bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of patient preference for either whole body magnetic resonance imaging (WB‐MRI) or CT/ PET‐CT for staging colorectal or lung cancer
Authors: Miles Anne , Evans Ruth EC , Halligan Steve , Beare Sandy , Bridgewater John , Goh Vicky , Janes Sam M , Navani Neal , Oliver Alfred , Morton Alison , Morris Steve , Rockall Andrea , Taylor Stuart A ,   the STREAMLINE investigators
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroductionWhole body magnetic resonance imaging (WB‐MRI) may be more efficient in staging cancers, but can be harder for patients to tolerate. We examined predictors of patient preference for WB‐MRI vs. CT/ PET‐CT for staging colorectal or lung cancer.MethodsPatients recruited prospectively to two multicentre trials comparing diagnostic accuracy of WB‐MRI with standard staging scans were sent two questionnaires: the first, administered at trial registration, captured demographics, educational level and comorbidities; the second, administered after staging completion, measured emotional distress (GHQ‐12), positive mood (PANAS), perceived scan burden, patients’ beliefs about WB‐MRI, and preference for either WB‐MRI or CT (colorectal trial), WB‐MRI or PET‐CT (lung trial). Preference for WB‐MRI or CT/ PET‐CT was analysed using logistic regression.ResultsBaseline and post‐staging questionnaires were completed by 97 and 107 patients, respectively. Overall, 56/107 (52%) preferred WB‐MRI over standard scans and were more likely to have no additional comorbidities, higher positive mood, greater awareness of potential benefits of WB‐MRI and lower levels of perceived WB‐MRI scan burden. In adjusted analyses, only awareness of potential WB‐MRI benefits remained a significant predictor (OR: 1.516, 95% CIs 1.006–2.284, P = 0.047). Knowledge that WB‐MRI does not use radiation predicted preference (adjusted OR: 3.018, 95% CIs 1.099–8.288, P = 0.032), although only 45/107 (42%) patients were aware of this attribute.ConclusionsA small majority of patients undergoing staging of colorectal or lung cancer prefer WB‐MRI to CT/ PET‐CT. Raising awareness of the potential benefits of WB‐MRI, notably lack of ionizing radiation, could influence preference.
Quality of English‐language videos on YouTube as a source of information on systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Ng Caitlin Hsuen , Lim Grace Rui Si , Fong Warren 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundMany patients turn to online platforms to obtain healthcare information, but the quality and accuracy of the information is largely unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and quality of the most viewed English‐language YouTube videos on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsYouTube was searched using keywords “systemic lupus erythematosus” and videos were categorized as useful information, misleading information, useful patient opinion, and misleading patient opinion. Reliability was scored using a modified 5‐point DISCERN tool (where higher scores represent greater reliability), while quality was rated using the 5‐point Global Quality Scale (GQS). Content covered included epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of SLE.ResultsOf the top 183 relevant videos, 124 (67.8%) were classified as useful information, 21 (11.5%) as misleading information, 29 (15.8%) as useful patient opinion, 9 (4.9%) as misleading patient opinion. Useful information videos were primarily produced by professionals (62.1%), with videos being of greater reliability and quality than other groups. However, video characteristics collected were largely comparable across all groups. The majority (68.9%) of the videos addressed patients.ConclusionOur findings highlight an abundance of YouTube videos with useful information on SLE, that are mostly reliable and of high quality. However, in order to effectively educate patients, pitfalls such as misleading content, falsely elevated video characteristics and non‐professional sources need to be made known to patients. As part of holistic care, healthcare professionals should advise patients to seek information from reputed sources.
Synergistically positive effects of brick walls and farmlands on Anthophora waltoni populations
Authors: Xie Zhenghua , Shebl Mohamed A. , Pan Dongdong , Wang Jianmin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSome wild bees can persist in human‐altered habitats in the face of global wild bee decline. To date, however, little is known about why those bees can tolerate human disturbances. Here we hypothesized that wild bees living in human‐altered habitats could achieve their nesting resources and floral resources. Moreover, persistent provision of those resources could enhance their populations.
