bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Under What Conditions Is Recognition Adopted?
Authors: King Elisabeth 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter tests a theory that emphasizes ethnic power configurations to explain the adoption or non-adoption of ethnic recognition in conflict-affected countries from 1990 to 2012. The analysis focuses on the adoption of ethnic recognition in constitutions or comprehensive political settlements. The main finding is that minority ethnic rule strongly predicts non-adoption. When a country is under minority rule, recognition is adopted only 24 percent of the time, as compared to plurality rule, under which recognition is adopted 60 percent of the time. This relationship is robust to controlling for a large number of potential confounding factors related to both domestic and international conditions. The relationship is strongest in countries where ethnic fractionalization is low, in which case minority groups differ most in their demographic share from plurality groups. The findings support the idea that ethnic power configurations are crucial for understanding the adoption of ethnic recognition.
What Are the Effects of Ethnic Recognition on Peace?
Authors: King Elisabeth 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies the effects of adopting ethnic recognition on implementation of recognition-based policies, political inclusion, and indicators for peace, focusing on conflict-affected countries between 1990 and 2012. Adopting recognition in constitutions or political settlements greatly increases the rate at which recognition-based policies are adopted in the executive, legislative, security, justice, civil service, education, and language policy domains. Recognition leads to large increases in ethnic inclusion, measured by the population share of ethnic groups whose members have access to state power structures. On average, countries that adopt recognition go on to experience less violence, more economic vitality, and more democratic politics, and countries under plurality ethnic rule drive these aggregate effects. The latter finding reaffirms the importance of ethnic power configurations in explaining not only the adoption of ethnic recognition but also its effects on peace.
The Promise of Recognition
Authors: King Elisabeth 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The key conclusion of this book is that ethnic recognition strategies can be a crucial bridge from ethnic polarization to more inclusive and peaceful societies. Whether this happens depends on the interplay of the assuring versus mobilization effects of recognition. A key structural factor that affects this interplay is whether the society is under minority or plurality ethnic rule. Cross-national and case study evidence supports this thesis. The chapter reviews implications for designing post-conflict constitutions and peace agreements. Further research should investigate longer-term effects, the mechanisms giving rise to these effects, the ways in which recognition policies work together as a system, and how the book’s theory applies to a broader set of political conflicts.
Treating Laura
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at how one’s health today is a product of one’s past, and the conditions of one’s upbringing. For example, a 42-year-old woman named Laura is treated for her asthma, osteoarthritis, and for being overweight. The doctor prescribes inhaled steroids for her asthma, anti-inflammatories for her arthritis, and recommends weight loss through better diet and exercise. Later, he guides Laura through the process of getting a knee replacement. There is nothing wrong with this course of treatment. However, it overlooks one key question: why did Laura get sick in the first place? The answers lie in the circumstances of Laura’s life. So, while Laura needs treatment in the present, her medical conditions are a product of her past, of the world in which she grew up. Not everyone is born to high-income, well-educated parents who live in good neighborhoods, with access to all the resources that create health. As such, people should make a collective choice to build a world that generates health. Instead of spending more and more money on health care, people should invest in a world that produces, promotes, and supports health.
Denying Climate Change Is Denying Health
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the politics of climate change and how politics can affect people’s health. In recent years, global environmental climate change has become a third rail in American culture, dividing people along political lines. The Republican Party espouses a range of positions, from the denial of climate change to denial of people’s role in causing the problem. The Democratic Party falls more in line with the science on this issue, which is largely settled. There is little disagreement among scientists that the earth is getting warmer. Hence, the political argument is not really about the science as much as it is about priorities. The Republican Party prioritizes deregulation and corporate interests over the potential disruption of these interests caused by the structural changes necessary to address climate change. The Democratic Party, for its part, has increasingly chosen to prioritize the future of the planet over the unfettered primacy of markets. Ultimately, climate change threatens health. When people recognize that climate change matters for health, they open the door for health to become an organizing principle in addressing this issue. Indeed, if people do not act on climate change, they are compromising their health.
