bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community-acquired in name only: A cluster of carbapenem-resistantAcinetobacter baumanniiin a burn intensive care unit and beyond
Authors: Shenoy Erica S. , Pierce Virginia M. , Sater Mohamad R. A. , Pangestu Febriana K. , Herriott Ian C. , Anahtar Melis N. , Bramante Juliet T. , Kwon Douglas S. , Hawkins Fred R. , Suslak Dolores , West Lauren R. , Huntley Miriam H. , Hooper David C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjective:To describe an investigation into 5 clinical cases of carbapenem-resistantAcinetobacter baumannii(CRAB).Design:Epidemiological investigation supplemented by whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of clinical and environmental isolates.Setting:A tertiary-care academic health center in Boston, Massachusetts.Patients or participants:Individuals identified with CRAB clinical infections.Methods:A detailed review of patient demographic and clinical data was conducted. Clinical isolates underwent phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing and WGS. Infection control practices were evaluated, and CRAB isolates obtained through environmental sampling were assessed by WGS. Genomic relatedness was measured by single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis.Results:Four clinical cases spanning 4 months were linked to a single index case; isolates differed by 1–7 SNPs and belonged to a single cluster. The index patient and 3 case patients were admitted to the same room prior to their development of CRAB infection, and 2 case patients were admitted to the same room within 48 hours of admission. A fourth case patient was admitted to a different unit. Environmental sampling identified highly contaminated areas, and WGS of 5 environmental isolates revealed that they were highly related to the clinical cluster.Conclusions:We report a cluster of highly resistantAcinetobacter baumanniithat occurred in a burn ICU over 5 months and then spread to a separate ICU. Two case patients developed infections classified as community acquired under standard epidemiological definitions, but WGS revealed clonality, highlighting the risk of burn patients for early-onset nosocomial infections. An extensive investigation identified the role of environmental reservoirs.
Families under pressure: stress and quality of life in parents of children with an intellectual disability
Authors: Staunton Emma , Kehoe Claire , Sharkey Louise 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveTo evaluate stress and quality of life in parents of children with an intellectual disability (moderate–severe–profound), who attend a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Intellectual Disability Service (CAMHS ID), and to estimate the perceived levels of challenging behaviour and satisfaction with supports.MethodsData from children attending the service from 2014 to 2017, along with clinician and parent rating scales were collected.ResultsMost children had medical comorbidities, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and challenging behaviours. Half had a diagnosis of a mental health disorder. Less than half received respite care. Challenging behaviours and ASD were found to be correlated with increased parental stress while perception of support was inversely correlated with stress. Intellectual disability, ASD, and parental stress were correlated with a decrease in perceived family quality of life.ConclusionsThis study concurs with previous studies, outlining that parents of children with intellectual disability, in particular, where there is a diagnosis of comorbid ASD and challenging behaviour, experience increased psychological distress and lower quality of life.
The Role of Child Perception and Motivation in Political Socialization
Authors: Hatemi Peter K. , Ojeda Christopher 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMost of what is known regarding political socialization treats parent–child concordance as evidence of transmission. This direct-transmission approach remains agnostic regarding how socialization occurs, whether traits have a role in a child's ability to identify and understand their parent's values or their motivation to adopt their parents’ values. This article advances a perception-adoption approach to unpack these microprocesses of socialization. The authors test their model using three independent studies in the United States that together comprise 4,852 parent–child dyads. They find that the transmission of partisan orientations from parent to child occurs less than half the time, which is qualitatively different from the generally held view. More importantly, the findings provide a greater understanding of how key predictors facilitate the political socialization process. Specifically, politicization improves child perception, but has no role in the child's motivation to adopt parental values. Closeness and parental value strength influence children to want to be like their parents, but do nothing to improve children's ability to recognize their parents' values. And education, previously thought to have little role in transmission, does not influence a child's ability to understand their parent's affiliation, but appears to make children more likely to reject whatever they believe it to be.
