bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real Algebraic Curves on Real del Pezzo Surfaces
Authors: Manzaroli Matilde 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe study of the topology of real algebraic varieties dates back to the work of Harnack, Klein, and Hilbert in the 19th century; in particular, the isotopy-type classification of real algebraic curves in real toric surfaces is a classical subject that has undergone considerable evolution. On the other hand, not much is known for more general ambient surfaces. We take a step forward in the study of topological-type classification of real algebraic curves on non-toric surfaces focusing on real del Pezzo surfaces of degree 1 and 2 with multi-components real part. We use degeneration methods and real enumerative geometry in combination with variations of classical methods to give obstructions to the existence of topological-type classes realized by real algebraic curves and to give constructions of real algebraic curves with prescribed topology.
World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A Key to Higher-Level Groups
Authors: Buffington Matthew L , Forshage Mattias , Liljeblad Johan , Tang Chang-Ti , van Noort Simon 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWhile much has been learned regarding the phylogeny and evolution of cynipoid wasps, clearly illustrated diagnostic tools and identification keys have remained stagnant. So too, where keys do exist, they are often to genus or species, and there are no user-friendly keys to groups such as tribes, subfamilies, or families. This state of affairs leaves a knowledge gap for non-specialists and slows future research on the group. To address this, we provide a fully illustrated key to the higher-level groups of world Cynipoidea. We also provide summaries of all higher-level taxa with updated generic lists, biological data, distribution, and literature resources. The dichotomous key presented here is complimented with a multi-entry matrix-based key, created in Lucid, and served on www.waspweb.org with online versions of the dichotomous keys also available.
Swinging Shale: Shale Oil, the Global Oil Market, and the Geopolitics of Oil
Authors: Kim Inwook 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIs shale oil “revolutionizing” the global oil market and the geopolitics of oil? If so, how? While two aspects of the shale boom—a new source of supply and a cause for the price collapse in 2014–2015—dominate the conventional wisdom, I argue that the most revolutionary change is the least understood aspect of shale oil—shale oil producers’ rise as new swing suppliers due to its unique extraction technique and cost structure. Shale oil producers also differ from traditional swing producers in motives, contexts, and an amount of accessible excess capacity such that while shale oil lowers the medium-term price ceiling, it does not eliminate short-term price volatility. By examining the geopolitics of oil since the advent of shale oil, I analyze how such new market realities have or have not altered the US foreign policy on issues involving possible oil supply disruptions, Saudi Arabia's long-held special status in US grand strategy, rationale for US withdrawal from the Persian Gulf, and the foreign policy of China, the largest oil importer today, and Russia, a major petrostate.
Differential response from selection for high calving ease vs. low birth weight in American Simmental beef cattle
Authors: Saad Hamad M , Thomas Milton G , Speidel Scott E , Peel Richard K , Frasier W Marshall , Enns R Mark 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Data on calving ease (CE) and birth, weaning weight (WW), and yearling weight (YW) were obtained from the American Simmental Association (ASA) and included pedigree and performance information on 11,640,735 animals. Our objective was to quantify differential response from selection for high CE vs. low birth weight (LBW) in first-calf Simmental heifers. We hypothesized that direct selection for CE should be used as the primary approach to reduce dystocia and mitigate losses in growth-related traits. WW and YW were adjusted to 205 and 365 d of age, respectively. Sire and maternal grandsire (co)variance components for CE, birth weight (BW), and 205-d weaning weight (205-d WW), and sire covariance components for 160-d postweaning gain (160-d gain) were estimated using a sire-maternal grandsire model. Direct and maternal expected progeny differences (EPD) for CE, BW, and 205-d WW and direct EPD for 160-d gain and 365-d yearling weight (365-d YW) for first-calf Simmental heifers population (465,710 animals) were estimated using a threshold-linear multivariate maternal animal model. This population was used to estimate genetic trends and as a selection pool (control) for various selection scenarios. Selection scenarios were high CE (HCE), LBW, the all-purpose selection index (API = −1.8 BW + 1.3 CE + 0.10 WW + 0.20 YW) of the ASA and its two derived subindices: (API1 = 1.3 CE + 0.20 YW) and (API2 = −1.8 BW + 0.20 YW), and lastly Dickerson’s selection index (DSI = −3.2 BW + YW). Data for each selection scenario were created by selecting sires with EPD greater than or equal to the average along with the top 75% of dams. Comparison between selection scenarios involved evaluating the direct and maternal genetic trends from these scenarios. Direct heritabilities for CE, BW, 205-d WW, 160-d gain, and 365-d YW of Simmental cattle were 0.23, 0.52, 0.28, 0.21, and 0.33, respectively. The single trait, HCE, selection scenario, as opposed to LBW, increased the intercept for CE by 57.7% and the slopes (P &lt; 0.001) for BW, 205-d WW, 160-d gain, and 365-d YW by 27.9%, 37.5%, 16%, and 28%, respectively. Comparisons of various selection scenarios revealed that the CE-based selection scenarios (HCE, API, and API1) had a greater response for CE and growth traits.
