bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sanitary infrastructures and the decline of mortality in Germany, 1877–1913†
Authors: Gallardo‐Albarrán Daniel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractClean water provision is considered crucial for eradicating waterborne diseases. However, the benefits of piped water can be limited in environments characterized by the inadequate storage and disposal of waste. This article studies the impact of waterworks and sewerage on mortality in German cities during the period 1877–1913. The results show that the supply of safe drinking water reduced the number of deaths, although to a lower extent than suggested previously. In the absence of efficient systems of sewage removal, contact with faeces and water contamination created a favourable environment for the spread of enteric ailments, offsetting some of the positive effects of waterworks. Moreover, the study shows that sanitary investments had important heterogeneous effects. First, their impact was markedly lower in municipalities with high levels of economic inequality and employment in the textile sector. Second, cities located in non‐Prussian territories experienced lower declines in mortality following the construction of sanitary infrastructures. The results in this article highlight the importance of analysing public health measures jointly as well as their interaction with local socioeconomic and institutional factors to understand historical progress against ill health and premature death.
Embedded Standard Setting: Aligning Standard‐Setting Methodology with Contemporary Assessment Design Principles
Authors: Lewis Daniel , Cook Robert 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this paper we assert that the practice of principled assessment design renders traditional standard‐setting methodology redundant at best and contradictory at worst. We describe the rationale for, and methodological details of, Embedded Standard Setting (ESS; previously, Engineered Cut Scores. Lewis, 2016), an approach to establish performance standards that augments and is embedded within existing principled assessment design practices. Under ESS, achievement level descriptor writing and the targeting of items to specified achievement levels are viewed as the fundamental standard‐setting activities and cut scores are estimated by optimizing the relationship between the item targets and the empirically based grouping of items. If the relationship between item targets and empirical data are sufficiently strong, then the traditional standard‐setting workshop is either unnecessary or altered in nature and significantly reduced in scope. We provide empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of ESS and describe how ESS is embedded throughout the assessment lifecycle.
A randomized double‐blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of chlorhexidine, antioxidant, and hyaluronic acid mouthwashes in the management of biofilm‐induced gingivitis
Authors: Abdulkareem Ali A. , Al Marah Zaid A. , Abdulbaqi Hayder R. , Alshaeli Ali J. , Milward Mike R. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy in addition to evaluating side effects and subjects’ perceptions of three commercially available mouthwashes.MethodsThis study was a double‐blind, parallel, and short‐term trial. A total of 75 dental students with biofilm‐induced gingivitis were included in the final analysis of the current study. Clinical parameters (plaque index and bleeding on probing) and the staining effect were measured at baseline and after 7 days. In addition, a VAS‐based assessment questionnaire was completed by the participants.ResultsAll interventions significantly reduced plaque scores, but chlorhexidine (CHX) had a significantly higher effect than the hyaluronic acid (HA) and antioxidant mouthwashes. However, all mouthwashes significantly reduced the total bleeding scores to <10% in 53% of the patients, compared to the baseline record. Additionally, teeth underwent shade changes in association with all interventions by the end of the study. Analysis of feedback about the mouthwashes showed that the participants seemed to prefer the HA mouthwash over the other mouthwashes.ConclusionsCHX remains the most effective antiplaque mouthwash although HA and antioxidants are as effective as CHX in reducing bleeding. In addition, based on its better acceptance by the participants, HA is potentially a good alternative to CHX.
National survey of pharmacists, intern pharmacists and pharmacy students in Australia: the nature and extent of stress and well-being
Authors: Chapman Colin B , Wilson Sally G , Wilson David I , Dunkley M Kay 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objectives
A national survey of the Australian pharmacy workforce was conducted to determine the extent to stress experienced, the extent to which it is work-related, how stress is managed, the barriers to getting help and how well prepared the workforce is for stressful situations. There were three objectives: provision of guidance on possible interventions; provision of a baseline for further studies; and provision of information to the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Authority (AHPRA).

Methods
An online survey incorporating the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale was developed, piloted and launched in October 2016. Pharmacy-related organisations alerted their members to the voluntary survey. Popular pharmacy social media was used. Responses were analysed using SPSS and Excel. The a priori for significance was P &lt; 0.05.

