bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Nature’s Cathedral: Caminoization and Cultural Critique in Swedish Pilgrim Spirituality
Authors: Gemzöe Lena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Two parallel, interrelated waves of interest in pilgrimage on foot has surged in Sweden since the 1990s: participation in the international Camino pilgrimage and a vernacular pilgrimage movement in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden. In this article, the interconnections between the two strands are explored. In both settings, attention is paid primarily to walking itself, illustrating a key facet of Caminoization: the stress on the journey rather than the destination. It is argued here that the pilgrimage walks in the Church of Sweden are modeled on a Caminoized notion of pilgrimage, built into the Swedish word pilgrimsvandring. This notion of pilgrimage functions as an open category that can connect to both religious heritages and social and cultural trends in new ways. A key outcome of the spread of Caminoized pilgrimage is the rise of a pilgrim spirituality that celebrates simplicity and communing with nature, and carries with it a cultural critique of postindustrial society, further accentuated in the pilgrimage movement’s recent turn to ecology and climate action.
Caminoization at Sea: The Fjord Pilgrim Route in Norway
Authors: Mikaelsson Lisbeth , Selberg Torunn 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Based on official church and public-sector documents and texts related to the Fjord Pilgrim Route, we discuss how a process of Caminoization is expressed in Norway, both in relation to how this new invention relates to the medieval pilgrimage culture of the country, and how it inspires developments in the so-called pilgrimage renaissance in modern, Protestant Norway. The new construction of the Fjord Route demonstrates not only the Camino’s influence on contemporary pilgrimage in Europe, but also its scope for innovation in a broad field that encompasses state, church, country, and tourist organization actors. Focusing on the role of history and heritage in the Fjord Pilgrim Route, we argue that Caminoization, traditionalization, and heritagization are key factors that affected the establishment of the new Fjord Route and Norwegian pilgrim culture.
Reinventions of an Old Tradition: Orthodox Processions and Pilgrimage in Contemporary Finland
Authors: Vuola Elina 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article examines two cases of Finnish Orthodox traditions of procession and pilgrimage that are currently being reframed in response to physical, political, and religious disruption. Annual Orthodox processions are now held in Northern Karelia close to and across the Finnish-Russian border, while the pilgrimage of St. Tryphon of Pechenga, the patron saint of the Skolt Saami in northeastern Finland, crosses the border between Finland and Norway to visit their lost home area, as an act of remembrance and recognition of the history of the Skolt Saami. Here I argue that, contrary to some trends within pilgrimage studies to blur tourism and pilgrimage, these journeys are primarily religious, understood only with an appreciation of Orthodox theology and worldview. Each case demonstrates both continuity and change in Orthodox pilgrimage praxis and its theological underpinnings. It highlights the pragmatism of the priests and congregations involved in adapting traditional forms to complex new contexts involving the loss of tangible and intangible heritage. The analysis shows that both events include the active agency of both the institution and local participants and a significant amount of invention in relation to new contexts of loss.
Sweet Spot
Authors: Centeno Dave 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper explores the shared cultural dimensions between Filipinos and Koreans through cross-cultural comparison. Filipinos identified and assessed potential cultural similarities and differences with Koreans and vice versa. A survey was designed and was used to dimensionalise cultural fit in terms of general values and practices integrated in their consumption behaviours. The study involved Filipinos who have substantial exposure and experience with Korea and Koreans who are living in the Philippines. Using a proposed constructed framework on comparative relativism or the idea of “comparisons of comparisons,” findings suggest that power distance and family orientation dimensions are shared by both cultures. In addition, the two cultures share consumer values and practices, such as emotional consumption, reference to social influences, and epistemic consumption (adherence to functionality). Implications are positioned on the practical and policy-oriented contextual motivations as well as potential alternatives and updates on existing cultural dimensions and intelligence models through the paradigm of comparative relativism.
