bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatigue of Slender Offshore Structures: Moorings, Risers, and Umbilicals
Authors: Wu Yongyan , Wang Tao , Vijayaraghavan Vishnu 
Published: April 2020

Fatigue is one of the key design considerations for moorings, risers, and umbilicals in offshore floating systems. Due to differences in materials, components, configurations, and functionality, these slender structures have distinct drivers for fatigue performance. On the other hand, they also share a number of the same challenges. Typical slender structure design configurations include taut and catenary mooring systems; steel catenary riser, steel lazy wave riser; and catenary, lazy wave, and pliant wave configurations for umbilicals. This paper introduces the fatigue performance drivers for mooring lines, risers, and umbilicals. The paper also compares the fatigue performance of moorings, risers, and umbilicals, and provide cross-disciplinary guidance to the integrated design of floating systems, thereby helping improve the overall system reliability.
Moorings, risers, and umbilicals demonstrate quite distinct fatigue characteristics but share some similar challenges. Mooring fatigue performance is influenced by tension and corrosion. Chains in fairlead locations and on the bottom are the most critical fatigue locations for mooring fatigue. Recent fatigue test data show that mean tension significantly impacts chain fatigue and thus whole mooring system fatigue life. Fatigue is a significant challenge for riser design due to tension and bending. The hangoff and touchdown zones are usually the most fatigue critical areas for risers as well. Similar to the mooring design, corrosion contributes to riser fatigue. Riser configuration, internal fluid slugging, as well as seabed stiffness significantly affect riser fatigue performance. Besides tension and bending, one of the specific features for umbilical design is the interaction between the different elements within an umbilical cross-section, which significantly impacts its life. Since this effect is more significant in regions with higher tension and curvature, the hang off region is usually the critical area for umbilical fatigue.
The offshore industry is moving towards integrated design and systematic approaches. Although there is abundant literature discussing the fatigue of mooring, risers, and umbilicals separately, there is very limited published literature comparing the performance of these three types of slender structures. This paper can serve as a useful reference for a floating system integrated design. Cross disciplines can also benefit by leveraging the design philosophy and mitigation strategy of different types of slender structures.
Experience with Active Flow Assurance
Authors: Iversen Øyvind , Blystad Jørgen 
Published: April 2020

Following the drop of oil prices during 2015 we have seen an increased attention from operators on using new technology, in particular active heating technologies. This paper presents an update to experience from early implementation with lessons learned to recent technology development of what today is the only field proven electric heating technology for rigid flowlines per today - Direct Electric Heating (DEH). It also discusses Electric Heat Tracing as promising technology undergoing qualification – but the main focus is on DEH.
DEH had its technology qualification carried out in the 90-ties and early 2000's while the more recent years has focused on achieving long distance tie backs, qualification for deep water projects but also design alteration opening for cost reduction.
Increased number of operators:
During the first 10 years, all projects were in operation in the North Sea whereas during the last 8 years other operators has started using the technology, as well as applications in harsher environment and deeper waters.
Deep water:
Following internal testing to gain more information on material data of steel and copper, combined with an update in analysis technique – previous over-conservatism in design process can be reduced such that a more accurate analysis can be carried out. Consequently, cable designs which previously only were applicable for depths down to less than 800m WD can now be used at 1500m WD.
Long distance step-outs:
Wet design XLPE insulation to higher electrical gradients has been now successfully qualified, allowing DEH to be applied on longer distance tie-backs than before
Technology improvements
A 3-year R&D on high frequency DEH gives both technical advantages for interference with other subsea equipment, reduced AC corrosion as smaller conductors which leads to a significant cost reduction.
With the above technical improvements alone or combined, and a better DEH system than that was qualified in year 2000 is now available to the market.
