bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement on the Adaptive Response Surface Method for High-Dimensional Computation-Intensive Design Problems
Authors: Wang G. Gary 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper addresses the difficulty of the previously developed Adaptive Response Surface Method (ARSM) for high-dimensional design problems. The ARSM was developed to search for the global design optimum for computation-intensive design problems. This method utilized the Central Composite Designs (CCD), which resulted in an exponentially increasing number of required design experiments. In addition, the ARSM generates a complete new set of CCDs in a gradually reduced design space. These two factors greatly undermine the efficiency of the ARSM. In this work, the Latin Hypercube Designs (LHD) were utilized to generate saturated design experiments. Because of the use of Latin Hypercube Designs, the historical design experiments can be inherited in later iterations. The improved ARSM has been tested using a group of standard testing problems and then applied to an engineering design. In both testing and design application, significant efficiency improvement of the ARSM was observed. The ARSM at the current stage demonstrated strong potential to be an efficient global optimization tool for computation-intensive design problems.
View-Dependent Deformation With Sketching Input
Authors: Wang Charlie C. L. , Yuen Matthew M. F. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The primary objective of this research work is to develop an efficient and intuitive deformation tool for conceptual freeform geometric modeling by sketching input. With our method, the user can sketch two strokes called the reference stroke and the target stroke to modify the model. The system moves the vertices of the polygonal model so that the spatial relation between the original positions and the reference stroke is identical to the relation between the resulting position and the target stroke. The movement is perpendicular to the view direction, and vertices do not move in the view direction. Thus, deform a object from different view direction will lead to different result — called view-dependent deformation. Our method is related to axial deformation. The self-intersection problem is solved, and users can define influence region by our deformation tool.
Optimal Concurrent Design Based Upon Distributed Database and Knowledge Base Modeling
Authors: Zhang F. , Xue D. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This research introduces an optimal concurrent design approach based upon a previously developed distributed database and knowledge base modeling method. In this approach, the product realization process alternatives and relevant activities are modeled at different locations that are connected through the Internet. The optimal product realization process alternative and its parameter values are identified using a multi-level optimization method. Genetic Programming (GP) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are employed for identifying the optimal product realization process alternative and the optimal parameter values of the feasible alternatives, respectively.
An Approach to Sweeping NURBS
Authors: Yang Jingzhou , Abdel-Malek Karim , Cremer Jim 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper presents a method of determining the swept volume of Non-Uniform rational B-Spline (NURBS) curves and surfaces. Characteristic (also called singular) points or curves are determined by obtaining local and global maxima points at discrete frames during the motion and with respect to a local moving coordinate system. This coordinate system is calculated in reference to the direction of motion of the rigid body as determined from its composite velocity vector. The aim is to develop a rigorous method for identifying and visualizing a NURBS swept volume. NURBS have become the industry standard for the representation, design, and data exchange of geometric information processed by computers. On the other hand, sweeping operations are valuable tools for the CAD user to shape and create primitives. In this paper, we extend our previous method used in determining the swept volume of implicit and parametric surfaces and those that are as a result of multiple sweeping. The method and numerical algorithm are illustrated through examples.
Design Parameterization for Concurrent Design and Manufacturing of Mechanical Systems
Authors: Chang Kuang-Hua , Silva Javier 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Design changes are frequently encountered in the product development process. The complexity of the design changes is multiplied when the product design involves multiple engineering disciplines. Very often, a simple change in one part may propagate to its neighboring parts, therefore, affects the entire product assembly. Both parts and assembly must be regenerated for a physically valid product model, at the same time, the regenerated product model must meet designer’s expectations.
When a product is being developed in a Concurrent Design and Manufacturing (CDM) environment, the design changes are usually implemented first by altering geometry of the product represented in computer-aided design (CAD) solid models. If the product solid model is not parameterized properly, the changes in geometry often lead to invalid parts or assembly. At the part level, the changes may yield a solid model with invalid geometric features if it is not properly parameterized. In this case, the entire product assembly is in vain. Even when individual parts of the product are regenerated correctly, parts may still penetrate to their neighboring parts or leave excessive gaps among them, if the solid model is not properly parameterized at the assembly level.
In this paper, solid modeling and assembly techniques implemented in two major CAD tools, Pro/ENGINEER and SolidWorks, will be discussed. A set of guidelines will be proposed for the designers to parameterize the solid models in order to capture the design intents more effectively in the product virtual mockup. These guidelines at both part and assembly levels will support designers to successfully conduct product design in the CDM environment.
