bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Kaolin on the Thermal and Electrochemical Properties of Ternary Eutectic Molten Carbonate Electrolyte in the Direct Carbon Fuel Cell (DCFC)
Authors: Moradmand Simin , Allen Jessica A , Donne Scott W 
Published: February 2020

Coal is the second largest energy resource used for electricity production in the world and is expected remain unchanged through 2030. The main problem of using coal in conventional combustion power plants is serious environmental pollution due to CO2 emissions. In this context, electrochemical conversion of solid carbon to generate electricity is one of the most efficient technologies using liquid electrolyte at high temperature which is environmentally friendly.
Raw coal as a fuel has some advantages and disadvantages in terms of mineral impurities inhabited in the coal which affect the DCFC performance. Kaolin is a common mineral found in coal fuels which has an advantage over other impurities. It was demonstrated that clay impurities in the coal such as kaolin and montmorillonite react catalytically to enhance graphite oxidation in a half-cell set up DCFC and improve the cell performance [1]. Although other impurities such as alumina, anatase and pyrite have limited impacts on the electrochemical oxidation of graphite, quartz was presented a decline in the current density of electro-oxidation of graphite. Thermal investigation of different coal impurities into ternary eutectic carbonate mixture has been done to show the impacts of these impurities on the melting process and kinetics of the melting process [2]. However it isn’t obvious yet what the impacts of these impurities have on the electrochemical performance of the cell and which disruption or modification will happen with addition of them on eutectic carbonate mixtures.
In this work different ratios of kaolinite mineral were purposely added to the ternary eutectic carbonate electrolyte to investigate the thermal properties of the mixture and its melting behaviour. Particularly, DTA data were analysed in terms of changing melting temperature of the mixture and the determination of activation energy using different heating rates to asses these effects.
The effect of kaolinite on the half-cell performance of a DCFC was also examined by adding kaolinite with different ratios into the eutectic carbonate electrolyte. The OCP, current density and polarization performance have been measured for the half-cell set up and results compared for different ratios of kaolinite and pure eutectic.
Reference:
1-Tulloch, J.; Allen, J.; Wibberley, L.; Donne, S. et al. Influence of selected coal contaminants on graphitic carbon electro-oxidation for application to the direct carbon fuel cell. J. Power Sources 2014, 260,140−14910.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.03.026
2-M.J. Glenn, J.A. Allen, S.W. Donne Thermal investigation of a doped alkali-metal carbonate ternary eutectic for direct carbon fuel cell applications Energy Fuels, 29 (8) (2015), pp. 5423-5433
Electrochemical Performance of Secondary Al Battery Via Various Anodic Material
Authors: Huang Mao-Chia , Chiang Chien-Chih , Yang Chang-Chung , Chang Wen-Sheng 
Published: February 2020

For recent years, secondary Al battery become a popular topic due to its low-cost, nonflammable, ultra-fast charge and discharge, environmental-friendly, and long cycle life. So many advantages made Al batteries have considered as a potential candidate to replace lead-acid battery for light electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage devices. In present study, we prepared a homemade ionic liquid-based Al pouch cell via various anodic material, i.e., pure Al, 1050, 3003, 5754 and 6061 Al alloys. The effect of anodic material on the electrochemical property of our batteries were investigated. The electrochemical analysis of five forms anodic materials have characterized by Tafel plot, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements. Result from galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements, the Al battery with 5754 Al alloy shows a higher discharge capacity of 85 mAh/g with natural graphite loading density of ~10 mg/cm2 than other anodic materials
Keywords：Secondary Al battery; Anodic material; Al alloy.
Acknowledgment: The authors highly appreciate the Bureau of Energy (BOE), Ministry of Economy Affair (MOEA), Taiwan for the financial support.
Bifunctional Redox Active Materials for Flow Battery Applications
Authors: Mann Shane C. , Mortimer Nicholas J. , Dumitrascu Adina , Scott Jessica D. , Guarr Thomas F. 
Published: February 2020

