bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mature Dendritic Cells Infected with Canarypox Virus Elicit Strong Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus CD8+and CD4+T-Cell Responses from Chronically Infected Individuals
Authors: Engelmayer Jose , Larsson Marie , Lee Andrew , Lee Marina , Cox William I. , Steinman Ralph M. , Bhardwaj Nina 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTRecombinant canarypox virus vectors containing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) sequences are promising vaccine candidates, as they replicate poorly in human cells. However, when delivered intramuscularly the vaccines have induced inconsistent and in some cases transient antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses in seronegative volunteers. An attractive way to enhance these responses would be to target canarypox virus to professional antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs). We studied (i) the interaction between canarypox virus and DCs and (ii) the T-cell responses induced by DCs infected with canarypox virus vectors containing HIV-1 genes. Mature and not immature DCs resisted the cytopathic effects of canarypox virus and elicited strong effector CD8+T-cell responses from chronically infected HIV+individuals, e.g., cytolysis, and secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and β-chemokines. Furthermore, canarypox virus-infected DCs were >30-fold more efficient than monocytes and induced responses that were comparable to those induced by vaccinia virus vectors or peptides. Addition of exogenous cytokines was not necessary to elicit CD8+effector cells, although the presence of CD4+T cells was required for their expansion and maintenance. Most strikingly, canarypox virus-infected DCs were directly able to stimulate HIV-specific, IFN-γ-secreting CD4 helper responses from bulk as well as purified CD4+T cells. Therefore, these results suggest that targeting canarypox virus vectors to mature DCs could potentially elicit both anti-HIV CD8+and CD4+helper responses in vivo.
Generation and Characterization of a Mammalian Cell Line Continuously Expressing Japanese Encephalitis Virus Subviral Particles
Authors: Konishi Eiji , Fujii Atsuko , Mason Peter W. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
We have generated a cell line (F cells) producing a secreted form of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) subviral particle (extracellular particles [EPs]) that contains the JEV envelope glycoprotein (E) and a precursor (prM) of the virion membrane protein (M). The F cells were engineered to synthesize these JEV products from a cDNA encoding a mutated (furin proteinase resistant) form of prM, since stable cell lines expressing E and the authentic form of prM could not be obtained, due (in part) to the cell-fusing ability of EPs containing E and M. Our biochemical alteration of the prM protein was critical for the successful production of EP-producing cell lines. EPs produced by F cells share the biochemical properties of empty viral particles produced by JEV-infected cells, except that the F-cell EPs lack hemagglutinating activity and M. F-cell EPs were recognized by a panel of monoclonal antibodies to E, and EPs were shown to be useful as vaccine candidates in mice and as diagnostic reagents in evaluating human immune responses to JE vaccination. The amounts of E antigen released into the culture fluid of F cells were similar to those found in virion fractions of JEV-infected cell culture fluids or JEV-infected weanling mouse brains (the current source of antigen used to produce human vaccines for JE). Thus, the F-cell line would appear to be a useful source of antigen for JE vaccines and diagnostics.
Differential CD4/CCR5 Utilization, gp120 Conformation, and Neutralization Sensitivity between Envelopes from a Microglia-Adapted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Its Parental Isolate
Authors: Martı́n Julio , LaBranche Celia C. , González-Scarano Francisco 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects and induces syncytium formation in microglial cells from the central nervous system (CNS). A primary isolate (HIV-1
BORI
) was sequentially passaged in cultured microglia, and the isolate recovered (HIV-1
BORI-15
) showed high levels of fusion and replicated more efficiently in microglia (J. M. Strizki, A. V. Albright, H. Sheng, M. O'Connor, L. Perrin, and F. González-Scarano, J. Virol. 70:7654–7662, 1996). The parent and adapted viruses used CCR5 as coreceptor. Recombinant viruses demonstrated that the syncytium-inducing phenotype was associated with four amino acid differences in the V1/V2 region of the viral gp120 (J. T. C. Shieh, J. Martin, G. Baltuch, M. H. Malim, and F. González-Scarano, J. Virol. 74:693–701, 2000). We produced luciferase-reporter,
env
-pseudotyped viruses using plasmids containing
env
sequences from HIV-1
BORI
, HIV-1
BORI-15
, and the V1/V2 region of HIV-1
BORI-15
in the context of HIV-1
BORI
env
