bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Earth as an Exoplanet. I. Time Variable Thermal Emission Using Spatially Resolved Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer Data
Authors: Mettler Jean-Noël , Quanz Sascha P. , Helled Ravit 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Among the more than 4000 exoplanets known today, some terrestrial planets have been detected in the so-called habitable zone of their host stars and their number is expected to increase in the near future, energizing a drive to understand and interpret the eagerly awaited wealth of data to identify signs of life beyond our solar system. So far, Earth remains the best and only example of a habitable (and inhabited) world. Although, it seems extremely unlikely that any other exoplanets will be true Earth twins, it is important to explore and understand the full range of spectral signatures and variability of Earth in order to inform the design of future instruments and missions, and understand their diagnostic power as well as potential limitations. In this work we use Earth observation data collected by the MODIS instrument aboard the Aqua satellite. The complete data set comprises 15 years of thermal emission observations in the 3.66–14.40 μm range for five different locations on Earth (Amazon Rainforest, Antarctica, Arctic, Indian Ocean, and the Sahara Desert). We then determine flux levels and variations as a function of wavelength and surface type (i.e., climate zone and surface thermal properties) and investigate whether periodic signals indicating Earth’s tilted rotation axis can be detected. Our findings suggest that (1) viewing geometry plays an important role when thermal emission data is analyzed as Earth’s spectrum varies by a factor of three and more depending on the dominant surface type underneath; (2) typically strong absorption bands from CO2 (15 μm) and O3 (9.65 μm) are significantly less pronounced and partially absent in data from the polar regions implying that estimating correct abundance levels for these molecules might be challenging in these cases; and (3) the time-resolved thermal emission spectrum encodes information about seasons/planetary obliquity, but the significance depends on the viewing geometry and spectral band considered.
Dependence of the IRX-β Dust Attenuation Relation on Metallicity and Environment
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Authors: Shivaei Irene , Darvish Behnam , Sattari Zahra , Chartab Nima , Mobasher Bahram , Scoville Nick , Rieke George 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We use a sample of star-forming field and protocluster galaxies at z = 2.0–2.5 with Keck/MOSFIRE K-band spectra, a wealth of rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) photometry, and Spitzer/MIPS and Herschel/PACS observations, to dissect the relation between the ratio of infrared (IR) to UV luminosity (IRX) versus UV slope (β) as a function of gas-phase metallicity (

∼ 8.2–8.7). We find no significant dependence of the IRX-β trend on environment. However, we find that at a given β, IRX is highly correlated with metallicity, and less correlated with mass, age, and specific star formation rate (sSFR). We conclude that, of the physical properties tested here, metallicity is the primary physical cause of the IRX-β scatter, and the IRX correlation with mass is presumably due to the mass dependence on metallicity. Our results indicate that the UV attenuation curve steepens with decreasing metallicity, and spans the full range of slope possibilities from a shallow Calzetti-type curve for galaxies with the highest metallicity in our sample (

∼ 8.6) to a steep Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC)-like curve for those with

∼ 8.3. Using a Calzetti (SMC) curve for the low (high) metallicity galaxies can lead to up to a factor of 3 overestimation (underestimation) of the UV attenuation and obscured star formation rate. We speculate that this change is due to different properties of dust grains present in the interstellar medium of low- and high-metallicity galaxies.
Le « penser par cas » balzacien
Authors: Massonnaud Dominique 
Published: November 2020

Le travail balzacien fondé sur la « coordination », à la fois sur les plans micro- et macro- structurels, paraît pouvoir être pensé, en termes épistémologiques, comme un modèle autre d’analyse qui engage un rapport neuf aux savoirs et aux discours sur le monde. Comme l’écrivait Julien Gracq, détaillant son expérience de lecteur de La Comédie humaine , « le tout ici ne commande pas seulement à la partie, il vient colmater ses déficiences, instantanément ». Les études concernant La Comédie humaine , comme système – prévu mais inachevé, inabouti – ou comme ensemble fragmentaire et troué – une « mosaïque » – paraissent deux pôles récurrents, ancrés l’un et l’autre dans un présupposé identique : l’idée d’une cohérence démonstrative ou d’une composition traditionnelle qui devraient être fixées en commençant. Pourtant, il semble qu’on puisse mettre en évidence un fonctionnement autre de la démarche balzacienne ainsi que son actualité dans le champ des sciences humaines.
Modélisation 3D : Balzac, Houellebecq, Despentes
Authors: Couleau Christèle 
Published: November 2020