Effect of phytase on nutrient digestibility and expression of intestinal tight junction and nutrient transporter genes in pigs
Authors: Lu Hang , Shin Sunhye , Kuehn Imke , Bedford Mike , Rodehutscord Markus , Adeola Olayiwola , Ajuwon Kolapo M 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the effects of high levels of phytase on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, phytate breakdown, and expression of mucosal tight junction and nutrient transporter genes in weanling pigs. A total of 128 barrows were penned in groups of four and used in a randomized completely block design and assigned to four treatments for a 28-d study. A two-phase feeding was implemented (phase 1: day 1 to 14; phase 2: day 15 to 28). The diets differed in dietary calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels (positive control [PC]: 8.1 to 7.1 g/kg Ca and 6.5 to 6.8 g/kg P; negative control [NC]: 6.6 to 5.5 g/kg Ca and 5.6 to 5.3 g/kg P) from phase 1 to phase 2, respectively. NC diets were supplemented with phytase at 0 (NC), 1,500 (NC + 1,500), or 3,000 (NC + 3,000) phytase units (FTU)/kg. Blood was collected after fasting (day 27) or feeding (day 28) for the measurement of plasma inositol concentrations. On day 28, two pigs per pen were euthanized. Duodenal–jejunal and ileal digesta samples and feces were collected to determine inositol phosphates (InsP3-6) concentrations. Phytase supplementation increased the body weight on days 14 and 28 (P &lt; 0.05). Average daily gain and feed efficiency compared with NC were increased by phytase with the majority of its effect in phase 1 (P &lt; 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility and apparent total tract digestibility of P were increased in piglets fed phytase-supplemented diets (P &lt; 0.01) compared with NC piglets. Disappearance of InsP6 and total InsP3-6 up to the duodenum–jejunum, ileum, and in feces was increased by both phytase application rates (P &lt; 0.01). Plasma concentrations of myo-inositol were higher (P &lt; 0.001) in the phytase-supplemented diets than PC and NC diets, irrespective of whether pigs were fed or fasted. Expression of claudin 3 was higher in pigs fed both phytase-supplemented diets in the duodenum and jejunum compared with PC and NC. Mucin 2 expression was lower in the ileum of NC + 3,000 fed piglets compared with PC (P &lt; 0.05), whereas expression of GLUT2 (solute carrier family 2-facilitated glucose transporter member 2) was increased (P &lt; 0.05) by the NC + 3,000 treatment in all sections. In summary, high phytase supplementation increased the growth performance of nursery pigs. The increased expression of GLUT2 by phytase may indicate an upregulation of glucose absorption from the intestine by phytase.
