bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unpacking the dynamics of a contested practice: the case of executive compensation and the shareholder value orientation in the USA
Authors: Carberry Edward J , Zajac Edward J 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe corporate scandals and market crashes of the 2000s generated significant criticism of the shareholder value orientation (SVO) in the USA. We offer a sociopolitical analysis of how this criticism triggered changes in stock-based executive compensation, a central practice associated with the SVO. We first analyze how corporate stakeholders redefined different forms of stock-based compensation, motivated new regulations and wielded direct challenges to specific firms. We then predict how firm-specific differences in external challenges and intra-firm power relationships were related to changes in the use of stock options and restricted stock grants (RSGs), testing our predictions using a longitudinal dataset of S&P 500 executives between 2002 and 2012. We find that firms facing negative media coverage of their executive compensation practices made less use of both forms of stock-based compensation, while firms facing shareholder activism only made less use of stock options, the form that was more heavily criticized. In addition, firms with more powerful CEOs utilized RSGs more heavily and did so even when facing media criticism. Our findings demonstrate that while stock options were vulnerable to change, stock-based compensation remained resilient because the structural power of CEOs, a core corporate governance feature of the SVO, also remained resilient.
The global deregulation hypothesis
Authors: Oatley Thomas , Petrova Bilyana 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The growth of the American financial services remains a bit of a puzzle. The standard approach, the deregulation hypothesis, posits that the industry expanded in response to national deregulation. Yet, when viewed in a comparative context, US finance was deregulated significantly less than other national financial systems and yet grew significantly more than most. We propose the global deregulation hypothesis as a solution to this puzzle. The hypothesis posits that American finance grew in response to deregulation in Europe and the emerging market economies. The article develops two theoretical mechanisms that link global deregulation to US financialization. It reports statistical tests that support two central implications of the global deregulation hypothesis. First, global deregulation is positively associated with the growth of US financial services, while US deregulation is not. Second, global deregulation is not systematically related to the growth of financial services in other industrial democracies.
Resin ducts as resistance traits in conifers: linking dendrochronology and resin-based defences
Authors: Vázquez-González Carla , Zas Rafael , Erbilgin Nadir , Ferrenberg Scott , Rozas Vicente , Sampedro Luis 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Conifers have evolved different chemical and anatomical defences against a wide range of antagonists. Resin ducts produce, store and translocate oleoresin, a complex terpenoid mixture that acts as both a physical and a chemical defence. Although resin duct characteristics (e.g., number, density, area) have been positively related to biotic resistance in several conifer species, the literature reporting this association remains inconclusive. Axial resin ducts recorded in annual growth rings are an archive of annual defensive investment in trees. This whole-life record of defence investment can be analysed using standard dendrochronological procedures, which allows us to assess interannual variability and the effect of understudied drivers of phenotypic variation on resin-based defences. Understanding the sources of phenotypic variation in defences, such as genetic differentiation and environmental plasticity, is essential for assessing the adaptive potential of forest tree populations to resist pests under climate change. Here, we reviewed the evidence supporting the importance of resin ducts in conifer resistance, and summarized current knowledge about the sources of variation in resin duct production. We propose a standardized methodology to measure resin duct production by means of dendrochronological procedures. This approach will illuminate the roles of resin ducts in tree defence across species, while helping to fill pivotal knowledge gaps in plant defence theory, and leading to a robust understanding of the patterns of variation in resin-based defences throughout the tree’s lifespan.
Teach-Back Training for Nursing Students: Knowledge and Beliefs After Training for Health Literate Communication
Authors: Feinberg Iris , Hendry Terri , Tighe Elizabeth , Ogrodnick Michelle , Czarnonycz Catherine 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
For nurses to communicate effectively, they must understand how patients obtain, understand, and use health information to make health decisions, that is, their health literacy (HL) level. A gap in teaching HL communication skills exists in nursing curricula. This study explored nursing students’ knowledge and beliefs about HL communication before and after an HL training. Analysis revealed a significant increase in knowledge after training (M
pre = 9.00, M
post = 9.89), t(36) = 3.75, p < .001. Participants (84.6 percent) used teach-back technique with simulated patients and identified additional training as an aid to skill building.
Impact of Personal Protective Equipment on Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Performance
Authors: Donoghue Aaron J. , Kou Maybelle , Good Grace L. , Eiger Carmel , Nash Mark , Henretig Fred M. , Stacks Helen , Kochman Adam , Debski Julie , Chen Jia-Yuh , Sharma Gaurav , Hornik Christoph P. , Gosnell Leigh , Siegel David , Krug Steven , Adler Mark D. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to determine whether personal protective equipment (PPE) results in deterioration in chest compression (CC) quality and greater fatigue for administering health care providers (HCPs).

