bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efek Durasi Waktu Ekstraksi dan Fraksinasi terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan Daun Bakau Api-Api Putih (Avicennia marina)
Authors: Hardiningtyas Safrina Dyah , Purwaningsih Sri , Handharyani Ekowati 
Published: December 2020

Api-api putih (Avicennia marina) merupakan salah satu jenis bakau yang melimpah di Indonesia dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber antioksidan alami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh waktu ekstraksi dan fraksinasi daun A. marina terhadap aktivitas antioksidannya. Serbuk daun A. marina dimaserasi dengan pelarut etil asetat pada durasi waktu ekstraksi selama 1, 2, 3, dan 4 hari. Sementara itu, fraksinasi ekstrak etil asetat dilakukan dengan kolom kromatografi secara isokratik. Aktivitas antioksidan dari ekstrak kasar dan fraksi-fraksi dianalisis dengan metode DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). Hasil analisis menunjukkan perlakuan selama satu hari merupakan durasi waktu ekstraksi terbaik untuk mendapatkan rendemen ekstrak (1,65±0,01 %) dengan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi (IC50 186,67±2,82 ppm). Eluen pengembang terbaik untuk fraksinasi ekstrak etil asetat adalah campuran eluen etil asetat: n-heksana (3:7), yang menghasilkan delapan fraksi. Namun, fraksinasi menurunkan aktivitas antioksidan pada fraksi-fraksi, dibandingkan dengan ekstraknya. Hal ini diduga disebabkan oleh efek sinergis antar senyawa dalam ekstrak. Penelitian lebih lanjut dapat dilakukan untuk isolasi senyawa aktif yang terdapat ekstrak etil asetat daun bakau A. marina. ABSTRACTGrey mangrove (Avicenia marina) is one of the abundant types of mangrove in Indonesia, which can be used as a natural antioxidant source. This study aimed to determine the effect of extraction duration and fractionation on the antioxidant activity of A. Marina leaves. A. marina leaves powder was macerated by ethyl acetate solvent for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days. Meanwhile, fractionation was carried out using column chromatography with an isocratic method. The antioxidant activity of crude extracts and fractions was analyzed by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The result showed that one-day treatment was the optimum extraction duration to obtain the extract’s yield (1.65±0.01%) with the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 186.67±2.82 ppm). The best eluent in fractionation was a mixture of ethyl acetate: n-hexane (3:7) eluents, which produced eight fractions. However, fractionation reduced the antioxidant activity of fractions, compared to the crude extract. This might have happened because of the synergistic effect among compounds in the extract. Further research can be carried out to isolate the active compounds in the A. marina leaves extract.
Marital Power Finally Obliterated: The History of the Abolition of the Marital Power in Civil Marriages in Eswatini
Authors: Mavundla Simangele D , Strode Ann , Dlamini Dumsani Christopher 
Published: December 2020

Women's subordination is not new in the world. As society became human rights conscious, many countries started abrogating or scrapping discriminatory laws and attitudes towards women, in particular married women. However, it has taken Eswatini more than 100 years to deal with the fact that the common law principle of marital power discriminates against women.
This paper traces the reception of marital power into the legal framework of Eswatini and how advocacy groups on women's rights and freedoms have opposed women's subordination, fortified by research. This paper presents a desktop review of selected literature and case laws touching on women's emancipation in Eswatini.
This research work is significant in that it adds to the body of knowledge by recording the origins of women's subjection to marital power and their eventual emancipation in the landmark case of Sacolo v Sacolo (1403/2016) [2019] SZHC 166 (30 August 2019).
A taxonomic evaluation of Astrophytum myriostigma var. Nudum (Cactaceae)
Authors: Montanucci Richard R. , Kleszewski Klaus-Peter 
Published: December 2020

The absence of epidermal trichomes has been used as a diagnostic character to distinguish Astrophytum myriostigma var. nudum from other infraspecific taxa. In the Huizache region of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, between the elevations of 1320 m and 1700 m, the local populations of A. myriostigma are polymorphic, comprised of nude, semi-nude, and flecked plants. However, this polymorphism is non-discrete as there is considerable variation and intermediacy among plants. Also, the proportion of nude plants increases gradually with elevation, which suggests clinal variation correlated with altitude. Exclusively nude populations are currently known only from near Santa Rita del Rucio (? 1710 m) and south of Entronque Huizache (? 1750 m). Farther south, flecked plants were recorded at 1726 m elevation at 6 km E of Guadalcazar, and to the north near El Realejo flecked plants occur as high as 1920 m. At localities southeast of the Sierra San Pedro (Sierra Guadalcazar), nude and semi-nude plants are absent or present at relatively low frequencies in local populations.
