bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urticaceae leaves with stinging trichomes were already present in latest early Eocene Okanogan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: DeVore Melanie L. , Nyandwi Alphonse , Eckardt Winnie , Bizuru Elias , Mujawamariya Myriam , Pigg Kathleen B. 
Published: October 2020

PremisePaleontologists use tooth form to assess diets of fossil mammals. Plants would also be expected to adapt their morphology to respond to herbivory. Fossil nettle leaves with definitive stinging trichomes (tribe Urticeae, family Urticaceae) are described from the early Eocene upland lacustrine floras of the Okanogan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada. This is the first report of stinging trichomes in the fossil record. Their occurrence in western North America at a time of major large herbivorous mammal radiation suggests they acted, as they do today, as a deterrent for mammal herbivory.MethodsFossil leaf compressions and extant leaves were photographed with standard methods. Focus‐shift stacking was used to layer photos of the fossil leaves.ResultsUrticaceous fossil leaves from the Okanogan Highlands greatly resemble their modern relatives in leaf morphology and particularly in both stinging and nonstinging trichomes. Nettles are common components of the flora of the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. This region is used as a modern analogue for the Okanogan Highlands, based on comparable elevation, equable conditions that host both similar floras and large folivores.ConclusionsNettles in tribe Urticeae (Urticaceae) producing leaves with stinging and nonstinging trichomes were already present in the early Eocene of western North America at a pivotal time during the early radiation of modern mammalian herbivore groups. They offer tantalizing evidence of a selective response that plants may have developed to protect themselves from the evolving mammalian herbivores of that time.
Scalp Ripples Can Predict Development of Epilepsy After First Unprovoked Seizure in Childhood
Authors: Klotz Kerstin A. , Sag Yusuf , Schönberger Jan , Jacobs Julia 
Published: October 2020

ObjectiveIdentification of children at risk of developing epilepsy after a first unprovoked seizure can be challenging. Interictal epileptiform discharges are associated with higher risk but have limited sensitivity and specificity. High frequency oscillations (HFOs) are newer biomarkers for epileptogenesis. We prospectively evaluated the predictive value of HFOs for developing epilepsy in scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) of children after a first unprovoked seizure.MethodsAfter their first seizure, 56 children were followed prospectively over 12 months and then grouped in “epilepsy” or “no epilepsy.” Initial EEGs were visually analyzed for spikes, spike ripples, and ripples. Inter‐group comparisons of spike‐rates and HFO‐rates were done by Mann–Whitney U test. Predictive values and optimal thresholds were calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.ResultsIn the epilepsy group (n = 26, 46%), mean rates of ripples (0.3 vs 0.09 / minute, p < 0.0001) and spike ripples (0.6 vs 0.06 / minute, p < 0.05) were significantly higher, with no difference in spike rates (1.7 vs 3.0 / minute, p = 0.38). Of those 3 markers, ripples showed the best predictive value (area under the curve [AUC]ripples = 0.88). The optimal threshold for ripples was calculated to be ≥ 0.125 / minute with a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 85%. Ripple rates were negatively correlated to days passing before epilepsy‐diagnosis (R = −0.59, p < 0.0001) and time to a second seizure (R = −0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.77 to 0.43, p < 0.0001).InterpretationWe could show that in a cohort of children with a first unprovoked seizure, ripples predict the development of epilepsy better than spikes or spike ripples and might be useful biomarkers in the estimation of prognosis and question of treatment. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:134–142
σ‐Conjugation and H‐Bond‐Directed Supramolecular Self‐Assembly: Key Features for Efficient Long‐Lived Room Temperature Phosphorescent Organic Molecular Crystals
Authors: Demangeat Catherine , Dou Yixuan , Hu Bin , Bretonnière Yann , Andraud Chantal , D'Aléo Anthony , Wu Jeong Weon , Kim Eunkyoung , Le Bahers Tangui , Attias André‐Jean 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLong‐lived room temperature phosphorescence from organic molecular crystals attracts great attention. Persistent luminescence depends on the electronic properties of the molecular components, mainly π‐conjugated donor–acceptor (D‐A) chromophores, and their molecular packing. Here, a strategy is developed by designing two isomeric molecular phosphors incorporating and combining a bridge for σ‐conjugation between the D and A units and a structure‐directing unit for H‐bond‐directed supramolecular self‐assembly. Calculations highlight the critical role played by the two degrees of freedom of the σ‐conjugated bridge on the chromophore optical properties. The molecular crystals exhibit RTP quantum yields up to 20 % and lifetimes up to 520 ms. The crystal structures of the efficient phosphorescent materials establish the existence of an unprecedented well‐organization of the emitters into 2D rectangular columnar‐like supramolecular structure stabilized by intermolecular H‐bonding.
