bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cathepsin L promotes angiogenesis by regulating the CDP/Cux/VEGF-D pathway in human gastric cancer
Authors: Pan Tao , Jin Zhijian , Yu Zhenjia , Wu Xiongyan , Chang Xinyu , Fan Zhiyuan , Li Fangyuan , Wang Xiaofeng , Li Zhen , Zhou Quan , Li Jianfang , Liu Bingya , Su Liping 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Increasing evidence indicates that angiogenesis plays an important role in tumor progression. The function of cathepsin L (CTSL), an endosomal proteolytic enzyme, in promoting tumor metastasis is well recognized. The mechanisms by which CTSL has promoted the angiogenesis of gastric cancer (GC), however, remains unclear.

Methods
The nuclear expression levels of CTSL were assessed in GC samples. The effects of CTSL on GC angiogenesis were determined by endothelial tube formation analysis, HUVEC migration assay, and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The involvement of the CDP/Cux/VEGF-D pathway was analyzed by angiogenesis antibody array, Western blot, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and dual-luciferase reporter assay.

Results
In this study, we found that the nuclear CTSL expression level in GC was significantly higher than that in adjacent nontumor gastric tissues and was a potential important clinical prognostic factor. Loss- and gain-of-function assays indicated that CTSL promotes the tubular formation and migration of HUVEC cells in vitro. The CAM assay also showed that CTSL promotes angiogenesis of GC in vivo. Mechanistic analysis demonstrated that CTSL can proteolytically process CDP/Cux and produce the physiologically relevant p110 isoform, which stably binds to VEGF-D and promotes the transcription of VEGF-D, thus contributing to the angiogenesis of GC.

Conclusion
The findings of the present study suggested that CTSL plays a constructive role in the regulation of angiogenesis in human GC and could be a potential therapeutic target for GC.
Solute transporters and malignancy: establishing the role of uptake transporters in breast cancer and breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Sutherland Rachel , Meeson Annette , Lowes Simon 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe solute carrier (SLC) superfamily encompasses a large variety of membrane-bound transporters required to transport a diverse array of substrates over biological membranes. Physiologically, they are essential for nutrient uptake, ion transport and waste removal. However, accumulating evidence suggest that up- and/or downregulation of SLCs may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of human malignancy. Endogenous substrates of SLCs include oestrogen and its conjugates, the handling of which may be of importance in hormone-dependent cancers. The SLCs play a significant role in the handling of therapeutic agents including anticancer drugs. Differential SLC expression in cancers may, therefore, impact on the efficacy of treatments. However, there is also a small body of evidence to suggest the dysregulated expression of some of these transporters may be linked to cancer metastasis. This review draws on the current knowledge of the roles of SLC transporters in human cancers in order to highlight the potential significance of these solute carriers in breast cancer pathogenesis and treatment.
Glycosylation and raft endocytosis in cancer
Authors: Johannes Ludger , Billet Anne 
Published: May 2020