Epidermal trichomes provide shading and reflectance that protects the cactus stem against excessive solar radiation and moderates stem temperature. The majority of nude A. myriostigma growing in exposed locations at the margins of Hechtia colonies were found to suffer from chlorophyll degeneration due to excessive exposure to solar radiation.
A comparative morphological study did not find any characters which can be used in combination to diagnose the var. nudum. Given the lack of a suite of discrete, or nearly discrete diagnostic characters, and given that exclusively nude populations do not have a definable geographic distribution we suggest that the nude phenotype should be treated taxonomically as a “form” rather than as a geographical “variety,” or subspecies.
ESTUDO DO NÍVEL DE DEPENDÊNCIA DO ICMS E DO IPVA POR MUNICÍPIOS SEDES DAS REGIÕES GEOADMINISTRATIVAS DA PARAÍBA NO PERÍODO DE 2015 A 2017
Authors: Lima Julliene Larissa de Abreu , Sousa Neíse Karla Pereira , Nóbrega Rodrigo de Queiroz , Oliveira Alan Santos de 
Published: December 2020

O presente estudo objetivou estabelecer o nível de dependência em municípios sedes das regiões geoadministrativas em relação aos valores resultantes das transferências governamentais da cota-parte do Imposto sobre Operações Relativas à Circulação de Mercadorias e sobre Prestações de Serviços de Transporte Interestadual, Intermunicipal e de Comunicação (ICMS) e do Imposto sobre a Propriedade de Veículos Automotores (IPVA) provenientes do orçamento dos municípios inseridos nas regiões geoadministrativas da Paraíba, destacando o impacto para o orçamento dessas regiões, no período de 2015 a 2017. A população da pesquisa compreendeu os municípios sedes que compõem as 14 regiões geoadministrativas da Paraíba. Ao analisar o grau de dependência dos municípios estudados, observa-se que não apresentaram grande impacto no orçamento dos municípios, o que se pode sugerir que houve um possível empenho dos gestores municipais para obter outras fontes de receita. Dessa forma, o estudo pode contribuir para literatura e prática de gestão pública ao evidenciar e analisar a dependência das transferências intergovernamentais para o custeio dos gastos municipais, na qual deve fazer parte do processo de política fiscal de geração de receitas econômicas.
Efektivitas Pelatihan Literasi Kitab untuk Mendukung Studi dan Penelitian Mahasiswa Fakultas Ushuluddin,Adab dan Humaniora di Perpustakaan IAIN Salatiga dan IAIN Purwokerto
Authors: Yenianti Ifonilla 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis research purpose to explore the level of effectiveness of Kitab literacy training program at IAIN Salatiga and IAIN Purwokerto. This research is a descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The sampling technique in this research was using non-probability sampling-purposive sampling technique. The research instrument used a questionnaire while the data collection technique was by filling out a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive techniques with percentages. The results showed that the effectiveness level of the kitab literacy training at IAIN Salatiga was 82.15% in the very effective category, as well as IAIN Purwokerto in the very effective category at 93.8%. And has contributed to the achievement of the objectives of kitab literacy training at both IAIN Salatiga and IAIN Purwokerto. However, the training still needs some improvement, mainly in the development of training materials, improving the model of trainers in delivering the material, extending the time for training publication / socialization, increasing practice time, good training time management, providing representative training media technology and an adequate internet networks, and development of digital kitab information systems. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat efektivitas pelatihan literasi kitab di IAIN Salatiga dan IAIN Purwokerto. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Teknik pengambilan sample pada penelitian ini menggunakan teknik non-probability sampling-purposive sampling. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan angket sedangkan teknik pengumpulan data dengan pengisian angket. Data dianalisis menggunakan teknik deskriptif dengan persentase. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan tingkat efektivitas pelatihan literasi kitab di IAIN Salatiga sebesar 82.15% pada kategori sangat efektif, begitu juga IAIN Purwokerto pada kategori sangat efektif dan sebesar 93.8%. Dan telah berkontribusi bagi pencapaian tujuan pelatihan literasi kitab baik di IAIN Salatiga maupun IAIN Purwokerto. Namun, tingkat pelatihan yang sudah dicapai masih perlu ditingkatkan, khususnya pada pengembangan materi pelatihan, memperbaiki model pelatih dalam menyampaikan materi, memperpanjang waktu publikasi/sosialisasi pelatihan, penambahan waktu praktek, manajemen waktu pelatihan yang baik, menyediakan teknologi media pelatihan yang representatif dan jaringan internet yang memadai, dan pengembangan sistem informasi kitab digital.
