bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study on occurrence of third trochanter in the femora in northern Tamil Nadu region
Authors: Muthukumaravel N , Manjunath K. Y 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aims: The third trochanter is defined as the osseous tubercule in the superior part of the gluteal tuberosity. The occurrence of third trochanter might have been due to the consequence of the relative strengthening of gluteus maximus muscle in human beings. The present study was undertaken on the femora of northern Tamil Nadu region with the aim to determine the frequency of third trochanter of femur in this region and to compare it with occurrence in other series. Material and methods: The study was carried out on a collection of 153 dried adult femora of unknown age and sex available at the departments of Anatomy of Annapoorana Medical College and Vinayaka Mission's Homeopathy Medical College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. Results: Out of total 153 femora studied, the presence of third trochanter was noticed in 21 femora (13.72%). Out of these 15.71% were femora of the right side and 12.04% were of the left side. The average length and breadth of the third trochanters were 19.80±5.22 mm and 7.63±1.75 mm respectively Conclusion: The occurrence of the third trochanter was considerably higher among right femora than the femora of the left side. The average length of the third trochanters was found to be more on the right side and average width was more on the left side. This may be due to functional difference between the right and left gluteus maximii muscles.
Gantzer muscles; a study on 50 cadaveric upper limbs
Authors: Bajpe Roshni , R. Tarakeshwari , R. Shubha 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background : Gantzer muscle is the name given to the additional head of Flexor Digitorum Profudus (FDP) or Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL). It connects the superficial flexors and deep flexors of forearm. It sometimes may be related to Anterior Interosseous Nerve (AIN) and Ulnar artery causing Compressive Neuropathy or Vascular symptoms. Aim: To assess incidence of Gantzer muscle in South Indian population, its morphology and clinical significance. Materials and methods: The study was carried out on 50 upper limbs dissected by first year M.B.B.S students. Results : Nine upper limbs showed the presence of Gantzer muscle, three belonged to the right and six belonged to the left. Observations : Additional heads were associated as follows: From FDP-2 and from FPL-7. Innervation was either from Median nerve, Anterior Interosseous nerve or Ulnar nerve. Superficially median nerve was related, deep relations were Ulnar artery and Anterior Interosseous nerve. In one case, Median nerve and artery were related superficially. Conclusion: Gantzer muscle is important clinically as a cause of vascular or nerve compression.
Accessory head of flexor digiti minimi: a case study
Authors: Vanguri Sailabala , Manasa Bethi 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFlexor digiti minimi is a muscle of hypothenar eminence. It flexes the little finger at metacarpo­ phalangeal joint. During routine Anatomical dissection, an extra muscle was noticed in the flexor compartment of right forearm of a male cadaver. The identified muscle took origin from medial aspect of the Palmaris longus tendon just proximal to the wrist joint. When traced distally this muscle joined the fibers of the Flexor digiti minimi, and finally got inserted to palmar aspect of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit. In its course, the muscle crossed median nerve and Ulnar artery. Because of this reason, this variation has the potential to cause compression of the structures mentioned above and is of interest to clinicians.
A cadaveric study on the buccal branch of facial nerve - origin and its relation pattern to the parotid duct
Authors: AK Sapna , K. Jayasree 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background : The knowledge of anatomy of facial nerve and its terminal branches is important for the successful outcome in facial surgeries. The buccal branch of facial nerve due to its characteristic variations in origin and diverse relationship with the parotid duct can be easily injured during parotid duct surgery, parotidectomy or face lift operations. An operating surgeon would find it helpful if the course of buccal branch especially in relation to parotid duct is studied Aim : To describe the origin, course and number of buccal branches of facial nerve and its pattern of relation with the parotid duct. Materials & Methods : The study was done in 100 cadaveric cranial halves including fetuses. The buccal branch was observed for its origin and course. The relationship of buccal branch to the parotid duct was noted and classified accordingly. Results: Buccal branch originated from the lower trunk of facial nerve in 68 % and from the upper trunk in 28% while the two trunks contributed to the origin in 4%. The buccal branch passed inferior to parotid duct in 41% and superior to duct in 25%. In 28%, buccal branch formed a plexus over the duct along with other branches. In 6%, there were two branches, one passed superior and the other passed inferior to the parotid duct. Conclusion: The knowledge regarding the variations of buccal branch of facial nerve can be a surgeon's guide during facial surgeries.
Accessory head of sternocleidomastoid-a case report
Authors: Barma Saranya Deb , Rabha Gunamani , Talukdar Kunjalal 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAs many important nerves emerge from the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid (SCM), it is important to know the morphological anatomy of sternocleidomastoid for surgical as well as radiological purpose. During routine dissection of head and neck for student demonstration, an accessory head of sternocleidomastoid was found arising from the superior surface of the middle third of the clavicle on the right side of the neck. Sternocleidomastoid is a key landmark as it divides the neck into anterior and lateral regions (anterior and posterior triangles respectively. Morphological variations arise due to the complexity of sequential development of any region. SCM is an important surgical landmark for clinicians. A well versed knowledge of its variations can avoid diagnostic and surgical complications.
