bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graph matching
Authors: Bisseling Rob H. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores parallel algorithms for graph matching. Here, a graph is the mathematical representation of a network, with vertices representing the nodes of the network and edges representing their connections. The edges have positive weights, and the aim is to find a matching with maximum total weight. The chapter first presents a sequential, parallelizable approximation algorithm based on local dominance that guarantees attaining at least half the optimal weight in near-linear time. This algorithm, coupled with a vertex partitioning, is the basis for developing a parallel algorithm. The BSP approach is shown to be especially advantageous for graph problems, both in developing a parallel algorithm and in proving it correct. The basic parallel algorithm is enhanced by giving preference to local matches when breaking ties and by adding a load-balancing mechanism. The scalability of the parallel algorithm is put to the test using graphs of up to 150 million edges.
Budding linguists and how to find them
Authors: Okrent Arika 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Even though people are rarely explicitly exposed to the basic ideas of linguistics in school, there is a certain type of kid who gravitates toward them regardless. That kid is a natural linguist, and there are a lot of them out there. Many linguists describe a common experience of finding excitement in the idea of language as a structure, and their discovery of that idea sometimes came through contact with fictional languages or through tinkering with their own creations. Language invention can play a role in guiding natural linguists to linguistics, and may be able to help better establish in our culture a linguistics-oriented love of language.
Using language invention to teach typology and cross-linguistic universals
Authors: Pearson Matt 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter outlines a group project where students learn about language typology by creating a naturalistic constructed language. Students learn about cross-linguistic variation in natural languages (in areas such as phoneme inventory, word order, and case alignment), and then determine which grammatical properties their invented language will have. Decisions are made at random by spinning a wheel. Attached to the wheel is a pie chart, where the size of each slice represents the percentage of the world’s languages possessing a given setting for some structural parameter or combination of parameters. Crucially, each decision constrains subsequent decisions in accordance with known implicational universals. For instance, in determining whether the language has prepositions or postpositions, the pie chart is adjusted based on the order of verb and object in the language, as decided by a previous spin of the wheel.
Teaching invented languages to the undergraduate major
Authors: Carpenter Angela C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses how creating an invented language allows students to master critical reasoning skills and apply their linguistic knowledge to a creative language project by using the various strands of linguistic training they have received during their undergraduate years to produce their own invented language. The structure of the course, which includes weekly discussions and presentations, along with a grammar workshop that focuses on each of the elements needed to build the language, starting with phonetics and phonology and then continuing through various syntactic elements such as word order, case, and relative clause structure are detailed and discussed. Pedagogically, the course builds on four pillars: peer-to-peer learning, close and critical engagement with original source materials, problem-solving, and creative engagement with linguistic theory.
Teaching Proto-Indo-European as a constructed language
Authors: Byrd Brenna Reinhart , Byrd Andrew Miles 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Traditionally, to even begin studying Proto-Indo-European (PIE), one must have many years of experience with one (or multiple) ancient Indo-European (IE) languages. Yet, the dwindling number of students who meet these expectations makes teaching PIE at the undergraduate level an increasingly difficult task. This chapter proposes a unique solution: instructors should teach students a constructed language (conlang) version of PIE as a precursor to discussions on the individual surviving branches and the methodologies behind historical reconstruction. This approach was developed through the synergy of the authors’ experiences teaching a conlang version of PIE to actors for the video game Far Cry Primal, teaching PIE to undergraduate students at the University of Kentucky, and previous training in language pedagogy and transformative learning.
Multi-Level Democracy
Authors: Thorlakson Lori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
All federal systems face an internal tension between divisive and integrative political forces, striking a balance between providing local autonomy and representation on one hand and maintaining an integrated political community on the other hand. How multi-level systems strike this balance depends on the development of styles of either integrated politics, which creates a shared framework for political competition across the units of a federation, or independent politics, preserving highly autonomous arenas of political life. This book argues that the long-term development of integrated or independent styles of politics in multi-level systems can be shaped by two key elements of federal institutional design: the degree of fiscal decentralization, or how much is ‘at stake’ at each level of government, and the degree to which the allocation of policy jurisdiction creates legislative or administrative interdependence or autonomy. These elements of federal institutional design shape integrated and independent politics at the level of party organizations, party systems, and voter behaviour. This book tests these arguments using a mixed-method approach, drawing on original survey data from 250 subnational party leaders and aggregate electoral data from over 2,200 subnational elections in seven multi-level systems: Canada, the United States, Australia, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, and Spain. It supplements this with configurational analysis and qualitative case studies.
