bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial, in the Best Sense of the Word
Authors: Kukkonen Karin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The chapter outlines the tension between readers’ explorative inferences and the constraints of the text’s probability design. It foregrounds the ways in which the artificial nature of the designed sensory flow of the literary text, as conceived through predictive processing, invites readers to pursue multiple configurations of precision while reading. Furthermore, it suggests that these explorative inferences also account for different reading experiences when readers take up a text multiple times. The chapter then turns to discussions of readers’ horizons of expectation and the hermeneutic circle. In conversation with these earlier models of reader response in historical contexts, the chapter discusses probability designs’ invitation to flexibility, but also the resistance that they offer to readers’ sense-making efforts.
Literature as a Designer Environment
Authors: Kukkonen Karin 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The chapter asks in what sense literature can be considered a designer environment. It discusses in particular the role that language, narrative, and fiction play in extending cognitive capacities along the model of a co-evolution between culture and cognition. Foundational accounts of co-evolution are reevaluated from the point of view of cultural critique, as the chapter addresses limitations and proposes adjustments for the case of literature. Probability designs are linked to the argument that fiction emerges as texts give form to the imaginary and release the real from referential constraints. Rather than problem solving and parsing of information, cases that are usually discussed for literary designer environments, it is argued, extend thought beyond the everyday in terms of flexibility and reflexiveness.
Arpeggios
Authors: Berg Christopher 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter offers material for arpeggio study suitable for beginners through advanced players. Arpeggio textures are one of the most commonly used textures in music for the classical guitar, and the number of arpeggio études in the literature reflects this. Material begins with simple right-hand arpeggio patterns that make use of sympathetic movement of the fingers between thumb strokes (that is, the right-hand fingers flex together or in sequence, and no finger moves in the opposite direction during the arpeggio pattern) and continues through increasingly complex patterns involving opposed motion among the fingers (that is, right-hand fingers are used more than once in a pattern between thumb strokes), sometimes in combination with an independent voice played by the thumb. The cultivated study of sympathetic and opposed motion will help guitarists design more fluid and coordinated finger movements to enhance their arpeggio technique.
Melody and Accompaniment
Authors: Berg Christopher 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter presents material to help students explore playing melody in chordal textures, above an Alberti bass, in an arpeggiated texture, and in single-line playing laced with occasional chords. The uninitiated often view the guitar as a chordal instrument, but technical and interpretive mastery requires the ability to voice any note in any texture at will. Refined and artistic voicing is often difficult for guitarists because the articulation of different parts of a musical texture are divided among the fingers of one hand instead of between two hands, as is often the case on the piano. Karl Leimer acknowledged this difficulty for pianists in 1932, and it holds true for guitarists. The problem is one of right-hand finger independence. Of special interest is the presentation of historical right-hand fingering practices for Alberti bass textures, which are different from those found in modern method books or assumed by modern players.
The New Politics of Olympos
Authors: Brumbaugh Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The New Politics of Olympos offers the first in-depth analysis of Kallimachos’ only fully extant poetry book, the Hymns, by examining its contemporary political setting, engagement with a tradition of political thought stretching back to Homer, and portrayal of the poet as an image-maker for the king. In addition to investigating the political dynamics in the individual hymns, this book details how the poet’s six hymns, once juxtaposed within a single bookroll, constitute a macro-narrative on the prerogatives of Ptolemaic kingship. Throughout the collection Kallimachos refigures the infamously factious divine family as a paradigm of stability and good governance in concert with the self-fashioning of the Ptolemaic dynasty. At the same time, the poet defines the characteristics and behaviors worthy of praise, effectively shaping contemporary political ethics. Thus, for a Ptolemaic reader, this poetry book may have served as an education in and inducement to good kingship.
The Poetics of Praise in the Hymn to Zeus
Authors: Brumbaugh Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter further examines how Kallimachos depicts the poet and the praise he crafts as essential to kingship. It argues that the hymn’s lengthy narrative detailing Rhea’s postpartum search for a stream in the Hymn to Zeus is a metaphor for the poet’s own aporia, the sense of not knowing how to proceed, which he highlights in the hymn’s opening frame. In his narrative Kallimachos uses intertextual markers to contrast Arkadia with the landscape of the Theogony proem, where Zeus’ praises are abundant, and his reign is guaranteed. Drawing on the metaphor of water as poetry, Kallimachos casts Rhea’s search for a stream in which to bathe Zeus as analogous with the narrator-poet’s own search for the praises with which he will shower his honorand. In this way, Kallimachos makes three subtle assertions: true praise is difficult to come by; it is extremely important to kingship; and he is expert in crafting it.
