bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization on fermentation of seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) as feedstock for bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zakaria N Z I , Zhen A W , Mohd Hassan S A , Zakaria Z 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this study, dried seaweed (Gracilaria sp.), a red algae was used as feedstock for the production of bioethanol due to its high carbohydrate content (76.67 %). Dried seaweed is hydrolysed into reducing sugar by using dilute acid hydrolysis pre-treatment at optimized conditions (0.1 M sulphuric acid (H2SO4), 121 °C, 30 minutes) and able to obtain 18.438 g/L of reducing sugar. This hydrolysate is converted into bioethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae via fermentation. Two significant factors, namely, fermentation temperature and medium pH were screened by performing One-Factor-At-A-Time (OFAT) analysis. The first factor manipulated was the fermentation temperature (40-50 °C at pH 4.5), followed by medium pH (pH 4.0-5.0 at 45 °C). Ethanol with concentration of 3.4202 g/L was successfully obtained from OFAT analysis under condition of 45 °C and pH 4.5. The significant factors were then statistically optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD) in Response Surface Methodology (RSM). From the data analyzed from Design of Experiment (DoE), at its optimum fermentation conditions (44.83 °C and pH 4.48), the maximal ethanol production obtained is 3.8395 g/L. A validation test with triplicate was performed to validate the actual with predicted value and result in ±1.49% deviation is accepted.
Moisture adsorption isotherms of dried Ficus deltoidea herbal leaves
Authors: Jamaluddin N F , Razak N A , Shaari A R 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Ficus deltoidea is a popular traditional medicine that widely used to treat various kind of diseases because of its high number of phenolic contents. In order to meet the demand of the high usage in the market, it is very important to study the behaviour of the dried herbal leaves to prolong the shelf life during storage. Hence, the study of moisture adsorption isotherm is one of the crucial parameters to minimize the deterioration of the quality. The moisture adsorption data of dried Ficus deltoidea leaves were monitored using gravimetric static method. Six different saturated salts such as potassium chloride, sodium chloride, sodium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, magnesium chloride and potassium acetate were utilized in this experiment. The equilibrium relative humidity range was setup between 23 to 86 %. Three different temperatures of 8, 30, 40 °C were used as a treatment of experiment. From the final results, it is clearly claimed that the moisture adsorption isotherm data exhibited J shaped and type III of Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (BET) classification. In addition, the results of experimental data as shown that the best mathematical model fitted to Peleg model compared to GAB and Oswin models.
Experimental Measurements and Solubility Correlation of Swietenia macrophylla Seeds Oil in Supercritical CO2
Authors: Md Norodin Nur Salsabila , Ismail Ahmad Ramdan , Zaini Ahmad Syahmi , Idrus Nor Faadila , Hartati  , Hilmi Mohammad Lokman , Salleh Liza Md 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the oil recovery from Swietenia macrophylla seeds and its solubility in Supercritical CO2 extraction process. Experimentally, the oil recovery from the seeds were conducted at 15-35 MPa and 40-60°C by Supercritical CO2 extraction process. Density-based models such as Chrastil and del Valle and Aguilera models were used to correlate the solubility data of Swietenia macrophylla seeds oil. The high oil recovery obtained at 35 MPa and 60°C was 6.609 mg oil/g CO2 while the lowest oil recovery was at 15 MPa and 40°C (0.810 mg oil/g CO2). Chrastil model provide the best correlation between experimental and calculated solubility data for oil recovery from Swietenia macrophylla seeds with lowest value of average absolute percent deviation (AAPD) which is 0.33% compared to del Valle and Aguilera model (0.39%).
Isolation of alkali-thermotolerant cellulolytic bacteria from spent mushroom substrate
Authors: Hasnol Azahari N Y , Naresh S , Rozani S N A , Balakrishnan K 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this study, the isolation of new alkali-thermophilic bacteria with enhanced cellulase producing ability from the spent mushroom substrate was conducted. Repeated streaking was performed on the Microcrystalline-cellulose (MCC) to obtain a pure culture. Two thermophiles bacteria isolates were used for subsequent experiment. Morphological characteristic by gram staining and endospore staining also genetic identification of 16S rDNA was performed and the growth profile had been generated using Polymath Software. Filter paper assay (determination of enzyme activity), Bradford protein concentration were used in plotting the growth associated product curve. Based on the 16S rDNA sequencing results, the bacterium strains of Anoxybacillus geothermalis, incubated at 50˚C, pH 7 and Aeribacillus pallidus, incubated at 60˚C, pH 8 was successfully isolated. Both strains are gram-positive and endospore-forming bacteria. Based on the growth curve, the doubling time for Anoxybacillus geothermalis was calculated to be 49.5 minutes. Whereas, doubling time of Aeribacillus pallidus was 56.7 minutes. Both strains represent the growth assosiated product curve in which, when product formation is growth associated the specific rate of the product formation increases with specific growth rate and vice versa.
