bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empowering medical students as agents of curricular change: a&nbsp;value-added approach to student engagement in medical education
Authors: Geraghty Joseph R. , Young Alexandria N. , Berkel Tiffani D.M. , Wallbruch Eric , Mann Julie , Park Yoon Soo , Hirshfield Laura E. , Hyderi Abbas 
Published: December 2019

One area in which medical students can add significant value is medical education, and involving them as key stakeholders in their education can have a profound impact on students and the institutions that serve them. However, detailed descriptions of the structure, implementation and quality of programs facilitating student engagement are lacking. We describe the structure of a novel student engagement program at the University of Illinois College of Medicine-Chicago (UICOM-Chicago) known as the Student Curricular Board (SCB). We surveyed 563 medical students across all levels of training at our institution in order to examine the impact of this program, including its strengths and potential areas of improvement. The SCB serves as a highly structured and collaborative student group that has far-reaching involvement from course-level program evaluation to longitudinal curriculum design. Medical students overwhelmingly valued opportunities to be involved in their curriculum. Students with the greatest exposure to the SCB were more aware of specific program initiatives and expressed increased interest in academic medicine as a career. By highlighting this innovative student engagement program, we aim to share best practices for a highly structured, value-added approach to medical student engagement in medical education that is applicable to other medical schools and student leaders.
Measuring nanoscale friction at graphene step edges
Authors: Chen Zhe , Kim Seong H. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractAlthough graphene is well known for super-lubricity on its basal plane, friction at its step edge is not well understood and contradictory friction behaviors have been reported. In this study, friction of mono-layer thick graphene step edges was studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM) with a Si tip in dry nitrogen atmosphere. It is found that, when the tip slides over a ‘buried’ graphene step edge, there is a resistive force during the step-up motion and an assistive force during the step-down motion due to the topographic height change. The magnitude of these two forces is small and the same in both step-up and step-down motions. As for the ‘exposed’ graphene step edge, friction increases in magnitude and exhibits more complicated behaviors. During the step-down motion of the tip over the exposed step edge, both resistive and assistive components can be detected in the lateral force signal of AFM if the scan resolution is sufficiently high. The resistive component is attributed to chemical interactions between the functional groups at the tip and step-edge surfaces, and the assistive component is due to the topographic effect, same as the case of buried step edge. If a blunt tip is used, the distinct effects of these two components become more prominent. In the step-up scan direction, the blunt tip appears to have two separate topographic effects elastic deformation of the contact region at the bottom of the tip due to the substrate height change at the step edge and tilting of the tip while the vertical position of the cantilever (the end of the tip) ascends from the lower terrace to the upper terrace. The high-resolution measurement of friction behaviors at graphene step edges will further enrich understanding of interfacial friction behaviors on graphene-covered surfaces.
EuGMS survey on structures of geriatric rehabilitation across Europe
Authors: Grund Stefan , van Wijngaarden Janneke P. , Gordon Adam L. , Schols Jos M.G.A. , Bauer Jürgen M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Purpose
Geriatric rehabilitation provides effective multidisciplinary treatment for older people who show symptoms of relevant and potentially reversible functional decline. The aim of this study is to provide an overview on structures of geriatric rehabilitation across Europe.

Methods
All European Geriatric Medicine Society (EuGMS) Full board members, each representing one member state of the society, were asked to complete an online questionnaire about the current structure of geriatric rehabilitation in their country.

Results
Thirty-one out of 33 EuGMS Full Board members participated in this questionnaire. Geriatric rehabilitation was officially recognized in 65% (20/31) of participating countries while 29% (9/31) had no geriatric rehabilitation services in their country. In countries with geriatric rehabilitation, the number of available beds varied widely (0–70/100,000 inhabitants). Average length of stay varied from 7 to 65 days. The estimated mean age of the patients in geriatric rehabilitation was 80 years, with most patients being older than 70 years. Six countries had no specified lower age limit and no country had an upper age limit. 42% (13/31) of countries reported having national or local guidelines and 35% (11/31) had a benchmarking or audit system established. Most participants responded positively about the prospects for improvement in the field.

