bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The transition from enthesis physiological responses in health to aberrant responses that underpin spondyloarthritis mechanisms
Authors: Aydin Sibel Zehra , Bridgewood Charles , Zabotti Alen , Girolimetto Nicolò , McGonagle Dennis 
Published: November 2020

Purpose of review
Despite immunology and translational therapeutics advances in inflammatory arthritis over the past two decades, the enthesis, which is the epicentric of the spondyloarthritis family pathological process, retains many mysteries because of tissue inaccessibility that hampers direct immune study. As entheses are subject to almost continuous mechanical stress and spondyloarthritis is linked to microdamage or injury and joint stress, it is cardinal to understand the physiological changes occurring within the entheses not only to be able to differentiate disease from health but also to understand the transition normal physiology break down and its merges into spondyloarthritis-related disease.

Recent findings
Imaging has played a major role in understanding the enthesis in human. Remarkable insights from enthesis functioning and microdamage in normal and with ageing including those linked to body mass index is emerging. The impact of mechanical stress and degenerative conditions on the development of the secondary entheseal vascular changes is not understood. Of note, ultrasound studies in psoriasis have shown higher power Doppler changes compared to controls pointing towards a role for vascular changes in the development of enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis.

Summary
The literature pertaining to normal entheses changes with age, microdamage and vascular changes in health is providing a roadmap for understanding of the enthesis and its potential role in evolution of spondyloarthritis including psoriatic arthritis.
PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERCOAGULABILITY IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Coulon Sara J. , Dedania Vaidehi S. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To report a case of paracentral acute middle maculopathy in an otherwise healthy young, multiparous woman in her second trimester of pregnancy.

Methods:
A case report.

Results:
A 38-year-old woman in her twentieth week of pregnancy presented with a four-day history of an acute paracentral scotoma in her left eye. Fundoscopic examination of the left eye was significant for a white–gray lesion inferonasal to the fovea which corresponded with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography hyperreflectivity at the outer plexiform layer–inner nuclear layer junction and optical coherence tomography angiography nonperfusion. A diagnosis of paracentral acute middle maculopathy was made. The patient was sent for a hypercoagulability workup that revealed elevated Factor VIII activity, which has been associated with increased risk of complications during pregnancy.

Conclusion:
Paracentral acute middle maculopathy in pregnancy may be secondary to an underlying hypercoagulable condition. We recommend systemic evaluation and referral to a high-risk pregnancy specialist if paracentral acute middle maculopathy is diagnosed during pregnancy. In addition, optical coherence tomography angiography in paracentral acute middle maculopathy may demonstrate reperfusion of the affected vessels.
HEMOGLOBIN C TRAIT PRESENTING WITH BILATERAL CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
Authors: Neuhouser Adam J. , Sanders Riley N. , Konda Manojna , Uwaydat Sami H. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To report a case of bilateral sequential, central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) in a man with newly diagnosed hemoglobin C trait.

Methods:
A 67-year-old man presented with a one-month history of declining visual acuity. He was diagnosed with left CRVO. Bilateral temporal retinal ischemia and arteriovenous anastomoses on fluorescein angiography suggestive of sickle cell retinopathy prompted a systemic work-up. Hemoglobin electrophoresis revealed an underlying hemoglobin C trait. Six-months after his initial presentation, the patient developed symptomatic right CRVO.

Results:
The initial left CRVO was complicated by optic disc swelling and macular edema. Intravitreal antiangiogenic therapy was initiated and the macular edema resolved. The left eye subsequently developed an epiretinal membrane which was surgically removed. Macular edema in the right eye also resolved after intravitreal antiangiogenic therapy.

Conclusion:
This is the first reported case of bilateral CRVO in a case of hemoglobin C trait. It is possible that erythrocyte inflexibility, caused by hemoglobin C-induced dehydration and crystallization, acted concomitantly with hypertension to produce occlusive microangiopathy. This case highlights the need for further investigation in patients presenting with central retinal vein occlusion, especially when bilateral, or when retinal angiography reveals bilateral pathology.
RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION IN YOUNG: AN UNUSUAL CASE OF BRANCH RETINAL ARTERY OCCLUSION IN A 6-YEAR-OLD CHILD
Authors: Khadar Syed M. A. , Bhad Sunil M. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose:
To report a unique case of the branch retinal artery occlusion in a 6-year-old child due to hamartoma.

Method:
A 6-year-old male child presented with chief complaints of foreign body sensation in the left eye without any significant antecedent history of local or systemic cause. Best-corrected visual acuity in the left eye was 20/20. Fundus biomicroscopy revealed altered fundal reflex in superotemporal quadrant and gliotic tissue (Hamartoma) at the first bifurcation of the superior branch of retinal artery. Phakomatosis were ruled out with pediatrician consultation.