Nonaqueous redox flow batteries (RFBs) may provide a cost-effective and durable means of energy storage for grid applications, but numerous problems remain. For example, the ion exchange membrane that is generally required is expensive, prone to inefficiencies, and adds significant cell resistance. To avoid these problems, the use of redox polymers or redox-active clusters along with a simple separator has been explored. However, these systems often suffer from inaccessible sites and low mobility.
Recently, we reported a promising approach based on covalently linking an electron acceptor moiety A to an electron donor moiety D to form a bifunctional compound D-L-A (where L represents a simple alkyl or aryl linker). Such systems have at least three accessible stable redox states: the “parent” D-L-A state, an oxidized form D+-L-A (catholyte), and a reduced form D-L-A-
(anolyte). Since operation of the RFB would involve formation of the same product D-L-A at both anode and cathode, crossover is only a problem if the electrode reactions are inefficient.
Numerous D-L-A compounds have been prepared using a wide variety of donor and acceptor groups. Many of these bifunctional compounds undergo chemically and electrochemically reversible oxidation and reduction, yielding predicted RFB cell voltages over 2 V. Additionally, multiple examples of the related D-L-A-L-D compounds incorporating 2e- acceptors A have also been synthesized and characterized. Several of these latter materials are of particular interest, and may provide the basis for RFBs with 2e- operation at 2.4-2.7 V and excellent stability.
The electrochemical properties of several representative D-L-A and D-L-A-L-D systems will be described, and recent progress in the development of nonaqueous RFBs employing covalently linked anolyte-catholyte compounds as active materials will be presented.
Iron Air Batteries: Design Construction and Characterisation
Authors: Figueredo Rodriguez Horacio Antonio , McKerracher Rachel , Alegre Cinthia , Ponce de León Carlos 
Published: February 2020

In recent years a renewed interest in developing metal air batteries has arisen, driven by the advances in nanomaterials research that could bring metal air batteries closer to their theoretical specific energy density. For the particular case of the iron-air battery a theoretical energy density of 764 W h kg-1 in combination with the abundance, low cost, eco-friendliness, recyclability, non-toxicity of the materials, and the possibility to work as a secondary battery makes this electrochemical system appealing to develop [1].
Nevertheless, there are several challenges that requires to be improved such as the development of a high efficient iron electrode formulation that reduces the amount of parasitic hydrogen evolution during charge, with a highly porous structure; the development of a good performing bifunctional gas diffusion electrode [2] and the design of a lightweight battery cell design that reduces ohmic losses, electrolyte leaks, allow sufficient air supply to the gas diffusion electrodes and allows evolved gas to be vented [3].
More particular challenges related to the performance of the iron electrodes includes the passivation of the iron electrode at high discharge rates and the low faradaic efficiency due to the parasitic H2 evolution that takes places during the charging process. The engineering of the electrodes in an efficient way to avoid adding extra weight and a way to efficiently supply air are challenging engineering design aspects that have to be addressed to achieve a new level of development.
In this work, the individual iron and air electrodes performance in half-cell configurations will be presented (Fig1) together with a comparison between various iron electrode formulations and some considerations about the engineering design of an iron air battery using additive manufacturing.

References

R. D. McKerracher, C. Ponce de Leon, R. G. A. Wills, A. A. Shah, and F. C. Walsh, “A Review of the Iron–Air Secondary Battery for Energy Storage,” Chempluschem, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 323–335, 2015.

R. D. McKerracher, H. A. Figueredo-Rodríguez, C. Ponce de León, C. Alegre, V. Baglio, A. S. Aricò, and F. C. Walsh, “A high-performance, bifunctional oxygen electrode catalysed with palladium and nickel-iron hexacyanoferrate,” Electrochim. Acta, vol. 206, pp. 127–133, Jul. 2016.

H. A. Figueredo-Rodríguez, R. D. McKerracher, C. Ponce de León, and F. C. Walsh, “Current distribution in a rectangular flow channel manufactured by 3-D printing,” AIChE J., Aug. 2016.

