bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ПЕРСПЕКТИВНІСТЬ ЗАСОСУВАННЯ ГУСТОГО ЕКСТРАКТУ З ШПИНАТУ ГОРОДНЬОГО ЛИСТЯ ЯК МЕМБРАНОПРОТЕКТОРНОГО ЗАСОБУ ЗА УМОВ ТОКСИЧНОГО ГЕПАТИТУ
Authors: Nykyforuk A. Y. , Fira L. S. , Lykhatskyі P. G. 
Published: October 2019

Мета роботи. Дослідити мембранопротекторні властивості густого екстракту зі шпинату городнього листя за умов токсичного ураження печінки тетрахлорметаном.
Матеріали й методи. Експерименти проведені на білих щурах-самцях, яким моделювали токсичний гепатит шляхом ураження печінки тетрахлорметаном. Токсикант вводили в дозі 1,0 мл/кг маси тіла тварин. Густий екстракт зі шпинату використовували у дозі 150 мг/кг маси тіла, препарат порівняння силімарин у дозі 100 мг/кг маси тіла. Евтаназію щурів проводили під тіопенталовим наркозом на 4-ту, 7-у та 10-у добу експерименту з дотриманням усіх правил Конвенції із захисту хребетних тварин. Активність мембранодеструктивних процесів оцінювали за аланін- та аспрататамінотрансферазною, гама-глутамілтранспептидазною активністю та еритроцитарним індексом інтоксикації. Для статистичної обробки даних використовували параметричні (за Стьюдентом) та непараметричні (Вілкоксоном) методи дослідження.
Результати й обговорення. Встановлено, що ураження щурів тетрахлорметаном призводить до вірогідного підвищення у сироватці крові активності амінотрансфераз та гамаглутамілтранспептидази у всі терміни дослідження (4,7 та 10 доби від початку експерименту). У печінці щурів спостерігалось прогресуюче зниження активності ензимів, що є наслідком порушення проникності плазматичних мембран гепатоцитів. У крові щурів, уражених тетрахлорметаном, відмічено підвищення відсотку проникнення еритроцитарних мембран. Використаний густий екстракт зі шпинату городнього листя проявив ефективний вплив на досліджувані показники і за ефективністю незначно поступався препарату силімарину.
Висновки. Ураження печінки щурів тетрахлорметаном призводить до порушення проникності плазматичних мембран гепатоцитів та еритроцитів, максимальні зміни яких відмічено у кінці дослідження. Співставлення ефективності застосування силімарину та екстракту зі шпинату городнього листя підтверджує мембранопротекторні властивості даного засобу, що робить перспективним подальші дослідження його фармакологічної активності.
ЗАМІЩЕНІ 3-R-7,8-ДИГІДРО-2Н-ПІРОЛО[1,2-а][1,2,4]ТРИАЗИНО[2,3-с]ХІНАЗОЛІН-5а(6Н)-АЛКІЛКАРБОНОВІ КИСЛОТИ – ПЕРСПЕКТИВНИЙ КЛАС МАЛОТОКСИЧНИХ ПРОТИЗАПАЛЬНИХ АГЕНТІВ
Authors: Stavytskyi V. V. , Voskoboinik O.Yu. , Nosulenko I.S. , Klimova O.O. , Brazhko O. A. , Kovalenko S. I. 
Published: October 2019

