bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the FUSION-X-US-II prototype to combine automated breast ultrasound and tomosynthesis
Authors: Schäfgen Benedikt , Juskic Marija , Radicke Marcus , Hertel Madeleine , Barr Richard , Pfob André , Togawa Riku , Nees Juliane , von Au Alexandra , Fastner Sarah , Harcos Aba , Gomez Christina , Stieber Anne , Riedel Fabian , Hennigs André , Sohn Christof , Heil Joerg , Golatta Michael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective
The FUSION-X-US-II prototype was developed to combine 3D automated breast ultrasound (ABUS) and digital breast tomosynthesis in a single device. We evaluated the performance of ABUS and tomosynthesis in a single examination in a clinical setting.

Methods
In this prospective feasibility study, digital breast tomosynthesis and ABUS were performed using the FUSION-X-US-II prototype without any change of the breast position in patients referred for clarification of breast lesions with an indication for tomosynthesis. The tomosynthesis and ABUS images of the prototype were interpreted independently from the clinical standard by a breast diagnostics specialist. Any detected lesion was classified using BI-RADS® scores, and results of the standard clinical routine workup (gold standard) were compared to the result of the separate evaluation of the prototype images. Image quality was rated subjectively and coverage of the breast was measured.

Results
One hundred one patients received both ABUS and tomosynthesis using the prototype. The duration of the additional ABUS acquisition was 40 to 60 s. Breast coverage by ABUS was approximately 80.0%. ABUS image quality was rated as diagnostically useful in 86 of 101 cases (85.1%). Thirty-three of 34 malignant breast lesions (97.1%) were identified using the prototype.

Conclusion
The FUSION-X-US-II prototype allows a fast ABUS scan in combination with digital breast tomosynthesis in a single device integrated in the clinical workflow. Malignant breast lesions can be localized accurately with direct correlation of ABUS and tomosynthesis images. The FUSION system shows the potential to improve breast cancer screening in the future after further technical improvements.

Key Points
• The FUSION-X-US-II prototype allows the combination of automated breast ultrasound and digital breast tomosynthesis in a single device without decompression of the breast.
• Image quality and coverage of ABUS are sufficient to accurately detect malignant breast lesions.
• If tomosynthesis and ABUS should become part of breast cancer screening, the combination of both techniques in one device could offer practical and logistic advantages. To evaluate a potential benefit of a combination of ABUS and tomosynthesis in screening-like settings, further studies are needed.
Drug repurposing using transcriptome sequencing and virtual drug screening in a patient with glioblastoma
Authors: Saeed Mohamed E. M. , Kadioglu Onat , Greten Henry Johannes , Yildirim Adem , Mayr Katharina , Wenz Frederik , Giordano Frank A. , Efferth Thomas 
Published: December 2020

