bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Combined Aerosol Jet Printing and Electrodeposition Process for Fabrication of Multi-Layer Inductors and Transformers on Iron-Nitride Substrates
Authors: Tsui Lok-kun , Manzi Jacob , Hartmann Thomas Michael , Dye Joshua , Lavin Judith Maria 
Published: December 2024

The manufacturing of planar spiral transformers and inductors by direct write additive manufacturing is an attractive approach because they are lighter, less brittle, and have the added customizability of a digital design process compared with conventional wire-wound inductors. Aerosol jet printing (AJP) is a direct write process capable of printing structures with less than 10 µm lateral resolution. However, the nanoparticle Ag inks used in AJP of conductive parts typically only have 35-40% of bulk conductivity. A hybrid electroless deposition of Cu and electrodeposition of Cu and Ni process can decrease the resistance of AJP printed silver spiral inductors by a factor of 45x while maintaining linewidths of 50 µm.[1] We have recently demonstrated the use of this hybrid method to manufacture a coreless flyback transformer with a primary inductance of 206-208 nH and a secondary inductance of 19.4-23.1 µH. This inductor converted an input of 17 V at 400 kHz to an output of 1250 V.[2]
Forming the transformer on a magnetic layer of Fe4N can increase the inductance of the primary and secondary inductors, and ultimately the output of the transformer. Transformers (Figure 1) were manufactured on polyimide covered Fe4N substrates by aerosol jet printing of Ag seed layers, electrodeposition of Cu and Ni, and ultrasonic spraying or aerosol jetting of dielectric polymer separation layers. A new plating fixture which contacts both the interior and exterior of the secondary inductors enables the electrodeposition of Cu without the need for an intermediate electroless deposition step. For the same inductor configuration, the inductance increased to 561-809 nH for the primary and 63-82 µH for the secondary when sandwiched between Fe4N layers. Finally, a flyback transformer of this design converted an input voltage of 15V to an output voltage of greater than 2100V.
SNL is managed and operated by NTESS under DOE NNSA contract DE-NA0003525. SAND2024-04161A.

References

[1] L. Tsui, S. C. Kayser, S. A. Strong, J. M. Lavin. 2021 ECS J. Solid State Sci. Technol. 10 047001.
[2] L. Tsui, T. M. Hartmann, J. Dye, J. M. Lavin. 2023 IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technol., 13, 8, 1302-1309.

Figure 1. Construction of a multi-layer transformer on an Fe4N substrate. (a) Primary Layer 1. (b) Primary Layer 2. (c) Secondary Layer 1. (d) Secondary Layer 2.

Figure 1
Application of Single Ion Conductive Polymers in High Voltage Solid-State Batteries
Authors: Dominko Robert , Guerrero Mejía Luis Miguel , Vargas Ordaz Mariana , Kosir Urban , Wang Aiping , Talian Sara Drvarič 
Published: December 2024

All solid-state batteries are considered a future technology that can further increase energy density, improve safety, and extend the life of battery packs in various devices. The biggest challenge with solid-state batteries is the chemical and mechanical stability of the interfaces. Continuous volumetric changes and thermodynamic instability of high-voltage cathodes and metallic lithium with electrolyte require innovative approaches to interface design. Conductive single-ion polymers are considered as possible solutions, but cannot be used as a single component due to various limitations.
In this presentation, we focus on the development of protective coatings based on conductive single-ion polymer. The coating is applied to NCM811 particles. The aim is to create a homogeneous, thin coating that acts both as a channel for the transport of lithium and as an electronic conductor that promotes good contact between the NCM811 particles, the binder, and the carbon black particles. The stability and reversibility of the Li metal anode are achieved by the protective coating based on cellulose and the P(LiMTFSI) single-ion conductor polymer, including different fillers. The applied strategy involves the physical blending of the polymer and fillers with cellulose to improve the electrochemical performance by homogenizing the Li-ion flux at the Li metal surface and promoting the formation of a dense coating.
Acknowledgment: The authors would like to acknowledge funding from the Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS) under research programs P2-0423 and from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements No. 945367 (Destiny) and No. 101069703 (PSIONIC).
Formation Efficiency of Anodic Alumina in Acidic Electrolyte Containing Amino Acid
Authors: Kusuyama Shota , Hagiwara Kenta , Asoh Hidetaka 
Published: December 2024

