bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring communities’ perceptions of the etiology of illnesses in newborns and young infants 0–59 days old in 4 counties in Kenya
Authors: Odwe George , Ndwiga Charity , Okondo Chantalle , Sripad Pooja , Abuya Timothy , Warren Charlotte E. 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundUnderstanding communities’ beliefs about the causes of illnesses in sick young infants (SYIs) is key to strengthening interventions and improving newborn health outcomes. This study explored communities' perception of the etiology of illnesses in SYIs 0–59 days old in four counties in Kenya.MethodsWe used an exploratory qualitative study design. Data were collected between August and September 2018 and involved 23 in-depth interviews with female caregivers aged 15-24years; 25 focus group discussions with female caregivers aged 15–18 years, 19–24 years and 25–45 years; and 7 focus group discussions with fathers aged 18–34 years and 35 or more years. Participants were purposely sampled, only those with SYIs 0–59 days old were eligible to participate. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis framework approach.ResultsFemale caregivers and fathers attributed illnesses in SYIs 0–59 days old to natural (biomedical) and supernatural causes which sometimes co-existed. There were commonalities in perceived natural causes of illness in SYIs across sites, age groups and gender. Perceived natural causes of illness in SYIs include unfavorable environmental and hygiene conditions, poor maternal and child nutrition, and healthcare practices. Perceived supernatural causes of illness in SYIs such as ‘evil eyes’ were common across the four counties while others were geographically unique such as the belief that owls cause illnesses.ConclusionCommunities’ understanding of the etiology of illnesses in SYIs in the study settings overlapped between natural and supernatural causes. There is need for child health programmes to take into consideration communities’ beliefs and practices regarding disease and health to improve newborn health outcomes.
The bio-sonographic index. A novel modality for early detection of acute kidney injury after complex vascular surgery. A protocol for an exploratory prospective study
Authors: Zaky Ahmed , Beck Adam W. , Bae Sejong , Sturdivant Adam , Liwo Amandiy , Zdenek Novak , McAnally Nicole , Ahmad Shama , Meers Brad , Robbin Michelle , Pittet J. F. , Tolwani Ashita , Berkowitz Dan 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of complex aortic surgery with high mortality, morbidity and health care expense. The current definition of AKI does not allow for structural characterization of the kidneys and utilizes functional indices with substantial limitations leading to delayed diagnosis and ineffective interventions. The aim of this study is to develop a method of early detection of structural renal abnormalities that can precede and predict the occurrence of AKI in this population. We propose a novel combined index of ultrasonography (shear wave elastography), biomarkers of renal stress (urinary insulin growth factor binding protein-7, IGFBP-7 and inhibitor of tissue metalloproteinase-2, TIMP-2) and renal injury markers (urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin -NGAL)- the bio-sonographic index (BSI).MethodsA prospective observational study at a tertiary referral center will be performed enrolling 80 patients undergoing elective open and endovascular repair of the visceral aorta. The BSI will be evaluated at baseline, and at 6 and 24 hours after the procedure. The primary outcome is the occurrence of AKI according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. Each patient will be his/her own control. A reference group of 15 healthy volunteers who are not undergoing interventions will be enrolled to test the feasibility of and to refine the novel SWE protocol. The BSI will be tested for its predictability of the occurrence of AKI. Comparisons will be made between individual and combined components of the BSI and traditional markers used in the KDIGO definition; serum creatinine and urine output in terms of baseline status of the kidney. Correlations will be made between the BSI and conventional indices of AKI and exploratory analyses will be conducted to identify individual disease patterns using the BSI.DiscussionWe hypothesize that the BSI will be a sensitive index of early structural abnormalities that precede and predict the occurrence of AKI as defined by KDIGO in complex vascular surgery.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govNCT04144894. Registered 1/6/2020.
Kandungan Logam (Pb) pada Strombus canarium Linnaeus,1758 (Mollusca :Gastropoda) di Perairan Malang Rapat dan Tanjung Siambang Provinsi Kepulauan Riau
Authors: Askara Andi Bakia , Idris Fadhliyah , Putra Risandi Dwirama , Nugraha Aditya Hikmat 
Published: November 2020

