bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
O5.3. IMPAIRED LEFT TEMPORAL-PARIETAL JUNCTION FMRI ACTIVITY DURING CATEGORY FLUENCY IN FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Perumaly Leana , Curtis Mark , Fishel Vanessa , Torrence Natasha , Wang Yiming , Seebold Dylan , Farris Rebekah , Coffman Brian , Salisbury Dean 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Language impairments are a core feature of schizophrenia. Category fluency is severely impacted, even as early as the first-episode of psychosis (FEP). It remains unclear which brain regions in the early course of schizophrenia are dysfunctional during category fluency. Therefore, we investigated differences in fMRI bold activity during a category fluency task in FEP, with particular attention to left temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), areas critical to verbal fluency. Our hypothesis was that left TPJ would show overactivity in FEP due to functional dysconnectivity with IFG, thought to modulate TPJ activation.

Methods
Twenty-seven FEP and 25 matched healthy controls (HC) completed an overt category fluency task (animal naming) from the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB), and a covert category fluency task while BOLD fMRI was acquired. The fMRI task had a total of 10 blocks (30s duration) with two alternating conditions: category and rest. At the beginning of the category condition, a category name (birds, breeds of dogs, fruits and vegetables, fish, flowers and trees) was displayed on the screen, and individuals were instructed to think of items within that category. At the beginning of the rest condition, individuals were instructed to silently repeat the word “rest” to themselves. To isolate the activity related to category exemplar generation, the rest condition and the category condition fMRI data were contrasted using SPM12. An uncorrected cluster-defining primary threshold of p&lt;.001 was used at the voxel level, and an FWE correction was used at the cluster level to correct for multiple comparison.

Results
FEP (47.3±12.1) were significantly less fluent compared to HC (55.8±11.3) in the overt MCCB category fluency task (p =.017). In the fMRI covert fluency task, several regions were activated during the category condition (FWE p&lt;.05), primarily including regions in the language network (IFG and TPJ). The left TPJ activation interacted between groups (pFWE-corr =.016). During the category task, HC deactivated left TPJ, whereas FEP did not.

Discussion
FEP have impaired overt category fluency performance, and appear to have deficient deactivation in a region of the left TPJ language area during a category fluency task. TPJ is thought to communicate with Wernicke’s area to translate thoughts into words. Temporal language areas are also thought to be deactivated by IFG during verbal fluency tasks. This fMRI finding is consistent with dysconnectivity between IFG and TPJ during verbal fluency, although future work is needed to definitively address this possible network dysfunction.
O7.2. MENTAL HEALTH AND SOMATIC STATUS OF YOUNG CHILDREN (0–6 YEARS) BORN TO PARENTS WITH SEVERE MENTAL ILLNESSES - A NATIONWIDE DANISH REGISTER STUDY
Authors: Amalie Thorup Anne , Davidsen Kirstine , Ranning Anne , Jennes-Foli Pia , Harder Susanne , Munk Laursen Thomas , Nordentoft Merete 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Children born to parents with severe mental illness like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or recurrent major depression have been shown to have a higher risk, not only for developing a mental illness themselves in adulthood (Rasic) but also in childhood and adolescence. Less is known about the offspring’s somatic health and very early development processes. Increasing knowledge demonstrate the importance of the very early years of life from birth to age 6 for a healthy and natural brain development and for good life outcomes in general. Thus, more knowledge is needed about this vulnerable period in life, especially for children, who are born with a familial high risk for severe mental illness in order to develop relevant interventions for these children.

Methods
We used Danish registries to evaluate the incidence and the frequencies of early (i.e. age 0–6 years) psychiatric diagnoses of a nationwide cohort of children born to parents with severe mental illness. Further we calculated the frequencies of somatic health problems and compared them to population-based controls.

Results
We found increased ORs for children in all three FHR-groups for having received any diagnosis of a mental disorder before age 7 (e.g.: mother depressed, N=1223): OR:2.82 (CI:2.65–2.99), mother bipolar (N=98): OR: 3.06 (CI 2.50–3.76), mother schizophrenia (N=574): OR 5.23 (CI: 4.80–5.69), and similar although a bit smaller ORs if it was the father, who had a diagnosis. Especially ORs for attachment disorder and anxiety were increased but also ORs for eating disorders and sleep disorders were found to be significantly higher than for controls. Odd ratios for somatic disorders were marginally increased for all disorders and also for intoxications and injuries.

