bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influencing factors on the foot health of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in European zoos
Authors: Wendler Paulin , Ertl Nicolas , Flügger Michael , Sós Endre , Torgerson Paul , Paul Heym Peter , Schiffmann Christian , Clauss Marcus , Hatt Jean‐Michel 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPathological lesions of feet occur frequently in captive elephant populations. To improve foot health, it is important to identify risk factors associated with such pathologies. Several previous studies have analyzed potentially influencing factors but were limited, for example, by small sample sizes. This study analyzed the relationship between 87 independent variables and the foot health score of 204 Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in European zoos using bivariate correlation, multivariable regression models, and principal component analysis (PCA). Correlation and regression tests revealed significant results for 30 different variables, mainly with small effect sizes. Only three variables were significant in more than one test: sex, time spent indoors, and time spent on hard ground, with lower scores (i.e. less or less severe pathological lesions) in females, and when less time is spent indoors or on hard ground. Due to small effect sizes and differing results of the statistical tests, it is difficult to determine which risk factors are most important. Instead, a holistic consideration appears more appropriate. A biplot of the PCA shows that factors representing more advanced husbandry conditions (e.g. large areas, high proportions of sand flooring) were associated with each other and with decreased foot scores, whereas indicators of more limited conditions (e.g. high proportions of hard ground, much time spent indoors) were also associated with each other but increased the foot score. In conclusion, instead of resulting from just one or two factors, reduced foot health might be an indicator of a generally poorer husbandry system.
What Is Freedom of Speech?
Authors: Stjernfelt Frederik , Lauritzen Anne Mette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIt is a well-known fact that the Internet represents a comprehensive and forceful media revolution. In only a few decades, it has connected billions of people all over the world and given them new access to large quantities of information. At the same time, it has put established media and information formats under pressure: newspapers, journals, CDs, radio and TV outlets, movies, books, etc. Still larger parts of the world’s marketing budgets migrate from these media to the online tech giants. To a large extent, the survival of established media now depends on whether they are capable of redefining themselves when faced with the Internet—either as dependent on it, by its terms, or as an alternative to it. This also creates new conditions for freedom of speech.
Distortion of the Public Sphere
Authors: Stjernfelt Frederik , Lauritzen Anne Mette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn 2010, in an attempt to explore how technology promotes peace, Facebook launched a new feature ‘Peace on Facebook’: “Facebook is proud to play a part in promoting peace by building technology that helps people better understand each other. By enabling people from diverse backgrounds to easily connect and share their ideas, we can decrease world conflict in the short and long term.” Facebook keeps track of for instance how many “friendships” the company has helped create between people representing arch enemies such as Israel/Palestine, Pakistan/India and Ukraine/Russia under the headline “A World of Friends”. All of them great stories. But Facebook speaks less loudly when it comes to the role of the company in the ethnic cleansing of the Rohingya minority in Myanmar. In 2014, Facebook moved into the country and within three years, the amount of users went from two to thirty million, and since then Buddhist extremists have used the platform to spread misinformation, encouraging violent upheaval. In 2017, propaganda, threats and coordination via Facebook became a contributing factor in this extensive ethnic cleansing. The fact that the conflict seems to have started with an Islamist massacre of Hindu villages in Rakhine state in August 2017, does not exempt Facebook for parts of the blame for the following escalating violence. In August 2018, after the UN had pointed to Myanmar military leaders as responsible for genocide, Facebook finally chose to remove 20 accounts of individuals and organizations from Myanmar’s top political management, among them General Min Aung Hlaing and the military television networkMyawady—their Facebook pages were followed by as many as 12 million out of a total population of 53 million and had been used to encourage genocide. It was the first time Facebook banned political leaders from using the platform. The UN report criticized the role of Facebook as a useful instrument of the armed forces who incited the population to fight the Rohingya people. Facebook admitted that they had reacted too slowly.
