bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The sensitivity of cosmogenic radionuclide analysis to soil bulk density: Implications for soil formation rates
Authors: Evans Daniel , Rodés Ángel , Tye Andrew 
Published: May 2020

AbstractImproving our knowledge of soil formation is critical so that we can better understand the first‐order controls on soil thickness and more effectively inform land‐management decisions. Cosmogenic radionuclide analysis has allowed soil scientists to more accurately constrain the rates at which soils form from bedrock. In such analysis, the concentration of an isotope, such as Beryllium‐10, is measured from a sample of bedrock. Because this concentration is partly governed by the lowering of the bedrock‐soil interface, a cosmogenic depth‐profile model can be fitted to infer the bedrock and surface lowering rates compatible with the measured concentrations. Given that the bedrock‐soil interface is shielded by soil, the cosmic rays responsible for the in‐situ production of the radionuclide are attenuated, with attenuation rates dependent on the density profile of this soil. Many studies have assumed that soil bulk density is either equal to that of the bedrock or constant with depth. The failure to acknowledge the variations in soil bulk density means that cosmogenically derived soil formation rates previously published may be under‐ or overestimates. Here, we deploy a new model called “CoSOILcal” to a global compilation of cosmogenic analyses of soil formation and, by making use of estimated bulk density profiles, recalculate rates of soil formation to assess the sensitivity to this important parameter. We found that where a soil mantle >0.25 m overlies the soil‐bedrock interface, accounting for the soil bulk density profile brings about a significantly slower rate of soil formation than that previously published. Moreover, the impact of using bulk density profiles on cosmogenically derived soil formation rates increases as soil thickens. These findings call into question the accuracy of our existing soil formation knowledge and we suggest that future cosmogenic radionuclide analysis must consider the bulk density profile of the overlying soil.Highlights
The effect of heterogeneities in soil bulk density on cosmogenically derived soil formation rates is unknown.
Soil formation rates are recalculated using a new model to analyse the effect of density variations.
Accounting for density in soils >0.25 m thickness brings about significantly slower soil formation rates.
Measuring soil bulk density is essential when cosmogenically deriving soil formation rates.
The effects of livestock grazing on biodiversity are multi‐trophic: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Filazzola Alessandro , Brown Charlotte , Dettlaff Margarete A. , Batbaatar Amgaa , Grenke Jessica , Bao Tan , Peetoom Heida Isaac , Cahill James F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAnthropogenic disturbance has generated a significant loss of biodiversity worldwide and grazing by domestic herbivores is a contributing disturbance. Although the effects of grazing on plants are commonly explored, here we address the potential multi‐trophic effects on animal biodiversity (e.g. herbivores, pollinators and predators). We conducted a meta‐analysis on 109 independent studies that tested the response of animals or plants to livestock grazing relative to livestock excluded. Across all animals, livestock exclusion increased abundance and diversity, but these effects were greatest for trophic levels directly dependent on plants, such as herbivores and pollinators. Detritivores were the only trophic level whose abundance decreased with livestock exclusion. We also found that the number of years since livestock was excluded influenced the community and that the effects of grazer exclusion on animal diversity were strongest in temperate climates. These findings synthesise the effects of livestock grazing beyond plants and demonstrate the indirect impacts of livestock grazing on multiple trophic levels in the animal community. We identified the potentially long‐term impacts that livestock grazing can have on lower trophic levels and consequences for biological conservation. We also highlight the potentially inevitable cost to global biodiversity from livestock grazing that must be balanced against socio‐economic benefits.
