bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting Parasite-Produced Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor as an Antivirulence Strategy With Antibiotic–Antibody Combination to Reduce Tissue Damage
Authors: Ghosh Swagata , Padalia Jay , Ngobeni Renay , Abendroth Jan , Farr Laura , Shirley Debbie-Ann , Edwards Thomas , Moonah Shannon 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Targeting virulence factors represents a promising alternative approach to antimicrobial therapy, through the inhibition of pathogenic pathways that result in host tissue damage. Yet, virulence inhibition remains an understudied area in parasitology. Several medically important protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium, Entamoeba, Toxoplasma, and Leishmania secrete an inflammatory macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) cytokine homolog, a virulence factor linked to severe disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of targeting parasite-produced MIF as combination therapy with standard antibiotics to reduce disease severity. Here, we used Entamoeba histolytica as the model MIF-secreting protozoan, and a mouse model that mirrors severe human infection. We found that intestinal inflammation and tissue damage were significantly reduced in mice treated with metronidazole when combined with anti–E. histolytica MIF antibodies, compared to metronidazole alone. Thus, this preclinical study provides proof-of-concept that combining antiparasite MIF-blocking antibodies with current standard-of-care antibiotics might improve outcomes in severe protozoan infections.
Emergence of an Empedobacter falsenii strain harbouring a tet(X)-variant-bearing novel plasmid conferring resistance to tigecycline
Authors: Zeng Yu , Dong Ning , Zhang Rong , Liu Congcong , Sun Qiaoling , Lu Jiayue , Shu Lingbin , Cheng Qipeng , Chan Edward Wai-Chi , Chen Sheng 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the genomic and phenotypic characteristics of an MDR Empedobacter falsenii strain isolated from a Chinese patient, which was phenotypically resistant to all last-line antibiotics (carbapenems, colistin and tigecycline).

Methods
Species identity was determined by MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The complete genome sequence of the isolate was determined by WGS and the genetic elements conferring antimicrobial resistance were determined. The origin of this strain was tracked by phylogenetic analysis.

Results
The E. falsenii strain was genetically most closely related to an Empedobacter sp. strain isolated from the USA. Members of E. falsenii are speculated to be intrinsically resistant to colistin. The carbapenem resistance of this strain was conferred by a chromosomal blaEBR-2 variant gene. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the gene encoding the EBR β-lactamase was widely distributed in Empedobacter spp. Tigecycline resistance was mediated by a tet(X) variant gene encoded by a non-conjugative and non-typeable plasmid.

