bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proxima Centauri b: A Strong Case for Including Cosmic-Ray-induced Chemistry in Atmospheric Biosignature Studies
Authors: Scheucher M. , Herbst K. , Schmidt V. , Grenfell J. L. , Schreier F. , Banjac S. , Heber B. , Rauer H. , Sinnhuber M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Due to its Earth-like minimum mass of 1.27 M
E and its close proximity to our solar system, Proxima Centauri b is one of the most interesting exoplanets for habitability studies. Its host star, Proxima Centauri, is however a strongly flaring star, which is expected to provide a very hostile environment for potentially habitable planets. We perform a habitability study of Proxima Centauri b assuming an Earth-like atmosphere under high stellar particle bombardment, with a focus on spectral transmission features. We employ our extensive model suite calculating energy spectra of stellar particles, their journey through the planetary magnetosphere, ionosphere, and atmosphere, ultimately providing planetary climate and spectral characteristics, as outlined in Herbst et al. Our results suggest that together with the incident stellar energy flux, high particle influxes can lead to efficient heating of the planet well into temperate climates, by limiting CH4 amounts, which would otherwise run into antigreenhouse for such planets around M stars. We identify some key spectral features relevant for future spectral observations: First, NO2 becomes the major absorber in the visible, which greatly impacts the Rayleigh slope. Second, H2O features can be masked by CH4 (near-infrared) and CO2 (mid- to far-infrared), making them nondetectable in transmission. Third, O3 is destroyed and instead HNO3 features become clearly visible in the mid- to far-infrared. Lastly, assuming a few percent of CO2 in the atmosphere, CO2 absorption at 5.3 μm becomes significant (for flare and nonflare cases), strongly overlapping with a flare related NO feature in Earth’s atmosphere.
NuSTAR and Chandra Observations of the Galactic Center Nonthermal X-Ray Filament G0.13–0.11: A Pulsar-wind-nebula-driven Magnetic Filament
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Zhu Zhenlin , Li Hui , Pasham Dheeraj , Li Zhiyuan , Clavel Maïca , Baganoff Frederick K. , Perez Kerstin , Mori Kaya , Hailey Charles J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
One of the most unique phenomena in the Galactic center region is the existence of numerous long and narrow filamentary structures within a few hundred parsecs of Sgr A⋆. While more than 100 radio filaments have been revealed by MeerKAT, only about two dozen X-ray filaments have been discovered so far. In this article, we report our analysis of deep Chandra and NuSTAR observations of a nonthermal X-ray filament, G0.13–0.11, which is located adjacent to the Radio Arc. Chandra revealed a unique morphology of G0.13–0.11, which is an elongated (0.1 pc in width and 3.2 pc in length) structure slightly bent toward the Radio Arc. A pulsar candidate (Γ ∼ 1.4) is detected in the middle of the filament, with a tail of diffuse nonthermal X-ray emission on one side of the filament. The filament is detected by NuSTAR up to 79 keV, with the hard X-ray centroid consistent with the pulsar candidate. We found that the X-ray intensity decays along the filament farther away from the pulsar candidate, dropping to half of its peak value 2.2 pc away. This system is most likely a pulsar wind nebula (PWN) interacting with the ambient interstellar magnetic field, where the filaments are kinetic jets from the PWN as recently proposed. The nature of this filament adds to the complex origin of X-ray filaments, which serve as powerful tools for probing local and global powerful particle accelerators in the Galactic center.
Adapting a multi‐species tool for single‐species impact assessments: Managing fishes at risk in Canada
Authors: Montgomery Fielding A. , Minns Charles K. , Mandrak Nicholas E. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

To assess the impacts of human activity on fishes and fish habitat, impact assessment tools use single‐ and multi‐species approaches depending on the ecological and socio‐economic objectives. In Canadian aquatic ecosystems, single‐ and multi‐species impact assessments are guided by the Species at Risk Act and Fisheries Act, respectively. Yet, for species protected under the Species at Risk Act, the sparse data often require alternative approaches to risk assessment.
The goal of this study was to evaluate whether a database‐derived multi‐species tool – the Habitat Ecosystem Assessment Tool (HEAT) – can be used for single‐species impact assessments. Using an empirical example of proposed drain maintenance in a tributary of Lake St. Clair, the net loss of suitable habitat was evaluated across six conservation targets, ranging from single species, such as the pugnose shiner (Notropis anogenus) and the yellow perch (Perca flavescens), to the entire fish assemblage. Model outcomes were compared across various habitat suitability indices, spatial resolutions, and environmental habitat layers.
The net loss of suitable habitat varied widely across conservation targets and was greatest for the rare specialist species (pugnose shiner). Single‐species conservation targets were more sensitive to variation in spatial resolution and uncertainty in model input parameters. The results of this study emphasize that single‐ and multi‐species conservation targets should not be considered equal, especially when species differ in abundance and niche breadth.
