bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Linear Anthropometric Body Features of the Igbo, Ijaw and Yoruba Ethnic Groups of Southern Nigeria
Authors: Okoh P. D. , Amadi M. A. 
Published: April 2020

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the linear anthropometric body features of the Igbo, Ijaw and Yoruba, the three major ethnic groups in Southern Nigeria. The research design was a cross-sectional design.
Methodology: The study made use of a total number of one thousand two hundred (1200) subjects divided into four hundred (400) subjects randomly selected from each of the Igbo, Yoruba and Ijaw ethnic groups of southern Nigeria whose ages ranged between 21 to 40 years with BMI of 18.50 to 30.00. Due to bone density, subjects whose BMI fell within the category of overweight according to conventional BMI classification, looked apparently healthy and were included in the study. Determination of minimum sample size was done using the Taro Yamane’s formula. BMI and linear body anthropometric measurements were taken using stadiometer, calibrated flexible meter tape, meter rule and weighing scale. Statistical analysis was done using statistical package for the social science (SPSS version 25.0) and Microsoft Excel 2019. Continuous variables were presented as mean±SD; minimum and maximum. Age was grouped into two categories (21 – 30 and 31 – 40) years. Body Mass Index (BMI) was also grouped into two; normal weight and slightly overweight. Independent sample t-test was thus carried out to determine significant difference in the measured anthropometric variables across age and BMI groups. Confidence interval was set at 95%, therefore p< 0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Results were presented in charts and tables. Variations were observed across the different ethnic groups. Age related changes and variations in BMI were also observed in the anthropometric parameters studied. On comparison with other racial populations, certain parameters were close while most showed marked variation which underscores racial variation. Though certain degree of variation was observed across the three negroid ethnic groups, it is not adequate to subcategorise these Southern Nigerian ethnic groups.
Conclusion: These anthropometric values not only provide a description of the standard linear anthropometric body features of southern Nigeria but could find use in anthropological and medical studies, standardization of anatomical models as well as in the design of products to fit this negroid population.
REVISING THE HOLOCAUST
Authors: BIRN RUTH BETTINA 
Published: July 2002

Hitler's willing executioners. Ordinary Germans and the

Holocaust. By Daniel Jonah

Goldhagen. London: Little Brown and Company, 1996. Pp. x+622. £20.Questions about the motives of the perpetrators and, by implication,

the causes of the

Holocaust, have long been in the forefront of academic or non-academic
discussions

of the Nazi period – from the time of contemporary observers to

the present day. A wide

range of possible responses to these questions has been put forward, drawing
on

concepts from a variety of disciplines, such as history, psychology, sociology
or

theology. Daniel Goldhagen's book on the motivation of the perpetrators
of the

Holocaust claims to be a ‘radical revision of what has until now
been

written’ (p. 9).

This claim is made on the book-jacket and by the author himself. His thesis
can be

summarized as follows: Germany was permeated by a particularly radical
and vicious

brand of anti-Semitism whose aim was the elimination of Jews. The author
defines this

as ‘eliminationist anti-Semitism’. This viral strain of

anti-semitism, he states, ‘resided

ultimately in the heart of German political culture, in German society

itself’ (p. 428).

Medieval anti-Semitism, based as it was on the teachings of the

Christian religion, was

so ‘integral to German culture’ (p. 55) that with the

emergence of the modern era it

did not disappear but rather took on new forms of expression, in particular,
racial

aspects. By the end of the nineteenth century ‘eliminationist

anti-Semitism’ dominated

the German political scene. In the Weimar Republic, it grew more

virulent even before

Hitler came to power. The Nazi machine merely turned this ideology into
a reality.

