bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variable gaseous ion beams from plasmas driven by electromagnetic waves for nano-micro structuring: a tutorial and an overview of recent works and future prospects
Authors: Maurya Sanjeev Kumar , Bhattacharjee Sudeep 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A compact microwave plasma has been employed as an ion source for focused ion beam applications, that can provide non-toxic ions and facilitate rapid processing of materials without introducing any metallic contamination. A variety of microstructures with high aspect ratio (line width/depth) (∼100–1000) relevant to the energy and current regimes, are created on copper thin films using 26 keV Ne, Ar and Kr ion beams. A mathematical formulation is developed to calculate the impact of the ion beams, which act as energetic projectiles falling onto the target sample, by defining a new parameter called ‘current normalized force’ which is the total momentum transferred per unit time, normalized with the beam current. Capillary guiding of the plasma ion beams has demonstrated beam self-focusing which can be employed to further reduce the beam source size (plasma electrode aperture) for demagnification. Particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are performed to interpret the experimental results of self-focusing. Hysteresis in beam current with extraction voltage (ion energy) is observed and the hysteresis area is used to calculate the dissipated charge from the beam during capillary transmission. The effect of plasma and beam parameters on focal dimensions has been investigated, and a unique feature of enhanced nonlinear demagnification is observed when the aperture size of the plasma electrode is reduced to below the Debye length. Submicron focusing of plasma ion beams is observed by minimizing the space charge effects and reducing the plasma electrode aperture (source size).
Conditional Cash Transfer Program and Leprosy Incidence: Analysis of 12.9 Million Families From the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort
Authors: Pescarini Julia M , Williamson Elizabeth , Ichihara Maria Y , Fiaccone Rosemeire L , Forastiere Laura , Ramond Anna , Nery Joilda Silva , Penna Maria Lucia F , Strina Agostino , Reis Sandra , Smeeth Liam , Rodrigues Laura C , Brickley Elizabeth B , Penna Gerson O , Barreto Mauricio L 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Leprosy is a neglected tropical disease predominately affecting poor and marginalized populations. To test the hypothesis that poverty-alleviating policies might be associated with reduced leprosy incidence, we evaluated the association between the Brazilian Bolsa Familia (BFP) conditional cash transfer program and new leprosy case detection using linked records from 12,949,730 families in the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort (2007–2014). After propensity score matching BFP beneficiary to nonbeneficiary families, we used Mantel-Haenszel tests and Poisson regressions to estimate incidence rate ratios for new leprosy case detection and secondary endpoints related to operational classification and leprosy-associated disabilities at diagnosis. Overall, cumulative leprosy incidence was 17.4/100,000 person-years at risk (95% CI: 17.1, 17.7) and markedly higher in “priority” (high-burden) versus “nonpriority” (low-burden) municipalities (22.8/100,000 person-years at risk, 95% confidence interval (CI): 22.2, 23.3, compared with 14.3/100,000 person-years at risk, 95% CI: 14.0, 14.7). After matching, BFP participation was not associated with leprosy incidence overall (incidence rate ratio (IRR)Poisson = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.90, 1.04) but was associated with lower leprosy incidence when restricted to families living in high-burden municipalities (IRRPoisson = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.96). In high-burden municipalities, the association was particularly pronounced for paucibacillary cases (IRRPoisson = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.98) and cases with leprosy-associated disabilities (IRRPoisson = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.97). These findings provide policy-relevant evidence that social policies might contribute to ongoing leprosy control efforts in high-burden communities.
Artificial Intelligence and Hypertension: Recent Advances and Future Outlook
Authors: Chaikijurajai Thanat , Laffin Luke J , Tang Wai Hong Wilson 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Prevention and treatment of hypertension (HTN) are a challenging public health problem. Recent evidence suggests that artificial intelligence (AI) has potential to be a promising tool for reducing the global burden of HTN, and furthering precision medicine related to cardiovascular (CV) diseases including HTN. Since AI can stimulate human thought processes and learning with complex algorithms and advanced computational power, AI can be applied to multimodal and big data, including genetics, epigenetics, proteomics, metabolomics, CV imaging, socioeconomic, behavioral, and environmental factors. AI demonstrates the ability to identify risk factors and phenotypes of HTN, predict the risk of incident HTN, diagnose HTN, estimate blood pressure (BP), develop novel cuffless methods for BP measurement, and comprehensively identify factors associated with treatment adherence and success. Moreover, AI has also been used to analyze data from major randomized controlled trials exploring different BP targets to uncover previously undescribed factors associated with CV outcomes. Therefore, AI-integrated HTN care has the potential to transform clinical practice by incorporating personalized prevention and treatment approaches, such as determining optimal and patient-specific BP goals, identifying the most effective antihypertensive medication regimen for an individual, and developing interventions targeting modifiable risk factors. Although the role of AI in HTN has been increasingly recognized over the past decade, it remains in its infancy, and future studies with big data analysis and N-of-1 study design are needed to further demonstrate the applicability of AI in HTN prevention and treatment.
