bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial patterns and associated factors’ of Early Marriage among Reproductive age women in Ethiopia: a Secondary Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016
Authors: Tadesse Zemenu Tessema 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Besides, the presence of national law, the country has to set up its own mid-term and long term goals to bring about a significant reduction in child marriages in Ethiopia. To achieve this, determining the spatial pattern of early marriage and factors associated is important for government, other concerned bodies, program implementers and policy developers to end up early childhood marriage. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the spatial patterns and associated factors of Early marriage among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia.Methods: This study analyzed retrospectively a cross-sectional data on a weighted sample of 11,646 women aged 15-49 years after requesting from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016 via the link www.measuredhs.com. ArcGIS version 10.7 software was used to visualize spatial distribution for Early marriage. The Bernoulli model was applied using Kilduff SaTScan version 9.6 software to identify significant purely spatial clusters for Early marriage in Ethiopia multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with early marriage. Finally, variables with a p-value<0.05 were considered as statistically significant.Results: In this analysis, about 62.8% (95%CI: 61.9, 63.74%) of the study participants were married before they reached 18 years. The overall median age at first marriage was 17.1 with IQR 5 years. The high clustering of early marriage was located in Amhara, Afar, and Gambella Regions. In spatial Scan statistics 87 clusters (RR = 1.28, P-value < 0.001) significant primary clusters were identified. The associated factors of early marriage were lesser among women’s attending primary (AOR=0.60; 95%CI: 0.51, 0.71), secondary (AOR=0.19; 95%CI: 0.13, 0.26) and tertiary education (AOR=0.11; 95%CI: 0.07, 0.18). Similarly, women found in Addis Ababa were at a lesser risk of early marriage compared to other regions of the country.Conclusion: Marriage below age 18 was high in Ethiopia. High-risk area of early marriage was located in Amhara, Afar, and Gambella and special attention should be given for identified risk areas. Therefore, providing educational opportunities to young girls was important in addition to inhibiting the marriage of girls under 18 years.
Depression, Physical activity, and self-rated health: Panel analysis of adults in South Korea
Authors: Yoon Hee-sang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: The health status of an individual is determined by socio-economic factors and behavioral factors. Socio-economic factors include marital status, educational level, living expenses, and housing type, among others. The differences of health status across individuals are mainly determined by these socioeconomic factors, which cannot be altered in a short run. However, even if the socioeconomic factors cannot be altered in the short run, there are ways for an individual to improve the health status in a relatively short period of time. These are behavioral factors, such as physical activities and management of depression. Methods: We provided evidence of the first statement by running a pooled OLS regression with self-rated health (SRH) as dependent variable and with walking, management of depression, sex, age, marital status, educational level, housing type, living expenses, and economic activity as independent variables. We proved the second statement by running a fixed-effect panel regression with the same dependent and independent variables. The 2010–2013 Korea Health Panel Survey data were used for analysis. Subjects were 34,436 adults (≥19 years) in 8,609 panel groups. Results: All the variables, including socio-economic variables as well as behavioral variables, were significant in the Pooled OLS regression. Whereas behavioral variables, such as walking and management of depression, were significant in the fixed-effect panel regression, socio-economic variables were not. The reason is that socio-economic variables are stable and not variant for an individual in the short-run.Conclusion: Whereas the differences of health status across individuals are mainly determined by socioeconomic factors, the health of an individual is significantly affected by his/her behavior. It is shown that regular walking and reduction of depression are important in improving SRH. There is a need for strategies designed to address depression and aging and encourage walking.
