bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arqueología e investigación documental: las defensas pre-abaluartadas de Alacant (España)
Authors: Bevià i Garcia Màrius , Mira Rico Juan Antonio , Giner Martínez Jaime Manuel , Ortega Pérez José Ramón 
Published: May 2020

Archaeology and documentary research: the first bastioned fortifications of Alacant (Spain)In the Courts of the Crown of Aragon held in Monzón (Huesca, 1528) it was raised the need to organise the coast defence of the Kingdom of Valencia through a series of fortification works and the creation and maintenance of militias in order to avoid the attacks and incursions of the Turks and the Berber corsairs. In Alacant (1533), under the auspice of the Duke of Calabria, viceroy of the Kingdom of Valencia, and the design of Joan de Cervelló, noble, military and engineer of King Carlos I and with great experience in artillery and fortification of cities, three bastions were built taking advantage of the medieval walls: Sant Francesc, Sant Bertomeu and Sant Sebastià. These improvement works on the walls continued with the rise of two more towers that protected the gate (Puerta del Mar or Montserrat). The bastions had a circular plan and an escarp elevation up to their half and vertical until the crowning, besides a low armed parapet. They were demolished because of the urban renovations that Alacant experienced during the nineteenth century. However, the historical planimetry, engraving images and photographs, as well as the archaeological excavations carried out in them allow to know their morphology and materials, which are explained in this paper.
Al-Bunayya, una ciudad fortificada benimerín en la costa norte del estrecho de Gibraltar (1282-1375)
Authors: Jiménez-Camino Álvarez Rafael , González Gallero Raúl , Blanco Medrano Estrella , Ramos Martín María Ángeles , Eïd Aurélie Simone 
Published: May 2020

Al-Bunayya, a fortified Marinid city on the northern coast of the strait of Gibraltar (1282-1375 AD)This article presents the results of the archaeological investigation carried out between 2017 and 2018 by Algeciras City Council in al-Bunayya (1282-1375), the only city founded by the Marinid dynasty in al-Andalus, after recent research revealed its true location. Until then, the site of the city had been attributed to another Islamic city in Algeciras: al-Ŷazīra al-jadrā’. The two cities existed alongside one another from the end of the Middle Ages, until they were destroyed by the Nasrids in 1375 or 1379 and subsequently abandoned. The medina’s defences comprised a wall protected by two lines of concentric barbicans and a third section which may have formed part of the entrance to one of the city gates. At least three phases of construction have been identified: the first coincides with the founding of the city by the Marinid sultan Abū Yūsuf (1282-1285), when the wall and the first barbican were built from rammed earth, a technique used in most Marinid urban settlements. The second phase (1285-1344) may be linked to Nasrid refurbishments, which covered or substituted the former rammed earth walls of the towers with walls made from layers of stone masonry and filled with rubble masonry, reflecting the customary methods used to refurbish fortifications on the border with Castile. The third phase (1344-1369) may be attributed to the time of the Castilian conquest due to the presence of stonemasons’ marks, and involved the construction of a sloping barbican using stone and rubble masonry.
Conoscenza e analisi dei materiali per la conservazione del castello di Maida in Calabria (Italia)
Authors: Gattuso Caterina , Palermo Anna M. , Castagnaro Irene Barba , Ruberto Francesca M. 
Published: May 2020

Knowledge and material analysis for conservation actions related to the Maida castle in Calabria (Italy)The Maida castle is located in a hill site in historical center of the Maida City, facing two sea gulfs: Squillace gulf on the east side and Sant’Eufemia gulf on the west side. The position is strategic moreover because the castle is located in the center of Calabria between the Tyrrhenian and the Ionian Seas. Hidden in an inner area, the castle was erected on a rock which has a wide perspective view, giving the ability to control a stretch of territory between the two coasts and allowing to make an easier defense. Although today the fortress appears mainly as a ruin, it is still possible to distinguish one of the quadrangular towers as used as district prison, some inaccessible underground spaces and part of the walls. The state of degradation is evident, caused by the time action and, unfortunately, by inadequate maintenance activity. Most of the external surfaces have evident signs of deterioration, caused by bad weather conditions, but above all by weed vegetation. To better understand the role of the factors as biological aggression, a study has been carried out focusing on most common and widespread biological degradation present on the external surfaces of the castle. Samples of biological materials were taken and examined in the laboratory in order to acquire useful information about the state of the monument. This knowledge is necessary because it provides a first picture of the main causes of degradation of the castle and useful information for developing more aware and respectful restorations of its identity.
La “fortezza invisibile”: il telegrafo ottico Chappe nella Francia napoleonica
Authors: Marotta Anna 
Published: May 2020

