bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of one-session treatment for specific needle phobia in an adult IAPT service – a case series
Authors: Hiermeier Ursula Maria , Mofrad Layla 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOne-session treatment for specific phobias (OST; Öst, 2012) has been found to be efficient and effective in reducing the severity of phobia in an adult population. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of OST in an Improving Access to Psychological Therapy (IAPT) primary care service in the North East of England. Participants were four women and one man between the ages of 21 and 46 years; all presented with needle phobia. Treatment consisted of three clinical contacts: a 1-hour pre-treatment interview to identify the catastrophic belief centred on the phobic situation; a 2.5–3-hour treatment session using exposurein vivo(i.e. images, videos and handling of a syringe – no actual injections) and participant modelling in accordance with OST protocol; and a 30-minute follow-up telephone appointment. Outcome was measured with standard IAPT and additional psychometrics, as well as qualitative client feedback. The outcome suggests the application of OST to be effective for needle phobia, as well as feasible and cost- and resource-efficient in its application to an IAPT primary care service. Further research needs to investigate its effects in comparison with multiple single sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy in an adult population, as well as appropriate outcome measures to suit an IAPT application.Key learning aims(1)To gain a basic understanding of one-session treatment for specific phobias (OST).(2)To enhance understanding of the implications of OST in an IAPT primary care service.(3)To acquire useful information about practicalities and challenges of OST in an IAPT primary care setting.
Global constitutionalism and cultural diversity: The emergence of jurisgenerative constitutionalism in Africa
Authors: GEBEYE BERIHUN ADUGNA 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article examines the path of global constitutionalism and its encounter with cultural diversity in Africa. It situates the phenomenon of global constitutionalism in the late nineteenth century and traces some of its tectonic transformations since the inauguration of the liberal international order. Besides referring to the processes of and calls for the constitutionalization of the international legal regime and the emergence of global constitutional law, global constitutionalism played a constitutive role for constitutionalism in Africa. As constitutionalism in Africa is configured within a biosphere of global constitutionalism and cultural diversity, their dynamic interplay leads to the emergence of jurisgenerative constitutionalism, which is procedurally and normatively open to accommodate a plural conception of rights, justice and values. As a result, what is constitutionally permissible and what is not cannot simply be determined by an attachment to either global constitutionalism or cultural diversity. Rather, it is the interaction of global constitutionalism and cultural diversity in time and place that dictates what the constitutional practice or outcome should look like. By taking the women’s rights jurisprudence related to customary and Islamic laws and the phenomenon of Shariacracy as themes of analysis, and Nigeria as a case study, this article explores how the emergence of jurisgenerative constitutionalism mediates global constitutionalism and cultural diversity in Africa. By bringing in the African experience, the article sheds some light on the range of theoretical and practical possibilities available to the emerging field of global constitutionalism.
On the Electromagnetic Propagation Paths and Wavefronts in the Vicinity of a Refractive Object
Authors: Fokkema Jacob T. , van den Berg Peter M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMaxwell's equations are transformed from a Cartesian geometry to a Riemannian geometry. A geodetic path in the Riemannian geometry is defined as the raypath on which the electromagnetic energy efficiently travels through the medium. Consistent with the spatial behavior of the Poynting vector, the metric tensor is required to be functionally dependent on the refractive index of the medium. A symmetric nonorthogonal transformation is introduced, in which the metric is a function of an electromagnetic tension. This so‐called refractional tension determines the curvature of the geodetic line. To verify the geodetic propagation paths and wavefronts, a spherical object with a refractive index not equal to one is considered. A full 3‐D numerical simulation based on a contrast‐source integral equation for the electric field vector is used. These experiments corroborate that the geodesics support the actual wavefronts. This result has consequences for the explanation of the light bending around the Sun. Next to Einstein's gravitational tension there is room for an additional refractional tension. In fact, the total potential interaction energy controls the bending of the light. It is shown that this extended model is in excellent agreement with historical electromagnetic deflection measurements.
