bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting groundwater carbon fluxes to the ocean with implications for the carbon cycle
Authors: Zhang Shuang , Planavsky Noah J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Compared with riverine systems, the influence of groundwater on the global carbon cycle has remained underexplored. Here, we provide a new estimate of the bicarbonate fluxes from fresh groundwater to the ocean by coupling a statistical and hydrological analysis of groundwater and river samples across the contiguous United States with a study of global groundwater characteristics. We find that the mean concentration ([]) in groundwaters exceeds that in surface rivers by a factor of 2–3 throughout the contiguous United States. Based on estimates of fresh groundwater discharge to the ocean and scaling up our estimated mean [] in groundwaters from the United States and around the world, we arrived at a mean global flux from groundwaters ranging from 7.4 × 1012 (25th percentile)–1.8 × 1013 mol/yr (75th percentile) to 2.8 × 1013–8.3 × 1013 mol/yr, which is 22%–237% of the global flux from river systems, respectively. We also estimated that the global carbon flux derived from subsurface silicate weathering could be comparable to 32%–351% that from surficial silicate weathering, depending on groundwater discharge rates. Despite large uncertainties due to data limitation, this study highlights that groundwater weathering could be an important carbon sink in both the short- and long-term carbon cycle. Therefore, additional work on groundwaters is needed to develop a well-constrained view of the global carbon cycle.
Pedogenic siderites fossilizing Ediacaran soil microorganisms on the Baltica paleocontinent
Authors: Bojanowski Maciej J. , Goryl Magdalena , Kremer Barbara , Marciniak-Maliszewska Beata , Marynowski Leszek , Środoń Jan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEdiacaran siderite-bearing sedimentary rocks from the western part of the East European craton exhibit features typical of redoximorphic paleosols, including pedogenic siderite (e.g., sphaerosiderite) with uniform and negative δ18O and highly variable δ13C values. The siderite precipitated in water-logged soils in a hot and humid climate, and represents a rare example of pedogenic siderite formed before the rise of vascular plants. Morphology of soil microorganisms was preserved in three dimensions due to the early siderite precipitation. These are mainly filamentous and tube-like threads, which might belong to cyanobacteria or fungi, and spherical structures resembling green algae. This microbial life fostered development of strongly reducing soils in tropical wetlands on the Baltica paleocontinent. The Ediacaran sediments of the western East European craton, traditionally regarded as marine, are reinterpreted as containing sections affected by freshwater conditions, documenting the presence of microbial life on the Ediacaran land.
Phosphorus burial in ferruginous SiO2-rich Mesoproterozoic sediments
Authors: Johnson Brooke R. , Tostevin Rosalie , Gopon Philip , Wells Jon , Robinson Stuart A. , Tosca Nicholas J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Persistently low atmospheric oxygen requires that net organic carbon burial was muted through much of Earth’s middle age. In order to achieve global mass balance with respect to O2, recent models have suggested that redox-dependent mechanisms, such as Fe(II)-phosphate precipitation, limited phosphate availability in dominantly anoxic and ferruginous oceans, in turn limiting net primary production, and therefore organic carbon burial. Nevertheless, observational constraints on phosphorus cycling in ferruginous Proterozoic systems are rare, leaving these models largely untested. Here, we present high-resolution petrographic and mineralogical data showing that the 1.3 Ga Sherwin Ironstone (Roper Group, Australia) was dominated by syndepositional precipitation of the Fe(II)-silicate minerals greenalite and berthierine, interlaminated with abundant authigenic calcium fluorapatite (CFA). Set in a quantitative geochemical framework, these data reveal that elevated marine SiO2(aq) concentrations facilitated extensive Fe(II)-silicate production, leaving CFA, rather than Fe(II)-phosphate, as the principal inorganic phosphorous sink in shallow-water Roper Group sediments. More broadly, the physical and chemical factors that triggered Fe(II)-silicate and CFA burial in the Roper Seaway highlight semi-restricted basins as important loci of phosphorus removal from the mid-Proterozoic ocean.
Thyroid scintigraphy differentiates subtypes of congenital hypothyroidism
Authors: Worth Chris , Hird Beverly , Tetlow Lesley , Wright Neville , Patel Leena , Banerjee Indraneel 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionUK screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is based on dried blood spot Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH). Scintigraphy may identify CH subtypes classified as dysplasia, gland in situ (GIS) and ectopia, but is not performed in all centres. We retrospectively investigated the role of scintigraphy to identify CH subtypes in a single tertiary centre cohort.MethodsBabies who screened positive for CH between 2007 and 2017 were studied (n=418 of 534 783). Scintigraphy outcomes were correlated with TSH and levothyroxine dose. GIS patients were analysed for 3-year outcomes.Results303 patients started levothyroxine. Scintigraphy demonstrated three subtypes: GIS (n=139, 46%) ectopia (n=84, 28%) and dysplasia (n=80, 26%). Three-year follow up demonstrated permanence in 54% of 37 GIS cases.DiscussionThyroid scintigraphy differentiates subtypes of CH and suggests a higher than expected proportion of patients with GIS and ectopia. CH is permanent in half of those with GIS.
Online multifactorial prevention programme has no effect on the number of running-related injuries: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Fokkema Tryntsje , de Vos Robert-Jan , van Ochten John M , Verhaar Jan A N , Davis Irene S , Bindels Patrick J E , Bierma-Zeinstra Sita M A , van Middelkoop Marienke 
Published: November 2019