Conclusion
We observed major differences among EuGMS member countries with regard to the availability of geriatric rehabilitation and how it was organized. Despite various barriers in most countries, future improvement in geriatric rehabilitation services is anticipated.
“What matters to you?”: A randomized controlled effectiveness trial, Using Systematic Idiographic Assessment as an intervention to Increase Adolescents’ perceived control of their mental health
Authors: Tollefsen Thomas Kristian , Neumer Simon‐Peter , Berg‐Nielsen Turid Suzanne 
Published: December 2019

ABSTRACTIntroductionOver the last decades, many Western countries have seen an increase in mental health difficulties in the adolescent population. Among Norwegian adolescents, internalizing symptoms are most prevalent, and 10%–38% of adolescents seek out primary health care services for mental health problems. This study examined whether an idiographic measure designed for adolescents called Assert, which uses variables individually selected by the adolescents, could improve user involvement, locus of control, mental health, and quality of life.MethodsThis study conducted a randomized controlled effectiveness trial using Assert in primary healthcare. A community sample of 150 Norwegian adolescents aged 12–23 years (M = 16.2; SD = 2.2) were randomized to the Assert or control group. Of the participants 27 (18%) were male. The adolescents and 52 counsellors from primary healthcare services responded to online questionnaires. Of the counselors, 92.8% were female and trained in the use of systematic idiographic assessment.ResultsAdolescents who used Assert scored significantly lower on external LoC, attributing less of their mental health improvement to chance, fate, or luck. However, the intervention showed no effect on the symptoms of mental health, QoL, or user involvement.ConclusionsUsing Assert in primary healthcare may enhance adolescents’ sense of being able to influence their life circumstances and mental health by allowing them more control of their treatment. However, this approach might not be successful in reducing symptoms.
Essential tremor: genetic update
Authors: Deng Hao , Wu Shan , Jankovic Joseph 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEssential tremor (ET) is a neurological movement disorder characterised by bilateral limb kinetic/postural tremor, with or without tremor in other body parts including head, voice and lower limbs. Since no causative genes for ET have been identified, it is likely that the disorder occurs as a result of complex genetic factors interacting with various cellular and environmental factors that can result in abnormal function of circuitry involving the cerebello–thalamo–cortical pathway. Genetic analyses have uncovered at least 14 loci and 11 genes that are related to ET, as well as various risk or protective genetic factors. Limitations in ET genetic analyses include inconsistent disease definition, small sample size, varied ethnic backgrounds and many other factors that may contribute to paucity of relevant genetic data in ET. Genetic analyses, coupled with functional and animal studies, have led to better insights into possible pathogenic mechanisms underlying ET. These genetic studies may guide the future development of genetic testing and counselling, and specific, pathogenesis-targeted, therapeutic strategies.
Effects of daily treatment with acid suppressants for stress ulcer prophylaxis on risk of ventilator-associated events
Authors: Li Xiaojuan , Klompas Michael , Menchaca John T. , Young Jessica G. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract

Objective:
To estimate the effects of continuous daily treatment with different acid suppressants on the risk of ventilator-associated events in critically ill patients.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study.

Patients:
Adult critically ill patients who underwent mechanical ventilation for ≥3 days during an inpatient admission between January 2006 and December 2014.

Methods:
We estimated the 30-day cumulative risk ratios (RRs) for ventilator-associated events comparing daily proton pump inhibitor (PPI) versus daily histamine-2-receptor antagonist (H2RA) strategies while controlling for time-fixed and time-varying confounding and accounting for competing events.

