bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compulsivity is measurable across distinct psychiatric symptom domains and is associated with familial risk and reward-related attentional capture
Authors: Albertella Lucy , Chamberlain Samuel R. , Le Pelley Mike E. , Greenwood Lisa-Marie , Lee Rico SC , Den Ouden Lauren , Segrave Rebecca A. , Grant Jon E. , Yücel Murat 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackground.Compulsivity can be seen across various mental health conditions and refers to a tendency toward repetitive habitual acts that are persistent and functionally impairing. Compulsivity involves dysfunctional reward-related circuitry and is thought to be significantly heritable. Despite this, its measurement from a transdiagnostic perspective has received only scant research attention. Here we examine both the psychometric properties of a recently developed compulsivity scale, as well as its relationship with compulsive symptoms, familial risk, and reward-related attentional capture.Methods.
Two-hundred and sixty individuals participated in the study (mean age = 36.0 [SD = 10.8] years; 60.0% male) and completed the Cambridge-Chicago Compulsivity Trait Scale (CHI-T), along with measures of psychiatric symptoms and family history thereof. Participants also completed a task designed to measure reward-related attentional capture (n = 177).Results.CHI-T total scores had a normal distribution and acceptable Cronbach’s alpha (0.84). CHI-T total scores correlated significantly and positively (all p < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected) with Problematic Usage of the Internet, disordered gambling, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, alcohol misuse, and disordered eating. The scale was correlated significantly with history of addiction and obsessive-compulsive related disorders in first-degree relatives of participants and greater reward-related attentional capture.Conclusions.
These findings suggest that the CHI-T is suitable for use in online studies and constitutes a transdiagnostic marker for a range of compulsive symptoms, their familial loading, and related cognitive markers. Future work should more extensively investigate the scale in normative and clinical cohorts, and the role of value-modulated attentional capture across compulsive disorders.
A Speed Limit on Ice Shelf Collapse Through Hydrofracture
Authors: Robel Alexander A. , Banwell Alison F. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIncreasing surface melt has been implicated in the collapse of several Antarctic ice shelves over the last few decades, including the collapse of Larsen B Ice Shelf over a period of just a few weeks in 2002. The speed at which an ice shelf disintegrates strongly determines the subsequent loss of grounded ice and sea level rise, but the controls on collapse speed are not well understood. Here we show, using a novel cellular automaton model, that there is an intrinsic speed limit on ice shelf collapse through cascades of interacting melt pond hydrofracture events. Though collapse speed increases with the area of hydrofracture influence, the typical flexural length scales of Antarctic ice shelves ensure that hydrofracture interactions remain localized. We argue that the speed at which Larsen B Ice Shelf collapsed was caused by a season of anomalously high surface meltwater production.
Zinc Isotope Constraints on Recycled Oceanic Crust in the Mantle Sources of the Emeishan Large Igneous Province
Authors: Yang Chun , Liu Sheng‐Ao 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIdentification of the nature of recycling crustal materials in the sources of large igneous provinces (LIPs) is crucial for understanding compositional heterogeneity of the deep mantle. To provide new constraints on this issue, here we reported high‐precision zinc isotope data on picritic and basaltic lavas from the Emeishan LIP, SW China. Using olivine‐melt Mg‐Fe equilibrium and log (incompatible elements)‐log (MgO) systematics, the parental magma of picritic lavas is estimated to have a MgO content of 21.8 wt.%. All picrites and basalts analyzed have δ66ZnJMC 3‐0749L values of ~0.30‰, which is heavier by ~0.14‰ than that of the terrestrial mantle (0.16 ± 0.05‰, 2s.d.). Olivine and clinopyroxene phenocrysts in picrites are isotopically lighter by ~0.15‰ than the whole rocks, and a negative correlation between Zn and MgO contents for picrites is observed, indicating that olivine accumulation could lower Zn contents and δ66Zn values of the magmas. Taking this into account, the parental magma of picrites has a δ66Zn value of 0.33 ± 0.04‰ (2s.d.). This value is significantly higher than that of other large‐degree partial melts derived from the mantle (e.g. Archean komatiites and the Baffin Island picrites; ~0.20‰), which requires addition of recycled crustal materials into the mantle sources. Modeling suggests that this difference can be best explained by partial melting of a hybridized mantle source containing ~15% recycled basaltic oceanic crust. Our data also show no evidence for recycled marine carbonates into the source of Emeishan LIP and thus possibly into the Earth's deep mantle (>660 km).
