bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstitution de la végétation à la suite de mesures de protection des sols en terrains montagneux de Tunisie centrale
Authors: Wesstrom Ingrid , Steen Eliel 
Published: April 2020

Recover of vegetation after soil conservation measures in mountain areas of central Tunisia.
Sampling sites with a similar soil type, slope and degree of exposure, within areas were selected along the mountain ridge Djebel Kbar in central Tunisia, gouvemorate Sidi Bouzid. Five of the sites had been subjected to various types of soil conservation treatments (e.g. construction of long banks, terraces and pits ; grazing protection, pine plantation establishment) between 5 and 35 years earlier, and another five sites had not been conservateci except grazing protection for the same time période, i.e. from 5 to 35 years.
All species of vascular plants were identified, and the number of individuals of each species was counted in each of 9 plots (1 m²) at each sampling site (5 soil conservation areas and four control areas). Biomass of the 25 most frequent species was estimated. Ground cover in % of alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima) was estimated in large plots (10 m x 10 m). The recovery of the plant cover over time was described in terms of character species representing four important stages of succession. About 50 species were identified in the small plots. About 60 plant individuals were present in each small plot. However, plants were much more abundant in the more recently treated areas (about 140) owing to the high frequency of annuals (50-70 % vs 20-40 % in the older ones). The mean biomass per plant was 6,3 g and the range was 0,2-28 g. Approximately 10 species accounted for 80 % of the total biomass, which was 250 g/m². The percent of the ground covered with the alfa grass was considerably higher in the older areas (30 %) than in the more recently established area (5 -10 %). Consequently herbs and grasses were less abundant in the older areas.
As the sampling areas increased in age as concerns conservation and protection, plant succession resulted in gradual shift from ruderal, overgrazed vegetation with a high proportion of annuals over to a dwarf shrub -and herb -dominated vegetation type, toward a stage dominated by shrub vegetation. Apparently, these changes were more the result of grazing protection than of the technical conservation measures.
Tolérance aux stress thermiques des feuilles et aire de répartition de Quercus ilex
Authors: Trabaud Louis , Methy Maurice 
Published: April 2020

La résistance thermique des feuilles de Quercus ilex L. (Chêne vert), arbre abondant dans la moitié occidentale du Bassin méditerranéen, a été étudiée, en relation avec leur âge, par la méthode de l’induction de la fluorescence de la chlorophylle.
A -20 °C, le système photosynthétique n’est pas détruit pour une durée d’exposition inférieure à 2 heures. Une exposition à +50 °C durant 30 minutes n’altère pas ses capacités. Passé le premier mois, les jeunes feuilles ont acquis une sclérification qui leur permet de présenter une résistance au stress thermique comparable à celle des vieilles feuilles.
Cette étude, tenant compte des extrêmes de températures dans lesquelles Q. ilex peut vivre, permet de comprendre et de préciser son aire de répartition.
L’appauvrissement de la flore et de la végétation des îles grecques, conséquence des activités humaines
Authors: Economidou Eva 
Published: April 2020

The flora and vegetation of the greek islands, especially for Crete and the Aegean Islands, are affected throughout centuries by human activities. Nevertheless the present activities are so strong that they do modify dramatically the insular flora and vegetation. The wet meadows and salt marshes of the Aegean Islands and Crete have a sensitive flora and vegetation which have suffered an important regression : some elements are now threatened with extinction because of the small area of such biotopes and the present tendency to modify and exploit these zones.
The psammophilous flora and vegetation suffer also an important regression. The islands of Skiathos, Tinos and Crete are studied as examples. Other islands and islets are also threatened with human activities and offer exemplary cases. An integrated planning and a regional development aware of the balances of nature are essential for the conservation of the greek islands’ flora and vegetation.
Les pozzines à Carex orbicularis Boott subsp. kotschyana de 1’Alborz central (Iran) : groupement à la charnière des régions euro-sibérienne et irano-touranienne
Authors: Klein J. C. , Lacoste Alain 
Published: April 2020

