bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing the channel: Digitization and the rise of “middle tail” strategies
Authors: Benner Mary J. , Waldfogel Joel 
Published: January 2020

AbstractResearch SummaryPrior research has studied whether digitization shifts demand away from mass‐appeal blockbusters toward a “long tail” of existing products. We extend this work by studying whether digitization influences the products created. Using unique data on movies, we examine whether the reduced costs of production and new digital distribution channels spur producers to create products aimed at smaller audiences. We employ a flexible, transparent, and largely graphical empirical approach to document changes unfolding with digitization. We find growth in both intended blockbuster and long tail products, but also, the rise of a “middle tail,” movies distributed via digital channels, with budgets suggesting commercial intent but well below the averages for theatrical distribution. The new middle tail is largely due to newcomers rather than major incumbents.Managerial SummaryDigitization has reduced the costs to create movies, while also enabling new distribution channels that avoid the high costs of theatrical distribution. With lower costs, movies no longer need to be “blockbusters” at the box office to be financially successful. In this article, we study whether digitization has spurred an increase in lower‐budget movies that are not aimed for release in theaters. We find that digitization has unleashed a large number of very low budget movies that attract little commercial attention (i.e., the “long tail”). However, we also find an increase in a new category of movies with budgets between $100,000 and $10 million, aimed at smaller audiences via new digital distribution channels. We show growth in this “middle tail” following digitization.
On the need for expanded guidance in navigating ethical learning research at science museums
Authors: McManimon Shannon K. , Causey Lauren , King Zdanna , Ronning Evelyn C. , Bequette Marjorie B. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractScience learning occurs throughout people's lives, inside and outside of school, in formal, informal, and nonformal settings. While museums have long played a role in science education, learning in this and other informal settings has not been studied nor understood as deeply as in formal settings (i.e., schools and classrooms). This position paper, written by learning researchers in a science museum engaged in equity and access work, notes that while the researchers consider the ethics of their work regularly and deeply, little formal guidance exists for the ethical challenges they routinely face in studying science learning. To explore this, the paper first shares contexts of studying informal science education at the Science Museum of Minnesota, including epistemological understandings of both science and research, a commitment to justice‐based equity, and existing ethical guidance and processes. Drawing on three research projects, it explores ethical issues pertaining to (a) museum visitors and (b) museum staff and community members engaging in participatory research. First, as visitors do not generally come to a museum to be part of a research study, learning researchers must consider sampling, representation, and data collection methods, balancing these with a museum‐goer's desires for their visit. Second, when using participatory methodologies with staff, community members, and young people as co‐researchers, ethical considerations involve building relationships, redefining (unanticipated) risks, and data collection and dissemination practices that do not extend existing social inequities or work hierarchies. Ultimately, this position paper argues for expanded or revised ethical guidance that meets the needs of this work, surpasses current guidelines or institutional review board practices, draws on epistemologies outside of a supposedly neutral, individualistic Western framework, and places participants at the center of the work. Such a discussion could enhance the ethical study of science learning across settings.
Communicating about science and engineering practices and the nature of science: An exploration of American Sign Language resources
Authors: Enderle Patrick , Cohen Scott , Scott Jessica 
Published: January 2020

