bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Political Behaviour in Scotland
Authors: Henderson Ailsa , Johns Robert , Carman Christopher , Mitchell James 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter pursues three tasks. We begin with the multilevel political context in which Scottish political behaviour in Scotland takes place and review some of the main ways researchers have sought to understand how citizen evaluations, attitudes, and behaviour change across the different political arenas in which they might participate. Second, we explore historical trends in Scottish voting at the local, Scottish, UK, and European levels before focusing in greater depth on devolved and UK voting. Third, we focus on two research questions currently occupying researchers of voting behaviour in Scotland. We examine claims about voting in sub-state elections and explore whether Scots tend to treat devolved elections as second-order contests and Westminster elections as first-order contests. We then ask whether the 2014 referendum appears to have had an impact on political engagement in Scotland.
The Scottish National Party
Authors: Bennie Lynn , McAngus Craig 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe SNP has moved from the fringes of Scottish politics to being a strikingly successful electoral force, keeping the constitutional status of Scotland at the top of the political agenda. In the twenty-first century, the SNP has been a long-term party of government but one of opposition in the UK, balancing the different facets of its identity as a political party seeking governmental office and as an important actor in a wider movement for Scottish independence. The SNP’s ability to adapt to devolution has been key to its success, and has involved transformation of the party on a scale few political organizations experience. Yet success brings new challenges and dilemmas, related to the straddling of governance and campaigning for Scottish independence. Enhanced powers for the Scottish Parliament increase the stakes for SNP governments—public policy problems cannot easily be blamed on state-wide governments—and being situated within a movement for change creates opportunities to build support for independence but the SNP’s vision of an independent Scotland is contested by others.
Interest Groups and Policy Communities
Authors: MacLeod Iain , Halpin Darren 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDevolution brought the potential for change in the way interest groups operated, the structure of policy communities, and the pattern of interaction with government. The creation of a Scottish Government represented a new site for lobbying and policy engagement. However, this change would not have a uniform effect across the board. This chapter examines the so-called ‘rise of the meso’ by comparing Scotland before and after devolution, but also comparing Scotland to other sub-state institutions around the world. We find that, whilst devolution certainly had an impact on how interest groups operate in Scotland, it is important not to overstate it. Indeed, the so-called ‘new politics’ that devolution was meant to espouse has to be used cautiously given the continued dominance of traditionally privileged groups to the policymaking process.
The Independence Referendum of 2014
Authors: Keating Michael , McEwen Nicola 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Scottish independence referendum of 2014 was a rare event in an advanced democracy. Under the Edinburgh Agreement between the UK and Scottish governments, both sides accepted the process and the question and pledged to respect the result. The debate revolved around the meaning of Scottish and British identities; the economic consequences of each option; welfare; and Scotland’s place in Europe and the world. Risk and uncertainty were key factors. During the campaign, both sides sought the middle ground of ‘devolution-max’ and ‘independence-lite’ respectively. Over the campaign, there was a substantial shift of voters from No to Yes, but on a five-point scale of constitutional preferences there was less movement. Following the referendum, it was the losing Yes side that made the political advance in the subsequent election, ensuring that the independence question would remain open.
Multicultural Scotland
Authors: Bond Ross 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines demographic data relating to migration and ethnicity, comparing Scotland with other parts of Britain. It then examines sociological evidence concerning attitudes to immigration and national identities in Scotland, and the ways in which such identities are expressed and experienced. These dimensions are discussed in relation to political discourse, in particular to address the question of why, although there is widespread evidence of racism in Scotland, Scottish politics is not racialized to the same extent as in some other parts of the UK. Overall, it argues that Scotland’s demographic structure and the particular migration histories which underpin it contrast in some important respects with other parts of the UK, and that this in turn shapes distinctive attitudes, experiences, and identities which both inform, and are informed by, the political discourses and structures that are most relevant to multiculturalism.
