bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Highly Inclined Well to Optimizing Well Pattern: Case Study of a Giant Carbonate Reservoir in the Middle East
Authors: Sun Liang , Wei Liang , Zhao Hang , Li Baozhu , Li Yong 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East are characterized by strong heterogeneity, fairly subtle barriers and baffles, which result in low water flood swept volume and poor displacement efficiency. Therefore, optimum well pattern deployment is critical for high-efficiency development of such reservoirs. This paper focuses on a giant carbonate reservoir and discusses the application of highly inclined well to optimizing the deployment of well pattern.
In this paper, first, based on the productivity formulae of slanted and horizontal wells proposed by Besson, the adaptability of highly inclined well in giant carbonate reservoir was evaluated. Then, the well design parameters were optimized by using numerical simulation. Finally, the optimum well pattern of "water injection in vertical well and oil production in highly inclined well" was established, and sound development strategies were determined. This provided us the foundation to propose customized water flooding plan. The successful application of this development scheme for M carbonate reservoir in Iraq validated the technical feasibility, which achieved considerable economic benefits.
The results indicate that highly inclined well has advantages in productivity and adaptability of well type to this kind of reservoirs. The production of top low-permeability layers and bottom low-permeability layers in M reservoir with inclined interval and horizontal interval respectively makes full use of highly inclined well, which balances injectivity and productivity of different reservoir properties. The proper length of highly inclined well is 2953∼3281 feet, and the ratio of inclined interval to horizontal interval is about 2. The optimized well pattern of "water injection in vertical well and oil production in highly inclined well" improves water injection sweep efficiency and recovery factor. The M reservoir in Iraq has achieved an annual yield of more than 1.5 million barrels.
The water injection development for large-scale carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East is still at exploration stage and lack of mature experience. The proposed development pattern in this paper provides a methodology for the efficient development of similar reservoirs.
Research on Engineering Technologies to Develop China's Complex Reservoirs and their Feasibility in Development of Marginal Oilfields in South America
Authors: Fu Jin , Wang Xi , Zhang Shunyuan , Liu Bingshan , Chen Chen , Yang Guobin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Marginal Oilfields are refered to as those oilfields that are hardly developed efficiently with current technical and ecomonical conditions, characterized as high costs of development and low profit margins. However, under certain economical and technical circumstances, marginal oilfields may be transferred to be conventional ones. Since Petrobras developed the first ever offshore deep reservoir (Lula) by scale in 2006, Brazil has been conducting a progressive campaign targeting hydrocarbons buried under deep water, which contributes to discovery of Lula, Carioca, Jupiter, Buzios, Libra and other giant presalt reservoirs in Santos Basin. CNPC signed a cooperation contract with Petrobras in 2013, taking 10% of the total shares. How to efficiently develop the oilfield has been a challenging issue.
Technologies of smart water injection in Shengli Oilfield have been studied, while the field development and environment (deep water) of Libra Oilfield have been analyzed, in order that the smart water injection technologies may be modified to develop the marginal oilfield more efficiently.
Different from conventional zonal water injection technologies, the remote wireless control water injection technologies take advantages of packers that are connected with each other via preset cables, which achieves downhole testing and water injection simultaneously. Being run via tubing, the water injection string locates a nozzle for each reservoir that is isolated by a packer. All nozzles are connected with packers via the preset cables that work as power lines for the whole string, so that downhole data such as pressures, flows and temperatures are all transferred to the processing computer on the surface. The computer program is used to convert pressure and formation signals into curves that are transferred to Company via WIFI or mobile 2G/3G/4G webs, in order that technicians there may understand and learn about downhole pressures, temperatures, flows and nozzle conditions in real time. They are able to open and close the nozzles totally or partially by giving orders that are transferred as signals via cables. In order to cope with offshore environment of Libra Oilfield in Santos Basin, pre-set cable packers have been modified accordingly, so that highly deviated wells may be developed with the smart water injection technologies.
A field trial deployed in BM-C-33 Block Libra Oilfield shows that the modified smart water injection technologies are feasible for Libra Oilfield, as a novel solution to inject water in highly-deviated and horizontal wells in offshore oilfields.
Increasing Fire Safety – Fire and Life Safety Ecosystem
Authors: Candido Anderson Queiroz 
Published: October 2019

