bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Breaks or Continuous Adjustments in Grain Production and Prices 1961-2014? An Explorative Study
Authors: Fretheim Torun 
Published: March 2020

This article analyses grain production and prices 1961-2014. We first describe the development in aggregated and relative allocation of land worldwide for wheat, corn and soybeans, and the growth in production volumes and yields. We then proceed by analyzing long-term price relationships. Finding that grain prices are strongly co-integrated, we estimate an Error Correction Model to see whether deviations from the long-run equilibrium are quickly adjusted. Furthermore, we investigate whether changes in land allocations for these principal field crops are best described as a continuous process or as a series of structural breaks, hypothesizing that events like the introduction of GM technologies and the “energizing” of corn after 2005 caused structural breaks in acreage shares and relative prices. Given the major and sometimes dramatic political events and technological changes during this period,one would expect to find significant structural breaks in grain production, yields and prices. However, our main conclusion is that grain markets generally adjust smoothly and continuously. Prices adjust quickly towards long-run equilibrium, and the results from a series of Chow tests indicate that the changes in relative land allocations have progressed as a relatively smooth process with few structural breaks.
JEL Classification: O13, Q10, N50
Ownership Structures within Hungarian Family Businesses – Theories and Practice
Authors: Tobak Júlia 
Published: March 2020

We can talk about family business if the notions of family, ownership and business are closely connected to each other, namely if the business is in the possession of the family, managed and controlled by the family members. A family owned company is a business where a family has the majority ownership and/or the majority management and at least one family member actively works in the firm, the family owns the business. The study contains the results of research on ownership structure of family owned businesses. The examined family businesses are interested in longterm preservation of values, thus succession of generations plays a key role in their case. They attaches great importance how the ownership structure develops. The methotology to know more about the ownership structure of family businesses 11 expert interviews were made between november 2016 and september 2017 with owners and next generations of family owned agri-food enterprises in Hungary. A case study has been prepared too in this topic with the participation of companies with different activities (production, service, trade). In order to classify the analysed companies six categories of ownership were developed. These are non-owner, emotional owner, partial owner, controlling owner, majority owner and exclusive/ sole owner. Each generation of the analysed FBs were classified to these categories. According to the results the analysed family owned companies even are sharing the property within family. There are only two interviewed companies whose case we can talk about exclusive/sole ownership.
JEL Classification: G32
Trends on the Artificial Fertilizer Market and in Fertilizers Use in Hungary
Authors: Ács Gergő 
Published: March 2020

The fertilizer market in Hungary is rather concentrated, which has a strong influence on the price of the fertilizer. Our domestic fertilizer use is primarily determined by that of nitrogen. The use of phosphorus is also significant but the trends in the use of potassium do not match the total quantities applied in individual years. Consequently, it can be concluded that the majority of farmers still focus on the application of nitrogen and also apply phosphorus but either neglect or do not pay enough attention to potassium fertilization. The changes in fertilizer prices between 2006 and 2017 can be broken down into two periods. Until 2012 a very important and dynamic increase was observed as a result of which the prices of N, P and K fertilizers increased by 80-120%, 160% and about 120%, respectively. This was followed by a downturn in the market and in relation to 2012 prices there were 20-30/ decreases experienced until 2017 but the rate of this lagged behind the prices in other European countries. Owing to this trend the prices of N, P and K have increased by 60%, 100% and 80%, respectively, over the past ten years. The correlation between fertilizer application and the prices of fertilizers in any given year is low but there is a positive one observed between fertilizer application and the fertilizer prices in the preceding year. This means supposedly that farmers mostly buy the fertilizers they wish to apply not in the current but in the preceding year and store them until these are applied. There is a strong correlation seen between fertilizer prices and the prices of corn and wheat, which means that fertilizer traders also keep tabs on economic results and also increase fertilizer prices under the influence of higher prices. Furthermore, it can be claimed that there is no correlation between crude oil prices on the world market and domestic N fertilizer prices. This is an important factor since the primary base material of N fertilizers is natural gas and their production involves considerable energy costs as well. It can be seen, however, that this is not what determines our domestic fertilizer prices, which can be explained by the fact that the price calculations by the determining actors on the Hungarian fertilizer market is not based on costs but on the demand.
JEL Classification: Q13
The Opinion of Visitors on the Touristic Attractions and Services of the Esterhazy Castle of Fertőd
Authors: Bodrogai László A. , Szigeti Orsolya 
Published: March 2020

