Silicon Direct Bonding for the European Space Agency's Next X-ray Observatory
Authors: Gunther Ramses , Collon Max , Vacanti Giuseppe , Barrière Nicolas , Landgraf Boris , Vervest Mark , Okma Ben , Voruz Luc , Keek Laurens , Babic Ljubisa , Bayerle Alex , Thete Aniket , Girou David , Hauser Enrico , Serrano Gregorio Mendoza , Eenkhoorn Noë , van der Hoeven Roy , Chatbi Abdel , Verhoeckx Sjoerd , Visser Roel , Maks Denise , da Silva Ribeiro Paulo , Bavdaz Marcos , Wille Eric , Ferreira Ivo 
Published: December 2020

Silicon direct bonding is a manufacturing process that is used in the fabrication of electronic, optical and mechanical microsystems. The chemical bonds are providing an intimate surface contact and strong structural stiffness that is for this reason also suitable for large assemblies. Together with the knowledge of the surface properties and of X-ray optics, we are making mirror imaging systems.
The manufacturing process resorts to the highest-grade 12 inch silicon wafers with double Super Polished and near perfect plan parallel surfaces. With readily available semiconductor manufacturing and lithographic tools the wafers are processed into mirror plates with micrometer accuracy channel structures, yet maintaining the nanometer accurate figure of the silicon wafer. Multiple channeled X-ray mirrors shall subsequently be curved and stacked to form an optical component.
We want to use such optical components for a ~3m diameter segmented optical system that would be part of the Athena observatory, European Space Agency's (ESA) next L-class mission, scheduled to launch in 2032. Athena will observe the hot and energetic Universe and answer two big scientific questions: How does ordinary matter assemble into the large-scale structures we see today? and how do black holes grow and shape the Universe?
The scientific objectives of Athena require the largest X-ray optic ever flown. Silicon Pore Optics (SPO) is the selected technology that produces the building blocks for Athena's modular mirror. The segmented Athena optic will be made of about 700 X-ray mirror modules all co-aligned to a common focus, with radii of curvature varying from 0.25 m to 1.25 m. Furthermore, SPO has also shown to be a versatile technology that can be further developed for gamma-ray optics, medical applications and for material research.
While considerable progress has been made on the performance of the optic, we are also upscaling towards an automated production line including mirror manufacturing, coating, cleaning, stacking and stack integration into mirror modules. The complete production line features many metrology steps to ensure quality and high yield. From the start, the development process has looked not just at the production of a single sample of high quality but at all the processes eventually required for the production of a complete system, and this in an effort to ensure that issues (mechanical, thermal, environment, supply chain etc) are identified early and addressed in a manner compatible with the core goal of producing high quality optics.
In this paper we will discuss the challenges and present solutions that we have addressed. Cleanliness assessment, and bond strength enhancement are for instance two current topics of active development.