PAYBACK TIME: METAMORPHOSES OF DEBT AND COMMODITY IN PINDAR'SOLYMPIAN10
Authors: Liapis Vayos 
Published: February 2020

The beginning of Pindar'sOlympian10 for Hagesidamos of Lokroi Epizephyrioi, winner of the boys’ boxing contest at the Olympic games of 476bce, revolves, untypically, around ideas of debt, interest, and repayment:Τὸν Ὀλυμπιονίκαν ἀνάγνωτέ μοιἈρχεστράτου παῖδα, πόθι φρενὸςἐμᾶς γέγραπται· γλυκὺ γὰρ αὐτῶι μέλος ὀφείλωνἐπιλέλαθ’. ὦ Μοῖσ’, ἀλλὰ σὺ καὶ θυγάτηρἈλάθεια Διός, ὀρθᾶι χερίἐρύκετον ψευδέων 5ἐνιπὰν ἀλιτόξενον.ἕκαθεν γὰρ ἐπελθὼν ὁ μέλλων χρόνοςἐμὸν καταίσχυνε βαθὺ χρέος.ὅμως δὲ λῦσαι δυνατὸς ὀξεῖαν ἐπιμομφὰντόκος. ὁράτω νῦν ψᾶφον ἐλισσομένανὁπᾶι κῦμα κατακλύσσει ῥέον, 10ὁπᾶι τε κοινὸν λόγονφίλαν τείσομεν ἐς χάριν.8 καταίσχυνε Boeckh : καταισχύνει codd. 9 ὁράτω Fennell : θνατῶν codd. : ὁράτ’ ὦν Schneidewin : ὀνάτωρ Hermann : ἀνάτως (uel ἀνατί) Erbse
Toward Active Reflexivity: Positionality and Practice in the Production of Knowledge
Authors: Soedirgo Jessica , Glas Aarie 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTHow should scholars recognize and respond to the complexities of positionality during the research process? Although there has been much theorizing on the intersectional and context-dependent nature of positionality, there remains a disjuncture between how positionality is understood theoretically and how it is applied. Ignoring the dynamism of positionality in practice has implications for the research process. This article theorizes one means of recognizing and responding to positionality in practice: a posture of “active reflexivity.” It outlines how we can become actively reflexive by adopting a disposition toward both ongoing reflection about our own social location and ongoing reflection on our assumptions regarding others’ perceptions. We then articulate four strategies for doing active reflexivity: recording assumptions around positionality; routinizing and systemizing reflexivity; bringing other actors into the process; and “showing our work” in the publication process.
The “Math Prefresher” and the Collective Future of Political Science Graduate Training
Authors: King Gary , Kuriwaki Shiro , Park Yon Soo 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTThe political science math prefresher arose a quarter-century ago and has now spread to many of our discipline’s PhD programs. Incoming students arrive for graduate school a few weeks early for ungraded instruction in math, statistics, and computer science as they relate to political science. The prefresher’s benefits, however, go beyond its technical content: it opens pathways to mastering methods necessary for political science research, facilitates connections among peers, and—perhaps most important—eases the transition to the increasingly collaborative nature of graduate work. The prefresher also shows how faculty across a highly diverse discipline have worked together to train the next generation. We review this program and advance its collaborative aspects by building infrastructure to share teaching content across universities so that separate programs can build on one another’s work and improve all of our programs.
