bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism: Redefining Fundamentalism in Mohsin Hamid’s The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007)
Authors: Shirazi Quratulain 
Published: August 2020

This article is based on a study of The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007), a novel by a Pakistani writer Mohsin Hamid. The novel is based on the story of transformation of an expat Pakistani living in New York from a true cosmopolitan to a nationalist. The article will explore the crisis of identity suffered by the protagonist in a new land where he reached as an immigrant student and worker. However, he experienced a resurgence of nationalist and patriotic sentiments within him as 9/ 11 happened in 2001. The force of American nationalism that was imperial in nature, resulting in the invasion of Afghanistan and Iran, triggered resentment in the protagonist who decided to leave America and went back to the country of his origin, Pakistan. During his stay in America, the protagonist redefined fundamentalism as an imperial tendency in the American system while rejecting the accusations hurled towards him of an Islamic fundamentalist. The article will explain that there is a loss of cosmopolitan virtue in the post 9/11 era and the dream of universal peace and harmony is shattered due to unbridled state ambitions to invade foreign territories. The article will conclude with the assertion that the loss of cosmopolitanism and reassertion of national identities give way to confrontation and intolerance destroying the prospects of peace and harmony in a globalized world.
José de Letamendi: fundamento de su ciencia y causa de su desprestigio
Authors: Cervantes Emilio 
Published: August 2020

José de Letamendi ha recibido un trato variado a lo largo de la historia con críticas negativas de Baroja, Marañón y Laín Entralgo. Dada la relevancia del segundo y su amistad con Baroja, buena parte de la crítica negativa puede tener su origen en su relación personal con Baroja, de quien Letamendi fue profesor y a quien suspendió en la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Madrid. Pero Letamendi fue un erudito y su amplia labor científica tuvo un fundamento explícito. La base religiosa de Letamendi y su profundo conocimiento de la Filosofía de la Ciencia se ponen de manifiesto en el discurso de apertura del curso 1878-1879 en la Universidad de Barcelona. Al contrario de lo que expresó Baroja, Letamendi tenía ideas muy firmes sobre la ciencia que, en el panorama científico actual, es necesario poner de relieve junto con las características principales de su mentalidad científica.
Pembelajaran Sejarah di Abad 21 (Telaah Teoritis terhadap Model dan Materi)
Authors: Syaputra Een , Sariyatun Sariyatun 
Published: August 2020

Model dan materi pembelajaran merupakan dua elemen inti yang masih mengalami banyak masalah dalam praksis pembelajaran Sejarah di abad 21. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk melakukan telaah teoritis terhadap model pembelajaran dan materi ajar Sejarah dalam bingkai pendidikan abad 21. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan matode kepustakaan. Langkah penelitian yang dilakukan adalah: 1) menyiapkan alat dan perlengkapan; 2) menyusunn bibliografi kerja; 3) mengatur waktu penelitian; 4) membaca dan membuat catatan peneltian; dan 5) menyimpulkan dan menganalisis hasil peneltian. Hasil telaah menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Untuk mengembangkan keterampilan abad 21 dalam pembelajaran Sejarah, diperlukan model pembelajaran yang dapat menghubungkan materi pembelajaran Sejarah dengan kehidupan nyata peserta didik, terutama terhadap permasalahan sosial yang sedang terjadi di masyarakat. Selain itu, model pembelajaran dalam bingkai pendidikan abad 21 adalah model pembelajaran yang di dalamnya terdapat proses pengumpulan dan analsis data, pemecahan masalah, dan kolaborasi. Beberapa model yang memiliki orientasi ke arah keterampilan tersebut antara lain Problem Based Learning, Project Based Learning, Discovery Learnin, dan Inquiry Learning; 2) Untuk mendukung keterampilan abad 21, diperlukan perubahan dari materi yang bersifat text menjadi materi ajar yang berbasis website. Dari segi isi, materi ajar berbasis masalah sosial dan berbasis nilai, menjadi penting untuk dikembangkan.
TNI-AD dan Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia (KAMI) dalam Kelengseran Soekarno Tahun 1965-1968
Authors: Hasudungan Anju Nofarof 
Published: August 2020