Methods
In this multicenter study, HCPs completed 2 sessions. In session 1 (baseline), HCPs wore normal attire; in session 2, HCPs donned full PPE. During each session, they performed 5 minutes of uninterrupted CCs on a child manikin. Chest compression rate, depth, and release velocity were reported in ten 30-second epochs. Change in CC parameters and self-reported fatigue were measured between the start and 2- and 5-minute epochs.

Results
We enrolled 108 HCPs (prehospital and in-hospital providers). The median CC rate did not change significantly between epochs 1 and 10 during baseline sessions. Median CC depth and release velocity decreased for 5 minutes with PPE. There were no significant differences in CC parameters between baseline and PPE sessions in any provider group. Median fatigue scores during baseline sessions were 2 (at start), 4 (at 2 minutes), and 6 (at 5 minutes). There was a significantly higher median fatigue score between 0 and 5 minutes in both study sessions and in all groups. Fatigue scores were significantly higher for providers wearing PPE compared with baseline specifically among prehospital providers.

Conclusions
During a clinically appropriate 2-minute period, neither CC quality nor self-reported fatigue worsened to a significant degree in providers wearing PPE. Our data suggest that Pediatric Basic Life Support recommendations for CC providers to switch every 2 minutes need not be altered with PPE use.
Population-level viral suppression among pregnant and postpartum women in a universal test and treat trial
Authors: Kabami Jane , Balzer Laura B. , Saddiki Hachem , Ayieko James , Kwarisiima Dalsone , Atukunda Mucunguzi , Charlebois Edwin D. , Clark Tamara D. , Koss Catherine A. , Ruel Theodore , Bukusi Elizabeth A. , Cohen Craig R. , Musoke Phillipa , Petersen Maya L. , Havlir Diane V. , Kamya Moses R. , Chamie Gabriel 
Published: May 2020

Objective(s):
We sought to determine whether universal ‘test and treat’ (UTT) can achieve gains in viral suppression beyond universal antiretroviral treatment (ART) eligibility during pregnancy and postpartum, among women living with HIV.

Design:
A community cluster randomized trial.

Methods:
The SEARCH UTT trial compared an intervention of annual population testing and universal ART with a control of baseline population testing with ART by country standard, including ART eligibility for all pregnant/postpartum women, in 32 communities in Kenya and Uganda. When testing, women were asked about current pregnancy and live births over the prior year and, if HIV-infected, had their viral load measured. Between arms, we compared population-level viral suppression (HIV RNA <500 copies/ml) among all pregnant/postpartum HIV-infected women at study close (year 3). We also compared year-3 population-level viral suppression and predictors of viral suppression among all 15 to 45-year-old women by arm.

Results:
At baseline, 92 and 93% of 15 to 45-year-old women tested for HIV: HIV prevalence was 12.6 and 12.3%, in intervention and control communities, respectively. Among HIV-infected women self-reporting pregnancy/live birth, prevalence of viral suppression was 42 and 44% at baseline, and 81 and 76% (P = 0.02) at year 3, respectively. Among all 15 to 45-year-old HIV-infected women, year-3 population-level viral suppression was higher in intervention (77%) versus control (68%; P < 0.001). Pregnancy/live birth was a predictor of year-3 viral suppression in control (P = 0.016) but not intervention (P = 0.43). Younger age was a risk factor for nonsuppression in both arms.

Conclusion:
The SEARCH intervention resulted in higher population viral suppression among pregnant/postpartum women than a control of baseline universal testing with ART eligibility for pregnant/postpartum women.
Association of Dementia and Vascular Risk Scores With Cortical Thickness and Cognition in Low-risk Middle-aged Adults
Authors: Gourley Drew , Pasha Evan P. , Kaur Sonya S. , Haley Andreana P. , Tanaka Hirofumi 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Increased risk for the future development of Alzheimer disease begins as early as midlife. Algorithm-based scores, such as the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Incidence of Dementia (CAIDE) dementia risk score, and the Framingham general cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk score, have been used to determine future risk for the development of cognitive decline and dementia. We evaluated the association between neuroimaging and cognitive measures with the 2 risk scores in middle-aged, cognitively intact adults (49±6 y).

Methods:
In a cohort of 132 participants collected in 2014, magnetic resonance imaging was used to determine measures of cortical thickness in a priori regions of interest and a neuropsychological battery to assess memory and executive function.

Results:
The CAIDE dementia risk score was significantly and inversely associated with the cortical thickness of the parahippocampal (r=−0.266; P=0.002) and superior frontal gyrus (r=−0.261; P=0.002) despite a considerable percentage of individuals (99.3%) at low risk for CVD. There was a significant negative association between CAIDE and memory (r=−0.251; P=0.003). Framingham general CVD score was not associated with brain structure or cognitive function.