Results:
Of 6,133 patients, on ventilation day 3, 58.8% received H2RAs, 26.1% received PPIs, and 4.1% received sucralfate. Patients frequently changed treatment throughout follow-up. Among 4,595 patients receiving PPIs or H2RAs on day 3, we found no differences in risk estimates for ventilator mortality and extubation alive comparing daily PPI versus daily H2RA strategies: RR, mortality, 1.03 (95% CI, 0.89–1.22); extubation alive, 1.00 (95% CI, 0.96–1.03). We found similar results after accounting for PPI dose. For possible ventilator-associated pneumonia (PVAP) and infection-related ventilator-associated complication (IVAC), point estimates were larger, but the 95% CIs crossed 1.0: RR PVAP, 1.25 (95% CI, 0.80–1.94); IVAC, 0.89 (95% CI, 0.64–1.17). The magnitude of effect estimates depended on PPI dose. The RR for PVAP, high-dose PPI versus H2RA, was 1.53 (95% CI, 0.82–2.51), and for low-dose PPI versus H2RA, the RR was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.47–1.63). For IVAC, high-dose PPI versus H2RA, the RR was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.66–1.42), and for low-dose PPI versus H2RA, the RR was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.50–1.11).

Conclusions:
We estimated no effect of daily PPI versus daily H2RA on risk of mortality or extubation alive in critically ill patients. Further investigation with larger samples is warranted for PVAP and IVAC.
Accuracy and reliability of electronic versus CDC surveillance criteria for non-ventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Batlle Haiyan Ramirez , Klompas Michael ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Nonventilator hospital-acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections, but most hospitals do not track it. We created a pilot electronic definition for NV-HAP and compared its accuracy to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) criteria. Kappa values for the electronic definition and CDC criteria versus “true” pneumonia were similar: 0.40 and 0.47, respectively.
Dynamic simulations of Vatnajökull ice cap from 1980 to 2300
Authors: Schmidt Louise Steffensen , Ađalgeirsdóttir Guðfinna , Pálsson Finnur , Langen Peter L. , Guđmundsson Sverrir , Björnsson Helgi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLike most ice caps and glaciers worldwide, Icelandic glaciers are retreating in a warming climate. Here, the evolution of Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland, from 1980 to 2300 is simulated by forcing the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) with output from Regional Climate Models (RCMs). For climate simulations of the recent past, HARMONIE-AROME reanalysis-forced simulations are used, while for future climate conditions, high-resolution (5.5 km) simulations from the RCM HIRHAM5 are used in addition to available CORDEX simulations (12 km). The glacier evolution is modelled using the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios until 2100. To extend the time series, the 2081–2100 climate forcing is repeated until 2300. For RCP 4.5, the ice cap loses 31–64% of its volume and 13–37% of its area by 2300 depending on the used model forcing. For RCP 8.5, the volume decrease is 51–94% and the area decrease is 24–80% by 2300. In addition, the effect of elevation feedbacks is investigated by adding a precipitation and temperature lapse rate to the HIRHAM5 simulations. By 2300, the lapse rate runs have a 9–14% smaller volume and a 9–20% smaller area than the runs without a lapse rate correction.
EHRENFEUCHT-FRAÏSSÉ GAMES ON A CLASS OF SCATTERED LINEAR ORDERS
Authors: MWESIGYE FERESIANO , TRUSS JOHN KENNETH 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTwo structures A and B are n-equivalent if Player II has a winning strategy in the n-move Ehrenfeucht-Fraïssé game on A and B. In earlier articles we studied n-equivalence classes of ordinals and coloured ordinals. In this article we similarly treat a class of scattered order-types, focussing on monomials and sums of monomials in ω and its reverse ω*.
POPLMark reloaded: Mechanizing proofs by logical relations
