bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Donner la parole aux interrogés : une étude de l’oral représenté dans les comptes rendus de procès médiévaux aux XIV e et XV e siècles
Authors: Dourdy Laura-Maï , Spacagno Michela 
Published: March 2020

Cet article explore les spécifiques linguistiques de l’oral représenté dans le compte rendu de procès médiéval, un genre qui entretient un rapport privilégié avec l’oralité – puisqu’il s’agit de retranscriptions d’interrogatoires – mais qui a rarement attiré l’attention des linguistes diachroniciens. Dans une première partie de cette étude menée sur quatre textes, nous analysons les caractéristiques linguistiques propres à l’écriture formulaire de ce genre et les stratégies discursives mises en œuvre par le scribe/greffier pour adapter à l’écrit la langue orale conformément au code de réécriture juridique. Dans la seconde partie, nous présentons quelques marques linguistiques qui présentent différents degrés d’oralité et semblent échapper au carcan formel. Nous penchons sur des exemples concrets – de structures et de mots – qui pourraient trouver leur source dans la langue parlée.
Le verbe c’est
Authors: Berrendonner Alain , Béguelin Marie-José 
Published: March 2020

Cette étude porte sur les phrases du type C’est lui le méchant | C’est Paris la ville la plus chère du pays . Elle montre que le verbe c’est y a les propriétés morpho-syntaxiques d’un verbe impersonnel, que la construction ‹ c’est SN 1 SN 2 › est une diathèse asubjectale de la copule être et que le morphème ce y fonctionne comme un opérateur de restructuration de la valence, appliqué sur celle-ci. La construction résultante reçoit une interprétation spécificationnelle et s’emploie notamment en suppléance de la construction attributive canonique lorsque celle-ci devrait avoir le focus sur le sujet. Les phrases clivées contiennent le même verbe impersonnel c’est , mais employé dans une autre construction.
L’évolution des locutions conjonctives en français : l’opposition que / ce que
Authors: Combettes Bernard 
Published: March 2020

Le but de cet article est d’analyser, d’un point de vue diachronique, l’alternance que / ce que dans la formation des locutions conjonctives. On examinera plus particulièrement le cas des locutions temporelles, en insistant sur la nécessité de prendre en compte l’origine des deux constructions : corrélations de type ‹comparatif› dans le cas des expressions en que , structures relatives dans le cas de ce que . Cette différence permet d’expliquer que les locutions en que fonctionnent comme le tour non marqué dans l’opposition, dans la mesure où elles peuvent se rencontrer dans tous les types de contextes, tandis que les formes en ce que n’apparaissent que dans des contextes non actualisants.
Pneumonia Observational Incidence and Treatment: A Multidisciplinary Process Improvement Study
Authors: Brożek Jan , McDonald Ellen , Clarke France , Gosse Carolyn , Jaeschke Roman , Cook Deborah 
Published: March 2020

Background Little information is available on the types, causes, and treatment of pneumonia in intensive care unit patients in usual clinical practice.
Objective To characterize treatment of patients with presumed pneumonia in a tertiary care intensive care unit and to identify potential areas for improvement in care.
Methods In a prospective, cohort study, the sample consisted of all consecutive patients treated in an intensive care unit during a 3-month period. For patients with presumed pneumonia, data were collected on incidence of pneumonia, diagnostic investigations, microbial isolates, and antibiotics prescribed.
Results Of 194 admissions, 73 patients were treated for pneumonia: 47 had community-acquired pneumonia; 12 had hospital-acquired pneumonia; 12 had ventilator-associated pneumonia, both early (7) and late (5); and 2 had intensive care unit–acquired pneumonia. Approximately 71% of patients had microbiological tests performed. Among 54 microbial isolates, 51.9% were gram-positive bacteria, 31.5% were gram-negative bacteria, and 9.3% were Candida species. The most commonly used antimicrobials were quinolones (54 of 192 prescriptions) and cephalosporins (33); each patient received a median of 3 antibiotics.
Conclusions Most cases of pneumonia were community acquired. The most common causative organisms were gram-positive cocci. Four quality improvement strategies were rationalization of antibiotic use during rounds, nurses’ reporting of culture results, review of antibiotic appropriateness by a pharmacist, and redesign of the clinical information system.
Improving Survival After In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: The Australian Experience
Authors: Peters Robyn , Boyde Mary 
Published: March 2020

