bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling The Spatial Extent and Severity of Extreme European Windstorms
Authors: Sharkey Paul , Tawn Jonathan A. , Brown Simon J. 
Published: December 2019

SummaryWindstorms are a primary natural hazard affecting Europe that are commonly linked to substantial property and infrastructural damage and are responsible for the largest spatially aggregated financial losses. Such extreme winds are typically generated by extratropical cyclone systems originating in the North Atlantic and passing over Europe. Previous statistical studies tend to model extreme winds at a given set of sites, corresponding to inference in an Eulerian framework. Such inference cannot incorporate knowledge of the life cycle and progression of extratropical cyclones across the region and is forced to make restrictive assumptions about the extremal dependence structure. We take an entirely different approach which overcomes these limitations by working in a Lagrangian framework. Specifically, we model the development of windstorms over time, preserving the physical characteristics linking the windstorm and the cyclone track, the path of local vorticity maxima, and make a key finding that the spatial extent of extratropical windstorms becomes more localized as its magnitude increases irrespective of the location of the storm track. Our model allows simulation of synthetic windstorm events to derive the joint distributional features over any set of sites giving physically consistent extrapolations to rarer events. From such simulations improved estimates of this hazard can be achieved in terms of both intensity and area affected.
Testing Broken Windows Theory in Mexico City
Authors: Vilalta Carlos J. , Lopez Pablo , Fondevila Gustavo , Siordia Oscar 
Published: December 2019

