bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cataloging accreted stars withinGaiaDR2 using deep learning
Authors: Ostdiek B. , Necib L. , Cohen T. , Freytsis M. , Lisanti M. , Garrison-Kimmmel S. , Wetzel A. , Sanderson R. E. , Hopkins P. F. 
Published: March 2020

Aims.The goal of this study is to present the development of a machine learning based approach that utilizes phase space alone to separate theGaiaDR2 stars into two categories: those accreted onto the Milky Way from those that are in situ. Traditional selection methods that have been used to identify accreted stars typically rely on full 3D velocity, metallicity information, or both, which significantly reduces the number of classifiable stars. The approach advocated here is applicable to a much larger portion ofGaiaDR2.Methods.A method known as “transfer learning” is shown to be effective through extensive testing on a set of mockGaiacatalogs that are based on the FIREcosmological zoom-in hydrodynamic simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies. The machine is first trained on simulated data using only 5D kinematics as inputs and is then further trained on a cross-matchedGaia/RAVE data set, which improves sensitivity to properties of the real Milky Way.Results.The result is a catalog that identifies ∼767 000 accreted stars withinGaiaDR2. This catalog can yield empirical insights into the merger history of the Milky Way and could be used to infer properties of the dark matter distribution.
The path to Z And-type outbursts: The case of V426 Sagittae (HBHA 1704-05)
Authors: Skopal A. , Shugarov S. Yu. , Munari U. , Masetti N. , Marchesini E. , Komžík R. M. , Kundra E. , Shagatova N. , Tarasova T. N. , Buil C. , Boussin C. , Shenavrin V. I. , Hambsch F.-J. , Dallaporta S. , Frigo A. , Garde O. , Zubareva A. , Dubovský P. A. , Kroll P. 
Published: March 2020

Context.The star V426 Sge (HBHA 1704-05), originally classified as an emission-line object and a semi-regular variable, brightened at the beginning of August 2018, showing signatures of a symbiotic star outburst.Aims.We aim to confirm the nature of V426 Sge as a classical symbiotic star, determine the photometric ephemeris of the light minima, and suggest the path from its 1968 symbiotic nova outburst to the following 2018 Z And-type outburst.Methods.We re-constructed an historical light curve (LC) of V426 Sge from approximately the year 1900, and used original low- (R ∼ 500–1500; 330–880 nm) and high-resolution (R ∼ 11 000–34 000; 360–760 nm) spectroscopy complemented withSwift-XRT and UVOT, opticalUBVRCICand near-infraredJHKLphotometry obtained during the 2018 outburst and the following quiescence.Results.The historical LC reveals no symbiotic-like activity from ∼1900 to 1967. In 1968, V426 Sge experienced a symbiotic nova outburst that ceased around 1990. From approximately 1972, a wave-like orbitally related variation with a period of 493.4 ± 0.7 days developed in the LC. This was interrupted by a Z And-type outburst from the beginning of August 2018 to the middle of February 2019. At the maximum of the 2018 outburst, the burning white dwarf (WD) increased its temperature to ≳2 × 105K, generated a luminosity of ∼7 × 1037 (d/3.3 kpc)2erg s−1and blew a wind at the rate of ∼3 × 10−6M⊙yr−1. Our spectral energy distribution models from the current quiescent phase reveal that the donor is a normal M4-5 III giant characterised withTeff ∼ 3400 K,RG ∼ 106 (d/3.3 kpc)R⊙andLG ∼ 1350 (d/3.3 kpc)2 L⊙and the accretor is a low-mass ∼0.5M⊙WD.Conclusions.During the transition from the symbiotic nova outburst to the quiescent phase, a pronounced sinusoidal variation along the orbit develops in the LC of most symbiotic novae. The following eventual outburst is of Z And-type, when the accretion by the WD temporarily exceeds the upper limit of the stable burning. At this point the system becomes a classical symbiotic star.
