bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resilience to mental disorders in a low-income, non-Westernized setting
Authors: Scott Kate M. , Zhang Yang , Chardoul Stephanie , Ghimire Dirgha J. , Smoller Jordan W. , Axinn William G. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundCross-national studies have found, unexpectedly, that mental disorder prevalence is higher in high-income relative to low-income countries, but few rigorous studies have been conducted in very low-income countries. This study assessed mental disorders in Nepal, employing unique methodological features designed to maximize disorder detection and reporting.MethodsIn 2016–2018, 10714 respondents aged 15–59 were interviewed as part of an ongoing panel study, with a response rate of 93%. The World Mental Health version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI 3.0) measured lifetime and 12-month prevalence of selected anxiety, mood, alcohol use, and impulse control disorders. Lifetime recall was enhanced using a life history calendar.ResultsLifetime prevalence ranged from 0.3% (95% CI 0.2–0.4) for bipolar disorder to 15.1% (95% CI 14.4–15.7) for major depressive disorder. The 12-month prevalences were low, ranging from 0.2% for panic disorder (95% CI 0.1–0.3) and bipolar disorder (95% CI 0.1–0.2) to 2.7% for depression (95% CI 2.4–3.0). Lifetime disorders were higher among those with less education and in the low-caste ethnic group. Gender differences were pronounced.ConclusionsAlthough cultural effects on reporting cannot be ruled out, these low 12-month prevalences are consistent with reduced prevalence of mental disorders in other low-income countries. Identification of sociocultural factors that mediate the lower prevalence of mental disorders in low-income, non-Westernized settings may have implications for understanding disorder etiology and for clinical or policy interventions aimed at facilitating resilience.
A map of desire: multidimensional scaling of men's sexual interest in male and female children and adults
Authors: Bailey J. Michael , Blanchard Ray , Hsu Kevin J. , Revelle William 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundMen sexually interested in children of a specific combination of maturity and sex tend to show some lesser interest in other categories of persons. Patterns of men's sexual interest across erotic targets' categories of maturity and sex have both clinical and basic scientific implications.MethodWe examined the structure of men's sexual interest in adult, pubescent, and prepubescent males and females using multidimensional scaling (MDS) across four datasets, using three large samples and three indicators of sexual interest: phallometric response to erotic stimuli, sexual offense history, and self-reported sexual attraction. The samples were highly enriched for men sexually interested in children and men accused of sexual offenses.ResultsResults supported a two-dimensional MDS solution, with one dimension representing erotic targets' biological sex and the other dimension representing their sexual maturity. The dimension of sexual maturity placed adults and prepubescent children on opposite ends, and pubescent children intermediate. Differences between men's sexual interest in adults and prepubescent children of the same sex were similar in magnitude to the differences between their sexual interest in adult men and women. Sexual interest in adult men was no more associated with sexual interest in boys than sexual interest in adult women was associated with sexual interest in girls.ConclusionsErotic targets' sexual maturity and biological sex play important roles in men's preferences, which are predictive of sexual offending. The magnitude of men's preferences for prepubescent children v. adults of their preferred sex is large.
Neuronal network mechanisms associated with depressive symptom improvement following electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Takamiya Akihiro , Kishimoto Taishiro , Hirano Jinichi , Nishikata Shiro , Sawada Kyosuke , Kurokawa Shunya , Yamagata Bun , Kikuchi Toshiaki , Mimura Masaru 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective antidepressant treatment for severe depression. Although recent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have consistently reported ECT-induced hippocampal volume increases, most studies did not find the association of the hippocampal volume changes with clinical improvement. To understand the underlying mechanisms of ECT action, we aimed to identify the longitudinal effects of ECT on hippocampal functional connectivity (FC) and their associations with clinical improvement.MethodsResting-state functional MRI was acquired before and after bilateral ECT in 27 depressed individuals. A priori hippocampal seed-based FC analysis and a data-driven multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) were conducted to investigate FC changes associated with clinical improvement. The statistical threshold was set at cluster-level false discovery rate-corrected p < 0.05.ResultsDepressive symptom improvement after ECT was positively associated with the change in the right hippocampus-ventromedial prefrontal cortex FC, and negatively associated with the right hippocampus-superior frontal gyrus FC. MVPA confirmed the results of hippocampal seed-based analyses and identified the following additional clusters associated with clinical improvement following ECT: the thalamus, the sensorimotor cortex, and the precuneus.ConclusionsECT-induced change in the right frontotemporal connectivity and thalamocortical connectivity, and changes in the nodes of the default mode network were associated with clinical improvement. Modulation of these networks may explain the underlying mechanisms by which ECT exert its potent and rapid antidepressant effect.