Quality and stability of rice bran protein powder at different storage condition
Authors: Md Sarip Mohd Sharizan , Musa Nor Aqilah , Saidi Syahrul Afandi , Mansor Mohd Rizuan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Rice bran contain higher amount of protein, vitamins, essential fatty acids, minerals, dietary fiber and sterol attribute to large food application. The possible application of rice bran protein in food industry are hampered due to the limited information on its stability which may be caused by the rancidity due to the exposure of its oil to lipase. Therefore, stability study for protein extracted form rice bran is essential to evaluate the protein quality at different possible storage condition. Three different storage condition was evaluated; 1. Sample 1 (Store in freezer), 2. Sample 2 (Store in close container in room temperature) and 3. Sample 3 (Store in open container in room temperature). Protein was extracted using hot water process at temperature of 120°C for 20 minutes and dried using spray drying process. All sample are monitored for 5 days for its protein composition, water activity, moisture content and pH. The functional group of the sample where analysed using Fourier transform infrared radiation (FTIR). As a conclusion, the storage condition gives an effect on the water activity and moisture content of the rice bran protein product. However, it not given the significance effect on protein concentration and pH.
Drought Indices Monitoring using SPI and Z Index Score for Gua Musang, Kelantan
Authors: Noor NA Mohd , Noor Nai Mohd , Alias R , Ideris M Mohamad 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Drought has become prevalent in Malaysia due to exceptional rainfall deficit which in turn exacerbate the existing local water crisis. This paper is intended to determine the drought index in Gua Musang as one part of contribution to the development of drought index for the whole of Malaysia using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Z score Index (ZI). The data collection used the rainfall data according to the identified station starting 2003-2015 based on the completeness of the data. The results indicated that the SPI and ZI gave quite similar result in term of condition of drought event and depicted the strong correlation between SPI and ZI. Findings from this study is believed benefit water engineers by providing information a probability distribution of water scarcity under different drought condition thus the mitigation strategy can be taken in order to address the impacts especially on water supply.
Forecasting Electricity Consumption Using the Second-Order Fuzzy Time Series
Authors: Tay K. G. , Sim S.E. , Tiong W. K. , Huong Audrey 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
There is a great development of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) infrastructure since its formation in 1993. The development will be accompanied by the increasing demand for electricity. Hence, there is a need to forecast UTHM electricity consumption accurately so that UTHM can plan for future energy demand and utility saving decisions. Previous studies on UTHM electricity consumption prediction have been carried out using time series models, multiple linear regression and first-order fuzzy time series (FTS). The first-order FTS yield the best accuracy among these three methods. Previous forecasting problem showed higher order FTS can yield better accuracy. Therefore, in this study, the second-order FTS with trapezoidal membership function was implemented on the UTHM monthly electricity consumption from January 2009 to December 2018 to forecast January to December 2019 monthly electricity consumption. The procedure of the FTS and trapezoidal membership function was described together with January data. The second-order FTS forecast UTHM electricity consumption better than the first-order FTS.
A Review: Polymer-based Insulation Material for HVDC Cable Application
Authors: Syatirah M N , Muhamad N A , Halim Khairul Anwar A. , Zakariya M Z , Anuar M N K , Zaidi A A H 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Demand on the usage of HVDC cables in the past was very low, this is because at that time most its application is only for underwater cable installations. However, when there are an increased in demand for using renewable energy such as solar energy, the use of polymer-based as insulaton material for HVDC became increased. This have attracted more cable manufacturers try to improve this cable quality and attract more market penetration in order make the development costs recoverable. This paper presents a review the used of polymer-based material for HVDC cable application. Comparison and discussion from previous researcher and manufacturer was done in term of material properties and quality was presented and discussed. The review was focused 4 types of polymer-based material which are: cross-linked Polyethylene (XLPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). Each material tests result were discussed for the best usage as HVDC insulation systems. The review found, polymer based material with additional of nana filler or difference type polymer can improve dielectric properties of HVDC cable insulator. This is because these material have very good indication of the conductivity and dielectric strength of high voltage insulation for HVDC application.
