bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mediating effect of student engagement on social network sites and academic performance of medical students
Authors: Bhat Ishfaq Hussain , Gupta Shilpi 
Published: November 2019

PurposeIn the recent times social media is considered as the most popular tool of communication among the students in India. Based on the assumption that the usage of social media is going to reinforce the academic performance among the medical students, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the mediating effect of student engagement on the use of SM and AP of medical students of India.Design/methodology/approachThe students were selected from the top three public-funded medical colleges of India. Almost 250 medical students took part in the survey. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used for the collection of the data. Structural equation modelling was used for the analysis of the final data.FindingsThe results of the study show that student engagement is a multi-dimensional construct. It was found that the behavioural and emotional engagement did not mediate the relationship between usage of social media and academic performance, whereas, the cognitive engagement did mediate the relationship. The outcome of the study depicts that the usage of the social media has a potential impact on the learning environment and enhances the cognitive engagement among the medical students and eventually their academic performance.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper contributes to the existing body of knowledge on the effectiveness of social media in higher education learning among medical students. Furthermore, the study also looks at the mediating effect of Student engagement between usage of social media and academic performance. This will be helpful for the educator to know how social media can be useful for conducive learning.Originality/valueThe usage of the social media is claimed to enhance learning among the students but there is hardly any empirical evidence of the same. Therefore, the present paper looks at the combined effect of two distinct sets of literature, i.e., the influence of usage of social media on student engagement, and student engagement and academic performance. Linking the two studies the present paper looks at the usage of the social media, student engagement and academic performance among the medical students of India.
Estimating the underground economy, illegal money and tax evasion in Qatar
Authors: Gamal Awadh Ahmed Mohammed , Dahalan Jauhari , Viswanathan K. Kuperan 
Published: November 2019

PurposeUp to now a country-specific study on Qatar with respect to underground economy, illegal money and tax evasion has not been undertaken. This paper aims to contribute by separately estimating the magnitude of the underground economy in Qatar from 1980 to 2010 using adjusted currency demand function.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses the Zivot–Andrews unit root test for the stationarity analysis and applies the Gregory and Hansen long run cointegrating technique for estimating the underground economy based on the latest form of the currency demand function model. While the general to specific technique is used to estimate the short run error correction model.FindingsThe results show that the average size of the underground economy in Qatar is about 17.03 per cent of the official gross domestic products (GDPs). The average level of tax evasion as a per cent of the total non-oil tax revenues is estimated at around 16.50 per cent and is about 2.12 per cent of the official GDP. The average level of illegal money to the total money from banking sector is estimated at 26.70 per cent.Originality/valueThis study is the first to separately estimate the extent of the underground economy, illegal currency and tax evasion in Qatar. It overcomes the methodological errors and spurious estimation problems encountered in the previous studies that included Qatar with other countries based on cross-country data without taking into consideration the economic differences between countries. The authors believe that the findings may help the government of Qatar to re-formulate its economic policies, thus, enabling it to curb the growing underground economic activities.
Detecting counterfeit pharmaceutical drugs
Authors: Peltier-Rivest Dominic , Pacini Carl 
Published: November 2019

Purpose
This paper aims to analyze drug counterfeiting, explains its risk factors and operating and legal environments reviews recent legal cases and develops a multi-stakeholder prevention strategy that includes forensic accounting methods.

Design/methodology/approach
This is a theoretical study based on legal case studies and the best forensic accounting strategies.

Findings
Pharmaceutical drug counterfeiting is a fast-growing fraud that so far has attracted little attention from forensic accountants. A recent estimate projects that criminals collect around $75bn annually in illicit sales from counterfeit drugs (Bairu, 2015). Pharmaceutical counterfeiting also leads to the loss of lives when criminals use lethal chemicals in the manufacturing of fake medicines (Liang, 2006a; Brown, 2005). Because the detection of drug counterfeiting is extremely difficult after fake medicines have been ingested by patients, the strategy developed in this paper is based on early discovery by using reliable tracking technologies and inventory management controls in the supply chain, conducting effective regulatory and legitimate customs inspections, and increasing consumer awareness of basic forensic accounting tools.

Research limitations/implications
This paper extends previous research by integrating various factors into a single multi-stakeholder prevention framework.

Practical implications
The paper presents a synthesized, comprehensive view of the drug fraud epidemic and analyzes concrete steps that can be taken to protect the pharmaceutical supply chain to reduce the loss of lives and monetary injuries.

