bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localization of Tumor-Associated Antigens C242 and C215 in Normal and Neoplastic Colon Mucosa
Authors: Sevéus Lahja , Ahlander Anders 
Published: June 2020

Tumor-associated antigens are known as serum markers for clinical diagnosis of carcinomas. In particular, they are useful in the early discovery of relapse after chemotherapy or surgery. It is thought that antigens of this type could have prognostic significance as cell or tissue markers. However, knowledge on their distribution in cells and tissues is scanty. Therefore, we investigated tissue expression and subcellular distribution of two of these tumor-associated antigens by immunocytochemical techniques, using monoclonal antibodies (Mab C242 and Mab C215) raised in cell lines.Colon tissue was obtained from 15 patients by surgical biopsy. The tissue was immediately fixed in 8% paraformaldehyde /0.2% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffer pH 7.2. Subsequently the tissue was infused with 2.3 M sucrose and rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. Semi-thin (0.5 μm) and thin cryo-sections were cut on a cryoultramicrotome at -70°C and -110°C, respectively. We also used semi-thin and thin sections of tissue embedded in Lowicryl K4M at -35°C. Immunocytochemical labelling was carried out using 5 nm gold particles coupled to secondary antibodies (goat anti-mouse IgG). In the semi-thin sections, the gold label was enhanced with silver for light microscopical investigation.
Microvascular features that suggest effectors of blood-flow regulation in the brain: Evidence by SEM of corrosion casts of intracerebral vessels
Authors: Motti Enrico D.F. , Imhof Hans-Georg , Yasargil Gazi M. 
Published: June 2020

Physiologists have devoted most attention in the cerebrovascular tree to the arterial side of the circulation which has been subdivided in three levels: 1) major brain arteries which keep microcirculation constant despite changes in perfusion pressure; 2) pial arteries supposed to be effectors regulating microcirculation; 3) intracerebral arteries supposed to be deprived of active cerebral blood flow regulating devices.The morphological search for microvascular effectors in the cerebrovascular bed has been elusive. The opaque substance of the brain confines in vivo investigation to the superficial pial arteries. Most morphologists had to limit their observation to the random occurrence of a favorable site in the practically two-dimensional thickness of diaphanized histological sections. It is then not surprising most investigators of the cerebral microcirculation refer to an homogeneous network of microvessels interposed between arterioles and venules.We have taken advantage of the excellent depth of focus afforded by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate corrosion casts obtained injecting a range of experimental animals with a modified Batson's acrylic mixture.
High-voltage electron microscopic studies of inflammatory cell attachment during blood-brain barrier inflammation
Authors: Lossinsky A.S. , Song M.J. 
Published: June 2020

Previous studies have suggested the usefulness of high-voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) for investigating blood-bram barrier (BBB) injury and the mechanism of inflammatory-cell (IC) attachment. These studies indicated that, in evaluating standard conventional thin sections, one might miss cellular attachment sites of ICs in their process of attaching to the luminal endothelial cell (EC) surface of cerebral blood vessels. Our current studies in animals subjected to autoimmune disease suggest that HVEM may be useful in localizing precise receptor sites involved in early IC attachment.Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in mice and rats according to standard procedures. Tissue samples from cerebellum, thalamus or spinal cords were embedded in plastic following vascular perfusion with buffered aldehyde. Thick (0.5-0.7 μm) sections were cut on glass knives and collected on Formvar-coated slot grids stained with uranylacetate and lead citrate and examined with the AEI EM7 1.2 MV HVEM in Albany, NY at 1000 kV.
Ultrastructural changes in the respiratory system of mice after inhalation of mosquito-coil smoke
Authors: Yang V.C. , Lee H.R. , Chen C.S. 
Published: June 2020

