bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Norway’s sovereign wealth fund negative screening affects firms’ value and behaviour
Authors: Al Ayoubi Khalil , Enjolras Geoffroy 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of negative screening by responsible sovereign wealth funds on the value of excluded firms. We focus on the main sovereign wealth fund, the Government Pension Fund Global of Norway, which excluded 149 firms from its portfolio during the period 2006–2018. Using an event study methodology, we document a significant decrease in excluded firms’ stock prices. Moreover, we find that the nature of screening matters: norm‐based exclusions suffer from a significant and permanent decrease in their stock value, suggesting that market participants reacted to the Government Pension Fund Global of Norway exclusions. Overall, it can be asserted that the Norwegian fund has a strong signalling effect on financial markets, in terms of social and environmental information. We conclude that sovereign wealth funds could be used by governments as investment vehicles in order to promote responsible investments on a large scale.
Approval policies for modifications to machine learning‐based software as a medical device: A study of bio‐creep
Authors: Feng Jean , Emerson Scott , Simon Noah 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSuccessful deployment of machine learning algorithms in healthcare requires careful assessments of their performance and safety. To date, the FDA approves locked algorithms prior to marketing and requires future updates to undergo separate premarket reviews. However, this negates a key feature of machine learning—the ability to learn from a growing dataset and improve over time. This paper frames the design of an approval policy, which we refer to as an automatic algorithmic change protocol (aACP), as an online hypothesis testing problem. As this process has obvious analogy with noninferiority testing of new drugs, we investigate how repeated testing and adoption of modifications might lead to gradual deterioration in prediction accuracy, also known as “biocreep” in the drug development literature. We consider simple policies that one might consider but do not necessarily offer any error‐rate guarantees, as well as policies that do provide error‐rate control. For the latter, we define two online error‐rates appropriate for this context: bad approval count (BAC) and bad approval and benchmark ratios (BABR). We control these rates in the simple setting of a constant population and data source using policies aACP‐BAC and aACP‐BABR, which combine alpha‐investing, group‐sequential, and gate‐keeping methods. In simulation studies, bio‐creep regularly occurred when using policies with no error‐rate guarantees, whereas aACP‐BAC and aACP‐BABR controlled the rate of bio‐creep without substantially impacting our ability to approve beneficial modifications.
Parallel worlds and personified pain: A mixed‐methods analysis of pain metaphor use by women with endometriosis
Authors: Bullo Stella , Hearn Jasmine Heath 
Published: September 2020

ObjectivesEndometriosis is a long‐term condition in which endometrial‐like tissue grows outside of the womb, causing intense chronic pain. Previous work has demonstrated the physical and emotional impact on women who live with endometriosis, and metaphors can play an influential role in communicating the experience of pain, but there exists little understanding of the role and impact of such language for women with endometriosis.DesignA qualitative, semi‐structured interview design.MethodsConceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) were utilized in a mixed‐methods study to examine the prevalence, types, and meaning of metaphors and metaphor use as a health communication strategy. Twenty‐one women aged between 23 and 53 years (mean age 36.1 years) with endometriosis took part in audio‐recorded interviews.ResultsThe women reported experiencing symptoms for an average of 11 years before receiving a formal diagnosis of endometriosis, and the mean age of diagnosis was 27.6 years. Seven distinct conceptual metaphors were identified in 221 metaphorical expressions used across all participants, with most common ones referring to pain as physical properties of elements such as temperature and pressure, physical damage, and an external attacker. IPA revealed three themes pertaining to the feeling of vulnerability and helplessness, pain being incomprehensible, and a drive to manage and conceal pain simultaneously.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the power of language in facilitating understanding and empathy in the listener, alongside the challenge of communicating endometriosis pain to others. Imagery‐based techniques may assist in adaptation to, interpretation, and acceptance of pain to reduce pain‐related distress.
