bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Parable of God
Authors: Cox Kendall 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In the middle of his account of justification and sanctification, Karl Barth turns to Luke 15:11–32, the Parable of the Lost or Prodigal Son. Interpreting it in the context of the whole Gospel, he draws an apparently unprecedented association between Jesus Christ and the younger son, who goes into the far country and squanders his existence. This provocative christological reading arises from a profoundly intertextual imagination, and its coherence emerges as it is aligned along the referential correlates Barth evokes. In his comprehensive theological retelling, this paradigmatic tale of grace becomes the parable not only of reconciliation, but also of election, and finally of God.
Subject licensing in non-verbal clauses in Arabic
Authors: Al-Balushi Rashid 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper investigates the licensing of subjects in Standard Arabic participial clauses. Unlike verbal clauses, whose subject may appear post-verbally, the subject of participial clauses must precede the participle, having properties of topics of verbal clauses. I claim that this is because the canonical subject position, [Spec, vP], is not available for subjects of participles, due to lack of Nom Case. It is shown that neither tense nor a copula is sufficient to license structural Nom Case on a subject in [Spec, vP]. I conclude that the licensing of Nom Case on post-verbal subjects is dependent on V-to-T raising; that is, Nom Case is licensed by the T-V complex. The present account has implications for the nature of pre-verbal subjects in Arabic as well as for the categorial status of copular elements like kāna.
The complex link between length and lowering
Authors: Faust Noam 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In both Palestinian Arabic and Qaraqosh Neo-Aramaic, high vowels lower and lengthen in the _C# position. This paper analyzes this phenomenon in the framework of Government Phonology (Kaye et al. 1990) and Strict CV (Lowenstamm 1996, Scheer 2004). It is claimed that in both languages, phonological considerations require additional length to be realized in this position (under certain conditions). However, this length cannot be realized through vowel lengthening, and so an element A is inserted. The fusion of the high vowel with A produces the lowered quality. Lengthening and lowering are therefore related, possibly because lowered high vowels are more complex than high vowels.
Santa Maria della Purificazione: the First Capuchin Church in the Black Sea Region
Authors: de Obaldía Vanessa R. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Santa Maria della Purificazione was the first Latin Catholic church built by the Friars Minor Capuchin in the Black Sea region during the post-Tanzimat period. It was an example of the order settlement after it sought refuge in the region due to its expulsion from Russian Georgia, where it was based since the mid-seventeenth century. Furthermore, this study analyzes the history of Capuchins at the time of their arrival in Trabzon in 1845, with the establishment of their church, friary, school, and cemetery, the latter intended to meet the needs of the local and foreign Latin Catholic residents of the city. The topic is also historically dealt with in terms of demography and urban planning. All these aspects are examined in the wider context of the legal impact of the Tanzimat on church building.
Import of Electronic Waste into Nigeria: the Imperative of a Regulatory Policy Shift
Authors: Amechi Emeka P , Oni Babatunde A 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This article explores the regulation of transboundary movement of e-waste into Nigeria. The country has had an unsavoury history with the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes, and this has likely influenced its strict legislative response to such imports, including the decision to ban the transboundary movement of e-waste. However, the effectiveness of the ban is doubtful, as the importation of non-functional electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) or near-end-of-life EEE (which is classified as e-waste in Nigeria), is still thriving. The failure of the ban in curbing the transboundary movement of e-waste into Nigeria obliges policy makers to come up with new and innovative means to address this issue. It posits that the ban does not show an appreciation of the socio-economic realities and the generally weak regulatory climate in the country. The article thus argues for a shift in policy from outright ban of e-waste imports into Nigeria to more effective regulation and sustainable management.