ObjectivesTo test the broken windows theory in the Mexican context.MethodsPublicly available homicide counts and census data at the neighborhood level were used. Broken windows theory was operationalized through the use of social disorder and physical disorder measures. Measures were both calculated using PCA. For data analysis, we employed four multilevel random intercept models to relate homicide counts to our broken windows components.ResultsThe social disorder and physical disorder components cannot be seen as operating independently from each other. In addition, the negative interaction term between the two components suggests that the combined impact of social disorder and physical disorder is less than the independent effects, and that the impact of social disorder diminishes as neighborhoods become less physically disordered and vice versa.ConclusionFindings demonstrate the validity of broken windows theory across countries and offer new ideas to support crime prevention policy.
Editors’ Introduction and Review: Visual Narrative Research: An Emerging Field in Cognitive Science
Authors: Cohn Neil , Magliano Joseph P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDrawn sequences of images are among our oldest records of human intelligence, appearing on cave paintings, wall carvings, and ancient pottery, and they pervade across cultures from instruction manuals to comics. They also appear prevalently as stimuli across Cognitive Science, for studies of temporal cognition, event structure, social cognition, discourse, and basic intelligence. Yet, despite this fundamental place in human expression and research on cognition, the study of visual narratives themselves has only recently gained traction in Cognitive Science. This work has suggested that visual narrative comprehension requires cultural exposure across a developmental trajectory and engages with domain‐general processing mechanisms shared by visual perception, attention, event cognition, and language, among others. Here, we review the relevance of such research for the broader Cognitive Science community, and make the case for why researchers should join the scholarship of this ubiquitous but understudied aspect of human expression.
Comparable stx2a expression and phage production levels between Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli strains from human and bovine origin
Authors: Burgán Julia , Krüger Alejandra , Lucchesi Paula M. A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractShiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause diarrhoea and severe diseases in humans, such as haemolytic uraemic syndrome. STEC virulence is considered to correlate with the amount of Shiga toxins (Stx) produced, especially Stx2, whose subtype Stx2a is most frequently associated with high virulence. Stx are encoded in prophages, which play an important role in STEC pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate stx2a expression levels and Stx2a phage production using qPCR and the double‐agar‐layer method in 29 STEC strains, corresponding to serotypes O26:H11 (6), O91:H21 (1), O145:H‐ (11) and O157:H7 (11), isolated from cattle and humans. Results were then tested for possible associations with serotype, origin or some genetic features. We observed heterogeneous levels of stx2a expression and Stx2a phage production. However, statistical comparisons identified a higher stx2a expression in response to mitomycin C in strains isolated from cattle than in those from humans. At the same time, compared to stx2a/stx2c strains, stx2a strains showed a higher increase in phage production under induced conditions. Notably, most of the strains studied, regardless of serotype and origin, carried inducible Stx2a phages and evidenced expression of stx2a that increased along with phage production levels under induced conditions.
How do veterinarians influence sales of antimicrobials? A spatial‐temporal analysis of the French prescribing‐delivery complex in cattle
Authors: Lhermie Guillaume , Gröhn Yrjö Tapio , Serrand Thomas , Sans Pierre , Raboisson Didier 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundIn animal agriculture, antimicrobials (AM) are used to control infectious diseases whose incidence and severity vary across production systems, but may contribute to select AM resistant bacteria, potentially disseminating in humans. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a public threat, leading policymakers to implement measures to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU). Investigating AMU patterns at prescriber's level, beyond national AMU trends, enables evaluation of substitutions between AM classes (occurring when one product is replaced by another), or average consumption per production system. Our aim was to identify the influence veterinarians would exert on AMU by quantifying substitution between AM products prescribed and delivered in similar therapeutic indications, in cattle production.MethodsMonthly sales data on four critically important AM in five French areas (representative of production systems) were analysed from 2008 to 2013. We calculated the animal live weight receiving a treatment course and evaluated substitutions between brand‐name and generic products, and between products from different AM classes with similar indications.ResultsSubstitutions occurred, between products of the same class (macrolides) with similar indications, between generic and brand‐name products (fluoroquinolones, ceftiofur, florfenicol) and between innovative and brand‐name products (marbofloxacin, ceftiofur). Innovative products reaching the market represented between 2% and 40% of the yearly sales for a given molecule, depending on the active ingredient and the area. The introduction of generic products of fluoroquinolones and ceftiofur led to a moderate adoption of the generic product at the expense of the brand‐name one, unlike in human health care where the adoption reaches up to 80%.ConclusionVeterinary prescription remains a strong regulating power of AMU; substitutions only occurred for products with similar indications.
Autonomous Door Opening With the Interacting-BoomCopter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Authors: McArthur Daniel R. , Chowdhury Arindam B. , Cappelleri David J. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper presents the design of a light-weight, compliant end-effector and an image processing strategy that together enable the Interacting-BoomCopter (I-BC) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to perform an autonomous door-opening task. Autonomy is achieved through the use of feedback from an onboard camera for door detection & localization, and embedded force and distance sensors in the end-effector for detecting the physical interaction with the door. The results of several experimental flight tests are presented in which the end-effector and image processing strategy were deployed on the I-BC to successfully open a small enclosure door autonomously.
Chasles' Motion Sphere—A Useful Tool to Visually Express the Motion Characteristics Over the Workspace of Robotic Mechanisms
Authors: Wang Xu , Guo Weizhong 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This paper presents a useful concept/tool, i.e., Chasles' motion sphere (CMSphere), that is able to visually express the motion characteristics over the workspace and capable of investigating the local motion performance of the end-effector of robotic mechanisms. The process of CMSphere generation is in line with people's habit of observing a mechanism. Under a researched pose, give a small pose change to the end-effector by translating with a small length or rotating with a small angle along a direction, then the corresponding Chasles' motion of the small pose change can be calculated. Two key parameters of Chasles' motion, the pitch and the position of the Chasles' axis, are chosen to represent the motion characteristics. This kind of mathematical operation can be carried along many directions to obtain a distribution of the motion characteristics at the researched pose, which can be drawn as a sphere. To illustrate this tool, Robotic Mechanisms with Three Independent Pose Variables (RMTIPVs) are discussed as the research objects. Three categories of RMTIPVs based on the types of independent pose variables are given. For each category, the detailed process of CMSphere generation is discussed. The 3R series mechanism, Tricept, and 3-RPS (the limb consisting of one revolute, one prismatic and one spherical joints) parallel mechanism are used as examples to demonstrate the methodology.
Scapular Kinematics in Athletes With and Without Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Fu Xin , Yung Patrick Shu-hang , Ma Chun Cheong , Leong Hio Teng 
Published: December 2019

