bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Product Life-Cycle Management and the Virtual Enterprise
Authors: Parr Richard H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents an approach to provide a complete Product Life-Cycle Management architecture across a virtual enterprise. Today’s worldwide marketplace requires; Teaming arrangements, Collaboration across multiple continents and time zones, Protection of corporate assets and Configuration Management of the team’s product. Each of the key building blocks will be reviewed:
• Infrastructure
• Legacy data
• Collaboration
• Product Data Management
• Configuration Management
• Support Management
• Data Storage
Where Interoperability Ends
Authors: Vergeest Joris S. M. , Horváth Imre 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The shared usage of computer tools among members of a design team heavily relies on the interoperability of the systems involved. Interoperability is an outstanding issue in engineering information management science for more than twenty years, and is held responsible for a multi-billion economical loss yearly in industry. Efforts (STEP, IGES) by standardization bodies and by the software industry, which now deliver web-based platforms such as Corba and Java, can only superficially address the interoperability problem. Most of the solutions come down to giving clients long fingers to remotely control a centralized model. It is generally recognized that such a centralized approach is far from efficient. However, when the design tasks are really distributed among the team members, a rock bottom limitation invariably emerges, thus canceling most of the potential gain in efficiency. In this paper the interoperability is formally defined. It is then shown why and under which conditions interoperability is deemed to fail. The prime purpose of the paper is to promote awareness about this issue among researchers and infrastructure designers. Once being aware of the fundamental constraints of interoperability, compromise solutions may be intentionally developed, rather than to implement ad hoc work-around procedures (which are responsible the bulk of the financial loss mentioned). We present an approach to systematically analyze and model the requirements of a shared infrastructure, and to anticipate the feasibility of interoperability.
An Architecture for Virtual Prototyping of Complex Systems
Authors: Chadha Bipin , Welsh John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Virtual prototyping has emerged as a significant enabler for cost effective management of complex products over their lifecycle. The virtual prototypes play an important role through all life-cycle phases of products. Due to the breadth of impact, significant challenges arise in developing virtual prototypes. This paper describes the issues and tradeoffs that are important for implementing virtual prototypes. A detailed architecture is described that has been used to implement a successful virtual prototype for a complex DoD (Department of Defense) program. The paper discusses key properties of an architecture and strategies to enable its evolution over large timescales. The paper then describes the benefits of this approach.
Comparing Different Fitting Strategies for Matching Two 3D Point Sets Using a Multivariable Minimizer
Authors: Spanjaard Sander , Vergeest Joris S. M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Finding the best match of two geometric entities in 3D space is a key stage for purposes such as object recognition and reverse engineering. The reuse of existing freeform shapes during conceptual design is also an application. In this paper we compare different fitting strategies for matching two 3D point sets using a multivariable minimizer. The strategies are evaluated against speed, robustness and correctness of result. The fitting process aims at matching two point sets, a source point set and a template point set. The template point set is translated, rotated but also deformed during the fit, such that it gets placed into the neighborhood of the source point set and gets aligned to it as good as possible. The deformation of the template shape is controlled by shape parameters, which are varied to enhance the match. The engine behind the process is a multivariable function’s global minimum finder. Its objective is to minimize the Mean Directed Hausdorff Distance (MDHD) between the two point sets by altering the parameters of the template point set. One research question was whether or not a fully automated fitting process is feasible with our method. We performed numerical experiments with 3D scan data and a shape template defined by up to 8 free parameters. Four different strategies where used to do the fitting with one of them allowing user intervention. Comparing the strategies on total fit time, minimum MDHD and correctness of result a conclusion is drawn which strategy gives the highest chance on the best results. The relevance of the technology for shape reuse in conceptual design is also discussed.
Integration of Requirement Management and Product Data Management Systems
Authors: Svensson Daniel , Malmqvist Johan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Various database systems are used during the product development process to store and retrieve data about products. For example product data management (PDM), enterprise resource planning (ERP) and requirement management (RM) systems. All those might be needed to support the product development process. Earlier research has investigated the co-existence of PDM and ERP systems. This paper extends this question and takes a look on how requirement management systems fit into the picture and how these systems can be used together in order to support the product development process.
