bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
miR‐145 inhibits the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells by regulating autophagy
Authors: Wang Weirong , Chen Lifang , Shang Chenxu , Jin Zhen , Yao Feng , Bai Liang , Wang Rong , Zhao Sihai , Liu Enqi 
Published: April 2020

AbstractmiR‐145, the most abundant miRNA in the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), regulates VSMC function in intimal hyperplasia. It has been reported that autophagy participates in the regulation of proliferation and migration of VSMCs. However, the effect of miR‐145 on autophagy and related mechanism in the proliferation and migration of VSMCs remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of miR‐145 on autophagy and the mechanism in VSMCs. Cell autophagy was determined by transmission electron microscope, mRFP‐GFP‐LC3 assay and Western blotting. A recombinant lentivirus containing miR‐145 was used to construct VSMCs with miR‐145 overexpression. We found that miR‐145 expression was decreased, and autophagy was increased in the carotid arteries of C57BL/6J mice with intimal hyperplasia and TGF‐β1‐stimulated VSMCs. Furthermore, miR‐145 overexpression inhibited cell autophagy, whereas miR‐145 inhibition promoted autophagy in TGF‐β1‐stimulated VSMCs. Meanwhile, miR‐145 inhibited the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. More importantly, our study showed that autophagy inhibition augmented the inhibitory effect of miR‐145 on the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. In addition, we found that the sirtuins are not direct targets of miR‐145 in the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. These results suggest that miR‐145 inhibits the proliferation and migration of VSMCs by suppressing the activation of autophagy.
Coronavirus, Ageism, and Twitter: An Evaluation of Tweets about Older Adults and COVID‐19
Authors: Jimenez‐Sotomayor Maria Renee , Gomez‐Moreno Carolina , Soto‐Perez‐de‐Celis Enrique 
Published: April 2020

OBJECTIVESIn March 2020, the World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) a pandemic. High morbidity and mortality rates of COVID‐19 have been observed among older adults and widely reported in both mainstream and social media. The objective of this study was to analyze tweets related to COVID‐19 and older adults, and to identify ageist content.DESIGNWe obtained a representative sample of original tweets containing the keywords “elderly,” “older,” and/or “boomer” plus the hashtags “#COVID19” and/or “#coronavirus.”SETTINGTweets posted between March 12 and March 21, 2020.MEASUREMENTSWe identified the type of user and number of followers for each account. Tweets were classified by three raters as (1) informative, (2) personal accounts, (3) personal opinions, (4) advice seeking, (5) jokes, and (6) miscellaneous. Potentially offensive content, as well as that downplaying the severity of COVID‐19 because it mostly affects older adults, was identified.RESULTSA total of 18,128 tweets were obtained, of which a random sample of 351 was analyzed. Most accounts (91.7%) belonged to individuals. The most common types of tweets were personal opinions (31.9%), followed by informative tweets (29.6%), jokes/ridicule (14.3%), and personal accounts (13.4%). Overall, 72 tweets (21.9%) likely intended to ridicule or offend someone and 21.1% had content implying that the life of older adults was less valuable or downplayed the relevance of COVID‐19.CONCLUSIONMost tweets related to COVID‐19 and older adults contained personal opinions, personal accounts, and jokes. Almost one‐quarter of analyzed tweets had ageist or potentially offensive content toward older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1661‐1665, 2020.
Temporal volume increase after reduction of masseteric hypertrophy utilizing incobotulinumtoxin type A
Authors: Nikolis Andreas , Enright Kaitlyn M. , Rudolph Christina , Cotofana Sebastian 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundTreating the lower face with neuromodulators and targeting the masseter muscle can reduce masseteric hypertrophy but can also change the facial shape. A novel observation after the treatment of the masseter muscle with incobotulinumtoxin Type A was the increase in temporal volume.AimObjectively assess temporal volume increase following treatment of masseteric hypertrophy using incobotulinumtoxin Type A.MethodsNine female patients with a mean age of 35.11 years ± 9.1 [Asian (11.1%) and Caucasian (88.9%)] were treated with incobotulinumtoxin Type A for masseteric hypertrophy. Masseteric prominence and temporal volume were assessed by two independent raters, and temporal fossa volume was measured via 3‐dimensional volumetric imaging.ResultsIndependent of the neuromodulator injection technique (ie, single‐injection versus multi‐injection), a reduction in masseteric hypertrophy occurred represented by a decrease in the masseter prominence scale. In addition, the treatment resulted in a significant improvement of the temporal volume scale and an increase in the measured volume of the temporal fossa. None of the presented measurements were statistically significantly different between the two utilized injection techniques.ConclusionsThis study supports using a full‐face approach when performing aesthetic treatments. Anatomical concepts can help to guide treatments: the compensatory increase in temporalis function after masseter muscle treatment resulted in an increased in temporal fossa volume. The findings presented herein should not be considered as a new concept for treating the temporal fossa but rather as an additional possibility for increasing the temporal volume.
