bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSII-20 Effects of aerobically exposed corn silage treated with medium chain fatty acids on rumen fermentation in vitro
Authors: Arzola-Alvarez Claudio , Ruiz-Barrera Oscar , Castillo-Castillo Yamicela , Ontiveros Marina , Fonseca Mozart , Jones Barbara W , Smith William B , Hume Michael , Beier Ross C , Harvey Roger , Poole Toni L , Anderson Robin , Nisbet David , Salinas-Chavira Jaime 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) treatment of aerobically exposed silage during feed-out is a potential strategy to prevent growth of spoilage and pathogenic microbes. To evaluate the effects of feeding MCFA-treated silage on the rumen fermentability, we incubated 0.02 g of overnight air-exposed corn silage that had been treated individually without or with (0.75% wt/wt) C6, C8, C10 or C12 or with equal proportion mixtures of C6:C8:C10:C12 or C8:C10 with 10 mL freshly collected ruminal fluid. Additions were made while flushing with CO2 and tubes (3 tubes/treatment) were then capped and sealed. After 24 h incubation at 39oC, headspace gases and fluid volatile fatty acids were measure using gas chromatography techniques. Results from a completely randomized analysis of variance revealed higher hydrogen accumulations (P &lt; 0.05) only in incubations containing silage treated with the C8:C10 MCFA mixture when compared to controls, with mean ± SD concentrations (µmol/mL incubation fluid) being 2.19 ± 1.6 versus 0.08 ± 0.04, respectively. Treatment effects were not observed (P &gt; 0.05) on accumulations (µmol/mL) of methane (13.25 ± 2.5), acetate (19.66 ± 5.6), propionate (7.27 ± 2.0), butyrate (12.36 ± 2.7) or stochiometric estimates of amounts of hexose fermented (41.39 ± 9.7), although the acetate:propionate ratios of incubations of silage treated with C8 or the C8:C10 mixture were higher (P &lt; 0.05) than those of untreated controls (3.46 ± 0.7, 3.46 ± 0.5 and 2.35 ± 0.1, respectively). Consequently, correspondingly estimates of fermentation efficiency, calculated based caloric energy values of amounts of acetate, propionate and butyrate relative to glucose, were slightly lower (P &lt; 0.05) for the incubations of silage treated with C8 and the C8:C10 mix compared to controls (74.36 ± 1.1, 74.82 ± 0.2 and 76.55 ± 0.3 %, respectively). Results reveal little negative effect of MCFA treatment on ruminal fermentability of silage.
PSII-16 Effect of red osier dogwood extract on in vitro digestibility and fermentation characteristics of high-grain diet
Authors: Yang Wenzhu , Gomaa W M S , Saleem A M , McGeough E J , Ominski Kim , Chen L Y 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Red osier dogwood (ROD) is an abundant native shrub plant in Canada and rich in phenolic compounds with antimicrobial properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ROD extract supplementation on gas production (GP), DM disappearance (DMD) and fermentation characteristics in batch cultures with varying media pH. The study was a completely randomized design with 4 inclusion levels of ROD extract (0, 1, 3 and 5% of substrate) × 2 media pH (5.8 and 6.5) in a factorial arrangement. Substrate was a high-grain diet (HG) containing 10% barley silage and 90% barley-based concentrate mix (DM basis). Inoculum was obtained from 2 ruminally fistulated beef heifers offered the HG diet. Substrate (0.5 g DM) ground through a 1-mm sieve was incubated for 24 h in 3 replications including each combination of treatments. There was no interaction between media pH and inclusion level of ROD on GP, DMD and fermentation variables. Increased media pH (5.8 vs 6.5) increased (P &lt; 0.01) GP (averaged 198 vs. 389 ml/g substrate), DMD (averaged 51.3 vs. 64.6%), and total volatile fatty acid production (averaged 74 vs. 83 mM). Increasing addition of ROD extract did not affect GP, but linearly (P &lt; 0.05) decreased DMD from 56 to 46% at pH 5.8 and from 69 to 61% at pH 6.5. Increasing ROD extract linearly (P &lt; 0.01) increased the proportion of acetate from 43 to 47% and 47 to 50% at pH 5.8 and 6.5, respectively. Acetate to propionate ratio increased from 1.68 to 1.93 and from 1.90 to 2.10 at pH 5.8 and 6.5, respectively. These results indicated that the decreased DMD along with increased acetate to propionate ratio with addition of ROD extract suggests ROD extract may be beneficial to HG fed cattle for reducing risk of rumen acidosis without negatively impacting fibre digestion.