On the Good Queen
Authors: Brumbaugh Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which Kallimachos creates a new ideology of queenship in the four hymns dedicated to goddesses. He explicitly likens Artemis, Athena, and Demeter to the ideal king embodied by Zeus and Apollo in his earlier hymns. Moreover, Kallimachos crafts their identities as queens in dialogue with a discourse about the role of royal women emerging at the Ptolemaic court in conjunction with Arsinoë II’s return to Egypt in the mid-270s. The poet rehabilitates the image of the queen, distancing his goddesses from the stereotype of the jealous wife who stirs up court intrigue and threatens to undermine dynasties. Following a discussion of the early development of Ptolemaic queenship, it examines the Hymn to Artemis, Bath of Pallas, and Hymn to Demeter, demonstrating how their honorands resolve stasis within the household, successfully negotiate relationships of charis and philia, and promote peace. Likewise, it discusses how each goddess appears as an arbiter of justice within a narrative of transgression and punishment. It concludes by returning to the depiction of Hera in the Hymn to Delos as a caricature of the bad queen whose farcically cruel behavior reinforces the image of the good queen by contrast.
Conclusion
Authors: Brumbaugh Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The conclusion of The New Politics of Olympos sets the arguments developed throughout the book in the context of praise rhetoric and suggests further ways in which Kallimachos’ poetry book may have shaped its readers’ views on what constitutes good rule. In particular, it examines the potential impact of the Hymns on a Ptolemaic reader for whom the book might serve as an education in and inducement to good kingship. This speculation is bolstered by comparison with Hermokles’ hymn for Demetrios Poliorketes as well as the literary trope of the speculum regis (“king’s mirror”). Finally, the conclusion examines Kallimachos’ didactic presentation of Erysichthon, whose transgression and punishment is the subject of the Hymn to Demeter. Such edifying moments throughout the Hymns incentivize good kingship and gently admonish its opposite.
Appalling Bodies
Authors: Marchal Joseph A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The letters of Paul are among the most commonly cited biblical texts in ongoing cultural and religious disputes about gender, sexuality, and embodiment. This book reframes these uses of the letters by reaching past Paul toward other, far more fascinating figures that appear before, after, and within the letters: androgynous females, castrated males, enslaved people, and barbaric foreigners. Each of these ancient figures deployed in these letters is situated within a specifically Roman imperial setting, an ambiance that cast them as complicated, debased, and dangerous. While the letters repeat and reinscribe the prevailing perspectives on this constellation of embodied figures, this project repositions them by implementing key insights from queer studies. In juxtaposing them against more recent figures of gender and sexual variation, also subject to vilification and marginalization, this project provides a series of alternative angles on these figures and the assemblies who spark and receive these letters, then or now. In staging a series of “touches across time,” Appalling Bodies defamiliarizes and reorients what can be known about both the historical figures active in these ancient communities and those rhetorical figures that continue to be activated in contemporary settings. The aim is not to claim, anachronistically, that these figures are somehow identical to each other; rather, it is through anachronistic juxtaposition that the book highlights contingent connections—partial, particular, but shared practices of gender, sexuality, and embodiment that depart from prevailing perspectives and demonstrate a range of unexpected impacts for the interpretation of politically and religiously loaded literature.
Prelude
Authors: Marchal Joseph A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The opening prelude of Appalling Bodies establishes some of the contours for the interaction between biblical studies and queer studies in this project by briefly introducing both areas and their broader contexts. The prelude surveys key ideas about the Roman imperial context, the development of queer theory, and the letters of Paul. Readers who are unfamiliar with one or more of these domains become further acquainted with key concepts including ancient views of penetration and receptivity, and feminist conceptualizations of kyriarchy, intersectionality, and history, particularly as they might help us create alternative angles on the subjects marginalized within Pauline epistles and interpretations. In doing so, the prelude sets up the audacious juxtapositions of these domains in the chapters to follow, providing new insights on those targeted by figures of vilification in the first and in the twenty-first centuries.
A Close Corinthian Shave
Authors: Marchal Joseph A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 2 grapples with 1 Corinthians 11:1–16, one of the letter’s attempts to limit women’s prophetic speech in the community. Allusions to androgyny appear in a couple of places in this text, but most especially in strange references to head hair (11:5–6). This is just one vexed marker of gender variety and multiplicity, which can be reimagined with more recent figures of female masculinity like drag kings, butch lesbians, transgender dykes, or gender queers (especially as examined in transgender studies). Alternative practices of masculinity alter the perspective on prophetic females addressed by the arguments in the first letter to the Corinthians. Through the lenses of gendered performativity and female masculinity, these juxtapositions qualify and challenge Pauline prescriptions for the initiation and participation of women.
