bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primordial Earth Mantle Heterogeneity Caused by the Moon-forming Giant Impact?
Authors: Deng Hongping , Ballmer Maxim D. , Reinhardt Christian , Meier Matthias M. M. , Mayer Lucio , Stadel Joachim , Benitez Federico 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The giant impact hypothesis for Moon formation successfully explains the dynamic properties of the Earth–Moon system but remains challenged by the similarity of isotopic fingerprints of the terrestrial and lunar mantles. Moreover, recent geochemical evidence suggests that the Earth’s mantle preserves ancient (or “primordial”) heterogeneity that pre-dates the Moon-forming giant impact. Using a new hydrodynamical method, we here show that Moon-forming giant impacts lead to a stratified starting condition for the evolution of the terrestrial mantle. The upper layer of the Earth is compositionally similar to the disk, out of which the Moon evolves, whereas the lower layer preserves proto-Earth characteristics. As long as this predicted compositional stratification can at least partially be preserved over the subsequent billions of years of Earth mantle convection, a compositional similarity between the Moon and the accessible Earth’s mantle is a natural outcome of realistic and high-probability Moon-forming impact scenarios. The preservation of primordial heterogeneity in the modern Earth not only reconciles geochemical constraints but is also consistent with recent geophysical observations. Furthermore, for significant preservation of a proto-Earth reservoir, the bulk major-element composition of the Earth–Moon system may be systematically shifted toward chondritic values.
Impact of a Spinning Supermassive Black Hole on the Orbit and Gravitational Waves of a Nearby Compact Binary
Authors: Fang Yun , Chen Xian , Huang Qing-Guo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Recent theoretical studies suggest that stellar-mass binary black holes (BBHs) would merge more efficiently due to the Kozai–Lidov (K–L) mechanism if these binaries form in the vicinity of supermassive black holes (SMBHs). Since SMBHs are likely rotating rapidly, we continue our earlier study on the generalization of the K–L formalism to include the spin of the SMBH and study the evolution of a nearby BBH. We find that the eccentricity and orbital inclination of the BBH are significantly affected, because the spin (i) forces the orbital plane of the center-of-mass of the BBH around the SMBH to precess (the Lense–Thirring effect) and (ii) imposes an additional gravitomagnetic force on the BBH. As a result, the merger time of the BBH could be significantly different. We calculate the waveform from the BBH in one representative example and study its detectability with a milli-Hertz gravitational-wave detector, such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). We find that the signal is distinguishable from that in the case without spin. Our results imply that the BBHs in the LISA band could potentially be used to probe the spin of the SMBHs in galaxy centers.
Comparison of Conventional and OATz Ablation Profiles for Laser in situ Keratomileusis to Correct Myopia up to -10.00 Diopters
Authors: Vongthongsri Anun , Phusitphoykai Nutharin , Siriboonkoom Janpen 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To compare results of laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using two different ablation profiles for correction of myopia between -0.50 and -10.00 D with the Nidek NAVEX system.
METHODS: In a prospective nonrandomized study, 249 myopic eyes (151 patients) had LASIK for correction of myopia. The Nidek MK-2000 microkeratome and the Nidek NAVEX excimer laser system were used in all eyes. Conventional LASIK was performed in 112 eyes of 64 patients with a 6.0-mm ablation zone and 7.5-mm transition zone (conventional group). LASIK with the Nidek OATz ablation profile was performed in 137 eyes of 87 patients, with variable ablation and transition zones (OATz group). Mean baseline manifest refraction was -4.11 ± 1.83 D in the conventional group and -5.45 ± 2.27 D in the OATz group. Baseline best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 83.9% of eyes in the conventional group and 81.0% of eyes in the OATz group.
RESULTS: Mean follow-up was 3.6 months (range 3 to 8 mo). At last follow-up, manifest refraction was within ±0.50 D of emmetropia in 86% of eyes (within ±1.00 D in 99.1%) in the conventional group and 94.2% of eyes (within ±1.00 D in 100%) in the OATz group. Uncorrected visual acuity was 20/40 or better in all eyes. No eyes in either group lost 2 or more lines of BSCVA.
CONCLUSIONS: The Nidek NAVEX system was safe and predictable in correcting myopia up to -10.00 D with the OATz ablation profile. OATz LASIK was similar to conventional LASIK in both refractive and visual outcomes. [J Refract Surg 2004;20(suppl):S674-S675]
Whole Eye Wavefront Aberrations in Mexican Male Subjects
Authors: Cantú Roberto , Rosales Marco A , Tepichin Eduardo , Curioca Andrée , Montes Victor , Bonilla Julio 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To analyze the characteristics, incidence, and appearance of wavefront aberrations in undilated, normal, unoperated eyes.
