bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suitability of Five Horticulturally Important Armored Scale Insects as Hosts for an Exotic Predaceous Lady Beetle1
Authors: Bull Brenda C. , Raupp Michael J. , Hardin Mark R. , Sadof Clifford S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chilocorus kuwanae (Sylvestri) was imported from Korea to the United States for release against the euonymus scale (Unaspis euonymi (Comstock)). Field observations suggest that C. kuwanae feeds on a number of other armored scale insects, including white peach scale (Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targionni-Tozzeti)) and obscure scale (Melanaspis obscura (Comstock)). However, such observations have not been rigorously examined under controlled conditions. Our laboratory investigations indicate that C. kuwanae survives and reproduces well on San Jose scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)), in addition to euonymus scale. Fecundity was reduced in adults fed white peach scale. Few larvae survived to adulthood when fed oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii (Bouche)). Adults failed to reproduce on obscure scale; none of the larvae fed this host survived to the pupal stage.
Olivine: A Potential Magnesium Source for Container Production
Authors: Warren Stuart L. , Shelton James E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Fraser photinia, ‘Plumosa Compacta Youngstown’ juniper and ‘Hino-Crimson’ azalea were grown in pine bark amended with a factorial combination of five rates (0, 0.9, 1.8, 3.6 and 7.2 kg/m3) (0, 1.5, 3, 6 and 12 lbs/yd3) of olivine, a magnesium ortho silicate containing 27% Mg and four particle sizes of olivine. Calcium carbonate (38% Ca) at 2.4 kg/m3 (4 lbs/yd3) was incorporated into all olivine treatments. A separate treatment utilizing 4.2 kg/m3 (7 lbs/yd3) dolomitic limestone (22% Ca, 11% Mg) was also included to serve as a comparison to dolomitic limestone. In general, Mg concentration in the media increased with increasing olivine rate and decreasing particle size. Media P, K and Ca concentration and pH were not affected by olivine rate or particle size, nor were they significantly different from the treatment containing dolomitic limestone. Foliar Mg increased with increasing olivine rate in all species. Foliar K decreased with increasing olivine rate for ‘Hino-Crimson’ azalea and Fraser photinia. Top dry weight of ‘Plumosa Compacta Youngstown’ juniper was not affected by olivine rate or particle size while top dry weight of ‘Hino-Crimson’ azalea and Fraser photinia increased quadratically with increasing olivine rate, with the maximum occurring at 0.9 kg/m3 (1.5 lbs/yd3) and 1.8 kg/m3 (3.0 lbs/yd3), respectively. These maximum top dry weights were significantly heavier than plants grown with dolomitic limestone.
Rooting Performance of Hardwood Stem Cuttings from Herbicide-treated Nursery Stock Plants
Authors: Catanzaro C. J. , Skroch W. A. , Henry P. H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bed-grown nursery stock was treated with preemergence herbicides semiannually for 3 years at maximum label use rates. Herbicides included Devrinol, Pennant, Ronstar, Southern Weedgrass Control, Surflan, Treflan, Ornamental Herbicide 2, Rout, and XL. Hardwood cuttings were taken after two and four herbicide applications (‘Nellie R. Stevens’ holly), or after two and six applications (shore juniper, Pfitzer juniper, glossy privet). Herbicides did not affect rooting of cuttings or growth of stock plants of the taxa tested.
Propagation Container Size and Duration to Transplant on Growth of Two Ilex Species
Authors: Knight Patricia R. , Eakes D. Joseph , Gilliam Charles H. , Tilt Kenneth M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stem cuttings of Ilex cornuta ‘Burfordii Nana’ and Ilex × ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ were direct stuck into cell packs [31 cm3 (2 in3)], rose pots [221 cm3 (14 in3)], quart pots [1048 cm3 (64 in3)], or #1 containers [2975 cm3 (182 in3)]. Cell pack, rose pot, and quart pot liners were transplanted 9 or 20 weeks later into #1 containers. Shoot growth and root distribution were influenced by container size and transplant time. When transplanted at 9 weeks after sticking, plants propagated in smaller container sizes (cell packs and rose pots) had similar root growth outside a quart container volume compared to plants propagated in larger container sizes (quart pots and #1 containers) 28.5 weeks after initial sticking. Plants propagated in cell packs and rose pots and transplanted into #1 containers 20 weeks after sticking had fewer new shoots and lower new shoot dry weights compared to plants propagated in quart containers and transplanted at either 9 or 20 weeks. Plants propagated in quart pots were similar in size regardless of transplant date.
