bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
YouTube Videos Demonstrating the Nasopharyngeal Swab Technique for SARS-CoV-2 Specimen Collection: Content Analysis
Authors: Itamura Kyohei , Wu Arthur , Illing Elisa , Ting Jonathan , Higgins Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Background
Real-time polymerase chain reaction using nasopharyngeal swabs is currently the most widely used diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2 detection. However, false negatives and the sensitivity of this mode of testing have posed challenges in the accurate estimation of the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection rates.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether technical and, therefore, correctable errors were being made with regard to nasopharyngeal swab procedures.

Methods
We searched a web-based video database (YouTube) for videos demonstrating SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab tests, posted from January 1 to May 15, 2020. Videos were rated by 3 blinded rhinologists for accuracy of swab angle and depth. The overall score for swab angle and swab depth for each nasopharyngeal swab demonstration video was determined based on the majority score with agreement between at least 2 of the 3 reviewers. We then comparatively evaluated video data collected from YouTube videos demonstrating the correct nasopharyngeal swab technique with data from videos demonstrating an incorrect nasopharyngeal swab technique. Multiple linear regression analysis with statistical significance set at P=.05 was performed to determine video data variables associated with the correct nasopharyngeal swab technique.

Results
In all, 126 videos met the study inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, 52.3% (66/126) of all videos demonstrated the correct swab angle, and 46% (58/126) of the videos demonstrated an appropriate swab depth. Moreover, 45.2% (57/126) of the videos demonstrated both correct nasopharyngeal swab angle and appropriate depth, whereas 46.8% (59/126) of the videos demonstrated both incorrect nasopharyngeal swab angle and inappropriate depth. Videos with correct nasopharyngeal swab technique were associated with the swab operators identifying themselves as a medical professional or as an Ear, Nose, Throat–related medical professional. We also found an association between correct nasopharyngeal swab techniques and recency of video publication date (relative to May 15, 2020).

Conclusions
Our findings show that over half of the videos documenting the nasopharyngeal swab test showed an incorrect technique, which could elevate false-negative test rates. Therefore, greater attention needs to be provided toward educating frontline health care workers who routinely perform nasopharyngeal swab procedures.
Regional Frequency Analysis of Rainfall Using L-Moment Method as A Design Rainfall Prediction
Authors: Mayasari Devita 
Published: January 2021

