bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Russlands Wende nach Osten. Kleine Schritte statt umfassende Neuorientierung
Authors: Hoppe Sebastian , Rogova Vera 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungIn den vergangenen Jahren hat Russland sein Engagement in Asien verstärkt, die Wende nach Osten wird gar als strategische Neuausrichtung des Landes diskutiert. Abseits der Rhetorik zeigt sich jedoch eine durchwachsene Bilanz. Nicht nur die Wirtschaftsaußenpolitik läuft mit ihrem Fokus auf Energie- und Rüstungsprojekte Gefahr, jene Strukturen zu reproduzieren, die Russlands außenpolitische Handlungsspielräume und ökonomische Entwicklung in der Vergangenheit eher behindert denn befördert haben. Auch der einstweilen erfolgreiche Ausbau des sicherheitspolitischen Engagements in Asien steht vor der Herausforderung, die sich abzeichnende Abhängigkeit gegenüber China zu gestalten.
Surgical treatment of transcatheter aortic valve infective endocarditis
Authors: Malvindi P. G. , Luthra S. , Sarvananthan S. , Zingale A. , Olevano C. , Ohri S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere is growing interest in infections occurring after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The incidence, and clinical and anatomical features suggest many similarities with prosthetic valve endocarditis. The survival of patients with an infected TAVI prosthesis is generally poor; however, only a minority of them (10%) have undergone treatment with surgical explantation of the infected prosthesis. A literature search was performed using online databases. Papers reporting surgical treatment of TAVI prosthesis infections were retrieved, focusing on pre- and intraoperative characteristics and early outcome. Thirty-seven papers ultimately provided information on 107 patients. Their mean ± standard deviation (SD) age was 76 ± 8 years and 72% were male. The mean ± SD time interval between the TAVI procedure and reoperation was 10 ± 10 months. Annular abscess formation was described in 34% of cases and mitral valve involvement in 31%. All patients underwent TAVI prosthesis explantation and surgical aortic valve replacement; concomitant mitral valve replacement was necessary in 22% of cases. Postoperative in-hospital mortality was 28%. Surgical explantation of infected TAVI prostheses was associated with a high postoperative mortality, although these initial experiences included elderly and high-risk patients. Considering the expansion of TAVI procedures towards younger and lower-risk patients, surgical treatment of TAVI endocarditis may represent the best option for a life-saving procedure.
Effects of supplementary feed for game birds on activity of brown rats Rattus norvegicus on arable farms
Authors: Saad Siti Md , Sanderson Roy , Robertson Peter , Lambert Mark 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBrown rats are widespread in agroecosystems, but our understanding of factors affecting their activity is incomplete due to cryptic, nocturnal behaviours. Indirect monitoring methods include tracking plates and camera traps. Supplementary feeding of game birds may provide resources for rats away from farm buildings, allowing them to persist in winter when there is little other food available. Developing reliable methods to monitor such populations will facilitate landscape-scale studies of rat populations in farm environments and aid ecologically based approaches for controlling rats on farms. We compared camera traps and tracking plates to monitor brown rat activity near game bird feeders at a mixed farm in Northumberland, UK. Generalized linear models (GLM) were used to compare rat incidence estimated from camera traps and tracking plates. A strong positive relationship was found between the two methods, although tracking plate estimates were less reliable when rat activity was very low. Factors that affected populations of brown rats near game bird feeders were assessed via linear mixed-effect models (LMM) of monthly tracking plate data (October 2017 to September 2018). Populations were highest at the feeders (0 m) compared with further away (10 m, 20 m) and were also higher in periods of cold, wet weather and when more food was available from the feeders. Rodenticide application near feeders did not significantly affect activity, nor did land cover 100 m around each feeder. A highly significant relationship was detected with food supply, suggesting that the use of game bird feeders could potentially have major impacts on rat population dynamics.
