bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of individualized teaching of school readiness skills to children in preschool with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms
Authors: Ísfeld Víðisdóttir Sonja Lind , Sveinbjörnsdóttir Berglind 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders diagnosed among children and adolescents. ADHD is associated with a wide range of health and developmental risks, emotional and behavioral disorders, lack of social skills, and academic underachievement. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the preschool life skills (PLS) program in teaching important life skills to a 5‐year old girl being assessed for ADHD. The participant was taught eight PLS, divided into three units that focused on instruction following, functional communication, and tolerance skills. Teaching included instructions, modeling, role‐play, and feedback/descriptive praise. The PLS program effectively increased PLS, and skill achievement was only evident when teaching targeted each unit of skills.
Retrograde approach for chronic total occlusion angioplasty: At your own risk
Authors: Belardi Jorge A. , Lamelas Pablo M. 
Published: November 2020

Key Points
The retrograde approach is needed to increase procedural success in chronic total occlusion angioplasty.
This systematic review of the literature demonstrated that retrograde approach is associated with more complex anatomy, worse in‐hospital and long‐term outcomes.
Retrograde approach needs expertise, used judiciously, and major focus in patient safety when performed.
Hatzfeld syndrome: Narcissistic postpurchase state of mind
Authors: Aytaç Muhammed Bilgehan , Akın Eyup 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough consumer behavior literature has analyzed narcissistic consumers in detail, little is known about their post‐purchase attitudes and behaviors. With the help of the grounded theory approach, this study investigates the post‐purchase attitudes and behaviors of consumers higher in narcissism. Findings suggest that narcissistic consumers do not ruminate and thus do not feel regret about their consumption preferences. They strive to stay distinct in their product and brand preferences and hence readily engage in brand‐switching behavior. Also, they are not eager to talk about product and brand preferences and react adversely to criticism of their choices. Overall the study finds that narcissistic attitudes negatively affect brand loyalty and word‐of‐mouth intentions. Findings are discussed alongside other theoretical explanations and empirical findings.
Synthesis of 3‐Methylthio‐benzo[b]furans/Thiophenes via Intramolecular Cyclization of 2‐Alkynylanisoles/Sulfides Mediated by DMSO/DMSO‐d6 and SOCl2
Authors: Zhang Beibei , Li Xiaoxian , Li Xuemin , Sun Fengxia , Du Yunfei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMain observation and conclusionThe reaction of 2‐alkynylanisoles/sulfides with SOCl2 and DMSO was conducted to conveniently furnish the biologically interesting 3‐(methylthio)‐benzo[b]furans/thiophenes via intramolecular cyclization. DMSO acts as a solvent as well as a sulfur source and can also be replaced with DMSO‐d6, enabling the incorporation of the SCD3 moiety of DMSO‐d6 to the 3‐position of the heterocyclic frameworks.
Oral infectious bacteria in dental plaque and saliva as risk factors in patients with esophageal cancer
Authors: Kawasaki Machiko , Ikeda Yuichi , Ikeda Eri , Takahashi Momoko , Tanaka Daiki , Nakajima Yasuaki , Arakawa Shinichi , Izumi Yuichi , Miyake Satoshi 
Published: November 2020

BackgroundHigh levels of periodontopathic bacteria as well as Streptococcus anginosus were detected in cancer tissue from patients with esophageal cancer. An association between oral infectious bacteria and esophageal cancer has been reported.MethodsCharacteristics of the oral microbiota and periodontal conditions were studied as clinicopathologic factors in patients with esophageal cancer. The study included 61 patients with esophageal cancer and 62 matched individuals without any cancers. Samples of subgingival dental plaque and unstimulated saliva were collected to evaluate the prevalence and abundance of the following oral bacteria using a real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and S. anginosus.ResultsIn the cancer group, the prevalence of all bacteria, with the exception of F. nucleatum, in dental plaque; the prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in saliva; the abundance of all bacteria, with the exception of F. nucleatum and P. intermedia, in dental plaque; and the abundance of A. actinomycetemcomitans and S. anginosus in saliva were significantly higher. Furthermore, a logistic regression analysis suggested that the prevalence of T. forsythia and S. anginosus in dental plaque and of A. actinomycetemcomitans in saliva, as well as a drinking habit, were associated with a high risk of esophageal cancer, with a high odds ratio.ConclusionsThe current findings have potential implications for the early diagnosis of esophageal cancer.
