bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability of External Characteristics to Age Barrow's Goldeneye
Authors: Lewis Tyler L. , Esler Daniel , Hogan Danica H. , Boyd W. Sean , Bowman Timothy D. , Thompson Jonathan 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTAccurate assignment of age class is critical for understanding most demographic processes. For waterfowl, most techniques for determining age class require birds in hand, reducing utility for quickly and efficiently sampling a large portion of the population. As an alternative, we sought to establish an observation‐based methodology, achievable in the field with standard optics, for determining age class of Barrow's goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica). We photographed heads, wings, and bellies of 232 Barrow's goldeneyes captured during late winter (February–April) of 2007–2015 along the north Pacific Coast. From these photographs, we focused on 5 external characteristics for both males and females, with binary states that putatively corresponded to 2 age classes—first‐year birds (<1 yr) and adults (>1 yr). For males, all 5 external traits (belly color, head color, eye color, facial crescent, median secondary coverts color) had binary states that were reliably distinguishable by observers. Moreover, all 5 external traits were highly predictive of age class (≥96% concordance between external vs. bursal‐derived ages), and novice observers, after receiving training, were able to accurately age 96% of first‐year and 99% of adult males. In contrast, patterns were weaker for females; putative external characteristics of female age class (belly color, bill radiance, bill blackness, eye color, median secondary coverts color) had 77–91% concordance with bursal‐derived age, compared with 96–100% for males, and observers misidentified age classes of 15% of females, compared with only 2% of males. Overall, age classes of male Barrow's goldeneyes were accurately and reliably distinguishable during winter based on several external characteristics, whereas those of females were not. Our technique may be used to estimate age composition of male Barrow's goldeneyes during winter, providing a useful metric for monitoring annual changes in adult‐to‐juvenile ratios and other important demographic parameters. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Liouville theory and matrix models: a Wheeler DeWitt perspective
Authors: Betzios P. , Papadoulaki O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We analyse the connections between the Wheeler DeWitt approach for two dimensional quantum gravity and holography, focusing mainly in the case of Liouville theory coupled to c = 1 matter. Our motivation is to understand whether some form of averaging is essential for the boundary theory, if we wish to describe the bulk quantum gravity path integral of this two dimensional example. The analysis hence, is in a spirit similar to the recent studies of Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT)-gravity. Macroscopic loop operators define the asymptotic region on which the holographic boundary dual resides. Matrix quantum mechanics (MQM) and the associated double scaled fermionic field theory on the contrary, is providing an explicit “unitary in superspace” description of the complete dynamics of such two dimensional universes with matter, including the effects of topology change. If we try to associate a Hilbert space to a single boundary dual, it seems that it cannot contain all the information present in the non-perturbative bulk quantum gravity path integral and MQM.
EUROCRINE®: Nebennierenoperationen 2015 bis 2019 – überraschende erste Ergebnisse
Authors: Staubitz J. I. , Clerici T. , Riss P. , Watzka F. , Bergenfelz A. , Bareck E. , Fendrich V. , Goldmann A. , Grafen F. , Heintz A. , Kaderli R. M. , Karakas E. , Kern B. , Matter M. , Mogl M. , Nebiker C. A. , Niederle B. , Obermeier J. , Ringger A. , Schmid R. , Triponez F. , Trupka A. , Wicke C. , Musholt T. J. 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Seit 2015 erfolgt in Europa mithilfe des EUROCRINE®-Registers eine systematische Dokumentation endokrin-chirurgischer Operationen. Ziel dieser ersten Auswertung war eine Darstellung der Versorgungsrealität für Nebenniereneingriffe in einem homogenen Versorgungsumfeld, entsprechend des deutschsprachigen Raums – bzw. des Präsenzgebiets der Chirurgischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Endokrinologie (CAEK) der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemein- und Viszeralchirurgie (DGAV) – einschließlich einer Analyse der Adhärenz zu geltenden Therapieempfehlungen.

