bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validity of Shunt Pumping Test as a Screening Modality for Shunt Block: An Experimental Study
Authors: Sharma Manish , Kumar Suman 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Purpose To ascertain the validity and efficacy of shunt compression test in evaluating a blocked shunt.
Methods An experimental model was created using a Chhabra shunt, and 25 physicians with 1 to 3 years of experience in neurosurgery were asked to assess the block in the model where artificial blocks were created.
Results The sensitivity of test to detect any block was found to be 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7–0.81), specificity was 0.71 (0.59–0.81), positive likelihood ratio 2.59 (1.81–3.7), and negative likelihood ratio 0.34 (026–0.45). Odds ratio for proximal block was 4.33 (95% CI: 2.01–8.92), and for distal block, it was 10.63 (95% CI: 10.63–22.32). Furthermore, predictive probability for shunt block was maximum when both the ends were considered to be blocked by the investigator and the test was found to be poor in predicting a patent shunt.
Conclusion This is not a very reliable screening test to detect presence of a shunt block. Predicted probability for shunt block was maximum when both the ends were considered to be blocked by the investigator. This study results are not in conformity with the previously held belief that delayed refilling of chamber would clearly aid the diagnosis of proximal end block. It is strongly felt that a deliberate training of shunt compression test would aid a better diagnostic ability.
Pantoea agglomerans as a Cause of Foreign Body Related Septic Arthritis in a Child: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Demircan Eda , Kasap-Demir Belde , Şahin Hilal , Bayram Arzu , Kanık Ali 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA previously healthy 7-year-old female patient was admitted with pain and swelling in her left knee and fever. She had injured her left knee 2 weeks ago. Her mother had noticed a protrusion on her knee that she had thought to be associated with a fracture. After being examined by an orthopaedist, fracture was ruled out and the protrusion disappeared. On her admission with fever and painful swollen knee, Pantoea agglomerans was identified in the synovial fluid. On the basis of the close association of P. agglomerans infections with penetrating trauma, the patient and her mother were asked about a history of penetration during the fall, but they denied any possible penetration of a vegetative element since she had fallen on a concrete floor. Although she was treated with antibiotics reported to be sensitive in the antibiogram, she had recurrent septic arthritis. Repeated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) interpretations revealed a foreign body in the medial aspect of the left knee. The patient underwent arthrotomy and a plant thorn was removed. The postoperative course was uneventful. We reported this case to emphasize that a vegetative foreign body should be kept in mind in septic arthritis caused by P. agglomerans and/or in those resistant to antibiotics. In addition, we reviewed the literature including children having joint and/or bone infections caused by P. agglomerans.
Microscopic sensors using optical wireless integrated circuits
Authors: Cortese Alejandro J. , Smart Conrad L. , Wang Tianyu , Reynolds Michael F. , Norris Samantha L. , Ji Yanxin , Lee Sunwoo , Mok Aaron , Wu Chunyan , Xia Fei , Ellis Nathan I. , Molnar Alyosha C. , Xu Chris , McEuen Paul L. 
Published: April 2020

Significance
The smallest objects resolvable by the unaided human eye are approximately 100 μm in size. This limit sets a boundary between the familiar and the microscopic, the visible and invisible worlds. Here we describe the fabrication of tiny wireless sensors, optical wireless integrated circuits (OWICs) for optical wireless integrated circuits. OWICs are truly microscopic in size, visible to the naked eye at best as a tiny, undifferentiated speck, yet they can sense their environment and report the information back to the macroscopic world. They have potential applications in many areas of science and technology, ranging from neuroscience to chemical sensing.
Supporting foreign languages in an Anglophone world
Authors: Porter Alison , Myles Florence , Tellier Angela , Holmes Bernardette 
Published: April 2020

