bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ethical Conflict of Dual Obligations Amongst Social Workers: The Role of Organisational Affiliation and Seniority
Authors: Zychlinski Ester , Lev Sagit , Kagan Maya 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe purpose of the current study was to examine the frequency of ethical conflicts amongst social workers, deriving from dual obligations to clients and employers, as associated with their organisational affiliation and professional seniority. The sample included 723 social workers from three organisational sectors in Israel: the government sector, the third sector and the for-profit sector. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to examine the main and interaction effects of organisational affiliation and seniority on the frequency of ethical conflicts amongst social workers. Social workers in the for-profit and third sectors experienced a significantly higher frequency of ethical conflicts than those in the government sector. In addition, social workers with moderate seniority were found to experience ethical conflicts more frequently than those with low and high seniority. These findings have an important contribution to the ongoing public debate on the privatisation of social services, by pointing to the difficulties encountered by social workers employed in partially privatised social services in meeting their obligations to clients. Better public monitoring and adequate supervision of social workers are recommended. In addition, it is suggested that partial privatisation processes be reconsidered in the case of vulnerable populations.
The Conspicuous Hidden Curriculum and Young Women’s Daily Lives in Polish Crisis Accommodation
Authors: Mostowska Magdalena , Dębska Katarzyna 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article examines the daily routine in crisis accommodation for young women in Poland, investigating the hidden curriculum that includes highly gendered norms and expectations regarding residents. The article considers local crisis centres and state-funded Specialist Centres for Victims of Domestic Violence as well as Single Mothers’ Homes, which provide long-term accommodation for mothers with dependent children. The analysed material has been gathered during fieldwork in Warsaw and the Podkarpackie province in the Years 2017–2018 and comprises diverse data types: interviews with managers and staff at crisis centres and Single Mothers’ Homes; legal acts that regulate referrals as well as house rules adopted in these facilities. The residents were interviewed about their experiences of, and views on their daily routines, tasks and relationships within shelters. In crisis centres, expectations are focussed on self-sufficiency, while in Catholic Single Mothers’ Homes, control is exercised through religion by defining what is proper behaviour and how a mother should behave. The article concludes by investigating these practices with regard to their effectiveness in supporting women’s housing needs and examining how they relate to a broader definition of social work.
Pubertal Testosterone Tracks the Developmental Trajectory of Neural Oscillatory Activity Serving Visuospatial Processing
Authors: Fung Madison H , Taylor Brittany K , Frenzel Michaela R , Eastman Jacob A , Wang Yu-Ping , Calhoun Vince D , Stephen Julia M , Wilson Tony W 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Puberty is a period of substantial hormonal fluctuations that induce dramatic physical, neurological, and behavioral changes. Previous research has demonstrated that pubertal hormones modulate cortical development, as well as sex- and age-specific patterns of cognitive development during childhood and adolescence. However, the influence of pubertal hormones on the brain’s functional development, specifically neural oscillatory dynamics, has yet to be fully examined. Thus, in the current study, we used magnetoencephalography to investigate the oscillatory dynamics serving visuospatial perception and attention, and testosterone levels and chronological age as measures of development. Within a sample of typically developing youth, age was associated with changes in alpha, theta, and gamma oscillatory activity. Novel testosterone-by-sex interactions in the gamma range were identified in critical areas of the visual and attention networks. Females had increased gamma activity with increasing testosterone in the right temporal-parietal junction and occipital cortices, while males showed increased gamma activity in the right insula with increasing testosterone. These findings reveal robust developmental alterations in the oscillatory dynamics serving visuospatial processing during childhood and adolescence and provide novel insight into the hormonal basis of sexually dimorphic patterns of functional brain development during the pubertal transition that is at least partially mediated by endogenous testosterone.
LC–MS/MS Analysis of Thiol-Containing Amino Acids in Exosomal Fraction of Serum
Authors: Onozato Mayu , Kobata Kana , Sakamoto Tatsuya , Ichiba Hideaki , Fukushima Takeshi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
It has been suggested that thiol-containing amino acids could be used as biomarkers for diseases associated with oxidative stress. We investigated the thiol-containing amino acids, homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), glutathione (GSH) and γ-glutamylcysteine (γ-GluCys), in commercial human serum by using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) after precolumn derivatization with 4-fluoro-7-sulfobenzofurazan. This method was applied to determine the composition of thiol-containing amino acids in exosomes prepared from the serum. Hcy, Cys, GSH and γ-GluCys could be detected in the exosomal fraction, and the ratio of each thiol-containing amino acid was similar to those in the corresponding native serum. Cys (94.76%) was most enriched in the exosomal fraction, followed by GSH (2.97%), γ-GluCys (1.59%) and Hcy (0.68%). These findings suggest that thiol-containing amino acids, Hcy, Cys, GSH and γ-GluCys, are included in exosomes in human serum.