Marked Directional Skull Asymmetry in the Araucan Horse
Authors: Parés-Casanova Pere M. , Crosby-Granados René Alejandro , Muñoz Fabián , Salamanca-Carreño Arcesio 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background Deviations from the perfect symmetry of normally bilateral symmetrical characters occur during individual development due to the influence of multiple factors. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is the random developmental variation of a trait (or character) that is perfectly symmetrical, on average, across a population. Directional asymmetry (DA) occurs when one side of the pair of body sides is strongly more marked.
Objective We investigated the presence and level of skull FA and DA in the Araucan horse, a breed from East Colombia.
Study Design A sample of 21 skulls belonging to adult animals was studied by means of standard geometric–morphometric methods using 16 landmarks on the dorsal aspect of the crania.
Results Measurements showed a significant DA with a consistent rightward shift of the splanchnocrania.
Conclusions The results of this study raise questions about the influence of masticatory biomechanics on the asymmetric development of the skull, and also about how management and ingesta-specific properties (such as abrasiveness) may influence this asymmetry.
Humidification Solution as a Source for Spreading Burkholderia cepacia in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Baysal Bora 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia is an important opportunistic organism in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients especially in newborns. The natural ecology of these bacteria associated with plants is also a cause of infectious potential. The disease-causing potential of bacteria as a nosocomial pathogen may be due to its ability to survive in antiseptic solutions, contamination equipment. The patient was hospitalized for prematurity and respiratory distress syndrome. He was treated with surfactant intratracheally for the respiratory distress syndrome. Umbilical catheter was inserted. Ampicillin and gentamicin treatments were initiated. The patient who received respiratory support for a long time was given a steroid protocol because of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Burkholderia cepacia was detected in the blood and tracheal aspirate cultures of the patient, whose infection markers increased and a new area of infection was detected on the chest radiograph. Colistin and ciprofloxacin treatments were given according to the culture antibiogram. Screening tests revealed B. cepacia colonization in incubator moistening solutions. All incubator humidification solutions in the hospital were changed. Burkholderia cepacia is a rare cause of nosocomial infection in intensive care units but resistant to many treatments. With its capability to colonize water and grow on microbicides, the presence of B. cepacia in a patient's blood warrants further investigation in institutions providing care.
Bringing economies of integration into the costing of groupage freight
Authors: Brabänder Christian , Braun Maximilian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to develop a novel calculation scheme for the costs of distribution per shipment according to a cost-by-cause principle. We propose to estimate the full costs of distribution routes excluding and including a new consignor. Then, we estimate the marginal costs per shipment and per consignor. The contributions of this paper are (1) a comprehensive list of drivers of Economies of Integration and (2) a calculation scheme, how to estimate true marginal cost of new consignors. Practitioners may deploy the method and insights of this paper for tariff design, negotiations, consignor acquisition, and also demarketing.
NETosis proceeds by cytoskeleton and endomembrane disassembly and PAD4-mediated chromatin decondensation and nuclear envelope rupture
Authors: Thiam Hawa Racine , Wong Siu Ling , Qiu Rong , Kittisopikul Mark , Vahabikashi Amir , Goldman Anne E. , Goldman Robert D. , Wagner Denisa D. , Waterman Clare M. 
Published: March 2020

Significance
Neutrophils are white blood cells specialized as the first line of host defense in the immune system. One way they protect organisms is through NETosis, in which they expel their DNA to form a web-like trap that ensnares pathogens and promotes clotting. However, NETs also mediate sterile inflammation, causing damage to the body. We used high-resolution live-cell microscopy to characterize the timing of dynamic cellular events leading to NETosis in human and mouse neutrophils and a neutrophil-like cell line. We discovered that NETosis proceeds by a stepwise sequence of cellular events that is conserved across species and requires the activity of the PAD4 enzyme for DNA to be released from the nucleus and cell membrane.