Methodik
Es erfolgte eine deskriptive Analyse der präoperativen Diagnostik, der angewandten Operationstechniken sowie der zugrunde liegenden histologischen Entitäten der zwischen den Jahren 2015 und 2019 über EUROCRINE® in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz dokumentierten Nebennierenoperationen.

Ergebnisse
In den insgesamt 21 teilnehmenden Kliniken des deutschsprachigen EUROCRINE®-Gebiets wurden 658 Operationen an Nebennieren durchgeführt. In 90 % erfolgten unilaterale, in 3 % bilaterale Adrenalektomien und in 7 % andere Resektionsverfahren. Die in 41 % der Operationen dokumentierte histologische Hauptdiagnose war das adrenokortikale Adenom. In 15 % lagen maligne Befunde zugrunde (einschließlich 6 % Nebennierenrindenkarzinome (ACC) und 8 % Nebennierenmetastasen). 23 % der Operationen erfolgten bei Phäochromozytomen. Diese wurden zu 82 % minimal-invasiv operiert, Nebennierenrindenkarzinome lediglich zu 28 % und Nebennierenmetastasen zu 66 %.

Schlussfolgerung
Überraschenderweise wurden nach Nebennierenadenomen und Phäochromozytomen an dritthäufigster Stelle Nebennierenmetastasen unterschiedlicher Primärtumoren reseziert. 28 % der ACC waren für minimal-invasive Techniken vorgesehen, wobei 20 % dieser Fälle eine Konversion zur offenen Operation erforderten. Die aktuelle Analyse deckte Diskrepanzen zwischen Versorgungsrealität und Leitlinienempfehlungen auf, aus denen sich zahlreiche Fragestellungen ergeben, welche nun in ein überarbeitetes EUROCRINE®-Modul zur Dokumentation von Nebennierenoperationen einfließen werden.
„Hallesche OP-Wochen“: Wie ein Lehrformat das Interesse von Medizinstudierenden an der Chirurgie weckt
Authors: Haucke Elisa , Clever Katharina , Watzke Stefan , Schubert Johanna , Stoevesandt Dietrich , Ludwig Christiane , Plößl Sebastian , Plontke Stefan K. 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Eine studierendenorientierte Ausbildung ist in der praktischen Chirurgie schwierig und nur unzureichend umsetzbar. Neue Lehrkonzepte sind notwendig, um Studierenden die Chirurgie näherzubringen und sie für das Fach zu begeistern.

Methodik
In einer zweiwöchigen fakultativen Veranstaltung konnten Studierende der Humanmedizin insgesamt acht chirurgische Eingriffe aus verschiedenen Fachrichtungen live im Hörsaal mitverfolgen. Zeitgleich erfolgte im Hörsaal eine Moderation durch eine/n erfahrene/n Chirurgen/in. Anhand von Fragebögen (prä/post) wurde begleitend zu jeder Operation untersucht, inwieweit sich die Lehrveranstaltung eignet, das Verständnis und das Interesse für die chirurgische Tätigkeit zu verbessern.

Ergebnisse
Insgesamt lagen 709 vollständige Tagesevaluationen (prä und post) von 381 Studierenden vor. Der selbstberichtete Lerneffekt wurde von den Studierenden als gut bis sehr gut bewertet. In vielen dargestellten Fachgebieten zeigten sich durch die Teilnahme an den Liveoperationen signifikant positive Einstellungsänderungen in Bezug auf das jeweils operierende Fach allgemein, in Bezug auf eine geplante Famulatur und für die Wahl als späteres Fachgebiet.

Schlussfolgerung
Die hohen Teilnehmendenzahlen und die Evaluationsergebnisse lassen auf eine hohe Akzeptanz der Lehrveranstaltung schließen. Das Lehrformat ist geeignet, das Verständnis für chirurgische Abläufe zu verbessern sowie die Einstellung von Medizinstudierenden gegenüber chirurgischen Fachgebieten positiv zu beeinflussen.
Evaluation of the interrater and intermethod agreement of the German multiparametric ultrasound criteria for the grading of internal carotid artery stenosis
Authors: Richter Cindy , Weinreich Anna , Mucha Simone , Saur Dorothee , Pelz Johann Otto 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The interdisciplinary German guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS) recommend a multiparametric approach for the sonographic grading of extracranial ICAS. The aim of this study is to evaluate the interrater and intermethod agreement of this elaborated sonographic approach with different angiographic modalities.

