bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perivascular macrophages in the neonatal macaque brain undergo massive necroptosis after simian immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Bohannon Diana G. , Wang Yueying , Reinhart Colin H. , Hattler Julian B. , Luo Jiangtao , Okhravi Hamid R. , Zhang Jianshui , Li Qingsheng , Kuroda Marcelo J. , Kim Jayoung , Kim Woong‐Ki 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe previously showed that rhesus macaques neonatally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) do not develop SIV encephalitis (SIVE) and maintain low brain viral loads despite having similar plasma viral loads compared to SIV‐infected adults. We hypothesize that differences in myeloid cell populations that are the known target of SIV and HIV in the brain contribute to the lack of neonatal susceptibility to lentivirus‐induced encephalitis. Using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence microscopy, we examined the frontal cortices from uninfected and SIV‐infected infant and adult macaques (n = 8/ea) as well as adults with SIVE (n = 4) to determine differences in myeloid cell populations. The number of CD206+ brain perivascular macrophages (PVMs) was significantly greater in uninfected infants than in uninfected adults and was markedly lower in SIV‐infected infants while microglia numbers were unchanged across groups. CD206+ PVMs, which proliferate after infection in SIV‐infected adults, did not undergo proliferation in infants. While virtually all CD206+ cells in adults are also CD163+, infants have a distinct CD206 single‐positive population in addition to the double‐positive population commonly seen in adults. Notably, we found that more than 60% of these unique CD206+CD163− PVMs in SIV‐infected infants were positive for cleaved caspase‐3, an indicator of apoptosis, and that nearly 100% of this subset were concomitantly positive for the necroptosis marker receptor‐interacting protein kinase‐3 (RIP3). These findings show that distinct subpopulations of PVMs found in infants undergo programmed cell death instead of proliferation following SIV infection, which may lead to the absence of PVM‐dependent SIVE and the limited size of the virus reservoir in the infant brain.
Identification and characterization of the binding sequences and target genes of p53 lacking the 1st transactivation domain
Authors: Suzuki Shiori , Tsutsumi Shuichi , Chen Yu , Ozeki Chikako , Okabe Atsushi , Kawase Tatsuya , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Ohki Rieko 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe tumor suppressor gene p53 encodes a transcriptional activator that has two transactivation domains (TAD) located in its amino terminus. These two TAD can transactivate genes independently, and at least one TAD is required for p53 transactivation function. The 1st TAD (a.a. 1‐40) is essential for the induction of numerous classical p53 target genes, while the second TAD (a.a. 41‐61) suffices for tumor suppression, although its precise molecular function remains unclear. In this study, we comprehensively identified the sites to which p53 lacking the 1st TAD (Δ1stTAD‐p53) binds, as well as its potential target genes. We found that the binding sequences for Δ1stTAD‐p53 are divergent and include not only the canonical p53 consensus binding sequences but also sequences similar to those recognized by a number of other known transcription factors. We identified and analyzed the functions of three Δ1stTAD‐p53 target genes, PTP4A1, PLK2 and RPS27L. All three genes were induced by both full‐length p53 and Δ1stTAD‐p53, and were dependent on the transactivation activity of the 2nd TAD. We also found that two of these, PTP4A1 and PLK2, are endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐inducible genes. We found that upon ER stress, PTP4A1 suppresses apoptosis while PLK2 induces apoptosis. These results reveal a novel Δ1stTAD‐p53 downstream pathway that is dependent on the transcription activation activity of the 2nd TAD.