Genomic population structure of Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Cape Fear River
Authors: LeBlanc Nathalie M. , Gahagan Benjamin I. , Andrews Samuel N. , Avery Trevor S. , Puncher Gregory N. , Reading Benjamin J. , Buhariwalla Colin F. , Curry R. Allen , Whiteley Andrew R. , Pavey Scott A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractStriped Bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum, 1792), is an anadromous fish species that supports fisheries throughout North America and is native to the North American Atlantic Coast. Due to long coastal migrations that span multiple jurisdictions, a detailed understanding of population genomics is required to untangle demographic patterns, understand local adaptation, and characterize population movements. This study used 1,256 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci to investigate genetic structure of 477 Striped Bass sampled from 15 locations spanning the North American Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada, to the Cape Fear River, United States. We found striking differences in neutral divergence among Canadian sites, which were isolated from each other and US populations, compared with US populations that were much less isolated. Our SNP dataset was able to assign 99% of Striped Bass back to six reporting groups, a 39% improvement over previous genetic markers. Using this method, we found (a) evidence of admixture within Saint John River, indicating that migrants from the United States and from Shubenacadie River occasionally spawn in the Saint John River; (b) Striped Bass collected in the Mira River, Cape Breton, Canada, were found to be of both Miramichi River and US origin; (c) juveniles in the newly restored Kennebec River population had small and nonsignificant differences from the Hudson River; and (d) tributaries within the Chesapeake Bay showed a mixture of homogeny and small differences among each other. This study introduces new hypotheses about the dynamic zoogeography of Striped Bass at its northern range and has important implications for the local and international management of this species.
Mitochondrial energy metabolism is negatively regulated by cannabinoid receptor 1 in intact human epidermis
Authors: Oláh Attila , Alam Majid , Chéret Jérémy , Kis Nikolett Gréta , Hegyi Zoltán , Szöllősi Attila Gábor , Vidali Silvia , Bíró Tamás , Paus Ralf 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEpidermal energy metabolism is relevant to skin physiology, ageing and photodamage. While selected hormones stimulate epidermal keratinocyte mitochondrial activity, its negative regulation remains unknown. In several cell types, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is expressed both on the cell membrane (cmCB1) and on the mitochondrial outer membrane (mtCB1), where its stimulation directly suppresses mitochondrial functions. In the current pilot study, we investigated if CB1 is a negative regulator of human epidermal energy metabolism under physiological conditions. Using organ‐cultured full‐thickness human skin specimens of healthy individuals, we showed that antagonizing the homeostatic CB1 signalling by the administration of the CB1 inverse agonist AM251 increased respiratory chain complex I and II/IV activity. The effect was CB1‐dependent, since the CB1‐selective agonist arachidonyl‐2'‐chloroethylamide could prevent the effect. Moreover, the phenomenon was also reproduced by siRNA‐mediated down‐regulation of CB1. As revealed by the unaltered expression of several relevant markers (TFAM, VDAC1, MTCO1 and NDUFS4), modulation of CB1 signalling had no effect on the epidermal mitochondrial mass. Next, by using immunoelectron microscopy, we found that human epidermal keratinocytes express both cmCB1 and mtCB1. Finally, by using equipotent extracellularly restricted (hemopressin) as well as cell‐permeable (AM251) inverse agonists, we found that mitochondrial activity is most likely exclusively regulated by mtCB1. Thus, our data identify mtCB1 as a novel negative regulator of keratinocyte mitochondrial activity in intact human epidermis, and raise the question, whether topical therapeutic interventions capable of selectively activating mtCB1 can reduce excessive mitochondrial ROS production resulting from dysregulated mitochondrial activity during skin ageing or photodamage.
Economic globalization and decentralization: A centrifugal or centripetal relationship?
Authors: Jurado Ignacio , León Sandra 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOne of the most significant economic trends in the last decades has been the integration of countries in international markets. What have been the consequences of global economic integration upon the territorial organization of the states? Has it contributed to centralize powers or to further decentralization? The literature so far has provided inconclusive evidence. In this article we shed new light on the relationship between economic globalization and territorial politics by using a varied source of data such as the Regional Authority Index, and the KOF indices of globalization for the period 1970–2010. Results show that economic globalization is positively associated to decentralization, particularly in those countries with more regionalist parties and where levels of inequality are lower.