The Importance of Advancing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Vaccines in Children
Authors: Kao Carol M , Orenstein Walter A , Anderson Evan J 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
While the role of children in the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains to be defined, children likely play an important role based on our knowledge of other respiratory viruses. Children are more likely to be asymptomatic or have milder symptoms and less likely to present for healthcare and be tested for SARS-CoV-2. Thus, our current estimates are likely under-representative of the true burden of SARS-CoV-2 in children. Given the potential direct benefit of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in children and the substantial indirect benefit through community protection, or “herd immunity,” we argue that planning and implementation of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines should include children. Furthermore, community protection occurred after widespread implementation of prior childhood vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, rubella, and rotavirus. We detail considerations for vaccine clinical trials, potential barriers to the implementation of widespread vaccination and argue why children would be an ideal target population for vaccination.
Language Environments and Spoken Language Development of Children With Hearing Loss
Authors: Arora Sonia , Smolen Elaine R , Wang Ye , Hartman Maria , Howerton-Fox Amanda , Rufsvold Ronda 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This study examined the relationships between adult language input and child language production in regard to the quantity and diversity of spoken language, as well as children’s knowledge of basic concepts and vocabulary. The quantity and diversity of language provided by teachers and parents were related to children’s language output and knowledge. Language ENvironment Analysis technology audio-recorded the language environments of 26 preschool children with hearing loss over 2 days. The language samples were analyzed for quantity (adult word count, child vocalization count, and conversational turn count) and diversity (lexical diversity, syntactical complexity, and clausal complexity) of language. Results indicated a relationship between adult language input and child language production, but only in regard to the quantity of language. Significant differences between the teachers and parents were reported in regard to the diversity of adult language input. These results suggest that the language input provided by adults across environments (school versus home) is considerably different and warrants further investigation.
Management of thrombus formation after electrical isolation of the left atrial appendage in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Fink Thomas , Ouyang Feifan , Heeger Christian-Hendrik , Sciacca Vanessa , Reissmann Bruno , Keelani Ahmad , Schütte Christopher , Wohlmuth Peter , Maurer Tilman , Rottner Laura , Eitel Charlotte , Eitel Ingo , Rillig Andreas , Metzner Andreas , Kuck Karl-Heinz , Tilz Roland Richard , Vogler Julia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAimsLeft atrial appendage (LAA) electrical isolation (LAAEI) in addition to pulmonary vein isolation is an emerging catheter-based therapy to treat symptomatic atrial fibrillation. Previous studies found high incidences of LAA thrombus formation after LAAEI. This study sought to analyse therapeutic strategies aiming at the resolution of LAA thrombi and prevention of thromboembolism.Methods and resultsLeft atrial appendage electrical isolation was conducted via creation of left atrial linear lesions or cryoballoon ablation. Follow-up including transoesophageal echocardiography was conducted. In patients with LAA thrombus, oral anticoagulation (OAC) was adjusted until thrombus resolution was documented. Percutaneous LAA closure (LAAC) under use of a cerebral protection device was conducted in case of medically refractory LAA thrombi. Left atrial appendage thrombus was documented in 54 of 239 analysed patients who had undergone LAAEI. Thrombus resolution was documented in 39/51 patients (72.2%) with available follow-up after adjustment of OAC. Twenty-nine patients underwent LAAC and 10 patients were kept on OAC after LAAEI. No thromboembolic events or further LAA thrombi were documented after 553 ± 443 days of follow-up in these patients. Persistent LAA thrombi despite adaption of OAC was documented in 12/51 patients. One patient remained on OAC until the end of follow-up, while LAAC with a cerebral protection device was performed in 11 patients in the presence of LAA thrombus without complications.ConclusionLeft atrial appendage thrombus formation is common after LAAEI. Adjustment of OAC leads to LAA thrombus resolution in most patients. Left atrial appendage closure in the presence of LAA thrombi might be a feasible option in case of failed medical treatment.
