bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Editorial 2020 Part II: Data from nowhere?
Authors: Lane Stuart N. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis short editorial reflects upon and explains ESPL's policy with respect to data sharing. Whilst there are clearly a number of important reasons why data should be shared, notably to support transparency in science and to support the long‐term monitoring of geomorphological change, data sharing comes with some concerns. Data sharing cannot become an alternative to field data collection as it produces a scientific understanding of a very particular type. When shared data are combined in extensive analyses we run the serious risks of inter‐comparability, bias and incompleteness. Automated harnessing and analysis of any kind of geomorphological data runs the risk of combining data that are not comparable and producing conclusions skewed to the datasets available. Shared data allow for none of the serendipity that comes from being in the field and being confronted by what we see and experience; they might as well be data from nowhere. We must be particularly careful not to reduce the perceived value of field data collection in an academic system that places ever more emphasis on speed and efficiency in scientific knowledge production. It is for these reasons that ESPL's policy on data sharing is to support it and to encourage it, notably through requiring authors to provide a data statement, but we will not insist that data should be published as a condition of manuscript acceptance. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circular RNA Sequencing Identifies CircASAP1 as a Key Regulator in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis
Authors: Hu Zhi‐Qiang , Zhou Shao‐Lai , Li Jia , Zhou Zheng‐Jun , Wang Peng‐Cheng , Xin Hao‐Yang , Mao Li , Luo Chu‐Bin , Yu Song‐Yang , Huang Xiao‐Wu , Cao Ya , Fan Jia , Zhou Jian 
Published: December 2019

Background and Aims
There is growing evidence that single‐stranded, circular RNA (circRNA) plays a key role in the development of certain cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is less clear, however, what role circRNA plays in HCC metastasis.

Approach and Results
In this study, through circRNA sequencing, we identified a circRNA: circASAP1 (a circRNA derived from exons 2 and 3 of the ASAP1 gene, hsa_circ_0085616), which is associated with pulmonary metastasis after curative resection in patients with HCC. CircASAP1 was overexpressed in HCC cell lines with high metastatic potential and in metastatic HCCs. In vitro, circASAP1 promoted cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion, and in vivo, it enhanced tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis. Mechanism studies showed that circASAP1 acts as a competing endogenous RNA for microRNA 326 (miR‐326) and microRNA 532‐5p (miR‐532‐5p), both of which are tumor suppressors in HCC. We found that mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) 1 and colony stimulating factor (CSF)‐1 were direct common targets for microRNA 326 (miR‐326) and microRNA 532‐5p (miR‐532‐5p), which were regulated by circASAP1. CircASAP1 promotes HCC cell proliferation and invasion by regulating miR‐326/miR‐532‐5p‐MAPK1 signaling and, furthermore, mediates tumor‐associated macrophage infiltration by regulating the miR‐326/miR‐532‐5p‐CSF‐1 pathway. Clinical HCC samples exhibited a positive correlation between circASAP1 expression and levels of CSF‐1, MAPK1, and CD68+ tumor‐associated macrophages, all of which were predictive of patient outcomes.

Conclusion
We identified circASAP1 as a key regulator of HCC metastasis that acts on miR‐326/miR‐532‐5p‐MAPK1/CSF‐1 signaling and serves as a prognostic predictor in patients with HCC.