Exploratory descriptive analysis of opioid prescribing prevalence of nurse practitioners and the specialties associated with the top prescribers
Authors: Pan Kevin , Collins Andrea 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundOpioid prescription drug abuse is increasingly becoming a concern beyond the United States. Little is known regarding nurse practitioners' opioid prescribing patterns or settings.AimTo examine nurse practitioners' opioid prescription patterns.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cross‐sectional descriptive study of the 2016 Medicare Part D Prescriber Public Use File and analysed the association between the number of nurse practitioners and the number of opioid prescriptions. We conducted Web searches on the top 1% of prescribers to obtain the specialty areas in which nurse practitioners worked.ResultsThere was no significant correlation between the prevalence of nurse practitioners and the opioid prescription rates among the states in the United States. Most nurse practitioners do not prescribe opioids. Opioid prescription is highly concentrated among nurse practitioners, as 1% of nurse practitioners account for one third of opioids prescribed by nurse practitioners. Most of the top 1% opioid prescribers practice in specialty care with board‐certified pain medicine physicians.ConclusionsThe prevalence of nurse practitioners is not likely a significant contributing factor to the opioid epidemic. Rather than increased scrutiny of opioid prescribing, a better approach to curb the opioid crisis might be to facilitate collaboration among physicians, nurse practitioners and patients.
The health of the nursing workforce. A survey of National Nurse Associations
Authors: Wills J. , Hancock C. , Nuttall M. 
Published: May 2020

AimThis investigation explored the extent to which nurses’ own health is a priority for global National Nursing Associations.BackgroundThere is a growing body of evidence linking staff health and well‐being and key dimensions of service quality, including patient safety, patient experience and the effectiveness of patient care.IntroductionThe International Council of Nurses is a federation of more than 130 National Nurses Associations, representing more than 20 million nurses worldwide. Representatives from these Associations attended a Congress in Singapore in 2019 at which a survey was conducted.MethodsA convenience sample of 37 leaders of National Nurse Associations from 33 countries and 61 nurse representatives took part in a survey.ResultsThe majority of nurse leaders and participants believed that nurses’ own health should be a priority to be addressed, principally because a healthy nurse is better able to provide good patient care. All of the examples offered about how these Associations address nurses’ own health were about actions to prompt individual health behaviour change.DiscussionThe National Nurses Associations did not have a common terminology to talk about nurses’ own health. Taking care of one’s own health was included as part of the professional role and most nurse leaders thought that working conditions contributed to ill health.ConclusionsThere is widespread agreement that nurses’ own health matters but for most National Nurses Associations it is not a current priority.Implications for Nursing PolicyGoing forward nurse health and wellbeing should be a core principle for health services and professional associations, and additional research is needed that demonstrates if improving working environments contributes to nurse retention and recruitment.
Cooperative advertising and pricing in an O2O supply chain with buy‐online‐and‐pick‐up‐in‐store
Authors: Li Mengli , Zhang Xumei , Dan Bin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the effectiveness of cooperative advertising in an online‐to‐offline (O2O) supply chain where the manufacturer cooperates with the retailer to implement buy‐online‐and‐pick‐up‐in‐store (BOPS) strategy. Considering the coexistence of channel cooperation and channel competition after the implementation of BOPS, we investigate the impact of BOPS on equilibrium results. Then we study the optimal cooperative advertising and pricing strategy of the O2O supply chain. We also identify the effectiveness of cooperative advertising on the O2O supply chain and supply chain members. We find that the implementation of BOPS can partially substitute the incentive effect of cooperative advertising. In addition, convenience coefficient and commission rate, the two key factors of BOPS, have opposite impacts on optimal decisions in most conditions. Therefore, the optimal strategy depends on the balance of the above two factors. Furthermore, we find that cooperative advertising does not always benefit the O2O supply chain and its members.
