bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
YÜKSEKÖĞRETİMDEKİ ULUSLARARASI ÖĞRENCİLERİN TÜRKİYE İMAJI: SELÇUK ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: ÖZLÜK Erdem , DOĞAN Fazlı , ERGEN IŞIKLAR Zeynep , ÖZLÜK Duygu 
Published: November 2019

ÖZBu çalışma yükseköğretimdeki uluslararasılaşma ve uluslararası öğrenci
sayısıyla ülkenin dünyadaki imajı arasında doğrudan bir ilişki olduğu
gerçeğinden hareketle, Selçuk Üniversitesi örneği üzerinden Türkiye’deki
yükseköğretim kurumlarındaki lisans ve lisansüstü düzeydeki uluslararası
öğrencilerin Türkiye imajını ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada toplamda 30
sorudan oluşan 222 katılımcının yer aldığı bir anket çalışması
gerçekleştirilmiş ve uluslararası öğrencilerin Türkiye imajı, “eğitim, sosyal
imkânlar, sosyal çevre/şehir hayatı ve Türkiye algısı” olmak üzere toplamda 2
bölüm ve 2. bölümün altında yer alan 4 alt başlık üzerinden ölçülmüştür. Anket
uluslararası öğrencilerin Türkiye’ye gelmeden önceki ve geldikten sonraki
Türkiye algısını da ölçecek şekilde dizayn edilmiştir. Uluslararası
öğrencilerin Türkiye hakkında yüksek düzeyde olumlu imaja sahip oldukları sonucuna
ulaşılmıştır. Türkiye’nin yükseköğretim alanında son dönemde yaptığı
reformlarla bünyesine çektiği uluslararası öğrenci sayısının artmış olması ve
uluslararası öğrenciler üzerinden daha fazla sayıda bölge ve ülkeye ulaşılmaya
başlanmış olması bu konuda kapsayıcı ve uzun dönemli bir politika üretilmesini
de zorunlu kılmaktadır.Anahtar
Kelimeler: Yükseköğretim, Uluslararasılaşma, Uluslararası Öğrenci, Türkiye İmajı,
Selçuk ÜniversitesiJel Kodları:F50,
I23
The history of the Journal of Neurosurgery: how the “White Journal” helped in the growth of neurological surgery
Authors: Prestigiacomo Charles J. 
Published: November 2019

As the Journal of Neurosurgery (JNS) enters its 76th year of publication, its role as a principal repository of the neurosurgical body of knowledge continues to rise. Following in the steps of earlier journals in other disciplines, the JNS was founded to help provide experts in the field of neurological surgery a forum to present and interpret the important data that have shaped the way the field is practiced around the world. Though not exclusive in its mission, the “White Journal” innovated the management as well as the delivery of information and has served as an example for neurosurgical journals born thereafter.As with all events, the foundational elements of the JNS are centered on the needs of the times. An understanding of the precipitating events and the individuals instrumental in its genesis and subsequent maturation brings to light the JNS’s main focus: to be the principal journal for the field.
Association of decreased levels of lipopolysaccharide-binding protein with OKN-007–induced regression of tumor growth in an F98 rat glioma model
Authors: Smith Nataliya , Saunders Debra , Jensen Randy L. , Towner Rheal A. 
