bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To crush or not to crush: A brief review of novel tablets and capsules prepared from nanocrystal and amorphous solid dispersion technologies
Authors: Uttaro Elizabeth , Pudipeddi Madhu , Schweighardt Anne , Zhao Fang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Purpose
To educate healthcare professionals regarding the risks of manipulating drug products formulated via nanocrystal or amorphous solid dispersion technologies.

Summary
Recent pharmaceutics innovations such as nanocrystals and amorphous solid dispersions have been used successfully to improve oral bioavailability of drugs. Over 30 drug products based on these technologies have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration, and more are in the development pipeline. While these products are similar in appearance to traditional tablets or capsules, they should not be crushed or suspended in liquid vehicles. Such manipulations can compromise the integrity of the formulation and subsequently alter the oral bioavailability. It is alarming that the majority of these products are not included in the Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) “Do Not Crush” list. A summary drug table is presented in this article to provide accurate information for pharmacists and other healthcare providers.

Conclusion
Novel formulations of tablets and capsules are being used to increase the oral bioavailability of certain drugs. Crushing these products can significantly alter product performance and clinical outcomes. We encourage ISMP to add these drug products to the Do Not Crush list due to wide use of this list throughout healthcare. In the meantime, pharmacists should be mindful of the new formulation technologies and advocate for the proper use of these drug products.
Stability of Subjective Executive Functioning in Older Adults with aMCI and Subjective Cognitive Decline
Authors: Carmasin Jeremy S , Roth Robert M , Rabin Laura A , Englert Jessica J , Flashman Laura A , Saykin Andrew J 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
Subjective memory concerns are characteristic of individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and subjective cognitive decline (SCD), though subjective changes in executive functions have also been reported. In a cohort study, we examined the temporal stability of subjective report of executive functioning in a high education (mean = 16.8 years) sample of cognitively normal (CN) older adults and those with aMCI or SCD.

Method
Participants (CN, n = 22; aMCI, n = 21; SCD, n = 24) and their informants completed the BRIEF-A and neuropsychological tests at two time points separated by approximately 1 year.

Results
Analyses focused on those with diagnostic stability (95.7%). Participants with aMCI and SCD, and their informants, endorsed worse executive functions relative to CN at both time points. No group by time interaction was observed for subjective or objective measures of executive function.