Methods
Patients with extracranial ICAS were examined twice with colour-coded duplex sonography (CDS) by two experienced vascular neurologists. Each of the ten criteria and the resulting stenotic value were assessed. Grading of ICAS based on the multiparametric ultrasound criteria was compared with different angiography modalities (magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), computed tomography angiography (CTA), digital subtraction angiography (DSA)).

Results
Seventy-four consecutive patients with 91 extracranial ICAS were recruited from our stroke unit and neurovascular outpatient clinic. Interrater agreement for each single ultrasound criterion ranged from moderate to excellent (for the peak systolic velocity). Concerning the absolute stenotic value of ICAS, an excellent agreement between both ultrasound examiners with an ICC of 0.91 (range 0.87–0.94; p < 0.001) was found. In 96% of ICAS, the difference between the stenotic values was ≤ 10%. Intermethod agreements between CDS and DSA, CTA, and MRA were also good for both sonographers.

Conclusion
Strictly adhering to the multiparametric “DEGUM ultrasound criteria”, we found an excellent interrater agreement and a good intermethod agreement compared with angiography for the sonographic grading of extracranial ICAS. Thus, multiparametric CDS is in particular suitable for the follow up of extracranial ICAS even when examinations are done by different sonographers.
Search strategies in rural and urban environment during natal dispersal of the red squirrel
Authors: Hämäläinen Suvi , Fey Karen , Selonen Vesa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDecisions made during natal dispersal highly influence the future fitness of the animal. The selection of future home range affects, for example, food supply and mating success. In order to select between potential sites, dispersing individuals may use different search strategies, and for example, aim to compare quality of different sites by revisiting them. Alternatively, dispersers visit new sites without comparison until a suitable site is located. By using radio telemetry, we studied search strategies during natal dispersal in both urban and rural environments. We examined what kind of sites juvenile red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) choose as their home range from all visited sites and whether they display revisit behavior during natal dispersal. We found that most of the dispersing individuals perform revisits while searching for the settlement site. In the rural study area, there were also individuals (mostly long-distance dispersers) that did not perform revisits and settled in the last visited area. The landscape characteristics did not explain the amount of revisits individuals made, but the amount of revisits declined with site’s distance to natal nest and dispersal distance of individuals. The effect of landscape characteristics on settlement decision was small, but surprisingly, juvenile red squirrels in the rural area settled in sites with more built area compared with sites only visited. However, the decision-making of red squirrels during natal dispersal seems to be driven mainly by other factors (potentially food availability and conspecific density) than landscape characteristics. We conclude that revisiting behavior is linked to dispersal strategy of red squirrels and can differ between the sexes and habitats of the species.Significance statementAnimals often choose their habitat from among multiple alternative habitats and potential settlement sites, and the decisions made during dispersal highly influence the future fitness of the animal. We examined what kind of areas juvenile red squirrels choose as their home range in both urban and rural environments and whether they display revisit behavior when selecting their home range from many alternatives. We found that search strategies during natal dispersal can vary between individuals and habitats. Surprisingly, juvenile red squirrels in the rural area settled in sites with more built area compared with the sites only visited. However, for red squirrel, decisions made by juveniles during the search of a home range are mainly influenced by other factors than landscape composition.
Stress reduction strategies in breast cancer: review of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic based strategies
Authors: Gosain Rohit , Gage-Bouchard Elizabeth , Ambrosone Christine , Repasky Elizabeth , Gandhi Shipra 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBreast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women. It is associated with multiple symptoms in both patients and caregivers, such as stress, anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, and fatigue. Stress appears to promote cancer progression via activation of the sympathetic nervous system releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine as well as activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis releasing cortisol. These stress hormones have been shown to promote the proliferation of cancer cells. This review focuses on stress-reducing strategies which may decrease cancer progression by abrogating these pathways, with a main focus on the β-adrenergic signaling pathway. Patients utilize both non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic strategies to reduce stress. Non-pharmacologic stress-reduction strategies include complementary and alternative medicine techniques, such as meditation, yoga, acupuncture, exercise, use of natural products, support groups and psychology counseling, herbal compounds, and multivitamins. Pharmacologic strategies include abrogating the β2-adrenergic receptor signaling pathway to antagonize epinephrine and norepinephrine action on tumor and immune cells. β-Blocker drugs may play a role in weakening the pro-migratory and pro-metastatic effects induced by stress hormones in cancer and strengthening the anti-tumor immune response. Preclinical models have shown that non-selective β1/2-blocker use is associated with a decrease in tumor growth and metastases and clinical studies have suggested their positive impact on decreasing breast cancer recurrence and mortality. Thus, non-pharmacological approaches, along with pharmacological therapies part of clinical trials are available to cancer patients to reduce stress, and have promise to break the cycle of cancer and stress.
Fully automated body composition analysis in routine CT imaging using 3D semantic segmentation convolutional neural networks
Authors: Koitka Sven , Kroll Lennard , Malamutmann Eugen , Oezcelik Arzu , Nensa Felix 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Body tissue composition is a long-known biomarker with high diagnostic and prognostic value not only in cardiovascular, oncological, and orthopedic diseases but also in rehabilitation medicine or drug dosage. In this study, the aim was to develop a fully automated, reproducible, and quantitative 3D volumetry of body tissue composition from standard CT examinations of the abdomen in order to be able to offer such valuable biomarkers as part of routine clinical imaging.

