014 and an umbrella grant to the School of Life Sciences from the DST under Promotion of University research and Scientific Excellence Grant DST PURSE No. SR/PURSE/PHASE 2/11 (C), and Department of Biotechnology (DBT) India Grant BT/PR3749/BRB/10/986/2011. SCS received Junior and Senior Research Fellowships from University Grants Commission (UGC), India.
Pharmacological Modulation of Akt‐dependent Activation of eNOS/NO in Airway Cells
Authors: Gopallawa Indiwari , Lee Robert J 
Published: April 2020

RationaleCa2+/calmodulin activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). However, other pathway(s) by which eNOS is activated is less studied in the airway cells. We hypothesized protein kinase B/Akt plays a role in the activation of eNOS and subsequent nitric oxide (NO) production.MethodsTo test if Akt activator SC79 activates Akt, A549 a type II alveolar epithelial cell‐line was transfected with a FRET‐based AktAR sensor and were treated with SC79 (10μg/ml). Cells were treated with SC79 ± phosphoinositide‐3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002(10μg/ml) and were harvested for Western blotting to detect phospho(p)‐eNOS. To test the production of NO, airway cells were loaded with DAF‐FM (5μM) ± eNOS inhibitor L‐NAME (10μM) and were stimulated with SC79. To test if SC79 might be protective against cadmium‐induced barrier functions and inflammation, cells were treated with cadmium( 100μM) or TNF‐α (0.1μg/ml) ± SC79 followed by Western blotting to measure tight junction protein (TJ) Zonula occluden (ZO‐1) and qPCR to measure IL‐8.ResultsLive cell imaging data show a significant increase in Akt activity (p<0.001) with SC79. AKT‐activation increased p‐eNOS via PI3K. Further, NO was induced with SC79 and was blocked by L‐NAME. Cadmium‐induced reduction in ZO‐1 protein levels and TNF‐α induced IL‐8 were both reversed by SC79.ConclusionOur preliminary data suggest that Akt plays a role in phosphorylating eNOS and NO production in airway cells. Further, Akt activators such as SC79 reversed IL‐8 and induced TJ proteins like ZO‐1. Future work will be directed towards testing the downstream mechanisms of eNOS/NO with Akt activators in patient‐derived primary airway cells.Support or Funding InformationR01DC016309, R21AI137484
Mechanisms of Altered Bile Acid Homeostasis in Offspring Exposed to Maternal Obesogenic Diet
Authors: Thompson Michael D. , Kang Jisue , Hinrichs Holly , Derse Alaina , Ferey Jeremie , Xie Yan , Moley Kelle , Tarr Phil , Davidson Nicholas 
Published: April 2020

BackgroundNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately one‐quarter of the global population with increasing prevalence in the pediatric population. There is currently no standard medical therapy and no diagnostic study capable of predicting which patients will develop severe disease. Recent evidence in both humans and animal models show that maternal obesity is a risk factor for the development of NAFLD and progression to NASH. We have shown in a murine model of maternal obesity the offspring develop periportal fibrosis and inflammation with associated changes in bile acid (BA) homeostasis. In this study we define the mechanisms of changes in BA homeostasis.MethodsFemale C57Bl6 mice were fed chow (CON) or HF/HS diet for 6 weeks to induce obesity and bred with lean males. Offspring were fed chow diet from the time of weaning until tissue collection. BA pool size and levels of specific intrahepatic bile acid species were measured. RT‐PCR was performed to evaluate gene expression of factors involved in bile acid metabolism and signaling. 16S sequencing was performed for evaluation of offspring microbiome. Levels of stool BAs were quantified and timed BA excretion performed.ResultsOffspring from the maternal HF/HS (mHF/HS) lineage exhibited an increase in total BA pool size with associated changes in expression of genes involved in bile acid metabolism (increased Cyp7a1, Cyp27a1). Measurement of specific bile acids in liver showed a shift in the intrahepatic BA pool composition (decreased deoxycholic acid, increased muricholic acid) in offspring from the mHF/HS lineage. Decreased BA excretion was observed in mHF/HS lineage offspring. Fecal microbiome analysis showed a decrease in alpha diversity and shifts in the abundance of particular phyla (increased Bacteroidetes, decreased Proteobacteria) and genera (increased Barnesiella, decreased Clostridium). Measurement of cecal BA levels showed an increase in abundance of muricholic acid (FXR antagonist) and a decrease in abundance of deoxycholic acid (FXR agonist) in mHF/HS lineage offspring.ConclusionsMaternal HF/HS diet exposure leads to pathologic changes in the offspring including periportal fibrosis and inflammation, which is associated with changes in BA homeostasis. Several factors are involved in the BA homeostasis changes including BA metabolism and excretion. Vertical transmission of gut dysbiosis may be a primary factor in driving changes in BA homeostasis in offspring exposed to maternal obesogenic diet.
Four Weeks of Acute Intermittent Fasting Enhances Body Composition and Decreases Stress Levels in Healthy Individuals: A Pilot Study
Authors: Bains Gurinder , Moh Michael , Lohman Everett , Daher Noha , Silver Sasha , Zamora Francis , Berk Lee 
Published: April 2020

