bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plywood adhesives using PF resin with fibrillated bark slurry from radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don): utilization of flavonoid compounds from bark and wood. IV
Authors: Horito Masayoshi , Kurushima Naoko , Ono Keiko , Yazaki Yoshikazu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn 2003, the first adhesives into which considerable amounts of bark particles (< 63 μm) were incorporated were developed using radiata pine bark. The quality of bark containing adhesives has now been substantially improved by fibrillating the bark. The finely ground bark (< 63 µm) was fibrillated using a disk mill and formulated into plywood adhesives. The adhesives contained different ratios of fibrillated bark, phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin and water. The gluability of the fibrillated bark adhesives was evaluated according to the Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) for Plywood and was found to be excellent with the proportion of PF resin to bark being 6 to 4 and 5 to 5 on a solid basis. The bark was fibrillated with water (in the ratio 1 to 10), freeze-dried and used for the adhesive formulations. The freeze-drying process is extremely expensive and was considered inappropriate for the production of wood adhesives. However, it was found that when the ground bark (< 1 mm) was fibrillated with a bark to water ratio of 1 to 3, the resulting bark slurry was able to be directly incorporated into a PF resin to produce high performance plywood adhesives. This improved process is more economic because it requires neither further fractionation of the ground bark nor freeze-drying of the fibrillated bark slurry. The fibrillated bark slurry adhesives are able to produce a high quality of bonding in plywood samples from not only radiata pine, but also hinoki and karamatsu veneers.
Estimating linkage disequilibrium from genotypes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Authors: Hui Tin-Yu J. , Burt Austin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundMeasures of linkage disequilibrium (LD) play a key role in a wide range of applications from disease association to demographic history estimation. The true population LD cannot be measured directly and instead can only be inferred from genetic samples, which are unavoidably subject to measurement error. Previous studies ofr2(a measure of LD), such as the bias due to finite sample size and its variance, were based on the special case that the true population-wise LD is zero. These results generally do not hold for non-zero$$ {r}_{true}^2 $$rtrue2values, which are more common in real genetic data.ResultsThis work generalises the estimation ofr2to all levels of LD, and for both phased and unphased data. First, we provide new formulae for the effect of finite sample size on the observedr2values. Second, we find a new empirical formula for the variance of the observedr2, equals to 2E[r2](1 − E[r2])/n, wherenis the diploid sample size. Third, we propose a new routine, Constrained ML, a likelihood-based method to directly estimate haplotype frequencies andr2from diploid genotypes under Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. While serving the same purpose as the pre-existing Expectation-Maximisation algorithm, the new routine can have better convergence and is simpler to use. A new likelihood-ratio test is also introduced to test for the absence of a particular haplotype. Extensive simulations are run to support these findings.ConclusionMost inferences on LD will benefit from our new findings, from point and interval estimation to hypothesis testing. Genetic analyses utilisingr2information will become more accurate as a result.
Monitoring of anesthetic depth and EEG band power using phase lag entropy during propofol anesthesia
Authors: Shin Hye Won , Kim Hyun Jung , Jang Yoo Kyung , You Hae Sun , Huh Hyub , Choi Yoon Ji , Choi Seung Uk , Hong Ji Su 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Phase lag entropy (PLE) is a novel anesthetic depth indicator that uses four-channel electroencephalography (EEG) to measure the temporal pattern diversity in the phase relationship of frequency signals in the brain. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the anesthetic depth monitoring using PLE and to evaluate the correlation between PLE and bispectral index (BIS) values during propofol anesthesia.

Methods
In thirty-five adult patients undergoing elective surgery, anesthesia was induced with propofol using target-controlled infusion (the Schneider model). We recorded the PLE value, raw EEG, BIS value, and hemodynamic data when the target effect-site concentration (Ce) of propofol reached 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 μg/ml before intubation and 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 μg/ml after intubation and injection of muscle relaxant. We analyzed whether PLE and raw EEG data from the PLE monitor reflected the anesthetic depth as the Ce of propofol changed, and whether PLE values were comparable to BIS values.

