bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turning Civilians into Soldiers
Authors: Matthews Michael D. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
New soldiers must be trained in the special skills and capabilities needed to operate complex weapons systems, endure physical and psychological hardships, and develop the cultural awareness that is necessary for soldiers interacting closely—often in noncombat roles—with people from diverse political, cultural, religious, and social backgrounds. This chapter reviews the history of military training and current training practices and projects new approaches to training that will be necessary in coming years. In particular, the need for high-fidelity simulations that run the gamut from direct combat to complex social interactions such as negotiating with the enemy or the leaders of the local population is explored. Contemporary training must also focus on giving soldiers the personal skills needed to remain psychologically healthy and resilient in an era of persistent warfare.
Learning Music
Authors: Goodman Glenda 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
As the eighteenth century witnessed an expansion of educational opportunities, learning to read and write music imbued amateurs with erudition and discipline. Printed instructional volumes utilized archaic abstract visualizations that encouraged a cerebral approach to learning music, and singing school classes relied on rote memorization of the “rules of music.” The potential drudgery of this approach was mitigated by the sociability of the schools. By the end of the century, volumes of instruction for instruments were increasingly available to American amateurs; these, too, relied on charts that abstracted musical knowledge. The expansion of secular instrumental instruction shifted the emphasis of education from piety (for sacred singing) to refinement. Even as printed instructions pushed toward standardized “rules,” manuscript music books reveal that amateurs embraced a wide range of literate practices, from quite rudimentary to highly advanced. Manuscripts also reveal individuals’ gradual improvement in the technical ability, aural skill, and knowledge of musical vocabulary.
Empire of the Black Sea
Authors: Roller Duane W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Existing from the early third century bc to 63 bc, the Mithridatic kingdom of Pontos was one of the most powerful entities in the Mediterranean world. Under a series of vigorous kings and queens, it expanded from a fortress in the mountainous territory of northern Asia Minor to rule almost all the Black Sea perimeter. This is the first study in English of this kingdom in its entirety, from its origins under King Mithridates I around 280 bc until its last and greatest king, the erudite and cultured Mithridates VI the Great, fell victim to the expanding ambitions of the Roman Republic in 63 bc. Through a series of astute marriage alliances (one of which produced the ancestors of Cleopatra of Egypt), political acumen, and military ability, the Pontic rulers (most of whom were named Mithridates) dominated the culture and politics of the Black Sea region for over two hundred years. This book is a thorough exploration of the internal dynamics of the kingdom as well as its relations with the rest of the Mediterranean world, especially the ever-expanding Roman Republic.
Pontos
Authors: Roller Duane W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The territory of Pontos was the northern coastal regions of Asia Minor, a rugged region that was a mixture of coastal Greek cities, Hittite and Assyrian outposts, and an indigenous population, noted for the unusual phenomenon of elaborate temple states. The region had long been known to the Greeks: Jason and the Argonauts were said to have passed along its coast. Its economy was primarily agricultural. It was also famous in Greek myth as the home of the Amazons. It was here that the Mithridatic kingdom has its origins, eventually coming to dominate the territory and its people.
The Founder
Authors: Roller Duane W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The Pontic state began with the ambitions of Mithridates I, known as “the Founder,” a refugee from the unforgiving politics of the generation after Alexander the Great. He sought refuge in the rugged country of northern Asia Minor and declared himself king in the early third century bc, establishing what came to be called the kingdom of Pontos, creating its first capital, the fortress city of Amaseia on the Iris River. He also established a foothold on the Black Sea coast at Amastris. By the time of his death in 266 bc, Pontos had begun to emerge as one of the new states of the Hellenistic world.
The Gathering Storm
Authors: Roller Duane W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In 95 bc, a new king came to the throne of Armenia, southeast of Pontos. Tigranes II and Mithridates VI quickly became allies, with the former marrying the latter’s daughter. In a joint operation, both kings attacked Cappadocia, in southern Asia Minor on the Mediterranean. But the Romans, in the person of L. Cornelius Sulla, already had a presence in the region, and this led to the first clash between Pontos and the Roman Republic. Yet Mithridates was commemorated in Greece on the island of Delos, where a Mithridateion was built in his honor. But the Romans became ever more concerned about the king and sent a Roman commission to investigate his actions, which ordered the king to act with more restraint. He was totally offended, and events slipped toward war between Rome and Pontos.