Pathogen exposure reduces sexual dimorphism in a host’s upper thermal limits
Authors: Laidlaw Tess , Hector Tobias E. , Sgrò Carla M. , Hall Matthew D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe climate is warming at an unprecedented rate, pushing many species toward and beyond the upper temperatures at which they can survive. Global change is also leading to dramatic shifts in the distribution of pathogens. As a result, upper thermal limits and susceptibility to infection should be key determinants of whether populations continue to persist, or instead go extinct. Within a population, however, individuals vary in both their resistance to both heat stress and infection, and their contributions to vital growth rates. No more so is this true than for males and females. Each sex often varies in their response to pathogen exposure, thermal tolerances, and particularly their influence on population growth, owing to the higher parental investment that females typically make in their offspring. To date, the interplay between host sex, infection, and upper thermal limits has been neglected. Here, we explore the response of male and female Daphnia to bacterial infection and static heat stress. We find that female Daphnia, when uninfected, are much more resistant to static heat stress than males, but that infection negates any advantage that females are afforded. We discuss how the capacity of a population to cope with multiple stressors may be underestimated unless both sexes are considered simultaneously.
Automated facial recognition for wildlife that lack unique markings: A deep learning approach for brown bears
Authors: Clapham Melanie , Miller Ed , Nguyen Mary , Darimont Chris T. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEmerging technologies support a new era of applied wildlife research, generating data on scales from individuals to populations. Computer vision methods can process large datasets generated through image‐based techniques by automating the detection and identification of species and individuals. With the exception of primates, however, there are no objective visual methods of individual identification for species that lack unique and consistent body markings. We apply deep learning approaches of facial recognition using object detection, landmark detection, a similarity comparison network, and an support vector machine‐based classifier to identify individuals in a representative species, the brown bear Ursus arctos. Our open‐source application, BearID, detects a bear’s face in an image, rotates and extracts the face, creates an “embedding” for the face, and uses the embedding to classify the individual. We trained and tested the application using labeled images of 132 known individuals collected from British Columbia, Canada, and Alaska, USA. Based on 4,674 images, with an 80/20% split for training and testing, respectively, we achieved a facial detection (ability to find a face) average precision of 0.98 and an individual classification (ability to identify the individual) accuracy of 83.9%. BearID and its annotated source code provide a replicable methodology for applying deep learning methods of facial recognition applicable to many other species that lack distinguishing markings. Further analyses of performance should focus on the influence of certain parameters on recognition accuracy, such as age and body size. Combining BearID with camera trapping could facilitate fine‐scale behavioral research such as individual spatiotemporal activity patterns, and a cost‐effective method of population monitoring through mark–recapture studies, with implications for species and landscape conservation and management. Applications to practical conservation include identifying problem individuals in human–wildlife conflicts, and evaluating the intrapopulation variation in efficacy of conservation strategies, such as wildlife crossings.
Ultraviolet components offer minimal contrast enhancement to an aposematic signal
Authors: Yeager Justin , Barnett James B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAposematic and sexual signals are often characterized by bright, highly contrasting colors. Many species can see colors beyond the human visible spectrum, and ultraviolet (UV) reflection has been found to play an important role in communication and sexual selection. However, the role of UV in aposematic signals is poorly explored. Poison frogs frequently produce high‐contrast signals that have been linked to both aposematism and intraspecific communication. Yet despite considerable efforts studying interspecific and intraspecific diversity in color, poison frogs are not known to perceive UV, and UV reflection of the integument has not been described. We report UV‐reflective spots in a population of Oophaga sylvatica and quantify the effect of UV on visual contrast with models of avian vision. We found that the frogs are highly contrasting, but UV had a minimal effect on signal saliency. These data highlight the importance of considering UV reflectance within aposematic signals, but that UV should not necessarily be regarded as an independent signal.
