bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxidative Damage to Axonal Cytoskeletal Proteins
Authors: Perry G , Zelasko D A , Sayre L M , Smith M A 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Proteins of the axonal cytoskeleton, particularly neurofilament and microtubule-associated protein τ, should be particularly sensitive to the effects of oxidative modification due to their high content of lysine, an amino acid that is particularly susceptible to direct oxidization as well as adduction by carbonyls produced from lipid and sugar oxidation. To understand the susceptibility of the cytoskeleton to oxidative modification and whether such modification is related to the physiological function of the cytoskeleton, we undertook a cytological analysis of motor neurons isolated from mouse spinal cord. These neurons contain an abundant axonal cytoskeleton that can be readily analyzed distinct from the cell body. Immunocytochemistry, using antibodies against protein-adducts of the highly reactive lipid peroxidation product, hydroxynonenal (HNE), representing Michael addition or pyrrole formation, revealed that HNE-immunoreactive adducts are found in all axons. This in situ distribution of HNE-adducts is consistent with immunoblots prepared from axons which show selective HNE modification of neurofilament heavy subunit (NFH) but not of other cytoskeletal proteins.
Effect of Gasohol on The Rat Liver
Authors: MacDuff BA , Singh A , Chu I 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Although there are a variety of gasoline ethanol mixtures proposed as neat fuels (ethanol 85% + gasoline 15% = E85; E95) for automobiles, gasohol (gasoline 90% + ethanol 10%) is presently used as a fuel in the United States. The adverse effects, if any, of gasohol ingestion are unknown; effects on the liver of rats administered gasohol are examined in this study.
Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats received daily, via gavage, one of the three concentrations of gasohol for 28 days; LD50/20, LD50/100 and LD50/1000, where LD50 = 1.5g ethanol / kg body weight (bw) and 14g gasoline / kg bw. The LD50 was based on that of gasoline, which was obtained from literature value.1 The amount of ethanol added to stock gasohol was only 1/10 its LD50, required to maintain the gasoline ethanol proportion of 9:1. Gasohol was administered in corn oil with total volume 10 ml. Animals that received only corn oil served as controls.
Novel Second Generation Platinum Containing Antineoplastic Agents Ssp, Sap, and Poly-Plat and Their Effect on Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (Ec 1.1.1.49) in the Liver and Kidney of Male Wistar Rats.
Authors: Multhaupt T P , Aggarwal SK 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Poly-(trans-l,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinumj-carboxyamylose (Poly-Plat); 5-SuIfosalicylato-trans-(l,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinum (SSP); and 4-Hydroxy-a-sulfonylphenylacetato (trans 1,2-diaminocyclohexane) platinum (II) (SAP) (Andrulis Pharmaceuticals, Bethesda, MD) are three novel second generation platinum containing antineoplastic compounds. Initial studies indicate that these agents are more effective in the treatment of cancer while at the same time less toxic to the organism as a whole than cisplatin (CDDP). The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of these new compounds on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) as compared to CDDP treated and normal kidney and liver tissues.
Wistar rats (100-120g) were given intraperitoneal injections of CDDP (9 mg/ kg) and Poly-Plat, SSP and SAP (10 mg/ kg) over a 5 day period. On day 6 the animals were sacrificed and tissues (kidney and liver) were freeze sectioned (7 μm). Sections were incubated in media according to the accepted method specific for the G-6-PDH localization at a pH of 7.46 for 30 min.
Acute Ocular Effects of Mustard Gas: Anatomic Pathology and Immunohistopathology of Exposed Cornea
Authors: Bailey GW , Dimlich RVW , Alexander KB , McCarthy JJ , Pretlow TP , Petrali JP , Hamilton TA , Finger AV , Dick E J 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Sulfur mustard gas (HD), a synthetic vesicating agent used effectively as a major chemical warfare agent during World War 1, continues to be a modern day threat agent. Unfortunately there is no specific pretreatment or antidotal therapy for those who may become exposed. Whole body exposure results in cutaneous, respiratory and ocular effects. of these, eye impairment leads to the most immediate incapacitation. However HD-induced eye lesions remain to be fully characterized. In the present study we explore histological, ultrastructural and immunopathological effects of a vesicating dose of HD in rabbit cornea occurring during the first 24 hours following exposure.
