bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations between self‐reported physical activity, quality of life, and emotional well‐being in men with prostate cancer on active surveillance
Authors: Papadopoulos Efthymios , Alibhai Shabbir M. H. , Doré Isabelle , Matthew Andrew G. , Tomlinson George A. , Nesbitt Michael , Finelli Antonio , Trachtenberg John , Santa Mina Daniel 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveThe relationship between physical activity (PA) and quality of life (QOL) relative to active treatment for prostate cancer (PCa) has been well‐studied; however, little is known about this relationship during active surveillance (AS). Moreover, whether PA is associated with better emotional well‐being (EWB) in men with low‐risk PCa requires further investigation. Accordingly, we examined the association between self‐reported PA and the average change in QOL and EWB over time during AS.MethodsA total of 630 men on AS were included in this retrospective, longitudinal study from AS initiation until AS discontinuation. Generalized estimated equations were used to determine the association between self‐reported PA (independent variable) and QOL and EWB (dependent variables) over time, adjusting for participants' age.ResultsQOL was higher over time in active ((95%CI) = 1.14 (0.11, 2.16), P = .029) and highly active participants ((95%CI) = 1.62 (0.58, 2.67), P = .002) compared to their inactive counterparts. Highly active participants had 55% greater odds of experiencing high EWB relative to inactive participants (OR (95%CI) = 1.55 (1.11, 2.16), P = .010). In men with low EWB at baseline (median = 3 months after diagnosis), the highest levels of PA (>1000 metabolic equivalent‐minutes per week) were associated with high EWB over time (OR (95%CI) = 2.17 (1.06, 4.46), P = .034).ConclusionsThese data further support the importance of PA as a supportive care strategy for men on AS. Our findings suggest that engaging in higher volumes of PA post‐diagnosis may be beneficial particularly for men exhibiting low emotional well‐being early on during AS.
Substance use behaviors in adolescent and young adult cancer patients: Associations with mental and physical health
Authors: Asvat Yasmin , King Andrea C. , Smith Lia J. , Lin Xiaolei , Hedeker Donald , Henderson Tara O. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectiveCancer diagnosis in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) coincides with the developmental initiation of substance use and emergence of affective disturbance. We examined substance use behaviors and risk‐stratified associations with mental and physical health, as well as objective indicators of tobacco and cannabis use and concordance with self‐report and medical records.MethodsAYAs were 15 to 39 years at cancer diagnosis and ≥18 years and ≥6 months postdiagnosis at study enrollment. Risk‐stratified groups included nonsmoker/nondrinker, nonsmoker/drinker, smoker/drinker. Assessments included demographics, past year tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use, depression, anxiety, sleep, and physical activity. Urine analysis provided biochemical verification of tobacco and cannabis use.ResultsParticipants included 100 AYAs (60% male) with primarily hematological cancers (88%). Past year alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use prevalence rates were 80%, 15%, and 33%, respectively. A minority (non‐users) refrained from both alcohol and tobacco (20%), while most were exclusively alcohol users (65%) or alcohol and tobacco co‐users (15%). Relative to other sub‐groups, co‐users reported more depressive and anxious symptoms, while non‐users reported more physical activity. More frequent tobacco and cannabis use were associated with more depressive and anxious symptoms, while more frequent alcohol use was associated with lower physical activity. There were no group differences or associations with sleep quality. There was considerable discordance between tobacco use self‐report, biochemical verification, and medical record documentation.ConclusionsSubstance use among AYAs is common and detrimental to mental and physical health, especially among more frequent users and co‐users, highlighting the need for early assessment and intervention.
Impact of wildfire on permafrost landscapes: A review of recent advances and future prospects
Authors: Holloway Jean E. , Lewkowicz Antoni G. , Douglas Thomas A. , Li Xiaoying , Turetsky Merritt R. , Baltzer Jennifer L. , Jin Huijun 
Published: March 2020

