bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamical simulations of protoplanetary disks including irradiation of stellar photons
Authors: Flores-Rivera Lizxandra , Flock Mario , Nakatani Riouhei 
Published: November 2020

Context. In recent years hydrodynamical (HD) models have become important to describe the gas kinematics in protoplanetary disks, especially in combination with models of photoevaporation and/or magnetically driven winds. Our aim is to investigate how vertical shear instability (VSI) could influence the thermally driven winds on the surface of protoplanetary disks.
Aims. In this first part of the project, we focus on diagnosing the conditions of the VSI at the highest numerical resolution ever recorded, and suggest at what resolution per scale height we obtain convergence. At the same time, we want to investigate the vertical extent of VSI activity. Finally, we determine the regions where extreme UV (EUV), far-UV (FUV), and X-ray photons are dominant in the disk.
Methods. We perform global HD simulations using the PLUTO code. We adopt a global isothermal accretion disk setup, 2.5D (2 dimensions, 3 components) which covers a radial domain from 0.5 to 5.0 and an approximately full meridional extension. Our simulation runs cover a resolution from 12 to 203 cells per scale height.
Results. We determine 50 cells per scale height to be the lower limit to resolve the VSI. For higher resolutions, ≥50 cells per scale height, we observe the convergence for the saturation level of the kinetic energy. We are also able to identify the growth of the “body” modes, with higher growth rate for higher resolution. Full energy saturation and a turbulent steady state is reached after 70 local orbits. We determine the location of the EUV heated region defined by Σr = 1019 cm−2 to be at HR ~ 9.7 and the FUV–X-ray heated boundary layer defined by Σr = 1022 cm−2 to be at HR ~ 6.2, making it necessary to introduce a hot atmosphere. For the first time we report the presence of small-scale vortices in the r − Z plane between the characteristic layers of large-scale vertical velocity motions. Such vortices could lead to dust concentration, promoting grain growth. Our results highlight the importance of combining photoevaporation processes in the future high-resolution studies of turbulence and accretion processes in disks.
Distant learning as an innovative approach to the implementation of the practice-oriented discipline “Physical Culture and Sport”
Authors: Kremneva Victoria , Nepovinnykh Lyudmila , Solodovnik Ekaterina 
Published: November 2020

Physical culture lessons during difficult epidemiological situation in the country and in the world are very important, however, distant lessons organization can be a problem. In this connection it is urgent to search for the methods and techniques of physical culture lessons organization. The article presents the variants of distant education (in terms of isolation) in “Physical culture”discipline. These variants description has practical importance.
The authors make an attempt to reveal students’ attitude to distant learning in discipline “Physical culture and sport” from different positions: general attitude of students to this kind of education; the most acceptable for students variants of distant learning; difficulties, which appear in terms of this kind of lessons organization; convenience of using different platforms.
Liquid Biopsy in Breast Cancer
Authors: Banys-Paluchowski Maggie , Krawczyk Natalia , Fehm Tanja 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn recent years, the blood-based analysis of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA), otherwise known as liquid biopsy, has become increasingly important in breast cancer. Numerous trials have already underscored the high prognostic significance of CTC detection in both early and metastatic stages. Moreover, the changes in CTC levels and circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) during the course of the disease correlate with the response to treatment. Research currently focuses on liquid-biopsy based therapeutic interventions in metastatic breast cancer. In this context, alpelisib, a PI3K inhibitor, was the first agent to be approved by FDA and EMA.
StäB – eine Einschätzung aus der Betroffenenperspektive
Authors: Prestin Elke 
Published: November 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas psychiatrische Hilfesystem muss konsequent an den individuellen Bedürfnissen der psychisch erkrankten Menschen ausgerichtet sein. Die StäB kann auf struktureller Ebene einen wichtigen Baustein komplexer, bedarfsgerecht nutzbarer Angebote bilden. Zentral ist aber eine recovery-orientierte Grundhaltung, die menschliche Fürsorge und Empowerment verbindet.
