bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lignin lags, leads, or limits the decomposition of litter and soil organic carbon
Authors: Hall Steven J. , Huang Wenjuan , Timokhin Vitaliy I. , Hammel, Kenneth E. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLignin’s role in litter and soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition remains contentious. Lignin decomposition was traditionally thought to increase during midstage litter decomposition, when cellulose occlusion by lignin began to limit mass loss. Alternatively, lignin decomposition could be greatest in fresh litter as a consequence of co‐metabolism, and lignin might decompose faster than bulk SOC. To test these competing hypotheses, we incubated 10 forest soils with C4 grass litter (amended with 13C‐labeled or unlabeled lignin) over 2 yr and measured soil respiration and its isotope composition. Early lignin decomposition was greatest in 5 of 10 soils, consistent with the co‐metabolism hypothesis. However, lignin decomposition peaked 6–24 months later in the other five soils, consistent with the substrate‐limitation hypothesis; these soils were highly acidic. Rates of lignin, litter, and SOC decomposition tended to converge over time. Cumulative lignin decomposition was never greater than SOC decomposition; lignin decomposition was significantly lower than SOC decomposition in six soils. Net nitrogen mineralization predicted lignin decomposition ratios relative to litter and SOC. Although the onset of lignin decomposition can indeed be rapid, lignin still presents a likely bottleneck in litter and SOC decomposition, meriting a reconsideration of lignin’s role in modern decomposition paradigms.
IL‐10 promotes malignant pleural effusion by regulating TH1 response via an miR‐7116‐5p/GPR55/ERK pathway in mice
Authors: Zhai Kan , Shi Xin‐Yu , Yi Feng‐Shuang , Huang Zhong‐Yin , Wu Xiu‐Zhi , Dong Shu‐Feng , Wang Wen , Wu Min‐Ting , Shi Huan‐Zhong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIL‐10, produced by a wide variety of cells, is a highly pleiotropic cytokine that plays a critical role in the control of immune responses. However, its regulatory activity in tumor immunity remains poorly understood. In this study, we report that IL‐10 deficiency robustly suppressed the formation of malignant pleural effusion (MPE) and significantly enhanced miR‐7116‐5p expression in pleural CD4+ T cells. We demonstrated that miR‐7116‐5p suppressed IL‐10‐mediated MPE formation by inhibiting pleural vascular permeability as well as tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. IL‐10 promoted MPE formation by suppressing miR‐7116‐5p that enhances TH1 response. We identified G protein‐coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) as a potential target of miR‐7116‐5p, and miR‐7116‐5p promoted TH1 cell function by downregulating GPR55. Moreover, GPR55 promoted MPE formation by inhibiting TH1 cell expansion through the ERK phosphorylation pathway. These results uncover an IL‐10‐mediated pathway controlling TH1 cells and demonstrate a central role for miR‐7116‐5p/GPR55/ERK signaling in the physiological regulation of IL‐10‐driven pro‐malignant responses.
Detection of caffeine and its main metabolites for early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography
Authors: Han Yanzhen , Xun Liying , Wang Xiangji , Yang Shuopeng , Sun Zhanyong , Shi Hongmei , Xu Xiangdong , Hu Shen 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCaffeine (CA) is a common xanthine alkaloid found in tea leaves, coffee beans, and other natural plants, and is the most widely used psychotropic substance in the world. Accumulating evidence suggests that low plasma levels of CA and its metabolites may serve as reliable diagnostic markers for early Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. In this study, we demonstrated a new MEKC method for determining CA and its three main downstream metabolites, paraxanthine (PX), theobromine (TB), and theophylline (TP), in human plasma. Plasma samples were collected, and analyzed using MEKC, after SPE. The running buffer was composed of 35 mM phosphate, pH of 10.5, and 25 mM SDS. The separation voltage was 15 kV and the detection wavelength was at 210 nm. Under the optimum conditions, four distinct analytes were completely separated and detected in less than 12 min. Method limits of detection were as low as 7.5 ng/mL for CA, 5.0 ng/mL for TB, and 4.0 ng/mL for both PX and TP. The recoveries were between 88.0% and 105.9%. This method was successfully applied to 27 human plasma samples. The results indicate that the plasma concentrations of the four analytes are significantly lower in patients with early PD than in control subjects (p < 0.05). The area under curve was improved to 0.839 when CA and its three main metabolites were included, suggesting that MEKC testing of CA, TP, TB, and PX may serve as a potential method for early diagnosis of PD.
