bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orthognathic Surgery to Improve Facial Profile: Assessment, 3-Dimensional Planning, and Technique
Authors: Park Kitae E , Maniskas Seija , Allam Omar , Pourtaheri Navid , Steinbacher Derek M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A concave profile with class III malocclusion is most often due to a combination of maxillary hypoplasia and mandibular hyperplasia. Surgical correction entails normalization of jaw positions and is more challenging in the setting of concurrent asymmetry and open bite. Treatment should optimize both facial harmony and occlusion. Orthognathic surgery for class III deformities occurs at skeletal maturity and should address all aspects of the condition while preventing unnecessary emotional stress from delayed treatment. In this article, the authors describe the 3-jaw orthognathic surgery technique to address maxillary hypoplasia, mandibular prognathism, open bite, and mandibular asymmetry in a single procedure. The process of preoperative 3-dimensional (3D) virtual surgical planning, detailed surgical technique, fat grafting, and a comparison of preoperative and postoperative 3D aesthetic outcomes is presented. Additionally, a retrospective review of postoperative outcomes of 54 patients who received 3-jaw orthognathic surgery is presented as well.
Temporal Clustering of Hate Crimes in the Aftermath of the Brexit Vote and Terrorist Attacks: A Comparison of Scotland and England and Wales
Authors: Piatkowska Sylwia J , Lantz Brendan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study examines the temporal clustering of hate crimes in Scotland, England and Wales in the wake of the Brexit vote and the 2017 terrorist attacks. Using an interrupted time-series design, we analyzed hate crime data by motivation type and month as provided by area police forces under the Freedom of Information Act. The results revealed a significant increase in crimes based on religious bias in Scotland, England and Wales after the 2017 terrorist attacks. There is also evidence of a significant increase in racial hate crime in the aftermath of the European Union referendum but only in England and Wales. We suggest that these findings underscore the role of political legitimization in predicting hate crimes.
Place-making: Toward a place-aware community practice agenda
Authors: Shwartz-Ziv Tamar , Strier Roni 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSince its very inception, the field of social work has acknowledged the importance of place in shaping communal identity, construing shared meanings and generating collective actions. Nevertheless, the analytical framework of place-making, which enjoys growing interest in other disciplines, has little impact on social work and its incorporation into social work community practice is still embryonic. The place-making perspective is particularly relevant to the multiple challenges faced by community practice in the twenty-first century. This qualitative study aims to encourage the inclusion of place-making analytical perspective in community practice research by examining community practitioners’ engagement in place-making processes within the complex context of Israeli Jewish–Arab mixed cities. Based on semi-structured interviews with thirty community practitioners in the public services, the findings reveal that participants were highly engaged in four main interrelated aspects of place-making: shaping the ethnocultural meanings of place, managing the meaning of space in power relations, re-constructing the conflicted meaning of space and framing the history of place. The study illustrates the usefulness of the place-making analytical framework in community practice, especially in the context of increasing contested and divided urban realities.
