bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of liquid nitriding on the properties of the electric steel 10
Authors: Korotkov V A , Isakov D V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Liquid nitriding (carbonitriding) effect on hardness, wear resistance and magnetic properties of electric steel grade 10 is reviewed here, as well as on the electric contact resistance. It was found that hot-rolled steel 10 loses its hardness as a result of annealing. Surface carbonitriding of specimens generates an improved layer of higher hardness, high wear resistance and increased electrical resistance. The specimens carbonitrided have contact electric resistance higher than that of hot-rolled specimens after descaling. The magnetic permeability of ‘grade 10’ steel does not practically change after annealing and carbonitriding, while the magnetic permeability corresponds to the magnetic field strength in a very typical way with typical parameters for carbon steels. Traditional methods of processing electrical steels, carried out in order to achieve such a complex effect, combine heterogeneous processes, such as electroplating, vacuum, plasma, high - temperature annealing, coating-are very expensive and difficult to implement. Carbonitration is more accessible for practical use and has a significantly lower cost. The results obtained can be used in the design of magnetic circuits for various electric devices.
Kinetics of vanadium reduction from slags by solid carbon
Authors: Klimov A V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The laboratory investigation results of the vanadium reduction are presented. Experiments were performed with CaO–SiO2–Al2O3–MgO–V2O3 slags in an air atmosphere. The solid carbon was used as a reducing agent. The reduction kinetics was studied by sampling. It has been shown that reduction proceeds to VC carbide. The process rate is inversely proportional to the slag viscosity. The formation of a carbide film on the carbon surface leads to a sudden, by an order of magnitude, reduction in the rate. The process of vanadium reduction from oxide melts by solid carbon is electrochemical in nature and is limited by the stage of carbon anodic oxidation. The influence of slag viscosity on the process kinetics is explained by the fact that it is controlled by the growth rate and removal of gas bubbles. The appearance of the carbide film, apparently, transfers the reduction process into the intra diffusion mode, when the transfer of carbon and vanadium through the carbide film is limiting.
Modelling of the thermal state and the melting loss of a graphite electrode in the conditions of the evaporative cooling in the arc furnace
Authors: Bystrov M V , Yachikov I M , Portnova I V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The cost of the graphite electrodes amounts greater proportion in the final value of the finished product. This calls for finding opportunities to reduce the maintenance costs of AC and DC furnaces used in foundries. The aim of the study is the creation of a mathematical model and the analysis of the efficiency of the evaporative cooling method in reducing the amount of the graphite electrodes used in small capacity arc furnaces. The mathematical model and the computer program allow determining the thermal state of the electrode and the melting loss of the graphite, the model is developed for a primarily cylindrical electrode and takes into account: the current passing through an electrode, the time of the electrode being in the electrified furnace, and the parameters of the water evaporative cooling. The paper presents the received data about the melting loss of the graphite per ton of steel against the water consumption during the evaporative cooling. The graphite consumption in the arc furnaces of 10–12 tons’ capacity is reduced by 40 %. The recommended water consumption for the evaporative cooling of electrodes for all types of foundry furnaces is 0.1–0.2 m3/h.
Improving the production technology of drilling and blasting operations by blasting of high ledges
Authors: Ugolnikov N V , Domozhirov D V , Karaulov N G , Prochorov A A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In modern economic conditions, the issue of improving the efficiency of mining enterprises is very relevant. One of the key processes isdrilling and blasting operations (DBO), which determine the efficiency of the entire complex of mining operations. One of the main methods of controlling the explosion energy is the diameter of the blast wells. According to the recommendations of prof. B N Kutuzov the diameter of blast wells is correlated with the fracturing and strength of the exploding rocks. With increasing blockage and rock strength to achieve the required quality of explosive crushing preference is given to drilling equipment with a small diameter of wells. By blasting of high ledges, especially large-block rocks with a strength coefficient of more than 15 on the M M Protodyakonov scale; the use of high-performance drilling equipment for drilling small-diameter blast wells is difficult. This is due to the fact that the calculated value of the resistance line along sole (RLAS) does not pass the safety condition for drilling the first row of wells. In this regard, the paper proposes and justifies the use of extensions of the lower parts of wells using mechanical expanders.
