bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated [CO2] alleviates the impacts of water deficit on xylem anatomy and hydraulic properties of maize stems
Authors: Liu Junzhou , Kang Shaozhong , Davies William J. , Ding Risheng 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPlants can modify xylem anatomy and hydraulic properties to adjust to water status. Elevated [CO2] can increase plant water potential via reduced stomatal conductance and water loss. This raises the question of whether elevated [CO2], which thus improves plant water status, will reduce the impacts of soil water deficit on xylem anatomy and hydraulic properties of plants. To analyse the impacts of water and [CO2] on maize stem xylem anatomy and hydraulic properties, we exposed potted maize plants to varying [CO2] levels (400, 700, 900, and 1,200 ppm) and water levels (full irrigation and deficit irrigation). Results showed that at current [CO2], vessel diameter, vessel roundness, stem cross‐section area, specific hydraulic conductivity, and vulnerability to embolism decreased under deficit irrigation; yet, these impacts of deficit irrigation were reduced at elevated [CO2]. Across all treatments, midday stem water potential was tightly correlated with xylem traits and displayed similar responses. A distinct trade‐off between efficiency and safety in stem xylem water transportation in response to water deficit was observed at current [CO2] but not observed at elevated [CO2]. The results of this study enhance our knowledge of plant hydraulic acclimation under future climate environments and provide insights into trade‐offs in xylem structure and function.
The Science–Policy Nexus in Collaborative Governance: Use of Science in Ecosystem Recovery Planning
Authors: Koontz Tomas M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAcross many social–ecological systems, policy makers and scholars increasingly call for science to inform policy. The science–policy interface becomes especially complex as collaborative approaches include multiple stakeholders working together across jurisdictions. Unfortunately little is known about how much and how science is used in collaborative governance for social–ecological systems. This exploratory study examines instrumental, conceptual, and symbolic use of science in a science‐rich collaborative planning case in the Puget Sound, USA. It also examines the influence of science, relative to other factors, in collaborative planning, and what factors affect it. Results from a survey and document analysis indicate the prevalence of conceptual use of science, with relatively little symbolic use. Some factors promoting conceptual and instrumental use discourage symbolic use. Overall, while science is seen as influential in this science‐rich context, its influence is balanced by local stakeholder preferences and contextual information.
Suicidal Behaviors and Help‐Seeking Attitudes Among Deaf and Hard‐of‐Hearing College Students
Authors: Fox Meghan L. , James Tyler G. , Barnett Steven L. 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, and help‐seeking attitudes among D/HH and hearing college students.MethodA total of 500,860 students completed the ACHA‐NCHA‐IIb (Fall 2011‐Spring 2015). Survey administration and sampling methods differed across institutions. We randomly selected hearing students to have a 1:1 ratio of D/HH and hearing students (analytic N = 12,056). The mean age was 20.3 years, and the sample was predominantly white (68%) and female (65%). Multinomial and binary logistic regressions determined the relation between hearing status, suicide ideation and attempt, and help‐seeking.ResultsD/HH college students were more likely than hearing college students to have seriously considered suicide or attempted suicide in their lifetime. [Correction added on November 26, 2019, after first online publication: The phrase "but not in the past year" was deleted in the previous sentence.] In adjusted analyses, D/HH college students were more likely than hearing college students to have attempted suicide in the past year (OR 2.42, 95% CI 1.85, 3.17). There were no differences between D/HH and hearing groups in help‐seeking attitudes.ConclusionsFindings from this national data set indicate that D/HH college students are more likely to consider or attempt suicide. These results underscore the need for focused suicide risk prevention interventions with this population.
“When We Are Laughing Like This Now, We Are Also Being Recorded by Them”: Eliamani's Homestead and the Complicity of Ethnographic Film
Authors: Barnabas Shanade Bianca , Wijngaarden Vanessa 
Published: November 2019

Eliamani's Homestead is an unfiltered presentation of unequal power relations, othering, suspicions, misunderstandings, and the untranslated in an exchange between Indigenous hosts and their guests in a cultural tourism setting. A family of Dutch tourists visits a Maasai homestead in Tanzania, where Eliamani and her child have no food. The tourists take copious pictures of the women and children and haggle over the price of a bracelet—a common scene in cultural tourism encounters the world over. The discomforting exchange is all the more palpable when Eliamani breaks the fourth wall and reminds the filmmaker and viewer of their complicity. This film dialogue is part review, part conversation with the filmmaker who describes the process of making, editing, and screening the film, including audience and participants’ reactions. It situates Eliamani's Homestead within the ambit of ethnographic film, both illustrating visual ethnography's complicity in cultural tourism and revealing its potential to offer its own critique when it maintains a multivocal approach that strives for dialogue with “the other” on both sides of the camera.
