bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to reduce the impact of cervical cancer worldwide: Gaps and priority areas identified through the essential cancer and primary care packages: An analysis of effective interventions
Authors: Gatti Alessandra , Haruyama Rei , Elit Laurie , Howard Scott C. , Lam Catherine G. , Ilbawi Andre , Angioli Roberto , Cao Xueyuan , Fidarova Elena 
Published: August 2020

BackgroundCervical cancer is a preventable cancer; therefore, countries should provide strategic, evidence‐based health services to reduce its incidence and impact on their populations. Two packages of health services that group together all the services related to cervical cancer, the Essential Cancer Package (9 interventions) and the Primary Care Package (5 interventions), are defined in this article with the aim of assessing the global status of the availability of health services and their coverage in 194 countries worldwide.MethodsThe study was based on the 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) Noncommunicable Disease Country Capacity Survey. Although the survey covered multiple noncommunicable diseases, this report examined only those results pertaining to cervical cancer in the 194 WHO member states divided by WHO region and World Bank income.ResultsOnly 21% of the countries reported providing all 9 interventions of the Essential Cancer Package, with the highest proportions being found in Europe (45.3%) and among high‐income countries (HICs; 54.3%). As for the Primary Care Package, only 19.1% of countries provided all 5 interventions, with the highest proportions being found in Europe (39.6%) and among HICs (45.5%).ConclusionsThe complete development and appropriate coverage of each service listed in both the Essential Cancer Package and the Primary Care Package are essential to reduce the impact of cervical cancer worldwide, and they should be integrated into all cancer control planning efforts.
Fractionability of circuit components
Authors: Sommariva Antonino M. 
Published: August 2020

SummaryThe notion of topologically fractionable circuit components is defined and discussed using the paradigm of the behavioral approach. It sheds new light on the well‐known (but often badly grasped) distinction between multi‐terminal components and multi‐ports, because it places the matter into a much more general and meaningful framework. For the sake of completeness, the notion of electrically fractionable circuit components is also defined and discussed.
An Energy‐Proficient Clustering‐Inspired Routing Protocol using Improved Bkd‐tree for Enhanced Node Stability and Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Janakiraman Sengathir , M. Deva Priya 
Published: August 2020

SummaryEnergy conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is essential for improving the stability of sensor nodes and network lifetime. An energy‐proficient clustering‐based routing protocol is necessary for efficient cluster formation and Cluster Head (CH) selection to sustain Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, an Improved Bkd‐Tree‐Inspired Energy‐eFficient Clustering‐based Routing Protocol (IBkd‐Tree‐IEFCRP) is propounded as a potential strategy for guaranteeing significant cluster formation and management. It is proposed as an effective strategy in CH node allocation that handles the impacts of QoS during the process of data dissemination. This IBkd‐Tree‐IEFCRP is proposed to deal with energy saving with respect to data traffic by including a strategy of cluster formation which incorporates the benefits of partition data structure that incorporates an improved Bkd‐tree algorithm. It also concentrates on the process of CH selection by integrating a reactive approach that enhances throughput with minimized energy, delay and jitter. The simulation experiments of the proposed IBkd‐Tree‐IEFCRP confirm a better performance in improving the average throughput by 13.21%, reducing the energy consumptions by 12.96%, minimizing the delay by 11.98% and reducing the jitter by 14.24% when compared to the baseline k‐dimensional tree algorithm (kd‐tree algorithm), Weighting and Parameter Optimization‐based Energy‐Efficient Clustering Routing Protocol (WPO‐EECRP), Improved Clustering by Fast Search and Finding of Density Peaks (ICFSFDP), and Energy‐based Cluster Centered Routing Protocol (ECCRP) taken for comparison. The proposed IBkd‐Tree‐IEFCRP is also identified to reduce delay by 8.42% and jitter by 7.18% and increase throughput by 6.84% when compared to the benchmarked protocols for different number of rounds.
