bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerium Nanomaterials on Cell Membrane Mechanical Property for Drug Delivery Studies
Authors: Ly Anh , Das Soumen , Barkam Swetha , Seal Sudipta 
Published: February 2020

The use of nanotechnology in cancer treatment has been raising as one of the most important discoveries in science and technology. With nanomaterial as the new drug delivery system, scientists nowadays are able to find new ways to deal with cancer.
Cerium dioxide nanoparticles is a well-known functional rare earth material. Due to its unique properties, it has a wide range of applications in fields spanning: catalysis, electrochemistry, and biology (1). CNPs has been reported having excellent therapeutic potential, specifically abnormalities associated with oxidative stress. However, in order to have better understanding and development of the biomedical applications based on those nanomaterial, the impacts of CNPs on living organism needs to be fully studied.
In our research, CNPs with different sizes and shapes were selected. Specifically, nano-rods (~30-200nm), nano-cubes (~20-30nm) and nanoparticles (~3-20nm) fabricated by hydrothermal treatment were being chosen as the model nanoparticles for the studies. The normal skin cancer cells have been used as the living organism.
The mechanical property and the adhesion energy of cells’ membranes were analyzed with and without CNPs by using the Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). From the Force-Distance spectroscopy mode and Hertz's model caculation, we were able to estimate the the elasticity of the cells membranes. Different concentrations (50μM, 125μM, and 250μM) of CNPs were added to the cells and then incubated for different time period (0, 15, 30 and 60 minutes). The results showed that with low concentration (50μM), the cell elasticity maintained around 20kPA. In those cells with 250μM of CNPs added, we noticed that there was a significant change in cell elasticity observed. The result also showed that by increasing incubation time, the cell elasticity has been increasing significantly and at 1hr incubated the changing in cell elasticity is maximum. However, there was no significant change in cell elasticity was observed over 1hr time period for 0.1μM and 50μM of CNPs. This result indicates that the elasticity of cell membranes depends on different nanostructures and nanoceria interaction/internalization to cell and can change significantly at high concentration but makes no effect to the mechanical property of cell at low concentration.
(1) A. Karakoti, S. Singh, J. M. Dowding, S. Seal, W. T. Self,,
39
, 4422-4432;(2010)
Towards Functional Advanced Materials Using Ordered Anodic Oxides Supports and Templates
Authors: Macak Jan M. , Kohoutek Tomas , Kolar Jakub , Wagner Tomas 
Published: February 2020

Synthesis of highly-ordered nanostructures of valve metal oxides has recently attracted huge scientific and technological interest motivated by their possible use in many applications. The nanoporous Al2O3 – most established member of this group of materials – has been prepared by anodic oxidation of Al under suitable electrochemical conditions nearly two decades ago into perfectly ordered, honeycomb-like porous structures [1]. Owing to the flexibility of the pore diameter/length and the relative ease of the Al2O3 dissolution, its porous membranes have been since than widely used as templating material of the choice for a range of materials [2-4].
It is the TiO2 [5] that has received the highest attention after Al2O3 motivated by its range of applications, including photocatalysis [6], water splitting [7], solar cells [8] and biomedical uses [9]. Very significant research efforts have led to reproducible synthesis of self-organized TiO2 nanotube layers by means of anodic oxidation [10-14], during which the starting Ti substrate is converted into highly-ordered nanotubular layer by anodization in suitable electrolyte.
Although many applications of the nanoporous Al2O3 and nanotube TiO2 nanotube layers have been presented, their potential for the synthesis of advanced functional nanomaterials, in particular when considering all possible shapes and geometries, has not at all been exploited.
In the presentation, we want to focus in detail on various filling routes of anodic templates and supports. We will show examples of various functional devices including some very recent results on chalcogenide-sensitized TiO2 nanotubes [15] and on the new design of resistive switching of memory switching cells using porous AAO templates [16].

