bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lethal Laws and Lethal Education: A Case Study of Soviet Genocide Against Polish Foresters and Five Decades of Infodemic
Authors: Gwiazdowicz Dariusz J. , Matulewska Aleksandra 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGenocide as a part of nation or ethnic group extermination process is not a well-defined concept. Its meaning is understood intuitively. When law intervenes, the issue of defining the term comes back. Nevertheless, the Polish nation has been recognized as subjected to genocide activities during the Second World War by the Nazi Germany and Soviet Union. The paper focuses on the genocide against mainly one group of Poles that is to say foresters. The martyrologic evidence proves that foresters were an occupation group which for a variety of reasons suffered most. The research carried out in this respect by the National Forests in Poland has revealed that over 20% of pre-war staff of the institution actually lost their lives. They were killed by the German and Soviet occupiers, as well as the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (https://www.lasy.gov.pl/pl/wideo/telewizja-lasow-panstwowych/wideo/martyrologia-lesnikow-Katyń-sybir-kresy). In the eastern parts of Poland foresters and their families were deported and sent to various labour and extermination camps e.g. in Siberia. The aim of the paper is to present the scale of genocide with the main emphasis on genocide against foresters. The definition of genocide provided by Lemkin (Axis rule in occupied Europe: laws of occupation, analysis of government, proposals for redress, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Division of International Law, Columbia University Press, Washington, DC, New York, 79–95, 1994), who coined the term, is a starting point for the analysis. The main research methods included the analysis of pertinent literature and source materials as well as the semiotic analysis of genocide circumstances. The thesis put forward by the authors is that foresters due to their education, practical skills, professional experience and insight knowledge turned out to be the group especially vulnerable and subjected to extermination on purpose.
The irrationality of labour in Stanisław Brzozowski’s philosophy of “labour”
Authors: Kasprzak Krystof 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis article explores the concept of labour through a diremptive reading of Polish philosopher Stanisław Brzozowski’s essay “Prolegomena filozofii ‘pracy’” (“Prolegomena to a Philosophy of ‘Labour’”) written in 1909. This essay appears as a chapter in his main work Idee: wstęp do filozofii dojrzałości dziejowej (Ideas. An Introduction to the Philosophy of Historical Maturity), first published in 1910. In “Prolegomena,” Brzozowski defines labour as an inner gesture that delineates the duration of life. In the interpretation of this definition the influence of Henri Bergson on Brzozowski’s thought is stressed. Inspired by Bergson, Brzozowski understands labour as the only ground-creating—and therefore metaphysical—activity of humanity, when faced with the absence of transcendent grounds for existence in modernity. Emphasis is placed on Brzozowski’s insistence in “Prolegomena” that labour is irrational in its delineation of the absolutely new. He describes it as the α of the inner gesture of labour that cannot be known until it is performed. This unknown α is interpreted as his way of describing the groundlessness of the ground-creating activity of labour, and that this groundlessness means that labour eludes the control of the subject.
Foundations of a we-perspective
Authors: Crone Katja 
Published: August 2020

AbstractWhat enables everyday collective attitudes such as the intention of two persons to go for a walk together? Most current approaches are concerned with full-fledged collective attitudes and focus on the content, the mode or the subject of such attitudes. It will be argued that these approaches miss out an important explanatory enabling feature of collective attitudes: an experiential state, called a “sense of us”, in which a we-perspective is grounded. As will be shown, the sense of us pre-structures collective intentional states and is thus relevant to an adequate understanding of collective attitudes. The argument receives indirect support by insights into distortions of interaction due to implicit stereotypes.
A New in-Plane Bending Test to Determine Flow Curves for Materials with Low Uniform Elongation
Authors: Naseem S. , Perdahcıoğlu E. S. , Geijselaers H. J. M. , van den Boogaard A. H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Flow curves can easily be obtained by uniaxial tensile tests, but strains are then limited by diffuse necking. For many applications, the flow stress must be known above this limit.