The Paris system of Reporting Urinary Cytology: Strengths and opportunities
Authors: Kurtycz Daniel F.I. , Sundling Kaitlin E. , Barkan Güliz A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe Paris system for reporting urinary cytopathology (TPS) was created to address inherent weaknesses inherent in the practice of urinary cytopathology. While urothelial cytology has always performed well at finding high grade, genetically unstable urothelial carcinoma, it performs poorly when it comes to detecting low‐grade urothelial neoplasia. TPS intends to improve the utility of urothelial cytology by focusing on what is important, high‐grade urothelial carcinoma. This article is a snapshot of the current state of TPS as it heads into its second edition. Successes are described and further developments are considered.
Salt glands of recretohalophyte Tamarix under salinity: Their evolution and adaptation
Authors: Wei Xiaocen , Yan Xin , Yang Zhen , Han Guoliang , Wang Lei , Yuan Fang , Wang Baoshan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHere, we studied the evolution of salt glands in 11 species of Tamarix and determined their role in adaptation to saline environments by measuring the effect of NaCl on plant growth and salt gland characteristics. Cluster analysis divided Tamarix species into three types (types I–III) according to salt‐gland characteristics. A phylogenetic tree based on ITS sequences indicated an evolutionary relationship consistent with the geographical distribution of Tamarix. We measured growth under different NaCl conditions (0, 100, 200, and 300 mM) for 40 days in three species (T. gallica, T. ramosissima, and T. laxa) representing the three Tamarix types. With increasing NaCl concentration, the biomass of all species was significantly reduced, especially that of T. gallica. Salt secretion ability and salt‐gland density showed similar trends in three types. The order of salt tolerance was type I > type II > type III. We conclude that during Tamarix adaptation to salinity, salt‐gland evolution followed two directions: one increasing salt‐gland density, and the other increasing salt secretion rate per salt‐gland. This study provides a basis for potential mechanisms of recretohalophyte adaptation to salinity.
Where Am I? Niche constraints due to morphological specialization in two Tanganyikan cichlid fish species
Authors: Widmer Lukas , Indermaur Adrian , Egger Bernd , Salzburger Walter 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFood resource specialization within novel environments is considered a common axis of diversification in adaptive radiations. Feeding specializations are often coupled with striking morphological adaptations and exemplify the relation between morphology and diet (phenotype–environment correlations), as seen in, for example, Darwin finches, Hawaiian spiders, and the cichlid fish radiations in East African lakes. The cichlids' potential to rapidly exploit and occupy a variety of different habitats has previously been attributed to the variability and adaptability of their trophic structures including the pharyngeal jaw apparatus. Here we report a reciprocal transplant experiment designed to explore the adaptability of the trophic structures in highly specialized cichlid fish species. More specifically, we forced two common but ecologically distinct cichlid species from Lake Tanganyika,Tropheus moorii(rock‐dweller), andXenotilapia boulengeri(sand‐dweller), to live on their preferred as well as on an unpreferred habitat (sand and rock, respectively). We measured their overall performance on the different habitat types and explored whether adaptive phenotypic plasticity is involved in adaptation. We found that, while habitat had no effect on the performance ofX. boulengeri,T. mooriiperformed significantly better in its preferred habitat. Despite an experimental duration of several months, we did not find a shift in the morphology of the lower pharyngeal jaw bone that would be indicative of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in this trait.
