bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound-guided transbronchial cryobiopsy of mediastinal and hilar lesions: a multicenter pragmatic cohort study with real-world evidence
Authors: Mangold Melanie Scarlett , Franzen Daniel P , Hetzel Jürgen , Latshang Tsogyal D , Roeder Maurice , Vesenbeckh Silvan M , Ulrich Silvia , Gaisl Thomas , Steinack Carolin 
Published: December 2024

BackgroundLimited data exist on the reliability, efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided transbronchial cryobiopsy for suspicious mediastinal and hilar lesions. This study shares findings from implementing this method and compares the results with those of the standard endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA).MethodsPatients undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy for mediastinal or hilar lesions in four Swiss centres were included. The study aims to assess the diagnostic yield and safety of EBUS-guided cryobiopsy compared with EBUS-TBNA. Tunnelling to the target lesion was performed using an electric needle knife (70.8%), a 19 G- (12.4%) or a 22 G needle (16.8%). Cryobiopsies were obtained with a freezing time of 4–7 s (18.2% with a 1.7 mm probe) or 6–10 s (81.8% with a 1.1 mm probe).ResultsAltogether, 137 patients were enrolled with a median follow-up of 89 days. The overall diagnostic yield was 56.2% for EBUS-TBNA and 91.2% for cryobiopsies (p<0.001). Cryobiopsies increased the diagnostic yield for benign disorders (+28.5%), uncommon tumours (+5.9%) and other metastatic cancer (+0.6%), but not for lung cancer (+0%). For lung cancer (n=27), immunohistochemistry was obtainable in 40.7% of EBUS-TBNA (median of 3 probes [IQR 3 to 3]), significantly lower than cryobiopsy’s 88.9% yield (median of 4 probes [IQR 3 to 5]) (p<0.001). Adverse events were found in 23.4% of participants; 10.2% had mild to moderate bleeding, 0.7% had pneumonia, and 0.7% (one) of patients had pneumothorax following pneumomediastinum. No deaths or mediastinum infections were observed.ConclusionCryobiopsy of mediastinal and hilar lesions improves the diagnostic yield compared with EBUS-TBNA while maintaining a favourable safety profile.
Assessing the impact of information on patient attitudes toward artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support (AI/CDS): a pilot web-based SMART vignette study
Authors: Kim Bohye , Ryan Katie , Kim Jane Paik 
Published: December 2024

BackgroundIt is increasingly recognised that the success of artificial intelligence-based clinical decision support (AI/CDS) tools will depend on physician and patient trust, but factors impacting patients’ views on clinical care reliant on AI have been less explored.ObjectiveThis pilot study explores whether, and in what contexts, detail of explanation provided about AI/CDS tools impacts patients’ attitudes toward the tools and their clinical care.MethodsWe designed a Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial vignette web-based survey. Participants recruited through Amazon Mechanical Turk were presented with hypothetical vignettes describing health concerns and were sequentially randomised along three factors: (1) the level of detail of explanation regarding an AI/CDS tool; (2) the AI/CDS result; and (3) the physician’s level of agreement with the AI/CDS result. We compared mean ratings of comfort and confidence by the level of detail of explanation using t-tests. Regression models were fit to confirm conditional effects of detail of explanation.ResultsThe detail of explanation provided regarding the AI/CDS tools was positively related to respondents’ comfort and confidence in the usage of the tools and their perception of the physician’s final decision. The effects of detail of explanation on their perception of the physician’s final decision were different given the AI/CDS result and the physician’s agreement or disagreement with the result.ConclusionsMore information provided by physicians regarding the use of AI/CDS tools may improve patient attitudes toward healthcare involving AI/CDS tools in general and in certain contexts of the AI/CDS result and physician agreement.
Object naming after epilepsy surgery in the dominant left temporal lobe: risk factors, time course and long-term outcome
Authors: Walther Katrin , Reindl Caroline , Schwarz Michael , Gollwitzer Stephanie , Kasper Burkhard S , Lang Johannes Dominik , Stritzelberger Jenny , Brandner Sebastian , Rössler Karl , Zhao Yining , Dörfler Arnd , Hamer Hajo M 
Published: December 2024

