bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hayek, Keynes, and the Economic Role of the State
Authors: Tanzi Vito 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter considers how two economic giants of the twentieth century saw the economic role of the market, comparing Hayek’s trust in the market with Keynes’ growing doubts about its role. There are areas where they strongly disagreed but also many areas of convergence. The greatest divergence in their positions was in the role of government in stabilizing policies. It can be said that these two economists actually had less extreme views that many assume they did. Keynes’ views were less socialist than many assume while Hayek’s views were less conservative. Hayek theorized a government role in regulations vis-à-vis the environment and vis-à-vis guaranteeing a low income for the poor; Keynes was against high taxes and was relatively indifferent to welfare policies.
The Design of Social Policy and Welfare Systems
Authors: Tanzi Vito 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Most advanced countries over the past eight decades have created various social programs which have become fully-fledged welfare systems. Many countries developed means-tested programs aimed at assisting specific “deserving” individuals and families. Some accompanied these programs with “tax expenditures” designed to reduce the cost of buying particular “meritorious” goods and services. Other countries focused more on providing universal programs aimed at and available to everyone and also tried to avoid the use of tax expenditures, utilizing more broad-based taxes that could finance their higher public spending. The former group (mostly Anglo-Saxon countries) ended up with lower spending and tax levels but with more complicated systems. The other group (Scandinavian and some other European countries) ended up with higher spending and tax levels but with simpler systems. For these latter countries, high taxes and spending programs do not seem to have been the “road to serfdom” or to have led to the economic stagnation predicted.
Complexity in Stabilization Policies
Authors: Tanzi Vito 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter briefly revisits the book’s discussions of Keynes, the Great Depresssion, and Stabilization policies. It considers the importance of fiscal policy and the importance of simplicity in its use and the trust in its impact, especially in the 1960s. The chapter then looks at stagflation and growing doubts in the 1970s and the growing importance of rational expectations and of the Ricardian Equivalence Hypothesis and their impact on stabilization policy. Monetary policy also took on increasing importance in light of the growing complexity of the structure of the economy and the consequent growth of many new occupations. Finally, the impact of these changes and of growing globalization on the design of stabilization policies is discussed alongside a possible reduction in the effectiveness of fiscal policy.
Introduction
Authors: Siraganian Lisa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Introduction contextualizes the book’s broader legal and philosophical debates about corporate personhood, collective agency, and modernism. The book’s methodology and structure are explained using accessible modernist poems, political cartoons, and legal case studies to present to non-experts the key ideas and historical background of corporate personhood in the U.S., with its first life not after the U.S. Supreme Court case Citizens United (2010), but after Santa Clara v. Southern Pacific Railroad (1886). Beginning with an extended example from Muriel Rukeyser’s long poem, The Book of the Dead, the Introduction canvasses American literature from the nineteenth through the twentieth century to show how the book renders the field of modernist studies radically different, as modernism’s formal speculations emerge as deeply entangled with a range of social and political developments. Asking the question “Has a corporation a soul?” becomes a means to explore the aims of collective social agents, and to think through how collective forms produce meaning by their acts. Not until the postwar era did philosophy synthesize these ideas (on the possibility of corporate intention) being teased out in mostly prewar novels, poetry, and short stories. The third section situates this analysis within modernist literary studies as a field, culminating with a reading of an Archibald MacLeish poem in light of this focus on collective action and literary form and descriptions of each subsequent chapter.
