bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clumped vs non-clumped internal enhancement patterns in linear non-mass enhancement on breast MRI
Authors: Chen Shu Tian , Covelli James , Okamoto Satoko , Daniel Bruce L , DeMartini Wendy B , Ikeda Debra M 
Published: December 2020

Objective:
To compare positive predictive values (PPVs) of clumped vs non-clumped (homogenous and heterogeneous) internal enhancement on MRI detected linear non-mass enhancement (NME) on MRI-guided vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (MRI-VABB).

Methods:
With IRB (Institutional Review Board) approval, we retrospectively reviewed 598 lesions undergoing MRI-VABB from January 2015 to April 2018 that showed linear NME. We reviewed the electronic medical records for MRI-VABB pathology, any subsequent surgery and clinical follow-up. The X2 test was performed for univariate analysis.

Results:
There were 120/598 (20%) linear NME MRI-VABB lesions with clumped (52/120, 43%) vs non-clumped (68/120, 57%) internal enhancement, average size 1.8 cm (range 0.6–7.6 cm). On MRI-VABB, cancer was identified in 22/120 (18%) lesions, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was found in 18/22 (82%) and invasive cancer in 4 (18%). 3/31 (10%) high-risk lesions upgraded to DCIS at surgery, for a total of 25/120 (21%) malignancies. Malignancy was found in 12/52 (23%) clumped lesions and in 13/68 (19%) of non-clumped lesions that showed heterogeneous (5/13, 38%) or homogenous (8/13, 62%) internal enhancement. The PPV of linear NME with clumped internal enhancement (23.1%) was not significantly different from the PPV of non-clumped linear NME (19.1%) (p = 0.597). The PPV of linear NME lesions &lt;1 cm (33.3%) was not significantly different from the PPV of lesions ≥1 cm (18.6%) (p = 0.157).

Conclusions:
Linear NME showed malignancy in 21% of our series. Linear NME with clumped or non-clumped internal enhancement patterns, regardless of lesion size, might need to undergo MRI-VABB in appropriate populations.

Advances in knowledge:
Evaluation of linear NME lesions on breast MRI focuses especially on internal enhancement pattern.
Why the Standard TFR gives a Misleading Impression of the Fertility of Foreign Women: Insights from Switzerland
Authors: Burkimsher Marion , Rossier Clémentine , Wanner Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Since 1971 the Swiss Federal Statistical Office has published annual fertility data split by nationality (Swiss/foreign). These indicate that the TFR for women of foreign nationality has been 0.5 children higher than for Swiss women for most of the period since 1991. However, statistics from household registration (STATPOP) and the Families and Generations Surveys (FGS) in 2013 and 2018 indicate that foreign women, approaching the end of their reproductive lives, have slightly smaller families than women of Swiss nationality. The purpose of this paper is to reconcile these contradictory fertility measures. To do this, we design a novel methodology for tallying the fertility of cohorts of Swiss and foreign nationals through their reproductive life. In addition to birth registrations and population totals by age (the input data for calculating the TFR) we also include estimates of how many children women have at the time of their immigration, emigration and naturalisation. Using these input data, we compile the fertility profiles of Swiss and foreign women aged 15-49 (cohorts 1966-2003). These correspond well with the FGS and household register data.
Several processes impact the final fertility of the two sub-populations. Women frequently immigrate into Switzerland in their 20s. Often arriving childless, they commonly start childbearing soon after immigration. However, there is still a flow of low-fertility women into the country in their 30s and 40s, lowering the average fertility of the foreign population. By contrast, Swiss women start childbearing later and a significant proportion remain childless; however, after starting childbearing they have a higher propensity than foreign women to have a second and third child. Naturalisation and fertility are interlinked; women with children are more likely to naturalise than those without, which then boosts the average fertility of the Swiss population.
We confirm that the standard TFR gives an inflated impression of the ultimate (cohort) fertility of foreign nationals and under-estimates that of Swiss women, and we describe how this happens. Fundamentally, the TFR is a measure of childbearing intensity, not an accurate estimate of completed cohort fertility, especially for a mobile population.
Barriers and facilitators to e-learning in palliative care
Authors: Callinan Joanne 
Published: December 2020