Analysis of within-individual variation in extrapair paternity in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) shows low repeatability and little effect of changes in neighborhood
Authors: Beck Kristina B , Valcu Mihai , Kempenaers Bart 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMany studies investigated variation in the frequency of extrapair paternity (EPP) among individuals. However, our understanding of within-individual variation in EPP remains limited. Here, we comprehensively investigate variation in EPP at the within-individual level in a population of blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus). Our study is based on parentage data comprising &gt;10 000 genotyped offspring across 11 breeding seasons. First, we examined the repeatability of the occurrence of EPP, the number of extrapair offspring, the number of extrapair partners, and the occurrence of paternity loss using data from males and females that bred in multiple years. Second, we tested whether within-individual changes in EPP between breeding seasons relate to between-year changes in the local social environment. Repeatabilities were generally low but significant for the occurrence and number of extrapair young in females and for whether a male sired extrapair young or not. We found no evidence that the presence of the former social partner or changes in the proportion of familiar individuals or in phenotypic traits of the neighbors influenced changes in levels of EPP in females. However, in adult males, a decrease in the average body size of male neighbors was associated with higher extrapair siring success. If confirmed, this result suggests that the competitive ability of a male relative to its neighbors influences his extrapair mating success. We suggest that alternative hypotheses, including the idea that within-individual changes in EPP are due to “chance events” rather than changes in an individual’s social breeding environment, deserve more consideration.
Cyclase-associated protein 2 dimerization regulates cofilin in synaptic plasticity and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Pelucchi Silvia , Vandermeulen Lina , Pizzamiglio Lara , Aksan Bahar , Yan Jing , Konietzny Anja , Bonomi Elisa , Borroni Barbara , Padovani Alessandro , Rust Marco B , Di Marino Daniele , Mikhaylova Marina , Mauceri Daniela , Antonucci Flavia , Edefonti Valeria , Gardoni Fabrizio , Di Luca Monica , Marcello Elena 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRegulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics in dendritic spines is crucial for learning and memory formation. Hence, defects in the actin cytoskeleton pathways are a biological trait of several brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Here, we describe a novel synaptic mechanism governed by the cyclase-associated protein 2, which is required for structural plasticity phenomena and completely disrupted in Alzheimer's disease. We report that the formation of cyclase-associated protein 2 dimers through its Cys32 is important for cyclase-associated protein 2 binding to cofilin and for actin turnover. The Cys32-dependent cyclase-associated protein 2 homodimerization and association to cofilin are triggered by long-term potentiation and are required for long-term potentiation-induced cofilin translocation into spines, spine remodelling and the potentiation of synaptic transmission. This mechanism is specifically affected in the hippocampus, but not in the superior frontal gyrus, of both Alzheimer's disease patients and APP/PS1 mice, where cyclase-associated protein 2 is down-regulated and cyclase-associated protein 2 dimer synaptic levels are reduced. Notably, cyclase-associated protein 2 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid are significantly increased in Alzheimer's disease patients but not in subjects affected by frontotemporal dementia. In Alzheimer's disease hippocampi, cofilin association to cyclase-associated protein 2 dimer/monomer is altered and cofilin is aberrantly localized in spines. Taken together, these results provide novel insights into structural plasticity mechanisms that are defective in Alzheimer's disease.
Etiology of Diarrhea Requiring Hospitalization in Bangladesh by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, 2014–2018
Authors: Taniuchi Mami , Islam Kamrul , Sayeed Md Abu , Platts-Mills James A , Islam Md Taufiqul , Khabir Md Imam Ul , Rahman Muntasir , Khan Zahid Hasan , Begum Yasmin Ara , Khanam Farhana , Khan Ashraful Islam , Liu Jie , Houpt Eric R , Qadri Firdausi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Diarrhea remains a major public health problem and characterization of its etiology is needed to prioritize interventions. However, most data are from single-site studies of children. We tested samples from participants of any age from 11 geographically diverse hospitals in Bangladesh to describe pathogen-specific burdens of diarrhea.

