bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Law and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets the stage by discussing realist and idealist approaches to international law. The author introduces the concepts of moral cosmopolitanism and ‘global justice’, and sets out how these concepts can influence norms of international law. The author goes on to formulate the guiding research question for the monograph, namely whether the international legal system can accommodate the exercise of ‘selfless’ unilateral jurisdiction, and whether there are indications in practice that such jurisdiction is indeed exercised. The author highlights in particular how the exercise of such jurisdiction raises concerns over extraterritoriality. The chapter ends with a discussion of the methodology used and an overview of the structure of the monograph.
The Politics of Susceptibility
Authors: Jakimow Tanya 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In encounters with so-called beneficiaries or other members of the public, ‘development agents’ are susceptible to being affected in ways that may derail, modify, or threaten their ‘sense of self’. This susceptibility is in direct relation to the capacity of others to engender affects, feelings, and emotions in development agents: an overlooked form of power. Drawing upon theories of affect and emotion, this chapter introduces the critical concept of susceptibility to rethink power configurations in development. It proposes a new analytical framework—the capacity/susceptibility to affect/be affected—to enable new readings of power relations and their consequences for development. The chapter also serves as an introduction to outline the central arguments of the book.
Renormalization Theory and Effective Field Theories
Authors: Neubert Matthias 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 features lectures that review the formalism of renormalization in quantum field theories with special regard to effective quantum field theories. While renormalization theory is part of every advanced course on quantum field theory, for effective theories some more advanced topics become particularly important. These topics include the renormalization of composite operators, operator mixing under scale evolution, and the resummation of large logarithms of scale ratios. The lectures from this course thus set the basis for any systematic study of the techniques and applications of effective field theories and offer an introduction for the reader to the content within this book.
Effective Field Theory of Large-Scale Structure
Authors: Baldauf Tobias 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The lectures featured in this chapter review the observables relevant to the large-scale structure (LSS) of our Universe. The chapter introduces an effective field theory (EFT) that allows us to analytically describe the growth of fluctuations into the non-linear era, with uncertainties better controlled than in classical linear perturbation theory. Topics covered in the chapter include random fields in three-dimensional space, Fourier space conventions, the shape of the matter power spectrum, Gaussian random fields, estimators and cosmic variance, dynamics in the Newtonian regime, a perturbative solution of the fluid equations, the EFT approach, the Lagrangian perturbation theory, biased tracers, and redshift space distortions.
Heavy Quark Effective Theory: A Predictive EFT on the Lattice
Authors: Sommer Rainer 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe lattice formulation is a complete and unambiguous formulation of QCD. In principle it thus needs no tools beyond efficient Monte Carlo techniques. In practice various limits have to be taken where large-scale ratios occur. It is then advantageous to make use of effective field theories (EFTs). This chapter discusses the case of HQET, where the EFT itself is non-perturbative. It goes on to explain that retaining the full predictivity of QCD then requires to non-perturbatively formulate the theory and its matching to QCD, and to perform both steps by Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, it emphasizes conceptual points that appear when an EFT is treated beyond perturbation theory.
Does Friendship Exert Pressure on Belief?
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
It has been alleged that we should be epistemically partial to our friends, that is, that there are cases in which the demands of friendship would require one to give a friend the benefit of the doubt, and thereby come to believe something in violation of ordinary epistemic standards on justified or responsible belief. The burden of this chapter is to argue against this idea. It argues that the impression of epistemic partiality in friendship dissipates once we acknowledge the sorts of practical and epistemic reasons that are generated by our values: value-reflecting reasons. Unlike other proposals seeking to resist the arguments for epistemic partiality, the present proposal has the virtue of remaining neutral with respect to two controversial epistemic doctrines (Uniqueness and Pragmatic Encroachment); and it has the further virtue of being able to offer a unified account of the various forms of normative pressure in play when we consider information regarding a friend or loved one.
The Social Epistemology of Public Uptake
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Others’ public reactions to a mutually observed assertion are a significance source of evidence: the fact that our trusted fellows have accepted an assertion can provide us with additional (higher-order) evidence of the acceptability of the assertion. This chapter argues that this familiar phenomenon has implications that are much more far-reaching than has heretofore been recognized. Some of the news is good: the uptake of public uptake underwrites something in the vicinity of a kind of legitimate epistemic bootstrapping, in that there can be cases in which one’s own epistemic position with respect to a proposition improves on observing that others have accepted one’s assertion of that proposition. But other news is not good: some of the very same features that give rise to the possibility of legitimate epistemic bootstrapping also explain several unhappy aspects of our group life as epistemic subjects, such as groupthink and group polarization.