Structural and Geochemical Interactions Between Magma and Sedimentary Host Rock: The Hovedøya Case, Oslo Rift, Norway
Authors: Poppe S. , Galland O. , de Winter N. J. , Goderis S. , Claeys P. , Debaille V. , Boulvais P. , Kervyn M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTwo end‐member conceptual models are used to describe deformation of the Earth's crust induced by magma intrusion. “Mode I” fracturing assumes tensile or opening‐mode, elastic deformation, while “Mode II” fracturing assumes plastic shear‐mode deformation around a viscous indenter. Field observations of both mechanisms exist, but it remains unclear which mechanism dominates in which conditions. We describe intrusion geometries, host rock deformation, and geochemical magma‐host rock interactions around 53 exceptionally preserved, tephrite‐basanite Permian dike segments of 0.5‐ to 30‐cm thickness. These thin dikes, that is, “dikelets,” intruded Late‐Ordovician carbonate‐rich sedimentary rocks on Hovedøya island, Oslo Rift, Norway. Dikelets emplaced in preexisting fractures dominantly created cavities ahead of their narrow, tapering tips and are associated with bent host rock, broken bridges, and stepped segmented geometries. Other tips are blunt with dense brittle fracturing around them. Also, cross‐sectional intrusion segment opening profiles deviate from parabola‐shaped profiles typical for elastic media. The observations demonstrate that dominant opening‐mode host rock deformation can coexist with shear‐mode deformation locally. Alignment of most dikelet segments along the dominant host rock fracture directions highlights the control of local structural orientations on magma emplacement. Analysis of bulk major and trace element compositions, in situ micro‐XRF sample analysis and carbon and oxygen stable isotope compositions, suggests that thermochemical interactions between magma and the carbonate‐rich host rock produced a low‐viscosity mixture of magma, pore water, and gas. We propose that such low‐viscosity hybrid fluid may assist in the intrusion of magma in sedimentary rocks by filling the cavity ahead of propagating sheet intrusion tips.
Plasma Waves in Space: The Importance of Properly Accounting for the Measuring Device
Authors: Meyer‐Vernet Nicole , Moncuquet Michel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractElectric fields are generally measured or calculated using two intuitive assumptions: (1) the electric field equals the voltage divided by the antenna length when the antenna is electromagnetically short (2) the antenna responds best to electric field along its length. Both assumptions are often incorrect for electrostatic fields because they scale as the Debye length or as the electron gyroradius, which may be smaller than the antenna length. Taking into account this little‐known fact enables us to complete or correct several recent papers on plasma spontaneous fluctuations in various solar system environments.
On Whistler Mode Wave Relation to Electron Field‐Aligned Plateau Populations
Authors: Artemyev A. V. , Mourenas D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWhistler mode waves are among the most intense electromagnetic emissions and play an important role in the energy redistribution between electron populations in the Earth inner magnetosphere through wave‐particle resonant interactions. Usually generated by transversely anisotropic plasma sheet electron populations (
10–30 keV) through cyclotron resonance, whistler mode waves can effectively accelerate a small fraction of the seed population of energetic electrons (
100 keV) up to relativistic energies. However, these waves can be efficiently damped through simultaneous interactions with much more numerous suprathermal electrons (
0.1–1 keV) via Landau resonance. Recent observations indeed show that electron distributions accompanied by intense whistler mode emissions often contain a plateau‐like electron population at energies close to the energy of Landau resonance with the waves. However, simultaneous observations of these waves and of the related plateau population does not prove a causal relationship. Here, we test the hypothesis that such a plateau population may have been formed by whistler mode waves generated earlier, or by other types of waves. Combining analytical estimates and spacecraft observations, we show that this plateau population is often unlikely to be formed by whistler mode waves alone. We suggest three alternative scenarios that can lead to the formation of plateau populations and test these scenarios based on spacecraft observations. We show that a plateau population can be formed by ultralow frequency electric fields (carried by kinetic Alfven waves or time domain structures) often accompanying injections of plasma sheet electrons—the energy source for whistler mode waves. We also discuss the possible role of ionospheric secondary electrons.