Discussion
Our results document that children born to parents with severe mental illnesses are vulnerable from the beginning of life, mainly in terms of their mental health but to some extent also in terms of somatic health. Parents who have a severe mental disorder may need extra support in the parenting role to ensure good health for the child.
T22. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORTICAL THICKNESS AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME IN INDIVIDUALS AT RISK OF PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Sasabayashi Daiki , Takayanagi Yoichiro , Takahashi Tsutomu , Mizukami Yuko , Katagiri Naoyuki , Sakuma Atsushi , Obara Chika , Koike Shinsuke , Nakamura Mihoko , Furuichi Atsushi , Kido Mikio , Nishikawa Yumiko , Noguchi Kyo , Yamasue Hidenori , Matsumoto Kazunori , Mizuno Masafumi , Kasai Kiyoto , Suzuki Michio 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Previous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies in patients with schizophrenia have demonstrated reduced cortical thickness predominantly in the fronto-temporal regions, but several MRI studies of regional cortical thickness in individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis have reported inconsistent results. In addition, it remains elusive whether abnormalities of the cortical thickness in individuals at risk of psychosis, if present, are related to their functional outcome.

Methods
T1-weighted structural MR scans were obtained from 107 individuals with at-risk mental state (ARMS), of whom 21 (19.6%) later developed psychosis during clinical follow-up (mean = 4.9 years, SD = 2.6 years), as well as 104 age- and gender- matched healthy control subjects recruited at 4 scanning sites (University of Toyama, Toho University, Tohoku University, and The University of Tokyo). ARMS individuals were subdivided into good (ARMS-G, n = 77) and poor (ARMS-P, n = 13) outcome groups based on the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scores both at baseline and 1-year follow-up. After preprocessing MR images using FreeSurfer software (ver.5.3.), we continuously measured the cortical thickness of entire cortex. A general linear model controlling for age, gender, and sites was used to estimate group differences. To correct for multiple comparisons, a Monte Carlo simulation procedure was used. This study was approved by the Committees on Medical Ethics of each site. After a complete description of the study was provided, written informed consent was obtained from all subjects.

Results
Compared with the controls, ARMS individuals exhibited significantly reduced cortical thickness in the superior and inferior frontal gyri, parahippocampal gyri, fusiform gyri, temporal pole cortices, and insula cortices bilaterally, as well as in the left middle frontal gyrus and right precuneus cortex. ARMS individuals also showed significantly increased cortical thickness in the left pre- and postcentral gyrus and right pericalcarine cortex in comparison to the controls. Within ARMS population, ARMS-P individuals had significantly reduced cortical thickness in the right paracentral lobule compared with ARMS-G individuals.

Discussion
Cortical thinning in the fronto-temporal regions as well as cortical thickening in the posterior cortices seen in ARMS individuals might be associated with general vulnerability to psychopathology. Furthermore, cortical thickness of the right paracentral lobule could be a predictive marker for functional outcome in ARMS population.
T54. EFFECTS OF GAMMA TRANSCRANIAL ALTERNATING CURRENT STIMULATION TO THE LEFT DORSOLATERAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX ON WORKING MEMORY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS
Authors: Papazova Irina , Strube Wolfgang , Hoffmann Lina , Schwippel Tobias , Padberg Frank , Palm Ulrich , Falkai Peter , Plewnia Christian , Hasan Alkomiet 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Working memory (WM) impairment is characteristic for schizophrenia patients, lowering their occupational status and quality of life. Recent research suggests that non-invasive brain stimulation could have the potential to treat such cognitive deficits. One novel and promising approach is the transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) that could entrain the endogenous gamma oscillations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), previously shown to be abnormal in schizophrenia patients and associated with WM deficits. Indeed, first studies demonstrated WM improvement in healthy participants following tACS at the gamma frequency (γ-tACS) to the DLPFC in healthy participants. However, till date, there is only one pilot study with ten schizophrenia patients, where cognitive enhancement was not evident. Here, we aimed to investigate the efficacy and feasibility of γ-tACS on simultaneous WM performance in schizophrenia patients with a bigger study sample and in regard of cognitive load

Methods
A total of fifteen patients with schizophrenia (N = 15, 8 female) participated in the current study. They underwent a pre-stimulation baseline, an active γ-tACS and a sham single-session in a double-blind, cross-over design. Stimulation was administered over the left DLPFC (F3, anode) and the contralateral region (F4, cathode) at a current of -1mA to 1mA (peek-to-peek) at 40 Hz for 20 min (48000 cycles). We assessed WM during stimulation using a verbal n-back task with three cognitive loads (1- to 3-back). Reaction times and discriminability index d prime served as primary study outcomes. Using several RM-ANOVAs, we compared working memory performance during γ-tACS and sham across all cognitive loads.

Results
Data analysis showed no significant main effect of γ-tACS compared to sham on both d prime values (p = .269) and reaction times (p = .166). However, we observed a significant stimulation x load interaction effect on reaction times (p = .043), suggesting that with increasing cognitive load participants responded slightly slower during active than during sham γ-tACS.