Мета роботи. Дослідження протизапальної активності та гострої токсичності оригінальних 3-R-7,8-дигідро-2Н-піроло[1,2-а][1,2,4]триазино[2,3-с]хіназолін-5а(6Н)-алкілкарбонових кислот.
Матеріали і методи. Дослідження протизапальної активності проводили на моделі карагенінового набряку лапки білих щурів-самців лінії «Вістар» масою 140 – 220 г. Досліджувані речовини вводили перорально у вигляді водної суспензії, стабілізованої Твіном 80, за допомогою атравматичного зонда в дозі 25 мг/кг, натрію диклофенак – 10 мг/кг. Показники гострої токсичності досліджуваних сполук було спрогнозовано in silico (програмні пакети GUSAR і TEST) та встановлено in vivo на білих безпородних мишах обох статей масою 16 – 24 г. Синтезовані сполуки вводили одноразово внутрішньоочеревинно у вигляді тонкої суспензії у фізіологічному розчині, стабілізованої Твіном 80. Середньолетальні дози (ЛД50) визначали за методом В. Прозоровського. Статистичну обробку даних проводили за загальноприйнятими підходами за допомогою статистичного пакета програм «STATISTICA® for Windows 6.0» (StatSoft Inc, № АХХR712D833214FAN5).
Результати й обговорення. Вивчення протизапальної дії похідних піроло[1,2-a][1,2,4]триазино[2,3-c]хіназоліну показало, що досліджувані сполуки є високоактивними протизапальними агентами, які за рівнем дії конкурують або перевищують препарат порівняння «Натрію диклофенак». Найбільш активною виявилась 3-(3-метил-2,8-діоксо-7,8-дигідро-2H-піроло[1,2-a][1,2,4]триазино[2,3-c]хіназолін-5a(6H)-іл)пропанова кислота (5), яка за рівнем дії перевищує препарат порівняння більше ніж на 20 %. Результати вивчення гострої токсичності похідних піроло[1,2-a][1,2,4]триазино[2,3-c]хіназолінів, проведені методами in silico та in vivo, корелюють поміж собою. Внутрішньоочеревинне введення досліджуваних сполук білим безпородним мишам у дозах від 500 до 1500 мг/кг дозволило віднести їх до IV та V класу токсичності (малотоксичні та практично нетоксичні сполуки, згідно із класифікацією токсичності при парентеральних способах введення).
Висновки. Досліджено протизапальну активність та гостру токсичність серед оригінальних піроло[1,2-а][1,2,4]триазино[2,3-с]хіназолінів і встановлено, що більшість досліджуваних сполук проявляють виражену протизапальну дію при внутрішньошлунковому введенні та належать до практично нетоксичних або малотоксичних сполук (IV-V клас). Обговорено взаємозв’язок «хімічна будова – протизапальна активність» і показано, що введення залишку пропанової кислоти в положення 5а зазначеної системи є виправданим у плані пошуку сполук з антиексудативною дією, а зазначені структури є перспективною групою для проведення подальшого спрямованого синтезу і фармакологічних досліджень із метою створення на їх основі нових нестероїдних протизапальних засобів.
Citizenship or Inheritance? The Phratry in Classical Athens
Authors: Joyce Christopher 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This article challenges the modern orthodoxy which states that phratry membership was a necessary precondition of Athenian citizenship in the fifth and fourth centuries BC and argues that the purpose of the phratry was to establish not claims to citizenship, even though membership in a phratry was proof of citizenship, but inheritance entitlements. It questions the widespread assumption that citizens needed to be born of unions legally cemented by engyê. In turn, it challenges a recent attempt to argue that legitimacy of birth and legitimacy in community were one and the same. Finally, in examines passages of orators which show that the concern of the phratry was to establish not the right to participate in Athenian polity, which was the business of the deme to determine, but the right to inherit property, and in the light of those conclusions argues that while membership in the phratry proved citizenship, it was not essential or necessary for each and every citizen of Athens to be a member of a phratry, the chief purpose of which was to establish inheritance claims.
Liberalism in International Trade, Illiberalism in Domestic Economic Governance and Human Rights Protection in the Context of the WTO
Authors: Mulyun Vladislav 
Published: October 2019