A comparison of functionality and product models of RM and PDM systems is made. A requirements driven product model of a car cockpit implemented in a RM tool is used as a theoretical reference. The actual situation at the company developing the cockpit is then described. Based on the comparison of the functionality and the product models, three strategies for how the systems could cooperate are presented. The strategies are discussed from both a theoretical and a practical point of view. The conclusions are that RM systems has functionalities for requirements management that do not exist in a PDM system, which calls for the use of both systems. This results in problems with traceability and duplicate data. A certain degree of requirements traceability can be achieved between the systems by applying the strategies presented, but this is not a trivial task.
Integrating Design Process Knowledge With CAD Models
Authors: Hayes Erik E. , Regli William C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Solid models are static entities, often defined by boundary representation models as sets of enclosing surfaces. Constructive Solid Geometry and feature-based computer-aided design environments create procedural descriptions of 3D objects in forms of history or CSG trees. These representations are temporally fixed, i.e., they describe the state of an object at a point in time.
This paper describes a method to represent and capture temporal evolution of solid models — what we call model process history. We define process history to be all states of a model — the search space of design process. This paper presents a representational formalism we call model process graphs (MPGs). We use MPGs to integrate a model’s description with a model of temporal changes that occur during the design process. We believe that MPG representations can have valuable application for many design and manufacturing problems. The paper describes our preliminary results to use MPGs to (1) create a record of design process; (2) store process-based design rationale; (3) represent in-process shapes for machined artifacts. We anticipate that similar structures will find application in other design and manufacturing problems where important process knowledge is embodied by temporal changes occurring in model evolution.
Hybrid Strain Based Finite Element Modeling of Laminated Plates With Distributed Piezoelectric Components
Authors: To C. W. S. , Liu Wei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A layerwise hybrid strain based lower order flat triangular laminated composite shell finite element with piezoelectric effects has been developed and reported in this paper. This layerwise three-node triangular shell element is formed by stacking a lower-order flat triangular shell element with piezoelectric effects. In every node there are seven degrees of freedom (dof). These include three translational dof, three rotational dof, and one electric potential dof. The important drilling dof (ddof) is included in every node. The degenerated three dimensional solid assumption and the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) were adopted. Consequently, shear and membrane lockings are eliminated. This feature is superior to those elements based on the displacement formulation. Explicit expressions for the consistent element mass and stiffness matrices were obtained by using the symbolic algebraic package, MAPLE V. Thus, it reduces considerably the computational time as opposed to those applying numerical matrix inversion and numerical integration for the derivation of element matrices.
Affordable Space Systems Manufacturing: Intelligent Synthesis Technology, Process Planning, and Production Scheduling
Authors: Herrmann Jeffrey W. , Fleischer Mark , Lin Edward , Mathur Vidit , Glasser Jim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Low volume production associated with space systems manufacturing is inherently expensive, time-consuming, and risk-laden. At the root of this problem is an inability to adequately predict, monitor, and control the product development and sustainment process. This paper describes the ASSIST system, an intelligent knowledge management system designed to address inefficient information management processes and improve space system affordability. ASSIST is designed for collaborative engineering, manufacturing, and testing within a company, between companies, and between local and remote individuals. ASSIST uses web-based standards (including HTTP and XML) as the common message approach connecting its components. Automated process planning and production scheduling is a key component of ASSIST. This paper describes an integrated process planning and production scheduling problem and discusses the solution approach.
Collaborative Modeling With Features
Authors: Bidarra Rafael , van den Berg Eelco , Bronsvoort Willem F. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Collaborative systems are distributed multiple-user systems that are both concurrent and synchronized. An interesting research challenge is to develop a collaborative modeling system that offers all facilities of advanced modeling systems to its users, while at the same time providing them with the necessary coordination mechanisms that guarantee an effective collaboration.
To achieve this, a web-based collaborative feature modeling system, webSPIFF, has been developed. It has a client-server architecture, with an advanced feature modeling system as a basis for the server, providing feature validation, multiple views and sophisticated visualization facilities.
A good distribution of the functionality between the server and the clients has resulted in a well-balanced system. On the one hand, the server offers all the functionality of the original feature modeling system. On the other hand, all desirable interactive modeling functionality is offered by the clients, ranging from display of sophisticated feature model images to interactive model specification facilities.