Síndrome Gorham-Stout - um desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico
Authors: Ponte Neto Fernando Lopes , Dias Daniel Aguiar , Aguiar Lucas Mustafa , Sena Karine Sampaio , Galdino Gabriela Studart 
Published: December 2020

A linfangiomatose difusa, também conhecida como síndrome Gorham-Stout, é uma doença rara. A patologia causa alterações morfológicas devido a infiltração de tecido linfático, além da formação de derrame pleural quiloso e de ascite quilosa, podendo acometer diversos órgãos como ossos, baço, pulmão e outros. É ainda considerada um desafio diagnóstico devido ao pouco conhecimento sobre a doença, o número limitado de casos relatados, e devido ao acometimento difuso, com diversas possibilidades de manifestações clínicas a depender do órgão acometido.
O padrão ouro para diagnóstico continua sendo o anátomo-patológico, porém, achados radiológicos sugestivos, juntamente com clínica compatível e a comprovação de derrames quilosos, tendo outras etiologias afastadas, confirmam diagnóstico presuntivo de linfangiomatose difusa. Até o momento, nenhuma terapêutica se mostrou eficaz, sendo uma doença com evolução desfavorável e prognóstico ruim. O estudo em questão relata um caso de linfangiomatose difusa presumida.
INVERSI IMPEDANSI ELASTIK DAN  UNTUK KARAKTERISASI KANDUNGAN RESERVOIR BATUPASIR
Authors: Jayadi Harsano , Sismanto Sismanto , Meidji Icha Untari , Wahyuni Ayusari , Ninasafitri Ninasafitri 
Published: December 2020

Penelitian ini berupa analisis inversi data seismik dengan menggunakan impedansi elastik dan lr (lambda-rho) untuk mengestimasi kandungan reservoir batupasir. Analisis Inversi Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) dilakukan untuk mendapatkan reflektivitas impedansi elastik dan lambda-rho sehingga diperoleh kelas anomalinya. Dalam menentukan litologinya diperoleh sudut 30o sebagai sudut yang sensitif sehingga selanjutnya dilakukan proses inversi dengan sudut tersebut. Hasil dari analisis Anomali Inversi Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) menetapkan kelas anomali respon terletak pada posisi IIp sehingga dengan menggunakan sudut 30o tersebut dilakukan pemetaan inversi impedansi elastik untuk mengetahui litologi batupasir yang diperkirakan mempunyai arah timurlaut-baratdaya. Selanjutnya untuk melakukan analisis untuk estimasi adanya fluida dengan menggunakan analisis inversi lambda-rho sehingga diperoleh nilai target 40-65 MPa*gr/cc pada litologi batupasir tersebut dengan arah orientasi utara-tenggara.
Trade-off strategies of leaf functional traits of desert halophyte Lycium ruthenicum in the lower reaches of Heihe River, Northwest China: response to soil moisture and salinity
Authors: Li Shanjia , Gou Wei , Wang Hui , Wu Guoqiang , Su Peixi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Soil salinization affects plant growth and causes changes in leaf traits. Lycium ruthenicum Murr. is one of the dominant shrubs and halophytes in the lower reaches of the Heihe River in Northwest China. We analyze the trade-off strategies of fourteen leaf functional traits of eight L.ruthenicum populations growing at varying distances from the Heihe River, and discussed the effects soil moisture and salinity on leaf functional traits. Results: Lower nitrogen (N) contents indicated that L.ruthenicum was located at the slow investment-return axis of the species resource utilization graph. Compared to non-saline and very slightly saline sites, populations of slightly saline sites showed higher carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N). Redundancy analysis (RDA) revealed a relatively strong relationship between leaf functional traits and soil properties, the first RDA axis accounted for 70.99 % and 71.09 % of the variation in 0-40 cm and 40-80 cm of soil moisture and salinity. Populations in non-saline and very slightly saline habitats tended to have higher leaf C content, whereas populations in slightly saline habitats tended to have lower leaf C content, and the discrepancy was evident. Relative importance analysis found that in the 0-40 cm soil layer, leaf traits variations were mainly influenced by soil moisture (SWC), HCO3- and CO32- ions content, while leaf trait variations in the 40-80 cm soil layer were mainly influenced by HCO3- and SO42-. Conclusions: The leaf functional traits of L. ruthenicum in this region are mainly restricted by soil N content. The L.ruthenicum populations formed a pattern of increased C:N ratios and C content, reduced nitrogen to phosphorus ratio (N:P) and N content from very slightly saline soil to slightly saline. L.ruthenicum has a foliar resource acquisition method and a resource conservation trade-off with a flexible life history strategy in habitats with drought and salinity stress. In the shallow soil layers, water has a greater effect than salt on leaf trait variation, in both shallow and deep soil layers, HCO3- have a relatively important effect on leaf traits. We believe that these findings will provide some baseline information to facilitate the management and restoration of arid-saline desert ecosystems.
