bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Related to the Development of Small‐Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth in Pediatric Intestinal Failure: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Belza Christina , Betts Zachary , de Silva Nicole , Avitzur Yaron , Wales Paul W. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundSmall bowel bacterial overgrowth (SBBO) is a challenge in the management of pediatric intestinal failure (PIF). Our goal was to determine the proportion of patients treated for SBBO and factors related to its development.
MethodsWe completed a retrospective analysis of PIF patients referred between 2008 and 2014. Data were collected on factors related to intestinal failure (IF) and SBBO. The cohort was stratified on the diagnosis of SBBO and refractory SBBO. Statistical testing completed using t‐test, χ2 test, and logistic regression.ResultsThirty‐five of 102 patients developed SBBO (34%), and 16 (16%) had refractory SBBO. SBBO was more likely in gastroschisis (40.0% vs 19.4%, P = .025), a shorter residual small bowel (SB) (45.4% vs 66.5%, P = .004), and patients were less likely to wean from parenteral nutrition (PN) (51.4% vs 85.1%, P < .0001). Refractory SBBO patients were likely to have gastroschisis (50.0% vs 22.1%, P = .020) and a shorter residual SB and large bowel remaining (23.2% vs 65.9%, P < .0001 and 60.6% vs 79.4%, P = .03, respectively) and less likely to wean from PN (37.5% vs 80.2%, P = .001). Logistic regression demonstrated that longer SB residual was protective (P = .001; odds ratio [OR], 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93–0.99), and short bowel syndrome (SBS) as a cause of IF was a risk factor (P = .001; OR, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01–0.27).ConclusionA longer SB remnant was protective against SBBO. Patients with SBBO were more likely to have PIF caused by SBS.
Current and future experimental approaches in the study of grape and wine polyphenols interacting gut microbiota
Authors: Zorraquín Irene , Sánchez‐Hernández Eva , Ayuda‐Durán Begoña , Silva Mariana , González‐Paramás Ana M , Santos‐Buelga Celestino , Moreno‐Arribas Maria V , Bartolomé Begoña 
Published: March 2020

AbstractInteractions between polyphenols and gut microbiota are indeed a major issue of current interest in food science research. Knowledge in this subject is progressing as the experimental procedures and analysis techniques do. The aim of this article is to critically review the more leading‐edge approaches that have been applied so far in the study of the interactions between grape/wine polyphenols and gut microbiota. This is the case of in vitro dynamic gastrointestinal simulation models that try to mitigate the limitations of simple static models (batch culture fermentations). More complex approaches include the experimentation with animals (mice, rats, pigs, lambs and chicks) and nutritional intervention studies in humans. Main advantages and limitations as well as the most relevant findings achieved by each approach in the study of how grape/wine polyphenols can modulate the composition and/or functionality of gut microbiota, are detailed. Also, common findings obtained by the three approaches (in vitro, animal models and human nutritional interventions) such as the fact that the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio tends to decrease after the feed/intake/consumption of grape/wine polyphenols are highlighted. Additionally, a nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) model, previously used for investigating the mechanisms of processes such as aging, neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and inflammation, is presented as an emerging approach for the study of polyphenols interacting gut microbiota. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Recombinant expression, characterization and application of maltotetraohydrolase from Pseudomonas saccharophila
