bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifetime Benefits and Harms of Prostate-Specific Antigen–Based Risk-Stratified Screening for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Heijnsdijk Eveline A M , Gulati Roman , Tsodikov Alex , Lange Jane M , Mariotto Angela B , Vickers Andrew J , Carlsson Sigrid V , Etzioni Ruth 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Studies conducted in Swedish populations have shown that men with lowest prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels at ages 44–50 years and 60 years have very low risk of future distant metastasis or death from prostate cancer. This study investigates benefits and harms of screening strategies stratified by PSA levels.

Methods
PSA levels and diagnosis patterns from two microsimulation models of prostate cancer progression, detection, and mortality were compared against results of the Malmö Preventive Project, which stored serum and tracked subsequent prostate cancer diagnoses for 25 years. The models predicted the harms (tests and overdiagnoses) and benefits (lives saved and life-years gained) of PSA-stratified screening strategies compared with biennial screening from age 45 years to age 69 years.

Results
Compared with biennial screening for ages 45–69 years, lengthening screening intervals for men with PSA less than 1.0 ng/mL at age 45 years led to 46.8–47.0% fewer tests (range between models), 0.9–2.1% fewer overdiagnoses, and 3.1–3.8% fewer lives saved. Stopping screening when PSA was less than 1.0 ng/mL at age 60 years and older led to 12.8–16.0% fewer tests, 5.0–24.0% fewer overdiagnoses, and 5.0–13.1% fewer lives saved. Differences in model results can be partially explained by differences in assumptions about the link between PSA growth and the risk of disease progression.

