bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron Microscopic Reconstruction of Neural Circuitry in the Cochlea
Authors: Hua Yunfeng , Ding Xu , Wang Haoyu , Wang Fangfang , Gao Yunge , Lu Yan , Moser Tobias , Wu Hao 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRecent studies have revealed great diversity in the structure, function and efferent innervation of afferent synaptic connections between the cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), which likely enables audition to process a wide range of sound pressures. By performing an extensive electron microscopic reconstruction of the neural circuitry in the mature mouse organ of Corti, we demonstrate that afferent SGN-dendrites differ in strength and composition of efferent innervation in a manner dependent on their afferent synaptic connectivity with IHCs. SGNs that sample glutamate release from several presynaptic ribbons receive more efferent innervation from lateral olivocochlear projections than those driven by a single ribbon. Next to the prevailing unbranched SGN-dendrites, we found branched SGN-dendrites that can contact several ribbons of 1-2 IHCs. Unexpectedly, medial olivocochlear neurons provide efferent innervation of SGN-dendrites, preferring those contacting single-ribbon, pillar-side synapses. We propose a fine-tuning of afferent and efferent SGN-innervation.
High syphilis seropositivity in European brown hares, Lower Saxony, Germany
Authors: Hisgen Linda , Abel Lena , Hallmaier-Wacker Luisa K. , Lueert Simone , Siebert Ursula , Faehndrich Marcus , Strauss Egbert , Voigt Ulrich , Nováková Markéta , Šmajs David , Knauf Sascha 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTreponema paraluisleporidaruminfects lagomorphs and is a close relative of the human syphilis-bacteriumTreponema pallidum. There is paucity of information on the epidemiology of hare syphilis and its relationship to rabbit- and human-infectingTreponema. We have found a high seropositivity (405/734) forTreponema paraluisleporidarum-infection in hares of Lower Saxony, Germany.
Spring phenology dominates over shade in affecting seedling performance and plant attack during the growing season
Authors: McClory R. W. , van Dijk L. J. A. , Mutz J. , Ehrlén J. , Tack A. J. M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractClimate change is affecting both the abiotic environment and the seasonal timing of life history events, with potentially major consequences for plant performance and plant-associated food webs. Despite this, we lack insights into how effects of plant phenology on plant performance and food webs depend on environmental conditions, and to what extent effects of phenology and the environment on plant performance are direct vs. mediated by changes in the plant-associated community.We conducted a multifactorial field experiment to test for the effect of spring phenology and shade onQuercus roburseedling traits and performance, as well as attacks by specialist plant pathogens, insects and small mammals.Spring phenology strongly affected seedling performance whereas shade only affected leaf thickness and chlorophyll. Likewise, spring phenology strongly affected herbivore and pathogen attack, whereas shade and its interaction with spring phenology only explained a minor part of the variation. Small mammals preferentially attacked later phenology seedlings, which strongly affected plant survival, while insect herbivores and pathogens did not mediate the effect of spring phenology and shade on plant performance.Synthesis:This study highlights that the effect of spring phenology outweighs the effect of environmental context on plant performance and plant attack during the growing season. Interestingly, small mammal herbivores, and not diseases and insect herbivores, may play a key role in mediating the effect of spring phenology on plant performance. Together, these findings advance our understanding of the consequences of climate-induced changes in spring phenology and the abiotic environment on plant performance within a community context.
