bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association and Possible Correlations Between Tobacco Smoking and Symptoms of ADHD in an Egyptian Medical College Students’ Sample
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed S. , El Serafi Doha M. , Ali Dalia H. , Bastawy Mostafa A. , Shafeq Abdelrahman A. , Naguib Rehab M. 
Published: August 2020

Objectives:
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and tobacco smoking start in near same developmental life stages and are highly comorbid disorders. Little research has focused on this comorbidity and its correlates, especially in the Arab world. This study aimed to find the relation between tobacco smoking and ADHD symptoms and to understand how ADHD profile can affect its persistence.

Materials and Methods:
We recruited our sample from fifth year medical students attending their psychiatry undergraduate training program at the Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt. All attending students for 3 rounds were approached and asked to participate. All candidates were above 20 years old and from both sexes. For the purpose of this study, tobacco smoking included cigarettes, water pipe (sheesha), Cigar, and/or pipe smoking. All the participants were assessed using 1, General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28); 2, The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS); 3, Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND); 4, Smoking Consequences Questionnaire-Adult (SCQ-A).

Results:
An overall 12.7% had symptoms of ADHD. Participants who were tobacco smokers and had symptoms of ADHD showed nicotine dependence scores higher than the non-ADHD symptom smokers. There was significant correlation between ASRS inattention and hyperactive-impulsive subscale scores and FTND scores (P=0.003 and 0.04), respectively. Moreover, there were statistically significant correlations between ASRS scores and smoking outcome variables with P-value of ≤0.00.

Conclusion:
ADHD symptoms were correlated to adult tobacco smoking outcome variables, providing further evidence of a likely link between ADHD symptoms and tobacco smoking risk.
Late-onset Cases of Korsakoff Amnestic Syndrome With CNS Comorbidities: Suggestions for Long-term Management
Authors: Westermeyer Joseph J. , Soukup Beverley 
Published: August 2020

Goal:
The goal of this study was to alert clinicians to Korsakoff syndrome associated with comorbid neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions in patients aged 50 years and older.

Methods:
The study consists of 4 Korsakoff longitudinal case reports (mean age at onset=60.5 y), supplemented by relevant published reports.

Findings:
The findings include demographic characteristics, comorbid central nervous system conditions, and interventions.

Conclusion:
In older patients with Korsakoff syndrome and comorbid central nervous system conditions, the optimal functional outcome depends upon a neurophysiological understanding of all comorbidities plus treatment interventions that can alleviate >1 comorbid condition insofar as feasible.
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial of Saccharomyces boulardii in Infants and Children With Acute Diarrhea
Authors: Mourey Florian , Sureja Varun , Kheni Dharmeshkumar , Shah Parthiv , Parikh Devang , Upadhyay Unmesh , Satia Milan , Shah Dhara , Troise Charlotte , Decherf Amélie 
Published: August 2020

Aim:
This study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of Saccharomyces cerevisiae variant boulardii CNCM I-3799 (S. boulardii CNCM I-3799) in the management of acute diarrhea in children.

Methods:
A total of 100 infants and children 3–36 months of age with acute diarrhea received medical care according to the World Health Organization guidelines on the management of acute diarrhea in children and were randomly allocated to the probiotic group (S. boulardii CNCM I-3799 at a daily dose of 5 billion CFU twice daily) or to the placebo group. Infants and children were treated for 5 days and an extended follow-up was planned 1 and 2 months after the end of the treatment period. Primary endpoint was the time of recovery from diarrhea defined as the duration of diarrhea. Other parameters, such as frequency and consistency of stools, associated with the severity of diarrhea episodes were defined as secondary endpoints.

Results:
The administration of S. boulardii CNCM I-3799 was associated with beneficial effects on duration and severity of diarrhea. The time of recovery from diarrhea was significantly shorter in the probiotic group compared with the placebo group (65.8 ± 12 hours vs. 95.3 ± 17.6 hours, P = 0.0001). Faster remission in the probiotic group was also demonstrated by a shorter time before the first episode of semisolid stool [−23.5 hours, diff (95% CI): −7.99 (−31.49 to −15.51), P = 0.0001] and the faster normalization of stool consistency. S. boulardii CNCM I-3799 was well tolerated.