The course of its actualization was not deterred by anything save

bare necessity: ‘the

road to Auschwitz was not twisted’ (p. 425). When the

‘genocidal program’ was

implemented along with the German attack on the Soviet Union, it was supported
by

the general German population, by the ‘ordinary Germans’

– the key phrase of the

book – who became ‘willing executioners’. They had

no need of special orders,

coercion or pressure because their ‘cognitive model’

showed them that Jews were

‘ultimately fit only to suffer and to die’ (p. 316).
THE OTTOMAN ALGERIAN ELITE AND ITS IDEOLOGY
Authors: Shuval Tal 
Published: July 2002

By the late seventeenth century, Algeria and Tunisia had established regimes that were largely independent of Ottoman sovereignty in almost every regard, although the Porte continued, in strictly legal terms, to exert minimal rights of sovereignty.        Michel Le Gall1But, let there be no mistake: the more a regency of Barbary has become fearsome to the Christian princes, the more the Sultan is its absolute master. He had only to utter a word to end an unjust war and fix even the terms for peace.        Jean-Michel Venture de Paradis2Separated by two centuries, these two quotations describe the role of the Ottoman Empire in North Africa in very different—indeed, contradictory—terms. On the one hand, Ottoman North Africa is depicted as a region where independent political entities emerged out of a century of Ottoman rule, ready as it were for the eventual emergence of nation-states in the 20th century. Venture de Paradis's earlier description, however, is devoid of the hindsight gained by our knowledge of the “end of the story.” It tells us that by the end of the 18th century, contrary to the contemporary accepted view of the remoteness of the Maghribi “regencies” from the imperial center in Istanbul, the three Ottoman provinces of North Africa were indeed an integral part of the Ottoman Empire, and the rulers of these provinces were obedient subjects of the Sublime Porte.
SORTING OUT THE TRIBES: THE CREATION OF RACIAL IDENTITIES IN COLONIAL ZANZIBAR'S NEWSPAPER WARS
Authors: GLASSMAN JONATHON 
Published: July 2002

The days are approaching when you will hear new things.
Soon you will hear that an Arab is not an Arab, a Shirazi is
not a Shirazi, and an African is not an African. You will hear
this, and you will be told that you are all Zanzibaris.Al-Falaq, paper of the Zanzibar Arab Association, 1946Nani awezaye kumnyoosha Binaadamu pindi alitiwa kibyongo
na Mungu? [Who can straighten out mankind, whom God has
made a hunchback?]Afrika Kwetu, paper of the Zanzibar African Association, 1952STUDENTS of the history of African ethnicity will recognize in the second of
these quotes a Swahili version of the aphorism from Kant with which Leroy
Vail introduces his important volume on the creation of tribalism in modern
Africa: ‘Out of the crooked timber of humanity nothing straight will ever be
fashioned’. True to their spirit, both aphorisms can be interpreted in
contradictory ways. Vail intended to point up a theme that runs throughout
his volume: that ethnic categories are rarely as clear-cut as ethnic nationalists
would have them seem, and that, where such clarity exists, it is only
momentary, having arisen out of complex and messy historical processes.
But the editors of Afrika Kwetu, the weekly newspaper of the Zanzibar
African Association that published the Swahili proverb in 1952, drew less
subtle implications. The immediate context was a plea against religious
chauvinism, part of the newspaper's allegation that Zanzibar's Arab
nationalist leaders had violated the Islamic injunction to respect other
religions ‘of the book’. But the clear implication – elsewhere made explicit –
was that God and nature had fashioned humankind into irreducibly
separate races and nations, and that it was foolish and even blasphemous to
mix or combine them, as (they charged) their Arab rivals were seeking to do.
Effects of shading and seed tuber spacing on
initiation and number of tubers in potato crops (Solanum tuberosum)
Authors: O'BRIEN P. J. , FIRMAN D. M. , ALLEN E. J. 
Published: July 2002

Twelve field experiments, carried out over 7 years, examined
effects of shading and seed tuber spacing
on plant growth, initiation and retention of tubers in four
cultivars: Estima, Maris Piper, Maris Peer
and Record. Ten of the experiments were carried out at Cambridge and two
near Valencia, Spain.
Other treatments included in some experiments were floating polythene mulch
and planting date.Shading by up to 75% did not affect the timing of onset or cessation

of tuber initiation in Estima
but shading by 50% or more delayed the completion of tuber initiation
in Maris Piper compared with
less severe shading. Except for intensely shaded treatments (50% or more),

