bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures to Inform Care of People With Dementia—A Systematic Scoping Review
Authors: Ayton Darshini R , Gardam Madeleine L , Pritchard Elizabeth K , Ruseckaite Rasa , Ryan Joanne , Robinson Sandra J , Brodaty Henry , Ward Stephanie A , Ahern Susannah 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) captures the patient’s perspective regarding quality of life, daily functioning, symptom severity, and overall health, and how these may be impacted by health care or other interventions. PROMs are used in clinical quality registries (CQRs) for a number of diseases to assess the patient’s perspective of the impact of clinical care on quality-of-life. This scoping review aimed to identify dementia-specific PROMs, determine how the PROMs are being used, and whether they are used within dementia registries.

Research Design and Methods
Three electronic databases were searched using Medical Subject Heading terms for dementia, quality of life, and patient-reported outcomes. Data were extracted on the PROMs used and the methods and mode of administering the PROM.

Results
Seven dementia-specific PROMs were identified, however none were used in a dementia registry. All the PROMs were used at the patient level to identify patient needs and health service impacts. Three PROMs were also used at a system level to examine difference in care models. The majority of the PROMs were administered via a researcher or clinician and were predominantly completed by a proxy.

Discussion and Implications
PROMs provide an opportunity for a patient with dementia to share experiences and perspectives of care. A number of dementia-specific PROMs exist, yet none are used in dementia registries and the majority of studies utilize PROMs via a proxy. The use of PROM for patients with dementia, particularly in the context of dementia registries, requires further exploration and consideration.
Juridification of maternal deaths in Ethiopia: a study of the Maternal and Perinatal Death Surveillance and Response (MPDSR) system
Authors: Melberg Andrea , Teklemariam Lidiya , Moland Karen Marie , Aasen Henriette Sinding , Sisay Mitike Molla 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Juridification of maternal health care is on the rise globally, but little is known about its manifestations in resource constrained settings in sub-Saharan Africa. The Maternal and Perinatal Death Surveillance and Response (MPDSR) system is implemented in Ethiopia to record and review all maternal and perinatal deaths, but underreporting of deaths remains a major implementation challenge. Fear of blame and malpractice litigation among health workers are important factors in underreporting, suggestive of an increased juridification of birth care. By taking MPDSR implementation as an entry point, this article aims to explore the manifestations of juridification of birth care in Ethiopia. Based on multi-sited fieldwork involving interviews, document analysis and observations at different levels of the Ethiopian health system, we explore responses to maternal deaths at various levels of the health system. We found an increasing public notion of maternal deaths being caused by malpractice, and a tendency to perceive the juridical system as the only channel to claim accountability for maternal deaths. Conflicts over legal responsibility for deaths influenced birth care provision. Both health workers and health bureaucrats strived to balance conflicting concerns related to the MPDSR system: reporting all deaths vs revealing failures in service provision. This dilemma encouraged the development of strategies to avoid personalized accountability for deaths. In this context, increased juridification impacted both care and reporting practices. Our study demonstrates the need to create a system that secures legal protection of health professionals reporting maternal deaths as prescribed and provides the public with mechanisms to claim accountability and high-quality birth care services.
Factors influencing non-prescription sales of antibiotics among patent and proprietary medicine vendors in Kano, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Adamu Abdu A , Gadanya Muktar A , Jalo Rabiu I , Uthman Olalekan A , Wiysonge Charles S 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPatent and proprietary medicine vendors (PPMVs) increase access to antibiotics through non-prescription sales in their drug retail outlets. This fosters irrational antibiotic use among people, thus contributing to the growing burden of resistance. Although training programmes on antibiotic use and resistance exist, they have disproportionately targeted health workers in hospital settings. It’s unclear if there is a relationship between such trainings and non-prescription sales of antibiotics among PPMVs which are more embedded in communities. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted to elicit the determinants of non-prescription antibiotic sales among PPMVs in Kano metropolis, Nigeria. Through brainstorming, causal loop diagrams (CLDs) were used to illustrate the dynamics of factors that are responsible for non-prescription antibiotic sales. Multilevel logistic regression model was used to determine the relationship between training on antibiotic use and resistance and non-prescription antibiotic sales, after controlling for potential confounders. We found that two-third (66.70%) of the PPMVs reported that they have sold non-prescribed antibiotics. A total of three CLDs were constructed to illustrate the complex dynamics of the factors that are related to non-prescription antibiotic sales. After controlling for all factors, PPMVs who reported that they had never received any training on antibiotic use and resistance were twice as more likely to sell antibiotic without prescription compared with those who reported that they have ever received such training (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.27–3.37). This finding suggests that there is an association between training on antibiotic use and resistance and non-prescription sales of antibiotics. However, the complex dynamics of the factors should not be ignored as it can have implications for the development of intervention programmes. Multifaceted and multicomponent intervention packages (incorporating trainings on antibiotic use and resistance) that account for the inherent complexity within the system are likely to be more effective for this setting.