The Free Networks of the Enlightenment
Authors: Stjernfelt Frederik , Lauritzen Anne Mette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, freedom of expression emerged as a central theme of the dawning Age of Enlightenment. This was caused not least by churches and princes maintaining strict political control of expressions of divergent opinions. The new Protestant state churches, Lutheran as well as Calvinist, turned out not to offer more freedom than the Catholic church. In fact, it was often less, which meant that religious, philosophical and political dissidents regularly ran into serious problems when expressing their ideas publicly. Thus, ideas of freedom of expression began to surface. One of the first urgent calls for freedom of expression came from Dutch-Jewish philosopher Baruch Spinoza, who in his “Tractatus Theologico-Politicus” (1670) called for libertas philosophandi—freedom of thought. As stated by British historian Jonathan Israel, Spinoza was the first major philosopher who was also a democrat. Spinoza believed it important to distinguish politically between people’s actions and their views and expressions. Whereas the former should be governed by legislators, the latter should not. This would create a more free and peaceful society—and if people had the possibility to influence the laws they were subject to, they might be more inclined to respect them.
The Digital Enlightenment Project Facing Challenges
Authors: Stjernfelt Frederik , Lauritzen Anne Mette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAs early as the 1990s, there were critical voices with a skeptical and even gloomy view of the beneficial effects of the Internet. Cultural critic and media theorist Neil Postman was generally skeptical towards technological solutions to political problems. He understood technology through Goethe’s classical metaphor of the Faustian pact with the Devil. He believed the Internet would only add to the information congestion that he already saw as one of the most important issues of modern society, and which makes it increasingly difficult to distinguish important from unimportant information. In hindsight, it is obvious that critics like Postman developed a highly limited and erroneous view on the possibilities of the Internet: “To put it plainly, I think the Internet is something like power steering or cruise control in cars. I mean, not that it’s not useful, but once you invent the basic car, you’ve got it. Now these things are useful, and the automobile companies add them on to the cars and then they convince consumers that they absolutely have to have them. I’m not saying that they’re completely useless—of course, they’re not. But the Internet doesn’t help us address the problems that we need to address.” Postman went as far as to dismiss the entire computer and Internet revolution as a mere diversion from the real problems of society. “The Internet and computer technology are just distractions.” He basically considered it a new form of commercial entertainment technology with very limited utility; cf. his famous diagnosis: “We’re amusing ourselves to death.” It is obvious that this kind of neo-Luddism completely missed its target and did not acknowledge the Internet’s already then burgeoning potential for education, dissemination of information, intellectual empowerment and cooperation.
Attention and Dopamine Hits
Authors: Stjernfelt Frederik , Lauritzen Anne Mette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn January 2017, George Orwell’s futuristic dystopian novel 1984 was brought back to life. The reason this 70-year-old classic all of a sudden became a no. 1 bestseller on Amazon is likely to be found in the White House. But in focusing too much on the dangers forecast in 1984, we should not forget an older and less famous vision, Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World (1932). It is at least as relevant as the Orwellian dystopia. Its content easily translates to today’s criticisms of technology, as it describes how people will love the very same technology that deprives them of their ability to think clearly and critically. Both visions of the future have been put face-to-face by cultural and media critic Neil Postman: “What Orwell feared were those who would ban books. What Huxley feared was that there would be no reason to ban a book, for there would be no one who wanted to read one. Orwell feared those who would deprive us of information. Huxley feared those who would give us so much that we would be reduced to passivity and egoism. Orwell feared that the truth would be concealed from us. Huxley feared the truth would be drowned in a sea of irrelevance. Orwell feared we would become a captive culture. Huxley feared we would become a trivial culture, preoccupied with some equivalent of the feelies, the orgy porgy, and the centrifugal bumble puppy.” Postman’s presumption, that Huxley’s future vision was not the least relevant of the two, rings truer today than ever before. In the Information Age, there is an abundance of information and competition over our attention. This has created an attention economy in which tech giants compete for harvesting the most attention and reselling it to third party advertisers. But this war over attention has its victims. First, it has led tech giants to develop still smarter designs whose purpose it is to create dependence. The idea is for users to spend as much time as possible on the platforms and click, like, share as often as possible—to engage. Second, companies add targeted, usually secret, ingredients to their algorithms, which then reward the content that attracts the most attention and traffic. This has led to a knowledge deficit in an online world dominated by emotions. We have long been blind to the negative consequences of this attention-based infrastructure and have come to love a technology that gobbles up our ability to think reflectively.
Improving the World or Capitalizing on It?