The Scottish Constitution
Authors: Page Alan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Devolution has made it meaningful to talk of a Scottish constitution in the ‘unwritten’ Westminster tradition. It is not set out in a comprehensive written statement but in a mixture of statutes, judicial decisions, constitutional conventions, and ‘soft law’. Its primary source is the Scotland Act 1998, which established the legislative and executive institutions of devolved government, but not the judicial institutions already guaranteed by the Acts of Union three centuries before. Competence over the Scottish constitution for the most part lies with the UK Parliament. Attempts were made to entrench the devolution settlement following the No vote in the 2014 independence referendum. An ‘interim constitution’ would have replaced it had Scotland voted Yes. The current constitution may not have been ‘made in Scotland’ but it incorporates important safeguards against the abuse of state power which ought not to be lost sight of in consideration of what might replace it. The chapter concludes by indicating some of the possible directions of reform that might be pursued by the Scottish Parliament in the exercise of its as yet limited legislative competence over the constitution.
Introduction
Authors: Akbari Suzanne Conklin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This Handbook produces a stereoscopic view of Chaucer’s works. Juxtaposing chapters by Middle English scholars with chapters by specialists in other fields – Latin and vernacular literature, philosophy, theology, and history of science – it offers a new perspective that uses the works of Chaucer to look out upon the wider world. Clusters of essays that place Chaucer’s works in “the Mediterranean Frame” and “the European Frame” are bracketed by groupings on “Biography and Circumstances of Daily Life” and “The Chaucerian Afterlife,” while a cluster on “Christian Doctrine and Religious Heterodoxy” foregrounds the role of confessional identities in the emergence of Middle English literary authority. The Handbook’s scope addresses the claim of universality that is often implicit in the study of Chaucer’s works. Chapters on anti-Judaism in the Canterbury Tales and on Hebrew literature reveal what has been suppressed or elided in the construction of English literary history, while studying the Arabic sources and analogues of the frame tale tradition reveals the patterns of circulation that lie behind the early modern emergence of national literatures. Chapters on French, Italian, and Latin literature address the linguistic context of late fourteenth-century Europe, while chapters on philosophy, history of science, and theology spur on new areas of development within Chaucer studies. Pushing at the disciplinary boundaries of Chaucer Studies, this Handbook maps out how we might develop our field with greater awareness of the interconnected world of the fourteenth century, and the increasingly interconnected – and divided – world we inhabit today.
Boccaccio’s Early Romances
Authors: Ginsberg Warren 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Ginsberg adapts Walter Benjamin’s idea of mode of meaning to read Boccaccio’s early romances, the Filostrato, the Teseida, and, to a lesser extent, the Filocolo, as intra-lingual translations; the prefaces to each work, which are personal and rhetorical, simultaneously follow and disarticulate the universalizing and allegorical impetus of the tales they frame. The mode of meaning in the Filostrato is the ‘the orality of writing’—the ways, that is, in which writing tries to voice itself throughout the poem. In Chaucer’s reworking, the Troilus, recitation as such, and prayer in particular, translate Filostrato’s self-absorption into ethical concern for others. In the Teseida, textuality, writing that addresses itself to readers and to other texts, translates the ways in which writing in the Filostrato tries to speak. Here Boccaccio equated epic and romance with the disposition of the heroes; Chaucer reinvented the merger in ‘The Knight’s Tale’, when he created the character of the Knight.
Chaucer’s Petrarch
Authors: Martinez Ronald L. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
While Geoffrey Chaucer’s reception of Petrarch was limited in terms of direct textual contact, his absorption of Petrarch’s reputation—his fama—was more extensive, indeed thematic. As the chief contemporary giver and claimer of fame, Petrarch stoked Chaucer’s desire to be more than a mere courtly maker. Petrarch’s influence reaches the Monk’s Tale mediated by works of both Boccaccio and Dante, an entanglement of the three crowns of Florence characteristic of Chaucer’s use of them. Troilus and Criseyde, Chaucer’s amplification of Boccaccio’s Filostrato, includes passages derived from Petrarchan lyric that make of Troilus perhaps the first ‘Petrarchan’, lover in European heroic narrative. With the Clerk’s Tale, Boccaccio’s final novella emerges in an English vernacular that distances it from the high Latin style of Petrarch’s source epistle, but that seconds Petrarch in erasing Boccaccio as the tale’s origin—while praising Petrarch with language borrowed in part from Dante.