This study demonstrates the flexibility of HEAT for evaluating potential impacts of human disturbance on fishes and their habitat. Future development of this tool should expand beyond physical habitat, to include other factors relevant to species distribution and survival (e.g. biotic interactions).
In search of common developmental and evolutionary origin of the claustrum and subplate
Authors: Bruguier Hannah , Suarez Rodrigo , Manger Paul , Hoerder‐Suabedissen Anna , Shelton Andrew M. , Oliver David K. , Packer Adam M. , Ferran José L. , García‐Moreno Fernando , Puelles Luis , Molnár Zoltán 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe human claustrum, a major hub of widespread neocortical connections, is a thin, bilateral sheet of gray matter located between the insular cortex and the striatum. The subplate is a largely transient cortical structure that contains some of the earliest generated neurons of the cerebral cortex and has important developmental functions to establish intra‐ and extracortical connections. In human and macaque some subplate cells undergo regulated cell death, but some remain as interstitial white matter cells. In mouse and rat brains a compact layer is formed, Layer 6b, and it remains underneath the cortex, adjacent to the white matter. Whether Layer 6b in rodents is homologous to primate subplate or interstitial white matter cells is still debated. Gene expression patterns, such as those of Nurr1/Nr4a2, have suggested that the rodent subplate and the persistent subplate cells in Layer 6b and the claustrum might have similar origins. Moreover, the birthdates of the claustrum and Layer 6b are similarly precocious in mice. These observations prompted our speculations on the common developmental and evolutionary origin of the claustrum and the subplate. Here we systematically compare the currently available data on cytoarchitecture, evolutionary origin, gene expression, cell types, birthdates, neurogenesis, lineage and migration, circuit connectivity, and cell death of the neurons that contribute to the claustrum and subplate. Based on their similarities and differences we propose a partially common early evolutionary origin of the cells that become claustrum and subplate, a likely scenario that is shared in these cell populations across all amniotes.
Versatility and Reliability of Islanded Pedicled Nasolabial Flap in Head and Neck Cancer Reconstruction
Authors: Chakrabarti Swagnik , Gupta Devendra Kumar , Gupta Monika , Daga Dipti , Mishra Aseem , Sharma Sudhendu Shekhar , Chugh Rajeev , Singh Sanajeet Kumar 
Published: April 2020

ObjectivesReconstruction of head and neck cancer ablative defects is challenging. A modification of the nasolabial flap (islanded pedicled nasolabial flap [ipNLF]) is an easy and reliable option for reconstruction of small‐ to medium‐sized defects of the head and neck, especially in resource‐constrained and high‐volume centers.Study Design and MethodsWe present the retrospective analysis of 27 consecutive patients reconstructed with ipNLF at two high‐volume cancer centers, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Varanasi, India; and Army Hospital Research and Referral, New Delhi, India. The functional outcomes measured were duration of weaning of feeding and tracheotomy tubes and speech assessment (speech intelligible rating score [SIR]) postsurgery. Complications assessed were flap loss, orocutaneous fistula, donor site wound dehiscence, oral incompetence, and angle of mouth deviation.ResultsThe most common ablative defect was of the oral cavity (22 patients), followed by the oropharynx (4 patients) and hypopharynx (1 patient). The mean operating time for flap harvesting and insetting was 57.7 minutes. The mean durations for postoperative feeding tube and tracheotomy removal were 10 and 5 days, respectively. Twenty‐four subjects had SIR scores of I or II. None of the subjects had flap loss, orocutaneous fistula, or donor site wound dehiscence. Twenty‐five subjects had no oral incompetence, and 26 subjects had no or minimal angle of mouth deviation.ConclusionThis is the largest series of ipNLF to date and emphasizes the versatility, reliability, reproducibility and excellent functional and acceptable cosmetic outcomes of this flap for the reconstruction of judiciously chosen head and neck ablative defects.Level of Evidence2C Laryngoscope, 130: 1967–1972, 2020
Development of polylactide composites with improved thermomechanical properties by simultaneous use of basalt powder and a nucleating agent
Authors: Barczewski Mateusz , Mysiukiewicz Olga , Matykiewicz Danuta , Skórczewska Katarzyna , Lewandowski Krzysztof , Andrzejewski Jacek , Piasecki Adam 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn the course of the study, polylactide (PLA)/basalt powder (BP) composites were fabricated, incorporating micrometric particle‐shaped waste filler into the biodegradable polyester matrix to obtain improved thermomechanical stability of the final products. The mechanical, thermomechanical, and thermal properties of PLA‐based composites were evaluated, accounting for the influence of the simultaneous incorporation of 1 wt% of the potassium salt of 3,5‐bis(methoxycarbonyl) benzenesulfonate (LAK) used as the nucleating agent and 5‐20 wt% of basalt powder. As each of the applied modifying agents improves the thermomechanical stability of PLA, a beneficial effect of the co‐modification on thermal properties was expected to widen the temperature range of application of the composites. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed an increase of crystallinity up to 55% in the case addition of both additives (BP and LAK) on the PLA. The thermomechanical stability of the composites was determined as a heat deflection temperature (HDT) test. High modification efficiency of BP was obtained only with the simultaneous addition of the LAK nucleating agent. The synergistic effect of both modifiers allowed us to achieve a more than 100% increase in the HDT value to almost 160°C. The mechanical properties were assessed by the static tensile test, Dynstat impact measurements, and a ball indentation hardness evaluation. Even though a 10 MPa decrease in tensile strength was observed due to the addition of 20 wt% of BP and 1% of LAK, the tensile modulus increased from 2.5 to 3.25 MPa and hardness rose from 140 to 175 MPa. The addition of 5 wt% of basalt powder caused a 2 kJ/m2 increase in impact strength. The modification of PLA with the filler and the nucleating agent improved not only thermal stability but also the mechanical properties of the material.