Prioritizing Access of Renewable Energy to the Grid in China: Regulatory Mechanisms and Challenges for Implementation
Authors: Zhang Hao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Following decades of fast growth in China’s power sector, underpinned by considerable investment in coal-fired generation, in recent years there has been a decisive move towards increasing energy supply that is climate and environmentally friendly. In order to meet this policy agenda, a number of regulatory mechanisms have been established to support and further the implementation of China’s Renewable Energy Law. A key feature of these regulatory developments has been increased regulation and enforcement of the obligation to ensure priority access of renewable energy to the power grid and full purchase of renewable energy generation. In practice, however, utilising electricity generation from renewable sources has been significantly curtailed. This article analyses whether the law and policy frameworks provide sufficient support and protection to ensure priority access of renewable energy in China. By considering relevant Chinese law cases, this article also provides insights into the judicial and regulatory practices in relation to curtailment disputes, particularly the limited transparency of the mediation process and the challenges faced by renewable energy generators in bringing cases to court.
Undersea Noise Pollution and Harm: Source, Impacts and International Legal Control
Authors: Solangi Habib-ur-Rehman 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Undersea noise is now being recognised as a major pollution problem on a global scale. Human activities, such as mercantile shipping, military activities and the exploration and exploitation of undersea minerals, have considerably increased undersea noise in the oceans in the last 50 years. Undersea noise causes stress in marine animals, increases risk of mortality by unbalancing predator-prey interactions and interferes with sound-based navigation and communication of marine animals. In the absence of appropriate regulation, undersea noise pollution and its implications for the marine environment will increase in the future. This article examines the international legal instruments of relevance to undersea noise pollution and investigates whether these instruments can sufficiently regulate undersea noise pollution. It is argued that they are currently inadequate. The article proposes a list of elements that might be used as a basis for an additional international legal regime on the prevention and control of undersea noise pollution, taking into account the recent focus by the UN General Assembly and other bodies on this issue.
The Waning Sword
Authors: Pettit Edward 
Published: December 2019

The image of a giant sword melting stands at the structural and thematic heart of the Old English heroic poem Beowulf. This meticulously researched book investigates the nature and significance of this golden-hilted weapon and its likely relatives within Beowulf and beyond, drawing on the fields of Old English and Old Norse language and literature, liturgy, archaeology, astronomy, folklore and comparative mythology.
In Part I, Pettit explores the complex of connotations surrounding this image (from icicles to candles and crosses) by examining a range of medieval sources, and argues that the giant sword may function as a visual motif in which pre-Christian Germanic concepts and prominent Christian symbols coalesce.
In Part II, Pettit investigates the broader Germanic background to this image, especially in relation to the god Ing/Yngvi-Freyr, and explores the capacity of myths to recur and endure across time. Drawing on an eclectic range of narrative and linguistic evidence from Northern European texts, and on archaeological discoveries, Pettit suggests that the image of the giant sword, and the characters and events associated with it, may reflect an elemental struggle between the sun and the moon, articulated through an underlying myth about the theft and repossession of sunlight.
The Waning Sword: Conversion Imagery and Celestial Myth in 'Beowulf' is a welcome contribution to the overlapping fields of Beowulf-scholarship, Old Norse-Icelandic literature and Germanic philology. Not only does it present a wealth of new readings that shed light on the craft of the Beowulf-poet and inform our understanding of the poem’s major episodes and themes; it further highlights the merits of adopting an interdisciplinary approach alongside a comparative vantage point. As such, The Waning Sword will be compelling reading for Beowulf-scholars and for a wider audience of medievalists.
12. Another Tale of Two Creatures
Authors: Pettit Edward 
Published: December 2019

Chapter 12 aims to provide further evidence for the treatment of this basic mythic theme in Old English poetry by venturing a related interpretation of the obscure metrical charm ‘Against a Dwarf’. Petitt argues that the incantatory section of this text describes the arrival of a sun-deity or solar emissary to reclaim a radiant draught-horse, which by night had taken the form of (or been possessed by) a lunar dwarf and concealed itself (or been hidden) inside the skull of a human, who consequently suffered a convulsive fever. The sun-god or a solar emissary harnessed this errant dwarf-horse, which may also have had a cervine aspect, to his chariot and then journeyed into the sky, perhaps over the cooling sea, with the result that the patient’s fever cooled. Again, the argument is bolstered by parallels in Old English and Old Norse literature. Especially noteworthy for the appreciation of Beowulf may be correspondences between the dwarf’s invasion and occupation of a human’s head and Grendel’s invasion and occupation of Heorot, which caused Hroðgar mental suffering.