Introduction: Chris Freeman’s “History, Co-Evolution and Economic Growth”: an affectionate reappraisal
Authors: Dosi Giovanni , Nuvolari Alessandro 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe maintain that Chris Freeman’s approach to the study of the interplay between technical change and economic growth is still a very fertile source of insights. Alas, in much of mainstream research Freeman’s contribution is hardly considered. We show that this is a result of the basic assumptions of neoclassical growth theory (both “old” and “new”) that prevent a pregnant treatment of technical and institutional change. We conclude that if we want to make real progress with understanding the long-run dynamics of capitalist systems, Freeman’s “reasoned history” is an invaluable starting point.
Development of a Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Method for the Detection and Quantification of 12 Flavoring Agents in Supplementary Feed
Authors: Lee Mi Jin , Lee Jeong Min , Kim Sungjin , Park Hye Jin , Jeon Cheon Seok , Hong Hyun Jin , Choi Sung Min , Cho Soon Kil , Ahn Jong Sung , Kim Ho Jin 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A flavoring agent is a compound that serves to add flavor with a pleasant scent and is used as a feed additive. Current flavor analysis methods include reflux pretreatment, titration, neutralization titration, and inversion; these are all analytical methods in which deviations and errors between experiments are generated. Titration methods are characterized by difficult selectivity analysis both for mixtures containing two or more types of flavoring agents and also for very low content samples. Current analysis methods are therefore particularly unsuitable for these sample types. Thus, more precise and accurate analysis of flavor agents is needed. This study intends to develop and verify a multi-component simultaneous analysis method that can accurately confirm the guaranteed content of 12 flavor agents of supplementary feeds distributed in the market, the goal being to establish a universally trusted method. Method validation was performed according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) guidelines. Method
validation was performed in terms of linearity, sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy, and precision. The limits of detection (LOD) for the instrument employed in these experiments ranged from 0.44–4.77 mg/kg, and the limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 1.32–14.31 mg/kg. Average recoveries of the 12 flavoring agents ranged from 75.1–111.4%. Maximum %RSD values for intraday and interday peak area variation are 13.09% and 13.08%, respectively. A novel and simple method for detecting 12 flavoring agents in animal feed supplements using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was developed.
Postmortem Brain–Blood Ratios of Codeine, Fentanyl, Oxycodone and Tramadol
Authors: Nedahl Michael , Johansen Sys Stybe , Linnet Kristian 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe analgesics, codeine, fentanyl, oxycodone and tramadol, frequently occur in postmortem cases and determining their role in the cause of death can be challenging. However, postmortem blood is susceptible to redistribution and may not be available in cases of severe blood loss, putrefaction or burns. Brain tissue may serve as a viable supplement to blood or on its own, as it is resistant to postmortem redistribution and often available as a sample matrix when blood is not available. We present brain and blood concentrations and brain–blood ratios of the four analgesics from 210 autopsy cases. The cases were classified according to the presumed cause of death: A: The compound was believed to have solely caused a fatal intoxication. B: The compound was assumed to have contributed to a fatal outcome in combination with other drugs, alcohol or disease. C: The compound was not regarded as being related to the cause of death. Blood and brain samples were prepared by automatic solid phase extraction and quantified by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The squared correlation coefficients between concentrations in brain tissue and blood ranged 0.45–0.91. The median brain–blood ratios were codeine 1.8 (range 0.47–4.6), fentanyl 2.1 (range 0.29–16), oxycodone 1.8 (range 0.11–6.0) and tramadol 1.8 (range 0.047–6.8). A significantly higher brain–blood ratio of codeine was observed in cases where heroin had been administered, although there was a wide overlap. Intravenous and transdermal fentanyl administration could not be distinguished based on the blood or brain concentration or the brain–blood ratio. The results of this study may benefit the toxicological investigation in postmortem cases where one of the four analgesics are suspected of having contributed to or caused a fatal intoxication.
