bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How climate impacts the composition of wolf‐killed elk in northern Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Wilmers Christopher C. , Metz Matthew C. , Stahler Daniel R. , Kohl Michel T. , Geremia Chris , Smith Douglas W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

While the functional response of predators is commonly measured, recent work has revealed that the age and sex composition of prey killed is often a better predictor of prey population dynamics because the reproductive value of adult females is usually higher than that of males or juveniles.

Climate is often an important mediating factor in determining the composition of predator kills, but we currently lack a mechanistic understanding of how the multiple facets of climate interact with prey abundance and demography to influence the composition of predator kills.

Over 20 winters, we monitored 17 wolf packs in Yellowstone National Park and recorded the sex, age and nutritional condition of kills of their dominant prey—elk—in both early and late winter periods when elk are in relatively good and relatively poor condition, respectively.

Nutritional condition (as indicated by per cent marrow fat) of wolf‐killed elk varied markedly with summer plant productivity, snow water equivalent (SWE) and winter period. Moreover, marrow was poorer for wolf‐killed bulls and especially for calves than it was for cows.

Wolf prey composition was influenced by a complex set of climatic and endogenous variables. In early winter, poor plant growth in either year t or t − 1, or relatively low elk abundance, increased the odds of wolves killing bulls relative to cows. Calves were most likely to get killed when elk abundance was high and when the forage productivity they experienced in utero was poor. In late winter, low SWE and a relatively large elk population increased the odds of wolves killing calves relative to cows, whereas low SWE and poor vegetation productivity 1 year prior together increased the likelihood of wolves killing a bull instead of a cow.

Since climate has a strong influence on whether wolves prey on cows (who, depending on their age, are the key reproductive components of the population) or lower reproductive value of calves and bulls, our results suggest that climate can drive wolf predation to be more or less additive from year to year.
The gateway to Africa: What determines sea crossing performance of a migratory soaring bird at the Strait of Gibraltar?
Authors: Santos Carlos David , Silva João Paulo , Muñoz Antonio‐Román , Onrubia Alejandro , Wikelski Martin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLarge bodies of water represent major obstacles for the migration of soaring birds because thermal updrafts are absent or weak over water. Soaring birds are known to time their water crossings with favourable weather conditions and there are records of birds falling into the water and drowning in large numbers. However, it is still unclear how environmental factors, individual traits and trajectory choices affect their water crossing performance, this being important to understand the fitness consequences of water barriers for this group of birds.We addressed this problem using the black kiteMilvus migransas model species at a major migration bottleneck, the Strait of Gibraltar.We recorded high‐resolution GPS and triaxial accelerometer data for 73 birds while crossing the Strait of Gibraltar, allowing the determination of sea crossing duration, length, altitude, speed and tortuosity, the flapping behaviour of birds and their failed crossing attempts. These parameters were modelled against wind speed and direction, time of the day, solar irradiance (proxy of thermal uplift), starting altitude and distance to Morocco, and age and sex of birds.We found that sea crossing performance of black kites is driven by their age, the wind conditions, the starting altitude and distance to Morocco. Young birds made longer sea crossings and reached lower altitude above the sea than adults. Crosswinds promoted longer sea crossings, with birds reaching lower altitudes and with higher flapping effort. Birds starting at lower altitudes were more likely to quit or made higher flapping effort to complete the crossing. The location where birds started the sea crossings impacted crossing distance and duration.We present evidence that explains why migrating soaring birds accumulate at sea passages during adverse weather conditions. Strong crosswinds during sea crossings force birds to extended flap‐powered flight at low altitude, which may increase their chances of falling in the water. We also showed that juvenile birds assume more risks than adults. Finally, the way in which birds start the sea crossing is crucial for their success, particularly the starting altitude, which dictates how far birds can reach with reduced flapping effort.
Stay home, stay safe—Site familiarity reduces predation risk in a large herbivore in two contrasting study sites
Authors: Gehr Benedikt , Bonnot Nadège C. , Heurich Marco , Cagnacci Francesca , Ciuti Simone , Hewison A. J. Mark , Gaillard Jean‐Michel , Ranc Nathan , Premier Joe , Vogt Kristina , Hofer Elizabeth , Ryser Andreas , Vimercati Eric , Keller Lukas 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Restricting movements to familiar areas should increase individual fitness as it provides animals with information about the spatial distribution of resources and predation risk. While the benefits of familiarity for locating resources have been reported previously, the potential value of familiarity for predation avoidance has been accorded less attention. It has been suggested that familiarity should be beneficial for anti‐predator behaviour when direct cues of predation risk are unclear and do not allow prey to identify well‐defined spatial refuges. However, to our knowledge, this hypothesis has yet to be tested.

