bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frailty Modifies the Association of Hypertension With Cognition in Older Adults: Evidence From the ELSI-Brazil
Authors: Aliberti Márlon J R , Szlejf Claudia , Lima-Costa Maria Fernanda , de Andrade Fabíola B , Alexandre Tiago S , Ferri Cleusa P , Suemoto Claudia K 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
The relationship between hypertension and cognition in later life is controversial. We investigated whether the association of hypertension with cognition differs in older adults according to the frailty status using cross-sectional data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging, a nationally representative sample of adults aged ≥50 years.

Method
Hypertension was defined by a medical diagnosis or measured blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg. Frailty status was assessed using the Cardiovascular Health Study criteria. We estimated the association of hypertension and systolic and diastolic blood pressure with global cognition, orientation, memory, and verbal fluency z-scores, using multiple linear regression models. We also investigated interactions between hypertension and frailty on cognitive performance and impairment.

Results
We evaluated 8609 participants (mean age = 61.9 ± 9.6 years, 53% women). Participants with hypertension (59% of adults aged 50–64 and 77% of those aged ≥65 years) had poorer scores for global cognitive performance than those without hypertension, especially among adults aged 50–64 years (β = −0.09; 95% confidence interval = −0.15, −0.04; p = .001). However, frailty modified the associations of hypertension with cognitive performance and impairment in those aged ≥65 years (p-values for interaction = .01 and .02, respectively). Among nonfrail older adults, hypertension was associated with cognitive impairment. In contrast, among frail older adults, hypertension was related to better global and memory cognitive z-scores.

Conclusions
Hypertension was associated with worse cognitive performance. Among older adults, hypertension was related to cognitive impairment only in nonfrail participants. Frailty evaluation may help clinicians offer personalized hypertension management in older adults.
Flexibility in wild infant chimpanzee vocal behavior
Authors: Dezecache Guillaume , Zuberbühler Klaus , Davila-Ross Marina , Dahl Christoph D. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHow did human language evolve from earlier forms of communication? One way to address this question is to compare prelinguistic human vocal behavior with nonhuman primate calls. An important finding has been that, prior to speech and from early on, human infant vocal behavior exhibits functional flexibility, or the capacity to produce sounds that are not tied to one specific function. This is reflected in human infants’ use of single categories of protophones (precursors of speech sounds) in various affective circumstances, such that a given call type can occur in and express positive, neutral, or negative affective states, depending on the occasion. Nonhuman primate vocal behavior, in contrast, is seen as comparably inflexible, with different call types tied to specific functions and sometimes to specific affective states (e.g. screams mostly occur in negative circumstances). As a first step toward addressing this claim, we examined the vocal behavior of six wild infant chimpanzees during their first year of life. We found that the most common vocal signal, grunts, occurred in a range of contexts that were deemed positive, neutral, and negative. Using automated feature extraction and supervised learning algorithms, we also found acoustic variants of grunts produced in the affective contexts, suggesting gradation within this vocal category. In contrast, the second most common call type of infant chimpanzees, the whimpers, was produced in only one affective context, in line with standard models of nonhuman primate vocal behavior. Insofar as our affective categorization reflects infants’ true affective state, our results suggest that the most common chimpanzee vocalization, the grunt is not affectively bound. Affective decoupling is a prerequisite for chimpanzee grunts (and other vocal categories) to be deemed ‘functionally flexible’. If later confirmed to be a functionally flexible vocal type, this would indicate that the evolution of this foundational vocal capability occurred before the split between the Homo and Pan lineages.
Use of Exact Matching to Examine Media’s Effect on Intended Behavior the Case of the Addition of the 2020 Census Citizenship Question
Authors: Walejko Gina , Kriz Brian , García Trejo Yazmín A , Sandoval Girón Anna , Evans Sarah , Bates Nancy 
Published: December 2020