IntroductionThe obesity epidemic affects nearly 78 million adults in the United States. Weight loss and improvement of body composition through physical activity and dietary modifications, can help decrease the risk for obesity‐related disease. Weight management programs are numerous, with an estimated 45 million Americans undertaking a diet each year. There are several different types of diets: such as those that emphasize consumption or an increase/decrease in protein, carbohydrates, fat, or amount of total daily calories. A novel, modified alternative method to caloric restriction is Intermittent Fasting.PurposeTo determine the acute effect of four weeks of Intermittent Fasting on body composition, stress levels, sleep quality, and quality of life.MethodsSixteen participants, 9 males and 7 females, with mean age 34.0 ± 11.7 years, completed a four‐week session of Intermittent Fasting. Participants were excluded if they had Diabetes or Metabolic Syndrome. The participants fasted for 16 hours from the time of their last meal of the evening to the start of their first meal the following day. Once the fast was broken, the participants were required to consume their normal daily caloric intake within an 8‐hour period, with no requirements on the number of meals. Participants did not make changes to their activity levels throughout the four weeks. Body composition was determined using the InBody 770 (InBody USA, Cerritos, CA). The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Cohen Perceived Stress Scale were administered to determine sleep quality and self‐awareness of stress levels. Quality of Life was assessed using the 36‐Item Short Form Survey Instrument.ResultsFollowing four weeks of Intermittent Fasting, there were significant reductions in mean body fat percentage (26.2±2.5 vs. 25.4±2.5, p=0.01), visceral fat (cm2) (98.2±15.3 vs. 94.1±15.6, p=0.003), body fat mass (lbs) (47.5±6.6 vs. 46.2±6.9, p= 0.02), trunk fat (lbs) (25.2±3.5 vs. 24.2±3.5, p=0.001) and stress levels (14.1±1.9 vs. 11.0±1.4, p=0.03). There were no significant acute changes in sleep quality and overall quality of life.ConclusionIntermittent Fasting can be an effective option to help lower body fat and more importantly visceral fat. This in turn, could potentially aid in decreasing obesity‐related diseases. Our pilot study demonstrated potential health related benefits from an acute Intermittent Fasting program that could be incorporated into whole person wellness programs. Further research is needed to expand these positive findings over different time segments.
Building a Community of Practice for the Assessment of Biomolecular Visual Literacy
Authors: Procko Kristen , Beckham Josh T. , Dean Diane M. , Dries Dan R. , Engelman Shelly , Franzen Margaret A. , Jakubowski Henry , Novak Walter R.P. , Porter Sandra , Roberts Rebecca , Roca Alberto I. , Shor Audrey C. 
Published: April 2020

