bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GJ 436b and the stellar wind interaction: simulations constraints using Ly α and H α transits
Authors: Villarreal D’Angelo Carolina , Vidotto Aline A , Esquivel Alejandro , Hazra Gopal , Youngblood Allison 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
The GJ 436 planetary system is an extraordinary system. The Neptune-sized planet that orbits the M3 dwarf revealed in the Ly α line an extended neutral hydrogen atmosphere. This material fills a comet-like tail that obscures the stellar disc for more than 10 h after the planetary transit. Here, we carry out a series of 3D radiation hydrodynamic simulations to model the interaction of the stellar wind with the escaping planetary atmosphere. With these models, we seek to reproduce the ${\sim}56{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ absorption found in Ly α transits, simultaneously with the lack of absorption in H α transit. Varying the stellar wind strength and the EUV stellar luminosity, we search for a set of parameters that best fit the observational data. Based on Ly α observations, we found a stellar wind velocity at the position of the planet to be around [250–460] km s−1 with a temperature of [3–4] × 105 K. The stellar and planetary mass-loss rates are found to be 2 × 10−15 M⊙ yr−1 and ∼[6–10] × 109 g s−1, respectively, for a stellar EUV luminosity of [0.8–1.6] × 1027 erg s−1. For the parameters explored in our simulations, none of our models present any significant absorption in the H α line in agreement with the observations.
A Machine Learning Approach For Classifying Low-mass X-ray Binaries Based On Their Compact Object Nature
Authors: Pattnaik R , Sharma K , Alabarta K , Altamirano D , Chakraborty M , Kembhavi A , Mendez M , Orwat-Kapola J K 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Low Mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) are binary systems where one of the components is either a black hole or a neutron star and the other is a less massive star. It is challenging to unambiguously determine whether a LMXB hosts a black hole or a neutron star. In the last few decades, multiple observational works have tried, with different levels of success, to address this problem. In this paper, we explore the use of machine learning to tackle this observational challenge. We train a random forest classifier to identify the type of compact object using the energy spectrum in the energy range 5-25 keV obtained from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer archive. We report an average accuracy of 87±13% in classifying the spectra of LMXB sources. We further use the trained model for predicting the classes for LMXB systems with unknown or ambiguous classification. With the ever-increasing volume of astronomical data in the X-ray domain from present and upcoming missions (e.g., SWIFT, XMM-Newton, XARM, ATHENA, NICER), such methods can be extremely useful for faster and robust classification of X-ray sources and can also be deployed as part of the data reduction pipeline.
Effects of codon usage on gene expression are promoter context dependent
Authors: Yang Qian , Lyu Xueliang , Zhao Fangzhou , Liu Yi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractCodon usage bias is a universal feature of all genomes. Although codon usage has been shown to regulate mRNA and protein levels by influencing mRNA decay and transcription in eukaryotes, little or no genome-wide correlations between codon usage and mRNA levels are detected in mammalian cells, raising doubt on the significance of codon usage effect on gene expression. Here we show that gene-specific regulation reduces the genome-wide codon usage and mRNA correlations: Constitutively expressed genes exhibit much higher genome-wide correlations than differentially expressed genes from fungi to human cells. Using Drosophila S2 cells as a model system, we showed that the effect of codon usage on mRNA expression level is promoter-dependent. Regions downstream of the core promoters of differentially expressed genes can repress the codon usage effects on mRNA expression. An element in the Hsp70 promoter was identified to be necessary and sufficient for this inhibitory effect. The promoter-dependent codon usage effects on mRNA levels are regulated at the transcriptional level through modulation of histone modifications, nucleosome densities and premature termination. Together, our results demonstrate that promoters play a major role in determining whether codon usage influences gene expression and further establish the transcription-dependent codon usage effects on gene expression.
Moral Acrobats
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Morality, psychologically speaking, is essentially the balancing of opposite propensities that co-exist and are co-defined within us as individuals, but also as groups of individuals: the propensity to do good or bad, act selfishly or for the common good. The good always tends to hide the bad, and vice versa. We juggle multiple hats on a single head, making the issue of morality particularly complex. We switch from being Dr. Jekyll in one moment to Mr. Hyde the next; from loving father to abusive boss, for example. Our ability to switch moral codes depending on people and situations is the most unsettling issue of moral psychology. The main moral rule is the fact that our moral compass is instantly recalibrated depending on people and situations.