(named rBORI, rB15, and rV1V2, respectively). The pseudotypes were used to infect cells expressing various amounts of CD4 and CCR5 on the surface. In contrast to the parent recombinant, the rB15 and rV1V2 pseudotypes retained their infectability in cells expressing low levels of CD4 independent of the levels of CCR5, and they infected cells expressing CD4 with a chimeric coreceptor containing the third extracellular loop of CCR2b in the context of CCR5 or a CCR5 Δ4 amino-terminal deletion mutant. The VH-rB15 and VH-rV1V2 recombinant viruses were more sensitive to neutralization by a panel of HIV-positive sera than was VH-rBORI. Interestingly, the CD4-induced 17b epitope on gp120 was more accessible in the rB15 and rV1V2 pseudotypes than in rBORI, even before CD4 binding, and concomitantly, the rB15 and rV1V2 pseudotypes were more sensitive to neutralization with the human 17b monoclonal antibody. Adaptation to growth in microglia—cells that have reduced expression of CD4 in comparison with other cell types—appears to be associated with changes in gp120 that modify its ability to utilize CD4 and CCR5. Changes in the availability of the 17b epitope indicate that these affect conformation. These results imply that the process of adaptation to certain tissue types such as the CNS directly affects the interaction of HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins with cell surface components and with humoral immune responses.
The Human Cytomegalovirus US8 Glycoprotein Binds to Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Products
Authors: Tirabassi Rebecca S. , Ploegh Hidde L. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTHuman cytomegalovirus US8 is a type I membrane protein that partially colocalizes with cellular endosomal and lysosomal proteins. Although US8 does not have discernible effects on the processing and cell surface distribution of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I products, we have demonstrated that US8 binds to MHC class I heavy chains in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Identification of a Type 1 Peroxisomal Targeting Signal in a Viral Protein and Demonstration of Its Targeting to the Organelle
Authors: Mohan K. V. K. , Som I. , Atreya C. D. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Peroxisomes are unimembrane, respiratory organelles of the cell. Transport of cellular proteins to the peroxisomal matrix requires a type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS1) which essentially constitutes a tripeptide from the consensus sequence S/T/A/G/C/N-K/R/H-L/I/V/M/A/F/Y. Although PTS-containing proteins have been identified in eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and parasites, viral proteins with such signals have not been identified so far. We report here the first instance of a virus, the rotavirus, which causes infantile diarrhea worldwide, containing a functional C-terminal PTS1 in one of its proteins (VP4). Analysis of 153 rotavirus VP4-deduced amino acid sequences identified five groups of conserved C-terminal PTS1 tripeptide sequences (SKL, CKL, GKL, CRL, and CRI), of which CRL is represented in approximately 62% of the sequences. Infection of cells by a CRL-containing representative rotavirus (SA11 strain) and confocal immunofluorescence analysis revealed colocalization of VP4 with peroxisomal markers and morphological changes of peroxisomes. Further, transient cellular expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-fused VP4CRL resulted in transport of VP4 to peroxisomes, whereas the chimera lacking the PTS1 signal, GFP-VP4ΔCRL, resulted in diffuse cytoplasmic staining, suggesting a CRL-dependent targeting of the protein. The present study therefore demonstrates hitherto unreported organelle involvement, specifically of the peroxisomes, in rotaviral infections as demonstrated by using the SA11 strain of rotavirus and opens a new line of investigation toward understanding viral pathogenesis and disease mechanisms.
In Adenovirus Type 12 Tumorigenic Cells, Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Transcription Shutoff Is Overcome by Induction of NF-κB and Relief of COUP-TFII Repression
Authors: Hou Shihe , Guan Hancheng , Ricciardi Robert P. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
The surface levels of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens are diminished on tumorigenic adenovirus type 12 (Ad12)-transformed cells, enabling them to escape from immunosurveillant cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This is due to the down-regulation of the class I transcriptional enhancer, in which there is strong binding of the repressor COUP-TFII and lack of binding of the activator NF-κB. Even though NF-κB (p65/p50) translocates to the nuclei of Ad12-transformed cells, it fails to bind to DNA efficiently due to the hypophosphorylation of the p50 subunit. In this study, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were shown to promote degradation of the NF-κB cytoplasmic inhibitor IκBα and permit the nuclear translocation of a phosphorylated form of NF-κB that is capable of binding DNA. Interestingly, when Ad12-transformed cells were treated with TNF-α or IL-1β, class I gene transcription substantially increased when transcriptional repression by COUP-TFII was blocked. This indicates that in cytokine-treated Ad12-transformed cells, COUP-TFII is able to repress activation of class I transcription by newly nucleus-localized NF-κB. Our results suggest that Ad12 likely employs a “fail-safe” mechanism to ensure that the transcription of class I genes remains tightly repressed under various physiological conditions, thus providing tumorigenic Ad12-transformed cells with a means of escaping CTL recognition and lysis.
Intramolecular Complementing Mutations in
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Movement Protein Confirm a Role for Microtubule Association in Viral RNA Transport
Authors: Boyko Vitaly , Ashby Jamie Alan , Suslova Elena , Ferralli Jacqueline , Sterthaus Oliver , Deom Carl M. , Heinlein Manfred 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

