bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A diagnostic framework to assess the governance of the São Francisco River Basin Committee, Brazil
Authors: Bouckaert Frederick Willem , Vasconcelos Vitor Vieira , Wei Yongping , Empinotti Vanessa Lucena , Daniell Katherine Anne , Pittock Jamie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEnvironmental governance requires integrating social‐institutional governance and river basin management as part of the sustainable river basin development. This remains challenging and few tools exist to facilitate this objective. As part of a diagnostic governance framework on basin management in the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil, this paper investigates the influence of four governance indicators of institutions, leadership, collaboration, and learning. Data on governance and biophysical condition were collected through semi‐structured stakeholder interviews and indicator scoring. Institutions were found to be robust and based on shared values, despite adherence to different paradigms (top‐down vs. bottom‐up) and lack of transparency and clarity of roles. It was found that leadership, and its function of decision making, required enhanced subsidiarity and autonomy for the river basin committee. Collaboration was based on mutual respect, but needed to be improved to achieve fairer water allocation and payments, social justice, and ecological sustainability. It was found that learning requires better knowledge transfer and capacity building at municipal level. The current São Francisco Basin Plan (2016–2025) will build on a robust history of capacity building, but should include governance indicators for performance evaluation of environmental governance.
Restoration of Released Prisoners to Society: Issues, Challenges and Further Ways; Insights from Kerala, India
Authors: Varghese Jenu , Raghavan Vijay 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSocial re-entry in the criminal justice system cannot be avoided since virtually all prisoners are released sooner or later. These initiatives are the outcome of a restorative justice approach which aims to reduce future offences by bringing back offenders to normal life by rehabilitation and restoration. Prisoners’ lives in prisons were very difficult in the Indian context till the last decade. Different rehabilitative approaches have been introduced inside prisons but, after release, the number of social re-entry initiatives is much less. The released face many psycho-social and economic issues which may destroy a person’s ability to adjust with the services provided. The national prison policy of India recommends aftercare services for the rehabilitation of released prisoners. The labelling and social stigma due to the crime hinders prisoners’ ability to re-enter society after release. In this context, the present paper explored the issues and challenges faced by the released prisoners during their social re-entry and came up with rehabilitative initiatives for a better restoration process in the Indian context.
Changes in body mass index and risk of adolescent psychopathology: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Cotter I. , Healy C. , King R. , Cotter DR. , Cannon M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground.Abnormal body mass index (BMI) has been associated with development of psychopathology. This association in children is well documented, for both overweight and underweight children. However, the association between change in BMI and the development of psychopathology has been less investigated.Aim.To investigate the association between change in BMI between childhood and adolescence and psychopathology in adolescence.Methods.Data from the Growing Up in Ireland cohort were used. We investigated the ’98 cohort (also known as the child cohort) at age 9/13. BMI, defined using internationally recognised definitions as underweight, healthy or overweight, was used as the exposure, and abnormal Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire scores were used as the outcome. Logistic regression was undertaken for the analysis. All analyses were adjusted for confounders.Results.A change to overweight from healthy BMI was significantly associated with increased risk of psychopathology (adjusted OR 1.66; 95% CI 1.19–2.32). Both change from underweight to healthy (adjusted OR 0.12; 95% CI 0.03–0.43) or from overweight to healthy (adjusted OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.79–0.8) was associated with a significantly reduced risk of developing psychopathology.Discussion.As a child’s BMI returns to within the healthy range, their risk of adolescent psychopathology is reduced. Interventions to restore healthy BMI, in both underweight and overweight, children may reduce their risk of adolescent psychopathology.
Vitamin D3 reduces risk of cardiovascular and liver diseases by lowering homocysteine levels: double-blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Al-Bayyari N. , Hailat R. , Subih H. , Alkhalidy H. , Eaton A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of vitamin D3 on total homocysteine (tHcy) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and liver and kidney function tests in overweight women with vitamin D deficiency. Therefore, a randomised, double-blind placebo, controlled clinical trial was conducted on 100 eligible women. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups: the placebo (n 50) and the vitamin D (n 50) which received 1250 µg vitamin D3 per week for 2 months. The participants’ 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), tHcy, CRP, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were measured and compared before and after treatment. Results showed that the tHcy, CRP, AST, ALT and eGFR levels after the 2nd month of vitamin D3 intervention were significantly (P < 0·001) decreased and the 25(OH)D, urea and creatinine levels were significantly (P < 0·001) increased in the treatment group. In the placebo group, no significant changes were identified throughout the follow-up period. In conclusion, vitamin D3 intervention with a treatment dose of 1250 µg/week for at least 2 months may help in lowering Hcy and CRP levels and may improve liver function tests, which in turn might help in minimising the risk of CVD and liver diseases among overweight women but negatively affect kidney function.