British Legal Strategies and the Abolition of the Slave Trade
Authors: Van Hulle Inge 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 connects abolitionist efforts to induce the British government to reinvigorate its efforts to suppress the transatlantic slave trade from the 1840s onwards as the catalyst for the creation of new legal tactics. First, within the confines of the Foreign Office, a model standard agreement was devised that was to be concluded with African rulers, which furthered an agenda based on the idea of replacing the slave trade with ‘legitimate commerce’. The model agreement built on an existing tradition of including abolition clauses in treaties since the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. Second, the implementation of the model agreement ran parallel to the increase in commercial power and the use of force to suppress the slave trade through the use of naval blockades and the bombardment of the coastline of West Africa.
White-Collar Work, the Culture Industries, and the Origins of the Creative Class
Authors: Clark Shannan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 surveys the growth of the white-collar workforce during the first three decades of the twentieth century, and the related development of the culture industries centered in New York. The fundamental relationships that linked advertisers to the media took shape during these years, as manufacturers’ need to reach potential consumers fueled the expansion of existing newspapers and magazines, quickly dominated the new technology of radio, and pushed firms to become more attentive to the design and appearance of products. Even as the culture industries swelled to meet the imperatives of consumer capitalism, economic inequality constrained consumer demand, contributing to the onset of the Great Depression. Although business interests attempted to defend capitalist principles and to maintain their control over the advertising and media enterprises, the severity and duration of the Depression incited radical critiques of both the working conditions within the culture industries and the content that they produced.
The Cold War in New York’s Culture Industries
Authors: Clark Shannan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the impact of the domestic Cold War on white-collar workers in New York’s culture industries. As relations between the United States and the Soviet Union rapidly deteriorated during the late 1940s, anticommunists’ attacks on the Popular Front and its supporters within the culture industries became more intense and more effective. Changes in labor law targeted unions like the United Office and Professional Workers of America that had procommunists among the leadership, while congressional investigations and blacklisting ruined the careers of numerous writers, artists, and other culture workers who had strongly backed the Popular Front. By the 1950s, the unions in the city’s culture industries were weakened or destroyed from the onslaught, diminishing the options for workers in publishing, advertising, broadcasting, and design to fight for improved working conditions and greater creative autonomy.
Effects of bariatric surgery on serum uric acid in people with obesity with or without hyperuricaemia and gout: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Lu Jine , Bai Zhiyao , Chen Yunqing , Li Yingxu , Tang Min , Wang Ning , Zhu Xingcheng , Dai Hongbin , Zhang Weiya 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Weight reduction may reduce serum uric acid (SUA). This study aimed to examine the changes of SUA before and after bariatric surgery in patients with obesity with or without hyperuricaemia and gout.