References

1) H. Masuda, K. Fukuda, Science, 268 (1995) 1466.
2) H. Masuda, H. Yamada, M. Satoh, H. Asoh, M. Nakao, and T. Tamamura, Appl.
Phys. Lett. 71 (1997) 2770.
3) K. Nielsch, F. Müller, A.-P. Li, U. Gösele, Adv. Mater. 12 (2000) 582
4) H. Asoh et al., J. Electrochem.Soc. 148 (2001) B152.
5) J.M. Macak et al., Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1-2 (2007) 3.
6) A. L. Linsebigler, G. Lu, J. T. Yates, Chem. Rev., 95 (1995) 735.
7) A. Fujishima and K. Honda, Nature 238 (1972) 37.
8) B.O´Regan and M.Grätzel, Nature 353 (1991) 737.
9) Y.T. Sul et al., Biomaterials, 23 (2002) 491.
10) V. Zwilling, M. Aucouturier and E. Darque-Ceretti, Electrochim. Acta 35, (1999) 921.
11) J. M. Macak, H. Tsuchiya, P. Schmuki, Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 44 (2005) 2100.
12) J. M. Macak, et al., Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed., 44, 7463 (2005).
13) S. Albu, A. Ghicov, J M. Macak, P. Schmuki, Phys. Stat. Sol. (RRL), 1 (2007) R65.
14) S.So, K. Lee, P.Schmuki, J.Am.Chem.Soc. 134 (2012) 11316.
15)J.M. Macak, T. Kohoutek, L. Wang, R. Beranek, Nanoscale, 5 (2013), 9541.

16) J. Kolar, J.M. Macak, K. Terabe, T. Wagner, J.Mater. Chem.C, DOI:10.1039/C3TC31969E.
Adsorption Characteristics of Thiophene on Cu and Ni(100): Role of Van Der Waals
Authors: Rojas Tomas , Matos Jeronimo , Kara Abdelkader 
Published: February 2020

We apply density functional theory, with and without the inclusion of self-consistent van der Waals (vdWs) interactions (optB86, optB88, optPBE, revPBE, rPW86), to study the adsorption of thiophene (C4H4S) on Cu(100) and Ni(100). Our calculations reveal that the C4H4S molecule adsorbs, on either substrate, with its molecular plane parallel to the surface with the sulfur close to the bridge site.
The inclusion of vdWs interactions results in a significant increase in the binding energy of thiophene on Cu(100) (from 0.12 eV to up to 0.77 eV), while the adsorption height is also modified from 3.2 A down to, at most, 2.38 A, depending on the functional used. The Ni(100) case presents a similar behavior for the binding energy (enhancement from 1.56 eV to up to 2.34 eV), but the adsorption heights increase from 2.12 Å up to 2.32 Å.
In addition to adsorption geometry and energetics, we present the results and analysis of the electronic properties (charge transfer, changes in the d-band of the substrate, and change in the work function) of these two systems to complement our understanding of the molecule-substrate bonding.
Our results suggest that the adsorption characteristics are dependent on the type of functional used; opt-type functionals (optB86, optB88, optPBE) are found to produce stronger bonding as compared to PBE, revPBE and rPW86.
This work is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy Basic Energy Science under Contract No DE-FG02-11ER16243
Study of Hetero-Tunneling Gfet with an Ultra-Shallow Pocket Junction
Authors: Xu Gaobo , Xu Qiuxia , Yin Huaxiang , Wang Guilei , Liu Jinbiao , Xiong Wenjuan , Li Chunlong , Wang Dahai , Li Junfeng , Zhao Chao 
Published: February 2020