Exclusivity Instinct
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The main function of the mind is to parse and contrast between things to reconstruct what they might mean. We segregate what is or is not of the “same.” What we are constantly doing in our head is tracking what is of the same and, hence, also what is different. We are born with what we might call an “exclusivity instinct,” in the broad sense of sorting things by exclusion of what is not of the same, which also necessarily results in the detection of what is of the same category. Both are inseparable and co-determined processes, yet psychologically and particularly in the social and moral realm, the former (exclusion) tends to have precedence over the latter (inclusion).
Love as Exclusion
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Inscribed into our psychic system are affective imprinting processes. These processes are the original source of differential investment and quick binding toward certain things over others. It always takes place in favor of a selected few. Inversely, and by extension, it is also the source of our dislikes and potential for dehumanizing of unfamiliar people. We draw strict, categorical lines in our valuation of people, from sacred to trash. If we love our children and immediate family, it is by exclusion. The fact is that love, by definition, is selective. It is always to the detriment of others outside of the particular sphere of infatuation. The simple rule is that things in our mind can only exist via a process of exclusion and the enhancement of contrast in relation to all others. Exclusion is the seed of why we think the world in black and white. Alliance exists because of rejection in the same way that love exists inversely because of hate—no contrast, no existence.
Belonging Instinct
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
People do need people, in particular they need to belong and be recognized as integral member of a group or community. Nothing is worse than being transparent to the gaze of others. We affirm and constantly probe our place via the co-existing and co-defining proclivities of inclusion and exclusion of the self in relation to others (dual centripetal and centrifugal forces). This process is universal. It applies equally for those protecting their inclusion privilege, such as belonging to a select group, or trying to acquire membership privilege. Both forces are complementary, under the same fundamental umbrella drive: the need to belong. This need drives relations of self to others from birth, and it is not just motivated by breast or access to food.
Self-Consciousness in Development
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We are not born in a blooming, buzzing, self–world confusion. We come to the world already equipped with an implicit sense of who we are in relation to the world. Children in their development become a person proper when they begin to construe themselves as an entity that not only is public in relation to others, who is entrusted with the capacity to judge and evaluate, but also accountable, entrusting others to judge and evaluate the self. The explicit sense of what’s right or wrong, acceptable or not acceptable—hence, what we typically understand by morality—is rooted in self-consciousness as described here. Of importance is the fact that at one point in our development we begin to construe ourselves as characters perceived and evaluated by others. These characters are embodied in our actions and acted out in dispositions, beliefs, and thoughts. We become persons and, ultimately, moral persons. This development is the necessary prerequisite for the corollary development of lying and deception.
Natural Roots of Moral Hypocrisy
Authors: Rochat Philippe 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The human ontogenetic (developmental) unique bifurcation compared to other animal ontogenies is the emergence of make beliefs. It is when, from around two years of age, children start seamlessly to switch from discriminating and categorizing, as well as recombining categories in the here and now of perception and action, to start doing the same thing but in the realm of realities that exist only in their heads, the internal products of their own imagination. From this point on and at an exponential rate, the engagement of the basic process of discrimination and categorization operates on “decoupled” realities. This is what primarily set us apart in Nature from a general psychological and cognitive perspective. The natural roots of moral hypocrisy and other blatant moral inconsistencies are to be found not only in the categorical discrimination process embedded in our brains, a process that—from the outset—we share with all other mindful animals. These roots are also and more specifically to be found in the bootstrapping and recursive inference mechanisms that feed onto themselves. These mechanisms bring children by the second year to the incomparable symbolic and decoupled levels of our own self-conscious imagination. It is this imagination that parses the world in essential clusters as a function of particular spherical alliances, each defining particular moral contexts. These contexts call for character roles that are often deeply irreconcilable, only manageable for those endowed with a compartmentalized mind. This compartmentalization is at the origins of our moral acrobatics and the human propensity to think about the world in black and white.
Men’s Free Will
Authors: Margolin Leslie 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
“Men’s Free Will” examines how differently sex therapy unfolds when a heterosexual male presents with the problem of low sexual desire—how heterosexual men are often treated more respectfully, more attentively, and more generously than heterosexual women. This chapter shows that for sex therapists, a man’s position in his marital orbit need not adapt to his wife’s needs. She must adapt to his. Through examination of contemporary case studies, the chapter examines how heterosexual men with low sexual desire not only present as more sexually intransigent than heterosexual women, but that their intransigence is more likely to be accepted by their spouse and therapist.
Introduction
Authors: Homestead Melissa J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Using Cather and Lewis’s shared gravesite in Jaffrey, New Hampshire, as a touchstone, the introduction describes how biographers have approached the question of Willa Cather’s sexuality, how critics have applied queer theory to readings of her work, and how Lewis’s place in Cather’s life and creative process has been repeatedly ignored or misrepresented. The introduction lays out the terms on which this volume defines Lewis’s relationship with Cather and makes her visible again: it introduces Lewis’s role as Cather’s editor and suggests how models of the history of sexuality have failed to capture the persistence of the so-called Boston marriage into the twentieth century.
