bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of new reference materials IAEA‐610, IAEA‐611 and IAEA‐612 aimed at the VPDB δ13C scale realisation with small uncertainty
Authors: Assonov Sergey , Fajgelj Ales , Hélie Jean‐François , Allison Colin , Gröning Manfred 
Published: December 2020

RationaleLSVEC, the second anchor Reference Material (RM) for the VPDBδ13C scale realisation, was introduced in 2006. In 2015, itsδ13C value was found to be drifting and, in 2017, its use as an RM forδ13C was officially discontinued by IUPAC. New RMs of low uncertainty are needed. This paper describes the preparation and characterisation of IAEA‐610, IAEA‐611 and IAEA‐612 (calcium carbonate, of chemical origin) which shall serve as a set of RMs aimed at anchoring the VPDB scale at negativeδ13C values.MethodsThe preparation and characterisation of IAEA‐610, IAEA‐611 and IAEA‐612 were performed by addressing the contemporary technical requirements for RM production and characterisation (ISO Guide 35:2017). The three RMs were produced in large quantities, and the first batch was sealed into ampoules (0.5 g) to ensure the integrity of the RM during storage; additional batches were sealed for long‐term storage. The most accurate method of CO2preparation and stable isotope measurements was used, namely carbonate‐H3PO4reaction under well‐controlled conditions combined with well‐tested stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry.ResultsThe assigned values ofδ13C and associated uncertainties are based on a large number of analyses (~10 mg aliquots) performed at IAEA and address all the known uncertainty components. For aliquots down to ~100 μg, theδ13C uncertainty is increased. The uncertainty components considered are as follows: (i) material homogeneity, (ii) value assignment against IAEA‐603, (iii) potential storage effects, (iv) effect of the17O correction, and (v) mass spectrometer linearity and cross‐contamination memory in the ion source.ConclusionsThe new RMs IAEA‐610, IAEA‐611 and IAEA‐612 have been characterised on the VPDBδ13C scale in a mutually consistent way. The use of three RMs will allow a consistent realisation of the VPDBδ13C scale with small uncertainty to be established, and to reach metrological compatibility of measurement results over several decades.
Sliding mode control for systems subjected to unmatched disturbances/unknown control direction and its application
Authors: Guo Zongyi , Guo Jianguo , Wang Xinming , Chang Jing , Huang He 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis article investigates the control issue for systems subjected to unmatched disturbances and unknown control direction simultaneously. A class of adaptive nonlinear disturbance observer is developed to estimate the unmatched disturbances precisely and then extended to the general high‐order form. The proposed method guarantees the stability of the second‐order and high‐order system under unknown control direction and robustness against the unmatched disturbances with the help of the sliding mode technique. The application in the integrated missile guidance and control (IGC) system design demonstrates the validity of the proposed control method. Herein, the cause of unknown control direction and the influence of the time‐vary control gain on the missile are discussed in detail. Also, the Monte Carlo campaign is run to show the superiority of the developed control strategy compared with the existing IGC method.
Basic pharmacological mechanisms and clinical evidence of the efficacy of hochuekkito against infectious diseases and its potential for use against COVID‐19
Authors: Takayama Shin , Kikuchi Akiko , Makino Toshiaki , Kainuma Mosaburo , Namiki Takao , Ito Takashi 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundHochuekkito extract (HET) has multiple effects through the digestive and immune systems, including for acute viral infection and chronic inflammation. We review basic pharmacological and clinical researches of HET and discuss the effects of HET against the pandemic COVID‐19.MethodsWe reviewed pharmacological studies from 1996 to 30 April 2020 that used experimental animals orally treated with HET and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 2000 to 30 April 2020.ResultsAltogether, 64 pharmacological studies reported immuno‐stimulatory effects against infection and cancer, immuno‐modulative effects against allergy and some inflammatory diseases, and ameliorating effects against exhaustion and frailty. Nine RCTs showed improvement of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease on chest X‐ray; improved systemic inflammation, nutrition, and quality of life of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a decrease in the number getting common cold and exacerbations; reduction of soluble interleukin‐2 receptor and the serum cortisol concentration of postoperative patients; a reduction of the incidence of inflammatory complications and C‐reactive protein elevation after cerebrovascular disease; a reduction of the volume of steroid and tacrolimus during the treatment of atopic dermatitis; a healing effect for intractable chronic wounds; improvement of the physical status of elderly weak patients; and improvement of the fatigue level of cancer patients.ConclusionCODIV‐19 is characterized by high risk for the aged and people with other disease complications, cytokine hyperactivity in the severe stage, and sequelae in the recovery stage. Considering the immune‐stimulative/modulative effects of HET on inflammatory conditions and against exhaustion and frailty, it may be useful for prevention, treatment, and recovery from COVID‐19.