Conclusion
Relative to a biennial screening strategy, PSA-stratified screening strategies investigated in this study substantially reduced the testing burden and modestly reduced overdiagnosis while preserving most lives saved. Further research is needed to clarify the link between PSA growth and disease progression.
When States Fail: The Politics of Orthodox Churches, Forced Displacement and Humanitarian Structures in Serbia and Ukraine
Authors: Leustean Lucian N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In Serbia, during the 2015 European refugee crisis, the Orthodox Church mobilized communities in providing humanitarian aid before local authorities and the government issued an organized response. Two years later, in December 2017, with the support of the Orthodox Church, Ukraine exchanged war prisoners with the separatist authorities in Donbas. In both countries, the social and political involvement of Orthodox Churches in dealing with forced displacement was unprecedented. Drawing on literature review and interviews with 25 representatives of governmental and civil-society bodies, members of the clergy and academics, this article explores the ways in which, in Serbia and Ukraine, when states fail to offer support for populations affected by violence, religious communities have been among the first actors to take over state governance and provide human security. It argues that, by doing so, Orthodox Churches become open to politicization from state authorities. The article contributes to the study of religion and forced displacement by linking the politicization of Orthodox Churches to the concept of state failure.
Subcutaneous emphysema and hypercarbia as a complication of laparoscopic procedure: case report
Authors: Aldakhil Sadal K , Tashkandi Abeer A , Al Harbi Mohammed K , Al Shehri Adel 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSubcutaneous emphysema (SE) is a rare complication of laparoscopic procedures, with an incidence rate of only 0.43–2.3%. In this report, we present a case of a 28-year-old male who underwent an elective laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair and developed surgical emphysema, hypercarbia and respiratory acidosis intraoperatively. Based on our findings, we concluded that regardless of the low incidence of SE, awareness of the associated risk factors should be ensured to avoid laparoscopic procedure-related complications.
A NuSTAR view of GRS 1716−249 in the hard and intermediate states
Authors: Jiang Jiachen , Fürst Felix , Walton Dominic J , Parker Michael L , Fabian Andrew C 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a detailed analysis of the spectral properties of the black hole transient GRS 1716−249, based on the archival Swift and NuSTAR observations taken during the outburst of this source in 2016–2017. The first six NuSTAR observations show that the source is in a canonical hard state, where the spectrum is dominated by a power-law continuum. The seventh NuSTAR observation is taken during the intermediate state where both a disc thermal component and a power-law continuum are shown. All of our observations show a broad emission-line feature in the iron band and a Compton hump above 10 keV. We model the broad-band spectra using a high-density disc reflection model, where the soft X-ray emission in the hard state is interpreted as part of the disc reflection component. This model enables us to constrain the disc density parameter of GRS 1716−249 in the range of 1019–1020 cm−3. We only obtain an upper limit of the inner disc radius using high-density disc reflection spectroscopy and the results indicate either a non-truncated disc or a slightly truncated disc with Rin ≲ 20 rg.
The VHE SED modelling of Markarian 501 in 2009
Authors: Sahu S , López Fortín C E , Iglesias Martínez M E , Nagataki S , Fernández de Córdoba P 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
The high energy blazar, Markarian 501 was observed as a part of multi-instrument and multiwavelength campaign spanning the whole electromagnetic spectrum for 4.5 months during March 15 to August 1, 2009. On May 1, Whipple 10 m telescope observed a very strong γ-ray flare in a time interval of about 0.5 h. Apart from this flare, high state and low state emissions were also observed by Whipple, VERITAS and MAGIC telescopes. Using the photohadronic model and accounting for the absorption of the extragalactic background light to these very high energy γ-rays, excellent fits are obtained for the observed spectra. We have shown that the intrinsic spectrum for low state emission is flat, however, for high and very high states this is a power-law with slowly increasing exponent.
Unlocking Galactic Wolf–Rayet stars with Gaia DR2 – I. Distances and absolute magnitudes
Authors: Rate Gemma , Crowther Paul A 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We obtain distances to 383 Galactic Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars from Gaia DR2 parallaxes and Bayesian methods, with a prior based on H ii regions and dust extinction. Distances agree with those from Bailer-Jones et al. for stars up to 2 kpc from the Sun, though deviate thereafter due to differing priors, leading to modest reductions in luminosities for recent WR spectroscopic results. We calculate visual and K-band absolute magnitudes, accounting for dust extinction contributions and binarity, and identify 187 stars with reliable absolute magnitudes. For WR and O stars within 2 kpc, we find a WR/O ratio of 0.09. The distances are used to generate absolute magnitude calibrations and obtain the Gaia colour–magnitude diagram for WR stars. Average vWR-band absolute magnitudes for WN stars range from –3.6 mag (WN3–4) to –7.0 mag (WN8–9ha), and –3.1 (WO2–4) to –4.6 mag (WC9), with standard deviations of ∼0.6 mag. Using H ii region scale heights, we identify 31 WR stars at large (3σ, |z| ≥ 156 pc) distances from the mid-plane as potential runaways accounting for the Galactic warp, of which only four involve WN8–9 stars, contrary to previous claims.