PSIV-20 Evaluation of calf performance when cows grazing native rangeland are vaccinated for bovine viral diarrhea virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis using either a modified live or killed vaccine
Authors: Lujan Luis A , Melchior Emily A , Rosasco Shelby L , Lodge-Ivey Shanna L , Dunlap Richard L , Cox Shad H , Scholljegerdes Eric J , Wenzel John C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen associated with gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive diseases of cattle worldwide. Vaccination of cattle with antivirals have proven effective to reduce instances of BVDV. However, vaccination protocol adoption by producers and animal response to vaccination varies. The objective of this study was to determine if administration to the dam of a modified-live viral vaccine (MLV) or killed viral vaccine (KV) would impact the growth and rumen fermentation end products of the calf. The hypothesis for this study was that calves from dams vaccinated with MLV would have improved performance. Calves (n=20) born to dams that received either MLV or KV over the course of their lifetime, were housed on rangeland at the Corona Range and Livestock Research Center in Corona, NM. Cow ruminal contents were collected at birth. Both cow and calf ruminal contents were collected at 7, 35, 63, and 205 d of age. Cow body condition score did not differ between treatments (P &gt; 0.05) (average KV = 4.3 + 0.8 and MLV = 4.3 + 0.8) at calving. Additionally, calf birth (P =0.66) weight and weaning weight (P &gt; 0.05) did not differ between dam vaccine type. At days postpartum x vaccine type interaction was not observed for calf ruminal pH (P = 0.20) and volatile fatty acid concentrations (P &gt; 0.28). However, calf ruminal pH increased with age (P &lt; 0.0001). Butyrate concentrations were least at 7 days of age (P = 0.0069). Therefore, we reject our hypothesis; calves born from dams receiving MLV do not have improved performance when compared to KV counterparts. Results indicate birth weight, weaning weight, pre-weaned calves pH, and volatile fatty acid concentration, are not impacted by dam’s vaccination type. However, impacts on calf immunity have not been evaluated and require further research.
PSIX-5 Fetal programming in an industry applied setting – Effects of feeding methionine during late gestation on progeny performance, feed efficiency, and carcass quality for feedlot steers
Authors: Acton Kortney , Mandell Ira B , Huber Lee-Anne , Steele Michael A , Wood Katharine M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess if rumen-protected methionine supplementation during gestation would impact male offspring performance and carcass quality in an applied setting. Sixty-seven gestating cows were randomly assigned to control (CON), or methionine (MET) treatments. Cows had ad libitum access to hay from a round bale feeder and were fed once daily in a bunk for approximately eight weeks prior to calving either: 0.75 kg/head/d of supplement pellet supplying 12 g rumen-protected MET/cow/d, or identical pellet with no added MET. The 34 steer progeny (MET n = 18; CON n = 16) were transported to a feedlot, assigned to one of seven pens by weight and fed a corn-based grower diet (58% corn silage, 26% alfalfa haylage, 15% soybean meal) for 47 days, followed by a finisher diet (78% high moisture corn, 12% alfalfa haylage, 8% soybean meal) for 115±31.5 days until slaughter. Body weights were recorded biweekly. Organ weights were recorded at slaughter. Carcass quality, meat quality, and rib composition were recorded 24 to 48 hours after slaughter. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS, with treatment as the fixed effect, and pen as the random effect. Supplementation of MET during pregnancy increased weaning weight (MET: 311, CON: 291 ±14.8 kg; P ≤ 0.001), final weight (ME: 668, CON: 631 ±16.8 kg; P = 0.01), and individual dry matter intake (MET: 13, CON: 12 ±0.5 kg/d; P = 0.04) during the finishing phase. There was no effect of maternal methionine supplementation (P ≥ 0.05) for average daily gain. Hot carcass weight was greater for MET steers (MET 372 vs. CON 353 ±9.5 kg; P = 0.03), while organ weights and carcass quality were not affected (P ≥ 0.05) by MET supplementation. This study showed that supplementing methionine during late gestation in an industry applied setting improved some offspring performance measures but did not result in enhanced carcass quality.
