bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recerca mineralògica, minera i geològica per la comarca del Ripollès: des de Molló aRrocabruna, a Costabona i a Setcases
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim 
Published: September 2020

El recorregut del present itinerari, es desenvoluparà integrament pel Sistema Pirinenc; i més concretament: per la denominada Zona Axial del Sistema Pirinenc, encara que prop del seu contacte amb la Zona Sudpirenenca.
Així, s’iniciarà dintre de la Zona Sudpirenenca, prop de la població de Molló, dintre de la comarca del Ripollès, des d´on s’anirà ràpidament a Espinelves i cap al voltants del cim de Costabona Així, per aquesta unitat esmentada al paràgraf anterior, es transitarà fins als voltants del cim acabat d’esmentar, penetrant a continuació dintre de la Zona Axial del Sistema Pirinenc, per on es circularà entre els voltants del Costabona i el final del recorregut, a la població de Setcases.
Per d’altra banda, aquest recorregut s’efectuarà, integrament per la comarca pirinenca del Ripollès (on començarà i finalitzarà).
Recorregut de recerca geològica i mineralògica per la comarca de la Cerdanya: des de Puigcerdà cap a la Tor de Querol, Porte i cap a Pimorent
Authors: Mata Perelló Josep Maria , Sanz Balagué Joaquim 
Published: September 2020

En aquesta ocasió, el recorregut de l’itinerari discorrerà, en la seva totalitat pel Sistema Pirinenc; i més concretament ho farà per tres sectors diferenciats: per una banda per l’extrem septentrional del Mantell del Cadí, (prop del seu contacte amb la Depressió de la Cerdanya); per d’altra, a través d’aquesta depressió acabada d’esmentar; i finalment, a través dels denominats Apilaments Antiformes de la Zona Axial Pirinenca (i més concretament pels sectors corresponents al Massís dels Tres Senhors).
Així, el recorregut s’iniciarà dintre de la Depressió de la Cerdanya, per la qual es transitarà en el primer tram del recorregut, entre les localitats de Puigcerdà i Enveig. Per d’altra banda, el recorregut entre la població d’Enveig i les Mines de Ferro de Pimorent (situades prop del port del mateix nom), s’endinsarà pels Apilaments Antiformes de la Zona Axial Pirinenca, els quals es troben situats al Nord de la Depressió de la Cerdanya.
També cal dir que la totalitat del recorregut es farà dintre de la comarca de la Cerdanya, començant a la Baixa Cerdanya i finalitzant a l´Alta, però prop de la seva frontera amb Andorra i amb el País de Foish.
Applied phylogeography ofCyclopia intermedia(Fabaceae) highlights the need for ‘duty of care’ when cultivating honeybush
Authors: Galuszynski Nicholas C. , Potts Alastair J. 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundThe current cultivation and plant breeding of Honeybush tea (produced from members ofCyclopiaVent.) do not consider the genetic diversity nor structuring of wild populations. Thus, wild populations may be at risk of genetic contamination if cultivated plants are grown in the same landscape. Here, we investigate the spatial distribution of genetic diversity withinCyclopia intermediaE. Mey.—this species is widespread and endemic in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) and used in the production of Honeybush tea.MethodsWe applied High Resolution Melt analysis (HRM), with confirmation Sanger sequencing, to screen two non-coding chloroplast DNA regions (two fragments from theatpI-aptHintergenic spacer and one from thendhAintron) in wildC. intermediapopulations. A total of 156 individuals from 17 populations were analyzed for phylogeographic structuring. Statistical tests included analyses of molecular variance and isolation-by-distance, while relationships among haplotypes were ascertained using a statistical parsimony network.ResultsPopulations were found to exhibit high levels of genetic structuring, with 62.8% of genetic variation partitioned within mountain ranges. An additional 9% of genetic variation was located amongst populations within mountains, suggesting limited seed exchange among neighboring populations. Despite this phylogeographic structuring, no isolation-by-distance was detected (p > 0.05) as nucleotide variation among haplotypes did not increase linearly with geographic distance; this is not surprising given that the configuration of mountain ranges dictates available habitats and, we assume, seed dispersal kernels.ConclusionsOur findings support concerns that the unmonitored redistribution ofCyclopiagenetic material may pose a threat to the genetic diversity of wild populations, and ultimately the genetic resources within the species. We argue that ‘duty of care’ principles be used when cultivating Honeybush and that seed should not be translocated outside of the mountain range of origin. Secondarily, given the genetic uniqueness of wild populations, cultivated populations should occur at distance from wild populations that is sufficient to prevent unintended gene flow; however, further research is needed to assess gene flow within mountain ranges.
Simulating highly disturbed vegetation distribution: the case of China’s Jing-Jin-Ji region
Authors: Yi Sangui , Zhou Jihua , Lai Liming , Du Hui , Sun Qinglin , Yang Liu , Liu Xin , Liu Benben , Zheng Yuanrun 
Published: September 2020