Figure 1
Zinc Base Coatings, Their Challenges and New Strategies
Authors: Wijesinghe Sudesh Lakshitha , Yan Wenjin , Wu Linda Y L , Tan Yong Teck , Qian Min , Koh Chan Wai 
Published: February 2020

Zinc based coatings are effective of protecting steel structures for various industrial applications due to their cathodic protection properties on top of the barrier protection. Hot dip galvanization was the most historical technique under this category. Despite of their historical background, using hot dip galvanization in some current applications has become questionable specially due to their inability to apply on site which reduces the productivity and adverse environmental consequences galvanization process may can cause. Zinc rich coatings trying to replace hot dip galvanization in these demanding applications though they have another set of industrial challenges to satisfy.
One such a demand is to cater aesthetic requirements, to provide coloured coating without compromising corrosion protection properties. Current practice is to apply a multi coat system which may contain three or more layers. Thus, based on the critical service related problems of current zinc based coatings, this work is focused to develop processes to provide an effective and reliable zinc based corrosion protective coating system which satisfy aesthetic requirements, aiming building and construction related applications.
To enhance the productivity compared to the current coating systems, it is expected to develop a single layer coloured zinc rich coating accommodating different corrosion protection strategies. Colouring pigment with suitable size distribution and chemical properties are studied for this development to fulfil the aesthetic purpose, while examining the effect of other additives to enhance the corrosion protection properties. Synergistic effect of different corrosion protection strategies is evaluated to review the suitability of the single colour zinc coating. Overall corrosion protection performance of the developed coatings is evaluated by methodologies based on scientific principles and international standards to get quantitative and qualitative details of coatings properties. Details of this development with evaluation results will be presented. Alternative solutions to cater industrial demands will also be discussed.
Structural and Conductivity Mechanism of a Boron-Based Ionic Liquid Electrolyte for Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Pagot Gioele , Donà Edoardo , Bertasi Federico , Vezzù Keti , Nale Angeloclaudio , Negro Enrico , Di Noto Vito 
Published: February 2020

In the last years, massive improvements have been achieved in the field of battery technology opening the door to more efficient electric vehicles and electric power storage. Nevertheless, further research is needed to overcome lithium drawbacks and enter in the such called “beyond Li-ion” technology [1]. In this perspective, magnesium secondary batteries are promising electrochemical storage devices due to their a) high volumetric capacity (3832 mAh·cm-3), b) great abundance and homogeneous spread of Mg in the Earth’s crust, c) safety and environmentally friendliness, and d) low standard reduction potential (-2.36 V). The main roadblock to the enter of these devices in the global market is the development of a safe and efficient electrolyte. In the last 3 years it has been demonstrated that electrolytes obtained by dissolving a suitable magnesium salt (δ-MgCl2) into ionic liquids (ILs) are able to efficiently deposit and strip magnesium with very low overpotentials and high current densities [2-4].
In the present work a new family of electrolytes is proposed, based on 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium chloride and boron trichloride, doped with δ-MgCl2. The thermal stability and transitions of the proposed materials is studied using HR-TGA and MDSC. The structure and interactions of the materials are investigated by vibrational spectroscopies (FT-IR and confocal micro-Raman). Finally, Broadband Electrical Spectroscopy is exploited to elucidate the electric response of materials and to detect the long-range charge migration mechanisms of the electrolytes.

References

[1] V. Di Noto, S. Lavina, G.A. Giffin, E. Negro, B. Scrosati, Electrochim.
Acta,
57 (2011) 4-13.
[2] F. Bertasi, C. Hettige, F. Sepehr, X. Bogle, G. Pagot, K. Vezzù, E. Negro, S.J. Paddison, S.G. Greenbaum, M. Vittadello, V. Di Noto, ChemSusChem, 8 (2015) 3069-3076.
[3] F. Bertasi, F. Sepehr, G. Pagot, S.J. Paddison, V. Di Noto, Adv. Funct. Mat., 26 (2016) 4860-4865.
[4] G. Pagot, F. Bertasi, K. Vezzù, F. Sepehr, X. Luo, G. Nawn, E. Negro, S.J. Paddison, V. Di Noto, Electrochim.
Acta, 246 (2017) 914-923.
Electrochemistry in Non-Polar Media Enabled By New Lipophilic Salts
Authors: Abu-Lebdeh Yaser 
Published: February 2020

