bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frailty Component Trajectories After Restoration of Kidney Function Among Kidney Transplant Recipients
Authors: Chu Nadia , Chen Xiaomeng , Segev Dorry , McAdams-DeMarco Mara 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Frailty is associated with decreased access to kidney transplantation (KT) and poor post-KT outcomes. Little is known about how an acute stressor, like KT, can impact the five physical frailty phenotype (PFP) criteria. We conducted a two-center prospective cohort study (2009-2019) of adult patients undergoing KT. PFP criteria were measured at KT admission, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and annually thereafter post-KT. We used adjusted mixed effects models with fixed and random effects for person and time to describe repeated measures of continuous criteria components (weight, gait speed, grip strength, activity). We used an adjusted generalized estimating equation to quantify longitudinal, binomial response patterns of exhaustion. Among 1,410 KT recipients (mean age=53) followed for a mean of 1.9 years (IQR=0.1-3.2), 46.8% had low activity, 46.7% weakness, 29.0% exhaustion, 16.1% slowness, and 14.3% unintentional weight loss at KT admission. Among continuous components, weight worsened (0.3lb/month, 95%CI:0.2,0.4), while grip strength (0.09kg/month, 95%CI: 0.07,0.11) and activity (5.8Kcal/month, 95%CI: 3.3, 8.2) improved post-KT; gait speed remained stable (-0.0004s/month, 95%CI: -0.01, 0.0005). Additionally, likelihood of transitioning from being exhausted did not change (OR=1.0, 95%CI: -0.01, 0.0005). Trajectories differed by age, such that improvements were observed among younger recipients (&lt;65 years), but not among older recipients (≥65 years) (p-interactions&lt;0.05). After undergoing a common surgical stressor, KT recipients demonstrated weight gain as well as improvements in strength and activity. Despite benefits of restoration of kidney function, clinicians should consider monitoring KT recipients for persistent weight gain, exhaustion, and slowness post-KT, particularly among older adults.
Bidirectional Relationship Between Subjective Age and Frailty: Findings From the NHATS
Authors: Li Yuxiao , Liu Minhui , Miyawaki Christina , Sun Xiaocao , Hou Tianxue , Tang Siyuan , Szanton Sarah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Frailty is a clinical syndrome that becomes increasingly common as people age. Subjective age refers to how young or old individuals experience themselves to be. It is associated with many risk factors of frailty, such as increased depression, worse cognitive function, and poorer psychological wellbeing. In this study, we examined the relationship between subjective age and frailty using the 2011-2015 waves of the National Health and Aging Trends Study. Participants were community-dwelling older adults without frailty in the initial wave (N=1,165). Subjective age was measured by asking participants, “What age do you feel most of the time?” Based on the Fried five phenotypic criteria: exhaustion, unintentional weight loss, low physical activity, slow gait, and weak grip strength, frailty was categorized into robust=0, pre-frail=1 or 2; frail=3 or more criteria met. Participants were, on average, 74.1±6.5 years old, female (52%), and non-Hispanic White (81%). Eighty-five percent of the participants felt younger, and 3% felt older than their chronological age, but 41% of them were pre-frail/frail. Generalized estimating equations revealed that an “older” subjective age predicted a higher likelihood of pre-frailty and frailty (OR, 95%CI= 1.01, 1.01-1.02). In contrast, frailty predicted an “older” subjective age (OR, 95%CI= 2.97, 1.65-5.35) adjusting for demographics and health conditions. These findings suggest a bidirectional relationship between subjective age and frailty. Older people who feel younger than their chronological age are at reduced risk of becoming pre-frail/frail. Intervention programs to delay frailty progression should include strategies that may help older adults perceive a younger subjective age.