AbstractResearchers have argued that events and surrounding media coverage shape attitudes and intended behaviors on topics related to the events (Langer et al. 1992; Hoekstra 2003). Such research relies on analyzing attitudinal trends using rolling cross-section designs or across data collections, but little published research measures whether an event covered by the media could shape a behavioral intention salient to that event within one data collection period. In 2018 the Census Bureau conducted the Census Barriers, Attitudes, and Motivators Study (CBAMS) survey. Five weeks into the survey’s field period, the Secretary of Commerce directed the Census Bureau to add a citizenship question to the 2020 Census, resulting in media coverage. The CBAMS survey asked likelihood to respond to the decennial census, which may have been affected by the external news environment. Treating this as a “natural experiment,” we match pre- and post-citizenship question-announcement respondents and report the results of a multivariate model predicting intent to respond to the census. We also examine differences between subgroups and their complements pre- and post-announcement. Although the citizenship question was not included on the 2020 Census, the odds that those responding after the citizenship question announcement were “extremely” or “very likely” to respond to the census were 20 percent lower than the odds of those responding before. Future research should examine the permanency of changes on intended behaviors, especially in cases where news coverage focused on an outcome—such as the addition of the citizenship question—that did not occur.
Review of the hagfishes (Myxinidae) from the Galapagos Islands, with descriptions of four new species and their phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Mincarone M M , Plachetzki D , McCord C L , Winegard T M , Fernholm B , Gonzalez C J , Fudge D S 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHagfishes are an ancient group of benthic marine craniates that are found in deep or cold waters around the world. Among the 83 valid species, four are described from the Galapagos Islands: Eptatretus bobwisneri, E. grouseri, E. mccoskeri and Rubicundus lakeside. During a recent expedition to the archipelago, six species of hagfishes were collected, including four undescribed species of the genera Eptatretus (Eptatretus goslinei sp. nov.) and Myxine (Myxine greggi sp. nov., M. martinii sp. nov. and M. phantasma sp. nov.). In this paper, we provide a review of the eight species of hagfishes from the Galapagos Islands, including new diagnoses and an identification key for all species. Myxine phantasma is remarkable in that it is the only species of Myxine known to completely lack melanin-based pigments. Our species delineations were based on both morphological and molecular analyses. A phylogenetic hypothesis based on molecular data suggests that Galapagos hagfishes arose from multiple independent colonisations of the islands from as many as five different ancestral lineages. The large number of endemic hagfishes in the geologically young Galapagos Islands suggests that there is much global hagfish diversity yet to be discovered.
Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: Speech Intelligibility Deficits Following Threshold Recovery
Authors: Okada Masahiro , Parthasarathy Aravindakshan , Welling D. Bradley , Liberman M. Charles , Maison Stéphane F. 
Published: December 2020

Objectives:
This retrospective study tests the hypothesis that patients who have recovered from idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) show deficits in word recognition tasks that cannot be entirely explained by a loss in audibility.

Design:
We reviewed the audiologic profile of 166 patients presenting with a unilateral SSNHL. Hearing loss severity, degree of threshold recovery, residual hearing loss, and word recognition performance were considered as outcome variables. Age, route of treatment, delay between SSNHL onset and treatment, and audiogram configuration were considered as predictor variables.

Results:
Severity, residual hearing loss, and recovery were highly variable across patients. While age and onset-treatment delay could not account for the severity, residual hearing loss and recovery in thresholds, configuration of the SSNHL and overall inner ear status as measured by thresholds on the contralateral ear were predictive of threshold recovery. Speech recognition performance was significantly poorer than predicted by the speech intelligibility curve derived from the patient’s audiogram.