Dielectric Polarization Studies in Partially Saturated Shale Cores
Authors: Connolly Paul R. J. , Josh Matthew , O'Neill Keelan T. , Seltzer Scott J. , Wigand Marcus O. , Clennell Michael B. , May Eric F. , Johns Michael L. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractDielectric measurements of reservoir rocks are used to estimate important petro‐physical properties such as water‐filled porosity and pore surface textures. However, complex dielectric polarization processes that occur in rocks are strongly dependent on frequency, making physically meaningful interpretation of broadband dielectric data difficult. At high frequency (> 10 MHz) dielectric permittivity primarily relates to the volume fractions of constituents (i.e., saturation, minerals), while at lower frequency (< 10 MHz), interpretation is complicated by interfacial polarization, electro‐diffusion phenomena, and ohmic conduction. The ability to de‐convolve these electrical processes is critical for interpreting petro‐physical properties from broadband dielectric data. Here we demonstrate the application of Tikhonov regularization methods to compute dielectric relaxation time distributions from broadband (40 Hz to 110 MHz) dielectric data for ten shale core samples at varying partial saturation. Furthermore, via the Kramers‐Kronig relation, the contribution from in‐phase conduction currents to the imaginary component of the dielectric response was quantified. The evolution of dielectric polarization processes with increasing moisture content was analyzed directly from changes in relaxation time distributions. It was found that the dominant polarization mechanism, up to a critical partial saturation, occurred as surface polarization within the electrical double layer. Above this critical partial saturation, electro‐diffusion mechanisms acting between the Stern and diffuse layers resulted in a large low frequency response. This work provides valuable insight into dielectric polarization mechanisms in shales and demonstrates such measurements are sensitive to electrical double layer properties and electro‐diffusion length scales that are potentially relevant to characterizing pore‐scale properties in shales.
The Deep Lithospheric Structure of the Junggar Terrane, NW China: Implications for Its Origin and Tectonic Evolution
Authors: Zhang Anqi , Afonso Juan Carlos , Xu Yixian , Wu Shucheng , Yang Yingjie , Yang Bo 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is one of the world's largest and oldest accretionary orogens. The Junggar Terrane, located in the southwestern CAOB, is considered a key tectonic element to understand the evolution of the whole CAOB. However, given the lack of xenoliths and limited geophysical data with sensitivities to mantle depths, the nature of its basement and its deep lithospheric structure are still highly debated. Here we use a probabilistic inverse method to jointly invert newly processed Rayleigh wave dispersion data, surface heat flow, geoid anomalies, and absolute elevation. The output is a 3‐D model of the seismic, temperature, bulk density, and compositional structure of the whole lithosphere beneath the western part of the Junggar Terrane. Our results reveal a subduction‐shaped mantle anomaly beneath the western flank of the Junggar Basin that resembles closely the structure of a fossil subduction zone. We also confirm the presence of a thick lower crust beneath the basin with properties similar to those of basaltic rocks. On account of these results, we further conduct a hypothesis test and demonstrate that an “oceanic model” for the origin of the basement of the Junggar Basin explains the available geophysical and geochemical information better than other alternative models. Based on all these observations, we propose an evolutionary model for the western Junggar Terrane that reconciles a number of previously conflicting interpretations.