A Comparison of Stakeholder Engagement Strategies for Offshore Decommissioning Projects in the United Kingdom and Australian Landscape
Authors: Tung Aaron 
Published: April 2020

AbstractStakeholder engagement is a critical element in offshore decommissioning projects. If stakeholders are engaged well, it can bring benefits to the decommissioning project through cost reduction, improved scheduling, and improved relationships. However, if stakeholders are antagonized, the influence and impact of these stakeholders will not only affect the operating company alone, but the entire oil and gas industry as well.Stakeholder landscape varies from location to location. In the United Kingdom, and also in the Bass Straits of Australia, commercial fisheries and trawlers have a significant lobby which can potentially derail any offshore activities. In other areas such as the North-West Shelf of Western Australia, recreational fisheries tend to be more influential than other stakeholders (Askew & Lea-Cox, 2017). In areas such as the Timor Sea, local communities are more concerned about the impact of offshore projects on their standard of living (Clyne & Jackson, 2014; Lundahl & Sjöholm, 2008). As such, it is important for operators to adapt their stakeholder engagement philosophies and strategies to suit different stakeholder landscapes.Stakeholder engagement strategies can be anywhere along the visibility spectrum, ranging from low visibility targeted engagements (Phillips UK's Maureen, BP UK's Miller, CNRI's Murchison, Woodside's Balnaves, and PTTEP's Challis and Jabiru), to high visibility public events (BP UK's North-West Hutton, Fairfield's Dunlin, Shell's Brent). Holding high visibility events to highlight engineering feats and successes can improve the operator's recognition among its peers in the industry. However, the action, while not intended, may come off as arrogant, ignorant, and overbearing to public stakeholders outside the industry. In some cases, high profile events will only remind public stakeholders about past interactions and mistakes, highlighting how environmentally and socially impacting decommissioning projects can be.The level of visibility of stakeholder engagement strategies for any decommissioning project depends on three factors: 1) Past stakeholder interactions, 2) Past media coverage, and 3) Amount of components with high environmental and social risks. For example, if a decommissioning project have a lot of past stakeholder interaction and media coverage, and a lot if environmental and socially risky components, then the ideal stakeholder interaction strategy should be more discreet and low profile.As such, it is important for operators to be aware of the characteristics of their portfolio and assets when developing stakeholder engagement strategies.
Evaluating Offshore Rope Fibers: Impact on Mooring Systems Integrity and Performance
Authors: Bastos Milton Briguet , Silva Ana Lucia Nazareth 
Published: April 2020

Objectives/scope
Polymeric Fiber Ropes have been used extensively for Permanent Offshore Deep-Water Mooring systems. High strength polyester ropes have been used for FPSO mooring with proven performance of more than 20 years. Fiber rope have no corrosion issues and superior performance in fatigue.
There is also a need to evaluate the applicability of fiber ropes instead of steel chains and/or steel ropes used on top and mudline segments.
Long-term performance and integrity with the benefit of a lower Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) can be expected. The OTC 24025 paper addresses integrity issues on permanent mooring systems. Authors concluded that a great majority of premature failures/damages are associated with steel components such as chain, wire ropes and connectors, and not with fiber rope segments.
It is also necessary to assess long-term performance and environmental resistance of synthetic rope regarding its use in top side, mudline, as well as shallow water mooring for the growing business of Marine Renewable Energy and Offshore Wind Farms (FOWT). It is also important to study the lifetime assessment of polyester mooring ropes.
FPSO operators are also considering life extension of existent mooring systems installed over 10-15 years ago evaluating the impact of creep, hydrolysis and other environmental issues such as UV and marine life growth.
Self-Certification and Safety Compliance for Robotics Platforms
Authors: Zaki Osama Farouk , Flynn David , Blanche Jamie Rowland Douglas , Roe Joshua Kenneth , Kong Leo , Mitchell Daniel , Lim Theo , Harper Sam Thomas , Robu Valentin 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the results and methodology of a framework to enable run-time safety compliance and self-certification of robotics is presented. This transferable framework is verified within a practical demonstration scenario, based on asset inspection within a confined space, and representing a Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS) use case. The methodology of the framework is based on computationally efficient analysis to support run-time, front-end, data analysis and adaptive decision-making. Utilizing the Husky A200 platform, manufactured by Clearpath, front-end datasets on the mission status and diagnostics of critical sub-systems within the Husky platform are used to update run-time system ontologies. The holistic and hierarchical- relational model of the robot integrates the automata of the sensed and some non-sensed components, using prior knowledge, such as risk assessments and offline reliability data, to support run-time analysis, such as fault prognosis, detection, isolation and diagnosis. These computationally efficient data and system analyses then enable faults to be translated into failure modes that can affect decision making during the mission. With respect to challenges of a dynamic environment, namely ambient conditions or the presence of unexpected people, Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) sensing is integrated onto the husky platform. The FMCW supports localization in opaque environments and detection of people within and out-with of the confined space, as well as enabling integrity analysis of the infrastructure. The framework presents its results within a symbiotic digital twin of the infrastructure and robotic platform. With fully synchronized communication and data streams, the interactive digital twin provides operational decision support and trust for human in the loop operators of varying skill levels. The presentation of actionable information to the end user is used to support improvements in productivity associated with asset integrity as well as supporting user trust in safety during a BVLOS mission.
