bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The loss of inflection as grammar complication
Authors: Sims-Williams Helen , Enger Hans-Olav 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe loss of inflectional categories is often thought of as a type of simplification. In this paper we present a survey of phenomena involving the reduction of adjective agreement in Scandinavian, using examples from Norwegian, and discuss their diachronic origins, including a new account of the development of indeclinability in adjectives such askry‘proud’. These examples each involve lexically restricted non-canonical inflection – syncretism, defectiveness, overdifferentiation and periphrasis – in particular paradigm cells or syntactic environments. They show that the loss of inflection does not necessarily simplify grammar, and in some cases, can increase grammatical complexity by adding lexical exceptions to general rules. This excludes simplification as the motivation, even if it is the eventual result. We argue from these historical developments that speakers are liable to analyse idiosyncratic patterns of inflection as lexically specified, even where more general (but perhaps more abstract) alternatives are possible. Thus speakers do not always operate with a maximally elegant, reductionist approach to inflection classes.
Explicitation and cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting
Authors: Gumul Ewa 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article investigates the correlation between explicitation and increased cognitive load in simultaneous interpreting by trainee interpreters. It has been hypothesised, on the one hand, that certain explicitating shifts in simultaneous interpreting may be caused by increased cognitive load and they may be performed in an attempt to mask processing problems; and, on the other, that performing explicitating shifts may lead to increased cognitive load and trigger processing problems. The study triangulates product analysis (manual comparison of source and target texts) with process analysis (retrospective protocols of the participants). In the product the correlation between the occurrence of explicitating shifts and increased cognitive load is sought by identifying problem indicators in the form of three types of disfluency: hesitation markers, false starts and anomalous pauses exceeding two seconds (performance measure). Retrospective protocols are analysed in search of reports of explicitating shifts and/or increased cognitive load experienced and/or the cognitive effort expended (subjective measure). The product analysis shows the correlation between explicitating shifts and cognitive load at the level of 31%. The Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficientr = 0.48 indicates that there is a positive association between these two variables. This finding is further confirmed by 122 retrospective comments of the subjects in the study.
Explicit and implicit activation of gender stereotypes additively impair soccer performance and learning in women
Authors: Cardozo Priscila , Cibeira Leon Flôres , Rigo Luiz Carlos , Chiviacowsky Suzete 
Published: October 2020

AbstractStudies involving the manipulation of instructions regarding the negative characteristics of a group or comparisons with members of another group (explicit activation of stereotypes) have shown that age, weight, and gender stereotypes can be harmful to motor performance and learning. To date, however, no study has observed whether implicit stereotype threats, such as the sex of the coach or experimenter, can also influence the acquisition of motor skills. In the present study, the individual and combined impact of implicit and explicit influences of gender stereotype on women's soccer performance and learning was examined. In a 2 × 2 design, 60 women were divided into four groups according to the presence or absence of explicit (ES) and implicit (IS) stereotypes: ES/IS, ES, IS, and control. The groups with implicit activation practiced in the presence of a male experimenter. The groups with explicit activation received instructions activating the gender negative stereotype. The control group practiced without stereotype activations. The results showed that both explicit and implicit activation additively impaired soccer performance and learning, with both main effects being significant for practice and retention. The ES/IS group showed lower scores on the task relative to the other groups, while the ES and IS groups showed worse scores compared with the control group. The findings suggest that stigmatised populations may be forced to cope with more than one social identity threat while learning sport motor skills and indicate the importance of further studies testing strategies to minimise the deleterious effects of negative stereotypes.
Generalized scalar field cosmologies: a global dynamical systems formulation
Authors: Leon Genly , Franz Silva Felipe Orlando 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Local and global phase-space descriptions and averaging methods are used to find qualitative features of solutions for the FLRW and the Bianchi I metrics in the context of scalar field cosmologies with arbitrary potentials and arbitrary couplings to matter. The stability of the equilibrium points in a phase-space as well as the dynamics in the regime where the scalar field diverges are studied. Equilibrium points that represent some solutions of cosmological interest such as: several types of scaling solutions, a kinetic dominated solution representing a stiff fluid, a solution dominated by an effective energy density of geometric origin, a quintessence scalar field dominated solution, the vacuum de Sitter solution associated to the minimum of the potential, and a non-interacting matter dominated solution are obtained. All of which reveal a very rich cosmological phenomenology.
The effect of very small ball gaps in Newton’s cradle
Authors: Cross Rod 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A Newton’s cradle with three steel balls was filmed with a slow motion video camera to examine the collision dynamics. The initial collision with two stationary balls in contact was as expected, with the incident ball bouncing backwards slowly, the middle ball moving forwards slowly and the ball at the far end emerging at a speed slightly less than the incident ball. A short time later, a different outcome was observed when one ball collided with two balls visually in contact. In that case the incident ball came to rest and remained in contact with the middle ball, as if the two balls in contact were actually separated before the collision. The second observation can be explained if the impact force has the form F = kx

