bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The magnetic early B-type stars – IV. Breakout or leakage? H α emission as a diagnostic of plasma transport in centrifugal magnetospheres
Authors: Shultz M E , Owocki S , Rivinius Th , Wade G A , Neiner C , Alecian E , Kochukhov O , Bohlender D , ud-Doula A , Landstreet J D , Sikora J , David-Uraz A , Petit V , Cerrahoğlu P , Fine R , Henson G ,   MiMeS and BinaMIcS Collaborations
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Rapidly rotating early-type stars with strong magnetic fields frequently show H α emission originating in centrifugal magnetospheres (CMs), circumstellar structures in which centrifugal support due to magnetically enforced corotation of the magnetically confined plasma enables it to accumulate to high densities. It is not currently known whether the CM plasma escapes via centrifugal breakout (CB), or by an unidentified leakage mechanism. We have conducted the first comprehensive examination of the H α emission properties of all stars currently known to display CM-pattern emission. We find that the onset of emission is dependent primarily on the area of the CM, which can be predicted simply by the value BK of the magnetic field at the Kepler corotation radius RK. Emission strength is strongly sensitive to both CM area and BK. Emission onset and strength are not dependent on effective temperature, luminosity, or mass-loss rate. These results all favour a CB scenario; however, the lack of intrinsic variability in any CM diagnostics indicates that CB must be an essentially continuous process, i.e. it effectively acts as a leakage mechanism. We also show that the emission profile shapes are approximately scale-invariant, i.e. they are broadly similar across a wide range of emission strengths and stellar parameters. While the radius of maximum emission correlates closely as expected to RK, it is always larger, contradicting models that predict that emission should peak at RK.
Simulating the interstellar medium of galaxies with radiative transfer, non-equilibrium thermochemistry, and dust
Authors: Kannan Rahul , Marinacci Federico , Vogelsberger Mark , Sales Laura V , Torrey Paul , Springel Volker , Hernquist Lars 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a novel framework to self-consistently model the effects of radiation fields, dust physics, and molecular chemistry (H2) in the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies. The model combines a state-of-the-art radiation hydrodynamics module with a H  and He  non-equilibrium thermochemistry module that accounts for H2 coupled to an empirical dust formation and destruction model, all integrated into the new stellar feedback framework SMUGGLE. We test this model on high-resolution isolated Milky-Way (MW) simulations. We show that the effect of radiation feedback on galactic star formation rates is quite modest in low gas surface density galaxies like the MW. The multiphase structure of the ISM, however, is highly dependent on the strength of the interstellar radiation field. We are also able to predict the distribution of H2, that allow us to match the molecular Kennicutt–Schmidt (KS) relation, without calibrating for it. We show that the dust distribution is a complex function of density, temperature, and ionization state of the gas. Our model is also able to match the observed dust temperature distribution in the ISM. Our state-of-the-art model is well-suited for performing next-generation cosmological galaxy formation simulations, which will be able to predict a wide range of resolved (∼10 pc) properties of galaxies.
Mocking faint black holes during reionization
Authors: Eide Marius B , Ciardi Benedetta , Feng Yu , Di Matteo Tiziana 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
To investigate the potential abundance and impact of nuclear black holes (BHs) during reionization, we generate a neural network that estimates their masses and accretion rates by training it on 23 properties of galaxies harbouring them at z = 6 in the cosmological hydrodynamical simulation MassiveBlack-II. We then populate all galaxies in the simulation from z = 18 to 5 with BHs from this network. As the network allows to robustly extrapolate to BH masses below those of the BH seeds, we predict a population of faint BHs with a turnover-free luminosity function, while retaining the bright (and observed) BHs, and together they predict a Universe in which intergalactic hydrogen is $15{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ ionized at z = 6 for a clumping factor of 5. Faint BHs may play a stronger role in H reionization without violating any observational constraints. This is expected to have an impact also on pre-heating and pre-ionization, which is relevant to observations of the 21-cm line from neutral H. We also find that BHs grow more efficiently at higher z, but mainly follow a redshift-independent galaxy–BH relation. We provide a power law parametrization of the hydrogen ionizing emissivity of BHs.
Genomes OnLine Database (GOLD) v.8: overview and updates
Authors: Mukherjee Supratim , Stamatis Dimitri , Bertsch Jon , Ovchinnikova Galina , Sundaramurthi Jagadish Chandrabose , Lee Janey , Kandimalla Mahathi , Chen I-Min A , Kyrpides Nikos C , Reddy T B K 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Genomes OnLine Database (GOLD) (https://gold.jgi.doe.gov/) is a manually curated, daily updated collection of genome projects and their metadata accumulated from around the world. The current version of the database includes over 1.17 million entries organized broadly into Studies (45 770), Organisms (387 382) or Biosamples (101 207), Sequencing Projects (355 364) and Analysis Projects (283 481). These four levels contain over 600 metadata fields, which includes 76 controlled vocabulary (CV) tables containing 3873 terms. GOLD provides an interactive web user interface for browsing and searching by a wide range of project and metadata fields. Users can enter details about their own projects in GOLD, which acts as a gatekeeper to ensure that metadata is accurately documented before submitting sequence information to the Integrated Microbial Genomes (IMG) system for analysis. In order to maintain a reference dataset for use by members of the scientific community, GOLD also imports projects from public repositories such as GenBank and SRA. The current status of the database, along with recent updates and improvements are described in this manuscript.
Low Bladder Compliance in Women: A Clinical Overview
Authors: Arunachalam Divya , Heit Michael 
Published: October 2020

