bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thoracic dog bite wounds in dogs: A retrospective study of 123 cases (2003‐2016)
Authors: Frykfors von Hekkel Anna K. , Pegram Camilla , Halfacree Zoë J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo report the clinical, radiographic, and surgical findings and determine prognostic factors for outcome in dogs with thoracic dog bite wounds.Study designRetrospective study.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs (n = 123).MethodsMedical records of dogs with thoracic dog bite wounds between October 2003 to July 2016 were reviewed for presenting findings, management, and outcomes. Standard wound management included debridement and sterile probing, extending the level of exploration to the depth of the wound. Univariable and multivariable binary logistic regression were used to assess risk factors for exploratory thoracotomy, lung lobectomy, and mortality.ResultsTwenty‐five dogs underwent exploratory thoracotomy, including lung lobectomy in 12 of these dogs. Presence of pneumothorax (odds ratio [OR] 25.4, confidence interval (CI) 5.2‐123.2, P < .001), pseudo‐flail chest (OR 15.8, CI 3.2‐77.3, P = .001), or rib fracture (OR 11.2, CI 2.5‐51.2, P = .002) was associated with increased odds of undergoing exploratory thoracotomy. Presence of pleural effusion (OR 12.1, CI 1.2‐120.2, P = .033) and obtaining a positive bacterial culture (OR 23.4, CI 1.6‐337.9, P = .021) were associated with increased odds of mortality. The level of wound management correlated with the length of hospitalization (Spearman rank order correlation = 0.52, P < .001) but was not associated with mortality.ConclusionDogs that sustained pseudo‐flail chest, rib fracture, or pneumothorax were more likely to undergo exploratory thoracotomy. Nonsurvival was more likely in dogs with pleural effusion or positive bacterial culture.Clinical significancePresence of pseudo‐flail, rib fracture, or pneumothorax should raise suspicion of intrathoracic injury. Strong consideration should be given to radiography, surgical exploration, and debridement of all thoracic dog bite wounds.
Ideologies about English as the language of science in Brazil
Authors: Silva Daniel N. , Signorini Ines 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article discusses rationalizations in the Brazilian scientific community about a stretch of language that is idealized as the ‘language fit for science’. In decoupling linguistic structures from the consequential whole of language practices, metadiscourses about the scaling up of science in Brazil (that is, its movement away from a national scale and towards English‐language audiences) reduce power dynamics, institutional hierarchies, and global inequities to a flat, harmonious space and homogenous time where science supposedly unfolds. Although recent scholarship has produced empirical evidence that contemporary transcultural flows and encounters produce hybrid communicative resources and transidiomatic recombinations, these creolized idioms are largely ignored in ideologies of the language of science. While this process of extracting an idealized ‘standard’ from the realm of diversity and recombination is not new, the resulting anxieties and insecurities among those affected by pressures for going upscale are renewed, and should be critically assessed.
Translingual entanglements of English
Authors: Pennycook Alastair 
Published: February 2020

AbstractArguing that the social semiotic trajectory of translingual approaches – transcending what is generally seen as language – is equally, if not more, important than translingual approaches that seek to transcend divisions between named languages, this paper takes up the idea of entanglements of English as a way to understand the multiple ways English is connected to, and part of, the material world. World Englishes can usefully focus not just on the translingual relations among English and other languages but also among Englishes and other entanglements. A backstreet sign for an English school in the Philippines suggests an assemblage of cheap English, sexual desire, neoliberal goals, domestic workers, multilingual repertoires, Korean English frenzy, American colonialism, brownouts, call centres, racial hierarchies, global inequality, unequal resources, researcher subjectivity and tangled wires. Developing the ideas of assemblages and entanglements, this paper argues that new approaches to materiality and the interconnectedness of things can take us forward in a search for alternative ways of thinking about the distribution of unequal linguistic resources.
World Englishes, translingualism, and racialization in the US college composition classroom
Authors: Lee Eunjeong , Alvarez Sara P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the connection between language ownership and racialization as discussed in world Englishes (WE) and translingualism. WE and translingualism have expanded both epistemological and ontological spectrums in understanding how Englishes have been used, understood, and transformed in different global contexts, challenging a monolingual orientation to language and literacy. Yet, less questioned is how the very approach to various ways of ‘owning’ Englishes contributes to WE and translingualism's work of linguistic justice. In this regard, we argue that the issue of racialization needs to be foregrounded in these two bodies of scholarship to better account for racialized students’ language practices and ownership. Situating this examination in the US college composition classroom, we discuss how the conceptualization of language ownership can extend monolingual and racializing ideologies. We conclude by calling for a more linguistically just view of language ownership as a way to undo the racial‐linguistic stratification in educational contexts such as the writing classroom.
RELIGIOUS BELIEF AS ACQUIRED SECOND NATURE
Authors: Van Eyghen Hans 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMultiple authors in cognitive science of religion (CSR) argue that there is something about the human mind that disposes it to form religious beliefs. The dispositions would result from the internal architecture of the mind. In this article, I will argue that this disposition can be explained by various forms of (cultural) learning and not by the internal architecture of the mind. For my argument, I draw on new developments in predictive processing. I argue that CSR theories argue for the naturalness of religious belief in at least three ways; religious beliefs are adaptive; religious beliefs are the product of cognitive biases; and religious beliefs are the product of content biases. I argue that all three ideas can be integrated in a predictive coding framework where religious belief is learned and hence not caused by the internal architecture of the mind. I argue that the framework makes it doubtful that there are modular cognitive mechanisms for religious beliefs and that the human mind has a fixed proneness for religious belief. I also argue that a predictive coding framework can incorporate a larger role for cultural processes and allows for more flexibility.
The effect of sleep restriction, with or without high‐intensity interval exercise, on myofibrillar protein synthesis in healthy young men
Authors: Saner Nicholas J. , Lee Matthew J.‐C. , Pitchford Nathan W. , Kuang Jujiao , Roach Gregory D. , Garnham Andrew , Stokes Tanner , Phillips Stuart M. , Bishop David J. , Bartlett Jonathan D. 
Published: February 2020

