bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testosterone Induces Relaxation of Human Corpus Cavernosum Tissue of Patients With Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Van den Broeck Thomas , Soebadi Mohammad Ayodhia , Falter Annelies , Raets Lore , Duponselle Jolien , Lootsma Joline , Heintz Alexander , Philtjens Uchelly , Hofkens Lien , Gonzalez-Viedma Arantxa , Driesen Karel , Sandner Peter , Albersen Maarten , Brône Bert , Van Renterghem Koenraad 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIntroductionPrevious research in the field of cardiovascular diseases suggests a relaxing effect of testosterone (T) on smooth muscle cells. Therefore, it was hypothesized that T could play a significant role in erection development.AimTo investigate the relaxing effect of T and other molecules of the T signaling pathway on human corpus cavernosum (HCC) tissue.MethodsSamples of the HCC tissue were obtained from men who underwent penile prosthesis implantation (n = 33) for erectile dysfunction. Samples were used for isometric tension measurement in Ex Vivo experiments. Following standardized precontraction with phenylephrine, increasing doses of T or dihydrotestosterone were administered and blocked by NO/H2S synthesis inhibitors, a KATP blocker, and flutamide (androgen receptor inhibitor).Main Outcome MeasureThe outcome was relaxation of the HCC tissue, normalized to a maximum precontraction achieved by phenylephrine.ResultsA dose-dependent relaxing effect of dihydrotestosterone and T was observed with a relaxation of, respectively, 24.9% ± 23.4% (P &lt; .0001) and 41.7% ± 19.1% (P = .01) compared with 6.8% ± 15.9% for vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide) at 300 μM. The relaxing effect of T was not countered by blocking NO synthesis, H2S synthesis, KATP channels, or the androgen receptor.Clinical ImplicationsBy understanding the underlying mechanisms of T-induced HCC relaxation, potential new therapeutic targets can be identified.Strengths & LimitationsThe strength of the study is the use of fresh HCC tissues with reproducible results. The limitation is the need for supraphysiological T levels to induce the observed effect.ConclusionRapid androgen-induced relaxation of HCC is likely to occur via nongenomic mechanisms. Previously suggested mechanisms of action by which T modulates HCC relaxation have been excluded.
I3: A Self-Organising Learning Workflow for Intuitive Integrative Interpretation of Complex Genetic Data
Authors: Tan Yun , Jiang Lulu , Wang Kankan , Fang Hai 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We propose a computational workflow (I3) for intuitive integrative interpretation of complex genetic data mainly building on the self-organising principle. We illustrate the use in interpreting genetics of gene expression and understanding genetic regulators of protein phenotypes, particularly in conjunction with information from human population genetics and/or evolutionary history of human genes. We reveal that loss-of-function intolerant genes tend to be depleted of tissue-sharing genetics of gene expression in brains, and if highly expressed, have broad effects on the protein phenotypes studied. We suggest that this workflow presents a general solution to the challenge of complex genetic data interpretation. I3 is available at http://suprahex.r-forge.r-project.org/I3.html.
How Dynamic Boundary Conditions Induce Solute Trapping and Quasi‐stagnant Zones in Laboratory Experiments Comprising Unsaturated Heterogeneous Porous Media
Authors: Cremer C. J. M. , Neuweiler I. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe vadose zone is subject to dynamic boundary conditions in the form of infiltration and evaporation. A better understanding of implications for flow and solute transport, arising from these dynamic boundary conditions in combination with heterogeneous structure, will help to improve the prediction of the fate of solutes. We present laboratory experiments and numerical simulations of heterogeneous porous media under unsaturated conditions where controlled, temporally varying precipitation and evaporation are applied to study the effect of dynamic boundary conditions on solute transport in the presence of material interfaces. Dye tracers Eosine Y and Brilliant Blue FCF are utilized to visualize solute transport and analyze redistribution processes in a flow cell. Water and solute fluxes in and out of the flow cell are quantified. While in dynamic experiments application of small infiltration rates (significantly below the saturated hydraulic conductivities of the materials) led to a reversal of transport paths between infiltration and succeeding evaporation, larger infiltration rates altered downward transport such that flow and transport paths differed from those observed during evaporation. Differences in transport paths ultimately led to a redistribution and trapping of solute in one material which manifested as pronounced tailing in breakthrough curves. Trapping was induced not by the formation of a stagnant zone as result of large parameter contrast but by an interplay of dynamic boundary conditions and material heterogeneity. This study thereby highlights the importance to consider dynamic boundary conditions in predictions of solute leaching.
