bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A leitura como fator de desenvolvimento social e crítico da criança
Authors: Souza Lizziane Rodrigues , Oliveira Edjôfre Coelho 
Published: June 2020

Este trabalho tem como tema a leitura como fator de desenvolvimento social e crítico da criança e, portanto, pretende refletir sobre a prática pedagógica do professor em sala de aula diante dos saberes docentes apresentando sugestões para melhoria do processo de ensino. A pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a prática docente, identificando os fatores que mais interferem no processo de utilização pedagógica da leitura nas séries iniciais do ensino fundamental, fazendo recomendações visando à melhoria do hábito de ler e, consequentemente, no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Em relação aos objetivos a pesquisa foi classificada como exploratória, explicativa e descritiva, pois se pretende investigar o desenvolvimento social e crítico da criança. Foram definidos também conceitos e concepções relacionados à leitura nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental como ferramenta pedagógica. A pesquisa tem natureza dedutiva partindo-se de teorias, leis e conceitos para conclusões mais gerais. Os principais autores consultados para o embasamento teórico deste trabalho foram Coelho (2000), Freire (1997) e Pimenta (1999) que observaram quais saberes docentes são necessários para utilização da leitura como ferramenta pedagógica no processo de desenvolvimento das crianças nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. Ao final, conclui-se que a leitura contribui significativamente para o desenvolvimento cognitivo da criança nessa faixa de idade, principalmente por se estabelecer, na maioria das vezes, como o primeiro contato da criança com o mundo letrado, suas palavras, a oralidade e a imaginação.
(Imagem de Mircea Iancu por Pixabay)
Lower-thermosphere response to solar activity: an empirical-mode-decomposition analysis of GOCE 2009–2012 data
Authors: Bigazzi Alberto , Cauli Carlo , Berrilli Francesco 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Forecasting the thermosphere (the atmosphere's uppermost layer, from about 90 to 800 km altitude) is crucial to space-related applications, from space mission design to re-entry operations, space surveillance and more. Thermospheric dynamics is directly linked to the solar dynamics through the solar UV (ultraviolet) input, which is highly variable, and through the solar wind and plasma fluxes impacting Earth's magnetosphere. The solar input is non-periodic and non-stationary, with long-term modulations from the solar rotation and the solar cycle and impulsive components, due to magnetic storms. Proxies of the solar input exist and may be used to forecast the thermosphere, such as the F10.7 radio flux and the Mg II EUV (extreme-ultraviolet) flux. They relate to physical processes of the solar atmosphere. Other indices, such as the Ap geomagnetic index, connect with Earth's geomagnetic environment. We analyse the proxies' time series comparing them with in situ density data from the ESA (European Space Agency) GOCE (Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) gravity mission, operational from March 2009 to November 2013, therefore covering the full rising phase of solar cycle 24, exposing the entire dynamic range of the solar input. We use empirical mode decomposition (EMD), an analysis technique appropriate to non-periodic, multi-scale signals. Data are taken at an altitude of 260 km, exceptionally low for a low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite, where density variations are the single most important perturbation to satellite dynamics. We show that the synthesized signal from optimally selected combinations of proxy basis functions, notably Mg II for the solar flux and Ap for the plasma component, shows a very good agreement with thermospheric data obtained by GOCE, during periods of low and medium solar activity. In periods of maximum solar activity, density enhancements are also well represented. The Mg II index proves to be, in general, a better proxy than the F10.7 index for modelling the solar flux because of its specific response to the UV spectrum, whose variations have the largest impact over thermospheric density.
The Bandung conference and the MPR opens new window towards Afro-Asian countries (1955-1961)
Authors: Tsedendamba Batbayar 
Published: June 2020