Utilizing the weak P−Cr bond in [{Cp*Cr(CO)3}2(μ,η1:1−P4)] for the generation of different P4 butterfly compounds
Authors: Grünbauer R. , Seidl M. , Balázs G. , Scheer M. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA novel reactivity of [{Cp*Cr(CO)3}2(μ,η1:1−P4)] (Cp*=C5Me5; 1) is reported, which utilizes the selective cleavage of the two P−Cr bonds and subsequently initiates a substituent exchange yielding P4 butterfly compounds. By means of NMR and IR spectroscopy studies, the successful implementation of 1 to obtain [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2(μ,η1:1−P4)] (Cp′′′=C5H2tBu3; 2) and Cp′′′2P4 (3) could be confirmed, by reacting 1 with 2.0 eq. of K[Cp′′′Fe(CO)2] or NaCp′′′, respectively. Hereby, a quantitative conversion could be detected alongside the formation of 2.0 eq. of the [Cp*Cr(CO)3]− anion. Moreover, various syntheses of novel organometallic and organo‐P4 butterfly compounds were examined and first results show that the generation of different compounds should be possible. However, the isolation and stabilization of these sensitive molecules proves to be a major challenge.
Retooling Smallholder Farming Systems for Climate Change Resilience Across Botswana Arid Zones
Authors: Batisani Nnyaladzi , Pule-Meulenberg Flora , Batlang Utlwang , Matteoli Federica , Tselaesele Nelson 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground: Scientific progress and developments in technology have improved our understanding of climate change and its potential impacts on smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The persistence of such smallholder farming systems, despite multiple exposures to climate hazards, demonstrates a capacity to respond or adapt. However, the scale and intensity of climate change impacts on smallholder farming systems in SSA will overwhelm any indigenous coping mechanisms developed over centuries. Therefore, there is need to co-develop resilient farming systems with farmers and extension workers in anticipation of the looming food security challenges in the midst of climate change.A survey comprising of participatory rural appraisal, focus group discussions, participatory resource mapping, and SWOT analysis was carried out for the purposes of farming systems diagnosis in reference to their resilience to climate change in three districts cutting across dry arid zones of Botswana agricultural landscape. The survey also sought to identify vulnerability of the farming systems to climate change and subsequently co-develop with farmers and extension workers new climate proofed farming systems.Results: Detailed evaluation of current systems and their strengths and weaknesses were identified. Farmers highlighted constraints to their production being mainly drought related but also lack of production inputs. These constraints are location and context specific as extension areas within a district highlighted different challenges and even different CSA practices for similar production constraints. Through participatory approaches, farmers were able to identify and rank potential climate-smart agriculture practices that could ameliorate their production challenges and subsequently developed implementation plans for these practices.Conclusions: The study demonstrates that climate change is already having significant adverse impacts on smallholder farming systems and therefore, climate proofing these systems is necessary if livelihoods of smallholder farmers are to be sustained. Therefore, retrofitting current farming systems to be climate resilient is the first step to climate proofing smallholder farmers’ livelihoods.
Recruiting and Managing Labour for the Global Shipping Industry in China
Authors: Zhao Zhiwei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractChina’s economy has experienced dramatic growth in the last 30 years and in relation to seafaring labour supply many expected that Chinese seafarers would eventually come to dominate the world seafarers’ labour market. In fact, although the number of Chinese seafarers in the international fleet has grown steadily since the 1990s, the increase has been slower than many international shipping industry commentators and academics predicted (BIMCO/ISF 1995; Li and Wonham 1999; Sharma 2002; Wu 2004; Wu et al. 2007; Zhao 2017).
Rezistans Klimatik: Building Climate Change Resilience in Haiti through Educational Radio Programming.
Authors: Bazin Ashley , Saintis Christelle 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn this chapter we address the challenge of responding to climate-related issues for vulnerable nations such as Haiti by adopting a non-formal radio-based approach to educate adults outside of the school system. We argue that to inform populations on climate change, we cannot solely rely on the K-12 school system. This is especially true for countries such as Haiti. where there is an inadequate education infrastructure, and much of the population, both juveniles, and adults, is not in school or has not attended school for some time. The effects of climate change are changing the lives of people globally, and third-world nations such as Haiti are even more susceptible to climate-related disasters. Given the severity of ongoing circumstances, a sense of urgency is necessary, and addressing the issue requires an approach that has a far, broad and rapid reach and concludes in immediate climate action as opposed to delayed. In order to efficiently respond to climate-related events, a population needs to build resilience through awareness, understanding, and skill development in the context of the country and region, which in this chapter is specifically Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
Students as Partners. Implementation of Climate Change Education Within the Harvard Graduate School of Education
Authors: Nam Annie Hyokyong , Lee Sueyoon 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter notes the efforts of implementing a climate change curriculum within the Harvard Graduate School of Education that helps to build competencies for potential leaders in different education sectors so that they can collaboratively combat climate change. Literature points out the fruitful and productive partnerships of grassroots initiatives with large scale institutions and/or government organizations. The authors explore the conception of a climate change curriculum with explicit content knowledge and thoughtful pedagogy, designed by students and supported by faculty. The authors examine the design elements of the curriculum and then specify the implementation process of a curriculum at the Harvard Graduate School of Education (HGSE). The authors draw out the limitations and implications of “students as partners” in the co-creation of learning and teaching in the field of sustainable development education within higher education institutions.