The foraging areas of solitary, cavity‐nesting bees Anthophora waltoni were determined in two agricultural ecosystems with rich bee populations. The influences of seminatural habitats, nesting resources and farmlands on A. waltoni visit density were assessed by modelling bee density against landscape factors in 17 agricultural ecosystems. Moreover, temporal availabilities of those resources were measured across the last three decades.
A. waltoni used vetch fields and field margins, instead of seminatural habitats, as foraging areas. The area of brick walls and the area of farmlands, as well as their temporal increases, synergistically positively influenced A. waltoni visit density on vetch flowers. The percentage of buildings and farmlands increased across the last three decades in spite of a slowdown in 5‐year growth of brick walls.
The results demonstrated the synergistically positive effects of nesting resources and floral resources, as well as persistent provisions of those resources, on A. waltoni populations in agricultural ecosystems. A. waltoni could live in the human‐altered habitats because they persistently achieved their nesting resources and floral resources.
Skin‐infiltrating basophils promote atopic dermatitis‐like inflammation via IL‐4 production in mice
Authors: Yamanishi Yoshinori , Mogi Kotone , Takahashi Kazufusa , Miyake Kensuke , Yoshikawa Soichiro , Karasuyama Hajime 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundPatients with atopic dermatitis (AD) often show the infiltration of basophils in the affected skin. Because basophils represent only a minor fraction among cellular infiltrates in the skin lesion, the functional significance of skin‐infiltrating basophils in AD pathogenesis remains ill‐defined. In this study, we aimed to clarify the role of basophils and their effector molecules triggering skin inflammation in oxazolone (OX)‐induced murine model of AD.MethodsA panel of mouse strains were sensitized and repeatedly challenged with topical applications of OX to induce AD‐like skin inflammation. Both local and systemic Th2 immune responses were analyzed.ResultsBasophils progressively accumulated in the skin lesion but barely in draining lymph nodes (LNs). When basophils were depleted during the elicitation phase, skin inflammation was ameliorated while Th2 cell differentiation in draining LNs remained intact. The expression of IL‐4 was highly upregulated in the affected skin, and basophils turned out to be the major producers of IL‐4 among cellular infiltrates, suggesting the involvement of basophil‐derived IL‐4 in the Th2 skin inflammation. Indeed, basophil‐specific IL‐4‐deficient mice displayed attenuated skin inflammation with a marked reduction of IL‐4 in the skin lesion, even though cutaneous basophil infiltration and serum levels of IgE remained intact.ConclusionsSkin‐infiltrating basophils promoted OX‐induced AD‐like skin inflammation through their local production of IL‐4, rather than the induction of Th2 cell differentiation in draining LNs. This study suggests that the selective targeting of basophils could be a beneficial strategy in the treatment of a certain type of AD.
The incidence and effect of resternotomy following cardiac surgery on morbidity and mortality: a 1‐year national audit on behalf of the Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Critical Care
Authors: Agarwal S. , Choi S. W. , Fletcher S. N. , Klein A. A. , Gill R. ,   Contributors
Published: May 2020

SummaryOver 30,000 adult cardiac operations are carried out in the UK annually. A small number of these patients need to return to theatre in the first few days after the initial surgery, but the exact proportion is unknown. The majority of these resternotomies are for bleeding or cardiac tamponade. The Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia and Critical Care carried out a 1‐year national audit of resternotomy in 2018. Twenty‐three of the 35 centres that were eligible participated. The overall resternotomy rate (95%CI) within the period of admission for the initial operation in these centres was 3.6% (3.37–3.85). The rate varied between centres from 0.69% to 7.6%. Of the 849 patients who required resternotomy, 127 subsequently died, giving a mortality rate (95%CI) of 15.0% (12.7–17.5). In patients who underwent resternotomy, the median (IQR [range]) length of stay on ICU was 5 (2–10 [0–335]) days, and time to tracheal extubation was 20 (12–48 [0–2880]) hours. A total of 89.3% of patients who underwent resternotomy were transfused red cells, with a median (IQR [range]) of 4 (2–7 [1–1144]) units of red blood cells. The rate (95%CI) of needing renal replacement therapy was 23.4% (20.6–26.5). This UK‐wide audit has demonstrated that resternotomy after cardiac surgery is associated with prolonged intensive care stay, high rates of blood transfusion, renal replacement therapy and very high mortality. Further research into this area is required to try to improve patient care and outcomes in patients who require resternotomy in the first 24 h after cardiac surgery.
