bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory effect of arginine on proline utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Nishimura Akira , Tanikawa Tsubasa , Takagi Hiroshi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractProline is a predominant amino acid in grape must, but it is poorly utilized by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in wine‐making processes. This sometimes leads to a nitrogen deficiency during fermentation and proline accumulation in wine. Although the presence of other nitrogen sources under fermentation conditions is likely to interfere with proline utilization, the inhibitory mechanisms of proline utilization remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of arginine on proline utilization in S. cerevisiae. We first constructed a proline auxotrophic yeast strain and identified an inhibitory factor by observing the growth of cells when proline was present as a sole nitrogen source. Intriguingly, we found that arginine, and not ammonium ion, clearly inhibited the growth of proline auxotrophic cells. In addition, arginine prevented the proline consumption of wild‐type and proline auxotrophic cells, indicating that arginine is an inhibitory factor of proline utilization in yeast. Next, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that arginine partially repressed the expression of genes involved in proline degradation and uptake. We then observed that arginine induced the endocytosis of the proline transporters Put4 and Gap1, whereas ammonium induced the endocytosis of only Gap1. Hence, our results may involve an important mechanism for arginine‐mediated inhibition of proline utilization in yeast. The breeding of yeast that utilizes proline efficiently could be promising for the improvement of wine quality.
Mechanical properties and water resistance of Vietnamese acacia and rubberwood after thermo-hygro-mechanical modification
Authors: Cao Rulong , Marttila Juhani , Möttönen Veikko , Heräjärvi Henrik , Ritvanen Pekka , Verkasalo Erkki 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLow density and poor mechanical performance often limit utilisation of sawn wood from fast-growing plantation forests. Thermo-hygro-mechanical modification (THM) of timber is one innovation for improving the properties of light-weight wood species. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of THM and subsequent thermal treatment on dry density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), compression strength, Brinell hardness, and swelling behaviour in immersion tests on two fast-growing Vietnamese species, acacia (Acacia mangium) and rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis). Test boards were modified in an industrial kiln, in which a tangential thickness compression of 14% and 12% were aimed for acacia and rubberwood, respectively, either with or without subsequent thermal treatment at 210 °C. Dry density, MOE, Brinell hardness, compression strength, and dimensional changes in water immersion tests of specimens were measured from the modified and unmodified reference materials, the latter ones being kiln dried at 50 °C. The results showed that the responses of the mechanical properties were more evident for rubberwood than for acacia. In rubberwood, the MOE and compression strength of wood thermo-hygro-mechanically modified with or without thermal treatment were higher than those of kiln-dried reference specimens throughout the thickness profile. In case of acacia, similar differences between the modified and reference specimens were observed only in the surface layer. Density and Brinell hardness of thermo-hygro-mechanically modified rubberwood were higher than those of reference specimens, but after thermal treatment they did not differ from (acacia) or were lower (rubberwood) than those of THM specimens. Post-compression thermal treatment increased the hydrophobicity of THM specimens.