AbstractChanges in glycosylation on proteins or lipids are one of the hallmarks of tumorigenesis. In many cases, it is still not understood how glycan information is translated into biological function. In this review, we discuss at the example of specific cancer-related glycoproteins how their endocytic uptake into eukaryotic cells is tuned by carbohydrate modifications. For this, we not only focus on overall uptake rates, but also illustrate how different uptake processes—dependent or not on the conventional clathrin machinery—are used under given glycosylation conditions. Furthermore, we discuss the role of certain sugar-binding proteins, termed galectins, to tune glycoprotein uptake by inducing their crosslinking into lattices, or by co-clustering them with glycolipids into raft-type membrane nanodomains from which the so-called clathrin-independent carriers (CLICs) are formed for glycoprotein internalization into cells. The latter process has been termed glycolipid–lectin (GL-Lect) hypothesis, which operates in a complementary manner to the clathrin pathway and galectin lattices.
“Tool in the R2P Toolbox”? Analysing the Role of the International Criminal Court in the Three Pillars of the Responsibility to Protect
Authors: Weerdesteijn Maartje , Holá Barbora 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn the last two decades, two important instruments emerged to combat mass atrocities. In 2002 the International Criminal Court (ICC) was established. Subsequently, in 2005, the international community politically committed itself to the responsibility to protect populations from mass atrocities (R2P) distinguishing three pillars: (i) the responsibility of the state to protect its own population, (ii) the responsibility to help states live up to this responsibility and (iii) the responsibility of the international community to intervene when states manifestly fail to protect their population. While the ICC is frequently referred to as a “tool in the R2P toolbox,” an analysis of the ways in which the ICC works within R2P’s pillar structure was missing. Using the R2P pillar-structure, this article systematically analyses how the ICC plays a role in the implementation of R2P. More specifically, this paper disentangles the diverse modalities of ICC engagement with states – such as ratification of its Statute, positive complementarity, opening of preliminary examinations or investigations – and demonstrates the complex dynamics of the interaction between the implementation of R2P and the actions of the ICC. The workings of the Court create fluid dynamics that shift back and forth between the different pillars at different points in time. In addition, the ICC can contribute to different pillars at the same time. In some instances, however, it fits uncomfortably in the R2P pillar structure, necessitating the conceptualisation of a pillar two and a half.
Applying Benford’s Law to Detect Accounting Data Manipulation in the Banking Industry
Authors: Grammatikos Theoharry , Papanikolaou Nikolaos I. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe utilise Benford’s Law, which predicts the frequencies in different digits in data, to test if balance sheet and income statement data used to assess bank soundness were manipulated prior to, and also during, the global financial crisis. We find that banks adjust loan loss provisions to manipulate earnings and income upwards. Distressed institutions that have stronger incentives to conceal their financial difficulties also manipulate loan loss allowances and non-performing loans downwards. Moreover, manipulation is magnified during the crisis and expands to encompass regulatory capital.
Dharmamegha in yoga and yogācāra: the revision of a superlative metaphor
Authors: O’Brien-Kop Karen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThePātañjalayogaśāstraconcludes with a description of the pinnacle of yoga practice: a state ofsamādhicalleddharmamegha, cloud of dharma. Yet despite the structural importance ofdharmameghain the soteriology of Pātañjala yoga, theśāstraitself does not say much about this term. Where we do finddharmameghadiscussed, however, is in Buddhist yogācāra, and more broadly in early Mahāyāna soteriology, where it represents the apex of attainment and the superlative statehood of a bodhisattva. Given the relative paucity of Brahmanical mentions ofdharmameghain the early common era, Patañjali appears to adopt this key metaphor from a Mahāyāna context—and to revise its primary meaning from fullness to emptiness. This article traces the early elaborations ofdharmameghain Buddhist texts, and, drawing on conceptual metaphor theory, lays out four arguments that each, in part, accounts for the stark contrast in how classical yoga and yogācāra employ the superlative metaphor ofdharmamegha.
Implementation of strategies to prevent and treat postoperative delirium in the post-anesthesia caring unit
Authors: Saller Thomas , Hofmann-Kiefer Klaus F. , Saller Isabel , Zwissler Bernhard , von Dossow Vera 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPostoperative delirium is associated with worse outcome. The aim of this study was to understand present strategies for delirium screening and therapy in German Post-Anesthesia-Caring-Units (PACU). We designed a German-wide web-based questionnaire which was sent to 922 chairmen of anesthesiologic departments and to 726 anesthetists working in ambulatory surgery. The response rate was 30% for hospital anesthesiologists. 10% (95%-confidence interval: 8–12) of the anesthesiologists applied a standardised screening for delirium. Even though not on a regular basis, in 44% (41–47) of the hospitals, a recommended and validated screening was used, the Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (NuDesc) or the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). If delirium was likely to occur, 46% (43–50) of the patients were examined using a delirium tool. 20% (17–23) of the patients were screened in intensive care units. For the treatment of delirium, alpha-2-agonists (83%, 80–85) were used most frequently for vegetative symptoms, benzodiazepines for anxiety in 71% (68–74), typical neuroleptics in 77% (71–82%) of patients with psychotic symptoms and in 20% (15–25) in patients with hypoactive delirium. 45% (39–51) of the respondents suggested no therapy for this entity. Monitoring of delirium is not established as a standard procedure in German PACUs. However, symptom-oriented therapy for postoperative delirium corresponds with current guidelines.
Continuous Dependence of the Singular Nonlinear Van der Pol Equation Solutions with Respect to the Boundary Conditions: Elements of p-regularity Theory
Authors: Medak Beata , Tret’yakov Alexey A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper studies the problem of the continuous dependence of Van der Pol equation solutions with respect to the boundary conditions. We provide a new approach for the existence of such solutions via p-regularity theory. Several existence theorems about continuous solutions are established.
A Cross-Lagged Panel Study Examining the Reciprocal Relationships Between Positive Emotions, Meaning, Strengths use and Study Engagement in Primary School Students
Authors: Kwok Sylvia Y C L , Fang Siqi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStudy engagement has been considered a key predictor of school performance among students. Although the potential contribution of positive psychology to education has been recognised, the research findings and implications related to primary school students remain largely unexplored. Given that authentic happiness theory and the broaden-and-build theory have posited the important roles of positive emotions, meaning, engagement and strengths use in education, a more comprehensive study is needed to understand their interactions across time. The current longitudinal study examined the interrelationships between these positive attributes among Chinese students in Hong Kong, China. A total of 786 primary school students from Grades 4 to 6 completed the questionnaire survey at two time points one year apart. An autoregressive cross-lagged panel (ARCL) with structural equation modelling was applied for the data analysis. The results revealed that positive emotions predicted positive meaning, strengths use and study engagement across time. Positive emotions and meaning were reciprocally correlated with each other. Moreover, the use of strengths mediated the association between positive emotions and study engagement. The implications and future directions are also discussed.
Oxide reduction and oxygen removal in water-atomized iron powder: a kinetic study
Authors: Wendel Johan , Manchili Swathi K. , Hryha Eduard , Nyborg Lars 
Published: May 2020