CCAP regulates feeding behavior via the NPF pathway inDrosophilaadults
Authors: Williams Michael J. , Akram Mehwish , Barkauskaite Deimante , Patil Sourabh , Kotsidou Eirini , Kheder Sania , Vitale Giovanni , Filaferro Monica , Blemings Simone W. , Maestri Giulia , Hazim Noor , Vergoni Anna Valeria , Schiöth Helgi B. 
Published: March 2020

SignificanceThe ability of an animal to sense what to eat, such as carbohydrate-rich food, as well as to reject food that may be disadvantageous or even deadly is essential for survival and adaptation to metabolic demands compounded by continuous changes in the environment. Here we investigate evolutionarily conserved pathways central for either choosing or rejecting nutrients based on neuronal system interactions between internal signals and the external milieu. These pathways are likely to be necessary for the ability to perform quick adaptation to the immediate conditions and in general provide clues to the structure of the fly’s internal network governing nutrient sensing.
Loss of Nef-mediated CD3 down-regulation in the HIV-1 lineage increases viral infectivity and spread
Authors: Mesner Dejan , Hotter Dominik , Kirchhoff Frank , Jolly Clare 
Published: March 2020

Significance
Lentiviruses encode accessory proteins to manipulate their host cells in order to efficiently replicate and evade antiviral defenses. Interestingly, most lentiviral Nefs down-regulate CD3 from the surface of infected T cells to perturb immune responses. However, for reasons that are incompletely understood, HIV-1 and its simian immunodeficiency virus ancestors lack this function. Here, we report that engineering HIV-1 for Nef-mediated down-regulation of CD3 reduces Env-dependent HIV-1 infectivity, resulting in less efficient cell-to-cell spread and replication. Our data suggest that HIV-1 may have evolved to lose the CD3 down-modulation function of Nef in order to allow T cell activation and to boost viral replication, possibly at the cost of less effective immune evasion and increased pathogenicity.
The meaning of the Persian object marker rā
Authors: Jasbi Masoud 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The Persian object marker rā is called many things, among them: marker of specificity (Karimi 1990), definiteness (Mahootian 1997), secondary topics (Dabir-Moghaddam 1992), and presuppositions (Ghomeshi 1996). These accounts capture the core of what rā is, yet also include a lot of what rā is not. I report novel examples that show rā is not an (exclusive) marker of specific or definite referents. It is also not an (exclusive) marker of (secondary) topics. Instead, rā’s core contribution is something shared by all these accounts: old or presupposed information. I show that the information presupposed by rā is an existence implication. A marked object like sandali-ro (“chair”-rā) implies that there is one or more chairs in the conversational context. This account captures several novel observations on the distribution of rā such as its optional presence on proper names in some contexts. I provide a formal and compositional analysis of simple Persian sentences with definite and indefinite objects.
The Ezafe construction revisited
Authors: Larson Richard K. , Samiian Vida 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the nature, distribution and function of the Ezafe morpheme, a distinguishing grammatical feature of many of the Iranian languages. We review three main analyses advanced in the wide literature on the subject: semantic, morphological, and syntactic. We argue that the syntactic account of Ezafe is the most promising, both in its empirical reach, and explanatory power. Looking at an exhaustive range of data from Iranian Persian (iPersian) and other Iranian languages, we note that Ezafe occurs between nominal elements in the NP, PP, AP, and QPs. Following case theory (Chomsky 1981), we propose that Ezafe satisfies a licensing requirement in the following phrase, similar to ‘of’ in English. We then consider in detail the implications of this theory for the occurrence of Ezafe before PPs in iPersian and before finite and nonfinite complement clauses in iPerisan and Kurdish. Finally, we examine the occurrence of Ezafe in Zazaki ‘double Ezafe constructions’ and in Caspian languages showing the so-called ‘Reverse Ezafe construction’ in light of the case-based analysis.