The movement protein (MP) of
Tobacco mosaic virus
(TMV) facilitates the cell-to-cell transport of the viral RNA genome through plasmodesmata (Pd). A previous report described the functional reversion of a dysfunctional mutation in MP (Pro81Ser) by two additional amino acid substitution mutations (Thr104Ile and Arg167Lys). To further explore the mechanism underlying this intramolecular complementation event, the mutations were introduced into a virus derivative expressing the MP as a fusion to green fluorescent protein (GFP). Microscopic analysis of infected protoplasts and of infection sites in leaves of MP-transgenic
Nicotiana benthamiana
indicates that MP
P81S
-GFP and MP
P81S;T104I;R167K
-GFP differ in subcellular distribution. MP
P81S
-GFP lacks specific sites of accumulation in protoplasts and, in epidermal cells, exclusively localizes to Pd. MP
P81S;T104I;R167K
-GFP, in contrast, in addition localizes to inclusion bodies and microtubules and thus exhibits a subcellular localization pattern that is similar, if not identical, to the pattern reported for wild-type MP-GFP. Since accumulation of MP to inclusion bodies is not required for function, these observations confirm a role for microtubules in TMV RNA cell-to-cell transport.
Kinetics of the Reaction of Solid Anhydrous Potassium Carbonate with Gaseous Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Lippert Erich , Mocek Karel , Erdös Emerich 
Published: July 2002

