bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of online platform and visualization system based on three-dimensional spatial information for occupant satisfaction with indoor environment quality
Authors: Lee Jongwon , Kim Deuk-Woo 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Prior evaluations of building energy performance have focused on quantitative performance based on mathematical models while overlooking the value of quality of residential life. The Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) method is regarded as an important component of the value judgment process for enhancing the quality of actual building performance. Accordingly, we developed a cost-effective open-source survey platform to collect data on occupant satisfaction. This study focuses on the evaluation indexes of indoor environment quality (IEQ) and conducted a pilot test. The difference of this platform compared with existing online survey systems is that the survey information is linked with the shape and spatial information of the building. This study’s online platform for surveying occupant satisfaction is expected to significantly reduce the time and costs required for conventional IEQ occupant satisfaction surveys. In addition, the collected survey responses are analyzed through a database and visualized as a prototype based on 3D spatial information, providing more intuitive feedback to the owner and occupants of the building.
Indoor environmental monitoring of residential buildings in Saudi Arabia, Makkah: a case study
Authors: Alaboud M , Gadi M 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In Saudi Arabia, buildings require significant amounts of energy, especially during the cooling season, because of excessive air conditioning demands related to the high outdoor temperatures. Residential buildings consume more than 50% of electricity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, where air conditioning loads represent 70% of the consumption. The main aim of the paper is to improve indoor thermal performance of existing residential buildings in Saudi Arabia, using Makkah as a case study. The methodology is to choose typical low-rise residential buildings to evaluate indoor thermal performance of existing residential buildings in Makkah, then calibrate this with the simulated results taken from thermal analysis software (TAS) to validate them, finally adding few energy efficiency measures to decrease the cooling load in the case study building. The result is expected to show similarity between the two results and also indicate that the energy conservation measures used can decrease the cooling load to as high as 34.5%.
Experimental setup and testing of an in-field system for real-time occupant feedback
Authors: Lassen N , Josefsen T 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Thermal comfort and air quality in buildings have been found to be the 2nd and 5th largest sources of complaints among occupants in modern office buildings. In building operation, the determination of control setpoints is normally based on a combination of theoretical models and feedback from occupants. The feedback is most often unstructured and based on face-to-face information transfer, costing time for building operators and with no possibility for systematic learning over time. In practice, operating temperature ranges as small as 1-2°C are usually adopted in order to prevent complaints from occupants in office buildings. Research has however shown that narrow temperature ranges do not result in higher occupant satisfaction, and several researchers have proposed that control of buildings should be done based on continuous subjective feedback from the occupants in the building. This article covers the design and proof of concept for a non-intrusive system for continuous occupant feedback in offices. The system consists of a feedback terminal for capturing day-to day overall satisfaction with indoor climate, a smart phone based system for capturing personal comfort thresholds, and physical measurements of room temperature and CO2 level. Longitudinal tests were conducted in selected rooms in two buildings near Oslo in Norway, measuring a total of 20 office desks in regular use over 3-5 months. The findings indicate that this simple and inexpensive system collects information about the occupant’s perception of the indoor climate. Further work must be done to give this information value for building control and learning.
IEQ and energy improvement of existing buildings by prefabricated facade additions: the case of a student house in Athens
Authors: Ferrante Annarita , Fotopoulou Anastasia , Semprini Giovanni , Cantelli Davide , Ruggiero Silvia , Karalis Michalis , Efthymiou Chrysanthi , Papadaki Dimitra , Assimakopoulos Margarita-Niki 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to evaluate and illustrate the energy saving potential and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) performances of a façade addition on existing and low energy performing buildings. Different technical solutions are proposed and all IEQ indicators’ simulation results are presented for the case of a students’ building block of the 80’s located in Athens. The building is the demonstrator of the “Pro-GET-onE” Horizon 2020 project, that aims to demonstrate the attractiveness and the energy efficiency of a renovation strategy based on new façade additions combining inteGrated Efficient Technologies (GETs). The research project proposes the highest transformation of the existing building’s shell with external added volumes, which generate energy efficient buffer zones and at the same time increase the building’s volume (with balconies, sunspaces and extra rooms). This strategy gives also the possibility to increase IEQ performance, in different ways depending on the architectural solutions, the selected materials and the adopted technological solutions. As a general statement, the facade addition solution leads to an increase of the thermo-hygrometric conditions (both for the cold winter season and the summer period), of the facade sound insulation and consequently the acoustic comfort, and of the indoor air quality. The lighting and the visual comfort are a critical point due to the enlargement of the existing surface of the rooms: specific light enhancement techniques have been studied to optimize indoor light, therefore minimizing the drawbacks of façade expansions, and will be suggested for the final design of the case study. The detailed analysis of individual units (additions) led to the formulation of hypotheses for targeted energy retrofitting interventions in different options; with different scenarios of integrated RES technologies, these options have been analysed both separately and in combination, to assess the technical, the energy feasibility and the IEQ performance in each scenario.