Declining Labor and Capital Shares
Authors: BARKAI SIMCHA 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACTThis paper presents direct measures of capital costs, equal to the product of the required rate of return on capital and the value of the capital stock. The capital share, equal to the ratio of capital costs and gross value added, does not offset the decline in the labor share. Instead, a large increase in the share of pure profits offsets declines in the shares of both labor and capital. Industry data show that increases in concentration are associated with declines in the labor share.
Obesity in adolescent men increases the risk of venous thromboembolism in adult life
Authors: Glise Sandblad K. , Jern S. , Åberg M. , Robertson J. , Torén K. , Lindgren M. , Adiels M. , Hansson P.O. , Rosengren A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundAs the population of obese and severely obese young adults grows, it is becoming increasingly important to recognize the long‐term risks associated with adolescent obesity.ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine the association between body mass index (BMI) in young men at enlistment for military service and later risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE).MethodsNationwide register‐based prospective cohort study of men enlisting 1969 to 2005, followed through the Swedish National Patient and Cause of Death registries. We identified 1 639 838 men (mean age, 18.3 years) free of prior venous thromboembolism, of whom 29 342 were obese (BMI 30 to <35 kg m−2) and 7236 severely obese (BMI ≥ 35 kg m−2). The participants were followed until a first registered diagnosis of VTE.ResultsDuring a median follow‐up of 28 years (interquartile interval, 20 to 36 years), 11 395 cases of deep vein thrombosis and 7270 cases of pulmonary embolism were recorded. Compared with men with a BMI of 18.5 to <20 kg m−2, men with higher BMI in young adulthood showed an incrementally increasing risk of VTE that was moderately but significantly increased already at normal BMI levels. Adolescent obese men with a BMI of 30 to 35 kg m−2 had an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.93 (95% confidence interval, 2.65 to 3.24) for VTE. Severely obese men with a BMI of ≥35 kg m−2 had a hazard ratio of 4.95 (95% confidence interval, 4.16 to 5.90).ConclusionsMen who were obese or severely obese in young adulthood had a marked increase in risk of VTE.
Population structure, landscape genomics, and genetic signatures of adaptation to exotic disease pressure inCornus floridaL.—Insights from GWAS and GBS data
Authors: Pais Andrew L. , Whetten Ross W. , Xiang Qiu‐Yun (Jenny) 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the consequences of exotic diseases on native forests is important to evolutionary ecology and conservation biology because exotic pathogens have drastically altered US eastern deciduous forests.Cornus floridaL. (flowering dogwood tree) is one such species facing heavy mortality. Characterizing the genetic structure ofC. floridapopulations and identifying the genetic signature of adaptation to dogwood anthracnose (an exotic pathogen responsible for high mortality) remain vital for conservation efforts. By integrating genetic data from genotype by sequencing (GBS) of 289 trees across the host species range and distribution of disease, we evaluated the spatial patterns of genetic variation and population genetic structure ofC. floridaand compared the pattern to the distribution of dogwood anthracnose. Using genome‐wide association study and gradient forest analysis, we identified genetic loci under selection and associated with ecological and diseased regions. The results revealed signals of weak genetic differentiation of three or more subgroups nested within two clusters—explaining up to 2%–6% of genetic variation. The groups largely corresponded to the regions within and outside the eastern Hot‐Continental ecoregion, which also overlapped with areas within and outside the main distribution of dogwood anthracnose. The fungal sequences contained in the GBS data of sampled trees bolstered visual records of disease at sampled locations and were congruent with the reported range ofDiscula destructiva, suggesting that fungal sequences within‐host genomic data were informative for detecting or predicting disease. The genetic diversity between populations at diseased vs. disease‐free sites across the range ofC. floridashowed no significant difference. We identified 72 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 68 loci putatively under selection, some of which exhibited abrupt turnover in allele frequencies along the borders of the Hot‐Continental ecoregion and the range of dogwood anthracnose. One such candidate SNP was independently identified in two prior studies as a possible L‐type lectin‐domain containing receptor kinase. Although diseased and disease‐free areas do not significantly differ in genetic diversity, overall there are slight trends to indicate marginally smaller amounts of genetic diversity in disease‐affected areas. Our results were congruent with previous studies that were based on a limited number of genetic markers in revealing high genetic variation and weak population structure inC. florida.