Perceptions of Treatment Burden Among Elders With Diabetes and Comorbid Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias
Authors: Dickson Victoria Vaughan , Melnyk Halia , Ferris Rosie , Chodosh Joshua , Blaum Caroline 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: An estimated 25% of older adults with diabetes (DM) may have co-occurring Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias (ADRD), complicated by multiple treatment plans and providers. Assessing treatment burden has been limited to patients’ perspectives; little is known about caregiver perceptions of treatment burden despite their important role in personal care and treatment adherence. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe caregiver perceptions of treatment burden for older adults with DM-ADRD. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in the formative phase of “Enhanced Quality in Primary care for Elders with DM-ADRD (EQUIPED-ADRD) a pragmatic randomized controlled trial in a large, diverse healthcare system. A diverse sample of caregivers (n=15) of patients enrolled in the RCT participated in interviews about their caregiver role and perceptions of treatment burden of DM-ADRD clinical management. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis and themes about treatment burden were compared to domains on the Treatment Burden Questionnaire (TBQ). Results: Caregivers reported high levels of burden related to treatment plans for patients with DM-ADRD. Themes related to complexity and burden of medication management, monitoring (e.g., blood pressure, glucose monitoring), dietary and physical activity regimens, navigating healthcare providers and financial burden were reported. Caregivers also described high levels of emotional burden that was associated with patient’s cognitive decline and family functioning stress. Conclusions: Interventions to reduce treatment burden for patients and caregiver should include activating social/nursing services, respite care and care coordination that may support caregivers especially as patient treatment increases in complexity over time.
Positive Behaviors and Strengths of People With Dementia
Authors: DiGasbarro Diana , Whitaker Courtney , Mast Benjamin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Assessment of and care for people with dementia is shifting away from a purely medical disease model toward a more holistic, biopsychosocial approach. Within this movement is growing interest in balancing the negative, symptom-based view of people with dementia with better understanding of strengths and positive behaviors exhibited by people with dementia. The aim of this qualitative study was to gather perspectives of professional caregivers regarding positive behaviors and strengths observed in people with dementia. Data were obtained from three focus groups conducted at a memory care unit within a large long-term care facility. Focus group participants (N=14) worked in nursing and the activities department. Inductive methods were used to code and analyze focus group transcripts and recordings. Five major themes were identified: enduring abilities and values, enduring traits and strengths, sense of purpose and meaning, desire to be helpful, and prosocial behavior. These themes illustrate many domains in which professional caregivers have observed positive behaviors and strengths in people with dementia living in a long-term care facility. The results of this study contribute to the growing literature pertaining to the intersection of positive psychology and dementia research and practice. Future directions include development of an assessment tool to measure positive behavior and strengths in people living with dementia.
Discordance Between Patient and Caregiver on Ratings of Purpose in Life Following a Dementia Diagnostic Appointment
Authors: Wynn Matthew , Ju Catherine , Hill Patrick 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Purpose in life has been linked with better well-being and reduced risk for major illness. As such, work has focused on understanding what leads to changes in sense of purpose during adulthood, with a focus on major life events. Receiving a dementia diagnosis is a major life event that could affect purpose in life both for older adults with dementia and their potential caregivers. To examine this issue participants answered questions at two timepoints, before their diagnostic appointment at a specialized memory clinic, and between two days and two weeks after the appointment. Participants provided self-report ratings of sense of purpose and as well as open-ended answers regarding their purpose in life. Data is available from both caregivers and patients and qualitative coding was performed on participants’ open-ended responses. Our analysis revealed discordance between patients and caregivers, such that caregivers’ ratings of patients were lower in terms of purpose in life (t = -5.63, p &lt; .001) and being in worse health (t = -3.41, p &lt; .001) than patients’ ratings of themselves on the same measures. Discordance between caregiver and patient in the context of a dementia diagnostic appointment and outcomes associated with this discordance are discussed.
