bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incentives for Smoking Cessation During Pregnancy: An Ethical Framework
Authors: Breunis Leonieke J , Been Jasper V , de Jong-Potjer Lieke , Steegers Eric Ap , de Beaufort Inez D , de Kroon Marlou La , Ismaili M’hamdi Hafez 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Introduction
Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of morbidity and mortality of the mother and child. The inability of the unborn child to protect itself, raises the social and academic responsibility to protect the child from the harmful effects of smoking. Interventions including rewards (incentives) for lifestyle changes are an upcoming trend and can encourage women to quit smoking. However, these incentives can, as we will argue, also have negative consequences, for example the restriction of personal autonomy and encouragement of smoking to become eligible for participation. To prevent these negative consequences, we developed an ethical framework that enables to assess and address unwanted consequences of incentive-based interventions whereby moral permissibility can be evaluated.

Aims and Methods
The possible adverse consequences of incentives were identified through an extensive literature search. Subsequently, we developed ethical criteria to identify these consequences based on the biomedical ethical principles of Beauchamp and Childress.

Results
Our framework consists of 12 criteria. These criteria concern (1) effectiveness, (2) support of a healthy lifestyle, (3) motivational for the target population, (4) stimulating unhealthy behavior, (5) negative attitudes, (6) personal autonomy, (7) intrinsic motivation, (8) privacy, (9) fairness, (10) allocation of incentives, (11) cost-effectiveness, and (12) health inequity. Based on these criteria, the moral permissibility of potential interventions can be evaluated.

Conclusions
Incentives for smoking cessation are a response to the responsibility to protect the unborn child. But these interventions might have possible adverse effects. This ethical framework aims to identify and address ethical pitfalls in order to avoid these adverse effects.

Implications
Although various interventions to promote smoking cessation during pregnancy exist, many women still smoke during pregnancy. Interventions using incentives for smoking cessation during pregnancy are a promising and upcoming trend but can have unwanted consequences. This ethical framework helps to identify and address ethical pitfalls in order to avoid these adverse effects.
It can be a practical tool in the development and evaluation of these interventions and in evaluating the moral permissibility of interventions using incentives for smoking cessation during pregnancy.
Retail food environment around schools and overweight: a systematic review
Authors: da Costa Peres Carla Marien , Gardone Danielle Soares , Costa Bruna Vieira de Lima , Duarte Camila Kümmel , Pessoa Milene Cristine , Mendes Larissa Loures 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Context
The presence of retail food establishments around schools can be a potentiating or protective factor for overweight in students, depending on access to these places as well as types of foods available therein. The hypothesis for this study was that a greater density and proximity of retail food establishments around schools influence the weight of students.

Objective
To systematically review the available observational literature on the association between retail food establishments around schools and the occurrence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren and adolescents.

Data Sources
Observational studies were searched in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases published until May 2019.

Data Extraction
Two independent reviewers extracted relevant data.

Data Analysis
Data on the 31 included studies were summarized with narrative synthesis according to meta-analyses of observational studies in epidemiology, exploring the type of food establishments around schools and analyzing qualitatively the impact of proximity or density on overweight and obesity rates.

Conclusion
Of the 31 articles, a direct association between proximity or density of establishments (mainly fast food restaurants, convenience stores, grocery stores) around schools and overweight and obesity in children and adolescents were found in 14 studies. However, authors of 13 papers found no association and inverse association was presented in 4 papers. The studies presented different methods of classification, location, and analysis of retail food establishments, making it difficult to conclude the real influence that the presence of these establishments near schools have on the nutritional status of children and adolescents. Therefore, future studies should consider the use of longitudinal designs and standardized analysis of the food environment around schools to better understand this food environment and its influence on health-related behaviors.
Care through cohort studies: sociological survey of the PROOF cohort study on vascular and cognitive aging
Authors: Savall A , Charles R , Bujon T , Roche F , Barthélémy J C , Rabeharisoa V 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Background
The success of health research depends on the involvement of participants. Few studies have examined the participation of subjects in cohorts. Drawing on a sociological survey on a French cohort around aging, this study proposes to question the nature of interactions between researchers and subjects that would help to understand the motivations of subjects to participate and remain in health research studies.

Methods
Qualitative study combining participant observation within the research laboratory that conducted the cohort and semi-structured interviews with subjects included in the cohort and with members of the research team.

Results
This study highlights the existence of two-way care: from the laboratory to the subjects and from the cohort to researchers. Health research seems to correspond to a complex association between subjects concerned with aging and the expected benefits of exceptional monitoring. Research is incorporated into subjects’ daily lives, allowing a shift in the purpose of research from overmedicalization to medical safety that subjects experienced as a form of care.