The architecture of webSPIFF, the distribution of model data, the functionality of the server and the clients, and the communication mechanisms are described. It is shown that a good compromise between interactivity and network load has been achieved, and that indeed advanced modeling with a collaborative system is feasible.
Design for Facility Over the Internet: A Case Study With Automotive Connecting Rod Designs
Authors: Qureshi Khurshid A. , Saitou Kazuhiro 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper introduces a new methodology called ‘Design for Facility over Internet (DFF)’. This methodology provides an Internet-based environment for designers to perform manufacturability analysis of product designs with respect to the capabilities of existing manufacturing facilities, upfront into the design process. In the current work, only fixturing (machining datums) capabilities of a manufacturing facility are considered. A prototype DFF system for an automotive connecting rod, is developed. The system enables the designers to design the connecting rods by considering the fixturing (datums) capabilities of existing manufacturing facilities upfront at the concept design stage. The complete system implementation will also enable the manufacturers of connecting rods to create and update the database of their capabilities over the Internet. The DFF system analyzes the parametric design with respect to the fixturing capabilities and generates suggestions for a designer, to modify his design if required, to fit the capabilities of specified facilities.
Exploration of a Multi-User Collaborative Assembly Environment on the Internet: A Case Study
Authors: Chen Li , Song Zhijie , Liavas Billy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Real-time collaboration systems, in which participants share product data and applications in real time, have been a subject of interest for many years. Nowadays, a rapid development of Internet-based technologies with steadily increasing easiness in accessing any kind of information through the World Wide Web (WWW) would offer the possibility of developing a real-time collaborative system over the Internet.
Two strategies are required to create such a system. One strategy is finding effective methods for communicating and sharing distributed product information, especially those related to design and manufacturing. Another strategy is developing Web-based approaches that support real-time sharing of platform-independent applications.
In this paper, a concept for a multi-user collaborative assembly environment on the Internet is presented. The Client/Server structure of the environment, and the four main functional modules including: 1) integration and sharing of distributed product data through a STEP server; 2) session management including team management, user management and access control; 3) sharing of multimedia data (e.g. text, audio and video); 4) 3D collaborative assembly, are described. Finally, a scenario has been designed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the environment to support distributed collaborative assembly design.
Communication Model for the User Interface of a Shape Conceptualization System
Authors: Kuczogi György , Horváth Imre , Vergeest Joris S. M. , Rusák Zoltán 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
It is commonly recognized that the user interfaces of recent CAD systems do not effectively support creative man-machine communication in the conceptual phase of the design process. At the same time, speech, hand sketching, claying, etc. are appropriate tools for communicating ideas among designers. The inherent vagueness of verbalism and hand movement is both tolerable and requested for the human-computer interaction, as well. However, the natural format of communication may also permit unnecessary uncertainty, which can easily lead to significant failures in the understanding.
The aim of the paper is to investigate how we can find those particular formats of natural communication that offer the benefit of communication of vague concepts and help to prevent failures of understanding. We have decided to use a simplified model of Gitt’s [5] information theory. We have selected three evaluation criteria (i.e., effectiveness, efficiency, and comfort) to facilitate the ranking of different ways of communication for a particular purpose. As a future work, we intend to accomplish the evaluation prove the evaluation by pilot implementation.
Minimum Torque Placement of a Kinematic Structure
Authors: Yu Wei , Yang Jingzhou , Abdel-Malek Karim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A general formulation for calculating where a kinematic structure must be positioned (and oriented) is presented. This study is applicable to both humans; to place a human in a working environment while minimizing stress on extremity joints, or for robot manipulators. In recent years, there has been focused interest on ergonomics and ergonomic design with emphasis on the disposition of a worker while performing tasks at prolonged periods of time and where repetitive motions are exerted. To a great extent, the effect of stress on a joint is major factor leading to potential injuries. We believe there is a unique opportunity for the mechanical engineering community to make a significant contribution to this field. Furthermore, because the ergonomic design process encompasses many parameters, it is evident that it must be formulated using optimization methods where the best possible solution is calculated from an infinite number of solutions. This study presents a rigorous formulation for placement of a worker based on minimizing the torque (as a cost function) induced at a joint, whereby satisfying constraints imposed by the given task. The reverse of this problem is the calculation of the coordinates of a number of target points in the reachable space of a fixed kinematic structure, which is also addressed. Both problems are mathematically formulated and numerically solved. Examples are illustrated.