Perspective taking, empathic concern, agreeableness, and parental support: Transactional associations across adolescence
Authors: Van Heel Martijn , Bijttebier Patricia , Colpin Hilde , Goossens Luc , Van Den Noortgate Wim , Verschueren Karine , Van Leeuwen Karla 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionEmpathy consists of a cognitive and an affective component, of which it is thought that there are gender differences. Previous studies also suggest that maternal and paternal support play a more prominent role in the development of an adolescent's affective and cognitive empathy, respectively. Besides the environmental factor, that is parenting, adolescent personality, and more specifically, agreeableness, is closely linked to both empathy and support, but this interplay was not extensively investigated longitudinally. The present study investigated the transactional associations among parental support, adolescent agreeableness, and adolescent empathy. More specifically, we examined (a) whether maternal/paternal support is differentially associated with cognitive/affective empathy, while taking into account adolescent agreeableness and (b) whether adolescent agreeableness still predicts empathy, while taking into account parental support.MethodsData from 993 Belgian adolescents (MageT1 = 13.96 years; [12.6–18.4]) and their parents across four time points were used in a random intercept cross‐lagged panel model.ResultsAt the between‐person level, maternal support was associated with affective, but not cognitive empathy, whereas agreeableness was associated with maternal and paternal support as well as with both types of empathy. At the within‐person level, affective empathy predicted cognitive empathy one wave later.ConclusionsAt a population level, agreeableness and support are both important in adolescent empathy development with limited evidence for the differential roles of mothers and fathers. Within participants, affective empathy, and not parental support or agreeableness, predicted cognitive empathy.
Pediatric syndrome of the splenic flexure of the colon: A case report and literature review
Authors: Min Jie , Wu Bin , Zhu Jie , Gu Zhicheng , Huang Shungen , Wang Jian 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Syndrome of the splenic flexure of the colon is caused by congenital splenic colon curvature with excessively high fixed points, a lengthy transverse colon, and a narrow splenic flexure angle. Clinical manifestations of this syndrome lack specificity. To date, the causes of the syndrome are poorly characterized. Syndrome of the splenic flexure of the colon usually occurs in elderly women, but it is extremely rare in children. Here we report a case of a child with syndrome of the splenic flexure of the colon.

Presentation of case:
A 14-year old female patient developed constipation and bloating two years ago and received conservative treatment at their local hospital. One week earlier, the patient again experienced abdominal pain, constipation, and abdominal distension. After failure in improving the symptoms, the patient was transferred to our hospital. Through the preoperative abdominal barium enema X-ray and CT scan, the patient was finally diagnosed with syndrome of the splenic flexure of the colon. A laparoscopy-assisted subtotal colectomy and anastomosis were subsequently performed. The resected specimens were ˜70 cm in length and ˜10 cm in diameter. Histopathology was performed on the surgically removed specimens.The patient is undergoing regular re-examinations and is recovering satisfactorily.

Conclusion:
For children with recurrent abdominal pain, bloating and constipation, a barium enema X-ray is recommended. Surgery is recommended if syndrome of the splenic flexure of the colon is considered.

Highlights:
Successful termination of an outbreak of Mycobacterium chimaera infections associated with contaminated heater-cooler devices
Authors: Marra Alexandre R. , Diekema Daniel J. , Edmond Michael B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe global outbreak of invasive Mycobacterium chimaera infections associated with heater-cooler devices (HCDs) presented several important and unique challenges. To mitigate the risk of infection, we removed the HCDs from operating rooms (ORs) at our hospital and since that time (4.5 years ago) we have had no new cases.
INFERENCE FROM LARGE SETS OF RADIOCARBON DATES: SOFTWARE AND METHODS
Authors: Crema Enrico R , Bevan Andrew 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTThe last decade has seen the development of a range of new statistical and computational techniques for analysing large collections of radiocarbon (14C) dates, often but not exclusively to make inferences about human population change in the past. Here we introducercarbon, an open-source software package for the R statistical computing language which implements many of these techniques and looks to foster transparent future study of their strengths and weaknesses. In this paper, we review the key assumptions, limitations and potentials behind statistical analyses of summed probability distribution of14C dates, including Monte-Carlo simulation-based tests, permutation tests, and spatial analyses. Supplementary material provides a fully reproducible analysis with further details not covered in the main paper.