An interaction model for the role of self‐evaluations and antagonistic pursuits in subjective well‐being
Authors: Richardson Kyle , Hart William , Tortoriello Gregory K. , Breeden Christopher J. 
Published: September 2020

Popular theorizing about happiness pursuit emphasizes universal paths to happiness, but other theorizing acknowledges different people achieve happiness in different ways (i.e., subjective well‐being, SWB). The present work extended this latter perspective by examining how antagonistic pursuit of a grandiose identity (‘narcissistic antagonism’) – generally thought to reduce narcissistic people’s SWB – may relate toincreasedcognitive well‐being (i.e., a component of SWB) for narcissistic people with lower self‐esteem. In Study 1, participants (N = 417) reported their narcissism, self‐esteem, narcissistic antagonism, and general life satisfaction (to index cognitive well‐being). In Study 2 (pre‐registered), participants (N = 450) reported their narcissism, self‐esteem, narcissistic antagonism, general and domain‐specific life satisfaction, and general affect (to index affective well‐being, which is a different component of SWB). Both studies revealed narcissistic antagonism related to increased life satisfactiononlyfor more (vs. less) narcissistic people with lower (vs. higher) self‐esteem. Study 2 not only replicated this interactive pattern on satisfaction across various life domains but also revealed the interaction may be related to increased negative affect. Broadly, results highlight how different people may enhance features of SWB in different, even ‘dark’, ways.
Pliocene–Pleistocene glacimarine shelf to slope processes in the south‐western Barents Sea
Authors: Harishidayat Dicky , Johansen Ståle Emil , Batchelor Christine , Omosanya Kamaldeen Olakunle , Ottaviani Ludovico 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe glacimarine shelf‐edge is a complex depositional environment in which the interplay between accommodation and glaciation has played an important role in influencing sediment deposition and margin architecture. It can be challenging to unravel the history of basin infill in these areas, particularly where landforms are deeply buried. This study presents an integrated workflow for deciphering the architecture and evolution of erosional and depositional elements in a crucial location of the south‐western Barents Sea margin, with a focus on the comparatively poorly understood processes and patterns of glacimarine sedimentation that occurred during the Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. Wellbore interpretations of lithology are combined with the analysis of seismic facies, geomorphology and attributes using merged 3D seismic reflection data to investigate the morphology and development of buried landforms and depositional features on the outer‐shelf, shelf edge and upper‐slope. The Pliocene (preglacial) slope system is dominated by upper‐slope channels, upper‐slope channels with associated sediment lobes, and mass‐transport deposits. The first appearance of mega‐scale glacial lineations in the study area is close to the onset of the Pleistocene (around 2.58 Ma), suggesting that an ice stream reached the palaeo‐shelf edge during the earliest Pleistocene. The prevalence of upper‐slope channels and mass‐transport deposits throughout the Pleistocene stratigraphy shows that the basinwards transfer of sediment took place mainly by evacuation of sediment through relatively linear channels combined with mass‐movement events. The results presented in this study have implications for understanding the glacial history of the south‐western Barents Sea and sedimentary processes on glacimarine shelf edges more generally.
Drugs, host proteins and viral proteins: how their promiscuities shape antiviral design
Authors: Gupta Munishwar Nath , Roy Ipsita 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThe reciprocal nature of drug specificity and target specificity implies that the same is true for their respective promiscuities. Protein promiscuity has two broadly different types of footprint in drug design. The first is relaxed specificity of binding sites for substrates, inhibitors, effectors or cofactors. The second involves protein–protein interactions of regulatory processes such as signal transduction and transcription, and here protein intrinsic disorder plays an important role. Both viruses and host cells exploit intrinsic disorder for their survival, as do the design and discovery programs for antivirals. Drug action, strictly speaking, always relies upon promiscuous activity, with drug promiscuity enlarging its scope. Drug repurposing searches for additional promiscuity on the part of both the drug and the target in the host. Understanding the subtle nuances of these promiscuities is critical in the design of novel and more effective antivirals.
Antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of novel synthesized 6‐(quinolin‐2‐ylthio) pyridine derivatives with molecular docking study as multi‐targeted JAK2/STAT3 inhibitors
Authors: Nafie Mohamed S. , Mahgoub Sebaey , Amer Atef M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractQuinoline derivatives are attracting considerable interest due to their biological importance. In this paper, several 2‐amino‐4‐aryl‐6‐(quinolin‐2‐ylthio)pyridine‐3,5‐dicarbonitrile derivatives are synthesized by adopting a one‐pot reaction of quinoline‐2‐thione, aromatic aldehydes, and malononitrile in the presence of sodium hydroxide in absolute ethanol. The structures of these newly synthesized compounds were determined using different spectroscopic techniques, including elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, and MS. The synthesized derivatives were screened for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities. Compounds 4a, 4b, 4d, and 4e exhibited promising antimicrobial activity compared to antibacterial and antifungal standard drugs. Additionally, 4f, 4d, and 4g showed potent cytotoxic activity against both MCF‐7 and A549 cells with IC50 values (6.39–9.3 μM). Our molecular docking results of compound 4f prove good binding affinity toward the three tested proteins as Jak2/STATA3 inhibition and are in accordance with the RT‐PCR mRNA expressions of the compound against MCF‐7 cells which downregulated the Jak2 and STAT3 genes, and this may be the proposed mode of action for anti‐breast cancer activity.
Outcomes of the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology: Real‐life experience
Authors: Avior Galit , Dagan Or , Shochat Isaac , Frenkel Yulia , Tessler Idit , Meir Alona , Jaffe Anat , Cohen Oded 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe 2017 revised Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (BSRTC) included new malignancy rates for each category as well as new management recommendations. Here, we evaluate the malignancy rate and test performance for BSRTC categories in a middle‐sized institution outside the United States (US).DesignRetrospective single centre case series with chart review.PatientsAll patients who underwent thyroid surgery with a preoperative BSRTC between the years 2010 and 2018 at our institution.MeasurementsIn order to assess the malignancy rate for each BSRTC, all medical records were reviewed to collect demographics, nodule's size, BSRTC and final pathology.ResultsThree hundred and sixty‐four patients were included, with an overall malignancy rate of 34.3%. The malignancy rate for BSRTC categories I‐VI was as follows: 13.3%, 5.1%, 25.0%, 24.4%, 91.3% and 95.2%, respectively. The most sensitive test was when BSRTC III‐VI were evaluated (91%). Overall best performance (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy) was obtained when BSRTC V‐VI were grouped together with a substantial decrease when adding BSRTC III‐IV (90%, 97%, 94%, 95%, 95% vs, respectively, 91%, 73%, 62%, 95%, 79%, respectively).ConclusionsDespite differences from the reported 2017 BSRTC malignancy rates, we demonstrated that the revised 2017 BSRTC management recommendations for thyroid nodules are also valid in smaller non‐US centre, supporting its use globally.
COVID‐19 related anxiety in children and adolescents with severe obesity: A mixed‐methods study
Authors: Abawi Ozair , Welling Mila S. , van den Eynde Emma , van Rossum Elisabeth F. C. , Halberstadt Jutka , van den Akker Erica L. T. , van der Voorn Bibian 
Published: September 2020

SummaryRecent studies report negative mental health effects of the COVID‐19 related lockdown measures in general paediatric cohorts. Since obesity is a risk factor for COVID‐19 in adults, children (including adolescents) with obesity might perceive themselves to be vulnerable. Using a combined quantitative and qualitative approach, we explored COVID‐19 related anxiety in paediatric patients with severe obesity in the Netherlands using semi‐structured telephone interviews and the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) questionnaire, which had also been completed by the study population at baseline in the year prior to the COVID‐19 outbreak. In total, 75 families participated in the semi‐structured telephone interviews during the lockdown, April 2020. Characteristics of included patients were: median age 10.5 years (interquartile range = 7.6‐15.2); 52% female; mean BMI standard deviation score 3.8 (SD = 1.0). COVID‐19 related anxiety was reported for 24/75 (32%) children. The mean decrease in PedsQL score between baseline visit and COVID‐19 outbreak did not differ between children for whom anxiety was reported vs those for whom it was not (mean change −10.3 ± 36.5 vs −3.3 ± 24.4, P = .54). Self‐imposed strict quarantine measures were taken by 19/75 (25%) families. During follow‐up, several families reported that the previous contact alleviated their anxiety. In conclusion, healthcare professionals should address possible COVID‐19 related anxiety in children with severe obesity. Addressing COVID‐19 related anxiety could mitigate its potential negative effects.