Methods
We utilized 2 existing diarrhea surveillance systems: a Nationwide network at 10 sentinel hospitals and at the icddr,b hospital. We tested stools from enrolled participants and nondiarrheal controls for enteropathogens using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and calculated pathogen-specific attributable fractions (AFs) of diarrhea.

Results
We analyzed 5516 patients with diarrhea and 735 controls. Overall, rotavirus had the highest attributable burden of diarrhea (Nationwide AF, 17.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.3–20.9%; icddr,b AF, 39.9%; 38.0–41.8%), followed by adenovirus 40/41 (Nationwide AF, 17.9%; 95% CI: 13.9–21.9%; icddr,b AF, 16.6%; 95% CI, 14.4–19.4%) and Vibrio cholerae (Nationwide AF, 10.2%; 95% CI, 9.1–11.3%; icddr,b AF, 13.3%; 95% CI: 11.9–15.1%). Rotavirus was the leading pathogen in children &lt;5 years and was consistent across the sites (coefficient of variation = 56.3%). Adenovirus 40/41 was the second leading pathogen in both children and adults. Vibrio cholerae was the leading pathogen in individuals &gt;5 years old, but was more geographically variable (coefficient of variation = 71.5%). Other attributable pathogens included astrovirus, norovirus, Shigella, Salmonella, ETEC, sapovirus, and typical EPEC.

Conclusions
Rotavirus, adenovirus 40/41, and V. cholerae were the leading etiologies of infectious diarrhea requiring hospitalization in Bangladesh. Other pathogens were important in certain age groups or sites.
Community-acquired Coinfection in Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Observational Experience
Authors: Lehmann Christopher J , Pho Mai T , Pitrak David , Ridgway Jessica P , Pettit Natasha N 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCommunity-acquired coinfection in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is not well defined. Current literature describes coinfection in 0–40% of COVID-19 patients. In this retrospective report, coinfection was identified in 3.7% of patients and 41% of patients admitted to intensive care (P &lt; .005). Despite infrequent coinfection, antibiotics were used in 69% of patients.
Rapid Reorganization of an Academic Infectious Diseases Program During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic in Detroit: A Novel Unit-based Group Rounding Model
Authors: Vahia Amit T , Chaudhry Zohra S , Kaljee Linda , Parraga-Acosta Tommy , Gudipati Smitha , Maki Gina , Tariq Zain , Shallal Anita , Nauriyal Varidhi , Williams Jonathan D , Suleyman Geehan , Abreu-Lanfranco Odaliz , Chen Anne , Yared Nicholas , Herc Erica , McKinnon John E , Brar Indira , Bhargava Pallavi , Zervos Marcus , Ramesh Mayur , Alangaden George 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The surge of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalizations at our 877-bed quaternary care hospital in Detroit led to an emergent demand for Infectious Diseases (ID) consultations. The traditional 1-on-1 consultation model was untenable. Therefore, we rapidly restructured our ID division to provide effective consultative services. We implemented a novel unit-based group rounds model that focused on delivering key updates to teams and providing unit-wide consultations simultaneously to all team members. Effectiveness of the program was studied using Likert-scale survey data. The survey captured data from the first month of the Detroit COVID-19 pandemic. During this period there were approximately 950 patients hospitalized for treatment of COVID-19. The survey of trainees and faculty reported an overall 95% positive response to delivery of information, new knowledge acquisition, and provider confidence in the care of COVID-19 patients. This showed that the unit-based consult model is a sustainable effort to provide care during epidemics.
Emergence of Clinical Clostridioides difficile Isolates With Decreased Susceptibility to Vancomycin
Authors: Darkoh Charles , Keita Kadiatou , Odo Chioma , Oyaro Micah , Brown Eric L , Arias Cesar A , Hanson Blake M , DuPont Herbert L 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of hospital-associated antibiotic-related diarrhea and deaths worldwide. Vancomycin is one of the few antibiotics recommended for both nonsevere and severe CDI cases. We sought to determine whether vancomycin nonsusceptible C. difficile strains are circulating in the patient population.