5′ UTR CGG repeat expansion inGIPC1is associated with oculopharyngodistal myopathy
Authors: Xi Jianying , Wang Xilu , Yue Dongyue , Dou Tonghai , Wu Qunfeng , Lu Jun , Liu Yiqi , Yu Wenbo , Qiao Kai , Lin Jie , Luo Sushan , Li Jing , Du Ailian , Dong Jihong , Chen Yan , Luo Lijun , Yang Jie , Niu Zhenmin , Liang Zonghui , Zhao Chongbo , Lu Jiahong , Zhu Wenhua , Zhou Yan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOculopharyngodistal myopathy is a late-onset degenerative muscle disorder characterized by ptosis and weakness of the facial, pharyngeal, and distal limb muscles. A recent report suggested a non-coding trinucleotide repeat expansion in LRP12 to be associated with the disease. Here we report a genetic study in a Chinese cohort of 41 patients with the clinical diagnosis of oculopharyngodistal myopathy (21 cases from seven families and 20 sporadic cases). In a large family with 12 affected individuals, combined haplotype and linkage analysis revealed a maximum two-point logarithm of the odds (LOD) score of 3.3 in chromosomal region chr19p13.11-p13.2 and narrowed the candidate region to an interval of 4.5 Mb. Using a comprehensive strategy combining whole-exome sequencing, long-read sequencing, repeat-primed polymerase chain reaction and GC-rich polymerase chain reaction, we identified an abnormal CGG repeat expansion in the 5′ UTR of the GIPC1 gene that co-segregated with disease. Overall, the repeat expansion in GIPC1 was identified in 51.9% independent pedigrees (4/7 families and 10/20 sporadic cases), while the repeat expansion in LRP12 was only identified in one sporadic case (3.7%) in our cohort. The number of CGG repeats was &lt;30 in controls but &gt;60 in affected individuals. There was a slight correlation between repeat size and the age at onset. Both repeat expansion and retraction were observed during transmission but somatic instability was not evident. These results further support that non-coding CGG repeat expansion plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of oculopharyngodistal myopathy.
Cytomegalovirus-Specific Immunoglobulin G Is Associated With Chronic Lung Disease in Children and Adolescents from Sub-Saharan Africa Living With Perinatal Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Hameiri Bowen Dan , Sovershaeva Evgeniya , Charlton Bethany , Schive Cecilie , Odland Jon , McHugh Grace , Bandason Tsitsi , Mayini Justin , Ferrand Rashida A , Yindom Louis-Marie , Rowland-Jones Sarah L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In a cross-sectional study of 296 children and adolescents from Zimbabwe living with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus, individuals with the top tertile of cytomegalovirus-specific immunoglobulin G titer had an increased odds of chronic lung disease (odds ratio, 3.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.37–8.85; P = .010).
Study of Longitudinal Aging in Mice: Presentation of Experimental Techniques
Authors: Palliyaguru Dushani L , Vieira Ligo Teixeira Camila , Duregon Eleonora , di Germanio Clara , Alfaras Irene , Mitchell Sarah J , Navas-Enamorado Ignacio , Shiroma Eric J , Studenski Stephanie , Bernier Michel , Camandola Simonetta , Price Nathan L , Ferrucci Luigi , de Cabo Rafael 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Aging is associated with functional and metabolic decline and is a risk factor for all noncommunicable diseases. Even though mice are routinely used for modeling human aging and aging-related conditions, no comprehensive assessment to date has been conducted on normative mouse aging. To address this gap, the Study of Longitudinal Aging in Mice (SLAM) was designed and implemented by the National Institute on Aging (NIA/NIH) as the mouse counterpart to the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). In this manuscript, we describe the premise, study design, methodologies, and technologies currently employed in SLAM. We also discuss current and future study directions. In this large population mouse study, inbred C57BL/6J and outbred UM-HET3 mice of both sexes are longitudinally evaluated for functional, phenotypic, and biological health, and collection of biospecimens is conducted throughout their life span. Within the longitudinal cohorts, a cross-sectional arm of the study has also been implemented for the well-controlled collection of tissues to generate a biorepository. SLAM and studies stemming from SLAM seek to identify and characterize phenotypic and biological predictors of mouse aging and age-associated conditions, examine the degrees of functional and biomolecular variability that occur within inbred and genetically heterogeneous mouse populations with age, and assess whether these changes are consistent with alterations observed in human aging in BLSA. The findings from these studies will be critical for evaluating the utility of mouse models for studying different aspects of aging, both in terms of interpreting prior findings and designing and implementing future studies.
