bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The materiality of ethics: Perspectives on water and reciprocity in a Himalayan Anthropocene
Authors: Gagné Karine 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn the Himalayas, water is seen by some as intricately linked to humans and produced through ethical actions. Its materiality, as a lack or excess of rain or snow, as healthy or receding ice, as destructive hail or flash flood, is a reflection of humans' moral attitude and an outcome of a process of reciprocity that links humans to nonhumans, the land, and divine beings. This perspective departs from the conception of water seen through development projects and from studies about climate change, which tend to objectify water through an epistemology that isolates nature from culture. Water as the materiality of ethics is examined by drawing on cases from Ladakh and Zanskar in the Himalayas and by reviewing studies from other parts of the Himalayas. In particular, water as the materiality of ethics is analyzed through three perspectives: how water is produced as people interact with a sacred geography, how snowy peaks are produced as objects of morality through affective attachment and encounters, and how water is produced as part of multispecies assemblages. A review of an ontology of water defined by reciprocity is important considering the significant changes currently taking place in the Himalayas and which are brought about by climate change and state production through large‐scale development projects. It can enrich our understanding of their implications for the cultural life of the often marginalized peoples of the Himalayas and contribute to narratives about the Anthropocene.This article is categorized under:Human Water > Water as Imagined and RepresentedHuman Water > Rights to Water
Contested framings of greenhouse gas removal and its feasibility: Social and political dimensions
Authors: Waller Laurie , Rayner Tim , Chilvers Jason , Gough Clair Amanda , Lorenzoni Irene , Jordan Andrew , Vaughan Naomi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractProspective approaches for large‐scale greenhouse gas removal (GGR) are now central to the post‐2020 international commitment to pursue efforts to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5°C. However, the feasibility of large‐scale GGR has been repeatedly questioned. Most systematic analyses focus only on the physical, technical, and economic challenges of deploying it at scale. However, social and political dimensions will be just as important, if not more so, to how possible futures play out. We conduct one of the first reviews of the international peer‐reviewed literature pertaining to the social and political dimensions of large‐scale GGR, with a specific focus on two predominant approaches: Biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and afforestation/reforestation (AR). Our analysis of 78 studies proposes two important insights. First, it shows how six key social and political dimensions of GGR feasibility–namely economics and incentives; innovation; societal engagement; governance; complexity and uncertainty; and ethics, equity, and justice–are identifiable and are emphasized to varying degrees in the literature. Second, there are three contested ways in which BECCS and AR and their feasibility are being framed in the literature: (a) a techno‐economic framing; (b) a social and political acceptability framing; and (c) a responsible development framing. We suggest this third frame will, and indeed should, become increasingly pertinent to the assessment, innovation, and governance of climate futures.This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Policies, Instruments, Lifestyles, Behavior.
The use of transition analysis in skeletal age estimation
Authors: Getz Sara M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe ability to produce accurate and precise age‐at‐death estimates from adult skeletal remains is critical for both forensic and bioarchaeological analyses. Despite many decades of investigation, anthropologists are still heavily reliant on methods that fail to adequately capture biological variation in skeletal aging and produce estimates that are insufficient for most applications. The Transition analysis (TA) by Boldsen et al. (2002) refers to a broad category of statistical approaches used to generate probabilistic information from binary or ordinal reference data as well as a specific method, Transition Analysis (TA) (Boldsen et al. 2002), that combines components of the cranial sutures and pelvic joints. The TA method uses free software to generate age estimates from the available trait scores, a statistical correction for the use of correlated features, and information about population mortality structure. Variations of the transition analysis approach have also applied to data from traditional age‐estimation methods, isolated areas of the skeleton, and many features distributed throughout the body. Investigations of TA and other transition analysis‐based approaches on archaeological, historic, and modern remains have demonstrated significant improvements in our ability to document skeletal variation, produce estimates in the upper half of the adult lifespan, and investigate patterns of mortality in the past. Despite these improvements, several challenges remain, including wide age intervals and systematic age‐estimation bias, particularly for individuals in the youngest and oldest portions of adulthood. Moving forward, component‐based approaches capable of producing individualized, probabilistic estimates using new skeletal features and user‐friendly software are needed.This article is categorized under:
Forensic Anthropology > Age Assessment
Wie stark trifft die Corona-Pandemie die Kliniken für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie?
Authors: von Dercks Nikolaus , Körner Christian , Heyde Christoph-E. , Theopold Jan 
Published: May 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die Corona-Pandemie stellt Krankenhäuser vor enorme finanzielle Herausforderungen. Am Beispiel einer Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie soll die Leistungsentwicklung in der stationären Versorgung der ersten 5 Wochen nach Beginn der gesetzgeberisch angeordneten Leistungsreduktion im Vorjahresvergleich sowie eine Bewertung der gesetzgeberisch festgelegten Kompensationsmaßnahmen bewertet werden.

