bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Australian smokers’ experiences and perceptions of recessed and firm filter cigarettes
Authors: Wakefield Melanie A , Dunstone Kimberley , Brennan Emily , Vittiglia Amanda , Scollo Michelle , Durkin Sarah J , Hoek Janet , Thrasher James , Hatsukami Dorothy , Benowitz Neal , Samet Jonathan M 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundWhile cigarette filter modifications have long been used to increase product appeal and assuage health concerns, tighter marketing restrictions, including plain packaging, have further spurred the growth of filter variants. We explored and assessed experiences and perceptions of smokers who had tried and/or currently use recessed filter cigarettes (RFCs) and firm filter cigarettes (FFCs).MethodIn November 2018, we undertook eight exploratory focus groups of Australian adult factory-made cigarette smokers (total n=56). In July 2019, we surveyed 999 smokers aged 18–69 years to quantify ever and current use of these products and associated beliefs and sensory experiences.ResultsFocus group and survey findings were consistent. Among 988 smokers who had at least tried factory-made cigarettes, 28.9% had tried FFCs and 11.1% currently smoked these, while 36.4% had tried RFCs and 7.5% currently smoked these. Smokers in both studies believed these filters may reduce harm and that FFCs increase appeal. In the survey, 58.9% of RFC triers agreed these hide the filter’s brown stain and 48.9% agreed that RFCs keep harmful substances away from the mouth. Similarly, 58.4% of FFC triers agreed these trap more harmful substances than standard filters. Relative to standard filter cigarettes, more smokers experienced FFCs and RFCs as feeling clean (p=0.03) and more current FFC users experienced these as feeling smooth (p=0.01).ConclusionRFCs and FFCs undermine plain packaging legislation, which aims to reduce appeal and minimise misperceptions about the relative harms of different tobacco products. Like other filter modifications, these filter variants should be disallowed.
Socioeconomic inequalities in secondhand smoke exposure before, during and after implementation of Quebec’s 2015 ‘An Act to Bolster Tobacco Control’
Authors: Gagné Thierry , Lapalme Josée , Ghenadenik Adrian E , OLoughlin Jennifer L , Frohlich Katherine 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundTo better understand whether tobacco control policies are associated with changes in secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure across socioeconomic groups, we monitored differences in socioeconomic inequalities in SHS exposure in households and private vehicles among youth and adults before, during and after adoption of Quebec’s 2015An Act to Bolster Tobacco Control.MethodsUsing data from the Canadian Community Health Survey, we examined the prevalence of daily exposure to SHS in households and private vehicles among youth (ages 12 to 17) and adults (ages 18+) across levels of household education and income (separately) in 2013/2014, 2015/2016 and 2017/2018. We tested differences in the magnitude of differences in outcomes over time across education and income categories using logistic models with interaction terms, controlling for age and sex.ResultsWe detected inequalities in SHS exposure outcomes at each time point, most markedly at home among youth (OR of SHS exposure among youth living in the 20% poorest households vs the 20% richest=4.9, 95% CI 2.7 to 6.2). There were decreases in SHS exposure in homes and cars in each education/income group over time. The magnitude of inequalities in SHS exposure in homes and cars, however, did not change during this period.ConclusionsThe persistence of socioeconomic inequalities in SHS exposure despite implementation of new tobacco control laws represents an increasingly worrisome public health challenge, particularly among youth. Policymakers should prioritise the reduction of socioeconomic inequalities in SHS exposure and consider the specific needs of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations in the design of future legislation.
The great divide: drivers of polarization in the US public
Authors: Böttcher Lucas , Gersbach Hans 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMany democratic societies have become more politically polarized, with the U.S. being the main example. The origins of this phenomenon are still not well-understood and subject to debate. To provide insight into some of the mechanisms underlying political polarization, we develop a mathematical framework and employ Bayesian Markov chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) and information-theoretic concepts to analyze empirical data on political polarization that has been collected by Pew Research Center from 1994 to 2017. Our framework can capture the evolution of polarization in the Democratic- and Republican-leaning segments of the U.S. public and allows us to identify its drivers. Our empirical and quantitative evidence suggests that political polarization in the U.S. is mainly driven by strong political/cultural initiatives in the Democratic party.
