bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Conventional and Sharīʿah Analysis of Bitcoin
Authors: Hassan M. Kabir , Karim Mohammad Sydul , Muneezac Aishath 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The contention surrounding Bitcoin’s acceptability and usage has an unsettled premise in both conventional and Sharīʿah law, although digital and cryptocurrencies reflect a lasting reality. This research analyses this contention by examining the concept of currency and/or money and the underpinning trust reposed on its issuing authority against the notion that cryptocurrencies and fiat money differ only in form but share the same substance and purport. Qualitative methodology provides an analysis from conventional as well as Sharīʿah viewpoints to examine the extent cryptocurrencies can gain admittance in contemporary conventional and Islamic finance and economy. The methodology entails non-empirical secondary data sourced from libraries and online databases comprising journal articles, textbooks, newspapers and reports subjected to doctrinal content analysis. Research outcomes show division among stakeholders, including conventional and Sharīʿah scholars, regarding Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. Further research is recommended inter alia on ways to adopt Shariah-compliant cryptocurrencies worldwide.
Two Fourteenth-Century Islamic Philosophers
Authors: El-Rouayheb Khaled 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTwo handbooks were central to the study of philosophy in the Islamic world in the period from the thirteenth to the nineteenth centuries: the introductoryHidāyat al-ḥikmaby Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī (d. 663/1265), and the more advancedḤikmat al-ʿaynby Abharī’s student Najm al-Dīn al-Kātibī al-Qazwīnī (d. 675/1276). Two fourteenth-century scholars play an important part in the early commentary tradition on these two works: Ibn Mubārakshāh al-Bukhārī who wrote what was to become the standard commentary on Kātibī’sḤikmat al-ʿayn, and Mullāzāde al-Kharziyānī, who wrote an influential commentary on Abharī’sHidāyat al-ḥikma. Despite the impact of the two commentaries, biographical information on their authors is sparse, and what has been written often confuses them with other figures. The present article attempts to review the available evidence, and to offer more secure identifications of the two commentators.
The Impact of Project Activities on the Cultivation of Ecological Citizenship in a High School Climate Change Club
Authors: Park Woo-Yong , Kim Chan-Jong 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This research explored the characteristics of students’ activities and their artifacts during their participation in climate change club projects and investigated the impacts of the club project participation on students’ ecological citizenship. Climate change club projects were developed to help students understand climate change, investigate climate change issues, and plan and participate in social actions. Participants developed scientific models of causes of climate change and were expected to develop the own perspectives about socio-scientific issues related to climate change. Five types of competences of ecological citizenship were targeted through club activities: knowledge and understanding, responsibility, justice, sustainability, and participation. Researchers found activities were student centered and interactive and artifacts generated by students were resources for social action. Climate change club activities demonstrated the potential for student participation in club projects to promote competence for mitigating climate change among future generations by fostering a new form of citizenship: ecological citizenship.
Exploring Indian Middle School Students’ Conceptions of the Environment Using the Draw-an-Environment Test
Authors: Sprong Leslie Elizabeth , Martin Sonya N. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Quality environmental education (EE) is key for supporting sustainable development and use of resources. Educators in rural India face considerable challenges to teach EE in K-12 school settings. This study took place in Assam in Northeast India where non-governmental organization (NGO) educators are working to develop an EE program for students in rural areas. To reveal students’ perceptions of the environment, researchers administered the Draw-an-Environment Test (DAET) to 277 middle school students in government schools. Analysis of students’ drawings of the environment revealed that while students recognized humans have an impact on the environment, they did not fully understand the impact could often be negative and drawings did not necessarily reflect the reality of the local environment. Implications for how these findings can be used to develop responsive EE curriculum that challenges and extends students’ conceptions of the environment and the need for future research are discussed.
Vietnamese Education System and Teacher Training: Focusing on Science Education
Authors: Nguyen Van Hien , Nguyen Vu Bich Hien , Vu Thi Mai Huong , Hoang Thi Kim Hue , Nguyen Thi Minh Nguyet 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This article introduces the reader to past, current, and future trends in science teacher preparation and professional development in Vietnam. The authors rely on document analysis for data collection and focused analysis to describe the general education system and the mechanisms for teacher training in Vietnam from the past to the present. Research questions focused on exploring changes in the organization of the education system over time, identifying advances that have been made, and describing what challenges teacher education faces today. In addition, this paper offers a special focus on how Vietnamese pedagogy institutions are working to prepare new teachers. Finally, the authors describe how Vietnam is preparing to implement a new national general education program that will strongly affect all aspects of education, including training and retraining of teachers. The authors conclude by raising some important questions for future research and development.
COVID-19 pandemic and psychological fatigue in Turkey
Authors: Morgul Ebru , Bener Abdulbari , Atak Muhammed , Akyel Salih , Aktaş Selman , Bhugra Dinesh , Ventriglio Antonio , Jordan Timothy R 
Published: July 2020