Background Survival rates after in-hospital cardiac arrest have not improved markedly despite improvements in technology and resuscitation training.
Objectives To investigate clinical variables that influence return of spontaneous circulation and survival to discharge after in-hospital cardiac arrest.
Methods An Utstein-style resuscitation template was implemented in a 750-bed hospital. Data on 158 events were collected from January 2004 through November 2004. Significant variables were analyzed by using a multiple logistic regression model.
Results Of the 158 events, 128 were confirmed cardiac arrests. Return of spontaneous circulation occurred in 69 cases (54%), and the patient survived to discharge in 41 (32%). An initial shockable rhythm was present in 42 cases (33%), with a return of spontaneous circulation in 32 (76%) and survival to discharge in 24 (57%). An initial nonshockable rhythm was present in the remaining 86 cases (67%), with a return of spontaneous circulation in 37 (43%) and survival to discharge in 17 (20%). Witnessed or monitored arrests (P=.006), time to arrival of the cardiac arrest team (P=.002), afternoon shift (P=.02), and initial shockable rhythm (P=.005) were independently associated with return of spontaneous circulation. Location of patient in a critical care area (P=.002), initial shockable rhythm (P&lt;.001), and length of resuscitation (P=.02) were independently associated with survival to hospital discharge.
Conclusions The high rate of survival to discharge after cardiac arrest is attributed to extensive education and the incorporation of semiautomatic external defibrillators into basic life support management.
Atrial Electrograms After Cardiac Surgery: Survey of Clinical Practice
Authors: Miller Jane N. , Drew Barbara J. 
Published: March 2020

Background The American Heart Association 2004 practice standards for electrocardiographic monitoring in hospitals recommend that nurses record an atrial electrogram whenever tachycardia of unknown origin develops in a patient after cardiac surgery. An atrial electrogram can be recorded from atrial epicardial pacemaker wires left in place following surgery. Because surgical practices have changed in recent years (earlier extubation and mobilization, shorter stays), it is unclear whether epicardial wires are still readily available to record an atrial electrogram.
Objective To determine current practices in recording atrial electrograms.
Methods A convenience sample of nurses subscribing to the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses electronic newsletter was surveyed.
Results The sample comprised 247 nurses who worked in an intensive or progressive care unit in which patients were treated after cardiac surgery. Respondents were from 41 states and 139 cities. Nearly 90% of respondents had more than 5 years’ nursing experience; 75% had more than 5 years’ experience caring for patients after cardiac surgery. Although 92.1% of respondents reported that atrial epicardial pacing wires were left in place after cardiac surgery, only 10.2% recorded atrial electrograms often, and more than 30% had never recorded one. Analysis of written comments indicated that atrial electrograms are rarely used. Among nurses who had recorded an atrial electrogram, recordings were made about equally with a standard 12-lead electrocardiography machine and a bedside cardiac monitor.
Conclusions Although atrial epicardial pacemaker wires are often available for recording atrial electrograms, few nurses use apical epicardial wires for atrial electrograms to analyze arrhythmias.
Clinical Evaluation of a Flexible Fecal Incontinence Management System
Authors: Padmanabhan Anantha , Stern Mark , Wishin Judith , Mangino Mari , Richey Karen , DeSane Mary ,   on behalf of the Flexi-Seal Clinical Trial Investigators Group
Published: March 2020