Quantitative meter in Persian folk songs and pop lyrics
Authors: Mahdavi Mazdeh Mohsen 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that, contrary to what most recent scholarly works assume, the metrical system used in Persian folk songs and pop lyrics is quantitative and follows the same general principles as Classical Persian metrics. I propose that the apparent differences between the two systems originate primarily from the availability of a process of optional vowel shortening in the scansion of lines that are composed in colloquial Persian. In fact, it is mainly the phonological differences between the colloquial and formal registers of Persian, rather than purely metrical differences, that result in the split observed between these two poetic traditions. In addition to optional vowel shortening, I describe several minor deviations in these songs from the requirements of Classical Persian metrics, showing that these deviations are also systematic and that studying them can help gain a deeper understanding of Persian metrics. Finally, I present corpus data to support these proposals.
The first biolinguist?
Authors: Anderson Stephen R. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryIn 1930s Germany, Georg Schwidetzky (1875–1952) produced several works attempting to derive modern human languages by reconstruction from the vocalizations of non-human primates. This work was suppressed by other biologists under the Third Reich, not just because both the biology and the linguistics were ridiculously bad, but because Schwidetzky’s views on the origin of races were in conflict with Nazi ideology. While almost comically wrong-headed, there are nonetheless a few parallels between this project and some modern thought about the evolution of language. On the one hand, Schwidetzky stressed the need to think about the evolution of human language in terms of the biological evolution of our species, a branch ofNaturwissenschaft, and not a purely humanistic activity,Geisteswissenschaft, as opinion among German linguists of the time saw it. Indeed, he was probably the first to characterize his agenda as the development ofBiolinguistik. On the other hand, his attempt to maintain continuity between human language and the communicative vocalizations of non-humans fails to take into account the unique, species-specific character of human language.
Transcriptome analysis of two soybean cultivars identifies an aluminum respon-sive antioxidant enzyme GmCAT1
Authors: Li Weiyu , Sun Yunjin , Wang Bo , Xie Hao , Wang Jingxuan , Nan Zhangjie 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

This study investigated the antioxidant defense system involved in the tolerance of soybean (Glycine max) to aluminum (Al) stress. Physiological assays showed that the amount of superoxide free radicals (O2 −), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were significantly lower in an Al-resistant soybean cultivar (cv. PI416937) than in an Al-sensitive soybean cultivar (cv. Huachun18). Comparative analysis of microarray data from both genotypes following Al-stress treatment revealed that the expression of a series of antioxidant enzymes genes was induced in the Al-resistant cultivar. The quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR) assay showed that the transcript levels of genes encoding antioxidant enzymes, including GmCAT1, GmPOD1, GmGST1, GmAPX, GmGSH1, and GmSOD, were higher in the Al-resistant cultivar than in the Al-sensitive cultivar in Al-stress conditions. Furthermore, GmCAT1-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants had improved tolerance to Al-stress and lower O2 −, H2O2, and MDA contents than wild-type plants. Therefore, providing evidence that the antioxidant defense system is essential for Al tolerance in soybean.

Abbreviations
Al: aluminum; O2 −: superoxide free radicals; ROS: reactive oxygen species; H2O2: hydrogen peroxide; MDA: malondialdehyde; qRT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; GO: gene ontology; WT: wild type; MS medium: Murashige and Skoog medium
Optimal mass of the arm segments in throwing: A two‐dimensional computer simulation study
Authors: Fasbender Patrick , Korff Thomas J. , Baltzopoulos Vassilios B. , Linthorne Nicholas P. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractProducing a high release speed is important in throwing sports such as baseball and the javelin throw. Athletes in throwing sports might be able to achieve a greater throwing speed by improving the effectiveness of the kinetic chain. In this study a two‐dimensional computer simulation model of overarm throwing was used to examine the effect of changes in forearm mass and upper arm mass on the release speed of a lightweight (58 g) projectile. The simulations showed that increasing the mass of the forearm decreases release speed, whereas increasing the mass of the upper arm initially increases release speed. For a given forearm mass there is an optimal upper arm mass that produces the greatest release speed. However, the optimal upper arm mass (5–6 kg) is substantially greater than that of an average adult (2.1 kg). These results suggest that athletes might be able to throw faster if they had a stronger tapering of segment mass along the length of their arm. A stronger taper could be readily achieved by attaching weights to the upper arm or by using hypertrophy training to increase the mass of the upper arm. High‐speed overarm throwing is a complex three‐dimensional movement and this study was a preliminary investigation into the effect of arm segment mass on throwing performance. Further simulation studies using three‐dimensional throwing models are needed to generate more accurate insights, and the predictions of the simulation studies should be compared to data from experimental intervention studies of throwing sports.