Using amyloid PET imaging to diagnose Alzheimer’s disease in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kolanko Magdalena , Win Zarni , Patel Neva , Malik Omar , Carswell Christopher , Gontsarova Anastassia , Nicholas Richard , Perry Richard , Malhotra Paresh 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundCognitive dysfunction affects 40–60% of individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The neuropsychological profile commonly consists of a subcortical pattern of deficits, although a proportion of patients have a severe progressive cortical dementia. However, patients with MS can be affected by other neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Little is known about the co-existence of these two conditions but distinguishing dementia due to MS alone from a coexisting neurodegenerative disease is challenging. Amyloid PET imaging has allowed improved AD diagnosis, especially in patients with atypical presentations or multiple possible causes of cognitive impairment. Amyloid PET demonstrates increased cortical signal in AD, whereas reductions in subcortical uptake are associated with demyelination. To the authors knowledge, there are no reports of clinical Amyloid PET use in MS patients with dementia.MethodsHere, three MS patients presenting to the Cognitive Neurology Clinic with progressive cognitive impairment are described. Due to lack of diagnostic clarity from standard investigations, they underwent Amyloid PET Imaging with18F-florbetapir according to established appropriate use criteria and after review by a multidisciplinary team.ResultsTwo patients were diagnosed with AD based on positive Amyloid PET imaging and were subsequently started on cholinesterase inhibitor treatment. The other patient had a negative scan, leading to further investigations and identification of another potential cause of worsening cognitive impairment.ConclusionsThe experience from this case series suggests that Amyloid PET Imaging may be of diagnostic value in selected patients with MS and dementia. In these individuals, it may provide diagnostic clarity and assist with therapeutic decisions.
Sex interacts with age-dependent change in the abundance of lice-infesting Amur Falcons (Falco amurensis)
Authors: Piross Imre Sándor , Siliwal Manju , Kumar R. Suresh , Palatitz Péter , Solt Szabolcs , Borbáth Péter , Vili Nóra , Magonyi Nóra , Vas Zoltán , Rózsa Lajos , Harnos Andrea , Fehérvári Péter 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSex-biassed and age-biassed parasite infections are common in nature, including ectoparasites-vertebrate host systems. We investigated the effect of Amur Falcons’ sex, age and body size on the abundance of their lice at a migratory stopover site, where the falcons’ habitat use and behaviour are more homogeneous across sex and age categories than during the breeding season. We sampled Amur Falcons in Nagaland, India at major roosting sites in 2016. We applied generalized linear models (with negative binomial distribution and log-link) to model the abundance of their two most numerous lice (Colpocephalum subzerafae and Degeeriella rufa) using the host age category (juvenile or adult) and wing length, both in interaction with sex, as explanatory variables. The abundance of C. subzerafae was only affected by host age, being nearly four times higher on juveniles than on adults. Juveniles were also more infested with D. rufa than the adults. Additionally, the abundance of the latter species was lower on adult male Falcons as compared to adult females. A juvenile bias in ectoparasite infestations is common in nature, probably due to juveniles being immunologically naïve, more resource-limited and may be inexperienced in body maintenance behaviours like preening and grooming. On the other hand, female-biassed infestations are much rarer than male-biassed infestations. We briefly discuss the possible causes of female-biassed infestations on Amur Falcons reported here, and in the closely related Red-footed Falcon and Lesser Kestrel as reported in the literature.
Predictors of community versus specialty mental health service use: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Brattfjell Maria Larsen , Jozefiak Thomas , Wichstrøm Lars 
Published: June 2020

