bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sorption of Metal Ions on Soils, Batch Experiments
Authors: Ružičić Stanko 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The ability of soils to sorb metal ions or heavy metals from aqueous solution has consequences for both agricultural issues, such as soil fertility, and environmental questions, such as remediation of polluted soils and water contamination. Sorption is a major process responsible for accumulation of metal ions or heavy metals. Therefore, the study of sorption processes is of utmost importance for the understanding of how heavy metals are transferred from a liquid mobile phase to the surface of a solid phase. Batch sorption experiments are mainly used for determination of soil sorption parameters. The scope of this article covers the theoretical background on sources of heavy metals, sorption mechanisms, isotherms models, sorbents, and batch experiments. In addition to theoretical background, two examples are provided of sorption batch experiments using metal solutions and soils as sorbents.
Air–Sea–Land Interactions During Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Hsu Shih‐Ang 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Air–sea–land interaction is a branch of boundary‐layer geophysics including coastal meteorology, physical oceanography, and marine geology. Numerous topics related to the air–sea–land interactions during tropical cyclones (TCs) are discussed. Since most of these topics are related to the general public to save life and property during a TC, simplified formulas are presented for use including the rapid estimations of wind, wave, current, storm surge, wave setup, turbulence intensity (TI), gust factor, shoaling depth, and seabed scouring. In addition, when a storm track is located on the left of a major river such as the Mississippi river during Hurricane Isaac in 2012, it is found that the storm surges can propagate more than 228 river miles or 367 km inland and are approximately related to the square root of the distance upstream.
Analysis of Rare Earth Elements in Water and Sediments
Authors: Li Zheng‐Hua 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIncreasing consumption and demand on rare earth elements (REEs) in high‐tech devices, petroleum refinery, medical MRI, metallurgy, agriculture fertilizer, and REEs mining have inevitably released noticeable REEs to soils, waters, and food chains, raising environment and health concerns. Determination of REEs in water and sediments is primarily needed for tracing source materials, exploring mineral resources, and identifying environmental pollutions. REE concentrations in natural water are extremely low in the range of sub‐micrograms per liter to nanograms per liter level. To determine the trace REEs, a sample pretreatment including REEs preconcentration and matrix removal is often required. A wide variety of methods have been developed to fulfill this task. The coprecipitation and solid‐phase extraction (SPE) are among the most used approaches for preconcentrating REEs. Various instruments have been employed for measuring REEs. Currently, the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) is the gold standard for trace REEs analysis. This article presents an overview of the analysis of REEs in natural waters and sediments by laying out a practical pathway covering the field sampling, sample pretreatment, REEs instrumentation, and data reduction.
Cleanup of Oil and Chemical Spills
Authors: Russell David L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Oil and chemical spills have created damage to water environment. There are relatively limited methods for mitigating and cleaning up aquatic spills. The article summarizes some currently available techniques including spill control booming or barrier installation, shore remediation, dispersant application, and recovery techniques, limitations of the respective technologies, and guidance on their applications. The article briefly discusses cleanup of groundwater contaminated by oils and chemicals.
Acid Mine Drainage: Extent and Character
Authors: Rose Arthur W. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Acid mine drainage (AMD), also known as acid rock drainage (ARD), is an extensive environmental problem in areas of coal and metal mining. For example, the Appalachian Regional Commission estimated that 5700 miles of streams in eight Appalachian states were seriously polluted by AMD. AMD is also serious near major metal mining districts such as Iron Mountain, CA and Summitville, CO. In streams affected by AMD, fish and stream biota are severely impacted and the waters are not usable for drinking or for many industrial purposes. In addition to deleterious effects of dissolved constituents (H
+
, Fe, Al) on stream life, Fe and Al precipitates can cover the stream bed and inhibit stream life, and suspended precipitates can make the water unusable. In metal mining areas, heavy metals can add toxicity. General references on chemistry of AMD are Rose and Cravotta and Nordstrom and Alpers.
Water Security and Sustainability: Global Threats and Conflicts
Authors: Bozorg‐Haddad Omid , Bahrami Mahdi , Kazemi Mehdi , Abdi Babak , Yari Pouria , Chu Xuefeng , Loáiciga Hugo A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article reviews the concepts of water security and food security. This is followed by an overview of the global issues concerning the safety of water resources in different regions of the world. Climate threats, social and political conflicts, and methods for dealing with water security issues are reviewed.
