bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Tool for the Assessment of Sport Climbers’ Movement Performance
Authors: Taylor Nicola , Giles David , Panáčková Micha , Mitchell James , Chidley Joel , Draper Nick 
Published: February 2020

Purpose:To assess the validity and reliability of a novel movement-performance assessment tool for climbing/sport climbing.Methods:First, salient climbing movement-performance factors were identified through an iterative consultation process with 10 expert climbing coaches; the resulting Climber’s Movement Performance Assessment Tool (CM-PAT) contained 14 items in 5 categories. Second, 61 intermediate to advanced climbers ascended a single route, which was video recorded. Subsequently, 4 experienced (>10 y coaching) coaches used the CM-PAT to observe and score the climbers’ performance. Interrater reliability and comparisons with existing measures of climbing performance (6-mo self-reported ability, success and failure, climbing pace [m·min−1], and geometric entropy) were made.Results:Intraclass correlation coefficient (2,k) for the 4 raters demonstrated excellent reliability (>.81) between observers and good to excellent test–retest reliability (.71–.91). Pearson correlations between self-reported ability and CM-PAT scores explained 61% of the variance in self-reported climbing performance compared with 16% for geometric entropy and 52% for climbing pace. Considering differences in successful and unsuccessful climbers, the CM-PAT (P < .0005;d = 2.14), geometric entropy (P = .014;d = 0.67), and pace (P < .0005;d = 1.88) were able to differentiate between groups.Conclusions:The CM-PAT is the first sport climbing performance observational instrument to be developed through a thorough iterative process with expert coaches. Excellent interrater and test–retest reliability and excellent agreement with self-reported ability and with existing quantitative measures of performance support its recommendation for use in coaching and research contexts. Notably, a key advantage over existing measures is the identification of coachable elements of performance.
Evaluation of Knee-Specific Patient-Reported Outcome Measures Using Rasch Analysis
Authors: Farnsworth II James L. , Evans Todd , Binkley Helen , Kang Minsoo 
Published: February 2020