METHODS: Eighty-eight eyes of 44 healthy male Mexican subjects (mean age 25.32 years, range 18 to 36 yr) were divided into three groups based on uncorrected visual acuity of greater than or equal to 20/20, 20/30, or 20/40. UCVA measurements were obtained using an Acuity Max computer screen chart. Wavefront aberrations were measured with the Nidek OPD-Scan ARK 10000, Ver. 1.11b. All measurements were carried out at the same center by the same technician during a single session, following manufacturer instructions. Background illumination was 3 Lux.
RESULTS: Wavefront aberration measurements for each group were statistically analyzed using StatView; an average eye was characterized and the resulting aberrations were simulated using MATLAB. We obtained wavefront aberration maps for the 20/20 undilated normal unoperated eyes for total, low, and high order aberration coefficients. Wavefront maps for right eyes were practically the same as those for left eyes. Higher aberrations did not contribute substantially to total wavefront analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: Average aberrations of this "normal eye" will be used as criteria to decide the necessity of wavefront-guided ablation in our facilities. We will focus on the nearly zero average of high order aberrations in this normal whole eye as a reference to be matched. [J Refract Surg 2004;20(suppl):S685-S688]
Ocular Surface Changes in Laser in situ Keratomileusis-induced Neurotrophic Epitheliopathy
Authors: Savini Giacomo , Barboni Piero , Zanini Maurizio , Tseng Scheffer C G 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the ocular surface changes in patients with laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) -induced neurotrophic epitheliopathy.

METHODS: Seven consecutive patients with LASIK-induced neurotrophic epitheliopathy were studied prospectively and compared to a control group (seven consecutive patients who had LASIK-but without neurotrophic epitheliopathy). Bilateral sequential LASIK was performed at a 1-week interval; the first operated eye of each patient was considered for statistical analysis. Blinking, corneal sensitivity, tear break-up time, tear secretion and clearance were measured preoperatively (T
0
) and postoperatively at 1 week after surgery on the first eye (T
1
), and 1 week (T
2
), 1 month (T
3
), and 3 months (T
4
) after surgery was performed on the second eye.

RESULTS: Laser in situ keratomileusis-induced neurotrophic epitheliopathy occurred bilaterally in all patients. During follow-up, patients with LASIK-induced neurotrophic epitheliopathy showed a significant decrease in blinking (P=.0002), which was not observed in cases without LASIK. Compared to eyes without LASIK-induced neurotrophic epitheliopathy, those with LASIK-induced neurotrophic epitheliopathy revealed lower values of sensitivity in the central cornea preoperatively and early post-operatively (T
0
, P=.004; T
1
, P=.003; T
2
, P=.003). A trend towards reduced sensitivity was also detected in the central cornea in late follow-up and in the superior, temporal, and nasal sectors of the flap at all examinations. No significant differences were observed in break-up time, tear secretion, or clearance within or between the two groups.

CONCLUSION: Decreased blinking seems to be involved in the pathogenesis of LASIK-induced neurotrophic epitheliopathy. The reduction probably depends on the lower levels of corneal sensitivity and induces the epitheliopathy by increasing the ocular surface exposure. [J Refract Surg 2004;20:803-809]
INTACS Before or After Laser in situ Keratomileusis: Correction of Thin Corneas With Moderately High Myopia
Authors: Ito Mitsutoshi , Arai Hiroyuki , Fukumoto Teruki , Toda Ikuko , Tsubota Kazuo 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: Intrastromal corneal ring segments (INTACS Micro-Thin Prescription Inserts by Addition Technologies, Fremont, Calif) were inserted as a combined surgery with laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in six eyes with thin corneas to correct moderately high myopia.
METHODS: INTACS were implanted before LASIK (INTACS-LASIK) in three eyes and after LASIK (LASIK-INTACS) in three eyes. Mean preoperative manifest spherical equivalent refraction was -7.88 diopters. Mean follow-up was 306 days.