Possible Modulation of the Interannual ENSO‐East Asian Winter Monsoon Relationship by the North American Ice Sheets During the Last 21 ka
Authors: Shi Jian , Yan Qing , Yang Yize , Zhou Fang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObservations have demonstrated an unstable interannual relationship between El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the East Asian winter monsoon in recent decades due to internal variability. However, it remains unclear whether the interannual ENSO‐East Asian winter monsoon relationship (EER) may change with long‐term external forcings, especially when they vary substantially. The results of a set of transient simulations during the last 21,000 years demonstrate the EER is enhanced during the Last Glacial Maximum relative to the Holocene, characterized by a poleward migration of ENSO's signal over the northwest Pacific. The strengthened EER results from the weakened interannual ENSO‐Aleutian Low teleconnection and the northeastward displacement of the climatological Aleutian Low, ultimately forced by the massive North American ice sheets at that time. Our study suggests a changing EER with various external forcings and implies potential uncertainty in applying the present‐day ENSO teleconnections during glacials.
Record‐Breaking Meiyu Rainfall Around the Yangtze River in 2020 Regulated by the Subseasonal Phase Transition of the North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Liu Boqi , Yan Yuhan , Zhu Congwen , Ma Shuangmei , Li Jianying 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn 2020, the Yangtze River (YR) suffered a long‐persisting Meiyu season. The accumulated rainfall broke its record since 1961 and caused severe flooding and death in China. Our results show the sequential warm and cold Meiyu front regulated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) was responsible for this unexpected extreme Meiyu event. From 11 to 25 June with the positive NAO, the interaction between the South Asian High (SAH) and the western Pacific subtropical high maintained a warm front to strengthen the rainband north of the YR. Afterward, the coupling between SAH and midlatitude Mongolian Cyclone induced a cold front, which retreated the rainband to the south of YR from 30 June to 13 July with the negative NAO. Although the ECMWF S2S model successfully predicted the warm‐front‐related Meiyu rainband, it failed to forecast the Meiyu rainband in the cold‐front period, suggesting a great challenge of S2S forecasting on Meiyu rainfall.
On the Dependency of Atlantic Hurricane and European Windstorm Hazards
Authors: Angus M. , Leckebusch G. C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Atlantic hurricane season and the European windstorm season are found to be negatively correlated in a seasonal forecast model. The probability of extremes occurring in both seasons is compared to the probability of extremes in each season being independent of one another. An above average Atlantic hurricane season is followed by an above average European windstorm season less often than if they were independent, consistent across three intensity measures. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation is found to be in the positive (negative) phase when hurricane activity is suppressed (enhanced) and European windstorm activity is enhanced (suppressed). A clear extratropical response in the seasonal forecast model to El Niño/La Niña provides a probable pathway for the observed correlation between the extreme event seasons. This result has important predictability implications for both the actuarial and seasonal forecasting communities.
Two Propagation Scenarios of Isolated Breakdown Lightning Processes in Failed Negative Cloud‐to‐Ground Flashes
Authors: Kolmašová Ivana , Santolík Ondřej , Defer Eric , Kašpar Petr , Kolínská Andrea , Pedeboy Stéphane , Coquillat Sylvain 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIsolated breakdown process (also known as attempted leader or inverted intra‐cloud discharge) is a lightning phenomenon characterized by radio wave pulses similar to signatures of preliminary breakdown before negative cloud‐to‐ground flashes, but in this case no cloud‐to‐ground return strokes occur. We identified 128 isolated breakdown pulse trains in measurements collected in the Mediterranean by a broadband receiver (0.005–37 MHz) in 2015 and 2018. By combining these records with concurrent Lightning Mapping Array measurements of very high frequency radiation (60–66 MHz) emitted by in‐cloud discharges we investigate the development of each discharge. We identify two scenarios: Either the discharges continue to propagate almost horizontally for more than 150 ms (73%), or they quickly fade out (27%). The geo‐localized sources of the observed isolated breakdown pulse trains, together with their waveform characteristics (duration, inter‐pulse intervals, regularity, and bipolar shapes) show that both scenarios are similar to initiation processes preceding negative cloud‐to‐ground flashes.
