bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The African Pinochet? Universal Jurisdiction and the Habré Case
Authors: Swart Mia 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the potential for a broad, African application of universal jurisdiction—the normative approach which enabled the Hissène Habré trial—in other African courts. For all the excitement generated by the concept of universal jurisdiction, there have been very few instances of prosecutions on the basis of universal jurisdiction in Africa. Even in Europe, the heartland of universal jurisdiction, the application of this form of jurisdiction has been on a sharp decline—in spite of ambitious universal jurisdiction legislation adopted in countries such as Belgium and Germany. In this landscape, the ‘successful’ prosecution of the Hissène Habré case is of particular significance, especially given the highly contested field of international criminal justice in Africa. The chapter then examines the requirements for a successful universal jurisdiction prosecution in the African context. It also explores what ‘Habré effect’ people might be seeing in the wake of the Habré case.
Society, Nature, Emancipation
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter is predominantly concerned with the thought tendencies grouped under the heading ‘the Enlightenment’, with regulation caveats about variations in character, national and otherwise, of the intellectual traditions denoted by the term: the French, Scottish, and German cases are each given separate attention. The governing concern is with the most theoretically self-conscious attempts to establish the utility of History as a way of understanding the human experience in light of influential concepts like Volksgeist, circonstance, esprit général, represéntations, and even ‘relations of production’, that elucidated human diversity across time and place. When explaining the broad sweep of human history providential accounts were replaced by secular ones, though in some instances the latter were structurally similar to the former and so had some of the character of History as Speculative Philosophy. On the whole the scholarship under examination evinced a liberal spirit as regards confessional and national differences, though it was frequently marked by a partiality to occidental civilization. Overall, we see a shift away from the study of religious and political institutions and towards—or back towards, insofar as there was some crossover with the French ‘new History’ of the sixteenth century—civic morals, culture, and the structural conditions of social life. History expanded further from being an instruction in statecraft for public men to proffering more rounded edification in the form of vicarious experience of different spheres of life.
Turns to the Present
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Varieties of social History comprised the most successful initial challenge to political History, especially from the middle of the twentieth century. From the 1980s social History was gradually supplanted in prominence by a cluster of related historiographical developments concerned with language and culture. In the last fifteen years or so newer fashions have waxed, and to those too this chapter will attend, but, in terms of justifications for History, social History and the linguistic and cultural ‘turns’ remain especially important. Social-scientific social historians were more apt to assert History’s predictive value or at least its pragmatic contemporary importance at a time of industrialization beyond the north Atlantic—this was an update of History as Practical Lesson. Other social historians were to be found revising prevailing conceptions of the past with a view to altering politics in the present—disturbing ‘whiggish’ narratives, or inserting the marginalized into the historical record to fortify their voices now. This was History as Identity fused with History as Emancipation. ‘New cultural historians’ specialized in a version of History as Travel as they invoked exotic worlds past. They, like historians under the influence of Michel Foucault, who addressed culture through the prism of power, might adapt the Travel rationale, contrasting past ways of doing things with present ways in order to unmask the conventional, made and remade, character of social relations and of human-being, and thus the possibility of changing them. This was a Marxist agenda of History as Emancipation adapted for a post-Marxist philosophy.
Kant and Moral Responsibility for Animals
Authors: Varden Helga 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter claims that Kant has a consistent and not counterintuitive account of why we have the moral attitudes we do about animals and of how it is that these attitudes have the appearance of being about the animals themselves. It argues that Kant can explain why it doesn’t follow from this that these moral attitudes arise from attributing moral rights to the animals themselves. Central to this interpretation is Kant’s Religion, as it contains an account of human nature that adequately explains both why we have the positive attitudes we do towards animals and why we consider other occasions of attitudes towards animals as genuine examples of moral failure.
Against the Construction of Animal Ethical Standing
Authors: Garthoff Jon 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues against ‘standing egalitarianism’, the idea that there is a unique locus of ethical standing or status, and urges also that we should resist the idea that all entities who have ethical standing have it equally. It does so by engaging with Korsgaard’s recent work on animals and challenging its distinctive grounds for resisting standing egalitarianism. Drawing on the work of Tyler Burge, it argues for a different theory of the origin of value: values that matter came into the world with the first conscious beings; reasons were first possessed by the first judging beings; and moral obligations were first possessed by the first critically rational beings.
Energy Poverty and Energy Access
Authors: del Guayo Íñigo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter makes an effort to clarify terminology, identifying three meanings of energy poverty (fuel poverty, the use of polluting fuels, and the lack of energy efficiency). A particular aim of the chapter is the distinction between energy poverty and energy access. The core part of the chapter is devoted to the links of energy poverty with the ‘energy trilemma’: security, efficiency, and sustainability. Legal instruments to fight energy poverty differ depending on the particular aspect of the ‘trilemma’ that is considered. The setting up of legally enforceable public service obligations is a traditional way of addressing energy poverty concerns in the light of energy security. The refinement of competition law can help to fight inefficiencies, which, in turn, may lower the rates of energy poverty. The need for a sustainable energy system underlines that energy law can help to reduce the use of fossil (polluting) fuels and increase energy efficiency.
Community Energy and a Just Energy Transition
