bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reverse radiodorsal artery‐pedicled thumb metacarpal vascularized bone graft for osteochondral fracture of the thumb interphalangeal joint with a bone defect: A case report
Authors: Hirose Hitoshi , Komura Shingo , Hirakawa Akihiro , Okuda Ryota , Kato Koki , Kanamori Shigeo , Masuda Takahiro , Ito Yoshiki , Akiyama Haruhiko 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOsteochondral fractures of the fingers are challenging to treat, and it is mandatory to acquire early bone union and joint surface reconstruction to obtain satisfactory outcomes. These injuries sometimes occur as open fractures with poor soft tissue condition and bone defect adjacent to osteochondral fragment. For such cases, surgical treatment can be more difficult, and vascularized bone graft (VBG) could be a useful method for joint reconstruction. Here, we report reverse‐pedicled VBG based on the radiodorsal artery of the thumb for reconstructing a traumatic bone defect of the thumb. A 36‐year‐old man, who had ulcerative colitis and was taking immunosuppressive agents, sustained open fracture‐dislocation of the thumb interphalangeal joint with a free osteochondral fragment of the proximal phalanx and 6 × 5 × 4 mm of subcondylar bone defect. We harvested 5 × 5 × 5 mm VBG at the base of the first metacarpal bone and dissected running the radiodorsal artery. The vascularized bone was grafted into the bone defect site through the subcutaneous tunnel created on the radial aspect of the proximal phalanx and fixed with a Kirschner wire. Bony union was obtained 2 months after surgery. At 7 months after the operation, the patient complained no pain, and the range of motion of the thumb interphalangeal joint was extension 0° and flexion 42°. Radiographs showed no avascular necrosis of the united fragment and osteoarthritis of the interphalangeal joint. This method could be a useful option for reconstruction of the thumb with bone defects.
An improvised collocation algorithm with specific end conditions for solving modified Burgers equation
Authors: Shallu  , Kukreja Vijay Kumar 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this work, numerical solution of nonlinear modified Burgers equation is obtained using an improvised collocation technique with cubic B‐spline as basis functions. In this technique, cubic B‐splines are forced to satisfy the interpolatory condition along with some specific end conditions. Crank–Nicolson scheme is used for temporal domain and improvised cubic B‐spline collocation method is used for spatial domain discretization. Quasilinearization process is followed to tackle the nonlinear term in the equation. Convergence of the technique is established to be of order O(h4 + Δt2). Stability of the technique is examined using von‐Neumann analysis. L2 and L∞ error norms are calculated and are compared with those available in existing works. Results are found to be better and the technique is computationally efficient, which is shown by calculating CPU time.
Sustainability crises are crises of relationship: Learning from Nyikina ecology and ethics
Authors: Milgin Annie , Nardea Linda , Grey Hilda , Laborde Sarah , Jackson Sue 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

In the context of the current global ecological and climate crisis, there are increasing calls in the environmental sustainability literature to recognize the validity and value of Indigenous knowledge systems. At the same time, the limitations of utilitarian frameworks of environmental decision‐making are becoming clearer to many researchers and practitioners, who see a need to engage with the underlying ethical questions of sustainability, such as ‘What is to be sustained, and for the benefit of which forms of life?’

At the interface between these two urgent imperatives, lies a question that has remained marginal in the sustainability literature: How can the environmental ethics of Indigenous societies help frame sustainability science and practice?

Based on a case study from Nyikina Country in northern Australia, we show here how the ethical principles embedded in an Indigenous hydro‐ecological knowledge system can help reframe, and address, sustainability crises as crises of relationships.