Drug repositioning as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerations associated with OPA1 mutations
Authors: Aleo Serena J , Del Dotto Valentina , Fogazza Mario , Maresca Alessandra , Lodi Tiziana , Goffrini Paola , Ghelli Anna , Rugolo Michela , Carelli Valerio , Baruffini Enrico , Zanna Claudia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
OPA1 mutations are the major cause of dominant optic atrophy (DOA) and the syndromic form DOA plus, pathologies for which there is no established cure. We used a ‘drug repurposing’ approach to identify FDA-approved molecules able to rescue the mitochondrial dysfunctions induced by OPA1 mutations. We screened two different chemical libraries by using two yeast strains carrying the mgm1I322M and the chim3P646L mutations, identifying 26 drugs able to rescue their oxidative growth phenotype. Six of them, able to reduce the mitochondrial DNA instability in yeast, have been then tested in Opa1 deleted mouse embryonic fibroblasts expressing the human OPA1 isoform 1 bearing the R445H and D603H mutations. Some of these molecules were able to ameliorate the energetic functions and/or the mitochondrial network morphology, depending on the type of OPA1 mutation. The final validation has been performed in patients’ fibroblasts, allowing to select the most effective molecules. Our current results are instrumental to rapidly translating the findings of this drug repurposing approach into clinical trial for DOA and other neurodegenerations caused by OPA1 mutations.
How data shape actor relations in artificial intelligence innovation systems: an empirical observation from China
Authors: Yu Zhen , Liang Zheng , Wu Peiyi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
With the rise of artificial intelligence (AI), data are widely viewed as the “new oil”. However, data substantially differ from conventional resources in the sense that they are important not only for production but also for knowledge development and public policymaking. This article explores whether and how data reshape government–industry–university relations in the era of AI. Taking China’s AI innovation system as a case, this article investigates the dynamics of actor relations in the business subsystem, knowledge subsystem, and regulatory subsystem. The change of the fundamental input from physical resources to virtual data in AI innovation systems has significantly transformed the relations among industry, state, and academia, and digital platforms are playing an increasingly important role in business value creation, knowledge generation, and regulation formation due to their control of valuable data and frontier expertise in the context of uncertainty.
Repeatedly Measuring Political Interest: Can we Reduce Respondent’ Recall Ability and Memory Effects in Surveys Using Memory Interference Tasks?
Authors: Revilla Melanie , Höhne Jan Karem 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
It is common practice in behavioral and social sciences to repeat questions, such as in pretest–posttest designs. However, if respondents recall their first answer to a repeated question and use it to decide their second answer, this may cause memory effects, affecting empirical findings. So far, only a few studies have investigated respondents’ recall ability and memory effects in surveys. Thus, we conducted an experiment in a probability-based online panel (N = 4,681) where we repeatedly asked a question on political interest. Our results reveal that respondents’ recall ability is high and was not reduced by the implementation of memory interference tasks. Memory effects, in contrast, were low (about 7%). They were also not reduced by memory interference tasks.
DNA Content Variation and SNP Diversity Within a Single Population of Asexual Snails
Authors: Million Kara M , Bhattacharya Amrita , Dinges Zoe M , Montgomery Sarah , Smith Eries , Lively Curtis M 
Published: November 2020

AbstractA growing body of research suggests that many clonal populations maintain genetic diversity even without occasional sexual reproduction. The purpose of our study was to document variation in single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity, DNA content, and pathogen susceptibility in clonal lineages of the New Zealand freshwater snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum. We studied snails that were collected from multiple field sites around a single lake (Lake Alexandrina), as well as isofemale clonal lineages that had been isolated and maintained in the laboratory. We used the kompetitive allele specific PCR (KASP) method to genotype our samples at 46 nuclear SNP sites, and we used flow cytometry to estimate DNA content. We found high levels of SNP diversity, both in our field samples and in our clonal laboratory lines. We also found evidence of high variation in DNA content among clones, even among clones with identical genotypes across all SNP sites. Controlled pathogen exposures of the laboratory populations revealed variation in susceptibility among distinct clonal genotypes, which was independent of DNA content. Taken together, these results show high levels of diversity among asexual snails, especially for DNA content, and they suggest rapid genome evolution in asexuals.
