bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly Conductive Alkaline‐Earth Metal Electrodes: The Possibility of Maintaining Both Low Work Function and Surface Stability for Organic Electronics
Authors: Liu Yunfei , Ding Tao , Chen Xiaotian , Bai Fuquan , Genco Armando , Wang Haoran , Chen Chen , Chen Ping , Mazzeo Marco , Zhang Yuantao , Duan Yu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe realization of a highly efficient and transparent light‐emitting display isan ambitious but highly desirable goal since several obstacles need to be solved. One of the most challenging issues is the fabrication of a suitable transparent cathode on the top emitting surface. Evaporated Ca thin film is one theoretically promising candidate due to its remarkable optical transparency, conductivity, and matched work function (WF) on the electron injection side. However, until now, keeping metallic Ca working as a stand‐alone electrode is not possible because its highly reactive characteristics cause ultrathin Ca film to react with organics. In this work, atomic layer deposition ZnO is presented with the intention of protecting a vulnerable ultrathin Ca layer while preserving its low WF in the entire structure. In this research, a transparent cathode that maintains a low WF of 3.31 eV is built, enabling highly transparent (nearly 90% in the visible range) organic light‐emitting diodes with external quantum efficiencies that reach 22.7%, 19.3%, and 17.9% for green, yellow, and blue emissions, respectively, and reaching an emission balance. The luminance of the devices is about three times higher when compared with the devices without protective structures, which are even likely to fail to operate.
High‐Aspect‐Ratio Plasmonic Heterostructures for In Vivo Enhanced Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging in the Second Near‐Infrared Biological Window
Authors: Xu Yifan , Zhou Bin , Zhuang Chao , Zhou Jianhua , Chen Huanjun , Deng Shaozhi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOptical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive bio‐imaging modality that is widely used in both fundamental research and clinical practice. Contrast agents with strong light‐scattering properties are a prerequisite for OCT imaging. Bio‐imaging in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) has recently attracted significant attention based on reduced light absorption, suppressed photon scattering, and negligible autofluorescence. OCT contrast agents with both strong light‐scattering cross‐sections in the NIR‐II window and excellent biocompatibility are highly desirable. In this article, Ag‐based rod‐shaped plasmonic nanostructures are presented as NIR‐II OCT contrast agents. As a high‐aspect‐ratio heterostructure, the Ag nanorods coated with mesoporous silica shells (AgNR@mSiO2) are developed to achieve plasmon resonance at 1330 nm and excellent biocompatibility. By taking advantage of their huge light‐scattering cross‐sections, which provide the strongest scattering reported to date among various nanoscale OCT contrast agents, the heterostructures are used to perform efficient in vivo OCT imaging of crucian carp eyes and chicken blood vessels in the NIR‐II window. The captured images exhibit enhanced contrast with large imaging depth. These results demonstrate that the developed AgNR@mSiO2 heterostructures are promising OCT contrast agents, that can provide guidance and reference for the development of highly efficient NIR‐II imaging probes.
