bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding Compartmentalization of Deepwater Reservoirs
Authors: Shoup Robert Charles , Jong John , Barker Steven M. , Khamis Mohd Asraf 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective/Scope
The high cost of deepwater developments and the limited reach from offshore platforms requires operators to have a good understanding of the expected reservoir compartmentalization in the field before the first well is drilled. Deepwater reservoirs can be compartmentalized both structurally and stratigraphically. This paper will briefly address the structural compartmentalization and discuss the stratigraphic baffling that occurs in deepwater depositional settings.

Methods, Procedures, Process
The distribution of reservoir facies within deepwater depositional settings is well-understood from outcrop studies, seismic facies mapping, and exploration and development drilling. This understanding can be used to predict where stratigraphic compartmentalization is likely to occur.

Results Observations and Conclusions
Channel levee complexes and crevasse splays are deposited principally on the slope. Deposits are typically characteristic of a meandering river. Fluid flow in channel levee complexes occurs principally along the channel thalweg. Small-scale slumps within the channel levee complex may baffle flow from the levee into the channel thalweg. Crevasse splays are deposited when there has been a breach in the levee. The reservoir distribution in a crevasse splay deposit is characteristic of a river-dominated delta. Fluid flow in a crevasse splay will be generally toward the channel breach.
Submarine fans are deposited in structurally restricted basins on the slope or on the basin floor. Interbedded shales baffle vertical fluid flow, with lower or distal lobe deposits more vertically baffled than upper lobe deposits. Lateral baffling of fluid flow in lower fan deposits is generally caused by small faults. In the middle to upper fan lateral erosional channels as well as small faults can baffle lateral fluid flow.
Gorges or canyons are incisional events. They can occur anywhere on the system but are more common and more deeply incised in the upper fan and slope. The reservoir facies that fill the gorge are typically sand-prone, with sand more prevalent in the lower gorge-fill.
Debris flows and slumps can occur anywhere in the system. Since reservoir connectivity within the debris flow is minimal, these should not be targeted for development.
Credit rationing by deposit money banks and implication on agricultural output in Nigeria
Authors: Egwu P.N. , Nnabu Bernard E , Mbam B.N. , Nwibo S.U. 
Published: November 2020

The study examined the effects of credit rationing by deposit money banks on the performance of agriculture in Nigeria using secondary data between 1981 and 2016 obtained from the CBN Statistical bulletin. The study applied both Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root test to determine the order of integration of each variable, Johansen cointegration and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) were employed to determine if there is a long run, the short-run relationship between credit rationing and agricultural output. The result showed that all the variables were integrated of order one. The results revealed that credit rationed for fishery has a short-run significant impact on agricultural output while credit rationed for cash crops, food crops, and livestock do not have a significant short-run impact on agricultural output. The findings further revealed that credit rationed for cash crops and livestock farming significantly decline agricultural output to the tune of 26.48% and 75.87% in the long run while credit rationed for food crops and fishery significantly result in 43.52% and 41.89% rise in agricultural output in the long run. Therefore, the study recommends the establishment of special financial institutional to give unconditional loans to farmers, raise credit rationing for food crop production above the current ceiling, and emphasis should be on exchange rate liberalization policy that will shift consumption from imported agricultural produce to local agricultural produce. These measures will promote farmers’ access to funding which will invariably translate to a rise in agricultural output.
Keywords: Credit, Rationing, Money Deposit Bank, Agriculture, Output, Nigeria
Ecology and population dynamics of silver catfish, <I>Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus</I> (Siluriformes: Claroteidae), of the Cross River, Nigeria
Authors: Ama-Abasi Daniel , Uyoh Edak Aniedi 
Published: November 2020

Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus forms the most commercially important freshwater single species fishery in the Cross River, Nigeria. Studies were conducted on the dynamics of the exploited population of the species and the influence of rainfall on its catch rate. The objectives were to assess the level of exploitation and impacts of rainfall on its catch rate. A time series of length frequency and meteorological parameters was conducted. Length frequency data were analyzed using FiSAT software to estimate population parameters. The asymptotic length, Lı was 105 cm, growth constant (K) was 0.68 year-1, total mortality (Z) was 2.48 year-1, Natural mortality (M) was 0.99 year-1 and fishing mortality (F) was 1.49 year-1. The exploitation rate was 0.60 year-1, indicating overfishing. Natural mortality accounted 40% of the total mortality, presenting a worrisome trend in the fishery. There was a correlation between rainfall and catch rate, which increased at the onset of rains but decreased at the peak of the rains due to increased depth of the river. For management purposes, it is recommended that the fishing effort should be reduced by the regulation of the number of boat-days; for conservation, domestication of the species should be adopted as an adaptation to climatic influence.
Keywords: Freshwater Catfish, Fishing Mortality, Exploitation Rate, Overfishing, Rainfall Impact, Niger Delta.
Engaging media advocacy on self-littering of the environment in Nigeria
Authors: Akpoghiran Idamah Patrick 
Published: November 2020

Self-littering of the environment has become habit among many Nigerians. People on daily basis littered the environment with all kinds of wastes, and this has affected the aesthetic beauty of the environment.. The study examines media advocacy on self-littering of the environment. The mainobjective of the study was to determine how media advocacy can help to discourage self-littering of the environment. Questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. A total of 384 respondents were sampled in Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria on the subject matter. The results showed that media advocacy can help to discourage self-littering with the adoption of various communication channels. Inhabitants’ are aware that they littered the environment with dirt but change in behaviour is needed. Consistent media advocacy can bring about that needed change to stop self-littering of the environment.
Keywords: Environment; Habit; Littering; Media advocacy; Self-Littering
Cost Reduction of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit in Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company using Pinch Technology
Authors: Abubakar Abdulkareem 
Published: November 2020

Pinch technology is one of the most powerful methodologies of process integration that allows industries to increase their profitability through reductions in energy, water and raw materials consumption. In this study, reduction in the total annual cost of heat exchanger network (HEN) of Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) unit in Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC), Kaduna was determined. With the help of pinch technology, the reduction was achieved by first determining optimum minimum temperature difference by trading off energy cost and capital cost targets as a function of minimum temperature difference. Thereafter, the total annual cost obtained at the optimum minimum temperature difference was compared with total annual cost of existing design. The results of the analysis showed that the optimum minimum temperature difference was 12℃, the total annual costs of the existing design and the optimum-minimum-temperature-difference based cost were $8.7 and $7.1 Million respectively. This amounted to percentage reduction in the total annual cost of 18.4% which means that about $1.6 Million would been saved annually using the optimum minimum temperature difference to design the HEN of the FCC unit.
Keywords: Pinch technology, FCC unit, Cost targeting, Area targeting, Trade-off
Effect of Changing Cement Grade on the Properties of Structural Concrete
Authors: Fapohunda C.A. , Famodimu B.I. , Adigo B.C. , Jeje A.S. 
Published: November 2020

Many research efforts have been carried out, in a quest to produce mix design information that will guide the concrete and construction industry on how to achieve different concrete strengths, using the different grades of cement available. This is with a view to arresting the rampant collapse of buildings in Nigeria. The work presented in this paper is the result of investigation carried out to determine effects of changing cement grade, while casting a structural member, on the strength behaviour of the concrete. Two types of cement grades: 32.5 R and 42. 5 R were used for this research. In this investigation, the chemical and physical properties of the cement were determined. Consistency and setting times of mortar specimens from the two cement grades were also determined. Concrete samples made from the two cement grades 32.5 R and 42.5 R were evaluated for workability, density, compressive and tensile strengths at water/cement ratios of 0.40, 0.50 and 0.60. The results showed that the cement grade 42.5 consistently developed higher densities at all the water/cement ratios considered. This may be as a result of unforeseen additional dead load at the design stage, which would now amount to underestimation of dead load and thus design load. The results also showed that at higher water/cement ratios, the cement grade 42.5 R has densities exceeding the 2400 kg/m3 recommended by BS 8110. Furthermore, the concretes produced with cement grades of 32.5 R and 42.5 R have different strength development pattern and developed different 28-day compressive strength. Thus, it can be concluded that the action of changing the cement grade during concreting, for the same structural member is not supported by the national code, and will not result in safe and durable concrete.
Keywords: Cement grades, Compressive strength, Density, Portland limestone cement, Tensile strength, Workability
Effect of Tillage Practices on Selected Engineering Properties of Cassava (<i>Manihot esculenta</i>) Tubers
Authors: Adetola O.A. , Olukunle O. J. , Olalusi A.P. , Olubanjo O.O. 
Published: November 2020