Afro-Asian countries liberated from colonialism by the end of the WWII became a new factor in international relations. Most of them sought to establish a peaceful co-existence with other countries. Pancha-Shila five principles have been first proclaimed by India and China in 1954. These five principles proclaimed respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, equal and mutual usefulness, peaceful coexistence. The Bandung Conference of 29 Asian and African countries held in Indonesia in April 1955 was a significant event in international relations. It proclaimed famous 10 Bandung principles which were embraced by the Mongolian People’s Republic enthusiastically.
Бандунгийн бага хурал ба БНМАУ Ази, Африкийн орнуудтай харилцах цонх нээсэн нь (1955-1961)
Хураангуй: Дэлхийн II дайны дараа колончлолоос чөлөөлөгдөж биеэ даасан улс байгуулсан Ази, Африкийн орнууд олон улсын харилцааны шинэ хүчин зүйл болсон билээ. Тэдгээр улс орнуудын дийлэнх нь бусад улс оронтой энх тайвнаар зэрэгцэн орших үндсэн дээр харилцахыг эрмэлзэж байлаа. Энэ эрмэлзэл нь 1954 онд БНХАУ, БНЭУ-ын хоорондын харилцаанд тунхагласан Панча-Шила хэмээх таван зарчимд тусгалаа олов. Энэхүү таван зарчим нь нутаг дэвсгэрийн бүрэн бүтэн байдал ба суверенитетийг хүндэтгэх, харилцан үл довтлолцох, эрх тэгш харилцан ашигтай байх, энх тайвнаар зэрэгцэн орших зэрэг болно. 1955 оны 4 дүгээр сард Индонезийн Бандунг хотод хуралдсан Ази, Африкийн 29 орны Бага хурал олон улсын харилцааны түүхэнд онцгой байр суурийг эзэлдэг. Дэлхийн хүн амын талаас илүү нь оршин суудаг Ази, Африк хоёр тивийн Төр засгийн тэргүүн, Гадаад хэргийн сайд нар анх удаа хуран цугларч, дэлхийн улс төрд хоёр тивийн орнуудын гүйцэтгэх үүрэг, шинэ колоничлолын эсрэг, эдийн засаг, соёлын хамтын ажиллагааг бэхжүүлэх, хүний эрх ба өөрөө засан тохинох эрхийг хэрэгжүүлэх, улс хоорондын харилцаанд баримтлах Бандунгийн 10 зарчим зэргийг хэлэлцэн тохирч чадсан нь дэлхийн геополитикт тун содон сонин үйл явдал болсон билээ. Панча-Шила ба Бандунгийн 10 зарчмыг дэлхийн олон улс орон, түүн дотор БНМАУ ч талархалтай хүлээн авсан юм.
Түлхүүр үгс: Бандунгийн бага хурал, Ази, Африкийн орнууд, энх тайвнаар зэрэгцэн орших 5 зарчим, 10 зарчим, БНМАУ-ын энх тайванч бодлого.
The Defining the principles of nationalism of Chinese historians in relation to modern Mongolian history
Authors: Namjilchoijil Altantugs 
Published: June 2020

In this article, we tried to discuss on the ideological background that “Mongolia was part of China (中国)”. This idea is repeated in the academic publications about contemporary Mongolian history in the Peoples’ Republic of China. According to the first principle “Nationalism” of the “Three Principles of the People” by Sun Yat-sen (Sun Zhongshan), mongolians are one of five nations in China (中国). But, this idea doesn’t correspond with the real conditions of Mongolian and Chinese （中国）history. Chinese historians’ conception of the term of China (中国) as Qing dinasty (清朝) was one of main causes of historical misunderstanding between Mongolian and Chinese historians.
Монголын орчин үеийн түүхийн талаар БНХАУ-ын түүхчдийн баримталж буй үндэстний зарчмыг шүүмжлэх нь
Хураангуй: Энэхүү өгүүлэлд БНХАУ дахь Монголын орчин үеийн түүхийн талаар нийтлэгдсэн бүтээлүүдэд олонтаа давтагддаг “Монгол бол Дундад улсын алдагдсан нутаг юм” хэмээх үзлийн онолын үндсийг хөндөхийг оролдов. Сунь Ятсений “Ардын гурван зарчимд” буй таван үндэстний бүгд найрамдах улсын тухай ойлголт нь Монгол улсыг Хятадын（中国）алдагдсан нутаг хэмээн үзэхэд хятадын түүхчдийг хүргэжээ. Орчин үеийн түүхийг судалж буй хятадын түүхчид ийнхүү Хятад（中国）хэмээх ойлголтыг манжийн Чин улсын хэмжээнд буцаан хэрэглэж буй явдал нь Монгол, Хятадын түүхийн салбар дахь үл ойлголцлын шалтгаан болж байна.
Түлхүүр үгc: Монгол улс, Хятад улс, Ардын гурван зарчим
The determination of mercury levels in the blood and hair of rabbits with amalgam fillings
Authors: Yerebasan Ülkü , Servi Kadir , Ataş Osman , Doğan Mehmet Sinan 
Published: June 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the level of blood and hair mercury transition in rabbits depending on the number of amalgam filled teeth in the mouth.
Material and Methods: A total of 18 male rabbits from New Zealand were used in the study. The rabbits were separated into three groups in this study. The first group was named as control group, the second group was named as dichotomous filled group, and the third group was named as quadruple amalgam filled group. Blood samples were collected from filler animals before the filling, at 24 hour, at the first week and month and also hair samples were taken before the filling and at the first month. The transfer of mercury, taken by the blood and feather samples of rabbits in the study, was made with the hydride system in the absorption spectrophometer.
Results: The data’s, obtained from the study, were evaluated by using the SPSS 21 package program. Compared by the control group at the 24th hour, any statically difference wasn’t seen between dichotomous and quadruple amalgam filling groups in terms of blood mercury level. (P>0.05). However, the level of blood mercury, one week and one month later was significantly higher than the control group.(P<0.05) In the all periods, the level of blood mercury was found similar between dichotomous and quadruple amalgam filling groups (P>0.05).
Conclusions: Mercury couldn’t be detected in hair samples. As a result, it was revealed that amalgam filling affects the blood mercury level.

