bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in three-dimensional upper airway anatomy between Asian and European patients with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Xu Liyue , Keenan Brendan T , Wiemken Andrew S , Chi Luqi , Staley Bethany , Wang Zhifang , Wang Jianjun , Benedikstdottir Bryndis , Juliusson Sigurdur , Pack Allan I , Gislason Thorarinn , Schwab Richard J 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Study Objectives
This study evaluated differences in upper airway, soft tissues and craniofacial structures between Asians from China and Europeans from Iceland with OSA using three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods
Airway sizes, soft tissue volumes, and craniofacial dimensions were compared between Icelandic (N = 108) and Chinese (N = 57) patients with oxygen desaturation index (ODI) ≥ 10 events/h matched for age, gender, and ODI. Mixed effects models adjusting for height or BMI and residual differences in age and ODI were utilized.

Results
In our matched sample, compared to Icelandic OSA patients, Chinese patients had smaller BMI (p &lt; 0.0001) and neck circumference (p = 0.011). In covariate adjusted analyses, Chinese showed smaller retropalatal airway size (p ≤ 0.002), and smaller combined soft tissues, tongue, fat pads, and pterygoid (all p ≤ 0.0001), but male Chinese demonstrated a larger soft palate volume (p ≤ 0.001). For craniofacial dimensions, Chinese demonstrated bigger ANB angle (p ≤ 0.0196), differently shaped mandibles, including shorter corpus length (p &lt; 0.0001) but longer ramus length (p &lt; 0.0001), and a wider (p &lt; 0.0001) and shallower (p ≤ 0.0001) maxilla.

Conclusions
Compared to Icelandic patients of similar age, gender and ODI, Chinese patients had smaller retropalatal airway and combined soft tissue, but bigger soft palate volume (in males), and differently shaped mandible and maxilla with more bony restrictions. Results support an ethnic difference in upper airway anatomy related to OSA, which may inform targeted therapies.
Comparing the institutional constructive trust with the remedial constructive trust
Authors: Raphael David K L 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The concept of the Institutional Constructive Trust was first recognised in Australia in 1907 by the most senior court, i.e. the High Court of Australia, in Black v S Friedman & Co. This arose in a decision involving stolen funds. Its importance was addressed in the State of Victoria in Nolan v Nolan where what was in issue involved the Limitations Act of the State of Victoria. It must be appreciated that in the Commonwealth of Australia, State Acts can, and sometimes do, differ. In 1985, in Muschinski v Dodds, Deane J of the Australian High Court placed different emphasis on the court’s ability to recognise and construe such a trust and gave it the imprimatur of “Remedial Constructive Trust”. The latter, whilst adopted in New Zealand and Canada, has had what might fairly be described as its critics in the UK and, indeed the UK Supreme Court in FHR European Venture LLP v Cedar Capital Partners LLC has stated at [47] that the remedial constructive trust is not part of the law of the UK.
Indirect Reduction and Strut Support of Proximal Humerus Fractures Using a Titanium Mesh in Elderly Patients: A Novel Technique
Authors: Chen Hui , Cui Xueliang , Rui Yunfeng , Ma Binbin , Li He 
Published: November 2019

Summary:
Surgical treatment of unstable proximal humeral fractures is challenging in elderly patients. The locking plate technique has been advocated for the management of these fractures in recent years; however, it is still difficult to achieve stable fixation and maintain intra-operative reduction in patients with low bone mineral density. It is generally accepted that a critical step to enhance clinical results and reduce complications is re-creation of the medial column support. Here, we introduce a novel technique using titanium mesh in the treatment of proximal humerus fractures. Although preliminary results have been encouraging, further study with a larger number of patients and longer follow-up is needed to fully validate this technique.
Clostridium difficile Infection in Children: Epidemiology and Trend in a Swedish Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Malmqvist Lovisa , Ullberg Måns , Hed Myrberg Ida , Nilsson Anna 
Published: November 2019

Background:
Several studies have shown an increasing trend in pediatric Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). However, the Public Health Agency in Sweden reports a decreasing incidence of CDI in the Swedish population since 2007. The main aim of this study is to analyze the epidemiology of CDI in children.

