bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postpartum recovery: what does it take to get back to a baseline?
Authors: Sultan Pervez , Carvalho Brendan 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
Limited guidance exists regarding how to assess postpartum recovery. In this article, we discuss various aspects of inpatient and outpatient postpartum recovery.

Recent findings
The postpartum period for many women includes sleep deprivation, maternal–neonatal bonding, breastfeeding, and integrating a new life into the family unit. Factors which impact inpatient quality of recovery include pain, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, shivering, comfort, mobilization, ability to hold and feed the baby, personal hygiene maintenance, and feeling in control. Outpatient recovery domains include psychosocial distress, surgical/medical factors, feeding and breast health, psychosocial support, pain, physical function, sleep, motherhood experience, infant health, fatigue, appearance / cosmetic factors, sexual function, and cognition. Postpartum recovery is likely to take longer than six weeks; however, no consensus regarding recovery duration exists among professional societies. Obstetric quality of recovery (ObsQoR) is a recommended measure of inpatient postpartum recovery; however, studies are needed to determine the optimum outpatient recovery assessment tool.

Summary
Postpartum recovery is an important area that requires clinical and research attention. Future studies should focus on identifying and developing valid, reliable, and responsive measures of recovery as well as tracking and optimizing recovery domains following all delivery modes.

Supplementary video abstract also available

http://links.lww.com/COOG/A65
Update of clinical echocardiographic assessment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Rahman Mehnaz , Kerut Edmund Kenneth 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) has an increasing global prevalence. Diastolic dysfunction is the predominant cause of symptoms, most commonly, exertional dyspnea. Although prevalent, the syndrome is challenging to identify due to the comorbid conditions that can present similarly. This paper will review established, guideline recommended, echocardiographic variables, and pathophysiology.

Recent findings
Echocardiography is the primary diagnostic modality. The latest advances in strain analysis, algorithmic use of multiple parameters, and deeper understanding of exercise hemodynamics have improved our classification of those with HFpEF.

Summary
There remains a paucity of therapies with mortality benefit in this subgroup. Thus, improving diagnostic efficacy is important as it can clarify epidemiologic, phenotypic, and pathologic features of HFpEF.
Cardiovascular implications and complications of the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic: a world upside down
Authors: Manolis Antonis S. , Manolis Theodora A. , Manolis Antonis A. , Melita Helen 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
The new pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has produced a global tumult and has overburdened national health systems. We herein discuss the cardiovascular implications and complications of this pandemic analyzing the most recent data clustered over the last several months.

Recent findings
COVID-19 afflicts the cardiovascular system producing acute cardiac injury in 10–20% of cases with mild disease but in greater than 50–60% in severe cases, contributing to patients’ demise. Other cardiovascular complications include arrhythmias, heart failure, pulmonary embolism and shock. Off-label therapies are being trialed with their own inherent cardiovascular risks, while supportive therapies currently dominate, until more specific and effective antiviral therapies and vaccinations become available. A controversial issue relates to the safety of drugs blocking the renin--angiotensin system as an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) homologue, ACE2, serves as the receptor for viral entry into host cells. However, to-date, no harm has been proven for these drugs.

Summary
In the cardiovascular system, COVID-19 can induce acute cardiac injury, arrhythmias, heart failure, pulmonary embolism, shock and death, whereas anti-COVID therapies also confer serious cardiovascular side-effects. Ongoing extensive efforts focus on specific vaccines and antivirals. Meanwhile, cardiovascular risk factors and diseases should be jointly controlled according to current evidence-based guidelines.
Artificial intelligence and complex statistical modeling in glaucoma diagnosis and management
Authors: Salazar Humberto , Misra Vedant , Swaminathan Swarup S. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
The field of artificial intelligence has grown exponentially in recent years with new technology, methods, and applications emerging at a rapid rate. Many of these advancements have been used to improve the diagnosis and management of glaucoma. We aim to provide an overview of recent publications regarding the use of artificial intelligence to enhance the detection and treatment of glaucoma.

Recent findings
Machine learning classifiers and deep learning algorithms have been developed to autonomously detect early structural and functional changes of glaucoma using different imaging and testing modalities such as fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and standard automated perimetry. Artificial intelligence has also been used to further delineate structure-function correlation in glaucoma. Additional ‘structure-structure’ predictions have been successfully estimated. Other machine learning techniques utilizing complex statistical modeling have been used to detect glaucoma progression, as well as to predict future progression. Although not yet approved for clinical use, these artificial intelligence techniques have the potential to significantly improve glaucoma diagnosis and management.

