bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Siam’s Diplomacy and Imperial Europe
Authors: Trakulhun Sven 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines diplomatic contacts between Europe and the kingdom of Siam in the nineteenth century, focusing in particular on the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV, r. 1851–1868). During his tenure, the Siamese government slowly abandoned long-held reservations toward Western nations and took important steps toward establishing economic and political relations with Britain, France, and the United States. Western powers expanded their influence in Southeast Asia and began to set the rules for political intercourse and international commerce. King Mongkut responded to this challenge by dispatching, in 1857 and 1861, the first Siamese embassies to Europe since the seventeenth century as a means to secure Siam’s political independence. Diplomatic missions were crucial instruments for regulating Europe-Asia relations. Embassies and royal audiences provided opportunities for kings, courtiers, and companies to negotiate political hierarchies, economic interests, and cultural conflicts in public, representing competing political claims expressed in symbolic gestures and languages. The chapter describes the complex diplomatic interactions between Europe and Siam in the nineteenth century and seeks to capture some of their key features.
Imperialism and Japan’s Monarchy
Authors: Fujitani Takashi 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of Japan’s monarchy within the modern global system made up of nation-states, colonies, indigenous peoples, and above all empires from the late nineteenth century to 1941. In their desire to forge a powerful nation-state and empire under the figure of an emperor, there were few ready-made models for Japan. The Meiji state’s leaders looked to archaic precedents, but they also began to mix and match different elements from the political rituals, aesthetics, symbols, and laws they observed in the Euro-American world while also striving to figure their nation, monarch, and empire as distinct. Such borrowing has lent itself to the view that Japan was a follower or late-comer to modern political conventions and forms; but if late, it was only slightly tardy to the task of adopting the nation-state form and becoming a modern empire. Thus, it is most appropriate to consider the Japanese efforts in nation and empire building as having been “right on time,” if the goal was to survive and prosper as an accomplice with the Euro-American powers. Hence, Japan’s emergence as a national and imperial power headed by an emperor that eventually challenged the Euro-American powers is far less attributable to continuities with the past or with other non-Western pathologies than to its pyrrhic success at conforming to and even participating in the making of the age of empires.
European Imperialism and the Qajar Court
Authors: Eskandari-Qajar Manoutchehr M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
While Persia was still geared to the geo-political realities of the eighteenth century and capable of holding its own in that context, the new century brought with it challenges and realizations that required adjustments for which there was no domestic precedent. Persia and Qajar rulers thus had to adopt new ways and adapt to the new realities in order to ensure the survival of Persia as an independent nation. While not without setbacks, Persia managed to navigate the turbulent waters of the “long century” and emerge intact, though not without experiencing fundamental political and cultural changes at home.
Primary and Secondary Imperialisms in Madagascar
Authors: Campbell Gwyn 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the French takeover of Madagascar in 1895 within the context of competing French and British imperial policies toward Madagascar, and the reaction of the Merina polity of Central Madagascar to both. It surveys the interest of the French and English East India Companies in founding colonies in Madagascar, and the more acute focus of the white settlers of Réunion and Mauritius on Madagascar, from the late eighteenth century, as a source of cheap labor and provisions. From the close of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, this aroused intense Franco-British rivalry within the region for influence in Madagascar. It further stimulated attempts by the Merina state to defy European imperial ambitions by subjecting the entire island to its rule and initiating a modernization program. Such initiatives involved intensive use of forced labor that met with increasing resistance by the Malagasy subject to them. This in turn critically undermined the Merina regime’s ability to stave off foreign imperial ambitions, thus facilitating the French imperial takeover in the late nineteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: McCormick Miriam Schleifer 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays the foundation for a novel perspective on belief, positing it as an emotion rather than a purely cognitive state. It challenges the traditional dichotomy between cognitive and affective states and questions the “standard” view of belief, which emphasizes a special connection to evidence and action, suggesting that many states commonly understood as beliefs do not conform to this narrow definition. Such “problematic states” include cases of delusion, religious faith, and beliefs related to trust. This chapter proposes that understanding belief as an emotion offers a more inclusive framework for understanding a range of doxastic phenomena. This view aims to address the complexities of belief and its connection to our rational and emotional lives. The chapter ends by considering why it matters what we call belief, arguing that how we categorize belief has deep implications for how we see ourselves and each other.
