bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability of the Stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and Its Wave Forcing Simulated in the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model
Authors: Lu Yixiong , Wu Tongwen , Jie Weihua , Scaife Adam A. , Andrews Martin B. , Richter Jadwiga H. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIt is well known that the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is forced by equatorial waves with different horizontal/vertical scales, including Kelvin waves, mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves, inertial gravity waves (GWs), and mesoscale GWs, but the relative contribution of each wave is currently not very clear. Proper representation of these waves is critical to the simulation of the QBO in general circulation models (GCMs). In this study, the vertical resolution in the Beijing Climate Center Atmospheric General Circulation Model (BCC-AGCM) is increased to better represent large-scale waves, and a mesoscale GW parameterization scheme, which is coupled to the convective sources, is implemented to provide unresolved wave forcing of the QBO. Results show that BCC-AGCM can spontaneously generate the QBO with realistic periods, amplitudes, and asymmetric features between westerly and easterly phases. There are significant spatiotemporal variations of parameterized convective GWs, largely contributing to a great degree of variability in the simulated QBO. In the eastward wind shear of the QBO at 20 hPa, forcing provided by resolved waves is 0.1–0.2 m s−1 day−1 and forcing provided by parameterized GWs is ~0.15 m s−1 day−1. On the other hand, westward forcings by resolved waves and parameterized GWs are ~0.1 and 0.4–0.5 m s−1 day−1, respectively. It is inferred that the eastward forcing of the QBO is provided by both Kelvin waves and mesoscale convective GWs, whereas the westward forcing is largely provided by mesoscale GWs. MRG waves barely contribute to the formation of the QBO in the model.
US Medical Trainees’ Knowledge of Human Papilloma Virus and Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Laitman Benjamin M. , Ronner Lukas , Oliver Kristin , Genden Eric 
Published: October 2019

Given the increasing incidence of human papilloma virus (HPV)–positive head and neck cancers (HNCs), discussion of this oncologic outcome should be incorporated into HPV vaccine counseling practices. Yet, preliminary evidence shows that knowledge of the association between HPV and HNC is lacking among most medical trainees. To better characterize this deficit, we nationally assessed knowledge of HPV’s association with HNC among medical students and residents across 4 specialties (pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, family medicine, and otolaryngology). A total of 3141 responses from 46 states were obtained (n = 402 pediatric residents, n = 346 obstetrics/gynecology residents, n = 260 family medicine residents, n = 87 otolaryngology residents, and n = 2045 medical students). Only 40.3% of surveyed medical students and 56.1% of surveyed obstetrics/gynecology, pediatrics, and family medicine residents identified associations between persistent HPV infection and HNC. When counseling on the vaccine, nonotolaryngology residents more often discussed cervical cancer (99.8%) as compared with HNC (39.7%), commonly because of less HNC knowledge (61.5%). These results suggest that it is imperative to develop educational interventions targeted at medical students and resident trainees on the front line of HPV vaccine counseling and administration.
Effect of caregiving at end of life on grief, quality of life and general health: A prospective, longitudinal, comparative study
Authors: Breen Lauren J , Aoun Samar M , O’Connor Moira , Johnson Andrew R , Howting Denise 
Published: October 2019

Background: Determining the effect of caregiving and bereavement remains a challenge. To date, no study has employed a comparison group to investigate caregivers’ grief, quality of life and general health in relation to non-caregivers. Aim: We aimed to determine how caregivers’ grief, quality of life and general health changed following death compared to non-caregivers and whether pre-death grief predicted these outcomes. Design: A prospective, longitudinal study of family caregivers and a comparison group matched for age, gender and postcode was conducted. All participants completed questionnaires at four points – once pre-death and three times post-death (3–4 months, 6–7 months and 9–10 months). Setting/participants: Participants ( N = 70) were family caregivers of persons receiving palliative care, mostly for cancer, recruited from three palliative care providers in Western Australia and matched comparisons recruited from advertisements. Results: There were significant differences between the caregivers’ and comparisons’ grief, general health and quality of life at pre-death, 3–4 months and 6–7 months post-death, but not at 9–10 months post-death. The rate of progression in these constructs following death was independent from the intensity of pre-death grief. However, caregiver prolonged grief score significantly predicted prolonged grief score at 6–7 and 9–10 months post-death. Conclusion: It took 9–10 months for the caregivers’ grief, general health and quality of life to correspond to the comparison group. These findings present an opportunity for palliative care research and practice to consider how best to support the majority of caregivers without grief complications so that their pre- and post-death support needs are realised.