Distribution of genetic variation underlying adult migration timing in steelhead of the Columbia River basin
Authors: Collins Erin E. , Hargrove John S. , Delomas Thomas A. , Narum Shawn R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFish migrations are energetically costly, especially when moving between freshwater and saltwater, but are a viable strategy for Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp.) due to the advantageous resources available at various life stages. Anadromous steelhead (O. mykiss) migrate vast distances and exhibit variation for adult migration phenotypes that have a genetic basis at candidate genes known as greb1L and rock1. We examined the distribution of genetic variation at 13 candidate markers spanning greb1L, intergenic, and rock1 regions versus 226 neutral markers for 113 populations (n = 9,471) of steelhead from inland and coastal lineages in the Columbia River. Patterns of population structure with neutral markers reflected genetic similarity by geographic region as demonstrated in previous studies, but candidate markers clustered populations by genetic variation associated with adult migration timing. Mature alleles for late migration had the highest frequency overall in steelhead populations throughout the Columbia River, with only 9 of 113 populations that had a higher frequency of premature alleles for early migration. While a single haplotype block was evident for the coastal lineage, we identified multiple haplotype blocks for the inland lineage. The inland lineage had one haplotype block that corresponded to candidate markers within the greb1L gene and immediately upstream in the intergenic region, and the second block only contained candidate markers from the intergenic region. Haplotype frequencies had similar patterns of geographic distribution as single markers, but there were distinct differences in frequency between the two haplotype blocks for the inland lineage. This may represent multiple recombination events that differed between lineages where phenotypic differences exist between freshwater entry versus arrival timing as indicated by Micheletti et al. (2018a). Redundancy analyses were used to model environmental effects on allelic frequencies of candidate markers, and significant variables were migration distance, temperature, isothermality, and annual precipitation. This study improves our understanding of the spatial distribution of genetic variation underlying adult migration timing in steelhead as well as associated environmental factors and has direct conservation and management implications.
Persistence and degradation of Phytophthora cinnamomi DNA and RNA in different soil types
Authors: Kunadiya Manisha B. , Burgess Treena I. , A. Dunstan William , White Diane , StJ. Hardy Giles E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDNA and RNA detected in soil using molecular techniques may originate from a living or dead organism. It is therefore of interest to know how long the DNA and RNA from a decaying organism can persist in soil, and how environmental conditions such as soil temperature, moisture, and microbial populations impact on the survival time. This study determined the difference between the persistence of Phytophthora cinnamomi mRNA and DNA in different soil types. DNA and RNA were extracted from P. cinnamomi and 10 ng/250 mg of soil was applied to five different soil types that were either air‐dried or maintained at 70% field capacity. The persistence of DNA at 20°C was tested after intervals of 0, 3, 7, 14, 90, 241, and 378 days, and for RNA at 0, 1, 3, and 7 days using qPCR and RT‐qPCR techniques, respectively. Persistence was longer in dry than moist soil, P. cinnamomi DNA could be readily detected in dry soil conditions for up to 90 days and was found at extremely low levels at 241 and 378 days. RNA was detected only on day 1, except for dry river sand, and moist sandy loam in which it persisted for 3 days; it was not detected after seven days. These results confirm that RNA degrades very quickly, making it a valuable tool for determining the presence of viable Phytophthora in soil. In contrast, DNA can be remarkably stable in some environments, and positive results could be obtained even after the death of the organism for a year or more prior to the test. For diagnostics, the use of an RNA‐based test avoids the possibility of such false positive results. In the context of the research project, this study is relevant to determining how long viable Phytophthora remains in soil after the eradication protocols have been instigated. In a broader context, the persistence of DNA is relevant to any study using environmental DNA for diagnostics or for metabarcoding when undertaking community ecology or microbiome studies. These results are relevant for studies using detection of P. cinnamomi nucleic acids in soils for purposes of diagnostics, ecological research, or projects on eradication.
