bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When the international investment law and environmental law are in crossroads: how to protect investors and environment in tobacco control case
Authors: Latifah E , Imanullah M N , Angelia I R 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe focus of the research is to address question on the problem of how the chasm between international investment law and environmental law can be filled in, especially in tobacco control through enacting the Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011 adopted by Australia. Australia, as the first country to enact the Tobacco Plain Packaging Act 2011, was sued by many cigarette companies. They consider Australia does not protect their interests as investors. While one of the reasons why Australia enforces these rules is to protect the environment, in this matter is public health of the society, and both are closely correlate with climate change. From this case, there is difference views between international investment law and environmental law. On the one hand, the principles of international investment law require protection of foreign investors, while the principles of environmental law require the states to provide an adequate protection on its environment. This research is a normative legal research. Data is secondary ones consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data collection techniques uses library research, while data analysis technique uses legal interpretation. The result of this study show that it is needed to establish a new approach in balancing between economic interest and public health one that can contribute to the climate change through drafting provision relating to the environmental issues in bilateral investment treaty (BIT).
Technical efficiency of rice farm under risk of uncertainty weather in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Triyono  , Rahmawati N , Isnawan B H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
One of the climate change phenomenon is uncertainty weather condition. This study aims to understand the technical efficiency of rice farm in Yogyakarta included the factors that influence them in uncertainty weather condition. We survey for sampling has been done in Sleman and Bantul Regency based on about 8 of water irrigation resources and about 25 locations of water irrigation area. The sampling method is simple random sampling to take 125 samples. Cobb Douglas translog frontier production function model has been used to analyze the factors that influence rice production and technical efficiency. The result of the production function shows that the factors that influence the rice production are land, labour, organic fertilizer, N fertilizer, irrigation pollution, irrigation type, season and location. The rice farm has not efficient. The study result gives the implication that the rice farm efficiency for sustainable agriculture, it needs using optimal input, peasant skill encouragement, and infrastructure development of irrigation.
The productivity and sucrose content on dry land sugarcane influenced by inter-row spacing and transplanting seedlings
Authors: Sulistiono W , Taryono  , Yudono P , Irham  , Brahmantiyo B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Planting sugarcane on dry land is susceptible to drought stress during the vegetative phase thereby reducing productivity. The objectives of this study were to examine the growth and yield of sugarcane transplanting seedling and ascertain their physiological-growth-traits to determine the productivity and sucrose content. The experiment design was a completely randomized block design with four replicates. The treatments were: five varieties and four inter-row spacing of single bud chips seedlings. The study was conducted in Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. The parameters were evaluated using analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple range test and analyzed using step-wise regression. The application of 60cm inter-row spacing increase the yield of millable cane by 101.7 tons/ha and sucrose content compared with control, respectively by 38.8%, 5.8%. The net photosynthesis (Pn) of nine months, leaf area index of four months, specific leaf weight of five months, the proline content of nine months and net assimilation rate at the age of six months determined the productivity. The physiological determinants of sugar content were Pn at the age of nine months, stem brix, even distribution of brix on the stem nodes, and level of chlorophyll.
Greenhouse gas emission estimations for Depok’s (West Java, Indonesia) middle-class household water end-uses
Authors: Adriani R P , Kristanto G A , Pratama M A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The rising concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) is highly associated with climate change. Previous studies showed that end-use household water consumption contributes 58% of the total GHG emissions from the water sector. We attempted to calculate the GHG emissions associated with household water end-uses from an area that uses groundwater as the main water source. Data were collected from 100 households in the Cinere subdistrict of Depok, West Java. Questionnaire surveys and interviews were conducted to obtain data related to each type of water end-use consumption and energy consumption from water appliance usage. Existing GHG emissions were calculated based on the water and energy consumption data. The results showed that the average end-use household water consumption for the study area was 214.3 liters per capita per day. The GHG emission associated with household water end-uses was found to be 0.379 kg CO2 per capita per day and mainly resulted from water heating. Two intervention scenarios to minimize GHG emissions were evaluated. The first scenario—retrofitting water-related appliances and exhibiting water-conscious behavior—could reduce GHG emissions by 1%, whereas the second scenario—replacing electric and gas water heaters to solar water heaters—could reduce emissions by 66%.
Sustainable food agriculture land protection policy for Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia: solution or dilemma?