Methods
Therefore, an in-house dataset of 40 CTs for training and 10 CTs for testing were fully annotated on every fifth axial slice with five different semantic body regions: abdominal cavity, bones, muscle, subcutaneous tissue, and thoracic cavity. Multi-resolution U-Net 3D neural networks were employed for segmenting these body regions, followed by subclassifying adipose tissue and muscle using known Hounsfield unit limits.

Results
The Sørensen Dice scores averaged over all semantic regions was 0.9553 and the intra-class correlation coefficients for subclassified tissues were above 0.99.

Conclusions
Our results show that fully automated body composition analysis on routine CT imaging can provide stable biomarkers across the whole abdomen and not just on L3 slices, which is historically the reference location for analyzing body composition in the clinical routine.

Key Points
• Our study enables fully automated body composition analysis on routine abdomen CT scans.
• The best segmentation models for semantic body region segmentation achieved an averaged Sørensen Dice score of 0.9553.
• Subclassified tissue volumes achieved intra-class correlation coefficients over 0.99.
Applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnostic radiology: a technography study
Authors: Rezazade Mehrizi Mohammad Hosein , van Ooijen Peter , Homan Milou 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Why is there a major gap between the promises of AI and its applications in the domain of diagnostic radiology? To answer this question, we systematically review and critically analyze the AI applications in the radiology domain.

Methods
We systematically analyzed these applications based on their focal modality and anatomic region as well as their stage of development, technical infrastructure, and approval.

Results
We identified 269 AI applications in the diagnostic radiology domain, offered by 99 companies. We show that AI applications are primarily narrow in terms of tasks, modality, and anatomic region. A majority of the available AI functionalities focus on supporting the “perception” and “reasoning” in the radiology workflow.

Conclusions
Thereby, we contribute by (1) offering a systematic framework for analyzing and mapping the technological developments in the diagnostic radiology domain, (2) providing empirical evidence regarding the landscape of AI applications, and (3) offering insights into the current state of AI applications. Accordingly, we discuss the potential impacts of AI applications on the radiology work and we highlight future possibilities for developing these applications.