What Is Palestine? The de jure Demarcation of Boundaries for the icc’s ratione loci Jurisdiction and Beyond
Authors: Qafisheh Mutaz M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The boundaries between Palestine and Israel are legally demarcated under international law. The icc is entitled to exercise its ratione loci jurisdiction over Palestine’s territory that comprises the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and Gaza Strip. Palestine’s borders have arisen from the lines drawn by the armistice agreements that Israel signed with both Jordan and Egypt in 1949. Although initially marked on de facto basis, these lines have been converted into de jure frontiers. By declaring that it possesses the power to adjudicate in Palestine, the Court will apply international law, not create it. Accepting the contention that the icc has no competence in a State owing to its unfixed borders may hinder the Court’s ability to prosecute perpetrators in other icc State Parties with disputed frontiers. It will hamper the Court’s authority regarding non-icc States with similar border issues that may join the Rome Statute in the future.
Custom in General International Law and International Criminal Law: A Survey of Selected Issues
Authors: Mejía-Lemos Diego 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article surveys selected decisions of international criminal courts and tribunals, and related literature, examining custom from a general standpoint. This article considers the place and nature of custom, with a particular focus on challenges levelled against custom’s suitability in international criminal law. This article also analyses custom’s ‘structure’, and, more specifically, the application of the ‘two-element approach’ by international criminal courts and tribunals. This articles then discusses claims that international criminal courts and tribunals engage in sui generis customary law-making, and revisits the distinction between custom in foro and in pays, examining that distinction’s pertinence to assessing such claims. Having emphasised the influence of general international law on international criminal law, this article lastly reverses its focus, and addresses custom’s wider functions as source for rules on custom’s identification and, more generally, other sources’ recognition, showing how some decisions of international criminal courts and tribunals elucidate those wider functions.
Strategic Application of the Tao 道 of Soft Power: The Key to Understanding China’s Expanding Influence in Africa
Authors: Nantulya Paul 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Soft power has traditionally been viewed by China’s leaders as a fulcrum of international competition. The foundations were laid in the 1990s by Jiang Zemin’s Going Out Strategy (Chinese: 走出去战略; pinyin: Zǒuchūqū Zhànlüè) which encouraged Chinese enterprises to venture overseas to capture new markets. Soft power, however, has much older traditions dating back to the Warring States (Chinese: 戰國時代; pinyin: Zhànguó Shídài, 475–220 BC). It is from this era that China draws its theory and praxis of soft power, which it frames as “Cultural Soft Power,” literally meaning “Civilizational Soft Power” (Chinese: 文化软实力; pinyin: wén huà ruǎn shí lì). Drawing mostly on Chinese philosophical and strategic thought, this paper discusses the conceptual bases of Chinese soft power, examines the values and tools that shape it, how they are applied in Africa, as well as their limitations. The study finds that “Cultural Soft Power” is the thrust behind China’s strategic engagements in Africa which aim to generate sustained African support for Beijing’s vision to transform global governance institutions and norms. The Confucian concepts of “appeal” and “attraction” are central to Chinese soft power thought which is premised on the assumed uniqueness of Chinese culture and civilization and therefore the Chinese development model. This lies at the heart of the ideological alternative China is promoting on the world stage and its approach to strategic competition. Africa is a vitally important foundation in this quest.
Frictionally Induced Feedback in a Reduced Dynamical Model of Tropical Cyclone Intensification
Authors: Kieu Chanh , Rotunno Richard , Wang Quan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study examines the role of frictional feedback in the atmospheric boundary layer during tropical cyclone (TC) development. Using a reduced model of TC dynamics, it is shown that a feedback between frictional convergence and convective heating in the absence of slantwise moist neutrality is capable of producing a stable maximum-intensity limit, even without surface fluxes. However, the efficiency of this frictional-convergence feedback depends crucially on how effectively boundary layer moisture convergence is converted into convective heating, which decreases rapidly as the TC inner core approaches a state of moist neutrality. This decreasing efficiency during TC intensification explains why the effect of the frictional-convergence feedback is generally small compared to that of the wind-induced surface heat exchange (WISHE) feedback under the strict conditions of slantwise moist neutrality. Examination of the reduced TC model with a constant-heating source reveals that TC intensification is not peculiar to any specific feedback mechanism but, rather, is a direct consequence of the inward advection of absolute angular momentum, regardless of feedback mechanism.