There is little known about electrochemical behavior in non-polar media due to lack of compatible, lipophilic salts. [1] Herein, this difficult challenge has been overcome by following a strategy based on designing and synthesizing a novel family of organic salts with highly-delocalized cations and anions. The salts show good miscibility in heptane, an archetypical, non-polar media and the electrolyte solutions show peculiar ionic conductivities over the whole concentration range which enable their application as antistatic agents and also as new type of hydrophobic electrolytes in various electrochemical devices.[2]
[1] Y. Abu-Lebdeh, A. Hammami, A. Abouimrane, M. Armand, Electrochemistry Communications 81, 112-115, 2017.
[2] F. Bertasi, G. Giffin, K. Vezzù, G. Pace, Y. Abu-Lebdeh, M. Armand, Vito Di Noto, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19 (38), 26230-2623, 2017.
Development of Novel Ionomer Electrolytes for Alkali Metal Batteries
Authors: Hänsel Christian , Kundu Dipan 
Published: February 2020

Single-ion conducting electrolytes are an interesting alternative to liquid binary salt electrolytes, which are currently used in most batteries due to their high ion conductivity. However, the mobility of both cations and anions in these electrolytes results in an ion concentration gradient, and consequent polarisation losses. The ion concentration gradient is especially detrimental for alkali metal batteries. It causes inhomogeneous metal deposition leading to uncontrolled dendrite growth at the alkali metal electrode.1 Thus, it is necessary to eliminate the free movement of anions. One way to achieve that is by covalently tethering the anions to a polymer backbone. So called ionomers have achieved considerable success toward stabilising lithium metal deposition and preventing dendritic structure.2,3 By exchanging the counter ion these ionomers can be used in a wide range of different types of batteries. Here, we report on the synthesis and development of novel ionomers derived from inexpensive and chemically robust polymers. The microporous ionomer membranes infused with liquid achieve cation transference numbers close to unity, high ion conductivity (> 10-5 Scm-1 at room temperature) over wide temperature ranges, and good thermal and mechanical stabilities, see Fig. 1. Stable Na/Li plating stripping performance is achieved using the ionomer membrane.

Lin, D. et al.,

Nanotechnol.
2017, 12, 194–206.

Lu, Y. et al., Adv. Energy Mater.
2015, 5, 1402073.

Oh, H. et al., Mater., 2016, 28, 188-196.

Caption Fig.:
Fig 1: (a) Photograph and SEM image of the microporous ionomer membrane. (b) Arrhenius plot of the Na+ ion conductivity of the microporous ionomer membrane infused with EC/DEC (vol. 1:1).

Figure 1
(Keynote) Innovative Polymer Electrolytes for Secondary Lithium and Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Di Noto Vito , Vezzù Keti , Negro Enrico , Bertasi Federico , Pagot Gioele 
Published: February 2020

The development of new electrolytes is a crucial target to devise secondary batteries running on alkaline- and alkaline-earth elements characterized by a high specific energy and power and an extensive cyclability, able to provide power for a wide range of applications ranging from portable electronic devices to electric vehicles. The electrolytes must satisfy very demanding requirements, including: (a) easy migration of the alkaline- and alkaline-earth cations between the electrodes of the battery; (b) high compatibility with all the other functional materials used in the assembly of the device; (c) wide potential window and excellent chemical stability.
This report summarizes the preparation and characterization of innovative families of electrolytes meant to address these issues and opens the way for future research trends in this field. The investigated materials comprise: (i) single-ion-conducting nanocomposite polymer electrolytes; (ii) solid-state single-ion-conducting polymers; and (iii) conventional polymer electrolytes.
In detail, the first approach comprises the study of nanocomposite polymer electrolytes (nCPEs) consisting of PEG400 and innovative lithiated fluorinated nanofillers (e.g., titanium or iron oxide) whose surface anion groups are neutralized with Li+ cations. These materials are single-ion conductors, and at room temperature they exhibit a Li+ conductivity higher than 10-5 S/cm. The second approach includes the investigation of Poly(vinyl alcohol)-based solid polymer electrolytes which are obtained by direct lithiation of partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol), forming a lithium-poly(vinyl alkoxide) macromolecular salt. In this case it is possible to demonstrate a conductivity higher than 10-5 S/cm at RT upon plasticization with EMImTFSI ionic liquid.
Finally, Broadband Electrical Spectroscopy (BES) studies of classic polymer electrolytes and innovative Magnesium salts for secondary Mg batteries will be presented. This technique will allow for the detailed elucidation of the interplay taking place between structure and conductivity of in these systems, thus tailoring the design of future polymer electrolytes.
The chemical composition of the studied materials is analyzed by ICP-AES and microanalysis. The thermal properties are investigated by HR-TG and DSC measurements. The structure and the interactions in the materials are studied by vibrational spectroscopies (FT-MIR and –FIR). The electric response is elucidated by Broadband Electrical Spectroscopy (BES). Results allow to propose a conduction mechanism and to define the interplay existing between structural, thermal transitions and electrochemical properties of proposed innovative electrolytes.