Management options for rectal variceal bleeding in the setting of hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Lee Alice , Suhardja Thomas Surya , Nguyen Thang Chien , Chouhan Hanumant S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBleeding related to rectal varices associated with portal hypertension is rare but life‐threatening, and requires prompt treatment. We reviewed the literature for patients with this complex presentation and current recommendations, and commented on a case at our institution of a 68‐year‐old man with Child‐Pugh B alcoholic liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy who presented with profuse life‐threatening rectal variceal bleeding. Treatment options for rectal varices in patients with hepatic encephalopathy were reviewed and a management algorithm was devised from current knowledge in the literature. We suggest endoscopic management, and if unsuccessful then to proceed to angioembolization and/or balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration, which may be used in conjunction with surgical management. The chosen therapeutic option may depend on the clinical condition of the patient, the cause of portal hypertension and clinical expertise or facilities available. Given that transjugular intra‐hepatic portosystemic shunting is contraindicated in patients with hepatic encephalopathy, management of life‐threatening rectal variceal bleeding should be multimodal.
Systematic review: medical therapy for fibrostenosing Crohn’s disease
Authors: Lu Cathy , Baraty Brandon , Lee Robertson Helen , Filyk Alexis , Shen Hua , Fung Tak , Novak Kerri , Ma Christopher , Panaccione Remo , Achkar Jean‐Paul , El Ouali Sara , Bruining David , Jairath Vipul , Feagan Brian , Rieder Florian ,   the Stenosis Therapy and Research (STAR) Consortium
Published: May 2020

SummaryBackgroundMedical therapy and/or endoscopic balloon dilation with intralesional therapies are options for the treatment of small bowel fibrostenotic Crohn's disease (CD).AimTo perform a systematic review summarising evidence for efficacy of systemic and endoscopic intralesional medical therapy in established small bowel strictures in adult CD patients.MethodsA systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and Scopus was conducted. Primary outcomes were rates of surgical resection and repeat endoscopic dilation. Pooled event rates from random effects models across studies with 95% confidence intervals were reported.ResultsTen studies describing systemic medical therapy and eight studies of intralesional injection were included. One randomised controlled trial each for systemic therapy and intrastricture injection were identified. Only observational studies were found for systemic biologic therapies, which exclusively included tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists, while intralesional therapies all involved corticosteroids except for one study that evaluated infliximab. Pooled event rates for surgical resection after systemic and intralesional therapy were 28.3% (95% CI: 18.2%‐41.3%) and 18.5% (95% CI: 8.3%‐36.2%), respectively over a median follow‐up of 23 months (range 5.5‐105.8), and 21.8 months (range 5‐47). Risk of repeat endoscopic balloon dilation in those with intralesional therapy was 58.3% (95% CI: 36.6%‐77.3%) over a median follow‐up of 21.8 months (range 5‐47).ConclusionsThere are no favoured therapies for patients with stricturing small bowel CD. Data are lacking for ustekinumab and vedolizumab. No endoscopic intralesional medications provided a clear benefit for prevention of repeat EBD or surgery.
