bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources of Mortality in Bald Eagles in Michigan, 1986–2017
Authors: Simon Kendall L. , Best David A. , Sikarskie James G. , Pittman H. Tyler , Bowerman William W. , Cooley Thomas M. , Stolz Scott 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTAs bald eagle populations recover, defining major sources of mortality provides managers important information to develop management plans and mitigation efforts. We obtained data from necropsies on 1,490 dead bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) collected in Michigan, USA, conducted from 1986 to 2017 to determine causes of death (COD). Trauma and poisoning were the most common primary COD categories, followed by disease. Within trauma and poisoning, vehicular trauma (n = 532) and lead poisoning (n = 176) were the leading COD subcategories, respectively. Females comprised a greater number of carcasses for most COD diagnoses. The proportion of trauma and poisoning CODs significantly increased in the last few years of the study in comparison to a select few years at the beginning. Trauma CODs were greater in autumn months during whitetail deer (Odocoileus virginianus) breeding and hunting seasons and in February, when aquatic foraging is unavailable and eagles are likely forced to scavenge along roadsides. Poisoning CODs were greatest in late winter and early spring months, when deer carcasses containing lead ammunition, which are preserved by the cold weather, also become a supplemental food source. The major infectious disease CODs, West Nile virus and botulism (Clostridium botulinum type E), were more prevalent during summer months. We recommend moving road‐killed carcasses, especially white‐tailed deer, from the main thoroughfare to the back of the right‐of‐way, and the transition from lead ammunition and fishing tackle to non‐toxic alternatives to decrease these main anthropogenic sources of mortality for bald eagles, and other scavenger species. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
High‐Fidelity, Sub‐5 nm Patterns from High‐χ Block Copolymer Films with Vapor‐Deposited Ultrathin, Cross‐Linked Surface‐Modification Layers
Authors: Wang Hyun Suk , Oh Seula , Choi Junhwan , Jang Wontae , Kim Ki Hyun , Arellano Carlos Luis , Huh June , Bang Joona , Im Sung Gap 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDespite their capability, sub‐10 nm periodic nano‐patterns formed by strongly segregating block copolymer (BCP) thin films cannot be easily oriented perpendicular to the substrate due to the huge surface energy differences of the constituent blocks. To produce perpendicular nano‐patterns, the interfacial energies of both the substrate and free interfaces should be controlled precisely to induce non‐preferential wetting. Unfortunately, high‐performance surface modification layers are challenging to design, and different kinds of surface modification methods must be devised respectively for each neutral layer and top coat. Furthermore, conventional approaches, largely based on spin‐coating processes, are highly prone to defect formation and may readily cause dewetting at sub‐10 nm thickness. To date, these obstacles have hampered the development of high‐fidelity, sub‐5 nm BCP patterns. Herein, an all‐vapor phase deposition approach initiated chemical vapor deposition is demonstrated to form 9‐nm‐thick, uniform neutral bottom layer and top coat with exquisite control of composition and thickness. These layers are employed in BCP films to produce perpendicular cylinders with a diameter of ≈4 nm that propagate throughout a BCP thickness of up to ≈60 nm, corresponding to five natural domain spacings of the BCP. Such a robust approach will serve as an advancement for the reliable generation of sub‐10 nm nano‐patterns.
Easily Processable Thermosets with Outstanding Performance via Smart Twisted Small‐Molecule Benzoxazines
Authors: Zhang Kan , Liu Yuqi , Evans Corey J. , Yang Shengfu 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHigh‐performance aromatic polymers have excellent thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties and are lightweight, but it is highly challenging to deliver outstanding performances while still maintaining good processability of the precursors. Here, a new family of small‐molecule benzoxazine resins with ortho‐maleimide functionality is reported, which strikes an exceptional balance between the processability and performance. The excellent processability is attributed to the twisted molecular configurations of ortho‐maleimide‐substituted benzoxazines, which prevent intermolecular packing in the resin systems. The new benzoxazines can polymerize through multiple routes, which eliminate the twisted structures and create highly cross‐linked polymer networks. The resulting new polymers are found to possess fascinating properties such as a high thermal stability (no Tg can be detected before 400 °C), excellent flame retardancy (a heat release capacity of 42.5 J g−1 K−1), and low dielectric constants (2.62–2.30 in the frequency range of 1 Hz to 10 MHz). The combined processability and versatility highlight the potential of smart benzoxazines in the preparation of high‐performance thermosets, with important new applications that may span aerospace, transportation, and electronic packaging materials.