Conclusions
In cohort studies, care is understood as a form of attention to the person through high-quality medical follow-up. Aging is turned into a matter of concern that subjects, in collaboration with researchers, strive to control.
The Promise and Demise of LSD Psychotherapy in Norway
Authors: Haave Per , Pedersen Willy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In the early-to-mid 1960s, there was considerable use of LSD in psychotherapy in several countries. However, its use gradually levelled off. Two explanations have been suggested: The first revolves around a ‘moral panic’ in the wake of the introduction of cannabis and LSD by subcultural youth groups. The second focuses on the lack of proof for the therapeutic efficacy of LSD at a time when double-blind designs became the gold standard. Using available sources, we explore the Norwegian case. Both explanations are supported: Even before illegal drug use had taken root in youth subcultures, scepticism was gradually building among key figures in the Norwegian healthcare system due to lack of evidence for therapeutic efficacy. This scepticism only increased when the new youth subcultures became visible in the mid-1960s and when the ‘war on drugs’ transformed the drug policy.
‘You Have Lost All That Is German of You in the Dock’: Immigrant Communities and the Wartime State in London, 1914–18
Authors: Auerbach Sascha 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article presents the wartime state in the local context and looks at how the daily activity of local courts and police changed dramatically during the wartime period. It also assesses the complex role that police and local courtrooms played with regards to ethnicity and nationalism. The increasing authority of local courtrooms and the enhanced powers of policing, I argue, amplified the role of the state in certain aspects of London life, but reduced it in others. New demands on local courtrooms and policing could only be accommodated by the redirection of their efforts from pre-war priorities. The traditional roles of the police in addressing ‘moral’ crimes such as public drunkenness and gambling declined dramatically as policy redirected police resources towards the enforcement of wartime regulations, the support of military conscription and discipline, and the policing of immigrant communities and ethnic minorities, and of ‘enemy aliens’ in particular. Although the balance of power in the latter case was highly asymmetrical, those brought before the courtroom on accusations of being ‘outsiders’ or ‘enemies’ in the national community were not entirely without recourse. The public nature of courtrooms meant that, in some circumstances, they could become sites for the affirmation of rights and national belonging in wartime Britain, rather vehicles for their abrogation.
Student Perspectives of Interprofessional Group Debriefing: Use of the National League for Nursing Guide for Teaching Thinking
Authors: Glatts Linda , Clark Nancy , Clarke Shirley , Fukuyama Kathy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This innovative pilot study used the Critical conversations: The NLN Guide for Teaching Thinking monograph to promote critical conversation during debriefing in an interprofessional education group setting following a disaster preparedness simulation. Interprofessional health care students (n = 120) participated in the Debriefing Assessment for Simulation in Healthcare survey as well as four focus groups to understand student perspectives related to the Context, Content, and Course format used to cocreate meaning related to the simulation experience. Findings revealed that use of this method promoted critical dialogue underscored by self-efficacy, critical reflection, safety, group size, and interdisciplinary learning.
Prevention of baker's asthma
Authors: Jeebhay Mohamed F. , Baatjies Roslynn 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of review
Baker's allergy and asthma continue to represent an important contributor of occupational asthma globally. This review identified recent studies related to the prevention of baker's allergy and asthma.

Recent findings
Studies with respect to regulatory exposure standards, workplace control measures aimed at reduction of flour dust exposures, surveillance programmes (exposure monitoring, medical surveillance) and workplace information, education and training programmes were identified.

Summary
Detailed knowledge on risk factors and detection methods to assess exposure and early identification of high-risk workers exist, but workplace control measures remain sub-optimal because they are rarely multifaceted. This is compounded by the lack of health-based exposure standards globally. Exposure level monitoring and medical surveillance are integral to assessing effectiveness of preventive strategies. Triage systems for optimizing the efficiency of medical surveillance programmes show promise, but need replication in different contexts. Future studies need to focus on evaluating the relevance and quantification of peak exposures in increasing risk; developing standardized respiratory questionnaires for medical surveillance; and further exploration of serial fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurements as an adjunct to allergic sensitization for the early identification of baker's asthma and assessing the long-term impact of interventions.
Correlation of Thromboelastography with Apparent Rivaroxaban Concentration
Authors: Myers Sara P. , Dyer Mitchell R. , Hassoune Adnan , Brown Joshua B. , Sperry Jason L. , Meyer Michael P. , Rosengart Matthew R. , Neal Matthew D. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background
Concern remains over reliable point-of-care testing to guide reversal of rivaroxaban, a commonly used factor Xa inhibitor, in high-acuity settings. Thromboelastography (TEG), a point-of-care viscoelastic assay, may have the ability to detect the anticoagulant effect of rivaroxaban. The authors ascertained the association of apparent rivaroxaban concentration with thromboelastography reaction time, i.e., time elapsed from blood sample placement in analyzer until beginning of clot formation, as measured using TEG and TEG6S instruments (Haemonetics Corporation, USA), hypothesizing that reaction time would correlate to degree of functional factor Xa impairment.