Plumes Agonistes
Authors: Shaheen Aaron 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The chapter assesses the Great War rehabilitation program’s effectiveness by focusing on screenwriter-novelist Laurence Stallings, whose 1924 novel Plumes is a semi-autobiographical account of his treatment for a leg wound. Initially protagonist Richard Plume refuses amputation, choosing instead a bone graft that requires a painful brace. The brace assumes a liminal prosthetic identity that reflects Richard’s own confused sense of resolve: he both refuses amputation and the support of family back home because he is afraid that accepting both would, as the pages of Carry On had warned a few years earlier, allow his prosthesis to overshadow his personality. The pain-inducing brace itself takes on a malevolent spirit, which sours Richard’s personality and threatens his relationship with his family. Only after amputation and committing to a prosthesis does Richard receive the spiritual rejuvenation that Stallings otherwise depicts in his 1925 silent film The Big Parade, directed by King Vidor.
A Return to the Face
Authors: Shaheen Aaron 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The chapter assesses the American sculptor Anna Coleman Ladd, who crafted prosthetic masks for facially mutilated soldiers in Paris. Rejecting the distinction between ornamental and functional prosthetics, Ladd regarded the face, be it of flesh or of galvanized copper, as a conduit for a person’s personality or spirit. This belief offered a stark contrast to the facial representations of surrealists like André Breton, who worked at the same hospital that supplied most of Ladd’s clients. Relying on vitalist principles similar to Henri Bergson’s élan vital, she therefore created the masks to give mutilated soldiers, many of whom suffered shell shock, the emotional confidence to reconnect with their past lives and to see themselves as active participants in the postwar world—finding employment, marrying, and even conceiving and raising children. Ladd’s efforts in Paris were similar to America’s rehabilitation program, which at the same time was being promoted in Carry On.
Epilogue
Authors: Shaheen Aaron 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The epilogue analyzes Johnny Got His Gun, Dalton Trumbo’s 1939 novel about a soldier who is so pulverized in World War I that he is more machine than man—and yet largely beyond the reach of prosthetic improvement. Like Dadists such as Raoul Hausmann, the novel rebukes the meliorist myth that as long as a disabled soldier has a functioning brain and a firm will, he can use prosthetics to live a life of spiritual and material purpose. As one whose corporeality has been reduced to little more than a brain, Joe Bonham anticipates a complete paradigm shift in which the very notion of the human soul gives way to cybernetics. Published at a time when mechanized warfare had paved the way for nuclear annihilation, Johnny Got His Gun shows that Bergson’s hope for the spiritualization of matter had collapsed at last into the mechanization of spirit.
Magnetism and Practical Terms
Authors: Dunaway Billy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractReference magnetism is an appealing meta-semantic theory for moral realists, since it applies to properties that are metaphysically elite, and the idea that moral properties are among the elite properties is an attractive one for realists. They can also appeal to it to explain both the scope and limits of the stability of moral terms. Moral terms are highly stable, because users of moral language who don’t apply their word ‘right’ to moral rightness will still refer to it, rather than non-elite properties that fit their use better. However, this does not imply that all users of moral language refer to moral rightness. If there are other morally relevant properties besides rightness that are also primitively elite, then it is possible for some users to refer to these. Realists can use reference magnetism to explain why moral terms are highly stable, without committing themselves to the Universal Disagreement thesis. These insights can also be implemented within a contextualist semantics for practical language.
Knowledge, Eliteness, and Alternative Theories
Authors: Dunaway Billy 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis chapter argues that we should expect that there are multiple highly elite, morally relevant properties. This follows from an epistemological thesis about how we can know that a property is elite. The thesis is that the elite properties are those that feature in the generalizations of true theories. Since ethical theorizing involves theorizing not only about what is morally right, but also about what the best way for the world to be is, and what the best principles for limited agents to reason with are, we should expect that there are multiple joints in moral reality. This claim underwrites the metaphysical thesis about eliteness that the realist needs to explain stability without committing to the Universal Disagreement thesis. Moreover, if knowledge of elite properties requires true belief about them with absence of epistemic risk, such knowledge is possible even if we (or some possible community) are not capable of arriving at the relevant true beliefs.