Age specific trends in prostate cancer tests, incidence and mortality in Australia since the introduction of the Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) test
Authors: Pathirana Thanya , Sequeira Rehan , Mar Chris Del , Dickinson James A , Bell Katy J L , Glasziou Paul 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
BackgroundPopulation trends in PSA screening and prostate cancer incidence do not perfectly correspond. We aimed to better understand relationships between trends in PSA screening, prostate cancer incidence and mortality in Australia.MethodsDescription of age standardised time trends in PSA tests, prostate biopsies, cancer incidence and mortality within Australia for the age groups: 45-74, 75-84, and 85+ years.ResultsPSA testing increased from its introduction in 1989 to a peak in 2008. It then declined in men aged 45-84 years. Prostate biopsies and cancer incidence declined from 1995 to 2000, in parallel with decrease in trans-urethral resections of prostate (TURP). After 2000, changes in biopsies and cancer incidence paralleled PSA screening in men 45-84 years, while in men ≥85 years, biopsies stabilised and incidence declined. More recently a reduction in TURP correlated with increased Dutasteride and Tamsulosin usage. Prostate cancer mortality in men aged 45-74 years remained low throughout. Mortality in men 75-84 years gradually increased until the mid 1990s, then gradually decreased. Mortality in men ≥85 years increased until the mid 1990s, then stabilised.ConclusionsAge specific prostate cancer incidence largely mirrors PSA screening rates. Most deviation may be explained by changes in management of benign prostatic disease and incidental cancer detection. The timing of the small mortality reduction in men 75-84 years is more consistent with benefits from advances in treatment than with early detection through PSA. The large increases in prostate cancer incidence with minimal changes in mortality suggest overdiagnosis.
Age differences in associations of different indicators of socioeconomic status with social isolation: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Ge Lixia , Heng Bee Hoon , Tan Woan Shin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background Socioeconomic status is a crucial determinant of social isolation. However, little is known whether the associations between different indicators of socioeconomic status and social isolation vary across age groups. This study examined the association of individual socioeconomic status indicators with social isolation in three age groups: young (21-44 years), middle-aged (45-64 years), and older adults (≥65 years). Methods Cross-sectional data for 1,930 representative community-dwelling adults aged 21 and above in the Central region of Singapore was used. The 6-item Lubben Social Network Scale was used to assess social isolation. Socioeconomic status was measured using education level, employment status, personal income, housing type and self-perceived money sufficiency). Separate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between each SES indicator and social isolation in each age group. Results Each socioeconomic indicator showed a clear gradient with social isolation and significant age disparities were found in their relationship. Socioeconomic status indicators significantly associated with social isolation were income (R2 change=2.5%) and self-perceived money insufficiency (R2 change=1.5%) in young adults, education (R2 change=0.5%), employment status (R2 change=1.3%), income (R2 change=0.8%), housing type (R2 change=1.9%) and self-perceived money insufficiency (R2 change=2.0%) in middle-aged adults, and housing type (R2 change=1.3%) and self-perceived money insufficiency (R2 change=3.7%) in older adults when adjusting for demographics and other indicators. Conclusions The influence of individual socioeconomic status indicators on social isolation varied across age groups. This study provides a rationale for the choice of socioeconomic status indicator and specific interventions need to target different socioeconomic status groups for different age groups.