Virginie Despentes et Michel Houellebecq sont régulièrement comparés à Balzac. Peut-on, derrière ce tic journalistique, saisir ce qu’il reste de Balzac, dans un imaginaire collectif partagé par les écrivains et leurs lecteurs ? Il semble que le désir de modélisation soit au cœur de cet héritage, doté d’une triple fonction descriptive, explicative et prédictive. Tout d’abord, dans les récits de Despentes et Houellebecq, l’espace social est moins décrit que construit, par échantillonnage, mise en relation, hiérarchisation. De plus, les comportements et les parcours, malgré leur singularité, apparaissent comme les produits de lois et d’interprétations globales, s’inscrivant dans un prototype explicatif. Enfin, la modélisation narrative montre dans quelle mesure chaque aspect de nos vies est affecté par l’évolution des valeurs et les changements de paradigme social. Ainsi ces romanciers contemporains font écho au roman balzacien, cherchant comme lui la formule du monde tel qu’il va.
Balzac modèle universel du romanesque cinématographique
Authors: Baron Anne-Marie 
Published: November 2020

Balzac est une référence incontournable pour les théoriciens de la littérature et du cinéma et, depuis les débuts du septième art, le modèle de tous les cinéastes en quête de romanesque. Car il a inventé le roman moderne, conçu comme une œuvre-monde aux personnages reparaissants, centrée sur des thèmes clés comme l’argent ou le statut social des femmes, et fondé sur des techniques narratives pré-cinématographiques. Tous les genres qu’il a pratiqués – le mélodrame, le roman d’éducation, le conte philosophique – ou qu’il a inventés – le roman policier –, ont été une source d’inspiration inépuisable pour le cinéma depuis les premiers temps jusqu’à nos jours. De Jean Epstein à Jacques Rivette et à Xavier Giannoli, d’Orson Welles à Quentin Tarantino et à Koji Fukada, le cinéma mondial emprunte ainsi sa forme, son écriture, et son goût du romanesque – dont il croyait pouvoir s’émanciper – à ce maître à penser qui continue encore aujourd’hui à l’inspirer.
« N’allez-vous pas du côté d’Azay ? »
Authors: Gautier Jean-Jacques 
Published: November 2020

Balzac, secrétaire de l’Histoire et de « son » histoire, réussit au travers de son œuvre multiple à élaborer sa propre investigation analytique. Des œuvres presque concomitantes révèlent au lecteur les structures de lectures transversales. Du Grand Propriétaire de 1835 à Ecce Homo de 1836, la mise en évidence d’un château d’Azay-le-Rideau, palimpseste dans le premier, et en position axiale bien qu’illusoire dans le second, permet d’éclairer une figure de grand propriétaire dans ce qu’il faut bien appeler un château de famille.
La prosodie de l’enfant à l’interface de la musique et de la parole
Authors: Martel Karine , Caracci Chantal , Le Normand Marie-Thérèse 
Published: November 2020