A number of examples, including a slider-crank mechanism and its crankshaft, a single-piston airplane engine and its components, as well as a number of simpler parts are presented to illustrate and demonstrate the parameterization method and guidelines proposed for both Pro/ENGINEER and SolidWorks.
Process Planning in Layer-Based Machining
Authors: Yang Z. Y. , Chen Y. H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Some freeform surfaces cannot be machined by traditional CNC machining because of the inaccessibility to some critical points. Layer-based machining system developed by the authors can enlarge the accessibility by building a model layer by layer. Each layer is shaped by 5-axis machining. In this paper, the overall process planning techniques are identified and analyzed. The data flow chart in layer-based machining is established. The concepts of “decomposition for accessibility” and “decomposition for manufacturability” are proposed to decompose the model into manufacturable parts, which is called slabs. Adaptive slicing and interference avoidance algorithms are developed to achieve the maximum accessibility. A method called stock layer combination is proposed to select available stock layers for the process.
Haptic and Aural Rendering of a Virtual Milling Process
Authors: Chang Chu-Fei , Varshney Amitabh , Ge Q. J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper deals with the development of a multisensory virtual environment with visual, haptic, and aural feedbacks for simulating the five-axis CNC milling process. The paper focuses on the haptic and aural rendering of the virtual milling process. Haptic rendering provides the user with kinesthetic and tactile information. Kinesthetic information is displayed by the cutting force of a milling machine. The tactile information is conveyed by the haptic texturing. Aural rendering simulates the machine sound and provides the aural feedback to the user. Using ideas from the concepts of image-based rendering, haptic and aural rendering are accelerated by pre-sampling related environment’s parameters in a perception-dependent way.
Greedy Tool Heuristic for Rough Milling of Complex Pockets
Authors: Joneja Ajay , Shaoming Zhu , Lee Yuan-Shin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The milling of complex pockets bounded by NURBS surfaces is usually broken into rough and finish milling, with the former taking up the bulk of the machining time. This time can be reduced if the proper combination of end-mills of different sizes are used to machine in different regions. The greedy tool heuristic presented in this paper is a new approach for determination of the machining volume that should be allocated to different tools selected from among a large set of available tools. Subsequent machining planning can then be performed by repeated application of standard 2D milling algorithms. This new approach in multiple-tool rough milling of complex shapes promises to reduce machining time of parts with complex shapes, such as modern moulds and casting patterns.
Some Geometric Techniques to Reduce Build Time in LOM
Authors: Wah Pang King , Joneja Ajay 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We propose a new CAPP system for the layered manufacturing technology of LOM (laminated object manufacturing). The traditional technique of building wastes much effort and time in generation of rectangular grid patterns to the exterior of the model to facilitate waste removal. In the proposed approach, several geometric properties of the model are exploited to dramatically reduce the waste removal grids. This in turn leads to reduced build-time, with no effect on the build quality. An integrated CAPP system incorporating these ideas has been developed, and an example part is presented to show how the system performs.
Operation Ordering Principles and Intra-Setup Planner: Combining Human Control With Automation in Process Planning
Authors: Sharma Vipin , Hayes Caroline C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We present in this paper 1) operation ordering principles and 2) a customizable process planner, Intra-Setup Planner that implements those principles. The principles and the planner focus on sequencing cutting operations within individual setups for three and five axis prismatic milling applications. There is no general agreement on ordering principles largely because different shops have very different needs. To address a wide range of users’ needs, we have designed both the ordering principles and the Intra-Setup Planner to support flexibility rather than providing a single one-size-fits-all prescription for operation ordering. The Intra-Setup Planner provides a convenient user interface, Rule Editor through which users can select the ordering principles that suit their own situation, an automated planner that will follow the user selected principles, and a Plan Editor to allow final adjustments. The combination of flexible principles and user control maximize the strengths of human and machine intelligence.
Influence of Design Representation on Effectiveness of Idea Generation
Authors: McKoy Felicia L. , Vargas-Hernández Noé , Summers Joshua D. , Shah Jami J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The issue being investigated is the role of the type of representation used for recording design ideas in idea generation techniques for conceptual design. An empirical study was conducted to test the hypothesis that graphical (pictorial) representation is better than textual (sentential) for recording of design ideas. This study used a standard set of outcome measures: fluency, quality, novelty, and variety of ideas generated by use of different representations. The expressiveness of each representation was also studied by examining the ability to convey key design information of an idea. The experiment was designed and data analyzed based on the principles of statistical DOE. The study confirms the hypothesis that graphical representation provide greater benefits for engineering design idea generation than textual representation.