Methods
The authors prospectively performed a diagnostic accuracy study comparing coagulation assays to apparent (i.e., indirectly assessed) rivaroxaban concentration in trauma patients with and without preinjury rivaroxaban presenting to a single center between April 2016 and July 2018. Blood samples at admission and after reversal or 24 h postadmission underwent TEG, TEG6S, thrombin generation assay, anti–factor Xa chromogenic assay, prothrombin time (PT), and ecarin chromogenic assay testing. The authors determined correlation of kaolin TEG, TEG6S, and prothrombin time to apparent rivaroxaban concentration. Receiver operating characteristic curve compared capacity to distinguish therapeutic rivaroxaban concentration (i.e., greater than or equal to 50 ng/ml) from nontherapeutic concentrations.

Results
Eighty rivaroxaban patients were compared to 20 controls. Significant strong correlations existed between rivaroxaban concentration and TEG reaction time (ρ = 0.67; P < 0.001), TEG6S reaction time (ρ = 0.68; P < 0.001), and prothrombin time (ρ = 0.73; P < 0.001), however reaction time remained within the defined normal range for the assay. Rivaroxaban concentration demonstrated strong but not significant association with coagulation assays postreversal (n = 9; TEG reaction time ρ = 0.62; P = 0.101; TEG6S reaction time ρ = 0.57; P = 0.112) and small nonsignificant association for controls (TEG reaction time: ρ = −0.04; P = 0.845; TEG6S reaction time: ρ = −0.09; P = 0.667; PT-neoplastine: ρ = 0.19; P = 0.301). Rivaroxaban concentration (area under the curve, 0.91) and TEG6S reaction time (area under the curve, 0.84) best predicted therapeutic rivaroxaban concentration and exhibited similar receiver operating characteristic curves (P = 0.180).

Conclusions
Although TEG6S demonstrates significant strong correlation with rivaroxaban concentration, values within normal range limit clinical utility rendering rivaroxaban concentration the gold standard in measuring anticoagulant effect.
Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients With Vestibular Disorders
Authors: Rizk Habib G. , Sharon Jeffrey D. , Lee Joshua A. , Thomas Cameron , Nguyen Shaun A. , Meyer Ted A. 
Published: December 2019

Objective:
The relationship of cognitive dysfunction and vestibular dysfunction has been established by various studies. However, the available Patient-Reported Outcome Measures questionnaires that address the main vestibular complaint fail to highlight this domain of dysfunction in this patient population. The objective of this study was to quantify and compare cognitive impairment using a validated cognitive questionnaire across several vestibular diagnoses.

Study Design:
Cross-sectional study of 186 patients presenting to a tertiary care vestibular clinic with a diagnosis of vestibular migraine, Meniere’s disease (MD), benign positional paroxysmal vertigo, or persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD). Patients completed the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI).

Results:
Mean CFQ scores for this cohort were significantly higher than similarly aged published controls (34.9/100 versus 31.3/100; p < 0.01; mean age, 45 years) as well as published controls between 65 and 74 years of age (34.9/100 versus 31.2/100; p < 0.05). Patients with PPPD or combined vestibular migraine and MD scored the highest on the CFQ and significantly higher than controls (45.1/100, p = 0.001; and 44.1/100, p = 0.006, respectively). Patients with benign positional paroxysmal vertigo had lower scores than normal controls. There is a weak but significant correlation between CFQ and DHI (r = 0.31; p < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression shows that CFQ scores were largely driven by the duration of symptoms (p < 0.001), type of diagnosis (notably PPPD; p = 0.026), and DHI (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Our results indicate that cognitive impairment is prevalent with chronic vestibular disorders, even in peripheral disorders such as MD. The duration of vestibular symptoms before diagnosis (and management), as well as certain etiologies, may play a bigger role in cognitive disability than age. This is not currently well-addressed in Patient-Reported Outcome Measures questionnaires and may be overlooked at the time of the diagnosis. Appropriate identification may help tailor treatment, namely rehabilitation programs, to individual patients.
Immune mechanisms of fibrosis and inflammation in IgG4-related disease
Authors: Pillai Shiv , Perugino Cory , Kaneko Naoki 
Published: December 2019

Purpose of review
To summarize recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease.

Recent findings
Limited data exist to explain genetic susceptibility to IgG4-related disease and the underlying triggers for this disease have not yet been identified. Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells and activated B cells infiltrate affected organs and express proinflammatory and profibrotic molecules. Antigen presented by activated B cells likely reactivates cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in disease tissues and these T cells in turn induce the targeted apoptotic death of host cells in certain organs – which presumably present the same antigenic peptide on human leukocyte antigen class II molecules of relevance that was also presented on B cells during reactivation. A subsequent exaggerated tissue remodeling process is orchestrated by cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes secreted by both activated B cells and CD4+CTLs. These molecules induce an overexuberant repair process resulting in fibrosis and loss of target organ function.

