bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring district-level geographical variance of complete immunization coverage in India
Authors: Biswas M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
India has been significantly progressed in full immunization care over the last few decades. Existing literature has not been unaddressed the potential spatial variations in relationships between full immunization coverage and its influence on socio-economic factors. The study aims to explore place-specific spatial dependencies and heterogeneities in the relationships of various factors on the district-level full immunization coverage in India. The study used a geocoded database for 640 districts of India, drawn from the 4th wave of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in 2015-16. Univariate Moran's I and LISA maps were used to confirm the spatial autocorrelation and geographical hotspots of the district-level full immunization coverage. Multivariate Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models were employed to examine spatial relationships and decrypt location-based district-level analysis. The prevalence of full immunization care was 62 percent as per the national figure. The GWR results revealed that the relationships between the outcome and set of cofactors were significantly place-specific and spatially clustering in terms of their respective magnitude, direction, and differences in due to local characteristics across India. In terms of model performance and prediction accuracy, the GWR model was performing better over OLS estimates through comparisons of R2 and Akaike Information Criterion (AICC) in both models. Furthermore, the GWR model also improves the reliabilities of the relationships by reducing spatial autocorrelations. The findings suggest that the local GWR model has the potential to explain complexities in place-specific variations that could be ignored by OLS on the local causes of immunization coverage. Thus, appropriate intervention should be devised to safeguard child from vaccine-preventable diseases reduce the geographical heterogeneity of full immunization coverage across India.

Key messages
This study aims to explore place-specific spatial dependencies and heterogeneities in the relationships of various factors on the district-level full immunization coverage in India. To explain local complexities in place-specific variations that could be ignored by the traditional model on the local causes of full immunization coverage across India.
“No papers. No doctor”: undocumented immigrant women’s access to maternity care services in Denmark
Authors: Boye M C , Funge J K , Johnsen H , Nørredam M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
In Denmark, undocumented immigrants have restricted access to health care including maternity care. Nordic studies describe that undocumented immigrant women face many barriers to access maternity care during pregnancy however, literature in a Danish setting is lacking. This study aims at exploring undocumented immigrant women's experience of and their access to maternity care services in Denmark.

Methods
The study setting was a non-governmental Health Clinic in Denmark, that provides primary health care, including maternity care, to undocumented immigrants. We recruited 21 undocumented immigrant women, conducted semi-structured interviews from 01.2018 to 01.2019. The data was analyzed through systematic text condensation.

Results
Undocumented immigrant women experience several barriers to access maternity care services in Denmark. We identified four themes with subthemes. i) Access to public maternity care services; the experiences with public maternity care providers, fear of deportation and concerns about having to pay for care. ii) Use of private and non-governmental maternity care services; the feeling of being safe at the Health Clinic, reaching care is challenged by logistics and choosing to pay for private health care services. iii) Perception of entitlements to care; wishing for a fair treatment, and uncertainty of what to expect when reaching a public health care facility. iv) Being dependent; dependency on the Health Clinic, social support from network and seeking information from other sources.

Conclusions
Our findings contribute with insights to understand the health behavior of undocumented immigrant women. Accessing public maternity care services is, apart from legal restrictions, dominated by fear of being reported to the immigration authorities, concerns about payment, and the management of rules from the health provider's perspective. Many of them depend on the Health Clinic as well as their personal networks for care and protection.

Key messages
Undocumented immigrant women face many barriers to access maternity care services. Inclusive policies for access to maternity care are needed to safeguard the health of the women and children.
Health consciousness during pregnancy: the association between dietary supplementation and lifestyle
Authors: Paulik E , Horváth E , Szabó A , Polanek E , Gyurkovits Z , Németh G , Orvos H 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Dietary supplements are recommended for pregnant women who cannot meet the daily dose through food intake, or who are at higher risk of deficiencies because of a substance abuse (e.g. smoking). Today, the preventive effect of folic acid (FoA) in the periconceptional period is evidence based, and there are studies about the positive effects of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine the association between FoA and n-3 FAs supplementation and health behavior - diet, physical activity, smoking - of pregnant women.

