bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cesarean delivery after non‐medically indicated induction of labor: A population‐based study using different definitions of expectant management
Authors: Zenzmaier Christoph , Pfeifer Bernhard , Leitner Hermann , König‐Bachmann Martina 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionMost observational studies found that non‐medically indicated induction of labor (IOL) is not associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery compared with expectant management, defined as all births at a later gestation. However, given the higher rate of cesarean delivery at late term, this definition of the expectant management group might bias the results of observational studies in favor of IOL at early or full term when estimating the risk of short‐term (eg up to 1 week) expectant management.Material and methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study including 447 066 singleton term and post‐term hospital births that occurred in Austria between 2008 and 2016. Multivariate logistic regression was used to test the association of IOL and cesarean delivery at each week of gestation from 37‐41. Expectant management was either defined as all births at “next week or beyond” or “at next week”.ResultsNon‐medically indicated IOL was associated with increased odds for cesarean delivery at 37 and 38 weeks, and reduced odds at 40 and 41 weeks. At 39 weeks, IOL resulted in comparable cesarean rates compared with expectant management defined as “next week or beyond” (17.2% vs 16.2%; adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.93; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86‐1.00; P = .059). However, when defined as births “at the next week”, expectant management was associated with significantly reduced odds for cesarean delivery (13.6%; adjusted OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.70‐0.82; P < .001). Comparison of the cesarean delivery rates for the two definitions of expectant management showed that the “next week and beyond” model underestimates the benefit of short‐term expectant management by up to 1 week, particularly for IOL at weeks 38 and 39.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that the definition of the expectant management group has a significant impact when analyzing the outcome of IOL in retrospective cohort studies. Non‐medically indicated IOL is not an all‐or‐none choice between “elective” induction and indefinite expectant management. Thus, to define the control group as all births at the next week could be useful for clinical decision‐making, as it allows to estimate the risks of expectant management until the next appointment compared with immediate IOL.
Pain in the Past and Pleasure in the Future: The Development of Past–Future Preferences for Hedonic Goods
Authors: Lee Ruth , Hoerl Christoph , Burns Patrick , Fernandes Alison S. , O'Connor Patrick A. , McCormack Teresa 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIt seems self‐evident that people prefer painful experiences to be in the past and pleasurable experiences to lie in the future. Indeed, it has been claimed that, for hedonic goods, this preference is absolute (Sullivan, 2018). Yet very little is known about the extent to which people demonstrate explicit preferences regarding the temporal location of hedonic experiences, about the developmental trajectory of such preferences, and about whether such preferences are impervious to differences in the quantity of envisaged past and future pain or pleasure. We find consistent evidence that, all else being equal, adults and children aged 7 and over prefer pleasure to lie in the future and pain in the past and believe that other people will, too. They also predict that other people will be happier when pleasure is in the future rather than the past but sadder when pain is in the future rather than the past. Younger children have the same temporal preferences as adults for their own painful experiences, but they prefer their pleasure to lie in the past and do not predict that others' levels of happiness or sadness vary dependent on whether experiences lie in the past or the future. However, from the age of 7, temporal preferences were typically abandoned at the earliest opportunity when the quantity of past pain or pleasure was greater than the quantity located in the future. Past–future preferences for hedonic goods emerge early developmentally but are surprisingly flexible.
Causal Information‐Seeking Strategies Change Across Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: Nussenbaum Kate , Cohen Alexandra O. , Davis Zachary J. , Halpern David J. , Gureckis Todd M. , Hartley Catherine A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntervening on causal systems can illuminate their underlying structures. Past work has shown that, relative to adults, young children often make intervention decisions that appear to confirm a single hypothesis rather than those that optimally discriminate alternative hypotheses. Here, we investigated how the ability to make informative causal interventions changes across development. Ninety participants between the ages of 7 and 25 completed 40 different puzzles in which they had to intervene on various causal systems to determine their underlying structures. Each puzzle comprised a three‐ or four‐node computer chip with hidden wires. On each trial, participants viewed two possible arrangements of the chip's hidden wires and had to select a single node to activate. After observing the outcome of their intervention, participants selected a wire configuration and rated their confidence in their selection. We characterized participant choices with a Bayesian measurement model that indexed the extent to which participants selected nodes that would best disambiguate the two possible causal structures versus those that had high causal centrality in one of the two causal hypotheses but did not necessarily discriminate between them. Our model estimates revealed that the use of a discriminatory strategy increased through early adolescence. Further, developmental improvements in intervention strategy were related to changes in the ability to accurately judge the strength of evidence that interventions revealed, as indexed by participants' confidence in their selections. Our results suggest that improvements in causal information‐seeking extend into adolescence and may be driven by metacognitive sensitivity to the efficacy of previous interventions in discriminating competing ideas.