Anodic porous alumina films, which are formed by anodization in acidic solution, provide hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance for the surface of aluminum used for automobile and aircraft parts. For instance, to increase the hardness of anodic films on aluminum, the anodization is industrially carried out at low temperature to avoid chemical dissolution of the film during anodization. From a perspective of energy conservation and decarbonization, an important objective are to reduce energy costs and improve work efficiency. Our group has reported that the addition of alcohol (e.g., methanol, ethanol, and ethylene glycol) to an electrolyte improves the formation efficiency and hardness of the film at 20 °C 1, 2). In this study, we focused on amino acids that having inhibitability of aluminum corrosion by adsorbing on the surface of aluminum in a mixed acid containing chloride ion 3). The effects of types and concentrations of amino acids on the anodization voltage, formation efficiency (coating ratio) and structure of the porous alumina were investigated. The sulfuric acid and oxalic acid were used as electrolytes, each containing various amino acids (e.g., glycine, α-alanine, and β-alanine). The electrolyte was maintained at a constant temperature of 20 °C using a thermostat and gently stirred at 300 rpm using a magnetic stirrer to accelerate the diﬀusion of the heat evolved during the anodization.
For example, anodization was conducted in 1.5 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid at 100 A m–2. After anodization for 60 min, the final voltage was 15 V. Even when 100 mmol glycine was added to sulfuric acid, the final voltage was almost the same as sulfuric acid alone. For sulfuric acid containing 800 mmol glycine, however, the final voltage (22 V) was higher than that for sulfuric acid alone. When the concentration of amino acid became high, the viscosity of the electrolyte increased, while the conductivity decreased. Even in the oxalic acid-based electrolyte, the tendency of amino acid concentration dependence of voltage was the same as that of sulfuric acid-based electrolyte. These results indicate that the increased final voltage can be attributed to the high solution resistance of the electrolyte used for anodization. The formation efficiency (coating ratio) and hardness of anodic film formed in acidic electrolyte containing amino acids will also be discussed.
1) Matsumoto, H. Hashimoto, H. Asoh, J. Electrochem. Soc., 167, 041504 (2020).
2) Asoh, T. Sano, J. Electrochem. Soc., 168, 103506 (2021).
3) Ashassi-Sorkhabi, Z. Ghasemi, D. Seifzadeh, Appl. Surf. Sci., 249, 408–418 (2005).
Direct Extraction of Lithium from α-Phase Spodumene By Electrochemical Leaching
Authors: Zhang Hanrui , Shi Feifei 
Published: December 2024

With the rapid increase in lithium consumption for electric vehicle applications, its price soared during the past decade. To secure a reliable and cost-effective supply chain, it's critical to unlock alternative resources for lithium extraction, beyond conventional brine. In this study, we developed an electrochemical method to directly leach lithium from solid-state α-phase spodumene. We found the H2O2 promoter can significantly reduce the leaching potential by facilitating the electron transfer and changing the reaction path. Upon leaching, β-phase spodumene shows a typical phase transformation to HAlSi2O6, while leached α-phase remains its original phase with a lattice shrinkage. To demonstrate scale-up capability, we designed a high-throughput current collector for suspended spodumene feedstock, achieving a leaching current of 18 mA and a leaching efficiency of 92.2%. By minimizing the environmental footprint and reducing energy consumption, electrochemical leaching will revolutionize traditional mining and recycling processes for more sustainable energy applications.
Acknowledgments: H.Z. and F.S. thank the support from the Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Vehicle Technologies of the US Department of Energy through the Advanced Battery Materials Research Program. F.S. thanks the support from the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-NE0009286. F.S. thanks the support from the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 2239690.
Investigating Crude Glycerol Electrooxidation
Authors: Gaines Rachel N , Sibal Adam P , Friel Bridget E , Shah Vijay M , Stillwell Ashlynn S , Kenis Paul J.A 
Published: December 2024