ATP hydrolysis by the SNF2 domain of the ultraspecific maintenance methylase Dnmt5 drives recognition and modification of hemimethylated DNA
Authors: Dumesic Phillip A. , Stoddard Caitlin I. , Catania Sandra , Narlikar Geeta J. , Madhani Hiten D. 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARYC. neoformansDnmt5 is an ultraspecific maintenance-type CpG methyltransferase (DNMT) that mediates long-term epigenome evolution. It harbors a DNMT domain and SNF2 ATPase domain. We find that the SNF2 domain couples substrate specificity to an ATPase step that is essential for DNA methylation. Such coupling occurs independently of nucleosomes. Hemimethylated DNA preferentially stimulates ATPase activity, and mutating the Dnmt5 ATP binding pocket disproportionately reduces ATPase stimulation by hemimethylated versus unmethylated substrates. Engineered DNA substrates that stabilize a reaction intermediate by mimicking a ‘flipped-out’ conformation of the target cytosine bypass the SNF2 domain’s requirement for hemimethylation. This result implies that ATP hydrolysis by the SNF2 domain is coupled to base-flipping by the DNMT domain. These findings establish a new role for a SNF2 ATPase domain: controlling substrate recognition and catalysis by an adjoined enzymatic domain. This coupling may contribute to the exquisite specificity of Dnmt5 via mechanisms related to kinetic proofreading.
Impact of loop diuretics on critically ill patients with a positive fluid balance
Authors: Libório A. B. , Barbosa M. L. , Sá V. B. , Leite T. T. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe impact of the use of loop diuretics to prevent cumulative fluid balance in non‐oliguric patients is uncertain. This is a retrospective study to estimate the association of time‐averaging loop diuretic exposure in a large population of non‐cardiac, critically ill patients with a positive fluid balance (> 5% of body weight). The exposure was loop diuretic and the main outcomes were 28‐day mortality, severe acute kidney injury and successful mechanical ventilation weaning. Time‐fixed and daily time‐varying variables were evaluated with a marginal structural Cox model, adjusting bias for time‐varying exposure and the presence of time‐dependent confounders. A total of 14,896 patients were included. Patients receiving loop diuretics had better survival (unadjusted hazard ratio 0.56, 95%CI 0.39–0.81 and baseline variables adjusted hazard ratio 0.53, 95%CI 0.45–0.62); after full adjusting, loop diuretics had no association with 28‐day mortality (full adjusted hazard ratio 1.07, 95%CI 0.74–1.54) or with reducing severe acute kidney injury occurrence during intensive care unit stay – hazard ratio 1.05 (95%CI 0.78–1.42). However, we identified an association with prolonged mechanical ventilation (hazard ratio 1.59, 95%CI 1.35–1.89). The main results were consistent in the sub‐group analysis for sepsis, oliguria and the study period (2002–2007 vs. 2008–2012). Also, equivalent doses of up to 80 mg per day of furosemide had no significant association with mortality. After adjusting for time‐varying variables, the time average of loop diuretic exposure in non‐cardiac, critically ill patients has no association with overall mortality or severe acute kidney injury; however, prolonged mechanical ventilation is a concern.
An unusual interatrial septum
Authors: Komorovsky Roman , Tran Huu Nghi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe images focus on a very rare atrial septal anatomy known as "double atrial septum with persistent interatrial space.” Only scarce reports of this anomaly are found in literature. Due to increasing use of catheter‐based interventions requiring a transseptal puncture, the recognition of this anomaly is essential for performing safe and effective procedures.
Rhythmic change of adipokinetic hormones diurnally regulates locust vitellogenesis and egg development
Authors: Zheng H. , Chen C. , Liu C. , Song Q. , Zhou S. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAdipokinetic hormones (AKHs), the neurohormones synthesized in the insect corpora cardiaca are known to mobilize lipids and carbohydrates for energy‐consuming activities including reproduction. However, both inhibitory and stimulatory effects of AKHs on insect reproduction have been reported, and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Using the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria, as a model system, we report here that AKHs are expressed in response to rhythmic diel change, and AKH III expression increases markedly at photophase. Diurnal injection of AKH III but not AKH I or AKH II in adult females stimulates vitellogenesis and egg development. In contrast, AKH treatment at scotophase represses female reproduction. RNA interference‐mediated knockdown of AKH receptor (AKHR) results in significantly reduced vitellogenin (Vg) expression in the fat body at photophase along with reduced Vg deposition in the ovary. AKHR knockdown also leads to decreased expression of Brummer, triacylglycerol lipase and trehalose transporter, accompanied by suppressed mobilization of triacylglycerol and trehalose. We propose that in addition to stimulating Vg expression at photophase, AKH/AKHR signalling is likely to regulate ovarian uptake of Vg via triacylglycerol mobilization and trehalose homeostasis. This study provides new insights into the understanding of AKH/AKHR signalling in the regulation of insect reproduction.