PSIX-18 Laurate and its glycerol monoester, monolaurin, as potential additives to control Listeria monocytogenes and tetracycline resistant Enterococcus faecalis in air-exposed silage
Authors: Castillo-Castillo Yamicela , Ontiveros Marina , Scholljegerdes Eric J , Anderson Robin , Arzola-Alvarez Claudio , Salinas-Chavira Jaime , Hume Michael , Beier Ross C , Poole Toni L , Nisbet David , Ordoñez Perla L , Ruiz-Barrera Oscar 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Silages can harbor pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant microbes which risk infection of food-producing animals. Livestock producers need effective yet environmentally friendly interventions to preserve the feed value of these fermented materials. Medium chain fatty acids such as laurate and its glycerol monoester, monolaurin, are potent inhibitors of many Gram-positive bacteria and when tested at 5 mg/mL in anaerobic cultures (n = 3/treatment) inoculated with 105 colony forming units (CFU) of Listeria monocytogenes and grown at 37oC in ½ strength Brain Heart infusion broth achieved near complete elimination of viable cells after 6 h compared to a 2.2 ± 0.1 log10 CFU/mL increase observed in controls. Culture of a tetracycline-resistant Enterococcus faecalis with 5 mg laurate/mL likewise achieved near complete elimination of viable cells (5 log10 CFU/mL) by 6 h incubation. The bactericidal effect of 5 mg monolaurin was less against E. faecalis, achieving a decrease of 1.8 ± 0.2 log10 CFU/mL and not decreased further after 24 h. When tested against air-exposed silage, pH 7.53 (4 g), mixed with 4 mL water, 5 mg laurate or monolaurin decreased viability of experimentally-inoculated L. monocytogenes (105 CFU/g silage) more (P &lt; 0.05) than untreated controls after 24 h aerobic incubation (22oC), with viable counts being decreased 6.3 ± 0.1, 5.9 ± 0.8 and 4.5 ± 0.1 log10 CFU/g, respectively. In contrast, viable recovery of the experimentally-inoculated (105 CFU/g) tetracycline-resistant E. faecalis was reduced more (P &lt; 0.05) than controls (decreased 0.7 ± 0.1 log10 CFU/g) after 6 h incubation when similarly tested with laurate and monolaurin (1.7 ± 0.5 and 3.0 ± 0.9 log10 CFU/g, respectively) but counts after 24 h were similar, decreasing on average 2.0 ± 0.5 log10 CFU/g). Results indicate laurate and monolaurin may be useful in killing L. monocytogenes and tetracycline-resistant E. faecalis during silage feed-out.
