bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Looking Back to Move Forward
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter lays the philosophical groundwork for a new account of hope. It begins with the deep American roots of pragmatist philosophy to show how that tradition aligns with key elements of democracy and American life today. To set a foil for a pragmatist account of political hope, it describes problematic ways in which hope is often understood in more individualist ways by theologians, philosophers, and positive psychologists. Then, using an accessible approach and avoiding jargon, the chapter lays out central elements of pragmatism that build together to form an account of hope. These include inquiry, growth, truth, meliorism, and habits.
Learning How to Hope
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter moves from a broader discussion of quality citizenship education and developing trends among youth to looking specifically at how hope and democratic habits might be taught in schools and civil society. It includes a call to develop communities of inquiry, nurture communication and deliberation, foster criticality and dissent, cultivate imagination and storytelling, view citizenship as shared fate, and build trust. It describes classroom practices and activities that can foster habits of hope, as well as opportunities to employ related skills and dispositions of citizenship. It extends this education beyond schools and youth into adults and civil organizations, where larger impact on today’s democracy may be made.
Blade Runner’s Humanism
Authors: Dienstag Joshua Foa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Blade Runner is concerned to humanize our social and political relationships, which are in danger of falling into the affective trap that Rousseau outlined in his Letter to D’Alembert. Rousseau described citizens who mistake a theatrical experience for an equal, reciprocal human experience. To understand the problem, we must learn to differentiate, as the characters of Blade Runner do, between mutual surveillance and mutual regard. Surveillance can create in us the illusion of power and freedom that we mistake for real autonomy. Regard for others, which can be interrupted by representation, needs to be sustained for human society to flourish. If we must use representation to have a democracy, we must insure that its tendency toward inequality and surveillance does not come to dominate us.
The Ethics of Joy
Authors: Andrew Youpa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This book offers a reading of Spinoza’s moral philosophy. Central to the reading the author defends is the view that there is a way of life that is best for human beings, and what makes it best is that it is the way of life that is in agreement with human nature. It is important to note that Spinoza’s moral philosophy does not fit within a framework that takes accountability as an essential function of morality. An ethics of accountability is about what a person deserves. It is a system for assigning credit and debt in the economy of good and evil. The ethics of Spinoza’s Ethics is not about what a person deserves. Rather, it is about how to live joyously and lovingly, not sadly and hatefully. Instead of an ethics of accountability, Spinoza’s is an ethics of joy. It is centered on what, with respect to mental and physical wellness, deserves our attention and what, with respect to mental and physical wellness, does not deserve our attention. Spinoza’s ethics of joy belongs to a philosophical tradition that adheres to a medical model of morality. Accordingly, the purpose of morality is not to assign credit and debt in the economy of good and evil. Its purpose is to heal the sick and empower the vulnerable, which is to say that it is for each and every one of us. Furthermore, Spinoza’s moral philosophy is pluralistic in that there are as many good ways of life as there are ways of living joyously and lovingly. There is a variety of empowered ways of life, and there is a variety of disempowered ways of life.
Spinoza’s Symptomatic Theory of Emotions
Authors: Andrew Youpa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter shows that Spinoza believes that an episode of emotion represents a change in the power of the subject’s body in the way that a symptom represents that of which it is symptomatic. On the reading here defended, some emotions symptomatically represent increases in the power of the subject’s body. Others symptomatically represent decreases in power. Regardless of whether it is symptomatic of an increase or a decrease, an episode of an emotion qua mental item is symptomatic of the state of the power of acting of the subject’s body, and an emotion serves as a symptom in virtue of its qualitative character. It represents a change in power by virtue of the way it feels to experience an emotion. While an episode of the qualitative character of joy signals an increase in the body’s power, an episode of the qualitative character of sadness signals a decrease in its power.
Market Competition
Authors: Bradford Anu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses competition law, which offers one of the most prominent examples of the EU’s global regulatory hegemony. This chapter first introduces the key aspects of EU competition law. It then explains why the EU has chosen to build an extensive regulatory capacity in this area, illustrating how competition law forms a critical dimension of the EU’s broader, single market program. Following that, it offers examples of the de facto and de jure Brussels Effects pertaining to competition regulation. These examples illustrate that the de jure Brussels Effect has been extensive. At the same time, the occurrence of the de facto Brussels Effect often turns to the question of non-divisibility, at times enabling while at times limiting the global effect of EU competition rules.
