bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservative Liberalism and Ordo-Liberalism: From Child to Midwife of Crisis in Capitalism and Democracy
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter reveals the extent of demise of economics with the Third Reich; the experience of academic isolation, harassment, and fear; the private comments of founding Ordo-liberals in this dark period and the literature they read (like Friedrich Schiller); the misjudgements many of them made and their attempts to draw lessons; and the stimulus to retreat into philosophy and history in the search for meaning. They sought an alternative to ‘vulgar’ liberalism, the failures in the market economy, and the deficiencies in democracy. Character, culture, principles, and rules formed the axes of their thought about a rejuvenated liberalism. The chapter locates the founding thinkers in the beleaguered cultivated bourgeois intelligentsia and its sense of a civilizational crisis of modernity that went back into the nineteenth century; in the disorder that was generated by the First World War and its aftermath, notably fears of communism and fascism; in the hyperinflation of 1923; in the Great Depression; and in brutal anti-Semitism. Prominence is given to Walter Eucken’s remarkable public lecture in 1936 on the struggle of science and his public debate in 1937 with a Nazi economist. The chapter examines how founding Ordo-liberals like Walter Eucken and Wilhelm Röpke were viewed by fellow liberals like Friedrich Hayek, notably the emphasis placed on their strength of character and conviction. Finally, the chapter plots both the extraordinary growth of citations of Ordo-liberalism since the 1950s and its correlation with events; the shift towards seeing it as a cause of crises especially after 2009; and Ordo-liberalism in the context of post-1945 structural changes and debates about patriarchy and the role of women.
Patron Saints: (1) The European Tradition of Aristocratic Liberalism
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the key authors and texts that provided conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism with a distinctive aristocratic character: its paternalism, its scepticism about democracy, its discomfort with the commercial aspects of capitalism, and its belief in a hierarchy of ability. From their interwar origins, conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism were about more than the economic order. They were fundamentally about the kind of social and cultural order that was appropriate to a sustainable liberal society and that would stem the crisis of moral and intellectual values. Referencing of canonical texts with which the cultivated bourgeois intelligentsia was familiar had the additional value of endowing conservative liberals and Ordo-liberals with prestige. This chapter examines the most cited authors and texts in this literature: Lord John Acton, Julien Benda, Jacob Burckhardt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Gustave Le Bon, Frédéric Le Play, José Ortega y Gasset, Bertrand Russell, George Santayana, and Alexis de Tocqueville. It also looks at Friedrich Hayek’s attempt to establish the Acton-Tocqueville Society. These authors embodied a faith in an aristocracy of knowledge, a distrust of plebeian culture, and a belief in the quality of the inner life and in character as the foundation of a liberal society. Aristocratic liberalism rested on two fears: of unbridled democracy and of the despotic state; of anarchy and servitude. The chapter closes with reflections on the changing fortunes of aristocratic liberalism and their implication for conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism.
Conservative Liberalism in French and Italian Political Economy
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter seeks to offer a balanced and nuanced view of conservative liberalism in French and Italian political economy by examining its key figures, the context of their work, what they thought and wrote, and how their thinking evolved. It also compares the significance of conservative liberalism in the discourses, policies, and politics of French and Italian political economy. In the case of France, the chapter examines the ideas and roles of Louis Rougier, Jacques Rueff, Maurice Allais, and Raymond Barre. It also discusses the Lippmann Colloquium in 1938; Rueff’s relations with Raymond Poincaré and Charles de Gaulle, especially in the period 1958–61; and the hard franc (franc fort) policy. The key texts of Rougier and Rueff are examined in detail. In the case of Italy, close attention is paid to the ideas and roles of Luigi Einaudi (including his connections to Wilhelm Röpke), Costantino Bresciani-Turroni, Luigi Sturzo, Guido Carli, and Francesco Forte; to the early post-war reconstruction; to Carli’s concept of the good and bad souls of Italy; and to external discipline (vincolo esterno) as a tool of economic policy. The chapter examines the stabilization traditions of France and Italy; the challenge posed by European economic and monetary union; and the deep hostility that emerged towards Ordo-liberalism in the wake of the euro area crisis after 2009.
The Historical Significance and Contemporary Relevance of Conservative Liberalism and Ordo-Liberalism: A Hollow Promise?
