bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Bowman Alan , Crowther Charles 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis introduction discusses the character of the different epigraphic traditions in Egypt under the Ptolemies (332–30 bc), Greek and Egyptian, in both Hieroglyphic and Demotic. The book is intended as a complement to the complete collection of editions of these monuments. It summarizes the way in which the following chapters discuss and analyse many aspects of the format, content, and presentation of these Greek and bilingual or trilingual inscriptions. It sketches some of the main themes addressed by the authors and indicates what value the collection adds to our appreciation of the cultural and monumental landscape in which the Greeks absorbed features of the indigenous religion and the Egyptians adapted to the introduction of dynastic royal cult. Rather than offering novel arguments or radical innovations in interpreting the monuments, the chapters in this volume contribute to a deepening understanding of the social and cultural complexities of this bicultural landscape.
Greek Texts on Egyptian Monuments
Authors: Clarysse Willy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe subject of this chapter is the combination of Greek inscribed texts with monuments or objects made in the traditional Egyptian style. As a rule, Greek and Egyptian monuments each have their own shape, style, and text and are easily distinguishable. However, Greek texts are inscribed quite frequently on Egyptian-style stelai, and analysis reveals important features of the contact between the different cultural traditions, in onomastic and other social and linguistic practices. The study is limited to texts that are part of the monument, either from the start or in a form of reuse, and covers a range of document types, including honorific decrees, petitions concerning rights of asylum in temples, dedications, building inscriptions, and funerary stelai.
The Palaeography of Ptolemaic Inscriptions from Egypt
Authors: Crowther Charles 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the formal characteristics of Greek inscribed writing and their variety and evolution in the multicultural context of Ptolemaic Egypt. The palaeography of Ptolemaic inscriptions is considered in relation both to indigenous written traditions and to the development of documentary scripts in the papyri. The development of lettering styles in decrees and dedications is traced over the course of the Hellenistic period. The particular case of the lengthy multilingual decrees of Egyptian priestly synods is examined separately. Two concluding sections consider, respectively, a small number of inscriptions, for the dating of which palaeographical considerations may provide clarification, and the possibility of identifying individual stonecutters’ hands within the Corpus of Ptolemaic Inscriptions.
The caids and the commune mixte System
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the dualism of colonial space, the peasantry massed in the interior were governed by a system of indirect rule, that of the communes mixtes (CM), in which a European administrator depended on a team of caids, neo-tribal chiefs, to police and manage the inhabitants of the douars. The caids, assisted by the village headmen (kebirs) were responsible for maintaining civil registers, collecting taxes, policing, and providing a flow of information to the intelligence state. A case study of the CM of the Chelif explores the important role of an aristocratic élite, the powerful Saiah family, to show how the caidat politically dominated rural society through patron-client relations and religious, charismatic power. The central government Native Affairs department managed the CM zones through supporting such clan-like, conservative élites, but by the 1930s the basis of patrimonial power was entering a phase of deepening crisis that undermined the system of indirect rule.
Organization of the Early ALN Guerrilla, 1954–7
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The chapter examines the processes by which the earliest nationalist guerrilla forces of the ALN (Armée de libération nationale) began to make contact with peasant society in the Chelif and to organize support among the local population. The process was made particularly difficult because of a virtual civil war between the Messalist forces of the MNA, and the newly created FLN, each competing to create a peasant base. The initial small, and poorly equipped forces of the FLN often faced hostility from the inhabitants, but through collective, night-time propaganda meetings they began to create a new autonomous assembly, the nizam. Instead of assassinating or driving away the caids, as has often been claimed, the FLN recruited where possible the existing fraction headmen and field guards. During the propaganda drive led by political commissars the FLN was careful to shape its rhetoric and message to the culture and beliefs of a conservative peasantry.
Creating the FLN Counter-state
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how the rural population responded to the presence of FLN forces in their midst. Internal FLN documents captured by the French in September 1957 for kasma 4311, a grouping of four douars in the eastern Chelif, reveal the sophisticated counter-state that was created at the local level. The aim of the ALN in the mountains was, as far as possible, to isolate the population from the colonial administration and to prevent informing, but to do so the guerrillas needed to offer a degree of rebel governance. The detailed kasma reports and accounts reveal how the ALN assumed key state functions, including food supply, civil registration, taxation, education, health care, social welfare, and justice. Through a progressive redistributive taxation policy, funds were transferred from the more wealthy in the towns to the famished peasantry. Peasant support for the FLN was not only moral or ideological, but was also grounded in the significant material rewards of wages, pensions, and family allowances. A key problem facing the ALN was the inability to protect the population from military repression and violence, but to a degree the guerrillas found a solution by reorganizing into small, mobile groups that were less dependent on the rural population.