Synthesis of Estolide Ester and Amide from Acetylated Polyhydroxy Estolide for Lubricant Base Oil
Authors: Hoong Seng Soi , Arniza Mohd Zan , Mariam Nek Mat Din Nik Siti , Armylisas Abu Hassan Noor , Ishak Siti Afida , Ismail Tuan Noor Maznee Tuan , Yeong Shoot Kian 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPlant oil‐based lubricants are used as alternative for mainstream petroleum‐based lubricants mainly because they are known to be environmentally friendly. However, their market acceptance is limited by their high pour point and poor oxidation stability. This study presents an approach to make biodegradable lubricant from oleic acid that shows low pour point and satisfactory oxidation stability. A mixture of estolides with acetyl and hydroxy functionalities is prepared from reaction between oleic acid, acetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide. Subsequently, the hydroxy groups of estolide are end‐capped with lauric acid to improve oxidation stability. Further reaction with alcohol and amine yielded estolide ester and amide, respectively. Physicochemical properties evaluation of prepared estolide ester and amide reveal that they have properties comparable to commercial samples in terms of pour point, oxidation stability, viscosity index, and antiwear. Furthermore, both estolide ester and amide are found to be readily biodegradable, which support their use as environmental friendly lubricant. Therefore, the inferior properties of plant oil‐based lubricants can be resolved by chemical modifications that yield specific estolide ester and amide with excellent properties suitable for lubricants.Practical Applications: The prepared estolide ester and amide have good potential to be used as lubricant base oil for environmentally acceptable lubricants due to their inherent readily biodegradability nature and excellent lubricant properties.
Performance analysis of cooperative nonorthogonal multiple access with improved time switching simultaneous wireless information and power transfer protocol
Authors: Al Amin Ahmed , Young Shin Soo 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn this study, improved time switching (ITS) simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT‐ITS) protocol along with cooperative nonorthogonal multiple access (CNOMA) downlink (DL) transmission are integrated (termed as CNOMA‐SWIPT‐ITS) for DL transmission. CNOMA‐SWIPT‐ITS scheme transfers information to the users and performs energy harvesting (EH) for relay operation from cell center user (CCU) to cell edge user (CEU). Furthermore, the scheme transfers different symbols using the time duration of EH at the CCU and performs cooperative relaying (CCU to CEU) to enhance the channel capacity of the users. The performance of CNOMA‐SWIPT‐ITS scheme is measured in terms of ergodic sum capacity and outage probabilities. Finally, simulation and analytical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme over conventional CNOMA based SWIPT schemes and typical orthogonal multiple access based ITS SWIPT scheme.
Radiation necrosis of the pharyngeal soft tissue: Unique clinical entity reconstructed with a previously unreported composite brachioradialis and flexor digitorum superficialis radial forearm flap
Authors: Xing Monica H. , Ansari Edward , O'Malley Quinn F. , Khorsandi Azita , Khan Mohemmed Nazir , Urken Mark L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe radial forearm free flap (RFFF) is a versatile flap commonly used in head and neck reconstructive surgery. We describe the use of a composite RFFF that includes muscle for reconstruction of a hostile wound of the posterior pharyngeal wall.MethodsA 54‐year‐old male with a history of recurrent right palatine tonsil HPV+ squamous cell carcinoma developed severe soft tissue necrosis of the posterior pharyngeal wall secondary to reirradiation. The defect was reconstructed with a composite RFFF that included the brachioradialis (BR) muscle and the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) muscle.ResultsRestoration of this complex defect was successfully accomplished with minimal donor site functional deficits and satisfactory functional outcomes including decannulation and resumption of oral intake.ConclusionThis composite RFFF can be effectively used to reconstruct a hostile wound of the posterior pharyngeal wall. Incorporation of muscle in the reconstruction of complex wounds with soft tissue necrosis is beneficial.
