bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Modification of Photinia × fraseri Plant Size and Lateral Branching
Authors: Owings Allen D. , Newman Steven E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Five plant growth regulators were applied to container-grown Photinia × fraseri as foliar sprays to determine their influences on plant size and lateral branching. Height, width, and lateral branch number were determined at three month intervals over one year. Treated plants generally were shorter than control plants in response to uniconazole, paclobutrazol, and benzylaminopurine (BA) and were taller than controls when BA was applied with gibberellins A4 + 7. Each growth regulator altered one or more growth factors dependent on the time after application. Paclobutrazol and uniconazole reduced shoot width 3 months after application (MAA) and 3 to 6 MAA, respectively compared to the control plants. Higher rates of uniconazole and paclobutrazol were responsible for shoot width reductions 12 MAA. Lateral branching was increased 3 MAA by dikegulac-sodium and paclobutrazol at the highest rates only and was reduced by uniconazole 12 MAA. Uniconazole reduced shoot dry weight 12 MAA.
Survey of Garden Center Customer Informational and Marketing Needs
Authors: Niemiera Alexander X. , Innis-Smith Joy , Leda Carol E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A survey of garden center customers was conducted to identify what plant information and method of information presentation were most important, and reasons why customers shopped at a particular garden center. Two hundred and eighty (280) customers were surveyed at three garden centers in the Phoenix, Ariz. metropolitan area. Results indicated that plant culture and description were the most important informational aspects. The two most preferred methods of presentation were that each plant be tagged with care information and the availability of a plant expert for consultation. The most important reasons for selecting a garden center were plant quality and selection, helpful sales personnel, and well-labelled plants. Only 17% of respondents had a specific idea of what plant to purchase indicating the need for garden centers to supply customers with information.
Response of Citrus (Citrus spp.) Rootstock Seedlings to Soil-Applied Herbicides
Authors: Reddy Krishna N. , Singh Megh 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the response of Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Obs. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], Cleopatra mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), and Swingle citrumelo [C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.] citrus rootstock seedlings to multiple applications of Premier (fluometralin), Dual (metolachlor), Devrinol (napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), Surflan (oryzalin), Prowl (pendimethalin), and Treflan trifluralin). The citrus rootstock responses ranged from a 11% reduction in shoot weight of sour orange with Treflan (trifluralin) to a 19% reduction in fibrous root weight of Swingle citrumelo with Surflan (oryzalin). Cleopatra mandarin was tolerant to all the seven herbicides. Dual (metolachlor), Devrinol (napropamide), Solicam (norflurazon), and Premier (fluometralin) were not phytotoxic to all four rootstocks.
Mulch Effects on Crown Growth of Five Southwestern Shrub Species
Authors: Hild A. L. , Morgan D. L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Effects of pine bark mulch on crown growth of cliffrose (Cowania mexicana var. stansburiana Torr.), curlleaf mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.), desert olive (Forestiera neomexicana Gray), Apache plume (Fallugia paradoxa D.Don), and winterfat (Ceratoides lanata Pursh.) were examined. Three depths of mulch 0, 7.5, and 15 cm (0, 3, and 6 in), were applied to 3.8 liter (1 gal) plants at time of planting (April, 1989). Height, width, stem diameter and foliage fill were recorded for each plant after 18 months. Foliage fill was obtained by digital image analysis of 35 mm photographic slides. Mortality was recorded at the conclusion of the study. Results indicated no treatment differences within species in their growth or mortality after 18 months. Soils were examined within three soil layers (0–5 cm, 5–15 cm and 15–30 cm depths) for electroconductivity and pH. Soil pH was not affected throughout the profile but was lower in the surface soil layers under mulch. Soil EC in the top soil layer was reduced under mulching depending on species. The benefit of pine bark mulching is not apparent in the crown growth of these species. Growth form and native environment of individual species should be considered in mulching recommendations.