Results
PLE values were inversely correlated to changes in propofol Ce (propofol Ce from 0 to 6.0 μg/ml, r2 = − 0.83; propofol Ce from 6.0 to 2.0 μg/ml, r2 = − 0.46). In the spectral analysis of EEG acquired from the PLE monitor, the persistence spectrogram revealed a wide distribution of power at loss of consciousness (LOC) and recovery of consciousness (ROC), with a narrow distribution during unconsciousness. The power spectrogram showed the typical pattern seen in propofol anesthesia with slow alpha frequency band oscillation. The PLE value demonstrated a strong correlation with the BIS value during the change in propofol Ce from 0 to 6.0 μg/ml (r2 = 0.84). PLE and BIS values were similar at LOC (62.3 vs. 61.8) (P > 0.05), but PLE values were smaller than BIS values at ROC (64.4 vs 75.7) (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
The PLE value is a useful anesthetic depth indicator, similar to the BIS value, during propofol anesthesia. Spectral analysis of EEG acquired from the PLE monitor demonstrated the typical patterns seen in propofol anesthesia.

Trial registration
This clinical trial was retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov at October 2017 (NCT03299621).
No radiographic index predicts difficult intubation using the Optiscope™ in cervical spine surgery patients: a retrospective study
Authors: Oh Hyongmin , Kim Hansol , Yoon Hyun-Kyu , Lee Hyung-Chul , Park Hee-Pyoung 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
The Optiscope™ can be used for intubation with minimal neck motion. We retrospectively investigated radiographic predictors of difficult intubation using the Optiscope™ by analyzing preoperative radiographic images.

Methods
One hundred eighty-four patients who were intubated with the Optiscope™ under manual in-line cervical stabilization for cervical spine surgery were enrolled. Radiographic indices were measured on preoperative cervical spine lateral X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging images. Difficult intubation was defined as failure or time consumption more than 90 s on the first attempt. To identify significant predictors of difficult intubation using the Optiscope™ and evaluate their diagnostic value, multivariable logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses were used.

Results
Fourty-seven patients showed difficult intubation. There was no significant difference in radiographic indices between the difficult and easy intubation groups, but higher body mass index (BMI) (26.5 [3.0] vs. 24.6 [3.5] kg/m2, P = 0.001), shorter sternomental distance (SMD) (122.0 [104.0 to 150.0] vs. 150.0 [130.0 to 170.0] mm, P = 0.001), shorter interincisor gap (40.0 [35.0 to 45.0] vs. 43.0 [40.0 to 50.0] mm, P = 0.006), and higher incidence of excessive oral secretions (10.6% vs. 2.9%, P = 0.049) were observed in patients with difficult intubation. In multivariable analysis, BMI (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]; 1.15 [1.03 to 1.28], P = 0.011) and SMD (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]; 0.98 [0.97 to 1.00], P = 0.008) were associated with difficult intubation with the Optiscope™. In receiver operating characterstic analysis, the area under the curve for body mass index was 0.68 (95% confidence interval; 0.60 to 0.77, P < 0.001) and that for sternomental distance was 0.66 (95% confience interval; 0.57 to 0.75, P = 0.001).

Conclusions
The incidence of difficult intubation using the Optiscope™ under manual in-line cervical stabilization was 25.5% in cervical spine surgery patients. No significant predictor of difficult intubation with the Optiscope™ was identified among the measured radiographic indices. Although high BMI and short SMD were predictive of difficult intubation with the Optiscope™, their discrimination power was weak.
Elevated circulating metalloproteinase 7 predicts recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with carotid stenosis: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Moreno-Ajona David , Irimia Pablo , Rodríguez José Antonio , García-Velloso María José , López-Fidalgo Jesús , Fernández-Alonso Leopoldo , Grochowitz Lukasz , Muñoz Roberto , Domínguez Pablo , Gállego-Culleré Jaime , Martínez-Vila Eduardo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Major adverse cardiovascular events are the main cause of morbidity and mortality over the long term in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy. There are few reports assessing the prognostic value of markers of inflammation in relation to the risk of cardiovascular disease after carotid endarterectomy. Here, we aimed to determine whether matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9 and MMP-10), tissue inhibitor of MMPs (TIMP-1) and in vivo inflammation studied by 18F-FDG-PET/CT predict recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with carotid stenosis who underwent endarterectomy.