Experimental evaluation of the cooling and heating dynamics for a vertical ventilation concept in a generic car cabin
Authors: Dehne Tobias , Westhoff Andreas 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A low-momentum ceiling-based ventilation concept is compared to dashboard ventilation in a full-scale generic car cabin (GCC).The dimensions of the cabin correspond to the interior of a typical mid-size car. To provide different boundary conditions, representing winter and summer, the GCC is equipped with a jacket cooling/heating. Thermal manikins simulate the heat release and the obstruction of passengers. With the objective to verify the thermal comfort and the global heat transport characteristics in the GCC, the velocities as well as the air and surface temperatures are recorded. In the present study, the cooling and heating dynamics of the low-momentum ceiling ventilation are examined and compared to a simplified dashboard ventilation with regard to thermal comfort and heating/cooling efficiency. It is found that the cooling and heating dynamics of the low-momentum ventilation differ significantly in comparison with the dashboard ventilation. Overall the low-momentum ceiling offers several benefits regarding the thermal comfort and efficiency.
An approach to develop a green building technology database for residential buildings
Authors: Shen Jialei , Zhang Jianshun 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Buildings consume approximately 39% of the total energy used in US, of which 53% is consumed by residential buildings. Besides, indoor air quality (IAQ) have significant impacts on occupant health since people spend on average around 90% of their time indoors. Nowadays, a great number of green building technologies (GBTs) have been developed and implemented in buildings for reducing energy consumption and improving IAQ. This paper proposes an approach to develop a green building technology database for residential buildings including their the technology’s feature and performance for energy saving and IAQ improvement under different building configuration and climate conditions. The GBTs are collected from case study buildings. For each study case, the GBTs are classified by the Virtual Design Studio (VDS) building assessment method. A local reference building is first defined for the region where the case building is constructed. Both forward-step evaluation of a proposed GBT to a reference building and backward-step tracking of the contribution of the technology to the case building are conducted. A scalability analysis is also conducted to understand the practical application of the performance parameters to other cases with different building design. EnergyPlus and CHAMPS-Multizone are used to analyse the energy and IAQ performance for each technology. The approach is verified by a case study of two single-family houses in US.
Appropriate technology to improve the condensation resistance of existing window
Authors: Lee Suin , seok Choi Gyeong , jung Choi Hyun , sik Kang Jae 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The dilapidated windows in old buildings lead to not only energy loss but also condensation, which can cause damages to finish materials and structures, which can adversely affect the residential environment of residents. In the research, in order to prevent the occurrence of condensation, the airtightness performance improvement technology of window(Windbreak) and the thermal insulation performance improvement technology of window(Attached glazing) were selected. Then, these two technologies were applied to real old apartment houses for performance verification. TDR (Temperature Differential Ratio) was calculated by measuring the surface temperature of the window before and after the application of the two technologies, and the quantitative evaluation was performed by comparing the measured values. As a result, the condensation prevention performance was enhanced by about 17.69% result for the installation of the attached glazing and the windbreak. Especially, it was more effective in the lower part of the glazing where condensations mainly occurs.
Improving the indoor climate of the traditional Ottoman houses in the Medina of Algiers
Authors: Benchekroun Marwa , Chergui Samia , Ruggiero Francesco , Di Turi Silvia 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The implementation of energy efficiency in historic buildings is limited and different parameters inhibit the improvement of microclimate conditions or energy performance. The aim of our research is to study the residential buildings of the old city of Algiers and to highlight the colonial and post-colonial transformations. The hygrothermal comfort is studied in order to identify a typical model of house having undergone transformations. This work requires a scientific and multidisciplinary approach integrating historical understanding, modern non-destructive inspection techniques and advanced experimental and numerical analysis methods (modelling and thermal dynamic simulation). The results show that in some cases of traditional houses, the transformations have been positive. The modification had a good functioning to modulate the variations of temperature and an indoor air quality allowing the occupants to profit from various zones of comfort. In other cases the undergone transformations generated enormous disorder resulting from discomfort situations. This work will provide adequate solutions to improve energy efficiency and sustainability for this residential heritage.
