bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
193 Growth performance of lambs and kids on pasture
Authors: Schoenian Susan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There are different methods for growing and finishing lambs and kids. A high percentage of lambs are finished on concentrate diets. At the same time, there is a growing demand for grass-fed meat. Grass-fed meat usually has a more healthful fatty acid profile. The gains obtained on pasture are often more economical. However, there are also challenges to raising lambs and kids on pasture. Performance (ADG and BCS) can be poor, due to seasonal fluctuations in pasture quality (and quantify), poor grazing practices, and heavy burdens of gastro-intestinal parasites (worms). Raising lambs and kids profitably on pasture requires strategies that provide excellent nutrition and minimize the impact of parasites, while meeting the desires of today’s consumers.
198 Beef cattle support system modeling
Authors: White Robin R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A model is a tool used to study the dynamics of a system when investigations on the system itself are difficult because of scope, scale, sensitivity, or other complexities. Beef cattle production in the United States is at least a 2- to 4-phase process, consisting of economic, social, environmental, and biological relationships. As such, modeling is a logical strategy to handle many research questions focused on systems responses of beef cattle production systems. There are a number of modeling tools that can be used to research beef cattle production settings, including but not limited to: nutrient requirement models, pasture models, farm system models, and life cycle assessments. Life cycle assessments are the broadest category of models and typically fall under the umbrella of static, deterministic, empirical models that encompass the entirety of the beef production system from manufacture of the inputs through production of the outputs. There are a number of life cycle assessments of beef cattle production systems and comparison of the outcome of these models is a strategy to discern how changes in one aspect of the production system affect all downstream processes. Farm system models can assess an individual economic enterprise or an entirety of a beef production system and typically are dynamic, mechanistic models of the interactions between cattle and their external environments. Several researchers have also established deterministic, empirical farm system models, or hybrids of these two model types. Pasture models can be independent of or tightly linked with farm system models. Most pasture models are dynamic, mechanistic models; however, deterministic, empirical models also exist. Pasture models typically seek to model plant/soil/water interactions. Finally, animal response models and nutrient requirement models can be used to represent animal/feed/management interactions. These models can be dynamic or static, deterministic or mechanistic.
43 Effect of Mushroom Probiotic (Coriolus Versicolor) on Galectin Gene Secretion in Goat Blood
Authors: Ekwemalor Kingsley E , Asiamah Emmanuel K , Adjei-Fremah Sarah , ElukaOkoludoh Eboghoye , Worku Mulumebet 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Galectins (GAL) constitute an evolutionarily conserved family of β-galactoside-binding proteins that are secreted. They are involved in the regulation of homeostasis, innate and adaptive immune responses to infectious challenge. The mushroom Coriolus versicolor (CV) has been reported to boost suppressed immune function, extending the survival rate and improving quality of life in man. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mushroom probiotics on the secretion of Galectins in goat blood. Ten BoerXSpanish female goats (5 weeks of age) were used for this study. Powdered CV was soaked in cold water and sterile filtered. Following initial screening for infection, goats were assigned to two groups of five (n = 10). Goats were drenched daily with 10 mL cold (treatment I) extract for 4 weeks. A control group of five age-matched goats received sterile water (treatment II). Blood samples were collected on a weekly basis. The concentration plasma protein was determined by using Pierce BCA kit (Thermo Scientific Pierce, Rockford, IL). Galectins-1, -3, -8, -9 and -12 concentration was detected by using a commercial ELISA kits (ABclonal Biotechnology, Woburn, MA). There was an effect of treatment in total plasma protein concentration when compared to the control group (P &lt; 0.02). Galectins tested were secreted in both control and treatment groups. Treatment with CV decreased the concentration of Gal-1, 8 and 9 and increased the concentration of Gal-3 and -12 (P &lt; 0.05). Results from this study indicate that mushroom probiotics can modulate the secretion of GAL.