Conclusions
Diagnostically stable CN older adults, and those with prodromal dementia conditions, report stable executive functioning at 1-year follow-up.
Virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation study of plant-derived compounds to identify potential inhibitors of main protease from SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Mahmud Shafi , Uddin Mohammad Abu Raihan , Paul Gobindo Kumar , Shimu Mst Sharmin Sultana , Islam Saiful , Rahman Ekhtiar , Islam Ariful , Islam Md Samiul , Promi Maria Meha , Emran Talha Bin , Saleh Md Abu 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) halts the world economy and caused unbearable medical emergency due to high transmission rate and also no effective vaccine and drugs has been developed which brought the world pandemic situations. The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 may act as an effective target for drug development due to the conservation level. Herein, we have employed a rigorous literature review pipeline to enlist 3063 compounds from more than 200 plants from the Asian region. Therefore, the virtual screening procedure helps us to shortlist the total compounds into 19 based on their better binding energy. Moreover, the Prime MM-GBSA procedure screened the compound dataset further where curcumin, gartanin and robinetin had a score of (−59.439, −52.421 and − 47.544) kcal/mol, respectively. The top three ligands based on binding energy and MM-GBSA scores have most of the binding in the catalytic groove Cys145, His41, Met165, required for the target protein inhibition. The molecular dynamics simulation study confirms the docked complex rigidity and stability by exploring root mean square deviations, root mean square fluctuations, solvent accessible surface area, radius of gyration and hydrogen bond analysis from simulation trajectories. The post-molecular dynamics analysis also confirms the interactions of the curcumin, gartanin and robinetin in the similar binding pockets. Our computational drug designing approach may contribute to the development of drugs against SARS-CoV-2.
Synergistic action of estradiol and PGE2 on endometrial transcriptome in vivo resembles pregnancy effects better than estradiol alone†
Authors: Kaczynski Piotr , Bauersachs Stefan , Goryszewska Ewelina , Baryla Monika , Waclawik Agnieszka 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Successful pregnancy establishment in mammals depends on numerous interactions between embryos and the maternal organism. Estradiol-17β (E2) is the primary embryonic signal in the pig, and its importance has been questioned recently. However, E2 is not the only molecule of embryonic origin. In pigs, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is abundantly synthesized and secreted by conceptuses and endometrium. The present study aimed to determine the role of PGE2 and its simultaneous action with E2 in changes in porcine endometrial transcriptome during pregnancy establishment. The effects of PGE2 and PGE2 acting with E2 were studied using an in vivo model of intrauterine hormone infusions, and were compared to the effects of E2 alone and conceptuses’ presence on day 12 of pregnancy. The endometrial transcriptome was profiled using gene expression microarrays followed by statistical analyses. Downstream analyses were performed using bioinformatics tools. Differential expression of selected genes was verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Microarray analysis revealed 2413 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the endometrium treated simultaneously with PGE2 and E2 (P &lt; 0.01). No significant effect of PGE2 administered alone on endometrial transcriptome was detected. Gene ontology annotations enriched for DEGs were related to multiple processes such as: focal adhesion, vascularization, cell migration and proliferation, glucose metabolism, tissue remodeling, and activation of immune response. Simultaneous administration of E2 and PGE2 induced more changes within endometrial transcriptome characteristic to pregnancy than infusion of E2 alone. The present findings suggest that synergistic action of estradiol-17β and PGE2 resembles the effects of pregnancy on endometrial transcriptome better than E2 alone.
Developmental programming of the female reproductive system—a review
Authors: Yao Sijia , Lopez-Tello Jorge , Sferruzzi-Perri Amanda N 
Published: December 2020

AbstractExposures to adverse conditions in utero can lead to permanent changes in the structure and function of key physiological systems in the developing fetus, increasing the risk of disease and premature aging in later postnatal life. When considering the systems that could be affected by an adverse gestational environment, the reproductive system of developing female offspring may be particularly important, as changes have the potential to alter both reproductive capacity of the first generation, as well as health of the second generation through changes in the oocyte. The aim of this review is to examine the impact of different adverse intrauterine conditions on the reproductive system of the female offspring. It focuses on the effects of exposure to maternal undernutrition, overnutrition/obesity, hypoxia, smoking, steroid excess, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and pollutants during gestation and draws on data from human and animal studies to illuminate underlying mechanisms. The available data indeed indicate that adverse gestational environments alter the reproductive physiology of female offspring with consequences for future reproductive capacity. These alterations are mediated via programmed changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and the structure and function of reproductive tissues, particularly the ovaries. Reproductive programming may be observed as a change in the timing of puberty onset and menopause/reproductive decline, altered menstrual/estrous cycles, polycystic ovaries, and elevated risk of reproductive tissue cancers. These reproductive outcomes can affect the fertility and fecundity of the female offspring; however, further work is needed to better define the possible impact of these programmed changes on subsequent generations.
Trends in US Outpatient Antibiotic Prescriptions During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: King Laura M , Lovegrove Maribeth C , Shehab Nadine , Tsay Sharon , Budnitz Daniel S , Geller Andrew I , Lind Jennifer N , Roberts Rebecca M , Hicks Lauri A , Kabbani Sarah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
The objective of our study was to describe trends in US outpatient antibiotic prescriptions from January through May 2020 and compare with trends in previous years (2017–2019).