Key findings
In relation to the nature and extent of stress in the workforce and work-life balance, information provided by 1246 respondents out of a workforce of 29 819 revealed high levels of stress (PSS-10 score 20.1 ± 7.3), with those under 30 years of age and/or with 10 years or less in the pharmacy workforce reporting the highest levels. Just under half the respondents reported dissatisfaction with their work-life balances.

Conclusions
Workplace stress is high, particularly among younger members of the workforce. Professional pharmacy associations, schools of pharmacy at Australian universities and AHPRA have been alerted to this issue. The survey should be repeated reasonably soon to determine if any of the key characteristics have changed, particularly if interventions are made to reduce the occurrence of workplace-related stress.
Engineering defect‐enabled 3D porous MoS2/C architectures for high performance lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Tao Kai , Wang Xiangfei , Xu Yifeng , Liu Jing , Song Xuefeng , Fu Chaopeng , Chen Xiaoqi , Qu Xingzhou , Zhao Xiaofeng , Gao Lian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDesigning defect‐rich MoS2/C architectures with three‐dimensional (3D) porous frame effectively improve the electrochemical performance of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) owing to the improved conductivity and decreased diffusion distance of Li+ ions for lithium storage. Herein, we report a reliable morphology engineering method combining with tunable defects to synthesize defect‐rich MoS2 nanosheets with a few layers entrapped carbon sheath, forming a 3D porous conductive network architecture. The defect‐rich MoS2 nanosheets with expanded interlayers can provide a shortened ion diffusion path, and realize the 3D Li+ diffusion with faster kinetics. A 3D conductive interconnected carbon network is able to improve interparticle conductivity, concurrently maintaining the structural integrity. Benefiting from these intriguing features, the as‐prepared MoS2/C architectures exhibit excellent electrochemical performance: a high reversible capacity of 1163 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles and a high rate capability of 800 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1. Defect content in MoS2/C architectures can be obtained by changing H2 concentration. Compared with the counterparts with few defects, the defect‐rich MoS2/C architectures show improved electrochemical stability with a superior cycle life, illustrating a highly reversible capacity of 751 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 500 cycles.
Conversations about health–Sharing the personal experiences of women with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Cytowska Beata , Zierkiewicz Edyta 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe text presents the opinions of women with intellectual disabilities about their lives and experiences in Polish society. The key recurring issue in the participants’ statements was health in the light of their disability and femininity.MethodsFor the purpose of this study, focus group interviews were conducted with 20 women with intellectual disabilities. The collected interviews were analysed with the use of constructivist grounded theory.ResultsDuring the analysis, five general thematic areas were distinguished: appearance and beauty, health and sickness, intimate relationships, friends and acquaintances, and self‐determination.ConclusionsThe results of this research suggest that neither womanhood nor disability, as such, are perceived by the study's participants as a burden or health problem in any of the aforementioned areas. Moreover, the participants identified sources of oppression, as well as the means of opposing them, for example cooperation, and claiming the right to self‐determination.
Adherence to endocrine therapy and its relation to disease‐free survival among breast cancer patients visiting an out‐patient clinic at Khartoum Oncology Hospital, Sudan
Authors: Mohamed Kamal E. H. , Elamin Amany 
Published: February 2020

AbstractRationaleAdherence to endocrine therapy provides substantial reduction in breast cancer (BC) relapses and improve survival. Hence, non‐adherence remains an under reported issue mainly in developing countries.Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to evaluate the adherence to endocrine therapy (tamoxifen [TAM] and aromatase inhibitors [AIs]) among BC patients visiting an out‐patient clinic (2015‐2016) in Khartoum Oncology Hospital, Sudan.MethodsAdherence was assessed using pills count and self‐reporting methods. A total of 172 patients were interviewed. Also, records were reviewed for demographic and other cancer characteristics.ResultsThe patients' mean age at diagnosis was 53 years, with the highest frequency at (41‐60) years. Invasive ductal carcinoma 69.2% formed the main pathological diagnosis. T2 tumour size (51.2%) and lymph node involvement (N1) (31.4%) were most evident. Also, the majority of patients were stage III (45.9%) and grade II (48%). The studied women were postmenopausal (49.4%) and premenopausal (47.7%). Regarding hormonal receptors, about 68% were oestrogen (ER)+/progesterone (PR)+ and 23.3% were ER+/PR−. Studying adherence, almost (93%) of the studied group were ≥80% adherent to TAM and AIs. The hormonal therapy persistence mean was 27.2 ± 22.5 months (40‐96). While adherence percentage mean was 93.7 ± 13.6% (0%‐100%). Also disease‐free survival (DFS) mean was 36.3 ± 32.7 months (4‐312). Adherence to hormonal therapy and persistence were significantly correlated (P < .000). Also, statistically significant association was found between hormonal therapy adherence (≥80%) and patient poor to average economic status (P = .006), and the marital status “married” (P = .008).ConclusionsA high rate of adherence (93%) to endocrine therapy was estimated in the present study. Also, a positive association was found between the hormonal therapy persistence, and the DFS year's groups (P = .000), and the hormonal therapy types (P = .000). Adherence to hormonal therapy and persistence were significantly correlated (P < .000).