A comprehensive hypothesis on the migration of European glass eels (Anguilla anguilla)
Authors: Cresci Alessandro 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTThe European eel (Anguilla anguilla) is a catadromous fish that spawns in the Sargasso Sea. As larvae, eels cross the Atlantic Ocean and reach the continental slope of Europe, where they metamorphose into post‐larval glass eels. These reach the continent, where some enter fresh water, some remain in marine waters, and others move between fresh and marine waters. After 5–25 years, as adult silver eels, they migrate back from fresh water to the Sargasso Sea to spawn and die. The glass eel stage is a critical step during which the eels cross the continental shelf and recruit to estuaries, where they facultatively transition to fresh water. Extensive research has been conducted to understand the behavioural mechanisms and environmental cues that aid and guide glass eels' migration. Glass eels follow odours and salinity gradients, they avoid light, and they change orientation and depth according to the tides. Recent work revealed that European glass eels also use Earth's magnetic field and lunar cues to orient. However, while we understand many aspects of their orientation behaviour, a unifying theory describing how glass eels migrate from the continental slope to fresh water is lacking. The goal of this review is to develop a comprehensive hypothesis on the migration of European glass eels, integrating previous knowledge on their orientation behaviour with recent findings on magnetic and celestial orientation. This review follows the journey of a hypothetical glass eel, describing the nature and the role of orientation cues involved at each step. I propose that, although glass eels have the sensory capacity to use multiple cues at any given time, their migration is based on a hierarchical succession of orientation mechanisms dictated by the physical properties of the environments that they occupy: (i) lunar and magnetic cues in pelagic water; (ii) chemical and magnetic cues in coastal areas; and (iii) odours, salinity, water current and magnetic cues in estuaries.
Directed differentiation of regulatory T cells from naive T cells and prevention of their inflammation-mediated instability using small molecules
Authors: Haddadi M-H , Negahdari B , Hajizadeh-Saffar E , Khosravi-Maharlooei M , Basiri M , Dabiri H , Baharvand H 
Published: May 2020

Summary
Regulatory T (Treg) cell therapy is a promising approach for immune tolerance induction in autoimmunity conditions and cell/organ transplantations. Insufficient isolation yields and impurity during downstream processes and Treg instability after adoptive transfer in inflammatory conditions are major limitations to Treg therapy, and indicate the importance of seeking a valid, reliable method for de-novo generation of Tregs. In this research, we evaluated Treg-like cells obtained from different Treg differentiation protocols in terms of their yield, purity and activity. Differentiation was performed on naive CD4+ cells and a naive CD4+/Treg co-culture by using three different protocols – ectopic expression of forkhead box protein P3 (E-FoxP3), soluble transforming growth factor β (S-TGF) and small molecules [N-acetyl puromycin and SR1555 (N-Ac/SR)]. The results showed that a high yield of a homogeneous population of Treg-like cells could be achieved by the N-Ac/SR method under a T helper type 17 (Th17)-polarizing condition, particularly interleukin (IL)-6 and TGF-β, when compared with the E-FoxP3 and S-TGF methods. Surprisingly, SR completely inhibited the differentiation of IL-17-producing cells and facilitated Treg generation in the inflammatory condition and had highly suppressive activity against T cell proliferation without Treg-specific demethylase region (TSDR) demethylation. For the first time, to our knowledge, we report the generation of efficient, pure Treg-like cells by using small molecules during in-vitro inflammatory conditions. Our results suggested that the N-Ac/SR method has several advantages for Treg generation when compared with the other methods, including a higher purity of Tregs, easier procedure, superior suppressive activity during the inflammatory condition and decreased cost.
Material Politics: Utility Documents, Claims‐Making and Construction of the “Deserving Citizen” in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Pilo’ Francesca 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThrough an ethnographic study of a document in urban Brazil—the electricity bill—this article argues for developing a relational and materialist approach to citizenship. It analyzes the uses and meaning of this document for favela residents, the state, and the private electricity provider, within projects to regularize illegal connections and the so‐called “pacification” program, a state security policy to re‐establish state territorial control. It investigates the tensions between the market‐oriented processes of electricity regularization and citizenship by examining the implications of this contractual change on the way state and non‐state actors and residents frame rights and responsibilities linked to membership in society. Analysis of this document reveals how citizenship framing takes specific shape in line with both state reforms and urban processes of differentiation. It shows that the bill both materializes normative ideas of “deserving citizenship” as a territorial, moral, and material process, and realizes the potential for political contestation. The article thus expands on analysis of documents as material mediators of social and political relations and proposes an understanding of citizenship as a negotiated process involving people, state, and non‐state actors and objects.