RESULTS: No intraoperative complications occurred. The LASIK-INTACS eyes were slightly more o ver corrected than the INTACS-LASIK eyes because of the enhanced performance of INTACS in the thinned corneal tissue. Induced astigmatism by INTACS per se was less in the LASIK-INTACS eyes than in the INTACS-LASIK eyes. At last examination, uncorrected visual acuity was better than 20/25 in all eyes. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was within 1 line of the preoperative value in all eyes.
CONCLUSION: Both methods resulted in significant improvement in visual acuity and refraction. Based on our limited experience, however, LASIK followed by INTACS is preferred for reasons of safety, convenience, and lower induced cylinder. [J Refract Surg 2004;20:818-822]
Correction of Myopia of 7 to 24 Diopters With the Artisan Phakic Intraocular Lens: Two-year Follow-up
Authors: Benedetti Stefano , Casamenti Virna , Marcaccio Lucio , Brogioni Carlo , Assetto Vincenzo 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the iris claw phakic intraocular lens (Artisan; Ophtec BV, Groningen, The Netherlands) in patients with high myopia.
METHODS: Between May 1999 and July 2001, 93 Artisan phakic intraocular lenses (IOLs) were implanted in 60 patients affected by high myopia. All patients underwent 24-month follow-up. The power of the lenses ranged from -7.5 to -22.0 diopters (D). Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (68 eyes), myopia -6.75 to -15.50 D (SE), and group 2 (25 eyes), myopia -16.0 to -23.0 D (SE). Pre- and postoperative patient evaluation included manifest and cycloplegic refractions, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), endothelial cell count, intraocular pressure, complication rate, safety, and efficacy.
RESULTS: At 4 months, 83.8% (57/68) (group 1, myopia -6.75 to -15.50 D) and 68% (17/25) (group 2, myopia -16.0 to -23.0 D) of eyes achieved UCVA of ≥ 20/40. The BSCVA remained the same or improved in 100% of eyes. After 4 months, 69.1% (47/68) of eyes in group 1 and 52% (13/25) of eyes in group 2 were within ±1.00 D of the desired refraction; the mean refraction was stable between 4 and 24 months. Of the intraoperative complications, 69.2% were observed in the first 25 lenses implanted; postoperative complications included iris atrophy in 11.8% (11/93), lens decentration in 5.4% (5/93), and night glare in 6.4% (6/93) of eyes. No IOLs were removed. Mean endothelial cell loss was 2.8% at 4 months, 3.9% at 12 months, and 5.4% at 24 months.
CONCLUSIONS: Our results regarding implantation of the Artisan phakic IOL confirm that these lenses are safe and effective for the correction of high myopia, with a stable refractive outcome but with a higher than normal rate of endothelial cell loss during 2-year follow-up. [J Refract Surg. 2005;21:116-126.]
Use of Polymyxin as an Endotoxin Blocker in the Prevention of Diffuse Lamellar Keratitis in an Animal Model
Authors: Morck Douglas W , Holland Simon P , Ceri Howard , Hancock Robert , Scott-Gough Monisha , Nugyen Van , Keith Erin J , Lee Tracy L 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To determine whether bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), could induce diffuse lamellar keratitis (DLK) in an animal model and whether DLK could be prevented by endotoxin blockers such as polymyxin.
METHODS: Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) flaps were created in rabbit eyes. The stromal bed was treated with 20 µg of Burkholderia cepacia LPS or balanced salt solution (BSS). Development of DLK, histological degree of inflammation, and presence of LPS detected by anti-LPS antibody were evaluated after 48 hours. In a second experiment, all eyes received LPS and were randomly assigned to receive either polymyxin in the form of two drops of Polytrim (Allergan, Irvine, Calif) on the stromal bed or two drops of BSS.
RESULTS: In the animal model study, LPS was significantly associated with the development of DLK (P<.05, n=30). Infiltration with polymorphonuclear cells and presence of DLK were found in LPS treated eyes but not in controls. In the second experiment, 4 (27%) of 15 eyes that received polymyxin in addition to LPS developed DLK compared to 18 (95%) of 19 eyes that received only LPS (P<.05, n=34). There was a trend towards higher flap displacement in polymyxin treated eyes but this was not significant (P=.07).
CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse lamellar keratitis in a rabbit model can be caused by bacterial endotoxin (LPS). Endotoxin blockers, such as polymyxin, are effective in decreasing the incidence of endotoxin-induced DLK in a rabbit model. [J Refract Surg. 2005;21:152-157.]
