bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecological Rationality and Evolutionary Medicine:
Authors: Mousavi Shabnam , Schulkin Jay 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A notion of rationality represents a structure that can be used to explain, evaluate, and recommend a certain course of action. Full rationality, independent of context, builds such a structure based on the rules of logic and statistical inference. Ecological rationality, on the other hand, focuses on the interaction between the human mind and the task environment. This chapter argues that ecological rationality can provide an operational framework for evolutionary medicine based on compatible foundational concepts. Risk literacy and numeracy methods developed on the basis of an adaptive toolbox approach constitute effective education tools. An evolutionary approach to medical education facilitates the integration of these accessible and well-retained educational tools for physicians and their patients, and can enrich public health policymaking.
The French Revolution Controversy
Authors: Marks Susan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The rights of man ‘arrived’ in England, in the sense of beginning to circulate in public discourse and becoming a topic on which people staked out positions, during the final decade of the eighteenth century. The context was debate over the significance of the French Revolution for England (the ‘Revolution controversy’). This chapter initiates discussion of the contested meaning of the rights of man in that debate, examining contributions by Richard Price, Edmund Burke, Mary Wollstonecraft and Thomas Paine. A vision of the rights of man emerges as the rights of the living to control the political community of which those latter are a part.
Back Then It Was Called Hillbilly Music (1946–1957)
Authors: Lornell Kip 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Bluegrass began to emerge as a subset of hillbilly music shortly after the close of World War II. However, both the terms “country” music and “bluegrass” were not commonly used until the late 1950s. Throughout the 1950s WARL radio highlighted this music, mostly notably lead by DJ Don Owens. Mandolinist Buzz Busby was perhaps the most influential pioneering bluegrass music in the area and participated in the first local television show (1954) featuring this music. By the late 1940s DC Records became the first local label to record hillbilly music talent around Washington, DC, and the Happy Melody Boys were the first hillbilly/bluegrass band to appear on national television (1955). The chapter closes with the formation of the Country Gentlemen, arguably the most important local bluegrass band.
Country Gentlemen and the Folk Music Revival (1957–1966)
Authors: Lornell Kip 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The Country Gentlemen (perhaps the most nationally acclaimed of the bluegrass genre’s second-generation bands) are at the core of this chapter. During this period record labels across the United States took a greater interest in local bands and more of them appeared on 45 rpm discs and, secondarily, albums. The most important local label, Rebel Records, started the same year (1960) that weekend bluegrass festivals debuted in nearby Berryville, Virginia. An increasing number of local venues were booking live local and regional bluegrass bands as well as national acts. Spurred by the folk music revival, among other factors like increased radio airplay, the general interest in bluegrass was clearly on the rise.
Internationalizing Colonial War: on the Unintended Consequences of the Interventions of the International Committee of the Red Cross in South-East Asia, 1945–1949*
Authors: van Dijk Boyd 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
What is the relationship between decolonization and international law? Most historians agree that empires framed their colonial wars as emergencies in order to escape international scrutiny. After 1945, however, those same imperial powers invited the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to intervene in their wars of decolonization while resisting an official state of war. This article seeks to solve this puzzle by drawing attention to the ICRC’s critical part in reshaping the international legal system regarding colonial war in the critical years before the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62) and the Bandung Conference (1955). In this formative period, the organization, together with anti-colonial activists, played a transformative role in contesting accepted ideas of global governance and international law while providing a new stage for anti-colonial resistance, with far-reaching consequences, not just for the ICRC’s own institutional future, but also for the legitimization of (post-)colonial sovereignty in the twentieth century.
Sources and Resources John Bradmore and the Case of the Bitten Man: A Tantalising Link Between Three Medieval Surgical Manuscripts
Authors: Lang S. J. 
