bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeding Responses of Japanese Beetle to Naturally Occurring Metabolites Found in Rosaceous Plants
Authors: Patton Cynthia A. , Ranney Thomas G. , Burton James D. , Walgenbach James F. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Endogenous allelochemicals can have a profound influence on host plant resistance to arthropod pests. This study evaluated 22 naturally-occurring compounds found in Rosaceous trees for their influence on feeding of adult Japanese beetles [Popillia japonica (Newman)]. Individual compounds were incorporated into artificial diets at concentrations from 0 to 100 mM. No-choice feeding trials were conducted over 24 hours. Four general trends were recognized among the dose responses: 1) no response: benzaldehyde, calcium oxalate, tannic acid, 2) stimulatory: rutin, 3) optimal peak: benzoic acid, phloridzin, quercetin, catechin, geraniol, arbutin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and 4) inhibitory: p-coumaric acid, eugenol, amygdalin, phloretin, naringenin, o-coumaric acid, arginine, asparagine, oxalic acid, and gallic acid. These results suggest that variation in chemical constituents and concentrations may have a strong influence on host plant resistance to Japanese beetles among Rosaceous plants.
Retail Garden Outlets: Business Characteristics and Factors Affecting Industry Performance
Authors: Garber M. P. , Bondari K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A survey was conducted of retail garden outlets in Georgia which consisted primarily of traditional garden centers, feed and seed stores, and hardware stores. Plant material, for all types of retail outlets, represented the largest portion of retail sales followed by chemicals and fertilizers. The average annual retail store sales for all products was $344K, with plant material representing $111K. The survey population represented about $47M in retail plant sales and did not include mass merchants or chain garden centers. Individual consumers (87%) were the primary customers as compared to landscapers or other types of customers. Most plant material was sourced in-state (67%) and only about 3% was produced by retailers. The primary factors identified as having a potential negative impact on plant material sales were adverse weather (26%), competition from mass merchants (23%) and a slowing economy (22%). Most garden centers are open year round (74.5%) as compared to feed and seed (7.1%) or hardware (16.7%) stores. The most common consumer complaints regarding plant quality were identified. Retailer experience with the Georgia Gold Medal new plant program suggests that these programs can create pull-through sales.
Success Varies when Using Subirrigation Instead of Mist to Root Softwood Cuttings of Woody Taxa
Authors: Aiello Anthony S. , Graves William R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A subirrigation method for rooting softwood cuttings of seven woody taxa was compared to use of intermittent mist. Both methods resulted in &gt;90% rooting of ‘Goldflame’ spirea (Spiraea x bumalda Burv. ‘Goldflame’). Averaged over two dates, &gt;50% of ‘Pioneer’ elm (Ulmus L. ‘Pioneer’) cuttings rooted, and &gt;70% of cuttings retained leaves and formed callus regardless of method. Subirrigation without mist was unsuccessful for rooting Lamarck serviceberry (Amelanchier lamarckii F.G. Schroed.), Amur maackia (Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim.), or ‘Kwanzan’ cherry (Prunus serrulata Lindl. ‘Kwanzan’). Subirrigating cuttings without mist resulted in reductions in rooting percentage, leaf retention, and callus formation of &gt;90% for Lamarck serviceberry and &gt;50% for ‘Kwanzan’ cherry compared to misted cuttings. For misted cuttings of Amur maackia, percentage rooting, leaf retention, and callus formation were 23, 48, and 35%, respectively; in contrast, no subirrigated cuttings of Amur maackia survived. ‘Charles Joly’ and ‘Michael Buchner’ lilacs (Syringa vulgaris L. ‘Charles Joly’ and ‘Michael Buchner’) varied in response to the propagation methods. Sixty-one, 15, and 42% of ‘Charles Joly’ lilac cuttings rooted when misted, when subirrigated with tap water, and when subirrigated with a solution of complete fertilizer that contained N at 5.4 mM (75 ppm), respectively. For ‘Michael Buchner’ lilac, 48, 7, and 19% cuttings rooted under mist, when subirrigated with water, and when subirrigated with fertilizer, respectively. We recommend use of subirrigation without mist for rooting softwood cuttings of ‘Goldflame’ spirea, ‘Pioneer’ elm, and ‘Charles Joly’ lilac.
