bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family ties and employment behavior: The role of financial intermediaries
Authors: Liu Wenyuan , Ren Ting 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe study the interaction effect of financial intermediaries and family ties on labor participation and employment type in China. Although existing studies examine these effects separately, we investigate the effects of both factors in one model. We give empirical evidence to support earlier arguments that family ties negatively affect labor force participation and positively affect self‐/family‐employment behavior and that financial development positively affects labor force participation. Departing from the extant literature, our results overall indicate a compensating effect of financial intermediaries for family ties in labor participation and employment type. We further argue that there are gender, urban/rural, and age differences in the role of financial intermediaries. The effect of financial intermediaries on the strength of family ties is more relevant for female, rural, and younger people compared to male, urban, and older people.
The Impacts of Economic Freedom and Institutional Quality on Migration from African Countries
Authors: Gignarta Tadesse Soka , Guan ZhenZhong , Borojo Dinkneh Gebre 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe previous empirical literature suggests that socio‐economic conditions and demographic pressures are triggering factors of migration from Africa. We propose that economic freedom and institutional quality indicators of African countries are also important determinants of out‐migration from Africa. Hence, we investigate the effect of economic freedom and institutional quality on migration flow from 44 African countries to major migration destination countries. Aggregate indicators are derived for the quality of institutions and economic freedom using principal component analysis. Controlling for source and destination countries' income levels, population size, cultural, historical and physical distance, our findings provide evidence that migration flow from Africa is significantly determined by the institutional quality and economic freedom indicators in African countries. Our results are strongly robust to different econometric techniques used to control for sample selection bias, zero‐valued observations and endogeneity concern. Hence, improving institutional quality and maintaining economic freedom in African countries matters significantly to control out‐migration from Africa.
Injury prevention effects of stretching exercise intervention by physical therapists in male high school soccer players
Authors: Azuma Nobuhide , Someya Fujiko 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe aimed to examine the prevalence of injury after physical therapy intervention for muscle tightness and injury prevention in male high school soccer players. A randomized controlled trial was conducted. Participants comprised 124 players from two high schools who competed in national tournament soccer games held from April 2018 to March 2019. Players were randomly divided into intervention (with a 12‐week stretching intervention by physical therapists) and control groups (without the intervention). Players and coaches provided written information regarding injuries and daily training and match times; physical therapists visited each team weekly to collect data and review documentation. Muscle tightness and injury incidence, number, type, location, circumstances, situations, severity, and contents during the 12‐week intervention period and a subsequent 40‐week observation period were compared between groups. Injuries were significantly lower with intervention during the 40‐week observation period (P < .01) but not during the 12‐week intervention period (P = .44). Injury types mainly included disorder, non‐contact, lower‐limb/trunk, and muscle/tendon injuries. Significant interactions were observed for all tightness‐test measurement items. The intervention group showed significant improvements in heel‐buttock distance, and straight leg‐raise and hip rotation angles (pre‐intervention < 12 weeks < 52 weeks), as well as significant improvements in ankle dorsiflexion angles at 12 and 52 weeks (relative to pre‐intervention values). Instructed stretching exercises, personally designed by physical therapists to address muscle tightness, improved the range of motion and trunk flexibility, with a positive effect on the injury rate in male high school soccer players, especially for non‐contact disorder injuries during training.