the majority of tubers
were initiated in a very short period (4–7 days). Shading by
37% or more during the period of tuber
initiation and increasing planting density, decreased number of
tubers per stem initiated in all
experiments, but number of tubers was not affected by shading at other
stages of growth. At
Cambridge, effects of shading on number of tubers >10 mm
retained later in growth from normal
planting dates (March to early May) were similar to effects on
number of tubers initiated, but effects
were much reduced or absent following later plantings at Cambridge and
in both experiments in
Valencia. The decreased effects of shading on number of tubers >10 mm
at late plantings at
Cambridge were associated with the initiation of fewer tubers
at these plantings. Effects of shading,
planting density and planting date on number of tubers were a consequence
of changes in the
frequency of occurrence and tuberization of different stolon
types. Increasing shading and planting
density and delaying planting reduced the number of lateral and
branch stolons and the frequency
of their tuberization but there were no effects on number of
primary stolons or their tuberization.
Consequently, at Cambridge a similar number of tubers was
borne on primary stolons in shaded and
unshaded crops. In Valencia a greater proportion of initiated
tubers was retained at final harvest from
shaded treatments than at Cambridge, which accounts for the absence of
effects of shading on
number of tubers >10 mm. The greater retention of tubers
late in growth in Spain may have been
associated with the higher peak growth rates achieved in higher
radiation fluxes than at Cambridge.Linear regressions of the data for normal planting dates at
Cambridge and from Valencia indicated
that the number of tubers >10 mm late in growth was dependent on the
radiation environment
during the period of tuber initiation. Radiation flux during
the brightest period of the first few days
of initiation appeared to be the most crucial aspect of radiation
affecting number of tubers. As
incident radiation can vary greatly over the short period of tuber
initiation, it is potentially an
important factor affecting number of tubers in field crops.
Field experimentation on rough land: The method of
Papadakis reconsidered
Authors: PEARCE S. C. 
Published: July 2002

Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge (1998), 131, 1After the publication of this paper a fault was found in the software used to calculate the tables, the numbers
of rows and columns having at one point been interchanged. Although that will not affect results from the
square formats α and β, it could affect those from γ. Tables 2, 3 and 4 have been recalculated with the error
removed.
An analytical model of gravity currents in a stable atmosphere
Authors: FELIKS YIZHAK 
Published: July 2002

An analytical solution to the nonlinear equations of motion and thermodynamic
energy for gravity currents propagating in stable atmosphere is found. This solution
differs from the previous analytical studies in several aspects. In our solution the
head of the gravity current is a strong vortex and the dynamics are non-hydrostatic.
The solution has two regimes: (i) a supercritical regime when the Froude number
Fr = (c – U)/Na is larger than 1 – in this case the cold front is local; (ii) a subcritical regime when Fr is smaller than 1. Here, ahead of the front there is a disturbance of nonlinear gravity waves. The scale of the wave and its amplitude increase as the Froude number decreases.We found that the square of the speed of the gravity current (relative to the
synoptic wind) is proportional to the mean drop of potential temperature over the
front area times the front height a. The constant of proportionality is function
of the environmental conditions. The thermal, velocity and vorticity fields can be described
by non-dimensional structure functions of two numbers: pa = 1/Fr
and ka. The amplitude of the structure functions is proportional
to (c – U) 2/a for the thermal field, to (c – U) for the velocity field, and to (c – U)/a for the vorticity field.The propagation is studied in terms of the vorticity equation. The horizontal
gradient of the buoyancy term always tends to propagate the cold front. The nonlinear
advection term in most of the cases investigated here tends to slow the propagation
of the gravity current. The propagation of the disturbance of nonlinear gravity waves
ahead of the front in regime (ii) in most of the cases is due to the buoyancy term.
The nonlinear advection term tends to slow the propagation when the synoptic wind
blows in the direction opposite to that of the front propagation, and increase the
propagation when the synoptic wind blows in the direction of propagation.
Minimal liquid bridges in non-axisymmetrically buckled elastic tubes
Authors: HEIL MATTHIAS 
Published: July 2002