Conclusions
The MDR phenotype of the E. falsenii isolate was conferred by different mechanisms. Findings from us and others indicate that E. falsenii may serve as a reservoir for carbapenem and tigecycline resistance determinants.
Insights into the Evolutionary History of the Hawaiian Bidens (Asteraceae) Adaptive Radiation Revealed Through Phylogenomics
Authors: Knope Matthew L , Bellinger M Renee , Datlof Erin M , Gallaher Timothy J , Johnson Melissa A 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHawaiian plant radiations often result in lineages with exceptionally high species richness and extreme morphological and ecological differentiation. However, they typically display low levels of genetic variation, hindering the use of classic DNA markers to resolve their evolutionary histories. Here we utilize a phylogenomic approach to generate the first generally well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis for the evolution of the Hawaiian Bidens (Asteraceae) adaptive radiation, including refined initial colonization and divergence time estimates. We sequenced the chloroplast genome (plastome) and nuclear ribosomal complex for 18 of the 19 endemic species of Hawaiian Bidens and 4 outgroup species. Phylogenomic analyses based on the concatenated dataset (plastome and nuclear) resulted in identical Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood trees with high statistical support at most nodes. Estimates from dating analyses were similar across datasets, with the crown group emerging ~1.76–1.82 Mya. Biogeographic analyses based on the nuclear and concatenated datasets indicated that colonization within the Hawaiian Islands generally followed the progression rule with 67–80% of colonization events from older to younger islands, while only 53% of events followed the progression rule in the plastome analysis. We find strong evidence for nuclear-plastome conflict indicating a potentially important role for hybridization in the evolution of the group. However, incomplete lineage sorting cannot be ruled out due to the small number of independent loci analyzed. This study contributes new insights into species relationships and the biogeographic history of the explosive Hawaiian Bidens adaptive radiation.
Cholecystitis and hemobilia
Authors: Staszak Jessica K , Buechner David , Helmick Ryan A 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHemobilia, or hemorrhage into the biliary system, is an unusual cause of gastrointestinal bleeding most commonly seen in accidental or iatrogenic trauma. We present the rare case of a 43-year-old gentleman who presents with an intrahepatic pseudoaneurysm caused by cholecystitis. The management of the hemobilia was technically challenging requiring multiple interventional procedures. We review the pathophysiology and treatment strategies for this rare case of gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Sugar sensing responses to low and high light in leaves of the C4 model grass Setaria viridis
Authors: Henry Clémence , Watson-Lazowski Alexander , Oszvald Maria , Griffiths Cara , Paul Matthew J , Furbank Robert T , Ghannoum Oula 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
ABSTRACT :Although sugar regulate photosynthesis, the signalling pathways underlying this process remain elusive, especially for C4 crops. To address this knowledge gap and identify potential candidate genes, we treated Setaria viridis (C4 model) plants acclimated to medium light intensity (ML, 500 µmol m-2 s-1) with low (LL, 50 µmol m-2 s-1) or high (HL, 1000 µmol m-2 s-1) light for 4 days and observed the consequences on carbon metabolism and the transcriptome of source leaves. LL impaired photosynthesis and reduced leaf content of signalling sugars (glucose, sucrose and trehalose-6-phosphate). Contrastingly, HL strongly induced sugar accumulation without repressing photosynthesis. LL more profoundly impacted leaf transcriptome, including photosynthetic genes. LL and HL contrastingly altered the expression of HXK and SnRK1 sugar sensors and trehalose pathway genes. The expression of key target genes of HXK and SnRK1 were affected by LL and sugar depletion, while surprisingly HL and strong sugar accumulation only slightly repressed the SnRK1 signalling pathway. In conclusion, we demonstrate that LL profoundly impacted photosynthesis and the transcriptome of S. viridis source leaves, while HL altered sugar levels more than LL. We also present the first evidence that sugar signalling pathways in C4 source leaves may respond to light intensity and sugar accumulation differently to C3 source leaves.
A search for heavy-metal stars: abundance analyses of hot subdwarfs with Subaru★
Authors: N Naslim , Jeffery C S , Woolf V M 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The discovery of extremely zirconium- and lead-rich surfaces amongst a small subgroup of hot subdwarfs has provoked questions pertaining to chemical peculiarity in hot star atmospheres and about their evolutionary origin. With only three known in 2014, a limited search for additional ‘heavy-metal’ subdwarfs was initiated with the Subaru telescope. Five hot subdwarfs having intermediate to high surface enrichment of helium were observed at high-resolution and analyzed for surface properties and abundances. This paper reports the analyses of four of these stars. PG 1559+048 and FBS 1749+373, having only intermediate helium enrichment, show strong lines of triply ionized lead. PG 1559+048 also shows a strong overabundance of germanium and yttrium. With more helium-rich surfaces, Ton 414 and J17554+5012, do not show evidence of heavy-metal enrichment. This limited survey suggests that extreme enrichment of ‘heavy metals’ by selective radiative levitation in hot subdwarf atmospheres is suppressed if the star is too helium-rich.
