bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-time measurement of isometric peak torque and rate of torque development using a novel strength testing device: a validity and reliability study
Authors: Palmer Ty B , Blinch Jarrod , Farrow Ahalee C , Agu-Udemba Chinonye C , Mitchell Ethan A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective: Isometric peak torque (PT) and rate of torque development (RTD) are important characteristics relevant to athletic performance. A novel device called the Dynamo Torque Analyzer calculates and displays real-time measurements of isometric PT and RTD. However, the ability of the Dynamo to provide valid and reliable isometric PT and RTD measurements similar to those of an isokinetic dynamometer remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the reliability and magnitude of isometric leg extension and flexion PT and RTD measurements between an isokinetic dynamometer and the Dynamo Torque Analyzer. Approach: Twenty healthy, recreationally-active adults (age = 22 ± 3 years; height = 169 ± 10 cm; mass = 71 ± 18 kg) performed three isometric leg extension and flexion maximal voluntary contractions on two different occasions, from which isometric PT and early (RTD100), late (RTD200), and maximum (Peak RTD) RTD characteristics were measured by an isokinetic dynamometer and the Dynamo. Main results: Isometric leg extension and flexion PT and RTD characteristics were highly consistent across sessions for both the isokinetic dynamometer and Dynamo devices, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.935–0.984 and standard errors of measurement expressed as a percentage of the mean of 4.93–14.46%. There were significant positive relationships between the isokinetic dynamometer and Dynamo for all PT and RTD characteristics (r ≥ 0.994; P < 0.001). Moreover, no significant differences between devices were observed for these variables (P = 0.107–0.555). Significance: These findings suggest that the Dynamo Torque Analyzer may be a valid and reliable device for measuring isometric PT and RTD of the lower-body musculature.
Optimization of finite-sized modular coils for advanced stellarators
Authors: Li Yangbo , Liu Haifeng , Xu Yuhong , Shimizu Akihiro , Kinoshita Shigeyoshi , Okamura Shoichi , Isobe Mitsutaka , Xiong Guozhen , Luo Yang , Cheng Jun , Liu Hai , Wang Xianqu , Huang Jie , Zhang Xin , Yin Dapeng , Wan Yi , Tang Changjian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
To date, almost all coil-design codes, e.g. NESCOIL, COILOPT, FOCUS codes, etc, have been primarily attributed to the optimization of filament coils for stellarators. However, evolving to a practical/finite-sized coil from a filament coil, the finite-size effect of coils significantly constrains the fabrication tolerances of a coil system. This paper presents a novel approach that emphasizes the optimization of practical modular coils to reduce sensitivity to fabrication tolerances and to achieve the expected magnetic configurations precisely. A new evaluation parameter, surface twist, is defined in this paper and applied to the optimization sequence in addition to the practical coil line torsion and curvature. The approach has been applied to the framework of the filament coil scheme in the Chinese first quasi-axisymmetric stellarator. This practical coil system without surface twists has been accomplished. Compared to the original finite-sized coil design, the new result is a more considerable simplification of coil shapes, such that in a certain direction view each finite-sized coil becomes a planar-like one. Moreover, this method can also be implemented for the estimation of stochastic deviations of practical coils during the fabrication and assembly of the coil system.
Peculiarities of spatial relaxation of the mean electron energy in inert gases and their mixtures in a uniform electric field
Authors: Dyatko N A , Kochetov I V , Ochkin V N 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A theoretical study of the spatial relaxation characteristics of the mean electron energy in a uniform electric field in He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and a mixture of He:Xe was performed. Calculations were carried out with the use of the Monte Carlo technique. Electrons were launched at some point z = 0, and the electron energy distribution function and the mean electron energy u
m(z) were calculated at various distances from the source. According to calculations, for pure gases in a wide range of the electric field strength E, the dependence u
m(z) has the form of damped oscillations. At that, the relaxation length L and the oscillation period Λ are almost independent of the form of the energy spectrum of the electron source. It is shown that for all pure gases the calculated dependences L(E) have the shape of a hump, and for each gas the position of the maximum corresponds to such E values at which the energy lost by electrons in elastic collisions is about 4%–8%. For the case of Xe we also studied the variation of L(E) depending on the set of cross sections used in the calculations. It was also shown that for the same E value, the relaxation length in He:Xe mixture differs significantly from that in pure He or Xe. Moreover, u
m(z) in a certain range of parameters (E and percentage of Xe in the gas mixture) is characterized by the sum of two damped oscillations with different spatial periods.
