bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects and effectiveness of lethal shark hazard management: The Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program, NSW, Australia
Authors: Gibbs Leah , Fetterplace Lachlan , Rees Matthew , Hanich Quentin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

‘Shark attack’ presents a considerable social‐environmental challenge. Each year a small number of people are injured or killed by shark bite. Concurrently, sharks and other marine life are subject to unprecedented anthropogenic pressures.

Shark hazard management varies globally, but lethal strategies are common, with negative consequences for species and environments. Of particular concern are the effects for threatened species.

Lethal strategies have recently come under criticism, based on the negative effects for marine life, effectiveness for human safety and inconsistency with contemporary values. Moves to improve both safety and conservation can be hindered by polarized debate.

We present a case study of the world's longest‐running lethal shark hazard management program, the Shark Meshing (Bather Protection) Program, New South Wales, Australia. We take an interdisciplinary approach to bring into conversation factors that contribute to safety and conservation outcomes. To date, most research focuses on one or other of these areas. We seek to synthesize the factors that are not previously considered in relation to each other.

Our aims were to: (a) identify and critique the diverse factors that determine the outcomes of the program; (b) assess the negative effects of the program for sharks and other marine life; and (c) assess the effectiveness of the program for reducing threat of shark interactions.

We find that: (a) multiple social and environmental factors contribute to program outcomes; (b) total shark numbers and populations of key target species – white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) and bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) – have declined over the program's 80 years, as have a number of non‐target species; (c) incidence of shark bite has declined since the program's introduction, but two external points warrant attention.

First, key factors influencing the shark bite incidence are frequently overlooked, namely changing cultures of beach‐ and ocean‐use, advances in beach patrol, and emergency and medical response. Second, the proportion of bites leading to fatality has decreased significantly in recent decades.