Background
Simulating vegetation distribution is an effective method for identifying vegetation distribution patterns and trends. The primary goal of this study was to determine the best simulation method for a vegetation in an area that is heavily affected by human disturbance.

Methods
We used climate, topographic, and spectral data as the input variables for four machine learning models (random forest (RF), decision tree (DT), support vector machine (SVM), and maximum likelihood classification (MLC)) on three vegetation classification units (vegetation group (I), vegetation type (II), and formation and subformation (III)) in Jing-Jin-Ji, one of China’s most developed regions. We used a total of 2,789 vegetation points for model training and 974 vegetation points for model assessment.

Results
Our results showed that the RF method was the best of the four models, as it could effectively simulate vegetation distribution in all three classification units. The DT method could only simulate vegetation distribution in units I and II, while the other two models could not simulate vegetation distribution in any of the units. Kappa coefficients indicated that the DT and RF methods had more accurate predictions for units I and II than for unit III. The three vegetation classification units were most affected by six variables: three climate variables (annual mean temperature, mean diurnal range, and annual precipitation), one geospatial variable (slope), and two spectral variables (Mid-infrared ratio of winter vegetation index and brightness index of summer vegetation index). Variables Combination 7, including annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, mean diurnal range and precipitation of driest month, produced the highest simulation accuracy.

Conclusions
We determined that the RF model was the most effective for simulating vegetation distribution in all classification units present in the Jing-Jin-Ji region. The RF model produced high accuracy vegetation distributions in classification units I and II, but relatively low accuracy in classification unit III. Four climate variables were sufficient for vegetation distribution simulation in such region.
Mycotoxins Content of Smoked Fishes Sampled on Market Stalls of Ngaoundere and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum basilicum against Mycotoxin Producing Strains
Authors: Nganou Nadege D. , Tchinda Eliane S. , Sokamte Alphonse T. , Ngoualem Franklin K. , Nodem Steve F. , Beumo Marcel T. N. , Tatsadjieu Leopold N. 
Published: September 2020

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sanitary quality of smoked fish by determining their mycotoxin content, and also the chemical composition, antifungal activity of Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum basilicum essential oils from Cameroon against some mycotoxigenic fungal strains responsible of the smoked fish biodegradation.
Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, National School of Agro-Industrial Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon, from August 2019 to April 2020.
Methodology: Fifteen samples of smoked fishes have been collected in August 2019 from “petit marché” market (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). Physico-chemical parameters of smoked fishes were evaluated. Mycotoxin (AFB1, CIT, and OTA) contents have been determined with HPLC. Isolation and identification of molds were done using their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, and the identity of the strains was done by PCR sequencing methods. For plants, 15 kg of Cymbopogon citratus leaves and 5 kg of Ocimum basilicum leaves have been harvested on 10 September 2019 in Ngaoundere and used for the essential oil’s extraction. Essential oil extraction has been done through hydrodistillation and the determination of its chemical composition done with GC/MS.
Results: Major part of samples contains at least one mycotoxin, in quantities which are beyond the safe dose. Eleven species of molds have been identified: Aspergillus spp., Penicillium citrinum, and Mucor hiemalis. Amongst the isolated species, those which can produce mycotoxins are: Penicillium citrinum, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus carbonarius, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium moniliforme. Geranial (42.4%), Neral (33.5%) and Myrcene (10.8%) are major compounds found in the essential oil of C. citratus while monoterpens (60.8%), Eugenol (30.7%), Linalol (29.4%) and 1,8-Cineol (14.3%) are the major compounds found in the essential oil of O. basilicum.
Conclusion: Essential oils of C. citratus and O. basilicum are efficient against isolated toxigenic species. C. citratus being more efficient than O. basilicum.
Awareness on Lead Poisoning among College Students
Authors: Shreejha M. V. , Priya V. Vishnu , Gayathri R. 
Published: September 2020