Here, we assessed how site familiarity, measured as the intensity of use of a given location, is associated with the probability of roe deer Capreolus capreolus being killed by two predators with contrasting hunting tactics, the Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx and human hunters. While risk of human hunting was confined to open habitats, risk of lynx predation was more diffuse, with no clear refuge areas.

We estimated cause‐specific mortality rates in a competing risk framework for 212 GPS‐collared roe deer in two ecologically distinct areas of Central Europe to test the hypothesis that the daily risk of being killed by lynx or hunters should be lower in areas of high familiarity.

We found strong evidence that site familiarity reduces the risk of being predated by lynx, whereas the evidence that the risk of being hunted is linked to site familiarity was weak.

We suggest that local knowledge about small‐scale differences in predation risk and information about efficient escape routes affect an individual's ability to avoid or escape an attack by an ambush predator. Our study emphasizes the role of site familiarity in determining the susceptibility of prey to predation. Further research will be required to understand better how a cognitive map of individual spatial information is beneficial for avoiding predation in the arms race that drives the predator–prey shell game.
Payoff of the Grain for Green policy
Authors: Cao Shixiong , Xia Chengqi , Xian Junli , Guo Hao , Zheng Heran 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

To protect the global ecological environment and prevent threats to human safety and property, nations around the world have invested heavily in ecological restoration programmes. However, we do not know whether these investments have been repaid by the resultant benefits.

To answer this question, we developed an improved method of quantifying costs and benefits that accounts for more of the costs associated with ecological restoration, thereby letting us calculate the net benefit.

To demonstrate this method, we analysed the Grain for Green Program (GGP), which is the world's largest ecological restoration programme. We found that the increase in net benefits amounted to a total of 530.1 × 109 RMB/year in 2017. However, 11 of China's 25 provinces have incurred net losses due to high cost increases and low increases in benefits under the GGP.