Fast Stokes Flow Simulations for Geophysical‐Geodynamic Inverse Problems and Sensitivity Analyses Based On Reduced Order Modeling
Authors: Ortega‐Gelabert O. , Zlotnik S. , Afonso J. C. , Díez P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMarkov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have become standard in Bayesian inference and multi‐observable inversions in almost every discipline of the Earth sciences. In the case of geodynamic and/or coupled geophysical‐geodynamic inverse problems, however, the computational cost associated with the solution of large‐scale 3‐D Stokes forward problems has rendered probabilistic formulations impractical. Here we present a novel and extremely efficient method to produce ultrafast solutions of the 3‐D Stokes problem for MCMC simulations. Our approach combines the individual benefits of Reduced Basis techniques, goal‐oriented error formulations, and MCMC algorithms to produce an accurate and computationally efficient surrogate for the forward problem. Importantly, the surrogate adapts itself during the MCMC simulation according to the history of the chain and the goals of the inversion. This maximizes the efficiency of the forward problem and removes the need for preinversion off‐line computations to build a surrogate. We demonstrate the benefits and limitations of the method with several numerical examples and show that in all cases the computational cost is of the order of <1% compared to a traditional MCMC approach. The method is general enough to be applied to a range of problems, including uncertainty quantification/propagation, adjoint‐based geodynamic inversions, sensitivity analyses in mantle convection problems, and in the creating surrogate models for complex forward problems (e.g., heat transfer, seismic tomography, and magnetotellurics).
Evaluation of Simulated Drop Size Distributions and Microphysical Processes Using Polarimetric Radar Observations for Landfalling Typhoon Matmo (2014)
Authors: Wang Mingjun , Zhao Kun , Pan Yujie , Xue Ming 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Morrison (Morr), Thompson (Thom), Thompson aerosol‐aware (ThomA), and WRF double‐moment 6‐class (WDM6) microphysics schemes within the WRF model are used to simulate landfalling Typhoon Matmo (2014) and evaluated against polarimetric radar observations in terms of raindrop size distribution (RSD) and microphysical processes. Focus is placed on the inner rainband convection. Only ThomA is able to reproduce observed RSD characteristics having even smaller mean raindrop sizes and larger number concentrations than those of typical maritime convection, when measured in terms of mass‐weighted mean diameter and normalized RSD intercept parameter. The diagnoses of microphysical transfer terms show that warm rain processes are dominant in all experiments. The accretion and autoconversion processes dominate the production of rainwater content and raindrop number concentration, respectively. Examinations of vertical profiles of hydrometeor masses and number concentrations as well as rainwater‐related microphysical transfer rates suggest that raindrop total number concentration NTr near the freezing level, mainly produced by the autoconversion process, plays an important role in determining the near‐surface RSD characteristics. Morr and Thom assume fixed values of cloud droplet number concentration NTc that are much larger than those predicted by ThomA, leading to much smaller NTr near the freezing level produced by the autoconversion process. Sensitivity experiments using much reduced NTc substantially increase predicted NTr, mainly through invigoration of autoconversion. These results indicate that adequately predicting NTc is very important for capturing the right RSD characteristics for landfalling typhoons over East China where Typhoon Matmo is one of the representative examples.
Selective Adsorption of Terrestrial Dissolved Organic Matter to Inorganic Surfaces Along a Boreal Inland Water Continuum
Authors: Groeneveld Marloes , Catalán Núria , Attermeyer Katrin , Hawkes Jeffrey , Einarsdóttir Karólína , Kothawala Dolly , Bergquist Jonas , Tranvik Lars 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDifferent processes contribute to the loss or transformation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and change DOM concentration and composition systematically along the inland water continuum. Substantial efforts have been made to estimate the importance of microbial and photochemical degradation for DOM concentration and composition and, to some extent, also DOM losses by flocculation, whereas the significance of DOM adsorption to inorganic surfaces has received less attention. Hence, knowledge on the possible extent of adsorption, its effect on DOM loads and composition and on where along the aquatic continuum it might be important, is currently limited or lacking altogether. Here we experimentally determine DOM adsorption onto mineral particles in freshwater ecosystems covering a water residence time gradient in boreal landscape Sweden. We hypothesized that adsorption would gradually decrease with increasing water residence time but actually found that DOM is highly susceptible to adsorption throughout the aquatic continuum. Mass spectrometry and fluorescence analysis on DOM suggest that freshly produced aquatic DOM is less susceptible to adsorption than more terrestrial material. Moreover, the percentage DOM adsorbed in the experiments greatly exceeds the actual adsorption taking place in boreal inland waters across all studied systems. These results illustrate the potential impact of mineral erosion, for example, as a result of agriculture, mining or forestry practices, on the availability, transport, and composition of organic carbon in inland waters.