Authors: Su Lingqia , Yang Yanan , Wu Jing 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDMaltotetraohydrolase, widely used in food and medical fields, possesses the ability to hydrolyze starch to produce maltooligosaccharides with maltotetraose as the main product. It also has the potential usage in delaying bread aging.RESULTSPseudomonas saccharophila maltotetraohydrolase was expressed in Bacillus subtilis WS11. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis revealed obvious bands at 57 kDa (maltotetraohydrolase I) and 47 kDa (maltotetraohydrolase II). Both showed similar enzymatic properties, although the catalytic efficiency of maltotetraohydrolase I was 4.93 fold higher than that of maltotetraohydrolase II using soluble starch as substrate. In addition, the maltotetraohydrolase production was further scaled up in a 3‐L fermentor, and the highest activity reached 1907 U mL−1. Then, the recombinant maltotetraohydrolase was used to produce maltotetraose. The maltotetraose yields catalyzed by maltotetraohydrolase I and II reached 73.2% and 69.7%, respectively. Finally, when recombinant maltotetraohydrolase was used in bread‐making, texture profile analysis of the bread indicated recombinant maltotetraohydrolase I exhibited a significant anti‐aging effect.CONCLUSIONThis is the first describing high‐efficient expression of P. saccharophila maltotetraohydrolase in the food safety strain B. subtilis, and the yield represented the highest level ever reported. Excellent results were also obtained with respect to the preparation of maltotetraose and delaying bread aging using the recombinant maltotetraohydrolase. The present study will help lay the foundation for the industrial production and application of maltotetraohydrolase. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of anabolic androgenic steroids as imidazole carbamate derivatives in human urine using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Fragkaki Argyro G. , Petropoulou Georgia , Athanasiadou Ioanna , Kiousi Polyxeni , Kioukia‐Fougia Nassia , Archontaki Helen , Bakeas Evangelos , Angelis Yiannis S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAnabolic androgenic steroids are widely abused substances in sports doping. Their detection present limitations regarding the use of soft ion sources such as electrospray or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. In the current study, a novel derivatization method was developed for the ionization enhancement of selected anabolic androgenic steroids. The proposed method aims at the introduction of an easily ionizable moiety into the steroid molecule by converting the hydroxyl groups into imidazole carbamates using 1,1′‐carbonyldiimidazole as derivatization reagent. The proposed method was applied to water and urine samples spiked with exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids in various concentration levels. Steroid imidazole carbamate derivatives have shown intensive [M+H]+ signals under electrospray ionization and common fragmentation patterns in tandem mass spectrometry mode with [M‐CO2+H]+ and [M‐ΙmCO2+H]+ as major ions with low collision energy. The obtained results showed that the majority of steroids were detectable at concentrations equal or lower to their minimum required performance level according to the World Anti‐Doping Agency technical document. The proposed method is sensitive with a preparation procedure that could be easily applied to the analysis of doping control samples.
Physicochemical mechanisms underlying soil and organic amendment effects on runoff P losses
Authors: Mamedov Amrakh I. , Bar‐Yosef Benayahu , Levkovich Irit , Fine Pinchas , Silber Avner , Levy Guy J. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPhosphorus depletion from cultivated lands by runoff is a significant contributor to soil chemical degradation. Our objective was to elucidate the mechanisms through which soil and organic matter amendments affect rain‐induced runoff P losses in Mediterranean soils. Clay, loam, and loamy sand mixed with noncomposted activated sludge (AS), manure compost (MC), industrial humic acid (HA), orthophosphate (Pi), or inositol hexaphosphate (IHP) were subjected to six consecutive artificial rainstorms. Adding amendments significantly increased runoff available Pi loss (the sum of solution and sediments bicarbonate extractable Pi) for all soils. The order of loss (Pi, mg m−2) was soil dependent; greatest and lowest in the loam and loamy sand, respectively (loam: Pi[270] > IHP[128] > AS[108] > MC[97] > HA[49] > Control[33], and loamy sand: AS[42] > HA[23] > Pi[22] > IHP[18] > MC[13] > Control[4]), although order of runoff and soil loss were clay > loam > loamy sand. Treating with IHP and Pi at a similar total P level led to comparable cumulative total‐P runoff losses, but runoff available Pi loss was much greater in the Pi treatment of soils with higher clay content (clay > loam > loamy sand). A derived isotherm relating sediment Olsen Pi to dissolved reactive Pi (DRP) concentration in runoff was found useful for estimating runoff Pi losses from measured DRP, runoff volume, and sediment concentration. The results could be explained by the impact of the amendments on soil structure stability, sealing, runoff, and erosion levels associated with soil physical and chemical degradation.