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter attempts to assess the significance of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism in the larger context of liberalism by examining five questions. Why have they been marginalized? How have their ideas fared in Germany, the epicentre of Ordo-liberalism? What is the position of conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism in the intellectual history of political economy? What are their prospects in a new transformational crisis of liberalism? Are they likely to prove no more than a ghostly shadow in liberal political economy? Or can they act as a source of liberal rejuvenation? Finally, do conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism offer no more than a hollow promise of disciplining capitalism and democracy? Do the gaps in their thinking—their focusing illusion—disable them as a source of intellectual insight and as a relevant influence on debate, institutions, and policies? Or do they contribute to the overall strength and resilience of liberalism by complementing the contributions of social liberalism and laissez-faire liberalism? The chapter examines conservative liberalism and Ordo-liberalism using the insights from the Austrian School, the new Chicago School, and libertarian thought; from Karl Polanyi and Michel Foucault; from critics of authoritarian liberalism and of the long shadow of Carl Schmitt; and from writers on the moral economy, including John Rawls and Amartya Sen. It concludes by offering a balanced assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of this liberal tradition and its place in wider liberalism.
England's Islands in a Sea of Troubles
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This book deals with the peculiarities, privileges, and anomalies of England’s offshore communities, and their relationship to the central state from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Drawing on a wide range of manuscripts and printed sources, it shows how the Channel Islands, the Isles of Scilly, the Isle of Wight, the Isle of Man, Anglesey, and lesser island communities maintained distinctive cultural patterns and constitutional legacies, alongside deep involvement in the affairs of the nation. As outliers of English power, the islands were coveted by England’s enemies, yet often neglected by English regimes. They were smugglers’ haunts, pirate havens, and locales of shipwreck, as well as places of religious and political infighting. Differences of language, heritage, distance, and maritime isolation made them difficult to govern. In England’s civil war, they were divided and contested, some serving as refuges for defeated cavaliers, and suffering siege and conquest. Regimes from Charles I to James II used these islands to hold political prisoners, and Charles I himself experienced a year of confinement on the Isle of Wight. Examination of how governments handled difficulties and distractions at the insular margins, and how islanders coped with the centralizing demands of the state, sheds light on the dynamics and application of power across the early modern period. Taking their measure entails an innovative engagement with legal, social, political, constitutional, religious, military, maritime, and economic history.
Lundy
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter serves as a micro-history of a little-known island, and as a prologue to the main account. The questions of ownership and jurisdiction, defence and occupation, piracy, dependence, and independence that troubled this small outpost in the Bristol Channel prefigured the problems of the rest of England’s island fringe. Colourful occupiers of Lundy Island included the pirate king Thomas Salkeld, the mining entrepreneur Thomas Bushell, and the puritan politician Lord Saye and Sele. Long held by the Grenville family, Lundy saw a civil war in microcosm in the mid-seventeenth century, as royalist and parliamentary forces vied for control. It then suffered long periods of neglect, interspersed by attempts at pasturage, occasional raids by marauders, and short-lived assertions of sovereignty.
English Islands in the Norman Sea
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the legal and constitutional idiosyncrasies of the Channel Islands. As remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, Jersey, Guernsey, and their dependencies were outside of English law, and lay beyond the reach of courts and parliaments at Westminster. Yet they were subject to crown-appointed military governors and could be answerable to the monarch’s Great Seal. Royal and papal charters assured their neutrality in times of war. This chapter explores the drama of London’s attempt to impose its will on the islands, and the islanders’ insistence on their customs, privileges, rights, and immunities. It shows how governors and captains of varying competence and rectitude sparred with bailiffs and jurats over authority, appointments, resources, and jurisdiction.
God’s Islands
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the religious culture and ecclesiastical arrangements of various island communities, showing how devotional activities and godly discipline were affected by politics and custom. The Isle of Wight was part of the Diocese of Winchester, with patterns of conformity and dissent similar to those of the mainland. Lundy was extra-parochial, and forgotten by the bishops of Exeter. The Scillies, too, belonged to the diocese of Exeter, but episcopal influence was almost invisible. The Isle of Man had its own bishop, but godly conformity was rarely attained. Religious radicals reached most islands in the decades of revolution, and lingered or revived in the later seventeenth century. The Channel Islands, as ever, were anomalous, having adopted a Presbyterian discipline under Elizabeth I. Jersey was brought into conformity with England’s prayer book and canons, at least officially, in the reign of James I, but Presbyterianism continued in Guernsey until the Restoration. Each island experienced conflicts in the later seventeenth century over worship, discipline, conformity, and dissent. The disputes of laity and clergy, deans and bailiffs, and governors and the godly formed an offshore drama against the continuing development of the national Church of England.
Island Prisoners of the English Republic
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows how the victors in the civil wars emulated the royalist regime by isolating enemies in island prisons. Victims of the Commonwealth and Protectorate included cavalier conspirators sent to the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands, religious radicals held on the Isle of Wight and Scilly, and dissident army officers exiled to Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man. Revolutionary England supported a chain of offshore prisons, where inmates often likened themselves to the godly prisoners of Scripture. Sufferers included the Leveller John Lilburne, the Fifth Monarchist John Rogers, the Unitarian John Biddle, and the republican Robert Overton. Some construed their prison island as Patmos, and Oliver Cromwell’s England at Babylon.