A New Method to Evaluate Reanalyses Using Synoptic Patterns: An Example Application in the Ross Sea/Ross Ice Shelf Region
Authors: McDonald Adrian J. , Cairns Luke H. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe compare the consistency between eight reanalyses: CERA20C, ERA5, ERA‐Interim, ERA20C, NCEP‐DOE, MERRA2, JRA55, and 20CRV2c. This comparison uses daily surface winds near Antarctica to classify synoptic patterns using the self‐organizing map technique. The relative frequency of occurrence (RFO) of these patterns are very similar during the satellite era in each reanalysis. The three most common patterns are the same in each reanalysis and changes between the reanalyses only display a 12% relative variation. Examination of the RFOs over time highlights that the CERA20C and 20CRV2c reanalyses display large changes previous to 1957. These changes are likely connected to model relaxation toward their climatology because of a lack of observational constraints. Primarily, we introduce the entropy coefficient (U) which quantifies the consistency between reanalyses in their representation of synoptic patterns. Examination of U shows current reanalyses (ERA5, ERA‐Interim, JRA55, and MERRA2) are highly consistent in the satellite era likely due to good observational coverage. However, centennial reanalyses (CERA20C, ERA20C, and 20CRV2c) show two upward step changes in consistency as measured by U at around 1957 and to a lesser extent 1979. Low values of U before 1957 suggest that centennial reanalyses are of limited use before this date, but may be useful after 1957 in this region. We also show that the entropy coefficient displays an inverse relationship with ensemble spread metrics of individual reanalyses. We conclude that the entropy coefficient provides a powerful quantification of the influence of changes in observation density on reanalysis quality in data sparse regions.
The 2017 Eruption of Erta 'Ale Volcano, Ethiopia: Insights Into the Shallow Axial Plumbing System of an Incipient Mid‐Ocean Ridge
Authors: Moore C. , Wright T. , Hooper A. , Biggs J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe final stage of continental breakup is often accompanied by abundant magmatism. Erta 'Ale volcano lies on the Nubia‐Arabia extensional boundary in Afar, Ethiopia, an incipient mid‐ocean ridge. A fissure on the south flank of Erta 'Ale began erupting on 21 January 2017 and has remained active until at least July 2019. We use Sentinel‐1 synthetic aperture radar acquisitions to create a time series of ground displacement measurements at Erta 'Ale from October 2014 to June 2019, covering the eruption and its buildup. In the preeruption period, we observe gradual extension centered on the lava lake, consistent with the opening of an axis‐aligned dike. Using synthetic aperture radar intensity shadows, we show that the long‐lived Erta 'Ale lava lake was stable in this period, indicative of a steady pressure state in the shallow plumbing system. During the initial eruption, we observe surface displacements consistent with a shallow dike intrusion below the eruption site and conduit contraction below the lava lake. The pressure change associated with the cointrusive drop in the lava lake level is sufficient to reproduce the deformation pattern suggesting that the lava lake is well connected to the shallow plumbing system. Subsidence and contraction during the long‐lived eruption indicates the presence of an off‐rift vertically extensive source. We suggest that this may represent a system of stacked sources throughout the upper crust, with melt being more distributed. We also propose that high magma flux on the slow‐spreading Erta 'Ale segment may be facilitating the presence of shallow axial magma bodies.