Der Standstereotyp – Mehr als nur posturale Spannung
Authors: Best Norman , Kreher Andreas , Aurich Matthias 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungHintergrund Das aufrechte Stehen wird im klinischen Alltag oft nicht als motorischer Stereotyp angesehen. Neben artikulären und myofaszialen Defiziten kann aber auch das Zusammenspiel der Einzelkomponenten gestört sein.Material und Methoden Beschrieben wurden Tests, die Rückschlüsse zum Bewegungsstereotyp des Stehens zulassen. Ergebnisse Es liegen wenige motorische Testverfahren zur Evaluation des Standstereotyps vor. Die größte Anzahl der Test am Bewegungssystem zielen auf Gelenkfunktion, Muskulatur und Schmerz ab.Diskussion Die Kombination ausgewählter Motoriktests für den Standstereotyp lassen Rückschlüsse auf diesen Bewegungsstereotyp zu. Nach Berücksichtigung der Diagnostikpfade: Strukturpathologie, Gelenkfunktionsstörung, myofasziale Funktionsstörung, fasziale Funktionsstörung, sind bei therapierefraktären Störungen die motorischen Stereotype zu berücksichtigen. Die angegebenen Testverfahren können zur Weiterevaluation des Bewegungssystems wertvoll sein.Schlussfolgerungen Durch Nutzung von Testverfahren zur Evaluation des Standstereotyps sind differenziertere Aussagen bei Beschwerden des Bewegungssystems möglich.
Das qualitative Interview und die notwendige Haltung der Offenheit
Authors: Xyländer Margret 
Published: November 2020

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag nimmt die in den Rehabilitationswissenschaften häufig verwendete Erhebungsform des qualitativen Interviews und seine praktische Durchführung in den Blick. Einen wesentlichen Aspekt der Interviewführung stellt – neben Merkmalen der Prozesshaftigkeit und Kommunikation – die Haltung der Offenheit dar. Diese umfasst im qualitativen Forschungsprozess mehrere Aspekte, die hier konkret benannt werden. Dies beginnt mit einer methodologischen Offenheit bei der Auswahl und Anwendung geeigneter Methoden für den zu untersuchenden Forschungsgegenstand. Die Haltung der Offenheit setzt sich im Forschungsprozess weiter fort, wenn eventuelle Anpassungen im Vorgehen notwendig werden, die dann auch Gegenstand methodischer Reflexion sein können und sollten. Offenheit bezieht sich damit auf den gesamten Forschungsprozess und seine unvorhergesehenen Ereignisse und Verläufe. Eine Haltung der Offenheit meint aber auch und insbesondere eine Aufgeschlossenheit gegenüber den Befragten wie auch gegenüber der Interviewsituation und ihren Rahmenbedingungen. Nicht zuletzt erfordert dies eine Offenheit gegenüber sich selbst im Sinne einer Reflexion der eigenen Selbstverständlichkeiten, um Interview(nach)fragen möglichst wenig vorzustrukturieren.
Ensemble Learning Approach with LASSO for Predicting Catalytic Reaction Rates
Authors: Yada Akira , Sato Kazuhiko , Matsumura Tarojiro , Ando Yasunobu , Nagata Kenji , Ichinoseki Sakina 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe prediction of the initial reaction rate in the tungsten-catalyzed epoxidation of alkenes by using a machine learning approach is demonstrated. The ensemble learning framework used in this study consists of random sampling with replacement from the training dataset, the construction of several predictive models (weak learners), and the combination of their outputs. This approach enables us to obtain a reasonable prediction model that avoids the problem of overfitting, even when analyzing a small dataset.
Epilepsy—Definition, Classification, Pathophysiology, and Epidemiology
Authors: Falco-Walter Jessica 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSeizures affect the lives of 10% of the global population and result in epilepsy in 1 to 2% of people around the world. Current knowledge about etiology, diagnosis, and treatments for epilepsy is constantly evolving. As more is learned, appropriate and updated definitions and classification systems for seizures and epilepsy are of the utmost importance. Without proper definitions and classification, many individuals will be improperly diagnosed and incorrectly treated. It is also essential for research purposes to have proper definitions, so that appropriate populations can be identified and studied. Imprecise definitions, failure to use accepted terminology, or inappropriate use of terminology hamper our ability to study and advance the field of epilepsy. This article begins by discussing the pathophysiology and epidemiology of epilepsy, and then covers the accepted contemporary definitions and classifications of seizures and epilepsies.