n
where n is larger than the n = 1.5 exponent usually used to describe collisions between solid spheres. Alternatively, the result can be explained with an n = 1.5 exponent if there is a very small gap between the balls, not visible on video film. The latter explanation was confirmed by measuring electrical contact between the balls.
Evaluating Bohm’s quantum force in the scattering process by a classical potential
Authors: Santana W S , Cruz C , Lima E , Prudente F V 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this work, we show an application of the de Broglie–Bohm quantum theory of motion (QTM) as a powerful tool for evaluating Bohm’s quantum force in the scattering process of a Gaussian wavepacket by a classical Eckart potential. Our results show that in the absence of a classical potential, the system experiences quantum effects arising from an effective force, intrinsically related to the existence of the wavepacket itself. In contrast, in the scattering by the classical potential, it experiences a quantum force effect even in the absence of any classical force, reinforcing the fact that potentials can act without classical force fields. Thus, this application could be useful to introduce QTM, through the discussion of the concept of Bohm’s quantum force, as a classroom working tool instead of merely an alternative interpretation of the quantum theory.
Variation of thermoelectric figure-of-merits for Mg2Si
x
Sn1-x
solid solutions
Authors: Yi Su-in , Yu Choongho 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Recent advances in figure-of-merit enhancement for thermoelectric materials are mostly based on alloy material systems, which often require specific conditions to obtain the optimal electrical properties by valley convergence simultaneously with the minimized lattice thermal conductivity through maximum phonon-alloy scattering. However these conditions especially stoichiometry are often hard to control because of microstructural heterogeneity or immiscibility during material processing and prolonged use. This could easily foster the valley edge offset, inducing the negligible valley convergence as well as the abating phonon-alloy scattering. Here Mg2Si0.3Sn0.7 pellets with different spatial uniformity were prepared by varying mixing and annealing time. Mg2SixSn1-x solid solutions of a wide alloy range were studied because the susceptible ranges for valley convergence (0.6 < x < 0.8) and phonon-alloy scattering (0.1 < x < 0.9) are dissimilar. The power factor ranged from 4.4 mWm−1 K−2 to 3.2 mWm−1 K−2 at 573 K and effective mass from 1.1 m
0 to 0.8 m
0, and thermal conductivity also varied depending on the degree of homogeneity of Mg2Si0.3Sn0.7 due to the alteration of phonon-alloy scattering, resulting in a large swing of ZT between 1.33 and 0.8 at 673 K. Lastly we found the dependency of single valley effective mass (m*
) on valley edge offset (ΔE
c) where conduction band valley X3 and X1 are broadened with valley convergence (i.e. m
* at ΔE
c = 0 > m
* at ΔE
c ≠ 0), proposing a modification on material parameter B ∼ NV
(ΔE
c)/m*
(ΔE
c), where both valley degeneracy (NV
) and m
* are functions of ΔE
c, on which none of any literature has paid attention so far. Our thorough investigation with an example of Mg2Si0.3Sn0.7 can be utilized for other thermoelectric materials most of which are fundamentally relying on high valley degeneracy and alloying at the base.
Calibration of hydrophones using a frequency domain filter processing method: theory and experiment
Authors: Chen Yi , Yang Liuqing , Zhou Lisheng , Jin Xiaofeng , Jia Guanghui 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
To eliminate the interferences coming from the boundaries of a water tank and extend its low frequency calibration limit, a frequency domain filter processing (FDFP) method is proposed for hydrophone calibration measurements. The frequency domain filter function is designed according to the a priori spatial position of projector and hydrophone pair in a water tank. A simultaneous comparison method is used for calibration, and a wideband pink noise pulse signal is transmitted. After application of the FDFP method, the transfer impedances of projector and hydrophone pairs in a quasi-free-field are obtained, and interferences reflected from the boundaries of the water tank are effectively eliminated. To verify the FDFP method, an experimental system is established for calibration of the free-field sensitivity of a TC 4033 hydrophone. For a non-anechoic water tank of 1.5 m × 0.88 m × 0.90 m, the lowest calibration frequency is extended from 20 kHz to 3.15 kHz, and the calibration result is consistent with the free-field reciprocity calibration result obtained in an anechoic water tank of 50 m × 15 m × 10 m in the frequency range 3.15 kHz to 31.5 kHz.
Metamaterial surface and modified Vivaldi antenna to tune gain of microwave imaging instrument
