bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Use of Standards and Guidelines as a Tool to Fulfil Regulatory Requirements
Authors: Nyvik Christine L. Berner , Flage Roger , Guikema Seth 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOver the years, industrial safety regulation has shifted from a “hard” command and control regime to a “soft” regime. A “hard” regime includes the use of strict prescriptive requirements which explain how industry should solve particular issues. A “soft” regime, uses more functional requirements, pointing out what goals are to be achieved. In a “soft” regime, prescriptive standards might still exist, but they are considered suggested solutions, with alternative solutions also being considered if they achieve the overall regulatory goals. The purpose of such a shift is to create regulations that are more flexible, meaning that they are more open for the use of novel technology and for the use of risk assessments as a basis for decision making. However, it is not clear that the shift from a hard to a soft regime has made it easier to use risk assessments for such a purpose in practice. In the present article, we discuss the limitations caused by strict adherence to prescriptive requirements presented in standards or regulations and present our perspective on why and how these can limit risk management in practice. The article aims to discuss the strengths and weaknesses, with regard to risk management, when regulations are strictly dependent on prescriptive or specification‐based standards and guidelines. Several examples are used to illustrate some of the main challenges related to the use of specification‐based technical standards and how the regulatory shift from “hard” to “soft” has not necessarily made it easier to implement technological solutions based on risk assessments.
A survey of nurses to assess transfusion practice at the bedside using an electronic identification system: Experience at a university hospital
Authors: Nakamura Yuki , Furuta Yoshiaki , Tokida Miho , Ichikawa Kayoko , Shirahata Mineko , Uzawa Kumiko , Takizawa Makiko , Okubo Mitsuo , Ohsaka Akimichi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to assess the performance and recognition of transfusion practice at the bedside by nurses in our hospital, where a barcode‐based electronic identification system (EIS) has been used since 2002.BackgroundMore than half of the steps in the transfusion chain are dependent on nurses' awareness and skills.MethodsOur transfusion policy at the bedside includes two‐person checking of the patient and two‐person signing of the label at the time of collecting blood samples for pre‐transfusion testing and two‐person blood administration, which generally involved a doctor–nurse pair but sometimes involved two nurses. Anonymous, paper‐based questionnaires were sent in January 2018 to 1051 nurses who were working in Juntendo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: (a) background of respondents, (b) performance of collection of blood samples for pre‐transfusion testing and (c) performance of pre‐transfusion check procedures at the bedside using an EIS based on a total of 20 questions.ResultsThere was a good response rate of individual nurses (1006/1051, 96%). Most nurses (>90%) performed two‐person checking of the patient and two‐person signing of the label at the time of collecting blood samples. Most nurses (>90%) performed two‐person blood administration involving a doctor–nurse pair and electronic pre‐transfusion check using an EIS before blood administration.ConclusionsThe survey revealed that most nurses complied with our transfusion policy at the bedside, but some nurses did not. Further education/training and continuous support by the transfusion service may be needed for all nurses.
Customary physical activity and odds of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 111 prospective cohort studies
Authors: Dishman Rodney K , McDowell Cillian P , Herring Matthew Payton 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveTo explore whether physical activity is inversely associated with the onset of depression, we quantified the cumulative association of customary physical activity with incident depression and with an increase in subclinical depressive symptoms over time as reported from prospective observational studies.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesMEDLINE, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES and CINAHL Complete databases, supplemented by Google Scholar.Eligibility criteriaProspective cohort studies in adults, published prior to January 2020, reporting associations between physical activity and depression.Study appraisal and synthesisMultilevel random-effects meta-analysis was performed adjusting for study and cohort or region. Mixed-model meta-regression of putative modifiers.ResultsSearches yielded 111 reports including over 3 million adults sampled from 11 nations in five continents. Odds of incident cases of depression or an increase in subclinical depressive symptoms were reduced after exposure to physical activity (OR, 95% CI) in crude (0.69, 0.63 to 0.75; I2=93.7) and adjusted (0.79, 0.75 to 0.82; I2=87.6) analyses. Results were materially the same for incident depression and subclinical symptoms. Odds were lower after moderate or vigorous physical activity that met public health guidelines than after light physical activity. These odds were also lower when exposure to physical activity increased over time during a study period compared with the odds when physical activity was captured as a single baseline measure of exposure.ConclusionCustomary and increasing levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in observational studies are inversely associated with incident depression and the onset of subclinical depressive symptoms among adults regardless of global region, gender, age or follow-up period.
