bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exact solutions of Einstein-æther gravity in Bianchi type V cosmology
Authors: Roumeliotis M. , Paliathanasis A. , Terzis Petros A. , Christodoulakis T. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe present the solution space of the field equations in the Einstein-æther theory for the case of a vacuum Bianchi Type V space-time. We also find that there are portions of the initial parameters space for which no solution is admitted by the reduced equations. Whenever solutions do exist, their physical interpretation is examined through the behavior of Ricci and/or Kretsmann scalar, as well as with the identification of the effective energy momentum tensor in terms of a perfect fluid. There are cases in which no singularities appear and others where the effective fluid is isotropic.
Metabolite Imaging at the Margin: Visualizing Metabolic Tumor Gradients Using Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Tan Ai Wen , Weljie Aalim M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors are highly metabolic and vascularized, yet little has been reported regarding the spatial localization of metabolic activity within these tumors. A mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) study by Randall and colleagues in this issue provides provocative observations of metabolic gradients in xenograft GBM models. The intensity of acylcarnitines is dramatically increased at tumor margins, which interface with normal tissue, but not in tumor margins at the edge of the brain. A secondary examination of drug metabolites suggests that the observed metabolic gradients are pharmacologically relevant. These findings underscore previously undescribed spatial metabolic heterogeneity in GBM biology and opportunities for MSI investigations.
See related article by Randall et al., p. 1258
Birth Order, Sibship Size, Childhood Environment and Immune-Related Disorders, and Risk of Lymphoma in Lymphoid Cancer Families
Authors: Jones Samantha J. , Stroshein Sumara , Williams Amy M. , Liu Dongmeng , Spinelli John J. , Connors Joseph M. , Brooks-Wilson Angela R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground:Familial aggregation of lymphoid cancers and immune-related disorders suggests a role for genetic susceptibility; however, few studies examine environmental factors. According to the hygiene hypothesis, adult-onset immune-related diseases may be a consequence of reduced childhood infectious exposures and aberrant immune development. In a cohort of 196 multiple-case lymphoid cancer families, we analyzed environmental factors related to the hygiene hypothesis.Methods:Family structure, childhood environment, and immune-related disorders were examined among 196 lymphoid cancer families, in relation to risk of lymphoid cancer. We report on 450 lymphoid cancer cases and 1,018 unaffected siblings using logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for association.Results:The risk of lymphoma tended to decrease with later birth order (OR = 0.83; 95% CI, 0.78–0.89) and larger sibship size (OR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.79–0.85). High maternal education, above average family income during childhood, allergies (OR = 2.25; 95% CI, 1.44–3.51), and tonsillectomy (OR = 1.78; 95% CI, 1.14–2.78) were independent risk factors for lymphoma. Familial lymphoid cancer cases were more likely to report environment (OR = 1.90; 95% CI, 1.21–2.98) and drug (OR = 2.30; 95% CI, 1.41–3.73) allergies.Conclusions:These associations underscore the complex etiology of familial lymphoma. To our knowledge, this is the largest multiple-case family-based study that supports the hygiene hypothesis contributing to lymphoid cancer risk.Impact:Understanding the mechanism by which environmental and lifestyle factors affect lymphoid cancer risk may advance cancer prevention, even in the familial context.
Soy Food Intake and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: The Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study
Authors: Yamagiwa Yoko , Sawada Norie , Shimazu Taichi , Yamaji Taiki , Goto Atsushi , Takachi Ribeka , Ishihara Junko , Iwasaki Motoki , Inoue Manami , Tsugane Shoichiro 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background:
Although the poor prognosis and increasing incidence of pancreatic cancer highlight the need for prevention strategies, few lifestyle risk factors for pancreatic cancer have yet been identified. Soybeans contain various bioactive compounds. However, the association between soy food intake and pancreatic cancer risk remains unknown.

Methods:
The Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study is a cohort study conducted in a general Japanese population. To determine the association of soy food intake and pancreatic cancer incidence, we analyzed 90,185 participants who responded to a questionnaire on medical history and lifestyle factors, including dietary factors based on a food frequency questionnaire in 1995–1998, using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results:
During a median follow-up of 16.9 years, 577 cases of pancreatic cancer were identified. In the multivariate-adjusted model, total soy food intake was statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer [HR for the highest vs. lowest intake quartile: 1.48; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15–1.92; Ptrend = 0.007]. Among soy foods, nonfermented soy food intake showed a statistically significant positive association with pancreatic cancer (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.09–1.81; Ptrend = 0.008), whereas fermented soy food intake showed no association (HR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.73–1.26; Ptrend = 0.982).

Conclusions:
Higher intake of soy foods, particularly nonfermented soy foods, might increase pancreatic cancer risk.

