bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenging balance during sensorimotor adaptation increases generalization
Authors: Bakkum Amanda , Donelan J. Maxwell , Marigold Daniel S. 
Published: March 2020

From reaching to walking, real-life experience suggests that people can generalize between motor behaviors. One possible explanation for this generalization is that real-life behaviors often challenge our balance. We propose that the exacerbated body motions associated with balance-challenged whole body movements increase the value to the nervous system of using a comprehensive internal model to control the task. Because it is less customized to a specific task, a more comprehensive model is also a more generalizable model. Here we tested the hypothesis that challenging balance during adaptation would increase generalization of a newly learned internal model. We encouraged participants to learn a new internal model using prism lenses that created a new visuomotor mapping. Four groups of participants adapted to prisms while performing either a standing-based reaching or precision walking task, with or without a manipulation that challenged balance. To assess generalization after the adaptation phase, participants performed a single trial of each of the other groups’ tasks without prisms. We found that both the reaching and walking balance-challenged groups showed significantly greater generalization to the equivalent, nonadapted task than the balance-unchallenged groups. Additionally, we found some evidence that all groups generalized across tasks, for example, from walking to reaching and vice versa, regardless of balance manipulation. Overall, our results demonstrate that challenging balance increases the degree to which a newly learned internal model generalizes to untrained movements. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Real-life experience indicates that people can generalize between motor behaviors. Here we show that challenging balance during the learning of a new internal model increases the degree of generalization to untrained movements for both reaching and walking tasks. These results suggest that the effects of challenging balance are not specific to the task but instead apply to motor learning more broadly.
Age at Diagnosis and Patient Preferences for Treatment Outcomes in AML: A Discrete Choice Experiment to Explore Meaningful Benefits
Authors: Richardson Daniel R. , Crossnohere Norah L. , Seo Jaein , Estey Elihu , O'Donoghue Bernadette , Smith B. Douglas , Bridges John F.P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background:
The recent expansion of treatment options in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has necessitated a greater understanding of patient preferences for treatment benefits, about which little is known.

Methods:
We sought to quantify and assess heterogeneity of the preferences of AML patients for treatment outcomes. An AML-specific discrete choice experiment (DCE) was developed involving multiple stakeholders. Attributes included in the DCE were event-free survival (EFS), complete remission (CR), time in the hospital, short-term side effects, and long-term side effects. Continuously coded conditional, stratified, and latent-class logistic regressions were used to model preferences of 294 patients with AML.

Results:
Most patients were white (89.4%) and in remission (95.0%). A 10% improvement in the chance of CR was the most meaningful offered benefit (P &lt; 0.001). Patients were willing to trade up to 22 months of EFS or endure 8.7 months in the hospital or a two-step increase in long-term side effects to gain a 10% increase in chance of CR. Patients diagnosed at 60 years or older (21.6%) more strongly preferred to avoid short-term side effects (P = 0.03). Latent class analysis showed significant differences of preferences across gender and insurance status.

Conclusions:
In this national sample of mostly AML survivors, patients preferred treatments that maximized chance at remission; however, significant preference heterogeneity for outcomes was identified. Age and gender may affect patients' preferences.

