bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PALEOPEDOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE KHRINNYKY (SHANKIV YAR)
Authors: Bonchkovskyi O. S. 
Published: February 2020

A Holocene soil complex has been studied in six sections. In well-developed sections, a Holocene pedocomplex consists of five separate soils: a dark-grey forest soil (Subatlantic period), a dark-grey forest soil (Subboreal), separated by the Velbar cultural layer; weak Mollisol with podzolic features (Atlantic period), Sod-Podzolic soil (Boreal), Cambisol (Preboreal). The gran-size analysis perfomed has confirmed the morphological characteristics of the separate soils of the Holocene soil complex.
The features of relic relief and soil cover in the studied area caused space structure of settlements. On the Late Pleistocene dune and it slope were located settlements. In the northern part of the river terrace on the most fertile soils the agricultural lands were situated. During almost entire Holocene in the southern part of terrace on the dunes pines woods were grows. Investigation of the relic dune near to the archaeological site showed that two phases sand accumulation were caused by forest clearance (Eneolithic and the early Middle Age).
The stratigraphic position of cultural layers is related to soil horizons of the pedocomplexes and polygenetic soils. Based on changes in soil morphology in natural and human-transformed soils, the main evolutionary phases in anthropogenic transformation of elementary soil processes and soil covers have been revealed, particularly Non-agrarian (Paleolithic — Neolithic), Early Agrarian (Eneolithic — Early iron age), Transformational (Rome age — Early Middle age), Turbulent (Slaviс period), Degradation (Poland-Lithuanian period), Geochemical (New and Modern period — XIX—XX centuries).
SCYTHIA FROM OCTAMASADES TO ATEAS (According to the Materials of the Dnieper Left Bank Forest Steppe)
Authors: Grechko D. S. 
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the consideration of ethnocultural processes in the Dnipro Left Bank forest-steppe and some issues of the development of material culture in the last third of the 5th— 4th centuries BC. This period was characterized by the stabilization of the military-political situation and the ongoing development of the population in the south of Eastern Europe.
Cluster analysis of burials allowed us to identify several groups. The first cluster characterizes the originality of the Belsk necropolis and its neighborhoods (clusters 1a, 2a, 3, 4). The second block united the burial of nomads who advanced along the Muravsky Shlyakh to the north (clusters 1b, 2c). Interestingly, that the program separated the elite complexes of the next chronological horizon (mid-third quarter of the 4th century BC) in wooden tombs with a southern orientation (clusters 5—6).
In the development of the material culture of this period, three subgroups were identified. Subgroup 2c / group II (430/420—410s BC) is a transitional and reflects the material culture of the period of the completion of the formation of Scythia. The inventory of the burials, apart from innovations, still contains types of products that were typical for the Middle Scythian time.
Subgroup 3a / group III (420/400—380/375 BC) corresponds with the time of Solokha’s burials. Material culture is actually completely innovative in relation to the Middle Scythian.
Subgroup 3b / III group (380/365—360/350s BC) is difficult to separate and is a transitional from material culture such as Solokha burial to the one that would dominate, starting from the time of the burials in Tolstaya and Chmyreva Mogilas.
For the agricultural population of the Forest-Steppe, the entry into Scythia no later than the end of the first third of the 5th century BC brought significant changes: the number of fortified settlements, settlements with ash hills decreased. Several fortifications continued active functioning and the seasonal settlements widely spread. All this happened against the background of an increase of the mobility of a part of the agricultural population and the infiltration of a part of the steppe population into the region.
METAL AXES OF THE EARLY PERIOD OF YAMNA CULTURE OF UKRAINE
Authors: Klochko V. I. 
Published: February 2020