Authors: Savaresi Annalisa 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In recent years, measures to stimulate local and rural communities’ involvement in the generation of renewable energy have been rather optimistically promoted as a means to engender greater legitimacy in and democratization of energy governance, tackle fuel poverty, and deliver energy justice. This chapter assesses what we really know about community energy and its suitability to deliver an equitable energy transition. It scrutinizes evidence from selected EU Member States that have pioneered the mainstreaming of community energy through the lens of justice theories, with the objective to gauge whether and how these policies address core justice questions associated with the energy transition, and the role of law in providing an answer to these. This chapter aims to probe the sometimes uncritical assumptions about community energy, highlighting the complex, layered, conflicting justice claims that underlie its mainstreaming. In order to do this, the chapter distils a set of distributive, procedural, and restorative justice questions associated with community energy, and considers the way in which they have been addressed, drawing on examples from Denmark, Germany, and the UK.
Meanings of Energy Poverty in the South American Context
Authors: Montoya Milton F. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter is a collective work that presents the different meanings of energy poverty in Colombia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela, and Brazil. In each country, difficulties in access to energy, payment of the costs, vulnerable users, quality, and the main legal challenges facing the search for true energy justice are analysed. In South America, the definition of energy poverty takes into account complex factors recognizing not only weather and geographical differences in the region but also the variety of cultural, economic, and social perceptions over energy needs and consumption. Then, the definition applicable to Latin America takes into account more complex factors recognizing not only weather and geographical differences in the region but also the variety of cultural and social perceptions over energy needs and consumption.
Photography and the Real World
Authors: Morris Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Does a paradox arise for photographs which is analogous to the Paradox of Painting presented in Chapter One? If it were right to think that what we saw in a photograph were the real-world things which were in front of the lens, then it would not. This chapter argues that this view (associated with Scruton and Walton), that photographs are ‘transparent’, is wrong, and that related views (such as Hopkins’s view that they enable ‘factive seeing-in’) are at best problematic; it is argued that these views all depend on a failure to understand the nature of photography. Once we understand photography better, it seems that an analogous paradox must arise for photographs.
Paradox and Distraction in Novels
Authors: Morris Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter raises a Paradox of Novels which is exactly analogous to the Paradox of Painting raised in Chapter One. This paradox is used to bring out the character of the currently dominant approaches to novels—those which appeal to make-believe or imagination (Walton or Stock, for example), those which take characters to be abstract objects (Salmon), and hybrid views (Kripke, Thomasson). The paradox is also shown to underlie the more familiar ‘Paradox of Fiction’. It is argued that the Non-Distraction Thesis holds for novels, just as it does for paintings and photographs, and the currently dominant approaches are found to be unable to respect that thesis. The roots of the problem are found in orthodox approaches to the philosophy of language, so the chapter prepares the way for a questioning of that orthodoxy.
Postscript
Authors: Morris Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Postscript offers the beginning of an account of the point of artistic representation, if the main theory of the book is correct and fully general. What might the point of artistic representation in general be, if the Real-Likeness view applied to representation in all art forms? One point might be to provide a form of escapism: artistic representations would provide us with toy worlds into which we might escape: the details of this are explored a little here. But we might hope that artistic representations might help us to understand the real world; how they might do that is left unexplained.
’Nother Tongue
Authors: Zuckermann Ghil'ad 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyses salient phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features in the fully fledged Israeli language. It illustrates the difficulty in determining a single source for the grammar of Israeli. The European impact in these features is apparent inter alia in structure, semantics, or productivity. The chapter demonstrates the ubiquitous multiple causation in Israeli and that the revival of a no-longer spoken language is unlikely without cross-fertilization from the revivalists’ mother tongue(s). Thus, one should expect revival efforts to result in a language with a hybridic genetic and typological character.
‘Stop, Revive, Survive’
Authors: Zuckermann Ghil'ad 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces revivalistics, a new trans-disciplinary field of enquiry, and explores lessons from Israeli that are applicable to the reclamation and empowerment of Aboriginal languages in Australia and elsewhere. Any language reawakening should involve a long period of thoroughly observing, carefully listening to the language custodians, and learning, mapping and characterizing the specific Indigenous community. Only then can one inspire and assist. That said, this chapter proposes that there are linguistic constraints (as seen in the Hebrew reclamation) applicable to all revival attempts. Mastering them would be useful to endangered languages, particularly to Indigenous linguistic revival. The chapter introduces a practical tool: the quadrilateral Language Revival Diamond (LARD), featuring language owners, linguistics, education, and the public sphere. Each of these four core quadrants is necessary in reviving any language.
Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Germany
Authors: Bäuerle Alexander , Teufel Martin , Musche Venja , Weismüller Benjamin , Kohler Hannah , Hetkamp Madeleine , Dörrie Nora , Schweda Adam , Skoda Eva-Maria 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Since the first cases of the novel coronavirus disease SARS-CoV-2 were reported in December 2019 in China, the virus has spread in most countries. The aim of the present study was to assess initial data on the mental health burden of the German public during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted in Germany and collected complete datasets from 15 704 German residents aged 18 years and over. Besides demographics, generalized anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-2) and psychological distress (DT) were assessed. Furthermore, COVID-19-related fear, trust in governmental actions to face COVID-19 and the subjective level of information regarding COVID-19 were covered.