SFTA and GLCM via LDA Classifier for Skin Cancer Detection
Authors: Omar M F , Mansor M N , Saidi S A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Skin cancer may be a serious tumor. This can be clearly seen through the mature, uncommon appearance of fur pathology, which has abnormal properties in complex situations, wrinkled or uncertain perimeters, and dual colors. A small number of tulle melanomas of uncertain diameter can imitate benign moles and cannot be perceived by optical inspection. The only assumption for analyzing them is through dermoscopy as an option. Original identification and medical surgery can alternative for the patients. Within this research a detection method through image processing with various feature extraction such as Gabor filter and Hu Moment were employed and substantially improves the diagnosis performance with 97% via LDA Classifier.
Effect of channel length to the frequency response of Si-based Self-Switching Diodes using two-dimensional simulation
Authors: Zailan Zarimawaty , Kasjoo Shahrir Rizal , Idris Nurul Bariah , Rosli Khairul Affendi , Zakaria Nor Farhani , Isa Muammar Mohamad 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A planar nanodevice, known as the self-switching diode (SSD) which can be exploited as a high-speed rectifier in a wide range of applications. The non-linearity in the I-V characteristic of the SSD structure has been aimed for rectification application at GHz frequencies is reported. In this work simulation has been conducted on Si-based SSD structure with 230 nm L-shaped channels using ATLAS device simulator under the channel length range of 0.5 μm to 1.3 μm. Furthermore, the validity of the cut-off frequency has also been described using a theoretical value of f

t
at zero bias. The results showed that the optimization in the channel length of the SSD can assist the high cut-off frequency of SSD rectifying behavior to efficiently operate as microwave rectifier.
Development of Automatic Mini Fan with Human Detector by Using PIR Sensor
Authors: Talib N.A.A. , Kamarudin Farhah , Shema S.S. , Aziz Azri A. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This project will present the design, construction, development, control and evaluation of an automatic function of electric fan. Fan is the important thing for circulation of air. The development of Automatic Mini Fan with Human Detector System by Using PIR Sensor presented in this project is required to fulfill the requirement of technologies today and it had been fabricate with new design. The automatic mini fan with two types of power supply which is Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) can continuously function if one of the power supplies cannot be used. The human detection systems by using PIR sensor are implemented in this project and the detection range is up to 13 feet. The temperature sensors which maximum 70°C that are used in this project can automatically control the speed of fan up to 225 rpm. This automatic mini fan with human detection system contains combination of sensor, controller, motor and two types of power supply that controlled by Arduino UNO as the main controller. This project also presents the expected performance of the automatic mini fan with human detector system which the fan can rotate 0° to 180° and the construction of hardware and software development to gather the performance data. Finally, this project can give many benefits to people because it is portable and can save electricity. The result of this project becomes useful in the future.
Mechanical behaviour on concrete of coconut coir fiber as additive
Authors: Naamandadin Nurul Akmam , Rosdi Mohamad Saifullah , Mustafa Wan Azani , Shahrol Aman Muhammad Nazrin Shah , Saidi Syahrul Affandi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Fiber is one of the famous waste material in this country and fibre also can be used in order to increase the mechanical properties of concrete. Mechanical properties of concrete will be testing such compression strength and splitting tensile strength. Concrete has low tensile strength due to the brittleness properties. The coconut coir fibre processed by using the fabricated. Then the coconut coir fibre will be a sink in sodium hydroxide for 1 week and in pure water for 2 weeks at room temperature. The authorities that are already going through under treatment gave coconut coir fibre and it had been cut into a size of 25mm to 30mm. Three different ratios used in this research, which is 3%, 4% and 5% of coconut coir fibre as an additive to the concrete. There will be two types of specimens, which are cube size of 100mm x 100mm and cylinder 100mm diameter with 200mm length. All the samples cured in a water tank for 7 and 28days. The rate that had been using for this compression strength and splitting tensile strength follow the British Standard (BS 1881-116:1983). This research outcome is the addition of coconut coir fibre with concrete to increase the compression strength of the cube sample but it has lower strength than normal concrete. Meanwhile, for the splitting tensile strength of this reinforced concrete with coconut coir fibre as an additive has higher strength than normal concrete. The result proved that the addition of fibre will increase the mechanical properties of concrete but at the same time, it will decrease the workability of concrete.