Advances in the Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Atropisomeric Hexatomic N‐Heterobiaryls
Authors: Cheng Dao‐Juan , Shao You‐Dong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAxially chiral hexatomic N‐heterobiaryls are among the most important class of structures with extensive utility in asymmetric catalysis as chiral ligands and organocatalysts, as exemplified by QUINAP and QUINOX. Besides, these atropisomers have attracted broad attention due to their application in drug discovery. Hence, it is not surprising that extensive efforts have been devoted for the pursue of efficient catalytic asymmetric methods for their direct and atroposelective construction. In addition to the direct heteroaryl‐aryl cross‐coupling, which remains as a challenge, a series of creative catalytic asymmetric strategies based on pre‐formed heterobiaryl systems have been developed by taking advantage of the intrinsic property of N atom on the heteroarenes. Generally, the methods employed extensively involved kinetic resolution, dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation, dynamic kinetic resolution and desymmetrization reaction. A growing number of approaches through stereoselective de novo formation of a six‐membered N‐heteroaromatic ring have also been reported for specific applications in this field. This review summarizes recent advancements of axially chiral hexatomic N‐heterobiaryls construction by means of asymmetric catalysis, including their scope, limitations, mechanisms and applications.magnified image
Iron‐Mediated Cyanoalkylsulfonylation/Arylation of Active Alkenes with Cycloketone Oxime Derivatives via Sulfur Dioxide Insertion
Authors: Chen Zan , Zhou Quan , Wang Qiao‐Lin , Chen Pu , Xiong Bi‐Quan , Liang Yun , Tang Ke‐Wen , Liu Yu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIron‐mediated radical cyanoalkylsulfonylation/arylation of active olefins with cycloketone oxime derivatives via cleavage of C−C single bond and insertion of SO2 is developed for the preparation of cyanoalkylsulfonylated oxindoles. This difunctionalization of carbon−carbon double bond via a radical pathway involves cyclobutanone oxime ester fragmentation, sulfonyl radical generation and radical addition/5‐exo cyclization. The methodology displays good functional group tolerance and does not require any external bases or oxidants.magnified image
Preparation and Characterization of a Water‐Soluble Kraft Lignin
Authors: Maitz Silvia , Schlemmer Werner , Hobisch Mathias Andreas , Hobisch Josefine , Kienberger Marlene 
Published: May 2020

AbstractKraft lignin can be extracted from black liquor generated during wood digestion. At present, water soluble kraft lignin is prepared chemically. Here, a method for the preparation of a purified form of CO2‐precipitated softwood kraft lignin, which forms a stable aqueous solution at a pH value of 8.9 is described. The lignin samples are characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, IR spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. The comparison of water‐washed lignin with reference samples of unwashed‐ and acid‐washed lignin shows that the water‐washed lignin has a higher molecular weight compared to the reference samples, while the content of hydroxyl and methoxyl groups is similar. Solubility studies show that drying of washed lignin has a significant effect on its dissolution in water. Charge titration and dynamic light scattering experiments show that water‐washed lignin forms a stable colloid in aqueous solution.
Relief of Biofilm Hypoxia Using an Oxygen Nanocarrier: A New Paradigm for Enhanced Antibiotic Therapy
Authors: Hu Dengfeng , Zou Lingyun , Yu Weijiang , Jia Fan , Han Haijie , Yao Ke , Jin Qiao , Ji Jian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBiofilms are chief culprits of most intractable infections and pose great threats to human health. Conventional antibiotic therapies are hypodynamic to biofilms due to their strong drug resistance, closely related with biofilm hypoxia. A new strategy for enhanced antibiotic therapy by relieving biofilm hypoxia is reported here. A two‐step sequential delivery strategy is fabricated using perfluorohexane (PFH)‐loaded liposomes (lip) as oxygen (O2) carriers (denoted as lip@PFH@O2) and commercial antibiotics. The results indicate that the two‐step sequential treatment exhibits much lower minimum bactericidal concentrations than the antibiotic treatment alone. In this design, the lip@PFH@O2 holds positively charged surface for better biofilm penetration. After penetrating into biofilm, oxygen can be released from lip@PFH@O2 by inches, which greatly relieves biofilm hypoxia. With the relief of hypoxia, the quorum sensing and the drug efflux pumps of bacteria are suppressed by restraining related gene expression, leading to the reduced antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, the in vivo experimental results also demonstrate that lip@PFH@O2 can effectively relieve biofilm hypoxia and enhance therapeutic efficacy of antibiotics. As a proof‐of‐concept, this research provides an innovative strategy for enhanced antibiotic therapy by relieving hypoxia, which may hold a bright future in combating biofilm‐associated infections.
Product design: Formulation of a screen‐printable sintering‐type conductive paste
Authors: Yan Lawrence K. Q. , Tam Sze Kee , Fung Ka Y. , Ng Ka M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDue to the complexity of the screen‐printing operation and the rheological behaviors of the screen‐printable paste, such a paste is usually formulated by trial‐and‐error. In this report, a systematic procedure, based on heuristics and mechanistic models, for the design of a screen‐printable paste is developed. The procedure is demonstrated by a case study of the formulation of a conductive paste of copper particles.