Age demographics of the Milky Way disc and bulge
Authors: Grady J , Belokurov V , Evans N W 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
We exploit the extensive Gaia Data Release 2 set of long-period variables to select a sample of O-rich Miras throughout the Milky Way disc and bulge for study. Exploiting the relation between Mira pulsation period and stellar age/chemistry, we slice the stellar density of the Galactic disc and bulge as a function of period. We find that the morphology of both components evolves as a function of stellar age/chemistry with the stellar disc being stubby at old ages, becoming progressively thinner and more radially extended at younger stellar ages, consistent with the picture of inside-out and upside-down formation of the Milky Way’s disc. We see evidence of a perturbed disc, with large-scale stellar overdensities visible both in and away from the stellar plane. We find that the bulge is well modelled by a triaxial boxy distribution with an axial ratio of ∼1:0.4:0.3. The oldest of the Miras (∼9–10 Gyr) show little bar-like morphology, while the younger stars appear inclined at a viewing angle of ∼21° to the Sun–Galactic Centre line. This suggests that bar formation and buckling took place 8–9 Gyr ago, with the older Miras being hot enough to avoid being trapped by the growing bar. We find the youngest Miras to exhibit a strong peanut morphology, bearing the characteristic X-shape of an inclined bar structure.
Effects of Social Media on Adolescents’ Willingness and Intention to Use E-Cigarettes: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Vogel Erin A , Ramo Danielle E , Rubinstein Mark L , Delucchi Kevin L , Darrow Sabrina M , Costello Caitlin , Prochaska Judith J 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroductionThis study examined the effects of experimentally manipulated social media exposure on adolescents’ willingness and intention to use e-cigarettes.Aims and MethodsParticipants were 135 adolescents of age 13–18 (52.6% female, mean age = 15.3) in California. Participants viewed six social media posts online in a 2 (post source: peer or advertisement) × 2 (e-cigarette content exposure: heavy or light) between-subjects design. Analyses were weighted to population benchmarks. We examined adolescents’ beliefs, willingness, and intention to use e-cigarettes in association with social media use intensity in daily life and with experimentally manipulated exposure to social media posts that varied by source (peer or advertisement) and content (e-cigarette heavy or light).ResultsGreater social media use in daily life was associated with greater willingness and intention to use e-cigarettes and more positive attitudes, greater perceived norms, and lower perceived danger of e-cigarette use (all p-values &lt;.01). In tests of the experimental exposures, heavy (vs. light) e-cigarette content resulted in greater intention (p = .049) to use e-cigarettes and more positive attitudes (p = .019). Viewing advertisements (vs. peer-generated posts) resulted in greater willingness and intention (p-values &lt;.01) to use e-cigarettes, more positive attitudes (p = .003), and greater norm perceptions (p = .009). The interaction effect of post source by post content was not significant for any of the outcomes (all p-values &gt;.529).ConclusionsGreater social media use and heavier exposure to advertisements and e-cigarette content in social media posts are associated with a greater risk for e-cigarette use among adolescents. Regulatory action is needed to prohibit sponsored e-cigarette content on social media platforms used by youth.ImplicationsAdolescents who use social media intensely may be at higher risk for e-cigarette use. Even brief exposure to e-cigarette content on social media was associated with greater intention to use and more positive attitudes toward e-cigarettes. Regulatory action should be taken to prohibit sponsored e-cigarette content on social media used by young people, including posts by influencers who appeal to young people.
The Effect of Cigarette Packaging and Illness Sensitivity on Attention to Graphic Health Warnings: A Controlled Study
Authors: Hardardottir Agnes , Al-Hamdani Mohammed , Klein Raymond , Hurst Austin , Stewart Sherry H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The social and health care costs of smoking are immense. To reduce these costs, several tobacco control policies have been introduced (eg, graphic health warnings [GHWs] on cigarette packs). Previous research has found plain packaging (a homogenized form of packaging), in comparison to branded packaging, effectively increases attention to GHWs using UK packaging prototypes. Past studies have also found that illness sensitivity (IS) protects against health-impairing behaviors. Building on this evidence, the goal of the current study was to assess the effect of packaging type (plain vs. branded), IS level, and their interaction on attention to GHWs on cigarette packages using proposed Canadian prototypes.