Conclusion:

S. boulardii CNCM I-3799 supplementation in children with acute diarrhea was shown effective in reducing the duration and severity of diarrhea in infants and children.
Cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicines for pain management: an overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Moore R. Andrew , Fisher Emma , Finn David P. , Finnerup Nanna B. , Gilron Ian , Haroutounian Simon , Krane Elliot , Rice Andrew S.C. , Rowbotham Michael , Wallace Mark , Eccleston Christopher 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Cannabinoids, cannabis, and cannabis-based medicines (CBM) are increasingly used to manage pain, with limited understanding of their efficacy and safety. We assessed methodological quality, scope, and results of systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials of these treatments. Several search strategies sought self-declared systematic reviews. Methodological quality was assessed using both AMSTAR-2 and techniques important for bias reduction in pain studies. Of the 106 articles read, 57 were self-declared systematic reviews, most published since 2010. They included any type of cannabinoid, cannabis, or CBM, at any dose, however administered, in a broad range of pain conditions. No review examined the effects of a particular cannabinoid, at a particular dose, using a particular route of administration, for a particular pain condition, reporting a particular analgesic outcome. Confidence in the results in the systematic reviews using AMSTAR-2 definitions was critically low (41), low (8), moderate (6), or high (2). Few used criteria important for bias reduction in pain. Cochrane reviews typically provided higher confidence; all industry-conflicted reviews provided critically low confidence. Meta-analyses typically pooled widely disparate studies, and, where assessable, were subject to potential publication bias. Systematic reviews with positive or negative recommendation for use of cannabinoids, cannabis, or CBM in pain typically rated critically low or low (24/25 [96%] positive; 10/12 [83%] negative). Current reviews are mostly lacking in quality and cannot provide a basis for decision-making. A new high-quality systematic review of randomised controlled trials is needed to critically assess the clinical evidence for cannabinoids, cannabis, or CBM in pain.
Analysis of community-acquired COVID-19 cases in Taiwan
Authors: Liu Jui-Yao , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Hwang Shinn-Jang 
Published: August 2020

Background:
The demographic characteristics and transmission dynamics of the community-acquired coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in Taiwan were analyzed for more effective control and prevention of the community transmission of this novel disease.

Methods:
Open-access data and press releases on COVID-19 in Taiwan were collected on the website of the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control. All 55 community-acquired cases of COVID-19 confirmed from January 28 to April 12, 2020, in Taiwan were included. Basic demographic characteristics, symptom presentation, infection source, route of identification, and transmission dynamics were analyzed.

Results:
Of the 55 cases, 52.7% were female and 74.5% were between 20–59 years of age. One-sixth (16.4%) of community-acquired cases were asymptomatic. More than half (58.2%) of the cases were identified via contact tracing. The median incubation period was 6 days (range 1-13 d) and the median serial interval was 4 days (range −3-24 d). Twenty-six cases (47.3%) were transmitted from presymptomatic cases, 11 cases (20%) from symptomatic cases, and 2 cases (3.6%) from an asymptomatic case. The contagious period of symptomatic cases was from 7 days before to 15 days after the onset of symptoms.

Conclusion:
The high proportion of asymptomatic cases and the transmissibility in the presymptomatic and asymptomatic periods make control of COVID-19 challenging. Protective measures such as social distancing, wearing face masks, and hand washing are mandatory to prevent community transmission.
Job Insecurity, Sickness Presenteeism and the Moderating Effect of Workplace Health Promotion
Authors: Schmidt Kristin , Pförtner Timo-Kolja 
Published: August 2020

Objective:
This study examined the relationship between job insecurity and presenteeism, and the role of workplace health promotion as moderator in this association.

Methods:
We used data from 9525 employees from the sixth BIBB/BAuA
∗
Employment Survey 2012 for the working population in Germany. Data analysis was performed with logistic regressions.