Environment
Authors: Bradford Anu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 7 describes a few notable policy areas where the EU has successfully influenced global environmental standards through the Brussels Effect. These include the regulation of hazardous substances and electronic waste, the protection of animal welfare, and the mitigation of climate change through an emissions trading system. The Chapter first examines the origins of the pro-environment attitudes in the EU, explaining how the strigent regulations emerged as a result. It then provides examples of both the de facto and de jure Brussels Effect pertaining to these regulatory policies. The discussion reveals how environmental law features some of the strongest examples of the Brussels Effect while also illustrating the limits of the phenomenon.
Models and Reality
Authors: Yablo Stephen 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The philosopher Hilary Putnam uses model theory to cast doubt on our ability to engage semantically with an objective world. The role of mathematics for him is to prove this pessimistic conclusion. The present chapter, on the other hand, explores how models can help us to engage semantically with the objective world. Mathematics functions here as an analogy. Among their many other accomplishments, numbers boost the language’s expressive power; they give us access to recondite physical facts. Models, among their many other accomplishments, do the same thing. This is the analogy this chapter attempts to develop.
The Need for Theory
Authors: Schmidt Patrick 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter establishes the need for theorizing and explores how policy has been conceptually developed in the literature. It traces the relationship between policy thinking and practice, making the case for how theories developed or employed by scholars are used to help, clarify, justify, and explain practice—not to mystify. Further, it develops the notion of policy knowhow placing it within two sides of the same coin, namely, conceptual design and structured action. Last, the chapter delineates distinctions between traditional and progressive views on policy, exploring how these apply to music education policy scholarship.
Policy Beyond Traditional Walls
Authors: Schmidt Patrick 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter is framed from an entrepreneurship standpoint. The aim is to offer an interpretative view of policy as an ongoing affair that is not only about advice/influence or implementation/resistance but also, and perhaps as important, concerned with the construction and maintenance of relations among stakeholders. The chapter presents entrepreneurship as a kind of grass-roots disposition, demonstrating how it may become an important tool to push back and respond to external pressures, such as intensification of labor and performativity, as they continue to affect educational spaces. The chapter offers an analysis of music entrepreneurship, using multiple examples to highlight how they have acted as policy practices, generating changes in music education language, thinking, and practice.
The Music Educator as a Policy Analyst
Authors: Schmidt Patrick 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter is the most practical and instructive of the book’s chapters. It aims to delineate very concrete ways of looking at accepted tools, spaces, and practices in policy. The chapter presents music educators with an entry point to this policy vocabulary. The chapter admonishes the reader that these are only tools, however, and as such their yield is dependent on our capacity to discern, contextualize, and frame. While the chapter describes policy language, instruments, and tools, it avoids the misperception that technical acuity is a necessary first step, one that allows one to enter the realm of policy. Such a view inevitably delays policy participation and discourages policy thinking. Knowing the context is the only prerequisite for policy engagement.
Introduction
Authors: Lawson Gary , Seidman Guy I. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Deference is a concept and practice fundamental to any real-world legal system. It lies at the core of every system of precedent, appellate review, federalism, and separation of powers. Notwithstanding its importance, deference has not heretofore been systematically analyzed, apart from its applications in specific settings. Until 1999, “deference” did not even merit an entry in Black’s Law Dictionary. This book aims to start a conversation about the concept and practice of deference. It hopes to bring the concept of deference to the forefront of legal discussion; to identify, catalogue, and analyze at least the chief among its many manifestations and applications; to set forth the many and varied rationales that can be and have been offered in support of (some species of) deference in different legal contexts; and thereby to provide a vocabulary and conceptual framework that can be employed in future discussions. The book’s methodology is descriptive and inductive: It identifies the actual practices that US federal courts identify as instances of deference and builds its account from that material. Subsequent chapters explore whether and how a definition and vocabulary derived in that manner can be applied in wider contexts.
The Many Faces of Federal Court Deference
Authors: Lawson Gary , Seidman Guy I. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
US federal courts identify many of their doctrines and activities as acts of deference. This book uses those identifications as the raw material for its inductively derived definition of and framework for deference. Doctrines and practices identified as deference arise in connection with appellate review of findings of fact of legislative, executive, and judicial bodies (including juries); review of legal findings of those bodies; review of policymaking, or discretionary, judgments of those bodies; and review of (or refusals to review) actions of state courts. The scope of deference ranges from total (abstention or absence of review) or near-total (rational basis review of legislative action or jury verdicts) to minimal (so-called Skidmore deference, under which agency legal interpretations receive whatever weight they merit all things considered). Many of the same considerations noted by federal courts appear in legal contexts outside the United States, such as the margin of appreciation doctrine employed by some international tribunals and Wednesbury review in the United Kingdom. This chapter seeks to identify enough instances of deference to allow generalizations about the nature, scope, and reasons for deference that are developed in subsequent chapters.
