bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quand agir, c’est penser, Genres de vie et genres de connaissance dans l’anthropologie d’André Varagnac
Authors: Fruteau de Laclos Frédéric 
Published: February 2020

L’adhésion active d’André Varagnac (1894-1983) à la vision du folklore promue par le régime de Vichy a fait l’objet d’analyses précises. Par-delà sa thèse d’une survivance des genres de vie traditionnels, nous insistons sur son étude de la connaissance imaginative déployée par les activités quotidiennes. Du corps-à-corps avec la nature naissent des schèmes et des systèmes symboliques différents. Cette diversité tient au type d’action initié par les hommes. Dans le cas des actions instantanées, les individus se représentent des dieux, personnifications vivantes de la matière ; quand le labeur est dur et répétitif, ils sont davantage portés à se figurer l’immortalité de leur âme et à envisager la question de leur salut.
Devenir analyste : analyse d’un désir
Authors: Gibeault Alain 
Published: February 2020

Le désir d’être analyste et ce qui s’y oppose demandent à être repérés lors des entretiens d’admission à la formation et l’analyse de ce désir dépend de l’analyse du candidat. Entre situation analytique et réponse institutionnelle, différents cas de figure se présentent selon les modèles de formation ; ils faisaient l’objet d’une Journée des formateurs de la SPP à laquelle ce texte introduisait.
L’institution en creux
Authors: Barazer Claude 
Published: February 2020

La cure didactique présentait parmi ses défauts celui de se mettre au départ au service d’une demande : devenir psychanalyste, contredisant le principe d’une suspension de toute visée objective à l’expérience. Les procédures de formation mises en place par les institutions courent toujours le risque d’entériner cette demande et par là même de participer au renforcement des résistances auxquelles tout analyste est confronté face à l’exigence d’interroger les déterminations inconscientes à l’œuvre dans ce « désir de devenir psychanalyste » et de le « rester » tout au long de sa pratique. La définition des conditions les plus à même de répondre à ce qui constitue la spécificité du « devenir analyste » a fait l’objet de débats et de conflits passionnels dans l’histoire des institutions psychanalytiques, témoignant d’une compatibilité toujours problématique entre les impératifs institutionnels et la singularité de la démarche qui impose à chacun d’interroger le désir qui anime sa pratique.
Révolution, évolution, progrès et régrès chez Élisée Reclus
Authors: Pelletier Philippe 
Published: February 2020

Pour Élisée Reclus (1830-1905), géographe anarchiste, il n’y a pas de philosophie de l’histoire mais des variations de milieux (physiques, humains) faits de progrès et de régrès. Le progrès est une amélioration de la condition humaine : il « consiste à trouver l’ensemble des intérêts et des volontés commun à tous les peuples, il se confond avec la solidarité ». Nulle situation n’est figée puisque chaque milieu étant localement divers, chaque peuple peut effectuer des choix techniques et culturels différents malgré des conditions parfois proches. Reclus critique aussi bien les contempteurs que les laudateurs du progrès.
Cutting Edge: The Use of Topical Aminoglycosides as an Effective Pull in “Prime and Pull” Vaccine Strategy
Authors: Gopinath Smita , Lu Peiwen , Iwasaki Akiko 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The presence of tissue-resident memory T cells at barrier tissues is critical for long-lasting protective immune responses. Previous work has shown that tissue-resident memory T cells can be established by “pulling” virus-specific effector T cells from circulation to the genital mucosa via topical vaginal application of chemokines in mice. Once established, these cells protect hosts against genital herpes infection. We recently showed that vaginal application of aminoglycoside antibiotics induces robust activation of the IFN signaling pathway, including upregulation of chemokine expression within the tissue in mice. In this study, we show that a single topical application of neomycin, an inexpensive and vaginally nontoxic antibiotic, is sufficient to pull CD8 T cells to the vaginal mucosa and provide protection against genital herpes infection in mice.
