bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roles of SlETR7, a newly discovered ethylene receptor, in tomato plant and fruit development
Authors: Chen Yi , Hu Guojian , Rodriguez Celeste , Liu Meiying , Binder Brad M. , Chervin Christian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEthylene regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. It is perceived by a family of ethylene receptors (ETRs) that have been well described. However, a full understanding of ETR function is complicated by functional redundancy between the receptor isoforms. Here, we characterize a new ETR, SlETR7, that was revealed by tomato genome sequencing. SlETR7 expression in tomato fruit pericarp increases when the fruit ripens and its expression is synchronized with the expression of SlETR1, SlETR2, and SlETR5 which occurs later in the ripening phase than the increase observed for SlETR3, SlETR4, and SlETR6. We uncovered an error in the SlETR7 sequence as documented in the ITAG 3 versions of the tomato genome which has now been corrected in ITAG 4, and we showed that it belongs to sub-family II. We also showed that SlETR7 specifically binds ethylene. Overexpression (OE) of SlETR7 resulted in earlier flowering, shorter plants, and smaller fruit than wild type. Knock-out (KO) mutants of SlETR7 produced more ethylene at breaker (Br) and Br + 2 days stages compared to wild type (WT), but there were no other obvious changes in the plant and fruit in these mutant lines. We observed that expression of the other SlETRs is upregulated in fruit of SlETR7 KO mutants, which may explain the absence of obvious ripening phenotypes. Globally, these results show that SlETR7 is a functional ethylene receptor. More work is needed to better understand its specific roles related to the six other tomato ETRs.
Development of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers for Increasing Gastrointestinal Absorption of Lupinifolin
Authors: Musika Jidapa , Chudapongse Nuannoi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLupinifolin, a plant flavonoid, has been reported to possess various pharmacological effects. It most likely exerts low oral bioavailability because of poor water solubility. The objective of this study was to develop lipid nanocarriers as drug delivery systems to increase the gastrointestinal absorption of lupinifolin extracted from Albizia myriophylla. Three types of nanocarriers, lupinifolin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles, lupinifolin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers, and lupinifolin-loaded nanoemulsions, were prepared by an emulsification-sonication technique. All three types of nanocarriers loaded with lupinifolin, lupinifolin-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles, lupinifolin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers, and lupinifolin-loaded nanoemulsions, were successfully synthesized. The lipid components chosen to formulate nanocarriers were tripalmitin and/or medium chain triglyceride. Physicochemical characterizations along with releasing profiles of lupinifolin-loaded lipid nanocarriers were compared. It was found that the best lipid nanocarrier for lupinifolin was lupinifolin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers, which demonstrated the particle size of 151.5 ± 0.1 nm, monodispersity distribution with a polydispersity index of 0.24, negative surface charge at − 41.2 ± 0.7 mV, high encapsulation (99.3%), and high loading capacity (5.0%). The obtained lupinifolin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers exhibited prolonged release in a simulated circulatory system but produced a low release in gastrointestinal conditions (3.7%). Intestinal permeability of the nanocarriers was further evaluated in everted intestinal sacs. The results from the ex vivo study indicated that lupinifolin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers significantly increased the absorption of lupinifolin compared to the native form. In conclusion, lupinifolin-loaded lipid nanocarriers were successfully formulated as delivery systems to enhance its oral bioavailability. Further in vivo experiments are needed to validate the results from this study.
Mogroside V-producing Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Siraitia grosvenorii
Authors: Bin Chen , Fangming Yu , Zhi Jiang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEndophytic fungi can produce beneficial active components during symbiosis with host plants. Fifteen purified endophytic fungal strains were isolated and screened from root, stem, leaf, and fruit of the Chinese medicine food homologous plant Siraitia grosvenorii. These strains were fermented, and then the fermented solution was extracted using acetonitrile. The extracts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrum (MS), using standard mogroside V as control. The results showed that strain LHG-F5 and strain LHG-L4 could produce mogroside V with output of 3.814 µg/mL and 2.675 µg/mL, respectively. By morphological observation together with similarity of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence by Clustan X method, LHG-F5 and LHG-L4 were classified as Diaporthe angelica and Fusarium solani, respectively.