Lipofundin Mediates the Major Inhibition of Intravenous Propofol in IL‐1β Secretion and Phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus‐Infected Macrophages
Authors: Chen Ming‐Shan , Lu Peh‐Kuang , Lin Wen‐Chun , Shin Hsun‐Chang , Sie Shih‐Ren , Sheu Shew‐Meei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLipofundin is the solvent for propofol in the intravenous injection of Propofol‐Lipuro® and is used in patients who need intravenous feeding to provide fatty acids and fat for energy. In addition to propofol, Lipofundin also affects the immune modulation of phagocytes. In a previous study, we reported that intravenous propofol effectively decreased Staphylococcus aureus‐stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, IL‐1β secretion, and phagocytosis in RAW264.7 macrophages. It is important to separately assess the effects of pure propofol, Lipofundin, and Propofol‐Lipuro. By using an S. aureus‐infected RAW264.7 macrophage model, the levels of secreted IL‐1β in cell supernatants were determined by ELISA. IL‐1β mRNA in cell pellets was further analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and Western blotting was performed to detect pro‐IL‐1β synthesis. Total ROS levels were determined by a luminol chemiluminescence assay. Compared with pure propofol, treatment with clinically relevant concentrations of Propofol‐Lipuro and Lipofundin obviously reduced IL‐1β secretion (>85% inhibition), S. aureus‐stimulated ROS production (50% inhibition), and phagocytosis (>60% inhibition) to similar levels. Treatment with pure propofol alone significantly decreased IL‐1β mRNA levels and pro‐IL‐1β protein synthesis, and slightly inhibited phagocytosis. In contrast, treatment with Propofol‐Lipuro did not influence IL‐1β mRNA or pro‐IL‐1β protein expression, even though treatment with Lipofundin increased the levels of both IL‐1β mRNA and its precursor protein. In conclusion, IL‐1β secretion is regulated at the posttranslational level. Lipofundin mediated the major effect of Propofol‐Lipuro on the inhibition of IL‐1β secretion, ROS production, and phagocytosis in S. aureus‐infected RAW264.7 cells.
Implementing learning health systems in the UK NHS: Policy actions to improve collaboration and transparency and support innovation and better use of analytics
Authors: Scobie Sarah , Castle‐Clarke Sophie 
Published: December 2019

AbstractLearning health systems (LHS) use digital health and care data to improve care, shorten the timeframe of improvement projects, and ensure these are based on real‐world data. In the United Kingdom, policymakers are depending on digital innovation, driven by better use of data about current health service performance, to enable service transformation and a more sustainable health system.This paper examines what would be needed to develop LHS in the United Kingdom, considering national policy implications and actions, which local organisations and health systems could take.The paper draws on a seminar attended by academics, policymakers, and practitioners, a brief literature review, and feedback from policy experts and National Health Service (NHS) stakeholders.Although there are examples of some aspects of LHS in the UK NHS, it is hard to find examples where there is a continuous cycle of improvement driven by information and where analysis of data and implementing improvements is part of usual ways of working.The seminar and literature identified a number of barriers. Incentives and capacity to develop LHS are limited, and requires a shift in analytic capacity from regulation and performance, to quality improvement and transformation. The balance in priority given to research compared with implementation also needs to change.Policy initiatives are underway which address some barriers, including building analytical capacity, developing infrastructure, and data standards. The NHS and research partners are investing in infrastructure which could support LHS, although clinical buy in is needed to bring about improvement or address operational challenges.We identify a number of opportunities for local NHS organisations and systems to make better use of health data, and for ways that national policy could promote the collaboration and greater use of analytics which underpin the LHS concept.
Outcomes of Acute Liver Injury in Adults Due to Wilson’s Disease: Is Survival Without Transplant Possible?
Authors: Camarata Michelle A. , Gottfried Michelle , Rule Jody A. , Ala Aftab , Lee William M. , Todd Stravitz R. , Schilsky Michael L. 
Published: December 2019

Wilson’s disease (WD) is a rare cause of acute liver failure (ALF) that is thought to have a uniformly fatal outcome without liver transplantation (LT). Previous studies proposed diagnostic and prognostic criteria for WD‐ALF. It is not known whether these apply to WD patients presenting as severe acute liver injury (ALI) without encephalopathy. From 2008 to 2018, 822 patients with ALI in the US Acute Liver Failure Study Group (ALFSG) registry were enrolled and prospectively followed. The diagnosis of WD‐ALI was confirmed in 8 patients. Serum biochemical diagnostic ratios predicting WD‐ALF (alkaline phosphatase [ALP]:total bilirubin(TB) and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]:alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) were determined in these patients, and predictors of prognosis for WD‐ALI were evaluated. Of these 8 ALI‐WD patients, 5 received an LT. Ratios of both ALP:TB of <4 and AST:ALT of >2.2 on study admission were met in 4 LT patients. All LT patients were female. The Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease scores on admission were generally higher in LT patients. All transplanted patients had an initial revised WD score of >11 (>10 predicting poor outcome without LT in WD‐ALF), whereas in non‐LT patients, 2 had scores of 9, and 1 a score of 13. Also, 3 LT patients were started on chelation therapy, 2 were started on plasmapheresis, and 1 was started on Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System therapy. All non‐LT patients were treated with chelation. At 21 days, all patients were alive and discharged from the hospital. In conclusion, some patients with ALI due to WD may survive without LT. Revised Wilson index scores >10 predict poor outcome in most patients with WD‐ALI, as they do for WD‐ALF, and they correlate positively with the ALI model in this cohort. Biochemical ratios for WD diagnosis appear more applicable to ALF compared with WD‐ALI.