The “invisible fortress”: the Chappe optical telegraph in the Napoleonic FranceEven in the defensive and fortifying processes, two aspects can be found: the material component and the immaterial one. If all the constructive, material and structural procedures are the first, for example, all that concerns remote communications (maximum optics) belongs to the second, an indispensable tool to complete an optimal strategy for offensive and/or defensive operations. Remote optical transmissions are closely connected to the management of defensive systems: this is also what happens with the optical telegraph of Claude Chappe, conceived during the French Revolution and adopted by Napoleon for the potential inherent in the strategic and territorial logic, as for the organization, structuring and sending of encrypted messages (which since the sixteenth century had also seen the interest of Leon Battista Alberti. The densest part of the network spreads to France, from Paris to the borders of the nation. In Europe, you will see achievements in Spain, up to Russia. The Lyon-Paris-Venice line also led to the construction of a Lombard-Piedmontese section. The present contribution stems from a conspicuous research, founded on the twenty-year collaboration of Marotta with the FNARH (Fédération Nationale des Associations de Recherche Historique sur la Poste et les Télécommunications). The system included the installation in high positions (hills, towers or bell towers) of a mechanical device, which could be reached at a distance of kilometers. On top of a fixed pole of about 5 m, the apparatus consisted of a central axis (ordinateur) at the ends of which two mobile arms (indicateurs) were fixed which allowed (in the variation of the reciprocal positions and inclinations) to realize multiple signals, at the base of an entire encrypted visual alphabet, arrived in 1841 up to 61000 messages. Multiple types of models made. The contribution will return the chronological developments of the system, in time and space of territories involved, with the relative comparisons of types, models and languages, also through 3D modeling.
Self-Management in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Luo Wen , Zhang Xiuli , Ren Kaijing 
Published: May 2020

Despite the effective pharmacological management of the disease over the last two decades, many individuals with RA continue to have psychological distress, and this is associated with poor outcomes. Addressing psychological issues hand in hand with pharmacological treatment will help to maximize outcomes for people with RA. Self-management (SM) is of utmost importance for people with rheumatoid arthritis to minimize their complaints, reduce clinic visits, and reduce disability. Considering the continuous update on the guidelines for disease management, non-pharmacological management remains a poorly addressed need of importance. In this chapter, we will introduce the current and progress of self-management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Fundamentals of Volunteered Geographic Information in Disaster Management Related to Floods
Authors: G. Arapostathis Stathis 
Published: May 2020

The main purpose of this chapter is to introduce fundamental knowledge regarding the notion of volunteered geographic information (VGI) and its applications in disaster management (DM) of events related to floods. Initially, the meaning of the term is defined along with certain properties and general trends that characterize VGI. A brief literature review unfolds the range of activities that compose that certain term, along with its applications to flood event management. Those applications cover significant aspects of both VGI and DM cycle: from participatory activities of volunteers up to pure data analysis, extracted from social media and other VGI sources, while, in terms of DM cycle, from mitigation up to response and recovery. Finally, a set of four main clusters of open challenges is addressed. Those clusters accumulate the vast majority of open topics on this research field.
Towards Global Peace and Sustainability: Role of Education in Peace-Building in the Great Lakes Region of Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Gabriel Ndijuye Laurent , Basil Tandika Pambas 
Published: May 2020