Methodik
Anhand der Leistungszahlen wird ein Vergleich des Zeitraumes 16.03. bis 17.04.2019 und demselben Zeitraum 2020 durchgeführt. Veränderungen von Fallzahl, Casemix, Casemix-Index und Daymix-Index sowie den Belegungstagen werden erfasst. Auf diese Veränderungen werden die monetären Maßnahmen aus dem COVID-19-Krankenhausentlastungsgesetz angewendet und deren Auskömmlichkeit bewertet.

Ergebnisse
Im Vergleich zum Vorjahr kommt es im Beobachtungszeitraum zu einem Rückgang der stationären Aufnahmen von 307 Patienten. Demzufolge waren ein Rückgang des Casemix um 595 Punkte und der Belegungstage um 2320 Tage zu verzeichnen. Es ergibt sich ein Erlösrückgang von ca. 1,9 Mio. EUR. Die Leerbettenpauschale stellt die monetär größte Kompensation der Erlösausfälle dar. Sie beläuft sich auf ca. 1,3 Mio. EUR. Unter Berücksichtigung weiterer Unterstützung und einer Bereinigung um variable Kosten bleibt ein Fehlbetrag von 382.069 € in Bezug auf die stationären Leistungen für 5 Wochen.

Diskussion
Die Maßnahmen des Gesetzgebers stellen eine wichtige Stütze zur wirtschaftlichen Absicherung deutscher Krankenhäuser dar. Die fehlende Differenzierung der Maßnahmen nach Fachrichtung führt für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie zu einer nur unzureichenden Kompensation.
The cyanobacterial neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) targets the olfactory bulb region
Authors: Pierozan Paula , Piras Elena , Brittebo Eva , Karlsson Oskar 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOlfactory dysfunction is implicated in neurodegenerative disorders and typically manifests years before other symptoms. The cyanobacterial neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) is suggested as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease. Detection of BMAA in air filters has increased the concern that aerosolization may lead to human BMAA exposure through the air. The aim of this study was to determine if BMAA targets the olfactory system. Autoradiographic imaging showed a distinct localization of radioactivity in the right olfactory mucosa and bulb following a unilateral intranasal instillation of 3H-BMAA (0.018 µg) in mice, demonstrating a direct transfer of BMAA via the olfactory pathways to the brain circumventing the blood–brain barrier, which was confirmed by liquid scintillation. Treatment of mouse primary olfactory bulb cells with 100 µM BMAA for 24 h caused a disruption of the neurite network, formation of dendritic varicosities and reduced cell viability. The NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and the metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist MCPG protected against the BMAA-induced alterations, demonstrating the importance of glutamatergic mechanisms. The ionotropic non-NMDA receptor antagonist CNQX prevented the BMAA-induced decrease of cell viability in mixed cultures containing both neuronal and glial cells, but not in cultures with neurons only, suggesting a role of neuron–glial interactions and glial AMPA receptors in the BMAA-induced toxicity. The results show that the olfactory region may be a target for BMAA following inhalation exposure. Further studies on the relations between environmental olfactory toxicants and neurodegenerative disorders are warranted.
Prognostic relevance of the loss of stromal CD34 positive fibroblasts in invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Westhoff Christina C. , Jank Paul , Jacke Christian O. , Albert Ute-Susann , Ebrahimsade Schokufe , Barth Peter J. , Moll Roland 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCD34+ fibroblasts are constitutive stromal components of virtually all organs, including the mammary stroma, being involved in matrix synthesis, antigen presentation, and tumor-associated stromal remodeling. The most common subtype of invasive breast carcinoma, invasive carcinoma of no special type (IBC-NST), is known for its stromal loss of CD34+ fibroblasts while acquiring alpha smooth muscle actin-positive (α-SMA+) myofibroblasts, i.e., cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), whereas invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) displays partial preservation of CD34+ fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic relevance of stromal CD34+ fibroblasts and α-SMA+ myofibroblasts in an extended collection of ILC. A total of 133 cases of ILC, primarily resected between 1996 and 2004 at University Hospital Marburg, were examined semiquantitatively for stromal content of CD34+ fibroblasts and α-SMA+ myofibroblasts. Partial preservation of CD34+ fibroblasts in the tumor stroma of ILC was confirmed. Absence of CD34+ fibroblasts in the tumor stroma significantly correlated with the presence of α-SMA+ myofibroblasts (p = 0.010), positive lymph node status (p = 0.004), and pN stage (p = 0.006). Stromal loss of CD34+ fibroblasts was significantly associated with lower overall and disease-free survival rates (p = 0.012 and 0.013, respectively). Multivariate analysis adjusted for pT and pN stage revealed stromal loss of CD34+ fibroblasts as independent prognostic parameter (p = 0.05). To our knowledge, this is the first report defining prognostically relevant stromal subtypes of ILC with long-term follow-up. Future research targeting the potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications of CD34+ fibroblasts and CAF in breast cancer, especially ILC, is a promising field of interest.
ESM-Kredite zur Bekämpfung der Corona-Krise greifen zu kurz
Authors: Schäfer Hans-Bernd 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungAm 9. April 2020 einigten sich die Finanzminister der Eurozone auf Kreditlinien beim Europäischen Stabilisierungsmechanismus (ESM), um der Corona-Krise entgegenzutreten. Die ESM-Kredite werden mit 200 Mrd. Euro beziffert. Dieser Wert ist jedoch irreführend, denn nur wenige Staaten hätten überhaupt Vorteile gegenüber einer zehnjährigen Staatsanleihe im eigenen Land. Zudem ist der Umfang der ESM-Kredite begrenzt.
SciKit-Surgery: compact libraries for surgical navigation
Authors: Thompson Stephen , Dowrick Thomas , Ahmad Mian , Xiao Goufang , Koo Bongjin , Bonmati Ester , Kahl Kim , Clarkson Matthew J. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
This paper introduces the SciKit-Surgery libraries, designed to enable rapid development of clinical applications for image-guided interventions. SciKit-Surgery implements a family of compact, orthogonal, libraries accompanied by robust testing, documentation, and quality control. SciKit-Surgery libraries can be rapidly assembled into testable clinical applications and subsequently translated to production software without the need for software reimplementation. The aim is to support translation from single surgeon trials to multicentre trials in under 2 years.

Methods
At the time of publication, there were 13 SciKit-Surgery libraries provide functionality for visualisation and augmented reality in surgery, together with hardware interfaces for video, tracking, and ultrasound sources. The libraries are stand-alone, open source, and provide Python interfaces. This design approach enables fast development of robust applications and subsequent translation. The paper compares the libraries with existing platforms and uses two example applications to show how SciKit-Surgery libraries can be used in practice.

Results
Using the number of lines of code and the occurrence of cross-dependencies as proxy measurements of code complexity, two example applications using SciKit-Surgery libraries are analysed. The SciKit-Surgery libraries demonstrate ability to support rapid development of testable clinical applications. By maintaining stricter orthogonality between libraries, the number, and complexity of dependencies can be reduced. The SciKit-Surgery libraries also demonstrate the potential to support wider dissemination of novel research.