BackgroundDeterioration in naming function is a common sequelae after epilepsy surgery in the language-dominant temporal lobe but information on recovery and long-term outcome is scarce. We, therefore, assessed short-term and long-term outcome of object naming in patients undergoing surgery in the temporal lobe and determined factors affecting deterioration and recovery of naming function.MethodObject naming (Boston naming test) before surgery, at early follow-up (FU, 6–12 months) and late FU (≥2 years) was assessed in people with epilepsy (PWE) undergoing resections in the language-dominant left and non-dominant right temporal lobe.ResultsSixty-six patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy (LTLE) and 87 control patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy (RLTE) were included. At early FU, 28 patients with LTLE (42%) and three patients with RTLE (3%) showed a significant naming decline. In patients with LTLE, risk for deterioration increased with lower verbal memory before surgery, older age at seizure onset and was particularly high with posterior temporal resections (≥40 mm from the temporal pole) and seizure onset >16 years. Of the patients with LTLE with early naming decline, 11 patients (39%) recovered fully in their naming abilities at late FU, averaging almost 10 years. Recovery was associated with the degree of postoperative naming decline at early FU. PWE with a decline of less than 10 items (<20%) had a good prognosis of recovery at late FU. Postoperative seizure control had no significant effect on recovery.ConclusionsIn our cohort, less than 50% of PWE showed significantly deteriorated naming function after resection of the dominant temporal lobe. If a decline occurred, it appeared to recover to a certain degree and remained as a permanent deficit in 26% of the patients. Long-term outcome of visual object naming can be predicted by the degree of early postoperative decline.
Pneumococcal pneumonia trends in adults hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia over 10 years (2013–2023) and the role of serotype 3
Authors: Lansbury Louise , McKeever Tricia M , Lawrence Hannah , Pick Harry , Baskaran Vadsala , Edwards-Pritchard Rochelle , Matthews Laura , Bailey Helen , Ashton Deborah , Bendall Lesley , Rodrigo Chamira , Daniel Priya , Litt David , Eletu Seyi , Parmar Hanshi , Sheppard Carmen , Ladhani Shamez N , Trotter Caroline , Lim Wei Shen 
Published: December 2024

BackgroundWith higher valency pneumococcal vaccines on the horizon and new adult immunisation strategies under discussion, we aimed to evaluate the contribution of individual pneumococcal serotypes to the burden of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Over 10 years, trends in pneumococcal pneumonia epidemiology in adults hospitalised with CAP were assessed. The risk factors and severity associated with serotype 3 were examined.MethodsWe conducted a prospective cohort study of adults hospitalised with CAP between September 2013 and May 2023. Pneumococcal serotypes were identified using a serotype-specific 24-valent urinary-antigen assay. Trends in the proportion of CAP due to pneumococcus and causative serotypes were compared prepandemic and postpandemic. Risk factors and severity of serotype 3 pneumonia were compared with other serotypes using logistic regression.ResultsOf 5186 patients with CAP, 2193 (42.2%) had pneumococcal pneumonia. The proportion of CAP due to pneumococcus increased across all ages between 2013 and 2023 (36.4%–66.9%, p<0.001). The proportion due to serotype 3 increased significantly from 13.4% (2013) to 48.8% (2023). Serotype 3 pneumonia in adults was associated with older age (p<0.001), male sex (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.22, 95% CI 1.64 to 3.01) and chronic renal disease (aOR 1.81, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.02). Serotype 3 pneumonia was not observed to be associated with severity, critical care requirement, mortality or readmission.InterpretationSerotype 3 is the predominant serotype in adult pneumococcal CAP and has been increasing despite a mature infant pneumococcal immunisation programme, consistent with a lack of herd protection for this serotype.
Individual differences in vicarious pain as a shift in the self–other boundary
Authors: Li Mengze , Racey Chris , Bouyagoub Samira , Critchley Hugo D. , Ward Jamie 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
There is inconsistent evidence concerning whether physical pain and vicarious pain share neural resources. This may reflect different methodological approaches (e.g., univariate vs. multivariate fMRI analyses) and/or participant characteristics. Here we contrast people who report experiencing pain when seeing others in pain (vicarious pain responders) with non-responders (who do not report pain). Cues indicated the level and location of an electrical shock delivered to the participant (self) or experimenter (other), with behavioural ratings and neural responses (fMRI) obtained. Non-responders tend to rate their own pain as worse than others given identical cues, whereas responders show greater similarity between self and other ratings. Univariate neuroimaging analyses showed activity in regions of the pain matrix such as insula, mid-cingulate, and somatosensory cortices contrasting physical versus vicarious pain, and when regressing the level of self-pain. But these analyses did not differ by group. Multivariate analyses, by contrast, revealed several group differences. The ability to classify self versus other was less accurate in the vicarious pain responders (in the same regions implicated in the univariate analyses of physical pain). In conclusion, the degree of shared neural responses to physical and vicarious pain is increased in vicarious pain responders consistent with the notion of differences in the self–other boundary.
Comparison of Concurrent Radar and Aircraft Measurements in Florida Thunderstorm Cirrus Anvils
Authors: Gapp Nicholas J. , Delene David J. , Schmidt Jerome M. , Harasti Paul R. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Concurrent measurements of anvil cirrus clouds are obtained using the highly instrumented North Dakota Citation Research Aircraft and the Cloud and Precipitation Radar with Discrete Hydrometeor Detection (CPR-HD), a C-band, high-resolution radar on the Atlantic coast of Florida. The CPR-HD alternatively transmits two waveforms, a lower-resolution (narrowband) beam and a high-resolution (wideband) beam with along-beam range resolutions of 34 and 0.5 m, respectively. A specialized operating strategy allows the range windows of the CPR HD to lock onto the Citation Research Aircraft using downlinked position information and track the aircraft in real time for the duration of the flight, providing nearly concurrent in situ and remote observations in space and time. Radar reflectivity factor with uncertainty is calculated using a combined particle size spectrum obtained from in situ cloud probes. Comparing the derived reflectivity factor to the observed wideband reflectivity factor for the 1 August 2015 flight shows that 84% of the 1-s-averaged data agree within their respective uncertainties across the sampled range from −15 to 20 dBZ. Uncertainties within the analyzed cases are ±2.6 dBZ on average for derived reflectivity factor and ±3.0 dBZ for the wideband reflectivity factor. A derived relationship between CPR-HD reflectivity factor and particle mass allows vertical profiles of water content in cirrus anvil clouds to be determined from CPR-HD observations with a known uncertainty.
Exploring the Intrinsic Predictability Limit of a Localized Convective Rainfall Event near Tokyo, Japan, Using a High-Resolution EnKF System
Authors: Honda Takumi 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Severe weather related to convective clouds can greatly affect society. Accurately predicting such events is challenging due to the small-scale, nonlinear, rapid increase in forecast errors at the convective scale. Such error growth would strictly limit convective-scale predictability, even if nearly perfect initial and boundary conditions and models are available. This study investigates the intrinsic predictability limit of a localized convective rainfall event in Japan using a high-resolution ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) system that assimilates phased-array weather radar observations. Analyzed ensemble initial conditions are rescaled to reflect a nearly perfect or a practical level of initial-condition uncertainty. High-resolution ensemble forecasts reveal that the intrinsic predictability limit of the target convective precipitation event could be longer than 20 min, while its current practical predictability limit is likely no more than 10 min. This difference indicates significant potential for improving forecast accuracy in the current numerical weather prediction system. Further ensemble forecasts indicate that reducing initial-condition uncertainty in wind variables could be more beneficial for improving forecast accuracy than doing so in precipitation-related variables.