First direct observation of sea salt aerosol production from blowing snow above sea ice
Authors: Frey Markus M. , Norris Sarah J. , Brooks Ian M. , Anderson Philip S. , Nishimura Kouichi , Yang Xin , Jones Anna E. , Nerentorp Mastromonaco Michelle G. , Jones David H. , Wolff Eric W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Two consecutive cruises in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, in winter 2013 provided the first direct observations of sea salt aerosol (SSA) production from blowing snow above sea ice, thereby validating a model hypothesis to account for winter time SSA maxima in the Antarctic. Blowing or drifting snow often leads to increases in SSA during and after storms. For the first time it is shown that snow on sea ice is depleted in sulfate relative to sodium with respect to seawater. Similar depletion in bulk aerosol sized ∼0.3–6 µm above sea ice provided the evidence that most sea salt originated from snow on sea ice and not the open ocean or leads, e.g. >90 % during the 8 June to 12 August 2013 period. A temporally very close association of snow and aerosol particle dynamics together with the long distance to the nearest open ocean further supports SSA originating from a local source. A mass budget estimate shows that snow on sea ice contains even at low salinity (<0.1 psu) more than enough sea salt to account for observed increases in atmospheric SSA during storms if released by sublimation. Furthermore, snow on sea ice and blowing snow showed no or small depletion of bromide relative to sodium with respect to seawater, whereas aerosol was enriched at 2 m and depleted at 29 m, suggesting that significant bromine loss takes place in the aerosol phase further aloft and that SSA from blowing snow is a source of atmospheric reactive bromine, an important ozone sink, even during winter darkness. The relative increase in aerosol concentrations with wind speed was much larger above sea ice than above the open ocean, highlighting the importance of a sea ice source in winter and early spring for the aerosol burden above sea ice. Comparison of absolute increases in aerosol concentrations during storms suggests that to a first order corresponding aerosol fluxes above sea ice can rival those above the open ocean depending on particle size. Evaluation of the current model for SSA production from blowing snow showed that the parameterizations used can generally be applied to snow on sea ice. Snow salinity, a sensitive model parameter, depends to a first order on snowpack depth and therefore was higher above first-year sea ice (FYI) than above multi-year sea ice (MYI). Shifts in the ratio of FYI and MYI over time are therefore expected to change the seasonal SSA source flux and contribute to the variability of SSA in ice cores, which represents both an opportunity and a challenge for the quantitative interpretation of sea salt in ice cores as a proxy for sea ice.
Applying FP_ILM to the retrieval of geometry-dependent effective Lambertian equivalent reflectivity (GE_LER) daily maps from UVN satellite measurements
Authors: Loyola Diego G. , Xu Jian , Heue Klaus-Peter , Zimmer Walter 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The retrieval of trace gas, cloud, and aerosol
measurements from ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared (UVN) sensors
requires precise information on surface properties that are traditionally
obtained from Lambertian equivalent reflectivity (LER) climatologies. The
main drawbacks of using LER climatologies for new satellite missions are that (a) climatologies are typically based on previous missions with significantly
lower spatial resolutions, (b) they usually do not account fully for
satellite-viewing geometry dependencies characterized by bidirectional
reflectance distribution function (BRDF) effects, and (c) climatologies may
differ considerably from the actual surface conditions especially with
snow/ice scenarios. In this paper we present a novel algorithm for the retrieval of
geometry-dependent effective Lambertian equivalent reflectivity
(GE_LER) from UVN sensors; the algorithm is based on the
full-physics inverse learning machine (FP_ILM) retrieval.
Radiances are simulated using a radiative transfer model that takes into
account the satellite-viewing geometry, and the inverse problem is solved
using machine learning techniques to obtain the GE_LER from
satellite measurements. The GE_LER retrieval is optimized not only for trace gas
retrievals employing the DOAS algorithm, but also for the large amount of
data from existing and future atmospheric Sentinel satellite missions. The
GE_LER can either be deployed directly for the computation of
air mass factors (AMFs) using the effective scene approximation or it can be used to create a
global gapless geometry-dependent LER (G3_LER) daily map from
the GE_LER under clear-sky conditions for the computation of
AMFs using the independent pixel approximation. The GE_LER algorithm is applied to measurements of TROPOMI
launched in October 2017 on board the EU/ESA Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P)
mission. The TROPOMI GE_LER/G3_LER results are
compared with climatological OMI and GOME-2 LER datasets and the advantages
of using GE_LER/G3_LER are demonstrated for
the retrieval of total ozone from TROPOMI.