Exercise‐evoked intramuscular neutrophil‐endothelial interactions support muscle performance and GLUT4 translocation: a mouse gnawing model study
Authors: Chaweewannakorn Chayanit , Nyasha Mazvita R. , Chen Weijian , Sekiai Shigenori , Tsuchiya Masahiro , Hagiwara Yoshihiro , Bouzakri Karim , Sasaki Keiichi , Kanzaki Makoto 
Published: November 2019

Key points
Fractalkine receptor antagonist inhibited neutrophil recruitment to masseter muscles and exacerbated fatigability during masticatory activity.
Fractalkine‐mediated neutrophil recruitment is required for both upregulation of myokines (CXCL1, interleukin‐6) and enhanced GLUT4 translocation in response to masticatory activity.
Fractalkine and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 expression in endothelial cells increased in response to masticatory activity.
In vitro experiments demonstrated that contracting myotubes lack the ability to upregulate fractalkine but revealed that endothelial fractalkine upregulation is induced using a conditioned medium of contracting myotubes.
AbstractPhysical exercise stimulates neutrophil recruitment within working skeletal muscle, although its underlying mechanisms remain ill‐defined. By employing a masticatory behaviour (gnawing) model, we demonstrate the importance of intramuscular paracrine and autocrine systems that are triggered by muscle contractile activity and reliant upon fractalkine/CX3CL1‐mediated signals. These signals were revealed to be required for achieving proper GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake to meet the glucose demands for fatigue alleviation. Specifically, fractalkine expression and neutrophil recruitment both increased in the masseter muscle tissues upon masticatory activity. Importantly, a fractalkine antagonist inhibited neutrophil accumulation and exacerbated fatigability during masticatory activity. We found that fractalkine‐dependent neutrophil recruitment is required for both upregulation of myokines (i.e. CXCL1 and interleukin‐6) and enhanced GLUT4 translocation in response to gnawing activity. Immunofluorescence analysis of masseter muscles demonstrated that fractalkine and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 expression are both upregulated in endothelial cells but not in myofibres. The in vitro exercise model further revealed that contractile activity failed to stimulate fractalkine upregulation in myotubes, implying that fractalkine is not a myokine (myofibre‐derived factor). Nevertheless, endothelial fractalkine expression was markedly stimulated by a conditioned medium from the contracting myotubes. Moreover, intercellular adhesion molecule‐1, a key adhesion molecule for neutrophils, was upregulated in endothelial cells by fractalkine. Taken together, our findings strongly suggest that endothelial fractalkine serves as a key factor for organizing a physiologically beneficial intramuscular microenvironment by recruiting neutrophils in response to relatively mild exercise (i.e. masticatory muscle activity).
Short‐term bed rest‐induced insulin resistance cannot be explained by increased mitochondrial H2O2 emission
Authors: Dirks Marlou L. , Miotto Paula M. , Goossens Gijs H. , Senden Joan M. , Petrick Heather L. , van Kranenburg Janneau , van Loon Luc J.C. , Holloway Graham P. 
Published: November 2019

Key points
We determined if bed rest increased mitochondrially derived reactive oxygen species and cellular redox stress, contributing to the induction of insulin resistance.
Bed rest decreased maximal and submaximal ADP‐stimulated mitochondrial respiration.
