bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of critical factors on corporate entrepreneurship
Authors: Kim Ji Yeon , Park Min Jae 
Published: March 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate critical factors needed for an internal environment conducive to entrepreneurial activity. Also, this study aims to suggest improved measurement items that can be applied to national corporations in the national management environment where is much interested in the implementation of corporate entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachIn particular, by using the corporate entrepreneurship assessment instrument (CEAI) and through the Delphi and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) surveys on the group of corporate entrepreneurship experts, a comparative analysis among the emergent four kinds of types is deducted with main internal environmental factors of corporate entrepreneurship activities in South Korea.FindingsThis study contributes to the decision-making of many organizations about new business directions and success factors to gain new growth opportunities with corporate entrepreneurship activities according to each of their own internal environment status. As a result of the AHP analysis on the opportunist type, work discretion was revealed as the most significant factor. Furthermore, the avoiding identical work approach/steps, the subjective work assessment and the opportunities to practice one’s own style were all recognized as crucial enough to occupy the top to fourth place in the overall importance priority.Originality/valueAcademically, the local organizational environmental critical factors based on an existing CEAI were issued by allowing the AHP survey with specific scenarios per corporate entrepreneurship activity. This can be applied through various means to benefit many organizations looking for continuous growth and innovation based on corporate entrepreneurship.
Tariffs, rail rates and social welfare in the USA, 1887-1914
Authors: Collier Deirdre M. , Miranti Paul J. 
Published: March 2020

Purpose
This study aims to explain how the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) used its power over rail rates as part of an effort to promote the growth of economically underdeveloped regions of the USA. This was accomplished by subsidizing shipments of food and fuel staples to major domestic and world markets and by offsetting the burden of high protective tariffs through low transportation rates on imported goods, from its inception in 1887 until the disruption of ocean transport with the outbreak of First World War in 1914.

Design/methodology/approach
Through examination of contemporary ICC studies and cases, this study shows how the ICC condoned rate practices that promoted the socioeconomic welfare of sparsely populated regions primarily in the Southern and Western USA.

Findings
The study illustrates that the ICC facilitated exports by authorizing rates that subsidized the transport of overseas food and fuel staples from the interior while at the same time allowing preferential rail–sea contracts on imports that partially offset the burden of protective tariffs on these regions. The focus on regional social welfare within the ICC largely ended by 1914, with the end of protective tariffs and the start of First World War.

Originality/value
This new interpretation explains how international trade patterns in the USA were influenced in significant ways by the ICC to achieve regional social welfare objectives and to promote greater national economic integration.
Evaluation of the effect of R&D subsidies on Iranian firms’ innovative behavior
Authors: Soltanzadeh Javad , Elyasi Mehdi , Ghaderifar Esmaeil , Rezaei Soufi Hojat , Khoshsirat Mohsen 
Published: March 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of government intervention on a firm's innovation activities.Design/methodology/approachOn the basis of previous literature, this paper proposes a framework to explain behavioral changes in the firm resulting from government interventions. Using propensity score matching technique, this research tries to estimate the effect of R&D subsidies on Iranian firms (small and medium-sized enterprises and large-sized firms).FindingsThis paper identified that R&D subsidies have a significant effect on the innovation process. Furthermore, investigations indicate that behavioral variables (innovation capabilities, collaboration agreements and risk-taking) have been partly changed in both SMEs and large firms after subsidizing. The analysis of innovation outputs showed that although R&D subsidies significantly increase the number of new products/services or patents (especially for SMEs), it could not increase the total sale of the firms. These results show that the effect of R&D subsidies has not interestingly covered all variables influencing innovation activities.Research limitations/implicationsThe work used dynamic capability theory, transaction cost theory and behavioral theory of the firm to explain behavioral changes in the firm resulting from government interventions.Practical implicationsThis paper proposes several policy concerns which can help the policymakers to stimulate the innovation support procedures in Iran.Social implicationsThis paper provides insights for improved policymaking which in turn can aid boosting social welfare.Originality/valueThis paper re-conceptualized behavioral additionality based on firms’ behavioral theories and evaluated the effects of Iranian R&D subsidies on their measures.
How does the distributors’ “banding together” affect contract governance in marketing channels?
Authors: Feng Chao , Zhuang Guijun , Chen Hui , Hu Daxian 
Published: March 2020

