bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tem of Beo Aerosols: Materials Aspects of Method Development in Studying Chronic Beryllium Disease
Authors: Dickerson Robert M , Scripsick Ronald C , Day Gregory A , Stefaniak Aleksandr B , Peterson Eric J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The present work is a small portion of a multi-disciplinary science-based study of the physicochemical properties of respirable aerosols containing beryllium. The working hypothesis is that Chronic Beryllium Disease (CBD) is by controlled dissolution of Be particles in the lung. Recent studies have shown correlations between specific Be production processes and the development of Be sensitivity and CBD. in Beryllium Oxide (BeO) production, 9.8% of the workers develop a sensitivity to Be and 4.9% develop CBD. in vitro cellular dose-response relations have been observed for BeO particles.
This study involves a characterization of BeO materials sampled from the air stream around the production process at Brush Wellman Inc. (Elmore, OH) and laboratory-prepared BeO. One purpose of this work is to determine if lab-prepared material is a good surrogate for the process-generated aerosols for cellular dissolution studies. Both materials were size-separated into six fractions using a five-stage cyclone followed by a electrostatic precipitator (ESP).
Electron Beam Irradiation Induced Structural Modulation and Damage in GaN Nano Crystals
Authors: Sun HP , Li H , Li HD , Zou GT , Zhang Z , Pan XQ 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
GaN is a semiconductor material with promising applications in display and laser devices. GaNbased thin films have been grown by various methods and intensively investigated. Additionally, GaN nano particles have been prepared by various different methods. in this paper, we report our new finding of the structural modulation of GaN nano crystals induced by electron beam irradiation within a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The origin of the modulation structure is due to the ordering of N vacancies in the GaN nano crystals.
The GaN nano crystals were prepared by d.c arc plasma method. A Philips CM200 TEM with a field emission gun (FEG) operating at 200KV was used in this study. The GaN nano crystals normally show hexagonal shape (see Fig.la). Corresponding electron diffraction pattern along [0001] axis indicates the Wurtzite structure (see Fig. lb). It was unexpected that satellite reflections gradually appeared in the diffraction pattern after the GaN nano crystal had been exposed to the electron beam (see Fig.lc-d).
Characteristic Morphology and Its Properties of Melt-Crystallized Polyethylene Banded Spherulites on Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Park Jemyung , Eom Kyuyoung , Kwon Ohjun 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In spite of commercial importance of polyethylene(PE), morphologies of melt crystallized PE have been rarely studied. Although, it was possible to observe polyethylene microstructure, they were based on the observation performed almost exclusively on thin films which were obtained either by casting samples between glass plates, or by microtoming the materials with transmission electron microscope(TEM). Despite the usefulness of TEM for detailed investigation of the polyethylene, it is not suitable for the structure characterization of the bulk samples, for examples, the characterization of a thick testpiece and commercial products of polyethylene itself. For such bulk specimen or thick sample, scanning electron microscope (SEM) is more useful, if the appropriate and reliable sample preparation method is applied.
In this study, we introduce a chemical etching technique for the investigation of melt crystallized polyethylene microstructure by SEM. Especially in this work we studied the characteristic properties and shapes of polyethylene banded spherulite which come from the melt s.
Nucleation of Intragranular Accicular Ferrite in a Ti-Containing Low Carbon Steel of High N Content
Authors: Jin Hyoung-Ha , Shim Jae-Hyoek , Cho Young Whan , Oh Kyu Whan , Lee Hu-Chul 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Formation of acicular ferrite grains by dispersing non-metallic inclusions which can act as intragranular nucleation sites within austenite grain is proposed as a method to obtain refined grain structure in steels. The microstructure of acicular ferrite steel consists of fine interlocking ferrite plates nucleated on dispersed non-metallic inclusions. This acicular ferrite structure provides a desirable combination of high strength and good toughness because of its small plate thickness and interlocking microstruture. in Ti-containing low carbon steels, researchers proposed that Ti2O3 or MnS, among inclusions, is the most effective nucleant for intragranular ferrite because of the formation of Mn depleted zone(MDZ) around Ti2O3 or MnS particles. TiN is also reported as a nucleation site owing to the coherency between ferrite and TiN crystals. But It has not been a simple task to identify which inclusions and what mechanisms are really effective in the formation of intragranular acicular ferrite.