Decarbonization of chemical manufacturing requires a range of strategies, including the utilization of process waste. This waste can then be used in processes powered by renewable electricity, such as electrocatalysis, to synthesize other useful chemicals. In doing so, process waste is reduced and industrially-relevant chemicals are produced without the use of fossil fuel-based feeds.
One intriguing candidate feedstock for electrocatalytic conversion to relevant chemicals is glycerol, produced as a byproduct of biodiesel production at ~10% by mass. Glycerol electrooxidation can produce up to 12 different compounds, all with relevant industrial uses. Prior work has studied glycerol electrooxidation extensively to understand the mechanisms by which these compounds are produced on a variety of different catalysts.1,2

However, most of these studies utilize 99+% pure glycerol to investigate these mechanisms. There is very limited information on the electrooxidation of impure, or “crude,” glycerol – the glycerol that will exit the biodiesel production process in an industrial setting. This crude glycerol is made up of a mixture of glycerol, methanol, sodium hydroxide, and water, and its composition varies dramatically depending on the manufacturer. It is critical to understand the electrooxidation of crude glycerol to effectively scale the reaction.
In this work, we investigate the electrooxidation of crude glycerol in scalable flow electrolyzers on precious3 and nonprecious metal catalysts. Using a multifaceted approach that includes system design, reaction engineering, and technoeconomic analysis, we explore the electrochemical performance of relevant compositions of crude glycerol and identify approaches to improve and augment that performance in terms of chemical production and cost efficiency.
(1) Fleischmann, M.; Korinek, K.; Pletcher, D. The Oxidation of Organic Compounds at a Nickel Anode in Alkaline Solution. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, 1971.
(2) Houache, M. S. E.; Hughes, K.; Baranova, E. A. Study on Catalyst Selection for Electrochemical Valorization of Glycerol. Sustainable Energy and Fuels, 2019.
(3) Gaines, R. N.; Kleimenhagen, B. A.; Griebler, J. J.; Harris, L. C.; Gewirth, A. A.; Rogers, S. A.; Kenis, P. J. A. Optimizing the Flow Electrooxidation of Glycerol Using Statistical Design of Experiments. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2024.
Quantifying the Temperature Dependence of the Multi-Species, Multi-Reaction Model
Authors: Paul Abigail , Magee Regan , Baca Isabel , Wilczewski Warren , Wichert Nathan , Wolfe Kody D , Lowe Jeffrey , Trembly Jason , Staser John A. , Garrick Taylor R. 
Published: December 2024

The Multi-Species, Multi-Reaction (MSMR) model utilizes slow-rate lithiation and delithiation data to estimate parameters such as total fraction of available host sites, reference potential, and deviation from Nernstian behavior.1 The MSMR model has successfully been applied to a variety of common lithium-ion materials such as lithated silicon2, graphite, iron phosphate and spinel manganese oxide.3-5

In this presentation, the temperature impact on MSMR gallery parameters will be presented for coal-derived and commercially available graphite. The temperature dependent trends observed and their impact on a system will be discussed. A comparison of the MSMR parameters for each material will be provided. The commonalities and differences in the trends will be discussed and linked back to the differences observed in the graphite material properties.
References:

Baker D. R. and Verbrugge M. W. 2018 Electrochem. Soc.
165 A3952

Verbrugge M., Baker D. and Xiao X. 2015 Electrochem. Soc.
163 A262

Paul et al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 171, 039001 (2024)

Verbrugge M., Baker D., Koch B., Xiao X. and Gu W. 2017 Electrochem. Soc.
164 E3243

Baker D. R., Verbrugge M. W. and Gu W. 2019 Electrochem. Soc.
166 A521
Deconstructing the Onsager-Stefan-Maxwell Framework
Authors: Rungta Rohit , Monroe Charles W. 
Published: December 2024

