bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sourcing Intimate Histories
Authors: Hardwick Julie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The histories of intimate lives have proven very elusive, but a rich series of long misunderstood legal documents offers an informative window into the social world of young workers. Understanding the long, complex history of their misrepresentation uncovers a trove brimming with evidence. Young women’s paternity suits, usually mischaracterized as pregnancy declarations (déclarations de grossesse), provide a thick vein of evidence about all aspects of young couples’ intimacy. The testimonies of witnesses provide a granular texture about their experiences, and young women sometimes deposited as evidence other material that is almost never extant for working communities in the form of letters, love notes, and out-of-court settlements. They reveal the material culture of intimacy.
“Weirdness in the West”
Authors: Skillen James R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Unlike the Sagebrush Rebellion, which remained largely regional, the War for the West enjoyed national support through a conservative infrastructure of media, think tanks, public interest law firms, foundations, advocacy organizations, and militias. Frustrations over federal land management were knit into a broader, civil religious story of the American paradise lost, in which the federal government was portrayed as a tyrant bent on trampling the US Constitution, particularly Bill of Rights. The War for the West was led by the mainstream Wise Use Movement, which linked property rights to gun rights and religious freedom, and by the more extreme militia movement, driven by dark conspiracy theories and a profound antagonism toward the federal government. In the Republican Revolution, led by Newt Gingrich, the Republican Party struggled to hold together these mainstream and extreme factions to gain and retain power. This further integrated conservative, Western anger with federal land management into national politics.
“The Revolution was . . . Weird”
Authors: Skillen James R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the Bunkerville standoff, Cliven Bundy initially served as a symbol of a conservative American under attack by a runaway government. Two years later, Ammon Bundy and Ryan Bundy joined with a number of militia members in an offensive operation to take back federal land in Oregon, ostensibly for “we the people.” The Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Occupation showed how far the Patriot Movement would go in challenging federal authority, and it showed the insurrectionist tendency in the Patriot Movement’s civil religious constitutionalism. It also showed the limits of conservative support. In this case, the occupiers said that they went to the Malheur refuge to defend the people of Harney County, but most of them were from out of state, and they repeatedly ignored requests to leave from county officials. The occupation ended with one fatality and numerous arrests, but the federal government’s prosecution largely failed in court.
Why the Prison-Boom Generation?
Authors: Zimring Franklin E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the issue of what aspects of criminal law and policy had such concentrated impact in the generation after 1970, when prison populations multiplied. There were no aspects of substantive law that seem to explain the pattern, but two operational features and incentives in state and local criminal process might have jointly sparked the explosion. The focus of prosecutors on statistics on convictions and punishments as measures of their adversarial effectiveness started in the 1970s. This focus appears to have combined with the perverse “free lunch” feature of state governments in which county governments, which have most of the power to determine prison terms, pay none of the costs of imprisonment. The reporting systems increased the desire for more substantial punishment, and the total lack of cost to local government inhibited restraint in penal growth.
The Oklahoma State Constitution
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , McNair Palmer Lisa 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In 1907, William Jennings Bryan described the proposed constitution for Oklahoma as “the best constitution in the United States today.” An enduring characteristic of Oklahoma’s constitution has been its faith in direct democracy and its root in Progressive Era politics. This book traces the historical formation and constitutional development of the state of Oklahoma. It provides commentary and analysis on the intent, politics, social and economic pressures, and the legal decisions that shaped and enhanced the Oklahoma constitution since it was adopted in 1907. The text gives a broad understanding of state constitutional law within the context of Oklahoma’s constitutional evolution.
The History and Development of the Oklahoma Constitution
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the history and development of the Oklahoma constitution. Once Oklahoma Territory was opened to settlement by whites, there were cries for statehood. But what about Indian Territory? On June 16, 1906, Congress passed the Oklahoma Enabling Act, providing for single statehood for the Twin Territories. Commissions were then created for each of the territories to form districts for the election of delegates to the state’s constitutional convention. Most of the writing of the constitution was done from November 20, 1906, to adjournment on March 15, 1907. Subsequently, the date set for voting on ratification of the proposed constitution was September 17, 1907; the constitution was easily approved. A separate vote on Prohibition for what had been Indian Territory narrowly passed. Although Oklahoma’s constitution was viewed at the time as one of the most progressive in the nation, few of its provisions were innovative. What was “innovative” about the constitution was its eclectic design. The drafters borrowed from many sources, but mostly they borrowed progressive ideas, and by combining so many provisions in one document, they did create a rather unique document. The chapter then compares Oklahoma’s constitution with other state constitutions.