The Governments of the Workers’ Party: Capitalist Development Pattern and Macroeconomic Policy Regimes
Authors: Filgueiras Luiz 
Published: December 2019

From the point of view of their capitalist development pattern, the governments of Fernando Collor de Mello, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, and Michel Temer, on the one hand, and Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff, on the other, were similar: the former were actively promoting that pattern and the latter accepting it as irreversible, the limit of the possible, and adapting to it. They differed, however, in the macroeconomic policy regimes they adopted. The development pattern of the Workers’ Party governments may be described as the peripheral-liberal pattern, the form assumed by neoliberalism in Brazil. Do ponto de vista de seu padrão de desenvolvimento capitalista, os governos de Fernando Collor de Mello, Fernando Henrique Cardoso e Michel Temer, por um lado, e Lula da Silva e Dilma Rousseff, por outro, se assemelhavam em. Os primeiros promovendo-o ativamente e os segundos aceitando esse padrão como irreversível. Eles diferiram, no entanto, nos regimes de política macroeconômica que adotaram. O padrão de desenvolvimento dos governos do Partido dos Trabalhadores é aqui descrito como o padrão liberal periférico, a forma assumida pelo neoliberalismo no Brasil.
Profitability and Distribution: The Origin of the Brazilian Economic and Political Crisis
Authors: Marquetti Adalmir Antonio , Hoff Cecilia , Miebach Alessandro 
Published: December 2019

The PT governments combined elements of developmentalism and neoliberalism in a contradictory construction, organizing a large political coalition of workers and capitalists that allowed expanding the real wage and reducing poverty and inequality while maintaining the gains of productive and financing capitals. The decline of profitability after the 2008 crisis broke the class coalition constructed during Lula’s administration. The Dilma Rousseff government adopted a series of fiscal stimuli for private capital accumulation with meager economic growth. After her reelection, the government implemented an austerity program that resulted in negative growth rates. With the deepening economic crisis and without political support, Rousseff was removed from power. Os governos do PT combinaram elementos de desenvolvimentismo e neoliberalismo em uma construção contraditória, organizando uma grande coalizão política de trabalhadores e capitalistas que permitiu expandir o salário real e reduzir a pobreza e a desigualdade, mantendo os ganhos dos capitais produtivos e financeiros. O declínio da lucratividade após a crise de 2008 quebrou a coalizão de classes construída durante o governo Lula. O governo Dilma Rousseff adotou uma série de estímulos fiscais para a acumulação de capital privado com escasso crescimento econômico. Após sua reeleição, o governo implementou um programa de austeridade que resultou em taxas de crescimento negativas. Com o aprofundamento da crise econômica e sem apoio político, Dilma foi afastada do poder.