Context: Documentation of patient outcomes following injury is critical to ensure that patients are receiving the best care. Several patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have been developed to assess knee-related function following injury; however, there is limited data investigating the measurement properties of these instruments using Rasch model analyses. Objective: To evaluate the measurement properties of several PROMs through application of the Rasch measurement model. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Clinical setting. Patients or Other Participants: A convenience sample of 160 adults (mean age = 28.08 [10.95] y; male = 38.10%) were recruited for this study. Data collected were combined with existing pilot data from an earlier study containing de-identified Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) data from 79 adults with knee injuries resulting in a total sample size of 239 adults. Intervention(s): Psychometric evaluation of the KOOS, International Knee Documentation Committee subjective knee form, and the Marx Activity Rating Scale using the Rasch partial credit model. Main Outcome Measures: Infit and outfit statistics, item step difficulties, person ability parameters, category function, and item and test information functions. Results: Large ceiling effects were present in the KOOS and International Knee Documentation Committee subjective knee form. Of the 65 items examined in this study, 35 items showed poor measurement properties. Item step difficulty for the remaining 30 items ranged from −5.45 (least difficult) to 0.57 logits (most difficult). The 5-category response options did not function well. Measurement precision decreased significantly as ability score increased beyond 0.30 logits. Conclusions: Despite their use in clinical practice, several items showed poor measurement properties. Future studies are needed to develop and evaluate novel items that are suitable for measuring knee-related function in high-functioning populations to ensure continuity of PROMs as individuals recover from injuries.
Evolution of geodynamics since the Archean: Significant change at the dawn of the Phanerozoic
Authors: Brown M. , Kirkland C.L. , Johnson T.E. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A time-series analysis of thermobaric ratios (temperature/pressure [T/P]) for Paleoarchean to Cenozoic metamorphic rocks identified significant shifts in mean T/P that may be related to secular change in the geodynamics on Earth. Thermobaric ratios showed significant (&gt;95% confidence) change points at 1910, 902, 540, and 515 Ma, recording drops in mean T/P, and at 1830, 604, and 525 Ma, recording rises in mean T/P. Highest mean T/P occurred during the Mesoproterozoic, and lowest mean T/P occurred from the Cambrian to the Oligocene. Correlated changes were seen between T/P and global data sets of time-constrained hafnium (Hf) and oxygen (O) isotope compositions in zircon. The range of correlated variation in T/P, Hf, and O was larger during the formation of Rodinia than Columbia. Large changes and a wide range for these variables continued through the Phanerozoic, during which a statistically significant 83 m.y. frequency of T/P excursions recorded the high tempo of orogenic activity associated with the separation, migration, and accretion of continental terranes during the formation of Pangea. Since the early Tonian, the decreasing mean T/P of metamorphism, widespread appearance of blueschist and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism, and wide fluctuations in Hf and O isotope compositions document a change to the modern plate-tectonic regime, characterized by widespread continental subduction and deeper slab breakoff than in the Proterozoic.
Morphology parameters for rupture in middle cerebral artery mirror aneurysms
Authors: Xu Wei-dong , Wang Han , Wu Qi , Wen Li-Li , You Zong-qi , Yuan Bin , Chen Shu-juan , Wang Han-Dong , Zhang Xin 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveTo identify the morphological parameters correlated with the rupture of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) data of 48 patients with ruptured mirror MCA aneurysms. Morphological parameters included aneurysm with wall protrusion, maximum diameter (Dmax), height, neck width, aneurysm width, dome projection, parent artery average diameter (Dp), aspect ratio (AR), bottleneck factor (BNF), size ratio (SR), M1/M2 ratio, and height/width (H/W) ratio. These paired parameters were analyzed by conditional univariate and multivariate logistic regressions to screen out the independent risk factors. We established a score based on the independent risk factors. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were generated to estimate the prediction performance of the score in our large database of 763 aneurysms.ResultsIn the univariate regressions, Dmax, height, aneurysm width, neck width, AR, BNF, H/W ratio, SR, anterior dome projection and aneurysm with wall protrusion were significant risk factors. Aneurysm width (OR 3.296, p=0.015), AR (OR 11.594, p=0.014) and anterior dome projection (OR 9.385, p=0.016) were independent risk factors in multivariate regression. The area under the curve (AUC) value of the score based on the three independent risk factors was 0.829.ConclusionAneurysm width, AR and anterior dome projection were independent risks factors of rupture.
Active voice, active writing
Authors: Yaffe Philip 
Published: February 2020

Each "Communication Corner" essay is self-contained; however, they build on each other. For best results, before reading this essay and doing the exercise, go to the first essay "How an Ugly Duckling Became a Swan," then read each succeeding essay.
Knowing when to write in the active or passive voice can fundamentally improve your work, but understanding how to use either can be tricky. Keep reading to learn the difference.
Inemi and Itrs Collaborative Approach and Preliminary Plan for Adressing More Than Moore Roadmapping
Authors: Richardson Charles Edward 
Published: February 2020

iNEMI (International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative) and the ITRS (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors) have been collaborating for the past several roadmap cycles to the extent that the iNEMI “Portable/Consumer Chapter” has provided input to the “ITRS Drivers” Chapter and two chapters from each roadmap share their leadership: 1. Packaging & Component Substrates/ Assembly & Packaging 2. MEMS & Sensors/MEMS. The iNEMI Roadmap also uses a version of the ITRS Executive Overview as the Semiconductor Technology Chapter. The individual roadmaps also refer to each other when applicable in their respective chapters. Starting with the last two cycles the two roadmap groups have been working together to develop a process for collaborating on the “More than Moore” aspects of the roadmaps. Discussions and presentations at various ITRS meeting venues led to a workshop held in Lyon, France in 2013 (in conjunction with the ITRS Spring Meeting) co-hosted by the European contingent of the ITRS More than Moore cross-TWG study group and iNEMI to work on this process. A follow-up meeting was held the following July (as a part of the ITRS Summer Meeting) at Stanford University and hosted by Paolo Gargini, ITRS Chairman, Patrick Cogez, ITRS cross TWG study group and Chuck Richardson, iNEMI Roadmap Director. There are plans to continue this roadmap cycle (2013 major upgrade for ITRS) and 2015 update for the iNEMI Roadmap as we have been doing for the past several cycles while continuing to work out a process to expand the collaboration to “More than Moore”.
This paper will address the approach and request feedback from attendees as to how best to proceed.
(Invited) The Thermoelectric Properties of Ge/SiGe Based Superlattices: from Materials to Energy Harvesting Modules
Authors: Samarelli Antonio , Ferre Llin Lourdes , Cecchi Stefano , Frigerio Jacopo , Etzelstorfer Tanja , Müller Gubler Elisabeth , Stangl Julian , Chrastina Daniel , Isella Giovanni , Paul Douglas 
Published: February 2020

