bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement and genetic architecture of lifetime depression in the Netherlands as assessed by LIDAS (Lifetime Depression Assessment Self-report)
Authors: Fedko Iryna O. , Hottenga Jouke-Jan , Helmer Quinta , Mbarek Hamdi , Huider Floris , Amin Najaf , Beulens Joline W. , Bremmer Marijke A. , Elders Petra J. , Galesloot Tessel E. , Kiemeney Lambertus A. , van Loo Hanna M. , Picavet H. Susan J. , Rutters Femke , van der Spek Ashley , van de Wiel Anne M. , van Duijn Cornelia , de Geus Eco J. C. , Feskens Edith J. M. , Hartman Catharina A. , Oldehinkel Albertine J. , Smit Jan H. , Verschuren W. M. Monique , Penninx Brenda W. J. H. , Boomsma Dorret I. , Bot Mariska 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a common mood disorder, with a heritability of around 34%. Molecular genetic studies made significant progress and identified genetic markers associated with the risk of MDD; however, progress is slowed down by substantial heterogeneity as MDD is assessed differently across international cohorts. Here, we used a standardized online approach to measure MDD in multiple cohorts in the Netherlands and evaluated whether this approach can be used in epidemiological and genetic association studies of depression.MethodsWithin the Biobank Netherlands Internet Collaboration (BIONIC) project, we collected MDD data in eight cohorts involving 31 936 participants, using the online Lifetime Depression Assessment Self-report (LIDAS), and estimated the prevalence of current and lifetime MDD in 22 623 unrelated individuals. In a large Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) twin-family dataset (n ≈ 18 000), we estimated the heritability of MDD, and the prediction of MDD in a subset (n = 4782) through Polygenic Risk Score (PRS).ResultsEstimates of current and lifetime MDD prevalence were 6.7% and 18.1%, respectively, in line with population estimates based on validated psychiatric interviews. In the NTR heritability estimates were 0.34/0.30 (s.e. = 0.02/0.02) for current/lifetime MDD, respectively, showing that the LIDAS gives similar heritability rates for MDD as reported in the literature. The PRS predicted risk of MDD (OR 1.23, 95% CI 1.15–1.32, R2 = 1.47%).ConclusionsBy assessing MDD status in the Netherlands using the LIDAS instrument, we were able to confirm previously reported MDD prevalence and heritability estimates, which suggests that this instrument can be used in epidemiological and genetic association studies of depression.
Whyjumpedis so difficult: tense/aspect marking in Mandarin–English bilingual children
Authors: NICOLADIS Elena , YANG Yuehan , JIANG Zixia 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLearning to mark for tense in a second language is notoriously difficult for speakers of a tenseless language like Chinese. In this study we test two reasons for these difficulties in Chinese–English sequential bilingual children: (1) morphophonological transfer (i.e., avoidance of complex codas), and (2) interpretation of–edas an aspect marker of completion, like the Mandarin–le. Mandarin–English bilingual children and age-matched monolinguals did a cartoon retell task. The verbs used in the stories were coded for accuracy in English, telicity, and suppliance of–edor–le. The results were consistent with morphophonological transfer: the bilingual children were more accurate with irregular past forms in English than regular forms. The results were also consistent with the bilingual children's interpretation of–edas an aspect marker: most of their production of–edwas on telic verbs. We discuss possible reasons for the children's interpretation of–edas an aspect marker.
The Subversive Potential of Wikipedia: A Resource for Diversifying Political Science Content Online
Authors: Timperley Claire 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTWikipedia is a powerful tool that reinforces dominant knowledge paradigms, especially those emanating from the Global North. Simultaneously, it has subversive potential to challenge these paradigms, offering a far-reaching platform to voices that have been traditionally marginalized and underserved. Despite this potential, instructors often employ an “abstinence approach” to Wikipedia, telling students to avoid using it in their academic work. This article advocates for active engagement with Wikipedia with the aim of challenging bias resulting from omission or underrepresentation of particular material to develop more diverse, publicly accessible political science content. First, I explain the theoretical objectives of the assignment and describe its structure. Then I reflect on its successes, challenges, and possible modifications.