Intraseasonal Oscillation Indices from Complex EOFs
Authors: Bürger Gerd 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIndices of oscillatory behavior are conveniently obtained by projecting the fields in question into a phase space of a few (mostly just two) dimensions; empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) or other, more dynamical, modes are typically used for the projection. If sufficiently coherent and in quadrature, the projected variables simply describe a rotating vector in the phase space, which then serves as the basis for predictions. Using the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO) as a test case, an alternative procedure is introduced: it augments the original fields with their Hilbert transform (HT) to form a complex series and projects it onto its (single) dominant EOF. The real and imaginary parts of the corresponding complex pattern and index are compared with those of the original (real) EOF. The new index explains slightly less variance of the physical fields than the original, but it is much more coherent, partly from its use of future information by the HT. Because the latter is in the way of real-time monitoring, the index can only be used in cases with predicted physical fields, for which it promises to be superior. By developing a causal approximation of the HT, a real-time variant of the index is obtained whose coherency is comparable to the noncausal version, but with smaller explained variance of the physical fields. In test cases the new index compares well to other indices of BSISO. The potential for using both indices as an alternative is discussed.
Attributing Terrestrial Water Storage Variations across China to Changes in Groundwater and Human Water Use
Authors: Lv Meixia , Ma Zhuguo , Yuan Naiming 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study investigated the attribution of terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations across China to changes in groundwater and human water use. As one vital storage component, the groundwater storage (GWS) derived from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) mass concentration solution compared reasonably well with the in situ groundwater table depth, with the correlation coefficients ranging from −0.83 to −0.18, all of which were statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. About 71% of the trends in derived GWS had the same sign as those of observations, without systematic deviation, across China. The GWS variation contributed a large portion of the TWS trend in most regions of China, and the majority of contribution values reached 50%–150% in the Hai River basin, the Loess Plateau, and the middle portion of the Yangtze River basin. The dominant role of GWS is closely related to the detected long-term “memories” in both TWS and GWS. The increase of irrigation consumption accelerated the TWS depletion trend by 13.4% in the Huai River basin, while the decrease of consumptive agricultural water use alleviated the TWS decline rate by 4.1% in the Hai River basin. Importantly, the correlation coefficients reached 0.74–0.95 between the TWS change and the residual of precipitation, evapotranspiration, flow into the sea, and irrigation consumption in the four river basins of particular interest. The findings of this study are helpful for understanding regional water cycles in China.
Evaluation of GPM IMERG Rainfall Estimates in Singapore and Assessing Spatial Sampling Errors in Ground Reference
Authors: Mandapaka Pradeep V. , Lo Edmond Y. M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe evaluated the Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) V06B Early and Final Run products using data from a dense gauge network in Singapore as ground reference (GR). The evaluation is carried out at monthly, daily, and hourly scales, and conditioned on different seasons and rainfall intensities. Further, different spatial configurations and densities of the gauge networks (3–17 gauges per IMERG cell) used here allowed us to examine spatial sampling errors (SSE) in the GR. The results revealed a probability of detection of 0.95 (0.65), critical success index of 0.69 (0.35), and a correlation of 0.60 (0.41) for the daily (hourly) scale. Results also indicate an overestimation of rainy days (hours) by IMERG compared to GR, leading to a false alarm ratio of 0.29 (0.57) at daily (hourly) scales. Analysis of probability distributions and conditional error metrics showed overestimation of lighter (0.2–4 mm day−1) and moderate (4–8 mm day−1) rainfall by IMERG, but better performance for heavier rainfall (≥32 mm day−1). The seasonal analysis showed improved performance of IMERG during November–February compared to June–September months. The hourly analysis further revealed large discrepancies in diurnal cycles during June–September. The SSE are studied in a Monte Carlo framework consisting of several synthetic networks with varying spatial configurations and densities. The effect of SSE on IMERG evaluation results is characterized following the error variance separation approach. For the gauge networks studied here, the contribution of SSE variance to IMERG daily error variance ranges from 4% to 24% depending on gauge spatial configuration, and is as large as 36% during intermonsoon months when rainfall is highly convective in nature.
A Classification of Ice Crystal Habits Using Combined Lidar and Scanning Polarimeter Observations during the SEAC4RS Campaign
Authors: Midzak Natalie , Yorks John E. , Zhang Jianglong , van Diedenhoven Bastiaan , Woods Sarah , McGill Matthew 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUsing collocated NASA Cloud Physics Lidar (CPL) and Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP) data from the Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) campaign, a new observational-based method was developed which uses aK-means clustering technique to classify ice crystal habit types into seven categories: column, plates, rosettes, spheroids, and three different type of irregulars. Intercompared with the collocated SPEC, Inc., Cloud Particle Imager (CPI) data, the frequency of the detected ice crystal habits from the proposed method presented in the study agrees within 5% with the CPI-reported values for columns, irregulars, rosettes, and spheroids, with more disagreement for plates. This study suggests that a detailed ice crystal habit retrieval could be applied to combined space-based lidar and polarimeter observations such asCALIPSOand POLDER in addition to future missions such as the Aerosols, Clouds, Convection, and Precipitation (A-CCP).
Factors Influencing the Dissemination of Tweets at the American College of Surgeons Clinical Congress 2018
Authors: Sharp Stephen P. , Mackenzie Douglas G. , Ong David S.Y. , Mountziaris Paschalia M. , Logghe Heather J. , Ferrada Paula , Wexner Steven D. 