Court on the Judiciary
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies Article VII-A of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the court on the judiciary. Section 1 provides for the removal of judges from office and compulsory retirement, and their causes. As long as the standards used are constitutionally permissible and due process is followed, the state may exclude from public employment people—and presumably judges—whose unfitness and unsuitability bears a rational relationship to qualifications for the position in question. Section 2 provides for the creation, membership, and jurisdiction of the court on the judiciary, which is divided into a trial division and an appellate division. Meanwhile, Section 6 attempts to restrict partial or prejudiced judges from presiding over an action before the court on the judiciary, and allows the payment of an expense allowance to district judges serving outside their districts. Prosecutors are to receive “fair and just” compensation.
Education
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses Article XIII of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns education. Section 1 mandates establishment and maintenance of a public school system but does not guarantee an equal educational opportunity in the sense of equal expenditures of money for each and every pupil in the state. Section 2 states that “the Legislature shall provide for the establishment and support of institutions for the care and education of persons within the state who are deaf, deaf and mute, or blind.” Meanwhile, Section 3—which was entitled “Separate Schools for White and Colored Children”—was repealed on May 3, 1966. Section 4 states that “the Legislature shall provide for the compulsory attendance at some public or other school, unless other means of education are provided.” Section 5 grants power to the State Board of Education to supervise the instruction in public schools. Section 6 provides for the establishment of a uniform system of textbooks to be used in the public schools, making it clear that the books must be free to students.
Counties
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Article XVII of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns counties. Section 1 states that “each county in this State, now or hereafter organized, shall be a body politic and corporate.” The term “body politic and corporate” refers to a social compact or agreement by which the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all will be governed by certain laws for their common good. Section 4 and Section 5 provide for the creation and alteration of counties. Meanwhile, Section 6 determines the procedure for the removal of a county seat, and Section 7 deals with bribery. Section 8 identifies and describes every county.
Alien and Corporate Ownership of Lands
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes Article XXII of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns alien and corporate ownership of lands. Section 1 provides that an alien or person who is not a citizen of the United States may not directly or indirectly gain legal title to or own land in Oklahoma. An alien, however, who can show he or she has taken up bona fide (or genuine) residence in Oklahoma may acquire and hold lands during the time he or she actually resides in Oklahoma. If that resident alien ceases to be a bona fide inhabitant of Oklahoma, then he or she must dispose of those lands within five years from the time he or she is no longer a resident of the state. Meanwhile, Section 2 prevents land companies from buying rural land and prevents private corporations from buying more rural land than is necessary and proper for their operation. This provision is meant to encourage private rural home ownership.
Department of Wildlife Conservation
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article XXVI of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the Department of Wildlife Conservation. Section 1 provides for the creation and membership of a Department of Wildlife Conservation of the State of Oklahoma and an Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation Commission. Section 2 states that “nothing in this Act shall repeal any existing laws now on the Statute, pertaining to game and fish.” Section 3 focuses on the appointment of the director of Wildlife Conservation, who has the power to govern the department. The legislature may not interfere with his or her authority by, for instance, imposing salary increases, because such legislative action would impermissibly encroach on the director’s authority. Lastly, Section 4 sets forth the requirement that funds accumulating from the commission’s actions and existence are to be used for the benefit of Oklahoma’s wildlife.
Alcoholic Beverage Laws and Enforcement
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article XXVIII of the Oklahoma constitution. This article concerns alcoholic beverage laws and enforcement. However, this article was repealed by State Question No. 792, Legislative Referendum 370, adopted at election held on November 8, 2016, enacting new provisions effective on October 1, 2018. This marked a significant change in the state’s laws regarding alcohol. The provisions were amended by a wide margin of voters and contained provisions allowing grocery stores and convenience stores to sell full-strength beer and wine seven days per week. The amendments to these provisions are detailed in Article XXVIII-A of the Oklahoma constitution.