AbstractForeign language (FL) learning in English primary schools, statutory provision for most schools since 2014, has been characterised by distinct challenges. The first issue, peculiar to Anglophone settings, concerns how language learning is valued when ubiquitous English learning rationales of economic and social capital are unhelpful. Other challenges, shared globally, relate to provision and practice such as: the importance of progression, motivation, age-appropriate pedagogy and contextual factors. Successful policy implementation in England remains elusive and continues to be characterised by a lack of cohesion, coordination and forward planning. Provision and practice are problematic and linked to deficits in curriculum time, teacher linguistic expertise, planning and progression. This article will explore how both language and broader education policy in England have created conflicting forces for the sustainability of the foreign languages initiative in primary schools. It will examine how networks of researchers, teachers, educationalists and policy makers are supporting implementation through national and local education stakeholder engagement. Through collaboration and co-construction, research-informed practical suggestions are promoted, coupled with the development of solution-focused research agendas.
Language education policy and practice in state education systems
Authors: Hayes David 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article considers the complexity of factors involved in developing foreign language educational policy, with
a particular focus on English at the primary level, which fosters student achievement in state educational systems. It examines
both those factors which underpin a successful education system in general (such as equitable provision for all socio-economic
groups within the society) as well as factors which affect language teaching policy and practice for primary school learners in
particular (such as a curriculum which offers teachers and children opportunities to engage in language use which is meaningful in
their contexts). The status and training of highly skilled foreign language teachers for primary aged learners is also accorded
due weight. Using case studies of English as a foreign language in the school systems of South Korea and Thailand, the article
emphasizes the importance of policies which are appropriate to their educational and socio-cultural context and realistic
objectives for young children’s early engagement with learning a foreign language if it is to be a positive experience in primary
schools.
A critical analysis of the German public debate about an early start in primary foreign language education
Authors: Wilden Eva , Porsch Raphaela 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
‘The early start is (not) effective’ is one of the arguments often used in the political debate about early start policies in foreign language (FL) education in Europe and beyond. This paper sets out to explore the central arguments repeatedly used in the political discourse and media coverage on primary FL education in the German context. These arguments, which sometimes are used by both supporters and critics of the early start, will be critically discussed with reference to available empirical findings. As the current political debate in Germany is closely linked to its particular context and the conditions of primary FL education, the paper also provides a short overview of the current situation of primary FL education and primary teacher education in Germany. It will conclude by suggesting potential changes to the current organisation of primary FL education in Germany.
Global language policies
Authors: Enever Janet 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis paper reviews patterns of primary foreign language policy across the world, analysing the development of policy and subsequent implementation processes with reference to the particular local histories and current politics at regional, national and supranational levels of governance. In providing an overview of current provision and recent research the paper draws on the theoretical frame of historical materialism to consider the impact of global forces in three economic regions of the world today in contexts where substantial growth in the provision of primary foreign languages is now evident – described by Graddol, with reference to English specifically, as a process of “moving up the educational escalator”. Themes threaded throughout the paper include power and resistance to soft policy, perspectives of social justice and an emerging global expectation for accountability and transparency with regard to primary foreign languages policy. In reviewing recent developments in the field of educational policy research the final section raises questions around the extent to which teachers may shape language policy in education, acting as critical interpreters of policy in an agentive role, adapting and refining national and local curriculum policy to meet the needs of their learners.
La conversion du roi Label au milieu des bêtes sauvages
Authors: Barale Elisabetta 
Published: April 2020

Résumé
Dans son édition de l’Estoire del Saint Graal, J.-P. Ponceau affirme que la seconde partie de l’Estoire dou roi Labiel, conte anonyme transmis par le manuscrit Paris, BnF, fr. 24430, constitue la copie tardive du récit dont l’auteur de l’épopée du Graal se serait inspiré pour rédiger l’épisode dans lequel le jeune Célidoine convertit le roi Label au christianisme. Cette contribution se propose de mettre en évidence les ressemblances et les différences entre les deux textes ainsi que de réfléchir sur les procédés de réécriture que le rédacteur de l’ESG aurait adopté afin d’insérer cette histoire secondaire dans l’économie de son roman. Une attention particulière sera accordée à une modification significative: l’emploi de références aux animaux sauvages dans les moments-clés du récit – les rêves du roi et l’épilogue – afin de marquer les étapes du parcours de conversion.
Le couronnement de l’aigle
Authors: Laïd Baptiste 
Published: April 2020

