bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A general mass lumping scheme for the variants of the extended finite element method
Authors: Asareh Iman , Song Jeong‐Hoon , Mullen Robert L. , Qian Yu 
Published: December 2019

SummaryA new strategy for the mass matrix lumping of enriched elements for explicit transient analysis is presented. It is shown that to satisfy the kinetic energy conservation, the use of zero or negative masses for enriched degrees of freedom of lumped mass matrix may be necessary. For a completely cracked element, by lumping the mass of each side of the interface into the finite element nodes located at the same side and assigning zero masses to the enriched degrees of freedom, the kinetic energy for rigid body translations is conserved without transferring spurious energy across the interface. The time integration is performed by adopting an explicit‐implicit technique, where the regular and enriched degrees of freedom are treated explicitly and implicitly, respectively. The proposed method can be viewed as a general mass lumping scheme for the variants of the extended finite element methods because it can be used irrespective of the enrichment method. It also preserves the optimal critical time step of an intact finite element by treating the enriched degrees of freedom implicitly. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed mass matrix are validated with several benchmark examples.
An investigation of a wash‐durable solar energy harvesting textile
Authors: Satharasinghe Achala , Hughes‐Riley Theodore , Dias Tilak 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis work demonstrates a novel and sustainable energy solution in the form of a photovoltaic fabric that can deliver a reliable energy source for wearable and mobile devices. The solar fabric was woven using electronic yarns created by embedding miniature crystalline silicon solar cells connected with fine copper wires within the fibres of a textile yarn. This approach of integrating solar energy harvesting capability within the heart of the textile fabric allows it to retain the flexibility, three‐dimensional deformability, and moisture and heat transfer characteristics of the fabric. In this investigation, both the design and performance of the solar cell embedded yarns and solar energy harvesting fabrics were explored. These yarns and resultant fabrics were characterised under different light intensities and at different angles of incident light, a critical factor for a wearable device. The solar cell embedded yarns woven into fabrics can undergo domestic laundering and maintained ~90% of their original power output after 15 machine wash cycles. The solar fabric embedded with 200 solar cells demonstrated here (44.5 mm × 45.5 mm active area) was capable of continuously generating ~2.15 mW/cm2 under one sun illumination and was capable of powering a basic mobile phone. The power generation capability and durability of the solar energy harvesting fabric proved its viability to power wearable devices as an integral part of regular clothing.
The use of biologic therapies for the management of pediatric asthma
Authors: Lovinsky‐Desir Stephanie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWith better understanding of the role of type 2 inflammation in allergic asthma, there has been progress made in the development of new biologic therapies targeting these specific pathways. This review will consider diagnostic criteria for using biologic therapies for pediatric asthma with special emphasis on populations that are likely to benefit the most from particular therapies. With the exception of the anti‐immunoglobulin E, omalizumab, very few studies have been published on the efficacy and safety of biologic therapies in children, particularly anti‐interleukin‐5 (IL5) and anti‐IL4/IL13 therapies. The review will highlight the scarcity of published data in pediatric‐specific populations. In addition, we will consider the cost‐effectiveness as well as potential long‐term consequences of biologic therapies in pediatric asthma.
Experimental and Simulation Study on Glass Transition Temperatures of GAP with Ionic‐Liquid‐Based Energetic Plasticizers
Authors: Jafari Najmeh , Arab Behrouz , Zekri Negar , Fareghi‐Alamdari Reza 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMolecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experiments were carried out to study the glass transition temperature of glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) which is widely used in propellants as an energetic binder. A modification method was applied to improve the mechanical properties of GAP at low temperatures, through the addition of energetic ionic liquid plasticizers to the polymer matrix. The design and simulate under the COMPASS force field, with the ensembles of constant particle number, pressure, temperature (NPT) done. The variation of density and free volume of polymers was observed with decreasing the temperature, and the glass transition temperatures (Tg) were estimated based on the variation of density and free volume vs. temperature. Simulation and experimental results revealed that the addition of energetic ionic liquid plasticizer to the polymer matrix reduced Tg. Also, by changing the anion of ionic liquid, the size of the molecule and the number of atoms, the value of Tg was changed. The variations were 235 K (GAP), 233 K (GAP/IL‐N3), 230 K (GAP/IL‐NO3) and 214 K (GAP/IL–DCA).