The paper is dedicated to studying the genesis and building the typechronology of metal axes of early period of yamna culture of Ukraine using all the artifacts and archaeological complexes, available for the author.
Currently the reare two main theories of metal axes of Eastern Europe origins: «Maykop» and «Samara».
The main theses of «Maykop» theory are presented in works of E. N. Chernyh, S. N. Kornievsky and A. L. Nechytailo. Detailed historiographic referative representation of this theory was recently preformedby V. A. Derhachev, which readers should get acquainted themselves. From my point of view the main problem of this theory is that on the line of ax is connections Baniabik-Maykop-Novosvobodnaya of Central Europe and North Caucasus, declared by the authors of this theory, terra incognita called «Ukraine» is located.
The alternative theory, which I call «Samara», and which is systematically ignored by the authors and followers of «Maykop» theory, including V. A. Derhachev, was initiated by myself in 1990th. Which means it is 25 years old by now.
New artifacts, found in recent years, allowed me to modernize my theory and use it as the basis for the new typechronology of metal axes of early period of yamna culture of Ukraine, presented in this paper and come to following conclusions:
Metal axis of Baniabik type originated from ax is of Samara type of Eneolithic age, in the society of yamna culture Middle Dnipro Land of Early Bronze Age, in the cultural and technological center of yamna culture of Eastern Europe.
Speaking of Baniabik treasure, it should be considered a treasure of long-term accumulation, judging by the different-time axis of yamna culture, presented there. This depository had probably originated in a sacred ground of yamna culture tribes, which occurred during their long-term migrations from Middle Dnipro Land to Transylvania. Therefore Baniabik type axis can be considered as archaeological markers of ancient indo-europeans migrations to Central Europe. They are the ones to bring new «Caucasus» technologies to Central Europe, however not from the Caucasus, but from Ukraine.
TO THE PROBLEM OF RECOGNITION OF THE BURIALS OF CHORNOHORIVSKA GROUP
Authors: Оtroshchenko V. V. 
Published: February 2020

The article deals with the questions of formation and replenishment of the Chornohorivska group of monuments source base of the IX—VIII c. BC. The catalog of Cimmerian burials, created by S. V. Makhortykh (2005), was analyzed. Due to the discussion points of its configuration, it is proposed to improve this register. It is advisable to clear the catalog from the complexes of the Bilozerska culture of the of the Final Bronze Age and artifacts from the monuments of the settled population — the Cimmerian neighbors. Attention is paid to the still unrecognized complexes of the Chornohorivska group, defined earlier as the cultures of the Bronze Age. The approaches to the cultural identification of the non-inventory burials of this group of the Cimmerian population are marked. It was noticed that instead of the «fetal» position of the dead during the Late and Final Bronze, among nomads (Chornohorivska group population) in the early Iron Age the «horseman» buried position was recorded.
SINGLE-EDGED WEAPONRY OF SCYTHIAN ORIGIN IN TRANSYLVANIA AND GREAT HUNGARIAN PLAIN
Authors: Topal D. A. 
Published: February 2020

In the Scythian time in the territory of the Middle Danube, Transylvanian and the Southern Carpathian regions, the original group of single-edged akinakai is distributed. By the time the Scythians penetrated Carpathian region, a part of the population of Basarabi culture (bearers of the Illyrian tradition of single-edged weaponry) moved to the north, to the South Carpathians and Transylvania. Perhaps it is the circumstance that can explain the appearance of single-edged akianakai with a T-shaped handle of the Nуgrád type in the foothills of the Southern Carpathians and the Apuseni Mountains in the south-west of Transylvania. The basis for the Nуgrád akinakai, apparently, was the akinakai of the Shumeyko type (or Piliny type according to A. Vulpe), which spread at the turn of the Early and Middle Scythian periods. This is indicated by the features of Nуgrád akinakai, characteristic of the Shumeyko type like a narrow elongated blade (often triangular), a massive kidney-shaped crosshair, a two-part handle and decoration with its transverse notches, a narrow elongated rhombic pommel. Like Shumeyko akinakai, the single-edged swords of the Nуgrád type appear at the turn of the 7th—6th centuries BC and exist until the end of the 6th century. At the same time, the bulk of the complexes with akinakai of the Nуgrád type belong to the second half or even the end of the 6th century BC.
SHELLS OF MOLLUSCS FROM MOTORONYN HILLFORT
Authors: Balashov I. O. , Mogylov O. D. 
Published: February 2020