The increasing drive for enhanced electrochemical energy storage underscores the importance of understanding and predicting concentrated electrolyte transport behavior. The most popular frameworks for understanding ion transport in concentrated electrolytes are the Stefan-Maxwell and Onsager frameworks. The Stefan–Maxwell equations relate the electrochemical potential’s gradient in terms of the flux driving forces [1]. On the other hand, the Onsager framework inverts this to relate the species flux in terms of the thermodynamic driving forces [2]. Both are thermodynamically consistent, but each framework requires different transport properties which are often experimentally and computationally obtained with varying simplifying assumptions.
This study utilizes a ‘salt–charge basis’ developed by Van-Brunt and Monroe to relate the transport properties from the Stefan–Maxwell to Onsager framework [3]. One-by-one, each assumption within the Stefan–Maxwell framework is relaxed and compared to the equivalent Onsager framework. The three independent assumptions are electroneutrality, thermodynamic ideality (no mixing energies), and no ion-ion drag. Varying combinations of these assumptions relate to different models utilized throughout literature. The most ubiquitous of these in the battery community is the Doyle, Fuller, and Newman’s physics-based model [4] which accounts for ion-ion drag and nonideal thermodynamics in the binary salt.
This systematic deconstruction allows for an overview of the variety of sub-models used in battery and electrolyte modelling.

References

[1] J. Newman and K. E. Thomas-Alyea, Electrochemical Systems, 3rd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2004.
[2] L. Onsager, The Collected Works of Lars Onsager, vol. 17. Trondheim: World Scientific Publishing Co., 1996.
[3] A. Van-Brunt, P. E. Farrell, and C. W. Monroe, ‘Structural electroneutrality in Onsager–Stefan–Maxwell transport with charged species’, Electrochim Acta, vol. 441, Feb. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141769.
[4] M. Doyle, T. F. Fuller, and J. Newman, ‘Modeling of Galvanostatic Charge and Discharge of the Lithium/Polymer/Insertion Cell’, J Electrochem Soc, vol. 140, no. 6, pp. 1526–1533, Jun. 1993, doi: 10.1149/1.2221597.
(Invited) High-Frequency Impedance Measurements on Cement Paste Loaded with Steel Fibres
Authors: Díaz B. , Diéguez A. , Gil C. , Novoa X. Ramon , Paz C. , Pérez C. 
Published: December 2024

Good mechanical performance and a multifunctional character make conducting fibre-reinforced cement-based materials of great technological interest. In addition to their excellent structural performance, the non-destructive damage and strain detection ability or the inherent electrical conductivity have expanded the range of applications of these composites [1].
The composite's properties depend mainly on the fibre's concentration. But, for a given nominal concentration, the critical practical aspect is the degree of dispersibility achieved during the mixing process. This is an unsolved problem that greatly conditions the reproducibility of mixes in terms of their properties. No non-destructive method for examining the fibre's orientation and dispersibility is currently available to investigate the dispersibility degree.
Recent studies [2] have shown that the high-frequency part of the impedance spectra obtained from fibre-reinforced composites is sensitive to the presence of fibres, and the time constants present in that frequency domain allow information about the material's microstructure and conductivity. The present contribution will discuss new experimental results and numerical simulations to provide a step forward in assessing the fibre's orientation and dispersibility degree based on impedance spectroscopy measurements.
References
[1] D.D.L. Chung, Cement reinforced with short carbon fibers: a multifunctional material, Compos. Part B Eng. 31 (2000) 511–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(99)00071-2.
[2] B. Díaz, B. Guitián, X. Ramón Nóvoa, C. Pérez, Conductivity assessment of multifunctional cement pastes by impedance spectroscopy, Corros. Sci. 185 (2021) 109441 (9pp). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109441.
Matching Operating Parameters and Catalysts for the Sulphur Depolarized Electrolysis
Authors: Roessler Escudero Lukas Fernando , Hacker Viktor , Bodner Merit 
Published: December 2024