Human activities in coastal areas have the potential to cause heavy metal pollution. The impact of heavy metal pollution causes the accumulation of heavy metals in the body of marine biota, including the Gonggong Snail (S. Canarium). This study aims to analyze the concentration of heavy metals Pb in Gonggong snails in two different characteristics of aquatic ecosystems. Purposive sampling used as a sampling method of Gonggong Snail. The Analysis of heavy metal concentrations from Pb using the ICP (Inductively coupled plasma). The results showed the heavy metal concentration of Pb was 0.427 mg/kg for Malang Rapat Village and 0.71 mg/kg for Tanjung Siambang village. The difference between the two locations possibly due to differences in the aquatic characteristics at the study site. Aktivitas manusia di kawasan pesisir berpotensi menyebabkan terjadinya pencemaran logam berat. Dampak dari pencemaran logam berat dapat menyebabkan terakumulasinya logam berat pada tubuh biota laut, salah satunya yaitu Siput Gonggong (S.Canarium). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsentrasi logam berat Pb pada Siput Gonggong yang terdapat pada dua ekosistem perairan yang memiliki karakteristik perairan berbeda. Pengambilan sampel siput gonggong dilakukan dengan cara purposive sampling. Analisis konsentrasi logam berat menggunakan bantuan alat ICP (Inductively coupled plasma). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi logam berat Pb sebesar 0,427 mg/kg untuk Desa Malang Rapat dan 0,71 mg/kg untuk desa Tanjung Siambang. Terjadi perbedaan antara kedua lokasi kemungkinan dikarnakan adanya perbedaan karakteristik perairan pada lokasi penelitian.
Kontaminasi pestisida organofosfat dan logam berat pada airtanah di Wilayah Pantai Utara Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur
Authors: Susanti B Tyas , Rochaddi Baskoro , Suryono Chrisna Adhi , Irwani Irwani 
Published: November 2020

Groundwater is the main source of clean fresh water in coastal areas. Coastal cities development in many sectors often produces waste that pollutes groundwater, among others, in the form of pesticides and heavy metals. Chlorpyrifos, mercury and arsenic are contaminants that are toxic and endanger human health or the environment. The purpose of this study was to examine groundwater conditions against contamination of organophosphate pesticides, heavy metals Hg and As in the northern coastal areas of Central Java and East Java. Chlorpyrifos content was found in 4 sample locations with a concentration of 0.0004 - 0.0021 ppm. Hg content was found at 8 sample locations with a concentration of 0.004 - 0.321 ppm and As was found at all locations (26) samples with a concentration of 0.102 - 0.505 ppm. The results of the analysis show that the incidence of pesticides and heavy metals in groundwater has anthropogenic sources due to agricultural, industrial or residential waste activities. Airtanah merupakan sumber daya air tawar bersih yang utama di wilayah pesisir. Perkembangan kota-kota pesisir di banyak sektor seringkali menghasilkan limbah yang mencemari airtanah antara lain berupa pestisida dan logam berat. Khlorpirifos, merkuri dan arsen merupakan kontaminan yang bersifat toksik dan membahayakan kesehatan manusia ataupun lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini mengkaji kondisi airtanah terhadap kontaminasi pestisida organofosfat, logam berat Hg dan As di daerah pantai utara Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur. Kandungan khlorpirifos ditemukan di 4 lokasi sampel dengan konsentrasi 0,0004 – 0,0021 ppm. Kandungan Hg ditemukan pada 8 lokasi sampel dengan konsentrasi 0,004 – 0,321 ppm dan As ditemukan pada semua lokasi (26) sampel dengan konsentrasi 0,102 – 0,505 ppm. Hasil analisis menunjukkan kejadian pestisida dan logam berat pada airtanah bersumber antropogenik akibat kegiatan pertanian, industri atau limbah pemukiman.
The local structure of the free boundary in the fractional obstacle problem
Authors: Focardi Matteo , Spadaro Emanuele 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Building upon the recent results in [M. Focardi and E. Spadaro,
On the measure and the structure of the free boundary of the lower-dimensional obstacle problem,
Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 230 2018, 1, 125–184] we provide a thorough description of the
free boundary for the solutions to the fractional obstacle problem in