Detection of methylation status of Epstein‐Barr virus DNA C promoter in the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Zheng Xiao‐Hui , Wang Ruo‐Zheng , Li Xi‐Zhao , Zhou Ting , Zhang Jiang‐Bo , Zhang Pei‐Fen , Lu Li‐Xia , Jia Wei‐Hua 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe detection of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA load in nasopharyngeal (NP) brushing samples for diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has attracted great attention. Further improvements that eliminate the need for clinical settings will greatly extend its application. A total of 250 participants were recruited to obtain NP brushing samples. Brush sampling both with and without the guide of endoscopy was conducted in 38 NPC patients. EBV DNA load, EBV RNA transcript and EBV DNA C promoter methylation status were, respectively, evaluated. Typical latency II transcripts were observed in brushing samples from NPC patients but not controls. Unlike in tissues, multiple lytic gene transcripts were observed not only in NPC patients but also in controls. Apart from EBV RNA transcript, samples from NPC patients also showed higher levels of EBV DNA load and C promoter methylation degree than their controls. Qualitative analysis further showed that EBV DNA C promoter was methylated in all NPC patients but in only 18.4% of the control group. Combined analysis of EBV DNA methylated degree and EBV DNA load increased the sensitivity to 100% in the detection of NPC. Using qualitative methylated type as the criteria, up to 89.5% of samples collected via blind brushing showed consistent results with samples collected via endoscopy‐guided brushing from NPC patients. Detection of the methylation status of EBV DNA C promoter in NP brushing samples shows great potential in diagnosing NPC and may provide an appealing alternative for the non–invasive detection and screening of NPC without the need for clinical settings.
Widening the spectrum of genetic testing in familial hypercholesterolaemia: Will it translate into better patient and population outcomes?
Authors: Page Michael M. , Bell Damon A. , Watts Gerald F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFamilial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is caused by pathogenic variants in LDLR, APOB or PCSK9. Impaired low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor function leads to decreased LDL catabolism and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Thousands of LDLR variants are known, but assignation of pathogenicity requires accurate phenotyping, family studies and assessment of LDL receptor function. Precise, genetic diagnosis of FH using targeted next generation sequencing allows for optimal treatment, distinguishing FH from pathogenically distinct disorders requiring different treatment. Polygenic hypercholesterolaemia resulting from an accumulation of LDL cholesterol‐raising single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could also be suspected by this approach. Similarly, ASCVD risk could be estimated by broader sequencing of cholesterol and non‐cholesterol‐related genes. Both of these areas require further research. The clinical management of FH, focusing on the primary or secondary prevention of ASCVD, has been boosted by PCSK9 inhibitor therapy. The efficacy of PCSK9 inhibitors in homozygous FH may be partly predicted by the LDLR variants. While expanded genetic testing in FH is clinically useful in providing an accurate diagnosis and enabling cost‐effective testing of relatives, further research is needed to establish its value in improving clinical outcomes.
Habenular connections with the dopaminergic and serotonergic system and their role in stress‐related psychiatric disorders
Authors: Metzger Martin , Souza Rudieri , Lima Leandro B. , Bueno Debora , Gonçalves Luciano , Sego Chemutai , Donato Jose , Shammah‐Lagnado Sara J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe habenula (Hb) is a phylogenetically old epithalamic structure differentiated into two nuclear complexes, the medial (MHb) and lateral habenula (LHb). After decades of search for a great unifying function, interest in the Hb resurged when it was demonstrated that LHb plays a major role in the encoding of aversive stimuli ranging from noxious stimuli to the loss of predicted rewards. Consistent with a role as an anti‐reward center, aberrant LHb activity has now been identified as a key factor in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder. Moreover, both MHb and LHb emerged as new players in the reward circuitry by primarily mediating the aversive properties of distinct drugs of abuse. Anatomically, the Hb serves as a bridge that links basal forebrain structures with monoaminergic nuclei in the mid‐ and hindbrain. So far, research on Hb has focused on the role of the LHb in regulating midbrain dopamine release. However, LHb/MHb are also interconnected with the dorsal (DR) and median (MnR) raphe nucleus. Hence, it is conceivable that some of the habenular functions are at least partly mediated by the complex network that links MHb/LHb with pontomesencephalic monoaminergic nuclei. Here, we summarize research about the topography and transmitter phenotype of the reciprocal connections between the LHb and ventral tegmental area‐nigra complex, as well as those between the LHb and DR/MnR. Indirect MHb outputs via interpeduncular nucleus to state‐setting neuromodulatory networks will also be commented. Finally, we discuss the role of specific LHb‐VTA and LHb/MHb‐raphe circuits in anxiety and depression.
