bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photosynthetic properties and biochemical metabolism of Cucurbita moschata genotypes following infection with powdery mildew
Authors: Chen Bi-Hua , Guo Wei-Li , Yang He-Lian , Li Qing-Fei , Zhou Jun-Guo , Li Xin-Zheng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPowdery mildew (PM) is one of the most important fungal diseases in Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin) cultivation. This experiment was conducted to shed light on the physiological mechanisms of PM resistance in pumpkin cultivars. PM pathogen was inoculated on pumpkin seedlings, PM-susceptible genotype (JJJD) and PM-resistant genotype (inbred line 112–2) to study the PM-fungal growth, plant photosynthetic and biochemical parameters with different intervals of time. The disease index and pathogen growth observed for the PM-infected 112–2 seedlings were milder than those observed for the JJJD seedlings. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) were reduced for both the PM-infected genotypes, while the internal CO2 concentration (Ci) increased in comparison with the non-infected controls. PM pathogen inoculation impaired the photosynthetic performance in seedlings of both genotypes and this was largely associated with stomatal closure. In comparison with the non-infected controls, the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and β-1,3-glucanase activities were reduced for both the PM-infected genotypes, while the peroxidase (POD) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activities were increased. The catalase (CAT) activity was reduced in the 112–2 genotype and increased in the JJJD genotype after PM pathogen inoculation. Together, our data show that PM resistance in pumpkin seedlings is associated with the maintenance of photosynthetic performance and the regulation of defense-related enzyme activities .
Incidence and factors associated with postoperative sore throat for patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation at Debre Tabor General Hospital, North central Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Fenta Efrem , Teshome Diriba , Melaku Dessie , Tesfaw Aragaw 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:
Identifying the factors associated with post-operative sore throat is important for better patient outcome. Supportive evidence towards it is not well-established in developing countries like Ethiopia.

Objective:
To assess the incidence and factors associated with postoperative sore throat among patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation.

Methods:
Hospital based cross-sectional study design was employed. Binary and multivariable logistic regression were used to measure association between the factors and the outcome at 95%CI using Adjusted Odds ratio (AOR). P-value <0.05 was used to declare statistical significance.

Results:
A total of 123 patients were included in this study and the incidence of postoperative sore throat within 24 h after operation was 48.8%. In multivariate logistic regression, being female (AOR = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.13, 5.85) and multiple number of attempts (AOR = 3.81, 95% CI: 1.51, 9.62) had significant association with post-operative sorethroat. The ETT sizes of 6.5, 7.0 and 7.5 in millimeter were the factors statistically significantly associated with post-operative sore throat with p values of 0.01, 0.02 and 0.03 respectively.

Conclusions:
Larger ETT size and multiple number of attempts of laryngoscopy might increase the risk of developing postoperative sore throat.