Frequency analysis is a method for predicting the probability of future hydrological events based on historical data. Frequency analysis of rain data and discharge data is generally carried out using the moment method, but the moment method has a large bias, variant, and slope so that it has the potential to produce inaccurate hydrological design magnitudes. The L-moment method is a linear combination of Probability Weighted Moment which processes data in a concise and linear manner. This research was conducted that L-moment method will obtain a regional probability distribution and design rainfall which can be used as a basis for calculating hydrological planning in anticipation of disasters. The location of the study in Mount Merapi area was chosen in order to more accurately predict the maximum rainfall that could cause cold lava in the area to reduce the risk of loss to the people living around Mount Merapi. The results showed that the entire rainfall stations homogeneous and no data was released. The L-moment regional ratio results τ2R = 0.203, τ3R = 0.166, dan τ4R = 0.169. The homogeneity and heterogeneity tests show that all rainfall stations are uniform or homogeneous. No data were released from the discordance test results. Growth factor value increases in each design rainfall return periods. The regional probability distribution that is suitable for the research area is Generalized Logistic distribution with design rainfall equation has been formulated. Test model showed the minimum RBias = 0.45%, maximum RBias = 41.583%, minimum RRSME = 0.45%, and maximum RRSME = 71.01%. The stability of L-moment method showed by model test minimum error = 1.64% and maximum error = 16.60%.
Distribusi Kasus Demam Berdarah Dengue dan Habitat Perkembangbiakan Nyamuk Aedes aegypti serta Indeks Pupa pada Daerah Endemis dan Non Endemis di Kabupaten Sumba Timur, Nusa Tenggara Timur
Authors: Wila Ruben Wadu , Satoto Tri Baskoro Tunggul , Mujiyanto Mujiyanto 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) in Indonesia has spread in 34 provinces and 463 districts/cities. The Incidence Rate (IR) of DHF in East Sumba Regency in 2016 was 28.84 and 2017 increased to 55.28/100,000 population. The descriptive research was to describe the pattern of the spread of DHF cases and the habitat for the proliferation of DHF vectors and index pupae in the DHF endemic and non-endemic areas.The results showed that the Nearest Neighbor Ratio value in endemic areas was 0.292003 and in non-endemic areas was 0.718375. Moreover, the house pupae index was 53.3% and 41.0%, respectively The number of pupae/houses in endemic areas was 16.9 pupae/house, and in non-endemic areas was 11.9 pupae per house. The average pupae in each container in endemic areas were 3.6 pupae/container and sporadic areas were 2.2 pupae/container. The pupae/person value in endemic areas was 3.5 pupae/person and non-endemic areas was 2.2 pupae/person. The study concluded that there was a spatial relationship between DHF cases and DHF vector habitat with cluster distribution patterns. The number of pupae per house and pupae per person is still above the threshold value for DHF transmission in both endemic and non endemic areas.
Keywords: DHF, endemicity, habitat, pupae index, East Sumba
Abstrak
DBD di Indonesia telah menyebar di 34 provinsi dan 463 kabupaten/Kota. Incidence Rate (IR) DBD pada tahun 2015 sebesar 89,37/100.000 penduduk dan menurun pada tahun 2016 menjadi 78,85/100.000 penduduk. Incidence Rate (IR) DBD di Kabupaten Sumba Timur tahun 2016 sebesar 28,84 dan 2017 meningkat menjadi 55,28/100.000 penduduk. Tujuan penelitian deskriptif ini adalah untuk menggambarkan pola penyebaran kasus DBD dan habitat perkembangbiakan vektor DBD serta pupa indeks di daerah endemis dan non endemis DBD, Kabupaten Sumba Timur, NTT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai Nearest Neighbour Ratio daerah endemis sebesar 0,292003, dan pada daerah non endemis sebesar 0,718375. House pupae index pada daerah endemis sebesar 53,3 % dan daerah non endemis 41,0%. Jumlah pupae/rumah pada daerah endemis lebih besar yaitu 16,9 pupae/rumah dan daerah non endemis sebanyak 11,9 pupae per rumah. Rata-rata pupae pada setiap container pada daerah endemis sebanyak 3,6 pupae/container dan daerah sporadis sebesar 2,2 pupae/container. Nilai pupae/person pada daerah endemis sebesar 3,5 pupae/person dan daerah non endemis 2,2 pupae/person. Kesimpulan penelitian yaitu terdapat hubungan spasial antara kasus DBD dan habitat vektor DBD dengan pola penyebaran cluster. Jumlah pupa per rumah dan pupa per orang masih di atas nilai ambang batas penularan DBD baik pada daerah endemis maupun non endemis.
Kata kunci: DBD endemisitas, habitat, pupa indeks, Sumba Timur
AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ DIFFICULTIES IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXTS
Authors: Nurfidoh Siti , Kareviati Evie 
Published: January 2021

The objective of this study is to find out the difficulties of writing descriptive text and what factors causing difficulties in writing descriptive text. This study involved 12 students in eighth grade of junior high school in Cipongkor. To obtain the data, three kinds of the research instruments were used, namely a writing test (Heaton, 1988), questionnaire and observation. The findings based on the writing test showed that the errors produced by the students were missordering with 33.6%, the punctuation 26.8%, the tenses 17.4%, wrong diction 12.1%, spelling 7.4%, and the last is prepositions 2.7%. Based on the questionnaire and observation, the factors caused students difficulties in writing descriptive text are lack of interest in learning English, the poor understanding of the generic structure of descriptive test, poor in grammar knowledge and use, and the low motivation in writing descriptive text. Keywords: Errors, Descriptive Text, Writing
ATUAL POLÍTICA NEOLIBERAL DE MILITARIZAÇÃO DA ESCOLA PÚBLICA NO BRASIL
Authors: Bartolozzi Ferreira Eliza , Lievore Sue Ellen 
Published: January 2021