A rare variation of mandibular nerve and an unusual course of lingual nerve - a case report
Authors: Anitha E , Maheswari K 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMandibular nerve is a branch of Trigeminal nerve which gives off Lingual, Inferior alveolar, Auriculotemporal, Buccal branch and motor branches to muscles of mastication. Anatomical variations related to mandibular nerve and its branches are of great importance to Oral maxillofacial surgeons and Dentists. During routine cadaveric dissection of infratemporal fossa of an adult male in the Institute of Anatomy, Madurai Medical College, variations in the branching pattern of mandibular nerve and an unusual course of lingual nerve were found on the left side. Such anatomical variations of mandibular nerve and its branches are of clinical significance during dental procedures and maxillofacial surgeries.
Morphological variation of the kidneys with its pathological relevance
Authors: K. Anupama , Shariff Shameem , Shailaja Shetty 
Published: November 2019

AbstractKidneys are bean shaped organs with the length of 11cms, breadth of 6cms and thickness of 3cms in antero­ posterior dimension. Variations in morphology of the kidneys are either congenital or acquired. The present paper deals with two cases with abnormal morphology. During routine dissection of abdomen for the under graduate students in MVJ Medical College, Bengaluru, it was found that there were kidneys with morphological variations in two cadavers. Both these specintens were analysed morphologically and sent for histopathological examination. The specinten No: 1 was a case of Ask Upmark kidney and Specinten No: 2 was a case of Granular contracted kidney. Morphological changes in kidney could be congenital or acquired. It is usually associated with various pathologies of kidneys. The pathogenesis is controversial attributed to vesicoureteric reflux with intrarenal reflux or localised developmental arrest, arteriolar nephrosclerosis and glomerulonephritis. The morphology and histopathology of the cases have been discussed.
An unusual variation in the anterior communicating artery of the circle of Willis in the human brain - a case report
Authors: Karim Farheen A , Sarma J D , Talukdar K L 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis report highlights an unusual variation of Anterior communicating artery of the circle of Willis found during dissection for studying circle of Willis. The brain was carefully extracted out of the skull so that arteries forming the circle of Willis do not get tom. The circle of Willis was identified in the interpeduncular cistern. Fine dissection was done to identify any variations. In this specimen there were double anterior communicating arteries joined in the midline by a short longitudinal segment of artery. Length and external diameters of both the Anterior communicating arteries were measured using Vernier calipers. Also, a medial striate artery (recurrent artery of Heubner) was seen originating from the right anterior cerebral artery just between the junctions of the proximal and distal Anterior communicating arteries with the right Anterior cerebral artery. Knowledge of this variation is valuable to neurosurgeons in planning surgical treatment and has clinical significance in relation to stroke.
Regression equation for estimation of total humeral length using measurements of its proximal segments among Indian population
Authors: BM Lakshmi Kantha , NS Naveen , Kulkarni Ronpa , V. Veena 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to calculate regression equation for the estimation of total length of the humerus using the measurements of its proximal fragments in Indian population. This equation is essential for forensic investigators for estimating the humeral length and also height of individual using humeral length when fragments ofhumerus are available in forensic investigation. Materials and Methods: In the present study 150 (75 left and 75 right) adult, fully ossified, dry and processed humerii were taken to analyze the morphometric details of the humeral segments which were measured using osteometric board and scale. The distance between three different segments namely, from most proximal point in the head to most distal point of the circumference of the head (segment­1), from most distal point of the circumference of the head to the convergence of two areas of muscle attachment (segment-2), the convergence of two areas of muscle attachment to the deltoid tuberosity (segment-3) and maximum length of humerus were measured to the nearest millimeter. The association between the humeral segments and maximum humeral length was calculated using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and later linear regression was applied considering left and right humerii separately. Results: The regression equation of humerus segments -1, 2 and 3 were MHL­ Maximum humeral length= 175.05 + [3.58(Hl)], MHL = 185.80 + [2.18(H2)], MHL = 161.44 + [2.18(H3)] on left and MHL = 171.91 + [3.74(Hl)], MHL = 195.54 + [1.95(H2)], MHL = 229.03 + [1.24(H3)] on right side of humerus respectively. This regression equation of Mean total length of humerus using its proximal fragmentary bone length will help for the stature estimation of individual Conclusion: This study helps in forensic, anatomic and archeological fields in order to identify human remains of unknown persons.
