bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Boninite‐like Dolerites in the Xigaze Ophiolites, Tibet: Similar to the MORB‐like Dolerites
Authors: YANG Shengbiao , YANG Jingsui , LI Yuan , LI Ruibao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Early Cretaceous Xigaze ophiolites (XO) exposed along the central segment of the more than 2000 km long Yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone in southern Tibet, preserved the structure of the upper mantle and oceanic crust, is interpreted as a definite record of Neo‐Tethys oceanic lithosphere. Many evolution models of the XO have been proposed since the 1980s (Nicolas et al., 1981; Hébert et al., 2012; Maffione et al., 2015). However, the geodynamic environment of the XO whether at a MOR or SSZ remains controversial. As key evidence for the identification of the SSZ ophiolite, the boninite‐like dolerites from the XO are still controversial and poorly constraint (Chen et al., 2003; Bao et al., 2013; Dai et al., 2013). According to previous reports, dolerites were subdivided to MORB‐like type and boninite‐like type (Chen et al., 2003; Dai et al., 2013). Apart from high‐SiO2 (> 52 wt%), high MgO (>8 wt%) and low‐TiO2 (<0.5 wt%), we found the boninite‐like and MORB‐like dolerites are indistinguishable in outcrop, mineral and chemical. They are sills invaded into mantle sequence of the XO, with 50.35–56.80 wt% SiO2, 0.32–1.19 wt% TiO2, 7.39–8.89 wt%Fe2O3T, 5.50–10.42 wt% MgO and Mg# of 0.49–0.74. MORB‐like dolerites display trace element and REE patterns similar to those of most fore‐arc or/and back‐arc basalts from Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana (IBM), i.e. enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (LILEs, e.g. Cs, Rb, Ba, Pb, U) and depletion in high‐field strength elements (HFSE, Nb, Ta) (Fig. 1). Boninite‐like dolerites resemble the MORB‐like dolerites in trace elements and REE patterns, excepting for lower concentrations in REE, but distinct from the boninites discovered from the IBM or Troodos ophiolite (Fig. 1c, d). Th in both dolerites deviate from the MORB array with negative slopes on the Th/Yb vs. Nb/Yb diagram (Fig. 2a), suggesting constant subduction component added to the mantle source (Pearce et al., 1995). We chose depleted MORB source Mantle (DMM, Workman and Hart, 2005) as the starting composition computing immobile element contents for primary melts using the methods and partition coefficients of Shervais and Jean (2012). The results show that MORB‐like and boninite‐like dolerites can be explained by non‐batch fractional melting (≥15%) of a depleted spinel peridotite with few subduction‐derived components (Fig. 2b). Therefore, the boninite‐like dolerites from the XO cannot be regarded as a product of hydrous melting of hot and highly depleted mantle wedge fluxed by the slab‐derived fluid and the XO cannot be used as analogs for the subduction initiation.
Geochronological and Geochemical Study of Mafic‐intermediate Dykes from the Northern West Junggar, NW China: Source, Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications
Authors: YIN Jiyuan , CHEN Wen , XIAO Wenjiao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLate Silurian‐early Devonian mafic–intermediate dykes occur in the Xiemisitai mountain of the northern West Junggar. However, their ages, petrogenesis and geodynamic process remain to be unraveled. We report firstly in situ zircon U–Pb and hornblende 40Ar‐39Ar ages, geochemical and in situ zircon Hf isotopic data for the Xiemisitai dykes. The Xiemisitai dykes give zircon U–Pb ages of 416.7±2.1 Ma and 405.1±2.5 Ma and hornblende40Ar‐39Ar age of 405.9±4.9 Ma, respectively. They are characterized by high ∊Hf(t)values (+11.9 to +15.5), suggesting a depleted mantle features. The Xiemisitai dykes show low Mg# (46–59) and low Cr (11.3–197 ppm) and Ni (19.9–102 ppm) abundances indicating that they have experienced significant fractional crystallization. These dykes contain hornblende and biotite and display negative Nb‐Ta‐Ti anomalies, enrichment of LREEs, LILEs and depletion of HREEs and HFSEs with high Ba/La ratios, similar with an origin from a depleted lithospheric mantle metasomatized by subducted slab‐derived fluids. In addition, the Xiemisitai dykes are plotted within melting trends with little to no garnet (Cpx:Grt=6:1) in their source. The La/Yb vs. Tb/Yb plot also indicates the presence of less than 1% residual garnet in the source region for the Xiemisitai dykes. Therefore, it can be inferred that the Xiemisitai dykes were generated at a correspondingly shallow depth, mostly within the spinel stability field. Finally, the Xiemisitai dykes were most probably generated by partial melting of metasomatized lithospheric mantle in relatively shallow level (<80 km). They could be possibly triggered by the asthenospheric upwelling as a result of the rollback of the subducted Irtysh‐Zaysan oceanic lithosphere.