Bio‐Based Chemicals and Sustainability
Authors: Philp James 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe world faces unprecedented threats as a result of what have become known as grand challenges. These include some of the greatest policy issues of the day: food, water and soil security, resource depletion, and climate change. Into this perplexing vista has arrived the bioeconomy concept, which envisages a gradual replacement of fossil‐based feedstocks with bio‐based ones, resulting in bio‐based products, especially bio‐based fuels, chemicals, and materials. While this replacement implies an inherently more sustainable production system, this is not necessarily the case; each feedstock, fuel, chemical, or material must currently be judged on a case‐by‐case basis. There is no unified system for assessing their sustainability, which leads to inefficiencies and a slowing down of the process to arrive at this future, which can be viewed as a historic transition, akin to the wood‐to‐coal and coal‐to‐oil transitions. Both of these transitions took at least decades. The bioeconomy transition cannot wait that long – climate change and other grand challenges are forcing our hand. This article looks at the technologies, the barriers, and some of the policy issues to hasten this sustainable future.
Freshwater Cyanobacterial Blooms
Authors: Rosen Barry H. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article provides an introduction to freshwater cyanobacterial blooms, including a brief discussion of those formed by eukaryotic algae. In freshwater systems, cyanobacteria have ecological strategies such as buoyancy regulation, phosphorus mining, and nitrogen fixation that give them a competitive advantage over eukaryotic algae, and they cause visible blooms more frequently in freshwater ecosystems than other algal types. Many cyanobacterial species also have a competitive advantage at higher water temperatures (above 25 °C). Understanding cyanobacterial bloom dynamics includes information on water quality, with emphasis on nutrients, and physical factors such as water temperature and the amount of mixing in a waterbody. Calm conditions allow these organisms to float to the water surface where prevailing winds aid the development of thick accumulations on shorelines. Human and animal exposure to cyanobacteria at these shorelines is problematic because of the potent toxins some species produce that have the potential to be harmful. A synopsis of the key bloom‐forming organisms with photomicrographs is included in this article.
Hazardous Metallic Ions Removal from Water Using Activated Carbons
Authors: González Pedro G. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLignocellulosics and biomass as precursors of activated carbons have become important materials to produce it. Use of these “wastes” results in many benefits, mainly environmental. Special attention must be given to the relationship between the selected precursor and the final microstructure and properties (surface and textural) of the carbons. From these characteristics depends their performance as adsorbents of heavy metals or other applications. For these reasons, the present article provides a summary of research works outlining the use of lignocellulosic‐based precursors to obtain activated carbons. A brief description of the characterization techniques for both the precursors and activated carbons is presented. An explanation of the adsorption process, in terms of the most common kinetic and adsorption models, is included. Finally, the application of these carbons in adsorption of five hazardous metallic ions, chromium, mercury, lead, copper, and zinc, in aqueous solution is analyzed.
Natural Channel Design for River Restoration
Authors: Rosgen Dave 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe Natural Channel Design (NCD) approach to river restoration aims to establish a self‐regulating, functioning river system associated with physical, ecological, and chemical components by emulating the natural stable form within the constraints imposed by the larger landscape conditions. The NCD method has evolved over five decades to restore impaired rivers using principles from fluvial geomorphology and ecology to meet clearly defined restoration goals. NCD incorporates analog, empirical, and analytical methods through 10 sequential phases that serve as a designframeworkto guide users through the minimum requirements and specific procedures to successfully implement a restoration design. An appropriate reference reach must be selected to direct the natural channel design and determine the physical and ecological departure of the impaired reach from the stable and functioning reference condition. Designing a multistage river system is also an integral part of NCD based on the appropriate stream type for the fluvial landscape. The NCD approach has successfully offset many of the adverse impacts from land use activities and traditional river works by implementing sustainable designs that are intended to work in harmony with river systems.
Water Pollution from Fish Farms
Authors: Bergheim Asbjorn , Schumann Mark , Brinker Alexander 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In 2014, global aquacultural production of fish for human consumption surpassed that of fisheries, amounting to c. 50 million tons annually. Freshwater aquaculture dominates, accounting for 87% of this total, with the remaining 6.3 million tons produced in marine systems. Water pollution from fish farms takes a variety of forms, from feed‐derived wastes to therapeutics, pesticides and other chemicals to pathogens/parasites and escaped fish. Recipient water bodies can also be significantly affected by the biomass for farmed fish, for example receiving water with low oxygen and high carbon dioxide levels. Depending on the type and intensity and type of production systems in use and in particular the kind of effluent treatment in place, the waste load per ton of fish production fluctuates strongly. In general, open systems such as floating net cages pose a larger local threat to the environment than land‐based closed systems, but the latter might have higher ecological cost on a global scale. Recirculating (RAS) and integrated (IMTA) aquaculture systems have been developed to minimize water consumption and effluent load, and the large‐scale implementation of such systems in the pond farms of China and other Asian countries, which dominate global aquaculture, reflects a significant effort to reduce negative local impacts on recipient water bodies. The potential for alternative added‐value usage of wastes generated in fish farms, for example as fertilizer or in biogas production is currently underexploited.