Defending Doxasticism about Delusions
Authors: McCormick Miriam Schleifer 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter defends doxasticism about delusions, the view that delusions are genuine beliefs, contrary to some theorists who categorize them as different kinds of mental states. While other theorists have defended doxasticism about delusions, this chapter argues that the view of belief as an emotion offers a better defense. The chapter proposes that we think of delusions as recalcitrant emotions but they can be distinguished from other kinds of resilient or recalcitrant beliefs. The way to distinguish delusions from the other “problematic states” that pose a challenge to the standard view is by recognizing that some feelings are better grounded than others. The chapter ends by addressing two concerns about the view that delusions are a specific type of recalcitrant emotion. First, there seem to be some important disanalogies between the recalcitrant beliefs in the case of delusions and other recalcitrant emotions. Second, the chapter considers why the view that beliefs are emotions is different from (and better than) the one that explains delusions by beliefs being accompanied by emotions that make them resistant to evidence.
Defending Doxasticism about Religious Conviction and Political Ideology
Authors: McCormick Miriam Schleifer 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues for doxasticism concerning religious convictions and political ideologies, positing that these, too, can be understood as genuine beliefs. The chapter addresses the motivation for non-doxasticism about these states which stems from the view that they are fundamentally different from other types of beliefs due to their normative and motivational dimensions; these attitudes seem to interact with evidence and action differently from “ordinary” or “factual” beliefs. The chapter argues that treating these convictions as beliefs allows for them to be rationally assessed, and for normative distinctions to be made among them. Recognizing that these beliefs are not as sensitive to evidence, or not as connected to behavior as the standard view of belief predicts they should be, provides a reason to rethink the standard view of belief rather than endorsing non-doxasticism. This chapter reinforces the idea that thinking of beliefs as emotions allows for a more accurate and nuanced understanding of their role and function.
Investing in Health and Wellbeing
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The proverbial benefits of prevention over cure are self-evident—and yet we are reluctant to invest in protecting or improving health. Resolution of this age-old dilemma begins with a timeless truth: the benefits of good health come at a cost; prevention is not better than cure at any price. Investment in health protection is more appealing when a high-risk, high-value hazard can be averted certainly, rapidly, and at a relatively low cost. Application of this idea helps to explain why prevention is neglected by health services, why the world was not ready for the COVID-19 pandemic, why the world’s most deadly infections are neglected, why cigarette smoking is still commonplace, why the idea of a ‘sin tax’ is misconceived, why billions still do not have access to safe sanitation, and why the response to climate change has been so slow. Although more money and effort are invested in health promotion and disease prevention today than is commonly thought, the enormous avoidable burden of ill-health is a reason to seek ways of investing still more. The search should begin, not with the usual expert prescriptions of how health choices ought to be made, but with investigations of how choices are made in practice. That depends on understanding, not only costs, hazards, and risks, but also the values, motives, and powers of all those who collectively make decisions about health.
History
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The main ideas about protecting and promoting health run throughout the whole of human history even if, in every age and in every place, they find new interpretations. Spanning more than 5000 years, this chapter introduces all the main themes: illnesses arising from poor sanitation have preventable causes (Neolithic filtration and boiling of water); healthy living is about enhancing wellbeing as much as preventing illness (Ancient Chinese, Greek, and Hindu societies); the choice of prevention over cure depends on the balance of perceived costs and benefits, which in turn depend on hazard, risk, timing, and uncertainty, with multiple historical applications (shipping insurance from 4000 BC, Franklin on fire insurance, Chadwick on sanitation); prevention is for communal as well as personal health (Roman aqueducts and communal toilets); prevention is at a premium in the absence of a cure (fourteenth-century plague); prevention and cure are often complementary (parallel discoveries of antibiotics and vaccines); and the immediate, preventable causes of illness (diet, tobacco) depend on deeper causes, in societies, economies and environments (from Hippocrates to the Sustainable Development Goals). These ideas guide the development of a logical framework for making health choices, the subject of Chapter 2.