Animals and the Impact of Trade Law and Policy: A Global Animal Law Question
Authors: Offor Iyan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThere is a critical research gap regarding the trade and animal welfare interface: we do not know, empirically, what the impact of trade on animal welfare is. This gap exists, in part, as a result of the paternalism of international trade law and the underdevelopment of global animal law. This article addresses, firstly, the collision of dichotomous trade and animal welfare priorities in legal and political systems. It then explores attempts at reconciliation by the World Trade Organization and the European Union. This involves an investigation of the impact of trade on animal welfare. This impact is categorized into four component parts: (i) open markets, (ii) low animal-welfare havens, (iii) a chilling effect, and (iv) lack of labelling. Case studies from the European Union are examined. Thirdly, the article critiques trade law and policy as ill-suited primary drivers of global governance for animals. Global animal law is identified as a promising alternative, although its early development has been unduly affected by international trade law.
Soil COS Exchange: A Comparison of Three European Ecosystems
Authors: Kitz Florian , Spielmann Felix M. , Hammerle Albin , Kolle Olaf , Migliavacca Mirco , Moreno Gerardo , Ibrom Andreas , Krasnov Dmitrii , Noe Steffen M. , Wohlfahrt Georg 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe potential of carbonyl sulfide (COS) flux measurements as an additional constraint for estimating the gross primary production depends, among other preconditions, on our understanding of the soil COS exchange and its contribution to the overall net ecosystem COS flux. We conducted soil chamber measurements of COS, with transparent chambers, in three different ecosystems across Europe. The in situ measurements were followed by laboratory measurements of soil samples collected at the study sites. The soil samples were exposed to UV radiation to investigate the role of photo‐degradation for COS exchange. In situ and laboratory measurements revealed pronounced intersite and intrasite variability of COS exchange. In situ COS fluxes were primarily governed by radiation in the savannah‐like grassland (SAV), soil temperature and intrasite heterogeneity in the deciduous broadleaf forest, and soil water content and intrasite heterogeneity in the evergreen needleleaf forest. The soil of the ecosystem with the highest light intensity incident on the soil surface, SAV, was a net source for COS, while the soils of the other two ecosystems were COS sinks. UV radiation increased COS emissions and/or reduced COS uptake from all soil samples under laboratory conditions. The impact of UV on the COS flux differed between soil samples, with a tendency toward a stronger response of the COS flux to UV radiation exposure in samples with higher soil organic matter content. Our results emphasize the importance of photo‐degradation for the soil COS flux and stress the substantial spatial variability of soil COS exchange in ecosystems.
Observations Show That Wind Farms Substantially Modify the Atmospheric Boundary Layer Thermal Stratification Transition in the Early Evening
Authors: Rajewski D. A. , Takle E. S. , VanLoocke A. , Purdy S. L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSingle wind turbines and large wind farms modify local scales of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) turbulence through different mechanisms dependent on location within the wind farm. These changes in turbulence scales would most likely have notable influence on surface fluxes and microclimate during the afternoon and early evening stability transition. Profiles of Richardson number and shear and buoyancy from 1‐Hz tall tower measurements in and near a wind farm in an agricultural landscape were used to quantify departures in stability characteristics during the fallow seasons. A single turbine wake decoupled turbulent connection between the surface and above the wind turbine, changed the onset of near‐surface stabilization (earlier by a few hours), and lengthened the transition period (by up to an hour) within the rotor wake. Deep within a large wind farm, turbulence recovered to near‐ambient conditions and departures of the transition onset and duration were within 30 min of the natural ABL.
A Model for the Effusion Rate Produced by a Magma Pulse
Authors: Dragoni Michele , Piombo Antonello 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe assume that a magma pulse enters a magma chamber from the plumbing system, producing an overpressure triggering an effusive volcanic eruption. The chamber is modeled as a spherical cavity in an elastic half‐space, connected to the Earth's surface by a vertical conduit, and the magma as an incompressible Newtonian liquid. Overpressure in the chamber is calculated as a function of time during the eruption and has different behaviors depending on the characteristics of the magma pulse and of the volcanic system. The time history of effusion rate is controlled by the pulse duration and the geometrical and rheological parameters of the model. The calculated effusion rates are compared with different classes of effusion rates extrapolated from historical data of Mount Etna, which are asymmetric functions of time. For appropriate values of the model parameters, the calculated time histories are found to fit well those derived from observation.