“The whole family was so enthusiastic and so colorful and so interesting.”
Authors: Skeel Sharon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Catherine Littlefield is born on September 16, 1905, and takes her first dancing lessons from Caroline (Mommie) at the PRR-YMCA in 1908. Mommie also teaches Jeanette MacDonald and stages recitals along with her husband (Big Jim). The Littlefields live for a time in Ambler, Pennsylvania, and later in Philadelphia, and have three more children: Jimmie, Dorothie, and Carl. As a young girl, Catherine also takes lessons with Philadelphia dancing master C. Ellwood Carpenter and performs in his ballet corps. Mommie helps Carpenter teach. Big Jim works as a lifeguard in Ocean City, New Jersey, and operates the Littlefield Riding Academy in Philadelphia. The Littlefields move to Llanerch, Pennsylvania. Big Jim serves with the YMCA in World War I.
Frank Rosenwein
Authors: Fiala Michele 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Frank Rosenwein joined the Cleveland Orchestra as principal oboe at the beginning of the 2005–2006 season. Since 2006, Rosenwein has been the head of the oboe department at the Cleveland Institute of Music.  He also teaches at the Kent/Blossom Music Festival. In this chapter, Rosenwein shares about his early career and joining the Cleveland Orchestra. He discusses the art of auditioning and how to avoid excerpt burnout. He talks about warming up, phrase shaping, and technical development. He shares his inspirations and his ideas on vibrato, teaching, and advice on keeping a job.
Capitalism Doesn’t Bend
Authors: Friedline Terri 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how communities advocate for themselves in the midst of large bank mergers, focusing on the KeyBank–First Niagara merger that was completed in 2016 with a $16.5 billion benefits agreement. The concomitant rise of bank mergers and benefits agreements demonstrates how communities are increasingly voicing their opinions and trying to secure economic investments. However, much like the system of securitization, benefits agreements bundle the rights of future revenues into short-term deals that are sold to communities for banks’ and their shareholders’ long-term profits. Benefits agreements can exploit marginalized communities to proffer evidence of the banks’ compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act in exchange for only minimal economic investments.
The Good Witch
Authors: Josselson Ruthellen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Chinese propensity to idealize led them to construe the author as a “Good Witch.” When the author seemed to transform people through her teaching and therapy demonstrations, some people thought she was performing something magical. Rather than learning about therapy technique or conceptualization, they set about trying to get her to magically transform them. These responses reflected the complicated dynamics of idealization and dependency. The didactic effort was to move the students towards self-confidence autonomy, but this was complicated by their relative unfamiliarity with being propelled towards autonomy in their personal histories. The challenge was resolving these issues so that the Chinese could assume control of the training program.
Remembering and Forgetting the French Revolution: Memories and Memoirs
Authors: Horn Jeff 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
For Rousselin, one of the chief lessons of the French Revolution was that fundamental change took time. He believed that it was the speed and the depth of the crisis of 1793–94 that led to violence. What helped a Revolutionary become a liberal was an acceptance of a slower pace of change. Rousselin used his position and then his time in retirement to try to refine his legacy and avoid further controversy. His choices about what to write and what to publish aimed to propagate a particular vision of the Revolution and his role in it. He wanted to be remembered as a victim not a perpetrator of the Terror. But he could not stop challenges to that vision from appearing; it was love for family that convinced him to retire from the spotlight to contemplate the past and hope for the future.
Conclusion: Satisfactions and Regrets of a Life in Revolution
Authors: Horn Jeff 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Alexandre Rousselin, comte de Saint-Albin, never escaped the past. In retirement, further evidence of his activities during the Terror were published. Some continued to vilify him even long after his death in 1847. He remained committed to the ideals of the Revolution, but recognized that they would take a long time to fulfill. Obsessed with his legacy, he focused ever more on family. His hopes for the future centered on making sure that his actions did not prevent them from being incorporated into the French elite. If the Revolution was about making a new world, the governments of the nineteenth century saw some of the “new men” of the Revolution achieve social mobility, like Rousselin and his descendants.