Prospects for the use of peat in metallurgy
Authors: Ykonovskaya T B , Zhigulskaya A I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A large number of metallurgical industry enterprises in the regions of Russia mainly use imported and rather expensive coking coal or natural gas for steelmaking. However, almost all regions of Russia have large reserves of peat, which can replace expensive hydrocarbon raw materials in metallurgical processes. For this reason, the use of peat raw materials (briquette, piece) in metallurgy is of scientific and practical interest. The properties of peat briquettes and pellets in the process of pyrometallurgical processing are set by the methods and technological parameters of their preparation. The article presents the results of a study of the influence of the type and quality properties of peat on the technological process of recovering peat compositions prepared on the basis of iron ore from the Bakchinsky deposit. Peat of the Vasyugan peat massif was used for the production of peat melting compositions. Experimental data showed that, for peat compositions, low-ash peat on the watershed is suitable. The use of peat melting compositions allows us to solve the problem of the return of ore dust and substandard ore in the smelting processes and thereby develop a rational low-waste technology.
The effect of enrichment on quartz sand properties
Authors: Mufteeva L F , Pavlova I A , Farafontova E P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The technological properties of quartz sand (without and after enrichment) by methods of emission spectral analysis, petrography, and X-ray phase analysis are investigated. The studied sand is a waste after extraction of titanium-containing components from raw materials. It is shown that the enrichment of quartz sand expands the field of its application. It has been established that quartz sand can be used as a filler of heavy, light, fine-grained, cellular and silicate concrete, mortar, and the preparation of dry construction mixtures. Also, sand can be claimed as a raw material component to produce ceramic tiles, porcelain stoneware, glazed ceramic products, wall ceramics, as well as proppants. Hydraulic enrichment leads to a decrease in the content of clay particles in the sand, which allows it to be used also for the construction of bases and coatings of roads and airfields. The integrated use of raw materials and waste allows solving the problem of creating non-waste and environmentally friendly technologies, which ensures the saving of natural raw materials, and on the other hand, allows it to be disposed of, improving the environmental situation.
The use of regression models to describe the temperature coefficient values of linear expansion and technological temperatures of CaSO4-KPO3-Na2B4O7 low-melting glass system
Authors: Stolbovsky A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Low-melting noncrystallizing glasses are used as solders for connections of various metallic and nonmetallic parts. However, theoretical data on glass formation and physical parameters of low-melting glasses are still limited. The use of modelling allows to simplify the selection of a glass system as a solder by the mathematical description of the dependencies of both that the temperature coefficient values of linear expansion and other specific temperatures, which are necessary for a practical application. Therefore, the fourth-order regression polynomial models are offered for describing dependences of the temperature coefficient values of linear expansion, the softening temperature and the glass transition temperature from the component concentrations of the CaSO4-KPO3-Na2B4O7 low-melting glass system in the glass formation region. The model involver both pair and ternary interactions of the glass system’s components. The analysis of the obtained results showed that the concentration of the CaSO4 component has the highest effect on the temperature coefficient values of linear expansion.
Scaling resistance of deposited metal by flux-cored wire 30N8Kh6M3STYu
Authors: Eremin E N , Losev A S , Ponomarev I A , Borodikhin S A , Matalasova A E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The scaling resistance of a coating deposited by a flux-cored wire 30N8X6M3STYu subjected to surface oxidation at a temperature of 900 °C was studied. It was established that the main increase in the mass of scale for a given metal occurs in the first hours, and later this dependence is almost straightforward. The average weight gain of the metal scale of such a coating at 900 °C is 0.002 kg/(m2·h), which is 16.5 times less than that of 30Kh2V8F steel. An X-ray analysis of a metal of the composition 30N8X6M3STYu showed that the scale consists not only of the oxide phase, but also of the remnants of non-oxidized grains of solid solution, nitrides and carbides. It was found that the basis of scale, along with hematite Fe2O3, magnetite Fe3O4, are various compounds of the main alloying elements such as Cr2FeO4, Fe2NiO4 and Fe3N, which have good protective properties. The results show that the coating of steel 30N8Kh6M3STYu can be used for applying on the surface of parts operating at high temperatures.
Method analysis of surveying of mineral storages in open-pit mining
Authors: Romanko E A , Domozhirov D V , Kolesatova O S , Litvinenko N V 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The final products of mining enterprises are stored in open or closed areas-mineral storages. The duties of the surveyor service include monitoring of the volume of mineral, which is placed in storage. Requirements for the method of shooting and the accuracy of the received results are regulated by normative documents. Taking into account the introduction into production of modern geodetic technology survey of storage can be realized both methods of classical geodesy (the method of perpendiculars, total station survey) and with the use of GPS receivers, scanning laser systems, unmanned aerial vehicles or drones. In the article is given brief characteristic of specified survey methods and possible scope of their use. Based on the characteristic features of the storage: its form and type and taking into account possible method of measurement production (automated, non-automated) was developed method of selecting of survey. So, on the example of the open transshipment ore storage taking into account its form – medium and type – open and predominant use of automated methods of measurement production are survey methods recommended. Based on the results of the calculation of the storage volume was made the conclusion about compliance of received results with requirement of normative documents.