Local Halide Distributions in High-Speed Tabular Ag(Br,I) Emulsion Microcrystals by Cryo-FEG-AEM
Authors: Oleshko V , Crozier P , Garone L , Freedman J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The unique physical and chemical properties of AgX (X=C1, Br, I) emulsion microcrystals (optical, solid state, transport, chemical and spectral sensitizations and development) account for their use as basic light quanta detectors in practical photography for over 150 years. in spite of the advances made in other recording systems, especially in electronic imaging, contemporary AgX-based photographic materials are still superior in sensitivity and resolution. Although the replacement of AgX-based imaging systems by electronic imaging was already predicted 20 years ago, their current world manufacturing level is now larger than ever. However, in order to be successfully incorporated into digital and hybrid information technologies for the new Millennium, AgX-based photographic materials should further improve their quantum efficiency and image quality. in order to achieve these objectives, the key components should be intentionally modified with a focus primarily at the nanostructural level.
Is a TEM for “Real World” Application Available Presently?
Authors: Probst W , Benner G , Kabius B , Lang G , Hiller S , Seybold V , Zellmann E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Transmission electron microscopes have been built along with and guided by technological opportunities since the last five decades. Even though there are some “workhorse” type of microscopes, these instruments are still more or less built from the technological viewpoint and less from the viewpoint of ease of use in a wide range of applications. On the other hand, leading edge applications are the drivers for the development and the use of leading edge technology. The result then is a “race horse” which is of very limited benefit in “Real world”.
During the last decade computers have been integrated to build microscope systems. in most cases, however, computers still have to deal with obsolete electron optical ray path designs and thus, have to be used more to overcome the problems of imperfect optics and bad design of ray paths than to provide optimized “Real world” capabilities.
Scanning Microscopy of Wax Removal from Bioscoured Cotton Textiles
Authors: Boylston Eileen K , Ingber Bruce G , Lambert Allan H , Hruska Zuzana , Yachmenev Valeriy G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The cotton textile fiber is a field dried, single cellular, collapsed convoluted tube. It is covered with waxes, which are connected by ester linkages to pectins enmeshed in a basket weave structure of the cellulosic primary wall. Depending upon its variety, the mature cotton fiber contains between 0.5%and 1% wax by weight, and it is practically waterproof. The normal industrial method for cleaning cotton fabric involves three steps: de-sizing with amylase enzymes to remove starch sizing or boiling in an aqueous surfactant solution to remove polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sizing; scouring with caustic soda to remove waxes; and bleaching with hydrogen peroxide to obtain uniform whiteness. The effluent from this process is environmentally toxic, but the process is necessary to prepare fabric for dyeing, durable press finishing, etc. Current research is directed towards the investigation of environmentally friendly methods of removing cotton waxes.
Growth of Oxygen Precipitates in Low-Dose Low-Energy Simox
Authors: Jeoung Jun Sik , Johnson Benedict , Seraphin Suṗapan 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) is becoming a key technology for low power electronics due to substantially reduced power consumption of electronic components, and a capability of compact circuit design which are not readily achievable in bulk silicon technology [1]. Separation by IMplantation of OXygen (SIMOX) is the most promising technology for fabricating SOI material. The basic SIMOX process consists of implantation of oxygen into the single crystalline silicon wafer and the subsequent high temperature annealing. Oxygen implantation at low doses does not form a continuous buried oxide (BOX) layer but leads to an inhomogeneous distribution of the oxygen precipitates during implantation process. The formation and growth of oxygen precipitates in low-dose SIMOX depend strongly on the implantation conditions such as oxygen dose, implantation temperature, annealing temperature and ramping rate [2,3]. During the subsequent annealing, Ostwald ripening of the precipitates takes place and the larger precipitates grow at the expanse of small ones until they coalesce to the buried oxide layer.