Objective
The main objective of this paper is to obtain flow curves for material with low uniform elongation to relatively high strains compared to a uniaxial tensile test.

Method
A novel in-plane sheet bending experiment and stress evaluation procedure is presented. The developed bending device can be mounted in a tensile test machine and can produce very high bending curvatures compared to previously proposed pure bending setups. The bending angle and curvature are obtained by image processing and the bending moment is calculated directly from the force measured from the tensile test machine and the bending angle. The moment–curvature relation is used to determine the uniaxial stress–strain relation using an analytical approach, without presuming any hardening model. The bending process and the analytical procedure are validated by a numerical simulation as well as by experiments.

Results
The numerical validation shows good agreement between the stress–strain curve obtained from the bending process and that of the uniaxial input flow curve up to 12% strain. Experimentally the model is validated by comparing the stress–strain curve obtained from the bending test with the results directly obtained from a tensile test for mild steel. Good agreement is observed up to 12% strain. As an application example, bending tests were performed on a martensitic steel (MS) with low uniform strain (less than 3%). For this material, flow curves could be obtained up to relatively high strains (~12%), compared to a tensile test.

Conclusion
This bending test setup allows to study materials with low uniform elongation up to significantly higher strains than are readily obtained in a tensile test.
A Novel Method for In Vitro 3D Imaging of Dissecting Pressurized Arterial Segments Using X-Ray Microtomography
Authors: Brunet J. , Pierrat B. , Adrien J. , Maire E. , Curt N. , Badel P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background:
It is commonly admitted that a dissection initiates with an intimal tear or at least a defect inside the arterial wall. Nevertheless, few studies investigated the initiation sequence due to the difficulty to monitor this process.

Objective:
The objective of this work was to observe and investigate the mechanisms leading an intimal tear to propagate into a dissection.

Methods:
A custom-made tension-inflation device fitting inside an X-ray microtomography setup was designed. A notch was created inside a porcine carotid artery before performing the tension-inflation test. The X-ray tomography setup allowed observing the wall-structure and the notch behavior during the inflation of the carotid artery.

Results:
A quantitative description of the notch morphology was performed, suggesting the prevalence of high shear stress in the region of the crack tip as a possible trigger for propagation of a dissection.

Conclusions:
The present experimental approach allowed understanding better the mechanisms leading to dissection and constitutes a first step toward the improvement of failure modeling and risk assessment of this disease.
Assessing life cycle impacts from changes in agricultural practices of crop production
Authors: Kløverpris Jesper Hedal , Scheel Claus Nordstrøm , Schmidt Jannick , Grant Brian , Smith Ward , Bentham Murray J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose
This paper presents an improved methodological approach for studying life cycle impacts (especially global warming) from changes in crop production practices. The paper seeks to improve the quantitative assessment via better tools and it seeks to break down results in categories that are logically separate and thereby easy to explain to farmers and other relevant stakeholder groups. The methodological framework is illustrated by a concrete study of a phosphate inoculant introduced in US corn production.

Methods
The framework considers a shift from an initial agricultural practice (reference system) to an alternative practice (alternative system) on an area of cropland A. To ensure system equivalence (same functional output), the alternative system is expanded with displaced or induced crop production elsewhere to level out potential changes in crop output from the area A. Upstream effects are analyzed in terms of changes in agricultural inputs to the area A. The yield effect is quantified by assessing the impacts from changes in crop production elsewhere. The field effect from potential changes in direct emissions from the field is quantified via biogeochemical modeling. Downstream effects are assessed as impacts from potential changes in post-harvest treatment, e.g., changes in drying requirements (if crop moisture changes).

