bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Road to Armageddon
Authors: Compton John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the social and theological underpinnings of the large Protestant membership groups that helped build support for major Progressive Era reforms, including child labor restrictions, maternal health programs, and prohibition. It argues that the three factors were particularly important in motivating progressive religious activism in the early twentieth century. The first was the revival of a strand of Protestant social thought that stretched back to the Puritans—a prophetic tradition built on the interconnected ideas of stewardship, providential duty, and collective accountability for sin. The second was the sect dynamic observed by the sociologist Max Weber during his early twentieth-century visit to the United States—a social dynamic that incentivized upwardly mobile citizens to seek membership in Protestant churches and membership groups while also endowing church and group leaders with considerable influence over the beliefs and behaviors of their members. The third was the rise of an ecumenical infrastructure that promoted cooperation between elite reformers and average citizens, and also between believers of different social and denominational backgrounds.
The Brief Reign of Whirl
Authors: Compton John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how Protestant elites responded to the political and cultural turmoil of the 1920s. It argues that while the failure of prohibition and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan shattered Protestantism’s sense of unity, the mainline churches nonetheless emerged from the decade with their core ideals and institutions intact. The 1920s also witnessed the birth of several new ecumenical initiatives, including an extensive network of state and local church councils, that worked to direct believers’ energies toward urgent social problems. The church councils, in particular, would later play an important role in building support for New Deal-era economic programs and postwar civil rights reforms.
Assaulting the Citadel
Authors: Compton John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of how J. Howard Pew and a band of conservative activists attempted to infiltrate the National Council of Churches with the aim of undermining religious support for the welfare state. As with many odd pairings, financial considerations helped bring the parties together. The courtship began when the NCC’s architects hatched the idea of a National Lay Committee—a body of prominent laymen and women that would help the Council keep its finger on the pulse of lay opinion while also boosting the Council’s budget. From Pew’s perspective, the Lay Committee offered a potential backdoor into the citadel of the Social Gospel. The NCC needed money, and he was willing and able to supply it. In return, he asked only that the Council cease issuing pronouncements in favor of government aid to the less fortunate and instead transform itself into a champion of the free-enterprise system. The plan sounded simple enough on paper, yet it ultimately failed to accomplish its principal objective of prompting the NCC to abandon its commitment to a robust social welfare state. And, perhaps surprisingly, it was a group of prominent business leaders, not the alleged communists in the ranks of the clergy, who led the opposition to Pew’s short-lived Lay Committee.
Revolt in the Suburbs
Authors: Compton John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines some of the forces that led to the decline of mainline Protestant religious authority in the 1960s and 1970s. In addition, it argues that the waning of religious authority during these decades liberated upwardly mobile white Americans to follow their own inclinations and interests, not only in their personal lives but also in their thinking about politics and society. And it was at precisely this point that many of them developed a sudden affinity for the extreme libertarian view that the use of state power to correct systemic injustice or redirect resources to the less fortunate was fundamentally illegitimate. The chapter concludes with an account of mainline Protestant leaders’ failed campaign to defeat Proposition 14, a 1964 ballot measure that repealed California’s fair housing law.
Why the Prophetic Torch Wasn’t Passed
Authors: Compton John W. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the fate of liberal and moderate evangelicals from the mid-1970s through the mid-1980s. It argues that moderate evangelicals—an ascendant force in the 1970s—were marginalized less by the rise of so-called “values” issues than by economic anxieties and a broader white reaction against federal civil rights initiatives. That white evangelicals drifted to the political Right for essentially secular reasons—and often in the face of counterpressures from prominent evangelical leaders and institutions—provides further confirmation of religion’s limited ability to shape political behavior in an age of religious autonomy. In short, it is the weakness of evangelical institutions, not their strength, that best explains why the term “conservative evangelical” has come to seem redundant.
Law and Liberty, 1830–1860
Authors: Nieman Donald G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the rise of radical abolitionism in the 1820s and 1830s as well as the emergence of the Colored Convention movement in the North that challenged slavery and discrimination against free blacks. African Americans as well as white abolitionists developed an interpretation of the Constitution that employed republicanism, due process of law, and equal citizenship to challenge slavery and discrimination. With the acquisition of vast territories in the Southwest from Mexico in the late 1840s, many northerners feared that slavery would expand and strengthen southern political power. New political groups, notably the Republican Party, grew in strength and embraced antislavery constitutional ideas. A southern-dominated Supreme Court responded in the Dred Scott case, ruling that African Americans were not citizens and that Congress lacked authority to exclude slavery from the territories. Republican victory in 1860 signaled the triumph of antislavery constitutional ideas and precipitated secession.