Impact:
This study is the first to report an association between the intake of various soy foods and pancreatic cancer risk. Further studies are required to confirm our findings.
Sensitive Detection of Minimal Residual Disease in Patients Treated for Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Parsons Heather A. , Rhoades Justin , Reed Sarah C. , Gydush Gregory , Ram Priyanka , Exman Pedro , Xiong Kan , Lo Christopher C. , Li Tianyu , Fleharty Mark , Kirkner Gregory J. , Rotem Denisse , Cohen Ofir , Yu Fangyan , Fitarelli-Kiehl Mariana , Leong Ka Wai , Hughes Melissa E. , Rosenberg Shoshana M. , Collins Laura C. , Miller Kathy D. , Blumenstiel Brendan , Trippa Lorenzo , Cibulskis Carrie , Neuberg Donna S. , DeFelice Matthew , Freeman Samuel S. , Lennon Niall J. , Wagle Nikhil , Ha Gavin , Stover Daniel G. , Choudhury Atish D. , Getz Gad , Winer Eric P. , Meyerson Matthew , Lin Nancy U. , Krop Ian , Love J. Christopher , Makrigiorgos G. Mike , Partridge Ann H. , Mayer Erica L. , Golub Todd R. , Adalsteinsson Viktor A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPurpose:Existing cell-free DNA (cfDNA) methods lack the sensitivity needed for detecting minimal residual disease (MRD) following therapy. We developed a test for tracking hundreds of patient-specific mutations to detect MRD with a 1,000-fold lower error rate than conventional sequencing.Experimental Design:We compared the sensitivity of our approach to digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) in a dilution series, then retrospectively identified two cohorts of patients who had undergone prospective plasma sampling and clinical data collection: 16 patients with ER+/HER2− metastatic breast cancer (MBC) sampled within 6 months following metastatic diagnosis and 142 patients with stage 0 to III breast cancer who received curative-intent treatment with most sampled at surgery and 1 year postoperative. We performed whole-exome sequencing of tumors and designed individualized MRD tests, which we applied to serial cfDNA samples.Results:Our approach was 100-fold more sensitive than ddPCR when tracking 488 mutations, but most patients had fewer identifiable tumor mutations to track in cfDNA (median = 57; range = 2–346). Clinical sensitivity was 81% (n = 13/16) in newly diagnosed MBC, 23% (n = 7/30) at postoperative and 19% (n = 6/32) at 1 year in early-stage disease, and highest in patients with the most tumor mutations available to track. MRD detection at 1 year was strongly associated with distant recurrence [HR = 20.8; 95% confidence interval, 7.3–58.9]. Median lead time from first positive sample to recurrence was 18.9 months (range = 3.4–39.2 months).Conclusions:Tracking large numbers of individualized tumor mutations in cfDNA can improve MRD detection, but its sensitivity is driven by the number of tumor mutations available to track.
PTPN3 Inhibits the Growth and Metastasis of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma via Inhibition of PI3K/AKT Signaling
Authors: Peng Xing-Si , Yang Jun-Ping , Qiang Yuan-Yuan , Sun Rui , Cao Yun , Zheng Li-Sheng , Peng Li-Xia , Lang Yan-Hong , Mei Yan , Li Chang-Zhi , Meng Dong-Fang , Liu Zhi-Jie , Wang Ming-Dian , Zhou Fang-Jian , Huang Bi-Jun , Qian Chao-Nan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

The underlying molecular mechanism driving clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) progression is still to be explored. The significant downregulation of protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 3 (PTPN3) expression in the tumor tissues suggested its protective role in ccRCC progression. IHC analysis of PTPN3 protein in 172 ccRCC tissue revealed that PTPN3 was an independently favorable prognostic factor for progression-free survival (P = 0.0166) and overall survival (P = 0.0343) of patients. The ccRCC cell lines SN12C, 1932, ACHN, and Caki-1 were used to evaluate, both in vitro and in vivo, the biological roles of PTPN3. We observed that overexpression of PTPN3 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ccRCC cells. In contrast, the knocking down of PTPN3 elicited opposite effects. Overexpressing PTPN3 inhibited xenograft tumor growth and lung metastasis displayed by the in vivo mice models. PTPN3 inhibited tumor cell motility by suppressing the phosphorylation of AKT, and subsequently inactivating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway of renal cell carcinoma cells. Furthermore, the inhibition of phospho-AKTThr308 and phospho-AKTSer473 reversed PTPN3-induced silencing in tumor cell migration. Our work revealed that the overexpression of PTPN3 could suppress kidney cancer progression by negatively regulating the AKT signaling pathway, and served as a favorable prognostic factor in patients with ccRCC. Our findings provided insight that PTPN3 could be a potential target for therapy aiming to inhibit the malignant behaviors of ccRCC.

