bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CMOS-compatible synaptic transistor gated by chitosan electrolyte-Ta2O5 hybrid electric double layer
Authors: Min Shin-Yi , Cho Won-Ju 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study proposes a hybrid electric double layer (EDL) with complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process compatibility by stacking a chitosan electrolyte and a Ta2O5 high-k dielectric thin film. Bio-inspired synaptic transistors with excellent electrical stability were fabricated using the proposed hybrid EDL for the gate dielectric layer. The Ta2O5 high-k dielectric layer with high chemical resistance, thermal stability, and mechanical strength enables CMOS-compatible patterning processes on biocompatible organic polymer chitosan electrolytes. This technique achieved ion-conduction from the chitosan electrolyte to the In-Ga-Zn oxide (IGZO) channel layer. The on/off current ratio, subthreshold voltage swing, and the field-effect mobility of the fabricated IGZO EDL transistors (EDLTs) exhibited excellent electrical properties of 1.80 × 107, 96 mV/dec, and 3.73 cm2/V·s, respectively. A resistor-loaded inverter was constructed by connecting an IGZO EDLT with a load resistor (400 MΩ) in series. This demonstrated good inverter action and responded to the square-wave input signals. Synaptic behaviours such as the hysteresis window and excitatory post-synaptic current (EPSC) variations were evaluated for different DC gate voltage sweep ranges and different AC gate spike stimuli, respectively. Therefore, the proposed organic–inorganic hybrid EDL is expected to be useful for implementing an extremely compact neural architecture system.
Synchronicities that shape the perception of joint action
Authors: McEllin Luke , Knoblich Günther , Sebanz Natalie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn joint performances spanning from jazz improvisation to soccer, expert performers synchronize their movements in ways that novices cannot. Particularly, experts can align the velocity profiles of their movements in order to achieve synchrony on a fine-grained time scale, compared to novices who can only synchronize the duration of their movement intervals. This study investigated how experts’ ability to engage in velocity-based synchrony affects observers’ perception of coordination and their aesthetic experience of joint performances. Participants observed two moving dots on a screen and were told that these reflect the hand movements of two performers engaging in joint improvisation. The dots were animated to reflect the velocity-based synchrony characteristic of expert performance (in terms of jitter of the velocity profile: Experiment 1, or through aligning sharpness of the velocity profile: Experiment 2) or contained only interval-based synchrony. Performances containing velocity-based synchrony were judged as more coordinated with performers rated as liking each other more, and were rated as more beautiful, providing observers with a stronger aesthetic experience. These findings demonstrate that subtle timing cues fundamentally shape the experience of watching joint actions, directly influencing how beautiful and enjoyable we find these interactions, as well as our perception of the relationship between co-actors.
Polyol and sugar osmolytes can shorten protein hydrogen bonds to modulate function
Authors: Li Jingwen , Chen Jingfei , An Liaoyuan , Yuan Xiaoxiang , Yao Lishan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPolyol and sugar osmolytes are commonly used in therapeutic protein formulations. How they may affect protein structure and function is an important question. In this work, through NMR measurements, we show that glycerol and sorbitol (polyols), as well as glucose (sugar), can shorten protein backbone hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen bond shortening is also captured by molecular dynamics simulations, which suggest a hydrogen bond competition mechanism. Specifically, osmolytes weaken hydrogen bonds between the protein and solvent to strengthen those within the protein. Although the hydrogen bond change is small, with the average experimental cross hydrogen bond3hJNC′coupling of two proteins GB3 and TTHA increased by ~ 0.01 Hz by the three osmolytes (160 g/L), its effect on protein function should not be overlooked. This is exemplified by the PDZ3−peptide binding where several intermolecular hydrogen bonds are formed and osmolytes shift the equilibrium towards the bound state.
Latest Pliocene Northern Hemisphere glaciation amplified by intensified Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
Authors: Hayashi Tatsuya , Yamanaka Toshiro , Hikasa Yuki , Sato Masahiko , Kuwahara Yoshihiro , Ohno Masao 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe global climate has been dominated by glacial–interglacial variations since the intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation 2.7 million years ago. Although the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation has exerted strong influence on recent climatic changes, there is controversy over its influence on Northern Hemisphere glaciation because its deep limb, North Atlantic Deep Water, was thought to have weakened. Here we show that Northern Hemisphere glaciation was amplified by the intensified Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, based on multi-proxy records from the subpolar North Atlantic. We found that the Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water, contributing North Atlantic Deep Water, significantly increased after 2.7 million years ago and was actively maintained even in early stages of individual glacials, in contrast with late stages when it drastically decreased because of iceberg melting. Probably, the active Nordic Seas overturning during the early stages of glacials facilitated the efficient growth of ice sheets and amplified glacial oscillations.
Effects of Stimulus Repetition Rates on the Auditory Brainstem Response to Level-Specific CE-Chirp in Normal-Hearing Adults
Authors: Dzulkarnain Ahmad Aidil Arafat , Shahrudin Fatin Amira , Jamal Fatin Nabilah , Marzuki Muhammad Nasrullah , Mazlan Mohd Naufal Shah 
Published: September 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of stimulus repetition rates on the auditory brainstem response (ABR) to Level-Specific (LS) CE-Chirp and click stimuli at multiple intensity levels in normal-hearing adults.