Scaling of pulsed nanosecond capillary plasmas at different specific energy deposition
Authors: Zhu Yifei , Starikovskaia Svetlana M , Babaeva Natalia Yu , Kushner Mark J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Nano-second, capillary discharges (nCDs) are unique plasma sources in their ability to sustain high specific energy deposition ω
dep approaching 10 eV/molecule in molecular gases. This high energy loading on short timescales produces both high plasma densities and high densities of molecular exited states. These high densities of electrons and excited states interact with each other during the early afterglow through electron collision quenching and associative ionization. In this paper we discuss results from a two-dimensional computational investigation of a nCD sustained in air at a pressure of 28.5 mbar and with a voltage amplitude 20 kV. Discharges were investigated for two circuit configurations—a floating low voltage electrode and with the low voltage electrode connected to ground through a ballast resistor. The first configuration produced a single ionization wave from the high to low voltage electrode. The second produced converging ionization waves beginning at both electrodes. With a decrease of the tube radius, the velocity of the ionization fronts decreased while the shape of the ionization wave changed from the electron density being distributed smoothly in the radial direction, to being hollow shaped where there is a higher electron density near the tube wall. For sufficiently small tubes, the near-wall maxima merge to have the higher density on the axis of the capillary tube. In the early afterglow, the temporal and radial behavior of the N2(C3Πu) density is a sensitive function of ω
dep due to electron collision quenching. These trends indicate that starting from ω
dep ⩾ 0.3 eV/molecule, it is necessary to take into account interactions of electrons with electronically excited species during the discharge and early afterglow.
Matrix techniques for Lamb-wave damage imaging in metal plates
Authors: Neubeck Robert , Kexel Christian , Moll Jochen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The implementation of efficient maintenance strategies of thin-walled structural components require reliable damage detection and localization techniques. In particular, guided ultrasonic waves technology represent an auspicious approach when implemented in a structural health monitoring system. The method is usually based on distributed sensing with piezoelectric elements that act in turn as ultrasound transmitter and receiver. This work aims at a unifying framework for damage localization considering algorithms from different scientific disciplines, e.g. originated from radar and geophysics. Here, we systematically express those algorithms in matrix form and compare the respective damage localization performance with experimental measurements considering an isotropic specimen with a single and also multiple simultaneous defects. In addition, we evaluate the algorithms’ point spread function and propose performance metrics to quantitatively compare the imaging success.
Flexible and wearable wristband for harvesting human body heat based on coral-like PEDOT:Tos-coated nanofibrous film
Authors: Zhang Xuefei , Li Ting-Ting , Ren Hai-Tao , Peng Haokai , Jiang Qian , Wu Liwei , Shiu Bing‐Chiuan , Wang Yanting , Lou Ching-Wen , Lin Jia-Horng 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A flexible and wearable thermoelectric wristband consisting of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):p-toluenesulfonic acid (PEDOT:Tos)-coated nanofibrous film (P-type legs) and a Ag nanoparticle-coated nanofibrous film (N-type legs) is constructed to realize the thermoelectric conversion by harvesting of the human body heat. Here, P-type legs are prepared via low-temperature in-situ interfacial polymerization, and a coral-like structure is formed on nanofiber. The resultant P-type leg exhibits a high electrical conductivity of 24.50 S cm−1 and a Seebeck coefficient of 13.67 μV K−1 at a temperature difference (ΔT) of 30 °C. Meanwhile, the N-type legs are fabricated via facile wet electroless deposition exhibits an electrical conductivity of 100 S cm−1. Thus, the constructed fiber-based wristband comprises of seven pairs of P-N legs, and can generate a maximum voltage of ∼0.18 mV at ΔT = 10 °C between user’s skin and the environment. Meanwhile, power is up to 101.51 pW after swinging the arm for 5 min. This thermoelectric wristband successfully completes the recycling of the human body heat and provides a new strategy for developing textile-based thermoelectric devices and monitoring human intelligence.