Summary
In IgG4-related disease, presumably self-reactive cytotoxic CD4+ T cells infiltrate tissues, are reactivated by T cells and induce apoptotic death. Molecules secreted by activated B cells and by CD4+CTLs drive an exaggerated wound healing response resulting in fibrosis and compromised tissue function.
Predicting Functional Outcomes Following Fracture Nonunion Repair—Development and Validation of a Risk Profiling Tool
Authors: Konda Sanjit R. , Carlock Kurtis D. , Hildebrandt Kyle R. , Egol Kenneth A. 
Published: December 2019

Objectives:
To develop a tool that can be used preoperatively to identify patients at risk of poor functional outcome following operative repair of fracture nonunion.

Design:
Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data.

Setting:
Academic medical center.

Patients/Participants:
Three hundred twenty-eight patients who underwent operative repair of a fracture nonunion were prospectively followed for a minimum of 12 months post-operatively.

Intervention:
After randomization, 223 (68%) patients comprised an experimental cohort and 105 (32%) patients comprised a separate validation cohort. Within the experimental cohort, forward stepwise multivariate logistic regression was applied to 17 independent variables to generate a predictive model identifying patients at risk of having a poor functional outcome [Predicting Risk of Function in Trauma-Nonunion (PRoFiT-NU) Score].

Main Outcome Measurements:
Functional outcomes were assessed using the Short Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (SMFA). Poor outcome was defined as an SMFA function index greater than 10 points above the mean at 12 months post-operatively.

Results:
Significant predictors of poor outcome were lower extremity nonunion [odds ratio (OR) = 3.082; P = 0.021], tobacco use (OR = 2.994; P = 0.009), worker's compensation insurance (OR = 3.986; P = 0.005), radiographic bone loss (OR = 2.397; P = 0.040), and preoperative SMFA function index (OR = 1.027; P = 0.001). The PRoFiT-NU model was significant and a good predictor of poor functional outcome (χ2(5) = 51.98, P < 0.0005; area under the receiver operating curve = 0.79). Within the separate validation cohort, 16% of patients had a poor outcome at a PRoFiT-NU score below 25% (low risk), 39% of patients had a poor outcome at a PRoFiT-NU score between 25% and 50% (intermediate risk), and 63% of patients had a poor outcome at a PRoFiT-NU score above 50% (high risk).

Conclusions:
The PRoFiT-NU score is an accurate predictor of poor functional outcome following fracture nonunion repair.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence description of levels of evidence.
Incidence and Risk Factors of Superior Facet Joint Violation in Percutaneous and Open Instrumentation Using Cortical Bone Trajectory Technique
Authors: Le Xiaofeng , Shi Zhan , Xu Yunfeng , Wang Qilong , Zhao Jingwei , Tian Wei 
Published: December 2019

Study Design:
A retrospective study evaluating cranial facet joint violation (FJV) by cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screw.

Objective:
To determine the incidence and risk factors of FJV following CBT screw placement for different techniques.

Summary of Background Data:
CBT is a novel technique for lumbar fusion, and FJV is one of the most common complications, leading to poor prognosis. No studies have investigated the incidence and risk factors of FJV for the CBT technique during different methods.

Methods:
The authors reviewed 91 consecutive patients who underwent CBT screw instrumentation from June 2015 to August 2018. In the fluoroscopic-open group (FOG), 42 patients received an open procedure. In the navigation-open group (NOG), 24 patients underwent open instrumentation. In the navigation-percutaneous group, 25 patients underwent percutaneous instrumentation. Postoperative computed tomography scans were obtained to determine the degree and incidence of FJV. Clinical and imaging data were analyzed to clarify the risk factors of FJV.

Results:
The incidence of FJV occurred in 35.7% of patients and 16.9% of screws in the FOG, 4.2% of patients and 3.8% of screws in the NOG, and 8.0% of patients and 8.0% of screws in the navigation-percutaneous group. Open instrumentation using navigation led to a lower risk of FJV compared with the conventional approach. There was no difference in the rate of FJV between percutaneous and open surgery with navigation assistance. Risk factors affecting FJV include: (1) left-side screw, facet angle ≥45 degrees, and scoliosis for fluoroscopy-assisted CBT instrumentation; (2) body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, facet angle ≥45 degrees, and scoliosis for navigation-assisted CBT instrumentation.

Conclusions:
Lumbar fusion through CBT instrumentation would reduce FJV. Computer-assisted navigation resulted in a lower incidence of FJV. Percutaneous instrumentation with navigation assistance is not a risk factor for FJV. Special care should be taken in patients with body mass index ≥30 kg/m2, left-side screw, facet angle ≥45 degrees, and scoliosis.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.