A 0.4μl drop of liquid HD was placed on the left cornea of anesthetized rabbits. The right cornea served as an unexposed control. Following exposure animals were returned to their cages and given appropriate care by an attending veterinarian. Eye injury was evaluated by clinical observations and given scores of severity from simple conjunctival redness to apparent corneal damage.
Morphologic Identification of Viral Gastroenteritis Caused by a Human Calicivirus Strain Undetected Initially by Molecular or Immunologic Methods
Authors: Humphrey C D , Noel J S , Liu B L , Rodriguez E M , Lambden P R , Clarke I N , Dwyer D M , Ando T , Glass RI , Monroe S S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Molecular and immunologie assays for virus identification and characterization are well known for their high specificity and sensitivity. High specificity occasionally hampers efforts to detect virus strains distantly related to previously recognized types and may allow infectious agents to be undetected when these techniques are used for identification. We describe in this report such an example with an outbreak of foodborne gastroenteritis.
Forty-six cases of gastrointestinal illness were reported in May 1994 among adult staff of a Parkville, Md., school after a catered luncheon. Symptoms included stomach cramps, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. Seven stool specimens, negative by routine bacteriological screening, and 14 acute-and convalescent-phase sera from patients involved in the outbreak were tested for viruses. The stool specimens were examined by electron microscopy (EM) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) designed to detect small round structured viruses (SRSVs). In addition, serum specimens were tested for IgG antibody to recombinant capsid proteins from Norwalk virus (rNV) and Toronto virus (rTV) using a direct enzyme immunoassay (EIA).
Effects of Atovaquone on the Ultrastructural Morphology of Pneumocystis Carinii
Authors: Goheen MP , Bartlett MS , Shaw MM , Meshnick SR , Smith JW 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) occurs at some time in most patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine isothionate are the traditional modes of therapy for treatment and prophylaxis of PCP. Unfortunately these drugs are associated with a significant incidence of adverse side effects particularly in patients with AIDS. Toxicity and a growing concern that P. carinii strains are becoming resistant to these compounds is providing the impetus for the search for additional drugs to combat P. carinii. Atovaquone, developed as an antimalarial agent, has activity against a wide range of other organisms, including Toxoplasma sp. and P. carinii, with a lower incidence of adverse reactions during clinical trials. Atovaquone inhibits mitochondrial respiration in P. falciparum and P. carinii. In this study transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe the effects of atovaquone on P. carinii organisms in short term spinner flask culture.
Spinner flask cultures of human embryonic lung cells were inoculated with P. carinii from infected rat lung.
Towards Understanding the Structural Basis of Endogenous Transcription in dsRNA Viruses
Authors: Venkataram Prasad B V , Lawton J A , Zeng C Q -Y , Estes M K 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses found in animals, bacteria, and yeast, the genome is transcribed within the structurally intact core of the virion with extraordinary efficiency. How is the genome transcribed within the confines of the intact core particles? How are the nascent mRNA transcripts released through the capsid layers? Critical to our understanding of the structural basis of endogenous transcription is the characterization of the internal organization in terms of genome and transcription enzymes in these viruses. Our recent structural studies on rotavirus, a prototypical dsRNA virus, have begun to provide a better understanding of this process.
Rotaviruses are the major pathogens of infantile gastroenteritis. These are complex and relatively large (1000 Å in diameter), nonenveloped icosahedral viruses. The structure of rotavirus is composed of three concentric capsid protein layers enclosing eleven strands of dsRNA (Fig. 1a). Although previous structural studies using electron cryomicroscopy and computer image processing, have described the overall architecture of the rotavirus, the structural details of internal organization has been elusive.