Functionalized graphene oxide/carboxymethyl chitosan composite aerogels with strong compressive strength for water purification
Authors: Luo Jingqi , Fan Chuanjie , Zhou Xiaodong 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA new type of polydopamine functionalized graphene oxide/carboxymethyl chitosan (DGO/CMC) composite aerogels was synthesized via sol–gel once‐forming self‐assembly and lyophilization. Polydopamine (PDA) on the surface of GO nanosheets replaced those traditional crosslinking agents to connect CMC chains via hydrogen bonding for the establishment of 3D porous aerogels. With the increasing proportion of CMC, the microstructure of aerogels changed from small pores to large plate‐bridge‐like pores. In addition, their maximum compressive strengths were 6.767, 11.94, and 16.98 MPa under 90% compressions, respectively, which increased in accordance with CMC content. Furthermore, the adsorption system of the aerogels was simulated well by the pseudo second‐order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm model, with maximum mass adsorption capacities of 170.3, 186.8, and 312.8 mg/g for Cu2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+ ions, respectively. These composite materials have potential applications for water purification because of their simple and efficient synthesis and excellent recyclability and reusability.
Follow the leader: Documents on the leading edge of semantic change get more citations
Authors: Soni Sandeep , Lerman Kristina , Eisenstein Jacob 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDiachronic word embeddings—vector representations of words over time—offer remarkable insights into the evolution of language and provide a tool for quantifying sociocultural change from text documents. Prior work has used such embeddings to identify shifts in the meaning of individual words. However, simply knowing that a word has changed in meaning is insufficient to identify the instances of word usage that convey the historical meaning or the newer meaning. In this study, we link diachronic word embeddings to documents, by situating those documents as leaders or laggards with respect to ongoing semantic changes. Specifically, we propose a novel method to quantify the degree of semantic progressiveness in each word usage, and then show how these usages can be aggregated to obtain scores for each document. We analyze two large collections of documents, representing legal opinions and scientific articles. Documents that are scored as semantically progressive receive a larger number of citations, indicating that they are especially influential. Our work thus provides a new technique for identifying lexical semantic leaders and demonstrates a new link between progressive use of language and influence in a citation network.
Illuminating the Regenerative Properties of Stem Cells In Vivo with Bioluminescence Imaging
Authors: Madsen Sean D. , Giler Margaret K. , Bunnell Bruce A. , O'Connor Kim C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPreclinical animal studies are essential to the development of safe and effective stem cell therapies. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is a powerful tool in animal studies that enables the real‐time longitudinal monitoring of stem cells in vivo to elucidate their regenerative properties. This review describes the application of BLI in preclinical stem cell research to address critical challenges in producing successful stem cell therapeutics. These challenges include stem cell survival, proliferation, homing, stress response, and differentiation. The applications presented here utilize bioluminescence to investigate a variety of stem and progenitor cells in several different in vivo models of disease and implantation. An overview of luciferase reporters is provided, along with the advantages and disadvantages of BLI. Additionally, BLI is compared to other preclinical imaging modalities and potential future applications of this technology are discussed in emerging areas of stem cell research.
