bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of Z-RNA in the Dog Eye Lens Epithelium (Germinative Zone)
Authors: Gagna CE , Chen JH , Kuo HR , Lambert WC 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this scientific investigation was to determine the presence and specific cellular localization of left-handed Z-RNA, within germinative zone (GZ) epithelium of the lens (Fig. 1), using anti-Z-RNA IgG polyclonal antibodies. Right-handed B-DNA has the ability to adopt the Z-DNA conformation in vitro (Sinden, 1994). Right-handed A-RNA can be transformed into Z-RNA under specific conditions (Hall et al., 1984), and Z-RNA has been identified in cultured cells (Zarling et al., 1990). Strong evidence supports the idea of Z-DNA in vivo (Sinden, 1994). Removal of proteins by fixatives can induce supercoiling which stabilizes Z-DNA (Sinden, 1994).
Anti-Z-RNA antibodies were produced in rabbits immunized with injections of Z-RNA: brominated-poly[ribosomal(G-C)]. For light microscopy, immunohistochemical studies (ABC method), normal dog lens tissues (1 yr old) were fixed in Carnoy's, embedded in paraffin and sectioned 2 μm thick. For electron microscopy (immunogold staining), pieces of epithelium from the GZ of normal dog lens (1 yr old) were fixed with 5% glutaraldehyde in 0.05 M phosphate buffer solution, pH 7.3.
Immunocytochemical Localization of Myosin Light Chains in the Abdominal Superficial Flexor Muscles of the American Lobster, Homarus Americanus
Authors: Brown Lisa D , Cantino Marie E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Myosin is composed of two high-molecular weight heavy chains and four low-molecular weight hght chains. In both vertebrate and invertebrate skeletal muscle, each myosin heavy chain is associated with two myosin light chains. In skeletal muscle myosins studied by X-ray diffraction, each myosin heavy chain binds one of each of two distinct classes of hght chains. Thus, while isoform distributions may vary within and between fibers, the spatial distribution of each class of light chain should be uniform within the A band and between sarcomeres and fibers. Since no such study exists for crustacean myosin, we investigated the spatial distribution of the hght chains within the superficial flexor muscle (SFM) of the lobster, Homarus americanus, using immunoelectron microscopy. The SFM contains two classes of myosin hght chains, termed “alpha” (Mr = 21,000 to 23,500) and “beta” (Mr = 18,000 to 18,500). Immunocytochemical electron microscopic results suggest that the alpha light chains are not uniformly distributed at the subsarcomere level.
High Pressure Freezing and Freeze Substitution of Primitive Agglutinated Foraminifera
Authors: Goldstein Susan T , Richardson Elizabeth A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Freeze substitution techniques can provide exceptional fixation of many types of small biological materials. Ultrastructural studies on the Foraminiferida (marine rhizopods) traditionally have used standard chemical fixation protocols. The relatively large size (-25 μm - several cm) and the presence of a mineralized shell in most taxa precludes the application of many cryo-techniques. High pressure freezing, however, provides a method for freezing organisms as large as many of the smaller foraminifera often without extensive ice damage. Gamonts (sexual generation) from three representatives of the suborder Astrorhizina ﹛Myxotheca sp., Cribrothalammina alba, and Hyperammina sp.) were selected because they are among the most primitive foraminifera and have only very finely agglutinated shells with non-mineralized, organic cements. Myxotheca sp. and C. alba were originally collected from salt marsh environments on Sapelo Island, Georgia, and Hyperammina sp. was isolated from fine-grained carbonate sediments of the Florida Keys.
Analysis of Endocytosis and Food Plaquette Formation in the Ciliated Protozoan Hyalophysa.
Authors: Landers Stephen C , Treadaway Rex A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The ciliated protozoan Hyalophysa is a symbiont of a variety of crustaceans, including grass shrimp, hermit crabs, and blue crabs. At the molting of the host, the attached protozoans excyst and swim into the exoskeleton to feed by pinocytosis on exuvial fluid. The feeding trophonts expand to many times their original size, transforming into cells that are little more than large food vacuoles with a rim of cytoplasm stretched around the perimeter. After feeding for the only time during their life cycle, they settle on the substrate to encyst and divide into daughter tomites, and in doing so they divide the food vacuole. The tomites then leave the cyst and attach to a crustacean for their next opportunity to feed at molting.