The Eruption of Hostilities
Authors: Roller Duane W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In the late summer of 89 bc, the first war between Pontos and Rome began. Mithridates was able to exploit rising resentment against the Roman presence in Asia Minor, near his kingdom, especially due to the predatory actions of officials and tax collectors. Mithridates gradually defeated various Roman armies and their commander, Aquillius. But in 88 bc he ordered the massacre of all Romans in Asia. While this move was not without local support, it was a disastrous case of overreach by the king and turned public opinion against him. An invasion of Greece, especially Athens, by his senior commander, Archelaos, was successful at first, but a Roman force under Sulla eventually defeated the Pontic forces, and the king was forced to withdraw from Greece. The Romans carried the war to Asia Minor, and in 86 bc Mithridates was forced to accept peace terms.
The Royal Court
Authors: Roller Duane W. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Despite the vigorous military profile of Mithridates VI, he presided over a court that was typical of the era, with a large extended family and an emphasis on the arts and scholarship. About eighty personalities are known who were members of the court, including poets, artists, physicians, and scholars. The best known is the historian Metrodoros of Skepsis, who was not only his ambassador to Armenia but a polymath writing on a wide variety of subjects. The king himself was a scholar, writing on medical research and botany. He was a noted pharmacologist, and his name is still attached to certain plants and medicines. He was also a scientific gardener. Numerous artworks are known from his environment, some of which survive.
Hitchcock’s Interlocutors
Authors: Isaacs Bruce 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Pure cinema is read as an aesthetic philosophy and stylistic practice that synthesizes an art cinema sensibility and a mainstream studio aesthetic design Hitchcock observed and further developed in his American films. Pure cinema thus incorporates both the radical self-awareness of the European auteur cinema and the generic narrative and image form of the American studio system. This synthetic style is then situated within a larger historical narrative that incorporates B-grade cinema traditions and styles (the Italian giallo cinema of Mario Bava and Dario Argento) and Brian De Palma’s self-conscious reconstruction of the B-grade thriller form. The chapter argues that the pure cinema ethos of these films and their filmmakers makes explicit a “visual vernacular” in mise en scène and montage construction that is then traced through Brian De Palma’s formal visual experimentation in Carlito’s Way.
The Part Is Greater Than the Whole
Authors: Isaacs Bruce 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Pure cinema is defined in terms of the interrelationship of formal “fragments” that subtend an infinite array of formal systems within the work. In this model, the aesthetic philosophy of the fragment is developed through the seminal work of Raymond Bellour, one of the most astute of the classical Hitchcockian theorists. The fragment structures aesthetic form across mise en scène, montage, sound design, and narrative. The philosophy of the fragment is read in further detail and greater philosophical specificity through the historical tension between Eisenstein’s montage as whole and Deleuze’s attempts to read montage through the itinerary of the part. The resonance or vibration of the part is read as intensity, structuring the “excessive affect” that underpins the aesthetic of the fragment in film form. The aesthetic of the fragment is revealed in close formal analyses in Hitchcock’s North by Northwest, Argento’s Suspiria, and De Palma’s Union Station sequence in The Untouchables.
Intensified Schematics
Authors: Isaacs Bruce 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The affect of the fragmented frame is intensified within the visual and aural mechanics of the Italian giallo. Line, pattern, color, and movement are intensified within a regime of the fragmented image that builds within the complex of visual, aural, and narrative form. The frame is a discretized set of shapes overwhelming the representational image of the diegesis, and is revealed in a number of giallo films, including Bava’s A Bay of Blood, Blood and Black Lace, and Lisa and the Devil and Argento’s The Bird with the Crystal Plumage. The fragmented frame is interrogated as an interrelated configuration of form, pattern, and movement in De Palma’s Beverly Hills mall scene in Body Double.
Initiating the Millennium
Authors: Collis Robert , Bayer Natalie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This book, the first of its kind in English, examines an initiatic society known by various names—Illuminés d’Avignon, the Avignon Society, the Union, the New Israel Society—that flourished in Berlin, Avignon, Rome, and St. Petersburg, between 1779 and 1807. The founding members of this society forged a group that embraced strands of Western esotericism (particularly alchemy and arithmancy) within an all-pervading millenarian worldview. Whilst the society incorporated aspects of high-degree Freemasonry, it was never merely a para-masonic fraternity. Instead, it offered entry into a religious community of the elect for men, women, and children who anticipated the imminent onset of the millennium. Consecrates were also able to seek divine advice from the so-called Holy Word, partake in alchemical operations to perfect the philosophers’ stone, and invoke guardian angels. As this study demonstrates, the group retained its millenarian worldview and belief in prophetic mediation with Heaven throughout its existence. But it also experienced pronounced doctrinal shifts. Notably, the early espousal of Swedenborgianism was jettisoned in late 1788 and replaced by an embrace of Marianism. This change reflected a contested turn away from a more ecumenical outlook to a more conventional Catholic society. Further, although the society ceased to function in 1807, this study examines the enduring legacy of the group in Russia and its direct influence on Emperor Alexander through the prophetess Madame Bouche, who spent two years at the imperial court (1819 to 1821). It draws on a wealth of archival material from across Europe, which reflects the pan-European composition of the society itself.
