bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Memory in Communication
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the nature of memory and the impact on communication of the memory deficits associated with dementia. The main types of memory are described (long-term, short-term, working, declarative, implicit, emotional, episodic). The process of recalling information is discussed, and the natural changes associated with ageing are considered. The general impact on communication of impaired event memory is explored before a deeper look is taken at why disruption to episodic memory has such a significant impact on communication. Specifically, the role of autonoesis (knowing one was present at an event) is explored. Without autonoesis, it is harder to speak with authority and confidence about what happened. People living with a dementia are vulnerable to being doubted, out-argued, and shouted down by those able to produce a stronger case for their own claims. Not being believed is a significant assault on the sense of self.
Approaches to Effective Communication in Care
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
In many ways, communication problems are the most debilitating feature of dementia. While deficits of memory and information processing are challenging in their own right, it is their impact on communication that undermines a person’s social functioning, relationships and identity. This chapter asks how existing approaches to care attempt to address challenges in communication. Person-centred and relationship-centred care are defined, and an extensive list of such approaches is described with reference to their approaches to communication. Typical recommendations for communication, including content, delivery, environment and the speaker’s attitude are critically examined. It is argued that while all approaches may improve communication, there are some potential unintended consequences of certain recommended approaches.
Drivers of Disrupted Communication
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter opens part 3, within which the focus is a new understanding of why communication is challenging in the dementia context and how improvements could be made to practice. The Communicative Impact model is used to shed light on how the various ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ causes of dementia interact with the generation of messages, and why failing to achieve the intended change in one’s world negatively affects one’s confidence and self-esteem. Attention is paid to the high risk of a mismatch of contextual information between people living with a dementia and their interlocutors (communication partners). The many ways in which either party can attempt to fix communication problems is then considered, noting that such solutions can create additional problems, one of which is awkward pragmatic gaps, where the speaker is not sure why an issue has arisen and, thus, how to respond. Finally, brief consideration is given to similarities between communicating with people living with a dementia and people using a second language in which they are not fully proficient.
An Agenda for Improving Communication in the Dementia Context
Authors: Wray Alison 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This final chapter draws together the ideas from the book to consider what the priorities should be for improving communication by and with people living with a dementia. The main ideas from the book are summarized. Desirable features for effective and humane communication in the dementia context are suggested, including: opportunities for ‘real’ communication; practical support, flexibility, and empowerment; and respect, dignity, and kindness. The importance of building and sustaining social and emotional reserve is reiterated. These ideas are linked to existing practices to help shed light on what is most likely to work and why. Kindness is identified as the lynchpin for intuitively embracing these approaches.
Conclusion
Authors: Medie Peace A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter discusses the theoretical and empirical contributions of the book. It explains that while international pressure is important for the creation of specialized mechanisms, strong domestic pressure and favourable political and institutional conditions are key to how these mechanisms are institutionalized, and thus, to how the international women’s justice norm is implemented. The chapter connects this finding to the international relations, gender and politics, and African studies literatures and shows how the insights generated advance scholarship in these areas. It also discusses the policy implications of the findings and argues that specialized mechanisms can serve to increase girls’ and women’s access to justice in Africa, but only if embedded within a holistic framework.
The Property Species
Authors: Wilson Bart J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
What is property, and why does our species happen to have it? The Property Species explores how Homo sapiens acquires, perceives, and knows the custom of property, and why it might be relevant for understanding how property works in the twenty-first century. Arguing from some hard-to-dispute facts that neither the natural sciences nor the humanities—nor the social sciences squarely in the middle—are synthesizing a full account of property, this book offers a cross-disciplinary compromise that is sure to be controversial: All human beings and only human beings have property in things, and at its core, property rests on custom, not rights. Such an alternative to conventional thinking contends that the origins of property lie not in food, mates, territory, or land, but in the very human act of creating, with symbolic thought, something new that did not previously exist. Integrating cognitive linguistics with the philosophy of property and a fresh look at property disputes in the common law, this book makes the case that symbolic-thinking humans locate the meaning of property within a thing. The provocative implications are that property—not property rights—is an inherent fundamental principle of economics, and that legal realists and the bundle-of-sticks metaphor are wrong about the facts regarding property. Written by an economist who marvels at the natural history of humankind, the book is essential reading for experts and any reader who has wondered why people claim things as “Mine!,” and what that means for our humanity.