Published: February 2020

Summary
This article examines three English surgical treatises compiled between the late fourteenth and mid-fifteenth centuries. The earliest, a Middle English treatise dated 1392, appears to have been compiled by a surgeon practising in London (MS Wellcome 564). Near contemporary with this is a Latin treatise, Philomena, compiled by London surgeon John Bradmore in the first decade of the fifteenth century (BL MS Sloane 2272). The latest of the three, dated 1446, represents a translation/adaptation of Bradmore’s Philomena into Middle English (BL MS Harley 1736). All three treatises contain anecdotes of surgical cases, and just one of these anecdotes is common to all three manuscripts. Close analysis of this story is used to explore aspects of the practice and regulation of surgery in late medieval London, and also to examine the relationship of the three treatises and the implications this has for the sharing of texts and information among surgeons.
Effect of oral meloxicam administration on growth performance and behavior of pre-weaning age calves following band castration
Authors: Daniel Jay A , Crane Alison , Krawczel Peter D , Coetzee Johann F , Whitlock Brian K 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if oral meloxicam (M; a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug) administered at castration to pre-weaning age calves affected average daily gain (ADG) or behavior. Prior to castration (d −14), Angus bulls were weighed and randomly assigned to be band castrated (BAN; n = 8; age = 90.2 ± 6.5 d; BW = 146.3 ± 11.4 kg; scrotal circumference = 16.0 ± 0.5 cm) or castrated with M (BAN + M; n = 9; age = 102.1 ± 6.2 d; BW = 146.0 ± 7.7 kg; scrotal circumference = 16.1 ± 0.3 cm). Six bulls selected to remain bulls based on pedigree and phenotype were maintained in the same pasture (BULL; age = 104.2 ± 6.1 d; BW = 172.1 ± 8.7 kg; scrotal circumference = 17.5 ± 0.4 cm). On d 0, BAN and BAN + M had a rubber band applied tightly around the scrotum, and BAN + M also received oral M (2 mg/kg BW). On d 1, 14, and 28, animals were weighed and a blood sample was collected to determine circulating concentrations of haptoglobin and fibrinogen. Data loggers were affixed to the legs of calves immediately prior to castration (d 0) to record behaviors [mean lying time (h/d), mean lying bouts (n/d), and steps (n/d)] at 1-min intervals and removed on d 28. Behavior and plasma data were tested for effect of treatment, day, and treatment × day interaction, and ADG data were tested for effect of treatment, period (d −14 to 1, d 1 to 14, and d 14 to 28), and treatment × period interaction using JMP procedures for repeated measures (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). BULL in period d 0 to 14 had greater ADG than all other treatment period combinations, and BULL had greater ADG than BAN or BAN + M overall (P &lt; 0.05). There was no effect of M treatment on circulating concentrations of fibrinogen or haptoglobin (P &gt; 0.05). On d 7 and 15, BAN took more steps than BAN + M (P &lt; 0.05). BAN + M had more lying bouts than BAN on d 13 and 14 (P &lt; 0.05). Overall, M administration had no effect on ADG post-castration and only had minor impacts on behavior in calves band castrated pre-weaning.
A new transmission route for the propagation of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus
Authors: Danchin Antoine , Wai Ng Patrick Tuen , Turinici Gabriel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundA novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spread from the capital of the Hubei province in China to the rest of the country, then to most of the world. To anticipate future trends in the development of the epidemic, we explore here, based on public records of infected persons how variation in the virus tropism could end up in different patterns, warranting specific way to handle the epidemic.MethodsWe use a compartmental model to describe the evolution of an individual through several possible states: susceptible, infected, alternative infection, detected and removed. We fit the parameters of the model to the existing data taking into account significant quarantine changes where necessary.ResultsThe model indicates that Wuhan quarantine measures were effective but that alternative virus forms and a second propagation route are compatible with available data. For Singapore and Shenzhen region the secondary route does not seem to be active yet and the epidemic size limited.ConclusionsThe alternative infection tropism (the gut tropism) and a secondary propagation route are validated hypotheses using a model fitted by the available data. Corresponding prevention measures that take into account both routes should be implemented to the benefit of epidemic control.