Coupling of a sediment diagenesis model (MEDUSA) and an Earth system model (CESM1.2): a contribution toward enhanced marine biogeochemical modelling and long-term climate simulations
Authors: Kurahashi-Nakamura Takasumi , Paul André , Munhoven Guy , Merkel Ute , Schulz Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. We developed a coupling scheme for the Community Earth System Model version 1.2 (CESM1.2) and the Model of Early Diagenesis in the Upper Sediment of Adjustable complexity (MEDUSA), and explored the effects of the coupling on solid components in the upper sediment and on bottom seawater chemistry by comparing the coupled model's behaviour with that of the uncoupled CESM having a simplified treatment of sediment processes.
CESM is a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea-ice–land model and its ocean component (the Parallel Ocean Program version 2; POP2) includes a biogeochemical component (the Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling model; BEC).
MEDUSA was coupled to POP2 in an offline manner so that each of the models ran separately and sequentially with regular exchanges of necessary boundary condition fields.
This development was done with the ambitious aim of a future application for long-term (spanning a full glacial cycle; i.e. ∼105 years) climate simulations with a state-of-the-art comprehensive climate model including the carbon cycle, and was motivated by the fact that until now such simulations have been done only with less-complex climate models.
We found that the sediment–model coupling already had non-negligible immediate advantages for ocean biogeochemistry in millennial-timescale simulations.
First, the MEDUSA-coupled CESM outperformed the uncoupled CESM in reproducing an observation-based global distribution of sediment properties, especially for organic carbon and opal.
Thus, the coupled model is expected to act as a better “bridge” between climate dynamics and sedimentary data, which will provide another measure of model performance.
Second, in our experiments, the MEDUSA-coupled model and the uncoupled model had a difference of 0.2 ‰ or larger in terms of δ13C of bottom water over large areas, which implied a potentially significant model uncertainty for bottom seawater chemical composition due to a different way of sediment treatment.
For example, an ocean model that does not treat sedimentary processes depending on the chemical composition of the ambient water can overestimate the amount of remineralization of organic matter in the upper sediment in an anoxic environment, which would lead to lighter δ13C values in the bottom water.
Such a model uncertainty would be a fundamental issue for paleo model–data comparison often relying on data derived from benthic foraminifera.
Global-scale drought risk assessment for agricultural systems
Authors: Meza Isabel , Siebert Stefan , Döll Petra , Kusche Jürgen , Herbert Claudia , Eyshi Rezaei Ehsan , Nouri Hamideh , Gerdener Helena , Popat Eklavyya , Frischen Janna , Naumann Gustavo , Vogt Jürgen V. , Walz Yvonne , Sebesvari Zita , Hagenlocher Michael 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Droughts continue to affect ecosystems, communities and entire economies.
Agriculture bears much of the impact, and in many countries it is the most
heavily affected sector. Over the past decades, efforts have been made to
assess drought risk at different spatial scales. Here, we present for the
first time an integrated assessment of drought risk for both irrigated and
rainfed agricultural systems at the global scale. Composite hazard indicators were calculated for irrigated and rainfed systems separately
using different drought indices based on historical climate conditions (1980–2016). Exposure was analyzed for irrigated and non-irrigated crops. Vulnerability was assessed through a socioecological-system (SES) perspective, using socioecological susceptibility and lack of coping-capacity indicators that were weighted by drought experts from around the world. The analysis shows that drought risk of rainfed and irrigated agricultural systems displays a heterogeneous pattern at the global level, with higher risk for southeastern Europe as well as northern and southern Africa. By providing information on the drivers and spatial patterns of drought risk in all dimensions of hazard, exposure and vulnerability, the presented analysis can support the identification of tailored measures to reduce drought risk and increase the resilience of agricultural systems.
