bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods of Synthesis of Remdesivir, Favipiravir, Hydroxychloroquine, and Chloroquine: Four Small Molecules Repurposed for Clinical Trials during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Al Bujuq Nader 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe novel coronavirus (COVID-19) disease has rapidly evolved into a sweeping pandemic despite public health measures. Screening and development of new vaccines and antivirals are expensive and time consuming. However, the repositioning of available drugs is an essential and universal strategy in the development of new drugs and therefore should receive priority attention as well as international government and agency support. Significant drugs such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, favipiravir and remdesivir, are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety. Some promising results have been achieved thus far in the treatment of COVID-19. In this article we summarize and discuss the most common synthetic strategies to apply in the preparation of these drug molecules. It is hoped that this compendium will provide an accessible useful guide and reference source for scientists, researchers and academia in their battle against COVD-19.1 Introduction2 Synthesis of Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)2.1 Synthesis of 4,7-Dichloroquinoline 12.2 Synthesis of 2-Amino-5-(diethylamino)pentane (Novoldiamine) 22.3 Synthesis of 5-(N-Ethyl-N-2-hydroxyethylamino)-2-pentylamine 42.4 Developed Methods for Synthesis of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine2.5 Synthesis of (R)-Chloroquine, (S)-Chloroquine, (R)-Hydroxychloroquine and (S)-Hydroxychloroquine3 Synthesis of Favipiravir (Avigan)4 Synthesis of Remdesivir5 Conclusion
Analysis of Color and Hardness of a Medical Silicone with Extrinsic Pigmentation after Accelerated Aging
Authors: dos Santos Daniela Micheline , Borgui Paulini Marcela , Silva Faria Tamires Gabrielle , de Moraes Melo Neto Clovis Lamartine , Freitas da Silva Emily Vivianne , de Caxias Fernanda Pereira , Bertoz André Pinheiro de Magalhães , Coelho Goiato Marcelo 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to evaluate the color alteration and shore A hardness of a medical silicone with extrinsic pigmentation, before and after accelerated aging.
Materials and Methods Twenty samples (Silastic Q7–4735) were made with an intrinsic pigmentation. This intrinsic pigmentation was composed of a pink pigment (H-109-P, Factor II) and an opacifier (ZnO). All samples had standardized dimensions (45-mm diameter and 2-mm thickness). Half of the 20 samples manufactured subsequently received an extrinsic pigment (Tan FE–215, Factor II). Therefore, two groups were created (n = 10): Group 1, group with intrinsic pigmentation and without extrinsic pigmentation (control) and Group 2, group with intrinsic and extrinsic pigmentation. Samples were submitted to color and Shore A hardness tests, before and after 1,008 hours of aging.
Statistical Analysis Color alteration data were submitted to Student’s t-test (α = 0.05). Shore A hardness data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance and Tukey test (α = 0.05).
Results The incorporation of the extrinsic pigment on the silicone did not affect its color (ΔE) when the two groups were compared (p = 0.232). Regarding the hardness test, the interaction between group and period did not interfere with the hardness results(p=0.599). However, the period factor showed that there was a reduction in the hardness of the silicone after aging (p < 0.05).
Conclusion In this study, all the hardness and color results of the silicone used were clinically acceptable, regardless of the presence of extrinsic pigmentation.
Partial Status Epilepticus with Paradoxical Protein-Cytologic Dissociation in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Singh Neeraj , Lansing John J. , Polavarapu Aparna 
Published: September 2020

AbstractStatus epilepticus is associated with high morbidity and mortality, often requiring multiple drug interventions and intensive care monitoring. Etiology of status epilepticus plays a crucial role in the treatment, natural course and outcome of the patient, prompting extensive testing and imaging. For example, an important risk for status epilepticus in adults and children is the presence of an underlying viral or bacterial central nervous system infection, appropriate treatment of which can improve the outcome of the patient. We present three cases of new-onset refractory status epilepticus in women who did not have evidence of a central nervous system infection and had significantly elevated leukocytes compared to protein in the cerebrospinal fluid. This finding suggests an autoimmune etiology; however, standard autoimmune testing was unremarkable in all cases. This case series highlights the variability in presentation and clinical course in patients presenting with status epilepticus of unknown cause, and we discuss the importance of further research into appropriate and reliable diagnostic evaluations.
Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Lakhan Ram , Agrawal Amit , Sharma Manoj 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has greatly affected human lives across the world. Uncertainty and quarantine have been affecting people’s mental health. Estimations of mental health problems are needed immediately for the better planning and management of these concerns at a global level. A rapid scoping review was conducted to get the estimation of mental health problems in the COVID-19 pandemic during the first 7 months. Peer-reviewed, data-based journal articles published in the English language were searched in the PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar electronic databases from December 2019 to June 2020. Papers that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed and discussed in this review. A total of 16 studies were included. Eleven studies were from China, two from India, and one from Spain, Italy, and Iran. Prevalence of all forms of depression was 20%, anxiety 35%, and stress 53% in the combined study population of 113,285 individuals. The prevalence rate of all forms of depression, anxiety, stress, sleep problems, and psychological distress in general population was found to be higher during COVID-19 pandemic.
Length of Neuromuscular Re-education Therapy and Growth Parameters in Premature Infants
Authors: Leone Mariana , Alsofrom Jessica , Kane Megan , Laryea Sarah , Abdelatif Dinan , Mohamed Mohamed A. 
Published: September 2020

Objective Neuromuscular re-education (NMRE) therapy including bracing, containment, facilitation techniques, joint compression, weight (WT) bearing, and myofascial release has been shown to improve neurodevelopmental maturation in premature infants. This study aimed to examine the association of NMRE with growth parameters including WT and length (L) at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA) and at discharge.
Study Design We analyzed data of infants <34 weeks gestational age (GA) or <1,800 g birth weight (BW) to examine the association of NMRE with growth parameters using correlation coefficient analysis. The effect of potential confounders was examined using multilinear regression models.
Results Study includes 253 premature infants. Average GA was 300/7 weeks (±23/7) and BW was 1,315 g (±416), 49.8% were females and 65% were African Americans. NMRE has inverse correlation with WT at birth and at 36 weeks PMA, −0.66 (<0.001) and −0.21 (<0.001), respectively, but not at the time of discharge. NMRE has direct correlation with change in WT from birth to 36 weeks PMA and time of discharge, 0.50 (<0.001) and 0.62 (<0.001), respectively, and from the time of starting therapy to 36 weeks PMA or discharge, 0.25 (<0.001) and 0.51 (<0.001), respectively. There was no negative correlation between NMRE with daily WT gain from birth to 36 weeks PMA or to discharge, −0.05 (0.43) and −0.07 (0.23), respectively, or from the time of starting therapy to 36 weeks PMA, −0.09 (0.14). There was an inverse correlation between NMRE with average WT gain per day from the time of starting therapy to discharge, −0.26 (<0.001), Similar findings were found examining the correlation between NMRE and changes in L. Multilinear regression analysis examining the relationship while controlling for GA, BW, sex, and race; socioeconomic variables; and concurrent massage therapy and sensory integration revealed similar results.
Conclusion NMRE, aimed to enhance neurodevelopmental outcomes of premature infants, may not have a negative impact on their physical growth.