Key points
Sleep restriction has previously been associated with the loss of muscle mass in both human and animal models.
The rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) is a key variable in regulating skeletal muscle mass and can be increased by performing high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE), although the effect of sleep restriction on MyoPS is unknown.
In the present study, we demonstrate that participants undergoing a sleep restriction protocol (five nights, with 4 h in bed each night) had lower rates of skeletal muscle MyoPS; however, rates of MyoPS were maintained at control levels by performing HIIE during this period.
Our data suggest that the lower rates of MyoPS in the sleep restriction group may contribute to the detrimental effects of sleep loss on muscle mass and that HIIE may be used as an intervention to counteract these effects.
AbstractThe present study aimed to investigate the effect of sleep restriction, with or without high‐intensity interval exercise (HIIE), on the potential mechanisms underpinning previously‐reported sleep‐loss‐induced reductions to muscle mass. Twenty‐four healthy, young men underwent a protocol consisting of two nights of controlled baseline sleep and a five‐night intervention period. Participants were allocated into one of three parallel groups, matched for age, , body mass index and habitual sleep duration; a normal sleep (NS) group [8 h time in bed (TIB) each night], a sleep restriction (SR) group (4 h TIB each night), and a sleep restriction and exercise group (SR+EX, 4 h TIB each night, with three sessions of HIIE). Deuterium oxide was ingested prior to commencing the study and muscle biopsies obtained pre‐ and post‐intervention were used to assess myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) and molecular markers of protein synthesis and degradation signalling pathways. MyoPS was lower in the SR group [fractional synthetic rate (% day–1), mean ± SD, 1.24 ± 0.21] compared to both the NS (1.53 ± 0.09) and SR+EX groups (1.61 ± 0.14) (P < 0.05). However, there were no changes in the purported regulators of protein synthesis (i.e. p‐AKTser473 and p‐mTORser2448) and degradation (i.e. Foxo1/3 mRNA and LC3 protein) in any group. These data suggest that MyoPS is acutely reduced by sleep restriction, although MyoPS can be maintained by performing HIIE. These findings may explain the sleep‐loss‐induced reductions in muscle mass previously reported and also highlight the potential therapeutic benefit of HIIE to maintain myofibrillar remodelling in this context.
Effects of Peptide-Functionalized Surfaces on the Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Loney Charles N. , Maheshwari Sharad , Pramounmat Nuttanit , Janik Michael J. , Renner Julie N. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis review outlines the approaches and mechanisms through which peptides and amino acids functionalize electrocatalytically active surfaces to promote or inhibit the electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). HER is important in many electrochemical systems. For example, HER is highly desired in water electrolysis, which if driven by renewable energy could serve as a green alternative to the fossil-fuel-driven steam methane-reforming process. However, HER is often an undesired side reaction and thus limits the selectivity of promising electrochemical technologies such as electrochemical nitrogen reduction or carbon dioxide reduction. In pursuing higher product selectivity and yield in emerging and existing electrochemical systems, amino acids and short-chain peptides are promising molecules for the modification of electrochemically active surfaces. Peptides are attractive because they are highly tunable, which allows for versatility in their applications. This short review article summarizes literature that illustrates the mechanisms through which electrode-bound peptides can affect HER including via modulating surface binding and adsorbate coverage, altering the surface composition, and controlling proton transfer rates. Our goal is to motivate additional studies utilizing electrode-bound peptides to modulate electrochemical hydrogen evolution reactions.
Effect of Lattice Setting Density on Fluid Flow and Convective Heat Transfer Characteristics of Bricks in Tunnel Kilns
Authors: Alrahmani Mosab A. , Almesri Issa F. , Abou-Ziyan Hosny Z. , Almutairi Jaber H. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper reports the effect of setting density on flow uniformity, pressure drop, pumping power, and convective heat transfer coefficients (CHTCs). High-density setting (HDS) comprises 768 bricks, and low-density setting (LDS) contains 512 bricks are tested for different inlet air velocities using both local and average approaches. The investigation is carried out using a 3D-computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with k–ω turbulence model. Both settings are validated against experimental data reported in the literature with errors less than 1.9% for pressure drop and −1.0% for brick surface temperature. The reported results indicated that the LDS has distinct benefits over the HDS as it enhances the flow uniformity, particularly in the stack channels. Also, LDS attains lower pressure drop, pumping power, and firing time than HDS by 45.93%, 50%, and 35%, respectively. In addition, LDS produces larger CHTCs, rates of heat transfer for individual bricks, and the ratio of heat transfer to pumping power than HDS by 24.53%, 35%, and 34%, respectively. Moreover, LDS produces more homogenous heating of the setting bricks than HDS as the maximum difference of CHTCs between bricks is about 4.39% for LDS and 19.62% for HDS. The best performance of the firing process is accomplished at low inlet air velocity (3 m/s), whereas the highest productivity is achieved at high inlet air velocity (9 m/s).
Associations between macrolide antibiotics prescribing during pregnancy and adverse child outcomes in the UK: population based cohort study
Authors: Fan Heng , Gilbert Ruth , O’Callaghan Finbar , Li Leah 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objective
To assess the association between macrolide antibiotics prescribing during pregnancy and major malformations, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder in children.