Analytic Element Method
Authors: Steward David R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Analytic Element Method provides a foundation to solve boundary value problems commonly encountered in engineering and science. The goals are: to introduce readers to the basic principles of the AEM, to provide a template for those interested in pursuing these methods, and to empower readers to extend the AEM paradigm to an even broader range of problems. A comprehensive paradigm: place an element within its landscape, formulate its interactions with other elements using linear series of influence functions, and then solve for its coefficients to match its boundary and interface conditions with nearly exact precision. Collectively, sets of elements interact to transform their environment, and these synergistic interactions are expanded upon for three common types of problems. The first problem studies a vector field that is directed from high to low values of a function, and applications include: groundwater flow, vadose zone seepage, incompressible fluid flow, thermal conduction and electrostatics. A second type of problem studies the interactions of elements with waves, with applications including water waves and acoustics. A third type of problem studies the interactions of elements with stresses and displacements, with applications in elasticity for structures and geomechanics. The Analytic Element Method paradigm comprehensively employs a background of existing methodology using complex functions, separation of variables and singular integral equations. This text puts forth new methods to solving important problems across engineering and science, and has a tremendous potential to broaden perspective and change the way problems are formulated.
Foundation of the Analytic Element Method
Authors: Steward David R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Analytic Element Method provides a foundation to solve boundary value problems commonly encountered in engineering and science, where problems are structured around elements to organize mathematical functions and methods. While this text mostly adheres to a ``just in time mathematics'' philosophy, whereby mathematical approaches are introduced when they are first needed, a comprehensive paradigm is presented in Section 2.1 as four steps necessary to achieve solutions. Likewise, Section 2.2 develops general solution methods, and Section 2.3 presents a consistent notation and concise representation to organize analytic elements across the broad range of disciplinary perspectives introduced in Chapter 1.
Wordsworth's Unremembered Pleasure
Authors: Freer Alexander 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Wordsworth’s writing detects and investigates pleasures that are overlooked, underacknowledged, and ‘unremembered’. This book explores Wordsworth’s sustained interest in the ethical and aesthetic value of lost, inaccessible, and unfelt pleasure throughout his poetry and critical prose. Such pleasures are marginal and fleeting; they pass by silently and are recognized only retrospectively. Yet they shape the aims, technique, and ultimately the whole affective economy of Wordsworth’s writing. Rather than understanding the domain of pleasure to be subjective personal experience, Wordsworth posits affects and attachments beyond conscious experience and possession. By tracing the intertwined history of romanticism and psychoanalysis, the work teases Wordsworth’s interest in unnoticed experience apart from the psychoanalytic concepts that have shaped our understanding of it. Reading Wordsworth against Freud, it rethinks central critical categories: repression, sublimation, mourning, happiness, pleasure, and the gift. In Wordsworth’s account of composition, it locates the resources to rethink poetic pleasure: not as wish-fulfilment, nor as aesthetic escape, but as an engaged and reparative relation to the world.
Unremembered Pleasure
Authors: Freer Alexander 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins from Wordsworth’s frustrations with his own memory while walking in the Swiss Alps, before considering the ways in which Wordsworth’s early loco-descriptive verse works through problems of perception, retention, and representation. Reading Wordsworth against a long tradition which positions him as the poet of memory, it traces a persistent interest in lost and unnoticed images and affects, which are neither consciously experienced nor traumatically repressed. It goes on to study and develop Wordsworth’s use of the term ‘unremembered pleasure’ in ‘Tintern Abbey’, presenting the possibility of unnoticed and retrospectively acknowledged satisfaction as an alternative to the broadly empirical and descriptive way readers have often expected or hoped for the poem to work. Turning to anthropological theory, the chapter develops an account of unregistered experience, and above all lost pleasure, as a form of gift
The Infancy of Affection
Authors: Freer Alexander 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 considers Wordsworth’s accounts of very early life and its passions, from early drafts of the poem that would become The Prelude to the 1807 ‘Ode’. It reads Wordsworth’s poems as ambivalent narratives of human development, placing them alongside related accounts of genesis and individuation in psychoanalytic writing and criticism. It puts Wordsworth’s poetics of infancy into dialogue with Didier Anzieu’s tactile account of an early ‘skin ego’ and Mutlu Konik Blasing’s developmental theorization of lyric. In this context, Wordsworth’s poems resist normative narratives of development, and testify to a kind of early pleasure spread so widely that it becomes an inseparable element of perception itself, suggesting a formative role comparable to (but pointedly at odds with) psychoanalytic accounts of an ‘original’ trauma.