Conclusion
Authors: Collis Robert , Bayer Natalie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The conclusion to this book emphasises the important legacy of the Avignon Society in terms of its role in disseminating millenarian doctrine, in particular, throughout Europe for nearly half a century, between 1779 and 1822. It shows the lasting impact of the society by highlighting the remarkable impact of Madame Bouche on Emperor Alexander at a crucial moment in the history of Russia and Europe as a whole. At the same time, the conclusion also reminds the reader about the hostility shown towards the society by government authorities in Russia, the papal territories, and in revolutionary France. This opposition was based on disdain for heretical strands of religious enthusiasm, as well as a fear of the millenarian dynamic of the society, which was often viewed as undermining the pillars of authority. This anxiety about the revolutionary dynamic of the Avignon Society was exacerbated by a profound confusion about the supposed radical agenda of the group, which was often conflated with the atheistic doctrine of the Bavarian Illuminati.
The Dynamics of Dementia Communication
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Despite a plethora of good advice, it can be hard to sustain effective communicative behaviours when someone is living with a dementia. This book asks why that is. Part 1 explores how various dementia-causing diseases affect the linguistic, pragmatic (reasoning), and memory systems; how social perceptions and practices exacerbate the underlying biological problems; how people living with a dementia describe their experiences; and how dementia care currently addresses the challenges of communication. Part 2 asks why people communicate and what shapes how they communicate. The Communicative Impact model of communication is introduced and theoretically justified. It is argued that all communication is driven by people’s desire to make beneficial changes to their experiential world by getting the hearer to do, say, think, or feel something. Part 3 applies the model from part 2 to the range of considerations explored in part 1, helping readers see how and why communication is undermined and reshaped by the various biological, social, and emotional factors underlying the dementia experience. The model is used to shed light on how people living with a dementia are perceived and, as a result, treated, with particular attention to the acceptability of (well-intentioned) deception. The final chapter asks what needs to change if communication and well-being are to be optimized for people living with a dementia. In pursuit of truly person- and relationship-centred care, proposals for advanced skills in communication with a person living with a dementia are presented and explained, helping anchor the ubiquitous dos and don’ts in a deeper understanding of why interaction is difficult.
The Experience of Dementia Communication
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Communication is an early casualty of dementia symptoms on account of the loss of confidence and agency arising from reduced expressive ability, plus the challenges to identity associated with memory impairment. Drawing on first-hand accounts, this chapter explores how people living with a dementia and their carers perceive the role of communication problems in shaping their experiences, and what they say they need for their lives to be easier. The emotional experience of being a family or professional carer is considered. The concept of emotional reserve is introduced, as a means of accounting for individual differences in personal resilience to the many challenges associated with living with a dementia or caring for someone who is.
Introduction
Authors: Medie Peace A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the book. It begins with a brief discussion of the problem of violence against women and of the implementation deficit within the criminal justice sector in most African countries. It then introduces the international women’s justice norm and provides an outline of the central argument, explaining how international and domestic factors interact to influence the implementation of this norm. Next, it lays out the central argument before situating the discussion in the literature on the implementation of international norms. This section is followed by a discussion of the methodology and scope and a definition of key terms used in the book. The chapter concludes with an outline of the book.
Violence against Women and Law Enforcement in Africa
Authors: Medie Peace A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 builds on several themes in the Introduction by providing an overview of violence against women in Africa and a background on the creation of specialized criminal justice sector mechanisms. It identifies commonalities in the types of violence experienced in most countries and in the causes of this violence, as well as in what states have done in response. It highlights the role of patriarchal gender norms in causing this violence and in shaping the criminal justice sector’s response. The chapter also identifies the international women’s justice norm and shows how it has constituted and has been constituted by various international instruments. It discusses the emergence of specialized criminal justice mechanisms and draws on secondary sources to develop a typology of these mechanisms and to document their spread across the continent.
