bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction in Cerebrospinal Fluid Volume as an Early Quantitative Biomarker of Cerebral Edema After Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Dhar Rajat , Chen Yasheng , Hamzehloo Ali , Kumar Atul , Heitsch Laura , He June , Chen Ling , Slowik Agnieszka , Strbian Daniel , Lee Jin-Moo 
Published: December 2019

Background and Purpose—
Cerebral edema (CED) develops in the hours to days after stroke; the resulting increase in brain volume may lead to midline shift (MLS) and neurological deterioration. The time course and implications of edema formation are not well characterized across the spectrum of stroke. We analyzed displacement of cerebrospinal fluid (ΔCSF) as a dynamic quantitative imaging biomarker of edema formation.

Methods—
We selected subjects enrolled in a stroke cohort study who presented within 6 hours of onset and had baseline and ≥1 follow-up brain computed tomography scans available. We applied a neural network-based algorithm to quantify hemispheric CSF volume at each imaging time point and modeled CSF trajectory over time (using a piecewise linear mixed-effects model). We evaluated ΔCSF within the first 24 hours as an early biomarker of CED (defined as developing MLS on computed tomography beyond 24 hours) and poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale score, 3–6).

Results—

We had serial imaging in 738 subjects with stroke, of whom 91 (13%) developed CED with MLS. Age did not differ (69 versus 70 years), but baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale was higher (16 versus 7) and baseline CSF volume lower (132 versus 161 mL, both
P
<0.001) in those with CED. ΔCSF was faster in those developing MLS, with the majority seen by 24 hours (36% versus 11% or 2.4 versus 0.8 mL/h;
P
<0.0001). Risk of CED almost doubled for every 10% ΔCSF within 24 hours (odds ratio, 1.76 [95% CI, 1.46–2.14]), adjusting for age, glucose, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale. Risk of neurological deterioration (1.6-point increase in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale at 24 hours) and poor outcome (adjusted odds ratio, 1.34 [95% CI, 1.15–1.56]) was also greater for every 10% increase in ΔCSF.