Three Dimensional Mask Metrology by Off-Axis Electron Holography
Authors: Frost Bernhard , Joy David C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Even though all real objects are three dimensional, imaging and metrology performed by using electron-beam tools such as scanning electron microscopes is inherently two dimensional. Any information about the third dimension must therefore be obtained by inference, or by time consuming special methods such as stereo-photogrammetry. If, however, the structures of interest are thin enough to be electron transparent then quantitative three dimensional metrology can be performed directly by using off-axis transmission electron holography. Here we demonstrate the application to a SCALPEL lithography mask which consists of chromium lines on a silicon support film. The off-axis holography was performed in a field emission transmission electron microscope, a Hitachi HF2000 operated at 200keV. The sample is positioned so that half the beam passes through the specimen while the rest travels only through the vacuum. An electrostatic biprism then recombines these two components to form the hologram which is recorded onto a CCD camera.
Overexpression of RHO Inhibitor and PAK as Possible Treatments For Restoring Sharp Features in Cancer Cells
Authors: C. A. Heckman , J. M. Urban , T. S. Wales , M. L. Cayer , J. A. Barnes , V. Sverdlov , C. Hall , R. Kozma , L. Lim 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The mechanism of action of the tumor promoter, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), depends on its ability to substitute for an endogenous second messenger, diacylglycerol, and thereby activate certain members of an enzyme family known as protein kinase C. Previous work from this laboratory showed that the quantitative shape phenotype of cells treated with PMA resembled the phenotype of bona fidecancer cells. The effect of PMA on this phenotype was transient, and was restricted to a period of two- to five-hours after exposure to PMA. When the shape phenotype was dissected into components by relating different variable's values to shape features, several of the altered values appeared to rely upon a declining number of sharp features, such as filopodia and microspikes, at the cell edge.
Filopodia and microspikes are in turn regulated by a GTPase of the Rho family, Cdc42, which modulates actin architecture.
Autofluorescence and Apoptosis in Flow Cytometry: Correlative Methods for Fluorescence and Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Smith R W 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Flow cytometry offers several advantages in evaluating cellular fluorescence and separating values from chemical probes or transfected fluorescent proteins from autofluorescence. Autofluorescence can introduce artificial values that cannot be separated by examination of the fluorescence histogram. Often a comparison of fluorescence in two detectors can separate autofluorescence from positive fluorescence. A region can be defined around the cells of interest for further statistical evaluation or for subsequent sorting.
Autofluorescence is also correlated with apoptosis in that apoptotic cells often increase autofluorescence values. A clear separation of living cells from dying cells can be achieved by the introduction of a DNA stain, such as 7AAD, which will penetrate cells with disrupted or damaged cellular membranes. Intact living cells will not show the 7AAD fluorescence.
This separation is important in transfected fluorescent protein studies, as the transfection process is often toxic to cells.
Non-Invasive Imaging Technologies in Drug Safety Evaluation: Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Rats to Assess Theophyline-Induced Testes Toxicity
Authors: Tengowski MW , Hedlund LW , Guyot DJ , Burkhardt JE , Johnson GA 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Non-invasive imaging technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging are commonly used in clinical practice. in an experimental setting, it is possible to decrease field of view and pixel size, thereby increase image resolution. We tested this magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) technique in a theopln lline-induced rat model of reproductive toxicity. The goal of this work was to study the sensitivity of MRM to detect or predict changes in tissue proton (i.e. water) characteristics, and confirm those findings with histology.
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a control or theophylline (1.3-dimethylxanthine. 8000 ppm) diet. Experimental groups of days 8. 16. 24. and 32 animals were imaged with MRM (Figure 1) and tissue morphology confirmed with histology (Figure 2).