Methods
Stool samples from patients with CDI were collected from 438 and 98 patients at a large university hospital in Houston, Texas, and Nairobi, Kenya, respectively. The stools were examined for the presence of vancomycin and metronidazole nonsusceptible C. difficile using broth dilution culture, Etest (BioMérieux, France), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whole-genome sequencing, and in vivo testing in a CDI mouse model.

Results
Of the Houston stool samples, 114/438 (26%) had vancomycin nonsusceptible C. difficile isolates and 128/438 (29%) were metronidazole nonsusceptible. Similarly, 66 out of 98 (67%) and 83/98 (85%) of the Nairobi patients harbored vancomycin and metronidazole nonsusceptible isolates, respectively. Vancomycin treatment of a CDI mouse model infected with a vancomycin nonsusceptible isolate failed to eradicate the infection. Whole-genome sequencing analyses did not identify vanA genes, suggesting a different mechanism of resistance.

Conclusions
C. difficile strains exhibiting reduced susceptibility to vancomycin are currently circulating in patient populations. The spread of strains resistance to vancomycin, a first-line antibiotic for CDI, poses a serious therapeutic challenge. Routine susceptibility testing may be necessary.
Prolonged Maternal Shedding and Maternal-fetal Transmission of Measles Virus
Authors: Charlier Caroline , Dina Julia , Freymuth François , Vabret Astrid , Lortholary Olivier , Antona Denise , Lecuit Marc 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Prolonged measles virus detection in maternal saliva and blood was evidenced in 6 pregnant women. Maternal-fetal transmission was evidenced in 2 of 4 infants who were asymptomatic at birth, 21–24 weeks after maternal infection. Whereas peripartum congenital measles is severe, asymptomatic measles virus vertical transmission can occur earlier in pregnancy.
Invasive Disease Potential of Pneumococcal Serotypes in Children After PCV13 Implementation
Authors: Cohen Robert , Levy Corinne , Ouldali Naim , Goldrey Marie , Béchet Stéphane , Bonacorsi Stéphane , Varon Emmanuelle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We aimed to assess the invasive disease potential of non-PCV13 serotypes after the implementation of this vaccine. Most non-PCV13 serotypes had low invasive disease potential. Among serotypes with the highest invasive disease potential (12F, 24F, 38, 8, 33F, 22F, and 10A), all but 24F and 38 were included in PCV20.
Distinct Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Mortality in Female Inpatients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Sex-stratified, Large-scale Cohort Study in Wuhan, China
Authors: Chen Jing , Bai Hualin , Liu Jia , Chen Ge , Liao Qiuyue , Yang Jie , Wu Peng , Wei Juncheng , Ma Ding , Chen Gang , Ai Jihui , Li Kezhen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundAs the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak accelerates worldwide, it is important to evaluate sex-specific clinical characteristics and outcomes, which may affect public health policies.MethodsPatients with COVID-19 admitted to Tongji Hospital between 18 January and 27 March 2020 were evaluated. Clinical features, laboratory data, complications, and outcomes were compared between females and males. Risk factors for mortality in the whole population, females, and males were determined respectively.ResultsThere were 1667 (50.38%) females among the 3309 patients. The mortality rate was 5.9% in females but 12.7% in males. Compared with males, more females had no initial symptoms (11.1% vs 8.3%, P = .008). Complications including acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury, septic shock, cardiac injury, and coagulation disorder were less common in females; critical illness was also significantly less