Hydrodynamic and Morphologic Response of a Back‐Barrier Estuary to an Extratropical Storm
Authors: Defne Zafer , Ganju Neil K. , Moriarty Julia M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe investigated the hydrodynamic and morphologic response of Barnegat Bay‐Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey, USA, to Hurricane Sandy. We implemented a three‐dimensional, coupled ocean‐wave‐sediment transport model of the estuary and explored the role of offshore water levels, offshore waves, local winds, and waves by systematically removing forcings from a series of simulations. Offshore water levels had the largest impact on water levels in the bay, while waves and local wind forcing created substantial spatial variation along the longitudinal axis of the bay. The shape of the bay and its orientation relative to the storm track influenced the response to winds and restricted the maximum water levels in the northern bay and reduced the maximum volume of surge. Basin‐average hydrodynamic residence time was reduced by 40%, though its typical spatial distribution remained during the storm. Wave‐ and current‐induced bed shear stress resuspended fine sediment resulting in net erosion from the shoals with ensuing net deposition over fringing low‐lying land. The net sediment exchange between the bay and the ocean was several times smaller than the exchange at the peak of the storm resulting in negligible net change in the bay volume. Overall, our results suggest that water level responses are highly sensitive to the specific orientation of storm winds relative to the estuary, thereby limiting the utility of simple inundation models. The sediment transport patterns indicate that storms are an important mechanism for redistributing sediment from shoals to fringing wetlands, while net change to sediment budget can be negligible.
An Ozone “Pool” in South China: Investigations on Atmospheric Dynamics and Photochemical Processes Over the Pearl River Estuary
Authors: Zeren Yangzong , Guo Hai , Lyu Xiaopu , Jiang Fei , Wang Yu , Liu Xufei , Zeng Lewei , Li Mei , Li Lei 
Published: October 2019

AbstractPearl River Estuary (PRE) has been recognized as one of the key areas in South China experiencing severe air pollution. To understand the photochemical pollution over PRE, intensive measurements of O3 and its precursors were simultaneously conducted at a suburban site on the east bank of PRE (Tung Chung, TC) in Hong Kong and a rural site on the west bank (Qi'ao Island, QAI) in Zhuhai from 25 September to 29 November 2016. Three and sixteen O3 episode days (days with the maximum hourly O3 higher than 100 ppbv) were captured at TC and QAI, respectively. On the three days when O3 episodes occurred at TC, QAI also suffered from O3 episodes, which were all associated with tropical cyclones (typhoons). As a downwind site of PRE when northwesterly winds prevailed, TC displayed a higher maximum hourly O3 than QAI on these three days. In contrast, the other thirteen episodes that solely occurred at QAI were generally under northeasterly winds, which brought more coastal air to TC and led to lower levels of O3 at this site. In addition, the stronger titration of the locally emitted NO to O3 also accounted for the lower O3 at TC on these days. The simulations by Weather Research and Forecasting coupled with Chemistry model indicated that the interactions of synoptic winds and mesoscale breezes led to relatively weak winds and long residence time for air pollutants over the PRE, thereby air pollution accumulation. This provided the likelihood of intensive chemical productions of O3 over PRE, with the production rates even higher than those in the surrounding land areas. As such, it was concluded that PRE was a “pool” of O3, where atmospheric dynamics caused the accumulation of air pollutants and subsequently intensive photochemical reactions. The findings in this study may also apply to the other estuaries connecting terrestrial and marine systems over the world.
A Laboratory Investigation of Spume Generation in High Winds for Fresh and Seawater
Authors: Mehta S. , Ortiz‐Suslow D. G. , Smith A. W. , Haus B. K. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGiven spume's role in mediating air‐sea exchange at the base of tropical cyclones or other storm events, the focus of studies on spray dynamics has been within the marine environment. In contrast, spume production in nonseawater bodies has been underexplored and potential differences between sea and freshwater are neglected. The laboratory remains the primary means for directly observing spray processes near the surface because of the challenges to making robust field measurements. There is no standardization on the water type used for these experiments, and the effect this has on the generation process is unknown. This adds uncertainty in our ability to make physically realistic spume generation functions that are ultimately applied to the geophysical domain. We have conducted a laboratory experiment that aims to address this simple, yet overlooked, question of whether water type impacts the spume droplet concentration entrained in the air flow above actively breaking waves. We compared directly imaged concentrations for fresh and seawater droplets produced in 10‐m equivalent winds from 36–54 m/s. Substantially higher concentrations of seawater spume were observed, as compared to freshwater across all particle sizes and wind speeds. The seawater particles' vertical distribution was concentrated near the surface, whereas the freshwater droplets were more uniformly distributed. Our statistical analysis of these findings suggests significant differences in the size‐ and height‐dependent distributions response to increased wind forcing between fresh and seawater. These unexpected findings suggest an unanticipated role of the source water physiochemical properties on the spume generation mechanism.