Development and validation of the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Skills Scale among college students
Authors: Sakata Masatsugu , Toyomoto Rie , Yoshida Kazufumi , Luo Yan , Nakagami Yukako , Aoki Shuntaro , Irie Tomonari , Sakano Yuji , Suga Hidemichi , Sumi Michihisa , Muto Takashi , Shiraishi Nao , Sahker Ethan , Uwatoko Teruhisa , Furukawa Toshi A 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundThere are many different skill components used in cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). However, there is currently no comprehensive way of measuring these skills in patients.ObjectiveTo develop a comprehensive and brief measure of five main CBT skills: self-monitoring, behavioural activation, cognitive restructuring, assertiveness training and problem-solving.MethodsUniversity students (N=847) who participated in a fully factorial randomised controlled trial of smartphone CBT were assessed with the CBT Skills Scale, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and the short form of the Japanese Big Five Scale. Structural validity was estimated with exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and internal consistency evaluated with Cronbach’s α coefficients. Construct validity was evaluated with the correlations between each factor of the CBT Skills Scale, the PHQ-9, the GAD-7 and the Big Five Scale.FindingsThe EFA supported a five-factor solution based on the original instruments assessing each CBT skill component. The CFA showed sufficient goodness-of-fit indices for the five-factor structure. The Cronbach’s α of each factor was 0.75–0.81. Each CBT skills factor was specifically correlated to the PHQ-9, GAD-7, and the Big Five Scale.ConclusionsThe CBT Skills Scale has a stable structural validity and internal consistency with a five-factor solution and appropriate content validity concerning the relationship with depression, anxiety and personality.Clinical implicationsThe CBT Skills Scale will be potential predictor and effect modifier in studying the optimisation of CBT interventions.Trial registrationCTR-000031307.
Ethical conflicts during the process of deciding about ICU admission: an empirically driven ethical analysis
Authors: Svantesson Mia , Griffiths Frances , White Catherine , Bassford Chris , Slowther AnneMarie 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundBesides balancing burdens and benefits of intensive care, ethical conflicts in the process of decision-making should also be recognised. This calls for an ethical analysis relevant to clinicians. The aim was to analyse ethically difficult situations in the process of deciding whether a patient is admitted to intensive care unit (ICU).MethodsAnalysis using the ‘Dilemma method’ and ‘wide reflective equilibrium’, on ethnographic data of 45 patient cases and 96 stakeholder interviews in six UK hospitals.Ethical analysisFour moral questions and associated value conflicts were identified. (1) Who should have the right to decide whether a patient needs to be reviewed? Conflicting perspectives on safety/security. (2) Does the benefit to the patient of getting the decision right justify the cost to the patient of a delay in making the decision? Preventing longer-term suffering and understanding patient’s values conflicted with preventing short-term suffering and provision of security. (3) To what extent should the intensivist gain others’ input? Professional independence versus a holistic approach to decision-making. (4) Should the intensivist have an ongoing duty of care to patients not admitted to ICU? Short-term versus longer-term duty to protect patient safety. Safety and security (experienced in a holistic sense of physical and emotional security for patients) were key values at stake in the ethical conflicts identified. The life-threatening nature of the situation meant that the principle of autonomy was overshadowed by the duty to protect patients from harm. The need to fairly balance obligations to the referred patient and to other patients was also recognised.ConclusionProactive decision-making including advance care planning and escalation of treatment decisions may support the inclusion of patient autonomy. However, our analysis invites binary choices, which may not sufficiently reflect reality. This calls for a complementary relational ethics analysis.