An age related study of morphology of human uterus
Authors: Dutta Malamoni , Bayan H 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aims: The uterus is subjected to a wide range of normal variation in both its anatomy and physiology e.g. the changes of childhood to puberty and into the reproductive years, the variations of menstrual cycle, the changes consequent to pregnancy and parturition and fmally regression associated with menopause and postmenopausal years. It is a very important organ of female reproductive system and is subjected to investigation for size, shape and position in cases of infertility. The study of normal morphological architecture is of prime importance to have the basic knowledge of the various pathological entities. Materials and methods : 30 samples each from reproductive and postmenopausal women were collected from fresh unembalmed human cadavers. Biometrical values of the two different groups were recorded and statistically analyzed for Mean. The 'z' test was employed to find out the significant difference between mean values of length, breadth, thickness and weight. Results: The Length, Breadth , Thickness and weight of uterus in Reproductive age group and Post - menopausal age group differ significantly. The length, breadth, thickness and weight ranged from 6.2-9.0 em, 4.9-6.1 em, 2-3.5 em, 35.4-73 gm respectively in reproductive age group. In the postmenopausal group the length, breadth, thickness and weight ranged from 3.8-6.5 em, 1.8-5.0 em, 1-2.3 em, 18-40.0 gm respectively. Conclusion: A clear conception of the age related morphological changes ofuterus is a prerequisite for the radiologists for pelvic imaging and for clinicians for diagnosis and management of various diseases like benign and malignant neoplasms and infertility.
Questionnaire based study showing role of anatomy in post-graduate courses in clinical subjects
Authors: Lalit Monika , Azad Harbans S , Piplani Sanjay 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aims : Clinical skills are built upon the anatomical knowledge, the study of which must not be reduced to a level where it becomes detrimental to the care of patients. The drastic curtailment of period in basic teaching of anatomy in the curriculum of undergraduate medical students from one and a half year to one year, non availability of cadavers and decline in faculty have further reduced the general level of its applied aspect. This situation illustrates the need for organized teaching of clinically relevant Anatomy as part of post-graduate curriculum. The aim of the present study is to assess and evaluate the group's perception towards organized teaching of clinically relevant Anatomy as part of clinicaVsurgical subjects. Materials and methods : Three groups were made which reflect their perception in the form of questionnaire responses towards organized teaching of clinically relevant anatomy as a part of clinicaVsurgical subjects. The questionnaire were framed to assess whether these visits were of any help in betterment of their understanding of clinical subjects. Results : Based on groups perception in the form of questionnaire responses the results were observed, recorded and tabulated. Before viewing the sections of regional anatomy 63.3% (19) of group I and 80% (72) of group II and in group ill 86.7% (26) were in favour of having the moderate knowledge of the structures while attending the operation. After viewing the specimens out of 150 participants 86.7% rated this method of great help. 70% (105) were in view that the knowledge of normal histology also helps in understanding the subject of pathology. 91.3% (137) commented that of all the basic sciences, Anatomy is the most clinically relevant and should be revised thoroughly during post graduation courses. Conclusion: Anatomy forms back-bone of all specialties, without which foundation of clinical specialties could not be strengthened. Thus anatomy as it applies to all aspects of surgery and other clinical subjects should be revised thoroughly during their post-graduation.
Writer's bump - a case report
Authors: Srinivasan Padmasini , Chakravarthy J Pranu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA callus is a localized thickened part of skin occurring in regions of pressure like bands and feet. The following case report describes a case of callosity of right middle finger near the distal interphalangeal joint on the lateral aspect persisting from six years of age due to writing. This condition is otherwise called as a writer's bump. Callosities are acquired, superficial, circumscribed yellow white flat thickened patches of hyper keratotic material. They occur in areas of skin exposed to rubbing and pressure. In this case it is due to pencil holding. Paring of the lesion may be done by a fully trained chiropodist. Laser treatment is also given nowadays. Callosities are commonly found in bands and feet in areas exposed to frictional forces. They may have a genetic basis too. In this case it is inherited as autosomal dominant trait from the father.