Conclusions:
SSNHL is associated with (1) changes in thresholds that are consistent with ischemia and (2) speech intelligibility deficits that cannot be entirely explained by a change in hearing sensitivity.
MAP2K1-Mutated Melanocytic Neoplasms With a SPARK-Like Morphology
Authors: Donati Michele , Nosek Daniel , Waldenbäck Pia , Martinek Petr , Jonsson Björn-Anders , Galgonkova Petra , Hawawrehova Marcela , Berouskova Petra , Kastnerova Liubov , Persichetti Paolo , Crescenzi Anna , Michal Michal , Kazakov Dmitry V. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract:
Specific alterations involving MAPK genes (MAP3K8 fusions, MAP3K3 fusions) have been recently detected in a subgroup of spitzoid neoplasms that seem to constitute a distinctive clinicopathologic group, occur mostly in younger patients (median age 18 years) and present with atypical histologic features associated with frequent homozygous deletion of CDKN2A, qualifying a high proportion of them as Spitz melanoma (malignant Spitz tumor). Apart from lesions with spitzoid morphology harboring MAP3K8 or MAP3K3 fusion, a single case with MAP2K1 deletion has been identified. The authors report herein 4 melanocytic lesions with a MAP2K1 mutation, all showing similar microscopic appearances, including spitzoid cytology and dysplastic architectural features, resembling so-called SPARK nevus, suggesting that these lesions may represent another distinctive group.
Hospital-based Surveillance for Pediatric Norovirus Gastroenteritis in Bangladesh, 2012–2016
Authors: Satter Syed M. , Abdullah Zarin , Cardemil Cristina V. , Flora Meerjady S. , Gurley Emily S. , Rahman Mahmudur , Talha Muhammad , Islam Md D. , Hossain Mohammad E. , Balachandran Neha , Lopman Benjamin , Rahman Mustafizur , Vinjé Jan , Hall Aron J. , Parashar Umesh D. 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Globally, noroviruses are recognized as an important cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE), but data from low and middle-income countries are limited.

Aims:
To examine the epidemiology and strain diversity of norovirus infections among children hospitalized for AGE in Bangladesh.

Methods:
We implemented active surveillance of children <5 years of age hospitalized with AGE at 8 geographically dispersed tertiary care hospitals in Bangladesh from July 2012 to June 2016. We tested random samples of AGE cases stratified by site and age group for norovirus by real-time RT-PCR. Noro-positive specimens were genotyped. Coinfection with rotavirus was assessed based on prior EIA testing.

Results:
We enrolled 5622 total AGE cases, of which 1008 were tested for norovirus. Total of 137 (14%) AGE cases tested positive for norovirus (range, 11%–17% by site). Most (94%) norovirus-associated hospitalizations were among children less than 2 years of age. Norovirus was detected year-round, with higher detection from March to June (20%–38%) and November to January (9%–18%). Genogroup II (GII) noroviruses were detected in 96% of cases, and the most frequent genotypes were GII.4 Sydney [P4 New Orleans] (33%), GII.3 [P16] (20%), and GII.4 Sydney [P16] (11%). The proportion of norovirus-positive specimens was significantly greater among rotavirus-negative AGE patients compared with rotavirus-positive AGE patients (27% vs. 5%, P < 0.001). As measured by the Vesikari severity score, a similar proportion of norovirus and rotavirus positive AGE patients were considered severe (68% vs. 70%, P = 0.86).