Authors: Stjernfelt Frederik , Lauritzen Anne Mette 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOne thing is difficult to decipher: to what degree do tech giants actually see themselves as saving the world, and to what degree do they see themselves as capitalizing on it? Obviously, one does not exclude the other, but how do the two sides balance and what is the actual improvement the tech giants bring? In an interesting interview, Mark Zuckerberg defended the company’s treatment of user data by framing it as a historical philosophical trend where people are becoming more open and more willing to share data about themselves with friends, with companies, ultimately with anybody. But the trend is also a normative one: according to Zuckerberg, people must be brought to realize that they only have one identity. Not only does Zuckerberg here exalt himself as a philosopher but he apparently feels compelled to accept highly normative consequences of his own ideas—and to claim that these consequences should be acceptable to his users, imposing this philosophy on them. Everyone should know everything about everyone—this is the moral imperative Zuckerberg uses to legitimize his business model. Such an idea would erase the distinction between public and private, which has played an important role in modern societies where privacy has been considered a fundamental political good, and where the elementary freedoms of expression, of thought, of beliefs have been articulated to protect individuals and their sphere of privacy against government abuse and regimentation. The moral consequence of Zuckerberg’s dictum—beyond the very handy legitimization of his business model’s unlimited data collection—is that people should not behave differently in different contexts. You cannot be one person to your friends, then another to your family, and a third to your colleagues, etc. You cannot run away from your past, either, if suddenly something more preferable comes up. And neither can you evolve and develop your personality, put past mistakes behind you. In Zuckerberg’s line of thought, people bring their detailed digital identity with them everywhere and, what is more, that identity should be fully available to anyone. It is curious that he does not see how this would cause a tremendous loss of personal freedom—the freedom to evolve, change, apply different skills in different contexts. During the congressional hearings in April 2018, one Senator took a shrewd look at this data gathering and innocently asked Zuckerberg what hotel he was staying in while in Washington. Zuckerberg preferred not to disclose that information. Perhaps he did not want fans, journalists or assassins lurking around. But that would indeed be the collateral damage if he took his own medicine.
Systematic Reviews in Educational Research: Methodology, Perspectives and Application
Authors: Newman Mark , Gough David 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter explores the processes of reviewing literature as a research method. The logic of the family of research approaches called systematic review is analysed and the variation in techniques used in the different approaches explored using examples from existing reviews. The key distinctions between aggregative and configurative approaches are illustrated and the chapter signposts further reading on key issues in the systematic review process.
Reflections on the Methodological Approach of Systematic Reviews
Authors: Hammersley Martyn 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe concept of systematic reviewing of research literatures became influential in the second half of the 20th century, in the context of the longstanding, and challenging, issue of how to ‘translate’ research findings into reliable guidance for practical decision-making—to determine which policies, programs, and strategies should (and should not) be adopted (Hammersley 2014; Nisbet and Broadfoot 1980).
Ethical Considerations of Conducting Systematic Reviews in Educational Research
Authors: Suri Harsh 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEthical considerations of conducting systematic reviews in educational research are not typically discussed explicitly. However, systematic reviews are frequently read and cited in documents that influence educational policy and practice. Hence, ethical issues associated with what and how systematic reviews are produced and used have serious implications. It becomes imperative for systematic reviewers to reflexively engage with a variety of ethical issues associated with potential conflicts of interest and issues of voice and representation. This chapter discusses how systematic reviewers can draw upon the philosophical traditions of consequentialism, deontology or virtue ethics to situate their ethical decision-making.
Exact results for 5d SCFTs of long quiver type
Authors: Uhlemann Christoph F. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Exact results are derived for 5d SCFTs with holographic duals in Type IIB supergravity. These theories have relevant deformations that flow to linear quiver gauge theories, with the number of nodes large in the large-N limits described by supergravity. Starting from a suitable formulation of the matrix models resulting from supersymmetric localization of the squashed S5 partition functions, the saddle point equations are solved for generic quivers with Nf = 2N at all interior nodes, which includes the TN theories, and for a sample of theories with Nf ≠ 2N nodes including theories with Chern-Simons terms. The resulting exact expressions for the free energies and conformal central charges are consistent with supergravity predictions and, where available, with previous numerical field theory analyses.
Behaviors of two supersymmetry breaking scales in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 supergravity
Authors: Abe Hiroyuki , Aoki Shuntaro , Imai Sosuke , Sakamura Yutaka 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We study the supersymmetry breaking patterns in four-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 gauged supergravity. The model contains multiple (Abelian) vector multiplets and a single hypermultiplet which parametrizes SO(4, 1)/SO(4) coset. We derive the expressions of two gravitino masses under general gaugings and prepotential based on the embedding tensor formalism, and discuss their behaviors in some concrete models. Then we confirm that in a single vector multiplet case, the partial breaking always occurs when the third derivative of the prepotential exists at the vacuum, which is consistent with the result of ref. [1], but we can have several breaking patterns otherwise. The discussion is also generalized to the case of multiple vector multiplets, and we found that the full ($$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 0) breaking occurs even if the third derivative of the prepotential is nontrivial.