Sur le versant méridional de l’Alborz central (Iran), entre 2500-3700 m d’altitude, s’observent, au sein d’un environnement semi-aride global, des communautés hygrophiles à Carex orbicularis subsp. kotschyana, liées à des sources ou suintements permanents très localisés. Elles s’apparentent aux formations de «pozzines» décrites de nombreux massifs du pourtour méditerranéen (Corse, Afrique du Nord, Grèce méridionale) et d’Anatolie.
L’originalité floristique de ce groupement résulte de sa localisation aux confins des régions phytogéographiques euro-sibérienne et irano-touranienne. Malgré la persistance et l’importance de l’élément euro-sibérien, et en particulier des espèces des Caricetea fuscae, 1’interprétation syntaxonomique de ces communautés reste délicate. Ce groupement, de nature hybride, semble précurseur d’unités hygrophiles propres à la région irano-touranienne qui devraient prendre progressivement leur expansion dans les massifs plus méridionaux (Zagros) et orientaux (Hindu-Kush, Pamir, Tien-Shan). Ainsi, les données relatives aux massifs d’Asie moyenne permettent d’envisager l’existence d’un Caricetum orbicularis-pseudofoetidae, homologue purement irano-touranien des pozzines de l’Alborz, dont l’optimum de développement semble atteint dans les chaînes du Tadjikistan central.
Changements du paysage et biodiversité dans les châtaigneraies cévenoles (sud de la France)
Authors: Romane François , Valerino Ludovic 
Published: April 2020

L'abandon actuel des châtaigneraies cultivées dans les Cévennes entraîne de profondes modifications du paysage dont nous avons étudié les conséquences sur la biodiversité. Cinq stades d'évolution depuis l’abandon d'une châtaigneraie cultivée ont été retenus dans lesquels a été observée la biodiversité de la strate inférieure de la végétation décrite par la richesse spécifique et par l'indice de Shannon et Weaver. Par ailleurs, une étude du couvert végétal (photographies hémisphériques) a été faite de façon à voir son rôle éventuel sur les modifications de la biodiversité.
La biodiversité diminue tout au long de ces cinq stades avec toutefois une légère augmentation dans le dernier stade observé. Même si dans la plupart des cas la biodiversité est statistiquement différente entre tous les stades pris deux à deux, seule se distingue la diversité nettement plus grande de la châtaigneraie cultivée.
Approche du fonctionnement de la population de sangliers (Sus scrofa L.) de la Réserve Naturelle de Roque-Haute à partir des résultats scientifiques obtenus sur l'espèce en milieu méditerranéen
Authors: Maillard Daniel 
Published: April 2020

Les récents suivis de sangliers, effectués en milieu méditerranéen par radio localisation, ont pu confirmer les résultats obtenus auparavant dans les forêts du nord de la France, à savoir : i) la forte sédentarité des compagnies en l'absence de perturbation humaine (domaine vital annuel < 1000 ha), d'où l'effet réservoir que constituent les zones interdites à la chasse en tant que zones refuges, ii) l'influence majeure d'une trop forte pression de chasse et notamment d'un trop grand nombre de battues avec chiens courants, sur l'augmentation des domaines vitaux des femelles (jusqu'à 15000 ha de septembre à décembre) et sur la dispersion des mâles à l'âge subadulte (environ 18 mois), iii) l'attachement des femelles à leur territoire d'origine.
L'absence de chasse sur Roque-Haute depuis plusieurs années fait de cette Réserve une zone-refuge privilégiée. La dynamique des populations de sangliers en France méditerranéenne est forte (100 à 200% d'augmentation selon les années) et les différentes méthodes utilisées de 1988 à 1996 pour limiter les effectifs sur la réserve ont montré, pour certaines (battues administratives, capture par filets linéaires, tirs de nuit) leur inefficacité à gérer de façon rationnelle la population et, pour d'autres (captures par cages), le coût important des opérations.
En raison de l'importance des effectifs de sangliers dans la Réserve et de leur comportement alimentaire, les dégâts sur lès cultures limitrophes sont considérables et leur impact sur le milieu naturel pourrait à terme avoir des effets antagonistes à la sauvegarde des plantes protégées (impact direct par la consommation et indirect par le retournement du sol des mares temporaires).
La chasse, sous certaines conditions, est la méthode la mieux adaptée et la plus économique pour rétablir l'équilibre entre une population de sanglier et son habitat. La protection des cultures les plus vulnérables pourrait être envisagée certaines années (glandée nulle).
Premières données sur le régime alimentaire de la Chouette hulotte (Strix aluco mauritanica) en Algérie
Authors: Hamdine Watik , Boukhemza Mohamed , Doumandji Salaheddine , Poitevin Françoise , Thevenot Michel 
Published: April 2020