Conclusion
The SciKit-Surgery libraries utilise the modularity of the Python language and the standard data types of the NumPy package to provide an easy-to-use, well-tested, and extensible set of tools for the development of applications for image-guided interventions. The example application built on SciKit-Surgery has a simpler dependency structure than the same application built using a monolithic platform, making ongoing clinical translation more feasible.
Arbeitsbezogene Gesundheit in Inklusionsbetrieben – eine Übersicht zur Arbeits- und Gesundheitssituation der Beschäftigten und der betrieblichen Gesundheitsförderung
Authors: Lengen Julia , Kordsmeyer Ann-Christin , Harth Volker , Mache Stefanie 
Published: May 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Inklusionsbetriebe bieten Menschen mit geistigen oder körperlichen Einschränkungen einen geschützten Beschäftigungsrahmen auf dem allgemeinen Arbeitsmarkt. Aufgrund der gesundheitlichen Notwendigkeit bei der Zielgruppe Menschen mit Behinderung und der kürzlich reformierten gesetzlichen Vorgaben nimmt die betriebliche Gesundheitsförderung einen wichtigen Stellenwert in Inklusionsbetrieben ein.

Fragestellung
In dem Artikel wird eine Übersicht zum Forschungsstand zur Arbeits- und Gesundheitssituation von Beschäftigten in Inklusionsbetrieben sowie die aktuelle Umsetzung von Gesundheitsförderungsmaßnahmen präsentiert.

Ergebnisse
Forschungsergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass Erwerbsarbeit durch ihre vielen potenziell gesundheitsförderlichen und sozial-inklusiven Effekte für Beschäftige mit Behinderung viele Ressourcen (z. B. soziale Unterstützung oder Flexibilität) mit sich bringt.

