bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Orang-outang System: Animals and Abolition
Authors: Spencer Jane 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the effects on abolition debates of racial theories positing a special closeness between African and ‘orang-outang’ or ape, and shows how Ignatius Sancho, Ottobah Cugoano and Olaudah Equiano deployed literary animals to underscore their own humanity and consider the implications of freedom. Firstly it considers writing on the ‘orang-outang’, arguing that anatomical and behavioural observations with the potential to challenge human exceptionalism were diverted into support for emergent racialist theories. The orang-outang was rhetorically used to create the starkest animalization applied to any human group. Secondly it considers comparisons between slaves and cattleo, invoked both in pro- and anti-slavery arguments to characterize the institution and practices of slavery. Thirdly it discusses the complex use of literary animals in Afro-British writing, including Sancho’s Sternian sympathy with donkeys, Cugoano’s revaluation of common animal metaphors, and Equiano’s exploration of the relation between human freedom and trade in nonhuman animals.
Learned Pigs
Authors: Spencer Jane 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Considering both writing and visual propaganda, this chapter argues that nonhuman animals were central to the 1790s political reform movement both as sources of metaphor and as fellow creatures also demanding freedom from oppression. Several species of animals are treated, the pig being the most important. Firstly the chapter shows how Burke’s characterization of revolutionaries as a swinish multitude, combined with the reputation of the performing animal known as the learned pig, made the pig the radicals’ emblem, defiantly adopted by Thomas Spence, Daniel Isaac Eaton, Richard Porson, and others to energize their campaign. Secondly, the question of sympathy for real-life pigs within radical discourse is raised through a discussion of Southey’s pig poems. Thirdly, the chapter considers the extension of the rights of man to nonhuman animals in the work of John Oswald and Joseph Ritson, who combined a commitment to vegetarianism with revolutionary politics.
The Rights of Beasts in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Spencer Jane 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the parliamentary animal welfare campaign of the early nineteenth century, culminating in Martin’s Act (1822), was the heir to the radical movements of the 1790s. The literary representation of animals as feeling subjects, and the complex relationship between human and animal rights, both had profound effects on the anti-cruelty debate. Focusing on contributions by John Lawrence, an early exponent of legal rights for animals, Thomas Erskine, who introduced an unsuccessful Cruelty to Animals bill in 1809, and Margaret Cullen, who brought the debate about animals into the domestic novel, I show how they used and adapted radical political ideas in the service of animal welfare. The literature of animal subjectivity underpinned the anti-cruelty campaign and helped achieve legislation; but success depended on melding new attitudes with old hierarchies and turning away from the more radical implications of the reassessment of animal life.
Conclusion
Authors: Spencer Jane 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Drawing together the threads of the previous chapters, these pages reflect on the way the entangled development of the concepts of human rights and animal rights made the human–animal border a site of political tension. During the eighteenth century people were exploring the similarities between human and nonhuman animals in new ways, encouraged by developments in natural history and the cultural spread of sympathy. The concept of animal rights was an almost inevitable (if uncertain) extension of the concept of human rights, and made the borderline between human and animal a site of great political tension. That animals are like humans, and that humans are (like) animals, were propositions brought together, two sides of the same coin, but what that might mean for human politics and for human–animal relations was debatable and debated, then as now. As we have seen, both the possibility that human–animal kinship could inspire greater kindness, and the danger that the animalization of human groups could be used to rationalize oppression, were realized during the period. The work concludes with a brief consideration of the legacy of eighteenth-century writing in contemporary animal representation, highlighting the continuing importance of storytelling to the creation of respect for nonhuman animals.
Origins
Authors: Tasić Dmitar 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chapter I presents the story of origins of modern Balkan paramilitaries which was shaped during the late 19th—early 20th century nation and state building processes in the Balkans. Existing traditions of guerrilla warfare were used during the struggle between Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia over Ottoman Macedonia when all three countries initiated sending of small armed bands to Macedonia in order to protect their own and intimidate rivals followers. It also describes appearance of Albanian national movement and how Balkan countries used their respective paramilitaries during the Balkan Wars 1912-1913 and the First World War. It also shows how during the Toplica uprising in 1917 against Bulgarian and Austro-Hungarian occupation regimes in Serbia happened yet another bloody encounter of Serbian, Bulgarian and Albanian paramilitaries. Situation after the First World War was characterised by adjusting to new realities, by creation of new organizations and by arrival of non-Balkan actors—‘White’ Russians émigrés and former participants in Russian revolutions. Both groups brought their own experiences, visions and rivalries.