PSIX-3 Feedlot performance and rumen morphometrics of Nellore cattle differing in phenotypic residual feed intake
Authors: Silvestre Antonio M , Pinto Ana Carolina J , Miranda Lidiane S , Silva Leandro Aparecido F , Casali Daniel M , Souza Katia Lirian R , Schleifer Werner F , Cardin Jessica G , Gasparini Vanessa Gomes L , Millen Danilo D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study, conducted at São Paulo State University feedlot, Dracena campus, Brazil, had the objective to evaluate the effect of ranking Nellore bulls according to residual feed intake (RFI) on feedlot performance and rumen morphometric variables. Twenty-seven 18-mo-old Nellore bulls (425.5 ± 20.1 kg) were randomly allocated in 27 pens (one animal per pen) and fed for 107 days. The multiple step-up diets program consisted of ad libitum feeding of diets with the concentrate level increasing from 70% to 86% concentrate. At harvest, rumen epithelium samples were collected from cranial for rumen morphometric measurements. The RFI was calculated by the difference between the predicted DMI values [DMI = (0.0544*BW0.75) + (2.9659*ADG)] and observed DMI. Then, Nellore bulls were distributed into RFI groups: High (0.5 SD above the mean; n = 8), Medium (±0.5 SD of the mean; n=9) and Low (0.5 SD below the mean; n = 10). Low-RFI Nellore bulls improved (P = 0.04) G:F when compared to High- and Medium-RFI animals (0.142 vs. 0.125 and 0.130; respectively); however, no significant RFI grouping effect was observed for ADG (P = 0.54), final BW (P = 0.54), HCW (P = 0.27), dressing percentage (P = 0.24), final LM area (P = 0.87), final 12th rib fat (P = 0.82), final P8 fat thickness (P = 0.67) and final marbling (P = 0.82). Regarding rumen morphometrics, High-RFI Nellore bulls had larger (P = 0.09) rumen absorptive surface area than Low- and Medium-RFI animals (43.31 vs. 32.95 and 31.27; respectively), which was associated to the greater (P = 0.01) DMI presented by High-RFI animals (10.2 vs. 9.1 and 9.0 for Medium- and Low-RFI Nellore bulls; respectively). Nevertheless, no significant RFI grouping effect was observed for number of papillae (P = 0.28) or mean papillae area (P = 0.61). Thus, Low-RFI Nellore bulls improved feed efficiency without promoting any positive effects on carcass traits and rumen morphometrics.
PSIX-9 Impacts of bunk management on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, hydrogen sulfide concentration and blood oxygen saturation in steers fed 25 or 50% modified distillers grains plus solubles
Authors: Moore Rebecca L , Kassetas Cierrah J , LeKatz Leslie A , Neville Bryan W 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
One hundred and twenty-six yearling angus steers (initial body weight 445.87 ± 7.13 kg) were utilized in a 2 x 2 factorial design to evaluate the impacts of bunk management and modified distillers grains plus solubles (mDGS) inclusion on feedlot performance, hydrogen sulfide concentrations and blood oxygen saturation. Treatments included bunk management strategy either control bunk management (CON; clean bunks at the time of next day’s feeding) or long bunk management (LONG; feed remaining at time of next day’s feeding), and two inclusion rates of mDGS either 25% or 50% (DM Basis). On d 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 rumen gas samples were collected via rumenocentesis, and arterial blood samples were collected on two steers from each pen. No differences (P ≥ 0.09) were observed for dry matter intake, average daily gain and gain-to-feed ratio for bunk management or mDGS inclusion. Hot carcass weight, ribeye area, marbling score and quality grade were not affected (P ≥ 0.48) by either bunk management or mDGS inclusion. Back fat was greater (P = 0.04) for CON steers compared to LONG (1.30 vs 1.12 ± 0.05cm, respectively), but was not affected (P = 0.59) by mDGS inclusion. Steers on CON had greater (P = 0.03) yield grades compared to LONG (3.21 vs 2.96 ± 0.11, respectively). Bunk management strategy did not impact hydrogen sulfide concentrations or blood oxygen saturation (P = 0.82). Hydrogen sulfide concentrations increased (P &lt; 0.001) with increasing mDGS inclusion. Blood oxygen saturation was influenced by day of sampling (P = 0.01). Blood oxygen saturation was not affected (P = 0.07) by mDGS inclusion. The fact that ruminal hydrogen sulfide concentrations increased while blood oxygen saturation remained similar raises questions about the quantity of hydrogen sulfide and metabolic fate of excess hydrogen sulfide in the blood of ruminant animals.