Results:
Job insecurity was associated with a higher risk of presenteeism, even after adjustment for control factors (OR = 1.25, CI: 1.01–1.53, P < 0.05). Workplace health promotion moderated this relationship: It no longer existed in companies with health promotion.

Conclusions:
The results suggest that employees with job insecurity are more likely to work despite feeling ill with the aim of securing their jobs. By establishing workplace health promotion, companies can protect their employees from that behavior in order to avoid negative long-term consequences.
Personal Protective Equipment and Mental Health Symptoms Among Nurses During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Arnetz Judith E. , Goetz Courtney M. , Sudan Sukhesh , Arble Eamonn , Janisse James , Arnetz Bengt B. 
Published: August 2020

Objective:To determine the association between access to adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) and mental health outcomes among a sample of U.S. nurses.Methods:An online questionnaire was administered in May 2020 to Michigan nurses via three statewide nursing organizations (n = 695 respondents). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with mental health symptoms.Results:Nurses lacking access to adequate PPE (24.9%,n = 163) were more likely to report symptoms of depression (OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.31, 2.94;P = 0.001), anxiety (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.12, 2.40;P = 0.01) and post-traumatic stress disorder (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.22, 2.74;P = 0.003).Conclusions:Healthcare organizations should be aware of the magnitude of mental health problems among nurses and vigilant in providing them with adequate PPE as the pandemic continues.
Impact of a High Coverage Vaccination Rate on Human Papillomavirus Infection Prevalence in Young Women: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Saldanha Conceição , Vieira-Baptista Pedro , Costa Mariana , Silva Ana Rita , Picão Miguel , Sousa Carlos 
Published: August 2020

Objective
The aim of the study was to compare the rate of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) genotypes in vaccinated (Gardasil [quadrivalent]) and unvaccinated cohorts of young women.

Materials and Methods
This is a retrospective, cross-sectional study, consisting of the comparison of the prevalence of HPV 16, 18, and other HR genotypes in 2183 women younger than 25 years, according to their birth year (born >1994 [mostly vaccinated <13 years]; born 1992–1994 [vaccinated at 17 years]; born <1992 [not vaccinated/vaccinated >17 years]), in a private laboratory.

Results
The rates of HPV 16, 18, 16/18, and others in the cohort born before 1992 (n = 331) were 6.3%, 1.5%, 7.9%, and 31.7%. In those born 1992–1994 (n = 901), the rates were 3.3%, 0.4%, 3.6%, and 32.5%; in the ones born after 1994 (n = 951), the rates were 0.7%, 0.2%, 0.9%, and 33.2%, respectively.
There were no changes in the relative risk (RR) of HR-HPV infection by genotypes other than HPV 16/18 in any cohort.
The RR was significantly reduced in the cohort born after 1994 for HPV 16 (0.12 [0.050–0.270], p < .0001), HPV 18 (0.14 [0.027–0.714], p = .02), and HPV 16/18 (0.12 [0.057–0.254], p < .0001).
In those born 1992–1994, there was a nearly significant reduction in the RR of HPV 18 infection (0.29 [0.079–1.09], p = .07); the reduction was significant for HPV 16 (0.52 [0.305–0.904], p = .02) and HPV 16/18 (0.45 [0.274–0.747], p = .0018).

Conclusions
Young women vaccinated before 13 years had a nearly 90% risk reduction of HPV 16/18, whereas if vaccinated at 17 years, the decrease was of 50%. There was no impact in the nonvaccine genotypes.
Our data highlight the importance of vaccinating at young age and of introducing vaccines covering more HR genotypes.
Current management of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome
Authors: Walsh Erika McCarty 
Published: August 2020

Purpose of review
The current article reviews literature on the contemporary management of superior semicircular canal dehiscence syndrome (SSCDS). Approaches to management and surgical techniques are compared along with a discussion of the use of more standardized, objective outcome measures.

Recent findings
Considerable debate still exists as to what approach and technique is most appropriate for patients with SSCDS and how to best measure postoperative outcomes. However, it is increasingly accepted that multiple factors account for outcomes in SSCDS, including presenting symptoms and presence of vestibular comorbidities. Therefore, surgical intervention is best tailored to each individual patient. Data on SSCDS outcomes is heterogenous, and increased emphasis is being placed on validated measures of outcome. Round window approaches remain controversial and their role is still undefined.