Improving the effectiveness of ANT DBS therapy for epilepsy with optimal current targeting
Authors: Järvenpää Soila , Lehtimäki Kai , Rainesalo Sirpa , Möttönen Timo , Peltola Jukka 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveDeep brain stimulation of the ANT is a novel treatment option in refractory epilepsy with an established efficacy at the group level. However, data on the effect of individualized programming are currently lacking. We report the effect of programming changes on outcome in deep brain stimulation of anterior nucleus of thalamus (ANT DBS). Secondly, we investigated whether the effect differs between seizure types. Thirdly, we compared the response status between patients with stimulation contacts verified inside the ANT with patients with contacts located outside of ANT.MethodsThe participants were 27 consecutive patients with ANT DBS implantation with at least two‐year follow‐up. Seizures were subdivided into focal aware (FAS), focal impaired awareness (FIAS), and focal to bilateral tonic‐clonic seizures (FBTCS). The patients’ seizure diaries were analyzed retrospectively to assess changes in different seizure types. Active contact locations for each patient were verified from preoperative MRI and postoperative CT fusion images using SureTune III (Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN) software.ResultsA significant reduction in monthly mean seizure frequency occurred in FIAS: 56% at two‐year and 65% at five‐year follow‐up. The effects on FAS and FBTCS were less pronounced. Patients with contacts inside the ANT or on the anterolateral border of ANT experienced a greater reduction in seizure frequency than patients with outside‐ANT contacts. Ultimately, seven patients became responders due to changes in DBS programming or repositioning of contacts, increasing our responder rate from 44% to 70% as measured by a seizure reduction of at least 50%.SignificanceANT DBS appears to be especially effective in reducing FIAS, when the appropriately chosen contacts are activated.
Dynamic loading tests and seismic response analysis of a stud‐type damper composed of multiple friction units with disc springs
Authors: Sano Takeshi , Shirai Kazutaka , Suzui Yasumasa , Utsumi Yoshikazu 
Published: June 2020

SummaryThis paper presents an experimental study on the performance of a shear‐sliding stud‐type damper composed of multiple friction units with high‐tension bolts and disc springs. A numerical evaluation of the response reduction effects achieved by the stud‐type damper is also presented. In dynamic loading tests, the behavior of stud‐type multiunit friction damper specimens was investigated. Three different full‐scale damper specimens, which were composed of five, six, or seven friction units with two or four sliding surfaces, were incorporated into loading devices for testing. The stud‐type friction dampers demonstrated stable rigid‐plastic hysteresis loops without any remarkable decrease in the sliding force even when subjected to repetitive loading, in addition to showing no unstable behavior such as lateral buckling. The damper produced a total sliding force approximately proportional to the number of sliding surfaces and friction units. The total sliding force of the stud‐type damper can thus be estimated by summing the contributions of each friction unit. In an earthquake response simulation, the control effects achieved by stud‐type dampers incorporated into an analytical high‐rise building model under various input waves, including long‐period, long‐duration and pulse‐like ground motions, were evaluated. A satisfactory response reduction was obtained by installing the developed stud‐type dampers into the main frame without negatively impacting usability and convenience in terms of building planning.
A reflection on the mass production of scenarios in response to COVID‐19
Authors: Cairns George , Wright George 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this short paper, we reflect on the recent accumulation of scenarios that have been developed in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Will they be of use to worried individuals and organizations? Or, are they artifacts of the very recent past? We conclude that these quickly‐produced scenarios are not embedded in the realities of affected communities and that the scenario development process should be enhanced to either involve power‐holding stakeholders or, more straightforwardly, to activate local consideration of how the affected community might/might not wish to react to localized dilemmas. Both enhancements will provide action‐orientated insights, beyond that of simply appreciating possible global/regional futures.
