bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IUCN Red List and the value of integrating genetics
Authors: Garner Brittany A. , Hoban Sean , Luikart Gordon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMany species on endangered species lists such as the IUCN Red List (RL) are categorized using demographic factors such as numbers of mature individuals. Genetic factors are not currently used in the RL even though their explicit consideration, including effective population size (Ne) and expected heterozygosity-loss (H-loss), could improve the assessment of extinction risk. Here, we consider the estimation ofNeandH-loss in the context of RL species. First, we investigate the reporting of number of mature individuals for RL Endangered species, which is needed to estimateNeandH-loss. We found 77% of species assessments studied here did not report methods used to estimate the number of mature adults, and that these assessments rarely report other important determinants ofNe(e.g., sex ratio, variance in family size). We therefore applied common rules of thumb to estimateNe, and found thatNewas likely < 50 for at least 25% of the 170 RL Endangered species studied here. We also estimated mean expectedH-loss for these species over the next 100 years, and found it to be 9–29%. These estimates of highH-loss and lowNesuggest that some species listed as Endangered likely warrant listing as Critically Endangered if genetic considerations were included. We recommend that RL and other assessment frameworks (i) report methods used for estimating the number of mature adults, (ii) include standardized information on species traits that influenceNeto facilitateNeestimation, and (iii) consider using concepts likeNeand heterozygosity-loss in risk assessments.
Multi-moment maps on nearly Kähler six-manifolds
Authors: Russo Giovanni 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe study multi-moment maps on nearly Kähler six-manifolds with a two-torus symmetry. Critical points of these maps have non-trivial stabilisers. The configuration of fixed-points and one-dimensional orbits is worked out for generic six-manifolds equipped with an $$\mathrm {SU}(3)$$

SU
(
3
)

-structure admitting a two-torus symmetry. Projecting the subspaces obtained to the orbit space yields a trivalent graph. We illustrate this result concretely on the homogeneous nearly Kähler examples.
Seasonal variation in the invertebrate community and diet of a top fish predator in a thermally stable spring
Authors: Kreiling Agnes-Katharina , O’Gorman Eoin J. , Pálsson Snæbjörn , Benhaïm David , Leblanc Camille A. , Ólafsson Jón S. , Kristjánsson Bjarni K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMany life-history events in aquatic invertebrates are triggered by seasonal changes in water temperature, but other ecological factors may be important as well. To rule out the confounding effects of changing water temperature, we studied the seasonal dynamics of an aquatic invertebrate community and their effect on a top fish predator in a thermally stable freshwater spring in South Iceland. We sampled benthic invertebrates five times over a year and conducted a mark-recapture study on the top predator in the system, small benthic Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.). We assessed variation in diet composition and feeding preferences by calculating the electivity and individual specialisation of each fish at each sampling time. There was a clear separation of winter and summer communities for the benthic invertebrates. The variation in prey availability was also reflected in the fish diet, with higher feeding selectivity in summer than in winter for the highly abundant Chironomidae larvae. In contrast, individual specialisation as a measure of intrapopulation niche variation was higher in winter when prey availability was lower. We furthermore found that groundwater amphipods might play an important role in the winter diet of spring-dwelling Arctic charr. In conclusion, seasonal variation in the invertebrate community is an important factor to consider and has the potential to alter the phenotype (e.g. growth rates) and behaviour (e.g. feeding preferences) of higher trophic levels.