ℝ

n
+
1

{\mathbb{R}^{n+1}}

with obstacle function
φ (suitably smooth and decaying fast at infinity) up to sets of null

ℋ

n
-
1

{{\mathcal{H}}^{n-1}}

measure.
In particular, if φ is analytic, the problem reduces to the zero obstacle case
dealt with in [M. Focardi and E. Spadaro,
On the measure and the structure of the free boundary of the lower-dimensional obstacle problem,
Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 230 2018, 1, 125–184] and therefore we retrieve the same results:

(i)
local finiteness of the

(

n
-
1

)

{(n-1)}

-dimensional Minkowski content of the free boundary (and thus of its Hausdorff measure),

(ii)

ℋ

n
-
1

{{\mathcal{H}}^{n-1}}

-rectifiability of the free boundary,

(iii)
classification of the frequencies and of
the blowups up to a set of Hausdorff dimension at most

(

n
-
2

)

{(n-2)}

in the free boundary.

Instead, if

φ
∈

C

k
+
1

⁢

(

ℝ
n

)

{\varphi\in C^{k+1}(\mathbb{R}^{n})}

,

k
≥
2

{k\geq 2}

, similar results
hold only for distinguished subsets of points in the free boundary
where the order of contact of the solution with the obstacle function
φ is less than

k
+
1

{k+1}

.
The Replacement of Direct Objects and Directly Linked Gerunds by Prepositional ones after shirk, refrain and lack in Modern English, with Special Reference to Clause Negation
Authors: Rohdenburg Günter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In most Eastern European languages, clause negation typically triggers the replacement of a “direct” case such as the accusative by a less direct one like the genitive. In English, the contrast is – with several verbs – partially paralleled by that between directly linked complements and their prepositional counterparts. This corpus-based paper explores the relevant behaviour of three verbs which possess an intrinsic negative semantics: shirk, refrain (in earlier stages of Modern English), and lack. It is found that negated clauses definitely promote a) prepositional objects with all three verbs and b) prepositional gerunds after shirk. In the case of refrain, the historical British database displays only a weak tendency for negated clauses to favour the increasingly common prepositional gerund. The prepositional variant turns out to be virtually absent from the passive of shirk, a fact assumed to be due to the general avoidance of preposition stranding in favour of available transitive structures. With lack, the rivalry between the two object variants is additionally constrained by two prosodic tendencies, the preference for phrasal upbeats and sentence end-weight. Throughout, American English displays a distinctly greater sensitivity to clause negation than British English.
Tamar, Widowhood, and the Old English Prose Translation of Genesis
Authors: McMullen A. Joseph , Shields-Más Chelsea 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRecently, more attention has been paid to the conscious translation efforts that produced the Old English Hexateuch/Heptateuch, examining how a number of revisions must be analyzed as an effort to control readerly interpretation. This study contributes to that discussion by considering the translation of Genesis 38, which greatly changes the biblical narrative by removing Tamar’s second marriage and any rationale for the death of her first husband. Previously, this omission has been read as a way to streamline the story or avoid unsavory (sexual) topics. We argue, instead, for another, concurrent possibility: to revise the text in light of pre-Conquest views on widowhood. The turn of the millennium saw early English widows gain much more attention in various legal and ecclesiastical sources. These sources, we believe, speak to the concerns of the translator in some of the alterations found in the chapter (including forced remarriage, multiple marriages, the amount of time in between marriages, and the Levirate custom as an institution).
Non-Wycliffite Bible Translation in Oxford, Trinity College, 29 and Universal History Writing in Late Medieval England
Authors: Gillhammer Cosima Clara 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe late-fifteenth-century Middle English manuscript Oxford, Trinity College, 29 contains a universal history of the world, compiled from diverse religious and secular source texts and written by a single compiler-scribe. A great part of the text is focused on Old Testament history and uses the Vulgate as a key source, thus offering an opportunity to examine in detail the compiler’s strategies of translating the text of the Bible into the vernacular. The Bible translations in this manuscript are unconnected to the Wycliffite translations, and are non-reformist in their interpretative framework, implications, and use. This evidence is of particular interest as an example of the range of approaches to biblical translation and scholarship in the vernacular found in late medieval English texts, despite the restrictive legislation concerning Bible translation in fifteenth-century England. The strategies of translating the biblical text found in this manuscript include close word-by-word translation (seemingly unencumbered by anxieties about censorship), as well as other modes of interaction, such as summary, and exegesis. This article situates these modes of engagement with the Bible within a wider European textual tradition of including biblical material in universal history writing.
Models and/as/of Literature
Authors: Stierstorfer Klaus 
Published: November 2020

