bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The potential of water availability in Maros Watershed using Thornthwaite-Mather water balance method
Authors: Lias S A , Irmayani  , Laban S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The consumption of water grows continuously along with the increasing the amount of population. The watershed as a reservoir is being the main hope for maintaining the availability of water sources. Estimating the potential of water availability can be done by using the Thornthwaite-Mather water balance method. This study was conducted to determine the potential of water availability in the Maros watershed. The Thornthwaite-Mather method uses a surplus and deficit approach through water balance equation. Potential evapotranspiration (Etp) was calculated using daily temperature average data while we assumed that the actual evapotranspiration (Eta) value is equal to ETp value if wet month, and in dry month equal to rainfall minus ?ST. The water storage to the ground (?ST) was computed from the value of water holding capacity (WHC) based on land area, vegetation type and soil type. The results of the analysis show that the average rainfall in the last five years (2014-2018) is 3005.7 mm year−1, while ETp, ETa, and ?ST are 1834.3 mm year−1, 1480.1 mm year−1 and 360 mm year−1, respectively. The water surplus in the Maros watershed reached 1678.1 mm year−1 with a deficit of 354.3 mm year−1.
Performance of local rice varieties under various organic soil fertility strategies in Toraja, Indonesia
Authors: Stöber Silke , Yassi Amir , Kaimuddin  , Kurniawan Ade , Mollah Abdul , Ridwan Ifayanti , Iswoyo Hari , Dermawan Rahmansyah , Ramba Tandu 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This research aims at studying production parameters of two local varieties of Tana Toraja rice and one introduced variety with the application of several types of organic fertilizers. The field research was conducted from May to September 2018 in Bua’tarrung village, Rembong District, Tana Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The trial was arranged as two-factor split plot design experiment. The varieties Pare Ambo, Barri Rarang, and Inpago Unsoed 1 were the main plots, while organic fertilizer types as sub plots consisted of three types of composts, namely: farmer compost, Tithonia compost, and Azolla compost. The fertilizer treatments did not show significant differences for any of the varieties. The best productivity was in the local variety Barri Rarang, achieving 4.87 tons per hectare with the local compost fertilizer treatment.
The study of urban waste management through the role of youth as an effort to protect Sinjai area, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
Authors: Waris A , Rashid A , Rahim I R 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This study aims to determine the potential and new models and motivation of youth in urban waste management. This research method conducted using descriptive data collection using a questionnaire in the form of Google Form and interviews with the Department of Environment and Forestry and the determination of waste management models using SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats). The number of the questioner is 150 with the characteristics of respondents aged 16-30 years. The results showed that the attitude of the youth in waste management in Sinjai has the lowest rank, especially in waste management and utilization of waste generated. It is shown by the scale of 100% is obtained 63% of youth do not perform sorting of waste and 64% of youth do not perform using waste.
Endophytic seed with Beauveria bassiana and liquid compost: control of pest stem borer of corn, Ostrinia furnacalis and increase yield resilient in marginal land?
Authors: Daud I D , Junaid Muhammad , Tuwo M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Corn is an important crop after rice. Tompobulu sub-district, Maros, South Sulawesi has a wide marginal land expected to contribute to corn development. One of main pests is Ostrinia furnacalis. Beauveria bassiana Vuill is an effective biological control agent as it can be associated with part of plants as endophyte. The study focused on the effect of seed submersion mixed with liquid compost into marginal land. Corn seeds were planted in each plot with a depth of 5 cm and each hole was planted with 1 seed with a spacing of 75 x 20 cm. The fungal isolation was obtained from inoculum cadaver larvae of O. furnacalis purified on initial agar medium and propagated on corn medium. The trials were designed with a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 6 trials (Bisi-2 seeds soaked in aquades (A); Srikandi seeds soaked in aquades (B); Bisi-2 seeds soaked in B. bassiana 106 spore/ml suspension for 24 hours (C); Srikandi seeds soaked in B. bassiana suspension 106 spores/ml for 24 hours (D); Seeds of Bisi-2 soaked in suspension B. bassiana 106 spores/ml for 24 hours + liquid fertilizer (E); and Srikandi seeds soaked in B. bassiana 106 spore/ml suspension for 24 hours + liquid fertilizer (F). The highest population of larvae and pupae of O. furnacalis in treatment B was 8.35 and the lowest population in treatment E was 3.05. There were no larvae infected by B. bassiana fungus in the treatment of seeds soaked with distilled water. However, larvae infected with B. bassiana fungus was found in the treatment of seeds soaked in B. bassiana suspension 106 spores/ml or added with watering liquid fertilizer. The highest weight of seed weight in Bisi-2 seeds soaked with suspension B. bassiana 106 spores/ml.