Because the subthreshold swing (SS) of a MOSFET is larger than 60mV/dec at room temperature, its threshold voltage cannot be very small. This limits the scaling of power supply voltage (VDD) and the reduction of power density. Tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) can overcome this fundamental limitation, which mechanism is based in the band-to-band tunneling (BTBT). However, the drive current in TFETs is significantly lower than in MOSFETs owing to tunneling resistance which arises due to carrier tunneling. Achieving large drive current at low VDDhas been a great challenge. Green transistor (gFET) is a novel structure TFET with a heavily doped pocket in the gate-source overlap region. The pocket junction can provide large and uniform field over a substantial area, which can offer larger drive current and steeper subthreshold swing as compared to conventional tunneling transistors. And, when the pocket junction depth becomes shallower, the drive current will be improved significantly. But study reveal that gFET is only suitable for orepation at 0.5V. To further reduce Vdd, even smaller bandgap material may be employed.
In this study, a hetero-tunneling gFET with an ultra-shallow pocket junction has been developed, as shown in Fig.1. The gFET was fabricated in a 8inch (100) silicon (Si) substrate, as shown in Fig.2. After LOCOS formation, silicon-germanium (Si1-xGex) and Si cap layer were grown on Si substrate using selective epitaxy. After source implantation, an ultra-shallower pocket is formed by using of the Ge preamorphization implantation (PAI), ultra low energy implantation and spike annealing. Si1-xGex and Si have different lattice constant. Biaxially strained will be formed in the Si1-xGex/Si heterostructures. The biaxial strain will shift the conduction and valance band energy levels of semiconductors and obtain ultra low effective tunneling bandgaps, which is helpful to get smaller tunneling length and barrier height. The same current can be obtained at lower gate voltage and drain voltage. The hetero-tunneling gFET integrated with the ultra-shallow pocket junction exhibits good electrical characteristics, such as smaller subthreshold swing, higher Ion/Ioff ratio and so on.
Electrochemical Study of the Interaction Between Silicon n–type (100) and Hydroxyl Radicals
Authors: Muñoz Eduardo Carlo , Heyser Cristopher Alejandro , Scholz Fritz , Hasse Ulrich 
Published: February 2020

Semiconductor materials offer electronic properties that make them promising for being employed in the molecules detection in different environments. The present study proposes the analysis of changes in electrochemical responses of crystalline silicon (n–Si) after the interaction with hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in aqueous media.
In a first stage, the synthesis of hydroxyl radicals was done by means two procedures: (i) Fenton reaction and (ii) H2O2 photochemical decomposition using a UV digester for this purpose. Variables in these processes were time and hydrogen peroxide concentration in order to determine the dependence of these parameters on silicon–hydroxyl radical interaction.
After each immersion in radicals (separately both methods •OH of generation), it was performed a chemical cleaning treatment on silicon, which consisted: i) without further treatment; ii) HCl treatment or iii) HF treatment. This last was done to avoid the presence of silicon oxide (SiO2) on the semiconductor surface. Subsequently, n–Si was placed in a three electrodes cell: silicon as working electrode, Ag / AgCl, KCl (saturated) as a reference electrode (0.197 V vs SHE) and a platinum counter electrode. After were registered the corresponding voltammograms in a potassium chloride (KCl 0.1 M) solution at different pH values. In order to study the pH dependence on the interaction between substrate – reactive species (Si – •OH) were analyzed the current and the peak potential shift for each experimental conditions. Finally, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was done to observe morphological changes in the substrate surface.
Universal Electrochemical Probe for Genotyping
Authors: Tran Kristen , Borchardt Gesca , Calvo-Marzal Percy , Chumbimuni-Torres Karin Y. 
Published: February 2020

DNA analysis is a fundamental topic of research leading to many studies related to the detection of disease-causing microbes, gene variations causing genetic disorders, DNA mapping, and evolutionary links between ancient and modern remains. This study uses stem-loop folded DNA (SLF-DNA) probe immobilized on the surface of an electrode as a part of tri-component sensor for detection of specific DNA. The advantages over traditional methods such as Southern and Northern Blots, or PCR amplification include the possibility to detect low quantities of unlabeled target analyte, high specificity of nucleic acid recognition and possibility to use the same immobilized DNA probe for detection of many different sequences.
In our approach hairpin shaped oligonucleotide (SLF-DNA) is immobilized onto a gold electrode and the signal of specific tag is measured. Importantly, immobilized SLF-DNA does not directly hybridize with the target analyte, but via the two adaptor strands. This design allows application of the same electrode in the same immobilized adaptor strand to be used for the detection of almost any target, relatively inexpensive adaptor should be changes to recognize a new DNA/RNA analyte. These electrochemical biosensors are simple to use, low cost, low power, portable with fast response times, and high specificity and sensitivity.
Some Observations on the Challenges of Chemical Sensor Commercialization
Authors: Wohltjen Hank 
Published: February 2020