Rates of Epithelial Ingrowth After LASIK for Different Excimer Laser Systems
Authors: Jun Roo Min , Cristol Stephen M , Kim Moon Jung , Seo Kyoung Yul , Kim Jong Bin , Kim Eung Kweon 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To investigate the incidence of epithelial ingrowth after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using the VISX 20/20B and VISX Star S3 laser systems.
METHODS: A chart review of patients who had undergone LASIK between April 1999 and December 2001 was performed. Patients having known risk factors for epithelial ingrowth were excluded from the study. Both eyes of patients who were operated with both laser systems were included in a paired analysis. The first operated eyes of the remaining patients were included in an unpaired analysis. The outcomes studied were epithelial ingrowth (a region of epithelial growth under the flap that was contiguous with the flap edge and extended at least 0.7 mm in the radial direction) and epithelial ingrowth requiring treatment (extending into the pupillary zone, causing reduced vision, causing nighttime glare, or inducing any melting of the flap edge).
RESULTS: In the paired study, 11 (61.1%) of 18 eyes treated with the VISX 20/20B had epithelial ingrowth, and 7 (38.9%) eyes required treatment. None of the eyes treated with the VISX Star S3 had epithelial ingrowth. In the unpaired study, 39 (37.1%) of 105 eyes treated with the VISX 20/20B were noted to have epithelial ingrowth and 14 (13.3%) eyes required treatment. None of the eyes treated with the VISX Star S3 had epithelial ingrowth. The incidence of epithelial ingrowth was significantly different for the VISX 20/20B and the VISX Star S3 in both analyses (paired: P<.001, McNemar's test; unpaired: P<.001, Fisher's exact test).
CONCLUSIONS: The laser system used in LASIK is a risk factor for the development of epithelial ingrowth. [J Refract Surg, 2005;21:276-280.]
Central Island Treatment Using Technolas 217 Based on Orbscan II Assessment
Authors: Cheng Arthur C K , Lam Dennis S C 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To present a case of central island after myopic laser in situ keratomileusis and the treatment technique using Technolas 217 laser based on topography findings.
METHODS: Serial corneal topographies with Orbscan were taken and an ablation profile was generated with subsequent treatment using the phototherapeutic keratectomy mode and surface ablation technique.
RESULTS: Marked reduction was noted in the height of central island and the best spectacle-corrected visual acuity improved from 20/40 to 20/25.
CONCLUSIONS: Ablation profile based on corneal topography can provide a possible treatment option for patients with central island. [J Refract Surg. 2005;21:294-296.]
The Safety and Efficacy of Photorefractive Keratectomy After Laser in situ Keratomileusis
Authors: Shaikh Naazli M , Wee Curt E , Kaufman Stephen C 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To determine the safety and efficacy of performing photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) in corneas previously treated with laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery.
METHODS: Fifteen eyes of 14 patients who had initially received LASIK for the treatment of myopia and compound myopic astigmatism were evaluated. Variables included existence of and/or type of flap complication associated with the original LASIK procedure, refractions before and after (3 and 6 months) PRK, uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA), and the development of complications after PRK such as haze, scarring, double vision, or ghosting.
RESULTS: All 15 eyes were available for analysis at 6 months. Eleven eyes had experienced flap complications during the initial LASIK procedure and 4 eyes had experienced complications in the LASIK postoperative period. Characteristics prior to performing PRK included 11 myopic and 4 hyperopic eyes. By 6 months after PRK treatment, 87% of eyes had UCVA ≥20/40, 53% had ≥20/25, and 40% had ≥20/20. All eyes had BSCVA of ≥20/30, with 73% being ≥20/20. No eye had lost 2 lines of BSCVA and only 1 eye lost 1 line of BSCVA. Sixty percent of eyes were within 1.0 diopters (D) of emmetropia, and 40% were within 0.5 D of emmetropia. A trend towards undercorrection and surgical induction of astigmatism as confirmed by vector analysis was noted. No eye developed significant haze or scarring.
CONCLUSIONS: Photorefractive keratectomy may be a safe procedure to perform in corneas previously treated with LASIK surgery. Results show good reduction of refractive error and improvement of UCVA and BSCVA. A significant undercorrection of astigmatism was attributed to surgically induced astigmatism. Further studies are necessary to determine the long-term safety and stability of outcomes. [J Refract Surg. 2005;21:353-358.]