AbstractScience classrooms have been demonstrated to be educational contexts with unique and challenging language demands. Enhanced cognitive and linguistic demands arising from an emphasis on the science and engineering practices (SEPs) and the nature of science (NOS) in the Next Generation Science Standards warrant consideration of how to support students with different language abilities. Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) students must negotiate multiple languages in the science classroom, including academic science vocabulary, written English, and spoken American Sign Language (ASL). However, science‐specific ASL vocabulary is rather limited, and current development efforts mostly focus on developing signs for more traditional content vocabulary. Yet, effective science instruction for DHH students must also provide them opportunities to engage in and communicate about the NOS and the functions of the SEPs. The current study explores the availability of such ASL resources across a body of science‐specific resources available for teachers of DHH students. Reviewing a body of publicly available resources, researchers identified a small list of 21 ASL signs that are common across multiple resources. These signs, and the larger data set, were reviewed to identify trends and patterns across them and how well they communicate scientific meanings for NOS and the SEPs. Issues that emerged and classroom implications are discussed.
Subspecific identity and a comparison of genetic diversity between wild and ex situ wildebeest
Authors: Caspers Lauren M. , Ferrie Gina M. , Wolfe Kristen , Hoffman Eric A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe original North American ex situ wildebeest population was believed to originate from the white‐bearded wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus albojubatus), which is both morphologically distinct and geographically separated from the brindled wildebeest (C. t. taurinus). However, after an import of wildebeest into North America in 2001, managers have suspected that white‐bearded and brindled wildebeest were mixed in herds at multiple institutions. We sequenced the mitochondrial control region (d‐loop) from a portion of the managed North American population and compared our sequences with previously published sequences from wild individuals to determine the subspecific identity and genetic diversity of our ex situ population. We were able to confidently identify C. t. albojubatus as the subspecies identity of the sampled portion of our population. Within our population, haplotype and nucleotide diversity were low (0.169 and 0.001, respectively) with a single common haplotype (H1) containing 41 of the 45 individuals sequenced, while two rare haplotypes (H2 and H3) were derived from three individuals and a single individual, respectively. Nucleotide and haplotype diversity were greater overall in the wild populations compared with our managed population. However, C. t. albojubatus was found to exhibit lower nucleotide diversity in both wild and ex situ populations when compared to other wild subspecies. Though the overall goal of the North American wildebeest population is for public education and not reintroduction, maintaining genetic diversity is vital for the long‐term viability of this managed population, which may benefit from periodic supplementation of wild animals.
Validation of the scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minor and moderate head trauma in children
Authors: Sönnerqvist Caroline , Brus Ole , Olivecrona Magnus 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Head trauma in children is common, with a low rate of clinically important traumatic brain injury. CT scan is the reference standard for diagnosis of traumatic brain injury, of which the increasing use is alarming because of the risk of induction of lethal malignancies. Recently, the Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee derived new guidelines for the initial management of minor and moderate head trauma. Our aim was to validate these guidelines.

Methods
We applied the guidelines to a population consisting of children with mild and moderate head trauma, enrolled in the study: “Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study” by Kuppermann et al. (Lancet 374(9696):1160–1170, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61558-0, 2009). We calculated the negative predictive values of the guidelines to assess their ability to distinguish children without clinically-important traumatic brain injuries and traumatic brain injuries on CT scans, for whom CT could be omitted.

Results
We analysed a population of 43,025 children. For clinically-important brain injuries among children with minimal head injuries, the negative predictive value was 99.8% and the rate was 0.15%. For traumatic findings on CT, the negative predictive value was 96.9%. Traumatic finding on CT was detected in 3.1% of children with minimal head injuries who underwent a CT examination, which accounts for 0.45% of all children in this group.