The Great Lakes Region of sub-Saharan Africa is well known for being volatile and turbulent in terms of peace and stability. For over 60 years, almost all countries in the region have experienced some kind of political and social turmoil such as civil war, coup de tat, and genocides. In 1960, the first democratically elected Congolese prime minister was assassinated. There were unprecedented social and political havoc in a nearby “other Congo” characterized by power struggle between various political and ethnic factions in the post-independence Congo Brazzaville. In Burundi and Rwanda, ethnic tensions between the Tutsi and Hutu engulfed the developmental dreams of nationalist freedom fighters until 2015. Though arguably stable, Tanzania has experienced its own share of socio-political messy including the 1998 Mwembechai and 2001 Pemba massacres. Efforts to build a sense of sustainable peace and development based on mutual understanding and socio-political harmony has brought limited success. In all these countries, the missing link in building sustainable peace and security has been a lack of education. The chapter intends to fill this gap by critically analyzing the potential role of basic education, especially pre-primary and early grades education, in sustainable peace-building in the sub-Saharan context.
Alzheimer’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Molecular Mechanisms and Similarities
Authors: Isabel Lira-De León Karla , Delia Bertadillo-Jilote Alma , Gustavo García-Gutiérrez David , Antonio Meraz-Ríos Marco 
Published: May 2020

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become one of the most threatening diseases in the elderly, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major health problem in the world, representing 7.4% of the population. Several studies have produced epidemiological, clinical, and pathological evidence of the relationship between AD and T2DM. Laboratory research using animal models has identified mechanisms shared by both T2DM and AD. Particularly, there is an increase of tau phosphorylation and cleavage, which is known to be particularly toxic to neurons and to form a nucleation for neurofibrillary tangles. Also, alterations in synaptic plasticity are associated to tau pathology through the direct abnormal interaction of pathological tau with synaptic proteins and indirectly through Tau-activated neuroinflammatory processes. Many T2DM complications are potentiated or initiated by the accumulation of specific forms of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their interaction with its receptors (RAGE). AGEs promote β-amyloid aggregation and cytotoxicity, while glycation of tau may enhance their aggregation. Therefore, this review addresses the analysis of the common mechanisms where the major molecular players of these two diseases participate and contribute to a better understanding of these diseases in their pathogenic relationship.
Artisanal saltscapes in Europe: from mining heritage to living cultural landscapes
Authors: Hueso Kortekaas Katia 
Published: May 2020

Artisanal salt making in Europe is experiencing an unprecedented expansion, thanks to a stronger awareness of quality food products, the protection of a traditional know-how and the maintenance of the natural values of productive landscapes. Over the last century, small solar evaporation salt making sites across the continent had been experiencing a decline, in favour of large, industrial mining facilities. Hand harvested salt was seen as a low-quality product, not fit for its use in food or other applications. In Spain and Portugal alone, from the over 700 former salt making sites, only 10% survived, the rest falling into oblivion. In the early 21st century, some abandoned sites were gaining attention as mining heritage, being recovered as open-air museums. In a few cases, some sites were recovered in extremis as productive sites, becoming (again) living cultural landscapes. In this contribution, we analyse the recovery of twelve saltscapes in Europe, with different degrees of advancement. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods allows to understand the processes and which factors influence the transformation from an abandoned mining site to a thriving productive landscape that celebrates and protects its cultural, human and natural values.
La producción artesanal de sal en Europa está experimentando una expansión sin precedentes, gracias a una mayor concienciación sobre los productos alimentarios de calidad, la protección del conocimiento tradicional y el mantenimiento de los valores naturales de los paisajes productivos. Durante el siglo XX, pequeñas salinas de evaporación solar en todo el continente experimentaronun declive, en favor de las grandes instalaciones industriales. La sal cosechada a mano era vista como un producto de baja calidad, no apta para su uso en alimentación u otras aplicaciones. Solo en España y Portugal, de los más de 700 antiguos espacios salineros, solo el 10% sobrevivió, cayendo el resto en el olvido. A principios del siglo XXI, algunos espacios abandonados recibieron atención como patrimonio minero, siendo recuperados como museos al aire libre. En algunos casos, algunos recuperaron in extremis la producción, convirtiéndose (de nuevo) en paisajes culturales vivos. En esta contribución, analizamos la recuperación de doce paisajes de la sal en Europa, con diferentes grados de avance. Una combinación de métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos permite comprender los procesos y qué factores influyenen la transformación de un espacio minero abandonado a un próspero paisaje productivo que celebra y protege sus valores culturales, humanos y naturales.
L’esprit communautaire des bals des Rois au Pays des Illinois (1800-1830)1
Authors: Dumont Mikael 
Published: May 2020