Methods
We used data from the IQVIA Total Patient Tracker to estimate the monthly number of patients dispensed antibiotic prescriptions from retail pharmacies from January 2017 through May 2020. We averaged estimates from 2017 through 2019 and defined expected seasonal change as the average percent change from January to May 2017–2019. We calculated percentage point and volume changes in the number of patients dispensed antibiotics from January to May 2020 exceeding expected seasonal changes. We also calculated average percent change in number of patients dispensed antibiotics per month in 2017–2019 versus 2020. Data were analyzed overall and by agent, class, patient age, state, and prescriber specialty.

Results
From January to May 2020, the number of patients dispensed antibiotic prescriptions decreased from 20.3 to 9.9 million, exceeding seasonally expected decreases by 33 percentage points and 6.6 million patients. The largest changes in 2017–2019 versus 2020 were observed in April (–39%) and May (–42%). The number of patients dispensed azithromycin increased from February to March 2020 then decreased. Overall, beyond-expected decreases were greatest among children (≤19 years) and agents used for respiratory infections, dentistry, and surgical prophylaxis.

Conclusions
From January 2020 to May 2020, the number of outpatients with antibiotic prescriptions decreased substantially more than would be expected because of seasonal trends alone, possibly related to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic and associated mitigation measures.
Efficient Algorithms For Storage Load Balancing Of Outsourced Data In Blockchain Network
Authors: Liu Tonglai , Wu Jigang , Li Jiaxing , Li Jingyi , Zhang Zikai 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Decentralized storage of data is one of the typical applications in the blockchain network. However, most of the existing works neglected the storage balancing problem in the blockchain network, which has an immediate impact on the availability and stability of the network. Therefore, this paper proposes a storage balancing problem for non-local data storage in the blockchain network and proves that the problem is non-deterministic polynomial (NP)-hard. The criterion of the storage balance is established by a balanced coefficient in the proposed scheme. A heuristic matching algorithm (HMA), a genetic algorithm (GA) and a tabu search algorithm (TSA) are customized to solve the problem of imbalanced storage formalized in this paper. Compared with our previous algorithm fast matching algorithm (FMA), experimental results demonstrate that HMA achieves better performance in terms of accuracy, computation overhead and storage overhead. Specifically, the computation overhead of HMA is lower than that of FMA by 84.45% on average, whereas the storage overhead of HMA is lower than that of FMA by 32.26% on average. By using the initial solution of HMA, TSA achieves the highest accuracy among GA, TSA and moth-flame optimization (MFO). Meanwhile, by using the initial solution of FMA, TSA achieves the highest accuracy among GA, TSA and MFO.
Isotype-specific Antibody Responses to Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis Antigens Are Associated With the Use of Biologic Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: van der Sloot Kimberley W J , Voskuil Michiel D , Blokzijl Tjasso , Dinkla Annemieke , Ravesloot Lars , Visschedijk Marijn C , van Dullemen Hendrik M , Festen Eleonora A M , Alizadeh Behrooz Z , van Leer-Buter Coretta , Weersma Rinse K , van Goor Harry , Koets Ad P , Dijkstra Gerard 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
The role of Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis [MAP] in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], especially Crohn’s disease [CD] is controversial due conflicting results and lack of reproducibility and standardised tests. The current study focuses on the role of MAP in disease progression and genetic susceptibility, as MAP is likely one of many factors involved in the complex pathogenesis of IBD, potentially affecting a subgroup depending on genetic susceptibility.

Methods
Serum from 812 patients was evaluated with seven immunoglobulin [Ig] isotype-specific serology tests assessing humoral response to three different MAP antigens. For each of these in total 21 tests, the intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients were used to evaluate test accuracy. Reliable assays were subsequently analysed in relation to disease characteristics and need for biologic therapy/surgery. Genome-wide genotyping was available for all participants. Genetic determinants of humoral response to MAP antigens were evaluated using genome-wide association analysis and polygenic risk scores [PRS].

Results
High IgA or IgM response to MAP2609 was associated with increased use of biologic therapy in CD and ulcerative colitis [UC] [odds ratios 2.69; 95% confidence interval 1.44–5.01; and 2.60, 1.46–4.64, respectively]. No associations were seen for risk of surgery [p-values &gt; 0.29]. We could not identify genetic determinants nor polygenic risk scores for MAP response with genome-wide significance.