AbstractReduction of oxides during sintering is a prerequisite for the manufacturing of powder metallurgy steels. Inadequate control of the sintering atmosphere may impede sinter neck formation and cause entrapment and growth of oxides in sinter necks, ultimately deteriorating the mechanical properties of sintered components. In this study, the oxide reduction and oxygen removal in water-atomized iron powder was investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis in pure hydrogen. Two principal mass loss events were recorded, corresponding to the removal of the surface oxide layer at around 400 °C and reduction of internal and stable oxides in the range 600–1350 °C. The apparent activation energies of these mass loss processes were determined by means of kinetic analyses, giving values around 100 kJ mol−1 and 200–400 kJ mol−1, respectively. The validity of the results was asserted using hematite reference samples which displayed good correlation with the reduction of the surface oxide layer, thereby showing that the powder surfaces are covered by an Fe2O3 oxide. The high-temperature mass loss, with no analogy in the reference samples, is believed to originate from a combination of oxygen removal from internal oxides and stable oxide particulates on the surface. Analysis of the oxide reduction in iron powder compacts show a slightly lower activation energy for the oxide layer reduction, indicating an influence of the compaction step on the initial state of the powder and oxide layer. At the same time, the high-temperature mass loss event was shifted to higher temperatures, which is believed to be caused by the increasingly restricted mass transport of reduction products along the pores in the sintered compact.
Brouwer’s Weak Counterexamples and the Creative Subject: A Critical Survey
Authors: Fletcher Peter 
Published: May 2020