Shorter delay to treatment by integrated diagnostic services and NGO- provided support among breast cancer patients in two Brazilian referral centres
Authors: Andrade Lorena Sofia dos Santos , Santos Tácila Thamires de Melo , Oliveira Milena Edite Case de , Gomes Kedma Anne Lima , Soares Adriana Raquel Araújo Pereira , Oliveira Tiago Almeida de , Weller Mathias 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: The diagnosis of breast cancer, from first medical visit until treatment initiation, requires a complicated series of diagnostic exams. The present study addressed the delay of patients who used publicly and privately financed diagnostic services. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) donated diagnostic mammograms and biopsies. Methods: Data from 304 patients were obtained from two Brazilian referral centres. In one referral centre (FAP), diagnostic mammography, clinic-histopathological exam and immunohistochemistry were outsourced, whereas in the other centre (HNL), these services were integrated. Cox regression, Kaplan-Meier analysis and non-parametric tests were used to compare variables and time intervals among patient groups. Results: If diagnostic mammography was financed privately and covered by private health insurance, the likelihood of a delay of >90 days between the first medical visit and the initiation of treatment decreased 2.15-fold (95%CI: 1.06- 4.36; p= 0.033) and 4.44-fold (95%CI: 1.58-12.46; p= 0.004), respectively. The median time between the first medical visit and the diagnostic result and between the first medical visit and the initiation of treatment was, respectively, 56.0 and 116.5 days. For these time intervals, 54 (34.8%) and 114 (64.8%) patients had a delay of >90 days for diagnostic results and the initiation of treatment, respectively. For patients in the FAP and HNL who had a delay of >90 days, the median time between the first medical visit and the diagnostic results was 180 and 158 days, respectively (p= 0.032). If the clinic-histopathological exam was outsourced (FAP) and publicly or privately financed, the median delay between diagnostic mammography and the diagnostic result was 65.0 or 29.0 days, respectively, compared to 53.0 days in the integrated (HNL) publicly financed system (p < 0.050). The median time between the first medical visit and the diagnostic results of all patients who were supported by NGOs, who financed their diagnostic services privately, and who used exclusively public diagnostic services was, respectively, 28.0, 48.5 and 77.5 days (p < 0.050).Conclusions: Patients who used privately financed health services had shorter delays. Compared to outsourcing, the integration of the publicly financed clinic-histopathological exam diminished the delay. The support of patients by NGOs accelerated patient flow.
Trend and factors associated with under-five mortality in Ethiopia further analysis of 2000-2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey: A Multivariate decomposition analysis
Authors: Sisay Wullo , Tesema Getayeneh Antehunegn , Worku Misganaw Gebrie , Angaw Dessie Abebaw 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: The under-five mortality rate is the probability that a newborn will die before reaching the age of five years. It is usually expressed as a rate per 1000 live births. Nearly 7 million children worldwide die before their fifth birthdays, with almost all of such death occurring in developing countries Objective: To assess the trend and factors associated with under-five mortality in Ethiopia further analysis of 2000-2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey: a decomposition analysis Methods: A secondary serial cross-sectional analysis was conducted utilizing data from four rounds of EDHS administered in 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2016. The Ethiopian health and demographic survey in 2000-2016 used a two-stage stratified sampling technique to select a nationally representative sample. In the first stage the total number of enumeration areas was 539 in 2000, 540 in 2005, 624 in 2011 and 645 EAs in 2016 were selected with probability proportional to EA size and with independent selection in each sampling stratum. In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 28 households per cluster were selected with an equal probability systematic selection from the newly created household listing. Result: Looking at the overall trend, Ethiopia has shown a significant decrease in under-five mortality over the study period from 166 per 1000 births in 2000 to 67 per 1000 birth in 2016 with annual rate of reduction of 3.7%. The trends in under-five mortality showed a variation according to their characteristics. Among home delivery, the largest decrement was observed around 6.5% decrease from 2000 to 2016 and in health facility delivery decreased by 8.3% The decomposition analysis shows that 100.74% of the decrease in under-five mortality was accredited to the difference in the effects of characteristics. Conclusion: Under-five mortality decreased significantly over the last one and a half decades. One of the remarkable findings from the decomposition analysis is the effect of education, place of delivery and maternal age. the government of Ethiopia shall do all daughters will be educated and to build health facilities the whole place of the country Keywords: Under-five mortality decomposition analysis, trend