Peristiwa G 30 S 1965 menjadi guncangan besar bagi pemerintah Presiden Soekarno bahkan membuat Soekarno lengser dari jabatannya. Tentunya, selain karena dampak dari peristiwa G30 S 1965 terdapat juga aktor-aktor yang terlibat dalam aksi menuntut Presiden Soekarno mundur dari jabatannya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana partnership TNI-AD dan Kesatuan Aksi Mahasiswa Indonesia (KAMI) dalam dinamika politik tahun 1965-1968. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode historis. Terdiri dari heuristik, kritik (intern dan ektern), interpretasi, dan historiografi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan saat aksi Tiga Tuntutan Rakyat (Tritura), KAMI di dukung penuh oleh TNI-AD. Tentara sendiri tidak bisa melontarkan kritik secara langsung apalagi menentang Panglima Tertinggi. Karena itu, KAMI dibentuk oleh TNI-AD untuk secara langsung menentang Presiden Soekarno. Pada akhirnya, petinggi KAMI dan TNI-AD mendapatkan kekuasaan setelah Presiden Soekarno lengser.
Model Estimasi Suhu Kritis Atas pada Sapi Perah Dara Berdasarkan Manajemen Pakan
Authors: Suherman D. , Purwanto B.P. 
Published: August 2020

A research was conducted in Jakarta and Bogor and during January 2014 until February 2014. The objective of research were to measure effects of critical temperature (air temperature and humidity) on indicate physiological responses for critical temperature of Fries Holland Heifer.They were fed twice daily with grass and concentrate. Six dairy heifers were used in the research. The Indicate physiological responses were heart rate and respiration frequency for 14 days. The results show that critical temperature on physiogical responses were significantly better on cattle for ANN which for critical temperature in Jakarta and Bogor that with the same and significantly better too on cattle which respiration frequency and heart rate in Jakarta and Bogor.
Evaluation of Hearing loss by Pure Tone Audiometry in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Khakurel Gita , Mahato Nayan Bahadur 
Published: August 2020

Introduction: The association of hearing loss and diabetes has been under research for many years. The hearing loss in diabetes in our population has not been studied extensively. The objective of this study was to compare the hearing threshold between type 2 diabetic patients and age- and sexmatched controls.
Materials and Methods: A comparative study was done in the Department of ENT, Kathmandu Medical College from October 2019 to February 2020. The hearing threshold, of 40 type 2 diabetics patients, and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls in the age group of 35 to 55 years, were assessed by pure tone audiometry. The hearing threshold was compared between the two groups by using the student’s unpaired t-test.
Results: Among 40 diabetes patients, 29 (72.5 %) had bilateral, mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. The hearing threshold in diabetes patients was signifi cantly higher than the healthy controls in all the frequencies except at 250 Hz. When comparing the threshold according to the duration of diabetes, it was found to be signifi cantly higher only at higher frequencies (4000 and 8000 Hz) in diabetes with more than 5 years duration.
Conclusions: The hearing loss was common in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Most diabetic patients had mostly bilateral mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss affecting hearing thresholds in higher frequencies than the healthy controls as assessed by pure tone audiometry.
Role of Combined Pleural Fluid Cholesterol and Total Protein in Differentiation of Exudates and Transudates
Authors: Bista Anupam , Thapa Suman , Subedi Prasant , Manandhar Kiran 
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Light's criteria had been the standard method for distinguishing exudative and transudative pleural effusions which misidentify 15-20% of transudates as exudates. This study aims to find out the role of combined pleural fluid cholesterol and total protein in distinguishing exudative from transudative pleural effusions and its applicability in Nepalese populations.
Materials and Methods: Patients with pleural effusions were enrolled for the study. The combined pleural fluid cholesterol and total protein were compared with Light’s criteria and also compared with the diagnosis on discharge to find out their usefulness in categorizing the pleural effusions.
Results: A total of 81 patients enrolled in the study, 42 (51.9%) were male. Based on Light’s criteria, 88.8% pleural effusions were found to be exudates and 11.1% were found to be transudates. Within the criteria, Light’s criteria categorized more pleural fluids as exudates than the diagnosis on discharge. Based on pleural fluid cholesterol >60mg/dL and protein >3g/dL for the classification of exudative and transudative pleural fluid, 62.9% out of 81 samples felled under the exudates and 37.03% pleural effusions under transudates with the sensitivity 87.9% and specificity 100%.
Conclusions: Though Light’s criteria remain the gold standard to differentiate transudates and exudates, combined pleural fluid cholesterol and total protein give nearly comparable results without the need for simultaneous blood investigations.
Organizing a Medical Conference: Management Perspective
Authors: Gajuryal Sharad Hari , Shrestha Resha , Satyal Narayan , Pant Basant 
Published: August 2020