Authors: Ahmed Aijaz , Kumari Vineeta , Sheoran Gyanendra 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This work presents the design of a modified Vivaldi antenna, a metamaterial structure and their combined utilization for tuning the gain. Two triangular shaped conducting patches are used to form a (5 mm × 5 mm) unit metamaterial structure, which is used on the Vivaldi antenna to enhance the bandwidth and the gain. The proposed antenna has a −10 dB bandwidth of 17.36 GHz ranging from 3.3 to 21.6 GHz. The absorption capability of the metamaterial structure is observed for multiple polarization angles and the corresponding losses are also measured. The metamaterial surface, made up of periodic arrays of the proposed structure, is further implemented to tune the gain of the antenna, to make an application-independent near-field microwave imaging instrument.
Graphene field effect transistor scaling for ultra-low-noise sensors
Authors: Tran Ngoc Anh Minh , Fakih Ibrahim , Durnan Oliver , Hu Anjun , Aygar Ayse Melis , Napal Ilargi , Centeno Alba , Zurutuza Amaia , Reulet Bertrand , Szkopek Thomas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The discovery of the field effect in graphene initiated the development of graphene field effect transistor (FET) sensors, wherein high mobility surface conduction is readily modulated by surface adsorption. For all graphene transistor sensors, low-frequency 1/f noise determines sensor resolution, and the absolute measure of 1/f noise is thus a crucial performance metric for sensor applications. Here we report a simple method for reducing 1/f noise by scaling the active area of graphene FET sensors. We measured 1/f noise in graphene FETs with size 5 μm × 5 μm to 5.12 mm × 5.12 mm, observing more than five orders of magnitude reduction in 1/f noise. We report the lowest normalized graphene 1/f noise parameter observed to date, 5 × 10−13, and we demonstrate a sulfate ion sensor with a record resolution of 1.2 × 10−3 log molar concentration units. Our work highlights the importance of area scaling in graphene FET sensor design, wherein increased channel area improves sensor resolution.
FBP-Net for direct reconstruction of dynamic PET images
Authors: Wang Bo , Liu Huafeng 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) imaging can provide information about metabolic changes over time, used for kinetic analysis and auxiliary diagnosis. Existing deep learning-based reconstruction methods have too many trainable parameters and poor generalization, and require mass data to train the neural network. However, obtaining large amounts of medical data is expensive and time-consuming. To reduce the need for data and improve the generalization of network, we combined the filtered back-projection (FBP) algorithm with neural network, and proposed FBP-Net which could directly reconstruct PET images from sinograms instead of post-processing the rough reconstruction images obtained by traditional methods. The FBP-Net contained two parts: the FBP part and the denoiser part. The FBP part adaptively learned the frequency filter to realize the transformation from the detector domain to the image domain, and normalized the coarse reconstruction images obtained. The denoiser part merged the information of all time frames to improve the quality of dynamic PET reconstruction images, especially the early time frames. The proposed FBP-Net was performed on simulation and real dataset, and the results were compared with the state-of-art U-net and DeepPET. The results showed that FBP-Net did not tend to overfit the training set and had a stronger generalization.
Coordinate parameterisation and spectral method optimisation for Beltrami field solver in stellarator geometry
Authors: Qu Z S , Pfefferlé D , Hudson S R , Baillod A , Kumar A , Dewar R L , Hole M J 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The numerical solution of the stepped pressure equilibrium (Hudson et al 2012 Phys. Plasmas
19 112502) requires a fast and robust solver to obtain the Beltrami field in three-dimensional geometry such as stellarators. The spectral method implemented in the stepped pressure equilibrium code (SPEC) is efficient when the domain is a hollow torus, but ill-conditioning of the discretised linear equations occurs in the (solid) toroid due to the artificially singular coordinate parameterisation near the axis. In this work, we propose an improved choice for the reference axis to prevent coordinates surfaces from overlapping. Then, we examine the parity and asymptotics of the magnetic vector potential near the axis and suggest the use of recombined and rescaled Zernike radial basis functions. The maximum relative error in the magnetic field of the Wendelstein 7-X geometry is shown to reach 10−9 at high resolution in a series of convergence tests and benchmarks against the boundary integral equation solver for Taylor states. The new method is also reported to significantly improve the accuracy of multi-volume SPEC calculations. A comparison between free-boundary SPEC and the analytical Dommaschk potential is presented with higher-than-usual Fourier resolution. It is illustrated that we are able to resolve low amplitude current sheets when an interface is placed where there is no flux surface in the analytic solution. This was previously concealed because of insufficient numerical resolution.
A revised comprehensive approach for determining the H2 and D2 rovibrational population from the Fulcher-α emission in low temperature plasmas
Authors: Briefi S , Fantz U 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The emission of the Fulcher-