Effects of Varying Salinity on the Endoplasmic Reticulum System in Leaf Epidermal Cells of Ruppia Maritima
Authors: Barnabas AD 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Ruppia maritima L. is a submerged halophyte which is capable of growing in a wide range of salinities. In a previous study, the effects of varying salinity on the ultrastructure of leaf blade epidermal cells of R. maritima were investigated. The ultrastructural morphology of the cells, including organelle number and distribution, differed at different salinities. However, salinity effects on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) system could not be assessed since this cytoplasmic component was not readily discernible in material processed in the conventional manner for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the present study, selective staining of the ER was achieved, and the response of this membrane system to different salinities ascertained.
Leaf material from plants growing at two salinities (5‰and 20‰) was examined. The zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) impregnation technique was used to stain the ER, and its morphology and distribution determined in leaf blade epidermal cells exposed to the different salinities. Leaf samples were fixed in glutaraldehyde, post fixed in an aqueous mixture of ZIO, dehydrated, and embedded in resin. Controls were processed in exactly the same way, but without ZIO post fixation. Sections with dark gold to purple interference colours were cut and examined unstained with a Phillips 301 TEM.
Characterization of Waxy Material of the Giant Whitefly, Aleurodicus Dugesii, Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Capillary Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (CGC-MS)
Authors: Freeman T P , Nelson D R , Buckner J S , Ruud R L , Fatland C L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The giant whitefly is a pest, particularly of Hibiscus and sometimes avocados, in southern California. The insect is unique in that the nymphal stages produce copious quantities of waxy material differing in structure and chemical composition. Adults produce a waxy material (waxy particles) which covers them and surrounding surfaces, and the female also produces a waxy material with which she forms a circular trail of wax strands on the abaxial leaf surface.
Waxy particles produced by male and female adults consisted of long-chain aldehydes and alcohols, largely 32 carbons in chain length. As waxy ribbons extruded from anterior abdominal wax plates, they are periodically broken off by the tibia and the resulting particles coat adults, nymphs and surrounding surfaces. The female has a second set of wax plates posteriorly on her abdomen which produce waxy strands. As her abdomen drags along the abaxial leaf surface during oviposition these strands break off forming a waxy trail camouflaging the eggs.
The nymphs produce several types of waxy material. Two types are produced at the same time from 10 pores on the dorsal surface; waxy material is extruded as a filament on which a second waxy material curls off as extrusion occurs.
Squid Gill - a System for Studying Biorhythms
Authors: Guha T , Sen A , Brahmachary R L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
It is well known that cephalopods ( octopus, squid, cuttle fish etc. ) have various pulsatile systems in their bodies. We have now used the gills of Loliolus investigatoris and Loligo dauvauceli, two small squids found in the Bay of Bengal, as a system for studying such autonomous pulsations. The gills excised out of squids cast on the beach from fishing nets can be maintained in pasteurised sea water for 3 4 or 5 days in petri dish where they continue to execute the rhythmic movements.
The gill samples were fixed in 2% Gluteraldehyde in 0.1M Phosphate buffer (pH 7.4).for 48 hours, then washed with filtered pasteurised sea water, followed by washing in distilled water, dehydration in acetone and critical point drying in liquid CO2 and coating with gold.
Fig. 1.depicts an ablated gill which executes an oscillatory motion as a whole; more importantly, the individual finger like projections shown in fig. 2, exhibit rhythmic lateral movements and the blood-vessels, as a result of constrictions and dilation, seem to “tick” like a clock in rapid succession. Periodicity of the gill swinging as a whole is about one swing per 7-8 seconds, for the sidewise swing it varied from 35 to 70 seconds in one gill, 11-39 in another while the “ticking” is about once a second. This last one is, however, lost after a few hours.