ObjectiveTo examine the effect of a multifactorial, online injury prevention programme on the number of running-related injuries (RRIs) in recreational runners.MethodsAdult recreational runners who registered for a running event (distances 5 km up to 42.195 km) were randomised into the intervention group or control group. Participants in the intervention group were given access to the online injury prevention programme, which consisted of information on evidence-based risk factors and advices to reduce the injury risk. Participants in the control group followed their regular preparation for the running event. The primary outcome measure was the number of self-reported RRIs in the time frame between registration for a running event and 1 month after the running event.ResultsThis trial included 2378 recreational runners (1252 men; mean [SD] age 41.2 [11.9] years), of which 1196 were allocated to the intervention group and 1182 to the control group. Of the participants in the intervention group 37.5% (95% CI 34.8 to 40.4) sustained a new RRI during follow-up, compared with 36.7% (95% CI 34.0 to 39.6) in the control group. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed no significant difference between the intervention and control group (OR 1.08; 95% CI 0.90 to 1.30). Furthermore, the prevention programme seemed to have a negative impact on the occurrence of new RRIs in the subgroup of runners with no injuries in the 12 months preceding the trial (OR 1.30; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.70).ConclusionA multifactorial, online injury prevention programme did not decrease the total number of RRIs in recreational runners.Trial registration numberNTR5998.
Variation in post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer across colonoscopy providers in English National Health Service: population based cohort study
Authors: Burr Nicholas E , Derbyshire Edmund , Taylor John , Whalley Simon , Subramanian Venkataraman , Finan Paul J , Rutter Matthew D , Valori Roland , Morris Eva J A 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To quantify post-colonoscopy colorectal cancer (PCCRC) rates in England by using recent World Endoscopy Organisation guidelines, compare incidence among colonoscopy providers, and explore associated factors that could benefit from quality improvement initiatives.

Design
Population based cohort study.

Setting
National Health Service in England between 2005 and 2013.

Population
All people undergoing colonoscopy and subsequently diagnosed as having colorectal cancer up to three years after their investigation (PCCRC-3yr).

Main outcome measures
National trends in incidence of PCCRC (within 6-36 months of colonoscopy), univariable and multivariable analyses to explore factors associated with occurrence, and funnel plots to measure variation among providers.