It is an incredibly formidable as well as meritorious task to plan and implement a successful medical conference. Organizing a medical conference requires a tremendous amount of planning, preparation, lots of pre conference works, and working on logistics to achieve its vision and goal. The two most important aspects for the success of any event is planning and implementation which requires a plenty of brainstorming sessions and meetings, and for medical practitioners and academicians, we are confronted with the dual role of organizing the conference as well as regular work juggling. Despite the fact that medical conferences play a major role in ongoing professional development, academic growth, and networking, there is little guidance in form of literature for those who want to hold a conference inbound or outbound. This paper seeks to incorporate all the possible steps, plans and procedures in order to organize a successful conference.
Detection of Hemoglobinopathies by HPLC in a Referral Clinical Laboratory in Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Abha , Pant Vivek , Gautam Keyoor , Pyakurel Devish , Pradhan Santosh 
Published: August 2020

Introduction: Various hemoglobin variants are prevalent in the Nepalese population owing to the ethnic diversity of our population. Detection of asymptomatic carriers by a reliable laboratory method is the cornerstone of prevention of this serious health problem. The simplicity of the automated system with internal sample preparation, superior resolution, rapid assay time, and accurate quantification of hemoglobin fractions makes ion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (IEX- HPLC) an ideal methodology for the routine screening for hemoglobinopathies. We report the clinical laboratory-based prevalence of variant hemoglobin and hemoglobinopathies through IEX- HPLC analysis in a cohort of patients referred for hemoglobin electrophoresis to a referral clinical laboratory in Nepal.
Materials and Methods: The variant hemoglobin and hemoglobinopathy were diagnosed based on percentage, retention time, and peak characteristics of variant hemoglobin in a chromatogram. Peripheral blood films, reticulocyte count, serum iron profile, and sickling test were done in selected cases along with detailed family history.
Results: Hemoglobinopathy was detected in all age group but the vast majority was detected between 20 to 40 years of age. Beta thalassemia trait was the most frequently detected hemoglobinopathy in all age groups.
Conclusions: The present study conducted using IEX-HPLC reflects the magnitude of thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies in a laboratory-based population which helps to increase awareness among both health caregivers and the general population. Routine screening for hemoglobinopathy of individuals at the reproductive age group is recommended and this screening can be done through IEX-HPLC.
RUANG BELAJAR BARU DAN IMPLIKASI TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN DI ERA TATANAN BARU
Authors: Chaeruman Uwes Anis 
Published: August 2020

The Pandemic Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) has taken place all over the world. This situation has affected all sectors of human life, likewise in the education sector. Physical distancing policy has forced all countries to close the school. Distance and online learning have become the only option to solve it. This article tried to answer two questions. First, what are the essences of learning spaces in the context of e-learning viewed from the perspective of time and space synchronicity? Second, what are the implications of it to the implementation of teaching and learning in the era Covid-19 and new normal? The researcher applied literature review to answer those questions. Literatures review result showed that learning space can be divided into four categories. This classification provides some implications toward the implementation of teaching and learning in the era of Covid-19 and new normal. AbstrakPandemi virus corona (Covid-19) telah melanda seluruh dunia. Bencana kejadian luar biasa ini telah berpengaruh terhadap semua sektor kehidupan manusia, termasuk sektor pendidikan. Kebijakan jarak sosial dan fisik telah memaksa proses pembelajaran di sekolah terhenti. Belajar di rumah dengan moda pembelajaran jarak jauh dan daring menjadi satu-satunya pilihan untuk memecahkan masalah tersebut. Artikel ini berupaya menjawab dua hal. Pertama, apa esensi ruang belajar dalam konteks e-learning ditinjau dari sudut pandang ruang dan waktu? Kedua, apa implikasinya dalam pembelajaran di era Covid-19 dan tatanan baru? Peneliti menggunakan metode kajian pustaka untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut. Berdasarkan hasil kajian pustaka, diperoleh empat klasifikasi ruang belajar baru dan implikasi terhadap pembelajaran di era Covid-19 dan tatanan baru.
Pendekatan Neurosains Meningkatkan Keterampilan Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi Guru Pendidikan Dasar
Authors: Rivalina Rahmi 
Published: August 2020