Mosquito coil is an anti-mosquito spiral commonly used in tropical and subtropical countries. Apart from the active gradient, bioallethrin, the major constituent of the coil is a mixture of organic compounds and wood dust. Combusion of these materials emits a very complex smoke which can reach the alveolar region of the lung easily. The biochemical and cellular changes in the respiratory system of rats after exposure to high dose of coil smoke have been reported. However, the low dose effects of the coil smoke have not been studied. In this experiment, asophisticated inhalation chamber for the simulation of room environment was designed to investigate the ultrastructural changes in the lung of mice afterexposure to low doses of mosquito coil smoke.Male ICR mice aged 1 month were divided into 3 groups, an experimental, asham, and a non-treated control group, with 5-7 mice per group. The two former groups were exposed to the coils smoke, which lasted for 7 h daily, 6 days per week for 2 weeks. The inhalation chamber, measured 60 × 60 × 60 cm3, was installed with a ventilator. The speed of which was adjust to 0.6 m3/min to simulate the flow rate of air in an ordinary house. The control mice were housed in similar ventilation conditions.
Histogenesis of the mouse colonic mucosa with special reference to obliteration and re-opening of the colonic lumen
Authors: Chen Zhu-jun , Kataoka Katsuko 
Published: June 2020

Temporary obliteration of the colonic lumen has been known prior to the formation of primary villi since an early light microscope (LM) study. We examined this process with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) using the descending colon of ICR mouse fetuses on days 13-18 of gestation (E13-E18, vaginal plug=E0). Pieces of the descending colon were doubly fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% OsO4 and embedded in an epoxy resin. Semi-thin sections stained with toluidine blue were examined by LM. Ultrathin sections doubly stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were examined by TEM.On day E13,the colonic mucosa is lined with a single layer of undifferentiated epithelial cells (FIG. 1a), which were mutually joined by the primary junctional complex around the colonic lumen. Mitotic cells face the lumen and are connected with neighboring cells by the junctional complex. The epithelium looks stratified and the colonic lumen is extremely narrowed on days E15-E16 so that it cannot be identified by LM examination (FIG. 1b). A secondary junctional complex consisting of macula occludens with attaching microfilaments and desmosomes is formed between two epithelial cells apart from the colonic lumen. A cavity with microvilli is formed intracellularly and it subsequently opens with in the macula occludens of the secondary junctional complex to form the intra-epithelial cavity (FIG. 2, 3). A mitotic cell faces the intra-epithelial cavity and is joined with neighboring cells by these condary junctional complex (FIG. 4).
Purification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) using a new polycarbonate filter purification procedure
Authors: Miller M. F. , Lesniewski R. , Gagne G. D. , Peterson D. A. 
Published: June 2020

For approximately 10 years we and others have repeatedly attempted to isolate and characterize the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Efforts to immune aggregate the putative virus, raise hyperimmune sera, or clone this illusive agent have been thwarted by the lack of availability of adequately purified virus. In this paper, we describe a new method for purifying HCV based on the sequential filtration of infectious chimpanzee blood plasma through a series of polycarbonate membrane filters of decreasing pore size (Nuclepore Corp., Pleasanton, Ca). Such filters have been used by others to size HCV and have previously been reported by us to be efficacious for purifying normal blood plasma seeded with known animal virus.Chimpanzee blood plasma having an infectivity titer of 105 CID/ml (chimp infectious doses/milliliter) of HCV was purified as outlined in Fig. 1. Plasma was first clarified by low speed centrifugation for 20 minutes at 1000Xg in a tabletop centrifuge to remove large cellular debris and then sequentially pressure filtered through polycarbonate membrane filters having pore sizes of 3.0, 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4.and 0.2 um diameter.
Localization of constituent proteins of HIV Type 1 (HIV-1)
Authors: Goto Toshiyuki , Morita Chizuko , Ashina Taisuke , Ikuta Kazuyoshi , Kato Shiro , Nakal Masuyo 
Published: June 2020