Learning from the linkages between custodial and hydro‐ecological relationships in Nyikina Country, we discuss three contributions of relational thinking to sustainability research and practice. First, at a governance level, the need to embed ontological plurality into state environmental policy. Second, at a management level, the priority of continued communication between the Country and its custodians. Third, at the level of knowledge production, the imperative for sustainability researchers and practitioners to bring to their research process the relational qualities of pluralism, reciprocity and care that are at the core of Nyikina and other Indigenous ecological ethics.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Identification of adolescents and young adults’ preferences and priorities for future cancer treatment using a novel decision‐making tool
Authors: Snaman Jennifer M. , Helton Gabrielle , Holder Rachel L. , Revette Anna , Baker Justin N. , Wolfe Joanne 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundAdolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer receive high‐intensity care and experience significant symptoms at the end of life. As novel cancer‐directed therapies increase, AYAs with advanced cancer may face multiple treatment options, each with unique risk/benefit profiles. To augment the AYAs’ voice in the decision‐making process, we developed MyPref, an adaptive conjoint analysis‐based tool.ProcedureWe conducted a three‐staged pilot study of MyPref utilizing an exploratory intervention mixed methods design. AYAs and their identified parent or trusted person (PTP) completed MyPref and received a summary of their preferences for nine treatment‐related factors. Participants later engaged in semi‐structured interviews to further explore their experience with MyPref. Responses to free text questions and interviews were analyzed using qualitative techniques.ResultsFifteen AYAs with advanced cancer and seven PTPs participated in the pilot. While most participants identified time until cancer grows, quality of life, and side effects to be the most important factors when considering a future treatment, preferences were highly varied. Notably, MyPref‐calculated preferences differed from initial rank order, and participants indicated that calculated preferences were accurate in follow‐up interviews.ConclusionThe MyPref‐calculated preferences varied by individual and differed from initial rank ordering. Additionally, there was variability in how individuals defined and prioritized treatment‐related factors. This novel tool may be a useful way to engage AYAs and their PTPs in discussions around preferences for treatment and prepare AYAs for future decision making. We plan to evaluate this tool longitudinally to evaluate the impact on actual treatment decisions.
Analysis of the negative charges injected into a SiO2/SiNx stack using plasma charging technology for field‐effect passivation on a boron‐doped silicon surface
Authors: Min Kwan Hong , Hwang Jeong‐Mo , Cho Eunwan , Song Hee‐eun , Park Sungeun , Rohatgi Ajeet , Kim Donghwan , Lee Hae‐Seok , Kang Yoonmook , Ok Young‐Woo , Kang Min Gu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe investigated field‐effect passivation by injecting negative charges into SiO2/SiNx stack using a plasma charge injection technique. The Si/SiO2/SiNx samples exhibited a very high flat‐band shift with a high injected negative charge density (>3.0 × 1013 cm2) after plasma negative charge injection; this density was higher than that for the well‐known Al2O3 layer. Most injected negative charges were present within approximately 90 nm of the surface of the SiNx layer deposited by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) when comparing the capacitance–voltage analysis results obtained while etching the SiNx film considering four assumptions of the injected negative charge distribution. The saturation current density in a 90‐ohm/sq boron emitter decreased from ~90 to 50 fA/cm2 after negative charge injection, which is equivalent to the J0e of the structure passivated with an Al2O3/SiNx stack. Six‐inch n‐type bifacial cells with an approximately 100‐ohm/sq boron emitter passivated with SiO2/SiNx displayed an approximately 0.2% increase in absolute cell efficiency after negative charge injection. In addition, n‐PERT bifacial cells with a high boron sheet resistance of ~150 ohm/sq exhibited a 1.0% or higher absolute efficiency enhancement from a relatively low precharging efficiency of approximately 19.0%. We also demonstrated that the final efficiency after charging was comparable with n‐PERT bifacial cells with Al2O3 passivation, suggesting that the proposed process is a potential low‐cost alternative method that could replace expensive Al2O3 processes.
Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for COVID‐19 in children?