Does Intraoperative Diuretic Therapy Affect the Thoracic Fluid Content and Clinical Outcome in Patients Undergoing Mitral Valve Surgery?
Authors: Choudhury Minati , Narula Jitin , Saini Kulbhushan , Kapoor Poonam Malhotra , Kiran Usha 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPulmonary congestion is inevitable in valvular heart disease. The condition worsens when a patient undergoes cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Thoracic fluid content (TFC) is an indicator of total volume status of lung in health and disease. We hypothesize that intraoperative diuretic therapy can improve the hemodynamic and clinical outcome in patients undergoing mitral valve surgery by decreasing TFC as measured by impedance cardiography (ICG).Sixty adult patients with critical mitral stenosis scheduled for mitral valve surgery divided into diuretic (Gr D, n = 30) and control (Gr C, n = 30) group. One mg/kg of furosemide was administered before CPB to Gr D and similar volume of normal saline to Gr C. Hemodynamic and TFC measurements were done by index of contractility (ICON), NICOM monitor at baseline, before anesthesia induction (T1), post skin closure (T2), postoperatively at 6th hour (T3), 24th hour (T4), and 48th hour (T5). The duration of mechanical ventilation (hour), intensive care unit stay (day) and inotropic score was significantly higher in Gr C (5.29 ± 1.4 vs. 2.15 ± 1.1; p = 0.001; 2.11 ± 0.64 vs. 1.67 ± 0.57, p = 0.002; 9 ± 5.4 vs. 5.8 ± 3.2, p = 0.05), respectively. Three patients in Gr C developed respiratory complication during their course of hospital stay. The baseline TFC value was comparable (p = 0.08). In Gr C. it gradually increased over time and never reached the baseline value, whereas in Gr D, there was slight increase in TFC till 6th postoperative hour and it came below the baseline value at 48th hour. A significantly higher TFC value in Gr C in comparison with Gr D from 6th to 48th postoperative hour (p = 0.005, 0.000, and 0.005, respectively) was observed.The ICON had a gradual improvement from 12th over 48th postoperative hour in Gr D in comparison to Gr C. The systemic vascular resistance index was decreased over time in Gr C, whereas in Gr D there was a mild fall at the end of surgery and it came back to near the baseline value at 48th postoperative hour. A continuous decrease in DO2 I except at 6th postoperative hour was seen in Gr C, whereas it remained near the baseline value in Gr D.Linear regression analysis showed significant direct correlation of TFC with intraoperative fluid balance (r = 0.524, p = 0.001), cumulative fluid balance (r = 0.680, p = 0.000) and both peak and mean airway pressure (r = 0.436, p = 0.001 and r = 0.548, p = 0.001, respectively).We concluded that TFC is clearly influenced by intraoperative diuretic therapy. A decrease in TFC has an association with better hemodynamic parameters that could find interesting clinical applications in the decision, whether or not to include a diuretic as a routine therapy during intraoperative management in valve surgery patients.
4.4.32.14 Allenylsilanes (Update 2020)
Authors: Krause N. , Arisetti N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis review is an update to the earlier Science of Synthesis coverage of the synthesis of allenylsilanes (Section 4.4.32). It covers the literature published between 2000 and 2020.The SN2 substitution of propargylic electrophiles (alcohols, oxiranes, carboxylates, sulfonates, phosphates, halides, etc.) is the most frequently used synthetic pathway to allenylsilanes. Hereby, the silyl group is either already bound to the propargylic substrate, or it is introduced using a suitable silyl nucleophile (silylcuprate, silylboronate, etc.). These methods often take advantage of transition-metal (palladium, rhodium, copper, gold, etc.) catalysis. Alternatively, propargylic nucleophiles (boranes, silanes, stannanes) are reacted with suitable electrophiles. Many of these methods can be applied to the diastereo- and/or enantioselective synthesis of allenylsilanes by using stereochemically defined starting materials or suitable chiral ligands. It is also very useful to start with allenes and convert them into allenylsilanes by deprotonation and trapping with silyl electrophiles, or by transition-metal-catalyzed coupling reactions. Conjugated ynones, enynes, and dienes also represent important classes of starting materials for the synthesis of allenylsilanes by different types of addition reactions. Finally, highly reactive substrates and reagents (silylketenes, diazo compounds, cyclopropanes, and cyclopropenes) can be readily transformed into silylallenes by alkenation, insertion, or ring-opening reactions.
