bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Materials and Technologies to Combat Counterfeiting of Pharmaceuticals: Current and Future Problem Tackling
Authors: Zhang Heyang , Hua Dawei , Huang Chaobo , Samal Sangram Keshari , Xiong Ranhua , Sauvage Félix , Braeckmans Kevin , Remaut Katrien , De Smedt Stefaan C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe globalization of drug trade leads to the expansion of pharmaceutical counterfeiting. The immense threat of low quality drugs to millions of patients is considered to be an under‐addressed global health challenge. Analytical authentication technologies are the most effective methods to identify active pharmaceutical ingredients and impurities. However, most of these analytical testing techniques are expensive and need skilled personnel. To combat counterfeiting of drugs, the package of an increasing number of drugs is being protected through advanced package labeling technologies. Though, package labeling is only effective if the drugs are not repackaged. Therefore “in‐drug labeling,” instead of “drug package labeling,” may become powerful tools to protect drugs. This review aims to overview how advanced micro‐ and nanomaterials might become interesting markers for the labeling of tablets and capsules. Clearly, how well such identifiers can be integrated into “solid drugs” without compromising drug safety and efficacy remains a challenge. Also, incorporation of tags has so far only been reported for the protection of solid drug dosage forms. No doubts that in‐drug labeling technologies for “liquid drugs,” like injectables which contain expensive peptides, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, dermal fillers, could help to protect them from counterfeiting as well.
Supramolecular Chiral 2D Materials and Emerging Functions
Authors: Shen Bowen , Kim Yongju , Lee Myongsoo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractChiral materials are widely applied in various fields such as enantiomeric separation, asymmetric catalysis, and chiroptical effects, providing stereospecific conditions and environments. Supramolecular concepts to create the chiral materials can provide an insight for emerging chiro‐optical properties due to their well‐defined scaffolds and the precise functionalization of the surfaces or skeletons. Among the various supramolecular chiral structures, 2D chiral sheet structures are particularly interesting materials because of their extremely high surface area coupled with many unique chemical and physical properties, thereby offering potential for the next generation of functional materials for optically active systems and optoelectronic devices. Nevertheless, relatively limited examples for 2D chiral materials exhibiting specific functionality have been reported because incorporation of molecular chirality into 2D architectures is difficult at the present stage. Here, a brief overview of the recent advances is provided on the construction of chiral supramolecular 2D materials and their functions. The design principles toward 2D chirality and their potential applications are also discussed.
Understanding the Self‐Assembly of Cellulose Nanocrystals—Toward Chiral Photonic Materials
Authors: Tran Andy , Boott Charlotte E. , MacLachlan Mark J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOver millions of years, animals and plants have evolved complex molecules and structures that endow them with vibrant colors. Among the sources of natural coloration, structural color is prominent in insects, bird feathers, snake skin, plants, and other organisms, where the color arises from the interaction of light with nanoscale features rather than absorption from a pigment. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a biorenewable resource that spontaneously organize into chiral nematic liquid crystals having a hierarchical structure that resembles the Bouligand structure of arthropod shells. The periodic, chiral nematic organization of CNC films leads them to diffract light, making them appear iridescent. Over the past two decades, there have been many advances to develop the photonic properties of CNCs for applications ranging from cosmetics to sensors. Here, the origin of color in CNCs, the control of photonic properties of CNC films, the development of new composite materials of CNCs that can yield flexible photonic structures, and the future challenges in this field are discussed. In particular, recent efforts to make flexible photonic materials using CNCs are highlighted.
Thermal Effects on the Crystallization Kinetics, and Interfacial Adhesion of Single‐Crystal Phase‐Change Gallium
Authors: Yunusa Muhammad , Lahlou Aliénor , Sitti Metin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAlthough substrates play an important role upon crystallization of supercooled liquids, the influences of surface temperature and thermal property have remained elusive. Here, the crystallization of supercooled phase‐change gallium (Ga) on substrates with different thermal conductivity is studied. The effect of interfacial temperature on the crystallization kinetics, which dictates thermo‐mechanical stresses between the substrate and the crystallized Ga, is investigated. At an elevated surface temperature, close to the melting point of Ga, an extended single‐crystal growth of Ga on dielectric substrates due to layering effect and annealing is realized without the application of external fields. Adhesive strength at the interfaces depends on the thermal conductivity and initial surface temperature of the substrates. This insight can be applicable to other liquid metals for industrial applications, and sheds more light on phase‐change memory crystallization.
