bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical–Statistical Downscaling of Austral Summer Precipitation over South America, with a Focus on the Central Peruvian Andes and the Equatorial Amazon Basin
Authors: Sulca Juan , Vuille Mathias , Timm Oliver Elison , Dong Bo , Zubieta Ricardo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPrecipitation is one of the most difficult variables to estimate using large-scale predictors. Over South America (SA), this task is even more challenging, given the complex topography of the Andes. Empirical–statistical downscaling (ESD) models can be used for this purpose, but such models, applicable for all of SA, have not yet been developed. To address this issue, we construct an ESD model using multiple-linear-regression techniques for the period 1982–2016 that is based on large-scale circulation indices representing tropical Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and South American climate variability, to estimate austral summer [December–February (DJF)] precipitation over SA. Statistical analyses show that the ESD model can reproduce observed precipitation anomalies over the tropical Andes (Ecuador, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia), the eastern equatorial Amazon basin, and the central part of the western Argentinian Andes. On a smaller scale, the ESD model also shows good results over the Western Cordillera of the Peruvian Andes. The ESD model reproduces anomalously dry conditions over the eastern equatorial Amazon and the wet conditions over southeastern South America (SESA) during the three extreme El Niños: 1982/83, 1997/98, and 2015/16. However, it overestimates the observed intensities over SESA. For the central Peruvian Andes as a case study, results further show that the ESD model can correctly reproduce DJF precipitation anomalies over the entire Mantaro basin during the three extreme El Niño episodes. Moreover, multiple experiments with varying predictor combinations of the ESD model corroborate the hypothesis that the interaction between the South Atlantic convergence zone and the equatorial Atlantic Ocean provoked the Amazon drought in 2015/16.
Observations and Modeling of Evapotranspiration and Dewfall during the 2018 Meteorological Drought in Southern England
Authors: Osborne Simon R. , Weedon Graham P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA meteorological drought in 2018 led to senescence of the C3 grass at Cardington, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom. Observations of near-surface atmospheric variables and soil moisture are compared to simulations by the JULES land surface model (LSM) as used for Met Office forecasts. In years without drought, JULES provides better standalone simulations of evapotranspiration (ET) and soil moisture when the canopy height and rooting depth are reduced to match local conditions. During drought with the adjusted configuration, JULES correctly estimates total ET, but the components are in the wrong proportions. Several factors affect the estimation of ET including modeled skin temperatures, dewfall, and bare-soil evaporation. A diurnal range of skin temperatures close to observed is produced via the adjusted configuration and doubling the optical extinction coefficient. Although modeled ET during drought matches observed ET, this includes simulation of transpiration but in reality the grass was senescent. Excluding transpiration, the modeled bare-soil evaporation underestimates the observed midday latent heat flux. Part of the missing latent heat may relate to inappropriate parameterization of hydraulic properties of dry soils and part may be due to insufficient evaporation of dew. Dew meters indicate dewfall of up to 20 W m−2 during drought when the surface is cooling radiatively and turbulence is minimal. These data demonstrate that eddy-covariance techniques fail to reliably record the times, intensity, and variations in negative latent heat flux. Furthermore, the parameterization of atmospheric turbulence as used in LSMs fails to represent accurately dewfall during calm conditions when the surface is radiatively cooled.
A Climatological Analysis of the Linkages between Tropopause Polar Vortices, Cold Pools, and Cold Air Outbreaks over the Central and Eastern United States
Authors: Biernat Kevin A. , Bosart Lance F. , Keyser Daniel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCoherent vortices in the vicinity of the tropopause, referred to as tropopause polar vortices (TPVs), may be associated with tropospheric-deep cold pools. TPVs and associated cold pools transported from high latitudes to middle latitudes may play important roles in the development of cold air outbreaks (CAOs). The purpose of this study is to examine climatological linkages between TPVs, cold pools, and CAOs occurring in the central and eastern United States. To conduct this study, 1979–2015 climatologies of TPVs and cold pools are constructed using the ERA-Interim dataset and an objective tracking algorithm, and are compared to a 1979–2015 climatology of CAOs occurring in six NCEI-defined climate regions over the central and eastern United States. The climatologies of TPVs and cold pools indicate that central and eastern North America is a preferred corridor for their equatorward transport, and that the occurrence frequency of TPVs and cold pools is higher over northern regions of the United States compared to southern regions of the United States. Correspondingly, there is a higher percentage of CAOs linked to cold pools associated with TPVs over northern regions of the United States (32.1%–35.7%) compared to southern regions of the United States (4.4%–12.5%). TPVs and cold pools contributing to CAOs form most frequently over northern Canada and the Canadian Archipelago, and generally move southeastward toward southern Canada and the northern United States. TPVs and cold pools contributing to CAOs tend to be statistically significantly colder and longer lived when compared to all TPVs and cold pools transported to middle latitudes.
Associations Between the Child Care Environment and Children’s In-Care Physical Activity and Sedentary Time
Authors: Zhang Zhiguang , Kuzik Nicholas , Adamo Kristi B. , Ogden Nancy , Goldfield Gary S. , Okely Anthony D. , Crozier Mitchell , Hunter Stephen , Predy Madison , Carson Valerie 
Published: November 2020