Optimizing the performance of multiline-scanning confocal microscopy
Authors: Weng Chun Hung , Tang Jialei , Han Kyu Young 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Line-scanning (LS) confocal microscopy provides high imaging speed and moderate optical sectioning strength, which makes it a useful tool for imaging various biospecimens ranging from living cells to fixed tissues. Conventional LS systems have only used a single excitation line and slit, and thus have not fully exploited the benefits of parallelization. Here we investigate the optical performance of multi-LS confocal microscopy (mLS) by employing a digital micro-mirror device that provides programmable patterns of the illumination beam and the detection slit. Through experimental results and optical simulations, we assess the depth discrimination of mLS under different optical parameters and compare it with multi-point systems such as spinning disk confocal microscopy (SDCM). Under the same illumination duty cycle, we find that mLS has better optical sectioning than SDCM at a high degree of parallelization. The optimized mLS provides a low photobleaching rate and video-rate imaging while its optical sectioning is similar to single LS confocal microscopy.
TiO2–SiO2 nanocomposite thin films deposited by direct liquid injection of colloidal solution in an O2/HMDSO low-pressure plasma
Authors: Mitronika Maria , Profili Jacopo , Goullet Antoine , Gautier Nicolas , Stephant Nicolas , Stafford Luc , Granier Agnès , Richard-Plouet Mireille 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), 3 nm in size, were injected inside a very-low-pressure O2 plasma reactor using a liquid injector and following an iterative injection sequence. Simultaneously, hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) vapor precursor was added to create a SiO2 matrix and a TiO2–SiO2 nanocomposite (NC) thin film. Both the liquid injection and vapor precursor parameters were established to address the main challenges observed when creating NCs. In contrast to most aerosol-assisted plasma deposition processes, scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) indicated isolated (i.e. non-agglomerated) NPs distributed in a rather uniform way in the matrix. The fraction of the TiO2 NPs inside the SiO2 matrix was estimated by SEM, spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. All techniques provided coherent values, with percentages between 12% and 19%. Despite the presence of TiO2 NPs, SE measurements confirmed that the plasma-deposited SiO2 matrix was dense with an optical quality similar to the one of thermal silica. Finally, the percentage of TiO2 NPs inside the SiO2 matrix and the effective refractive index of the NCs can be tuned through judicious control of the injection sequence.
Geometry dependence of the fluctuation intensity in gyrokinetic turbulence
Authors: Staebler G M , Candy J , Belli E A , Kinsey J E , Bonanomi N , Patel B 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The findings of an investigation into the properties of the three dimensional (3D) saturated fluctuation intensity of the electric potential in gyrokinetic turbulence simulations is presented. Scans in flux surface elongation and Shafranov shift are used to isolate the tokamak geometric dependencies. The potential intensity required in order to compute exact fluxes by a quasilinear method is determined using linear eigenmodes computed with the gyrokinetic code. A model of this non-linear intensity is constructed using the linear eigenmode properties and the geometry shape functions obtained from the 3D intensity spectrum. The model computes the poloidal wavenumber spectrum of the electron and ion energy fluxes with unprecedented accuracy. New insights are gained into the way zonal flow mixing saturates ion-scale turbulence by controlling the radial wavenumber width of the turbulence spectrum.