Controls of forage selective defoliation by sheep in arid rangelands
Authors: Oñatibia Gastón R. , Golluscio Rodolfo A. , Texeira Marcos , Paruelo José M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSelective grazing by domestic livestock is a major control of plant community structure and dynamics in drylands. However, grazing impact predictions supporting management decisions are frequently based on average biomass consumption, neglecting selectivity. We evaluated the relative importance of grazing pressure, total and each species density, and plant dead biomass proportion as drivers of selective defoliation by sheep in three dominant native grass species in Patagonian steppes. Species were Poa ligularis, Festuca pallescens, and Pappostipa speciosa, which a priori present different preference degree by sheep. The relevance of these drivers for differently preferred species has not been simultaneously studied. We recorded the defoliation frequency and degree of the three species (dependent variables) throughout 112 field surveys. Besides, we recorded grazing management and vegetation structure descriptors (independent variables). Poa ligularis was highly defoliated (90% of plants), and grazing pressure was the leading driver (asymptotic exponential relationship). For F. pallescens, almost 70% of plants were defoliated, and defoliation non‐linearly increased as grazing pressure rose and linearly decreased as both its dead biomass proportion and P. ligularis density increased. For P. speciosa, defoliation was low (20% of plants) and linearly decreased as both its dead biomass proportion and the density of the other two species increased. Grazing pressure played a negligible role in this species. These patterns confirmed that P. ligularis, F. pallescens, and P. speciosa, respectively, present high, intermediate, and low preference degree by sheep. In conclusion, our findings suggest that (1) selective defoliation can be satisfactorily predicted as function of grazing pressure, species densities, and plant dead biomass proportion; (2) grazing pressure becomes a more relevant driver as species preference rises and its effect on defoliation is markedly non‐linear; (3) the dead biomass proportion and the abundance of highly preferred species are the leading factors determining less preferred species defoliation; and (4) grazing pressure management by itself is not enough to reduce the high defoliation of preferred species and increase the defoliation of non‐preferred species. This knowledge is critical for developing effective management practices to control forage species defoliation in rangelands worldwide where species with different preference by herbivores coexist.
Transient daily heat stress during the early reproductive phase disrupts pod and seed development in Brassica napus L.
Authors: Chen Sheng , Stefanova Katia , Siddique Kadambot H. M. , Cowling Wallace A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTransient daily heat stress during flowering of canola (Brassica napus L.) as a result of global warming is an increasing threat to grain production in this important oilseed crop. We investigated the intensity and duration of transient daily heat stress treatment at different stages of reproductive development in three B. napus genotypes under controlled environment conditions. Heat stress treatments during the week before first open flower on the main stem (S0) or during the first week (S1) or second week (S2) following first open flower greatly reduced pod number and seed yield on the main stem. Heat stress treatment during the third week (S3), fourth week (S4), or fifth week (S5) reduced seed yield more on the branches and less on the main stem as time progressed. Pod number and seed yield were reduced by moderate heat stress (TC2; 32°C/22°C) and high heat stress (TC3; 35°C/25°C), compared with the control (TC1, 25°C/15°C). Each duration of heat stress treatment (3, 5 or 7 days) caused the same reduction in pod number and seed per pod on the main stem. Leaf stomatal conductance, leaf chlorophyll index, plant height, and dry weight of above‐ground biomass increased from TC1 to TC3, which indicates that heat stress in the absence of drought stress does not inhibit vegetative growth. Cool night temperatures (15°C) resulted in recovery of pod number and seed yield after moderate (32°C) but not high (35°C) daily transient heat stress. The range of genotype responses to heat stress was greater under TC2 than under TC3. This research brings forward the critical period for heat stress sensitivity in B. napus to one week before first open flower and defines the conditions for controlled environment screening for heat tolerance in B. napus.
Determining factors associated with breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in rural Southern Benin
Authors: Bodjrènou Fifali Sam Ulrich , Amoussa Hounkpatin Waliou , Termote Céline , Dato Geoffroy , Savy Mathilde 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study aimed at characterizing breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in a food‐insecure area of Benin and identifying factors associated with these practices. A cross‐sectional study was conducted in the districts of Bopa and Houéyogbé among n = 360 mother–child pairs. Children aged 0–17 months were considered. Socioeconomic characteristics among children and mothers, Breastfeeding on demand, Breastfeeding frequency during children illness, and Positioning and Attachment of children while breastfeeding were assessed using semi‐structured interviews and observations. Qualitative 24‐hr recalls were administered to mothers to compute WHO recommended complementary feeding practices indicators namely minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) among 6–17 months old children (n = 232). Associations between each feeding practice and mothers' socioeconomic characteristics were tested using multivariate generalized linear models. Breastfeeding on demand and good positioning and attachment for breastfeeding rates were 59% and 66%, respectively. Only 26% of mothers used to increase breastfeeding frequency when their children were ill. The proportions of children who met MDD, MMF, and MAD were 51%, 75%, and 44%, respectively. Children living in Houéyogbé were less likely to be breastfed on demand compared with those living in Bopa; however, they had better breastfeeding frequency during illness and meal frequency. Socioeconomic factors with significant association with breastfeeding practices were children age and sex and mothers’ education, ethnicity, and employment status. Complementary feeding practices were positively associated with children's age but not with other socioeconomic characteristics. Breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices were almost suboptimal or medium and still need to be improved through well designed nutrition intervention program including nutrition education.
