bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medicaid for the Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeon
Authors: Firouzbakht Peter K. , Shaum Katherine M. , Israel Jacqueline S. , Rao Venkat K. 
Published: December 2019

Summary:
Medicaid is a complex federally and state funded health insurance program in the United States that insures an estimated 76 million individuals, approximately 20 percent of the U.S. population. Many physicians may not receive formal training or education to help understand the complexities of Medicaid. Plastic surgeons, residents, and advanced practice practitioners benefit from a basic understanding of Medicaid, eligibility requirements, reimbursement methods, and upcoming healthcare trends. Medicaid is implemented by states with certain federal guidelines. Eligibility varies from state to state (in many states it’s linked to the federal poverty level), and is based on financial and nonfinancial criteria. The passage of the Affordable Care Act in 2010 permitted states to increase the federal poverty level eligibility cutoff to expand coverage for low-income adults. The aim of this review is to provide a brief history of Medicaid, explain the basics of eligibility and changes invoked by the Affordable Care Act, and describe how federal insurance programs relate to plastic surgery, both at academic institutions and in community practice environments.
A Report on the Representation of Women in Academic Plastic Surgery Leadership
Authors: Chen Wendy , Baron Marissa , Bourne Debra A. , Kim Justine S. , Washington Kia M , De La Cruz Carolyn 
Published: December 2019

Background:
The year 2017 marked the first year women comprised a majority of U.S. medical school matriculants. While more women are pursuing surgical training, within plastic surgery, there is a steady attrition of women advancing in leadership roles. The authors report the current status of women in academic plastic surgery, from trainees to chairwomen and national leadership positions.

Methods:
The Electronic Residency Applications Service, San Francisco Match, National Resident Matching Program, Association of American Medical Colleges, American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons, Plastic Surgery Education Network, and professional websites for journals and national societies were accessed for demographic information from 2007 to 2017.

Results:
The number of female integrated pathway applicants remained stable (30 percent), with an increased proportion of female residents from 30 percent to 40 percent. There was an increase in female faculty members from 14.6 percent to 22.0 percent, an increase of less than 1 percent per year. Twelve percent of program directors and 8.7 percent of department heads were women. Nationally, major professional societies and administrative boards demonstrated a proportion of female members ranging from 19 percent to 55 percent (average, 27.7 percent). The proportion of female committee leaders ranged from 0 percent to 50 percent (average, 21.5 percent). Only six societies have had female presidents. No major journal had had a female editor-in-chief. The proportion of female editorial board members ranged from 1 percent to 33 percent (average, 16.1 percent).

Conclusions:
The authors’ study shows a leak in the pipeline at all levels, from trainees to faculty to leadership on the national stage. This report serves as a starting point for investigating reasons for the underrepresentation of talented women in plastic surgery leadership.
Anger Expression and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Urban and Rural Japanese Residents: The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Tezuka Kazuhide , Kubota Yasuhiko , Ohira Tetsuya , Shimizu Yuji , Yamagishi Kazumasa , Umesawa Mitsumasa , Sankai Tomoko , Imano Hironori , Okada Takeo , Kiyama Masahiko , Iso Hiroyasu 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACT

Objective
It has been suggested that urbanization, which has been expanding rapidly for the past several decades, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated with psychological factors such as anger, but the evidence is limited. We examined the hypothesis that urbanicity modifies the association of anger expression with the risk of CVD.

Methods
A prospective study was conducted in 5936 residents of urban and rural communities aged 40 to 79 years who had completed an annual health checkup including a questionnaire on anger expression between 1995 and 1998. Associations of anger expression with the risk of CVDs were examined using Cox proportional hazards models, after adjusting for classical cardiovascular risk factors.

Results
During a median follow-up of 16.6 years, we identified 312 incident CVDs. The means (SDs) of anger expression were 24.7 (5.8) among urban residents and 24.6 (5.7) among rural participants (p = .87). Among urban residents, anger expression was positively associated with the risk of total CVD: the multivariable hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) was 1.27 (1.05–1.54). In contrast, no association was found among rural residents: the corresponding ratio (interval) was 0.96 (0.85–1.09), with a significant interaction between urban and rural residency with anger expression for incident CVD (p = .047). Similar associations were observed with the risk of CVD subtypes, including ischemic stroke and ischemic CVD.