Design
Population based cohort study.

Setting
The UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink.

Participants
The study cohort included 104 605 children born from 1990 to 2016 whose mothers were prescribed one macrolide monotherapy (erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin) or one penicillin monotherapy from the fourth gestational week to delivery. Two negative control cohorts consisted of 82 314 children whose mothers were prescribed macrolides or penicillins before conception, and 53 735 children who were siblings of the children in the study cohort.

Main outcome measures
Risks of any major malformations and system specific major malformations (nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genital, and urinary) after macrolide or penicillin prescribing during the first trimester (four to 13 gestational weeks), second to third trimester (14 gestational weeks to birth), or any trimester of pregnancy. Additionally, risks of cerebral palsy, epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder.

Results

Major malformations were recorded in 186 of 8632 children (21.55 per 1000) whose mothers were prescribed macrolides and 1666 of 95 973 children (17.36 per 1000) whose mothers were prescribed penicillins during pregnancy. Macrolide prescribing during the first trimester was associated with an increased risk of any major malformation compared with penicillin (27.65
v
17.65 per 1000, adjusted risk ratio 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.19 to 2.03) and specifically cardiovascular malformations (10.60
v
6.61 per 1000, 1.62, 1.05 to 2.51). Macrolide prescribing in any trimester was associated with an increased risk of genital malformations (4.75
v
3.07 per 1000, 1.58, 1.14 to 2.19, mainly hypospadias). Erythromycin in the first trimester was associated with an increased risk of any major malformation (27.39
v
17.65 per 1000, 1.50, 1.13 to 1.99). No statistically significant associations were found for other system specific malformations or for neurodevelopmental disorders. Findings were robust to sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions
Prescribing macrolide antibiotics during the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of any major malformation and specifically cardiovascular malformations compared with penicillin antibiotics. Macrolide prescribing in any trimester was associated with an increased risk of genital malformations. These findings show that macrolides should be used with caution during pregnancy and if feasible alternative antibiotics should be prescribed until further research is available.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03948620
Factors associated with high oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of two cohort studies
Authors: Anusruti Ankita , Xuan Yang , Gào Xīn , Jansen Eugène H J M , Laetsch Dana Clarissa , Brenner Hermann , Schöttker Ben 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveOur objective is to identify the potential factors associated with serum Diacron’s reactive oxygen metabolites test (D-ROM) levels of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by conducting cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in two large cohorts and further strengthening these results by performing a meta-analysis.MethodsSerum D-ROM concentrations were measured in 1045 and 1101 patients with T2DM from two independent cohort studies from Germany at baseline and repeatedly 3–4 years later. The cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of various potential determinants with D-ROM levels were assessed with a backwards selection algorithm in multivariable adjusted models.ResultsIn the meta-analysis of the cross-sectional analysis, female sex, low education, obesity, smoking, high total cholesterol, hemoglobin A1c≥7%, no diabetes medication, a history of myocardial infarction, heart failure, a history of cancer and C reactive protein levels (CRP) >3 mg/L were statistically significantly associated with increased D-ROM levels in patients with T2DM. The meta-analysis of the longitudinal analysis revealed that old age, female sex, obesity, smoking, physical inactivity, high alcohol consumption, ≥5 years since diabetes diagnosis and CRP levels between 3 mg/L and 10 mg/L were statistically significantly associated with D-ROM levels measured 3–4 years later.Conclusions (validity, limitations and clinical applicability)This comprehensive analysis confirmed that several modifiable risk factors are being associated with oxidative stress in patients with T2DM within an observational study design. We discuss potential prevention measures against these risk factors that might help to reduce oxidative stress and to prevent some cases of premature mortality in patients with T2DM.
Colorectal cancer outcomes after screening with the multi-target stool DNA assay: protocol for a large-scale, prospective cohort study (the Voyage study)
Authors: Olson Janet E , Kirsch Emily J , Edwards V David K , Kirt Christine R , Kneedler Bonny , Laffin Jennifer J , Weaver Amy L , St Sauver Jennifer L , Yost Kathleen J , Finney Rutten Lila J 
Published: February 2020