Lead is a highly toxic heavy metal. Chronic exposure to lead levels is responsible for significant health effects, particularly in children. Prevention remains the best option for reducing childhood lead exposure, however the knowledge, attitudes and practices to lead exposure is mainly in developing countries. The aim of this study is to create awareness on lead poisoning among college students. A questionnaire survey was conducted among college students through an online survey planet link. A total of 165 students have responded to the survey, a validated questionnaire consists of 20 questions distributed to assess their knowledge and awareness on lead poisoning among the college students. 67% of the participants were aware of lead poisoning and 33% not aware of it. 60% of the participants agreed that water contains lead. The responses have been taken and results were statistically analysed. Seminars and workshops may be conducted to create awareness on the risk factors of lead poisoning in the community.
Frequency of Gall Bladder Carcinoma among Patients of Cholelithiasis at Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Khan Mairaj Muhammad , Mohammed Agha Taj , Behan Rasool Bux , Yousif Sohail 
Published: September 2020

Objective: To determine the frequency of carcinoma of Gall Bladder in Hospitalized patients undergoing surgeries for cholelithiasis at tertiary care Hospital.
Study Setting: General surgery department of Muhammad Medical College Mirpurkhas.
Study Design: Descriptive.
Study Duration: From 2018 to 2019.
Methodology: All the patients of cholelithiasis diagnosed via trans-abdominal ultrasound, those who underwent cholecystectomies and either of gender were included. After surgeries, specimens immediately were sent to the Hospital diagnostic laboratory to evaluate the gall bladder carcinoma. The information obtained was noted on a pre-designed proforma.
Results: A total 200 patient of gall bladder stone disease were observed who underwent cholecystectomies. Average age was 53.8+5.62 years and male to female ratio was 1:2.5. Incidence of carcinoma of gall bladder was 4%, which was significantly associated to gall bladder mass, chronic calculus cholecystitis and porcelain gall bladder (p=0.001).
Conclusion: The incidence of the gall bladder cancer in the study population was 4% and its relationship with gall bladder diseases (chronic cholecystitis and porcelain) was found to be significant.
Study the Calibration of the High Dose Rate Brachytherapy Radioactive Source 60Co
Authors: Afroz Tania , Das Pretam K. , Chawdhury S. I. , Roy Shudeb K. 
Published: September 2020