SummaryBackground Precision medicine and drug repurposing are attractive strategies, especially for tumors with worse prognosis. Glioblastoma is a highly malignant brain tumor with limited treatment options and short survival times. We identified novel BRAF (47-438del) and PIK3R1 (G376R) mutations in a glioblastoma patient by RNA-sequencing. Methods The protein expression of BRAF and PIK3R1 as well as the lack of EGFR expression as analyzed by immunohistochemistry corroborated RNA-sequencing data. The expression of additional markers (AKT, SRC, mTOR, NF-κB, Ki-67) emphasized the aggressiveness of the tumor. Then, we screened a chemical library of > 1500 FDA-approved drugs and > 25,000 novel compounds in the ZINC database to find established drugs targeting BRAF47-438del and PIK3R1-G376R mutated proteins. Results Several compounds (including anthracyclines) bound with higher affinities than the control drugs (sorafenib and vemurafenib for BRAF and PI-103 and LY-294,002 for PIK3R1). Subsequent cytotoxicity analyses showed that anthracyclines might be suitable drug candidates. Aclarubicin revealed higher cytotoxicity than both sorafenib and vemurafenib, whereas idarubicin and daunorubicin revealed higher cytotoxicity than LY-294,002. Liposomal formulations of anthracyclines may be suitable to cross the blood brain barrier. Conclusions In conclusion, we identified novel small molecules via a drug repurposing approach that could be effectively used for personalized glioblastoma therapy especially for patients carrying BRAF47-438del and PIK3R1-G376R mutations.
Breeding synthetic varieties in annual caraway: observations on the outcrossing rate in a polycross using a high-throughput genotyping system
Authors: von Maydell Daniel , Brandes Julia , Lehnert Heike , Junghanns Wolfram , Marthe Frank 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCaraway (Carum carvi) is an economically important spice and medicinal plant of the Apiaceae family (syn. Umbelliferrae). Farmers often favor annual cultivation of caraway. However, the annual varieties, which are currently available, do not provide satisfying seed yields. Employing heterosis can be a promising approach to increase yield. Breeding of synthetic varieties utilizes heterosis and may be the method of choice for future caraway breeding. Knowledge of the outcrossing rate is important to evaluate the effectiveness of this breeding method. However, the outcrossing rate of caraway is unknown so far. We estimated the outcrossing rate of seven inbred lines under field conditions in a neighbor-balanced polycross design. For this purpose, we implemented a high-throughput genotyping system (PACE), accompanied by a high-throughput method for DNA extraction adapted to caraway. In total, more than 1300 individual plants were genotyped. We found a high variability of lines regarding outcrossing rate and other traits associated with flowering. The outcrossing rate was on average 66.5% and ranged from 51.6 to 82%. We discussed implications of our findings on the targeted breeding method.
Sharing or gambling? On risk attitudes in social contexts
Authors: Grimm Stefan , Kocher Martin G. , Krawczyk Michal , Le Lec Fabrice 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDecisions under risk are often embedded in a social context that we usually abstract from when studying decision-making in the laboratory. In contrast to that practice, our experiment investigates whether risk-taking is affected by social comparisons. In particular, we focus on situations where some amount of money has to be allocated to two parties: either the amount can be shared, or a random device allocates the entire amount to one of the parties. We find that the social context of the decision matters strongly: When participants are in a disadvantageous initial position compared to the other party, they select the risky option much more often than in a purely individual decision, identical in all other respects. Overall, we find that individuals are relatively more risk-seeking in the socially unfavorable domain than in isolation, in contrast to the favorable one, where we find no or little change in elicited risk attitudes in comparison to an isolated decision.
Boards in action: processes and practices of ‘strategising’ in the Boardroom
Authors: Watson Cate , Ireland Aileen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractNormative expectations are that Governing Boards will be involved in setting the strategic direction of the organisation. However, knowledge of the processes and practices by which Boards engage in strategy is limited. In particular, very few empirical studies have penetrated the ‘black box’ of the Boardroom and examined the complex Board/Management interactions that amount to Boards ‘doing’ strategy. Here we address this gap, presenting an in-depth analysis of an unfolding process in which the Board and Management of a single organisation engaged in setting strategic direction over an 18-month period. We observed planning events, video-recorded Board meetings, analysed texts pertaining to the initiative, and spoke to key personnel. We adopt a ‘strong’ process approach which brings together strategy as process and as practice (SAPP). Our analysis is multi-modal: we track the iterative development of the strategy through documents/texts produced for Board meetings; and we adopt a sociomaterial approach in illuminating the entanglements of the human and nonhuman which constitute strategising. By considering events over a series of episodes, we have built a picture showing how micro-level practices in the Boardroom are layered incrementally in the emergence of strategy at organisational level. Relatedly, we show how these practices enable the Board to negotiate the tensions between control and service/collaboration. Hence the paper contributes to theory and knowledge around Board engagement in strategic activities.
New insights into the composition of historical remedies and pharmaceutical formulations: the identification of natural resins and balsams by gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric investigations
Authors: Izzo Francesca Caterina , Lodi Giulia Carolina , Vázquez de Ágredos Pascual Maria Luisa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe present paper reports one of the first studies on the identification of natural resins and balsams in modern era drug formulations. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to investigate the composition of ancient remedies and pharmaceutical formulations coming from the Spezieria di Santa Maria della Scala in Rome, founded at the end of the seventeenth century by the Discalced Carmelites. The obtained results highlight the presence of complex mixtures containing resinaceous and lipidic-based compounds. Thanks to the detection of characteristic markers, it was possible to identify several natural resins, such as guaiacum resin, ladano resin and scammony resin. Balsamic and aromatic compounds characteristic of essential oils were identified as well. In addition, an anti-inflammatory ointment, composed by mixing Venetian turpentine, a Pinaceae resin and a triterpene resin exudate of a plant from South America, was found among the analysed formulations. Combining the analytical results, the historical research and the botanical composition, it was possible to formulate compositional hypotheses of this historical medicine and provided some indications about their use in health. The study of historical drugs is not only important to know the practices handed down by apothecaries in the past, but also fundamental to reconstruct historical recipes that can inspire new dermatological, cosmetic, hygienic and current curative products.
An Online Questionnaire Survey on the Sexual Life and Sexual Function of Chinese Adult Men During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Epidemic
Authors: Fang Dong , Peng Jing , Liao Shujie , Tang Yuan , Cui Wanshou , Yuan Yiming , Wu Di , Hu Bai , Wang Renjie , Song Weidong , Gao Bing , Jin Lei , Zhang Zhichao 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Introduction
There has been no report regarding the impact on male sexual life or sexual function by changes in lifestyle during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic.