α

d

3

Π

u

→

a

3

Σ

g

+

transition is well-known for providing access to the rovibrational population of the hydrogen molecule in low temperature plasmas by means of optical emission spectroscopy. A revised comprehensive approach is developed for the evaluation that omits several simplifying assumptions, which are often made. The rovibrational distribution is directly calculated in the

X

1

Σ

g

+

state considering the typically observed hockey-stick population. The projection into the d
3Π
u
state is performed via vibrationally resolved electron impact excitation cross sections and radiative decay into the

a

3

Σ

g

+

is considered via vibrationally resolved transition probabilities. The obtained steady-state population is fitted to the experimentally measured one via varying the population parameters in the electronic ground state. The impact of this evaluation routine compared to the simplified ones is demonstrated both for H2 and D2 at two experiments: a standard CW low-power laboratory ICP and the pulsed high-power negative ion source plasma of the Linac4 accelerator at CERN. This assessment demonstrates that especially the simplification of measuring only the first five rotational emission lines (i.e. neglecting the rotational hockey-stick distribution) can affect the evaluation results significantly. In the application example, this leads to an overestimation of the gas temperature up to a factor of nine and to an underestimation of the determined intensity of the full Fulcher-α transition (required for applying collisional radiative models) up to a factor of three.
Level anti-crossings of a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond: decoherence-free subspaces and 3D sensors of microwave magnetic fields
Authors: Rama Koteswara Rao K , Suter Dieter 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have become an important tool for quantum technologies. All of these applications rely on long coherence times of electron and nuclear spins associated with these centers. Here, we study the energy level anti-crossings of an NV center in diamond coupled to a first-shell 13C nuclear spin in a small static magnetic field. These level anti-crossings (LACs) occur for specific orientations of the static magnetic field due to the strong non-secular components of the Hamiltonian. At these orientations we observe decoherence-free subspaces, where the electron spin coherence times (

T

2

*

) are 5–7 times longer than those at other orientations. Another interesting property at these LACs is that individual transition amplitudes are dominated by a single component of the magnetic dipole moment. Accordingly, this can be used for vector detection of microwave magnetic fields with a single NV center. This is particularly important to precisely control the center using numerical optimal control techniques.
Identifying potential gene biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease through an information entropy based approach
Authors: Monaco A , Pantaleo E , Amoroso N , Bellantuono L , Lombardi A , Tateo A , Tangaro S , Bellotti R 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease and represents the most common disease of this type, after Alzheimer’s dementia. It is characterized by motor and nonmotor features and by a long prodromal stage that lasts many years. Genetic research has shown that PD is a complex and multisystem disorder. To capture the molecular complexity of this disease we used a complex network approach. We maximized the information entropy of the gene co-expression matrix betweenness to obtain a gene adjacency matrix; then we used a fast greedy algorithm to detect communities. Finally we applied principal component analysis on the detected gene communities, with the ultimate purpose of discriminating between PD patients and healthy controls by means of a random forests classifier. We used a publicly available substantia nigra microarray dataset, GSE20163, from NCBI GEO database, containing gene expression profiles for 10 PD patients and 18 normal controls. With this methodology we identified two gene communities that discriminated between the two groups with mean accuracy of 0.88 ± 0.03 and 0.84 ± 0.03, respectively, and validated our results on an independent microarray experiment. The two gene communities presented a considerable reduction in size, over 100 times, compared to the initial network and were stable within a range of tested parameters. Further research focusing on the restricted number of genes belonging to the selected communities may reveal essential mechanisms responsible for PD at a network level and could contribute to the discovery of new biomarkers for PD.
Rapidity dependence of global polarization in heavy ion collisions *
Authors: Liang Zuo-Tang , Song Jun , Upsal Isaac , Wang Qun , Xu Zhangbu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We use a geometric model for hadron polarization in heavy ion collisions with an emphasis on the rapidity dependence. The model is based on the model of Brodsky, Gunion, and Kuhn, as well as the Bjorken scaling model. We make predictions regarding the rapidity dependence of global

polarization in the collision energy range of 7.7-200 GeV by assuming the rapidity dependence of two parameters,

and

. The predictions can be tested by future beam-energy-scan experiments at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider of Brookhaven National Lab.