Seed Germination of Rhododendron carolinianum: Influenceof Light and Temperature
Authors: Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L. , Starrett Mark C. , Acedo Juan R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Seeds of Rhododendron carolinianum Rehd. (Carolina rhododendron) were germinated at 25°C (77°F) or an 8/16 hr thermoperiod of 25°/15°C (77°/59°F) with daily photoperiods of 0, 1/2, 1/2 twice daily, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, or 24 hr. For both temperatures, no germination occurred during a 30-day period for seeds not subjected to light. At 25°C (77°F) increasing photoperiods increased germination with germination of 26 and 39% occurring by day 30 for the 12 and 24 hr photoperiods, respectively. The alternating temperature of 25°/15°C (77°/59°F) enhanced germination when light was limiting. At this temperature germination ≥58%occurred by day 30 for photoperiods ≥4 hr. For photoperiods ≥8 hr, 30-day germination ≥70% was realized.
Evaluation of Weed Control and Phytotoxicity of Preemergence Herbicides Applied to Container-grown Herbaceous and Woody Plants
Authors: Staats David , Klett James E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Six different preemergence herbicides were used with eight different plant species to evaluate weed control efficacy and possible phytotoxicity. The species used were Stachys byzantina C. Koch (lamb's ears), Campanula persicifolia L. (peachleaf bellflower), Achillea millefolium L. ‘Summer Pastel’ (common yarrow), Coreopsis lanceolata L. (Lance coreopsis), Gypsophila pacifica Kom. (baby's breath), Wisteria sinensis Sims (Chinese wisteria), Syringa vulgaris L. (common lilac), Phlox paniculata L. (perennial phlox), Dahlia Cav. x hybrida (garden dahlia). Herbicides were applied to the soil surface at rates of lx and 2x as recommended by the label. The herbicides and rates were as follows: Pennant (Dual) 7.8 Liquid, 4.6, 9.1 kg ai/ha (4, 8 lb ai/A); Gallery 75DF, 1.1, 2.3 kg ai/ha (1, 2 lb ai/A); Ronstar 2G, 4.5, 9.0 kg ai/ha (4, 8 lb ai/A); Rout 3G, 3.4, 6.8, 13.6 kg ai/ha (3, 6, 12 lb ai/A); Surflan AS, 2.3, 4.6 kg ai/ha (2, 4 lb ai/A); and Treflan 5G, 4.5, 9.0 kg ai/ha (4, 8 lbs ai/A). Weed seeds of Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. (yellow foxtail), Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. (barnyardgrass), Poa annua L. (annual bluegrass), Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (shepherdspurse), Senecio vulgaris L. (common groundsel), and Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot pigweed) were sown on the soil surface. Two control treatments (no herbicide and no weed seeds applied, or no herbicide but with weed seeds) also were evaluated. Plants were grown in #1 black plastic containers in a medium of clay loam soil, plaster sand and sphagnum peat (1:1:2 by vol). Weed counts at the end of the season indicated that weed control was variable according to the herbicide used. Rout and Ronstar at both the lx and 2x rates controlled over 99% of the weeds (compared to the control treatment with weeds). Weed control for the other herbicides were as follows: Surflan lx = 92%, Surflan 2x = 95%, Pennant lx = 93%, Pennant 2x = 98%, Gallery lx = 35%, Gallery 2x = 43%, Treflan 1x = 88%, and Treflan 2x = 96%. Evaluations also indicated that herbicides utilizing oryzalin resulted in phytoxicity or stunting to Phlox (appearance declined 88% at the 1x rate and 93% at the 2x rate compared to the control treatment), Gypsophila (dry weights for Surflan 1x was 27% less and Surflan 2x was 39% less compared to the control treatment), and Stachys (appearance declined 55% for 1x rate and 60% at the 2x rate). Gallery (isoxaben) resulted in stunting in Stachys (dry weights for Gallery 1x were 75% less compared to control plants and Gallery 2x was 80% less).
Trends in Plant Material Requirements of Landscape Architects
Authors: Garber M.P. , Bondari K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Landscape architects influence the demand for plant material when specifying plants for landscape projects. A survey of landscape architects in Georgia identified the value of plant material specified for nine plant-types: deciduous trees (&gt; 3” caliper), deciduous trees ≤ 3” caliper), evergreen trees, coniferous shrubs, broadleaf shrubs, perennials/groundcovers, native herbaceous, bedding plants, and turf. As a plant category, trees represented the largest proportion of plant material, approximately 50% of the total value for all firms. With the exception of turf, landscape architects are expected to specify the same or greater value of plant material over the next five years, a positive economic sign for the nursery industry. The frequency of plant substitution due to lack of availability was greatest for the five plant-types generally produced as container nursery stock in Georgia; coniferous shrubs, broadleaf shrubs, perennials/ground covers, native herbaceous, and bedding plants. The two trends identified by landscape architects as most likely to affect the type of plants specified over the next five years are water availability and need for low maintenance landscapes.
