bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shooting pheasants for sport: What does the death of Cecil tell us?
Authors: Feber Ruth E. , Johnson Paul J. , Macdonald David W. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

People hunt and kill animals for sport in many parts of the world. This raises many issues, some of which were brought to the fore when a lion Panthera leo, nicknamed Cecil, was killed by a trophy hunter in Zimbabwe in 2015. Cecil's death led to an unprecedented public reaction in Europe and the USA, and a debate in which opponents and supporters of sport hunting advanced different types of argument based on, inter alia, conservation, animal welfare and economics.

The reaction to the Cecil event provides a perspective for scrutinizing sport hunting more widely. In this article we explore parallels between lion trophy hunting in Africa (which can involve either wild or captive‐bred lions) and shooting of common pheasant Phasianus colchicus, a sport which is largely sustained in the UK by the annual release of over 40 million captive‐bred birds.

These two forms of sport hunting share common themes that are likely to be influential for the future of sport hunting more widely. These include the extent to which sport hunting maintains land for wildlife, and the impacts of intensification (e.g. the extent to which quarry are reared and released). Concern for the welfare of quarry animals is a dominant theme in debates about hunting.

These themes are likely to be relevant for the conservation of many species hunted for sport. Increasing distaste for the killing of animals for sport in many countries may lead to the end of some types of sport hunting, with implications for both habitat and wildlife conservation. It would be both prudent and appropriate for conservationists to increase the urgency with which they seek alternative methods for preventing loss of biodiverse land to other uses.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Nutritional concerns of survivors of childhood cancer: A “First World” perspective
Authors: Cohen Jennifer , Collins Laura , Gregerson Laura , Chandra Joya , Cohn Richard J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChildhood cancer survivor (CCS) numbers are increasing as a result of advances in both treatment and supportive care. This positive outcome is tempered by the recognition of a high burden of chronic health conditions. Here, we review the nutritional concerns of CCS, including dietary habits after treatment and the factors during treatment that may contribute to chronic health conditions. Dietary interventions that have been conducted in CCS will be summarized along with focused goals of these interventions. We will also address the need to leverage these interventions to reduce the risk of chronic disease in CCS.
Impact of intrauterine transfusion on fetal coagulation physiology by thromboelastography
Authors: Emery Stephen P. , Lopa Samia , Waters Jonathan H. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveThromboelastography (TEG) is a point‐of‐care device used to evaluate whole blood coagulation function. The TEG is unique as a test of coagulation function in that it measures the interaction of all components of clot formation, which is different than traditional laboratory‐based tests that measure isolated components of coagulation. Little is known about fetal coagulation physiology. We sought to evaluate the impact of severe fetal anemia and intrauterine transfusion (IUT) on fetal coagulation physiology by use of the TEG and to compare fetal TEG values to those of healthy neonates and adults.MethodOne milliliter of fetal blood was collected immediately before (pre) and after (post) IUT of packed red blood cells (PRBCs). Sampling and transfusion were performed for fetal anemia due to hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Samples were run in duplicate. For descriptive summary, duplicate pre‐IUT and post‐IUT values were averaged. Values for R (initiation of clot in minutes), K (clot firmness in minutes), angle (kinetics of clot development in degrees), and MA (maximum strength in mm) were obtained for each sample and presented using mean ± SE. Pre‐IUT values for R, K, angle, and MA were compared with post‐IUT values using linear mixed‐effect model to account for clustering due to repeated observation from the same fetus. Pre‐IUT values are compared with normal healthy term neonates and healthy adults using Wald test. The study was approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board (PRO14050051).ResultsFour fetuses underwent nine IUTs rendering 17 pre‐IUT and 17 post‐IUT specimens. The mean gestational age at IUT was 31 weeks 2 days (25 weeks 4 days to 35 weeks 2 days). The mean IUT volume transfused was 69 mL (30‐170 mL). The mean estimated percent intravascular volume transfused was 33.4% (19%‐52%). Of the four variables analyzed, only R showed a significant difference, with the initiation of clot formation being modestly delayed after transfusion by an estimated 2.87 minutes (95% CI, 0.82‐4.92, P = .0480). Pre‐IUT values were compared with 100 normal term neonates and 118 healthy adults. Compared with pre‐IUT, only R was affected (shorter) compared with term neonates (mean ± SE = 5.46 ± 0.16 minute, P < .001) and healthy adults (mean ± SE = 6.8 ± 0.13 minute, P < .001).ConclusionOther than a modest prolongation of clot formation time, IUT of PRBCs of up to 52% of the estimated intravascular volume did not affect fetal coagulation function by TEG. Other than a shorter clot formation time (R), there is no difference in TEG values between anemic preterm fetuses and healthy term neonates and healthy adults. Beyond generalizable knowledge, this information could be exploited for future fetal intervention techniques
Ten fatty acyl‐CoA reductase family genes were essential for the survival of the destructive rice pest, Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Li Dan‐Ting , Dai Yi‐Ting , Chen Xuan , Wang Xin‐Qiu , Li Ze‐Dong , Moussian Bernard , Zhang Chuan‐Xi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDFatty alcohols are the precursors of sex pheromone components, wax esters and hydrocarbons in insects. Fatty acyl‐CoA reductases (FARs) are important enzymes required for the reduction of fatty alcohol and thereby contribute to the production of cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC).RESULTSBased on bioinformatics analyses we identified 17 FAR genes in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. RNA interference against these genes demonstrated that ten NlFAR genes were essential for the survival of N. lugens. For instance, knockdown of NlFAR5, 6, 11 or 15 was lethal and caused a slender body shape, while the old cuticles of the respective animals remained attached to the abdomen or failed to split open from the nota. Knockdown of NlFAR9 resulted in a phenotype, with a smooth body surface and a decrease in CHC amounts. Similarly, CHC deficiency in N. lugens resulted in increased adhesion of water droplets and secreted honeydew to the insect surface and the inability of N. lugens to survive in paddy fields with varying humidity. Knockdown of NlFAR1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 13 additionally resulted in female adult infertility.CONCLUSIONThe present study illustrates the structural and functional differences of FAR family genes and provides potential targets for RNA interference‐based rice planthopper management. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Beyond linear evidence: The curvilinear relationship between secondary traumatic stress and vicarious posttraumatic growth among healthcare professionals
Authors: Dar Imtiyaz Ahmad , Iqbal Naved 
Published: January 2020