Incidence of Corneal Epithelial Defects With the Standard and Zero-Compression Hansatome Microkeratomes
Authors: Polk Eric E , Wexler Stephen A , Kymes Steven 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of epithelial defects in patients who have had laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) surgery with the standard compression Hansatome microkeratome head in comparison to the modified (zero-compression) Hansatome microkeratome head (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY).
METHODS: This study was a retrospective review of 404 consecutive patients who had LASIK surgery on both eyes between January 2002 and June 2002. The standard compression microkeratome head was used in 216 (53%) cases and the zero-compression microkeratome head was used in 188 (47%) cases. Epithelial defects were categorized as loose epithelium, or a break in the epithelium, within the area of the flap. An adverse outcome for a patient was defined as having an epithelial defect in at least one eye. Odds ratios were estimated using logistic regression.
RESULTS: When the standard compression microkeratome head was used, 19 (8.8%) patients had an epithelial defect in at least 1 eye. When the zero-compression microkeratome head was used, 5 (2.7%) patients had an epithelial defect in at least 1 eye. Logistic regression comparing the risk of epithelial defect in either eye with the standard compression head versus the zero-compression head resulted in an age-adjusted odds ratio of 0.2 (95% confidence interval, 0.07 to 0.58, P<.05).
CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence that LASIK surgery with a zero-compression head reduces the risk of epithelial defect compared to the standard compression head of the Hansatome microkeratome. [J Refract Surg. 2005;21:359-364.]
Keratometry for Intraocular Lens Power Calculation Using Orbscan II in Eyes With Laser in situ Keratomileusis
Authors: Cheng Arthur C K , Lam Dennis S C 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To compare the results of corneal keratometry after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) obtained by the Gaussian optics formula and the clinical history method.
METHODS: Sixty-one consecutive patients (121 eyes) who had undergone LASIK were recruited in this retrospective case-controlled study. The K-value obtained from the Gaussian optics formula (CalK) based on postoperative corneal topography by Orbscan II (Bausch & Lomb, Rochester, NY) and ultrasound pachymetry was compared with that obtained from the clinical history method (estK). Keratometry measured by these two methods was compared using the paired sample t test and Pearson correlation coefficient.
RESULTS: A high correlation was noted between K-value obtained by the clinical history method and the Gaussian optics formula (R = 0.97, P<.001). The mean difference between the two methods is 0.13 diopters (P=.06).
CONCLUSIONS: K reading derived from the Gaussian optics formula correlated closely to that obtained from the clinical history method and would be especially useful in patients with no preoperative LASIK treatment data. [J Refract Surg. 2005;21:365-368.]
Corneal Flap Measurements in Laser in situ Keratomileusis Using the Moria M2 Automated Microkeratome
Authors: Pietilä Juhani , Mäkinen Petri , Suominen Sakari , Huhtala Anne , Uusitalo Hannu 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To evaluate accuracy and predictability and factors that influence the dimensions of the laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) corneal flap created with the Moria M2 automated microkeratome (Moria SA, Antony, France).
METHODS: The flap thickness of 454 eyes of 243 consecutive patients was measured using subtraction ultrasonic pachymetry during LASIK with the Moria M2 microkeratome head 130 designed to create a 160-µm-thick flap. Flap dimensions were evaluated and measurements were correlated with preoperative parameters. A stepwise regression analysis was used to determine the factors that influenced actual flap thickness.

RESULTS: The preoperative spherical equivalent refraction of the 454 eyes ranged from -12.125 diopters (D) to +6.25 D. Patient age ranged from 18 to 57 years (mean age: 31.3 ±8.8 years). Mean preoperative keratometric power K
1
was 44.31 ±1.59 D and K
2
was 43.32 ±1.54 D. Mean preoperative central corneal thickness was 552.4 ±32.5 µm (range: 466 to 665 µm). With an attempted thickness of 160 µm, the Moria M2 flap thickness ranged from 77 to 209 µm (mean: 153.3 ± 19.0 µm). Mean horizontal flap diameter was 9.2±0.2 mm and mean hinge length 4.6±0.3 mm. Increasing flap thickness was found to correlate with increasing preoperative corneal thickness, younger patient age, and flatter preoperative keratometric power K
1
.

CONCLUSIONS: Although the standard deviation of the flap thickness was relatively small, remarkable individual variation was noted. Therefore, the intraoperative calculation of the remaining stromal bed is recommended. Furthermore, the consideration of central corneal thickness, patient age, and preoperative keratometry are helpful parameters to avoid too deep ablation. [J Refract Surg. 2005;21:377-385.]