Equality Deferred, 1870–1900
Authors: Nieman Donald G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the revolutionary changes brought to the South by Reconstruction and black empowerment generated a sustained and violent reaction from southern whites that, by 1900, was successful in restoring white dominance because of restrictive Supreme Court decisions, congressional inaction, and waning public support for civil rights among white northerners. Republicans remained committed to civil rights and deployed federal power to break the Ku Klux Klan in the 1870s, but white southern persistence and divided government in the late 1870s and 1880s compromised this effort. In the 1890s, white Democrats, in control of state and most local governments in the South and fearful of continued black resistance, enacted measures to disfranchise African Americans and impose segregation. Although African Americans continued to resist and enjoyed some successes in the North, by 1900, southern whites had created a repressive racial caste system.
The Civil Rights Movement and American Law, 1950–1969
Authors: Nieman Donald G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows that Brown v. Board of Education raised hope for fundamental change but produced few results. Massive resistance blocked school integration, and only the emergence of black-led organizations and massive grass-roots protests forced Presidents Kennedy and Johnson to support civil rights legislation and Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act. The federal bureaucracy and courts aggressively enforced these laws to topple Jim Crow, bring African Americans into the political process, and open economic opportunities. Although change was dramatic, it bypassed many poor blacks, including those living in northern cities. As the 1960s ended, their anger sparked urban uprisings that shattered the illusion of progress and generated a white backlash.
The Elusive Quest for Equality, 1969–1989
Authors: Nieman Donald G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Although the nation became more conservative in the 1970s and 1980s, civil rights advocates built on legislative and legal victories of the 1960s to create race-conscious remedies to challenge institutionalized racism. Their position was strengthened by a growing women’s movement that became an important element of the civil rights coalition. Affirmative action and remedies against practices that had a disparate impact on minorities and women expanded employment opportunities; renewal and broad interpretation of the Voting Rights Act dramatically increased the number of black and Hispanic elected officials; and busing offered a new remedy for school segregation. Claiming that the Constitution was color-blind, Republicans attacked race-conscious remedies as “reverse racism” and used race as a wedge to make inroads among traditional Democratic constituencies. They used their growing strength to restrict busing and affirmative action and launch a war on drugs that led to mass incarceration of African Americans.
The Color-Blind Challenge to Civil Rights, 1990–Present
Authors: Nieman Donald G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Since 1990, civil rights advocates have lost ground to conservative attacks on color-conscious remedies for institutionalized racism. Insisting that the Constitution is color-blind, a conservative Supreme Court has limited affirmative action, declared a key provision of the Voting Rights Act unconstitutional, limited others, and affirmed state voter ID laws that limit minority voting. Despite electing the first black president in 2008, liberals have enjoyed limited success in defending civil rights protections. They secured passage of the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1991 to reverse damaging Supreme Court decisions, renewed the Voting Rights Act in 2006, and won cases defending affirmative action. Groups like Black Lives Matter have sparked a new grass-roots activism to protest police violence and pressed for an end to mass incarceration. While their success is limited, they continue a tradition that has shaped the nation since its inception.
Frames
Authors: Whitmore Aleysia K. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Part III examines who world music audiences are and what draws them to Orchestra Baobab and AfroCubism. This chapter sets the scene by offering an ethnography of world music performance venues in Europe and North America. Orchestra Baobab and AfroCubism have performed at Bonaroo, Jazz à Marciac, and WOMAD. They have shared venues with Prince and fun., classic and avant-garde jazz, and Nigerian funk. Venues experiment with how performers can fit into and expand their market niche and image (e.g., cutting edge, worldly, charitable) as they look to attract the most (and right kind of) audiences. The chapter argues that heterogeneous performance frames do not just help redefine the world music genre culture. They offer a path to the label’s destruction—and the music’s reconstruction as a more mainstream genre culture.