Résumé
Le recueil de fables de Marie de France, le premier recueil de fables en français, reprend à plusieurs reprises, mais toujours dans des fables narrativement isolées, le motif de la cour du qui connaît, presque simultanément, une expansion majeure en français sous la forme du Roman de Renart. Cette métaphore politique, dans laquelle le lion-roi est entouré d’animaux incarnant divers types sociaux, s’accompagne cependant dans le recueil du développement parallèle d’une société aviaire nettement distincte de celle des quadrupèdes. C’est l’aigle qui y règne, l’autour est son sénéchal et cette cour des oiseaux est confrontée à des conflits nouveaux qui permettent d’illustrer des problématiques politiques différentes de celles de la cour des animaux. Quoique les fables qui traitent de cet autre monde, certaines antiques, d’autres entièrement nouvelles, soient éparpillées dans le recueil, elles sont néanmoins reliées par un personnel et des thèmes précis, inscrivant l’ensemble dans une pratique narrative à mi-chemin entre la fable et l’épopée animale. Un tel tissage de fables sous forme de récit discontinu est inédit dans un recueil de fables.
Reinardus en Bohême
Authors: Nejedlý Martin 
Published: April 2020

Résumé
L’article retrace la représentation du renard dans les sources tchèques à travers les siècles. En partant de
l’image du prince perfide de la Chronique de Kosmas (début du XIIe siècle) et du traître flagorneur
dans la Chronique en vieux tchèque dite de Dalimil (début du XIVe siècle), en passant par le renard rusé des fables en
tchèque et par la figure du mauvais conseiller des rois dans le miroir des princes de Smil Flaška de Pardubice (XIVe
siècle), cette veine de représentation négative aboutit au XVe siècle, lors de la révolution hussite, à un portrait
très défavorable de la bête rousse – aussi bien dans le camp de la reforme (La querelle de Prague et de Kutná
Hora, vers 1420) que dans le camp catholique (Pavel Žídek, vers 1463). L’image change peu à peu grâce à l’œuvre de
Dubravius et de Konáč de Hodiškov (XVIe siècle) et avant tout grâce aux manuels de deux jésuites du siècle suivant,
Melchior Hanel et Václav Jandit, présentant le sage renard enseignant les autres animaux. L’adaptation de la matière des premières
branches françaises du Roman de Renart en tchèque (par l’intermédiaire de l’allemand) date de 1845. Au
XXe siècle, ses avatars aboutissent à la figure du héros (ou de l’héroïne) sympathique: la petite renarde rusée,
transcrite en musique par Leoš Janáček, la Compagne malicieuse renarde de Josef Lada et le cynique et rusé « renard roux »
commentant l’histoire tchèque dans la série BD culte Images de l’Histoire tchèque .
The bear myth in Edmund Spenser’s Faerie Queene
Authors: Russell Jesse 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The animals in Edmund Spenser’s Faerie Queene have been skillfully treated as allegories, but these creatures also deserve a look from a mythological perspective. Perhaps the most important animal to begin with is the bear, which French historian Michel Pastoureau recently has explored in his monumental, The Bear: History of a Fallen King. Using many of Pastoureau’s insights (and criticizing others), we can make room for an analysis of The Faerie Queene as a text in which pre-modern and even ‘prehistorical’ images of bears meet with Early Modern views of the noble creature, demonstrating that, despite Spenser’s allegorical tendencies, the bears in The Faerie Queene still speak.
La chanson de geste et la mise en scène de personnages entre humanité et animalité
Authors: Ribémont Bernard 
Published: April 2020

Résumé
L’objet de cet article est de traiter, dans le corpus épique médiéval, des rapports humanité/bestialité qui peuvent apparaître dans les textes. Nous tenterons d’analyser les différents motifs qui sont en jeu ainsi que les fonctions littéraires de la mise en scène d’animaux en rapport direct avec le monde des humains. Ceci nous conduira à considérer des animaux étranges, fantastiques et merveilleux, mais aussi des êtres humains revêtant des caractéristiques ‘bestiales’. Nous croiserons ainsi certains archétypes (le géant, le monstrueux, l’hybride, etc.) parfois inattendus dans un corpus souvent considéré comme monolithique et centré sur des personnages ne devant pas (trop) sortir du cadre de la société féodale, de ses guerres et croisades.
La frontière entre l’homme et l’animal
Authors: Scala Gavino 
Published: April 2020

