bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fast Charging of Li-Ion Batteries in Extreme Cold
Authors: Wang Chao-Yang , Zhang Guangsheng , Ge Shanhai , Xu Terrence , Ji Yan , Yang Xiao-Guang 
Published: February 2020

Fast charging is an enabling technology for electric vehicles (EV). Unfortunately lithium-ion batteries are notoriously incapable of fast charging at subzero temperatures,1-3 thereby hindering EVs from dependable and convenient operation under all weather conditions. In this work we describe a novel battery structure, called all-climate battery (ACB), which adds a resistor sheet inside the electrochemical cell to modulate the cell’s internal resistance according to temperature. Based on ACB technology, we have built 12Ah pouch cells using graphite anode, NMC cathode and 1M LiPF6 in EC:EMC (3:7 by wt) + 2% VC and showed that such ACB cells are able to be charged from 20% to 90% state of charge (SOC) in -30oC environment in ~22 minutes, while keeping the cell voltage never exceeding 4.2V (a necessary condition to avoid Li plating).
Figure 1 displays the experimental results of fast charging a 12Ah ACB cell from -30oC with a charge protocol of CV (4.2V) and limited by CC (3C or 36A). It is seen that the charge current under 4.2V charge voltage starts only at ~7A; however, it rapidly increases to 36A (3C limit) in around 400 seconds. Simultaneously the cell outer surface temperature increases from the initial temperature of -30oC to above the freezing point. Thereafter, the ACB cell undergoes 3C constant current charging with the cell voltage dips below 4.2V between 400 and 1100 seconds. During this period, the cell SOC rapidly increases from the initial SOC of 20%, eventually reaching 90% in ~22 min. Figure 2 compares two charge experiments under the same charge protocols of a 12Ah ACB cell and its baseline cell without ACB technology. It is clearly shown that ACB technology has dramatically improved the fast charge capability of Li-ion batteries.
More efforts are ongoing to accelerate the fast charge process from subzero temperatures and to further reduce the charge time from 22 min to within 15 min. These advanced improvements will be elaborated in this presentation.

References:

1. S. S. Zhang, K. Xu, and T. R. Jow, Electrochem. Commun., 4, 928 (2002).
2. M. C. Smart, J. F. Whitacre, B. V. Ratnakumar, and K. Amine, J. Power Sources, 168, 501 (2007).
3. Y. Ji, Y. Zhang, and C.-Y. Wang, J. Electrochem. Soc., 160, A636 (2013).
Synthesis and Characterization of High Capacity LiFeBO3
Authors: Cambaz Musa Ali , Munnangi Anji Reddy , Pohl Alexander , Witte Ralf , Fichtner Maximilian 
Published: February 2020

Polyanionic framework compounds have attracted increasing interest since the first report of LiFePO4 as cathode material.[1] In between these polyanionic compounds the group of the borates are offering attractive features in term of high theoretical capacity. The BO3
3- is having the lowest-weight framework and therefore having the highest theoretical capacity for one electron transfer. It’s having a favourable element combination in terms of toxicity, cost and sustainability. In this work we show how highly pure and high capacity LiFeBO3 can be prepared in a straightforward and effective manner. [2]

The LiFeBO3 samples were synthesized by a simple solid state reaction assisted by high energy ball milling .The refined XRD pattern is shown in Figure 1. The particle size of the material is ranging from 40 – 250 nm. Figure 2 is showing the charge-discharge voltage profile with reversible capacity of around 176 mAhg-1 at C/20 rate within 1,5-4,5V involving Fe3+/2+ redox potential of 2.8 V vs Li0/Li+. Figure 3 is showing the cycling stability and a c-rate test. In addition to that ex-situ characterization of charged and charged-discharged state LiFeBO3 with TEM, XRD and Mössbauer measurements have been performed and will be presented and discussed.
References
1 A. K. Padhi, K. S. Nanjundaswamy, J. B. Goodenough and goodenough, J. Electrochem. Soc., 1997, 144, 1188–1194.
2 A. Yamada, N. Lwane, Y. Harada, S. I. Nishimura, Y. Koyama and L. Tanaka, Adv. Mater., 2010, 22, 3583–3587.