Methods
This is a retrospective analysis of 147 routinely collected data on hospital patients with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery. The body weight and SUA were measured at baseline and after surgery at 1–7 days, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months.

Results
The mean (95% CI) weight reduction of 147 patients was 30.7 (28.7, 32.7) kg 1 year after surgery (P &lt; 0.001). SUA decreased rapidly from 419.0 (400.1, 437.8) µmol/l at baseline to 308.4 (289.6, 327.2) µmol/l at 1–7 days, flared up to 444.8 (423.9, 465.6) µmol/l at 1 month, then decreased again to 383.8 (361.5, 406.1) µmol/l at 3 months, 348.9 (326.3, 371.5) µmol/l at 6 months and 327.9 (305.3, 350.5) µmol/l at 12 months (P &lt; 0.001). Similar trends but more rapid reductions were observed in 55 hyperuricaemia patients and 25 gout patients. All 25 gout patients had an elevated SUA above the therapeutic target (≥360µmmol/l) at baseline, but in 10 patients it was reduced below this target at 12 months. The mean reduction (95% CI) of SUA in all patients and gout patients was 84.3 (63.1–105.4) and 163.6 (103.9, 223.3) µmmol/l, respectively.

Conclusion
Bariatric surgery significantly reduces body weight and SUA for obese patients with hyperuricaemia and gout. Gout may be considered as an indicator for this surgical treatment in people with severe obesity.
Fintech for the Poor: Financial Intermediation Without Discrimination*
Authors: Tantri Prasanna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
I ask whether machine learning (ML) algorithms improve the efficiency in lending without compromising on equity in a credit environment where soft information dominates. I obtain loan application-level data from an Indian bank. To overcome the problem of the selective labels, I exploit the incentive-driven within officer difference in leniency within a calendar month. I find that the ML algorithm can lend 60% more at loan officers’ delinquency rate or achieve a 33% lower delinquency rate at loan officers’ approval rate. The efficiency is maintained even when the algorithm is explicitly prevented from discriminating against disadvantaged social classes.
Hydroxylated Chalcones as Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonists: Structure-Activity Effects
Authors: Park Hyejin , Jin Un-Ho , Karki Keshav , Allred Clinton , Davidson Laurie A , Chapkin Robert S , Orr Asuka A , Nowshad Farrhin , Jayaraman Arul , Tamamis Phanourios , Safe Stephen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHydroxylated chalcones are phytochemicals which are biosynthetic precursors of flavonoids and their 1,3-diaryl-prop-2-en-1-one structure is used as a scaffold for drug development. In this study, the structure-dependent activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-responsive CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and UGT1A1 genes was investigated in Caco2 colon cancer cells and in non-transformed young adult mouse colonocytes (YAMC) cells. The effects of a series of di- and trihydroxychalcones as AhR agonists was structure dependent with maximal induction of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and UGT1A1 in Caco2 cells observed for compounds containing 2,2′-dihydroxy substituents and this included 2,2′-dihydroxy-, 2,2′,4′-trihydroxy-, and 2,2′,5′-trihydroxychalcones. In contrast, 2′,4,5′-, 2′3′,4′-, 2′,4,4′-trihydroxy, and 2′,3-, 2′,4-, 2′,4′-, and 2′,5-dihydroxychalcones exhibited low to non-detectable AhR activity in Caco2 cells. In addition, all of the hydroxychalcones exhibited minimal to non-detectable activity in YAMC cells, whereas 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and UGT1A1 in Caco2 and YAMC cells. The activity of AhR-active chalcones was confirmed by determining their effects in AhR-deficient Caco2 cells. In addition, 2,2′-dihydroxychalcone induced CYP1A1 protein and formation of an AhR-DNA complex in an in vitro assay. Simulation and modeling studies of hydroxylated chalcones confirmed their interactions with the AhR ligand-binding domain and were consistent with their structure-dependent activity as AhR ligands. Thus, this study identifies hydroxylated chalcones as AhR agonists with potential for these phytochemicals to impact AhR-mediated colonic pathways.
Rural residence remains a risk factor for Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in a highly urbanized Brazilian area: a robust cross-sectional study
Authors: Antinarelli Luciana Maria Ribeiro , Silva Márcio Roberto , Guimarães Ricardo José de Paula Sousa e , Terror Mariana Sequetto , Lima Patrícia Enham , Ishii Joelma de Souza Coimbra , Muniz Patrícia Fabiano , Coimbra Elaine Soares 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
Despite high seroprevalence of asymptomatic infection in humans, toxoplasmosis can manifest as a severe systemic disease, as occurs in the congenital infection. Here we evaluate the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection among pregnant women in a highly urbanized area of Brazil.

Methods
A robust seroepidemiological study was conducted using laboratory databases of anti-Toxoplasma gondii serological results together with information on age, month/year of diagnosis and place of residence of pregnant women in the public health system of the city of Juiz de Fora, Brazil.

Results
Of 5895 pregnant women analysed, 54.7% showed seronegativity and 44.4% showed seropositivity for immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. This seropositivity rate increased to 68.3% when only considering participants from rural areas. Multivariate analysis revealed higher odds of being seropositive associated with age (odds ratio [OR] 1.06 [confidence interval {CI} 1.05 to 1.07]) and with living in rural areas (OR 2.96 [CI 1.64 to 5.36]). The spatial distribution of IgG seropositivity indicated a higher prevalence concentrated in rural and peripheral neighbourhoods.