Calcareous nannofossils anchor chronologies for Arctic Ocean sediments back to 500 ka
Authors: O’Regan Matt , Backman Jan , Fornaciari Eliana , Jakobsson Martin , West Gabriel 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Poor age control in Pleistocene sediments of the central Arctic Ocean generates considerable uncertainty in paleoceanographic reconstructions. This problem is rooted in the perplexing magnetic polarity patterns recorded in Arctic marine sediments and the paucity of microfossils capable of providing calibrated biostratigraphic biohorizons or continuous oxygen isotope stratigraphies. Here, we document the occurrence of two key species of calcareous nannofossils in a single marine sediment core from the central Arctic Ocean that provide robust, globally calibrated age constraints for sediments younger than 500 ka. The key species are the coccolithophores Pseudoemiliania lacunosa, which went extinct during marine isotope stage (MIS) 12 (478–424 ka), and Emiliania huxleyi, which evolved during MIS 8 (300–243 ka). This is the first time that P. lacunosa has been described in sediments of the central Arctic Ocean. The sedimentary horizons containing these age-diagnostic species can be traced, through lithostratigraphic correlation, across more than 450 km of the inner Arctic Ocean. They provide the first unequivocal support for proposed Pleistocene chronologies of sediment from this sector of the Arctic, and they constitute a foundation for developing and testing other geochronological tools for dating Arctic marine sediments.
The Paleoproterozoic Francevillian succession of Gabon and the Lomagundi-Jatuli event
Authors: Mayika Karen Bakakas , Moussavou Mathieu , Prave Anthony R. , Lepland Aivo , Mbina Michel , Kirsimäe Kalle 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Paleoproterozoic Francevillian succession of Gabon has figured prominently in concepts about Earth’s early oxygenation and genesis of a large positive excursion in carbon-isotope values, the Lomagundi-Jatuli event (LJE). Here we present a detailed study of a 139-m-long core of Francevillian rocks marked by carbonate δ13C (δ13Ccarb) values of 5‰–9‰ that decline upsection to near 0‰, a trend inferred by many workers as a fingerprint of the LJE and its termination. However, we show that the shift in δ13Ccarb values coincides with a facies change: shallow-marine facies are marked by the strongly positive values, whereas deeper-marine facies (below storm wave base) are at ∼0‰. The most circumspect interpretation of such facies dependence of δ13Ccarb is that shallow-marine settings record the isotope effects of local physical and biochemical processes driving the ambient dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) pool to heavier values, and the lighter values (∼0‰) in deeper-water facies track the DIC of the open-marine realm where δ13C was largely unaffected by fractionations occurring in shallow-water settings. Further, a transgressing redoxcline created conditions for precipitation of Mn-bearing minerals and chemotrophic microbial biota, including methane cycling communities evident by organic δ13C (δ13Corg) values of −47‰ and Δδcarb-org values as high as 46‰. Thus, the Francevillian C-isotope profile reflects basin-specific conditions and is not a priori an indicator of global C-cycle disturbances nor of the termination of the LJE.
Recognizing tide- and wave-dominated compound deltaic clinothems in the rock record
Authors: Peng Yang , Olariu Cornel , Steel Ronald J. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Many modern deltas exhibit a compound geometry that consists of a shoreline clinoform and a larger subaqueous clinoform connected through a subaqueous platform. Despite the ubiquity of compound clinoforms in modern deltas, very few examples have been documented from the ancient sedimentary record. We present recognition criteria for shelf compound-clinoform systems in both tide- and wave-dominated deltas by integration of ancient and modern examples from multiple types of data. The compound clinothem can be identified by using a combination of: (1) the three-dimensional (3-D) configuration identified in bathymetric or seismic data, (2) bipartite stacked regressive units, consisting of a lower muddy coarsening-to-fining-upward (CUFU) or coarsening-upward (CU) unit (30–100 m thick) and an overlying sandier CU unit (5–30 m thick) (together they represent the subaqueous and shoreline clinoform pair), and (3) distinct facies described herein, though both types of delta have highly bioturbated mudstone and siltstone bottomsets. Tide-dominated deltas have muddy foresets with tidal scours containing tidal rhythmites or inclined heterolithic strata in the subaqueous clinothem overlain by river and tidal deposits of the shoreline clinothem. Wave-dominated deltas show mainly wave-enhanced sediment-gravity-flow (WSGF) beds and some thin hummocky/swaley cross-stratified (HCS/SCS) sandstones toward the top in the subaqueous muddy foreset, and upward-thickening HCS/SCS and trough/planar cross-bedded sandstones interbedded with siltstones in the shoreline clinothem. The subaqueous platform, which links the clinoform couplet, shows evidence of frequent tidal or wave reworking and redeposition. The platform in tide-dominated deltas is characterized by tide-generated heterolithic strata (e.g., bidirectional current-rippled and cross-stratified sandstones, spring and neap tidal bundles, tidal rhythmites) with occasional storm-wave–influenced strata. In contrast, the wave-dominated platform comprises small-scale swales with scours and mud clasts and some WSGF deposits. The proposed criteria can aid in the recognition of compound deltaic clinothems in other basins, particularly those with limited amounts and/or types of data.