A Contemporary Perspective on Undergraduate Research Mentoring in University Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Programs
Authors: Thornton Blake P , Laughlin Andy M , Swartz Douglas J , Durham Bart W 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The high-impact practice of undergraduate research has expanded exponentially over the past 2 decades and has become a much more integrated pursuit across all levels of the educational landscape. Such a rapid expansion and diversity of approaches to these programs have resulted in the need to better understand and evaluate their efficacy in all disciplines. The fisheries profession has long been a leader in providing outstanding career preparation, which includes providing opportunities for students to engage in undergraduate research. To maintain this distinction, it is imperative that we as a field continuously evaluate how our current mentoring practices align with academic pedagogy recommended in the broader literature. Here, we review the extensive literature on undergraduate mentoring and construct a set of success criteria that represents a temporal sequence of best practices in undergraduate mentoring. We also present the results of a survey of fisheries faculty that was undertaken in order to understand what undergraduate mentoring practices are currently being used in our field. Collectively, this information can be used by individuals, departments, or institutions as a practical framework with which to evaluate and improve current mentoring programs or as a foundational starting point from which to design and implement new mentoring programs.
Methodology and application of PCR‐RFLP for species identification in tuna sashimi
Authors: Yao Lin , Lu Jianping , Qu Meng , Jiang Yanhua , Li Fengling , Guo Yingying , Wang Lianzhu , Zhai Yuxiu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe Thunnini, or tuna, comprise many species with very different commercial values. The principal raw tuna product on the market is sashimi, for which the species used is difficult to identify through conventional morphological analysis. The present study amplified the cytochrome b gene (Cytb) of 4 major tuna species used for preparing sashimi—yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii), bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus), and Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)—and 4 species commonly mislabeled as components of tuna sashimi—albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga), skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), striped marlin (Tetrapturus audax), and swordfish (Xiphias gladius). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons were digested with 5 restriction enzymes—Eco147 I, Hinf I, Mbo I, Xag I, and Hind II—to obtain characteristic restriction maps of the above‐mentioned raw tuna species and the commonly mislabeled species. An identification method using PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) was established and validated using 39 commercial tuna sashimi samples, which verified that this method provides results consistent with those obtained by classical sequencing. PCR‐RFLP has several advantages over classical sequencing, such as simplicity, speed and accuracy. This technique could support species identification for raw tuna and sashimi.
A novel biodegradable film based on κ‐carrageenan activated with olive leaves extract
Authors: Martiny Thamiris R. , Pacheco Bruna S. , Pereira Claudio M. P. , Mansilla Andrés , Astorga–España Maria S. , Dotto Guilherme L. , Moraes Caroline C. , Rosa Gabriela S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis research focused on the development of carrageenan based biodegradable films incorporated with olive leaves extract (OLE). OLE microbial inhibition and its total phenolics (TP) were evaluated. Carrageenan films were produced by casting technique and were characterized by thickness, water vapor permeability (WVP), color, mechanical properties, and infrared spectroscopy. In order to apply as lamb meat packaging, the antimicrobial effect of the films was investigated. Results showed that OLE inhibited E. coli growth and presented excellent TP (41.40 mgGAE/g). Thicknesses of the film with OLE (CAR‐OLE) were approximately 28% higher than film without OLE. Addition of OLE reduced the WVP by approximately 54%. CAR‐OLE was less resistant to breakage and more flexible showing darker color. FTIR showed interaction of carrageenan with OLE. Results revealed that CAR‐OLE promoted 167‐fold reduction in initial count of aerobic mesophiles indicating shelf‐life extension of lamb meat and promising use as antimicrobial food packaging.
An initiative for a morphologic‐genetic catalog of relict charcoal hearths from Central Europe
Authors: Hirsch Florian , Schneider Anna , Bonhage Alexander , Raab Alexandra , Drohan Patrick J. , Raab Thomas 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe increasing availability of high‐resolution topographic data, coupled with image analysis and machine learning techniques, is rapidly changing the way archaeological sites are digitally identified and mapped. We present a catalog of common forms of relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) in Central Europe to improve the evaluation of morphologic and genetic features in future mapping approaches. RCHs are important historical landscape features created from the production of charcoal. RCHs are noted in Central Europe from the Medieval Period, but also are widespread near (pre‐)industrial mining centers. Different forms of charcoal hearths were created by workers known as colliers, and their hearth building techniques may have differed on a regional scale. Our catalog is based on a morphologic–genetic grouping of RCHs. Due to topographic effects, reuse of production sites, or local techniques, this catalog is nonexhaustive, but most RCHs in Central Europe can be grouped into one of seven types.
