bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Missile Deployment: Nucleophilic Substitution
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The equivalent of a heat-seeking missile in chemistry is a ‘nucleophile’, a lover of nuclei. The ‘missile’ in this case is a special sort of molecule which sniffs out not heat but positive electric charge, the charge of a nucleus glinting through depleted regions of electron cloud in a target molecule. A candidate for such a missile is a negatively charged ion, which can be attracted to the partially exposed positive charge of a nucleus in the target. With nucleus-sniffing in mind, you can perhaps appreciate that if it is possible to blow away some of the electron cloud from the region of a particular C atom in the target molecule, then the nucleophile will home in on that atom and perhaps attach to it. By management of the electron clouds and adroit choice of the incoming missile, therefore, it is possible to build where and what we want. You shouldn’t lose sight of the fact that the ‘missile’ doesn’t just fly through the air and smash into a molecule: it jostles past the solvent molecules, which move aside or sometimes block it and turn it back. When thinking about the reactions in this section, think of the target atom in a molecule as glowing with positive charge and the incoming missile, the reagent, as having an abundance of negative charge spread over at least one of its atoms. The target and missile are drawn together through the solvent, and might snap together, in a manner I shall describe, once they are close to one another. A missile’s successful hunt for a target might then result in reaction and the formation of a new compound. How are the target prepared and the missile launched? One procedure is to go the whole electrical hog and prepare a molecule with a full positive charge on the C atom that has been chosen to be the foundation of the new construction, the proposed site of reaction. The whole hog can be achieved by snipping out an atom that initially is attached to the C atom.
Taking Away: Elimination
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The hot spots of molecules that I have identified as double bonds (two shared pairs of electrons lying between the same two carbon atoms) and their triple bond cousins are often desirable entities. They are desirable either in their own right or because they can be used in the course of the construction of an elaborate molecule. For instance, a double bond can make the molecule stiffer and resistant to twisting. In Reaction 28 you will see that one particular natural product, quinine, must have a double bond in a particular position for it to be able to function—Nature is very particular about the shape of a molecule that she uses—and the drug’s synthesizers had to find a way to introduce it. How, though, can a double bond be introduced into a molecule that begins life with only single bonds? One approach is ‘elimination’, the expulsion of groups of atoms on neighbouring carbon atoms, leaving those two atoms free to form a second or even third bond to each other. One approach is to pull an H atom (as a proton) or some other group of atoms off one C atom, and then hope that the ensuing convulsions of the electron cloud will result in its accumulation to form a double bond between that C atom and its neighbour. There are two common approaches, one involving an acid and the other a base. Let’s watch what happens when sulfuric acid, 1, is added to 2. The acid, a proton donor, generates H3O+ ions in the usual way by transferring a proton to a neighbouring water molecule and leaving behind an HSO4– ion, and we see one of these ions sidle up to the target molecule. A proton hops across onto the O atom from the H3O+ ion, so forming a positively charged –OH2+ group. There is an immediate convulsion of the electron cloud, and that group escapes as an H2O molecule, leaving behind a positively charged ion with the positive charge mostly localised on the C atom. This ion is unstable but survives briefly.
Seeing the Light: Vision
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Now for that extraordinary and wonderful sense, vision. A lot of physics and physiology goes on between the object observed and the focus of its image on the retina of the eye, but the interface of the image with the brain is photochemical. About 57 per cent of the photons that enter the eye reach the retina; the rest are scattered or absorbed by the ocular fluid, the fluid that fills the eye and helps to maintain its shape. You need to know that the ‘rods’ and ‘cones’, the physical receptors distributed over the retina, contain a molecule called retinal, 1, which is anchored to a protein, opsin, to give the aggregate known as rhodopsin. Here the primary act of vision takes place, in which that rhodopsin absorbs a photon. Rhodopsin is the primary receptor for light throughout the animal kingdom, which indicates that vision emerged very early in evolutionary history, no doubt because of its enormous value for survival. Incidentally, a retinal molecule resembles half a carotene molecule, one of the molecules that contribute to the colour of carrots, which is why there is an at least apocryphal connection between eating carrots and improving one’s vision. Let’s stand almost literally eye-to-eye and watch what happens when a retinal molecule in your eye absorbs a photon that might have bounced off this page as you read it. I have indicated the shape of the opsin molecule by ribbons which show in a general way where its numerous atoms lie. The photon passes through your pupil, negotiates the ocular fluid, and plunges into the retinal hotspot of rhodopsin. We see it stir up the electron cloud of the long chain of carbon atoms in the tail of the retinal molecule. That stirring briefly loosens the double bond character of the links between the atoms, and the molecule snaps into a new shape with the carbon tail now straight. The storm in the electron cloud subsides and all the bonds are restored, but now the retinal molecule is trapped in its new shape.
