bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiaxial movements at the minke whale temporomandibular joint
Authors: Werth Alexander J. , Ito Haruka , Ueda Keiichi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMandibular mobility accompanying gape change in Northern and Antarctic minke whales was investigated by manipulating jaws of carcasses, recording jaw movements via digital instruments (inclinometers, accelerometers, and goniometers), and examining osteological and soft tissue movements via computed tomography (CT)‐scans. We investigated longitudinal (α) rotation of the mandible and mediolateral displacement at the symphysis (Ω1) and temporomandibular joint (Ω2) as the mouth opened (Δ). Results indicated three phases of jaw opening. In the first phase, as gape increased from zero to 8°, there was slight (<1°) α and Ω rotation. As gape increased between 20 and 30°, the mandibles rotated slightly laterally (Mean 3°), the posterior condyles were slightly medially displaced (Mean 4°), and the anterior ends at the symphysis were laterally displaced (Mean 3°). In the third phase of jaw opening, from 30° to full (≥90°) gape, these motions reversed: mandibles rotated medially (Mean 29°), condyles were laterally displaced (Mean 14°), and symphyseal ends were medially displaced (Mean 1°). Movements were observed during jaw manipulation and analyzed with CT‐images that confirmed quantitative inclinometer/accelerometer data, including the unstable intermediate (Phase 2) position. Together these shifting movements maintain a constant distance for adductor muscles stretched between the skull's temporal fossa and mandible's coronoid process. Mandibular rotation enlarges the buccal cavity's volume as much as 36%, likely to improve prey capture in rorqual lunge feeding; it may strengthen and stabilize jaw opening or closure, perhaps via a simple locking or unlocking mechanism. Rotated lips may brace baleen racks during filtration. Mandibular movements may serve a proprioceptive mechanosensory function, perhaps via the symphyseal organ, to guide prey engulfment and water expulsion for filtration.
Texture analysis of cone‐beam computed tomography images assists the detection of furcal lesion
Authors: Gonçalves Bianca C. , de Araújo Elaine C. , Nussi Amanda D. , Bechara Naira , Sarmento Dmitry , Oliveira Marcia S. , Santamaria Mauro P. , Costa Andre Luiz F. , Lopes Sérgio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to apply texture analysis (TA) to cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of patients with grade C periodontitis for detection of non‐visible changes in the image.MethodsTA was performed on CBCT scans of 34 patients with grade C periodontitis. Axial sections of CBCT were divided into three groups as follows: Group L (lesion) in which there is a furcal lesion with periodontal bone loss; Group I (intermediate) in which the border of the furcal lesion has normal characteristics; and Group C (control) in which the area is healthy. Eleven texture parameters were extracted from the region of interest. Mann‐WhitneyUtest was used to assess the differences in the texture between the three groups as follows: L versus I; L versus C, and I versus C.ResultsStatistically significant differences (P <0.05) were observed in almost all parameters in the intergroup analyses (i.e., L versus I and L versus C). However, statistical differences were smaller in groups I versus C in which only entropy of sum, entropy of difference, mean of sum, and variance of difference were statistically different (P < 0.05).ConclusionTA can potentially provide prognostic information to improve the diagnostic accuracy in the grading of the tissue around the furcal lesion, thus potentially accelerating the treatment decision‐making process.
Evaluation of pharmacist‐based interventions to optimise utilisation of parenteral paracetamol in a teaching hospital in Iran
Authors: Laali Elahe , Ghorbani Azim , Najafi Sheyda , Sarayani Amir , Ghafari Somayeh , Makarem Jalil , Khorasani Ghasemali , Gholami Kheirollah , Jahangard‐Rafsanjani Zahra 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study clarified the effect of pharmacist‐led interventions to decrease the cost and inappropriate prescribing of parenteral paracetamol (PP). The prescribing pattern of PP was assessed at baseline and after pharmacist‐led interventions (educational and protocol interventions) in a teaching hospital in Tehran, Iran. Comparison of appropriate dosage form between baseline and postintervention assessments indicated a significant difference (55.6% vs 77.6%, respectively; p < 0.001). Educational intervention significantly improved the appropriate duration of PP administration from baseline to postintervention (29% vs 41.7%, respectively; p = 0.006), but had no significant effect on the appropriateness of dosing. The mean monthly number of vials used decreased considerably following the educational and protocol interventions (25% (p = 0.002) and 59% (p < 0.001) reductions, respectively). Thus, incorporating educational and protocol interventions could promote the appropriate prescription and rational use of PP and aid in reducing its financial burden.