Beach patrol and emergency response contribute to human safety and well‐being without the negative consequences of lethal strategies. As such, they offer a focus for future shark hazard management and research.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Electromagnetic wave characteristics of composite frequency selective surfaces with patch‐grid‐patch type structure fabricated by e‐beam deposition
Authors: Kim Jinyul , Kang Choonghyun , Hong Sungnam 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this study, a new method of fabricating a composite frequency selective surface (FSS) using an e‐beam evaporator is proposed. The FSS is designed and fabricated as a part of the structure surface. A new concept of FSSs integrated into a composite skin structure provides a design that is electrically and structurally effective. This manufacturing process has the advantage of direct application of FSS function in a real structural surface with varied conformal skin. The multilayered FSSs of the patch‐grid‐patch type consist of a copper layer as a capacitive or inductive surface on a glass/epoxy pre‐impregnated (prepreg) substrate. The copper layer forming the FSS is manufactured using the e‐beam deposition on a glass/epoxy prepreg. The bandwidth of the designed FSS increases three times. The difference between the simulated and the measured results is due to the different evanescent wave interactions between the capacitive layers and inductive layer such as the local misalignment of the patch and grid, size of the specimen, and change in the thickness of the dielectric substrate after the manufacturing process. The bandwidth is successfully modified by correcting the design parameters such as the period, patch gap, grid width, and dielectric thickness. The band‐pass filtering and skirt characteristics appear in the experimental results, which agree well with the simulated results. This method is remarkably simple, and the manufactured FSS can function as both a structural skin and an FSS. Moreover, it has the merit of manufacturing simplicity and realization of structural shape.
Enhanced mechanical property, thermal and electrical conductivity of natural rubber/graphene nanosheets nanocomposites
Authors: Qin Hongmei , Deng Chaoran , Lu Shengjun , Yang Yong , Guan Guichao , Liu Zhen , Yu Qiuhao 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGraphene nanosheets (GNs) were prepared by supercritical solvent intercalation method and cyclic stripping method under high pressure and stress. This “non‐chemical method” reduces impurities and avoids the destruction of graphene's intrinsic structure. In order to decrease the secondary stacking in processing, firstly GNs were dispersed in natural rubber (NR) latex to prepare NR/GNs concentrated master batch, and then combined with solid NR by mechanical blending. Since GNs have good dispersion in rubber matrix, a strong intermolecular force is formed between GNs and NR. Tensile strength, elongation at break, stress at 100% strain, stress at 300% strain, and tear strength of NR/GNs nanocomposites with 2 wt% GNs are enhanced 59.53%, 17.85%, 67.07%, 80.12% and19.20% respectively compared with NR. With more GNs, the NR/GNs nanocomposites exhibit lower Tg and better thermal stability. When the content of GNs in NR/GNs nanocomposites reaches 2 wt%, the Tg of nanocomposites drops about 2°C, and the remaining carbon at 600°C of nanocomposites increase by 3.07%. Moreover, It is demonstrated that the NR filled with 2 wt% GNs possess excellent thermal conductivity of 0.24 W m−1 K−1，which is a 50% increment compared with pure NR. Meanwhile, the electrical conductivity of the composites increases by four orders of magnitude than that of pure NR. These results clearly indicate that GNs can be expected to be manufactured at large scale and utilized in heat‐conducting and antistatic rubber.
Charge‐Functionalized and Structurally Enhanced (Cryo)Hybrids from Acrylic (Co)Monomers and Kaolin: Altering Physicochemical Properties via Cryotropic Gelation
Authors: Tanc Beril , Orakdogen Nermin 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTThe potential to improve mechanical, structural, and mechanochemical properties of charge‐functionalized poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA)‐based hybrid cryogels is investigated. The simple and versatile synthesis of hybrid cryogels with high strength and toughness using cationic DMAEMA and ionic comonomer 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid has been proposed viain situfree‐radical crosslinking (cryo)polymerization by which the properties of virgin polymer can be modulated to required applications by incorporation of inorganic filler kaolin (KLN). Two factors affecting swelling and elasticity of hybrid gels (referred as PDA/KLNm), KLN content and gel preparation temperature, are studied. The optimum KLN concentration for desired swelling and modulus of elasticity is determined as 0.80% (w/v). Effective crosslinking density of hybrid hydrogels increases with KLN addition and this dependence is expressed by a quadratic polynomial as a function of KLN concentration. The results show that obtained hybrid gels with multiresponsive properties could be regarded as “smart materials” in sensing and actuation applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.2019, 57, 1758–1778
Influence of submeso motions on scalar oscillations and surface energy balance
Authors: Stefanello Michel , Cava Daniela , Giostra Umberto , Acevedo Otávio , Degrazia Gervasio , Anfossi Domenico , Mortarini Luca 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe presence of wave‐like structures in the planetary boundary layer and their influence on the scalar fluxes and on the surface energy balance were investigated analyzing one year of continuous measurements collected in southern Brazil. Submeso oscillating patterns in the wind velocity components, temperature and scalar (CO, HO) concentrations were isolated using their auto‐correlation functions. The analysis showed that low wind speeds are necessary to trigger wavy motions. During night‐time, in the presence of large vertical temperature gradients, horizontal meandering and internal gravity waves are dominant features of the stable boundary layer. Furthermore, a significant number of meandering cases were identified also during daytime in neutral conditions associated with low values of net radiation. One case‐study showed how, during daytime, the wave‐like patterns may be triggered by variations in the net radiation. Spectral analysis on the whole dataset showed that oscillations in the wind velocity and temperature field are frequently associated with CO and HO wavy patterns with similar time‐scales. These non‐turbulent oscillations produce unpredictable large‐scale contributions to vertical fluxes of temperature and scalar concentrations. The energy budget analysis showed how the choice of a proper averaging time filters out these contributions and improves the energy budget closure, as well as the estimation of the net ecosystem exchange. The results confirm the influence of submeso motions in scalar dispersion, flux patterns and surface energy balance during low wind speed conditions and stable stratification.
Effect of reducing sample volume on the detection of drugs in urine by transmission mode direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry
Authors: Liang Paul , Li Frederick , Laramee Brittany , Musselman Brian 
Published: December 2019