A dynamic gravimetric standard for liquid flow measurements
Authors: Saba F , Malengo A , Santiano M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
An improved primary method for the calibration of liquid flow meters based on dynamic weighing has been adopted at the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica. Compared to the other dynamic methods currently in use, based on submerged liquid jet flows, the proposed method has the advantage of not requiring the correction for the hydrostatic buoyancy force exerted on the immersed tube. This is possible since the immersion depth of the tube is held constant during the dynamic weighing process, entailing, consequently, a constant back pressure at the outlet section of the immersed tube and a more stable liquid meniscus at the tube outer surface, which both improve the accuracy of measurement. Although at present the proposed apparatus has been tested in the range between 10 kg h−1 and 60 kg h−1, this improved dynamic method would be particularly suitable for lower flow rate as well. The results have shown that relative uncertainties of the order of 0.01% can be obtained.
Observation of non-thermal electron formation during the thermal quench of shattered pellet injection shutdowns in DIII-D
Authors: Hollmann E.M. , Shiraki D. , Baylor L. , Bykov I. , Eidietis N.W. , Golovkin I. , Herfindal J.L. , Lvovskiy A. , McLean A. , Moyer R.A. , O’Gorman T. , Parks P.B. , Popović Ž. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Formation of non-thermal (hot) electrons is studied during the thermal quench of shattered pellet injection (SPI) discharge shutdowns in the DIII-D tokamak. Both pure neon and mixed neon/deuterium shutdowns are studied. High-energy radiation (SXR and EUV) brightness levels show indications of non-thermal electron formation during the TQ. The non-thermal densities are of order 1018 m−3 and non-thermal temperatures are estimated to be of order 10 keV. The non-thermal electrons appear to be mostly lost during the subsequent current quench, as no signal of relativistic runaway electrons is typically seen at the end of the current quench. The non-thermals appear to have an effect on the deposition profile of the SPI pellets, especially at the end of the TQ, due to increased pellet ablation.
Terahertz near-field microscopy of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast
Authors: Okada Kosuke , Serita Kazunori , Cassar Quentin , Murakami Hironaru , MacGrogan Gaëtan , Guillet Jean-Paul , Mounaix Patrick , Tonouchi Masayoshi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Imaging with terahertz (THz) waves has been expected as a non-invasive/non-staining visualization tool for breast cancer margins during surgeries. Breast cancer is a generic name for a heterogeneous lesion comprising invasive adenocarcinoma, in situ adenocarcinoma, most frequently in the form of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and benign tissues. Until now, THz imaging has focused on invasive adenocarcinoma; however, THz analysis of DCIS has hardly been performed. One of the reasons is that the size of an individual DCIS lesion, ranging from 50 to 500 µm, is typically much smaller than that of an invasive carcinoma. This makes it difficult to identify these lesions by THz imaging, which has only a diffraction-limited spatial resolution of several millimeters. To overcome this drawback, we have developed a scanning point terahertz source (SPoTS) microscope with a resolution of 20 µm, in which a near-infrared-pump-laser-induced two-dimensionally-scannable point THz source (φ
THz ≈ φ
Pump) generated in a GaAs crystal contacts a sample. In this study, utilizing this state-of-the-art microscope, we mainly performed THz near-field transmission imaging of a paraffin-embedded human breast cancer sample containing invasive carcinoma and DCIS, as a preliminary study. Consequently, for the first time, we succeeded in clearly visualizing a DCIS lesion of ∼φ500 µm in the THz images. It was also found that the THz attenuation by DCIS was higher than that by invasive ductal carcinoma. Furthermore, also in a reflection-mode measurement, we successfully obtained a similar outcome to the above transmission-mode one. These results can be caused by the interaction between the THz waves and the cellular density, indicating that SPoTS microscopy may be suitable for DCIS diagnosis.