Conclusions:
These results indicate that the CAIDE dementia risk score is associated with cortical thickness and cognitive function at midlife in a low-risk population. These data provide insight into subclinical structural and functional changes occurring during midlife associated with future risk for the development of dementia.
Feeling and Looking Down: Impact of Depressive Symptoms on the Allocation of Vertical Attention
Authors: Mańkowska Aleksandra , Harciarek Michał , Heilman Kenneth M. 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Emotions and moods are often expressed using verbal, vertical spatial metaphors (eg, “I’m feeling down”). The reason for using these vertical metaphors is unknown; however, when individuals experience depressive symptoms, they often become self-reflective and ruminative. These mental activities are associated with activation of the default network, including the parietal lobes. The parietal lobes are a critical component of the dorsal visual attentional network, which allocates attention downward. Therefore, activation of the default network may create a downward bias of vertical attention.

Objective:
To investigate whether depressive mood disposition, as measured by the number of depressive symptoms experienced by an individual, influences their allocation of vertical attention.

Methods:
We used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to evaluate depressive symptoms in 48 right-handed individuals with a mean age of 57.31 (±17.14) years. We also asked the participants to mark the center (bisect) of 24 vertical and 24 horizontal lines.

Results:
Overall, the individuals deviated their bisections of vertical lines upward (M=2.66 mm; SD=3.85). A stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that the number of depressive symptoms an individual experienced was significantly associated with a reduction in the magnitude of this upward vertical bias (P=0.009; R
2=0.138), such that the number of depressive symptoms was associated with the reduction (lowering) of their upward bias.