177 Use of diatomaceous earth and copper oxide wire particles to control gastrointestinal nematodes in lambs
Authors: Jones Olivia , Burke Joan M , Miller James E , Rosenkrans Charles 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Anthelmintic resistance urges alternatives to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Copper oxide wire particles (COWP) are more efficacious when used with dewormers and little is known on efficacy of diatomaceous earth (DE) to control GIN. The objective was to examine the effects of DE and COWP on GIN control. Katahdin lambs (n = 32; ~150 d of age; 25.0 ± 1.8 kg) were randomly assigned to receive: 1) 2% dietary DE, 2) 1g COWP, 3) both 2% DE and 1g COWP, and 4) neither DE or COWP. Feces and blood were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 to determine fecal egg counts (FEC) and blood packed cell volume (PCV). Feces were cultured to determine GIN genera. FEC were log transformed; data were analyzed as a 2 x 2 factorial using proc mixed with day as repeated (SAS). There was a mixed GIN population including 58% Haemonchus contortus and 30% Trichostrongylus spp. FEC tended to be lower by d 28 in DE (175 eggs/g) than no DE (753 eggs/g) fed lambs (P = 0.09), but in general, were relatively low and no other differences among treatments detected. PCV tended to be higher in COWP than no COWP lambs by d 28 (P = 0.10), and no other differences detected. In conclusion, during a low GIN challenge, there may have been a small effect of DE on FEC but no advantage was observed in combination treatment.
96 Impact of daily movement with low or higher target residue on ewe weight gain and parasite infestation
Authors: Kukor-Laureano Isabella , Van Buren Izzy , Daniel Jay A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Impact of grazing method on ewe performance, parasite infestation, and soil, was examined using mature, non-lactating Katahdin ewes. Pasture consisting of primarily common bermudagrass/crabgrass mixture previously grazed by sheep was divided into four, approximately one acre paddocks (two with a target of 3 cm residue [SR; short residue) and two with a target of 13 cm residue (LR; long residue)] and soil sampled. On May 17 (d 0), 5 ewes were placed on each paddock and provided with daily grazing allocation using temporary electric fence. Body weight and fecal egg count (FEC) was recorded biweekly beginning on d 0. On alternate weeks, ewe body condition score (BCS) and FAMACHA score was recorded. After 84 days of grazing, final data and soil samples were collected. BCS, FAMACHA, FEC, body weight, and soil test results were tested for effect of treatment (SR vs LR), day, and treatment by day interaction using procedures for repeated measures with JMP software (version 10, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). There was an effect of treatment (P = 0.0345) and day (P &lt; 0.0001) on BCS such that BCS was greater for LR than SR, and d 63 and 77 was greater than 35 and 49. There was an effect of day on body weight (P = 0.0008) such that body weights were greater on d 70 and 84 than d 0, 14, and 28. There was a tendency for a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.0766) on FEC such that FEC was greater for SR on d 70 and 84 than all other treatment days except SR on d 56 and LR on d 0. No effects on FAMACHA score or soil parameters were significant. These data indicate daily rotation with a higher target residue can result in improved body condition and lower FEC.
26 Copper oxide wire particles to complement control of gastrointestinal nematodes with levamisole and/or albendazole in lambs
Authors: Burke Joan M , Miller James E , Acharya Mohan , Wood Erin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Due to high prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR), complementary approaches to anthelmintic use to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep are necessary. Copper oxide wire particles (COWP) are effective against Haemonchus contortus but not other GIN, and FAMACHA aids to minimize further development of AR. The objective was to determine the efficacy of COWP alone or in combination with levamisole, albendazole, or a 3-way combination to control GIN known to have AR to these anthelmintics. Naturally infected Katahdin lambs were selectively dewormed based on FAMACHA© and/or packed cell volume (PCV). If FAMACHA© scores were 3, 4, or 5, lambs received 1 g COWP alone (n = 120), COWP and levamisole (n = 47) or albendazole (n = 6), or a 3-way combination (n = 10), respectively. Untreated lambs were included (CON; n = 31). Feces and blood were collected on days 0 (day of deworming) and 14 for determination of fecal egg counts (FEC) and FEC reduction (FECRED) and PCV. Data were analyzed using repeated measures in a mixed model. The mean FECRED was greater for the combination of levamisole and COWP than COWP alone (P &lt; 0.001). In a mixed GIN population, COWP in combination with levamisole increased the efficacy of FECRED of H. contortus and other GIN genera present, offering greater GIN management in the presence of resistance to these anthelmintics.