Aim
To investigate the changes in sexual life and sexual function of Chinese men during the COVID-19 epidemic.

Methods
An online questionnaire was created and the survey was administered through social media to Chinese adult men.

Main Outcome Measure
The main end point was the deteriorated erectile function or ejaculatory control ability, defined by self-evaluation or by decreased International Index of Erectile Function-5 items (IIEF-5) scores or increased premature ejaculation diagnostic tool (PEDT) scores.

Results
Altogether, 612 questionnaires were collected. About 322 (52.6%) subjects were unmarried. About 8.4% and 8.5% subjects reported deteriorated erectile function or ejaculation control ability by self-evaluation, whereas 31.9% and 17.9% subjects showed decreased IIEF-5 scores or increased PEDT scores. Subjects with deteriorated erectile function by self-evaluation and decreased IIEF-5 scores had higher General Anxiety Disorder-7 (P &lt; .001 and P = .001) and higher Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score (P &lt; .001 and P = .002) after the epidemic, decreased frequency of sexual life (P &lt; .001 and P &lt; .001) and physical exercise (P = .009 and .007) after the epidemic. Subjects with deteriorated ejaculation control ability by self-evaluation and increased PEDT scores had higher General Anxiety Disorder-7 (P &lt; .001 and P &lt; .001) and higher Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score (P &lt; .001 and P = .002) after the epidemic. Subjects with decreased frequency of sexual life had reduced income (P &lt; .001), increased anxiety (P &lt; .001) and depression (P &lt; .001). Married subjects had higher proportion of improved depression (P = .048) and increased frequency of sexual life (P = .010).