Significance Statement
While it is known that predicting localized torrential precipitation related to convective clouds is challenging, our understanding of their predictability limits is still limited. This study investigates the predictability limits of a localized precipitation event through high-resolution simulations. We assessed the intrinsic predictability limit for the target event under idealized initial conditions with minimal uncertainty. We found that the intrinsic predictability limit could be much longer than the practical predictability limit. Our results indicate that reducing initial-condition uncertainty in wind could be more effective for improving forecast accuracy than doing so in precipitation-related variables.
A Water Mass Balance–Based Procedure Using ERA5 Land Reanalysis and Level Observation to Reconstruct the Past Level Changes of Closed Lakes toward Future Management
Authors: Saraceni Miriam , Brunone Bruno , Silvestri Lorenzo , Meniconi Silvia , Bongioannini Cerlini Paolina 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper aims to refine an effective procedure to reconstruct the past level changes of closed lakes, as a tool for future management. In most cases, such water bodies are overlooked (particularly when they are small), even if they play a significant role in local communities from the economic and social points of view. In this perspective, this study explores the potential of using reanalysis data, as a single source of data to compute the lake water mass balance, and water level observations. It focuses on some closed lakes with minimal anthropogenic influence in Europe, Africa, and the United States. The number of cases studied is limited by the fact that a significant time series of water levels is difficult to obtain for small lakes. The research leverages ERA5 Land (ERA5L), the land component of ERA5 reanalysis, incorporating the Freshwater Lake (FLake) model. FLake allows simulation of the interaction of inland water bodies with the atmosphere. The use of ERA5L is preceded by data validation by considering satellite observation. To simulate the water mass balance of the selected lakes, the proposed procedure combines precipitation, runoff, and evaporation from the lake, provided by ERA5L, and the lake water level observations. The results indicate that even with a short time series of water level observations, a good agreement (Pearson coefficient ranging from 50% to 90%) between the observed monthly variation of the lake level and the corresponding values of the water storage, computed by using ERA5L, is achieved. The procedure exhibits adaptability and robustness, with an accurate representation of the lake water level trends. However, occasional discrepancies are noted during specific periods, primarily attributed to ERA5L precipitation biases. The proposed procedure can be used only when lake water level observations are available. This limits the number of lakes that it can be applied to. However, the procedure can be applied even with a short time series of data, without the need for additional ground-based or remotely sensed data to compute the water mass balance.