Intracellular Traffic of Glucocorticoid Receptors: Studies With Green Fluorescent Protein Chimeras in Living Cells
Authors: Barsony J , Carroll J , McKoy W , Renyi I , Gould DL , Htun H , Hager G 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
As ligand-regulated transcription factors, glucocorticoid receptors (GR) must traffic through the cytoplasm, traverse the nuclear pores, and subsequently traffic within the the nucleus to reach their target genes. Due to technical difficulties with immunocytology, little is known about the translocation process or the intranuclear localization. The recent characterization of a chromophore, green fluorescent protein (GFP), provided a general tool to fluorescently label proteins in living cells. With the development of a transcriptionally active GFP-GR chimera, it became possible to visualize GR translocation and intranuclear distribution in living cells.
This chimeric receptor was transiently transfected into mouse adenocarcinoma cells, allowing the direct visualization of GR using real-time video and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Mobility of GFP-GR was analyzed with fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP).
The hormone-free GFP-GR was localized in the cytoplasm figure 1). Dexamethasone (lOnM) initiated GFP-GR translocation into the nucleus (Figure 2 and 3). The translocation rate was dose- and temperature-dependent, and occurred in a pulsatile manner along cytoplasmic fibrillar structures (Figure 2). FRAP experiments showed that GFP-GR remained in motion within the nucleus after translocation.
PIT-1 Protein Localization at Different Optical Sections in a Single Living Cell Using FRET Microscopy and Green Fluorescent Proteins
Authors: Periasamy Ammasi , Day Richard N 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The pituitary specific transcription factor Pit-1 is required for transcriptional activity of the prolactin (PRL) gene. The Pit-1 protein is a member of the POU homeodomain transcription factors that is expressed in several different anterior pituitary cell types, where it functions as an important determinant of pituitary-specific gene expression. The Pit-1 protein generally interacts with DNA elements in the PRL gene promoter as a dimer, and has been demonstrated to associate with other transcription factors. The objective of our research is to define the critical molecular events involved in transcriptional regulation of the PRL gene in living cells. Methods that allow monitoring of the intimate interactions between protein partners in living cells provide an unparalleled perspective on these biological processes. Using the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a tag, we applied the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique to visualize where and when the Pit-1 protein interacts in the living cell. FRET is a quantum mechanical effect that occurs between donor (D) and acceptor (A) fluorophores provided: (i) the emission energy of D is coincident with the energy required to excite A, and (ii) the distance that separating the two fluorophores is 10-100 Å. Mutant forms of GFP that fluoresce either green or blue (BFP) have excitation and emission spectra that are suitable for FRET imaging.
Localization of HPV and SC35 Domains in SiHa and CaSki Cells by TSA Using Fluorescent Tyramides
Authors: Adler KE , Moen PT , Erickson TJ , Bobrow MN 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Detection of integrated HPV DNA in SiHa and CaSki cells has been demonstrated by in situ PCR (1,2,3) and more recently TSA (4). These reports focused on high sensitivity single copy HPV detection using chromogenic techniques. Here we utilize high resolution and high sensitivity fluorescent methods of detection to analyze the spatial relationship of HPV DNA with respect to subnuclear domains enriched in splicing-related proteins, shown here by immunofluorescent detection of the SC-35 antigen (5). In situhybridization was performed using conventional reagents and the resulting probe signal amplified using fluorescent labeled tyramides (6). In contrast to techniques such as in situ PCR which require specialized procedures and equipment, detection of HPV DNA in SiHa cells was rapidly and routinely achieved using no specialized equipment. In addition, high target resolution was maintained, in contrast to in situ PCR, which is plagued by signal dispersion and difficult localization (7).
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor mRNA Expression in Diseased Human Liver: An In Situ Hybridization Study Using Biotin-Labeled Oligonucleotide Probes and Tyramide-Enhanced Detection
Authors: G. Kömüves László , Feren Anna , Jones Albert , Fodor Eric 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Deregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene expression is belived to be a major factor in the development of epithelial cell tumorigenesis, including hepatic carcinomas. To examine EGFR expression within the course of liver cirrhosis, we have identified its hepatic mRNA distribution using a biotinylated antisense oligonucleotide probe.