Assessment of Rework Probabilities for Simulatng Product Development Processes Using the Design Structure Matrix (DSM)
Authors: Yassine Ali A. , Whitney Daniel E. , Zambito Tony 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper uses the Design Structure Matrix (DSM) to model and simulate the performance of development processes. Though the simulation is a powerful tool for analyzing process performance, its ability is limited by the quality of input information used in the analysis. DSM simulation requires process data that is hard to assess or estimate directly from development participants. In this paper, we propose a methodology that allows a more practical estimation of an important simulation parameter: rework probabilities. Furthermore, we show how does this assessment method (combined with simulation) allow managers to evaluate process improvement plans based on two resulting process measures: reliability and robustness. The method is illustrated with a real application from the automotive industry.
Research Methods for Design Theory
Authors: Tate Derrick , Nordlund Mats 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper is about the development of design theory, about how research in design theory is — and should be — done. Important works in design theory since 1850 are identified. The current state of design as a pre-paradigm science is explained, motivating the need for a unifying view of design. Given the state of the field, a framework for design theory is presented, and a research process model is proposed as a scientific way of doing research in design theory. These are discussed in light of modern views in the philosophy of science and their criteria for theory evaluation and scientific progress. Research in design can be treated in a scientific manner, but this must be done from a sophisticated view of scientific practice, one with the proper criteria for evaluating progress: at the level of the research program.
Complexity of Planning in Design
Authors: Earl Christopher F. , Eckert Claudia M. , Johnson Jeffrey H. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Connectivities between processes in product developments indicate both conflicts of resources and potential synergies. These represent constraints and potential opportunities in planning design Each product development comprises a network of processes. Similarity between processes is analysed by a layered classification ranging from common components to shared design knowledge. The connectivities between products arising from similarities among products are represented by a multidimensional network. Design planning is described by flows or ‘traffic’ on this network which represents a structural model of complexity. Comparison is made with information based measures of the complexity of designs and processes.
Developing Bayesian Surrogates for Use in Preliminary Design
Authors: Pacheco Jorge E. , Amon Cristina H. , Finger Susan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
During the preliminary design stages, designers often have incomplete knowledge about the interactions among design parameters. We are developing a methodology that will enable designers to create models with levels of detail and accuracy that correspond to the current state of the design knowledge. The methodology uses Bayesian surrogate models that are updated sequentially in stages. Thus, designers can create a rough surrogate model when only a few data points are available and then refine the model as the design progresses and more information becomes available. These surrogates represent the system response when limited information is available and when few realizations of experiments or numerical simulations are possible. This paper presents a covariance-based approach for building surrogates in the preliminary design stages when bounds are not available a priori. We test the methodology using an analytical one-dimensional function and a heat transfer problem with an analytical solution, in order to obtain error measurements. We then illustrate the use of the methodology in a thermal design problem for wearable computers. In this problem, the underlying heat transfer phenomena make the system response non-intuitive. The surrogate model enables the designer to understand the relationships among the design parameters in order to specify a system with the desired behavior.
A Framework for Flexible Systems and its Implementation in Multiattribute Decision Making
Authors: Olewnik Andrew , Brauen Trevor , Ferguson Scott , Lewis Kemper 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we present a framework for the concept of flexibility in complex system design. This is one of the first of many steps toward developing new design methods for designers that will aid them in development of customizable systems that meet the requirements of multiple customers and multiple tasks. The hope is that this paper will provide both a starting point from which academia and industry can move forward in developing new design methods for flexible systems and a basis for establishing a standard lexicon for use when referring to flexible system design.
Re-Interpretation of Conceptual Design Sketches in Mechanical Engineering
Authors: Pache Martin , Roemer Anne , Lindemann Udo , Hacker Winfried 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this paper a case study on conceptual design in mechanical engineering design is presented. At first, an exemplary sketch from the design process is discussed with regard to the modality and level of abstraction of the elements used in this sketch. The possibility to predefine geometry of components, as well as functional features on different levels of abstraction provides clues for reinterpretation of the sketch. Furthermore a remarkable sequence of sketching is presented, that shows how reinterpretation of a sketch can result in significant changes of the conceptual solution. This may be due to the combination of geometrical and functional elements, that gain meaning within the overall context of the sketch only in combination with the other elements. Therefore recombination by reinterpretation may change this context entirely. The proposed mechanisms could not be verified due to the rareness of their occurrence, still these mechanisms may have a significant impact on a design process. Therefore this paper is supposed to provide hypotheses for further research on this subject.