Results and discussion
An inoculant with the soil fungus Penicillium bilaiae has been shown to increase corn yields in Minnesota by 0.44 Mg ha−1 (~ 4%). For global warming, the upstream effect (inoculant production) was 0.4 kg CO2e per hectare treated. The field effect (estimated via the biogeochemical model DayCent) was − 250 kg CO2e ha−1 (increased soil carbon and reduced N2O emissions) and the yield effect (estimated by simple system expansion) was − 140 kg CO2e ha−1 (corn production displaced elsewhere). There were no downstream effects. The total change per Mg dried corn produced was − 36 kg CO2e corresponding to a 14% decrease in global warming impacts. Combining more advanced methods indicates that results may vary from − 27 to − 40 kg CO2e per Mg corn.

Conclusion and recommendations
The present paper illustrates how environmental impacts from changes in agricultural practices can be logically categorized according to where in the life cycle they occur. The paper also illustrates how changes in emissions directly from the field (the field effect) can be assessed by biogeochemical modeling, thereby improving life cycle inventory modeling and addressing concerns in the literature. It is recommended to use the presented approach in any LCA of changes in agricultural practices.
Motilitätsstörungen des Ösophagus
Authors: Heinrich H. , Gockel I. 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDie invasive Therapie der Achalasie sowie anderer höhergradiger Motilitätsstörungen hat sich in den letzten Jahren durch die Erweiterung des Therapierepertoires um die perorale endoskopische Myotomie (POEM) weiterentwickelt. Die hochauflösende Ösophagusmanometrie bietet die Möglichkeit einer phänotypbasierten Therapie der Achalasie sowie die Unterscheidung in weitere Motilitätsstörungen, die jedoch nicht alle Kennzeichen einer Achalasie aufweisen und deren Therapieansprechen auf invasive Therapien noch nicht gut erforscht ist. Der neuartige Endoflip zur Dehnbarkeitsmessung des ösophagogastralen Übergangs (ÖGÜ) kann Klärung bieten. Alle therapeutischen Maßnahmen dienen der Sicherstellung der Passage von Nahrung über den ÖGÜ. Die chirurgische Heller-Myotomie sowie die POEM sind bei der Achalasie etabliert. Bei spastischen Achalasieformen (Subtyp III nach Chicago-Klassifikation) scheint die POEM bessere Ergebnisse zu erzielen als alle anderen Therapieoptionen. Im Gegensatz hierzu liegen nur wenige Erkenntnisse zur invasiven Therapie der Obstruktion des OGÜ, der spastischen und der aperistaltischen Motilitätsstörungen vor.
The influence of the ratio between the wire and process velocities on the wetting process during laser brazing
Authors: Mattulat Thorsten , Woizeschke Peer 
Published: August 2020