What Is Right Is Not Taken Out of the Rule, but Let the Rule Arise Out of What Is Right
Authors: Wilson Bart J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the relationship between what is right in a moral claim of “This is mine” and the particular rules that make up the custom of property. What is right regarding things is not derived from the rules of property, but a rule of property arises from the collective background knowledge of what is right regarding people and things. The chapter draws from the spontaneous conversations of participants in two different economic experiments to illustrate such a distinction, beginning with what is meant by “what is right.” Resentment prompts people to act when someone takes something that they claim is theirs. Property is the moral scheduling pattern that emerges to protect members of a society from real and positive hurt.
My Claims Tie Together Modern Philosophies of Property Law
Authors: Wilson Bart J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the book’s claims on property reinforce and tie together several legal philosophies of property including Neo-Lockean, Kantian a priorism, exclusive use, and in rem. The language of “rights” muddies the meaning of property, and the conception of possession discards mind and custom. The British lawyer and jurist A. M. Honoré would seem to agree the book’s claims on property. The Neo-Lockean theory of property invokes custom but doesn’t go far enough. Kantian a priorism cannot account for the moral significance and transmission of property, and exclusive use cannot explain property as a scheduling pattern. The in rem theory of property has the right idea by returning to the thingness of property, but ultimately it cannot explain the micro- and meso-foundations of the property.
The Results of a Test Are Agreeable to the Prediction
Authors: Wilson Bart J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Using a first-person three-dimensional virtual world experiment, this chapter reports a test of an implication of the book’s theory, namely that if A has property in Y and X is in Y, then A has property in X, which is in Y, even if someone else finds X. The results of the test are robustly agreeable to the prediction with an unexpected but consistent-with-the-prediction proviso.
Economics Is Founded Upon Property, Not Property Rights
Authors: Wilson Bart J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the implications for economics and its treatment of property rights, not property. The language of “property rights” contains a tacit assumption about how we think they work. Property, not property rights, is a fundamental principle of economics. Property rights are the expectations defined by property, not the content of property. In other words, property effects property rights. Such a view challenges the felicitousness of the bundle-of-sticks metaphor, which inverts how humans cognize property. We can no longer think about the rules of property as mere external constraints imposed upon an individual. The alternative theory this book presents situates the idea of property in a bidirectional relationship that extends to and from the minds of individuals and the moral scheduling pattern of their community. Property, not property rights, is the very foundation of economics.
The Discourse of Ethnicity
Authors: Chittick Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2, “The Discourse of Ethnicity,” identifies environmental determinism as the primary discourse in early medieval East Asia within which cultural differences were discussed and evaluated. Those differences can be regarded as “ethnic” if they were understood to be both inherent/immutable and politically salient. The chapter explores the evolution of this discourse in the Central Plains region of the Yellow River, particularly as it was applied to the peoples south of the Huai River, especially the Wu people, or Wuren. The conclusion is that the discourse increasingly became more ethnicizing, and clearly identified the Wuren as a distinct, and inferior, ethnic group.
The Buddhist Repertoire, Part 1
Authors: Chittick Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 10, “The Buddhist Repertoire, Part 1: The Era of Pluralist Patronage,” is the first half of the third study of various repertoires of political legitimation. This chapter focuses on the development of Buddhist institutions and historiography in the fifth century, a period of pluralist patronage under the banner of Sinitic universalism. The Buddhist repertoire in maritime diplomatic relations with South Seas regimes proved an important staging ground for the ruler’s performance as a cakravartin, or Buddhist universal ruler, as well as a conduit for Buddhist expertise. By the end of the fifth century, Jiankang elites had developed Buddhist legends and practices that asserted that the Jiankang regime’s legitimacy derived, not from the Han Empire, but from its direct inheritance of legitimacy from the cakravartin Asoka, who had ruled in northern India in the third century BCE. This set the stage for the striking developments of the sixth century.
Reconnecting Social Work to Social Questions
Authors: Coussée Filip , Spatscheck Christian , Bradt Lieve , Roose Rudi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Social pedagogy as an academic discipline and social practice has gained importance in many European countries during the past two decades. This popularity boost is often driven by the observation that social work has adopted a one-sided focus on individual needs and does not address the roots of social problems. The pedagogical approach is then called upon to help solve recurrent social problems. Increasing the effectiveness of social practices, however, does not only lie in their repedagogization. This is only part of the answer. Resocialization should be equally on the agenda. Therefore, it makes little sense to approach social work and social pedagogy as separate fields. This chapter argues for social pedagogy as a perspective on social work in order to enable social practices to cross the counterproductive dividing lines between culture, welfare, and politics and reconnect social practices to social movements.