AbstractChild and adolescent mental health specialized services (CAMHS) are supposed to serve those who are most seriously disturbed and impaired. However, little is known about how children receiving treatment at different levels of care differ. The present study seeks to determine whether having a psychiatric disorder and resulting impairment measured in early childhood increases the odds of receiving help in CAMHS versus from community services during middle childhood or whether other factors (e.g., parenting stress, family functioning) also influence service utilization. A screen-stratified sample (n = 995 of the 2003–2004 birth cohorts) in Trondheim, Norway was assessed biennially from age 4–12 with semi-structured diagnostic interviews and recording of service use, family functioning, parental perceived need, and parenting stress. Behavioral disorders more strongly predicted CAMHS than community service use, whereas impairment predicted community service use. However, impairment increased the odds of receiving services in CAMHS if the parents perceived a need for help. Parental perceived need for help also increased the odds of CAMHS use independent of diagnosis and impairment. Having an emotional disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), parenting stress, previous service use, or family functioning did not predict service use at either level. Whereas children with behavioral disorders received help from CAMHS, children with emotional disorders did not receive services at either level. ADHD did not predict service use, indicating that young children with ADHD without comorbid disorders are not sufficiently detected. Efforts to detect, refer and treat emotional disorders and ADHD at the appropriate level should be increased.
Enhancing fracture-network characterization and discrete-fracture-network simulation with high-resolution surveys using unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Akara Mahawa Essa Mabossani , Reeves Donald M. , Parashar Rishi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA workflow is presented that integrates unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery with discrete fracture network (DFN) geometric characterization and quantification of fluid flow. The DFN analysis allows for reliable characterization and reproduction of the most relevant features of fracture networks, including: identification of orientation sets and their characteristics (mean orientation, dispersion, and prior probability); scale invariance in distributions of fracture length and spatial location/clustering; and the distribution of aperture values used to compute network-scale equivalent permeability. A two-dimensional DFN-generation approach honors field data by explicitly reproducing observed multi-scale fracture clustering using a multiplicative cascade process and power law distribution of fracture length. The influence of aperture on network-scale equivalent permeability is investigated using comparisons between a sublinear aperture-to-length relationship and constant aperture. To assess the applicability of the developed methodology, DFN flow simulations are calibrated to pumping test data. Results suggest that even at small scales, UAV surveys capture the essential geometrical properties required for fluid flow characterization. Both the constant and sublinear aperture scaling approaches provide good matches to the pumping test results with only minimal calibration, indicating that the reproduced networks sufficiently capture the geometric and connectivity properties characteristic of the granitic rocks at the study site. The sublinear aperture scaling case honors the directions of dominant fractures that play a critical role in connecting fracture clusters and provides a realistic representation of network permeability.
Spectral risk measure of holding stocks in the long run
Authors: Bihary Zsolt , Csóka Péter , Szabó Dávid Zoltán 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe investigate how the spectral risk measure associated with holding stocks rather than a risk-free deposit, depends on the holding period. Previous papers have shown that within a limited class of spectral risk measures, and when the stock price follows specific processes, spectral risk becomes negative at long periods. We generalize this result for arbitrary exponential Lévy processes. We also prove the same behavior for all spectral risk measures (including the important special case of Expected Shortfall) when the stock price grows realistically fast and when it follows a geometric Brownian motion or a finite moment log stable process. This result would suggest that holding stocks for long periods has a vanishing downside risk. However, using realistic models, we find numerically that spectral risk initially increases for a significant amount of time and reaches zero level only after several decades. Therefore, we conclude that holding stocks has spectral risk for all practically relevant periods.
Levelling counterfactual scepticism
Authors: Sandgren Alexander , Steele Katie 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we develop a novel response to counterfactual scepticism, the thesis that most ordinary counterfactual claims are false. In the process we aim to shed light on the relationship between debates in the philosophy of science and debates concerning the semantics and pragmatics of counterfactuals. We argue that science is concerned with many domains of inquiry, each with its own characteristic entities and regularities; moreover, statements of scientific law often include an implicit ceteris paribus clause that restricts the scope of the associated regularity to circumstances that are ‘fitting’ to the domain in question. This observation reveals a way of responding to scepticism while, at the same time, doing justice both to the role of counterfactuals in science and to the complexities inherent in ordinary counterfactual discourse and reasoning.
Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis in pediatric patients
Authors: Al Haq Afaq Mobin , Rasheedi Alaa , Al Farsi Muayed , Mehdar Abeer , Yousef Yasmin , Rasheed Khalid , Binyahib Soliman 
Published: June 2020