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the COVID-19 pandemic and psychological fatigue as a mental health issue among the population of Istanbul, Turkey. Participants and methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in Istanbul, Turkey, between March and June 2020, where a total of 4,700 persons were approached and 3,672 (78%) of participants (64.4% males and 35.6% females) completed the Knowledge Attitude Practices (KAP) and Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) questionnaires. Results: In this study, 64.1% of participants were categorized as psychologically fatigued and 35.9% as normal. There was a significant difference between fatigued and normal participants with respect to age, educational level, occupational status, place of residence and number of family members ( p < .001). Other differences related to knowledge of COVID-19 were symptoms, treatment, ways of spreading ( p < .001), prevention by avoiding crowded places ( p = .008) and isolation ( p = .002). For attitudinal items, normal participants generally showed more positive attitudes than the fatigued in believing that COVID-19 will finally be controlled, satisfaction with preventive measures taken by the authorities, reporting suspected cases with symptoms and trusting that Turkey can overcome the COVID-19 pandemic ( p < .001). Multivariate stepwise regression analysis indicated that level of education, avoiding going to crowded places, eye, nose and mouth organs are sensitive organs to the virus, keeping physical distance due to epidemic affect by COVID-19 virus, isolation and treatment of people reduce the spread of COVID-19 virus and 14-days period of time, COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through contact with the respiratory droplets of an infected person, occupational status, health education programme needed and antibody treatment variables were significantly associated with fatigue after adjusting for age, gender and income variables. Conclusion: The current study provides valuable information for policymakers and mental health professionals worldwide regarding associations between the mental health of individuals and the ongoing outbreak, COVİD-19.
A case of vaping-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome requiring extracorporeal life support
Authors: Krishnan Sudhir , Thind Guramrinder Singh , Soliman Mona , Tolle Leslie , Mireles-Cabodevila Eduardo , Adi Ahmad , Anandamurthy Balaram , Bribriesco Alejandro , Yun James 
Published: July 2020

Introduction: An upsurge of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury has been reported in the United States. The potential role of extracorporeal life support in e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury merits consideration. Case report: We present a case of vaping-induced severe acute respiratory distress syndrome that was salvaged with extracorporeal life support and had excellent recovery. Discussion: The mechanistic reasons for the sudden outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury are under active investigation. A predominantly diffuse, bilateral pattern of lung injury has been reported, with some cases meeting the criteria for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. To date, 68 deaths from e-cigarette, or vaping, product use–associated lung injury have been confirmed by the centers of disease control. However, resolution of lung injury has been reported in most cases, thereby justifying candidacy for extracorporeal life support, if required. Conclusion: Extracorporeal life support can be successfully utilized as a bridge to recovery in vaping-induced severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Antithrombin use during pediatric cardiac extracorporeal membrane oxygenation admission: insights from a national database
Authors: Aiello Salvatore R , Flores Saul , Coughlin Megan , Villarreal Enrique G , Loomba Rohit S 
Published: July 2020

Introduction: The frequency of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in pediatric patients continues to increase, especially in patients with complex congenital heart disease. Providing adequate anticoagulation is necessary for patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and is achieved with adequate heparin administration. Antithrombin is administered to potentiate heparin’s effects. However, the efficacy of antithrombin supplementation is unclear and a clear clinical benefit has not been established. We present a large retrospective study examining the effects of antithrombin on pediatric patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Methods: Data for this study were obtained from the Pediatric Health Information System and Pediatric Health Information System+ databases from 2004 to 2015. Pediatric patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with a congenital heart disease diagnosis were included and divided into groups that did or did not utilize antithrombin. For all admissions, the following were captured: age of admission, gender, year of admission, length of stay, billed charges, inpatient mortality, the presence of specific congenital malformations of the heart, specific cardiac surgeries, and comorbidities. Results: A total of 9,193 admissions were included and 865 (9.4%) utilized antithrombin. Between groups, there were significantly different frequencies of co-morbidities, cardiac lesion types and antithrombin usage over the study period. There were significantly lower odds in the antithrombin group of venous thrombosis. Antithrombin was not significantly associated with hemorrhage; however, antithrombin was associated with increased inpatient mortality and a decrease in length of stay and billed charges. Conclusion: Antithrombin administration is associated with increased mortality, a shorter length of stay, and decreased billing cost. Recently, antithrombin usage has been decreasing—potentially due to the reported lack of clinical benefit. Together, these results reinforce that antithrombin may not be indicated for all pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients.
Predictiveness of different preoperative risk assessments for postoperative bleeding after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery
Authors: Gunertem Eren , Urcun Salim , Pala Arda Aybars , Budak Ali Baran , Ercisli Murat Abdulhamid , Gunaydin Serdar 
Published: July 2020