Speculative Fictions
Authors: Hewitt Elizabeth 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Placing Alexander Hamilton at the center of American literary history, Speculative Fictions recasts the bitter partisan feud over Hamilton’s fiscal policies of the early 1790s as a literary debate about how best to explain the movement of global capital. Offering literary analyses of Hamilton’s major reports, the book describes how Hamilton’s unique narrative form replicates what he also argues is the plot structure of a modern capitalist and financial economy: a tapestry of interdependent, dispersed, and contingent relationships forged by long supply chains. Although we are well-versed in the implications of Hamilton’s financial policies, we have been trained to read the economic world according to a very different explanatory method that emphasizes synthesis and ahistorical abstraction. This is the method of Thomas Jefferson, developed from his study of the early school of liberal economic science, physiocracy, and from the pastoral poetic tradition. The book posits that economic and imaginative writing has historically explained how the economy works using this simple narrative structure that plots its stories around the individual subject, homo economicus. Speculative Fictions proposes that other genres in the late eighteenth century provide very different literary forms to describe the complexities of the modern economy, including periodical essays and Black Atlantic autobiographies. Like Hamilton’s own writing about the economy, these genres showcase how any single economic exchange reverberates across time and place, requiring the author to speculate on a multiplex of speculative fictions.
Meaning, Understanding, and Interpretive Authenticity
Authors: Dodd Julian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Interpretive authenticity now takes centre stage. A performance of a work is interpretively authentic to the extent that it evinces understanding of the work that is insightful, profound, far-reaching, and so on. This chapter starts by outlining some of interpretive authenticity’s key features, before discharging a substantial obligation that a commitment to it incurs: in short, an obligation to say what it is for pure instrumental music to have meaning (since the meaning of such a work is simply what is there to be understood in it). Responding to Kivy’s well-known scepticism on this score, musical meaning is introduced and characterized in detail, the central thesis being that understanding a musical work lies in appreciating its point: why it unfolds in the way it does. In the course of describing further features of musical meaning, a useful analogy is proposed between understanding a piece of music and understanding a person.
The Normative Profile of Interpretive Authenticity
Authors: Dodd Julian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The book’s final chapter focuses squarely on interpretive authenticity’s place in our practice of work performance. It is pointed out, first, that interpretive authenticity is a performance value and, second, that, no less than score compliance, it is valued for its own sake. Crucially, however, it is argued, in addition, that interpretive authenticity is the practice of work performance’s most fundamental value. This is because interpretive authenticity, and not score compliance authenticity, is the practice’s constitutive norm: that is, it belongs to the nature of the activity of performing works of Western classical music that performances both ought to maximize, and are trying to maximize, interpretive authenticity. The chapter gives examples in which the norms of interpretive authenticity and score compliance authenticity conflict with each other. It follows from the proposed account of the practice’s normative profile that such conflict should be resolved by sacrificing textual fidelity for the sake of increasing a performance’s interpretive authenticity.
Quasi-Dependence
Authors: Berker Selim 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Quasi-realists aim to account for many of the trappings of metanormative realism within an expressivist framework. Chief among these is the realist way of responding to the Euthyphro dilemma: quasi-realists want to join realists in being able to say, “It’s not the case that kicking dogs is wrong because we disapprove of it. Rather, we disapprove of kicking dogs because it’s wrong.” However, the standard quasi-realist way of explaining what we are up to when we assert the first of these two sentences rests on a mistaken identification of metaphysical dependence (or grounding) with counterfactual covariation. This chapter proposes a better way for expressivists to understand such sentences, on which they serve to express complex states of mind in which an attitude bears a relation of psychological dependence (or basing) to another state of mind. It is argued that this proposal is a natural, versatile, and fruitful approach for expressivists to take that helps them secure the first half of the Euthyphro contrast—but at the cost of making it difficult to see how expressivists can make sense of that contrast’s second half.
‘From the Author’s own Original Manuscript’
Authors: Batt Jennifer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the frantic burst of publishing activity that followed Queen Caroline’s patronage of Stephen Duck. This activity was instrumental in shaping how Duck and his work would be viewed during his life and beyond. Duck’s verse was initially published without his, or his patrons’, consent; as it quickly became a bestseller, it was followed onto the market by a slew of rival, pirated, and spurious pamphlets. Duck and his patrons had very little control over how work issued in his name was presented to the reading public, and, as this chapter reveals, their complaints very quickly became embroiled in a fiercely contested dispute about authority, authenticity, and accuracy. Duck’s patrons and supporters found it difficult to gain a hearing; their sincere statements were crowded out by competing assertions issued by energetic, innovative, and financially motivated booksellers and printers. As this chapter argues, the more that Duck’s supporters tried to object to the unauthorized reproduction of Duck’s verse, the more opportunities they created for others to raise doubts about Duck’s capabilities as a poet.