Response of Tall Fescue to Plant Growth Regulators and Mowing Frequencies
Authors: Johnson B. Jack 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Tall fescue (Festuca arundinace Schred.) produces rapid growth during a 6- to 8-week period in early spring. A field experiment was initiated on tall fescue to determine the number of mowings that can be eliminated by the use of plant growth regulators (PGRs) during this rapid growth period. Primo (CGA 163935) applied at 0.4 kg/ha (0.36 lb/A) mid-March suppressed vegetative growth for 3 to 5 weeks and eliminated 3 mowings during the first 5 weeks after treatment during 1990 and 1991 and eliminated 2 mowings during 1993. Primo (CGA 163935) applied at this rate did not reduce the quality and density of tall fescue below the acceptable level. Primo (CGA 163935) applied at 0.8 kg/ha (0.72 lb/A) eliminated 1 additional mowing during the 5 weeks after treatment in 2 of 3 years when compared with the 0.4 kg/ha (0.36 lb/A) rate. However, turf quality was consistently lower for 6 to 7 weeks after the tall fescue was treated with the 0.8 kg/ha (0.72 lb/A) rate. Embark (mefluidide) applied at 0.42 kg/ha (0.38 lb/A) performed similarly to Primo (CGA 163935), except the quality and density of the turf were reduced below the acceptable level at various times during the study. There was no advantage in the use of Cutless (flurprimidol) plus Embark (mefluidide) at 1.1 + 0.14 kg/ha (1.0 + 0.12 lb/A) or paclobutrazole (PP 333) plus Embark (mefluidide) at 1.1 + 0.14 kg/ha (1.0 + 0.12 lb/A) on suppressing vegetative growth of tall fescue when compared with Embark (mefluidide) at 0.42 kg/ha (0.38 lb/A) alone. Neither Limit (amidochlor) at 2.8 kg/ha (2.5 lb/A) nor paclobutrazol (PP 333) at 1.1 kg/ha (1.0 lb/A) suppressed vegetative growth as effectively as Primo (CGA 163935) or Embark (mefluidide).
Micropropagation of Pieris floribunda
Authors: Starrett Mark C. , Blazich Frank A. , Acedo Juan R. , Warren Stuart L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Shoot tips excised from actively growing stock plants of Pieris floribunda (Pursh ex Sims) Benth. and Hook. (mountain andromeda) in the adult growth phase, were surface disinfested, the terminal portions removed (decapitated), and the shoots placed horizontally on agar-solidified Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with 8 ppm 6-(γ,γ-dimethylallylamino)-purine (2iP), 80 ppm adenine hemisulfate, and 200 ppm NaH2PO4. Within 1 month, multiple shoot formation began and axillary shoots were excised from the original explants. These shoots were decapitated and placed on WPM with the aforementioned supplements. After 3 subcultures and 3 transfers (6 months), eight-node axillary shoots were excised, decapitated, and cultured on agar-solidified WPM supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 ppm 2iP. The greatest number of microcuttings ≥ 20 mm (0.8 in) having low hyperhydricity and moderate dry weight was produced at 4 ppm 2iP. Attempts at ex vitro rooting were unsuccessful and rooting was accomplished in vitro. In vitro rooting of microcuttings was optimal (75% rooting) when placed in WPM containing 15 ppm of the potassium (K) salt of 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) for 10 days followed by transfer to WPM lacking K-IBA. Rooted microcuttings were placed in a plug tray containing a sterile medium of 1 peat: 1 vermiculite (v/v) and transferred to high humidity (&gt; 80% RH) for acclimatization. After 2 weeks under high humidity, plantlets were transferred to a glasshouse resulting in 49% survival.