Pregnancy persistently reduces alcohol purchases: Causal evidence from scanner data
Authors: Janssen Aljoscha , Parslow Elle 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe analyze household‐level changes in alcohol consumption in response to pregnancy. Using scanner data, we identify households with a pregnant household member. Within an event study and a dynamic difference‐in‐differences estimation, we find that during a first pregnancy, households reduce their alcohol purchases by 36%. After pregnancy, purchases of alcohol are 34% lower than before pregnancy. We do not find any effect during the second pregnancy. One possible explanation for our result is that lower consumption during pregnancy changes habits and reduces consumption in the long term. We discuss other explanations and comment on policy implications.
Revision of structures of acridone alkaloids from natural sources
Authors: Chen Hung‐Yi , Lam Sio‐Hong , Yang Mei‐Lin , Hung Hsin‐Yi , Shieh Po‐Chuen , Chen Fu‐An , Kuo Ping‐Chung , Wu Tian‐Shung 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe reported chemical structures of tricyclic acridone alkaloids (1–6) from Severinia buxifolia and Pleiospermium alatum were reinvestigated through a comparison of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data of similar compounds and a comprehensive study of their two‐dimensional (2D) NMR spectra. The structures of 1–5 were further confirmed by a comparison of their spectral data with those of the authentic samples and standards. The different chemical shifts caused by substituted functional groups in the tricyclic acridones were summarized according to the results in the present study. Furthermore, the synthetic compound 10 (N‐methyl‐1,3‐dihydroxy‐4,5,6‐trimethoxyacridine‐9‐one) has not been reported from any natural sources in the previous literature. In addition, the chemical structures of macranthanine (21) and 7‐hydroxy‐noracronycine (22) from Glycosmis macrantha were also revised.
Moving legs: A workflow on how to generate a flexible endopod of the 518 million‐year‐old Chengjiang arthropodErcaicunia multinodosausing3D‐kinematics (Cambrian, China)
Authors: Schmidt Michel , Liu Yu , Zhai Dayou , Hou Xianguang , Melzer Roland R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the functional morphology and mobility of appendages of fossil animals is important for exploring ecological traits such as feeding and locomotion. Previous work on fossils from the 518 million‐year‐old Chengjiang biota of China was based mainly on two‐dimensional information captured from the surface of the specimens. Only recently, μCT techniques started to reveal almost the entire, though flattened and compressed, three‐dimensionally preserved morphologies of the arthropods from Chengjiang. This allows more accurate work on reconstructing the possible movement of certain structures such as the appendages. Here, we present a workflow on how to reconstruct the mobility of a limb of the early Chengjiang arthropodErcaicunia multinodosafrom the famous Chinese fossil site. Based on μCT scans of the fossil, we rendered surface models of the 13th–15th right endopods using the 3D visualization and 3D‐rendering software Amira. The 3D objects then were postprocessed (Collapse Hierarchy, Unify Normals) in SAP 3D Visual Enterprise Author before being imported into the 3D animation program Autodesk Maya 2020. Using the add‐on tool X_ROMM in Maya, we illustrate step‐by‐step on how to make the articles of the limbs swing‐in toward each other. Eventually, we propose several possible limb movements ofE. multinodosa, which helps to understand how this early arthropod could have moved its endopods.
Dynamic analysis of flexural vibration mode of an atomic force microscope cantilever with a sidewall probe in liquid
Authors: Payam Amir F. , Duy Vy Nguyen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn this paper, dynamic behavior and the resonance frequencies of flexural vibration modes of an atomic force microscope cantilever with sidewall probe immersed in liquid to surface stiffness variations have been investigated and a closed‐form expression is derived. Using numerical analysis, the flexural resonance frequencies of microcantilever immersed in liquid are calculated and the results are compared with the air environment. Then, the effect of sidewall length and normal stiffness on the frequency is investigated. Moreover, the surface‐coupled effect between the cantilever and simple surface when the cantilever is close to the surface is considered and its effect on the quality factors of the first to fourth modes is studied.
Alveolar and lung interstitial macrophages: Definitions, functions, and roles in lung fibrosis
Authors: Shi Ting , Denney Laura , An Huazhang , Ho Ling-Pei , Zheng Yuejuan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMϕs are the main innate immune cells in the lung at homeostasis, with important roles in host defence and immune modulation. Alveolar Mϕs (AMs) and interstitial Mϕs (IMs) are the two lung Mϕ subsets, so called according to the sites they reside in. These subsets are also defined by their origins and immunological microenvironment, which endow these cells with distinct features and plasticity. This review summarizes the latest definitions and functions of lung Mϕs during homeostasis and provides exemplar of their divergent roles in lung fibrosis.