AbstractI survey Brouwer’s weak counterexamples to classical theorems, with a view to discovering (i) what useful mathematical work is done by weak counterexamples; (ii) whether they are rigorous mathematical proofs or just plausibility arguments; (iii) the role of Brouwer’s notion of the creative subject in them, and whether the creative subject is really necessary for them; (iv) what axioms for the creative subject are needed; (v) what relation there is between these arguments and Brouwer’s theory of choice sequences. I refute one of Brouwer’s claims with a weak counterexample of my own. I also examine Brouwer’s 1927 proof of the negative continuity theorem, which appears to be a weak counterexample reliant on both the creative subject and the concept of choice sequence; I argue that it provides a good justification for the weak continuity principle, but it is not a weak counterexample and it does not depend essentially on the creative subject.
Are Social Status and Migration Background Associated with Utilization of Non-medical Antenatal Care? Analyses from Two German Studies
Authors: Ludwig Angelique , Miani Céline , Breckenkamp Jürgen , Sauzet Odile , Borde Theda , Doyle Ina-Merle , Brenne Silke , Höller-Holtrichter Chantal , David Matthias , Spallek Jacob , Razum Oliver 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objective
Non-medical antenatal care (ANC) refers to a range of non-medical services available to women during pregnancy aiming at supporting women and prepare them for the birth and the postpartum period. In Germany, they include antenatal classes, breastfeeding classes and pregnancy-specific yoga or gymnastics courses. Studies suggest that various types of non-medical ANC carry benefits for both the women and their babies. Little is known about the uptake of non-medical ANC among different socioeconomic population subgroups, but one may expect lower utilization among socio-economically disadvantaged women. We analyzed factors contributing to the utilization of non-medical ANC in general and antenatal classes in particular.

Methods
Baseline data of the Bielefeld BaBi birth cohort (2013–2016) and the Berlin perinatal study (2011–2012) were analyzed. Comparing the two cohorts allowed to increase the socio-economic and migration background variance of the study population and to capture the effect of the local context on uptake of services. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to study associations between the uptake of non-medical ANC and socio-economic and migration status.

Results
In Berlin and Bielefeld, being a first generation migrant and having lower levels of education were associated with lower non-medical ANC uptake. In Berlin, being a 2nd generation woman or having a low income was also associated with lower uptake.