Introduction:
Basidiobolomycosis is a rare fungal disease, lately appearing in the gastrointestinal system of pediatric patients. Their clinical presentation resembles that of lymphoma or granulomatous inflammations. This non-specific presentation makes Gastrointestinal Basidiobolomycosis (GIB) a diagnostic challenge.

Methods:
We are reporting the largest series of pediatric GIB, from Saudi Arabia. 12 patients were diagnosed between January 2012 and December 2019, between the ages of 16 months and 8 years.

Results:
The most common symptoms were fever and abdominal pain. Further examination revealed an abdominal mass. Biopsy of the mass was the mainstay of diagnosis, with histological findings of typical filamentous fungal hyphae and zygospores, surrounded by eosinophils.

Conclusion:
Role of surgery was limited to establishing the diagnosis and dealing with complications. Antifungal medication was the cornerstone of treatment in all our patients. Three of our patients were exceptional with complications such as entero-cutaneal fistula, entero-enteric fistula and short bowel syndrome. These complications have not been previously reported. We have discussed the challenges related to their management.
The diagnosis of GIB in pediatric patients with abdominal mass, needs a high index of suspicion. We believe outcome depends on the severity of disease, involvement of surrounding tissues and presence of complications at the time of diagnosis.
The Eocene ischyromyid rodentThisbemysfrom the Washakie Formation, Wyoming (early Eocene, late Bridgerian) with comments on the systematics of the genus
Authors: Korth William W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA large sample (>100 specimens) of the fossil rodentThisbemysWood, 1959, from the early Eocene (late Bridgerian; Br3) Washakie Formation of Wyoming is described. Two species are recognized: a new species,T.intermediusn. sp., andThisbemyscf.T.uintensis(Osborn, 1895). The large sample size of the former has allowed for a detailed study of variation in size and morphology within the species based on tooth-wear. As a result, some systematic changes in the species included in this genus are suggested: (1)T.brevicristaOstrander, 1986, is limited to the holotype, and all specimens previously referred toT.brevicristaare likely referable toT.plicatusWood, 1962; (2) statistical analysis supports the separation ofT.plicatusfromT.corrugatusWood, 1959, based on its smaller size and less-crenulated cheek teeth, which corroborates their existence at different horizons (T.plicatusearlier Bridgerian [Br2],T.corrugatuslate Bridgerian [Br3]); (3)Paramys delicatiorLeidy, 1871, is suggested as the senior synonym ofT.plicatusWood, 1962; (4)T.perditusWood, 1962, is limited to the early Eocene (Washatchian: Wa1-6); and (5) all specimens previously referred toT.niniWood, 1962, except the holotype, are referred toT.perditus(fide Korth, 1984; contra Anderson, 2015).UUID:http://zoobank.org/59c101e2-cd55-4dce-aeea-3da48c4fbd53
The three-square theorem of Gauss and Legendre
Authors: Shiu Peter 
Published: June 2020

The following theorems are famous landmarks in the history of number theory.Theorem 1 (Fermat-Euler): A number is representable as a sum of two squares if, and only if, it has the form PQ2, where P is free of prime divisors q ≡ 3 (mod 4).Theorem 2 (Lagrange): Every number is representable as a sum of four squares.Theorem 3 (Gauss-Legendre): A number is representable as a sum of three squares if, and only if, it is not of the form 4a (8n + 7).
Vascular Leakage of Horseradish Peroxidase Three Days Following Compression Injury to the Spinal Cord
Authors: Beggs John L. , Waggener John D. 
Published: June 2020

Under normal conditions, intravascular horseradish peroxidase (HRP) fails to penetrate the endothelium of spinal cord blood vessels in mature cats due to the presence of interendothelial tight junctions and the lack of a transendothelial pinocytotic transport mechanism.Regenerating and developing capillaries in the central nervous system are morphologically and functionally dissimilar to mature capillaries. Typically, regenerating and developing capillaries exhibit increased permeability characteristics to circulating tracer materials.
Ultrastructural Investigations of the Contractile Filaments of Amoebae
Authors: Moore P.L. 
Published: June 2020

Previous freeze fracture results on the intact giant, amoeba Chaos carolinensis indicated the presence of a fibrillar arrangement of filaments within the cytoplasm. A complete interpretation of the three dimensional ultrastructure of these structures, and their possible role in amoeboid movement was not possible, since comparable results could not be obtained with conventional fixation of intact amoebae. Progress in interpreting the freeze fracture images of amoebae required a more thorough understanding of the different types of filaments present in amoebae, and of the ways in which they could be organized while remaining functional.The recent development of a calcium sensitive, demembranated, amoeboid model of Chaos carolinensis has made it possible to achieve a better understanding of such functional arrangements of amoeboid filaments. In these models the motility of demembranated cytoplasm can be controlled in vitro, and the chemical conditions necessary for contractility, and cytoplasmic streaming can be investigated. It is clear from these studies that “fibrils” exist in amoeboid models, and that they are capable of contracting along their length under conditions similar to those which cause contraction in vertebrate muscles.
Ultrastructure of Giant Mitochondria and Their Inclusions in Schwann Cells of Bovine Splenic Nerve
Authors: Thureson-Klein Å. 
Published: June 2020