O artigo traz uma reflexão sobre a atual política educacional brasileira, cuja direção segue no sentido de ampliar a privatizado da educação pública e fazer da educação escolar um espaço de formação de mentes e hábitos conservadores. A análise focaliza a política de militarização das escolas públicas como um dispositivo que permite o crescimento da convivência da ideologia da segurança nacional com o neoliberalismo. Essa interpretação é desenvolvida com base no livro de Dardot e Laval (2016). Em 2019, governo federal criou a Subsecretaria de Fomento às Escolas Cívico-Militares e o Programa Nacional das Escolas Cívico-Militares. Para a escrita deste artigo, a metodologia aplicada foi a análise dos instrumentos normativos assim como as informações disponibilizadas no site do programa e da mídia convencional. Até hoje, quinze estados e o Distrito Federal, além de 643 municípios, aderiram ao programa. Entendemos que se trata de uma política educacional que visa formatar pessoas dóceis e empreendedoras para um sistema que cada vez mais se aproxima da barbárie.
Surgical Treatment of Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Ghaderi Iman , Dhanabalsamy Nisha , Galvani Carlos A 
Published: January 2021

Obesity and obesity-related comorbid conditions have been steadily increasing in the United States over the past few decades. Despite the availability of several anti-obesity measures such as diet, exercise, pharmacotherapy and behavioral modifications, bariatric surgery is the only effective modality that can provide a sustainable long-term weight loss and improve obesity-associated comorbidities. In this chapter, we discuss perioperative assessment and work-up of morbidly obese patients, minimally invasive approaches to various bariatric surgery procedures including laparoscopic adjustable gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy, gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch, and their short and long term outcomes. We also address revisional bariatric surgery and use of robotic platform and other new procedures and their role in metabolic and bariatric surgery.
This review contains 7 figures, 2 videos, 2 tables, and 110 references.
Keywords: Obesity, comorbidities, metabolic surgery, bariatric surgery, gastric bypass, adjustable gastric band, sleeve gastrectomy, Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch, revisional surgery
Injuries to the Stomach, Small Bowel, Colon, and Rectum
Authors: Weinberg Jordan A , Fabian Timothy C. 
Published: January 2021

Hollow viscus injury is most often the consequence of penetrating abdominal trauma. As a result of blunt force trauma, bowel injury occurs with relative infrequency: in one multi-institutional analysis, only 1.2% of blunt trauma admissions had an associated hollow viscus injury. The diagnosis of hollow viscus injury remains a challenge in abdominal trauma patients, and subsequent evaluation is determined by the mechanism of injury. Regardless of the specific injury mechanism, however, the principles and techniques of operative management are largely the same. This review covers determination of need for operation, and operative management. Figures show algorithms outlining the evaluation of blunt hollow organ injury in a hemodynamically stable patient with an unreliable physical examination, the treatment of truncal stab wounds, the treatment of blunt bowel and mesenteric injury, the treatment of gastric injury, the treatment of small bowel injury, the treatment of colon injury, the treatment of rectosigmoid or rectal injury, and a demonstration of presacral drainage through a curved incision midway between the anus and the tip of the coccyx. Tables list the incidence of findings suggestive of blunt mesenteric and bowel injury in true positive and false positive computed tomography scans, and the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma organ injury scales for gastrointestinal tract and pancreas.

This review contains 8 figures, 3 tables, and 58 references
Keywords: Injury, blunt, primary rectal repair, colostomy, laparotomy, trauma
Evolving Molecular Therapeutics and Their Applications to Surgical Oncology
Authors: Dunn Kelli Bullard , Francescutti Valerie 
Published: January 2021

Despite major advances in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, chemotherapy, the mainstay of therapy for systemic disease, is rarely curative and toxicity is common. Research efforts are focusing on the development of agents that target molecules that are specific to tumor cells with few effects on normal healthy cells. The ultimate goal of molecular therapeutics is to develop agents that are lethal only to tumor cells, that maintain efficacy without developing resistance, and that possess acceptable toxicities that make them well tolerated by patients. This review covers tyrosine kinase inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors, cell cycle inhibitors, inducers of apoptosis, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, and focal adhesion kinase inhibitors. Figures show activation of a receptor tyrosine kinase, the interaction of cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins during regulation of the cell cycle, cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase-regulated progression through each phase of the cell cycle, and the role of focal adhesion kinase in a signaling cascade that can lead to the tumorigenic properties of cancer cells. Tables list tyrosine kinase inhibitors, cell cycle inhibitors, and inducers of apoptosis.