Dopamine modulates the optomotor response to unreliable visual stimuli in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Akiba Masumi , Sugimoto Kentaro , Aoki Risa , Murakami Ryo , Miyashita Tomoyuki , Hashimoto Riho , Hiranuma Anna , Yamauchi Junji , Ueno Taro , Morimoto Takako 
Published: December 2019

AbstractState‐dependent modulation of sensory systems has been studied in many organisms and is possibly mediated through neuromodulators such as monoamine neurotransmitters. Among these, dopamine is involved in many aspects of animal behaviour, including movement control, attention, motivation and cognition. However, the precise neural mechanism underlying dopaminergic modulation of behaviour induced by sensory stimuli remains poorly understood. Here, we used Drosophila melanogaster to show that dopamine can modulate the optomotor response to moving visual stimuli including noise. The optomotor response is the head‐turning response to moving objects, which is observed in most sight‐reliant animals including mammals and insects. First, the effects of the dopamine system on the optomotor response were investigated in mutant flies deficient in dopamine receptors D1R1 or D1R2, which are involved in the modulation of sleep‐arousal in flies. We examined the optomotor response in D1R1 knockout (D1R1 KO) and D1R2 knockout (D1R2 KO) flies and found that it was not affected in D1R1 KO flies; however, it was significantly reduced in D1R2 KO flies compared with the wild type. Using cell‐type‐specific expression of an RNA interference construct of D1R2, we identified the fan‐shaped body, a part of the central complex, responsible for dopamine‐mediated modulation of the optomotor response. In particular, pontine cells in the fan‐shaped body seemed important in the modulation of the optomotor response, and their neural activity was required for the optomotor response. These results suggest a novel role of the central complex in the modulation of a behaviour based on the processing of sensory stimulations.
Improving the risk management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in China from the perspective of social relationships
Authors: Wang Xiaojia , Chen Mi , Xia Wei , Zhu Keyu , Zhang Shanshan , Xu Weiqun , Guan Yuxiang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn China, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly affecting people's health. Although many risk factors related to T2DM have been researched, the association between social relationships and risk management of T2DM in China has not been fully researched. Therefore, we obtained 2,969 valid cases from the National Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base‐Key Disease of Diabetes Mellitus Study to evaluate the role of social relationships in the risk management of T2DM. We first establish an indicators system of social relationship factors and then propose a comprehensive method that integrates subjective (analytical network process) and objective (entropy weight method) evaluations to rank the importance of the 17 social relationship factors that were the most important and commonly used. The results suggest that different social relationship factors have different effects on the risk management of T2DM. Patients and health workers should pay more attention to the high‐benefit factors and thus improve the efficiency of the risk management of T2DM. These findings provided theoretical support for patients and health workers by developing the positive effects of social relationships in improving the risk management of T2DM to the fullest degree.
Hiding from the climate: Characterizing microrefugia for boreal forest understory species
Authors: Greiser Caroline , Ehrlén Johan , Meineri Eric , Hylander Kristoffer 
Published: December 2019

AbstractClimate warming is likely to shift the range margins of species poleward, but fine‐scale temperature differences near the ground (microclimates) may modify these range shifts. For example, cold‐adapted species may survive in microrefugia when the climate gets warmer. However, it is still largely unknown to what extent cold microclimates govern the local persistence of populations at their warm range margin. We located 99 microrefugia, defined as sites with edge populations of 12 widespread boreal forest understory species (vascular plants, mosses, liverworts and lichens) in an area of ca. 24,000 km2 along the species' southern range margin in central Sweden. Within each population, a logger measured temperature eight times per day during one full year. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, we examined the differences of the populations' microclimates with the mean and range of microclimates in the landscape, and identified the typical climate, vegetation and topographic features of these habitats. Comparison sites were drawn from another logger data set (n = 110), and from high‐resolution microclimate maps. The microrefugia were mainly places characterized by lower summer and autumn maximum temperatures, late snow melt dates and high climate stability. Microrefugia also had higher forest basal area and lower solar radiation in spring and autumn than the landscape average. Although there were common trends across northern species in how microrefugia differed from the landscape average, there were also interspecific differences and some species contributed more than others to the overall results. Our findings provide biologically meaningful criteria to locate and spatially predict potential climate microrefugia in the boreal forest. This opens up the opportunity to protect valuable sites, and adapt forest management, for example, by keeping old‐growth forests at topographically shaded sites. These measures may help to mitigate the loss of genetic and species diversity caused by rear‐edge contractions in a warmer climate.