Summary
The treatment strategies for SSCDS continue to diversify. A patient-specific approach with systematic documentation of outcomes will continue to inform how these patients are best managed.
Rehabilitation Utilization by Cancer Patients with Pathology-Confirmed Leptomeningeal Disease Receiving Intrathecal Chemotherapy
Authors: Fu Jack B. , Ng Amy H. , Molinares Diana M. , Pingenot Edward A. , Morishita Shinichiro , Silver Julie K. , Bruera Eduardo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The incidence of leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is believed to be increasing in part because of more effective chemotherapy treatments allowing cancer progression behind the blood-brain barrier. However, little has been published about the rehabilitation of this growing patient population. In this study, impairments and rehabilitation utilization by cytology-proven LMD patients receiving intrathecal chemotherapy at a cancer center are described. A total of 109 consecutive patients with pathology-confirmed LMD who received an intrathecal chemotherapy infusion from January 1, 2017, through October 31, 2017, were retrospectively reviewed. Of the 109 patients, 103 (95%) had impairments described in their medical record that could impact physical function, including 74 of 109 (68%) who had deconditioning or fatigue. Kaplan-Meier median survival from initial LMD diagnosis was 13.1 mos. The median number of hospital admissions and intrathecal chemotherapy administrations was both 8. Of the 109 patients, 43 (39%) had magnetic resonance imaging radiology interpreted LMD. Most LMD patients used rehabilitation services (95/109, 87%) and most were able to forego post–acute inpatient rehabilitation facilities (96/109, 88%). Additional research and education for rehabilitation professionals about this increasingly common syndrome are needed.
Chronic Poststroke Deficits in Gross and Fine Motor Control of the Ipsilesional Upper Limb
Authors: Johnson Brian P. , Westlake Kelly P. 
Published: August 2020

ObjectivesIndividuals with stroke often experience contralesional and ipsilesional arm motor deficits. The aim of this study was to compare fine and gross motor hand dexterity of the ipsilesional hand post-stroke with controls, normative values, and the contralesional hand.DesignData were collected from right-handed individuals with chronic stroke (n= 20), age-/sex-matched controls (n= 10), and normative values (n= 20) performing the Nine-Hole Peg Test and the Box and Blocks Test.ResultsIndividuals with stroke demonstrated poorer performance with the ipsilesional arm relative to both the control group (mean difference [95% confidence interval]: Nine-Hole Peg Test [seconds], 3.4 [−0.5 to 7.3]; Box and Blocks Test [number of blocks], −12.3 [−20.3 to −4.2]) and normative values (mean difference [95% confidence interval]: Nine-Hole Peg Test [seconds], 6.5 [4.0–9.1]; Box and Blocks Test (number of blocks), −15.3 [−20.1 to −10.5]). Ipsilesional arm performance was significantly better than performance with the contralesional arm (mean difference [95% confidence interval]: Nine-Hole Peg Test [seconds], −9.4 [−20.2 to 1.4]; Box and Blocks Test (number of blocks), 33.2 [20.9–45.5]).ConclusionThese findings identify residual deficits in fine and gross dexterity of the ipsilesional hand in commonly used outcome measures of hand manipulation among individuals with chronic stroke. Possible underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance are discussed.
Environmental Cleaning and Decontamination to Prevent Clostridioides difficile Infection in Health Care Settings: A Systematic Review
Authors: Schoyer Elizabeth , Hall Kendall 
Published: August 2020

Objective
The aim of this systematic review was to examine the most effective and feasible methods for environmental cleaning and decontamination to prevent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in health care settings.

Methods
A systematic search of the databases CINAHL and MEDLINE was conducted from 2008 to 2018 for English language articles with search terms including “Clostridium difficile,” and related medical subject headings, in combination with terms like “disinfection,” “decontamination,” and “no-touch decontamination.”