While we are currently seeing less fires, statistically, if you do have a fire in your home, you are more likely to die today than you were 20 years ago. Add to that, that every 24 seconds, a U.S. fire department responds to a fire somewhere in the country. Nationwide, a civilian died in a fire every 2 hours and 34 minutes. (From the 2017 U.S. Fire Loss Report)
The reality is, we do have many of the tools to prevent damaging fires – sprinklers, smoke alarms, codes and enforcement – but they are met with resistance from everyone from policymakers and enforcers to builders and the public. Over the years we've underused, ignored or allowed codes and safety standards to become outdated.
Structural Integrity of HSLA Steels under Hydrogen Embrittlement Condition
Authors: Melo Guilherme Freitas , Bose Filho Waldek Wladimir , Alvarenga Rodrigo Freitas da Silva , Paes Marcelo Torres Piza , Ferreira Daniel Correia F. , Franco Sinésio Domingues 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
High strength steels have large applicability in the gas and oil industry and are often used in aggressive environments, requiring the use of cathodic protection, with the consequent generation of atomic hydrogen in the cathode that may lead to hydrogen embrittlement, HE. The aim of this work was to evaluate the fracture toughness and HE susceptibility of two high strength steels, named as 38CrMo4 and 30CrMo6,
used as components for oil extraction from the seabed. J-Δa curves for JIC evaluation were carried out following the ASTM E1820 [1] at room temperature in laboratorial air using C(T) specimen. For KTH evaluation the tests were based on NACE TM0177 standard [2], using sharply notched DCB specimens. For this test a 3.5 wt% NaCl aqueous solution with −1.2 V cathodic protection for the in-situ hydrogen charging were used. From the results it was observed that both steels presented predominantly martensitic/bainitic microstructures, with 30CrMo6 steel exhibiting lower mechanical strength and higher total elongation. The great microstructural differences rely mainly on the prior austenite grain size and in the S and Ca contents. 30CrMo6 steel presented a very fine prior austenite grain and mostly spherical CaS inclusions instead of the elongated MnS. These microstructural features lead to much higher KJIC value and it did not exhibit HE in the conditions analyzed here.
Validity of chest ultrasound in the diagnosis of acute chest disorders in children
Authors: Kabil Ahmed E , Aboseif Ahmed I , Kamal Sherif M , Sorour Ehab I , Mohammed Abd El Salam R 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Chest ultrasonography (US) is a promising tool in the evaluation of chest diseases as it is fast, user-friendly, noninvasive, easily reproducible, portable, widely available, inexpensive, and involves no ionizing radiation.

Aim
To assess the role of chest US in the diagnosis of acute chest disorders in children comparing it with conventional chest radiographs (CXR).

Patients and methods
This was a prospective, observational study, conducted at the Pediatric and Chest Departments of Al-Hussein and Sayed Galal, Al-Azhar University Hospitals, Cairo. Children aged from 1 month to 12 years, suffering from acute respiratory distress were included in this study. Full history taking, clinical examination, CXR, and chest US were performed for each patient. Computed tomography chest was performed in some cases where there was a doubt in diagnosis (e.g. lung abscess, mediastinal mass, and small pneumothorax). The main outcome was the correspondence between chest US findings and the patients’ final diagnosis based on history, clinical examination, laboratory results, and radiological finding.

Results
A total of 100 patients were included, 66 men and 34 women. Thirty patients had uncomplicated pneumonia, 17 patients had pneumonia complicated with effusion, 13 patients had nonpneumonic effusion, 12 patients had pneumothorax, four patients had lung collapse, 19 patients had acute bronchiolitis, three patients had lung abscess, and two cases had mediastinal masses. Chest US was true positive for the diagnosis in 83% of cases compared with 77% by the CXR (the conventional imaging technique).

Conclusion
The chest US is a valid, simple, safe, available, inexpensive method, and comparable to CXR for the diagnosis of acute chest disorders in children.

Recommendation
This study recommends administration of chest US as a diagnostic tool in the management of acute chest disorders in children.
Role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of temporal bone pre-cochlear and postcochlear implantation
Authors: El-Zayat Tarek M , Elfeshawy Mohamed S , Khashaba Ahmed H , El-Raouf Mohamed E 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Multidetector computed tomography (CT) and MRI play a critical role in the evaluation and management of different causes of hearing loss, which require many therapeutic techniques including cochlear implantation. Multidetector CT has proven its efficacy in the postoperative imaging of cochlear implant patients. CT confirms the intracochlear position of the implant. It has also been shown that malpositioning and kinking can be detected by CT imaging.

Aim of the work
To evaluate the role of various imaging modalities (CT and MRI) in the preoperative and postoperative evaluation of cochlear implant candidates. Patients and methods The study included a total of 20 patients referred to the Radiodiagnosis Department from the ENT Department in Al Galaa Military Hospital. CT and MRI were performed for the assessment of the cochlear state before cochlear implantation operation. Postoperative CT was done to underline the position of the implanted electrode.

Setting and design
This study involves prospective, randomized, controlled trials.

Ethics
Informed consent from a parent or guardian.