We have followed endocytosis in Hyalophysa using two dyes, nigrosin and congo red, in order to understand the digestive process.
Pollination in Arabidopsis Thaliana
Authors: Lennon K , Lord E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In flowering plants, pollination and the process of fertilization are complex processes involving a series of cell-to-cell communication events. Though details of the progression of the pollen tube through the pistil, beginning with germination of the pollen grain on the stigma and culminating with delivery of the sperm cells to the embryo sac, are well established for several higher plant species, the mechanisms involved have yet to be elucidated. It has been shown that the transmitting tissue, which coincides with the path of pollen tubes in the gynoecium, is composed of highly secretory cells characterized by an extensive extracellular matrix (ECM). The actual roles that this ECM plays in pollination are currently unknown, although functions proposed include mechanical and/or chemotropic pollen tube guidance as well as pollen tube nutrition.
Reconciling Geophysical and Petrological Estimates of the Thermal Structure of Southern Tibet
Authors: Craig T. J. , Kelemen P. B. , Hacker B. R. , Copley A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe thermal structure of the Tibetan plateau—the largest orogenic system on Earth—remains largely unknown. Numerous avenues provide fragmentary pressure/temperature information, both at the present (predominantly informed though geophysical observation) and on the evolution of the thermal structure over the recent past (combining petrological, geochemical, and geophysical observables). However, these individual constraints have proven hard to reconcile with each other. Here, we show that models for the simple underthrusting of India beneath southern Tibet are capable of matching all available constraints on its thermal structure, both at the present day and since the Miocene. Many parameters in such models remain poorly constrained, and we explore the various trade‐offs among the competing influences these parameters may have. However, three consistent features to such models emerge: (i) that present‐day geophysical observations require the presence of relatively cold underthrust Indian lithosphere beneath southern Tibet; (ii) that geochemical constraints require the removal of Indian mantle from beneath southern Tibet at some point during the early Miocene, although the mechanism of this removal, and whether it includes the removal of any crustal material, is not constrained by our models; and (iii) that the combination of the southern extent of Miocene mantle‐derived magmatism and the present‐day geophysical structure and earthquake distribution of southern Tibet require that the time‐averaged rate of underthrusting of India relative to central Tibet since the middle Miocene has been faster than it is at present.
Locally Thin Crust and High Crustal VP/VS Ratio Beneath the Armenian Volcanic Highland of the Lesser Caucasus: A Case for Recent Delamination
Authors: Lin Chih‐Ming , Tseng Tai‐Lin , Meliksetian Khachatur , Karakhanyan Arkady , Huang Bor‐Shouh , Babayan Hektor , Hu Jyr‐Ching , Gevorgyan Mikayel , Chang Shuo‐Fen , Levonyan Ara 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Arabia‐Eurasia continental collision created the Caucasus Mountains and the Anatolian and Iranian plateaus. Between the two plateaus, the Armenian Highland features young Holocene‐aged volcanoes. In this study, the P‐wave receiver functions from a new seismic array reveal a thick crust (up to ~52 km thick) beneath the Central Greater Caucasus and an unusually thin crust (32–35 km thick) beneath the northwestern part of Armenia near the Aragats stratovolcano and Gegham volcanic ridge formed by Pleistocene to Holocene monogenetic cinder cones. The average crustal VP/VS ratio in the Armenian Highland is anomalously high (≥1.9), with the highest value approaching 2.1 under the Gegham Ridge. Such high VP/VS ratios cannot be explained by an overall mafic crustal composition. Instead, the presence of partial melts is inferred in the lower crust based on the depth of the low‐velocity structure obtained by inversion of receiver function waveforms. Our study suggests that the postcollisional volcanism was potentially facilitated by the small‐scale removal of lithospheric mantle, resulting in a localized thinner crust balanced by thermal buoyancy and dynamic flow in the uppermost mantle beneath the Armenian Highland.