Cheese sauces: Characteristics of ingredients, manufacturing methods, microbiological and sensory aspects
Authors: Szafrańska Jagoda O. , Sołowiej Bartosz G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDuring recent years, companies producing dairy products have observed an increase in the consumption of cheese sauces. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical overview of the most important properties of cheese sauces: ingredients, additives, processes, different methods used for their manufacturing, microbiological and sensory aspects, all of which is interesting both for the food industry and consumers. Because it is expected that the consumption of such products will increase, it is worth getting acquainted with current production processes for cheese sauces and the possibilities of modifying them in terms of consumer preferences, trends, and health‐promoting properties.Practical applicationsThis review shows how the interactions among ingredients, the usage of hydrocolloids, emulsifying salts, and other functional components, and processing conditions can be handled to obtain cheese sauces with targeted characteristics. Moreover, advancements in recent years have enabled cheesemakers to increase the quality of cheese sauces in terms of nutritional value. These aspects could be interesting for the food industry (product development technologists), scientists, and consumers.
Pathways to Parenthood in Social and Family Contexts: Decade in Review, 2020
Authors: Guzzo Karen Benjamin , Hayford Sarah R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhether, and under what circumstances, people become parents has implications for individual identity, family relationships, the well‐being of adults and children, and population growth and age structure. Understanding the factors that influence pathways to parenthood is central to the study of families and can inform policies aimed at changing childbearing behaviors. This review summarizes recent trends in fertility as well as research on the predictors and correlates of childbearing, with a focus on the United States and on research most relevant to family scholars. U.S. fertility has declined in recent years, perhaps reflecting the influence of the Great Recession and increasing economic inequality, and there is growing divergence in behaviors across social class. Scholars of childbearing have developed theories to better understand how childbearing is shaped by life course processes and social contexts, but more work is needed to understand group differentials, refine measurement and theories, and better integrate men and couples. Childbearing research has important implications for social policy, but the application of research to policy is hindered by ideological factors.
Paraphyletic species no more – genomic data resolve a Pleistocene radiation and validate morphological species of the Melanoplus scudderi complex (Insecta: Orthoptera)
Authors: Huang Jen‐Pan , Hill JoVonn G. , Ortego Joaquín , Knowles L. Lacey 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRapid speciation events, with taxa generated over a short time period, are among the most investigated biological phenomena. However, molecular systematics often reveals contradictory results compared with morphological/phenotypical diagnoses of species under scenarios of recent and rapid diversification. In this study, we used molecular data from an average of over 29 000 loci per sample from RADseq to reconstruct the diversification history and delimit the species boundary in a short‐winged grasshopper species complex (Melanoplus scudderi group), where Pleistocene diversification has been hypothesized to generate more than 20 putative species with distinct male genitalic shapes. We found that, based on a maximum likelihood molecular phylogeny, each morphological species indeed forms a monophyletic group, contrary to the result from a previous mitochondrial DNA sequence study. By dating the diversification events, the species complex is estimated to have diversified during the Late Pleistocene, supporting the recent radiation hypothesis. Furthermore, coalescent‐based species delimitation analyses provide quantitative support for independent genetic lineages, which corresponds to the morphologically defined species. Our results also showed that male genitalic shape may not be predicted by evolutionary distance among species, not only indicating that this trait is labile, but also implying that selection may play a role in character divergence. Additionally, our findings suggest that the rapid speciation events in this flightless grasshopper complex might be primarily associated with the fragmentation of their grassland habitats during the Late Pleistocene. Collectively, our study highlights the importance of integrating multiple sources of information to delineate species, especially for a species complex that diversified rapidly, and whose divergence may be linked to ecological processes that create geographic isolation (i.e. fragmented habitats), as well as selection acting on characters with direct consequences for reproductive isolation (i.e. genitalic divergence).