Results are presented of an experimental kinetic study of the heterogeneous reaction between gaseous sulfur dioxide and solid anhydrous potassium carbonate. The measurements were carried out in an all glass kinetic flow apparatus with nitrogen as the carrier gas and a fixed bed of the solid working in the differential regime at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 423 K (150 °C). The reaction course was studied in dependence on the partial pressures of sulfur dioxide (pSO2) and water vapour (pH2O) in concentration ranges pSO2 = 13 - 430 Pa and pH2O = 0 - 2 100 Pa. In the reaction, water vapour acts as a gaseous catalyst. Based on the experimental data, the corresponding kinetic equation was found together with the numerical values of the relevant rate and equilibrium adsorption constants.
Elimination of Substituted Fluoren-9-ylmethyl Benzenesulfonates: Hammett Substituent Effects at a Mechanistic Borderline
Authors: Larkin Finbar G. , More O'Ferrall Rory A. , Murphy Donal G. 
Published: July 2002

Rates of elimination of fourteen substituted fluoren-9-ylmethyl benzenesulfonates have been measured in methanolic sodium methoxide and 90% aqueous ethanolic solutions of triethylamine, trimethylamine and 4-methyl morpholine. For the sodium methoxide, a linear Hammett plot with ρ = 0.74, consistent with reaction by an E2 mechanism, is observed. For the amine bases the Hammett plots are curved, suggesting a transition from an E2 mechanism for electron-withdrawing substituents to an irreversible E1cB mechanism with a smaller value of ρ for electron-donating substituents. The evidence for a change of mechanism is weakened by systematic and random deviations of substituents from correlations which span small changes in reactivity (less than ten-fold), by a surprisingly large value of ρ = 2 implied for the concerted (E2) reaction and by the possible influence of negative hyperconjugation. Nevertheless, it is consistent with independent evidence that the borderline between concerted and stepwise mechanisms is associated with chemically distinguishable reaction paths, even though pronounced carbanion character (and probably a small extent of bond-breaking to the leaving group) ensures a degree of similarity of structure and sensitivity to substituents of their transition states.
Diagnosis of malignant melanoma by general practitioners and hospital specialists
Authors: Jackson A M , Morgan D R , Ellison R 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The aim of this study was to audit all malignant melanomas confirmed histologically in the Scarborough Health District over six years, prompted by the continuing rise in incidence rate nationally and relatively high number of malignant melanomas excised by general practitioners (GPs) in this area. A total of 157 malignant melanomas were diagnosed (60% from females and 40% from males) over the six years; primary excisions being carried out by GPs (37%) and hospital specialists (63%). The clinical diagnosis of malignant melanoma was made in 9% of GP cases and 35% of the hospital specialist cases. However another 45.5% of GP cases, and 38% of hospital specialist cases were regarded as suspicious pigmented lesions clinically. The histological diagnosis was of superficial spreading malignant melanoma in 72% of the GP and 69% of the hospital specialist cases. Most of the GP melanomas were excised with a lateral margin of 2 mm or less (71%); around half of the hospital excisions had a margin of over 2 mm (49%). Most melanomas were 2 mm or less in depth (Breslow depth) in both the GP (81%) and hospital specialist (75%) series. Over the six year period (1993–98) the incidence of malignant melanomas has continued to rise, but Breslow depth at diagnosis has not changed significantly. It is therefore important to continue with early recognition of this condition by GPs in the first instance, reduction in its incidence being the long term goal. During five years of the study there were only 67 lesions thought clinically to be malignant melanoma (26 GP and 41 hospital specialist cases), but which proved to be benign histologically.
Risperidone implicated in the onset of tardive dyskinesia in a young woman
Authors: Kumar Shailesh , Malone Darren M 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The aim of this case report is to highlight that risperidone may cause and ameliorate tardive dyskinesia. A 16 year old white women with a 12 month history of schizophrenia, developed buccolingual masticatory tardive dyskinesia after receiving risperidone 6 mg. She had received small dosages of typical antipsychotics before and during receiving risperidone for short periods. Recommencement of risperidone with 2 mg and increasing to 6 mg resulted in improvement in tardive dyskinesia and up until now she remains free of any abnormal involuntary movements.
Role of carotid sinus syndrome and neurocardiogenic syncope in recurrent syncope and falls in patients referred to an outpatient clinic in a district general hospital
Authors: Eltrafi Abuzeid , King Debra , Silas Joseph H , Currie Peter , Lye Michael 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) and neurocardiogenic syncope (NCS) are recognised as important causes of recurrent syncope and falls in the elderly. In this study the role of CSS (diagnosed with carotid sinus massage) and NCS (diagnosed with prolonged head-up tilt) in a district general hospital were investigated.
Over 27 consecutive months carotid sinus massage was performed in 139 patients. Of these 29 (20.8%) patients (mean (SD) age of 78 (9) years) showed a positive response. Of these 18 (62%) patients showed a positive response only when carotid sinus massage was performed with 70° head-up tilt.
Thirteen (8.7%) of the 149 patients who had prolonged head-up tilt testing were found to have NCS. The mean (SD) age for patients with NCS was 59 (26) years and the mean (SD) time required to produce a positive response during prolonged head-up tilt was 12 (5) minutes.
It is concluded that carotid sinus massage and head-up tilt testing are useful in patients presenting with unexplained syncope and falls in a district general hospital setting. Carotid sinus massage should be repeated upon head-up tilt if a negative response is obtained in the supine position.
Are single mothers in Britain failing to monitor their oral health?
Authors: McGrath C , Yeung C Y Y J , Bedi R 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

Objectives
This study was designed to identify association between self reported dental attendance patterns and family structure in the UK.

Design
A national study involving 666 women with dependent children.

Setting
Home interviews were undertaken exploring time and reason for last dental visit. In addition, numerous sociodemographic and service related characteristics were collected.