Developmental influences on symptom expression in antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis
Authors: Bridgwater Miranda , Bachman Peter , Tervo-Clemmens Brenden , Haas Gretchen , Hayes Rebecca , Luna Beatriz , Salisbury Dean F. , Jalbrzikowski Maria 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe neurodevelopmental model of psychosis was established over 30 years ago; however, the developmental influence on psychotic symptom expression – how age affects clinical presentation in first-episode psychosis – has not been thoroughly investigated.MethodsUsing generalized additive modeling, which allows for linear and non-linear functional forms of age-related change, we leveraged symptom data from a large sample of antipsychotic-naïve individuals with first-episode psychosis (N= 340, 12–40 years, 1–12 visits), collected at the University of Pittsburgh from 1990 to 2017. We examined relationships between age and severity of perceptual and non-perceptual positive symptoms and negative symptoms. We tested for age-associated effects onchangein positive or negative symptom severity following baseline assessment and explored the time-varying relationship between perceptual and non-perceptual positive symptoms across adolescent development.ResultsPerceptual positive symptom severity significantly decreased with increasing age (F= 7.0,p= 0.0007;q= 0.003) while non-perceptual positive symptom severity increased with age (F= 4.1,p= 0.01,q= 0.02). Anhedonia severity increased with increasing age (F= 6.7,p= 0.00035;q= 0.0003), while flat affect decreased in severity with increased age (F= 9.8,p= 0.002;q= 0.006). Findings remained significant when parental SES, IQ, and illness duration were included as covariates. There were no developmental effects on change in positive or negative symptom severity (allp> 0.25). Beginning at age 18, there was a statistically significant association between severity of non-perceptual and perceptual symptoms. This relationship increased in strength throughout adulthood.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that as maturation proceeds, perceptual symptoms attenuate while non-perceptual symptoms are enhanced. Findings underscore how pathological brain–behavior relationships vary as a function of development.
Dosimetric comparison of volumetric-modulated arc therapy and helical tomotherapy for adjuvant treatment of bilateral breast cancer
Authors: Phurailatpam Reena , Wadasadawala Tabassum , Chauhan Kamalnayan , Panda Subhajit , Sarin Rajiv 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurpose:Dosimetric comparison between volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and helical tomotherapy (HT) in the treatment of bilateral breast cancer (BBC).Materials and methods:Ten patients treated on HT were selected retrospectively. Dose prescription was 50 Gy in 25 fractions to breast/chest wall and supraclavicular fossa (SCF) while tumour bed was simultaneously boosted to 61 Gy in 25 fractions. VMAT plans were made with four mono-isocentric partial arcs. The monitoring unit (MU) and treatment time were used to quantify the treatment efficiency. Target volumes were compared for homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI) while organs at risk (OARs) were compared for relevant dose volumes and integral doses (IDs).Result:For targets, no significant difference is observed between VMAT and HT in CI but VMAT could give better HI. The mean lung dose,V20andV5is 10·6 Gy versus 8·4 Gy (p-value 0·03), 12% versus 11·5% (p-value 0·5) and 78·1% versus 43·4% (p-value 0·005), respectively. The mean heart dose,V30andV5is 4·9 Gy versus 4·7 Gy (p-value 0·88), 0·5% versus 1·5% (p-value 0·18) and 26·2% versus 22·8% (p-value 0·4). Integral dose (ID) for the whole body and heart are comparable: 289 Gy kg versus 299 Gy kg (p-value 0·24) and 2·9 Gy kg versus 2·8 Gy kg (p-value 0·80). ID for lungs was significantly higher with VMAT: 7·9 Gy kg versus 6·3 Gy kg (p-value 0·03). There is a 53% reduction in treatment time and 78% in MU with VMAT against HT.Conclusion:VMAT can generate clinically acceptable plans comparable to HT for BBC. HT shows better control over low dose spillage in lungs compared to VMAT thereby increasing ID to lungs. VMAT shows better homogeneity and efficient treatment delivery than HT.