Synthesis and applications. Because compensation payments to farmers and herders whose livelihoods were disrupted by implementation of the Grain for Green Program only accounted for 0.8% of the programme's cost, improving compensation payments will be essential to its success. Assessing Grain for Green Program the largest ecological restoration programme in the world will provide guidance for ecological protection and restoration policies around the world.
From Rebellion to Extinction: Where have all the Tory Remainer MPs Gone?
Authors: Alexandre‐Collier Agnès 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article examines the process of extinction of former remainer Conservative MPs who followed different paths in the run‐up to the 2019 general election: either choosing to stay loyal and merge with the rest of the parliamentary party, or to express their discontent and leave the party. When they chose to rebel against the leadership, only a small minority dared to vindicate their position. The other rebels constantly played down their identity as remainers and justified their views in an apologetic way. More remarkably, they were treated differently by Boris Johnson, who eventually suspended the last remainers and called for a general election to renew the composition of the party. The consequences of this last move are crucial in order to understand the radical transformation of the Conservative Party into the actual (and only) ‘party of Brexit’.
Popular Urbanization: Conceptualizing Urbanization Processes Beyond Informality
Authors: Streule Monika , Karaman Ozan , Sawyer Lindsay , Schmid Christian 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis article introduces the concept of popular urbanization to describe a specific urbanization process based on collective initiatives, self‐organization and the activities of inhabitants. We understand popular urbanization as an urban strategy through which an urban territory is produced, transformed and appropriated by the people. This concept results from a theoretically guided and empirically grounded comparison of Mexico City, Istanbul and Lagos. Based on postcolonial critiques of urban theory and on the epistemologies of planetary urbanization, we bring urbanization processes in these urban regions into conversation with each other through a multidimensional theoretical framework inspired by Henri Lefebvre focusing on material interaction, territorial regulation, and everyday experience. In this way, popular urbanization emerged as a distinct urbanization process, which we identified in all three contexts. While this process is often subsumed under the broader concept of ‘urban informality’, we suggest that it may be helpful to distinguish popular urbanization as primarily led by the people, while commodification and state agencies play minor roles. As popular urbanization unfolds in diverse ways dependent upon the wider urban context, specific political constellations and actions, it results in a variety of spatial outcomes and temporal trajectories. This is therefore a revisable and open concept. In proposing the concept of popular urbanization for further examination, we seek to contribute to the collective development of a decentered vocabulary of urbanization.
Prior placental bed disorders and later dementia: a retrospective Swedish register‐based cohort study
Authors: Andolf E , Bladh M , Möller L , Sydsjö G 
Published: March 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate the association between a history of placental bed disorders and later dementia.DesignRetrospective population‐based cohort study.SettingSweden.SampleAll women giving birth in Sweden between 1973 and 1993 (1 128 709).MethodsWomen with and without placental bed disorders (hypertensive disorders of pregnancy including pre‐eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, spontaneous preterm labour and birth, preterm premature rupture of membranes, abruptio placenta, late miscarriages) and other pregnancy complications were identified by means of the Swedish Medical Birth Register. International classification of disease was used. Data were linked to other National Registers. Participants were followed up until 2013. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios for women with and without pregnancy complications and were adjusted for possible confounders.Main outcome measuresDiagnosis of vascular dementia and non‐vascular dementia.ResultsAdjusted for cardiovascular disease and socio‐demographic factors, an increased risk of vascular dementia was shown in women with previous pregnancy‐induced hypertension (Hazard ratio [HR] 1.88, 95% CI 1.32–2.69), pre‐eclampsia (HR 1.63, 95% CI 1.23–2.16), spontaneous preterm labour and birth (HR 1.65, 95% CI 1.12–2.42) or preterm premature rupture of membranes (HR 1.60, 95% CI 1.08–2.37). No statistically significant increased risk was seen for other pregnancy complications or non‐vascular dementia even though many of the point estimates indicated increased risks.ConclusionsWomen with placental bed disorders have a higher risk for vascular disease. Mechanisms behind the abnormal placentation remain elusive, although maternal constitutional factors, abnormal implantation as well as impaired angiogenesis have been suggested.Tweetable abstractPlacental bed syndromes associated with vascular dementia even after adjusting for cardiovascular disease.
Starch–lipid and starch–lipid–protein complexes: A comprehensive review
Authors: Wang Shujun , Chao Chen , Cai Jingjing , Niu Bin , Copeland Les , Wang Shuo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPhysical interactions often occur between major food components during food processing. These interactions may involve starch, lipids, and proteins forming V‐type starch–lipid complexes or ternary starch–lipid–protein complexes of larger molecular size and greater structural order. Complexes between starch and lipids have been the subject of intensive research for over half a century, whereas the study of starch–lipid–protein complexes is a relatively new field with only a limited amount of knowledge being gained so far. The formation of these complexes can significantly affect the functional and nutritional properties of finished food products in terms of flavor, texture, shelf life, and digestibility. This article provides a comprehensive review of starch–lipid and starch–lipid–protein complexes, including their classification, factors affecting their formation and structure, and preparative and analytical methods. The review also considers how complexes affect the physicochemical and functional properties of starch, including digestibility, and potential applications in the food industry.
Cultural values and definitions of career success
Authors: Benson George S. , McIntosh Cheryl K. , Salazar Maritza , Vaziri Hoda 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper examines how national culture relates to the ways that individuals define career success. Data are drawn from interviews with 269 professional services employees in 15 countries. Interviews are content coded and linked with country‐level Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness measures of cultural values. We test our hypotheses using a multilevel multinomial logit model. The results demonstrate that the ways in which employees define career success vary across countries, due in part to differences in cultural values after controlling for gender, occupation, job level, and national economic development. We find that employees from countries high in future orientation, uncertainty avoidance, and performance orientation are more likely to define career success in terms of interpersonal outcomes, and those from countries high in collectivism (institutional and in‐group), humane orientation, and gender egalitarianism are more likely to prefer intrapersonal outcomes. We find that employees from countries that are high in assertiveness, uncertainty avoidance, and performance orientation are more likely to define career success in terms of achievement‐oriented outcomes. Finally, we find that employees from countries high in power distance report career success definitions in terms of safety and security outcomes. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of cultural differences in careers across countries.
Physicochemical, thermal, mechanical, optical, and barrier characterization of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) mucilage‐protein concentrate biodegradable films
Authors: Salazar Vega Ine Mayday , Quintana Owen Patricia , Segura Campos Maira Rubi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this study, the effect of chia mucilage (CM) and protein concentrate (CPC) contents on the physicochemical, thermal, mechanical, and optical characteristics of developed films was evaluated. Films were prepared dissolving CM:CPC mixtures (1% w/v) in seven ratios (0:1, 1:4, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 1:0). Microstructure of treatments with higher CM revealed the formation of polysaccharide granules. A semicrystalline behavior was manifested in 1:0, which decreased as CPC content in the formulations increased. Contact angle values obtained for 1:1 and 2:1 were the highest (61.24° and 62.44°), evidencing less affinity to water than other films. TGA analysis suggest that films showed thermal stability at less than 225 °C. Melting temperatures above 85 °C were found for all films in the evaluated range (50 °C to 200 °C) of DSC analysis. Higher CM concentrations in films increased the force required to break them (13.5 MPa) and their elongation capacity (5.20%). As the CM ratio in formulations was increased, the color difference was lower (ΔE = 27.45), water vapor permeability was higher (10.9 × 10−11 g/m·s·Pa), but transparency was statistically the same for all treatments (6.62 to 7.26). After analyzing all films properties, 2:1 formulation corresponding to 25:75% w/v mixtures of CM:CPC would be the best option for use in food packaging.
Microgreen nutrition, food safety, and shelf life: A review
Authors: Turner Ellen R. , Luo Yaguang , Buchanan Robert L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMicrogreens have gained increasing popularity as food ingredients in recent years because of their high nutritional value and diverse sensorial characteristics. Microgreens are edible seedlings including vegetables and herbs, which have been used, primarily in the restaurant industry, to embellish cuisine since 1996. The rapidly growing microgreen industry faces many challenges. Microgreens share many characteristics with sprouts, and while they have not been associated with any foodborne illness outbreaks, they have recently been the subject of seven recalls. Thus, the potential to carry foodborne pathogens is there, and steps can and should be taken during production to reduce the likelihood of such incidents. One major limitation to the growth of the microgreen industry is the rapid quality deterioration that occurs soon after harvest, which keeps prices high and restricts commerce to local sales. Once harvested, microgreens easily dehydrate, wilt, decay and rapidly lose certain nutrients. Research has explored preharvest and postharvest interventions, such as calcium treatments, modified atmopsphere packaging, temperature control, and light, to maintain quality, augment nutritional value, and extend shelf life. However, more work is needed to optimize both production and storage conditions to improve the safety, quality, and shelf life of microgreens, thereby expanding potential markets.
Synergistic anticancer effects of curcumin and 3',4'‐didemethylnobiletin in combination on colon cancer cells
Authors: DiMarco‐Crook Christina , Rakariyatham Kanyasiri , Li Zhengze , Du Zheyuan , Zheng Jinkai , Wu Xian , Xiao Hang 
Published: March 2020