Concentration levels and impact factors of benzene series in Chinese dwellings
Authors: Yin Yihui , Hou Beibei , Pei Jingjing , Liu Junjie 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In this study, a nation-wide field measurement has been carried out in Chinese residence to obtain BTEX(benzene series) concentration levels and characteristics. Concentrations of benzene series (benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene) indoor were sampled in 223 dwellings covering 5 climate zones in China during 2016.12-2017.12. The arithmetic mean concentrations of benzene, toluene, xylene and ethylbenzene were 6.78μg/m3, 17^g/m3, 17.68μg/m3 and 9.87μg/m3, respectively. Higher concentration of BTEX and higher standard limit were founded in China than that in other countries and organizations. We identify some reasonable sources for specific data group, impact factors on decoration year, frequency of smoking and cooking of benzene series concentration were studied. Toluene concentration decreased with increase of decoration year, and concentration of benzene concentration in smoking families were higher than that in non-smoking families. No direct correlation between cooking frequency and indoor benzene concentration were founded. This study also provided statistical data on benzene exposure in new decorated residences and a discussion on setting limit values for standard.
Analysing the effects of thermal comfort and indoor air quality in design studios and classrooms on student performance
Authors: Ranjbar A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study aimed to explore the various effects of different ventilation modes on the thermal comfort and indoor air quality in design education environment. It also investigated the relationship between the ventilation mode and student performance. Thus, an experimental study was conducted in both studio and classroom environments, in Interior Architecture and Environmental Design Department at Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey. CO2 concentration values, indoor air temperature and humidity values as the main parameters of thermal comfort and indoor air quality was measured in both winter and summer seasons under the three modes of ventilation: 1) without opening door and windows mode setting; (2) natural ventilation mode and (3) the HVAC ventilation mode achieved by the TROX school-air unit. Under these three different modes for both attention and concentration levels, 100 students from the winter season, 50 students from summer season for the classroom environment, and 20 students from the winter season, 16 students from summer season for the studio environment participated. Results were calculated in IBM SPSS 21 software separately for both seasons and three different ventilation modes. As a result, the experimental and performance results have shown that the HVAC unit mode achieved the most satisfactory indoor environment in both seasons and higher levels of student performance.
Usability and comfort in Canadian offices: Interview of 170 university employees
Authors: Ouf Mohamed , Tamas Ruth , O’Brien William 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Increasing building automation to improve energy efficiency introduces a risk of reducing occupants’ perceived control and overall comfort. To this end, this paper presents a field study that used contextual techniques to explore the relationship between occupants’ perceived control and comfort, as well as their preferences for building automation. A total of 170 occupants in 23 Canadian university campus buildings were interviewed in their offices using semi-structured interviews. All interviews entailed verbally administering a survey while photographs were systematically used to identify the context of occupants’ interactions with building controls. Findings revealed that occupants’ perception of comfort was moderately correlated to their perception of control over their indoor environment. Occupants also showed an overwhelming preference for more control opportunities in their offices (e.g. operable windows and dimmable lighting controls). Conducting interviews in offices yielded many interesting anecdotes and enabled the researcher to identify contextual issues related to building controls’ accessibility, which may have been unnoticed otherwise. The findings of this research contribute to a broader debate within the research community about the appropriate level of building automation to optimize energy efficiency and occupant comfort.
Impact of essential-oil-based cleaning products on indoor air quality: From liquid composition to test emission chamber
Authors: Angulo Milhem S. , Verriele M. , Nicolas M. , Thevenet F. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
As society has become aware of health hazards related to the exposure to chemicals, major efforts have been made to address indoor air current problematic. Consequently, popularity of “green” cleaning products has upsurge. These products are formulated with essential-oils relying on their anti-bacterial properties to improve indoor air quality. Indeed, essential oils might contain a hundred of odorous molecules, mainly terpenes and terpenoids (TerVOCs) which acts as antibacterial agents. Nonetheless, do essential-oil-based products really contribute to indoor air quality improvement? This study is addressed to evaluate emissions from the use of essential-oils-based cleaning products by various scale experiments. Firstly, a correlation of liquid composition from 7 natural cleaning products with their emission potentials has been investigated. Volatile fractions are evaluated by using micro-chamber testing. A total of 28 terpenes are quantified among products in the liquid form. Nevertheless, only 22 species are detected in gas samples with a yield ranking from 9.1 % to 99.8 %. Results do not verified a direct correlation between liquid mass and emitted concentrations of terpenes. Indeed, chemical affinities between terpenes and solvent matrix in product formulation are evidenced. Then, 4 products from different cleaning purposes have been selected for emission evaluation in a test chamber of 1-m3. Product application process are correlated to real case scenario regarding applied quantity and loading factor. Emitted terpenes and carbonyl compounds are quantified by off-line and on-line chromatography measurements. Results evidenced that peak concentrations from terpenes reached up to 1.5 h after cleaning activity. Major compound emitted concentration range from 121 to 152 μg/m3, in the test chamber, for different product categories. Specific emission dynamic is evidenced for formaldehyde, in where continuous increasing concentration is revealed due to the presence of formaldehyde releasers. This study contributes to further assessment of exposure hazards related to cleaning activities.