Population dynamics of melon fly Zeugodacus cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) and damage level of fruits based on phenology and altitude
Authors: Sulaeha S , Ratna E S , Purwantiningsih  , Rauf A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the important pests on vegetables and fruits of Cucurbitaceae family. This study aims to observe population dynamics of fruit fly in three kinds of fruits based on altitude and the phenology of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), angled luffa (Luffa acutangula) and cucumber (Cucumber sativus). The observation was carried out through a transect line method at every five meters. Fruit sampling was taken every week. Population dynamics of Z. cucurbitae was significantly affected by altitude (< 250 m asl midland) and phenological fruits. With elevation < 250 m asl, the vast majority of Z. cucurbitae population was found in angled luffa fruit (237 ± 45.51) and the least was in cucumber (35.76 ± 17.95). In contrast, in midland or elevation 250-417 m asl, the most populated insect of interest was found in bitter gourd (222 ± 89.15). Fruit with 17-18 days maturation (scale 3) was the most visited by insect.
Wilt disease of banana (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense): Grouping of isolates in their physiological races
Authors: Djohan A , Kuswinanti T , Baharuddin  , Melina M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) is a major disease on banana plants in the world and causes huge losses. The pathogen is very difficult to control, because the complexity of the pathogen that consisting in many races and can persist over 40 years without its host plant. This study was aimed to determine the physiological races and grouping of Foc isolates from several banana plantation areas in South Sulawesi. The study consisted of collection of F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense isolates and inoculation test onto plants with a concentration of 106 spores/ml. Barangan, Ambon and Kepok variety obtained from the tissue culture and Heliconia were used as test plants. Fusarium oxysporum fsp. cubense suspension was applied by spraying on banana plant roots. Observation was conducted in the form of first symptoms appearance, leaf symptom development and observation of symptom in rhizome four weeks after inoculation. All of Foc isolates caused severe symptom on banana varieties tested and Heliconia. Based on this finding, it concluded that all isolates of Foc from Makassar, Bantaeng and Gowa district were classified into race IV.
Testing cutinase produced by native Trichoderma isolate and its persistence in pod and flower surfaces on cocoa tree in South Sulawesi
Authors: Junaid Muhammad , Rosmana A , Firman  
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Trichoderma species is a powerful biocontrol agent against the agents of cocoa diseases. Although it is a typical soil fungus, it is associated with plant tissue as a symbiont. Trichoderma species has associated with cocoa as a living plant symbiont but understanding the main factor to help Trichoderma isolates in retaining in the plant cuticle is still scarce. While it is critical to understand its role in tissue surface, the study will reveal the ability of Trichoderma isolates obtained from South Sulawesi to produce cutinase in order to help spore’s persistence in pod and flower surfaces before penetrating to control cocoa diseases.