A Model for Irrigation Scheduling in Container-Grown Nursery Crops Utilizing Management Allowed Deficit (MAD)
Authors: Welsh Douglas F. , Zajicek Jayne M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Plant growth and water use of container-grown Photinia × fraseri (Dress) were studied under varying irrigation regimes. Treatments were based on management allowed deficit (MAD) irrigation (including 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 95% MAD), which links evapotranspiration (ET) and plant available moisture in determining irrigation schedules. Plant growth was maximized under 25% MAD irrigation. Plant performance and water use were significantly reduced as moisture deficit levels in the growing medium exceeded 50% under MAD irrigation of 50%, 75% and 95%. Plant performance also tended to decrease, but plant water use increased with lower MAD treatments (i.e., 0%, 5%, 10%). The research reported provides a model for nursery managers and researchers to use MAD irrigation in determining optimum irrigation regimes to meet plant water needs and maintain maximum plant performance.
Mist Irrigation Reduces Post-transplant Desiccation of Bare-root Trees
Authors: Bates Rick M. , Niemiera Alex X. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Desiccation during storage and reestablishment is a major factor contributing to poor regrowth of transplanted bare-root trees. The effect of overhead mist irrigation on reducing post transplant water stress in Norway maple (Acer platanoides L. ‘Emerald Lustre’) and Yoshino cherry (Prunus x yedoensis) was examined. Bare-root Norway maple (desiccation tolerant) and Yoshino cherry (desiccation sensitive) trees were transplanted into pine bark-filled containers and subjected to mist or non-mist treatments. Stem xylem water potential, relative water content, and survivability were determined. Xylem water potential increased (became less negative) for misted maple and cherry trees. Water potential increased for non-misted maple and decreased for non-misted cherry trees. Twenty-seven percent of non-misted cherries were evaluated as nonmarketable due to stem dieback compared to 0% for misted trees. Results of this study indicate that mist irrigation effectively reduces desiccation damage for desiccation sensitive species such as cherries and hawthorns.
Response of ‘Prize’ Azalea to Sumagic Applied at Several Stages of Shoot Apex Development
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Olive John W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
‘Prize’ forcing azalea was treated with 15 or 30 ppm Sumagic at one of 4 stages of shoot apex development (stage 0 = vegetative; 1 = apex broadened; 2−3 = sepals and petals initiated; 4 = stamen initiated) in 2 experiments. Plants were taller and broader as the application was delayed; these parameters decreased with increasing Sumagic rate. Bypass shoot count decreased quadratically with increasing rate, and was not affected by stage of development (SOD) in one experiment but decreased when plants were treated at a later SOD in a second experiment. Time to flower increased and flower count decreased when plants were treated at a later SOD. Plants treated at SOD 0 flowered earlier with more blooms or at a similar time with a similar flower count to control plants.
Factors Influencing the Supply of Four Landscape Services
Authors: Florkowski Wojciech J. , Hubbard E. E. , Wade Gary L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The landscape industry is a rapidly growing segment of the economy. Growth of the industry is attributed to increasing affluence of the population and leisure time. Increasing awareness of the importance of the environment will further undergird future industry growth. A survey sample of 140 landscape firms located in Georgia yielded 137 usable questionnaires. Four equations representing the statistical relationships between the four types of landscape services 1) design, 2) installation, 3) maintenance, 4) seasonal color and independent variables representing firm characteristics were specified and estimated using logit procedure. A surveyed firm was more likely to supply landscape design services if it also supplied pruning services, landscaping was its main business activity, and the firm was located outside the Atlanta metropolitan area (AMA). The installation service supply was less likely to be among a firm's services if the firm was located within the Atlanta metro area but more if it purchased plants from other sources, and the firm practiced subcontracting. Maintenance services were impacted positively by the supply of pruning but negatively by fertilization services and location in metropolitan Atlanta. Firms in which landscaping was the main business activity and accounted for an increasing share of revenue were more likely to include seasonal color among services supplied.