Background: E-learning provides opportunities for flexible learning to those who cannot access palliative education in the traditional classroom setting, but it also presents learners with challenges. The study aims to identify the barriers and facilitators to accessing e-learning courses in palliative care. Methods: Cross-sectional surveys were developed, piloted and disseminated to healthcare professionals (HCPs) working in palliative care on the island of Ireland (Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland). Results: Important factors that motivated HCPs to participate in e-learning are: dedicated time; quick technical and administrative support; computer training before completing an e-learning course; and regular contact with the tutor in online course work. Some 50% indicated face-to-face assistance and hands-on training sessions as the type of support that they would like to receive. Conclusions: Healthcare professionals' prior experiences and attitudes towards e-learning will guide educators developing programmes. This study indicates the prerequisite for organisational supports and practical considerations to facilitate the uptake of e-learning.
Strengthening Socio-Cognitive and Emotional Skills in Early Education through a School-Based Program: Preliminary Study
Authors: Ison Mirta Susana , González Daniela Fernanda , Korzeniowski Celina 
Published: December 2020

<p style="text-align:justify">This work has two objectives. The first is to describe a program to strengthen socio-cognitive abilities in initial education children (called PHSC), which is focused on training teachers on its implementation in the classroom. The second objective is to examine the effectiveness of the program when it is applied in schools with different socio-cultural contexts. It involved a total of 257 initial-level students attending two pre-primary schools in the province of Mendoza. One school was in an urban area of a more stable social environment, and the other in a socially-vulnerable area. The program was administered by teachers who had been trained for it. Pre- and post-assessments were conducted using socio-cognitive tests on the students. The teachers responded to the Executive Functioning Scale for initial education children before and after implementation of the PHSC program, and parents responded to an on-line survey to find out whether they had noticed any improvements or positive changes after the application of the program. The results suggest the possibility that this program, implemented by teachers, could improve the socio-cognitive abilities in children of both of the different social contexts, as well as being a driver to create conditions of equal opportunities and generate learning benefits in all their students.</p>
Underwater low acoustic frequency detection based on in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer
Authors: Dass Sumit , Jha Rajan 
Published: December 2020

We propose and demonstrate an in-line Mach–Zehnder interferometer (IMZI) as an optical hydrophone. The IMZI is fabricated by creating two tapers in the single-mode fiber (SMF), and the two tapered sections are separated by a small section of untapered SMF. To achieve higher sensitivity, this IMZI is attached to a circular natural rubber (NR) diaphragm. The sensing mechanism is based on the acoustic pressure-induced wavelength shift of the IMZI transmission spectrum. The proposed hydrophone is tested underwater with acoustic signals of different frequencies in the range of 15–250 Hz. For a specific IMZI structure, the hydrophone shows a sensitivity of 27.93 nm/Pa and a noise-limited minimum detectable pressure of

5.53

m
P
a

/

√

H
z

. One can tailor the acoustic sensitivity of the proposed hydrophone by changing different parameters of diaphragm and IMZI. The excellent underwater performance of the NR diaphragm makes the proposed hydrophone an efficient and economical system for underwater low-frequency acoustic signal detection.
High-speed photoacoustic-guided wavefront shaping for focusing light in scattering media
Authors: Zhao Tianrui , Ourselin Sebastien , Vercauteren Tom , Xia Wenfeng 
Published: December 2020

Wavefront shaping is becoming increasingly attractive as it promises to enable various biomedical applications by breaking through the optical diffusion limit that prevents light focusing at depths larger than