Ernst Denert Software Engineering Awards 2019
Authors: Felderer Michael , Hasselbring Wilhelm , Koziolek Heiko , Matthes Florian , Prechelt Lutz , Reussner Ralf , Rumpe Bernhard , Schaefer Ina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe need to improve software engineering practices is continuously rising and software development practitioners are highly interested in improving their software systems and the methods to build them. And well, software engineering research has numerous success stories. The Ernst Denert Software Engineering Award specifically rewards researchers that value the practical impact of their work and aim to improve current software engineering practices. This chapter summarizes the awards history as well as the current reward process and criteria.
Software Engineering
Authors: Denert Ernst 
Published: December 2020

Abstract“A Passion for Software-Engineering.” This was the headline of a 2015 newspaper article about Ernst Denert. And they were absolutely right. Ernst Denert is really passionate about developing software with excellent quality in a predictable and systematic style. Furthermore, he is very much interested in encouraging young people to study computer science or at least to learn how programming and digitalization works, as well as computer science students to focus on software engineering principles and software development. This chapter is a personal view of Ernst Denert on the software engineering discipline.
Japanese Concepts of Deterrence
Authors: Katagiri Nori 
Published: December 2020

AbstractJapan has consistently adopted a deterrence-by-denial strategy in the post-war period. Its ability to deter foreign attacks depends more heavily on its ability to deny hostility than to punish perpetrators. Japan’s deterrence-by-denial posture has faced at least two major problems. One problem is the inherent limit on its ability to deter foreign attacks. This posture is more oriented toward defence-by-denial than real deterrence. Japan’s national security resources and institutions are positioned to deny hostility to defend the homeland, but they are not suited to deter foreign attackers because Japan bans itself from having the ability to conduct offensive military operations—a necessary factor for deterrence by the imposition of threats. Existing restrictions on the use and threat of force stem from post-war constitutional and normative constraints that have proven anachronistic today.
Deterrence (In)stability Between India and Pakistan
Authors: Aarten Sander Ruben 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSince the introduction of India’s cold start and Pakistan’s full spectrum deterrence doctrines, the subcontinental deterrence landscape has been characterised by strong cross-domain dynamics. In extremis, if both states adhere to the threats issued in their doctrines a Pakistan-supported militant attack on Indian soil could escalate into an all-out nuclear exchange. It is a development that has been met with great concern by many analysts for its detrimental impact on deterrence stability. Since the doctrines are believed to have become operational, at least four incidents occurred which could have sparked this cross-domain escalation spiral. And yet, crisis behaviour proved vastly different from what doctrine predicted. What does this say about deterrence stability on the subcontinent? This chapter assesses deterrence stability on the basis of perfect deterrence theory, which is argued to provide a more nuanced view of deterrence relationships than classical deterrence theory. It finds support for the stability-instability paradox and argues that deterrence is less unstable than appears at first sight. Furthermore, to fully appreciate the degree of deterrence stability, it is suggested that the factors ‘context’ and ‘narrative’ should be included into the equation.
Deterring Violent Non-state Actors
Authors: Shamir Eitan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe chapter examines the relevance and applicability of deterrence to violent non-state actors (VNSAs). VNSAs have become important players in the international system. Traditional deterrence theory and practice has limited utility against VNSAs due to their different characteristics to those of states that makes them less susceptive to deterrence strategies. Deterrence theory and practice has had to evolve and adapt to address these special traits of VNSAs. The chapter presents this conceptual evolution and the means and methods developed to deter VNSAs, highlighting both their advantages and shortfalls. It explains why states choose deterrence, even if not perfect, over other strategies. The Israeli case study then demonstrates how a state employs deterrence in relation to several VNSAs with diverse characteristics, levels of threat, political objectives, and military capability. The case study shows how Israel is designing a portfolio of deterrent strategies tailored to each challenge, demonstrating a degree of deterrence flexibility that the state can apply. The chapter concludes that, while the option of deterring VNSAs is not ideal, it does offer a viable strategy for decision makers compared with a number of lesser alternatives.