Shorter recovery times and better cognitive function—A comparative pilot study of magnetic seizure therapy and electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depressive episodes
Authors: Zhang Junyan , Ren Yanping , Jiang Wei , Luo Jiong , Yan Fang , Tang Yilang , Ma Xin 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionMagnetic seizure therapy (MST) is a new convulsive therapy that is as effective as traditional electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treating depression but with fewer cognitive side effects. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and cognitive effects between MST (100 Hz applied over the vertex) and bifrontal ECT for treating patients with depressive episodes.MethodsForty‐five patients with depressive episodes were enrolled, with 18 receiving MST and 27 receiving ECT. MST was administered over the vertex with 100 Hz frequency. Treatment consisted of six sessions. The 17‐item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD‐17) was used to assess the severity of depression. The Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) was used to assess cognition. Assessments were performed at baseline and after the third and sixth treatment sessions.ResultsBoth MST and ECT improved the patients’ depressive symptoms significantly, yet no significant difference was found between the two groups (p > .05). The response rates and remission rates of MST and ECT were 72.2% versus 81.5% and 61.1% versus 63.0%, respectively. The MST group showed significant improvements in immediate memory (p < .001), delayed memory (p = .002), and attention (p < .001) than ECT. The recovery times for consciousness (p < .001), spontaneous breathing (p < .001), and orientation (p < .001) were shorter in MST group than ECT group. RBANS improvements were negatively correlated with the recovery time for orientation (r = .561, p < .001).ConclusionMagnetic seizure therapy showed similar efficacy to bifrontal ECT for treating depressive episodes. While MST may be an effective alternative to ECT, larger randomized trials are needed.
Altered third‐party punishment in Huntington's disease: A study using neuroeconomic games
Authors: Brüne Martin , von Hein Sarah Maria , Claassen Christian , Hoffmann Rainer , Saft Carsten 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundHuntington's disease (HD) is a heritable degenerative brain disease caused by a mutation in the huntingtin gene with excessive repeats of the base triplet cytosine–adenine–guanine (CAG), which codes for the aminoacid glutamine. HD is associated with a broad spectrum of neurocognitive dysfunction, including deficits in social cognition. The appreciation of fairness rules and reciprocity has not been studied in HD. Based on theoretical considerations suggesting that brain regions known to be affected from HD are involved in economic decision‐making, the present study sought to examine HD patients' performance in two neuroeconomic games.MethodsTwenty‐nine manifest HD mutation carriers (20 males, nine females) performed an Ultimatum Game (UG) and a Dictator Game (DG) where third‐party punishment of observed unfairness was required. In addition, patients were tested for neurocognition and the ability to understand other people's mental states (“theory of mind”). For comparison, a clinical control group of 30 patients with chronic schizophrenia, and 30 unaffected healthy controls matched for age and verbal intelligence took part in the study.ResultsPatients with HD had some appreciation of fairness rules, as they tended to reject unfair offers in the UG similar to controls. However, unlike the other two groups, individuals with HD did not punish observed unfairness from a third‐party perspective. This lack of “altruistic punishment” was associated with deficits in executive functioning including working memory, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility, and to a lesser degree with poor “theory of mind.”ConclusionsHD seems to be associated with impairments in understanding of more complex rules of social exchange. Aside from deficits in executive functioning, this behavior could, in part, be linked to an inability to experience third‐party punishment as rewarding.
Gas‐Phase Structures of Potassium Tetrakis(hexafluoro‐ acetylacetonato) Lanthanide(III) Complexes [KLn(C5HF6O2)4] (Ln=La, Gd, Lu)
Authors: Girichev Georgiy V. , Giricheva Nina I. , Khochenkov Alexey E. , Sliznev Valery V. , Belova Natalya V. , Mitzel Norbert W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe molecular structures of potassium tetrakis(hexafluoroacetylacetonato)lanthanide(III) complexes [KLn(hfa)4] (Ln=La, Gd, Lu; hfa=C5HF6O2,) were studied by synchronous gas‐phase electron diffraction/mass spectrometry (GED/MS) supported by quantum‐chemical (DFT/PBE0) calculations. The compounds sublime congruently and the vapors contain a single molecular species: the heterobinuclear complex [KLn(hfa)4]. All molecules are ofC1symmetry with the lanthanide atom in the center of an LnO8coordination polyhedron, while the potassium atom is coordinated by three ligands with formation of three K−O and three K−F bonds. One hfa ligand is not bonded to the potassium atom. Topological analysis of the electron‐density distributions confirmed the existence of ionic‐type K−O and K−F bonding. The structures of the free [KLn(hfa)4] molecules are compared with those of the related compounds [KDy(hfa)4] and [KEr(hfa)4] in their crystalline state. The complex nature of the chemical bonding is discussed on the basis of electron‐density topology analyses.