(Abstracted from Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 2020;26:263–269)
The ability of a normally functioning bladder to accommodate large volumes of urine is termed bladder compliance. Both the viscoelastic properties of the bladder wall and neural responses influence bladder storage.
An Approach to Integrating Exome Sequencing for Fetal Structural Anomalies Into Clinical Practice
Authors: Vora Neeta L. , Gilmore Kelly , Brandt Alicia , Gustafson Chelsea , Strande Natasha , Ramkissoon Lori , Hardisty Emily , Foreman Ann Katherine M. , Wilhelmsen Kirk , Owen Phillips , Weck Karen E. , Berg Jonathan S. , Powell Cynthia M. , Powell Bradford C. 
Published: October 2020

(Abstracted from Genet Med 2020;22(5):954–961)
Prenatal ultrasound, karyotype, and microarray have become routine tools for the diagnosis of structural anomalies of the fetus. Gene panels are increasingly used as well, although the relatively limited prenatal information that is available regarding fetal phenotypes can make it difficult to choose the appropriate gene panel.
Associations Between Maternal Antenatal Corticosteroid Treatment and Mental and Behavioral Disorders in Children
Authors: Räikkönen Katri , Gissler Mika , Kajantie Eero 
Published: October 2020

(Abstracted from JAMA 2020;323(19):1924–1933)
Antenatal corticosteroid therapy is the standard of care when birth is imminent before 34 weeks' gestation. In preterm infants, this therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of a number of complications including respiratory distress syndrome and intraventricular hemorrhage.
Prevention of Stillbirth: Impact of Two-Stage Screening for Vasa Previa
Authors: Zhang W. , Geris S. , Beta J. , Ramadan G. , Nicolaides K. H. , Akolekar R. 
Published: October 2020

(Abstracted from Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2020;55:605–612)
Undiagnosed cases of vasa previa, the presence of fetal blood vessels unsupported by the placenta or umbilical cord, may pose a higher risk of stillbirth and neonatal mortality and morbidity. Prenatal screening and early diagnosis via ultrasound, which have been found to have high accuracy and low false-positive rates, may help to reduce this risk.
Term Complications and Subsequent Risk of Preterm Birth: Registry-Based Study
Authors: Kvalvik Liv G. , Wilcox Allen J. , Skjærven Rolv , Østbye Truls , Harmon Quaker E. 
Published: October 2020