Effect of tool shoulder diameters on surface quality of friction stir welded joints of aluminum alloy 6061
Authors: Maideen N C , Budin S , Ibrahim Dzullijah , Shahrol Azlan A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In friction stir welding process, shoulder diameter of stirring tool plays an important role. The role is to provide enough soften region along the process to produce a good quality of weldment. In this work, three variations of stirring tool shoulder diameter are produced which are stirring tool 1 (16mm), stirring tool 2 (20mm), and stirring tool 3 (24mm). Reconfigured milling machine (Cheng Yin – CY-GH 260) is used to performed friction stir welding process using the fabricated stirring tool. The stirring tools are made of H13 steel (chromium-molybdenum) with constant pin height of 3mm, and pin diameter of 5mm. Welding parameter used are 1270 RPM for rotating speed and 248 mm/min for welding speed. Then, all stirring tools are used to joined two similar plates AA 6061 with butt joint. The surface quality is determined from physical appearance, surface roughness, and welding strength of AA 6061 welded samples using fabricated strring tools (16mm, 20mm, and 24mm). From the result, smallest diameter stirring tool 1 (16mm) produced the best surface quality of weldment. Stirring tool 1 produced a free defect sample, smoothest surface with surface roughness value of 1.92 µm, and highest welding strength (119.28 MPa). However, the wear rate of the stirring tool 1 is the highest recorded from the stirring tool 1 material deposited at the sample.
Low temperature synthetic graphite from oil palm trunk waste via pyrolisis process
Authors: Karim N A , Ramli Muhammad M , Ghazali C M R , Nadia C A I , Denesh G 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Synthetic graphite was produced from oil palm trunk chip in lower heating temperature via pyrolysis process. The heating rate (10 °/min and 20 °/min) were varied whilst the heating temperature at 500 °C was fixed. All of the samples produced after heat treatment process were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the diffraction pattern obtained analyzed using X’Pert Highscore Plus software to affirm the phase analysis. To ensure the graphitic nature of synthetic graphite produced, RAMAN analysis was conducted. Morphological study of the synthetic graphite produced involved scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. From the investigation, the results show, confirmation that synthetic graphite was successfully synthesized at the heat treatment of 500 °C (20 °/min heating rate) with fixed soaking hours. Synthetic graphite produced matched with XRD reference code of 00-041-1487. Analysis of RAMAN confirm the formation of D, G and 2D peaks at the respective wavenumber of 1250 cm-1, 1625 cm-1 and 2700cm-1.
Study of urban fuel consumption of a car with a petrol internal combustion engine
Authors: Magdziak-Tokłowicz M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article presents analysis and an attempt to forecast the actual fuel consumption of the vehicle in the urban cycle. The most important factors affecting fuel consumption were discussed, in particular the influence of the driver’s driving style. Each driver drove a designated, the same route in the urban area outside the rush hour. Based on the readings from the OBD on-board computer and the mobile application, the driver’s occurrence points on the universal engine characteristics were read. On the axes of torque and rotational speed, the most frequently occurring engine work fields for each driver were determined. The author divided the driving styles of the driver according to the most common occurrence on the universal characteristics of the engine and depending on the specific fuel consumption. The author’s method has shown that it is possible to point out drivers who will certainly exceed the average fuel consumption after driving a few kilometers of the road. This method shows the possibility of using the on-board computer and OBD readings to optimize fuel consumption and match each driving style to the appropriate external and universal characteristics of the vehicle engine to use as little fuel as possible, and thus contribute to reducing CO2 emissions to the environment and consumption of fossil fuels. This method can be successfully used on all vehicles with an internal combustion engine.
Energy efficiency improvement in farming equipment, for agricultural holdings
Authors: Beloev H I , Terziev A K , Iliev I K , Ivanov M P 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The use of depreciated and outdated agricultural equipment reflects both, on the increased cost of production (due to the higher energy component), and the greater amount of emissions produced during the operation of that equipment. The presented paper deals with energy and emission analysis of the replacement of existing farming equipment in a holding, with a new one. The analysis considers the baseline tractor and harvester and their specific agricultural operations, related to the processing of the soil and the harvesting of the production. The analysis is based on the existing energy consumption of the old machines and accounting information on the operation of the new equipment, one year after its commissioning. The study shows that the estimated energy savings from the measures of 17.2%, with a similar carbon footprint reduction. Based on the technical characteristics, CO, HC, HC + NOx and NOx emissions were also analyzed. The percentage of estimated carbon emission savings is higher than 43.5%.
Computer program for indicator diagram processing of the internal combustion engine
Authors: Dimitrov E 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The article presents computer program for processing an indicator diagram of internal combustion engines developed by the author. The program input data are engine construction and operating parameters and cylinder pressure data array. The input data is saved to user files with *.txt and *.xls extensions. As a result of program execution, the following are calculated: engine indicator parameters; in cylinder working substance temperature; the rate of pressure increase; the current values of the heat-release and net heat-release and other quantities. The program is developed in a Matlab environment, compiled into an executable (*.exe) file and works in dialog mode. All calculations results are recorded in a custom file. This file is opened and saved with Microsoft Excel. The program is applicable by spark ignition and compression ignition engines working with: gasoline, LPG, CNG, diesel, diesel-LPG dual fuel, diesel-CNG dual fuel and diesel-hydrogen dual fuel.