Aging and Old Age in Colombian Trans Women: A Grounded Theory Approach
Authors: Reyes Maria , Daniela Maldonado , Carlos Méndez , Ariza Maria , Arias Vannesa , Pachon Isabella 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Trans people around the world represent one of the most marginalized and stigmatized groups in society who are at high risk of discrimination, violence and abuse (White Hughto, Reisner, & Pachankis, 2015). In Colombia, older adults face a situation of vulnerability and poverty, and this situation is even more dramatic for older people with diverse gender identities. The research focused on understanding the challenges that a group of Colombian trans women experience in the process of aging and old age. An exploratory qualitative research project was carried out using constructionist Grounded Theory. Twenty five trans-women from 50 to 67 years old who live in Bogotá, Colombia participated. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The results address three main research questions: (a) How the participants overcome the life expectancy and achieve middle and older adulthood? (b) What are the barriers the participants faced in the aging process? (c) How do the group of Colombian trans women imagine and considered a successful aging? The results evidenced that the process of aging of the participants was influenced by six psycho-socio-cultural categories. A central category that was identified as opportunity, which was influenced by five categories: a) Violence, discrimination and transphobia, b) Transit process, c) Personal strengths d) Mobilization and activism and e) experience and perception the old age. Discussion. The challenges that the participants experienced were those associated with the process of aging and to their gender identity. Trans women achieve middle and old adulthood for their personal strengths, activism and mobilization.
Tide gauge data archaeology provides natural subsidence rates along the coasts of the Po Plain and of the Veneto-Friuli Plain, Italy
Authors: Zerbini S , Bruni S , Raicich F 
Published: December 2020

Summary
In Northern Italy, natural subsidence affects the Po and Veneto-Friuli Plains. Anthropogenic activities which started during the 1930s enhanced the natural rates considerably. Information on land lowering can be obtained not only by geodetic or geological data, but also analyzing and comparing sea-level time series of neighboring tide gauges. In the Northern Adriatic, several tide gauge stations were operational before the onset of the anthropogenic activities. We analyzed data spanning the period 1873–1922 from Marina di Ravenna, Venice and Trieste, in Italy. The 1897–1922 data of Pula, Croatia, were also considered for the analysis, but this time series was finally discarded because too short. Trieste, located in a relatively stable area, is characterized by a sea-level rate of 1.21 ± 0.35 mm/yr (1875–1922) that can be assumed to be a reliable estimate of the local sea-level rise during the period of interest. We compared the rate observed at Trieste with those obtained at Marina di Ravenna, 3.09 ± 0.31 mm/yr (1873–1922), and Venice, 2.05 ± 0.22 mm/yr (1873–1922). This comparison shows that the natural subsidence rate decreases from Marina di Ravenna to Venice and Trieste, turning out to be 1.88 ± 0.47 mm/yr and 0.84 ± 0.41 mm/yr at Marina di Ravenna and Venice, respectively.
An a priori error analysis of adjoint-based super-convergent Galerkin approximations of linear functionals
Authors: Cockburn Bernardo , Xia Shiqiang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We present the first a priori error analysis of a new method proposed in Cockburn & Wang (2017, Adjoint-based, superconvergent Galerkin approximations of linear functionals. J. Comput. Sci., 73, 644–666), for computing adjoint-based, super-convergent Galerkin approximations of linear functionals. If $J(u)$ is a smooth linear functional, where $u$ is the solution of a steady-state diffusion problem, the standard approximation $J(u_h)$ converges with order $h^{2k+1}$, where $u_h$ is the Hybridizable Discontinuous Galerkin approximation to $u$ with polynomials of degree $k&gt;0$. In contrast, numerical experiments show that the new method provides an approximation that converges with order $h^{4k}$, and can be computed by only using twice the computational effort needed to compute $J(u_h)$. Here, we put these experimental results in firm mathematical ground. We also display numerical experiments devised to explore the convergence properties of the method in cases not covered by the theory, in particular, when the solution $u$ or the functional $J(\cdot )$ are not very smooth. We end by indicating how to extend these results to the case of general Galerkin methods.
The International Criminal Court during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Abtahi Hirad 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Since COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization, the International Criminal Court (ICC) has taken a series of measures to ensure the continuation of its activities. To this effect, the Court has adjusted its proper administration both in Headquarters and Country Offices by moving to (partial) virtual offices mode. In so doing, the ICC has striven to ensure that staff well-being and business continuity go hand in hand. On this basis, the Court has worked towards the execution of its mandate, i.e. the prosecution and trial of individuals alleged to have committed one or more of the ICC Statute crimes. Against this background, the Court has had recourse to a combination of technological and sanitary measures in order to conduct pre-trial, trial and appeals proceedings in a fair and expeditious manner. These proceedings have ranged from the execution of arrest warrants and transfer of suspects to the Court’s custody through to the holding of hearings in the courtroom. By adapting itself to the evolving nature of COVID-19 — and reactions to the virus — the ICC will ensure that it remains resilient in the face of this unprecedented global sanitary crisis.