Multiple Pot Box for Container Plant Production
Authors: Haman D. Z. , Yeager T. H. , Beeson R. C. , Knox G.W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Viburnum odoratissimum (Ker-Gawl.) plants were grown for 15 weeks in 3-liter (#1) containers in black multipot boxes that contained a water reservoir and in a conventionally spaced system on black polypropylene. Irrigation events were based on plants in multipot boxes which resulted in under-watering of plants in conventionally spaced containers. Plants grown in the multipot box production system had higher shoot and root dry weights as compared to plants grown in conventionally spaced containers, and their growth indices of the plants in multipot boxes increased at a greater rate than that of plants from the conventional system. Approximately 210 mm (8.3 in) of overhead irrigation was applied during the experiment, in addition to 340 mm (13.3 in) of rain.
Are Ornamental Grasses Acceptable Alternatives For Low Maintenance Landscapes?
Authors: Wolfe June , Zajicek J.M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A survey instrument was designed to determine public perception of selected landscape (ornamental) grass species, the use of grasses in public landscapes, and the importance of research on the water consumption. Results from the survey indicate that 90% of the respondents felt that grasses have landscape (ornamental) value, and 96% felt that municipalities should utilize these plant materials in public landscapes. In addition, 92% of the respondents deemed research on the water conserving abilities of landscape grasses important and 96% would use them if they helped conserve water. When specific grass species were rated for preference by the respondents, statistical differences were noted between the two field sites, survey dates, and desirability of individual species. Grasses located at the site where plants were allowed a longer establishment period had significantly higher visual rankings. Summer visual ratings of grasses were significantly higher than fall ratings. Native Texas and introduced species were rated equally in desirability. Overall the most popular species was Purple Fountaingrass (Pennisetum macrostachyum) with 96% of survey participants agreeing or strongly agreeing that they would use it in their personal landscape. Big Bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) was the least popular species with only a 46% positive rating.
Relative Susceptibility of Cultivars of Flowering Crabapples, Lindens, and Roses to Defoliation by Japanese Beetles
Authors: Potter Daniel A. , Spicer Patricia G. , Held David , McNiel R.E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Relative resistance to defoliation by Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica Newman) was compared among 28 cultivars of flowering crabapples (Malus spp.), 8 species and cultivars of lindens (Tilia spp.), and 53 cultivars of hybrid tea, floribunda, and grandiflora roses (Rosa spp.) in multi-year field evaluations in central Kentucky. Defoliation of crabapples ranged from &gt;95% to &lt;10% among cultivars at the same site, with cultivars ‘Jewelberry’, ‘Louisa’, Malus baccata ‘Jackii’, and ‘Harvest Gold’ having greatest resistance. All lindens were severely damaged in years with heavy beetle flight, but Tilia americana ‘Legend’ and T. tomentosa ‘Sterling’ were less damaged than the others in years with moderate beetle pressure. When beetles were abundant, all rose cultivars were severely defoliated regardless of bloom color. Under more moderate beetle pressure, however, ‘Milestone’, ‘Dynasty’, and ‘Headliner’ hybrid tea roses sustained less damage than others. Damage among individual plants within cultivars often varied widely on a given date, reflecting the beetles' tendency to aggregate on foliage with prior feeding damage.
Effects of Dolomitic Lime on Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Buddleia davidii ‘Royal Red’ Grown in Pine Bark
Authors: Gillman Jeffrey H. , Dirr Michael A. , Kristine Braman S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Buddleia davidii Franch. ‘Royal Red’ was grown in pine bark amended with 0.0, 2.4, 4.7 or 9.5 kg/m3 (0.0, 4.0, 8.0, or 16.0 lbs/yd3) dolomitic lime. Growth characteristics responded quadratically to dolomitic lime with those plants receiving 2.4 kg/m3 having the greatest shoot and root dry weights and inflorescence numbers. Plants grown in 4.7 kg/m3 had the greatest shoot lengths. Concentrations of Ca and Mg in leaves of plants grown in containers without dolomitic lime amendment were below that recommended for normal growth of B. davidii. Leaf concentrations of N, S and Mn showed quadratic responses to dolomitic lime additions. Media pH and concentrations of NO3, Al, B, Mn and P also showed quadratic responses. Media Zn concentrations showed a linear response. Although all dolomitic lime amendments tested improved growth of Buddleia davidii ‘Royal Red’, the incorporation of 2.4 kg/m3 produced maximum growth and inflorescence quantity.