Ovid
Authors: Fumo Jamie C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOvid offered Chaucer more than a repository of myths or a toolkit of poetic techniques: he facilitated ways of thinking about poetic identity, the nature of storytelling, and the permeability of texts. This chapter situates Chaucer as a dynamic partner in and active contributor to Ovidian intertextuality. The textual collisions, ethical calibrations, and reciprocal metamorphoses that characterize the intertextual relationship between these two poets distinguish Chaucer not simply as a conveyor of or apprentice to Ovid, but as a collaborator in an Ovidian poetic. Ovid configures for Chaucer the radical permeability of texts. Furthermore, Ovidian encounters in Chaucer’s poetry often coincide with the portrayal of books in a state of formation or contestation. This chapter focuses on both poets’ representations of temporality, the multiform Ovidianisms that have been attributed to Chaucer, and the pertinence of Ovid to a view of Chaucer as a self-conscious and intertextually adept vernacular poet.
Wycliffism and its After-Effects
Authors: Lahey Stephen E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Wyclif was more than simply a critic of the state of the church in the fourteenth century. The appeal of this thought was based in the alternative view of the Christian life it offered to clergy and laity, one without reference to social class, ecclesiastical hierarchy, or material success. The core of Wyclif’s moral theology is contained in a set of four texts he assembled during his later years at Lutterworth, and provides a biblically-grounded prescription for daily life that he, and his followers, believed to be the realization of the ideal provided by the Book of Acts. This life according to lex Christi, rather than simply the denial of transubstantiation, the anti-fraternal and anti-papal criticisms, and the attacks on clerical abuses, was what appealed to many in England, and to many more in Bohemia, where Wyclif’s thought would help to catalyse the Hussite movement.
‘O Hebraic People!’
Authors: Nisse Ruth 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
When Chaucer wrote his anti-Judaic Prioress’s Tale, there had been no Jews in England for roughly a century. Nevertheless, the loss of the small but vital twelfth and thirteenth-century Jewish community—and with it Hebrew as a literary language—has implications for Chaucer’s place in a polyglot England. This chapter concerns the Anglo-Hebrew grammarian and poet Berekhiah ha-Nakdan, who composed, among other works, a translation of Adelard of Bath’s Natural Questions and a collection of beast fables, translated from Latin and French sources. The Fox Fables, a Hebrew text from the Angevin cultural moment of the twelfth century, touches on many of the themes of language, literary transmission, and social injustice that later interested Chaucer.
The Hazards of Narration
Authors: Mallette Karla 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys framed narratives known in the late medieval Mediterranean, with an emphasis on tales in Arabic and Italian that share in common a short list of narrative devices: the movement of character-narrators through space in order to flee danger; the measuring out of story-telling through a determined number of days (or years); storytelling as a strategy to save a populace at risk. Some of these works—the Seven Sages of Rome, the Thousand and One Nights, Bosone da Gubbio’s Avventuroso Siciliano, Boccaccio’s Decameron, Giovanni Sercambi’s Novelliere, and Giovanni Fiorentino’s Pecorone—were translated into and known in multiple languages between Central Asia and western Europe. All left traces of themselves in late medieval Italy, in the form of manuscripts or cognate tales in other collections. Thus they provide a literary context for Chaucer’s narrative decisions and achievements.