This study investigates the existence and stability of static liquid
bridges in non-axisymmetrically buckled elastic tubes. The liquid bridge which occludes
the tube is
formed by two menisci which meet the tube wall at a given contact angle
along a
contact line whose position is initially unknown. Geometrically nonlinear
shell theory
is used to describe the deformation of the linearly elastic tube wall in
response to
an external pressure and to the loads due to the surface tension of the
liquid bridge.
This highly nonlinear problem is solved numerically by finite element methods.It is found that for a large range of parameters (surface tension, contact
angle
and external pressure), the compressive forces generated by the liquid
bridge are
strong enough to hold the tube in a buckled configuration. Typical meniscus
shapes
in strongly collapsed tubes are shown and the stability of these configurations
to
quasi-steady perturbations is examined. The minimum volume of fluid required
to
form an occluding liquid bridge in an elastic tube is found to be substantially

smaller than predicted by estimates based on previous axisymmetric models.
Finally,
the implications of the results for the physiological problem of airway
closure are
discussed.
Reflections on Contemporary South American Democracies
Authors: O'DONNELL GUILLERMO 
Published: July 2002

The occasion of honouring the memory of John Brooks, a great friend of
Latin America, has helped me vanquish my initial reluctance to tackle a
topic that is as broad, varied and still open-ended as the present situation
of democracy in South America. As a first measure of my limitations, with
the exception of some references to Costa Rica and Mexico, I will not
discuss Central America and the Caribbean, not because I feel these
regions are unimportant but because, simply, I do not know enough
about them. However, when I feel that I am on sufficiently solid ground
so as to refer to Latin America as a whole, I will do so.I begin by noting that in contemporary South America some countries
satisfy the definition of political democracy. Those countries share two
main characteristics. One is that they hold elections under universal adult
franchise that, at least at the national level, are reasonably fair and
competitive. These are standard criteria in the political science literature.
However, having in mind the experience of Latin America and elsewhere
in the third world, I believe that we should add that such elections must
be institutionalised. By this I mean that all relevant actors expect that
elections of this kind will continue being held in the indefinite future so,
whether they like or not, it is rational for them to play democracy, not
coup-making or insurrection. We should also stipulate that these elections
are decisive, in the sense that those who are elected do occupy the
respective offices and end their terms in the constitutionally prescribed
way; they are not, as it has happened too often in Latin America,
prevented from occupying office or thrown out of it because some supra-constitutional power feels that they are the ‘wrong people’.The second characteristic is the enjoyment of certain political rights,
especially of opinion, expression, association, movement and access to
a reasonably free and pluralist media. Of course, these and other rights
are important per se; in addition, they are instrumental – necessary
conditions – for the effectuation of the kind of elections I have just
specified.
Reproduction in four populations of brooding periwinkle (Littorina) at Ravenscar, North Yorkshire: adaptation to the local environment?
Authors: Hull Susan L. , Grahame John , Mill Peter J. 
Published: July 2002