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVEHigh-grade gliomas, such as glioblastoma (GBM), are devastating tumors with a very poor prognosis. Previously the authors have found that the nitrone compound OKN-007 (OKlahoma Nitrone 007; or disodium 4-[(tert-butyl-imino) methyl] benzene-1,3-disulfonate N-oxide) is effective against high-grade gliomas in various GBM rodent and human xenograft models. The purpose of the present study was to assess the levels of the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) in rodent gliomas treated with OKN-007 as well as determine the expression of LBP in human gliomas.METHODSMicroarray analysis was done to assess altered gene expression following OKN-007 administration in an F98 glioma model. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was incorporated to assess LBP levels in glioma tissues, as well as blood serum, comparing results in OKN-007–treated and untreated tumor-bearing animals. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess LBP levels in varying grades of human glioma tissue sections.RESULTSUpon further assessment of gene expression fold changes in F98 gliomas in rats that received or did not receive OKN-007, it was found that the gene for LBP was significantly downregulated by OKN-007. Further investigation was done to see whether levels of LBP were affected by OKN-007 treatment in F98 gliomas. It was found that LBP could be detected not only in glioma tissue but also in blood serum of F98 glioma-bearing rats and that OKN-007 decreased the levels of LBP. It was also found that LBP levels are highly expressed in human high-grade glioma tissues.CONCLUSIONSLBP could potentially be used as a serum diagnostic marker of treatment response in high-grade gliomas.
Intracranial pressure before and after cranioplasty: insights into intracranial physiology
Authors: Lilja-Cyron Alexander , Andresen Morten , Kelsen Jesper , Andreasen Trine Hjorslev , Petersen Lonnie Grove , Fugleholm Kåre , Juhler Marianne 
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVEDecompressive craniectomy (DC) is an emergency neurosurgical procedure used in cases of severe intracranial hypertension or impending intracranial herniation. The procedure is often lifesaving, but it exposes the brain to atmospheric pressure in the subsequent rehabilitation period, which changes intracranial physiology and probably leads to complications such as hydrocephalus, hygromas, and “syndrome of the trephined.” The objective of the study was to study the effect of cranioplasty on intracranial pressure (ICP), postural ICP changes, and intracranial pulse wave amplitude (PWA).METHODSThe authors performed a prospective observational study including patients who underwent DC during a 12-month period. Telemetric ICP sensors were implanted in all patients at the time of DC. ICP was evaluated before and after cranioplasty during weekly measurement sessions including a standardized postural change program.RESULTSTwelve of the 17 patients enrolled in the study had cranioplasty performed and were included in the present investigation. Their mean ICP in the supine position increased from –0.5 ± 4.8 mm Hg the week before cranioplasty to 6.3 ± 2.5 mm Hg the week after cranioplasty (p < 0.0001), whereas the mean ICP in the sitting position was unchanged (–1.2 ± 4.8 vs –1.1 ± 3.6 mm Hg, p = 0.90). The difference in ICP between the supine and sitting positions was minimal before cranioplasty (1.1 ± 1.8 mm Hg) and increased to 7.4 ± 3.6 mm Hg in the week following cranioplasty (p < 0.0001). During the succeeding 2 weeks of the follow-up period, the mean ICP in the supine and sitting positions decreased in parallel to, respectively, 4.6 ± 3.0 mm Hg (p = 0.0003) and –3.9 ± 2.7 mm Hg (p = 0.040), meaning that the postural ICP difference remained constant at around 8 mm Hg. The mean intracranial PWA increased from 0.7 ± 0.7 mm Hg to 2.9 ± 0.8 mm Hg after cranioplasty (p < 0.0001) and remained around 3 mm Hg throughout the following weeks.CONCLUSIONSCranioplasty restores normal intracranial physiology regarding postural ICP changes and intracranial PWA. These findings complement those of previous investigations on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism in patients after decompressive craniectomy.
Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products as a biomarker of symptomatic vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Aida Yasuhiro , Kamide Tomoya , Ishii Hiroshi , Kitao Yasuko , Uchiyama Naoyuki , Nakada Mitsutoshi , Hori Osamu 
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVEThe receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a membrane protein associated with the induction of oxidative stress and inflammation in several pathological conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated that soluble RAGE (sRAGE) acts as a decoy for RAGE and protects cells against RAGE-mediated injury. The authors and other groups have reported that the expression of RAGE increases after brain ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and deletion of RAGE or overexpression of sRAGE improves neuronal survival. It has also been demonstrated that the plasma sRAGE level could be a predictor of the outcome after ischemic stroke. This study aimed to evaluate plasma sRAGE as a biomarker for symptomatic vasospasm (SVS) in SAH patients, as well as a rat model.METHODSThe authors measured and compared plasma sRAGE levels in 27 SAH patients (7 with SVS and 20 without SVS) from day 5 to day 14 post-SAH. They also examined plasma sRAGE levels and expression of RAGE and heme oxygenase–1 (HO-1) in a rat SAH model.RESULTSThe relative plasma sRAGE levels were significantly lower in the SVS group than in the non-SVS group of patients. A cut-off value of 0.84 for predicting SVS was considered to be appropriate for the relative plasma sRAGE levels on day 7 versus day 5. In the rat SAH model, plasma sRAGE levels were significantly lower than those in sham-treated rats, and the expressions of RAGE and HO-1 were enhanced in the SAH group compared with the non-SAH group.CONCLUSIONSPlasma sRAGE levels can be used as a potential biomarker for predicting SVS after SAH.
Multimodal cerebral arteriovenous malformation treatment: a 12-year experience and comparison of key outcomes to ARUBA
Authors: Pulli Benjamin , Chapman Paul H. , Ogilvy Christopher S. , Patel Aman B. , Stapleton Christopher J. , Leslie-Mazwi Thabele M. , Hirsch Joshua A. , Carter Bob S. , Rabinov James D. 
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVECurative treatment of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains controversial after the only randomized controlled trial, A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA), was halted prematurely because interim analysis revealed superiority of the medical management group. In contrast, meta-analyses of retrospective cohorts suggest that intervention is much safer than was found in ARUBA.METHODSThe authors retrospectively analyzed 318 consecutive adult patients with brain AVMs treated at their institution with embolization, surgery, and/or proton beam radiosurgery. Analysis was performed in 142 ARUBA-eligible patients (baseline modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0–1, no history of hemorrhage), and results were compared to primary and secondary outcomes from ARUBA, as well as to natural history cohorts.RESULTSThe annualized stroke rate (hemorrhagic or ischemic) in this cohort was 1.8%, 4.9% in the first 12 months and 0.8% after the first 12 months, which was lower than in natural history studies and the ARUBA medical management arm (p = 0.001). The primary ARUBA endpoint of symptomatic stroke was reached in 13 patients (9.2%), which compares favorably to the ARUBA intervention arm (39.6%, p = 0.0001) and is similar to the ARUBA medical management arm (9.2%, p = 1.0). The secondary ARUBA endpoint (mRS score ≥ 2 at 5 years of follow-up) was reached in 14.3% of patients, compared to 40.5% in the ARUBA intervention arm (p = 0.002) and 16.7% in the ARUBA medical management arm (p = 0.6).CONCLUSIONSThis multimodal approach to the selection and treatment of patients with brain AVMs yields good clinical outcomes with key safety endpoints (stroke, death, and mRS score 0–1) better than the ARUBA intervention arm and similar to the ARUBA medical arm at 5 years of follow-up. Results compare favorably to natural history cohorts at longer follow-up times. This suggests that tertiary care centers with integrated programs, expertise in patient selection, and individualized treatment approaches may allow for better clinical outcomes than reported in ARUBA. It supports current registry studies and merits consideration of future randomized controlled trials in patients with brain AVMs.
PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DAN FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHINYA: STUDI KASUS DI KECAMATAN SUKAGUMIWANG
Authors: Nuraeni Tating , Rahmawati Ade 
Published: November 2019

Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang pneumonia pada balita dan faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh balita yang berumur 0 sampai 5 tahun yang datang berkunjung di wilayah kerja UPTD Puskesmas Sukagumiwang Kabupaten Indramayu baik yang pneumonia maupun tidak. Sampel penelitian ini yang terdiri dari sampel kasus dan kontrol yaitu sampel kasus adalah balita 0 sampai 5 tahun yang terkena pneumonia dan sampel kontrol adalah balita 0 sampai 5 tahun yang tidak terkena pneumonia. Teknik pengambilan sampel dipilih secara Simple random sampling atau secara acak sederhana. Alur penelitian ini dilakukan selama 1 tahun dengan menggunakan data primer melalui kegiatan wawancara langsung dengan ibu yang memiliki balita dengan menggunakan kuesioner penelitian sebagai pedoman wawancara. Data Sekunder di peroleh dari catatan rekam medik di wilayah kerja UPTD Puskesmas Sukagumiwang Kabupaten Indramayu untuk mendapatkan data tentang kejadian pneumonia yang di diagnosa oleh tenaga medis/laboratorium beserta alamat penderita. Kemudian data yang diperoleh dianalisis dan diinterpretasikan untuk menguji hipotesis yang diajukan dengan tahapan yaitu: analisis deskriptif dan uji chi-square bivariat. Berdasarkan data hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan pula, bahwa faktor yang paling dominan terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada bayi usia 0 -5 tahun di Puskesmas Sukagumiwang yakni faktor adanya perokok di rumah. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini memberikan implikasi bahwa kebiasaan merokok orang tua selain memberikan dampak buruk terhadap dirinya, namun berdampak pada anaknya.
MEMBUMIKAN NILAI PANCASILA PADA GENERASI BANGSA
Authors: Alaby Muhammad Awin 
Published: November 2019

Pancasila as the state ideology becomes the basic reference for all Indonesian citizens in various sectors of life. But the fact is that nowadays the values of Pancasila are increasingly eroded due to the rapid influence of the progress of science, technology and arts that are not well-filtered. such as increasing crime, corruption, collusion and nepotism, radicalism, sexual crime, consumptive life, unproductive political life, and so on. To restore the value of Pancasila in social life, nation and state need actualization efforts. Through the actualization of the Pancasila values socialization is expected to become more down to earth in Indonesian society by involving all parties to actively participate in grounding Pancasila values to all aspects of life, in the three domains of informal, formal and non-formal education in order to form good character in the nation's generation, so Pancasila acceptability and credibility can be maintained in increasing the awareness and responsibility of the nation's generation towards a quality, intelligent, and future character.
Pancasila sebagai ideologi negara menjadi acuan dasar bagi semua warga negara Indonesia diberbagai sektor kehidupan. Namun faktanya saat ini nilai-nilai luhur pancasila semakin terkikis akibat pengaruh pesatnya kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi dan seni yang kurang terfilter dengan baik, Indikasi memudarnya praktik nilai-nilai pancasila dapat dilihat dari meningkatnya jumlah kasus yang melibatkan generasi bangsa yang mencerminkan lemahnya karakter bangsa, seperti meningkatnya kriminalitas, korupsi, kolusi dan nepotisme, radikalisme, kejahatan seksual, kehidupan yang konsumtif, kehidupan politik yang tidak produktif, dan sebagainya. Untuk mengembalikan nilai pancasila dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara perlu upaya aktualisasi. Melalui aktualisasi sosialisasi nilai-nilai pancasila diharapkan menjadi lebih membumi dimasyarakat Indonesia dengan melibatkan semua pihak untuk aktif berpartisipasi membumikan nilai-nilai pancasila ke semua aspek kehidupan, di tiga ranah pendidikan informal, formal dan non formal guna membentuk karakter yang baik pada generasi bangsa, sehingga akseptabilitas dan kredibilitas pancasila dapat terjaga dalam meningkatkan kesadaran dan tanggung jawab generasi bangsa terhadap masa depan yang berkualitas , cerdas, dan berkarakter
KARAKTERISTIK KARBON AKTIF DARI CANGKANG BUAH KARET MENGGUNAKAN AKTIVATOR H3PO4
Authors: Meilianti Meilianti 
Published: November 2019

This research is purposed to determine the characteristic and adsorbtion ability of activated carbon which is made from rubber fruit shell with ativator phosphoric acid ( H3PO4 ). The carbonisation of activated carbon was carried out using furnace for 1 hour with temperature of 750oC. The next mashed and sieved with a size of 100 mesh. Then activated for 24 hours with H3PO4 solution with variation of concentration , 8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5% and 10%. As the result of characterisation, the lowest water degree wash content 10% with the value 3,25 % and lowest volatille metter from sample 10 % with the value 3,15 %. the lowest ash degree was from sample 8 % with the value 3,36 %. Maximum adsorbtion of iodine with sample 10 % with the value 947,25 mg/g . The optimum condition of activated carbon with activator phosphoric acis, which is produced in concentration 10%. Which at this concentration has moisture water degree of 3,25%, ash degree of 3,36%, volatille metter degree 3,15%, absorption iodine of 947.25 mg / g, and absorption metilene blue 98,95 mg/g.
