bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Movement of Books
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter consists of two manuscript case studies concerning Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, MS 5667 and British Library Royal 20 D 1. The former is manuscript of the Tristan en prose that is confected from two parts, one made in France and one in Italy. The second is the earliest manuscript of the second redaction of the Histoire ancienne jusqu’à César, made in Naples but then moving from Italy to Spain and from Spain to France. Both artefacts, though in different ways, are the result of textual bricolage. We trace this bricolage in each instance and the movement of books that produce cultural networks.
Conclusion
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe conclusion reviews the findings of the book to ask what kind of communities medieval texts in French instantiate, using the work of Giorgio Agamben and Jean-Luc Nancy. It is argued that French language texts seek above all to establish a supralocal history, genealogy and pedigree, and that French as a national language emerges in part as an attempt to claim this pedigree.
Thick Big Data
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The social sciences are becoming datafied. The questions that have been considered the domain of sociologists, now are answered by data scientists, operating on large datasets, and breaking with the methodological tradition for better or worse. The traditional social sciences, such as sociology or anthropology, are thus under the double threat of becoming marginalized or even irrelevant; both because of the new methods of research, which require more computational skills, and because of the increasing competition from the corporate world, which gains an additional advantage based on data access. However, sociologists and anthropologists still have some important assets, too. Unlike data scientists, they have a long history of doing qualitative research. The more quantified datasets we have, the more difficult it is to interpret them without adding layers of qualitative interpretation. Big Data needs Thick Data. This book presents the available arsenal of new tools for studying the society quantitatively, but also show the new methods of analysis from the qualitative side and encourages their combination. In shows that Big Data can and should be supplemented and interpreted through thick data, as well as cultural analysis, in a novel approach of Thick Big Data.The book is critically important for students and researchers in the social sciences to understand the possibilities of digital analysis, both in the quantitative and qualitative area, and successfully build mixed-methods approaches.
West African Economic and Monetary Union
Authors: Illy Ousseni , Ouedraogo Seydou 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) moved to adopt Basel II and III standards in 2016 after implementing Basel I for many years. Given the weak development of the financial sector in the Union and its poor connectedness to the international financial system, this reform was unexpected. The adoption of Basel standards has been championed by the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), under the influence of the IMF, which has strongly encouraged implementation. National governments and domestically oriented banks have not played an active role, complicating the implementation and enforcement of the new regulations. The central bank is embedded in regulatory peer networks, has close links with the IMF, and is insulated from domestic political pressure because of its supranational position.
Tanzania
Authors: Gray Hazel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Tanzania has been a slow and cautious adopter of Basel standards, although a faster pace of adoption emerged after 2009. From 1991 to 2008 Tanzania liberalized its financial sector, but a gap emerged between the commitment to adopting Basel standards and the actual pattern of implementation and enforcement. It was only from 2009 onwards that Basel implementation was prioritized as Tanzania moved to regulator- and market-driven convergence. Regulator preferences reflected the appointment of a new governor at the Bank of Tanzania and the influence of regional commitments to regulatory harmonization. Over the same period, politicians’ commitment to deep liberalization faltered and demands for policy-based lending returned. This led to a selective implementation of Basel II and III and higher levels of enforcement. Domestic and foreign banks initially showed little interest in implementation but their preferences have shifted because of pressures from parent banks and anti-money laundering concerns. The central bank adopted a selective approach to Basel and introduced tailored regulation for development banks.
Bolivia
Authors: Knaack Peter 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Bolivia had ambitious plans to implement Basel standards, but these only partly came to fruition. A novel financial services law promulgated by the regulator in 2013 established the legal framework for a wholesale adoption of Basel II, including internal ratings-based components, and elements of Basel III. It is puzzling to see such a wholehearted embrace of Basel standards by a domestically oriented left-wing government that follows a heterodox approach to economic policymaking. Basel adoption has been driven by a regulatory agency embedded in transnational technocratic regulators networks and seeks to implement international standards. Bolivian regulators wrote a range of Basel rules into the draft legislation. But Bolivian politicians, prioritizing the goals of financial stability and inclusive growth, grafted onto this legislation significant interventionist policies. Thus, Bolivia’s Basel adoption is pulling in two directions: adherence to Basel Committee-style best practices and, concurrently, financial interventionism to stimulate economic growth and financial inclusion.