Tripartite quantum operation sharing with six-qubit highly entangled state
Authors: Zhang Zhanjun 
Published: January 2021

A three-party scheme for sharing an arbitrary single-qubit operation on a distant target qubit is proposed by first utilizing a six-qubit genuinely entangled state presented by [Borras et al., J. Phys. A 40, 13407 (2007)]. The security of the scheme is simply analyzed and ensured. The essential role which the state in the given qubit distribution plays in the QOS task is revealed. The important features including the sharing determinacy and the sharer symmetry are identified. Moreover, the experimental implementation feasibility of the scheme is discussed and confirmed.
Hypoxia-Induced Suppression of Alternative Splicing of MBD2 Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis via Activation of FZD1
Authors: Liu Zhaoji , Sun Linchong , Cai Yongping , Shen Shengqi , Zhang Tong , Wang Nana , Wu Gongwei , Ma Wenhao , Li Shi-Ting , Suo Caixia , Hao Yijie , Jia Wei-Dong , Semenza Gregg L. , Gao Ping , Zhang Huafeng 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Metastasis is responsible for the majority of breast cancer–related deaths, however, the mechanisms underlying metastasis in this disease remain largely elusive. Here we report that under hypoxic conditions, alternative splicing of MBD2 is suppressed, favoring the production of MBD2a, which facilitates breast cancer metastasis. Specifically, MBD2a promoted, whereas its lesser known short form MBD2c suppressed metastasis. Activation of HIF1 under hypoxia facilitated MBD2a production via repression of SRSF2-mediated alternative splicing. As a result, elevated MBD2a outcompeted MBD2c for binding to promoter CpG islands to activate expression of FZD1, thereby promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Strikingly, clinical data reveal significantly correlated expression of MBD2a and MBD2c with the invasiveness of malignancy, indicating opposing roles for MBD2 splicing variants in regulating human breast cancer metastasis. Collectively, our findings establish a novel link between MBD2 switching and tumor metastasis and provide a promising therapeutic strategy and predictive biomarkers for hypoxia-driven breast cancer metastasis.

Significance:
This study defines the opposing roles and clinical relevance of MBD2a and MBD2c, two MBD2 alternative splicing products, in hypoxia-driven breast cancer metastasis.
Targeting PIM Kinases to Overcome Therapeutic Resistance in Cancer
Authors: Toth Rachel K. , Warfel Noel A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Cancer progression and the onset of therapeutic resistance are often the results of uncontrolled activation of survival kinases. The proviral integration for the Moloney murine leukemia virus (PIM) kinases are oncogenic serine/threonine kinases that regulate tumorigenesis by phosphorylating a wide range of substrates that control cellular metabolism, proliferation, and survival. Because of their broad impact on cellular processes that facilitate progression and metastasis in many cancer types, it has become clear that the activation of PIM kinases is a significant driver of resistance to various types of anticancer therapies. As a result, efforts to target PIM kinases for anticancer therapy have intensified in recent years. Clinical and preclinical studies indicate that pharmacologic inhibition of PIM has the potential to significantly improve the efficacy of standard and targeted therapies. This review focuses on the signaling pathways through which PIM kinases promote cancer progression and resistance to therapy, as well as highlights biological contexts and promising strategies to exploit PIM as a therapeutic target in cancer.
Role of Polo-Like Kinase 4 (PLK4) in Epithelial Cancers and Recent Progress in its Small Molecule Targeting for Cancer Management
Authors: Garvey Debra R. , Chhabra Gagan , Ndiaye Mary A. , Ahmad Nihal 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The polo-like kinases (PLKs) are a family of serine/threonine kinases traditionally linked to cell-cycle regulation. A structurally unique member of this family, PLK4, has been shown to regulate centriole duplication during the cell cycle via interactions with a variety of centrosomal proteins. Recent findings suggest that PLK4 is overexpressed in various human cancers and associated with poor cancer prognosis. Although several studies have shown that PLK4 inhibition may lead to cancer cell death, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In this review, we discuss the structure, localization, and function of PLK4, along with the functional significance of PLK4 in epithelial cancers and some preliminary work suggesting a role for PLK4 in the key cancer progression process epithelial–mesenchymal transition. We also discuss the potential of PLK4 as a druggable target for anticancer drug development based on critical analysis of the available data of PLK4 inhibitors in preclinical development and clinical trials. Overall, the emerging data suggest that PLK4 plays an essential role in epithelial cancers and should be further explored as a potential biomarker and/or therapeutic target. Continued detailed exploration of available and next-generation PLK4 inhibitors may provide a new dimension for novel cancer therapeutics following successful clinical trials.