Analysis on risk factors of lung cancer complicated with pulmonary embolism
Authors: Cui Yong‐qi , Tan Xiao‐ming , Liu Bin , Zheng Yu , Zhang Li‐yan , Chen Zeng‐ai , Wu Xue‐ling 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionPulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially fatal complication and its morbidity together with fatalness will further increase when in patients with malignant tumors. Fast and accurate early diagnosis of PE thus seems considerably important.ObjectiveTo explore the risk factors of lung cancer complicated with PE.Materials and MethodsA retrospective cohort study consisted of 40 lung cancer patients with PE (PE group) and 60 lung cancer patients without PE (non‐PE group) were analyzed.ResultsThe white blood cell (WBC) count, D‐dimer and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) were higher in PE group than those in non‐PE group (P < 0.05), whereas the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in PE group was lower than that in non‐PE group (P < 0.05). Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level between two groups also exhibited statistical difference (P < 0.05). Those lung adenocarcinoma patients with stages III and IV tumor, coupled with deep venous thrombosis (DVT), having experienced bevacizumab treatment or platinum‐based chemotherapy more likely suffered from PE (P < 0.05). The multivariate analysis revealed that high D‐dimer, chemotherapy, DVT, stages III to IV, adenocarcinoma were independent risk factors associated with PE (P < 0.05). The overall survival time of patients in case group was significantly shorter than that in the control group with a median survival duration being 10.5 months (95%CI, 8.95‐12.05) and 16.8 months (95%CI, 14.62‐18.98), respectively, (P < 0.01).ConclusionsHigh D‐dimer, chemotherapy, DVT, stages III to IV and adenocarcinoma might have a positive correlation with PE, meanwhile, PE always predicted a poor prognosis in lung cancer patients.
Widespread short‐term persistence of frog species after the 2019–2020 bushfires in eastern Australia revealed by citizen science
Authors: Rowley Jodi J. L. , Callaghan Corey T. , Cornwell William K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractFires change ecosystem composition and influence species extinction risk, yet information on the impact of fire on biodiversity is scant. The bushfires in southeastern Australia during the summer of 2019/20 were unprecedented in their extent and intensity, and postfire management decisions have been hindered by a lack of knowledge of the impact of fires on biodiversity. We examine the short‐term persistence of frog species across southeastern Australia after these fires using records of calling frogs from the national citizen science project FrogID. We demonstrate widespread short‐term persistence of frog species. Sixty‐six frog species were detected in the firegrounds before the fire, and within 125 days postfire, 45 of these were detected. All 33 frog species with more than five records that were detected in the months of December–March prefire were detected postfire. While the short‐term postfire persistence of so many frog species is a positive result, the population‐level and longer‐term consequences of the fires remain unknown, as does the ability of frogs to persist with the changing fire regimes predicted as a consequence of global climate change. We illustrate the value of citizen science in collecting large‐scale and rapid observations in response to increasing anthropogenically‐driven ecological events.