Aims and Methods
We assessed the dwell time and fixations on the GHW component of 40 cigarette pack stimuli (20 branded; 20 plain). Stimuli were presented in random order to 50 smokers (60.8% male; mean age = 33.1; 92.2% daily smokers) using the EyeLink 1000 system. Participants were divided into low IS (n = 25) and high IS (n = 25) groups based on scores on the Illness Sensitivity Index.

Results
Overall, plain packaging relative to branded packaging increased fixations (but not dwell time) on GHWs. Moreover, low IS (but not high IS) smokers showed more fixations to GHWs on plain versus branded packages.

Conclusions
These findings demonstrate that plain packaging is a promising intervention for daily smokers, particularly those low in IS, and contribute evidence in support of impending implementation of plain packaging in Canada.

Implications
Our findings have three important implications. First, our study provides controlled experimental evidence that plain packaging is a promising intervention for daily smokers. Second, the findings of this study contribute supportive evidence for the impending plain packaging policy in Canada, and can therefore aid in defense against anticipated challenges from the tobacco industry upon its implementation. Third, given its effects in increasing attention to GHWs, plain packaging is an intervention likely to provide smokers enhanced incentive for smoking cessation, particularly among those low in IS who may otherwise be less interested in seeking treatment for tobacco dependence.
An Internally-Consistent Database for Oxygen Isotope Fractionation Between Minerals
Authors: Vho Alice , Lanari Pierre , Rubatto Daniela 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe knowledge of the fractionation behaviour between phases in isotopic equilibrium and its evolution with temperature is fundamental to assist the petrological interpretation of measured oxygen isotope compositions. We report a comprehensive and updated internally consistent database for oxygen isotope fractionation. Internal consistency is of particular importance for applications of oxygen isotope fractionation that consider mineral assemblages rather than individual mineral couples. The database DBOxygen is constructed from a large dataset of published experimental, semi-empirical and natural data, which were weighted according to type. It includes fractionation factors for 153 major and accessory mineral phases and a pure H2O fluid phase in the temperature range of 0–900°C, with application recommended for temperatures of 200–900°C. Multiple primary data for each mineral couple were discretized and fitted to a model fractionation function. Consistency between the models for each mineral couple was achieved by simultaneous least square regression. Minimum absolute uncertainties based on the spread of the available data were calculated for each fractionation factor using a Monte Carlo sampling technique. The accuracy of the derived database is assessed by comparisons with previous oxygen isotope fractionation calculations based on selected mineral/mineral couples. This database provides an updated internally consistent tool for geochemical modelling based on a large set of primary data and including uncertainties. For an effective use of the database for thermometry and uncertainty calculation we provide a MATLAB©-based software ThermoOx. The new database supports isotopic modelling in a thermodynamic framework to predict the evolution of δ18O in minerals during metamorphism.
Experimenter- and Infrared Thermography–Derived Measures of Capsaicin-Induced Neurogenic Flare Among Non-Hispanic White and Black Adults
Authors: Fulton Brook A , Burton Emily F , Nance Sabrina , Letzen Janelle E , Campbell Claudia M 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objective
Capsaicin is a widely utilized experimental pain stimulus; however, few studies have reported on ethnic differences in pain responses to capsaicin. The present study used infrared thermography to 1) measure differences in capsaicin-induced neurogenic flare between non-Hispanic black (NHB) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) adults and 2) determine the association between neurogenic flare and secondary hyperalgesia.

Methods
Fifty-four participants (NHB N = 28) underwent heat/capsaicin sensitization model procedures. Neurogenic flare was examined using experimenter (i.e., subjective) and thermography (i.e., objective) measurements. A typically nonpainful mechanical punctate probe was used to measure secondary hyperalgesia.

Results
Ethnic groups did not significantly differ in age, sex, marital status, or personal income. Although experimenters rated a significantly wider area of capsaicin-related neurogenic flare among NHW compared with NHB participants (F1, 52 = 8.33, P = 0.006), thermography results showed no differences between groups in neurogenic flares (F1, 52 = 0.01, P = 0.93). Further, although NHB individuals reported greater average pain during the capsaicin procedures compared with NHW individuals (NHB = 58.57 [3.67], NHW = 46.46 [3.81]; F2, 51 = 5.19, P = 0.03), the groups did not differ in secondary hyperalgesia (F2, 51 = 0.03, P = 0.86), and ethnicity did not moderate the association between neurogenic flare and secondary hyperalgesia (F3, 50 = 0.24, P = 0.87).