A Spectrally Consistent Globally Defined Geodetic Mean Dynamic Ocean Topography
Authors: Siegismund Frank 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe space‐borne geodetic temporal mean dynamic topography (MDT) is obtained from the difference of altimetric mean sea surface (MSS) h and the geoid height N. With the geostrophic surface currents obtained from its gradient, the MDT is an essential parameter when describing the ocean dynamics. Spectral consistency of h and N is crucial to minimize MDT errors. Frequently, h is globalized to allow for a spherical harmonic analysis, and small scales beyond maximum degree and order (d/o) resolved in the geoid are cut off. However, common globalization causes ocean‐land steps in h−N and spectral inconsistencies of N and h over land. To overcome both issues, a methodology is proposed based on globalization of the MDT. A Laplacian smoother with the coastal MDT values as boundary condition is applied, resulting in a smooth surface over land and a continuous ocean‐land transition. The new methodology strongly reduces Gibbs effects and the need to work with high‐resolution MDTs to minimize them. Reduction of resolution is tested to reduce MDT uncertainties caused by the commission error expected to increase with decreasing scale. Applying drifter data and a high‐resolution hydrodynamic ocean model, it is shown that for the Gulf Stream and the Kuroshio, geodetic MDTs applying recent combined geoid models contain physical information up to at least d/o 420 (48‐km spatial scale). For oceanic regions with strong geoid gradients, a higher‐resolution MDT might be needed to prevent Gibbs effects caused by remaining inconsistencies between the geoid and the MSS.
Lunar Secondary Craters and Estimated Ejecta Block Sizes Reveal a Scale‐Dependent Fragmentation Trend
Authors: Singer Kelsi N. , Jolliff Bradley L. , McKinnon William B. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractPlanetary impact events eject large volumes of surface material. Crater excavation processes are difficult to study, and in particular the details of individual ejecta fragments are not well understood. A related, enduring issue in planetary mapping is whether a given crater resulted from a primary impact (asteroid or comet) or instead is a secondary crater created by an ejecta fragment. With mapping and statistical analyses of six lunar secondary crater fields (including Orientale, Copernicus, and Kepler) we provide three new constraints on these issues: (1) estimation of the maximum secondary crater size as a function of distance from a primary crater on the Moon, (2) estimation of the size and velocity of ejecta fragments that formed these secondaries, and (3) estimation of the fragment size ejected at escape velocity. Through this analysis, we confirmed and extended a suspected scale‐dependent trend in ejecta size‐velocity distributions. Maximum ejecta fragment sizes fall off much more steeply with increasing ejection velocity for larger primary impacts (compared to smaller primary impacts). Specifically, we characterize the maximum ejecta sizes for a given ejection velocity with a power law and find that the velocity exponent varies between approximately −0.3 and −3 for the range of primary craters investigated here (0.83–660 km in diameter). Data for the Jovian moons Europa and Ganymede confirm similar trends for icy surfaces. This result is not predicted by analytical theories of formation of Grady‐Kipp fragments or spalls during impacts and suggests that further modeling investigations are warranted to explain this scale‐dependent effect.
Observations and a Model of Net Calcification Declines in Palau's Largest Coral Reef Lagoon Between 1992 and 2015
Authors: Lentz Steven J. , Cohen Anne L. , Shamberger Kathryn E. F. , Barkley Hannah 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNet ecosystem calcification (NEC) rates of Palau's largest lagoon and barrier reef system between 1992 and 2015 are estimated from sparse total alkalinity (TA) and salinity measurements and a tidal exchange model in which surface lagoon water transported offshore on the ebb tide is replaced by saltier (denser) ocean water that sinks to the bottom after entering the lagoon on the flood tide. Observed lagoon salinities are accurately reproduced by the model with no adjustable parameters. To accurately reproduce observed lagoon TA, NEC for the lagoon‐barrier reef system was 70 mmols m−2 day−1 from 1992 to 1998, 35 mmols m−2 day−1 from 1999 to 2012, and 25 mmols m−2 day−1 from 2013 to 2015. This indicates that Palau's largest lagoon and barrier reef system has not recovered, as of 2015, from the 50% decline in NEC in 1998 caused by the loss of coral cover following a severe bleaching event. The cause of the further decline in NEC in 2012–2013 is unclear. Lagoon residence times vary from 8 days during spring tides to 14 days during neap tides and drive substantial spring‐neap variations in lagoon TA (~25% of the mean salinity‐normalized ocean‐lagoon TA difference). Sparse measurements that do not resolve these spring‐neap variations can exhibit apparent long‐term variations in alkalinity that are not due to changes in NEC.