Population genetic structure of the giant panda staple food bamboo (Fargesia spathacea complex) and its taxonomic implications
Authors: Huang Lei , Xing Xiao‐Cheng , Li Wan‐Wan , Zhou Yun , Zhang Yu‐Qu , Xue Cheng , Ren Yi , Kang Ju‐Qing 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe taxonomy of woody bamboo presents many difficulties due to its long blooming interval and complex morphological variation. Whether the current taxonomy reflects genuine species divergence within woody bamboo is an intriguing question. The Fargesia spathacea Franch. complex comprises 15 closely related species with a sympatric distribution in China. Their classification has long been controversial because only a handful of vegetative traits are available, providing a good opportunity to explore the evolutionary relationships and genetic differentiation in woody bamboo. Here, we present a study involving 750 individuals from 39 representative populations in the F. spathacea complex using 14 simple sequence repeat markers. We found varying degrees of genetic diversity across populations of the F. spathacea complex (He = 0.07–0.81) and largely negative F‐values at the population level, implying an excess of heterozygotes in the populations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all populations were divided into two major groups (clusters A and B), with the majority of the 15 species representing distinct genetic lineages. Based on population genetic analysis along with morphological evidence, we confirmed the identity of three species (F. decurvata J. L. Lu, F. spathacea, and F. murielae Gamble) and suggested the invalidation of four other species (F. scabrida T. P. Yi, F. robusta T. P. Yi, F. denudata T. P. Yi F. murielae (Gamble) T. P. Yi, and F. nitida (Mitford) Keng f. ex T. P. Yi). The delimitation of the remaining eight species has yet to be explored. The analysis of ecological factors and spatial autocorrelation suggested that altitudinal differences might account for the distinct genetic divergence between the two major groups.
Functional divergence of Populus MYB158 and MYB189 gene pair created by whole genome duplication
Authors: Jiang Peng‐Fei , Xu Hui , Guan Chao‐Nan , Wang Xiao‐Xia , Wu Ai‐Min , Liu Yan‐Jing , Zeng Qing‐Yin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWhole genome duplication (WGD) provides new genetic material for genome evolution. After a WGD event, some duplicates are lost, while other duplicates still persist and evolve diverse functions. A particular challenge is to understand how this diversity arises. This study identified two WGD‐derived duplicates, MYB158 and MYB189, from Populus tomentosa. Populus MYB158 and MYB189 had expression divergence. Populus tomentosa overexpressing MYB158 or MYB189 had similar phenotypes: creep growth, decreased width of xylem and secondary cell wall thickness. Compared to wild‐type, neither myb158 mutant nor myb158 myb189 double mutant showed obvious phenotypic variation in P. tomentosa. Although MYB158 and MYB189 proteins could repress the same structural genes involved in lignin, cellulose, and xylan biosynthesis, the two proteins had their own specific regulatory targets. Populus MYB158 could act as the upstream regulator of secondary cell wall NAC master switch and directly represses the expression of the SND1‐B2 gene. Taken together, Populus MYB158 and MYB189 have retained similar functions in negatively regulating secondary cell wall biosynthesis, but have evolved partially distinct functions in direct regulation of NAC master switch, with MYB158 playing a more crucial role. Our findings provide new insights into the evolutionary and functional divergence of WGD‐derived duplicate genes.