Psychological Warfare and the Dahra Peasants
Authors: Macmaster Neil 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 17 examines how Opération Pilote was implemented through a case study of the military sub-secteur of Ténès. A first problem in implementing Pilote arose from the fact that there were major disagreements within the army about the project. Some commanders resisted the new methods of the psychological warfare 5th bureaux, disliked the creation of a ‘parallel’ hierarchy of political commissars, while major tensions emerged between the civil authorities, the prefect Chevrier, and the generals. A close study of Pilote in the Dahra mountains shows that the aim of ‘pacification’ of each douar by cleansing the ALN and installing harkis autodefense, schools, medical teams, and a proto-municipal government was only successful in two highly mediatized locations, the Breira mine and Bou Maad. Far more typical was the situation in the Djebel Bissa where, following large-scale sweep operations and mass arrests, the army was unable to secure the terrain, and moved on rapidly before consolidating new communal organizations. The army command, frustrated at the slowness of Servier’s ‘hearts and minds’ approach, rapidly reverted to traditional methods of colonial warfare, the creation of zones interdites, bombing of civil populations, starvation, and the forced mass evacuation of peasants into army camps. A generalized ‘Massu model’ of cutting the vital ALN dependency on urban-rural supply networks was also tried in Ténès but failed.
How to Assess the Effectiveness of the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration
Authors: Stelkens Ulrich , Andrijauskaitė Agnė 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the approach used in this book to assess the effectiveness of the pan-European general principles of good administration in harmonizing the domestic administrative law of the Member States of the Council of Europe with regard to the ‘limiting function’ of administrative law. It explains the criteria justifying the choice of the twenty-eight Member States included in the research and the exclusion of the others. It gives reasons why the research is not extended to the impact of these principles on the (supranational) legal order of the European Union. Finally, it explains the methods used by the national experts to assess the impact and effectiveness of the pan-European general principles of good administration in their respective legal orders, i.e. the so-called paths of reception, namely through national legislation, through administrative self-commitments, and through national case law referring to and directly applying these principles as standards of review.
The Impact of Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration on United Kingdom Administrative Law
Authors: Nason Sarah 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of the pan-European principles of good administration on the legal system of the United Kingdom. The chapter reveals that whilst the European Convention on Human Rights, and the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, have deeply impacted on domestic administrative law, the same cannot be said regarding other sources of the pan-European general principles of good administration. Furthermore, the chapter claims that the UK, as a founder member of the Council of Europe (CoE), sees itself as continuing to provide a degree of critical oversight of the CoE’s system. There is both political and legal resistance to the idea that international norms, such as those developed by the CoE, could provide a template for elements of the domestic legal order. However, the chapter concludes that in a post-Brexit UK the pan-European general principles of good administration may well take on increased significance.
The Council of Europe as a Source of General Principles of Good Administration in Spain
Authors: Utrilla Fernández-Bermejo Dolores 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact on Spanish administrative law of the pan-European principles of good administration developed by the Council of Europe (CoE). It reveals the prominent role of the CoE in Spain’s transition to democracy after Franco’s death on 20 November 1975. Today, while there is generally no conceptual mismatch between Spanish administrative law and the said principles, their impact is fragmentary and sector-based, rather than comprehensive and systematic. Whereas in areas such as local self-government this impact appears to be high, elsewhere it has been either overshadowed by EU law or the already existing comprehensive domestic legal framework and, hence, very indirect.
Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration in Finland
Authors: Koivisto Ida 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this chapter the meaning and effect in the Finnish legal system of the Council of Europe (CoE) conventions and recommendations are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the adoption of the European Convention on Human Rights and CoE law pertinent to good administration, administrative law and administrative law principles. The main finding is that, so far, the CoE provisions on good administration have found little room for application due to refined domestic legislation on these matters. Instead of being a follower Finland has been setting the pace in making good administration a central concept and normative requirement in constitutional and administrative law. Thus, although a two-way interconnection between the CoE and Finland can be detected, it could be argued that Finland represents a benchmark case. This development coincides with—and is partially affected by—the general ‘pandemic’ of good governance talk and enthusiasm over the last couple of decades.