How to cite this article: Yerebasan Ü, Servi K, Ataş O, Doğan MS. The determination of mercury levels in the blood and hair of rabbits with amalgam fillings. Int Dent Res 2020;10(1):12-16. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2020.vol10.no1.3

Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Cyber Extortion and Threats: Analysis of the United States Case Law
Authors: Vasiu Ioana , Vasiu Lucian 
Published: June 2020

This article presents an analysis of the cyber extortion and threats cases brought to the United States courts. The inquiry employed content analysis to identify important elements and attributes and answers research questions concerning essential attributes, legal elements, and how do the courts interprets these offenses. The article extends the understanding of this phenomenon by providing a thorough discussion of the conceptual issues and characteristics and an analysis of the most important litigation aspects, such as intent, true threats, sentencing, and the insanity defense. The article concludes with recommendations for stakeholders, to more effectively address the phenomenon.
Epidemiology, Treatment and Microbiological Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Tripathi Manikant , Kumar Shailendra 
Published: June 2020

Coronaviruses (CoV) belong to Coronaviridiae family that cause deadly diseases in humans or animals. These viruses are enveloped and have single stranded positive-sense large RNA genome. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes deadly pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in humans. It is affecting every aspect of humans’ daily life. The symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, loss of smell, shortness of breath, cough, muscles pain, chest pain, and kidney failure that occurs in severe conditions. The virus has spread throughout the world. In India, the estimated number of infected people is more than 1.5 lakh with less fatality rate 2.87% on May 27, 2020 as per the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare data. The studies suggest that virus has been considered descended from the previous viruses as severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome virus (MERS) human and bat corona viruses. Currently, vaccine developments are under clinical trials. The management of emerging infectious diseases is a challenging task. It requires much improved microbiological surveillance system to track and predict the virus infections. The proper study and predictions based on screening of various sources of infection may help us to manage the challenging infections in future. The present review summarizes the characteristics of virus, disease symptoms, epidemiology, transmission, treatment and microbiological surveillance of pandemic COVID-19.
Perspectives of the Health Extension Program Enhancing Contraceptive Provision in Southern Ethiopia: A Qualitative Exploration
Authors: Alano Abraham 
Published: June 2020