Methods
The cross-sectional study was conducted among women having their babies at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (N = 1548). Data collection was based on self-administered questionnaire and health documentation. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed with IBM SPSS 26.0; the results are expressed in odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results
Mean age of women was 31 years, most of them had university degree, nearly 90% of them lived in partnership. The prevalence of smoking during pregnancy was 6.5%, 39.8% did not consume fruits/vegetables daily, 58.5% ate fish less than weekly, 47.9% were physically inactive; 67.6% took FoA, and 30.6% n-3 FAs. FoA and n-3 FAs taking were more likely among those who ate fruits and vegetables every day (OR/CI: 1.30/1.01-1.66; 1.47/1.15-1.89) and among non-smokers (OR/CI: 1.73/1.06-2.83; 4.80/1.69-13.61), while FoA consumption associated with physical activity (OR/CI: 1.37/1.07-1.74) and n-3 FAs with fish consumption (OR/CI: 1.35/1.06-1.72).

Conclusions
Our results showed that a high proportion of pregnant women did not follow a healthy lifestyle, and the unhealthy behavior was significantly associated with the less frequent use of dietary supplementation. The results call the attention for the importance of counseling on healthy lifestyle and appropriate supplement use before and during pregnancy.

Key messages
Use of dietary supplementation is higher among pregnant women following a healthy way of lifestyle. The results reinforce the importance of lifestyle counseling during pregnant care.
Association between air pollution and Pediatric Intensive Care Units hospitalization rates
Authors: Comoretto R , Gallo E , Ocagli H , Lorenzoni G , Lanera C , Martinato M , Wolfler A , Pettenazzo A , Amigoni A , Gregori D 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
In the last years air pollution has been linked to an increased risk of several children respiratory pathologies, especially low respiratory tract infections. In more severe cases, the child could be hospitalized in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). The present study aims to evaluate the association between the exposure to air pollution and (i) PICU admissions and (ii) hospitalization rates among children with a previous PICU admission.

Methods
PICU admissions due to respiratory diseases were collected from 2010 to 2019 in Padua hospital (Italy) based on a large clinical Italian register. Furthermore, for subjects admitted in 2013, all subsequent hospitalizations have been tracked until 2019 from hospital discharge records. Environmental data were obtained from monitoring stations located within 20 km from the children residence. A conditional logistic regression based on a time-stratified case-crossover design will be performed to evaluate the association between hospital admissions and NO2, PM2.5 and PM10 in aerodynamic diameter.

Results
The registry contains data about more than 30000 PICU admissions, of which around 30 % are of children under one year of age. An increased prevalence for respiratory diseases' admissions, from 18% in 2010 to 24% in 2019 can be observed. More than 400 children were admitted to Padua's PICU in 2013. In the following years, all these subjects experienced at least one hospitalization (median 2, [IQR 1-5]) for more than 2000 hospital admissions from 2014 up to 2019.

Conclusions
Exposure of infants to air pollution could lead to more severe outcome as hospitalization as a result of a vulnerable lung condition that eases virus infections. This condition identifies a particularly frail population. With this approach, an association between air pollution and PICU admissions could be investigated in order to adopt public health policies aimed at safeguarding this frail population.

Key messages
The study would detect an association between air pollution and hospital admissions as severe outcomes in infants and children. Furthermore, this is the first study that would assess if there is an association between these two factors in more frail subjects already hospitalized in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.
Internet usage and the problems about the commute to school in Japanese adolescents
Authors: Sato M , Isomura T , Suzuki K 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Introduction
As inappropriate Internet usage has been increasing, various problems were observed, particularly in adolescence. For example, excessive Internet use might lead to absenteeism for high school students. This study aimed to examine the association between Internet usage and some difficulties of commute, such as tardy and absence for school in 4th to 9th-grade students.

Methods
Study participants were all students of the 4th-9th grade in Japanese rural public schools and their parents. In 2018 a self-reported survey was conducted. The questionnaire contained items about Internet usage, such as duration and family rules, and the current situation about commuting to school. The parents answered the same questions about their children and also responded to their own Internet usage time. The answers about their commute to school “tardy more than once a week”, “sometimes absent” and “have experience of school absenteeism” were categorized as “school absence”. The duration of Internet use was categorized every 2 hours as “never”, “0-2hrs (reference) ”, “2-4hrs” and “over 6hrs”. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations between the duration of Internet use and the absence of school adjusting by covariates.

Results
Study participants were 6,031 students and 5,525 guardians participated, and response rates were 87.8%, and 80.5%, respectively. The number of “school absence” case was 429 (7.2%). The “school absence” was significantly associated with the duration of Internet use, and these relationships grew stronger as the period got longer. Odds ratio and 95% confidence interval of “over 6hrs” were 4.1 and 2.9-5.6, respectively. The parents’ own Internet usage time was also associated with their children’s school absence.