Efficient Cu‐catalyzed Synthesis of Benzimidazoles Using Ammonia as Nitrogen Source in Water
Authors: Li Minxin , Tang Yanling , Gao Hui , Rao Gaoxiong , Mao Zewei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIn present work, we have developed an efficient strategy for the synthesis of 2‐substituted benzimidazoles via Cu‐catalyzed Ullmann condensation reaction of o‐halobenzanilides with ammonia in water. This protocol is applicable to a wide variety of 2‐substituted benzimidazoles bearing functional groups tolerance, which features one‐pot, high yields, functional groups tolerable and green solvent.
Die elektrische Widerstandsmessung zur zerstörungsfreien Prüfung von Betonstählen im Beton unter ermüdungsrelevanter Belastung
Authors: Kortmann Lukas , Höpfner Marvin , Spyridis Panagiotis 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDas Ermüdungsverhalten von Betonstahl, Spannstahl und Beton ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten immer stärker in den Fokus der Wissenschaft geraten. Neben den stetig steigenden Anforderungen an z. B. Brückenbauwerke und Windenergieanlagen, die längere Lebensdauern und dadurch höhere Anzahlen an Belastungszyklen fordern, werden neue Konstruktionen immer filigraner und schlanker unter Berücksichtigung der ressourcenschonenden Bauweise konstruiert. Zudem werden bestehende Bauwerke im Rahmen von Strukturwandlungen umfunktioniert und mit veränderten Einwirkungen belastet. Dadurch steigt der Einfluss des Ermüdungsverhaltens der Werkstoffe in der Tragwerksbemessung bedeutend. Diese Arbeit bezieht Teile der vorhandenen Erkenntnisse über die Ermüdung und die elektrische Widerstandsmessung aufeinander und stellt die durchgeführten dynamischen Versuche und den statischen Versuch mit entsprechender Kennwertauswertung und Analyse vor. Abschließend wird aufgeführt, dass die elektrische Widerstandsmessung ein vielversprechendes und zerstörungsfreies Prüfverfahren zur Zustandsbewertung im Bereich des Ermüdungsphänomens ist, die Messmethode allerdings bezüglich der fehlerfreien Anwendbarkeit infolge sekundärer Messeinflüsse noch optimiert werden muss. Im Weiteren werden die Berechnungen und Auswertungen der Ermüdungsversuche dazu genutzt, einige europäische Bemessungsnormen und verschiedene Testergebnisse für das Ermüdungsverhalten von Betonstahl näher zu untersuchen und zu vergleichen.
Adding versus averaging: Evaluability theory applied to job choice decisions
Authors: Acikgoz Yalcin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhile the unique roles of individual job attributes (e.g., salary and benefits) in job and organizational attraction have received extensive research attention, research examining the mechanisms through which an overall evaluation of a job option is made by combining evaluations of individual attributes is scarce. The current study examined the process through which job choice decisions are made under three conditions: when evaluating a single job offer, when comparing two job offers, and when evaluating more than two job offers. In Study 1, it was found that when a single job offer is evaluated, the average of perceived values of attributes in an offer (e.g., the perceived attractiveness of a salary) drives the choice, whereas the difference between jobs is what matters when two jobs are evaluated simultaneously, potentially leading to a preference reversal between conditions when the same two jobs are evaluated. In Study 2, it was found that average values of attributes across options (e.g., average salary in all job offers received) influence job choice when more than two job offers are evaluated simultaneously. These findings indicate that in all three conditions, job choice decisions are influenced by the evaluability of the choice set, which becomes low when a single job offer is evaluated without any context, or when more than two job offers are evaluated simultaneously, and becomes high when two jobs are compared with each other. When evaluability is low, candidates resort to averaging as the decision rule, whereas adding is used when evaluability is high.