Engineering intervention for production of virgin coconut oil by hot process and multivariate analysis of quality attributes of virgin coconut oil extracted by various methods
Authors: Ramesh S. V. , Pandiselvam R. , Thushara Ramayyan , Manikantan M. R. , Hebbar K. B. , Beegum Shameena , Mathew A. C. , Neenu Sathyan , Shil Sandip 
Published: February 2020

AbstractICAR‐Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, India, has designed and developed a virgin coconut oil (VCO) cooker for the extraction of oil by the hot process. However, a number of VCO production processes being followed in India and elsewhere cause variations in the physicochemical properties, which in turn potentially affect the nutritional and medicinal properties of VCO. The physical and biochemical properties of VCO from the hot process (VCO‐Hot), fermentation (VCO‐Fer), expelled from dried gratings (VCO‐EDG), centrifugation (VCO‐Cen), and conventionally prepared copra coconut oil (CCO) were investigated in light of the design concept of the VCO cooker. The nutritionally important total phenolic content (mg GAE/100 g) and antioxidant capacity of all the VCOs were found to be in the range of 0.446 ± 0.041 (VCO‐Cen) to 2.867 ± 0.152 (VCO‐Hot) and 3.87 mM Trolox equivalent (TE) (VCO‐Cen) to 11.31 mM TE (VCO‐Hot), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that quality attributes viz., total phenol, total flavonoid, and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity of VCO‐Hot defined by principal component 1. Hierarchical clustering showed that the VCO‐Hot belonged to the group with high total phenolic and flavonoids content and strong antioxidant capacity. Comparative biochemical properties along with multivariate analysis differentiated the various VCO samples.Practical ApplicationsProduction of virgin coconut oil (VCO) by the hot process has been standardized by ICAR‐CPCRI and the technology has been successfully adopted by several entrepreneurs. VCO has a tremendous export potential and hence has a greater demand in the international market. The quantum of VCO export from India has been 818 MT to various destinations such as the United States, Japan, Australia, United Kingdom, and Middle East (https://www.coconutboard.in). The export earnings of VCO have reached over Rs. 260 million in 2015–2016. The consumers are not aware of the different VCO production methods and the resultant properties of VCO (Manikantan et al., Virgin Coconut Oil: Hot and Fermentation Process, Technical Bulletin No. 108, Centenary Publication 43, ICAR‐CPCRI & AICRP on PHET, Kasaragod). Considering the commerce potential and nutraceutical importance, the quality profile of VCO produced in different methods has to be compared among and with the coconut oil produced from copra. Additionally, it is crucial to discriminate the various VCO samples based on their quality profile.