Exploration of change in persistence patterns of opioid use among patients with non‐cancer and cancer pain over a 3‐year follow‐up period
Authors: Sani Asween R. , Zin Che S. , Mohamed Abdul H. , Izat Munira , Tan Hung L. , Ng Kim S. , Nissen Lisa 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the different patterns of persistent opioid use and whether the patterns of clinical opioid use remain the same throughout long‐term opioid therapy.AimThis study explored the different patterns of persistent opioid use and changes in these patterns over time in patients with non‐cancer and cancer pain.MethodsThis retrospective cross‐sectional study included patients with non‐cancer and cancer pain receiving opioid prescriptions during 2013–15 at outpatient tertiary hospital settings in Malaysia. A three‐dimensional (3D) persistence measure consisting of treatment intensity, frequency and distribution was used to define persistent opioid users as ‘wide’ (use opioids most of the days in a year), ‘intermediate’ (use opioids daily) or ‘strict’ (use opioids continuously to achieve a therapeutic concentration) users. The number of patients in each persistence group and changes in persistence patterns over time were recorded.ResultsMost persistent opioid users in the non‐cancer and cancer groups were defined as wide users (9.3% and 4.8%, respectively), followed by intermediate (3.1% and 0.5%, respectively) and strict (1.8% and 0.9%, respectively) users. Over the 3‐year study period, a change to a less stringent persistence definition was observed in the non‐cancer group, whereas no discernible pattern of change was observed in the cancer group.ConclusionChanges in the patterns of clinical opioid use over time were detected among persistent opioid users in both the non‐cancer and cancer groups using a 3D persistence measure. This measure, which is sensitive to changes in the clinical use of opioids over time, could affect future research and practices for better pain management involving opioids.
Bacterial growth dynamics and corresponding metabolite levels in the extraction area of an Austrian sugar beet factory using antimicrobial treatment
Authors: Kohout Cordula K , Ukowitz Christina , Reiter Dominik , Zitz Ulrike , Moder Karl , Emerstorfer Florian , Hein Walter , Kneifel Wolfgang , Domig Konrad J 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDDuring the manufacture of sucrose from sugar beet, different microorganisms originating from the plant material as well as from the soil enter the process. Due to the formation of polysaccharide‐based slimes, these contaminants may induce several adverse effects such as filtration problems during juice purification. Certain microorganisms also metabolize sucrose, leading to product losses with financial consequences. To better understand and to prevent these negative effects, the aim of the study was to investigate the evolution of relevant bacterial groups, including their metabolites appearing during the extraction process. For this purpose, one production cycle was monitored to identify the major contamination steps and to clarify how they relate to the processing conditions. Traditionally, different antimicrobial agents such as formaldehyde, sulfur dioxide, hypochlorous acid, sodium hypochlorite, and chlorine dioxide have been added to inhibit microbial growth. In the present study, a rosin‐based product derived from pine trees was applied as an alternative to those substances.RESULTSPress water, raw juice, and mid‐tower juice were identified as being highly contaminated with bacteria, and processing conditions such as time, temperature and pH level significantly influenced bacterial levels and the corresponding metabolites. Among the contaminants identified, lactic acid bacteria, and mesophilic and thermophilic aerobic bacteria played a dominant role, whereas lactic acid, acetic acid, butyric acid, and ethanol were identified as typical metabolites.CONCLUSIONBacterial growth during production could be reduced by shock dosing of the rosin‐based material in the extraction area. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of soy protein composition in recombined soy‐based cream on the stability and physical properties of whipping cream