The Global Distribution of Lunar Light Plains From the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera
Authors: Meyer H. M. , Denevi B. W. , Robinson M. S. , Boyd A. K. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe present the first globally consistent map of lunar light plains from Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera mosaics 100 m/pixel. Based on this map, ~70% of light plains are likely related to the Orientale and Imbrium basins; however, many light plains deposits originated with local‐ and regional‐scale impacts, nonmare volcanics (i.e., the Apennine Bench Formation), as well as ancient impact melt deposits that lack diagnostic small‐scale features. Compositional evidence suggests that the light plains associated with basins (i.e., Cayley plains) form through substantial mixing with local materials, implying that ballistic sedimentation is a primary formation mechanism. Based on the distribution of light plains with respect to the Orientale and Imbrium basins, the stratigraphic extent of an individual basin extends to at least four basin radii. As such, the South Pole‐Aitken basin modified at least 80% of the lunar surface. This work suggests that the entire lunar surface was modified to varying degrees at the time of large basin formation. This has implications for sample interpretations because any highland site within four radii of a large basin could potentially contain primary basin material or more local material that was redeposited by secondaries, neither of which is necessarily representative of the terrain upon which they are found.
Effects of Wind Velocity and Nebkha Geometry on Shadow Dune Formation
Authors: Zhao Yongcheng , Gao Xin , Lei Jiaqiang , Li Shengyu , Cai Dongxu , Song Qin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractFlow dynamics and sand deposition processes over nebkhas were investigated using computational fluid dynamics simulations, wind tunnel experiments, and field measurements. The computational fluid dynamics simulations showed that nebkha width affects both the elongation and broadening of the wind shadows. The length of the wind shadows decreased as the wind shear velocity increased, following a power function, irrespective of the width and height of the nebkha. There are some uncertainties about the effect of the aspect ratio of the nebkha on the formation of wind shadows as a result of the omission of the transport of sand in the simulations. It is suggested that the length of wind shadows is dependent on the absolute values of nebkha width and height rather than the nebkha aspect ratio. Although the numerical results were consistent with the results of the wind tunnel experiments, the wind tunnel experiments showed that the height of the nebkha had a negative effect on the elongation of the shadow dunes. The sedimentary structures revealed by ground‐penetrating radar surveys of the dunes in the Taitema Dry Lake, in the eastern Taklimakan Desert, China, showed that the formation of shadow dunes can be divided into three phases. Shadow dunes are initially controlled by horizontal separation flow and then elongate following the same growth mechanisms as linear dunes, eventually breaking up into isolated barchans or short, temporary linear dunes. However, the formation of shadow dunes does not necessarily call for the three phases depending on the local wind regime and sediment supply.