Synthetic raw materials - possibility to increase refractory materials resistance
Authors: Zemlyanoi K G , Khafizova A R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The analysis of refractory materials and factors groups destruction types causing these destructions during operation of refractory materials is presented. One of the reasons preventing further increase of refractory resistance is shown to be natural barrier of impurities presence in natural raw materials for refractory production. Disclosed is a method for natural and/or man-made raw materials deeper enrichment by hydrochemical processing methods. This work is devoted to the chemical synthesis of raw materials enrichment for the production of refractory materials with increased resistance. The studies were carried out with the aim of developing a technology for producing high-purity aluminum powders with high physical and mechanical properties using raw materials from the Ural field and metakaolinite to produce high-purity alumina from aluminum sulfate. Thus, the authors tested the technology of complex processing of industrial and/or natural aluminosilicate materials waste using an extractable leaching solution of sulfuric acid - an ammonium hydrosulfate solution.
Development of new roll pass designs for ball-rolling rolls with continuously variable parameters
Authors: Rubcov V Ju , Shevchenko O I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article outlines modern approaches to the creation of roll passes for helical rolling mills for the production of grinding balls. The key feature is the roll design with continually varying parameters of its elements. Such elements include: flange width varying along the length of the roll; flange height, with a nonlinear function of flange rising; pitch of the helical groove which maintains constancy of the volume of the metal being deformed. Particular attention is paid to a new conceptual pass design for ball-rolling rolls with a variable groove depth, the prospects of which are connected with uniformity of reduction and the production of balls not only with the correct geometry, but also with a more homogeneous structure. The article shows functions of a continuously varying pitch of a helical groove of rolls with a constant and variable flange width, as well as with a variable depth of the groove. A practical test was conducted on ball-rolling rolls for production of balls with a nominal diameter 120 mm with continuously varying pitch. Experience has shown positive results both in reducing loads and in increasing the dimensional accuracy.
Development of algorithm for excavation control
Authors: Lukashuk O A , Letnev K Y , Komissarov A P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In open-pit excavators there exists a discrepancy between their engineering designs and underuse of performance potential due to complexity of excavation and such intensity of carrying out working procedures which borders on physical limits of an operator. The excavating procedure is shown to involve joint functioning of main actuating mechanisms of an open-pit excavator for its thrusting and lifting operations and formation of a leverage transmission mechanism connecting those with a bucket. In that case, it was established, the excavation process is characterized by a ‘conversion’ of the main mechanisms since their operation parameters are formed according to kinematic properties of the leverage and energy-force parameters realized on the bucket. Dependencies were derived to calculate kinematic transfer functions of the leverage, which correlate the velocity of excavation and those of working motions (speeds of thrusting and lifting). The algorithm of calculating the velocities of working motions could be used to develop a digital system to control the motors of the main mechanisms.
Organizational factors for manufacturing defects reduction in small batch production
Authors: Ershova I V , Baranchikova S G , Cherepanova E V , Chistyakov N N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The study is devoted to the defects organizational causes analysis in the machine building products production process. The companies with the small batch production were taken into consideration. Factors related to the time norms fulfilling percentage, the work rhythm, the consolidation of operations at one workplace, the new technologies introduction and equipment failures were chosen. A preliminary factors selection according to independence criteria allowed us to build a reliable regression model for the defects rate calculating. The main factors influencing the defects rate in small batch production are the time norms fulfilling percentage, the rate of consolidation of operations at one workplace, and the number of new technological processes introduced. This allowed us to offer recommendations on the machining sites work organization. The final operations and productswhich are made from expensive metals should be carried out at workplaces with a low rate of operations consolidation. Also, it is important that the wage system should not contribute to over-fulfillment of norms. The maintenance and repair system should prevent malfunctions during operations fulfilment.