Narcissism between facets and domains. The relationships between two types of narcissism and aspects of the Big Five
Authors: Zajenkowski Marcin , Szymaniak Kinga 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGrandiose and vulnerable narcissism have distinct personality profiles. Specifically, grandiose narcissism correlates positively with Extraversion and negatively with Neuroticism, whereas vulnerable narcissism showed a reverse associations with these traits. Additionally, both types of narcissism have common antagonistic core as they are negatively related to Agreeableness. Although correlations between narcissism and basic personality traits are well-documented, researchers focused mainly on broad, higher order factors which reflect a very wide spectrum of behavior. To better understand the nature of narcissism and its personality correlates, we examined the association of narcissisms with 10 aspects of the Big Five. Aspects are located between domains and facets in the personality hierarchy. The results of the current study (n = 437) indicated that grandiose narcissism was more differentiated within all of the Big Five traits. Specifically, grandiose narcissism correlated mainly positively with Assertiveness (from Extraversion), and Intellect (Openness/Intellect), and negatively with Politeness (Agreeableness), Industriousness (Conscientiousness) and Withdrawal (Neuroticism). Vulnerable narcissism showed less differentiated correlations within broad domains, except for Openness/Intellect. Surprisingly, individuals with high vulnerable narcissism exhibited a high level of Openness. The results of the current study contribute to our understanding of the two types of narcissism and their personality correlates.
Private Security Companies and Shared Responsibility: The Turn to Multistakeholder Standard-Setting and Monitoring through Self-Regulation-‘Plus’
Authors: MacLeod Sorcha 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The rapid and increasing outsourcing of security services by states to Private Security Companies (PSCs) in recent years and associated human rights violations have served as one of the catalysts for long overdue regulation of the global PSC industry. As part of an ‘empirical stocktaking’, this article focuses on current multistakeholder self-regulatory developments in relation to PSCs, in particular the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Providers and the PSC1 certification standard, and considers their likely impact on the responsibility of states in this area. What is clear is that the traditional conception of international responsibility is ineffectual when applied to PSCs because of its focus on the ex post facto responsibility of states for internationally wrongful acts. Furthermore, the fact that PSCs operate in high risk and complex environments and the fact that their clients are often non-state actors, means that an alternative prophylactic approach to responsibility for human rights violations by PSCs seems to be necessary. As it stands, however, the ‘self-regulation-plus’ approach adopted is not the definitive solution. While endeavouring to ensure that PSCs respect human rights, this approach may allow states to evade their own obligations to protect human rights.
Magnetic Reconnection in the Space Sciences: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Hesse M. , Cassak P. A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMagnetic reconnection converts, often explosively, stored magnetic energy to particle energy in space and in the laboratory. Through processes operating on length scales that are tiny, it facilitates energy conversion over dimensions of, in some cases, hundreds of Earth radii. In addition, it is the mechanism behind large current disruptions in fusion machines, and it can explain eruptive behavior in astrophysics. We have known about the importance of magnetic reconnection for quite some time based on space observations. Theory and modeling employed magnetized fluids, a very simplistic description. While successful at modeling the large‐scale consequences of reconnection, it is ill suited to describe the engine itself. This is because, at its heart, magnetic reconnection in space is kinetic, that is, governed by the intricate interaction of charged particles with the electromagnetic fields they create. This complex interaction occurs in very localized regions and involves very short temporal variations. Researching reconnection requires the ability to measure these processes as well as to express them in models vastly more complex than fluid approaches. Until very recently, neither of these capabilities existed. With the advent of NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale mission and modern modeling advances, this has now changed, and we have now determined its small‐scale structure in exquisite detail. In this paper, we review recent research results to predict what will be achieved in the future. We discuss how reconnection contributes to the evolution of larger‐scale systems, and its societal impacts in the context of threatening space hazards, customarily referred to as “space weather.”