Physical exercise prepartum to support metabolic adaptation in the transition period of dairy cattle: A proof of concept
Authors: Goselink Roselinde M. A. , Schonewille Jan Thomas , van Duinkerken Gert , Hendriks Wouter H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn dairy cattle, the hormonal changes around calving induce large metabolic changes to support milk production. Mobilization of adipose reserves is one of the changes involved, imposing a metabolic load on the liver. We hypothesized that the risk for excessive lipolysis and hepatic lipidosis postpartum can be reduced by starting fat mobilization and processing during the prepartum period by physical exercise, especially in cows with a high body condition score (BCS). As a proof of concept, 32 pregnant Holstein‐Friesian dairy cows were selected for a 2 × 2 experimental design. Sixteen cows had a BCS < 3.25 (group LOW) and 16 cows a BCS ≥ 3.25 (group HIGH). Cows within each group were randomly allocated to one of two treatments: group STEP was walked twice daily for 45 min during the dry period while group CON remained indoors. Treatment was stopped at calving and cows were monitored until 6 weeks after calving. Liver biopsies were taken in a subset of 16 cows to determine liver triglyceride (TG) concentration. We found that calculated energy balance was more negative for group STEP prepartum, resulting in higher plasma non‐esterified fatty acids and β‐hydroxybutyrate concentrations. During the first 6 weeks postpartum, neither dry matter intake nor milk yield was affected by exercise. As expected, the cows in group HIGH had increased liver TG concentrations postpartum relative to group LOW with increased plasma non‐esterified fatty acids directly after calving. Exercise during the dry period mitigated postpartal liver TG accumulation, but this did not seem to be related to increased plasma lipoprotein transport. We conclude that substantial physical activity prepartum can induce lipolysis and lipid utilization, thereby starting an early adaptation to lactation. This may be instrumental to reduce the risk for excessive liver TG accumulation postpartum, especially in cows with a high BCS at dry‐off.
Differentiation of lymphocytic‐plasmacytic enteropathy and small cell lymphoma in cats using histology‐guided mass spectrometry
Authors: Marsilio Sina , Newman Shelley J. , Estep James Scot , Giaretta Paula R. , Lidbury Jonathan A. , Warry Emma , Flory Andi , Morley Paul S. , Smoot Katy , Seeley Erin H. , Powell Matthew J. , Suchodolski Jan S. , Steiner Jörg M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundDifferentiation of lymphocytic‐plasmacytic enteropathy (LPE) from small cell lymphoma (SCL) in cats can be challenging.Hypothesis/ObjectiveHistology‐guided mass spectrometry (HGMS) is a suitable method for the differentiation of LPE from SCL in cats.AnimalsForty‐one cats with LPE and 52 cats with SCL.MethodsThis is a retrospective clinicopathologic study. Duodenal tissue samples of 17 cats with LPE and 22 cats with SCL were subjected to HGMS, and the acquired data were used to develop a linear discriminate analysis (LDA) machine learning algorithm. The algorithm was subsequently validated using a separate set of 24 cats with LPE and 30 cats with SCL. Cases were classified as LPE or SCL based on a consensus by an expert panel consisting of 5‐7 board‐certified veterinary specialists. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and clonality testing were available for all cats. The panel consensus classification served as a reference for the calculation of test performance parameters.ResultsRelative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of HGMS were 86.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 74.5%‐98.8%), 91.7% (95% CI: 80.6%‐100%), and 88.9% (95% CI: 80.5%‐97.3%), respectively. Comparatively, the clonality testing had a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 85.7% (95% CI: 72.8%‐98.7%), 33.3% (95% CI: 14.5%‐52.2%), and 61.5% (95% CI: 48.3%‐74.8%) relative to the panel decision.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceHistology‐guided mass spectrometry was a reliable technique for the differentiation of LPE from SCL in duodenal formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples of cats and might have advantages over tests currently considered state of the art.
Mean‐field games with differing beliefs for algorithmic trading
Authors: Casgrain Philippe , Jaimungal Sebastian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEven when confronted with the same data, agents often disagree on a model of the real world. Here, we address the question of how interacting heterogeneous agents, who disagree on what model the real world follows, optimize their trading actions. The market has latent factors that drive prices, and agents account for the permanent impact they have on prices. This leads to a large stochastic game, where each agents performance criteria are computed under a different probability measure. We analyze the mean‐field game (MFG) limit of the stochastic game and show that the Nash equilibrium is given by the solution to a nonstandard vector‐valued forward–backward stochastic differential equation. Under some mild assumptions, we construct the solution in terms of expectations of the filtered states. Furthermore, we prove that the MFG strategy forms an ε‐Nash equilibrium for the finite player game. Finally, we present a least square Monte Carlo based algorithm for computing the equilibria and show through simulations that increasing disagreement may increase price volatility and trading activity.