Experience, Culture, and a Future Project
Authors: Silva Balerio Diego , Pastore Paola 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Many young people in South America experience repeated conditions of economic, social, and cultural exclusion, with low rates of secondary school completion and high unemployment exposing them to social violence. Yet, they are also the driving force for change in the region; their creativity is a transformative power. This chapter proposes a pedagogical reflection on the learning process and on social and educational participation. Each young person’s individual experiences and the knowledge they acquire in institutions and diverse social contexts are a platform to develop cultural promotion opportunities that produce the conditions to build a future project. Social educators practice one of the social tie professions that help generate bonds with culture, institutions, and other people, whereas educational action relates each young person to common cultural heritage. Social pedagogy faces the challenge and responsibility of creating strategies and cultural transmission methods for all youth, becoming a political action that fosters equality.
Training and Professionalization of Youth Workers in Europe
Authors: Planas-Lladó Anna , Llena Asun , Vila-Mumbrú Carles 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The training and professionalization of youth workers in Europe has been implemented differently in each social and political context. This chapter focuses on how the training and professionalization of youth workers has evolved at a European level and its current situation, as well as concerns and challenges that arise in international debates. The training and professionalization of youth workers in Europe is currently being systematized through the deployment of regulatory frameworks, most of which are promoted by the Council of Europe and the European Union within the framework of the European convergence process. Despite this, there is much diversity in terms of types of training, recognition levels, and intervention models. However, consensus is gradually being reached regarding functions and competences that can contribute both to the credibility and recognition of professionals and to the improvement of their working conditions and quality of interventions.
Youth Work and Social Pedagogy
Authors: Williamson Howard , Conroy Mick 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The most visible differentiation between models of youth justice across Europe exists in tensions between welfare-based and justice-based approaches. Proponents of welfare-based interventions often find themselves conflicted by the current growth of a right-wing, nationalistic, and perhaps at times xenophobic political climate throughout Europe, calling for tougher sanctions and sentences for young offenders. As a consequence, the promotion of any primarily welfare-based approaches within youth justice settings throughout Europe has been slow to emerge within key strategies to develop effective interventions with young offenders. This chapter explores the merits of a youth justice model that embraces the “children first—offenders second” approach, and it examines the potential role that a hybrid model of youth work practice and social pedagogy theory might play in achieving one of the key principles of the Council of Europe: integrating young offenders back into society, and not their marginalization and social exclusion.
Youth and Participation in a Digital Society
Authors: Gros Begoña , Schwartzman Gisela 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter describes how most young people use online networks to extend and maintain their lives in the familiar contexts of school, cultural organizations, sports, and other activities. The new generations move about on social networks, create links, and share knowledge, and the delocalization of these connections allows them to function beyond any physical space. This chapter presents examples of different youth perspectives on digital participation (social, political and citizen, community participation projects, etc.) and examines some assumptions about what youth participation means (online, online–offline, click participation, new content production, projects owned by youth, and projects for youth). Finally, it provides some guidelines to support social pedagogy professionals in this area.
Introduction
Authors: Larson Rhett B. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Virtually every major social challenge—from gender inequality to racial discrimination, terrorism to space exploration, disease epidemics to mass migration—has a significant water component. Sometimes the water component is obvious—such as increased drought and flood cycles due to climate change, as evidenced in the ongoing crises in Cape Town and Puerto Rico, or water contamination and racism in Flint, Michigan. But the water component to the rise of ISIS or the Zika epidemic is less obvious. Each chapter of this book takes a major social problem, illustrates the role water plays in that problem, and proposes reforms to address the water aspect of that problem. My goal in this book is to convince the reader that the answer, or at least one part of the answer, to our most serious problems is the oft-repeated late-night infomercial exhortation: “Just add water.”