The ability to understand, interpret, and create molecular images is a critical learning objective in biochemistry and molecular biology courses. Yet biomolecular visualization skills are rarely explicitly taught. Over a two‐year period, the BioMolViz group organized seven one‐day workshops to explore and establish best practices for the generation, revision, and finalization of biomolecular visualization (BMV) assessments. Our process utilizes a BMV framework (biomolviz.org) to build targeted assessments that address specific learning goals and objectives. We then revise the assessments through a peer review process and integrate a final analysis of images for accessibility to those who are colorblind. Although there is a wealth of information to guide the creation of multiple‐choice questions, we have found that there are few resources for the generation and evaluation of other types of assessments. For example, BMV assessments are more likely to be open‐ended and specifically target molecular visualization skills (e.g. require the student to create an image of DNA or identify a structural feature on a given image of a protein). We invite participants to help us address this gap and refine our method for generating assessments by attending our upcoming three‐day NSF‐funded summer workshops. Activities will include revising existing assessments and creating instruments of interest to new participants. In addition to producing high‐quality BMV assessments aligned with the framework, these workshops will offer a unique professional development for instructors interested in promoting visual literacy by building a community of practice for the instruction of BMV skills.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation under award numbers DUE‐1022793, ‐1323414, ‐1503811, IUSE‐1712268, and RCN‐UBE‐1920270. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Metabolic Reconstruction and Modeling From Sequenced Genomes
Authors: Karp Peter D. , Caspi Ron , Ong Wai Kit 
Published: April 2020

We present new developments in the bioinformatics algorithms that reconstruct the metabolic network of an organism from its sequenced genome, and that convert that metabolic network into a quantitative metabolic model. These algorithms are implemented in the Pathway Tools software. The Pathway Tools metabolic reconstruction process begins with an annotated genome; its first step infers the subset of metabolic reactions in the MetaCyc database that are catalyzed by enzymes within the genome. Reactome inference is based on the enzyme name and/or EC numbers within the genome annotation. The second step uses the inferred reactome to infer the subset of MetaCyc metabolic pathways present in the organism using a pathway scoring algorithm. Recent improvements to these algorithms are based on a large increase in the number of EC numbers in recent years, growth in the reaction (+30%) and pathway (+22%) content of the MetaCyc database, and development of a new pathway scoring algorithm that makes use of key reactions that must be either present or absent, and pathway taxonomic range information. The resulting metabolic reconstruction is available in the form of a Pathway/Genome Database (PGDB) that can be queried and visualized via an extensive set of online tools. The BioCyc.org website contains such PGDBs for 14,700 organisms.The MetaFlux component of Pathway Tools enables creation and execution of quantitative steady‐state metabolic flux models. Several steps are used to refine a PGDB to a quantitative steady‐state metabolic flux model. First, we must identify a set of nutrients that support growth of the organism, and we must identify a set of biomass metabolites that form the molecular building blocks of the organism. Next we ensure that the reactome within the PGDB can synthesize each of the biomass metabolites from the provided nutrients. Often the reactome contains gaps due to incompleteness in the genome annotation. We present a new taxonomic gap‐filling algorithm with significantly improved accuracy: when evaluated on randomly degraded variants of the Escherichia coli metabolic model, it shows an average F1 score of 99.0, compared to 91.0 for the previous Pathway Tools gap filler, and compared to 80.3 for a basic gap filler. Once gaps have been filled in the reaction network, MetaFlux can execute the model, using flux‐balance analysis to compute flux rates for all reactions in the model. Those fluxes can be interpreted by visualizing them on a whole‐organism metabolic network diagram. MetaFlux can also simulate the effects of single and double‐gene knock‐out mutants on the model. And MetaFlux can execute groups of models that simulate the growth of organism communities.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the National Institutes of Health under grants GM080746 and GM075742. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
GlycoSense&[trade]: A Flow Cytometry‐Based Technology for Rapid and Simplified Glycan Profiling
Authors: Saunders Matthew , Woods Robert J. , Yang Loretta 
Published: April 2020

Lectenz Bio has developed an innovative technology called GlycoSense™ that detects binding between glycans and glycan‐specific reagents that are conjugated to spectrally‐unique beads. By combining the individual bead‐based reagents into a multiplex array, a profile of key glycan features can be obtained in a few minutes on a basic cytometer after an incubation step. We illustrate the performance of the method using glycoprotein standards and demonstrate its utility by monitoring changes in terminal glycosylation and linkages upon treatment with glycoenzymes. The GlycoSense™ approach addresses the unmet need for a rapid and robust tool to analyze protein glycosylation. In addition to established carbohydrate‐detection reagents such as antibodies and lectins, this approach can employ the engineered proteins (known as Lectenz®) developed by Lectenz Bio.Support or Funding InformationNIH U01CA221213, R43GM123863