Background Management of fecal incontinence is a priority in acute and critical care to reduce risk of perineal dermatitis and transmission of nosocomial infections.
Objective To evaluate the safety of the Flexi-Seal Fecal Management System in hospitalized patients with diarrhea and incontinence.
Methods A prospective, single-arm clinical study with 42 patients from 7 hospitals in the United States was performed. The fecal management system could be used for up to 29 days. The first 11 patients (all from critical care) underwent endoscopic proctoscopy at baseline; 8 of these had endoscopy again after treatment. The remaining 31 patients (from critical or acute care) did not have endoscopy.
Results Rectal mucosa was healthy after use of the device in all patients who had baseline and follow-up endoscopy. Physicians and nurses reported that the system was easy to insert, remove, and dispose of; its use improved management of fecal incontinence; and it was practical, caregiver- and patient-friendly, time-efficient, and efficacious. Skin condition improved or was maintained in more than 92% of patients. Patients’ reports of discomfort, pain, burning, or irritation were uncommon. Adverse events were reported for 11 patients (26%). Death (considered unrelated to study treatment) occurred in 5 patients, 2 patients had generalized skin breakdown, and 1 patient had gastrointestinal bleeding after 4 days of treatment.
Conclusions The fecal management system can be used safely in hospitalized patients with diarrhea and fecal incontinence. Additional well-designed, controlled clinical trials may help to measure clinical and economic outcomes associated with the device.
Symptoms Across the Continuum of Acute Coronary Syndromes: Differences Between Women and Men
Authors: DeVon Holli A. , Ryan Catherine J. , Ochs Amy L. , Shapiro Moshe 
Published: March 2020

Background The urgency and level of care provided for acute coronary syndromes partially depends on the symptoms manifested.
Objectives To detect differences between women and men in the type, severity, location, and quality of symptoms across the 3 clinical diagnostic categories of acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina, myocardial infarction without ST-segment elevation, and myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation) while controlling for age, diabetes, functional status, anxiety, and depression.
Methods A convenience sample of 112 women and 144 men admitted through the emergency department and hospitalized for acute coronary syndromes participated. Recruitment took place at 2 urban teaching hospitals in the Midwest. Data were collected during structured interviews in each patient’s hospital room. Forty-eight symptom descriptors were assessed. Demographic characteristics, health history, functional status, anxiety, and depression levels also were measured.
Results Regardless of clinical diagnostic category, women reported significantly more indigestion (β = 0.25; confidence interval [CI] = 0.01–0.49), palpitations (β = 0.31; CI = 0.06–0.56), nausea (β = 0.37; CI = 0.10–0.65), numbness in the hands (β = 0.29; CI = 0.02–0.57), and unusual fatigue (β = 0.60; CI = 0.27–0.93) than men reported. Differences between men and women in dizziness, weakness, and new-onset cough did differ by diagnosis. Reports of chest pain did not differ between men and women.
Conclusions Women with acute coronary syndromes reported a higher intensity of 5 symptoms (but not chest pain) than men reported. Whether differences between the sexes in less typical symptoms are clinically significant remains unclear.
Intensive Care Nurses’ Knowledge of Pressure Ulcers: Development of an Assessment Tool and Effect of an Educational Program
Authors: Tweed Carol , Tweed Mike 
Published: March 2020

Background Critically ill patients are at high risk for pressure ulcers. Successful prevention of pressure ulcers requires that caregivers have adequate knowledge of this complication.Objective To assess intensive care nurses’ knowledge of pressure ulcers and the impact of an educational program on knowledge levels.Methods A knowledge assessment test was developed. A cohort of registered nurses in a tertiary referral hospital in New Zealand had knowledge assessed 3 times: before an educational program, within 2 weeks after the program, and 20 weeks later. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine if attributes such as length of time since qualifying or level of intensive care unit experience were associated with test scores. The content and results of the assessment test were evaluated.Results Completion of the educational program resulted in improved levels of knowledge. Mean scores on the assessment test were 84% at baseline and 89% following the educational program. The mean baseline score did not differ significantly from the mean 20-week follow-up score of 85%. No association was detected between demographic data and test scores. Content validity and standard setting were verified by using a variety of methods.Conclusion Levels of knowledge to prevent and manage pressure ulcers were good initially and improved with an educational program, but soon returned to baseline.
Pneumoperitoneum Due to Gastric Perforation After Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Case Report
Authors: Hahn CPT Christina D. , Choi LTC Yong U. , Lee LTC Daniel , Frizzi LTC James D. 
Published: March 2020