Impact of Annual Cycle on ENSO Variability and Predictability
Authors: Shin Sang-Ik , Sardeshmukh Prashant D. , Newman Matthew , Penland Cecile , Alexander Michael A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractLow-order linear inverse models (LIMs) have been shown to be competitive with comprehensive coupled atmosphere–ocean models at reproducing many aspects of tropical oceanic variability and predictability. This paper presents an extended cyclostationary linear inverse model (CS-LIM) that includes the annual cycles of the background state and stochastic forcing of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) anomalies. Compared to a traditional stationary LIM that ignores such annual cycles, the CS-LIM is better at representing the seasonal modulation of ENSO-related SST anomalies and their phase locking to the annual cycle. Its deterministic as well as probabilistic hindcast skill is comparable to the skill of the North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME) of comprehensive global coupled models. The explicit inclusion of annual-cycle effects in the CS-LIM improves the forecast skill of both SST and SSH anomalies through SST–SSH coupling. The impact on the SSH skill is particularly marked at longer forecast lead times over the western Pacific and in the vicinity of the Pacific North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC), consistent with westward propagating oceanic Rossby waves that reflect off the western boundaries as eastward propagating Kelvin waves and influence El Niño development in the region. The higher CS-LIM skill is thus associated with the improved representation of both ENSO phase-locking and Pacific NECC variations. These improvements result from explicitly accounting for not only the annual cycle of the background state, but also that of the stochastic forcing.
Phenotypic characterisation of early COPD: a prospective case–control study
Authors: Cosío Borja G. , Pascual-Guardia Sergi , Borras-Santos Alicia , Peces-Barba Germán , Santos Salud , Vigil Laura , Soler-Cataluña Juan José , Martínez-González Cristina , Casanova Ciro , Marcos Pedro J. , Alvarez Carlos J. , López-Campos José Luis , Gea Joaquim , Garcia-Aymerich Judith , Molina Jesús , Román Miguel , Moises Jorge , Szabo Viktoria , Reagan Elizabeth A. , San José Estépar Raúl , Washko George , Agustí Alvar , Faner Rosa 
Published: October 2020

The phenotypic characteristics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in individuals younger than 50 years of age (early COPD) are not well defined. This prospective, multicentre, case–control study sought to describe these characteristics and compare them with those of smokers (≥10 pack-years) of similar age with normal spirometry (controls).We studied 92 cases (post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) <0.7) and 197 controls. Results were contrasted with participants with similar inclusion criteria recruited into the ECLIPSE and COPDGene cohorts.Cases had moderate airflow limitation (FEV171.3±20.8%) but were often symptomatic, used healthcare resources frequently, had air trapping (residual volume 150.6±55.5% ref.), had reduced diffusing capacity (84.2±20.7% ref.) and had frequent evidence of computed tomography (CT) emphysema (61%). Of note, less than half of cases (46%) had been previously diagnosed with COPD. Interestingly, they also often reported a family history of respiratory diseases and had been hospitalised because of respiratory problems before the age of 5 years more frequently than controls (12%versus3%, p=0.009). By and large, these observations were reproduced when available in the ECLIPSE and COPDGene cohorts.These results show that early COPD is associated with substantial health impact and significant structural and functional abnormalities, albeit it is often not diagnosed (hence, treated). The fact that a sizeable proportion of patients with early COPD report a family history of respiratory diseases and/or early-life events (including hospitalisations before the age of 5 years) renders further support to the possibility of early-life origin of COPD.