Authors: Anggalini T D , Retnandari N D , Yuliani K , Keban Y T , Mulyo J H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Climate change has an impact on the environment, especially in agriculture. Climate change which caused the emergence of extreme weather led to declining agricultural productivity or crop failures in several regions. Some areas of Gunungkidul are the most difficult areas to plant rice compared to other regencies/cities in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The issue of agricultural land conversion is a problem for almost all countries in the world that are difficult to resolve as development increases. Different policies are implemented to minimize the adverse effects of the conversion of agricultural land in various regions of the world. One of the policies that applied in Indonesia is the policy of Sustainable Food Agriculture Land Protection or Perlindungan Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan (PLP2B policy). Until now, this policy was slowing the movement in Indonesia, including in Gunungkidul. This article aims to analyze the performance and dilemma of this policy in Gunungkidul. Qualitative research with case study approach had been done and data was collected through documentation or literature study, observation, in-depth interviews and Forum Group Discussion. The results showed that PLP2B policy has not been optimally implemented and still become a dilemma to local government rather than become a solution.
Comparison of rainfall-runoff models for climate change projection – case study of Citarum River Basin, Indonesia
Authors: Hatmoko W , Levina  , Diaz B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Climate change affects temperature, rainfall and hydrological properties in the river basins. Projected rainfalls for several climate change models are widely available nowadays. However, in water resources planning and management, river discharges data is unfortunately more important. The information on climate change impact on river discharges is very limited. Conversion from the projected rainfall to the runoff in the rivers is needed. This study analyzes the performance of rainfall-runoff models: 1) Empirical Model that defines the discharge as a function of rainfall, evaporation, and temperature, widely applied by climate scientist; and 2) simple lump conceptual model of NRECA. These two rainfall-runoff models are applied during the control period in the year of 2006 to 2015 of the rainfall projections from the seven CMIP5 Global Circulation Models with the worst scenario, RCP 8.5. The ground station river discharge data selected is Nanjung river gauging station at Citarum River, situated just upstream of Saguling Reservoir, the uppermost of the cascade of three reservoirs Saguling-Cirata-Jatiluhur, with the catchment area of 1, 675 square kilometers. The results show that the simple conceptual model NRECA significantly gives better fitted to the observation data than the Empirical Model, especially during the dry season.
Efficiency of organic rice farming inputs in the dry season at Purworejo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Rahayu L , Febriana E , Istiyanti E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Climate change will cause changes to the organic rice production inputs. This research aims to know the factors and season determining the production of organic rice, as well as to know the efficiency level of organic rice farmin, toog. The research was carried out in three villages, namely Bleber, Legetan, and the Ngainan villages in Bener District, Purworejo Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The samples were taken by a census technique, all were organic farmers which were member of the farmer group. There were total of 92 farmers respondents. The primary data were obtained by interviewing with the questionnaire. Then, the data were analyzed using the production model of Cobb-Douglas. The results showed in general, the land, seed, manure, petroganic fertilizer, labor and season significantly influenced the organic rice production. While in the partial areas, it was only manure, labour and season. The use of the land and labors on the organic rice farm has been efficient, but not with the use of manure, yet. The risk of organic rice in the dry season is higher than the rainy season.
The effects of seasons on chrysanthemum flower (Chrysanthemum indicum) production in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Rahayu E S , Setyowati N , Khomah I 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Chrysanthemum is a type of cut-flower that has commercial value and popular in Indonesia. Economically, Chrysanthemum has the potential for the export commodities and expected to increase in the future. One fruitfulness factor of Chrysanthemum cultivation is determined by season. The risk factors of Chrysanthemum production need to be studied, particularly season factor. This research aims to find out the optimum season for Chrysanthemum production and how to anticipate the impacts of climate change or seasonal factors on Chrysanthemum flower production and to discover the main factors of Chrysanthemum production. The research was carried out in Sleman Regency. The analytical method used was the Cobb-Douglas production function model. The results show that seasons affected Chrysanthemum flower production. The highest Chrysanthemum production occurred in the dry season. It is better for the farmer to cultivate Chrysanthemum in the dry season to reduce the risk of production. Protection houses are needed to protect plants from excessive heat intensity and strong winds during the rainy season as the impacts of climate change.
Communication of Salak Pondoh farmers group in Yogyakarta, Indonesia to addressing climate change
Authors: Astuti K , Nurhaeni I D A , Rahmanto A N 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Climate change due to global warming is unavoidable and has wide impacts on various aspects of life, including the agricultural sector which also affects the productivity of salak pondoh. Sleman is the biggest salak pondoh producing area in Indonesia. In 2018, Sleman salak pondoh exports have reached 600 tons to China, Cambodia and Vietnam. This study aims to determine how the communication that occurs in salak pondoh farmer groups in addressing climate change and their impact on the socio-economic development of salak pondoh farmers in Sleman, DIY. The method used in this research is a qualitative method. Research data obtained from field observations and in-depth interviews. The theory used is the Elaboration Likelihood Model. The results of this study are the communication process in salak pondoh farmers groups in dealing with climate change tends to choose the central route. Not many farmers choose the peripheral route, because farmers already have experience and knowledge about how to cultivate salak pondoh, so farmers can receive information conveyed by instructors and can overcome the impact climate change that occurs.