Conclusion
During the COVID-19 epidemic, decreased sexual function was present in a certain proportion of adult men, and the risk factors include increased anxiety and depression, and decreased frequency of sexual life.
The impact of a multimodel approach to designing a new orthopedic department
Authors: Keren Elad , Borer Abraham , Nesher Lior , Shafat Tali , Yosipovich Rivka , Nativ Ronit , Shimoni Orly , Sagi Orli , Greenshpoon Lilia , Saidel-Odes Lisa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjective:To determine whether a multifaceted approach effectively influenced antibiotic use in an orthopedics department.Design:Retrospective cohort study comparing the readmission rate and antibiotic use before and after an intervention.Setting:A 1,000-bed, tertiary-care, university hospital.Patients:Adult patients admitted to the orthopedics department between January 2015 and December 2018.Methods:During the preintervention period (2015–2016), 1 general orthopedic department was in operation. In the postintervention period (2017–2018), 2 separate departments were created: one designated for elective “clean” surgeries and another that included a “complicated wound” unit. A multifaceted strategy including infection prevention measures and introducing antibiotic stewardship practices was implemented. Admission rates, hand hygiene practice compliance, surgical site infections, and antibiotic treatment before versus after the intervention were analyzed.Results:The number of admissions and hospitalization days in the 2 periods did not change. Seven-day readmissions per annual quarter decreased significantly from the preintervention period (median, 7 days; interquartile range [IQR], 6–9) to the postintervention period (median, 4 days; IQR, 2–7; P = .038). Hand hygiene compliance increased and surgical site infections decreased in the postintervention period. Although total antibiotic use was not reduced, there was a significant change in the breakdown of the different antibiotic classes used before and after the intervention: increased use of narrow-spectrum β-lactams (P < .001) and decreased use of β-lactamase inhibitors (P < .001), third-generation cephalosporins (P = .044), and clindamycin (P < .001).Conclusions:Restructuring the orthopedics department facilitated better infection prevention measures accompanied by antibiotic stewardship implementation, resulting in a decreased use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and a significant reduction in readmission rates.
Detection of pre-industrial societies on exoplanets
Authors: Lockley Andrew , Visioni Daniele 
Published: December 2020

AbstractApproximately 22% of sun-like stars have Earth-like exoplanets. Advanced civilizations may exist on these, and significant effort has been expended on the theoretical analysis of planetary systems, and accompanying practical detection instruments.The longevity of technological civilizations is unknown, as is the probability of less advanced societies becoming technological. Accordingly, searching for pre-industrial extra-terrestrial societies may be more productive.Using the earth as a model, a consideration of possible detectible proxies suggests that observation of seasonal agriculture may be possible in the near future – particularly in ideal circumstances, for which quantitative analysis is provided. More speculatively, other detectible processes may include: species introduction; climate change; large urban fires and land-use or aquatic changes.Primitive societies may be both aware that their activities may be observed from other planets, and may deliberately adjust these activities to aid or conceal detection.
A Graph Theoretical Intercomparison of Atmospheric Chemical Mechanisms
Authors: Silva Sam J. , Burrows Susannah M. , Evans Mathew J. , Halappanavar Mahantesh 
Published: December 2020