(Abstracted from BMJ 2020;369:m1007)
Preterm birth in a previous pregnancy is associated with future preterm delivery. This suggests that underlying factors may play a role in an individual's pregnancies.
Influence of three different anesthesia protocols on aged rat brain: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Liu Yang , Fu Hui-Qun , Wu Yan , Du Zun-Shu , Li Bo-Ran , Gao Xin , Lin Guan-Wen , Yang Shu-Yi , Wang Tian-Long 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) is a promising method for the study of brain function. Typically, rs-fMRI is performed on anesthetized animals. Although different functional connectivity (FC) in various anesthetics on whole brain have been studied, few studies have focused on different FC in the aged brain. Here, we measured FC under three commonly used anesthesia methods and analyzed data to determine if the FC in whole brain analysis were similar among groups.

Methods
Twenty-four male aged Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8 in each group). Anesthesia was performed under either isoflurane (ISO), combined ISO + dexmedetomidine (DEX) or α-chloralose (AC) according to the groups. Data of rs-fMRI was analyzed by FC in a voxel-wise way. Differences in the FC maps between the groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and post hoc two-sample t tests.

Results
Compared with ISO + DEX anesthesia, ISO anesthesia caused increased FC in posterior brain and decreased FC in the middle brain of the aged rat. AC anesthesia caused global suppression as no increase in FC was observed.

Conclusion
ISO could be used as a substitute for ISO + DEX in rat default mode network studies if the left temporal association cortex is not considered important.
Should Fetal Growth Charts Be References or Standards?
Authors: Hutcheon Jennifer A. , Liauw Jessica 
Published: October 2020

Background:
Fetal growth standards (prescriptive charts derived from low-risk pregnancies) are theoretically better tools to monitor fetal growth than conventional references. We examined how modifying chart inclusion criteria influenced the resulting curves.

Methods:
We summarized estimated fetal weight (EFW) distributions from a hospital’s routine 32-week ultrasound in all nonanomalous singleton fetuses (reference) and in those without maternal–fetal conditions affecting fetal growth (standard). We calculated EFWs for the 3rd, 5th, 10th, and 50th percentiles, and the proportion of fetuses each chart classified as small for gestational age.

Results:
Of 2309 fetuses in our reference, 690 (30%) met the standard’s inclusion criteria. There were no meaningful differences between the EFW distributions of the reference and standard curves (50th percentile: 1989 g reference vs. 1968 g standard; 10th percentile: 1711 g reference vs. 1710 g standard), or the proportion of small for gestational age fetuses (both 9.9%).

Conclusions:
In our study, there was little practical difference between a fetal growth reference and standard for detecting small infants.
The placenta as the window to congenital heart disease
Authors: Cohen Jordan A. , Rychik Jack , Savla Jill J. 
Published: October 2020

Purpose of review
There is an increasing recognition that structural abnormalities and functional changes in the placenta can have deleterious effects on the development of the fetal heart. This article reviews the role of the placenta and the potential impact of placental insufficiency on fetuses with congenital heart disease.

Recent findings
The fetal heart and the placenta are directly linked because they develop concurrently with shared regulatory and signaling pathways. Placental disease is more common in pregnancies carrying a fetus with congenital heart disease and the fetal response to placental insufficiency may lead to the postnatal persistence of cardiac remodeling. The mechanisms underlying this placental–fetal axis of interaction potentially include genetic factors, oxidative stress, chronic hypoxia, and/or angiogenic imbalance.

Summary
The maternal–placental–fetal circulation is critical to advancing our understanding of congenital heart disease. We must first expand our ability to detect, image, and quantify placental insufficiency and dysfunction in utero. Elucidating the modifiable factors involved in these pathways is an exciting opportunity for future research, which may enable us to improve outcomes in patients with congenital heart disease.
Craniosynostosis: Clinical Presentation, Genetics, and Prenatal Diagnosis
Authors: Brah Tara Kaur , Thind Ravneet , Abel David E. 
Published: October 2020

Importance
Craniosynostosis is a fetal condition caused by premature closure of the cranial sutures. Through provider awareness, we can raise suspicion in high-risk individuals, increase prenatal detection, optimize genetic testing, perform appropriate antenatal surveillance and delivery planning, and allow for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to treatment.