Practical implementation of frailty models in Mendelian risk prediction
Authors: Huang Theodore , Gorfine Malka , Hsu Li , Parmigiani Giovanni , Braun Danielle 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThere are numerous statistical models used to identify individuals at high risk of cancer due to inherited mutations. Mendelian models predict future risk of cancer by using family history with estimated cancer penetrances (age‐ and sex‐specific risk of cancer given the genotype of the mutations) and mutation prevalences. However, there is often residual risk heterogeneity across families even after accounting for the mutations in the model, due to environmental or unobserved genetic risk factors. We aim to improve Mendelian risk prediction by incorporating a frailty model that contains a family‐specific frailty vector, impacting the cancer hazard function, to account for this heterogeneity. We use a discrete uniform population frailty distribution and implement a marginalized approach that averages each family's risk predictions over the family's frailty distribution. We apply the proposed approach to improve breast cancer prediction in BRCAPRO, a Mendelian model that accounts for inherited mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes to predict breast and ovarian cancer. We evaluate the proposed model's performance in simulations and real data from the Cancer Genetics Network and show improvements in model calibration and discrimination. We also discuss alternative approaches for incorporating frailties and their strengths and limitations.
Clearance of activity‐evoked K+ transients and associated glia cell swelling occur independently of AQP4: A study with an isoform‐selective AQP4 inhibitor
Authors: Toft‐Bertelsen Trine Lisberg , Larsen Brian Roland , Christensen Sofie Kjellerup , Khandelia Himanshu , Waagepetersen Helle S. , MacAulay Nanna 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe mammalian brain consists of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different compartments and cellular structures by mechanisms that are, to a large extent, unresolved. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is abundantly expressed in glia and ependymal cells of the mammalian brain and has been proposed to act as a gatekeeper for brain water dynamics, predominantly based on studies utilizing AQP4‐deficient mice. However, these mice have a range of secondary effects due to the gene deletion. An efficient and selective AQP4 inhibitor has thus been sorely needed to validate the results obtained in the AQP4−/− mice to quantify the contribution of AQP4 to brain fluid dynamics. In AQP4‐expressing Xenopus laevis oocytes monitored by a high‐resolution volume recording system, we here demonstrate that the compound TGN‐020 is such a selective AQP4 inhibitor. TGN‐020 targets the tested species of AQP4 with an IC50 of ~3.5 μM, but displays no inhibitory effect on the other AQPs (AQP1‐AQP9). With this tool, we employed rat hippocampal slices and ion‐sensitive microelectrodes to determine the role of AQP4 in glia cell swelling following neuronal activity. TGN‐020‐mediated inhibition of AQP4 did not prevent stimulus‐induced extracellular space shrinkage, nor did it slow clearance of the activity‐evoked K+ transient. These data, obtained with a verified isoform‐selective AQP4 inhibitor, indicate that AQP4 is not required for the astrocytic contribution to the K+ clearance or the associated extracellular space shrinkage.
Changing trend in mortality rate of multiple myeloma after introduction of novel agents: A population‐based study
Authors: Usui Yoshiaki , Ito Hidemi , Koyanagi Yuriko , Shibata Akiko , Matsuda Tomohiro , Katanoda Kota , Maeda Yoshinobu , Matsuo Keitaro 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPreviously, the main treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) was cytotoxic chemotherapies, including autologous stem‐cell transplantation (ASCT), but survival benefit in the elderly was limited. More recently, clinical trials and practical experience with novel agents with superior efficacy have shown improved survival, including in the elderly. However, this improvement cannot be simply interpreted as a decline in mortality rate that is an important public health measure of progress against cancer. Here, we assessed the trends in mortality rates of MM in parallel with incidence rates in Japan and the U.S. We used national mortality data and population‐based cancer registry data in both countries from 1995 to 2015, during which 74 972 patients in Japan and 229 290 patients in the U.S. died of MM. Trends in mortality and incidence rates were characterized using joinpoint regression analysis. Despite upward trends in incidence, mortality rates showed a significant decrement after 2005 in Japan, with an annual percent change [APC (95% confidence interval)] of −2.5% (−2.9% to −2.1%), and after 2002 in the U.S., with an APC of −2.0% (−2.6% to −1.5%). In both countries, the change in mortality trend coincided with the introduction of the novel agents. Moreover, improvements in mortality were particularly large in patients aged 70 to 79 years, who cannot receive ASCT. Our results indicate that the benefits of novel agents for MM are appreciable at the population level and may encourage further development of novel agents for malignancies that can be widely applied to the patients.