AbstractInsufficient and inconsistent research exists regarding the relationship between secondary traumatic stress (STS) and vicarious posttraumatic growth (VPTG). Some authors suggest that the STS–VPTG relationship can be linear, whereas others suggest that the relationship can best be represented as curvilinear. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to examine whether the relationship between STS and VPTG is essentially linear or curvilinear. A cross‐sectional correlational research design was employed, and a total of 258 surgeons, psychiatrists, and physicians who deal with victims of the ongoing conflict were selected. After controlling for the effects of vicarious and direct traumatic exposure and experience, results of hierarchical regression provide support for the curvilinear association between STS and VPTG among the overall sample (the curvilinear model explained 4.6% of the variance in Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) scores beyond the variance explained by the linear model) and among professional groups of surgeons and physicians (the curvilinear model explained 4.3% of the variance in PTGI scores among surgeons and 3.5% of the variance in PTGI scores among physicians over and above variance explained by the linear models, respectively). Findings suggest that moderate levels of STS are most associated with the highest levels of VPTG.
Non‐3d Metal Modulation of a 2D Ni–Co Heterostructure Array as Multifunctional Electrocatalyst for Portable Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Liu Wenxian , Yu Linhai , Yin Ruilian , Xu Xilian , Feng Jinxiu , Jiang Xuan , Zheng Dong , Gao Xinlong , Gao Xiaobin , Que Wenbin , Ruan Pengchao , Wu Fangfang , Shi Wenhui , Cao Xiehong 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPortable water splitting devices driven by rechargeable metal–air batteries or solar cells are promising, however, their scalable usages are still hindered by lack of suitable multifunctional electrocatalysts. Here, a highly efficient multifunctional electrocatalyst is demonstrated, i.e., 2D nanosheet array of Mo‐doped NiCo2O4/Co5.47N heterostructure deposited on nickel foam (Mo‐NiCo2O4/Co5.47N/NF). The successful doping of non‐3d high‐valence metal into a heterostructured nanosheet array, which is directly grown on a conductive substrate endows the resultant catalyst with balanced electronic structure, highly exposed active sites, and binder‐free electrode architecture. As a result, the Mo‐NiCo2O4/Co5.47N/NF exhibits remarkable catalytic activity toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), affording high current densities of 50 mA cm−2 at low overpotentials of 310 mV for OER, and 170 mV for HER, respectively. Moreover, a low voltage of 1.56 V is achieved for the Mo‐NiCo2O4/Co5.47N/NF‐based water splitting cell to reach 10 mA cm−2. More importantly, a portable overall water splitting device is demonstrated through the integration of a water‐splitting cell and two Zn–air batteries (open‐circuit voltage of 1.43 V), which are all fabricated based on Mo‐NiCo2O4/Co5.47N/NF, demonstrating a low‐cost way to generate fuel energy. This work offers an effective strategy to develop high‐performance metal‐doped heterostructured electrode.
Understanding signcryption security in standard model
Authors: Dharminder Dharminder , Mishra Dheerendra 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSigncryption is an advanced technique that combines both signature and encryption in one step which costs lower than any ordinary signature‐then‐encryption technique. Many ID‐based signcryption () techniques have been constructed, but they are considered secure in the random Oracle (RO) model, where the proofs in this environment are criticized as it always depends on the assumption that Oracle is truly random. This assumption of RO is not possible in reality. Therefore, many of the ID‐based signcryptions were proposed in the widely accepted standard model. As signcryption schemes have much important application, the verification of their correctness, security, and performance are required. In this article, we have discussed two important security features in the standard model under decision bilinear Diffie‐Hellman (DBDH) and computational Diffie‐Hellman(CDH) assumptions, namely, (a) indistinguishable against chosen cipher text attack and (b) indistinguishable against chosen‐plaintext attack. To understand the security of existing schemes, we present cryptanalysis, which illustrates weak security. The study on performance is also performed to analyze the communication and computational efficiency. The study of performance and security analysis helps us to understand the requirement of signcryption scheme in standard model.
Polynomial chaos expansion for lifetime assessment and sensitivity analysis of reinforced concrete structures subjected to chloride ingress and climate change
Authors: Bastidas‐Arteaga Emilio , El Soueidy Charbel‐Pierre , Amiri Ouali , Nguyen Phu Tho 
Published: January 2020