Aim of this work is to calibrate the high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy source 60Co. The radioactive source calibration is a very important part of the quality assurance program for dosimetry of brachytherapy source. The goal of this project is the calibration of HDR Brachytherapy source in radiation therapy is the measurement of the air kerma rate which required actual dose to deliver. The source calibration is an essential part of the quality assurance program for dosimetry of brachytherapy source. This research will help the patient who is involving brachytherapy treatment. HDR brachytherapy source 60Co is inserted directly or in close to the tumor. Most commonly using method for calibration of HDR brachytherapy source 60CO is well type ionization chamber. Calibration of the radioactive source 60Co brachytherapy source is very important for the treatment of cancer patient. We have got the variation between RAKR from TPS and measured Air Kerma Rate of 60Co brachytherapy source are 3.2% and 3.04% and which give very good agreement with the Air Kerma Rate (RAKR) is 5% (from BEBIG protocol, Germany). So, our results were satisfied for brachytherapy treatment. From these results, it must be concluded that, 60Co brachytherapy source is suitable for brachytherapy cancer treatment. It is very difficult to calculate treatment deliver dose without calibrating AKR of HDR brachytherapy source. It is very important to verify the calculated Air Kerma Rate by TPS Air Kerma Rate.
Pasteurellaceae
Authors: Christensen Henrik , Kuhnert Peter , Busse Hans‐Jürgen , Blackall Pat , Bisgaard Magne , Nørskov‐Lauritsen Niels 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPas.teu.rel.la.ce'ae. N.L. fem. n.Pasteurellatype genus of the family;‐aceaesuffix to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.PasteurellaceaethePasteurellafamily.Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / PasteurellaceaeMembers of the familyPasteurellaceaeare Gram‐negative and nonmotile. They are negative for growth on Simmon's citrate agar, and negative tests are observed with mucate acid, malonate base, and growth in KCN. Nitrate is reduced without gas formation, and they are positive in alanine aminopeptidase. (+)‐D‐Glucose is metabolized or fermented in the Hugh and Leifson test with the exception ofNicoletella. Members ofPasteurellaceaeare negative in arginine dihydrolase and phenylalanine deaminase tests, and tests for hydrolysis of gelatin, Tween, and α‐mannosidase are also negative, and they do not produce acid frommeso‐erythritol, adonitol, (−)‐L‐xylose, (+)‐D‐fucose, (−)‐L‐sorbose, (+)‐D‐melezitose, (+)‐D‐turanose, and β‐N‐CH3‐glucosamine. The family forms a monophyletic group based on 16S rRNA gene and conserved protein sequence comparisons. The generaAggregatibacter, Avibacterium, Basfia, Bibersteinia, Bisgaardia, Caviibacterium, Chelonobacter, Conservatibacter, Cricetibacter, Frederiksenia, Gallibacterium, Glaesserella, Histophilus, Lonepinella, Mannheimia, Mesocricetibacter, Muribacter, Necropsobacter, Nicoletella, Otariodibacter, Phocoenobacter, Rodentibacter, Seminibacterium, Testudinibacter, Ursidibacter, Vespertiliibacter, andVolucribactercan be regarded as monophyletic or monotypic, whereas some species of the generaActinobacillus,Haemophilus, andPasteurellaare still polyphyletic with their type species. The major polar lipid profile consists of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The dominant fatty acids are C14:0, C16:0, C16:1ω7c, and C14:03‐OH/C16:1ISO‐I. Demethylmenaquinones, menaquinones, and ubiquinones with chain lengths of seven or/and eight may be produced. Members of the family have been found with the polyamines putrescine, diaminopropane, cadaverine, spermidine, tyramine, spermine, sym‐norspermidine, and sym‐ homospermidine. Members ofPasteurellaceaeare associated with animals and human beings as commensals, opportunistic pathogens, or as primary pathogens. Some have clinical importance, and the distribution seems global. The energy metabolism is chemoheterotrophic, and they are facultative anaerobic, microaerophilic, or aerobic.Type genus:PasteurellaTrevisan 1887AL(nom. cons. Opinion 13 1954) emend. Mutters et al. 1985bVP.DNA G + C content (mol%): 36–49.
Candidatus
Halobonum
Authors: Oren Aharon 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Ha.lo.bo'num. Gr. masc. n.
hals
,
halos
salt; L. masc. adj.
bonus
good; N.L. neut. n.
Halobonum
a good salt organism.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Halorubraceae /
Candidatus
Halobonum

The genus
Candidatus
Halobonum with a single proposed species
Candidatus
Halobonum tyrrellense corrig. consists of extremely halophilic members of the haloarchaeal family
Halorubraceae
most closely related to the genus
Halobaculum
. The only isolate known was obtained from hypersaline surface waters of Lake Tyrrell, Victoria, Australia. In spite of the fact that a pure culture was isolated,
Ca
. Halobonum and
Ca
. Halobonum tyrrellense were described as
Candidatus
taxa. No cultures are currently available.
Ca
. Halobonum tyrrellense strain G22 was isolated on medium containing 235 g/l salt and with glycerol as the sole carbon source. Few phenotypic properties were reported. The genome size was estimated at 3,675,087 bp, with a DNA G + C content of 70.1 mol%. A putative sensory rhodopsin and a high number of ABC transporters and carbon metabolism genes were identified in the draft genome. 16S rRNA gene sequences affiliated with
Ca
. Halobonum were recovered from a hypersaline, ephemeral playa at the White Sands National Monument, New Mexico, USA, and from Chinese salt lakes and salterns.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 70.1 (genome sequence).