Method
A repeated-measure study design was used on 13 normal-hearing adults. ABRs were acquired from the study participants using LS CE-Chirp and click stimuli at four stimulus repetition rates (19.1, 33.3, 61.1, and 81.1 Hz) and four intensity levels (80, 60, 40, and 20 dB nHL). The ABR test was stopped at 40-nV residual noise level.

Results
High-stimulus repetition rates caused the ABR latencies to be longer and have reduced amplitudes in both ABR to LS CE-Chirp and click stimuli. The ABR to LS CE-Chirp Wave I, III, and V amplitudes were larger than ABR to click in almost all the stimulus repetition rates. However, there were no differences in the number of averages required to reach the stopping criterion between ABR to LS CE-Chirp and click stimulus, and between high-stimulus repetition rates and low-stimulus repetition rates.

Conclusion
The LS CE-Chirp at standard low-stimulus repetition rates can be used to elicit ABR for both neurodiagnostic and threshold seeking procedure.
More planetary candidates from K2 Campaign 5 using TRAN_K2
Authors: Kovacs Geza 
Published: September 2020

Context. The exquisite precision of space-based photometric surveys and the unavoidable presence of instrumental systematics and intrinsic stellar variability call for the development of sophisticated methods that distinguish these signal components from those caused by planetary transits.
Aims. Here, we introduce the standalone Fortran code TRAN_K2 to search for planetary transits under the colored noise of stellar variability and instrumental effects. We use this code to perform a survey to uncover new candidates.
Methods. Stellar variability is represented by a Fourier series and, when necessary, by an autoregressive model aimed at avoiding excessive Gibbs overshoots at the edges. For the treatment of systematics, a cotrending and an external parameter decorrelation were employed by using cotrending stars with low stellar variability as well as the chip position and the background flux level at the target. The filtering was done within the framework of the standard weighted least squares, where the weights are determined iteratively, to allow a robust fit and to separate the transit signal from stellar variability and systematics. Once the periods of the transit components are determined from the filtered data by the box-fitting least squares method, we reconstruct the full signal and determine the transit parameters with a higher accuracy. This step greatly reduces the excessive attenuation of the transit depths and minimizes shape deformation.
Results. We tested the code on the field of Campaign 5 of the K2 mission. We detected 98% of the systems with all their candidate planets as previously reported by other authors. We then surveyed the whole field and discovered 15 new systems. An additional three planets were found in three multiplanetary systems, and two more planets were found in a previously known single-planet system.
Upper-class romance: homogamy at the apex of the class structure
Authors: Toft Maren , Jarness Vegard 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