Highlights:
Data-Centric Engineering in modern science from the perspective of a statistician, an engineer, and a software developer
Authors: Ley Christophe , Tibolt Mike , Fromme Dirk 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Data-Centric Engineering is an emerging branch of science that certainly will take on a leading role in data-driven research. We live in the Big Data era with huge amounts of available data and unseen computing power, and therefore a crafty combination of Statistics (or, in more modern terms, Data Science), Computer Science and Engineering is required to filter out the most important information, master the ever more difficult challenges of a changing world and open new paths. In this paper, we will highlight some of these aspects from a combined perspective of a statistician, an engineer and a software developer. In particular, we will focus on sound data handling and analysis, computational science in Structural Engineering, data care, security and monitoring, and conclude with an outlook on future developments.
EXACT COMPLETION AND CONSTRUCTIVE THEORIES OF SETS
Authors: EMMENEGGER JACOPO , PALMGREN ERIK 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the present paper we use the theory of exact completions to study categorical properties of small setoids in Martin-Löf type theory and, more generally, of models of the Constructive Elementary Theory of the Category of Sets, in terms of properties of their subcategories of choice objects (i.e., objects satisfying the axiom of choice). Because of these intended applications, we deal with categories that lack equalisers and just have weak ones, but whose objects can be regarded as collections of global elements. In this context, we study the internal logic of the categories involved, and employ this analysis to give a sufficient condition for the local cartesian closure of an exact completion. Finally, we apply this result to show when an exact completion produces a model of CETCS.
Lexically specific vs. productive constructions in L2 Finnish
Authors: LESONEN SIRKKU , STEINKRAUSS RASMUS , SUNI MINNA , VERSPOOR MARJOLIJN 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTIt is assumed from a usage-based perspective that learner language constructions emerge from natural language use in social interaction through exemplar learning. In L1, young learners have been shown to develop their constructions from lexically specific, formulaic expressions into more productive, abstract schemas. A similar developmental path has been shown for L2 development, with some exceptions. The aim of the current study is to explore to what extent the default assumption holds for L2 learning. The development of two constructions was traced in four adults learning L2 Finnish. Free-response data, collected weekly over a period of 9 months, were used to investigate the productivity of the constructions. The results show that, contrary to the traditional assumption, L2 learners do not start off with only lexically specific expressions, but that both lexically specific and more productive constructions are used from the beginning. Our results therefore suggest that, for educated adult L2 learners, the schema formation can happen rather quickly and even without the repetition of a specific lexical sequence.
Cultural differences in the association between subjective age and health: evidence from the Israeli component of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE-Israel)
Authors: Bergman Yoav S. , Shrira Amit 
Published: June 2020

AbstractResearch has demonstrated that holding a young subjective age (i.e. feeling younger than one's chronological age) has been associated with various positive aspects of physical and psychological health. However, little is known about how such associations differ between cultural sub-groups within a given society. Accordingly, the current study focused on the Israeli component of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE-Israel) and aimed to explore the moderating role of culture on the association between subjective age and objective physical health, subjective physical health and psychological health. Data were collected from 1,793 respondents, who were classified into three groups: veteran Israeli Jews, immigrants from the former Soviet Union and Israeli Arab citizens. Age ranged from 50 to 105 (mean = 69.65, standard deviation = 9.49). All participants rated their subjective age and filled out scales examining six dimensions covering psychological health, as well as objective and subjective physical health. Across all examined dimensions, an older subjective age was associated with unfavourable health outcomes. For the majority of health dimensions, the subjective age–health links were most prominent among Israeli Arabs. Results are discussed from both a general societal standpoint (i.e. group differences in access to health services), as well as from the individual's specific role in his or her culture and society.
Oral fluency in a second language: A research agenda for the next ten years
Authors: Foster Pauline 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper reviews how the construct of oral fluency in a second language (L2) has been defined and researched over the last twenty-five years. The emerging picture is somewhat kaleidoscopic, as domains of cognitive, social, individual and linguistic influences on L2 speech have been opened up for study. L2 fluency research presents a wealth of directions for future exploration, five of which have been laid out here as an achievable, though not comprehensive, agenda for the coming decade. Four of these studies focus on the relationship between variables such as perceived fluency, utterance fluency, idiomaticity, task familiarity, vocabulary size and learner self-reflection, while the fifth focusses on supporting fluency development in the L2 classroom. As an aid to prospective researchers, the five studies are laid out in practical detail, together with suggestions on how these might need to be altered to fit the local context in which the research is undertaken.
Autonomous Intelligent Planning Method for Welding Path of Complex Ship Components
Authors: Wang Tao , Xue Zhilong , Dong Xiaoqing , Xie Senlin 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARYAiming at planning the welding path of complex ship components, a welding path planning optimization model was constructed with the shortest welding path and using the target and the welding process and welding starting and ending points as constraints. Based on the model, an improved ant colony algorithm with dynamic adaptive parameters was proposed to complete the path planning work. Simulation results showed that, compared with other classical optimization algorithms, the proposed algorithm improved optimization speed while ensuring optimization effect and achieving better results in path planning of complex ship components.
FILLED PAUSES ARE SUSCEPTIBLE TO CROSS-LANGUAGE PHONETIC INFLUENCE
Authors: García-Amaya Lorenzo , Lang Sean 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article investigates the effects of long-term bilingualism on the production of filled pauses (FPs; e.g., uh, um, eh, em) in the speech of Afrikaans-Spanish bilinguals from Patagonia, Argentina. The instrumental analysis draws from a corpus of sociolinguistic interviews obtained from three speaker groups: L1-Afrikaans/L2-Spanish bilinguals; L1-Spanish-comparison speakers, also from Patagonia; and L1-Afrikaans-comparison speakers from South Africa. In the data analysis, we examined relative FP usage (categorical outcomes), as well as phonetic measures of vowel quality and segmental duration (continuous outcomes). The results allude to multiple patterns of cross-language influence (e.g., L1-to-L2 influence, L2-to-L1 influence, bidirectional influence), which depend on the phonetic measure explored. Overall, the findings suggest that the patterns of cross-language phonetic influence observed in the L2 learning of traditionally understood lexical items likewise hold in the L2 learning of hesitation markers such as FPs.
Expression of Viral Membrane Proteins from Cloned cDNA by Microinjection into Eucaryotic Cell Nuclei
Authors: Garoff H. , Kondor-Koch Cl. 
Published: June 2020