Schlussfolgerung
Forschungsbedarf wird v. a. hinsichtlich evidenzbasierter Interventionsmaßnahmen und in der Analyse gesundheitlicher Belastungen der in Inklusionsbetrieben beschäftigten Menschen mit und ohne Behinderung sichtbar. Zur Entwicklung gesundheitsförderlicher Arbeitsbedingungen werden in diesem Beitrag Empfehlungen auf Basis der bisherigen Forschung, v. a. für die Kategorien Arbeitsinhalte, Arbeitsorganisation und soziale Beziehungen zusammengefasst.
Recognition and Imaging of Point Defect Diffusion, Recombination, and Reaction During Growth of Czochralski-Silicon Crystals
Authors: Hourai Masataka , Asayama Eiichi , Nishikawa Hideshi , Nishimoto Manabu , Ono Toshiaki , Okui Masahiko 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe behavior of point defects was visualized in lightly and heavily boron (B)-doped Czochralski-silicon (CZ-Si) crystals by employing a special growth technique, namely, rapidly cooling a growing crystal after it is detached from the Si melt. In the case of crystal growth with a high pulling rate, an anomalous oxygen precipitation (AOP) region dominated by vacancies appeared, whereas in the case of crystal growth with a low pulling rate, a dislocation loop region dominated by self-interstitials appeared. In the crystals cooled rapidly after halting growth for several hours, self-interstitials flowed into the AOP region and dislocation loop regions formed and expanded, while the AOP region shrunk due to diffusion of excess vacancies to the crystal surface and void regions. These transient changes in the point defect distribution were reproduced using a point defect simulator. Defect regions related to self-interstitials could not be confirmed in the heavily B-doped crystals with resistivities of 10 mΩcm or less, where the void- and oxidation-induced stacking fault (OSF)-ring regions disappeared completely at the center of the crystal. These results show that the behaviors of point defects in heavily doped CZ-Si crystals with various impurities are important research subjects in relation to future advanced power applications.
Efficiency of pozzolan and sawdust as biofilter in the treatment of wastewater
Authors: Ouadi B. , Bendraoua A. , Boualla N. , Adjdir M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWastewater can offer a favorable solution for wastewater treatment. This work reviews series of filters with different particle sizes, namely pozzolan and sawdust, as an alternative for wastewater treatment. A permeability coefficient was determined for each filter. The biofilm was prepared by passing a stream of wastewater containing bacteria through different filters separately. The purification of wastewater was performed on the biofilm with different particles sizes. The results show an inverse relationship between the permeability coefficient and the contact time that affects the efficiency of the filtration. Filtration efficiency yield is around 85–94% for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and around 92–97% for biological oxygen demand (BOD). High efficiency in removing some minerals is also observed by bacteria. The biofilm prepared from wastewater seems to be an efficient agent to filter wastewaters in particular rural areas. The formation of biofilms has significantly reduced bacterial activity and heavy metal content.
Optimization of engineered water injection performance in heterogeneous carbonates: a numerical study on a sector model
Authors: Adegbite Jamiu Oyekan , Al-Shalabi Emad Walid 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOne of the emerging technologies for boosting oil recovery in both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs is engineered/low-salinity water injection (EWI/LSWI). In this paper, optimization of engineered water injection is investigated using three synthetic sector models representing homogeneous, heterogeneous with channeling, and heterogeneous with gravity underride reservoirs. Both oil recovery and net present value were investigated as objective functions for the study. Eighteen design parameters were selected for the study including reservoir, operational, and economic parameters. Response Surface Methodology and Designed Exploration and Controlled Evolution algorithms were implemented for sensitivity analysis and optimization studies, respectively. The study highlighted that NPV is more representative as an objective function compared to oil