Partitioned Fault Movement and Aftershock Triggering: Evidence for Fault Interactions During the 2017 Mw 5.4 Pohang Earthquake, South Korea
Authors: Son M. , Cho C. S. , Lee H. K. , Han M. , Shin J. S. , Kim K. , Kim S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe 2017 Pohang earthquake (Mw 5.4) is the largest earthquake associated with fluid injection activities. We report new characteristics of the earthquake and propose a dislocation‐type model explaining previously reported observations. We identify fault geometry by relocating the hypocenters of 1,132 events that occurred during the first 3 months and then resolve their source regions as the northern, central, and southern patches, based on event groups with similar waveforms. The spatial features of these similar waveform groups, in addition to our obtained source mechanisms, indicate that oblique contraction is prevalent in the source region: Reverse faulting dominates the southern fault and the deeper part of the central fault; near‐parallel strike‐slip sense controls the northern fault and the shallower part of the central fault. Furthermore, we identify a migrating aftershock pattern that matches the fluid diffusion process along both sides of the northern and central faults. This observation suggests the interconnection of the two faults, allowing fluid transport, and implies mainshock coseismic movement along the fault intersection. The coseismic slip of the fault intersection can induce a fault‐valve process, which explains the aftershock migration pattern along the two intersecting faults. The proposed fault interaction accounts for the previously reported uplift between the two intersecting faults and successfully reproduces the non‐double‐couple mechanism of the mainshock. Our results raise the question of fluid‐faulting interactions in the aftershock seismicity of the Pohang earthquake, and the complex fault movement provides insight into the rupture process that allowed the Pohang earthquake runaway.
Earthquake Sequence Dynamics at the Interface Between an Elastic Layer and Underlying Half‐Space in Antiplane Shear
Authors: Abrahams Lauren S. , Allison Kali L. , Dunham Eric M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe quantify sliding stability and rupture styles for a horizontal interface between an elastic layer and stiffer elastic half‐space with a free surface on top and rate‐and‐state friction on the interface. This geometry includes shallowly dipping subduction zones, landslides, and ice streams. Specific motivation comes from quasiperiodic slow slip events on the Whillans Ice Plain in West Antarctica. We quantify the influence of layer thickness on sliding stability, specifically whether a steadily loaded system produces steady sliding or stick‐slip sequences. We do this using both linear stability analysis and nonlinear earthquake sequence simulations. We restrict our attention to the 2‐D antiplane shear problem but anticipate that our findings generalize to more complex 2‐D in‐plane and 3‐D problems. Steady sliding with velocity‐weakening rate‐and‐state friction is linearly unstable to Fourier mode perturbations having wavelengths greater than a critical wavelength (λc). We quantify the dependence of λc on the rate‐and‐state friction parameters, elastic properties, loading, and the layer thickness (H). Confirming previous studies, we find that λc ∝ H1/2 for small H and is independent of H for large H. The linear stability analysis provides insight into nonlinear earthquake sequence dynamics of a nominally velocity‐strengthening interface containing a velocity‐weakening region of width W. Sequence simulations reveal a transition from steady sliding at small W to stick‐slip events when W exceeds a critical width (Wcr), with Wcr ∝ H1/2 for small H. Overall, this study demonstrates that the reduced stiffness of thin layers promotes instability, with implications for sliding dynamics in thin layer geometries.
Accelerating Radiation Computations for Dynamical Models With Targeted Machine Learning and Code Optimization
Authors: Ukkonen Peter , Pincus Robert , Hogan Robin J. , Pagh Nielsen Kristian , Kaas Eigil 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAtmospheric radiation is the main driver of weather and climate, yet due to a complicated absorption spectrum, the precise treatment of radiative transfer in numerical weather and climate models is computationally unfeasible. Radiation parameterizations need to maximize computational efficiency as well as accuracy, and for predicting the future climate many greenhouse gases need to be included. In this work, neural networks (NNs) were developed to replace the gas optics computations in a modern radiation scheme (RTE+RRTMGP) by using carefully constructed models and training data. The NNs, implemented in Fortran and utilizing BLAS for batched inference, are faster by a factor of 1–6, depending on the software and hardware platforms. We combined the accelerated gas optics with a refactored radiative transfer solver, resulting in clear‐sky longwave (shortwave) fluxes being 3.5 (1.8) faster to compute on an Intel platform. The accuracy, evaluated with benchmark line‐by‐line computations across a large range of atmospheric conditions, is very similar to the original scheme with errors in heating rates and top‐of‐atmosphere radiative forcings typically below 0.1 K day−1 and 0.5 W m−2, respectively. These results show that targeted machine learning, code restructuring techniques, and the use of numerical libraries can yield material gains in efficiency while retaining accuracy.