This article focuses on social closure by way of marital homogamy within the upper class. It offers new insights into the social structuring of romantic partnerships, while drawing on research on assortative mating and contemporary elite and class analysis. The analysis is based on detailed data covering the entire Norwegian population. Our main point of focus is the upper class, whose patterns of partner choice have been little studied. By drawing on Bourdieu’s model of the social space, we move beyond conventional operationalisations of class. The analysis demonstrates that romantic partnerships within the upper class are structured along three dimensions of class: (i) vertical inter-class closure (upper-class individuals are disproportionately more likely to have partners in upper-class positions); (ii) horizontal intra-class closure (a tendency for marrying within the same upper-class fraction); (iii) closure by class trajectory (upwardly mobile newcomers are disproportionately more unlikely to have upper-class partners). We also demonstrate how class divisions intersect with gender divisions. Among the men, there are important differences between the upper-class fractions: the cultural fraction is more homogamous than the other fractions, and the economic fraction is comparatively more likely to have partners from lower down in the class structure.
New Zealand blackcurrant extract enhances muscle oxygenation during repeated intermittent forearm muscle contractions in advanced and elite rock climbers
Authors: Fryer Simon , Giles David , Bird Ellis , Stone Keeron , Paterson Craig , Baláš Jiří , Willems Mark E. T. , Potter Julia A. , Perkins Ian C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAnthocyanin‐rich New Zealand blackcurrant (NZBC) may improve forearm muscle oxygenation and enhance performance in high‐level rock climbers. As such, using a double‐blind, randomised, cross‐over design study, twelve participants performed an oxidative capacity assessment, and two successive exhaustive exercise trials (submaximal forearm muscle contractions at 60% of their maximal volitional contraction). Each visit was conducted following 7‐days intake of 600 mg·day−1 NZBC extract or placebo. Oxidative capacity was estimated by calculating the oxygen half time recovery using near infrared spectroscopy. Time to exhaustion (s), impulse (kg·s), and minimum tissue saturation index (min‐TSI %) were assessed during both the exercise trials. Muscle oxidative capacity was greater with NZBC (mean difference [MD] = 5.3 s, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI] = 0.4–10.2 s; p = 0.036; Cohen's d = 0.94). During the exercise trials, there was an interaction for min‐TSI % (time x condition, p = 0.046; = 0.372), which indicated a greater level of oxygen extraction during trial two with NZBC extract (MD = 9%, 95% CI = 2‐15%) compared to the placebo (MD = 2%, 95% CI = 1–7%). There was a decrease in time to exhaustion (p <0.001, = 0.693) and impulse (p = 0.001, = 0.672) in exercise trial two, with no effect of NZBC extract. In high‐level rock climbers 7‐days NZBC extract improves forearm muscle oxygenation with no effect on isolated forearm muscle performance.
Deflection angle and shadow behaviors of quintessential black holes in arbitrary dimensions
Authors: Belhaj A , Benali M , El Balali A , El Moumni H , Ennadifi S-E 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Motivated by M-theory/superstring inspired models, we investigate certain behaviors of the deflection angle and the shadow geometrical shapes of higher dimensional quintessential black holes associated with two values of the dark energy (DE) state parameter, being