Conservation Genomics of the Threatened Western Spadefoot,Spea hammondii, in Urbanized Southern California
Authors: Neal Kevin M , Fisher Robert N , Mitrovich Milan J , Shaffer H Bradley 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPopulations of the western spadefoot (Spea hammondii) in southern California occur in one of the most urbanized and fragmented landscapes on the planet and have lost up to 80% of their native habitat. Orange County is one of the last strongholds for this pond-breeding amphibian in the region, and ongoing restoration efforts targeting S. hammondii have involved habitat protection and the construction of artificial breeding ponds. These efforts have successfully increased breeding activity, but genetic characterization of the populations, including estimates of effective population size and admixture between the gene pools of constructed artificial and natural ponds, has never been undertaken. Using thousands of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms, we characterized the population structure, genetic diversity, and genetic connectivity of spadefoots in Orange County to guide ongoing and future management efforts. We identified at least 2, and possibly 3 major genetic clusters, with additional substructure within clusters indicating that individual ponds are often genetically distinct. Estimates of landscape resistance suggest that ponds on either side of the Los Angeles Basin were likely interconnected historically, but intense urban development has rendered them essentially isolated, and the resulting risk of interruption to natural metapopulation dynamics appears to be high. Resistance surfaces show that the existing artificial ponds were well-placed and connected to natural populations by low-resistance corridors. Toad samples from all ponds (natural and artificial) returned extremely low estimates of effective population size, possibly due to a bottleneck caused by a recent multi-year drought. Management efforts should focus on maintaining gene flow among natural and artificial ponds by both assisted migration and construction of new ponds to bolster the existing pond network in the region.
The variance and covariance of counts-in-cells probabilities
Authors: Repp Andrew , Szapudi István 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Counts-in-cells (CIC) measurements contain a wealth of cosmological information, yet are seldom used to constrain theories. Although we can predict the shape of the distribution for a given cosmology, to fit a model to the observed CIC probabilities requires the covariance matrix – both the variance of counts in one probability bin and the covariance between counts in different bins. To date, there have been no general expressions for these variances. Here, we show that correlations of particular levels, or ‘slices’, of the density field determine the variance and covariance of CIC probabilities. We derive explicit formulae that accurately predict the variance and covariance among subvolumes of a simulated galaxy catalogue, opening the door to the use of CIC measurements for cosmological parameter estimation.
Power spectrum of halo intrinsic alignments in simulations
Authors: Kurita Toshiki , Takada Masahiro , Nishimichi Takahiro , Takahashi Ryuichi , Osato Ken , Kobayashi Yosuke 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We use a suite of N-body simulations to study intrinsic alignments (IA) of halo shapes with the surrounding large-scale structure in the ΛCDM model. For this purpose, we develop a novel method to measure multipole moments of the three-dimensional power spectrum of the E-mode field of halo shapes with the matter/halo distribution, $P_{\delta E}^{(\ell)}(k)$ (or $P^{(\ell)}_{{\rm h}E}$), and those of the auto-power spectrum of the E-mode, $P^{(\ell)}_{EE}(k)$, based on the E/B-mode decomposition. The IA power spectra have non-vanishing amplitudes over the linear to non-linear scales, and the large-scale amplitudes at k ≲ 0.1 h−1 Mpc are related to the matter power spectrum via a constant coefficient (AIA), similar to the linear bias parameter of galaxy or halo density field. We find that the cross- and auto-power spectra PδE and PEE at non-linear scales, k ≳ 0.1 h−1 Mpc, show different k-dependences relative to the matter power spectrum, suggesting a violation of the non-linear alignment model commonly used to model contaminations of cosmic shear signals. The IA power spectra exhibit baryon acoustic oscillations, and vary with halo samples of different masses, redshifts, and cosmological parameters (Ωm, S8). The cumulative signal-to-noise ratio for the IA power spectra is about 60 per cent of that for the halo density power spectrum, where the super-sample covariance is found to give a significant contribution to the total covariance. Thus our results demonstrate that the IA power spectra of galaxy shapes, measured from imaging and spectroscopic surveys for an overlapping area of the sky, can be used to probe the underlying matter power spectrum, the primordial curvature perturbations, and cosmological parameters, in addition to the standard galaxy density power spectrum.