Dialogism in Hoccleve
Authors: Newman Jonathan M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThomas Hoccleve (c. 1368–1426), a declared admirer of Chaucer, resembles the elder poet in making his narrative frames as rich as the stories they contain. In the frames to his three major works La Male Regle, The Regiment of Princes, and The Series, Hoccleve makes his own persona a focal point for ethical, political, and artistic inquiry. Through the dialogue which Hoccleve enacts between his persona and other figures, historical and allegorical, he makes dialogue itself the topic of his poetry, both its potential for meaningful communication and for dangerous self-exposure. The depicted encounters between him and others call attention to the properties of dialogue itself by virtue of their polyphonic mixture of genres, social roles, and situations drawn from his experience as a clerk in the King’s Office of the Privy Seal and as one stigmatized by an episode of mental illness. Neither a political mouthpiece nor an autonomous humanistic artist, Hoccleve seeks reciprocal communication; his self-performance urges an ethics of listening, a principle of charity that suspends judgment in order to seek understanding.
Free as a Bird? Thinking with the Grain of Meshell Ndegeocello’s Butch Voice
Authors: Nyong’o Tavia 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Across a prolific, genre-spanning career, Meshell Ndegeocello has persistently avoided music industry labeling. This chapter considers the adequacy of conceptions of the butch voice and female masculinity as modalities for summing up her aesthetic strategy. More central than her transgression of customary modalities of history and memory, the chapter suggests, is the persistent quest for freedom in Black music by any means musically necessary. Suggesting that the butch voice is both heard and silent, the chapter moves toward an aesthetics of redaction in her most recent music, especially in albums devoted to cover songs.
Musical Abjects Sounds and Objectionable Sexualities
Authors: Johnson Jenny Olivia 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This discussion examines two musical situations involving sexual impulses and behaviors that are widely deemed unacceptable: the pedophilia of composer Benjamin Britten and the sexual abuse of choirboys at the Columbus Boychoir School in the 1970s. The aim is to consider whether an examination of the music created within these contexts might contribute to a more nuanced understanding of trauma, sexual abuse, and dangerous forms of desire; and whether a queer theory-inspired approach to these “abject” musical objects might encourage the development of more substantive and meaningful ethical positions toward people currently labeled as sexual deviants or perpetrators of sexual violence.
Marketplace Lending, Information Aggregation, and Liquidity
Authors: Franks Julian , Serrano-Velarde Nicolas , Sussman Oren 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Lending marketplaces aimed at directly connecting retail lenders and borrowers retreat from auctions and, instead, set prices and allocate credit on their own, despite evidence that retail investors possess valuable soft and nonstandard information. We investigate this puzzle by analyzing a unique data set of 7,455 auctions and 34 million bids from a leading British peer-to-business platform. We find that the platform was vulnerable to liquidity shocks, resulting in sizable deviations from information efficiency. Deviations increased over time because of a growing role played by noncrowd players, particularly large investors and algorithms.
Functional procurement for innovation, welfare, and the environment
Authors: Edquist Charles , Zabala-Iturriagagoitia Jon Mikel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPublic procurement accounts for a very large share of most economies worldwide. This conceptual article argues that the key to achieving more innovations when pursuing public procurement is to describe problems to be solved or functions to be fulfilled (functional procurement) instead of describing the products to be bought (product procurement). Contracting authorities need to identify the problems that policy should address. The new products (innovations) solving the problems are to be designed by the potential innovators/suppliers, not by public procurers. Hence, the societal needs and problems must be translated and transformed into functional requirements. Functional procurement is allowed in European regulations, and therefore, there are no legal obstacles to use it for innovation policy purposes. Furthermore, it leads to increased competition not only among potential suppliers of similar products, but also among different products that solve the same problem.
Does the high-tech enterprise certification policy promote innovation in China?
Authors: Liu Huiling , Xing Fei , Li Bo , Yakshtas Kseniya 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the impacts of the high-tech enterprise certification policy on corporate innovation in China, by analyzing a unique dataset of listed companies and their affiliates from 2006 to 2015. We exclude firms certified after year 2009 from the sample, because they may have engaged in R&D manipulation. The findings show that the high-tech enterprise certification can promote corporate innovation in China, especially the innovation captured by invention patents and the intensity of policy matters. The study also concludes that the high-tech enterprise certification can influence enterprise innovation through ‘physical’ and ‘tacit’ channels. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that private enterprises, enterprises in more competitive industries, and equity-inspired enterprises benefit most from high-tech enterprise certification. This article helps understand the validity of innovation policies and driving forces of innovation.