RationaleMatrix interference attributed to urea and other nitrogenous substances in unprocessed urine is significant. In this study desorption ionization of sub‐microliter volume samples is performed in an effort to improve the detection of drugs in unprocessed urine using transmission mode‐direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (TM‐DART‐MS).MethodsUrine samples were spiked with analytical standards of two drugs of abuse, codeine and methadone. Various sub‐microliter volumes of unprocessed urine were deposited onto wire mesh screen consumables and analyzed using TM‐DART for desorption ionization and a high‐resolution mass spectrometer operated in full scan mode for mass analysis. A 22 factorial design of experiment (DOE) was employed to examine the effects of sample volume and sample introduction speed to the DART source.ResultsResults from analysis of one microliter and sub‐microliter sample volumes were compared by measuring the signal produced by TM‐DART‐MS. Based on an α of 0.05, the lower‐volume samples yielded spectra where the abundance of urea and creatinine ions was reduced, thus significantly improving the TM‐DART‐MS signal for drugs of abuse. Using slower sample introduction speeds increased the time during which the sample was exposed to the heated ionization gas, resulting in a significant increase in the TM‐DART‐MS signal.ConclusionsReducing the sample volume to sub‐microliter levels improved the detection of drugs of abuse present as either individual or multiple components of the untreated urine. The improved signal demonstrates the potential for using sub‐microliter volumes for screening drugs in urine without the need for chromatography or sample pretreatment.
New perspectives on horizontal to vertical well ratios for site cleanup
Authors: Laton W. Richard 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDirectional drilling has been used for a variety of purposes, including utilities, dewatering, and remedial activities. Using this method for site cleanup versus traditional vertical extraction wells needs to be considered based upon today's remedial challenges. Traditionally, it has been stated that a single horizontal well can substitute for up to 11 vertical wells. This “rule” is arbitrary, since length and depth of the plume, surface access, and hydrogeological conditions must be considered. A better way to evaluate the cost‐benefit of a horizontal versus vertical well system is a predicted zone of influence using a mathematical and hydrogeological approach, as described herein.
Getting down to business? Critical discourse analysis of perspectives on the private sector in sustainable development
Authors: Cummings Sarah , Seferiadis Anastasia‐Alithia , de Haan Leah 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCritical discourse analysis is employed to examine discourses of the private sector within key texts of the Millennium Development Goals and the Sustainable Development Goals. Taking a genealogical approach, four discourses are identified in the literature: the dominant, pro‐private sector discourse, showing unconditional support for the private sector; the sceptical discourse; the middle‐ground discourse with new approaches, specifically designed to leverage development relevance; and the antiprivate sector discourse, which considers that current approaches to the private sector will not be conducive to sustainable development of the global South. The pro‐private sector discourse was found to be predominant within the global goals, reflecting the post‐Washington Consensus as well as the role of the developed countries and the corporate sector in their formulation. All discourses on the private sector, however, place an emphasis on economic and social development at the expense of the key environmental component of sustainable development.
Synthesis, Characterization of a Baicalin‐Strontium(II) Complex and Its BSA‐Binding Activity
Authors: Wang Yang , Xiong Chunhong , Wu Zhongyuan , Liu Yulan , Qiu Yinsheng , Cheng Xianzhong , Zhou Guoqing 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBaicalin is one of the major bioactive constituents of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, possessed anti‐inflammation, antimicrobial and anticancer activity, has been attained extensive attention. In the present work, a new baicalin‐Sr(II) complex (Sr[baic]⋅3H2O) was synthesized to enhance its biological activity. A series of experiments were carried out to give the satisfying reaction conditions: pH=8.3 and the molar ratio of L:M ≤ 1:1. The obtained complex Sr[baic]⋅3H2O was characterized by IR, ES‐MS UV‐vis, atomic absorption, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The interactions between baicalin/Sr[baic] and bovine serum albumin were also researched through fluorescence spectrum, which accord with the static quenching mechanism, Sr[baic] has higher binding ability than baicalin. Thermodynamic parameters ΔG°<0, ΔH°<0 and ΔS°>0, indicated that electrostatic forces is the major interaction forces in Sr[baic]‐bovine serum albumin system. Furthermore, the synchronous fluorescence experiments were carried out. The studies revealed that both baicalin and Sr[baic] quench the intrinsic fluorescence of bovine serum albumin, and the possible binding site is located on Trp residues. In circular dichroism spectrum, the binding of baicalin and Sr[baic] to bovine serum albumin lead to a loss in helical stability, by contrast, Sr[baic] increases baicalin's binding ability.