Originality/value
No previous research has analyzed this issue from a multi-stakeholder point of view and used forensic accounting tools to complement a prevention strategy. The drug counterfeiting prevention strategy developed in this paper addresses the supply side, the regulatory enforcement side and the demand side.
Reconsidering criminal law-based liability for corporations and directors in South Africa
Authors: Kawadza Herbert 
Published: November 2019

PurposeIt is recognised that the mere proscription of corporate offences is not adequate to deter misconduct or engender compliance. There is a need for the enforcement of the rules through robust culture-changing sanctions. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the inadequacies of criminal law liability in ensuring compliance with ethical corporate conduct in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is purely qualitative. For expository purposes, it draws from the Criminal Procedure Act, 51 of 1977 as well the corporate criminality enforcement trends and data from the National Prosecutions Agency’s annual reports to demonstrate that much as criminal liability is enshrined in a statute it has, however, not yielded the expected results. It situates the debate within the broader economic criminological scholarship.FindingsThis paper argues that even though the option of prosecuting corporations and directors is part of South African law, many corporate offences are not brought into the criminal justice system. Judging by its erratic imposition, criminal liability has failed to express the indignation and condemnation that are normally attached to criminal sanctions. Several reasons account for this. These include evidentiary, legal, technical and definitional complexities of some corporate offences, which lead to them being regarded as “unprosecutable crimes”. This has a negative impact on enforcement.Originality/valueThis paper is novel because it approaches the debate from a fresh perspective, economics and criminology. Not much scholarly attention has been devoted to analysing the efficacy of criminal sanctions in the South African context. This paper attempts to fill that gap.
Work-related whistle-blowing in democratic societies context
Authors: Bakirci Kadriye 
Published: November 2019

Purpose
Turkey is required by the international and EU instruments and domestic law to address the issue of whistle-blowing and the protection of whistle-blowers. The purpose of this paper is to analyse Turkish legislation which is applicable to work-related whistle-blowing, the conflict between the worker’s right to “blow the whistle” and the obligation to loyalty and confidentiality. The consequences of groundless or deliberate false disclosures are considered. Comparisons are made with international conventions, the COE Recommendation CM/Rec(2014)7 and the Proposed EU Directive on the Protection of Whistleblowers and ECtHR precedents.

Design/methodology/approach
In the first part, this paper reviews the definition of whistle-blowing and whistle-blower. The second part outlines the impact of international and EU Law on Turkish legislation. The third part reviews the Turkish legal framework applicable to whistle-blowing.

Findings
Whistle-blowing in the public interest is suggested as a tool to combat corruption worldwide. There is no doubt that some whistle-blowers have been beneficial to society. However without democratic structures to take into account the assessment of the quality of the information, the type of the disclosure and the category of the reporting person, there are downsides to excessive whistle-blowing. Therefore, whistle-blowing should be discussed in the context of democratic societies, and a balanced approach should be adopted to ensure the position of not only whistle-blowers but also the people affected by the reports.

Originality/value
The paper offers new insights into the limits of work-related whistle-blowing within the context of freedom of expression and the right of employees and public officials to petition. The protection of whistle-blowers and the consequences of groundless or deliberate false disclosures under Turkish Law from a comparative perspective are considered.
Board ethical commitment and corporate performance: Malaysian evidence
Authors: Salin Ahmad Saiful Azlin Puteh , Ismail Zubaidah , Smith Malcolm , Nawawi Anuar 
Published: November 2019

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between board ethical commitment and the performance of the company. When directors embed ethics in discharging their duty, it will prohibit frauds, unnecessary actions and decisions that are detrimental to the company.Design/methodology/approachThis study collected data for two years i.e. 2013 and 2014 from the annual report of the biggest 500 companies by market capitalisation as of 31 December 2013 listed under Bursa Malaysia stock exchange. Board ethical commitment is measured based on the Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance (MCCG) and various international best practices while corporate performance is measured based on return on equity, return on assets, net profit margin, market to book value and TobinQ.FindingsThis study found that ethical commitment by the board has a significant positive relationship with corporate performance. The findings are robust to the alternative performance measurements and lagged one-year corporate performance.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper enhances the theoretical understanding of the contribution of the board of ethical commitment to the sustainable performance of the company. However, this study suffered from a limited data collection period of two years only from the annual report of the company.Practical implicationsThis study provides an indicator that the directors need to provide a good ethical leadership example to the employees and committed to built a good ethical work culture in the organisation via establishment of code of ethics. In addition, this code needs to be promoted, enforced and embedded in the operations of the organisation.Originality/valueThis study is original as it not only examines board ethical commitment from MCCG 2012 but also international best practices from various countries such as UK, USA and Europe. It also contributed to the literature and theoretical understanding of the importance of board ethical commitment specifically in developing countries like Malaysia that scarce in the literature.
Are we any good at protecting our societies and economies from the threat of economic crime and misconduct?
Authors: Vanni Domitilla 
Published: November 2019