Results
The overall unadjusted PCCRC-3yr rate was 7.4% (9317/126 152), which decreased from 9.0% in 2005 to 6.5% in 2013 (P<0.01). Rates were lower for colonoscopies performed under the NHS bowel cancer screening programme (593/16 640, 3.6%), while they were higher for those conducted by non-NHS providers (187/2009, 9.3%). Rates were higher in women, in older age groups, and in people with inflammatory bowel disease or diverticular disease, in those with higher comorbidity scores, and in people with previous cancers. Substantial variation in rates among colonoscopy providers remained after adjustment for case mix.

Conclusions
Wide variation exists in PCCRC-3yr rates across NHS colonoscopy providers in England. The lowest incidence was seen in colonoscopies performed under the NHS bowel cancer screening programme. Quality improvement initiatives are needed to address this variation in rates and prevent colorectal cancer by enabling earlier diagnosis, removing premalignant polyps, and therefore improving outcomes.
Outcomes at follow-up of negative colonoscopy in average risk population: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Heisser Thomas , Peng Le , Weigl Korbinian , Hoffmeister Michael , Brenner Hermann 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectiveTo review and summarise the evidence on the prevalence of colorectal adenomas and cancers at a follow-up screening colonoscopy after negative index colonoscopy, stratified by interval between examinations and by sex.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis of all available studies.Data sourcesPubMed, Web of Science, and Embase. Two investigators independently extracted characteristics and results of identified studies and performed standardised quality ratings.Eligibility criteriaStudies assessing the outcome of a follow-up colonoscopy among participants at average risk for colorectal cancer with a negative previous colonoscopy (no adenomas).Results28 studies were identified, including 22 cohort studies, five cross sectional studies, and one case-control study. Findings for an interval between colonoscopies of one to five, five to 10, and more than 10 years were reported by 17, 16, and three studies, respectively. Summary estimates of prevalences of any neoplasm were 20.7% (95% confidence interval 15.8% to 25.5%), 23.0% (18.0% to 28.0%), and 21.9% (14.9% to 29.0%) for one to five, five to 10, and more than 10 years between colonoscopies. Corresponding summary estimates of prevalences of any advanced neoplasm were 2.8% (2.0% to 3.7%), 3.2% (2.2% to 4.1%), and 7.0% (5.3% to 8.7%). Seven studies also reported findings stratified by sex. Summary estimates stratified by interval and sex were consistently higher for men than for women.ConclusionsAlthough detection of any neoplasms was observed in more than 20% of participants within five years of a negative screening colonoscopy, detection of advanced neoplasms within 10 years was rare. Our findings suggest that 10 year intervals for colonoscopy screening after a negative colonoscopy, as currently recommended, may be adequate, but more studies are needed to strengthen the empirical basis for pertinent recommendations and to investigate even longer intervals.Study registrationProspero CRD42019127842.
Relationships of surrogate indexes of insulin resistance with insulin sensitivity assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and subclinical vascular damage
Authors: Fiorentino Teresa Vanessa , Marini Maria Adelaide , Succurro Elena , Andreozzi Francesco , Sesti Giorgio 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionInsulin resistance plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio, visceral adiposity index (VAI), lipid accumulation product (LAP) and triglycerides × fasting glucose (TyG) index are surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity based on anthropometric and/or biochemical parameters routinely collected in clinical practice. Herein, we compared the relationships of these four surrogate indexes with insulin sensitivity assessed by the gold standard euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp technique, and subclinical vascular damage.Research design