Background Pneumoperitoneum after cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be due to mediastinal air tracking into the peritoneal cavity via the diaphragmatic hiatus or to gastric perforation.
Case Report A 79-year-old woman received Advanced Cardiac Life Support measures in the intensive care unit. Chest compressions and endotracheal intubation were performed; a stable cardiac rhythm and perfusion were restored. A chest radiograph after resuscitation revealed pneumoperitoneum without pneumomediastinum. The patient underwent laparotomy; a 6-cm perforation of the posterior gastric wall along the lesser curve was detected and repaired.
Conclusion Gastric perforation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be suspected when chest radiographs obtained after resuscitation show pneumo-peritoneum without pneumomediastinum. Prompt laparotomy allows detection of gastric perforations and decreases the morbidity associated with rupture of a hollow organ. The incidence of gastric perforation after cardiopulmonary resuscitation may be decreased with early endotracheal intubation, avoidance of esophageal intubation, and expeditious placement of an orogastric tube.
Rescuer’s Position and Energy Consumption, Spinal Kinetics, and Effectiveness of Simulated Cardiac Compression
Authors: Jones Alice Y.M. , Lee Raymond Y.W. 
Published: March 2020

Background Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is often performed in compromised conditions and for long periods.
Objective To compare energy expenditure, compression effectiveness, and kinetics of the spine during simulated chest compression with the rescuer in different positions.
Methods A 3-group design with 36 nurses (26 females) and 20 male emergency medical technicians was used. Participants performed chest compressions on a mannequin while kneeling on the floor, standing, or kneeling on the bed at the edge of the mattress (bed mount). Oxygen consumption and effectiveness of chest compression were recorded. Muscle moment and power at the lumbosacral joint were determined by recording motions of the lower limbs and pelvis with an electromagnetic tracking device and measuring ground reaction forces with a force plate.
Results A total of 80% of chest compressions delivered by male rescuers (vs 40% delivered by females) were effective, irrespective of position. Male rescuers consumed less oxygen when delivering chest compressions while standing than while kneeling (P = .03), but effective compression ratio also was lower. In female rescuers, effective compressions correlated positively with oxygen consumption in the standing (r = 0.42, P = .04) and bed-mount (r = 0.53, P = .008) positions. Administering chest compressions while standing involved a larger moment magnitude and required more power than doing so while kneeling.
Conclusion Administering chest compressions while standing demands more power but consumes less oxygen than doing so while kneeling, perhaps because fewer cardiac compressions delivered while standing are effective.
Technical note: LIMS observations of lower stratospheric ozone in the southern polar springtime of 1978
Authors: Remsberg Ellis , Harvey V. Lynn , Krueger Arlin , Gordley Larry , Gille John C. , Russell III James M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The Nimbus 7 Limb Infrared Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) instrument
operated from 25 October 1978 through 28 May 1979. This note focuses on
its Version 6 (V6) data and indications of ozone loss in the lower
stratosphere of the Southern Hemisphere subpolar region during the last
week of October 1978. We provide profiles and maps that show V6 ozone values
of only 2 to 3 ppmv at 46 hPa within the edge of the polar vortex near
60∘ S from late October through mid-November 1978. There are also
low values of V6 nitric acid (∼3 to 6 ppbv) and nitrogen
dioxide (< 1 ppbv) at the same locations, indicating that conditions
were suitable for a chemical loss of Antarctic ozone some weeks earlier.
These “first light” LIMS observations provide the earliest space-based
view of conditions within the lower stratospheric ozone layer of the
southern polar region in springtime.
Phytoplankton and dimethylsulfide dynamics at two contrasting Arctic ice edges
Authors: Lizotte Martine , Levasseur Maurice , Galindo Virginie , Gourdal Margaux , Gosselin Michel , Tremblay Jean-Éric , Blais Marjolaine , Charette Joannie , Hussherr Rachel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Arctic sea ice is retreating and thinning and its rate of decline has
steepened in the last decades. While phytoplankton blooms are known to
seasonally propagate along the ice edge as it recedes from spring to summer,
the substitution of thick multiyear ice (MYI) with thinner, ponded
first-year ice (FYI) represents an unequal exchange when considering the
roles sea ice plays in the ecology and climate of the Arctic. Consequences
of this shifting sea ice on the phenology of phytoplankton and the
associated cycling of the climate-relevant gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) and its
precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) remain ill constrained. In
July–August 2014, two contrasting ice edges in the Canadian High Arctic were