Objective
The aim of this study was to review what is currently known regarding the genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of craniosynostosis for the obstetric care provider.

Evidence Acquisition
A comprehensive literature review was performed using the PubMed database with the search term “craniosynostosis.” The search was limited to the English language.

Results
A total of 220 articles were identified, and a total of 53 were used in completion of this article. The results highlight the multiple factors involved with abnormal suture formation, including various genetic factors. Although rare at this time, prenatal detection can allow families to prepare and practitioners to provide appropriate clinical treatment. Both 3-dimensional sonography and magnetic resonance imaging have been identified as modalities to aid in detection for high-risk individuals. Early referral allows for less-invasive surgical outcomes with lower complication rates.

Conclusions and Relevance
Familiarity with craniosynostosis among obstetric providers can improve patient counseling, prenatal detection rates, and appropriate antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum counseling.

Target Audience
Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians

Learning Objectives
After participating in this CME activity, physicians should be better able to identify the various craniosynostosis syndromes and their genetic basis; describe the role of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging with respect to prenatal diagnosis; and summarize clinical management aims, including early referral and establishment of a multidisciplinary team.
Diagnosis and Management of Ectopic Pregnancy: A Comparative Review of Major National Guidelines
Authors: Tsakiridis Ioannis , Giouleka Sonia , Mamopoulos Apostolos , Athanasiadis Apostolos , Dagklis Themistoklis 
Published: October 2020

ImportanceEctopic pregnancies (EPs) represent a severe early pregnancy complication that is associated with increased risks of maternal morbidity and mortality. Over the years, there has been a significant reduction in the mortality from this complication by improving the diagnostic tools and the treatment options.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to review and compare the recommendations from published guidelines on this potentially fatal condition.Evidence AcquisitionA descriptive review of guidelines from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence on EP was carried out.ResultsAll the guidelines point out the crucial role of sonography in the prompt diagnosis of EP and describe similar sonographic findings. There is a consensus on the indications and contraindications to the use of methotrexate, the post-treatment surveillance, and the criteria of expectant management. The indications for a surgical approach are not well established, although the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence agree that a laparoscopy is preferred to laparotomy for hemodynamically stable patients. The latter is considered a better option only in emergency conditions. However, there is controversy in the recommended methotrexate protocols and the evaluation of β-human chorionic gonadotrophin and progesterone levels.ConclusionsIt is of paramount importance to build consistent international protocols, so as to help clinicians all over the world diagnose EPs in the most timely and accurate way and subsequently treat them effectively as a nonurgent medical condition, with the intention to lower the mortality and morbidity rate.Target AudienceObstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.Learning ObjectivesAfter participating in this activity, the learner should be better able to explain all aspects of the diagnosis of tubal and nontubal EPs; identify the indications and contraindications to expectant, medical, or surgical management of EPs; and describe the appropriate management options for EPs.
Randomized Trial of Lactin-V to Prevent Recurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis
Authors: Cohen Craig R. , Wierzbicki Michael R. , French Audrey L. , Morris Sheldon , Newmann Sara , Reno Hilary , Green Lauri , Miller Steve , Powell Jonathan , Parks Thomas , Hemmerling Anke 
Published: October 2020

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2020;382:1906–1915)
Worldwide, 15% to 50% of women of reproductive age have bacterial vaginosis (BV) and are treated with an antibiotic agent. Within 3 months after treatment, the infection recurs in 20% to 75% of women.
Association of Gestational Age at Birth With Risk of Perinatal Mortality and Special Educational Need Among Twins
Authors: Murray Sarah , MacKay Daniel , Stock Sarah , Pell Jill , Norman Jane 
Published: October 2020