Conclusion
Children with minimal head injuries can be safely discharged with oral and written instructions. Use of the SNC-G will potentially reduce the use of CT.
Effective FE models for simulating the elasto-mechanical characteristics of forming machines
Authors: Tehel Robert , Päßler Thomas , Bergmann Markus 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe elasto-mechanical characteristic of forming machines is crucial for a variety of forming processes. Numerical simulations are to be performed to understand the complex interaction between process, forming tool, and machine. The machine’s elastic fingerprint depends on its design, accuracy of the components, and mounting conditions. Models only based on data of the machine design are limited. Therefore, effective FE models are to be developed to transfer the physical structure into a digital representation. The paper presents different methods of creating effective models for the characteristics of forming machines determined by measurements. Examples and potential of using these models are presented.
Perceived impact of meteorological conditions on the use of public space in winter settlements
Authors: Larsson Agneta , Chapman David 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the impact of meteorological conditions on the use of public space in Scandinavia and Canada. Between September 21 and December 18, 2017, a cross-sectional online survey ‘EAMQ-Climate: space’ was distributed via web-based platforms. Survey responses were received from 361 residents (258 people from Scandinavia and 103 from Canada). The relative impact of the meteorological determinants on the use of public space was calculated, and a factor analysis was performed. Disparities between Canada and Scandinavia as well as between the climate zones represented were analysed using ANOVA. Overall results showed that the most significant meteorological enablers for the use of outdoor public spaces in winter were solar gain, snowfall and snow-covered surfaces. The main barriers were slush-covered and icy surfaces, rainfall and darkness. Wind and cold were conditions with less influence. The impact of rain and ice, however, differed between climatic zones. It was also established that, when addressing the meteorological impact on avoiding the use of public spaces in winter, it is vital to discriminate between conditions related to a) the ground surface and b) ambient conditions, as well as the particular significance of c) snow and sun, and d) darkness. For the design of public space in winter cities, we conclude that designers need to focus on a wider range of weather conditions than sun, wind and cold, and include snow, rainfall, slushy and icy ground and poor visibility. The study suggests that winter public space has a higher climatic design requirement to be successful than streets and pathways that are mainly used for soft mobility.
Low antimicrobial resistance in general practice patients in Rotterdam, the city with the largest proportion of immigrants in the Netherlands
Authors: Honsbeek Maaike , Tjon-A-Tsien Aimée , Stobberingh Ellen , de Steenwinkel Jurriaan , Melles Damian C. , Lous Jan , Richardus Jan Hendrik , Voeten Hélène 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing problem. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in general practice patients is expected to be relatively high in Rotterdam, the Dutch city with the largest proportion non-Western immigrants. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens (Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae, andProteus mirabilis) in general practices in Rotterdam, and to find a possible association between the prevalence of antibiotic-resistantE. coliand age, gender, and socioeconomic status (SES). A retrospective analysis was performed of urine samples from general practice patients in 2016. The prevalence of AMR in uropathogens was compared with national resistance data, as was the prevalence of highly and multidrug resistant and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producingE. coliandK. pneumoniae.Univariate logistic regression was used to study associations between antibiotic-resistantE. coliand age, gender, and SES area score. No clinically relevant differences were observed in the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant uropathogens in Rotterdam compared with the national prevalence. ForE. coliandK. pneumoniae, the prevalence was 3.6% for ESBL production (both pathogens together), while the prevalence ranged between 4.2%–5.0% for high resistance and between 1.2%–3.3% for multidrug resistance. Ciprofloxacin-resistantE. coliwas significantly associated with higher age. Although Rotterdam has a high percentage of non-western immigrants and a low SES, AMR is low among general practice patients. This indicates that adherence to national guidelines in general practice enables maintenance of low AMR, even in high-risk populations.
Risk factors for lower limb lymphedema in gynecologic cancer patients after initial treatment
Authors: Kunitake Teruyo , Kakuma Tatsuyuki , Ushijima Kimio 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Most studies on lower limb lymphedema have been conducted in gynecologic cancer patients who underwent surgery for gynecologic malignancy. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors for lower limb lymphedema development in gynecologic cancer patients who underwent initial treatment.

Methods
A retrospective cohort design was used to follow 903 gynecologic cancer patients who underwent treatment at Kurume University Hospital between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2015. Data analyses were performed in 356 patients, and the patients were followed up until December 31, 2017. The model comprised two components to facilitate statistical model construction. Specifically, a discrete survival time model was constructed, and a complementary log–log link model was fitted to estimate the hazard ratio. Associations between risk factors were estimated using generalized structural models.

Results
The median follow-up period was 1083 (range 3–1819) days, and 54 patients (15.2%) developed lower limb lymphedema, with a median onset period of 240 (range 3–1415) days. Furthermore, 38.9% of these 54 patients developed lower limb lymphedema within 6 months and 85.2% within 2 years. International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, radiotherapy, and number of lymph node dissections (≥ 28) were significant risk factors.