La musique et la parole sont des signaux sonores complexes, basés sur les mêmes configurations acoustiques que sont la durée, l’intensité et la hauteur, qui suivent plusieurs niveaux d’organisation : la morphologie, la phonologie, la sémantique, la syntaxe et la pragmatique pour la parole ; le rythme, la mélodie, et l’harmonie pour la musique. L’une des composantes les plus saillantes de la musique est sa dimension mélodique, résultant d’un ensemble de variations de « hauteur » sonore – corrélat perceptif de la fréquence – intervenant au fur et à mesure qu’un morceau se déroule. De même, pour la parole, l’une des composantes les plus saillantes est la mélodie qui, combinée au tempo et au timbre de la voix, forme une véritable partition musicale. En nous appuyant sur les données de la littérature, nous nous demanderons dans quelle mesure ces deux systèmes de communication, parole et musique, s’appuient sur des phénomènes prosodiques communs, partagés ou distincts que perçoit le bébé dans le milieu utérin et au cours de son développement. Dès le 3 e trimestre de grossesse, le fœtus est déjà capable de percevoir des rythmes qui reposent sur une organisation temporelle très régulière s’apparentant à ceux de la musique. Ensuite, le nouveau-né présente des capacités de perception de la parole relatives à des indices communs à la musique tels que l’accentuation, le rythme, le débit et les pauses. Parallèlement, le langage que les adultes adressent au bébé aide le nourrisson non seulement à parfaire ses connaissances sur les formes prosodiques du babillage, des mots et des phrases de sa langue maternelle mais aussi à exprimer ses émotions dans les aspects pragmatiques du langage.
AMPKα1 in B Cells Dampens Primary Antibody Responses yet Promotes Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Persistence of B Cell Memory
Authors: Brookens Shawna K. , Cho Sung Hoon , Basso Paulo J. , Boothby Mark R. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that metabolic programs regulate B cell activation and Ab responses. However, the metabolic mediators that support the durability of the memory B cell and long-lived plasma cell populations are not fully elucidated. Adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionary conserved serine/threonine kinase that integrates cellular energy status and nutrient availability to intracellular signaling and metabolic pathways. In this study, we use genetic mouse models to show that loss of ΑMPKα1 in B cells led to a weakened recall Ab response associated with a decline in the population of memory-phenotype B cells. AMPKα1-deficient memory B lymphocytes exhibited aberrant mitochondrial activity, decreased mitophagy, and increased lipid peroxidation. Moreover, loss of AMPKα1 in B lymphoblasts was associated with decreased mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity. Of note, AMPKα1 in B cells was dispensable for stability of the bone marrow–resident, long-lived plasma cell population, yet absence of this kinase led to increased rates of Ig production and elevated serum Ab concentrations elicited by primary immunization. Collectively, our findings fit a model in which AMPKα1 in B cells supports recall function of the memory B cell compartment by promoting mitochondrial homeostasis and longevity but restrains rates of Ig production.
SARS-CoV-2 Cysteine-like Protease Antibodies Can Be Detected in Serum and Saliva of COVID-19–Seropositive Individuals
Authors: Martínez-Fleta Pedro , Alfranca Arantzazu , González-Álvaro Isidoro , Casasnovas Jose M. , Fernández-Soto Daniel , Esteso Gloria , Cáceres-Martell Yaiza , Gardeta Sofía , López-Sanz Celia , Prat Salomé , Mateu-Albero Tamara , Gabrie Ligia , López-Granados Eduardo , Sánchez-Madrid Francisco , Reyburn Hugh T. , Rodríguez Frade José M. , Valés-Gómez Mar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Currently, there is a need for reliable tests that allow identification of individuals that have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 even if the infection was asymptomatic. To date, the vast majority of the serological tests for SARS-CoV-2–specific Abs are based on serum detection of Abs to either the viral spike glycoprotein (the major target for neutralizing Abs) or the viral nucleocapsid protein that is known to be highly immunogenic in other coronaviruses. Conceivably, exposure of Ags released from infected cells could stimulate Ab responses that might correlate with tissue damage and, hence, they may have some value as a prognostic indicator. We addressed whether other nonstructural viral proteins, not incorporated into the infectious viral particle, specifically the viral cysteine-like protease, might also be potent immunogens. Using ELISA tests, coating several SARS-CoV-2 proteins produced in vitro, we describe that COVID-19 patients make high titer IgG, IgM, and IgA Ab responses to the Cys-like protease from SARS-CoV-2, also known as 3CLpro or Mpro, and it can be used to identify individuals with positive serology against the coronavirus. Higher Ab titers in these assays associated with more-severe disease, and no cross-reactive Abs against prior betacoronavirus were found. Remarkably, IgG Abs specific for Mpro and other SARS-CoV-2 Ags can also be detected in saliva. In conclusion, Mpro is a potent Ag in infected patients that can be used in serological tests, and its detection in saliva could be the basis for a rapid, noninvasive test for COVID-19 seropositivity.
La comparsa della bioetica nei Codici di Deontologia medica italiani: profilo storico e analisi dei contenuti
Authors: Di Pietro Maria Luisa , Pennacchini Maddalena 
Published: November 2020