Extended thermodynamics and complexity in gravitational Chern-Simons theory
Authors: Frassino Antonia M. , Mann Robert B. , Mureika Jonas R. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We study several aspects of the extended thermodynamics of BTZ black holes with thermodynamic mass $$ M=\alpha m+\gamma \frac{j}{\ell } $$
M
=
αm
+
γ

j
ℓ

and angular momentum J = αj + γℓm, for general values of the parameters (α, γ) ranging from regular (α = 1, γ = 0) to exotic (α = 0, γ = 1). We show that there exist two distinct behaviours for the black holes, one when α > γ (“mostly regular”), and the other when γ < α (“mostly exotic”). We find that the Smarr formula holds for all (α, γ). We derive the corresponding thermodynamic volumes, which we find to be positive provided α and γ satisfy a certain constraint. The dependence of pressure on volume is unremarkable and strictly decreasing when α > γ, but a maximum volume emerges for large J ≫ T when γ > α; consequently an exotic black hole of a given horizon circumference and temperature can exist in two distinct anti de Sitter backgrounds. We compute the reverse isoperimetric ratio, and study the Gibbs free energy and criticality conditions for each. Finally we investigate the complexity growth of these objects and find that they are all proportional to the complexity of the BTZ black hole. Somewhat surprisingly, purely exotic BTZ black holes have vanishing complexity growth.
Defect QED: dielectric without a dielectric, monopole without a monopole
Authors: Grignani Gianluca , Semenoff Gordon W. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We study a class of defect quantum field theories where the quantum field theory in the 3+1-dimensional bulk is a free photon and charged matter and the interactions of the photons with the charges occur entirely on a 2+1-dimensional defect. We observe that at the fully quantum level, the effective action of such a theory is still a defect field theory with free photons propagating in the bulk and the nonlinearities in the quantum corrections to the Maxwell equations confined to the defect. We use this observation to show that the defect field theory has interesting electromagnetic properties. The electromagnetic fields sourced by static test charges are attenuated as if the bulk surrounding them were filled with a dielectric material. This is particularly interesting when the observer and test charge are on opposite sides of the defect. Then the effect is isotropic and it is operative even in the region near the defect. If the defect is in a time reversal violating state, image charges have the appearance of electrically and magnetically charged dyons. We present the example of a single layer in a quantum Hall state. We observe that the charge screening effect in charge neutral graphene should be significant, and even more dramatic when the layer is in a metallic state with mobile electrons.
Role of Diffusion Tensor Imaging Parameters in the Characterization and Differentiation of Infiltrating and Non-Infiltrating Spinal Cord Tumors
Authors: Maj Edyta , Szemplińska Barbara , Szeszkowski Wojciech , Prokopienko Marek , Cieszanowski Andrzej , Marchel Andrzej , Rowiński Olgierd 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and Purpose
Recent attempts to utilize diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to identify the extent of microinfiltration of a tumor in the brain have been successful. It was therefore speculated that this technique could also be useful in the spinal cord. The aim of this study was to differentiate between infiltrating and noninfiltrating intramedullary spinal tumors using DTI-derived metrics.

Material and Methods
The study group consisted of 6 patients with infiltrating and 12 with noninfiltrating spinal cord tumors. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium administration was performed followed by DTI. Fractional anisotropy (FA), diffusivity (TRACE) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were measured in the enhancing tumor mass, peritumoral margins, peritumoral edema and normal appearing spinal cord. The results were compared using non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test with statistical significance p < 0.05.

Results
In peritumoral margins the FA values were significantly higher in the noninfiltrating compared to the infiltrating tumors (p < 0.007), whereas TRACE values were significantly lower (p < 0.017). The results were similar in peritumoral edema. The FA values in the tumor mass showed no significant differences between the two groups while TRACE showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.003). There was no statistical difference in any parameters in normal appearing spinal cord.

Conclusion
Quantitative analysis of DTI parameters of spinal cord tissue surroundings spinal masses can be useful for differentiation between infiltrating and non-infiltrating intramedullary spinal tumors.