Dosimetric comparison of 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in locally advanced cancer cervix
Authors: Agrawal Animesh , Hadi Rahat , Rath Satyajeet , Bharati Avinav , Rastogi Madhup , Khurana Rohini , Sahni Kamal , Sapru Shantanu , Gandhi Ajeet Kumar , Srivastava Anoop Kumar , Mishra Surendra Prasad 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Dosimetric advantages of volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) over three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) are not established in a head-on comparison of a uniform group of locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix (LACC). Therefore, we conducted a dosimetric comparison of these two techniques in LACC patients.Materials and methods:Computed tomography (CT) data of histologically proven de novo LACC, including Stage IIB–IIIB and earlier stages deemed inoperable, were included in this prospective observational dosimetric study. Planning was initially done by 3D-CRT technique (dose of 45–50·4 Gy @ 1·8–2 Gy/# was used in the actual treatment), followed by VMAT planning and appropriate dosimetric comparisons were done in 39 cases.Results:For planning target volume coverage, D95, D98 and D100 (p < 0·0001 for all parameters) and V95 and V100 (p = 0·002 and <0·0001, respectively) were significantly improved with VMAT. The conformity index (CI) was significantly better with VMAT (p = 0·03), while 3D-CRT had a significantly better homogeneity index (HI)(p = 0·003). Dose to the urinary bladder was significantly reduced with VMAT compared to 3D-CRT for V20–V50, except V10. The doses to the rectum and abdominal cavity were significantly reduced with VMAT compared to 3D-CRT plans for all parameters (V10–V50). The number of organs at risks (OARs) for which constraints were met was higher with VMAT plans than with 3D-CRT plans, with at least four out of the five OARs protected in 46·1 versus 5·1% and all constraints achieved in 15·4% versus none.Conclusion:We conclude that in dosimetric terms, VMAT is superior to 3D-CRT for LACC.
Expecting the unexpected in the search for extraterrestrial life
Authors: Vickers Peter 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOn p. 10 of the 2018 National Academies Exoplanet Science Strategy document (NASEM 2018), ‘Expect the unexpected’ is described as a general principle of the exoplanet field. But for the next 150 pages, this principle is apparently forgotten, as strategy decisions are repeatedly put forward based on our expectations. This paper explores what exactly it might mean to ‘expect the unexpected’, and how this could possibly be achieved by the space science community. An analogy with financial investment strategies is considered, where a balanced portfolio of low/medium/high-risk investments is recommended. Whilst this kind of strategy would certainly be advisable in many scientific contexts (past and present), in certain contexts – especially exploratory science – a significant disanalogy needs to be factored in: financial investors cannot choose low-risk high-reward investments, but sometimes scientists can. The existence of low-risk high-impact projects in cutting-edge space science significantly reduces the warrant for investing in high-risk projects, at least in the short term. However, high-risk proposals need to be fairly judged alongside medium- and low-risk proposals, factoring in both the degree of possible reward and the expected cost of the project. Attitudes towards high-risk high-impact projects within NASA since 2009 are critically analysed.
On Random and Systematic Variation in the Prevalence of Defective Color Vision
Authors: Stark Alan E. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDefective color vision comes in various forms and its frequency varies from population to population. This article is concerned with only the sex-linked form of essential hereditary color blindness. A model of a ‘small’ population is constructed to explore the dynamics of occurrence of color blindness. Different mutation rates are introduced for eggs and sperm. Birth and death rates of affected individuals are assumed to be the same as those in the unaffected. Simulation demonstrates that large changes in frequency occur randomly from the combined effects of mutation, transmission of genes from generation to generation and births and deaths. A reference is made to the hypothesis that observed differences in rates are due to selection in the transition from hunter-gatherer to farmer.