Comparison of Conventional and Alternative Nursery Field Management Systems: Soil Physical Properties
Authors: Calkins James B. , Swanson Bert T. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Effects of five nursery field management systems on the physical properties of a Waukegan silt loam soil were investigated: cultivation, herbicide management (oxadiazon), legume companion crop—‘Norcen’ bird's-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus ‘Norcen’), winter cereal cover crop/mulch—‘Wheeler’ winter rye (Secale cereale ‘Wheeler’), and mixed grass sod—80% ‘Eton’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne ‘Eton’) and 20% ‘Ruby’ red fescue (Festuca rubra ‘Ruby’). Six tree species were included in the study: Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Marshall Seedless’, Malus ‘Red Splendor’, Gleditsia triacanthos var. inermis ‘Skyline’, Acer rubrum ‘Northwood’, Thuja occidentalis ‘Techny’ and Picea glauca var. densata. Field management treatment effects on soil water infiltration capacity, aggregation, bulk density, and temperature were quantified. Significant treatment differences were observed for all soil characteristics investigated. Bare soil treatments (cultivation and herbicide management) generally reduced water infiltration, soil aggregation, and winter soil temperatures and increased bulk density and summer soil temperatures compared to cover crop treatments. After seven years, water infiltration was increased 2 to 4 times for the bird's-foot trefoil companion crop, 3 to 6 times for the rye cover crop/mulch, and 4 to 9 times for the grass companion crop compared to cultivated and herbicide management treatments. Under herbicide management, bulk density of surface soil was increased by 19.7% compared to cultivation. Bulk densities of compacted soil layers just below the depth of cultivation were reduced by 6.6% when maintained with rye and grass cover/companion crops for seven years. Soil aggregation was dramatically reduced by herbicide management and increased for soil maintained under grass sod; only 17.1% of soil aggregates measured 2.0 mm while 72.7% measured 0.5 mm for herbicide managed plots compared to 77.0% and 15.5% for soil maintained with a grass companion crop, respectively. Herbicide management was most often associated with negative effects on soil characteristics important to longterm productivity while grass sod and the rye cover crop/mulch system were most beneficial. The effects of cultivation and the bird's-foot trefoil companion crop on soil physical characteristics were intermediate. The bird's-foot trefoil treatment was difficult to manage and tree growth was reduced sufficiently for the trefoil and grass sod treatments to disqualify them as possible alternatives to cultivation or herbicide management. Implications of soil physical characteristics, as influenced by field management practice, regarding plant performance and soil management are discussed.
Differences in Growth of Container-Grown Red Maple Cultivars in Different Hardiness Zones
Authors: Sibley Jeff L. , Ruter John M. , Eakes D. Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Growth of eight container-grown red maple cultivars was evaluated at four locations under dissimilar environmental conditions/hardiness zones in Georgia and Alabama for two years. Rooted cuttings and tissue cultured plantlets were planted in #3 (9.1 liter) containers in one location in the same substrate in April 1995. Trees were transported the second week of June to Blairsville, GA; Muscle Shoals, AL; Auburn, AL; and Tifton, GA in USDA hardiness zones 6b, 7a, 8a, and 8a, respectively. Dormant trees were transplanted to #10 (38 liter) containers the second week of December 1995. At the conclusion of the study, December 1996, growth differed by location and cultivar. Height and stem diameter increase, and root and stem dry weights were greatest at the two Alabama locations for most cultivars and were least at the two Georgia locations. Root:shoot ratios were greatest at the two Georgia locations, an indication of increased carbon partitioning of photoassimilates to roots over stems under dryer growing conditions. Irrigation rates and different environmental conditions among locations have a significant impact on growth response of container-grown red maple cultivars.