PurposeBased on social network theory and the literature of contract governance, the purpose of this study is to explore how distributors’ “banding together” (network intensity) affects contract governance (detailed contracts), which, in turn, influences channel conflict and simultaneously tests the moderating effect of network centrality.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collect the data from the side of 288 manufacturers.FindingsThis study finds that, first, distributors’ network intensity positively affects detailed contracts between manufacturers and distributors; second, detailed contracts, in turn, declines channel conflict; and third, network centrality will weaken the positive influence of network density on detailed contracts. In addition, an ex post analysis finds that detailed contracts play a negative mediating role between distributors’ network density and channel conflict and this negative mediating effect would be weakened by distributors’ network centrality.Originality/valueThe current study not only helps to make up for the shortcomings of using the dyadic analysis paradigm to analyze channel behavior but also helps manufacturers to understand and respond to the phenomenon of distributors’ “banding together” comprehensively and deeply.
Impact of pricing mechanism on IPO oversubscription: evidence from Pakistan stock exchange
Authors: Mehmood Waqas , Mohd-Rashid Rasidah , Ahmad Abd Halim 
Published: March 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of pricing mechanism on initial public offerings (IPOs) oversubscription in Pakistan.

Design/methodology/approach
This study used cross-sectional data to analyse 85 listed IPOs on the Pakistan stock exchange during the period of 2000-2017 to assess hypotheses related to influential determinants of IPO oversubscription. Accordingly, ordinary least square, robust regression and quantile regression approaches were applied in this study to evaluate the factors that influenced oversubscription.

Findings
The outcome displayed pricing mechanism is negatively significant with an oversubscription of IPOs. This indicates firms using the fixed-price mechanism signalled higher information asymmetry and uncertainty in their value. Thus, investors are aware that they will be offset with underpricing, and it is expected the demand will be higher for the particular IPOs.

Research limitations/implications
This study is entirely focused on the available information of prospectus that should not be ignored by potential investors at the time of subscription of IPO. Therefore, the study contributes to extending the available literature in signalling theory whereby issuers should consider using the book-building pricing mechanism in enhancing the efficiency of the IPO offer price during the listing.

Originality/value
This paper provides evidence for the determinants of the IPO oversubscription.
Cassandra-based data repository design for food supply chain traceability
Authors: Singh Sandeep Kumar , Jenamani Mamata 
Published: March 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to design a supply chain database schema for Cassandra to store real-time data generated by Radio Frequency IDentification technology in a traceability system.

Design/methodology/approach
The real-time data generated in such traceability systems are of high frequency and volume, making it difficult to handle by traditional relational database technologies. To overcome this difficulty, a NoSQL database repository based on Casandra is proposed. The efficacy of the proposed schema is compared with two such databases, document-based MongoDB and column family-based Cassandra, which are suitable for storing traceability data.

Findings
The proposed Cassandra-based data repository outperforms the traditional Structured Query Language-based and MongoDB system from the literature in terms of concurrent reading, and works at par with respect to writing and updating of tracing queries.

Originality/value
The proposed schema is able to store the real-time data generated in a supply chain with low latency. To test the performance of the Cassandra-based data repository, a test-bed is designed in the lab and supply chain operations of Indian Public Distribution System are simulated to generate data.
Macroalgal blooms caused by marine nutrient changes resulting from human activities
Authors: Wang Hui , Wang Guangce , Gu Wenhui 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Macroalgal blooms (green tides) are occurring more frequently in many regions of the world, leading to significant impacts on marine ecology and economies. Although many studies and hypotheses have been proposed, the exact mechanism of green tide formation remains unclear.

The world's largest green tides recur in the Yellow Sea and this area is representative for studying the origin and mechanism of green tide formation. We conducted a meta‐analysis of studies related to green tides and associated hypotheses for their formation.

Rapid industrialization/urbanization and environmental protection actions in coastal zones have led to an increase in nitrate (nitrite) and decline in ammonium (ammonia), and this has resulted in increasing levels of dissolved inorganic nitrogen in seawater.

We found that presence of appropriate attachment substrates for Ulva including laver culture rafts and certain hydrological conditions are supplementary factors to green tide formation in the Yellow Sea.

Changes in marine nutrient levels promote the production of nitric oxide, which is essential for Ulva sporulation. Consequently, numerous spores are created and attach to substrates including laver culture rafts and parent Ulva thalli. These spores then develop into new thalli that are capable of producing further spores. As a result, Ulva thalli rapidly occupy vast areas of the sea and develop into green tides.