Dealing with heterogeneity of cognitive dysfunction in acute depression: a clustering approach
Authors: Vicent-Gil Muriel , Portella Maria J. , Serra-Blasco Maria , Navarra-Ventura Guillem , Crivillés Sara , Aguilar Eva , Palao Diego , Cardoner Narcís 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundHeterogeneity in cognitive functioning among major depressive disorder (MDD) patients could have been the reason for the small-to-moderate differences reported so far when it is compared to other psychiatric conditions or to healthy controls. Additionally, most of these studies did not take into account clinical and sociodemographic characteristics that could have played a relevant role in cognitive variability. This study aims to identify empirical clusters based on cognitive, clinical and sociodemographic variables in a sample of acute MDD patients.MethodsIn a sample of 174 patients with an acute depressive episode, a two-step clustering analysis was applied considering potentially relevant cognitive, clinical and sociodemographic variables as indicators for grouping.ResultsTreatment resistance was the most important factor for clustering, closely followed by cognitive performance. Three empirical subgroups were obtained: cluster 1 was characterized by a sample of non-resistant patients with preserved cognitive functioning (n = 68, 39%); cluster 2 was formed by treatment-resistant patients with selective cognitive deficits (n = 66, 38%) and cluster 3 consisted of resistant (n = 23, 58%) and non-resistant (n = 17, 42%) acute patients with significant deficits in all neurocognitive domains (n = 40, 23%).ConclusionsThe findings provide evidence upon the existence of cognitive heterogeneity across patients in an acute depressive episode. Therefore, assessing cognition becomes an evident necessity for all patients diagnosed with MDD, and although treatment resistant is associated with greater cognitive dysfunction, non-resistant patients can also show significant cognitive deficits. By targeting not only mood but also cognition, patients are more likely to achieve full recovery and prevent new relapses.
Meta-analysis of neurocognitive deficits in unaffected relatives of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): comparison with healthy controls and patients with OCD
Authors: Bora Emre 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been associated with cognitive deficits, particularly with executive functions. These findings support fronto-striatal dysfunction in OCD. However, it is not certain whether these findings are trait features of OCD. In recent years, a number of studies have investigated cognitive functions in unaffected relatives of OCD (OCDrel) but the findings of these studies are contradictory.MethodsA systematic review in Pubmed and Scopus databases was performed until 18 March 2019, to locate the studies comparing cognitive functions of OCDrel with healthy controls and OCD patients (OCDpt). A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted.ResultsCurrent meta-analysis included 16 studies including 527 OCDrel, 445 OCDpt and 639 healthy controls. Healthy controls overperformed OCDpt in all cognitive domains (d= 0.36–0.86). OCDrel underperformed healthy controls in inhibition (d= 0.58, CI = 0.29–0.86), planning (d= 0.45, CI = 0.28–0.63), decision-making (d= 0.58, CI = 0.19–0.98). OCDrel also had small-sized deficits in set-shifting (d= 0.37, CI = 0.04–0.69) and visual memory (d= 0.28, CI = 0.08–0.49). OCDpt underperformed OCDrel in visual memory (d= 0.45, CI = 0.22–0.67) and set-shifting (d= 0.23, CI = 0.04–0.42).ConclusionsCurrent findings suggest that abnormalities in inhibition, planning/problem solving and reward-based decision-making are shared features of OCDrel and OCDpt and might be trait markers related to vulnerability for developing OCD. Visual memory and set-shifting deficits might potentially be biomarkers of incipient illness or subthreshold OCD presentation among OCDrel. Further exploration of cognitive heterogeneity in OCDrel and investigating the effects of the subtypes of OCD in probands on cognitive impairment in OCDrel are needed.
Violence exposure, posttraumatic stress, and affect variability among African American Youth: A time sampling approach
Authors: Deane Kyle , Richards Maryse , Santiago Catherine DeCarlo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe current study examines the immediate and short-term impact of daily exposure to community violence on same-day and next-day levels of posttraumatic stress symptomatology and various affective states (i.e., dysphoria, hostility, and anxiety), in a sample of 268 African American adolescents living in urban, low-income, high-violence neighborhoods (Mage = 11.65; 59% female). In addition, the moderating role of affective state variability on this relationship was examined. This study utilized experience sampling method and a daily sampling approach, which contributes a more robust investigation of the short-term effects of violence exposure in youth. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that community violence exposure was positively associated with same-day and next-day symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Violence exposure also exhibited an immediate effect on dysphoria, anxiety, and hostility levels. Youth variability in dysphoria exacerbated the effect of violence exposure on concurrent or next-day posttraumatic stress, dysphoria, and hostility. Moreover, variability in anxiety and hostility exacerbated the experience of next-day hostility. The clinical implications relating to these findings, such as the importance of implementing screening for posttraumatic stress following exposure, the incorporation of preventative treatments among those at risk of exposure, and the targeting of emotion regulation in treatments with adolescents, are discussed.