Simultaneous quantification of N2, NH3 and N2O emissions from a flooded paddy field under different N fertilization regimes
Authors: Xia Longlong , Li Xiaobo , Ma Qianqian , Lam Shu Kee , Wolf Benjamin , Kiese Ralf , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus , Chen Deli , Li Zhian , Yan Xiaoyuan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGaseous nitrogen (N) emissions, especially emissions of dinitrogen (N2) and ammonia (NH3), have long been considered as the major pathways of N loss from flooded rice paddies. However, no studies have simultaneously evaluated the overall response of gaseous N losses to improved N fertilization practices due to the difficulties to directly measure N2 emissions from paddy soils. We simultaneously quantified emissions of N2 (using membrane inlet mass spectrometry), NH3 and nitrous oxide (N2O) from a flooded paddy field in southern China over an entire rice‐growing season. Our field experiment included three treatments: a control treatment (no N addition) and two N fertilizer (220 kg N/ha) application methods, the traditional surface application of N fertilizer and the incorporation of N fertilizer into the soil. Our results show that over the rice‐growing season, the cumulative gaseous N losses from the surface application treatment accounted for 13.5% (N2), 19.1% (NH3), 0.2% (N2O) and 32.8% (total gaseous N loss) of the applied N fertilizer. Compared with the surface application treatment, the incorporation of N fertilizer into the soil decreased the emissions of NH3, N2 and N2O by 14.2%, 13.3% and 42.5%, respectively. Overall, the incorporation of N fertilizer into the soil significantly reduced the total gaseous N loss by 13.8%, improved the fertilizer N use efficiency by 14.4%, increased the rice yield by 13.9% and reduced the gaseous N loss intensity (gaseous N loss/rice yield) by 24.3%. Our results indicate that the incorporation of N fertilizer into the soil is an effective agricultural management practice in ensuring food security and environmental sustainability in flooded paddy ecosystems.
Developmental trap or demographic bonanza? Opposing consequences of earlier phenology in a changing climate for a multivoltine butterfly
Authors: Kerr Natalie Z. , Wepprich Tyson , Grevstad Fritzi S. , Dopman Erik B. , Chew Frances S. , Crone Elizabeth E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA rapidly changing climate has the potential to interfere with the timing of environmental cues that ectothermic organisms rely on to initiate and regulate life history events. Short‐lived ectotherms that exhibit plasticity in their life history could increase the number of generations per year under warming climate. If many individuals successfully complete an additional generation, the population experiences an additional opportunity to grow, and a warming climate could lead to a demographic bonanza. However, these plastic responses could become maladaptive in temperate regions, where a warmer climate could trigger a developmental pathway that cannot be completed within the growing season, referred to as a developmental trap. Here we incorporated detailed demography into commonly used photothermal models to evaluate these demographic consequences of phenological shifts due to a warming climate on the formerly widespread, multivoltine butterfly (Pieris oleracea). Using species‐specific temperature‐ and photoperiod‐sensitive vital rates, we estimated the number of generations per year and population growth rate over the set of climate conditions experienced during the past 38 years. We predicted that populations in the southern portion of its range have added a fourth generation in recent years, resulting in higher annual population growth rates (demographic bonanzas). We predicted that populations in the Northeast United States have experienced developmental traps, where increases in the thermal window initially caused mortality of the final generation and reduced growth rates. These populations may recover if more growing degree days are added to the year. Our framework for incorporating detailed demography into commonly used photothermal models demonstrates the importance of using both demography and phenology to predict consequences of phenological shifts.