Selective targeting of nanomedicine to inflamed cerebral vasculature to enhance the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Marcos-Contreras Oscar A. , Greineder Colin F. , Kiseleva Raisa Yu , Parhiz Hamideh , Walsh Landis R. , Zuluaga-Ramirez Viviana , Myerson Jacob W. , Hood Elizabeth D. , Villa Carlos H. , Tombacz Istvan , Pardi Norbert , Seliga Alecia , Mui Barbara L. , Tam Ying K. , Glassman Patrick M. , Shuvaev Vladimir V. , Nong Jia , Brenner Jacob S. , Khoshnejad Makan , Madden Tom , Weissmann Drew , Persidsky Yuri , Muzykantov Vladimir R. 
Published: February 2020

SignificanceDrug delivery to the brain is a challenging and elusive goal. Conjugating with ligands of target molecules including transferrin receptor modestly enhances cerebral accumulation of drugs and drug carriers. We found that conjugating with ligands of VCAM-1 provides order(s) of magnitude higher cerebral accumulation of nanocarriers, especially in the inflamed brain. VCAM-1 targeted nanocarriers loaded with messenger RNA encoding endothelial glycoprotein thrombomodulin cause expression of the transgene in the lumen of cerebral vasculature. This alleviates pathological permeability of the blood–brain barrier in mouse model of neurovascular inflammation. These results provide a basis for precise and effective molecular interventions in the cerebral vasculature.
Comparison Between a Job-Exposure Matrix (JEM) Score and Self-Reported Exposures for Carrying Heavy Loads Over the Working Lifetime in the CONSTANCES Cohort
Authors: Ngabirano Laure , Fadel Marc , Leclerc Annette , Evanoff Bradley A , Dale Ann Marie , Roquelaure Yves , Descatha Alexis 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Job-exposure matrices (JEMs) were developed to allow assessment of past work exposure for large population-based studies where better exposures data are unavailable. Few studies have directly compared biomechanical JEMs to self-administered questionnaires. We compared assessments of cumulative exposure to carrying heavy loads based on ‘JEM Constances’ to individually self-reported (SR) exposures.

Methods
In the French CONSTANCES cohort at inception, past SR exposure to carrying heavy loads (ever/never and durations) and a detailed job history were available for 26 929 subjects. JEM Constances, an existing biomechanical JEM based on SR current exposures from 26 821 asymptomatic workers, was combined with job history to build a cumulative biomechanical exposure score. Using individual SR exposure as the reference, Area Under the Curve (AUC) of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. For both methods, associations with low back pain and knee pain were computed using multinomial logistic models. Additional analyses compared older (&gt;10 years) to more recent (≤10 years) exposures.

Results
AUCs ranged from 0.795 (0.789–0.800) when all periods were considered, to 0.826 (0.820–0.833) for more recent biomechanical exposure (≤10 years). Associations between carrying heavy loads and low back pain or knee pain were less strong using JEM assessment than individually SR exposure: for low back pain ORSR = 3.02 (2.79–3.26) versus ORJEM = 1.70 (1.59–1.82) and for knee pain ORSR = 2.27 (2.10–2.46) versus ORJEM = 1.64 (1.53–1.77).

Conclusions
JEM Constances’ assessment of cumulative exposure of carrying heavy loads seems to be a useful method compared to a self-administrated questionnaire for large population-based studies where other methods are not available.
Current Trends in Preservation Rhinoplasty
Authors: Daniel Rollin K , Kosins Aaron M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Recently there has been a dramatic acceptance of the preservation principle in rhinoplasty surgery. Surgeons worldwide now preform preservation rhinoplasty, which has led to an expanding list of indications and techniques. Most rhinoplasty surgeons have accepted the fundamental principle that preservation is better than resection and that a natural result is superior to a fabricated or reconstructed structure, especially with regards to the nasal dorsum. Currently, the main emphasis is on defining the indications/contraindications, technical refinements, and minimizing complications. This paper provides an overview of the current trends in preservation rhinoplasty. In the 2 years following publication of the Editorial, “The Preservation Rhinoplasty: A New Rhinoplasty Revolution,” 1 there has been a dramatic acceptance of the preservation principle. Numerous surgeons throughout the world are preforming preservation rhinoplasty, which has led to an expanding list of indications and techniques. The majority of rhinoplasty surgeons have accepted the fundamental principle that preservation is better than resection, and that a natural result is superior to a fabricated or reconstructed structure, especially as regards the nasal dorsum. Currently, the main emphasis is on defining the indications/contraindications, technical refinements, and minimizing complications. The present paper is an overview of the current trends in preservation rhinoplasty.