Implementation of a “threat and error” model in complex neonatal cardiac surgery patients to identify quality improvement opportunities
Authors: Todd Tzanetos Deanna R. , Montgomery Vicki , Harrington William , Calhoun Aaron 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntroduction:Neonates undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease are vulnerable to adverse events. Conventional quality improvement processes centring on mortality and significant morbidity leave a gap in the identification of systematic processes that, though not directly linked to an error, may still contribute to adverse outcomes. Implementation of a multidisciplinary “flight path” process for surgical patients may be used to identify modifiable threats and errors and generate action items, which may lead to quality improvement.Methods:A retrospective review of our neonatal “flight path” initiative was performed. Within 72 hours of a cardiac surgery, a meeting of the multidisciplinary patient care team occurs. A “flight path” is generated, graphically illustrating the patient’s hospital course. Threats, errors, or unintended consequences are identified. Action items are generated, and a working group is formed to address the items. A patient’s flight path is updated weekly until discharge. The errors and action items are logged into a database, which is analysed quarterly to identify trends.Results:Thirty one patients underwent flight path review over a 1-year period; 22.5% (N = 7) of patients had an error-free “flight.” Eleven action items were generated – four from identified errors and seven from identified threats. Nine action items were completed.Conclusions:Flight path reviews of congenital cardiac patients can be generated with few resources and aid in the detection of quality improvement opportunities. The regular multidisciplinary meetings that occur as a part of the flight path review process can promote inter-professional teamwork.
Misclassification of stunting, underweight and wasting in children 0–5 years of South Asian and Dutch descent: ethnic-specific v. WHO criteria
Authors: de Wilde JA , Peters-Koning M , Middelkoop BJC 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjective:Several authors have questioned the suitability of WHO Child Growth Standards (WHO-CGS) for all ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to identify potential misclassification of stunting, underweight and wasting in children of Surinamese Asian Indian, South Asian (Pakistan/India) and Dutch descent.Design:A series of routine cross-sectional measurements, collected 2012–2015. South Asian-specific normative growth references for weight-for-age and weight-for-length/height were constructed using the LMS method based on historic growth data of Surinamese Asian Indians born between 1974 and 1976. WHO-CGS and ethnic-specific references were applied to calculate z-scores and prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting.Setting:Youth HealthCare, providing periodical preventive health check-ups.Participants:11 935 children aged 0–5 years.Results:Considerable deviations from WHO-CGS were found, with higher-than-expected stunting rates, especially in the first 6 months of life. Surinamese Asian Indian children showed stunting rates up to 16·0 % and high underweight and wasting over the whole age range (up to 7·2 and 6·7 %, respectively). Dutch children consistently had mean WHO-CGS z-scores 0·3–0·5 sd above the WHO baseline (>6 months). The application of ethnic-specific references showed low rates for all studied indicators, although South Asian children were taller and larger than their Surinamese Asian Indian counterparts.Conclusions:WHO-CGS misclassify a considerable proportion of children from all ethnic groups as stunted in the first 6 months of life. Underweight and wasting are considerably overestimated in Surinamese Asian Indian children. Ethnic-specific growth references are recommended for Surinamese Asian Indian and Dutch children. The considerable differences found between South Asian subpopulations requires further research.
City food flow analysis. A new method to study local consumption
Authors: Moschitz Heidrun , Frick Rebekka 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to present and discuss a new approach to assess a city's supply with food from the nearby region: the city food flow analysis. In view of the growing challenges of the global food system, the local level has increasingly been identified—both by citizen-consumers and city administrations—as a relevant scale to develop sustainable alternatives. Although different actors often agree on the aim to increase local food supply, the discussions and initiatives convey the lack of knowledge and data about the actual origin of food supplied to cities. Without knowing where food comes from and through which channels it reaches the consumer, it is difficult to develop alternatives that could eventually change the food system. This paper presents and discusses the city food flow analysis as a methodology to close this lack of information. It consists of a four-step approach that leads to a clear picture on the local food production around a city, the consumption of local food in a city and the importance of different supply chains for local food in the city, including retail and gastronomy. The methodology is illustrated with the example of two cases (cities). The city food flow analysis provides detailed information about the current situation of urban food provisioning, which city stakeholders can use to start an informed discussion process about necessary changes in the food system, re-embedding of cities into their territorial context. However, data are not always fully available, which is a result in itself that illustrates the challenges of re-localizing local food provisioning.