Impact:
Survivor preferences for outcomes can inform patient-focused drug development and shared decision-making. Further studies are necessary to investigate the use of DCEs to guide treatment for individual patients.
Red and Processed Meat, Poultry, Fish, and Egg Intakes and Cause-Specific and All-Cause Mortality among Men with Nonmetastatic Prostate Cancer in a U.S. Cohort
Authors: Wang Ying , Jacobs Eric J. , Shah Roma A. , Stevens Victoria L. , Gansler Ted , McCullough Marjorie L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground:Research on the relationship of meat, fish, and egg consumption and mortality among prostate cancer survivors is limited.Methods:In the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort, men diagnosed with nonmetastatic prostate cancer between baseline in 1992/1993 and 2015 were followed for mortality until 2016. Analyses of pre- and postdiagnosis intakes of red and processed meat, poultry, fish, and eggs included 9,286 and 4,882 survivors, respectively. Multivariable-adjusted RRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models.Results:A total of 4,682 and 2,768 deaths occurred during follow-up in pre- and postdiagnosis analyses, respectively. Both pre- and postdiagnosis intakes of total red and processed meat were positively associated with all-cause mortality (quartile 4 vs. 1: RR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03–1.25; Ptrend = 0.02; RR = 1.22; 95% CI, 1.07–1.39; Ptrend = 0.03, respectively), and both pre- and postdiagnosis poultry intakes were inversely associated with all-cause mortality (quartile 4 vs. 1 RR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82–0.98; Ptrend = 0.04; RR = 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75–0.95; Ptrend = 0.01, respectively). No associations were seen for prostate cancer–specific mortality, except that higher postdiagnosis unprocessed red meat intake was associated with lower risk.Conclusions:Higher red and processed meat, and lower poultry, intakes either before or after prostate cancer diagnosis were associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality.Impact:Our findings provide additional evidence that prostate cancer survivors should follow the nutrition guidelines limiting red and processed meat consumption to improve overall survival. Additional research on the relationship of specific meat types and mortality is needed.
Circulating Biomarker Score for Visceral Fat and Risks of Incident Colorectal and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer: The Multiethnic Cohort Adiposity Phenotype Study
Authors: Le Marchand Loïc , Wilkens Lynne R. , Castelfranco Ann M. , Monroe Kristine R. , Kristal Bruce S. , Cheng Iona , Maskarinec Gertraud , Hullar Meredith A. , Lampe Johanna W. , Shepherd John A. , Franke Adrian , Ernst Thomas , Lim Unhee 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground:Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) may play a greater role than subcutaneous fat in increasing cancer risk but is poorly estimated in epidemiologic studies.Methods:We developed a VAT prediction score by regression equations averaged across 100 least absolute shrinkage and selection operator models in a cross-sectional study of 1,801 older adults in the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC). The score was then used as proxy for VAT in case–control studies of postmenopausal breast (950 case–control pairs) and colorectal (831 case–control pairs) cancer in an independent sample in MEC. Abdominal MRI–derived VAT; circulating biomarkers of metabolic, hormonal, and inflammation dysfunctions; and ORs for incident cancer adjusted for BMI and other risk factors were assessed.Results:The final score, composed of nine biomarkers, BMI, and height, explained 11% and 15% more of the variance in VAT than BMI alone in men and women, respectively. The area under the receiver operator curve for VAT &gt;150 cm2 was 0.90 in men and 0.86 in women. The VAT score was associated with risk of breast cancer [OR (95% confidence interval [CI]) by increasing tertiles: 1.00, 1.09 (0.86–1.39), 1.48 (1.16–1.89); Ptrend = 0.002] but not with colorectal cancer (P = 0.84), although an association [1.00, 0.98 (0.68–1.39), 1.24 (0.88–1.76); Ptrend = 0.08] was suggested for this cancer after excluding cases that occurred within 7 years of blood draw (Pheterogeneity = 0.06).Conclusions:The VAT score predicted risks of postmenopausal breast cancer and can be used for risk assessment in diverse populations.Impact:These findings provide specific evidence for a role of VAT in breast cancer.
Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy Is Primarily Associated with Reduced Risk of Colorectal Cancer Arising through the Adenoma-Carcinoma Pathway
Authors: Labadie JD , Harrison T , Buchanan D , Campbell P , Chan A , Gallinger S , Giles GG , Gunter M , Hoffmeister M , Jenkins M , Ogino S , Slattery ML , Van Guelpen B , Peters U , Newcomb PA 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Our goal was to evaluate whether the inverse association of postmenopausal hormone therapy (PMH) and colorectal cancer (CRC) differs by molecularly defined CRC tumor subtypes. Methods: We pooled data on tumor markers and PMH use among 8,220 post-menopausal women (3,898 CRC cases and 4,322 controls) from eight observational studies in the Genetics of Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium and the Colon Cancer Family Registry. We used multinomial logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association of ever versus never PMH use and each tumor subtype compared with controls. We defined subtypes according to microsatellite instability (MSI-high or -low/stable), CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP positive or negative), oncogenic mutations in BRAF and KRAS, and combinations of these markers that have been linked to specific pathways (adenoma-carcinoma, serrated, alternate). Additionally, we investigated whether associations varied by tumor anatomic location (proximal colon, distal colon, rectum). All models were adjusted for study, age, body mass index, smoking status, and family history of CRC. Wald chi-square tests were used to evaluate whether the association differed by tumor-specific subtypes. Results: Ever use of PMH was associated with a 38% reduction in overall CRC risk (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.56–0.69). In general, this association was observed regardless of individual markers for MSI, CIMP, BRAF, or KRAS status. However, when taken altogether and grouping cases by pathway, the association was attenuated for tumors arising through the serrated pathway compared with the adenoma-carcinoma pathway (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.65–1.01; p for difference 0.046). We also observed a weaker association for tumors of the proximal colon compared with the distal colon and rectum (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.62–0.80; p for difference 0.010). Conclusions: In this large consortium analysis, we observed a strong inverse association between PMH use and overall CRC risk. The association may predominantly reflect a benefit of PMH use for tumors arising through the adenoma-carcinoma pathway and tumors of the distal colon and rectum, as the association was weaker for tumors arising through the serrated pathway and proximal colon tumors.
Do-It-Yourself Sunscreen Tutorials on YouTube
Authors: Julian AK , Farley ZS , Beach A , Perna FM 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Sunscreen is a common but complex sun safety product regulated in the US as a non-prescription drug. Recently, contributors on social media such as YouTube and Pinterest have advocated for making your own sunscreen at home. Such online tutorials likely represent misinformation in that they present an untested product as a safe replacement for a regulated drug. Purpose of the Study: To describe Do-It-Yourself sunscreen tutorials on YouTube, to determine whether viewers are making sunscreen, and whether specific misinformation is crowd-corrected in the online environment. This study demonstrates the use of online comments to identify behavioral outcomes of misinformation on social media. Method: We searched YouTube (March 2019) using search terms DIY sunscreen and Do-It-yourself sunscreen and selected the top 15 English-language videos sorted by relevance and views (N = 30). We double-coded the recipes for inclusion of FDA-approved photofilters, ingredient measurements and product claims (e.g., SPF level). We collected and coded all viewer comments (N = 2,477) for valence, presence of comments suggesting use on children is safe, crowd-correction by the online community, and indication of past or planned behavior change. Results: Most videos (67%) included SPF claims that were not accompanied by testing. Zinc oxide was the only photofilter used (present in 83%) and 17% of recipes contained no FDA-approved photofilters. Ingredient quantity was imprecise or absent in 23% of recipes. A notable fraction of videos (33%) had all supportive and no critical comments. Many videos (47%) had comments indicating a plan to use the recipe on babies, toddlers or children. Response to comments about use on children did not correct this misinformation. Comments indicated viewers had made or planned to make the recipe in 63% of videos. Discussion: Sunscreen is a drug intended to prevent sunburn and cancer, yet recipes for DIY sunscreen mischaracterize resulting product properties, thus misinforming the public. Further, viewers of DIY sunscreen videos frequently post positive comments regarding homemade sunscreen and do not correct false statements regarding their safety for use on infants and children. Making sunscreen, especially for use on children, may lead to skin damage.
The Use of the Nicotine Metabolite Ratio as a Biomarker to Personalize Smoking Cessation Treatment: Current Evidence and Future Directions
Authors: Siegel Scott D. , Lerman Caryn , Flitter Alex , Schnoll Robert A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), a genetically informed biomarker of rate of nicotine metabolism, has been validated as a tool to select the optimal treatment for individual smokers, thereby improving treatment outcomes. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the development of the NMR as a biomarker of individual differences in nicotine metabolism, the relationship between the NMR and smoking behavior, the clinical utility of using the NMR to personalize treatments for smoking cessation, and the potential mechanisms that underlie the relationship between NMR and smoking cessation. We conclude with a call for additional research necessary to determine the ultimate benefits of using the NMR to personalize treatments for smoking cessation. These future directions include measurement and other methodologic considerations, disseminating this approach to at-risk subpopulations, expanding the NMR to evaluate its efficacy in predicting treatment responses to e-cigarettes and other noncigarette forms of nicotine, and implementation science including cost-effectiveness analyses.
See all articles in this Special Collection Honoring Paul F. Engstrom, MD, Champion of Cancer Prevention
An Integrated Approach for Compendium Generator using Customized Algorithms
Authors: Suman M. , Maddu Tharun , Mohan M. 
Published: March 2020