The Partisan Divide over a Soda Tax
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at research which examined public health messaging in the context of partisan responses to a public health initiative—a sugary drink tax. The tax is controversial, facing opposition fueled and funded by the soda industry. The study then measured the effect of three messaging tactics. The pro-tax approach conveyed the message that sugary drinks should be taxed because they contribute to obesity. The two-sided message stated that sugary drinks cause obesity, but taxes will not help to reduce it. The refutation message said that soda companies are promoting anti-tax sentiment for their own gain, even though soda contributes to obesity. The refutation message resulted in the largest difference of opinion about soda taxes for Democrats and Independents, in contrast to Republicans—who were not influenced by negative messaging about company motives. No significant political party difference was observed for the pro-tax message, and the two-sided message reduced support from all parties. The chapter then suggests that perhaps it is time to look outside the conventional arguments when policymakers attempt to pass soda taxes.
We Cannot Have It All
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses health gaps by giving an example of a campaign for flu vaccination. To improve the town’s flu vaccination rate, the mayor tasks the health commissioner to develop a strategy that communicates, primarily through doctors’ offices, the importance of flu vaccinations. The strategy works; the flu vaccination rate increased from 45% to 65%. This success is not as complete as it looks, however. At the level of what the mayor intended—that more residents would be vaccinated—the campaign worked. However, the health gaps in town between the rich and the poor residents also increased—substantially. Health inequities like these are the result of systematic injustice—in this case, the injustice of unequal access to health care settings where vaccine marketing and delivery take place, and the broader socioeconomic inequality this reflects. These inequities matter. After all, if a pocket of the town’s population remains unvaccinated, it puts the whole area at risk, even if vaccination rates go up among the rich. Public health must recognize that a healthy society is one where health is accessible to all—not some, or even most, but all.
Immigrants and Private Insurance
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the accusation that immigrants, particularly undocumented immigrants, take advantage of societal resources at the expense of native-born citizens. Between 2002 and 2009, immigrants paid an estimated $115.2 billion more into Medicare than they used. Meanwhile, a 2018 Health Affairs study used data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) to measure both premiums and expenditures from private health insurance. Both documented and undocumented immigrant groups had positive net contributions, meaning they paid more toward their private insurance coverage than they spent in receiving health services. In contrast, US natives had a negative net contribution, meaning that, per capita, their expenditures on health care were greater than their premiums. Thus, these findings upend the common belief that immigrants are a drain on the US health care system. In reality, immigrants who contribute to Medicare and to private health insurers are subsidizing the health care of US citizens.
Can CEOs Save the Health of Americans?
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the assumption that CEOs may transform health care more quickly and thoroughly than the public sector has, or perhaps can. Over the past 50 years, the cultural reputation of the corporate CEO has soared. The “right” CEO can dramatically improve a private company’s performance. However, the evidence that the CEO and the private sector can actually be a force for good health remains dubious. The problem with a CEO takeover of health care is that achieving better health depends on much more than the conditions that drive the fiscal well-being of a single organization, that is, the conditions over which the CEO has the most influence. The truly important conditions are social, economic, and environmental. Improving these conditions as a means of improving health takes time and effort across a range of sectors, both public and private. A good CEO can be a welcome and important part of these efforts, but best functions as a supporting player, rather than as the focal point of what is, at heart, a collective effort.
The Poor People’s Campaign
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses Martin Luther King Jr.’s Poor People’s Campaign and the effects of poverty on health. In 1968, Dr. King had encouraged the civil rights movement to broaden its mission and demand full employment, housing, guaranteed basic income, and “an economic bill of rights.” Dr. King knew that poverty, like civil rights, is a moral issue and should be addressed with the same urgency as other forms of societal injustice. However, taking the political steps to address poverty as a moral crisis remains controversial, polarizing Americans. This is likely, in part, because people have trouble conceptualizing the effects of poverty. The key to discussing poverty lies in addressing its effect on health. If people can agree that poverty is a public health problem, they can address it with public health solutions.
The Story We Are Not Talking about Enough
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter highlights the importance of talking about the declining life expectancy and poor health in the United States. In 2018, the National Center for Health Statistics reported that, between 2016 and 2017, US life expectancy dropped from 78.7 to 78.6 years—the third consecutive year life expectancy in the United States has declined. Yet, somehow, these data were not headline news every day for weeks after their release. They did not move instantly to the center of national discourse. If people continue to ignore, even accept, their collective poor health, it is in part because they have accepted changes in the past 30 years—such as growing income inequality—that have made their health worse. It has lulled people into thinking their poor health is somehow inevitable, rather than a relatively recent development that can be linked to certain political policies, the reversal of which could change the trajectory of their health. Making this change means first talking honestly about where Americans are, and how they got here, so they can eventually get their health to where it should be.