Nigeria
Authors: Dafe Florence 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In Nigeria regulators have gradually adopted Basel I, II, and III, although implementation and enforcement have been slow. The impetus for Basel adoption has come primarily from regulators, who are embedded in international policy networks. They consider Basel II and III the most appropriate set of regulatory standards to stabilize and manage risk in Nigeria’s large, internationalized banking sector. While Basel adoption was not a salient issue among Nigeria’s politicians, Nigeria’s large internationally active banks welcomed the implementation of Basel II as an important means to enhance their competitiveness and signal soundness to markets. These banks play an important role in providing employment and access to finance for the private sector, and their resolution would meet with resistance from politicians and lead to a loss of confidence in Nigeria’s banking sector.
Angola
Authors: Engebretsen Rebecca , de Oliveira Ricardo Soares 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
As in other resource-rich countries, the financial sector in Angola plays a key role in facilitating outgoing financial flows. The political allocation of credit and issuing of bank licenses to insiders have been an important avenue for securing support for the regime. The result has been strong opposition to the ratcheting-up of bank regulation and supervision. Yet a balance-of-payments crisis in 2009, falling in oil prices from 2014, and changes in the global regulatory environment together meant that divergence from international standards was no longer an option. For Angolan banks to maintain their links to the global financial market, the country needed to signal its readiness to regulate the sector in line with international standards. Nonetheless, because the politicized nature of the banking sector has not changed, standards are either not implemented or are implemented but not enforced, leading to a situation of ‘mock compliance’.
International Law as a Political Language, 1600–1859
Authors: Rech Walter 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
By illustrating the history of Italian international law from the early seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth century, this chapter explores the question of whether and to what extent this period may have been characterized by a genuinely Italian ‘tradition’ or approach to international legal issues. The chapter questions the notion of a monolithic Italian tradition in international law and shows that the commonality of topics and interests among Italian lawyers can best be read as part of broader trends in the European ‘law of nations’. Although they were concerned with nationally important matters such as maritime trade, the sovereignty of smaller polities and the relationship between State and church, Italian lawyers constantly defended their claims by resorting to the common European vocabulary of the ius naturae and ius gentium.
The Risorgimento and the “Birth” of International Law in Italy
Authors: Greppi Edoardo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Italian doctrine of international law developed in the mid-nineteenth century, mainly under the influence of the historical events that characterized the so-called Risorgimento, the political process leading to the political unification and formation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Several scholars largely based their writings on the theory developed by Pasquale Stanislao Mancini, according to which the principle of nationality was the basis for legitimacy and international subjectivity, a theory clearly linked with the political afflatus of the period. This chapter addresses the Italian scholarship of international law during the Risorgimento period, through a series of authors originally so strictly-linked with Mancini’s theories to be qualified, even at the time, as the ‘Italian school of international law’. Such theories were therefore firmly anchored in the Risorgimento, its political ideals and its historical evolution exercising a very significant impact on the international law studies in Italy during those decades.
The Construction of the International Law Discipline in Italy between the Mancinian and Positive Schools
Authors: Mura Eloisa 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs the evolution of international law studies between the aftermath of the political unification of Italy, when international law became a compulsory subject in the curriculum of the Departments of Law, and the last decades of the nineteenth century, when the positive law approach started to emerge. It provides an overview of the slow and tiring affirmation of the discipline’s specialism through dedicated chairs, the publication of early manuals, and scholars devoted to this subject, a process developed in the shadow of its influential tutelary deity: Pasquale Stanislao Mancini. This chapter thus offers another puzzle to current analysis aimed to reconstruct the phenomenon of the professionalization of international law in the nineteenth century, mainly explored in relation to other States.