Temporal Trends, Predictors, and Outcomes of Acute Ischemic Stroke in Acute Myocardial Infarction in the United States
Authors: Aggarwal Gaurav , Patlolla Sri Harsha , Aggarwal Saurabh , Cheungpasitporn Wisit , Doshi Rajkumar , Sundaragiri Pranathi R. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Jaffe Allan S. , Barsness Gregory W. , Cohen Marc , Vallabhajosyula Saraschandra 
Published: January 2021

Background
There are limited contemporary data prevalence and outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Methods and Results

Adult (>18 years) AMI admissions using the National Inpatient Sample database (2000–2017) were evaluated for in‐hospital AIS. Outcomes of interest included in‐hospital mortality, hospitalization costs, length of stay, discharge disposition, and use of tracheostomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. The discharge destination was used to classify survivors into good and poor outcomes. Of a total 11 622 528 AMI admissions, 183 896 (1.6%) had concomitant AIS. As compared with 2000, in 2017, AIS rates increased slightly among ST‐segment–elevation AMI (adjusted odds ratio, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.04–1.15]) and decreased in non–ST‐segment–elevation AMI (adjusted odds ratio, 0.47 [95% CI, 0.46–0.49]) admissions (
P
<0.001). Compared with those without, the AIS cohort was on average older, female, of non‐White race, with greater comorbidities, and higher rates of arrhythmias. The AMI‐AIS admissions received less frequent coronary angiography (46.9% versus 63.8%) and percutaneous coronary intervention (22.7% versus 41.8%) (
P
<0.001). The AIS cohort had higher in‐hospital mortality (16.4% versus 6.0%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.72–1.78];
P
<0.001), longer hospital length of stay, higher hospitalization costs, greater use of tracheostomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, and less frequent discharges to home (all
P
<0.001). Among AMI‐AIS survivors (N=153 318), 57.3% had a poor functional outcome at discharge with relatively stable temporal trends.

Conclusions
AIS is associated with significantly higher in‐hospital mortality and poor functional outcomes in AMI admissions.
Learning in Volatile Environments With the Bayes Factor Surprise
Authors: Liakoni Vasiliki , Modirshanechi Alireza , Gerstner Wulfram , Brea Johanni 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSurprise-based learning allows agents to rapidly adapt to nonstationary stochastic environments characterized by sudden changes. We show that exact Bayesian inference in a hierarchical model gives rise to a surprise-modulated trade-off between forgetting old observations and integrating them with the new ones. The modulation depends on a probability ratio, which we call the Bayes Factor Surprise, that tests the prior belief against the current belief. We demonstrate that in several existing approximate algorithms, the Bayes Factor Surprise modulates the rate of adaptation to new observations. We derive three novel surprise-based algorithms, one in the family of particle filters, one in the family of variational learning, and one in the family of message passing, that have constant scaling in observation sequence length and particularly simple update dynamics for any distribution in the exponential family. Empirical results show that these surprise-based algorithms estimate parameters better than alternative approximate approaches and reach levels of performance comparable to computationally more expensive algorithms. The Bayes Factor Surprise is related to but different from the Shannon Surprise. In two hypothetical experiments, we make testable predictions for physiological indicators that dissociate the Bayes Factor Surprise from the Shannon Surprise. The theoretical insight of casting various approaches as surprise-based learning, as well as the proposed online algorithms, may be applied to the analysis of animal and human behavior and to reinforcement learning in nonstationary environments.