Conclusions
This is the first report to use spatial analysis to show a cluster of Toxoplasma infection in rural and peripheral neighbourhoods of a highly urbanized municipality, which highlights the need for adequate healthcare actions to be implemented for women living in these areas.
Mortality in civilian trauma patients and massive blood transfusion treated with high vs low plasma: red blood cell ratio. Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Oliveros Rodríguez Henry , Ríos Fernando , Rubio Cristhian , Arsanios Daniel Martin , Herazo Andrés Felipe , Beltrán Luis Mateo , García Paloma , Cifuentes Annie , Muñoz Juliana , Polanía Javier 
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Massive bleeding in civilian trauma patients leads to dilutional coagulopathy. Transfusion with high plasma: red blood cell (RBC) ratio has been effective in reducing mortality in war trauma patients. However, in civilian trauma the evidence is controversial.
Objective: To assess the impact on mortality of high vs low plasma: RBC ratio transfusion, in civilian trauma patients with massive bleeding.
Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis, including observational studies and clinical trials, was conducted. Databases were systemically searched for relevant studies between January 2007 and June 2019. The main outcome was early (24-hours) and late (30-day) mortality. Fixed and random effects models were used.
Results: Out of 1295 studies identified, 33 were selected: 2 clinical trials and 31 observational studies. The analysis of observational trials showed both decreased early mortality (odds ratio [OR] 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60–0.75) and late mortality (OR 0.79; 95% CI, 0.71–0.87) with the use of high plasma:RBC ratio transfusion, but there were no differences when clinical trials were evaluated (OR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.64–1.26). The exclusion of patients who died within the first 24hours was a source of heterogeneity. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) altered the association between high plasma: RBC ratio and mortality, with a reduced protective effect when the ISS was high.
Conclusion: The use of high vs low plasma: RBC ratio transfusion, in patients with massive bleeding due to civil trauma, has a protective effect on early and late mortality in observational studies. The exclusion of patients who died within the first 24 hours was a source of heterogeneity.
Eye Bank Management of Irregular Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Lenticules
Authors: Ruzza Alessandro , Galeone Alessandra , Baruzzo Mattia , Favaro Elisa , Parekh Mohit , Ferrari Stefano , Ponzin Diego 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To report the management of precut Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) lenticules unsuitable for transplantation because of irregular anterior profile after microkeratome cutting.

Methods:
After preparation for DSAEK, 20 tissues were considered unsuitable for transplantation because of nonhomogeneous posterior stromal thickness. To convert them into suitable tissues for surgery, manual stromal delamination was performed by removing the excess stromal layers after the indications obtained through optical coherence tomography. These tissues were further transplanted as ultrathin DSAEK.

Results:
Nineteen tissues were delaminated successfully. The average reduction in thickness in the center (63 ± 69 μm; P = 0.0101) and periphery (129 ± 39 μm; P < 0.0001) before and after delamination was significantly different. One tissue showed signs of perforation during manual dissection and therefore considered unsuitable for transplantation. Primary graft failure was reported in one case, but it was not correlated with the tissue preparation. No other clinical complications were observed after surgery.

Conclusions:
Manual delamination of the stroma because of irregular microkeratome cutting is a viable option to obtain a uniform graft thickness required for DSAEK surgeries. This technique can further reduce tissue wastage that is observed after microkeratome cutting errors.
Treatment of Dry Eye from Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis With Recombinant Human Nerve Growth Factor (Cenegermin)
Authors: Habibi Roya N. , Lee Michele D. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To describe 2 patients with neurotrophic keratitis after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis surgery who were treated with recombinant human nerve growth factor (cenegermin) and the treatment course.

Methods:
Case series.

Results:
After an 8 week course of cenegermin, there was an improvement in visual acuity, corneal sensitivity, and ocular surface staining. However, these effects were short lived, and the disease regressed at subsequent follow-up visits.