Conclusions
Extensive assays for serological response to MAP were evaluated using stringent criteria for reliability. Increased IgA and IgM response to MAP antigens was seen in patients exposed to biologic therapy, but no genetic determinants underlying this humoral response were found.
Effects of Natural Habitat Loss and Edge Effects on Wild Bees and Pollination Services in Remnant Prairies
Authors: Olynyk Marika , Westwood A Richard , Koper Nicola 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHabitat loss and edge effects resulting from habitat fragmentation are key processes implicated in the decline of bee populations globally. Their effects on wild bees and their pollination services in natural ecosystems are poorly understood, particularly in North American prairies. Our objectives were to determine whether natural habitat loss and edge effects affect bee abundance and pollination services in the Northern Great Plains. We sampled bee abundance and pollination services along transects beginning at road or tree edges in grasslands located in Manitoba, Canada. We measured bee abundance using pan traps, and pollination services using seed-set of Brassica rapa (L.) (Brassicales: Brassicaceae) phytometers. We collected local-scale habitat data by measuring occurrence of flowering species, vegetation type, and vegetation structure, and we measured habitat amount at 1-km radii using GIS analysis of landscape cover. Increasing amounts of habitat loss resulted in declines in bee abundance, and sometimes in pollination services. Results varied with bee life-history: proximity to road edges negatively affected social bees, and litter depth had negative effects on below- ground-nesting bees. Surprisingly, few effects on bees led to corresponding impacts on pollination services. This suggests that conservation of intact natural habitat across the northern Great Plains is important for maintaining resilient and diverse bee communities, but that efforts to conserve bee populations cannot be assumed to also maintain all associated pollination services.
Cerebral oximetry and preventing neurological complication post-cardiac surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Semrau Joanna S. , Motamed Mehras , Ross-White Amanda , Boyd J. Gordon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This systematic review aims to provide an up-to-date summary of the current literature examining the relationship between intraoperative regional cerebral oxygen saturation and neurological complications after cardiac surgery.

METHODS
Observational and interventional studies investigating the link between regional cerebral oxygen saturation and postoperative delirium, cognitive dysfunction and stroke were included. After database searching and study screening, study characteristics and major findings were extracted.

RESULTS
Twenty-seven studies were identified. Of the observational studies (n = 17), 8 reported that regional cerebral oxygen desaturations were significantly associated with neurological complications after cardiac surgery. Of the interventional studies (n = 10), 3 provided evidence for monitoring cerebral oximetry during cardiac surgery as a means of reducing incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction or stroke. There was significant heterogeneity in the tools and rigor used to diagnose neurological complications.

CONCLUSIONS
Studies to date show an inconsistent relationship between regional cerebral oxygen saturation and neurological outcomes after cardiac surgery, and lack of clear benefit of targeting cerebral oximetry to minimize neurological complications. Standardized assessments, definitions of impairment and desaturation thresholds will help determine the benefits of cerebral oximetry monitoring during cardiac surgery.
COVID-19 and paediatric patient involvement (cardiovascular aspects)
Authors: Müller Jan , Oberhoffer Renate , Brudy Leon , Ewert and Peter 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The majority of children with COVID-19 infections, fortunately, shows only milder symptoms. Which however has led that they are considered only for their particular transmission potential. Nevertheless, cases with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and Kawasaki Disease with quite specific COVID-19 involvement have been reported and should be taken seriously. In addition, there are many children with a chronic pre-existing condition such as congenital heart disease, cancer, or lung disease who may be at risk for a severe course of COVID-19 when infected. Protecting these children, and children in general, should be a top priority, as these patients will have to live the rest of their long lives with possible sequelae of COVID-19.
COVID-19: patients with stroke or risk of stroke
Authors: Diener Hans-Christoph , Berlit Peter , Masjuan Jaime 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the context of COVID-19 infection, 0.5–2% of affected patients will suffer a stroke. The strokes are usually severe with an unfavourable prognosis. Most patients suffer from occlusion of the large brain-supplying arteries caused by the COVID-19 induced coagulation disorders. In the context of COVID-19 infection, there has been a dramatic temporary decrease in the number of stroke patients treated in stroke units.
Relationship between procedural volume and complication rates for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tonchev Ivaylo R , Nam Michael Chi Yuan , Gorelik Alexandra , Kumar Saurabh , Haqqani Haris , Sanders Prashanthan , Kistler Peter M , Kalman Jonathan M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Aims
There are conflicting data as to the impact of procedural volume on outcomes with specific reference to the incidence of major complications after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation. Questions regarding minimum volume requirements and whether these should be per centre or per operator remain unclear. Studies have reported divergent results. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the relationship between either operator or hospital atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation volumes and incidence of complications.