Type species
:

Candidatus
Halobonum tyrrellense.
Intracoelomic- and Intramuscular-Injection Challenge Model of Piscine Streptococcosis in White Sturgeon Fingerlings
Authors: Nguyen Diem Thu , Marancik David , Soto Esteban 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Streptococcus iniae is a zoonotic pathogen and one of the major aetiologic agents of streptococcosis. In White Sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, S. iniae infection typically presents as a necrotizing and heterophilic myositis, causing 30–50% mortality in infected fish. To gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of streptococcosis in White Sturgeon, and to identify the experimental route of infection that most closely mimics the natural disease, fingerlings were challenged with a single dose of 1.3 × 108 cells/fish of S. iniae that was administered via intracoelomic/intraperitoneal (IC) or intramuscular (IM) routes. Acute mortalities were present only in the IM-challenged fish, with first mortality occurring 4 d postchallenge and the mortality rate reaching 18.3% after 9 d. The challenged fish presented erratic swimming, ulcerative skin lesions, and hemorrhages in the liver and swim bladder. Streptococcus iniae was recovered from the kidney and brain tissues of moribund and dead fish. Histopathologic analysis of fish that died acutely revealed massive proliferation of bacteria in the muscle at the injection site and within vascular organs such as the heart and spleen, with variable amounts of tissue necrosis including a necrotizing myositis. Fish that died closer to 9 d postchallenge demonstrated more pronounced multifocal to locally extensive granulomatous inflammation of skeletal muscle at the injection site, liver, kidney, and spleen. No mortality, clinical signs, or gross changes were observed in the control or IC-challenged fish. Postmortem evaluation of 10 survivors in each treatment was performed to determine carrier status in the brain and posterior kidney tissues. The prevalence of S. iniae in survivors was 10% and 0% in the IM- and IC-challenged groups, respectively. The results from this study suggest that IM-injection challenge methods are suitable for inducing streptococcosis in White Sturgeon, and they may be the preferred method for studying the pathogenesis of the naturally occurring disease in this species.
Asymptotic efficiency and probabilistic error bound for maximum likelihood‐based identification of finite impulse response systems with binary‐valued observations and unreliable communications
Authors: Guo Jin , Cheng Jing , Xue Wenchao , Zhao Yanlong 
Published: September 2020

SummaryThis article addresses the identification of finite impulse response systems with binary‐valued observations under packet losses and transmission errors. First, the maximum likelihood function of the available data sequence is derived, based on which the estimation algorithm for the unknown parameter vector is given. Then, by making full use of the statistical properties of communication uncertainty and system noise, the algorithm performance is established, including the strong convergence, the mean‐square convergence rate, and the asymptotic efficiency in terms of Cramér‐Rao low bound. Also the probabilistic upper bound and lower bound of the estimation error are presented. Finally, the validity and rationality of the results are verified by numerical simulation.
3D In Vitro Neuron on a Chip for Probing Calcium Mechanostimulation
Authors: Bobo Justin , Garg Akash , Venkatraman Prahatha , Puthenveedu Manoj , LeDuc Philip R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe evolution of tissue on a chip systems holds promise for mimicking the response of biological functionality of physiological systems. One important direction for tissue on a chip approaches are neuron‐based systems that could mimic neurological responses and lessen the need for in vivo experimentation. For neural research, more attention has been devoted recently to understanding mechanics due to issues in areas such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and pain, among others. To begin to address these areas, a 3D Nerve Integrated Tissue on a Chip (NITC) approach combined with a Mechanical Excitation Testbed (MET) System is developed to impose external mechanical stimulation toward more realistic physiological environments. PC12 cells differentiated with nerve growth factor, which were cultured in a controlled 3D scaffolds, are used. The cells are labeled in a 3D NITC system with Fluo‐4‐AM to examine their calcium response under mechanical stimulation synchronized with image capture. Understanding the neural responses to mechanical stimulation beyond 2D systems is very important for neurological studies and future personalized strategies. This work will have implications in a diversity of areas including tissue‐on‐a‐chip systems, biomaterials, and neuromechanics.