Methods:
Retrospective chart-review of patients 1 to <19 years old, positive for Clostridium difficile toxin B, tested at Karolinska University Hospital Units, over the time period from July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2018. Episodes were classified as recurrences (≥2 weeks, ≤8 weeks from previous episode) or new episodes (>8 weeks from previous episode). New episodes were classified as hospital- (HA-CDI) or community-associated (CA-CDI). Annual infection rates/100,000 children in the catchment area were calculated.

Results:
Three hundred twenty-eight positive tests in 206 patients were included of which 259 (79.0%) tests were new episodes and 69 (21.0%) recurrences. In 63/206 (30.6%) children, >1 episode of CDI was recorded. The mean infection rate was 8.5/100,000 children. There was an overall increasing trend in CDI-rate July 2010–June 2018, however not statistically significant (P = 0.061) nor for the incidence in HA-CDI (P = 0.720) or CA-CDI (P = 0.179). Underlying medical conditions were present in 226/259 (87.3%) new episodes of which the most common was malignancy. Of the new episodes, 188/259 (72.6%) were HA-CDI and 46/259 (17.8%) were CA-CDI.

Conclusions:
There was an increasing trend in CDI in children in Sweden from 2010 to 2018, although not statistically significant. CDI was associated with comorbid conditions and repeated episodes were common.
Outcomes of Empirical Antimicrobial Therapy for Pediatric Community-onset Febrile Urinary Tract Infection in the Era of Increasing Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Kantamalee Worawit , Santanirand Pitak , Saisawat Pawaree , Boonsathorn Sophida , Techasaensiri Chonnamet , Apiwattanakul Nopporn 
Published: November 2019

Background:
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common cause of fever in children. Despite the increasing numbers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms in the community, the empirical therapy of choice is still third-generation cephalosporins. This study was performed to investigate whether inappropriate empirical therapy (IAT) of community-onset UTI results in adverse clinical outcomes.

Methods:
We retrospectively studied a cohort of pediatric patients with first-episode community-onset UTI caused by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus spp. at Ramathibodi Hospital from 2011 to 2017. The patients were classified into IAT and appropriate empirical therapy (AT) groups. Medical records were reviewed to assess clinical outcomes.

Results:
One hundred fifty-one eligible patients were enrolled in this study. The most common causative organism was E. coli (88.8% and 96.2% in the AT and IAT groups, respectively). Among the causative organisms, 19.8% were extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing organisms. There was no significant difference in clinical failure, microbiologic failure, relapse or time to defervescence between the 2 groups. No patients in either group developed sepsis after receiving empirical therapy. However, the length of hospital stay was significantly longer in the IAT than AT group [4.00 (4.50–6.00) vs. 7.00 (5.00–11.25) days, respectively; P = 0.000].

Conclusions:
No significant difference in treatment outcomes was found between pediatric patients receiving AT and IAT for the treatment of UTI. In the era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, third-generation cephalosporins may still be a good choice as an empirical antimicrobial for children diagnosed with community-onset UTI.
NAVA and PAV+ for lung and diaphragm protection
Authors: Vaporidi Katerina 
Published: November 2019

Purpose of review
Complications of mechanical ventilation, such as ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) and ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD), adversely affect the outcome of critically ill patients. Although mostly studied during control ventilation, it is increasingly appreciated that VILI and VIDD also occur during assisted ventilation. Hence, current research focuses on identifying ways to monitor and deliver protective ventilation in assisted modes. This review describes the operating principles of proportional modes of assist, their implications for lung and diaphragm protective ventilation, and the supporting clinical data.

Recent findings
Proportional modes of assist, proportional assist ventilation, PAV, and neurally adjusted ventilatory assist, NAVA, deliver a pressure assist that is proportional to the patient's effort, enabling ventilation to be better controlled by the patient's brain. This control underlies the potential of proportional modes to avoid over-assist and under-assist, improve patient--ventilator interaction, and provide protective ventilation. Indeed, in clinical studies, proportional modes have been associated with reduced asynchronies, enhanced diaphragmatic recovery, and limitation of excessive tidal volume. Additionally, proportional modes facilitate better monitoring of the delivery of protective assisted ventilation.