Authors: Yılmaz Kamil , Şen Velat 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjectiveCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a global health problem that can result in serious complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and clinical importance of vitamin D deficiency in children with COVID‐19.Material and MethodsThis study includes 40 patients who were diagnosed to have COVID‐19 and hospitalized with the real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method, 45 healthy matched control subjects with vitamin D levels. The age of admission, clinical and laboratory data, and 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol (25‐OHD) levels were recorded. Those with vitamin D levels which are below 20 ng/ml were determined as Group 1 and those with ≥20 ng/ml as Group 2.ResultsPatients with COVID‐19 had significantly lower vitamin D levels 13.14 μg/L (4.19–69.28) than did the controls 34.81 (3.8–77.42) μg/L (p < .001). Patients with COVID‐19 also had significantly lower serum phosphorus (4.09 ± 0.73 vs. 5.06 ± 0.93 vs. (U/L) (p < .001)) values compared with the controls. The symptom of fever was significantly higher in COVID‐ 19 patients who had deficient and insufficient vitamin D levels than in patients who had sufficient vitamin D levels (p = .038). There was a negative correlation found between fever symptom and vitamin D level (r = −0.358, p = .023).ConclusionThis is the first to evaluate vitamin D levels and its relationship with clinical findings in pediatric patients with COVID‐19. Our results suggest that vitamin D values may be associated with the occurrence and management of the COVID‐19 disease by modulating the immunological mechanism to the virus in the pediatric population.
High‐Resolution Numerical Simulation of Detonation Propagation and Dead Zones in LX‐17
Authors: Ma Tianbao , Ma Fanjie , Ning Jianguo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA modified Ignition & Growth model is used to calculate the detonation propagation and corner‐turning of LX‐17, based on the augmented model. The calculation results showed that the edges of dead zones are significantly smoothed, which is more physically realistic, as predicted by models such as CREST and WSD. In this work, a fifth‐order WENO‐JS scheme and a third‐order Runge‐Kutta method are used for space discretization and time integration respectively. Level set method is used for interface tracking, and RGFM (Real Ghost Fluid Method) is used for interface treatment.
Assessment of Recent Researches for Reliable Prediction of Density of Organic Compounds as well as Ionic Liquids and Salts Containing Energetic Groups at Room Temperature
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad Hossein , Makvandi Leida 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOrganic and ionic compounds containing energetic groups have wide applications in industries because they can release their stored chemical energy upon external stimuli. Many different methods have been developed in recent years for reliable prediction of the densities of these compounds at room temperature because their detonation performance depends strongly on density. This work reviews the best available predictive models for important classes of energetic organic and ionic compounds that reduce the high costs of synthesis and development of the new proposed compounds. The advantages and limitations of different methods are discussed and compared for different kinds of neutral and ionic energetic compounds. Among different approaches, quantum‐chemical methods based on molecular surface electrostatic potential (MESP) and quantitative structure‐property relationship (QSPR) approaches are attractive for scientists and industries in recent years because they can be applied for a wide range of various types of compounds. For 25 neutral energetic organic compounds and 11 energetic ionic compounds where the percentages of deviations of the outputs of quantum‐chemical MESP‐based methods are large, it is shown that the outputs of the best available QSPR methods, which were embedded in new computer code (EMDB_1.0), are more accurate.