The 2‐Amino Group of 8‐Aza‐7‐deaza‐7‐bromopurine‐2,6‐diamine and Purine‐2,6‐diamine as Stabilizer for the Adenine–Thymine Base Pair in Heterochiral DNA with Strands in Anomeric Configuration
Authors: Chai Yingying , Kondhare Dasharath , Zhang Aigui , Leonard Peter , Seela Frank 
Published: October 2020

AbstractStabilization of DNA is beneficial for many applications in the fields of DNA therapeutics, diagnostics, and materials science. Now, this phenomenon is studied on heterochiral DNA, an autonomous DNA recognition system with complementary strands in α‐D and β‐D configuration showing parallel strand orientation. The 12‐mer heterochiral duplexes were constructed from anomeric (α/β‐D) oligonucleotide single‐strands. Purine‐2,6‐diamine and 8‐aza‐7‐deaza‐7‐bromopurine‐2,6‐diamine 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides having the capability to form tridentate base pairs with dT were used to strengthen the stability of the dA–dT base pair. Tm data and thermodynamic values obtained from UV melting profiles indicated that the 8‐aza‐7‐deaza 2′‐deoxyribonucleoside decorated with a bromo substituent is so far the most efficient stabilizer for heterochiral DNA. Compared with that, the stabilizing effect of the purine‐2,6‐diamine 2′‐deoxyribonucleoside is low. Global changes of helix structures were identified by circular dichroism (CD) spectra during melting.
Hydrodynamics of a gas‐driven inverse liquid‐solid fluidized bed
Authors: Huang Jiaqi , Zhu Jesse 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA novel reactor named gas‐driven inverse liquid‐solid fluidized bed (GDFB) was developed in this research. It adopts gas as the driving force to benefit chemical processes requiring minimum liquid flow. The column is divided into a riser section for upward gas flow and a downer section as the main fluidized bed for light particles. The inverse fluidization occurs in the downer, where hydrodynamics and their influencing factors were studied. In the solid‐baffle system, four fluidization regimes were observed, including the packed bed, semi‐fluidized bed, fully‐fluidized bed, and circulating bed. Moreover, the meshed‐baffle system possesses some distinct characteristics, and the shifted bed regime was found between the fully‐fluidized bed and the circulating bed.
Evaluating and analyzing the energy efficiency of CNN inference on high‐performance GPU
Authors: Yao Chunrong , Liu Wantao , Tang Weiqing , Guo Jinrong , Hu Songlin , Lu Yijun , Jiang Wei 
Published: October 2020

SummaryConvolutional neural network (CNN) inference usually runs on high‐performance graphic processing units (GPUs). Since GPU is a high power consumption unit, that makes the energy consumption increases sharply due to the deep learning tasks. The energy efficiency of CNN inference is not only related to the software and hardware configurations, but also closely related to the application requirements of inference tasks. However, it is not clear on GPUs at present. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive study on the model‐level and layer‐level energy efficiency of popular CNN models. The results point out several opportunities for further optimization. We also analyze the parameter settings (i.e., batch size, dynamic voltage and frequency scaling) and propose a revenue model to allow an optimal trade‐off between energy efficiency and latency. Compared with the default settings, the optimal settings can improve revenue by up to 15.31×. We obtain the following main findings: (i) GPUs do not exploit the parallelism from the model depth and small convolution kernels, resulting in low energy efficiency. (ii) Convolutional layers are the most energy‐consuming CNN layers. However, due to the cache, the power consumption of all layers is relatively balanced. (iii) The energy efficiency of TensorRT is 1.53× than that of TensorFlow.