Conclusions—
CSF volumetrics provides quantitative evaluation of early edema formation. ΔCSF from baseline to 24-hour computed tomography is a promising early biomarker for the development of MLS and worse neurological outcome.
Content-based Dissociation of Hippocampal Involvement in Prediction
Authors: Kok Peter , Rait Lindsay I. , Turk-Browne Nicholas B. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Recent work suggests that a key function of the hippocampus is to predict the future. This is thought to depend on its ability to bind inputs over time and space and to retrieve upcoming or missing inputs based on partial cues. In line with this, previous research has revealed prediction-related signals in the hippocampus for complex visual objects, such as fractals and abstract shapes. Implicit in such accounts is that these computations in the hippocampus reflect domain-general processes that apply across different types and modalities of stimuli. An alternative is that the hippocampus plays a more domain-specific role in predictive processing, with the type of stimuli being predicted determining its involvement. To investigate this, we compared hippocampal responses to auditory cues predicting abstract shapes (Experiment 1) versus oriented gratings (Experiment 2). We measured brain activity in male and female human participants using high-resolution fMRI, in combination with inverted encoding models to reconstruct shape and orientation information. Our results revealed that expectations about shape and orientation evoked distinct representations in the hippocampus. For complex shapes, the hippocampus represented which shape was expected, potentially serving as a source of top–down predictions. In contrast, for simple gratings, the hippocampus represented only unexpected orientations, more reminiscent of a prediction error. We discuss several potential explanations for this content-based dissociation in hippocampal function, concluding that the computational role of the hippocampus in predictive processing may depend on the nature and complexity of stimuli.
Establishment of a primary culture of haemocytes from the Australian red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus
Authors: Li Jiajia , Chen Youming , Zhang Tongqing , Jiang Qichen , Peng Gang , Yang Jiaxin , Tang Jianqing , Si Qin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this study, the conditions for establishment of a primary cell culture of haemocytes from the Australian red claw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, were investigated. Five commercial media were assessed for haemocyte viability: Leibovitz L-15 medium (L-15), modified Leibovitz L-15 medium (ML-15, 2 × concentration), Grace’s insect medium, DMEM medium, and I-max medium. In addition, L-15 and Grace’s insect medium supplemented with 10%, 15%, and 20% charcoal-dextran-treated foetal bovine serum (FBS) were assessed for their effects on haemocyte growth. The optimal culture system was established as follows: L-15 basal medium with the addition of 0.4 g/l glucose, 2 g/l NaCl, 10% FBS, 100 U ml−1 penicillin, 100 μg ml−1 streptomycin, and pH 7.2-7.4. In addition, Giemsa staining of the cultured haemocyte monolayer revealed that two types of cell could be observed: semigranular cells (SGC) and granular cells (GC). Our study could enable further investigation of the immune function in this species.
A new species of Parandania (Amphipoda, Stegocephalidae, Parandaniinae) from the Okinawa Trough
Authors: Wang Yanrong , Zhu Chaodong , Sha Zhongli , Ren Xianqiu 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A new species of Stegocephalidae, Parandania unicoxae sp. nov., is reported from hydrothermal vents in the Okinawa Trough. It is the fourth species described in the genus Parandania Stebbing, 1899. The new species is most similar to P. boecki (Stebbing, 1888), but it can be readily distinguished from P. boecki by the unilobate coxae 6-7.
Romans 2:13 and Future Justification
Authors: Leslie Andrew M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Given that Paul’s letter to the Romans is a touchstone for the distinctively Protestant confessional teaching concerning justification by faith alone, Romans 2:13 poses a challenge. Following the pattern of Philip Melanchthon, Protestant expositors have typically met this challenge by interpreting it as a ‘legal’ justification that no sinner can attain. This article illustrates the dominant ‘Melanchthonian’ trajectory in early modern Protestant exegesis, while also drawing attention to a minority alternative that reads it as a future justification of Christians according to works (the ‘Bucerian’ alternative). Many modern Protestant exegetes now prefer something like the Bucerian alternative, begging the question as to how this squares coherently with any confessional commitment to a once-for-all justification that is by faith alone. Noting this, this article sets forth an early modern Protestant model of cogent dogmatic harmonization on this score. The chosen case study is Petrus van Mastricht and his magisterial Theoretico-Practica Theologia.
Arabic influence on metre in Somali Sufi religious poetry
Authors: Orwin Martin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
It has generally been assumed that there has not been any direct influence on Somali poetic metre from the metrical forms of Arabic. For the most part, this certainly seems to hold, but this article presents a poem which is of a type on which, it is argued, Arabic influence can be seen. The poem, ‘Taaj Awliyo’ by Sheekh Caaqib Cabdullaahi Jaamac (ca. 1922-?) is presented in detail and, although it has been described as being in the jiifto metre, it is demonstrated that this description of the metre is incorrect. It actually follows a previously undocumented metrical pattern which is the equivalent of four maqalaay warlaay lines. The article also shows how the metrical pattern can be seen as a Somalized analogue of the Arabic kāmil metre in its majzūʾ or dimetric form. Evidence is given both from comparison of the line structure itself and from brief comments on reports of what the poet himself had said. The poem considered in detail is part of the Qaadiriya Sufi tradition in which poetry composed in Arabic plays an important role including poems in the kāmil metre.
The Verse Romance Homāy o Homāyūn of Ḫwājū Kermānī: a “Love and Adventure Story” or an Allegory of a Spiritual Quest?
Authors: Norozi Nahid 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This study, after a summary of the verse romance Homāy o Homāyūn by the medieval Persian poet Ḫwājū Kermānī (14th c.), focuses on its rich semantic stratification and casts doubt on its usual classification as a mere “story of love and adventure”. In particular, this analysis attempts to highlight the numerous and consistent “signals” disseminated by Ḫwājū in his work that deliberately intend to direct the reader to a markedly spiritual perspective in which the hero’s journey in search of his beloved becomes an allegorical spiritual quest.
Shopper’s Paradise
Authors: Berger Arthur Asa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This book deals with an important aspect of everyday life and popular culture in which everyone engages, often more than once a week, which involves shopping in retail stores of one kind or another. We need to eat and continually replenish our supply of food, so we shop at supermarkets and farmers markets and we need to have clothes to wear and many other things, so we shop in department stores, big-box stores like Costco and Walmart, and various other kinds of stores. Much of our shopping is done online, on sites such as Amazon.com, the most important online retailer in America. Its popularity has challenged traditional brick and mortar stores, most of which now have an internet presence and many of which are going out of business—a phenomenon sometimes called “the retail apocalypse.” This term, let me point out, has religious implications. The subtext of Shopper’s Paradise involves the notion, only dimly perceived by most people, there is a paradisical element to shopping and that in curious ways, shopping represents an unrecognized attempt to return to the Garden of Eden, where all our wants were taken care of by God. We have replaced the talking snake in the Garden with advertising agencies and marketing experts. Now, depending on our incomes, we rely on stores ranging from Neiman Marcus to Dollar stores to help us take care of our needs. Shopper’s Paradise demonstrates how ubiquitous and varied retail stores, explains how they function, and suggests, by their very presence, that they play an important role in our lives.
1. Introduction
Authors: Pettit Edward 
Published: December 2019