Ion Beams in the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer: MMS Observations and Test Particle Simulations
Authors: Birn J. , Chandler M. , Nakamura R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUsing Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations and combined MHD/test particle simulations, we further explore characteristic ion velocity distributions in the plasma sheet boundary layer. The observations are characterized by earthward beams, which at a slightly later time are accompanied by weaker but faster tailward beams. Two events are presented showing different histories. The first event happens at entry from the lobe into the plasma sheet. Energy‐time dispersion indicates a source region about 25
tailward of the satellite. The second event follows the passage of a dipolarization front closer to Earth. In contrast to earlier MHD simulations, but in better qualitative agreement with the first observation, reconnection in the present simulation was initiated near
. Simulated distributions right at the boundary are characterized by a single crescent‐shaped earthward beam, as discussed earlier (Birn, Hesse, et al., 2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021573). Farther inside, or at a later time, the distributions now also show a simple reflected beam, evolving toward a more ring‐like distribution. The simulations provide insight into the acceleration sites: The innermost edges of the direct and reflected beams consist of ions accelerated in the vicinity of the reconnection site. This supports the validity of estimating the acceleration location based on a time‐of‐flight analysis (after Onsager et al., 1990, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i011p01837). However, this assumption becomes invalid at later times when the acceleration becomes dominated by the earthward propagating dipolarization electric field, such that earthward and tailward reflected beams are no longer accelerated at the same location and the same time.
Magnetic Holes Upstream of the Martian Bow Shock: MAVEN Observations
Authors: Madanian H. , Halekas J. S. , Mazelle C. X. , Omidi N. , Espley J. R. , Mitchell D. L. , McFadden J. P. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMagnetic holes (MHs) are pressure‐balanced structures characterized by distinct decreases in the interplanetary magnetic field strength in otherwise unperturbed solar wind. In this paper we present an analysis of MHs upstream of the Martian bow shock based on 3 months of observations by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. Plasma properties within and around these structures as well as their shape characteristics are examined. We find an occurrence rate of around 2.1 events per day. About 51% of all events are of linear type with magnetic field rotation across the hole less than 10°. We observe linear MHs both as isolated events and as part of a train of MHs. The proton temperature anisotropy inside MHs increases, while alpha particles remain mostly isotropic. The average electron temperature inside MHs modestly increases with increasing hole depth. The duration of linear holes at 1.5 AU shows an increase compared to durations at smaller heliocentric distances, but the structures remain asymmetrical and ellipsoid. A case study of MHs accompanied by a population of heavy pickup ions is also discussed.
Observations of Sounder Accelerated Electrons by Mars Express
Authors: Barabash S. , Voshchepynets A. , Holmstrom M. , Frahm R. A. , Nillsson H. , Andrews D. , Kopf A. , Winningham J. D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe electron sensor of the Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms experiment detects accelerated electrons during pulses of radio emissions from the powerful topside sounder: the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) on board the Mars Express spacecraft. Accelerated electrons are observed at energies up to 400 eV at the times when MARSIS transmits at a frequency between the local plasma frequency and its harmonics (up to 4 times the plasma frequency). When the electron density and magnetic field strength are low (
cm
,
10 nT), the accelerated electrons are almost monoenergetic electron beams. An increase in density and magnetic field (
cm
,
50 nT) leads to substantial broadening of the energy spectrum of the accelerated electrons. It is concluded that in the latter case, electrons are accelerated by the variable spacecraft potential resulting from the imbalance of the electron and ion currents to the MARSIS antenna during transmission.