The Interaction of Policy Narratives, Moral Politics, and Criminal Justice Policy Beliefs
Authors: Knackmuhs Eric , Farmer James , Knapp Doug 
Published: February 2020

Criminal justice reform is one of the many contentious issues we face in an increasingly polarized political climate. Differing perceptions of issues like these may be explained by underlying belief systems and expressed through narratives. This study employs the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) by Moral Politics Theory as the theoretical underpinning for policy narratives. Moral Politics Theory states that policy beliefs are shaped by either a Strict Father (individual responsibility) or Nurturant Parent (societal responsibility) worldview. Visitors to Eastern State Penitentiary Historic Site read one criminal justice narrative from each worldview and selected which was more persuasive. Worldview and policy beliefs predicted which narrative was found persuasive; however, the analysis revealed there may be bilateral support for a combination of individual and societal responsibilities. Finally, this study supports and expands the NPF to a new context and population.Related ArticlesErtas, Nevbahar. 2015. “Policy Narratives and Public Opinion Concerning Charter Schools.” Politics & Policy 43 (3): 426‐451. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12120McBeth, Mark K., Donna L. Lybecker, and Kacee Garner. 2010. “The Story of Good Citizenship: Framing Public Policy in the Context of Duty‐Based versus Engaged Citizenship.” Politics & Policy 38 (1): 1‐23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2009.00226.xShanahan, Elizabeth A., Mark K. McBeth, and Paul L. Hathaway. 2011. “Narrative Policy Framework: The Power of Policy Narratives in Influencing Public Opinion.” Politics & Policy 39 (3): 373‐400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2011.00295.x
Multilevel analyses of related public health indicators: The European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies (EUROCAT) Public Health Indicators
Authors: Best Kate E. , Rankin Judith , Dolk Helen , Loane Maria , Haeusler Martin , Nelen Vera , Verellen‐Dumoulin Christine , Garne Ester , Sayers Gerardine , Mullaney Carmel , O'Mahony Mary T. , Gatt Miriam , De Walle Hermien , Klungsoyr Kari , Carolla Olatz Mokoroa , Cavero‐Carbonell Clara , Kurinczuk Jennifer J. , Draper Elizabeth S. , Tucker David , Wellesley Diana , Zymak‐Zakutnia Nataliia , Lelong Nathalie , Khoshnood Babak 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundPublic health organisations use public health indicators to guide health policy. Joint analysis of multiple public health indicators can provide a more comprehensive understanding of what they are intended to evaluate.ObjectiveTo analyse variaitons in the prevalence of congenital anomaly‐related perinatal mortality attributable to termination of pregnancy for foetal anomaly (TOPFA) and prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomaly prevalence.MethodsWe included 55 363 cases of congenital anomalies notified to 18 EUROCAT registers in 10 countries during 2008‐12. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) representing the risk of congenital anomaly‐related perinatal mortality according to TOPFA and prenatal diagnosis prevalence were estimated using multilevel Poisson regression with country as a random effect. Between‐country variation in congenital anomaly‐related perinatal mortality was measured using random effects and compared between the null and adjusted models to estimate the percentage of variation in congenital anomaly‐related perinatal mortality accounted for by TOPFA and prenatal diagnosis.ResultsThe risk of congenital anomaly‐related perinatal mortality decreased as TOPFA and prenatal diagnosis prevalence increased (IRR 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72, 0.86; and IRR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79, 0.97). Modelling TOPFA and prenatal diagnosis together, the association between congenital anomaly‐related perinatal mortality and TOPFA prevalence became stronger (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61, 0.81). The prevalence of TOPFA and prenatal diagnosis accounted for 75.5% and 37.7% of the between‐country variation in perinatal mortality, respectively.ConclusionWe demonstrated an approach for analysing inter‐linked public health indicators. In this example, as TOPFA and prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomaly prevalence decreased, the risk of congenital anomaly‐related perinatal mortality increased. Much of the between‐country variation in congenital anomaly‐related perinatal mortality was accounted for by TOPFA, with a smaller proportion accounted for by prenatal diagnosis.