Dynamic T2 mapping by multi‐spin‐echo spatiotemporal encoding
Authors: Bao Qingjia , Ma Lingceng , Liberman Gilad , Solomon Eddy , Martinho Ricardo P. , Frydman Lucio 
Published: January 2020

PurposeTo develop a pulse sequence for acquiring robust, quantitative T2 relaxation maps in real time.MethodsThe pulse scheme relies on fully refocused spatiotemporally encoded multi‐spin‐echo trains, which provide images that are significantly less distorted than spin‐echo echo planar imaging‐based counterparts. This enables single‐shot T2 mapping in inhomogeneity‐prone regions. Another advantage of these schemes stems from their ability to interleave multiple scans in a reference‐free manner, providing an option to increase sensitivity and spatial resolution with minimal motional artifacts.ResultsThe method was implemented in preclinical and clinical scanners, where single‐shot acquisitions delivered reliable T2 maps in ≤200 ms with ≈250 µm and ≈3 mm resolutions, respectively. Ca. 4 times higher spatial resolutions were achieved for the motion‐compensated interleaved versions of these acquisitions, delivering T2 maps in ca. 10 s per slice. These maps were nearly indistinguishable from multi‐scan relaxometric maps requiring orders‐of‐magnitude longer acquisitions; this was confirmed by mice head and real‐time mice abdomen 7T scans performed following contrast‐agent injections, as well as by 3T human brain and breast scans.ConclusionThis study introduced and demonstrated a new approach for acquiring rapid and quantitative T2 data, which is particularly reliable when operating at high fields and/or targeting heterogeneous organs or regions.
Pseudo‐spiral sampling and compressed sensing reconstruction provides flexibility of temporal resolution in accelerated aortic 4D flow MRI: A comparison with k‐t principal component analysis
Authors: Gottwald Lukas M. , Peper Eva S. , Zhang Qinwei , Coolen Bram F. , Strijkers Gustav J. , Nederveen Aart J. , van Ooij Pim 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIntroductionTime‐resolved three‐dimensional phase contrast MRI (4D flow) of aortic blood flow requires acceleration to reduce scan time. Two established techniques for highly accelerated 4D flow MRI are k‐t principal component analysis (k‐t PCA) and compressed sensing (CS), which employ either regular or random k‐space undersampling. The goal of this study was to gain insights into the quantitative differences between k‐t PCA‐ and CS‐derived aortic blood flow, especially for high temporal resolution CS 4D flow MRI.MethodsThe scan protocol consisted of both k‐t PCA and CS accelerated 4D flow MRI, as well as a 2D flow reference scan through the ascending aorta acquired in 15 subjects. 4D flow scans were accelerated with factor R = 8. For CS accelerated scans, we used a pseudo‐spiral Cartesian sampling scheme, which could additionally be reconstructed at higher temporal resolution, resulting in R = 13. 4D flow data were compared with the 2D flow scan in terms of flow, peak flow and stroke volume. A 3D peak systolic voxel‐wise velocity and wall shear stress (WSS) comparison between k‐t PCA and CS 4D flow was also performed.ResultsThe mean difference in flow/peak flow/stroke volume between the 2D flow scan and the 4D flow CS with R = 8 and R = 13 was 4.2%/9.1%/3.0% and 5.3%/7.1%/1.9%, respectively, whereas for k‐t PCA with R = 8 the difference was 9.7%/25.8%/10.4%. In the voxel‐by‐voxel 4D flow comparison we found 13.6% and 3.5% lower velocity and WSS values of k‐t PCA compared with CS with R = 8, and 15.9% and 5.5% lower velocity and WSS values of k‐t PCA compared with CS with R = 13.ConclusionPseudo‐spiral accelerated 4D flow acquisitions in combination with CS reconstruction provides a flexible choice of temporal resolution. We showed that our proposed strategy achieves better agreement in flow values with 2D reference scans compared with using k‐t PCA accelerated acquisitions.