Conclusions:
Norovirus is an important cause of AGE hospitalization in Bangladeshi children with most infections caused by GII viruses.
Relevance of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Evaluation in Breath Tests for Carbohydrate Malabsorption in a Paediatric Cohort
Authors: Hammer Karin , Hasanagic Hana , Memaran Nima , Huber Wolf‐Dietrich , Hammer Johann 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:The relevance of methane measurement in breath tests for the detection of carbohydrate malabsorption in children is controversial. The need for correction for poor sample collection is disputed. We evaluated the relevance of methane/CO2 measurements for the diagnosis of paediatric carbohydrate malabsorption.Methods:A total of 132 breath tests (fructose: n = 54; lactose: n = 78) were performed in 91 children/adolescents with functional abdominal complaints. Breath samples were collected and analysed for hydrogen, methane, and CO2. Malabsorption was defined by a net increase over baseline of ≥20 parts per million (ppm) for hydrogen, ≥5 to ≥12 ppm for methane, and ≥10 to ≥15 ppm for hydrogen‐plus‐methane. The diagnosis was made before and after the use of a CO2‐based correction factor (5.5% as the numerator). Hydrogen‐based test results were compared with results obtained with other cut‐off values.Results:Fifty‐eight positive tests were obtained by hydrogen measurement (without CO2 correction). The addition of methane measurements did not significantly influence the test results (P > 0.05). Only under the use of extraordinary cut‐offs (combined hydrogen‐plus‐methane smaller than ≥18 ppm) did the rate of malabsorbers increase significantly (P < 0.05). After CO2 correction, hydrogen ≥20 ppm was detected in 4 additional patients, but 1 patient lost the hydrogen‐based diagnosis of malabsorption (Cohen kappa = 0.92).Conclusions:Methane measurement did not significantly affect the detection rate of carbohydrate malabsorbers in children/adolescents with functional abdominal complaints when established cut‐offs are used. The use of CO2 correction altered the diagnosis of malabsorption in a minority of patients but did not significantly alter overall test results.
Megacystis Microcolon Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome
Authors: Prathapan Krishnapriya Marangattu , King Dale E. , Raghu Vikram Kalathur , Ackerman Kimberly , Presel Tracey , Yaworski Jane Anne , Ganoza Armando , Bond Geoffrey , Sevilla Wednesday Marie A. , Rudolph Jeffrey A. , Alissa Feras 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTObjectives:Describe clinical characteristics, management, and outcome in a cohort of megacystis microcolon intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome (MMIHS) patients.Methods:We conducted a retrospective chart review of MMIHS patients followed at a large transplant and intestinal rehabilitation center over a period of 17 years.Results:We identified 25 patients with MMIHS (68% girls, 13 transplanted). One transplanted and 1 nontransplanted patient were lost to follow‐up. We estimated 100, 100, and 86% for 5‐, 10‐, and 20‐year survival, respectively, with only 1 death. Of the 22 patients alive at the time of study (11 transplanted, 11 nontransplanted), median age was 9.2 years (range 2.7–22.9 years). Longest posttransplant follow‐up was 16 years. Seventeen patients had available prenatal imaging reports; all showed distended bladder. Eight had genetic testing (5, ACTG2; 2, MYH11; 1, MYL9). Almost all patients had normal growth with median weight z‐score −0.77 (interquartile range −1.39 to 0.26), height z score −1.2 (−2.04 to −0.48) and body mass index z‐score 0.23 (−0.37 to 0.93) with no statistical difference between transplanted and nontransplanted patients. All nontransplanted patients were on parenteral nutrition with minimal/no feeds, and all except 1 of the transplanted patients were on full enteral feeds. Recent average bilirubin, INR, albumin, and creatinine fell within the reference ranges.Conclusions:This is the largest single‐center case series with the longest duration of follow‐up for MMIHS patients. In the current era of improved intestinal rehabilitation and transplantation, MMIHS patients have excellent outcomes in survival, growth, and liver function. This observation contradicts previous reports and should alter counselling and management decisions in these patients at diagnosis.
Incident Liver Cirrhosis, Associated Factors, and Cardiovascular Disease Risks Among People Living With HIV: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Han Win Min , Ueaphongsukkit Thornthun , Chattranukulchai Pairoj , Siwamogsatham Sarawut , Chaiteerakij Roongruedee , Sophonphan Jiratchaya , Gatechompol Sivaporn , Ubolyam Sasiwimol , Phonphithak Supalak , Ruxrungtham Kiat , Tangkijvanich Pisit , Avihingsanon Yingyos , Kerr Stephen J. , Avihingsanon Anchalee 
Published: December 2020

Objectives:
We investigated the incidence and associated factors of liver cirrhosis and cardiovascular disease risks among people living with HIV (PLHIV) in a Thai cohort.

Design:
A prospective cohort analysis.

Methods:
Participants with at least one reliable transient elastography measurement during follow-up, who had pretreatment alanine transaminase, AST, and platelet count at HIV treatment initiation were included. Liver cirrhosis was defined as AST to Platelet Ratio Index >1.5 or fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) >3.25 or liver stiffness by transient elastography >12.5 kPa and confirmed by imaging or liver biopsy. Competing-risk regression was used to identify factors associated with liver cirrhosis. Time-updated 10-year atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) risks were compared between PLHIV with or without liver cirrhosis.

Results:
A total of 1069 participants (33% women, 9% hepatitis C virus, and 16% hepatitis B virus) with the median age and CD4 at cART initiation of 32 years and 240 cells/mm3 were included. During 8232 person-years, 124 (12%) developed liver cirrhosis after a median of 6.9 (2.4–13.7) follow-up years [incidence, 1.5 (95% confidence interval: 1.3 to 1.8) per 100 person-years]. In multivariable analysis, the factors independently associated with liver cirrhosis were time-updated HIV viremia, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus coinfection, diabetes mellitus, high-density lipoproteins <40 mg/mL, and d4T exposure. The median time-updated 10-year ASCVD risk score was statistically higher among cirrhotic PLHIV vs. noncirrhosis [4.9% (interquartile range, 2.3–9.7) vs. 2.4% (interquartile range, 1.3–4.9), P < 0.001].