Shaping Multi-Level Democracy
Authors: Thorlakson Lori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Why, in some multi-level systems, does political competition preserve highly independent spheres of political life across the units and levels of a federation, while in other multi-level systems, political competition results in the emergence of a shared political space? This chapter argues that these patterns of independent or integrated politics in multi-level systems are shaped in important ways by the federal institutional structure, which shapes the incentives that parties and voters alike face. Surveying the literature that identifies how institutions impact party organization, party systems, and electoral behaviour, this chapter sets out a two-stage causal process whereby institutions shape aspects of integrated politics and aspects of integrated politics reinforce each other.
Integrated and Independent Politics
Authors: Thorlakson Lori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Political life in a multi-level system can be integrated or independent at the level of party organizations, party systems, and voter behaviour, either creating a shared space of political competition or separate political worlds. This chapter elaborates the concepts of integrated and independent politics in multi-level systems and discusses their possible normative consequences for the performance of federalism. The chapter presents an operationalization of the core concepts of integrated and independent politics and discusses how aspects of multi-level competition, at the level of party, party system, and voter behaviour, either generate integrative forces or preserve separate arenas of competition.
Federal Institutional Design
Authors: Thorlakson Lori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Two aspects of federal institutional design can have a powerful impact on parties and party competition, and especially on the emergence of independent or integrated arenas of competition. The first is the way in which federal institutions allocate resources to the subnational and federal levels. The second is the extent to which the constitutional allocation of policy responsibility creates legislative or administrative interdependence or autonomy. This chapter discusses how these two institutional dimensions shape the incentives that parties and voters face, and presents an operationalization of several indicators for measuring these aspects of institutional design in seven multi-level systems.
Party Organizational Linkage
Authors: Thorlakson Lori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The literature argues that vertically integrated parties are important for generating or encouraging stability in multi-level systems. This chapter differentiates between party organizational linkages at the level of resources and services, cooperation, and attitudinal dimensions. Drawing on data from a survey of over 250 subnational party organizations in seven multi-level systems, this chapter shows that the institutional design of a federation does not necessarily predict the way in which parties share resources and services through vertical linkages, but it does help us predict other important aspects of multi-level organization. This includes the degree of shared values and the ideological distance between subnational and federal parties.
Party System Linkage
Authors: Thorlakson Lori 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines two forms of integrated politics at the party system level, party system congruence and party system nationalization. Drawing on data from over 2,220 subnational elections in seven multi-level systems, it assesses three forms of party system congruence across the units of a multi-level system: similarity of the number of parties, electoral support, and similarity of the magnitude and direction of the electoral swing. Using the index of cumulative regional inequality (CRI), it measures the territorial concentration of party systems. The analysis shows that fiscal centralization and administrative interdependence predict integrated politics in the form of more congruent patterns of electoral support. There are limits to the institutional explanation. The electoral system and social cleavage structure are important explanations of variation in party system structures and territorial concentration.
Plant reproduction
Authors: Thompson John D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPopulation history and colonization dynamics in the Mediterranean mosaic landscape have closely interacted with natural selection to shape patterns of variation in mating systems and the evolution of floral traits and polymorphisms. Floral phenology is closely adapted to avoid the summer drought regime in many plant communities. Many plant species have generalist pollination systems with a complex of tight and loose interactions that affect the evolution of reproductive traits. Floral traits have clearly accompanied diversification in many groups of plants. The evolution of interactions of plants with their pollinators at the landscape and biogeographic scales illustrates intriguing examples of ongoing evolution.
Conservation in the crossroads of history
Authors: Thompson John D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe first six chapters of this book describe the range of historical and contemporary processes that underlie the wealth, diversity, and divergence of natural populations and species in the Mediterranean flora. The processes of species divergence, adaptive trait variation along ecological transitions, interactions with pollinators and dispersal agents, and ongoing hybridization are, however, barely treated in conservation policy and action. After a presentation of the traditional approach to conservation based on rare species protection and the identification and conservation management of protected areas, this chapter presents arguments for a complementary approach based on the processes of plant evolution. Its primary proposal is that preventing further loss of evolutionary potential should become a major target of contemporary conservation strategies for the Mediterranean flora.