The lately renovated Esterhazy Palace is one of Europe’s biggest Baroque palaces. This paper examines the visitors’ opinion of this worldwide famous palace. This survey-based study was carried out in 2016/2017. The sample was of 800 people, using paper-based questionnaire. It emerged from the study that the visitors needed to be separated analyzed differently under and above 18 years of age, because the push and pull factors vary significantly. Other words, the adult visitors (persons, families) decided themselves to go and see or not, but the young people were influenced by their teachers. Other important lessons of the study was that the visiting process does not end with the viewing of rooms and tools, but the different souvenirs and providing further information, and services are also part of it. This is evidenced by the fact that the worst rating was given by the related service. Organizing and ensuring this is an important task of the management of the palace.
JEL Classification: M3. O18, Z32
Public Work - an International Outlook
Authors: Cseh-Papp Imola , Wiwczaroski Troy B. , Csapóné Riskó Tünde 
Published: March 2020

Labour market policy includes active and passive labour market programmes, aiming to solve different problems. Active labour market programmes assist the unemployed to find jobs and thus return to the labour market. Passive labour market programmes assist the unemployed by providing various kinds of aid, easing social tensions. Public work can be considered to be an active labour market programme, assisting people who receive social care with income based on public beneficial work. Consequently, public work is justified by some on the basis that it is purported to have some kind of moral foundation, as well as because it supposedly shows results within a short time. Yet, the rationale behind using public work programmes to fight unemployment is contested. Detractors see them as being rather costly, questioning their success and arguing that their overall results are uncertain, especially in the long run. In short, there are in fact pros and cons to using public work, with opinions being rather divisive. This study summarises these pros and cons, analysing the relevant international and Hungarian literatures in the context of active labour market programmes.
JEL Classification: I38
A Quantitative Assessment of the Rurality and an Efficiency Analysis of Emigration in Romania
Authors: Galluzzo Nicola 
Published: March 2020

In Romania, as in many other Eastern European countries, the early 1990s were marked by a significant emigration from the countryside as a consequence of the transition from a centralised economy to an open one and due to key changes in the political framework. The permanent emigration has predominantly been concentrated in rural areas where multiple socio-economic variables such as GDP per capita, unemployment, and public financial subsidies aimed at supporting people at risk of severe deprivation and poverty have all had a direct effect on rural depopulation. The rurality is a complex theoretical construct comprising many items and variables and is, therefore, difficult to define in a concise manner. The aim of this paper is to assess the evolution of emigration in Romania between 2001 and 2016 through a quantitative approach, estimating an index of rurality for the same period composed of a set of socio-economic variables having a direct or indirect nexus to it. In the first phase of research, a matrix of correlation and a multiple regression model has been used in order to estimate the direct links among all investigated variables. Following the quantitative methodology, in the second phase Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) has been used in order to assess the main cause-effect relationships among a few selected endogenous variables and a set of socio-economic items. Furthermore, using a non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) output-oriented model, this research has assessed the efficiency in terms of permanent emigration from Romania estimated as an output to minimise and not as an output to maximise, as investigated by traditional efficiency approaches. In terms of efficiency, financial subsidies allocated by national authorities and the level of per capita Gross Domestic Product have acted directly on the level of emigration. The index of rurality in 2016 has been influenced in particular by he pluriactivity in farms in terms of agritourism, the dimension of farms in terms of land capital endowment, and the level of GDP per capita.
JEL Classification: Q10; Q18
Moderating Influence of Training and Development on Entrepreneurial Performance
Authors: Kowo Solomon Akpoviroro , Akinbola Olufemi Amos , Sabitu Olalekan Owotutu 
Published: March 2020