Conclusions
The longer students used the Internet, the higher the risk of school absence. Own Internet usage time of parents was also associated with children's commuting to school.

Key messages
Excessive Internet use might induce absenteeism in younger adolescents as well as older adolescents. Few studies have examined the association between Internet use and absenteeism.
Can trust induce vertical integration? An experimental study of buyer–seller exchanges with distinct competencies and specific investments
Authors: Mesquita Luiz F , Saes Maria Sylvia M , Lazzarini Sérgio G , Pongeluppe Leandro S 
Published: October 2020

AbstractResearch has debated the merits of transaction cost and competence-based explanations of make-versus-buy choices. We advance this discussion by arguing that trust not only promotes markets by reducing the hazards of specific investments (as emphasized by previous work), but alternatively triggers vertical integration when parties would like to internalize distinctive competencies and at the same time avoid hierarchical failure. Our experimental results where players choose between markets and hierarchies lend support for this dual role of trust in boundary decisions.
A pseudo-spectrum based characterization of the robust strong H-infinity norm of time-delay systems with real-valued and structured uncertainties
Authors: Appeltans Pieter , Michiels Wim 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper provides a mathematical characterization of the robust (strong) H-infinity norm of an uncertain linear time-invariant system with discrete delays in terms of the robust distance to instability of an associated characteristic matrix. The considered class of uncertainties consists of real-valued, structured, Frobenius norm-bounded matrix uncertainties that act on the coefficient matrices. The robust H-infinity norm, defined as the worst-case value of the H-infinity norm over all admissible uncertainty values, is an important measure of robust performance to quantify the worst-case disturbance rejection of an uncertain dynamical system. For the considered system class, this robust H-infinity norm is however a fragile measure, as for a particular instance of the uncertainties, the H-infinity norm might be sensitive to arbitrarily small perturbations on the delays. Therefore, we introduce the robust strong H-infinity norm, inspired by the notion of strong stability of delay differential equations of neutral type, which takes into account both the uncertainties on the system matrices and infinitesimal delay perturbations. This quantity is a continuous function of both the elements of the system matrices and the delays. The main contribution of this work is the introduction of a relation between this robust strong H-infinity norm and the robust distance to instability of an associated characteristic matrix. This relation is subsequently employed in a novel algorithm for computing the robust strong H-infinity norm of uncertain time-delay systems.
Fatal N-Ethylhexedrone Intoxication
Authors: Domagalska Ewa , Banaszkiewicz Laura , Woźniak Mateusz Kacper , Kata Marzena , Szpiech Beata , Kaliszan Michał 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
N-Ethylhexedrone [2-(ethyloamino)-1-phenylhexan-1-one; α-ethylaminohexanophenone (NEH)] is one of the most recent synthetic cathinones that appeared on the illegal market in late 2015. The majority of information concerning the model of consumption of NEH and its impact on the body originates only from self-reports from gray literature websites and drug forums. There are only limited data associated with the concentrations of NEH in blood samples available in the literature. This article presents a case of fatal NEH intoxication and a method for the determination of this substance in whole blood. A 21-year-old man without any diagnosed diseases was admitted to the hospital due to disorientation, aggression and finally loss of consciousness. Hyperthermia (&gt;41°C), tachycardia (&gt;160 beats per minute), tachypnea (20 breaths per minute), blood pressure (110/60 mmHg) and acute kidney failure were diagnosed. After a few hours of hospitalization, the patient died. A plastic bag with a white powder was found in his underwear. Analysis of the powder by another laboratory revealed cocaine hydrochloride; however, no cocaine or its metabolites were found in the biological material upon testing in our laboratory. Therefore, re-analysis of the powder was performed, and NEH was identified. Liquid–liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis were used for the determination of NEH in blood. The validation parameters were as follows: calibration range 1–250 ng/mL, accuracy 106.5–109.9%, precision 3.5–6.3%, recovery 90.1–96.9%, limit of detection 0.07 ng/mL and limit of quantification 1 ng/mL. NEH was quantified in the blood at a concentration of 145 ng/mL. Additionally, amphetamine at low concentrations and 11-nor-9-karboksy-Δ9-tetrahydrokannabinol (THC-COOH) were detected.
Our study provided information on the possible lethal concentration and toxidrome that clinicians can observe for NEH-intoxicated patients and can be helpful during the preparation of toxicology analysis reports for a court of law for proper data interpretation.
Appointment of Arbitrators