Microphysical and Transportive Contributions to Normal and Anomalous Polarity Subregions in the 29–30 May 2012 Kingfisher Storm
Authors: Chmielewski Vanna C. , MacGorman Donald R. , Ziegler Conrad L. , DiGangi Elizabeth , Betten Daniel , Biggerstaff Michael 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA developing supercell storm on 29–30 May 2012 in north‐central Oklahoma was observed with the Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array (OKLMA) and three mobile radars. The storm's vertical charge structure inferred from the OKLMA was anomalous overall but varied considerably even within 10 km of the bounded weak echo region (BWER) and the bounded weak lightning region (BWLR) or lightning hole. Near the BWER, three distinct charge structures were observed—an inverted dipole, an inverted tripole, and a bottom‐heavy normal tripole. One column within each structure was analyzed relative to the Doppler‐derived wind field and environmental properties derived by a diabatic Lagrangian analysis (DLA). Within each column, back trajectories of graupel and hail particles additionally illustrate the history of the diagnosed in‐cloud microphysical properties, which are expected to influence noninductive electrification and may have contributed to the observed charge profiles. This study objectively demonstrates the complicated scenarios presented by the three‐dimensional motions around and through the updraft and provides likely constraints on how each of the three distinct vertical charge distributions could have been produced within this focused region of the storm.
Exercise training modulates the gut microbiota profile and impairs inflammatory signaling pathways in obese children
Authors: Quiroga Rocío , Nistal Esther , Estébanez Brisamar , Porras David , Juárez-Fernández María , Martínez-Flórez Susana , García-Mediavilla María Victoria , de Paz José A. , González-Gallego Javier , Sánchez-Campos Sonia , Cuevas María J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractChildhood obesity has reached epidemic levels and is a serious health concern associated with metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and gut microbiota alterations. Physical exercise is known to counteract obesity progression and modulate the gut microbiota composition. This study aims to determine the effect of a 12-week strength and endurance combined training program on gut microbiota and inflammation in obese pediatric patients. Thirty-nine obese children were assigned randomly to the control or training group. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters, muscular strength, and inflammatory signaling pathways in mononuclear cells were evaluated. Bacterial composition and functionality were determined by massive sequencing and metabolomic analysis. Exercise reduced plasma glucose levels and increased dynamic strength in the upper and lower extremities compared with the obese control group. Metagenomic analysis revealed a bacterial composition associated with obesity, showing changes at the phylum, class, and genus levels. Exercise counteracted this profile, significantly reducing the Proteobacteria phylum and Gammaproteobacteria class. Moreover, physical activity tended to increase some genera, such as Blautia, Dialister, and Roseburia, leading to a microbiota profile similar to that of healthy children. Metabolomic analysis revealed changes in short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, and several sugars in response to exercise, in correlation with a specific microbiota profile. Finally, the training protocol significantly inhibited the activation of the obesity-associated NLRP3 signaling pathway. Our data suggest the existence of an obesity-related deleterious microbiota profile that is positively modified by physical activity intervention. Exercise training could be considered an efficient nonpharmacological therapy, reducing inflammatory signaling pathways induced by obesity in children via microbiota modulation.