EFEKTIFITAS BENTONIT SEBAGAI ADSORBEN PADA PROSES PENINGKATAN KADAR BIOETANOL
Authors: Atikah Atikah 
Published: November 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan kadar bioetanol menggunakan proses adsorpsi dengan bentonit sebagai adsorben. Ukuran partikel koloid yang sangat kecil dan kapasitas permukaan ion yang tinggi menyebabkan bentonit mempunyai sifat mengadsoprsi. Proses adsorpsi lebih efektif dan efisien dari segi penggunaan energi untuk memisahkan bioetanol dan air. Proses adsorpsi dilakukan secara batch, dengan memasukkan bioetanol kadar 70% dan bentonite yang telah teraktivasi dengan HCL 1 M kemudian dilakukan pengadukan. Proses adsorpsi dilakukan masing-masing selama 30, 50, 70, 90 dan 110 menit. Selanjutnya bioetanol dan bentonite dipisahkan untuk mendapatkan bioetanol murni yang selanjutnya dianalisa kadar bioetanolnya menggunakan Gas Chromatography (GC). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan kadar etanol dengan makin banyak jumlah adsorben dan semakin lama waktu proses. Hasil terbaik berlangsung pada waktu proses 110 menit dan berat bentonite 50 gram dengan kadar bioetanol 93,29% dan peningkatan kadar 77,63% dari kadar awal 70% .
BIOPLASTIK PATI UMBI TALAS MELALUI PROSES MELT INTERCALATION
Authors: Melani Ani , Herawati Netty , Kurniawan A.Fajri 
Published: November 2019

Plastik sangat banyak diperlukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, pada umumnya plastik hanya digunakan sekali pakai. Dalam satu tahun sebanyak 1 triliun plastik digunakan dunia. Plastik konvensional yang terbuat dari minyak bumi memiliki sifat degradasi yang rendah. setidaknya kantong plastik dapat diuraikan dalam waktu 500-1.000 tahun, hal ini menyebabkan plastik menjadi sumber sebagian besar sampah dunia dan tentu saja merusak lingkungan.Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan plastik sehari-hari, maka diperlukan pemikiran dan teknologi baru untuk membuat plastik yang ramah lingkungan (Avella,2009:DavidPlacket,2003). Bioplastik merupakan plastik yang dapat digunakan layaknya plastik konvensional, namun akan hancur terurai oleh mikroorganisme menjadi air dan gas karbondioksida setelah habis dipakai dan dibuang kelingkungan tanpa meninggalkan zat beracun. Bioplastik adalah plastik yang ramah lingkungan yang secara alamiah dapat dengan mudah terdegradasi. Indonesia merupakan Negara yang memiliki perkebunan dan pertanian yang luas, Untuk memproduksi bioplastik bukanlah hal yang sulit untuk mendapatkan bahan bakunya. Bahan baku bioplastik dapat diperoleh dari pati, minyak nabati dan mikrobiota. Pati merupakan salah satu polimer alami dari ekstraksi tanaman yang dapat digunakan untuk memproduksi material biodegradabel karena sifatnya yang ramah lingkungan, mudah terdegradasi, ketersediaan yang besar dan terjangkau (Yihu Song, 2008; Gonzarrez,2010; Sandra Domenek, 2004). Pada penelitian ini bahan baku yang digunakan adalah umbi talas yang mengandung pati, 70% yield dalam basis kerimg (Cui, 2005), sebanyak 10 gr dengan variasi jenis plasticiezer (Gliserol, Sorbitol), jenis Filler (Kitosan, ZnO, Clay) dan konsentrasi Filler (3%, 6%, 9%, 12%). Waktu pengadukan konstan 40 menit dan pengovenan pada temperatur 45 C selama 5 jam melalui proses Melt Intercalation. Kondisi operasi ini dipelajari untuk