Art Scents
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This book offers an overview of the aesthetic and ethical issues raised by the contemporary olfactory arts, which range from gallery and museum sculptures and installations, through the enhancement of theater, film, and music with scents, to the ambient scenting of stores and avant-garde chefs’ use of scents in cuisine. Special attention is given to the aesthetics of perfume and incense and the question of their art status, as well as to the role of scent in the appreciation of nature and gardens. Ethical issues are discussed regarding ambient scenting, perfume wearing, and the use of smells in fast-food marketing. Because of the traditional neglect and denigration of the sense of smell and its aesthetic potential by philosophers from Kant and Hegel to the present, and by Darwin’s and Freud’s view of the human sense of smell as a nearly useless evolutionary vestige, the first parts of the book counter that tradition with both philosophical arguments and evidence from current evolutionary theory, neuroscience, psychology, anthropology, history, linguistics, and literature. Although the focus is on Western olfactory arts, the book draws on non-Western examples throughout. The book is aimed at both philosophers and general readers interested in the arts, and develops positions that should stimulate further discussion.
The Neuroscience and Psychology of Smell I
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 begins by exploring the biology of the human olfactory system, including the difference between orthonasal and retronasal smell, then surveys contemporary research on the characteristics of smell, as revealed by neuroimaging, that indicates its cognitive capacity for detection, discrimination, learning, and social communication. A special section on the “odor object” discusses debates within the current philosophy of perception on whether it is appropriate to speak of odors as “objects.” The sections on detection, discrimination, and learning show that current science indicates that humans have much sharper abilities in all these areas than is popularly believed. The topic of communication leads naturally to another brief interlude, “The Pheromone Myth.”
The Dialectic of Deodorization
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 begins by recalling the central role that incense and perfumes once played in religion, medicine, and social relations throughout Western history, from ancient Egypt through the eighteenth century. The second part of the chapter looks at the “dialectic of deodorization” over the past two centuries, involving the narrowing of the uses of incense and the gradual discrediting of the medical uses of both incense and perfume, in part through the great sanitary campaigns to rid cities of the stench of human excrement and various noxious industries, leaving incense to mostly religious and perfumes to mostly aesthetic uses. The chapter concludes that this historical turn may have exacerbated our natural tendency to be unaware of smells and have encouraged intellectuals to view the sense of smell as of little importance, despite evidence of a certain “reodorization” from the mid-twentieth century on.
Toward a Total Work of Art
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 begins with the idea of the total work of art (Gesamtkunstwerk) and considers examples of odors in theater from the Renaissance to the present, arguing that the inclusion of odors in some types of theater production is appropriate. In the case of film, the chapter discusses the difficulties faced by the first serious attempts in the 1950s and the handful of recent efforts, arguing that the combination of images with sound is able to suggests odors, whereas actual odors are likely to create more puzzles than they are worth, except in the case of highly experimental “art house” films. In the case of music, the chapter focuses on Green Aria: A Scent Opera, presented at the Guggenheim in 2009, a work that combined narrative, odors, and an electronic music score and marked a decisive step toward the successful integration of actual smells with music and narrative.
Sublime Stenches
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 10 discusses hybrids of odors with visual art genres or materials, works that are typically created by professional artists and presented in art galleries and museums under the rubric “olfactory art.” After surveying various types of olfactory or scent art, the chapter considers the question of whether “olfactory art” actually names a coherent category or art form, suggesting a tentative yes, based on historical parallels between olfactory or scent art and contemporary “sound art,” such as the fact that there are a number of artists who identify themselves as olfactory artists and have issued manifestoes promoting olfactory art and that some galleries and museums have recognized it as an art kind. The chapter then takes up some questions of ontology and interpretation, including the question of why “sublime stenches” are important in much of contemporary olfactory art.
Perfume between Art and Design
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 12 explores two main ways out of the impasse reached in Chapter 11. The first way would adopt one of the current composite or disjunctive definitions of (fine) art; the second way would abandon the quest for defining (fine) art and consider instead what it would take to promote some perfumery practices to the status of art perfumes, parallel to the way some kinds of photography or quilt making have become art photography or art quilts. Since this solution to the impasse would mean that only certain types of perfumes could be considered art perfumes, leaving most standard perfumes part of design, a postlude to Part III, “Free Art versus Design Art,” answers the concern of perfume admirers that this would demote the finest perfumes for wear to “minor art” status.
Enhancing Flavors with Scents in Contemporary Cuisine
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 15 considers the central role of both orthonasal and retronasal smell in the perception of flavor and its implications for a multisensory aesthetics of food. After discussing some avant-garde experiments with enhancing flavors through added scents and some parallels between the philosophical debate over whether fine cuisine is a fine art and the debate over the art status of perfumes, the chapter considers the aesthetics of aromas in everyday cooking. The chapter closes with an analysis of the place of food aromas in the health challenges posed by fast food and the use of “nudge” strategies to deal with them.