Extensions
Authors: Lawson Gary , Seidman Guy I. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Can a definition of and vocabulary for deference derived inductively from the practices of US federal courts usefully describe other practices, or practices of other institutions? We think so. The basic vocabulary of and framework for deference derived from federal court practice can be used to analyze judicial precedent (which only occasionally is described by courts as a form of deference), the treatment of judicial decisions by legislative and executive actors, the use of both formal and informal precedent in legislative and executive institutions, and the widespread but often controversial practice of judicial deference to decisions of foreign tribunals. All of these activities involve mandatory or discretionary deference, meaning that one actor considers and/or gives weight to prior decisions in carrying out the deferring actor’s legal functions. All of these practices can be explained or justified at least in part by the categories of legitimation deference, epistemological deference, economic deference, signaling deference, or prudential/strategic deference. The framework for deference derived from the practices of federal courts thus proves to have general utility across a broad range of practices and institutions.
From Cannibalism to Political Murder
Authors: Bemporad Elissa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 reveals the permutations of the blood libel and the emergence of a new notion of Jewish murder. Nazi propaganda exploited the blood libel theme in conjunction with the Judeo-Bolshevik myth. This link persisted also in the aftermath of World War II, but under a more secular vestige. In the midst of a postwar crisis of identity and political power, memories of blood libel could intersect with fears of cannibalism, as it happened in the city of Lvov. Reinforced by the Cold War context, the blood libel then shifted from cannibalism to political murder, and found its shell in the Doctors’ Plot. Not unlike the interwar period, blood libels that occurred in Lithuania, Central Asia, and the Caucasus, intensified in the midst of the anti-religious campaigns of the 1950s and 1960s. The recrudescence of antisemitism in the postwar years made it difficult for Jews to rely upon authorities for protection in countering these accusations.
Relative Deprivation Theory
Authors: Smith Heather J. , Pettigrew Thomas F. , Huo Yuen J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Relative deprivation (RD) is the product of an upward comparison that indicates that one’s disadvantaged situation is undeserved coupled with anger and resentment. RD is associated with reduced psychological health and increased individual deviance and collective action. This chapter (a) reviews the history of RD to illustrate its value as a conceptual tool, (b) discusses what is known about the different ways in which people respond to RD, and (c) explores how different comparison types inform the RD experience and its outcomes. If correctly measured, RD illuminates how people’s subjective interpretations of their economic circumstances impacts their health, attitudes and behavior.
Musical Theatre at Girls’ Jewish Summer Camps
Authors: Wolf Stacy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In the summer musicals take place in the tiny, insular, homogenous culture of girls’ non-Orthodox Jewish summer camps in Maine. Each of these summer camps was founded by Jewish women—all early twentieth-century progressive educators—for socioeconomically privileged Jewish girls. Since the early 1900s, girls who attend the summer camps have participated in theatre as a required activity alongside swimming, volleyball, and arts and crafts, so musical theatre shapes their experiences in profound ways. This chapter visits four of these summer camps in the same state where Stephen Sondheim spent many summers at Androscoggin, an all-boys’ Jewish summer camp. Over the course of their years at camp, most girls perform in seven musicals and see forty more. In this consciously created community, the excitement, pressure, and camaraderie of musical theatre production creates an even more intense bubble in its midst.
Disney Goes to School
Authors: Wolf Stacy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the various ways that the Disney Theatrical Group (DTG), a unit within the Walt Disney Company, engages with local musical theatre for elementary and middle school children. DTG’s involvement in the local musical theatre scene includes the creation of kid-friendly versions of shows with supplementary materials and, since 2011, an ambitious philanthropic program to support musical theatre production in underserved public elementary schools. After New York City, DTG established its first Disney Musicals in Schools Program in Nashville, Tennessee. This chapter visits schools and includes interviews with teachers and kids in Nashville, as well as the staff of the Tennessee Performing Arts Center, which oversees the program. Schools across a range of racial and socioeconomic communities produce Disney musicals like The Little Mermaid JR. and Aladdin JR. By loosening its famously tight grip on its product and allowing schools to produce their shows legally, Disney has at once increased revenue and become an instigator of social change and youth empowerment through musical theatre. DTG president Thomas Schumacher said that Disney’s music “is the new American songbook . . . We are this new era of Broadway.” Disney’s vision accommodates a populist agenda as they balance profit and corporate interests with philanthropy and grassroots artistic activism.