The Trinidad and Tobago Microzonation Project: Port of Spain
Authors: Papadopoulos Ilias , Reddock Kafele , Manzano Jevan , Latchman Joan L 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYIn this study, we present the results from the microzonation study conducted in Port of Spain (PoS), capital of the Republic of Trinidad & Tobago. A dense grid of single-site recordings was used to determine the fundamental frequency of soil above bedrock, while a grid of 26 array recordings comprised the database for finding the 1-D shear wave velocity, with depth. The resonant frequency was found to range from &lt;1.0 Hz, for the deeper sediments to the south, near the coast, to above 4.0 Hz, on the northern outskirts of the city, closer to the rock formations. The array data processing revealed a shear wave velocity less than 360 m s–1, for the alluvial deposits, whilst for the harder formations, the velocity was at least 1000 m s–1. To validate the results, a parametric investigation, using synthetic seismograms of ambient noise for simplified 1-D models of the PoS basin sediments, was conducted. A 3-D geological model of the basin was developed, by integrating the experimental results with the simulated data. The model suggests a gradual increase, from north to south, in sediment depth down to ∼160 m. In order to understand and explain the variation of the resonance frequency, a review of the historical development of the area, for the past 250 yr, revealed large-scale, non-engineered land reclamation in the 19th and 20th centuries, resulting in areas with anomalously high amplification of seismic motion.
Application of rock physics modelling to investigate the differences between static and dynamic elastic moduli of carbonates
Authors: Ghasemi M F , Bayuk I O 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYThe elastic moduli estimated through geophysical studies carried out in wells (logging data) differ from those obtained from the triaxial tests conducted in laboratory on the available core samples. Terminologically former and latter are referred to as dynamic and static elastic moduli, respectively. Since the structural characteristics of rocks at the different scales, from micrometre to larger scales (tens of metre), are the controlling parameters of their dynamic and static moduli and their difference at the respective scale, in this study we aim to investigate the influence of the measurable (or quantifiable) parameters of the pore space on these elastic moduli. To do so, 19 dry carbonate samples of different structural characteristics were collected. Their basic petrophysical properties such as porosity and permeability were measured in laboratory. The ultra-sonic tomography was carried out to determine the heterogeneity degree, anisotropy system and average acoustic wave velocities for each core sample. SEM images were analysed to investigate the visual textural properties. The mineralogical composition of these samples was determined by the X-ray diffraction method. Based on the conducted experimental studies and using of the effective medium theory, a unique rock physics model (‘petroelastic model’) was constructed for each core sample. The average (effective) microstructural parameters characterizing the pore space of the studied carbonate samples, along with their elastic moduli were estimated through solving the inverse problem and the measured acoustic wave velocities. A multistage statistical approach, including computation of correlation coefficients, optimized regression analysis, factor analysis and bootstrap resampling, was suggested to investigate the effect of each microstructural parameters on the static and dynamic Young's moduli, ratio of dynamic to static Young's moduli (k-value), dynamic Poisson's ratio and mechanical properties (including unconfined compressive strength and internal friction angle). The obtained results show that the microstructural characteristics have different degrees of influence on the elastic moduli and can be successfully classified based on their physical nature. It was also concluded that the dynamic Poisson's ratio is independent of the studied, in this work, microstructural parameters.
Rate-optimal denoising with deep neural networks
Authors: Heckel Reinhard , Huang Wen , Hand Paul , Voroninski Vladislav 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Deep neural networks provide state-of-the-art performance for image denoising, where the goal is to recover a near noise-free image from a noisy observation. The underlying principle is that neural networks trained on large data sets have empirically been shown to be able to generate natural images well from a low-dimensional latent representation of the image. Given such a generator network, a noisy image can be denoised by (i) finding the closest image in the range of the generator or by (ii) passing it through an encoder-generator architecture (known as an autoencoder). However, there is little theory to justify this success, let alone to predict the denoising performance as a function of the network parameters. In this paper, we consider the problem of denoising an image from additive Gaussian noise using the two generator-based approaches. In both cases, we assume the image is well described by a deep neural network with ReLU activations functions, mapping a $k$-dimensional code to an $n$-dimensional image. In the case of the autoencoder, we show that the feedforward network reduces noise energy by a factor of $O(k/n)$. In the case of optimizing over the range of a generative model, we state and analyze a simple gradient algorithm that minimizes a non-convex loss function and provably reduces noise energy by a factor of $O(k/n)$. We also demonstrate in numerical experiments that this denoising performance is, indeed, achieved by generative priors learned from data.
Complete Ricci Solitons via Estimates on the Soliton Potential
Authors: Wink Matthias 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a growth estimate on the soliton potential is shown for a large class of cohomogeneity one manifolds. This is used to construct continuous families of complete steady and expanding Ricci solitons in the setups of Lü–Page–Pope [24] and Dancer–Wang [17]. It also provides a different approach to the two summands system [30] that applies to all known geometric examples.