Small-scale primordial fluctuations in the 21 cm Dark Ages signal
Authors: Cole Philippa S , Silk Joseph 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Primordial black hole production in the mass range $10\!-\!10^4 \, {\rm M_\odot}$ is motivated respectively by interpretations of the LIGO/Virgo observations of binary black hole mergers and by their ability to seed intermediate black holes that would account for the presence of supermassive black holes at very high redshift. Their existence would imply a boost in the primordial power spectrum if they were produced by overdensities reentering the horizon and collapsing after single-field inflation. This, together with their associated Poisson fluctuations would cause a boost in the matter power spectrum on small scales. The extra power could become potentially observable in the 21 cm power spectrum on scales around $k\sim 0.1\!-\!50\, {\rm Mpc^{-1}}$ with the new generation of filled low-frequency interferometers. We explicitly include the contribution from primordial fluctuations in our prediction of the 21 cm signal that has been previously neglected, by constructing primordial power spectra motivated by single-field models of inflation that would produce extra power on small scales. We find that depending on the mass and abundance of primordial black holes, it is important to include this contribution from the primordial fluctuations, so as not to underestimate the 21 cm signal. Evidently our predictions of detectability, which lack any modelling of foregrounds, are unrealistic, but we hope that they will motivate improved cleaning algorithms that can enable us to access this intriguing corner of primordial black hole-motivated parameter space.
A survey of CH2DOH towards starless and pre-stellar cores in the Taurus molecular cloud
Authors: Ambrose Hannah E , Shirley Yancy L , Scibelli Samantha 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
Recent observations indicate that organic molecules are prevalent towards starless and pre-stellar cores. Deuteration of these molecules has not been well studied during the starless phase. Published observations of singly deuterated methanol, CH2DOH, have only been observed in a couple of well-studied, dense, and evolved pre-stellar cores (e.g. L1544, L183). Since the formation of gas-phase methanol during this cold phase is believed to occur via desorption from the icy grain surfaces, observations of CH2DOH may be useful as a probe of the deuterium fraction in the ice mantles of dust grains. We present a systematic survey of CH2DOH towards 12 starless and pre-stellar cores in the B10 region of the Taurus molecular cloud. Nine of the 12 cores are detected with [CH2DOH]/[CH3OH] ranging from &lt;0.04 to 0.23$^{+0.12}_{-0.06}$ with a median value of 0.11. Sources not detected tend to have larger virial parameters and larger methanol linewidths than detected sources. The results of this survey indicate that deuterium fractionation of organic molecules, such as methanol, during the starless phase may be more easily detectable than previously thought.
Dwarf galaxies without dark matter: constraints on modified gravity
Authors: Khalifeh Ali Rida , Jimenez Raul 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The discovery of 19 dwarf galaxies without dark matter (DM) provides, counterintuitively, strong support for the ΛCDM standard model of cosmology. Their presence is well accommodated in a scenario where the DM is in the form of cold dark particles. However, it is interesting to explore quantitatively what is needed from modified gravity models to accommodate the presence of these galaxies and what extra degree of freedom is needed in these models. To this end, we derive the dynamics at galaxy scales (Virial theorem) for a general class of modified gravity models. We distinguish between theories that satisfy the Jebsen–Birkhoff theorem, and those that do not. Our aim is to develop tests that can distinguish whether DM is part of the theory of gravity or a particle. The 19 dwarf galaxies discovered provide us with a stringent test for models of modified gravity. Our main finding is that there will always be an extra contribution to the Virial theorem coming from the modification of gravity, even if a certain galaxy shows very small, if not negligible, trace of DM, as has been reported recently. Thus, if these and more galaxies are confirmed as devoid (or negligible) of DM, while other similar galaxies have abundant DM, it seems interesting to find modifications of gravity to describe DM. Our result can be used by future astronomical surveys to put constraints on the parameters of modified gravity models at astrophysical scales where DM is described as such.