Wood anatomy of South African Meliaceae: evolutionary and ecological implications
Authors: Oyedeji Amusa M O , Van Wyk B-E , Oskolski A 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWood structure in seven South African species of Ekebergia, Nymania, Trichilia and Turraea (Meliaceae) was studied and compared with data for other genera of the subfamily Melioideae to elucidate phylogenetic relationships and pathways of trait evolution in this group and to clarify the ecological significance of some wood characters. Non-septate fibres, the presence of crystals in axial parenchyma and relatively wide (&gt; triseriate) heterocellular rays are the ancestral conditions for Melioideae. A loss of crystals confirms the monophyly of the clade embracing tribe Turraeeae and Pterorhachis. Uniseriate rays are synapomorphic for the Turraeeae+Trichilieae clade with secondary gains of wider rays in the Nymania+Pterorhachis lineage and in some species of Turraea and Trichilia. A close relationship between Nymania and Pterorhachis was also confirmed by their similarity in having small intervessel pits. Trichilia is distinctive by its homocellular rays made of square and upright cells. The close affinity between Ekebergia and Quivisianthe is confirmed by their similar composition of rays that consist only of procumbent cells. Nymania capensis and Turraea obtusifolia share narrower (&lt; 50 µm) and more numerous (&gt; 70 per mm2) vessel lumina than other species; these are adaptive features for their habitat.
Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis induced by checkpoint inhibitors versus classical acute tubulointerstitial nephritis: are they the same disease?
Authors: Draibe Juliana B , García-Carro Clara , Martinez-Valenzuela Laura , Agraz Irene , Fulladosa Xavier , Bolufer Monica , Tango Ariel , Torras Joan , Soler María José 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
The incidence of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) related to drugs has dramatically increased over recent years. A new subtype of ATIN, apparently different from classical drug-related ATIN, has emerged that has been related to the administration of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). We investigated these differences between ICI-related ATIN (ICI ATIN) and non-ICI-related ATIN in terms of clinical features, response to treatment with steroids and the evolution of kidney function.

Methods
A total of 47 patients diagnosed with ATIN from two centres were recruited. Of these, 13 patients presented with ATIN during ICI treatment and 34 were diagnosed with ATIN attributed to other drugs. The main demographic, clinical and analytical variables such as gender, age and current medication were recorded. The type of malignancy, oncological treatment, ICI dose and presence of extrarenal immune-related adverse events were also reviewed. Renal biopsy diagnosis, time to drug withdrawal and ATIN-specific treatment, as well as laboratory data during follow-up, were also studied.

Results
Patients diagnosed with ICI ATIN presented with lower creatinine (ICI ATIN 3.8 ± 1.03  versus classical ATIN 5.98 ± 4.15 mg/dL, P = 0.007) at diagnosis and higher urinary leucocyte counts (ICI ATIN 263.2 ± 418.04 versus classical ATIN 133.55 ± 284.62, P = 0.048) compared with patients with non-ICI-related ATIN. Time from initiation of the culprit drug to ATIN diagnosis was longer in patients with ICI ATIN than in those with classical ATIN (197.07 ± 184.99 versus 114.4 ± 352.16 days, P = 0.006). In addition, during follow-up, the slope of decreasing creatinine over time was lower for ICI ATIN compared with non-ICI-related ATIN.

Conclusions
In this study, we analysed differences between ICI ATIN and classical ATIN. We found that patients with ICI ATIN presented with a larger latency period after culprit drug initiation, milder acute kidney injury and slower creatinine amelioration compared with those with classical ATIN. These results may, in part, be ascribed to potential differences in the pathological mechanisms involved in ATIN development, suggesting that ICI and classical ATIN may be different diseases with similar renal histologies.
Phase-separation immunoassays.