Aim: Postoperative bleeding is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Studies have been conducted, and guidelines have been published regarding patient blood management and aiming to prevent blood loss in the perioperative period. Various bleeding risk assessments were developed for preoperative period. We aimed to examine the correlations of scoring systems in the literature with the amount of postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing first time coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and to show the most suitable preoperative bleeding risk assessment for coronary artery bypass graft patients. Methods: The study included 550 consecutive patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft operation. The inclusion criteria were considered as patients to be older than 18 years old and to undergo elective or emergent myocardial revascularization using cardiopulmonary bypass. All variables required for scoring systems were recorded. The initial results of the study were determined as the amount of chest tube drainage, the use of blood products, the change in hematocrit level, reoperation due to bleeding, duration of ventilation, duration of intensive care unit stay, and hospital stay. Mortality which occurred during first 30 days after operation was considered as operative mortality. Operative mortality was accepted as the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints were massive bleeding and high amount of transfusion. Results: Data were obtained from a series of 550 consecutive patients treated with isolated coronary artery bypass graft. It was seen that PAPWORTH and WILL-BLEED risk assessments responded better for E-CABG grade 2 and 3 bleeding compared to other risk assessments. TRACK, TRUST, and ACTA-PORT scales were found to have low ability to distinguish patients with E-CABG bleeding grade 2 and 3. Conclusion: Predicting postoperative bleeding and transfusion rates with preoperative risk scores in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery will provide valuable information to physicians for establishing a proper patient blood management protocol and this will decrease excessive transfusions, unnecessary reoperations as well as improve postoperative outcomes.
Speeded reasoning moderates the inverse relationship between autistic traits and emotion recognition
Authors: Bertrams Alex , Schlegel Katja 
Published: July 2020

People with diagnosed autism or being high in autistic traits have been found to have difficulties with recognizing emotions from nonverbal expressions. In this study, we investigated whether speeded reasoning (reasoning performance under time pressure) moderates the inverse relationship between autistic traits and emotion recognition performance. We expected the negative correlation between autistic traits and emotion recognition to be less strong when speeded reasoning was high. The underlying assumption is that people high in autistic traits can compensate for their low intuition in recognizing emotions through quick analytical information processing. A paid online sample ( N = 217) completed the 10-item version of the Autism Spectrum Quotient, two emotion recognition tests using videos with sound (Geneva Emotion Recognition Test) and pictures (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test), and Baddeley’s Grammatical Reasoning Test to measure speeded reasoning. As expected, the inverse relationship between autistic traits and emotion recognition performance was less pronounced for individuals with high compared to low speeded reasoning ability. These results suggest that a high ability in making quick mental inferences may (partly) compensate for difficulties with intuitive emotion recognition related to autistic traits. Lay abstract Autistic people typically have difficulty recognizing other people’s emotions and to process nonverbal cues in an automatic, intuitive fashion. This usually also applies to people who—regardless of an official diagnosis of autism—achieve high values in autism questionnaires. However, some autistic people do not seem to have any problems with emotion recognition. One explanation may be that these individuals are able to compensate for their lack of intuitive or automatic processing through a quick conscious and deliberate analysis of the emotional cues in faces, voices, and body movements. On these grounds, we assumed that the higher autistic people’s ability to reason quickly (i.e. to make quick logical inferences), the fewer problems they should have with determining other people’s emotions. In our study, we asked workers on the crowdsourcing marketplace MTurk to complete a questionnaire about their autistic traits, to perform emotion recognition tests, and to complete a test of the ability to reason under time constraints. In our sample of 217 people, we found the expected pattern. Overall, those who had higher values in the autism questionnaire scored lower in the emotion recognition tests. However, when reasoning ability was taken into account, a more nuanced picture emerged: participants with high values both on the autism questionnaire and on the reasoning test recognized emotions as well as individuals with low autistic traits. Our results suggest that fast analytic information processing may help autistic people to compensate problems in recognizing others’ emotions.
Service evaluation of referrals to secondary care: A question of complexity?
Authors: Veeroo Helen J , Travess Helen C 
Published: July 2020