Pandemic preparedness and cooperative justice
Authors: Timmermann Cristian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBy examining the global public good nature of pandemic preparedness we can identify key social justice issues that need to be confronted to increase citizens’ voluntary compliance with prevention and mitigation measures. As people tend to cooperate on a voluntary basis only with systems they consider fair, it becomes difficult to ensure compliance with public health measures in a context of extreme inequality. Among the major inequalities that need to be addressed we can find major differences in the extensiveness and intensiveness of quarantine experiences, lack of opportunities to participate in common efforts, hardship in complying with disease control recommendations, and an unfair distribution of the cooperative surplus.
Critical care ultrasonography during COVID‐19 pandemic: The ORACLE protocol
Authors: García‐Cruz Edgar , Manzur‐Sandoval Daniel , Rascón‐Sabido Rafael , Gopar‐Nieto Rodrigo , Barajas‐Campos Ricardo Leopoldo , Jordán‐Ríos Antonio , Sierra‐Lara Martínez Daniel , Jiménez‐Rodríguez Gian Manuel , Murillo‐Ochoa Adriana Lizeth , Díaz‐Méndez Arturo , Lazcano‐Díaz Emmanuel , Araiza‐Garaygordobil Diego , Cabello‐López Alejandro , Melano‐Carranza Efrén , Bucio‐Reta Eduardo , González‐Ruiz Francisco Javier , Cota‐Apodaca Luis Antonio , Santos‐Martínez Luis Efrén , Fernández‐de la Reguera Guillermo , Ramos‐Enríquez Ángel , Rojas‐Velasco Gustavo , Álvarez‐Álvarez Rolando Joel , Baranda‐Tovar Francisco 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is characterized by severe lung involvement and hemodynamic alterations. Critical care ultrasonography is vital because it provides real time information for diagnosis and treatment. Suggested protocols for image acquisition and measurements have not yet been evaluated.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study was conducted at two centers from 1 April 2020 to 30 May 2020 in adult patients with confirmed COVID‐19 infection admitted to the critical care unit. Cardiac and pulmonary evaluations were performed using the ORACLE protocol, specifically designed for this study, to ensure a structured process of image acquisition and limit staff exposure to the infection.ResultsEighty‐two consecutively admitted patients were evaluated. Most of the patients were males, with a median age of 56 years, and the most frequent comorbidities were hypertension and type 2 diabetes, and 25% of the patients had severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. The most frequent ultrasonographic findings were elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (69.5%), E/e’ ratio > 14 (29.3%), and right ventricular dilatation (28%) and dysfunction (26.8%). A high rate of fluid responsiveness (82.9%) was observed. The median score (19 points) on pulmonary ultrasound did not reveal any variation between the groups. Elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure was associated with higher in‐hospital mortality.ConclusionThe ORACLE protocol was a feasible, rapid, and safe bedside tool for hemodynamic and respiratory evaluation of patients with COVID‐19. Further studies should be performed on the alteration in pulmonary hemodynamics and right ventricular function and its relationship with outcomes.