Text Summarization is a process that is to give the shorter version of a text document. For many research scholars who want to do their research on a specific domain has to search a lot of documents on that topic related to a specific domain. It is also difficult to go through the lot of the research papers present in that particular domain which takes a lot of time at this moment of time there are lots of chances in missing some key words present in those research papers. So that Summarizer is used to give the summary of a paper. The aim of our project is to reduce the body of the text and maintaining coherence and avoiding redundancy. Winnowing is an algorithm that gives the coherence between the multiple papers when multiple papers are given as the input. Redundancy that is the repeated words or sentences can be avoided using the MMR algorithm.
Enhanced Derivative-Free Conjugate Gradient Method for Solving Symmetric Nonlinear Equations
Authors: Sabi'u Jamilu 
Published: March 2020

In this article, an enhanced conjugate gradient approach for solving symmetric nonlinear equations is propose without computing the Jacobian matrix. This approach is completely derivative and matrix free. Using classical assumptions the proposed method has global convergence with nonmonotone line search. Some reported numerical results shows the approach is promising.<p style="margin: 0px; text-indent: 0px; -qt-block-indent: 0; -qt-paragraph-type: empty;"> </p>
Small Hydro Power Schemes: Technical Aspects
Authors: Sachdev Hira Singh , Akella Ashok Kumar 
Published: March 2020