Results
Significantly increased symptoms were highly prevalent in all dimensions: generalized anxiety (44.9%), depression (14.3%), psychological distress (65.2%) and COVID-19-related fear (59%). Females and younger people reported higher mental burden. Trust in governmental actions to face COVID-19 and the subjective level of information regarding COVID-19 are negatively associated with mental health burden. However, the subjective level of information regarding COVID-19 is positively associated with increased COVID-19-related fear.

Conclusions
The provision of appropriate psychological interventions for those in need and the provision of transparency and comprehensible information are crucial during the current pandemic.
Does conventional early life academic excellence predict later life scientific discovery? An assessment of the lives of great medical innovators
Authors: Jenkins D J A , Jayalath V H , Choo V L , Viguiliouk E , Kendall C W C , Srichaikul K , Mirrahimi A , Bernstein C N , Chang T M , Gold P , Haynes R B , Hollenberg M D , Lozano A M , Posner B I , Ronald A R , Vranic M , Wang Y T , Chiavaroli L , de Souza R J , Nishi S , Pichika S C , Gillett C , Tsirakis T , Sievenpiper J L 
Published: June 2020

Summary

Background
Perhaps, as never before, we need innovators. With our growing population numbers, and with increasing pressures on our education systems, are we in danger of becoming more rigid and formulaic and increasingly inhibiting innovation? When young can we predict who will become the great innovators? For example, in medicine, who will change clinical practice?

Aims
We therefore determined to assess whether the current academic excellence approach to medical school entrance would have captured previous great innovators in medicine, assuming that they should all have well fulfilled current entrance requirements.

Methods
The authors assembled a list of 100 great medical innovators which was then approved, rejected or added to by a jury of 12 MD fellows of the Royal Society of Canada. Two reviewers, who had taken both the past and present Medical College Admission Test as part of North American medical school entrance requirements, independently assessed each innovator’s early life educational history in order to predict the innovator’s likely success at medical school entry, assuming excellence in all entrance requirements.

Results
Thirty-one percent of the great medical innovators possessed no medical degree and 24% would likely be denied entry to medical school by today’s standards (e.g. had a history of poor performance, failure, dropout or expulsion) with only 24% being guaranteed entry. Even if excellence in only one topic was required, the figure would only rise to 41% certain of medical school entry.