142 Reproductive performance of land race hair sheep ewes in different breeding seasons under a semi-continuous production
Authors: Wildeus Stephan , O’Brien Dahlia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A system for semi-continuous lamb production was evaluated using Barbados Blackbelly and St. Croix hair sheep ewes under 8-mo accelerated mating. Ewes were managed in a forage-based production system using rotational grazing. Two flocks of ewes (n = 30–35), equally representing the breeds, were bred 4 mo apart. Ewes were synchronized by feeding melengestrol acetate for 10 d, and mated in two single sire groups to like breed sires in November (NOV), March (MAR), and July (JUL) in a 25-d mating period. Pregnancy was recorded by transrectal ultrasound 22 d after breeding. Ewes were supplemented with corn/soybean meal during late gestation (0.75% of BW) and during lactation (1.5% of BW). They lambed on pasture with limited supervision, and lambs were weaned at 2 mo of age. Lambs had access to the supplement provided to ewes. Ewe performance (pregnancy rate, litter size, lamb survival, and birth and weaning weight) was recorded during a 2 yr production cycle, and analyzed for the effect of mating season. Pregnancy rate was not statistically different (P &gt; 0.1) between season, and ranged from 93.9% in NOV, to 85.9 and 86.6% in MAR and JUL. Litter size (lambs born/ewe lambing) was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in NOV (2.09) than MAR (1.68) and JUL (1.82). Lamb survival at birth was reduced (P &lt; 0.001) in JUL (86.5%) compared to NOV (99%) and MAR (100 %), but was not different between seasons for survival to weaning (86 to 90%). Lamb birth weights were higher (P &lt; 0.05) in MAR (3.16 kg) than JUL (2.99 kg), with NOV (3.05 kg) intermediate, while lamb weaning weights were higher (P &lt; 0.001) in NOV (13.6 kg) compared with MAR (11.9 kg) and JUL (11.4 kg) mating. Data suggest that dual flock, accelerated mating of landrace hair sheep ewes can produce lamb cohorts of similar size in 4 mo intervals under a low-input, forage-based production system.
141 Reproductive characteristics of post-pubertal lambs after being rendered short scrotum
Authors: O’Brien Dahlia , Wildeus Stephan , Schoenian Susan , Perdue Maegan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A follow-up study was conducted to validate observations from an earlier trial on reproductive function in ram lambs following short scrotum castration. Again, East Friesian x Lacaune male dairy lambs from a commercial sheep dairy born in February and March were either left intact (IN, n=25), rendered short-scrotum (SS; n=18), or completely banded (WE; n=25) within 10 d of birth. At a mean age of 65 d, lambs were moved to the study site and managed as one group on cool season forages and supplemented with grain at 2–3% BW. At a mean age of 172 d, lambs were tested for libido in a 5 min pen test, and semen was collected from 7 IN and 7 SS lambs. Four estrus-induced teaser ewes were used for libido testing and semen collection by artificial vagina. Lambs were harvested the day after testing/collection, and reproductive tracts were recovered from 5 IN and 5 SS lambs at random. Differences between male lamb types were analyzed using PROC GLM. No statistical differences (P &gt;0.05) in reproductive behaviors were observed between IN and SS, though number of services and kicks were numerically higher in IN than SS (1.3 vs. 0.45; 1.6 vs. 0.73). No reproductive behaviors was observed in WE. Ejaculate volume was not different between IN and SS (0.56 vs. 0.49 ml), but percent motile sperm (45 vs. 6 %; P&lt; 0.01) and sperm concentration (1.52 vs. 0.05 billion/ml; P&lt; 0.05) were higher in IN then SS lambs. Total testis and epididymis weight were also higher (P&lt; 0.01) in IN than SS lambs (291 vs. 109 g; 53.8 g vs. 17.7 g). Additionally, epididymal sperm reserves were higher (P&lt; 0.05) in IN than SS (9.42 vs. 0.89 billion) lambs. Results confirm our earlier findings that reproductive function was greatly reduced, but did not cease in short scrotum ram lambs.