Morphological and molecular evidence reveals a new species ofLyperosomumLooss, 1899 (Digenea: Dicrocoeliidae) fromMelanerpes aurifrons(Wagler, 1829) from northern Mexico
Authors: González-García M.T. , Ortega-Olivares M.P. , Andrade-Gómez L. , García-Varela M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA new species of the genusLyperosomumLooss, 1899, from the intestine of the golden-fronted woodpecker (Melanerpes aurifrons) from northern Mexico is described.Lyperosomum cuauhxinquisp. n. is morphologically distinguished from other congeneric species from the Americas by a higher oral/ventral sucker ratio and its body length and width. The sequences of domains D1–D3 of the large subunit (LSU) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and cytochromecoxidase subunit 1 (cox 1) from the mitochondrial DNA of the new species were obtained and compared with available sequences from GenBank. The genetic divergence estimated between the new species and other congeneric species ranged from 2 to 6% and 13.4 to 17.3% for LSU andcox 1, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on the two (LSU andcox 1) molecular markers consistently showed thatL. cuauhxinquisp. n. was nested within the genusLyperosomum, with strong bootstrap support (100%) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (1.0). In particular, the LSU tree indicated that the sequence of the new species is closely related to sequences fromZonorchis alveyi,Zonorchis delectansandZonorchissp. from Central America, suggesting that these sequences should be transferred to the genusLyperosomum.The new species represents the first record from Mexico and the fifth species identified in the Americas. Our study also revealed that the taxonomy of the genusLyperosomumshould be re-examined by combining molecular, morphological and ecological characteristics.
Relationship between the excretion of eggs of parasitic helminths in roe deer and local livestock density
Authors: Verheyden H. , Richomme C. , Sevila J. , Merlet J. , Lourtet B. , Chaval Y. , Hoste H. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Because of their continuing expansion, wildlife ruminant species that prosper in rural landscapes may be increasingly affected by and/or contribute to the circulation of certain generalist pathogens also infecting domestic ruminants, when they share common spaces or resources. In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that parasitism with gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) of wild roe deer inhabiting different rural landscapes is correlated with livestock density. We used faecal egg counts of GINs and spatial data of 74 GPS-collared roe deer, inhabiting various landscapes from closed forests to open fields, together with weekly records of livestock abundances on pasture. We tested whether the excretion of GIN eggs in roe deer was influenced by the density of livestock in their home range over the grazing season. Our results showed that all of the roe deer home ranges, except four, contained pastures occupied by livestock. Excretion of GIN eggs occurred in 77% of the roe deer. The excretion of GIN eggs in roe deer tended to increase with livestock density in their home range. This result suggests, but does not prove, a higher risk of ingesting GIN larvae originating from livestock dung. In the context of increasing overlap between roe deer and livestock ranges, the exchange of pathogens between both hosts is plausible, although species identity of the parasites present was not determined. Assessing which GIN species are shared between wild and domestic ruminants, and how this may affect the health of both hosts, is a central question for future research in the context of interspecific pathogen circulation.
The first rapid forest inventory and resource use assessment of Dashtijum Nature Reserve, Tajikistan: a mixed methods approach
Authors: Pilkington Fred , Singh Minerva , Wilkins Vicky , Clubbe Colin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere is critical need for more information on the status of forests in Central Asia, to inform conservation management. Here we assess the status and use of the globally important, threatened walnut–fruit forests of Dashtijum Nature Reserve, Tajikistan. We use a mixed methods approach combining a semi-structured interview based socio-economic survey with statistical analysis. Thirty-three tree species were recorded, with Rosaceae the most common family. The mean basal area of the forest was 20.8 m2 per ha and most tree species exhibited stable population structures. Resource use was prevalent throughout the community; most households harvested at least one fruit or nut species (78%), firewood (88%) and grazed livestock (85%). Most respondents noted declines in availability of fruits, nuts and firewood and reported a decrease in the overall area and quality of grazing. Statistical analysis and machine learning identified that distance to nearest settlement significantly affected forest total basal area, tree species richness and the Shannon index, a metric of diversity sensitive to rare species. Our results suggest that conservation management by the government and NGOs is partly effective but there is a need for increased enforcement of grazing restrictions, to prevent further forest degradation.
