bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐element matching networks for receive‐only MRI coil decoupling
Authors: Wang Wenjun , Zhurbenko Vitaliy , Sánchez‐Heredia Juan Diego , Ardenkjær‐Larsen Jan Henrik 
Published: July 2020

PurposePreamplifier decoupling is useful for minimizing interaction between MRI array elements. The purpose of this work is to propose a general approach to designing networks for preamplifier decoupling while keeping the number of elements to a minimum. The approach is applicable to arbitrary impedance preamplifiers and arbitrary coil impedances.MethodsClosed form design equations for decoupling networks are derived based on maximum decoupling and minimum preamplifier noise conditions. The analytical solutions are verified using numerical simulations. Design examples at 32.1, 64, 128, and 298 MHz are shown. One of the examples is realized on a test bench. The fabricated circuit is tested for decoupling and minimum noise properties.ResultsThe design equations are verified numerically and experimentally. The fabricated network demonstrates 30.7 dB of decoupling and minimum output noise at the design frequency.ConclusionThe design equations lead to four alternative network solutions. Each network is realized as a T‐shape or Π‐shape three elements circuit topology. All four networks are identical in performance providing minimum amplifier noise and maximum decoupling for a given preamplifier and coil combination. An MRI array designer can choose any solution out of four. The considerations for choosing the most practical solution are given. The presented method enables the use of arbitrary impedance preamplifiers or transistors (not necessary 50 Ω) and provides the most compact design possible (with the least number of components), which is particularly useful in multi‐element systems.
Effects of physical activity and melatonin on brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and cytokine expression in the cerebellum of high‐fat diet‐fed rats
Authors: Sugiyama Ai , Kato Hisashi , Takakura Hisashi , Osawa Seita , Maeda Yuki , Izawa Tetsuya 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAimsObesity suppresses brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and increases the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Herein, we assessed whether exercise training (ET), melatonin administration (MT), or their combination can affect the expressions of BDNF and cytokines in the cerebellum of high‐fat diet (HFD)‐fed rats.MethodsWistar rats (4 weeks old) were divided into five groups: normal diet (ND)‐fed control (ND‐SED), HFD‐fed control (HFD‐SED), HFD‐fed ET (HFD‐ET), HFD‐fed MT (HFD‐MT), and HFD‐fed MT plus ET (HFD‐ETMT) group. The rats were fed ND or HFD for 17 weeks. Rats were subjected to ET (running on a treadmill) and/or MT (melatonin 5 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) for 9 weeks, 8 weeks after beginning the diet intervention. Changes in BDNF and cytokine expression levels were determined using immunoblotting and cytokine arrays, respectively, 36 hours following the last bout of ET.ResultsNeither HFD‐ET nor HFD‐MT rats exhibited enhanced BDNF expression in the cerebellum, but HFD‐ETMT rats had higher level of BDNF expression compared with the others. The expression of TrkB, a BDNF receptor, was higher in HFD‐ETMT rats than in HFD‐ET and HFD‐MT rats. HFD enhanced the expression of interleukin (IL)‐1, IL‐2, and interferon‐γ but reduced the expression of IL‐4, IL‐6, and IL13. ET and ET plus MT counteracted these HFD‐induced changes in cytokine expressions.ConclusionExercise in combination with melatonin confers the potential benefits of increasing BDNF and improving HFD‐induced dysregulations of cytokines in the cerebellum.