Authors: Auditore-Hargreaves K , Houghton R L , Monji N , Priest J H , Hoffman A S , Nowinski R C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Solid-phase-based immunoassays have traditionally been plagued by nonspecific binding to the solid phase and by slow reaction kinetics relative to reactants that are free to diffuse in solution. We have developed two novel immunoassays in which the solid phase is generated in situ after the specific binding reaction has occurred, thereby enhancing reaction kinetics and minimizing the opportunities for non-specific binding. In the first system, the capture antibody is conjugated to an organic monomer, polymerization of which to form insoluble polymer particles is initiated by a reaction involving free radicals. The amount of signal-labeled antibody incorporated into the resulting particles is directly proportional to the concentration of antigen. The principle is illustrated for the simultaneous assay of IgG and IgM in a single sample. In the second system, capture antibody is conjugated to a polymer, the solubility of which is a function of temperature. Specific binding is conducted below the critical solution temperature of the polymer, which is then separated from solution by increasing the temperature above the critical temperature. The incorporation of signal-labeled antibody into the precipitated polymer is directly proportional to the concentration of antigen. This principle is illustrated for the assay of hepatitis B surface antigen and Chlamydia trachomatis.
Immunochemiluminometric assay of creatine kinase MB with a monoclonal antibody to the MB isoenzyme.
Authors: Piran U , Kohn D W , Uretsky L S , Bernier D , Barlow E H , Niswander C A , Stastny M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Previous two-site immunometric assays for creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) MB isoenzyme have been based on formation of a "sandwich" complex involving CK-MB and antibodies that recognize the CK-MM and the CK-BB isoenzymes. Single-incubation model assays of CK-MB with these antibodies were susceptible to interferences by CK-MM and CK-BB. We produced two anti-CK-MB monoclonal antibodies and studied their suitability for two-site assays. Both antibodies were compatible with anti-CK-MM and anti-CK-BB, but not with each other. Using anti-CK-MB as the tracer antibody eliminated the interference by both CK-MM and CK-BB. Labeling anti-CK-MB with acridinium ester and immobilizing anti-CK-BB on paramagnetic particles, we developed a rapid and highly sensitive chemiluminescent/magnetic separation CK-MB assay. As little as 1 microgram of CK-MB per liter was detectable after 10- or 30-min incubation at room temperature, and the standard curve was linear up to 400 micrograms/L. Results for serum samples by the new assay correlated well (r = 0.94) with those by Corning electrophoretic and the Hybritech Tandem-E immunoenzymometric CK-MB methods. Sera containing macro CK-1 or high concentrations of CK-MM and CK-BB did not interfere. The combined advantages of a more-specific antibody, paramagnetic solid phase, and chemiluminescent label endow this two-site CK-MB assay with performance characteristics and ease of use superior to those of previous assays.
An internal clock reaction used in a one-step enzyme immunochromatographic assay of theophylline in whole blood.
Authors: Chen R , Li T M , Merrick H , Parrish R F , Bruno V , Kwong A , Stiso C , Litman D J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We describe the development and performance of a second-generation enzyme immunochromatography method for visually quantifying theophylline in whole blood without the use of instrumentation. We have developed the novel concept of an internal chemical clock reaction to combine the capillary-migration and color-generation protocol of the two-step immunochromatographic assay into a single-step, simultaneous protocol. The two assay components are (a) chromatographic paper to which glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) and monoclonal antibody to theophylline have been immobilized, and (b) an enzyme reagent consisting of glucose, dicarboxidine, ascorbate, and theophylline-labeled horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7). The ascorbate acts as an internal clock by inhibiting premature color formation until the ascorbate has been completely consumed in the peroxidase-mediated reaction. Color is then generated rapidly, producing a clearly visible front on the paper. Performance evaluations of the 20-min one-step assay show very good precision, analytical recovery, specificity, and accuracy. This simplified protocol is reliable and convenient for therapeutic drug monitoring in the physician's office.
Dual fluorometric/colorimetric detection system for an automated random-access instrument utilizing standard polystyrene test tubes as precision cuvettes.