Erythrocyte levels of cadmium and lead and risk of B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and multiple myeloma
Authors: Deubler Emily L. , Gapstur Susan M. , Diver W. Ryan , Gaudet Mia M. , Hodge James M. , Stevens Victoria L. , McCullough Marjorie L. , Haines Laura G. , Levine Keith E. , Teras Lauren R. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCadmium and lead are persistent environmental toxins that are known or probable carcinogens, based on evidence for causality for nonhematologic cancers. Associations of these metals with risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM) are unknown but biologically plausible. To examine the associations of circulating levels of lead and cadmium exposure with risk of B‐cell NHL (B‐NHL) and multiple myeloma, we conducted a nested case‐control study among 299 incident B‐cell NHLs and 76 MM cases within the Cancer Prevention Study‐II Nutrition Cohort (CPS‐II NC). Each case was incidence‐density matched to two eligible controls on age, race, sex and blood draw date. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lymphoid malignancies overall and stratified by subtype. We observed a significant positive association between high erythrocyte lead concentration and risk of lymphoid malignancies overall (RR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02‐1.33 per 17.6 μg/L (1 standard deviation [SD])) and follicular lymphoma in particular (RR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.15‐2.80 per SD). In contrast, there was no association between erythrocyte cadmium and risk of B‐NHL (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.75‐1.06 per 0.37 μg/L [1 SD]), or any B‐NHL subtypes; but a strong inverse association with MM risk (RR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.38‐0.89, per SD). Results from our study suggest a positive association between erythrocyte lead level and risk of lymphoid malignancies and a possible inverse association between cadmium and myeloma. Additional research is needed to confirm and further explore these findings.
Cell surface vimentin‐positive circulating tumor cell‐based relapse prediction in a long‐term longitudinal study of postremission neuroblastoma patients
Authors: Batth Izhar S. , Dao Long , Satelli Arun , Mitra Abhisek , Yi Sofia , Noh Hyangsoon , Li Heming , Brownlee Zachary , Zhou Shouhao , Bond Jeffrey , Wang Jing , Gill Jonathan , Sholler Giselle S. , Li Shulin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractNeuroblastoma (NB) is a deadly childhood disease that carries a 50% chance of relapse for anyone in remission and similar level of 5‐year survival. We investigated the value of our proprietary approach—cell surface vimentin (CSV) positive circulating tumor cells (CTC) to monitor treatment response and predict relapse in NB patients under remission in a Phase II long‐term preventative clinical trial. We longitudinally analyzed peripheral blood samples from 93 patients for 27 cycles (~25 months) and discovered that the presence of CSV+ CTCs in the first two sequential samples (baseline, cycle 4 [month 3‐4]) was a significant indicator of earlier relapse. We observed strong correlation between relapse‐free survival (RFS) and lack of CSV+ CTCs in first 4 cycles of therapy (95%). There was sensitivity reaching 100% in predicting RFS in patients who had neither CSV+ CTCs nor MycN amplification. Of note, the low number of CSV+ CTCs seems equivalent to low tumor load because the prevention therapy difluoromethylornithine yields faster reduction of relapse risk when none or only 1‐2 CSV+ CTCs (every 6 mL) are present in the blood samples compared to >3 CSV+ CTCs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that directly observes CTCs in under remission NB patients for relapse prediction and the first to gather sequential CSV+ CTC data in any study in a long‐term longitudinal manner.