Supertransport of excitons in atomically thin organic semiconductors at the 2D quantum limit
Authors: Sharma Ankur , Zhang Linglong , Tollerud Jonathan O. , Dong Miheng , Zhu Yi , Halbich Robert , Vogl Tobias , Liang Kun , Nguyen Hieu T. , Wang Fan , Sanwlani Shilpa , Earl Stuart K. , Macdonald Daniel , Lam Ping Koy , Davis Jeffrey A. , Lu Yuerui 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLong-range and fast transport of coherent excitons is important for the development of high-speed excitonic circuits and quantum computing applications. However, most of these coherent excitons have only been observed in some low-dimensional semiconductors when coupled with cavities, as there are large inhomogeneous broadening and dephasing effects on the transport of excitons in their native states in materials. Here, by confining coherent excitons at the 2D quantum limit, we first observed molecular aggregation-enabled ‘supertransport’ of excitons in atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) organic semiconductors between coherent states, with a measured high effective exciton diffusion coefficient of ~346.9 cm2/s at room temperature. This value is one to several orders of magnitude higher than the values reported for other organic molecular aggregates and low-dimensional inorganic materials. Without coupling to any optical cavities, the monolayer pentacene sample, a very clean 2D quantum system (~1.2 nm thick) with high crystallinity (J-type aggregation) and minimal interfacial states, showed superradiant emission from Frenkel excitons, which was experimentally confirmed by the temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) emission, highly enhanced radiative decay rate, significantly narrowed PL peak width and strongly directional in-plane emission. The coherence in monolayer pentacene samples was observed to be delocalised over ~135 molecules, which is significantly larger than the values (a few molecules) observed for other organic thin films. In addition, the supertransport of excitons in monolayer pentacene samples showed highly anisotropic behaviour. Our results pave the way for the development of future high-speed excitonic circuits, fast OLEDs, and other optoelectronic devices.
BRN2 expression increases anoikis resistance in melanoma
Authors: Pierce Carly J. , Simmons Jacinta L. , Broit Natasa , Karunarathne Deshapriya , Ng Mei Fong , Boyle Glen M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMelanoma tumors are highly heterogeneous, comprising of many cell populations that vary in their potential for growth and invasion. Differential transcription factor expression contributes to these phenotypic traits. BRN2, a member of the POU domain family of transcription factors is thought to play important roles in melanoma invasion and metastasis. However, the function of BRN2 during the metastatic process of melanoma remains largely unknown. We therefore investigated the effect of BRN2 expression in melanoma cells with no or low constitutive expression using a doxycycline-inducible system. Induction of BRN2 expression led to reduced proliferation and partial resistance to an inhibitor of mutated BRAF. Whole-genome profiling analysis revealed novel targets and signaling pathway changes related to prevention of cell death induced by detachment from the extracellular matrix, known as anoikis resistance. Further investigation confirmed increased survival of BRN2-expressing cell lines in non-adherent conditions. Functionally, expression of BRN2 promoted induction of c-MET levels as well as increased phosphorylation of STAT3. Treatment with crizotinib, a c-MET inhibitor, decreased cellular viability of BRN2-expressing cells under non-adherent conditions to death by anoikis. Alternative inhibitors of c-MET showed similar results. These results highlight the importance of a largely overlooked transcription factor in the progression and metastasis of melanoma, and may suggest a strategy to target BRN2-expressing cells resistant to therapy and cell death by anoikis.
Total burden of disease in cancer patients at diagnosis—a Danish nationwide study of multimorbidity and redeemed medication
Authors: Loeppenthin Katrine , Dalton Susanne Oksbjerg , Johansen Christoffer , Andersen Elisabeth , Christensen Mikkel Bring , Pappot Helle , Petersen Lone Nørgaard , Thisted Lise Bjerrum , Frølich Anne , Mortensen Christiane Ehlers , Lassen Ulrik , Ørsted Jytte , Bidstrup Pernille Envold 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
Multimorbidity is a growing challenge worldwide. In this nationwide study, we investigated the prevalence of multimorbidity and polypharmacy at the time of diagnosis across 20 cancers.

Methods
We conducted a nationwide register-based cohort study of all Danish residents with a first primary cancer diagnosed between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2015. Multimorbidity was defined as one or more of 20 conditions (131 specific diagnoses) registered in the Danish National Patient Registry < 5 years before the cancer diagnosis. Polypharmacy was defined as five or more medications registered in the Danish National Prescription Registry and redeemed twice 2–12 months before the cancer diagnosis.

Results
We included 261,745 patients with a first primary cancer, of whom 55% had at least one comorbid condition at diagnosis and 27% had two or more. The most prevalent conditions at the time of cancer diagnosis were cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, stroke and depression/anxiety disorder. Polypharmacy was present in one-third of the cancer patients with antihypertensives, anti-thrombotic agents, anti-hyperlipidaemic agents, analgesics and diuretics as the most prevalent redeemed medications.

Conclusion
Among patients with a newly established cancer diagnosis, 55% had at least one comorbid condition and 32% were exposed to polypharmacy.