Virulence and genetic diversity of Phytophthora isolates associated with cocoa pod rot
Authors: Kuswinanti T , Junaid Muhammad , Baharuddin  , Melina M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Phytophthora palmivora is an important pathogen of cocoa in the world and it has a widest host-range. High adaptability to host plants and changes in environmental conditions forms a new evolutionary strain among P. palmivora populations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the virulence and genetic diversity of the isolates associated with cocoa pod rot symptoms. The isolates (infected cocoa pods) collected from Bone, Bulukumba and Pinrang regencies were characterize morphologically and molecularly. For morphological identification, Phytophthora black pod disease was determined by hyphal growth on juice V8 agar medium and for genetical and virulent identification, pathogen was tested with primer pairs of ITS4 and ITS5 and the diversity was then analyzed with the BOXA1R primer. The Hyphae of isolates were found to have stellate pattern, ovoid sporangium, smooth globose oogonium and oospores. Of 21 isolates, 14 isolates were obtained from Bone, 6 isolates from Bulukumba and 3 isolates from Pinrang respectively and testing virulence of the isolates after reinoculated onto the pod layer shown that seventeen (17) isolates expressed a much higher virulent level and only four (4) isolates performed moderately level. DNA fragments of isolates were amplified at 900 bp and the highest genetic diversity among isolates were 67% level.
Arthropoda diversity in organic cocoa farming in Bantaeng District
Authors: Dewi V S , A Nurariaty A , Sulastria  , Tuwo M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Cocoa is an important commodity boosting national economy especially as a provider of employment, a source of income and foreign exchange. Organic cocoa cultivation can reduce production costs and benefit farmers. Farmers do not need to use inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. One of the problems faced in cocoa cultivation includes pest attacks that play a role in causing a decrease in productivity of cocoa plantations. Types of natural enemies such as insects can also play a role as biological control (a predator for other insects) that is able to suppress plant insect pest populations. The study aims to determine the type and number of arthropods found in cocoa plants that are managed organically and inorganically. The study was conducted in cocoa plantation area of Gantarang Keke Sub-district, Bantaeng District. Area of organic and inorganic cocoa plantations is ± 1 Ha. Determination of sample plants was carried out randomly using diagonal method, which was 5 replications and in each replication were 5 cocoa plants. Sampling technique is done by net method for plants that are around the plant and Pitfall traps for soil arthropods. Arthropods that were caught were then identified. Data analysis uses statistical t-test. The results showed that in organic cocoa plants, total arthropods population was 50% higher compared to inorganic cocoa farms. Arthropods that are active at soil surface are more commonly found in organic farms, namely order Hymenoptera, Formicidae family which acts as a predator.
The role of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in rice field
Authors: Abdullah T , Aminah S N , Kuswinanti T , Nurariaty A , Gassa A , Nasruddin A , Fatahuddin F 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The purpose of the research is to determine the role of ant population and their activities consuming food provided in rice field. Experimental research was held in Tanasitolo village, Wajo district, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Based the observation and identification we find four ant species as predator of insect pests at rice field namely: Pheidologeiton diversus, Anoplolepis gracilipes, Solenopsis geminata and Dolichoderus thoracicus. The different species of ant in rice field representing their survival ability. The result of research is very useful information for management S. geminata as potential predator for improving rice harvest especially in Tanasitolo village.
Impact of pesticide application in high frequency on stomatal number at local shallot in Palu Valley
Authors: Ratnawati  , Sjam S , Rosmana A , Tresnaputra U S , Jaya K 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Small farmers typically produce shallot with a high frequency of pesticide application and its habit poses several ecological and environmental consequences. In this research, we evaluated the effect of pesticide application in different frequency (high, moderate and low) on shallot stomatal number and opening in Palu Valley, Central Sulawesi. By comparing in the low application, the moderate frequency with less than ten applications increased stomatal number about 1.9% and high rate with more than ten applications per two months of shallot plantation period augmented about 18.7%. While the length of stomatal opening increased about 18.2% with moderate and decreased about 32.6% with the high rate of application. Then, the width of the stomatal opening decreased about 0.6% and 17.5%, respectively. This data indicated that the application of pesticide, especially in high - frequency increase stomatal number and decrease stomatal opening area with potential for inhibiting shallot growth.