Schedule
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter details the forty-three sections of the “Schedule.” The purpose of this is to enable the government to operate in the interim between the change from the territorial governments to the new state government. The provisions are self-explanatory and have no present importance. Section 1 states that “no existing rights, actions, suits, proceedings, contracts, or claims shall be affected by the change in the forms of government, but all shall continue as if no change in the forms of government had taken place. And all processes which may have been issued previous to the admission of the State into the Union under the authority of the Territory of Oklahoma or under the authority of the laws in force in the Indian Territory shall be as valid as if issued in the name of the State.” Meanwhile, Section 2 provides that “all laws in force in the Territory of Oklahoma at the time of the admission of the State into the Union, which are not repugnant to this Constitution, and which are not locally inapplicable, shall be extended to and remain in force in the State of Oklahoma until they expire by their own limitation or are altered or repealed by law.”
The Battle of the Classics
Authors: Adler Eric 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Battle of the Classics criticizes contemporary apologetics for the humanities and presents a historically informed case for a decidedly different approach to rescuing the humanistic disciplines in American higher education. It uses the so-called Battle of the Classics of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as a springboard for crafting a novel foundation for the humanistic tradition. The book argues that current defences of the humanities rely on the humanistic disciplines as inculcators of certain poorly defined skills such as “critical thinking.” It finds fault with this conventional approach, arguing that humanists cannot hope to save their disciplines without arguing in favor of particular humanities content. As the lackluster defenses of the classical humanities in the late nineteenth century help prove, instrumental apologetics are bound to fail. All the same, the book shows that proponents of the Great Books favor a curriculum that is too intellectually narrow for the twenty-first century. The Battle of the Classics thus lays out a substance-based approach to undergraduate education that will revive the humanities while steering clear of overreliance on the Western canon. The book envisions a global humanities based on the examination of masterworks from manifold cultures as the heart of an intellectually and morally sound education.
Wicked Artists
Authors: Harold James 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter takes up the problem of immoral artists, as well as related questions, like immoral production. When an artist commits great crimes, some are tempted to treat the art itself as though it were also tainted. The question is whether this is the right thing to do. This chapter argues that the question can be approached in two ways. First, the chapter considers the possibility that works by bad artists are in themselves morally bad. It argues that this view is plausible in only a small number of cases. Second, the chapter considers the possibility that communities around bad artists are tainted by the artist’s bad actions. It defends this view against objections. The primary conclusion is that we should not, for the most part, think of works themselves as being moral or immoral because their creators are.
Art and Moral Understanding
Authors: Harold James 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter takes up the question of whether we might gain moral knowledge from art. The first section takes up arguments in favor of the cognitive benefits of art. It concludes that the case for art’s cognitive benefits is at best unproven. The second section takes up the question of whether trying to gain moral understanding is the best way to engage with art. It argues that it is more fruitful to think of artworks as offering us moral themes to consider than as offering us moral claims to believe. The chapter then turns to a variety of non-propositional approaches, as well as the possibility that art corrupts or degrades our moral understanding, and it argues that the case for this depressing conclusion is at least as strong as the case for thinking that art enriches moral understanding. The upshot is that the case for moral learning from art is weak.
From Relativism to Expressivism
Authors: Harold James 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter begins with a relativist challenge: it is not clear that every philosophical tradition recognizes a clear distinction between aesthetics and morality. The chapter includes a discussion of ancient Greek, classical Chinese, and Yoruban conceptions of the relationship between moral and aesthetic judgment, as well as some familiar relativist arguments. Then it develops Alain Locke’s response to the relativist challenge: an expressivist account of different modes of valuing. Finally, the chapter draws on Wang Yangming to make an argument about the link between feeling and value. The chapter concludes that expressivism explains the variation in value at least as well as relativism does.