Use
Authors: Marchal Joseph A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 seeks another way to approach Onesimus, the enslaved figure and object of negotiation in Paul’s letter to Philemon. Onesimus is also the butt of another casual “joke,” this time about the bodily vulnerability of enslaved people, including for the sexual use of the owner (Philemon 11). To work more creatively with this slim epistle, the coordinates of such arguments are rearranged by a juxtaposition with an alternative ethic that reconfigures constraint in relation to consent. The role of the bottom in BDSM practices (bondage, discipline, dominance, submission, sadomasochism) can help to challenge the ancient ethos around enslaved people, without swerving away from its horrors and lingering heritages, most especially when it attends to the role of race and historical reference in such practices. This juxtaposition foregrounds other ways to configure scripts of consent and submission, while grappling with the distinctly racialized heritages of our embodied practices.
Epilogue
Authors: Marchal Joseph A. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Appalling Bodies concludes with a brief Epilogue, reflecting further on the kinds of drag these chapters and queer temporalities more broadly perform. Because our encounters with the biblical can be such a drag, the epilogue considers multiple meanings of drag, in both scholarly and colloquial ways, as it might reframe the strange temporalities of scriptures. Drag is a key early example for Judith Butler’s explication of gender performativity. Elizabeth Freeman suggests the utility of drag for describing ambivalent, even complicated temporalities, all of the ways the past pulls on, impresses on, lives within, or simply haunts the present. As the examples of temporal drag within Paul’s letters also indicate, not all touches across time should be valorized. Bodies are marked by histories, including the histories of surgery and slavery, with all their unwelcome forms of contact. The drag of history demonstrates that anachronism is the least of our worries.
Hope and Democracy
Authors: Stitzlein Sarah M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explains why hope matters for democracy. It offers insight into both what Americans hope for and how they hope together. It shows how democracy and hope are mutually supportive of one another. This chapter considers how Americans work toward goals they set through hoping—a verb, a practice, rather than a noun or object we possess. It demonstrates how hoping connects us to other people and how our aims are best realized by working together with others. It describes how Americans might work together to tell new stories about our country and to set new goals for democracy and bring them into fruition. In part, this is done through harnessing democratic dissent—converting citizens’ frustrations into social movements that bring about change.
The Russian Years
Authors: Azize Joseph 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
While he was in Russia (1911/1912–1919), Gurdjieff taught many ideas and some practices that would come to play significant roles in the development of his methods of Transformed-contemplation. These include his reference to the Ego Exercise of Mount Athos, his exercises for relaxation and sensing, and the Stop Exercise. This chapter examines the early critique of contemplation and meditation made by Gurdjieff and Ouspensky, and shows that his reticence about contemplative exercises was probably due chiefly to their monastic origin, and his desire to bring a method that would be used not in monasteries but in daily social life.
The Four Ideals Exercise
Authors: Azize Joseph 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This exercise from Gurdjieff is published in its full form. It is an esoteric exercise, worked at in seclusion, in order to draw down into the exercitant’s body the “higher substances” that are collected somewhere in space, around the “ideals” who are Jesus Christ, Buddha, Muhammad, and an entity named “Lama,” who is associated in some way with Tibetan Buddhism. These substances are described as being “emanations” sent towards their ideal by people who are praying to them: interestingly, Gurdjieff states that some of these emanations hardly rise, but others mount almost to the very ideal, thereby suggesting that the ideal has an objective existence above atmosphere of the earth. This exercise is transcribed from notes made by George Adie, which can reasonably be dated to 1948, at which time there is evidence, from other of Adie’s notes, that Gurdjieff taught him this exercise. Also set out is the perfectly sound evidence for Gurdjieff teaching a similar, but less complete, version of this exercise on other occasions.
The “Lord Have Mercy” Exercises
Authors: Azize Joseph 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
At several times, Gurdjieff taught exercises in Transformed-contemplation that call on the exercitant to use the prayer “Lord have mercy.” Those that were recorded by George Adie, Helen Adie, and Jeanne de Salzmann are noted and commented upon. Gurdjieff related the prayer to his own teaching, and in particular to the words “I am” and “I wish to be. I have the sensation of myself,” and restraining one’s emanations, all as elements of a prayer. The exercise also points to Gurdjieff’s likely sources in the Orthodox Christian tradition, and his statement that some of the Christian liturgy had come from “ancient knowledge”. It is further evidence of the religious turn which his teaching was increasingly taking in the 1940s, marking a contrast with the earlier dispensation, especially that of the Russian years. Interestingly, George Adie specifically related the version of the “Lord Have Mercy Exercise” which he had been taught to the “Practice of the Presence of God,” known from the work of Brother Lawrence of the Resurrection.