Dans les trois premières décennies du XIXe siècle, les colons américains sont de plus en plus nombreux à habiter l’ancien Pays des Illinois. Malgré les changements politiques, économiques et judiciaires que cela engendre, plusieurs caractéristiques de la vie socioculturelle des habitants blancs francophones qui peuplent la région depuis le XVIIIe siècle demeurent intactes, car ces derniers constituent toujours une partie importante de la population. Ainsi, leurs moeurs traditionnelles, telles que l’esprit de solidarité et de collaboration, la stabilité de la famille et la ségrégation culturelle, imprègnent grandement la sociabilité qui règne dans l’univers festif des bals de leur carnaval.
On Not Taming the Wild Tongue: Challenges and Approaches to Institutional Translation in a University Serving a Historically Minoritized Population
Authors: Dávila-Montes José , González Núñez Gabriel , Guajardo Francisco 
Published: May 2020

A consequence of the development of modern states has been the concept of “minority” as used to refer to subsets of the population that are differentiated from that portion of the population which is seen as the “majority.” These minorities are at times distinguished from each other using terms such as national minorities and immigrant minorities. Some scholars have challenged the distinctions drawn by these constructs. An example of how such constructs are not always accurate can be found in Texas’ Rio Grande Valley, where ethnic and linguistic, immigrant and national, minority and majority are not always clear cut. “The Valley,” as the region is locally known, has a long history of the numerical majority being in a minoritized position. In this context, a local university administered a “speech test” to Mexican American students who enrolled between the 1950s and the 1970s. The purpose, according to Anzaldúa (1987), was to tame their “wild tongue.” This same university, now transformed, proposes to rehabilitate itself, as it becomes bilingual, bicultural, and biliterate. Accordingly, it now undertakes a systematic effort to bilingualize its operations, starting with the localization into Spanish of its website as conducted by the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley’s Translation and Interpreting Office. A number of terminological strategies and translation challenges stemming from the variegated lectal and diglossic landscapes of the region have arisen, which can be illuminated by the Post-Colonial paradigm found in Translation Studies.
Art sonore ou art d’écouter ?
Authors: Kihm Christophe 
Published: May 2020