Responses Of Eight Groundcover Species To Renovation By Mowing
Authors: Hodel D.R. , Pittenger D.R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eight species of groundcovers commonly used in the southwestern United States were subjected to renovation by mowing during a 2-year study: red apple, coyote bush, pink iceplant, trailing lantana, prostrate myoporum, trailing African daisy, dwarf rosemary and garden verbena. Plant response was evaluated monthly in terms of total height, thickness of thatch, density, and overall appearance. Six species responded favorably to mowing at a height of 10 cm (4 in) in that thatch and height were significantly reduced for up to several months with only a brief loss in aesthetic quality. Coyote bush, trailing lantana, prostrate myoporum and garden verbena responded well to March mowings, while pink iceplant and trailing African daisy responded well to June mowings. In the two species that did not respond favorably (red apple and dwarf rosemary), the 10 cm (4 in) mowing treatment significantly reduced thatch and height but their aesthetic quality and density were reduced to unacceptable levels for several months. These findings provide landscape managers, architects and designers with specific information needed to conduct effective, minimum input maintenance programs.
Consumer Marketing Preferences for Nursery Stock
Authors: Khatamian Houchang , Stevens Alan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Consumer preferences as influenced by type of packaging, size of container, and price when purchasing landscape/nursery plants were determined. From February to May 1991, nearly 1,100 questionnaires were completed through personal on-site interviews conducted at flower/garden shows and traditional garden centers. Consumers preferred by almost a two to one margin to purchase trees as balled & burlapped stock and by almost a three to one margin, to purchase shrubs in containers. Over 90% of respondants normally purchased nursery plants from garden centers where they make 60% of their plant purchases. Almost half, 48.6% of these same respondants also purchased nursery plants from discount stores where they made 22.8% of their plant purchases. In 1990, 45% of those surveyed spent $100–500 for nursery stock. Respondants were willing to spend an average of $98 on a single tree. The most important factors in purchasing nursery stock were plant quality, availability of professional help, and plant selection. Plant cost and size were less important.
Effect of Irrigation on Crabapple Growth and Water Relations During Field Production with In-Ground Fabric Containers
Authors: Kjelgren R. , Spihlman C. , Cleveland B.R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Growth and water relations of irrigated and non-irrigated Malus sieboldii var. zumi produced with and without in-ground fabric containers in a field-nursery setting were investigated. Predawn and midday leaf water potential and midday stomatal conductance were measured periodically through the season, and trunk increment, leaf area, root growth, and osmotic potential were measured in late season. Water potential became more negative and stomatal conductance decreased in non-irrigated treatments during an extended mid-summer drought that resulted in less trunk diameter growth and leaf area. Trees grown in fabric-containers, both irrigated and non-irrigated, exhibited no detectable differences in water relations over the season. These trees did have fewer roots and less leaf area than the trees grown without fabric containers, indicating that in-ground fabric containers can limit growth even when irrigated. Non-irrigated trees in fabric containers were nonetheless affected by water stress as they had the least trunk growth and most negative osmotic potential of all treatments. Careful management practices would suggest increased irrigation frequency during production with in-ground fabric containers to avoid water stress.
Evaluation of Eight Species of Cornus for Resistance to Dogwood Anthracnose
Authors: Sherald James L. , Stidham Tammy M. , Roberts Libby E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eight species and one cultivar of Cornus: C. florida L. (flowering dogwood), C. kousa (Buerger ex Miquel) Hance (Chinese dogwood), C. alba L. (Siberian dogwood), C. alternifolia L. (pagoda dogwood), C. sericea L. (red-osier dogwood), C. sericea ‘Flaviramea’ (yellow twig dogwood), C. racemosa Lam. (gray stem dogwood), C. amomum Mill, (silky dogwood), and C. mas L. (Cornelian cherry) were subjected to natural infection by Discula destructiva for two or three years. The area of exposure exhibited a 35% increase in mortality of native C. florida over a four year period. Only the eight C. florida test plants developed dogwood anthracnose symptoms and six of these plants died after three years. All other species remained free of dogwood anthracnose. Under more severe disease conditions other Cornus species may develop dogwood anthracnose. Ideally, resistance testing should be performed under laboratory or greenhouse conditions where inoculum and environmental conditions can be controlled.