Results:
All related blood investigations were normal. Optical coherence tomography showed focal thinning and optical coherence tomography angiography showed capillary nonperfusion in the corresponding quadrant of the retina. Fluoroscopy under general anesthesia confirmed the diagnosis. We came to the diagnosis of branch retinal artery occlusion may be because of local compression by the hamartoma.

Conclusion:
Three factors controls the occurrence of the vascular occlusion according to Virchow that is, hypercoagulability, hemodynamic changes, and endothelial injury/dysfunction. In our patient, external compression causing hemodynamic changes and subsequent endothelial injury/dysfunction, which promotes thrombosis seems to be the cause of the branch retinal artery occlusion. Patient was advised scheduled periodic follow-up.
A STROBE-compliant case–control study
Authors: Yu Teng-Chieh , Wu Tzu-En , Wang Yuan-Shen , Cheng Shen-Fu , Liou Shiow-Wen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Topical atropine has become a mainstream treatment of myopia throughout East and Southeast Asia, but it is uncertain whether long-term topical atropine therapy induces intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation and subsequent development of glaucoma. We then prospectively examined the effects of long-term atropine treatment on IOP.
Our case series collected 186 myopic children who were younger than 16 years of age. Complete ocular examination data, IOP and refractive status measurements beginning in 2008 were collected for all participants. Participants were divided into two groups: 121 children who received atropine therapy at various concentrations were classified as the treated group, whereas 65 children who did not receive atropine therapy were classified as the untreated (reference) group. In the treated group, clinicians prescribed different concentrations of atropine eye drops according to their discretion with regard to the severity of myopia on each visit of the patient. We then calculated the cumulative dose of atropine therapy from 2008 to the patients’ last follow-up in 2009. Furthermore, the treated group was then further divided into low- and high-refractive-error groups of nearly equal size for further analysis.
There were no significant differences for the baseline refractive errors and IOPs between the treated and untreated groups. Both the low- and high-cumulative atropine dosage subgroups showed significantly lower myopic progression than the untreated group, but there was no significant difference between the two subgroups in terms of different cumulative dosages. All groups, including the untreated group, showed an increase of mean IOP at the last follow-up, but both low- and high-cumulative atropine dosage subgroups experienced a smaller increase of IOP. The mean IOP of all atropine-treated groups showed no significant increase in either low- or high-refractive-error eyes.
This study revealed that topical atropine eye drops do not induce ocular hypertension and are effective for slowing the progression of myopia. The treatment effects are not correlated with the cumulative atropine dosages.
Association between polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 gene and susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection
Authors: Fu Dan-Hui , Deng Wen-Juan , Yang Zhi , Hong Sen , Ding Qian-Lin , Zhao Yang , Chen Jia , Su Dan-Ke 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background:
This study meta-analyzed the literature on possible association of 3 polymorphisms (-592, -1082, -819) in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene with susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection.

Methods:
PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE and Google Scholar were systematically searched to identify relevant studies in English. Meta-analyses were performed to examine the association of IL-10 polymorphisms -592, -1082, and -819 with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection.

Results:
A significant association between the -592 polymorphism and susceptibility to HIV-1 infection was found in the total population (recessive model, odds ratios (OR) = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.06–1.96, P = .02; homozygous model, OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.02–2.02, P = .04). However, these results were not observed in subgroups based on ethnicity. The -1082 polymorphism was significantly associated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in Caucasians (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.05–1.62, P = .02; recessive model, OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.09–2.03, P = .01; homozygous model, OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.01–2.46, P = .04), but not in Asians or the total population. None of the 5 genetic models suggested a significant association between the -819 polymorphism and HIV-1 infection.