Pain Drain
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines chronic pain. Pain starts as a symptom—associated, for example, with arthritis or neuropathy—and, for one in five Americans, this symptom becomes “chronic,” that is, it lasts for weeks, or months, or even years. Chronic pain has its own reliable neurobiology and its own brain activation signature—although it cannot be localized in any specific “pain area” like other sensory perceptions, such as smell or sight. Still, pain changes the brain’s structure, its neuronal configurations. Moreover, pain’s significance in a person’s life is highly individualized. The experience of chronic pain can be altered by mood, sleep quality, distraction, suggestion, or even anticipation of new pain. This implies that pain may be exacerbated by social conditions—by violence, by anxiety. Living in poverty, for example, increases the odds of living with chronic pain. Although pain is real, it is still doubted and disputed. In the legal system, it is the subject of arguments over payment for disability claims and personal injury suits. The lack of an objective measure of pain means that some who might deserve compensation miss out because they cannot “prove” their discomfort. Assessing and treating pain, recognizing the pain of others, coping with its presence, and limiting its ruinous effects without misusing opioids or taking one’s own life remain central tests of people’s empathy and their efforts to promote health.
Mental Health and Mortality
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter details how efforts to promote health continually deprioritize mental health. There are many reasons for this, starting with the historical stigma around mental illness and continuing with the limited understanding of the brain processes—at the cellular and molecular level—that underlie people’s behavior. Then there is the sheer scope of deaths associated with mental health disorders. Most obvious are deaths due to suicide. However, suicide is not the only form of mortality linked to mental health. Deaths caused by cigarette smoking, for example, are really deaths due to nicotine addiction. In addition, more than 3 million deaths a year linked to alcohol stem from misuse of the substance—a mental health problem. Indeed, it is important to remember that any time people talk about substance use disorder, they are actually talking about mental health. As such, people must include the consequences of mental illness in any discussion of the health burden of noncommunicable disease. Only then will people give mental health the attention it deserves.
The Smoking Gap
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the smoking gap. Fifty years ago, smoking prevalence for all education groups was clustered at the 40%–45% mark. Five decades later, 6.5% of college-educated individuals continue to smoke, while the prevalence is more than triple that among those with a high school education or less (23.1%). These smokers tend to be disadvantaged socially and economically, and bear the majority of morbidity and premature mortality. As such, in the process of lowering smoking overall, people have created a smoking gap between those who are well-educated and those who are less educated, between those with higher and lower incomes. However, the smoking gap is not restricted only to socioeconomic status. Geography is also at play. “Tobacco Nation”—a swath across the American Southeast where 700 million pounds of tobacco are harvested annually, and rates of smoking remain higher than elsewhere—suggests that policy, culture, and the persistent influence of the tobacco industry in this region has shaped who smokes and who does not in the United States. Other studies have documented the high tobacco retailer density in neighborhoods with larger proportions of African Americans, the ethnic group with the highest smoking prevalence. The chapter then details what people can learn from the smoking gap and the best public health approach to reduce the smoking rate.
Particular Particulates
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses how racially or ethnically marginalized and poor communities in the United States are likelier to be situated near landfills and pollution-producing industrial sites than majority white, affluent communities. This raises their exposure to harmful air particulates that impact lung and heart health. Particulate matter (PM) in the air is a combination of solid and liquid pollutants. In general, the smaller the particles, the more harmful they are to health. A 2018 report offers findings on the health impacts of disparate exposure to PM2.5, or particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers in diameter. Hispanic and black Americans tend to have a higher PM2.5 burden than their white counterparts. Similarly, those below the federal poverty line experience more exposure to PM2.5 than those with higher incomes. These data show how health is inextricably tied to place, race, and the economic composition of communities. Thus, identifying how these conditions intersect is key to creating a healthier world.