Summary
Rapidly emerging artificial intelligence algorithms have been used for the detection and management of glaucoma. These algorithms may aid the clinician in caring for patients with this complex disease. Further validation is required prior to employing these techniques widely in clinical practice.
Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-efficacy and Self-management in People With Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Mares Maria , Salamonson Yenna , Maneze Della , Elmir Rakime , Everett Bronwyn 
Published: December 2020

Background
Self-management is important in reducing coronary risk factors and in preventing recurrent cardiac events. An enabling factor that promotes self-management among patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) is self-efficacy. However, there is no standardized measure that captures self-efficacy and self-management concurrently in this population.

Aim
The authors of this study report on the development and validation of a brief scale to measure self-efficacy and self-management in patients with CHD.

Methods
Scale development and testing comprised (1) item generation, (2) content validity, and (3) pilot testing. The Heart Health Self-Efficacy and Self-Management (HH-SESM) scale includes 2 constructs: self-efficacy and self-management, measured concurrently. Components of the HH-SESM scale consisted of items related to behavioral and coronary risk factor modification. Survey data from 143 participants were used in exploratory factor analyses to test the factorial validity and internal consistency of the scale.

Results
Twelve items with the same response format were included in the exploratory factor analysis. The factor analysis revealed a single-factor solution accounting for 36.7% and 36.5% of the variance in scores of the self-efficacy and self-management scales, respectively. The correlation (r = 0.72, P < .001) between the self-efficacy and self-management constructs indicates moderate convergent validity. Cronbach α of self-efficacy (0.83) and self-management (0.81) constructs showed good internal consistency.

Conclusion
The HH-SESM is a brief, easy-to-administer, and reliable measure of self-efficacy and self-management in patients with CHD.
“It Feels Unhealthy to be Sitting for 40 hours a Week”
Authors: Wilkerson Amanda H. , Bhochhibhoya Shristi , Dragicevic Adriana 
Published: January 2021

Objective:
Reducing sedentary behavior (SB) is an important public health concern. The purpose of this study was to explore motivation to acquire a standing desk and strategies for using a standing desk through one-on-one interviews.

Methods:
Thirty-seven university employees (89% staff; 51% women) participated in the study. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and brief demographic questionnaire.

Results:
Data analysis yielded five themes about motivation to acquire a standing desk: (1) pain management; (2) health risk; (3) movement opportunity; (4) workspace flexibility; and (5) productivity and three themes about typical use strategy: (1) task-dependent; (2) time-dependent; and (3) threshold.

Conclusions:
Motivating factors for using a standing desk should be considered when encouraging standing desk use. Interventions should provide realistic strategies to establish a sit-stand routine that address employees’ unique job demands and preferences.
Rehabilitating the neurological patient in the ICU: what is important?
Authors: Hernandez Sabrina , Kittelty Katherine , Hodgson Carol L. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
To describe recent literature evaluating the effectiveness of early rehabilitation in neurocritical care patients.

Recent findings
There is a drive for early rehabilitation within the ICU; however, there are unique considerations for the neurocritically ill patient that include hemiplegia, cognitive impairments and impaired conscious state that can complicate rehabilitation. Additionally, neurological complications, such as hemorrhage expansion and cerebral edema can lead to the risk of further neurological damage. It is, therefore, important to consider the effect of exercise and position changes on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with impaired cerebral autoregulation. There is a paucity of evidence to provide recommendations on timing of early rehabilitation postneurological insult. There are also mixed findings on the effectiveness of early mobilization with one large, multicenter RCT demonstrating the potential harm of early and intensive mobilization in stroke patients. Conversely, observational trials have found early rehabilitation to be well tolerated and feasible, reduce hospital length of stay and improve functional outcomes in neurological patients admitted to ICU.

Summary
Further research is warranted to determine the benefits and harm of early rehabilitation in neurological patients. As current evidence is limited, and given recent findings in stroke studies, careful consideration should be taken when prescribing exercises in neurocritically ill patients.
Vaping epidemic in US teens: problem and solutions
Authors: Venkata Anand N. , Palagiri Raga Deepak R , Vaithilingam Siddharthan 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
Over the last decade, vaping has emerged into an epidemic of alarming proportions among US teens. This review evaluates the factors leading to the rise of vaping, reasons for its striking popularity among US teens, health consequences of vaping, and measures to mitigate the vaping epidemic.

Recent findings
Contemporary research highlights the continued rise of vaping amongst US teens and explains the reasons for its popularity, such as the variety of devices, a wide range of available flavors, youth-targeted advertisements, and lack of awareness of adverse consequences from vaping. This publication highlights current research findings of health consequences of vaping, including a discussion of EVALI (e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury) and provides an update on strategies to curtail the vaping epidemic.