Cosmological evolution of orientations of cluster-sized dark matter haloes and their central galaxies in the Horizon-AGN simulation
Authors: Okabe Taizo , Nishimichi Takahiro , Oguri Masamune , Peirani Sébastien , Kitayama Tetsu , Sasaki Shin , Suto Yasushi , Pichon Christophe , Dubois Yohan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
It is known observationally that the major axes of galaxy clusters and their brightest cluster galaxies are roughly aligned with each other. To understand the origin of the alignment, we identify 40 cluster-sized dark matter (DM) haloes with masses higher than 5 × 1013 M⊙ and their central galaxies (CGs) at z ≈ 0 in the Horizon-AGN cosmological hydrodynamical simulation. We trace the progenitors at 50 different epochs between 0 < z < 5. We then fit their shapes and orientations with a triaxial ellipsoid model. While the orientations of both DM haloes and CGs change significantly due to repeated mergers and mass accretions, their relative orientations are well aligned at each epoch even at high redshifts, z > 1. The alignment becomes tighter with cosmic time; the major axes of the CGs and their host DM haloes at present are aligned on average within ∼30○ in the three dimensional space and ∼20○ in the projected plane. The orientations of the major axes of DM haloes on average follow one of the eigen-vectors of the surrounding tidal field that corresponds to the slowest collapsing (or even stretching) mode, and the alignment with the tidal field also becomes tighter. This implies that the orientations of CGs and DM haloes at the present epoch are largely imprinted in the primordial density field of the Universe, whereas strong dynamical interactions such as mergers are important to explain their mutual alignment at each epoch.
Spiral arms in the protoplanetary disc HD100453 detected with ALMA: evidence for binary–disc interaction and a vertical temperature gradient
Authors: Rosotti G P , Benisty M , Juhász A , Teague R , Clarke C , Dominik C , Dullemond C P , Klaassen P D , Matrà L , Stolker T 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
Scattered light high-resolution imaging of the protoplanetary disc orbiting HD100453 shows two symmetric spiral arms, possibly launched by an external stellar companion. In this paper, we present new, sensitive high-resolution (∼30 mas) Band 7 ALMA observations of this source. This is the first source where we find counterparts in the sub-mm continuum to both scattered light spirals. The CO J = 3–2 emission line also shows two spiral arms; in this case, they can be traced over a more extended radial range, indicating that the southern spiral arm connects to the companion position. This is clear evidence that the companion is responsible for launching the spirals. The pitch angle of the submillimetre continuum spirals (∼6°) is lower than the one in scattered light (∼16°). We show that hydrodynamical simulations of binary–disc interaction can account for the difference in pitch angle only if one takes into account that the mid-plane is colder than the upper layers of the disc, as expected for the case of externally irradiated discs.
Pinnacles on the surface of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: regional distribution and morphology
Authors: Krasilnikov S S , Skorov Y V , Basilevsky A T , Hviid S F , Mall U , Keller H U 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Pinnacles are local topographic promontories of different shapes considered to be formed due to uneven surface erosion. In the case of comets, areal changes in the degree of erosion could be related to inhomogeneities of the nucleus. However, the amount of solar radiation and the thermal gradient is different across the orbit for geomorphological regions, which can result in different erosion and shape for a similar composition among two differently illuminated areas. Therefore, a study of the areal distribution of pinnacles on the nucleus surface and their morphology may help to understand the structure and properties of the nucleus material. We mapped 166 pinnacles on the comet nucleus surface of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. About a third of them have planimetrically rounded shape (rounded pinnacles) and the rest are planimetrically elongated (local ridges). In the southern hemisphere, number of both round pinnacles and local ridges is larger than in the northern hemisphere. This difference possibly indicates the higher effectiveness of the pinnacles’ formation in the southern hemisphere. At the same time the mean values of the measured parameters, including the height, show no statistically reliable difference between the north and south. We found that the maximum height of the pinnacles is about a hundred meters. Suggesting that they have been formed by sublimational erosion, this value allows estimating the minimum thickness of the eroded material and thus the degree of the evolutionary changes of the nucleus. In our future study, we will model pinnacles formation based on the here presented analysis of observations.
Can sodium fluorescein cause contrast-induced nephropathy?
Authors: Yun Donghwan , Kim Dong Ki , Lee Jung Pyo , Kim Yon Su , Oh Sohee , Lim Chun Soo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI), and can be diagnosed when the etiology of AKI is unclear other than via a contrast agent. Fluorescent angiography (FAG) with fluorescein sodium dye is generally considered to be safe for patients with kidney diseases. However, it remains unresolved whether or not FAG can induce CIN.