Study protocol for the POPART study—Prophylactic Oropharyngeal surfactant for Preterm infants: A Randomised Trial
Authors: Murphy Madeleine Claire , Galligan Marie , Molloy Brenda , Hussain Rabia , Doran Peter , O'Donnell Colm 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionMany preterm infants develop respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), a condition characterised by a relative lack of surfactant. Endotracheal surfactant therapy revolutionised the care of preterm infants in the 1990s. However, supporting newborns with RDS with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and reserving endotracheal surfactant for those who develop respiratory failure despite CPAP yield better results than intubating all infants for surfactant. Half of preterm infants born before 29 weeks gestation initially managed with CPAP are intubated for surfactant. Intubation is difficult to learn and associated with adverse effects. Surfactant administration into the oropharynx has been reported in preterm animals and humans and may be effective. We wished to determine whether giving oropharyngeal surfactant at birth reduces the rate of endotracheal intubation for respiratory failure in preterm infants within 120 hours of birth.Methods and analysisProphylactic Oropharyngeal surfactant for Preterm infants: A Randomised Trial (POPART, Eudract No. 2016-004198-41) is an investigator-led, unblinded, multicentre, randomised, parallel group, controlled trial. Infants are eligible if born at a participating centre before 29 weeks gestational age (GA) and there is a plan to offer intensive care. Infants are excluded if they have major congenital anomalies. Infants are randomised at birth to treatment with oropharyngeal surfactant (120 mg vial <26 weeks GA stratum; 240 mg vial 26–28+6weeks GA stratum) in addition to CPAP or CPAP alone. The primary outcome is intubation within 120 hours of birth, for bradycardia and/or apnoea despite respiratory support in the delivery room or respiratory failure in the intensive care unit. Secondary outcomes include incidence of mechanical ventilation, endotracheal surfactant use, chronic lung disease and death before hospital discharge.Ethics and disseminationApproval for the study has been granted by the Research Ethics Committees at the National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (EC31.2016) and at each participating site. The trial is being conducted at nine centres in six European countries. The study results will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration number2016-004198-41; Pre-results.
Cost and outcomes of the ultrasound screening program for birth defects over time: a population-based study in France
Authors: Ferrier Clément , Khoshnood Babak , Dhombres Ferdinand , Randrianaivo Hanitra , Perthus Isabelle , Jouannic Jean-Marie , Durand-Zaleski Isabelle 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveTo assess trends in the average costs and effectiveness of the French ultrasound screening programme for birth defects.DesignA population-based study.SettingNational Public Health Insurance claim database.ParticipantsAll pregnant women in the ‘Echantillon Généraliste des Bénéficiaires’, a permanent representative sample of 1/97 of the individuals covered by the French Health Insurance System.Main outcomes measuresTrends in the costs and in the average cost-effectiveness ratio (ACER) of the screening programme (in € per case detected antenatally), per year, between 2006 and 2014. incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) from 1 year to another were also estimated. We assessed costs related to the ultrasound screening programme of birth defects excluding the specific screening of Down’s syndrome. The outcome for effectiveness was the prenatal detection rate of birth defects, assessed in a previous study. Linear and logistic regressions were used to analyse time trends.ResultsDuring the study period, there was a slight decrease in prenatal detection rates (from 58.2% in 2006 to 55.2% in 2014; p=0.015). The cost of ultrasound screening increased from €168 in 2006 to €258 per pregnancy in 2014 (p=0.001). We found a 61% increase in the ACER for ultrasound screening during the study period. ACERs increased from €9050 per case detected in 2006 to €14 580 per case detected in 2014 (p=0.001). ICERs had an erratic pattern, with a strong tendency to show that any increment in the cost of screening was highly cost ineffective.ConclusionEven if the increase in costs may be partly justified, we observed a diminishing returns for costs associated with the prenatal ultrasound screening of birth defects, in France, between 2006 and 2014.