Authors: ABEL ANDREAS , ALLAIS GUILLAUME , HAMEER ALIYA , PIENTKA BRIGITTE , MOMIGLIANO ALBERTO , SCHÄFER STEVEN , STARK KATHRIN 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We propose a new collection of benchmark problems in mechanizing the metatheory of programming languages, in order to compare and push the state of the art of proof assistants. In particular, we focus on proofs using logical relations (LRs) and propose establishing strong normalization of a simply typed calculus with a proof by Kripke-style LRs as a benchmark. We give a modern view of this well-understood problem by formulating our LR on well-typed terms. Using this case study, we share some of the lessons learned tackling this problem in different dependently typed proof environments. In particular, we consider the mechanization in Beluga, a proof environment that supports higher-order abstract syntax encodings and contrast it to the development and strategies used in general-purpose proof assistants such as Coq and Agda. The goal of this paper is to engage the community in discussions on what support in proof environments is needed to truly bring mechanized metatheory to the masses and engage said community in the crafting of future benchmarks.
Herbicide-resistant weeds in the Canadian prairies: 2012 to 2017
Authors: Beckie Hugh J. , Shirriff Scott W. , Leeson Julia Y. , Hall Linda M. , Harker K. Neil , Dokken-Bouchard Faye , Brenzil Clark A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis report updates the incidence of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds across western Canada from the last report covering 2007 to 2011. This third round of preharvest surveys was conducted in Saskatchewan in 2014 and 2015, Manitoba in 2016, and Alberta in 2017, totaling 798 randomly selected cropped fields across 28 million ha. In addition, we screened 1,108 weed seed samples submitted by prairie growers or industry between 2012 and 2016. Of 578 fields where wild oat seed was collected, 398 (69%) had an HR biotype: 62% acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitor (WSSA Group 1) resistant, 34% acetolactate synthase inhibitor (Group 2) resistant, and 27% Group 1+2 resistant (vs. 41%, 12%, and 8%, respectively, in the previous second-round surveys from 2007 to 2009). The sharp increase in Group 2 resistance is the result of reliance on this site of action to manage Group 1 resistance and the resultant increased selection pressure. There are no POST options to control Group 1+2–HR wild oat in wheat or barley. The rise of Group 2 resistance in green foxtail (11% of sampled fields) and yellow foxtail (17% of Manitoba fields), which was not detected in the previous survey round, parallels the results for wild oat resistance. Various Group 2–HR populations of broadleaf weeds were confirmed, with cleavers and field pennycress being most abundant. Results of submission-sample testing reflected survey results. Although not included in this study, a postharvest survey in Alberta in 2017 indicated widespread Groups 2, 4 (dicamba), and 9 (glyphosate) resistance in kochia and Group 2 resistance in Russian thistle. These surveys bring greater awareness of HR weeds to growers and land managers at local and regional levels, and highlight the urgency to preserve herbicide susceptibility in our key economic weed species.
Sensitivity of Marine Heatwave Metrics to Ocean Model Resolution
Authors: Pilo Gabriela S. , Holbrook Neil J. , Kiss Andrew E. , Hogg Andrew McC. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSustained extreme temperature events in the ocean, referred to as marine heatwaves (MHWs), generate substantial ecological, social, and economic impacts. Ocean models provide insights to the drivers, persistence, and dissipation of MHWs. However, the sensitivity of MHW metrics to ocean model resolution is unknown. Here, we analyze global MHW metrics in three configurations of a global ocean‐sea ice model at coarse (1°), eddy‐permitting (0.25°), and eddy‐rich (0.1°) resolutions. We show that all configurations qualitatively represent broad‐scale global patterns of MHWs. These simulated MHWs are, however, weaker, longer‐lasting, and less frequent than in observations. The 0.1° configuration, despite local biases, performs best both globally and regionally. Based on these results, model projections of future MHW metrics using coarse‐resolution models are expected to be biased toward weaker and less frequent MHWs, when compared with results using an eddy‐rich model.
Applying Information Theory and Bayesian Inference to Paleoenvironmental Interpretation