Authors: Astill M E , Johnson L R , Thorne G H , Krauth G H , Smith R E , Smith R W , Witty T R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To attain the optical precision necessary to precisely quantify fluorescent or colorimetric signals, analytical systems have typically included quality-controlled cuvettes, flow cells, or dual-beam reference systems. We describe a system where a fluorescence or transmittance signal is quantified in single, standard, 12-mm-diameter polystyrene test tubes. Tube-to-tube variation is minimized by referencing the primary signal to a second reference signal. The tube is carefully oriented within a positioner that allows for the precise placement of the tube within a light path 7.6 mm in diameter. The detection system allows for use of either four pairs of fluorescence excitation/emission wavelengths or eight transmittance wavelengths, which are selected by using specific interference filters. The impact of temperature, tube imperfections, surface flaws, and distortions is minimized by using a reference ratio. Fluorescence is measured with an orthogonal photomultiplier tube, and transmittance with a photodiode; both are illuminated with an ordinary long-life tungsten-halogen lamp. This system is used with the Becton Dickinson AFFINITY system, an automated random-access analyzer with analyte-specific unit-package reagents. The polystyrene tube of the reagent package, which has an antibody-absorbed surface, serves as both the cuvette and the separation medium. Use of the reference ratio method reduces intertube imprecision of fluorometric or transmittance signals, for more precise quantification of various analytes.
Chemical assays--new opportunities.
Authors: Burkhardt A E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The acceptance of the solid-phase format in various areas of clinical chemistry is the consequence of the advantages of this test format, which include stability of the reagents, unitized packaging, convenient and small instruments, and minimal preparations by users before testing. Overall, these advantages provide very convenient tests. Future successful uses of solid-phase reagents depend upon how well these features meet the needs of the users. Needs for systems to be used in the decentralized laboratory include even less cost, even more convenience, and improved quality control. Needs for home testing include convenient tests with clinically useful accuracy, improved quality control, and improved recording systems to overcome user bias in recording results. New solid-phase technologies being developed include noncolorimetric systems suitable for use with miniature probes, for in vitro or in vivo use, and spectrophotometric systems for determinations of analytes directly in capillaries of the skin without invasive sampling.
Determination of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and beta-carotene in serum by liquid chromatography with absorbance and electrochemical detection.
Authors: MacCrehan W A , Schönberger E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
We describe a method for the determination of retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and beta-carotene in serum, using a liquid-chromatographic separation with wavelength-programmed ultraviolet/visible absorbance and amperometric electrochemical detection with a glassy carbon electrode. After protein denaturation and addition of an internal standard, tocol, 250-microL samples are twice extracted with hexane. The reversed-phase, gradient-elution chromatographic separation provides baseline resolution of: the all-trans isomer of retinol from the cis isomers, alpha- from gamma-tocopherol, and all-trans-beta-carotene from alpha-carotene and from cis-beta-carotene isomers. The linearity of response and the detection limits for the two detectors for the three analytes are measured. A comparison of the values obtained for serum extracts shows good agreement between the absorbance and electrochemical detectors.
Comparison of four procedures for separating apolipoprotein A- and apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in plasma.
Authors: Puchois P , Luley C , Alaupovic P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Because lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein A (ApoA-I + ApoA-II) or apolipoprotein B (ApoB) seem to exert opposite effects as risk factors for coronary heart disease, we decided to determine the separability of these two major plasma lipoproteins by procedures originally designed to separate high-density from low- and very-low-density lipoproteins. The presumably ApoB-free lipoproteins isolated from normal plasma by (a) ultracentrifugation at d = 1.063; precipitation with (b) heparin-Mn2+ or (c) phosphotungstate-Mg2+; or (d) immunoprecipitation with antibodies to ApoB were characterized by quantifying cholesterol and apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, B, C-II, C-III, D, E, F, and Lp(a). ApoA- and ApoB-containing lipoproteins were completely separated only by immunoprecipitation with antibodies to ApoB. The ApoB-containing lipoproteins isolated by other procedures always contained 4% to 20% of total plasma ApoA-I and differed substantially from one another with respect to the content of some of the minor apolipoproteins. Measuring apolipoproteins was more reliable than measuring cholesterol for monitoring this separation and for expressing the concentrations of ApoA- and ApoB-containing lipoproteins.