bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial Activity of Free Fatty Acids, Potassium Soap, and Fatty Acids Methyl Esters from VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil)
Authors: Mena T P , Sutrisno  , Marfu’ah S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Virgin coconut oil is edible oil obtained from fresh coconut meat (Cocos nucifera L.) and is widely used for health such as for alternative healthy diets, anti-bacterial, anti-virus and anti-fungal. This is because VCO contains a lot of MCFA (Medium-Chain Fatty Acids) such as lauric acid (65.84%), myristic acid (13.16%) and caprylic acid (7.08%). The antibacterial ability of MCFAs is one of the most studied, but free fatty acids from the hydrolysis of VCO have not been done. The objective of the research is to derivatize VCO and determine the potential antibacterial activity of the product. The results of the research are as follows. (1) K-soap (solid, white, melting point 46-124 °C). (2) Free fatty acids (liquid, colorless, boiling point 266-296 °C, density 0.93 g.mL−1, refractive index 1.44, viscosity 27.18 cP, acid value 184.54, saponification value 296.59 and ester value 112.05). (3) Fatty acid methyl ester (liquid, colorless, boiling point 260-262 °C, density 0.89 g.mL−1, refractive index 1.43, viscosity 3.36 cP, acid value 0.33, saponification value 268.6 and ester value 268.27). VCO and its derivatives at concentrations of 2 and 1% are active as antibacterial agents against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Essential Oil Extraction of Cananga odorata Flowers using Hydrodistillation and Steam-Water Distillation Processes
Authors: Oktavianawati Ika 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper discussed about the effect of distillation processes in the extraction of cananga essential oil from Cananga odorata.In this research, cananga oils were extracted by steam-water distillation and hydrodistillation processes. The equipment used in this current research is a distillation home scale set-up plant which further will be applied on cananga local farmer in Sukorambi region, Jember district. Therefore, preliminary optimization process for this distillation equipment was required. The distillation batch (retort) contained 2 kg of cananga flowers and 20 L of water. Based on research result, the distillation equipment could run hydrodistillation process for 3 hours, while in steam-water distillation set-up could only run for 2 hours. The volume of water in distillation batch was a limiting factor in both processes. In general, the yield of essential oil was increase along the longer of distillation time that have been applied. However, the result showed that essential oil from hydrodistillation for 1 hour had the best quality compared to other distillation conditions, in terms of its volatile compound contents. Oxygenated hydrocarbons content in cananga oil from 1 hour hydrodistillation process (56.5%) was highest compared to 2 and 3 hour hydrodistillation (35.48% and 22.36%, respectively), and even to essential oil from steam-water distillation process (43.25%). Generally, extra grade cananga oil was markedly by the high content of esters, and linalool, but low in β-caryophyllene content. These characteristics could be found in cananga oil obatined from hydrodistillation process for 1 hour which contained major volatile compounds, i.e. geranyl acetate (16.58%), benzyl benzoate (13.38%), β-caryophyllene (16.35%), germacrene D (15.3%), and farnesol (9.54%). However, linalool was only found in cananga oil from steam-water distillation. Therefore the current distillation condition, hydrodistillation for 1 hour, would be applied in distillation of cananga oil at Jember local community.