Podocytes present antigen to activate specific T cell immune responses in inflammatory renal disease
Authors: Li Shan , Liu Ying , He Yueqin , Rong Weiwei , Zhang Mingchao , Li Limin , Liu Zhihong , Zen Ke 
Published: July 2020

AbstractInfiltration of activated T cells into renal tissue plays an essential role in inflammatory nephropathy. However, the mechanism enabling the renal recruitment and activation of T cells remains elusive. Here we report that inflammatory cytokine‐promoted antigen presentation by podocytes is a key for recruiting and activating specific T cells. Our results showed that diabetes‐associated inflammatory cytokines IFNγ and IL‐17 all upregulated expression of MHC‐I, MHC‐II, CD80 and CD86 on the podocyte surface. Both IFNγ and IL‐17 stimulated the uptake and processing of ovalbumin (OVA) by mouse podocytes, resulting in presentation of OVA antigen peptide on the cell surface. OVA antigen presentation by podocytes was also validated using human podocytes. Furthermore, OVA antigen‐presenting mouse podocytes were able to activate OT‐I mouse T cell proliferation and inflammatory cytokine secretion, which in turn caused podocyte injury and apoptosis. Finally, OT‐I mice subjected to direct renal injection of OVA plus IFNγ/IL‐17 but not OVA alone exhibited OVA antigen presentation by podocytes and developed nephropathy in 4 weeks. In conclusion, antigen presentation by podocytes under inflammatory conditions plays an important role in activating T cell immune responses and facilitating immune‐mediated glomerular disease development. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of diagnostic quality cancer pathology images by generative adversarial networks
Authors: Levine Adrian B , Peng Jason , Farnell David , Nursey Mitchell , Wang Yiping , Naso Julia R , Ren Hezhen , Farahani Hossein , Chen Colin , Chiu Derek , Talhouk Aline , Sheffield Brandon , Riazy Maziar , Ip Philip P , Parra‐Herran Carlos , Mills Anne , Singh Naveena , Tessier‐Cloutier Basile , Salisbury Taylor , Lee Jonathan , Salcudean Tim , Jones Steven JM , Huntsman David G , Gilks C Blake , Yip Stephen , Bashashati Ali 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDeep learning‐based computer vision methods have recently made remarkable breakthroughs in the analysis and classification of cancer pathology images. However, there has been relatively little investigation of the utility of deep neural networks to synthesize medical images. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of generative adversarial networks to synthesize high‐resolution pathology images of 10 histological types of cancer, including five cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the five major histological subtypes of ovarian carcinoma. The quality of these images was assessed using a comprehensive survey of board‐certified pathologists (n = 9) and pathology trainees (n = 6). Our results show that the real and synthetic images are classified by histotype with comparable accuracies and the synthetic images are visually indistinguishable from real images. Furthermore, we trained deep convolutional neural networks to diagnose the different cancer types and determined that the synthetic images perform as well as additional real images when used to supplement a small training set. These findings have important applications in proficiency testing of medical practitioners and quality assurance in clinical laboratories. Furthermore, training of computer‐aided diagnostic systems can benefit from synthetic images where labeled datasets are limited (e.g. rare cancers). We have created a publicly available website where clinicians and researchers can attempt questions from the image survey (http://gan.aimlab.ca/). © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tools to guide the identification and implementation of care consistent with the psychosocial Standards of care
Authors: Wiener Lori , Kupst Mary Jo , Pelletier Wendy , Kazak Anne E. , Thompson Amanda L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFifteen evidence‐based Standards of psychosocial care for children with cancer and their families have been established. Despite the importance of implementing the standards, significant barriers and challenges exist. In order to overcome barriers to implementation and assess the level of current psychosocial care, a model of evaluating psychosocial care (Matrix) and a set of pathways toward achieving optimal care (Guidelines) were developed. This special report describes the process involved in the creation of standard templates and development of content based on rigorous reviews from multidisciplinary psychosocial experts, focus groups, and multiple revisions based on further expert review. The resulting Matrix and Guidelines are included as Supplemental Information.