Summary
Vaping has risen to epidemic proportions amongst US teens. This poses a clear and present danger to teens’ health with adverse effects ranging from acute lung injury to long-term addiction. This article summarizes key research findings that explain the reasons for the epidemic, health consequences of vaping, and provides an overview of efforts to mitigate the vaping threat to US teens.
Established and emerging roles peptide YY (PYY) and exploitation in obesity–diabetes
Authors: Lafferty Ryan A. , Flatt Peter R. , Irwin Nigel 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
The antiobesity effects of activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y2 receptors (NPYR2) by the gut-derived hormone, peptide YY (PYY), are established. However, more recent insight into the biology of PYY has demonstrated remarkable benefits of sustained activation of pancreatic beta-cell NPYR1, that promises to open a new therapeutic avenue in diabetes.

Recent findings
The therapeutic applicability of NPYR2 agonists for obesity has been considered for many years. An alternative pathway for the clinical realisation of PYY-based drugs could be related to the development of NPYR1 agonists for treatment of diabetes. Thus, although stimulation of NPYR1 on pancreatic beta-cells has immediate insulinostatic effects, prolonged activation of these receptors leads to well defined beta-cell protective effects, with obvious positive implications for the treatment of diabetes. In this regard, NPYR1-specific, long-acting enzyme resistant PYY analogues, have been recently developed with encouraging preclinical effects observed on pancreatic islet architecture in diabetes. In agreement, the benefits of certain types of bariatric surgeries on beta-cell function and responsiveness have also been linked to elevated PYY secretion and NPY1 receptor activation.

Summary
Enzymatically stable forms of PYY, that selectively activate NPYR1, may have significant potential for preservation of beta-cell mass and the treatment of diabetes.
Diagnosis of amyloid beyond Congo red
Authors: Picken Maria M. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
Amyloidoses are a group of rare and heterogeneous diseases in which abnormally folded proteins deposit in tissues and lead to organ damage. A brief review of advances in the diagnosis of extracerebral systemic amyloidoses in the context of recent advances in their clinical management is provided.

Recent findings
Although steady progress in the treatment of AL and AA has evolved over many years, significant advances in the treatment of ATTR, transthyretin-derived amyloidosis, have been achieved only recently. This coincides with the emergence of nontissue diagnosis of cardiac ATTR in both the hereditary and wild-type settings. The latter is emerging as possibly the most prevalent type of systemic amyloidosis.
Available treatments are amyloid protein type dependent and, hence, following amyloid detection, amyloid protein typing is necessary. Although mass spectrometry has emerged as the preferred method of amyloid typing, careful application of immune methods is still clinically useful but caution and experience, as well as awareness of the limitations of each method, are necessary in their interpretation.

Summary
Despite significant advances in the treatment of the systemic amyloidoses, outcomes remain poor, primarily due to delays in diagnosis. Precise diagnosis of the amyloid protein type is critical for treatment selection.
Apolipoprotein genetic variants and hereditary amyloidosis
Authors: Jeraj Natasha , Hegele Robert A. , Berberich Amanda J. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
Amyloidosis is caused by the deposition of misfolded aggregated proteins called amyloid fibrils that in turn cause organ damage and dysfunction. In this review, we aim to summarize the genetic, clinical, and histological findings in apolipoprotein-associated hereditary amyloidosis and the growing list of mutations and apolipoproteins associated with this disorder. We also endeavor to summarize the features of apolipoproteins that have led them to be overrepresented among amyloidogenic proteins. Additionally, we aim to distinguish mutations leading to amyloidosis from those that lead to inherited dyslipidemias.

Recent findings
Apolipoproteins are becoming increasingly recognized in hereditary forms of amyloidosis. Although mutations in APOA1 and APOA2 have been well established in hereditary amyloidosis, new mutations are still being detected, providing further insight into the pathogenesis of apolipoprotein-related amyloidosis. Furthermore, amyloidogenic mutations in APOC2 and APOC3 have more recently been described. Although no hereditary mutations in APOE or APOA4 have been described to date, both protein products are amyloidogenic and frequently found within amyloid deposits.

Summary
Understanding the underlying apolipoprotein mutations that contribute to hereditary amyloidosis may help improve understanding of this rare but serious disorder and could open the door for targeted therapies and the potential development of new treatment options.
Intestinal transplantation: an overview of the recent experimental studies
Authors: Oltean Mihai 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
Experimental intestinal transplantation (ITx ) has generated invaluable knowledge that has ultimately benefited the clinical activity. Herein, we appraise the recent publications pertaining to experimental ITx and highlight the main current research topics.