The Boltzmann Vibrational Temperature of N2 (B3Πg) Derived From ISUAL Imager Multiband Measurements of Transient Luminous Events
Authors: Kuo Cheng‐Ling , Chou Jung‐Kuang , Wu Yen‐Jung , Williams Earle , Chen Alfred B.‐C. , Su Han‐Tzong , Hsu Rue‐Ron , Lee Lou‐Chuang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOne of the main challenges for the observation of a transient luminous event (TLE) is to observe TLEs in different emission bands. Here, we show TLEs recorded using the ISUAL 427.8 nm, 630 nm, N2 1P (623–750 nm) and 762‐nm‐filtered imager, and we analyze the 630‐nm‐filtered, N2 1P‐filtered, and 762‐nm‐filtered images of TLEs for estimating the N2 (B3Πg) Boltzmann vibrational temperature in comparison with the theoretical N2 1P spectrum. For ISUAL recorded sprites, the average brightness of N2 1P (I1p), 762 nm (I762), and 630 nm (I630) emission was 2.3, 0.6, and 0.02 MR. The N2 (B3Πg) vibrational temperatures (Tv) was estimated to be 2800 K, 3200 K, and 4300 K for multiband emission ratios of I630/I1p, I630/I762, and I762/I1p. For observed elves, the average brightness I1p, I762, and I630 were 170, 50, and 3 kR. The estimated Tv values were 3700 K, 3700 K, and 3800 K for ratios I630/I1p, I630/I762, and I762/I1p. For observed gigantic jets, the derived Tv values were 3000–5000 K for a ratio I762/I1p. Through N2 (B3Πg) Tv analyses from emission ratios of ISUAL multiband observation, we derived the N2 (B3Πg) vibrational temperature that ranges between 3000 and 5000 K or higher in TLEs. Accuracy and variations of derived N2 (B3Πg) Tv are also discussed while relative population of vibrational levels in the Boltzmann equilibrium are also compared with past spectra observation.
Dependence of the Equatorial Electrojet on Auroral Activity and In Situ Solar Insulation
Authors: Wang Hui , Lühr Hermann , Zheng Zhichao , Zhang Kedeng 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBy using 10 years of Challenging Minisatellite Payload satellite observations, we investigate the average conditions of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) prevailing during the westward counter equatorial electrojet (CEJ). Equally, we compared the average IMF conditions accompanying high‐latitude field‐aligned currents of the Region 1 (R1) and Region 2 (R2). It shows that both CEJ and high‐latitude field‐aligned currents events when R2 is greater than R1 tend to happen preferably during the northward turning of the IMF Bz and the substorm recovery phase. Sunlight has an important influence on the longitudinal distribution of the equatorial electrojet (EEJ), and the effect is opposite to the tidal electric field at
region. The anticorrelation between cos
(SZA) (solar zenith angle effect) average values during CEJ events and EEJ intensity is most prominent around June solstice. By using combined measurements from Challenging Minisatellite Payload and DMSP satellites, it is found that before the occurrence and in the initial phase of a subauroral polarization stream the EEJ gets enhanced, and after about 30 min it reduces in intensity. The CEJ occurrence rate more than doubles during subauroral polarization stream periods compared to normal conditions.
Electron Wing‐Like Structures Formed at a Negatively Charged Spacecraft Moving in a Magnetized Plasma
Authors: Miyake Y. , Miloch W. J. , Kjus S. H. , Pécseli H. L. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSpacecraft‐plasma interactions are studied with self‐consistent numerical simulations of magnetized plasmas, where electrons are strongly magnetized whereas ions are weakly magnetized. It is found that for a spacecraft in such a magnetized plasma corresponding to a low Earth orbit, electrons can be reflected from a negatively charged spacecraft and then guided by geomagnetic field lines. The reflected electrons can leave a sharp trail like wings if the spacecraft size is greater than an average electron gyroradius of the environment. Such an electron wing‐like structure is associated with propagating Langmuir waves. This results in nontrivial asymmetric electrostatic potentials close to the spacecraft and even farther than the Debye screening distance. The convective electric field also gives rise to a differential potential of the spacecraft with respect to the plasma, resulting in yet another asymmetry in the plasma dynamics and the potential distribution around the spacecraft. These asymmetries in the plasma dynamics can significantly influence in‐situ measurements of space plasma. The results show a good qualitative agreement with actual measurements by a satellite in the polar regions.