The shells of 3 land molluscs’ species are found in the historical layer of VI—V century B.C. from the Motronyn hillfort of the Scythian age (Chyhyryn district of Cherkasy region, Ukraine): Helix pomatia, Austrotachea vindobonensis and Fruticicola fruticum. All these species are known to still occur in this area. Since it was disputable whether the H. pomatia was recently introduced in the Dnipro area, an evidence of its presence for at least 2400 years in this region is notable. Nature of damage to the shell of H. pomatia indicates that it was probably used for food by humans.
RESEARCH OF THE EARLY SCYTHIAN KURGAN ІN KUPYN VILLAGE OF KHMELNITSKYI REGION
Authors: Hutsal V. A. 
Published: February 2020

In 2018 the archaeological expedition of Kamianets-Podilskyi Ivan Ohiienko National University investigated a group of four mounds of the Early Scythian time in v. Kupyn, Gorodok district of Khmelnitskyi region. All of them are seriously robbed at different times. The work was carried out on two mounds.
Mound 3 with a diameter of 15 m, height up to 1 m, damaged by predatory pits. There was built wooden tomb, which later burned. A powerful flame enveloped the whole space and burned the soil to a bright brick color. At one of the sites that were touched by the robbers, the remains of two graves were discovered at the level of the ancient surface. The burial site was filled with yellow clay over an area of 1.1 Ч 0.45 m. The first burial was the remains of a single body, which was in a crouched condition. When the wooden structures of the mound were burning, the skeleton also burned down. Preserved fragments of one leg, femur and tibia, knee joint, several fragments of pelvic bones. The second burial was located next to the first one, but a little south-east. Here, calcified bones were piled up 19 earthen vessels were broken at the buried. Among them are two bank pots, a large and a small claypots, two bowls with a curved edge, two other bowls have a crown bent outward. The whole series presents scoops with a low cup and a high handle with a performance. One of the scoops is made on a potter’s wheel. With tools found, made of iron ax, two ax-tesla, chisel.
NEW RESEARCH IN ZHABOTIN
Authors: Daragan M. N. , Pidobid V. A. 
Published: February 2020

The focus of the work is the publication of the results of the excavations on the reference monument at the beginning of the early Iron Age of the Dnieper Right Bank Forest-Steppe — the settlement near the village of Zhabotin. The article includes the description of newly discovered objects (ditch, pits), analysis of stratigraphy and a detailed analysis of finds from closed archaeological complexes. For understanding the spatial structure of the settlement, a very important discovery was Site 23, a ditch that crossed the inhabited area of the plateau of the settlement from West to East.
The ditch passes, apparently, through the whole of the central part of the monument, dividing it into two parts. The ditch was built in the initial phase of the settlement. It should be noted that during the period of the ditch’s functioning, the separated parts of the settlement were inhabited in the area of the ditch.
The complexes were investigated both prior to it (pit 1) with materials from the Zhabotin 1 horizon (first half of the 8th BCE) and constructed after his backfill (pit 2, of the second half of the 7th BCE). It is noteworthy that in pit 2 a fragment of South Ionian bowl, most likely from Miletos, was found. It must be type Schlotzhauer 6 (subtype 6.2.B to 6.5), most likely to be dated between 660/50—630/20 BCE. At excavation Site 24, a pits from the 8th — first half of the 7th BCE and the second half of the 6th beginning of the 5th BCE was investigated. Studies of material complex from the ditch and different pits not only confirmed the periodization frame of the settlement to 8—7 century BC, but also allowed that it extended until the beginning of the 5th BCE. Based on the new materials, the chronological frames of Zhabotin and Motroninsky hillforts (located at the distance of 4.5 km), can be linked suggesting that they partially overlap each other.
ABOUT NEW FINDS OF THE HORSE HARNESS OF SCYTHIAN-SARMATIAN AGE FROM ZAKUBANYE
Authors: Dudarev S. L. , Berezhnaya V. A. , Kolkova S. P. 
Published: February 2020