Clinical predictors and explant lung pathology of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Dotan Yaniv , Shapiro William B. , Male Eneida , Dominguez Eduardo C. , Aneja Amandeep , Huaqing Zhao , Dass Chandra , Shenoy Kartik , Marchetti Nathaniel , Cordova Francis C. , Criner Gerard J. , Mamary A. James 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is characterised by constant threat of acute exacerbation of IPF (AE-IPF). It would be significant to identify risk factors of AE-IPF. We sought to determine the prognostic value of lung transplantation candidacy testing for AE-IPF and describe explant pathology of recipients with and without AE-IPF before lung transplantation.MethodsRetrospective cohort study of 89 IPF patients listed for lung transplantation. Data included pulmonary function testing, echocardiography, right heart catheterisation, imaging, oesophageal pH/manometry and blood tests. Explanted tissue was evaluated by pulmonary pathologists and correlated to computed tomography (CT) findings.ResultsOut of 89 patients with IPF, 52 were transplanted during stable IPF and 37 had AE-IPF before transplantation (n=28) or death (n=9). There were no substantial differences in candidacy testing with and without AE-IPF. AE-IPF had higher rate of decline of forced vital capacity (FVC) (21±22%versus4.8±14%, p=0.00019). FVC decline of >15% had a hazard ratio of 7.2 for developing AE-IPF compared to FVC decline of <5% (p=0.004). AE-IPF had more secondary diverse histopathology (82%versus29%, p<0.0001) beyond diffuse alveolar damage. There was no correlation between ground-glass opacities (GGO) on chest CT at any point to development of AE-IPF (p=0.077), but GGO during AE-IPF predicted secondary pathological process beyond diffuse alveolar damage.ConclusionsLung transplantation candidacy testing including reflux studies did not predict AE-IPF besides FVC absolute decline. CT did not predict clinical or pathological AE-IPF. Secondary diverse lung pathology beyond diffuse alveolar damage was present in most AE-IPF, but not in stable IPF.
Blood eosinophil level and lung function trajectories: cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in European cohorts
Authors: Mogensen Ida , Vonk Judith M. , Wijnant Sara R.A. , Zhou Xingwu , Boezen H. Marike , Brusselle Guy , Lahousse Lies , Janson Christer , Malinovschi Andrei 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundElevated blood eosinophils have been associated with lower lung function and are believed to be associated with accelerated lung function decline.MethodBlood eosinophils were measured in four cohorts: <45 years cohort within the Vlagtwedde–Vlaardingen (V&V) study, the Uppsala cohort of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS-Uppsala; <45 years), ≥45 years cohort within the V&V study, and the Rotterdam study (≥45 years). Blood eosinophils at baseline were classified as normal (<300 cells·μL−1) or elevated (≥300 cells·μL−1). Lung function was measured at baseline and follow-up with spirometry: forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), vital capacity (VC) and their ratio FEV1/VC. The association between blood eosinophils and lung function was tested cross-sectionally using linear regression and longitudinally using a mixed model, both adjusted for age, sex, height, pack-years smoking and smoking status. Stratified analyses were done for asthma.ResultsElevated blood eosinophils were associated with lower FEV1(regression coefficient −147 mL (95% CI −188 to −105 mL)), VC (−120 mL (−165 to −75 mL)) and FEV1/VC (−1.3% (−1.9% to −0.6%)) at baseline in the two <45 years cohorts, and with lower FEV1(−70 mL (−112 to −27 mL)) and FEV1/VC (−1.8% (−2.6% to −1.0%)) in the two ≥45 years cohorts. Elevated blood eosinophils were associated with an accelerated decline in FEV1(−5.5 mL·year−1(95% CI −10.5 to −0.5 mL·year−1)) and VC (−6.4 mL·year−1(−11.26 to −1.5 mL·year−1)) compared to normal blood eosinophils in the younger asthmatic subjects in the longitudinal studies.ConclusionElevated blood eosinophils are associated with lower lung function in the general population and with an accelerated lung function decline among asthmatic individuals.