Key Points
Bedside Rounds in Intensive Care Units during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond
Authors: Custer Jason W. , Simone Shari , Bhutta Adnan T. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA survey-based pilot study was performed to examine the feasibility of videoconferencing to facilitate multidisciplinary rounds following the initiation of strict isolation and social distancing policies in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The use of a mobile workstation was implemented as the central hub for rounding at the bedside by the attending physicians, while other members of the multidisciplinary and multispecialty team joined rounds from other locations with maintaining appropriate social distance. Fifty-eight staff members who participated in videoconferencing rounds completed the postimplementation survey. Eighty-eight per cent of staff agreed that the use of videoconferencing to facilitate rounds was an effective strategy to maintain social distancing between team members during the pandemic. Sixty-four percent of staff agreed that the use of videoconferencing improved participation of the PICU team and consultants by increasing access to rounds. Over 50% of staff agreed that the use of videoconferencing improved the efficiency of rounds and team productivity. Only 4% of staff responded that videoconferencing increased the duration of rounds and 37% responded that it decreased resident and team education. Fifty-five percent of staff agreed that videoconferencing was used to promote parental participation during this pandemic month. Videoconferencing was found to be a feasible solution to safely conduct multidisciplinary rounds while maintaining social distancing, and participants found it effective without interfering with normal workflow. Incorporating videoconferencing into traditional rounding practices may be advantageous following the pandemic to improve team and family access to rounds and workflow efficiency and rounding structure.
Factors Influencing Prescribers' Decision for Extending Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in the Medical Patient Population following Hospitalization
Authors: Ebied Alex M. , Jessee Jeremiah , Chen Yiqing , Konopack Jason , Radhakrishnan Nila , DeRemer Christina E. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Introduction Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis during hospitalization has clearly defined metrics for risk stratification and practice policy employed to ensure processes of adherence. However, acceptance for practice or even the level and timeline of risk is less clear during the immediate time after hospitalization. With emerging new oral anticoagulant agents, data are available that may influence prescribing in the outpatient setting following hospitalization. A survey was created to determine the level of acceptance or influences for practice surrounding continuation of anticoagulation following hospitalization.
Methods This study was designed as a single-center survey of hospitalist and family medicine physician to assess influences to the physician's impression for risk of VTE prophylaxis and knowledge of therapy options.
Results Physicians reported depending heavily on medical center protocols for determining anticoagulation at hospital discharge. Prescribing postdischarge anticoagulation was reported to be affected by lack of comfort with prescribing oral medications and concerns with risk of bleeding for all types of anticoagulation outweighing the perceived benefit. Additionally, the decision whether to prescribe these medications at discharge was reported to be related to perceived cost and other patient barriers such as concerns over route of administration.
Conclusion Concerns for bleeding were an influence and likely resulted in shorter duration for VTE prophylaxis being prescribed posthospitalization.
A new concept for developing a compact joint structure for reducing joint resistance between high-temperature superconductors (HTS) and low-temperature superconductors (LTS)
Authors: Banno Nobuya , Asano Toshihisa , Kato Takeharu , Maeda Hideaki 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
It is significantly difficult to develop a superconducting joint between REBCO and low-temperature superconductors (LTS) using a solder matrix replacement technique. This is because the REBCO superconducting layer is highly corrosive to Sn. In this work, TEM observations were first conducted on the reaction interface between the REBCO layer and Sn to reveal the reaction. Then, a new idea to create a compact low-resistance joint to reduce the joint resistance between REBCO and LTS was proposed. In this method, the REBCO tape is rolled in a metal boat, with the Cu stabilizer remaining around the tape. Then, an LTS wire, whose superconducting filament ends are coated with a superconducting solder, is set straight into a boat. Then, the boat is filled with a superconducting solder, so that the joint state between the LTS and superconducting solder matrix remains superconductive. However, the electrical joint between the REBCO tape and the solder matrix is resistive, even if the solder matrix is superconductive. Consequently, the overall joint resistance is determined by the boundary resistance between the REBCO tape and the superconducting solder matrix. However, to achieve a joint resistance below 10–10 Ω, a long joint length of more than 5 m, preferably more than 10 m, will be required. Considering the strain state of the REBCO layer when it is rolled in to a boat, the boat-type joint structure proposed in this work enables the joint size to be significantly compact, even if a length of more than 10 m is required. At present, a joint resistance of 0.7 nΩ was obtained in a field range of less than 0.4 T by using a boat with an inner size dimensions as follows: 50 mm length, 16 mm width, 7 mm height, radius of curvature of 8 mm, and tape length of 2 m.