A Review of Empirical Studies Investigating Narrative, Emotion and Meaning-Making Modes and Client Process Markers in Psychotherapy
Authors: Aleixo Ana , Pires António Pazo , Angus Lynne , Neto David , Vaz Alexandre 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDespite the importance of narrative, emotional and meaning-making processes in psychotherapy, there has been no review of studies using the main instruments developed to address these processes. The objective is to review the studies about client narrative and narrative-emotional processes in psychotherapy that used the Narrative Process Coding System or the Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System (1.0 and 2.0). To identify the studies, we searched The Book Collection, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PsycBOOKS, PEP Archive, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Academic Search Complete and the Web of Knowledge databases. We found 27 empirical studies using one of the three coding systems. The studies applied the Narrative Process Coding System and the Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System to different therapeutic modalities and patients with various clinical disorders. In some studies, early, middle and late phases of therapy were compared, while other studies conducted intensive case analyses of Narrative Process Coding System and Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System patterns comparing recovered vs unchanged clients. The review supports the importance to look for the contribution of narrative, emotion, meaning-making patterns or narrative-emotion markers, to treatment outcomes and encourages the application of these instruments in process-outcome research in psychotherapy.
Activity Patterns and Age-dependent Changes in Behavior in the Clonal Ant Platythyrea punctata
Authors: Hartmann Clara , Haschlar Julia , Heinze Jürgen , Bernadou Abel 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAge-based polyethism, wherein young individuals perform tasks within the nest and later transition to outside activities, is common among many social insects. This division of labor ensures the safety of workers with longer residual lifespans, such as brood caring nurses, and exposes only old individuals to increased extrinsic mortality risks. It appears however, that lifespan in workers is also shaped by intrinsic factors, such as senescence. The transition from nurse to forager is accompanied by various physiological and behavioral changes and seems to represent a crucial step in determining the subsequent life history of the individual. Here we investigate the daily activity pattern and detailed division of labor in colonies of the clonal ant Platythyrea punctata to better understand the dynamics of age polyethism in this peculiar species. We found that P. punctata colonies were mostly active during the day. At night, few workers were observed out of their nests. Workers showed a decrease in brood care and aggressive behavior over time. With increasing age individuals spent more time outside the nest and were more frequently observed walking. However, the transition to outside tasks did not follow a consistent time pattern in all colonies. Workers transitioning at a younger age seemed to die earlier than workers that began to forage later in life.
Comparison of synchronous and asynchronous parallelization of extreme surrogate-assisted multi-objective evolutionary algorithm
Authors: Harada Tomohiro , Kaidan Misaki , Thawonmas Ruck 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the integration of a surrogate-assisted multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA) and a parallel computation scheme to reduce the computing time until obtaining the optimal solutions in evolutionary algorithms (EAs). A surrogate-assisted MOEA solves multi-objective optimization problems while estimating the evaluation of solutions with a surrogate function. A surrogate function is produced by a machine learning model. This paper uses an extreme learning surrogate-assisted MOEA/D (ELMOEA/D), which utilizes one of the well-known MOEA algorithms, MOEA/D, and a machine learning technique, extreme learning machine (ELM). A parallelization of MOEA, on the other hand, evaluates solutions in parallel on multiple computing nodes to accelerate the optimization process. We consider a synchronous and an asynchronous parallel MOEA as a master-slave parallelization scheme for ELMOEA/D. We carry out an experiment with multi-objective optimization problems to compare the synchronous parallel ELMOEA/D with the asynchronous parallel ELMOEA/D. In the experiment, we simulate two settings of the evaluation time of solutions. One determines the evaluation time of solutions by the normal distribution with different variances. On the other hand, another evaluation time correlates to the objective function value. We compare the quality of solutions obtained by the parallel ELMOEA/D variants within a particular computing time. The experimental results show that the parallelization of ELMOEA/D significantly reduces the computational time. In addition, the integration of ELMOEA/D with the asynchronous parallelization scheme obtains higher quality of solutions quicker than the synchronous parallel ELMOEA/D.