One of five
Authors: Thompson John D. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere are five Mediterranean type ecosystems (MTE) with a climate characterized by a summer drought in the world. Their comparative ecology and evolution, in five geographically disjunct and distinct regions, has stimulated great interest. The similarities are striking, and after a rapid illustration of similarities in form and function (treated in detail in other work) this chapter explores the similarities that concern the evolution of species diversity and endemism. It also addresses the unique situation of the Mediterranean flora and its history, described in previous chapters. Whereas the other four MTE occur adjacent to an ocean, in a spatially limited climatic island, the Mediterranean flora has evolved around a sea, where marked historical phasing of geological and climatic change has caused the evolution of some quite unique patterns. All five MTE are biodiversity hotspots and, using illustrations from the other MTE, this chapter proposes that the similarity that we should now seek lies in an approach to conservation that integrates ecological and evolutionary processes.
Data protection as command and control regulation
Authors: Gellert Raphaël 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 demonstrates that data protection can be understood as command and control regulation by applying the three constitutive elements of regulation (standard setting, monitoring, behaviour control) thereto. If one wants to understand the modus operandi of newer models of regulation as applied to data protection (namely risk-based model of regulation), one must first understand the basis. That is, how data protection can be understood as regulation in the first place. This standpoint has another corollary. Since newer models of regulation are featured in contemporary statutes (with the GDPR as a prime example), an understanding of data protection as command and control regulation entails to study less contemporary statutes. The prime case study will therefore be the EU Data Protection Directive, which, even though not in force anymore is considered a suitable case for analysis as it embodies earlier models of regulation. Because this chapter is retrospective in scope (i.e. looking at previous data protection statutes in order to better understand the current ones), it often refers to historical sources of data protection (e.g. statutes and literature).
Issues with data protection as command and control regulation
Authors: Gellert Raphaël 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 shows that a number of the issues that data protection has encountered and which have served as the impetus for the GDPR reform process can be understood from the regulatory viewpoint. More in particular, they amount to the traditional criticism addressed against command and control rulemaking. It is possible to argue that the command and control model of regulation is based upon two assumptions. First, enforcement is operated through sanctions or the threat thereof—what is referred to as deterrencedeterrence|, and it is assumed that such deterrence always works. Second, it is assumed that the regulatory goalsregulatory goals| (and the standards and safeguards they lead to) are somewhat unproblematic. This last set of issues is multi-dimensional insofar as it affects the determination of what counts as an adequate standard and safeguard, but it also affects the implementation in practice of these standards. Just as determining what is the behaviour that will lead to the achievement of regulators is less than obvious, so is the concrete implementation and compliance with the various rules that are meant to lead to such behaviour. This is encapsulated for instance in the data controllers’ uncertainty on how exactly to apply certain data protection provisions, or in the inefficiency of a number of mechanisms such as notification obligations. Finally, due notice should be paid to technological evolutions, which can aggravate these issues.
Meta regulation in data protection law: the risk-based approach
Authors: Gellert Raphaël 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 studies in depth the risk-based approach to data protection, including its rationale and its scope. It shows that it is only a partial implementation of meta regulation. Contrary to meta regulation, it refrains from delegating the regulatory function of standard setting to the regulatees. Instead of addressing all of the issues associated with the “diagnosis-prescription”diagnosis-prescription| flaw associated with command and” control (ie the selection of standards that will lead to satisfactory regulatory outcomes, and the adequate implementation/compliance with the latter), it only focuses on the better implementation of the data protection provisions. In any case, it is also predicated upon the responsibilisation, and hence, the risk transformation of data controllers’ activities. Such responsibilisation is to be found in the modern principle of accountability. Beyond the GDPR, many contemporary statutes have adopted a similar risk-based approach (even though not explicitly named as such). These include Canada’s PIPEDAPIPEDA|, Council of Europe Convention 108+Convention 108+|, etc. These various statutes are discussed and contrasted. Key to the discussion are issues such as the safeguards and type of regulatory collaboration these statutes provide for (eg data protection impact assessment), or how the risk management obligations fare in comparison to the ISO 31000 risk management StandardISO:31000 risk management Standard 2009|, which can be considered the canon in this matter. Finally, this chapter also examines a number of policy proposals that featured a different type of risk-based approach. Namely, one that espouses meta regulation’s delegation of the standard setting function to the regulatees.