We report recent progresses in the fabrication & characterization of multilayered Si & Ge –based thermoelectric materials & generators. Thermoelectric modules are used in a variety of applications to both harvest heat to generate electricity or to provide cooling by Peltier effect under electrical excitation. The performance of a thermoelectric material is estimated using, two main figures of merit: ZT=α2σ/κ & the power factor PF= α2σ, where α is the Seebeck coefﬁcient, σ is the electrical conductivity, κ is the thermal conductivity & T is the temperature of operation.
The choice of Si & Ge is driven by the low cost and process compatibility of these materials with the CMOS industry, with a final vision of the integration of thermoelectric modules, power management unit and sensor on a stand alone platform. So far, SiGe alloys have been employed for high temperature application, close to room temperature the figures of merit are quite poor. The design, for bulk materials, is challenging as σ and κ are proportionally correlated from the Wiedmann Franz law - the optimization of one parameter impairs the other. However, the presence of low dimensional structures introduces an extra degree of freedom in the design of the material. Mature Si/SiGe and Ge/SiGe heteroepitaxial Low Energy Plasma Enhaced Chemical Vapour Deposition (LEPECVD) growth technology have been employed to realize complex multilayered structures for the investigation. Micro and nano-fabrication processes have been used to realize metrology structures fully integrated with the specimen. A complete module using both p-type and n-type is presented and the optimization for a series of designs using low dimensional structures is reported.
Influence of Lipid Droplet Dripping on the Formation of Lipid Film and Liposomes
Authors: Li Wen Man , Yang Jun , Luo Hong Yan , Liao Yan Jian , Hu Ning 
Published: February 2020

Liposomes are a kind of enclosed vesicles formed by some amphipathic molecules such as lipids. They are usually used as biological carriers, and widely applied in some fields such as biophysics and medicine for their outstanding advantages. Electroformation is an important method for liposome preparation.
Obtaining a high-quality lipid film is a crucial step in liposome electroformation. Commonly, even spreading of lipid film on the substrate is desired. Composition and loading manner of lipid solution, as well as the surface property of the substrate are the main impact factors. Among them, loading manner is the most easily adjustable factor. Direct dripping is widely used because a little solution is required and its operation is very simple.
However, many factors may influence the dripping process and the formation effect of lipid film. In this study, simulation method and high-speed video camera are used to investigate the formation of lipid film by using different dripping manners of lipid solution. Simulation is performed by using COMSOL Multiphysics software. Different dripping parameters such as dripping height and angle, as well as the volume of lipid drop are investigated. According to the simulation and the experimental observation by using the high-speed video camera, optimal parameters can be chosen to form lipid film as even as possible.
Liposome-electroformation experiments have been done on an ITO-glass chip. More and homogeneous giant unilamellar vesicles can be formed when these optimal parameters are used.
Design and Performance of Microdevices for High-Efficiency Sterilization of Bacteria
Authors: Yang Jun , Luo Hong-yan , Hu Ning , Liao Yan-jian , Zeng Lisa 
Published: February 2020