Enhanced mechanical and tribological properties of Kevlar/PTFE‐phenolic composites by improving interfacial properties by aramid nanofibers
Authors: Yang Mingming , Zhang Zhaozhu , Yuan Junya , Wu Liangfei , Li Peilong , Zhao Xin , Men Xuehu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTo gain an in‐depth understanding of improving interfacial properties of the fabric‐reinforced polymer composites, aramid nanofibers (ANFs) were constructed in situ on Kevlar and PTFE fiber surface to promote the mechanical and tribologic properties of Kevlar/PTFE‐phenolic composites. Through rich interactions between in situ ANFs and the phenolic matrix, the interfacial characteristics of the inert and smooth functional fibers contained in the prepared composite change greatly. The tensile and bonding strength of ANF‐reinforced Kevlar/PTFE‐phenolic composite are increased by 32.1% and 30.32%, respectively. More importantly, the wear rate of ANF‐modified Kevlar/PTFE‐phenolic composites is decreased by 76.1%, compared with pristine composite. This work demonstrates that in situ formation ANFs on continuous Kevlar and PTFE fibers surface may endow robust interfacial adhesion strength and outstanding mechanical properties that are necessary for functional applications.
Stepwise mass spectrometry‐based approach for confirming the presence of benzoxazinoids in herbs and vegetables
Authors: Bhattarai Bina , Steffensen Stine K. , Gregersen Per L. , Kristensen Hanne L. , Fomsgaard Inge S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionBenzoxazinoids (BXs) are plant phytochemicals that have both defensive properties in plants and therapeutic effects in humans. The presence of BXs has been largely studied in the Poaceae family (monocots). To study the presence or absence of BXs in dicotyledons and monocotyledons outside the Poaceae family, parts of 24 plant species at several growth stages were selected for analysis, some of which were already known to contain BXs.ObjectivesTo devise a stepwise mass spectrometry‐based approach for confirming the presence of BXs in plant samples, and to use the method to explore the status of BXs in selected plant species.ExperimentalPlant samples were extracted using accelerated solvent extraction and analysed using triple‐quadrupole liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry.ResultsThe use of different columns, double mass transitions, and ion ratios proved to be a robust tool for confirming the presence of BXs in different plant species. By this method, the presence of BXs was confirmed in three of the 24 species. Double‐hexose forms of BXs, which have not been reported before in dicotyledons, were confirmed to be present in the dicotyledon plants Acanthus mollis and Lamium galeobdolon, and the presence of BXs in the seeds of Consolida orientalis is reported for the first time here. High concentrations of BXs were found in the aerial parts of Acanthus mollis and Lamium galeobdolon, at 20 and 32 μmol/g plant dry weight, respectively.ConclusionsThe stepwise approach described in this work confirmed the presence of BXs in new samples.
Using l‐Carnitine as a Pharmacologic Probe of the Interpatient and Metabolic Variability of Sepsis
Authors: Jennaro Theodore S. , Puskarich Michael A. , McCann Marc R. , Gillies Christopher E. , Pai Manjunath P. , Karnovsky Alla , Evans Charles R. , Jones Alan E. , Stringer Kathleen A. 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveThe objective of this review is to discuss the therapeutic use and differential treatment response to Levo‐carnitine (l‐carnitine) treatment in septic shock, and to demonstrate common lessons learned that are important to the advancement of precision medicine approaches to sepsis. We propose that significant interpatient variability in the metabolic response to l‐carnitine and clinical outcomes can be used to elucidate the mechanistic underpinnings that contribute to sepsis heterogeneity.MethodsA narrative review was conducted that focused on explaining interpatient variability in l‐carnitine treatment response. Relevant biological and patient‐level characteristics considered include genetic, metabolic, and morphomic phenotypes; potential drug interactions; and pharmacokinetics (PKs).Main ResultsDespite promising results in a phase I study, a recent phase II clinical trial of l‐carnitine treatment in septic shock showed a nonsignificant reduction in mortality. However, l‐carnitine treatment induces significant interpatient variability in l‐carnitine and acylcarnitine concentrations over time. In particular, administration of l‐carnitine induces a broad, dynamic range of serum concentrations and measured peak concentrations are associated with mortality. Applied systems pharmacology may explain variability in drug responsiveness by using patient characteristics to identify pretreatment phenotypes most likely to derive benefit from l‐carnitine. Moreover, provocation of sepsis metabolism with l‐carnitine offers a unique opportunity to identify metabolic response signatures associated with patient outcomes. These approaches can unmask latent metabolic pathways deranged in the sepsis syndrome and offer insight into the pathophysiology, progression, and heterogeneity of the disease.ConclusionsThe compiled evidence suggests there are several potential explanations for the variability in carnitine concentrations and clinical response to l‐carnitine in septic shock. These serve as important confounders that should be considered in interpretation of l‐carnitine clinical studies and broadly holds lessons for future clinical trial design in sepsis. Consideration of these factors is needed if precision medicine in sepsis is to be achieved.