Production of beef cattle grazing on Brachiaria brizantha (Marandu grass)—Arachis pintoi (forage peanut cv. Belomonte) mixtures exceeded that on grass monocultures fertilized with 120 kg N/ha
Authors: Pereira José Marques , Rezende Claudia de Paula , Ferreira Borges Augusto Magno , Homem Bruno Grossi Costa , Casagrande Daniel Rume , Macedo Thasia Martins , Alves Bruno José Rodrigues , Cabral de Sant’Anna Selenobaldo Alexinaldo , Urquiaga Segundo , Boddey Robert Michael 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMixed grass/legume pastures are an alternative to grass monocultures for increased beef cattle production in tropical climates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the productivity of beef cattle grazing either a mixed pasture of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu grass and Arachis pintoi (forage peanut) cv. Belomonte or a Marandu monoculture, under rotational stocking. Five trials were conducted over a period of nine years in north‐eastern Brazil where the sward structure (forage, grass and legume mass) and animal performance were compared for a mixed Marandu grass/forage peanut pasture, and a Marandu grass monoculture with 120 kg N ha−1 y−1. Stocking rate was adjusted to maintain forage allowance at 4% body weight/day. A block design was used with four replicates, and warm and cool seasons within each trial were considered, using repeated measurements over time. In the warm season, the forage mass in the mixed pastures was 17% greater than in the monoculture (p = .049), and the stocking rate, average daily gain and liveweight gain per ha were 16.4%, 20.0% and 28.7% greater (p = .004, p < .001 and p < .001 respectively). The average daily gain showed a positive linear relationship with the legume proportion in the sward (p < .001). The mixed forage peanut/Marandu pasture sustained significantly greater beef cattle production (789 kg ha−1 y−1) compared to the N‐fertilized grass monoculture (655 kg ha−1 y−1). Appropriately managed, mixed pastures of forage peanut/Brachiaria pastures are sustainable and have high potential for use in the humid tropics.
The Martyrs of Córdoba: Debates around a curious case of medieval martyrdom
Authors: Ihnat Kati 
Published: December 2019

AbstractHistorians have long been fascinated by the almost 50 Christians who were sentenced to death by the Islamic authorities in mid‐ninth century Córdoba, in most cases for wilfully and publicly blaspheming against the Prophet. Since the single manuscript account describing the lives and actions of the so‐called martyrs of Córdoba was ‘rediscovered’ in the 16th century, interest in this seemingly singular movement has grown, as the Cordoban martyrs became symbols for everything from an undying Spanish, Christian identity under a brutal Islamic occupation to fanatical extremism in a tolerant Muslim society. Research in the last decades—particularly after the literary, spatial and material turns—has nevertheless complicated our understanding of the martyr movement, looking beyond the motivations of the actors to the social and religious context in which they were operating, as well as the cultural and literary currents that shaped the martyrdom accounts. This article traces the historiographical record that has sought to make sense of the Cordoban martyrs, leading us to question the very definition of ‘martyr’, how and why such individuals are formed.
Turkish validity and reliability of Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale Form A
Authors: Güzel Aysun , Turan Sevgi , Üner Sarp 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale Form A.MethodsThe research is a methodological instrument validation study, and the study sample consisted of 275 participants. The data collection phase of the study was completed between 15 July and 15 September 2016. The study used data collection tools including a Personal Information Form, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale Form A, and the Internal‐External Locus of Control Scale. Data on sociodemographic variables are presented as percentages and means. Confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analyses were used.ResultsThe Cronbach α values of the subdimensions of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale Form A were determined as acceptable for the internal control, the chance, and powerful other subscales. The confirmatory factor analysis showed acceptable values and acceptable fit for the model fit statistics.ConclusionThe Turkish version of Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale Form A was accepted as valid and reliable.