bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting crime, fear of crime and satisfaction with police: focusing on policing and the neighborhood context
Authors: Cho Joon Tag 
Published: September 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore factors affecting police performance, such as violent crime, fear of crime and satisfaction with police, using objectively measured policing and neighborhood characteristics.Design/methodology/approachThis study combined four data sources, including police statistics, a crime victimization survey, local government statistics and a public service satisfaction survey. Negative binomial regression and ordinary least squares models were estimated using data from 135 city governments.FindingsViolent crime was negatively associated with arrest, while fear of crime was negatively associated with patrol and positively correlated with disorder and public places. In addition, satisfaction with police had a positive association with level of patrolling and disorder policing, whereas residents receiving public assistance, ethnic heterogeneity and entertainment establishments were negatively associated with it.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper identified the different factors that impact each type of police performance, indicating its unique characteristics. Further research should be conducted to analyze data from non-urban areas to improve external validity.Practical implicationsThis study suggests that police managers need to choose the means of policing carefully depending on which performance indicators they are focusing on improving in the region.Originality/valueFew studies to date have examined the correlation between objectively measured policing and neighborhood context factors and police performance at the macro level.
Empirical characterization of hydration behavior of Indian paddy varieties by physicochemical characterization and kinetic studies
Authors: Aruva Saikrishna , Dutta Sayantani , Moses Jeyan Arthur , C Anandharamakrishnan 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTemperature is an important factor in the determination of hydration kinetics in paddy, and it varies with variety. To understand this hydration behavior, the current study analyses the hydration kinetics of 12 different paddy varieties of India that were exposed to different soaking temperatures. The protein content of the paddy samples was found to be in the range of 6.13 to 9.19%; whereas, starch content was between 67.79 and 84.88%. The physicochemical composition of paddy varieties as well as variation in time‐temperature of hydration was found to be decisive in ascertaining the hydration behavior. An increased hydration rate was observed with increasing hydration temperature as well as with higher amylose content of paddy. Among the varieties studied, the ratio of amylose to amylopectin was between 0.37 and 0.77. For all samples, the gelatinization temperature was in the range of 65.60 to 83.10 °C, which in turn was negatively correlated with amylose content, and influenced the hydration behavior of paddy. The optimum time‐temperature condition range for hydration for each paddy variety was between 50 and 60°C for 2 to 3.5 hr, depending upon the variety. The activation energy for the paddy samples in this investigation was found to be in the range of 8.70 to 23.10 kJ/mol. The kinetic modeling of hydration was conducted using Peleg's model, with a good fit. The data indicated that with increment in hydration temperature, the rate of hydration was enhanced in all varieties with a decrease in the Peleg's rate constant (K1) and capacity constant (K2). These constants indicate a direct temperature‐dependence of water absorption in paddy.Practical ApplicationThe hydration of paddy is an important procedure in paddy processing, and across the world, many industries are working on it. Irrespective of the variety, paddy processing globally has remained tricky. Knowledge about the hydration behavior of paddy would enable food processors to better understand the effect of process parameters and to model their experimental setup to obtain the desired physicochemical attributes, as well as process yield. Customers would benefit from adequately processed paddy with better digestibility for which industry would have to invest less in terms of time and resources, thereby making the hydrated paddy more affordable.
Gender Quotas and International Reputation
Authors: Bush Sarah Sunn , Zetterberg Pär 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe global spread of electoral gender quotas has been characterized as one of the most significant institutional developments of the last 30 years. Many of the countries that have adopted these laws designed to increase women's political representation are electoral autocracies that have otherwise‐stark gender inequalities. Some scholars argue that electoral authoritarian states have adopted quotas as a strategy for improving their international reputations for democracy. This article represents the first exploration of whether quotas really generate reputational boosts. Using large‐scale survey experiments in Sweden and the United States concerning hypothetical developing countries, we find that they do. In particular, audiences perceived electoral autocracies as more democratic and were more likely to support giving them foreign aid when women's descriptive representation was greater. Beyond its contribution to our understanding of gender quotas and women's representation, this article contributes to broader debates about international reputation, human rights, and foreign aid attitudes.