Implications:
PTPN3 is an independent favorable prognostic factor for patients with ccRCC and could be a potential target for therapy aiming to inhibit the malignant behaviors of ccRCC.
Dietary Advanced Glycation End-products (AGE) and Risk of Breast Cancer in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO)
Authors: Omofuma Omonefe O. , Turner David P. , Peterson Lindsay L. , Merchant Anwar T. , Zhang Jiajia , Steck Susan E. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases including cancer. AGEs are produced endogenously but can also be consumed from foods. AGE formation in food is accelerated during cooking at high temperatures. Certain high fat or highly processed foods have high AGE values. The objective of the study was to assign and quantify Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML)-AGE content in food and investigate the association between dietary AGE intake and breast cancer risk in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial. The study included women enrolled in the intervention arm who were cancer-free at baseline and completed a baseline questionnaire and food frequency questionnaire (DQX). CML-AGE values were assigned and quantified to foods in the DQX using a published AGE database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of breast cancer among all women, and stratified by race/ethnicity, invasiveness of disease, and hormone receptor status. After a median 11.5 years of follow-up, 1,592 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Higher CML-AGE intake was associated with increased risk of breast cancer among all women (HRQ5VSQ1, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.04–1.62; Ptrend = 0.04) and in non-Hispanic white women (HRT3VST1, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.02–1.44). Increased CML-AGE intake was associated with increased risk of in situ (HRT3VST1, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.11–2.01) and hormone receptor–positive (HRT3VST1, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.01–1.53) breast cancers. In conclusion, high intake of dietary AGE may contribute to increased breast cancer.
Long-Term Survival of Patients With Advanced Heart Failure Receiving an Left Ventricular Assist Device Intended as a Bridge to Transplantation
Authors: Zimpfer Daniel , Fiane Arnt E. , Larbalestier Robert , Tsui Steven , Jansz Paul , Simon Andre , Schueler Stephan , Strueber Martin , Schmitto Jan D. 
Published: March 2020

Background:
The paucity of available hearts for transplantation means that more patients remain on durable left ventricular support for longer periods of time. The Registry to Evaluate the HeartWare Left Ventricular Assist System was an investigator-initiated multicenter, prospective, single-arm database established to collect post-Conformité Européene mark clinical information on patients receiving the HeartWare ventricular assist device system as a bridge to transplantation. This registry represents the longest multicenter follow-up of primary left ventricular assist device outcomes.

Methods:
Data were collected on 254 commercial implants performed between February 2009 and March 2012 from 9 centers in Europe (7) and Australia (2). Patients were followed to device explant, heart transplantation, or death. The outcomes of patients through July/August 2018 were analyzed. Summary statistics were used to describe patient demographics, adverse events, length of support, and outcomes for this extended-term cohort.

Results:
A total of 122 patients were on support for >2 years, and 34 patients were on support for >5 years. Twenty nine patients are still alive on support (support ranging from 1213 to 3396 days), and 23 of those are on their original HeartWare ventricular assist device system. Kaplan–Meier survival through 7 years was 51%. Through 6 years, freedom from any stroke was 82%, while freedom from severely disabling stroke was 89%.