Incidence of extrahepatic cancers among individuals with chronic hepatitis B or C virus infection: A nationwide cohort study
Authors: Hong Chai Yeong , Sinn Dong Hyun , Kang Danbee , Paik Seung Woon , Guallar Eliseo , Cho Juhee , Gwak Geum‐Youn 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study examined the association between chronic HBV or HCV infection and the risk of extrahepatic cancers. A total of 537 103 adults aged ≥20 years without history of cancer were identified from the Korean National Health Insurance Service‐National Sample Cohort between 2003 and 2013. The difference in cancer incidence was compared between those with and without chronic HBV or HCV infection. During 3 854 130 person‐years of follow‐up (median follow‐up: 8.0 years), 19 089 participants developed cancer. After adjusting for sex, body mass index, smoking, drinking, income percentile, residential area and comorbidities, hazard ratios (HRs) for incident extrahepatic cancer were significantly higher in participants with chronic HBV infection (HR: 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20‐1.35), HCV infection (HR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.16‐1.48) or HBV/HCV dual infection (HR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.31‐1.72) compared to participants without HBV or HCV infection. In chronic HBV infection, the cancer risk was higher for haematologic malignancy [HR (95% CI) = 2.46 (1.92‐3.15)], gallbladder [1.55 (1.05‐2.29)], pancreas [1.52 (1.07‐2.15)], stomach [1.39 (1.22‐1.58)], lung [1.27 (1.04‐1.55)], colorectum [1.21 (1.03‐1.42)] and thyroid cancer [1.20 (1.05‐1.36)]. In chronic HCV infection, the cancer risk was higher for testis [10.34 (1.35‐79.78)], gallbladder [2.90 (1.62‐5.18)], prostate [2.51 (1.65‐3.82)] and thyroid cancer [1.46 (1.10‐1.93)]. In conclusion, chronic HBV or HCV infection was not only associated with an increased risk of liver cancer, but also associated with an increased risk of multiple extrahepatic cancers.
A comparative study of the evolving jurisprudence on standard essential patent licensing
Authors: Bharadwaj Ashish , Jain Srajan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCourtrooms in several jurisdictions have proven to be legal battleground for developing jurisprudence for disputes on standard essential patent (SEP) licensing. In India, a settlement and a decision defined and reshaped the SEP licensing landscape. These decisions by the Indian adjudicators come in light of the solutions proposed by the Japan Patent Office, decisions taken by the U.K. Courts and official position of the U.S. Department of Justice more recently. In this paper, we seek to analyze the outcomes of SEP disputes in India and make comparison with the ongoing efforts in developing fair, reasonable and non‐discriminatory jurisprudence in Japan, EU, and United States.
Impact of vehicles on benthic macrofauna on a subtropical sand beach
Authors: Bom Fabio Cavalca , Colling Leonir André 
Published: April 2020

AbstractOur study aimed to identify possible relationships between the structure of the benthic macrofauna and the intense use of vehicles in Cassino Beach. Physical changes in the sediment were identified, with high compaction in the sector most affected by the vehicles, especially during the summer. The benthic macrofauna was significantly affected by vehicles, with lower densities observed in the most impacted sector, mainly in the summer, unlike the control sector, where higher densities were observed during the pre‐summer and summer. We concluded that the vehicle traffic changes the physical environment of the beach and consequently affects the benthic community in the face of this disturbance. We conclude that the benthic macrofauna is highly impacted by vehicle traffic at Cassino Beach, mainly in the period with the highest traffic, and alternatives are needed for this impact, helping to recover this ecosystem.