Projections of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed
Authors: Campbell Patrick C. , Bash Jesse O. , Nolte Christopher G. , Spero Tanya L. , Cooter Ellen J. , Hinson Kyle , Linker Lewis C. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAtmospheric deposition is among the largest pathways of nitrogen loading to the Chesapeake Bay Watershed (CBW). The interplay between future climate and emission changes in and around the CBW will likely shift the future nutrient deposition abundance and chemical regime (e.g., oxidized vs. reduced nitrogen). In this work, a Representative Concentration Pathway from the Community Earth System Model is dynamically downscaled using a recently updated Weather Research and Forecasting model that subsequently drives the Community Multiscale Air Quality model coupled to the agroeconomic Environmental Policy Integrated Climate model. The relative impacts of emission and climate changes on atmospheric nutrient deposition are explored for a recent historical period and a period centered on 2050. The projected regional emissions in Community Multiscale Air Quality reflect current federal and state regulations, which use baseline and projected emission years 2011 and 2040, respectively. The historical simulations of 2‐m temperature (T2) and precipitation (PRECIP) have cool and dry biases, and temperature and PRECIP are projected to both increase. Ammonium wet deposition agrees well with observations, but nitrate wet deposition is underpredicted. Climate and deposition changes increase simulated future ammonium fertilizer application. In the CBW by 2050, these changes (along with widespread decreases in anthropogenic nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxide emissions, and relatively constant ammonia emissions) decrease total nitrogen deposition by 21%, decrease annual average oxidized nitrogen deposition by 44%, and increase reduced nitrogen deposition by 10%. These results emphasize the importance of decreased anthropogenic emissions on the control of future nitrogen loading to the Chesapeake Bay in a changing climate.
Sedimentary Evolution and Provenance of the late Permian‐middle Triassic Raggyorcaka Deposits in North Qiangtang (Tibet, Western China): Evidence for a Forearc Basin of the Longmu Co‐Shuanghu Tethys Ocean
Authors: Liang Xiao , Sun Xihui , Wang Genhou , Gao Jinhan , An Xingyu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe tectonic origin of the >500‐km‐long E‐W trending Central Qiangtang metamorphic belt (CQMB), which separates the North Qiangtang block (NQB) and South Qiangtang block (SQB), remains controversial. Moreover, the coeval geological evolution of the southern NQB has been poorly investigated, particularly its tectonic relationship with the CQMB. Here we present stratigraphic, sedimentary, and provenance analyses of the late Permian‐middle Triassic depositional succession at Raggyorcaka in the southern NQB and test two radically different hypotheses for origin of the CQMB. A complete marine transgression‐regression sequence with two‐sided provenance characterizes the late Permian‐Triassic sedimentary rocks in the southern NQB. Sandstone petrological analyses reveal a prominent provenance transition to an active volcanic source beginning in the late Changhsingian. Detrital zircon U‐Pb geochronological results of the transgression subsequence show a concentrated youngest zircon group of 236–288 Ma (peak at ~248.1 Ma), with negative εHf(t) values (−25.3 to −0.2) and large Hf crustal model ages (T
; 1,311–2,887 Ma). These new findings show that the Raggyorcaka sequence was most likely deposited in an active continental margin. Combined with other evidence, we further infer that the Carboniferous‐Triassic successions of the southern NQB were most likely deposited in a forearc basin under the in situ suture model, that is, the northward subduction of the Longmu Co‐Shuanghu Tethys Ocean beneath the NQB. Moreover, the detrital zircon age distribution of the southern NQB suggests that the NQB probably drifted from the Gondwana supercontinent in the early Paleozoic and became adjacent to peri‐Cathaysian blocks no later than the Carboniferous.
Low phase noise ring VCO employing input‐coupled dynamic current source
Authors: Lee I.‐Y. , Im D. 
Published: October 2019

A low‐phase noise ring voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) employing input‐coupled dynamic current source is presented. By simply coupling the input signal to the gate node of the current source transistor, the proposed inverter has a larger output swing and steeper maximum slope than conventional structures, which directly results in phase noise improvement. Under the same conditions, compared to the conventional structure, the proposed ring VCO achieves 7.5 and 11 dB of phase noise improvement at 100 kHz and 1 MHz offset frequencies, respectively. The proposed ring VCO has a tuning range of 823–1300 MHz and post‐layout simulation shows a figure‐of‐merit of 159–162 dBc/Hz in the entire oscillation frequency range. In the measurement results,the authors recorded a phase noise of −106 dBc/Hz and figure‐of‐merit reaching 165 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency, consuming 1.2 mW from a 1.8 V supply at 1 GHz oscillation frequency. The proposed ring VCO is implemented in 180 nm CMOS process and occupies a size of 0.0024 mm2.