A New Mechanism for Submarine Groundwater Discharge From Continental Shelves
Authors: George Camaron , Moore Willard S. , White Scott M. , Smoak Erin , Joye Samantha B. , Leier Andrew , Wilson Alicia M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMarine tracer studies indicate that large volumes of saline groundwater discharge to the ocean in passive margin settings. These results have not found widespread recognition because the location and cause(s) of this submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) are unclear. Here we report observations from a new long‐term seafloor monitoring network in the South Atlantic Bight that support large‐scale SGD far from shore. In the study area near Charleston, South Carolina, we determined hydrostratigraphy via vibracoring and chirp seismic surveys, collected water samples from seafloor wells, and used heat as a tracer to monitor SGD. We detected significant pulses of saline SGD issuing from the seafloor 10–15 km from shore. These pulses coincided with abrupt sea level declines of up to 30 cm. Based on an analysis of marine conditions at the time, we propose that upwelling‐favorable winds depressed sea level in the region, causing saline groundwater to discharge from confined coastal aquifers that connect land and ocean. The combination of stacked confined aquifers and variations in sea level are nearly ubiquitous in passive coastal margins. This previously overlooked combination can explain a wide range of other published observations and promotes more dynamic flows than simple tidal fluctuations. This new mechanism may explain Ra tracer signals in the coastal Atlantic Ocean and supports significant nutrient inputs to the ocean. These large natural geochemical fluxes may be sensitive to groundwater usage on land.
Legacy Effects from Historical Environmental Changes Dominate Future Terrestrial Carbon Uptake
Authors: Krause A. , Arneth A. , Anthoni P. , Rammig A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEcosystems continuously adapt to interacting environmental drivers that change over time. Consequently, the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystem may presently still be affected by past anthropogenic disturbances (e.g., deforestation) and other environmental changes (e.g., climate change). However, even though such so‐called “legacy effects” are implicitly included in many carbon cycle modeling studies, they are typically not explicitly quantified and therefore scientists might not be aware of their long‐term importance. Here, we use the ecosystem model LPJ‐GUESS to quantify legacy effects for the 21st century and the respective contributions of the following environmental drivers: climate change, CO2 fertilization, land use change, wood harvest, nitrogen deposition, and nitrogen fertilization. According to our simulations, the combined legacy effects of historical (1850–2015) environmental changes result in a land carbon uptake of +126 Gt C over the future (2015–2099) period. This by far exceeds the impacts of future environmental changes (range −53 Gt C to +16 Gt C for three scenarios) and is comparable in magnitude to historical carbon losses (−154 Gt C). Legacy effects can mainly be attributed to ecosystems still adapting to historical increases in atmospheric CO2 (+65 Gt C) and nitrogen deposition (+33 Gt C), but long‐term vegetation regrowth following agricultural abandonment (+8 Gt C) and wood harvest (+19 Gt C) also play a role. The response of the biosphere to historical environmental changes dominates future terrestrial carbon cycling at least until midcentury. Legacy effects persist many decades after environmental changes occurred and need to be considered when interpreting changes and estimating terrestrial carbon uptake potentials.
Estimating Extreme Geoelectric Field Values for the Australian Region
Authors: Marshall Richard , Dziura Léna , Wang Liejun , Young Jeanne , Terkildsen Michael 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere are a number of global initiatives to understand and mitigate the impacts of extreme space weather on critical infrastructure and modern society. This paper provides the results of an analysis to estimate extreme geoelectric field values for the Australian region to facilitate evaluation of Australia's power system response to extreme geomagnetic storms. Geoelectric fields are calculated using a grid of modeled magnetotelluric impedance tensors obtained from a 3‐D conductivity model of the Australian region. Statistical metrics derived from grids of geoelectric field time series are analyzed as a function of Dst index for different storm days to extrapolate geoelectric fields to extreme storm levels over a range of ground conductivity conditions. For Carrington event storm levels, geoelectric field values of 5.3 ± 3.8 V/km in the north‐south direction and 9.6 ± 4.3 V/km in the east‐west direction are expected for areas of electrically resistive rocks near coastlines that are adjacent to deep highly conductive oceans, and inland, where there are large contrasts between the electrical conductivities of different rock types across Australia. Further, geoelectric field values may change by at least an order of magnitude over the grid spacing interval of 50 km in these areas. The results of the analysis also suggest that upscaling grids of geoelectric field time series derived from an observed storm by the ratio of extreme storm Dst to the observed storm Dst are a valid approach for the Australian region that provides extreme storm scenarios for different storm morphologies.