Negli ultimi anni è divenuto sempre più evidente il legame tra la deontologia medica e la bioetica. La deontologia ha recepito i messaggi della bioetica ed ha abbandonato la funzione di puntuale inventario delle leggi e delle regole attinenti la professione, mentre essa ha acquisito dignità di sostegno e di guida ad una buona pratica medica. Ma questa attenzione è recente, oppure è rintracciabile anche nei vari codici di deontologia medica pubblicati in Italia nel corso del XX secolo?
L’analisi dei Codici di Deontologia medica italiani ha messo in evidenza uno specifico interesse per i temi propri della bioetica a partire dal Codice del 1978. Non si tratta, però, solo della scelta dei temi. La riflessione deontologica ha fatto propria anche la metodologia bioetica. Per cui i Codici danno indicazioni sull’agire del medico partendo da un ben preciso riferimento antropologico: il rispetto della persona umana e dei suoi diritti. Ciò nonostante, la soggettività dei diritti non è riconosciuta prima della nascita, quindi sono giustificati sia l’aborto sia le tecniche di fecondazione artificiale. Inoltre, la dignità professionale del medico non è sempre salvaguardata, infatti, in nome del rispetto dell’autonomia, essa viene subordinata alle decisioni del paziente. Questo rappresenta un paradosso dei Codici deontologici, i quali hanno come scopo principale quello di vietare i comportamenti dannosi per il “buon nome” della categoria.
Time-to-Event Analyses: Return to Unrestricted Participation Following Sport-Related Concussion in a Cohort of High School Athletes
Authors: Covassin Tracey , Bretzin Abigail C. , Beidler Erica , Wallace Jessica 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Context: Understanding time-loss resulting from sport-related concussion (SRC) within individual sports allows high school athletic trainers to provide accurate and clinically evidence-based information. Currently there is a lack of research regarding patterns of clinical recovery outcomes in high school student-athletes across sports.
Objective: To describe the time to authorized unrestricted RTP following SRC in a large cohort of high school student-athletes in variety of sports using a time-to-event analysis.
Design: Descriptive Epidemiology Study.
Setting: Aggregate injury and player exposure data from the STATE-XXX High School Athletic Association (XHSAA) Head Injury Reporting System (HIRS). Patients or Other Participants: High school student-athletes. Main Outcome Measure(s): Dates for SRC injury events and authorized unrestricted RTP were entered into the HIRS for each case, and were used to calculate time to unrestricted RTP. Survival analysis determined time to authorized RTP for males and females in weekly increments across sports and academic years. Separate Kaplan-Meier analyses adjusted for SRC cases with a history of concussion also identified the proportions of student-athletes that obtained authorized medical clearance in weekly increments.
Results: There was a total of 15,821 SRC cases, 10,375 (65.6%) male and 5,446 (34.4%) female, reported during the 2015–16 through 2018–19 academic years. The median time to authorized unrestricted RTP was 11 days for all cases. Approximately, 30% of concussed student-athletes were not cleared for unrestricted RTP by 14 days following their SRC diagnosis, with 13% taking longer than 21 days to unrestricted RTP after SRC.
Conclusions: The results from this multi-site, State-based injury surveillance system indicate that it is not abnormal for high school student-athletes to take longer than 14 days to fully recovery from a SRC. This information may be useful for educating high school student-athletes and sport stakeholders, normalizing SRC recovery trajectory perceptions, and establishing realistic RTP timeline expectations.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Injuries in Girls' High School Volleyball: A Study of 2072 Players
Authors: McGuine Timothy A. , Post Eric G. , Biese Kevin M. , Kliethermes Stephanie , Bell David R. , Watson Andrew M. , Brooks Alison , Lang Pamela J. 
Published: November 2020