Context: Rotator cuff tendinopathy is one of the most frequently reported shoulder injuries in athletes of overhead sports. Abnormal scapular kinematics has been proposed as one of the contributing factors of rotator cuff tendinopathy in overhead athletes. Objectives: To review the literature on 3-dimensional scapular kinematics in overhead athletes with and without rotator cuff tendinopathy. Evidence Acquisition: Electronic databases (Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, and PubMed) were searched from inception to September 2017. In addition, the reference lists of the articles that met the inclusion criteria were also searched. We included studies that compared the changes in 3-dimensional scapular kinematics in athletes with and without rotator cuff tendinopathy. Two reviewers independently examined the quality of studies by using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Evidence Synthesis: A total of 9 studies (a total of 332 athletes, mean age 23.41 [2.62] y) were included in the final analysis. The methodological quality was low (modified Downs and Black checklist = 9/15). Our findings showed a consistent pattern of increased scapular anterior tilting and internal rotation in the dominant shoulders than the nondominant shoulders of athletes who participated in overhead sports. Athletes of overhead sports seem to demonstrate an increase in scapular upward rotation during arm elevation when compared with nonathlete individuals. However, there is no consensus on the scapular kinematics pattern in athletes with rotator cuff tendinopathy when compared with healthy controls. Conclusion: Findings demonstrated that changes in scapular kinematics were observed in overhead athletes. However, all the included studies were cross-sectional studies with small sample size and diverse sports participation, whether changes in scapular kinematics may contribute to rotator cuff tendinopathy in overhead athletes warrants more high-quality prospective studies.
Patellofemoral Joint Loading During Single-Leg Hopping Exercises
Authors: Ristow Abbigail , Besch Matthew , Rutherford Drew , Kernozek Thomas W. 
Published: December 2019

Context:Single-leg hopping is used to assess a dynamic knee stability. Patellofemoral pain is often experienced during these exercises, and different cadences of jumping are often used in rehabilitation for those with patellofemoral pain. No studies to date have examined patellofemoral joint loading during single-leg hopping exercise with different hopping cadences.Objective:To determine if single-leg hopping at 2 different cadences (50 and 100 hops per minute [HPM]) leads to a significant difference in patellofemoral joint loading variables.Setting:University research laboratory.Participants:Twenty-five healthy college-aged females (age 22.3 [1.8] y, height 171.4 [6.3] cm, weight 67.4 [9.5] kg, Tegner Activity Scale 4.75 [1.75]) participated.Main Outcome Measures:Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were measured using a 15-camera motion capture system and force platform. Static optimization was used to calculate muscle forces and then used in a musculoskeletal model to determine patellofemoral joint stress (PFJS), patellofemoral joint reaction force (PFJRF), quadriceps force (QF), and PFJRF loading rate, during the first and last 50% of stance phase.Results:Greater maximal PFJRF occurred at 100 HPM, whereas greater PFJRF loading rate occurred at 50 HPM. However, overall peak QF and peak PFJS were not different between the 2 cadences. At 50 HPM, there was greater PFJS, PFJRF, peak PFJRF loading rate, and peak QF during the first 50% of stance when compared with the last 50%.Conclusion:Training at 50 HPM may reduce PFJRF and PFJRF loading rate, but not PFJS or QF. Patellofemoral joint loading variables had significantly higher values during the first half of the stance phase at the 50 HPM cadence. This may be important with training individuals with patellofemoral pain.
Development and validation of a machine learning, smartphone-based tonometer
Authors: Wu Yue , Luttrell Ian , Feng Shu , Chen Philip P , Spaide Ted , Lee Aaron Y , Wen Joanne C 
Published: December 2019