Conclusion:
PLHIV with metabolic diseases were more likely to develop liver cirrhosis, independent of hepatitis coinfections, and ASCVD risks were higher among cirrhotic individuals.
Influences on Early Discontinuation and Persistence of Daily Oral PrEP Use Among Kenyan Adolescent Girls and Young Women: A Qualitative Evaluation From a PrEP Implementation Program
Authors: Pintye Jillian , O'Malley Gabrielle , Kinuthia John , Abuna Felix , Escudero Jaclyn N. , Mugambi Melissa , Awuor Mercy , Dollah Annabell , Dettinger Julia C. , Kohler Pamela , John-Stewart Grace , Beima-Sofie Kristin 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Discontinuation of daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is frequent among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in African settings. We explored factors influencing early PrEP discontinuation and persistence among Kenyan AGYW who accepted PrEP within a programmatic setting.

Methods:
We conducted in-depth interviews with AGYW (aged 15–24 years) who accepted PrEP from 4 maternal child health (MCH) and family planning (FP) clinics. AGYW were identified by nurses at routine clinic visits and purposively sampled based on 4 categories: (1) accepted PrEP pills, but never initiated PrEP use (eg, never swallowed PrEP pills), (2) discontinued PrEP <1 month after initiation, (3) discontinued PrEP within 1–3 months, and (4) persisted with PrEP use >3 months. Informed by the Stages of Change Model, thematic analysis characterized key influences on PrEP discontinuation/persistence.

Results:
We conducted 93 in-depth interviews with AGYW who accepted pills. Median age was 22 years, 71% were married; 89% were from MCH, and 11% were from FP clinics. Early PrEP use was positively influenced by encouragement from close confidants and effective concealment of PrEP pill-taking when necessary to avoid stigma or negative reactions from partners. Pregnancy helped conceal PrEP use because pill-taking is normalized during pregnancy, but concealment became more difficult postpartum. AGYW found keeping up with daily PrEP pill-taking challenging, and many noted only episodic periods of the HIV risk. Frequently testing HIV-negative reassured AGYW that PrEP was working and motivated persistence.

Discussion:
As PrEP programs scale-up in MCH/FP, it is increasingly important to enhance protection-effective PrEP use through approaches tailored to AGYW, with special considerations during pregnancy and postpartum.
Different Patterns of Gray Matter Volume Reduction in Early-onset and Late-onset Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Chishiki Yoshikazu , Hirano Shigeki , Li Hongliang , Kojima Kazuho , Nakano Yoshikazu , Sakurai Toru , Mukai Hiroki , Sugiyama Atsuhiko , Kuwabara Satoshi 
Published: December 2020

Background:
Individuals with early-onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD) differ from those with late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD) not only in genetics and age at onset but also in their clinical symptoms.

Objective:
To differentiate the neuropathological and neurocognitive features of EOAD and LOAD by comparing the pattern of regional gray matter volume (GMV) reduction and its symptomatic correlates.

Method:
Three-dimensional T1-weighted MRIs and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores were obtained from 12 individuals with EOAD, 65 with LOAD, and 49 healthy controls (HC). Regional GMV reduction between the three groups was assessed using voxel-based morphometry. Multiple regression analyses were conducted with MMSE total score as an independent variable.

Results:
Compared to the HC, both AD groups showed a significant GMV reduction in the bilateral hippocampus and the left temporoparietal junction; in addition, the LOAD group showed one in the bilateral anterior temporal lobes. Multiple regression analyses revealed a positive correlation between MMSE total score and GMV in the left anterior temporal lobe in both AD groups; that is, lower scores were associated with reduced GMV. Interestingly, a positive correlation in hippocampal GMV was revealed only in the LOAD group.

Conclusion:
MMSE total score is associated with the anterior temporal lobe volume in individuals with AD. Hippocampal volume and its relationship with MMSE total score are associated with LOAD pathophysiology but not EOAD pathophysiology. The hippocampal volume reduction and low MMSE scores are hallmarks of LOAD but are less specific to EOAD, which may cause a delay in diagnosis.