Conclusion: Balkan Paramilitaries
Authors: Tasić Dmitar 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It summarises previous chapters and their conclusions about very alive legacies of paramilitarism in the Balkans, and how it is possible to invoke paramilitary traditions and embed them into contemporary context. By the rule these attempts proved to be simple misuse either by political or structures close to the secret services. Up to now modern paramilitarism and its relations with Balkan paramilitary traditions didn’t attract public attention apart of several journalists who published several works and one documentary on different Serbian paramilitary formations during the wars of Yugoslav succession. What is raising concerns and can be qualified as alarming is that paramilitaries were perpetrators of most horrible war crimes and different violent acts against civilian population especially during the latest wars in former Yugoslavia during the 1990’s, and that during that period some of them created strong ties with the world of international organized crime.
The Ethical Demand and the Sovereign Expressions of Life
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. , van Kooten Niekerk Kees , Lykke Cobos Kristian-Alberto , Fink Hans , Rabjerg Bjørn , Stern Robert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Løgstrup introduces two key ethical concepts: the ethical demand and the sovereign expressions of life. Løgstrup argues that we know the truth of the commandment to love the neighbour not only from Jesus’s proclamation, but also from the basic conditions of our existence. He goes on to introduce the sovereign expressions of life, such as trust and compassion. These phenomena are part of human existence and enable life to flourish. Løgstrup suggests that only when these possibilities for the flourishing of life are prevented from being realized does the ethical demand arise that one now ought to do out of duty what one failed to do out of spontaneity. This leads him to discuss Nietzsche, agreeing with Nietzsche’s anthropological claims regarding human egoism, but criticizing him for not recognizing that this is due to our distortion of the sovereign expressions of life, which he illustrates with our distortion of trust.
Norm and Spontaneity
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. , van Kooten Niekerk Kees , Lykke Cobos Kristian-Alberto , Fink Hans , Rabjerg Bjørn , Stern Robert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, ‘Norm and Spontaneity’, Løgstrup starts by drawing a distinction between morality (rules and norms which can be applied and utilized) and the sovereign expressions of life (which cannot be applied or utilized, but can only be realized in the concrete situation). He then goes on to discuss conflicts between duty and temptation and also the possibility of situations where there is a conflict of duties, drawing in Kant and Joseph Conrad’s The Secret Sharer in the discussion.
Politics and Ethics
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. , van Kooten Niekerk Kees , Lykke Cobos Kristian-Alberto , Fink Hans , Rabjerg Bjørn , Stern Robert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The first problem discussed in this chapter is whether politics and ethics are somehow related or if they are to be treated as completely separate areas. This leads Løgstrup to discuss the golden rule which he sees as a tool for connecting politics and ethics through the reversal of roles it involves. There are two separate pitfalls here, which involve either seeing the golden rule as a mere rule of reciprocity, or indulging in Schwärmerei, i.e. indulging in an overly optimistic conception of human good-hearted nature. This then again leads to a discussion of how the good Samaritan actually acts in a loving way out there on the road, whereas a political Samaritan could be conceived of as someone who tries to transpose love into the field of politics.
Duty
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. , van Kooten Niekerk Kees , Lykke Cobos Kristian-Alberto , Fink Hans , Rabjerg Bjørn , Stern Robert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the concept of duty, which Løgstrup connects to thinkers such as Kant, Nowell-Smith, and the Stoics, and which he sees as originating from the different kinds of relationships human beings are in with each other, e.g. friendships, marriage, parent–child, employer–worker, etc. Løgstrup argues against Kant that his crude opposition between inclination and duty cannot accommodate the sovereign expressions of life; the latter are more fundamental than duty and duty only enters into the relationship when the sovereign expressions of life somehow fail to be realized.
Responsibility
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. , van Kooten Niekerk Kees , Lykke Cobos Kristian-Alberto , Fink Hans , Rabjerg Bjørn , Stern Robert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This very short chapter discusses the concept of responsibility. Responsibility is connected with concrete situations and relations in which we are placed. Løgstrup also discusses the difference between responsibility and duty through their opposites: irresponsibility and neglecting one’s duty. Referring to Luther, Løgstrup describes ‘responsibility’ as a two-sided relation involving a person who is responsible for someone while being held responsible by a third party.
Politics
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. , van Kooten Niekerk Kees , Lykke Cobos Kristian-Alberto , Fink Hans , Rabjerg Bjørn , Stern Robert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Løgstrup firstly argues that the differences between the estate-based society of Luther’s time and our modern society mean that we cannot simply apply Luther to today’s problems. Løgstrup turns to specific political issues: state funding of culture, the influence of non-governmental organizations and pressure groups, and the rules of diplomacy in foreign policy. One particular problem related to Luther concerns the right of resistance, since Luther and the Reformers clearly forbade rebellion. But today, due to the structure of power in democracies, we not only have a right of resistance, but a duty to resist oppressors. Løgstrup discusses the problem of how to maintain high standards (e.g. in education and culture) in a democratic society, because democracy involves the risk that the knowledge of experts will be set aside by the will of the uninformed many. Løgstrup also discusses democracy’s risk of becoming a utopian trust in progress and development.