Revisiting the limits of photon momentum based optical power measurement method, employing the case of multi-reflected laser beam
Authors: Vasilyan Suren , López Marco , Rogge Norbert , Pastuschek Marcel , Lecher Holger , Manske Eberhard , Kück Stefan , Fröhlich Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this work, we review the viability and precision of the photon-momentum-based optical power measurement method that employs an amplification effect caused by a multi-reflected laser beam trapped in an optical cavity. Measuring the total momentum transfer of the absorbed and re-emitted photons from a highly reflective surface (reflection of the laser beam from an optical mirror) as a force provides the possibility of measuring the optical power with direct traceability to SI units. Trial measurements were performed at two different metrology laboratories: the laboratory for mass/force at the Technical University of Ilmenau, and the clean room laser radiometry laboratory at PTB, with a portable force measurement setup consisting of two electromagnetic force compensation balances. We compared the results of the optical power measurements performed with the force measurement setup, via the photon-momentum-based method, with those performed using a calibrated reference standard detector traceable to PTB’s primary standard for optical power, the cryogenic radiometer. The comparison was carried out for an optical power range between 1 W and 10 W at a wavelength of 532 nm, which corresponds to a force of approximately 2000 nN at the upper limit, yielding approximately 2.3% relative standard uncertainty in the case of 33 reflections. Thus, conflating the high-precision force metrology technique at μN to nN levels with the optical setup required to achieve specular multi-reflection configuration of the laser beam, where a macroscopic optical cavity with ultra-high reflective mirrors (>99.995%) can adjustably be suspended from the force sensors, depending on required geometry of reflections, we show that the uncertainty of the optical power measurements upon further increase of the nominally applied optical power, the number of laser beam reflections, or the reflectivity coefficient of the mirrors can be markedly reduced.
Change in the pedestal stability between JET-C and JET-ILW low triangularity peeling-ballooning limited plasmas
Authors: Stefanikova E. , Frassinetti L. , Saarelma S. , Perez von Thun C. , Hillesheim J.C. , contributors JET 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This work discusses the possible mechanisms that have led to the degradation of the pedestal pressure height and pedestal stability of low triangularity peeling-ballooning (PB) limited pla-smas from JET with the carbon wall (JET-C) to JET with the ITER-like wall (JET-ILW). The work shows that the lower pedestal stability of JET-ILW is not directly caused by the presence of a metal wall, but rather due to the operational constraints that require operation with high gas fuelling. Recent results have suggested the possible role of the distance between the density and temperature pedestal positions (n
e
pos − T
e
pos, also called the ‘relative shift’) with increasing gas fuelling rate on the PB stability of JET-ILW baseline plasmas (Stefanikova et al 2018 Nucl. Fusion
58 056010). The work further extends the analysis of the role of the relative shift, showing that it plays an important role in the difference between the pedestal performance of JET-C and JET-ILW. Moreover, the work also shows that the pedestal density n
e
ped, Z
eff, and pedestal pressure width w
pe play an important role in this difference. The pedestal structure and stability have been studied both experimentally and by modelling. The modelling shows that the changes in n
e
pos − T
e
pos, n
e
ped, Z
eff, and w
pe are sufficient to explain the differences in the pedestal performance between JET-C and JET-ILW PB limited discharges. A hypothesis describing the possible mechanisms leading to the degradation of the pedestal pressure and stability from JET-C to JET-ILW in PB limited plasmas is put forward.
Highlighting and overcoming data barriers: creating open data for retrospective analysis of US electric power systems by consolidating publicly available sources
Authors: Kasseris Emmanuel , Goteti Naga Srujana , Kumari Sapna , Clinton Bentley , Engelkemier Seiji , Torkamani Sarah , Akau Tevita , Gençer Emre 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Studies of power system operation commonly draw from two key databases produced by the US Environmental Protection Agency: the Acid Rain Program’s Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) data, and the Emissions and Generation Resource Integrated Database (eGRID). Separate reporting requirements and heterogeneity in data aggregation between these two databases creates a barrier to systematic spatial and temporal retrospective power system analysis. This work describes the inherent challenges to this undertaking and documents a method for reconciling the two seemingly disparate data sources. While fundamental differences in data reporting and aggregation prevent us from achieving full coverage, this work represents an important initial step to aligning these two repositories of US power system data. We demonstrate the value of this linkage by computing relative unit-level, hourly utilization metrics for most thermal power plants in the US. Analysis of these metrics across time illustrates thermal generator cycling trends in California between 2011 and 2017. These unit-level results indicate that combined cycle units within California increased their part-load generation by 15% and resultant CO2 emissions by 17% and decreased their start/stop frequency over time by 8.5% and resultant emissions by 47%. Open cycle gas turbines overall increased their generation- number of start/stop cycles by 97% and resultant emissions by 85%, part-load generation by 120% and resultant emissions by 100%, and full load generation by 40% and resultant emissions 18%. We also observe a temporal shift in thermal generation from morning hours to evening in California.