mendapatkan hasil Bioplastik yang terbaik, dengan menguji karakteristik Bioplastik yang dihasilkan. Hasil penelitian yang terbaik diperoleh pada Bioplastik dari Pati Umbi Talas melalui Proses Melt Inercalation pada Konsentrasi Filler Clay 4%, Plasticiezer Sorbitol 25% dengan pengadukan selama 40 menit dan Pengovenan pada temperatur 45 C selama 5 jam. Hasil Uji Karakteristik dari Bioplastik, Uji Tarik 89,327801 MPa, Uji Degradasi 52% berat residual, Uji Logam Timbal (Pb) 0,0057 mg/L dan Kadmium (Cd) 0,127 mg/L. Bioplastik ini memenuhi Standard Nasional Indonesia (SNI).
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEMEGANG SAHAM MINORITAS DIKAITKAN DENGAN PENERAPAN GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (GCG)
Authors: SETIAWAN RAHMAT , MINA RISNO 
Published: November 2019

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hak-hak pemegang saham minoritas dan bentuk pengaturan tentang perlindungan hukum terhadap pemegang saham minoritas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah yuridis normatif, dengan metode analisis adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas mengatur hak pemegang saham minoritas yaitu hak perseorangan dan hak derivatif. Sedangkan Perlindungan hukum bagi pemegang saham minoritas saat ini sudah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 Tentang Perseroan Terbatas. Dimana pemegang saham minoritas dapat memintah Pengadilan untuk menetapkan diadakanya RUPS dan meminta dilakukannya Pemeriksaan atas Perseroan apabila merugikan pemegang saham
PERAN RELAWAN DEMOKRASI DALAM MENINGKATKAN PARTISIPASI PEMILIH PADA PEMILIHAN UMUM TAHUN 2019 (Studi di Komisi Pemilihan Umum Kab. Banggai Laut)
Authors: SUCIPTO DRI 
Published: November 2019

Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peran Relawan Demokrasi dalam meningkatkan partisipasi pemilih dan untuk mengetahui hambatan-hambatan yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan kegiatan Relawan Demokrasi dalam Pemilihan Umum serentak tahun 2019 di Kabupaten Banggai Laut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode empiris dimana sumber data diambil dari penelitian lapangan dan study kepustakaan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kantor Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) Kabupaten Banggai Laut penelitian ini bersifat empiris. Pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Kemudian data dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan, bahwa peran Relawan Demokrasi di Kabupaten Banggai Laut dapat dikatakan berhasil karena tingkat partisipasi pemilih dalam Pemilihan Umum serentak Tahun 2019 di Kabupaten Banggai Laut mencapai sebanyak 84,74 %. Dalam pelaksanaan pemilihan umum salah satu komponen penting yang harus mendapat perhatian serius adalah tingkat partisipasi masyarakat yang mempunyai hak pilih dalam menggunakan hak pilihnya karena semakin tinggi tingkat partisipasi masyarakat maka kualitas pemilu akan semakin baik dan sebaliknya jika tingkat partisipasi masyarakat rendah maka hasil pemilu bisa dikatakan kurang mendapatkan ligitimasi dari masyarakat. Oleh sebab itu dibentuknya Relawan Demokrasi oleh Komisi Pemilihan Umum adalah merupakan upaya untuk meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam memberikan suaranya dalam Pemilihan Umum.