First report of vascular streak dieback symptom of cocoa caused by Ceratobasidium theobromae in Barru District, South Sulawesi
Authors: Junaid Muhammad , Purwantara A , Guest D 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The cause of vascular streak dieback disease, Ceratobasidium theobromae is an economic important cocoa pathogen wherever it attacks and therefore its spread poses a high attention to develop cocoa industry. One of National Islands facing the disease constraint is Sulawesi that many cocoa areas are infected by the pathogen. Understanding a source of pathogen infection in the cocoa farm by investigating specific signs of green chlorotic lesion followed by necrotic leaf and brown streaking within vascular layer is a common method. However, this method is not fully correct since the co-infection phenomenon, secondary fungal pathogens associated with the symptom, has occurred in the field and therefore, the need for detecting accurately by a molecular approach is a highly recommended. This paper will reveal the presence of VSD symptom and pathogen in the new cocoa areas, Barru district before suggestion way of limiting pathogen distribution to new areas was undertaken. Testing the presence of VSD disease pathogen was confirmed with PCR analysis using a pair of specific primers for C. theobromae; Than_ITS1 (forward) and Than_ITS2 (revers). The finding suggests that the signs of VSD disease symptom and pathogen were found to spread in nine villages in Barru district.
Diversity of fungal community associated with cacao (Theobromae cacao L.) top clones from Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Asman A , Baharuddin  , Rosmana A , Ariska  
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), one of the most significant smallholder commodities in Indonesia, is mainly planted in the Sulawesi island of Indonesia. The new paradigm approach for improving plant health is the use of indigenous microbes which associates with cocoa tree. One of microbial communities is endophytic fungi. The research aimed to identify of fungal endophyte of cocoa top clones Sulawesi. A total of 27 isolates of fungi was isolated from two clones and three areas; 11 isolates from East Luwu area (MCC-02 Clone was six; Sulawesi-2 (S-2) was five), seven isolates from North Luwu area (MCC-02 clone was four; Sulawesi-2 (S-2) was three), Nine isolates from Bantaeng area (MCC-02 was three; Sulawesi-2 (S-2) was six). The isolates belonged to genera Penicillium (two isolates), Aspergillus (five isolates), Geotrichum (two isolates), Sordaria, Lasiodiplodia, Myrothecium, Monilia, Colletotrichum, dan and five isolates that have not been identified as not showing conidia on media of PDA. The result revealed that fungi associated with cacao was diverse and every clone and cocoa producing area shows different diversity of fungi. The endophytic fungi were potential to be biological control for controlling cacao diseases.
Population of Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophydae) and damage of the coconut fruit in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Salim  , Nurariaty A , Melina M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Coconut mite Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophydae) as important pest in coconut plantation around the world. The population density of A. guerreronis has many impacts to coconut fruit damage. The purpose of research is to study population density of A. guerreronis, the coconut fruit damage and correlation population density in different coconut plantation at South Sulawesi. The information about presence of A. guerreronis is very useful to manage A. guerreronis for the development coconut plantation in South Sulawesi. The research was conducted in coconut plantation near the beach at three regencies of South Sulawesi namely Jeneponto, Wajo and Luwu. The observation of A. guerreronis population was held in laboratory at Plant Pest and Disease Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar from July to October 2019. Population of coconut mite A. guerreronis observed with washing twice all of coconut petals. First washing (P1) and second washing (P2) used 30 mL detergent solution. 1 mL of the washing water was collected observed used binocular microscope. The coconut petals after washing process observed under stereo microscope. The results show that the average damage of coconut fruit at Jeneponto was 20.35%, Wajo 14.6% and Luwu 10.6%. Population of adult and eggs of A. guerreronis at Jeneponto (2,566.45 individual and 828.95 eggs), Wajo (1,548 individual and 452.8 eggs) and Luwu (1,078.7 individual and 360.3 eggs). Findings of research show that there was a very strong correlation between population with damage level with R value at Jeneponto (0.919), Wajo (0.954) and Luwu (0.975).