IntroductionPopulation-level screening has been shown to reduce the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer (CRC). Unfortunately, adherence to screening recommendations among eligible US adults remains below national goals. A relatively new non-invasive screening modality, the Food and Drug Administration–approved multi-target stool DNA (mt-sDNA) assay (commercialised as Cologuard), which combines the detection of haemoglobin and DNA abnormalities, has been completed by more than 3 million individuals. Given mt-sDNA’s recent availability, the effectiveness of mt-sDNA screening with respect to CRC incidence and mortality reduction has not yet been established.Methods and analysisThrough an academic–industry collaboration, a prospective cohort study (Voyage) was designed with an initial enrolment target of 150 000 individuals with mt-sDNA ordered by their healthcare provider for CRC screening. Consented participants will be asked to complete a baseline questionnaire to collect sociodemographic and health information. Additional questionnaires will be provided after 1 year, and every 3 years thereafter, to collect data regarding CRC screening follow-up in order to estimate rates of CRC incidence and other health outcomes. Linkage to the National Death Index will be used to estimate mortality rates.Ethics and disseminationThe Voyage study will be conducted in accordance with international guidelines and local regulatory requirements and laws. Data will be stored and retained at Mayo Clinic. Only limited data elements required for research purposes will be transmitted between Mayo Clinic and Exact Sciences Laboratories. Results of the Voyage study will be disseminated through scientific presentations and publications.Trial registration numberNCT04124406.
Effect of acute respiratory infections in infancy on pulmonary function test at 3 years of age: a prospective birth cohort study
Authors: Kumar Prawin , Mukherjee Aparna , Randev Shivani , Medigeshi Guruprasad R , Jat Kana Ram , Kapil Arti , Lodha Rakesh , Kabra Sushil Kumar 
Published: February 2020

IntroductionAcute respiratory infections (ARIs) in infancy may have a long-term impact on the developing respiratory system. We planned a prospective cohort study to determine the impact of ARI during infancy on the pulmonary function test indices at 3 years of age.MethodsA cohort of normal, full-term newborns were followed up 6 monthly and during ARI episodes. Infant pulmonary function tests (IPFTs) were performed at baseline and each follow-up visit using tidal breathing flow-volume loop, rapid thoracoabdominal compression (RTC) and raised volume RTC manoeuvres. During each ARI episode, nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for respiratory pathogens by real-time PCR.ResultsWe screened 3421 neonates; 310 were enrolled; IPFT was performed in 225 (boys: 125 (55.6%)) at 3 years. During infancy, 470 ARI episodes were documented in 173 infants. At 3 years, children with history of any ARI episode during infancy had lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0), forced expiratory volume in 0.75 s (FEV0.75), forced expiratory volume in 0.5 s (FEV0.5), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF25–75), and maximal expiratory flow at 25% of FVC (MEF25) as compared with those without any ARI episode during infancy. The ratio of tidal expiratory flow (TEF) at 25% or 50% of tidal expiratory volume to peak TEF (TEF50or TEF25/peak TEF) at 3 years was significantly increased in children who had ARI in infancy.ConclusionsARI during infancy is associated with impaired pulmonary function indices such as increased resistance and decreased forced expiratory flow and volume at 3 years of age.