Systematic review of the global epidemiology of viral-induced acute liver failure
Authors: Patterson Jenna , Hussey Hannah Sophia , Silal Sheetal , Goddard Liz , Setshedi Mashiko , Spearman Wendy , Hussey Gregory D , Kagina Benjamin M , Muloiwa Rudzani 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesThe aetiology and burden of viral-induced acute liver failure remains unclear globally. It is important to understand the epidemiology of viral-induced ALF to plan for clinical case management and case prevention.ParticipantsThis systematic review was conducted to synthesize data on the relative contribution of different viruses to the aetiology of viral-induced acute liver failure in an attempt to compile evidence that is currently missing in the field. EBSCOhost, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for relevant literature published from 2009 to 2019. The initial search was run on 9 April 2019 and updated via PubMed on 30 September 2019 with no new eligible studies to include. Twenty-five eligible studies were included in the results of this review.ResultsThis systematic review estimated the burden of acute liver failure after infection with hepatitis B virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis E virus, herpes simplex virus/human herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and parvovirus B19. Data were largely missing for acute liver failure after infection with varicella-zostervirus, human parainfluenza viruses, yellow fever virus, coxsackievirus and/or adenovirus. The prevalence of hepatitis A-induced acute liver failur was markedly lower in countries with routine hepatitis A immunisation versus no routine hepatitis A immunisation. Hepatitis E virus was the most common aetiological cause of viral-induced acute liver failure reported in this review. In addition, viral-induced acute liver failure had poor outcomes as indicated by high fatality rates, which appear to increase with poor economic status of the studied countries.ConclusionsImmunisation against hepatitis A and hepatitis B should be prioritised in low-income and middle-income countries to prevent high viral-induced acute liver failure mortality rates, especially in settings where resources for managing acute liver failure are lacking. The expanded use of hepatitis E immunisation should be explored as hepatitis E virus was the most common cause of acute liver failure.RegistrationPROSPERO registration number: CRD42017079730.
Public perceptions and experiences of social distancing and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic: a UK-based focus group study
Authors: Williams Simon N , Armitage Christopher J , Tampe Tova , Dienes Kimberly 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveThis study explored UK public perceptions and experiences of social distancing and social isolation related to the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignThis qualitative study comprised five focus groups, carried out online during the early stages of the UK’s stay at home order (‘lockdown’), and analysed using a thematic approach.SettingFocus groups took place via online videoconferencing.ParticipantsParticipants (n=27) were all UK residents aged 18 years and older, representing a range of gender, ethnic, age and occupational backgrounds.ResultsQualitative analysis revealed four main themes: (1) loss—participants’ loss of (in-person) social interaction, loss of income and loss of structure and routine led to psychological and emotional ‘losses’ such as loss of motivation, loss of meaning and loss of self-worth; (2) criticisms of government communication—participants reported a lack of trust in government and a lack of clarity in the guidelines around social distancing and isolation; (3) adherence—participants reported high self-adherence to social distancing guidelines but reported seeing or hearing of non-adherence in others; (4) uncertainty around social reintegration and the future—some participants felt they would have lingering concerns over social contact while others were eager to return to high levels of social activity.Most participants, and particularly those in low-paid or precarious employment, reported feeling that the social distancing and isolation associated with COVID-19 policy has had negative impacts on their mental health and well-being during the early stages of the UK’s ‘lockdown’.ConclusionsA rapid response is necessary in terms of public health programming to mitigate the mental health impacts of COVID-19 social distancing and isolation. Social distancing and isolation ‘exit strategies’ must account for the fact that, although some individuals will voluntarily or habitually continue to socially distance, others will seek high levels of social engagement as soon as possible.