Aphantasia, imagination and dreaming
Authors: Whiteley Cecily M. K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAphantasia is a recently discovered disorder characterised by the total incapacity to generate visual forms of mental imagery. This paper proposes that aphantasia raises important theoretical concerns for the ongoing debate in the philosophy and science of consciousness over the nature of dreams. Recent studies of aphantasia and its neurobehavioral correlates reveal that the majority of aphantasics, whilst unable to produce visual imagery while awake, nevertheless retain the capacity to experiencerich visual dreams.This finding constitutes a novel explanandum for theories of dreaming. Specifically, I argue that the recent dream reports of aphantasics constitute an empirical challenge to the emerging family of views which claim that dreams are essentially imaginative experiences, constitutively involving the kinds of mental imagery which aphantasics,ex-hypothesi,lack. After presenting this challenge in the context of Jonathan Ichikawa’s recent arguments for this view, I argue that this empirical challenge may be overcome if the imagination theorist abandons Ichikawa’s account of dreaming in favour of a modified version. This involves the claim that dreams are essentially inactive and constitutively involvenon voluntaryforms of imagination. I conclude with a suggestion for further research which can test the viability of this alternative hypothesis, and move the debate forward.
Small-scale modelling of root-soil interaction of trees under lateral loads
Authors: Zhang X. , Knappett J. A. , Leung A. K. , Ciantia M. O. , Liang T. , Danjon F. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Aim
(1) To understand the tree root-soil interaction under lateral and moment loading using a physical modelling technique; (2) To detect the possible factors (e.g. root architecture, water condition, and stress level) influencing a tree’s push-over behaviour; (3) To identify suitable scaling laws to use in physical modelling.

Methods
Two 1:20 scaled root models with different architectures (namely, deep and narrow, and shallow and wide) were reconstructed and 3D printed based on the field-surveyed root architecture data. Push-over tests were performed both in elevated-gravity (centrifuge 20-g) and normal-gravity (1-g) conditions.

Results
The shallow and wide model showed higher anchorage strength than the deep and narrow model. Regardless of the root architecture, the root anchorage strength measured from dry soil was higher than that from saturated soil. However, once the effective stress was the same, regardless of water conditions, the root anchorage strength would be the same.

Conclusions
The presence of water decreasing the soil effective stress and key lateral roots extending along the wind direction play a significant role on a tree’s push-over resistance. Centrifuge tests showed comparable results to the field pull-over measurements while 1-g model tests overestimated the root-soil interaction, which could be corrected for soil strength by using modified scaling laws.
Meaningful affordances
Authors: Dings Roy 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt has been argued that affordances are not meaningful and are thus not useful to be applied in contexts where specifically meaningfulness of experience is at stake (e.g. clinical contexts or discussions of autonomous agency). This paper aims to reconceptualize affordances such as to make them relevant and applicable in such contexts. It starts by investigating the ‘ambiguity’ of (possibilities for) action. In both philosophy of action and affordance research, this ambiguity is typically resolved by adhering to the agents intentions and concerns. I discuss some recent accounts of affordances that highlight these concerns but argue that they tend to adopt an ‘atomistic’ approach where there is no acknowledgement of how these concerns are embedded in the agents wider concerns, values, projects and commitments. An holistic approach that does acknowledge this can be found in psychological research on agents having a sense of what they’re doing. I will discuss this research in the second part of the paper and argue that agents can analogously have a sense of what is afforded. This is deemed the entry point for understanding the meaningfulness of affordances. In the final part of the paper I apply this analysis to recent attempts which seek to make sense of authentic and autonomous agency in terms of affordances.
Engineering what? On concepts in conceptual engineering
Authors: Koch Steffen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractConceptual engineers aim to revise rather than describe our concepts. But what are concepts? And how does one engineer them? Answering these questions is of central importance for implementing and theorizing about conceptual engineering. This paper discusses and criticizes two influential views of this issue: semanticism, according to which conceptual engineers aim to change linguistic meanings, and psychologism, according to which conceptual engineers aim to change psychological structures. I argue that neither of these accounts can give us the full story. Instead, I propose and defend the Dual Content View of Conceptual Engineering. On this view, conceptual engineering targets concepts, where concepts are understood as having two (interrelated) kinds of contents: referential content and cognitive content. I show that this view is independently plausible and that it gives us a comprehensive account of conceptual engineering that helps to make progress on some of the most difficult problems surrounding conceptual engineering.