AbstractChanges in the frequency and extent of wildfires are expected to lead to substantial and irreversible alterations to permafrost landscapes under a warming climate. Here we review recent publications (2010–2019) that advance our understanding of the effects of wildfire on surface and ground temperatures, on active layer thickness and, where permafrost is ice‐rich, on ground subsidence and the development of thermokarst features. These thermal and geomorphic changes are initiated immediately following wildfire and alter the hydrology and biogeochemistry of permafrost landscapes, including the release of previously frozen carbon. In many locations, permafrost has been resilient, with key characteristics such as active layer thickness returning to pre‐fire conditions after several decades. However, permafrost near its southern limit is losing this resiliency as a result of ongoing climate warming and increasingly common vegetation state changes. Shifts in fire return intervals, severity and extent are expected to alter the trajectories of wildfire impacts on permafrost, and to enlarge spatial impacts to more regularly include the burning of tundra areas. Modeling indicates some lowland boreal forest and tundra environments will remain resilient while uplands and areas with thin organic layers and dry soils will experience rapid and irreversible permafrost degradation. More work is needed to relate modeling to empirical studies, particularly incorporating dynamic variables such as soil moisture, snow and thermokarst development, and to identify post‐fire permafrost responses for different landscape types and regions. Future progress requires further collaboration among geocryologists, ecologists, hydrologists, biogeochemists, modelers and remote sensing specialists.
Expanding perspectives of soil nitrification to include ammonia‐oxidizing archaea and comammox bacteria
Authors: Lu Xinda , Taylor Anne E. , Myrold David D. , Neufeld Josh D. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCatalyzed by multiple groups of phylogenetically distinct microorganisms, soil nitrification impacts ground water quality, greenhouse gas emissions, and agricultural practices. This review explores known microbial players involved in nitrification, encompassing aspects of biogeography, phylogenetic diversity, physiology, and activity. We discuss distributions and activities of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea and bacteria as they relate to environmental and edaphic factors and highlight a newly discovered role for terrestrial comammox bacteria. Ecological interactions of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers are discussed, as are their respective contributions to N2O emissions. Given these expanding perspectives of soil nitrification, we underline the importance of combining culture‐based methods with metagenomic approaches to help address remaining knowledge gaps.
Environmental and Fish Assemblage Contrasts in Blackwater and Clearwater Streams
Authors: Colvin S. A. R. , Helms B. S. , DeVries D. R. , Feminella J. W. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe compared 15 blackwater and clearwater streams in coastal drainages of Alabama by quantifying fish assemblages and associated environmental conditions across multiple seasons and characterizing potential relationships using multivariate statistical approaches. Clearwater stream channels tended to be deeper, to have sandier substrates, and to have higher dissolved oxygen concentrations than blackwater streams. In contrast, blackwater streams showed higher dissolved organic carbon levels and higher benthic macroinvertebrate densities. Discriminant function analysis based on environmental and invertebrate data resulted in 90% discrimination between the two stream types. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of seasonal fish assemblages indicated separation by stream type, with no overlap in fish assemblages of blackwater and clearwater streams in any season, and 12 (39%) of the 31 species captured were indicative of stream type. A suite of environmental and biological variables representing invertebrate density, discharge, stream size, water chemistry, and land use was correlated with NMDS axes separating fish assemblages by stream type. Fish traits were somewhat distinctive between stream types, as there were unique lie‐in‐wait predators and short‐lived species in each stream type. A fourth‐corner analysis indicated potential linkages between fishes preferring woody substrate and stream type, further suggesting that stream type may explain fish functional structure. These results emphasize the need to consider these coastal systems as biotically unique ecosystem types in conservation plans as well as to focus more attention on better understanding the diversity patterns in headwater streams within the Coastal Plains region.
Water law and climate change in the United States: A review of the legal scholarship
Authors: Craig Robin Kundis 
Published: March 2020

AbstractClimate change's effects on water resources have been some of the first realities of ecological change in the Anthropocene, forcing climate change adaptation efforts even as the international community seeks to mitigate climate change. Water law has thus become one vehicle of climate change adaptation. Legal research into the intersections between climate change and water law in the United States must contend with the facts that: (a) climate change affects different parts of this large country differently; and (b) U.S. water law is itself a complicated subject, with each state having its own laws for surface water and groundwater and the federal government playing a significant role in interstate and international waters, in building and managing large water infrastructure, and in creating water rights for Native American tribes and other federal reservations. Within this complexity, legal research to date has tended to focus on the law governing surface water in the American West, enumerating various problems with the prior appropriation doctrine as the West grows hotter and drier and offering multiple suggestions to increase legal flexibility so that western water can be re‐allocated to reflect changing social–ecological realities. These suggestions extend to new, more comprehensive, and more adaptive water governance approaches. Far less legal scholarship has focused on eastern riparian rights, the various groundwater doctrines at play in the United States, or the increasing role of tribes in managing water resources, but these areas warrant future attention.This article is categorized under:
Engineering Water > Planning Water
Human Water > Water Governance
Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Phosphate removal from water using alginate/carboxymethylcellulose/aluminum beads and plaster of paris
Authors: Malicevic Srdjan , Garcia Pacheco Ana Paula , Lamont Kristine , Estepa Klaudine Monica , Daguppati Prasad , van de Vegte John , Marangoni Alejandro G. , Pensini Erica 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPhosphorus released in lakes due to agricultural water runoff causes eutrophication, deteriorating water quality and harming ecosystems. Two adsorbents were studied for the removal of phosphate from water: plaster of Paris powder and hydrogel beads produced using alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, and aluminum. The reaction kinetics, adsorption capacity, and ability to desorb were compared. Sorption of phosphate with either plaster of Paris or hydrogel beads was well described by the Langmuir model. In deionized water, hydrogel beads had a maximum sorption capacity of 90.5 mg

