bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do appearances deceive? The curious case of CSR activities and shunned companies
Authors: Ullah Saif , S. Mateti Ravi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOur article investigates the relationship between the corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of firms from “shunned” industries and the firms' long‐term value. Contrary to the existing research, we find that these firms' CSR activities are motivated by business or regulatory reasons, and not altruistic ones. We also document that in alcohol and tobacco industries, there is a positive relationship between the number of concerns about the firms' products and the long‐term value of these firms. Additionally, we find that some CSR activities that may, prima facie, look good could actually be exacerbating social problems. Among the “shunned” industries, the gambling industry is the only one that shows a positive relationship between firm value and diversity. The community leaders of certain ethnic groups are alarmed that the gambling industry targets groups with a higher percentage of gambling disorders.
Weak Bonds Joint Effects Catalyze the Cleavage of Strong C−C Bond of Lignin‐Inspired Compounds and Lignin in Air by Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kang Ying , Yang Yongqing , Yao Xiaoqian , Liu Yanrong , Ji Xiaoyan , Xin Jiayu , Xu Junli , Dong Huixian , Yan Dongxia , He Hongyan , Lu Xingmei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractOxidation of lignin to value‐added aromatics through selective C−C bond cleavage via metal‐free and mild strategies is promising but challenging. It was discovered that the cations of ionic liquids (ILs) could effectively catalyze this kind of strong bond cleavage by forming multiple weak hydrogen bonds, enabling the reaction conducted in air at temperature lower than 373 K without metal‐containing catalysts. The cation [CPMim]+ (1‐propylronitrile‐3‐methylimidazolium) afforded the highest efficiency in C−C bond cleavage, in which high yields (>90 %) of oxidative products were achieved. [CPMim]+ could form three ipsilateral hydrogen bonds with the oxygen atom of C=O and ether bonds at both sides of the C−C bond. The weak bonds joint effects could promote adjacent C−H bond cleave to form free radicals and thereby catalyze the fragmentation of the strong C−C. This work opens up an eco‐friendly and energy‐efficient route for direct valorization of lignin by enhancing IL properties via tuning the cation.
Operating characteristics of four‐coil magnetic resonant coupling wireless power transfer under different resonant states
Authors: Wang Meng , Wang Haoran , Zhang Yiming , Shi Yanyan , Yang Lan 
Published: September 2020

SummaryIn wireless power transfer, the transfer efficiency decreases with the increase of the transfer distance. To improve the power transfer performance, the operating characteristics of a conformal coplanar four‐coil magnetic resonant coupling wireless power transfer system are investigated and analyzed under four different resonant states. Based on the complete equivalent circuit model, the transmission coefficient and the input impendence are calculated. The performance of the systems operated under four resonant states is studied and compared. Also, the origin of the difference is specifically analyzed. The simulation results indicate that the wireless power transfer system operated under State 1, the state where the compensated serial capacitance makes the coils work at the frequency of the maximum Q‐factor, shows the most excellent transfer characteristic among the four resonant states. The transmission coefficient can be well maintained above 0.8 within the transfer distance of 30 cm. Experiment has been carried out for validation, and the result indicates that more power can be delivered to the load for the system operated under State 1.
Enhancing the efficacy of immunotherapy using radiotherapy
Authors: Keam Synat , Gill Suki , Ebert Martin A , Nowak Anna K , Cook Alistair M 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRecent clinical breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy, especially with immune checkpoint blockade, offer great hope for cancer sufferers – and have greatly changed the landscape of cancer treatment. However, whilst many patients achieve clinical responses, others experience minimal benefit or do not respond to immune checkpoint blockade at all. Researchers are therefore exploring multimodal approaches by combining immune checkpoint blockade with conventional cancer therapies to enhance the efficacy of treatment. A growing body of evidence from both preclinical studies and clinical observations indicates that radiotherapy could be a powerful driver to augment the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade, because of its ability to activate the antitumor immune response and potentially overcome resistance. In this review, we describe how radiotherapy induces DNA damage and apoptosis, generates immunogenic cell death and alters the characteristics of key immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss recent preclinical work and clinical trials combining radiotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade in thoracic and other cancers. Finally, we discuss the scheduling of immune checkpoint blockade and radiotherapy, biomarkers predicting responses to combination therapy, and how these novel data may be translated into the clinic.