Effect of electrode configuration on plasma spatial distribution and gas temperature in multi‐arc plasma generator with three pairs of electrodes
Authors: Zhao Y.J. , Lin Q.F. , Ni G.H. , Sui S.Y. , Jin X. Y. , Xie H.B. , Duan W.X. , Meng Y.D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this paper, a novel nonthermal multi‐arc plasma generator with three pairs of electrodes is presented to obtain large‐volume plasma. The discharge behaviour of multi‐arc is investigated through high‐speed photography. Statistical process of the photographic images of arc discharge is used for analysis of the effect of electrode configuration on arc spatial distribution and fluctuation of plasma flow. Besides, the gas temperature is diagnosed by diatomic molecular OH fitting method. Results show that the electrode configuration has vital effect on the spatial distribution of plasma in discharge area. A relatively stable region with high luminance is obtained in the centre of the discharge area by adjusting the electrode arrangements, in which the plasma gas temperature in swirl flow field is higher than that in straight flow field in multi‐arc generator. Furthermore, the fluctuation of plasma flow weakens in multi‐arc generator with electrode configurations capable of producing swirl flow field.
PD‐L1 expression in NSCLC: Role of cell blocks and concordance between samples
Authors: Ambrosini‐Spaltro Andrea , Dubini Alessandra , Pieri Federica , Ravaglia Claudia , Delmonte Angelo , Poletti Venerino 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundPD‐L1 immunohistochemistry is currently performed in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) to identify responders to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Cell blocks from fine needle aspiration of NSCLC are frequently used for diagnostic purposes. The aims of the study are to analyze: (a) the distribution of PD‐L1 in cell blocks, in comparison to biopsies and surgical specimens; (b) the concordance of PD‐L1 in specimens of the same patients.MethodsPD‐L1 analyses conducted in NSCLCs were retrieved. Cell blocks were prepared with the self‐clotting method. PD‐L1 was performed with Dako 22C3 on the Ventana BenchMark ULTRA platform. Results were divided by tumor proportion score (TPS) in 3 categories: <1%; 1% to 49%; ≥50%.ResultsA total of 483 samples from 456 patients was collected: 120 cell blocks (24.8%), 307 endoscopic or transthoracic biopsies (63.6%), 56 surgical specimens (11.6%). TPS was: <1% in 230 samples (47.8%), 1% to ‐49% in 136 (28.3%) and ≥ 50% in 115 (23.9%); in two samples material was insufficient. Statistics did not reveal significant differences in PD‐L1 expression among the various materials (χ2 = 2.905; P = .574). In 50 samples from 25 patients, PD‐L1 was carried out in two samples of the same patients, with moderate agreement (concordance rate: 68.0%, k = 0.469).Conclusion(a) PD‐L1 is similarly distributed in the different materials; (b) PD‐L1 shows moderate concordance in different samples of the same patients. PD‐L1 may be routinely tested in cell blocks, but interpreted with caution and repeated whenever possible.
Andean and California condors possess dissimilar genetic composition but exhibit similar demographic histories
Authors: Padró Julian , Lambertucci Sergio A. , Perrig Paula L. , Pauli Jonathan N. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhile genetic diversity of threatened species is a major concern of conservation biologists, historic patterns of genetic variation are often unknown. A powerful approach to assess patterns and processes of genetic erosion is via ancient DNA techniques. Herein, we analyzed mtDNA from historical samples (1800s to present) of Andean Condors (Vultur gryphus) to investigate whether contemporary low genetic variability is the result of recent human expansion and persecution, and compared this genetic history to that of California condors (Gymnogyps californianus).We then explored historic demographies for both species via coalescent simulations. We found that Andean condors have lost at least 17% of their genetic variation in the early 20th century. Unlike California condors, however, low mtDNA diversity in the Andean condor was mostly ancient, before European arrival. However, we found that both condor species shared similar demographies in that population bottlenecks were recent and co‐occurred with the introduction of livestock to the Americas and the global collapse of marine mammals. Given the combined information on genetic and demographic processes, we suggest that the protection of key habitats should be targeted for conserving extant genetic diversity and facilitate the natural recolonization of lost territories, while nuclear genomic data should be used to inform translocation plans.