Tl-weighted images (with and without gadolinium-DTPA contrast. Magnevist®) and T2-weighted images were acquired at 2 T (spin-echo multislice images. 100 μm2 pixel. 300 μm slice thickness).
Distribution of Low-Density Lipoprotein in the Aortic Intima of Hyperglycemic Rats
Authors: Lee S H , Kao C H , Yang V C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia is a common feature of all forms of diabetes mellitus and may contribute greatly to the increase in the incidence of atherosclerosis. It has been demonstrated that increasing arterial permeability to the macromolecules can cause low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) to infiltrate and accumulate in the intima. This event is crucial for developing the plaques in the arterial wall. in this study, we use Evans blue to study the permeability of arterial endothelium in the streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic rats. We also use colloidal gold-labeled LDL to investigate in situ the distribution of LDL in the aortic intima of hyperglycemic rats.
The hyperglycemia was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats (7 weeks) by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg). The blood glucose concentration and hemoglobin glycation were measured once in every week. The uptake of drinking water is monitored in the regular time interval. After 3 months into the experiment, ten hyperglycemic and control rats were anesthetized.
Accuracy and Precision f Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM)
Authors: Carlton Robert A , Lyman Charles E , Roberts James E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper presents the results of studies concerning the accuracy and precision of x-ray microanalysis (EDS) in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The ESEM is distinguished by its use-of gas in the microscope specimen chamber for imaging and for charge neutralization. Previous work on EDS-ESEM has concentrated either on qualitative x-ray microanalysis or on correction methods to the enlarged x-ray spatial resolution due to the electron skirt. Recent work shows that quantitative analysis is possible once charge neutralization can be accomplished in practice.
Accuracy and precision were evaluated in the work presented here using NIST SRM 482 (goldcopper alloys) and NIST SRM K411 (glass beads). The gold-copper alloy wires were prepared by mounting them in epoxy mounts and polishing to a metallurgical finish. The glass spheres were prepared by sprinkling a small amount of the sample onto double-sided carbon tape mounted onto an aluminum SEM stub.
X-Ray Microanalysis with Penelope
Authors: Salvat F , Sorbier L , Llovet X , Acosta E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Monte Carlo simulation is a suitable tool for the numerical generation of x-ray spectra by electron beams and, more specifically, for the quantification in electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). in this communication we describe the application of the general-purpose code PENELOPE to EPMA. This code simulates electron-photon showers in complex material structures consisting of homogeneous regions of arbitrary composition limited by quadric surfaces. It is devised to cover a wide energy range (from ∼500 eV to about 1 GeV). The interaction models implemented in PENELOPE are based on the most reliable information available. They combine results from first principles calculations (this is the case, e.g., for electron elastic scattering, photon Compton scattering), semiempirical models (in electron inelastic scattering) and information from evaluated data bases. to facilitate the random sampling, the cross sections of various interaction mechanisms are described through analytical expressions, which are adjusted to yield accurate values of relevant transport properties (mass attenuation coefficients, transport mean free paths, stopping powers,... ).
Evaluation of Corrections for X-Ray Microanalysis in the ESEM
Authors: Carlton Robert A , Lyman Charles E , Roberts James E , Gauvin Raynald 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A number of methods have been proposed to correct for the electron beam scattering effects on xray microanalysis in the environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). This paper presents an evaluation of two of these methods. The Doehne method is based on the observation that x-ray counts due to the unscattered electron beam increase with decreasing chamber pressure whereas the inverse is true for x-ray counts due to scattered electrons. The x-ray count intercept, at zero pressure, of the regression lines relating x-ray counts to chamber vapor pressure is an estimate of the high-vacuum intensity. The Gauvin method is based on the relationship between x-ray counts and the fraction of the electron beam that is unscattered, fp.The fraction of the unscattered beam is calculated using an equation derived from scattering theory and uses the accelerating voltage, the gas path length, and the chamber vapor pressure.
