bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micro-Measurement and Microanalysis System for Electrode Reactions in Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Bernard Hao-Chih , Cheng Yu-Lun , Jiang Sheng-Xun , Fung Kuan-Zong , Tsai Shu-Yi , Ni Chung-Ta 
Published: February 2020

The performance of Li ion batteries is highly dependent on the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrode reactions. If the reactions and mechanisms in or across the interfaces of electrode materials can be resolved, the better electrode design may be achieved and then the electrochemical behavior and performance of Li ion batteries may be further improved.
The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a common analytical tool in the study of Li ion diffusion in the battery. EIS measures the impedance responses of the electrochemical cell under a range of AC frequencies; and the diffusion mechanisms of Li ions are investigated by the construction of the
equivalent circuit models. However, the complexity in the circuit models makes it difficult to resolve the individual interfacial reaction; recent development of micro-electrodes help to resolve some of these issues, but it fails to effectively measure reactions between materials and interfaces due to the restrictions in the conventional experimental setting. Thus, the objective of this work is to investigate the electrochemical reaction on a thin film of oxide electrodes such as LiCoO2 and/or Li4Ti5O12for lithium ion battery applications. The measurements and analysis will be conducted based on the scanning impedance microscopy (SIM) techniques, and the self-developed multi-electrode AFM probes.
A novel approach will be used to integrate AFM probe into the assembly of an advanced solid-state thin film lithium ion battery, to establish a micro/nano-scale battery measurement and analysis system.
Advanced 3D Imaging and Analysis of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Biton Moshiel , Tariq Farid , Yufit Vladimir , Shearing Paul R , Kishimoto Masashi , Gelb Jeff , Golodnitsky Diana , Peled Emanuel , Brandon Nigel P. 
Published: February 2020

Meeting increasing energy demands, storage requirements and energy portability will be expedited through an ability to directly image lithium battery material nano/micro structures at high resolutions in 3D. The performance of the battery is dependent on nano/micro-structure as important reactions often occur at porous electrode interfaces. Furthermore, during processing or operation microstructural evolution may degrade electrochemical performance.
Despite their importance, battery electrode microstructures remain poorly understood, limiting current understanding of their failure. Tomographic techniques allow for the direct 3-D imaging and chracterisation of complex microstructures from millimetres down towards nanometers.
Here we present results from 3D x-ray and FIBSEM tomography of battery materials (e.g. Figure 1) down to resolutions of tens of nanometers. Quantitative analysis of critical parameters important for battery materials is evaluated, and these are linked to simulation tools to relate structure to performance characteristics. Both x-ray and FIBSEM tomography can provide this information, facilitating analysis of micro/nano structure, morphology and provide exciting opportunities to study fabrication effects or operating conditions that could cause electrode degradation and failure.
We find this approach is effective in understanding how lithium ion batteries function at high resolutions and consequently that tomography coupled with modeling/experiments can provide new insights into degradation mechanism.
Figure 1 – 3D lithium ion anode structure with MCMB particles
Electrical and Optical Properties of Lithium Phosphorous Oxynitride (LiPON) Electrolyte Thin Films with High Nitrogen Content Prepared By RF Sputtering
Authors: Su Yu Rong , Falgenhauer Jane Christine , Lupo Christian , Meyer Bruno K. , Schlettwein Derck , Polity Angelika , Janek Jürgen 
Published: February 2020

Lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) is one of the promising electrolyte material for the thin-film batteries due to its superior electrochemical stability, moderate ionic conductivity and low electronic conductivity. In addition, LiPON has a wide optical bandgap (>3 eV) which makes it transparent for UV-Vis light and suitable for using in electrochromic thin film devices.
The typical value of ionic conductivity of LiPON is in the range of 0.2 to 3.3×10-6 S/cm[1]. Here we report the deposition of amorphous LiPON thin films by RF sputtering from a commercial Li3PO4 target in nigtrogen atmosphere with the ionic conductivities at room temperature as high as 6.5×10-6 S/cm with an activation energy of 0.55 eV. The average growth rate is 14 nm per minute. The electronic conductivity is found to be 2.2×10-12 S/cm. The film composition is determined to be Li3.13PO1.69N1.39by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), which demonstrates our LiPON sample contains relatively high nitrogen content and low oxygen content. The local structure is probed by XPS and Raman spectrometry. The incorporation of nitrogen in the matrix is confirmed by both methods and the nitrogen is present in two different chemical environments corresponding to and P-N=P.
The optical properties of LiPON are studied by variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and transmission measurements. The LiPON film is found to have a bandgap of 3 eV and is highly transparent for UV-VIS light. The optical constants include refractive index n, extinction coefficient k and absorption coefficient α in the energy range of 0.58~5.5 eV are derived. The Urbach tail is also observed in LiPON thin films when photon energy is lower than the bandgap. For its application in electrochromic device, the WO3/LiPON half-cells are prepared and the electrochromic properties will be discussed.
[1] J.F. Ribeiro, R. Sousa, J.P. Carmo, L.M. Gonçalves, M.F. Silva, M.M. Silva, J.H. Correia, Thin Solid Films 522 (2012) 85-89.
Dual-Oxide Nanostructures Electrodes for High Energy Density Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: D H Nagaraju , Beaujuge Pierre , Alshareef Husam 
Published: February 2020

Electricity storage is necessary to address the intermittency problem from renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy. Supercapacitors are energy storage devices which are complimentary batteries in terms of power density are attractive for many applications. Developing high energy density supercapacitor with high power density remains a challenge. Here, we present a strategy to fabricate the high energy density dual-oxide and reduced graphene oxide composites of dual-oxide asymmetric pseudocapacitors operating in an environment friendly aqueous neutral electrolyte. The 1D and 2D rGO/V2O5 nanostructures display superior electrochemical performance compared to the V2O5 nanostructure electrodes in aqueous electrolytes. Nanostructured MoO3 was used as an anode to fabricate the dual-oxide asymmetric supercapacitor. The asymmetric supercapacitor devices show a working voltage window of 1.6 V. The energy and power density values are, to our knowledge, higher than any that have been previously reported for asymmetric supercapacitors using V2O5 electrodes.

Reference:

D. H. Nagaraju, Qingxiao Wang, P. Beaujuge and H. N. Alshareef
J. Mater. Chem. A
, 2014, 2, 17146-17152.
Broad Temperature Range Electrolytes Based on Ionic Liquid / Solvent Systems for Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors
Authors: Dagousset Laure , Galindo Christophe , Pognon Grégory , Nguyen Giao T.M. , Vidal Frédéric , Aubert Pierre-Henri 
Published: February 2020

Thermal, physicochemical and electrochemical properties of three different commercial ionic liquids N-Propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (Pyr13FSI) , 1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Pyr14TFSI) and 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (EMITFSI) were investigated and compared with those of binary mixtures of these ionic liquids with gamma-butyrolactone over [223K; 373K].
It was found that the ionic conductivity of binary mixtures depends on their composition, and the highest values were obtained for a proportion close to 50%wt in ionic liquid. The addition of organic solvent enhances the conductivity and fluidity of mixtures, especially at low temperature. The ionic conductivity of mixtures reaches 1.9 mS/cm at 223K with a viscosity as low as 70cP.
The ionicity of all six electrolytes was assessed by the Walden plot approach with temperatures rising from 283K to 353K. Thus it was demonstrated that pure ionic liquids and ionic liquids/gamma-butyrolactone mixtures behaviour follows the partial Walden’s rule with α~0.8 and 0.65 respectively.
Thermal and electrochemical behaviours of ionic liquids based electrolytes were studied in mesoporous media composed of single wall carbon nanotubes SWCNT bucky papers. DSC measurement revealed that the addition of gamma-butyrolactone prevents the crystallisation of ionic liquids within the range [183K; 313K] whether the mixtures are inside a mesoporous media or not.
Additionally, electrochemical stability window has been assessed for ionic liquids based electrolytes at 223K, 293K and 373K, on glassy carbon and SWCNT mesoporous bucky paper electrodes. The association of pore size-controlled electrode materials and advanced ionic liquids based electrolytes exhibit promising performances and are under further investigation for applications in electrochemical energy storage devices in severe environment.
Polyoxometalates for Non-Aqueous Redox Flow Battery Applications
Authors: Chen Jee-Jay James , Barteau Mark 
Published: February 2020