Impact of Satellite Observations on Forecasting Sudden Stratospheric Warmings
Authors: Noguchi S. , Kuroda Y. , Mukougawa H. , Mizuta R. , Kobayashi C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe observational impacts of satellite data assimilation on extended‐range forecasts of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) are investigated by conducting ensemble forecast experiments. We use two Japanese novel reanalysis products: the Japanese 55‐year reanalysis (JRA‐55) and its subset that assimilates conventional observations only (JRA‐55C). A comparative examination on the reproducibility for SSWs between the two ensemble forecasts reveals that the impact of satellite observations is significant for forecasts starting 5 days before the SSW onset, with 20% less accuracy in the JRA‐55C forecasts. Moreover, some of forecasts of vortex‐splitting SSWs show a sudden appearance of deep difference, which lasts over a few months in the lower stratosphere and significantly affects the surface climate. These results highlight an important role of mesospheric and upper stratospheric circulations on the onset and development of SSWs.
Relative Contributions of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Coupled Processes to North Pacific and North Atlantic Variability
Authors: Myers Timothy A. , Mechoso Carlos R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPatterns of sea surface temperature (SST) variability over the northern oceans arise from a combination of atmospheric, oceanic, and coupled processes. Here we use a novel methodology and a suite of observations to quantify the processes contributing to the dominant patterns of interannual SST variability over these regions. We decompose the upper ocean heat content tendency associated with such dominant patterns into contributions from different heat fluxes: (a) atmospherically driven, (b) surface feedbacks, and (c) oceanic. We find that in the subtropics, cloud radiative flux, turbulent heat flux, and residual oceanic processes each contributes substantially to North Pacific SST variability, whereas turbulent heat flux primarily induces North Atlantic SST variability. Cloud radiative fluxes therefore provide a major source of interannual SST variability in the North Pacific but not in the North Atlantic. In midlatitudes, SST fluctuations over the northern oceans are driven by the combination of turbulent and oceanic heat fluxes.
Flexure of the Lithosphere Beneath the North Polar Cap of Mars: Implications for Ice Composition and Heat Flow
Authors: Broquet A. , Wieczorek M. A. , Fa W. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe geodynamical response of the lithosphere under stresses imposed by the geologically young north polar cap is one of the few clues we have to constrain both the polar cap composition and the present‐day thermal state of Mars. Here we combine radar data with a flexural loading model to self‐consistently estimate the density (
) and real dielectric constant (
) of the polar cap, and the elastic thickness of the lithosphere underneath (
). Our results show that
ranges from 920 to 1,520 kg m
,
is 2.75 (+0.40,
0.35), and
is between 330 and 450 km. We determine a polar cap volume that is up to 30% larger than current estimates that all neglect lithospheric flexure. Our inferred compositions suggest that, for dust content larger than about 6 vol%, 10 vol% CO
ice is mixed within the polar deposits, which has important implications for the climate evolution of Mars.
Analysis of Plasma Irregularities on a Range of Scintillation‐Scales Using the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radars
Authors: Lamarche Leslie J. , Varney Roger H. , Siefring Carl L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractScintillation in the polar cap ionosphere is observed with a Coherent Electromagnetic Radio Tomography (CERTO) receiver while the Resolute Bay Incoherent Scatter Radars (RISR) provide background plasma conditions in a 3D volume. We interpret fluctuations in the very high frequency (VHF) and ultrahigh frequency (UHF) signal associated with mid‐scale ionospheric structuring using 3D density gradients and plasma drift velocity vectors and calculate the maximum gradient drift instability growth rate. Plasma structuring is evident for any plasma density gradient, but sub‐kilometer structures are less likely on the leading edge of polar patches, possibly due to a much faster diffusion rate for small‐scale structures. Structures are much more uniformly distributed around density enhancements that do not have clear leading and trailing edges. Although the gradient drift instability is an important factor in polar cap structuring, linear growth rates are most successful at predicting structuring around isolated density enhancements in consistent plasma flows. For more general density gradients, the time history of a plasma parcel and local diffusion rates must also be considered.