Enhancing Female Prisoners’ Access to Education
Authors: Ryder Judith A 
Published: February 2020

The rate of female incarceration continues to surge, resulting in over 714,000 women currently being held behind bars worldwide. Females generally enter carceral facilities with low educational profiles, and educational programming inside is rarely a high priority. Access to education is a proven contributor to women’s social and economic empowerment and can minimise some of the obstacles they encounter after being released from custody. Support for the intellectual potential of incarcerated female ‘students’ can address intersecting inequalities that impede access to social protection, public services and sustainable infrastructure. Policymakers, academics and activists concerned with gender equality must begin by focusing on academic and vocational program development for female prisoners, built through strong community partnerships, and inclusive of trauma informed supports.
How Women’s Police Stations Empower Women, Widen Access to Justice and Prevent Gender Violence
Authors: Carrington Kerry , Guala Natacha , Puyol María Victoria , Sozzo Máximo 
Published: March 2020

Women’s police stations are a distinctive innovation that emerged in postcolonial nations of the global south in the second half of the twentieth century to address violence against women. This article presents the results of a world-first study of the unique way that these stations, called Comisaría de la Mujer, prevent gender-based violence in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. One in five police stations in this Province was established with a mandate of preventing gender violence. Little is currently known about how this distinctive multidisciplinary model of policing (which includes social workers, lawyers, psychologists and police) widens access to justice to prevent gender violence. This article compares the model’s virtues and limitations to traditional policing models. We conclude that specialised women’s police stations in the postcolonial societies of the global south increase access to justice, empower women to liberate themselves from the subjection of domestic violence and prevent gender violence by challenging patriarchal norms that sustain it. As a by-product, these women’s police stations also offer women in the global south a career in law enforcement—one that is based on a gender perspective. The study is framed by southern criminology, which reverses the notion that ideas, policies and theories can only travel from the anglophone world of the global north to the global south.
The article has been kindly translated into Spanish by one of the authors María Victoria Puyol - and can be viewed in both English and Spanish
Cómo las Comisarias de la Mujer empoderan a las mujeres, amplían el acceso a la justicia y previenen la violencia de género
Retroactive comparison of operator-designed and computer-generated skid-trail networks on steep terrain
Authors: Contreras Marco Antonio , Parrott David L , Stringer Jeffrey W 
Published: March 2020

Aim of the study: Quantify potential economic benefits of implementing computer-generated skid-trail networks over the traditional operator-designed skid-trail networks on steep terrain ground-based forest operations.Area of study: A 132-ha harvest operation conducted at the University of Kentucky’s Robinson Forest in eastern Kentucky, USA.Materials and methods: We compared computer-generated skid-trail network with an operator-designed network for a 132-ha harvest. Using equipment mounted GPS data and a digital elevation model (DEM), we identified the original operator-designed skid-trail network. Pre-harvest conditions were replicated by re-contouring terrain slopes over skid-trails to simulate the natural topography and by spatially distributing the harvestable volume based on pre-harvest inventories and timber harvest records. An optimized skid-trail network was designed using these pre-harvest conditions and compared to the original, operator-designed network.Main results: The computer-generated network length was slightly longer than the operator-designed network (53.7 km vs. 51.7 km). This also resulted in a slightly longer average skidding distance (0.71 km vs. 0.66 km) and higher total harvesting costs (5.1 $ ton-1 vs. 4.8 $ ton-1). However, skidding costs of the computer-generated network were slightly lower (4.2 $ ton-1 vs. 4.3 $ ton-1). When comparing only major skid-trails, those with ≥ 20 machine passes, the computer-generated skid-trail network was 28% shorter than the operator network (9.4 km vs. 13.1 km). Research highlight: This assessment offers evidence that computer-generated networks could be used to generate efficient skid-trails, help determine skidding costs, and assess further potential economic and environmental benefits.Key words: timber harvesting; forest operations; network optimization; soil disturbances; cost minimization.