Summary
Physiological rationale and clinical data suggest a potential role for proportional modes of assist in providing and monitoring lung and diaphragm protective ventilation.
Local Health Jurisdiction Staff Deliver Health Promotion to Small Worksites, Washington
Authors: Harris Jeffrey R. , Hammerback Kristen , Brown Meagan , Ryan Daron E. , Coe Norma B. , Pike K. Joanne , Santiago Patti M. , Hannon Peggy A. 
Published: November 2019

Context:
Worksites can serve as community sites for local health jurisdictions (LHJs) to assist with implementation of evidence-based interventions (EBIs) to prevent and control chronic diseases.

Objective:
To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of using LHJ staff to disseminate Connect to Wellness (CtW), an effective dissemination package for increasing implementation of EBIs for chronic disease control by small worksites.

Design:
Single-arm, multisite intervention trial, with measurement at baseline, after 6 months of intervention, and after a maintenance period of 6 months.

Setting:
Six geographically dispersed counties in Washington State. Target worksites had 20 to 250 employees.

Participants:
Nine staff members from 6 LHJs delivered CtW to 35 worksites.

Intervention:
Connect to Wellness seeks to increase worksites' implementation of 14 EBIs classified as communication, policy, or program approaches to increasing 4 behaviors: cancer screening, healthy eating, physical activity, and tobacco cessation.

Main Outcome Measure:
Evidence-based intervention implementation measured on a scale from 0% to 100%.

Results:
Participating worksites showed a significant increase (P < .001, t test) in total mean implementation scores from baseline (33%) to 6-month follow-up (47%). Increases in implementation for communications, policy, healthy eating, and tobacco EBIs were statistically significant at 6 months and maintained at 12 months. Increased implementation at 6 months of a group physical activity program was not sustained after the program became unavailable, and total implementation scores at 12 months (38%) showed little change from baseline.

Conclusions:
Local health jurisdiction–delivered CtW increased worksites' implementation of EBIs at 6 months, and increased implementation in communication, policy, healthy eating, and tobacco was maintained at 12 months. This package, delivered by LHJ staff working part-time on CtW, was nearly as successful as prior delivery by staff working full-time on CtW.
Scratching beneath the surface: intentionality in great ape signal production
Authors: Graham Kirsty E. , Wilke Claudia , Lahiff Nicole J. , Slocombe Katie E. 
Published: November 2019

Despite important similarities having been found between human and animal communication systems, surprisingly little research effort has focussed on whether the cognitive mechanisms underpinning these behaviours are also similar. In particular, it is highly debated whether signal production is the result of reflexive processes, or can be characterized as intentional. Here, we critically evaluate the criteria that are used to identify signals produced with different degrees of intentionality, and discuss recent attempts to apply these criteria to the vocal, gestural and multimodal communicative signals of great apes and more distantly related species. Finally, we outline the necessary research tools, such as physiologically validated measures of arousal, and empirical evidence that we believe would propel this debate forward and help unravel the evolutionary origins of human intentional communication.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘What can animal communication teach us about human language?’
The neurobiology of innate, volitional and learned vocalizations in mammals and birds
Authors: Nieder Andreas , Mooney Richard 
Published: November 2019