Results
This study included 20 patients with bilateral severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. The study was performed on eight (40%) men and 12 (60%) women. Only 17 (85%) patients underwent cochlear implantation, the other three (15%) cases were diagnosed as Michel deformity, Cochlear hypoplasia, and Labyrinthine ossificans. Full electrode array insertion was reported in all cases who underwent cochlear implantation.

Conclusion
Preoperative CT and MRI assessment is critical for determining implant candidacy. Postoperative CT confirms the intracochlear position of the implant.
The value of ascitic fluid calprotectin and calprotectin-to-albumin ratio in the diagnosis and prognosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Authors: Ali Samia T , Mohamed Nagwa A. E 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a potentially fatal condition, characterized by infection of ascitic fluid (AF) in the absence of any intra-abdominal surgically treatable source of infection. It is the most frequent and severe complication of cirrhotic ascites. SBP is a condition that requires a high index of suspicion, rapid and accurate diagnosis, in addition to prompt and effective therapy.

Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate AF calprotectin as a diagnostic marker in detecting SBP. In addition, we have evaluated AF calprotectin-to-albumin ratio in the diagnosis and prognosis of SBP.

Patients and methods
A total of 72 patients with cirrhotic ascites were included in this study. They were divided into two groups: SBP group included 50 patients with cirrhotic ascites and SBP diagnosed by presence of polymorphonuclear leukocyte count at least 250 cells/mm3 in AF with or without positive AF culture, and non-SBP group included 22 patients with cirrhotic ascites without evidence of SBP. All patients were subjected to complete clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations, diagnostic abdominal paracentesis, serum and AF C-reactive protein levels, which were assessed quantitatively, and AF calprotectin levels, which were measured by quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results
AF calprotectin was significantly elevated in patients with SBP in comparison with non-SBP patients (P<0.001), with the best cutoff value for the detection of SBP (372 ng/ml) with a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and an accuracy of 100% for each. Moreover, there was a positive correlation with total leukocytic count, polymorphonuclear leukocyte, and C-reactive protein in serum and AF. Moreover, calprotectin-to-albumin ratio was increased in SBP group versus non-SBP group (P<0.001).

Conclusion
AF calprotectin can be used as a valuable marker in rapid diagnosis of SBP. Moreover, calprotectin-to-albumin ratio in ascites is useful in the diagnosis of SBP, as well as it provides prognostic information on short-term survival of patients with SBP with follow-up treatment.
Minimally invasive double-level osteotomy of the first metatarsus for treatment of severe hallux valgus
Authors: Abdel-Hameed Said K , Ewais Waleed M , Omar Mohamed A 
Published: October 2019

Background
Surgery for the treatment of severe hallux valgus (HV) is commenced to correct the forefoot deformity, provide metatarsalgia relief, and provide a stable biomechanically functional foot. Many surgeons advocate moving from open surgery to minimally invasive techniques, replacing large incisions with smaller ones through which the surgeon can work. Minimally invasive techniques have been successfully used for mild to moderate HV deformities; however, controversy exists for their use in cases with more severe involvement. The aim of this prospective study was to assess the clinical and radiological outcomes of a minimally invasive technique for management of severe HV deformity.

Patients and methods
Between March 2015 and August 2017, a total of 24 feet in 18 active patients, comprising 11 female and seven male patients, with six patients having bilateral involvement, met our selection criteria for symptomatic severe HV deformity and were treated with a minimally invasive double-level metatarsal osteotomy technique. The surgery is done through simple transverse osteotomy, with lateral translation, of the first metatarsus both proximally and distally combined with selective distal soft-tissue dissection. The average age of patients was 37.7 years. Clinically, the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society score and the subjective patient's satisfaction were evaluated. Radiologically, HV angle, distal metatarsal articular angle, and intermetatarsal angle and joint congruity were measured preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the end of the follow-up period. All data were statistically analyzed.

Results
The mean follow-up period was 22.7 months (range, 18–30 months). Union was achieved in all osteotomies in a mean of 6.67±0.45 weeks. Each radiological and clinical parameter showed a statistically significant improvement (P<0.001), with negligible first-ray shortening (P=0.547) and a few complications. At the end of follow-up period, no patient was dissatisfied.

Conclusion
Minimally invasive double-level first metatarsal osteotomy technique with selective distal soft-tissue dissection provides a simple, effective procedure, and reproducible alternative for treatment of severe HV deformity.
Comparative study between magnesium sulfate and ketamine added to lidocaine in ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block in upper limb surgery
Authors: Ashry Enas M , Awad Amira Abo E , El Kemary Fatma A , Ahmed Mona M 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Supraclavicular brachial plexus (SBP) block is an excellent substitute for general anesthesia during upper limb operations. It prevents undesirable effects of using general anesthesia and upper airway instruments. Moreover, it reduces the duration of hospitalization and costs and provides complete muscle relaxation. The ultrasound-guided technique requires a lower anesthetic volume to provide an efficient block and decreases the risk associated with intravascular injections and trauma to the surrounding tissues.