Risks versus Transformational Opportunities in Gender-Responsive Security Sector Reform
Authors: Gordon Eleanor , McHugh Ciara , Townsley Jane 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article investigates the gap between policy and practice in gender-responsive security sector reform (SSR) by exploring the ways in which risks perceived to be associated with gender-responsive SSR in conflict-affected environments legitimize inaction. A typology of risks is presented, which range from risks to individuals, security sector institutions, and peacebuilding efforts and encompass security, programmatic, fiduciary, and reputational risks. The risks are analyzed to consider the extent to which they are present and could be managed, mitigated, or avoided, rather than stall action. This article argues that the process of determining what constitutes a risk, and what constitutes a risk worth taking, is inherently political and serves to reinforce dominant power relations, including gendered power relations. The article then discusses the risks that result from inaction and the opportunities that are missed when arguments about risk trump gender responsiveness. As a result, it is argued that gender inequalities persist, women continue to be marginalized within and beyond the security sector, and transformational opportunities that could lead to sustainable peace are missed. The article concludes by arguing that the potential risks resulting from not advancing gender-responsive SSR far outweigh the perceived risks associated with it.
The Backed-Up Bed Blocker
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this case, a middle-aged male presents to a busy community emergency department with a chief complaint of constipation. The emergency physician cannot see him immediately and gives an order to a nurse for a saline enema. It proves ineffective (fortuitously). When the physician later assesses the patient, the patient is complaining of back pain and found to have weakness on straight leg raising, reduced sphincter tone, and urinary retention. His problems turn out to be more complicated than constipation.
The Perfect Storm
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this case, a 51-year-old patient suffers a generalized seizure in the dialysis clinic of a tertiary care hospital. She is found to be in atrial fibrillation and is transferred to the emergency department (ED) for further assessment, with consultations to cardiology and neurology. She is initially assessed by a clinical clerk, who records that the patient is unable to move her legs due to pain. The patient has a stormy course in the ED and finally ends up being admitted to neurology and on to neurosurgery for eventual management of a serious diagnosis. The case brings out a number of issues regarding patient management embedded in a variety of cognitive biases in a busy ED.
A Case of Premature Closure
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This case describes a young male who is brought to the emergency department of a major teaching hospital at night by friends. He has multiple stab wounds to the upper back, arms, and scalp. He is seen by the chief emergency resident. He has one laceration on his left scalp, two on the left arm, and one inferior to the left scapula. The resident’s main concern is the laceration to the patient’s posterior chest. Eventually, in consultation with the attending emergency physician, he is satisfied that the patient’s pleural cavity has not been entered and did not require a chest computed tomography scan. His lacerations are repaired, and he is discharged home with his mother. Several days later, the patient starts experiencing symptoms from a major missed diagnosis.
Failed Frequent Flyers
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Two cases are reviewed in Case 16; both demonstrate problems with “frequent flyers” in the emergency department (ED). The principal characteristic of these patients is that despite their symptoms and complaints being minor, they frequently present to the ED. Inevitably, ED staff tend to view their visits disparagingly. However, like the boy who cried wolf, they will occasionally have serious underlying conditions that need to be addressed. A prominent cognitive pattern is described: the cognitive miser function. It is the tendency to uncritically accept things at face value. Although this may be adequate for many routine decisions, the failure to unpack sufficient information will sometimes result in suboptimal decision making.
The Michelin Lady
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This case describes the presentation to an emergency department of a patient with severe facial swelling and difficulty breathing. It is a classic demonstration of the metaheuristic anchoring and adjustment. The attending physician anchors to the visual presentation of the patient and to a working diagnosis that had been made by paramedics transporting the patient. Despite inconsistencies with this diagnosis, the physician persists with his anchor and fails to adjust to other possibilities. Level of arousal and associated anxiety may influence this bias.
A Hard Tale to Swallow
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This case describes the experience of a young woman who spends 28 hours in an emergency department before her diagnosis is made. She endures numerous transitions of care between successive physicians that involve a variety of biases in an emergency department that is extremely busy at times. Personal characteristics of the patient appear to make her vulnerable to multiple implicit biases: race, obesity, psychiatric stigmatization, and others. A particular feature of the case is inattentional blindness, which surfaces in several other cases in this book.
Hazardous Handover
Authors: Croskerry Pat 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In this case, a middle-aged male presents to a community hospital emergency department at approximately midnight with chest pain. He is seen and diagnosed quickly with unstable angina. He receives acetylsalicylic acid, is anticoagulated, and is kept overnight pending a consult to cardiology in the morning. At 07:00 hours, he is transferred to an oncoming physician who takes further history and determines that the diagnosis is wrong. Several aspects of decision making are discussed, including overconfidence, dysphoria, fatigue, and sleep deprivation.