Graft modification of starch nanoparticles with pH‐responsive polymers via nitroxide‐mediated polymerization
Authors: Cazotti Jaime C. , Fritz Alexander T. , Garcia‐Valdez Omar , Smeets Niels M. B. , Dubé Marc A. , Cunningham Michael F. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe grafting to approach and nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) were used to graft modify starch nanoparticles (SNP) with pH‐responsive polymers. SG1‐capped poly(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate‐co‐styrene), P(DMAEMA‐co‐S), and poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate‐co‐styrene), P(DEAEMA‐co‐S), with relatively low dispersity and high degree of livingness was synthesized in bulk via NMP using a commercial available alkoxyamine. These macroalkoxyamines were then grafted to vinyl benzyl‐functionalized SNP (SNP‐VBC) to obtain pH‐responsive materials. The grafted SNP were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and elemental analysis confirming the successful synthesis of these new materials. Low grafting efficiencies (~6%) were observed for both SNP‐grafted materials with pH‐responsive polymers, as expected when using the grafting to approach. The pH‐responsiveness of SNP‐g‐P(DMAEMA‐co‐S) and SNP‐g‐P(DEAEMA‐co‐S) was confirmed by measuring the ζ‐potential at different pH values. At acidic conditions (pH 3–6) the grafted materials were protonated and exhibited positive ζ‐potential, whereas at basic conditions (pH 10–13) the same grafted materials were deprotonated and exhibited negative ζ‐potential.
Direct 4D‐Var assimilation of space‐borne cloud radar reflectivity and lidar backscatter. Part I: Observation operator and implementation
Authors: Fielding Mark D. , Janisková Marta 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe direct assimilation of space‐borne cloud radar and lidar observations into a global numerical weather prediction model has not previously been attempted for several reasons. Firstly, the modification of a data assimilation system to handle space‐borne profiling observations is a technical challenge. Secondly, the relationship between model‐scale control variables and the relatively narrow footprint of the radar and lidar instruments were thought to be unrepresentative and too nonlinear for a variational assimilation system that is based on assumptions of linearity. However, motivation was provided when previous experiments assimilating cloud radar and lidar profiles showed, using an intermediary step to generate pseudo‐observations of temperature and humidity, that there was potential for the observations to improve both the analysis and the subsequent forecast. This article presents the developments made to facilitate the direct assimilation of cloud radar and lidar observations into the four‐dimensional variational assimilation (4D‐Var) system of the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). A review of the observation operators shows how they have been optimised for data assimilation with an emphasis on efficiency, consistency and differentiability. A key part of this work is the specification of a new fully flow‐dependent characterisation of the observation error. By taking an error inventory approach, we account for different sources of error in a physical way. Also, to avoid degrading the analysis, careful screening, quality control and bias correction is necessary and is described herein. Finally, an initial assessment of the impact of the observations is achieved through single‐analysis tests that show that the analysis fit to the new observations is improved. In‐depth results demonstrating the impact of these observations are shown in the second part of this two‐part series.