Dinner Theatres
Authors: Wolf Stacy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter takes a road trip with the author and her sister to four dinner theatres in cities along the Front Range of Colorado. The first part of the chapter summarizes the history of dinner theatres in the United States and the negative response of critics in East Coast newspapers in the early 1970s when dinner theatres were invented and became popular. Critics accused dinner theatres of fostering middlebrow taste in both the theatrical repertoire and the food. Dinner theatres sprouted up in Colorado around ten years later, where they were welcomed by critics and then similarly disdained as proffering bad taste in the food and middlebrow taste in the theatre. Nonetheless, even as dinner theatres have all but disappeared across the United States, a handful of this hybrid form of restaurant and musical theatre remain successful in Colorado. Though many people have heard of dinner theatres, only in certain parts of the country can one experience this unique activity, which combines profit motives with community investment by way of the Broadway musical theatre repertoire. The chapter shows how dinner theatres are a boon to the local artistic community and how actors and audiences appreciate the dinner theatres in their region.
Diagnostic Testing, Screening, and Surveillance
Authors: Westreich Daniel 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Surveillance, diagnostic testing, and screening are central (and related) concepts in epidemiology, and are all addressed together in this chapter. Both description and prediction are also important goals of epidemiology, and these differ in important ways from causal epidemiology. In Chapter 4, the author discusses concepts in diagnostic testing, screening, and active and passive disease surveillance, including concepts of sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value. Also in this chapter, the author briefly touches on differences between clinical epidemiology and public health epidemiology. The chapter also briefly discusses very basic bias, or sensitivity, analysis.
Final Beginnings
Authors: Baker Jean H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 6 covers the last three years of Latrobe’s life. After being released from debtor’s prison, he moved to Baltimore. There he completed two major works—the Catholic Basilica and the Merchants Exchange, the latter the cause of a bitter conflict with another expatriate, fellow architect Maximilian Godefroy. Again lacking sufficient commissions, he moved to New Orleans to complete the municipal waterworks that he expected would make him rich. He died of yellow fever before its completion. His wife Mary discovered that Latrobe had put all his available money into the unfinished waterworks, leaving her and the children destitute. Their son John, in his final year at West Point, left school to support his family
Introducing thearchitectus
Authors: Oksanish John 
Published: December 2019

AbstractVitruvius prioritizes the ideal architectus over the ars architectonica and thus also restricts access to the body of architecture. The architectus embodies architecture, but he becomes complete only through a “well-rounded” course of training in various disciplines, which Vitruvius likens to a corpus. This encyclios disciplina has recalled the artes liberales for many readers, who imagine that Vitruvius invokes these disciplines to “elevate” architecture or indeed Vitruvius himself. Yet it is also clear that architecture was already viewed as intellectually meticulous. By creating an asymmetry between his training (multidisciplinary but moderate) and his influence (extending even to the products of all other arts), Vitruvius creates a gap reminiscent of a similar disparity that characterizes the ideal orator in Cicero’s De oratore. Vitruvius recreates the ebb and flow of De oratore in order to put architecture in competition with the oratory as the best sort of civic knowledge. Of special importance is that both Vitruvius and Cicero demur on whether their disciplines were true “arts,” recalling the principal objection leveled by Socrates against rhetoric in Gorgias. Cicero effectively sidesteps these issues by negating the possibility of a Roman ars oratoris and by insisting instead on oratory’s embodiment. Vitruvius’s architectus also becomes a distinctively Roman master of signs and representation, precisely because he embodies architecture. Vitruvius’s account ultimately differs from that of Cicero, however. Whereas the orator’s attention to decorum proved his suitability as an ambitious leader in the interest of the republican civitas, the training of the architectus ultimately ensures that he will faithfully (but not obsequiously) serve the princeps.
Quizzes, Tests, and Assessments
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces quizzes, tests, and assessments for online music appreciation courses. Some challenges are discussed, which include the fact that assessments employed in live face-to-face teaching do not easily transfer to the online setting due to management and security concerns, and assumptions that must be made about online testing. Guidelines are provided to align assessments with course objectives and use sound methods of test design. Essential elements of online assessment design are also included to guide educators on implementation strategies and areas where caution should be exercised. Readers will find sample test and quiz questions to illustrate. The chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight best practices and things to avoid in both assumptions and design of online music appreciation quizzes, tests, and assessments.