Stages
Authors: Baraz Yelena 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The chapter analyzes pride scripts by focusing on pride’s constituent parts. Using representative examples as bases for modeling how the functioning of the emotion is envisioned, it examines what causes pride, what kind of behaviors the emotion, once aroused, leads to, and what reactions it is likely to provoke. It shows that pride can be said, in general, to originate in various types of good fortune or personal accomplishment that are overvalued by the person experiencing them compared to how they are viewed externally. The excessive emotion then is seen to lead to a variety of transgressive behaviors, ranging from verbal excess to physical violence. These behaviors form part of the subject’s attempts at impressing this self-valuation on others. The reactions to pride show the greatest variety and are dependent on the relative power of the affected party in the relationship.
Kingship
Authors: Baraz Yelena 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to kingship as an institution deeply entangled with pride. The author analyze the functioning of the pride script within the kingship discourse in two case studies: accusations of regnum leveled at the early republican ‘pretenders’ (so-called adfectatores regni) and the rhetorical deployment of similar, but more flexible accusations in late republican oratory. I demonstrate that kingship accusations are both a way of conceptualizing certain kinds of political deviancy and, at the same time, a tool for suppressing such behavior. A concluding look at Pliny the Younger’s attacks on Domitian shows the endurance of the discourse into the empire.
Positive Pride in Post-Augustan Literature
Authors: Baraz Yelena 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the consequences of Augustan experiments for the discourse of pride as a whole. Where one might have expected a coherent strand of positive pride to have emerged, this turns out not to be the case: the presence of positive pride in later Latin literature is minor, intermittent, and fragmented. The chapter analyzes the identifiable examples of positive pride in four groups, which differ in their organization: the continued expression of poetic pride; its eventual, if qualified extension into public contexts; and two related, but distinct strands that show weaker, less emphatic positive or neutral meanings, as a trope of a place proud of its product (or parent proud of a child) and as a generic epithet in Flavian epic, signifying nobility, luxury, and vague generalized greatness.
Story Structure
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The second chapter of Style in Narrative illustrates and extends the general theory developed in chapter 1. Specifically, it addresses the level of story structure and the scope of an authorial canon. In connection with this, it considers William Shakespeare’s complex relation to genre, examining the way in which he thoroughly integrates genres, rather than simply adding storylines with different genre affiliations. The presence of such integration in Shakespeare’s works has frequently been noted, but critics have rarely sought to explain it in detail. In order to explore the topic more thoroughly, the chapter focuses on two plays, Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet. To clarify what is specifically Shakespearean in these works, Hogan examines the former in relation to Shakespeare’s sources for the play and the latter in relation to a precursor revenge drama, Thomas Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy.
Perceptual Interface and Painterly Cinema
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The fifth chapter of Style in Narrative in part parallels the second chapter, but with a shift from literature to cinema. Specifically, it takes genre as its scope, though it considers genre in visual representation, rather than story structure. Moreover, in this case, it focuses on an unusual genre, one that is not widely identified as a genre—painterly films, which is to say, films that draw their visual models from non-cinematic forms of visual art. The chapter presents an account of the kinds and functions of painterly film, ranging from mere allusion through imitation of a period or movement, to the cultivation of broader sensitivities characteristic of painting beyond a specific period. This chapter considers works by Luis Buñuel, Éric Rohmer, Deepa Mehta, and M. F. Husain. It focuses particularly on Robert Rodriguez’s remediation of graphic fiction, in part to prepare the way for the treatment of graphic fiction later in the book.
Better Yet
Authors: Tucker Herbert F. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The archive reveals Tennyson’s creativity as profoundly invested in openness to change, honouring the right if not the duty to differ with oneself, and cherishing the prospect of ongoing improvement. In this he was markedly Victorian. The care with which his many surviving manuscripts show him exercising such a suite of options illustrates in highly granular fashion, and across a career of 70 years, his consummate fitness to act as the laureate of a widespread reading public for whom just these issues of change and choice, writ ethically large, constituted the charter of modernity. After sampling the contents of the manuscripts and discussing several authorial acts of intervention, the chapter takes up this nexus between moral self-correction and poetic self-editing.
Coming of Age
Authors: Coffman Elesha J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In 1925, Mead traveled to Samoa for the fieldwork that would become her first and still most famous book. She sought to discover whether adolescence was always marked by “storm and stress,” suggesting that these struggles were rooted in biology, or whether adolescence might proceed very differently in different societies, suggesting that human experiences were culturally constructed. Sexuality was the “sizzle” that made Coming of Age in Samoa so popular, but its argument in favor of cultural construction was even more significant, withstanding even decades-later attacks on Mead’s research. At the same time that Mead established her academic reputation, her first marriage faltered and she fell in love with a mercurial fellow anthropologist, Reo Fortune. Her Christian faith was buffeted in this period, but she insisted that she never completely lost it.