Tuntutan pembelajaran abad 21 mengharuskan siswa untuk menggunakan keterampilan berpikir tingkat tinggi (High Order Thinking Skills/HOTS) melalui pemecahan masalah dan berpikir kritis, komunikasi dan kolaborasi, dan kreativitas dan inovasi. Untuk mengimplementasikannya guru terlebih dahulu harus memahami konsep HOTS karena arsitektur utama dalam mengisi kecerdasan siswa adalah guru. Masalah yang dibahas dalam kajian ini mengapa guru perlu dibekali dengan pendekatan neurosains dalam proses pembelajaran dan bagaimana strategi guru menerapkan pendekatan neurosains dalam pembelajaran sehingga siswa dapat mencapai kompetensi kecakapan abad 21. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan: (1) pentingnya memahami pendekatan neurosains bagi guru dalam proses pembelajaran, dan (2) strategi guru menerapkan pendekatan neurosains untuk mencapai kompetensi kecakapan abad ke-21. Hasil kajian mengungkapkan guru perlu menerapkan pendekatan neurosains dalam pembelajaran untuk membantu guru dalam mencapai kompetensi keterampilan dan kecakapan abad 21 siswa. Strategi guru menerapkan pendekatan neurosains dengan memahami tahapan perkembangan pusat kecerdasan, tipe kecerdasan, dan diagram pembelajaran abad 21, yang dituangkan dalam bentuk rancangan pembelajaran yang efektif dan menyenangkan. Kesimpulan kajian ini menyatakan peningkatan HOTS pada guru akan berdampak pada capaian hasil pembelajaran dan kompetensi siswa abad 21. AbstrakThe demands of 21st learning is to enable students use High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) through problem solving and critical thinking, communication and collaboration, and creativity and innovation. In its implementation, the teachers are the first persons to earlier master the concept of HOTS as the main architecture in creating the intelligence of students is the teacher.The problem discussed in this review is why the teachers need to be equipped with neuroscience approaches in the learning process, how the teacher's strategy implements it so students are able to achieve the 21st learning competency. The objective of this review is to describe: (1) the importance of teachers to comprehend the neuroscience approach in learning process, and (2) the strategy of teachers in implementing the neuroscience approach to achieve the 21st competency. The results of review revealed teachers need to apply a neuroscience approach in learning to assist teachers in achieving 21st century students' competencies. The teacher's strategy applies the neuroscience approach by understanding the stages of development of the intelligence, the multiple intelligence, and the 21st century learning diagram, which is formed in effective and fun learning designs. The conclusion of this review states that the increase of teachers’ HOTS will have an impact in learning outcomes and 21st century students’ competency.
Sources of stress in high performance healthcare organization: A study comparing intensive care and general ward nurses
Authors: Gill Tamoor , Victor Gideon , Kousar Raisa , Iqbal Noman 
Published: August 2020

Objective: To compare stressors of nurses working in intensive care units and general wards of a high-performance health care organization.
Methodology: A comparative cross-sectional survey was conducted. Using stratified random sampling, 121 intensive care and 121 general ward nurses, cumulatively 242 were offered to participate in the study. IRB and EC approvals were obtained. A self-administered questionnaire with structured responses was used for data collection. The data were analyzed for descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS 23.
Results: The study participants were predominantly 152(62.8%) female; 182(75.2%) having diploma in nursing and 169(69.8%) RN-I; 38(31.4%) intensive care and 35(28.9%) general ward nurse who were performing 12-hours shift duty; 50(41.3%) intensive care and 65(51.2%) general ward nurses were dissatisfied with their salary. The average patients assigned to intensive care nurse were two and six to a general ward nurse. Independent t-test and ANOVA revealed significant difference of stressors in intensive versus general ward nurses, gender, working hours, satisfaction with salary, professional qualification, experience and shift work (P-Value <0.05). Common stressors were unclear demands, pressured to work long hours, not having control at workplace and being not able to talk to line managers about something that has upset or annoyed them at workplace.
Conclusion: The general ward nurses face more stressors than intensive care units’ nurses. Workplace stressors could compromise healthy working environment and patient safety whereas favorable environment could increase job satisfaction, staff productivity, and quality of care. Workplace-oriented stress management strategies must be adopted.
Exploring standards of assessment for MHPE programs in Pakistan: Perspective of program directors
Authors: Ali Liaqat , Yasmeen Rahila , Liaquat Afrose 
Published: August 2020