Effects of physical exercise on cognitively impaired older adults: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials
Authors: Sontakova Lenka , Bartova Alzbeta , Dadova Klara , Holmerova Iva , Steffl Michal 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objectives: The main aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the effects of different physical activities on cognitive functions in older adults divided according to cognitive impairment levels. Methods: We searched Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed for randomized control trials (RCT). A standardized mean difference (SMD) of the pre-post intervention score of global cognitive function tests were calculated by the random model in the Cochrane meta-analyses for people with cognitive impairment generally and across three levels - mild, mild to moderate, and moderate to severe cognitive impairment separately. Additionally, an unstandardized coefficient beta (B) was calculated in generalized linear models to estimate the effects of exercise, cognitive impairment severity, age, female ratio, length of intervention, and time of exercise a week on the global cognitive function. Results: Data from 26 studies involving 1,137 participants from intervention groups and 1,187 participants from control groups were analyzed. Physical exercise had a positive effect on cognitive functions in people across all levels of cognitive impairments SMD (95 % confidence interval [CI]) = 1.19 (0.77 - 1.62); however, heterogeneity was considerably high I 2 = 95%. Aerobic (B = 8.881) and resistance exercise (B = 4.464) was significantly associated with better results in global cognitive functions when compared to active control. A higher number of female participants cin intervention groups had a statistically significant effect on the global cognitive function (B = 0.229). onclusions: Physical exercise was associated with cognitive function improvement in older people with cognitive impairments. Aerobic exercise was more strongly associated than resistance exercise to combat cognitive decline. Keywords: Physical activity, Dementia, Aging, Meta-analysis, Aerobic exercise, Cognitive function
A retrospective study on Tuberculous Lymphadenitis; A retrospective finding from multicenters referal hospitals
Authors: Mohiuddin Syed Ghouse , Maisharah Siti , Albitar Orwa , Iqbal Muhammad Shahid , Khan Amer Hayat 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) represents about 14% of all cases of tuberculosis (TB) in Malaysia. The aims of the study include evaluation of socio-demographic factors, clinical manifestations, co-morbidities among patients with Tuberculous Lymphadenitis and their treatment outcomes.Methods The retrospective study was conducted from 2006 to 2008. Data on socio-demographic along with histopathological results were collected. Signs and symptoms were also recorded from TB registers, treatment cards and TB medical personal files using standard data collection tool. Among multiple variables significant factors identified by univariate analysis, were included in multivariate logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) with the 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The statistically significant p value was considered as < 0.05.Results There were 348 (57%) males and on the other hand 262 (43%) females which shows almost equal incidence rate of Lymphadenitis in both genders. Mean age was found as 34.3 ± 14.6 years were majorly reported with positive diagnosis. 196 (32.1%) Malay was found with Tuberculous lymphadenitis followed by Chinese population of 148 (24.3%). Geographically from 386 (63.3%) urban population were found positive for lymphadenitis and over 224 (36.7%) of rural region. treatment outcome was observed 444 (72.8%) with successful treatment. WHO states the types of treatment failures and accordingly 85 (13.9%) patients were continued with the therapy that can be due to non-compliance or relapse of Tb. Among unsuccessful outcomes 194 patients of age group 26 -35 years, 65 (33.5%) were reported and 38 (29.7%) patients out of 128 between 16 – 25 years. Blood results showed erythrocyte sedimentation rate greater than 10 in 280 (45.9%) patients. Therefore, among 280 there were 115 (41.1%) patients found to have unsuccessful treatment showing strong association with p-value of <0.001.Conclusion Finding signifies that effect of weight loss on poor treatment outcomes` and active screening measures for patients with comorbidities are therefore recommended in patients with Tb lymphadenitis along with improvements in the diagnosis and early management of co-morbidities complications. As young age group were found to have poor or unsuccessful treatment outcomes and required aggressive strategy together with educating patients can further increase the treatment success rate.