Short‐Term Environmental Flow Assessment of a Functional Estuarine Tidal Flat Ecosystem: A Nonlinear Ecological Response to Flow Alteration
Authors: Zhang H. , Sun T. , Yang W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough the long‐term geomorphic evolution of an estuarine tidal flat consequent to flow alteration and erosion has been widely documented, the short‐term ecological responses of such ecosystems to multiple stressors remain poorly understood. We combined a mechanism‐based ecomorphodynamic model with a hydrodynamic and sediment numerical model to examine the ecological response of an estuarine tidal flat ecosystem to different magnitudes of flow discharge and erosion conditions in the Yellow River Estuary (YRE) of China. The ecological benefits of flow discharge and erosion are reported in terms of the state of the tidal flat system: (1) a patterned state with high primary production and strong sediment stabilization; and (2) a homogeneous state with low primary production and severe erosion. We focused on the nonlinear flow‐ecology relationship and identified the minimum threshold of flow discharge at which a patterned state occurs. Both flow discharge and erosion rates were shown to be important determinants of the state of the estuarine tidal flat ecosystem. We showed that a change in flow discharge altered the sediment deposition rate Sin and induced a state transition of the tidal flat ecosystem. Erosion increased the minimum threshold value of flow discharge at which a patterned state occurred. Our model framework provides an insightful method with a strong mechanistic basis to determine thresholds of flow discharge at which ecological benefits change dramatically, thereby providing a tool to make decisions regarding flow allocation in estuarine tidal flat ecosystems that are suffering from degradation caused by restricted flow and sediment load.
Potential of Hydraulic Tomography in Identifying Boundary Conditions of Groundwater Basins
Authors: Liu Fei , Yeh Tian‐Chyi Jim , Wang Yu‐Li , Song Xianfang , Lei Xiaohui , Wen Jet‐Chau , Wang Wenke , Hao Yonghong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the potential of hydraulic tomography (HT) in identifying the boundary conditions of groundwater basins using numerical experiments. The experiment mimics the scenario of groundwater exploitation reduction in a pilot area of groundwater overexploitation control in the North China Plain. In this study, we propose an approach that integrates the HT concept and readily available groundwater monitoring data to identify the constant head and impermeable boundaries by mapping anomalously high‐ and low‐permeability zones from HT surveys in a large‐scale domain that encompasses the true groundwater basin. The resulting boundaries and conditions were then used in inversion of steady‐state and transient‐state simultaneous pumping tests and HT surveys of heterogeneity within the groundwater basin. The inversion results demonstrated significant advantages of HT surveys over multiple simultaneous pumping tests to identify boundary conditions and heterogeneity in the groundwater basin. Moreover, steady HT inversion outperforms transient HT inversion in capturing the true boundary conditions, leading to the better T estimates from steady HT inversion than those from transient HT inversion. Additionally, the study shows that accurate geological zonation information can significantly improve HT parameter estimations.
A randomised phase 2b study comparing the efficacy and safety of belotecan vs. topotecan as monotherapy for sensitive-relapsed small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Kang Jin-Hyoung , Lee Ki-Hyeong , Kim Dong-Wan , Kim Sang-We , Kim Hye Ryun , Kim Joo-Hang , Choi Jin-Hyuk , An Ho Jung , Kim Jin-Soo , Jang Joung-Soon , Kim Bong-Seog , Kim Heung Tae 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
This study compared the efficacy/safety of the camptothecin analogues belotecan and topotecan for sensitive-relapsed small-cell lung cancer (SCLC).

Methods
One-hundred-and-sixty-four patients were randomised (1:1) to receive five consecutive daily intravenous infusions of topotecan (1.5 mg/m2) or belotecan (0.5 mg/m2), every 3 weeks, for six cycles. Main outcomes were objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), tolerability and toxicity. The study statistical plan was non-inferiority design with ORR as the endpoint.