ω
=
−

1

3

and

ω
=
−

2

3

. Concretely, we derive the geodesic equation of photons on such backgrounds. Thanks to the Gauss–Bonnet theorem corresponding to the optical metric, we compute the leading terms of the deflection angle in the so-called weak-limit approximation. After that, we inspect the effect of DE and the space–time dimension d on the calculated optical quantities. Introducing DE via the field intensity c and the state parameter ω, we find that the shadow size and the deflection angle increase by increasing values of the field intensity c. However, we observe that the high dimensions decrease such quantities for ω-models exhibiting similar behaviors. Then, we consider the effect of the black hole charge, on these optical quantities, by discussing the associated behaviors. The present investigation recovers certain known results appearing in ordinary four dimensional models.
Nuclear explosions: a study
Authors: Khan F A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The incident neutron energy dependence of the neutron multiplication rate constant α is studied for 235U- and 239Pu-based nuclear explosions. At high neutron energy, α comes out to be about 10 generations/shake for both 235U and 239Pu. In addition, the photon gas model seems to hold well for the very early stage of a nuclear explosion as one is able to reproduce the yield (20.4 ± 2.4) kiloton for the Trinity test.
Quantum surfing
Authors: Rasinskaitė D , Strange P 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Here we report a project in which time-dependent supersymmetry has been employed to derive a new potential and eigenfunctions that satisfy the Schrödinger equation. The supersymmetry method is outlined and we apply it to a wavefunction obeying the free-particle Schrödinger equation. This leads to an exactly soluble model in which a quantum particle is seen to ‘surf’ on a time-dependent potential. The model can be solved and understood within both classical and quantum mechanics and the relationship between the two approaches is discussed. The mathematics of this formalism is accessible to a final year British undergraduate making supersymmetry derived Hamiltonians suitable as a final year theoretical physics research project.
Effect of interfiber bonding on the rupture of electrospun fibrous mats
Authors: Chavoshnejad Poorya , Alsmairat Ohood , Ke Changhong , Razavi Mir Jalil 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Electrospun fibrous mats have a wide range of applications, and characterizing their mechanical behavior is an important task. In addition to the mechanical properties of the individual fibers, other factors can alter the overall mechanical behavior of the mat. In this study, we use computational and experimental methods to investigate the effect of interfiber bonding on the failure and rupture of typical fibrous mats. A non-linear finite element model of a mat is simulated with randomly distributed fibers with different porosities. The percentage of bonding between intersecting fibers is controlled by an auxiliary code. The results reveal that interfiber bonding increases the stiffness of the mat, and the toughness of the mat increases as well. Interestingly, a large percentage of interfiber bonding at a predefined porosity of a mat does not increase the elastic modulus of the mat, nor does it have considerable effects on the failure behavior. Moreover, the effect of interfiber bonding increases with a mat’s porosity. The findings of this study could help tune the mechanical properties of fibrous mats used for different applications.
Bound fermion states in pinned vortices in the surface states of a superconducting topological insulator
Authors: Deng Haoyun , Bonesteel N , Schlottmann P 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
By analytically solving the Bogoliubov–de Gennes equations we study the fermion bound states at the center of the core of a vortex in a two-dimensional superconductor. The superconducting states are induced via proximity effect between an s-wave superconductor and the surface states of a strong topological insulator. The strong spin–orbit coupling locks the spin perpendicular to the momentum (Rashba interaction). A zero-energy Majorana state arises together with an equally spaced (

Δ

∞

2

/

E

F

) sequence of fermion excitations. The spin–momentum locking is key to the formation of the Majorana state. We present analytical expressions for the energy spectrum and the wave functions of the bound states. The wave functions fall off exponentially with the distance ρ from the core of the vortex as

exp

[

−

∫

0

ρ

d

ρ

′

Δ

(

ρ

′

)

/

v

F

]