Predictors of Pain, Function, and Change in Patellofemoral Pain
Authors: Hott Alexandra , Brox Jens Ivar , Pripp Are Hugo , Juel Niels Gunnar , Liavaag Sigurd 
Published: December 2019

Background:Identification of factors predictive of outcome and change is important to improve treatment for patellofemoral pain (PFP). Few studies have examined the predictive value of psychological factors in PFP, although they have been reported to be important predictors in other musculoskeletal pain conditions.Purpose:To evaluate predictors of pain, function, and change 1 year after an exercise-based intervention in PFP.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:In sum, 112 patients were recruited to a randomized controlled trial; 98 attended 1-year follow-up. There were no between-group differences in the trial; thus, the material was analyzed as 1 cohort. Nine baseline factors—sex, bilateral pain, worst pain, pain duration, Anterior Knee Pain Scale (AKPS), kinesiophobia, anxiety and depression, self-efficacy, and number of pain sites throughout the body—were investigated for their predictive ability on outcome at 1 year (AKPS, worst pain) and for change at 1 year (global change score, change in AKPS, and change in worst pain). Multivariable linear regression models with stepwise backward removal method were used to find predictors of poor outcome.Results:Number of pain sites at baseline was a significant predictor of worse outcome for AKPS ( B = −2.7; 95% CI, –4.0 to −1.3; P < .01), worst pain ( B = 0.5; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8; P < .01), global change ( B = −0.8; 95% CI, –1.2 to −0.5; P < .01), change in AKPS ( B = −2.7; 95% CI, –4.0 to −1.3; P < .01), and change in worst pain ( B = 0.5, 95% CI, 0.2-0.8; P < .01) at 1 year. Baseline scores for AKPS and worst pain predicted respective 1-year levels and change scores ( P < .01). Lower self-efficacy and male sex predicted less global change ( P < .01). Longer pain duration predicted final score and change score for worst pain ( P < .01). The predictive models had reasonable fit with adjusted R2from 0.22 to 0.35.Conclusion:Higher number of pain sites throughout the body was a consistent predictor of poor outcome and less change at 1 year. Baseline levels for AKPS and worst pain predicted respective final scores and change scores.Registration:NCT02114294 ( ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
Does the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Respond Asymmetrically to Inflation and Output?
Authors: Bulut Umit 
Published: December 2019

This article aims to estimate a forward-looking reaction function for the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) considering possible asymmetries in the reaction function. For this purpose, it uses quarterly data over the period 2006:1–2018:1 and performs the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) cointegration test. The findings obtained from the NARDL test indicate that the CBRT has an asymmetric reaction function and considers increases in inflation and decreases in output while adjusting short-term interest rates. Theoretical and practical implications for these findings are also discussed. JEL Classification: C22, E52, E58
What Should be the Focus of Agricultural Policy Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa? A CGE Analysis
Authors: Balié Jean , Narayanan Badri 
Published: December 2019

While a lot of research has been conducted on agricultural subsidies and other forms of policy transfers in developed and developing countries alike, substantial data constraints have characterised those conducted in developing countries. For this study, we employ a novel and uniquely developed dataset on these policies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), to analyse the impact of policy reforms, using the latest available GTAP 9.1 Data Base, in the widely employed GTAP framework, for the first time. We simulate the scenarios of removal of output subsidies, removal of ‘market development gaps’ within and outside the country. Our results indicate that removing market development gaps is likely to increase the agricultural output without affecting trade much, while removing the subsidies could harm output a lot by import-substitution of the costly domestic output. We conclude that governments in SSA may do well to focus on developing their markets better rather than cutting the assistance to their farmers, which could in fact be counter-productive instead of raising the efficiency of domestic farmers through competition. JEL Classification: C68, Q11, Q13, Q17, Q18
What do Future Hospice Patients Expect of Hospice Care: Expectations of Patients in the Palliative Phase Who Might be in Need of Hospice Care in the Future: A Qualitative Exploration
Authors: van Klinken Merel , de Graaf Everlien , Bressers Rick , Koorn Remco , van der Baan Frederieke , Teunissen Saskia 
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Hospice care (HC) in the Netherlands is available for patients with life expectancies <3 months. Little is known about expectations of patients who might be in need of HC. This study aims to gain insight into expectations of patients regarding HC in order to ameliorate HC to become driven by patient needs. Design: A generic qualitative study, using semistructured interviews and thematic analysis, is performed in the Netherlands from January to June 2018. A purposeful sample of 13 participants was drawn. Results: Participants expected hospice admission only when the burden became unbearable and a home death cannot be reached. Participants expected a homely atmosphere, where one can continue the life lived at home as much as possible. Participants supposed empathic professional caregivers, capable of providing appropriate care. The general practitioner is expected to stay involved in the care process due to the mutual trust. Medical and daily care are required to be provided by competent professionals, where volunteers are expected to provide supportive care. All caregivers are supposed to provide a listening ear and “being there” for participants. Social care and spiritual care are generally projected to be private matters, unless it is requested. Conclusions: Patients in the palliative phase who might be in need of HC have specific expectations. Perceptions of HC in the public domain should be nuanced in response to these expectations, and information provision on HC should be improved. Then, expectations could be met to make HC more driven by patient needs and future oriented.