The (Immediate) Post-World War II Period
Authors: Tancredi Antonello 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the development, after World War II, of two different currents of thought inherited by the Italian international law doctrine from the interwar period: dogmatism and structuralism. The analysis of some fundamental writings concerning topics such as the foundation and the social structure of the international legal order tries to offer a reading lens on some of the most important scientific trends (especially ‘realism’ and ‘neo-normativism’) of the post-World War II period and on the scholars that animated such approaches. Thanks to the identification of some structuring ideas, it will then be possible to briefly examine other issues concerning, for instance, the relationship between international and domestic law after the 1948 Republican Constitution, sovereignty, etc. The evolution of the methodology of international law will have a relevant part in the analysis of theoretical approaches developed by Italian scholars in this period.
The Formation of International Law Journals in ItalyTheir Role in the Discipline
Authors: Ingravallo Ivan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the role played by legal journals as ‘tools’ for international law studies in Italy. The author considers their role in the development of this subject in the domestic arena, where there were no specialized legal journals expressly devoted to these topics until 1898. The early journals represented ephemeral experiments, prior to the foundation of the Rivista di diritto internazionale in 1906 under the leadership of Dionisio Anzilotti. The Rivista represented a turning point in this branch of law and was followed by other periodicals established in the 1930s and 40s, which were partly inspired by the political milieu characterizing Fascist Italy, and by those that developed in the aftermath of World War II, which were influenced in turn by the theoretical and methodological premises of the time and by accentuated contrasts between different academic ‘schools’ of thought. Lastly, the author evaluates how the Italian journals of international law dealt with foreign scholars and foreign languages.
Catholicism and the Evolution of International Law Studies in Italy
Authors: Sossai Mirko 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Although there has been no Christian doctrine of international law in Italy, Catholicism still represented a source of inspiration for various scholars during the twentieth century when addressing the question of the foundations of international law. In a period of predominant positivism, alternative approaches, rooted in the universalistic view of the Catholic Church, sought to offer a narrative of the origins of international law, based on the idea of continuity with the ancient civitas christiana. This chapter seeks to assess how the scholarly debate took into account developments in the Catholic understanding of the role of law in the international community. Three key episodes are considered: the note of Pope Benedict XV qualifying the great war as ‘useless slaughter’; the ambivalent reaction of the Holy See to the birth of universal organizations; and the position of the Papacy vis-à-vis the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The Integrated Approach to Private and Public International Law—A Distinctive Feature of Italian Legal Thinking
Authors: Franzina Pietro 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
International law scholarship has traditionally been understood in Italy as encompassing the study of both public and private international law. The two subjects are still considered jointly for recruitment purposes and are mostly taught by the same professors. Pasquale Stanislao Mancini, who regarded nationality as a foundation of both disciplines, had a major influence on the popularization of this approach in the mid-nineteenth century. The advent of positivism, a few decades later, entailed a general rejection of Mancini’s views but did not challenge the integrated approach to the different branches of international law. Rather, the positivist turns triggered a renewed reflection on the ties between the two subjects. The study of international law, some argued, should cover, alongside international rules, such municipal rules as deal with international matters. The chapter outlines the origin and evolution of the Italian integrated approach to international law and its perception by today’s scholars, in Italy and abroad.
The Italian Doctrine over Final Decades
Authors: Palchetti Paolo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter aims to examine the evolution of Italian international legal scholarship from 1990 onward. After providing some contextual elements that appear of relevance in assessing the persistence of a national identity in international legal scholarship, the chapter focuses on two issues: the methods of Italian scholarship and its fields of interest. It shows that the permanence of a strong rule-based conception of international law, as well as a generalist approach to the study and teaching of international law, continue to be the most striking features characterizing Italian scholarship. On a broader perspective, the methods employed by Italian scholarship appear to be informed by a legal tradition that continues to thrive and largely prevail in many European States, if not beyond.