(Abstracted from JAMA Pediatr 2020;174(5):437–445)
Twin pregnancies are associated with higher rates of perinatal mortality and neonatal death and approximately 15% of admissions to neonatal and special care baby units. Current literature and policies are unclear on the ideal timing of birth for twins to optimize short-term clinical outcomes and long-term childhood outcomes, such as special education needs (SENs).
Association of Plasma Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 and sCD14 With Mortality in HIV-1–Infected West African Adults With High CD4 Counts
Authors: Affi Roseline , Gabillard Delphine , Dunyach-Remy Catherine , Ntakpe Jean-Baptiste , Moh Raoul , Badje Anani , Kouame Gérard M. , Karcher Sophie , Le Carrou Jérome , Danel Christine , Chevalier Mathieu F. , Rouzioux Christine , Eholie Serge P. , Lavigne Jean-Philippe , Inwoley Andre , Anglaret Xavier , Weiss Laurence 
Published: October 2020

Background:
Several biomarkers of inflammation and coagulation were reported to be associated with HIV disease progression in different settings. In this article, we report the association between 11 biomarkers and medium-term mortality in HIV-infected West African adults.

Methods:
In Temprano ANRS 12136, antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive HIV-infected adults with high CD4 counts were randomly assigned either to start ART immediately or defer ART until the World Health Organization criteria were met. Participants who completed the 30-month trial follow-up were invited to participate in a posttrial phase. The posttrial phase end point was all-cause death. We used multivariate Cox proportional models to analyze the association between baseline plasma biomarkers [IL-1ra, IL-6, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), sCD14, D-dimer, fibrinogen, IP-10, sCD163, albumin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and 16S rDNA] and all-cause death in the Temprano participants randomized to defer ART.

Results:
Four hundred seventy-seven patients (median age 35 years, 78% women, and median CD4 count: 379 cells/mm3) were randomly assigned to defer starting ART until the World Health Organization criteria were met. The participants were followed for 2646 person-years (median 5.8 years). In the follow-up, 89% of participants started ART and 30 died. In the multivariate analysis adjusted for the study center, sex, baseline CD4 count, isoniazid preventive therapy, plasma HIV-1 RNA, peripheral blood mononuclear cell HIV-1 DNA, and ART, the risk of death was significantly associated with baseline sVCAM-1 (≥1458 vs. <1458: adjusted hazard ratio 2.57, 95% confidence interval: 1.13 to 5.82) and sCD14 (≥2187 vs. <2187: adjusted hazard ratio 2.79, interquartile range 1.29–6.02) levels.

Conclusions:
In these sub-Saharan African adults with high CD4 counts, pre-ART plasma sVCAM-1 and sCD14 levels were independently associated with mortality.
Ethics of Codes and Codes of Ethics
Authors: Kopar Piroska K. , Brown Douglas E. , Turnbull Isaiah R. 
Published: October 2020

Objective:
Our study aims to provide a paradigm when it is ethical to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Summary Background Data:
Hospitals around the nation are enacting systems to limit CPR in caring for COVID+ patients for a variety of legitimate reasons and based on concepts of medical futility and allocation of scarce resources. No ethical framework, however, has been proposed as a standard to guide care in this crucial matter.

Methods:
Our analysis begins with definitions of ethically relevant terms. We then cycle an illustrative clinical vignette through the mathematically permissible possibilities to account for all conceivable scenarios. Scenarios with ethical tension are examined.

Results:
Patients have the negative right to refuse care including CPR, but they do not have the positive right to demand it. Our detailed ethical analysis and recommendations support CPR if and only if 1) CPR is judged medically beneficial, and in line with the patient's and values and goals, 2) allocations or scarce resources follow a just and transparent triage system, and 3) providers are protected from contracting the disease.

Conclusions:
CPR is an intervention like any other, with attendant risks and benefits and with responsibility for the utilization of limited resources. Our ethical analysis advocates for a systematic approach to codes that respects the important ethical considerations in caring for the critically ill and facilitates patient-centered, evidence-based, and fair treatment to all.