Response of wheat DREB transcription factor to drought stress based on DNA methylation
Authors: Zhu Yanqiu , Wang Huihui , Jia Wenjing , Wei Xiaoyan , Duan Zhikun , Qi Qianting , Jiang Lina , Zhou Yanqing , Duan Hongying 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: The growth and development of wheat are seriously influenced by drought stress, and the research on drought resistance mechanism of wheat is very important. Dehydration responsive element binding protein (DREB) plays an important role in the response of plant to drought stress, but epigenetic regulation for gene expression of DREB transcription factor is less studied, especially the regulatory role of DNA methylation has not been reported.Results: In this research, DREB2, DREB6 and Wdreb2 were cloned from wheat, their CDS sequences were composed of 732 bp, 837 bp or 1035 bp, respectively, and one 712 bp intron was found in DREB6. Although AP2/EREBP domain of DREB2, DREB6 and Wdreb2 had 73.25% identity, they belong to different types of DREB transcription factor, and the expression of Wdreb2 was significantly higher, yet was the lowest in DREB2. Under drought stress, the expression of DREB2, DREB6 and Wdreb2 could be induced, but had different trends along with the increase of stress time, and their expression had tissue specificity, was obviously higher in leaf. Promoter of DREB2, DREB6 and Wdreb2 in leaf was further studied, some elements related to adverse stress were found, and the promoter of DREB2 and Wdreb2 was slightly methylated, but DREB6 promoter was moderately methylated. Compared with the control, the level of promoter methylation in DREB2 and DREB6 decreased as stressed for 2 h, then increased along with the increase of stress time, which was opposite in Wdreb2 promoter, the status of promoter methylation in DREB2, DREB6 and Wdreb2 also had significant change under drought stress. Further analysis showed that promoter methylation of DREB6 and Wdreb2 was negatively correlated with their expression, especially was significant in Wdreb2. Conclusions: DREB2, DREB6 and Wdreb2 might function differently in response to drought stress, and promoter methylation had more significant effects on gene expression of Wdreb2 and DREB6.
Evaluation of A Newly Designed Patient-Friendly Discharge Letter – A Randomized, Controlled Participant-Blind Trial
Authors: Smolle Christian , Schwarz Christine , Hoffmann Magdalena , Kamolz Lars-Peter , Sendlhofer Gerald , Brunner Gernot 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Introduction Low health literacy has been associated with poor health outcome and impaired use of healthcare services. The hospital discharge letter represents a key source of medical information for patients and can be used to address the problem of low health literacy. The aim of this project was to develop and evaluate a new, patient-directed, version of the discharge letter.Methods Based upon two conventional discharge letters (CDL; one surgical and one medical letter), two new, patient-friendly discharge letters (PFDL) were designed following 5 key principles: short sentences, few abbreviations, large font size, avoidance of technical terms and no more than 4 pages length. Medical undergraduates were randomized into two blinded groups (CDL, PFDL) and asked to assess the assigned letter for the 3 domains structure, content and patient-friendliness. Subsections were rated on a 6-point Likert scale (1=completely agree, 6=completely disagree), the results of the survey were compared using the Mann-Whitney-U-Test with a p < 0.05 being the level of significance.Results In total, 74 undergraduates participated in the study. PFDL (35 participants) were rated significantly better than CDL (39 participants) regarding structure (median 1 vs. 2, p=0.005), content (1 vs. 3, p<0.001) and patient-friendliness (2 vs. 6, p<0.001). Of all 17 subsections, PFDL were rated significantly better in 12 cases, and never worse than CDL.Conclusion PFDL were rated significantly better than their CDL counterparts. Medical undergraduates were considered the ideal cohort, not being medical lays and yet unbiased regarding everyday clinical practice procedures. Further tests evaluating the impact of the PFDL on patient comprehension and health literacy are necessary.