Acknowledgement

This project has received funding from the BIRD 2016 program of UNIPD.
Environmentally Friendly Butyl, Benzyl and Ethyl Glycerol Carbonate Electrolytes for Room and High Temperature Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Salari Maryam , Zhang Heng , Grinstaff Mark W 
Published: February 2020

The successful design of safer electrical energy storage devices must include the use of thermally stable, non-flammable, conductive electrolytes that perform at ambient temperatures as well as at higher temperatures [1-2]. Here, we report the synthesis of three glycerol carbonate (GlyC) solvents for use as electrolytes when combined with 1.0 M LITFSI in high voltage Li ion supercapacitors (LICs). The butyl, benzyl and ethyl glycerol carbonate (GlyC) solvents are non-flammable and stable up to > 125 oC. Conductivity is dependent on temperature and of the three solvents, the butyl glycerol carbonate solvent with 1.0 M LiTFSI exhibits the highest conductivity (4 mS/cm). The electrochemical performance and rate capability of the devices, prepared with each of the three electrolytes, were evaluated at room temperatures and at 100 oC. The butyl glycerol carbonate electrolyte allows safe operation at 100 oC with a notable specific capacitance of 115-162 Fg-1 as well as room temperature operation with a specific capacitance of 29 Fg-1. This finding is further supported by the observation of a 40 times increase in ionic conductivity at low temperatures by changing the side chain in the back bone of the glycerol carbonate from benzyl and ethyl to butyl leading to a significant improvement of the electrochemical performance (Figure 1).

References:

1- M. Salari, B. G. Cooper, H. Zhang, and M. W. Grinstaff, Synthesis of an Environmentally Friendly Alkyl Carbonate Electrolyte Based on Glycerol for Lithium-Ion Supercapacitor Operation at 100 °C. Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2017. 1(8): p. 1700067-n/a
2- X. Lin, M. Salari, L. M. R. Arava, P. M. Ajayan, M. W. Grinstaff, Chemical Society Reviews 2016, DOI: 10.1039/C6CS00012F.

Figure 1. (a) Ionic conductivity Profile as a function of temperature for synthesized carbonate solvents containing 1.0M LiTFSI. (b) Comparison of CV obtained for the synthesized electrolytes operated at 100 oC and a scan rate of 1000 mVs-1, demonstrating high temperature performance and rate capability of the synthesized glycerol carbonates.

Figure 1
(Invited) Electrodeposition of Equiatomic Fe-Ni Films
Authors: Lin Qiyuan , Zangari Giovanni 
Published: February 2020

Current permanent magnets such as NdFeB contain a significant fraction of rare earths (Dy, Nd), resulting in an increasing cost and higher supply risk. Potential low cost substitutes include the L10 tetragonal structure of equiatomic Mn-Al and the L10 equiatomic Fe-Ni. While the former exhibits a relatively low energy product (~ 110 kJ/m3), the latter material may approach the energy product of Nd-Fe-B.
We have grown equiatomic Fe-Ni films by electrodeposition at both very low and very high growth rate, in order to understand the influence of the driving force for growth on the morphology and the defectivity of the films. A citrate/glycinate electrolyte with low metal ion concentration exhibited after annealing at 300 C a coercivity of 1000 Oe, which cannot be ascribed only to internal stresses. A sulfate based electrolyte with high metal ion concentration, suitable to achieve high growth rates, presents a large defect density. The talk will cover the synthesis and characterization of the materials, with emphasis on the crystal structure and the correlation between microstructure, phase and magnetic properties.