/g dry bead with an equilibration time of approximately 24 hr. Monovalent anions (e.g., chloride) did not affect phosphorus sorption onto hydrogel beads, whereas divalent anions (e.g., sulfate) hindered sorption. In deionized water, plaster of Paris (POP) powder has a maximum capacity of 1.52 mg

/g with an equilibrium time of less than 10 min. Sorbents can potentially be reused following phosphate desorption, and desorbed phosphate may be reused as fertilizer. At pH = 9.5, hydrogel beads desorbed up to 60% of the original amount of phosphate sorbed and lower amounts at lower pH. At pH = 2, POP powder desorbed only 35% of the initial phosphate sorbed, and desorption decreased with increasing pH.Practitioner points

The maximum sorption capacity of plaster of Paris is 1.52 mg

/g.

The maximum sorption capacity of hydrogel beads is 90.5 mg

/g.

Monovalent anions do not affect phosphorus sorption, and divalent anions hinder it by ≈36%.

Sorption is well described by Langmuir isotherms (R2 > 0.98).

Hydrogel beads desorb 60% of phosphorus at pH = 9, possibly allowing phosphorus reuse.
Identity Lost and Found: Architecture and Identity Formation in Kuwait and the Gulf
Authors: Fabbri Roberto 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe process of identity formation is deeply influenced by the build environment’s capacity to represent common values. In the Gulf, official narratives always praised modern buildings as the perfect representation of the impatient advancement of the society. On the other hand, the rapid transformation of the built environment, which often sacrificed the traditional old town, and the injection of ‘other’ narratives have blurred the contours of the local culture, identity and sense of place.Focusing on Kuwait as a case study, the present text retraces the transition from the Arab medina to the conception and the construction of the modern city and how this redefined fluid notions of tradition, modernity and identity in relation with the urban environment. Since the Gulf cities experienced parallel developments in the urban form and also similar approaches to modernity and globalization, this chapter investigates the architecture produced in the second half of the twentieth century as a common denominator for the Gulf, despite the fact that it has been ignored and neglected in the past decades. Indeed, a new tangible interest, demonstrated by a series of recent cultural initiatives in Kuwait, and across the Gulf, seems to indicate how modernist architecture could be read as part of a shared Khaleeji identity in the making.
Tunnelling of charged particles from black holes
Authors: Johnson George 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We state and explain the total rate at which a charged non-rotating black hole emits charged particles, taking into account both Hawking radiation and Schwinger pair production simultaneously. We give concrete formulae for this emission rate in certain limits, with the greatest simplification occurring when the black hole is much larger than the particle’s Compton wavelength. We provide an interpretation of the result in terms of a tunnelling process, both through the black hole horizon and the surrounding electric field, and comment on how suppression due to tunnelling modifies the emission spectrum.
On the infinite gradient-flow for the domain-wall formulation of chiral lattice gauge theories
Authors: Ago Taichi , Kikukawa Yoshio 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We examine the proposal by Grabowska and Kaplan (GK) to use the infinite gradient flow in the domain-wall formulation of chiral lattice gauge theories. We consider the case of Abelian theories in detail, for which Lüscher’s exact gauge-invariant formulation is known, and we relate GK’s formulation to Lüscher’s one. The gradient flow can be formulated for the admissible U(1) link fields so that it preserves their topological charges. GK’s effective action turns out to be equal to the sum of Lüscher’s gauge-invariant effective actions for the target Weyl fermions and the mirror “fluffy” fermions, plus the so-called measure-term integrated along the infinite gradient flow. The measure-term current is originally a local(analytic) and gauge-invariant functional of the admissible link field, given as a solution to the local cohomology problem. However, with the infinite gradient flow, it gives rise to non-local(non-analytic) vertex functions which are not suppressed exponentially at large distance. The “fluffy” fermions remain as a source of non-local contribution, which couple yet to the Wilson-line and magnetic-flux degrees of freedom of the dynamical link field.
Lagos state ambulance service: a performance evaluation
Authors: Venkatraman Chinmayee , Odusola Aina Olufemi , Malolan Chenchita , Kola-Korolo Olusegun , Olaomi Oluwole , Idris Jide , Nwariaku Fiemu E. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Objectives
The mortality rate from road traffic accidents (RTAs) in Nigeria is almost double that of the USA. In Nigeria, the first emergency medical services (EMS) system was established in March 2001, The Lagos State Ambulance Service (LASAMBUS). The objectives of this study are to (1) determine the burden of RTAs in Lagos, (2) assess RTA call outcomes, and (3) analyze LASAMBUS’s response time and causes for delay.