Surface Modification of a MXene by an Aminosilane Coupling Agent
Authors: Riazi Hossein , Anayee Mark , Hantanasirisakul Kanit , Shamsabadi Ahmad Arabi , Anasori Babak , Gogotsi Yury , Soroush Masoud 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMXenes, two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and/or nitrides, possess surface termination groups such as hydroxyl, oxygen, and fluorine, which are available for surface functionalization. Their surface chemistry is critical in many applications. This article reports amine functionalization of Ti3C2Tx MXene surface with [3‐(2‐aminoethylamino)‐propyl]trimethoxysilane (AEAPTMS). Characterization techniques such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy verify the success of the surface functionalization and confirm that the silane coupling agent bonds to Ti3C2Tx surface both physically and chemically. The functionalization changes the MXene surface charge from −35 to +25 mV at neutral pH, which allows for in situ preparation of self‐assembled films. Further, surface charge measurements of the functionalized MXene at different pH values show that the functionalized MXene has an isoelectric point at a pH around 10.7, and the highest reported positive surface charge of +62 mV at a pH of 2.58. Furthermore, the existence of a mixture of different orientations of AEAPTMS and the simultaneous presence of protonated and free amine groups on the surface of Ti3C2Tx are demonstrated. The availability of free amine groups on the surface potentially permits the fabrication of crosslinked electrically conductive MXene/epoxy composites, dye adsorbents, high‐performance membranes, and drug carriers. Surface modifications of this type are applicable to many other MXenes.
Collagenase‐Cleavable Peptide Amphiphile Micelles as a Novel Theranostic Strategy in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Chin Deborah D. , Poon Christopher , Trac Noah , Wang Jonathan , Cook Jackson , Joo Johan , Jiang Zhangjingyi , Sta Maria Naomi Sulit , Jacobs Russell E. , Chung Eun Ji 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAtherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by plaques that can cause sudden myocardial infarction upon rupture. Such rupture‐prone plaques have thin fibrous caps due to collagenase degradation, and a noninvasive diagnostic tool and targeted therapy that can identify and treat vulnerable plaques and may inhibit the onset of acute cardiac events. Toward this goal, monocyte‐binding, collagenase‐inhibiting, and gadolinium‐modified peptide amphiphile micelles (MCG PAMs) are developed. Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) binds to C‐C chemokine receptor‐2 expressed on pathological cell types present within plaques. Through the peptide binding motif of MCP‐1, MCG PAMs bind to monocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Moreover, using magnetic resonance imaging, MCG PAMs show enhanced targeting and successful detection of plaques in diseased mice in vivo and act as contrast agents for molecular imaging. Through the collagenase‐cleaving peptide sequence of collagen [VPMS‐MRGG], MCG PAMs can compete for collagenases that degrade the fibrous cap of plaques, providing therapy. MCG PAM‐treated mice show increased fibrous cap thickness by 61% and 113% histologically compared to nontargeting micelle‐ or PBS‐treated mice (p = 0.0075 and 0.001, respectively). Overall, this novel multimodal nanoparticle offers new theranostic opportunities for noninvasive diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerotic plaques.
Fully Transparent Transceiver Using Single Binary Oxide Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Hassan Ali H. , Hota Mrinal K. , Alshammari Fwzah H. , Alshareef Husam N. , Salama Khaled N. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUsing one binary oxide, a fully transparent thin‐film transistor (TFT)‐based transceiver circuit is presented. The proposed transceiver circuit is fabricated entirely using an atomic layer deposition process. Moreover, the proposed circuit presents two modulation schemes: frequency shift keying and ON/OFF keying. The fabricated TFTs exhibit saturation mobility, threshold voltage, a subthreshold swing, and an ON/OFF ratio of 18.2 cm2 V−1 s−1, 0.9 V, 419 mVdec−1, and 109 times, respectively. Finally, the circuit functionality is demonstrated by the word “KAUST” as a Morse code.
Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance in N‐Type Mg3.2Sb1.5Bi0.5 by La or Ce Doping into Mg
Authors: Zhang Fan , Chen Chen , Li Shan , Yin Li , Yu Bo , Sui Jiehe , Cao Feng , Liu Xingjun , Ren Zhifeng , Zhang Qian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractN‐type Mg3.2Sb1.5Bi0.5 materials are prepared by cation‐site doping with lanthanides (La, Ce). Both La‐ and Ce‐doped samples exhibit a higher doping limit and greater efficiency than those of chalcogen (Te, Se, S)‐doped n‐type Mg3.2Sb1.5Bi0.5 samples. High electron carrier concentration ≈9 × 1019 cm−3 is obtained in Mg3.18La0.02Sb1.5Bi0.5 and Mg3.185Ce0.015Sb1.5Bi0.5, which is close to the theoretical doping‐concentration limit and induces contributions from more electron bands. A higher electrical conductivity was thus obtained and is beneficial to the enhanced ZT values for lanthanide‐doped Mg3.2Sb1.5Bi0.5. The highest ZT value ≈1.6 is achieved in Mg3.19La0.01Sb1.5Bi0.5 at 693 K, along with a ZT ≈1.50 in Mg3.19Ce0.01Sb1.5Bi0.5 at 693 K, indicating that lanthanides provide a promising doping strategy for Mg3.2Sb1.5Bi0.5‐based materials.
Mechanistic Study Revealing the Role of the Br3−/Br2 Redox Couple in CO2‐Assisted Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Marques Mota Filipe , Kang Jin‐Hyuk , Jung Younguk , Park Jiwon , Na Moony , Kim Dong Ha , Byon Hye Ryung 
Published: February 2020

AbstractReplacing oxygen (O2) with air is a critical step in the development of lithium (Li)–air batteries. A trace amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air is, however, influentially involved in the O2 chemistry, which indicates that a fundamental understanding of the effect of CO2 is required for the design of practical cells. When up to 30% CO2 is added to Li–O2 cells, CO2 acts as an O2− scavenger. Their chemical reactions form soluble products, CO42− and C2O62−, in the tetraglyme electrolyte solution, and enhance full capacity and cell cyclability. A critical challenge is, however, the sluggish decomposition of the coproduct Li2CO3 during recharge. To lower the charging overpotential, a Br3−/Br2 redox couple is incorporated and its redox behavior is investigated using spectroscopic methods. The redox shuttle of Br3−/Br2 decomposes amorphous Li2CO3 more efficiently than its crystalline counterpart. It is revealed that Br2 combines with Br3− to form a Br2···Br3− complex, which acts as a mobile catalyst in the electrolyte solution without swift precipitation of the nonpolar Br2. This comprehensive study, revealing the molecular structure and redox process of mobile catalysts, provides an insight into improving the design of redox couples toward superior cycling performance.
Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Multiple Ligand Passivation
Authors: Wu Zhifang , Jiang Maowei , Liu Zonghao , Jamshaid Afshan , Ono Luis K. , Qi Yabing 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn the past decade, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells quickly increased from 3.8% to 25.2%. The quality of perovskite films plays vital role in device performance. The films fabricated by solution‐process are usually polycrystalline, with significantly higher defect density than that of single crystal. One kind of defect in the films is uncoordinated Pb2+, which is usually generated during thermal annealing process due to the volatile organic component. Another detrimental kind of defect is Pb0, which is often observed during the film fabrication process or solar cell operation. Because the open circuit voltage has a close relation with the defect density, it is thus desirable to passivate these two kinds of defects. Here, a molecule with multiple ligands is introduced, which not only passivates the uncoordinated Pb2+ defects, but also suppresses the formation of Pb0 defects. Meanwhile, such a treatment improves the energy level alignment between the valence band of perovskite and the highest occupied molecular orbital of spiro‐OMeTAD. As a result, the performance of perovskite solar cells significantly increases from 19.0% to 21.4%.