Conclusions
We found a positive association between anger expression and the risk of CVD among urban residents but not rural residents, suggesting that urbanicity enhances the anger-CVD association.
American Urogynecologic Society Systematic Review: The Impact of Weight Loss Intervention on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Urinary Incontinence in Overweight and Obese Women
Authors: Yazdany Tajnoos , Jakus-Waldman Sharon , Jeppson Peter C. , Schimpf Megan O. , Yurteri-Kaplan Ladin A. , Ferzandi Tanaz R. , Weber-LeBrun Emily , Knoepp Leise , Mamik Mamta , Viswanathan Meera , Ward Renée M. 
Published: December 2019

Objective
Obesity can contribute to urinary symptoms such as urgency, frequency, and incontinence. In addition to classic treatments, weight loss interventions offer a unique clinical opportunity to improve these symptoms.

Study Design
The American Urogynecologic Society Systematic Review Group conducted a review of articles on the impact of surgical and behavioral weight loss (BWL) interventions on urinary symptoms in overweight and obese women. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria.

Results
The review group identified 43 publications from 39 studies, including 10 reports that used data from 5 randomized trials. Overall, there is high-certainty evidence that BWL, such as diet and exercise, decreases the prevalence of stress urinary incontinence 15% to 18% and overall urinary incontinence (UI) by 12% to 17% at 1 to 2.9 years. The certainty of evidence on the long-term impact of these interventions was lower. The certainty of the evidence was moderate to low regarding the benefit of BWL on urgency UI and overactive bladder symptoms. No randomized trials evaluated the impact of surgical weight loss on urinary symptoms, and the certainty of evidence of other study types was very low.

Conclusions
There is high-certainty evidence that BWL results in modest improvements in stress and overall UI in overweight and obese women at 1 to 2.9 years after the intervention. Robust studies with low risk of bias are needed to assess whether these benefits are maintained over the long term and are associated with adverse events and to assess the impact of surgical weight loss interventions on urinary outcomes in overweight and obese women.
Integrative analysis of the plasma proteome and polygenic risk of cardiometabolic diseases
Authors: Ritchie Scott C. , Lambert Samuel A. , Arnold Matthew , Teo Shu Mei , Lim Sol , Scepanovic Petar , Marten Jonathan , Zahid Sohail , Chaffin Mark , Liu Yingying , Abraham Gad , Ouwehand Willem H. , Roberts David J. , Watkins Nicholas A. , Drew Brian G. , Calkin Anna C. , Di Angelantonio Emanuele , Soranzo Nicole , Burgess Stephen , Chapman Michael , Kathiresan Sekar , Khera Amit V. , Danesh John , Butterworth Adam S. , Inouye Michael 
Published: December 2019