∼

1

m
m

in biological tissue. However, despite recent advancements in wavefront shaping technology, such as those exploiting non-invasive photoacoustic-guidance, in vivo demonstrations remain challenging mainly due to rapid tissue speckle decorrelation. In this work, we report a high-speed photoacoustic-guided wavefront shaping method with a relatively simple experimental setup, based on the characterization of a scattering medium with a real-valued intensity transmission matrix. We demonstrated light focusing through an optical diffuser by optimizing 4096 binary amplitude modulation modes of a digital micromirror device within

∼

300

m
s

, leading to a system runtime of 75 µs per input mode, which is 3 orders of magnitude smaller than the smallest runtime reported in literature so far using photoacoustic-guided wavefront shaping. Thus, our method is a solid step forward toward in vivo applications of wavefront shaping.
Artificial Intelligence in mental health and the biases of language based models
Authors: Straw Isabel , Callison-Burch Chris 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundThe rapid integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the healthcare field has occurred with little communication between computer scientists and doctors. The impact of AI on health outcomes and inequalities calls for health professionals and data scientists to make a collaborative effort to ensure historic health disparities are not encoded into the future. We present a study that evaluates bias in existing Natural Language Processing (NLP) models used in psychiatry and discuss how these biases may widen health inequalities. Our approach systematically evaluates each stage of model development to explore how biases arise from a clinical, data science and linguistic perspective.Design/MethodsA literature review of the uses of NLP in mental health was carried out across multiple disciplinary databases with defined Mesh terms and keywords. Our primary analysis evaluated biases within ‘GloVe’ and ‘Word2Vec’ word embeddings. Euclidean distances were measured to assess relationships between psychiatric terms and demographic labels, and vector similarity functions were used to solve analogy questions relating to mental health.ResultsOur primary analysis of mental health terminology in GloVe and Word2Vec embeddings demonstrated significant biases with respect to religion, race, gender, nationality, sexuality and age. Our literature review returned 52 papers, of which none addressed all the areas of possible bias that we identify in model development. In addition, only one article existed on more than one research database, demonstrating the isolation of research within disciplinary silos and inhibiting cross-disciplinary collaboration or communication.ConclusionOur findings are relevant to professionals who wish to minimize the health inequalities that may arise as a result of AI and data-driven algorithms. We offer primary research identifying biases within these technologies and provide recommendations for avoiding these harms in the future.
Visual statistical learning and integration of perceptual priors are intact in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Richards Katie L. , Karvelis Povilas , Lawrie Stephen M. , Seriès Peggy 
Published: December 2020

BackgroundDeficits in visual statistical learning and predictive processing could in principle explain the key characteristics of inattention and distractibility in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Specifically, from a Bayesian perspective, ADHD may be associated with flatter likelihoods (increased sensory processing noise), and/or difficulties in generating or using predictions. To our knowledge, such hypotheses have never been directly tested.MethodsWe here test these hypotheses by evaluating whether adults diagnosed with ADHD (n= 17) differed from a control group (n= 30) in implicitly learning and using low-level perceptual priors to guide sensory processing. We used a visual statistical learning task in which participants had to estimate the direction of a cloud of coherently moving dots. Unbeknown to the participants, two of the directions were more frequently presented than the others, creating an implicit bias (prior) towards those directions. This task had previously revealed differences in other neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autistic spectrum disorder and schizophrenia.ResultsWe found that both groups acquired the prior expectation for the most frequent directions and that these expectations substantially influenced task performance. Overall, there were no group differences in how much the priors influenced performance. However, subtle group differences were found in the influence of the prior over time.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity in ADHD do not stem from broad difficulties in developing and/or using low-level perceptual priors.
Equation for analyzing the peak power in aquatic environment: An alternative for olympic rowing athletes
Authors: Almeida-Neto Paulo Francisco de , Silva Luíz Felipe da , Matos Dihogo Gama de , Jeffreys Ian , Cesário Tatianny de Macedo , Neto Rui Barboza , Barbosa Wagner de Almeida , Aidar Felipe J. , Dantas Paulo Moreira Silva , Cabral Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinoco 
Published: December 2020