Increasing Branching of Landscape Pear Trees With Promalin and Dikegulac-sodium
Authors: Jacyna Tadeusz , Starbuck Christopher J. , Ellersiek Mark R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
One-year-old trees of Pyrus calleryana ‘Bradford’, ‘Aristocrat’ and ‘Redspire’ on ‘OHF 97’ rootstock were treated in a nursery with foliar sprays of Promalin at 750 or 1500 ppm ai or dikegulac-sodium (Atrimmec) at 1440 or 2880 ppm ai in June 1989. Untreated trees of the three pear cultivars averaged less than one branch per tree at the end of the season, while ‘Bradford’ and ‘Aristocrat’ treated with Promalin at either concentration averaged over 10 and ‘Redspire’ averaged 9. Dikegulac promoted branching of all cultivars however, unlike Promalin, reduced tree height and resulted in visibly narrower branching angles.
Growth and Water Relations of Kentucky Coffee Tree and Silver Maple Following Transplanting
Authors: Kjelgren Roger , Cleveland Brenda 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Following transplanting we monitored growth and water relations over two years in Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica (L.) C. Koch) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.). Field-grown, well-established trees transplanted in place were compared to nontransplanted control trees. Predawn water potential was measured twice each month for two growing seasons, as well as midday stomatal conductance and water potential. Shoot elongation, leaf size, diameter growth, and total leaf area were determined both years. Less total leaf area as a result of transplanting apparently moderated total tree transpiration in both species. Reduced tree transpiration allowed stomatal conductance and predawn water potential to reach levels equal to non-transplanted trees in both species during periods of high rainfall. During low-rainfall periods water relations of transplanted Kentucky coffee tree (KCT) declined more than silver maple (MAP) relative to the control trees. Compared to non-transplanted trees, transplanting reduced growth of KCT more than that of MAP the first year. In the second year, when growing-season rainfall was less than half of the first year, the relative effect of transplanting on growth of the two species was reversed, indicating that KCT was more drought tolerant. These results suggested that deciduous balled-and-burlapped trees transplanted while dormant self-regulate water loss by reducing transpiring leaf area the following growing season.
Plant Growth and NOx-N in Leachate from Dieffenbachia maculata ‘Camille’
Authors: Conover C.A. , Satterthwaite L.N. , Poole R.T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Dieffenbachia ‘Camille’ liners were planted and grown until “ready-for-market” in 1.6 liter pots containing Vergro Container Mix A without superphosphate. Plants were fertilized (FR) using 4, 8, 12, or 16 g 19N-2.6P-10K (0.14, 0.28, 0.42 or 0.56 oz 19–6–12) Osmocote 3-month release formula and were irrigated (IF) one, two or three times per week. Experiments were conducted during cooler months (20 weeks, January–May) and also during warmer months (13 weeks, June–September). Medium leachate samples were collected weekly for the duration of each experiment. Plant grade and top fresh weight (growth parameters) during the winter responded to an interaction between treatments (FR × IF). During the summer experiment, growth parameters were affected only by IF and were greatest at 3 irrigations per week. Weekly leachate characteristics (pH and electrical conductivity [EC], and P, NH4-N and NOx-N content) were affected only by FR, with increased fertilizer generally resulting in leachate with decreased pH and increased EC and increased P, NH4-N and NOx-N concentrations, in both winter and summer with the exceptions during the winter of P which increased with either an increase in FR or IF and of NOx-N which also increased with increased IF. Interaction occurred between FR and IF for total mg P leached during each experiment and for total mg NOx-N leached during the 20 week experiment, while total mg NOx-N leached during the 13 week experiment and total mg NH4-N leached in each experiment were affected only by FR.
Use of Paclobutrazol to Regulate Shoot Growth and Flower Development of ‘Roseum Elegans’ Rhododendron
Authors: Ranney Thomas G. , Bir Richard E. , Conner Joseph L. , Whitman Everett P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
‘Roseum Elegans’ rhododendron (Rhododendron sp. L.) were grown in 2.5 1 (#1) containers and treated with foliar sprays of 50, 100, and 200 ppm or root-zone drenches of 2.5 (0.89), 5.0 (1.78), 10.0 (3.55), and 20.0 (7.10) ppm (mg ai/plant) of paclobutrazol immediately following completion of the first flush of annual shoot growth. Shoot lengths of the subsequent growth flush following treatment were decreased with increasing rates of paclobutrazol when applied as either a drench or foliar spray. Drenches were more effective in suppressing shoot length with less active ingredient than were foliar sprays. The number of flower buds per plant increased with increasing rates of paclobutrazol when applied as a drench but not as a foliar spray. The highest drench rate resulted in 8.0 flower buds/plant, a 240% increase over non-treated plants. No phytotoxicity was observed from any of the treatments; however, inflorescence diameter, measured the year following treatment, was slightly (&lt;1.1 cm, &lt;7.5%) reduced with increasing rates of paclobutrazol when applied as a drench. Flowering duration, the period from bud break to abscision of the last flower, increased with increasing rates of paclobutrazol for both application methods with a maximum increase of 5.6 days for the highest drench treatment. Length of shoot growth the year following treatment was reduced by as much as 33% with increasing paclobutrazol rates when applied as a drench but not as a foliar spray.