Parent and child co‐resident status among an Australian community‐based sample of methamphetamine smokers
Authors: Ward Bernadette , Kippen Rebecca , Reupert Andrea , Maybery Darryl , Agius Paul A. , Quinn Brendan , Jenkinson Rebecca , Hickman Matthew , Sutton Keith , Goldsmith Rachael , Dietze Paul M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionChildren in families where there is substance misuse are at high risk of being removed from their parents' care. This study describes the characteristics of a community sample of parents who primarily smoke methamphetamine and their child or children's residential status.Design and MethodsBaseline data from a prospective study of methamphetamine smokers (‘VMAX’). Participants were recruited via convenience, respondent‐driven and snowball sampling. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate associations between parental status; fathers' or mothers' socio‐demographic, psychosocial, mental health, alcohol, methamphetamine use dependence, alcohol use and child or children's co‐residential status.ResultsOf the 744 participants, 394 (53%) reported being parents; 76% (88% of fathers, 57% of mothers) reported no co‐resident children. Compared to parents without co‐resident children, parents with co‐resident children were more likely to have a higher income. Fathers with co‐resident children were more likely to be partnered and not to have experienced violence in the previous 6 months. Mothers with co‐resident children were less likely to have been homeless recently or to have accessed treatment for methamphetamine use.Discussion and ConclusionsThe prevalence of non‐co‐resident children was much higher than previously reported in studies of parents who use methamphetamine; irrespective of whether in or out of treatment. There is a need for accessible support and services for parents who use methamphetamine; irrespective of their child or children's co‐residency status. Research is needed to determine the longitudinal impact of methamphetamine use on parents' and children's wellbeing and to identify how parents with co‐resident children (particularly mothers) can be supported.
Can N2O emissions offset the benefits from soil organic carbon storage?
Authors: Guenet Bertrand , Gabrielle Benoit , Chenu Claire , Arrouays Dominique , Balesdent Jérôme , Bernoux Martial , Bruni Elisa , Caliman Jean‐Pierre , Cardinael Rémi , Chen Songchao , Ciais Philippe , Desbois Dominique , Fouche Julien , Frank Stefan , Henault Catherine , Lugato Emanuele , Naipal Victoria , Nesme Thomas , Obersteiner Michael , Pellerin Sylvain , Powlson David S. , Rasse Daniel P. , Rees Frédéric , Soussana Jean‐François , Su Yang , Tian Hanqin , Valin Hugo , Zhou Feng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTo respect the Paris agreement targeting a limitation of global warming below 2°C by 2100, and possibly below 1.5°C, drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are mandatory but not sufficient. Large‐scale deployment of other climate mitigation strategies is also necessary. Among these, increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is an important lever because carbon in soils can be stored for long periods and land management options to achieve this already exist and have been widely tested. However, agricultural soils are also an important source of nitrous oxide (N2O), a powerful greenhouse gas, and increasing SOC may influence N2O emissions, likely causing an increase in many cases, thus tending to offset the climate change benefit from increased SOC storage. Here we review the main agricultural management options for increasing SOC stocks. We evaluate the amount of SOC that can be stored as well as resulting changes in N2O emissions to better estimate the climate benefits of these management options. Based on quantitative data obtained from published meta‐analyses and from our current level of understanding, we conclude that the climate mitigation induced by increased SOC storage is generally overestimated if associated N2O emissions are not considered but, with the exception of reduced tillage, is never fully offset. Some options (e.g. biochar or non‐pyrogenic C amendment application) may even decrease N2O emissions.
