bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Eclipse of Global Legal Pluralism in Ethnology
Authors: Mallard Grégoire 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Global legal pluralism in France was an approach strongly tied to the institutionalization of the field of ethnology, colonial law, and colonial administration in the interwar period. As France’s overseas possessions greatly expanded, and many colonial subjects were still administered according to a plurality of legal rules, with customary rules and French administrative or criminal law, ethnologists and colonial administrators were interested in raising the question of whether such combination of legal sources hampered or accelerated the “integration” of colonial subjects to the French Republic. Not surprisingly then, the strong attachment of a global legal pluralistic approach to the administration of colonial subjects in the field of anthropology has thus been profoundly questioned after the age of decolonization. By tracing the theoretical and normative ideas that inspired prominent ethnologists associated with the global legal pluralist approach in the colonial age, this chapter thus adds a building block to our comprehension of the evolution of the French colonial field and its impact on ethnology and global legal pluralism, before, during, and after the age of colonization.
Does Legal Theory Have a Pluralism Problem?
Authors: Mac Amhlaigh Cormac 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Legal theory has been criticized by legal pluralists on the grounds that it has a “pluralism problem.” In a nutshell, legal theory’s pluralism problem stems from the fact that it explicitly or implicitly assumes the model of state law whenever it refers to law. This is problematic both because such a state-based conception of law fails to capture myriad nonstate forms of law existing in different contexts and because it runs the risk of supporting oppression in postcolonial contexts where indigenous laws are pushed out by colonial laws which conform to the (state-based) legal theoretical paradigm. This chapter focuses on the former, analytical, limb of legal theory’s pluralism problem by breaking the problem down into three specific claims; two which pluralists argue legal theory defends: a strong claim—that all law is necessarily state law; an intermediate claim—that state law is a paradigmatic or the “best” form of law; and one made by pluralists about legal theory: a weak claim that legal theory has unwarrantedly neglected nonstate forms of law. It analyzes each claim in turn reviewing the relevant claims in legal theory. It concludes that if legal theory does have a pluralism problem, and the analysis undertaken in this chapter suggests that it might in some respects, it is not a particularly profound one. As such, much of the resources of legal theory can be adopted to capture a wide variety of both extant and new emergent forms of nonstate law.
Global Legal Pluralism and Conflict of Laws
Authors: Michaels Ralf 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Global legal pluralism makes three claims about law: (1) law includes both state law and nonstate law; (2) there is a plurality of laws; (3) laws overlap and interact in certain ways. Among these, the third one is the most difficult one and at the same time the one least theorized. Pluralists lack the instruments to deal with them. The main reason is that they, with rare exceptions, ignore conflict of laws as the discipline that deals with such overlaps and interactions. As a consequence, discussions have stalled: global legal pluralism is widely accepted as a helpful description of law in the world, but because a more precise conceptualization and theorization is lacking, that description has little impact for further analysis. This chapter introduces conflict of laws as a technique and as a discipline to scholars of global pluralists. And it makes the case for why conflict of laws is the adequate discipline, doctrinally and epistemologically, to deal with overlaps and interactions of laws in global legal pluralism. Conflict of laws is superior to other techniques of dealing with diversity due to its experience. Moreover, it is superior to other epistemologies due to a number of its characteristics, in particular its decentralized nature, its technical character, and its ethical position. Scholars working in global legal pluralism would do well to engage with it in a more comprehensive fashion.
Psychophysiology of Meditation
Authors: Dorjee Dusana 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Psychophysiological research on meditation examines modulations in brain and body physiology resulting from, or associated with, meditation. This chapter considers the available evidence regarding the effects of meditation on psychophysiological markers, including frontal electroencephalography (EEG) alpha asymmetry, event-related brain potentials (ERPs), heart-rate variability (HRV) and its derivative indexes, and galvanic skin response (GSR). The emerging mosaic of findings suggests an inconclusive mixed pattern of evidence regarding changes in frontal EEG alpha asymmetry with meditation. The evidence base on ERP changes resulting from meditation is more consistent, particularly pointing to improvements in attention control. However, ERP evidence on modulations in emotion processing, language processing, and existential awareness (such as decentering) with meditation is very limited, not allowing for conclusive answers. Overall, the current evidence on psychophysiological changes with meditation underscores the potential of these methods in providing novel insights into the effects and mechanisms of meditation. More rigorous studies with long-term follow-up, comprehensive systemic assessments, and explorations of convergent/divergent patterns of findings across psychophysiological indexes are needed.
Monasteries, Society, Economy, and the State in the Byzantine Empire
Authors: Smyrlis Kostis 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe chapter provides an overview of the social, political, and economic functions of Byzantine monasteries from the ninth to the fifteenth century. Relations between monasteries and the state, the Church, and lay society were complex. The monks received donations and protection in exchange for various spiritual and material services. The great landowning monasteries engaged in large-scale agrarian production and trade, and they played a substantial role in local and regional economies. Finally, the chapter addresses the fate and significance of monasteries in the long period of crisis that began in the middle of the fourteenth century and ended with the replacement of the Byzantine by the Ottoman Empire.