Middle to Late Pleistocene Architecture and Stratigraphy of the Lower Bengal Fan—Integrating Multichannel Seismic Data and IODP Expedition 354 Results
Authors: Bergmann Fenna , Schwenk Tilmann , Spiess Volkhard , France‐Lanord Christian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUtilizing a novel data set of integrated high‐resolution multichannel seismic data with IODP Expedition 354 drilling results, a Middle to Late Pleistocene stratigraphy for the lower Bengal Fan is developed. The study reveals a high lateral and temporal variability of deposition expressed by lateral shifts (often exceeding 100 km) between successive channel‐levee systems (CLSs), which occurred on average every ~15 kyr independent from sea‐level changes. The CLSs are embedded in sheeted sediments deposited out of unchannelized turbidity currents, which represent almost two thirds of the lower Bengal Fan sediments. On 100‐kyr timescales, CLSs and sheeted/unchannelized sediments build up subfans, which alternately occupied the western and the eastern Bengal Fan, while the remaining area was draped by ~10 to 20 m‐thick layers of background/hemipelagic sediments. Three subfans have been reconstructed: Subfan B (1.24–0.68 Ma) formed concurrently with the Middle Pleistocene Hemipelagic Layer, Subfan C (0.68–0.25 Ma) covered the entire study area, and Subfan D (0.25 Ma to recent) deposited concomitant with the Late Pleistocene Hemipelagic Layer. The continuous succession of subfans indicates an uninterrupted fan activity independent from sea‐level cycles at least since the Middle Pleistocene. This remarkable independent behavior in terms of sediment supply has not been observed at the Amazon Fan but is in agreement with observations from the Congo Fan. Finally, the analysis of a complete cross section through the lower Bengal Fan reveals that almost half of the sediment represents sands, indicating that the lower Bengal Fan may not generally be classified as “mud rich” (≤30% sand).
Low Frequency (f < 200 Hz) Polar Plasmaspheric Hiss: Coherent and Intense
Authors: Tsurutani Bruce T. , Park Sang A. , Falkowski Barbara J. , Bortnik Jacob , Lakhina Gurbax S. , Sen Abhijit , Pickett Jolene S. , Hajra Rajkumar , Parrot Michell , Henri Pierre 
Published: November 2019

AbstractLow frequency (LF) ~22 Hz to 200 Hz plasmaspheric hiss was studied using a year of Polar plasma wave data occurring during solar cycle minimum. The waves are found to be most intense in the noon and early dusk sectors. When only the most intense LF (ILF) hiss was examined, they are found to be substorm dependent and most prominent in the noon sector. The noon sector ILF waves were also determined to be independent of solar wind ram pressure. The ILF hiss intensity is independent of magnetic latitude. ILF hiss is found to be highly coherent in nature. ILF hiss propagates at all angles relative to the ambient magnetic field. Circular, elliptical, and linear/highly elliptically polarized hiss have been detected, with elliptical polarization the dominant characteristic. A case of linear polarized ILF hiss that occurred deep in the plasmasphere during geomagnetic quiet was noted. The waveforms and polarizations of ILF hiss are similar to those of intense high frequency hiss. We propose the hypothesis that ~10–100 keV substorm injected electrons gradient drift to dayside minimum B pockets close to the magnetopause to generate LF chorus. The closeness of this chorus to low altitude entry points into the plasmasphere will minimize wave damping and allow intense noon‐sector ILF hiss. The coherency of ILF hiss leads the authors to predict energetic electron precipitation into the mid latitude ionosphere and the electron slot formation during substorms. Several means of testing the above hypotheses are discussed.
A Systematic Study in Characteristics of Lower Band Rising‐Tone Chorus Elements
Authors: Shue Jih‐Hong , Nariyuki Yasuhiro , Katoh Yuto , Saito Shinji , Kasahara Yoshiya , Hsieh Yi‐Kai , Matsuda Shoya , Goto Yoshitaka 
Published: November 2019

AbstractChorus waves are usually generated outside the plasmapause in the equatorial region of the magnetosphere. The discrete characteristics of chorus elements are quantified by the three parameters: lasting time, frequency bandwidth, and repetition period. A systematic study in the lasting time and frequency bandwidth in terms of background plasma and magnetic fields has not been performed in the past. Here we use burst mode waveform data from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interaction during Substorms (THEMIS) probes and the random forest method of machine learning and Pearson's correlation analysis to investigate which background plasma and magnetic field parameter is dominant over the lasting time and frequency bandwidth. We find that the temperature is the most important parameter that controls the lasting time. The lasting time is shorter when this temperature is higher. We also find that the normalized bandwidth by the local electron cyclotron frequency is controlled by the number density of energetic electrons. The normalized bandwidth is wider when this number density is larger. These results can be well explained by the threshold and optimum wave amplitudes for the nonlinear generation of chorus waves (Omura & Nunn, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016280). The findings derived from this analysis can be used to serve as a guideline for a deep understanding of the generation mechanism of chorus elements and help choose input for a modeling of wave‐particle interactions in the radiation belts.