Non‐Shock Ignition Probability of Octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐Tetranitro‐Tetrazocine‐Based Polymer Bonded Explosives Based on Microcrack Stochastic Distribution
Authors: Liu Rui , Chen Pengwan , Zhang Xiaotian , Zhu Shunpeng 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe investigate stochastic microcracks of a heterogeneous microstructure as the primary mechanism determining the non‐shock ignition probability of octahydro‐1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,2,3,5‐tetrazocine‐based polymer‐bonded explosives. To quantify the ignition probability, we modify the viscoelastic cracking constitutive model by considering randomly distributed microcracks and combine this model with the hot‐spot model and the Monte Carlo method. This method is validated by using a standard Steven test simulation, and we quantify how the microcrack stochasticity affects the ignition probability. The high‐temperature region clearly changes compared with the case of single microcrack size. The discrepancy in the mechanical response of each element due to the heterogeneous microcracks causes a shear deformation, which increases the temperature. The difference between a uniform distribution and a normal distribution in microcrack size is also discussed. For a given impact velocity, the ignition probability for the normal microcrack size distribution exceeds that for the uniform microcrack size distribution. Although the two distributions have the same mean and variance, the real range in microcrack size corresponding to the normal distribution exceeds that for the uniform distribution. The results show that the sample radius does not significantly affect the ignition probability, whereas the opposite is true for the sample thickness. The ignition‐probability curve is obtained in these cases. For sample dimensions of φ70 mm×13 mm, φ98 mm×13 mm, φ140 mm×13 mm, and φ98 mm×26 mm, the impact velocity thresholds corresponding to ignition probabilities in the range 0 %–99 % are 41.0–43.7, 41.0–44.3, 40.0–44.6, and 62.0–67.2 m/s, respectively, which is consistent with experimental results.
Measurement of adherence to home‐based exercises among community‐dwelling stroke survivors in India
Authors: Mahmood Amreen , Solomon John Michael , English Coralie , Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan , Menon Girish , Manikandan Natarajan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractObjectivesTo develop an adherence questionnaire specific to stroke and measure the level of adherence to home‐based exercises among community‐dwelling stroke survivors.MethodsWe developed and validated the “Stroke‐Specific Measure of Adherence to Home‐based Exercises” (SS‐MAHE). We measured the exercise adherence among 92 community‐dwelling stroke survivors in a cross‐sectional study.ResultsThe SS‐MAHE has two sections covering (a) the dosage of prescribed exercises and (b) dosage of actual exercises done by the participants. It was found to be reliable with ICC score of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.44, 0.94, p = .001.) Adherence was measured by comparing prescribed exercises to the actual exercises performed at home. We rated participants as “adherent” if they were following more than 70% of the prescribed exercise dosage. In our sample of 92 stroke survivors, only 28% of participants were adherent to prescribed home‐based exercises.ConclusionSS‐MAHE is a practical and reliable tool to measure adherence to home‐based exercises after a stroke. Exercise adherence among stroke survivors is less than ideal. There is a need for strategies to specifically target exercise adherence in stroke survivors.
The role of secondary cyclones and cyclone families for the North Atlantic storm track and clustering over western Europe
Authors: Priestley Matthew D. K. , Dacre Helen F. , Shaffrey Len C. , Schemm Sebastian , Pinto Joaquim G. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSecondary cyclones are those that form in association with a pre‐existing primary cyclone, typically along a trailing cold front. In previously studied cases they have been shown to cause extreme damage across Europe, particularly when multiple cyclones track over the same location in rapid succession (known as cyclone clustering). To determine the dynamical relationship between primary and secondary cyclones over the North Atlantic, a frontal identification algorithm is partnered with a cyclone identification method to objectively identify secondary cyclones in 35 extended winter periods using reanalysis data. Cyclones are grouped into “cyclone families” consisting of a single primary cyclone and one or more secondary cyclones. This paper aims to quantify the differences between secondary and primary cyclones over the North Atlantic, and how cyclone families contribute to episodes of cyclone clustering across western Europe. Secondary cyclones are shown to occur most frequently in the central and eastern North Atlantic, whereas primary cyclones are commonly found over the western North Atlantic. Cyclone families have their strongest presence over the North Atlantic Ocean and contribute more than 50% of cyclones over the main North Atlantic storm track. A final category, solo cyclones, which are not associated with cyclogenesis on any connected fronts, are most commonly identified over continental regions as well as the Mediterranean Sea. Primary cyclones are associated with the development of an environment that is favourable for secondary cyclone growth. Enhanced Rossby wave breaking following primary cyclone development leads to an increase in the upper‐level jet speed and a decrease in low‐level stability. Secondary cyclogenesis commonly occurs in this region of anomalously low stability, close to the European continent. During periods of cyclone clustering, secondary cyclones are responsible for approximately 50% of the total number of cyclones. The increase in jet speed and decrease in static stability initiated by the primary cyclones acts to concentrate the genesis region of secondary cyclones and direct the cyclones that form along a similar track. While there is an increase in the secondary cyclogenesis rate near western Europe during periods of European clustering, the basin‐wide secondary cyclogenesis rate decreases during these periods. Thus the large‐scale environment redistributes secondary cyclones during periods of clustering rather than increasing the total number of secondary cyclones.