Psychotic like experiences among Nigerian school adolescents: Findings from the Lagos Schools Emotional and Behavioral Health Survey
Authors: Adewuya Abiodun O. , Wright Kilelomo , Njokanma Fidelis 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAimThis study aimed to explore the presence of psychotic like experience (PLE) symptoms and evaluate for the possible socio‐demographic, family, school and mental health variables associated with clinically significant PLE symptoms in Nigeria school adolescent.MethodsA total of 9441 adolescents from 47 secondary schools in Lagos Nigeria completed questionnaire detailing sociodemographic, family and school related variables. Mental health was assessed with the Mini International Diagnostic Interview for children and adolescents (MINI‐KID). PLE was assessed using the 16‐item version of Prodromal Questionnaire (PQ‐16).ResultsThe mean age in years was 15.6 (SD 1.5) and 50.4% were females. The mean PQ‐16 score was 2.18 (SD 2.38) with 95% CI 2‐15‐2.21. A total of 2878 (30.5%) adolescents had no PLE symptoms while 990 (10.5%) had clinically significant PLE symptoms. The most experienced symptoms were “déjà vu” (35.5%) and loss of interest (29.6%). The variables independently associated with clinically significant PLE symptoms were “having no close friend in school” (OR 2.66, 95% CI 2.08‐3.41), “often beaten by parents” (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.67‐2.34) “from a polygamous family” (OR 1.80, 95% CI 1.49‐2.18), and “diagnosis of depression” (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.09‐1.63).ConclusionWe have shown that PLE symptoms are relatively common in non‐help seeking Nigerian school adolescents and that personal and family factors are significantly associated. Longitudinal studies will be needed to chart the path of symptoms and determinants of distress, help seeking and development of psychosis.
Association between heart diseases, social factors and physical frailty in community‐dwelling older populations: The septuagenarians, octogenarians, nonagenarians investigation with centenarians study
Authors: Klinpudtan Nonglak , Kabayama Mai , Gondo Yasuyuki , Masui Yukie , Akagi Yuya , Srithumsuk Werayuth , Kiyoshige Eri , Godai Kayo , Sugimoto Ken , Akasaka Hiroshi , Takami Yoichi , Takeya Yasushi , Yamamoto Koichi , Ikebe Kazunori , Yasumoto Saori , Ogawa Madoka , Inagaki Hiroki , Ishizaki Tatsuro , Rakugi Hiromi , Kamide Kei 
Published: September 2020

AimHeart diseases and social factors are associated with physical frailty, but there are few studies of older people living in the community. Consequently, the aim of this study was to examine the association between heart diseases, social factors and physical frailty in community‐dwelling older populations including the oldest‐old people.MethodsThe cross‐sectional study included 1882 participants of community‐dwelling older and oldest‐old people. The survey site assessed questionnaires on medical history, social factors, blood samples and physical examination. Physical frailty was based on slow gait speed or weak grip strength. Associations were analyzed using multiple logistic regression with adjustments for covariate factors.ResultsSubjects with heart disease had a higher prevalence of physical frailty than those without heart disease. After adjusting the covariate factors, heart diseases were associated with a slow gait speed (odds ratio [OR] = 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13–2.32, P = 0.009). Frequency of going outdoors and direct interaction with relatives or friends were associated with a slow gait speed (OR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.75–0.91, P ≤ 0.001 and OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.81–0.94, P < 0.001), and associated with physical frailty (OR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.72–0.89, P ≤ 0.001 and OR = 0.88, 95% CI 0.82–0.95, P = 0.002). Living alone and frequency of direct interaction with relatives or friends were associated with physical frailty in subjects with heart disease.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that in community‐dwelling older people, heart diseases and social factors were associated with physical frailty. Older people with heart disease, those living alone and the frequency of direct interaction with relatives or friends were associated with physical frailty. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 974–979.
The effects of implementation barriers in virtually proctored examination: A randomised field experiment in Dutch higher education
Authors: van Halem Nicolette , van Klaveren Chris , Cornelisz Ilja 
Published: August 2020

AbstractVirtual proctoring technology is credited with increasing the accessibility of exams by enabling students to participate in exams at any time and place. In this field experiment, students were randomly assigned to virtual proctoring or traditional on‐campus examination to evaluate the effect, nature and timing of implementation barriers for online proctoring in higher education. The results show that the uptake in the traditional examination setting in this study was six times higher due to technical hurdles that students experienced with the virtual proctoring software. When alleviating these implementation barriers by offering all students the chance to participate in an unproctored retake, students initially assigned to virtual proctoring still showed a significantly lower uptake rate. Uptake could not be related to student characteristics, such as performance levels and motivation.