‘Some Gentleman-like Title, as that of The Revd’
Authors: Batt Jennifer 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the career change that defined the last decade or so of Stephen Duck’s life: his decision to join the clergy. This decision, and the advancements that Duck subsequently received in the Church, were controversial to those onlookers who had always viewed him and his talents sceptically. Even some of those who had been able to tolerate a thresher having pretensions to poetry found Duck’s new ambition to be a priest to be risible. As this chapter explores, though Duck did have his supporters as he pursued this new career, his progress was not always smooth. He was involved in a protracted and highly personal row which focused on his class position; he discovered that advancement in the Church was as tied to patronage as anything in the literary realm; and the career that must have seemed at the beginning to offer him such possibilities may, possibly, have contributed to his death. This chapter concludes by exploring the narratives that developed to explain Duck’s probable suicide.
Stress
Authors: Sutton Adrian P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The concept of stress is introduced in terms of interatomic forces acting through a plane, and in the Cauchy sense of a force per unit area on a plane in a continuum. Normal stresses and shear stresses are defined. Invariants of the stress tensor are derived and the von Mises shear stress is expressed in terms of them. The conditions for mechanical equilibrium in a continuum are derived, one of which leads to the stress tensor being symmetric. Stress is also shown to be the functional derivative of the elastic energy with respect to strain,which enables the stress tensor to be derived in models of interatomic forces. Adiabatic and isothermal stresses are distinguished thermodynamically and anharmonicity of atomic interactions is identified as the reason for their differences. Problems set 2 containsfour problems, one of which is based on Noll’s insightful analysis of stress and mechanical equilibrium.
Dislocations
Authors: Sutton Adrian P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Plastic deformation involves planes of atoms sliding over each other. The sliding happens through the movement of linear defects called dislocations. The phenomenology of dislocations and their characterisation by the Burgers circuit and line direction are described. The Green’s function plays a central role in Volterra’s formula for the displacement field of a dislocation and Mura’s formula for the strain and stress fields. The isotropic elastic fields of edge and screw dislocations are derived. The field of an infinitesimal dislocation loop and its dipole tensor are also derived. The elastic energy of interaction between a dislocation and another source of stress is derived, and leads to force on a dislocation. The elastic energy of a dislocation and the Frank-Read source of dislocations are also discussed. Problem set 6 extends the content of the chapter in several directions including grain boundaries and faults.
The force on a defect
Authors: Sutton Adrian P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter is based on Eshelby’s static energy-momentum tensor which results in an integral expression for the configurational force on a defect. After elucidating the concepts of a configurational force and an elastic singularity the mechanical pressure on an interface, such as a twin boundary or a martensitic interface, is derived. Eshelby’s force on a defect is derived using both physical arguments and more formally using classical field theory. It is equivalent to the J-integral in fracture mechanics. The Peach–Koehler force on a dislocation is rederived using the static energy-momentum tensor. An expression for an image force is derived, where a defect interacts with a free surface.
Cracks
Authors: Sutton Adrian P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Loaded slit cracks are modelled as continuous distributions of dislocations with infinitesimal Burgers vectors. Cauchy-type singular integral equations for the density of Burgers vector in these distributions are solved using the theory of Chebyshev polynomials. The elastic fields of mode I elastic slit cracks are derived and the stress intensity factor is defined. Other defects may interact with cracks such as dislocations. This leads to the concepts of shielding and anti-shielding of cracks by dislocations. The Dugdale–Bilby–Cottrell–Swinden model of a mode I crack completely shielded by a plastic zone is derived. By introducing a dislocation free zone between the plastic zone and the crack tip the crack tip is only partially shielded, enabling more brittle tendencies to be described. Griffith’s energy criterion for the growth of an existing crack is seen as necessary but not sufficient. The Barenblatt crack introduces the influence of interatomic forces at the crack tip.
Open questions
Authors: Sutton Adrian P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Four areas requiring further research are introduced and possible PhD projects are identified. They are (i) workhardening, (ii) electroplasticity, (iii) mobility of dislocations and (iv) hydrogen-assisted cracking. In each case the topic is introduced and key questions are identified. Self-organised criticality and slip bands are considered in the discussion of work hardening. The impact of drag forces is considered in the discussionof dislocation mobility. Possible mechanisms for hyfrogen-assisted cracking include hydrogen-enhanced decohesion (HEDE), adsorption-induced dislocation emission (AIDE) and hydrogen-enhanced localised plasticity (HELP).
Formalized Evaluation
Authors: Espeland Wendy 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes rankings as a powerful, formal mode of evaluation. After raising a series of questions that are important for understanding evaluation more broadly, it illustrates their generative effects by applying them to rankings. In doing so it emphasizes the importance of neo-liberalism as the context for rankings, the distinctive cognitive relationships that rankings produce, the expertise that they challenge, their relationship to markets, and their effects on those who live with their judgments. It concludes by suggesting that such formal modes of evaluation represent a quest to limit the uncertainty and ambiguity that humans face.