The Role of Intranets to Facilitate Designer/Client Communication
Authors: Challice David , Hogarth Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Speed of product to the market place was always important. This has become increasingly so with the onslaught of globalisation. What is released on the High Street in the USA today will be sold on the shelves and counters of shops in other continents within days. This has placed pressure on the designer to complete his task or contract with even more alacrity than was the case, even as recently as ten years ago. The cliché “we have the Technology”, is a truism in the world of manufacturing and design, but use of the available technology is, perhaps, not as apparent as it is generally accepted to be.
In order to get the product to the market at the right price demands an ever closer liaison between the product designer and the client. More often than not, the “product” is an enhancement or improvement of one which already exists. In addition, it is not unusual for the designer to be a contractor or 3rd party not physically resident in the premises of the client. As a consequence, communication is rarely conducted face to face but via other means, ie e-mail, telephone etc. Yet, in order to prevent misunderstanding, it is essential that correct information is relayed between the relevant parties. It is also necessary for the information about changes in the product to be available to other members of the client’s company so that the necessary decisions regarding price, sales schedules, re-tooling etc. can be made. Ultimately, these changes will have to be incorporated in the company’s Business Plan.
Research at Bournemouth University suggests that use of the technology available to relay information is not as widespread as it could be. The three major areas of finance, product and design have been approached and the results of the research appear below.
Capstone Design and Manufacture of Hand–Made Small-Sized Electric Vehicle
Authors: Sakamoto Haruo , Uchino Takashi , Kaino Toru , Sawada Tatsuro , Yokoyama Masaaki 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper describes an engineering education attempt in a synthesis class during the 4th year. Since the Kochi University of Technology was inaugurated in April, 1997, engineering education trials had been conducted in the past 4 years. In 1997, 3 student teams participated in an eco-power race held in Kochi, Japan, with hand-made ecological vehicles. In the summer, 1998, three teams participated in the Shikoku Electric Vehicle Rally using light weight vehicles converted into electric cars. The synthesis class was performed based on such past engineering activities out of class. In order to provide an active learning opportunity, a synthetic learning environment is needed rather than just teaching in classes. Manufacturing is also considered to be of great importance for mechanical engineering as well as the basic sciences such as mathematics and physics. As a capstone learning course, a team of four students in the laboratory tried to design and manufacture a hand-made small-sized electric vehicle.
Thermal Behavior of Aluminum Metal-Matrix Composite During Cooling Process
Authors: Okumuş F. , Turgut A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The paper presents a thermal behavior analysis of metal matrix composite lamina and laminates during a cooling process. A long stainless steel fiber reinforced aluminum metal matrix composite lamina and laminate are used for this purpose. Metal matrix composites were manufactured by using modulus under the action of 30 MPa pressure and heating up to 600 °C. The thermal stresses generated during cooling have a profound effect on the distortion and strength of the composite materials. In this study, thermal stresses, residual stresses and effective thermal expansion coefficients as a function of orientation angle of the aluminum metal matrix composite during a cooling process are investigated. The finite element method was used for thermal stress analysis. For this purpose, four noded rectangular elements were used in the ANSYS finite element code.
A Novel Strategy for Probability-Based Failure Avoidance of Operating Technical Systems
Authors: Söffker Dirk 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Failure and fault avoidance techniques are becoming important methodologies due to economical and ecological risks of modern technologies. The basic methodologies and techniques developing safe systems are connected with reliability engineering technologies or fault detection and isolation (FDI) approaches. The contribution introduces into the ideas of the 1997 firstly published SRCE (Safety and Reliability Control Engineering)-concept. Core of the approach is the development of a history- and load-dependent failure rate, which allows the online-calculation of reliability characteristics, which can be monitored or controlled. The classical definitions of reliability engineering characteristics are unfit due to the fact that they are only ‘driven’ by the time, so effects of changing operating conditions etc. can not be considered directly. The proposed approach solves this problem by introducing a new definition of a failure rate by introducing load- and lifetime-dependent failure rate. This also includes the possibility to consider regenerating/recovering effects of technical systems or components. As an example the determination is illustrated and applied to the monitoring of an automotive tire.