Partial absence of PD‐1 expression by tumor‐infiltrating EBV‐specific CD8+ T cells in EBV‐driven lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma
Authors: Simoni Yannick , Becht Etienne , Li Shamin , Loh Chiew Yee , Yeong Joe Poh Sheng , Lim Tony Kiat Hon , Takano Angela , Tan Daniel Shao Weng , Newell Evan W 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesLymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma (LELC) is an uncommon lung cancer, typically observed in young, non‐smoking Asian populations. LELC is associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection of lung tumor cells of epithelial origin, suggesting a carcinogenic role of EBV as observed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here, we studied the antigen specificity and phenotype of EBV‐specific CD8+ T cells in blood and tumor of one LELC patient positive for EBV infection in lung tumor cells.MethodsUsing multiplex MHC class I tetramers, mass cytometry and mRNA sequencing, we studied EBV‐specific CD8+ T cells at the transcriptomic and phenotypic levels in blood and tumor tissues of the LELC patient.ResultsLymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma lung tumor cells were positive for EBV infection. In both blood and tumor tissues, we detected two populations of EBV‐specific CD8+ T cells targeting the EBV lytic cycle proteins: BRLF1 and BMLF1. Transcriptomic analyses of these two populations in the tumor, which can be considered as tumor‐specific, revealed their distinct exhausted profile and polyclonal TCR repertoire. High‐dimensional phenotypical analysis revealed the distinct phenotype of these cells between blood and tumor tissues. In tumor tissue, EBV‐specific CD8+ TILs were phenotypically heterogeneous, but consistently expressed CD39. Unexpectedly, although the LELC tumor cells expressed abundant PD‐L1, these tumor‐specific CD8+ tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) mostly did not express PD‐1.ConclusionEpstein–Barr virus‐specific CD8+ TILs in EBV‐driven tumor are heterogeneous and partially lack PD‐1 expression, suggesting that anti‐PD1/PD‐L1 immunotherapy may not be an appropriate strategy for disinhibiting EBV‐specific cells in the treatment of LELC patients.
Irisin attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion‐induced cardiac dysfunction by regulating ER‐mitochondria interaction through a mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Lu Linhe , Ma Jipeng , Tang Jiayou , Liu Yang , Zheng Qijun , Chen Shasha , Gao Erhe , Ren Jun , Yang Lifang , Yang Jian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundMyocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury imposes devastating cardiovascular sequelae in particular cardiac dysfunction as a result of restored blood flow. However, the mechanism behind MI/R injury remains elusive. Mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase (MITOL/MARCH5) is localized at the mitochondria‐ER contact site and may be activated in response to a variety of pathophysiological processes, such as apoptosis, mitochondrial injury, ER stress, hypoxia, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Irisin as a cleaved product of fibronectin type III domain‐containing protein 5 (FNDC5) displays cardioprotection in diverse cardiac diseases.MethodsThis study was designed to examine the role of irisin and MITOL in MI/R injury. Male C57BL/6J mice (8‐10‐week‐old) were administered adenovirus MITOL shRNA through intracardiac injection followed by MI/R surgery through ligation and release the slipknot of cardiac left anterior descending coronary artery.ResultsOur results showed that irisin improved myocardial function in the face of MI/R injury as evidenced by reduced myocardial infarct size, apoptotic rate, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ROS generation, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as well as lessened ER stress injury. Moreover, our results indicated that protective role of irisin was mediated by upregulation of MITOL. Irisin also protected H9c2 cells against simulated I/R through negating ER stress, apoptosis, ROS and MDA levels, as well as facilitating superoxide dismutase (SOD) by way of elevated MITOL expression.ConclusionsTo this end, our data favored that irisin pretreatment protects against MI/R injury, ER stress, ROS production, and mitochondrial homeostasis through upregulation of MITOL. These findings depicted the therapeutic potential of irisin and MITOL in the management of MI/R injury in patients with ST‐segment elevation.
Cytomorphology and diagnostic pitfalls of sebaceous and nonsebaceous salivary gland lymphadenoma: A multi‐institutional study
Authors: Viswanathan Kartik , Maleki Zahra , Pantanowitz Liron , Cantley Richard , Faquin William C. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundSalivary gland lymphadenoma (LAD) is a rare benign neoplasm comprising sebaceous (SLAD) and nonsebaceous (NSLAD) types. Despite established histologic criteria, limited data on cytomorphology, tumor heterogeneity, and overlap with other entities make the diagnosis of LAD by fine needle aspiration (FNA) challenging. We describe a multi‐institutional cohort of 14 LADs with cytology, clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic data.MethodsOur cohort included nine SLAD and five NSLAD with corresponding histopathology. Mean patient age and M:F ratio were 60.4 years (range 45‐86 years) and 1:2 for SLADs and 57.4 years (range 42‐80 years) and 1:1.5 for NSLADs, respectively. One NSLAD patient had a germline predisposition for Cowden syndrome. Glass slides and whole slide images of air‐dried Diff‐Quik (DQ), alcohol‐stained Papanicolaou smears (Pap) and cellblocks were reviewed for key cytomorphologic findings.ResultsFNAs from SLAD and NSLADs demonstrated vacuolated and basaloid epithelial clusters within a lymphoid background. Vacuolated cells from SLAD showed sebaceous cells with microvesicular cytoplasm indenting a central nucleus. Vacuolated cells from NSLAD were columnar with eccentric nuclei, corresponding to abluminal glandular cells. SLADs were classified using the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology as nondiagnostic (11.1%), nonneoplastic (44.4%), atypia of uncertain significance (AUS) (22.2%), and salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (SUMP) (22.2%). NSLADs were classified as AUS (40%), SUMP (40%) and Benign Neoplasm (20%).ConclusionAlthough rare, knowing the cytologic features of salivary LAD is important to avoid diagnostic pitfalls. Vacuolated cells can be prominent in both SLAD and NSLAD aspirates. Diagnostic issues arise from insufficient sampling of all tumor components leading to marked variation in diagnostic classification of LAD.