Figure 1
Lithium-Sulfur Battery Cathodes with in Situ Polymerized Conductive Polymer Coating
Authors: Ansari Younes , Chiang Yet-Ming 
Published: February 2020

The development of alternative strategies for rechargeable batteries is essential if energy technologies that can displace fossil fuels are to be successful. Among various types of rechargeable batteries, the lithium-sulfur battery is a striking candidate owing to its remarkable theoretical capacity of 1672 mA h/g and theoretical specific energy of 2600 W h/kg. In addition, elemental sulfur is environmentally friendly, inexpensive and abundant.
However, lithium-sulfur battery systems containing organic electrolytes show low cycle life due to the fact that sulfur is electronically and ionically insulating. This causes poor electrochemical accessibility and low utilization of sulfur in the electrode. In addition, generation of soluble intermediate lithium polysulfides during discharge causes an irreversible loss of sulfur-active materials during cycling via the shuttle mechanism. Such problems significantly reduce the cycle life of current lithium sulfur batteries.
We describe in this work the performance of novel cathode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries that utilize coatings of the electronically and ionically conductive polymer polythiophene. Composite cathodes are synthesized by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization using the well-known Sugimoto–Yoshino method [1]. The conductive polythiophene functions as a conducting additive and as a porous adsorbing agent in the cathode. The PT-coated composites are found to be electrochemically stable within the range of 1.0 - 3.0V versus Li+/Li0,the operating voltage range of lithium-sulfur batteries.
A cyclic voltammogram of a cell using the PT-coated composite as the active cathode material, measured at scan rate of 1 mV s-1, is shown in Figure 1. The reduction peak around 2.4 V corresponds to the transformation of sulfur to high-order lithium polysulfides. Reduction of high-order polysulfides to low-order polysulfides and eventually Li2S shows another peak about 1.9 V. The oxidation peak near 2.6 V corresponds to the transformation to lithium polysulfides (Li2Sn, n>2). The function of the PT-coated composite cathodes, their cyclic durability, and their rate capabilities will be compared with conventional cathode materials.

Acknowledgement:This work is supported as part of the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), an Energy Innovation Hub funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences.

Figure 1: Cyclic Voltammogram of a polymer coated carbon-sulfur active cathode material. Voltammogram is obtained at 1.0 mV s−1. Inset shows the cathode powder with C/S ratio of 1/2 before (Left) and after (right) polythiophene coating.
Reference 1) Yoshino, K.; Hayashi, S.; Sugimoto, R. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1984, 23, L89.

Figure 1
Manganese Dioxide Polymorphs As Oxygen Reduction Catalysts
Authors: Donne Scott W , Pulukadang Sri 
Published: February 2020

Oxygen, a chemically reactive element, is consumed during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) via a cathodic reduction process in almost all fuel cell systems. Electrochemical reactions involving oxygen are kinetically slow, therefore, electrocatalysts are needed to increase the rate of this reaction. The ORR activity of electrodeposited manganese dioxide, as well as different powdered polymorphs of MnO2 (α-MnO2; β-MnO2; γ- MnO2 ; δ-MnO2; λ- MnO2) has been investigated using a glassy carbon substrate. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetonitrile (ACN) with tetraethyl ammonium tetra fluoroborate was used as a supporting electrolyte to assess activity using rotating disk electrode (RDE) and rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) measurements. The results and the effects of different polymorphs will be described and discussed. Overall, the polymorphs of MnO2 catalysts exhibit good catalytic activity.
Quinhydrone Formation and Its Impact on the Cell Voltage of the Quinone-Bromide Flow Battery
Authors: Chen Qing , Bombarelli Rafa Gómez , Tong Liuchuan , Marshak Michael P. , Gordon Roy G. , Aspuru-Guzik Alan , Aziz Michael J. 
Published: February 2020

Understanding complexation of redox-active species in flow battery electrolytes is important for engineering cell voltage. Complexation between reactants and products of a chemical reaction can significantly shift its thermodynamics. This effect is more pronounced in concentrated solutions. In the quinone-bromide flow battery (QBFB) [1], such complexation, which exists on both sides, is suspected of being responsible for discrepancies of order 100 mV between the measured open circuit potential and that expected from simple Nernstian behavior. Here we focus our attention on the negative electrolyte, where quinone complexes with its reduced counterpart, hydroquinone, to form the quinhydrone dimer. Density functional theory and UV-Vis spectroscopy combine to provide insights into the quinhydrone forming mechanism and evaluate the equilibrium constant. This quinhydrone equilibrium permits the accurate prediction of the measured voltage of a quinone half-cell vs. nominal quinone and hydroquinone concentrations. By further considering tribromide and pentabromide formation on the bromide side, the voltage model explains the linear and sharply ascending cell voltage vs. state of charge behavior observed in the QBFB.
[1] B. Huskinson, M.P. Marshak, C. Suh, S. Er, M.R. Gerhardt, C.J. Galvin, X. Chen, A. Aspuru-Guzik, R.G. Gordon and M.J. Aziz, “A metal-free organic-inorganic aqueous flow battery”, Nature
505, 195 (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature12909
Effect of Co Incorporation of Ordered Mesoporous Sn-Based Alloy Materials for Li-Storage
Authors: Yoon Jeongbae , Park Gwi Ok , Park Su Bin , Kim JI Man , Kim Hansu , Yoon Won-Sub 
Published: February 2020