Experimental Assessment of the Economic Injury Level of the Cereal Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Winter Wheat
Authors: Steinger Thomas , Klötzli Françoise , Ramseier Hans 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The cereal leaf beetle, Oulema melanopus L., is an economically important pest species, reducing crop yields in many cereal growing parts of the world. Available studies on yield depression in winter wheat in relation to the density of O. melanopus revealed inconsistent results, creating uncertainty about economic thresholds for pest control. We present results from a series of controlled field trials over a 4-yr period (2014–2017) in Switzerland to examine the impact of artificial defoliation (0, 20, 40, and 60% of flag leaf area removed in 1-m2 field plots) on yield and yield components in winter wheat. The applied defoliation treatments correspond to field infestations levels of approximately 2–6 larvae per stem. Analysis of the combined data from 11 location-years revealed a significant linear decrease in yield per ear with increasing defoliation intensity. Yield per ear declined at a rate of 1.14% (SE = 0.28) per 10 percentage-point increase in defoliation. Similar results were found in a parallel series of field trials in which a 40% defoliation treatment was applied to eight common wheat cultivars. Interestingly, however, three cultivars showed complete tolerance in yield to defoliation. Data from two trials with natural defoliation by larvae revealed equally low levels of yield loss by feeding of O. melanopus. Based on the experimentally derived yield loss function, we calculated economic injury levels for a range of crop values. These will serve as benchmarks in the development of IPM decision-support tools for managing cereal leaf beetles in winter wheat.
Arthropod Invasions Versus Soybean Production in Brazil: A Review
Authors: Pozebon Henrique , Marques Rafael P , Padilha Guilherme , O´Neal Matthew , Valmorbida Ivair , Bevilaqua Julia G , Tay Wee Tek , Arnemann Jonas André 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSoybean production in Brazil has been markedly affected by invasions of non-native arthropod species that feed on the crop, severely impacting biodiversity, food security, health, and economic development. Data on soybean production losses and increase in insecticide usage over the last two decades have not been explored in association with past invasion events, and the dynamics underlying the recent blitz of invasive species into Brazil remain largely unclear. We provide a review of arthropod invasions in the Brazilian soybean agroecosystem since 1990, indicating that the introductions of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are likely correlated with periods of increase in insecticide usage for soybean production. Using these three cases as examples, we review factors that could lead to increased likelihood of future invasions by particular pests, outlining four possible criteria to evaluate potential invasiveness of non-native arthropods: likelihood of entry, likelihood of establishment, biological features of the species, and availability of control measures. Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Aphis glycines (Matsumura) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhynca) are examples of highly damaging soybean pests, related to one or more of these factors, that could be introduced into Brazil over the next years and which could lead to problematic scenarios. Melanagromyza sojae (Zehnter) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) also meets these criteria and has successfully invaded and colonized Brazilian soybean fields in recent years. Our review identifies current issues within soybean pest management in Brazil and highlights the need to adopt management measures to offset future costs and minimize lost revenue.
Patentability and de-extinct animals in Europe: the patented woolly mammoth?
Authors: McMahon Aisling , Doyle David M 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
De-extinction is a hot topic within conservation science but the potential patentability of de-extinct animals in Europe has hitherto been unexplored. This article addresses this lacuna, examining the legal, commercial, and ethical implications of patenting de-extinct animals under European patent law. The article is organized into four parts. Part I explores the reasons why patents are relevant and may be applied for in this context. Part II provides an overview of the scientific techniques currently being used in de-extinction projects, setting the foundation for the analysis of patentability which follows. Part III then critically assesses whether recreated animals would qualify as patent eligible subject matter under European patent law. It also investigates the extent to which European patent exclusions such as those on animal varieties, essentially biological processes, and the morality provisions might apply and whether recreated animals would meet the novelty requirement for patentability. Part IV concludes by highlighting the possible ramifications of patenting such animals, elucidating the chasm between the cultural and symbolic significance held by such animals, and their lack of differential treatment in the patent law sphere. It argues that de-extinction reignites questions around the scope of patents, and the role of ethical considerations within patent decision-making which warrant urgent reconsideration.