Discussion
The current work is one of the first to investigate the effects of γ-tACS to the DLPFC on simultaneous WM performance in schizophrenia patients. In line with previous research, we did not find any significant changes in cognition due to stimulation. Surprisingly, we observed a slight decrease in WM speed with higher cognitive load during active compared to sham tACS. Results are discussed in line of study protocol and tACS feasibility and emphasize the need for future research on the specific study design parameters.
T56. RISKY DECISION-MAKING IMPAIRMENT IN EARLY-STAGE PSYCHOTIC BIPOLAR DISORDER
Authors: Chung Man Ng Mary , Kwun Nam Chan Joe , Luk Martha , Fei Wong Cheuk , Fung Wo Sui , Sau Man Wong Corine , Ming Hui Lai , Wa Chan Kit , Ming Lee Ho , Nam Suen Yi , Chen Eric , Chung Chang Wing 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Previous research suggests that bipolar disorder may be associated with increased risk-taking / impulsivity. Risky decision-making paradigm is an objective, performance-based measure which has been increasingly applied in bipolar disorder research examining. Nonetheless, literature focused only on chronically ill samples, with illness chronicity, clinical heterogeneity and prolonged medication exposure being potential confounding factors of study results. The current study aimed to explore whether patients with early-stage psychotic bipolar disorder (BDP) exhibit impaired risky decision-making relative to healthy controls, using a well-validated, widely-applied experimental paradigm of Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART).

Methods
Thirty-nine patients with early-stage BDP (defined by having received psychiatric treatment for first-episode BDP within 3 years since service entry) and 36 demographically matched healthy controls were recruited. BART was administered to examine risky decision-making performance. Deliberative risky behavior was operationalized as the willingness to inflate balloons as each pump was accompanied by an extra point gained in the temporary repository or balloon explosion. Three performance-based indices (adjusted score, explosion rate and cumulative score) were derived and analyzed.

Results
There were no significant differences between patients and controls in age, gender and educational levels. Independent samples t-tests illustrated that patients had significantly lower adjusted score (t = -3.45, p = .001, d = .791), explosion rate (t = -2.75, p = .007, d = .631) and cumulative score (t = -3.07, p = .003, d = .714) in BART compared to controls. Similar findings were obtained when comparison analyses were restricted to patients who were treated with antipsychotic medications at the time of study assessment (n = 30). No significant correlations between BART performance-based indices and measures of clinical and treatment variables were found in patient sample.

Discussion
Our results demonstrated that early-stage BDP patients displayed suboptimal risky decision-making compared with controls. Abnormal risky decision-making observed in the euthymic state of patients in early stage of bipolar disorder suggests that such impairment might represent a trait factor in the disorder. Further prospective research is warranted to clarify the longitudinal course of risky decision-making impairment in bipolar disorder.
T82. THE IMPACT OF SMOKING ON LIFE EXPECTANCY IN PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS, AN ELECTRONIC CASE REGISTER COHORT STUDY
Authors: Chesney Edward , Robson Deborah , Patel Rashmi , Shetty Hitesh , Richardson Sol , Chang Chin-Kuo , McGuire Philip , McNeill Ann 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and bipolar affective disorder are associated with a life expectancy at birth that is 10–20 years shorter than in the general population. The prevalence of cigarette smoking in people with these disorders is very high, but the extent to which this accounts for differences in mortality is unclear. We addressed this issue by examining the effect of smoking on life expectancy and survival in a large electronic healthcare database of patients receiving secondary mental healthcare in South East London.

Methods
Data on all patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or bipolar affective disorder from 1st January 2007 to 31st December 2018 was obtained. Smoking status was determined using unstructured text data extracted from electronic health records. Chiang’s method of abridged life tables was used to calculate estimates of life expectancy at birth according to gender and most commonly recorded smoking status. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate mortality risk and adjusted for a broad range of demographic and clinical variables.

Results
21,588 patients were included in the study of which 20,155 (93.4%) were classified as either smokers (16,717 [77.4%]) or non-smokers (3,438 (15.9%]). 2,434 (11.3%) participants died by the end of the observation period. In female patients, life expectancy at birth was 67.6 years in current smokers (95% CI: 66.4 to 68.8) and 74.9 years in non-smokers (95% CI: 72.8 to 77.0). In male patients, life expectancy at birth was 63.5 years in current smokers (95% CI: 62.5 to 64.5) and 68.5 years in non-smokers (95% CI: 64.4 to 72.6). Adjusted survival models showed that current smoking was associated with an increased risk of death, in both females (aHR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.21–1.66) and males (aHR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.25–1.79).