Observational study assessing changes in timing of readmissions around postdischarge day 30 associated with the introduction of the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program
Authors: Nathan Ashwin S , Martinez Joseph R , Giri Jay , Navathe Amol S 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundThe Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) initially penalised hospitals for excess readmission within 30 days of discharge for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), congestive heart failure (CHF) or pneumonia (PNA) and was expanded in subsequent years to include readmissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, elective total hip arthroplasty, total knee arthroplasty and coronary artery bypass graft surgery. We assessed whether HRRP was associated with delays in readmissions from immediately before the 30-day penalty threshold to just after it.MethodsWe included Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries discharged between 1 January 2007 and 31 October 2015. Readmissions were assessed until December 31, 2015. The study period was divided into three phases: January 2007 to March 2009 (pre-HRRP), April 2009 to September 2012 (implementation) and October 2012 to December 2015 (penalty). We estimated additional readmissions between postdischarge days 31–35 compared with days 26–30 using a negative binomial difference-in-differences model, comparing target HRRP versus non-HRRP conditions at the same hospital in the same month in the pre-HRRP and penalty phases.ResultsHRRP was not associated with a significant difference in AMI readmissions between postdischarge days 31–35 versus postdischarge days 26–30 for each hospital in the penalty phase, as compared with non-HRRP conditions and the pre-HRRP phase (p=0.19). There were statistically significant increases in readmissions CHF (0.040%, 95% CI 0.024% to 0.056%, p<0.01), PNA (0.022%, 95% CI 0.002% to 0.042%, p=0.03) and stroke (0.035%, 95% CI 0.010% to 0.060%, p<0.01); however, these readmissions represent <0.01% of readmissions during this time period.ConclusionWe did not identify consistently significant associations between HRRP and delayed readmissions, and importantly, any findings suggesting delayed readmissions were extremely small and unlikely to be clinically relevant.
Effects on alcohol consumption of announcing and implementing revised UK low-risk drinking guidelines: findings from an interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Holmes John , Beard Emma , Brown Jamie , Brennan Alan , Meier Petra S , Michie Susan , Stevely Abigail K , Webster Laura , Buykx Penny F 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundIn January 2016, the UK announced and began implementing revised guidelines for low-risk drinking of 14 units (112 g) per week for men and women. This was a reduction from the previous guidelines for men of 3–4 units (24–32 g) per day. There was no large-scale promotion of the revised guidelines beyond the initial media announcement. This paper evaluates the effect of announcing the revised guidelines on alcohol consumption among adults in England.MethodsData come from a monthly repeat cross-sectional survey of approximately 1700 adults living in private households in England collected between March 2014 and October 2017. The primary outcomes are change in level and time trend of participants’ Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—Consumption (AUDIT-C) scores.ResultsIn December 2015, the modelled average AUDIT-C score was 2.719 out of 12 and was decreasing by 0.003 each month. After January 2016, AUDIT-C scores increased immediately but non-significantly to 2.720 (β=0.001, CI −0.079 to 0.099) and the trend changed significantly such that scores subsequently increased by 0.005 each month (β=0.008, CI 0.001 to 0.015), equivalent to 0.5% of the population increasing their AUDIT-C score by 1 point each month. Secondary analyses indicated the change in trend began 7 months before the guideline announcement and that AUDIT-C scores reduced significantly but temporarily for 4 months after the announcement (β=−0.087, CI −0.167 to 0.007).ConclusionsAnnouncing new UK drinking guidelines did not lead to a substantial or sustained reduction in drinking or a downturn in the long-term trend in alcohol consumption, but there was evidence of a temporary reduction in consumption.