Feeding practice and associated factors among infants and children with common childhood illness at Dabat Health and Demographic surveillance System site: A community based cross-sectional study
Authors: Bikes Gashaw Andargie , Tariku Amare , Wassie Molla Mesele , Mekonnen Solomon , Muhammad Esmeal Ali , Belew: Aysheshim Kassahun , Abebe Zegeye , Gete: Azeb Atnafu , Yesuf Melkie Edris , Awoke Tadesse , Fekadu Abel , Gebeye Ejigu , Kebede Yigzaw , Alemu Kassahun , Addis Abebaw , Fentahun Kindie , Sisay Mekonnen , Abdella Kedir , Hunegnaw Melkamu Tamir 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Optimal feeding practices are recommended to improve nutritional status and prevent the common childhood illnesses. Studies on the feeding practice of children including meal frequency and dietary diversity are scarce in children with illness. Therefore, we aimed to assess feeding practice and its associated factors among children aged 6-59 months in Dabat Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) site, northwest Ethiopia. Methods : A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Dabat HDSS site from February to June 2016 on 1,174 mother-child pairs. A multistage stratified sampling followed by a systematic random sampling technique was employed to select the study participants. A binary logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with children’s feeding practice. A crude odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio with its 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to see the strength of association and significance of the identified factors with feeding practices. Result: The overall prevalence of a minimum dietary diversity practice and a minimum meal frequency was 27 % (95%CI: 24.4, 29.7) and 83.7 %( 95%CI: 91.7, 86.0), respectively. Having antenatal care (ANC) service (AOR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.27) and institutional delivery (AOR = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.85, 3.55) increased odds of an adequate dietary diversity in children. On the contrary, the odds of practicing an adequate dietary diversity was lower among a household obtained food from home gardens (AOR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.52) and currently breast fed children (AOR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.78). The probability of having a minimum meal frequency was decreased among children in the first two years of age (AOR = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.15), however increased in children who fed alone (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI: 1.29, 2.69). Conclusion: The proportion of children who received the minimum dietary diversity was low while the proportion of children who obtained minimum meal frequency was good. Providing a health and nutrition counseling on Infant and Young Child Feeding during maternal ANC services and delivery period are recommended for achieving the recommended dietary practices.
Community awareness, engagement and linkage to care efforts by peer community-health workers to increase PrEP uptake among men who have sex with men in Baltimore, Maryland
Authors: Farley Jason E. , II Derek T Dangerfield , LaRicci Jessica , Sacamano Paul , Heidari Omeid , Lowensen Kelly , Jennings Jacky , Tobin Karin 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: Despite clear evidence that pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prevents HIV, uptake remains suboptimal across the United States, particularly in populations at greatest risk of HIV infection, such as men who have sex with men (MSM) in Baltimore. This paper will evaluate awareness, engagement and linkage to care for PrEP activities through multiple outreach strategies. Methods: This is an observational evaluation of the impact of LGBTQ+ outreach on the PrEP cascade between March 1, 2016 to March 31, 2019. Descriptive statistics are used to characterize the data and the linkage cascade by outreach type. Results: Across all activities, our team had contact with 2,370 participants and scheduled a PrEP appointment for 84 (3.5%) with 58 (2.4%) who completed the intake visits. Among 54 venue-based activities, which focused on PrEP awareness messaging, 2,125 participants were reached with 11.4% (243/2125) interested in further discussion with a peer community-health worker (CHW). After 3 separate attempts to contact the individual, peer contact was successful in 66.2% (161/243); 11.2% (18/161) of those were interested in linkage to PrEP; 83.3% (15/18) had a PrEP appointment scheduled; and 53.3% (8/15) completed the PrEP visit. Online and telephone-based outreach resulted in 24 contacts through prepmaryland.org and 43 calls on the PrEP warm line, all of these indivduals reporting interest in further discussion with the peer CHW. Among prepmaryland.org users and warm line calls 54.2% (13/24) and 67.4% (29/43), respectively, were successfully contacted, while 100% (13/13) and 75.9% (22/29) of those reported interest in a PrEP referral. Among the referred, 61.5% (8/13) and 86.4% (19/22) had a PrEP appointment scheduled; and 50% (4/8) and 78.9% (15/19) completed the visit. The mobile app, PrEPme, yielded 178 unique downloads; 94.4% (168/178) had interest in further discussion with a peer CHW; follow-up contact was successful 64.3% (108/168); 41.6% (45/108) were interested in PrEP referral; 95.5% (43/45) had a PrEP appointment successfully scheduled; and 72.1% (31/43) completed the intake visit.Conclusions: Outreach efforts reached a large number of participants attending LGBTQ+ centric and health-based events, yet resulted in a relatively low total yield of engagement with peer CHWs and even lower documented PrEP initiations.