recovery where the three optimized models have about similar oil recovery, but different NPVs. The sensitivity analysis showed that oil price, tax rate, and initial oil saturation are the three most influential design parameters on the net present value for the three models investigated. Moreover, the findings showed that developing the gravity underride model requires more attention as being the most sensitive model with 13 influential design parameters. The optimization study highlighted that secondary EWI is recommended to achieve the best profitability out of the three models. However, a high maximum exposure is expected due to the capital and operational costs related to early EWI application. This study is one of the very few that discusses the economic aspect of EWI while incorporating the complexity of geochemical reactions and the heterogeneity of carbonates.
Remembering, Forgetting, and Absencing Disasters in the Post-disaster Recovery Process
Authors: Monteil Charlotte , Barclay Jenni , Hicks Anna 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSustainable post-disaster recovery implies learning from past experience in order to prevent recreating forms of vulnerability. Memory construction supports both the healing process and redevelopment plans. Hence, memory of disaster results from the balance between remembering, forgetting, and absencing elements of the disaster, and can be both a tool and an obstacle to sustainable recovery. We explore here how collective memory is built in a post-disaster context to respond to the needs of this critical period, and how it shapes recovery. This ethnographic study, conducted between 2015 and 2017, explores the recovery processes in Montserrat, a small Caribbean island affected by an extended volcanic crisis from 1995 to 2010. Although this study does not give tangible solutions for disaster risk reduction in a post-disaster context, it highlights potential obstacles for learning from a disaster and how they may be surmounted. We argue that it is crucial to acknowledge evolving collective memory in order to implement effective measures for preserving and sharing a shared understanding of disaster across generations and social groups in a way that supports disaster risk awareness. We also maintain that acknowledging the dilemma faced by authorities and disaster management agencies during a period of conflicting needs may encourage the reconsideration of risk framing, and hence reveal how to improve implementation of disaster risk reduction measures.
The PERSEO Experience: A Water-Filled Garment Prototype for Personal Radiation Protection of Astronauts Successfully Tested on Board the International Space Station
Authors: Baiocco G. , Giraudo M. , Bocchini L. , Barbieri S. , Locantore I. , Brussolo E. , Giacosa D. , Meucci L. , Steffenino S. , Ballario A. , Barresi B. , Barresi R. , Benassai M. , Ravagnolo L. , Narici L. , Rizzo A. , Carrubba E. , Carubia F. , Neri G. , Crisconio M. , Piccirillo S. , Valentini G. , Barbero S. , Giacci M. , Lobascio C. , Ottolenghi A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe PERSEO project (PErsonal Radiation Shielding for intErplanetary missiOns), funded by the Italian Space Agency, has led to the development of a first technological demonstrator of a radiation shielding garment, to be used in a pressurized space habitat, that can be filled at need with on-board water and used for personal protection in case of solar particle events. The collaboration, including academic partners and companies active in space research and technology development, designed and manufactured the prototype that has been successfully tested on board the International Space Station by the European Space Agency astronaut Paolo Nespoli in November 2017, during the VITA mission. The effectiveness of the garment in terms of reduction of the radiation dose to sensitive organs (subject to the occurrence of short-term non-cancer effects following acute exposure) has been evaluated with Monte Carlo simulations with an anthropomorphic phantom. The successful outcome of the experimental session on board has demonstrated the practicality of use and wearability of the prototype, and, in perspective, the feasibility of a personal radiation shielding strategy, complementary to habitat shielding and based on the use of available resources, of fundamental importance also in view of future manned interplanetary missions.