ContextGirls' high school volleyball is very popular across the United States. Prospective data are limited regarding the incidence and risk factors of time-loss (TL) and non–time-loss (NTL) injuries sustained in this population.ObjectiveTo estimate the incidence and describe the characteristics of injuries (TL and NTL) sustained in a girls' high school volleyball season.DesignDescriptive epidemiology study.SettingConvenience sample of 78 high school interscholastic volleyball programs.Patients or Other ParticipantsFemale high school volleyball players participating during the 2018 interscholastic season.Main Outcome Measure(s)Injury rates, proportions, and rate ratios were measured for TL and NTL injuries with 95% CIs.ResultsA total of 2072 girls enrolled in the study, and 468 participants (22.5%) sustained 549 injuries (TL = 71.6%, NTL = 28.4%) for an overall injury rate of 5.31 (95% CI = 4.89, 5.79) per 1000 athlete-exposures. The competition injury rate was greater than the practice injury rate for all injuries (injury rate ratio [IRR] = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.41) and TL injuries (IRR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.07, 1.60). Players with a previous musculoskeletal injury had a higher rate of TL than NTL injuries (IRR = 1.36; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.65). Ankle injuries accounted for the greatest proportion of TL injuries (n = 110, 28%), while the greatest proportion of NTL injuries occurred in the hand or fingers (n = 34, 22%). Ligament sprains accounted for 40% of TL injuries (n = 156), whereas muscle or tendon strains (n = 79, 51%) accounted for more than half of all NTL injuries.ConclusionsAlthough most injuries sustained by adolescent girls' volleyball athletes were TL in nature, nearly a third of all injuries were NTL injuries. Injury characteristics differed widely between TL and NTL injuries. Understanding the most common types and characteristics of injuries among high school volleyball players is critical for the development of effective injury-prevention programs.
Methods of the National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (NATION-SP), 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019
Authors: Morris Sarah N. , Chandran Avinash , Wasserman Erin B. , Quetant Sara L. , Robison Hannah J. , Collins Christy 
Published: November 2020

Background
The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network Surveillance Program (NATION-SP) was established in 2011 to provide a comprehensive appraisal of injuries sustained by high school student-athletes who received services from athletic trainers (ATs). The purpose of this article is to update the surveillance methods of the NATION-SP for data reported during the 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 academic years.

Surveillance System Structure
The NATION-SP used a rolling recruitment model to identify a convenience sample of US high schools with access to ATs. The ATs at participating institutions volunteered to contribute data via electronic medical records systems; common data elements were then pushed to and maintained by the Datalys Center for Sports Injury Research and Prevention. The ATs completed detailed reports on each injury, including the condition and circumstances. The treatments component was used to comprehensively assess the services provided to athletes by ATs. The outcomes companion component was developed to monitor patient-reported outcomes after athletic injury.

Summary
The NATION-SP continues to serve a critical purpose in informing injury-prevention and treatment efforts among high school athletes.
The Health Of Us Adolescent Athletes During Covid-19 Related School Closures And Sport Cancellations
Authors: McGuine Timothy A. , Biese Kevin M , Petrovska Labina , Hetzel Scott J , Reardon Claudia , Kliethermes Stephanie , Bell David Robert , Brooks Alison , Watson Andrew M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Context: In the spring of 2020, US schools closed to in-person teaching and sports were cancelled to control the transmission of COVID-19. It is critical to understand the mental and physical health of adolescent athletes during this time.
Objective: Describe the health of athletes during COVID-19 related school closures and sport cancellations.
Design: Cross sectional.
Setting: A national sample recruited via social media.
Patients or Other Participants: 13,002 US adolescent athletes (age=16.3+1.2 yrs., female=53.1%) completed an anonymous online survey.
Main Outcome Measure(s): Demographic information included: sex, grade, sports played and zip code. Assessments included the: General Anxiety Disorder-7 Item (GAD-7) for anxiety, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Item (PHQ-9) for depression, the Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale (PFABS) for physical activity, and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0 (PedsQL) for quality of life. Mental health, physical activity and quality of life variables were compared between sex, grade, sports played and poverty level using means and 95%CI from the survey weighted ANOVA.
Results: Females reported a higher prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety symptoms (females=43.7% vs. males=28.2%). The PFABS score (mean [95%CI] was highest (best) for grade 9 (14.5 [14.0,15.0]) and lowest for grade 11 (10.9 [10.5,11.3]. The prevalence of depression symptoms was highest in team sport (74.1%) and lowest for individual sport participants (64.9%). The total PedsQL score was lowest (worst) for athletes from counties with the highest poverty levels (high=74.5[73.7,75.3], middle=78.9[78.0,79.8], low=78.3 [77.4,79.1]).
Conclusions: The health of US adolescents during the COVID-19 related school closures and sport cancellations varied to differing degrees depending on sex, grade level, type of sport participation and level of poverty. Health policy experts should consider these findings when creating and implementing policies to improve the health of adolescents in the US in the future.