Analysis of Finite Self Motion and Finite Dwell in Closed-Loop Mechanisms and Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sandipan , Ghosal Ashitava 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we present the necessary and sufficient criteria for finite self motion and finite dwell of the passive links of a parallel manipulator or a closed-loop mechanism. We study the first order properties of the constraint equations associated with the kinematic constraints inherent in a closed-loop mechanism or a parallel manipulator, and arrive at the criteria for the mechanism to gain a degree-of-freedom at a singular point of its workspace. By analyzing the second order properties of the constraint equations, we show that the gain of degree-of-freedom may lead to finite self motion of the passive links if certain configurational and architectural criteria are met. Special configurations and architecture may also lead to finite dwell of the passive links, and the criteria for the same has been derived. The results are illustrated with the help of several closed-loop mechanisms.
The Design of Parallel Manipulators of Star Topology Under Isotropic Constraint
Authors: Baron Luc , Bernier Ghislain 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a necessary and sufficient number of 18 geometrical parameters allowing to describe the design manifold of the Star topological class, i.e., all geometries of manipulators having the same topology and mobility as the Y-Star parallel manipulator. The isotropic constraints are then applied on this manifold in order to define the constraint manifold of isotropic designs, i.e., those having isotropic Jacobian matrices at their home position. This constraint manifold is of dimension 11 and greatly facilitates the design of isotropic manipulators in this topological class.
CAD/FEM Analysis of Teeth Contact Stress and Load Share in Face Gears
Authors: Barone Sandro , Forte Paola , Borgianni Leonardo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Face gear drives have many advantageous characteristics compared to other angular transmissions but their complex geometry makes their design difficult with common approaches. This work is aimed at investigating the stress state of the teeth of a face gear and the mating pinion by integrating a 3D CAD system and a FEA code, and by simulating the meshing of a pinion and gear three teeth sector using contact elements and an automated contact algorithm. The procedures followed to create the 3D models of teeth in mesh are described and finite element analysis results are discussed.
Structural Optimization of a Spherical Parallel Manipulator Using a Two-Level Approach
Authors: Bidault Florence , Teng Chin-Pun , Angeles Jorge 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Agile Wrist, a spherical wrist with a parallel, isotropic architecture for highest orientational accuracy, is being designed as a module of an 11-degree-of-freedom (dof) robot.
The wrist consists of two main elements, the base and the moving plates. The two plates are coupled by means of three identical legs, each of these composed of two links, proximal and distal, coupled to each other by a revolute joint. Each leg, in turn, is coupled to its proximal plate via revolute joints. Moreover, the three axes of the leg-revolute joints are concurrent at the center of the wrist, each axis making an angle of 90° with its neighbor. Direct-drive DC motors are used to rotate the wrist proximal links and electrical brakes and optical encoders are located on each of the motor shafts for control purposes.
In this paper we introduce a two-level approach to the optimum design of the proximal link of the Agile Wrist. First, the shape of the midcurve producing minimum stress concentrations is obtained by means of the concept of curve synthesis using cubic splines. At the second level, the optimum cross-section along the midcurve producing a link of minimum weight is determined.
An Intelligent System for Spur Gear Design and Analysis
Authors: Aziz El-Sayed , Chassapis C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A methodology for the analysis of load distribution and contact stress on gear teeth, which utilizes a combination of closed form solutions and two-dimensional finite element methods, within a constraint-based knowledge-based environment, is presented. Once the design parameters are specified, the complete process of generating the analysis model, starting from the determination of the coordinates of the tooth profile, the creation of a sector of the mating gear teeth, automatic mesh generation, boundary conditions and loading, is totally automated and transparent to the designer. The effects of non-standard geometry, load sharing on the contact zone, friction and root stresses are easily included in the model. The Finite Element Method (FEM) based results compare favorably with those obtained from closed form solutions (AGMA equations and classical Hertzian contact solution).
The advantage of the approach rests in the ability to modify any of the gear design parameters such as diametral pitch, tooth profile modification etc., in an automated manner along with obtaining a better estimation of the risks of failure of the gear design on hand. The procedure may be easily extended to other types of gearing systems.