A Parametric Investigation of Vane Showerhead Film Cooling by Pressure-Sensitive Paint Technique
Authors: Abdeh H. , Barigozzi G. , Ravelli S. , Rouina S. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this study, a parametric analysis of the thermal performance of a nozzle vane cascade with a showerhead cooling system made of four rows of cylindrical holes was carried out by using the pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) technique. Coolant-to-mainstream blowing ratio (BR), density ratio (DR), main flow isentropic exit Mach number (Ma2is), and turbulence intensity level (Tu1) were the considered parameters. The cascade was tested in an atmospheric wind tunnel at Ma2is values ranging from 0.2 to 0.6, with an inlet turbulence intensity level of 1.6% and 9%, at variable injection conditions of BR = 2.0, 3.0, 4.0. Moreover, the influence of the DR on the leading-edge film-cooling performance was investigated: the testing was carried out at DR = 1.0, using nitrogen as foreign gas, and DR = 1.5, with carbon dioxide serving as a coolant. In the near-hole region, higher BR and Ma2is resulted in higher effectiveness, while higher mainstream turbulence intensity reduced the thermal coverage in between the rows of holes, whatever the BR is. Further downstream along the vane pressure side, the effectiveness was negatively affected by rising the BR but positively influenced by lowering the mainstream turbulence intensity. Moreover, a decrease in the DR caused a reduction in the film-cooling performance, whose extent depends on the injection condition.
An Inverse, Decision-Based Design Method for Robust Concept Exploration
Authors: Nellippallil Anand Balu , Mohan Pranav , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
In this paper, we extend our previous work on a goal-oriented inverse design method to carry out inverse robust design by managing the uncertainty involved. The extension embodies the introduction of specific robust design goals and new robust solution constraints anchored in the mathematical constructs of Error Margin Indices (EMIs) and Design Capability Indices (DCIs) to determine “satisficing” robust design specifications across analytical model-based process chains. Contributions in this paper include the designer’s ability to explore satisficing robust solution regions when multiple conflicting goals and multiple sources of uncertainty are present. Using the goal-oriented inverse design method, robust solutions are propagated in an inverse manner. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method and the associated robust design functionalities using an industry-inspired hot rolling and cooling process chain example problem for the production of a steel rod. In this example, we showcase the formulation of multiple mechanical property goals for the end product using the robustness metrics and the exploration of satisficing robust solutions for material microstructure after the cooling process using the robust solution constraints. The robust solutions thus identified are communicated in an inverse manner using the design method to explore satisficing robust solutions for the microstructure generated after the hot rolling process. Using the example, we demonstrate the robust co-design of material, product, and associated manufacturing processes. The method and the associated design constructs are generic and support the formulation and inverse robust design exploration under uncertainty of similar problems involving a sequential, analytical model-based flow of information across process chains.
Sexually transmitted infections in persons living with HIV infection and estimated HIV transmission risk: trends over time from the DC Cohort
Authors: Secco Alessandra Anna , Akselrod Hana , Czeresnia Jonathan , Levy Matthew , Byrne Morgan , Monroe Anne , Lucar Jose , Horberg Michael , Castel Amanda Derryck , Doshi Rupali , Rivasplata Heather , Squires Leah , Parenti David , Benator Debra 
Published: January 2020

ObjectiveA rise in incidence of STIs has been noted in the USA and in the District of Columbia (DC). We aim to describe changes in incident STIs among persons in care for HIV in Washington, DC as well as trends in HIV viral load among those with incident STIs.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective DC Cohort analysis (n=7810) measuring STI incidence (syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia) as well as incare viral load (ICVL) and percentage with all viral loads less than the limit of detection (%<LLOD) by year (2012–2016) among those with incident STIs.ResultsFrom 2012 to 2016, the incidence of STIs increased: chlamydia from 2.1 to 3.4 cases/100 person-years (p=0.0006), gonorrhoea from 2.1 to 4.0 (p<0.0001), syphilis from 1.7 to 2.6 (p=0.0042) and any STI episode from 5.3 to 8.8 (p<0.0001). STI incidence rates increased for those aged 18–34 (from 13.2 to 23.2 cases/100 person-years, p<0.0001), cisgender men (from 6.5 to 11.5, p<0.0001), non-Hispanic whites (from 8.6 to 16.1, p=0.0003) and men who have sex with men (from 9.3 to 15.7, p<0.0001). During 2012–2016, the ICVL among those with incident STIs improved from 108 to 19 copies/mL and %<LLOD from 23.6% to 55.1%. However, even in 2016, younger participants, cisgender and transgender women, non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics had higher ICVLs and lower %<LLOD.ConclusionsRates of incident STIs rose among persons in care for HIV in Washington, DC, with improved but not optimal measures of HIV viral suppression. These findings inform focused interventions towards preventing STI transmission and ending the HIV epidemic.