Seismic Dispersion and Attenuation in Fluid‐Saturated Carbonate Rocks: Effect of Microstructure and Pressure
Authors: Borgomano Jan V. M. , Pimienta Lucas X. , Fortin Jérôme , Guéguen Yves 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe frequency dependence of seismic properties of fully saturated rocks can be related to wave‐induced fluid flows at different scales. The elastic dispersion and attenuation of four fluid‐saturated carbonate rocks, with different microstructures, have been measured over a broad frequency range in the laboratory. The selected rocks were a presalt coquina from offshore Congo, an Urgonian limestone from Provence (France), and an Indiana limestone either intact or thermally cracked. The selected samples present a variety of pore types characteristic of carbonates, and their link with potential squirt flow dispersion was investigated. To cover a broad frequency range, forced oscillations (0.004 to 100 Hz) and ultrasonic (1 MHz) measurement techniques were performed in a triaxial cell, at various differential pressures, on the samples saturated by fluids of different viscosity. Both hydrostatic and axial oscillations were applied in order to get the different dynamic moduli. For all our samples, the drained/undrained transition and the squirt flow mechanisms were characterized experimentally, in terms of amplitude of dispersion, amount of viscoelastic attenuation, and frequency ranges. Biot‐Gassmann's theory was found to apply mainly at seismic frequencies (10–100 Hz). A potential correlation between pore type and possible squirt flow dispersion was investigated. Intragranular microporosity, with either a rimmed or uniform distribution, does not seem to generate any substantial dispersion. On the other hand, cracked intergranular cement and uncemented grain contacts seem to generate substantial squirt flow dispersion, at respectively seismic and sonic log frequencies.
Phase‐Field Modeling of Reaction‐Driven Cracking: Determining Conditions for Extensive Olivine Serpentinization
Authors: Evans Owen , Spiegelman Marc , Kelemen Peter B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe motion of plates leads to cycling of chemically bound water and volatiles through the Earth's interior, having consequences for arc magmatism and seismic activity at subduction zones. Tectonically exhumed peridotite at the Earth's surface provides a substantial sink for water and carbon. The natural chemical disequilibrium that exists between exposed mantle peridotite and the surface waters/atmosphere could potentially be harnessed as a negative carbon emission technology. Understanding this process is therefore critical from both a petrological and environmental perspective. Retrograde metamorphism is physically complex, potentially involving an interplay between positive (cracking) and negative (clogging) feedbacks that may limit, or promote, fluid supply to unreacted minerals. Modeling studies are important in helping to constrain the conditions that control the extent of reaction in ultramafic rocks. This study builds on a previously reported model that describes olivine hydration/carbonation in a poroelastic medium, coupling fluid flow, elastic deformation, and mass transfer between chemically active phases. Here we extend this model to include brittle failure, which is crucial given the widely held hypothesis that reaction‐driven cracking is the dominant positive feedback in these processes. Here we explore the use of phase‐field methods to simulate brittle failure in a poroelastic medium, in the context of hydration (serpentinization) of peridotite. We show that reaction‐driven cracking in this model can generate a positive feedback that, under certain conditions, can lead to 100% transformation of olivine to serpentine.
Large Projected Decline in Dissolved Oxygen in a Eutrophic Estuary Due to Climate Change
Authors: Ni Wenfei , Li Ming , Ross Andrew C. , Najjar Raymond G. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractClimate change is known to cause deoxygenation in the open ocean, but its effects on eutrophic and seasonally hypoxic estuaries and coastal oceans are less clear. Using Chesapeake Bay as a study site, we conducted climate downscaling projections for dissolved oxygen and found that the hypoxic and anoxic volumes would increase by 10–30% between the late 20th and mid‐21st century. A budget analysis of dissolved oxygen in the bottom water revealed differing physical and biogeochemical responses to climate change. Sea level rise and larger winter‐spring runoff led to stronger stratification and large reductions in the vertical oxygen supply to the bottom water. On the other hand, warming led to earlier initiation of hypoxia, accompanied by weaker summer respiration and more rapid termination of hypoxia. Decreasing solubility due to warming accounted for about 50% of the reduction in the bottom‐water oxygen content.