Indoor air quality performance in air-conditioned museum gallery
Authors: Sulaiman R , Kamaruzzaman S N , Yau Y H 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The performances of IAQ in Malaysian museum galleries have not been well investigated. As a hot and humid country, air conditioning (AC) systems are used in enclosed galleries. Improper AC systems may affect IAQ levels as they may not only affect people but also artefacts deterioration. Selected IAQ parameters were measured in selected museum galleries in Peninsular Malaysia by using active sampling with multiple sensors at several points continuously. Results on average values for indoor temperature and carbon dioxide complied with people and artefact threshold level. However, air velocities were far below the recommended level. Visitors’ influx influenced CO2 levels but did not affect the resuspension and reposition of PM1. It started to increase when the CO2 decreased. This highlighted the contribution of this research as guideline for IAQ in museum is only up to the concentration of PM2.5. Poor Va and the existence of PM1 were expected due to the inefficiencies of the AC systems as higher cooling capacity did not influence better IAQ performance. It was concluded that, IAQ performance in the selected galleries did not perform well due to poorly ventilated cool air supply and improper layout of air inlets due to the ceiling heights and hanging decorative ceiling.
Energy consumption for domestic hot water use in Norwegian hotels and nursing homes
Authors: Taxt Walnum Harald , Sørensen Åse Lekang , Ludvigsen Bjørn , Ivanko Dmytro 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Domestic Hot Water (DHW) production constitutes a significant proportion of the energy demand of modern buildings, and as the building envelope is improved the share increases. This article discusses the results from a measurement campaign in Norwegian hotels and nursing homes. The energy demand for DHW and distribution heat losses for 3 hotels and 3 nursing homes are shown. The results show that number of bedrooms is a better parameter for describing DHW consumption than sqm of heated floor area. There are large variations in the measured distribution losses, mainly due to malfunctioning of the hot water circulation system. For nursing homes, the measured energy consumption is significantly lower than the normative profiles, which can have large impact on the requirements for the design of the building heating system. For hotels, the measured energy consumption is in the range of the normative profiles.
Application of Comfort Range Control logic for thermal comfort and energy saving in VRF system
Authors: Park Sohyun , Kim Joowook , Song Doosam 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In Korea, in order to reduce building energy, the policy applying insulation standard of passive house level to new buildings from 2017 was established. However, the concept of passive house applied in the Central and Western Europe area is feared to increase the cooling load in hot and humid areas in summer like Korea. Therefore, we propose a control logic for reducing the cooling energy in summer while maintaining occupants’ thermal comfort that can apply to VRF system installed in passive buildings. In this paper, Comfort Range Control logic based on ASHRAE Comfort Chart for occupants’ thermal comfort and energy saving was applied to VRF system in the actual office space of passive building in Korea. The indoor environment and energy consumption according to the conventional control method, Set-Point Control, and Comfort Range Control proposed in this study were analyzed by field measurement.
A robust chiller sequencing control method for enhancing cooling supply reliability and energy efficiency
Authors: Liao Y D , Cai Z B , Fang Z S 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Control of heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems (HVAC) has become an active area of research due to the significant energy expenditures and maintenance cost. Among the various controls of HVAC systems, chiller sequencing control is of great importance for multi-chiller plant to keep cooling reliability, system stability and energy efficiency. However, conventional chiller sequencing control usually lacks consideration of system stability and the accessional cost caused by the sequencing actions. Especially, those short-time or unnecessary sequencing actions become the main reason for operators to shut down automatic control. To enhance the reliability of chiller sequencing control, a robust hybrid predictive control is developed. This control is developed based on the typical total cooling load-based control and use an ARX prediction model to double check necessity of the sequencing actions. Case studies were carried out on a TRNSYS dynamic simulation with the configuration data from a real secondary school. Results showed that the switch number can be reduced more than 20% and operation cost can be reduced up to 4.25% without scarified in thermal comfort and energy efficiency.