Understanding the immune landscape and tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer to improve immunotherapy
Authors: Torphy Robert J. , Schulick Richard D. , Zhu Yuwen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractImmunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment for several hematologic and solid organ malignancies; however, pancreatic cancer remains unresponsive to conventional immunotherapies. Several characteristics of pancreatic cancer present challenges to successful treatment with immunotherapy, including its aggressive biology, poor immunogenicity, and abundant desmoplastic stroma which can impede effector T cell infiltration and promote an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In this review, we evaluate the current understanding of the immune and stromal landscapes of pancreatic cancer, discuss the successes and failures of stroma‐targeted therapies, and highlight how stroma‐directed therapies may be synergistic with immunotherapy.
Drug discovery technologies: Caenorhabditis elegans as a model for anthelmintic therapeutics
Authors: Sepúlveda‐Crespo Daniel , Reguera Rosa M. , Rojo‐Vázquez Francisco , Balaña‐Fouce Rafael , Martínez‐Valladares María 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHelminthiasis is one of the gravest problems worldwide. There is a growing concern on less available anthelmintics and the emergence of resistance creating a major threat to human and livestock health resources. Novel and broad‐spectrum anthelmintics are urgently needed. The free‐living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans could address this issue through automated high‐throughput technologies for the screening of large chemical libraries. This review discusses the strong advantages and limitations for using C elegans as a screening method for anthelmintic drug discovery. C elegans is the best model available for the validation of novel effective drugs in treating most, if not all, helminth infections, and for the elucidation the mode of action of anthelmintic candidates. This review also focuses on available technologies in the discovery of anthelmintics published over the last 15 years with particular attention to high‐throughput technologies over conventional screens. On the other hand, this review highlights how combinatorial and nanomedicine strategies could prolong the use of anthelmintics and control resistance problems.
Fully automated 3D aortic segmentation of 4D flow MRI for hemodynamic analysis using deep learning
Authors: Berhane Haben , Scott Michael , Elbaz Mohammed , Jarvis Kelly , McCarthy Patrick , Carr James , Malaisrie Chris , Avery Ryan , Barker Alex J. , Robinson Joshua D. , Rigsby Cynthia K. , Markl Michael 
Published: March 2020

PurposeTo generate fully automated and fast 4D‐flow MRI‐based 3D segmentations of the aorta using deep learning for reproducible quantification of aortic flow, peak velocity, and dimensions.MethodsA total of 1018 subjects with aortic 4D‐flow MRI (528 with bicuspid aortic valve, 376 with tricuspid aortic valve and aortic dilation, 114 healthy controls) comprised the data set. A convolutional neural network was trained to generate 3D aortic segmentations from 4D‐flow data. Manual segmentations served as the ground truth (N = 499 training, N = 101 validation, N = 418 testing). Dice scores, Hausdorff distance, and average symmetrical surface distance were calculated to assess performance. Aortic flow, peak velocity, and lumen dimensions were quantified at the ascending, arch, and descending aorta and compared using Bland‐Altman analysis. Interobserver variability of manual analysis was assessed on a subset of 40.ResultsConvolutional neural network segmentation required 0.438 ± 0.355 seconds versus 630 ± 254 seconds for manual analysis and demonstrated excellent performance with a median Dice score of 0.951 (0.930‐0.966), Hausdorff distance of 2.80 (2.13‐4.35), and average symmetrical surface distance of 0.176 (0.119‐0.290). Excellent agreement was found for flow, peak velocity, and dimensions with low bias and limits of agreement less than 10% difference versus manual analysis. For aortic volume, limits of agreement were moderate within 16.3%. Interobserver variability (median Dice score: 0.950; Hausdorff distance: 2.45; and average symmetrical surface distance: 0.145) and convolutional neural network–based analysis (median Dice score: 0.953‐0.959; Hausdorff distance: 2.24‐2.91; and average symmetrical surface distance: 0.145‐1.98 to observers) demonstrated similar reproducibility.ConclusionsDeep learning enabled fast and automated 3D aortic segmentation from 4D‐flow MRI, demonstrating its potential for efficient clinical workflows. Future studies should investigate its utility for other vasculature and multivendor applications.