Finite Element Analysis of a Moving Packed-Bed Particle-to-sCO2 Heat Exchanger Testing and Performance
Authors: DeLovato Nicolas A. , Albrecht Kevin J. , Ho Clifford K. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A focus in the development of the next generation of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants is the integration of high temperature particle receivers with improved efficiency supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power cycles. The feasibility of this type of system depends on the design of a particle-to-sCO2 heat exchanger. This work presents a finite element analysis (FEA) model to analyze the thermal performance of a particle-to-sCO2 heat exchanger for potential use in a CSP plant. The heat exchanger design utilizes a moving packed bed of particles in crossflow with sCO2 which flows in a serpentine pattern through banks of microchannel plates. The model contains a thermal analysis to determine the heat exchanger’s performance in transferring thermal energy from the particle bed to the sCO2. Test data from a prototype heat exchanger was used to verify the performance predictions of the model. The verification of the model required a multitude of sensitivity tests to identify where fidelity needed to be added to reach agreement between the experimental and simulated results. For each sensitivity test in the model, the effect on the performance is discussed. The model was shown to be in good agreement on the overall heat transfer coefficient of the heat exchanger with the experimental results for a low temperature set of conditions with a combination of added sensitives. A set of key factors with a major impact on the performance of the heat exchanger are discussed.
Retrofitting for Improving Energy Efficiency: The Embodied Energy Relevance for Buildings’ Thermal Insulation
Authors: Abd Alla Sara , Bianco Vincenzo , Scarpa Federico , Tagliafico Luca A. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Thermal insulation is a well-known strategy to increase energy efficiency of buildings. This paper considers two archetypes of an apartment block typology largely diffused in the Italian building stock and evaluates the energy savings resulting from the application of three insulation materials: polyurethane foam, rock wool and resin bonded fibre-board. The energy requirements for winter heating and summer cooling are assessed with EnergyPlus and then compared to the embodied energy of the insulation materials. Hence, the energy and carbon paybacks are calculated, and a cost analysis is proposed to provide an insight on the market impact for the retrofit materials’ choice.
The apartment block model is analyzed in three main cities (Rome, Milan, Palermo) allowing to assess the climatic conditions impact in terms of minimization of primary energy consumption and environmental emissions.
Simulations showed that the thermal insulation has a higher impact on winter heating and slightly affects the summer cooling requirement. In Milan, the refurbishment gains relevance as the energy and carbon payback periods are shorter than those of the city of Palermo characterized by a warmer weather.
Considering the embodied energy impact, this method allows to estimate the maximum potential for energy savings in existing buildings and provides an estimation of achievable results in short-medium period.
Concentrating Solar Thermal Process Heat for Manganese Ferroalloy Production: Plant Modelling and Thermal Energy Storage Dispatch Optimization
Authors: Mckechnie Tristan , McGregor Craig , Venter Gerhard 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This paper investigates the economic benefit of incorporating solar-based preheating of Manganese ore before smelting in electric submerged arc furnaces. Manganese ore is smelted to produce Manganese ferroalloy, a key component in steel production. The smelting process is highly energy intensive, with temperatures up to 1600 °C. The paper discusses the developed methodology for determining the configuration of a concentrating solar thermal (CST) plant to produce high temperature process heat. The CST plant is sized to preheat the ore to 600 °C before it enters the smelter — currently ore enters at ambient temperature. The preheating leads to economic and environmental benefits by offering lower cost heat and reducing carbon emissions for the process.