Consensus mutagenesis approach improves the thermal stability of system xc− transporter, xCT, and enables cryo‐EM analyses
Authors: Oda Kazumasa , Lee Yongchan , Wiriyasermkul Pattama , Tanaka Yoko , Takemoto Mizuki , Yamashita Keitaro , Nagamori Shushi , Nishizawa Tomohiro , Nureki Osamu 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSystem xc− is an amino acid antiporter that imports L‐cystine into cells and exports intracellular L‐glutamate, at a 1:1 ratio. As L‐cystine is an essential precursor for glutathione synthesis, system xc− supports tumor cell growth through glutathione‐based oxidative stress resistance and is considered as a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatment. System xc− consists of two subunits, the light chain subunit SLC7A11 (xCT) and the heavy chain subunit SLC3A2 (also known as CD98hc or 4F2hc), which are linked by a conserved disulfide bridge. Although the recent structures of another SLC7 member, L‐type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) in complex with CD98hc, have provided the structural basis toward understanding the amino acid transport mechanism, the detailed molecular mechanism of xCT remains unknown. To revealthe molecular mechanism, we performed single‐particle analyses of the xCT‐CD98hc complex. As wild‐type xCT‐CD98hc displayed poor stability and could not be purified to homogeneity, we applied a consensus mutagenesis approach to xCT. The consensus mutated construct exhibited increased stability as compared to the wild‐type, and enabled the cryoelectron microscopy (cryo‐EM) map to be obtained at 6.2 Å resolution by single‐particle analysis. The cryo‐EM map revealed sufficient electron density to assign secondary structures. In the xCT structure, the hash and arm domains are well resolved, whereas the bundle domain shows some flexibility. CD98hc is positioned next to the xCT transmembrane domain. This study provides the structural basis of xCT, and our consensus‐based strategy could represent a good choice toward solving unstable protein structures.
Immunotranscriptome analysis of Plutella xylostella reveals differences in innate immune responses to low‐ and high‐virulence Beauveria bassiana strain challenges
Authors: Wang Yulong , Zhou Qiumei , Zhang Hanghang , Qin Li , Huang Bo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDEntomopathogenic fungi have developed multiple strategies to overcome the immune defenses of their target insects, whereas insect pests have devised various defense mechanisms to combat fungal infection. However, differences in the molecular mechanisms of the innate immune defense strategies of insects upon infection with different fungal strains from the same species have not been reported.RESULTSTwo Beauveria bassiana strains were obtained that significantly varied in their pathogenicity but were comparable in terms of growth, conidial yield, and cuticle penetration. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response of Plutella xylostella infected with these two strains, RNA‐Seq was performed 48 h after infection. A total of 1027 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and more than 200 DEGs were enriched in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathways involved in disease response, revealing differences in the immune response of P. xylostella to different B. bassiana infections at 48 h. Twenty‐eight of the DEGs were related to innate immune functions, such as pathogen recognition, immune system activation and antimicrobial reactions. RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated gene silencing assays showed that PxApoLIII and PxCSP played critical roles in the P. xylostella immune response. PxApoLIII was expressed at higher levels during infection with the high‐virulence strain, whereas PxCSP showed the opposite expression pattern during infection with the low‐virulence strain, indicating that PxApoLIII and PxCSP might participate in P. xylostella innate immune defense against high‐ and low‐virulence B. bassiana strains.CONCLUSIONThe present findings demonstrate that strains of a single species of pathogenic fungi that differ in virulence can induce the expression of different genes in P. xylostella. These results advance our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying fungi–pest interactions.
Preventing contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) with herbal medicines: A review
Authors: Boozari Motahareh , Hosseinzadeh Hossein 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesCurrently, the use of iodinated contrast media in diagnostic imaging has been increased in clinical medicine. Contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) is an important adverse effect of contrast media injection. According to the significant role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of CIN, different herbal antioxidants have been used for the prevention of nephropathy in different studies. In this review, we discussed the preventive effects of herbal medicine and natural products against CIN.MethodsWe searched the electronic databases or search engines including PubMed, Scopus, ISI, Google Scholar with search terms such as “Contrast‐induced nephropathy” and “Herbal medicine,” “Contrast acute kidney injury” AND “natural products” and similar headings such as plant and extract.ResultsKnown medicinal plants and active ingredients such as green tea, ginger, garlic, silymarin, curcumin, resveratrol, and thymoquinone have been examined for prophylactic effects or treatment of contrast media nephropathy.ConclusionHerbal medicines have promising effects in the laboratory‐based studies for the prevention and/or treatment of CIN. However, more practical and completed clinical trials are needed to investigate the clinical benefits of natural products against CIN.