This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 242 references
The Liver and Portal System
Authors: White Jared A 
Published: January 2021

Understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the liver and techniques for safe anatomic and nonanatomic liver resections has evolved over the past several decades. The liver is composed of a complex arterial and portal venous inflow, which has several important variants that are crucial for the surgeon to understand when planning hepatic resections, both anatomic and nonanatomic. In addition, intra- and extrahepatic biliary configurations may be encountered, and variants must be recognized to prevent complications during common surgical procedures, such as cholecystectomy and liver resection. The liver is responsible for numerous metabolic, homeostatic, and immunologic processes throughout the body. It is crucial for the practicing physician and surgeon to have a fundamental understanding of hepatic anatomy and physiology when treating patients with derangements in liver structure and function.
Key words: bile duct, bilirubin, bilirubin metabolism, hepatic artery, hepatic blood flow, hepatic parenchyma microstructure, liver anatomy, portal hypertension, portal vein
The Skin and the Physiology of Normal Wound Healing
Authors: King Timothy W. , Kapur Sahil K. 
Published: January 2021

This review presents normal wound healing as a complex process that is generally carried out in three overlapping stages: an inflammatory phase, a proliferative phrase (made up of fibroplasia, contraction, neovascularization, and granulation), and a remodeling phase. In addition, wound healing occurs under the influence of multiple cytokines, growth factors, and extracellular matrix signals. Figures show the layers of the skin and the cycles of wound healing.
This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, and 47 references
Keywords: wound, wound care, healing, epithelialization, migration, granulation
Minimally Invasive Approaches in Pancreatic Surgery
Authors: Lutfi Waseem , Hogg Melissa E 
Published: January 2021

Minimally invasive approaches for pancreatic resections are being increasingly utilized at highly specialized centers. Both laparoscopic and robotic techniques appear to be associated with improved short-term outcomes such as decreased morbidity and shorter hospital stay. However, there are still concerns with regards to cost-effectiveness and technical training, which have prevented widespread dissemination of these techniques. For pancreatic surgery, both laparoscopic and robotic techniques have gained acceptance for all pancreatic resections, most notably in distal pancreatectomy where minimally invasive approaches have become the standard of care at high-volume centers. This chapter discusses the preoperative considerations and operative techniques of minimally invasive pancreatic surgery while also reviewing the current literature detailing short-term and long-term outcomes.
This review contains 46 references, 6 figures, 5 tables, and 2 videos.
Key Words: clinical trials, laparoscopic, minimally invasive, morbidity, mortality, oncologic outcomes, open, pancreatic cancer, robot-assisted
Principles of Wound Management and Soft Tissue Repair II
Authors: Friedstat Jonathan S. , Coriddi Michelle R , Halvorson Eric G , Disa Joseph J 
Published: January 2021

Wound management and soft-tissue repair can vary depending on the location. The head and neck, chest and back, arm and forearm, hand, abdomen, gluteal area and perineum, thigh, knee, lower leg, and foot all have different local options and preferred free flaps to use for reconstruction. Secondary reconstruction requires a detailed analysis of all aspects of the wound including any scars, soft tissue and/or skin deficits, functional defects, contour defects, complex or composite defects, and/or unstable previous wound coverage. Careful monitoring of both the patient and reconstruction is necessary in the postoperative period to ensure long-term success.

This review contains 2 figures and 17 references.
Key Words: free tissue transfer, pedicle flaps, soft-tissue coverage, wound closure, wound healing, wound management, wound reconstruction, tissue flaps
Efficacy and Safety of Dulaglutide 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg Versus Dulaglutide 1.5 mg in Metformin-Treated Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in a Randomized Controlled Trial (AWARD-11)
Authors: Frias Juan P. , Bonora Enzo , Nevarez Ruiz Luis , Li Ying G. , Yu Zhuoxin , Milicevic Zvonko , Malik Raleigh , Bethel M. Angelyn , Cox David A. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVE
To compare efficacy and safety of dulaglutide at doses of 3.0 and 4.5 mg versus 1.5 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients were randomly assigned to once-weekly dulaglutide 1.5 mg, 3.0 mg, or 4.5 mg for 52 weeks. The primary objective was determining superiority of dulaglutide 3.0 mg and/or 4.5 mg over 1.5 mg in HbA1c reduction at 36 weeks. Secondary superiority objectives included change in body weight. Two estimands addressed efficacy objectives: treatment regimen (regardless of treatment discontinuation or rescue medication) and efficacy (on treatment without rescue medication) in all randomly assigned patients.