Sustainable Wells: Problem Causes, Prevention, and Asset Management for Wells and Well Fields
Authors: Smith Stuart A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Water wells and similar structures such as geotechnical drains that transmit water selectively from the natural to the engineered environment experience clogging and other symptoms that impair performance. These symptoms can include biofouling, biocorrosion, and sand and sediment production. Such problems can be prevented and controlled, and system decline slowed, through preventive maintenance (PM) and intelligent management or sustainable use measures. These include optimal design, PM monitoring for signs of problem, and preventive treatments. They also include understanding the hydrogeologic setting and planning accordingly. Corrosion is largely controlled through understanding the electrochemical environment and matching materials choices to the challenges. PM monitoring data should be recorded, analyzed, and trends established to predict the timing and need for PM measures. PM treatment for prevention is performed before serious performance decline occurs. When chemicals are used, their choices should be made to optimize clog removal while minimizing harm, e.g. leaving essential nutrients behind. As in rehabilitation treatments, effective physical agitation is an essential part of the process. The process of effective design and material selection, PM monitoring, and treatment for wells as part of a facility asset management project has been demonstrated to be cost‐effective, despite the additional effort and investment necessary.
The Plankton Food‐Web Role in the Oceans
Authors: D'Alelio Domenico 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPlankton are organisms not able to swim against water currents. They live in every aquatic environment and stand at the base of food webs and biogeochemical cycles on our planet. Plankton include prokaryotes (unicellular organisms without a nucleus), protists, and protozoans (unicellular eukaryotes or organisms with a proper nucleus) and metazoans (multicellular eukaryotes). These groups feature a huge biological diversity, which cascades into a myriad of different sizes, forms, behaviors, and, ultimately, roles played in aquatic ecosystems. The interaction of different plankton species produce complex ecological networks encompassing multiple feeding connections, or trophic links. The complexity of interactions among plankton is an emergent property whose investigation is made possible by ecological‐network models. Long‐term ecological research programs aiming at assessing ocean health can profit from these modeling tools to integrate (i) plankton biodiversity explorations and (ii) the search for the role played by the entangled plankton webs in the functioning of our planet's largest environment, i.e. the ocean.
Soil Water
Authors: Rasmussen Todd C. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Soil water is found in pores (voids) between and within soil particles that fill with water as soils wet and empty as soil dries. The soil water content is a measure of the quantity of water present within soil, and can vary from fully saturated, in which case the water content equals the soil porosity, to oven‐dry, in which case all free water has been evaporated. Wet soils are characterized as having high water contents, which means that more soil pores are filled with water, whereas dry soils have more pores that are filled with air. Water in saturated soils naturally flows into openings such as wells, mines, and caves because the water has a positive pressure. When pores are not saturated, adhesive and cohesive forces prevent water from draining into openings. Adhesive forces are caused by the attraction of water to soil surfaces, whereas cohesive forces are caused by the attraction of water molecules to each other. The soil water tension is a measure of these attractive forces. Moisture characteristic curves relate the water content to the tension; drier soils have higher tensions than wetter soils because water is more strongly attracted to soil surfaces.
Groundwater, Climate Variability and Change
Authors: Gurdak Jason J. , Wolf Cassandra , Gross Zoé , Carvalho Resende Tales , Leblanc Marc 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Groundwater is a fundamental component of the hydrologic cycle and vital natural resources. It sustains many rivers, lakes, wetlands, and other groundwater‐dependent ecosystems and is a significant source of freshwater for human consumption. Groundwater is also the foundation for irrigated agroecosystems, food production, ecosystem services, energy‐extraction and production, and other industry. As a result, excessive groundwater extraction, particularly in many of the largest and most important aquifer systems in arid and semiarid regions, has resulted in rapidly declining water levels and substantial loss of storage, often referred to as the global groundwater crisis. Climate variability and change and the associated modifications to the global hydrologic cycle are compounding the concerns about the global groundwater crisis. This article provides a brief overview of the importance of groundwater and recent findings about how anthropogenic climate change and natural climate variability on interannual to multidecadal timescales affect hydrologic processes that influence groundwater resources. The article ends with two case studies. The first is an overview of new statewide regulations called the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) in California, USA, that are designed to more sustainably manage the local groundwater resources considering climate change. The second is about new groundwater governance in the Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer System in southern Africa.