The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of tillage practices on selected engineering properties of cassava tubers. Two field tests were conducted between May 2014 to April 2015 and May 2015 to April 2016. Eight tillage practices utilized for the experiment were coded as; Ploughing + Harrowing (A), Ploughing + Harrowing + Ridging (B), Manual Ridging (C), Minimum Tillage (D), Ploughing + Harrowing + Manual Digging to a depth of 30 cm + Sawdust of 10 cm depth set at the base (E), Ploughing + Harrowing + Ridging + Sawdust of 10 cm depth set at the base (F), Manual Ridging + Sawdust of 10 cm depth put at the base (G) and Manual Digging to a depth of 30 cm + Sawdust of 10 cm depth put at the base (H). TMS 0581 improved cassava variety and two fertilizer rates 622.50 kg/ha and control were used. Randomized Complete Block Design was used. The experiment was 8x2x1 factorial combinations in split-split plot design with three replications. The effect of different treatments on selected engineering properties of cassava tubers were determined. The results showed that Ploughing + Harrowing (A) tillage practice was significantly different from other tillage practices and gave the most suitable selected engineering properties of size 10.53±0.64c cm, surface area 371.15±45.53bc cm2, sphericity 39.26±1.74a cm, roundness 21.40±3.29ab , bulk mass 21.43h kg, coefficient of static friction 2.73±0.06abc, compressive strain at break of 2.16±0.03e mm/mm, compressive load at break of 11698.90±178.71f N, compressive stress at break of 2.72±0.04d MPa, energy at break of 191.62±2.93e J, modulus automatic of 1.89±0.031c MPa, followed by F, G, D, C, E, H and B tillage practices respectively. The study had provided some engineering properties for engineers to develop efficient agricultural machines for handling and processing of fresh cassava tubers.
Keywords: Evaluation, influence, tillage practices, engineering properties, cassava tubers.
Endometritis in the bitch: Immunohistochemical localization of cyclooxygenase 2
Authors: Mitacek María Carla García , Praderio Romina Gisele , Stornelli María Cecilia , De la Sota Rodolfo Luzbel , Stornelli María Alejandra 
Published: November 2020

Background: In several mammals, subfertility or infertility associated with endometritis was reported. Although there have been studies about endometritis in bitches, the pathophysiological mechanisms are not completely known.Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in clinically healthy bitches with normal uterine tissue and bitches with endometritis.Methods: Forty-eight mixed breed bitches in diestrus were used. Uterine biopsies were collected for diagnosis [normal endometrium (n = 15; NE), cystic endometrial hyperplasia (n = 1), atrophy (n= 2), acute endometritis (n = 9; AE), subacute endometritis (n = 7; SE), and chronic endometritis (n = 14; CE)]. Immunostaining and quantification of positively stained cells was performed on full-thickness uterine biopsies. Data were analyzed by the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS.Results: COX2 immunostaining was scattered and restricted to cells in the stroma in bitches with NE. However, in bitches with endometritis, strong staining was observed in the luminal epithelium, glandular epithelium, and stromal cells. Staining was also observed in inflammatory cells localized in the stroma as well as inside of the glands. The percentage of COX2 positive stromal cells in bitches with AE, SE, and CE was significantly higher compared with NE (p < 0.005). In addition, the percentage of COX2 positive stromal cells in bitches with SE, and CE was significantly lower compared with AE (p < 0.003).Conclusion: COX2 could be involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms producing endometritis without the presence of cystic endometrial hyperplasia in bitches. However, further researches on this topic are required.
Keywords: Bitch, COX2, Endometritis, Immunohistochemical.
Animal coronaviruses and coronavirus disease 2019: Lesson for One Health approach
Authors: Poudel Uddab , Subedi Deepak , Pantha Saurav , Dhakal Santosh 
Published: November 2020

Coronaviruses are a group of enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that are broadly classified into alpha, beta, gamma, and delta coronavirus genera based on the viral genome. Coronavirus was not thought to be a significant problem in humans until the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in 2002, but infections in animals, including pigs, cats, dogs, and poultry, have been problematic for a long time. The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, drew special attention towards this virus once again. The intermediate host of this novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is yet to be determined, but it has a very close genomic relationship with the bat coronavirus (Bat-CoV), RaTG13 strain, and the pangolin coronaviruses. As veterinary medicine has a long-term experience dealing with coronaviruses, this could be helpful in better understanding and detecting the origin of SARS-CoV-2 and drive human medicine towards the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs through the collaborative and transdisciplinary approaches of One Health.
Keywords: Animal Coronaviruses, COVID-19, One Health, SARS-CoV-2.
Detection of an emerging novel sublineage Ind2001BD1 and lineage PanAsia of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in cattle in Manikgonj district of Bangladesh, 2018
Authors: Ali Md Zulfekar , Giasuddin Md 
Published: November 2020

Background: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an endemic disease of cloven-hoofed animals in Bangladesh and multiple outbreaks occur every year because of the FMD virus (FMDV).Aim: The aim of the present investigation was to determine the molecular characterization of the VP1 coding region of FMDV serotype O outbreak in cattle.Methods: A total of four tongue epithelial specimens were collected from clinically FMD-positive cattle during June 2018 in Manikgonj district of Bangladesh.Results: All four isolates were recorded positive for FMDV serotype O. The phylogenetic analysis showed that two isolates were clustered within an emerging novel sublineage Ind2001BD1 under lineage Ind2001 of FMDV serotype O, which was identified during 2012–2016 in Bangladesh. One isolate was clustered within the lineage PanAsia of FMDV serotype O and was closely related to an isolate identified in Nepal in 2009. The phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that all the four isolates belong to the Middle East–South Asia topotype.Conclusion: Therefore, multiple lineages of the FMDV serotype O are circulating among the cattle in the outbreak area, which make it more complex for the FMD control program in Bangladesh. A comprehensive study on the genetic characteristics of FMDV across the country is required for effective FMD prevention and control strategy.
Keywords: Cattle, Foot-and-mouth disease, Ind2001BD1, Lineage, PanAsia.
Veterinary acutherapy in management of musculoskeletal disorders: An eye-opener to the developing countries’ veterinarians
Authors: Alimi Olawale Alimi , Abubakar Adamu Abdul , Yakubu Abubakar Sadiq , Aliyu Abdullahi , Abulkadir Salman Zubairu 
Published: November 2020

Traditional Chinese medicine practitioners believed that the maintenance of the health status of any individual or animal is by the harmonious flow of Chi (life force) along a pathway known as the meridian. Interruption or blockage of Chi brings about disorders, pain, and diseases. Acutherapy, therefore, aims at correcting the interruption or blockage of the harmonious flow of Chi along the meridian to restore the healthy condition of the body system. This correction could be accomplished by either acupuncture or acupressure, and are both collectively referred to as acutherapy. Thisform of therapy has been used in both humans and animals for several decades. It is, however, just gaining popularity in the treatment of humans and is still not yet in practice among veterinarians for animal patients in most developing countries like Nigeria. This review, therefore, is aimed at exposing veterinarians from the developing countries to the general application of acutherapy with emphasis on the musculoskeletal system and associated pain where it is most applied. It is highly recommended that the universities, where Veterinary Medicine is studied in developing countries, should endeavor to train their veterinary surgeons in this area and see to how acutherapy can be included in the curriculum.
Keywords: Acupressure, Acupuncture, Acutherapy, Musculoskeletal, Veterinary.
Extent of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in whole muscle meat, meat products and seafood sold in Libyan market
Authors: Eshamah Hanan L. , Naas Hesham T. , Garbaj Aboubaker M. , Azwai Salah M. , Gammoudi Fatim T. , Barbieri Ilaria , Eldaghayes Ibrahim M. 
Published: November 2020

Background: Whole muscle meat, meat products, and seafood contain different nutrients in adequate quantity providing a better environment for presence and replication of different microorganisms. There are underreported and inaccurate estimations of foodborne diseases due to the lack of effective surveillance systems in Libya.Aim: To determine the extent of microbiological contamination of whole muscle meat, meat products, and seafood.Methods: A total number of 731 samples of retail meat were collected from different stores in four cities in Libya. Samples were analyzed for aerobic plate count and subjected to microbiological enumeration and isolation techniques, followed by molecular identification by PCR and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA.Results: The results showed contamination of samples with enteric and spoilage bacteria. Fifteen genera of spoilage bacteria yielded 149 isolates which were detected and identified by PCR and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA as: Proteus spp., Provedencia spp., Raouttella ornithinolytical, Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Morganella morgi, Shewanella algea, Rhodobacter capsulatus, Listonella pelagia, Kluyvera spp., Pectobacterium spp., Brenneria spp., Klebsiella spp., Acintobacter radioresistens, and Pantoea spp. While for pathogenic bacteria, 143 isolates distributed among nine genera were identified by PCR and partial sequencing of 16S rDNA as: Bacillus spp., Escherichia spp., Shigella spp., Enterococci spp., Cronobacter spp., Staphylococci spp., Salmonella spp., Aeromonas spp., and Vibrio spp.. Many isolated bacteria are zoonotic bacteria with high importance for public health.Conclusion: Excessive handling and processing of meat and meat products seems to be one of the poorest microbiological qualities. These findings ought to be helpful in risk assessments and quality assurance of meat in order to improve food safety.
Keywords: Libya, Meat products, Pathogenic bacteria, Spoilage bacteria, Whole muscle meat.
Biosecurity challenges in the control of avian influenza in Nigeria
Authors: Ijoma S.I. , Agusi E.R. , Ifende V.I. , Osemeke O.H. , Columba V.T. 
Published: November 2020

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) has a devastating impact on the economy especially the poultry industry and it jeopardizes food security and public health. The disease which was first reported in Nigeria in 2006, re-occurred in 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019. Inspite of the efforts the federal government has put into eradicating Avian Influenza in the country, the re-occurrence of the disease points to challenges of control efforts by stakeholders. Biosecurity challenges confronting poultry farmers and live bird market operators were implicated in new outbreaks and spread of HPAI. A cross-sectional study was carried out by administering open ended questionnaires to poultry farmers and live bird marketers in 12 States that shared boundaries with States affected by HPAI in 2019. Using the thematic style of qualitative analysis and MS Excel 2016, data and information with common denominators and pattern were collated and grouped. The One Health approach was adopted for this study. This was achieved by evaluating the knowledge of the stakeholders on the spread of Avian Influenza (AI), the biosecurity challenges they faced, their recommended solutions and new preventive or control measures they were willing to implement in order to achieve biosecurity against AI outbreak. The live bird marketers' responses showed their major challenge to be poor commitment to implementing already known biosecurity rules (22%), followed by unavailability of funds (13%) and sanitation problems. The poultry farmers struggled with lack of funds for maintenance (32%), and lack of compliance to biosecurity by farm attendants (24%). Both groups jointly recommended alleviating strategies such as the improvement of stakeholder education, supportive financing and the strengthening of animal health legislations. These new insights would benefit the formulation and implementing effective probiosecurity strategies for the control of avian influenza.
Keywords: Avian influenza, biosecurity, one health, poultry farms, Nigeria