Bed rest did not alter mitochondrial H2O2 emission in the presence of ADP concentrations indicative of resting muscle, the ratio of H2O2 emission to mitochondrial O2 consumption or markers of oxidative stress
The present data suggest strongly that mitochondrial H2O2 does not contribute to bed rest‐induced insulin resistance
AbstractMitochondrial H2O2 has been causally linked to diet‐induced insulin resistance, although it remains unclear if muscle disuse similarly increases mitochondrial H2O2. Therefore, we investigated the potential that an increase in skeletal muscle mitochondrial H2O2 emission, potentially as a result of decreased ADP sensitivity, contributes to cellular redox stress and the induction of insulin resistance during short‐term bed rest in 20 healthy males. Bed rest led to a decline in glucose infusion rate during a hyperinsulinaemic‐euglycaemic clamp (−42 ± 2%; P < 0.001), and in permeabilized skeletal muscle fibres it decreased OXPHOS protein content (−16 ± 8%) and mitochondrial respiration across a range of ADP concentrations (−13 ± 5%). While bed rest tended to increase maximal mitochondrial H2O2 emission rates (P = 0.053), H2O2 emission in the presence of ADP concentrations indicative of resting muscle, the ratio of H2O2 emission to mitochondrial O2 consumption, and markers of oxidative stress were not altered following bed rest. Altogether, while bed rest impairs mitochondrial ADP‐stimulated respiration, an increase in mitochondrial H2O2 emission does not contribute to the induction of insulin resistance following short‐term bed rest.
Welding Fused Silica Glass by Picosecond Pulsed Laser With Low Numerical Aperture
Authors: Zhao Kai , Wang Han , Yan Jingwen , Shen Hong 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Researches on glass welding using tightly focused ultrafast lasers have attracted much attention. However, optical systems with low numerical aperture (NA) in laser material processing are commonly used in industry applications. Transmission welding of two fused silica glass plates is performed by using picosecond laser irradiation with low NA in this study. The welding strength under different process parameters such as focal position, pulse energy, and scanning velocity is measured. The role of the modification in welding process is demonstrated through the interior morphology in single-piece glass samples. A model is presented to predict the position of the bottom tip of the modification (BTM). The model considers the propagation property of the laser beam and the incubation effect of modification threshold. The numerical and experimental positions of BTM are compared. The model can give an idea for selecting process parameters to the achievement of glass welding for low NA optical system in ultrafast laser welding.
Training Characteristics of Male and Female Professional Road Cyclists: A 4-Year Retrospective Analysis
Authors: van Erp Teun , Sanders Dajo , de Koning Jos J. 
Published: November 2019

Purpose:To describe the training intensity and load characteristics of professional cyclists using a 4-year retrospective analysis. Particularly, this study aimed to describe the differences in training characteristics between men and women professional cyclists.Method:For 4 consecutive years, training data were collected from 20 male and 10 female professional cyclists. From those training sessions, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and power output (PO) were analyzed. Training intensity distribution as time spent in different heart rate and PO zones was quantified. Training load was calculated using different metrics such as Training Stress Score, training impulse, and session rating of perceived exertion. Standardized effect size is reported as Cohen’sd.Results:Small to large higher values were observed for distance, duration, kilojoules spent, and (relative) mean PO in men’s training (d = 0.44–1.98). Furthermore, men spent more time in low-intensity zones (ie, zones 1 and 2) compared with women. Trivial differences in training load (ie, Training Stress Score and training impulse) were observed between men’s and women’s training (d = 0.07–0.12). However, load values expressed per kilometer were moderately (d = 0.67–0.76) higher in women compared with men’s training.Conclusions:Substantial differences in training characteristics exist between male and female professional cyclists. Particularly, it seems that female professional cyclists compensate their lower training volume, with a higher training intensity, in comparison with male professional cyclists.
Association Between Toe Flexor Strength and Activity Levels in Community-Dwelling Japanese Older Women
Authors: Yokozuka Mieko , Miki Chie , Suzuki Makoto , Katsura Rieko 
Published: November 2019

This study aimed to explore the relationship between toe flexor strength and the daily activity levels in 56 Japanese older women aged between 70 and 88 years. The activity levels were measured as the average number of steps/day using a pedometer and the life space assessment (LSA) scores. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare toe flexor muscle strength and the LSA scores between those with fewer than and more than 6,000 steps/day. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between toe grip strength according to age and each variable. The LSA scores were significantly higher in the group with >6,000 steps/day (β = 0.188, p < .05). A correlation was found between the number of steps/day and toe flexor strength (r = .424, β = 0.419, p < .05) and the LSA scores (r = .417, β = 0.435, p < .05) in the participants in their 80s. Increasing the number of steps/day may benefit women in their 80s.