<p>Small hydro systems play a major role in meeting power requirements of remote, isolated, hilly areas in a decentralized manner by tapping water streams, rivulets and canals of small discharge. Small hydroelectric system captures the energy in flowing water and converts it to electricity.</p>Of all the non-conventional renewable energy sources, small hydro stands first as it is more resourceful, reduces system losses, environment friendly, non-consumptive and source is renewable due to their enormous advantages over large hydro and other power plants, lot of small hydro-power plants have come up across the world to meet the ever increasing demand of electrical energy. Lowering the high initial cost of the small hydro-power plants and its popularization is today’s challenges. This paper describes basic techniques design of the small hydro-power development.
Design PV system for a small GEO satellite and studying the effect of using different types of propulsion
Authors: Lotfy A. , Anis W. , Halim Joseph V. M. 
Published: March 2020

<p>This paper presents an optimum design of the solar Photo-Voltaic (PV) power system for small Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites using triple junction solar cells and advanced Lithium Ion batteries. The paper applies the proposed system on various propulsion technologies; full chemical, full electrical and hybrid propulsions. This research work studies the capability to fulfil efficiently all the satellite power requirements during both the launching and the on-station phases while reducing the high cost challenge. Since the propulsion type is a key factor for the satellite cost, an economic analysis is demonstrated and investigated in two different strategies. The first scenario fixes the satellite weight and offers the revenue due to the increase in the satellite payload. However, the second scenario evaluates the saving profits due to the reduction in the satellite weight using the same number of satellite transponders. The analytical comparison among the different propulsion techniques shows the superior advantages of using the full electrical satellites. </p>
That Would Have Been Better
Authors: Bouxsein Hilary 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
While contrary-to-fact conditions in Homeric narrative have already received considerable attention, those that occur in character speech, which potentially share some of the important and even metapoetic qualities as narrative conditions, have been understudied. This paper begins by offering a new classification of different kinds of counterfactuals that occur in direct speech, incorporating some of the methods of pragmatic linguistics. By building on this classification, it becomes possible to see new resonances in the way that Homeric characters speak and present themselves.
‘Irrational Lengthening’ in Virgil
Authors: Thompson Rupert , Zair Nicholas 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Word-final syllables consisting of a short vowel or a short vowel followed by a single consonant sometimes scan as heavy in Latin hexameter poetry, a feature known as ‘irrational lengthening’, lengthening in arsis, diastole etc. We examine the contexts in which this occurs in the poetry of Virgil. It is widely acknowledged that this phenomenon is based on a similar licence in earlier Greek and Roman models for Virgil, but it has also been argued that other, metrical or phonological, aspects may have been relevant to the use of lengthening. We examine these environments, and, where possible, carry out statistical analysis. We conclude that, while some of these are descriptively true, the position of lengthened words is primarily due to the constraints that Virgil applied to the construction of his hexameter rather than any other explanation.
The Introduction of European-Style Artillery and the Reform of Siege Tactics in 17th Century China—a Case Study of the Tragedy of Jiangyin (1645)
Authors: Chung Yan Hon Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
While the importance of European-style artillery, also called “red-barbarian cannon” by the people of the time, to the Ming-Qing transition (1618-1683) is generally recognized, much less is known about the actual performance of the weapon on the battlefield. Such a dearth of knowledge hinders historians from evaluating the extent of its impact on the Manchu conquest of China. Hoping to fill this gap, this article examines the actual performance of red-barbarian cannon through reconstructing the siege of Jiangyin (1645). Close examination of this episode reveals that, although the Qing army possessed abundant European-style artillery, the absence of appropriate and effective artillery siege tactics greatly constrained the effectiveness of these weapons in siege warfare. Hence, the importance of artillery in the early stage of the Ming-Qing transition (1618-1645) is likely to have been minimal. However, the siege of Jiangyin witnessed a reform of siege tactics in the Qing artillery corps. These newly devised siege tactics enabled the Qing army to capture the city with efficiency by fully utilizing the red-barbarian cannon. The reform greatly enhanced the siege ability of the Qing forces and paved the way for the Qing conquest of China.
Contrastive Pragmatics and Corpora
Authors: Aijmer Karin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Contrastive pragmatics is closely associated with the use of parallel and comparable corpora for studying the similarities and differences between languages. Parallel corpora have now been extended to more than two languages making them more relevant for typological research, and they can be used to investigate whether there are (discourse) universals across languages. Contrastive pragmatic studies also need to take into account aspects of the communication situation and the social and cultural context. As a result, many contrastive studies nowadays are doubly contrastive in that they compare pragmatic phenomena across both genres and languages. Scholars have also begun to combine contrastive analysis (translations) with the diachronic analysis of pragmatic phenomena in historical corpora, and pragmatic phenomena are studied contrastively with the focus being on sociolinguistic aspects. Illustrating these new uses is a case study which compares English absolutely with Swedish absolut.