Association between obstructive sleep apnea and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in pediatric patients: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Chen Li‐Da , Chen Meng‐Xue , Chen Gong‐Ping , Lin Xue‐Jun , Huang Jie‐Feng , Zeng Ai‐Ming , Huang Ya‐Ping , Lin Qi‐Chang 
Published: September 2020

SummaryBackgroundSome studies have reported a relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in pediatric population. However, this issue remains controversial.ObjectivesThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between OSA and NAFLD in pediatric population.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase for eligible studies. The data involving markers of NAFLD including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hepatic inflammation, hepatic fibrosis of both OSA group and control group were extracted. Pooled standardised mean difference (SMD) and weighted mean difference (WMD) were appropriately calculated through a fixed or random‐effect model.ResultsNine cross‐sectional studies with 1133 children and adolescents were included. OSA was significantly associated with ALT, AST, and NAFLD fibrosis stage, but not NAFLD inflammation grade. Subgroup analysis indicated that both mild OSA and severe OSA were significantly associated with elevated ALT and AST. Furthermore, in the studies with all main confounding factors (age, gender, and BMI) matched, OSA group had higher ALT and AST levels than control group.ConclusionsThis meta‐analysis suggested that OSA was associated with NAFLD evidenced by elevated liver enzymes and progressive hepatic fibrosis in pediatric population. Screening and monitoring of NAFLD in pediatric patients with obesity‐related OSA are necessary.
Associations between objective physical activity and emotional eating among adiposity‐discordant siblings using ecological momentary assessment and accelerometers
Authors: Smith Kathryn E. , O'Connor Shannon M. , Mason Tyler B. , Wang Shirlene , Dzubur Eldin , Crosby Ross D. , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Salvy Sarah‐Jeanne , Feda Denise M. , Roemmich James N. 
Published: September 2020

SummaryBackgroundEmotional eating is associated with obesity, though less is known regarding factors that predict emotional eating episodes in children and adolescents.ObjectivesTo investigate whether moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) or total activity counts 60 minutes prior to psychological stress predicted stress‐related eating and positive emotional eating (ie, eating while happy), and whether adiposity (z‐BMI) moderated these associations.MethodsParticipants were drawn from a prior study of siblings (N = 77; mean age = 15.4 ± 1.4 years) discordant for weight status (39 non‐overweight siblings, 38 siblings with overweight/obesity) who completed an ecological momentary assessment protocol with accelerometer‐based assessment of physical activity.ResultsGreater MVPA was associated with lower stress‐related eating across the sample. Lower total activity (between‐person effects) and lower MVPA (within‐person effects) were associated with greater stress‐related eating for siblings with greater z‐BMI. Greater total activity was associated with lower positive emotional eating for siblings with lower z‐BMI (between‐ and within‐person).ConclusionsFindings demonstrate potential regulating effects of prior physical activity on emotional eating at the individual and momentary level, though there are nuances depending on z‐BMI. Future work is needed to examine underlying mechanisms and timescale of effects, and particularly the extent to which enhancing MVPA time among youth with z‐BMI may mitigate momentary risk of stress‐related eating episodes.
Positive parenting approaches and their association with child eating and weight: A narrative review from infancy to adolescence
Authors: Balantekin Katherine N. , Anzman‐Frasca Stephanie , Francis Lori A. , Ventura Alison K. , Fisher Jennifer O. , Johnson Susan L. 