Methods
This prospective cohort study was carried out on 31 consecutive patients with symptomatic (23/31) or asymptomatic (8/31) severe (> 70%) carotid stenosis who were scheduled for carotid endarterectomy between July 2013 and March 2016. In addition, 26 healthy controls were included in the study. Plasma and serum samples were collected 2 days prior to surgery and tested for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10, TIMP-1, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. 18F-FDG-PET/CT focusing on several territories’ vascular wall metabolism was performed on 29 of the patients because of no presurgical availability in 2 symptomatic patients. Histological and immunohistochemical studies were performed with antibodies targeting MMP-10, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and CD68.

Results
The patients with carotid stenosis had significantly more circulating MMP-1, MMP-7 and MMP-10 than the healthy controls. Intraplaque TIMP-1 was correlated with its plasma level (r = 0.42 P = .02) and with 18F-FDG uptake (r = 0.38 P = .05). We did not find any correlation between circulating MMPs and in vivo carotid plaque metabolism assessed by 18F-FDG-PET. After a median follow-up of 1077 days, 4 cerebrovascular, 7 cardiovascular and 11 peripheral vascular events requiring hospitalization were registered. Circulating MMP-7 was capable of predicting events over and above the traditional risk factors (HR = 1.15 P = .006). When the model was associated with the variables of interest, the risk predicted by 18F-FDG-PET was not significant.

Conclusions
Circulating MMP-7 may represent a novel marker for recurrent cardiovascular events in patients with moderate to severe carotid stenosis. MMP-7 may reflect the atherosclerotic burden but not plaque inflammation in this specific vascular territory.
Effect of a polyphenol-rich dietary pattern on intestinal permeability and gut and blood microbiomics in older subjects: study protocol of the MaPLE randomised controlled trial
Authors: Guglielmetti Simone , Bernardi Stefano , Del Bo’ Cristian , Cherubini Antonio , Porrini Marisa , Gargari Giorgio , Hidalgo-Liberona Nicole , Gonzalez-Dominguez Raul , Peron Gregorio , Zamora-Ros Raul , Winterbone Mark S. , Kirkup Benjamin , Kroon Paul A. , Andres-Lacueva Cristina , Riso Patrizia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
During aging, alterations of the intestinal microbial ecosystem can occur contributing to immunosenescence, inflamm-aging and impairment of intestinal barrier function (increased intestinal permeability; IP). In the context of a diet-microbiota-IP axis in older subjects, food bioactives such as polyphenols may play a beneficial modulatory role.

Methods
MaPLE is a project centered on a randomized, controlled cross-over dietary intervention trial [polyphenol-rich diet (PR-diet) versus control diet (C-diet)] targeted to older people (≥ 60 y) living in a well-controlled setting (i.e. nursing home). The 8-week interventions are separated by an 8-week wash-out period. Three small portions per day of selected polyphenol-rich foods are consumed during intervention in substitution of other comparable products within the C-diet. Biological samples are collected before and after each treatment period to evaluate markers related to IP, inflammation, vascular function, oxidative stress, gut and blood microbiomics, metabolomics. A sample size of 50 subjects was defined based on IP as primary outcome.

Discussion
Evidence that increasing the consumption of polyphenol-rich food products can positively affect intestinal microbial ecosystem resulting in reduced IP and decreased translocation of inflammogenic bacterial factors into the bloodstream will be provided. The integration of data from gut and blood microbiomics, metabolomics and other IP-related markers will improve the understanding of the beneficial effect of the intervention in the context of polyphenols−microbiota−IP interactions. Finally, findings obtained will provide a proof of concept of the reliability of the dietary intervention, also contributing to future implementations of dietary guidelines directed to IP management in the older and other at risk subjects.