The analysis of 1109 pellets collected between 1992 and 1994 in 2 localities of Northern Algeria : El-Harrach near Algiers (n = 615 pellets) and Boukhalfa near Tizi Ouzou (n = 494), brings some preliminary information on the diet of the north African subspecies of Tawny Owl (Strix aluco mauritanica).
The breakdown of the 3694 identified prey is as follows : 3150 vertebrates (85.3 %) and 544 invertebrates (14.7 %). Among the vertebrates, mammals formed 43.6 % of the prey, birds 29.3 %, amphibians 15.2 % and reptiles 11.8 %. Insects are often captu¬ red but are of little importance in terms of biomass ; they are dominated by Orthoptera (44.1 %) and Coleoptera (35.7 %).
The Tawny Owl’s diet is different in the 2 sites. At El-Harrach, a sub-urban area, the diet includes a large proportion of birds and synanthropic mammals (mice, rats) and a large number of a reptile Tarentola mauritanica. At Boukhalfa, a cultivated country area, mammals are more widely represented with a greater diversity of species, and rodents form the main prey. We can notice an important proportion of amphibians in both areas.
Preliminary results are given on seasonal variation at Boukhalfa and a comparison is done with the diet composition of the Bam Owl Tyto alba at El-Harrach.
Mice represent the owls’ basic prey in all the countries south of the Mediterranean sea. The originality of the Algerian analysis lies in the predominance of Mus musculus in comparison with Mus spretus.
Size structure and dynamics of the common shrubs in Omayed Biosphere Reserve in the western Mediterranean coast of Egypt
Authors: Al-Sodany Yassin M. 
Published: April 2020

The population structure of 15 common shrubby species of the Omayed Biosphere Reserve (Egypt) was evaluated in terms of size distribution. These species are 3 phanerophytes (Lycium europaeum, Phlomis floccosa and Thymelaea hirsuta) and 12 chamaephytes
(Anabasis articulata, Artemisia herba-alba, Artemisia monosperma, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum Deverra tortuosa, Echiochilon fruticosum, Gymnocarpos decander, Haloc-nemum strobilaceum, Helianthemum lippii, Limoniastrum monopetalum, Noaea mucronata and Suaeda vera). The size estimations were used to classify the population of each species into 9 size classes : the first and second classes were chosen to represent the seedling and juvenile stages. The absolute and relative frequency of individuals and mean height, diameter and height to diameter ratio per individual in each size class were also determined. The present study indicated the size structures of the investigated species were belonged to 6 types of size distributions : more or less inverse J-shaped distribution (e. g. Halocnemum strobilaceum, Echio-chilon fruticosum
and Helianthemum lippii), positively skewed distributions towards the small (i. e. young) individuals (e. g. Lycium europaeum, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum and Anabasis articulata), more or less J-shaped distribution (e. g. Noaea mucronata and Artemisia monosperma), approximately symmetrical (i. e. bell shaped) distribution
(Phlomis floccosa), bimodal size distribution (e. g.
Thymelaea hirsuta, Limoniastrum monopetalum and Suaeda vera) and more or less stationary size distribution (e. g.
Gymnocarpos decander, Deverra tortuosa and Artemisia herbaalba).
Distribution and phytogeographical analysis of Quercus ithaburensis ssp. macrolepis in Greece
Authors: Pantera Anastasia , Papadopoulos Andreas , Fotiadis Georgios , Papanastasis Vasilios P. 
Published: April 2020