Nonclinical regulatory immunotoxicity testing of nanomedicinal products: Proposed strategy and possible pitfalls
Authors: Giannakou Christina , Park Margriet V. D. Z. , Bosselaers Irene E. M. , de Jong Wim H. , van der Laan Jan Willem , van Loveren Henk , Vandebriel Rob J. , Geertsma Robert E. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractVarious nanomedicinal products (NMPs) have been reported to induce an adverse immune response, which may be related to their tendency to accumulate in or target cells of the immune system. Therefore, before their market authorization, NMPs should be thoroughly evaluated for their immunotoxic potential. Nonclinical regulatory immunotoxicity testing of nonbiological medicinal products, including NMPs, is currently performed by following the guideline S8 “Immunotoxicity Studies for Human Pharmaceuticals” of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). However, this guideline does not cover all the immunotoxicity endpoints reported for NMPs in the literature, such as complement activation related pseudo allergy, hypersensitivity and immunosuppression. In addition, ICH‐S8 does not provide any nanospecific testing considerations, which is important given their tendency to interfere with many commonly used toxicity assays. We therefore propose a nonclinical regulatory immunotoxicity assessment strategy, which considers the immunotoxicity endpoints currently missing in the ICH‐S8. We also list the known pitfalls related to the testing of NMPs and how to tackle them. Next to defining the relevant physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the NMP and its intended use, the proposed strategy includes an in vitro assay battery addressing various relevant immunotoxicity endpoints. A weight of evidence evaluation of this information can be used to shape the type and design of further in vivo investigations. The final outcome of the immunotoxicity assessment can be included in the overall risk assessment of the NMP and provide alerts for relevant endpoints to address during clinical investigation.This article is categorized under:
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Does electrical capacitance represent roots in the soil?
Authors: Cseresnyés Imre , Vozáry Eszter , Rajkai Kálmán 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe efficiency of the root capacitance method is still judged contradictorily. It was, therefore, aimed to verify that the electrical capacitance (CR) and impedance (ZR) measured between ground electrode (pushed into the soil) and plant electrode (clamped on the stem) really represented the root system present in the soil. An ‘electrode separation experiment’ and a ‘root excision experiment’ were performed on potted maize plants cultivated in arenosol. The partial electrical separation of the ground electrode (restriction of the current flow in the topsoil) caused no significant changes in the capacitance and impedance of either the soil or the plant–soil system. This suggested that the current flows through a multitude of soil solution pathways, not predominantly on the wet soil surface. The progressive excision of the main root branches caused a gradual decrease in CR (31–39% of the initial value) and an increase in ZR (4.4- to 5.2-fold that of intact plants). CR showed a much stronger correlation with root dry mass (R2 = 0.807) than with stem cross-sectional area (R2 = 0.424) in intact plants. The closeness of the latter relationship decreased further (R2 = 0.377) after whole root excision. The results clearly demonstrated that the root system dominated the measured capacitance and impedance, though the role of the stem base was not negligible. In conclusion, the capacitance method is worth considering in future studies as an adequate non-intrusive approach to evaluate root size in the soil.
Double Trouble: The Burden of Child-rearing and Working on Maternal Mortality
Authors: Bucher-Koenen Tabea , Farbmacher Helmut , Guber Raphael , Vikström Johan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe document increased old-age mortality rates among Swedish mothers of twins compared with mothers of singletons, using administrative data on mortality for 1990–2010. We argue that twins are an unplanned shock to fertility in the cohorts of older women considered. Deaths due to lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and heart attacks—all of which are associated with stress during the life course—are significantly increased. Stratifying the sample by education and pension income shows the highest increase in mortality rates among highly educated mothers and those with above-median pension income. These results are consistent with the existence of a double burden on mothers’ health resulting from simultaneously child-rearing and working.