Wrapping It Up Like Paul
Authors: Jeong Donghyun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The peculiarity of 2 Corinthians 13:11–13 has been noticed by scholars since the eighteenth century, but suggestions about the passage have often briefly made without a thorough textual examination. Employing several types of evidence used for identifying interpolations, this article will demonstrate that the letter closing of 2 Corinthians (13:11–13) has three distinctive characteristics. Independently, these are not definite evidence, but their cumulative weight increases the possibility that this ending was created by a redactor.
Western Neo-Aramaic as an Islamic Language? A Look at Some Lexical and Sociolinguistic Issues
Authors: Contini Riccardo , Nicosia Mara 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Western Neo-Aramaic (WNA) is spoken as a minority language by less than 10.000 people in 3 villages of the Qalamūn plateau, 60 km to the north-east of Damascus (Syria). The whole populace of Baxʕā and Ǧubbʕadīn and about one-third of the inhabitants of Maʕlūla are Muslim, while the rest of the inhabitants of the third village are Christian, as is still a minority of the people of the region, since the parallel processes of religious Islamization and linguistic Arabization have followed diverse paths and different chronology. Since WNA has no native written tradition, the usual criteria defining an Islamic language put forward by Bausani (1981), namely allography in the Arabic/Persian script and a significant quota of Islamic religious vocabulary, cannot apply in this case. This paper discusses the possibility of laying down other parameters of linguistic Islamicity for part of WNA along the lines of the relevant debate in the fields of communal variation and Jewish interlinguistics, and opts in the end for a lexical/phraseological approach. We stress, however, that the linguistic situation portrayed in this paper is the pre-2010 one.
Islamic Languages before Islam? The Arabic of the Jurhum and of Ishmael
Authors: Grande Francesco 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates two mythical languages, the speakers of which are traditionally said to have built the Kaʿba: the Arabic of the Jurhum and the Arabic of Ishmael’s descendants. Some sources describe these ethnic groups as speakers of pre-Islamic dialects that, albeit not mythical, do not qualify as certainly historical: the luġat Jurhum, the luġat Huḏayl and the luġat Qurayš. Although the treatise Kitāb al-Luġāt fī l-Qurʾān ascribes many Koranic words to these dialects, its authenticity is dubious. This paper explores the possible identification of the mythical Arabic of the Jurhum and of Ishmael with such traditionally Koranic dialects. It also assesses whether both mythical languages have a historical basis by considering two kinds of data: some narrative details recorded in mythological materials, and some linguistic and socio-historical traits of these Koranic words.
Une langue islamique postmoderne ? L’émergence d’un « français d’islam »
Authors: Zappa Francesco 
Published: January 2021

Résumé
En élaborant sa notion de « langues islamiques », Alessandro Bausani (1921-88) soulignait qu’à l’époque contemporaine, à cause de l’impact des nationalismes et de l’influence grandissante des langues des colonisateurs, les processus d’islamisation linguistique ont subi un revirement. Plus récemment, toutefois, on assiste à un phénomène d’appropriation des anciennes langues coloniales par des écrits et discours à caractère religieux islamique. Cet article se penche sur le côté francophone de cette tendance, en le situant dans son contexte sociologique et idéologique. La réflexion théorique qui l’accompagne de la part de ses acteurs est aussi prise en compte, en la comparant à celle qui l’a précédée du côté anglophone.
On propose ensuite un inventaire provisoire des particularités lexicales, syntaxiques et orthographiques de ces publications islamiques par rapport aux solutions adoptées, pour traiter des mêmes sujets, par d’autres scripteurs francophones, notamment par les arabisants et islamologues laïcs. À ce stade de la recherche, les écarts ne nous semblent pas considérables, d’autant plus qu’ils tendent à s’estomper chez les scripteurs qui maîtrisent mieux le registre savant de la langue, en dépit des préconisations des idéologues musulmans prônant une « islamisation du langage ». De même, la comparaison avec les dynamiques d’islamisation linguistique identifiées par Bausani permet de mesurer le manque de continuité – malgré les apparences – des usages islamiques du français par rapport aux changements qui ont investi d’autres langues à l’époque précoloniale.