Genetic variation in root development responses to salt stresses of quinoa
Authors: Nguyen Loc Van , Bertero Daniel , Nguyen Long Viet 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSoil salinity has become a serious environmental abiotic stress limiting crop productivity and quality. The root system is the first organ sensing the changes in salinity. Root development under elevated salinity is therefore an important indicator for saline tolerance in plants. Previous studies focused on varietal differences in morphological traits of quinoa under saline stresses; however, variation in root development responses to salinity remains largely unknown. To understand the genetic variation in root development responses to salt stress of quinoa, we conducted a preliminary screening for salinity response at two salinity levels of a diverse set of 52 quinoa genotypes and microsatellite markers were used to link molecular variation to that in root development responses to salt stresses of represented genotypes. The frequency distribution of saline tolerance index showed continuous variation in the quinoa collection. Cluster analysis of salinity responses divided the 52 quinoa genotypes into six major groups. Based on these results, six genotypes representative of groups I to VI including Black quinoa, 2‐Want, Atlas, Riobamba, NL‐6 and Sayaña, respectively, were selected to evaluate root development under four saline stress levels: 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl. Contrasts in root development responses to saline stress levels were observed in the six genotypes. At 100 mM NaCl, significant differences were not observed in root length development (RLD) and root surface development (RSAD) of most genotypes except Black quinoa; a significant reduction was observed in this genotype as compared to controls. At 200 mM NaCl, significant reduction was detected in RLD and RSAD in all genotypes showing this as the best concentration to discriminate among genotypes. The strongest inhibition of root development was found for all genotypes at 300 mM NaCl as compared to lower saline levels. Among genotypes, Atlas of group III shows as a saline‐tolerant genotype confirming previous reports. Variation in root responses to salinity stresses is also discussed in relation to climate conditions of origins of the genotypes and reveal interesting guidelines for further studies exploring the mechanisms behind this aspect of saline adaptation.
Structural evolution at short and medium range distances during crystallization of a P2O5‐Li2O‐Al2O3‐SiO2 glass
Authors: Glatz Pauline , Comte Monique , Montagne Lionel , Doumert Bertrand , Cousin Fabrice , Cormier Laurent 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLi2O‐Al2O3‐SiO2 (LAS) glass‐ceramics have important industrial applications and bulk nucleation is usually achieved by using nucleating agents. In particular, P2O5 is an efficient agent in glasses containing a low level of Al2O3 but its role in the first stages of nucleation is not well established. In this study, we combine structural investigations from local to mesoscales to describe the structural evolution during crystallization of LAS glass‐ceramics. Local environment is probed using 29Si and 31P MAS‐NMR, indicating organization of P in poorly crystallized Li3PO4 species prior to any crystallization. To better understand the detailed nanoscale changes of the glass structure, 31P‐31P DQ‐DRENAR homonuclear correlation experiments have been carried out, revealing the gradual segregation of P atoms associated with the formation of disordered Li3PO4. Small‐angle neutron scattering data also show the apparition of nanoscale heterogeneities associated with Li3PO4 species upon heating treatments and allow the determination of their average sizes. These new structural information enhance our understanding of the role of P in nucleation mechanisms. Nucleation is initiated by gradual change in P environment implying P segregation upon heating treatments, forming disordered Li3PO4 heterogeneities. The segregation of P atoms enables the precipitation of meta‐ and disilicate phases.
Effect of titanium chelating compound on hydration resistance of CaO material
Authors: Liu Shaokun , Wei Yaowu , Wang Jinhu , Li Nan , Chen Junfeng , Han Bingqiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe hydration resistance of CaO materials prepared by Ca(OH)2 calcination with titanium chelating compounds is investigated in this paper. The crystalline phases and microstructure characteristics of sintered specimens were studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), define FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that the hydration resistance of CaO samples was improved significantly, especially for samples with 9 wt% Ti chelating compound. The specimens with Ti chelating compound showed an increase in bulk density and a decrease in apparent porosity after heating when compared to the specimens without additive. The grain surface of CaO grain and the gaps between the CaO grain boundaries were covered with calcium phosphate glass phase, calcium phosphate showed two different shapes: irregular shape and rod shape. The formation and distribution of these two forms were the key factors that affecting the hydration resistance of CaO samples.