Anal dysplasia and HIV shedding in ART-treated men
Authors: Choi Yoojin , Salit Irving , Grech Sarah , Sano Marie , Weiss Edward , Kovacs Colin , Paquette Rachelle , Claudio Marian , Gibbons Suzanne , Severini Alberto , Kaul Rupert 
Published: January 2020

Objectives
Anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is highly prevalent among men who have sex with men (MSM). HPV-associated anal dysplasia has been linked with anal HIV RNA shedding despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). Since mucosal HIV levels are a key determinant of sexual transmission of the virus, this would have important public health implications. Therefore, we assessed the association between anal dysplasia and HIV shedding in ART-treated MSM from Toronto, Canada.

Methods
In 54 HIV-infected men on effective ART, we assessed anal HIV RNA shedding by PCR, HPV infection by microsphere-based genotyping and anal dysplasia by high-resolution anoscopy. All participants were enrolled between May 2017 and October 2018.

Results
The median duration of ART at the time of study enrolment was 18 years, with most participants being on an integrase inhibitor-based ART regimen. Low-level anal HIV RNA shedding was present in 15/54 (27.8%) participants. Neither the detection of shedding nor the level of HIV RNA was associated with anal dysplasia, HPV infection or antiretroviral regimen.

Conclusions
HPV-associated anal dysplasia was not associated with anal HIV RNA shedding in this relatively small cohort of men on effective ART. While anal HIV RNA was detected more often than anticipated, shedding was low level and unlikely to cause HIV transmission. However, the immunological drivers of anal HIV RNA shedding in ART-treated individuals may merit further study.
Masculinizing Jianghu Spaces in the Past and Present: Homosociality, Nationalism and Chineseness
Authors: Song Geng 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Jianghu (rivers and lakes) refers to the imagined spatial arena in Chinese literature and culture that is parallel to, or sometimes in a tangential relationship with, mainstream society. Inhabited by merchants, craftsmen, beggars and vagabonds, and later bandits, outlaws and gangsters, the jianghu space constitutes an interesting “field” (to borrow Pierre Bourdieu’s term) that produces alternative subjectivities in traditional Chinese culture. In most representations, jianghu is primarily a homosocial world of men, which honors masculine moral codes. By tracing changes of jianghu spaces over time, this paper attempts to set the spatial politics of masculinity in Chinese culture in a historical context. It unravels its dynamic interrelations with the tropes of class and nation, from the hosting of outlaws in the traditional masterpiece Shuihu zhuan (Water margin) to the resurgence of jianghu images and imaginaries as a symbol of Chineseness in post-socialist film and television. It argues that the widely referenced relationship between civil (wen) and martial (wu ) values in imperial China describes only gentry-class masculinities. By contrast, jianghu spaces lie at the margins of society and so invite an alternative conceptualization of lower-class masculinities. In contemporary China, jianghu has come to symbolize a new mode of Chinese masculinity in the global age. It can refer not only to fictional spaces in the martial arts genre, but also to social spaces that cement the “Chinese-style” relationships and networks needed for success in the reform market.