Conclusions for Practice
Our study suggests that non-medical ANC remains in some part the prerogative of non-migrant, well-educated and economically privileged women. Since differences in non-medical ANC have the potential to create inequalities in terms of birth outcomes and maternal health during pregnancy and post-partum, more efforts are needed to promote the use of non-medical ANC by all population groups.
Cholesterol-functionalized carvedilol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor effects
Authors: de S. L. Oliveira Ana Luiza C. , dos Santos-Silva Alaine M. , da Silva-Júnior Arnóbio A. , Garcia Vinícius B. , de Araújo Aurigena A. , de Geus-Oei Lioe-Fee , Chan Alan B. , Cruz Luis J. , de Araújo Júnior Raimundo F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe inflammation has been identified as factor of tumor progression, which has increased the interest and use of molecules with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in the cancer treatment. In this study, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor potentials of carvedilol was explored in a different approach. The cholesterol (CHO) was investigated as facilitated agent in the action of carvedilol-loaded nanoparticles. Different formulations exhibited spherical and stable nanoparticle with mean diameter size < 250 nm. The cholesterol changed the copolymer-drug interactions and the encapsulation efficiency. The in vitro cancer study was performed using murine colorectal cancer cell line (CT-26) to observe the cell viability and apoptosis on MTS assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The experiments have demonstrated that cholesterol improved the performance of drug-loaded nanoparticles, which was much better than free drug. The in vivo inflammation peritonitis model revealed that carvedilol-loaded nanoparticles increased the level of glutathione and leukocyte migration mainly when the functionalized drug-loaded nanoparticles were tested, in a lower dose than the free drug. As hypothesized, the experimental data suggest that cholesterol-functionalized carvedilol-loaded PLGA nanoparticles can be a novel and promising approach in the inflammation-induced cancer therapy since showed anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor effects.
Projecting global and regional outlooks for planted forests under the shared socio-economic pathways
Authors: Korhonen Jaana , Nepal Prakash , Prestemon Jeffrey P. , Cubbage Frederick W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThere is rising global interest in growing more trees in order to meet growing population, climate change, and wood energy needs. Using recently published data on planted forests by country, we estimated relationships between per capita income and planted forest area that are useful for understanding prospective planted forest area futures through 2100 under various United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-inspired Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs). Under all SSPs, projections indicate increasing global planted forest area trends for the next three to four decades and declining trends thereafter, commensurate with the quadratic functions employed. Our projections indicate somewhat less total future planted forest area than prior linear forecasts. Compared to 293 million ha (Mha) of planted forests globally in 2015, SSP5 (a vision of a wealthier world) projects the largest increase (to 334 Mha, a 14% gain) by 2055, followed by SSP2 (a continuation of historical socio-economic trends, to 327 Mha, or an 11% gain), and SSP3 (a vision of a poorer world, to 319 Mha, a 9% gain). The projected trends for major world regions differ from global trends, consistent with differing socio-economic development trajectories in those regions. Our projections based on empirical FAO data for the past 25 years, as well as those by other researchers, suggest that achieving the much more ambitious global planted forest targets proposed recently will require exceptional forest land and investment supply shifts.
The Prebiotic Provenance of Semi-Aqueous Solvents
Authors: Lago Jennifer L. , Burcar Bradley T. , Hud Nicholas V. , Febrian Rio , Mehta Christopher , Bracher Paul J. , Atlas Zachary D. , Pasek Matthew A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe numerous and varied roles of phosphorylated organic molecules in biochemistry suggest they may have been important to the origin of life. The prominence of phosphorylated molecules presents a conundrum given that phosphorylation is a thermodynamically unfavorable, endergonic process in water, and most natural sources of phosphate are poorly soluble. We recently demonstrated that a semi-aqueous solvent consisting of urea, ammonium formate, and water (UAFW) supports the dissolution of phosphate and the phosphorylation of nucleosides. However, the prebiotic feasibility and robustness of the UAFW system are unclear. Here, we study the UAFW system as a medium in which phosphate minerals are potentially solubilized. Specifically, we conduct a series of chemical experiments alongside thermodynamic models that simulate the formation of ammonium formate from the hydrolysis of hydrogen cyanide, and demonstrate the stability of formamide in such solvents (as an aqueous mixture). The dissolution of hydroxylapatite requires a liquid medium, and we investigate whether a UAFW system is solid or liquid over varied conditions, finding that this characteristic is controlled by the molar ratios of the three components. For liquid UAFW mixtures, we also find the solubility of phosphate is higher when the quantity of ammonium formate is greater than urea. We suggest the urea within the system can lower the activity of water, help create a stable and persistent solution, and may act as a condensing agent/catalyst to improve nucleoside phosphorylation yields.
Ancestry Culture, Assimilation, and Voter Turnout in Two Generations
Authors: Finseraas Henning , Kotsadam Andreas , Polavieja Javier 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWomen vote less than men in many parts of the world. Whether this gender gap is due to cultural preferences stemming from traditional gender norms or to structural constraints is hard to answer because preferences and beliefs are endogenous to the socioeconomic and institutional environment. To address this problem, we use the so-called epidemiological approach. This approach exploits the portability of culture as a source of identification, by comparing migrants from different cultures of origin but living in similar institutional environments. We study the gender patterns in turnout of immigrants and their children in Norway using administrative register data on voter turnout. We find that gender traditionalism at country of origin is significantly correlated with the gender gap in the first generation, but has no effect in the second generation. Together, our results suggest that early institutional exposure is important for political assimilation.