The sediment akinete bank links past and future blooms of Nostocales in a shallow lake
Authors: Yema Lilen , O'farrell Inés , de Tezanos Pinto Paula 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this paper we analyzed how well the akinete bank in the sediments from a shallow lake reflected past blooms of planktonic Nostocales (cyanobacteria), the akinete bank’s potential for reflecting future blooms and whether different nutrient scenarios affect germination and recruitment using a laboratory experiment. Most species found in the plankton were also found in the akinete bank and in the germination experiment. Based on their shape, the most abundant viable akinetes in the sediments potentially corresponded to some of the species forming intense blooms in previous years, and coincided with the most abundant species in a 3-week germination experiment. The effects of nutrients on germination and recruitment were only observed in the early phase of the life cycle (Day 7), where nitrogen-sufficient conditions enhanced germination, while phosphorus concentration had a positive effect on the number of heterocytes. Combined approaches of morphological analysis and experimental germination seem a good method for assessing the past diversity of Nostocales and allowing predictions of the diversity of potential future blooms in shallow lakes and as a tool for water quality management, especially in water bodies lacking information on previous cyanobacteria blooms.
Reduced Insulin-Like Growth Factor Family Member Expression Predicts Neurogenesis Marker Expression in the Subependymal Zone in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Weissleder Christin , Webster Maree J , Barry Guy , Shannon Weickert Cynthia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe generation of inhibitory interneurons from neural stem cells in the subependymal zone is regulated by trophic factors. Reduced levels of trophic factors are associated with inhibitory interneuron dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in psychiatric disorders, yet the extent to which altered trophic support may underpin deficits in inhibitory interneuron generation in the neurogenic niche remains unexplored in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We determined whether the expression of ligands, bioavailability-regulating binding proteins, and cognate receptors of 4 major trophic factor families (insulin-like growth factor [IGF], epidermal growth factor [EGF], fibroblast growth factor [FGF], and brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF]) are changed in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder compared to controls. We used robust linear regression analyses to determine whether altered expression of trophic factor family members predicts neurogenesis marker expression across diagnostic groups. We found that IGF1 mRNA was decreased in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder compared with controls (P ≤ .006), whereas both IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) and IGF binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) mRNAs were reduced in schizophrenia compared with controls (P ≤ .02). EGF, FGF, and BDNF family member expression were all unchanged in both psychiatric disorders compared with controls. IGF1 expression positively predicted neuronal progenitor and immature neuron marker mRNAs (P ≤ .01). IGFBP2 expression positively predicted neural stem cell and neuronal progenitor marker mRNAs (P ≤ .001). These findings provide the first molecular evidence of decreased IGF1, IGF1R, and IGFBP2 mRNA expression in the subependymal zone in psychiatric disorders, which may potentially impact neurogenesis in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Metabolomic Identification of Exosome-Derived Biomarkers for Schizophrenia: A Large Multicenter Study
Authors: Du Yang , Chen Lei , Li Xue-Song , Li Xiao-Lin , Xu Xiang-Dong , Tai Shao-Bin , Yang Geng-Lin , Tang Quan , Liu Hua , Liu Shu-Han , Zhang Shu-Yao , Cheng Yong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Exosomes have been suggested as promising targets for the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases, including schizophrenia (SCZ), but the potential role of exosome-derived metabolites in these diseases was rarely studied. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, we performed the first metabolomic study of serum-derived exosomes from patients with SCZ. Our sample comprised 385 patients and 332 healthy controls recruited from 3 clinical centers and 4 independent cohorts. We identified 25 perturbed metabolites in patients that can be used to classify samples from patients and control participants with 95.7% accuracy (95% CI: 92.6%–98.9%) in the training samples (78 patients and 66 controls). These metabolites also showed good to excellent performance in differentiating between patients and controls in the 3 test sets of participants, with accuracies 91.0% (95% CI: 85.7%–96.3%; 107 patients and 62 controls), 82.7% (95% CI: 77.6%–87.9%; 104 patients and 142 controls), and 99.0% (95% CI: 97.7%–100%; 96 patients and 62 controls), respectively. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that these metabolites were enriched in pathways implicated in SCZ, such as glycerophospholipid metabolism. Taken together, our findings support a role for exosomal metabolite dysregulation in the pathophysiology of SCZ and indicate a strong potential for exosome-derived metabolites to inform the diagnosis of SCZ.
The Phylogeny and Evolution of the Flashiest of the Armored Harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones)