Detection of Brucella spp. in raw milk from various livestock species raised under pastoral production systems in Isiolo and Marsabit Counties, northern Kenya
Authors: Wainaina Martin , Aboge Gabriel O. , Omwenga Isaac , Ngaywa Catherine , Ngwili Nicholas , Kiara Henry , Wamwere-Njoroge George , Bett Bernard 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease in Kenya, and identifying the bacteria in milk is important in assessing the risk of exposure in people.

Methods
A cross-sectional study that involved 175 households was implemented in the pastoral counties of Marsabit and Isiolo in Kenya. Pooled milk samples (n = 164) were collected at the household level, and another 372 were collected from domesticated lactating animals (312 goats, 7 sheep, 50 cattle and 3 camels). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing of the milk samples was performed to identify Brucella species. Brucella anti-LPS IgG antibodies were also detected in bovine milk samples using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results
Based on the qPCR, the prevalence of the pathogen at the animal level (considering samples from individual animals) was 2.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–4.5) and 3.0% (CI: 1.0–7.0) in pooled samples. All 14 samples found positive by qPCR were from goats, with 10 contaminated with B. abortus and 4 with B. melitensis. The Brucella spp. antibody prevalence in bovine milk using the milk ELISA was 26.0% (95% CI: 14.6–40.3) in individual animal samples and 46.3% (95% CI: 30.7–62.6) in pooled samples.

Conclusion
The study is the first in Kenya to test for Brucella spp. directly from milk using qPCR without culturing for the bacteria. It also detected B. abortus in goats, suggesting transmission of brucellosis between cattle and goats. The high prevalence of Brucella spp. is a significant public health risk, and there is a need for intervention strategies necessary in the study area.
Butterfly species’ responses to urbanization: differing effects of human population density and built-up area
Authors: Kuussaari Mikko , Toivonen Marjaana , Heliölä Janne , Pöyry Juha , Mellado Jorge , Ekroos Johan , Hyyryläinen Vesa , Vähä-Piikkiö Inkeri , Tiainen Juha 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGood knowledge on how increasing urbanization affects biodiversity is essential in order to preserve biodiversity in urban green spaces. We examined how urban development affects species richness and total abundance of butterflies as well as the occurrence and abundance of individual species within the Helsinki metropolitan area in Northern Europe. Repeated butterfly counts in 167 separate 1-km-long transects within Helsinki covered the entire urbanization gradient, quantified by human population density and the proportion of built-up area (within a 50-m buffer surrounding each butterfly transect). We found consistently negative effects of both human population density and built-up area on all studied butterfly variables, though butterflies responded markedly more negatively to increasing human population density than to built-up area. Responses in butterfly species richness and total abundance showed higher variability in relation to proportion of built-up area than to human density, especially in areas of high human density. Increasing human density negatively affected both the abundance and the occurrence of 47% of the 19 most abundant species, whereas, for the proportion of built-up area, the corresponding percentages were 32% and 32%, respectively. Species with high habitat specificity and low mobility showed higher sensitivity to urbanization (especially high human population density) than habitat generalists and mobile species that dominated the urban butterfly communities. Our results suggest that human population density provides a better indicator of urbanization effects on butterflies compared to the proportion of built-up area. The generality of this finding should be verified in other contexts and taxonomic groups.