Maternal immune-related conditions during pregnancy may be a risk factor for neuropsychiatric problems in offspring throughout childhood and adolescence
Authors: Patel Shrujna , Cooper Matthew N. , Jones Hannah , Whitehouse Andrew J.O. , Dale Russell C. , Guastella Adam J. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundEmerging research suggests that maternal immune activation (MIA) may be associated with an increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental and mental health outcomes in offspring. Using data from the Raine Study, we investigated whether MIA during pregnancy was associated with increased behavioral and emotional problems in offspring longitudinally across development.MethodsMothers (Generation 1; N = 1905) were classified into the following categories: AAAE (Asthma/Allergy/Atopy/Eczema; N = 1267); infection (during pregnancy; N = 1082); no AAAE or infection (N = 301). The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was administered for offspring at ages 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17. Generalized estimating equations were used to investigate the effect of maternal immune status on CBCL scores.ResultsAAAE conditions were associated with significant increases in CBCL Total (β 2.49; CI 1.98–3.00), Externalizing (β 1.54; CI 1.05–2.03), and Internalizing (β 2.28; CI 1.80–2.76) scores. Infection conditions were also associated with increased Total (β 1.27; CI 0.77–1.78), Externalizing (β 1.18; CI 0.70–1.66), and Internalizing (β 0.76; CI 0.28–1.24) scores. Exposure to more than one AAAE and/or infection condition was associated with a greater elevation in CBCL scores than single exposures in males and females. Females showed greater increases on the Internalizing scale from MIA, while males showed similar increases on both Internalizing and Externalizing scales.ConclusionsMIA was associated with increased behavioral and emotional problems in offspring throughout childhood and adolescence. This highlights the need to understand the relationship between MIA, fetal development, and long-term outcomes, with the potential to advance early identification and intervention strategies.
EATING, DRINKING, PAYING. THE PRICE OF FOOD IN MONTEVIDEO IN THE LATE COLONIAL PERIOD
Authors: Moraes María Inés 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTThis paper gathers information on the diet of the people of Montevideo. It puts forward some hypotheses regarding the caloric intake of the plebeian and non-elite social groups, introduces two Laspeyres indexes of food prices for Montevideo in 1760-1810, analyses the movements of food prices in Montevideo in this period and compares the case of Montevideo with neighbouring cities.
Foraging patterns of Antarctic minke whales in McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea
Authors: Ainley David G. , Joyce Trevor W. , Saenz Ben , Pitman Robert L. , Durban John W. , Ballard Grant , Daly Kendra , Kim Stacy 
Published: June 2020

AbstractEvidence indicates that Antarctic minke whales (AMWs) in the Ross Sea affect the foraging behaviour, especially diet, of sympatric Adélie penguins (ADPEs) by, we hypothesize, influencing the availability of prey they have in common, mainly crystal krill. To further investigate this interaction, we undertook a study in McMurdo Sound during 2012–2013 and 2014–2015 using telemetry and biologging of whales and penguins, shore-based observations and quantification of the preyscape. The 3D distribution and density of prey were assessed using a remotely operated vehicle deployed along and to the interior of the fast-ice edge where AMWs and ADPEs focused their foraging. Acoustic surveys of prey and foraging behaviour of predators indicate that prey remained abundant under the fast ice, becoming successively available to air-breathing predators only as the fast ice retreated. Over both seasons, the ADPE diet included less krill and more Antarctic silverfish once AMWs became abundant, but the penguins' foraging behaviour (i.e. time spent foraging, dive depth, distance from colony) did not change. In addition, over time, krill abundance decreased in the upper water column near the ice edge, consistent with the hypothesis (and previously gathered information) that AMW and ADPE foraging contributed to an alteration of prey availability.
Conservation status of the recently described Ecuadorian Amazon parrot Amazona lilacina
Authors: BIDDLE REBECCA , SOLIS PONCE IVETTE , CUN PAUL , TOLLINGTON SIMON , JONES MARTIN , MARSDEN STUART , DEVENISH CHRISTIAN , HORSTMAN ERIC , BERG KARL , PILGRIM MARK 
Published: June 2020

SummaryAmazona lilacina is a threatened species endemic to Ecuador, existing across a patchwork of mangroves, lowland coastal forests, agricultural and community owned land. The species was described in 2014 and listed as ‘Endangered’ on the IUCN Red List, however, full assessment of the population was lacking. Using a combination of field observations, roost surveys and community questionnaires, conducted over the last 20 years, we provide up-to-date information on the species’ Extent of Occurrence, estimate its global population size, and evaluate its level of threat. Our results suggest the species occurs across an area of 19,890 km2 in three distinct geographically isolated subpopulations. Roost surveys across the range estimate the minimum remaining population at 741–1,090 individuals and we present evidence to suggest a 60% decline over the past 19 years in one part of the species’ range. We conducted community questionnaires with 427 people from 52 communities. The presence of pet parrots was reported in 37 communities, including 17 communities which reported pet A. lilacina. From this we predict that over half of all communities within our study area keep parrots as pets and at least 96 communities keep A. lilacina. Our findings justify an IUCN Red Listing of at least ‘Endangered’ for this species and highlight the need for conservation support. In order to assess population health in more detail, further research is required to assess genetic diversity and roost dynamics, and to identify areas that may be important for feeding and nesting throughout the range. As many of these areas are likely to overlap with community owned land, we suggest that future conservation actions should revolve around, and be led by, these communities.