Computational, Structural and Spectroscopic Investigations of Two Polymorphs of 5,7‐Dinitro‐8‐(N‐phenylamino)Quinoline
Authors: Strashnov Pavel V. , Tkachev Valeriy V. , Utenyshev Andrey N. , Kazachenko Vladimir P. , Kovalchukova Olga V. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTwo polymorph modifications of 5,7‐dinitro‐8‐(N‐phenylamino) quinoline (DNPAQ) are isolated in the form of single crystals and studied by experimental and theoretical methods. According to the X‐Ray analysis on single crystals, the two modifications differ by the twist angle between the nitro‐group and the quinoline fragment and the type of molecular packing in the crystals. The theoretical modeling of both polymorphs is performed. The DNPAQ molecular structures of the dimers of neighboring molecules in the polymorphs did not indicate the existence of a significant charge transfer.
Electrochemical Performance of Iron‐doped Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 Cathode Materials Prepared by Combustion Synthesis
Authors: Zhang Dongyan , Li Zhimin , Li Gaofeng , Zhang Maolin , Yan Yangxi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLi‐rich manganese cathode materials have increasingly attracted much attention because of their high specific capacities applied in Li‐ion batteries. However, they have suffered from low coulombic efficiency and poor rate capability. In this study, we utilize Fe ion doping and control grain morphology to improve the electrochemical performance of Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2. Fe‐doped Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 powders were successfully prepared via combustion synthesis, with equiaxed appearance and submicron size. The electrochemical measurement demonstrated that through Fe doping, a high discharging capacity of 192.0 mAh⋅g−1 was achieved for the sample at the rate of 1 C, and the cyclic stability and rate capacity were significantly enhanced compared. Further investigations illustrated that Fe ions manifested electrochemical activity during lithiation and delithiation, and enabled to stabilize hexagonal structure of the sample and enlarge the crystal interlayer spacing. It is the synergistic effect that endows the doped sample more specific capacity and high cyclic and rate performance.
Metal‐Halide/Ionic‐Liquid Oxidative Carbonylation of Ethanol to Synthesize Diethyl Carbonate with High Activity and Low Corrosion
Authors: Wang Hongbing , Zhang Hua , Hu Jing , Wang Gongying , Deng Zhiyong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe transformation of ethanol into high‐value‐added products has attracted considerable attention. Diethyl carbonate (DEC) is an important organic carbonate, and widely used as lithium battery electrolyte, fuel additive. et al. In this study, DEC is synthesized by oxidative carbonylation of ethanol using metal halide‐Ionic liquids (ILs) as the catalyst. And it is found that CuCl2‐[BMIm]BF4 shows higher catalytic performance which is attributed to the synergistic effect of the Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. Under the optimized conditions of nIL/nCuCl2=1.5:1, T=120 °C, P=4.0 MPa, PCO/PO2=9:1, and reaction time 2 h, the conversion of ethanol and selectivity of DEC were 38.8% and 99.7% respectively, which is the highest reported for the synthesis of DEC by oxidative carbonylation under similar reaction conditions. Moreover, the CuCl2‐[BMIm]BF4 catalyst has the advantages of good stability and reusability which was reused seven times without obviously decrease in the catalytic activity. Besides, the corrosion rate and inhibition efficiencies on stainless steel are 0.004 mm/a and 92% with CuCl2‐[BMIm]BF4 catalyst.
Lead Sulfide Quantum Dots as a Bifunctional Layer for Efficient and Stable All‐Inorganic Cesium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ding Xihong , Cai Molang , Liu Xiaoyan , Ding Yong , Liu Xuepeng , Wu Yahan , Hayat Tasawar , Alsaedi Ahmed , Dai Songyuan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAll‐inorganic cesium lead iodide (CsPbI3) perovskite has aroused great attention while their spontaneous phase transition from the active black α‐phase to the undesired yellow δ‐phase at room temperature has restrained their further application. In addition, the widely‐used organic hole‐transporting materials (HTMs), such as 2,2’,7,7’‐tetrakis(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9’‐spirobifluorene (Spiro‐OMeTAD), with hygroscopic additives not only accelerate the phase transition but also hamper the commercialization process because of its high price and complicated synthesis procedure. Herein, we employ colloidal lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QDs) synthesized by a hot‐injection method as both hole‐transporting material (HTM) and water‐repelling barrier for all‐inorganic α‐CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The CsPbI3 films capped with PbS QDs as HTM demonstrate much improved phase‐stability and can remain the black α‐phase for at least 30 d without any encapsulation in air. The PSCs with PbS QDs as HTM showed high performance with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.07%. Furthermore, 89% of the original PCE is remained after storage for 504 h without any encapsulation due to strong moisture resistance resulting from hydrophobic ligands of PbS QDs.
An Integrated Plasmo‐Photoelectronic Nanostructure Biosensor Detects an Infection Biomarker Accompanying Cell Death in Neutrophils
Authors: Park Younggeun , Ryu Byunghoon , Deng Qiufang , Pan Baihong , Song Yujing , Tian Yuzi , Alam Hasan B. , Li Yongqing , Liang Xiaogan , Kurabayashi Katsuo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBacterial infections leading to sepsis are a major cause of deaths in the intensive care unit. Unfortunately, no effective methods are available to capture the early onset of infectious sepsis near the patient with both speed and sensitivity required for timely clinical treatment. To fill the gap, the authors develop a highly miniaturized (2.5 × 2.5 µm2) plasmo‐photoelectronic nanostructure device that detected citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), a biomarker released to the blood circulatory system by neutrophils. Rapidly detecting CitH3 with high sensitivity has the great potential to prevent infections from developing life‐threatening septic shock. To this end, the author's device incorporates structurally engineered arrayed hemispherical gold nanoparticles that are functionalized with high‐affinity antibodies. A nanoplasmonic resonance shift induces a photoconduction increase in a few‐layer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) channel, and it provides the sensor signal. The device achieves label‐free detection of serum CitH3 with a 5‐log dynamic range from 10−4 to 101 ng mL and a sample‐to‐answer time <20 min. Using this biosensor, the authors longitudinally measure the dynamic CitH3 profiles of individual living mice in a sepsis model at high resolution over 12 hours. The developed biosensor may be poised for future translation to personalized management of systemic bacterial infections.
Fat grafting rescues radiation-induced joint contracture
Authors: Borrelli Mimi R. , Diaz Deleon Nestor M. , Adem Sandeep , Patel Ronak A. , Mascharak Shamik , Shen Abra H. , Irizarry Dre , Nguyen Dung , Momeni Arash , Longaker Michael T. , Wan Derrick C. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effects of fat grafting on radiation-induced hind limb contracture. Radiation therapy (RT) is used to palliate and/or cure a range of malignancies but causes inevitable and progressive fibrosis of surrounding soft tissue. Pathological fibrosis may lead to painful contractures which limit movement and negatively impact quality of life. Fat grafting is able to reduce and/or reverse radiation-induced soft tissue fibrosis. We explored whether fat grafting could improve extensibility in irradiated and contracted hind limbs of mice. Right hind limbs of female 60-day-old CD-1 nude mice were irradiated. Chronic skin fibrosis and limb contracture developed. After 4 weeks, irradiated hind limbs were then injected with (a) fat enriched with stromal vascular cells (SVCs), (b) fat only, (c) saline, or (d) nothing (n = 10/group). Limb extension was measured at baseline and every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. Hind limb skin then underwent histological analysis and biomechanical strength testing. Irradiation significantly reduced limb extension but was progressively rescued by fat grafting. Fat grafting also reduced skin stiffness and reversed the radiation-induced histological changes in the skin. The greatest benefits were found in mice injected with fat enriched with SVCs. Hind limb radiation induces contracture in our mouse model which can be improved with fat grafting. Enriching fat with SVCs enhances these beneficial effects. These results underscore an attractive approach to address challenging soft tissue fibrosis in patients following RT.