Utilize State Transition Matrix Model to Predict the Novel Corona Virus Infection Peak and Patient Distribution
Authors: Wu Ke , Zheng Junhua , Chen Jian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundSince December 2019, a pneumonia caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has broken out in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. The continuous rising of infected cases has imposed overwhelming pressure on public health decision and medical resource allocation in China. We managed to forecast the infection peak time in Hubei province and the severe and critical case distribution.MethodsWe used data resource according to cases reported by the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China (Jan 25, 2019, to Feb 28, 2020) as the training set to deduce the arrival of the peak infection time and the number of severe and critical cases in Wuhan on subsequent days. Medical observation, discharge, infected, non-Severe, infected and severe, cure and death data were collected and analyzed. Using this state transition matrix model, we will be able predict when the inflection peak time (the maximum open infection cases) in Hubei Province will occur. Also, we can use this model to predict the patient distribution (severe, non-severe) to better allocate medical resource. Under relative pessimistic scenario, the inflection peak time is April 6-April 14. The numbers of critically ill and critically ill patients will lie between 8300-9800 and 2200-2700, respectively.ResultsIn very optimistic scenarios (daily NCC decay rate of −10%), the peak time of open inflection cases will arrive around February 23-February 26. At the same time, there will be a peak in the numbers of severely ill and critically ill patients, between 6800-7200 and 1800-2000, respectively. In a relative optimistic scenario (daily NCC decay rate of −5%), the inflection case peak time will arrive around February 28-March 2. The numbers of critically ill and critically ill patients will lie between 7100-7800 and 1900-2200, respectively. In a relatively pessimistic scenario (daily NCC decay rate of −1%), the inflection peak time does not arrive around the end of March. Estimated time is April 6-April 14. The numbers of critically ill and critically ill patients will lie between 8300-9800 and 2200-2700, respectively. We are using the diagnosis rate, mortality rate, cure rate as the 2/8 data. There should be room for improvement, if these metrics continue to improve. In that case, the peak time will arrive earlier than our estimation. Also, the severe and critical case ratios are likely to decline as the virus becomes less toxic and medical conditions improve. If that happens, the peak numbers will be lower than predicted above.ConclusionWe can infer that we are still not close to the end of this outbreak and the number of critically ill patients is still climbing. Assisting critical care resources in Hubei province requires the government to consider further tilt, and it is vital to make reasonable management of doctors and medical assistance systems to curb the transmission trend.
Influence of normobaric hypoxic exercise on endothelial progenitor cell senescence byin vitrocultivation with conditioned media
Authors: Harmsen Jan-Frieder , Nebe Dennis , Brixius Klara , Schenk Alexander , Bloch Wilhelm 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveCirculating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were shown to be affected in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. As interventional strategies, hypoxia and exercise are both known to increase the number and enhance the function of EPCs, potentially by extending their lifespan induced by a reduced senescence. Therefore, this pilot study investigated the effect of exercise under normobaric hypoxia on the senescence of EPCs byin vitrocultivation with autologous human serum (AHS).MethodsFour healthy trained young males (23 ± 2 years) performed an incremental cycling step test until exhaustion in a normobaric hypoxic-chamber with an average altitude of 4,000 m (O212.3%). Blood serum was taken at pre, 10 min post and 4 h post, which was later used forin vitrocultivation of EPCs. Senescence was investigated by ß-galactosidase staining.ResultsThe participants spent 30-40 min in normobaric hypoxia. The EPC senescence rate was reduced 10 min (0.72 ± 0.57%) and 4 hours (0.67 ± 0.52%) after exercise compared to pre (1.89 ± 0.37%).ConclusionThis pilot study indicates that intense exercise under normobaric hypoxia may enhance EPC function by slowing down their senescence.