Background/AimsTo compare intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements using a prototype smartphone tonometer with other tonometers used in clinical practice.MethodsPatients from an academic glaucoma practice were recruited. The smartphone tonometer uses fixed force applanation and in conjunction with a machine-learning computer algorithm is able to calculate the IOP. IOP was also measured using Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) in all subjects. A subset of patients were also measured using ICare, pneumotonometry (upright and supine positions) and Tono-Pen (upright and supine positions) and the results were compared.Results92 eyes of 81 subjects were successfully measured. The mean difference (in mm Hg) for IOP measurements of the smartphone tonometer versus other devices was +0.24 mm Hg for GAT, −1.39 mm Hg for ICare, −3.71 mm Hg for pneumotonometry and −1.30 mm Hg for Tono-Pen. The 95% limits of agreement for the smartphone tonometer versus other devices was −4.35 to 4.83 mm Hg for GAT, −6.48 to 3.70 mm Hg for ICare, −7.66 to −0.15 mm Hg for pneumotonometry and −5.72 to 3.12 mm Hg for Tono-Pen. Overall, the smartphone tonometer results correlated best with GAT (R2=0.67, p<0.001). Of the 92 videos, 90 (97.8%) were within ±5 mm Hg of GAT and 58 (63.0%) were within ±2 mm Hg of GAT.ConclusionsPreliminary IOP measurements using a prototype smartphone-based tonometer was grossly equivalent to the reference standard.
Socioeconomic disparities in smoking are partially explained by chronic financial stress: marginal structural model of older US adults
Authors: Parnia Abtin , Siddiqi Arjumand 
Published: December 2019

BackgroundA persistent socioeconomic gradient in smoking has been observed in a variety of populations. While stress is hypothesised to play a mediating role, the extent of this mediation is unclear. We used marginal structural models (MSMs) to estimate the proportion of the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on smoking, which can be explained by an indicator of stress related to SES, experiences of chronic financial stress.MethodsUsing the Health and Retirement Study (waves 7–12, 2004–2014), a survey of older adults in the USA, we analysed a total sample of 15 260 people. A latent variable corresponding to adult SES was created using several indicators of socioeconomic position (wealth, income, education, occupation and labour force status). The main analysis was adjusted for other factors that influence the pathway from adult SES to stress and smoking, including personal coping resources, health-related factors, early-life SES indicators and other demographic variables to estimate the proportion of the effect explained by these pathways.ResultsCompared with those in the top SES quartile, those in the bottom quartile were more than four times as likely to be current smokers (rate ratio 4.37, 95% CI 3.35 to 5.68). The estimate for the MSM attenuated the effect size to 3.34 (95% CI 2.47 to 4.52). Chronic financial stress explained 30.4% of the association between adult SES and current smoking (95% CI 13 to 48).ConclusionWhile chronic financial stress accounts for part of the socioeconomic gradient in smoking, much remains unexplained.
The structure of a local system associated with a hypergeometric system of rank 9
Authors: Kaneko Jyoichi , Matsumoto Keiji , Ohara Katsuyoshi 
Published: December 2019

We study a local system associated with a system [Formula: see text] of hypergeometric differential equations in two variables of rank [Formula: see text] with seven parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. We modify the fundamental system of solutions to [Formula: see text] given in [A system of hypergeometric differential equations in two variables of rank 9, Internat. J. Math. 28 (2017), 1750015, 34 pp] so that it is valid even in cases where [Formula: see text] satisfy some integral conditions. By using this fundamental system, we show the irreducibility of the monodromy representation of [Formula: see text] under some conditions on the parameters. We characterize the fundamental group of the base space of this local system as the group generated by three loops with four relations among them.
Progress and Opportunities to Advance Clinical Cancer Therapeutics Using Tumor Dynamic Models
Authors: Bruno René , Bottino Dean , de Alwis Dinesh P. , Fojo Antonio T. , Guedj Jérémie , Liu Chao , Swanson Kristin R. , Zheng Jenny , Zheng Yanan , Jin Jin Y. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
There is a need for new approaches and endpoints in oncology drug development, particularly with the advent of immunotherapies and the multiple drug combinations under investigation. Tumor dynamics modeling, a key component to oncology “model-informed drug development,” has shown a growing number of applications and a broader adoption by drug developers and regulatory agencies in the past years to support drug development and approval in a variety of ways. Tumor dynamics modeling is also being investigated in personalized cancer therapy approaches. These models and applications are reviewed and discussed, as well as the limitations and issues open for further investigations. A close collaboration between stakeholders like clinical investigators, statisticians, and pharmacometricians is warranted to advance clinical cancer therapeutics.
TRK Fusions Are Enriched in Cancers with Uncommon Histologies and the Absence of Canonical Driver Mutations
Authors: Rosen Ezra Y. , Goldman Debra A. , Hechtman Jaclyn F. , Benayed Ryma , Schram Alison M. , Cocco Emiliano , Shifman Sophie , Gong Yixiao , Kundra Ritika , Solomon James P. , Bardelli Alberto , Scaltriti Maurizio , Drilon Alexander , Iasonos Alexia , Taylor Barry S. , Hyman David M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Purpose:
TRK inhibitors achieve marked tumor-agnostic efficacy in TRK fusion–positive cancers and consequently are now an established standard of care. Little is known, however, about the demographics, outcomes, response to alternative standard therapies, or genomic characteristics of TRK fusion–positive cancers.