Composition and Seismic Properties of the Oceanic Lithosphere: A Synthesis of Ophiolites and Core Samples of the IODP
Authors: ZHAO Jiabin , WANG Qin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOur knowledge of the oceanic lithosphere largely comes from analogy with ophiolite complexes and the direct scientific drilling of the present‐day oceanic crust (e.g., Christensen and Salisbury, 1975, 1989; Smith and Vine, 1989; Dilek and Furnes, 2011, 2014). In this study, we summarized previous experimental results on seismic properties of oceanic lower crust and upper mantle according to different tectonic settings. The results are used to highlight the compositional heterogeneity and the nature of the oceanic Moho. Observation in different ophiolites reveal an ideal oceanic lithosphere profile with ideal petrologic units and seismic units (Dilek and Furnes, 2011, 2014). The lithospheric mantle beneath ocean basins is composed of tectonized peridotites, which include layered lherzolites and harzburgites and lenses of dunites with chromitites and nearly correspond to the seismic Layer 4. The overlying layered gabbros and mafic sheeted dike complex equal to the seismic Layer 3, as a result of crystallization from a magma chamber. The transitional unit between the former two petrologic units consists of layered ultramafic and mafic rocks, corresponds to the petrological Moho. The seismic Layer 2 and 1 are well defined by pillow lavas and massive flows, and the overlying abyssal sediments, respectively. Compared these results with the refraction seismic profiles, the oceanic crust and upper mantle show different composition and structure. The P‐wave velocities of the Layer 3 gabbros varies from 6.7 to 7.0 km s‐1 and have low velocity gradients of <0.1 km s‐1. Although the gradual increase of P‐ and S‐wave velocities with depth can be attributed to the increasing proportion of mafic minerals from the top to the bottom, prehnite‐pumpellyite facies alteration of basalts, greenschist‐faces metamorphism to epidote‐amphibolite facies metamorphism of gabbros will decrease the velocities of the Layer 2 and Layer 3 (Christensen and Salisbury, 1975, 1989), because the P‐wave velocities of chlorite and hornblende are 6.00 and 7.00 km s‐1, respectively, lower than those of plagioclase and pyroxene, respectively (Carlson, 2004). In addition, local velocity anomalies near the petrologic Moho can be related serpentinization of ultramafic rocks (Salisbury and Christensen, 1978;Carlson et al., 2009). In the Layer 4, the characteristic P‐wave velocities of the upper mantle should fall in the range of 7.8 to 8.2 km s‐1. Poisson's ratios of chrysotile and lizardite, which are stable in oceanic crustal environments according to the phase diagram, is 0.267 and 0.359, respectively, higher than those of olivine and pyroxene (Wang et al., 2013). Serpentinization will significantly decreased velocities and densities of peridotites and is the main reason for the variation of the Moho reflectivity beneath oceans.