Fixed parameter tractability of a biconnected bottleneck Steiner network problem
Authors: Ras Charl J. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFor a given set X of points in the plane, we consider the problem of constructing a 2‐vertex‐connected network spanning X and at most k additional Steiner points such that the length of the longest edge (the so‐called bottleneck) of the network is minimized. When one introduces a constraint on the network specifying that all Steiner points must be of degree 2 the problem remains NP‐complete but becomes fixed parameter tractable with respect to k. We prove this by presenting an algorithm which solves the degree‐2 bounded problem optimally in a time of O(n4k62k), where n = |X|. We also present a simple 3‐approximation algorithm for the degree‐2 bounded problem and show that the bottleneck length of an optimal solution to the degree‐2 bounded problem is at most twice the bottleneck length when degree is not bounded.
“I train and mentor, they take them”: A qualitative study of nurses' perspectives of neonatal nursing expertise and its development in Kenyan hospitals
Authors: Nyikuri Mary , Kumar Pratap , English Mike , Jones Caroline 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAims and ObjectivesNeonatal inpatient care is reliant on experienced nursing care, yet little is known about how Kenyan hospitals foster the development of newborn nursing experience in newborn units.DesignA Qualitative ethnographic design.MethodsFace to face 29 in depth interviews were conducted with nurses providing neonatal care in one private, one faith based and one public hospital in Nairobi, Kenya between January 2017 and March 2018. All data were transcribed verbatim, coded in the original language and analysed using a framework approach.ResultsAcross the sectors, nurses perceived experience as important to the provision of quality care. They noted that hospitals could foster experience through recruitment, orientation, continuous learning and retention. However, while the private hospital facilitated experience building the public and faith‐based hospitals experienced challenges due to human resource management practices and nursing shortages.ConclusionHealth sector context influenced how experience was developed among nurses.ImplicationsNurturing experience will require that different health sectors adopt better recruitment for people interested in NBU work, better orientation and fewer rotations even without specialist nurse training.
Social anhedonia across mental disorders: A validation study of the Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale
Authors: Liang Yun‐si , Wang Yi , Wang Yan‐yu , Ni Ke , Gooding Diane C. , Chan Raymond C. K. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe present study validated the Chinese version of the Anticipatory and Consummatory Interpersonal Pleasure Scale (ACIPS) in a group of patients with mental disorders. The results replicated the four‐factor structure of the ACIPS in a Chinese setting and showed good discrimination validity.