Water Security and Racial Discrimination
Authors: Larson Rhett B. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Water policies around the world are developed or applied in ways that perpetuate racial or ethnic inequalities and discrimination. From the health crisis in Flint, Michigan, in the United States, to inadequate water provision to Romani communities in Europe, to disparate impacts of water pricing in South Africa, marginalized communities consistently face greater threats of water insecurity. For indigenous peoples, the challenge of water insecurity is often all the more poignant because of the unique cultural relationship these communities often have with their traditional waters. This chapter discusses how water laws and policies can deepen and perpetuate racial and ethnic inequalities, how existing laws can be asserted to promote the water rights and water security of racial and ethnic minorities, and the unique legal tools available to indigenous communities to pursue reforms and advances to achieve water security.
American Avant-Garde Cinema's Philosophy of the In-Between
Authors: Sheehan Rebecca A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCan films philosophize rather than simply represent philosophical ideas developed outside the cinematic medium? Taking up this question crucial to the field of film-philosophy, this book argues that the films of the American avant-garde indeed “do” philosophy, and it illuminates the ethical and political stakes of their aesthetic interventions. The author traces the avant-garde’s philosophy by developing a history and theory of its investment in dimensional, conceptual, and material in-betweens, clarifying how reflections on the creation and reception of images construct an ethics of perception itself. This entails the avant-garde’s locating of cinema’s—and thought’s—ends or meanings in their means, and their advancement of an image of truth that is made rather than found, that unites with the philosophies of Ludwig Wittgenstein and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Rectifying film-philosophy’s neglect of the American avant-garde, the book demonstrates how, rather than showing their interest in the revelation of authoritative truths, the avant-garde’s interest in the re-encounter and review of the seen and known emerge from an American Transcendentalist tradition that opposes such notions. The author reads the avant-garde’s interest in the contingencies of spectatorial experience as an extension of Pragmatism’s commitment to replacing the authority of a priori knowledge with that of individual experience. She also shows how Emerson’s influence on Friedrich Nietzsche connects the American avant-garde’s philosophies to Deleuze’s time-image, premised largely upon Nietzsche’s “powers of the false.”
Introduction
Authors: Sheehan Rebecca A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe book’s introductory chapter situates its study of American avant-garde cinema in the context of the field of film-philosophy and the post-theory debates within cinema studies. The chapter rectifies influential misreadings of American avant-garde films by film-philosophers, and goes on to trace philosophy’s influences on the avant-garde, laying the groundwork for putting their films in conversation with the philosophies of Gilles Deleuze, Stanley Cavell, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Ludwig Wittgenstein. This chapter outlines the various kinds of dimensional, conceptual, and material in-betweens at work in American avant-garde cinema, and explains the various ways in which American avant-garde filmmakers have used this figure to advance a philosophy that promotes behaviors of re-encounter and review applicable to the off-screen world.
From Figures of Paradox to a Philosophy of Review
Authors: Sheehan Rebecca A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of paradox in the films and film theory of Ken Jacobs, Hollis Frampton, and Michael Snow. Paradoxes such as Zeno’s paradox, Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, and Benoît Mandelbrot’s fractal theory of geometry, which inform the work of these filmmakers, propose and repeat the unresolvable gap between subject and world that informs skepticism. This chapter argues that the skeptical encounters these films invite, which entice the spectator to work toward solving a riddle or problem of incompleteness, also provide a model for overcoming skepticism by prompting re-encounters with the images on screen and the world to which they refer. These re-encounters occur in the same way that Stanley Cavell imagined the images of mainstream cinema could overcome problems of philosophical skepticism by drawing the subject closer to the world. The author argues, however, that these avant-garde meditations on mises en abyme are possibly more effective than Hollywood filmmaking for overcoming skepticism because of their more immediate emphasis on cinema’s very ability to engage and stage re-encounters between the subject and the limits of the world, rather than their reference to the world through images.
Dimensions of Perceptual Content
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents a causal theory of perception according to which perceiving something is, in outline, equivalent to its producing or sustaining, in the right way, a phenomenal representation of it. Commonly, the perceived object plays this causal role reliably enough to yield perceptual knowledge, provided we form perceptual beliefs that appropriately correspond to what we see. But the theory does not imply that seeing is conceptual, entails believing, or has propositional perceptual content. The notion of content is clarified, and several types are described, including a hallucinatory kind. This causal representational view also accommodates “inner perception” of elements, such as images—as is appropriate to the breadth of “perception.” But the most important point here is that explaining the causal character of the perceptual relation partly on the basis of information represented in the phenomenal character of the perceptual experience does not entail the perceiver’s acquiring beliefs that propositionalize that information.