Sn-based intermetallic compound is general concept introducing second metal element to accommodate the inevitable internal strain caused by electrochemically induced volume change between tin and lithium-tin alloy during lithiation and delithiation processes. Particularly Co-Sn intermetallic compounds as an alternative anode material have been widely investigated during last decade due to the high capacity, cycle stability, and high rate performance. To the best of our knowledge, porous nanostructured intermetallic compound has not been investigated as anode for Li-ion battery because of the synthetic difficulty of controlling metal nucleation and sintering.
Ordered mesoporous CoSn intermetallic (CoxSny) with various Co/Sn ratio is successfully synthesized through nano-replication technique as stable and high power anode materials for lithium ion battery. Especially, this is the first result for the synthesis of ordered mesoporous CoSn intermetallic through the direct template method. The electrochemical results show that mesoporous CoxSny exhibits much better capacity than non-porous CoSn. Reversible capacity, coulombic efficiency, and cycle stability of mesoporous CoxSny materials are dependent on their structures and compositions. Especially, 30 atomic % Co contained ordered mesoporous Co0.3Sn0.7 shows 83% capacity retention after 50 cycle, which means Co atoms effectively accommodate the volume strain associates with the lithiation–delithiation processes. The rate performance of mesoporous Co0.3Sn0.7 is significantly improved, which was deeply related to the kinetic behavior such as low charge transfer resistance, large diffusion coefficient (small Warburg factor) and low internal resistance. Sustainable ordered pore structure even after 50 cycle was also observed with TEM, which means Co atoms play a buffer role effectively to accommodate the volume strain associated with the lithiation–delithiation processes.
New Additives to Improve Cycle Performance of Lithium Ion Battery Under High Voltage Conditions
Authors: Konno Kaoru 
Published: February 2020

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most versatile secondary batteries with high energy density and high power output.Recently the degradation of LIBs cycle durability has appeared to be one of the significant issues under the use of high voltage conditions.The capacity of LIBs is dramatically decreased after a cycle test in a range of 3.0-4.5 V. The additives for cathodes named “Multi Capture Powder (MCP)” have been developed herein.MCP is capable of capturing metal ions and refraining from cathode decompositions of fluorine compounds.Mechanisms of the effects of MCP on the improvement of LIBs’ cycle performance are different from those of cathode materials examined so far. In case of LiCoO2 (LCO) /graphite cells with 5% MCP added to the cathode, theircapacity retentions have increased by about 10% after 300 cycles under 2.5-4.35 V conditions. Electrochemical impedances between the LCO cathodes with MCP and the graphite anodes after the cycle tests were drastically decreased in comparison with the cells without MCP. In order to clarify the mechanism for the improvement of the capacity retention, the cathodes with/without MCP and the anodes were pulled out of the cells after the cycle tests.The capacity of both the LCO cathodes with /without MCP and the graphite anodes were measured before/after the cycle testsunder 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 CA conditions with a Li counter electrode. According to the capacity measurements, the cathode materials including MCP mitigate the capacity loss significantly although the dominent factor of the capacity loss of the cells results in the degradation of the cathodes with/without MCP. After the cycle tests, X-ray diffraction angles for the (003) plane of cathode active materials were shifted to lower than their initial ones before the cycle tests. The shift of the diffraction angles for the cathodes with MCP was smaller than that of those of the cathodes without MCP. MCP plays an important role in improving capacity retention under high voltage cycle test conditions.
Advances in HE3DA® Thick Electrode Technology Platform for Energy Storage- Performance and Safety Testing
Authors: Prochazka Jan , Stary Radomir , Pavlik Jiri , Zukalova Marketa 
Published: February 2020

The HE3DA®concept of several millimeters thick electrodes (3D) gives Li battery incomparable safety and brings a number of new attributes, which are not achievable by the existing thin film technology (2D).
Recently developed and patented internal cooling system, with electrolyte as a cooling media, radically shrinks the battery pack size and extends battery life during operations,
The safe, robust construction with multifunctional frames, easy degassing, low internal resistance and electrolyte exchange and regeneration provides a new lithium accumulator technology ideal for building large energy storage modules.
Performance of a 1kWh HE3DA accumulator will be demonstrated.