Vocalization is an ancient vertebrate trait essential to many forms of communication, ranging from courtship calls to free verse. Vocalizations may be entirely innate and evoked by sexual cues or emotional state, as with many types of calls made in primates, rodents and birds; volitional, as with innate calls that, following extensive training, can be evoked by arbitrary sensory cues in non-human primates and corvid songbirds; or learned, acoustically flexible and complex, as with human speech and the courtship songs of oscine songbirds. This review compares and contrasts the neural mechanisms underlying innate, volitional and learned vocalizations, with an emphasis on functional studies in primates, rodents and songbirds. This comparison reveals both highly conserved and convergent mechanisms of vocal production in these different groups, despite their often vast phylogenetic separation. This similarity of central mechanisms for different forms of vocal production presents experimentalists with useful avenues for gaining detailed mechanistic insight into how vocalizations are employed for social and sexual signalling, and how they can be modified through experience to yield new vocal repertoires customized to the individual's social group.This article is part of the theme issue ‘What can animal communication teach us about human language?’
The population genomics of structural variation in a songbird genus
Authors: Weissensteiner Matthias H. , Bunikis Ignas , Catalán Ana , Francoijs Kees-Jan , Knief Ulrich , Heim Wieland , Peona Valentina , Pophaly Saurabh D. , Sedlazeck Fritz J. , Suh Alexander , Warmuth Vera M. , Wolf Jochen B.W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractStructural variation (SV) accounts for a substantial part of genetic mutations segregating across eukaryotic genomes with important medical and evolutionary implications. Here, we characterized SV across evolutionary time scales in the songbird genus Corvus using de novo assembly and read mapping approaches. Combining information from short-read (N = 127) and long-read re-sequencing data (N = 31) as well as from optical maps (N = 16) revealed a total of 201,738 insertions, deletions and inversions. Population genetic analysis of SV in the Eurasian crow speciation model revealed an evolutionary young (~530,000 years) cis-acting 2.25-kb retrotransposon insertion reducing expression of the NDP gene with consequences for premating isolation. Our results attest to the wealth of SV segregating in natural populations and demonstrate its evolutionary significance.
Proteasome subunitPSMC3variants cause neurosensory syndrome combining deafness and cataract due to proteotoxic stress
Authors: Kröll-Hermi Ariane , Ebstein Frédéric , Stoetzel Corinne , Geoffroy Véronique , Schaefer Elise , Scheidecker Sophie , Bär Séverine , Takamiya Masanari , Kawakami Koichi , Zieba Barbara A. , Studer Fouzia , Pelletier Valerie , Speeg-Schatz Claude , Laugel Vincent , Lipsker Dan , Sandron Florian , McGinn Steven , Boland Anne , Deleuze Jean-François , Kuhn Lauriane , Chicher Johana , Hammann Philippe , Friant Sylvie , Etard Christelle , Krüger Elke , Muller Jean , Strähle Uwe , Dollfus Hélène 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTWhole-genome sequencing was performed on patients with severe deafness and early-onset cataracts as part of a neurological, sensorial and cutaneous novel syndrome. A unique deep intronic homozygous variant in thePSMC3gene (c.1127+337A>G, p.Ser376Argfs15*), encoding the 26S proteasome ATPase ring subunit 5 (Rpt5) was identified leading to the transcription of a cryptic exon. Patient’s fibroblasts exhibited impaired protein homeostasis characterized by accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins suggesting severe proteotoxic stress. Indeed, the TCF11/Nrf1 transcriptional pathway allowing proteasome recovery after proteasome inhibition is permanently activated in the patient’s fibroblasts. Upon chemical proteasome inhibition this pathway is however impaired. These cells were unable to compensate for proteotoxic stress although a higher proteasome content. Two different zebrafish studies led to inner ear development anomalies as well as cataracts. PSMC3 proteasome subunit dysfunction leads to various neurological manifestations, early onset cataracts and deafness and suggest that Rpt5 plays a major role in inner ear, lens and central nervous system development.
A comparison of neuronal population dynamics measured with calcium imaging and electrophysiology
Authors: Wei Ziqiang , Lin Bei-Jung , Chen Tsai-Wen , Daie Kayvon , Svoboda Karel , Druckmann Shaul 
Published: November 2019