Metrical Pleasures
Authors: Freer Alexander 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 reads Wordsworth’s poetic theory as a far-reaching account of compositional pleasure. It considers the crucial relation between of poetry’s claims to truth and its claims to produce and communicate pleasure, and uses the question of poetic pleasure to explore the tense relation in Wordsworth’s prose between real language and events and the artificial and mechanical operation of verse. It goes on to position Wordsworth’s theory of poetry in opposition to the persistent critical problem of sublimation. In place of the assumption that artistic pleasures must be substitute satisfaction or sheer fantasy, it explores the claim that poetry might disclose existing but unacknowledged pleasure in the world. The challenges and pleasures of metrical verse, it argues, are for Wordsworth constitutive of its retrospective, reparative forms of attention. The chapter concludes by returning to Wordsworth’s poetry and considering how metrical pleasure might function as a form of mourning.
Sustaining Elegy
Authors: Freer Alexander 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores Wordsworth’s poems and drafts related to the death of his brother John. It reads these poems with and against prevailing accounts of elegy, showing how Wordsworth’s poems variously accord with and challenge their broadly psychoanalytic logic. The chapter traces critical accounts of elegy back to Freud’s model of mourning, noting both its generative qualities and its limitations. In particular, psychoanalytic accounts of mourning foreclose our capacity to imagine what might be termed elegiac surprise. The chapter goes on to locate in Wordsworth’s writing a distinctly different logic; his grief poems do not abandon or even memorialize John, but uncover in verse fresh traces of a lost brother. Wordsworth reimagines the metapsychology of the elegy and the life of his late brother in the same gesture.
Happiness in Time
Authors: Freer Alexander 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers the broader significance of unremembered pleasure across Wordsworth’s authorship by reassessing the commonly observed decline and dissatisfaction of the so-called ‘late’ Wordsworth. From the 1817 odes to some of Wordsworth’s last poems, it explores non-narrative forms of lateness in Wordsworthian lyric. By refusing a narrative account, these poems can see the pleasures of youth as something other than a rival to satisfaction in old age. The chapter argues that a number of Wordsworth’s later odes add up to an ambitious attempt to re-think happiness itself, an attempt that depends on the possibility of separating the significance of pleasure from the satisfaction of possessing it. Drawing on Anahid Nersessian’s account on ‘adjusted’ utopian thinking, it shows how at its most quietly ambitious moments, Wordsworth’s writing on happiness delaminates pleasure from the exhausting drive to have and retain it, so that pleasure might survive memory.
Conclusion
Authors: Freer Alexander 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Conclusion develops some broader claims about unremembered pleasure by considering Wordsworth’s retrospection across his authorship. Beginning from Paul de Man’s concerns over romantic nostalgia, it traces some varieties of nostalgia from the eighteenth century to the present. In opposition to nostalgic longing, it suggests that Wordsworth’s retrospection might be understood as a form of underdetermined attachment, freed from the expectation of possession or recovery. Returning to the comparative questions raised in the Introduction, it reflects on the ways that romanticism and psychoanalysis might continue to inform one another while remaining distinct traditions of writing. Finally, it returns to the question of affective education, tracing the prospect of ‘learning to love’ through Wordsworth’s writing.
Futures of Enlightenment Poetry
Authors: Stewart Dustin D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This book offers a revisionist account of poetry and embodiment from Milton to Romanticism. Scholars have made much of the period's theories of matter, with some studies equating the eighteenth century's modernity with its materialism. Yet the Enlightenment in Britain also brought bold new arguments for the immateriality of spirit and evocative claims about a coming spirit realm. Protestant religious writing was of two minds about futurity, swinging back and forth between patience for the resurrected body and desire for the released soul. This ancient pattern carried over, the book argues, into understandings of poetry as a modern devotional practice. A range of authors agreed that poems can provide a foretaste of the afterlife, but they disagreed about what kind of future state the imagination should seek. The mortalist impulse-exemplified by John Milton and by Romantic poets Anna Letitia Barbauld and William Wordsworth-is to overcome the temptation of disembodiment and to restore spirit to its rightful home in matter. The spiritualist impulse-driving eighteenth-century verse by Mark Akenside, Elizabeth Singer Rowe, and Edward Young-is to break out of bodily repetition and enjoy the detached soul's freedom in advance. Although the study isolates these two tendencies, each needed the other as a source in the Enlightenment, and their productive opposition didn't end with Romanticism. The final chapter identifies an alternative Romantic vision that keeps open the possibility of a disembodied poetics, and the introduction considers present-day Anglophone writers who continue to put it to work.