Clinical outcomes and survival following placement of self‐expandable metallic stents for central airway stenosis and fistula
Authors: Usuda Katsuo , Iwai Shun , Yamagata Aika , Iijima Yoshihito , Motono Nozomu , Takahara Yutaka , Shinomiya Shohei , Oikawa Taku , Mizuno Shiro , Uramoto Hidetaka 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundSelf‐expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement is an urgent procedure for patients with malignant central airway stenoses (CASs) and central airway fistulas (CAFs). The aim of this study was to determine the outcome and survival after SEMS placement in patients with malignant CASs and CAFs.MethodsSEMSs were inserted into 20 patients with malignant CASs and four with malignant CAFs. Hospital records, the modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (mMRC) grade, performance status (PS), symptoms, procedure‐related complications and survival after placement were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsSpiral Z stents were inserted in nine patients, covered Ultraflex stents in 14, and a bare Ultraflex in one patient. After SEMS placement, 20 patients (83.3%) showed improvement in mMRC grade, 19 (79.2%) showed improvement in PS, and 21 (87.5%) showed improvement in symptoms. There were three patients whose stents migrated out of place, but there were no patients with obstructive granulation, infection, or mucous plugs. Median survival days after stent insertion was 98 days for CAS and 103 days for CAF, and mean survival days was 383 ± 707 days for CAS and 93 ± 33 days for CAF. Two patients with CAS by malignant lymphoma and thymic cancer survived more than six years because they were also treated with efficient therapies. The five‐year survival rate after stent insertion was 7.7%.ConclusionsSEMS placement for CAS and CAF is associated with improvement in mMRC grade, PS and symptoms in 87.5% of patients.Patients with a malignant CAS are usually terminal, but the possibility of increasing survival rate will become a reality with new efficient therapies.Key pointsSignificant findings of the studyReasonable clinical outcomes and improved survival of patients following SEMS placement for thoracic malignancy with central airway stenosis and fistula.What this study addsThe possibility of increasing survival rate will become a reality with new efficient therapies.
Globalization and counterdevelopment: The importance of new narratives
Authors: Bidegain Ana Maria 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe article is a personal recount of living under the called neoliberal regime installed in the post‐Cold War in the region. Written from the perspective of a Latin American woman in the betweenness of the North and the South. Focusing on capitalism history shows how counterdevelopment has been the other face of globalization. The social protests in the whole continent request the respect of human dignity recovering an inclusive collective narrative and social justice caring of our common home, to build a more profound democracy and a more just world.
Insect responses to global change offer signposts for biodiversity and conservation
Authors: Wilson Robert J. , Fox Richard 
Published: November 2020

1. Insects have emerged as causes célèbres for widespread concern about human effects on global biodiversity. Here, we consider how insects provide opportunities both to understand the ecological effects of global change and to enhance environmental conservation.2. Despite a limited time frame and geographic extent of quantitative evidence, recent studies of changes to the abundance, distribution, and diversity of insects indicate temporally heterogeneous trends which vary among taxa, regions, and biotopes. These results suggest a) that insect numbers are responding to multiple stressors in the wider context of the changes to fitness, abundance, distributions, and biotic interactions that result from habitat and climate change; and b) that habitat specialists with narrow geographic ranges may be particularly at risk.3. Predictions of the effects of global change on insects based on macroecology and ecophysiology can be tested by combining approaches, including experiments and observations over gradients of latitude, elevation, and urbanization; as well as innovative quantitative analyses of data from standardised monitoring schemes and opportunistic data from historical collections and citizen science. Linking these complementary approaches helps to detect the mechanisms influencing insect responses to the interacting drivers of global change and to inform conservation.4. The impetus and debate provoked by recent high profile reports of insect declines provide opportunities to promote insect conservation, but also to obtain comprehensive evidence for the effects of global change on biodiversity and thus develop and communicate measures to mitigate the threats to ecosystems from global change.
Analytical study on stress intensity factor due to the propagation of Griffith crack in a crystalline monoclinic layer subjected to punch pressure
Authors: Kumar Pulkit , Mahanty Moumita , Singh Abhishek Kumar , Chattopadhyay Amares 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn analytical model is introduced to analyse moving Griffith crack in a monoclinic crystalline layer of finite width and infinite extent with moving parallel punch pressure acting at the bounding surface of the layer because of the propagation of plane waves under mechanical point loading. Formulation of the model includes coupled singular integral equations with Cauchy‐type singularities. The expression of stress intensity factor (SIF) at the tip of moving crack having constant point loading is established in the closed‐form by employing Hilbert transformation. Further, expression of SIF is deduced for some particular cases of the crystalline layer, that is, without punch pressure and anisotropy. For the sake of validation, the obtained results are matched with pre‐established and standard results. Numerical computations and graphical demonstrations have been carried out for crystalline materials with monoclinic symmetry like lithium niobate and lithium tantalate and for isotropic material as well to unravel the effect of punch pressure, crack length, distinct positions of acting point load and the velocity of crack on SIF. Further, influence of anisotropy has been traced out remarkably through comparative study that is one of the pinnacles of the present study.