The localization of the constituent proteins of HIV-1 in the virions and HIV-1-infected cells was examined by indirect immuno-gold labeling with monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) to gag proteins (p18 and p24/p53), to elucidate viral formation of HIV.Persistently HIV-1 (HTLV—IIIB,LAV-1)-infected MT-4 and MOLT-4 cell lines and their cloned cell lines were used as infected cells. Mouse MoAb against HIV-1 gag p18 (V17) and p24/p53 (V107) were used. The cells were fixed with 0.5-1% glutar-aldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2), dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in epoxy (at 45° Cor 60°C) or Lowicryl K4M resin (at −30°C). The sections were incubated in MoAb at room temperature for 1 h and then incubated in anti-mouse goat IgG conjugated with gold (IgG-gold, 5 or 15 nm; Janssen) for 40 min. After being washed, the sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and were observed in an electron microscope with a tilting apparatus.The spećific reactions with V17 and V107 were detected on HIV-1 particles and in the infected cells. No reactivity was noted between uninfected control cells and the MoAb, or between the infected cells and normal mouse serum. More than 97% of the HIV-1 particles embedded in epoxy resinat 60°C were labeled with gold after exclusion of the HIV particles that were attached to supporting film or completely embedded in the section (Fig. 1). Increased labeling was observed with Lowicryl (Fig. 2)and epoxy resin embedding at 45°C.
Unique structure of rat lymph node HEV for the promotion of lymphocyte migration
Authors: Imada Masato , Dai Jibin , Sugiura Wataru , Yamashita Akira 
Published: June 2020

Recently particular interest on the lymphocyte recirculation have been forcussed on the structural and functional natures of high-endothelial venules(HEV), in which large numbers of lymphocytes migrate physiologically across the vascular wall. In the present study, we have examined immunohistochemically and morphologically the microstructure of endothelium of HEV and the relationship between the endothelium and migrating lymphocytes, using thoratic duct lymphdrainaged rats which may permit us to investgate more easily their structures.Male DA rats weighing between 160-240g were used. The animals were cannulated with polyethylene tubes thoratic duct using Gowans’s method, placed in the Bollman cages and the lymph drainage was maintained for 3days. For TEM, cervical lymph nodes were fixed, dehydrated through graded alcohols and embedded in Epoxy resin. Ultrathin sections were stained with aqueous uranyl acetate and lead citrate and examined on a JEOL JEM-200CX. For immunohistochemical study, frozen sections were cut and stained with the indirect immunoperoxidase technique using anti ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule) and anti HEV monoclonal antibodies (mAb).
Computer-assisted analysis of regenerating rabbit retinal pigment epithelium
Authors: Korte G. E. , Song M. J. 
Published: June 2020

While examining thin sections of regenerating rabbit retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) we observed profound changes in ultrastructure as the cells matured. To assist in studying this problem serial thick sections (0.25 μm) through regenerating RPE cells were studied by highvoltage electron microscopy (HVEM) and a computer program (STERECON) used to generate stereo reconstructions.Tissue was obtained from rabbits that received sodium iodate iv -- which destroys large expanses of RPE and permits examination of regeneration from surviving cells. One-two weeks after iodate administration the rabbits were euthanized, the eyes removed and tissue processed for transmission electron microscopy by routine procedures. Serial sections 0.25 μm thick were mounted on Formvar coated slot grids, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and examined with an AEI EM7 1.2 MV HVEM at 1000 kV. Figure 1 illustrates observations made on six sections through the cell seen in Fig. 2. The cell was photographed at 5000x and printed as a montage at 15,000x.
An analytical determination and comparative synopsis of the vesicle content of the synaptic terminals in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rabbit
Authors: Vázquez-Ortíz E. , Ríos A. , Caballero J.L. 
Published: June 2020

We have determined the regression equations that rule the behaviour of the dependent variable, the area occupied by the synaptic vesicles, as a function of the independent variable, the area of the profile, for those profiles corresponding to the RLP, RSD, FI AND F2 synaptic terminals in the α sector of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the rabbit. The ultrastructural characteristics (Fig.1) are similar to those described by other authors in the cat and the monkey.The rabbits used in this study were bred in captivity and were not albinos. After fixation by perfusion, the diencephalon was separated from the brain and cylinders were extracted with a 300 μm-diameter hypodermic needle in dorsoventral, anteroposterior and lateromedial directions. In this way we were able to obtain a set of samples distributed strategically throughout the α sector of the geniculate nucleus (α external dorsal, α external ventral, α external anterior, α external posterior, α external lateral and a internal regions, Fig. 2). The diencephalon and the extracted cylinders were treated in the normal ways for optical and electron microscopy, respectively.
The effect of a phorbol ester on gap junctions during amphibian myogenesis
Authors: Mi-bai (Tseng Ni-pai) Zeng , Mei-yun Zhou 
Published: June 2020