Hypoxia and the hypoxia inducible factor 1α activate protein kinase A by repressing RII beta subunit transcription
Authors: Lucia Kristin , Wu Yonghe , Garcia Jose Monteserin , Barlier Anne , Buchfelder Michael , Saeger Wolfgang , Renner Ulrich , Stalla Günter K. , Theodoropoulou Marily 
Published: February 2020

AbstractOveractivation of the cAMP signal transduction pathway plays a central role in the pathogenesis of endocrine tumors. Genetic aberrations leading to increased intracellular cAMP or directly affecting PKA subunit expression have been identified in inherited and sporadic endocrine tumors, but are rare indicating the presence of nongenomic pathological PKA activation. In the present study, we examined the impact of hypoxia on PKA activation using human growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary tumors as a model of an endocrine disease displaying PKA-CREB overactivation. We show that hypoxia activates PKA and enhances CREB transcriptional activity and subsequently GH oversecretion. This is due to a previously uncharacterized ability of HIF-1α to suppress the transcription of the PKA regulatory subunit 2B (PRKAR2B) by sequestering Sp1 from the PRKAR2B promoter. The present study reveals a novel mechanism through which the transcription factor HIF-1α transduces environmental signals directly onto PKA activity, without affecting intracellular cAMP concentrations. By identifying a point of interaction between the cellular microenvironment and intracellular enzyme activation, neoplastic, and nonneoplastic diseases involving overactivated PKA pathway may be more efficiently targeted.
In vitro ribosome synthesis and evolution through ribosome display
Authors: Hammerling Michael J. , Fritz Brian R. , Yoesep Danielle J. , Kim Do Soon , Carlson Erik D. , Jewett Michael C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDirected evolution of the ribosome for expanded substrate incorporation and novel functions is challenging because the requirement of cell viability limits the mutations that can be made. Here we address this challenge by combining cell-free synthesis and assembly of translationally competent ribosomes with ribosome display to develop a fully in vitro methodology for ribosome synthesis and evolution (called RISE). We validate the RISE method by selecting active genotypes from a ~1.7 × 107 member library of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) variants, as well as identifying mutant ribosomes resistant to the antibiotic clindamycin from a library of ~4 × 103 rRNA variants. We further demonstrate the prevalence of positive epistasis in resistant genotypes, highlighting the importance of such interactions in selecting for new function. We anticipate that RISE will facilitate understanding of molecular translation and enable selection of ribosomes with altered properties.
Megahertz-rate shock-wave distortion cancellation via phase conjugate digital in-line holography
Authors: Mazumdar Yi Chen , Smyser Michael E. , Heyborne Jeffery D. , Slipchenko Mikhail N. , Guildenbecher Daniel R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHolography is a powerful tool for three-dimensional imaging. However, in explosive, supersonic, hypersonic, cavitating, or ionizing environments, shock-waves and density gradients impart phase distortions that obscure objects in the field-of-view. Capturing time-resolved information in these environments also requires ultra-high-speed acquisition. To reduce phase distortions and increase imaging rates, we introduce an ultra-high-speed phase conjugate digital in-line holography (PCDIH) technique. In this concept, a coherent beam passes through the shock-wave distortion, reflects off a phase conjugate mirror, and propagates back through the shock-wave, thereby minimizing imaging distortions from phase delays. By implementing the method using a pulse-burst laser setup at up to 5 million-frames-per-second, time-resolved holograms of ultra-fast events are now possible. This technique is applied for holographic imaging through laser-spark plasma-generated shock-waves and to enable three-dimensional tracking of explosively generated hypersonic fragments. Simulations further advance our understanding of physical processes and experiments demonstrate ultra-high-speed PCDIH techniques for capturing dynamics.