PurposeTo develop an equation to provide the peak power (PP) through a specific stimulus performed in an aquatic environment, as well as to correlate morphological, anthropometric and strength variables with rowing performance.MethodsThe sample consisted of 16 elite young rowing athletes of both sexes (15.7 ± 1.21 years). The strength of upper limbs and lower limbs was verified. To analyze the PP, a 100-m Sprint test was performed on an indoor rowing type ergometer, and after a 72-hour wash-out, the test was repeated in an aquatic environment on a vessel equipped with a global position system. Body composition was analyzed by examining bone densitometry with an X-ray source and maturation was verified by anthropometry.ResultsThe tests for water sprint and indoor rowing showed significant reliability (ICC = 0.695; p = 0.0007). The PP aquatic showed reliability with that acquired in indoor rowing (ICC = 0.897; p<0.0001) and was related to maturation (p<0.05). The morphology, anthropometry and strength of the upper limbs were related to the sprint and peak strength in both tests (p<0.05).ConclusionThe equation for the PP in aquatic environment presented by the present study is highly reliable with an indoor ergometer digital ergometer.
Heart rate variability is enhanced during mindfulness practice: A randomized controlled trial involving a 10-day online-based mindfulness intervention
Authors: Kirk Ulrich , Axelsen Johanne L. 
Published: December 2020

Objectives
The goal of the present study was to probe the effects of mindfulness practice in a naturalistic setting as opposed to a lab-based environment in the presence of continuous heart rate variability (HRV) measurements. The specific experimental goals were to examine the effects of a brief 10-day online-based mindfulness intervention on both chronic and acute HRV responses.

Method
We conducted a fully randomized 10-day longitudinal trial of mindfulness practice, explicitly controlling for practice effects with an active-control group (music listening) and a non-intervention control group. To assess chronic cardiovascular effects, we asked participants in the 3 groups to complete 2-day HRV pre- and post-intervention measurement sessions. Using this experimental setup enabled us to address training effects arising from mindfulness practice to assess physiological impact on daytime as well as nighttime (i.e. assessing sleep quality) on the underlying HRV response. To assess acute cardiovascular effects, we measured HRV in the 2 active intervention groups during each of the 10 daily mindfulness or music sessions. This allowed us to track the development of purported training effects arising from mindfulness practice relative to the active-control intervention in terms of changes in the HRV slope over the 10-day time-course.

Results
Firstly, for the acute phase we found increased HRV during the daily practice sessions in both the mindfulness and active-control group indicating that both interventions were effective in decreasing acute physiological stress. Secondly, for the chronic phase we found increased HRV in both the day- and nighttime indicating increased sleep quality, specifically in the mindfulness group.