Summary ParagraphCommon human diseases are frequently polygenic in architecture, comprising a large number of risk alleles with small effects spread across the genome1–3. Polygenic scores (PGSs) aggregate these alleles into a metric which represents an individual’s genetic predisposition to a specific disease. PGSs have shown promise for early risk prediction4–7, and there is potential to use PGSs to understand disease biology in parallel8. Here, we investigate the role plasma protein levels play in cardiometabolic disease risk in a cohort of 3,087 healthy individuals using PGSs. We found PGSs for coronary artery disease (CAD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and ischaemic stroke (IS) were associated with levels of 49 plasma proteins. These associations were polygenic in architecture, largely independent of cis protein QTLs, and robust to environmental variation. Over a median 7.7 years follow-up, 28 of these plasma proteins were associated with future myocardial infarction (MI) or T2D events, 16 of which were causal mediators between polygenic risk and incident disease. These protein mediators of polygenic disease risk included targets of approved therapies which may have repurposing potential. Our results demonstrate that PGSs can identify proteins with causal roles in disease, and may have utility in drug development.
Mechanical model of muscle contraction 2. Kinematic and dynamic aspects of a myosin II head during the working stroke
Authors: Louvet S. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe condition of a myosin II head during which force and movement are generated is commonly referred to as Working Stroke (WS). During the WS, the myosin head is mechanically modelled by 3 two by two articulated segments, the motor domain (S1a) strongly fixed to an actin molecule, the lever (S1b) on which a motor moment is exerted, and the rod (S2) pulling the myosin filament (Mfil). When the half-sarcomere (hs) is shortened or lengthened by a few nanometers, it is assumed that the lever of a myosin head in WS state moves in a fixed plane including the longitudinal axis of the actin filament (Afil). As a result, the 5 rigid segments, i.e. Afil, S1a, S1b, S2 and Mfil, follow deterministic and configurable trajectories. The orientation of S1b in the fixed plane is characterized by the angle θ. After deriving the geometric equations singularizing the WS state, we obtain an analytical relationship between the hs shortening velocity (u) and the angular velocity of the lever. The principles of classical mechanics applied to the 3 solids, S1a, S1b and S2, lead to a relationship between the motor moment exerted on the lever (MB) and the tangential force dragging the actin filament (TA). We distinguish θupand θdown, the two boundaries framing the angle θ during the WS, relating toupanddownconformations. With the usual data assigned to the cross-bridge elements, a linearization procedure of the relationships between u and, on the one hand, and between MBand TA, on the other hand, is performed. This algorithmic optimization leads to theoretical values of θupand θdownequal to +28° (−28°) and −42° (+42°) respectively with a variability of ±5° in a hs on the right (left), data in accordance with the commonly accepted experimental values for vertebrate muscle fibers.
The stronger downregulation ofin vitroandin vivoinnate antiviral responses by a very virulent strain of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), compared to a classical strain, is mediated, in part, by the VP4 protein
Authors: Dulwich KL , Asfor AS , Gray AG , Giotis ES , Skinner MA , Broadbent AJ 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIBDV is economically important to the poultry industry. Very virulent (vv) strains cause higher mortality rates than other strains for reasons that remain poorly understood. In order to provide more information on IBDV disease outcome, groups of chickens (n=18) were inoculated with the vv strain, UK661, or the classical strain, F52/70. Birds infected with UK661 had a lower survival rate (50%) compared to F52/70 (80%). There was no difference in peak viral replication in the bursa of Fabricius (BF), but the expression of chicken IFNβ, MX1 and IL-8 was significantly lower in the BF of birds infected with UK661 compared to F52/70 (p<0.05) as quantified by RTqPCR, and this trend was also observed in DT40 cells infected with UK661 or F52/70 (p<0.05). The induction of expression of type I IFN in DF-1 cells stimulated with polyI:C (measured by an IFN-β luciferase reporter assay) was significantly reduced in cells expressing ectopic VP4 from UK661 (p<0.05), but was higher in cells expressing ectopic VP4 from F52/70. Cells infected with a chimeric recombinant IBDV carrying the UK661-VP4 gene in the background of PBG98, an attenuated vaccine strain that induces high levels of innate responses (PBG98-VP4UK661) also showed a reduced level of IFNα and IL-8 compared to cells infected with a chimeric virus carrying the F52/70-VP4 gene (PBG98-VP4F52/70), and birds infected with PBG98-VP4UK661also had a reduced expression of IFNα in the BF compared to birds infected with PBG98-VP4F52/70. Taken together, these data demonstrate that UK661 induced the expression of lower levels of anti-viral type I IFN and proinflammatory genes than the classical strainin vitroandin vivoand this was, in part, due to strain-dependent differences in the VP4 protein.