Melt‐spun poly(lactic acid) fibers modified with soy fillers: Toward environment‐friendly disposable nonwovens
Authors: Güzdemir Özgün , Bermudez Victor , Kanhere Sagar , Ogale Amod A. 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTPoly(lactic acid) (PLA) has a significant potential as a biodegradable polymer, but its high cost and slow biodegradability restrict its use in disposable products. This study establishes a novel route to accomplish both objectives by the addition of low‐cost soy fillers into PLA, which reduced material cost and increased the degradation rate of resulting soy‐PLA fibers. Due to partial thermal degradation of soy fillers at PLA melt temperature, they could be melt‐compounded into PLA up to 5 wt%. Fine continuous fibers (D ∼ 25‐50 μm) were successfully produced via melt spinning, and further melt‐consolidated into prototypical nonwovens. The tensile strength of soy‐PLA fibers containing soy reside and soy flour were 56 ± 9 and 44 ± 5 MPa, respectively. Although slightly lower than that of neat PLA fibers (74 ± 2 MPa), the fibers possessed adequate tenacity for use as nonwoven fabrics. Fiber modulus remained unaffected at about 2.5 GPa. The soy‐PLA fibers displayed a relatively rough exterior surface and provided a natural‐fiber feel. The overall degradation of soy‐PLA fibers was accelerated about 2‐fold in a basic medium due to the preferential dissolution of soy that led to increased surface area within the PLA matrix indicating their potential for use in biodegradable nonwovens.
Neurotoxicity in adult patients with cystic fibrosis using polymyxin B for acute pulmonary exacerbations
Authors: Rekis Nick , Ambrose Madelaine , Sakon Colleen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe present four case reports that describe neurotoxicity experienced in adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) receiving intravenous polymyxin B. Paresthesia was observed after the first dose of polymyxin B in all patients. These symptoms resolved after discontinuation of polymyxin B and switching treatment to colistin. All four patients completed therapy with colistin without experiencing additional adverse reactions. This report contributes to the small body of literature currently available on the use of polymyxin B in the CF population.
Case series: Adolescent victims of the vaping public health crisis with pulmonary complications
Authors: Kass Alexandra P. , Overbeek Daniel L. , Chiel Laura E. , Boyer Edward W. , Casey Alicia M. H. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAlongside the epidemic use of electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) across the country, evidence of multiple pulmonary complications has emerged, with the most immediately life‐threatening being the new clinical condition of e‐cigarette/vaping‐associated lung injury (EVALI), with investigation actively underway to further define this entity and determine the cause or causes. We present a series of cases of respiratory illnesses associated with e‐cigarette use, many of which meet criteria for suspected or confirmed EVALI, managed at a pediatric tertiary care center, demonstrating notable variation in presenting symptoms and severity. Most cases improved with supportive respiratory care and the administration of corticosteroids and antibiotics, although generally no infection was found. The cases also tend to show improvement with discontinuation of the use of e‐cigarettes. We discuss challenges in determining the contribution of e‐cigarettes to the case pathology and review possible diagnostic and treatment options. In patients suffering from e‐cigarette‐related respiratory illness including EVALI, the primary treatment goal should be the cessation of e‐cigarette use and avoidance of other possible pulmonary toxins, including conventional cigarettes. Prevention of e‐cigarette use is critical in the youth population, as these patients are typically nicotine naïve and do not engage in smoking conventional cigarettes before initiation of vaping.
PK/PD modeling of 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) challenge test with cortisol measurement in serum and saliva
Authors: Guan Zheng , Jacobs Gabriel , van Pelt Hans , Van Gerven Joop M.A. , Burggraaf Jacobus , Zhao Wei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis research was planned to build a Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) challenge study including a circadian rhythm component of cortisol and to predict serum cortisol based on saliva cortisol. Data from three 5‐HTP challenge studies in healthy volunteers were collected. Serum 5‐HTP, saliva, and serum cortisol were sampled as PK and PD marker. The population PK/PD modeling approach was applied. A baseline model of serum cortisol was built to assess the circadian rhythm before a pharmacodynamic model was used to evaluate the drug effect of the 5‐HTP on cortisol. Finally, linear and power function relationships were tested to predict serum cortisol based on saliva cortisol. The PK of 5‐HTP could be described using a one‐compartment model with a transit compartment. The typical value for clearance was 20.40 L h−1 and showed inter‐study variability. A cosine function was chosen and properly described the circadian rhythm of serum cortisol. A linear approximation model was applied to fit the 5‐HTP PD effect on cortisol data with a slope of 4.16 ng mL−1 h. A power function provided a better description than a linear function to relate the saliva and serum cortisol. In conclusion, a circadian rhythm component was built in the PK/PD model of the 5‐HTP challenge test which could better improve the understanding of the stimulating effect on HPA with cortisol change. After the 5‐HTP challenge, saliva cortisol correlated well with serum cortisol and was predictable by a population PK‐PD model.