Experimental Design:
Utilizing a center-wide screening program involving more than 26,000 prospectively sequenced patients, genomic and clinical data from all cases with TRK fusions were extracted. An integrated analysis was performed of genomic, therapeutic, and phenomic outcomes.

Results:
We identified 76 cases with confirmed TRK fusions (0.28% overall prevalence) involving 48 unique rearrangements and 17 cancer types. The presence of a TRK fusion was associated with depletion of concurrent oncogenic drivers (P &lt; 0.001) and lower tumor mutation burden (P &lt; 0.001), with the exception of colorectal cancer where TRK fusions cooccur with microsatellite instability (MSI-H). Longitudinal profiling in a subset of patients indicated that TRK fusions were present in all sampled timepoints in 82% (14/17) of cases. Progression-free survival on first-line therapy, excluding TRK inhibitors, administered for advanced disease was 9.6 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 4.8–13.2]. The best overall response rate achieved with chemotherapy containing–regimens across all lines of therapy was 63% (95% CI, 41–81). Among 12 patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors, a patient with MSI-H colorectal cancer had the only observed response.

Conclusions:
TRK fusion–positive cancers can respond to alternative standards of care, although efficacy of immunotherapy in the absence of other predictive biomarkers (MSI-H) appears limited. TRK fusions are present in tumors with simple genomes lacking in concurrent drivers that may partially explain the tumor-agnostic efficacy of TRK inhibitors.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Young Adults Following Pediatric Arterial Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Rohner Aline , Gutbrod Klemens , Kohler Barbara , Lidzba Karen , Fischer Urs , Goeggel-Simonetti Barbara , Regenyi Maria , Steinlin Maja , Bigi Sandra 
Published: December 2019

Background and Purpose—
Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is a rare disease leading to long-lasting neurological sequelae. Little is known about the long-term health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of these patients. The study aims to compare HRQoL in young adults who have had pediatric AIS with a healthy control group.

Methods—
A cross-sectional study compared self-rated HRQoL, depression, fatigability, and behavior in pediatric stroke survivors to healthy controls. Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of pediatric AIS who were ≥18 years at the time of recruitment and ≥2 years after acute AIS, as well as healthy controls ≥18 years matched for age, sex, and socioeconomic status were included. Primary outcome was HRQoL measured with the Short Form Health Survey.

Results—

Thirty-three patients (median [interquartile range] aged 22 years [20–26]; 22 males, 67%) and 71 controls (median [interquartile range] aged 23 years [21–25]; 41 males, 58%) were included. Overall, HRQoL, depression, or fatigability did not differ between the patients and the control group. Patients rated themselves lower on the disinhibition scale (
P
=0.049) and tended to rate themselves lower on the executive dysfunction scale (
P
=0.076). Patients with a poor outcome 24 months after AIS showed a clear trend toward impairment of executive functioning (
P
=0.056) and work/productivity in the stroke-specific QoL (
P
=0.05).

Conclusions—
Self-rated HRQoL, depression, and fatigability in adult pediatric stroke survivors are comparable to healthy adult peers. A poor outcome 24 months after acute stroke might affect work performance and executive functioning in adulthood.