Irrigation Volume, Application, and Controlled-release Fertilizer II. Effect on Substrate Solution Nutrient Concentration and Water Efficiency in Containerized Plant Production
Authors: Groves Kelly M. , Warren Stuart L. , Bilderback Ted E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rooted cuttings of Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid ‘Skogholm’ and seedlings of Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. ‘Goldsturm’ were potted into 3.8 liter (4 qt) containers in a pine bark:sand (8:1 by vol) substrate incorporated with 3.5 g (0.12 oz) N per container provided by one of the following five controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs): Meister 21N–3.5P–11.1K (21–7–14), Osmocote 24N–2.0P–5.6K (24–4–7), Scotts 23N–2.0P–6.4K (23–4–8), Sustane 5N–0.9P–3.3K (5–2–4) or Woodace 21N–3.0P–9.5K (21–6–12). Two hundred ml (0.3 in), 400 ml (0.6 in), 800 ml (1.1 in) or 1200 ml (1.7 in) of water was applied once daily (single) or in two equal applications with a 2 hr interval between applications (cyclic). Substrate solutions were collected from containers of cotoneaster 15, 32, 45, 60, 74, 90, 105, and 119 days after initiation (DAI). Irrigation efficiency [(water applied − water leached) ÷ water applied] was determined on the same days. Cyclic application improved irrigation efficiency at 800 ml (1.1 in) and 1200 ml (1.7 in) ≈ 27% compared to a single application. Irrigation efficiencies averaged over the season were 95%, 84%, 62%, and 48% for cotoneaster and 100%, 90%, 72%, and 51% for rudbeckia at 200 ml (0.3 in), 400 ml (0.6 in), 800 ml (1.1 in) and 1200 ml (1.7 in), respectively. NH4-N and NO3-N and PO4-P concentrations in substrate solution decreased with increasing irrigation volume regardless of CRF. Substrate NH4-N concentration decreased throughout the season with most CRFs below 5 mg/liter by 90 DAI. CRFs mainly affected substrate NH4-N and NO3-N concentrations when irrigated with 200 ml (0.3 in) or 400 ml (0.6 in). Substrate NH4-N, NO3-N, and PO4-P solution concentrations were similar for all CRFs at irrigation volume of 1200 ml (1.7 in). Osmocote, Scotts, and Woodace maintained relatively constant substrate solution levels of PO4-P through 60 DAI. By 90 DAI, substrate PO4-P levels were similar regardless of irrigation volume or CRF. Substrate PO4-P concentrations were never in the recommended range of 5 to 10 mg/liter when irrigated with 800 ml (1.1 in) or 1200 ml (1.7 in) regardless of CRF. Solution pH remained in the recommended range of 5.0 to 6.0 for all irrigation volumes and CRFs throughout the entire study with the exception of Sustane.
Garden Writers Plan to Write About
Authors: Garber M.P. , Bondari K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The five categories of plants projected by members of the Garden Writers Association of America (GWAA) to have the greatest future demand were herbaceous perennials, native ferns and wildflowers, ornamental grasses, herbs, and ground covers. This survey noted that the two most important plant traits likely to affect future demand are multi-seasonal color/interest and pest resistance/tolerance. In preparation of gardening communications about plants, the most valued sources of information were personal growing experience, readily available information, and success stories from the local arboreta/botanical garden. The type of plant material information most valued by Garden Writers was regional suitability, landscape requirements, and flowering habit.
Growth of Dracaena marginata and Spathiphyllum ‘Petite’ in Sphagnum Peat- and Coconut Coir Dust-based Growing Media
Authors: Stamps Robert H. , Evans Michael R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A comparison was made of Canadian sphagnum peat (SP) and Philippine coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) coir dust (CD) as growing media components for greenhouse production of Dracaena marginata Bak. and Spathiphyllum Schott ‘Petite’. Three soilless foliage plant growing mixes (Cornell, Hybrid, University of Florida #2 [UF-2]) were prepared using either SP or CD and pine bark (PB), vermiculite (V), and/or perlite (P) in the following ratios (% by vol): Cornell = 50 CD or SP:25 V:25 P, Hybrid = 40 CD or SP:30 V:30 PB, UF-2 = 50 CD or SP: 50 PB. Dracaena root growth was not affected by treatments but there were significant mix × media component interactions that affected plant top growth parameters. In general, the growth and quality of D. marginata were reduced by using CD in Cornell, had no effect in Hybrid, and increased in UF-2. S. ‘Petite’ grew equally well in all growing mixes regardless of whether CD or SP was used; however, plants grew more in Cornell and Hybrid than in UF-2. S. ‘Petite’ roots, which were infested with Cylindrocladium spathiphylli, had higher grades when grown in CD than when the media contained SP.
Effects of Varying Water Quality on Growth and Appearance of Landscape Plants
Authors: Quist Tanya M. , Williams C. Frank , Robinson M. L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Increasing demand for limited water supplies in populated arid regions over the next decade may require implementation of new water-use practices. Eliminating use of high-quality water for landscape irrigation by using low-quality water delivered through secondary systems is an ideal option for conserving potable water. However, irrigation of woody landscape plants using waters high in inorganic salts may adversely affect soil fertility, structure, plant growth and appearance. Twelve woody ornamentals commonly used in landscapes in Salt Lake County, Utah, were treated with three blends of Utah Lake and Provo River water to assess the quality of plants produced.