Infection Risk Reduction Program on Pathogens in High School and Collegiate Athletic Training Rooms
Authors: LaBelle Mark W. , Knapik Derrick M. , Arbogast James W. , Zhou Steve , Bowersock Lisa , Parker Albert , Voos James E. 
Published: October 2019

Background: Athletic training rooms have a high prevalence of bacteria, including multidrug-resistant organisms, increasing the risk for both local and systematic infections in athletes. There are limited data outlining formal protocols or standardized programs to reduce bacterial and viral burden in training rooms as a means of decreasing infection rate at the collegiate and high school levels. Hypothesis: Adaptation of a hygiene protocol would lead to a reduction in bacterial and viral pathogen counts in athletic training rooms. Study Design: Cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Two high school and 2 collegiate athletic training rooms were studied over the course of the 2017-2018 academic year. A 3-phase protocol, including introduction of disinfectant products followed by student-athlete and athletic trainer education, was implemented at the 4 schools. Multiple surfaces in the athletic training rooms were swabbed at 4 time points throughout the investigation. Bacterial and viral burden from swabs were analyzed for overall bacterial aerobic plate count (APC), bacterial adenosine triphosphate activity, influenza viral load, and multidrug-resistant organisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE). Results: Overall bacterial load, as measured by APC, was reduced by 94.7% (95% CI, 72.6-99.0; P = 0.003) over the course of the investigation after protocol implementation. MRSA and VRE were found on 24% of surfaces prior to intervention and were reduced to 0% by the end of the study. Influenza was initially detected on 25% of surfaces, with no detection after intervention. No cases of athletic training room–acquired infections were reported during the study period. Conclusion: A uniform infection control protocol was effective in reducing bacterial and viral burden, including multidrug-resistant organisms, when implemented in the athletic training rooms of 2 high schools and 2 colleges. Clinical Relevance: A standardized infection control protocol can be utilized in athletic training rooms to reduce bacterial and viral burden.
Sleep – the yet underappreciated player in cardiovascular diseases: A clinical review from the German Cardiac Society Working Group on Sleep Disordered Breathing
Authors: Spiesshoefer Jens , Linz Dominik , Skobel Erik , Arzt Michael , Stadler Stefan , Schoebel Christoph , Fietze Ingo , Penzel Thomas , Sinha Anil-Martin , Fox Henrik , Oldenburg Olaf ,   the German Cardiac Society Working Group on Sleep Disordered Breathing (AG 35-Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie Herz und Kreislaufforschung e.V.)
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Patients with a wide variety of cardiovascular diseases, including arterial and pulmonary hypertension, arrhythmia, coronary artery disease and heart failure, are more likely to report impaired sleep with reduced sleep duration and quality, and also, sometimes, sleep interruptions because of paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea or arrhythmias. Overall, objective short sleep and bad sleep quality (non-restorative sleep) and subjective long sleep duration are clearly associated with major cardiovascular diseases and fatal cardiovascular outcomes. Sleep apnoea, either obstructive or central in origin, represents the most prevalent, but only one, of many sleep-related disorders in cardiovascular patients. However, observations suggest a bidirectional relationship between sleep and cardiovascular diseases that may go beyond what can be explained based on concomitant sleep-related disorders as confounding factors. This makes sleep itself a modifiable treatment target. Therefore, this article reviews the available literature on the association of sleep with cardiovascular diseases, and discusses potential pathophysiological mechanisms. In addition, important limitations of the current assessment, quantification and interpretation of sleep in patients with cardiovascular disease, along with a discussion of suitable study designs to address future research questions and clinical implications are highlighted. There are only a few randomised controlled interventional outcome trials in this field, and some of the largest studies have failed to demonstrate improved survival with treatment (with worse outcomes in some cases). In contrast, some recent pilot studies have shown a benefit of treatment in selected patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases.