Chemical sensors continue to offer significant commercialization potential. They are an enabling technology of the ever-expanding digital world that seeks to measure (and control) our environment, our health and our manufacturing processes. The development and commercialization of chemical sensors has always been much more challenging than the development of physical sensors due to the vast number of potential measurands, the complexity of potential interferences and the (comparatively) low production volumes that existing markets will support.
This talk is aimed at aspiring entrepreneurs and will use the development of some Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) chemical sensor products as a case history. Particular attention will be given to detailing the chronology and issues encountered in the following steps:
• initial invention and establishing the limits of the technology
• identifying suitable niche applications
• product development & system engineering
• validation and agency approvals
• production
• marketing, sales and servicing
Commercially successful products can result when the initial customer needs are deeply understood, the sensor performance exceeds market expectations, the time-to-market (and associated capital requirement) is correctly predicted and the market-acceptable selling price of the sensor is high enough to support the cost of production.
Opportunities and Challenges in Sensor Design for the Drinking and Wastewater Markets
Authors: Kroll Dan , Salzer Corey 
Published: February 2020

The water and wastewater industries face many challenges in providing safe drinking water, sanitary services and environmental protection to the public. The dynamic nature of our water systems along with new regulations, emerging contaminants and increasing environmental concerns combined with the constant pressure to reduce operating costs and conserve energy make the development of sensors for the water industry a field ripe with opportunity. As with all areas of opportunity, to be successful in developing sensors for the water industry there are hurdles to overcome and pitfalls to be avoided.
Harsh environmental conditions in wastewater sensor deployment scenarios are a given, but, the severe conditions commonly encountered in drinking water applications are often not addressed with the diligence that they merit. Factors such as debris in the pipes, turbidity, fluctuating pH, various types and levels of disinfectants and other water treatment chemicals; fluctuating redox conditions and variable conductivity are just a few of the complicating elements that can hamper sensor development. Once a sensor has been developed the last hurdle has been by no means cleared.
The water industry is a notoriously reactionary group. The barriers to change are extremely large and adoption curves for new technologies tend to be extremely slow. One of the chief factors in these slow adoption rates is the glacial pace of regulatory acceptance of new methods. Even for measurements not taken for reporting purposes, the industry tends to favor methods that have EPA or other regulatory body approval. Unfortunately, this approval process can take several years (2 to 3 years for drinking water and up to 7 years for wastewater applications). There are several industry initiatives sponsored by groups, such as the Water Environment Federation, that are attempting to speed up the innovation curve in the water industry but these groups are just beginning to act and it is unknown if they will meet with success.
In this presentation, the above constraints will be discussed, as well as others, which are commonly encountered in the research and development cycle for sensors tailored to the water industry. Examples of obstacles encountered in a recent development project initiated for the use of nano-fibers in sensors for the water industry will be utilized to illustrate various points. A thorough knowledge of the technological pitfalls to be avoided as well as an understanding of the market and regulatory forces that can come into play in this market arena will lead to the development of robust sensors that serve the industry and help to ensure developers of a reasonable return on investment.
Surface Treatment of Plastics with Ionic Liquids for Decorative Metal Deposition
Authors: Kirste Axel , Lutter Simone , Son Sunghee , Urban Tobias , Nicolini Fabio , Fischer Andreas 
Published: February 2020