Aim: To uncover information gap on the health extension program contribution in improving access, the study explored the lived experiences towards creating enabling environments for contraceptive service provision and use in light of the health extension program.
Methods: Interpretative phenomenological design was employed for the study. Data were collected using focus group discussions, individual in-depth interviews and key informant interviews. Analysis was done using an interpretive phenomenological analysis framework including phases of data immersion, transcribing, coding, theme development and phenomenological interpretation through the hermeneutic circle.
Results: The finding captures the contribution of the health extension program in accelerating/decelerating contraceptive use in the study area. Contraceptive services organization, access and extension in the era of the health extension program were presented. Since the beginning of the program, contraceptive use has alarmingly improved as witnessed by both the service users and providers. The linkage of primary health care with the community organization, a women development army and the one-to-five network are among the major contributed factors for the outcomes.
Conclusion and Recommendation: The study concludes that the health extension program has given a special momentum in shaping the principles of PHC. The study revealed that women witnessed encouraging involvements in contraceptive service access and use. Hence, the study recommends that the experiences of women development armies and other networks have to be strengthened. Moreover, the existing community networks should be strengthened through proper evaluation and feedback.
Evaluation of Functional Characteristics and Reconstitution Behavior of Formulated Ready to Reconstitute Enteral Formula for Nutrition Therapy
Authors: Bordoloi Premila L. , Bhattacharyya Ruma , Gogoi Moloya , Tiwari Mansi , Barooah Mridula Saikia 
Published: June 2020

Aims: The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the functional properties and reconstitution behavior of enteral formulae i.e. Balanced Enteral Formula, High Protein Enteral Formula and High Energy Enteral Formula formulated using locally available natural ingredients.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Community Science, Assam Agricultural University during the period of August 2017 to January 2018.
Methodology: Three enteral formulae namely Balanced Enteral Formula, High Protein Enteral Formula and High Energy Enteral Formula were formulated using naturally available low cost ingredients. Standard protocols were followed to evaluate the quality of ingredients used and formulated enteral formulae.
Results: Both ingredients and enteral formulae had good functional properties with bulk density, tapped density, particle density, porosity, cohesiveness, flowability, water absorption index and water solubility index ranging from 0.33 to 0.50 g/ml, 0.38 to 0.56 g/ml, 0.59 to 1.25 g/ml, 35.00 to 60.00per cent, 0.33 to 1.18, 0.00 to 17.77 per cent, 1.23 to 7.59 g/g and 23.66 to 87.62 per cent soluble solids respectively for the ingredients used and 0.44 to 0.47 g/ml; 0.50 to 0.53 g/ml; 0.89 to 0.90 g/ml; 41.00 to 44.44 per cent; 1.12 to 1.14; 11.30 to 12.00 per cent; 3.39 to 4.59 g/g and 42.66 to 51.00 per cent respectively for the formulated enteral formulae. Color analysis of the developed formulae using Hunter Lab showed desirable results with L*, a* and b* value in the range of 82.43 to 87.10; 1.35 to 2.38 and 13.75 to 13.95 respectively. The reconstitution of formulated enteral formulae with warm water revealed a reconstitution time varying from 5 to 6 minutes. Further the reconstituted formula feed on passage through Ryles tube showed superior flow rate in formulae prepared with 20 per cent solid concentration (W/V).
Conclusion: The developed enteral formulae had excellent functional characteristics and reconstitution behavior indicating quality product suitable for enteral feeding.
Niclosamide and its derivative DK‐520 inhibit RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Jiao Yurui , Chen Chenglong , Hu Xijian , Feng Xu , Shi Zhenqi , Cao Jie , Li Qing , Zhu Yikun 
Published: June 2020