AbstractModels have evolved into a major tool to analyse, understand and shape the world we live in. Ubiquitous as they are in the sciences, engineering and in public discourse, models are rarely reflected on or even used in literary studies, as testified by their conspicuous absence in most dictionaries of literary and cultural theory. This essay, first of all, provides a rough survey where models have been applied in literature, literary studies or theory. It traces the use of models from a strong start with the rise of formalism and structuralism in the twentieth century to some occasional resurfacing in the context of narratological research and literary pedagogy which, however, appears to be restricted to German academia. After a brief evaluation of these instances, new departures in the use of models in literary studies are charted before a general assessment of the prospects and profits of bringing models into the field of literature brings a conclusion with the hope of opening up new lines of research.1
New Light on the Sumerian Literary LetterAbaindasa to Sulge
Authors: Deubelbeiss Irene 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe first part of this article offers a structural analysis of the literary letter of petitionAbaindasa to Sulge, one of the most unstable OB literary compositions that has posed considerable problems to scholars in the past. Both the difficult reconstruction of the text and questions as to its connection to other Sumerian literary letters will be analyzed. A close examination of the sources and identification of intertextual relations will help our understanding of its textual reconstruction and its place among different subgroups of Sumerian literary letters. The second part of the article will be dedicated to the edition of a previously unpublished duplicate of this letter in theMusée d’art et d’histoire,Geneva, supplemented by a comparison to another tablet with a Sumerian literary letter in the same museum, which might have been written by the same scribe.
The production and perception of Turkish evidentiality markers by Turkish-German returnees
Authors: Kaya-Soykan Didem , Antonova-Unlu Elena , Sagin-Simsek Cigdem 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe study contributes to research on the development of the heritage language after return to the country of origin and examines whether the ultimate attainment of the heritage grammar after many years of residing in the country of origin brings returnees to a level compatible with that of monolinguals. We focus on the production and perception of evidentiality markers in the heritage Turkish of Turkish-German bilinguals who returned to Turkey after finishing a German high school and have been residing in Turkey for more than 11 years. Two production tasks (a narrative task and a discourse completion task), as well as a grammaticality judgement task were used in the study. The data analysis revealed that the production and perception of evidentiality by the returnee participants diverged from those of the monolingual control group. The divergence manifested itself in ungrammatical uses of evidentiality markers in the context of the indirect evidentiality and less sensitivity to grammatical and ungrammatical items comprising direct and indirect evidentiality markers. The findings of the study suggest that after many years of residing in Turkey the language behaviour of the returnee participants still possesses features that are typical for heritage speakers.
German-Italian Literary Connections in the Late Middle Ages: Boccaccio’sThe Decameronin Light of Some Late Medieval German Narrative Precedents
Authors: Classen Albrecht 
Published: November 2020