Discussion
Smoking may account for a substantial proportion of the reduced life expectancy in patients with psychotic disorders. Interventions to reduce tobacco smoking in patients with psychosis may therefore improve life expectancy in this group.
M24. NETWORK STRUCTURE OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY SYMPTOMS IN A COMMUNITY SAMPLE OF YOUTH
Authors: Wang Emily , Mary Xavier Rose 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
The field of network psychometrics has developed into a promising alternative to the common cause theory and depicts mental health disorders as arising from the interactions between individual symptoms. Currently, major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder have been the two main disorders studied using network models. In this study, we aimed to examine the network structure of psychopathology symptoms in a community youth sample to detect the most influential symptoms. We also identify influential bridge symptoms which may lead to comorbidities.

Methods
The sample (n = 2875) was taken from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort and comprised of youth between the ages of 11–21. 112 variables corresponding to 17 psychopathology symptom groups were used to build the network model. We estimated the network structure using a mixed graphical model. Edges were estimated using a pairwise weighted adjacency matrix with EBIC regularization at a default gamma level of 0.25. The relative influence of each node was determined using predictability and centrality measurements including node strength, closeness, and betweenness. A network was similarly created to detect the most influential bridge symptoms using community clusters.

Results
The network generated from 17 psychopathology symptom domains (comprising ADD, agoraphobia, conduct disorder, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, mania, OCD, ODD, panic disorder, phobia, psychosis, PTSD, general probes, separation anxiety, psychosis prodromal symptoms, social anxiety and suicide) had several distinct cluster regions and two independent psychosis prodromal symptom nodes. No negative associations were observed in the network. The strongest edge regression coefficient (1.593) was detected between a general screening probe asking whether the subject had received previous treatment and a psychosis variable related to hallucination.
An OCD item eliciting subject’s fear over accidentally doing something bad had the greatest average centrality measurement (2.317) followed closely by a conduct disorder item eliciting if the subject had ever threatened someone (2.254). Two depression items - irritability (2.228) and depressive mood (1.825) had the largest average bridge centrality values.
History of inpatient treatment (0.997), fear of traveling in a car (0.989) and compulsive checking (0.989) had the largest predictability values, suggesting they could potentially be effective intervention targets.

Discussion
OCD and conduct disorder symptoms had the largest centrality values and are influential symptoms that could potentially be used to more effectively screen youth for mental health disorders. Depression symptoms had the largest bridge centrality values and should be targeted to prevent comorbidity of associated symptoms. Understanding psychopathology symptom networks could potentially lead to greater insights for prevention and individualizing treatments.
M36. VIRTUAL REALITY COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR PARANOID DELUSIONS
Authors: Berkhof Maureen , van der Stouwe Elisabeth , Lestestuiver Bart , van ‘t Hag Erna , Maarten de Vos , Van der Gaag Mark , Veling Wim 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background
Seventy percent of patients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders has paranoid delusions. Paranoid delusions are associated with great distress, hospital admission and social isolation. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the main psychological treatment, but the median effect size is only small to medium. Virtual reality (VR) has a great potential to improve psychological treatment of paranoid delusions. In a previous study, we found that VR based CBT (VRcbt) for paranoid delusions is effective compared to waiting list. As a next step, a direct comparison with standard CBT is needed. The aim of this project is to investigate if VRcbt is more (cost-)effective than standard CBT for treatment of paranoid delusions and improving daily life social functioning of patients with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Three research questions will be addressed: 1. Does VRcbt lead to better clinical and social outcomes? 2. Are fewer treatment sessions needed to achieve meaningful clinical change? 3. Is VRcbt more cost-effective at 6 months follow-up?

Methods
A total of 106 patients with DSM-5 diagnosis of psychotic disorder and at least moderate level of paranoid ideations will be randomized to either VRcbt or standard CBT treatment for paranoid delusions. VRcbt consists of maximum 16 sessions in virtual social situations that trigger paranoid ideations and distress, delivered in an 8–12 week time frame. Standard CBT also consists of maximum 16 sessions, aiming at reappraisal of the meaning of paranoid beliefs to reduce distress and improve coping in daily life, including the use of exposure and behavioral experiments.
Participants will be interviewed and tested at baseline, post-treatment and at six months follow-up. Primary outcome is level of paranoid ideations in daily life social situations, measured with ecological momentary assessments (EMA) at semi-random moments ten times a day during seven days, before and after treatment. Every session, participants and therapists will rate level of paranoid ideation and global clinical impression.

Results
Seven mental health services throughout the Netherlands participate in this RCT. Up until now, fourteen psychologists have been trained in VRcbt and the first patients have been included in the trial.

Discussion
Comparison of VRcbt and cbt will provide information about the relative (cost-)effectiveness of VRcbt for this population. VRcbt may become the preferred psychological treatment for paranoid delusions and social anxiety in patients with psychotic disorder.