This analysis focuses on one aspect of liberalism – the fundamental human right to fair trial – and discovers the possibility for private actors to protect domestically their (human) rights violated by infringements of WTO commitments.
In the course of the discussion of relations between the issues of human rights protection and WTO States obligations several dimensions can be revealed.
Frequency-Domain Analysis of the Energy Budget in an Idealized Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Model
Authors: Martin Paige E. , Arbic Brian K. , McC. Hogg Andrew , Kiss Andrew E. , Munroe James R. , Blundell Jeffrey R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractClimate variability is investigated by identifying the energy sources and sinks in an idealized, coupled, ocean–atmosphere model, tuned to mimic the North Atlantic region. The spectral energy budget is calculated in the frequency domain to determine the processes that either deposit energy into or extract energy from each fluid, over time scales from one day up to 100 years. Nonlinear advection of kinetic energy is found to be the dominant source of low-frequency variability in both the ocean and the atmosphere, albeit in differing layers in each fluid. To understand the spatial patterns of the spectral energy budget, spatial maps of certain terms in the spectral energy budget are plotted, averaged over various frequency bands. These maps reveal three dynamically distinct regions: along the western boundary, the western boundary current separation, and the remainder of the domain. The western boundary current separation is found to be a preferred region to energize oceanic variability across a broad range of time scales (from monthly to decadal), while the western boundary itself acts as the dominant sink of energy in the domain at time scales longer than 50 days. This study paves the way for future work, using the same spectral methods, to address the question of forced versus intrinsic variability in a coupled climate system.
Variational Retrieval of Rain Microphysics and Related Parameters from Polarimetric Radar Data with a Parameterized Operator
Authors: Mahale Vivek N. , Zhang Guifu , Xue Ming , Gao Jidong , Reeves Heather D. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A variational retrieval of rain microphysics from polarimetric radar data (PRD) has been developed through the use of S-band parameterized polarimetric observation operators. Polarimetric observations allow for the optimal retrieval of cloud and precipitation microphysics for weather quantification and data assimilation for convective-scale numerical weather prediction (NWP) by linking PRD to physical parameters. Rain polarimetric observation operators for reflectivity ZH, differential reflectivity ZDR, and specific differential phase KDP were derived for S-band PRD using T-matrix scattering amplitudes. These observation operators link the PRD to the physical parameters of water content W and mass-/volume-weighted diameter Dm for rain, which can be used to calculate other microphysical information. The S-band observation operators were tested using a 1D variational retrieval that uses the (nonlinear) Gauss–Newton method to iteratively minimize the cost function to find an optimal estimate of Dm and W separately for each azimuth of radar data, which can be applied to a plan position indicator (PPI) radar scan (i.e., a single elevation). Experiments on two-dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) data demonstrated the advantages of including ΦDP observations and using the nonlinear solution rather than the (linear) optimal interpolation (OI) solution. PRD collected by the Norman, Oklahoma (KOUN) WSR-88D on 15 June 2011 were used to successfully test the retrieval method on radar data. The successful variational retrieval from the 2DVD and the radar data demonstrate the utility of the proposed method.
Drylines in Argentina: Synoptic Climatology and Processes Leading to Their Genesis
Authors: Bechis Hernán , Salio Paola , Ruiz Juan José 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Drylines have been identified as relevant synoptic-scale phenomena that frequently occur in several regions around the world. Despite previous works and the experience of local forecasters that recognizes the occurrence of drylines in Argentina and suggests its possible association with convection initiation, knowledge about the mechanisms leading to the genesis of these features is poor. This paper presents the first synoptic climatology of these drylines as well as a first approach to the understanding of the processes leading to their formation. The climatology is based on an automated algorithm for dryline identification applied to reanalysis data. We found that drylines are more frequent between the northern Patagonia plateau and the central Argentinean plains. A composite analysis is performed to analyze the processes leading to the formation of synoptic-scale drylines within this region. It was found that these drylines form in the confluence between a warm and moist air mass driven by a northwesterly flow and drier air flowing east over the northern Patagonia plateau. The dry air originates on top of the Pacific maritime boundary layer and experiences lee subsidence after crossing the Andes range creating an area of dry and warm air that is advected to the east by the westerly synoptic-scale flow, and transported downward during the day due to strong boundary layer turbulence. At the same time, surface heating over the plateau leads to substantial warming of the originally colder dry air behind the dryline, thus reversing the horizontal temperature gradient across the dryline.
Formation of Wind Gusts in an Extratropical Cyclone in Light of Doppler Lidar Observations and Large-Eddy Simulations
Authors: Pantillon Florian , Adler Bianca , Corsmeier Ulrich , Knippertz Peter , Wieser Andreas , Hansen Akio 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDamaging gusts in windstorms are represented by crude subgrid-scale parameterizations in today’s weather and climate models. This limitation motivated the Wind and Storms Experiment (WASTEX) in winter 2016–17 in the Upper Rhine Valley over southwestern Germany. Gusts recorded at an instrumented tower during the passage of extratropical cyclone “Thomas” on 23 February 2017 are investigated based on measurements of radial wind with ≈70-m along-beam spacing from a fast-scanning Doppler lidar and realistic large-eddy simulations with grid spacings down to 78 m using the Icosahedral Nonhydrostatic model. Four wind peaks occur due to the storm onset, the cold front, a precipitation line, and isolated showers. The first peak is related to a sudden drop in dewpoint and results from the downward mixing of a low-level jet and a dry layer within the warm sector characterized by extremely high temperatures for the season. While operational convection-permitting forecasts poorly predict the storm onset overall, a successful ensemble member highlights the role of upstream orography. Lidar observations reveal the presence of long-lasting wind structures that result from a combination of convection- and shear-driven instability. Large-eddy simulations contain structures elongated in the wind direction that are qualitatively similar but too coarse compared to the observed ones. Their size is found to exceed the effective model resolution by one order of magnitude due to their elongation. These results emphasize the need for subkilometer-scale measuring and modeling systems to improve the representation of gusts in windstorms.
Efficacy and safety of biologic agents and tofacitinib in moderate‐to‐severe ulcerative colitis: A systematic overview of meta‐analyses
Authors: Pantavou Katerina , Yiallourou Anneza I , Piovani Daniele , Evripidou Despo , Danese Silvio , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent , Bonovas Stefanos , Nikolopoulos Georgios K 
Published: October 2019

BackgroundUlcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disease of the colon and rectum. Treatment options include biologics and tofacitinib.ObjectivesWe aim to summarize the evidence on efficacy and safety of biologics and tofacitinib in moderate‐to‐severe UC.MethodsPubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched to identify meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials assessing adalimumab, golimumab, infliximab, vedolizumab, and tofacitinib in UC. Efficacy outcomes included induction and maintenance of clinical response, clinical remission and mucosal healing. Safety outcomes included adverse events and serious adverse events.ResultsThe overview involved 31 meta‐analyses. All four biologics and tofacitinib were superior to placebo regarding efficacy. Indirect comparisons suggested that infliximab may be better than adalimumab and golimumab to induce clinical response and mucosal healing. Safety analyses indicated no increased rates of adverse events, except for infliximab.ConclusionsBiologics and tofacitinib are efficacious and safe for treating UC. These findings can support clinical decision‐making.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of tick-borne disease risk factors in residential yards, neighborhoods, and beyond
Authors: Fischhoff Ilya R. , Bowden Sarah E. , Keesing Felicia , Ostfeld Richard S. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Exposure to blacklegged ticks Ixodes scapularis that transmit pathogens is thought to occur peri-domestically. However, the locations where people most frequently encounter infected ticks are not well characterized, leading to mixed messages from public health officials about where risk is highest.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis on spatial risk factors for tick-borne disease and tick bites in eastern North America. We examined three scales: the residential yard, the neighborhood surrounding (but not including) the yard, and outside the neighborhood. Nineteen eligible studies represented 2741 cases of tick-borne illness and 1447 tick bites. Using random effects models, we derived pooled odds ratio (OR) estimates.

Results
The meta-analysis revealed significant disease risk factors at the scale of the yard (OR 2.60 95% CI 1.96 – 3.46), the neighborhood (OR 4.08 95% CI 2.49 – 6.68), and outside the neighborhood (OR 2.03 95% CI 1.59 – 2.59). Although significant risk exists at each scale, neighborhood scale risk factors best explained disease exposure. Analysis of variance revealed risk at the neighborhood scale was 57% greater than risk at the yard scale and 101% greater than risk outside the neighborhood.

Conclusions
This analysis emphasizes the importance of understanding and reducing tick-borne disease risk at the neighborhood scale. Risk-reducing interventions applied at each scale could be effective, but interventions applied at the neighborhood scale are most likely to protect human health.

Trial registration
The study was registered with PROSPERO: CRD42017079169.
Clinical characteristics of women captured by extending the definition of severe postpartum haemorrhage with ‘refractoriness to treatment’: a cohort study
Authors:   on behalf of the TeMpOH-1 study group, Henriquez Dacia D. C. A. , Gillissen Ada , Smith Sharissa M. , Cramer Roos A. , van den Akker Thomas , Zwart Joost J. , van Roosmalen Jos J. M. , Bloemenkamp Kitty W. M. , van der Bom Johanna G. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
The absence of a uniform and clinically relevant definition of severe postpartum haemorrhage hampers comparative studies and optimization of clinical management. The concept of persistent postpartum haemorrhage, based on refractoriness to initial first-line treatment, was proposed as an alternative to common definitions that are either based on estimations of blood loss or transfused units of packed red blood cells (RBC). We compared characteristics and outcomes of women with severe postpartum haemorrhage captured by these three types of definitions.

Methods
In this large retrospective cohort study in 61 hospitals in the Netherlands we included 1391 consecutive women with postpartum haemorrhage who received either ≥4 units of RBC or a multicomponent transfusion. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of women with severe postpartum haemorrhage defined as persistent postpartum haemorrhage were compared to definitions based on estimated blood loss or transfused units of RBC within 24 h following birth. Adverse maternal outcome was a composite of maternal mortality, hysterectomy, arterial embolisation and intensive care unit admission.