Background Child care centers are important for children’s behaviors. Aims To examine the cross-sectional associations between child care environmental characteristics and physical activity and sedentary time in children. Methods Participants were 124 toddlers and 118 preschoolers from 19 centers in Alberta and Ontario, Canada, in the supporting Healthy physical AcTive CHildcare setting (HATCH) study. In-care physical activity and sedentary time were assessed using Actigraph accelerometers. Child care environments, including structure (e.g., resources) and process (e.g., activities) quality, were measured using three instruments: (1) the Environment and Policy Assessment and Observation and (2) the Children’s Physical Environments Rating Scale, and (iii) the Movement Environment Rating Scale. Mixed models were performed to examine the associations between environmental characteristics and children’s sedentary time, light physical activity, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Results A few structure quality characteristics related to child care policy and indoor environment were associated with higher physical activity and lower sedentary time in toddlers. The overall structure quality ( B = 0.04; 95% CI [0.003, 0.08]) and process quality ( B = 0.08; 95% CI [0.02, 0.15]) of the child care environment were associated with log moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in preschoolers. Specifically, structure quality characteristics of the outdoor environment and physical activity time, and process quality characteristics relevant to curriculum and pedagogy, were associated with higher physical activity and lower sedentary time in preschoolers. Discussion and Conclusion The child care structure quality characteristics that are important for children’ physical activity and sedentary behavior may vary by age group. Improving the overall process quality, in particular curriculum and pedagogy, of the child care environment, may promote more physical activity in preschoolers.
Expression and Clinical Significance of MMP-28 in Bladder Cancer
Authors: Wang Heng , Wu Jun-xiu , Chen Xin-Peng , Zhang Qi , Wei Hai-bin , Wang Hui-Ju , Yang Xue , Zhang Da-Hong 
Published: November 2020

Aims: The aim of this study to determine the expression of MMP-28 in bladder urothelial carcinoma and to analyze the correlation between MMP-28 and the clinicopathological characteristics of human bladder carcinoma, and its relationship with patient prognosis. Methods: A total of 491 surgically resected bladder cancer samples and 80 normal tissue adjacent to the tumor were stained by immunohistochemistry. The expression of MMP-28 in these samples was quantitated, and the value of MMP-28 as a marker of bladder cancer and prognosis was assessed. Results: The expression of MMP-28 in urinary bladder carcinoma was higher than in normal bladder mucosa. The high level of MMP-28 was significantly correlated with tumor histology grade, lymphatic metastasis, lymph node infiltration, and distant metastasis (P < 0.05). The upregulation of MMP-28 was also closely related to the risk of cancer progression and the survival of patients. Further analysis documented that high expression of MMP-28 was associated with decreased overall survival in bladder cancer patients. Conclusions: The abnormal expression of MMP-28 may be related to the initiation and development of urothelial carcinoma. The upregulation of MMP-28 can be used as one of the effective indicators to diagnose bladder cancer and predict tumor progression.
Special Considerations for Secondary Surgery After Upper Extremity Transplantation
Authors: Aravind Pathik , Frost Christopher , Javia Vidhi , Cooney Damon S. , Brandacher Gerald , Shores Jaimie T. , Cooney Carisa M. 
Published: November 2020