Highly parallelized microfluidic droplet cultivation and prioritization on antibiotic producers from complex natural microbial communities
Authors: Mahler Lisa , Niehs Sarah , Martin Karin , Weber Thomas , Scherlach Kirstin , Agler-Rosenbaum Miriam , Hertweck Christian , Roth Martin 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTo investigate the overwhelming part of the bacterial diversity still evading standard cultivation for its potential use in antibiotic synthesis, we have compiled a microscale-cultivation and screening system. We devised a strategy based on droplet-microfluidics taking advantage of the inherent miniaturization and high throughput. Single cells of natural samples were confined in 9 x 106 aqueous droplets and subjected to long-term incubation under controlled conditions. Subsequent a high-throughput screening for antimicrobial natural products was implemented, employing a whole cell reporting system using the viability of reporter strains as a probe for antimicrobial activity. Due to the described microscale cultivation a novel subset of bacterial strains was made available for the following screening for antimicrobials. We demonstrate the merits of the in-droplet cultivation by comparing the cultivation outcome in microfluidic droplets and on conventional agar plates for a bacterial community derived from soil by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. In-droplet cultivation resulted in a significantly higher bacterial diversity without the common overrepresentation of Firmicutes. Natural strains able to inhibit either a Gram-positive or a Gram-negative reporter strain were isolated from the microscale system and further cultivated. Thereby a variety of rare isolates was obtained. The natural products with antimicrobial activity were elucidated for the most promising candidate. Our method combines a new cultivation approach with a high-throughput search for antibiotic producers to increase the chances of finding new lead substances.
Dissection of demethylation and toxicity induced gene expression changes after decitabine treatment
Authors: Turchinovich A , Surowy HM , Tonevitsky AG , Burwinkel B 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe DNA methyltransferase inhibitor decitabine (DAC) is a widely used drug for both fundamental epigenetics studies and anti-cancer therapy. Besides DNA demethylation, DAC also induces cell toxicity associated with DNA damage. The dual-mode of DAC action on cells provides a significant hurdle to study genes which expression is regulated by CpG methylation. In this work, we performed the analysis of global DNA methylation levels in cultured cancer cells after treatment with increasing doses of DAC and have found the U-shaped curve of the de-methylation efficacy induced by the drug. Specifically, high doses of DAC induced significantly lower DNA hypomethylation as compared to hundred-fold less concentrated doses. At the same time, the impact of DAC on cell viability was dose-dependent. These findings allowed dissecting the demethylation and the cell toxicity impact of DAC on gene expression in subsequent mRNA-seq experiments. Surprisingly, the number of genes that were upregulated due to DNA hypomethylation was comparable to the number of genes induced by DAC toxicity. Furthermore, we show that high DAC concentrations induce downregulation of housekeeping genes which are most widely used for RT-qPCR normalization (including GAPDH, actin and tubulin). The latter suggests that genes unaffected by DAC treatment would manifest themselves as upregulated when their expression is normalized on a downregulated housekeeping reference. Finally, we show that expression of most human oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes remains unaffected after DAC treatment, and only a few of them were upregulated due to DNA hypomethylation. Our work stresses the importance of closely studying the correlation of the degree of DNA demethylation induced by varying doses of DAC with changes in gene expression levels to avoid erroneous conclusions regarding epigenetic silencing of a gene.
A broad mutational target explains an evolutionary trend
Authors: Besnard Fabrice , Picao-Osorio Joao , Dubois Clément , Félix Marie-Anne 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTAn evolutionary trend, the rapid evolution of a trait in a group of organisms, can in some cases be explained by the mutational variance, the propensity of a phenotype to change under spontaneous mutation. However, the causes of high mutational variance are still elusive. For some morphological traits, fast evolution was shown to depend on the high mutation rate of one or few underlying loci with short tandem repeats. Here, we investigate the case of the fastest evolving cell fate among vulva precursor cells inCaenorhabditisnematodes, that of the cell called ‘P3.p’. For this, we combine mutation accumulation lines, whole-genome sequencing, genetic linkage analysis of the phenotype in recombinant lines, and candidate testing through mutant and CRISPR genome editing to identify causal mutations and the corresponding loci underlying the high mutational variance of P3.p. We identify and validate molecular lesions responsible for changes in this cell’s phenotype during a mutation accumulation experiment. We find that these loci do not present any characteristics of a high mutation rate, are scattered across the genome and belong to distinct biological pathways. Our data instead indicate that a broad mutational target size is the cause of the high mutational variance and of the corresponding evolutionary trend.