Sterilization of bacteria is a important aspect in food safety, health, and experimental study. There are a lot of sterilization methods, which are mainly divided into two categories: heating and non-heating. Pulsed electric field (PEF) based sterilization has become a widely used non-heating method due to its outstanding advantages such as fast, low energy consumption and temperature, high efficiency, no chemical byproduct, little change of the nutrition of liquid foods, and so on. However, high-voltage generator is required in the traditional PEF sterilization device, and it is too costly and dangerous to be widely applied.
In this study, devices with micro-scale electrodes are designed for the sterilization of bacteria. Due to much short distance between each pair of electrodes, low voltage pulse electric field can be used to achieve good effect of sterilization. Structures of electrodes and channels are attentively designed for desired electric-field profile, the impact of some electric parameters is also discussed.
COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to simulate the change of trans-membrane voltage on bacteria and the electroporation process. Geometries of electrodes and channels, as well as some electric parameters such as voltage, number, width, interval of electric pulses are investigated. Simulation results show that the electric field can be focused by microelectrode array other than plate electrodes with micro-scale gap. Thus, stronger electric field can be generated within a microelectrode array than that between two plate electrodes under the same applied voltage, and it helps sterilization. For three different microelectrode arrays, planar-comb teeth structure can achieve better sterilization effect. The impact of electric parameters on the generation, amplitude and distribution of trans-membrane voltage on bacteria has also been simulated. Suitable parameters can form perforation with enough size to kill bacteria without overmuch energy consumption and thermogenesis. Experimental studies also obtain similar results as the simulation. Based on the simulation, optimal sterilization device and electric parameters can be achieved.
Electroformation on 3D Chip with "Holes" and "Inlands"
Authors: Wang Qiong , Yang Jun , Hu Ning , Liao Yan-jian , Luo Hong-yan 
Published: February 2020

Uniform deposited lipid film is a crucial factor in the electroformation of monodisperse vesicles. Methods of the lipid-film formation adopted in previous studies include dropping, spin-coating, or dipping by using size-controllable stamps.
According to the stamp-based method, two novel chips are designed by fabricating cylindrical "holes" and "inlands" array on the substrate, respectively. Lipid film is formed on these chips by using dropping or dipping methods. It should be noted, though, that the film thickness on the two chips are different due to distinct formation methods, it has a negligible impact on the result of vesicle size distribution.
Numerical simulation shows that the electric field is focused on the bottom due to these irregular structures ("holes" and "inlands"), specifically "holes", which also result in a stronger electroosmotic flow (EOF) without doubt. Experiments results demonstrate that the number of lipid vesicles formed on each chip decrease with the decrease of the diameter of cylindrical microstructures. However, this dependence becomes very weak when the diameter decreases to 100 um (this value is also depended on some other conditions such as the applied electric field). Optimal formation effect can be achieved when the diameter is about 40 um. In addition, these results are also affected by the distance between two substructures which is set at 20 um finally.
Electrochemical Performance and Electrodes Surface Analysis of He-NCM¦LTO Cells – Ionic Liquid vs.Carbonate Based Electrolytes
Authors: El Kazzi Mario , Berg Erik J. , Villevieille Claire , Novák Petr 
Published: February 2020

The instability of the most commonly used carbonate-based electrolytes at high temperatures (> 50°C) and high potentials (> 4.5 V) is limiting the development of the next generation of high specific energy Li-ion batteries.[1] However, ionic liquids (ILs) has been proven promising under very demanding conditions. Their physical properties, such as thermal (> 120°C) and electrochemical (> 5.5 V) stability as well as low vapor pressure, make them promising for use as electrolytes. [2]
In this context, we investigated the electrochemical performance of a full cell combining spinel lithium titanate Li4Ti5O2 (LTO) vs. over lithiated layered Li(Ni, Co, Mn)O2 (denoted HE-NCM) at room temperature (RT) and 50°C. The electrolytes considered for this study are the LP30 carbonate-based (1M LiPF6 in 1:1 EC:DMC) and IL-based (1M LiBF4 with BMIMBF4).[3]
Figure 1 confirms a stable electrochemical cycling at room temperature with LP30 electrolyte, however, with the IL 55% less specific charge is obtained on the 2ndcharge and a continuous fading is observed with only 30 mAh/g after almost 130 cycles.

Post mortemX-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were carried out on both electrode surfaces after cycling at room temperature and 50°C. A detailed physico-chemical description of the (SEI/SPI) will be presented. In addition, the impact of the electrodes preparation on the SEI/SPI composition pre-XPS analysis is also investigated by comparing washed with dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and unwashed electrodes.