and methods631 subjects with different degrees of glucose tolerance underwent euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. The surrogate TG/HDL-C ratio, VAI, LAP and TyG indexes were computed. Pulse pressure and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured as indicators of subclinical vascular damage.ResultsAll the four surrogate indexes showed a significant correlation with insulin-stimulated glucose disposal in the whole study population. However, only LAP index had a significant association with insulin sensitivity across the different glucose tolerance groups. LAP index showed the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.728) to detect individuals with insulin resistance defined as the bottom quartile of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, followed by TG/HDL-C ratio (0.693), TyG index (0.688) and VAI (0.688). A significant association was found between the four indexes of insulin sensitivity and pulse pressure and IMT. All the four indexes have a similar ability to detect individuals with vascular atherosclerosis defined by IMT>0.9 mm. Conversely, LAP index had the greatest ability to recognize individuals with increased vascular stiffness defined by pulse pressure ≥60 mm Hg.ConclusionAmong the surrogate TG/HDL-C ratio, VAI, LAP and TyG indexes of insulin sensitivity, LAP index showed a significant association with insulin-stimulated glucose disposal across the different glucose tolerance categories and the highest ability to detect insulin resistance and subclinical vascular damage.
Protecting the poor? Impact of the national health equity fund on utilization of government health services in Cambodia, 2006-2013
Authors: Annear Peter Leslie , Tayu Lee John , Khim Keovathanak , Ir Por , Moscoe Ellen , Jordanwood Tapley , Bossert Thomas , Nachtnebel Matthias , Lo Veasnakiry 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionCambodia’s health equity fund (HEF) is the country’s most significant social security scheme, covering the poorest one-fifth of the national population. During the last two decades, the HEF system was scaled up from an initial two health districts to national coverage of public health facilities. This is the first national study to examine the impact of the HEF on the utilisation of public health facilities.MethodsWe first investigated the level of national HEF population coverage and health service use made by HEF eligible members using an administrative HEF operational dataset. Second, through multilevel interrupted time series analysis of routine monthly utilisation statistics during 2006–2013, we evaluated the impact of the HEF on hospital and health centre utilisation.ResultsThe proportion of HEF beneficiaries using hospital services in a given year (4.6%) appeared to exceed rates in the general population (3.3%). The introduction of the HEF was associated with: a significant level change in the monthly number of consultations at HCs followed by a gradual slope increase in time trend and a significant level change in the monthly number of deliveries. Overall, this was equivalent to a 15.6% net increase in number of consultations and 5.3% in deliveries in the first year. At RHs: a significant level change in the number of RH inpatient cases, followed by a sustained slope increase; a significant slope increase in the number of outpatient consultations and in the overall number of newborn deliveries. Overall, this was equivalent to a 47.9% net increase in inpatient cases, 24.1% in outpatient cases and 31.4% in deliveries in the first year.ConclusionThe implementation of the HEF scheme was associated with increased utilisation of primary and secondary care services by the poor.
Development of a core information set for colorectal cancer surgery: a consensus study
Authors: McNair Angus G K , Whistance Robert N , Main Barry , Forsythe Rachael , Macefield Rhiannon , Rees Jonathan , Pullyblank Anne , Avery Kerry , Brookes Sara , Thomas Michael G , Sylvester Paul A , Russell Ann , Oliver Alfred , Morton Dion , Kennedy Robin , Jayne David , Huxtable Richard , Hackett Roland , Dutton Susan , Coleman Mark G , Card Mia , Brown Julia , Blazeby Jane 
Published: November 2019