Cet article présente la distribution de Q. ithaburensis
ssp. macrolepis en Grèce, ses conditions écologiques de base, telles que les caractéristiques du substrat et du sol, la topographie, les facteurs climatiques et bioclimatiques et des spectres chorologiques et des formes de vie. Les données ont été collectées à l’aide des questionnaires, envoyés à tous les services forestiers du pays et complétés par des observations et mesures sur le terrain. Les résultats montrent que Q. ithaburensis ssp. macrolepis couvrent une superficie de 29 631,8 ha, en formations forestières, dans les zones de plaines et semimontagneuses de la Grèce continentale et insulaire. Il est encore présent sous la forme d’arbres isolés dans plusieurs régions du pays. La sous-espèce se développe sur divers types de substrat et de sols avec des inclinaisons et expositions diverses, et sous différents types de bioclimats méditerranéens. Elle préfère des régions à basse et moyenne altitude, en bioclimat subhumide, sur des sols calcaires peu ou moyennement profonds. Tous ces critères combinés aux activités humaines influencent les structures de végétation dans chaque région. En raison du climat et des divers types d’interventions humaines, les éléments méditerranéens dominent. C’est seulement dans les forêts du nord du pays, que le pourcentage des éléments subméditerranéens augmente considérablement. En générale les forêts de Q. ithaburensis ssp. macrolepis sont caractérisées par la dominance des thérophytes.
Characteristics of the vegetation of tree stands on sacred sites in comparison to well-preserved forests in northwestern Morocco
Authors: Frosch Birgit 
Published: April 2020

Muslim burial grounds and the surroundings of Saints’ tombs (marabouts) in Morocco consist of spontaneous vegetation which is often protected from land use due to religious believes. Nevertheless many sacred sites are subjected to land-use practices like grazing or cutting of wood which alter the vegetation. In the present study, the vegetation of tree stands on 68 sacred sites (cemeteries and marabouts) in northwestern Morocco was analysed and compared to the vegetation of least disturbed stands of the corresponding forest communities. Those are thermomediterranean evergreen forest communities dominated by the tree species Quercus coccifera L., Quercus suber L. and Olea europaea
L. The aim of the study was to determine the main factors affecting floristic differentiation of the sacred sites’ stands and to assess their degree of ‘naturalness’. The main gradient explaining floristic variance was associated with the proportion of annual species per plot and with the litter layer cover. Both were assumed to be proxies for the degree of land-use pressure, especially grazing. In heavily grazed tree stands, annual species replace woody and perennial plant species of the shrub and herbaceous layer (‘therophytization’), while in little used, non-grazed forest stands annual species are rare or lack completely. Different stand structure types, like isolated trees, do not have a strong influence on the floristic composition.
Quercus coccifera stands from the examined sacred sites were mostly similar in their floristic composition to reference Q. coccifera
stands, while Olea europaea stands showed no strong floristic similarity to reference stands.
Quercus suber stands were partly similar, partly unsimilar to reference stands.
Application of the Global Bioclimatic Classification to Iran: implications for understanding the modern vegetation and biogeography
Authors: Djamali Morteza , Akhani Hossein , Khoshravesh Roxana , Andrieu-Ponel Valérie , Ponel Philippe , Brewer Simon 
Published: April 2020