Desert Biocrusts
Authors: Kidron Giora J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSoil biocrusts, also known as biological soil crusts or microbiotic crusts, are composed of different proportions of cyanobacteria, green algae, lichens, mosses, fungi, and bacteria, which commonly occupy the upper 0.1–2 cm of the soil. They are especially abundant between the 100‐ and 300‐mm isohyets, where they may occupy up to 80–90% of the surface. Once covering the surface, they may largely affect the ecosystem. They contribute to surface stability, affect the surface and subsurface hydrology (whether infiltration, runoff, and/or evaporation), the input of organic carbon and nitrogen, increase dust (and subsequently nutrient) entrapment, and affect vascular plant germination and growth. This article will focus on the variable effects of biocrusts on the arid and semiarid ecosystems and the possible factors that determine their establishment and growth. Controversial views regarding their growth and effects as reflected at the current state‐of‐the‐art knowledge will be also discussed.
Water Quality Factors Affecting Fish Growth and Production
Authors: Viadero Roger 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe health and subsequent growth of fish is directly related to the quality of water in which the fish are raised. Fish growth is affected by a wide range of biological, chemical/biochemical, and physical factors. The species of fish or fishes being reared, the size and maturity of the fish, and the presence of other oxygen consuming organisms in the culture water are key biological factors that affect fish production. Key physical factors of importance include water temperature, water velocity, electrical conductivity, and the concentration of solids in the water column. Likewise, the water pH, alkalinity, hardness, and concentrations of ions (dissolved metals and nutrients) are chemical constituents that can impact fish production. While it is common to consider the impacts of each factor on an individual basis, it is important to recognize that the net effect of these factors on fish growth and production are interrelated. Consequently, it is necessary to approach each case as an integrated, dynamic system, as opposed to the sum of individual parts.
Geochemical Models
Authors: Gonçalves Mário A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Geochemical models are considered an abstract representation of natural processes of a system, usually, but not exclusively, represented by a set of master variables and described by mathematical equations. The output data of these models is a quantitative representation of an outcome that can be either observable in the natural system or subject to experimental confirmation. From this definition, the importance of defining proper boundary conditions and using reliable experimental data on models is discussed. Geochemical models may have distinct components such as chemical reactions (inorganic and/or biological), transport of chemical elements by advection and dispersion, fluid flow, and heat transport. These are the building blocks of geochemical models, which can be divided as speciation‐solubility, reaction‐path, inverse mass balance, and coupled reaction‐transport models. Finally, model validation and usefulness is briefly discussed.
Hydrologic Connectivity of Isolated Wetlands: Episodic Flows
Authors: Deemy James B. , Rasmussen Todd C. , Takagi Kimberly K. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Episodic flows are storm‐generated events that last from hours to weeks and range in discharge from few to millions of liters per second. These events are the most readily observed form of hydrologic connectivity between isolated wetlands and nearby perennial waters. Unlike perennial streams that flow year‐round and intermittent streams that flow seasonally, episodic flows occur in response to heavy or persistent rainfall. The frequency and return period of episodic flows are dependent on regional climate, patterns of surface–groundwater interaction, and local geomorphic setting. Episodic flows also create linkages between otherwise isolated aquatic ecosystems by providing connections between wetlands, terrestrial ecosystems, and perennially flowing waters across kilometers of upland landscapes. Connectivity between typically isolated systems can be critical to long‐ and short‐term water quality. Episodic flows provide dissolved and suspended matter (e.g. nutrients, dissolved carbon, sediments, coarse woody debris) as well as energy (e.g. erosion, transport) that stimulate aquatic communities. These inputs from temporary hydrologic connections often have lasting impacts on nearby perennial streams in the form of woody debris or sediment deposition in the channel. Pulses from stormflows alter abiotic features and change limitations on biological components of these ecological communities.
Graphene Coatings for Microbial Corrosion Applications
Authors: Chilkoor Govinda , Shrestha Namita , Karanam Sushma Priyanka , Upadhyayula Venkata K.K. , Gadhamshetty Venkataramana 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Protective coatings are widely used to control microbially induced corrosion (MIC) of ferrous and nonferrous metals and maintain their aesthetic appeal and structural integrity. The use of ultrathin graphene films as protective coatings in biological environments is discussed in this article. The way the atomic scale surficial features of graphene coatings influence adherence, colonization, and biofilm growth aspects of bacteria responsible for MIC of underlying metals is discussed. A critical review of the literature is carried out to evaluate the microbial corrosion resistance of pristine graphene and its functionalized forms. The article is concluded with a discussion on environmental impacts, technical challenges and potential solutions, and commercialization prospects of graphene coatings.