In-vivo and in-vitro evaluation of pharmacological activities of Ardisia solanacea leaf extract
Authors: Islam Mohammad Rashedul , Naima Jannatul , Proma Nawreen Monir , Hussain Md. Saddam , Uddin S. M. Naim , Hossain Mohammed Kamrul 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
The Bangladeshi rural and hilly areas people have long tradition to use various medicinal plants for treating different diseases. That’s why, the crude methanolic leaf extract of Ardisia solanacea with its different fractions (petroleum ether, carbon tetrachloride, n-hexane and chloroform fractions) were subjected to investigate bioactivities in swiss albino mice; namely analgesic, CNS, and Oral hypoglycemic activities, while in-vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity.

Methods
Central nervous system activity was investigated by various method such as Elevated plus maze, Hole board, Hole cross and Open field test apparatus. Analgesic activity was evaluated by both acetic acid induced and tail immersion method. Hypoglycemic activity was evaluated by oral glucose tolerance test and cytotoxicity was evaluated by Brine shrimp lethality bioassay.

Results
In CNS activity, among others fractions, ASCF fraction produced a significant anxiolytic activity in both elevated plus maze and Hole board test. During open-field test almost all the fractions of A. solanacea leaves extract display decreased locomotor activities that indicates significant sedative activity. The ASME and ASCF showed significant peripheral analgesic activity at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight (p < 0.05). In tail immersion method, among others extracts chloroform fractions exhibited significant (p < 0.05) elongation of reaction time 30 min after oral dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight respectively. The methanolic and n-hexane extracts reduced blood glucose level significantly after 90 min with value of 53.94% and 48.15% respectively (p < 0.05). In case of cytotoxicity activity, among other fractions carbon tetrachloride fraction showed lowest LC50 values.

Conclusions
From the above results, it is clear that different fractions of A. solanacea showed significant pharmacological potentiality in different in-vitro and in-vivo study model. So, it will be very much possible source for an isolating lead compound for curing the numerous disorders.
Paradise and Perdition: Jesuit Visions of Santiago, Chile, before and after the Earthquake of 1647
Authors: Burdick Catherine 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study inserts Santiago, Chile, into contemporary discussions of colonial Latin America by reading two Jesuit documents—a map and a letter—created prior to and following the devastating earthquake of 1647, respectively. Alonso de Ovalle's Prospectiva y planta de la ciudad de Santiago (1646) presents an urban paradise in accordance with Spanish and Catholic ideals, a New World Jerusalem. This depiction is juxtaposed with a letter by Juan González Chaparro that describes postearthquake Santiago as “ruined at the powerful hand of the Almighty.” Focusing on the 1647 earthquake's religious dimensions and perceived causes, the study concludes that the religious authorities of Santiago stand out in the colonial Spanish Americas for assigning fault for such a disaster to their city's elites rather than to its underclasses.
Ephemeral Spaces and Pneumatic Architecture: The Films of Nikolaus Geyrhalter
Authors: Naqvi Fatima 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Austrian director Nikolaus Geyrhalter’s films consistently thematize linear perspective as a mode of thought. His documentaries use one-point perspective to draw attention to a scientific habitus, with its studied neutrality and foregrounded objectivity. His “partitive images” home in on the fleeting relation of part to whole, revealing the difficulty of understanding large concepts such as the West or the human species through such supposedly objective images. This article also discusses the connection between Geyrhalter’s photographic mode and sophisticated technological processes. It looks at architecture as an organizing element in relation to Bernd Becher and Hilla Becher’s nomadic typologies and the pneumatic architecture of the 1960s and 1970s, with special attention to the films Unser täglich Brot (Our Daily Bread, 2005), Abendland (Occident, 2011), and Homo Sapiens (2016).