Methods
Patients from two tertiary hospitals who underwent FAG and had serum creatinine results within 4 weeks before FAG and 3 days after FAG between 2001 and 2017 were retrieved. Cases with concurrent iodinated contrast imaging or undergoing dialysis were excluded from the analysis. CIN was defined by two criteria: CIN criteria as &gt;0.5 mg/dL or &gt;25% increase in serum creatinine (sCr) level within 3 days after FAG, and contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CIAKI) criteria as ≥0.3 mg/dL increase within 2 days or ≥50% increase within 7 days after FAG.

Results
A total of 979 patients were screened, and we found 124 patients with AKI after FAG. After excluding 32 patients with clear causes of AKI other than FAG, the incidence rates of CIN were 7.3% by CIN criteria and 6.4% by CIAKI criteria. CIN incidence had a U-shaped distribution according to chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages in CIN criteria, while linear association between CIN incidence and CKD stages were found in CIAKI criteria. Kaplan–Meier curves showed the CIN group was significantly associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) progression (log-rank P &lt; 0.001, in both CIN criteria and CIAKI criteria), and adjusted hazard ratios by multivariable Cox regression were 2.23 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.468–3.378] in CIN criteria and 2.17 (95% CI 1.462–3.232) in CIAKI criteria.

Conclusions
According to CIN and CIAKI criteria, FAG may cause CIN and appeared to be a possible risk factor for ESRD progression. However, CIN or CIAKI criteria themselves may overestimate AKI and require meticulous attention to the interpretation of results.
Atypical Clinical Manifestations of Loiasis and Their Relevance for Endemic Populations
Authors: Buell Kevin G , Whittaker Charles , Chesnais Cédric B , Jewell Paul D , Pion Sébastien D S , Walker Martin , Basáñez Maria-Gloria , Boussinesq Michel 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Loiasis is mostly considered a relatively benign infection when compared with other filarial and parasitic diseases, with Calabar swellings and eyeworm being the most common signs. Yet, there are numerous reports in the literature of more serious sequelae. Establishing the relationship between infection and disease is a crucial first step toward estimating the burden of loiasis.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review of case reports containing 329 individuals and detailing clinical manifestations of loiasis with a focus on nonclassical, atypical presentations.

Results
Results indicate a high proportion (47%) of atypical presentations in the case reports identified, encompassing a wide range of cardiac, respiratory, gastrointestinal, renal, neurological, ophthalmological, and dermatological pathologies. Individuals with high microfilarial densities and residing in an endemic country were at greater risk of suffering from atypical manifestations.