95 Impact of daily movement with low or higher target residue on ewe weight gain and parasite infestation
Authors: Kukor-Laureano Isabella , Van Buren Izzy , Daniel Jay A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Impact of grazing method on ewe performance, parasite infestation, and soil, was examined using mature, non-lactating Katahdin ewes. Pasture consisting of primarily common bermudagrass/crabgrass mixture previously grazed by sheep was divided into four, approximately one acre paddocks [two with a target of 3 cm residue (SR; short residue) and two with a target of 13 cm residue (LR; long residue)] and soil sampled. On May 17 (d 0), 5 ewes were placed on each paddock and provided with daily grazing allocation using temporary electric fence. Body weight and fecal egg count (FEC) was recorded biweekly beginning on d 0. On alternate weeks, ewe body condition score (BCS) and FAMACHA score was recorded. After 84 days of grazing, final data and soil samples were collected. BCS, FAMACHA, FEC, body weight, and soil test results were tested for effect of treatment (SR vs LR), day, and treatment by day interaction using procedures for repeated measures with JMP software (version 10, SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). There was an effect of treatment (P = 0.0345) and day (P &lt; 0.0001) on BCS such that BCS was greater for LR than SR, and d 63 and 77 was greater than 35 and 49. There was an effect of day on body weight (P = 0.0008) such that body weights were greater on d 70 and 84 than d 0, 14, and 28. There was a tendency for a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.0766) on FEC such that FEC was greater for SR on d 70 and 84 than all other treatment days except SR on d 56 and LR on d 0. No effects on FAMACHA score or soil parameters were significant. These data indicate daily rotation with a higher target residue can result in improved body condition and lower FEC.
175 The Suitability of Autoclave and Pressure Cooker Washing Methods in Comparison to ANKOM200 to Determine Neutral Detergent Fiber Using Different Feedstuffs and Washing Solutions
Authors: Adams Jordan , Norris Aaron B , Rivera Madeline E , Batista Luiz Fernando Dias , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The use of the in vitro gas production (IVGP) technique requires accurate determination of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) residue. However, the NDF determination using standard procedures are not always feasible for IVGP; thus requiring micro-NDF methods, which need autoclave (AC) and pressure cooker (PC) to boil the solution. A complete randomized design using a 3×3 factorial arrangement was implemented to investigate the effect of washing methods (WM: AC, PC, or ANKOM200) and solution ratios (WS: 100 mL neutral detergent solution (ND), 150 mL ND, or 100 mL H2O/g sample) to determine NDF residues, assuming ANKOM200 and 100 mL ND/g as the standard methodology. Each factor combination was performed in triplicate with a replicate being comprised of 12 bottles or bags (two blanks and five feedstuffs in duplicate). Feedstuffs were: alfalfa hay (AH), bermudagrass hay (BH), two high-forage rations (G1 and G2), and a high-concentrate ration (FR). Following each run, bottles were filtered to obtain the NDF. Data were analyzed by diet using a random coefficients model. An interaction of WM ′ WS was present for AH and G1 (P &lt; 0.01), G2 and FR had tendencies (P = 0.08 and 0.06, respectively), whereas BH demonstrated no interaction (P = 0.37). The PC with 100 mL or 150 mL did not differ from the standard methodology for AH, G1, G2, and FR. The BH demonstrated differences between WM and WS (P &lt; 0.01). The PC had lower NDF residue compared to the AC and ANKOM200, whereas H2O had substantially greater NDF residue relative to both ND ratios. We concluded that H2O is not a suitable substitute for ND solution regardless of the feedstuff. Both micro-NDF washing methods may be satisfactory depending on the type of feedstuff used but further investigation is required.
60 Effects of exogenous glucocorticoid administration on leptin concentrations in perinatal dairy bull calves
Authors: Morris Camille , McCarty Keelee J , Long Nathan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Previous studies suggest a relationship between leptin and cortisol immediately postpartum is linked to improved feedlot efficiency on cattle exposed to perinatal stressors. The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of exogenous cortisol administration on circulating leptin concentrations in perinatal dairy bull calves. Within four hours of parturition, Holstein bull calves were randomly assigned to treatments and intravenously infused with low cortisol (LC; n =9, 3.5 ug/kg of cortisol), high cortisol (HC; n = 9, 7.0 ug/kg of cortisol), or a sham infusion control (CON; n = 9, similar volume of saline). Calves were housed similarly and fed milk replacer (28% CP, 20% fat) three times daily. Blood collections were performed via jugular venipuncture using Z/9mL serum collection tubes (Sarstedt, Newton, NC) from d 0 to 5 of age. Serum samples were incubated for 1 h at room temperature then overnight at 4°C, centrifuged at 1800 x g at 4°C for 20 minutes, serum decanted, and stored long term at -20°C until analysis. At 5 d of age, calves were euthanized utilizing an overdose of sodium pentobarbital (Schering-Plough Animal Health, Union, NJ) and cerebral-spinal fluid (CSF) from the third ventricle of the brain was collected and stored at -80°C until analysis. All samples were analyzed for leptin concentrations via a previously-validated radioimmunoassay. Serum leptin concentrations were analyzed via repeated measures of ANOVA and CSF leptin concentrations via the GLM procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Serum leptin concentrations of HC and LC were decreased (P = 0.013) compared to CON, and d 0 was decreased (P &lt; 0.001) compared to all other days of age. Cerebral-spinal fluid leptin concentrations of HC and LC were decreased (P = 0.005) compared to CON. In summary, exogenous cortisol administered to perinatal dairy bull calves reduced leptin concentrations in serum and CSF.