The relationship between a protein's structure and its function can be explored in detail by in vitro mutagenesis of a cloned DNA molecule encoding the protein and expression of its mutagenized form in a eucaryotic cell. This will be a useful approach to study the assembly of spanning viral or plasma membrane proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum membrane and their transport to the cell surface. Questions that could be answered using this technique include:Is the signal sequence alone sufficient for translocation of a polypeptide chain across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane? Is a cytoplasmic protein (e.g. a viral capsid protein) translocated when linked to a signal sequence?
Ultrastructure of the Basement Membrane of the Uterine Cervix During the Estrous Cycle on the Rat
Authors: Baccarini Iracema M. 
Published: June 2020

The EM studies of the basememt membrane of the uterine cervix was made to determine the variations during the estrous cycle.Material and Methods. Animals were sacrificed under ether anesthesia when the vaginal smears showed different stages of the estrous cycle. The uterine cervix was removed and it was put into cold 3% glutaraldehyde for 6 hours; during the fixation the uterine cervix was divided in half under the dissection microscope. The tissue was embedded in vestopal. Thick sections were stained with toluidine blue to select the horizontal part of the epithelium. Thin sections were stained,by uranyl acetate and lead citrate.Results. Proestrous stage. The cytoplasmic membrane is thick, dark and tortuous. Numerous dense desmosomes having different sizes are seen symmetrically on the cytoplasmic membrane, and also, on the amorphous material. Large and abundant digitations have irregular shapes. Dense and uniform amorphous material about 580 A wide is on the borderline of the connective tissue. Light space about 466 A show light and dilated areas.
A 100 KV Transmission Scanning Microscope
Authors: Crewe A. V. 
Published: June 2020

A 100 kv transmission scanning microscope is now being constructed which should have a point resolution of 2.5 to 3 Å. The design of this microscope is similar to the design of our existing 30 kv 5 Å microscope, but there are several significant changes which are based upon some difficulties and sources of inflexibility of that microscope.A field emission electron gun of our usual design will be used as the source of electrons, the only difference being that the spacing between the anodes has been increased from 2 to 3 cm. The electron beam will then pass through a condenser lens which will produce a parallel beam of electrons. This parallel beam will then be focused onto the specimen by means of a short focal length lens (approximately 1 mm focal length). The reason for using a condenser lens to produce the parallel beam of electrons is that in the future a quadrupole-octupole correction system will be installed in this section of the microscope in order to attempt to correct the spherical aberrations of the objective lens and thereby improve its resolution.
Scanning Electron Microscopy and Thin Section Microanalysis of Plant Cells
Authors: Thurston E. Laurence , Russ John C. 
Published: June 2020