Serum Sphingosine‐1‐Phosphate Is Decreased in Patients With Acute‐on‐Chronic Liver Failure and Predicts Early Mortality
Authors: Mücke Victoria T. , Maria Schwarzkopf Katharina , Thomas Dominique , Mücke Marcus M. , Rüschenbaum Sabrina , Trebicka Jonel , Pfeilschifter Josef , Zeuzem Stefan , Lange Christian M. , Grammatikos Georgios 
Published: August 2020

Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) regulates pathophysiological processes, including liver regeneration, vascular tone control, and immune response. In patients with liver cirrhosis, acute deterioration of liver function is associated with high mortality rates. The present study investigated whether serum S1P concentrations are associated with disease severity in patients with chronic liver disease from compensated cirrhosis (CC), acute decompensation (AD), or acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF). From August 2013 to October 2017, patients who were admitted to the University Hospital Frankfurt with CC, AD, or ACLF were enrolled in our cirrhosis cohort study. Tandem mass spectrometry was performed on serum samples of 127 patients to assess S1P concentration. Our study comprised 19 patients with CC, 55 with AD, and 51 with ACLF, aged 29 to 76 years. We observed a significant decrease of S1P according to advanced liver injury from CC and AD up to ACLF (P < 0.001). S1P levels further decreased with progression to ACLF grade 3 (P < 0.05), and S1P highly inversely correlated with the Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score (r = −0.508;P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, S1P remained an independent predictor of 7‐day mortality with high diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve, 0.874;P < 0.001).Conclusion:In patients with chronic liver disease, serum S1P levels dramatically decreased with advanced stages of liver disease and were predictive of early mortality. Because S1P is a potent regulator of endothelial integrity and immune response, low S1P levels may significantly influence progressive multiorgan failure. Our data justify further elucidation of the diagnostic and therapeutic role of S1P in ACLF.
Effect of Newtonian heating/cooling on free convection in an annular permeable region in the presence of heat source/sink
Authors: Anurag  , Singh A. K. , Chandran P. , Sacheti N. C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe influence of Newtonian heating/cooling in the presence of heat source/sink has been investigated on laminar free convective flow in a vertical annular permeable region. The mathematical model for the problem has been considered as a boundary value problem consisting of two simultaneous ordinary differential equations. The boundary value problem has been transformed to nondimensional form. This has given rise to a number of parameters representing both geometrical and physical features of the problem. Closed‐form analytical solutions of the governing equations have been obtained for two different cases of internal heat generation/absorption. To assess the effects of governing parameters on the fluid velocity and temperature, a number of profiles of these field variables have been presented. The efficacy of the distinct processes on the field variables has been discussed extensively. The main outcome obtained in this study is that the velocity as well as temperature is enhanced in the case of the Newtonian heating while the opposite behavior occurs in the Newtonian cooling for both cases of source and sink. Furthermore, the influence of the governing parameters has been shown on the skin friction, volume flow rate, and the Nusselt number.
Methylphenidate challenge test in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Clinical effects and their predictors
Authors: Piacentino Daria , De Rossi Pietro , Kotzalidis Georgios D. , Maniscalco Ignazio , Pompili Maurizio , Giupponi Giancarlo , Hiemke Christoph , Conca Andreas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveAdult and children attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) share similar symptoms and responses to drugs such as methylphenidate (MPH). Yet, in Europe, these drugs remain unlicensed for adults. We aimed to assess the effects of an acute MPH challenge on the four dimensions concentration, impulsivity, tension, and general well‐being in ADHD adults, and identify predictors of improvement.MethodsTherapeutic Drug Monitoring was performed to measure MPH plasma levels. A Visual Analogue Scale was administered to patients before and after the acute MPH challenge to measure self‐reported changes in the four dimensions.ResultsAfter the acute MPH challenge, our 71 patients showed significant improvement in concentration and tension. The MPH challenge dose correlated with lower patients' age, greater side effects, increased concentration (p = .008) and decreased tension (p = .001). At multiple linear regression MPH plasma levels and absence of postdose side effects predicted concentration improvement, MPH plasma levels predicted tension improvement. MPH plasma levels were significantly higher in patients who reported an improvement in concentration, tension, and impulsivity compared to nonimprovers (p’s from .001 to .004).ConclusionsThese findings point to the efficacy of MPH challenge in improving concentration and tension in adult ADHD, thus emphasizing the need for a broader treatment access for these patients.