Depuis son avènement au début des années 1980, la notion d’« art sonore » peine à
trouver une définition stable. Le flou qui l’entoure n’empêche qu’on y ait souvent recours
dans le domaine des arts plastiques, où elle souligne la place prépondérante du son dans la
construction d’une oeuvre d’art. Ce texte propose de relever les problèmes inhérents à cette
notion en revenant sur deux grandes expositions associées à son émergence (Für Augen und
Ohren : Objekte, Installationen, Performance [Berlin] et Écouter par les yeux :
objets et environnements sonores [Paris]) et sur le débat qui s’ensuivit, avec lequel
s’affirme la possibilité de retenir, pour les arts plastiques, non plus des objets sonores
mais des manières d’écouter. Reste encore à apprécier les effets théoriques et pratiques de
ce changement de paradigme et à pointer ses enjeux esthétiques et politiques. Une ouverture
à l’histoire des techniques sonores, étudiée par les Sound Studies, comme aux
relations de l’écoute à l’action, analysée par les études éthologiques, pourra, dès lors,
s’avérer utile.
Experimental Studies to Define the Role of Calcium (Ca2+) and Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Blockers (vCa-CCB) against Neurosteroid Induced Obesity
Authors: Chidrawar Vijay R. , Ali Akbar 
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Obesity is closely associated with various types of illness, primarily caused by more calorie intake than body burn. In adipocytes, Calcium (Ca2+) is an important second messenger involved in the regulation of many physiological functions which are essential for survival. In the present research, we have investigated the role of Ca2+ ions in obesity by manipulating cytosolic Ca2+ ion concentration by selective blocking/advancing the Ca2+ ions through the voltage-gated calcium channels. Voltage-gated calcium channel (vCa) plays a key role in regulating intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ concentration. Cytoplasmic level of Ca2+ was manipulated by supplying calcium carbonate and by using vCa blockers i.e. nifedipine- (N-type- vCa-CCB) and ethosuximide (T-type, vCa-CCB).
Methods: Obesity was induced by progesterone in female mice and test drugs were co-administered with progesterone whereas sibutramine was used as standard. The treatment was carried out for 28 days, during and after the treatment period various parameters were studied viz food consumption, change in body weight and temperature, the effect on WAT (white adipose tissue, adiposity index, histology of fat pad) and fecal lipid content.
Results: Calcium carbonate treated group has shown promising effects in the decrease in body weight by increasing fecal lipid content and lipolysis which was reflected by an increase in body temperature. Ethosuximide also offered significant protection by decreasing the food intake but has not shown any notable effect on fecal fat content, whereas nifedipine has not offered any protection against the obesity induced by neurosteroid.
Conclusion: Calcium carbonate has significant anti-obesity activity by including thermogenesis, and increasing fecal lipid content.
Photoelectric Silk via Genetic Encoding and Bioassisted Plasmonics
Authors: Leem Jung Woo , Llacsahuanga Allcca Andres E. , Kim Yong Jae , Park Jongwoo , Kim Seong‐Wan , Kim Seong‐Ryul , Ryu WonHyoung , Chen Yong P. , Kim Young L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGenetically encoded photoelectric silk that can convert photons to electrons (light to electricity) over a wide visible range in a self‐power mode is reported. As silk is a versatile host material with electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and processability, a photoelectric protein is genetically fused with silk by silkworm transgenesis. Specifically, mKate2, which is conventionally known as a far‐red fluorescent protein, is used as a photoelectric protein. Characterization of the electrochemical and optical properties of mKate2 silk allows designing a photoelectric measurement system. A series of in situ photocurrent experiments support the sensitive and stable performance of photoelectric conversion. In addition, as a plasmonic nanomaterial with a broad spectral resonance, titanium nitride (TiN) nanoparticles are biologically hybridized into the silk glands, taking full advantage of the silkworms’ open circulatory system as well as the absorption band of mKate2 silk. This biological hybridization via direct feeding of TiN nanoparticles further enhances the overall photoelectric conversion ability of mKate2 silk. It is envisioned that the biologically derived photoelectric protein, its ecofriendly scalable production by transgenic silkworms, and the bioassisted plasmonic hybridization can potentially broaden the biomaterial choices for developing next‐generation biosensing, retina prosthesis, and neurostimulation applications.
Bidirectional All‐Optical Synapses Based on a 2D Bi2O2Se/Graphene Hybrid Structure for Multifunctional Optoelectronics
Authors: Yang Chia‐Ming , Chen Tsung‐Cheng , Verma Dharmendra , Li Lain‐Jong , Liu Bo , Chang Wen‐Hao , Lai Chao‐Sung 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNeuromorphic computing has been extensively studied to mimic the brain functions of perception, learning, and memory because it may overcome the von Neumann bottleneck. Here, with the light‐induced bidirectional photoresponse of the proposed Bi2O2Se/graphene hybrid structure, its potential use in next‐generation neuromorphic hardware is examined with three distinct optoelectronic applications. First, a photodetector based on a Bi2O2Se/graphene hybrid structure presents positive and negative photoresponsibility of 88 and −110 A W−1 achieved by the excitation of visible wavelength and ultraviolet wavelength light at intensities of 1.2 and 0.3 mW cm−2, respectively. Second, this unique photoresponse contributes to the realization of all optically stimulated long‐term potentiation or long‐term depression to mimic synaptic short‐term plasticity and long‐term plasticity, which are attributed to the combined effect of photoconductivity, bolometric, and photoinduced desorption. Third, the devices are applied to perform digital logic functions, such as “AND” and “OR,” using full light modulation. The proposed Bi2O2Se/graphene‐based optoelectronic device represents an innovative and efficient building block for the development of future multifunctional artificial neuromorphic systems.