Patricide and overkill: a review of the literature and case report of a murder with Capgras delusion
Authors: Trotta Silvia , Mandarelli Gabriele , Ferorelli Davide , Solarino Biagio 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDespite being an infrequent crime, parental homicide has been associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in adult perpetrators and a history of child abuse and family violence in adolescent perpetrators. Among severe psychiatric disorders there is initial evidence that delusional misidentification might also play a role in parricide. Parricides are often committed with undue violence and may result in overkill. The authors present the case of an adult male affected by schizoaffective disorder and Capgras syndrome who committed patricide. Forensic pathologists classify such cases as overkill by multiple fatal means comprising stabbing, blunt trauma and choking. Accurate crime scene investigations coupled with psychiatric examinations of perpetrator allow reconstruction of the murder stages. This overkill case is discussed in the context of a broad review of the literature.
Modeling of methane migration from gas wellbores into shallow groundwater at basin scale
Authors: Taherdangkoo Reza , Tatomir Alexandru , Sauter Martin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMethane contamination of drinking water resources is one of the major concerns associated with unconventional gas development. This study assesses the potential contamination of shallow groundwater via methane migration from a leaky natural gas well through overburden rocks, following hydraulic fracturing. A two-dimensional, two-phase, two-component numerical model is employed to simulate methane and brine upward migration toward shallow groundwater in a generic sedimentary basin. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to examine the influence of methane solubility, capillary pressure–saturation relationship parameters and residual water saturation of overburden rocks, gas leakage rate from the well, tilted formations, and low-permeability sediments (i.e., claystones) on the transport of fluids. Results show that the presence of lithological barriers is the most important factor controlling the temporal–spatial distribution of methane in the subsurface and the arrival time to shallow groundwater. A pulse of high leakage rate is required for early manifestation of methane in groundwater wells. Simulations reveal that the presence of tilted features could further explain fast-growing methane contamination and extensive lateral spreading reported in field studies.
A brief note on the computation of silent from nonsilent contributions of spatially localized magnetizations on a sphere
Authors: Gerhards Christian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAny square-integrable vector field$$\mathbf {f}$$fover a sphere$$\mathbb {S}$$Scan be decomposed into three unique contributions: one being the gradient of a function harmonic inside the sphere (denoted by$$\mathbf {f}_+$$f+), one being the gradient of a function harmonic in the exterior of the sphere (denoted by$$\mathbf {f}_-$$f-), and one being tangential and divergence-free (denoted by$$\mathbf {f}_{df}$$fdf). In geomagnetic applications this is of relevance because, if we consider$$\mathbf {f}$$fto be identified with a magnetization, only the contribution$$\mathbf {f}_+$$f+can generate a non-vanishing magnetic field in the exterior of the sphere. Thus, we call$$\mathbf {f}_-$$f-and$$\mathbf {f}_{df}$$fdf“silent” and$$\mathbf {f}_+$$f+“nonsilent”. If$$\mathbf {f}$$fis known to be spatially localized in a subregion of the sphere, then$$\mathbf {f}_+$$f+and$$\mathbf {f}_-$$f-are coupled due to their potential field nature. In this short paper, we derive an approach that makes use of this coupling in order to compute the contribution$$\mathbf {f}_-$$f-from knowledge of the contribution$$\mathbf {f}_+$$f+.
A novel method to identify the flow pattern of oil–water two-phase flow
Authors: Li Zhong-Cheng , Fan Chun-Ling 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper presents a novel method combining extreme learning machine (ELM) and multiple empirical mode decomposition (MEMD) to identify flow patterns of oil–water two-phase flow. The proposed method can recognize accurately five typical flow patterns of horizontal oil–water two-phase flow. Taking the Lorenz system as an example, we verify the MEMD is more suitable for simultaneous decomposition of multi-channel signals than empirical mode decomposition and ensemble empirical mode decomposition. In the proposed method, we employ the MEMD to decompose the multivariate conductance signal of oil–water two-phase flow to obtain the same intrinsic mode function modes, select the normalized energy of the high-frequency components as the eigenvalue, and utilize the trained ELM to achieve a good recognition result. The experimental results show that the proposed method is not only fast and generalized, but also has high accuracy in identifying flow patterns of oil–water two-phase flow.