Figure 1
Next-Generation Redox Flow Battery Technologies
Authors: Wang Wei , Liu Tianbiao , Sprenkle Vincent 
Published: February 2020

In order to enable the large-scale adoption of the redox flow battery technology for grid-scale energy storage, the cost of a redox flow battery system needs to further reduced. Here we report a new redox flow battery chemistry based on soluble commodity redox active materials, which eliminate the need for expensive metal-based redox couples. Compared with other reports in this area, our new redox flow battery technology demonstrated higher voltage, energy density, rate capability, and improved cycling stability (Figure 1). Recent progress of the advanced redox flow battery technologies research at PNNL will also be discussed, such as new developments on the high energy density electrolyte, high selective membrane, catalytic electrode, as well as nonaqueous redox flow battery technologies.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE) (under Contract No. 57558). Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is a multi-program national laboratory operated by Battelle for DOE under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830.

Figure 1. Voltage profile and the cyclic capacity behavior of the new redox flow battery technology.

Figure 1
Easily Fabricated Carbon Nanotube Electrodes for Low-Ppb-Level Chromium(VI) Detection
Authors: Wang Chengwei , O'Connell Michael J. , Chan Candace K. 
Published: February 2020

Due to its high toxicity, the detection of trace levels of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), has attracted much interest in analytical chemistry. Several sensitive techniques have been developed for the determination of Cr(VI), including spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques. For electrochemical detection, mercury electrodes have been demonstrated to be very sensitive for the detection of Cr(VI). The potential toxicity of mercury electrodes, however, limits its practical application. As another good option, gold has become more and more popular, and has also demonstrated to exhibit more electrochemical reversibility than carbon electrodes. However, considering the price and fabrication feasibility for gold, carbon electrodes are still of interest due to the lower price and easy assembly. Recently, Hallam, et al.
1 developed graphite screen printed electrodes for the electrochemical detection of Cr(VI). However, the sensitivity was only ~0.8 nA/ppb and the detection range was 100 to 1000 ppb with a detection limit of 19 ppb, which is much less than those for gold electrodes.2,3 We believe that using nanostructured carbon electrodes can potentially improve these characteristics to match the performance of gold electrodes, resulting in a sub-ppb detection method for Cr(VI).
Here we describe a facile and printable technique to fabricate the electrodes with carbon nanotubes (CNT) for the electrochemical detection of Cr(VI). The electrodes showed currents as high as 500 nA/ppb Cr(VI) for large CNT/filter paper flexible electrodes and ~5 nA/pbb Cr(VI) for CNT/printed electrodes. The limit of detection was shown as low as 5 ppb Cr(VI). The electrode could be deposited on multiple substrates, including FTO glass, flexible gold coated plastic, commercial printed electrodes. We also developed a flow detection system with CNT/printed electrodes, which could detect Cr(VI) continuously and easily similar to a microfluidic system.
References:
1. Hallam, P. M.; Kampouris, D. K.; Kadara, R. O.; Banks, C. E. Graphite Screen Printed Electrodes for the Electrochemical Sensing of chromium(VI). Analyst
2010, 135, 1947–52.
2. Jena, B. K.; Raj, C. R. Highly Sensitive and Selective Electrochemical Detection of Sub-Ppb Level chromium(VI) Using Nano-Sized Gold Particle. Talanta
2008, 76, 161–5.
3. Xu, H.; Zheng, Q.; Yang, P.; Liu, J.; Xing, S.; Jin, L. Electrochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles-Coated Gold Nanoporous Film Electrode and Its Application to Amperometric Detection for Trace Cr(VI). Sci. China Chem.
2011, 54, 1004–1010.
Evaluation of Dezincification Corrosion of Brass By Complex Capacitance
Authors: Tabei Kozue , Hoshi Yoshinao , Shitanda Isao , Itagaki Masayuki 
Published: February 2020