Thin sections (2000 Å) of the filamentous blue-green alga, Fischerella ambigua, containing large (0.6μ) structured granules (fig. 1, 2), stinging cell walls of Urtica dioica (common nettle), and isolated bean mitochondria were examined with a scanning electron microscope equipped with a transmitted electron detector and an energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer. Specimens were fixed in unbuffered 3% glutaraldehyde at 4° C for 2 hours, dehydrated in ethanol, and embedded in an Araldite/Epon mixture for microanalysis. Sections were cut at 2000 Å and mounted unstained on 75 mesh Formvar coated copper grids, or 300 mesh uncoated copper grids. Specimen contrast was excellent without post-staining, and specimen resolution when viewed with the transmitted electron detector was approximately 100 Å.Because of limited space this discussion is restricted mostly to the analysis of the structured granules in Fischerella.
Identification of Particulate Air Pollutants and Contaminants by Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Spectrometry
Authors: Price J. L. , Shirley T. L. 
Published: June 2020

Although our knowledge of the effects of gaseous air pollutants on plants is expanding rapidly, little is known about the identification and effects of particulate air pollutants on plant surfaces. Accordingly, a two-phase study was undertaken: (a) to identify and characterize the various particulate pollutants and contaminants found on leaf surfaces; and (b) to determine their physical and chemical effects. This report describes the progress made in the first phase of this study.Using a Jeolco JSM-U3 scanning electron microscope with double dispersive X-ray spectrometers, observations were made on intact leaf surfaces (upper and lower) and on various particulate samples. Studies were made on various crop plants as well as on native chaparral and desert plants. Most of the samples were coated with approximately 50-100 Å of gold-palladium metal, since “charging” is a definite problem with particulate specimens.
The Origin of Deformation Twinning in Polycrystalline γ'Containing Nickel-Base Alloys
Authors: Oblak J. M. , Duvall D. S. 
Published: June 2020

As in certain other γ' containing nickel-base alloys, twinning is observed after the intermediate temperature deformation of polycrystalline IN-100, Figure 1. The presence of twinning is dependent upon grain orientation and is favored in grains oriented with an <011> pole near the tensile creep axis. (All foils were taken transverse to the tensile axis.) This is to be expected since <011> is near a single slip orientation of high Schmid factor for {111} <112> shear.Previously it had been suggested that the dislocations required for {111} <112>.shear and twinning were produced by interaction of 1/2 <110> dislocations. Yet, twinning is observed at the earliest stage of deformation in polycrystalline IN-100, Figure 2. Further examination demonstrated that the grain boundaries are sources for the initiation of twinning. A typical example is shown in Figure 3 where faulted configurations associated with twinning extend from the grain boundary into the γ' containing matrix.
Electron Microscopy of Hafnium-Modified Superalloys
Authors: Kotval P. S. , Calder R. W. 
Published: June 2020

Cast nickel-base superalloys, used in turbine hardware, are typically composed of ~ 60 vol.% γ' phase coherently precipitated in an f.c.c. matrix, eutectic phases, and one or more carbide phases. These alloys are not heat-treatable in the sense of being able to re-solution and reprecipitate the γ' phase. Hence, the properties are governed by the as-cast microstructure which has become increasingly more complex as higher elevated-temperature strength has been required. This improvement in strength has an associated penalty in that the ambient and intermediate temperature ductility of cast superalloys is poor.Recently, it has been shown that additions of hafnium in nickel-base superalloys result in substantial improvements in ductility. The results presented here are from a study undertaken to define the role of hafnium in modifying microstructure in nickel-base alloys and the effect of this modification on properties.
Lattice Images of Non-Integer Planes in Gold
Authors: Bottoms W. R. , Ban L. L. 
Published: June 2020