An Invitation to Discovery
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The final chapter, An Invitation to Discovery, briefly draws together the threads of the arguments running through the preceding chapters, addresses the question of whether olfactory art can be “profound.” I suggest that although the olfactory arts have already been able to achieve works of considerable complexity, the limitations of the sense of smell are likely to prevent the creation of works of the scope of great novels or symphonies. Even so, the works of more moderate scope that have already been produced refute the claims of those like Beardsley, Scruton or Dutton who have denied scents could be used to make serious works of art. I also suggest that those of us interested in art and aesthetics need to cultivate both our knowledge of smell and our sense of smell if we are to appreciate to their fullest the sensory riches of our environment and the creative achievements of the olfactory arts.
In the Shadow of International Law
Authors: Poznansky Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This book investigates one of the most controversial forms of secret statecraft in international politics: the use of covert action to overthrow foreign regimes. The central question it asks is why leaders sometimes turn to the so-called quiet option when conducting regime change rather than using overt means. Whereas existing works prioritize the desire to control escalation or avoid domestic-political constraints to explain this variation, this book highlights the surprising role that international law plays in these decisions. When states cannot locate a legal exemption from the nonintervention principle—the prohibition on unwanted violations of another state’s sovereignty, codified in the United Nations Charter and elsewhere—they are more likely to opt for covert action. Concealing brazen violations of nonintervention helps states evade hypocrisy costs and avoid damaging their credibility. These claims are tested against four regime-change operations carried out by the United States in Latin America during the Cold War using declassified government documents, interviews with former government officials, and historical accounts. The theory and findings presented in this book shed light on the secret underpinnings of the liberal international order and speak to long-standing debates about the conduct of foreign-imposed regime change as well as the impact of international law on state behavior. The book also has important policy implications, including what might follow if America abandons its role as the steward of the postwar order, as well as the promise and peril of promoting new rules and norms in cyberspace.
Come Over Here
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Steiner’s promising career in Vienna was dealt a major blow when his father, Gabor, declared bankruptcy in 1908. With the family now hounded by creditors, 20-year-old Max embarked on a new life in London. This chapter follows Steiner from 1908 to 1914, charting another swift professional rise—his time as an orchestrator and musical director—that was again marred by events beyond his control. In 1912, Steiner’s return to Vienna to manage the Ronacher Theater, a failing venture of Gabor’s, ended in Max’s brief imprisonment. (Financial mismanagement would be a recurring motif in his life.) And in 1914, World War I changed the Austro-Hungarian composer’s status in Britain to that of “enemy alien.” But before he moved to yet another country, Steiner’s work in British theater would refine his ability to write supportive “underscore” for stage performers, which would serve him well years later in Hollywood.
Stairway to Paradise
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In November 1914, Max Steiner arrived in New York City, with little money and few prospects. This chapter details another formative time in Steiner’s life: his ascent from a struggling Tin Pan Alley music copyist to successful Broadway conductor. It also details his first professional experience with cinema (then silent), as musical supervisor and composer for a chain of New York theaters owned by William Fox. Steiner’s gregariousness and his gift for quick problem-solving led to work with celebrated composer Victor Herbert. Steiner also formed friendships with rising talents like Jerome Kern, Oscar Levant, and George Gershwin. Stage hits like the Gershwin-scored George White’s Scandals expanded Steiner’s musical language, which was fundamentally European, to include American jazz. However, his own attempt to write a Broadway show—1923’s Peaches—was a failure, discouraging him for a time from further composition.
Roaring in the Twenties
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Now established as a Broadway musical director, Steiner would spend the rest of the 1920s living large—and often beyond his means—with New York’s most celebrated stage talents. He also co-orchestrated and conducted the show often cited as a turning point in American musical comedy: the Gershwins’ Lady, Be Good! starring Fred Astaire. This chapter offers a wide-angle view of the evolution of American music in the 1920s, while focusing on Steiner’s continuing growth as a musical dramatist. Particularly noteworthy was his skill at orchestration: by hiring musicians who could play multiple instruments, Steiner made his Broadway pit ensembles sound larger than they actually were. In 1929 this gift drew the attention of RKO Studios in Hollywood. The chapter concludes with a recounting of cinema’s rocky transition from silent films to talkies, and with Steiner accepting an offer to head west to join RKO’s fledgling music department.