AbstractChloride‐induced corrosion is one of the main causes leading to the lifetime reduction of reinforced concrete (RC) structures in marine environments or subjected to de‐icing salts. Modeling chloride ingress into concrete in a comprehensive way is therefore a crucial task to evaluate corrosion initiation risk and carry out preventive maintenance. Nevertheless, this comprehensive modeling is a challenging task that requires solving simultaneously a set of coupled non‐linear partial differential equations. This task becomes more complex if the inherent uncertainties of the process are considered for probabilistic lifetime assessment. The present research aims to assess the probability of corrosion initiation of RC structures. The polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) method is employed to propagate uncertainties in a chloride ingress model requiring significant computational time to perform one deterministic simulation. PCE is also applied to perform a sensitivity analysis to determine which are the more influential random variables in the problem. The proposed methodology is applied to RC structures placed in several locations in France (Brest, Marseille, and Strasbourg) and subjected to realistic environmental conditions including climate change. The results show that the PCE‐based model is accurate and efficient for lifetime assessment of RC structures subject to chloride‐induced corrosion.
Predicting the behavior of prestressed concrete membrane elements by refined rotating‐angle softened‐truss model with efficient solution procedure
Authors: Bernardo Luís F. A. , Filho Benedito M. V. C. , Horowitz Bernardo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article presents a refined version of the rotating‐angle softened truss model (RA‐STM) with efficient solution procedure to predict the full behavior of prestressed concrete (PC) membrane elements under in‐plane stresses. The refined model incorporates the concrete tensile strength in the perpendicular direction to the concrete struts and an additional smeared constitutive law for the tensile concrete. In order to avoid the classical trial and error solution procedure used in previous versions of the RA‐STM, a new algorithm is presented which lead to a more efficient solution procedure with higher numerical stability. The reliability of the proposed model is verified with experimental data related with PC plates under in‐plane stresses, where good agreement is observed.
Long-term vertigo control after cochlear implantation in patients with end-stage Menière’s disease
Authors: Kurz Annabella , Auinger Alice , Arnoldner Christoph 
Published: January 2020