Cyber Deterrence: The Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Soesanto Stefan , Smeets Max 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe question on whether and how deterring an adversary in or through cyberspace is feasible has provoked the minds of scholars and practitioners for decades. Today, cyber deterrence remains a quintessential anchoring concept for the political debates on cyber policy. However, does the concept of deterrence in cyberspace have a future when for almost three decades little to no seemingly feasible practical solutions nor an academic consensus have emerged? The purpose of this chapter is to situate the current debate on cyber deterrence within the historical evolution of deterrence thinking in cyberspace, clarify the existing conceptualizations, and comprehensively discuss whether the concept of cyber deterrence has an analytical future. We argue that the future deterrence debate can move into four directions: increased incorporation of cyber deterrence as an element within the broader international security and contest in a multi-domain world. A deeper focus on the technical aspects of the cyber domain to achieve deterrence effects on the operational and tactical level. A closer analysis of compellence, as the alternative form of coercion. And an exploration of new strategic concepts that seeks to contain and blunt adversarial aggression in cyberspace that stands apart from traditional deterrence thinking.
What’s on the Human Mind? Decision Theory and Deterrence
Authors: Bijlsma Tom 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIndeed, deterrence, as Freedman and Mazarr recount in this volume in respectively Chaps. 10.1007/978-94-6265-419-8_1 and 10.1007/978-94-6265-419-8_2, aims to dissuade an opponent from taking undesirable actions. Clear communication of demands (a red line for instance), coupled with a credible threat to inflict pain if necessary, and demonstration of resolve are some obvious essential elements for creating effective deterrence. Success crucially also depends on whether the opponent receives the intended signal, interprets it as intended, and has the perception that the message is congruent with reality, i.e., that the opponent can make good on her threats. Success furthermore assumes that the demands communicated are acceptable. If those prerequisites exist, theory suggests a rational actor will back down, after weighing the benefits of the envisioned actions versus the potential costs that may result when the threat is executed. This chapter offers a synthesis of insights that have appeared since the 1980s that fundamentally challenge that assumption of rationality. This contribution about the workings of the human mind concerns the various filters and cognitive shortcuts that colour the incoming stream of information and the processes to digest it and come to a decision.
Nuclear Deterrence: A Guarantee for or Threat to Strategic Stability?
Authors: Arbatov Alexey 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn recent literature, much attention has been paid to factors that affect nuclear deterrence and stability from the outside: new missile defence systems, non-nuclear (conventional) high-precision long-range weapons, the influence of third and threshold nuclear states, space weapons, and—more recently—cyber threats. These new factors have pushed the core of nuclear deterrence—strategic relations between Russia and the United States—to the background in the public consciousness. Yet dangerous changes are taking place. This chapter examines the real and imaginary causes of the current situation and suggests potential ways to reduce tensions that could benefit international security. It concludes that nuclear deterrence can serve as a pillar of international security with one crucial reservation: namely, that it can only work in conjunction with negotiations and agreements on the limitation, reduction, and non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. Without such checks, nuclear deterrence goes berserk. It endlessly fuels the arms race, brings the great powers to the brink of nuclear war in any serious crisis, and sometimes the very dynamics of nuclear deterrence can instigate a confrontation.
Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis: an interdisciplinary consensus statement
Authors: Bonderman Diana , Pölzl Gerhard , Ablasser Klemens , Agis Hermine , Aschauer Stefan , Auer-Grumbach Michaela , Binder Christina , Dörler Jakob , Duca Franz , Ebner Christian , Hacker Marcus , Kain Renate , Kammerlander Andreas , Koschutnik Matthias , Kroiss Alexander Stephan , Mayr Agnes , Nitsche Christian , Rainer Peter P. , Reiter-Malmqvist Susanne , Schneider Matthias , Schwarz Roland , Verheyen Nicolas , Weber Thomas , Zaruba Marc Michael , Badr Eslam Roza , Hülsmann Martin , Mascherbauer Julia 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThe prevalence and significance of cardiac amyloidosis have been considerably underestimated in the past; however, the number of patients diagnosed with cardiac amyloidosis has increased significantly recently due to growing awareness of the disease, improved diagnostic capabilities and demographic trends. Specific therapies that improve patient prognosis have become available for certain types of cardiac amyloidosis. Thus, the earliest possible referral of patients with suspicion of cardiac amyloidosis to an experienced center is crucial to ensure rapid diagnosis, early initiation of treatment, and structured patient care. This requires intensive collaboration across several disciplines, and between resident physicians and specialized centers. The aim of this consensus statement is to provide guidance for the rapid and efficient diagnosis and treatment of light-chain amyloidosis and transthyretin amyloidosis, which are the most common forms of cardiac amyloidosis.