Objectives: To evaluate referral patterns to secondary care and categorise referrals by complexity level. To assess compliance with commissioning guidelines for cases accepted for treatment in secondary care, comparing complexity to Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) data. Design: Service evaluation of all referrals during study period recorded prospectively. The standard was set that >85% of cases offered treatment in secondary care should be complexity level 3b. Setting: Seven NHS orthodontic departments within a regional clinical effectiveness group in secondary care in England. Participants: All patients seen as new referrals during the three-month study period. Methods: Data recorded at clinic appointment on data collection proforma including referral information, complexity, IOTN and outcome of the first appointment. Data were collated on a spreadsheet and simple statistics were applied. Results: A total of 493 patients were included in data analysis. Median waiting time for a new patient appointment was 11.0 weeks. For the whole study group, 53.8% were IOTN 5, 30.8% IOTN 4, 9.7% IOTN 3; complexity levels were 54.2% complexity 3b, 37.1% 3a and 6.7% 2. Of the patients, 30.0% were offered treatment in secondary care at their first attendance; of these, 74.3 % were IOTN 5, 93.2% were complexity level 3b. Conclusion: The gold standard has been met in the region as a whole and at each individual unit. There is a large discrepancy between the IOTN score and complexity level in those patients offered orthodontic treatment in secondary care. Routine recording of complexity level is recommended for all patients seen in the secondary care setting.
Cost-benefit of outcome adjudication in nine randomised stroke trials
Authors: Godolphin Peter J , Bath Philip M , Algra Ale , Berge Eivind , Chalmers John , Eliasziw Misha , Hankey Graeme J , Hosomi Naohisa , Ranta Annamarei , Weimar Christian , Woodhouse Lisa J , Montgomery Alan A 
Published: July 2020

Background Central adjudication of outcomes is common for randomised trials and should control for differential misclassification. However, few studies have estimated the cost of the adjudication process. Methods We estimated the cost of adjudicating the primary outcome in nine randomised stroke trials (25,436 participants). The costs included adjudicators’ time, direct payments to adjudicators, and co-ordinating centre costs (e.g. uploading cranial scans and general set-up costs). The number of events corrected after adjudication was our measure of benefit. We calculated cost per corrected event for each trial and in total. Results The primary outcome in all nine trials was either stroke or a composite that included stroke. In total, the adjudication process associated with this primary outcome cost in excess of £100,000 for a third of the trials (3/9). Mean cost per event corrected by adjudication was £2295.10 (SD: £1482.42). Conclusions Central adjudication is a time-consuming and potentially costly process. These costs need to be considered when designing a trial and should be evaluated alongside the potential benefits adjudication brings to determine whether they outweigh this expense.
Associations between different bilirubin subtypes and diabetic microvascular complications in middle-aged and elderly individuals
Authors: Wan Heng , Zhu Hui , Wang Yuying , Zhang Kun , Chen Yi , Fang Sijie , Xia Fangzhen , Wang Ningjian , Zhang Wen , Lu Yingli 
Published: July 2020

Aims: Some studies have reported associations between bilirubin and diabetic microvascular complications. However, these studies focused only on total bilirubin (TBIL) without distinguishing different bilirubin subtypes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the associations of TBIL, direct bilirubin (DBIL) and indirect bilirubin (IBIL) levels with albuminuria/creatinine ratio (ACR) and the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among diabetic adults. Methods: We analyzed 4368 individuals out of 4813 diabetic participants enrolled from seven communities in 2018 in a cross-sectional study. Participants underwent several checkups, including the measurement of anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, glucose, lipid profile, TBIL, DBIL, IBIL and ACR. DR was detected by high-quality fundus photographs and was remotely read by ophthalmologists. Results: Compared with the first quartile of DBIL, participants in the fourth quartile had a lower prevalence of high ACR (odds ratio (OR) 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.59, 0.99) ( p for trend < 0.05). Neither TBIL nor IBIL was associated with the prevalence of high ACR. In DR, higher DBIL and TBIL by one standard deviation was associated with a 19% (OR 0.81; 95% CI 0.69, 0.94) and a 12% (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.78, 0.99) lower frequency of DR, respectively (both p for trend < 0.05). However, IBIL was not associated with the prevalence of DR. These associations were adjusted for potential confounding factors. Conclusion: DBIL had a stronger association with high ACR and DR than TBIL or IBIL did in diabetic adults. The effect of DBIL on diabetic complications should be noted and investigated in further studies.