Conclusions:
Although recombinant human nerve growth factor seems to be effective in short term for neurotrophic keratitis secondary to laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis surgery, alternative dosing for patients with this patient population should be considered to achieve long-lasting resolution.
An Unexpected Incidence of Ocular Surface Neoplasia on Pterygium Surgery. A Retrospective Clinical and Histopathological Report
Authors: Mejía Luis F. , Zapata Melissa , Gil Juan C. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To report the unexpected finding of ocular surface neoplasia (OSSN) on conjunctival tissue removed during pterygium surgery and subjected to histopathology analysis.

Methods:
This is an observational, descriptive retrospective study in which all the samples removed during surgery between 1997 and 2020 with a clinical diagnosis of pterygium were sent for histopathology analysis in which an unexpected OSSN was found.

Results:
There were 461 cases with a preoperative diagnosis of pterygium, with a mean age of 30.14 ± 10.6 years. In this group, there was an unexpected finding of OSSN in 69 cases (14.96%) of the surgical samples, with a mean age of 46 ± 8.2 years (31.86 ± 12.13).

Conclusions:
The unexpected coincidence of pterygium and OSSN is frequent, although varies depending on the geographical location. We recommend performing a histopathology analysis on every pterygium removed.
Clinical and Histological Characterization of Toxic Keratopathy From Depatuxizumab Mafodotin (ABT-414), an Antibody-Drug Conjugate
Authors: Lee Brian A. , Lee Michael S. , Maltry Amanda C. , Hou Joshua H. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To report the histological findings and clinical course of 2 patients with microcyst-like epithelial keratopathy (MEK) associated with antibody-drug conjugate, depatuxizumab mafodotin.

Methods:
Case series.

Results:
Two patients with glioblastoma multiforme participating in a phase 3 clinical trial of the antibody-drug conjugate, depatuxizumab mafodotin, presented with bilateral MEK. Confocal imaging showed multiple large, round, hyperreflective lesions in the epithelium. Epithelial debridement was performed for symptomatic relief in both patients. Along with aggressive lubrication, bandage contact lenses, and reduction in the chemotherapeutic dose to maintenance levels, both patients experienced symptomatic improvement. However, MEK lesions recurred after re-epithelialization. Immunohistochemistry of the diseased epithelium showed immunoglobulin (Ig)G-positive granular cytoplasmic inclusions and increased cell apoptosis.

Conclusions:
Depatuxizumab mafodotin accumulates in the basal corneal epithelium resulting in MEK because of increased apoptosis. Frequent lubrication and bandage contact lenses can provide symptom relief.
Pediatric Use of Recombinant Human Nerve Growth Factor 20 μg/mL Eye Drops (Cenegermin) for Bilateral Neurotrophic Keratopathy in Congenital Corneal Anesthesia
Authors: Leto Marco G. , Toro Maria E. , Indemini Patricia E. , Fruttero Claudia , Denina Marco , Dalmazzo Cristina , Sannia Andrea , Vaiano Agostino S. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
This study aimed to present the efficacy and safety of cenegermin eye drop (Oxervate; Dompè Farmaceutici, Milan, Italy) treatment in a pediatric patient affected by neurotrophic keratopathy (NK) with Goldenhar syndrome.

Methods:
This case reports an infant presenting ulceration and a small central opacity in the cornea of the right and left eyes, respectively. The NK bilaterally worsened despite the use of therapeutic contact lenses and temporary partial tarsorrhaphy. Magnetic resonance imaging showed absence and hypoplasia of the right and left trigeminal nerves, respectively. Cenegermin eye drops were administered 1 drop/each eye, 6 times daily for 8 weeks to promote corneal healing.

Results:
Complete healing was achieved in both eyes after treatment. During the 16-month follow-up period, no epithelial defect, recurrence, or complications were noticed, whereas corneal opacities progressively became clearer, although insignificant improvements in corneal sensitivity or in the reflex tearing were observed.

Conclusions:
Cenegermin was effective in treating NK in an infant with Goldenhar syndrome.