The New Elderly Surveillance State
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies how technology can help keep the older generation safe and at home. If media commentary on this subject is to be believed, the Internet of Things will carry part of the load of caring for the elders. New, in-home smart systems will reduce caregiver stress through electronic surveillance, allowing doctors to get real-time insights into the health of loved ones, improving their quality of life. Indeed, teams of clinical, economic, security, and technical experts are now at work on a new form of “assisted living.” The model patient will have, in their home, passive environmental sensors, medical devices, wearable technologies, and interactive apps connected to their body and bed, floor and door frames, collecting a fast-moving stream of data. However, will these new, technologically sophisticated homes really tackle the core problems of aging and dementia? Technology by itself will not be the full solution. People have to figure out the role that old-fashioned social networks—humans checking in on humans—will play, and how technology can help augment, not replace, the role that caregivers play in maximizing quality of life for those who can no longer care for themselves. This will require a serious examination of the role of work and obligation, borne by those in middle age, and how this can fit in with the increasing responsibilities they will inevitably bear as the population ages.
Racial Equity in Kidney Transplants
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines disparities between the health outcomes of white people and minorities in organ transplant allocation. Prior to 2015, kidney transplants went to white patients at a much higher rate. A new allocation system was devised in order to change that. The simple, yet ingenious solution attacked the structural cause of the inequity. It kept time on the donation list as the main selection criteria, but the fix by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) acknowledged that because of underlying health care disparities, black and Hispanic persons spend more time on dialysis before being put on the list. The new system places the starting point at the earliest date a patient was either put on the list for kidney transplants or started regular dialysis treatments. Work in Health Affairs shows that the new UNOS system worked as intended, and that the racial disparities in transplantation have been largely addressed. Transplants are the go-to treatment option for those with end-stage renal disease, increasing the likelihood of survival and better quality of life, while costing one third as much as long-term dialysis.
Broken Justice and the Public’s Health
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the effects of the broken justice system on public health. First of all, jail and prison are profoundly unhealthy environments. Disability-adjusted life years lost linked to incarceration is over double those attributed to other conditions commonly experienced in the general population. Although prisoners are the only US citizens with a constitutional right to health care, they often face delays in accessing care, restrictive medication formularies, a lack of acute care options, and understaffing of specialty care medical providers, particularly in the areas of mental health and addiction treatment. But well beyond this, the health effects of the justice system extend into all reaches of the population. A mother’s incarceration, for example, is associated with a 30% increase in infant mortality rate, with a stronger effect among blacks than whites. Moreover, residents of neighborhoods with high incarceration rates have a two- to threefold increase in rates of depression and anxiety. Ultimately, a broken justice system compromises the health of the public and deepens the unfairness that characterizes racial health inequities in the country.
How Far Do Women Have to Travel to Get an Abortion?
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores women’s access to abortion. Abortion is a common experience for women across the United States. According to the Guttmacher Institute, about one in four women will have an abortion by the age of 45. Access to this care can be affected by a variety of factors, including state laws and policies, socioeconomic status, and geography. Indeed, women who want to have an abortion performed in the middle of the country must travel much farther than women living on the coasts to reach a provider. Traveling these long distances can be impossible for women who cannot take time off from work or afford the transportation costs. States that have implemented abortion restrictions in recent years have increased the distance women must travel. In Texas, 20% of women have had their travel distance to the nearest abortion provider increase by about 56 miles. Other states where distance and travel times have notably increased include Iowa, Montana, and Missouri.
Cancer Survival Is (Mostly) Improving
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the 5-year survival rates for the most common cancers in the United States improved by nearly 20% since the 1970s. While promising overall, low survival rates persist for pancreatic, liver, lung, esophageal, brain, and many other cancers. Meanwhile, 5-year survival for uterine and cervical cancers worsened. Pancreatic cancer has the lowest 5-year survival rate at 8.2%. In contrast, prostate cancer had the greatest 5-year survival increase from 67.8% to 98.6%, most likely reflecting a substantial uptick in prostate cancer screening and early detection. Five-year survival with leukemia also improved significantly, from 34.2% to 60.6%, likely resulting from improved treatments. As such, in both detection and treatment, the United States is making progress. For the millions of Americans who face a cancer diagnosis, this is cause for hope.