Stochastic Surrogate Model for Meteotsunami Early Warning System in the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Denamiel Cléa , Šepić Jadranka , Huan Xun , Bolzer Célia , Vilibić Ivica 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe meteotsunami early warning system prototype using stochastic surrogate approach and running operationally in the eastern Adriatic Sea is presented. First, the atmospheric internal gravity waves (IGWs) driving the meteotsunamis are either forecasted with state‐of‐the‐art deterministic models at least a day in advance or detected through measurements at least 2 hr before the meteotsunami reaches sensitive locations. The extreme sea‐level hazard forecast at endangered locations is then derived with an innovative stochastic surrogate model—implemented with generalized polynomial chaos expansion (gPCE) method and synthetic IGWs forcing a barotropic ocean model—used with the input parameters extracted from deterministic model results and/or measurements. The evaluation of the system, both against five historical events and for all the detected potential meteotsunamis since late 2018 when the early warning system prototype became operational, reveals that the meteotsunami hazard is conservatively assessed but often overestimated at some locations. Despite some needed improvements and developments, this study demonstrates that gPCE‐based methods can be used for atmospherically driven extreme sea‐level hazard assessment and in geosciences in wide.
20th Century δ18O Seawater and Salinity Variations Reconstructed From Paired δ18O and Sr/Ca Measurements of a La Reunion Coral
Authors: Pfeiffer M. , Reuning L. , Zinke J. , Garbe‐Schönberg D. , Leupold M. , Dullo Wolf‐Christian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSea surface salinity (SSS) is an important variable in the global ocean circulation. However, decadal to interdecadal changes in SSS are not well understood due to the lack of instrumental data. Here we reconstruct SSS from a paired, bimonthly resolved coral δ18O and Sr/Ca record from La Reunion Island that extends from 1913 to 1995. Coral Sr/Ca correlates with regional sea surface temperature (SST) back to 1966, when instrumental coverage is good, while coral δ18O does not. The slope of the monthly (annual mean) coral Sr/Ca‐SST regression is −0.040 mmol/mol per 1 °C (−0.068 mmol/mol per 1 °C) consistent with published estimates of the Sr/Ca‐SST relationship. Coral Sr/Ca suggest a warming of 0.39 °C since 1913. δ18O seawater is calculated by subtracting the temperature component from measured coral δ18O, using coral Sr/Ca as well as historical SST products. The derived δ18O seawater reconstructions are correlated (r > 0.6), and all show a significant shift in the midtwentieth century (−0.17‰ to −0.19‰), indicating a freshening of SSS by 0.7 psu. However, the timing of this shift depends on the temperature component and varies from 1947 (δ18O seawater calculated with historical SST) to the late 1950s (δ18O seawater calculated with coral Sr/Ca). Coral Sr/Ca shows warm temperature anomalies in the mid‐1950s, while historical SST products show warm anomalies from 1940 to 1945 followed by cooling in the 1950s, a pattern typical for the World War II bias. This suggests that historical SST may bias reconstructions of δ18O seawater and SSS from corals.
Reactive Transport in Heterogeneous Porous Media Under Different Péclet Numbers
Authors: Nissan Alon , Berkowitz Brian 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe study the synergistic effects of the Péclet number and the length scale of medium heterogeneity on the evolution of bimolecular reactive transport between mobile and immobile species. We performed a suite of numerical simulations at the Darcy scale that quantify the instantaneous, irreversible bimolecular reaction Aaq+Bs→Caq, under various transport conditions (Péclet numbers) and porous media configurations (correlation lengths). We find that the global reaction rate is sensitive to both the Péclet number and the correlation length. The total amount of product decreases with increasing Péclet number, while it increases with increasing correlation length. In addition, for all of these scenarios, the global reaction rate is shown to be time dependent and is an outcome of the anomalous transport behavior of the chemical species. The time‐dependent behavior of the reaction rate is amplified with increasing Péclet number and decreasing correlation length and can be well approximated by a power law relationship. We find, too, that the transport behavior of the reaction products (C) often deviates from that of the inflowing reactant species (A), because reactions occur preferentially within the flow domain. Finally, and due to the influence of the Péclet number on reactive transport, we show that temporal variations in the magnitude of the flow field (i.e, changing the Péclet number over time) shift the reaction and transport behavior into a state measurably different than that for steady flow conditions.