SummaryCalcium imaging with fluorescent protein sensors is widely used to record activity in neuronal populations. The transform between neural activity and calcium-related fluorescence involves nonlinearities and a low-pass filter, but the effects of the transformation on analyses of neural populations are not well understood. We compared neuronal spikes and fluorescence in matched neural populations in behaving mice. We report multiple discrepancies between analyses performed on the two types of data, which were only partially resolved by spike inference algorithms applied to fluorescence. To model the relation between spiking and fluorescence we simultaneously recorded spikes and fluorescence from individual neurons. Using these recordings we developed a model transforming spike trains to synthetic-imaging data. The model recapitulated the differences in analyses. Our analysis highlights challenges in relating electrophysiology and imaging data, and suggests forward modeling as an effective way to understand differences between these data.
Enzymatic degradation of RNA causes widespread protein aggregation in cell and tissue lysates
Authors: Aarum Johan , Cabrera Claudia P , Jones Tania A , Rajendran Shiron , Adiutori Rocco , Giovannoni Gavin , Barnes Michael R , Malaspina Andrea , Sheer Denise 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACTMost proteins in cell and tissue lysates are soluble. Here, we show that many of these proteins, including several that are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, are maintained in a soluble and functional state by association with endogenous RNA, as degradation of RNA invariably leads to protein aggregation. We identify the importance of nucleic acid structure, with single-stranded pyrimidine-rich bulges or loops surrounded by double-stranded regions being particularly efficient in this role, revealing an apparent one-to-one protein-nucleic acid stoichiometry. The relationship of these findings to pathological protein aggregation is suggested by our discovery that protein aggregates isolated from brain tissue from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis patients can be rendered soluble after refolding by both RNA and synthetic oligonucleotides. Together, these findings open new avenues for understanding the mechanism behind protein aggregation and shed light on how certain proteins remain soluble.
Targeted complement inhibition at synapses prevents microglial synaptic engulfment and synapse loss in demyelinating disease
Authors: Werneburg Sebastian , Jung Jonathan , Kunjamma Rejani B. , Ha Seung-Kwon , Luciano Nicholas J. , Willis Cory M. , Gao Guangping , Crocker Stephen J. , Popko Brian , Reich Daniel S. , Schafer Dorothy P. 
Published: November 2019

SummaryMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. While work has focused on axon loss in MS, far less is known about synaptic changes. Here, in striking similarity to other neurodegenerative diseases, we identify in postmortem human MS tissue and in nonhuman primate and mouse MS models profound synapse loss and microglial synaptic engulfment. These events can occur independently of local demyelination, neuronal degeneration, and peripheral immune cell infiltration, but coincide with gliosis and increased localization of complement component C3, but not C1q, at synapses. Finally, we use AAV9 to overexpress the complement inhibitor Crry at activated C3-bound synapses in mice and demonstrate robust protection of synapses and visual function. These results mechanistically dissect synapse loss as an early pathology in MS. We further provide a novel gene therapy approach to prevent synapse loss by microglia, which may be broadly applicable to other neurodegenerative diseases.
Advances in Spiral fMRI: A High-resolution Study with Single-shot Acquisition
Authors: Kasper Lars , Engel Maria , Heinzle Jakob , Mueller-Schrader Matthias , Graedel Nadine N. , Reber Jonas , Schmid Thomas , Barmet Christoph , Wilm Bertram J. , Stephan Klaas Enno , Pruessmann Klaas P. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSpiral fMRI has been put forward as a viable alternative to rectilinear echo-planar imaging, in particular due to its enhanced average k-space speed and thus high acquisition efficiency. This renders spirals attractive for contemporary fMRI applications that require high spatiotemporal resolution, such as laminar or columnar fMRI. However, in practice, spiral fMRI is typically hampered by its reduced robustness and ensuing blurring artifacts, which arise from imperfections in both static and dynamic magnetic fields.Recently, these limitations have been overcome by the concerted application of an expanded signal model that accounts for such field imperfections, and its inversion by iterative image reconstruction. In the challenging ultra-high field environment of 7 Tesla, where field inhomogeneity effects are aggravated, both multi-shot and single-shot 2D spiral imaging at sub-millimeter resolution was demonstrated with high depiction quality and anatomical congruency.In this work, we further these advances towards a time series application of spiral readouts, namely, single-shot spiral BOLD fMRI at 0.8 mm in-plane resolution. We demonstrate that high-resolution spiral fMRI at 7 T is not only feasible, but delivers both excellent image quality, BOLD sensitivity, and spatial specificity of the activation maps, with little artifactual blurring. Furthermore, we show the versatility of the approach with a combined in/out spiral readout at a more typical resolution (1.5 mm), where the high acquisition efficiency allows to acquire two images per shot for improved sensitivity by echo combination.HighlightsThis work reports the first fMRI study at 7T with high-resolution spiral readout gradient waveforms.We achieve spiral fMRI with sub-millimeter resolution (0.8 mm, FOV 230 mm), acquired in a single shot (36 slices in 3.3 s).Spiral images exhibit intrinsic geometric congruency to anatomical scans, and spatially specific activation patterns.Image reconstruction rests on a signal model expanded by measured trajectories and static field maps, inverted by cg-SENSE.We assess generalizability of the approach for spiral in/out readouts, providing two images per shot (1.5 mm resolution).