Perfecting The ‘Perfect Well’: Lessons-learned From The Pre-drilling Campaign For Johan Sverdrup
Authors: Vølstad Janne , Bærheim Stian , Henriksen Knut , Gloppen Trond 
Published: April 2020

The pre-drilling campaign for the Johan Sverdrup development was a key contributor to the successful execution of the first phase of the mega-project. The initial pre-drilling plan consisted of drilling six (6) oil producers, seven (7) subsea injectors and one (1) pilot target. At the end of the campaign, however, as many as eight (8) oil producers, twelve (12) subsea injectors and six (6) pilot targets had been drilled, more than one year ahead of the original schedule and NOK 7 billion (nearly 800 million USD) below budget. All the wells in the pre-drilling campaign were drilled by the semi-submersible drilling unit Deepsea Atlantic (Odfjell Drilling) and the objectives were met on all wells.
After a summary of the results of the campaign, the focus of this paper is to identify some of the key success factors behind the campaign and attempts to draw lessons-learned of relevance to future drilling campaigns. Key areas to be assessed in the paper include: contract strategies including the use of integrated service and rig contracts with common incentives to develop and maintain a "One-Team" mentality; the further development of the ‘perfect well’ approach and Lean methodology to minimize waste and maximize efficiency of the campaign; as well as efforts and arenas to systematically promote collaboration, openness and regular experience transfer among the different parties involved (operator and contractors).
Since the pre-drilling campaign was completed, the Johan Sverdrup project has successfully tied back, completed and started production of the eight (8) pre-drilled oil producers and injection in the twelve (12) subsea injectors.
The Success of Conducting First Offshore Well Drilling by Pertamina EP with Corporate Synergy
Authors: Noviaris Ahmad Burhan , Irawan Gondo , Sundja Ali , Nugroho Sapto Edi , Maaruf Pranefo , Abdila Sayid Faisal 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Pertamina EP is an Indonesian national oil company which subsidiaries of PT Pertamina (Persero). For nearly 60 years, the Pertamina EP drilling area has been located onshore. In September 2017, Pertamina EP successfully conducted a Poleng N-2 well as the first drilling operation in an offshore area.
Originally wells candidate's Poleng N-2, proposed in early 2017 with the target of drilling operations can be carried out on TW-3 in 2017. However, considering the acceleration of production, utilities offshore rig availability and cost efficiencies, accelerated drilling operations into TW-2 in 2017. it begins with the efforts to accelerate drilling AFE approval Poleng N-2 of SKK Migas on June 15, 2017.
Short preparation was conducted with the support of SKK Migas and synergy of PHE WMO and PEP as a form of Pertamina Incorporated. Synergy is done in the form Farm in contract, Material Transfer Agreement and the exchange of information and expertise of each subsidiary, as well as support for QA / QC of internal WMO competent and experienced in drilling operations using Ensco Rig 67. So in the end, in the span of about three months, can be resolved about contract services and materials, including the preparation of internal HR by chance exposure PEP Drilling wells to WMO.
Poleng field located in East Java province started operated by Pertamina EP in 2013. The drilling program Poleng N-2 of the Platform CW as the first drilling operation PEP from this field is expected to increase the production of limestone reservoir targets Kujung. As for the design of drilling a sidetrack well from the well parent CW-02H, at a depth of 5,000 ft MD ± which has a horizontal well trajectory is quite challenging on the route hole the size of 6-1 / 8 ″in length ± 2500 ft. The well completion technology also comes with Inflow Control Device (ICD) and Swell Packer on 4-1 / 2 ″Liner as part of the Lower Completion.
In the end the Poleng N-2 well drilling operation can be completed in November 2017, with the status: Zero incident / accident, cost about 75% of the approved budget, the percentage of Non Productive Time is less than 5% and Initial production reached 783 BOPD above target of 700 BOPD so that production acceleration can be realized with a good economic level.
A Novel Way of Project Management to Ensure Engagement for Successful Digital Transformation.
Authors: Lamacchia Diego , Chowdhury Khairul , Sharif Omar 
Published: April 2020

The cultural step-change for a successful digital transformation in the Oil & Gas industry is a significant struggle. Under the pressure of executing projects with a lower budget and in time during this low oil price era, project management becomes a complex challenge. In addition, the endeavor in digital technology imposes a transition from traditional project execution to agile project execution which makes the transformation even more challenging. Thus, the objective of this paper is to present a novel way of project management called "Open Project Management" (OPM) using a digital platform that helps team members and employees to engage in the digital transformation process using social networking technology.