Sulphur depolarized electrolysers (SDE) represent an important alternative for green and economic hydrogen production in places where SO2 and energy are available, such as mining, refineries, pulp and paper industry, among others. The SDE reaction relies on the oxidation of the SO2 into sulphuric acid on the anode side, while forming H2 on the cathode. Through the depolarization of the anode, the theoretical voltage of the overall reaction is decreased to 0.158 V, allowing a less energy intensive process and the utilization of different, non-CRM catalysts [1]. SDE technology was first studied on the late 70s but was mostly abandoned until the mid-2000s. Therefore, these electrolysers are in an early stage of development and the ideal operation requirements are still not clear. The operation of an SDE has been approached utilizing aqueous SO2 dissolved in H2SO4 feed, resulting in short term promising results but fast degradation and excessive SO2 crossover [2]. In our previous study, the operating parameters of the anodic SO2 flow, Pt catalyst loading and applied voltage were assessed [3]. In the present study, the effects on temperature, water management on Pt as well as alternative non-CRM-based catalysts were studied. By the modification of these parameters it is possible to fully determine the sensitivity of catalyst systems towards operating parameters, prioritizing a stable operation without SO2 crossover, the main issue regarding SDE. To evaluate the results, boundary experiments are carried out as well as continuous operation of up to 5 h. The products are characterized utilizing SEM/EDX for the solid components such as GDL, membrane and catalyst layer, while the products are analysed using titration and GC-MS to determine the purity of the products as well as the efficiency of the process.
[1] J. L. Steimke, T. Steeper, H. Cólon-Mercado y M. B. Gorensek, «Development and testing of a PEM SO2-depolarized electrolyser and an operating method that prevents sulfur accumulation, » International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, pp. 13281-13294, 2 September 2015.
[2] R. J. Kriek, J. Rossmeisl, S. Siahrostami y M. E. Björketun, «H2 production through electro-oxidation of SO2: identifying the fundamental limitations, » Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2014.
[3] L. Roessler Escudero, V. Hacker y M. Bodner, «Operating boundaries for the mitigation of SO2 crossover in sulphur depolarised electrolyser cells, » Journal of Power Sources, (Submitted).

Figure 1
Modeling Framework for the Assessment of a Sustainable Hydrogen Production and Supply Chain Network in California
Authors: Zaki Mohammed Tamim , Jeong Seongeun , Weber Adam Z. , Breunig Hanna 
Published: December 2024

The cost-effective and sustainable deployment of hydrogen supply and demand networks, especially in large economic regions like California, can be challenging considering the spatial-temporal availability and variability of the different actors across the network such as production processes, distribution modes, and end-users. In this presentation, we will provide an overview and demonstration of a modeling framework used to assess the environmental, economic, and human health impacts of plausible hydrogen production and supply chain networks in California. Scenarios focus on green hydrogen production pathways using water electrolysis and biomass gasification. End-use applications included in the model are transit, medium and heavy-duty trucking, port authorities, and power and aviation companies that currently consume natural gas, diesel, and aviation fuel for their day-to-day operation. Representative locations for hydrogen production and end-use are based on recent projections of the hydrogen economy in California.
All mass and energy flows, as well as estimated emissions, are based on H2A process model designs and projections of technology performance, literature review, and LBNL process, economic and life cycle modeling, and not on company data for the sake of this presentation. Human health impacts are included following methodologies developed for the University of California Irvine HyDeal project. Life cycle phases associated with hydrogen production include feedstock preparation (water and biomass), energy production and consumption (renewable, grid, and combination of renewable and grid electricity), maintenance (chemical utilization in electrolysis and natural gas combustion in gasification), carbon sequestration, hydrogen storage (compression and liquefaction), and distribution (truck and pipeline). We apply the framework utilizing California specific emission factors, financial data, and human health damages and explore the impact of network characteristics on results. Example variations include: the inclusion of policy incentives or not, different representations of the electricity grid and source, electrolysis versus gasification versus combinations of both for production, liquefaction versus compression based on producer capacity cutoffs, transportation truck versus pipeline based on existing infrastructure, and ultimate end use. Comparison of these different scenarios can help inform future projects by demonstrating the trade-offs among environmental, economic, and human health impacts. This model, automated in R, is a starting platform upon which new analysis, modeling capabilities, locations, and emission factors can be rapidly tested and integrated.