Résumé
L’objectif de la présente contribution est d’approfondir les réflexions sur les différents types de lois dans la première traduction française (1282) du De regimine principum et de vérifier la manière dont est considéré l’animal dans ce discours politique. Le droit des animaux y est placé hiérarchiquement sous le droit naturel et il paraît intéressant d’examiner le passage de la source au volgarizzamento en fonction de ces arguments. On verra que la version française abrège fortement les argumentations philosophiques et perd souvent la densité du discours didactico-moral de la source latine. La différence entre homme et animal est l’argument du chapitre xxiii (III livre, ii partie), qui est aussi significatif d’un point de vue philologique: il représente un élément important pour mettre en lumière les rapports entre les manuscrits. Alors qu’un petit groupe de témoins omet complètement le chapitre, la majorité comporte la rubrique ainsi qu’un petit résumé avec des renvois au latin, et trois manuscrits présentent la même rubrique du groupe précédent, mais y ajoutent le texte latin du chapitre en question.
A machine learning workflow for molecular analysis: application to melting points
Authors: Sivaraman Ganesh , Jackson Nicholas E , Sanchez-Lengeling Benjamin , Vázquez-Mayagoitia Álvaro , Aspuru-Guzik Alán , Vishwanath Venkatram , de Pablo Juan J 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Computational tools encompassing integrated molecular prediction, analysis, and generation are key for molecular design in a variety of critical applications. In this work, we develop a workflow for molecular analysis (MOLAN) that integrates an ensemble of supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques to analyze molecular data sets. The MOLAN workflow combines molecular featurization, clustering algorithms, uncertainty analysis, low-bias dataset construction, high-performance regression models, graph-based molecular embeddings and attribution, and a semi-supervised variational autoencoder based on the novel SELFIES representation to enable molecular design. We demonstrate the utility of the MOLAN workflow in the context of a challenging multi-molecule property prediction problem: the determination of melting points solely from single molecule structure. This application serves as a case study for how to employ the MOLAN workflow in the context of molecular property prediction.
Long-term stability of ready-to-use 1-mg/mL midazolam solution
Authors: Gilliot Sixtine , Masse Morgane , Feutry Frédéric , Barthélémy Christine , Décaudin Bertrand , Genay Stéphanie , Odou Pascal 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Purpose
Midazolam is a benzodiazepine derivative commonly used in intensive care units to control sedation. Its use requires dilution of a 5-mg/mL commercial solution to a target concentration of 1 mg/mL. A study was conducted to evaluate the stability of diluted ready-to-use 1-mg/mL midazolam solutions over 365 days when stored in cyclic olefin copolymer vials or polypropylene syringes.

Methods
A specific stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection method was developed for midazolam hydrochloride and validated for selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy. Three storage conditions were tested: –20°C ± 5°C, 5°C ± 3°C, and 25°C ± 2°C at 60% ± 5% relative humidity. Half of the vials were stored upside down to test for the absence of interaction between midazolam and the stopper. Particle contamination, sterility, and pH were assessed.

Results
The limit of stability was set at 90% of the initial concentration. After 1 year’s storage at –20°C and 5°C, concentrations remained superior to 90% under all storage conditions. At 25°C, stability was maintained up to day 90 in syringes (mean [SD], 92.71% [1.43%]) and to day 180 in upright and upside-down vials (92.12% [0.15%] and 91.57% [0.15%], respectively). No degradation products were apparent, no variations in pH values were detected, and containers retained their sterility and conformity with regard to any specific contamination during the study.