Whisper 2: indel-sensitive short read mapping
Authors: Deorowicz Sebastian , Gudyś Adam 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSummaryWhisper 2 is a short-read-mapping software providing superior quality of indel variant calling. Its running times place it among the fastest existing tools.Availability and Implementationhttps://github.com/refresh-bio/whisperContactsebastian.deorowicz@polsl.plSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available at publisher’s Web site.
MR-Clust: Clustering of genetic variants in Mendelian randomization with similar causal estimates
Authors: Foley Christopher N , Kirk Paul D W , Burgess Stephen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMotivationMendelian randomization is an epidemiological technique that uses genetic variants as instrumental variables to estimate the causal effect of a risk factor on an outcome. We consider a scenario in which causal estimates based on each variant in turn differ more strongly than expected by chance alone, but the variants can be divided into distinct clusters, such that all variants in the cluster have similar causal estimates. This scenario is likely to occur when there are several distinct causal mechanisms by which a risk factor influences an outcome with different magnitudes of causal effect. We have developed an algorithm MR-Clust that finds such clusters of variants, and so can identify variants that reflect distinct causal mechanisms. Two features of our clustering algorithm are that it accounts for uncertainty in the causal estimates, and it includes ‘null’ and ‘junk’ clusters, to provide protection against the detection of spurious clusters.ResultsOur algorithm correctly detected the number of clusters in a simulation analysis, outperforming the popular Mclust method. In an applied example considering the effect of blood pressure on coronary artery disease risk, the method detected four clusters of genetic variants. A hypothesis-free search suggested that variants in the cluster with a negative effect of blood pressure on coronary artery disease risk were more strongly related to trunk fat percentage and other adiposity measures than variants not in this cluster.Availability and ImplementationMR-Clust can be downloaded fromhttps://github.com/cnfoley/mrclust.Contactsb452@medschl.cam.ac.ukorchristopher.foley@mrc-bsu.cam.ac.ukSupplementary InformationSupplementary Material is included in the submission.
Exaggerated Cortical Representation of Speech in Older Listeners: Mutual Information Analysis
Authors: Zan Peng , Presacco Alessandro , Anderson Samira , Simon Jonathan Z. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAging is associated with an exaggerated representation of the speech envelope in auditory cortex. The relationship between this age-related exaggerated response and a listener’s ability to understand speech in noise remains an open question. Here, information-theory-based analysis methods are applied to magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings of human listeners, investigating their cortical responses to continuous speech, using the novel non-linear measure of phase-locked mutual information between the speech stimuli and cortical responses. The cortex of older listeners shows an exaggerated level of mutual information, compared to younger listeners, for both attended and unattended speakers. The mutual information peaks for several distinct latencies: early (∼50 ms), middle (∼100 ms) and late (∼200 ms). For the late component, the neural enhancement of attended over unattended speech is affected by stimulus SNR, but the direction of this dependency is reversed by aging. Critically, in older listeners and for the same late component, greater cortical exaggeration is correlated with decreased behavioral inhibitory control. This negative correlation also carries over to speech intelligibility in noise, where greater cortical exaggeration in older listeners is correlated with worse speech intelligibility scores. Finally, an age-related lateralization difference is also seen for the ∼100 ms latency peaks, where older listeners show a bilateral response compared to younger listeners’ right-lateralization. Thus, this information-theory-based analysis provides new, and less coarse-grained, results regarding age-related change in auditory cortical speech processing, and its correlation with cognitive measures, compared to related linear measures.New & NoteworthyCortical representations of natural speech are investigated using a novel non-linear approach based on mutual information. Cortical responses, phase-locked to the speech envelope, show an exaggerated level of mutual information associated with aging, appearing at several distinct latencies (∼50, ∼100 and ∼200 ms). Critically, for older listeners only, the ∼200 ms latency response components are correlated with specific behavioral measures, including behavioral inhibition and speech comprehension.