On the turbulence structure of deep katabatic flows on a gentle mesoscale slope
Authors: Stiperski Ivana , Holtslag Albert A. M. , Lehner Manuela , Hoch Sebastian W. , Whiteman C. David 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA comprehensive analysis of the turbulence structure of relatively deep midlatitude katabatic flows (with jet maxima between 20 and 50 m) developing over a gentle (1°) mesoscale slope with a long fetch upstream of the Meteor Crater in Arizona is presented. The turbulence structure of flow below the katabatic jet maximum shows many similarities with the turbulence structure of shallower katabatic flows, with decreasing turbulence fluxes with height and almost constant turbulent Prandtl number. Still stark differences occur above the jet maximum where turbulence is suppressed by strong stability, is anisotropic and there is a large sub‐mesoscale contribution to the flux. Detecting the stable boundary‐layer top depends on the method used (flux‐ vs. anisotropy‐profiles) but both methods are highly correlated. The top of the stable boundary layer, however, mostly deviates from the jet maximum height or the top of the near‐surface inversion. The flat‐terrain formulations for the boundary‐layer height correlate well with the detected top of the stable boundary layer if the near‐surface and not the background stratification is used in their formulations; however, they mostly largely overestimate this boundary‐layer height. The difference from flat‐terrain boundary layers is also shown through the dependence of size of the dominant eddy with height. In katabatic flows the eddy size is semi‐constant with height throughout the stable boundary‐layer depth, whereas in flat terrain, eddy size varies significantly with height. Flux‐gradient and flux‐variance relationships show that turbulence data from different stable boundary‐layer scaling regimes collapse on top of each other showing that the dominant dependence is not on the scaling regime but on the local stability.
Foehn–cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP2
Authors: Haid M. , Gohm A. , Umek L. , Ward H. C. , Muschinski T. , Lehner L. , Rotach M. W. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA case‐study is presented of a south foehn emanating from the Wipp Valley, Austria, which encountered a cold‐air pool (CAP) in the Inn Valley near the city of Innsbruck. The analysis is based on data collected during the second Intensive Observation Period of the Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn (PIANO) field experiment. Foehn was initiated on 3 November 2017 by an eastward moving trough and terminated in the afternoon of 5 November 2017 by a cold front passage. On two occasions, reversed foehn flow deflected at the mountain ridge north of Innsbruck penetrated to the bottom of the Inn Valley. The first breakthrough occurred in the afternoon of 4 November 2017. It was transient and locally limited to the northwest of the city. The second (final) breakthrough occurred in the morning of 5 November 2017 and was recorded by all surface stations in the vicinity of Innsbruck. It started with a foehn air intrusion to the northeast of Innsbruck and continued with the westward propagation of the foehn–CAP boundary along the valley. Subsequently observed northerly winds above the city were caused by an atmospheric rotor. A few hours later and prior to the cold front passage, the CAP pushed back and lifted the foehn air from the ground. During both nights, shear flow instabilities formed at the foehn–CAP interface, which resulted in turbulent heating of the CAP and cooling of the foehn. However, this turbulent heating/cooling was partly compensated by other mechanisms. Especially in the presence of strong spatial CAP heterogeneity during the second night, heating in the CAP was most likely overcompensated by negative horizontal temperature advection.
Synthesis of an Ion‐Imprinted Degreasing Cotton for the Selective Removal of Cu2+ from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Wang Pei , Tang Xu , Hu Lingquan , Yin Yankun , Chen Shaohua , Wang Hua , Wu Jing 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA novel ion‐imprinted degreasing cotton (IIC) was synthesized using a surface imprinting technique for the efficient selective adsorption of Cu2+ from aqueous solutions. The morphological structure of the samples was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and the chemical modification steps were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The maximum adsorption capacity of the IIC and non‐imprinted degreasing cotton (NIC) for Cu2+ was 41.49 mg/g and 19.17 mg/g, respectively, at the optimum pH value of 6. The kinetics studies demonstrated that the adsorption follows a pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. The dsorption isotherm analysis indicated that the Langmuir adsorption isotherm fits well with the adsorption equilibrium data. Also, the competitive studies show that the IIC has a good selectivity for Cu2+. In addition, the assessment of the reusability of a the IIC was tested for five successive cycles revealed no significant decrease of the adsorption capacity.