Wildflower Establishment in Seedbeds Created from an Industrial Co-product and Co-composted Municipal Waste
Authors: Pill Wallace G. , Smith W. Gary. , Frett John J. , Devenney David 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ten cm (4 in) deep synthetic seedbeds created from co-composted municipal waste (CCMW), an industrial co-product (Iron-Rich material, IRM), CCMW:IRM (1:1, by vol), and surface tilled (2.5 cm; 1 in) soil were compared for establishment and growth of seven wildflower species. The IRM seedbed resulted in increased seedling emergence compared to other seedbeds. Percentage and rate of seedling emergence were similar in soil and CCMW:IRM seedbeds, but seedling shoot dry weight was greater in CCMW:IRM. By 400 days after planting, both IRM and CCMW:IRM seedbeds supported similar wildflower populations (200% and 490% greater than soil and CCMW seedbeds, respectively), but the population density of the wildflower species was more uniform in CCMW:IRM. Shoot dry weights per meter2 (10.8 ft2) at 400 days after planting were similar in all seedbeds.
Cyclic Sprinkler Irrigation and Pre-irrigation Substrate Water Content Affect Water and N Leaching from Containers
Authors: Karam Nabila S. , Niemiera Alexander X. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A series of sprinkler irrigation experiments were conducted to determine the influences of water application rate (WAR), pre-irrigation substrate water content (PSWC), and cyclic irrigation on water and N leaching from container-grown plants. Prior to experiments, Marigold (Tagetes erecta L. ‘Apollo’), were glass house-grown in pine bark-filled 3.8 liter (1 gal) containers. Prior to treatment, substrate was dried via evapotranspiration (ET) to targeted PSWCs. A simulated overhead irrigation system applied the daily water allotment in a single continuous application or cyclically (multiple applications); in most cases the respective ET volumes were applied to the substrate. Water application efficiency (WAE; water vol retained in substrate + water vol applied to substrate) was determined, and in some experiments, leachates were analyzed for EC, NO3-N and NH4-N. A negative linear relationship existed between WAR and WAE. Leachate NO3-N and NH4-N concentrations were unaffected by WAR, however, total N leached increased with increasing WAR. WAE of cyclic irrigation was 4% higher (absolute basis) than with continuous irrigation; WAE increased as the time interval between cyclic applications increased from 20 to 60 min. Regardless of how water was applied, WAE was inversely related to PSWC and application volume. These experiments showed that the most effective method to increase WAE is to irrigate at relatively low PSWCs; if irrigation occurs at relatively high PSWCs, then relatively low volumes should be applied.
Effect of Drought and Phenological Stage at Transplanting on Root Hydraulic Conductivity, Growth Indices, and Photosynthesis of Turkish Hazelnut
Authors: Roger Harris J. , Bassuk Nina L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A single drought episode was applied to two groups of container-grown Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut) seedlings which had concomitantly reached distinct phenological stages; 1) buds opening and no new root growth visible and 2) shoot extension well underway and new root growth just beginning. Two days after rewetting, root hydraulic conductivity was lower for plants exposed to drought, but there was no phenological stage effect. No differences in root hydraulic conductivity were apparent among well-watered plants of stage 1, 2 and a third stage, 3) shoot extension complete (buds set) and root growth well underway. Twenty five days after return to daily irrigation, those plants subjected to the drying treatment had smaller diameter trunks, but total plant height and dry weight of root-balls were similar. No differences in photosynthetic rate or stomatal conductance were evident 25 days after transplanting.