AbstractLaser brazing is used in automotive production for the joining of car body parts with customer-visible seams, whereby the highest optical seam quality is demanded. During the wetting process, a constriction formation can occur within the molten brazing material, which subsequently collapses; this induces a stepwise progression of the wetting front, thereby decreasing the optical seam quality. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the wire and process velocities on this constriction formation. For this purpose, high-speed recordings of the process zone are performed during laser brazing and then evaluated concerning the wetting process. The results show that the constriction formation depends on the relationship between the process velocity and the process direction component of the wire velocity. The constriction formation only occurs when the process velocity exceeds the parallel-oriented component of the wire velocity. This constriction formation is unstable and collapses repeatedly. In this study, increasing velocity differences stabilizes the constriction existence. This stabilization correlates with a uniform wetting process and a reduced frequency of the occurrence of blowout events, probably due to improved outgassing of zinc bubbles from the melt pool.
Genetic mapping and identification of new major loci for tolerance to low phosphorus stress in rice
Authors: Solangi Abdul Malik , Khanzada Hira , Wassan Ghulam Mustafa , Rasheed Adnan , Keerio Ayaz Ali , Solangi Majeeduddin , Khanzada Saba , Faheem Muhammad , Bian Jianmin , Pan Xiaohua , Han Rui Cai , He Xunfeng , Wu Ziming 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPhosphorus (P) is one of the essential macronutrients for rice. In this study, we used 120 rice backcross recombinant inbred lines (BRILs) derived from a cross indica cv. Changhui 891 and japonica cv. 02428. To elucidate the genetic control of P deficiency tolerance in rice, we have used high quality SNPs bin markers to identify some important loci underlying phosphorus deficiency. The bin map was generated which includes 3057 bins covering distance of 1266.5 cM with an average of 0.41 cM between markers. Based on this map, 50 loci, including four novel loci, qSL-3, qRL-11, qSDW-1, qRDW-1 with phenotypic variance 23.26%, 12.06%, 9.89% associated with P deficiency-related seedling traits were identified. No significant QTLs was found for root length under P+, shoot fresh weight P− and root length, shoot fresh weight for P+, P− and their ratio respectively. Root fresh weight, and root dry weight were strongly correlated to each other, and QTLs for these variables were located on the same chromosome 1 at the same region. Notably, 3 pleiotropic regions is the pioneer of our study, and these regions would facilitate map-based cloning to expedite the MAS selection for developing low phosphorous tolerant varieties. This study not only improves our knowledge about molecular processes associated with P deficiency, but also provides useful information to understand the genetic architecture of low phosphorous tolerance.
A multidisciplinary design tool for robotic systems involved in sampling operations on planetary bodies
Authors: Riccobono Dario , Genta Giancarlo , Moreland Scott , Backes Paul 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe analysis of robotic systems (e.g. landers and rovers) involved in sampling operations on planetary bodies is crucial to ensure mission success, since those operations generate forces that could affect the stability of the robotic system. This paper presents MISTRAL (MultIdisciplinary deSign Tool for Robotic sAmpLing), a novel tool conceived for trade space exploration during early conceptual and preliminary design phases, where a rapid and broad evaluation is required for a very high number of configurations and boundary conditions. The tool rapidly determines the preliminary design envelope of a sampling apparatus to guarantee the stability condition of the whole robotic system. The tool implements a three-dimensional analytical model capable to reproduce several scenarios, being able to accept various input parameters, including the physical and geometrical characteristics of the robotic system, the properties related to the environment and the characteristics related to the sampling system. This feature can be exploited to infer multidisciplinary high-level requirements concerning several other elements of the investigated system, such as robotic arms and footpads. The presented research focuses on the application of MISTRAL to landers. The structure of the tool and the analysis model are presented. Results from the application of the tool to real mission data from NASA’s Phoenix Mars lander are included. Moreover, the tool was adopted for the definition of the high-level requirements of the lander for a potential future mission to the surface of Saturn’s moon Enceladus, currently under investigation at NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory. This case study was included to demonstrate the tool’s capabilities. MISTRAL represents a comprehensive, versatile, and powerful tool providing guidelines for cognizant decisions in the early and most crucial stages of the design of robotic systems involved in sampling operations on planetary bodies.
Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B dye with TiO2 immobilized on SiC foam using full factorial design