Conclusions
Our findings have important implications for understanding the clinical spectrum of conditions associated with Loa loa infection, which extends well beyond the classical eyeworm and Calabar swellings. As case reports may overestimate the true rate of atypical manifestations in endemic populations, large-scale, longitudinal clinico-epidemiological studies will be required to refine our estimates and demonstrate causality between loiasis and the breadth of clinical manifestations reported. Even if the rates of atypical presentations were found to be lower, given that residents of loiasis-endemic areas are both numerous and the group most at risk of severe atypical manifestations, our conclusions support the recognition of loiasis as a significant public health burden across Central Africa.
Microsurgical Resection of a Middle Cerebellar Peduncle Cavernous Malformation: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Rassi Marcio S , Ceccato Guilherme H W , Schindler Emerson , Fagundes Felipe G , Beiras Matias N P , Ferreira André L C , Sufianov Albert A , Borba Luis A B 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Brainstem cavernous malformations are frequently surrounded by vital structures, which often makes surgical treatment a challenging task even to the most skilled surgeon. Accordingly, microsurgical excision is preferably offered to symptomatic patients and superficial lesions.
1-3
We present the case of a 41-yr-old male presenting with progressive dizziness and diplopia. Neurological examination showed horizontal nystagmus, dysmetria, and unbalance. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggested a cavernous malformation in the right middle cerebellar peduncle. A telovelar approach was employed with the guidance of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. An exophytic lesion was identified in the right middle cerebellar peduncle and a clear cleavage plane was obtained allowing circumferential dissection around the capsule. The lesion was removed en bloc. Postoperative MRI confirmed a complete excision of the malformation. The patient presented an improvement in his initial symptoms, with no new neurological deficit. Cavernous malformations related with the fourth ventricle can be successfully resected through a telovelar approach in select cases, especially when exophytic, where the surgeon might take advantage of the path created by the lesion. Informed consent was obtained from the patient for the procedure and publication of this operative video. Anatomic images were a courtesy of the Rhoton Collection, American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS)/Neurosurgical Research and Education Foundation (NREF).
ESTABLISHMENT OF LOCAL DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVELS FOR COMMON PROCEDURES OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN YAZD PROVINCE
Authors: Zamani Hamed , Masjedi Hamidreza , Omidi Reza , Hosein Zare Mohammad 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to propose first established diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in computed tomography (CT) for adults, based on volume-averaged CTDI and dose length product (DLP) metrics in Yazd Province. Materials and Methods: Six multislice CT scanners located at diverse areas of Yazd Province and seven common procedures were selected for the present study. For each procedure, at least twenty patients 18 years and older were sampled at each institution. For each patient, dose report data and scan parameters as well as patient’s information were abstracted from picture archiving and communication system. Results: Proposed DRLs in terms of computed tomography dose index (mGy) and DLP (mGy.cm) were as follows: brain (42, 527), sinus (25, 220), neck (14, 264), abdomen-pelvis (11, 295), routine chest (8, 247), CT pulmonary angiogram (32, 261) and chest HRCT (11, 455), respectively, slightly lower compared to other investigations. Conclusion: The proposed DRLs in this study should be considered as the local DRLs for the seven most common adult CT examinations in Yazd province so as to optimize the patient dose while maintaining acceptable image quality for the clinical task.
The rule in Saunders v Vautier: to the ‘residuary beneficiary’, the spoils?
Authors: Beynon Charlotte 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Royal Court of Guernsey was recently called upon to interpret Guernsey’s statutory incarnation of the rule in Saunders v Vautier in order to decide whether the sole beneficiary of a discretionary trust was entitled to collapse the trust and have the property distributed to it notwithstanding that, as a result of the trustee’s wide powers to appoint additional beneficiaries, it could be argued that the class of objects was not closed. The Royal Court held that the beneficiary could collapse the trust in those circumstances. This article considers the potential impact of this decision, particularly for ‘Red Cross’ trusts in Guernsey and beyond.
Virologic failure and switch to second-line antiretroviral therapy in children with HIV in Lilongwe, Malawi: an observational cohort study
Authors: Tweya Hannock , Feldacker Caryl , Kiruthu-Kamamia Christine , Billion Lucion , Gumulira Joe , Nhlema Angellina , Phiri Sam 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
As routine viral load testing among HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) expands, virologic failure (VF) among children in developing countries remains poorly understood. We assessed the rate of VF, the proportion failing who were subsequently switched to second-line ART and factors associated with VF among children ≤18 y.

Methods
An observation cohort study among 1312 children at two public clinics in Lilongwe, Malawi who initiated a first-line ART regimen between January 2014 and December 2017 and remained on treatment for ≥6 mo was conducted. Kaplan-Meier methods estimated the probabilities of VF. Univariable and multivariable Poisson regression models were used to explore predictors of VF.

Result
Overall, 16% (208/1312) of children experienced VF with an incidence rate of 10.1 events per 100 person-years. Of the 208, 184 (88%) were switched to second-line ART: 68 (43%) switched the same day VF was confirmed and 106 (66%) switched within 90 d of confirmed VF. Use of a Nevirapine (NVP)-based regimen and initiating ART in 2016–2017 compared with 2014–2015 were independent predictors of VF.

Conclusion
VF is common among children receiving ART. The findings suggest that VF can be reduced by phasing out NVP-based regimen and by ensuring optimal adherence to ART.