Authors: Benavides Ligia R , Pinto-da-Rocha Ricardo , Giribet Gonzalo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Gonyleptoidea, largely restricted to the Neotropics, constitutes the most diverse superfamily of Opiliones and includes the largest and flashiest representatives of this arachnid order. However, the relationships among its main lineages (families and subfamilies) and the timing of their origin are not sufficiently understood to explain how this tropical clade has been able to colonize the temperate zone. Here, we used transcriptomics and divergence time dating to investigate the phylogeny of Gonyleptoidea. Our results support the monophyly of Gonyleptoidea and all of its families with more than one species represented. Resolution within Gonyleptidae s.s. is achieved for many clades, but some subfamilies are not monophyletic (Gonyleptinae, Mitobatinae, and Pachylinae), requiring taxonomic revision. Our data show evidence for one colonization of today’s temperate zone early in the history of Gonyleptidae, during the Paleogene, at a time when the Neotropical area extended poleward into regions now considered temperate. This provides a possible mechanism for the colonization of the extratropics by a tropical group following the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, explaining how latitudinal diversity gradients can be established. Taxonomic acts: Ampycidae Kury 2003 is newly ranked as family; Neosadocus Mello-Leitão is transferred to Progonyleptoidellinae (new subfamilial assignment). [Arachnids; biogeography; phylogenomics; transcriptomics.]
Thrive, not just survive: the experience of a fellow in the SBM Leadership Institute to enhance opportunities for success of mid-career nurse scientists
Authors: Kinser Patricia A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Mid-career nurse scientists are at risk of burnout and departure from research-focused roles due to a myriad of reasons, including a nationwide faculty shortage, vacant administrative roles, and the challenging extramural funding environment. Retention and success of mid-career scientists in any health-related discipline is essential to maintain educational and research endeavors that are important for public health and well-being. This commentary provides an account of recent efforts to address these issues, from the perspective of a former fellow in the Society of Behavioral Medicine Leadership Institute. Although these efforts are focused specifically on the needs of nurse scientists, the topic is relevant to researchers in any discipline. The intent of this commentary is for others to benefit from the lessons learned and to build upon our current efforts to help mid-career scientists thrive, not just survive.
Experiences of social scientists in health research settings: SBM Leadership Institute
Authors: Henrikson Nora B 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) Leadership Institute provides leadership training for mid-career behavioral medicine scientists. As an institute fellow, I explored the experiences of social scientists working in healthcare settings. Exploratory research to describe the experiences, barriers, and facilitators social scientists face working in a healthcare delivery and research system. Our research questions were exploratory, focused on understanding (a) the experiences of social scientists working in a healthcare delivery and research system, (b) barriers that social scientists face working in a healthcare delivery and research system, (c) perceived value of sociological and anthropologic methods to clinicians and other health researchers, and (4) to understand the landscape of organizational models that feature social scientists as part of a larger scientific enterprise. We developed a plan for needs assessment activities. We conducted a design workshop of social scientists (n = 11). Using human-centered design methods, we elicited experiences and asked participants to develop a prototype model where social scientists could find career fulfillment with minimal structural barriers. We found that social scientists feel a strong sense of pride in their social science training and passion for the work they do. They reported occupying multiple disciplines at once, including multiple promotion and reputational expectations. Participants commonly reported that they themselves, as well as collaborators, viewed social science work, particularly qualitative research, as supplemental to quantitative work. Participants described perceptions that social science research is less rigorous or requires less training compared with other disciplines. Participants identified several contextual factors that influenced the perceived value of social science research in healthcare, including the focus of external funding priorities on larger clinical questions, organizational structure, and tangible leadership support of social science. The SBM Leadership Institute created a space for preliminary research into an area that could improve the experiences and research impact of social and behavioral scientists.
Context-Dependent Modulation of Corticomuscular Coherence in a Series of Motor Initiation and Maintenance of Voluntary Contractions
Authors: Suzuki Rina , Ushiyama Junichi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
For our precise motor control, we should consider “motor context,” which involves the flow from feedforward to feedback control. The present study focused on corticomuscular coherence (CMC) to physiologically evaluate how the sensorimotor integration is modulated in a series of movements depending on the motor context. We evaluated CMC between electroencephalograms over the sensorimotor cortex and rectified electromyograms from the tibialis anterior muscle during intermittent contractions with 2 contraction intensities in 4 experiments. Although sustained contractions with weak-to-moderate intensities led to no difference in CMC between intensities, intermittent ballistic-and-hold contractions with 2 intensities (10% and 15% or 25% of the maximal voluntary contraction, MVC) presented in a randomized order resulted in greater magnitude of CMC for the weaker intensity. Moreover, the relative amount of initial error was larger for trials with 10% of MVC, which indicated that initial motor output was inaccurate during weaker contractions. However, this significant difference in CMC vanished in the absence of trial randomization or the application of intermittent ramp-and-hold contractions with slower torque developments. Overall, CMC appears to be modulated context-dependently and is especially enhanced when active sensorimotor integration is required in feedback control periods because of the complexity and inaccuracy of preceding motor control.
Predicted Reference Equations for Spirometry Indices as a Proxy from Anthropometry Measurements of Nigerian Children with Sickle Cell Anaemia Aged 5–12 Years
Authors: Akodui Olufemi S , Faleti Abiodun O , Adekanmbi Folashade A , Ogunlesi Tinuade A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Significant morbidity and mortality in patients with sickle cell disease are accounted for by lung complications. To facilitate good respiratory care for children with sickle cell anaemia the generation of local predicted values is highly important.