Aim
We conducted this study to compare the effect of ketamine versus magnesium sulfate as additives to lidocaine on onset and duration of sensory and motor block and duration of analgesia time, postoperative visual analog scale (VAS), total analgesic need, stress response (cortisol and blood glucose), and adverse effects in ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus (SBP) block for patients who electively underwent upper limb surgeries.

Patients and methods
A total of 90 patients aged 21–65 years, with American Society of Anesthesiologists status I, II, and III, scheduled for elective upper limb surgeries under SBP block, were divided into three equal groups in a randomized controlled fashion: group C (n=30) received 25 ml 2% lidocaine plus 5 cm saline, group K (n=30) received 25 ml 2% lidocaine plus 2 mg/kg ketamine, and group M (n=30) received 25 ml 2% lidocaine plus 250 mg magnesium sulfate (total volume in all groups 30 ml). Hemodynamic variables such as mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate, onset and duration of sensory and motor block, postoperative VAS, time to first analgesic request, total analgesic need, stress response (cortisol and blood glucose), and adverse effects were recorded for each patient.

Results
The sensory block duration was 438.0±80.4 min in group K, 280.2±42.6 min in group M, and 132.0±24.6 min in group C, with a P value less than 0.001, which was statistically significant, whereas the motor block duration was 500±79 min in the group K, 342±50 min in group M, and 200±35 min in group C, with a P value less than 0.001, which was statistically significant, indicating a prolongation in block duration in the ketamine group followed by magnesium group and then control group. The most significant and highest VAS pain scores were found in the control group at all time points (P<0.001), whereas the K group had the lowest VAS. Postoperative analgesic requirement was less in K group when compared with other groups (P<0.001).

Conclusion
Both ketamine and magnesium sulfate prolong the duration of analgesia without any major adverse effects. Ketamine is a better adjuvant to lidocaine for SBP than magnesium sulfate, as it has lower VAS and less postoperative analgesic requirement in upper limb surgeries.
Comparative study between the effect of opioid-free anesthesia versus opioid-based anesthesia in morbid obese patients
Authors: Elsaye Ruqaya M , Gaafary AMaaly M , Elsaeid Asmaa M 
Published: October 2019

Introduction
Multimodal techniques for pain management involve using two or more analgesic drugs with different mechanisms of action working in synergy. These drugs may be given by either the same or different routes of administration preoperatively, intraoperatively, and/or postoperatively [1]. By targeting different pain pathways within the central and peripheral nervous systems, the use of multiple agents with different mechanisms of action allows for lower doses of individual agents, which in turn results in a lower risk of adverse effects.

Aim
We have conducted this study to compare the effect of opioid-free anesthesia (OFA) with opioid-based anesthesia (OA) on postoperative pain relief as a primary outcome and hemodynamic variables, including mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and oxygen saturation%, total pethidin consumption 24 h postoperatively, and postoperative complications developed in postanesthetic care unit (PACU), such as hypoxia, shivering, nausea, and vomiting as secondary outcomes in morbid obese patients.

Patients and methods
A total of 40 patients (morbidly obese) aged 25–50 years with BMI of at least 35, having ASA status II scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were divided into two groups in a randomized controlled fashion: group 1 was the OA group (n=20), which received general anesthesia with propofol, muscle relaxant (rocuronium), and fentanyl as the main anesthetic adjuvant and analgesic, and group 2 was the OFA group (n=20), which received general anesthesia with propofol, muscle relaxant (rocuronium), dexmedetomidine, magnesium sulfate, and lidocaine as anesthetic adjuvant and analgesic. Hemodynamic variables such as MAP, HR, and oxygen saturation% were recorded preoperatively, postintubation, and every 15 min till the end of surgery. Postoperative visual analog scale done immediately postoperatively, and at 2, 6, 12, and 24 h postoperatively; total pethidine consumption in 24 h postoperatively; and postoperative complications developed in PACU such as hypoxia, shivering, nausea, and vomiting were also recorded for each patient.

Results
There were no differences between the two groups regarding demographic data. There was a statistically significant decrease in HR in OFA group compared with OA group from 15 min after induction to 15 min postoperatively and a statistically significant decrease in MAP in group II (OFA) compared with group I (OA) from 30 min after induction to 90 min postoperatively in PACU. Visual analog scale for pain postoperatively was lower in nonopioid group than opioid group. The postoperative pethidine consumption was significantly lower in OFA versus OA. Postoperative complications like nausea, vomiting, shivering, and hypoxia were significantly higher in the OA group.

Conclusion
OFA provides postoperative pain relief and intraoperative hemodynamic stability without significant associated adverse effects compared with OA.