Preliminary Study on The Development of Preconcentration Method of Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cr(III) Ions in Water Samples Using Nanomagnetite Coated by Carboxymethyl kappa-Carrageenan (CMKC)
Authors: Purnama Nuridhia Nisa , Kusumaningrum Irma Kartika , Wijaya Anugrah Ricky , Utomo Yudhi , Arief Munzil , Nostia Rohima , Findiyani Lutfiyah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Flame Atomic Adsorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS) is one of the instruments that is often used to determine metal ion concentration in solution. FAAS uses simple operational procedure for metal ions concentration determination and produces accurate metal ion concentrations. Unfortunately, the accuracy of metal ion determination test decreases if the concentration of metal ions is too low, whereas the threshold for metal ions in drinking water is very low. Preconcentration is a method for increasing the concentration of metal ions in sample. An effective preconcentration method needs to be studied to improve the accuracy in the determination of metal ions concentration in water at low concentration using FAAS. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of metal ions preconcentration in water samples using nanomagnetite coated by CMKC. The research was conducted in four stages, 1) synthesis of nanomagnetite coated by CMKC; 2) preconcentration of samples containing Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cr(III); 3) measurement of metal ion concentration with FAAS; 4) effectivity of preconcentration process and preconcentration optimum conditions. The result showed that nanomagnetite coated by CMKC can be used to preconcentration of metal ions Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cr(III) in water samples by utilizing desorption-adsorption mechanism. Desorption was done using 0.1 N HNO3 as a desorption solvent without variation in concentration and desorption time preconcentration optimum conditions for each metal ion were as follows, adsorption condition of Ni(II) was pH 7 and 60 minutes; Cr(III) was pH 7 and 40 minutes; Co(II) was pH 7 and 60 minutes; Cu(II) pH 6 and 40 minutes. The effectiveness of preconcentration at optimum conditions for each metal ions are: %Cr(III) > %Cu(II) > % Co(II) > %Ni(II), successively.
Preparation of Curcumin Nanoemulsion in Soybean Oil – Tween 80 System by Wet Ball Milling Method
Authors: Sholihat Shobbu Ibabas , Indahyanti Ellya , Lestari Maria Lucia A.D , Ningsih Zubaidah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Curcumin nanoemulsion which has a particle size of 20-200 nm, is one of the curcumin drug delivery system that can increase curcumin solubility and bioavailability. The previous method of curcumin nanoemulsion formulation is modified thin-film hydration followed by sonication that has a long process and using organic solvent. This study aims to make curcumin nanoemulsion by wet ball milling method in soybean oil – Tween 80 system. Nanoemulsion is expected to have smallest particle size, high curcumin loading capacity and good stability during storage. Preparation of curcumin nanoemulsion is done by wet milling method which consists of curcumin as drug, soybean oil as curcumin solvent, tween 80 as stabilizer, water as dispersed medium and milling beads as milling media on the vial with various milling time. Particle size and polydispersity index are monitored using dynamic light scattering while nanoemulsion morphology is observed using digital imaging microscope. Results show that optimum milling times is 24 h and the highest curcumin added which produces less than 500 nm particles is 300 mg which is stable during 60 days of storage. Particle size of the nanoemulsion is ranging from 127 – 338 nm. In addition, wet ball milling methods is relatively simple and easy to apply.
Characterization of Slow Pyrolysis Products of Macaranga motleyana: Effect of Sample Size
Authors: Nurlianti Subagyono RR Dirgarini Julia , Puspitasari Rika , Sanjaya Ari Susandy , Suwinarti Wiwin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The characterization of biocrude oil produced by slow pyrolysis of fast growing wood Macaranga motleyana has been conducted. Slow pyrolysis was carried out in a fixed bed pyrolysis reactor at 500 °C for 1 hour with a variety of wood sample size. The decrease of a sample size from 20 to 40 mesh resulted in an increased in the percent yields of liquid product, which were 28.5 wt.% and 36.1 wt.%, respectively. Characterization of the biocrude oil showed that the pH of the biocrude oil was 2, the density of biocrude oil was 1.132 g/mL, while the viscosity value of the biocrude oil was 53.6 cSt. Analyses of the biocrude oil using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that the biocrude oil derived from Macaranga motleyana wood contained phenol and its derivatives, such as eugenol and compounds resulted from thermal degradation of cellulose or hemicellulose. The use of sample with a smaller sample size resulted in biocrude oil containing more chemical compounds.