Objective
To determine the reference equations for spirometry indices estimation in children with sickle cell anaemia, which can be readily used as proxy when there is no easy accessibility to spirometer.

Methods
A cross-sectional study with linear regression models developed to estimate reference values for spirometric indices in Nigerian children with sickle cell anaemia aged 5–12 years.

Results
Age as independent variables for estimation of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) was associated with lowest coefficient of determination (R2) and highest standard error. The coefficient of determination (R2) and standard error was highest and lowest, respectively, when arm span was used to determine peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR). Prediction models for PEFR and FEV1 gave the closest mean estimates that were 0.18 and 0.16 lower and higher than the actual mean PEFR and FEV1, respectively, but the differences was significant only in FEV1. On the contrary the prediction models for forced vital capacity (FVC) gave mean estimates that was 1.02 higher than the actual mean FVC, however, the finding was not significant.

Conclusion
Preferred proxy for spirometry indices in children with sickle cell anaemia may be arm span.
RS_CRZ1, a C2H2-Type Transcription Factor Is Required for Pathogenesis of Rhizoctonia solani AG1-IA in Tomato
Authors: Ghosh Srayan , Kant Ravi , Pradhan Amrita , Jha Gopaljee 
Published: October 2020

Rhizoctonia solani is a necrotrophic fungal pathogen that causes disease in diverse plant species. In recent years, the genomic and transcriptomic studies have identified several candidate pathogenicity determinants of R. solani; however, most of them remain to be validated. In this study, we report a viral vector-based host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) as well as a dsRNA (double-stranded RNA)-based approach to effectively downregulate genes of R. solani AG1-IA (BRS1 strain) during pathogenesis in tomato. We tested a few of the in-planta upregulated R. solani genes and observed that silencing of one of them, i.e., RS_CRZ1 (a C2H2 type zinc finger transcription factor) significantly compromises the pathogenesis of R. solani in tomato. The RS_CRZ1-silenced plants not only exhibited significant reduction in disease symptoms, but the depth of pathogen colonization was also compromised. Furthermore, we identified the R. solani genes that were coregulated with RS_CRZ1 during the pathogenicity process. The HIGS-mediated silencing of a few of them [CL1756Contig1; subtilisin-like protease and CL1817Contig2; 2OG-Fe(II) oxygenase] compromised the pathogenesis of R. solani in tomato. The ectopic expression of RS_CRZ1 complemented the crz1 mutant of yeast and restored tolerance against various metal ion stress. Overall, our study reveals the importance of RS_CRZ1 in managing the hostile environment encountered during host colonization. Also, it emphasizes the relevance of the HIGS and dsRNA-based gene silencing approach toward functional characterization of pathogenicity determinants of R. solani. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Naloxone Use by Emergency Medical Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey
Authors: Cone David C. , Bogucki Sandy , Burns Kevin , D’Onofrio Gail , Hawk Kathryn , Joseph Daniel , Fiellin David A. 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
The COVID-19 epidemic in the United States has hit in the midst of the opioid overdose crisis. Emergency medical services (EMS) clinicians may limit their use of intranasal naloxone due to concerns of novel coronavirus infection. We sought to determine changes in overdose events and naloxone administration practices by EMS clinicians.

Methods:
Between April 29, 2020 and May 15, 2020, we surveyed directors of EMS fellowship programs across the US about how overdose events and naloxone administration practices had changed in their catchment areas since March 2020.

Results:
Based on 60 respondents across all regions of the country, one fifth of surveyed communities have experienced an increase in opioid overdoses and events during which naloxone was administered, and 40% have experienced a decrease. The findings varied by region of the country. Eighteen percent of respondents have discouraged or prohibited the use of intranasal naloxone with 10% encouraging the use of intramuscular naloxone.

Conclusions:
These findings may provide insight into changes in opioid overdose mortality during this time and assist in future disaster planning.