Improved Electrochemical Water Oxidation over Chromium-Substituted Cobalt Aluminate Spinels
Authors: Kanazawa Tomoki , Eguchi Miharu , Nozawa Shunsuke , Maeda Kazuhiko 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Spinel-type Co-Al-Cr mixed oxides (CoAl2−xCrxO4) were developed as electrochemical water oxidation catalysts. CoAl2−xCrxO4 powders were synthesized by a sol-gel method, followed by calcination at elevated temperatures in air. Electrochemical water oxidation was conducted in a phosphate-buffered aqueous solution (pH 7.5) using CoAl2−xCrxO4-loaded fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glass support under potentiostatic control. The electrochemical water oxidation activity was enhanced by substitution of Cr3+ ions for B-site Al3+ in CoAl2O4 in all activity metrics (i.e., geometric, specific and mass activities). Among the Cr-substituted CoAl2O4 examined, the highest activity was obtained for CoAl1.6Cr0.4O4, which was stable at +1.80 V (vs. RHE) for the generation of O2 with a Faradaic efficiency of close to unity and with minimal impact of undesirable Cr3+ oxidation. Physicochemical analyses by means of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that the key to achieve high geometric activity was a reduction in the resistance of the electrode by the use of high surface area CoAl2−xCrxO4, which was achieved by controlling the preparation conditions of CoAl2−xCrxO4, i.e., appropriate adjustment of the Cr concentration and the calcination temperature.
Qualificação docente e desenvolvimento regional: um estudo de caso em uma faculdade municipal
Authors: Diogo Maria Fernanda , Bianchetti Lucídio 
Published: October 2019

Com este texto objetivou-se compreender a influência dos cursos de Pós-Graduação Lato Sensu em Educação no desenvolvimento regional e na qualificação docente dos/as egressos/as da Faculdade Municipal de Palhoça. Esta é uma instituição de ensino pública e gratuita, localizada em Santa Catarina, cujos cursos Lato Sensu em Educação foram planejados para atender às demandas dos profissionais da Educação Básica municipal. Realizou-se uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, por meio de questionários de acesso on-line aplicados aos/às egressos/as desta especialização profissional. A análise das informações revelou que os cursos supriram as expectativas de formação continuada da maioria dos/as respondentes, abordando conhecimentos úteis e atualizados, alinhados a um compromisso ético e político de transformação social. Observou-se que esses exerceram dois níveis de influência no desenvolvimento regional: a) relacionado ao incremento do capital humano atuante na Educação Básica do município e seu entorno; b) referente à ampliação das perspectivas profissionais dos/as egresso/as. Conclui-se que a Pós-Graduação Lato Sensu é um espaço privilegiado para a construção do conhecimento, tornando-se uma instância de formação continuada. Investir no desenvolvimento regional por meio da oferta desta modalidade de ensino influi na melhoria da educação e padrão de vida das pessoas daquela região, ativando potencialidades locais e servindo de base para uma proposta includente e sustentável.
A meditação como ferramenta lúdica
Authors: Viscardi Adriana Aparecida da Fonseca , Lecuona Daliana Stephanie , Correia Priscila Mari dos Santos , Marinho Alcyane 
Published: October 2019

A meditação foi inserida no Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS, por meio das Práticas Integrativas e Complementares – PICs, como um recurso terapêutico. Considerando tratar-se de uma prática corporal mais introspectiva, com potencial reflexivo, de envolvimento de si mesmo, este estudo tem como objetivo analisar os potenciais e os limites da meditação, como ferramenta lúdica, à promoção da saúde em uma unidade básica de saúde do município de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, com corte transversal, do tipo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa dos dados, tendo como participantes a responsável pelo grupo de meditação de uma unidade básica de saúde, na cidade de Florianópolis (SC), e três integrantes desse grupo. Como instrumentos de coleta de dados foram utilizados roteiros de entrevistas, matriz de observação sistemática e diário de campo. Para análise dos dados foram utilizados elementos da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Verificou-se que a meditação pode permitir a expressão de subjetividade e de autonomia, podendo favorecer a aproximação entre profissionais de saúde e a comunidade, bem como entre os próprios participantes. Além disso, a meditação pode proporcionar a experimentação de um momento de introspecção e autocuidado. Por outro lado, também pode dificultar o sentimento de pertença, observando-se os entraves para as relações conforme as características pessoais e profissionais dos envolvidos. Tais características visualizadas retratam a meditação como uma possível ferramenta lúdica na promoção de saúde, com potenciais notórios, mas, igualmente, com limites, que precisam ser reconhecidos a fim de serem trabalhados em direção à sua minimização.