It has been demonstrated that the treatment of a phorbol ester (TPA) interrupted the differentiation of amphibian muscle cells. In normal development concurrent with the differentiation changes from myoblasts to muscle cells, gap junctions also undergo a series of changes. The inhibitory effect of TPA on the intercellular commnication of cultured cells was reported by Yancey et al. among others. It is worth while to find out how TPA affect gap junctions in amphibian myogenesis.Presumptive somite from mid-nurula of Cynops orientalis was extirpated and cultured in the medium used in our laboratory for 4 days, corresponding to the period when gap junctions were found to be at their highest incidence in normal development. For the experimental series, the explants were exposed to TPA (10 ng/ml) for the same length of time. Both the control and the TPA treated explants were fixed and processed for freeze-etching replicas. Careful searching for gap junctions were carried out.Evident difference in the incidence of gap junctions were found between the control and the TPA treated series.
Organization of the cytoskeleton during cellularization in Drosophila melanogaster embryos: Confocal laser scanning and electron microscopy
Authors: Katoh Kazuo , Ishikawa Harunori 
Published: June 2020

The three-dimensional organization of cytoskeletal components in the early Drosophila melanogaster embryos during cellularization was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy of the whole embryos and thin section electron microscopy.For confocal microscopy, Drosophila embryos at 2-3 hr after egg-laying were dechorionated and fixed with 8% paraformaldehyde-1% picric acid in 0.1M phosphate buffer (pH 7.2). Embryos were first blocked with normal goat serum, incubated with monoclonal antibody raised against Drosophila embryo α-tubulin for 4 hr, and then were incubated with FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG for 2 hr. Some embryos were stained with rhodamine-labeled phailoidin for F-actin visualization. After staining, the whole embryos were mounted on slide glass with an appropriate spacer and examined under the confocal microscope (Bio-Rad, Lasersharp MRC-500). For electron microscopy, dechorionated embryos were fixed with 1/2 Karnovsky's fixative followed by OsO4 fixation. To better preserve actin filaments, embryos were fixed with the same 1/2 Karnovsky's fixative containing 10 μM phailoidin and 0.1% saponin in 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2. Such fixed embryos were dehydrated and then embedded in Epoxy resin. Thin sections were cut and examined under a Hitachi H-800 type electron microscope.
The ultrastructure of the abdominal musculature of an orchestid amphipod
Authors: Levin Martin A. , Cale Lisa L. , Lynch-Holm Valerie 
Published: June 2020

Orchestia is a genus of amphipod in the crustacean class Malacostraca. The order Amphipoda contains over 6000 species commonly called side swimmers, scuds and beach fleas(1). Most are marine bottom-dwellers utilizing their thoracic legs and posterior abdominal uropods for walking, crawling and swimming. However, some, like those in the genera Orchestia and Hyale are semiterrestrial. These amphipods, commonly referred to as “beach fleas,' “beach hoppers” or “sand fleas” can hop vigorously for great distances (up to 50 times their length) by extending their abdomens and telsons against the sand(2).In our study, the ultrastructure of the dorsal muscle cord of Orchestia grillus was examined. Vogel(3) described the abdominal muscles of Orchestia cavimana as consisting of two groups of muscles: a strong, complex, dorsal muscle cord used mainly for hopping and a group of weaker, ventral, longitudinal and oblique muscles.The specimens were collected in clumps of decaying seaweed and other detritus from the intertidal zone near the high water mark at Avery Point Beach, Connecticut.
The clathrin triskelion leg has an extensible proximal domain
Authors: Kocsis E. , Trus B.L. , Steer C.J. , Bisher M.E. , Steven A.C. 
Published: June 2020

Clathrin is the major protein of coated membranes involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis and other membrane-trafficking reactions. The basic clathrin molecule, the triskelion, consisting of three heavy chains (190kDa) and three light chains (23-27kDa), polymerizes into a wide range of fenestrated polyhedral surface lattices. The capacity of triskelions to assemble into closed dodecahedral shells that are extravagantly polymorphic implies that certain degrees of freedom must be present in their molecular structure. To investigate this proposition, we have made a systematic study of the flexibility and the variability in leg-length exhibited by isolated triskelions.Triskelions were isolated from bovine brain. Samples in 5mM Tris.HCl and 50% glycerol were nebulized on to freshly cleaved mica, rotary shadowed with platinum at an elevation angle of 8°, and lightly coated with carbon. The specimens were observed in a Philips EM400T electron microscope at a nominal magnification of 36,000x.
Quantitative electron microscopic study on mitochondria of smooth muscle in piqixuzheng rat
Authors: Liu Hepei , Hou Yanming , Chang Xiaofeng , Wang Shulan 
Published: June 2020