Objective‘Core information sets’ (CISs) represent baseline information, agreed by patients and professionals, to stimulate individualised patient-centred discussions. This study developed a CIS for use before colorectal cancer (CRC) surgery.DesignThree phase consensus study: (1) Systematic literature reviews and patient interviews to identify potential information of importance to patients, (2) UK national Delphi survey of patients and professionals to rate the importance of the information, (3) international consensus meeting to agree on the final CIS.SettingUK CRC centres.ParticipantsPurposive sampling was conducted to ensure CRC centre representation based upon geographical region and caseload volume. Responses were received from 63/81 (78%) centres (90 professionals). Adult patients who had undergone CRC surgery were eligible, and purposive sampling was conducted to ensure representation based on age, sex and cancer location (rectum, left and right colon). Responses were received from 97/267 (35%) patients with a wide age range (29–87), equal sex ratio and cancer location. Attendees of the international Tripartite Colorectal Conference were eligible for the consensus meeting.OutcomesPhase 1: Information of potential importance to patients was extracted verbatim and operationalised into a Delphi questionnaire. Phase 2: Patients and professionals rated the importance information on a 9-point Likert scale, and resurveyed following group feedback. Information rated of low importance were discarded using predefined criteria. Phase 3: A modified nominal group technique was used to gain final consensus in separate consensus meetings with patients and professionals.ResultsData sources identified 1216 pieces of information that informed a 98-item questionnaire. Analysis led to 50 and 23 information domains being retained after the first and second surveys, respectively. The final CIS included 11 concepts including specific surgical complications, short and long-term survival, disease recurrence, stoma and quality of life issues.ConclusionsThis study has established a CIS for professionals to discuss with patients before CRC surgery.
Effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 2 trial evaluating two psychoeducational programmes for severe hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetes: implementation study protocol
Authors: Soukup Tayana , Hull Louise , Smith Emma Lauretta , Healey Andy , Bakolis Ioannis , Amiel Stephanie A , Sevdalis Nick , Group PWD 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionTwo of the most acute and feared complications in type 1 diabetes (T1D) are hypoglycaemia and severe hypoglycaemia (SH). While impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (IAH) can lead to SH with cognitive and motivational barriers implicated, the available education does not integrate behavioural change techniques to address these. A novel Hypoglycaemia Awareness Restoration Programme despite optimised care (HARPdoc) is currently being tested against an established blood glucose awareness training (BGAT) within a parallel, two-arm, group randomised, blinded trial (with its own protocol;NCT02940873) with adults with T1D whose problems with hypoglycaemia and SH have persisted despite otherwise optimised insulin management. While both programmes are aimed at reducing hypoglycaemia, SH and IAH, it is the former that integrates behavioural change techniques.The aim of the current (implementation) study is to evaluate delivery of both HARPdoc and BGAT and explore associations between implementation outcomes and trial endpoints; as well as to develop an evidence-based implementation blueprint to guide implementation, sustainment and scale-up of the effective programmes.Methods and analysisGuided by the implementation science tools, frameworks, methods and principles, the current study was designed through a series of focus groups (n=11) with the key intervention stakeholders (n=28)—including (1) individuals with lived experience of T1D, IAH and a pilot version of the HARPdoc (n=6) and (2) diabetes healthcare professionals (n=22). A mixed-methods approach will be used throughout. Stakeholder engagement has underpinned study design and materials to maximise relevance, feasibility and impact.Ethics and disseminationThe protocol has been reviewed and received ethical approval by the Harrow Research Ethics Committee (18/LO/1020; 240752) on 1 October 2018. The findings will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal and presented at scientific meetings.Trial registration numberNCT02940873; Pre-results.
The association between depression and later educational attainment in children and adolescents: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Wickersham Alice , Epstein Sophie , Sugg Holly Victoria Rose , Stewart Robert , Ford Tamsin , Downs Johnny 
Published: November 2019

IntroductionDepression represents a major public health concern for children and adolescents, and is thought to negatively impact subsequent educational attainment. However, the extent to which depression and educational attainment are directly associated, and whether other factors play a role, is uncertain. Therefore, we aim to systematically review the literature to provide an up-to-date estimate on the strength of this association, and to summarise potential mediators and moderators on the pathway between the two.Methods and analysisTo identify relevant studies, we will systematically search Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, Education Resources Information Centre and British Education Index, manually search reference lists and contact experts in the field. Studies will be included if they investigate and report on the association between major depression diagnosis or depressive symptoms in children and adolescents aged 4–18 years (exposure) and later educational attainment (outcome). Two independent reviewers will screen titles, abstracts and full texts according to eligibility criteria, perform data extraction and assess study quality according to a modified version of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. If sufficiently homogeneous studies are identified, summary effect estimates will be pooled in meta-analysis, with further tests for study heterogeneity, publication bias and the effects of moderators using meta-regression.Ethics and disseminationBecause this review will make use of already published data, ethical approval will not be sought. The review will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal, presented at practitioner-facing conferences, and a lay summary will be written for non-scientific audiences such as parents, young people and teachers. The work will inform upcoming investigations on the association between child and adolescent mental health and educational attainment.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019123068