Surface treatment of plastics for decorative metal plating has been developed for more than 20 years and is widespread applied in automotive, electronics and faucets industries. Main advantages in contrast to the use of bulk metals are savings of weight and costs, facilitating complex geometries and superior aesthetic appearance. Most applied plastics represent acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymers (ABS), ABS polycarbonate blends and polyamide. Etching of the plastic surface is required to enable the electroless plating of metals like nickel or copper. State of the Art for surface activation is etching with hexavalent chromic sulfuric acid. It is cost efficient, robust and reliable.[1] Generally known, hexavalent chromium causes high environmental, health and safety impact. Moreover, the scope of application to different plastics is quite limited. Therefore, a sustainable and environmental-benign replacement of this substance of very high concern is demanded in the near future. Some concepts for the replacement of chromic acid are currently under investigation. The most public approaches are the use of potassium permanganate[2] or ozone[3]. Disadvantageously, these concepts improve health, safety and environmental impact only marginally. Moreover, complex waste handling and process equipment limit the potential as suitable substitute.
We report a potential and metal-free replacement approach based on surface treatment with ionic liquids. Employed ionic liquids and additives bear substantial environmental, safety and health advantages. Beyond, they show high potential for broadening the scope of applied plastics.[4]

References:
[1] H. Midecke, J. McCaskie, N. H. Joshi, DE 19510855 A1, 1995.
[2] A. J. Königshofen, US 2003/0039754 A1, 2003.
[3] T. Bessho, K. Isami, K. Kumagai et al, US 2011/064889 A1, 2011.
[4] I. M. Malkowsky, A. Alemany, PCT Int. Appl. WO 2010/142567 A1, 2010.
Contact Resistance Measurement of Electrode on Silicon Prepared By Autocatalytic Electroless Metallization Using Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Orita Yukiko , Yae Shinji , Atsushiba Hiroyuki , Enomoto Masato , Kimura Toshihiko , Fukumuro Naoki , Takagami Hidenori , Matsuda Hitoshi , Kato Kazuhiko , Sakamoto Susumu , Hirata Masaharu 
Published: February 2020

We reported the adhesive metal-film formation by autocatalytic electroless metallization on silicon (Si) by using gold (Au) nanoparticles1). Autocatalytic electroless deposition, which is a conventional method to metalize nonmetallic substrates, has several advantages including simplicity of process, uniformity of films, and the covering of complicated structures. So, the process is expected to replace sputtering of back metal of power devices and screen-printing of thick film electrodes of solar cells. In this study, we determined contact resistance (Rc) between electrolessly deposited metal electrode and Si semiconductor by using TLM (transfer length model) method shown in Fig.1.
Figure 2 shows photo and dimension of test sample, and Fig.3 shows schematic process flow of preparing two test samples; 1. Photoresist pattern formation: 2. Au nanoparticles formation by displacement reaction using a mixture solution of HAuCl4 and HF: 3. Autocatalytic electroless deposition of nickel-phosphorus alloy (Ni-P) film for sample (A), and: 4. Electron-beam silver (Ag) deposition on electrolessly deposited Ni-P film for sample (B). The thickness of Ni-P films was 0.25 mm and Ag thickness on Ni-P film was 1.15 mm.
We measured Rt of samples and determined ρc. Rt and ρc are given by
Rt = 2Rm + 2Rc+ Rs

ρc = Rm + Rc.
Figure 4 shows TLM result of samples (A) and (B). The values of ρc were 140 mΩ cm2 in (A) and 13 mΩ cm2 in (B). These results indicate that the ρc is mainly determined by resistance of bulk metal (Rm) and the contact resistance (Rc) of these samples is lower than 13 mΩ cm2. The Rc of screen-printed-and-fired Ag electrodes of crystalline Si solar cells was reported as 2~3 mΩ cm2 lower than ρc of sample (B)2). Contact resistance (Rc) is important for devices rather than ρc
3). The Rc of electrode prepared by the autocatalytic electroless metallization using Au nanoparticles is approaching the value of conventional electrodes without any heat treatment. We also review interface structure and contacting mechanism between Au nanoparticles and Si semiconductor4).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The present work was partly supported by JSPS KAKENHI (23560875) and A-STEP from JST.
REFERENCE
1) S.Yae, et al., ECS Trans., 53(6), 99 (2013).
2) Yi Yang, et al., Energy Proc., 8, 607 (2011).
3) P.L.Hower, et al., Semicon. Semimet., 7A, 147 (1971).
4) H. Atsushiba, et al., Abst. 225th ECS meeting (D2), (2014).