The plane H-polarized electromagnetic wave scattering by pre-fractal grating of impedance strips
Authors: Koshovy George I. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe problem of the plane H-polarized electromagnetic wave scattering by flat pre-fractal impedance strips' gratings is examined. For this purpose, a mathematical model in the form of the first kind singular integral equation system is modified for correct usage. Considerable attention is focused on the asymptotic model of the H-polarized electromagnetic wave scattering by sparsely filled grating, which has an explicit solution. The scattered electromagnetic field in the far-zone is considered in details. Dependences of scattering integral characteristics on values of the strip impedance and angles of the plane H-polarized electromagnetic wave incidence upon the grating are studied.
The efficient implementation of IE-FFT algorithm with combined field integral equation for solving electromagnetic scattering problems
Authors: Seo Seung Mo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAn integral equation-fast Fourier transform (IE-FFT) algorithm is applied to the electromagnetic solutions of the combined field integral equation (CFIE) for scattering problems by an arbitrary-shaped three-dimensional perfect electric conducting object. The IE-FFT with CFIE uses a Cartesian grid for known Green's function to considerably reduce memory storage and speed up CPU time for both matrix fill-in and matrix vector multiplication when used with a generalized minimal residual method. The uniform interpolation of the Green's function on an equally spaced Cartesian grid allows a global FFT for field interaction terms. However, the near interaction terms do not take care for the singularity of the Green's function and should be adequately corrected. The IE-FFT with CFIE does not always require a suitable preconditioner for electrically large problems. It is shown that the complexity of the IE-FFT with CFIE is found to be approximately O(N1.5) and O(N1.5log N) for memory and CPU time, respectively.
Is Love Triarchic or Monarchical-Hierarchical? A Proposal of a General Factor of Love and a Scale to Measure it
Authors: Merino M. D. , Privado J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
One of the most widely used measures for evaluating love is the Triangular Love Scale (TLS) by Sternberg (1986) based on his Triarchic theory according to which, love is comprised of three reasonably independent components (intimacy, passion and commitment). However, different investigations contradict this idea. The purpose of the present investigation is to verify whether the structure of love is triarchic, with three independent factors, or monarchical-hierarchical, with a first level where the three components of love would be located, and a second higher level where they would be grouped together in a general factor of love. In order to do this, in addition to the use of the TLS scale, another equivalent called Quality Partner Relationship Scale (QPRS) was developed to test the stability of the results found, and to propose a measure of love based on the Sternberg components, but simpler and without problems of overlap between items. To test this question, we used a sample of 610 people matched by sex, age and social class, all of whom were partnered at the time of the evaluation. Confirmatory Factor Analyses were used to test the research objective, something that had not been done so far, and it was found that the structure that best fitted the data was monarchical-hierarchical in the case of the TLS as well as in the one of the QPRS. We can then state that love is structured around a general factor in which the three components are grouped: Intimacy, passion and commitment.
Characterization of Aerosol Type Over East Asia by 4.4 km MISR Product: First Insight and General Performance
Authors: Tao Minghui , Wang Jun , Li Rong , Chen Liangfu , Xu Xiaoguang , Wang Lunche , Tao Jinhua , Wang Zifeng , Xiang Juan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe lack of aerosol type information has largely hindered satellite products from further applications such as constraining model simulations and quantifying aerosol climate effects. The recent Version (V) 23 Multi‐angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) aerosol products with an enhanced spatial resolution at 4.4 km enable an unprecedented chance to explore aerosol types and associated processes in the regional scale. Here we provide a comprehensive insight into the characterization of MISR aerosol optical and microphysical properties, as well as their performance, over East Asia. Ground validation shows a remarkable improvement in the accuracy of V23 MISR aerosol optical depth (AOD) with ~80% of its retrieval bias within ±(0.05 + 20%AODAERONET). However, an underestimation of MISR AOD is still prevalent in the high‐AOD (>0.6) conditions, due to the surface‐atmosphere separation problem and insufficient absorbing aerosol mixtures being selected. MISR AOD of different size bins agrees well with AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) results, demonstrating an evident advantage in discriminating natural dust from anthropogenic particles. Although MISR nonspherical and absorbing retrievals display a consistent variation with the AERONET inversions, their component AODs have a poor reliability over East Asia due to the inappropriate aerosol component models or their mixtures as in V22. In particular, the most striking problem is the sparse and discrete MISR absorbing retrievals with spatial discontinuity. Generally, the high‐resolution V23 MISR products exhibit a great potential in characterizing the regional variations of aerosol type, which can be further refined by considering the prior aerosol knowledge over East Asia.