Conclusion
These data show that today’s medical school entry standards would have barred many great innovators and raise questions about whether we are losing medical innovators as a consequence. Our findings have important implications for promoting flexibility and innovation for medical education, and for promoting an environment for innovation in general.
Carbon Tail Risk
Authors: Ilhan Emirhan , Sautner Zacharias , Vilkov Grigory 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStrong regulatory actions are needed to combat climate change, but climate policy uncertainty makes it difficult for investors to quantify the impact of future climate regulation. We show that such uncertainty is priced in the option market. The cost of option protection against downside tail risks is larger for firms with more carbon-intense business models. For carbon-intense firms, the cost of protection against downside tail risk is magnified at times when the public’s attention to climate change spikes, and it decreased after the election of climate change skeptic President Trump.
Hand-held dynamometry for assessment of muscle strength in patients with inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Saygin Didem , Oddis Chester V , Moghadam-Kia Siamak , Rockette-Wagner Bonny , Neiman Nicole , Koontz Diane , Aggarwal Rohit 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectivesMuscle weakness in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) is conventionally assessed using manual muscle testing (MMT). However, more objective tools must be developed to accurately and reliably quantify muscle strength in myositis patients. Hand-held dynamometry (HHD) is a quantitative, portable device with reported reliability in neuromuscular disorders. Our aim was to assess the reliability, validity and responsiveness of HHD in myositis.MethodsMyositis patients [DM, necrotizing myopathy (NM), PM and anti-synthetase syndrome] evaluated at the University of Pittsburgh myositis centre were prospectively enrolled. Each patient was assessed at 0, 3 and 6 months for validated outcome measures of myositis disease activity and physical function. At each visit, muscle strength was assessed using both MMT and HHD (Micro FET2, Hoggan Health Industries, Draper, UT, USA). The reliability, validity and responsiveness of the HHD was assessed using standard statistical methods.ResultsFifty IIM patients (60% female; mean age 51.6 years; 6 PM, 9 NM, 24 DM and 11 anti-synthetase syndrome) were enrolled. HHD showed strong test–retest intrarater reliability (r = 0.96) and interrater reliability (r = 0.98). HHD correlated significantly with the MMT score (r = 0.48, P = 0.0006) and myositis disease activity and functional measures. Longitudinal analysis showed a significant and strong association between the HHD and MMT as well as 2016 ACR/EULAR myositis response criteria (r = 0.8, P &lt; 0.0001) demonstrating responsiveness. The mean effect size and standardized response mean of HHD was large: 0.95 and 1.03, respectively. MMT had a high ceiling effect compared with HHD.ConclusionHHD demonstrated strong reliability, construct validity and responsiveness in myositis patients. External validation studies are required to confirm these findings.
A deep learning-based algorithm for detection of cortical arousal during sleep
Authors: Li Ao , Chen Siteng , Quan Stuart F , Powers Linda S , Roveda Janet M 
Published: June 2020

AbstractStudy ObjectivesThe frequency of cortical arousals is an indicator of sleep quality. Additionally, cortical arousals are used to identify hypopneic events. However, it is inconvenient to record electroencephalogram (EEG) data during home sleep testing. Fortunately, most cortical arousal events are associated with autonomic nervous system activity that could be observed on an electrocardiography (ECG) signal. ECG data have lower noise and are easier to record at home than EEG. In this study, we developed a deep learning-based cortical arousal detection algorithm that uses a single-lead ECG to detect arousal during sleep.MethodsThis study included 1,547 polysomnography records that met study inclusion criteria and were selected from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis database. We developed an end-to-end deep learning model consisting of convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks which: (1) accepted varying length physiological data; (2) directly extracted features from the raw ECG signal; (3) captured long-range dependencies in the physiological data; and (4) produced arousal probability in 1-s resolution.ResultsWe evaluated the model on a test set (n = 311). The model achieved a gross area under precision-recall curve score of 0.62 and a gross area under receiver operating characteristic curve score of 0.93.ConclusionThis study demonstrated the end-to-end deep learning approach with a single-lead ECG has the potential to be used to accurately detect arousals in home sleep tests.
The Sound of Constitutional Silences: Interpretive Holism and Free Speech under Article 19 of the Indian Constitution
Authors: Kohli Raghav 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Unlike the US First Amendment, Article 19 of the Indian Constitution expressly enumerates eight grounds on which free speech may be restricted. Despite being a fundamental issue of constitutional interpretation, the question of whether Article 19 provides for an exhaustive list of restrictions has largely been neglected in academic literature and Indian jurisprudence. The latest site of contestations on the scope of the free speech clause has been the case of Kaushal Kishor, where the Supreme Court is currently hearing arguments on whether speech can be restricted by invoking fundamental rights beyond Article 19. This Article seeks to develop a principled answer by excavating the meaning of constitutional silences on the relationships between fundamental rights under the Indian Constitution. It argues that a strict textualist approach leads to a distinct form of rights absolutism that is both doctrinally incoherent and inconsistent with Indian jurisprudence. Examining the shift in the Supreme Court’s interpretive outlook from strict textualism to interpretive holism, it finds that the Court’s rich fundamental rights jurisprudence allows importing restrictions on speech from beyond Article 19. Such an approach also provides a meaningful framework for resolving intra-right, inter-right, and right-interest conflicts in the constitutional adjudication of free speech issues.