Results
In the belotecan vs. topotecan groups, ORR (primary endpoint) was 33% vs. 21% (p = 0.09) and DCR was 85% vs. 70% (p = 0.030). PFS was not different between groups. Median OS was significantly longer with belotecan than with topotecan (13.2 vs. 8.2 months, HR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.48–0.99), particularly in patients aged <65 years, with more advanced disease (i.e., extensive-stage disease, time to relapse: 3–6 months), or Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 1 or 2. More belotecan recipients completed all treatment cycles (53% vs. 35%; p = 0.022).

Conclusions
The efficacy/safety of belotecan warrants further evaluation in Phase 3 trials. Belotecan potentially offers an alternative to topotecan for sensitive-relapsed SCLC, particularly in patients aged <65 years, with more advanced disease, or poor performance.
Enhancer hijacking determines extrachromosomal circular MYCN amplicon architecture in neuroblastoma
Authors: Helmsauer Konstantin , Valieva Maria E. , Ali Salaheddine , Chamorro González Rocío , Schöpflin Robert , Röefzaad Claudia , Bei Yi , Dorado Garcia Heathcliff , Rodriguez-Fos Elias , Puiggròs Montserrat , Kasack Katharina , Haase Kerstin , Keskeny Csilla , Chen Celine Y. , Kuschel Luis P. , Euskirchen Philipp , Heinrich Verena , Robson Michael I. , Rosswog Carolina , Toedling Joern , Szymansky Annabell , Hertwig Falk , Fischer Matthias , Torrents David , Eggert Angelika , Schulte Johannes H. , Mundlos Stefan , Henssen Anton G. , Koche Richard P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMYCN amplification drives one in six cases of neuroblastoma. The supernumerary gene copies are commonly found on highly rearranged, extrachromosomal circular DNA (ecDNA). The exact amplicon structure has not been described thus far and the functional relevance of its rearrangements is unknown. Here, we analyze the MYCN amplicon structure using short-read and Nanopore sequencing and its chromatin landscape using ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq and Hi-C. This reveals two distinct classes of amplicons which explain the regulatory requirements for MYCN overexpression. The first class always co-amplifies a proximal enhancer driven by the noradrenergic core regulatory circuit (CRC). The second class of MYCN amplicons is characterized by high structural complexity, lacks key local enhancers, and instead contains distal chromosomal fragments harboring CRC-driven enhancers. Thus, ectopic enhancer hijacking can compensate for the loss of local gene regulatory elements and explains a large component of the structural diversity observed in MYCN amplification.
Awakening a latent carbon fixation cycle in Escherichia coli
Authors: Satanowski Ari , Dronsella Beau , Noor Elad , Vögeli Bastian , He Hai , Wichmann Philipp , Erb Tobias J. , Lindner Steffen N. , Bar-Even Arren 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCarbon fixation is one of the most important biochemical processes. Most natural carbon fixation pathways are thought to have emerged from enzymes that originally performed other metabolic tasks. Can we recreate the emergence of a carbon fixation pathway in a heterotrophic host by recruiting only endogenous enzymes? In this study, we address this question by systematically analyzing possible carbon fixation pathways composed only of Escherichia coli native enzymes. We identify the GED (Gnd–Entner–Doudoroff) cycle as the simplest pathway that can operate with high thermodynamic driving force. This autocatalytic route is based on reductive carboxylation of ribulose 5-phosphate (Ru5P) by 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (Gnd), followed by reactions of the Entner–Doudoroff pathway, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway. We demonstrate the in vivo feasibility of this new-to-nature pathway by constructing E. coli gene deletion strains whose growth on pentose sugars depends on the GED shunt, a linear variant of the GED cycle which does not require the regeneration of Ru5P. Several metabolic adaptations, most importantly the increased production of NADPH, assist in establishing sufficiently high flux to sustain this growth. Our study exemplifies a trajectory for the emergence of carbon fixation in a heterotrophic organism and demonstrates a synthetic pathway of biotechnological interest.