Response to Letter to the Editor Entitled: Concerning the Article by
Arezoo Maleki-Hajiagha et al. Entitled Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Level in
Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and
Meta-Analysis
Authors: Maleki-Hajiagha Arezoo , Razavi Maryam , Rezaeinejad Mahroo , Sepidarkish Mahdi , Mehri Ahmad , Vesali Samira , Allameh Zahra 
Published: April 2020

Dear Editor,We thank Kunicki et al. 1 for their
interest in our paper 2 and for taking
the time to give relevant and important comments regarding the inclusion of
hirsutism or hyperandrogenism cases in our study. We agree with Kunicki et al.
that the title is not appropriate, and it was better if the title of the article
was: Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Level in Women with Polycystic Ovary
Syndrome and Hyperandrogenism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Also, we
should make some minor editing in the manuscript text.
Comparison of X-ray speckle-based imaging deflection retrieval algorithms for the optimization of radiation dose
Authors: Rouge-Labriet Helene , Quenot Laurene , Bohic Sylvain , Fayard Barbara , Paganin David M , Brun Emmanuel , Berujon Sebastien 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
X-ray phase contrast imaging can provide improved or complementary information to traditional attenuation-based X-ray imaging, making the field a vast and rapidly evolving research subject. X-ray speckle-based imaging (SBI) is one phase-contrast imaging approach that has shown significant potential in providing both high sensitivity and high resolution while using a very simple experimental setup. With the aim of transferring such phase-contrast-based imaging techniques from synchrotron to laboratory X-ray sources, the issue of the deposited radiation dose still remains to be addressed. In this work, we experimentally and quantitatively compare the results from three different SBI phase retrieval algorithms using both phantoms and biological samples in order to infer the optimal configuration. The results obtained using a synchrotron beam suggest that the technique based on optical flow conservation achieves the most accurate retrieval from the lowest number of sample exposures. This constitutes an important step toward the possibility of transferring SBI into the clinic.
DNA sequencing via Z-shaped graphene nano ribbon field effect transistor decorated with nanoparticles using first-principle transport simulations
Authors: Wasfi Asma , Awwad Falah , Ayesh Ahmad I 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
DNA detection has revolutionized medical and biological research fields. It provides a wealth of medical information for each individual, which can be used in a personalized medicinal procedure in the future. Genome sequence helps to enhance our perception of inheritance, disease, and individuality. This work aims to improve DNA sequencing accuracy and the overall current signal using a novel nano pore based sensor that is developed to detect and identify the DNA bases. Herein, a novel z-shaped field effect transistor with a nano pore for the aim of DNA detection is studied, where a gate terminal is added below the center of the z-shaped graphene nano ribbon. First-principle transport calculations are used to identify the DNA bases and electronic signature. An efficient density functional theory approach combined with non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism (DFT + NEGF) are utilized to detect the transmission spectrum and current for DNA nucleo bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine. Using transmission current, a distinctive electronic signature is generated for each DNA base to detect each DNA sequence. Various orientations and lateral position for each DNA base are considered. Moreover, the effect of decorating the developed DNA sensor with gold and silver nanoparticles on the sensor’s electrical current and transmission spectra is studied and analyzed. The results suggest that the z-shaped sensor could achieve DNA sequencing with high accuracy. The practical implementation of this work represents the capability to anticipate and cure diseases from the genetic makeup perspective.
Low-impact land use pathways to deep decarbonization of electricity
Authors: Wu Grace C , Leslie Emily , Sawyerr Oluwafemi , Cameron D Richard , Brand Erica , Cohen Brian , Allen Douglas , Ochoa Marcela , Olson Arne 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A growing number of jurisdictions are passing ambitious clean energy policies. Yet few studies have accounted for natural and agricultural land impacts of low-carbon pathways and how environmental siting constraints affect electricity costs and technology choices. To address this gap, we developed an integrated land-energy planning framework to examine the land use trade-offs of renewable energy development required to achieve ambitious clean energy goals, using the state of California as a case study. Using high-resolution ecological and agricultural datasets for 11 Western U.S. states, we modeled environmentally-constrained onshore wind, solar photovoltaic, and geothermal potential and used an electricity capacity expansion model to build generation portfolios for 2050. Here we show that California can meet its targets, but the technology mix, spatial build-out, and system costs are sensitive to land protections and availability of out-of-state renewable resources. Results suggest that failure to consider land availability in energy planning could increase uncertainties, environmental impacts, and risks in meeting subnational climate targets.