PSVI-22 Fecal microbiome of dairy calves fed with different liquid diets
Authors: Virgínio Júnior Gercino F , Coelho Marina , Silva Marcos , Montenegro Horácio , Coutinho Luiz , Bittar Carla Maris M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Feeding a liquid diet to the newborn calf has considerable implications for the development of the intestinal microbiota, as its composition can shift population to a highly adapted microbiota. Milk acidification may positively affect microorganisms that are beneficial to the intestine health. The present study evaluated 15 Holstein calves housed in tropical shelters, fed one of the three liquid diets: I – whole milk (n = 5), II – milk replacer (22.9 % CP; 18.5 % fat; diluted to 14% solids; n = 5) and III - whole milk acidified to pH 4.5 with formic acid (n = 5). All animals received 6 L of liquid diet, divided into two meals, being weaned at the 8th week of age. After weaning, all calves were group housed and fed with starter concentrate and coast-cross hay ad libitum. To evaluate the microbioma, fecal samples were collected at birth (0) and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10. The microbial community was determined by sequencing V3 and V4 region amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene that was amplified by PCR and sequenced by the Illumina MiSeq platform. The diversity indices and evenness were higher for whole milk when compared to milk replacer (P &lt; 0,05), with no difference for acidified whole milk. Animal age affected all indices. Time 0 had higher richness and diversity (P &lt; 0,001), while weeks 1 and 2 had the lowest (P &lt; 0,001). Thirty-eight bacterial phyla were identified, and the most abundant in were Bacteroidota, Firmicutes_A, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes C. It is possible to modify the microbiome by changing the liquid diet. However, differences according to calf age may show the best time for possible interventions in the diet to manipulate the intestinal microbiome to improve animal health and performance.
PSXII-13 The influence of trace mineral source on copper, manganese, and zinc binding strength to rumen digesta in cattle fed a high forage-based diet
Authors: Guimaraes Octavio , Loh Huey Yi , Thorndyke Meghan P , Tillquist Nicole M , Spears Jerry W , Engle Terry E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Twelve crossbred Angus steers fitted with rumen cannulae were used to determine the influence of trace mineral source on ruminal soluble mineral concentrations and relative binding strength of trace minerals in the ruminal insoluble digesta fraction. Steers were adjusted to a low-quality hay (chopped) diet balanced to meet the nutrient requirements for growing steers. For 7 d prior to initiation of the study, steers were fed the diet without supplemental Cu, Mn, and Zn. On day 8 steers received a pulse dose (2 x NRC requirement) of Cu, Mn, and, Zn from sulfate (STM) or hydroxy trace minerals (HTM; Micronutrients LLC, USA). Ruminal samples were obtained at 2 h intervals until 24 h post-dosing for soluble (fraction obtained after centrifugation) Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations. Binding strength of Cu, Mn, and Zn to ruminal solid digesta (post centrifugation) was estimated at 0, 12, and 24h post-dosing using dialysis against 0.05 M Tris-EDTA. Ruminal soluble mineral concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for Cu at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 h; for Mn at 4 and 6 h; and for Zn at 4, 6, and 8 h post dosing in STM compared to HTM steers. Concentration of Cu, Mn, and Zn remaining in the insoluble fraction were greater (P &lt; 0.05) at 12 h post dosing in HTM vs STM supplemented steers. At 24 h post dosing, Mn concentrations were lesser (P &lt; 0.03) and Zn concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.001) in HTM vs STM supplemented steers. Following dialysis, the % Cu, and Zn released from the insoluble fraction was greater (P &lt; 0.001) at 12 h and 24h in HTM vs. STM supplemented steers. Results indicate that a greater proportion of Cu and Zn HTM remained loosely bound to the insoluble fraction within the rumen.