The Open Project Management (OPM) approach is planned and organized to bridge the traditional project management (TPM) processes (plan-execution-control/monitoring-closing cycle), and the agile project management (APM) processes (short sprint iterations of planning-analysis-design-test-acceptance cycle), by focusing on the basic project building blocks: project deliverables. In the OPM platform, all project members and management processes are directly connected thru the project deliverables (either working packages or sprints). The OPM is flexible enough to switch between the traditional, the agile, or a blended approach. The open approach is aimed to empower employees by offering leadership through a self-management and ease execution work by sharing and collaborating with other project team members and project managers.
To implement the OPM approach, a digital collaborative workspace platform is built to mimic familiar social media networks so that employees can perform their work within the system with minimal training. The OPM platform is comprised of 3 frameworks: i) project management, ii) project visualization and iii) project communications. These three digital frameworks combinedly allow every member to work in a collaborative way within the platform by integrating their work process and get quick feedback.
The novelty of the OPM approach lies in creating autonomy, increasing transparency and more importantly engagement without face-to-face interaction for all stakeholders of the project execution. The OPM platform is an intelligent digital eco-system (iDES) that works like the traditional social media platforms, which allows employees bringing what they use in their personal lifestyle into work without adopting a new system. The workspace offers to create their work-image into the workplace, enhancing their motivation towards work and empower them. Such a project management strategy and the tool for successful implementation are essential to provide a transitional phase for employees to trigger the cultural step change required to implement digital transformation objectives.
Using a New, Autonomous, and Easy to Install Strain Sensor for Monitoring of Dynamic Loads on a Subsea BOP in Order to Reduce Conservatism and Increase Service Life of Subsea Equipment.
Authors: Holden Harald , Martinsen Vegard , Grønningsæter Åge 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In recent years, monitoring of the subsea BOP in order to keep track of movements, loads, and fatigue accumulation on subsea wellheads has been performed. On the Norwegian Continental Shelf, more than 50% of the semisubmersible drilling rigs have equipment for measuring the motion and load on the subsea BOP. A typical setup is to have motion sensors installed and calculate the loads on the lower part of the BOP and the subsea structure from indirect methods where knowledge of system parameters such as tension, weights and drag coefficients is used to establish the loads. Direct measurement of the load using strain gauges or LVDT's has proven challenging due to time consuming installation, fragile measurement equipment, and difficulties finding suitable areas to mount the sensors.
The objective of this paper is to present a novel sensor technology that allows for accurate measurement of strains in a wide measuring range. In contrast to existing measuring equipment this new sensor technology enables a compact, robust, and easy to install strain sensor. The new sensor is small enough to be mounted behind the bolts/ nuts on an 18 ¾″ BOP flange neck. The sensors can be used to increase the accuracy and reduce unnecessary conservatism in the measured wellhead loads. This can again reduce the need for expensive load reducing measures or disconnects.
This paper will present the core principles of the new strain sensor. Laboratory tests showing the performance and accuracy of the sensor will be shown, and the benefits of this sensor versus existing technologies will be demonstrated.
The introduction of this new sensor enables direct measurement of the loading on the subsea wellhead system. The new measuring process will be presented and compared with the traditional indirect measurement process. This comparison will illustrate where in the measuring process increased accuracy and reduced conservatism can be achieved, and then quantifying the improvements.
Further, the paper will present results from use of the sensor in actual measurement campaigns from drilling operations in harsh environment on the Norwegian Continental Shelf.
The paper will present the findings from the first measuring campaigns using this new sensor technology. The measured results will be compared with the traditional indirect measurement method and the improvement, in terms of reduced conservatism and increased accuracy, will be shown. Then finally, the consequence in terms of reduction on measured extreme and fatigue load, will be presented.
This paper will show how new sensor technology can be used to obtain more accurate and less conservative measurements of the loading on a subsea wellhead system in order to reduce the need for expensive load reducing measures.
Leveraging Systems Engineering to Effectively Reduce Certification and Qualification Cost and Risk and Achieve Safety Integrity
Authors: Hudson Abe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to highlight the Systems Engineering (SE) processes leveraged on a subsea BOP project. This paper focuses on aspects of Verification, Certification and Qualification and Safety. Key discussions include essential elements of SE and how they were leveraged and tailored to align with program constraints and success criteria to achieve successful deployment of the subsea BOP pilot system. With capital expenditures anticipated to fall more than 10% in 2020, employing SE methodologies is shown to reduce development costs while elevating product quality, reliability, and safety.