Adsorption Isotherm and Kinetics of Water Vapor Adsorption Using Novel Super-Porous Hydrogel Composites
Authors: Mittal Hemant , Al-Alili Ali , Alhassan Saeed M. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Deliquescent salts have high water vapor adsorption capacity, but they dissolve in water by forming crystalline hydrates. That restricts their use in different water vapor adsorption applications. However, this limitation can be overcome by incorporating deliquescent salts within a polymer matrix which will keep the salt solution in place. Furthermore, if the polymer matrix used is also capable of adsorbing water vapor, it will further improve the overall performance of desiccant system. Therefore, in this work, we are proposing the synthesis and use of a highly effective new solid polymer desiccant material, i.e. superporous hydrogel (SPHs) of poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylic acid (P(SA-co-AA)), and subsequently its composite with deliquescent salt, i.e. calcium chloride (CaCl2), to adsorb water vapors from humid air without the dissolution of the salt in the adsorbed water. Parental PAA-SPHs matrix alone exhibited an adsorption capacity of 1.02 gw/gads which increased to 3.35 gw/gads after incorporating CaCl2 salt in the polymer matrix. Both materials exhibited type-III adsorption isotherm and the experimental isotherm data fitted to the Guggenheim, Anderson and Boer (GAB) isotherm model. However, the adsorption kinetics followed linear driving force model which suggested that this extremely high adsorption capacity was due to the diffusion of water molecules into the interconnected pores of SPHs via capillary channels followed by the attachment of adsorbed water molecules to the CaCl2 salt present in the polymer matrix. Furthermore, the adsorbents were used successively for six cycles of adsorption with a very little loss in adsorption capacity. Therefore, the proposed polymer desiccant material overcomes the problem of dissolution of deliquescent salts and opens the doors for a new class of highly effective solid desiccant material.
Energy Analysis of a New Combined Cooling and Power System for Low-Temperature Heat Utilization
Authors: Riaz Fahid , Farooq Muhammad , Imran Muhammad , Lee Poh Seng , Chou Siaw Kiang 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a new combined cooling and power (CCP) system has been proposed which enables harnessing of very low-grade heat (&lt; 100 °C) in an effective way. The novel system configuration uses two vapour generators to extract more heat from heating stream and employs ejector in a unique way to serve two purposes; (i) to reduce pressure at the expander outlet for more power output (ii) vapour compression for refrigeration. The system is modelled in EBSILON which is a commercial thermal design and optimization tool. For ejector performance prediction, a new on-design optimal performance analytical model is used which is developed in EES (Engineering Equation Solver). The parametric study shows that when the evaporator pressure is changed from 0.8 bar (9.4 °C) to 1.2 bar (19.5 °C) the output of the system is increased by 58 % and when the condenser pressure is changed from 1.8 bar (30.5 °C) to 2.2 bar (36.2 °C) the system output is dropped by 56.4 %.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Path Generation for Image Collection to Assist Heliostat Field Optical Characterization
Authors: Guye Kidus , Mitchell Rebecca , Zhu Guangdong 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This paper focuses on applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for measuring optical error of heliostats in concentrating solar power (CSP) plants. In CSP, there is a need to measure solar-field optical errors, which is critical for future production improvement as well as for operations and maintenance of a heliostat field. This latter need is particularly challenging because of the large number of heliostats (over 10,000 for a utility-scale power plant) that individually track the sun in the field. To address this issue, a camera-equipped UAV, with an optimized drone flight path developed and uploaded to it, collects images of a precise reflection of the tower on each heliostat to evaluate optical error sources without interrupting plant operation. Generation of the drone path for capturing the reflected images is affected by a number technical and realistic constraints, which include the camera angle used to capture the image, the blocking of the camera view due to surrounding heliostats, the location of the camera in reference to the target heliostat, and the target heliostat position with reference to the tower. The effect of these constraints on calculating the camera position will be discussed in detail in this article. An effective drone-path algorithm is generated to fulfil the need of image collection under various constraints.
Spatially resolved characterization of optical and recombination losses for different industrial silicon solar cell architectures
Authors: Schneller E. J. , Hossain M. J. , Frota R. , Iqbal N. , Colvin D. , Curran A. J. , Wang M. , Braid J. L. , Bruckman L. S. , French R. H. , Huey B. D. , Jaubert J.-N. , Davis K. O. 