On the role of Ural Blocking in driving the Warm Arctic–Cold Siberia pattern
Authors: Tyrlis Evangelos , Bader Jürgen , Manzini Elisa , Ukita Jinro , Nakamura Hisashi , Matei Daniela 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe use reanalysis data to substantiate the role of Ural blocking (UB) in driving the Warm Arctic–Cold Siberia (WACS) pattern, which represents an anti‐correlation of surface temperature between the Barents–Kara Seas and central Asia. We confirm a robust link between UB and the WACS pattern on daily to subseasonal time‐scales. UB controls the pace of the WACS pattern; warming over the Barents–Kara Seas and cooling over central Asia peak 3–5 days after the UB onset. The observed sea ice deficit over the Barents–Kara Seas in the weeks prior to UB onset is not statistically significant when the long‐term trend in sea ice is removed. Thus, the sea ice deficit may not have a direct impact on UB occurrence but it develops as a delayed response to UB. The interannual variability of the WACS pattern is also strongly linked to UB. We identify an upward trend in wintertime UB in recent decades that accounts for a cooling rate of 1°C/decade over central Asia. Over the Barents–Kara Seas, UB trends explain a small fraction of the warming, which is dominated by Arctic amplification. Finally, the link between UB and the WACS pattern is statistically robust over the ERA‐Interim period but weaker during the 1990s when the lowest UB activity was observed.
Influence of alloying elements on the mechanical and thermodynamic properties of ZrB12ceramics from first‐principles calculations
Authors: Pan Yong , Lin Yuanhua 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAlthough ZrB12is a promising advanced material because of the boron cuboctahedron cages, the hardness of ZrB12remains controversy. Here, we apply first‐principles calculations to study the influence of transition metals (4d‐ and 5d‐) on the hardness and thermodynamic properties of ZrB12. The calculated hardness of ZrB12is 32.9 GPa, which is in good agreement with the previous theoretical result. Importantly, the calculated hardness of Re‐doped ZrB12is up to 40.0 GPa, which is a potential superhard material. The essential reason is that the alloying element of Re enhances the localized hybridization of BB and ZrB atoms, and then forms the strong BB covalent bond and ZrB bond. The result is well demonstrated by the chemical bonding and lattice parameter. Here, our work shows that the alloying elements of Nb, Mo, and Re enhance the thermodynamic properties of ZrB12. The Debye temperature of Re‐doped ZrB12is 1225.2 K, which is larger than that of the parent ZrB12(1213.5 K).
Three-loop soft function for heavy-to-light quark decays
Authors: Brüser Robin , Liu Ze Long , Stahlhofen Maximilian 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We compute the 1-jettiness soft function for the decay of a heavy quark into a light quark jet plus colorless particles at three-loop order in soft-collinear effective theory. The 1-jettiness measurement fixes the total small light-cone momentum component of the soft radiation with respect to the jet direction. This soft function is a universal ingredient to the factorization of heavy-to-light quark decays in the limit of small 1-jettiness. Our three-loop result is required for resummation at the N3LL′ level, e.g. near the endpoint in the photon energy spectrum of the B → Xsγ decay. It is also a necessary ingredient for future calculations of fully-differential heavy-to-light quark decay rates at N3LO using the N -jettiness subtraction method, e.g. for semileptonic top decays. Using our result for the soft anomalous dimension we confirm predictions on the universal infrared structure of QCD scattering amplitudes with a massive external quark at three loops.