Risk and the risk-based approach
Authors: Gellert Raphaël 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to understand the notion of risk at play in the risk-based approach. As was alluded in Chapter 5 already, the risk-based approach to data protection is only a piecemeal implementation of meta regulation, which focuses primarily on how to better comply with the existing data protection framework. Because meta regulation relies by definition upon risk management (and the risk transformation of regulated organisations), and thus ends-up transforming the whole data protection framework as risk-based, it is not clear what notion of risk underpins the risk-based approach. As demonstrated, the risk-based approach is predicated upon a notion of compliance risk, which is the only one able to reconcile the piecemeal implementation of meta regulation with the risk transformation of the regulatees. The present chapter will therefore explore this notion of compliance risk. It proceeds in three steps. GDPR: risk-based|risk-based approach: partial implementation of meta regulation|First, it uses the technical notion of risk put forth by the ISO as a description tool in order to show the differences between the competing understandings of risk. Second, it will define the notion that should have featured in the risk-based approach had it been a full implementation of meta regulation, namely a so-called “data protection risk”.standard setting: as risk management| Third, and in contrast, it will analyse the compliance risk at the heart of the risk-based approach.
The risk-based approach in practice
Authors: Gellert Raphaël 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to analyse some of the main caveats associated with the risk-based approach in practice, that is, with the use of meta regulation. The risk-based approach is an attempt to address some of the issues that data protection as command and control regulation has faced. However, in trying to address these issues, and in particular (but not only) through the use of risk management as the main tool of regulation, the risk-based approach creates a number of new problems. More in particular, one can distinguish between three different issues. Methodological issues concerning techniques for assessing and managing risks; regulatory issues in particular as far as the collaboration between regulators and regulatees is concerned; and implementational issues, that is, concerning the way in which risk management is actually implemented in practice, “on the ground”.
Modeling the Meanings of Pictures
Authors: Kulvicki John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Pictures are important parts of communicative acts, along with language, gesture, facial expressions, and props. They express wide ranges of thoughts, make assertions, offer warnings, instructions, and commands. Pictures are also representations. They have meanings, which help explain the range of communicative uses to which they can be put. Modeling the meanings of pictures is accounting for the ways in which pictures manage to be meaningful, with an eye toward how those meanings let us use them as we do. The philosophy of language is the most obvious place to look for tools that model meanings. This book offers an account of the many ways in which pictures can be meaningful, which is inspired by the philosophy of language. Its aim is to do justice to the range of communicative uses to which pictures are put. Two main threads run through the book. The first is the meaning thread: Chapters 2, 4, 5, and 6. It unpacks and models many kinds of pictorial meaning. The other is the parts thread: Chapters 3, 7, and 8. This explains how pictures have meaningful parts, why this matters for understanding their uses in communication, and also how this offers a new way to understand what makes pictorial representations so different from language.
Dangerous Fruit
Authors: da Costa Alexandra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the unique challenges printers faced in publishing evangelical material by writers like William Tyndale and John Frith: first, because it was potentially heretical or seditious and second, because the readers cultivated by printers until this point had been deeply enmeshed in traditional ways of thinking. The chapter takes issue with the assumption that there was a pre-existing market for evangelical works and demonstrates that printers, in particular Thomas Godfray, created demand by appealing to a wide range of religious sensibilities. By disguising or ameliorating evangelical material they overcame readers’ anxieties over purchasing and possessing it and created opportunities for readers to engage with different beliefs. It was this ability of printers to make controversial material attractive to tentative readers that facilitated the spread of Reformation thinking in England.
Wide-Ranging Appetites
Authors: da Costa Alexandra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on pilgrimage guides and accounts that, like printed news, gave the reader a wider understanding of the world and their place within it, but for which demand was already well established in manuscript. It argues that Pynson’s innovative printing of guides for domestic shrines, which could also function as advertisements and souvenirs, placed new kinds of ephemera—in addition to indulgences—on a similar footing to more durable pilgrimage mementoes, like badges and ampullae. This gave the printed word an important function in the memorial reconstruction of a visit. Although the changing religious climate brought a temporary end to pilgrimage in England by the 1540s, this had the effect of creating an association between text and travel for many more readers than had been the case before and prepared the ground for the success of secular travel literature.