Synthesis and applications. Our synthesis identifies that escalating marine nitric oxide generation caused by various factors and its essential role in Ulva sporulation are underlying and significant components in the mechanism of green tide formation. We provide solutions such as the improvement of comprehensive management of aquaculture and strict restriction of marine nitrate pollution, to prevent green tides. Furthermore, we propose an innovative wastewater treatment programme combined with Ulva application to fulfil the standard of sustainable development and circular economy.
Quick microbial molecular phenotyping by differential shotgun proteomics
Authors: Gouveia Duarte , Grenga Lucia , Pible Olivier , Armengaud Jean 
Published: March 2020

SummaryDifferential shotgun proteomics identifies proteins that discriminate between sets of samples based on differences in abundance. This methodology can be easily applied to study (i) specific microorganisms subjected to a variety of growth or stress conditions or (ii) different microorganisms sampled in the same condition. In microbiology, this comparison is particularly successful because differing microorganism phenotypes are explained by clearly altered abundances of key protein players. The extensive description and quantification of proteins from any given microorganism can be routinely obtained for several conditions within a few days by tandem mass spectrometry. Such protein‐centred microbial molecular phenotyping is rich in information. However, well‐designed experimental strategies, carefully parameterized analytical pipelines, and sound statistical approaches must be applied if the shotgun proteomic data are to be correctly interpreted. This minireview describes these key items for a quick molecular phenotyping based on label‐free quantification shotgun proteomics.
The Vibrio cholerae type VI secretion system: toxins, regulators and consequences
Authors: Crisan Cristian V. , Hammer Brian K. 
Published: March 2020

SummaryThe type VI secretion system (T6SS) is a proteinaceous weapon used by many Gram‐negative bacteria to deliver toxins into adjacent target cells. Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium responsible for the fatal water‐borne cholera disease, uses the T6SS to evade phagocytic eukaryotes, cause intestinal inflammation, and compete against other bacteria with toxins that disrupt lipid membranes, cell walls and actin cytoskeletons. The control of T6SS genes varies among V. cholerae strains and typically includes inputs from external signals and cues, such as quorum sensing and chitin availability. In the following review, we highlight the repertoire of toxic T6SS effectors and the diverse genetic regulation networks among different isolates of V. cholerae. Finally, we discuss the roles played by the T6SS of V. cholerae in both natural environments and hosts.
A Mixture Model for the Number of Gunshot Residues Found on Suspects' Hands
Authors: Benzaquen Daniel , Mandel Micha , Israelsohn Azulay Osnat , Zidon Yigal , Cohen Yaron 
Published: March 2020

AbstractQuantifying the strength of gunshot residue (GSR) evidence requires scientific knowledge about the number of particles expected to be found on individuals who were or were not involved in a shooting. However, controlled experiments demand expensive resources in terms of microscope time and labor, which restricts the data of most studies to only a small group of individuals. We suggest a novel method that exploits data collected routinely on suspects during the daily work of forensic laboratories. These observational data relate to both persons who were involved in a shooting and innocent individuals. We suggest a mixture approach with different models for the number of gunshot residue particles in each group and develop an iterative algorithm to estimate the probabilities of observing the evidence under the defense proposition that the suspect is innocent and under the prosecution assumption that he is not. The method is applied to data of more than 500 suspects collected by the Israel National Police Division of Identification and Forensic Science. The analysis shows that the probability of finding three or more GSR particles on the hands of innocent suspects is very small, less than 1.5 in 1000 cases. Our new method enables researchers to use data on real cases, possibly supplemented by experimental data, in order to estimate the probabilities of a given GSR finding under the defense and prosecution propositions.
Push or pull? Performance‐pay, incentives, and information
Authors: Rietzke David , Chen Yu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe study a principal‐agent model wherein the agent is better informed of the prospects of the project, and the project requires both an observable and unobservable input. We characterize the optimal contracts, and explore the trade‐offs between high‐ and low‐powered incentive schemes. We discuss the implications for push and pull programs used to encourage Research and Development (R&D) activity, but our results are relevant in other contexts.
metan: An R package for multi‐environment trial analysis
Authors: Olivoto Tiago , Lúcio Alessandro Dal'Col 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Multi‐environment trials (MET) are crucial steps in plant breeding programs that aim at increasing crop productivity to ensure global food security. The analysis of MET data requires the combination of several approaches including data manipulation, visualization and modelling. As new methods are proposed, analysing MET data correctly and completely remains a challenge, often intractable with existing tools.

Here we describe the metan R package, a collection of functions that implement a workflow‐based approach to (a) check, manipulate and summarize typical MET data; (b) analyse individual environments using both fixed and mixed‐effect models; (c) compute parametric and nonparametric stability statistics; (d) implement biometrical models widely used in MET analysis and (e) plot typical MET data quickly.