Conclusion:
Depressive symptoms may be associated with a relative lowering of the vertical attentional bias, and this lowering may be related to increased activation of portions of the default network.
Illegal trade of morphologically distinct populations prior to taxonomic assessment and elevation, with recommendations for future prevention
Authors: van den Burg Matthijs P. , Weissgold Bruce J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe negative impacts of international wildlife trafficking are well known, and such negative impacts can be even more pronounced for insular species. This dynamic market needs close monitoring, and when novel species appear in the commercial trade relevant authorities should be able to react in order to reduce negative impacts on wild populations. Here we describe a novel case where an insular endemic form of theIguana iguanacomplex has entered the international commercial trade, likely stimulated by efforts to elevate the form taxonomically. Despite the absence of authorized export permits from the relevant CITES authority, we identify animals that are sold in a range of countries and the likely pathway and methods of importation. We provide recommendations to prevent future illegal collection and trafficking that could be implemented for other taxa. We call for increased awareness of the higher economic value of taxa considered for future taxonomic elevation, and increased monitoring of the commercial trade in order to act promptly when illegal activity is detected.
Learning Clique Subgraphs in Structural Brain Network Classification with Application to Crystallized Cognition
Authors: Wang Lu , Lin Feng Vankee , Cole Martin , Zhang Zhengwu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStructural brain networks constructed from diffusion MRI are important biomarkers for understanding human brain structure and its relation to cognitive functioning. There is increasing interest in learning differences in structural brain networks between groups of subjects in neuroimaging studies, leading to a variable selection problem in network classification. Traditional methods often use independent edgewise tests or unstructured generalized linear model (GLM) with regularization on vectorized networks to select edges distinguishing the groups, which ignore the network structure and make the results hard to interpret. In this paper, we develop a symmetric bilinear logistic regression (SBLR) with elastic-net penalty to identify a set of small clique subgraphs in network classification. Clique subgraphs, consisting of all the interconnections among a subset of brain regions, have appealing neurological interpretations as they may correspond to some anatomical circuits in the brain related to the outcome. We apply this method to study differences in the structural connectome between adolescents with high and low crystallized cognitive ability, using the crystallized cognition composite score, picture vocabulary and oral reading recognition tests from NIH Toolbox. A few clique subgraphs containing several small sets of brain regions are identified between different levels of functioning, indicating their importance in crystallized cognition.
Sustained Androgen Receptor signaling is a determinant of melanoma cell growth potential and tumorigenesis
Authors: Ma Min , Ghosh Soumitra , Tavernari Daniele , Katarkar Atul , Clocchiatti Andrea , Mazzeo Luigi , Samarkina Anastasia , Epiney Justine , Yu Yi-Ru , Ho Ping-Chih , Levesque Mitchell P. , Özdemir Berna C. , Ciriello Giovanni , Dummer Reinhard , Dotto G. Paolo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMelanoma is a benchmark of major clinical significance for cancer development with greater aggressiveness in the male than the female population. Surprisingly little is known on the role of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in the disease. Irrespectively of expression levels, genetic and pharmacological suppression of AR activity in a large panel of melanoma cells, derived from both male and female patients, suppresses proliferation and self-renewal potential while, conversely, increased AR expression or ligand stimulation enhance proliferation. AR gene silencing in multiple melanoma lines elicits a shared gene expression signature related to interferon- and inflammatory cytokines signaling with an inverse association with DNA repair-associated genes, which is significantly linked with better patients’ survival. AR plays an essential function in maintenance of genome integrity: in both cultured melanoma cells and tumors, loss of AR activity leads to chromosomal DNA breakage, leakage into the cytoplasm, and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation.In vivo, reduced tumorigenesis resulting from AR gene silencing or pharmacological inhibition is associated with intratumor macrophage infiltration and, in an immune competent mouse model, cytotoxic T cell activation. Although at different levels, androgens are produced in both male and female individuals and AR targeting provides an attractive therapy approach for improved management of melanoma irrespective of patients’ sex and gender.SignificanceThe study uncovers an essential role of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in melanoma cell expansion and tumorigenesis, with loss of AR activity inducing cellular senescence, genomic DNA breakage, a STING dependent inflammatory cascade and immune cells recruitment. Use of AR inhibitors as growth inhibitory and DNA damaging agents in melanoma cells can provide an attractive venue for new combination approaches for management of the disease.
Deep learning predicts non-coding RNA functions from only raw sequence data
Authors: Noviello Teresa M.R. , Ceccarelli Michele , Cerulo Luigi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNon-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are small non-coding sequences involved in gene regulation in many biological processes and diseases. The lack of a complete comprehension of their biological functionality, especially in a genome-wide scenario, has demanded new computational approaches to annotate their roles. It is widely known that secondary structure is determinant to know RNA function and machine learning based approaches have been successfully proven to predict RNA function from secondary structure information.Here we show that RNA function can be predicted with good accuracy from raw sequence information without the necessity of computing secondary structure features which is computationally expensive. This finding appears to go against the dogma of secondary structure being a key determinant of function in RNA. Compared to recent secondary structure based methods, the proposed solution is more robust to sequence boundary noise and reduces drastically the computational cost allowing for large data volume annotations.Scripts and datasets to reproduce the results of experiments proposed in this study are available at:https://github.com/bioinformatics-sannio/ncrna-deep
Imaging ATP Consumption in Resting Skeletal Muscle: One Molecule at a Time
Authors: Nelson Shane R. , Li Amy , Beck-Previs Samantha , Kennedy Guy G. , Warshaw David M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMuscle contraction is driven by sarcomere shortening and powered by cyclic hydrolysis of ATP by myosin molecular motors. However, myosin in relaxed muscle continues to slowly hydrolyze ATP, analogous to an idling engine. Utilizing super-resolution microscopy to directly image single molecule fluorescent ATP turnover in relaxed rat soleus skeletal muscle sarcomeres, we observed two rates of myosin ATP consumption that differed 5-fold. These distinct hydrolysis rates were spatially segregated, with the slower or “super relaxed” rate localized predominantly to the sarcomere C-zone, where Myosin Binding Protein-C (MyBP-C), a known modulator of muscle contractile function, exists. This super relaxed hydrolysis rate and its location suggest that MyBP-C can sequester myosin motors to regulate muscle metabolism and heat production in resting muscle and force generation upon activation.One Sentence SummarySuper relaxed skeletal muscle myosin is stabilized by Myosin-Binding Protein C as imaged by single ATP molecule consumption.
Genotypic diversity between surgical and nasalStaphylococcus aureusisolates
Authors: Ma Dongzhu , Maher Patrick L. , Brothers Kimberly M. , Phillips Nathan J. , Simonetti Deborah , Pasculle A. William , Richardson Anthony R. , Cooper Vaughn S. , Urish Kenneth L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStaphylococcus aureusis a common organism in periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). Little is known aboutS. aureusgenetic diversity in PJI as compared to nasal carriage. We hypothesized PJIS. aureusstrains would be associated with increased virulence as compared to those from nasal carriage. Whole genome sequencing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed to genotype these two populations at high resolution. MLST revealed a variety of genotypes in both populations but many belonged to the most common clonal complexes. In nasal cultures, 69% of strains were of clonal complexes CC5, CC8, and CC30. In PJI cultures, only 51% could be classified in these common clonal complexes. Remaining strains were atypical, and these atypical strains in PJI were associated with poor host status and compromised immune conditions. Mutations in genes involved in fibronectin binding (ebh, fnbA, clfA, clfB) systematically distinguished later PJI isolates from the first PJI isolate from each patient.S. aureusisolated from nasal carriage and PJI specimens differ significantly, with the latter being more diverse. Strains associated with lower pathogenicity tended to be found in immunocompromised patients, suggesting the host immune system plays an important role in preventing PJI. Repeated mutations inS. aureusgenes associated with extracellular matrix binding were identified suggesting an adaptive, parallel evolution inS. aureusduring the development of PJI.