Interactional experience with the employer during a selection of educational content in a single-industry town
Authors: Karelova R A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Training of personnel for industrial enterprises of a single-industry town is an opportunity for the stable development of the local labor market. As a rule, single-industry towns of our country are mechanical engineering or coal-metallurgical towns. Nizhny Tagil is no exception. On its territory there are metallurgical, mining and machine-building enterprises. Colleges and universities that train specialists for town-forming enterprises can be a driver for the stable functioning of a single-town economy. For this, it is necessary to adapt the content of educational programs to the actual needs of employers. The article describes a number of problems that representatives of educational institutions had to solve in the process of interaction with an employer to update the content of education. Such problems were: difficulties in visiting enterprises, in particular, defense (machine-building) ones, ambiguity in the interpretation of the concept of ‘competence’ by teachers and employers, the difficulty of dividing workers by education levels on the part of employers. A simplified version of the employer survey form is proposed. It allows to determine the priority areas in the training of personnel for the industry.
Possibilities of an artificial neural network use to control oxygen consumption in a converter shop
Authors: Karelova R A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Converter steelmaking process uses high-performance processing plants and a high level of process automation. Complex multi-stage processes typically use many factors that have effect both on individual stages of the processes and on how a combination of the processes runs as a whole. This makes it necessary to select and/or develop control methods for the converter process having no full current data on process parameters and effects of random disturbances. Use of artificial neural networks is the most effective method available now for analyzing and predicting parameters of different processes (including converter process). This article deals with an algorithm for oxygen measurement based on chemical analysis of steel and process history through some period, using an artificial neural network and machine learning. Initial data were reviewed using correlation and regression analysis, the artificial neural network architecture chosen is reasoned as the most appropriate for the objective on hand and the results are analyzed. The element measurement accuracy achieved is satisfactory, which makes the resulting artificial neural network usable in an automation system for testing purposes. Network performance can be improved with the help of experts in the subject area, whose expertise can be used to correct the model.
The use of homomorphic image processing to analyze coke grading
Authors: Krouglov V N , Gruh A G , Gapak A L , Khurelchuluun I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The estimation of the geometrical sizes of particles of crushed solid fuel (coke), moving on the conveyor belt, is associated with a number of technical difficulties. One of the problems is the need for a non-invasive way of determining particle geometry. A promising way to solve it is to use devices based on machine vision systems. This paper describes the algorithmic part of the prototype of such a device. It is proposed to improve the quality of boundary detection between fragments of coke particles to perform homomorphic processing of the initial low-contrast video images. The algorithm for calculating the Fourier spectrum has been optimized based on the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) with the mixed base. As a result, it becomes possible to reduce the computational cost for calculating two-dimensional Fourier spectra for complex multiplication operations by 1.33 times, and the number of complex addition operations by 1.67 times. The software of the prototype, built using the proposed methods, made it possible to obtain good convergence of the results for assessing the particle size distribution of samples of crushed coke with laboratory estimates. Thus, the maximum absolute average error of the machine vision system in assessing the size of crushed coke is only 3.37%, and the maximum error for all measurement classes do not exceed 6.9%.
Adapting standard maintenance approaches for mining excavators to actual operating condition
Authors: Shibanov D A , Ivanov S L , Safronchuk K A , Knyazkina V I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Significant portion of the annual calendar fund-time work of mining excavators spent on maintaining its working condition by carrying out preventive and repair regulatory activities and recovery in the event of emergency failures and maintenance and repair expenses constitute a significant proportion of the cost of excavation of mining rock. To assess the effectiveness of machinery a non-standard indicator, the coefficient of technical readiness, applied which does not have a single assessment methodology. At the present stage of machinery development, existing quarry dispatching systems allow you to allocate any of its elements from the fund-time of mining excavators: productive time, time spent in repair and maintenance and also classify other time costs of a particular machine which allowed an appropriate analysis. Analysis showed that at the current organization of MaR (maintenance and repair) there is significant potential to reduce repair impacts, as well as to ensure a reduction in the cost of routine maintenance, to remove maintenance and repair measures from the category of costly ones, at least for self-sufficiency without compromising the quality of these works and the reliability of the excavator as a whole.
Truths . . . Audacious and Flawed
Authors: Norton Mary Beth 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This AHR Roundtable features four short essays on Jill Lepore’s widely read synthesis of American history, These Truths: A History of the United States (2018). Lepore’s framework insists that the “self-evident” truths of the nation’s founding were anything but. The driving force of her narrative is the struggle of those excluded from this magic circle—really, the majority of the country’s population—to extend those truths beyond their narrow core of elite white men. The four reviewers—Ned Blackhawk, Matt Garcia, Mary Beth Norton, and Paul Ortiz—appreciate the “shared sense of national destiny” that clearly informs Lepore book. At the same time, they chide her for what they regard as significant omissions. These critical essays invite further consideration of how best to write a fully inclusive (and therefore dramatically reconfigured) national narrative