Transforming institutional design in addressing sludge oil in Bintan seawater, Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia
Authors: Yudiatmaja W E , Samnuzulsari T , Suyito  , Yudithia  
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The primary purpose of this study is to fill out the gap in the current research of environmental policy because the conventional approach still dominates it. By using soft-systems methodology based action research, problem-solving, the present study seeks the institutional design in overcoming the problem of sludge oil in Bintan seawater, Kepulauan Riau. Field research was conducted in several villages in Bintan coastal area, such as Pengudang, Tanjung Berakit, and Trikora. Participants in this study involved state and non-state actors, in particular, the Indonesian Coast Guard, Indonesian navy, environmental agency of provincial and municipal government, fisherman, and village government. Data were gathered with an in-depth interview, observation, and secondary resources. In summary, we offer a new institutional design to replace previous governance of the issue. This study contributes not only to add our understanding of the governance of marine waste, but also the practical solutions to address it.
Biological Monitoring Significance of Manganese in Barks of Xiangtan City
Authors: Zhang Yong 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The content of Mn in barks of Xiangtan City was determined by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The results showed that: (1) Xiangtan City belongs to the heavily polluted area of manganese. The average content of manganese in the bark is about 170 mg/kg and much higher than that of the background value of China (59.94±7.15 mg/kg). (2) The Mn content of the bark showed the status of Mn pollution in Xiangtan. Thus, The barks are proper for a biological monitoring carrier for heavy metal content in this area; (3) Different barks have different and stable accumulation capacity for heavy metals.
Field investigation of flow and bed erosion/deposition at the confluence of the Yellow River and Fen River
Authors: Zhang Tao , Feng Minquan , Chen Kailin 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In order to study the characteristics of flow structure and bed erosion/deposition at the confluence of the Yellow River and the Fen River, the three-dimensional velocity components, water depth, water level, and suspended sediment particle sizes of the typical sections were measured in field to analyze the bed morphology, the flow field structure, suspended sediment distribution, and the variation of the bed erosion or deposition. The results showed that the pattern of the flow field at the confluence essentially conforms to the conceptual model, but represented a relatively complex structure, owing to the dual influence of the convergent flows and the tanglesome bed topography. The spatial distribution of suspended sediment was affected by the flow velocity and eddy turbulence. The particle size of suspended sediment was approximately normal distribution. The median particle size ranged from 17.19μm to 140μm. The suspended sediment at the confluence center was mainly composed of upstream transfer sediment and resuspended local sediment near the bed surface. The riverbed morphology was highly complex with frequent changes in erosion and deposition. And there was a strip-shaped sand ridges at the center of the channel and a long-narrow scouring belt near the tributary side. In addition, the bed configuration was similar in the dry and normal season. Due to the sediment deposition, the bed elevation was higher in dry season than that in normal season. During the flood season, the washed bed was stated in a dynamic flattening period, as well as the sand ridge disappeared and the scour belt became shallow.
Strengthening mechanism and thermal deformation behavior of Al-12Si/Fe piston composite
Authors: Yang Hao , Wang Yuan , Wang Xiuchang , Cen Qihong , Yu Xiaohua 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The present paper aims the investigation on the influence of Fe based amorphous on strength of aluminum alloy (Al-12Si), and the thermal deformation behavior of new Al-12Si/Fe base amorphous composites. On this foundation, a heat flow stress model of the sample was proposed by a Zener-Hollomon parameter and microstructural studies were carried out on Al-12Si/Fe base amorphous composite by many means. Microstructural study reveals dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization of Al-12Si/Fe base amorphous composite at thermal compression text. In addition, the deformation activation energy of Al-12Si/Fe-based amorphous composites is as high as 211.29 kJ mol−1, compared with Al-12Si alloy (170.51 kJ mol−1). Importantly, the flow stress equation of the new composite is

ε
̇

= 4.42×1014 [sinh(0.0166σ)]6.13 exp(−211290/RT), and the linear regression coefficient is 0.99. This study constitutes a significant advance in strengthening the Al-12Si engine piston and controlling the thermal deformation behavior and opens new directions for the development of piston material.