All Animals Use Things, Specifically Food
Authors: Wilson Bart J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
All animals use things, specifically food, but food is unlikely to be the original object of property in humans. Tools have potential to be the original objects of property because of how we make and use them. Many nonhuman animals use tools, but there is a gulf between their uses of tools and ours. Symbolic thought makes meaning possible, and meaning makes composite tools possible. This chapter contends that symbolic thought explains this discontinuity with the rest of the animal kingdom. The connection humans make between a person and a thing originate in the symbolic thought of a symbolic species.
Agriculture and Foodways
Authors: Chittick Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3, “Agriculture and Foodways,” undertakes the first of two case studies in the ethnicization of particular cultural features of the Wuren by the peoples of the Central Plains of the Yellow River. It contrasts the millet-, wheat-, meat-, and milk-based foodways and agricultural systems of the Zhongren and Sarbi of the Central Plains with the rice-, fish-, and tea-based foodways of the Wuren and Churen of the Huai and Yangzi valleys and regions further south. By the fifth and sixth centuries the Central Plains discourse had ethnicized these differences, seeing them as both physiologically inherent and politically salient. Migration of some Central Plains people (Zhongren) into the south did not appreciably change this discourse.
The Sinitic Repertoire
Authors: Chittick Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9, “The Sinitic Repertoire,” offers the second of three studies in various repertoires of political legitimation. Sinitic universalism, based on Sinitic classical philosophy and the model of the Han Empire, is well studied and understood. This chapter emphasizes the tensions within the Sinitic repertoire in the Jiankang regime: between military and suasive approaches to building a Sinitic universal empire; between frugal and ostentatious approaches; and between the traditional Central Plains–centered political geography and one that was transposed to the Yangzi delta, an effort that was undertaken in earnest beginning in the fifth century. Daoist approaches, both huahu (conversion of the barbarians) and millenarian, are also considered as a variant of Sinitic universalism. The concluding analysis argues that the adoption of Sinitic universalism posed numerous intractable difficulties for the imperial throne, especially following the rise of an assertive Central Plains–based regime in the late fifth century.
The Buddhist Repertoire, Part 2
Authors: Chittick Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 11, “The Buddhist Repertoire, Part 2: Jiankang as Theater State,” is the second half of the third study of various repertoires of political legitimation. This chapter argues that the Liang and Chen regimes in the sixth century built on the developments of the late fifth century and responded to the crisis of the Sinitic repertoire by making the Buddhist repertoire paramount instead. The chapter assesses the politics of bodhisattva ordination and the increasingly public rituals, such as Boundless Gatherings and relic worship, that turned Buddhist legend and ideology into well-established political performances. Jiankang in the sixth century can be understood as an example of a Buddhist “theater state,” a model scholars have used to understand political regimes in non-Sinitic parts of Southeast Asia. Especially when combined with elements of vernacular culture, the Buddhist repertoire proved a more successful fit for Jiankang’s political culture than the Sinitic repertoire had been.
The Social Pedagogy of Youth Policies in Latin America
Authors: Antonio Pérez Islas José , Mata Zúñiga Luis Antonio 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews the institutional actions and discourses linked with public policies affecting young people in Latin America, highlighting three large institutions that have impacted this sector in the region: the army, the justice system, and schools, which view young people as a group at risk who must be helped. Next, the chapter discusses youth within the framework of their interactions and well-being, as part of one of the distinctive aspects of social pedagogy—placing it at the center of public policy. Finally, the chapter discusses the relevance of a dialogue between adults and young people that channels the demands, conflicts, and concerns of both in order to produce new youth policies, starting from the recognition of young people through a generational perspective that must be present in all government actions.
Seeing, Knowing, and Doing
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This book provides an overall theory of perception and an account of knowledge and justification concerning the physical, the abstract, and the normative. It has the rigor appropriate for professionals but explains its main points using concrete examples. It accounts for two important aspects of perception on which philosophers have said too little: its relevance to a priori knowledge—traditionally conceived as independent of perception—and its role in human action. Overall, the book provides a full-scale account of perception, presents a theory of the a priori, and explains how perception guides action. It also clarifies the relation between action and practical reasoning; the notion of rational action; and the relation between propositional and practical knowledge. Part One develops a theory of perception as experiential, representational, and causally connected with its objects: as a discriminative response to those objects, embodying phenomenally distinctive elements; and as yielding rich information that underlies human knowledge. Part Two presents a theory of self-evidence and the a priori. The theory is perceptualist in explicating the apprehension of a priori truths by articulating its parallels to perception. The theory unifies empirical and a priori knowledge by clarifying their reliable connections with their objects—connections many have thought impossible for a priori knowledge as about the abstract. Part Three explores how perception guides action; the relation between knowing how and knowing that; the nature of reasons for action; the role of inference in determining action; and the overall conditions for rational action.