Interventions to support family caregivers of people living with dementia in high, middle and low-income countries in Asia: a scoping review
Authors: Hinton Ladson , Tran Duyen , Nguyen Thuc-Nhi , Ho Janis , Gitlin Laura 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionDespite increasing numbers of persons living with Alzheimer’s disease and Alzheimer’s-related dementias (AD/ADRD) in Asia, particularly in low-income countries (LIC) and middle-income countries (MIC), surprisingly little is known about the current state of the evidence for family caregiver interventions. The objectives of this scoping review were to: (1) describe the evidence for efficacy of family dementia-caregiver psychosocial interventions in Asian countries, (2) compare evidence across LIC, MIC, and high-income countries (HIC), and (3) characterise cultural adaptions to interventions developed outside Asia.MethodsThe inclusion criteria included: (1) conducted in Asia (2) included an intervention delivered to a family caregiver of a person living with AD/ADRD, (3) reported quantitative outcomes for the family caregiver and (4) published in a peer-reviewed journal with full text available in English.ResultsThirty intervention trials were identified meeting inclusion criteria and all reported statistically significant (p<0.05) improvement in one or more caregiver outcomes. Interventions usually included multiple components. The most frequently reported outcomes (ie, by ≥20% of studies) were caregiver depression, burden, quality of life and self-efficacy. Overall, 26 (87%) of the studies were conducted in HIC in Asia, primarily in Hong Kong SAR—China and Taiwan, and only 4 (13%) in LIC and MIC in Asia. Seven studies (23%) used interventions developed in USA and several described cultural adaptations.ConclusionThis scoping review found substantial evidence, particularly from high-income Asian countries, that a wide range of interventions improve AD/ADRD family caregiver outcomes. However, critical knowledge gaps exist, particularly for LIC and MIC in Asia, where the number of persons with dementia is numerically largest and projected to increase dramatically in coming decades. The field could also benefit from more detailed descriptions of the process and types of cultural adaptations to interventions.
After the Astana declaration: is comprehensive primary health care set for success this time?
Authors: Kraef Christian , Kallestrup Per 
Published: November 2019

Primary health care (PHC) strengthening in order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal has again, 40 years after the Alma-Ata declaration, been declared a priority by the global health community. Despite initial progress the Alma-Ata vision of Health for All by the year 2000 was not realised. In this analysis we (1) examine the challenges that comprehensive PHC faced after the Alma-Ata declaration, (2) provide an analysis of the current opportunities and threats to comprehensive PHC strengthening on the global, national and community level and (3) review the most important policy recommendations and related evidence to address these threats for success of the Astana declaration.Factors that are predominantly opportunities are the treasure of historical lessons from the past 40 years, the increased attention to social and environmental determinants of health, the global economic growth and new technologies, in particular digital medicine, which also have the potential to revolutionise community involvement.Factors that are currently predominantly threats are insecurity, conflicts and disease outbreaks; lack of sustained political commitment and inappropriate monitoring and evaluation structures; inappropriate and unsustainable financing models; insufficient health workforce recruitment, employment and retention; missing support of physicians and their professional organisations; inadequately addressing the needs of the community and not giving attention to gender equity. In contrast to the policy and evidence context in 1978 when Alma-Ata was passed there are today policy recommendations and a large body of evidence that can address the threats to comprehensive PHC—and turn them into opportunities.
Knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy of elderly caregivers in Chinese nursing homes: a cross-sectional study in Liaoning Province
Authors: Zhang Huijun , Sun He 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the perceptions of elderly caregivers in Chinese nursing homes (NHs) and associated factors with regard to knowledge, attitude about elderly and self-efficacy.SettingA cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted in 12 NHs in Liaoning Province, China.ParticipantsA total of 403 caregivers from 12 NHs were surveyed.Outcome measuresData were collected using a self-administered questionnaire composed of the Palmore’s Facts on Aging Quiz I, Kogan’s Attitude Towards Old People Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale and background characteristics of participants. An average score for knowledge, attitude and self-efficacy was calculated. Differences across groups were evaluated using Student’s t-test and analysis of variance. Multivariable linear regression models were established to estimate the associated factors.ResultsThe participating caregivers reported a relative low score on knowledge about the elderly (10.42±2.79), attitude towards old people (127.85±14.36) and self-efficacy (27.12±4.9). Multivariable regression analysis showed that respondents who had high educational level (β=0.212, 95% CI 0.193 to 0.824), received prejob training (β=0.193, 95% CI 0.081 to 1.169) and had high job satisfaction (general satisfaction:β=0.345, 95% CI 0.223 to 1.875; very satisfied:β=0.322, 95% CI 0.210 to 1.283) gave a positive rating on knowledge. Caregivers who were employed as formal staff (β=0.155, 95% CI 0.116 to 1.670), earned a high income (β=0.214, 95% CI 0.117 to 1.461) and had an interest in working with the elderly (β=0.141, 95% CI 0.088 to 1.508) tended to develop a positive attitude towards the elderly. However, caregivers who were female (β=−0.110, 95% CI −1.751 to −0.080) and had long work experience (β=−0.130, 95% CI −1.527 to −0.110) developed negative perception. Caregivers who were older (β=0.215, 95% CI 0.139 to 1.027), received prejob training (β=0.143, 95% CI 0.113 to 1.024), had an interest in working with the elderly (β=0.154, 95% CI 0.114 to 1.015), had high job satisfaction (β=0.177, 95% CI 0.116 to 1.223) and perceived better health status for the elderly (partial disability:β=0.437, 95% CI 0.259 to 1.600; no disability:β=0.288, 95% CI 0.153 to 1.211) gave a positive rating on self-efficacy.ConclusionKnowledge about the elderly, attitude towards old people and self-efficacy of elderly caregivers in Chinese NHs were at low levels. Some targeted intervention programmes, such as conducting professional training for aged care and a performance-based payment system, should be given priority to improve these attributes.
Observational study comparing the accuracy/variability between the ERSPC and the PCPT risk calculators for the prediction of significant prostate cancer in patients with PSA <10 ng/mL
Authors: Gomez Gomez Enrique , Salamanca Bustos Juan José , Carrasco Valiente Julia , Fernandez Rueda Jose Luis , Blanca Ana , Valero Rosa José , Bravo Arrebola Ines , Marquez López Javier , Jimenez Vacas Juan Manuel , Luque Raul Miguel , Requena Tapia Maria José 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionRisk calculators (RCs) are easy-to-use tools considering available clinical variables that could help to select those patients with risk of prostate cancer (PCa) who should undergo a prostate biopsy.ObjectiveTo perform a comparison for the prediction of significant PCa (SigPCa) between the European Randomised Study of Screening for PCa (ERSPC) and the PCa Prevention Trial (PCPT) RCs in patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) between 3 and 10 ng/mL through an evaluation of the accuracy/variability between two consecutive PSA values.SettingAn observational study in a major university hospital in the south of Spain.Methods and participantsAn observational study was performed in patients who underwent a prostate biopsy. SigPCa probabilities were calculated with the two PSA measures using ERSPC3/4+digital rectal examination and PCPT v2+free PSA RCs. The prediction of SigPCa was determined by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Calibration, discrimination and decision curve analysis were studied. The variability between both RCs’ agreement was compared using Cohen’s kappa coefficient.Results510 patients were analysed (87 diagnosed with SigPCa). The median PSA values were 5.3 and 5 ng/mL for PSA1 and PSA2, respectively. Both RCs overestimated the risk in the case of high-risk probabilities. Discriminative ability for SigPCa was similar between models with an AUC=0.73 (0.68–0.79) for ERSPC-RC versus 0.73 (0.67–0.79) for PCPT-RC. ERSPC-RC showed less variability than PCPT-RC, with a constant agreement (k=0.7–0.8) for usual range of clinical decision-making. Remarkably, a higher number of biopsies would be avoided using the ERSPC-RC, but more SigPCa would be missed along all the risk probabilities.ConclusionsBoth RCs performed similar in the prediction of SigPCa. However, ERSPC-RC seems to be more stable for intraindividual PSA variations.