Predicting performance at the group‐phase and knockout‐phase of the 2015 Rugby World Cup
Authors: Bennett Mark , Bezodis Neil E. , Shearer David A. , Kilduff Liam P. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTThe primary aim of this paper was to produce a model that predicts outcome in the group‐phase of the 2015 Rugby World Cup and to determine the relevance and importance of performance indicators (PIs) that are significant in predicting outcome. A secondary aim investigated whether this model accurately predicted match outcome in the knockout‐phase of the competition. Data was the PIs from the 40 group‐phase games of the 2015 RWC. Given the binary outcome (win/lose), a random forest classification model was built using the data sets. The outcome of the knockout‐phase was predicted using this model and accuracy of prediction of the model from the group‐phase. The model indicated that thirteen PIs were significant in predicting match outcome in the group‐phase and provided accurate prediction of match outcome in the knockout‐phase. These PIs were tackle‐ratio, clean breaks, average carry, lineouts won, penalties conceded, missed tackles, lineouts won in the opposition 22, defenders beaten, metres carried, kicks from hand, lineout success, penalties in opposition 22 m and scrums won. For the group‐phase matches tackle ratio, clean breaks and average carry were accurate standalone predictors of match outcome and respectively predicted 75%, 70% and 73% of match outcomes. The model based on the group‐phase predicted correctly 7 from 8 (87.5%) knockout‐phase matches. In the knockout‐phase clean breaks predicted 7 from 8 outcomes, whilst tackle ratio and average carry predicted 6 from 8 outcomes.
Multi-Δt 3D-PTV based on Reynolds decomposition
Authors: Saredi Edoardo , Sciacchitano Andrea , Scarano Fulvio 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A novel approach is investigated to extend the range of measurable velocities by 3D-PTV systems. The method is specifically conceived for robotic volumetric PTV measurements, but it has applications for other similar techniques. The multi-Δt method relies upon combining the information from two or more sets of double-frame images with pulse separation of different time duration. Measurements with a short time separation yield a robust particle velocity field estimation with a higher percentage of valid vectors, yet a low measurement precision. Conversely, measurements with longer time separation potentially offer a higher measurement precision but suffer from an increased probability of spurious particle pairing. Reynolds decomposition is used to combine the two (dual-Δt) sets where a predictor for the mean particle displacement and its statistical dispersion is used to pair particle recordings from a longer time separation. For this reason, this method is aimed at the analysis of turbulent flows where the Reynolds decomposition is meaningful (e.g. turbulent flows with steady/quasi-steady boundary conditions). The extent of the search region is selected dynamically, based on the estimate of the velocity fluctuations from the short time separation evaluation. A more advanced variant of the algorithm contemplates the progressive increase of the pulse separation (multi-Δt) until the expected dispersion of data due to turbulent fluctuations eventually exceeds the distance between neighbouring particles.
Flow measurements in the near wake of a truncated cylinder obstacle and of an Ahmed body are carried out to examine the performance of the proposed method. Reference data is taken from time-resolved multi-frame analysis based on the Shake-The-Box (STB) algorithm. The two experiments differ for the measurement principle used: the first one is conducted with a tomographic-like system (large aperture), whereas the latter uses coaxial volumetric velocimetry. The rate of correct pairing as well as the velocity dynamic range dependence upon the choice of the time separation are monitored and discussed. The results compare favourably with the STB analysis, indicating that the measurement of the time-average velocity field can be based on dual-Δt 3D-PTV measurements removing the constraint of time-resolved particle motion recording.