Authors: Allé Paul Henri , Fanou Guy Didier , Robert Didier , Adouby Kopoin , Drogui Patrick 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTextile effluents treatment is one of the important environmental challenges nowadays. Photocatalysis has proven its effectiveness for the removal of recalcitrant compounds, and it is considered as a green technology for the treatment of effluents. However, good photocatalytic yield is strongly related to the operating parameters. In this study, a supported TiO2 on a β-SiC foam was tested for the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB). The photocatalytic discoloration of RhB synthetic solution in our condition was about 90%. The effects of each parameter were assessed through a full factorial design. Sixteen tests were carried out and the response was RhB removal. The most influent parameters were TiO2/β-SiC foam quantity, the concentration of RhB, the volume of H2O2 and pH. Their contributions on RhB removal were, respectively, 53.01, 30.49, 2.7, and 2.48% according to Pareto diagram. Analysis of the coefficients shows that initial concentration of RhB and volume of H2O2 had a negative effect on the response. However, the quantity of TiO2/β-SiC foam and pH had a positive effect on the response. The influence of the flow rate on the process was assessed. The results showed a slight increase in RhB removal. Furthermore, the aging test of TiO2/β-SiC foam on the photocatalytic efficiency was carried out after ten successive photocatalysis tests. Only 6.7% loss of yield was observed. These results are very encouraging for an application at the industrial scale.
Genetic diversity of the complementary sex-determiner (csd) gene in two closed breeding stocks of Varroa -resistant honey bees
Authors: Bilodeau Lelania , Avalos Arian , Danka Robert G. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractHoney bee (Apis mellifera) breeding programs that use a closed mating system are particularly vulnerable to low genetic diversity. Inadequate diversity at the complementary sex-determiner (csd) locus is problematic and potentially catastrophic in honey bee populations because it causes low brood viability. In typical commercial populations, queens are open mated and csd diversity is fostered by high rates of introgression. In this study, we examine genetic diversity within the highly variable region (HVR) of csd in two stocks bred for resistance to Varroa destructor: Pol-line and Hilo, both of which use closed mating systems. We sampled 47 Pol-line colonies and 41 Hilo colonies and found 60 protein alleles that were condensed into 35 allele groupings by sequence similarity. We found that proportionately, HVR diversity levels were comparable with those in other closed breeding populations as well as open-mated populations of A. mellifera worldwide. Distinct patterns are observed among Pol-line and Hilo csd protein alleles in both the phylogeny and allele frequency distributions, suggesting early divergence of the two stocks. When compared with an African outgroup, both stocks shared alleles with the outgroup, suggesting ancestral lineages are present and not all diversity is due to new mutations. Periodic monitoring of csd diversity is recommended for closed breeding programs. The csd diversity data reported here are currently being used to make breeding decisions in these two mite-resistant populations of honey bees.
Investigating Dynamic Visualizations of Multiple Representations Using Mobile Video Analysis in Physics Lessons
Authors: Becker Sebastian , Klein Pascal , Gößling Alexander , Kuhn Jochen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis contribution presents the results of a replication study on the learning effect of tablet-supported video analysis compared to traditional teaching sequences using non-digital experimental materials in the subject areas of uniform and accelerated motion in high school physics lessons. In addition to the replication of the preliminary study results recently published in this journal (Becker et al 2018, 2019), the investigation of the effect on the cognitive load as well as the emotional state of the students is another focal point. Compared to the preliminary study, the sample size was significantly increased from$$N=109$$N=109to$$N=294$$N=294. The individual effects of the preliminary study could be replicated in this way. For both topics, a significant reduction of extraneous cognitive load and a positive effect on intervention-induced emotions could be demonstrated. Moreover, the theoretically founded causal relationship between emotion, cognitive load, and learning achievement could be empirically verified by means of structural equation modeling.
Factors Affecting Mortality in 1022 COVID-19 Patients Referred to an Emergency Department in Bergamo during the Peak of the Pandemic
Authors: Goletti Orlando , Nessi Chiara , Testa Amidio , Albano Giovanni , Torri Valter , Beretta Giordano Domenico , Castoldi Massimo , Bombardieri Emilio 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe unexpected outbreak of COVID-19 in the area of Bergamo and the general crisis of personnel and devices has been managed as well as possible during the maximum peak of epidemic; Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital implemented its facilities and organization in order to optimize the treatment of patients. The number of beds in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) was doubled (from 16 to 33), and more than 220 beds were dedicated to the COVID-19 patients. This paper analyzes the factors affecting mortality in 1022 COVID-19 patients who referred to Humanitas Gavazzeni between February 25 and March 26, 2020. A total of 274 (34.9%) fatal events were registered: 202 among those admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and COVID department and 72 among those treated in Acute Admission Unit Level II (AAUl-2) who died before hospital admission. This paper studies 274 dead cases by analyzing patient’s characteristics, physiological and laboratory parameters, symptoms, and the scores of severity of the disease. Patients who had fatal events in the AAUL-2 showed the worst parameters of risk. The most important differences regarded the Apache II score, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), CRP (C-reactive protein), pH, creatinine, RR (respiratory rate), and asthenia.