Understanding Asthma
Authors: Pearce Linda , Prigmore Samantha 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide nurses with the knowledge to be able to assess, manage, and care for people with asthma in an evidence-based and person-centred way. The chapter will provide a comprehensive overview of the causes, risk factors, and impact of asthma, before exploring best practice to deliver care, as well as to prevent or minimize further ill-health. Nursing assessments and priorities are highlighted throughout, and the nursing management of the symptoms and common health problems associated with asthma can be found in Chapters 15 and 22, respectively. In the absence of a standardized definition of asthma, it is accurately described as:…Airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness characterised by widespread reversible narrowing of the airways, which varies either spontaneously or in response to treatment. (British Thoracic Society/Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network, 2009)…The clinician diagnosis of asthma is based on symptoms, patient history, lung function testing (including peak expiratory flow rate diary), and the demonstration of an efficacious response to a trial of inhaled therapy. An estimated 5.4 million people in the UK are receiving treatment for asthma (Lung and Asthma Information Agency, 2006). In 2006–07, there were 67,077 hospital admissions for asthma in England, over 40% of which were for children under the age of 15 (Asthma UK, 2010). Asthma is estimated to cost the NHS £1 billion per year. With one in five households affected, asthma accounts for at least 12.7 million workdays lost each year (Asthma UK, 2005). In 2008, there were 1,071 deaths in England and Wales due to asthma (Office for National Statistics, 2009). Atopy is a genetically based condition in which individuals have a tendency to hypersensitivity in their reaction to allergens and other triggers. The reaction is usually immediate and localized, and manifests in diseases such as asthma, hay fever, and contact dermatitis. Genetic studies (Holloway et al., 2010) investigating atopy and asthma have shown linkages to many chromosomal locations indicating genetic heterogeneity (having different characteristics and qualities). There is genetic control over the ability to produce significant quantities of immunoglobulin E (IgE), a blood plasma protein that activates allergic reactions by acting as an antibody, when exposed to environmental allergens.
Britain and Ireland
Authors: Murray Alex 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
British decadence has long been identified with London, the home of theaters and publishing houses. Most decadent writers lived and worked in the city, setting many of the great works of British decadence in its streets and squares. Yet decadence, as a literary style and a cultural concept, reached all parts of the United Kingdom, and in the process changed the nature of this literary tradition. Moving from Cornwall and Wales to the north of Ireland and Scotland, this essay charts a British decadence with close ties to the Celtic Revival, one that embraces nature and that looks to a future beyond the autumn of decline. From writers vacationing in the west of Britain, to the Ulster literary revival, to the embrace of natural cycles as an antidote to metropolitan ennui in Scotland, the writing examined here demonstrates the variety of forms that British decadence could take.
The Political Economy of Peaceful Change
Authors: Skålnes Lars S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of economic interdependence and economic statecraft in promoting peaceful change. The rise of China and other emerging powers has rekindled interest among policy makers and scholars alike in the role foreign economic policies can play as strategic instruments. Trade wars, the emerging discipline of geoeconomics, and the new interdependence approach are examples of the increased attention being paid to asymmetric interdependence and economic discrimination. The use of such instruments, however, takes place in a globalized economy that is still characterized by high levels of economic interdependence. Several aspects of the modern globalized economy tend to promote an open world economy, higher trade, and peaceful relations such as intra-industry trade and globalized value chains. Preferential trade agreements and particularly regional trade agreements have more ambiguous effects, as they tend to be discriminatory and as such have the potential to increase international tension.
Indonesia’s ContributionS to Peaceful Change in International Affairs
Authors: Anwar Dewi Fortuna 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Transforming its foreign policy from confrontation to cooperation with its closest neighbors in 1967, and in 1998 carrying out a peaceful transition from authoritarian rule to democracy, Indonesia has made significant contributions to peaceful change in Southeast Asia. The regime change, from Sukarno’s “Guided Democracy,” which had carried out Konfrontasi or confrontation against Malaysia, to the military-dominated “New Order” government under Suharto, was far from peaceful, marked by one of the worst massacres in Indonesia’s history. Nevertheless, the New Order government imposed order and stability and greatly improved the socioeconomic welfare of the Indonesian people, transforming the country from a fragile state to one of the economic miracles in Asia, until the onset of the Asian financial crisis in 1997. Suharto’s focus on internal stability and economic development led to Indonesia becoming a founder and leader of Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) regional cooperation. Both Indonesia’s internal stability and its commitment to ASEAN as the cornerstone of its foreign policy have helped transform Southeast Asia from a highly divided and unstable region to one that is becoming a security community. The collapse of the New Order government amid the Asian financial crisis has ushered in a new era of democracy in Indonesia, with a commitment to resolving internal conflicts through peaceful means as well as a continuing determination to maintain a peaceful regional order. This chapter looks at the nexus between Indonesian domestic politics and foreign policy and its contributions to peaceful change.
Origins and Evolution of the North American Stable Peace
Authors: Haglund David G. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Interstate relations among the North American countries have been irenic for so long that the continent is often assumed to have little if anything to contribute to scholarly debates on peaceful change. In good measure, this can be attributed to the way in which discussions of peaceful change often become intertwined with a different kind of inquiry among international relations scholars, one focused upon the origins and denotative characteristics of “pluralistic security communities.” Given that it is generally (though not necessarily accurately) considered that such security communities first arose in Western Europe, it is not difficult to understand why the North American regional-security story so regularly takes an analytical back seat to what is considered to be the far more interesting European one. This article challenges the idea that there is little to learn from the North American experience, inter alia by stressing three leading theoretical clusters within which can be situated the scholarly corpus of works attempting to assess the causes of peaceful change on the continent. Although the primary focus is on the Canada–US relationship, the article includes a brief discussion of where Mexico might be said to fit in the regional-security order.
Temporal Focus
Authors: Shipp Abbie J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Temporal focus is the individual tendency to characteristically think more or less about the past, present, and future. Although originally rooted in early work from psychology, research on temporal focus has been steadily growing in a number of research areas, particularly since Zimbardo and Boyd’s (1999) influential article on the topic. This chapter will review temporal focus research from the past to the present, including how temporal focus has been conceptualized and measured, and which correlates and outcomes have been tested in terms of well-being and behavior. Based on this review, an agenda for research is created to direct temporal focus research in the future.
The Deuteronomistic History as Literature of Trauma
Authors: Janzen David 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe study of trauma in early twentieth-century psychoanalysis concluded that trauma survivors have been overwhelmed by traumatic events and so are unable to experience them and form memories of them, and thus unable to know the trauma. Trauma is thus relived rather than remembered, repetitively and uncontrollably forcing itself into victims’ lives through literal dreams of the events, flashbacks, and so on, appearing to the survivor as a foreign body that stands outside of the self. The study of trauma within the field of literary criticism developed out of psychoanalytical conclusions about it, and points out that literature of trauma reflects these psychological effects. In such literature, then, we find trauma continually repeating and, since it cannot be known, refusing to be controlled by narrative explanation. Trauma, in short, is anti-narrative. The study of trauma within sociology, however, is based on an understanding of trauma as something created by a society in order to explain past events and solidify social bonds. A sociological reading of trauma in the Deuteronomistic History (Dtr) focuses on the ways in which Dtr’s narrative makes the exiles’ traumatic experience of defeat and exile understandable and meaningful. This kind of explanation, however, has no real interest in healing the exiles’ psychological wounds. A literary reading of trauma in Dtr reveals trauma to be present in absences of explanation, deconstructing Dtr’s narrative certainty. It appears as intrusions into Dtr’s totalizing narrative, intrusions that put the writing’s explanatory certainties of divine justice on trial while refusing to provide a verdict.
Reading the Historical Books as Part of the Primary History
Authors: Briggs Richard S. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The tendency of biblical scholarship to focus on details and short passages has obscured ways in which the Historical Books are cast into interesting relationship with the Pentateuch when considered as part of one over-arching “primary history.” Following the work of David Noel Freedman and others, this article explores the hermeneutical impact of a “primary history” reading, which has similarities and differences with seeing the books as part of a Deuteronomistic history. Two case studies of intertextual readings in the primary history are offered to illustrate the implications of such a framing: one concerning kingship and the links between Deut. 17:14–20 and Solomon; the other exploring the vastly differing profiles of priesthood in the Pentateuch and the Historical Books. A concluding discussion of themes in the primary history, following David Clines, considers matters such as earth/land; “original sin”; and promise/obedience.
Deborah in Reception History
Authors: Schroeder Joy A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Judges 4–5 features the protagonist Deborah, a prophet, judge, war leader, singer, and “mother in Israel” (Judg. 5:7.) Interpreters treated Deborah in literary, musical, and artistic works found in a variety of genres and venues: rabbinic texts, letters, sermons, prayers, polemical treatises, church instructions, scholastic treatises, commentaries, novels, paintings, and oratorios. In Jewish and Christian reception of Deborah’s story, gender concerns are prominent. The same themes recur through the centuries: the meaning of Deborah’s name (“bee”) and designation (“wife of Lappidoth” or “woman of torches”); spiritual equality of male and female; the appropriateness of educating women; questions about women’s civil, religious, and military leadership; domesticity; maternity; and proper female deportment. Some interpreters presented Deborah as a model of a submissive wife and tender mother in order to reinforce gender norms; others criticized her for being outspoken. Women frequently used Deborah as biblical warrant for female education, preaching, rabbinic ministry, political leadership, and publishing activity. Those who sought biblical precedent for women’s expanded roles in society, politics, and religious communities found Deborah’s story to be a powerful source of personal inspiration and a compelling scriptural justification for institutional change.
The So-called Deuteronomistic History and Its Theories of Composition
Authors: Römer Thomas 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe idea of the Deuteronomistic History was invented by Martin Noth during the Second World War in order to explain the presence and the aim of deuteronomistic texts in the books of Deuteronomy to Kings. He came to the conclusion that the Deuteronomist (who was at the same time author and redactor) wrote his history shortly after 586 bce in order to explain the reasons for the fall of Jerusalem and the Babylonian Exile. In North America, Cross transformed Noth’s theory by pointing out that many deuteronomistic texts should be understood as reflecting the reign of King Josiah. The first edition of the Deuteronomistic History became in the view of Cross and his numerous followers a propaganda work for the reign of Josiah. In Europe, Rudolf Smend and his students set up a theory of three exilic and postexilic layers of the Deuteronomistic History, whereas in the last decades many other scholars reject the theory of a Deuteronomistic History. This article will try to show that the best approach to Noth’s theory is to combine the models of Cross and Smend. Instead of a Deuteronomistic History, one should better speak of a “Deuteronomistic library” which was compiled in three stages in the seventh century bce, during the Babylonian exile, and in the first decades of the Persian period.
Early Israel’s Origins, Settlement, and Ethnogenesis
Authors: Killebrew Ann E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe search for biblical Israel in the textual and archaeological record has been a focus of scholarly research for over a century. Using as their starting point the books of Exodus, Joshua, and Judges, Albright’s unified conquest and Alt’s peaceful infiltration models emphasize the external, or foreign, origin of Israel as presented in the biblical narrative. More recent suggestions highlight the indigenous nature and role of Late Bronze Age Canaan in Israel’s emergence. These approaches, including the social revolution, pastoral Canaanite, and mixed multitude models, enlist, to varying degrees, biblical and Egyptian sources (principally the Merneptah Stela), archaeological evidence, and a variety of sociological, anthropological, environmental, and other approaches to reconstruct the complex process of early Israel’s ethnogenesis.
1 Esdras: Structure, Composition, and Significance
Authors: de Troyer Kristin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article surveys the scholarship on the relation between the book of 1 Esdras and its canonical sister, Ezra-Nehemiah. The survey deals with questions about the origin and function of the story of the three youths/bodyguards, the language of 1 Esdras, and the value of 1 Esdras as a historical document and/or a rewritten text. The article argues that 1 Esdras is a rewritten text, based on the Hebrew-Aramaic texts found in 2 Chronicles 35–36, Ezra-Nehemiah, and 2 Kings 22–23. The author not only composed the story using the aforementioned sources, but also reorganized source material and inserted new material into the story. That rewritten story was the basis for the Greek translator who translated the now lost Hebrew-Aramaic Vorlage into Greek.
Israelite State Formation and Early Monarchy in History and Biblical Historiography
Authors: Dietrich Walter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Six biblical books deal with the early monarchy in Israel. All of them show a mixture of fact and fiction. Most fictitious is the description in Chronicles, written about seven hundred years post festum. Judges is partly anti-monarchic and partly pro-monarchic, reflecting divergent positions within the deuteronomistic movement. Samuel contains the most factual presentation, but not without fictional elements. The most influential literary stratum in Samuel stems from a “court narrator” near the end of the eighth century bce. This narrator combined and enriched several older sources resulting in a multiperspectival picture of the early kingdom. The portrait of Solomon in 1 Kings fluctuates between admiration and critique. As for the actual history of the tenth century bce, portions of Samuel and Kings contain reliable information that can be used through critical analysis. The role of Saul may have been more important than depicted in the texts, and the rise of David less marvelous, his reign less glorious, and his realm less expansive. These observations are applicable to Solomon, as well. Nonetheless, these three kings laid the foundation for a period of nearly half a millennium of Israelite and Judahite statehood that was formative for the people and for the world of the Bible.
Samson in Reception History
Authors: Murphy Kelly J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As one of the most famous figures from the Historical Books of the Hebrew Bible, rivaled perhaps only by King David, the reception histories of Samson and the women of Judges 13–16 are extensive. The major events in the narrative found in Judges 13–16 involve not only Samson but also the women of the story: an unnamed mother, an unnamed Philistine wife, an unnamed prostitute, and, perhaps most illustrious of all, the named Delilah. This essay briefly outlines some of the major questions and concerns voiced by the many later readers and interpreters of Samson, revealing how the story of Samson, both in and outside the biblical text, is also a story about the women who appear in this account.