Baroclinicity and directional shear explain departures from the logarithmic wind profile
Authors: Ghannam Khaled , Bou‐Zeid Elie 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSimilarity and scaling arguments underlying the existence of a logarithmic wind profile in the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) rest on the restrictive assumptions of negligible Coriolis effects (no wind turning in the ASL) and vertically‐uniform pressure gradients (barotropic atmospheric boundary layer, ABL). This paper alleviates these asymptotic arguments to provide a realistic representation of the ASL where the common occurrence of baroclinicity (height‐dependent pressure gradients) and wind turning, traditionally treated as outer‐layer attributes, take part in modulating the ASL. The approximation of a constant‐stress ASL is first replaced by a refined model for the Reynolds stress derived from the mean momentum equations to incorporate the cross‐isobaric angle (directional shear) and a dimensionless baroclinicity parameter (geostrophic shear). A model for the wind profile is then obtained from first‐order closure principles, correcting the log‐law with an additive term that is linear in height and accounts for the combined effects of wind turning and baroclinicity. Both the stress and wind models agree well with a suite of large‐eddy simulations in the barotropic and baroclinic ABL. The findings provide a methodology for the extrapolation of near‐surface winds to some 200 m in the near‐neutral ABL for wind energy applications, the validation of the surface cross‐isobaric angle in weather and climate models, and the interpretation of wind turning in field measurements and numerical experiments of the Ekman boundary layer.
A practical introduction to Bayesian estimation of causal effects: Parametric and nonparametric approaches
Authors: Oganisian Arman , Roy Jason A. 
Published: October 2020

SummarySubstantial advances in Bayesian methods for causal inference have been made in recent years. We provide an introduction to Bayesian inference for causal effects for practicing statisticians who have some familiarity with Bayesian models and would like an overview of what it can add to causal estimation in practical settings. In the paper, we demonstrate how priors can induce shrinkage and sparsity in parametric models and be used to perform probabilistic sensitivity analyses around causal assumptions. We provide an overview of nonparametric Bayesian estimation and survey their applications in the causal inference literature. Inference in the point‐treatment and time‐varying treatment settings are considered. For the latter, we explore both static and dynamic treatment regimes. Throughout, we illustrate implementation using off‐the‐shelf open source software. We hope to leave the reader with implementation‐level knowledge of Bayesian causal inference using both parametric and nonparametric models. All synthetic examples and code used in the paper are publicly available on a companion GitHub repository.
Anisotropic Etching of Pyramidal Silica Reliefs with Metal Masks and Hydrofluoric Acid
Authors: Kirchner Robert , Neumann Volker , Winkler Felix , Strobel Carsten , Völkel Sandra , Hiess André , Kazazis Dimitrios , Künzelmann Ulrich , Bartha Johann Wolfgang 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis work describes the fabrication of anisotropically etched, faceted pyramidal structures in amorphous layers of silicon dioxide or glass. Anisotropic and crystal‐oriented etching of silicon is well known. Anisotropic etching behavior in completely amorphous layers of silicon dioxide in combination with purely isotropic hydrofluoric acid as etchant is an unexpected phenomenon. The work presents practical exploitations of this new process for self‐perfecting pyramidal structures. It can be used for textured silica or glass surfaces. The reason for the observed anisotropy, leading to enhanced lateral etch rates, is the presence of thin metal layers. The lateral etch rate under the metal significantly exceeds the vertical etch rate of the non‐metallized area by a factor of about 6–43 for liquid and 59 for vapor‐based processes. The ratio between lateral and vertical etch rate, thus the sidewall inclination, can be controlled by etchant concentration and selected metal. The described process allows for direct fabrication of shallow angle pyramids, which for example can enhance the coupling efficiency of light emitting diodes or solar cells, can be exploited for producing dedicated silicon dioxide atomic force microscopy tips with a radius in the 50 nm range, or can potentially be used for surface plasmonics.