Containerless processing of metastable multiferroic composite in Ln‐(Mn, Fe)‐O system (Ln: Lanthanide)
Authors: Kuribayashi Kazuhiko , Shirasawa Shouta , Hayasaka You , Shiratori Suguru , Ozawa Shumpei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIt has been known that the hexagonal structure with a space group of P63cm is stable in the LnMnO3 system (Ln: Lanthanoid) having rare‐earth elements with smaller ionic radii than that of Gd3+. The hexagonal LnMnO3 (h‐LnMnO3) that shows multiferroic properties such as ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism in one phase has attracted great interest in the field of electronic industry. Nevertheless, since h‐LnMnO3 shows antiferromagnetism as well as low magnetic transition temperature below 100 K, no materials for practical applications have been developed. As one of the solutions to this problem, a composite material composed of nano‐sized h‐LnFeO3 and ferromagnetic phases is expected. Based on this idea, we tried to synthesize multiferroic composites consisting of h‐LuFeO3 and Fe3O4 by containerless processing technique. However, the results showed that not only the composite structure of h‐LuFeO3 and Fe3O4 but also orthorhombic phase (o‐LuFeO3) and Fe2O3 were identified. These results suggest that it is necessary to improve the stability of h‐LnFeO3 and suppress the chemical reaction from Fe3O4 to Fe2O3. From this point, we tested samples in which one‐third of Fe ions was substituted by Mn ions. As a result, a fine composite structure composed of LuMn1/3Fe2/3O3 and MnFe2O4 was obtained.
The arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in comparison to the athletic heart
Authors: Mascia Giuseppe , Arbelo Elena , Porto Italo , Brugada Ramon , Brugada Josep 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntense exercise‐induced right ventricular remodeling is a potential adaptation of cardiac function and structure. The features of the remodeling may overlap with those of a very early form of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC): at this early stage, it could be difficult to discriminate ARVC, from exercise‐induced cardiac adaptation that may develop in normal individuals. The purpose of this paper is to discuss which exercise‐induced remodeling may be a pathological or a physiological finding. A complete evaluation may be required to identify the pathological features of ARVC that would include potential risk of sudden cardiac death during sport or, to avoid the false diagnosis of ARVC. The most recent expert assessment of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy focuses on endurance athletes presenting with clinical features indistinguishable from ARVC.
Evaluation of a novel esophageal retractor utilizing vacuum suction and mechanical force for deviating the esophagus
Authors: Houmsse Mahmoud , Daoud Emile G. , Joseph Matthew , Weiss Raul , Essandoh Michael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundDeviation of the esophagus prevents esophageal injury during atrial fibrillation ablation.ObjectivesThis study is to evaluate, in animals, safety and effectiveness of a novel esophageal retractor that utilizes vacuum suction and mechanical force to deviate the esophagus.MethodsFollowing general anesthesia, a radiopaque ruler was placed behind the animal perpendicular to the esophagus. The esophageal retractor was inserted and esophagram was completed. Suction force (280‐300 mm Hg) was applied to the distal aspect of the device that resulted in adherence of the esophagus in a circumferential manner. Then movement of a deflecting arm was used to deviate the esophagus. Four animal studies completed: (a) deviation distance and presence of trailing edge; (b) effect of 1 hour continuous suction and deviation upon esophageal cellular architecture; (c) impact on luminal esophageal temperature (LET) during high power ablation; and (d) compatibility of esophageal retractor with electroanatomic mapping system.ResultsThe distance of deviation to the right (26.6 ± 2.5 mm) was higher than to the left (18.7 ± 2.3 mm; P < .01). There was no esophageal trailing edge in 65/68 deviations (96%). With continuous suction for 1 hour, pathology revealed small, <1mm, circular area of hyperemia in the esophageal mucosa. During high power ablation, the maximum increase in LET was 0.2°C. Finally, there was no interference between the device and electro‐anatomical mapping system.ConclusionIn animal models, the esophageal retractor utilizing vacuum suction was successful at deviating the esophagus without significant trailing edge and with minor (1 mm) injury with prolonged continuous suction.