The Moderate Impact of the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration on Slovenian Administrative Law
Authors: Ferčič Aleš 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the impact of the pan-European general principles of good administration on the Slovenian legal system. It presents the main finding that Slovenian (general) administrative law is more or less in line with these principles. It furthermore discusses several Slovenian legislative acts that have been adopted with explicit reference to these principles as well as other pathways of reception in this legal system. At the same time the chapter makes it clear that the overall impact of the said principles has been moderate and that more could and should be done to spread knowledge about them throughout the whole system of the Slovenian judiciary and public bodies.
The Impact of the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration on Albanian Law
Authors: Spahiu Irma 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to exploring the impact on the Albanian legal system of the pan-European general principles of good administration developed by the Council of Europe (CoE). It argues that the CoE has been engaged in almost every area of law reform and been present in monitoring elections and constitutional referendums, delivering programmes and training, offering assistance with law-making (including the Constitution and codes), supporting justice reform and advising government authorities. Especially, the European Convention on Human Rights is held in high esteem in Albania even if its application is often curtailed by language and access barriers. The chapter concludes that in order to reach full compliance with the said principles Albania still has to go through significant reforms, including the justice reform that has been ongoing in the country for the last five years with very slow progress.
Towards Implementation of the Pan-European General Principles of Good Administration through Reforms of the Public Administration System
Authors: Kalashyan Vache , Grigoryan Tigran 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact of the pan-European general principles of good administration on Armenian administrative law. The chapter claims that successful reform of Armenian public administration is an indispensable prerequisite for successful implementation of these principles but that there is still a long way to go. Besides this, the Armenian legal order is generally open to being shaped and influenced by the said principles and demonstrates numerous successful examples thereof. Nevertheless, the chapter highlights that usually the Armenian legislator is the only one to transfer these principles into Armenian law. It describes the reception of the pan-European general principles of good administration as still being under development in Armenia. The chapter concludes that in order to guarantee the full extent of ‘good administration’ it remains necessary that general reforming of Armenian public administration be successfully implemented.
Mapping, Explaining, and Constructing the Effectiveness of the Pan-European Principles of Good Administration
Authors: Stelkens Ulrich , Andrijauskaitė Agnė , Marique Yseult 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to transversal analysis of the effectiveness of the pan-European general principles of good administration developed within the framework of the Council of Europe (CoE). First, it gives an overview of the differences and particularities of the national administrative law that come forth when looking at the effectiveness of these principles on the national level. It explains why they have different effects and work in different ways in different legal orders. Second, these different modes of operation of the principles are explained: to be effective on the national level they must be transposed, implemented and enforced. Thirdly, the chapter looks at the normative function of these principles on the level of the CoE. They concretize the ‘founding values’ of the CoE (Article 3 of its Statute) with regard to the administration of its Member States. The chapter finishes with an outlook on further desiderata of research.
Epilogue
Authors: Maguire Laurie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Epilogue looks at the rich metaphoric afterlife that the typographical features explored in Chapters 1 to 3 have linguistically beyond the printed page. In one sense, metaphors from punctuation and typography are simply a subdivision of larger book-related metaphors, and writers in the nascent world of professional publication were understandably alert to printing-house imagery and the conversion of orality to print. But just as writing and type make their way into orality as metaphor, orality makes its way into type: writers and compositors are thinking creatively about how to turn the visual and aural experience of drama into print. The place where we see this most is in play layout. Thus, this epilogue concludes with a survey of compositor creativity in a period when systems and conventions were just coming into being and hence offered scope for flexibility and experimentation.
Introduction
Authors: Scheer Monique 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Introduction introduces the term “enthusiasm” and outlines the argument of the book as a whole, as well as the historical and ethnographic methods employed in the study. An understanding of enthusiasm not as a discrete emotion (like “happiness” or “anger”) but as a complex emotional practice is explained with the help of practice theory. This theory rejects the common understanding that emotions are inner states which are displayed or expressed, making a clear distinction between the “inner” subject and the “outer” social forms, often viewed as repressive of “true” emotion. Here, the primacy of interiority becomes the object of historical study, not its premise; it appears as a specific understanding of how emotion works which some actors strive to reproduce in their practice. Adopting an understanding of emotion as practice, because it is counterintuitive, opens up the possibility to question past and current understandings of emotions and how they work, and allows us to analyze the ethical consequences of dominant theories of emotion. This conceptualization is linked to discussions of belief and conviction as material practices in religious studies and compared (and contrasted) to approaches from affect theory.