The Implications of the Revised EU Economic Governance Framework for National Economic Policy
Authors: Markakis Menelaos 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the effects of the crisis-induced legal and economic developments on the Member States, most notably in relation to their fiscal, economic, and social policy. It consists of three main parts. The first section of this chapter will analyse the substance and scope of the new EU economic rules. The second section of this chapter will look at the important changes that the EU legislation adopted during the crisis has brought about in EU economic surveillance. It will be argued that the new EU economic rules have redistributive effects in European societies and encroach on very sensitive areas of national policy, which underscores the need for a democratically legitimate EMU architecture. The third section of this chapter will look at the implementation of EU economic rules and assess the rigorousness of EU and independent national fiscal oversight. The principal default line is between lender states and borrower states. First, we will examine the bearing of the crisis-induced economic developments on Germany, as well as the EU economic guidance addressed to it in the context of the European Semester. Second, we will examine the bailout terms agreed with Greece in the context of the three rescue packages. It will be shown that these terms mandate far-reaching economic and social policy reforms, from which grave social repercussions have flown. In addition, it will be argued that there was very rigorous EU and independent national assessment of the progress Greece was making in relation to its economic adjustment programme.
Division of Power, Democratic Input, and Accountability Structures in the EU’s Banking Union
Authors: Markakis Menelaos 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the division of power and accountability structures in the European Banking Union, the principal emphasis being on political accountability. Other types of accountability are also examined where appropriate (e.g. budgetary, administrative, or legal accountability). The discussion begins with the division of competence between the national and EU authorities in the Banking Union. This is followed by examination of the role of the European and national parliaments, as well as the Council and Eurogroup, in holding the European Central Bank, the Single Resolution Board, and the national supervisory and resolution authorities to account for their actions in this area. The focus then shifts to the intra-institutional balance of power and the emerging patterns of geographical fragmentation. The penultimate section of the chapter focuses on access to information, which is crucial for all forms of accountability. The final section of this chapter offers a snapshot of some of the features of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM) and the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM) which may hamper the effectiveness of the Banking Union and place its output legitimacy in jeopardy. The chapter concludes with proposals on how to strengthen accountability and transparency in the Banking Union.
Judicial Review of Economic Policy: The EU Courts
Authors: Markakis Menelaos 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter seeks to unpack access to EU courts in the area of EMU, the emphasis being on the challenges facing austerity-hit litigants wishing to put their substantive case before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The discussion will proceed as follows. First, it will be shown that aggrieved individuals might not always be able to locate a formally binding EU law measure which could form the basis of a direct or indirect challenge before the EU courts. Second, it will be seen that the judicial doors to an Article 263 TFEU challenge (action for annulment) are, nevertheless, firmly shut as most private persons will not be able to overcome the admissibility hurdles of direct and individual concern. Third, almost all Article 267 TFEU challenges (preliminary reference) have so far been declared inadmissible, which begs the question as to the legal quality of the bailout terms and its ripple effect on the scope of application of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. Fourth, though aggrieved individuals could in principle bring an Article 340 TFEU action for damages before the EU courts, litigants are likely to face an uphill struggle in trying to convince the CJEU that the relevant requirements for liability of the EU institutions for damages for breach of EU law were met. The final section of this chapter will focus on the scope of application of the EU Charter, which has formed the basis of many (unsuccessful, thus far) challenges to austerity measures.
The Case Against Theory of Mind
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Considerations in the previous chapters led to an acknowledgment of the important role played by social context and intersubjective relations for understanding action. In this and subsequent chapters I explore in more detail, not only how action is related to social interaction, but also the nature of social interaction itself. In this chapter I start with the critical task of showing how contemporary standard approaches to questions about social cognition and theory of mind go wrong and fail to explain how we understand others, and more generally how they cover up the importance of embodied interaction in social contexts. Here I discuss the standard approaches of theory theory and simulation theory, as well as hybrid versions of these theories. I outline eight objections to these theories.
Communicative Actions and Narrative Practices
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter continues to build the more positive account of our everyday intersubjective abilities by considering the role of communicative and narrative practices. Research in applied linguistics shows that our communicative engagements are complex and detailed practices that draw on a multitude of semiotic resources in the environment and in the other person’s embodied comportment. From childhood we learn to make sense of persons in action-oriented and narrative ways, listening to stories, or (re-)producing them in play-acting. We become familiarized with a range of ordinary or extraordinary situations, and the sorts of actions appropriate to them, all of which help to shape our expectations about people and their behaviors. In order to understand others in circumstances instituted by complex social practices and normative formations, to empathize with them, and to engage in such practices with them, much depends on our capacity to frame the actions of others in narrative.