Recent findings
During the recent years, ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) have gradually replaced acute rejection as the main research topic. New additives to established preservation solutions and relatively novel approaches such as luminal interventions during cold storage may prolong the storage time and alleviate IRI. High donor age does not seem to worsen preservation injury. The ischemic susceptibility seems to differ between species, which may impact the translatability of the experimental findings. A new experimental model of modified multivisceral transplantation including the donor spleen may offer a new tool with which to study GVHD, besides the classical Lewis–Brown Norway rat combination. Flushing the graft with fludarabine may mitigate GVHD in rats. T-cell activation inhibitor—mitochondrial was downregulated in the peripheral blood leukocytes before other signs of acute and severe chronic rejection could be observed.

Summary
Experimental research in ITx has largely shifted focus from acute rejection to IRI and GVHD. Several lines of research have matured toward clinical translation, yet no breakthrough is imminent.
Decision making and treatment options in endourology post-coronavirus disease 2019 – adapting to the future
Authors: Proietti Silvia , Basulto-Martinez Mario , Pavia Maria Pia , Luciani Lorenzo , Gaboardi Franco , Giusti Guido 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
To describe and critically discuss the most recent evidence regarding stone management during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and post-COVID-19 era.

Recent findings
There is a need to plan for resuming the normal elective stone surgery in the post-COVID era, keeping a clear record of all surgeries that are being deferred and identifying subgroups of surgical priorities, for the de-escalation phase. Telehealth is very useful because it contributes to reduce virus dissemination guaranteeing at the same time an adequate response to patients’ care needs. Once the pandemic is over, teleurology will continue to be utilized to offer cost-effective care to urological patients and it will be totally integrated in our clinical practice.

Summary
This COVID-19 pandemic represents a real challenge for all national health providers: on the one hand, every effort should be made to assist COVID patients, while on the other hand we must remember that all other diseases have not disappeared in the meanwhile and they will urgently need to be treated as soon as the pandemic is more under control. A correct prioritization of cases when surgical activity will progressively return back to normality is of paramount importance.
State-Level Stay-at-Home Orders and Objectively Measured Movement in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Bourassa Kyle J. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective
Social distancing has been one of the primary interventions used to slow the spread of COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic. Although statewide stay-at-home orders in the United States received a large degree of media and political attention, relatively little peer-reviewed research has examined the impacts of such orders on social distancing behaviors.

Method
This study used daily GPS-derived movement from 2858 counties in the United States from March 1 to May 7, 2020, to test the degree to which changes in state-level stay-at-home orders were associated with movement outside the home.

Results
From early March to early April, people in counties with state-level stay-at-home orders decreased their movement significantly more than counties without state-level stay-at-home orders; 3.1% more people stayed within 1 mile of home, and 1.6% fewer vehicle miles were driven per day. From early April to early May, people in counties within states that ended their stay-at-home orders increased their movement significantly more than counties in states whose stay-at-home orders remained in place; 1.2% fewer people remained within 1 mile of home, and 6.2% more vehicle miles were driven per day. The magnitude of changes associated with state-level stay-at-home orders was many times smaller than the total changes in movement across all counties over the same periods.

Conclusions
Stay-at-home orders were associated with greater social distancing but accounted for only part of this behavioral change. Research on behavior change would be useful to determine additional interventions that could support social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Apathy and neurocognitive correlates: review from the perspective of ‘precision psychiatry’
Authors: Gracia-García Patricia , Modrego Pedro , Lobo Antonio 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
From the perspective of motivated behaviour and the so-called ‘precision psychiatry’, we try to identify recent advances in the neurocognitive and biological correlates of apathy.

Recent findings
New evidence supports the notion that apathy is a common transdiagnostic and heterogeneous clinical syndrome, now conceptualized as a reduction in ‘goal-directed’ activity. Similarly, abundant evidence has been found related to neurocognitive correlates of apathy and the associations between clinical apathy and the processes primarily responsible for mediating motivational drive and effort-based decision making.
Notwithstanding that the neurobiological basis is still poorly understood, there is some agreement in recent articles about a common system-level mechanism underlying apathy, pointing at specific medial frontal cortex and subcortical structures, including anterior cingulate cortex, medial orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum and related circuitry.

Summary
Although difficulties in interpreting the results of these studies are apparent, because of different concepts of apathy used and methodological shortcomings identified, we have found consistent advances in the neurocognitive and biological correlates of apathy, relevant for the deep phenotyping proposed by the ‘precision psychiatry’ approach. This framework may eventually facilitate the identification of predictive-risk models and new specific therapeutic targets in psychiatry.