RESULTS
Mean baseline HbA1c and BMI in randomly assigned patients (N = 1,842) was 8.6% (70 mmol/mol) and 34.2 kg/m2, respectively. At 36 weeks, dulaglutide 4.5 mg provided superior HbA1c reductions compared with 1.5 mg (treatment-regimen estimand: −1.77 vs. −1.54% [−19.4 vs. −16.8 mmol/mol], estimated treatment difference [ETD] −0.24% (−2.6 mmol/mol), P &lt; 0.001; efficacy estimand: −1.87 vs. −1.53% [−20.4 vs. −16.7 mmol/mol], ETD −0.34% (−3.7 mmol/mol), P &lt; 0.001). Dulaglutide 3.0 mg was superior to 1.5 mg for reducing HbA1c, using the efficacy estimand (ETD −0.17% [−1.9 mmol/mol]; P = 0.003) but not the treatment-regimen estimand (ETD −0.10% [−1.1 mmol/mol]; P = 0.096). Dulaglutide 4.5 mg was superior to 1.5 mg for weight loss at 36 weeks for both estimands (treatment regimen: −4.6 vs. −3.0 kg, ETD −1.6 kg, P &lt; 0.001; efficacy: −4.7 vs. −3.1 kg, ETD −1.6 kg, P &lt; 0.001). Common adverse events through 36 weeks included nausea (1.5 mg, 13.4%; 3 mg, 15.6%; 4.5 mg, 16.4%) and vomiting (1.5 mg, 5.6%; 3 mg, 8.3%; 4.5 mg, 9.3%).

CONCLUSIONS
In patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by metformin, escalation from dulaglutide 1.5 mg to 3.0 mg or 4.5 mg provided clinically relevant, dose-related reductions in HbA1c and body weight with a similar safety profile.
Local Anesthetics: A Century of Progress
Authors: Yagiela John A. 
Published: January 2021

Summary
One century after the clinical introduction of cocaine, local anesthesia remains the most important method of pain control in dentistry. Many local anesthetics have been marketed since 1884, and it is likely that attempts to produce drugs that enhance anesthetic efficacy, reduce systemic and local toxicity, and increase nociceptive selectivity, will continue. In addition, new methods of drug administration have been and will be developed to achieve these goals. Of fundamental importance to such improvements are investigations into the pharmacology of drugs with local anesthetic activity and anatomical and physiologic studies pertaining to the reasons why local anesthetics sometimes fail to achieve desired results. This paper reviews recent advances in our understanding of these drugs and their clinical use.
QUESTIONING CONVENTIONS: ARE PRODUCT CONVENTIONS TRADING OFF THE USABILITY OF PRODUCTS FOR SHORT TERM USER SATISFACTION
Authors: Gough Young Bryan , Wodehouse Andrew , Sheridan Marion 
Published: January 2021

Mapping conventions are a key aspect of user centered design as they present users with familiar interactions in unfamiliar products. Conventions evolve over time and are slow to be adopted, requiring a high percentage of acceptance within a society, ensuring that conventions exhibit a sufficient level of usability. However this paper argues that while usability is a necessary condition for good interactions it is not a sufficient one. Therefore user centered design which accents individuals bias towards conventions my in fact be hindering the innovation of product interactions. This paper argues that a cognitive approach should be adopted in order understand and reassess product interactions. An experiment was carried out that demonstrates the influence that simple mappings can have on cognitive load. The results showed that basic mappings of the types that are found throughout product conventions can have a substantial impact on mental load and subsequently product interaction.
DAMPAK URBANISASI TERHADAP PEMUKIMAN KUMUH (SLUM AREA) DI DAERAH PERKOTAAN
Authors: Malau Waston 
Published: January 2021

Urbanisasi menyebabkan laju pertumbuhan penduduk yang pesat di daerah perkotaan sehingga menimbulkan beragam permasalahan, salah satu diantaranya adalah semakin banyaknya pemukiman kumuh (slum area) pada lahan-lahan kosong di daerah perkotaan seperti bantaran sungai, bantaran rel kereta api, taman kota, maupun di bawah jalan layang. Penghuni pemukiman kumuh (daerah slum) adalah sekelompok orang yang datang dari desa menuju kota dengan tujuan ingin mengubah nasib. Mereka umumnya tidak memiliki keahlian dan jenjang pendidikan yang cukup untuk bekerja di sektor industri di perkotaan. Mereka hanya bisa memasuki sektor informal dengan penghasilan yang rendah, sehingga tidak mampu mendiami perumahan yang layak