Three irrigation treatments, designated high-, medium-, and low-quality water were blended to maintain sodium concentrations of 15, 80 and 120 mg/liter respectively. Soils irrigated with medium-and low-quality water developed significantly higher adjusted sodium absorption ratio (SAR) and salinity than soils irrigated with high quality water and the effect varied with time. Except for four species, medium-and low-quality water did not significantly lower scores for plant appearance. Results of this two-year study support development of secondary water systems and use of lower-quality water for landscape irrigation.
Effect of Supplemental Nitrogen Fertilization on the Movement and Injury of Azalea Lace Bug (Stephanitis pyrioides(Scott)) to Container-grown Azaleas
Authors: Casey Christine A. , Raupp Michael J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Certain arthropods feed selectively and perform better on plants and plant tissues with elevated levels of nitrogen. Yet it is a common practice to use supplemental nitrogen in the production and maintenance of woody landscape plants. The link between elevated nitrogen levels and improved performance of herbivorous arthropods is particularly strong for sap suckers in the order Heteroptera, the majority of which are phloem feeders. There have been no studies to date on the effects of fertilization of woody plants on important mesophyll-feeding Heteroptera, such as azalea lace bug.
We examined the relationship between the movement and injury of azalea lace bug and levels of fertilization of azaleas. The objective of this study was to determine if this insect responded to supplemental nitrogen fertilization in a way similar to many phloem-feeding Heteroptera and mesophyll-feeding Acarina. In these taxa, numerous studies documented improved performance and increased host plant injury as a result of supplemental nitrogen fertilization. We measured injury and colonization by azalea lace bug of azaleas receiving four levels of nitrogen fertilization. Plants with elevated nitrogen levels were preferentially chosen by azalea lace bug but did not exhibit greater levels of leaf injury.
Sequential Postemergence/Preemergence Treatments for Crabgrass Control in Bermudagrass Turf
Authors: Wiecko Greg , Couillard Andree-Anne 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Crabgrass (Digitaria spp.) was controlled in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] with postemergence (POST) and preemergence (PRE) herbicides on a tropical island of Guam. The recommended label rates of PRE herbicides oxadiazon at 3.4 kg/ha (3.0 lb/A), pendimethalin at 3.4 kg/ha (3.0 lb/A), and dithiopyr at 0.6 kg/ha (0.5 lb/A) were applied initially and one-half recommended rates were applied to one-half of the plots 8 weeks later. MSMA was applied as the POST herbicide treatment in 1, 2, or 3 applications. The first MSMA treatment was applied in sequence with the PRE herbicides and followed by either 1 or 2 additional MSMA applications at 1 or 1 and 2 weeks after the initial MSMA application. Two weekly applications of MSMA assured complete control of existing crabgrass. Single applications of pendimethalin, oxadiazon, and dithiopyr at full rates assured ≥90% control for a period of 20 to 26 weeks during the rainy season and for 6 to 12 weeks during the dry season. There was no advantage of the second PRE treatments at a reduced rate. On fairways where crabgrass infestation was 95%, an application of MSMA resulted in severe turf discoloration lasting 5–6 weeks.
Effects of Pruning Liriope Bibs During Division on Subsequent Growth
Authors: Hayes Christine K. , Gilliam Charles H. , Keever Gary J. , Eakes D. Joseph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine if shoot pruning of liriope [Liriope muscari (Decne.) L.H. Bailey ‘Big Blue’, ‘Evergreen Giant’, and ‘Variegata’] at division affected subsequent growth of roots and shoots. Plants were divided into single bibs and shoots were either left unpruned or pruned 5 cm (2 in) above the plant crown. Plants with shoots pruned took longer to develop 25 new root tips and had smaller root masses at the end of the experiment. ‘Big Blue’ plants had 7.5 bibs per container when plants were not pruned and 4.2 bibs per container when plants were pruned. Root system number at division was also evaluated. Plants with larger roots systems (10 or more roots) developed 25 new roots faster, and produced more bibs than plants with smaller root systems (3-5 roots) at division. In experiments 2 and 3, ‘Evergreen Giant’ was similar to ‘Big Blue’ in that plants that were not pruned developed 25 new roots faster and had larger root systems at the end of the experiment than plants that were pruned. Results with ‘Variegata’, known to be a slower growing cultivar, were varied.