SummaryBackgroundMenière’s disease (MD) is a symptom complex which is characterized by episodes of vertigo, tinnitus and fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss, which worsens during the course of the disease.ObjectiveVertigo attacks (MD functional level scale) before compared to after cochlear implantation in patients with end-stage MD.Design and patientsIn this questionnaire-based cross-sectional study eight patients with end-stage MD, who received a cochlear implant (CI) were analyzed.Main outcome measureThe effect of the CI on vertigo was measured preoperatively and postoperatively with the Menière’s disease functional level scale and the Menière’s disease outcome questionnaire. The primary outcome parameter influence of vertigo attacks on daily living was analyzed using the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test before and after CI.SettingDepartment of otolaryngology of a medical university.ResultsThe primary outcome measure influence of vertigo attacks on daily living as measured by the MD functional level scale improved significantly after CI.ConclusionA CI can be an adequate treatment for vertigo attacks in patients with end-stage MD; however, due to the small sample size additional (multicenter) trials are necessary to confirm the findings.
Recommendations from cold starts in big data
Authors: Ralph David , Li Yunjia , Wills Gary , Green Nicolas G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the challenging problem of new user cold starts in subset labelled and extremely sparsely labelled big data. We introduce a new Isle of Wight Supply Chain (IWSC) dataset demonstrating these characteristics. We also introduce a new technique addressing these challenges, the Transitive Semantic Relationships (TSR) model, which infers potential relationships from user and item text content and few labelled examples. We perform both implicit and explicit evaluation of TSR as a recommender system and from new user cold starts we achieve a hit-rate@10 of 77% on a collection of 630 items with only 376 supply-chain consumer labels, and 67% with only 142 supply-chain supplier labels, demonstrating a high level of performance even with extremely few labels in challenging cold-start scenarios. TSR is suitable for any dataset featuring few labels and user and item content, where similarity of content indicates similar relationship forming capability. TSR can be used as a standalone recommender system or to complement existing high-performance recommender models that require more labels or do not support cold starts.
Preserving the DAE structure in the Loewner model reduction and identification framework
Authors: Gosea Ion Victor , Zhang Qiang , Antoulas Athanasios C. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe propose an extension of the Loewner framework to descriptor linear systems that preserves the DAE (differential algebraic equation) structure of the underlying system. More precisely, by means of post-processing the data, the behavior at infinity is matched. As it turns out, the conventional procedure constructs a reduced model by directly compressing the data and hence losing information at infinity. By transforming the matrix pencil composed of the E and A matrices into a generalized block diagonal form, we can separate the descriptor system into two subsystems; one corresponding to the polynomial part and the other to the strictly proper part of the transfer function. Different algorithms are implemented to transform the matrix pencil into block diagonal form. Furthermore, a data-driven splitting of the descriptor system can be achieved in the Loewner framework. Hence, the coefficients of the polynomial part can be estimated directly from data. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical discussion.
Biomass production and nutrient content of three agroforestry tree species growing on an acid Anthropic Ferralsol under recurrent harvesting at different cutting heights
Authors: Mukangango Marguerite , Nduwamungu Jean , Naramabuye Francois Xavier , Nyberg Gert , Dahlin A. Sigrun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAgroforestry systems may alleviate challenges relating to soil degradation and low livestock production for smallholder farmers. Species-adjusted management regimes will determine how agroforestry fits in farming systems. Long-term productivity of biomass in agroforestry systems managed for fodder production requires tree species that coppice after repeated cutting. This study evaluated the effect of different cutting heights (0.3 and 1.0 m) and repeated harvests (1–5) on biomass production and chemical composition of the leguminous trees Acacia angustissima, Leucaena pallida and Mimosa scabrella in a field study on an Anthropic Ferralsol in Southern Rwanda. Shoot biomass production was highest at 0.3 m cutting height for A. angustissima and L. pallida, but M. scabrella could not survive that cutting height. Shoot biomass was highest for A. angustissima and lowest for M. scabrella, which did not adapt to repeated harvests. Leaf:stem ratio was not affected by cutting height. Cutting height did not affect crude protein (CP), but neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and total polyphenol (TP) concentrations were higher at 1.0 m cutting height than at 0.3 m. Crude protein was highest in A. angustissima and lowest in M. scabrella, while NDF and ADF were highest in M. scabrella. Although all species provided high feed quality in terms of high CP content at both cutting heights, low cutting height (0.3 m) is recommended for A. angustissima and L. pallida for higher overall quality and biomass production.
Gamma Process-Based Models for Disease Progression
Authors: Hijazy Ayman , Zempléni András 
Published: January 2020

AbstractClassic chronic diseases progression models are built by gauging the movement from the disease free state, to the preclinical (asymptomatic) one, in which the disease is there but has not manifested itself through clinical symptoms, after spending an amount of time the case then progresses to the symptomatic state. The progression is modelled by assuming that the time spent in the disease free and the asymptomatic states are random variables following specified distributions. Estimating the parameters of these random variables leads to better planning of screening programs as well as allowing the correction of the lead time bias (apparent increase in survival observed purely due to early detection). However, as classical approaches have shown to be sensitive to the chosen distributions and the underlying assumptions, we propose a new approach in which we model disease progression as a gamma degradation process with random starting point (onset). We derive the probabilities of cases getting detected by screens and minimize the distance between observed and calculated distributions to get estimates of the parameters of the gamma process, screening sensitivity, sojourn time and lead time. We investigate the properties of the proposed model by simulations.
Anything New Under the Sun? Legal Clarifications as a Polish New Tool for Interpreting Business Law
Authors: Piszcz Anna 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe aim of this article is to critically reflect on the Polish transformation taking place in the interpretation of business law in the form of legal clarifications that can be qualified as a soft law guidance. The article attempts to address the following questions: does the new Polish legal framework offer really novel approaches to the interpretation of business law and/or its tools? What are the peculiarities that characterize the new instrument for the interpretation of business law in the form of legal clarifications? What are the pros and cons of legal clarifications? What is the potential practical importance of the introduced interpretation tool, in particular in the context of certain previously existing tools for the interpretation of legal texts? To this end, first, the article sheds light into types of the interpretation of legal texts as well as soft law guidance. Second, it analyses the distinctive features of legal clarifications. Third, it contains the concise comparison of legal clarifications to certain previously existing instruments. In the last part before the conclusion, the topic required an attempt at an assessment. The point of the analysis in this article was both descriptive and normative.