Key Points
• Many AI applications are introduced to the radiology domain and their number and diversity grow very fast.
• Most of the AI applications are narrow in terms of modality, body part, and pathology.
• A lot of applications focus on supporting “perception” and “reasoning” tasks.
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, dizziness, and health-related quality of life among older adults in a population-based setting
Authors: Lindell Ellen , Kollén Lena , Johansson Mia , Karlsson Therese , Rydén Lina , Falk Erhag Hanna , Wetterberg Hanna , Zettergren Anna , Skoog Ingmar , Finizia Caterina 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Dizziness may affect quality of life in a negative way and contribute to falls. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare 75 years old with dizziness caused by benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) to those with general dizziness/impaired balance (non-BPPV related) and to those reporting no dizziness, regarding health-related quality of life (HRQL), falls, tiredness, and walking speed in a population-based setting.

Method
A cross-sectional population-based sample, including 671 75 years old (398 women, 273 men), was investigated for BPPV, dizziness symptoms, falls, and walking speed. HRQL was assessed using the 36-item Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36).

Result
A total of 67 persons (10%) had symptoms of BPPV with 11 (1.6%) having nystagmus when tested for BPPV. Having BPPV as well as general dizziness/impaired balance was associated with reduced HRQL, more tiredness, enhanced number of falls, and lower walking speed. Furthermore, the risk of having BPPV increased fourfold if symptoms of dizziness when turning in bed was reported.

Conclusion
Having problems with dizziness is common among senior citizens where BPPV can be an unrecognized cause of dizziness that may impact HRQL and overall well-being. As BPPV is common among older adults, and is potentially curable through reposition maneuvers, it is important to liberally test for, and treat the condition. Information about dizziness when turning in bed can help to pinpoint persons with enhanced risk for BPPV also on a population-based level.
Unidirectional voltage converter for battery electric vehicle ultrafast charger
Authors: Szymanski Jerzy Ryszard , Zurek-Mortka Marta , Acharjee Dulal 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper proposes the use of a frequency converter used in the AC motor drives to build a fast charging battery converter for electric vehicles (EV). The possibility of using semiconductor integrated modules with two-level inverters and diode rectifiers for the construction of high power voltage DC/DC converters has been demonstrated. The DC voltage of the EV battery during charging is obtained by rectifying the three-phase voltage of the PWM inverter. A 600 V DC microgrid was used to power the inverter. Simulation tests of the DC/DC converter model were carried out. The results of simulation tests were verified experimentally on a laboratory stand.
Contrasting Impacts of Cultivated Exotics on the Functional Diversity of Domestic Gardens in Three Regions with Different Aridity
Authors: Padullés Cubino Josep , Borowy Dorothy , Knapp Sonja , Lososová Zdeňka , Ricotta Carlo , Siebert Stefan , Cavender-Bares Jeannine , Sol Daniel , Jeliazkov Alienor , Swan Christopher 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCultivated exotic plants are often introduced for their aesthetic value and today comprise a substantial fraction of the flora of urban domestic gardens. Yet, their relative contribution to the functional diversity of domestic gardens and how it changes across different climate zones is insufficiently understood. Here, we investigated whether the effects of cultivated exotics on functional diversity of three plant traits related to plant aesthetics (that is, plant showiness, plant height, and leaf area) varied in suburban domestic gardens in three regions (Minnesota, USA; Alt Empordà, Spain; and central South Africa) that differ in aridity. For each garden, we calculated the mean and variance of each plant trait considering all co-occurring species and also splitting them into co-occurring cultivated exotics and natives. Our results revealed that mean plant showiness increased linearly with the proportion of cultivated exotics both across and within studied regions. Moreover, co-occurring cultivated exotics were, on average, showier than natives in all regions, but differences in their trait variances were context-dependent. The interaction between cultivated exotics and aridity explained variation in mean plant height and leaf area better than either predictor alone, with the effect of cultivated exotics being stronger in more arid regions. Accordingly, co-occurring cultivated exotics were taller and had larger leaves than natives in warmer and drier regions, while the opposite was true in cooler and wetter regions. Our study highlights the need to consider the combined effects of exotic species and climate in future studies of urban ecology.