Conclusion:
The available evidence indicates that the AA genotype of IL-10 -592 may confer increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, and that the AA genotype of -1082 may confer increased susceptibility in Caucasians. In contrast, the -819 polymorphism may not be associated with HIV-1 infection risk. These conclusions should be verified in large, well-designed studies.
Mechanism underlying the effect of SO2-induced oxidation on human skin keratinocytes
Authors: Liang Junqin , Liu Lina , Kang Xiaojing , Hu Fengxia , Mao Lidan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study aimed to study the effect and mechanism of action of SO2-induced oxidation on human skin keratinocytes.
Different concentrations of SO2 derivatives (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μM) were used for treating HaCaT keratinocytes for 24 hours. MTT was used to evaluate the effect of each concentration on cell proliferation. HaCaT cells were randomly divided into control and SO2 groups. The control group received no treatment, whereas the SO2 group was treated with SO2 derivatives of selected concentrations for 24 hours. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor TNF-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 (IL-1-β) in cell supernatants were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of nuclear transcription factor (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 mRNA. The Western blot analysis was used to test the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, activated caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, IκB, NF-κB p65 (p65), ERK1/2, p38, phospho-NF-κB p65 (p-p65), p-ERK1/2, and p-p38.
SO2 derivatives (100, 200, 400, and 800 μM) could inhibit cell proliferation. SO2 derivatives increased the level of ROS, MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, Nrf2, HO-1, and p-p65/p65 and decreased the levels of SOD, IκB, p-ERK1/2/ERK1/2, and p-p38/p38 compared with the control group, but they had no effect on the levels of caspase-3, Bcl-2, and Bax.
SO2 could inhibit the proliferation of human skin keratinocytes and induce oxidative stress and inflammation via the activation of the NF-κB pathway to inhibit the ERK1/2 and p38 pathways.
Barriers to using personal protective equipment by healthcare staff during the COVID-19 outbreak in China
Authors: Fan Jing , Jiang Ying , Hu Kaihui , Chen Xiao , Xu Qian , Qi Yujiao , Yin Hubin , Gou Xin , Liang Simin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) around the world has put a heavy burden on human society and is also a great challenge facing medical staff. This study aimed to assess the difficulties faced by health care personnel (HCP) in using personal protective equipment (PPE) in clinical practice during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. One hundred twenty medical staff from the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University presented to the Wuhan First Hospital to provide medical assistance, from whom 20 HCP volunteered to participate in a focus group discussion attended by infection control nurse leaders. Participants’ responses and discussions were recorded, and the content was analyzed for themes. Observed difficulties included inappropriate PPE sizes, the design of the PPE and its complexity of use, doubts related to the quality and effectiveness of PPE, potential risks during doffing, space layout between clean and contaminated area, and poor comfort with PPE use. Other factors, such as the support environment, management, processes, preparedness, HCP, and equipment can also have a positive or negative impact on the use of PPE. Future efforts to optimize PPE use should focus on strengthening training for HCP using real items for increasing compliance with standardized protocols, improving PPE design, and performing further research on the risks, benefits, and best practices of PPE use.
First clinical study using HCV protease inhibitor danoprevir to treat COVID-19 patients
Authors: Chen Hongyi , Zhang Zhicheng , Wang Li , Huang Zhihua , Gong Fanghua , Li Xiaodong , Chen Yahong , Wu Jinzi J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Introduction:
As coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak globally, repurposing approved drugs is emerging as important therapeutic options. Danoprevir boosted by ritonavir (Ganovo) is a potent hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease (NS3/4A) inhibitor, which was approved and marketed in China since 2018 to treat chronic hepatitis C patients.

Methods:
This is an open-label, single arm study evaluating the effects of danoprevir boosted by ritonavir on treatment naïve and experienced COVID-19 patients for the first time. Patients received danoprevir boosted by ritonavir (100 mg/100 mg, twice per day). The primary endpoint was the rate of composite adverse outcomes and efficacy was also evaluated.

Results:
The data showed that danoprevir boosted by ritonavir is safe and well tolerated in all patients. No patient had composite adverse outcomes during this study. After initiation of danoprevir/ritonavir treatment, the first negative reverse real-time PCR (RT-PCR) test occurred at a median of 2 days, ranging from 1 to 8 days, and the obvious absorption in CT scans occurred at a median 3 days, ranging from 2 to 4 days. After 4 to 12-day treatment of danoprevir boosted by ritonavir, all enrolled 11 patients were discharged from the hospital.

Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that repurposing danoprevir for COVID-19 is a promising therapeutic option.
Effectiveness of direct-acting antivirals in maintenance hemodialysis patients complicated with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Li Chunhong , Liang Jing , Xiang Huiling , Chen Haiyan , Tian Jie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is very common in maintenance hemodialysis patients, causing high morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and adverse events of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in maintenance hemodialysis patients complicated with chronic hepatitis C in real-world clinical practice.
In this retrospective observational study, hemodialysis patients with chronic hepatitis C infection in the Third Central Hospital of Tianjin outpatient were screened, and appropriate treatment plans were selected accordingly. Totally 25 patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C and treated with DAAs for 12 weeks or 24 weeks were included. The sustained virologic response (SVR) rate obtained 12 weeks post-treatment (SVR12) was evaluated. Laboratory indexes and adverse reactions during the treatment process were also assessed.
A total of 25 cases met the eligibility criteria and provided informed consent. Except for 1 patient who discontinued the treatment due to gastrointestinal bleeding, the remaining 24 cases completed the treatment cycle with 100% rapid virologic response (RVR) and 100% SVR12, with no serious adverse reactions recorded.
Maintenance hemodialysis patients complicated with chronic hepatitis C in Chinese real-world setting tolerate DAAs very well, with a viral response rate reaching 100%.
Differential expression of transfer RNA-derived small RNAs in IgA nephropathy
Authors: Luo Zhi-Feng , Tang Donge , Xu Hui-Xuan , Lai Liu-Sheng , Chen Jie-Jing , Lin Hua , Yan Qiang , Zhang Xin-Zhou , Wang Gang , Dai Yong , Sui Wei-Guo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground:IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the most common forms of primary glomerulonephritis. Recent studies have indicated that small noncoding RNAs, such as tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs), might be novel biomarkers for glomerulonephritis. We therefore investigated the potential roles and possible functions of the tsRNAs in IgAN.Method:Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were extracted from blood samples of the patients with IgAN and healthy control groups. The expression profiles of tsRNAs were assessed by small RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) in PBMCs of the IgAN and control groups. Dysregulated tsRNAs were selected for validation by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Target gene prediction and enrichment were performed by bioinformatics analysis.Results:The results revealed that 143 significantly upregulated and 202 significantly downregulated tsRNAs were differentially altered in the IgAN group compared with the control group. Five upregulated tsRNAs (tRF-Val-AAC-007, tRF-Ala-AGC-063, tRF-Gln-CTG-010, tRF-Tyr-GTA-011 and tRF-Thr-AGT-007) and 3 downregulated tsRNAs (tiRNA-Val-TAC-004, tRF-Gly-CCC-005 and tRF-His-GTG-006) were selected for validation by qRT-PCR; the results were consistent with the sequencing data. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the target genes predicted by upregulated tsRNAs were mostly enriched in “nucleic acid metabolic process," “intracellular part," and “ion binding," whereas the target genes predicted by downregulated tsRNAs were mostly enriched in “regulation of cellular component organization," “membrane-bound organelle," and “ion binding." Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that the target genes predicted by upregulated tsRNAs were mostly enriched in “herpes simplex virus 1 infection," whereas the target genes predicted by downregulated tsRNAs were mostly enriched in “circadian rhythmConclusions:The present study confirmed the differential expression of tsRNAs in patients with IgAN, and these dysregulated tsRNAs might be novel potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of IgAN.
The limits of cosmology: role of the Moon
Authors: Silk Joseph 
Published: November 2020

The lunar surface allows a unique way forward in cosmology, to go beyond current limits. The far side provides an unexcelled radio-quiet environment for probing the dark ages via 21 cm interferometry to seek elusive clues on the nature of the infinitesimal fluctuations that seeded galaxy formation. Far-infrared telescopes in cold and dark lunar polar craters will probe back to the first months of the Big Bang and study associated spectral distortions in the CMB. Optical and IR megatelescopes will image the first star clusters in the Universe and seek biosignatures in the atmospheres of unprecedented numbers of nearby habitable zone exoplanets. The goals are compelling and a stable lunar platform will enable construction of telescopes that can access trillions of modes in the sky, providing the key to exploration of our cosmic origins.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Astronomy from the Moon: the next decades (part 1)’.
A 20 m wide-field diffraction-limited telescope
Authors: Eads Ryker W. , Angel J. Roger P. 
Published: November 2020

A 20 m space telescope is described with an unvignetted 1° field of view—a hundred times larger in area than fields of existing space telescopes. Its diffraction-limited images are a hundred times sharper than from wide-field ground-based telescopes and extend over much if not all the field, 40 arcmin diameter at 500 nm wavelength, for example. The optical system yielding a 1°, 1.36 m diameter image at f/3.9 has relatively small central obscuration, 9% by area on axis, and is fully baffled. Several carousel-mounted instruments can each access directly the full image. The initial instrument complement includes a 400 gigapixel silicon imager with 2 µm pixels (0.005 arcsec), and a 60 gigapixel HgCdTe imager with 5 µm pixels (0.012 arcsec). A multi-object spectrograph with 10 000 fibres will allow spectroscopy with 0.02 arcsec resolution. Direct imaging and spectroscopy of exoplanets can take advantage of the un-aberrated, on-axis image (5 nm RMS wavefront error). While this telescope could be built for operation in free space, a site accessible to a human outpost at the Moon's south pole would be advantageous, for assembly and repairs. The lunar site would allow also for the installation of new instruments to keep up with evolving scientific priorities and advancing technology. Cooling to less than 100E K would be achieved with a surrounding cylindrical thermal shield.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Astronomy from the Moon: the next decades (part 1)’.