Introduction
Authors: Stafford Pauline 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the texts and manuscripts of the vernacular Anglo-Saxon chronicles. It considers annals as a genre and their historiographical rehabilitation, including in the light of postmodernism, both as narrative and as engaged history-writing. It considers wider European scholarship on history-writing in the earlier middle ages, and its questions concerning the ‘power of the past’ and of writing and rewriting the past as a ‘technology of power’. It presents the methodology of this book.
Alfred’s Chronicle and the First Continuations
Authors: Stafford Pauline 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the vernacular chronicle produced at the court of King Alfred, its story, and its late-ninth-century evolution. It argues that this story was both dynastic history and a wider tale of English Christian history. It argues that seeing this chronicle as connected to the court rather than as deliberate royal propaganda solves some long-standing historical debates. Using the evidence of language and a comparative method involving Asser, surviving chronicles, and twelfth-century texts, it suggests that this chronicle was already an evolving text before 900. It questions the idea of deliberate circulation in the early 890s, suggesting an alternative model of copies made at different points. The early 890s were, nonetheless, a significant time of divergence and the beginning of the story of the separate development of vernacular chronicles.
BC, B, and the Mid Tenth Century
Authors: Stafford Pauline 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers the chronicles and annals, surviving and lost, dating from the mid to later tenth century and represented now especially by Chronicles B and C. It provides a detailed examination of Chronicle B and its manuscript. Lost chronicles lying behind B are considered: BC and perhaps /BC. These are dated to the middle decades of the tenth century. These chronicling developments are seen as linked to the politics of the mid century, which was concerned with the problems of making a wider England ruled from the south and threats to that England from Scandinavian rulers at York. It is argued that these developments are linked to bishops—those of Lichfield, Worcester, and Dorchester are in the frame—though in all cases they were prominent at the southern court and involved in its political project.
Vernacular Chronicles c.1000
Authors: Stafford Pauline 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of vernacular chronicling c. ad 1000. It discusses both work on the surviving manuscript of Chronicle A and Chronicle G, a copy of Chronicle A produced at this time. G is one of the few Anglo-Saxon vernacular chronicles to survive in an original manuscript setting alongside other works. This is used to underline the probable episcopal connections of G and A with Winchester and further to illuminate the reception of Bede. The chapter covers the production now of a Latin translation of a vernacular chronicle by a layman, Ealdorman Æthelweard. It places in the hands of Wulfstan II, archbishop of York, a copy of the Northern Recension, an important textual ancestor of Chronicle D, and considers the unusual references to women in D’s tenth-century annals. The chapter provides a conspectus of vernacular chronicling at the height of the so-called Monastic (or Benedictine) reform movement.
The Making of Chronicle C and Mid-Eleventh-Century Chronicling
Authors: Stafford Pauline 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with mid-eleventh-century chronicling: the making of Chronicle C, activity at Canterbury on Chronicle /E, a lost West Midlands Chronicle and possible development of Chronicle /D. It includes detailed discussion of the Chronicle C’s manuscript and its accompanying texts. It argues that this flurry of vernacular chronicling is connected to the return of the native English dynasty in the person of Edward the Confessor, like the making of the Encomium Emmae Reginae at this date, itself witness to the political and historiographical impact of that return. It is suggested that the lost Mercian/West Midlands Chronicle lies behind annals in C and D, possibly connected to Earl Leofric. C and /E are, however, connected via the link at this date between the abbey of Abingdon and Canterbury’s archbishop. A model of contact, interchange, and debate is proposed to explain the bewildering parallels and differences among Chronicles C, D, and E.
The Continuations of Chronicle C and the Development of Chronicles in the Mid Eleventh Century
Authors: Stafford Pauline 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with annals in Chronicles C, D, E, and the lost West Midlands Chronicle numbered to the 1040s and 1050s, including those covering 1049–1052, the crisis of Edward the Confessor’s reign. It tackles the question whether all these annals were authored and/or copied pre-1066, and uses Chronicle C’s continuations through to the 1050s as a starting point. The palaeography and layout of these annals in C are covered in detail. The chapter argues that the annals covering the 1040s and 1050s, including those for 1049–1052, are contemporary in C, E, and the lost West Midlands Chronicle, and possibly in D. The differences among them are argued as indications of the divisions of contemporary opinion over these events, including the fall and return of Earl Godwine and his family. The model of contact, debate, and exchange proposed in chapter 10 is seen as still relevant.
Chronicles E, /E, and H: The End of the Tradition?