Meddling in the Ballot Box
Authors: Levin Dov H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This book examines why partisan electoral interventions occur as well as their effects on the election results in countries in which the great powers intervened. A new dataset shows that the U.S. and the USSR/Russia have intervened in one out of every nine elections between 1946 and 2000 in other countries in order to help or hinder one of the candidates or parties; the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections is just the latest example. Nevertheless, electoral interventions receive scant scholarly attention. This book develops a new theoretical model to answer both questions. It argues that electoral interventions are usually “inside jobs,” occurring only if a significant domestic actor within the target wants it. Likewise, electoral interventions won’t happen unless the intervening country fears its interests are endangered by another significant party or candidate with very different and inflexible preferences. As for the effects it argues that such meddling usually gives a significant boost to the preferred side, with overt interventions being more effective than covert ones in this regard. However, unlike in later elections, electoral interventions in founding elections usually harm the aided side. A multi-method framework is used in order to study these questions, including in-depth archival research into six cases in which the U.S. seriously considered intervening, the statistical analysis of the aforementioned dataset (PEIG), and a micro-level analysis of election surveys from three intervention cases. It also includes a preliminary analysis of the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections and the cyber-future of such meddling in general.
Delving In
Authors: Levin Dov H. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 continues the analysis of the effects of partisan electoral interventions by focusing on the local intervened election level—another method frequently utilized in order to estimate the effects of various factors on election results. Accordingly, it examines election surveys from two targets of overt electoral interventions where questions related to key aspects of the meddling were asked: the 1953 West German elections and the 1992 Israeli elections. An analysis of these surveys finds support for one of the main mechanisms specified in the book’s theoretical framework. It also finds evidence that the American interventions in both cases indeed played a key role in the election victory of the assisted side.
The Proper Study of Religion
Authors: Gill Sam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Proper Study of Religion charts an innovative course of development for the academic study of religion by engaging the legacy of Jonathan Z. Smith (1938–2017), perhaps the field’s most influential and important scholar in the last several decades. Smith was the author’s teacher and mentor for fifty years. Their careers coincided with the explosive expansion of the study of religion in secular universities in the United States beginning in the mid-1960s. Building on Smith’s foundational legacy through creative encounters, the book explores an extensive range of engaging topics, including comparison as essential to academic technique and to human knowledge itself; the important role of experience, richly understood, to both academic studies of religion and to religions as lived; play, philosophically understood, as a core dynamic of Smith’s entire program; the relationship of academic document-based studies to the sensory-rich real world of religions; and self-moving as providing a biological and philosophical foundation on which to develop a proper academic study of religion with expansive potential. The foregrounding of human self-movement, new to the study of religion, is informed by the author’s considerable experience as a dancer and student of dancing in cultures around the world. The Proper Study of Religion honors the remarkable and challenging work of an unforgettable giant of a man while also offering critical assessments and innovative ideas in the effort to advance the remarkable legacy of Jonathan Z. Smith.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Nicola J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws together the core themes discussed throughout the book, and points to avenues for future research along with potential ways forward for activism and policy. The author considers how queer, feminist, and leftist agendas might align forces with the sex workers’ movement in order to contest the appropriation and devaluation of feminized labor under capitalism. Emphasizing the need for critiques of capitalism to center rather than marginalize the question of sexuality going forward, the chapter calls for the left to pursue a plurality of strategies and coalitions if it is successfully to challenge neoliberal capitalism, including by reclaiming the commons.
The Role of Constitutional Theory in the Cycle of Regimes
Authors: Balkin Jack M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Constitutional theories such as originalism and living constitutionalism evolve to reflect the changing attitudes of partisans and legal intellectuals in political time. They also develop to reflect changing views about judicial review and judicial restraint. For example, while conservative originalism began as a justification for judicial restraint, it soon evolved to justify strong judicial review; the same thing happened to living constitutionalism earlier in the twentieth century. Because we are near the end of the Reagan regime, Democrats are invested in judicial restraint and Republicans in judicial engagement. The situation is closest to the one faced by Democrats in the 1930s. Democrats’ relative hostility to the courts will continue until Democrats once again gain control through partisan entrenchment. However, because the Trump administration has worked hard to stock the courts with as many young conservative jurists as possible, this change may take some time.