The current study examines the reproductive patterns found within four ovoviviparous, brooding periwinkle populations on one shore in the north-east coast of England; the boulder dwelling populations Littorina saxatilis H (upper-shore form with thin shell and large aperture) and L. saxatilis M (mid-shore form with thick shell and small aperture), and the barnacle-dwelling L. saxatilis B (small form similar in morphology to L. saxatilis M) and L. neglecta. Littorina saxatilis H showed distinct seasonality in reproductive activity, unlike L. saxatilis M, and produced significantly larger eggs and embryos than the latter population. Littorina saxatilis M maintained a significantly higher weight-specific fecundity and reproductive activity throughout the year than L. saxatilis H and produced a larger number of small embryos.The two barnacle-dwelling populations also showed distinct seasonality in reproductive activity and neither of the populations contained reproductively active females during the winter months. There was no significant difference in egg size between the two populations, but L. saxatilis B produced larger crawlaways than did L. neglecta. Even though L. saxatilis B was significantly larger in body and shell size, L. neglecta had a higher weight-specific fecundity than the former population. The possibility that the observed differences in egg and juvenile size, fecundity and seasonality between the four populations can be attributed to microscale adaptation to the local environment is discussed.
The Range of Impaired Functioning Tool
(LIFE–RIFT): a brief measure of functional
impairment
Authors: LEON A. C. , SOLOMON D. A. , MUELLER T. I. , TURVEY C. L. , ENDICOTT J. , KELLER M. B. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The literature documents that functional impairment is associated with affective
disorders. Nevertheless, the choice among thorough, yet brief, well-validated assessments of
functional impairment is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric
properties of a brief scale of functional impairment, the Range of Impaired Functioning Tool
(LIFE–RIFT).Method. The study sample included subjects who presented with major depressive disorder at
intake into the NIMH Collaborative Depression Study (CDS). The LIFE–RIFT is composed of
items that are included in the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE). The reliability
and validity were examined using data from LIFE–RIFT assessments conducted at four points in
time: 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after intake into the CDS.Results. Cross-sectional one factor models accounted for the covariance structure among the four
scale items. A longitudinal factor model, with an invariant factor structure over time, also fitted the
data well and indicated that the scale items are measures of one construct, namely functional
impairment. The internal consistency reliability of the scale was supported with alpha coefficients
ranging from 0·81 to 0·83. The inter-rater reliability intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0·94.
Mixed-effect linear regression models showed that those in episode were significantly more impaired
than those in recovery. Furthermore, in analyses of predictive validity, impairment was positively
associated with subsequent recurrence and negatively associated with subsequent recovery.Conclusions. This psychometric evaluation provides empirical support for the reliability and
validity of the LIFE–RIFT, a brief measure of functional impairment.
Stress-induced breathlessness in asthma
Authors: RIETVELD S. , VAN BEEST I. , EVERAERD W. 
Published: July 2002

Background. A majority of patients with asthma believe that psychological factors (particularly
stress) can induce asthma attacks, but empirical support for actual stress-induced airways
obstruction is controversial. This study tested the hypothesis that stress induces breathlessness and
not airways obstruction.Methods. Stress was induced by a frustrating computer task in 30 adolescents with asthma and 20
normal controls, aged 14–19 years. Stress measures were self-reported emotions, heart rate, blood
pressure. Respiratory measures were respiratory rate (RR), end tidal CO2, deep inspirations and
sighs. Asthma measures were lung function, wheeze, cough, breathlessness.Results. All measures confirmed high levels of negative emotions and stress. None of the
participants developed airways obstruction; they had no reduction in lung function, wheeze was
absent and cough negligible. However, breathlessness increased in all participants with asthma and
excessively in many. The mean breathlessness was higher than during induction of actual airways
obstruction with provocative agents in previous studies. End tidal CO2 showed that breathlessness
could not be explained by hypocapnia.Conclusion. Stress can be sufficient to induce breathlessness in patients with asthma.
From membrane to molecule to the third
amino acid from the left with a membrane transport protein
Authors: KABACK H. RONALD , WU JIANHUA 
Published: July 2002

The mechanism of energy transduction in biological membranes is a fascinating

unsolved problem in biology. It has been recognized for some time that
the
driving force for a variety of seemingly unrelated phenomena (e.g. secondary

active transport, oxidative phosphorylation, rotation of the bacterial
flagellar
motor) is a bulk-phase, transmembrane electrochemical ion gradient. However,

insight into the molecular mechanisms by which free energy stored in such

gradients is transduced into work or into chemical energy is just beginning.

Nonetheless, gene sequencing and analyses of deduced amino-acid sequences

suggest that many biological machines involved in energy transduction,
secondary
transport proteins in particular (Henderson, 1990; Marger & Saier,
1993), fall into
families encompassing proteins from archaea to the mammalian central nervous

system, thereby raising the possibility that the members may have common
basic
structural features and mechanisms. In addition, many of these proteins
play
important roles in human disease (e.g. diabetes mellitus, glucose/galactose

malabsorption, some forms of drug abuse, stroke, antibiotic resistance),
as well as
the mechanism of action of certain psychotropic drugs.The focus of this review is on recent observations with a specific secondary

transport protein, the lactose permease (lac permease) of Escherichia
coli, as a
representative of a huge number of proteins that catalyse similar reactions
in
virtually all biological membranes.