Indirect Spectrophotometry Method Based on the Formation of Chromium(VI)-Diphenylcarbazide Complex for Determination of Hydroquinone in Cosmetics
Authors: Sulistyarti Hermin , Sari Puspita Mufidah , Syamaidzar  , Retnowati Rurini , Tolle Herman , Wiryawan Adam 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This research is focused on the development of a new indirect spectrophotometry for the determination of hydroquinone in cosmetics based on the capability of hydroquinone as reducing agent for chromium(VI). The principle of the determination is based on the decrease of the color intensity of the red-violet complex of chromium(VI)-Diphenylcarbazide (DPC) due to the reduction of the available chromium(VI) by hydroquinone to chromium(III). Thus, only the remaining chromium(VI) reacted with DPC to form a red-violet complex detected by spectrophotometry at 542 nm. All chemical parameters were optimized with respect to sensitivity and selectivity of measurements. Under the obtained optimum conditions (reaction time of 5 minutes, chromium(VI) of 1 mgL−1, sulfuric acid of 0.05 M, and DPC of 0.0125%), the method gave linear calibration for hydroquinone concentration from 0.2-2.5 mgL−1 (R2 = 0.996). The proposed method also provided good sensitivity shown by low values of LoD and LoQ (0.07 and 0.1 mgL−1) and satisfactory selectivity towards the common interfering ions present in cosmetics. Satisfactory results with recoveries of close to 100 % were observed when the method was applied to facial whitening and black spot removal cosmetics. This result suggests that the developed method is able to be used for monitoring of hydroquinone in skin lightening cosmetics.
Anti-inflammatory Activity of Neuropathic Pain Reducing Herbal Medicine Based on Edema Inhibition of CARR-induced Sprague Dawley Paws
Authors: Tristantini Dewi , Hanifah Aisyah , Pramadhanya Raiska Bani 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Neuropathic pain is nerve pain whose treatment still has side effects when used for the long term. Regulation and modulation of the immune system is needed to reduce the inflammatory reaction that triggers of the pain. Increasing neural tension may induced with nerve inflammation which producing compounds responsible for signalling pain, fever and heat. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe), cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) have been known to contain phenolic compounds that are efficacious as anti-inflammatory agents. This study aims to prove the anti-inflammatory activity of neuropathic pain reducing herbs consisting of a combination of the three ingredients. Result from herbs formulation and reflux extraction then analysed for anti-inflammatory activity using in vivo & Winter method with Sprague-Dawley white male rats (Rattus norvegicus) and quantitative phenol content. Anti-inflammatory analysis done by 6 groups of rats, which is normal control, negative control, positive control, dosage I (given herbal extract 1.125 mL/200 g BW), dosage II (given herbal extract 2.25 mL/200 g BW) and dosage III (given herbal extract 4,5 mL/200 g BW). Anti-inflammatory of 10 g herbs extract in 250 mL solvent then observed through the inhibition of oedema formation on rats’ paw along the time. Dosage III group has the higher inhibition percentage as in 75.76%, which almost equivalent as normal control group (82.28%).
Solvent Effect at Ibuprofen Adsorption Using Zinc Oxide Plate Rod-Like from Gelatine
Authors: Ulfa Maria , Purnama Ali Muh Ari 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The ubiquitous occurrence of several pharmaceuticals in sewage effluents has led to the considerable deterioration of some life forms and the quality of the receiving water bodies. Ibuprofen is a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug, represents a diverse class of drugs andthe most commonly used analgesics for the management of pain and/or inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, muscle stiffness and pain, dental pain, migraine, and headache. The present work investigated the effect of different solvents on ibuprofen dissolution during the adsorption of Ibuprofen on to zinc oxide plate rod-like from its hexane, methanol, ethanol solutions, and water as co-solvents. The zinc oxide plate rod-like was synthesized using block copolymer and gelatine as a template and zinc sulphate as zinc precursor was then characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and FTIR to analyse the structure and morphology. The impact of various solvents on the percentage removal (%) of Ibuprofen was determined by batch adsorption experiments. The data obtained were subjected to isotherm and kinetic analysis to describe the distribution of ibuprofen between the liquid and solid phases in the batch studies. The results obtained best fitted the Langmuir isotherm model with an adsorption capacity close to 110mg/g at room temperature with an initial concentration of 100 ppm. To sum up, for large-scale removal, ibuprofen treatment for aquatic, zinc oxide plate rod-like maybe an adsorbent in future.