Scalable energy storage technologies are needed to enable integration of high levels of integration of intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar into the grid. Redox Flow Batteries (RFBs) designed to store energy in chemical form in the electrolyte can help to address the energy storage problem. However, most traditional RFBs are aqueous systems for which the cell voltage is limited by water splitting. Non-aqueous RFBs could permit higher cell voltages by removing this limitation. Polyoxometalates (POMs), with versatile, tunable properties, undergo multi-electron redox reactions which may meet the requirements of high performance Redox Flow Batteries.
Research conducted to date has focused on the electrochemical characteristics of different combinations of Keggin-type polyoxometalates (XMmO40
n-). Metals substituted into the Keggin framework play a key role in altering the redox properties of polyoxometalates. Based on the result, the effects of 1A or 2A counter cations on cell potentials were fairly minor. And Keggin ions containing different central heteroatoms (phosphorous, arsenic and silicon) were compared. While the charge on the Keggin ion does affect the telative positions of redox couples in the CV spectrum, the number of redox couples is not affected. Last mixed addenda POMs were also compared. The mechanism of addenda element effects on POM redox properties is still unclear, but the mixed addenda elements play an important role in determining the redox properties. Investigation of the mix addenda POMs is the focus of current efforts.
This research aims to select suitable polyoxometalate species that can be used for non-aqueous Redox Flow Batteries. Preliminary results have shown high coulombic efficiency (~90%), reflecting the reversibility of polyoxometalate redox reactions.
Prototype of Nanoelectrofuel Flow Batteries: Engineering Challenges and Prospectives
Authors: Katsoudas John P. , Timofeeva Elena V. , Singh Dileep , Ramani Vijay K , Segre Carlo U 
Published: February 2020

New approaches to battery chemistries, cell designs, and manufacturing offer fertile ground for scientific exploration across many disciplines, and promises to revolutionize the practice of energy storage. We present a novel rechargeable nanoelectrofuel (NEF) flow battery technology which incorporates high energy density cathode and anode nanomaterials at high material loadings in a flowable and pumpable format that can be used in combination with uniquely designed flow batteries. The NEF approach is a chemistry agnostic change in energy storage format that leverages the properties of conventional solid state batteries, flow batteries and nanofluid technology.
A unique flow battery cell design has been developed to accommodate the effective charge and discharge of nanoparticles in suspension. The combination of nanoelectrofuels and unique flow battery cells increase the system level energy density of flow batteries to and above that of solid-state lithium-ion batteries creating an attractive energy storage medium for any industry or application that relies on stable energy storage for its operations. More than 50% improvement in energy density of solid batteries with the same chemistry are possible because of a lower fraction of inactive packaging material that is used in a NEF flow battery.
We are building 40V NEF flow battery prototype, which is scalable for electric vehicle needs. This presentation will focus on engineering challenges in the development of NEF electrochemical flow reactor and the approaches that we are using to solve them. Results of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and electrochemical modelling will be presented and compared to empirical estimations. The utilization of these results in the context of an end product development will be discussed.
The stability and low cost of this cutting-edge innovation make it a good choice for numerous interchangeable industrial design applications, particularly the following:

Transportation (rechargeable liquid form of batteries for electrical and hybrid electrical vehicles, fast refueling, zero emissions)

Stationary power storage (battery systems for large-scale load-leveling and local house back-up systems), including

- Renewables (efficient storage and distribution of energy from intermittent wind and solar plants)
- Military devices (concentrated energy, fast response, easy maintenance)
This presentation will also discuss technology transfer and commercialization challenges, potential development routes for NEF flow battery, including manufacturing and product development in the context of the present players, market size, and the long term vision for the technology.
Study of Electrochemical Cells with Intermediate Gate Electrodes
Authors: Patel Akshat , Grebel Haim 
Published: February 2020