Functional principal component based time-series genome-wide association in sorghum
Authors: Miao Chenyong , Xu Yuhang , Liu Sanzhen , Schnable Patrick S. , Schnable James C. 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTThe phenotypes of plants develop over time and change in response to the environment. New engineering and computer vision technologies track phenotypic change over time. Identifying genetic loci regulating differences in the pattern of phenotypic change remains challenging. In this study we used functional principal component analysis (FPCA) to achieve this aim. Time-series phenotype data was collected from a sorghum diversity panel using a number of technologies including RGB and hyperspectral imaging. Imaging lasted for thirty-seven days centered on reproductive transition. A new higher density SNP set was generated for the same population. Several genes known to controlling trait variation in sorghum have been cloned and characterized. These genes were not confidently identified in genome-wide association analyses at single time points. However, FPCA successfully identified the same known and characterized genes. FPCA analyses partitioned the role these genes play in controlling phenotype. Partitioning was consistent with the known molecular function of the individual cloned genes. FPCA-based genome-wide association studies can enable robust time-series mapping analyses in a wide range of contexts. Time-series analysis can increase the accuracy and power of quantitative genetic analyses.
Accelerating Monte Carlo modeling of structured-light based diffuse optical imaging via “photon sharing”
Authors: Yan Shijie , Yao Ruoyang , Intes Xavier , Fang Qianqian 
Published: February 2020

The increasing use of spatially-modulated imaging and single-pixel detection techniques demands computationally efficient methods for light transport modeling. Herein, we report an easy-to-implement yet significantly more efficient Monte Carlo (MC) method for simultaneously simulating spatially modulated illumination and detection patterns accurately in 3-D complex domains. We have implemented this accelerated algorithm, named “photon sharing”, in our open-source MC simulators, reporting 13.6× and 5.5× speedups in mesh- and voxel-based MC benchmarks, respectively. In addition, the proposed algorithm is readily used for accelerating the solving of inverse problems in spatially-modulated imaging systems by building Jaco-bians of all illumination-detection pattern pairs concurrently, resulting in a 12.4-fold speed improvement.https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.16.951590
Single-molecule fluorescence-based approach reveals novel mechanistic insights into small heat shock protein chaperone function
Authors: Johnston Caitlin L. , Marzano Nicholas R. , Paudel Bishnu , Wright George , Benesch Justin L. P. , van Oijen Antoine M. , Ecroyd Heath 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSmall heat shock proteins (sHsps) are a family of ubiquitous intracellular molecular chaperones that are up-regulated under stress conditions and play a vital role in protein homeostasis (proteostasis). It is commonly accepted that these chaperones work by trapping misfolded proteins to prevent their aggregation, however fundamental questions regarding the molecular mechanism by which sHsps interact with misfolded proteins remain unanswered. Traditionally, it has been difficult to study sHsp function due to the dynamic and heterogenous nature of the species formed between sHsps and aggregation-prone proteins. Single-molecule techniques have emerged as a powerful tool to study dynamic protein complexes and we have therefore developed a novel single-molecule fluorescence-based approach to observe the chaperone action of human αB-crystallin (αBc, HSPB5). Using this approach we have, for the first time, determined the stoichiometries of complexes formed between αBc and a model client protein, chloride intracellular channel 1 (CLIC1). By examining the polydispersity and stoichiometries of these complexes over time, and in response to different concentrations of αBc, we have uncovered unique and important insights into a two-step mechanism by which αBc interacts with misfolded client proteins to prevent their aggregation. Understanding this fundamental mechanism of sHsp action is crucial to understanding how these molecular chaperone function to protect the cell from protein misfolding and their overall role in the cellular proteostasis network.