Background Upper extremity (UE) transplantation is a complex undertaking that may require emergent or elective secondary surgery (SS) days to years following transplant. Various patient and transplantation may help determine what SS is needed. In this study, we characterize the SS needed by our UE transplant patients. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 6 patients who underwent hand and UE transplantation by one of the authors. Transplantation and SS details were obtained from medical records. Hand and arm function was quantified both subjectively (patient-reports) and objectively (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Score; Carroll test; Action Research Arm Tests; Box and Block test). Results Six patients underwent transplantation for a total of 10 transplanted limbs. Five transplants were performed below and 5 above the elbow. Mean time post-transplantation at last follow-up was 5 years (range: 1-9 years). In all, 66.7% of the patients required SS: total 7 surgeries comprising 13 procedures. The most common procedures were to improve hand function—nerve decompressions and tendon transfer, both in above-elbow transplant. Both patients showed a mean improvement of 15 points on Carroll scores. One above-elbow transplant had a brachioplasty for excess skin and another had a hematoma evacuation immediately after transplantation. Procedures in the below-elbow transplants included multiple incision and drainages for a septic wrist and an open reduction and internal fixation for a forearm fracture. Conclusion Patients receiving UE transplantation often require one or more secondary procedures which may vary with level of transplantation. Secondary surgery should be an important aspect of pretransplant planning and cost-effectiveness determinations. Level of Evidence Level IV
Evaluation of the efficiency of genomic versus pedigree predictions for growth and wood quality traits in Scots pine
Authors: Calleja-Rodriguez Ainhoa , Pan Jin , Funda Tomas , Chen Zhiqiang , Baison John , Isik Fikret , Abrahamsson Sara , Wu Harry X. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundGenomic selection (GS) or genomic prediction is a promising approach for tree breeding to obtain higher genetic gains by shortening time of progeny testing in breeding programs. As proof-of-concept for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.), a genomic prediction study was conducted with 694 individuals representing 183 full-sib families that were genotyped with genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and phenotyped for growth and wood quality traits. 8719 SNPs were used to compare different genomic with pedigree prediction models. Additionally, four prediction efficiency methods were used to evaluate the impact of genomic breeding value estimations by assigning diverse ratios of training and validation sets, as well as several subsets of SNP markers.ResultsGenomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP) and Bayesian Ridge Regression (BRR) combined with expectation maximization (EM) imputation algorithm showed slightly higher prediction efficiencies than Pedigree Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (PBLUP) and Bayesian LASSO, with some exceptions. A subset of approximately 6000 SNP markers, was enough to provide similar prediction efficiencies as the full set of 8719 markers. Additionally, prediction efficiencies of genomic models were enough to achieve a higher selection response, that varied between 50-143% higher than the traditional pedigree-based selection.ConclusionsAlthough prediction efficiencies were similar for genomic and pedigree models, the relative selection response was doubled for genomic models by assuming that earlier selections can be done at the seedling stage, reducing the progeny testing time, thus shortening the breeding cycle length roughly by 50%.
Impact of HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine on preventing subsequent infection and disease after excision treatment: post-hoc analysis from a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zhao Shuang , Hu Shangying , Xu Xiaoqian , Zhang Xun , Pan Qinjing , Chen Feng , Zhao Fanghui 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
It is widely acknowledged that HPV prophylactic vaccine could prevent new infections and their associated lesions among women who are predominantly HPV-naive at vaccination. Yet there still remains uncertainty about whether HPV vaccination could benefit to individuals who have undergone surgery for cervical disease.

Methods
This post-hoc analysis intends to focus on intent-to-treat participants who underwent excision treatment at baseline and the follow-up period in a phase II/III, double-blind, randomized trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00779766) conducted in Jiangsu province, China. We evaluate the impact of HPV vaccination on preventing women from subsequent infection and cervical lesions (LSIL+ and CIN2+) after excision treatment.

Results
One hundred sixty-eight (vaccine, n = 87; placebo, n = 81) performed excisional treatment in this clinical trial. We observed a significant effect of vaccination on acquiring 14 high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infection after treatment (vaccine efficacy: 27.0%; 95% CI 4.9, 44.0%). The vaccine efficacy against new infections after treatment for 14 HR-HPV infection was estimated as 32.0% (95%CI 1.8, 52.8%), and was 41.2% (95%CI -162.7, 86.8%) for HPV16/18 infection. The accumulative clearance rates of the vaccine group and placebo group were 88.9 and 81.6% for HPV16/18 infection (P = 0.345), 63.4, 48.7% for 14 HR-HPV infection (P = 0.062), respectively. No significant difference was observed on the persistent rate of HPV16/18, 14 HR-HPV infection and occurrence rate of LSIL+ between the two groups.

Conclusions
No significant evidence from this study showed that HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine could lead to viral faster clearance or have any effect on the rates of persistent infection among women who had excision treatment. However, the vaccine may still benefit post-treatment women with “primary prophylactic” effect. Further research is required in clarifying the effect of using the prophylactic HPV vaccine as therapeutic agents.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00779766. Date and status of trial registration: October 24, 2008. Completed; Has Results.
Hirschsprung’s disease presenting as intractable anemia: a report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Sun Xiaoang , Chu Jun , Li Chenchen , Deng Zhaohui 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
This report summarizes the clinical characteristics of intractable anemia as part of the clinical presentation of Hirschsprung’s disease (HD) and aims to strengthen clinicians’ ability to recognize early signs of HD.

Case presentation
An 11-year-old boy with a 6-year history of intractable anemia, low hemoglobin level (55 g/L), poor response to oral iron supplementation and blood transfusion, and difficulty with defecation was diagnosed with HD. A 19-month-old boy with a 3-month history of intractable anemia, low hemoglobin level (64 g/L), poor response to oral iron supplementation and blood transfusion, delayed meconium passage, and history of intestinal obstruction was also diagnosed with HD. Both patients underwent surgery, after which anemia was corrected effectively in both cases. Two more cases of intractable anemia as the chief complaint and diagnoses of HD over different durations since the onset of anemia (ranging from 1.7 years to 21 years) were identified in a literature search. Both patients underwent surgery, after which anemia was corrected.