The introduction begins by providing the historical and cultural context for the creation of the Beowulf epic. Pettit accepts the early eighth century dating of the poem, and goes on to suggest that it likely existed in Mercia as early as the sixth century. Pettit then introduces his central argument: a prominent theme of Beowulf is the conversion from Germanic paganism to Christianity and that it was intended to provide comfort for and smooth the progress of such a monumental cultural change. Potential historical associations with the epic poem are suggested, such as the Mercian monastery of Repton, as are historical parallels, such as the life of Repton monk Saint Guthlac. Pettit outlines an Anglo-Saxon society where Germanic paganism still lingers on in remnant forms, such as when responding to disease epidemics. This continuing transition from still-lingering paganism to Christianity is, according to Pettit, referenced by the melting, or waning, of what he has dubbed ‘the giant sword’, the salvaged weapon with which Beowulf defeats his foes after his own sword fails at the task.
8. Lævateinn and the Maelstrom-Giantess
Authors: Pettit Edward 
Published: December 2019

Chapter 8 concerns ‘The Lay of Svipdagr’, an obscure Old Norse poem that Pettit likens to both ‘Skírnir’s Journey’ and Beowulf. This poem contains a similar quest to claim a sun-like maiden, as well as a giantess apparently analogous to Grendel’s mother that likewise guards a weapon, this called Lævateinn. This weapon is protected in a similar manner to the giant sword, and consequently Pettit juxtaposes Lævateinn’s apparent origins—plucked, almost certainly illicitly, from a radiant branch of the world-tree by Loki—to those of the giant sword as another stolen solar weapon. Pettit concludes the chapter by citing comparable giantesses in other Old Norse sagas.
11. A Tale of Two Creatures
Authors: Pettit Edward 
Published: December 2019

Chapter 11 continues the theme of moon-creatures as thieves of sunlight by analyzing an Old English riddle. Riddle 29 of the Exeter Book describes how a horned creature made off with sunlight and concealed this booty in its home, until another creature arrived on the scene and reclaimed its possession. Pettit identifies these as a crescent moon and the morning sun, arguing that they bear comparison to Grendel and Beowulf respectively.
13. The Solar Antler in Sólarljóð
Authors: Pettit Edward 
Published: December 2019

Chapter 13 attempts to interpret two obscure stanzas concerning a buried, probably solar, antler in ‘The Song of the Sun’, an Old Norse poem which refers explicitly to a solar stag. Pettit endeavours to interpret them on two levels—Christian and heathen Germanic—and relate them to the mere-episode of Beowulf. The Christian interpretation sees the antler, which is recovered by God from a dwarf (probably), as a symbol of the Cross, or perhaps also of the souls of the righteous in Hell. From a Germanic perspective, Pettit suggests that these stanzas may represent another recreation of a heathen myth about a lunar creature’s illicit concealment of sunlight and its repossession by a sun-god or his emissaries. Pettit also draws links between the solar antler, the giant sword and the close relatives of the god Freyr.
14. Grendel, His Mother, and Other Moon-Monsters
Authors: Pettit Edward 
Published: December 2019