Conclusions:
Low rates of heart transplant now require longer periods of left ventricular assist device support in patients. This analysis demonstrates that long-term support using a HeartWare ventricular assist device system offers survival of 51% through 7 years.
The Dangerous Myth of Populism as a Thin Ideology
Authors: Schroeder Ralph 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The idea that populism is a ‘thin ideology’—unlike other full-bodied ‘thick’ ideologies like conservatism or socialism—has come close to being an orthodoxy among populism scholars. This paper challenges that view and argues that it is at best an open question whether populism meets the criteria of a thick ideology, which should be whether it offers a comprehensive program of political change and whether it has staying power. This argument will be made by reference to three countries, the United States, Sweden and India, all of which have recently seen a populist turn. The paper first summarizes debates about populism, ideology and social change. Then it provides a brief account of populism in the three country cases and argues that their populist turns may be a coherent and lasting new departure. The paper concludes with reflections about the broader ramifications of populism as ‘thick’ versus ‘thin’.
Energetics of Seamount Wakes. Part II: Wave Fluxes
Authors: Perfect B. , Kumar N. , Riley J. J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSeamounts are thought to facilitate ocean mixing through unsteady wake processes, and through the generation of internal waves, which propagate away from the seamount and later break. The relative importance of these processes is examined for idealized, isolated seamounts (with characteristic width D and height H) in uniform barotropic flow U. A range of Coriolis parameters f and buoyancy frequencies N are used such that a broad parameter space of low Froude numbers (U/NH) and low Rossby numbers (U/fD) is considered. Results indicate that eddy processes energetically dominate the internal wave energy flux in this range of parameter space. The internal wave field is specifically examined and partitioned into steady lee waves and unsteady, wake-generated waves. It is found that the lee wave energy flux cannot be explained by existing analytical theories. A lee wave model by Smith is then extended into the low-Froude-number regime and the effect of rotation is included. While strongly stratified experiments have previously indicated that only the top U/N of an obstacle generates internal waves, the effect of rotation appears to modify this wavemaking height. Once the U/N height is revised to account for rotation, the lee wave energy flux can be reasonably accurately reproduced by the extended Smith model.
On the Formation Dynamics of the North Equatorial Undercurrent
Authors: Li Junlu , Gan Jianping 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBased on a physics-oriented modeling study, we investigate the underlying forcing processes of the North Equatorial Undercurrent (NEUC). Made up of large-scale (~90%) and mesoscale (~10%) components, the NEUC weakens eastward with a longitude-independent seasonality. The large-scale component reflects the effect of the meridional baroclinic pressure gradient force (PGF_BC). The vertical velocity shear forms the eastward NEUC, when the PGF_BC exceeds the meridional barotropic pressure gradient force (PGF_BT). The mesoscale variability with alternating jets is linked to the wind stress curl in different regions of the tropical North Pacific. Spatially, the NEUC has a northern (NEUC_N) and a southern branch (NEUC_S), which are mainly attributed to the transports from Luzon Undercurrent (LUC) and Mindanao Undercurrent (MUC), respectively. The LUC of ~3 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) feeds the NEUC_N in summer, while the MUC of ~4 Sv fuels the NEUC_S in autumn and the two branches do not coexist. The total NEUC transport peaks in August/September, and there exist three distinct periods in a 1-yr cycle: the non-NEUC period in winter, the LUC-driven period in summer, and the MUC-driven period in autumn. Based on the layer-integrated vorticity equation, we diagnose quantitatively that the variation of the NEUC is dominated by the lateral planetary vorticity influx from the LUC and the MUC. These external influxes interact with the internal dynamics of pressure torques and stress curls in the NEUC layer, to jointly govern the NEUC and its variability. Meanwhile, the nonlinearity due to relative vorticity advection near the coast modulates the strength of the NEUC.
On the Vertical Velocity and Nutrient Delivery in Warm Core Rings
Authors: Chen Ke , Gaube Peter , Pallàs-Sanz Enric 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe examine various contributions to the vertical velocity field within large mesoscale eddies by analyzing multiple solutions to an idealized numerical model of a representative anticyclonic warm core Gulf Stream ring. Initial conditions are constructed to reproduce the observed density and nutrient profiles collected during the Warm Core Rings Program. The contributions to vertical fluxes diagnosed from the numerical simulations are compared against a divergence-based, semidiagnostic equation and a generalized omega equation to better understand the dynamics of the vertical velocity field. Frictional decay alone is found to be ineffective in raising isopycnals and transporting nutrients to the upper ocean. With representative wind forcing, the magnitude of vorticity gradient–induced Ekman pumping is not necessarily larger than the current-induced counterpart on a time scale relevant to ecosystem response. Under realistic forcing conditions, strain deformation can perturb the ring to be noncircular and induce vertical velocities much larger than the Ekman vertical velocities. Nutrient budget diagnosis, together with analysis of the relative magnitudes of the various types of vertical fluxes, allows us to describe the time-scale dependence of nutrient delivery. At time scales that are relevant to individual phytoplankton (from hours to days), the magnitudes of nutrient flux by Ekman velocities and deformation-induced velocities are comparable. Over the life span of a typical warm core ring, which can span multiple seasons, surface current–induced Ekman pumping is the most effective mechanism in upper-ocean nutrient enrichment because of its persistence in the center of anticyclones regardless of the direction of the wind forcing.
Experimental study on tracer gas method for building infiltration rate measurement
Authors: Men Chuanling , Wang Shangwen , Zou Zhijun 
Published: March 2020

The use of occupant-exhaled CO2 as the tracer gas enables the actual indoor infiltration rate to be measured, but the number and location of measuring points have a great impact on the accuracy of the results. This paper compares the experimental results from two tracer gas measurement techniques, decay with SF6 and constant injection with CO2 (exhaled by occupant). The results show a deviation of –9.0 to 7.4% between these two methods. This paper compares the result of this study with previous ones, and it confirmed that the CO2 method is an effective technique to calculate the infiltration rate in a room with a certain air volume when one measuring point is provided, and this is more accurate with good mixing of the indoor air. The impact of the measurement duration and distribution of indoor air on the measurement accuracy are also analysed. It is found that an extended monitoring period can reduce the impact of indoor air distribution. In actual measurements in residential building, it is recommended to select the data after occupants have been in the room for half an hour and to take measurements over 1 h after that. Practical application: Accurate air change per hour (ACH) is beneficial to the study of building energy consumption and indoor air quality. This paper explores the effectiveness of CO2 method, which provides useful reference for the large sample measurements of infiltration rates in residential buildings.