Energy Applications of Magnetocaloric Materials
Authors: Kitanovski Andrej 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe need for energy‐efficient and environmentally friendly refrigeration, heat pumping, air conditioning, and thermal energy harvesting systems is currently more urgent than ever. Magnetocaloric energy conversion is among the best available alternatives for achieving these technological goals and has been the subject of substantial basic and applied research over the last two decades. The subject is strongly interdisciplinary, requiring proper understanding and efficient integration of knowledge in different specialized fields. This review article presents a historical and up‐to‐date account of the energy‐related applications of magnetocaloric materials and information about their processing and magnetic fields, thermodynamics, heat transfer, and other relevant characteristics. The article also discusses the conceptual design of magnetocaloric refrigeration and power generation systems and some guidelines for future research in the field.
Local Foods and Local Economic Performance
Authors: Stickel Maureen , Deller Steven 
Published: February 2020

AbstractUsing US county‐level data, we employ a difference‐in‐difference approach to model the effect of direct to consumer local foods activity on local economic performance. We find no evidence that growth in local foods activity is linked to economic performance measured by per capita income and some evidence of a decline in employment. These results casts doubts on the notion that the promotion of local foods can improve the performance of local economies. While the local foods market can present viable business opportunities for some producers, the overall size of the market is too thin to influence overall local economic performance.
Emergency Medicine Gender in Resident Leadership Study (EM GIRLS): The Gender Distribution Among Chief Residents
Authors: Mannix Alexandra , Parsons Melissa , Krzyzaniak Sara M. , Black Lauren Page , Alvarez Al’ai , Mody Shivani , Gottlieb Michael 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe goal of this research was to determine the gender distribution of chief residents in emergency medicine (EM) residencies in the United States to explore whether the gender leadership gap is present at the resident level in EM.MethodsThe investigators compiled a list of EM residency programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. Investigators reached out to the programs using established best practices in survey distribution collecting the following: program name, program location, program length, total number of residents, total number of female residents, total number of chief residents, and the total number of female chief residents.ResultsOf the 223 programs contacted 194 programs responded and 182 programs were included in the study (a response rate of 82%). As of the 2019 to 2020 academic year, female EM residents account for 37.0% (2,459/6,718) of all EM residents and female EM chief residents account for 42.2% (250/593) of EM chief residents. The proportion of female EM chief residents was significantly higher than the proportion of both female EM residents (42.2% vs. 37%, p = 0.007) and female EM attending physicians (42.2% vs. 27.5%, p < 0.001). When comparing proportions of female residents based on duration of program, female physicians comprised 35.0% (1,652/4,720) of residents at 3‐year programs and 40.4% (807/1998) of residents at 4‐year programs (p < 0.01).ConclusionsWhile the proportion of female EM residents remains significantly lower than the proportion of male residents, females and males are similarly represented at the chief resident role.
Effects of defoliation and row spacing on intermediate wheatgrass II: Forage yield and economics
Authors: Hunter Mitchell C. , Sheaffer Craig C. , Culman Steven W. , Lazarus William F. , Jungers Jacob M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractManagement systems that produce both grain and biomass coproducts could enhance the profitability of the novel perennial grain crop Kernza intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey] (IWG). Harvesting IWG for grain typically results in a straw harvest; in addition, vegetative biomass can be cut in spring, fall, or both for hay production. We evaluated the interacting effects of defoliation and row spacing on yield, forage quality, and economic return across the 3‐yr life of a conventionally managed IWG stand in St. Paul, MN. We measured straw and hay yield and forage quality and then used recent hay auction results to model forage price and total potential value. We then used estimated production costs to calculate potential net return from straw production alone and with additional hay harvests. Overall, straw was more valuable than hay, despite being of much lower quality, since yields were 3–4 times greater. Straw potential value was similar to the cost of producing both straw and grain, greatly reducing the financial risk in Kernza grain production. Hay production was almost always profitable. Straw and hay yield and value were greater in 15‐ and 30‐cm rows than in 61‐cm rows. Defoliating in both spring and fall led to lower hay and straw yields in the third year. Our results indicate that the best strategy for achieving consistent high net return to biomass production is to plant in 15‐ or 30‐cm rows and only cut hay in the fall.