Authors: Fu Liwei , He Zhiyong , Zeng Maomao , Qin Fang , Chen Jie 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDRecombinant plant‐based whipping cream (RSWC) has been widely studied in recent years. The present study investigated the effects of soybean protein and its hydrolysates on the stability and physical properties of the RSWC. The RSWC was made with 28% soybean oil bodies and 4% additional soy proteins or its hydrolysates. The proteins used were soy protein isolate, 7S, 11S, oil body protein, soybean proteins isolate hydrolyzed by pepsin (SPHPe) and soybean protein isolate hydrolyzed by papain (SPHPa).RESULTSRSWC made with SPHPa containing a large amount of small‐molecule polypeptide had the lowest apparent viscosity, shortest whipping time, best overrun and worst whipping stability, whereas RSWC made with SPHPe containing the α, β subunit and small‐molecule polypeptides exhibited the second highest overrun and best whipping stability. The partial coalescence of fat and confocal micrographs of cream emulsions suggested that oil body protein was displaced by the small peptides from the interface, which led to partial destabilization and sufficient coalescence of fat globules after aging and whipping.CONCLUSIONSelectively hydrolyzed soy protein, such as SPHPe, can be used for the production of RSWC with sufficient overrun and whipping stability. This research is of great significance and opens a route to production of the recombinant plant‐based cream in the future. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Physicochemical changes and chilling injury disorders in ‘Tango’ mandarins stored at low temperatures
Authors: Morales Julia , Bermejo Almudena , Besada Cristina , Navarro Pilar , Gil Rebeca , Hernando Isabel , Salvador Alejandra 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe susceptibility to chilling injury and quality changes of ‘Tango’ mandarins stored at different temperatures was evaluated in fruit grown at two locations in Andalusia (Spain) and grafted on Carrizo Citrange or FA5 rootstock. The peel disorders were also characterized by a microstructural study.RESULTSFruit developed chilling injuries, manifested as pitting lesions affecting the equatorial area of the fruit stored at 1 °C or 5 °C; fruit growing on FA5 rootstock showed a slightly lower incidence. The microstructural study revealed that only the upper layers of flavedo were affected in the damaged fruit, the epidermal and hypodermal tissues being dramatically collapsed. Although the fruit was prone to accumulate ethanol, especially after the shelf life that followed the different periods of cold storage, the ethanol did not compromise the overall flavor.CONCLUSIONSStorage of ‘Tango’ fruit was limited by chilling injuries when stored at 1 °C or 5 °C for more than 20 days. Moreover, at these temperatures, the fruit was prone to accumulate ethanol and develop off flavors. At 9° C, the fruit could be stored for 30 days without compromising external or internal quality. Growing location and rootstock influenced some quality attributes at harvest but not during storage. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Sign‐changing solutions for a nonhomogeneous Paneitz‐type problem
Authors: Alarcón Salomón , Varela Nicolás 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe consider the problemwhere Ω is a bounded smooth domain in , , that exhibits certain symmetries and contains the origin, , , , and is a small parameter. By using the Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction method and topological degree theory, for each sufficiently large , we construct sign‐changing solutions to exhibitingknegative spikes at the vertices of a regular polygon and a single positive spike at the origin.