Morphological Differences of the Northern Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Between the Eastern Asian and American Sectors
Authors: Liu Jing , Zhang Donghe , Mo Xiaohua , Xiong Chao , Hao Yongqiang , Xiao Zuo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe morphological difference of the northern equatorial ionization anomaly between the eastern Asian and American sectors is statistically studied with ground‐based total electron content data from 2000 to 2011. The intensity (Ic), latitudinal location (Lc), and occurrence time (Tc) of the daytime equatorial ionization anomaly crest are derived from daytime peak total electron content in time‐latitude plots. The main results are as follows. Lc in the two sectors exhibits an apparent difference, especially in solar minimum, during which Lc in the American sector shows an annual variation that is more poleward in northern summer and more equatorward in northern winter, while Lc in the eastern Asian sector shows a semiannual variation that is more poleward around equinoxes and more equatorward around solstices. Ic tends to be stronger in the eastern Asian sector than that in the American sector in all seasons, and this difference increases with the increase of the solar flux index. Tc tends to be earlier in northern winter and later in northern summer in both sectors and shows dependence on solar activity. We demonstrate that the seasonal variation of Lc in the American sector is not dominated by the ionospheric equatorial zonal electric field, and suggest that the difference of Lc between the two sectors is probably related to different meridional wind effects due to the displacement of geographic and magnetic equators. The Ic difference is probably related to the longitudinal wave number‐3 and ‐4 structures driven by tidal forcing from the 5lower atmosphere.
Fine‐Scale Visualization of Aurora in a Wide Area Using Color Digital Camera Images From the International Space Station
Authors: Nanjo Sota , Hozumi Yuta , Hosokawa Keisuke , Kataoka Ryuho , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Oyama Shin‐ichiro , Ozaki Mitsunori , Shiokawa Kazuo , Kurita Satoshi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe full‐color photographs of aurora have been taken with digital single‐lens reflex cameras mounted on the International Space Station (ISS). Since these photographs do not have accurate time and geographical information, in order to use them as scientific data, it is necessary to calibrate the imaging parameters (such as looking direction and angle of view of the camera) of the photographs. For this purpose, we calibrated the imaging parameters using a city light image taken from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellite following the method of Hozumi et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-016-0532-z). We mapped the photographs onto the geographic coordinate system using the calibrated imaging parameters. To evaluate the accuracy of the mapping, we compared the aurora taken simultaneously from ISS and ground. Comparing the spatial structure of discrete aurora and the temporal variation of pulsating aurora, the accuracy of the data set is less than 0.3 s in time and less than 5 km in space in the direction perpendicular to the looking direction of the camera. The generated data set has a wide field of view (
1,100
900 km), and their temporal resolution is less than 1 s. Not only that, the field of view can sweep a wide area (
3,000 km in longitude) in a short time (
10 min). Thus, this new imaging capability will enable us to capture the evolution of fine‐scale spatial structure of aurora in a wide area.