Gurdjieff’s Last Exercises
Authors: Azize Joseph 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The chapter takes two exercises given by Gurdjieff to various people as their last exercise from him. The first, from Solange Claustres, is a discipline for being more conscious as one goes through one’s daily activities by relating them to one’s conscious aim and efforts to remember oneself. The second, given to Helen Adie, harks back to Gurdjieff’s First Assisting Exercise in Life Is Real, Only Then, When “I Am.” The chapter also concludes, as to the form and purpose of Gurdjieff’s contemplative exercises, why he is much misunderstood. Finally, it summarizes what has been said about his sources for his Transformed-contemplation, and the importance of these exercises, and Gurdjieff’s contribution to mysticism. It concludes that what was specific to Gurdjieff’s Transformed-contemplation was the need to consciously sense one’s body in a relaxed state; while having some awareness of one’s feeling; with all this being directed by an undistracted intellect. This aims to maintain a unified calm in one’s common presence; so that higher hydrogens can be received and digested; and the higher being bodies coated, which allow the higher and the lower centers to work together in unison; leading to the exercitants’ achieving their own real “I,” with powers of consciousness, will, expressive of their own individuality, and able to hear and support their conscience.
Conclusion
Authors: Dienstag Joshua Foa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Film can be a political narcotic, suppressing rather than expressing the humanity that is supposed to flourish in democracy. Most popular films today, like many elected representatives, have this effect. In its best form, however, representation, both filmic and political, can add something irreplaceable to democracy. A human being is something that makes itself available for presenting and representing only over time. When representation succeeds, it causes some part of this being to come to the fore and be visible in a way that it was not before. Great representatives and great representations are rare, but when they do appear, they enhance our politics by sustaining the reciprocal equality that is at the heart of any human society.
Bayle’s Narrative
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter begins with a preliminary consideration of the “Aristotelian” critique of Spinoza in the work of Pierre Bayle. The critique is so labeled to highlight Bayle’s claim that the substance-mode metaphysics that Descartes adopted from scholasticism, and that is purportedly an important source of the downfall of Spinoza’s substance monism, derives ultimately from Aristotle. The main result of the second part of the chapter, however, is the negative one that Aristotle’s accidents differ substantially from the modes that Suárez later introduced into scholasticism. Such a result indicates the crucial importance of later scholastic revisions of Aristotle’s own views for a consideration of the metaphysics of the material world in early modern thought.
Quantity, Integral Parts, and Boundaries
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on an aspect of Suárez’s metaphysics that is especially relevant to the non-scholastic identification of matter with extension in early modern thought, namely, his account of the nature of the Aristotelian accident of “continuous quantity.” The chapter begins with Suárez’s contribution to a debate within medieval scholasticism between “realist” and “nominalist” views of quantity. One distinctive feature of this contribution is Suárez’s insistence that this accident bears a special relation to impenetrability. There is then a consideration of Suárez’s contribution to a scholastic debate over the mereological relation between wholes and their “integral parts” that pits anti-reductionists against reductionists. The chapter ends with an examination of Suárez’s contribution to scholastic debates over the ontological status of the “indivisible” boundaries of parts, namely, points, lines, and surfaces. Suárez adopts a “moderate realism” that takes boundaries to be really distinct from the parts they limit.
Metaphysical Themes from Descartes
Authors: Schmaltz Tad M. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores certain metaphysical themes from Descartes that serve to link his views to those of Spinoza. It is argued that Spinoza appropriated and revised the substance-mode metaphysics found in Descartes in the service of defending a material monism very different from Descartes’s material pluralism. There is an initial consideration of the distinctive Spinozistic claim that only a causa sui can be a substance, and that there is a single substance that possesses infinitely many attributes. Then there is an examination of the “mode” portion of Spinoza’s metaphysics that emphasizes his identification of finite modes with determinate “expressions” of God’s power. The chapter ends with a reading of Spinoza’s account of the relation of the attribute of extension to its “infinite mode” of motion and rest that draws on his own “power ontology.”
The Empowered Life: Freedom
Authors: Andrew Youpa 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
There is a debate among scholars about whether human beings in Spinoza’s view can be free and about the precise conception of freedom that is relevant to human agents, finite modes of God-or-Nature that we are. For Spinoza, something can be said to be free insofar as it is an adequate cause of its existence and operations. A thing is unfree insofar as it is an inadequate cause of its existence and operations. The question is: Is it possible for human beings to be adequate causes of any effects whatsoever? This chapter argues that human beings can be adequate causes and therefore can be free. In addition to a discussion of freedom in section 1, section 2 argues that the free human, the model of human nature, is not an impossibly distant ideal but, rather, a better version of actual human beings that we can attain.