PSXII-1 High-throughput Phenotyping of Rumen Microbial Contents Using Buccal Swabs
Authors: Young Juliana , Skarlupka Joseph H , Tassinari Rafael , Fischer Amelie , Kalscheur Kenneth , McClure Jennifer , Weimer Paul , Suen Garret , Bickhart Derek M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The rumen microbial community is the agent that allows cattle and other ruminants to process complex plant polymers into digestible fatty acids. Traditional methods to sample rumen microbes often involve labor-intensive stomach tubing, or invasive surgeries to access the rumen lumen via cannula ports, thereby limiting the number of animals that could be sampled in a specific study. In this study, we tested the viability of using buccal swabs as a proxy of the rumen microbial contents in a timecourse experiment on eight cannulated cows. Rumen contents and buccal swabs were collected at six equally spaced timepoints, with the first timepoint being 2 hours prior to feeding. Simpson diversity and Shannon evenness estimates of the microbial counts of each sample revealed that the first timepoint had the lowest diversity and highest evenness (Tukey HSD &lt; 0.05) out of all other timepoints. Principal component analysis confirmed that the buccal swab samples from the first timepoint were the most similar to paired rumen samples taken at the same times. Using a Random Forest Classifier analysis, we estimated the Gini importance scores for individual microbial taxa as a proxy of their uniqueness to the rumen or oral environments of the cows. We identified 18 oral-only microbial taxa that are contaminants and could be removed from future comparisons using this method. Finally, we attempted to estimate the exact relative abundance of rumen microbial taxa from buccal swab samples using paired rumen-swab data in a Random Forest Regression model. The model was found to have moderate (~38%) accuracy in cross-validation studies. Our data suggests that buccal swabs can serve as fast and suitable proxies for rumen microbial contents of dairy cattle, but that additional factors must be measured to improve direct regression of results to those of the rumen.
PSXII-6 Supplementation of Angus crossbred steers with avian-derived polyclonal antibody preparations against the ruminal methanogen Methanobrevibacter ruminantium M1 does not alter in vivo methane emissions
Authors: Garcia-Ascolani Mariana E , Schulmeister Tessa M , Tarnonsky Federico , Podversich Federico , da Silva Gleise Medeiros , Martinez Juan Vargas , Ruiz-Moreno Martin , Batista Dubeux Jose Carlos , Hackmann Timothy J , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing twenty Angus crossbred steers with avian-derived polyclonal antibody preparations (PAP) against the ruminal methanogen Methanobrevibacter ruminantium M1 on in vivo methane production, using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracer technique (Johnson et al., 1994). Steers were fed chopped bermudagrass hay (BGH) ad libitum and 0.7 kg d-1 of corn gluten feed. The experiment followed a change-over design. Treatments were 1) supplementation of 3 mL d-1 of PAP against M. ruminantium M1 (PAP-M1), and 2) supplementation of 3 mL d-1 of a non-immunized egg product (CON). Individual BGH intake was recorded using an electronic radio-frequency monitoring system (GrowSafe System Ltd., Airdrie, Alberta, Canada). There was a 14-d adaptation period to the feeding regime, with no PAP supplementation, followed by an 18-d treatment period. Steers were dosed with brass permeation tubes with a known release rate of SF6 on d 7 of treatment period. Enteric methane emissions were sampled from d 13 to 18 of the treatment period, into N-rinsed pre-evacuated U-shaped polyvinyl chloride canisters (2 L) through a capillary tube. Methane emissions were averaged per animal within period. Data were analyzed as a change-over design using a model with fixed effects of order, period, and treatment and random effect of steer within order. Dry matter intake (DMI) was not different (P = 0.44) between treatments. Methane emissions, expressed as grams per day (P = 0.86), as grams per kilogram of DMI (P = 0.78), or in terms of methane emission factors (Ym, P = 0.78) were not different between PAP-M1 and CON treatments. Supplementation of steers with PAP against M. ruminantium M1 did not decrease enteric methane emissions. Based on preliminary ex situ trials, evaluation of different doses and combinations of PAP against other methanogenic species warrant further investigation.