Significance Statement
This study employs ERA5L reanalysis data and lake level observations to effectively reconstruct the natural variability of closed lake water levels in some monitored lakes in Europe, Africa, and the United States. Results demonstrate the adaptability and robustness of the proposed procedure in capturing the past level changes. Despite occasional discrepancies attributed to precipitation biases, the procedure proves reliable for assessing lake water level trends. Future studies could refine the procedure and extend its applicability, enhancing the ability to monitor environmental changes.
Prognostic performance of the Age, PaO2/FiO2 Ratio, and Plateau Pressure Score (APPS) for mortality in patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome admitted to an intensive care unit
Authors: Gutierrez-Zamudio Alfredo A. M. , Alejandro-Salinas Rodrigo , Vereau-Robles Jose I. , Toro-Huamanchumo Carlos J. 
Published: December 2024

Background: A predictive scoring system used in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) known as Age, PaO2/FiO2, Plateau Pressure Score (APPS) has been externally validated to predict mortality in Asian and Caucasian populations. Its performance in Latin American and COVID-19 patients still needs to be done. Objective: To assess the association between APPS and mortality, as well as APPS performance in predicting mortality within 28 days of intensive care unit (ICU) admission in patients with ARDS due to COVID-19. Design: Analytical observational retrospective cohort study. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in patients diagnosed with ARDS according to the Berlin criteria who were admitted to the ICU. We evaluated the prognostic performance of APPS using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), and association with mortality was measured using the Cox proportional hazards regression models. Results: A total of 271 patients were analyzed. The AUC for 28-day mortality was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.73–0.84). In the Cox proportional hazards model, after adjusting for sex and categorized Charlson Comorbidity Index, it was found that grade 2 APPS (aHR: 3.67, 95% CI: 2.14–6.30, p < 0.001) and grade 3 APPS (aHR: 7.95, 95% CI: 3.72–17.02, p < 0.001) were associated with a higher hazard of 28-day mortality. Conclusion: The APPS scoring system has a good prognostic performance for mortality in patients diagnosed with COVID-19-induced ARDS.
Science Education via Science and Technology Innovation Competitions: Learning Environment, Learning Processes, and the Effectiveness of Talent Development
Authors: Song (宋娴) Xian , Zhu (朱雯文) Wenwen 
Published: December 2024

Purpose China Adolescents Science and Technology Innovation Contest (CASTIC) has created a better experimental environment for science education than that provided by formal schooling. In order to assess its educational effect, this study examines different talent development models resulting from CASTIC, as well as learning environment and processes it fosters. Design/Approach/Methods This multi-case study sampled teachers and students from different schools that participated in the Shanghai division of CASTIC, and then analyzed the implementation process of CASTIC as well as various models it formed for talent development. Findings This study argues that, by constructing multiple settings for learning involving schools, science clubs, and competitions, CASTIC enables schools to establish diversified talent development models based on process motivation. As structural problems arising from the inadequacy of educational resources for science and technology innovation continue to limit the educational effectiveness of these competitions, a series of curriculum reforms and institutional designs are necessary to fully harness the educational power of science and technology innovation competitions. Originality/Value This study provides an important reference for understanding the talent training mechanism of science competition and exploring its future development.
Subcutaneous electroencephalography monitoring for people with epilepsy and intellectual disability: co-production workshops
Authors: Meinert Edward , Milne-Ives Madison , Sawyer Jennifer , Boardman Liz , Mitchell Sarah , Mclean Brendan , Richardson Mark , Shankar Rohit 
Published: December 2024

Background
Nearly 25% of people with intellectual disability (PwID) have epilepsy compared to 1% of the UK general population. PwID are commonly excluded from research, eventually affecting their care. Understanding seizures in PwID is particularly challenging because of reliance on subjective external observation and poor objective validation. Remote electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring could capture objective data, but particular challenges and implementation strategies for this population need to be understood.

Aim
This co-production aimed to explore the accessibility and potential impact of a remote, long-term EEG tool (UnEEG 24/7 SubQ) for PwID and epilepsy.

Method
We conducted six, 2-hour long workshops; three with people with mild intellectual disability and three with families/carers of people with moderate–profound intellectual disability. Brief presentations, easy read information and model demonstrations were used to explain the problem and device. A semi-structured guide developed by a communication specialist and art-based techniques facilitated discussion with PwID. For family/carers, active listening was employed. All conversations were recorded and transcribed. Artificial intelligence-based coding and thematic analysis (ATLAS.ti and ChatGPT) were synthesised with manual theming to generate insights.

Results
Co-production included four PwID, five family members and seven care professionals. Three main themes were identified: (1) perceived benefits for improving seizure understanding, informing care and reducing family and carer responsibility to accurately identify seizures; (2) the device was feasible for some PwID but not all; and (3) appropriate person-centred communication is essential for all stakeholders to reduce concerns.

Conclusions
The workshops identified key benefits and implementing barriers to SubQ in PwID.