Hnf4ais required for the development of Cdh6-expressing progenitors into proximal tubules in the mouse kidney
Authors: Marable Sierra S. , Chung Eunah , Park Joo-Seop 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundHnf4a is a major regulator of renal proximal tubule (PT) development. In humans, a mutation inHNF4Ais associated with Fanconi renotubular syndrome (FRTS), which is caused by defective PT functions. In mice, mosaic deletion ofHnf4ain the developing kidney causes a paucity of PT cells, leading to FRTS-like symptoms. The molecular mechanisms underlying the role of Hnf4a in PT development remain unclear.MethodsWe generated a newHnf4amutant mouse model employingOsr2Cre,which effectively deletesHnf4ain developing nephrons. We characterized the mutant phenotype by immunofluorescence analysis. We performed lineage analysis to test if Cdh6-expressing cells are PT progenitors. We also performed genome-wide mapping of Hnf4a binding sites and differential gene analysis ofHnf4amutant kidneys to identify direct target genes of Hnf4a.ResultsDeletion ofHnf4awithOsr2Creled to the complete loss of mature PT cells, causing lethality in theHnf4amutant mice. We found that Cdh6high, LTLlowcells serve as PT progenitors and that they show higher proliferation than Cdh6low, LTLhighdifferentiated PT cells. We also found that Hnf4a is required for PT progenitors to develop into differentiated PT cells. Our genomic analyses revealed that Hnf4a directly regulates the expression of genes involved in transmembrane transport and metabolism.ConclusionsOur findings show that Hnf4a promotes the development of PT progenitors into differentiated PT cells by regulating the expression of genes associated with reabsorption, the major function of PT cells.SignificanceProximal tubule cells are the most abundant cell type in the mammalian kidney and they perform the bulk of the renal reabsorption function. Despite their importance in kidney function, the molecular mechanisms of proximal tubule development and maturation are not well understood. Here we find that, in the developing mouse kidney, Cdh6high, LTLlowcells act as proximal tubule progenitors and that Hnf4a is required for these cells to further develop into proximal tubules. Our genomic analyses show that Hnf4a directly regulate the expression of genes required for reabsorption such as transmembrane transport genes and metabolism genes. This study advances our understanding of how kidney proximal tubule cells form during development.
Effect of structural stability on endolysosomal degradation and T-cell reactivity of major shrimp allergen tropomyosin
Authors: Kamath Sandip D. , Scheiblhofer Sandra , Johnson Christopher M. , Machado Yoan , McLean Thomas , Taki Aya C , Ramsland Paul A. , Iyer Swati , Joubert Isabella , Hofer Heidi , Wallner Michael , Thalhamer Josef , Rolland Jennifer , O’Hehir Robyn , Briza Peter , Ferreira Fatima , Weiss Richard , Lopata Andreas L. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundTropomyosins are highly conserved proteins, an attribute that forms the molecular basis for their IgE antibody cross-reactivity. Despite structural similarities, their allergenicity varies greatly between ingested and inhaled invertebrate sources. In this study, we investigated the relationship between the structural stability of different tropomyosins, their endolysosomal degradation patterns and T-cell reactivity.MethodsWe investigated the differences between four tropomyosins - the major shrimp allergen Pen m 1 and the minor allergens Der p 10 (dust mite), Bla g 7 (cockroach) and Ani s 3 (fish parasite) - in terms of IgE binding, structural stability, endolysosomal degradation and subsequent peptide generation, and T-cell cross-reactivity in a BALB/c murine model.ResultsDespite their conserved primary structure and consequent IgE co-reactivity, the invertebrate tropomyosins displayed different protein stabilities. Pen m 1 and Ani s 3, but not Der p 10 and Bla g 7 elicited differential melting temperatures that were pH-dependent. Endolysosomal experiments demonstrated differential degradation, as a function of stability, generating different peptide repertoires. Pen m 1 T-cell clones, with specificity for sequences highly conserved in all four tropomyosins, did not proliferate with Der p 10, Bla g 7 and Ani s 3, indicating that these peptides were not naturally produced for other invertebrate tropomyosins.ConclusionsOur data suggest that, although invertebrate tropomyosins exhibit a high degree of IgE cross-reactivity due to conserved B-cell epitopes, they do not necessarily share identical cross-reactive T-cell epitopes. This is likely due to differential endolysosomal processing as a function of different structural stabilities.