Chapter 14 aims to demonstrate the widespread presence of lunar creatures in Germanic literatures, thereby supporting the likelihood that they may inhabit Beowulf too. Petitt gathers evidence to strengthen the suggestion that Grendel and his mother, as well as the poem’s climactic dragon, are, like analogous characters introduced earlier, creatures identified with the moon, especially during its waning or dark phase. Petitt levies evidence from a variety of differing texts to suggest the Old Norse revenant Glámr as an analogue of Grendel and various Old Norse lunar giantesses as comparable to his mother, as well as further general links between Grendel and his mother and traditions about the moon in world mythology. Petitt attaches the most importance to the direct comparisons he draws between Beowulf’s monsters and those of the Old Norse poem Vǫluspá.
Why Does Arakawa and Schubert’s Convective Quasi-Equilibrium Closure Not Work? Mathematical Analysis and Implications
Authors: Yano Jun-Ichi , Plant Robert S. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Arakawa and Schubert proposed convective quasi equilibrium as a guiding principle for the closure of convection parameterization. However, empirical experiences from operational implementation efforts suggest that its strict application does not work well. The purpose of the present paper is to explain mathematically why this closure does not work in practice, and to suggest that problems stem from physically unrealistic assumptions. For this purpose, the closure hypothesis is examined in its original form, and without imposing a condition of a positiveness to the convective mass fluxes. The Jordan sounding with idealized large-scale forcing is used for diagnosis purposes. The question is addressed from several perspectives including the completeness of the entraining-plume spectrum, and a singular vector decomposition of the interaction kernel matrix. The main problems with the quasi-equilibrium closure are traced to (i) the relatively slow response of shallower convective modes to large-scale forcing and (ii) detrainment at convection top producing strong cooling and moistening. A strict application of the convective quasi-equilibrium principle leads to a singular response of shallow convection. An explicit coupling of convection with stratiform clouds would be crucial for preventing this unrealistic behavior, recognizing that the reevaporation of detrained cloudy air is a relatively slow process.
Monsoon Low Pressure System–Like Variability in an Idealized Moist Model
Authors: Clark Spencer K. , Ming Yi , Adames Ángel F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn this paper, it is shown that westward-propagating monsoon low pressure system–like disturbances in the South Asian monsoon region can be simulated in an idealized moist general circulation model through the addition of a simplified parameterization of land. Land is parameterized as having one-tenth the heat capacity of the surrounding slab ocean, with evaporation limited by a bucket hydrology model. In this model, the prominent topography of the Tibetan Plateau does not appear to be necessary for these storm systems to form or propagate; therefore, focus is placed on the simulation with land but no topography. The properties of the simulated storms are elucidated using regression analysis and compared to results from composites of storms from comprehensive GCMs in prior literature and reanalysis. The storms share a similar vertical profile in anomalous Ertel potential vorticity to those in reanalysis. Propagation, however, does not seem to be strongly dictated by beta drift. Rather, it seems to be more closely consistent with linear moisture vortex instability theory, with the exception of the importance of the vertical advection term in the Ertel potential vorticity budget toward the growth and maintenance of disturbances. The results presented here suggest that a simplified GCM configuration might be able to be used to gain a clearer understanding of the sensitivity of monsoon low pressure systems to changes in the mean state climate.
Dual-Polarization Radar Retrievals of Coastal Pacific Northwest Raindrop Size Distribution Parameters Using Random Forest Regression
Authors: Conrick Robert , Zagrodnik Joseph P. , Mass Clifford F. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractRadar retrievals of drop size distribution (DSD) parameters are developed and evaluated over the mountainous Olympic Peninsula of Washington State. The observations used to develop retrievals were collected during the 2015/16 Olympic Mountain Experiment (OLYMPEX) and included the NASA S-band dual-polarimetric (NPOL) radar and a collection of second-generation Particle Size and Velocity (PARSIVEL2) disdrometers over the windward slopes of the barrier. Nonlinear and random forest regressions are applied to the PARSIVEL2 data to develop retrievals for median volume diameter, liquid water content, and rain rate. Improvement in DSD retrieval accuracy, defined by the mean error of the retrieval relative to PARSIVEL2 observations, was achieved when using the random forest model when compared with nonlinear regression. Evaluation of disdrometer observations and the retrievals from NPOL indicate that the radar retrievals can accurately reproduce observed DSDs in this region, including the common wintertime regime of small but numerous raindrops that is important there. NPOL retrievals during the OLYMPEX period are further evaluated using two-dimensional video disdrometers (2DVD) and vertically pointing Micro Rain Radars. Results indicate that radar retrievals using random forests may be skillful in capturing DSD characteristics in the lowest portions of the atmosphere.
Psychometric Evaluation of the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation Scale for Pediatric Patients
Authors: Din Hena , Bundogji Nour , Leuin Shelby C. 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveTo evaluate the psychometric properties of the nasal obstruction symptom scale within a sample of pediatric patients undergoing septoplasty or functional septorhinoplasty.Study DesignThis was a prospective study with nasal obstruction symptom scale evaluations conducted pre‐ and postoperatively.SettingA tertiary care pediatric hospital.Subjects and MethodsPediatric patients underwent septoplasty or functional septorhinoplasty (FSR) from January 2013 to January 2017. Reliability of the scale was assessed through measures of internal consistency. In addition, item response models of each item were evaluated to assess how well each item captured individuals with varying levels of nasal obstruction. Study authors assessed face validity, and construct validity was assessed by correlation measures between items and exploratory factor analysis.ResultsA total of 136 patients, ages 8 to 18 years with a mean age of 15.7 ± 2.1 years, completed pre‐ and postoperative evaluations. Internal consistency of the scale was high (Cronbach’s α = 0.83). Predominantly a unidimensional scale resulted from exploratory factor analyses. Item response models indicate questions capture low to moderate levels of nasal obstruction within this population. Additional analyses show the scale functions similarly between septoplasty and FSR patients.ConclusionThe Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scale is a robust tool that may be incorporated as a subjective evaluation of severity of nasal obstruction among pediatric patients undergoing a septoplasty or functional septorhinoplasty.
Adenotonsillectomy for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children with Prader‐Willi Syndrome: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Chia‐Hsuan , Hsu Wei‐Chung , Ko Jenq‐Yuh , Yeh Te‐Huei , Lin Ming‐Tzer , Kang Kun‐Tai 
Published: December 2019