The Relationship Between Insurance and Health Outcomes of Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Maryland: A Retrospective Archival Record Study
Authors: Lee Soo-Hoon , Brown Samuel , Bennett Andew 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Past studies examining the health outcomes of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients found that social determinants of health disparities were associated with variabilities in health outcomes. However, improving access to healthcare, such as health insurance, should mitigate negative health outcomes. The aim of the study was to explore the association between four types of health insurance, namely, Medicare fee-for-service (FFS), Medicare managed care (MC), private FFS, and private MC plans, on the health outcomes of DM patients, controlling for patients’ social determinants of health.Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional archival record study to explore the relationships between types of health insurance and health outcomes of DM patients. Data was drawn from the 2012 Maryland Clinical Public Use Data and was exempt from our Institutional Review Board. Maryland residents who were at least 65 years old, with chronic DM were included in the study, resulting in a sample size of 43,519 individuals. Predictor variables were four types of insurance and health outcome variables were length of hospital stay (LOS), 30-day readmission rates, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Control variables included hospital characteristics, patient characteristics, and social determinants of health. Multiple hierarchical regression analysis was applied to test the association between insurance plans and LOS, while logistic regression analyses were applied to test the association between insurance plans with 30-day readmission and ESRD. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.Results: After factoring out confounds from hospital characteristics, patient characteristics, and social determinants of health, Medicare FFS patients had the worst outcome for LOS, 30-day readmission, and ESRD rates. Although patients on Medicare MC plans had lower LOS, 30-day readmission, and ESRD rates compared to those on Medicare FFS, patients enrolled in private MC plans had the lowest odds of 30-day readmission and patients enrolled in private FFS had the lowest odds of ESRD.Conclusions: The data suggests that insurance plans influence health outcomes of DM patients after considering their social determinants of health. Specifically, DM patients enrolled in managed care and private insurance plans had better health outcomes compared to those on Medicare FFS plans.
Variation in Serum Urate Levels in the Absence of Gout and Urate Lowering Therapy: An Analysis Using Data from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Shaffer Andrew , Rahn Elizabeth , Saag Kenneth , Mudano Amy , Gaffo Angelo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Previous studies have noted significant variation in serum urate (sUA) levels, and it is unknown how this influences the accuracy of hyperuricemia classification based on single data points. Despite this known variability, hyperuricemic patients are often used as a control group in gout studies. Our objective was to determine the accuracy of hyperuricemia classifications based on single data points versus multiple data points given the degree of variability observed with serial measurements of sUA.Methods: Data was analyzed from a cross-over clinical trial of urate-lowering therapy in young adults without a gout diagnosis. In the control phase, sUA levels used for this analysis were collected at 2-4 week intervals. Mean coefficient of variation for sUA was determined, as were rates of conversion between normouricemia (sUA ≤6.8 mg/dL) and hyperuricemia (sUA >6.8 mg/dL). Results: Mean study participant (n = 85) age was 27.8 ± 7.0 years, with 39% female participants and 41% African-American participants. Mean sUA coefficient of variation was 8.5% ± 4.9% (1% to 23%). There was no significant difference in variation between men and women, or between participants initially normouricemic and those who were initially hyperuricemic.Among those initially normouricemic (n=72), 15% converted to hyperuricemia during at least one subsequent measurement. The subgroup with initial sUA <6.0 (n=54) was much less likely to have future values in the range of hyperuricemia compared to the group with screening sUA values between 6.0-6.8 (n=18) (7% vs 39%, p = 0.0037).Of the participants initially hyperuricemic (n=13), 46% were later normouricemic during at least one measurement.Conclusion: Single sUA measurements were unreliable in hyperuricemia classification due to spontaneous variation. Those with an sUA of <6.0 mg/dL were less likely to demonstrate future hyperuricemic measurements and this could be considered a safer threshold to rule out intermittent hyperuricemia based on a single measurement point.Trial registration: Data from parent study ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02038179