Utility-specific projections of electricity sector greenhouse gas emissions: a committed emissions model-based case study of California through 2050
Authors: Grubert Emily , Stokes-Draut Jennifer , Horvath Arpad , Eisenstein William 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The environmental profile of electricity is changing rapidly, motivating a need for provider- and time-specific estimates for accurate environmental assessment. This work shows that defensible, provider- and time-specific emissions projections can be derived from two major factors: committed emissions from existing power plants and policy restrictions on future system characteristics. This letter introduces a bottom–up, power plant-based model that projects utility-specific annual average greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity of electricity in the U.S. state of California for 2018–2050, believed to be the first openly available GHG emissions model with utility-specific projections. California is a useful case study for testing in part because of its strict regulatory GHG targets and the complexity of its electricity system, including limited asset ownership by utilities and substantial reliance on imported electricity. This plant-based approach to emissions projections bounds uncertainty in a way that less infrastructurally grounded approaches cannot. For example, emissions from unspecified sources of power can be estimated based on available plants. Based on historical power plant lifetimes, existing policy, and default model assumptions, the CO2 intensity of Californian electricity is projected to drop from 175 kg CO2/MWh (sales + losses, 2020) to 95 kg CO2/MWh by 2030, operationally decarbonizing by 2047. Upstream methane leakage increases GHG intensity of natural gas-fired power plants by about 30%, assuming a 100 year time horizon and national average estimates for leakage (which likely underestimate leakage for California). Although drivers like market conditions also affect future outcomes, California’s current policy targets do not appear to require early retirement for utility generation assets, though up to about two gigawatts of extant in-state merchant capacity might be affected. Under current policy, new generating assets must either comply with the 100% clean electricity standard by 2045 or stop selling in California before the end of their expected useful life.
Probability Concepts of Transfer Load to the Foundation of Container Structure
Authors: Al-Rumaithi Ayad , Al-Shamaa Mushriq F. K. , Karkush Mahdi O. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This paper presents stochastic analysis using the perturbation method to model the structure of a container to verify the distributions of probability of maximum and minimum axial forces reactions in piles. The proposed simulation of a container port terminal under 11 scenarios of load combinations was presented. The probability distributions for live loads are assigned according to the input parameters of simulation data. Part of the load itself is implicitly combined such as vertical live load which includes the weight of equipment and containers and wind load. The structural model was simulated in the software STAAD Pro., while the statistical analyses were performed with MATLAB. The results demonstrated that, the most significant external actions for the values of the axial forces reactions on the tips of the piles which considered appropriate to normal probability distributions.
Dynamics of the heat affected zone and induced strains in laser machining below ablation threshold
Authors: Kaselouris E , Skoulakis A , Fitilis I , Orphanos Y , Tazes I , Kosma K , Bakarezos M , Papadogiannis N , Tatarakis M , Dimitriou V 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Heat Affected Zone - HAZ of a laser irradiated AISI H-13 steel workpiece, is investigated via numerical simulations and experimental measurements. A three-dimensional transient thermo-structural finite element model is developed to simulate the machining process. A Gaussian laser beam is employed as the heat source. The developed finite element material model considers the effects of plastic strain, strain rate and temperature, along with a fracture model. The experiments are carried out with a laser of 1-4 W power and with a scanning speed of 100 mm/min. Thermocouple sensors are used for the temperature measurements, while the surface roughness is measured using white light interferometry and related experimental diagnostics. A parametric numerical analysis regarding the average absorptivity of the workpiece is performed and is compared to the experimental findings. The depth and width of HAZ and the induced strains are studied for the plastic and melting regimes. The influence of the surface roughness of the metal workpiece on the dynamics of HAZ is also experimentally demonstrated. The findings of this study highlight the role of the absorption coefficient and the surface roughness on the HAZ below the ablation threshold and can be applied to related laser machining processes.