Results
One thousand two hundred sixty out of 1391 women (90.6%) with postpartum haemorrhage fulfilled the definition of persistent postpartum haemorrhage. The majority, 820/1260 (65.1%), fulfilled this definition within 1 h following birth, compared to 819/1391 (58.7%) applying the definition of ≥1 L blood loss and 37/845 (4.4%) applying the definition of ≥4 units of RBC. The definition persistent postpartum haemorrhage captured 430/471 adverse maternal outcomes (91.3%), compared to 471/471 (100%) for ≥1 L blood loss and 383/471 (81.3%) for ≥4 units of RBC. Persistent postpartum haemorrhage did not capture all adverse outcomes because of missing data on timing of initial, first-line treatment.

Conclusion
The definition persistent postpartum haemorrhage identified women with severe postpartum haemorrhage at an early stage of haemorrhage, unlike definitions based on blood transfusion. It also captured a large majority of adverse maternal outcomes, almost as large as the definition of ≥1 L blood loss, which is commonly applied as a definition of postpartum haemorrhage rather than severe haemorrhage.
Assessing public awareness of clubfoot and knowledge about the importance of early childhood treatment: a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Alsiddiky Abdulmonem , Alrwibaah Salman , Alqahtani Abdulrahman , Alnujidi Abdulmalek , Alhomaidhi Abdullah , Almasoud Abdulla , Alatassi Raheef 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundClubfoot is a treatable abnormality that can be managed with early intervention. However, there is a lack of public knowledge regarding clubfoot, which can delay treatment. This study aimed to assess the public awareness of clubfoot and knowledge regarding the importance of treatment in early childhood.MethodsThis cross-sectional survey spanned 6 months, from June through November 2018, and involved persons living in Saudi Arabia. To collect data on public awareness of clubfoot risk factors, treatment, and prognosis, a questionnaire was developed by orthopedic experts and disseminated online. The target population included people of both genders and all age groups from the general population, regardless of their knowledge of someone with clubfoot.ResultsBy the end of the study period, 746 participants completed the online survey. In total, 520 of the respondents (69.7%) had never heard about clubfoot syndrome. Among the participants, 5.4% had a child with clubfoot syndrome and 4.6% were aware of clubfoot because they had an affected child. The top resource accessed by respondents for obtaining knowledge about clubfoot was social media channels (38.4%), followed by obtaining knowledge from relatives and friends (19.9%). The most reported perceived cause of clubfoot was hereditary and genetic disorders (58.4%), followed by neurological disorders (39.9%).ConclusionsResults show that there is low public knowledge of clubfoot which may be attributed to a lack of awareness campaigns. We recommend increasing awareness regarding clubfoot through social media platforms and public campaigns in key locations, such as malls, as this may encourage people to seek early treatment. This is important because early management of clubfoot is less invasive and with regular follow-up, leads to better patient outcomes.
How clinical teaching teams deal with educational change: ‘we just do it’
Authors: Bank L. , Jippes M. , van Rossum T. R. , den Rooyen C. , Scherpbier A. J. J. A. , Scheele F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
In postgraduate medical education, program directors are in the lead of educational change within clinical teaching teams. As change is part of a social process, it is important to not only focus on the program director but take their other team members into account. The purpose of this study is to provide an in-depth insight into how clinical teaching teams manage and organize curriculum change processes, and implement curriculum change in daily practice.

Methods
An explorative qualitative semi-structured interview study was conducted between October 2016 and March 2017. A total of six clinical teaching teams (n = 6) participated in this study, i.e. one program director, one clinical staff member, and one trainee from each clinical teaching team (n = 18). Data were analysed and structured by means of thematic analysis.

Results
The analysis yielded to five factors that positively impact change: shared commitment, reinvention, ownership, supportive structure and open culture. Factors that negatively impact change were: resistance, behaviour change, balance between different tasks, lack of involvement, lack of consensus, and unsafe culture and hierarchy. Overall, no clear change strategy could be recognized.

Conclusions
Insight was gathered in factors facilitating and hindering the implementation of change. It seems particularly important for clinical teaching teams to be able to create a sense of ownership among all team members by making a proposed change valuable for their local context as well as to be capable of working together as a team. Cultural factors seem to be particularly relevant in a team’s ability to accomplish this.