Leveraging Research on Informal Learning to Inform Policy on Promoting Early STEM
Authors: Hurst Michelle A. , Polinsky Naomi , Haden Catherine A. , Levine Susan C. , Uttal David H. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn recent decades, educators and policymakers in the United States have increased their focus on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) learning opportunities both in school and in informal learning environments outside of school. Informal STEM learning can take place in varied settings and involves a variety of STEM domains (e.g., engaging in engineering practices in a construction exhibit at a museum; talking about math during book reading at home). Here we provide a selective review of the literature on informal STEM learning to illustrate how these educational experiences are crucial for efforts to increase early STEM learning even before children reach school age. Leveraging cognitive and learning science research to inform policy, we make three recommendations to advance the impact of informal STEM learning: 1) integrate cognitive and learning science–based learning practices into informal learning contexts, 2) increase accessibility and diversity of informal STEM experiences, and 3) create explicit connections and coherence between formal and informal STEM learning opportunities in early childhood education.
How The Social Interactions in Communities affect the Fear of Crime
Authors: Pulido Cristian , Prieto Jeisson , Gómez Francisco 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFear of crime (FoC) refers to the subjective risk assessment of being a crime victim and the magnitude of its consequences. FoC emerges as a social construct, which is highly dependent on various psychological, cultural, and social factors. Mathematical models for the emergence and diffusion of information related to FoC relies on sequential and random interactions among persons. However, these interactions seem to be simultaneous and conditioned to members of particular social groups. Recent evidence suggests that in other spreading phenomena, the topology of the underlying network that supports individual communication may influence the community member's opinions. This paper studies how the FoC changes with preferential interaction between persons defined by a network with community structure. These particular networks are typical of many unequal societies. The results indicate that even if these supporting structures allow efficient communication, in the case of FoC propagation, this particular structure may promote an isolation effect of the FoC for the different communities. This isolation effect is higher for communities with low susceptibility to crime. Therefore, groups with low susceptibility to crime have higher feelings of security than groups with high susceptibility to crime when considering interactions in communities.
Countable Sofic Shifts with a Periodic Direction
Authors: Törmä Ilkka 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAs a variant of the equal entropy cover problem, we ask whether all multidimensional sofic shifts with countably many configurations have SFT covers with countably many configurations. We answer this question in the negative by presenting explicit counterexamples. We formulate necessary conditions for a vertically periodic shift space to have a countable SFT cover, and prove that they are sufficient in a natural (but quite restricted) subclass of shift spaces.
Quantitative PET imaging of PD-L1 expression in xenograft and syngeneic tumour models using a site-specifically labelled PD-L1 antibody
Authors: Christensen Camilla , Kristensen Lotte K. , Alfsen Maria Z. , Nielsen Carsten H. , Kjaer Andreas 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose
Despite remarkable clinical responses and prolonged survival across several cancers, not all patients benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade. Accordingly, assessment of tumour PD-L1 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is increasingly applied to guide patient selection, therapeutic monitoring, and improve overall response rates. However, tissue-based methods are invasive and prone to sampling error. We therefore developed a PET radiotracer to specifically detect PD-L1 expression in a non-invasive manner, which could be of diagnostic and predictive value.

Methods
Anti-PD-L1 (clone 6E11, Genentech) was site-specifically conjugated with DIBO-DFO and radiolabelled with 89Zr (89Zr-DFO-6E11). 89Zr-DFO-6E11 was optimized in vivo by longitudinal PET imaging and dose escalation with excess unlabelled 6E11 in HCC827 tumour-bearing mice. Specificity of 89Zr-DFO-6E11 was evaluated in NSCLC xenografts and syngeneic tumour models with different levels of PD-L1 expression. In vivo imaging data was supported by ex vivo biodistribution, flow cytometry, and IHC. To evaluate the predictive value of 89Zr-DFO-6E11 PET imaging, CT26 tumour-bearing mice were subjected to external radiation therapy (XRT) in combination with PD-L1 blockade.

Results
89Zr-DFO-6E11 was successfully labelled with a high radiochemical purity. The HCC827 tumours and lymphoid tissue were identified by 89Zr-DFO-6E11 PET imaging, and co-injection with 6E11 increased the relative tumour uptake and decreased the splenic uptake. 89Zr-DFO-6E11 detected the differences in PD-L1 expression among tumour models as evaluated by ex vivo methods. 89Zr-DFO-6E11 quantified the increase in PD-L1 expression in tumours and spleens of irradiated mice. XRT and anti-PD-L1 therapy effectively inhibited tumour growth in CT26 tumour-bearing mice (p < 0.01), and the maximum 89Zr-DFO-6E11 tumour-to-muscle ratio correlated with response to therapy (p = 0.0252).

Conclusion
PET imaging with 89Zr-DFO-6E11 is an attractive approach for specific, non-invasive, whole-body visualization of PD-L1 expression. PD-L1 expression can be modulated by radiotherapy regimens and 89Zr-DFO-6E11 PET is able to monitor these changes and predict the response to therapy in an immunocompetent tumour model.