The Missing Reading of the Parable: Comment on ‘The Twelfth Camel, or the Economics of Justice’, by F Ost [(2011) 2(2) J Int Disp Settlement 333–51]
Authors: Sassoli de Bianchi Massimiliano 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In a very educational article, François Ost took us through 12 different readings of the ancient Bedouin parable of the 12 camels. In this note, we observe that the judge’s stratagem of introducing the 12th camel, which is ultimately returned to him, not only allows for solving the dispute, in pragmatic terms, but also yields the only repartition that respects to the letter the will expressed in the testament. We also show that when the stratagem of adding a camel (or more than a single camel) is available, it necessarily yields the correct outcome. Our solution, which we believe is new in relation to this ancient parable, allows one to carry forward Ost’s invitation to use this remarkable story to think about justice and the act of justice.
A case of prostate stromal sarcoma involving the rectum
Authors: Ueda Shin , Okada Keisuke , Kanzawa Maki , Fukuda Teruo , Furukawa Junya , Fujisawa Masato 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Sarcomas and related proliferative lesions of the specialized stroma of the prostate are very rare and have been classified into prostate stromal sarcoma (PSS) and prostatic stromal tumor of uncertain malignant potential based on histology. We herein describe a case of PSS. A 40-year-old male presented at a hospital with urinary distention. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large prostate mass, and the diagnosis was prostate sarcoma of uncertain differentiation by ultrasound-guided needle biopsy. Total pelvic exenteration was performed and a pathological diagnosis of PSS was ultimately reached. Ten months later, there have been no signs of metastasis or recurrence.
Connecting the metallicity dependence and redshift evolution of high-mass X-ray binaries
Authors: Fornasini Francesca M , Civano Francesca , Suh Hyewon 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
The integrated X-ray luminosity (LX) of high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) in a galaxy is correlated with its star formation rate (SFR), and the normalization of this correlation increases with redshift. Population synthesis models suggest that the redshift evolution of LX/SFR is driven by the metallicity (Z) dependence of HMXBs, and the first direct evidence of this connection was recently presented using galaxies at z ∼ 2. To confirm this result with more robust measurements and better constrain the LX–SFR–Z relation, we have studied the Z dependence of LX/SFR at lower redshifts. Using samples of star-forming galaxies at z = 0.1–0.9 with optical spectra from the hCOSMOS and zCOSMOS surveys, we stacked Chandra data from the COSMOS Legacy survey to measure the average LX/SFR as a function of Z in three redshift ranges: z = 0.1–0.25, 0.25–0.4, and 0.5–0.9. We find no significant variation of the LX–SFR–Z relation with redshift. Our results provide further evidence that the Z dependence of HMXBs is responsible for the redshift evolution of LX/SFR. Combining all available z &gt; 0 measurements together, we derive a best-fitting LX–SFR–Z relation and assess how different population synthesis models describe the data. These results provide the strongest constraints to date on the LX–SFR–Z relation in the range of 8.0 &lt; 12 + log(O/H) &lt; 9.0.
Prp5−Spt8/Spt3 interaction mediates a reciprocal coupling between splicing and transcription
Authors: Shao Wei , Ding Zhan , Zheng Zeng-Zhang , Shen Ji-Jia , Shen Yu-Xian , Pu Jia , Fan Yu-Jie , Query Charles C , Xu Yong-Zhen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTranscription and pre-mRNA splicing are coupled to promote gene expression and regulation. However, mechanisms by which transcription and splicing influence each other are still under investigation. The ATPase Prp5p is required for pre-spliceosome assembly and splicing proofreading at the branch-point region. From an open UV mutagenesis screen for genetic suppressors of prp5 defects and subsequent targeted testing, we identify components of the TBP-binding module of the Spt–Ada–Gcn5 Acetyltransferase (SAGA) complex, Spt8p and Spt3p. Spt8Δ and spt3Δ rescue the cold-sensitivity of prp5-GAR allele, and prp5 mutants restore growth of spt8Δ and spt3Δ strains on 6-azauracil. By chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we find that prp5 alleles decrease recruitment of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to an intron-containing gene, which is rescued by spt8Δ. Further ChIP-seq reveals that global effects on Pol II-binding are mutually rescued by prp5-GAR and spt8Δ. Inhibited splicing caused by prp5-GAR is also restored by spt8Δ. In vitro assays indicate that Prp5p directly interacts with Spt8p, but not Spt3p. We demonstrate that Prp5p's splicing proofreading is modulated by Spt8p and Spt3p. Therefore, this study reveals that interactions between the TBP-binding module of SAGA and the spliceosomal ATPase Prp5p mediate a balance between transcription initiation/elongation and pre-spliceosome assembly.