PurposeThis paper aims to outline the Italian framework of rules against economic crime and to verify if Italian legislation provides for appropriate and effective measures according to own needs both at a national and European level.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a comparative approach by examining the European and Italian legal systems for finding analogies and differences between them.FindingsThe study has revealed the need of a greater international harmonisation of criminal laws and penalties as well as the transnationality of the economic crime cuts the chance of success of every national strategy, given that transnational criminals are encouraged by the awareness that their cross-border activities complicate law-enforcement efforts against them.Research limitations/implicationsTo maintain a common international level in the protection of individuals from the risk of economic crimes and to enforce the effectiveness of European and national regulations.Practical implicationsThe achievement of a high level of protection, for public security and social cohesion, to prevent and reduce economic crimes, in particular, cybercrimes.Social implicationsTo ensure a high level of security for the general public by taking action against money laundering, cybercrimes and other sorts of misconducts.Originality/valueFighting economic crime requires the close cooperation of law enforcements from different countries, which the traditional law enforcement institutions are not designed to provide.
An emerging fungal pathogen is associated with increased resting metabolic rate and total evaporative water loss rate in a winter‐active snake
Authors: Agugliaro Joseph , Lind Craig M. , Lorch Jeffrey M. , Farrell Terence M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Energy allocation trade‐offs associated with mounting metabolically costly immune responses may serve as sublethal mechanisms by which pathogens reduce host fitness. The emergence of cutaneous fungal pathogens, which invade the skin of their host and have the potential to disturb energy and water balance, highlight the importance of host physiology in determining individual‐ and population‐level effects of disease.

Snake fungal disease (SFD, ophidiomycosis), caused by the fungal pathogen Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola (Oo), is an emerging disease afflicting wild snake populations throughout eastern North America. Emaciation and dehydration are phenotypic correlates of SFD, but it is unknown if such declines in host condition occur via effects of Oo infection on host physiology (i.e. increased rates of metabolism and evaporative water loss respectively).

We used flow‐through respirometry to assess the energetic and hydric consequences of natural Oo infection in winter‐active pygmy rattlesnakes Sistrurus miliarius. We measured resting metabolic rate (CO2 production rate) and total evaporative water loss rate of winter‐acclimatized S. miliarius as a function of SFD status and acute temperature (17, 25 and 32°C). We also used regression models characterizing individual variation in the thermal‐sensitivity of resting metabolic rate to predict the theoretical effects of behavioural fever on daily resting CO2 production by free‐ranging S. miliarius with SFD in winter.

Natural infection by Oo was associated with significant increases in resting metabolic rate (30%–45%) and total evaporative water loss rate (30%–40%) across all measurement temperatures. Under simulated scenarios of behavioural fever, Oo infection was predicted to increase daily resting CO2 production rate by 58%–102%.

Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the immune response to Oo infection is energetically costly and may contribute to declining host condition. Our modelling efforts combining the cumulative effects of increased immune activity and increased body temperature on metabolism represent a novel approach in quantifying the total daily energetic cost of infection in ectothermic vertebrates undergoing behavioural fever.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Environment‐sensitive mass changes influence breeding frequency in a capital breeding marine top predator
Authors: Smout Sophie , King Ruth , Pomeroy Patrick 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

The trade‐off between survival and reproduction in resource‐limited iteroparous animals can result in some individuals missing some breeding opportunities. In practice, even with the best observation regimes, deciding whether ‘missed’ years represent real pauses in breeding or failures to detect breeding can be difficult, posing problems for the estimation of individual reproductive output and overall population fecundity.

We corrected fecundity estimates by determining whether breeding had occurred in skipped years, using long‐term capture–recapture observation datasets with parallel longitudinal mass measurements, based on informative underlying relationships between individuals’ mass, breeding status and environmental drivers in a capital breeding phocid, the grey seal.