Tensile mechanical properties, deformation mechanisms, fatigue behaviour and fatigue life of 316H austenitic stainless steel: Effects of grain size
Authors: Zhao Lei , Qi Xueyan , Xu Lianyong , Han Yongdian , Jing Hongyang , Song Kai 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo explore the effect of grain size on the tensile behaviour, symmetrical strain control fatigue behaviour and ratcheting fatigue behaviour of the new austenitic steel 316H, a series of tensile tests, symmetrical strain control fatigue tests and ratcheting fatigue tests were conducted at 25°C within an average grain size range from 14 to 122 μm. The average dislocation free path, forest dislocation density and mobile dislocation density of 316H steel with different grain sizes under tension were obtained. Moreover, the decrease of grain size led to saturation of mobile dislocations at lower strains. The decrease of grain size led to the increase of the cyclic stress and affected softening and secondary hardening process. In addition, under the same stress control conditions, the reduction in grain size caused a reduction in ratcheting strain under the same cycle. The grain refinement of 316H steel contributed to the improvement of ratcheting fatigue life.
Vascular obliteration because of endothelial and myointimal growth in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Valtueña Jara , Martínez‐García Gerardo , Ruiz‐Sánchez Daniel , Garayar‐Cantero María , Dueñas Carlos , Hadi Ali , Hadi Suhail , Aguado‐García Ángel , Prieto de Paula José M. , Manchado‐López Pilar 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a systemic multi‐organ viral illness. Previous studies have found that many patients had a procoagulant state and/or severe hypoxemia with relatively well‐preserved lung mechanics. Mechanisms underlying the damage to vascular tissues are not well‐elucidated yet. Histological data in COVID‐19 patients are still limited and are mainly focused on post‐mortem analysis. Given that the skin is affected by COVID‐19 and the relative ease of its histological examination, we aimed to examine the histology of skin lesions in COVID‐19 patients to better understand the disease’s pathology.MethodsFive skin lesions from COVID‐19 adult patients were selected for a deep histological tissue examination.ResultsA strong vasculopathic reaction pattern based on prominent vascular endothelial and myointimal cell growth was identified. Endothelial cell distortion generated vascular lumen obliteration and striking erythrocyte and serum extravasation. Significant deposition of C4d and C3 throughout the vascular cell wall was also identified. A regenerative epidermal hyperplasia with tissue structure preservation was also observed.ConclusionsCOVID‐19 could comprise an obliterative microangiopathy consisting on endothelial and myointimal growth with complement activation. This mechanism, together with the increased vascular permeability identified, could contribute to obliteration of the vascular lumen and hemorrhage in COVID‐19. Thus, anticoagulation by itself could not completely reverse vascular lumen obliteration, with consequent increased risk of hemorrhage. Findings of this study could contribute to a better understanding of physiopathological mechanisms underlying COVID‐19 on living patients and could help further studies find potential targets for specific therapeutic interventions in severe cases.