What is dry? Exploring metabolism and molecular mobility at extremely low water contents
Authors: Farrant Jill M , Hilhorst Henk W M 
Published: December 2020

This article comments on:Candotto Carniel FC, Fernandez-Marín B, Arc E, Craighero T, Laza MJ, Incerti G, Tretiach M, Kranner I. 2021. How dry is dry? Molecular mobility in relation to thallus water content in a lichen. Journal of Experimental Botany 72, 1576–1588
A comparison of presentations and outcomes of histoplasmosis across patients with varying immune status
Authors: Franklin Alexander D , Larson Lindsey , Rauseo Adriana M , Rutjanawech Sasinuch , Hendrix Michael Joshua , Powderly William G , Spec Andrej 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Few large cohorts have examined histoplasmosis in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. We describe the differences in presentations and outcomes of histoplasmosis by immune and dissemination status. We assembled a retrospective cohort of adult patients diagnosed with histoplasmosis from 2002 to 2017. Patients were grouped by immune status: people living with HIV (PLWH), patients who were HIV negative but had other-immunocompromise (OIC), and immunocompetent patients. Patients were further classified into asymptomatic lung nodule (ALN), localized and disseminated disease groups, and outcomes were compared across patients by these immune status categories We identified 261 patients with histoplasmosis: 54 (21%) PLWH, 98 (38%) OIC, and 109 (42%) immunocompetent. Disseminated disease was more common among PLWH than among other groups (P &lt; .001). In localized disease, median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was longer in immunocompetent patients than in other groups (P = .012), and was not significant in disseminated disease. The 90-day mortality was higher in PLWH (25%) and OIC (26%) with localized disease compared to the immunocompetent group (4%) (P = .009), but this difference was not seen in disseminated disease. Patients with localized disease had lower 90-day mortality (14%) compared to those with disseminated disease (21%) (P = .034). We conclude that immunocompetent individuals present with fewer typical symptoms, laboratory findings, and radiographic features of Histoplasma infection, leading to potential delays in diagnosis in this group. Despite this, immunocompetent patients have lower 90-day mortality in localized disease, and do not experience increased 90-day mortality in disseminated disease.
Mapping the spectral index of Cassiopeia A: evidence for flattening from radio to infrared
Authors: Domček V , Vink J , Hernández Santisteban J V , DeLaney T , Zhou P 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Synchrotron radiation from supernova remnants is caused by electrons accelerated through diffusive shock acceleration (DSA). The standard DSA theory predicts an electron spectral index of p = 2, corresponding to a radio spectral index of α = −0.5. An extension of DSA theory predicts that the accelerated particles change the shock structure, resulting in a spectrum that is steeper than p &gt; 2 (α &lt; −0.5) at low energies and flattens with energy. For Cassiopeia A, a synchrotron spectral flattening was previously reported for a small part of the remnant in the mid-infrared regime. Here, we present new measurements for spectral flattening using archival radio (4.72 GHz) and mid-infrared (3.6 μm) data, and we produce a complete spectral index map to investigate the spatial variations within the remnant. We compare this to measurements of the radio spectral index from L-band (1.285 GHz) and C-band (4.64 GHz) maps. Our result shows overall spectral flattening across the remnant (αR-IR ∼ −0.5 to −0.7), to be compared with the radio spectral index of αR = −0.77. The flattest values coincide with the locations of most recent particle acceleration. In addition to overall flattening, we detect a relatively steeper region in the south-east of the remnant (αR-IR ∼ −0.67). We explore whether these locally steeper spectra could be the result of synchrotron cooling, which provides constraints on the local magnetic field strengths and the age of the plasma, suggesting B ≲ 2 mG for an age of 100 yr, and even B ≲ 1 mG using the age of Cas A, in agreement with other estimates.