common in females (31.1% vs 39.4%, P &lt; .0001). Significantly fewer females received antibiotic treatment (P = .001), antiviral therapy (P = .025), glucocorticoids treatment (P &lt; .0001), mechanical ventilation (P &lt; .0001), and had intensive care unit admission (P &lt; .0001). A lower risk of death was found in females (OR, .44; 95% CI, .34–.58) after adjusting for age and coexisting diseases. Among females, age, malignancy, chronic kidney disease, and days from onset to admission were significantly associated with mortality, while chronic kidney disease was not a risk factor in males.ConclusionsSignificantly milder illness and fewer deaths were found in female COVID-19 inpatients and risk factors associated with mortality varied among males and females.
Predicting acute kidney injury in critically ill patients using comorbid conditions utilizing machine learning
Authors: Shawwa Khaled , Ghosh Erina , Lanius Stephanie , Schwager Emma , Eshelman Larry , Kashani Kianoush B 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Acute kidney injury (AKI) carries a poor prognosis. Its incidence is increasing in the intensive care unit (ICU). Our purpose in this study is to develop and externally validate a model for predicting AKI in the ICU using patient data present prior to ICU admission.

Methods
We used data of 98 472 adult ICU admissions at Mayo Clinic between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2017 and 51 801 encounters from Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) cohort. A gradient-boosting model was trained on 80% of the Mayo Clinic cohort using a set of features to predict AKI acquired in the ICU.

Results
AKI was identified in 39 307 (39.9%) encounters in the Mayo Clinic cohort. Patients who developed AKI in the ICU were older and had higher ICU and in-hospital mortality compared to patients without AKI. A 30-feature model yielded an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.690 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.682–0.697] in the Mayo Clinic cohort set and 0.656 (95% CI 0.648–0.664) in the MIMIC-III cohort.

Conclusions
Using machine learning, AKI among ICU patients can be predicted using information available prior to admission. This model is independent of ICU information, making it valuable for stratifying patients at admission.
A Genetically Based Combination of Visual Saliency and Roughness for FR 3D Mesh Quality Assessment: A Statistical Study
Authors: Nouri Anass , Charrier Christophe , Lézoray Olivier 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we present a full-reference quality assessment metric based on the information of visual saliency. The saliency information is provided under the form of degrees associated to each vertex of the surface mesh. From these degrees, statistical attributes reflecting the structures of the reference and distorted meshes are computed. These are used by four comparisons functions genetically optimized that quantify the structure differences between a reference and a distorted mesh. We also present a statistical comparison study of six full-reference quality assessment metrics for 3D meshes. We compare the objective metrics results with humans subjective scores of quality considering the 3D meshes in one hand and the distorsion types in the other hand. Also, we show which metrics are statistically superior to their counterparts. For these comparisons we use the Spearman Rank Ordered Correlation Coefficient and the hypothetic test of Student (ttest). To attest the pertinence of the proposed approach, a comparison with a ground truth saliency and an application associated to the assessment of the visual rendering of smoothing algorithms are presented. Experimental results show that the proposed metric is very competitive with the state-of-the-art.