Bayesian modelling considered interacting processes jointly: temporal changes in a phenotypic covariate (mass); relationship of mass to breeding probability; effects of maternal breeding state and mark type on resighting. Full reproductive histories were imputed, with the status of unobserved animals estimated as breeding or non‐breeding, accounting for local environmental variation. Overall fecundity was then derived for Scottish breeding colonies with contrasting pup production trends.

Maternal mass affected breeding likelihood. Mothers with low body mass at the end of breeding were less likely to bear a pup the following year. Successive breeding episodes incurred a cost in reduced body mass which was more pronounced for North Rona, Outer Hebrides (NR) mothers. Skipping breeding increased subsequent pupping probability substantially for low mass females. Poor environmental conditions were associated with declines in breeding probability at both colonies. Seal mass gain between breeding seasons was (a) negatively associated with lagged North Atlantic Oscillation for seals at NR and (b) positively associated with an index of seal prey (Ammodytes spp) abundance at Isle of May, Firth of Forth (IM). Overall fecundity was marginally greater at IM (increasing/stable pup production) than at NR (decreasing). No effects of mass were detected on maternal survival.

Skipping breeding in female grey seals appears to be an individual mass‐dependent constraint moderated by previous reproductive output and local environmental conditions. Different demographic trends at breeding colonies were consistent with the fecundities estimated using this method, which is general and adaptable to other situations.
Tracking the resource pulse: Movement responses of fish to dynamic floodplain habitat in a tropical river
Authors: Crook David A. , Buckle Duncan J. , Morrongiello John R. , Allsop Quentin A. , Baldwin Wayne , Saunders Thor M. , Douglas Michael M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Natural river floodplains are among the Earth's most biologically diverse and productive ecosystems but face a range of critical threats due to human disturbance. Understanding the ecological processes that support biodiversity and productivity in floodplain rivers is essential for their future protection and rehabilitation.

Fish assemblage structure on tropical river floodplains is widely considered to be driven by dispersal limitation during the wet season and by environmental filtering and interspecific interactions during the dry season. However, the individual‐level movement behaviours (e.g. site attachment, nomadism, homing) that regulate dispersal of fish on floodplains are poorly understood.

We combined radiotelemetry and remote sensing to examine the movement behaviour of two large‐bodied fishes (barramundi Lates calcarifer, forktail catfish Neoarius leptaspis) over the flood cycle in a tropical river‐floodplain system in northern Australia to: (a) quantify movement responses in relation to dynamic habitat resources at a landscape scale; and (b) determine the extent of spatial ‘reshuffling’ of individual fish following the wet season.

Both species altered their behaviour rapidly in response to changes in the availability and distribution of aquatic habitat, with most individuals undertaking extensive movements (up to ~27 km from the tagging location) on the inundated floodplain during the wet season. Although there was considerable individual variation in movement patterns, overall barramundi distributions closely tracked the extent of floodplain primary productivity, whereas catfish distributions were most closely associated with the extent of flooded area. Most individuals of both species exhibited homing back to previously occupied dry season refugia during the wet‐to‐dry transition, even though other potential refugia were available in closer proximity to wet season activity areas.

We postulate that homing behaviour modulates temporal variation in fish assemblage composition and abundance and limits the transfer of aquatic‐derived energy and nutrients into terrestrial food webs by reducing fish mortality on drying floodplains. Our study demonstrates the importance of quantifying individual‐level behaviour across the three stages of dispersal (emigration, inter‐patch movement, immigration) for our understanding of how animal movement influences energetic subsidies and other large‐scale ecosystem processes.
Future of South Korea–Japan Relations: Decoupling or Liberal Discourse
Authors: Phillips Joe , Lee Wondong , Yi Joseph 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSouth Korea–Japan relations are at their lowest point in decades, as colonial era disputes flare once again. Most pundits argue that the South Korean public is strongly united against Japan. We argue that South Korean elites are sharply divided over how to manage the crisis; this division is starting to impact how South Koreans understand colonial era narratives; and, long‐term, bilateral relations depend on how these growing divisions play out. Despite state censorship, a rising counter‐narrative in South Korea challenges the dominant, Manichaean, anti‐Japanese one. For the first time, Korea and Japan have a realistic chance of reconciling based on liberal public discourse and a nuanced, empirically based understanding of history.