Morphometric study of renal artery and its variations in level of origin
Authors: Sankaran P K , Karthikeyan G , Kumaresan M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background : Knowledge of morphometry and variations of renal artery is of utmost surgical importance. Forcible retraction of vascular pedicle can cause rupture of blood vessel and can lead to fatal hemorrhage. So, the exact measurement of renal artery and its variation in level of origin is important for renal transplantation surgeries, stent surgeries and in cases of renal vascular hypertension. Aim: To determine the length and diameter of main renal artery and to find out the variation in the level of origin. Materials and Methods: In tbis study, CT images of kidneys of 100 males of above 20 years of age were collected from scan center in Chennai. The length of renal artery was measured from the level of origin to the hilum and diameter was measured near the ostium and hilum of kidney. Also the variation in the level of origin of renal artery was observed. Measurements were compared between right and left side. Results: Mean length of main right renal artery was 3.73 ± 1.28cms and diameter near ostium and hilum was 0.63 ± 0.12cm and 0.55 ± 0.12cm respectively. Mean length of main left renal artery was 2.84 ± 1.18cm and diameter near ostium and hilum was 0.65 ± 0.98cm and 0.54 ± 0.11cm respectively. Majority of renal arteries arise at the level of Ll on both side. Conclusion: The most common level of origin of renal artery is at the level of L1 vertebra on both sides. The average length of right renal artery is greater than left renal artery and the diameter of left renal artery is greater than right renal artery.
Multiple abnormalities in a foetus: a possibility of multifactorial inheritance disorder
Authors: Sinha D N 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA female foetus of 3.23 kg was delivered by a primigravida of 23 years, after scanning by ultrasound, depicting findings of oligohydramnios and congenital abnormalities. The foetus showed bilateral polydactyly (six digits) in both upper and lower limbs, polycystic enlarged bilateral kidneys, anencephaly, hypoplastic lung, small heart, deformed liver etc. The deformed foetus appeared to be the product of multifactorial inheritance disorders in sequential manner where survival of the foetus could not be possible beyond a period.
Retroversion angle of the glenoid cavity in South Indian population
Authors: SV Uma , N. Balasubramanyam 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aims: Glenoid version angle is tilt of glenoid cavity in relation to the plane of scapula, it is recorded as anteversion if glenoid is open anteriorly, and retroversion if it faces posteriorly. The tilting angle of the glenoid cavity bas a role in shoulder stability. In end-stage glenohumeral arthritis, wear is usually greater in the posterior half of the glenoid articular surface effectively increasing glenoid retroversion (RV). Aligning the glenoid prosthesis to the face of retroverted glenoid increases the risk for glenoid implant loosening. As Indian literature for retroversion is limited, this study was undertaken. The aim was to estimate and compare the version angle of the glenoid cavity of right (Rt) and left (Lt) dry scapulae. Materials and Methods: Superior view of 200 dry scapulae (100 right and 100 left) were photographed using a digital camera. The images were transferred to Microsoft power point R 2007 software and using Image J software glenoid version angle were measured. Results were analysed using SPSS 16. Independent sample t test was used to compare right and left sides. Results: Ninety eight of hundred Lt glenoid were retroverted with a mean angle -5.02 ± 2.07°, two were anteverted with mean value+1.65°. All the I 00 Rt glenoid were retroverted with mean of -6.90 ± 3.48°. There is significant difference in the angle of glenoid version of left and right glenoid cavity with p value <0.01. Conclusion : Proper implant positioning is key issue in shoulder arthroplasty for efficient postoperative function and long-term survival of the implant. Hence preoperative assessment of glenoid version is essential.
Norms for size and closure time of anterior fontanelle: a study on babies in Nagpur region
Authors: Tirpude Amit , Fulpatil M P , Kole Swapan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background and aims : Anterior fontanelle development in children is affected by several factors ranging from physical to geographical. While the impact of factors such as gestational age (GA) and gender are clearly established, the influences of region and ethnicity vary in the published literature. The objectives of the study were: 1. To measure the anterior fontanelle size (AFS) and closure time of babies aging from newborn to two years of age in respect to its gender and term status in Nagpur babies. 2. To evaluate the relationship of our fmdings with growth parameters. Methods : Measurements were done on 808 babies according to Popich and Smith method. Measurements on newborn were done after 48 hours of birth. Z-test of significance and Pearson's correlation coefficient are used for analysis. Results : Mean AFS ranged from 4.95±2.15 to 0.94±0.05 cms in preterm babies and 4.24±2.21 to 1.32±0.21 cms in full term babies. Mean AFS ranging from 4.48±2.26 to 1.31±0.22 and 4.02±2.20 to 1.24±0.13 cms were observed in male and female babies respectively. Study revealed no significant difference in AFS between full term and preterm & male and female babies. Around 20% fontanels are closed around sixth month. Less than 1% fontanels were open around 22-24 months. No significant difference in closure time was found. AF size had significant correlation with growth parameters of full term babies (weight r = - 0.37, p = 0.00) (head circumference r = - 0.30, p = 0.00) (crown heel length r = - 0.39, p = 0.00). AF closure time showed a significant relationship with growth parameters (weight r = 0.77, p = 0.00) (head circumference r = 0.72, p = 0.00) (crown heel length r = 0.85, p = 0.00). Conclusion : AF sizes obtained in this study are recommended for use as local values for reference in assessing term and preterm babies born in Nagpur.