Effects of the Rango Cards game intervention on food consumption, nutritional knowledge and self-efficacy in the adoption of healthy eating practices of high school students: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Chagas Carolina Martins dos Santos , Melo Giselle Rhai-Sa , Botelho Raquel Braz Assunção , Toral Natacha 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:The study aimed to assess the impact of a game-based nutritional intervention on food consumption, nutritional knowledge and self-efficacy in the adoption of healthy eating practices.Design:This cluster randomised controlled trial included both male and female high school students from private schools in the Federal District, Brazil. Four schools were randomly selected for each group. Investigated variables were age, sex, monthly family income, maternal education level, dietary perceptions and practices, nutritional knowledge and self-efficacy in the adoption of healthy eating practices.Setting:Intervention group participants were instructed to play Rango Cards, a digital game developed for the study, on their own, for a period of 7–17 d, while the control group was not provided with any game or material during the study.Participants:The study included 319 adolescents (mean age = 15·8 (sd 0·7) years).Results:Significant reductions were observed in the intervention group compared with the control group for the following variables: habit of eating while watching TV or studying and having meals at fast food restaurants. The intervention group showed increased knowledge of the effects of fruit and vegetable consumption as well as improved self-efficacy in the adoption of healthy eating practices such as reducing Na intake and preparing healthy meals.Conclusions:The design of Rango Cards is potentially capable of effecting positive changes. Therefore, the digital game promotes autonomy and self-care among adolescents with regard to healthy eating.
Proof of concept for growing lettuce and carrot in a biobased mulch membrane
Authors: Tofanelli Mauro B. D. , Kadoma Ignatius , Wortman Sam E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractManufactured biobased mulch (biomulch) films and fabrics are useful non-chemical weed management tools, but are not typically used for high-density plantings of vegetables such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and carrot (Daucus carota L. subsp. sativus). However, it may be possible for crop roots to grow through a permeable biomulch membrane. Our objective was to demonstrate the potential for lettuce and carrot to germinate on and grow through biomulch, and assess changes in crop growth and yield. Biomulches included a 100% polylactic acid (PLA) biofabric and a PLA (37%) + soybean meal (63%) biofabric (PLA + SOY). Seeds were placed directly on biomulch and top-dressed with a soil mix or compost. Crop roots grew through the biomulch (despite visible constriction in carrot), and total yields were either the same or greater than those in the no-mulch control. PLA + SOY increased lettuce yield by 72% and also degraded faster than the PLA mulch. Results hold promise for improving weed control and reducing labor in high-density vegetable plantings.
High-frequency diffraction contribution by planar metallic–DNG metamaterial junctions
Authors: Gennarelli G. , Riccio G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe plane wave diffraction by a planar junction consisting of a thick metallic sheet and a lossy double-negative metamaterial slab is studied by using the Uniform Asymptotic Physical Optics approach. This approach assumes the radiation integral as a starting point and uses the physical optics surface currents as sources to be integrated. The integral is manipulated by taking advantage of useful approximations and evaluations, and re-formulated in order to apply an asymptotic procedure able to generate a closed-form approximate solution in the framework of the Uniform Geometrical Theory of Diffraction. Accordingly, advantages and drawbacks result from the application of the proposed solution. The jumps of the geometrical optics field are compensated. Implementation and handling of the computer code are facilitated by the evaluation of well-known functions and parameters. No differential/integral equations or special functions must be computed.
A 3-bit load-pulling digital power amplifier
Authors: Watkins Gavin T. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA radio frequency (RF) 3-bit digital power amplifier (DPA) is described in this paper. It consists of three RF amplifiers connected at their outputs with a transmission line (TL) network. The three amplifiers are designed for different output powers (POUT). The TL network allows them to load-pull one other to achieve eight different amplitude states by alternatively enabling and disabling the amplifiers via their gate bias. A prototype was designed in the National Instruments' Microwave Office (MWO) for 500 MHz with the aid of a genetic algorithm to optimize the TL network for all seven active (on-) states. The optimizer efficiencies goals were based on data derived from load-pull simulation. The POUT goals were based on a 1 Vrms step-size. In simulation, ≥50% efficiency was achieved at all on-states with 29.7 dBm peak POUT. A practical prototype based on the simulation achieved an efficiency of ≥40% over all seven on-states. A peak POUT of 28.9 dBm was achieved, with the lowest state at 22.4 dBm.