Prediction of radiation‐induced malfunction for cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs)
Authors: Matsubara Hiroaki , Ezura Takatomo , Hashimoto Yaichiro , Karasawa Kumiko , Nishio Teiji , Tsuneda Masato 
Published: January 2020

PurposeCardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) were believed to possess a tolerance dose to malfunction during radiotherapy. Although recent studies have qualitatively suggested neutrons as a cause of malfunction, numerical understanding has not been reached. The purpose of this work is to quantitatively clarify the contribution of secondary neutrons from out‐of‐field irradiation to the malfunction of CIEDs as well as to deduce the frequency of malfunctions until completion of prostate cancer treatment as a typical case.Materials and MethodsMeasured data were gathered from the literature and were re‐analyzed. Firstly, linear relationship for a number of malfunctions to the neutron dose was suggested by theoretical consideration. Secondly, the accumulated number of malfunctions of CIEDs gathered from the literature was compared with the prescribed dose, scattered photon dose, and secondary neutron dose for analysis of their correlation. Thirdly, the number of malfunctions during a course of prostate treatment with high‐energy X‐ray, passive proton, and passive carbon‐ion beams was calculated while assuming the same response to malfunctions, where X‐rays consisted of 6‐MV, 10‐MV, 15‐MV, and 18‐MV beams. Monte Carlo simulation assuming simple geometry was performed for the distribution of neutron dose from X‐ray beams, where normalization factors were applied to the distribution so as to reproduce the empirical values.ResultsLinearity between risk and neutron dose was clearly found from the measured data, as suggested by theoretical consideration. The predicted number of malfunctions until treatment completion was 0, 0.02 ± 0.01, 0.30 ± 0.08, 0.65 ± 0.17, 0.88 ± 0.50, and 0.14 ± 0.04 when 6‐MV, 10‐MV, 15‐MV, 18‐MV, passive proton, and passive carbon‐ion beams, respectively, were employed, where the single model response to a malfunction of 8.6 ± 2.1 Sv−1 was applied.ConclusionsNumerical understanding of the malfunction of CIEDs has been attained for the first time. It has been clarified that neutron dose is a good scale for the risk of CIEDs in radiotherapy. Prediction of the frequency of malfunction as well as discussion of the risk to CIEDs in radiotherapy among the multiple modalities have become possible. Because the present study quantitatively clarifies the neutron contribution to malfunction, revision of clinical guidelines is suggested.
Mammalian egg coat modifications and the block to polyspermy
Authors: Fahrenkamp Eileen , Algarra Blanca , Jovine Luca 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFertilization by more than one sperm causes polyploidy, a condition that is generally lethal to the embryo in the majority of animal species. To prevent this occurrence, eggs have developed a series of mechanisms that block polyspermy at the level of the plasma membrane or their extracellular coat. In this review, we first introduce the mammalian egg coat, the zona pellucida (ZP), and summarize what is currently known about its composition, structure, and biological functions. We then describe how this specialized extracellular matrix is modified by the contents of cortical granules (CG), secretory organelles that are exocytosed by the egg after gamete fusion. This process releases proteases, glycosidases, lectins and zinc onto the ZP, resulting in a series of changes in the properties of the egg coat that are collectively referred to as hardening. By drawing parallels with comparable modifications of the vitelline envelope of nonmammalian eggs, we discuss how CG‐dependent modifications of the ZP are thought to contribute to the block to polyspermy. Moreover, we argue for the importance of obtaining more information on the architecture of the ZP, as well as systematically investigating the many facets of ZP hardening.
Use of real‐world evidence in regulatory decisions for rare diseases in the United States—Current status and future directions
Authors: Wu Jasmanda , Wang Cunlin , Toh Sengwee , Pisa Federica Edith , Bauer Larry 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFollowing the release of the framework for the Real‐World Evidence (RWE) Program, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is actively evaluating and exploring ways to optimize the utility of real‐world data (RWD) and RWE to support regulatory decision making. For rare conditions, conducting traditional randomized clinical trials may not always be feasible, and RWD and RWE have played and will continue to play an important role. We use three case examples—cerliponase alfa, asfotase alfa, and uridine triacetate—to illustrate how RWD from disease registries, medical records with chart review, and literature, respectively, have been used to generate RWE to support regulatory decisions for selected rare diseases. These examples highlight the need for improving data reliability and quality in existing data to expand use of RWD and RWE beyond “hard endpoints” and standardizing data collection for outcome measures in patient registries to expand its utility. We also discuss a recent FDA guidance for using RWE in supporting rare disease drug development, including its recommendations about using natural history studies as external control groups for single‐arm interventional trials. The external control group needs to be comparable with the treated group. Selection bias and confounding are major concerns because of lack of randomization and unrecognized baseline differences. Use of valid epidemiological approaches can reduce these biases. Lastly, we discuss future directions to expand the use of RWD and RWE to support orphan drug approvals, including the need for including patient experience data as an important source of RWD.