Factors associated with anaemia among adolescent boys and girls 10–19 years old in Nepal
Authors: Ford Nicole D. , Bichha Ram Padarth , Parajuli Kedar Raj , Paudyal Naveen , Joshi Nira , Whitehead Ralph D. , Chitekwe Stanley , Mei Zuguo , Flores‐Ayala Rafael , Adhikari Debendra P. , Rijal Sanjay , Jefferds Maria Elena 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe used data from the 2016 Nepal National Micronutrient Status Survey to evaluate factors associated with anaemia (World Health Organization cut‐points using altitude‐ and smoking‐adjusted haemoglobin [Hb]) among nationally representative samples of adolescents 10–19 years. Hb, biomarkers of micronutrients, infection and inflammation were assessed from venous blood. Sociodemographic and household characteristics, dietary diversity, pica and recent morbidity were ascertained by interview. We explored bivariate relationships between candidate predictors and anaemia among boys (N = 967) and girls (N = 1,680). Candidate predictors with P < 0.05 in bivariate analyses were included in sex‐specific multivariable logistic regression models. Anaemia prevalence was 20.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] [17.1, 24.1]) among girls and 10.9% (95% CI [8.2, 13.6]) among boys. Among girls, living in the Mountain and Hill ecological zones relative to the Terai (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.28, 95% CI [0.15, 0.52] and AOR 0.42, 95% CI [0.25, 0.73], respectively), ln ferritin (μg/L) (AOR 0.53, 95% CI [0.42, 0.68]) and ln retinol binding protein (RBP) (μmol/L) (AOR 0.08, 95% CI [0.04, 0.16]) were associated with reduced anaemia odds. Older age (age in years AOR 1.19, 95% CI [1.12, 1.27]) and Janajati ethnicity relative to the Muslim ethnicity (AOR 3.04, 95% CI [1.10, 8.36]) were associated with higher anaemia odds. Among boys, ln RBP [μmol/L] (AOR 0.25, 95% CI [0.10, 0.65]) and having consumed flesh foods (AOR 0.57, 95% CI [0.33, 0.99]) were associated with lower anaemia odds. Open defecation (AOR 2.36, 95% CI [1.15, 4.84]) and ln transferrin receptor [mg/L] (AOR 3.21, 95% CI [1.25, 8.23]) were associated with increased anaemia odds. Anaemia among adolescents might be addressed through effective public health policy and programs targeting micronutrient status, diet and sanitation.
Regulating the regulator: nitric oxide control of post‐translational modifications
Authors: Gupta Kapuganti Jagadis , Kolbert Zsuzsanna , Durner Jorg , Lindermayr Christian , Corpas Francisco J. , Brouquisse Renaud , Barroso Juan B. , Umbreen Saima , Palma José M. , Hancock John T. , Petrivalsky Marek , Wendehenne David , Loake Gary J. 
Published: April 2020

SummaryNitric oxide (NO) is perfectly suited for the role of a redox signalling molecule. A key route for NO bioactivity occurs via protein S‐nitrosation, and involves the addition of a NO moiety to a protein cysteine (Cys) thiol (–SH) to form an S‐nitrosothiol (SNO). This process is thought to underpin a myriad of cellular processes in plants that are linked to development, environmental responses and immune function. Here we collate emerging evidence showing that NO bioactivity regulates a growing number of diverse post‐translational modifications including SUMOylation, phosphorylation, persulfidation and acetylation. We provide examples of how NO orchestrates these processes to mediate plant adaptation to a variety of cellular cues.
Crystalline lens gradient refractive index distribution in the guinea pig
Authors: de Castro Alberto , Martinez‐Enriquez Eduardo , Perez‐Merino Pablo , Velasco‐Ocaña Miriam , Revuelta Luis , McFadden Sally , Marcos Susana 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPurposeThe crystalline lens undergoes morphological and functional changes with age and may also play a role in eye emmetropisation. Both the geometry and the gradient index of refraction (GRIN) distribution contribute to the lens optical properties. We studied the lens GRIN in the guinea pig, a common animal model to study myopia.MethodsLenses were extracted from guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) at 18 days of age (n = 4, three monolaterally treated with negative lenses and one untreated) and 39 days of age (n = 4, all untreated). Treated eyes were myopic (−2.07 D on average) and untreated eyes hyperopic (+3.3 D), as revealed using streak retinoscopy in the live cyclopeged animals. A custom 3D spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) system (λ = 840 nm, Δλ = 50 nm) was used to image the enucleated crystalline lens at two orientations. Custom algorithms were used to estimate the lens shape and GRIN was modelled with four variables that were reconstructed using the OCT data and a minimisation algorithm. Ray tracing was used to calculate the optical power and spherical aberration assuming a homogeneous refractive index or the estimated GRIN.ResultsGuinea pig lenses exhibited nearly parabolic GRIN profiles. When comparing the two age groups (18‐ and 39 day‐old) there was a significant increase in the central thickness (from 3.61 to 3.74 mm), and in the refractive index of the surface (from 1.362 to 1.366) and the nucleus (from 1.443 to 1.454). The presence of GRIN shifted the spherical aberration (−4.1 µm on average) of the lens towards negative values.ConclusionsThe guinea pig lens exhibits a GRIN profile with surface and nucleus refractive indices that increase slightly during the first weeks of life. GRIN plays a major role in the lens optical properties and should be incorporated into computational guinea pig eye models to study emmetropisation, myopia development and ageing.