Signaling a successor? A theoretical and empirical analysis of the executive compensation‐chief executive officer succession relationship
Authors: Essman Spenser M. , Schepker Donald J. , Nyberg Anthony J. , Ray Caitlin 
Published: July 2020

AbstractResearch SummaryExtant research rarely explores the relationship between executive compensation and chief executive officer (CEO) succession planning, despite practitioner claims that executive pay disparities indicate succession planning (in)effectiveness. Leveraging signaling theory, we use 830 succession events from 2010 to 2017 to show that pay disparity between the CEO and the highest paid non‐CEO executive is positively related to the likelihood of outside CEO succession. Thus, boards need to be aware of the implications of possible unintentional signals sent via executive compensation decisions. We do not find evidence of an interactive effect when compensation and CEO succession are co‐managed using linking pin directors—directors with compensation and CEO succession responsibilities—but supplemental analyses suggest a positive main effect of linking pin directors on the likelihood of inside CEO succession.Managerial SummaryPowerful watchdog agencies assert that high pay differences between a firm's CEO and its next highest paid executive (CEO–HPE pay disparity) indicate succession planning challenges. This assertion has profound implications for stakeholders, but evidence supporting it is unclear. Our study examines the relationship between CEO–HPE pay disparity and the board's choice of an outside CEO, an indicator of ineffective succession planning. We find evidence that higher pay disparity signals an increased likelihood of choosing an outside CEO successor. We also find that boards who co‐manage compensation and succession may be more likely to hire an inside CEO successor. Our findings suggest that boards need to understand how compensation decisions may be inadvertently signaling future CEO succession choices.
Template Engineering of CuBi2O4 Single‐Crystal Thin Film Photocathodes
Authors: Lee Jongmin , Yoon Hongji , Choi Kyoung Soon , Kim Seungkyu , Seo Sehun , Song Jaesun , Choi Byeong‐Uk , Ryu Jiseung , Ryu Sangwoo , Oh Jihun , Jeon Cheolho , Lee Sanghan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTo develop strategies for efficient photo‐electrochemical water‐splitting, it is important to understand the fundamental properties of oxide photoelectrodes by synthesizing and investigating their single‐crystal thin films. However, it is challenging to synthesize high‐quality single‐crystal thin films from copper‐based oxide photoelectrodes due to the occurrence of significant defects such as copper or oxygen vacancies and grains. Here, the CuBi2O4 (CBO) single‐crystal thin film photocathode is achieved using a NiO template layer grown on single‐crystal SrTiO3 (STO) (001) substrate via pulsed laser deposition. The NiO template layer plays a role as a buffer layer of large lattice mismatch between CBO and STO (001) substrate through domain‐matching epitaxy, and forms a type‐II band alignment with CBO, which prohibits the transfer of photogenerated electrons toward bottom electrode. The photocurrent densities of the CBO single‐crystal thin film photocathode demonstrate −0.4 and −0.7 mA cm−2 at even 0 VRHE with no severe dark current under illumination in a 0.1 m potassium phosphate buffer solution without and with H2O2 as an electron scavenger, respectively. The successful synthesis of high‐quality CBO single‐crystal thin film would be a cornerstone for the in‐depth understanding of the fundamental properties of CBO toward efficient photo‐electrochemical water‐splitting.
Generation of 2D DNA Microstructures via Topographic Control and Shearing
Authors: Park Soon Mo , Park Geonhyeong , Cha Yun Jeong , Yoon Dong Ki 
Published: July 2020

Abstract2D DNA microstructures are fabricated by applying the shear force to the DNA solution on the microchannels. The “U”‐like textures of DNA are clearly observed when the mechanical shearing is applied on the aqueous DNA sample under the topographic confinement, in which the shearing direction is perpendicular to the grooves. The optical textures of U‐like microstructures are directly observed by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and laser scanning fluorescent confocal polarizing microscopy (FCPM). The DNA microstructures can be modified by varying the width, showing the multiple U‐patterns along with channel direction due to the synergistic interaction between the elastic behavior of DNA chains and topographic boundary condition. The resultant microstructures can be used to align rod‐like liquid crystals (LCs) to generate alternatively oriented nematic phase and tilted focal conic domains (FCDs) in the smectic A phase. It is believed that this approach can suggest a hint to use to DNA materials for organizing multiscale hierarchical structures of soft‐ and biomaterials.