Methods and results
Databases were searched for studies describing the relationship between operator or hospital AF ablation volumes and incidence of complications which were published prior to 12 June 2020. Of 1593 articles identified, 14 (315 120 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. Almost two-thirds of the procedures were performed in low-volume centres. Both hospital volume of ≥50 and ≥100 procedures/year were associated with a significantly lower incidence of complications compared to &lt;50/year (4.2% vs. 5.5%, OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.50–0.66, P &lt; 0.001) or &lt;100/year (5.5% vs. 6.2%, OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.53–0.73, P &lt; 0.001), respectively. Hospitals performing ≥50 procedures/year demonstrated significantly lower mortality compared with those performing &lt;50 procedures/year (0.16% vs. 0.55%, OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.26–0.43, P &lt; 0.001). A similar relationship existed between proceduralist volume of &lt;50/year and incidence of complications [3.75% vs. 12.73%, P &lt; 0.001; OR = 0.27 (0.23–0.32)].

Conclusion
There is an inverse relationship between both hospital and proceduralist AF ablation volume and the incidence of complications. Implementation of minimum hospital and operator AF ablation volume standards should be considered in the context of a broader strategy to identify AF ablation Centers of Excellence.
Modulation of seismic noise near the San Jacinto fault in southern California: origin and observations of the cyclical time dependence and associated crustal properties
Authors: Martynov Vladislav G , Astiz Luciana , Kilb Debi , Vernon Frank L 
Published: December 2020

SUMMARYWe examine the cyclic amplitude variation of seismic noise recorded by continuous three-component broad-band seismic data with durations spanning 91–713 d (2008–2011) from three different networks: Anza seismic network, IDA network and the transportable seismic array. These stations surround the San Jacinto Fault Zone (SJFZ) in southern California. We find the seismic noise amplitudes exhibit a cyclical variation between 0.3 and 7.2 Hz. The high-frequency (≥0.9 Hz) noise variations can be linked to human activity and are not a concern. Our primary interest is signals in the low frequencies (0.3–0.9 Hz), where the seismic noise is modulated by semi-diurnal tidal mode M2. These long-period (low-frequency) variations of seismic noise can be attributed to a temporal change of the ocean waves breaking at the shoreline, driven by ocean tidal loading. We focus on the M2 variation of seismic noise at f = 0.6 Hz, travelling distances of ∼92 km through the crust from offshore California to the inland Anza, California, region. Relative to the shoreline station, data from the inland stations show a phase lag of ∼ –12°, which we attribute to the cyclic change in M2 that can alter crustal seismic attenuation. We also find that for mode M2 at 0.6 Hz, the amplitude variations of the seismic quality factor (Q) depend on azimuth and varies from 0.22 per cent (southeast to northwest) to 1.28 per cent (northeast to southwest) with Q = 25 for Rayleigh waves. We propose the direction dependence of the Q variation at 0.6 Hz reflects the preferred orientation of subfaults parallel to the main faulting defined by the primarily N45°W strike of the SJFZ.