Defining Core Competencies for Epidemiologists in Academic Settings to Tackle Tomorrow’s Health Research Challenges: A Structured, Multinational Effort
Authors: Abraham Alison , Gille Doreen , Puhan Milo A , ter Riet Gerben , von Wyl Viktor ,   for the International Consortium on Teaching Epidemiology
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Only a few efforts have been made to define core competencies for epidemiologists working in academic settings. Here we describe a multinational effort to define competencies for epidemiologists, who are increasingly facing emerging and potentially disruptive technological and societal health trends in academic research. During a 1.5-year period (2017–2019), we followed an iterative process that aimed to be inclusive and multinational to reflect the various perspectives of a diverse group of epidemiologists. Competencies were developed by a consortium in a consensus-oriented process that spanned 3 main activities: 2 in-person interactive meetings held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Zurich, Switzerland, and an online survey. In total, 93 meeting participants from 16 countries and 173 respondents from 19 countries contributed to the development of 31 competencies. These 31 competencies included 14 on “developing a scientific question” and “study planning,” 12 on “study conduct and analysis,” 3 on “overarching competencies,” and 2 on “communication and translation.” The process described here provides a consensus-based framework for defining and adapting the field. It should initiate a continuous process of thinking about competencies and the implications for teaching epidemiology to ensure that epidemiologists working in academic settings are well prepared for today’s and tomorrow’s health research.
Genome-Wide Gene-by-Smoking Interaction Study of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Kim Woori , Prokopenko Dmitry , Sakornsakolpat Phuwanat , Hobbs Brian D , Lutz Sharon M , Hokanson John E , Wain Louise V , Melbourne Carl A , Shrine Nick , Tobin Martin D , Silverman Edwin K , Cho Michael H , Beaty Terri H 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is determined by both cigarette smoking and genetic susceptibility, but little is known about gene-by-smoking interactions. We performed a genome-wide association analysis of 179,689 controls and 21,077 COPD cases from UK Biobank subjects of European ancestry recruited from 2006 to 2010, considering genetic main effects and gene-by-smoking interaction effects simultaneously (2-degrees-of-freedom (df) test) as well as interaction effects alone (1-df interaction test). We sought to replicate significant results in COPDGene (United States, 2008–2010) and SpiroMeta Consortium (multiple countries, 1947–2015) data. We considered 2 smoking variables: 1) ever/never and 2) current/noncurrent. In the 1-df test, we identified 1 genome-wide significant locus on 15q25.1 (cholinergic receptor nicotinic β4 subunit, or CHRNB4) for ever- and current smoking and identified PI*Z allele (rs28929474) of serpin family A member 1 (SERPINA1) for ever-smoking and 3q26.2 (MDS1 and EVI1 complex locus, or MECOM) for current smoking in an analysis of previously reported COPD loci. In the 2-df test, most of the significant signals were also significant for genetic marginal effects, aside from 16q22.1 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3, or SMPD3) and 19q13.2 (Egl-9 family hypoxia inducible factor 2, or EGLN2). The significant effects at 15q25.1 and 19q13.2 loci, both previously described in prior genome-wide association studies of COPD or smoking, were replicated in COPDGene and SpiroMeta. We identified interaction effects at previously reported COPD loci; however, we failed to identify novel susceptibility loci.
Social work praxis in policy: Reflections from India
Authors: Sinha Ruchi , Juvva Srilatha 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Viewing social work as a discipline gives primary attention to theories and perspectives, whereas viewing it as a profession places emphasis on practice and skills. It is assumed that theoretical frames enable a shift from particularities to the glocal view, thus ensuring pluralism. While it is hinted that practice embedded in ‘methods of social work’ is limited and a prisoner of historical practice realms, what one misses in these myopic distinctions is that, in social work the ‘centrality’ of person/client is non-negotiable. These newer conceptualisations embrace ‘in situations’ and radical perspectives across all methods of social work. Methods of social work provide the base to traverse the micro–macro linkages and ensure policy focus on individuals, structure, systems, cultural norms and its consequent impact. Praxis of the methods is imperative to make policies relevant. This article presents the robustness of methods in firming policies, for addressing situations of exclusion and powerlessness, with the values of inclusion and empowerment. Drawing on the Bordieu’s fields of power, capital and habitus, the article elucidates the application of methods of social work in a neo-liberal world to challenge structures that perpetuate inequity and translates the operationalisation of individual agency.