Ubiquitination and the proteasome rather than caspase‐3‐mediated C‐terminal cleavage are involved in the EAAT2 degradation by staurosporine‐induced cellular stress
Authors: Voss Timo‐Daniel , Gerget Maria , Linkus Birgit , von Einem Bjoern , Landwehrmeyer G. Bernhard , Lewerenz Jan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDiminished glutamate (Glu) uptake via the excitatory amino acid transporter EAAT2, which normally accounts for ~90% of total forebrain EAAT activity, may contribute to neurodegeneration via Glu‐mediated excitotoxicity. C‐terminal cleavage by caspase‐3 (C3) was reported to mediate EAAT2 inactivation and down‐regulation in the context of neurodegeneration. For a detailed analysis of C3‐dependent EAAT2 degradation, we employed A172 glioblastoma as well as hippocampal HT22 cells and murine astrocytes over‐expressing VSV‐G‐tagged EAAT2 constructs. C3 activation was induced by staurosporine (STR). In HT22 cells, STR‐induced C3 activation‐induced rapid EAAT2 protein degradation. The mutation of asparagine 504 to aspartate (D504N), which should inactivate the putative C3 cleavage site, increased EAAT2 activity in A172 cells. In contrast, the D504N mutation did not protect EAAT2 protein against STR‐induced degradation in HT22 cells, whereas inhibition of caspases, ubiquitination and the proteasome did. Similar results were obtained in astrocytes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that C‐terminal ubiquitin acceptor sites—but not the putative C3 cleavage site—exhibit a high degree of conservation. Moreover, C‐terminal truncation mimicking C3 cleavage increased rather than decreased EAAT2 activity and stability as well as protected EAAT2 against STR‐induced ubiquitination‐dependent degradation. We conclude that cellular stress associated with endogenous C3 activation degrades EAAT2 via a pathway involving ubiquitination and the proteasome but not direct C3‐mediated cleavage. In addition, C3 cleavage of EAAT2, described to occur in other models, is unlikely to inactivate EAAT2. However, mutation of the highly conserved D504 within the putative C3 cleavage site increases EAAT2 activity via an unknown mechanism.
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An interdisciplinary approach to safe opioid prescribing and administration for surgical patients at an academic medical center
Authors: Kamm Alaine M. , Liu Jason B. , Demitroulas Kristin , Devanagondi Shwetha , Acevedo Julissa , Heitschmidt Mary G. , Staffileno Beth A. , Fogg Louis , Vondracek Hugh 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAim and objectivesTo explore and understand the current practice, perceptions, and knowledge of general surgery trainees, advanced practice providers, and surgical nurses regarding opioid prescribing and administration. To this end, a novel opioid education and training was introduced to educate these practitioners on safe opioid practices in surgical patients.BackgroundNational awareness of the opioid epidemic has increased significantly in the last several years. However, there remain a disturbingly high number of opioid prescriptions written in the US indicating a need for improved provider and nurse education. This involves increasing awareness and understanding of national guidelines as well as implementing multi‐modal therapy to treat pain.DesignPre–post‐intervention quality improvement project.MethodsAn opioid education and training involving a morphine equivalent daily dosing calculator in the electronic medical record was provided to 26 surgical trainees, eight advanced practice providers and 97 surgical nurses in November 2019. Perceptions, current practice and knowledge were measured using a pre‐ and post‐intervention survey (SQUIRE checklist).ResultsThe survey results showed a positive clinical change in perception of opioid use in surgical patients following the intervention and a modest decrease in the average morphine equivalent daily dosing at discharge in general and transplant surgery patients.ConclusionsEffective pain management for surgical patients must be individualised. Safe opioid prescribing should involve an interdisciplinary approach with all members of the team undergoing assessment of their opioid knowledge and prescribing habits, easily accessible training tools and opioid calculators in the electronic medical record.Relevance to Clinical PracticeOur initiative may provide useful information to settings that replicate use of a morphine equivalent daily dosing calculator in the electronic medical record. Utilisation of safe opioid prescribing tools in the electronic medical record and continuing education for providers and nurses can help ensure the safety of surgical patients.
Brahms, Twilight and the Decay of Leading‐Note Energy
Authors: Cubero Diego 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACTLeading notes possess a powerful drive: once they take hold of the music, their upward resolution is all but certain. In Brahms's works, however, their force tends to dwindle, and many end up yielding chromatically downward. Leading notes typically deflate in order from high to low along the sequence of sharps, resulting in a broad process of tonal de‐intensification. Through close voice‐leading analyses of two accompanied part songs (‘Abendlied’, Op. 92 No. 3, and ‘Der Abend’, Op. 64 No. 2) and two piano pieces (the E major Intermezzo, Op. 116 No. 4, and the B minor Capriccio, Op. 76 No. 2), I argue that the decay in leading‐note energy is in part what gives Brahms's music its weary, twilight tone. In so doing, I seek to bridge a gap between our understanding of the voice leading of Brahms's music and one of the prevailing aspects of the composer's reception.