In this paper, we present a summary of the functions implemented in metan and how they integrate into a workflow to explore and analyse MET data. We guide the user along a gentle learning curve and show how adding only a few commands or options at a time, powerful analyses can be implemented.

metan offers a flexible, intuitive and richly documented working environment with tools that will facilitate the implementation of a complete analysis of MET datasets.
Fire frequency effects in a grassy woodland: Trees and grasses
Authors: Morris E. Charles , Watson Penny J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOur study investigated the effects of fire frequency on the tree and grass components of Cumberland Plain Woodland, an endangered grassy eucalypt woodland in eastern Australia. We located three sites within each of three fire frequency classes (high, moderate, low) based on fire history and a similar time since last fire. For trees, we asked whether fire frequency affected density, eucalypt population structure, basal area and spatial patterning. For grasses, we tested for fire frequency effects on total abundance and the abundance of two common species. Density of trees was not significantly affected by fire frequency for juveniles, saplings or adult trees and neither was basal area per hectare. Features of a recruitment bottleneck model were present for eucalypts. There was a large pool of suppressed juveniles making up more than half the population at each fire frequency. Saplings were the smallest group and were susceptible to fire‐induced stem mortality, with particularly low numbers relative to juveniles and small trees where fire was frequent or intense. Despite this difference in sapling mortality, numbers of small trees did not differ with fire frequency. Saplings could transition to small trees in equal numbers if they did so more quickly at high than at lower fire frequencies, and if recruitment of saplings into the tree layer was controlled independently of fire frequency. The size hierarchy of small to medium eucalypt trees was homogeneous over eight of the nine sites, spatial patterning of adult trees was random tending to regular, and mean tree size decreased with density at all sites. These features of eucalypt population structure are indicative of possible resource competition which could regulate tree recruitment. Total grass cover index was high across all fire frequencies, with Themeda triandra dominating at high and moderate fire frequencies and Microlaena stipoides at low fire frequency.
Medicine’s collision with false hope: The False Hope Harms (FHH) argument
Authors: Eijkholt Marleen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to introduce the false hope harms (FHH) argument, as a new concept in healthcare. The FHH argument embodies a conglomerate of specific harms that have not convinced providers to stop endorsing false hope. In this paper, it is submitted that the healthcare profession has an obligation to avoid collaborating or participating in, propagating or augmenting false hope in medicine. Although hope serves important functions—it can be ‘therapeutic’ and important for patients’ ‘self‐identity as active agents’— the presentation of false hope along the hope continuum entails a misconstrued balancing act. By not speaking up against unrealistic patient and family requests—including some requests for rights to try, resuscitative efforts in terminally ill patients, or other demands for non‐beneficial treatments—healthcare providers precipitate harms, i.e., the FHH. These harms arise on both individual and communal levels and cannot be ignored. The goal of this paper is not to offer a definition of false hope, because the phenomenon of false hope is too complex for any simple definition. Instead, this paper seeks to make four points while outlining the FHH argument: consumer medicine and false hope are connected; providers and patients are very vulnerable in the system of consumer medicine; providers have a responsibility to stand up against false hope; and how the FHH argument could perhaps offer a footing to resist giving in to false hope.
Dissecting the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Ladikou Eleni E , Chevassut Timothy , Pepper Chris J , Pepper Andrea GS 
Published: March 2020

SummaryAcute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is the most common adult acute leukaemia with the lowest survival rate. It is characterised by a build‐up of immature myeloid cells anchored in the protective niche of the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is central to the pathogenesis of AML as it has fundamental control over AML cell adhesion into the protective BM niche, adaptation to the hypoxic environment, cellular migration and survival. High levels of CXCR4 expression are associated with poor relapse‐free and overall survival. The CXCR4 ligand, CXCL12 (SDF‐1), is expressed by multiple cells types in the BM, facilitating the adhesion and survival of the malignant clone. Blocking the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is an attractive therapeutic strategy providing a ‘multi‐hit’ therapy that both prevents essential survival signals and releases the AML cells from the BM into the circulation. Once out of the protective niche of the BM they would be more susceptible to destruction by conventional chemotherapeutic drugs. In this review, we disentangle the diverse roles of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in AML. We then describe multiple CXCR4 inhibitors, including small molecules, peptides, or monoclonal antibodies, which have been developed to date and their progress in pre‐clinical and clinical trials. Finally, the review leads us to the conclusion that there is a need for further investigation into the development of a ‘multi‐hit’ therapy that targets several signalling pathways related to AML cell adhesion and maintenance in the BM.