Methods of extraction, physicochemical properties of alginates and their applications in biomedical field – a review
Authors: Beata Łabowska Magdalena , Michalak Izabela , Detyna Jerzy 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn this paper, the current state-of-art of extraction of alginates and the determination of their physico-chemical properties as well as their overall applications focussing on biomedical purposes has been presented. The quality and quantity of the alginate obtained with a variable yield prepared from brown seaweeds as a result of many factors, such as type of algae, extraction methods, chemical modification and others. Alginates are mainly extracted by using conventional alkaline extraction. However, novel extraction techniques such as microwave and ultrasound assisted extractions have gained a lot of interest. The extraction parameters (e.g., temperature and time of extraction) have critical impact on the alginate physiochemical and mechanical properties and thus, their potential applications. By controlling a chemical process makes it possible get various forms of alginates, such as fibres, films, hydrogels or foams. It is important to characterise the obtained alginates in order to their proper applications. This article presents several techniques used for the analysis of alginate properties. These natural polysaccharides are widely used in the commercial production, as a food ingredient, in the pharmaceutical industry due to their antibacterial, anticancer and probiotic properties. Their gelling characteristic and absorbable properties enable using alginates as a wound management material. Moreover, they are also biocompatible, non-toxic and biodegradable, therefore adequate in other biomedical applications.
Calabresi on Merit Goods
Authors: Desmarais-Tremblay Maxime 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Guido Calabresi has been one of the first scholars to use the concept of merit goods coined by Richard A. Musgrave in The Theory of Public Finance (1959). Although the concept had a mixed reception in economics, Calabresi detected its fruitfulness for a more realistic theorisation of the allocation of goods. Starting from a study of the tragic choices a society needs to make concerning the value of life, Calabresi provides an original conceptualisation of merit goods which is partly complementary to the classical definitions given by Musgrave. However, Calabresi’s conceptualisation is limited by its cost/benefit welfarist approach. Moreover, it leaves out important strands of justification for merit goods. After some preliminary remarks on Calabresi’s encounter with Musgrave, the paper analyses Calabresi’s two arguments for merit goods exposed in The Future of Law & Economics (2016). It then suggests that a theory of merit goods would gain from moving away from the emotivist conceptualisation according to which people feel bad about certain goods being traded for money to a conceptualisation of the reasons for allocating specific goods to specific institutions.
Equivalent stiffness prediction and global buckling analysis using refined analytical model of composite laminated box beam
Authors: Zhu Xiujie , Xiong Chao , Yin Junhui , Yin Dejun , Deng Huiyong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The analytical model applicable to calculate the equivalent stiffnesses of composite box beam has been refined. The calculation of equivalent stiffness coefficients of composite laminated box beam is simplified and the connection between shear-deformable beam theory and classical laminate theory is established. The equivalent stiffness analytic formulas expressed by beam cross-section geometry and laminate stiffness coefficients are obtained. These analytical formulas are suitable for composite laminated box beam with circumferential uniform stiffness, and accounts for bending- transverse shear and torsiontensile coupling effect. The correctness and precision of refined analytical model is verified by test and finite element method, respectively. The influences of the lay-ups on the elastic coupling of composite structures and their causes are studied. The variation of the equivalent stiffnesses of the laminated box beams with different lay-ups is predicted. The global buckling analysis of composite laminated box beam considering the transverse shear deformation is carried out. The formula of the global buckling critical load is obtained combining with the theoretical formulas of equivalent stiffnesses. The influences of the lay-ups, shear deformation and slenderness ratio on the global buckling critical load are studied.