Erweiterte Konstruktionsregeln für robuste Stahlbetonstützen
Authors: Empelmann Martin , Matz Henrik 
Published: May 2020

AbstractDer Trend zu „leichten“, filigranen und ressourceneffizienten Tragwerken führt zu einer zunehmenden Struktur‐ und Materialoptimierung im Bauwesen. Parallel dazu gibt es eine Zunahme von Naturgefahren und sonstigen Bedrohungssituationen. Die verminderten Umlagerungsmöglichkeiten in Kombination mit der steigenden Gefahr von unplanmäßigen Einwirkungen können zu einer unzureichenden Tragwerksrobustheit führen. Ein Versagen des Gesamttragwerks aufgrund von Teilschäden muss verhindert werden. Die Robustheit der maßgebenden Einzelbauteile ist dabei von wesentlicher Bedeutung. Bei Stahlbetonstützen kann besonders bei Einsatz hochfester Betone trotz Einhaltung derzeitiger Regelungen zur konstruktiven Durchbildung ein robustes Verhalten nicht in jedem Fall sichergestellt werden. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt zunächst unter Zuhilfenahme eines numerischen Stützenmodells das Tragverhalten sowie charakteristische Traganteile von Stahlbetonstützen. Ein praxisgerechtes mechanisches Modell wird vorgestellt, mit dem das Nachbruchverhalten von Stahlbetonstützen berechnet und die Robustheit bewertet werden kann. Anschließende Parameterstudien zeigen den Einfluss verschiedener Konstruktionsparameter auf die Robustheit und sind die Basis eines Diskussionsbeitrags für erste erweiterte Konstruktionsregeln für robuste Stahlbetonstützen.
Chromosome‐scale scaffolds for the Chinese hamster reference genome assembly to facilitate the study of the CHO epigenome
Authors: Hilliard William , MacDonald Madolyn L. , Lee Kelvin H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Chinese hamster genome serves as a reference genome for the study of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, the preferred host system for biopharmaceutical production. Recent re‐sequencing of the Chinese hamster genome resulted in the RefSeq PICR meta‐assembly, a set of highly accurate scaffolds that filled over 95% of the gaps in previous assembly versions. However, these scaffolds did not reach chromosome‐scale due to the absence of long‐range scaffolding information during the meta‐assembly process. Here, long‐range scaffolding of the PICR Chinese hamster genome assembly was performed using high‐throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C). This process resulted in a new “PICRH” genome, where 97% of the genome is contained in 11 mega‐scaffolds corresponding to the Chinese hamster chromosomes (2n = 22) and the total number of scaffolds is reduced by three‐fold from 1,830 scaffolds in PICR to 647 in PICRH. Continuity was improved while preserving accuracy, leading to quality scores higher than recent builds of mouse chromosomes and comparable to human chromosomes. The PICRH genome assembly will be an indispensable tool for designing advanced genetic engineering strategies in CHO cells and enabling systematic examination of genomic and epigenomic instability through comparative analysis of CHO cell lines on a common set of chromosomal coordinates.
Prognostic impact of nutritional status and physical capacity in elderly patients with acute decompensated heart failure
Authors: Yasumura Kaori , Abe Haruhiko , Iida Yoshinori , Kato Taishi , Nakamura Masayuki , Toriyama Chieko , Nishida Hiroki , Idemoto Akiko , Shinouchi Kazuya , Mishima Tsuyoshi , Awata Masaki , Date Motoo , Ueda Yasunori , Uematsu Masaaki , Koretsune Yukihiro 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimsNutritional status as well as physical capacity is related to prognosis in patients with heart failure. The purpose of this study was to explore a simple prognostic indicator in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) by including both nutritional status and physical capacity.Methods and resultsPatients hospitalized with ADHF (N = 203; mean age, 81 years) were enrolled. We evaluated the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) on hospital admission and at discharge. A GNRI score < 92 was defined as malnutrition. Physical capacity was evaluated by simple walking test to determine if patients could walk 200 m, with a Borg scale score ≤ 13, without critical changes in vital signs. Primary endpoints were mortality and heart failure rehospitalization within 2 years. A total of 49% and 48% of patients showed malnutrition on admission and at discharge, respectively. Malnutrition at discharge was more strongly related to mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 3.382, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.900–6.020, P < 0.0001)] than that on admission (HR 2.448, 95% CI 1.442–4.157, P = 0.001) by univariable analysis. Malnutrition at discharge was related to mortality (HR 2.370, 95% CI 1.166–4.814, P = 0.02), but malnutrition on admission was not related (HR 1.538, 95% CI 0.823–2.875, P = 0.18) by multivariable analysis. Almost half of patients (45%) could not walk 200 m, which was significantly related to mortality by univariable analysis (HR 3.303, 95% CI 1.905–5.727, P < 0.0001), but was not by multivariable analysis (HR 1.990, 95% CI 0.999–3.962, P = 0.05). The combined index including both GNRI and simple walking test was an independent and stronger predictor of mortality than either index alone by multivariable analysis (HR 2.249, 95% CI 1.362–3.716, P < 0.01). Neither malnutrition nor low physical capacity was related to heart failure rehospitalization by univariable analysis (HR 0.702, 95% CI 0.483–1.020, P = 0.06; HR 1.047, 95% CI 0.724–1.515, P = 0.81, respectively). Malnutrition at discharge significantly reduced heart failure rehospitalization by multivariable analysis (HR 0.431, 95% CI 0.266–0.698, P < 0.01). When patients were classified into Group G (both nutritional status and physical capacity at discharge were good), Group E (either was good), and Group B (both were bad), mortality rates were significantly different among the groups (log rank P < 0.0001).ConclusionA simple indicator including both nutritional status and physical capacity may predict 2 year mortality in elderly patients with ADHF.