Giant mitochondria of various shapes and with different internal structures and matrix density have been observed in a great number of tissues including nerves. In most instances, the presence of giant mitochondria has been associated with a known disease or with abnormal physiological conditions such as anoxia or exposure to cytotoxic compounds. In these cases degenerative changes occurred in other cell organelles and, therefore the giant mitochondria also were believed to be induced structural abnormalities.Schwann cells ensheating unmyelinated axons of bovine splenic nerve regularly contain giant mitochondria in addition to the conventional smaller type (Fig. 1). These nerves come from healthy inspected animals presumed not to have been exposed to noxious agents. As there are no drastic changes in the small mitochondria and because other cell components also appear reasonably well preserved, it is believed that the giant mitochondria are normally present jin vivo and have not formed as a post-mortem artifact.
Anisopachous Cisternae and Cubic Lattice Structures in Hepatocytes of Rats Treated with Aminotriazole
Authors: Hruban Z. , Slesers A. , Gotoh M. 
Published: June 2020

Administration of 3-amino-l,2,4-triazole (AT) decreases the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes and inhibits the stimulation of the drugmetabolizing activities by the administration of phenobarbital (1). In the present study 1% AT in chow diet was fed ad libitum to young male Sprague-Dawley rats for 6 weeks. Thyroxin was given at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 ng per liter of drinking water. It was established that 1.0 mg thyroxin/L is adequate to prevent thyromegaly induced by AT.Rats fed AT alone or with 0.5% acetylsalicylic acid for 6 weeks showed alterations of the endoplasmic reticulum in their liver cells. The hepatocytes contained variable amounts of conglomerates of the tubular smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Figs. 8, 9), some of which were less than 0.5 micron in diameter (Figs. 5, 6). The anastomosing tubules were more closely packed and the intertubular spaces were narrower when compared with tubular endoplasmic reticulum of normal hepatocytes.
Some Applications of the Berkeley 650 kV HVEM in Materials Science
Authors: Thomas Gareth 
Published: June 2020

The applications of high voltage electron microscopy in materials science stem principally from the well known advantages of improved penetration, resolution, and benefits derived from multiple diffraction effects (e.g. critical voltage).The principal disadvantages are the high costs, somewhat poorer resolution compared to the latest breed of 100 to 125 kV microscopes and for crystals it is necessary to operate at voltages below those which cause primary knockon damage, unless in situ studies of such damage are required.
The Quantitative Contrast Analysis of Weak-Beam Images
Authors: Villagrana R. E. , Horgen H. M. , Maher D. M. 
Published: June 2020

The quantitative contrast analysis of a weak-beam image must proceed in three distinct phases: data collection, image enhancement, and image analysis. In this paper, we will discuss each of these phases in detail.Data Collection: In order to perform a reasonable contrast analysis, one must know the specimen thickness, the depth dependence of the defect, and the diffraction conditions. In regard to the diffracting conditions, we must point out that accurate contrast calculations can only be made for the excitation of systematic reflections. Finally, three micrographs of the image to be analyzed are needed for image enhancement.
Properties of the Interference Function for Unbent, Spherically, and Cylindrically Bent Lattices
Authors: Güven Necip 
Published: June 2020

Kinematical diffraction effects from thin crystalline films may be readily explained in terms of the interference function (ϕ). For an undeformed and orthogonal lattice:It can be shown that this function is independent of reciprocal and real cell parameters. It is dependent only on the number of lattice planes in a given direction and on the distance from a reciprocal lattice point. Furthermore, this function is symmetrical at each reciprocal lattice point.