AbstractComparative research focused on medieval literature continues to be characterized by many desiderata, especially with regard to the fruitful relationships between late medieval verse narratives,mæren, and the famous Italian storyteller Boccaccio and hisDecameron. This paper brings to light four significant Middle High German verse narratives from the 13thor early-14thcentury that demonstrate remarkable similarities with stories contained in Boccaccio’sDecameron. While the study of Boccaccio’s sources has traditionally been focused primarily on Old French (fabliaux) or Latin sources, here I introduce a number of texts that were composed just a few decades earlier and which express, in surprising parallel, strikingly similar themes that could be straight from the textbook the Italian poet might have drawn from. We have, of course, no specific evidence as to Boccaccio’s direct familiarity with late-medieval German literature, but the motif analysis reveals major parallels between the examples inThe Decameronand in thosemæren.
Interfiguralitätsstrategien: Fontanes realistische Melusine als transfiktionales Phänomen
Authors: Wojcik Paula 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Realistic conceptions of genuinely fantastic literary or mythical characters, such as Theodor Fontane’s Melusine, represent what Umberto Eco refers to as “floating individuals.” These characters are transfictional as they are highly decontextualized from their narrative origin and thus a challenge for intertextuality and intermedia studies: the name implies a relationship with another text or medium but the representation does not offer any information about the relationship’s quality. To examine the range of (re-)presentation strategies and to shed some light on the transfictional background of the character as it is represented in Theodor Fontane’s novel Der Stechlin, I borrow ‘interfigurality’ as an umbrella term from Wolfgang G. Müller. Fontane’s myth-reflexive intermedia strategies come fully to the fore in contrast with the unknown novel Lady Melusine by Eufemia von Ballestrem on the one hand and in comparison with contemporary art on the other. The localization within an intermedia network reveals that the practice of the literary re-production of realistic characters as a “work on myth” (Blumenberg) is reflexive and critical or affirmative towards popular usage such as branding, labeling, or namedropping.
Mars: Life, Subglacial Oceans, Abiogenic Photosynthesis, Seasonal Increases and Replenishment of Atmospheric Oxygen
Authors: Joseph Rhawn G. , Duxbury Natalia S. , Kidron Giora J. , Gibson Carl H. , Schild Rudolph 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe discovery and subsequent investigations of atmospheric oxygen on Mars are reviewed. Free oxygen is a biomarker produced by photosynthesizing organisms. Oxygen is reactive and on Mars may be destroyed in 10 years and is continually replenished. Diurnal and spring/summer increases in oxygen have been documented, and these variations parallel biologically induced fluctuations on Earth. Data from the Viking biological experiments also support active biology, though these results have been disputed. Although there is no conclusive proof of current or past life on Mars, organic matter has been detected and specimensresemblinggreen algae / cyanobacteria, lichens, stromatolites, and open apertures and fenestrae for the venting of oxygen produced via photosynthesis have been observed. These life-like specimens include thousands of lichen-mushroom-shaped structures with thin stems, attached to rocks, topped by bulbous caps, and oriented skyward similar to photosynthesizing organisms. If these specimens are living, fossilized or abiogenic is unknown. If biological, they may be producing and replenishing atmospheric oxygen. Abiogenic processes might also contribute to oxygenation via sublimation and seasonal melting of subglacial water-ice deposits coupled with UV splitting of water molecules; a process of abiogenic photosynthesis that could have significantly depleted oceans of water and subsurface ice over the last 4.5 billion years.
Europarechtswidrige Vergütungspflicht?
Authors: Klimpel Paul 
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung
Kulturinstitutionen müssen zahlreiche rechtliche Hindernisse überwinden, um kulturelles Erbe Online zu präsentieren. Das Urheberrecht erweist sich häufig als ein kaum lösbares Problem, insbesondere bei Zeugnissen sozialer Bewegungen wie der Frauenbewegung oder der Friedensbewegung, die niemals kommerziell vermarktet wurden. Die Klärung des urheberrechtlichen Stauts jedes einzelnen Objekts ist bei Massendigitalisierung kaum möglich. Die DSM-Richtline der EU wird die Situation verbessern, wobei einiges von den Details der Umsetzung abhängt. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Rolle der Verwertungsgesellschaften.
The world’s first mainly female cabinet: “The council of female ministers” in the Spanish cabinet (2018) on Twitter
Authors: Bernárdez-Rodal Asunción , Congosto Maria Luz , López-Priego Nuria 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
1 June 2018 marked a historic moment in Spanish politics, when the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Español, PSOE) announced a cabinet with the largest proportion of female ministers in the world. This announcement received extensive coverage in the traditional media. The objective of this research was to measure whether the news had an equivalent impact on Twitter users. To this end, we analyzed the reaction to the appointments based on the popularity of the hashtags #GobiernoSanchez (“Sanchez Government”), #GobiernoFeminista (“Feminist Government”) and #ConsejoMinistras (“Council of Female Ministers”). The most significant findings are that women had even less visibility than they were given in traditional media because of what is not retweeted does not exist, and that the extreme polarization of political life and the media in the public sphere appears to extend to the digital environment of Twitter.