Subseasonal Variability of Elevated Dust Concentrations Over South Florida
Authors: Kramer S. J. , Kirtman B. P. , Zuidema P. , Ngan F. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDust mass concentrations have been measured daily at Miami, Florida, in the summer months, and biweekly throughout the remaining months, since 1974. The 43‐year record of dust mass concentrations indicate large daily, seasonal, and interannual variations, with most of the dust arriving within 5–8 episodes each summer. On average, dust arrives to Miami, Florida, 10 days after emission from North Africa, with measured concentrations depending on characteristics of the lower free‐tropospheric winds due to the vast travel distance. Daily dust mass concentrations from July and August, the months that contribute the most to the annual mean, are used to characterize the synoptic conditions most favorable for dust transport. Two key regions are linked with the highest daily dust mass concentrations above Miami: (i) easterly winds, averaged over 850–500 mb, over the Tropical West Atlantic [15–25°N, 45–80°W], and (ii) southerly winds, similarly averaged, over the Florida Peninsula [20–30°N,75–80°W]. Winds within these two regions are enhanced when the North Atlantic subtropical high is displaced south and zonally elongated, relocating the western edge over Florida. A dust‐transport‐efficiency index, based on the maximum potential for dust to arrive above Miami with limited loss to deposition or mixing, identifies high‐dust loading cases on the subseasonal scale. Monthly dust‐transport‐efficiency values agree well with the monthly dust trends over the 43‐year time span. While seasonal dust loadings have been decreasing over Florida in the past decade, the transport efficiency has been increasing, possibly due to trends in the North Atlantic subtropical high.
A comparative genomics study of 23 Aspergillus species from section Flavi
Authors: Kjærbølling Inge , Vesth Tammi , Frisvad Jens C. , Nybo Jane L. , Theobald Sebastian , Kildgaard Sara , Petersen Thomas Isbrandt , Kuo Alan , Sato Atsushi , Lyhne Ellen K. , Kogle Martin E. , Wiebenga Ad , Kun Roland S. , Lubbers Ronnie J. M. , Mäkelä Miia R. , Barry Kerrie , Chovatia Mansi , Clum Alicia , Daum Chris , Haridas Sajeet , He Guifen , LaButti Kurt , Lipzen Anna , Mondo Stephen , Pangilinan Jasmyn , Riley Robert , Salamov Asaf , Simmons Blake A. , Magnuson Jon K. , Henrissat Bernard , Mortensen Uffe H. , Larsen Thomas O. , de Vries Ronald P. , Grigoriev Igor V. , Machida Masayuki , Baker Scott E. , Andersen Mikael R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSectionFlaviencompasses both harmful and beneficialAspergillusspecies, such asAspergillus oryzae, used in food fermentation and enzyme production, andAspergillus flavus, food spoiler and mycotoxin producer. Here, we sequence 19 genomes spanning sectionFlaviand compare 31 fungal genomes including 23Flavispecies. We reassess their phylogenetic relationships and show that the closest relative ofA. oryzaeis notA. flavus, butA. minisclerotigenesorA. aflatoxiformansand identify high genome diversity, especially in sub-telomeric regions. We predict abundant CAZymes (598 per species) and prolific secondary metabolite gene clusters (73 per species) in sectionFlavi. However, the observed phenotypes (growth characteristics, polysaccharide degradation) do not necessarily correlate with inferences made from the predicted CAZyme content. Our work, including genomic analyses, phenotypic assays, and identification of secondary metabolites, highlights the genetic and metabolic diversity within sectionFlavi.
A combined experimental and modelling approach for the Weimberg pathway optimisation
Authors: Shen Lu , Kohlhaas Martha , Enoki Junichi , Meier Roland , Schönenberger Bernhard , Wohlgemuth Roland , Kourist Robert , Niemeyer Felix , van Niekerk David , Bräsen Christopher , Niemeyer Jochen , Snoep Jacky , Siebers Bettina 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe oxidative Weimberg pathway for the five-step pentose degradation to α-ketoglutarate is a key route for sustainable bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to added-value products and biofuels. The oxidative pathway from Caulobacter crescentus has been employed in in-vivo metabolic engineering with intact cells and in in-vitro enzyme cascades. The performance of such engineering approaches is often hampered by systems complexity, caused by non-linear kinetics and allosteric regulatory mechanisms. Here we report an iterative approach to construct and validate a quantitative model for the Weimberg pathway. Two sensitive points in pathway performance have been identified as follows: (1) product inhibition of the dehydrogenases (particularly in the absence of an efficient NAD+ recycling mechanism) and (2) balancing the activities of the dehydratases. The resulting model is utilized to design enzyme cascades for optimized conversion and to analyse pathway performance in C. cresensus cell-free extracts.