Propagation of Fraser Fir
Authors: Blazich Frank A. , Hinesley L. Eric 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.], the most important Christmas tree species in North Carolina, is rapidly gaining popularity nationwide. It is propagated by seed, but special needs such as genetic improvement will involve use of grafting, air layering, propagation by stem cuttings, and micropropagation (tissue culture). This paper summarizes research conducted to date on Fraser fir concerning these techniques in addition to information regarding seed production and sexual propagation.
Regeneration of ‘Frontier’ Elm from Leaf Explants
Authors: Bolyard Mark G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This report describes the regeneration of a hybrid elm from leaf explants. Surface sterilized leaf explants from Ulmus X ‘Frontier’ were cultured on a medium containing combinations of cytokinins used previously to regenerate plants from other elms. Leaf strips cultured on a solid medium containing thidiazuron (TDZ), with or without 6-benzyladenine (BA), demonstrated organogenesis from 95% of the explants, with an average of approximately 6–8 shoots being produced per productive explant. Shoots elongated following transfer of the explant to a medium containing gibberellic acid. These elongated shoots were then transferred to soil, where about one-third of them successfully rooted.
Verticillium—Induced Scorch and Chlorosis in Ash
Authors: Worf G. L. , Spear R. N. , Heimann M. F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Verticillium dahliae appears to be the causal agent of a common disorder of white and green ash that has increasingly affected nursery and landscape trees in the Upper Midwest. Affected trees are without wilting or vascular discoloration typical of Verticillium symptoms on other woody hosts, although upper branch and unilateral distribution patterns remain common and important clues. Symptoms include considerable light green to chlorotic foliage followed by irregular leaf scorch, defoliation and branch dieback. The fungus was best isolated from leaf petioles on potato dextrose agar containing 100 ppm iprodione + 200 ppm chloramphenicol. Repeated and intensive sampling was often necessary to detect the fungus. Symptom recurrence in following years was common but erratic and unpredictable. A discussion of environmental influences and control possibilities is included.
Phytotoxicity and Nutsedge Control in Woody and Herbaceous Landscape Plants with Manage (MON12037)
Authors: Hurt R. T. , Vencill W.K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Manage applied foliarly at 9 and 18 g/ha(0.13 and 0.26 oz/A) provided 87 to 91% purple nutsedge and 79 to 84% yellow nutsedge control. Regrowth measurements taken 5 WAT showed an 88 to 90% reduction in purple nutsedge resprouting and a 75 to 83% reduction in yellow nutsedge resprouting of Manage applied at 9 g/ha and 18 g/ha (0.13 and 0.26 oz/A), respectively. Azalea, redtip photinia, green liriope, white petunias, red petunias, lavender petunias, celosia, vinca, African marigolds, bronze-leaved begonias, and purple salvia tolerated both rates of Manage. Shore juniper, French marigolds, red salvia, geranium, and green-leaved begonias exhibited &gt;10% injury 4 WAT with Manage.
Differential Tolerance of Eleven Prunus Taxa to Root Zone Flooding
Authors: Ranney Thomas G. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Eleven taxa of own-rooted Prunus L. were subjected to incremental flooding for 7 weeks to assess relative tolerance to root zone flooding. Rates of net photosynthesis (Pn) decreased gradually as the flooding stress intensified. However, ‘Newport’ plum maintained higher Pn than any other taxa when root systems were completely submerged. Defoliation of flooded plants ranged from a low of 15% for ‘Newport’ plum to a high of 100% for ‘Canada Red’ chokecherry. Following a chilling period, survival of flooded plants ranged from a low of 0% for Carolina cherrylaurel to a high of 100% for ‘Newport’ plum and ‘F-12/1’ mazzard cherry. Of the 11 taxa evaluated, ‘F-12/1’ mazzard cherry and ‘Newport’ plum had the greatest tolerance to root zone flooding as indicated by high survival rates (100%) and low defoliation (≤27%). ‘Newport’ plum further demonstrated superior tolerance to flooding compared to other taxa as indicated by a greater capacity to maintain Pn during flooding and subsequent recovery. Carolina cherrylaurel, ‘Canada Red’ chokecherry, and ‘Peggy Clark’ Japanese apricot were relatively sensitive to flooding as indicated by low survival rates (≤50%) and considerable defoliation (≥82%). The remaining taxa, including Japanese bushcherry, Sargent, Yoshino, ‘Okame’, ‘Autumnalis’ and ‘Kwanzan’ cherries, were found to be intermediate in tolerance to flooding.