39 Effect of Breed on Dairy Calf Vigor from Birth to Preweaning
Authors: Meza Michelle P , Turner Caitlin M , Powers Chad M , Sexten Andrea K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There is a stigma in the dairy industry that Brown Swiss calves are not as quick to stand and nurse following birth compared to other dairy breeds. The objective of this study is to determine if Brown Swiss calves are less vigorous at birth, and does this impact their health status and early calf growth compared with the dairy industry’s most prominent breed, the Holstein. All calves (n = 25) were scored shortly after birth using a modified Apgar scoring system used for infants. Thirteen parameters divided into 5 categories were evaluated to determine overall vigor of each calf, these included visual scores for meconium staining and swelling of the head; initial mobility scores for time to lift head, time to stand, and ear position; general responsiveness scores included strength of the suckling reflex, head shake in response to straw in nasal cavity, tongue withdrawal when pinched, and eye reflex; oxygenation score for mucus membrane color; rates scores included heart rate, respiration rate, and temperature. In addition to the vigor scoring a weight was taken at birth and 2 weeks post calving. Jugular blood samples were collected at birth, 24 hours later, and at 2 weeks of age and serum was stored for later analysis of haptoglobin and IgG concentration. Vigor scores and weight data were analyzed by breed using the mixed procedure in SAS. The vigor score for suckling reflex was lower (P = 0.04) for Brown Swiss calves (1.69, n = 12) than Holstein calves (2.39, n = 13). A weakened suckling reflex can lead to more challenges when consuming colostrum. Early colostrum intake is vital to obtaining passive immunity and maintaining health status in young calves. All other vigor scores collected for the Brown Swiss and Holstein calves did not differ (P &gt; 0.05).
103 Impact of weaning strategy on beef cow-calf behavior and activity
Authors: Alexander Molly , Pickworth Carrie L , Moore Mikayla , Poore Matt H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of three weaning strategies on cow and calf behavior and activity. Research has shown that weaning imposes stress on both the cow and the calf that can alter behavior, activity, and growth performance. Angus-based cow-calf pairs (n = 147) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups, abrupt weaning on d0 (Abrupt, n = 50), fence-line contact for 7 days and then relocation of the cow on d7 (Fence, n = 50), and late weaning by abrupt separation on d84 (Late, n = 47). Both cow and calf behaviors were observed over 7d prior to weaning and 7d post weaning activity for each treatment group. A single observer recorded activity and vocalizations for each animal twice in morning and evening on observation days. Calf activity was also continuously measured using accelerometers secured to collars worn by five calves per treatment group. Observation and activity data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Significance was determined at P &lt; 0.05 and a tendency at 0.05&lt; P ≤ 0.10. The average activity units per day (AU/d) prior to weaning were similar among treatment groups. On d1 of weaning, Fence calves, who still had a visual contact with their dam, tended to have greater AU/d (P = 0.09) than the Abrupt calves and maintained a higher level of activity through d14 (P &lt; 0.001). Late calves tended to have greater AU/d (P = 0.10) than Abrupt or Fence on d0-1 after their weaning. No difference in vocalizations (P = 0.41) by calves 7d post weaning were observed (1% Abrupt, 0% Fence, and 4% Late). More cows on Fence paced (1%) than Abrupt (0%) or Late (0%) (P &lt; 0.05) in the 7d of fenceline contact. Late cows (2%) vocalized more than Abrupt (1%) or Fence (0%) when their calves were still with them (P &lt; 0.05), but not after (P &gt;0.05) when no vocalizations were recorded. These results differ from the previous year study; therefore, further investigation of the impact of weaning strategy on cow-calf behavior and activity is warranted.