Epidemics
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
If the threat of disaster—an earthquake, a pandemic, or a nuclear accident—is unlikely or uncertain in time, place, and scale then prevention and preparedness may not be better than treatment and cure. Tactics that favour the prevention of an unlikely disaster are routinely used by the insurance industry: spotlight preventable hazards, pool the risks, and share the costs. A hazard—such as COVID-19, Ebola, or Zika virus—is perceived to be more dangerous, and more likely to stimulate action, when classified as a public health emergency or a threat to national security, and when the severity of a hazard changes suddenly and unpredictably in space or time. The methods for pooling risks and sharing costs include: early detection and response systems for multiple pathogens, including an unknown, unpredictable Disease X; mechanisms for sharing genomic and other surveillance data; platform technologies for the development of new diagnostics and vaccines; and collaborations through the international conventions and regulations. Although primary prevention is preferable, secondary prevention is often a better interim investment: preventing the emergence of Disease X is not generally feasible; stopping its spread by surveillance, diagnosis, isolation, quarantine, and vaccination is practical and essential.
Introduction
Authors: Kortendiek Nele 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
How do IOs govern new, contested, and crisis-ridden issues? The introductory chapter presents the core argument that they do so through practice—without first going through formal policy channels or renegotiating their authority. Much scholarship has been devoted to the question of how IOs become autonomous agents and exercise authority to shape governance outcomes. Far less attention has been given to the way IOs use their field access to govern global issues on the ground, circumventing official decision-making arenas. The chapter sketches the loop model that theorizes this specific governance mode, illustrating it with key findings from the case study on mixed migration governance at the European external border. The chapter then discusses how this theoretical argument contributes to and differs from IR research on IOs, global governance, street-level policy-making, and practice. Finally, it explains the logic behind the case selection and presents my strategies for data collection and analysis.
Governing on the Ground
Authors: Kortendiek Nele 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 proposes taking transnational professionals as the starting point for thinking about international organizations (IOs) and global governance. This shift in perspective makes it possible to examine several (types of) organizations, thereby ensuring that important actors are not excluded from the analysis. It then develops the five-step loop model of global governance on the ground. Drawing on organization studies and practice theory, the model theorizes how, during moments of uncertainty and urgency, transnational professionals stationed in the field improvise across organizational boundaries to respond to global problems. The key claim here is that inter- and intra-organizational networks govern emerging or unsettled transnational challenges right where they occur—during several rounds of governing on the ground and without first renegotiating their authority. Although they require mandates and funds to act, institutional factors do not determine how professional actors in IOs use the discretion they have by being located at the organization’s periphery.
Situated Learning
Authors: Kortendiek Nele 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 studies the response to the crisis at Europe’s external border in Greece. Ethnographic fieldwork on the Aegean island of Chios is used to analyze how border and coastguards, camp managers, humanitarian professionals, doctors, social workers, psychologists, lifesavers, lawyers, and asylum caseworkers—affiliated with different public and private organizations—made sense of mixed migration as an emerging, underregulated, and crisis-ridden issue in international politics. The chapter shows that they relied on their personal networks and professional knowledge to test ways of handling the large numbers of migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees. It demonstrates that through situated learning in the field, they established several practices for governing migration and asylum. In so doing, they brought some degree of order to the unauthorized movements, restricted or opened up new possibilities for action for people on the move, and defined mixed migration as a policy concern. They governed mixed migration at the border.
Conclusion
Authors: Kortendiek Nele 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
What are the theoretical, practical, and normative implication of the study presented in this book? Chapter 6 links the loop model outlined in the theoretical framework in Chapter 2 to current international relations (IR) debates on territory, practice, and authority. It argues that we need to look beyond formal mandates and policy-making arenas to capture informal, dynamic governance in concrete places of decision-making. IOs not only govern at headquarters. Chapter 6 also discusses the promise and pitfalls of global governance on the ground. It highlights failure, arbitrariness, and the misuse of power as the main concerns regarding effectiveness and accountability. It discusses potential institutional solutions to these concerns, namely high-quality professional training, better job incentives, and latitude for fieldworkers—along with ombudsmen, individual complaint mechanisms, and similar instruments of direct accountability for the governed.
The conceptual foundations of debt capital markets
Authors: Bavoso Vincenzo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops a conceptual framework to understand the dynamics and trends in debt capital markets that were explored in the previous chapter. The aim of this discussion is to unravel the conceptual link between the bundle of neoclassical theories that became dominant in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and the extent to which they informed the growth of debt capital markets, and ultimately their regulatory framework. The thrust of this analysis is on the concept of market efficiency (and attendant corollaries, such as market discipline), and on the assumptions of perfect markets that permeated the functioning of debt capital markets. This chapter discusses specific theories (primarily, the efficient market hypothesis, the capital asset pricing model, the option pricing formula), highlighting how the underlying assumptions influenced policy-making and regulation in debt capital markets.