Published: September 2020

SummaryParents play a critical role in the development of children's eating behaviours and weight status, serving as providers, models and regulators of the food environment. Many research reviews have focused on the robust body of evidence on coercive control in feeding: how parenting practices such as restriction and pressure to eat increase children's risk for developing undesirable eating behaviours and unhealthy weight outcomes. Fewer reviews adopt a strengths‐based perspective focusing on the ways that parents can actively support the development of healthy eating behaviours and weight trajectories. Emerging research on such positive parenting styles and practices offers solutions beyond the avoidance of coercive control, as well as opportunities to highlight parallels between research on food parenting and the broader, well‐established developmental literature on positive parenting. The focus of this review is to summarize what is known regarding benefits of positive parenting styles and practices for child eating and weight outcomes and discuss recommendations for future research. Current evidence supports starting with responsive feeding and parenting during infancy and incorporating structure and limit setting in early childhood, with monitoring and mealtime structure remaining important during middle childhood and adolescence. Areas for future research include: (1) further examination of the implications of identified food parenting practices and styles among diverse groups and caregivers; (2) increased consideration of child factors (eg, temperament) as moderators or mediators; and (3) further clarification of the relationship between general parenting and food parenting.
Scaling of ctenes and consequences for swimming performance in the ctenophore Pleurobrachia bachei
Authors: Heimbichner Goebel Wyatt L. , Colin Sean P. , Costello John H. , Gemmell Brad J. , Sutherland Kelly R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCtenophores coordinate large macrociliary structures called ctenes to propel themselves through the water. The morphology and kinematics of the ctenes mediate swimming performance. We investigated morphological and kinematic factors affecting swimming performance in free‐swimming ctenophores (Pleurobrachia bachei) using high speed videography. Our morphological results showed that the relationship between body size and ctene morphology and arrangement in P. bachei were well described using linear (i.e., isometric) relationships, which suggests functional limitations of ctenes that vary among individuals of different sizes. Our kinematic results showed that isometric constraints on swimming performance can potentially be overcome by alterations in kinematics: (a) swimming speed in P. bachei increased with ctene beat frequency over a range of body lengths, and (b) the separation of ctenes into clumps of cilia allowed the ctene to increase in width during the effective stroke and decrease in width during recovery. Separation increases the surface area of the ctene during the effective stroke, likely increasing the thrust produced. The finding that ctenes are not monoliths and instead are separated into clumps of cilia has not been previously described, and we subsequently observed this trait in three other ctenophore species: Euplokamis dunlapae, Bolinopsis infundibulum, and Beroe mitrata. Flexibility in function may be a necessary corollary to isometric development of the ctenes as propulsive structures.
The association between systolic blood pressure reduction during clonidine suppression testing and the decrease in plasma catecholamines and metanephrines
Authors: Golani Tiran , Fishman Boris , Sharabi Yehonatan , Olswang‐Kutz Yael , Leibowitz Avshalom , Grossman Ehud , Shlomai Gadi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBorderline isolated norepinephrine (NE) and normetanephrine (NMT) elevation is common among patients with suspected pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). The clonidine suppression test (CST) may help establish the etiology in these cases. Prolonged laboratory processing and/or paucity of reliable biochemical assays may limit the utility of CST. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether blood pressure (BP) reduction during CST is associated with alterations in plasma NMT/NE, thereby potentially providing an immediate indication of CST results. In this cross‐sectional study, the authors included all consecutive patients with suspected PPGL who underwent CST from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2019. Linear regression models were conducted to evaluate the association between BP reduction and decrease in plasma NMT/NE. The final analysis included 36 patients (17 males). The decrease in systolic BP (SBP) 90 minutes postclonidine was associated with a decrease in plasma NMT (R = 0.668, P = .025) and NE (R = 0.562, P = .005). A 40% decrease in NMT and NE correlated with a 9.74% and 7.16% decrease in SBP, respectively. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that the association between SBP reduction and the decrease in plasma NMT (R = 0.764, P = .046) and NE (R = 0.714, P = .003) strengthens among patients with hypertension and among those with diabetes mellitus (R = 0.974, P = .026 for NMT). In conclusion, SBP reduction during CST is associated with plasma NMT and NE decrease. Therefore, the decrease in SBP 90 minutes postclonidine may serve as an immediate complementary clinical tool for PPGL diagnosis.