Published: September 2020

In this work, spatially resolved characterization methods are used to identify loss mechanisms for common [Formula: see text]-type silicon solar cell architectures, including multicrystalline aluminum back surface field (Al-BSF), monocrystalline Al-BSF, monocrystalline passivated emitter and rear cells (PERC), and bifacial monocrystalline PERC. The characterization methods used in this work include suns-[Formula: see text], photoluminescence imaging, and spatially resolved external quantum efficiency and reflectance measurements. The optical and recombination losses are driven by the material properties, cell processing conditions, and device architecture. These losses are quantified and categorized in terms of underlying mechanisms (e.g., front reflectance, escape reflectance, front recombination, and parasitic optical absorption and recombination in the bulk and rear). The ability to create images of these loss parameters can be used to gain more insight into the materials and manufacturing processes used to produce solar cells, and examples are given in this work to illustrate how these images can help reveal the origin of defects.
5-Fluorouracil Enhances the Antitumor Activity of the Glutaminase Inhibitor CB-839 against PIK3CA-Mutant Colorectal Cancers
Authors: Zhao Yiqing , Feng Xiujing , Chen Yicheng , Selfridge J. Eva , Gorityala Shashank , Du Zhanwen , Wang Janet M. , Hao Yujun , Cioffi Gino , Conlon Ronald A. , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S. , Saltzman Joel , Krishnamurthi Smitha S. , Vinayak Shaveta , Veigl Martina , Xu Yan , Bajor David L. , Markowitz Sanford D. , Meropol Neal J. , Eads Jennifer R. , Wang Zhenghe 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

PIK3CA encodes the p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K and is frequently mutated in human cancers, including ∼30% of colorectal cancer. Oncogenic mutations in PIK3CA render colorectal cancers more dependent on glutamine. Here we report that the glutaminase inhibitor CB-839 preferentially inhibits xenograft growth of PIK3CA-mutant, but not wild-type (WT), colorectal cancers. Moreover, the combination of CB-839 and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) induces PIK3CA-mutant tumor regression in xenograft models. CB-839 treatment increased reactive oxygen species and caused nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which in turn upregulated mRNA expression of uridine phosphorylase 1 (UPP1). UPP1 facilitated the conversion of 5-FU to its active compound, thereby enhancing the inhibition of thymidylate synthase. Consistently, knockout of UPP1 abrogated the tumor inhibitory effect of combined CB-839 and 5-FU administration. A phase I clinical trial showed that the combination of CB-839 and capecitabine, a prodrug of 5-FU, was well tolerated at biologically-active doses. Although not designed to test efficacy, an exploratory analysis of the phase I data showed a trend that PIK3CA-mutant patients with colorectal cancer might derive greater benefit from this treatment strategy as compared with PIK3CA WT patients with colorectal cancer. These results effectively demonstrate that targeting glutamine metabolism may be an effective approach for treating patients with PIK3CA-mutant colorectal cancers and warrants further clinical evaluation.

Significance:
Preclinical and clinical trial data suggest that the combination of CB-839 with capecitabine could serve as an effective treatment for PIK3CA-mutant colorectal cancers.
The Emerging Role of Ras Pathway Signaling in Pediatric Cancer
Authors: Ney Gina M. , McKay Laura , Koschmann Carl , Mody Rajen , Li Qing 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
As genomic sequencing has become more widely available, the high prevalence of Ras pathway mutations in pediatric diseases has begun to emerge. Germline Ras-activating mutations have been known to contribute to cancer predisposition in a group of disorders known as the RASopathies, and now large pediatric sequencing studies have identified frequent somatic Ras pathway alterations across a diverse group of pediatric malignancies. These include glial brain tumors, relapsed high-risk neuroblastoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, acute myeloid leukemia, and relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and their prognostic impact is becoming increasingly better understood. Clinically, there has been success in targeting the Ras pathway in pediatric diseases, including the use of MEK inhibitors in plexiform neurofibromas associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 and the use of Ras pathway inhibitors in low-grade gliomas. Given the importance of this pathway in pediatric cancer, it is imperative that future studies strive to better understand the functional significance of these mutations, including their role in tumor growth and treatment resistance and how they can be better targeted to improve outcomes.