This study aims at proposing a new bioclimatic zonation for Iran based on the recently developed Global Bioclimatic Classification System (GBC) and tries to re-appraise this classification system by checking the degree of correspondence between its bioclimatic zones and the distribution of major phytogeographical regions, biomes, and a selection of plant and insect taxa of Iran. After application of the GBC to Iranian meteorological data, three macrobioclimates, ten bioclimates, and three bioclimatic variants were distinguished. The Mediterranean macrobioclimate is the dominant macrobioclimate and correlates with the Irano-Turanian biogeographical region, the Tropical macrobioclimate in southern Iran correlates with the Saharo-Sindian region and finally a small Temperate macrobioclimatic zone in northern Iran correlates with the Euro-Siberian region. Mediterranean macrobioclimate of Iran displays a wide range of bioclimates including Mediterranean pluviseasonal-oceanic, Mediterranean xeric-oceanic, Mediterranean pluviseasonal-continental, Mediterranean xeric-continental, Mediterranean desertic-oceanic, and Mediterranean desertic-continental. Tropical macrobioclimate also shows a range of bioclimates including Tropical xeric, Tropical desertic, and Tropical hyperdesertic. Finally, Temperate macrobioclimate has only one bioclimate i. e.
Temperate oceanic. In conclusion, bioclimatic zones identified using the GBC system correlate well with the main phytogeographical regions of Iran at macrobioclimatic level and with major biomes at bioclimatic level. An advantage of the GBC over other bioclimatic classification systems is the inclusion of both seasonal and annual variations in those climatic parameters which are significant for the growth and development of plant populations and communities. GBC distinguishes several types of Mediterranean climate regimes for Iran and helps to differentiate between two different desert climate types i. e. Mediterranean and Tropical deserts in arid parts of the country. Because the climate in the Irano-Turanian region clearly differs from the Mediterranean region in its degree of continentality and seasonality, we propose the term ‘ xero-estival-continental’ or ‘Irano-Turanian’ instead of ‘Mediterranean’ bioclimate when describing the climate of continental Middle East and Central Asia.
Le Genévrier thurifère, vieil arbre compagnon de l’homme en Méditerranée occidentale
Authors: Villar Luis 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Being a heliophilous species, Juniperus thurifera L. profited and colonized the open environment coming from the Tertiary and Quaternay climatic changes. Widespread over continental territories, mainly on limestone, between 200 and 3150 m a. s. l., it shows a fragmented area (N-Africa, Iberian Peninsula, Pyrénées, SE Alpes and Corsica). Biogeographically, it’s also defining ‘ relictic’ communities. Suffering along the times accidental fires, wild herbivours pressure, parasitic and symbiotic plant and animal, this tree was “ pre-adapted” to the human exploitation. Resistant to prune – in many cases a pollard tree – and to the action of herds, it constituted a toponymical reference, harbor, a hunting area, offered firewood and timber very resistant to the open air, medicinal products, pasture and cultivated lands, plants for bees, etc. Along centuries, the result was an agro-silvo-pastoral landscape which supported an autarchic or transhumant system. Moreover, old cultural regulations assured their stability. Nevertheless, until the 60’ s of the XXth century, the J. thurifera populations were more or less intensively cleared or destroyed. Fortunately enough, after this moment, these forests began to recover and increased their density, especially in Spain. First because of the rural abandonment, after because of the forest services interventions and finally due to the scientific and conservation policies we can contemplate a general protection of these special tree communities, mainly in Europe. It’s true that along the last times many works on its biology and ecology were carried out and published, but in this speech I would like to present some data and reflections on the gaps of knowledge around the incense juniper.
Typification de Juniperus thurifera var. africana Maire, délimitation taxonomique et conséquences nomenclaturales sur le Genévrier thurifère d’Algérie
Authors: Vela Errol , Schäfer Peter Andreas 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Spanish juniper populations of the Moroccan Atlas, very studied, are known to be distinct from European populations which justified creation of the taxon Juniperus thurifera var. africana Maire, often treated at subspecies rank. The Algerian populations from Aures mountain, in turn, have recently been reconciled with European populations on the basis of their genetic polymorphism (AFLP), which makes us question the taxonomic and nomenclatural status this biogeographical entity. A nomenclatural analysis was performed on all taxa associated with Juniperus thurifera. It showed that the René Maire’s var. africana includes heterogeneous collections from both Morocco and Algeria. One of the herbarium sheets from Algeria, recently designated as lectotypus, is unfortunately disabled, which is why we have designated another, collected from Morocco in order to conserve the dominant use. A taxonomic synthesis, completed by a brief morphological study of fruits based on herbarium samples, con- cludes with the desirable distinction of a Moroccan taxon (var. or subsp. africana) and an Algerian one, which has thus no name. We call it here Juniperus thurifera var. aurasiaca and a MPU herbarium sheet collected in Algeria by René Maire is designated as holotypus.