An Exploratory Study of Garden Center Selection For Landscape Plants
Authors: Day Ellen 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An exploratory study employing qualitative research methods was conducted to identify the criteria customers use in selecting retail outlets for landscape plants. A small convenience sample of subjects residing in Atlanta, Athens, and outlying areas of Georgia were asked where they purchased landscape plants and why they chose particular retail outlets. Findings suggested that choice of retail outlet typically depended on the type of purchase. Many of the participants purchased bedding plants primarily at mass merchandisers, while purchasing larger shrubs, trees, and more unusual plants at garden centers. Customer informational needs appeared to be a major reason for the different retail choices. Based on information obtained through focus group and individual interviews, perceived quality of plants appeared to be of paramount importance for every type of plant purchase, while the importance of price, breadth of assortment, expertise of sales assistants, location, and other factors depended more on particular purchase intentions.
Cutless Controls Shoot Growth of ‘China Girl’ Holly
Authors: Keever G.J. , Gilliam C.H. , Eakes D.J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ilex x meserveae ‘China Girl’ plants were sprayed with a single application of different rates of Cutless (flurprimidol) during container production. Growth index, shoot length and shoot dry weight decreased with increasing rates of Cutless. Growth index of plants treated with 500 ppm Cutless was about 17% less than that of control plants 120 days after treatment, but were similar after the spring flush the following year. Growth inhibition persisted for at least two growing seasons when plants were treated with rates of 1500 to 2500 ppm; foliage of these plants was smaller and more cupped than that of control plants. Treated plants were noticeably more compact and uniform, and foliage was darker green than that of control plants.
Sensitivity of a Hand-cranked Nursery Spreader to Operator Variables
Authors: Parish Richard L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hand-cranked rotary spreaders are used to apply granular pesticides to container crops. Pattern was affected by several variables that are controlled by the operator. A sensitivity study was conducted with a typical hand-cranked spreader to determine which operator variables most affected the distribution pattern. Impeller height had little effect. Pattern slide setting had an important effect. Reducing cranking speed affected the pattern; increasing cranking speed did not. Roll angle affected pattern if the right side was angled down, but not if the left Side was angled down. Pitch angle affected the pattern only if the spreader was pitched down. Yaw angle had a major impact on pattern regardless of direction. Width of bed (i.e. distance between spreader passes) affected pattern uniformity.
Advantages of Using Selected Seed Sources of Sycamore and Sweetgum for Field Nursery Production and Transplant Establishment
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , Davis W. Edgar 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Adaptability of forest tree improvement program seed sources to landscape nursery production and subsequent bare-root transplanting were investigated. Growth during two years of field production of seedlings from two elite half-sib families of sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) and a bulk open pollinated seed orchard mix of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) were compared with a commercially available seed source of sweetgum and a locally collected half-sib family of sycamore. Utilization of select half-sib families of sycamore resulted in 11% to 19% increases in height and an 11% increase in caliper during field production compared to the local seed source. Seedlings from elite half-sib families of sycamore resumed limited height and caliper growth during the year following transplanting while seedlings from the local seed source did not. Less pruning cuts were required to remove multiple leaders and large basal suckers on elite sycamore and sweetgum seedlings during production.
Consumer Characteristics Associated with Perceptions of Live Christmas Trees
Authors: Florkowski Wojciech J. , Lindstrom Orville M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Customers at choose-and-cut Christmas tree farms were surveyed for opinions about live Christmas tree characteristics. In general, consumers differed little in their opinions reflecting preferences for a live Christmas tree regardless of their demographic or socioeconomic profile. The only group which frequently differed in its perceptions were customers aged 61 years and older. This group may require special attention and adjustment in services provided by choose-and-cut operators such as special assistance in carrying tree to the vehicle or even an offer of tree delivery to the customer's residence. Otherwise, operators can base their evaluation of services needed on the observed demographic characteristics such as gender and age.