“She Sounds Like a Small Child or Perhaps She has Problems”—Peers' Descriptions of Speech in 7-Year-Olds Born With Cleft Palate
Authors: Nyberg Jill , Hagberg Emilie , Havstam Christina 
Published: December 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore how 7-year-olds describe speech in children born with cleft palate in their own words and to investigate whether they perceive signs of velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) and articulation errors, and if so, which terminology they use. Methods/Participants: Twenty 7-year-olds participated in 6 focus group interviews where they listened to 8 speech samples with different types of cleft speech characteristics and described what they heard. The same speech samples had been assessed by speech-language pathologists and comprised normal speech, different degrees of VPI, oral articulation disorders, and glottal articulation. The interviews were analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in 4 interlinked categories: descriptions of speech, thoughts on personal traits, consequences for communication, and emotional reactions and associations. Each category contains 4 to 5 subcategories with the children’s descriptions and reflections. Glottal articulation and severe signs of VPI caused the most negative emotional reactions and were described as sounding scary and incomprehensible and the children speculated on the risk of social rejection of the speakers. Retracted oral articulation was also noted and described but with a vocabulary similar to the professionals. Minor signs of VPI were not noted. Conclusions: Seven-year-olds are direct and straightforward in their reactions to cleft palate speech characteristics. More pronounced signs of VPI and articulatory difficulties, also minor ones, are noted. Clinically, articulatory impairments may be more important to treat than minor signs of VPI.
Stepped-wedge trials should be classified as research for the purpose of ethical review
Authors: Hemming Karla , Taljaard Monica , Marshall Tom , Goldstein Cory E , Weijer Charles 
Published: December 2019

Background: All studies classified as research involving human participants require research ethics review. Most regulation and guidance on ethical oversight of research involving human participants was written for pharmacotherapy interventions. Interpretation of such guidance for cluster-randomized trials and stepped-wedge trials, which commonly evaluate complex non-therapeutic interventions such as knowledge translation, public health, or health service delivery interventions, can pose challenges to researchers and regulators. Current guidance: The Ottawa Statement on the Ethical Design and Conduct of Cluster-Randomized Trials provides guidance on the ethical oversight and consent procedures for cluster-randomized trials, and while not explicit, this includes stepped-wedge trials. Yet, stepped-wedge trials have unique characteristics that differentiate them from standard cluster-randomized trials. In particular, they can be used to evaluate knowledge translation interventions within the context of a routine health system rollout; they may have a non-randomized design; and the decision to implement the intervention is not always made by the researcher. Many stepped-wedge trials do not undergo ethical review and do not report trial registration. This suggests that those undertaking these studies and research ethics committees perceive them as non-research activities. Recommendations: Through an ethical analysis of two case studies, we argue that stepped-wedge trials, like parallel arm cluster trials, are systematic investigations designed to produce generalizable knowledge. We contend that stepped-wedge trials usually include human research participants, which may be patients, health care providers, or both. Stepped-wedge trials are therefore research involving human participants for the purpose of ethical review. Nevertheless, the use of a waiver or alteration of consent may be appropriate in many stepped-wedge trials due to the infeasibility of obtaining informed consent and the low-risk nature of the interventions. To ensure that traditional ethical principles such as respect for persons are upheld, these studies must undergo research ethics review.