Authors: Paulsson Jan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter details the process of the appointment of arbitrators. In modern usage, arbitration is binding, and anything else created by agreement is some form or another of what might generically be referred to as third-party assisted negotiation. This explains why arbitration contemplates an odd number of arbitrators; indeed, laws regulating arbitration frequently explicitly require it. It follows that the ‘odd’ arbitrator, i.e. the one whose voice will be decisive in the event of failure of unanimity, must be appointed jointly, or by a neutral mechanism agreed by the arbitrants. That is simple enough when the process calls for a sole arbitrator. However, if the tribunal is to be composed of three arbitrators, it is often agreed that each side may select anyone it wishes provided they satisfy minimal criteria—such as professional qualifications and the readiness to declare themselves independent and impartial. The chapter then considers the different appointment methods. It specifically evaluates the practice of unilateral appointments, which introduces an adversarial element into the very deliberation of the arbitral tribunal.
International Arbitration as Private and Public Good
Authors: Michaels Ralf 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the private and public nature of international arbitration. International arbitration is often characterized as an exclusively private dispute resolution mechanism, sharply distinguished from litigation, which is viewed as public because it is provided by the state. This is clearest for commercial arbitration. Commercial arbitration is initiated on the basis of a private arrangement: a party cannot be subjected to arbitration unless they agreed to it previously. Investment arbitration is a little more difficult to categorize, given its emergence from public international law, its involvement of states as parties, and the frequency with which it deals with public law measures. Indeed, significant differences exist between commercial and investment arbitration. Nevertheless, it too is characterized as a private dispute resolution mechanism at least in the sense that it is resolved by institutions other than state courts. The chapter then evaluates whether arbitration is a private or public good. It also demonstrates the ways in which adjudication by courts combines elements of private and public goods, before finding a parallel combination of private and public good aspects in international arbitration.
Investment Arbitration as Constitutional Law
Authors: Schneiderman David 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that investment arbitration serves functions analogous to high courts when interpreting constitutional text. As in the case of high courts issuing authoritative interpretations of constitutional texts, arbitrators are tasked with determining the propriety of state action with reference to open-ended obligations that states owe to foreign investors and their investments. Viewed from this angle, investment arbitration can be likened to the performance of judicial review under national constitutions. This is a proposition that will be resisted by many investment lawyers and arbitrators. Analogizing to constitutional rules and institutions will be seen as contributing to a ‘legitimacy crisis’ presently confronting investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS). Legitimation problems have arisen because legitimacy requires more than merely following correct legal processes. There is expected to be some value beyond mere legality served by the power of coercive law. Indeed, investment arbitration will continue to be of doubtful legitimacy so long as investment arbitration is characterized as performing constitution-like functions.
The Rule of Law Effects of Commercial Arbitration from a Socio-Legal Perspective
Authors: Dietz Thomas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a socio-legal perspective on international commercial arbitration (ICA) that is rooted in the empirical view of contract as developed in a long line of law and society scholarship most prominently associated with Steward Macaulay. As the key feature, such a socio-legal approach to ICA adopts a law-in-action rather than a law-in-books perspective. In this sense, individual actors and organizations do not simply follow the law, but may alter, reinforce, manipulate, or even ignore the law in their daily courses of action. Law is thus assumed to be a living institution embedded in societal structures, rather than an accumulation of formal rules. However, ICA is often misunderstood as a clear-cut, authoritative, and coercive legal mechanism that directly guides individual behavior in cross-border contractual relations without taking into account that the relation between legal institutions and human behavior are in fact much more diffused and shaped by various individual interests, non-legal institutions, and civil power. As a consequence of this naïve legal understanding, existing approaches on ICA tend to perpetuate a number of misleading images about ICA's role in global commerce.
Investment Arbitration and Political Systems Theory
Authors: Dupont Cédric , Schultz Thomas , Yackee Jason Webb 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter suggests a vision of investment treaty arbitration filtered through the lens of political systems theory. Political systems theory was developed in the 1950s and 1960s by David Easton, an eminent political scientist. The core idea of Easton’s theory is that political systems can be understood as consisting of inputs from various actors that are aggregated and transformed into outputs, where outputs consist of the authoritative allocation of values. As such, a political-systems approach encourages people to move beyond overly reductionist visions of international investment law as a quasi-inevitable product of state–investor interactions, or as the quasi-autonomous and teleological identification and imposition by tribunals of necessarily sensible or correct rules of state behaviour. Indeed, the chapter argues that seeing investment arbitration as political system allows people to bring out elements of its workings with greater clarity. Altogether, this helps people get a better sense of some of the key dynamics of investment arbitration.