Comparison of Household Transmission of Influenza Virus From Index Patients Treated With Baloxavir Marboxil or Neuraminidase Inhibitors: A Health Insurance Claims Database Study
Authors: Komeda Takuji , Takazono Takahiro , Hosogaya Naoki , Ogura Eriko , Fujiwara Masakazu , Miyauchi Hideyuki , Ajisawa Yoshikazu , Iwata Shinpei , Watanabe Hideaki , Honda Keiichi , Kitanishi Yoshitake , Hara Kanae , Mukae Hiroshi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Baloxavir marboxil (baloxavir) is expected to reduce influenza transmission by rapid reduction of viral load. The incidence of household transmission was compared between index patients (IPs) treated with baloxavir and those treated with neuraminidase inhibitors.

Methods
Using a Japanese claims database, the first family members with influenza diagnosis during the 2018–2019 influenza season were identified as IPs, and the diagnosis date was designated day 1. According to the anti-influenza drug dispensed to the IP, their families were classified into the oral baloxavir group and 3 controls: oral oseltamivir group (a primary control), inhaled zanamivir group, and inhaled laninamivir group. A household transmission was defined as influenza diagnosed for any non-IP family members during days 3−8. The incidence of household transmission was compared between groups using a logistic regression model adjusting backgrounds of IPs.

Results
The proportion of families with household transmission was 17.98% (15 226 of 84 672) in the baloxavir group and 24.16% (14 983 of 62 004) in the oseltamivir group. The covariate-adjusted odds ratio (oseltamivir/baloxavir) was 1.09 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.05–1.12), which indicated significantly lower incidence in the baloxavir group. The adjusted odds ratios (controls/baloxavir) against zanamivir and laninamivir were 0.93 (95% CI, .89–.97) and 0.99 (95% CI, .96–1.02), respectively.

Conclusions
Baloxavir may contribute to reduction in household transmission compared with oseltamivir. In comparison between baloxavir and inhalants, a similar reduction was not shown and it might be due to unmeasured confounding by administration route differences.
Risk Factors for Testing Positive for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in a National United States Healthcare System
Authors: Fan Vincent S , Dominitz Jason A , Eastment McKenna C , Locke Emily R , Green Pamela , Berry Kristin , O’Hare Ann M , Shah Javeed A , Crothers Kristina , Ioannou George N 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Identifying risk factors for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection could help health systems improve testing and screening strategies. The aim of this study was to identify demographic factors, comorbid conditions, and symptoms independently associated with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2.

Methods
This was an observational cross-sectional study at the Veterans Health Administration, including persons tested for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) between 28 February and 14 May 2020. Associations between demographic characteristics, diagnosed comorbid conditions, and documented symptoms with testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 were measured.

Results
Of 88 747 persons tested, 10 131 (11.4%) were SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive. Positivity was associated with older age (≥80 vs &lt;50 years: adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.16 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.97–2.37]), male sex (aOR, 1.45 [95% CI, 1.34–1.57]), regional SARS-CoV-2 burden (≥2000 vs &lt;400 cases/million: aOR, 5.43 [95% CI, 4.97–5.93]), urban residence (aOR, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.70–1.87]), black (aOR, 2.15 [95% CI, 2.05–2.26]) or American Indian/Alaska Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (aOR, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.05–1.52]) vs white race, and Hispanic ethnicity (aOR, 1.52 [95% CI, 1.40–1.65]). Obesity and diabetes were the only 2 medical conditions associated with testing positive. Documented fevers, chills, cough, and diarrhea were also associated with testing positive. The population attributable fraction of positive tests was highest for geographic location (35.3%), followed by demographic variables (27.1%), symptoms (12.0%), obesity (10.5%), and diabetes (0.4%).

Conclusions
The majority of positive SARS-CoV-2 tests were attributed to geographic location, demographic characteristics, and obesity, with a minor contribution of chronic comorbid conditions.