Awkward Enthusiasts
Authors: Scheer Monique 
Published: November 2020

AbstractChapter 5 presents one of the first partial analyses of the Sunday Assembly in Berlin, that is, attempts by secular humanists to create congregations and regular assemblies for singing together and listening to inspiring talks. These “atheist churches” have not been very successful in Germany and this chapter seeks to understand why this is so by examining the practices of enthusiasm invited by the congregations. Comparing the Sunday Assembly to the brand “School of Life,” which had similar beginnings, the analysis suggests that the reticence of Sunday Assembly participants in Germany is due to a lack of practice in the emotional style, which is closer to Charismatic than to mainline Protestant performance.
Debt Close to Retirement and its Implications for Retirement Well-being
Authors: Lusardi Annamaria , Mitchell Olivia S. , Oggero Noemi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our chapter aims to analyze debt among pre-retirees and its implications for retirement well-being using data from three waves of the National Financial Capability Study (NFCS). In particular, we will analyze what kinds of debt people carry into older ages and how different types of debt are related to older Americans’ ability to save for retirement. Moreover, we will investigate older Americans’ understanding of debt and its consequences by analyzing their level of financial sophistication. For instance, managing debt can be especially difficult for people who do not know the power of interest compounding or do not have the financial savvy to plan for retirement or execute a retirement saving plan. Our analysis is intended to better guide financial sector practitioners as well as policymakers seeking to help older Americans better prepare for retirement and sustain a reasonable standard of living in retirement.
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and the Dawn of the Protectorate
Authors: Van Hulle Inge 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses the indiscriminate extension of extraterritoriality by British imperial agents as a defining feature of British imperial legal techniques. From 1843 onwards, it is possible to discern a boom in the legislation providing for the exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction and for the creation of consular posts. The term ‘protection’ was an inherent part of the discourse of imperial agents when they referred to the need to extend extraterritorial jurisdiction. In the context of empire, ‘protection’ proved a flexible semiotic tool that often understated the vast extent of intervention that went hand in hand with its use in legal settings. At the same in the meaning of protection as a military alliance implying control over external relations continued to survive and referred to the physical protection of African polities in return for their exclusive relationship with Britain. The growth of extraterritoriality is directly related to the genesis of the ‘colonial’ protectorate as a form of imperial governance.
International Law and the Settlement of Disputes with Regard to West Africa on the Eve of the Scramble (1840–84)
Authors: Van Hulle Inge 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The haphazard nature in which treaties had been concluded sat awkwardly with the Western rules relating to title to territory. Once imperial competition intensified, rival claims with respect to territory needed to be untangled and brought to stark light the contrast between formal international law and its practical imperial ‘vernacular’. Chapter 5 analyses the varied legal responses resorted to by European states to neutralize conflicts that resulted from the helter-skelter creation of imperial legal techniques, which culminated in the organization of the Berlin Conference. It discusses early occurrences of inter-Western arbitration, the conclusion of sphere of influence treaties, and the outcome of the Berlin West Africa Conference. Finally, it highlights how the legal competition between imperial rivals brought to stark light the lack of theoretical legal consistency with regard to imperial state practices.
The Emergence of White-Collar Unionism in New York’s Culture Industries
Authors: Clark Shannan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the development of white-collar unionism in New York’s culture industries during the Great Depression. Culture workers responded to the crisis with new organizing initiatives, many of which eventually gravitated toward the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO). Larger groups of workers received charters from the CIO as affiliated international unions, such as the American Newspaper Guild, with the New York locals containing a substantial share of total national membership. Organizing efforts in cultural fields that were more concentrated in the metropolitan area, like the Book and Magazine Guild and the American Advertising Guild, became local unions within the United Office and Professional Workers of America, which was the CIO affiliate with a general jurisdiction covering white-collar workers. This chapter also examines the important role of women activists in white-collar organizing as well as unionists’ participation in the broader Popular Front social movement of the 1930s.