In Silico Analysis of Saponin Isolates from Mesocarp of Cucumber (Cucumic sativus L.) and Purple Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) as Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitor
Authors: Wijaya Mely , Subandi  
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Currently orlistat has been widely used as anti-obesity drug, because of its activity as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor. Two saponin isolates, from cucumber mesocarp and purple eggplant, also proved to be active as pancreatic lipase inhibitors in vitro. Based on spectrophotometric analysis, the two saponin isolates are thought to be Silphioside F and Cesdiurins I-III. The purpose of this study is to confirm the ability of the two compounds as pancreatic lipase inhibitor through in silico analysis, relative to orlistat. This study uses Python Molecular Viewer (PyMol), Python Prescription (PyRx) 0.8, and Discovery Studio software. As a ligand, 3D structure of Silphioside F and Cesdiurins I-III have been used. The orlistat as a comparative ligand molecule have also been used. 3D structure of porsine pancreatic lipase has been used as receptor molecule. The result of the analysis shown that the binding site of pancreatic lipase is relatively same as orlistat of Cesdiurins I-III molecule, but different for the Silphioside F molecule. The data indicated that in inhibiting pancreatic lipase, the two isolate compounds used different mechanism. However, against pancreatic lipase, both molecules have greater binding affinities each, compared to orlistat, which were -9.7 kcal/mol for Silhphioside F and -9.5 kcal/mol for Cesdiurins I-III, and orlistat only -7.6 kcal/mol. The latest data were in line with the in vitro analysis, that both isolates have greater inhibition power than orlistat.
Effect of NaCl Addition and The Incubation Time on Gallic Acid Concentration in Cabbage Fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum and The Potential as Antioxidant
Authors: Zuhria Viky Arina , Srihardyastutie Arie , Safitri Anna , Prasetyawan Sasangka 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Cabbage is one type of vegetable that is often consumed. Cabbage contains gallic acid and sulforaphane compounds which potentially used as an antioxidant. Gallic acid and sulforaphane are produced from the hydrolysis reaction, which occurs by fermentation. Therefore, this research was focused on the effect of NaCl addition and the incubation time on the gallic acid concentration during cabbage fermentation using L. plantarum. The addition of NaCl used were 0 %, 0.5 %, 1.0 %, 1.5 %, and 2.0 % (w/v). While the incubation time used were 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 days. The fermentation conditions used were 5 % (v/v) inoculum volume and pH 6. Gallic acid in fermented cabbage (biomass and filtrate) were determined using Folin-Denis method. The antioxidant analysis was determined using DPPH method. The optimum conditions were obtained at the addition of 1.0 % NaCl for 4 days fermentation. During these conditions, the gallic acid produced in biomass and filtrate were equal to 4.726 mg/100 g FW and 147.857 mg/100 g FW, respectively. Sulforaphane and gallic acid have potential as antioxidants with IC50 valuesof 95.113 mg/L and 21.648 mg/L, respectively.
Voltammetric Determination of Paracetamol using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)-Fe3O4Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Andawiyah Robi’atul , Mulyasuryani Ani , Sulistyarti Hermin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractModifications of glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) as working electrodes have been carried out by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-Fe3O4membranes. The PVA-Fe3O4membrane was superimposed on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. This study influences the percentage of paracetamol in the membrane, the effect of modulation time, the effect of modulation amplitude, the effect of scan rate, the effect of pH and supporting electrolytes. The performance evaluation of the modified electrode was based on a voltammogram of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and the analysis was carried out with a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) method. The effect of pH was studied in the range of 2-7 by Britton – Robinson buffer. The results showed that the percentage of paracetamol in the membrane affected the diffusion of current. The best performance of GCE modified was produced by a membrane with paracetamol percentage of 3% (w/w). The optimum operational condition of the instrument was at modulation amplitude of 10 mV, the modulation time of 0.1 s and the scan rate of 12.5 mV/s. pH affects the shift of the anodic peak of paracetamol in a more negative direction. The results of the analysis of paracetamol using DPV method showed that more sensitivity was achieved when phosphate buffer as a supporting electrolyte was used. The sensitivity of the GCE modified by the PVA-Fe3O4membrane was 0.2922 µA/µM in the linear concentration range of 0-100 µM and limit of detection (LoD) of 8 µM.