explored: a FYI-dominated ice edge in Barrow Strait and a MYI-dominated ice
edge in Nares Strait. Our results reveal two distinct planktonic systems and
associated DMS dynamics in connection to these diverging ice types. The
surface waters exiting the ponded FYI in Barrow Strait were characterized by
moderate chlorophyll a (Chl a, <2.1 µg L−1) as well as
high DMSP (115 nmol L−1) and DMS (12 nmol L−1), suggesting that a
bloom had already started to develop under the markedly melt-pond-covered
(ca. 40 %) FYI. Heightened DMS concentrations at the FYI edge were
strongly related to ice-associated seeding of DMS in surface waters and
haline-driven stratification linked to ice melt (Spearman's rank correlation
between DMS and salinity, rs=-0.91, p<0.001, n=20).
However, surface waters exiting the MYI edge at the head of Nares Strait
were characterized by low concentrations of Chl a (<0.5 µg L−1), DMSP (<16 nmol L−1), and DMS (<0.4 nmol L−1), despite the nutrient-replete conditions characterizing the
surface waters. The increase in autotrophic biomass and methylated sulfur
compounds took place several kilometers (ca. 100 km) away from the MYI edge,
suggesting the requisite for ice-free, light-sufficient conditions for a
phytoplankton bloom to fully develop and for sulfur compound dynamics to
follow and expand. In light of the ongoing and projected climate-driven
changes to Arctic sea ice, results from this study suggest that the early
onset of autotrophic blooms under thinner, melt-pond-covered ice may have
vast implications for the timing and magnitude of DMS pulses in the Arctic.
An intercomparison of tropospheric ozone reanalysis products from CAMS, CAMS interim, TCR-1, and TCR-2
Authors: Huijnen Vincent , Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Flemming Johannes , Inness Antje , Sekiya Takashi , Schultz Martin G. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Global tropospheric ozone reanalyses constructed using different state-of-the-art satellite data assimilation systems, prepared as part of the
Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS-iRean and CAMS-Rean) as well as two fully independent reanalyses (TCR-1 and
TCR-2, Tropospheric Chemistry Reanalysis), have been intercompared and evaluated for the past decade. The updated reanalyses (CAMS-Rean and TCR-2) generally show substantially
improved agreements with independent ground and ozone-sonde observations over their predecessor versions (CAMS-iRean and TCR-1) for diurnal,
synoptical, seasonal, and interannual variabilities. For instance, for the Northern Hemisphere (NH) mid-latitudes the tropospheric ozone columns (surface to
300 hPa) from the updated reanalyses show mean biases to within 0.8 DU (Dobson units, 3 % relative to the observed column) with respect to the
ozone-sonde observations. The improved performance can likely be attributed to a mixture of various upgrades, such as revisions in the chemical data
assimilation, including the assimilated measurements, and the forecast model performance. The updated chemical reanalyses agree well with each other
for most cases, which highlights the usefulness of the current chemical reanalyses in a variety of studies. Meanwhile, significant temporal changes
in the reanalysis quality in all the systems can be attributed to discontinuities in the observing systems. To improve the temporal consistency,
a careful assessment of changes in the assimilation configuration, such as a detailed assessment of biases between various retrieval products, is
needed. Our comparison suggests that improving the observational constraints, including the continued development of satellite observing systems,
together with the optimization of model parameterizations such as deposition and chemical reactions, will lead to increasingly consistent long-term
reanalyses in the future.
Rossby number similarity of an atmospheric RANS model using limited-length-scale turbulence closures extended to unstable stratification
Authors: van der Laan Maarten Paul , Kelly Mark , Floors Rogier , Peña Alfredo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. The design of wind turbines and wind farms can be improved by increasing the accuracy of the inflow models representing the atmospheric boundary layer. In this work we employ one-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) simulations of the idealized atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), using turbulence closures with a length-scale limiter. These models can represent the mean effects of surface roughness, Coriolis force, limited ABL depth, and neutral and stable atmospheric conditions using four input parameters: the roughness length, the Coriolis parameter, a maximum turbulence length, and the geostrophic wind speed. We find a new model-based Rossby similarity, which reduces the four input parameters to two Rossby numbers with different length scales. In addition, we extend the limited-length-scale turbulence models to treat the mean effect of unstable stratification in steady-state simulations. The original and extended turbulence models are compared with historical measurements of meteorological quantities and profiles of the atmospheric boundary layer for different atmospheric stabilities.