AbstractChemoprevention strategies employing the use of multiple dietary bioactive components and their metabolites in combination offer advantages due to their low toxicity and potential synergistic interactions. Herein, for the first time, we studied the combination of curcumin and 3',4'‐didemethylnobiletin (DDMN), a primary metabolite of nobiletin, to determine their combinatory effects in inhibiting growth of human colon cancer cells. Isobologram analysis revealed a synergistic interaction between curcumin and DDMN in the inhibition of cell growth of HCT116 colon cancer cells. The combination treatment induced significant G2–M cell‐cycle arrest and extensive apoptosis, which greatly exceeded the effects of individual treatments with curcumin or DDMN. Proteins associated with these heightened anticarcinogenic effects were p53, p21, HO‐1, c‐poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase, Cdc2, and Cdc25c; each of the proteins was confirmed to be substantially impacted by the combination treatment, more than by individual treatments alone. Interestingly, an increase in the stability of curcumin was also observed with the presence of DDMN in cell culture medium, which could offer an explanation in part for the synergistic interaction between curcumin and DDMN. This newly identified synergy between curcumin and DDMN should be explored further to determine its chemopreventive potential against colon cancer in vivo.Practical ApplicationThis study identifies for the first time the synergistic inhibition of colon cancer cell growth by the dietary component curcumin present in turmeric, in combination with a metabolite of nobiletin, a unique citrus flavonoid. The synergism of the combination may be due to cell‐cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by the combination as well as an improvement in the stability of curcumin as a result of the antioxidant property of the nobiletin metabolite. These significant findings of synergism between curcumin and the nobiletin metabolite could offer potential chemopreventive value against colon cancer.
Effect of adding shea butter stearin and emulsifiers on the physical properties of cocoa butter
Authors: Zeng Junpeng , Shen Jinrong , Wu Yanping , Liu Xianbiao , Deng Ze‐Yuan , Li Jing 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of shea butter stearin (SBS) as cocoa butter equivalent (CBE). In this work, the optimal ratio of SBS and cocoa butter (CB) was evaluated by the solid fat content and deviation solid fat content. Emulsifiers added to SBS and CB blends were first screened based on β polymorph level, and mixture regression experiment was designed to obtain the optimized compound emulsifiers ratio, finally the characterization of shea butter chocolate was evaluated by sensory evaluation and texture profile analysis (TPA). The best compatibility was obtained when the mixture ratio of SBS and CB was 20:80, where ΔSFC within a range of 1.5 was shown. The appropriate compound emulsifiers were soy lecithin: polyglycerol polyricinoleate: Tween 60 = 1:1:1. Both sensory evaluation and TPA test showed SBS and CB blends could improve the taste and texture of chocolate with proper emulsifiers addition.