Endogenous GHB in Segmented Hair Part I: Inter-individual Variation for Group Comparisons
Authors: Thomas Jennifer L , Strickland Erin C , Lloyd Erin W , Donnelly Christopher C , Rankoth Anusha , Pieczonka Sandra M , Colpoys Caroline , Smith Michael A , LeBeau Marc A , Montgomery Madeline A , Karas Roman P , Peters Eugene M , Miller Mark L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
While earlier studies have attempted to resolve the challenges encountered when interpreting gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) concentrations in hair (primarily due to its endogenous presence), few have had large sample sizes. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the inter-individual variation of endogenous GHB concentrations. The second objective, to be detailed in another report, was to assess intra-individual variation and the impact on exogenous GHB discrimination. Over 2,000 hair segments from 141 women and 73 men (all processed hair 3–12 cm long) were analyzed in this study. The raw calculated range of endogenous GHB concentrations was &lt;0.40–5.47 ng/mg with 97.5% of the segmental results calculated less than 2.00 ng/mg. Imputation, assuming a lognormal distribution, was applied to the data to include non-detect (ND) data (&lt;LOQ), which led to an estimated endogenous GHB range of 0.16–5.47 ng/mg. Kruskal–Wallis tests were employed on a segmental basis for group comparisons. This test was applied to the male and female segmental medians and subsequently indicated that these groups were different at the α = 0.05 level of significance. Additionally, female hair samples appeared to have a trend comprising higher endogenous GHB concentrations close to the scalp and a mean net decrease of ~0.2–0.3 ng/mg distally. Male hair samples displayed the opposite trend, with a mean net increase of ~0.5–0.6 ng/mg from the proximal to the distal end of the hair shaft. It was also concluded that differences exist between the median GHB concentrations of the ‘treated’ and ‘untreated’ hair in the female group at the α = 0.05 level of significance. Age groups and races were analyzed, but none of the observed differences in median concentration were significant at α = 0.05. This is the largest endogenous GHB hair population study to date and provides substantial new data on inter-individual variation and chronological trends of GHB concentrations in hair.
Intervention Content and Outcomes of Postdischarge Rehabilitation Programs for Adults Surviving Major Burns: A Systematic Scoping Review
Authors: Bayuo Jonathan , Wong Frances Kam Yuet 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Improvement in burn care has led to more patients surviving the injury but has also led to more burn survivors requiring rehabilitation for a protracted period after discharge. Thus, this review sought to map the intervention content and outcomes associated with existing postdischarge rehabilitation programs for adults surviving major burns. A systematic scoping review approach was utilized. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) and core outcome set for adult burn survivors were used to guide data extraction following which a narrative synthesis was undertaken. In all, 23 papers were retained in the review. Following discharge and up to 1 year postburn, the components of the rehabilitation programs comprised of physical, psychological, and social components. Beyond 1 year postburn, the rehabilitation programs demonstrated a preponderance of physical therapies. Support for family members was not highlighted in the included studies. Outcomes of rehabilitation programs up to 1 year postburn covered the seven core outcome domains. Outcomes associated with rehabilitation programs beyond 1 year postburn were, however, limited to the perceived quality of life, neuromuscular, and physical role functioning domains. Although most studies reported statistically significant findings, the outcome measures varied across studies which makes it difficult to draw overarching conclusions. The findings suggest that long-term rehabilitation programs for adult burn survivors are lacking. More robust studies are also needed to examine community participation outcomes associated with burns rehabilitation programs. The nature of burns and its far-reaching consequences suggest a patient- and family-centered approach to rehabilitation.