Seismic control of rocking structures via external resonators
Authors: Pan Xiao , Málaga‐Chuquitaype Christian 
Published: May 2020

SummaryTall rigid blocks are prevalent in ancient historical constructions. Such structures are prone to rocking behaviour under strong ground motion, which is recognizably challenging to predict and mitigate. Our study is motivated by the need to provide innovative nonintrusive solutions to attenuate the rocking response of historical buildings and monuments. In this paper, we examine a novel scheme that employs external resonators buried next to the rocking structure as a means to control its seismic response. The strategy capitalizes on the vibration absorbing potential of the structure‐soil‐resonator interaction. Furthermore, the benefits of combining the resonators with inerters in order to reduce their gravitational mass without hampering their motion‐control capabilities are also explored. Advanced numerical analyses of discrete models under coherent acceleration pulses with rocking bodies of different slenderness ratios under various ground motion intensities highlight the significant vibration absorbing qualities of the external resonating system. The influence of key system parameters such as the mass, stiffness, and damping of the resonator and those of the soil‐structure‐resonator arrangement are studied. Finally, a case study on the evaluation of the response of rocking structures with external resonators under real pulse‐like ground‐motion records confirms the important reductions in peak seismic rotational demands obtained with the proposed arrangement.
Chronology and sediment provenance of extreme floods of Siang River (Tsangpo‐Brahmaputra River valley), northeast Himalaya
Authors: Panda Sandeep , Kumar Anil , Das Satyabrata , Devrani Rahul , Rai Santosh , Prakash Kuldeep , Srivastava Pradeep 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study explores paleoflood deposits of the Siang River, known as the Tsangpo in Tibet. The river that often experiences large floods brings down huge amount of sediment and water that adversely affect the downstream regions with large human populations in the states of northeast Himalaya and its foreland. Along it's ~300 km mountainous stretch we collected samples for sedimentological, petrographic and Sr–Nd isotopic study to explore sediment provenance and dated the paleofloods (via optically stimulated luminescence, OSL). Geomorphic indices including precipitation and a geomorphic swath profile across the Brahmaputra catchment were studied to understand the interplay of mountain relief and rainfall that determine potential zones of high erosion and sediment supply. The OSL technique indicated the Siang River experienced at least eight large floods between 7 and 1 ka, possibly under the influence of warm and wet climatic conditions. The petrographic and isotopic data suggests that the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, which has the highest uplift and exhumation rate in the area, is not always the highest sediment producing zone. In some instances, the Tibetan plateau produces higher fluxes of sediments via glacial and landslide lake outburst floods (GLOFs and LLOFs). © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Derailed Ohira‐Bestmann Reaction of γ,δ‐Unsaturated Aldehydes for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopenta[c]pyrazoles
Authors: Sandmeier Tobias , Sievertsen Niels , Carreira Erick M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe synthesis of cyclopenta[c]pyrazoles from γ,δ‐unsaturated aldehydes by a domino sequence involving one‐carbon homologation and intramolecular azomethine imine 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition is disclosed. The fused pyrazoles bearing aromatic and aliphatic substituents are obtained in good yields and excellent diastereomeric purity. Additionally, the synthetic utility of the pyrazole products generated by this method has been highlighted in a series of functionalization reactions. The method presented opens strategic opportunities for the synthesis of pyrazole‐containing biologically active compounds.