Olympic Legacies
Authors: Derks Sanne , Koster Martijn , Oosterbaan Martijn 
Published: May 2020

AbstractExpectations of urban upgrading projects in light of the 2014 World Cup and the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro oscillated between hopeful prospects and pessimistic anticipation. The different opinions were clearly interwoven with stark socioeconomic inequalities and urban segregation. While authorities spread a celebratory narrative of improvements for the whole city, critics depicted a dystopian vision of spatial interventions that would violate the poor’s right to the city. We side with those critics who foresaw the uneven consequences of these sports mega‐events. Nevertheless, we also think that the experiences and narratives of poor residents themselves often get lost in such struggles. This photo essay provides insights into the displacement that took place against the backdrop of these mega‐events. In both text and images, it zooms in on the consequences of an urban development program that was carried out in the run‐up to the Olympics in two favelas bordering Rio’s affluent South Zone. It shows residents’ diverse ways of dealing with the intervention and its aftermath. It demonstrates how their displacement entailed decreased notions of collectivity, neighborliness, and security, and how it gave rise to new expectations, grievances, and claims on authorities.
The role of psychology in determining human–predator conflict across southern Kenya
Authors: Perry Laura R. , Moorhouse Tom P. , Loveridge Andrew J. , Macdonald David W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractConflict between people and carnivores can lead to the widespread killing of predators in retaliation for livestock loss and is a major threat to predator populations. In Kenya, a large, rural, pastoralist population comes into regular conflict with predators, which persist across southern Kenya. We explored the social and psychological backdrop to livestock management practices in this area in a process designed to be easy to use and suitable for use across large areas for the study of conflict and transboundary implementation of wildlife conflict reduction measures, focusing on community involvement and needs. We carried out fully structured interviews of livestock managers with a survey tool that examined how social and psychological factors may influence livestock management behavior. We compared survey responses on 3 sites across the study area, resulting in 723 usable responses. Efficacy of individuals’ livestock management varied between and within communities. This variation was partially explained by normative and control beliefs regarding livestock management. Individual livestock managers’ self‐reported management issues were often an accurate reflection of their practical management difficulties. Psychological norms, control beliefs, and attitudes differed among sites, and these differences partially explained patterns associated with conflict (i.e., variation in livestock management behavior). Thus, we conclude that a one‐size‐fits‐all approach to improving livestock management and reducing human–predator conflict is not suitable.
Colon capsule endoscopy: an innovative method for detecting colorectal pathology during the COVID‐19 pandemic?
Authors: MacLeod C. , Wilson P. , Watson A. J. M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimThe coronavirus pandemic has led to significant challenges for healthcare delivery across the globe. Non‐emergency endoscopic activity in the UK has been postponed, raising concerns of increased delays in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer and a surge in demand once services resume. Measures to mitigate this risk must be considered.MethodThis paper reviews various investigative modalities for colorectal disease which could be deployed during cessation of colonoscopy services. We focus on colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) due to its relevance during the COVID‐19 pandemic and its ability to triage patients effectively to further endoscopic investigations.ResultsCT of the abdomen and pelvis has been suggested as a triage tool while access to colonoscopy is limited. However, CT may lead to the spread of COVID‐19 as patients attend the hospital, and it exposes them to the risks of radiation. Faecal immunochemistry tests have been demonstrated as a good predictor of colonic pathology and could be safely used to risk stratify patients when prioritizing colonoscopy. CCE is a safe and innovative technology for investigating the colon. Procedures can be carried out in the community and can be conducted safely during the coronavirus pandemic. It has been shown to be an accurate detector of colonic neoplasia and can reduce demand for colonoscopy.ConclusionAs colonoscopy services resume, they will probably experience high demand leading to further delays for patients. CCE could be used to reduce the number of patients requiring colonoscopy and triage those requiring further endoscopic investigations appropriately.