Our goal is to reconstruct batteries and super-capacitors in a fundamental manner. Thus, we introduced a third electrode, called the gate electrode, between the cathode and the anode of a battery. In the simulations, we used a simple wet-cell battery with Zn electrode as the anode and Pt electrode as the cathode. In the experiments we used 5% acetic acid as an electrolyte. The gate electrode was constructed as a permeable capacitor: two thin Au/Pd films were deposited on each side of a 10-micron Teflon filter. Thus, the gate electrode was conductive and permeable to the passing ions. Simulations indicated that by regulating the voltage on the capacitive-like gate electrode, we were able to control the electrolyte potential near it. Thereby, the flow of ions through this membrane was also regulated. Subsequently, the electronic current in the external circuit, was linearly controlled.
In principle, the gate electrode could be constructed in several ways. Here, we considered capacitor-like gate electrodes. One plate of the capacitor was grounded and an external potential bias was applied to the other plate. Simulations (see figure) indicated that when the bias potential increased, the cell's current substantially decreased. In the experiments, we grounded the cathode to prevent the biasing potential from floating. A reference electrode was attached to the un-grounded plate and we ascertained that the potential on the capacitor with respect to the reference electrode depended linearly on the bias. Experiments validated the simulations: we demonstrated that by applying a voltage bias to the capacitor-like gate electrode, we could linearly controlled the external circuit current, Icell. This is the first step towards controlling the current produced by a battery and in essence, the first step towards constructing self-powered ion transistors.

Figure 1
Effect of Additives Reducing Solubility of ZnO on the Decomposition Kinetics of a Supersaturated Zincate Solution
Authors: Chladil Ladislav , Vanýsek Petr , Máca Josef , Cech Ondrej 
Published: February 2020

Anodic polarization of zinc electrode during discharging of alkaline Ni-Zn accumulators is accompanied by dissolution of the oxidation product into the alkaline electrolyte. The maximum amount of dissolved zinc species could be much higher than the equilibrium state, which is known as the state of saturation. Supersaturated electrolyte (SZS – supersaturated zincate solution) could subsequently decompose to a solid ZnO precipitate. The decomposition process consists of initial formation of ZnO nucleation centers followed by increased precipitation. It is clear that if the rate of decomposition is high, the ZnO will precipitate not only on the surface of the negative electrode, but in the whole volume of the cell. Rate of the decomposition process is influenced by temperature, initial supersaturation concentration of zincate, concentration of hydroxide (pH) and also by presence of specific additives. In relation to the last mentioned, for example the study of SiO3
2- additive effect on decomposition kinetics shows that SiO3
2- causes complete inhibition of decomposition by its adsorption on the surface of ZnO.
Actual research in the field of Ni-Zn batteries deals with electrolytes with reduced ZnO solubility, which limit the amount of zinc transferred from electrode to electrolyte and back during cycling and thus reduce the electrode shape changes. These electrolytes are based on the alternative anion groups such as F-, CO3
2-, or PO4
3-. In many cases the battery development also considers the organic additives into the base electrolyte, which serve as Zn dendrite inhibitors. These additives are mostly surfactants, which means that they have also the ability to adsorb on the surface of any particles.
With respect to above-mentioned fact we focused our attention on the measurement of decomposition kinetic rate of SZS with regard to different additives, which are mostly used in the Ni-Zn batteries. Precipitation of ZnO is accompanied by the release of hydroxyl ions that linearly increase electrolyte conductivity as the decomposition process is ongoing. For this reason we determine the decomposition rate by conductometric measurements using a four electrode platinum-glass conductivity cell Knick Messcell 227. Conversion characteristic between the conductivity and concentration of dissolved zinc over the saturation state were determined by complexometric titration for the each type of measured electrolyte.
We trust, that our result, which describes the decomposition kinetic in low solubility electrolyte, can contribute to the better understanding of the complex phenomena of Ni-Zn battery.
Â Design of Î±-CoMoO4 Nanoflakes on Carbon Cloth and Investigation of Their Pseudocapacitance in Non-Aqueous Electrolyte and Electro-Oxidation of Methanol
Authors: Narayanasamy Padmanathan , Shao Han , Selladurai S. , O'Dwyer Colm , Razeeb Kafil M 
Published: February 2020