Published: October 2020

Background Social media is increasingly used in surgery, facilitating the dissemination of knowledge. Social media can potentially aid networking, education, and information exchange. This study explored the impact of tweet components and tweeter characteristics during a large surgical congress to inform recommendations for optimizing social media use at future surgical conferences. Methods Twitter activity was monitored during the American College of Surgeons Clinical Congress 2018 using NodeXL to extract tweets containing the conference hashtag #ACSCC18 (or #ACSCC2018). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of retweet activity, also testing for multicollinearity and interactions among variables. Results There were 4386 tweets that contained #ACSCC18 (or #ACSCC2018) posted from 1023 Twitter accounts. A larger group of Twitter accounts just retweeted. Other Twitter accounts with a stake in the conference neither tweeted nor retweeted. In a multivariable analysis of original tweets, the following were all independently associated with retweets, in decreasing order of effect size: mention of other tweeters, multimedia, inclusion of other hashtags, and the number of followers. In contrast with other conferences, the inclusion of a weblink (URL)—for example, link to paper or blog—was not associated with retweets. Discussion This study helps understand social media impact at surgical conferences. Engage by tweeting and retweeting. Mention other tweeters, add multimedia, include congress hashtags and topic-specific hashtags, and build your followers. Although not associated with retweet activity in this study, the inclusion of URLs can still contribute in substantiating the disseminated content based on findings at other conferences.
References Values for the Current Perception Threshold in the Pharynx Based on a Study of a Healthy Population
Authors: Chang Wei , Xu Wen , Zhang Ran , An Yunsong 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: The application of the current perception threshold (CPT) in the diagnosis of pharyngeal sensory abnormalities has rarely been studied, and there is a lack of reference values for this application. This study established a normal reference range for CPT in the pharynx based on a study of a healthy population. Methods: The CPT values of the palatoglossal arch, posterior 1/3 of the lingual body and hard palate were measured in 60 healthy individuals at 2000, 250, and 5 Hz. The influencing factors were analyzed, and reference values for the CPT were established. Results: There was no correlation between the CPT value and gender. Age was only correlated at 250 Hz level in the hard palate. The CPT values of the palatoglossal arch were 324.95 ± 82.422 at 2000 Hz, 66.90 ± 38.622 at 250 Hz, and 13 ± 14.93 (7.83-22.75) at 5 Hz. The CPT values of the posterior 1/3 of the lingual body were 359.17 ± 76.299 at 2000 Hz, 86.92 ± 35.151 at 250 Hz, and 19 ± 15.73 (13.03-28.75) at 5 Hz. The CPT values of the hard palate were 157.5 ± 61.75 (124-185.75) at 2000 Hz, 57.63 ± 28.785 at 250 Hz, and 22 ± 25.73 (11.03-36.75) at 5 Hz. Conclusions: The CPT values of the pharynx in healthy people were not related to gender. The CPT values of the hard palate for 250 Hz stimulation were related to age, and there were no relationships between the CPT values and age for the other frequencies and loci. We established a normal reference range of CPT values in the pharynx from measurements obtained from healthy populations.
Mechanisms underlying the mental health impact of family separation on resettled refugees
Authors: Liddell Belinda J , Byrow Yulisha , O’Donnell Meaghan , Mau Vicki , Batch Nicole , McMahon Tadgh , Bryant Richard , Nickerson Angela 
Published: October 2020

Objective: Many refugees experience prolonged separation from family members, which research suggests has adverse effects on mental health and post-displacement outcomes in refugee populations. We examine mental health differences in refugees separated and not separated from their families, and key post-migration factors and cultural mechanisms that may underlie this impact. Methods: A sample of 1085 refugees resettled in Australia, of which 23.3% were separated from all of their immediate family, took part in an online battery of survey measures indexing pre- and post-migration refugee experiences, mental health symptoms, disability and individualistic/collectivistic self-identity. Family separation was used as a predictor of mental health outcomes in a series of linear regressions, and the separated and non-separated groups were compared in multigroup path analysis models to examine group-specific indirect effects. Results: The separated group reported greater exposure to pre-migration potentially traumatic events and higher levels of post-migration living difficulties compared to the non-separated group. Family separation predicted higher post-traumatic stress and depression symptoms, but not disability, after controlling for potentially traumatic event exposure, age and sex. Path analyses revealed distinct indirect effects for separated and non-separated groups. Principally, higher collectivistic self-identity was associated with elevated post-traumatic stress, depression and disability symptoms via social-related post-migration living difficulties such as isolation and loneliness in the separated group; whereas collectivism was linked with increased depression symptoms via economic-related post-migration living difficulties in the non-separated group. Conclusion: These findings indicate that family separation powerfully influences mental health outcomes, but that its effect may be mediated by the type of post-migration stress experienced in the settlement environment and culturally bound differences in how the sense of self is interconnected with family.