Conclusions
Intractable anemia as part of the clinical presentation of HD is extremely rare. Detailed inquiries of medical histories and physical examinations are key to early diagnoses and preventing misdiagnoses. Anemia in HD patients may primarily be caused by impaired iron absorption due to HD.
Pulmonary function and factors associated with current smoking among the hill tribe populations in northern Thailand: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mee-inta Anongnad , Tamornpark Ratipark , Yeemard Fartima , Upala Panupong , Apidechkul Tawatchai 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Smoking is considered one of the major poor health behaviors leading to several health problems. Individuals with a poor education and economic status are vulnerable to smoking, particularly the hill tribe people in Thailand. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of current smoking, assess pulmonary function, and identify factors associated with current smoking among individuals aged 20 years and older of the hill tribes in northern Thailand.

Method
A cross-sectional study was conducted to gather information from the hill tribe people living in 42 hill tribe villages. A validated questionnaire, spirometry, and pulse oximetry were used as the research tools. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data from the participants in a private room after obtaining informed consent voluntarily. Chi-squared test and logistic regression were used to detect the associations between the variables at the significance level of α = 0.05.

Results
In total, 2216 participants were recruited into the study: 54.6% were women, 80.3% were aged 31–59 years, and 86.1% were married. The prevalence of smoking was 36.3%; 20.6% were current smokers (36.7% among men and 7.0% among women), and 15.7% were ever smokers. Half of the participants (50.1%) had smoked for ≤9 years, 80.1% smoked ≤10 pieces per day, 64.2% smoked traditional tobacco, 42.8% had low-to-moderate levels of knowledge of the harms of smoking, and 68.4% had low-to-moderate levels of attitudes toward the harms of smoking. Only sex was statistically significant among the different smoking behaviors (p-value< 0.001), and the participants’ pulmonary function was not significantly different. After controlling for age, sex, religion, and education, three variables were found to be associated with current smoking among the hill tribe people in Thailand: men were more likely to smoke than women (AOR = 7.52, 95% CI = 5.53–10.24); those who used amphetamines were more likely to smoke than those who did not (AOR = 2.92, 95% CI = 1.69–5.03); those who had poor attitudes toward the harms of smoking were more likely to smoke than those who had a positive attitude toward the harms of smoking (AOR = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.53–3.97).

Conclusion
Translating essential health messages into the hill tribe language and improving the channel to deliver this information to the target populations, particularly men, are crucial strategies for improving their knowledge and attitudes toward the harms of smoking and making them quit smoking.
Cycles of violence in England and Wales: the contribution of childhood abuse to risk of violence revictimisation in adulthood
Authors: Butler Nadia , Quigg Zara , Bellis Mark A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
Interpersonal violence is a leading cause of death and disability globally, has immediate and long-term impacts on individuals’ health and wellbeing, and impacts global health care expenditures and national economies. A public health approach to violence prevention is crucial, and addressing risk factors is a key priority. Global research has demonstrated that childhood adversity increases risk of a range of poor outcomes across the lifecourse. This study examined the association between being a victim of child abuse and the risk of physical assault (PA), intimate partner violence (IPV), and sexual violence (SV) victimisation in adulthood.

Methods
Data from a nationally representative survey of household residents (adults aged 16 to 59 years; n = 21,845) was analysed. Types of child abuse examined included physical, sexual, and psychological abuse and witnessing domestic violence. Logistic regressions examined the independent relationships between child abuse types, experiencing multiple types, and adulthood violence outcomes.

Results
Most individual types of child abuse were significantly associated with each adulthood violence outcome, after controlling for sociodemographics and other abuse types. Compared to individuals who experienced no abuse in childhood, those who experienced one form of abuse were over twice as likely to experience PA in the past year and three times as likely to have experienced IPV and/or SV since age 16 years, whilst individuals who experienced multiple types were three, six, and seven times more likely to experience PA, IPV, and SV, respectively. After controlling for sociodemographics and multi-type childhood victimisation, the type or combination of types which remained significant differed by violence outcome; child psychological and physical abuse were significantly associated with IPV; psychological and sexual abuse with SV; and psychological abuse with PA.

Conclusions
Prevention of child abuse is an important goal, and evidence from the current study suggests such efforts will have a downstream effect on preventing interpersonal violence across the lifecourse. With adulthood victimisation likely to compound the already detrimental effects of childhood abuse, and given that many associated outcomes also represent adversities for the next generation, breaking the cycle of violence should be a public health priority.