Methodology
We reviewed completed LASAMBUS intervention forms spanning December 2017 to May 2018. We categorized the call outcomes into five groups: I. Addressed Crash, II. No Crash (False Call), III. Crash Already Addressed, IV. Did Not Respond, and V. Other. We further explored associations between the (1) causes for delay and outcomes and (2) response times and the outcomes.

Results
Overall, we analyzed 1352 intervention forms. We found that LASAMBUS did not address 53% of the RTA calls that they received. Of this, Outcome II. No Crash (False Call) accounted for 26% and Outcome III. Crash Already Addressed accounted for 22%. Self-reported causes for delay were recorded in 180 forms, representing 13.7% of the RTA burden. Traffic congestion accounted for 60% of this distribution.

Conclusion
LASAMBUS response rates are significantly lower than response rates in high-income countries such as the USA and lead to increased RTA mortality rates. Eliminating causes for delay will improve both LASAMBUS effectiveness and RTA victims’ health outcomes. Changing the public perception of LASAMBUS and standardizing LASAMBUS’ contact information will aid this as well.
Slow progressors to type 1 diabetes lose islet autoantibodies over time, have few islet antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and exhibit a distinct CD95hi B cell phenotype
Authors: Hanna Stephanie J. , Powell Wendy E. , Long Anna E. , Robinson Emma J. S. , Davies Joanne , Megson Clare , Howell Alexandra , Jones Taz J. , Ladell Kristin , Price David A. , Dayan Colin M. , Williams Alistair J. K. , Gillespie Kathleen M. , Wong F. Susan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
The aim of this study was to characterise islet autoantibody profiles and immune cell phenotypes in slow progressors to type 1 diabetes.

Methods
Immunological variables were compared across peripheral blood samples obtained from slow progressors to type 1 diabetes, individuals with newly diagnosed or long-standing type 1 diabetes, and healthy individuals. Polychromatic flow cytometry was used to characterise the phenotypic attributes of B and T cells. Islet autoantigen-specific B cells were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay and islet autoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells were quantified using peptide–HLA class I tetramers. Radioimmunoassays were used to detect islet autoantibodies. Sera were assayed for various chemokines, cytokines and soluble receptors via ELISAs.

Results
Islet autoantibodies were lost over time in slow progressors. Various B cell subsets expressed higher levels of CD95 in slow progressors, especially after polyclonal stimulation, compared with the corresponding B cell subsets in healthy donors (p < 0.05). The phenotypic characteristics of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were similar in slow progressors and healthy donors. Lower frequencies of CD4+ T cells with a central memory phenotype (CD27int, CD127+, CD95int) were observed in slow progressors compared with healthy donors (mean percentage of total CD4+ T cells was 3.00% in slow progressors vs 4.67% in healthy donors, p < 0.05). Autoreactive B cell responses to proinsulin were detected at higher frequencies in slow progressors compared with healthy donors (median no. of spots was 0 in healthy donors vs 24.34 in slow progressors, p < 0.05) in an ELISpot assay. Islet autoantigen-specific CD8+ T cell responses were largely absent in slow progressors and healthy donors. Serum levels of DcR3, the decoy receptor for CD95L, were elevated in slow progressors compared with healthy donors (median was 1087 pg/ml in slow progressors vs 651 pg/ml in healthy donors, p = 0.06).

Conclusions/interpretation
In this study, we found that slow progression to type 1 diabetes was associated with a loss of islet autoantibodies and a distinct B cell phenotype, consistent with enhanced apoptotic regulation of peripheral autoreactivity via CD95. These phenotypic changes warrant further studies in larger cohorts to determine their functional implications.