In this study liver samples from liver transplantation recipients were fixed with 4% formaldehyde in PBS for 24 h and embedded in paraffin. Following treatments aimed to promote probe penetration and eliminate non-specific probe binding, an EGFR antisense biotin-labeled oligonucleotide probe was hybridized to sections at 45°C for 4h. High and low stringency washes were designed to remove the unbound probe. Following the blocking of non-specific tissue binding, sections were incubated with streptavidin-peroxidase. Biotinylated tyramide was then used for signal amplification. After washing, streptavidin-peroxidase was reapplied, followed by colorimetric detection of peroxidase activity using DAB as substrate. The sections were counterstained with hematoxylin and coverslipped.
Constitutive Expression of Interferon β in Differentiated Epithelial Cells
Authors: Bielenberg DR , Fidler IJ , Bucana CD 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Interferon beta (IFN β) is a member of the family of secreted proteins that compose the host defense against viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections and tumors. The interferons exert their activity indirectly by regulating a number of other proteins. Low level expression of IFN β has been reported in a variety of non-epithelial cells from normal animals. Here, we demonstrate the expression of IFN β in epithelial cells lining organs that are chronically exposed to a variety of environmental challenges.
Tissue samples from the digestive system, urinary bladder, mammary fat pad, skin and cornea of C3H/HeN mice were fixed with 10% formalin and processed for histology. Immunoperoxidase was performed on tissue sections that had been de-waxed and treated with trypsin. Briefly, the sections were incubated with rabbit anti mouse IFN β (Lee Biomolecular, San Diego, CA) overnight at 4°C, washed and incubated further with a peroxidase conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG, (F(ab) 2) (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc., West Grove, PA) for 1 h at ambient temperature.
Effect of Biotinylation on Fibrinogen Function and Fibrinogen-Platelet Interaction
Authors: Bailey GW , Dimlich RVW , Alexander KB , McCarthy JJ , Pretlow TP , Mattson JC , Estry DW , Farrah DM , Wolak HH , Westley S 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Biotinylation of antibodies to be used in immunolocalization studies is a well established approach to mapping epitopes in biological specimens at both the light and ultrastructural level. Biotinylation of antibodies does not appear to significantly alter their interaction with antigen. A similar approach has been proposed for examining ligand interaction with receptors. Producing a soluble biotinylated ligand that behaves similarly to unlabeled ligand avoids the problems introduced by particulate labels such as ferritin, gold and latex. Particulate labels for ligands can be especially problematic in studies of receptor behavior in live cells since viable cells may directly react to the particulate probe itself. The interaction of plasma fibrinogen with its receptor on blood platelets, GPIIb-IIIa, is required for platelet-platelet cohesion and subsequent formation of a hemostatic platelet plug at sites of vascular injury. To study the events that follow binding of fibrinogen to its receptor5 we have produced a series of fibrinogens biotinylated with molar ratios of biotin:fibrinogen that range from 5 to 50.
Effects of Cisplatin Administration on the Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Somatostatin in the Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Wang Ying , K. Aggarwal Surinder 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Cisplatin, a potent broad spectrum anti-cancer agent, has been proven effective in the treatments of bladder, lung, ovarian, head and neck, and testicular cancers. Drawbacks of this chemotherapeutic drug are its toxic side-effects, which include severe nausea, vomiting, stomach distention, peptic ulcer and hyperglycemia. Cisplatin treatment induces the hyperglycemia both in clinical situation and the rodents. Because of the role of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (i-NOS) and somatostatin on the dysfunction of the β-cell of the pancreatic islets and the suppression of the insulin secretion, these were studied using immunocytochemical methods before and after cisplatin treatments using rats.
Wistar rats (100-150 g) were divided into two groups of 6 animals each. One group received injections of cisplatin (9 mg/kg) in 0.85% saline in 5 divided dosages over a 5 days period. The other group received the vehicle of injection only. Rats were killed one day after the last injection.