This study assessed the moderating effect of training and development on entrepreneurial performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Nigeria considering the Bank of Industry and Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN). Two hypotheses were tested in this study reflecting training and development in Nigeria and Ethical practices of Training and Development impacts on behavioral outcomes of entrepreneurs. The paper puts to test, the preceding assertions with the aid of Kruskal Wallis test. From the test, the study refutes the former assertions on the reasoning that P-values were less than 5% level of significance. This showed that the impact of ethical training and development would be more significant if the young entrepreneurs had earlier exposure from secondary to tertiary education level to make better entrepreneurs in Nigeria. The study observed that the Nigerian educational system has contributed positively to the area of training and development which has enhanced entrepreneurial performance in Nigeria. The study recommends that training and development programme should focus on developing creative or innovative individuals who can help to move the nation forward. A Self-reliant person is a creative individual.
JEL Classification: M53, M1
What is the Success of High School it Education? An Investigation into Higher Education Students’ Knowledge of Spreadsheet Applications
Authors: Bakó Mária , Gergely Ráthonyi 
Published: March 2020

Teaching Computer Science in higher education is imperative, even though today’s students have been born into a world where technology is an essential part of everyday life. To efficiently master modern, business, technical and scientific knowledge and to proficiently produce quality results in a work environment it is crucial to have high level IT knowledge. In business, Excel is the lingua franca and so knowing how to aptly use spreadsheets is a must for our students. The primary objective of the authors was to examine the perceived and actual knowledge of spreadsheet applications of students entering higher education. Accordingly, a questionnaire and a practical assignment have been developed. In the questionnaire, students were asked to provide information concerning their previous IT studies and rate their knowledge of word processing, spreadsheets and database management. During the practical, students were asked to solve an Excel exercise taken from a high school Computer Science final exam at standard level. Out of the 666 registered students on our electronic education system (Neptun) at the beginning of the year, 557 took part in this survey, and following data cleansing and processing, 513 were considered in the results. Looking at the results of the practical, the most significant proportion of students, 142 of them have performed between 0-10%. A total of 260 students have achieved less than 20% performance and 434 people, which is nearly 85% of students have accomplished less than 40%. Compared to the results from the self-evaluation questionnaire it is very poignant that the actual scores differ quite significantly (in both directions) from the perceived knowledge of the students.
JEL Classification: Q20
Electrolytes Profile of Critically Ill Patients Admitted To Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) Dr. Soetomo General Hospital
Authors: Octavia Amalia Citra , Setyaningtyas Arina , Edwar Pesta Parulian Maurid 
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Fluid and electrolyte disorders can be affected by various conditions or diseases. Electrolyte disorders are often found in pediatric patients with critically ill conditions and are associated with increased morbidity also mortality that requires extra care in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Objective: To describe the electrolyte profile of critically ill patients with electrolyte disorders admitted to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) Dr. Soetomo General Hospital. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted prospectively with a descriptive method in patients with electrolyte disorders aged 1 month – 18 years old admitted to PICU Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya in a period from August to November 2018. Data on patient age, gender, electrolyte profile (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride), and origin before PICU admission were recorded. Results and Discussion: From 37 patients with electrolyte disorders showed that patients were dominated by the male in 56.8% (n=21), in the age group of infants or 1-12 months old in 45.9% (n=17). Common main diagnosis in most patients were digestive system disorders in 27% (n=10), followed by central nervous system, respiratory system, kidney and cardiovascular disorders, and the origin before PICU admission were from Emergency Room (ER) in 62.2% (n=23). There were found 97 incidences of electrolyte disorders. Most frequent electrolyte disorders were hypocalcemia in 59.5% (n=22), hypokalemia in 54.1% (n=20), hyponatremia in 40.5% (n=15) and the least was hypochloremia in 35.1% (n=13). Mean serum sodium level was 138.18 ± 12.071, serum potassium level was 3.608 ± 1.2247, serum calcium level was 8.057 ± 1.9473 and serum chloride level was 101.45 ± 13.266. Conclusions: Critically ill patients admitted in PICU tend to experience low electrolyte levels.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF NOMA IN PAPUA PROVINCE IN 2017
Authors: Kaimudin Asrul , Hidajah Atik Choirul 
Published: March 2020