Conclusion
The evaluated 1-mg/mL midazolam solution was stable over a 1-year period when stored at a refrigerated (5°C) or frozen (–20°C) temperature in both vials and syringes; with storage at 25°C, the stability duration was lower. The preparation of ready-to-use midazolam solutions by a hospital pharmacy is compatible with clinical practice and could help to decrease risks inherent in dilution in care units.
Assessment of Data Supporting the Efficacy of New Antibiotics for Treating Infections Caused by Multidrug-resistant Bacteria
Authors: Yahav Dafna , Tau Noam , Shepshelovich Daniel 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundInfections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are a major public health threat. We aimed to assess the data supporting US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of new agents aimed to treat MDR bacterial infections and the data provided by postmarketing studies.MethodsWe identified all drugs with in vitro activity against MDR bacteria initially approved by the FDA between January 2010 and December 2018. Characteristics of trials supporting approval and regulatory pathways were collected from Drugs@FDA. Characteristics of postmarketing studies were extracted from drug labels and ClinicalTrials.gov entries effective 1 June 2019.ResultsInitial approval of 11 newly approved antibiotics with anti-MDR activity was supported by 20 trials, all with noninferiority design. All initially approved indications were for common infections, mostly acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections, regardless of causative microorganism. The proportion of MDR bacteria in most trials was low (&lt;10% for gram-negative infections, &lt;1% for gram-positive pneumonia). Most trials (90%) excluded immunocompromised and critically ill patients. Of 16 additional postmarketing randomized controlled trials identified through ClinicalTrials.gov, only 2 exclusively included infections caused by MDR bacteria, comprising 116 patients. No drug was granted accelerated approval, which would mandate postmarketing efficacy studies.ConclusionsThe approval of new drugs with potential clinical activity against MDR bacteria is supported by trials evaluating infections caused by non-MDR organisms, using noninferiority design and excluding the patients most likely to require these agents. Subsequent postmarketing efficacy data against these organisms are scarce. Healthcare professionals and regulators should demand more robust data to support clinical decision making.
Ambiguity, Low Risk-Free Rates and Consumption Inequality
Authors: Luo Yulei , Nie Jun , Young Eric R 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Macroeconomists failed to predict the Great Recession, suggesting that the existing macroeconomic models may have been misspecified. Bearing in mind this potential misspecification or ‘model uncertainty’, how do agents’ optimal decisions change? Furthermore, how large are the welfare costs of model misspecification? To shed light on these questions, we develop a tractable continuous-time general equilibrium model to show that a fear of model misspecification reduces both the equilibrium interest rate and the relative inequality of consumption to income, making the model’s predictions closer to the data. Our quantitative analysis shows that the welfare costs of model uncertainty are sizable.
Advanced interatrial block and P-wave duration are associated with atrial fibrillation and stroke in older adults with heart disease: the BAYES registry
Authors: Martínez-Sellés Manuel , Elosua Roberto , Ibarrola Martin , de Andrés Mireia , Díez-Villanueva Pablo , Bayés-Genis Antoni , Baranchuk Adrian , Bayés-de-Luna Antonio ,   for the BAYES Registry Investigators
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Aims
Advanced interatrial block (IAB), is an unrecognized surrogate of atrial dysfunction and a trigger of atrial dysrhythmias, mainly atrial fibrillation (AF). Our aim was to prospectively assess whether advanced IAB in sinus rhythm is associated with AF and stroke in elderly outpatients with structural heart disease, a group not previously studied.

Methods and results
Prospective observational registry that included outpatients aged ≥70 years with structural heart disease and no previous diagnosis of AF. Patients were divided into three groups: normal P-wave duration (&lt;120 ms), partial IAB (P-wave duration ≥120 ms, positive in the inferior leads), and advanced IAB [P-wave duration ≥120 ms, biphasic (plus/minus) morphology in the inferior leads]. Among 556 individuals, 223 had normal P-wave (40.1%), 196 partial IAB (35.3%), and 137 advanced IAB (24.6%). After a median follow-up of 694 days, 93 patients (16.7%) developed AF, 30 stroke (5.4%), and 34 died (6.1%). Advanced IAB was independently associated with AF –[hazard ratio (HR) 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7–5.1; P &lt; 0.001], stroke [HR 3.8, 95% CI 1.4–10.7; P = 0.010), and AF/stroke (HR 2.6, 95% CI 1.5–4.4; P = 0.001). P-wave duration (ms) was independently associated with AF (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.03–1.07; P &lt; 0.001), AF/stroke (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06; P &lt; 0.001), and mortality (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00–1.08; P = 0.021).

Conclusions
The presence of advanced IAB in sinus rhythm is independently associated with AF and stroke in an elderly population with structural heart disease and no previous diagnosis of AF. P-wave duration was also associated with all-cause mortality.