Burning law determination using numerical simulation of propellants burning in the closed vessel
Authors: Mircioagă R M , Matache L C , Rotariu A , Cîrmaci M , Șomoiag P , Haller L , Rancea A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a method of determining the “real” combustion law based on numerical simulation that also takes into account the thermal transfer between the hot gases resulting from deflagration and the walls of the vessel. This method is validated using the experimental results obtained in the closed vessel for SB propellant type, used in small-caliber propulsion systems. The proposed method is implemented using Ansys Fluent software, having as input the properties of the closed vessel walls from technical literature and of the gases resulting from the deflagration of propellant, calculated using a thermochemical model. To simulate the burning phenomena of the propellant charge and the impact that may occur between the propellants elements, on the one hand, and between the propellants element and the inner walls of the vessel, on the other hand, we used a dynamic mesh and mathematical models using UDF. For validation we used the diagrams from experimental tests made in the closed vessel at two different loading densities, the results obtained being in good agreement with the experimental ones. Moreover, the method used allows us to evaluate the error due to not taking into account the thermal losses that occurred in the closed vessel.
Kalman Filter estimation of angular acceleration
Authors: Nalepa B , Gwiazda A 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Kalman filter is a commonly used tool to eliminate measurement noise occurring in the data most often taken from various sensors. The most common application is data filtration from accelerometers and gyroscopes, which are found, among others in smartphones and other modern devices. The Kalman filter is also an estimator, which allows the estimation of parameters that are not directly measured by the sensors but depend on the measurement quantities. This article will present the case of measuring angular velocity and linear acceleration measured during activity on a stationary bike. The sensor was placed on the leg of the person exercising. On the basis of angular velocity, the tests will determine angular acceleration not measured directly by sensors and comparison of the resultant linear acceleration with the resultant acceleration measured by sensors.
A comparative study of the barge’s geometry under impact loads
Authors: Nechita M , Popescu G 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The main objective of the present paper is to study the naval structure’s geometry for improving its behavior during critical accidents that can affect structural safety. Increasing and decreasing the geometry’s curvature of the barge’s board is considered for generating four models used in numerical structural analyses under impact loads. Three values of friction coefficient and two values of velocity are chosen as input data. The area and the volume values of collided structure are compared for impact assessing. This study is focusing particularly on the bow of the barge. The results presented at the end of the paper show that increasing the geometry’s curvature diminish the collision’s effects.
Influence of the obtaining method on the compactness of AlMg10-SiCp ultralight composite
Authors: Rusu O , Rusu I 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The research was carried out on composite materials based on AlMg10-SiCp. This metallic ultralight materials were obtained by two methods: butane bubbling method and the soluble salt method. We chose different amounts of SiCp (5, 10 and 15%), the particles size being about 120 micrometers. The A method involves a forceful agitation of the melt aluminium alloy and SiC mixture, combined with gas bubbling (we used CH4 as the reactive gas). Method B involves the dissolution in water of the sodium chloride contained in the AlMg10-SiC composite after solidification of the metallic material. The occurrence of NaCl in the structure of the material is due to the introduction of sodium chloride and silicon carbide powders mixture in the molten material, which was very vigorously stirred. The A method leads to a cellular structure (small and medium size open and semi-open cells) of the composite and the B method to a porous one, like metal foams (semi-open cells). The increase of SiC percentage determinate the increase of the composite porosity, no matter of used method of achievement. The phenomenon can be explained by porosity increasing of those materials, equalization in cell size and tendency to uniform distribution of cells in the composite volume. As expected, the relative porosity of these composites increases with the silicon carbide percentage, reaching a maximum of 47% for AlMg10-15% SiC composite, obtained by the soluble salts method.