Niclosamide is a potent inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling. DK‐520 is an acyl derivative of Niclosamide and significantly increased both the plasma concentration and the duration of exposure of Niclosamide when dosed orally. However, at present the effect of DK‐520 on osteoclastogenesis has not been reported. Here, we investigated whether DK‐520 can regulate receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) in vitro. Following induction of BMMs with RANKL for three days, we detected differentiated osteoclasts with typical morphology and high levels of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), RANKL, and cathepsin K (CTSK) expression. Treatment with either Niclosamide or DK‐520 did not affect the viability of osteoclast precursors (OCPs), but significantly inhibited RANKL‐induced transdifferentiation of macrophages into OCPs, particularly in the early stage of osteoclastogenesis. Both Niclosamide and DK‐520 significantly decreased the relative levels of transcription factor PU.1 mRNA transcripts and dendritic cell‐specific transmembrane protein (DC‐STAMP), but not v‐ATPasev0d2 protein expression in OCPs. In addition, the inhibitory effect of DK‐520 on osteoclastogenesis is realized through impairment of the NF‐kB (nuclear factor‐κB) and MAPK (mitogen‐activated protein kinase) signaling pathways. These results demonstrate that DK‐520, like Niclosamide, effectively inhibits the early stage of osteoclastogenesis. The findings presented here, together with its increased oral plasma concentrations and bioavailability, suggest that DK‐520 may be a promising drug candidate for treatment of osteoclast‐related diseases.
Archaeal Ribosomes
Authors: Londei Paola 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Ribosomes, the essential cellular organelles carrying out protein synthesis, have a basic design that is fundamentally conserved in all three kingdoms of life (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya). Nevertheless, there are ribosomal features specific of each kingdom. Archaeal ribosomes have a size and composition similar to those of their bacterial counterparts: they contain three ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules, 16S, 23S and 5S RNA and 50–70 proteins depending on the species. However, the primary structures of both archaeal ribosomal RNA and r‐proteins are closer to those of eukaryotes. As many Archaea have adapted to function under conditions of extreme salt or temperature, their ribosomal components are highly resistant to such adverse conditions, and the overall ribosome structure often has a higher rigidity than that of mesophilic microorganisms. This makes archaeal ribosomes optimally suited for crystallographic studies, and in fact, high‐resolution three‐dimensional structures have been obtained with ribosomal crystals from halophilic and thermophilic Archaea. These studies pioneered the resolution at the atomic level of ribosome architecture, a feat that won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Ada Yonath, Thomas Steitz and Venki Ramakrishnan.

Key Concepts

Ribosome structure is very well conserved in all cells. However, specific structural differences exist among the ribosomes in the three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya). Archaeal ribosomes are composed of 30S and 50S subunits that join to make a 70S particle. They contain three rRNA molecules (16S, 23S and 5S) and up to 68 ribosomal proteins.

The primary sequences of both archaeal rRNA and r‐proteins are closer to those of eukaryotes than to those of bacteria. All of the archaeal r‐proteins are represented in eukaryotes, whereas no r‐proteins are shared by Archaea and Bacteria only.

Archaeal ribosomes have a heterogeneous protein composition. Early branching Archaea (Crenarchaeota) tend to have protein‐richer ribosomes, whereas late‐branching species (halobacteriales, Thermoplasmatales) tend to have protein‐poorer ribosomes.

The ribosomes of the extremophilic Archaea show specific adaptations to harsh environmental conditions. In general, they have a more rigid structure than mesophilic ribosomes. Halophilic ribosomes increase their hydration capacity by having acidic instead of basic ribosomal proteins.
Deep convolutional neural networks for automatic segmentation of thoracic organs‐at‐risk in radiation oncology – use of non‐domain transfer learning
Authors: Vu Charles C. , Siddiqui Zaid A. , Zamdborg Leonid , Thompson Andrew B. , Quinn Thomas J. , Castillo Edward , Guerrero Thomas M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeSegmentation of organs‐at‐risk (OARs) is an essential component of the radiation oncology workflow. Commonly segmented thoracic OARs include the heart, esophagus, spinal cord, and lungs. This study evaluated a convolutional neural network (CNN) for automatic segmentation of these OARs.MethodsThe dataset was created retrospectively from consecutive radiotherapy plans containing all five OARs of interest, including 22,411 CT slices from 168 patients. Patients were divided into training, validation, and test datasets according to a 66%/17%/17% split. We trained a modified U‐Net, applying transfer learning from a VGG16 image classification model trained on ImageNet. The Dice coefficient and 95% Hausdorff distance on the test set for each organ was compared to a commercial atlas‐based segmentation model using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.ResultsOn the test dataset, the median Dice coefficients for the CNN model vs. the multi‐atlas model were 71% vs. 67% for the spinal cord, 96% vs. 94% for the right lung, 96%vs. 94% for the left lung, 91% vs. 85% for the heart, and 63% vs. 37% for the esophagus. The median 95% Hausdorff distances were 9.5 mm vs. 25.3 mm, 5.1 mm vs. 8.1 mm, 4.0 mm vs. 8.0 mm, 9.8 mm vs. 15.8 mm, and 9.2 mm vs. 20.0 mm for the respective organs. The results all favored the CNN model (P < 0.05).ConclusionsA 2D CNN can achieve superior results to commercial atlas‐based software for OAR segmentation utilizing non‐domain transfer learning, which has potential utility for quality assurance and expediting patient care.