Operando high resolution XRD and post mortemSEM analysis of the bulk and the surface morphology, respectively, will be discussed as well and correlated with the XPS measurements to better explain the SEI/SPI formation and the electrochemical behavior.
The combination of the electrochemical, structural and physico-chemical characterization techniques offer new insights into the complex electrode/electrolyte interface reactions. A unified model describing the mechanism of the electrodes film formation as a result of electrolyte decomposition will be explored.
References:
[1] John B. Goodenough, Rechargeable batteries: challenges old and new, J. Solid State Electrochem, 2012 162019-2029.
[2] M. Armand, F. Endres, D. R. MacFarlane, H. Ohno, B. Scrosati, Ionic-liquid materials for the electrochemical challenges of the future, Nature Materials, 2009 8621-629.
[3] E. Markevich, V. Baranchugov, D. Aurbach, On the possibility of using ionic liquids as electrolyte solutions for rechargeable 5V Li ion batteries, Electrochem. Commun., 2006 8 1331-1334.
Safety and High Discharge Rate of 5C Characteristics of 100-Ah-Class Lithium Ion Cells for Backup and Cycle Use Application
Authors: Tsujikawa Tomonobu , Yabuta Kahou , Arakawa Masayasu , Hayashi Koji 
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Recently, MW-class battery systems using large lithium ion batteries have been developed and applied for load-leveling [1]. We previously reported on the characteristics and lifetime of 200-Ah-class lithium ion cells, which exhibit improved safety due to the use phosphazene flame retardants [2]. However, these cells exhibited a large amount of capacity loss at high current density because of high internal resistance. For this study, we developed 100-Ah-class lithium ion cells with improved high-rate discharge characteristics.

Sample battery

A mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate with dimethyl carbonate containing a phosphazene flame retardant was used as the electrolyte. The lithium manganese oxide spinel, in which some of the manganese was replaced with magnesium, was used as the cathode active material, and carbon-coated graphite was used as the anode active material [3]. We optimized the electrode configuration to improve the high discharge rate characteristics.

Experimental and results

The discharge rate characteristics of a 100-Ah-class cell showed that more than 95% of nominal capacity was obtained at a rate of 5 C, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows the float life of 5C at 25°C. The cell was float charged at 4.1 V. In the figure, we can see that cell lifetime of about 7 years can be expected. Figure 3 shows the cycle life of 5 C at 25°C. The cell was charged to 4.1 V at 0.2 C. Noticeable capacity decay was observed during the first 100 cycles because of cell temperature increasing due to discharge. However, capacity decay was moderate after 100 cycles.
Safety evaluation of the 100-Ah-class cells was carried out in accordance with JIS C 8715-2. There were no abnormal events. Original safety tests, such as nail penetration by using a ceramic nail and overcharge until thermal runaway, were also carried out. The cells were vented with smoke during the ceramic nail penetration test; however, there was no fire due to the effect of the flame retardant and the surface temperature of cell being less than 300°C. Short circuit was observed during the overcharge test at 161%; however, no smoke and or fire were observed. The maximum temperature of the cell surfaces was about 100°C.
We constructed a 50-kW system using 100-Ah Li ion cells for a UPS system. One hundred thirty-seven cells were connected in series in which each cell was controlled between -20 and +20 mV mean cell voltage during float charging by using a cell control unit. This system can also be used temporarily for load-leveling by connecting them in parallel.

References

[1] N. Shinoda et. Al., Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review, 50 (3), 36 (2013).
[2] T. Tsujikawa, K. Yabuta, M. Arakawa and K. Hayashi, J. Power Sources, 244, 11 (2013).
[3] T. Tsujikawa, K. Yabuta, T. Matsushita, T. Matsushima, K. Hayashi, M. Arakawa, J. Power Sources, 189, 429 (2009).
(Invited) Porphyrin and Rylene Based Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Jishan 
Published: February 2020

Rylenes are peri-fused naphthalene oligomers and have showed very interesting photophysical properties such as large molar extinction coefficient, high fluorescent quantum yield and very good photostability. Porphyrin-based dyes recently have been proved to be promising sensitizers for high-efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). In this work, we demonstrated that a combination of rylene and porphyrin could lead to a new type of sensitizers for DSCs with power conversion efficiency as high as 10.5%. I will discuss the synthesis of a series of rylene and porphyrin-based near-infrared dyes and their applications for DSCs.

Figure 1