The role of cytology in endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration: A study of 813 cases focusing on diagnostic yield, an analysis of misdiagnosed cases and diagnostic accordance rate of cytological subtyping
Authors: Ren Wen‐hao , Zou Shuang‐Mei , Zhang Yue‐ming , Zhang Lei , Zhao Lin‐lin , Lu Ning , Cao Jian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundEndobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) is a minimally invasive technique for cytological and histological diagnosis. The objective of this study was to explore the role of cytological diagnosis in EBUS‐TBNAs.MethodsEight hundred and thirteen consecutive cases performed EBUS‐TBNA with both cytological and histological diagnoses were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were followed up for clinical data.ResultsBefore immunohistochemical examination, the cytological sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of EBUS‐TBNAs were 92.9% (421/453), 98.9% (348/352), 95.5% (769/805), respectively. After immunohistochemical examination, the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy were 93.0% (423/455), 99.4% (348/350), 95.8% (771/805), respectively. The majority of false‐negative were cases whose cytological diagnosis was “atypical” or the cytological diagnosis suggested “inadequate.” “Neoplastic” were also prone to false‐negative cytology. The diagnostic accordance rate of cytological subtyping was 90.3% for squamous‐cell carcinoma, 99.2% for adenocarcinoma, and 98.1% for small‐cell carcinoma before immunohistochemical examination, and became 85.9%, 98.5%, and 98.2% after immunohistochemical examination, respectively.ConclusionCytological diagnosis in EBUS‐TBNAs had a good sensitivity and high specificity. The sensitivity and specificity of cytological diagnosis were proved to be higher after the immunohistochemical examination. At the same time, cytology had high accordance rate in subtype diagnosis. False‐negative results occurred more commonly in cases whose cytological diagnosis was “atypical” or the cytological diagnosis suggested “inadequate” or the corresponding histological diagnosis was “Neoplastic.”
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of Bacille Calmette‐Guerin adenitis: A perplexing distinct clinical entity
Authors: Jain Aleena , Gupta Shruti , Gupta Parikshaa , Rohilla Manish , Gupta Nalini , Srinivasan Radhika , Rajwanshi Arvind , Dey Pranab 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundBacille Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) adenitis is a common complication of post‐BCG vaccination. Awareness of this lesser known entity in fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is important to prevent misdiagnosis.AimThis study described the clinical presentation, cytomorphological features and disease pattern in patients with BCG adenitis.Materials and methodsWe analyzed a series of 15 patients with BCG adenitis seen from July 2017 to July 2019. The detailed clinical and cytomorphology of these cases were studied.ResultsAge of presentation ranged from 3 to 12 months. Male to female ratio was 2.75:1. A total of four children were diagnosed with primary immunodeficiency. Three children had acyanotic heart disease. Most of the children had left axillary lymph node enlargement. Cytomorphology showed the presence of polymorphs (66.7%), histiocytic aggregates (80%) and reactive lymphoid population (60%). Epithelioid granulomas (26.7%) and giant cells (6.7%) were present. The necrotic background was present in all but one case. Ziehl‐Neelsen stain for acid‐fast bacilli was positive in all but two cases.ConclusionA high index of clinical suspicion for BCG lymphadenitis should be kept in mind for patients who are recently vaccinated. FNA cytology, combined with clinical correlation, is useful for diagnosis and management.