The density of the Atlantic marsh fiddler crab (Minuca pugnax, Smith, 1870) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Ocypodidae) in its expanded range in the Gulf of Maine, USA
Authors: Martínez-Soto Kayla S , Johnson David S 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe Atlantic marsh fiddler crab, Minuca pugnax (Smith, 1870), is a climate migrant that recently expanded its range northward into the Gulf of Maine. We tracked the M. pugnax population within the Great Marsh, in northeastern Massachusetts, USA, since it was first detected in 2014 using burrow counts. Because burrow counts can overestimate fiddler-crab density, we used camera traps to determine the relationship between burrow densities and fiddler-crab densities in 2019. The burrow count surveys show a six-fold increase in the density of M. pugnax in the Great Marsh from 2014 to 2019. Results indicates that the fiddler-crab population in the expanded range is established and growing. Based on burrow counts, however, the density of M. pugnax in the expanded range (6 burrows m–2) remains much lower than those found in the historical range (up to 300 burrows m–2). Based on the camera traps, we determined that burrow counts overestimated fiddler-crab densities by 47% in 2019. There was, on average, one crab detected for every two burrows observed. This result suggests that estimates of densities of M. pugnax based on burrow counts should be reduced by half. Minuca pugnax is an ecosystem engineer that can influence saltmarsh functioning and the magnitude of that influence is related to its density. Our results imply that the populations of M. pugnax in the expanded range are currently having minor impacts on marshes relative to larger populations in the historical range, but their impact will increase as the populations grow.
Complex Blends of Synthetic Pheromones are Effective Multi-Species Attractants for Longhorned Beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Rice Marlin E , Zou Yunfan , Millar Jocelyn G , Hanks Lawrence M 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe wood-boring larvae of longhorned beetles (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) can be important pests of woody plants, particularly as invasive species introduced by international commerce. Previous research has revealed that cerambycid species native to different parts of the world often share the same aggregation-sex pheromones and that pheromones of different species can be combined to create multi-species attractants that would be advantageous for surveillance monitoring for a number of species simultaneously. To explore the extent to which these chemicals can be combined into single lures, we developed four different blends of six to eight compounds and tested their effects as attractants for a community of longhorned beetle species in Iowa. The blends included known pheromones of species native to the study site, as well as pheromones identified from cerambycid species native to other parts of the world. The experiment confirmed that several cerambycid species were attracted by specific blends, in accordance with their known pheromone chemistry, and despite the presence of pheromone components of heterospecifics. This finding lends further support to developing multi-component blends that can effectively monitor for new incursions of multiple exotic species concurrently.
Is a Corruption Crackdown Really Good for the Economy? Firm-Level Evidence from China
Authors: Chen Zhiyuan , Jin Xin , Xu Xu 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe study the impact of anticorruption efforts on firm performance, exploiting an unanticipated corruption crackdown in China’s Heilongjiang province in 2004. We compare firms in the affected regions with those in other inland regions before and after the crackdown. Our main finding is an overall negative impact of the crackdown on firm productivity and entry rates. Furthermore, these negative impacts are mainly experienced by private and foreign firms, while state-owned firms are mostly unaffected. We present evidence concerning two potential explanations for our findings. First, the corruption crackdown may have limited bribery opportunities that helped private firms operate. Second, the corruption crackdown may have interfered with personal connections between private firms and government officials to a greater extent than institutional connections between state-owned firms and the government. Overall, our findings suggest that corruption crackdowns may not restore efficiency in the economy, but instead lead to worse economic outcomes, at least in the short run (JEL L2, M1, O1).
The genetic structure of the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus; Ursidae, Carnivora) in Colombia by means of mitochondrial and microsatellite markers
Authors: Ruiz-García Manuel , Arias Vásquez Jessica Yanina , Restrepo Héctor , Cáceres-Martínez Carlos Herney , Shostell Joseph Mark 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe spectacled bear (Ursidae: Tremarctos ornatus) is an emblematic umbrella species and one of the top carnivores in the Andean mountains. It is also listed as vulnerable by IUCN and as endangered by CITES. We analyzed the genetic structure of this species in nine geographical regions representing the three Andean Cordilleras in Colombia. We sequenced six mitochondrial genes in 115 spectacled bears; a subset of these specimens (n = 61) were genotyped at seven nuclear microsatellites. We addressed three objectives: 1) determine the genetic diversity and historical demographic changes of the spectacled bear in Colombia; 2) determine phylogeographic patterns of genetic divergence among spectacled bear populations in Colombia; and 3) estimate the levels of gene flow among different regions of Colombia. Our analyses show evidence of high mitochondrial genetic diversity in spectacled bears, both in Colombia as well as in each of the nine regions, most particularly Norte de Santander, Nariño, and Antioquia-Córdoba. In addition, we detected population expansion in Colombia that occurred around 24,000 years ago, followed by a population decrease during the last 7,000 years, and a sudden expansion in the last 300 years. Phylogenetic analyses showed few well-supported clades, with some haplotypes detected in all the departments and Colombian Andean Cordilleras, and other haplotypes restricted to certain geographical areas (Antioquia, Norte de Santander, Cundinamarca, and Nariño). We detected significant genetic heterogeneity among some departments and among the three Colombian Andean Cordilleras for both mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Nevertheless, the moderate levels of gene flow estimated from FST statistics suggest that geographical barriers have not been definitive obstacles to the dispersion of the spectacled bear throughout Colombia. Despite these gene flow estimates, significant spatial autocorrelation was detected for spectacled bear in Colombia, where two kinds of spatial patterns were discovered: genetic patches of 144 km of diameter, and isolation by distance among bears separated from 578 to 800 km. The two most northern spectacled bear populations of Colombia (Norte de Santander and Antioquia) also were the two most differentiated. Their distinctiveness may qualify them as distinct Management Units (MUs) in the context of conservation policies for the spectacled bear in Colombia.
A Heterozygous Mutation in the Filamin C Gene Causes an Unusual Nemaline Myopathy With Ring Fibers
Authors: Evangelista Teresinha , Lornage Xavière , Carlier Pierre G , Bassez Guillaume , Brochier Guy , Chanut Anais , Lacène Emmanuelle , Bui Mai-Thao , Metay Corinne , Oppermann Ursula , Böhm Johann , Laporte Jocelyn , Romero Norma B 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Autosomal dominant pathogenic variants in the filamin C gene (FLNC) have been associated with myofibrillar myopathies, distal myopathies, and isolated cardiomyopathies. Mutations in different functional domains of FLNC can cause various clinical phenotypes. A novel heterozygous missense variant c.608G&gt;A, p.(Cys203Tyr) in the actin binding domain of FLCN was found to cause an upper limb distal myopathy (MIM #614065). The muscle MRI findings are similar to those observed in FLNC-myofibrillar myopathy (MIM #609524). However, the muscle biopsy revealed &gt;20% of muscle fibers with nemaline bodies, in addition to numerous ring fibers and a predominance of type 1 fibers. Overall, this case shows some unique and rare aspects of FLNC-myopathy constituting a new morphologic phenotype of FLNC-related myopathies.
How to tell an accreting boson star from a black hole
Authors: Olivares Hector , Younsi Ziri , Fromm Christian M , De Laurentis Mariafelicia , Porth Oliver , Mizuno Yosuke , Falcke Heino , Kramer Michael , Rezzolla Luciano 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
The capability of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) to image the nearest supermassive black hole candidates at horizon-scale resolutions offers a novel means to study gravity in its strongest regimes and to test different models for these objects. Here, we study the observational appearance at 230 GHz of a surfaceless black hole mimicker, namely a non-rotating boson star, in a scenario consistent with the properties of the accretion flow on to Sgr A*. To this end, we perform general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations followed by general relativistic radiative transfer calculations in the boson star space–time. Synthetic reconstructed images considering realistic astronomical observing conditions show that, despite qualitative similarities, the differences in the appearance of a black hole – either rotating or not – and a boson star of the type considered here are large enough to be detectable. These differences arise from dynamical effects directly related to the absence of an event horizon, in particular, the accumulation of matter in the form of a small torus or a spheroidal cloud in the interior of the boson star, and the absence of an evacuated high-magnetization funnel in the polar regions. The mechanism behind these effects is general enough to apply to other horizonless and surfaceless black hole mimickers, strengthening confidence in the ability of the EHT to identify such objects via radio observations.