The influence of deep jets on Jupiter's weather layer in a 1.5‐layer shallow‐water model
Authors: Thomson Stephen I. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe depth of the jet streams seen in Jupiter's outer weather layer has long been debated, with alternative suggestions of confinement to the weather layer and extensions deep into the planet being considered. Interpretation of measurements from NASA's Juno probe have suggested that weather‐layer jets do extend deep into the planet, down to depths of (3,000 km). However, this relies on the assumption that the jet profile does not change its spatial structure with depth, which may not be the case. In this work, we consider a simple 1.5‐layer shallow‐water model of Jupiter‐like jet streams, with prescribed deep jets in the lower layer, and look at the parameters affecting the strength of the coupling between the layers. We find the value of the Rossby deformation scale, L
D, to be particularly important, not just in setting the magnitude of variations in layer depth, but also in dictating the effectiveness of radiative damping. We also find the radiative damping timescales, the energy injection rate, and the spacing of deep jets to be important. We combine these findings into our best‐guess simulations of the real Jupiter and find that low latitudes are relatively uncoupled between the layers, with high latitudes being more tightly coupled. These effects can be tied to the smallness of Jupiter's L
D
and the effectiveness of radiative damping as a coupling mechanism. These simulations do, however, produce equatorial subrotation and eddy‐momentum fluxes unlike those on the real planet. It may be, therefore, that spatially varying forcing and very long radiative damping timescales are required for this model to be more Jupiter‐like.
Generalized inverted exponential distribution under constant stress accelerated life test: Different estimation methods with application
Authors: Dey Sanku , Nassar Mazen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEstimation of the parameters of generalized inverted exponential distribution is considered under constant stress accelerated life test. Besides the maximum likelihood method, nine different frequentist methods of estimation are used to estimate the unknown parameters. Moreover, the reliability function is estimated under use conditions based on different methods of estimation. We perform extensive simulation experiments to see the performance of the proposed estimators. As an illustration, a real data set is analyzed to demonstrate how the proposed methods may work in practice.
Measurement of length distribution of beta-lactoglobulin fibrils by multiwavelength analytical ultracentrifugation
Authors: Uttinger Maximilian J. , Heyn Timon R. , Jandt Uwe , Wawra Simon E. , Winzer Bettina , Keppler Julia K. , Peukert Wolfgang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe whey protein beta-lactoglobulin is the building block of amyloid fibrils which exhibit a great potential in various applications. These include stabilization of gels or emulsions. During biotechnological processing, high shear forces lead to fragmentation of fibrils and therefore to smaller fibril lengths. To provide insight into such processes, pure straight amyloid fibril dispersions (prepared at pH 2) were produced and sheared using the rotor stator setup of an Ultra Turrax. In the first part of this work, the sedimentation properties of fragmented amyloid fibrils sheared at different stress levels were analyzed with mulitwavelength analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC). Sedimentation data analysis was carried out with the boundary condition that fragmented fibrils were of cylindrical shape, for which frictional properties are known. These results were compared with complementary atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. We demonstrate how the sedimentation coefficient distribution from AUC experiments is influenced by the underlying length and diameter distribution of amyloid fibrils.In the second part of this work, we show how to correlate the fibril size reduction kinetics with the applied rotor revolution and the resulting energy density, respectively, using modal values of the sedimentation coefficients obtained from AUC. Remarkably, the determined scaling laws for the size reduction are in agreement with the results for other material systems, such as emulsification processes or the size reduction of graphene oxide sheets.