Using a Polycapillary Optic as a Spatial Filter to Improve Micro Xray Analysis in Low-Vacuum and Environmental SEM Systems
Authors: Gao Ning , Rohdeb David 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
An inevitable consequence of the presence of the gas in the sample chamber of a low-vacuum scanning electron microscope (LV-SEM) and environmental SEM (ESEM) is the electron beam broadening due to the scattering in the gas. The electron broadening has a large impact on x-ray analysis because the fluorescent characteristic x rays generated far from the center of the electron probe form a high background, which reduces the detection sensitivity of x-ray analysis and degrades the x-ray image contrast. We report in this paper of using a polycapillary focusing x-ray optic between the sample and the energy-dispersive spectrometer as a spatial filter to filter out unwanted x-rays generated far from the specimen. As a result, the x-ray image contrast and the detection sensitivity of the system were notably improved.
A polycapillary focusing optic collects a large solid angle of x rays from an x-ray source of small area at its input focus, guide them through the curved channels by multiple external total reflections, and focus them to the output focus.
Diagnostics for Assessing Spectral Quality for X-Ray Microanalysis in Low Voltage and Variable Pressure Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Newbury Dale E 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
There is increasing interest in performing x-ray microanalysis of uncoated insulators while operating in unconventional SEM operating modes such as “low voltage” scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM), where the accelerating voltage is ≤ 5 kV and the pressure is low (&lt;10-4 Pa), or variable pressure environmental SEM (VP-ESEM), where a selected gas is maintained at pressures in the range of 1 Pa -1000 Pa. LVSEM and VP-ESEM as microscopy techniques have proven to be extremely successful for imaging uncoated insulators through various charge dissipation mechanisms that are not available under conventional SEM operating conditions (accelerating voltage ≥ 10 kV and pressure &lt; 10-3 Pa). in LVSEM, surface charging of insulators can often be controlled by careful choice of the accelerating voltage, sample tilt, and scan rate, while in VP-ESEM the charged species in the relatively dense gas (ions, secondary electrons) form a self-neutralizing plasma to provide an additional route for discharging the specimen.
Automated Analysis of X-Ray Spectrum Images from the SEM: A Practical New Tool for Microanalysis
Authors: Kotula P G , Keenan M R 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It is a conundrum that faces microanalysts every day: how do you comprehensively survey the chemistry of a microstructure in a reasonable time? Traditional solutions in the SEM would include taking an image and then collecting x-ray spectra from a series of points. This method relies heavily on the operator’s ability to identify chemically distinct regions. in addition, for a complex microstructure, this could take a considerable amount of time to do correctly. On the positive side, if care is taken, these ‘point spectra’ can be readily quantified. An alternative method that has been used widely is x-ray mapping, where a window of intensity in the spectra is integrated and displayed as an image. This has the advantage that qualitative elemental distributions from an area of a microstructure can be visualized. The disadvantages are that maps are generally not quantitative, can be susceptible to artifacts, and rely on fore knowledge of the elements to map.
Electron Microprobe Mapping as a Tool in Ilmenite Characterisation
Authors: MacRae Colin , Wilson Nick , Pownceby Mark 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The demand for accurate mineralogical data is increasing rapidly as exploration methods, prospect evaluation procedures and metallurgical optimisation studies become more sophisticated. in response to these needs, semi-automated and automated image processing systems which detect minerals using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy or electron microprobe microanalysis (EPMA) are becoming increasingly important tools in the exploration, mining and mineral processing industries. CSIRO Minerals has developed an EPMA based imaging (or mapping) method for characterising ilmenite concentrates. The method uses a JEOL 8900R EPMA to collect elemental x-ray maps which are then processed using in-house developed software, Chimage. The mapping procedure differs from traditional automated identification systems in that no detailed a priori knowledge of the mineral phases is required. in addition, Chimage software enables complete processing and interpretation of the data set off-line. Elemental data can be displayed in either scatter or ternary diagrams showing clusters which allow mineral phases to be identified.