The article introduces into the scientific circulation the objects of the horse harness of the Scythian and Sarmatian time, found at different times by local residents and local historians of the village of Voznesenskaya, Labinsky district, Krasnodar region of the Russian Federation, and located in the local children’s library-museum. A notable feature of some of the published iron loopy bridle bits are the large sizes of their links (up to 30 cm). This probably indicates a dilution in the second half of the 1st millennium BC in Zakubanye of a large-breed horse breed, which was the forerunner of the famous Kabardian breed of these animals. Its origins, the eminent archeologist-кavkazologyst, E. I. Krupnov traced to the beginning of the early Iron Age. The subject of consideration of the authors of the article are also the features of the cross-shaped nozzles with spikes, which are available on a number of published looped rods, or on their individual links. Most of the presented «cross-shaped nozzles» on the bits (Fig. 1: 2, 4—5; 2: 2) may be ultimately described, following I. I. Marchenko, as a psalm in the form of a small cross with flattened sharp curved spikes. Functionally, «strict» cheek-pieces and nozzles performed the same role. As shown by E. I. Savchenko, they were located at the outer rings of the rods and when the reins were tensioned, they pressed on the toothless edges of the horse’s jaw. Three separate types of specimens can be distinguished from those who are separately from the angled duplicates: 1. bipods (Fig. 3: 4, 5); 2. rod short straight two types — a specimen tapering towards the ends (Fig. 3: 6) and a sample with cylindrical grooved processes extending from the holes (Fig. 3: 7); 3. S-visible with knobs on the ends (Fig. 3: 1—3).
The published bits and cheek-pieces belong to the types common in the Northern Black Sea Region and the Northern Caucasus dating back to the 5th—1st cc. BC. At the same time, most of them may have a narrower dating. For the bits with one broken off outer ring (Fig. 2: 1), the date should be marked — the end of IV—III c. BC. For bits in Fig. 2: 2, as well as links of samples like them depicted in Fig. 1: 2, 4, 5, one can accept the date of I. I. Marchenko — IV — first half of the 3rd century BC. Link fished with a hat may be attributed to the IV BC, as having a parallel in the Melitopol mound. Date of duplicated cheek-pieces with two lobes (Fig. 3: 4) — III — first half of I c. BC. Rod duplicated cheek-pieces (Fig. 3: 6, 7) may date to the 4th—3rd centuries BC, S-visible, most likely, the early period of this time period.
The items presented in the article characterize the occupation of the local Meotian population by horse breeding, which since Pre-Scythian time has been one of the most important economic branches of the autochthons of Zakubanye.
ON THE DISPOSITION OF HORSES IN KOZEL BARROW
Authors: Perevodchikova E. V. , Firsov K. B. 
Published: February 2020

The article deals with the disposition of horses in Kozel barrow of the IV century BC situated in the left coast Lower Dnieper region. 11 horses were buried in three special tombs there. The horses were adorned with silver and bronze bridles, some had also saddles with golden plagues, and some had bronze breast (neck) dressings.
I. E. Zabelin, the author of excavation this barrow, had described the disposition of horses. We had analyzed the arrangement of horses on the basis of this description. We had seen some rhythm in the arrangement of the horses in silver and bronze dressings. The regularity observed was based on the colour difference of horse bridles. Comparing the results of our observations on the Kozel horses disposition with the disposition of horses in Chertomlyk barrow we had found some resemblance between them also basing on the colour difference of horse bridles.
A.Yu. Alexeev analyzing Chertomlyk horse tombs became to a conclusion this way of space organization of horse tombs is an evidence of royal status of the buried person. This conclusion may be applied for Kozel barrow also, but it is smaller and not so rich, and usually is interpreted as a burial of royal family member. But we should not forgot that nobody knows of the treasures contained this plundered barrow.
IMAGE OF A WILD BOAR IN THE SCYTHIANS ANIMAL STYLE OF THE NORTHERN PONTIC REGION. INTERNAL EVOLUTION AND EXTERNAL IMPACTS
Authors: Zymovets R. V. 
Published: February 2020