Authors: Li Haipeng , Plink‐Björklund Piret 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGathering and analyzing data in the most unbiased and reproducible fashion is crucial for successful scientific research. However, scientists are influenced by prior experiences and tend to introduce biases in data interpretation when solutions are nonunique. In Earth science, a key task is the reconstruction of paleoenvironmental conditions, which relies on measurable changes in certain attributes of the resultant landscapes or the sedimentary record. The attributes in use commonly have multiple explanations, which may result in biased interpretation. To mitigate the problem, we propose a general conceptual framework for linking the observed attribute changes to their possible causes based on Shannon's information theory. This framework further serves as a hypothesis generator. We then present a rigorous procedure for paleoenvironmental interpretation based on the multiple‐hypotheses method and Bayesian inference. Application examples illustrate the benefits of this procedure in paleoenvironmental reconstructions and in understanding environmental signal propagation through sediment routing systems.
Evidence of Overtone Interference in Fundamental‐Mode Rayleigh Wave Phase and Amplitude Measurements
Authors: Hariharan Anant , Dalton Colleen A. , Ma Zhitu , Ekström Göran 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe present evidence that measurements of minor‐arc fundamental‐mode (FM) Rayleigh waves experience interference from major‐arc overtones, resulting in travel‐time and amplitude measurements oscillating along a ray path. The oscillations are present in synthetic seismograms generated in a 3‐D Earth model via SPECFEM3D_GLOBE and in a 1‐D Earth model by mode summation. The absence of oscillations in synthetics containing only the FM indicates that the oscillations originate from higher‐mode interference. This interference is present across multiple measurement techniques, including multi‐channel cross correlation, phase‐matched filtering, and cluster analysis. Experiments with 1‐D synthetics suggest that contamination from interference is largest at epicentral distances greater than around 120 degrees, where record sections of seismograms show the major‐arc overtones intersecting the minor‐arc FM Rayleigh wave. The short wavelength of the interference pattern means it is only observable with dense station spacing and high data quality, which may explain why it has not, to our knowledge, been previously recognized. We show the interference is visible in real data. Its overall impact on phase‐velocity maps is probably minor due to many measurements from shorter path lengths less prone to interference bias. However, phase‐velocity maps constructed only from measurements at epicentral distances prone to interference exhibit significant noise and poor agreement with maps from measurements that include all path lengths; the issue is especially problematic for approaches that use differential travel times between nearby stations. Accounting for interference may diminish noise in measurements and improve the accuracy of images of the upper mantle.
Alternate Trait‐Based Leaf Respiration Schemes Evaluated at Ecosystem‐Scale Through Carbon Optimization Modeling and Canopy Property Data
Authors: Thomas R.Q. , Williams M. , Cavaleri M.A. , Exbrayat J.‐F. , Smallman T.L. , Street L.E. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLeaf maintenance respiration (Rleaf,m) is a major but poorly understood component of the terrestrial carbon cycle (C). Earth systems models (ESMs) use simple sub‐models relating Rleaf,m to leaf traits, applied at canopy scale. Rleaf,m models vary depending on which leaf N traits they incorporate (e.g., mass or area based) and the form of relationship (linear or nonlinear). To simulate vegetation responses to global change, some ESMs include ecological optimization to identify canopy structures that maximize net C accumulation. However, the implications for optimization of using alternate leaf‐scale empirical Rleaf,m models are undetermined. Here we combine alternate well‐known empirical models of Rleaf,m with a process model of canopy photosynthesis. We quantify how net canopy exports of C vary with leaf area index (LAI) and total canopy N (TCN). Using data from tropical and arctic canopies, we show that estimates of canopy Rleaf,m vary widely among the three models. Using an optimization framework, we show that the LAI and TCN values maximizing C export depends strongly on the Rleaf,m model used. No single model could match observed arctic and tropical LAI‐TCN patterns with predictions of optimal LAI‐TCN. We recommend caution in using leaf‐scale empirical models for components of ESMs at canopy‐scale. Rleaf,m models may produce reasonable results for a specified LAI, but, due to their varied representations of Rleaf,mfoliar N sensitivity, are associated with different and potentially unrealistic optimization dynamics at canopy scale. We recommend ESMs to be evaluated using response surfaces of canopy C export in LAI‐TCN space to understand and mitigate these risks.