Background: Masters in health professions education (MHPE) programs in Pakistan has created many challenges for its curricular components. It is necessary to explore these components in the local context, so as to agree to what constitutes minimally agreed MHPE standards.
Objectives: To identify the similarities and variations in assessment of MHPE Programs of Pakistan.
Methodology: Collective case study design was used to collect data from 07 programs directors about assessment methodology/policy used in their programs through semi structured interviews. After transcription of interviews and open coding, axial codes were transferred to Microsoft excel sheet for themes identification through content, thematic and discourse analysis simultaneously using NVIVO software, word frequency and matrix coding queries. Trustworthiness of data was ensured through credibility, conformability, dependability and transferability.
Conclusion Formative assessment, assignments, end of term examination and thesis defense are similarities of different programs proposed as minimum standards for existing and future programs. OSTE is proposed as variations and guidelines for accrediting agencies and EPAs, self-assessment, peer assessment and online assessments are the challenges tasks ahead to work.
Assessment of facility-based emergency care services for road traffic injuries in tertiary care hospital, Larkana
Authors: Qazi Mansoor Ahmed , Rafi Saima 
Published: August 2020

Background: Road traffic injuries are considered as main public health problem; strenuous efforts are required for its prevention. Facility based emergency care for road traffic injuries is considered as an important but challenging component of post-crash care response. It demands healthcare providers to make quick life-and-death decisions based on minimal information. The objective of our study was to explore the challenges for emergency services for road traffic injuries within Tertiary care hospital.
Methodology: Qualitative methods were used including 15 interviews and 02 focus group discussions. Topic guide was developed for all the participant’s interviews, in order to explore the challenges for effective emergency care services at tertiary care level in Larkana city, Sindh. Topic guide was developed for all the participant’s interviews.
Results: After making the transcripts of qualitative data, thematic analysis framework was used to analyze the transcripts, by which two main themes; recognition of causes and adverse consequences of road traffic accidents and health system challenges for delivering emergency care were extracted. Results suggest that improvement in documentation and record keeping system, security for health care providers, provision of timely interventions and proper training for health professionals at hospital level can be helpful for the provision of effective emergency care services.
Conclusion: An integrated trauma care system along with the improvement in documentation, efficient record keeping system, security for health care providers, provision of timely interventions and training for health professionals is needed for effective post-crash care management at the hospital level.
Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar IPS Materi Menyebutkan Kehidupan Sosial Budaya dari Negara-negara ASEAN Terkait Kondisi Geografisnya dengan Pendekatan VCT (Value Clarification Teaching) pada Siswa Kelas VI SD Negeri Dendeng
Authors: Taopan Yana Fansita 
Published: August 2020

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS siswa dengan pendekatan VCT (value Clarification Teaching). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan (action research), karena penelitian dilakukan untuk memecahkan masalah pembelajaran di kelas, Tahapan penelitian tindakan pada suatu siklus meliputi perencanaan atau pelaksanaan observasi dan refleksi. Hasil pendekatan VCT (Value Clarification Teaching) dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPS pada siswa kelas VI SD Negeri Dendeng pada materi Menyebutkan Kehidupan Sosial Budaya dari Negara-negara ASEAN Terkait Kondisi Geografisnya Tahun Ajaran 2019/2020 dengan peningkatan pada siklus I rata-rata hasil belaja 67,7 dengan persentase ketuntasan 47% sedangkan pada siklus II rata-rata 84,36 dengan persentase ketuntasan 96%. Dengan ini maka pendekatan yang digunakan efektif untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa.