bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound-Guided Needle Aspiration of an Iliac Crest Abscess in a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Surdhar Ian , Kirschner David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is an integral part of pediatric emergency medicine. One evolving use of POCUS is in the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections. Point-of-care ultrasound can be used to identify clinically occult infections and can be used to guide percutaneous drainage of both superficial and deep abscesses. Here, we present a case where POCUS- and US-guided needle aspiration had a significant impact on patient care by providing rapid diagnosis, as well as expediting microbiological speciation in a young male presenting with left-sided back and buttock pain.
A Replicable Approach to Promoting Best Practices: Translating Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Research
Authors: Hawkins Nikki A. , Bhuiya Aunima R. , Shantharam Sharada , Chapel John M. , Taylor Lauren N. , Thigpen Sally , Decker Amara , Moeti Refilwe , Bernard Stephanie , Jones Christopher D. , Schooley Michael 
Published: February 2020

Objective:
Significant delays in translating health care–related research into public health programs and medical practice mean that people may not get the best care when they need it. Regarding cardiovascular disease, translation delays can mean lives may be unnecessarily lost each year. To facilitate the translation of knowledge to action, we created a Best Practices Guide for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Programs.

Design:
Using the Rapid Synthesis Translation Process and the Best Practices Framework as guiding frameworks, we collected and rated research evidence for hypertension control and cholesterol management strategies. After identifying best practices, we gathered information about programs that were implementing the practices and about resources useful for implementation. Research evidence and supplementary information were consolidated in an informational resource and published online. Web metrics were collected and analyzed to measure use and reach of the guide.

Results:
The Best Practices Guide was released in January 2018 and included background information and resources on 8 best practice strategies. It was published as an online resource, publicly accessible from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Web site in 2 different formats. Web metrics show that in the first year after publication, there were 25 589 Web page views and 2467 downloads. A query of partner use of the guide indicated that it was often shared in partners' own resources, newsletters, and online material.

Conclusion:
In following a systematic approach to creating the Best Practices Guide and documenting the steps taken in its development, we offer a replicable approach for translating research on health care practices into a resource to facilitate implementation. The success of this approach is attributed to 3 key factors: using a prescribed and documented approach to evidence translation, working closely with stakeholders throughout the process, and prioritizing the content design and accessibility of the final product.
Deaths, Hospitalizations, and Emergency Department Visits From Food-Related Anaphylaxis, New York City, 2000-2014: Implications for Fatality Prevention
Authors: Poirot Eugenie , He Fangtao , Gould L. Hannah , Hadler James L. 
Published: February 2020

Context:
Food-induced anaphylaxis is potentially fatal but preventable by allergen avoidance and manageable through immediate treatment. Considerable effort has been invested in preventing fatalities from nut exposure among school-aged children, but few population-based studies exist to guide additional prevention efforts.

Objectives:
To describe the epidemiology and trends of food-related anaphylaxis requiring emergency treatment during a 15-year span in New York City when public health initiatives to prevent deaths were implemented and to understand the situational circumstances of food-related deaths.

Design/Setting/Participants:
Retrospective death record review and analysis of inpatient hospital discharges and emergency department (ED) visits in New York City residents, 2000-2014.

Main Outcome:
Vital statistics data, medical examiner reports, ED, and hospital discharge data were used to examine risk for death and incidence trends in medically attended food-related anaphylaxis. Potentially preventable deaths were those among persons with a known allergy to the implicated food or occurring in public settings.

Results:
There were 24 deaths, (1.6 deaths/year; range: 0-5), 3049 hospitalizations, and 4014 ED visits, including 7 deaths from crustacean, 4 from peanut, and 2 each from tree nut or seeds and fish exposures. Risk for death among those hospitalized or treated in the ED was highest for persons older than 65 years and for those treated for crustacean reactions (relative risk 6.5 compared with those treated for peanuts, 95% confidence interval = 1.9-22.1). Eleven of 16 deaths with medical examiner data were potentially preventable. Hospitalizations (2000-2014) and ED visit rates (2005-2014) were highest for children and those with peanut exposure and increased across periods.

Conclusions:
Deaths from food-related anaphylaxis were rare; however, rates of hospitalization and ED visits increased. Prevention efforts related to peanut allergies among children should continue, and additional attention is needed to prevent and treat anaphylaxis among adults, particularly those with known crustacean allergies where case fatality is highest.
Preliminary Adaptation, Development, and Testing of a Team Sports Model to Improve Briefing and Debriefing in Neonatal Resuscitation
Authors: Jordache Rebecca , Doherty Cora , Kenny Celyn , Bowie Paul 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Briefing in team sports has been shown to benefit both performance and confidence among team members. The neonatal resuscitation team shares similarities with sports teams, where task performance includes rapid decision-making skills within dynamic situations, alongside unpredictable circumstances.

Aim:
We aimed to determine the effect of a team sports briefing model on the neonatal resuscitation team. Method: We adapted and redesigned a team sports briefing and debriefing model and related protocol and tested them with a neonatal resuscitation team in a U.K. university teaching hospital.

Results:
The team’s confidence and perceptions around these 2 aspects of resuscitation were studied along with frequency of task execution before and after a teaching intervention about the sports teams' approach to briefing and the introduction of a 7-point checklist. In 20 preintervention observations of 13 key tasks, areas for improvement in how neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) staff prepared for deliveries and potential resuscitations were found such as in “discussing potential deliveries that day” (n = 10, 50%), “identifying roles within the resus team that shift” (n = 5, 20%), and announcing when and where a debrief would occur (n = 0, 0%). Postintervention, the NICU team’s mean task completion increased significantly from 9.23 (SD = 6.34) to 18.0 (SD = 1.83), a statistically meaningful difference of 8.77 (95% CI, 4.99−12.55; P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Together with increased levels of confidence and efficiency reported postintervention, this provides some evidence that a brief–debrief process based on how sports team’s approach pregame situations could be potentially transferable and beneficial to NICU team performance.
The impact of self-selection based on HIV risk on the cost-effectiveness of preexposure prophylaxis in South Africa
Authors: Jamieson Lise , Gomez Gabriela B. , Rebe Kevin , Brown Ben , Subedar Hasina , Jenkins Sarah , Shoko Natsai , Bekker Linda-Gail , Johnson Leigh F. , Meyer-Rath Gesine 
Published: February 2020

Objectives:
We explored the impact and cost-effectiveness of preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) provision to different populations in South Africa, with and without effective self-selection by individuals at highest risk of contracting HIV (through concurrent partnerships and/or commercial sex).

Design and methods:
We used a previously developed HIV transmission model to analyse the epidemiological impact of PrEP provision to adolescents, young adults, pregnant women, female sex workers (FSWs) and (MSM), and data from South African PrEP programmes to estimate the cost and cost-effectiveness of PrEP (cost in 2019 USD per HIV infection averted over 20 years, 2019, 38). PrEP uptake followed data from early implementation sites, scaled-up linearly over 3 years, with target coverage set to 18% for adolescents, young adults and pregnant women, 30% for FSW and 54% for MSM.

Results:
The annual cost of PrEP provision ranges between $75 and $134 per person. PrEP provision adolescents and young adults, regardless of risk behaviour, will each avert 3.2--4.8% of HIV infections over 20 years; provision to high-risk individuals only has similar impact at lower total cost. The incremental cost per HIV infection averted is lower in high-risk vs. all-risk sub-populations within female adolescents ($507 vs. $4537), male adolescents ($2108 vs. $5637), young women ($1592 vs. $10 323) and young men ($2605 vs. $7715), becoming cost saving within 20 years for high-risk adolescents, young women, MSM and FSWs.

Conclusion:
PrEP is an expensive prevention intervention but uptake by those at the highest risk of HIV infection will make it more cost-effective, and cost-saving after 14–18 years.
TIGIT is upregulated by HIV-1 infection and marks a highly functional adaptive and mature subset of natural killer cells
Authors: Vendrame Elena , Seiler Christof , Ranganath Thanmayi , Zhao Nancy Q. , Vergara Rosemary , Alary Michel , Labbé Annie-Claude , Guédou Fernand , Poudrier Johanne , Holmes Susan , Roger Michel , Blish Catherine A. 
Published: February 2020

Objective:
Our objective was to investigate the mechanisms that govern natural killer (NK)-cell responses to HIV, with a focus on specific receptor--ligand interactions involved in HIV recognition by NK cells.

Design and Methods:
We first performed a mass cytometry-based screen of NK-cell receptor expression patterns in healthy controls and HIV+ individuals. We then focused mechanistic studies on the expression and function of T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT).

Results:
The mass cytometry screen revealed that TIGIT is upregulated on NK cells of untreated HIV+ women, but not in antiretroviral-treated women. TIGIT is an inhibitory receptor that is thought to mark exhausted NK cells; however, blocking TIGIT did not improve anti-HIV NK-cell responses. In fact, the TIGIT ligands CD112 and CD155 were not upregulated on CD4+ T cells in vitro or in vivo, providing an explanation for the lack of benefit from TIGIT blockade. TIGIT expression marked a unique subset of NK cells that express significantly higher levels of NK-cell-activating receptors (DNAM-1, NTB-A, 2B4, CD2) and exhibit a mature/adaptive phenotype (CD57hi, NKG2Chi, LILRB1hi, FcRγlo, Syklo). Furthermore, TIGIT+ NK cells had increased responses to mock-infected and HIV-infected autologous CD4+ T cells, and to PMA/ionomycin, cytokine stimulation and the K562 cancer cell line.

Conclusion:
TIGIT expression is increased on NK cells from untreated HIV+ individuals. Although TIGIT does not participate directly to the response to HIV-infected cells, it marks a population of mature/adaptive NK cells with increased functional responses.
Pilot study assessing the Rotterdam Healthy Aging Score in a cohort of HIV-positive adults in Toronto, Canada
Authors: Walmsley Sharon L. , Ren Melody , Simon Ceylon , Clarke Rosemarie , Szadkowski Leah 
Published: February 2020

Objective:
The Rotterdam Healthy Aging Score (HAS) is a validated multidimensional index constructed from five health domains. We describe the HAS distribution in a cohort of HIV-positive adults and correlate it with health outcomes.

Design:
A cross-sectional pilot study of 101 adults aged at least 40 years, on suppressive antiretroviral therapy attending a tertiary HIV clinic in Toronto, Canada.

Methods:
Participants completed questionnaires to calculate their HAS (range 0–14). Demographics, HAS and sub-scores were compared by age and sex. The HAS was compared with results of the Fried Frailty Score, Short Performance Physical Battery score (SPPB) and measures of health utilization. Kruskal--Wallis Rank-Sum and Fisher's exact tests were used for all comparisons.

Results:
Median (IQR) age was 56 (50--62), 81 (80%) men and 50 (50%) born in Canada. Median (IQR) CD4+ cell count was 574 (417--794) cells/μl. Median (IQR) HAS was 12 (10--13) with 39 (39%) achieving a score more than 12 (considered healthy aging). Younger participants experienced more depression, whereas women had greater pain. The HAS score correlated with the Fried Frailty Score (P = 0.008) and trended with the SPPB Score (P = 0.077). Those with the poorest HAS scores were more likely to have been hospitalized in the preceding 6 months (P = 0.034).

Conclusion:
The HAS ranged from 5 to 14 in this cohort of older HIV adults with 39% attaining scores in the ‘healthy’ range. The HAS correlated with measures of physical performance and health utilization. Further validation of an objective outcome in HIV-positive patients will facilitate evaluation of interventional studies to improve healthy aging.
Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection
Authors: Jung Ye Eun (Grace) , Schluger Neil W. 
Published: February 2020

Purpose of review
This review describes the major developments in the rationale for treating latent tuberculosis infection; new approaches to identifying persons with latent infection who are most likely to progress to active disease; and the development of novel short-course regimens for treatment of latent tuberculosis.

Recent findings
As many as one-third of the world's population has latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Models demonstrate that tuberculosis will not be eliminated without large-scale treatment of persons with latent TB. Current tools for identifying persons at risk for active tuberculosis disease include TST and IGRA, which have poor positive predictive values. Newer approaches using gene expression profiling show promise and are being studied in the ongoing trials. Development of short-course regimens are a major advance in treatment of latent TB. Three months of rifapentine with isoniazid, 4 months of rifampin, and 1 month of rifapentine with isoniazid have been found to be noninferior to the standard 9 months of isoniazid.

Summary
Progress towards TB elimination can be accelerated by instituting public health measures that take into account new developments in identifying and treating persons with latent tuberculosis infection who are most likely to progress to active disease.
The skin and soft tissue infections in hematological patients
Authors: Ungaro Riccardo , Mikulska Malgorzata 
Published: February 2020

Purpose of review
Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in patients with hematological malignancies are frequent, but dedicated epidemiological studies are limited. The aim of this review is to provide updated description of the main etiological agents, differential diagnosis, and treatment.

Recent findings
In addition to common causes of bacterial skin infections in any kind of patients, such as streptococci and staphylococci (the letter frequently resistant to methicillin), Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a frequent agent in patients with hematological malignancies, with high virulence and typical infection presenting as ecthyma gangrenosum. Among fungi, fusariosis is the mold infection most frequently associated with skin lesions, although other molds and yeasts (including Candida tropicalis) should be also considered. External infections associated with central venous catheters are frequent in the hematological setting, and in addition to staphylococci, Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and even rapid growing nontuberculous mycobacteria should be considered. Immunodeficiency might either blunt the typical inflammatory response and make sign or symptoms less evident, or predispose the patients to rapid progression of skin infection to subcutaneous tissues or dissemination.

Summary
SSTIs in hematology patients can be caused by various infectious agents resulting in similar clinical presentation. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is fundamental in order to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative skin and soft tissue infections
Authors: Jabbour Jean-Francois , Sharara Sima L. , Kanj Souha S. 
Published: February 2020

Purpose of review
The increase in skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) because of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens is a global concern. Although MDR Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) are often overlooked as a cause of SSTIs, their burden on the morbidity of many subgroups of patients is high. There is a paucity in the available treatment options and guidelines on how to treat these pathogens. This manuscript reviews the management of SSTIs caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. We also highlight a few novel antibiotics that show promise in the future management of MDR-GNB SSTIs.

Recent findings
Studies on treatment options of MDR-GNB SSTIs are scarce. Most clinical trials investigating new antibiotics have addressed conditions such as complicated intraabdominal infections, complicated urinary infections, and respiratory infections. CREs are a heterogenous group of pathogens with various mechanisms of resistance dictating susceptibility to different antimicrobial agents. Ceftazidime--avibactam, and meropenem--vaborbactam have potent activity against some of the CREs, especially Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producers. Several novel antibiotics have potent activity against CRPA SSTIs, such as ceftazidime--avibactam, ceftolozane--tazobactam, cefiderocol, delafloxacin, finafloxacin, and murepavadin. Cefiderocol may also play an important role in the management of CRAB SSTIs, along with plazomicin and eravacycline.

Summary
MDR-GNB play a major role in SSTIs in patients with underlying immunodeficiency, as well as burn or trauma-related injuries. With the alarming global rise in MDR-GNB resistance, antibiotic therapy for SSTIs is challenging and must be guided by in-vitro susceptibility results. Currently, data extrapolated from other indications and combination therapy can be used empirically pending microbiological data and susceptibilities. Novel antibiotics are currently under development. It is hoped that future clinical trials will be designed to address MDR-GNB SSTIs.
Community-acquired pneumonia in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Cavallazzi Rodrigo , Ramirez Julio 
Published: February 2020

Purpose of review
The aim of this study was to discuss the literature on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Recent findings
Well designed studies show that COPD is the strongest risk factor for development of CAP. Lung microbiome, abnormal lung immunity and pathogen virulence are important components of the pathogenesis of CAP in COPD. The cause of CAP in patients with COPD is similar to that of non-COPD patients. However, patients with COPD are at an increased risk of infection by Gram-negative bacilli, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Empiric treatment regimens for CAP in COPD should contemplate the most common pathogens, and consideration should be given for the coverage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus depending on the severity of CAP, severity of COPD or prior isolation of these pathogens. COPD has not been consistently shown to be an independent risk factor for worse short-term outcomes in patients with CAP. In a long-term study, COPD is associated with worse outcomes in these patients.

Summary
Research focused on lung microbiome and abnormal lug immunity in patients with COPD should be prioritized. Further clinical research should try to consolidate the role of additional treatment approaches such as immunomodulating medications in COPD patients with CAP.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Evolving to Full-Blown Fibromyalgia
Authors: Martínez-Lavín Manuel , Vargas Angelica , Silveira Luis H. , Amezcua-Guerra Luis M. , Martínez-Martínez Laura-Aline , Pineda Carlos 
Published: February 2020

Background
Spread of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) outside the affected limb is a well-recognized phenomenon; nevertheless, the actual evolution from CRPS to fibromyalgia is poorly documented. Similar mechanisms have been recently put forward to explain the development of CRPS and fibromyalgia including dorsal root ganglia (DRG) hyperexcitability and small fiber neuropathy.

Objectives
The aims of this study were to describe 3 cases with typical CRPS evolving to full-blown fibromyalgia and to discuss the potential pathogenetic mechanisms linking these debilitating illnesses.

Methods
This was a review of medical records and PubMed search on the relationship between CRPS-fibromyalgia with DRG and small nerve fiber neuropathy.

Results
Our 3 cases displayed over time orderly evolution from CRPS to fibromyalgia. Dorsal root ganglion hyperexcitability and small fiber neuropathy have been recently demonstrated in CRPS and in fibromyalgia. Dorsal root ganglia contain the small nerve fiber cell bodies surrounded by glial cells. After trauma, DRG perineuronal glial cells produce diverse proinflammatory mediators. Macrophages, lymphocytes, and satellite glial cells may drive the immune response to more rostrally and caudally located DRG and other spinal cord sites. Dorsal root ganglion metabolic changes may lead to small nerve fiber degeneration. This mechanism may explain the development of widespread pain and autonomic dysfunction.

Conclusions
Clinicians should be aware that CRPS can evolve to full-blown fibromyalgia. Spreading of neuroinflammation through DRG glial cell activation could theoretically explain the transformation from regional to generalized complex pain syndrome.