Geochemical fingerprinting of key lithologies and depositional processes across the upper boundary of the Opalinus Clay (Aalenian, Middle Jurassic, northern Switzerland)
Authors: Lauper Bruno , Deplazes Gaudenz , Vogel Hendrik , Jaeggi David , Wohlwend Stephan , Ariztegui Daniel , Foubert Anneleen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe Opalinus Clay is an argillaceous to silty mudstone formation, notable in Switzerland as the selected host rock for deep geological disposal of radioactive waste. Its upper bounding unit (Passwang Formation and eastern equivalents) is composed of successions of mudstone, sandy bioclastic marl and limestone separated by ooidal ironstone beds. The lithostratigraphic transition is diachronous across northern Switzerland and shows high vertical and lateral lithological variability. To constrain this variability into predictive models, and to identify horizons with properties that could potentially influence radionuclide mobility, the sedimentological and diagenetic processes involved in the genesis of this transition have to be investigated. The present study aims at testing the applicability of X‐ray fluorescence chemostratigraphy to characterise the mixed carbonate–siliciclastic units and understand the complex genesis of the lithostratigraphic transition from the Opalinus Clay towards its upper bounding unit. Sediment drill cores from four locations across northern Switzerland (Mont Terri, Riniken, Weiach and Benken) are analysed using high‐resolution X‐ray fluorescence core scanning. Data are compared to petrographic and additional geochemical data sets (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, micro‐X‐ray fluorescence mapping) obtained from powdered samples, thin section analyses and drill core slabs. The results demonstrate that the combination of these rapid and non‐destructive measurements along with multivariate data analysis allows the fast and objective classification of lithofacies along complex sedimentary successions. Moreover, it provides quantitative means for differentiating between prominent depositional and post‐depositional processes. The lithostratigraphic transition has been traced by the use of specific elemental proxies as a discontinuity, and its genesis linked to sediment bypassing.
Bateman's Data: Inconsistent with “Bateman's Principles”
Authors: Hoquet Thierry , Bridges William C. , Gowaty Patricia Adair 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA.J. Bateman (1948) hypothesized that a metric of sexual selection is in sex differences of intrasexual variance in number of mates (VNM). AJB predicted that (a) males have greater variance in reproductive success (VRS) than females; (b) males have greater VNM than females; and (c) a positive relationship between VNM and VRS is stronger among males. AJB used phenotypically observable mutations in offspring to identify parents and to count subjects' NM and RS. AJB's conclusions matched his predictions, later called “Bateman's Principles.” Empirical challenges to his conclusions guided analyses herein. (a) AJB's analysis pseudo‐replicated sample sizes, violating a sexual selection assumption: That is, individuals must be in the same population to choose and compete. (b) AJB's methods overestimated subjects with no mates while underestimating subjects with one or more. (c) A replication (Gowaty et al., 2012) showed that offspring inheriting nametags from both parents often died before expressing adult phenotypes, proving some of AJB's methods produced biased data. Science historian Thierry Hoquet located AJB's archived, handwritten laboratory notes, photocopied, and transcribed them. We tested each of the 65 unique populations for expected combinations in offspring of parental mutations: 41.5% failed Punnett's tests: Offspring carrying nametags simultaneously from both parents were missing showing estimates of parents' NM and VNM were undercounted. 58.5% of populations met Punnett's expectations providing an unparalleled opportunity to re‐evaluate AJB's predictions. 34 unbiased populations had no sex differences in VRS; 37 had no sex differences in VNM. No sex differences in slopes of RS and NM occurred in any unbiased population. Regressions showed weak, positive, significant associations between VNM and VRS for females and males, contrary to AJB's prediction that the relationship would be positive in males but not in females. AJB's laboratory data are inconsistent with “Bateman's Principles.”
The effects of competition on fitness depend on the sex of both competitors
Authors: Iglesias‐Carrasco Maider , Brookes Samuel , Kruuk Loeske E. B. , Head Megan L. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn intraspecific competition, the sex of competing individuals is likely to be important in determining the outcome of competitive interactions and the way exposure to conspecifics during development influences adult fitness traits. Previous studies have explored differences between males and females in their response to intraspecific competition. However, few have tested how the sex of the competitors, or any interactions between focal and competitor sex, influences the nature and intensity of competition. We set up larval seed beetles Callosobruchus maculatus to develop either alone or in the presence of a male or female competitor and measured a suite of traits: development time, emergence weight; male ejaculate mass, copulation duration, and lifespan; and female lifetime fecundity, offspring egg–adult survival, and lifespan. We found effects of competition and competitor sex on the development time and emergence weight of both males and females, and also of an interaction between focal and competitor sex: Females emerged lighter when competing with another female, while males did not. There was little effect of larval competition on male and female adult fitness traits, with the exception of the effect of a female competitor on a focal female's offspring survival rate. Our results highlight the importance of directly measuring the effects of competition on fitness traits, rather than distant proxies for fitness, and suggest that competition with the sex with the greater resource requirements (here females) might play a role in driving trait evolution. We also found that male–male competition during development resulted in shorter copulation times than male–female competition, a result that remained when controlling for the weight of competitors. Although it is difficult to definitively tease apart the effects of social environment and access to resources, this result suggests that something about the sex of competitors other than their size is driving this pattern.