Background: Indonesia Ministry of Health in October 2017 obtained information from the Public Health Emergency Operation Center that there allegations of noma case in a toddler from the Korowai tribe in Asmat district. Purpose: This study aims to describe the magnitude of the noma problem, identify risk factors, and find other noma cases for prevention and control. Methods: This was a descriptive study using a case study approach. Primary data was obtained from interviews with family or close relatives of patients to obtain information about patient identity, medical history, and risk factors. Measurement of nutritional status and oral health was done by measuring weight or height and checking their oral health. Secondary data was obtained from Asmat DHO and Yaniruma Health Center. The data analyzed were geographical, demographic, socio-cultural, transportation, and communication condition. Results: Noma sufferer was a 5-years-old child who lived in Afimabul village. There was not other cases of Noma found in Korowai tribal community. A long distance to reach health services and no availability of communication tools to Korowai tribe in Afimabul village made them inaccessible. The results of the identification of risk factors in 46 children found that the majority of them had low oral hygiene (73.91%) and consumed uncooked water (80.43%). Besides, some had an index of thin body weight (15.22%), and very lean (6.52%), and also found the suspected measles. Conclusion: There was only one case found in the Asmat district. Moreover, there were still found Korowai children with thin and very lean nutritional status and suspected measles who are risk factors for noma.
Macular hole edge morphology predicts restoration of postoperative retinal microstructure and functional outcome
Authors: Tao Jiwei , Chen Huan , Zhu Lin , Pan Deming , Fang Jia , Chen Yiqi , Mao Jianbo , Shen Lijun 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Background: To investigate the association between iOCT feature in macular hole (MH) surgery and the restoration of the retina microstructure and visual outcomes. Methods: This was a case series study including fifty-three eyes of 53 patients with macular hole were recruited. According to the morphological characteristics of the hole edge as imaged by iOCT after ILM peeling, all patients were divided into three groups: fovel flap group, hole-door group, and negative group. The restoration of the retina microstructure and postoperative visual outcomes of the MH surgery were compared between these groups. Results: All of the eyes had MH closure after vitrectomy. The postoperative BCVA was significantly improved compared with the preoperative BCVA (P<0.001). Based on the features of the hole edge as reveal by iOCT, the negative group included 24 eyes, the fovea flap group included 14 eyes, and the hole-door group included 15 eyes. The hole-door group and foveal flap group had significantly better final visual acuity and postoperative restoration of the ELM than the negative group (P=0.002, P=0.012). For the group in which the MHD was ≤400 μm, there were no significant differences in ELM restoration, EZ restoration, or BCVA among the three groups (P=0.516 and P=0.179 respectively). For the MHD >400-μm group, the hole-door group and fovea flap group had significantly better final visual acuity and restoration of ELM than the negative group (P=0.013, P=0.005). Conclusion: This study describes a novel intraoperative sign using iOCT. This sign can provide useful predictive information for postoperative restoration of the retinal microstructure and visual outcomes of MHs, especially large ones
Awareness of Osteoporosis among 368 Residents in China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Oumer Kemal Sherefa , Liu Yawen , Yu Qiong , Wu Fan , Yang Shuman 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Abstract
Background: Studies on osteoporosis awareness among the general population in China are still limited. We examined the level of osteoporosis awareness among residents in China, determined the risk factors associated with a lower level of osteoporosis awareness, and assessed the sources of their knowledge about osteoporosis.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 368 general residents aged 30 years or older from 19 provinces during January-March 2018 in China. All participants were identified and interviewed face-to-face by medical students in Jilin University using a structured questionnaire. Osteoporosis awareness scores (percent of the correct answer) was determined across several domains, including definition, diagnosis, risk factors, and prevention of osteoporosis. We used multiple linear regression models to test the relationship between risk factors and overall awareness scores.
Results: The mean age of included participants was 52.9 ± 10.2 years, and 53% of them were male. Osteoporosis awareness score for definition was 77.7%, diagnosis 49.6%, risk factors 49.2%, treatment 60.5%, and prevention 69.9%. The overall awareness score was 67.8%. Lower family income and education level were significantly associated with lower overall awareness score (all p <0.05). Television or radio health program was reported to be their main source of knowledge about osteoporosis.
Conclusion: The awareness level for osteoporosis in our study is moderate; lower family income and education level were risk factors for lower awareness. Television or radio health programs had the greatest contribution to osteoporosis awareness.
Keywords: Osteoporosis, Awareness, Knowledge, China