Conclusion
Simultaneous examination of the relationship between lower limb lymphedema and risk factors, and analysis among the risk factors using generalized structural models, enabled us to construct a clinical model of lower limb lymphedema for use in clinical settings to alleviate this condition and improve quality of life.
Grand challenges in model-driven engineering: an analysis of the state of the research
Authors: Bucchiarone Antonio , Cabot Jordi , Paige Richard F. , Pierantonio Alfonso 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn 2017 and 2018, two events were held—in Marburg, Germany, and San Vigilio di Marebbe, Italy, respectively—focusing on an analysis of the state of research, state of practice, and state of the art in model-driven engineering (MDE). The events brought together experts from industry, academia, and the open-source community to assess what has changed in research in MDE over the last 10 years, what challenges remain, and what new challenges have arisen. This article reports on the results of those meetings, and presents a set of grand challenges that emerged from discussions and synthesis. These challenges could lead to research initiatives for the community going forward.
Perfect date—the review of current research into molecular bases of mammalian fertilization
Authors: Trebichalská Zuzana , Holubcová Zuzana 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFertilization is a multistep process during which two terminally differentiated haploid cells, an egg and a sperm, combine to produce a totipotent diploid zygote. In the early 1950s, it became possible to fertilize mammalian eggs in vitro and study the sequence of cellular and molecular events leading to embryo development. Despite all the achievements of assisted reproduction in the last four decades, remarkably little is known about the molecular aspects of human conception. Current fertility research in animal models is casting more light on the complexity of the process all our lives start with. This review article provides an update on the investigation of mammalian fertilization and highlights the practical implications of scientific discoveries in the context of human reproduction and reproductive medicine.
Hydrogen-bonded porous frameworks constructed by rigid π-conjugated molecules with carboxy groups
Authors: Hisaki Ichiro 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis review covers construction and properties of porous molecular crystals (PMCs) constructed through hydrogen-bonding ofC3-symmetric, rigid, π-conjugated molecular building blocks possessing carboxyaryl groups, which was reported in the last 5 years by the author’s group. PMCs with well-defined, self-standing pores have been attracted attention due to various functionalities provided by selective and reversible inclusion of certain chemical species into the pores. However, it has been recognized for long time that construction of PMCs with permanent porosity is not easy due to weakness of noncovalent intermolecular interactions. Systematic construction of PMCs have been limited so far. To overcome this problem, the author has proposed a unique molecular design concept based onC3-symmetric π-conjugated molecules (C3PIs) possessingo-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene moieties in their periphery and demonstrated that C3PIs systematically yielded hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) composed of H-bonded 2D hexagonal networks (H-HexNets) or interpenetrated 3Dpcu-networks, which exhibit permanent porosity, significant thermal stability, polar solvent durability, robustness/flexibility, and/or multifunctionality.
Comparison of the Hepatotoxic Potential of Two Treatments for Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney DiseaseUsing Quantitative Systems Toxicology Modeling
Authors: Woodhead J. L. , Pellegrini L. , Shoda L. K. M. , Howell B. A. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an orphan disease with few current treatment options. The vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist tolvaptan is approved in multiple countries for the treatment of ADPKD, however its use is associated with clinically significant drug-induced liver injury.

Methods
In prior studies, the potential for hepatotoxicity of tolvaptan was correctly predicted using DILIsym®, a quantitative systems toxicology (QST) mathematical model of drug-induced liver injury. In the current study, we evaluated lixivaptan, another proposed ADPKD treatment and vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, using DILIsym®. Simulations were conducted that assessed the potential for lixivaptan and its three main metabolites to cause hepatotoxicity due to three injury mechanisms: bile acid accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress generation. Results of these simulations were compared to previously published DILIsym results for tolvaptan.

Results
No ALT elevations were predicted to occur at the proposed clinical dose for lixivaptan, in contrast to previously published simulation results for tolvaptan. As such, lixivaptan was predicted to have a markedly lower risk of hepatotoxicity compared to tolvaptan with respect to the hepatotoxicity mechanisms represented in DILIsym.

Conclusions
These results demonstrate the potential for using QST methods to differentiate drugs in the same class for their potential to cause hepatotoxicity.
The More the Merrier? The Causal Effect of High Fertility on Later-Life Loneliness in Eastern Europe
Authors: van den Broek Thijs , Tosi Marco 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLevels of later-life loneliness are high in Eastern Europe. We assess whether having more children is protective against later-life loneliness for Eastern-European mothers and fathers. Drawing on Generations and Gender Surveys data of 25,479 parents aged 50–80 from eight Eastern-European countries, we adopt an instrumental approach exploiting parents’ preference for mixed-sex offspring to estimate the causal effect of having additional children on feelings of loneliness. We find that having an additional child has a causal protective effect against loneliness for mothers. Ordinary least squares regression models also show a weak but statistically significant negative association between number of children and later-life loneliness among fathers. However, results of the instrumental variable analyses are inconclusive for this group. We thus do not find statistically significant causal evidence that having an additional child is protective against loneliness for fathers. Our results underline the importance of addressing reverse causality and selection bias when investigating the links between number of children and later-life loneliness, particularly among women. The causal evidence presented here suggests that the trend towards families with fewer children noted in several Eastern-European countries may place new cohorts of older Eastern-Europeans, and in particular Eastern-European women, at risk of stronger feelings of loneliness.