Comparison of medication adherence measures derived from linked administrative data and associations with mortality using restricted cubic splines in heart failure patients
Authors: Qin Xiwen , Hung Joseph , Knuiman Matthew W , Briffa Tom G , Teng Tiew‐Hwa Katherine , Sanfilippo Frank M 
Published: January 2020

AbstractPurposeThere is no gold standard method to calculate medication adherence using administrative drug data. We compared three common methods and their ability to predict subsequent mortality in patients with heart failure (HF).MethodsPerson‐linked population‐based datasets were used to identify 4234 patients (56% male, mean age of 76), who survived 1 year (landmark period) following hospitalization for HF in Western Australia from 2003 to 2008. Adherence was estimated by the medication possession ratio (MPR), MPR modified (MPRm), and proportion of days covered (PDC) in patients dispensed a renin‐angiotensin system inhibitor (RASI) and/or β‐blocker within the landmark period. Adjusted Cox regression models that fitted restricted cubic splines (RCS) assessed the relationship between medication adherence and 1‐year all‐cause death postlandmark period.ResultsIn the landmark period, 87% and 68% of the HF cohort were dispensed RASI and β‐blockers, respectively. Mean adherence estimates for RASI and β‐blockers were 90% and 79% for MPR, 96% and 86% for MPRm, and 82% and 73% for PDC, respectively. In RCS models, MPRm was not associated with subsequent 1‐year death in either the RASI or β‐blocker group, while MPR was independently associated with death in the RASI group only (P ≤ .01). However, PDC as a binary variable (PDC <80% or ≥80%) or continuous variable was independently associated with 1‐year death in both RASI and β‐blocker groups (all P ≤ .02).ConclusionProportion of days covered calculated from administrative drug data provides a more conservative estimate of adherence than MPR or MPRm and was the most consistent predictor of subsequent mortality in an HF cohort using RCS analysis.
Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy study of polyvinylpyrrolidone‐added polyvinylidene fluoride membranes: Investigation of free volume and permeation relationships
Authors: Eren Bilge , Eren Erdal , Guney Murat , Jean Yan‐Ching , Van Horn J. David 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTPolyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes were prepared via the phase inversion method from casting solutions containing PVDF, dimethylformamide (DMF), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as pore former. PVP was used in the casting solution in a range of 0–5 wt % and extracted. The effect on membranes of using PVP in the casting process was analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, viscosity, and water permeability techniques. With an increase of PVP from 0 to 5 wt %, the PVDF casting solution viscosities increased from 858 to 1148 cP; the resulting PVDF membrane thickness increased; and the crystallinity of PVDF membranes decreased from 40.0 to 33.3%, which indicates that the addition of PVP inhibits the degree of crystallization in the PVDF membranes. SEM results revealed the shape and size of macropores in the membranes; these macropores changed after PVP addition to the casting solutions. The impact of structural changes on free‐volume properties was evaluated using positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) studies. PALS analysis indicated no effect on the average radius (~3.4 Å) of membrane free‐volume holes from the addition of PVP to the casting solution. However, the percentage ofo‐Ps pick‐off annihilation intensity, I3, increased from 1.7 to 5.1% with increased PVP content. Further, increasing the PVP content from 0.5 to 5% resulted in an increased final pure water permeability flux. For instance, the 210 min flux for a 14% PVDF + 0.5% PVP membrane was found to be 3.3 times greater than a control membrane having the same PVDF concentration. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci.2020,58, 589–598
Extracting uncrosslinked material from low modulus sylgard 184 and the effect on mechanical properties
Authors: Glover Justin D. , McLaughlin Colbi E. , McFarland Mary K. , Pham Jonathan T. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTCommercial silicone elastomers are commonly used in soft materials research due to their easily tunable mechanical properties. However, conventional polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers with moduli below ∼100 kPa contain uncrosslinked free molecules, which play a significant role in their behavior. To utilize these materials, it is important to quantify what role these free molecules play in the mechanical response before and after their removal. We present a simple and inexpensive extraction method that enables the removal of free molecules from a lightly crosslinked sheet of Sylgard 184, a commercially available PDMS elastomer. The materials can contain a majority of free molecules yet maintain a thin and flat geometry without fractures after extraction. Subsequently, we compare the modulus, maximum stretchability, and hysteresis behavior with mixing ratios ranging from 60:1 to 30:1, before and after extraction. We show that the modulus, maximum stretchability, and dissipation increase upon extraction. Moreover, our approach offers a route to prepare crosslinked silicone elastomers with a modulus as low as ∼20 kPa without free molecules from a commercially available kit. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci.2020,58, 343–351
Patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth among breast cancer patients in China: A latent profile analysis
Authors: Liu Xiaoyan , Zhang Qian , Yu Meng , Xu Wei 
Published: January 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify the patterns of posttraumatic responses among breast cancer (BC) patients, to explore the variables associated with these patterns, and to compare anxiety and depression on various posttraumatic response patterns.MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted with a sample of 612 BC patients who were currently undergoing treatment. The questionnaire package included Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Scale (PSS), Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Network of Relationships Inventory, Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 (GAD‐7), and Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9). Modeling was performed using a latent profile analysis (LPA) to explore patterns of posttraumatic responses among BC patients.ResultsBased on the fitting indicators of LPA, three‐class patterns model of posttraumatic responses was optimal. Resisting group (34.6%): patients reported mild posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and mild posttraumatic growth (PTG). Growth group (47.4%): patients showed mild PTSS and high PTG. Struggling group (18.0%): patients showed high PTSS and high PTG. BC patients with lower income were more likely to belong to Resisting group and Struggling group. BC patients with high levels of social support were more likely to belong to Growth group. Patients in Struggling group had the highest levels of anxiety and depression.ConclusionsThis study showed that there was heterogeneity in posttraumatic response patterns of BC patients. The results provided theoretical base guiding the development of health care schemes and psychological interventions for patients, suggesting the necessity of differentiated health care for BC patients with different posttraumatic response patterns.
Highly flexible, hydrophobic, and large area plasma‐polymer‐fluorocarbon/Cu/SiNx transparent thin film heater and thermotherapy pad application
Authors: Kang Tae‐Woon , Kim Sung Hyun , Kim Mac , Cho Eunmi , Lee Sang‐Jin 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this study, we prepared a plasma‐polymer‐fluorocarbon/Cu/SiNx (PCS) film heater with a transparent, self‐cleaning surface and excellent mechanical flexibility by using Cu as the heating metal. The PCS film heater exhibited a maximum transmittance of 78.3% in the visible region, a sheet resistance of 4.6 Ω/sq, and a water contact angle of 105° on the film surface. The maximum mechanical inner bending radius was 4 mm, and the cyclic reliability was excellent. In particular, despite the lower optical properties, compared with those of the Ag‐based heater, the maximum transmittance of the PCS film heater in the visible light region was almost the same as that of Ag, and the maximum bending radius was smaller. To evaluate the industrial applicability of the PCS film heater, various sizes were fabricated to evaluate the electrical and heating properties, and a thermotherapy pad was fabricated to demonstrate its applicability as a medical device.
Radionuclide 188Re‐Loaded Photothermal Hydrogel for Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Wang Yangyun , Li Linlin , Shi Xingpeng , Dong Liu , Yang Yihang , Zhang Youjiu , Wu Guolin , Zhu Ran 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHerein, an injectable photothermal hydrogel system containing a therapeutic radionuclide 188Re is studied for combined radioisotope therapy and photothermal therapy (PTT) of cancer. A dopamine‐conjugated poly(α,β‐aspartic acid) copolymer (PDAEA) is used to trigger a sol–gel phase transition in mixture with Fe3+ ions, rapidly forming a gel by simply mixing PDAEA and FeCl3 phosphate buffer saline solutions. The injectable hydrogel exhibits strong near‐infrared light absorbance and can efficiently convert light into a heating effect for local PTT treatment. The obtained hydrogel possesses a porous 3D microstructure, and can be utilized for radionuclide loading. After the Na188ReO4 loading, the hydrogel is intratumorally injected into the tumor of mice bearing 4T1 murine breast cancer cells for studying the tumor retention and therapeutic efficiency. In vivo results show that Na188ReO4‐loaded hydrogel exhibits significantly longer time in the tumor sites than that of free Na188ReO4. The tumor growth of mice treated with Na188ReO4‐loaded hydrogel under near‐infrared radiation is significantly inhibited compared with control groups. Therefore, the results show that the developed strategy using an injectable and biocompatible hydrogel may promote the applications of radioisotope therapy and photothermal therapy for cancer.