AbstractGraph‐theoretical methods have revolutionized the exploration of complex systems across scientific disciplines. Here, we demonstrate their applicability to the investigation and comparison of three widely used atmospheric chemical mechanisms of varying complexity: the Master Chemical Mechanism v3.3, GEOS‐Chem v12.6, and the Super‐Fast chemical mechanism. We investigate these mechanisms using a class of graphical models known as species‐reaction graphs and find similarities between these chemical reaction systems and other systems arising in nature. Several graph theoretical properties are consistent across mechanisms, including strong dynamical system disequilibrium and clustering of chemically related species. This formalism also reveals key differences between the mechanisms, some of which have characteristics inconsistent with domain knowledge; e.g., isoprene and peroxy radical chemistry exhibit substantially different graph properties in each mechanism. Graph‐theoretical methods provide a promising set of tools for investigating atmospheric chemical mechanisms, complementing existing computational approaches, and potentially opening new avenues for scientific discovery.
Comparisons of Satellite and Airborne Altimetry With Ground‐Based Data From the Interior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Brunt K. M. , Smith B. E. , Sutterley T. C. , Kurtz N. T. , Neumann T. A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA series of traverses has been conducted for validation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat‐2) on the flat interior of the Antarctic ice sheet. Global Navigation Satellite System data collected on three separate 88S Traverses intersect 20% of the ICESat‐2 reference ground tracks and have precisions of better than ±7 cm and biases of less than ∼4 cm. Data from these traverses were used to assess heights from ICESat‐2, CryoSat‐2, and Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM). ICESat‐2 heights have better than ±3.3 cm bias and better than ±7.2 cm precision. ATM heights have better than 9.3 cm bias and better than ±9.6 cm precision. CryoSat‐2 heights have −38.9 cm of bias and ±47.3 cm precision. These best case results are from the flat ice‐sheet interior but provide a characterization of the quality of satellite and airborne altimetry.
Complex Patterns of Antarctic Ice Sheet Mass Change Resolved by Time‐Dependent Rate Modeling of GRACE and GRACE Follow‐On Observations
Authors: Wang Lei , Davis James L. , Howat Ian M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) is a major contributor to current global sea‐level change and the largest potential source of future sea‐level change. Variability in AIS mass balance on a wide range of spatiotemporal scales obscures secular trends, increasing the uncertainty of projections. We introduce a novel approach for analyzing satellite gravity observations to estimate time‐varying mass‐change rates and resolve the time scales and amplitudes of rate fluctuations. The new analysis resolves a higher degree of variability than expected over all AIS sectors. Quantifying rate fluctuations on a range of time scales, we demonstrate that loss from the West AIS is characterized by a multidecadal trend, whereas variations of the East AIS are dominated by substantial, short‐term accumulation changes that impact AIS mass balance as whole. These complex spatiotemporal variabilities highlight the need to include stochastic processes in estimates of loss rates.
Multivariate Estimations of Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity From Short Transient Warming Simulations
Authors: Bastiaansen Robbin , Dijkstra Henk A. , von der Heydt Anna S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOne of the most used metrics to gauge the effects of climate change is the equilibrium climate sensitivity, defined as the long‐term (equilibrium) temperature increase resulting from instantaneous doubling of atmospheric CO2. Since global climate models cannot be fully equilibrated in practice, extrapolation techniques are used to estimate the equilibrium state from transient warming simulations. Because of the abundance of climate feedbacks—spanning a wide range of temporal scales—it is hard to extract long‐term behavior from short‐time series; predominantly used techniques are only capable of detecting the single most dominant eigenmode, thus hampering their ability to give accurate long‐term estimates. Here, we present an extension to those methods by incorporating data from multiple observables in a multicomponent linear regression model. This way, not only the dominant but also the next‐dominant eigenmodes of the climate system are captured, leading to better long‐term estimates from short, nonequilibrated time series.
Scale‐Dependent Flow Directions of Rivers and the Importance of Subplate Support
Authors: Lipp Alex G. , Roberts Gareth G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractLarge rivers play crucial roles in determining locations of civilization, biodiversity, and efflux to the oceans. The paths they take across Earth's surface vary with scale. At long‐wavelengths rivers can have simple flow paths. At smaller scales, in meanders for example, their paths change rapidly as a consequence of lithology, biota, and other environmental variables. It is not straightforward to identify the scales at which river planforms are set. We overcome these issues by developing a spectral (wavelet) methodology to map flow‐directions as a function of distance and scale. This methodology allows short‐wavelength features (e.g., meanders) to be filtered from river flow‐paths. With short‐wavelength structure removed, the flow‐directions of rivers in Western USA correlate with long‐wavelength gravity anomalies suggesting control by subplate support. This relationship is replicated by an ensemble of landscape evolution models. These results combined suggest that drainage at large scales, O(103) km, is set by subplate support.
Observational Constraints on Warm Cloud Microphysical Processes Using Machine Learning and Optimization Techniques
Authors: Chiu J. Christine , Yang C. Kevin , van Leeuwen Peter Jan , Feingold Graham , Wood Robert , Blanchard Yann , Mei Fan , Wang Jian 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe introduce new parameterizations for autoconversion and accretion rates that greatly improve representation of the growth processes of warm rain. The new parameterizations capitalize on machine‐learning and optimization techniques and are constrained by in situ cloud probe measurements from the recent Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program field campaign at Azores. The uncertainty in the new estimates of autoconversion and accretion rates is about 15% and 5%, respectively, outperforming existing parameterizations. Our results confirm that cloud and drizzle water content are the most important factors for determining accretion rates. However, for autoconversion, in addition to cloud water content and droplet number concentration, we discovered a key role of drizzle number concentration that is missing in current parameterizations. The robust relation between autoconversion rate and drizzle number concentration is surprising but real, and furthermore supported by theory. Thus, drizzle number concentration should be considered in parameterizations for improved representation of the autoconversion process.