Harnessing motivation for sustainable practice change: From passive receivers to active co-creators
Authors: Smith Geoffrey P , Williams Theresa M 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: The challenges of implementing clinical practice changes are well recognised. Prevailing approaches to tackling them have largely relied on increasing control and standardisation, but with limited impact. We examine research from the behavioural sciences in an attempt to (a) build a clearer understanding of why the implementation of change in clinical settings has proved so elusive and (b) provide practical guidance on how organisations can create a climate that can nurture sustained behavioural change in their workforce. Method: We undertook a review of the behavioural science literature to gain a better understanding of the circumstances under which staff might willingly pursue goals that are externally generated. Three studies, derived from the mental health literature, are outlined to illustrate how the manner in which change is introduced can have a significant effect on its uptake and sustainability. Results: Research suggests that human behaviour is not as unpredictable as it might at first appear; rather, there are some deeply rooted, psychological processes at play. Self-Determination Theory, a theory of human motivation with an extensive body of research supporting its effectiveness, suggests that the manner in which change is introduced and implemented is critical. Conclusion: While improvement methodologies and the use of implementation strategies are necessary, experience would suggest that by themselves they are not sufficient. Overcoming the challenges of implementing change will require a significant shift in our thinking about organisational leadership and the way that change is introduced. Some practical ways leaders can foster staff buy-in for organisational change are proposed.
Predictors of HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Initiation Among Public Health Clients in Rural and Small Urban Areas in Iowa
Authors: Howren M. Bryant , Francis Shelby L. , Polgreen Linnea A. , Shafer Cody , Hoth Angela , Ohl Michael E. 
Published: October 2020

Objective Preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a safe and effective method for HIV prevention, but little is known about PrEP uptake in rural and small urban areas. We described rates and predictors of HIV PrEP initiation among public health clients in rural and small urban areas in Iowa. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of clients with PrEP indications served by HIV testing and disease intervention specialist/partner services (DIS/PS) programs in public health departments in Iowa from February 1, 2018, through February 28, 2019. Eligible participants were aged 18-70 and referred for PrEP by public health personnel. Participants completed surveys at enrollment addressing demographic characteristics; sexual history; previous drug use; PrEP experiences; and knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about PrEP. A follow-up survey assessed PrEP initiation at 30 days. We compared baseline characteristics of PrEP initiators and non-initiators. Results Two hundred thirty-four public health clients consented to participate in the study; 189 completed the baseline survey, and 117 (61.9%) completed the follow-up survey. The mean age of participants in the baseline survey was 30 (range, 18-68); 109 (57.7%) were male, 127 (67.2%) were White, and 169 (89.4%) lived in a rural or small urban area. Of 117 participants in the follow-up survey, those who initiated PrEP were significantly more likely than those who did not initiate PrEP to be referred by DIS/PS programs (46.7% vs 7.8%, P < .001) and to recognize that PrEP was ≥90% effective (86.7% vs 35.3%, P = .001). No PrEP initiators and 8 PrEP non-initiators agreed that PrEP is for promiscuous people (0% vs 7.8%, P = .04). Perceived PrEP stigma was low and not associated with PrEP initiation. Conclusions PrEP initiation rates were low among rural and small urban health department clients. Interventions are needed to improve linkage to PrEP among rural and small urban public health clients.
Eating behaviors in sailors of the United States Navy: Meal-to-sleep intervals
Authors: Shattuck Nita Lewis , Matsangas Panagiotis 
Published: October 2020

Background: Due to their long workdays and erratic watch schedules, sailors on United States Navy (USN) ships often eat meals close to their bedtime, which may contribute to sleep disruption. Aim: To assess the duration of meal-to-sleep (M-S) intervals in relation to timing of sailor workdays and watch schedules. Methods: Longitudinal field assessment of USN sailors performing their underway duties ( N = 234). Participants completed questionnaires, wore actigraphs, and completed activity logs. Results: Approximately 35% of M-S intervals were <3 h in duration. M-S interval duration was associated with watchstanding status ( p < 0.001) and the number of sections in the watchstanding schedule ( p < 0.001). Sailors on the two-section watch schedule had, on average, the shortest M-S intervals (55 min) compared to sailors on three- or four-section watchbills (∼4 h) and to non-watchstanders (4.85 h). Conclusion: Sailors on two-section watchbills often eat quite close to bedtime. To provide appropriate recommendations regarding healthy dietary patterns, we will continue assessing dietary behaviors and food choices of sailors while underway, especially as they relate to sailor work hours, circadian rhythms, and sleep practices.