An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used in order to discuss the detailed dissolution mechanisms because the EIS enables us to discriminate the time constants of elementary steps in the dissolution process. The capacitive loop related to the electrode/solution interface is often observed in the impedance spectrum in the high frequency range when the metal is immersed in the electrolyte solution. Since the electric-double layer capacitance C
dl is related to the surface area and structure of electrode/electrolyte interface, it is generally estimated by the curve fitting of the result of the impedance spectrum. Our group [1] previously reported the calculations of the electrochemical impedance and complex capacitance corresponding to typical equivalent circuits because the precise value of C
dl could be estimated by the capacitance plot. The complex capacitance analysis was applied to the evaluation of the performance of energy conversion devices [2-5].
In the present study, the complex capacitance analysis was applied to evaluation of dezincification corrosion of brass. It is important to estimate the precise value of C
dl because a porous Cu-enriched layer is formed on the brass surface due to the selective dissolution of Zn from brass surface [7]. The evaluation method of the dezincification of brass by capacitance plot was proposed.
References:
1. M. Itagaki, S. Suzuki, I. Shitanda and K. Watanabe, Electrochemistry, 75, 649 (2007).
2. P. L. Taberna, P. Simon and J. F. Fauvarque, J. Electrochem. Soc., 150, A292 (2003).
3. J. H. Jang and S. M. Oh, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A571 (2004).
4. J. H. Jang, S. Yoon, B. H. Ka, Y. H. Jung and S. M. Oh, J. Electrochem. Soc., 152, A1418 (2005).
5. S. Yoon, J. H. Jang, B. H. Ka and S. M. Oh, Electrochim. Acta, 50, 2255 (2005).
6. C. Portet, P. L. Taberna, P. Simon and E. Flahaut, J. Electrochem. Soc., 153, A649 (2006).
7. H.W.Pickering, C.Wagner, J. Electrochem. Soc., 114, 698 (1967).
Micron Scale Cathodically Coated Graphene Impedes Corrosion on Ti, Cube, and Stainless Steel
Authors: Staley Patrick Andrew , Metzger Joy , Griffo Danielle , Simmons Emily , Griffo Chris , Bennahmias Mark , Kurtz Russel , Smith Diane K. 
Published: February 2020

Graphene has been studied with great interest ever since its unique mechanical and electronic properties were reported a little more than a decade ago. Common experiments involve coating non-carbon surfaces such as paper,1 metal oxide nanoparticles,2 or nickel3in order to either increase their conductivity, or to make them resistant to corrosion. Coating processes often involve mechanical transfer of graphene or chemical reduction of graphene oxide to graphene, but sometimes electrochemical cathodic reduction of the graphene oxide is used in the coating process.
Here we report the first instance of cathodically coated Ti metal along with cathodically coated stainless steel and copper-beryllium. We report Raman microscope images to verify complete surface coverage of Ti, and partial coverage of ~2 micron islands of graphene on both stainless steel and CuBe. We also report Tafel plotted voltammograms to show that the presence of graphene on Ti shifts the potential of zero current, normally called the “corrosion potential,” in 3.5% NaCl(aq) to a value positive of the formal potential for the O2/H2O redox couple in sea water. We also present Tafel plots which show that the corrosion potential of graphene coated CuBe has shifted positive by 0.1V and the corrosion current decreased by nearly an order of magnitude, and that the corrosion potential of graphene coated stainless steel has shifted positive by 0.3V.
1. Parvez, Khaled; Wu, Zhong-Shuai; Li, Rongjin; Liu, Xianjie; Graf, Robert; Feng, Xinliang; and Mullen, Klaus. “Exfoliation of Graphite into Graphene in Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Salts”. Journal of the American Chemical Society (2014) vol 136, iss 16, pp 6083-6091.
2. Nguyen-Phan, Thuy-Duong; Pham, Viet Hung; Shin, Eun Woo; Pham, Hai-Dinh; Kim, Sunwook; Chung, Jin Suk; Kim, Eui Jung; and Hur, Seung Hyun. “The role of graphene oxide content on the adsorption-enhanced photocatalysis of titanium dioxide/graphene oxide composites”. Chemical Engineering Journal (2011) vol 170, iss 1, pp 226-232.
3. Prasai, Dhiraj; Tuberquia, Juan Carlos; Harl, Robert R.; Jennings, G. Kane; and Lolotin, Kirill I. “Graphene: Corrosion-Inhibiting Coating”. ACS Nano (2012) vol 6, iss 2, pp 1102-1108.