Crystallization kinetics and soft magnetic properties of Fe71Si16B9Cu1Nb3 amorphous alloys
Authors: Wu Xiaoyu , Li Xue , Li Shengli 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Fe71Si16B9Cu1Nb3 amorphous alloy ribbons were prepared with a single roll polar method. X-ray diffraction analysis of the surface samples was completely amorphous. The thermal stability parameters T
x, T
p, and T
end of amorphous ribbons were measured with a synchronous thermal analyzer under high purity argon gas and analyzed for their crystallization behavior. The heating rate was 10 K min−1, 15 K min−1, 20 K min−1, and 30 K min−1. The T
x and T
p of the Fe71Si16B9Cu1Nb3 amorphous alloy increased with an increase in the heating rate, indicating that the crystallization behavior has a kinetic effect. The crystallization activation energy of the amorphous alloy was calculated using the Kissinger and Ozawa equations, respectively. The calculation results of the two methods were consistent. The sample was annealed (761 K, 786 K, 801 K, and 858 K, holding for 300 s) under the protection of high purity argon. The phase transition and microstructure transformation of the amorphous alloy during isothermal crystallization were analyzed by x-ray diffraction. When the alloy was annealed at 801 K, a single α-Fe(Si) solid solution precipitated on the amorphous matrix. Magnetic properties were measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer and observed by transmission electron microscopy. When the alloy was annealed at 786 K and 801 K, the saturation magnetic induction reached 1.22∼1.27 T, coercivity was as low as 5.3∼7.2 A m−1, and the average grain size was about 10∼20 nm.
Sb doping influence on structural properties of ZnO thin films
Authors: Çelik Ömer , Baturay Şilan , Ocak Yusuf Selim 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Pure and Sb doped ZnO thin films were homogeneously prepared at room temperature on the soda-lime glass substrates (SLG) via the spin coating technique. The effects of the Sb ratio on structural properties, morphological properties and optical properties were studied via x-ray diffraction (XRD) device, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectrometry, respectively. Crystalline size (D), the (hkl) planes, and dislocation density (δ) for ZnO thin films were investigated via the XRD pattern. The influence of Sb doping on the preferred crystal orientation and lattice parameters of ZnO thin films were discussed in detail. Optical measurements of ZnO thin films with 0, 1, 2 and 3% Sb concentrations showed a significant effect as a function of Sb dopants on the optical energy band gap. All of the SEM images indicated that while pure ZnO thin films had an apparent nanofiber structure, nanofiber structures disappeared with the increase of doping ratio, and more homogeneous films were obtained.
ZnO and quercetin encapsulated nanoparticles for sun protection obtained by miniemulsion polymerization using alternative co-stabilizers
Authors: Fogaça Lara Alexandre , Feuser Paulo Emilio , Ricci-Júnior Eduardo , Hermes de Araújo Pedro Henrique , Sayer Claudia , da Costa Cristiane 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The present work evaluated the encapsulation of ZnO and quercetin in PBMA-PMMA-PS using the miniemulsion polymerization technique, aiming to develop nanoparticles with sun protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant activity (AA) for application in photoprotective lotions. In both formulations, octocrylene and green coffee oil were tested as co-stabilizing agents of the miniemulsion, being also encapsulated in the NPs, contributing to the SPF and AA of the obtained latexes. Spherical nanoparticles of homogeneous size, from 169 to 346 nm, and regular surfaces were obtained, remaining stable for at least 30 days. The encapsulation efficiency on the formulations tested was from 59 to 87% for ZnO, 47 to 51% for quercetin, 80 to 92% for octocrylene and 90 to 92% for green coffee oil. The quercetin and green coffee oil presented high antioxidant activity when encapsulated in polymeric NPs. The values of in vitro SPF was very good for formulations containing NPs-ZnO, with the best result for the simultaneous nanoencapsulation of ZnO and octocrylene (SPF 29 ± 5). The application of the NPs of quercetin and green coffee oil may promote an increment on SPF in vivo, reducing the damage caused to the skin by UV radiation, beyond the ability to scavenge the free radicals generated by ZnO.
Destabilization of PVA-stabilized Ag NPs: color changes at low aqueous concentrations, induced by aggregation and coalescence
Authors: Hu Junqiang , Yang Longlai , Zhu Yan , Yang De-Quan , Sacher Edward 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Aqueous concentrations of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-stabilized ∼10 nm silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), in the 1000 ppm concentration range, have been shown to be highly stable at elevated temperatures. However, lower concentrations of these NPs undergo color changes, without precipitation, when heated or when held for extended periods of time at room temperature. We have studied their optical and morphological changes at 80 °C, using UV–vis spectra and TEM, and found that their color, at a concentration of 10 ppm, changes from yellow to claret-red to black without precipitation. Further, the plasmon resonance peak at ∼400 nm diminishes as a new peak develops at ∼550 nm. These changes occur as the previously well-dispersed NPs (yellow color) agglomerate to chains (claret-red color) and, finally, coalesce (black color). We discuss the cause of the instability.