Tomography-based definition of keratoconus for Down syndrome patients
Authors: Asgari Soheila , Mehravaran Shiva , Aghamirsalim Mohammadreza , Hashemi Hassan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundTo assess the diagnostic ability of Pentacam HR (Oculus Optikgeräte, GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) tomographic indices in discriminating keratoconus (KC) and KC suspect (KCS) in 10- to 30-year-old patients with Down syndrome (DS).MethodsIn this study, DS patients were enrolled through special needs schools, the National Down Syndrome Society, and relevant non-profit organizations. Diagnoses were made independently by two experienced specialists. Forty Pentacam indices related to corneal thickness, volume, density, keratometry, power, shape, aberration, and elevation were extracted. For each index, the accuracy for KC and KCS diagnosis was evaluated using discriminant analysis and the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). From each enrolled case, data from only one eye was entered in the analyses.ResultsAnalyses were performed on data from 25 KC, 46 KCS, and 154 non-ectatic DS eyes. The best discriminants for KC were anterior higher order aberrations (HOA) (cutoff > 0.643, AUROC = 0.879), posterior vertical coma (cutoff > 0.0702 μm, AUROC = 0.875), anterior vertical coma (cutoff > 0.4124 μm, AUROC = 0.868), and total HOA (cutoff > 0.608, AUROC = 0.867). The difference between AUROCs were not statistically significant (allP > 0.05). For KCS, the best discriminants were minimum corneal thickness (cutoff ≤ 480.0 μm, AUROC = 0.775), corneal volume (cutoff ≤ 55.3 μm, AUROC = 0.727) and Belin Ambrosio display-total deviation (BAD-D) (cutoff > 2.23, AUROC = 0.718) with no significant difference between AUROCs (allP > 0.05).ConclusionsIn this sample of DS patients, best KC discriminators were HOA and coma which showed good diagnostic ability. For KCS, best predictors were minimum corneal thickness, corneal volume, and BAD-D with relatively good diagnostic ability. Defining a new set of KC diagnostic criteria for DS patients is suggested.
Preventive health behaviours during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic based on health belief model among Egyptians
Authors: Barakat Ayah M. , Kasemy Zeinab A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading rapidly in the world, and on 11 March 2020, WHO announced the outbreak a global pandemic. Given the severity of this major outbreak and the importance of prevention and protection against the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the predictors of engaging in the preventive behaviours could potentially be of great practical importance as it could help us identify high-risk groups and take the necessary steps towards improving their health behaviour. As the health behavioural response of the Egyptian population during COVID-19 is unknown and the health belief model constructs can be used to explain health behaviour, this study was conducted to assess the preventive behaviours to COVID-19 and the associated role of health belief model constructs over three periods of time; at the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic then 4 weeks and10 weeks later.

Results
Perceived severity and benefits of health belief model constructs showed significant decrease in the 2nd interview, followed by an increase in the 3rd interview (P < 0.001). Perceived barriers showed a significant increase in the 2nd interview followed by a significant decrease in the 3rd interview (P < 0.001). Knowledge score was significantly lower at the start, then a surge happened in the next interview followed by a slight drop in the 3rd interview (P < 0.001). Preventive behaviours were significantly lower in the 2nd interview then significantly higher in the 3rd interview (P < 0.001). On the analysis of the factors associated with preventive behaviours using multivariate regression, the results determined age, high education, being a health care worker, perceived susceptibility, benefits, barriers and self-efficacy.

Conclusions
Perceptions of benefits could be increased by tailoring communication strategies to various groups, emphasizing how different people can engage in effective preventive behaviours. Policy makers should pay attention to lower-educated persons living in rural areas being a group with the least engagement in health-protective actions.