The Effect of Acid Type in Mechanochemical Treatment of Rice Husk Ash for Concrete Application
Authors: Fatriansyah J F , Khairunnisa S A , Dhaneswara D , Rahmatullah M Z , Ramadhan B A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Concrete was successfully produced using rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial cement substitute. RHA was mechanochemically treated using ball mill as mechanical force and acids (HCl and CH3COOH) as chemical force. Mechanochemical treatment decreases particle size as demonstrated by particle size analyser test and reduces crystallinity of RHA as demonstrated by X-ray diffraction analyses. These characteristics make RHA more suitable as partial substitution of cement as well as pozzolanic material. The compressive strength of concrete increases 11-26 % by addition of RHA as cement substitution. The significant increase of compressive strength was obtained from RHA mechanochemically treated with HCl which has compressive strength of 14.8 MPa in comparison of standard concrete which has compressive strength of 11.72 MPa.
Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Membrane as a Matrix in Drug Delivery of Curcumin
Authors: Hastuti Budi , Assya’adha Alfiah 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This study aims to find out how to synthesize the chitosan membrane contained curcumin and its characteristics. The characterization of chitosan membrane was determined use FTIR for functional group analysis, XRD for crystallinity and SEM to show the surface of morphology and cross-section on the chitosan membrane. Curcumin encapsulated into the chitosan membrane was performed by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at λ 426 nm. The results of this study indicate that the chitosan membrane synthesized was obtained homogeneous clear yellow membrane sheets. The characterization of FTIR instrument obtained that chitosan membrane have peaks at wavenumber of 3425.58 cm−1 that show OH groups and 1627.92 cm−1 which show the presence of amine groups. While XRD characterization show chitosan membrane was semi-crystalline which was shown by a high peak intensity with angles 2θ 4.1604 and 2θ 3.8711. According to the SEM photo shows a smooth and even surface morphology. The optimum time for encapsulation of curcumin into the chitosan membrane is 60 minutes with % EE of 14%.
Modification of Gunung Kidul Natural Zeolite and Its Application in the Corrosion Rate Reduction of Steel Plates in Acid Media
Authors: Khafid Mohammad Abdul , Wicaksono Aditya Pandu , Andita Firstyananda Wahyu , Nurdina Asifa Ihya 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The use of metals in the industry plays a very important role, where nearly 90% of industrial equipment comes from metallic materials. Corrosion is an electrochemical process between metals with its environment that can damage the metal quality. Gunung Kidul natural zeolite can be modified into a mixture of alkyd paint as a coating material to reduce the corrosion rate of steel plates effectively. In this research, the zeolite was activated by NaOH 1 N for 120 minutes. The zeolite was characterised using Surface Area Analyzer (SAA) and nitrogen adsorption analysis to investigate the surface area of zeolite by Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) modelling. The lining was done by coating the steel plates by alkyd-zeolite paints and inserted into a 100 mL H2SO4 1N, 2N, and 3N for 20 days. The results of this study showed that the corrosion rate of steel plate was 0.1374 miles/year (uncoated), 0.0407 miles/year (coated by alkyd paint), and 0.0095 miles/year (coated by alkyd paint-zeolite). Using activated zeolite as a mixture of alkyd paint is environmentally friendly and effective in lowering the corrosion rate of mild steel plates.
Synthesis of ZnO-Ag with Clove Oil Using Ultrasonication Method and Its Antibiofilm Activity Against Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Nisyak K , Prasetya Y A , Hisbiyah A , Iftitah E D , Srihardyastutie A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
ZnO-Ag nanocomposite synthesis has been successfully carried out by ultrasonication using clove oil as a reducing agent. Synthesis reactions were carried out in 30, 60, 90, 120, 240, and 300 minutes time variations. ZnO-Ag crystallinity was analyzed using X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and the average particle size was calculated using Scherrer equation. The morphology of ZnO-Ag which has the smallest particle size was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope -Energy dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). ZnO-Ag antibiofilm activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae was determined by microtiter plate test. Based on research that has been done, the best time for synthesizing ZnO-Ag with clove oil through ultrasonication is 90 minutes, the resulting particle size of 21.46 nm with the composition of 51.4% Ag (cubic), 20% wulfingite (orthorhombic), 22.9% Zn(OH)2 (orthorhombic), and 5.7% ZnO (cubic). ZnO-Ag has strong antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae and can inhibit the growth of K. pneumoniae biofilms.