. An analytic expression for the local density of states (LDOS) for the bound states is obtained. The particle–hole symmetry is broken in the LDOS as a consequence of the spin–orbit coupling. The spin-polarization of the bound states is discussed. We also obtain the energy shifts of the bound states in a small magnetic field. A unitary transformation relating the model with Rashba interaction to the Dirac Hamiltonian is presented.
Loss tolerant quantum absorption measurement
Authors: Okamoto Ryo , Tokami Yuta , Takeuchi Shigeki 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The quantum statistics of entangled photon pairs promise greater performance for absorption measurements than can be achieved classically. However, the performance of a quantum approach is easily degraded under a loss of photons caused by experimental limitations. Here, we propose a loss-tolerant quantum scheme using quantum destructive interference in a nonlinear interferometer. Our theoretical results show that the loss-tolerant quantum scheme surpasses the conventional quantum scheme under photon loss at the detection stage. We demonstrate how photon losses at optical paths and mode-mismatches in a nonlinear interferometer affect the performance of our scheme. We also propose a hybrid approach to cope with the case where the quantum destructive interference is imperfect, and show that the hybrid scheme always surpasses the conventional quantum scheme.
Production of energetic protons, deuterons, and neutrons up to 60 MeV via disruption of a current-carrying plasma column at 3 MA
Authors: Klir D , Shishlov A V , Kokshenev V A , Jackson S L , Rezac K , Cherdizov R K , Cikhardt J , Dudkin G N , Fursov F I , Krasa J , Kravarik J , Kubes P , Kurmaev N E , Munzar V , Ratakhin N A , Turek K , Varlachev V A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Acceleration of ions to multi-MeV energies is investigated in various plasma devices to better understand processes in astrophysical plasmas and to develop efficient accelerators for a variety of applications. This paper reports the production of proton, deuteron, and electron beams in a z-pinch—a cylindrically symmetric plasma column that is compressed by its own magnetic field. For this work, the GIT-12 pulsed-power generator was used to drive a novel configuration of z-pinch that dramatically enhanced ion acceleration associated with disruption of the current by instabilities in the compressed plasma. During the disruption of 3 MA current, hydrogen ions were accelerated up to at least 50 MeV, which is almost a hundred-times the ion energy provided by the generator driving voltage of 0.6 MV. Under optimal conditions, the total numbers of hydrogen ions with energies above 20 and 50 MeV were 4 × 1013 and 1011, respectively. Accelerated deuterons produced one 20 ns (full width at half maximum) pulse of fast neutrons via D(d, n)3He and other nuclear reactions. A maximum neutron output of (1.0 ± 0.2) × 1012 neutrons/sr was observed downstream, i.e., in the anode to cathode direction. In this direction, the maximum neutron energy reached 58 ± 7 MeV. Both ion and neutron beams in our experiment reached an end-point energy of about 60 MeV, which is the highest value observed in pulsed-power devices. A localized peak voltage of ≳60 MV was driven by the inductive energy that was stored around the plasma column and that was extracted during a sub-nanosecond current drop. Considering the natural occurrence of current-carrying columns in laboratory and space plasmas, the current interruption observed in z-pinches could represent a more general physical process that contributes to the efficient conversion of magnetic energy into the energy of particle beams in various plasmas.
Ultra-fast two-qubit ion gate using sequences of resonant pulses
Authors: Torrontegui E , Heinrich D , Hussain M I , Blatt R , García-Ripoll J J 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We propose a new protocol to implement ultra-fast two-qubit phase gates with trapped ions using spin-dependent kicks induced by resonant transitions. By only optimizing the allocation of the arrival times in a pulse train sequence the gate is implemented in times faster than the trapping oscillation period T < 2π/ω. Such gates allow us to increase the number of gate operations that can be completed within the coherence time of the ion-qubits favoring the development of scalable quantum computers.
Twin-field quantum key distribution with passive-decoy state
Authors: Teng Jun , Lu Feng-Yu , Yin Zhen-Qiang , Fan-Yuan Guan-Jie , Wang Rong , Wang Shuang , Chen Wei , Huang Wei , Xu Bing-Jie , Guo Guang-Can , Han Zheng-Fu 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Twin-Field quantum key distribution (TF-QKD) and its variants, e.g. phase-maching QKD, sending-or-not-sending QKD, and no phase post-selection TFQKD promise high key rates at long distance to beat the rate distance limit without a repeater. The security proof of these protocols are based on decoy-state method, which is usually performed by actively modulating a variable optical attenuator together with a random number generator in practical experiments, however, active-decoy schemes like this may lead to side channel and could open a security loophole. To enhance the source security of TF-QKD, in this paper, we propose passive-decoy based TF-QKD, in which we combine TF-QKD with the passive-decoy method. And we present a simulation comparing the key generation rate with that in active-decoy, the result shows our scheme performs as good as active decoy TF-QKD, and our scheme could reach satisfactory secret key rates with just a few photon detectors. This shows our work is meaningful in practice.
Heterogeneity and ‘memory’ in stem cell populations
Authors: Stumpf Patrick S , Arai Fumio , MacArthur Ben D 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Modern single cell experiments have revealed unexpected heterogeneity in apparently functionally ‘pure’ cell populations. However, we are still lacking a conceptual framework to understand this heterogeneity. Here, we propose that cellular memories—changes in the molecular status of a cell in response to a stimulus, that modify the ability of the cell to respond to future stimuli—are an essential ingredient in any such theory. We illustrate this idea by considering a simple age-structured model of stem cell proliferation that takes account of mitotic memories. Using this model we argue that asynchronous mitosis generates heterogeneity that is central to stem cell population function. This model naturally explains why stem cell numbers increase through life, yet regenerative potency simultaneously declines.