Trial registration
The trial is registered at (ISRCTN10214981); April 28, 2017.
Natural polymorphisms in HIV-1 CRF01_AE strain and profile of acquired drug resistance mutations in a long-term combination treatment cohort in northeastern China
Authors: Sun Zesong , Ouyang Jinming , Zhao Bin , An Minghui , Wang Lin , Ding Haibo , Han Xiaoxu 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
The impacts of genetic polymorphisms on drug resistance mutations (DRMs) among various HIV-1 subtypes have long been debated. In this study, we aimed to analyze the natural polymorphisms and acquired DRM profile in HIV-1 CRF01_AE-infected patients in a large first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) cohort in northeastern China.

Methods
The natural polymorphisms of CRF01_AE were analyzed in 2034 patients from a long-term ART cohort in northeastern China. The polymorphisms in 105 treatment failure (TF) patients were compared with those in 1148 treatment success (TS) patients. The acquired DRM profile of 42 patients who experienced TF with tenofovir/lamivudine/efavirenz (TDF/3TC/EFV) treatment was analyzed by comparing the mutations at TF time point to those at baseline. The Stanford HIVdb algorithm was used to interpret the DRMs. Binomial distribution, McNemar test, Wilcoxon test and CorMut package were used to analyze the mutation rates and co-variation. Deep sequencing was used to analyze the evolutionary dynamics of co-variation.

Results
Before ART, there were significantly more natural polymorphisms of 31 sites on reverse transcriptase (RT) in CRF01_AE than subtype B HIV-1 (|Z value| ≥ 3), including five known drug resistance-associated sites (238, 118, 179, 103, and 40). However, only the polymorphism at site 75 was associated with TF (|Z value| ≥ 3). The mutation rate at 14 sites increased significantly at TF time point compared to baseline, with the most common DRMs comprising G190S/C, K65R, K101E/N/Q, M184 V/I, and V179D/I/A/T/E, ranging from 66.7 to 45.2%. Moreover, two unknown mutations (V75 L and L228R) increased by 19.0 and 11.9% respectively, and they were under positive selection (Ka/Ks > 1, log odds ratio [LOD] > 2) and were associated with several other DRMs (cKa/Ks > 1, LOD > 2). Deep sequencing of longitudinal plasma samples showed that L228R occurred simultaneously or followed the appearance of Y181C.

Conclusion
The high levels of natural polymorphisms in CRF01_AE had little impact on treatment outcomes. The findings regarding potential new CRF01_AE-specific minor DRMs indicate the need for more studies on the drug resistance phenotype of CRF01_AE.
Longitudinal impacts of an online safety and health intervention for women experiencing intimate partner violence: randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ford-Gilboe Marilyn , Varcoe Colleen , Scott-Storey Kelly , Perrin Nancy , Wuest Judith , Wathen C. Nadine , Case James , Glass Nancy 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundResponding to intimate partner violence (IPV) and its consequences is made complex by women’s diverse needs, priorities and contexts. Tailored online IPV interventions that account for differences among women have potential to reduce barriers to support and improve key outcomes.MethodsDouble blind randomized controlled trial of 462 Canadian adult women who experienced recent IPV randomly were assigned to receive either atailored, interactive online safety and health intervention (iCAN Plan 4 Safety) or a static,non-tailoredversion of this tool. Primary (depressive symptoms, PTSD symptoms) and secondary (helpfulness of safety actions, confidence in safety planning, mastery, social support, experiences of coercive control, and decisional conflict) outcomes were measured at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months later via online surveys. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to test for differences in outcomes by study arm. Differential effects of the tailored intervention for 4 strata of women were examined using effect sizes. Exit survey process evaluation data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests and conventional content analysis.ResultsWomen in both tailored and non-tailored groups improved over time on primary outcomes of depression (p < .001) and PTSD (p < .001) and on all secondary outcomes. Changes over time did not differ by study arm. Women in both groups reported high levels of benefit, safety and accessibility of the online interventions, with low risk of harm, although those completing the tailored intervention were more positive about fit and helpfulness. Importantly, thetailoredintervention had greater positive effects for 4 groups of women, those: with children under 18 living at home; reporting more severe violence; living in medium-sized and large urban centers; and not living with a partner.ConclusionThis trial extends evidence about the effectiveness of online safety and health interventions for women experiencing IPV to Canadian women and provides a contextualized understanding about intervention processes and effects useful for future refinement and scale up. The differential effects of the tailored intervention found for specific subgroups support the importance of attending to diverse contexts and needs.iCANis a promising intervention that can complement resources available to Canadian women experiencing IPV.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov IDNCT02258841(Prospectively Registered on Oct 2, 2014).
Effect of project-based experiential learning on the health service delivery indicators: a quasi-experiment study
Authors: Chelagat T. , Kokwaro G. , Onyango J. , Rice J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
Kenya’s new constitution passed in 2010 recognizes the right of quality care resulting in the devolution of health service delivery to the sub-national units called counties in 2013. However, the health system performance continues to be poor. The main identified challenge is poor health systems leadership. Evidence shows that addressing health system leadership challenges using different leadership intervention models has the potential to improve health outcomes. The purpose of this study is to report findings on the effect of project-based experiential learning on the health service delivery indicators addressed by 15 health management teams from 13 counties in Kenya, as compared to the non-trained managers.