A trial of Criminal Infringement Notices as an alternative to criminal penalties for illicit drug offences in New South Wales, Australia: Estimated savings
Authors: Sutherland Rachel , Weatherburn Don , Degenhardt Louisa 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroduction and AimsIn 2019, legislation was introduced allowing New South Wales police to issue Criminal Infringement Notices (CIN) instead of criminal charges for prohibited drug possession offences, excluding cannabis leaf. This initiative was trialled across NSW music festivals from 25 January to 1 August 2019. This paper aims to examine the number of CINs administered and to estimate the associated (actual and potential) savings.Design and MethodsData were obtained from the NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (Recorded Crime Statistics, Reoffending Database). To estimate the monetary savings associated with administering CINs for drug possession offences, as opposed to processing them through the criminal justice system, data were obtained from the 2020 Report on Government Services.ResultsFrom January to June 2019, 300 CINs were issued for illicit drug possession (mostly for ecstasy possession; n = 256), resulting in an estimated saving to the criminal justice system of 194 400 AUD (or 314 400, if generated revenue included). We estimate that issuing CINs for all illicit drug possession offences would have provided savings of over 5 million AUD in that same six‐month period, or approximately 1.7 million AUD if CINs were only issued to people with no prior convictions.Discussion and ConclusionIssuing CINs for illicit drug possession has the potential to yield substantial monetary savings. However, to avoid unintended consequences (e.g. disproportionate impact on disadvantaged populations), we would argue that police also be given the discretion to issue cautions for illicit drug possession offences.
Give James Ferguson a Fish
Authors: Nilsen Alf Gunvald 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTWhen James Ferguson's Give a Man a Fish was published in 2015, it seemed to many that the anthropologist was continuing his trailblazing work in critical development research and pioneering a new imaginary for a progressive left politics of welfare. This article argues that such enthusiasm is misplaced and that we need to devote ourselves to a more rigorous and ambitious project if we are to forge a social theory for the future that holds any kind of genuinely emancipatory potential. First, the article shows how Ferguson's diagnosis of global development is analytically flawed in that it is articulated at a strictly empirical and descriptive level. As a result, Ferguson fails to probe into the underlying power relations that have generated the developmental scenario that is the context of his reflections. It then moves on to show how this absence of any sustained conceptual and analytical engagement with questions of power in the political economy of capitalism leads Ferguson to a deeply flawed argument about welfare. The article concludes with a brief reflection on what an alternative and genuinely socialist form of welfare might look like in the context of a conjuncture of sustained neoliberal crisis.
Power struggle and pork barrel politics in authoritarian countries: Evidence from China
Authors: Gao Nan , Liang Pinghan , Colin Xu Lixin 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper examines how power struggle among cliques within ruling parties shape public policies. We develop a simple model of bargaining among ruling elites to study government staffing and use it to explain why the number of subnational government staff in China has increased rapidly despite repeated government streamlining programs initiated by the central authority. Using provincial‐level panel data in China from 1992 to 2011, we show that the subnational government headed by a politically weaker party secretary, in terms of the size of the opposition of elites in the provincial standing committee, tends to have a larger number of senior cadres and public employees. Notably, the party secretary's power from the centre mitigates the tendency to expand government staff. We also provide suggestive evidence that the local government finances government expansion by selling more land.
A Bayesian network approach to trophic metacommunities shows that habitat loss accelerates top species extinctions
Authors: Häussler Johanna , Barabás György , Eklöf Anna 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe develop a novel approach to analyse trophic metacommunities, which allows us to explore how progressive habitat loss affects food webs. Our method combines classic metapopulation models on fragmented landscapes with a Bayesian network representation of trophic interactions for calculating local extinction rates. This means that we can repurpose known results from classic metapopulation theory for trophic metacommunities, such as ranking the habitat patches of the landscape with respect to their importance to the persistence of the metacommunity as a whole. We use this to study the effects of habitat loss, both on model communities and the plant‐mammal Serengeti food web dataset as a case study. Combining straightforward parameterisability with computational efficiency, our method permits the analysis of species‐rich food webs over large landscapes, with hundreds or even thousands of species and habitat patches, while still retaining much of the flexibility of explicit dynamical models.