Johnson stated that man has always been interested in the structure of things in the world around him. In this regard, the electron microscopy, a modern technique, is used for research in traditional Chinese medicine. The terms and theories of TCM are quite different from those of Western medicine. The theory of TCM indicates that pi (spleen in TCM) has important roles in human health. According to the basic theory of TCM, one such function of the pi is nourishing the muscles. A significant decrease in the number of mitochondria with normal structure and a significant increase in the number of mitochondria with abnormal structure in skeletal muscle of piqixuzheng (spleen energy deficiency in TCM) rats have been reported. The present work is a quantitative electron microscopic study on mitochondria of smooth muscle in piqixuzheng rats.Male Wistar rats were used in this study. The piqixuzheng rats were produced by treatment with houpo (Magnolia officinalis), Zhishi(Fructus aurantii immaturus), dahuang (Radix et rhizoma) and fasting day other day for six weeks.
A cell biological study of the micropylar apparatus in dipterans of economic importance
Authors: Zarani Flora E. , Margaritis Lukas H. 
Published: June 2020

The micropylar apparatus is a specialized region of the eggshell, serving as a passage (micropylar canal) to the spermatozoon. The entire eggshell is secreted by the follicle cells during oogenesis, in successive layers, in the following order: vitelline membrane, wax layer, innermost chorionic layer, endochorion, exochorion. This study is an E.M. investigation of the structure and morphogenesis of the micropylar apparatus at the follicles of Dipterans of economic importance, such asCeratitis capitata,Dacus oleaeandRhagoletis cerasi. These insects affect the fruits of orange, olive and cherry trees respectively.The micropylar apparatus of the DipteransC. capitata,D. oleaeandR. cerasi. forms a protrusion at the anterior part of the egg. This apparatus consists of the vitelline membrane (Vm), which is surrounded by the wax layer (wl); the innermost chorionic layer (icl); the endochorion (En); and the exochorionic “tuft”. The endochorion has many cavities which probably take part in the air storage, in order to facilitate the embryo’s respiratory needs (Figs. 1,3,5). The micropylar canal is covered by the characteristic tuft, resulting in the vitelline membrane, where it becomes thinner and forms the pocket.
Cuticular sensory structures on the legs of Orthetrum sabina (Odonata: Libellulidae) as revealed by SEM
Authors: Gupta Abhik , Dey Sudip , Gupta Suswita 
Published: June 2020

Occurrence and distribution of various cuticular sensory structures such as Sensilla chaetica, S. trichoidea, S. basiconica, pore sensilla, hairplates, S. campanifonuia, microtrichial structures, as well as unique hemispherical protuberances and flattened branched setae are presented. Their morphology is described, and size ranges recorded.As seen in figures 1 and 2, the coxa has two hairplate like structures, each comprising a group of trichoid sensilla with blunt and slightly bulbous tips. The femur has minute basiconic pegs, and pores as well, scattered on its surface(figure - 3 ). The tibial surface shows a profusion of unique flattened and branched setae (figure - 4 ). Similar setae are also present along the outer margin of the tarsus (figure - 5) which also bears a number of hemispherical protuberances(figure - 6 ).
Contributions of electron microscopy towards the understanding of flavivirus replication process
Authors: Lee Ng Mah 
Published: June 2020

The techniques of electron microscopy was extensively used in our study on flavivirus replication. The initial event of attachment and entry of the virus was visualised (Fig 1). It revealed that virus (Vi) particle attachment (double arrow) was most likely receptor-mediated. Entry was through clathrin-coated endocytotlc vesicles (Eve). Uncoating of the virus envelope (short arrows) seemed to occur within the endocytotic vesicles.After entry and during replication, there are several virus-induced changes (Fig 2). Three most prominent features are the formation of vesicles (Ve), the microtubule paracrystals (Pc) and the proliferation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These components are always in close vicinity to each other and could be the replication complex for the virus.