Effects of growth hormone treatment on thyroid function in pediatric patients with Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Oto Yuji , Murakami Nobuyuki , Matsubara Keiko , Saima Sohei , Ogata Hiroyuki , Ihara Hiroshi , Nagai Toshiro , Matsubara Tomoyo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIt is unclear whether hypothyroidism is present in patients with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS). This study aimed to clarify the state of the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis and the effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment on thyroid function in pediatric patients with PWS. We retrospectively evaluated thyroid function in 51 patients with PWS before GH treatment using a thyroid‐releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test (29 males and 22 females; median age, 22 months). We also evaluated the effect of GH therapy on thyroid function by comparing serum free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels at baseline, 1 year, and 2 years after GH therapy. TSH, fT4, and fT3 levels were 2.28 μU/ml (interquartile range [IQR]; 1.19–3.61), 1.18 ng/dl (IQR; 1.02–1.24), and 4.02 pg/dl (IQR; 3.54–4.40) at baseline, respectively. In 49 of 51 patients, the TSH response to TRH administration showed a physiologically normal pattern; in two patients (4.0%), the pattern suggested hypothalamic hypothyroidism (delayed and prolonged TSH peak after TRH administration). TSH, fT4, and fT3 levels did not change significantly during 1 or 2 years after GH treatment. The TSH response to TRH showed a normal pattern in most patients, and thyroid function did not change significantly during the 2 years after initiating GH treatment.
The preparation of PA6/CS‐NPs nanofiber filaments with excellent antibacterial activity via a one‐step multineedle electrospinning method with liquid bath circling system
Authors: Jiang Rui , Yan Tao , Wang Yi‐Qi , Pan Zhi‐Juan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBecause of the wide applications of the antibacterial fabrics, they have had broad‐based development recently. Chitosan is an environment‐friendly, biodegradable and natural organic antibacterial agent, which can be used to prepare the antibacterial fibers. Chitosan‐composited electrospun fibers have the potential to be applied in the fields such as surgical gowns, medical gauze, underwear, and sportswear. Therefore, using a one‐step 12‐needle electrospinning method with liquid bath circulating system, PA6/CS‐NPs nanofiber filaments would be fabricated. Under the combined effect of the drafting and impact forces, the surface of the nanofibers could adhere to a certain number of chitosan nanoparticles (CS‐NPs). By varying the mass ratios of 0.2 wt.% Span‐80/Tween‐80 (S‐80/T‐80) in the bath solution, water flow rate, and the winding rate, the filaments with different properties could be prepared. The results revealed that the surface of PA6 nanofibers could adhere to the largest number of CS‐NPs and the mechanical properties were good when the mass ratio of S‐80/T‐80 was 3/7, the water flow rate was 20 ml/min, and the roller rate was 40 r/min. The nanofibers fabricated by the optimum spinning parameters showed excellent antibacterial activity. In addition, the rate of bacteriostasis againstE. coliandS. aureuswas 99.9% and 98.9%, respectively.
Inclusion of covalent triazine framework into fluorinated polyimides to obtain composites with low dielectric constant
Authors: Purushothaman Revathi , Vaitinadin Hari Shankar 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTPolyimides possess good mechanical properties, favorable dielectric properties, and chemical inertness, which enabled them to find applications in microelectronic industries. The dielectric constant of the polyimides varies between 2.5 and 4, which is rather high for such applications. Hence, synthesizing polyimides with still lower dielectric constant has become one of the critical research confronts. As the properties of a terpolyimides (TPI) could be altered as per the requirement, it was synthesized by combining the dianhydrides 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyldianhydride, 3,3′,4,4′‐oxydiphthalicdianhydride, and 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene) with a diamine 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)dianiline or 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐amino phenoxy)phenyl]hexafluoropropane. As porous covalent triazine framework (CTF‐1) is capable of capturing much air within its pores and interfacial voids, it was combined with the TPI matrix in different loadings to obtain CTF‐1/TPI composite films with low dielectric constant. The composites exhibited high thermal stability, as their thermal decomposition occurred above 520°C. The tensile properties and the dielectric constant of the composites declined with the raise in CTF‐1 loading up to 4%. The decrease in dielectric constant is essentially due to the incorporation of air voids (dielectric constant of air ~1) in the TPI matrix due to the inclusion of porous CTF‐1.