Gamma and neutron source term calculation for irradiated TRIGA Mark II fuel using ORIGEN2
Authors: Bahri Nurlaila Syamsul , Zainal Jasman , Jalal Bayar Abi Muttaqin , Rabir Mohamad Hairie 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
TRIGA Mark II has served as nuclear research reactor for decades, which is to provide research facility towards nuclear development as well as for trainings in the aspect of education and industry. Standard TRIGA fuel, UZrH1.6 is used in this reactor which can be found in two types; aluminium or stainless steel cladding. In this study, stainless steel cladded fuel used in Reactor TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP) that consists of fissile U-235 with 19.9% enrichment and 20% weight of Uranium is used as reference for input data. The irradiated fuel inventories and fuel burnup were determined using ORIGEN2 code by referring to PWR data library, consists of gamma and neutron source term comes from activation products, actinides and fission products after 18 years of irradiation and 5 years of cooling period with 200 days of time step. The outcomes from this study can be concluded with the inventories from fission products to be the highest in all categories, in which the U-235 depleted up to 52.9%. The results from this simulation is crucial as it is then carried forward for radiation shielding for interim storage facility.
Electron range after titanium foil window from low energy electron accelerator
Authors: Md Chulan Mohd Rizal , Mohd Zin Mohd Faiz , Wah Leo Kwee , Mokhtar Mukhlis , Ahmad Mohd Azhar , Baijan Abd Halim , Sabri Rokiah Mohd , Malik Khaidawaton Abd 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Currently, the low energy electron accelerator machine in Malaysian Nuclear Agency is at the commissioning stage. Various parameters are tested and studied. One of the parameters is the electron range in the air through titanium foil window. This parameter is important for the process of sample irradiation. There are two methods to determine this parameter. The first is through manual calculations and second is through Monte Carlo code simulations using PHITS. This paper describes the results of both methods and attempts to make comparisons between them.
Determination of the combined effect of boron and gadolinia on the reactivity and safety parameters of (U, Th)O2 fuel
Authors: Uguru E H , Sani S F A , Khandaker M U , Rabir M H , Karim J A 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This study investigated the combined effect of boron in light water moderator and gadolinia in fuel on the neutronic properties of (U, Th)O2 fuel in Westinghouse small modular reactor. The reactivity control of boron and gadolinia, and the potential of gadolinia in increasing thermal conductivity of its mixed fuel pellet motivated this study. Monte Carlo N-particle code integrated with CINDER90 was used for the calculations. Four fuel assemblies were used: one without boron and gadolinia, one with borated water only while the other two contained borated water plus 16 and 24 gadolinia fuel rods in each of the FAs. The BOC safety parameters was calculated at hot zero power (293.6 K) and hot full power (600 K). The results showed that the moderator temperature coefficient of reactivity was highest in FA without boron and gadolinia and smallest in FA containing boron plus 24 gadolinia fuel rods, while a reverse phenomenon was observed for the fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity. The effective delayed neutron fraction was slightly larger in FA without neutron absorber. The results show that boron and gadolinia decreased significantly the MTC but increased FTC slightly in addition to their initial neutron multiplication suppression role.
Adsorption of Radioactive Element by Clay: A Review
Authors: Md Yusof Muhamad Yusmadi , Idris Mohd Idzat , Mohamed Faizal , Nor Marlida Md 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Clay is one of the most important industrial minerals that have been used to improve the quality of product and economize the production cost. Clay and their minerals, both in its natural and modified forms, have the ability to absorb various radioactive materials from aqueous solution, such as Uranium, Thorium and Caesium as discussed extensively in this review. This article presented an overview of properties and classifications of clay, current research literature on using clay minerals as an absorber, and a descriptive analysis of their adsorption behaviour. Three type of clay are the focused in this review namely Bentonite, Kaolin and Zeolites due to their excellent qualification in absorbing radioactive materials such as Uranium, Thorium and Caesium.