Retrospective Hospital-Based Cohort Study on Risk Factors of Poor Outcome in Pediatric Snake Envenomation
Authors: Suryanarayana Ganapathi , Rameshkumar Ramachandran , Mahadevan Subramanian 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Among Southeast Asian countries, India has reported the highest mortality due to snakebite envenomation. To identify the risk factors of poor outcome (mortality/mechanical ventilation/renal replacement therapy—RRT) in pediatric snakebite envenomation.

Method
Case records of children aged less than 13 years with snakebite envenomation admitted between June 2009 and July 2015 were reviewed retrospectively. Medical records of the patient died within 6 h, those required RRT before administration of antisnake venom (ASV), and those with unknown bites were excluded.

Results
A total of 308 patients were included. One hundred eighty (58.4%) had hemotoxic, and 128 (41.6%) had neuroparalytic envenomation. Median (interquartile range) bite to ASV time was 3 (2–6) h. Seventy-five (24.4%) patients received ASV within 6 h of bite. Poor outcomes occurred in 128 (41.6%), and 36 (11.7%) patients died. On binary logistic analysis (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval), age ≤5 years (2.97, 1.28–6.90), walking (6.15, 2.88–13.17), playing (3.36, 1.64–6.88), no tourniquet (2.39, 1.25–4.57), time to ASV more than 6 h (2.71, 1.45–5.06), fang marks (2.22, 1.21–4.07), neurotoxic envenomation (3.01, 1.11–8.13) and additional ASV dose (8.41, 2.99–23.60) were independently predicted the poor outcome (Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness of fit model p = 0.135; overall percentage of the model is 72.2% and R-square = 0.28).

Conclusion
Age below 5 years, activity at/after the bite (playing/walking), no tourniquet, a longer bite to ASV time, presence of fang marks, neurotoxic envenomation and need for additional ASV dose were independent predictors of poor outcome in pediatric snakebite envenomation.
Lumi-Map, a Real-Time Luciferase Bioluminescence Screen of Mutants Combined with MutMap, Reveals Arabidopsis Genes Involved in PAMP-Triggered Immunity
Authors: Kato Hiroaki , Onai Kiyoshi , Abe Akira , Shimizu Motoki , Takagi Hiroki , Tateda Chika , Utsushi Hiroe , Singkarabanit-Ogawa Suthitar , Kitakura Saeko , Ono Erika , Zipfel Cyril , Takano Yoshitaka , Ishiura Masahiro , Terauchi Ryohei 
Published: September 2020

Plants recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to activate PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). However, our knowledge of PTI signaling remains limited. In this report, we introduce Lumi-Map, a high-throughput platform for identifying causative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for studying PTI signaling components. In Lumi-Map, a transgenic reporter plant line is produced that contains a firefly luciferase (LUC) gene driven by a defense gene promoter, which generates luminescence upon PAMP treatment. The line is mutagenized and the mutants with altered luminescence patterns are screened by a high-throughput real-time bioluminescence monitoring system. Selected mutants are subjected to MutMap analysis, a whole-genome sequencing-based method of rapid mutation identification, to identify the causative SNP responsible for the luminescence pattern change. We generated nine transgenic Arabidopsis reporter lines expressing the LUC gene fused to multiple promoter sequences of defense-related genes. These lines generate luminescence upon activation of FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2) by flg22, a PAMP derived from bacterial flagellin. We selected the WRKY29-promoter reporter line to identify mutants in the signaling pathway downstream of FLS2. After screening 24,000 ethylmethanesulfonate-induced mutants of the reporter line, we isolated 22 mutants with altered WRKY29 expression upon flg22 treatment (abbreviated as awf mutants). Although five flg22-insensitive awf mutants harbored mutations in FLS2 itself, Lumi-Map revealed three genes not previously associated with PTI. Lumi-Map has the potential to identify novel PAMPs and their receptors as well as signaling components downstream of the receptors. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .