bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histological examination of skin tissue in the porcine animal model after simultaneous and consecutive application of monopolar radiofrequency and targeted pressure energy
Authors: Kinney Brian M. , Kanakov Dian , Yonkova Penka 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe cosmetic appearance of skin is substantially influenced by the organization of connective fibers and underlying subcutaneous tissue. It has been previously documented that radiofrequency and pressure energies alone are able to improve skin appearance; however, detailed histological evaluation should be done to determine their synergistic effect.AimsThis histological study investigates the difference between simultaneous and consecutive application of monopolar radiofrequency with targeted pressure energy on porcine skin.MethodsIn a total of four weekly abdominal treatments, simultaneous emission of the energies was applied to two pigs (12 minutes per session); additionally, two pigs were treated consecutively (12 + 12 minutes per session). The 5th pig served as a control subject. Biopsies were obtained at baseline, after the 4th treatment, and at 1‐month follow‐up. Primary outcomes were to document changes of dermal and hypodermal tissues.ResultsIn the treated subjects, the amount of collagen and elastin fibers increased significantly (P < .001). At follow‐up, simultaneous application showed a significantly higher increase in collagen and elastin fibers (by 59% and 64%, respectively), when compared to consecutive. Thickness of the dermis increased more in the pigs treated simultaneously (+848.8 µm/50.17%; P < .001). Treated tissue also showed the upper part of dermis to be rich in blood vessels and better organized interlobular septa in hypodermis. No significant change was observed in the control subject.ConclusionSimultaneous application produces significantly more profound changes, when compared to consecutive treatment. Further research is needed but our findings represent a new potential treatment of various skin conditions like cellulite or laxity.
Social support as predictor of anxiety and depression in cancer caregivers six months after cancer diagnosis: A longitudinal study
Authors: García‐Torres Francisco , Jacek Jabłoński Marcin , Gómez Solís Ángel , Moriana Juan Antonio , Jaén‐Moreno Maria José , Moreno‐Díaz Maria José , Aranda Enrique 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAims and ObjectivesTo establish the predictive utility of specific social support domains for emotional well‐being in cancer caregivers, six months after their partner's cancer diagnosis.BackgroundIn cancer caregivers, social support has been consistently related to anxiety and depression. There is little information, however, about the predictive utility of specific social support domains for psychological well‐being in the first six months after a partner's cancer diagnosis.DesignLongitudinal research study.MethodsSixty‐seven caregivers of recently diagnosed cancer patients were recruited from the Reina Sofia University Hospital in Cordoba (Spain). Participants completed a set of questionnaires including the Berlin Social Support Scale (BSSS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and a socio‐demographic questionnaire. Data were collected at two time points: T1 (30–45 days after diagnosis) and T2 (180–200 days after). TRIPOD checklist was used.ResultsMost of the caregivers were female (65%) and the partner of the patient (58%), with an average age of 51.63 years (SD = 13.25). Statistical differences were observed between the two assessment points for the social support domains of perceived emotional support, satisfaction with support and protective buffering. Logistic regression analysis showed that less physical and sports activity, more support seeking and less informational support received at T1 predicted anxiety at T2, while less perceived available support predicted depression.ConclusionsAccurate information and support from other members of the community and the promotion of physical and sports routines for cancer caregivers may help to alleviate symptoms of anxiety and depression in the first months after a partner's cancer diagnosis.Relevance to clinical practiceClinicians must pay attention to the social support needs and physical activity of caregivers in the first days after diagnosis, in order to prevent anxiety and depression.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Association Between Family Structure and Children's Education
Authors: Cross Christina J. 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study tested two hypotheses that have been posited to account for racial/ethnic differences in the association between family structure and children's education.BackgroundResearch has shown that children raised by both biological parents fare better academically than children raised in any other family structure. However, there has been little research to explain an important finding: living apart from a biological parent is less negatively consequential for racial/ethnic minority children than white children. Scholars have speculated that group differences in exposure to socioeconomic stress and embeddedness in extended family networks explain this finding.MethodThis study used nationally representative, longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (n = 2,589). It employed logistic regression analysis and decomposition techniques to assess whether racial/ethnic differences in these two mechanisms explained the differential association between family structure and children's on‐time high school completion and college enrollment for white, black, and Hispanic children.ResultsThe results indicate that socioeconomic stress and extended family embeddedness attenuate the effect of family structure on these two measures of children's education, although the former to a much greater extent. The differences in socioeconomic resources accounted for up to nearly 50% of the gap in these outcomes, and extended family embeddedness explained roughly 15% to 20%.ConclusionFindings lend support for the socioeconomic stress hypothesis, which posits that the negative effect of parental absence from the home may be less independently impactful for racial/ethnic groups already facing many socioeconomic disadvantages.
RNAi suppression of CYP82D P450 hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in gossypol biosynthesis, enhances resistance to Fusarium wilt in cotton
Authors: Wagner Tanya A. , Cai Yingfan , Bell Alois A. , Puckhaber Lorraine S. , Magill Clint , Duke Sara E. , Liu Jinggao 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCotton plants produce two classes of terpenoid defence compounds against pathogens and other pests. Both classes are derived from a common sesquiterpenoid precursor, δ‐cadinen‐2‐one, which enters either the gossypol pathway or the lacinilene pathway. Blocking the gossypol pathway by RNAi suppression of the early pathway biosynthetic enzyme CYP82D hydroxylase resulted in enhanced resistance to the Fusarium wilt pathogen. Analyses of root terpenoids revealed no overall increases in the products of the gossypol pathway in the roots infected by the wilt pathogen. However, the lacinilene pathway was elicited by the pathogen and the lacinilene levels were 19‐fold higher in the RNAi plants than in wild‐type plants. In the pathogen inoculated RNAi 73R plants, the concentrations of DHC and HMC were 231 μg and 886 μg/g dry roots, respectively, which may have contributed to the inhibition of fungal invasion. In comparison, the concentrations of DHC and HMC in the pathogen inoculated control wild‐type 73W plants were only 0.7 μg and 58 μg/g dry roots, respectively. Fungitoxicity testing showed that DHC at 100 μg/ml inhibited growth of the Fusarium wilt pathogen by >93%. Treatment with the phytohormone jasmonic acid failed to elicit production of lacinilene pathway terpenoids in roots of either RNAi plants or their wild‐type sibling lines, but increased production of gossypol pathway terpenoids with concentrations in RNAi plants 80%–97% less than those in wild‐type plants. This indicates that induction of the lacinilene pathway is not directly mediated by jasmonic acid signalling and requires other signalling to activate the pathway. These results illustrate possible mechanisms of wilt disease resistance in cotton and provide a new approach to increase host resistance by manipulating these two major cotton chemical defence pathways.
Two reproductive traits show contrasting genetic architectures in Plantago lanceolata
Authors: Marshall Matthew M. , Remington David L. , Lacey Elizabeth P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn many species, temperature‐sensitive phenotypic plasticity (i.e., an individual's phenotypic response to temperature) displays a positive correlation with latitude, a pattern presumed to reflect local adaptation. This geographical pattern raises two general questions: (a) Do a few large‐effect genes contribute to latitudinal variation in a trait? (b) Is the thermal plasticity of different traits regulated pleiotropically? To address the questions, we crossed individuals of Plantago lanceolata derived from northern and southern European populations. Individuals naturally exhibited high and low thermal plasticity in floral reflectance and flowering time. We grew parents and offspring in controlled cool‐ and warm‐temperature environments, mimicking what plants would encounter in nature. We obtained genetic markers via genotype‐by‐sequencing, produced the first recombination map for this ecologically important nonmodel species, and performed quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping of thermal plasticity and single‐environment values for both traits. We identified a large‐effect QTL that largely explained the reflectance plasticity differences between northern and southern populations. We identified multiple smaller‐effect QTLs affecting aspects of flowering time, one of which affected flowering time plasticity. The results indicate that the genetic architecture of thermal plasticity in flowering is more complex than for reflectance. One flowering time QTL showed strong cytonuclear interactions under cool temperatures. Reflectance and flowering plasticity QTLs did not colocalize, suggesting little pleiotropic genetic control and freedom for independent trait evolution. Such genetic information about the architecture of plasticity is environmentally important because it informs us about the potential for plasticity to offset negative effects of climate change.
Increased diversification rates are coupled with higher rates of climate space exploration in Australian Acacia (Caesalpinioideae)
Authors: Renner Matt A. M. , Foster Charles S. P. , Miller Joseph T. , Murphy Daniel J. 
Published: December 2019

Summary

Australia is an excellent setting to explore relationships between climate change and diversification dynamics. Aridification since the Eocene has resulted in spectacular radiations within one or more Australian biomes. Acacia is the largest plant genus on the Australian continent, with around 1000 species, and is present in all biomes. We investigated the macroevolutionary dynamics of Acacia within climate space.

We analysed phylogenetic and climatic data for 503 Acacia species to estimate a time‐calibrated phylogeny and central climatic tendencies for BioClim layers from 132 000 herbarium specimens. Diversification rate heterogeneity and rates of climate space exploration were tested.

We inferred two diversification rate increases, both associated with significantly higher rates of climate space exploration. Observed spikes in climate disparity within the Pleistocene correspond with onset of Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycling.

Positive time dependency in environmental disparity applies in the basal grade of Acacia, though climate space exploration rates were lower. Incongruence between rates of climate space exploration and disparity suggests different Acacia lineages have experienced different macroevolutionary processes. The second diversification rate increase is associated with a south‐east Australian mesic lineage, suggesting adaptations to progressively aridifying environments and ability to transition into mesic environments contributed to Acacia's dominance across Australia.
The origin of the turtle body plan: evidence from fossils and embryos
Authors: Schoch Rainer R. , Sues Hans‐Dieter 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe origin of the unique body plan of turtles has long been one of the most intriguing mysteries in evolutionary morphology. Discoveries of several new stem‐turtles, together with insights from recent studies on the development of the shell in extant turtles, have provided crucial new information concerning this subject. It is now possible to develop a comprehensive scenario for the sequence of evolutionary changes leading to the formation of the turtle body plan within a phylogenetic framework and evaluate it in light of the ontogenetic development of the shell in extant turtles. The fossil record demonstrates that the evolution of the turtle shell took place over millions of years and involved a number of steps.
Paying out one versus paying out all trials and the decrease in behavioral and brain activity in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task
Authors: Xu Sihua , Wang Hua , Wang Cencen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBoth pay out for all the trials (pay‐all) and pay out for only one randomly selected trial (pay‐one), are widely used in economics experiments to elicit choices from study participants. However, whether pay‐all and pay‐one payments modulate risk‐taking and decision‐making in the same manner remains controversial. In the present study, we used event‐related potentials (ERPs) with the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) to investigate the effects of the pay‐all and pay‐one payments on dynamic sequential decision‐making behavior under uncertainty and brain activity. Behavioral data showed an increased uncertainty aversion, especially after negative feedback (balloon explosion) during the BART in the pay‐all condition, as compared to those in the pay‐one condition. The ERP data demonstrated a larger feedback‐related negativity (FRN) in response to the balloons that exploded during decision‐making in the pay‐all condition, as compared to those in the pay‐one condition. In addition, in the pay‐all condition, the FRN amplitude elicited by the explosion of the balloon correlated with the future decision‐making behavior, although this correlation was not observed in the pay‐one condition. In contrast, the P300 component was unresponsive to payment method manipulation. These findings demonstrate the differential effects of the pay‐all versus the pay‐one payments on decision‐making behavior under uncertainty and brain activity, suggesting that the payment method plays an important role in dynamic decision‐making studies.
Management of intraoral bleeding in patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia: A protocol proposal
Authors: Ueda Sei , Ishii Kou , Fujii Hitoshi , Mizutani Konosuke , Komaki Kanji , Nagao Toru 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAimWaldenström macroglobulinemia is a type of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma with poor prognosis observed in patients with hyperviscosity syndrome because of its tendency for fatal symptoms. This study investigated the risk of intraoral bleeding in patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia based on hyperviscosity syndrome stage and oral health status, and described potential strategies for managing intraoral bleeding.Methods and resultsBetween April 2012 and March 2017, seven patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia underwent dental procedures or tooth extraction. Patient records were retrospectively reviewed to obtain data of symptoms, clinical and radiographic findings, treatment details, pretreatment hematological findings, hyperviscosity syndrome status, perioperative method for local haemostasis, postoperative bleeding, and prognosis.The mean patient age was 71.2 years, and the male‐to‐female ratio was 6:1. Treatment modalities for oral management comprised tooth extraction, scaling, and oral cavity cleaning. Three patients were admitted for hyperviscosity syndrome; one of the patients exhibited postoperative bleeding because of poor oral hygiene, whereas the two other patients with good oral hygiene did not experience intraoral bleeding regardless of the presence of hyperviscosity syndrome.ConclusionWe recommended that the risk of oral bleeding in patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia should be assessed for oral health in addition to the stage of hyperviscosity syndrome.
Using Evidence to Drive Impact: Developing the FP Goals Impact Matrix
Authors: Weinberger Michelle , Williamson Jessica , Stover John , Sonneveldt Emily 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWhen designing a family planning (FP) strategy, decision‐makers can choose from a wide range of interventions designed to expand access to and develop demand for FP. However, not all interventions will have the same impact on increasing modern contraceptive prevalence (mCP). Understanding the existing evidence is critical to planning successful and cost‐effective programs. The Impact Matrix is the first comprehensive summary of the impact of a full range of FP interventions on increasing mCP using a single comparable metric. It was developed through an extensive literature review with input from the wider FP community, and includes 138 impact factors highlighting the range of effectiveness observed across categories and subcategories of FP interventions. The Impact Matrix is central to the FP Goals model, used to project scenarios of mCP growth that help decision‐makers set realistic goals and prioritize investments. Development of the Impact Matrix, evidence gaps identified, and the contribution to FP Goals are discussed.
Evaluation of the efficacy of triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of keloids by high‐frequency ultrasound
Authors: Cai Lei , Hu Murong , Lin Lele , Zheng Tianyin , Liu Jingjing , Li Zhiming 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundIntralesional injection of triamcinolone acetonide is an effective method for treating keloids. It still lacks effective and objective evaluation methods. This study aimed to observe the efficacy of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injections for the treatment of keloids and to explore the role of high‐frequency ultrasound in the monitoring and evaluation of keloids therapy.MethodsFifty‐one patients with keloids were treated with triamcinolone acetonide, once a week for 4 weeks. Lesions were detected, recorded, and evaluated using digital photography and high‐frequency ultrasound before and after treatment.ResultsHigh‐frequency ultrasound showed the depth of drug injection. After the last treatment, an average decrease in dermal tissue layer thickness of 39.0% is compared with before treatment. In addition, there are significant differences in the effectiveness of clinical assessments and ultrasound assessments of keloids with or without subjective symptoms.ConclusionThe observed results confirmed that intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide can effectively treat keloids. High‐frequency ultrasound can be used as a therapeutic monitoring and therapeutic evaluation tool for intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide.
Influence of Metal Electrodes on the Charge Extraction of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Gong Jiawei , Krishnan Sumathy 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A perovskite solar cell in the inverted configuration was modeled and simulated to investigate the impact of the cathode work function on the cell performance. The model utilized the drift-diffusion current equations, coupled with Poisson’s equation and continuity equations to determine the J-V characteristics, the band diagram, and the external quantum efficiencies. It was found the power conversion efficiency (PCE) tended to decrease with the increasing work functions of the metal cathode. The device using low work function metal Ca delivered the best PCE of 16.7%, whereas the one with high work function Au possessed the lowest PCE of 0.3%. These results were in a close agreement with experiments in literature. Photovoltaic parameters (FF, Jsc, and Voc) showed the same tendency and were responsible for the PCE. The band diagram revealed the formation of Schottky barrier was the main reason for the reduction in Voc, and the external quantum efficiency spectrum showed the adverse effect of the Schottky barrier on the charge extraction.
Comparative Studies on the Effect of Selected Iron-Based Additives on Anaerobic Digestion of Okra Waste
Authors: Ugwu Samson N. , Enweremadu Christopher C. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Biogas production is an anaerobic waste-to-energy technology, involving waste degradation and stabilization. The sustainable, cheap and clean nature of biogas has led to the unprecedented rise in its use as an alternative energy source. Due to the increased interests, availability of conventional biodegradable organics has shrunk enormously over the years, necessitating the aggressive search for novel energy crops and substrate enhancement options. These novel options ensure feedstock security, optimize conventional biomass feedstocks, improve feedstock degradability and increase in biogas yield. Low biodegradability of most lignocellulosic wastes like okra waste, limits their use as a viable substrate in the anaerobic digestion process. Over the years, several elements, compounds and nanoparticles have been applied to anaerobic digestion systems as supplementary nutrients with a view to enhancing substrate degradation. Such supplements like iron-based additives have gained prominence in anaerobic digestion processes of wastes, owing to their electron donation abilities, promotion of solubilization, hydrolysis, acidification, and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. In a bid to enhance substrate degradation, reduce inhibitions, increase both biogas yield and methane content, a comparative study on the influence of four different iron-based additives (nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), Polypyrrole-magnetic nanocomposite (Ppy-Fe3O4), Iron powder (Fe) and Hematite (Fe2O3)) on the entire anaerobic digestion of okra waste was done. Previously determined optimum doses, 20 mg, 20 mg, 750 mg, 750 mg and 0 respectively for nZVI, Ppy-Fe3O4, Fe, Fe2O3 and control were added to the bioreactors containing okra wastes in a 500 mL biomethane potential bioreactors under mesophilic temperature (37°C) for 20 days.
The cumulative volumes of the biogas from different reactors were recorded and analyzed. The morphological deformation, structures and analysis of the undigested substrate, digestates of substrate supplemented with iron-based additives and the control were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Artificial neural network (ANN) model and the modified Gompertz model were validated with the experimental data. The ANN model showed better goodness of fit and was better correlated with the experimental data. Experimental data were subjected to analysis of variance at a 95% confidence level. Results showed that Ppy-Fe3O4 additives better enhanced both biogas yield and methane contents significantly when compared to the control. It was also observed that all iron-additive supplemented processes were more degraded when compared with the control.