Results
Twelve studies and 2 systematic reviews were selected for inclusion in this review. The studies were primarily in hospitals (10/12) and used a before-after approach. The studied interventions included cleaning and decontamination with a chlorine-based agent (i.e., bleach; 2 studies), standard cleaning plus the use of hydrogen peroxide decontamination (3 studies), and standard bleach cleaning plus the use of ultraviolet light decontamination (6 studies), and there was 1 study about launderable bed covers. The interventions ranged in frequency, duration, and the area selected for cleaning and decontamination (e.g., all patient rooms versus only CDI patients’ rooms). Studies showed significant reductions in CDI associated with use of bleach (versus quaternary ammonium compound) and hydrogen peroxide decontamination after standard bleach cleaning (versus bleach cleaning alone). Four of 6 studies found significant reductions in CDI after the implementation of ultraviolet light decontamination after standard bleach cleaning.

Conclusions
The studied practices for environmental cleaning and decontamination were associated with significant decreases in facility-level CDI rates in most of the reviewed studies; however, study quality was low. Implementation challenges are worthy of further examination.
Sapovirus: an emerging cause of childhood diarrhea
Authors: Becker-Dreps Sylvia , González Fredman , Bucardo Filemón 
Published: August 2020

Purpose of review

Sapovirus, a genus in the Caliciviridae family alongside norovirus, is increasingly recognized as an important cause of childhood diarrhea. Some challenges exist in our ability to better understand sapovirus infections, including the inability to grow sapovirus in cell culture, which has hindered diagnosis and studies of immunity. Another challenge is that individuals with sapovirus infection are commonly coinfected with other enteric pathogens, complicating our ability to attribute the diarrhea episode to a single pathogen.

Recent findings
Development of molecular methods for sapovirus detection has increased our ability to measure disease prevalence. The prevalence of sapovirus varies between 1 and 17% of diarrhea episodes worldwide, with the highest burden in young children and older adults. Further, epidemiological studies have used novel approaches to account for the presence of coinfections with other enteric pathogens; one multisite cohort study of children under two years of age found that sapovirus had the second-highest attributable incidence among all diarrheal pathogens studied.

Summary
Especially in settings where rotavirus vaccines have been introduced, efforts to reduce the overall burden of childhood diarrhea should focus on the reduction of sapovirus transmission and disease burden.
A Review of AI and Data Science Support for Cancer Management
Authors: Parimbelli E. , Wilk S. , Cornet R. , Sniatala P. , Sniatala K. , Glaser S.L.C. , Fraterman I. , Boekhout A.H , Ottaviano M. , Peleg M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntroductionThanks to improvement of care, cancer has become a chronic condition. But due to the toxicity of treatment, the importance of supporting the quality of life (QoL) of cancer patients increases. Monitoring and managing QoL relies on data collected by the patient in his/her home environment, its integration, and its analysis, which supports personalization of cancer management recommendations. We review the state-of-the-art of computerized systems that employ AI and Data Science methods to monitor the health status and provide support to cancer patients managed at home.ObjectiveOur main objective is to analyze the literature to identify open research challenges that a novel decision support system for cancer patients and clinicians will need to address, point to potential solutions, and provide a list of established best-practices to adopt.MethodsWe designed a review study, in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, analyzing studies retrieved from PubMed related to monitoring cancer patients in their home environments via sensors and self-reporting: what data is collected, what are the techniques used to collect data, semantically integrate it, infer the patient’s state from it and deliver coaching/behavior change interventions.ResultsStarting from an initial corpus of 819 unique articles, a total of 180 papers were considered in the full-text analysis and 109 were finally included in the review. Our findings are organized and presented in four main sub-topics consisting of data collection, data integration, predictive modeling and patient coaching.ConclusionDevelopment of modern decision support systems for cancer needs to utilize best practices like the use of validated electronic questionnaires for quality-of-life assessment, adoption of appropriate information modeling standards supplemented by terminologies/ontologies, adherence to FAIR data principles, external validation, stratification of patients in subgroups for better predictive modeling, and adoption of formal behavior change theories. Open research challenges include supporting emotional and social dimensions of well-being, including PROs in predictive modeling, and providing better customization of behavioral interventions for the specific population of cancer patients.