Results
Bivariate analysis identified that family structure was associated with respondents’ self reported dental attendance patterns: marital status (p&lt;0.01), number of children (p&lt;0.05), and age of children (p&lt;0.05). When the combined effects of age, family structure, income, educational attainment, working status, and service factors (difficulty obtaining a NHS dentist and time taken to get an appointment) on dental attendance were explored, family structure emerged as a very important predicator of service use. Notably, young (age 16–34) single mothers and those with more than two children were less likely to have attended the dentist within the past year for reasons other than a dental emergency compared with older (age 35 or more), mothers from a two parent family and those with one or two children.

Conclusion
Family structure is associated with self reported dental attendance patterns. Young single mothers with more than two children may be failing to monitor their oral health appropriately.
PARALLEL VERTEX COLOURING OF INTERVAL GRAPHS
Authors: SAJITH G. , SAXENA SANJEEV 
Published: July 2002

Evidence is given to suggest that minimally vertex colouring an interval graph may not be in NC 1. This is done by showing that 3-colouring a linked list is NC 1-reducible to minimally colouring an interval graph. However, it is shown that an interval graph with a known interval representation and an O(1) chromatic number can be minimally coloured in NC 1. For the CRCW PRAM model, an o( log n) time, polynomial processors algorithm is obtained for minimally colouring an interval graph with o( log n) chromatic number and a known interval representation. In particular, when the chromatic number is O(( log n)1-ε), 0<ε<1, the algorithm runs in O( log n/ log log n) time. Also, an O( log n) time, O(n) cost, EREW PRAM algorithm is found for interval graphs of arbitrary chromatic numbers. The following lower bound result is also obtained: even when the left and right endpoints of the interval are separately sorted, minimally colouring an interval graph needs Ω( log n/ log log n) time, on a CRCW PRAM, with a polynomial number of processors.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE FIELD INDUCED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN POLYACENES AND C60
Authors: DRECHSLER S.-L. , PAASCH G. , MÁLEK J. , SHULGA S. V. , ESCHRIG H. , ROSNER H. 
Published: July 2002

The electronic structure and the superconductivity in field-doped polyacenes are considered. Within a modified Thomas–Fermi approach for typical experimental values of the surface charge density the injected charge is confined to a monolayer. The electron–phonon coupling constant for internal modes λintra is estimated using the work of Devos and Lanoo (Ref. 4) and the density of states N(0) estimated from a 2D tight-binding model derived from a full potential LDA band structure calculation for bulk anthracene. The empirical values of the Coulomb pseudopotentials are significantly enhanced. The strong Coulomb interaction is considered as a key quantity which determines the large differences in the critical temperatures achieved for n-doped polyacenes and C 60.
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL FOR MIDDLE LEVEL TRAUMATIC TETRAPLEGIA: A case for “Surgical Internalisation” of External Splints
Authors: Mennen Ulrich 
Published: July 2002

In most places the surgical and rehabilitative management of tetraplegic patients is done on an ad hoc basis. We believe that the best interests of these unfortunate patients can only be served by a comprehensive surgical and rehabilitative management protocol through a dedicated team of professionals. The surgical protocol should be a basic standard programme known to the whole team. Depending on the patient's basic needs, variations to this basic surgical programme could be worked out. We propose a basic surgical programme for the mid-cervical tetraplegic patient in order to get rid of cumbersome external splints during the rehabilitative period. Substituting surgical procedures for external splints has become known as “internalisation of splints”. These include: 1. Motorising elbow extension using an improved bone-to-bone posterior deltoid to triceps tendon transfer. 2. Motorising forearm pronation by rerouting biceps tendon around radius. 3. Motorising thumb and finger extension, using M. brachioradialis. 4. Metacarpophalangcal finger flexion, using flexor digitorum superficialis tendon Zancolli lasso procedure (tenodesis effect). 5. Motorising distal interphalangeal finger joint flexion, using extensor carpi radialis longus transfer. 6. Thumb pinch/adduction against the fingers, rerouting flexor pollicis longus tendon to extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon, end-to-side. 7. Thumb stabilisation procedures on any one or two thumb joints. The above procedures contribute greatly to the independent function of the patient. Careful preoperative assessment and prerequisites include the patient’s needs, patient’s motivation, muscle power and endurance and important “trick movements”.