Conclusions
Findings cautiously support the use of infrared thermography over subjective experimenter report when measuring neurogenic inflammation in diverse samples. However, infrared thermography should not be used as a diagnostic tool for pain, given the lack of association between these factors. Future research is warranted to replicate these findings in a larger and more diverse sample to determine accurate neurogenic inflammation measures across other ethnic minority populations.
Sleep duration over 28 years, cognition, gray matter volume, and white matter microstructure: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Zitser Jennifer , Anatürk Melis , Zsoldos Enikő , Mahmood Abda , Filippini Nicola , Suri Sana , Leng Yue , Yaffe Kristine , Singh-Manoux Archana , Kivimaki Mika , Ebmeier Klaus , Sexton Claire 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Study Objectives
To examine the association between sleep duration trajectories over 28 years and measures of cognition, gray matter volume, and white matter microstructure. We hypothesize that consistently meeting sleep guidelines that recommend at least 7 hours of sleep per night will be associated with better cognition, greater gray matter volumes, higher fractional anisotropy, and lower radial diffusivity values.

Methods
We studied 613 participants (age 42.3 ± 5.03 years at baseline) who self-reported sleep duration at five time points between 1985 and 2013, and who had cognitive testing and magnetic resonance imaging administered at a single timepoint between 2012 and 2016. We applied latent class growth analysis to estimate membership into trajectory groups based on self-reported sleep duration over time. Analysis of gray matter volumes was carried out using FSL Voxel-Based-Morphometry and white matter microstructure using Tract Based Spatial Statistics. We assessed group differences in cognitive and MRI outcomes using nonparametric permutation testing.

Results
Latent class growth analysis identified four trajectory groups, with an average sleep duration of 5.4 ± 0.2 hours (5%, N = 29), 6.2 ± 0.3 hours (37%, N = 228), 7.0 ± 0.2 hours (45%, N = 278), and 7.9 ± 0.3 hours (13%, N = 78). No differences in cognition, gray matter, and white matter measures were detected between groups.

Conclusions
Our null findings suggest that current sleep guidelines that recommend at least 7 hours of sleep per night may not be supported in relation to an association between sleep patterns and cognitive function or brain structure.
Adapting the Diabetes Prevention Program for low- and middle-income countries: preliminary implementation findings from lifestyle Africa
Authors: Catley Delwyn , Puoane Thandi , Goggin Kathy , Tsolekile Lungiswa P , Resnicow Ken , Fleming Kandace , Smyth Joshua M , Hurley Emily A , Schlachter Sarah , Vitolins Mara Z , Lambert Estelle V , Hassen Mariam , Muhali Kenneth , Schoor Rachel 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Rates of cardiovascular disease and diabetes are rising in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), but there is a dearth of research devoted to developing and evaluating chronic disease interventions in these settings, particularly in Africa. Lifestyle Africa is a novel, culturally adapted version of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) being evaluated in an ongoing community-based cluster-randomized trial in an underresourced urban community in South Africa. The purpose of this study is to describe the adaptations and adaptation process used to develop the program and to report preliminary implementation findings from the first wave of groups (n = 11; 200 individuals) who participated in the intervention. The RE-AIM model and community advisory boards guided the adaptation process. The program was designed to be delivered by community health workers (CHWs) through video-assisted sessions and supplemented with text messages. Participants in the trial were overweight and obese members of existing chronic disease “support groups” served via CHWs. Implementation outcomes included completion of sessions, session attendance, fidelity of session delivery, and participant satisfaction. Results indicated that 10/11 intervention groups completed all 17 core sessions. Average attendance across all sessions and groups was 54% and the percentage who attended at least 75% of sessions across all groups was 35%. Fidelity monitoring indicated a mean of 84% of all required procedures were completed while overall communication skills were rated as “good" to “excellent”. These preliminary results support the feasibility of culturally adapting the DPP for delivery by CHWs in underresourced settings in LMIC.