Implementing primordial binaries in simulations of star cluster formation with a hybrid MHD and direct N-body method
Authors: Cournoyer-Cloutier Claude , Tran Aaron , Lewis Sean , Wall Joshua E , Harris William E , Mac Low Mordecai-Mark , McMillan Stephen L W , Portegies Zwart Simon , Sills Alison 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
The fraction of stars in binary systems within star clusters is important for their evolution, but what proportion of binaries form by dynamical processes after initial stellar accretion remains unknown. In previous work, we showed that dynamical interactions alone produced too few low-mass binaries compared to observations. We therefore implement an initial population of binaries in the coupled magnetohydrodynamics and direct N-body star cluster formation code torch. We compare simulations with, and without, initial binary populations and follow the dynamical evolution of the binary population in both sets of simulations, finding that both dynamical formation and destruction of binaries take place. Even in the first few million years of star formation, we find that an initial population of binaries is needed at all masses to reproduce observed binary fractions for binaries with mass ratios above the q ≥ 0.1 detection limit. Our simulations also indicate that dynamical interactions in the presence of gas during cluster formation modify the initial distributions towards binaries with smaller primary masses, larger mass ratios, smaller semimajor axes and larger eccentricities. Systems formed dynamically do not have the same properties as the initial systems, and systems formed dynamically in the presence of an initial population of binaries differ from those formed in simulations with single stars only. Dynamical interactions during the earliest stages of star cluster formation are important for determining the properties of binary star systems.
On the flaring of thick discs of galaxies: insights from simulations
Authors: García de la Cruz Joaquín , Martig Marie , Minchev Ivan , James Philip 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Using simulated galaxies in their cosmological context, we analyse how the flaring of mono-age populations (MAPs) influences the flaring and the age structure of geometrically defined thick discs. We also explore under which circumstances the geometric thin and thick discs are meaningfully distinct components, or are part of a single continuous structure as in the Milky Way. We find that flat thick discs are created when MAPs barely flare or have low surface density at the radius where they start flaring. When looking at the vertical distribution of MAPs, these galaxies show a continuous thin/thick structure. They also have radial age gradients and tend to have quiescent merger histories. Those characteristics are consistent with what is observed in the Milky Way. Flared thick discs, on the other hand, are created when the MAPs that flare have a high surface density at the radius where they start flaring. The thick discs’ scale heights can either be dominated by multiple MAPs or just a few, depending on the mass and scale height distribution of the MAPs. In a large fraction of these galaxies, thin and thick discs are clearly distinct structures. Finally, flared thick discs have diverse radial age gradients and merger histories, with galaxies that are more massive or that have undergone massive mergers showing flatter age radial gradients in their thick disc.
Clustering in the simulated H α galaxy redshift survey from Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
Authors: Zhai Zhongxu , Chuang Chia-Hsun , Wang Yun , Benson Andrew , Yepes Gustavo 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a realistic 2000 deg2 H α galaxy mock catalogue with 1 &lt; z &lt; 2 for the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman) galaxy redshift survey, the High Latitude Spectroscopic Survey (HLSS), created using Galacticus, a semi-analytical galaxy formation model, and high-resolution cosmological N-body simulations. Galaxy clustering can probe dark energy and test gravity via baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) and redshift space distortion (RSD) measurements. Using our realistic mock as the simulated Roman HLSS data, and a covariance matrix computed using a large set of approximate mocks created using ezmock, we investigate the expected precision and accuracy of the BAO and RSD measurements using the same analysis techniques used in analysing real data. We find that the Roman H α galaxy survey alone can measure the angular diameter distance with 2 per cent uncertainty, the Hubble parameter with 3–6 per cent uncertainty, and the linear growth parameter with 7 per cent uncertainty, in each of four redshift bins. Our realistic forecast illustrates the power of the Roman galaxy survey in probing the nature of dark energy and testing gravity.