ObjectiveAdenotonsillectomy outcomes in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treatment among children with Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS) remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the effectiveness of adenotonsillectomy in OSA treatment among children with PWS.Data SourcePubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Review up to February 2019.Review MethodsThe registry number of the protocol published on PROSPERO was CRD42015027053. Two authors independently searched the relevant database. Polysomnography outcomes in these children were examined, including net postoperative changes in the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), net postoperative changes in the minimum and mean oxygen saturation, the overall success rate for a postoperative AHI <1, and the overall success rate for a postoperative AHI <5.ResultsSix studies with 41 patients were analyzed (mean age, 5.0 years; 55% boys; mean sample size, 6.8 patients). All children had PWS and received adenotonsillectomy for the treatment of OSA. The AHI was 13.1 events per hour (95% CI, 11.0‐15.1) before surgery and 4.6 events per hour (95% CI, 4.1‐5.1) after surgery. The mean change in the AHI was a significant reduction of 8.0 events per hour (95% CI, −10.8 to −5.1). The overall success rate was 21% (95% CI, 11%‐38%) for a postoperative AHI <1 and 71% (95% CI, 54%‐83%) for a postoperative AHI <5. Some patients developed velopharyngeal insufficiency postoperatively.ConclusionAdenotonsillectomy was associated with OSA improvement among children with PWS. However, residual OSA was frequently observed postoperatively in these patients.