The article deals with relatively rare but important for Scythians animal style repertoire image of a wild boar. The sources of iconography and style of the image are analyzed, as well as his inner evolution and external influences from Central Asia, Near East, Iran and Greece. Full figure image of a wild boar in the Northern Black Sea region in archaic period are very rare unlike Central Asia and Southern Seberia, where these images were quite popular. Nevertheless some typical Asian styled figures (in a «sudden stop» pose or standing «on a hoof tips») are represented in Kuban’ and Dniepr Forrest-Steppe regions. Obviously they connected to Central Asia tradition and may be an evidence of migration process from eastern region to the Northern Black Sea in VII—VI centuries BC. The article notes, that already in archaic period in Scythians burials being discovered artifacts with typical Greek and Middle East images of a wild boar as well as Celtic imports from Central Europe.
In classical period the situation is changing. A new wild boar image iconography appears: with bent legs. At the current stage of research it’s impossible to unambiguously determine a geographical source of such image: was it Central Asia or Near East. The images with new iconography performed mostly in gold and decorated most often the weapons (bow cases, sword sheaths), ritual and cult items (bowls, rhytons, headdress). At the same time the image of a separate wild boar head appears. It became more popular than full figures and gained wider distribution from the late VI — early V century BC. It being developed in two stylistic directions: laconic, connected with Sauromathian impact and realistic-decorative, as a result of further development of this image by Bosporus artisans.
The article also deals with semantics of the image. Many researchers associated the image of a wild boar with the embodiments of gods of war and victory — Indo-Iranian Veretragna and Scythians Ares. Author argues that a wild boar could be associated also with a chthonic destructive power and victory over him made the winning warrior a real hero, equal to his «cosmic» rival.
Two new artefacts with a wild boar images from the territory of Crimea peninsula are introduced into scientific circulation.
PROCESSION: ILLUSION AND REALITY IN IRRATIONAL SPACE (to the problem of iconography and composition in ancient art)
Authors: Korolkova E. F. 
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the problem of classification of iconographic and compositional types in the monuments of ancient art, in particular, the so-called «processions», which are associated with the artistic design of the objects belonging to the sphere of great semantic meaning. Being located on objects of the category of personal adornments and weapons, on architectural monuments or ritual objects, they are always associated with sacred acts, mythological space and ritual content. Interpretation of these compositions is impossible without a primary classification, which has not yet been developed, and this causes difficulties in research.
Compositions, which could be concerned as processions could consist of anthropomorphic or zoomorphic images, or comprise both type of images in the same composition. All of them always show some rhythmical characteristics with constant intervals as well as evident direction of movement.
In some occasions such type of compositions could be taken as an embodiment of the scene of a concrete ritual event, sometimes, perhaps, with costumed as mythological personage figures, but in other case they could be interpreted as a mythological subject with well-known images, which were recognizable for ancient society. In any case reiteration of images and regular intervals in compositions made an impression of slow movement in solemn procession, even with statical figures.
IMAGES OF AN EARED BIRD OR WHOSE EARS A GRIFFIN HAS?
Authors: Kuznetsova T. M. 
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the definition of the pre-image for the images of fantastic creatures, which are called in research, eared griffins. The reason for this was the finding in the horse grave number 1 of the barrow number 6 at the town of Dnieprorudny the figurine of a predatory ornithomorphic with ears decorated a bronze molded noseband. Such nosebands are present both in the steppe and in the forest-steppe Scythian monuments of the 4th century BC.
Researchers have determined that in searching for the origins of the image of the griffin, natural prototypes should be taken into account, finding similarities with the eagles and the vultures of the Old World. It is assumed that the presence of an ear in ornithomorphic images, which is absent in birds, reflects the result of comprehension of reality, and not its fixation. However, in nature there are birds, in the plumage of which there are long feather «ears». These birds are owls, among which eagle-owl and long-eared owls deserve special attention. The attitude of a human being to owls has always been special because of the mysterious nightlife, silent flight and eerie voice. Therefore, it is possible that the ear in the iconography of an ornithomorphic griffin as a result of fixing a real creature and further understanding its image in time and space.