Nanocrystalline cobalt molybdate (CoMoO4) nanoflakes were grown directly on carbon fiber cloth (CFC) via a simple hydrothermal method without any template or surfactant. Structure and morphology of the sample was characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). A symmetric supercapacitor was fabricated using nanocrystalline CoMoO4 nanoflakes as both negative and positive electrodes. The device has delivered a maximum specific capacitance of 8.3 F/g at a constant current density of 1 A/g in organic electrolyte. It offers a reasonable energy (2.6 Wh/kg) and power (748.8 W/kg) density as comparable to the carbon based symmetric supercapacitors. As a catalyst for methanol oxidation, the CoMoO4 nanoflakes showed high current density (25 mA/cm2) and low onset potential (0.38 V). The impressive bi-functional electrochemical activity of CoMoO4 on CFC mainly attributed to their porous microstructure, reasonable electrical conductivity resulted from binder-free and intimate metal oxide/substrate integration.
Co3O4 Nanosheets Deposited By the Sacrificial Anode Method and Their Pseudocapacitive Behavior
Authors: Chou Li-Yao , Kung Chung-Wei , Ho Kuo-Chuan 
Published: February 2020

Spinel cobalt oxide (Co3O4), an attractive material possessing great electrochemical properties, has been prepared by various methods such as solvothermal method, chemical bath deposition, electrodeposition, thermolysis and plasma-assisted deposition. However, these methods require either complicated process, high temperature treatment or external power supply to prepare Co3O4. To overcome these problems, the sacrificial anode method, which belongs to an electrochemical deposition, is proposed in this study to prepare cobalt hydroxide thin film on a carbon cloth substrate. The obtained thin film is completely converted to Co3O4 by a low-temperature ozone treatment. In this facile, self-powered process, an aluminum foil, serving as the sacrificial anode, was immersed into an electrolyte containing Co ions and the donated electrons would flow along the external circuit to the cathode substrate, i.e., the carbon cloth; the deposition of cobalt hydroxide started spontaneously due to the potential difference (as shown in scheme 1). Firstly, a nanosheets structure was observed on the carbon cloth substrate by scanning electron microscope, and the composition of this film was confirmed to be α-Co(OH)2 and Co3O4 before and after the ozone treatment, respectively. By comparing the standard potentials of the possible reactions as well as recording the pH value of the electrolyte and other experimental observations during the deposition, the reaction on the cathode was confirmed to be: NO3
- + 7H2O + 8e− ⇔ NH4
+ + 10OH-. By appling X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the atomic ratio of N to Co element in the obtained thin film can be calculated, and the chemical formula of the obtained α-Co(OH)2 film can be further confirmed to be Co(OH)1.85(NO3)0.15. After confirming the reaction occurred on the cathode and the chemical formula of the obtained thin film, the expected mass loading of the film can be calculated from the accumulated charge consumed during the deposition. Moreover, an accurate mass calibration curve was constructed by using the UV-Vis absorption data to precisely estimate the actual mass loading of the film. Comparing the actual and ideal mass loading, the Faraday efficiency of the deposition was finally calculated to be 94% when the accumulated charge for the deposition is 2.0 C. In this process, the rate of the deposition can be easily controlled by tuning the concentration of the electrolyte and the surface area ratio of the anode to cathode. The effects of these two factors on the rate of the deposition and the capacitive performance of the obtained films were also investigated. Finally, a high specific capacitance of 346 F/g was achieved. The proposed method offers advantageous in terms of large-area deposition and scale-up possibility for obtaining Co3O4 thin films.

Figure 1