Methods
A quasi-experimental design without a random sample was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the leadership program. The health managers from the 13 Counties and 15 health facilities had previously undergone a 9-month leadership training, complimented with facility-based team coaching based on 15 priority institutional service improvement projects at the Strathmore University Business School. Pre-test and post-test data were collected in three-point periods (beginning, end of the training, and 24-to-60 months post-training). The control group comprised 14 other health institutions within the same counties.

Results
Leadership training and coaching built around priority institutional health service improvement projects in the intervention institutions showed: a) skilled birth attendance increased, on average, by 71%; b) full immunization of children, increased by 52%; c) utilization of in and out-patient services, which on average, increased by 90%; d) out-patient turn-around time reduced on average by 65% and; e) quality and customer satisfaction increased by 38.8% (in all the intervention facilities). These improvements were sustained for 60 months after the leadership training. In contrast, there were minimal improvements in service delivery indicators in the comparison institution over the same period of time. Ninety-three percent of the respondents attributed team-coaching built around priority institutional health service improvement projects as a key enabler to their success.

Conclusions
The study provides support that an intervention underpinned by challenge driven learning and team coaching can improve a range of health service delivery outcome variables.
Ca2+ mobilization-dependent reduction of the endoplasmic reticulum lumen is due to influx of cytosolic glutathione
Authors: Lizák Beáta , Birk Julia , Zana Melinda , Kosztyi Gergely , Kratschmar Denise V. , Odermatt Alex , Zimmermann Richard , Geiszt Miklós , Appenzeller-Herzog Christian , Bánhegyi Gábor 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Background
The lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) acts as a cellular Ca2+ store and a site for oxidative protein folding, which is controlled by the reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-disulfide (GSSG) redox pair. Although depletion of luminal Ca2+ from the ER provokes a rapid and reversible shift towards a more reducing poise in the ER, the underlying molecular basis remains unclear.

Results
We found that Ca2+ mobilization-dependent ER luminal reduction was sensitive to inhibition of GSH synthesis or dilution of cytosolic GSH by selective permeabilization of the plasma membrane. A glutathione-centered mechanism was further indicated by increased ER luminal glutathione levels in response to Ca2+ efflux. Inducible reduction of the ER lumen by GSH flux was independent of the Ca2+-binding chaperone calreticulin, which has previously been implicated in this process. However, opening the translocon channel by puromycin or addition of cyclosporine A mimicked the GSH-related effect of Ca2+ mobilization. While the action of puromycin was ascribable to Ca2+ leakage from the ER, the mechanism of cyclosporine A-induced GSH flux was independent of calcineurin and cyclophilins A and B and remained unclear.

Conclusions
Our data strongly suggest that ER influx of cytosolic GSH, rather than inhibition of local oxidoreductases, is responsible for the reductive shift upon Ca2+ mobilization. We postulate the existence of a Ca2+- and cyclosporine A-sensitive GSH transporter in the ER membrane. These findings have important implications for ER redox homeostasis under normal physiology and ER stress.