Debt capital markets, the genesis of crises and the role of regulation
Authors: Bavoso Vincenzo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter draws attention to the causal links between the crises that have swept financial markets over the past forty years, and their underlying common denominators, which are identified with abuses of debt capital markets. This is done by constructing a taxonomy of crises and scandals, and the role that debt capital markets play in fuelling instability and crises. While this analysis draws on examples from the global financial crisis of 2008 and the panic of 2020, this chapter develops a stronger understanding of financial innovation, which is in turn rooted in the discussions conducted in Chapter 4. This discussion unveils a crucial aspect of this book, which is the centrality of unfettered financial innovation in fuelling the growth of debt capital markets. Questions on the regulatory environment within which this process takes place emerge at the end of this chapter, and are reprised in greater detail in the next ones.
Critiquing regulation and policy-making in debt capital markets
Authors: Bavoso Vincenzo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the post-2008 regulatory architecture in debt capital markets, reflecting at the same time on the policy direction that informs this area of financial markets. The starting point of the chapter follows from the discussion conducted in Chapter 6, and delves into the various prospectus and transparency rules governing financial markets, and the extent to which they are relevant in debt capital markets. The focus then moves on to regulatory corrections in more specific areas of debt capital markets, such as the Securitization Regulation at the EU level, and other relevant aspects of the markets analysed in Chapter 4. Specific emphasis is also laid on the impact of Basel III on debt capital markets, and the overall approach to the regulation of financial products. As announced, this chapter provides an assessment on the fitness of the regulatory architecture engineered after 2008, as well as the underlying policy direction, both globally (through Basel and FSB) and regionally (at the EU level).
Elementary Properties of Light
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic properties of light, starting with a description of the cosmic microwave background left over from the Big Bang. The wave nature of electromagnetic radiation is treated using Maxwell’s Equations, followed by the quantum or particle interpretation. A short history of attempts to measure the speed of light is presented with the description of a novel experiment demonstrating the constancy of the speed of light. Circularly polarized light is illustrated by observations of left-circularly polarized light reflected from insects. Emphasis is placed on the units employed to quantify the energy and wavelength of light, e.g., eV, cm−1, nm, MHz, and how light energies correspond to the properties of molecules (bond energies, ionization potentials, electron affinities). The chapter concludes with the generation of light by non-laser sources and the electronic devices used for light detection, which underpin the design of lasers and their applications.
General Characteristics of Lasers
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Lasers are based on the efficient and controlled emission of light from atomic and molecular excited states. All atoms and molecules have excited states, but not all are suitable for laser materials. This chapter describes the fundamental concepts of light emission and its efficiency for different kinds of molecules in different regions of the spectrum. The Einstein kinetic treatment of absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission is introduced, as are the concepts of collisional quenching, non-radiative relaxation, and quantum yields. Laser cavities, cavity modes, amplification, coherence, and laser gain are explained.
Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Many of the experiments described in this book involve pulsed lasers and nonlinear interactions between light and matter. Other chapters involve multiphoton excitation and ionization of atoms and molecules, or harmonic generation and stimulated electronic Raman scattering, all nonlinear optical effects. This chapter gives an elementary treatment of second harmonic generation and sum-frequency mixing in optically active crystals, along with a brief summary of the history of nonlinear optics. Third harmonic generation in gases is briefly discussed with regards to multiphoton ionization spectroscopy. Two experiments on the nonlinear optical rotary dispersion (ORD) of chiral liquids are summarized. In addition, new experiments on the nonlinear ORD are described for chiral crystals of sodium chlorate and sodium bromate.
Laser Safety
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Lasers present significant laboratory safety hazards including the potential for contact with toxic and corrosive chemicals, exposure to lethal high voltages, and burns to the skin or eyes. Safe operation of these devices requires an understanding of the chemicals, electrical devices, and principles of optics and spectroscopy, as well as basic awareness, care, and common sense in the lab. This chapter introduces the hazards, explaining how and why they occur, especially including unanticipated problems not immediately evident to most users. The different dangers of pulsed versus continuous lasers are explained, as well as the dangers posed by lasers in different regions of the wavelength spectrum. Specific details are provided for safety equipment as well as safe operating principles and procedures that make it possible to perform laser experiments while avoiding accidents and/or injuries.