Programmed death‐ligand 1 gene expression is a prognostic marker in early breast cancer and provides additional prognostic value to 21‐gene and 70‐gene signatures in estrogen receptor‐positive disease
Authors: Zerdes Ioannis , Sifakis Emmanouil G. , Matikas Alexios , Chrétien Sebastian , Tobin Nicholas P. , Hartman Johan , Rassidakis George Z. , Bergh Jonas , Foukakis Theodoros 
Published: March 2020

Gene and protein expression of programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) are prognostic in early breast cancer (BC), but their prognostic information is inconsistent at least in some biological subgroups. The validated prognostic gene signatures (GS) in BC are mainly based on proliferation and estrogen receptor (ER)‐related genes. Here, we aimed to explore the prognostic capacity of PD‐L1 expression at the protein vs mRNA levels and to investigate the prognostic information that PD‐L1 can potentially add to routinely used GS. Gene expression data were derived from two early BC cohorts (cohort 1: 562 patients; cohort 2: 1081 patients). Tissue microarrays from cohort 1 were immunohistochemically (IHC) stained for PD‐L1 using the SP263 clone. GS scores (21‐gene, 70‐gene) were calculated, and likelihood‐ratio (LR) tests and concordance indices were used to evaluate the additional prognostic information for each signature. The immune cell composition was also evaluated using the CIBERSORT in silico tool. PD‐L1 gene and protein expressions were independently associated with better prognosis. In ER+/HER2− patients, PD‐L1 gene expression provided significant additional prognostic information beyond that of both 21‐GS [LR‐Δχ2 = 15.289 and LR‐Δχ2 = 8.812, P < 0.01 for distant metastasis‐free interval (DMFI) in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively] and 70‐GS score alone (LR‐Δχ2 = 18.198 and LR‐Δχ2 = 8.467, P < 0.01 for DMFI in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively). PD‐L1 expression was correlated with IHC‐determined CD3+ cells (r = 0.41, P < 0.001) and with CD8+ (r = 0.62, P < 0.001) and CD4+ memory activated (r = 0.66, P < 0.001) but not with memory resting (r = −0.063, P = 0.14) or regulatory (r = −0.12, P < 0.01) T cells in silico. PD‐L1 gene expression represents a promising favorable prognostic marker and can provide additional prognostic value to 21‐ and 70‐gene scores in ER+/HER2− BC.
Photon skyshine from medical linear accelerators
Authors: McDermott Patrick N. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA widely used formula for the prediction of photon skyshine has been shown to be very inaccurate by comparison with numerous measurements. Discrepancies of up to an order of magnitude have been observed. In addition to this, the formula does not predict the observed dependence on field size, nor the fact that skyshine dose rates exhibit a local maximum. A scaling formula is derived here, with a single fitting parameter, which properly accounts for these properties, provides physical insight into the skyshine phenomenon, and is more accurate. The location of the maximum dose rate depends on the ratio of the roof height above isocenter to the distance from the isocenter to the outer surface of the sidewall. For nominal linac room dimensions, the maximum dose occurs at a distance from the outer wall of approximately two times the height of the roof above the isocenter. The skyshine dose rate is proportional to the field area and not Ω1.3, as predicted by the standard formula, where Ω is the solid angle subtended by the beam. For lightly shielded roofs (concrete thickness less than about 0.5 m), the photon skyshine for 6 MV exceeds that for 18 MV. Evidence is presented that at intermediate distances the skyshine declines as one over the distance and not one over the distance squared. Predictions of skyshine dose rates depend critically on accurate knowledge of the roof transmission factor. If a roof is shielded so as to avoid designation as a “high radiation area,” photon skyshine will be negligible.
Core–Shell Nanoparticle Interface and Wetting Properties
Authors: Engström Joakim , Brett Calvin J. , Körstgens Volker , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Ohm Wiebke , Malmström Eva , Roth Stephan V. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractLatex colloids are among the most promising materials for broad thin film applications due to their facile surface functionalization. Yet, the effect of these colloids on chemical film and wetting properties cannot be easily evaluated. At the nanoscale, core–shell particles can deform and coalesce during thermal annealing, yielding fine‐tuned physical properties. Two different core–shell systems (soft and rigid) with identical shells but with chemically different core polymers and core sizes are investigated. The core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) are probed during thermal annealing in order to investigate their behavior as a function of nanostructure size and rigidity. X‐ray scattering allows to follow the re‐arrangement of the NPs and the structural evolution in situ during annealing. Evaluation by real‐space imaging techniques reveals a disappearance of the structural integrity and a loss of NP boundaries. The possibility to fine‐tune the wettability by tuning the core–shell NPs morphology in thin films provides a facile template methodology for repellent surfaces.