Authors: Stafford Pauline 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with the last surviving Anglo-Saxon vernacular chronicle, E, produced at Peterborough c.1121, and the last stages of Chronicle /E which lies behind it. The content and palaeography of E place it at Peterborough. Peterborough monastic history is now incorporated into the story, though the result is not a simple ‘house history’. Questions are raised about E’s annals numbered c.1060 onwards, their likely home(s), and the stages of their composition. Work on /E is viewed in the context of burgeoning Latin historiography, with which it has much common ground. The fragment, Chronicle H, is placed in this same world. The networks and contacts invoked to explain patterns of composition and exchange from the mid eleventh century are seen as still relevant. The changing relationship of vernacular chronicling to the court heralds the end of a tradition of chronicling for and by an Anglo-Saxon elite who had disappeared.
Conclusion
Authors: Stafford Pauline 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws together the major themes and conclusions of the book and presents an overall picture of these chronicles, including lost chronicles, and their development. It deals with patrons, scribe/authors and place(s) of production, emphasizing the role of the court. It covers story and content, including discussion of the chronicle poems and poetic annals. It discusses the role of bishops, especially archbishops, and the religious houses and households connected to them. It pays attention to the identity of anonymous scribe/authors and to audiences. It emphasizes the plurality of these chronicles alongside a tradition of vernacular history-writing. It questions deliberate circulation buts stresses engaged history-writing including the importance of apparently neutral copies. It offers answers to the question of why this tradition of writing ended.
The Coup Risk
Authors: Dobos Ned 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It is not uncommon for the armed forces to turn against the state that they are supposed to protect. Wherever there is a military, there is a risk of a coup. Since 1950 there have been 232 of them in ninety-four countries, and this is only counting the successful ones where an incumbent government was unseated. The coup risk is a function of what Peter Fever famously called the ‘civil–military problematique’: armed forces with the means to defend their state invariably have the means to attack it as well. This chapter argues that citizens should take the risk of a coup seriously for largely the same reasons that they take the threat of foreign aggression and occupation seriously: both can be expected to compromise their communal self-definition and their enjoyment of human rights.
On Fear-Induced Aggression
Authors: Dobos Ned 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Wherever there is a military establishment, there is a possibility that it will provoke the very thing that it is meant to deter. A foreign enemy might be driven to attack us not despite our armed forces, but because of them, in an act of fear-induced ‘defensive aggression’. What this tells us is that a military’s contribution to ‘national security’ is not unequivocally positive. There is a trade-off involved. States armed with militaries may be less likely to find themselves on the receiving end of ‘greedy’ or ‘opportunistic’ aggression, but they are more likely to find themselves on the receiving end of preventive aggression, motivated by feelings of insecurity and vulnerability. Thankfully, international norms against the use of preventive military force have limited the instances of defensive aggression over the last century. But today these norms are unravelling. If ‘defensive aggression’ becomes legitimized, we should expect to see more of it.
Cybercrime
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the legal framework regarding cybercrime, with a focus on Europe. In the case of cybercrime, competent authorities face a moving target, as technological developments, both on the side of perpetrators and on the side of policing and forensics, often outwit prevalent and tested strategies against traditional crime. This chapter first raises the question of what makes cybercrime ‘cyber’, and then introduces the international and supranational legal frameworks that are meant to cope with cybercrime, with a focus on the Cybercrime Convention. Finally, the chapter offers a reflection on the image of the weighing scale where it comes to balancing safety and security against rights and freedoms.
‘Legal by Design’ or ‘Legal Protection by Design’?
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how machine learning (ML) and distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) change the environment of the law, the substance of legal goods, and on the extent to which these changes affect legal protection. ML applications, for example, can decide a person's credit worthiness or employability. Moreover, DLTs can, for instance, self-execute transactions and policies without and beyond the law. One of the main challenges here thus concerns the regulatory effects of these novel technologies and the potential incompatibility of legal protection with techno-regulation (defined as the regulatory effects of a technology, whether or not intended). This challenge will be discussed in terms of automated compliance (‘legal by design’) and technological articulation of fundamental rights (‘legal protection by design’).
Pluralist Accountability
Authors: Hirschmann Gisela 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines the theoretical framework of this book. This comprises a review of the concept of accountability in the existing literature, which summarizes the perspectives of principal-agent research, legal scholarship, and the research on transnational actors in global governance. It also contains a section on the challenges for accountability and legitimacy in complex global governance structures, illustrated by the phenomenon of prolonged delegation relationships. The theoretical framework further comprises the conceptualization of pluralist accountability as the dependent variable, the conceptualization of the model specifying the conditions for pluralist accountability, and the research design with a section on case selection, methods, and data acquisition.