A common growth habit for gold microcrystals is a thin (111) platelet of hexagonal or trigonal symmetry. It has been shown that such microcrystals contain coherent faults in the ABCABC stacking sequence giving rise to non-zero structure factors for lattice planes of index 1/3(422). Transmission electron diffraction patterns from these crystals such as shown in Figure 2 confirm the existence of this non-zero structure factor by exhibiting reflections whose spacing and orientation correspond to lattice planes of the type 1/3(422). The diffraction pattern in Figure 2 has been superimposed on the polycrystalline ring pattern of gold for reference and the spacings of the inner-most spots is equal to the 2.497Å of the 1/3(422) planes to within the experimental error. Additional confirmation of the indexing of these spots has been obtained by electron diffraction at various angles of tilt.Phase contrast lattice images of the non-integer planes shown in Figure 1 were obtained with axial illumination of the sample by defocusing the objective lens of a Philips EM-300 electron microscope.
Techniques for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Fiber-Matrix Interfaces in Aluminum Alloy-Boron Composites by Ion Erosio
Authors: Shaw G. G. 
Published: June 2020

The morphology and composition of the fiber-matrix interface can best be studied by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. For some composites satisfactory samples can be prepared by electropolishing. For others such as aluminum alloy-boron composites ion erosion is necessary.When one wishes to examine a specimen with the electron beam perpendicular to the fiber, preparation is as follows: A 1/8 in. disk is cut from the sample with a cylindrical tool by spark machining. Thin slices, 5 mils thick, containing one row of fibers, are then, spark-machined from the disk. After spark machining, the slice is carefully polished with diamond paste until the row of fibers is exposed on each side, as shown in Figure 1.In the case where examination is desired with the electron beam parallel to the fiber, preparation is as follows: Experimental composites are usually 50 mils or less in thickness so an auxiliary holder is necessary during ion milling and for easy transfer to the electron microscope. This holder is pure aluminum sheet, 3 mils thick.
Ultra High Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscopy of Directly Deposited Metallic Films
Authors: Ballantyne J. P. , Dix C. , Nixon W. C. 
Published: June 2020

A basic scanning electron microscope of similar construction to that described by Pease and Nixon has been modified for ultra high vacuum by using a special stainless steel specimen chamber. The final aperture of the electron optical column is also the differential pumping aperture separating the lens and scan coil region from the specimen chamber. Recent further refinement has given a measured vacuum in the specimen region of 1 x 10-10 torr after baking and day to day operation at 10-8 torr. The specimen stage stability and the electron optical performance permit an electron probe size of 200-300 A at these vacuum levels. The main column is pumped to 10-6 torr.This improved vacuum performance is necessary for depositing and viewing thin metal films as there is no residual contamination and no effect of partial pressures of gases to influence the main reaction. Both silver and tin films have been deposited from halide compounds with a resulting metal thickness of about one micron giving reasonable conductivity. The substrate is silicon of integrated circuit quality.
Retention of 3-Dimensional Contours by Replicas of Freeze-Fracturcd Specimens
Authors: Steere Russell L. 
Published: June 2020

Electron micrographs of complementary replicas prepared by either the freeze-fracture or the freeze-etch procedure have often been disappointing. One replica may look excellent whereas the complement, produced simultaneously in the same system, may look worthless. At least part of this complication may be explained by the fact that these replicas retain much of the 3-dimensional contours of the replicated ice surface when dried on a Formvar film. If the desired part of such a replica is oriented in the microscope in such a position that it is vertical to the beam it usually looks good. However, if the desired area happens to be other than vertical to the electron beam, the resultant image may be somewhat distorted if the angle is slight, or may be completely obscurred by electron scattering if the angle is steep.Dog cardiac muscle perfused with glutaraldehyde, washed in distilled water, then transferred to 30% glycerol (furnished by Dr. Joaquim Sommer, Duke Univ.) was freeze-fractured at -196° in a Denton DFE-2 Freeze-Etch Unit, shadowed with Pt from a C point, and replicated with C. The replicas were cleaned of biological remains in chromic acid cleaning solution, then mounted on Formvar support films.