Conclusion
These results suggest causal effects in both chronic and acute phases of mindfulness practice in formerly naïve subjects and provides support for the argument that brief online-based mindfulness interventions exert positive impact on HRV.
Comorbidities in people living with HIV: An epidemiologic and economic analysis using a claims database in France
Authors: Pourcher Valérie , Gourmelen Julie , Bureau Isabelle , Bouee Stéphane 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesAs people living with HIV (PLHIV) age, the burden of non-HIV related comorbidities increases resulting in additional healthcare costs. The present study aimed to describe the profile, the prevalence and the incremental costs of non-HIV related comorbidities in PLHIV compared to non-HIV matched controls (1:2 ratio) in France.MethodsThe French permanent sample of health beneficiaries (Echantillon généraliste de bénéficiaires[EGB]), a claims database representative of the national population, was used to assess comorbidities in PLHIV which were identified by the ICD-10 diagnosis codes of hospitalization, full healthcare coverage, and drug reimbursements between 2011 and 2014. The control group was matched by year of birth, gender, region of residence, and economic status. Total costs of outpatient care and hospitalizations were analysed from a societal perspective. A general linear model was used to assess the incremental cost per patient in PLHIV.ResultsA total of 1,091 PLHIV and 2,181 matched controls were identified with a mean ± standard deviation age of 46.7 ± 11.5 years. The prevalence of alcohol abuse (5.8% vs 3.1%; p<0.001), chronic renal disease (1.2% vs 0.3%; p = 0.003), cardiovascular disease (7.4% vs 5.1%; p = 0.009), dyslipidaemia (22% vs 15.9%; p<0.001), hepatitis B (3.8% vs 0.1%; p<0.001) and hepatitis C (12.5% vs 0.6%; p<0.001) was significantly higher in PLHIV compared with non-HIV controls. Other comorbidities such as anaemia, malnutrition, psychiatric diseases, and neoplasms were also more prevalent in PLHIV. Hospitalizations were significantly increased in PLHIV compared to controls (33.2% vs 16%; p<0.001). Mean total cost was 6 times higher for PLHIV compared to controls and 4 times higher after excluding antiretroviral drugs (9,952€ vs. 2,593€; p<0.001). Higher costs per person in PLHIV were significantly associated to aging (42€ per patient/year), chronic cardiovascular disease (3,003€), hepatitis C (6,705€), metastatic carcinoma (6,880€) and moderate or severe liver disease (6,299€).ConclusionOur results demonstrated an increase in non-HIV related comorbidities among PLHIV compared to matched controls. This study contributes to raise awareness on the burden of chronic comorbidities.
Perceptions of virtual primary care physicians: A focus group study of medical and data science graduate students
Authors: Goetz Courtney M. , Arnetz Judith E. , Sudan Sukhesh , Arnetz Bengt B. 
Published: December 2020

Background
Artificial and virtual technologies in healthcare have advanced rapidly, and healthcare systems have been adapting care accordingly. An intriguing new development is the virtual physician, which can diagnose and treat patients independently.

Methods and findings
This qualitative study of advanced degree students aimed to assess their perceptions of using a virtual primary care physician as a patient. Four focus groups were held: first year medical students, fourth year medical students, first year engineering/data science graduate students, and fourth year engineering/data science graduate students. The focus groups were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and content analyses of the transcripts was performed using a data-driven inductive approach. Themes identified concerned advantages, disadvantages, and the future of virtual primary care physicians. Within those main categories, 13 themes emerged and 31 sub-themes.

Discussion
While participants appreciated that a virtual primary care physician would be convenient, efficient, and cost-effective, they also expressed concern about data privacy and the potential for misdiagnosis. To garner trust from its potential users, future virtual primary physicians should be programmed with a sufficient amount of trustworthy data and have a high level of transparency and accountability for patients.
Prognostic value of ESR2 expression on adjuvant chemotherapy in completely resected NSCLC
Authors: Yu Hongliang , Gu Dayong , Qian Pudong 
Published: December 2020

Background
Prognostic biomarker, which can inform the treatment outcome of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) after complete resection of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is urgently needed for the personalized treatment of these patients.

Patients and methods
The prognostic value of gene expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) on the effect of ACT in completely resected NSCLC was investigated in the present study. Two independent datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) with a total of 309 patients were included in this study. The prognostic value of ER gene expression on ACT’s efficacy was evaluated by survival analysis and Cox hazards models.

Results
We found a consistent and significant prognostic value of ERβ (ESR2) expression for ACT’s efficacy in completely resected NSCLC in both of the two independent cohorts. After multivariate adjustment, a significant survival benefit of ACT was observed in patients with low expression of ESR2, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.19 (95%CI 0.05–0.82, p = 0.026) in the discovery cohort and an HR of 0.27 (95%CI 0.10–0.76, p = 0.012) in the validation group. No significant benefit of ACT in the subgroup of patients with high expression of ESR2 was observed, with an HR of 0.80 (95%CI 0.31–2.09, p = 0.644) in the discovery cohort and an HR of 1.05 (95%CI 0.48–2.29, p = 0.896) in the validation group.

Conclusion
A significant survival benefit from ACT was observed in patients with low ESR2 expression. No significant survival benefit was observed in patients with high ESR2 expression. Detection of ESR2 expression in NSCLC may help personalize its treatment after complete resection.