bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From alpha to beta functional and phylogenetic redundancy
Authors: Ricotta Carlo , Laroche Fabien , Szeidl László , Pavoine Sandrine 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Plot‐level redundancy or alpha redundancy is usually defined as the fraction of species diversity not expressed by functional or phylogenetic diversity. Redundancy is zero when all species in one plot are maximally dissimilar from each other. In contrast, redundancy tends to its maximum if the functional or phylogenetic differences between species tend to be minimal.

To explore the ecological drivers of community assembly, ecologists also use dissimilarity measures between pairs of plots (a component of beta diversity). Traditional dissimilarity measures summarize compositional differences between pairs of plots based either on species presence and absence data or on species abundances, thus attributing equal distinctiveness between any two species.

In the last decades a number of dissimilarity measures which incorporate information on functional or phylogenetic differences among species have been proposed. On the basis of such improved measures, we can define an index of beta redundancy for a pair of plots as the fraction of species dissimilarity not expressed by functional or phylogenetic dissimilarity.

A necessary condition to get a meaningful index of beta redundancy is that for a given pair of plots, the functional or phylogenetic dissimilarity is always lower or equal to the corresponding species dissimilarity. However, many of the existing indices of functional or phylogenetic dissimilarity can lead to values greater than for species dissimilarity.

The aim of this paper was thus to introduce a new family of tree‐based measures of phylogenetic and functional dissimilarity that conform to this requirement. To show the behaviour of the proposed measures, a worked example with data on Alpine vegetation is used.
Asian water buffalo: domestication, history and genetics
Authors: Zhang Y. , Colli L. , Barker J. S. F. 
Published: January 2020

SummaryThe domestic Asian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is found on all five continents, with a global population of some 202 million. The livelihoods of more people depend on this species than on any other domestic animal. The two distinct types (river and swamp) descended from different wild Asian water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) populations that diverged some 900 kyr BP and then evolved in separate geographical regions. After domestication in the western region of the Indian subcontinent (ca. 6300 years BP), the river buffalo spread west as far as Egypt, the Balkans and Italy. Conversely, after domestication in the China/Indochina border region ca. 3000–7000 years BP, swamp buffaloes dispersed through south‐east Asia and China as far as the Yangtze River valley. Molecular and morphological evidence indicates that swamp buffalo populations have strong geographic genetic differentiation and a lack of gene flow, but strong phenotypic uniformity. In contrast, river buffalo populations show a weaker phylogeographic structure, but higher phenotypic diversity (i.e. many breeds). The recent availability of a high‐quality reference genome and of a medium‐density marker panel for genotyping has triggered a number of genome‐wide investigations on diversity, evolutionary history, production traits and functional elements. The growing molecular knowledge combined with breeding programmes should pave the way to improvements in production, environmental adaptation and disease resistance in water buffalo populations worldwide.
Changes in the skeletal dimensions of the digits of the thoracic limb of Holstein cows after maturation
Authors: Oishi Motoharu , Kamijo Keiji , Iitani Kana , Sato Reiichiro , Yamada Kazutaka , Ichihara Nobutsune 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe 12 left digits of the thoracic limb of Holstein female cows were obtained from a slaughterhouse, and 13 linear measurements of skeletal specimens of the digits of the thoracic limb were used in this study. Bivariate plots, regressions and correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationships between osteometric data and age, and between osteometric data and body size. The geometric mean (GM) of the metacarpal size was used as a proxy of body weight. The results of the regression analysis demonstrated that the length and the width of the distal phalanx were significantly correlated with age, whereas those of other bones were not. In addition, the correlations of the distal phalanx tended to be higher with age than with the GM of the metacarpal size, and their skeletal measurements tended to be longer in older animals than in younger animals. These findings suggest that the distal phalanx is slightly elongated and enlarged in its solear aspect with increasing age in skeletally mature cows. Moreover, although the side difference in the distal phalanx between the lateral and medial digits did not increase significantly with age, the solear aspect of the distal phalanx tended to be rougher, and deformation of the flexor tubercle tended to be more pronounced in the medial digit compared with the lateral digit. Therefore, in the distal phalanx of the front feet, the skeletal deformation with age and asymmetrical bone development might be related to the pathogenesis of claw horn lesions, as in the hind feet.
Review of emotional intelligence in health care: an introduction to emotional intelligence for surgeons
Authors: Sharp Gary , Bourke Lorna , Rickard Matthew J. F. X. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this review is to explain the components of emotional intelligence (EI) and explore the benefits within today's health care system with an emphasis on surgery. EI is a person's ability to understand their own emotions and those of the individuals they interact with. Higher individual EI has multiple proposed benefits, such as reducing stress, burnout and increasing work satisfaction. The business world recognizes EI as beneficial in terms of performance and outcomes. Could surgeons benefit from being more cognisant of EI and methods of assessing and improving EI to reap the aforementioned benefits?MethodsA search of Embase, Cochrane and Medline databases using the following search terms; emotional intelligen*, surg*, medic* yielded 95 articles. After review of all the literature 39 remaining articles and five text books were included.ResultsTo perform optimally, surgeons must be aware of their own emotions and others. EI differs from IQ and can be taught, learnt and improved upon. EI is measured via validated self‐reporting questionnaires and ‘multi‐rater’ assessments. High EI is positively associated with leadership skills in surgeons, non‐technical skills, reduction in surgeon stress, burnout and increased job satisfaction, all of which translate to better patient relationships and care. Future implications of EI have been postulated as a measure of performance, a selection tool for training positions and a marker of burnout. EI should be an explicit part of contemporary surgical education and training.
Attenuation of fear‐conditioned analgesia in rats by monoacylglycerol lipase inhibition in the anterior cingulate cortex: Potential role for CB2 receptors
Authors: Corcoran Louise , Mattimoe Darragh , Roche Michelle , Finn David P. 
Published: January 2020

Background and PurposeImproved understanding of brain mechanisms regulating endogenous analgesia is important from a fundamental physiological perspective and for identification of novel therapeutic strategies for pain. The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in stress‐induced analgesia, including fear‐conditioned analgesia (FCA), a potent form of endogenous analgesia. Here, we studied the role of the endocannabinoid 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol (2‐AG) within the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC; a brain region implicated in the affective component of pain) in FCA in rats.Experimental ApproachFCA was modelled in male Lister‐hooded rats by assessing formalin‐evoked nociceptive behaviour in an arena previously paired with footshock. The effects of intra‐ACC administration of MJN110 (inhibitor of monoacylglycerol lipase [MGL], the primary enzyme catabolizing 2‐AG), AM630 (CB2 receptor antagonist), AM251 (CB1 receptor antagonist) or MJN110 + AM630 on FCA were assessed.Key ResultsMJN110 attenuated FCA when microinjected into the ACC, an effect associated with increased levels of 2‐AG in the ACC. This effect of MJN110 on FCA was unaltered by co‐administration of AM251 but was blocked by AM630, which alone reduced nociceptive behaviour in non‐fear‐conditioned rats. RT‐qPCR confirmed that mRNA encoding CB1 and CB2 receptors was detectable in the ACC of formalin‐injected rats and unchanged in those expressing FCA.Conclusion and ImplicationsThese results suggest that an MGL substrate in the ACC, likely 2‐AG, modulates FCA and that within the ACC, 2‐AG‐CB2 receptor signalling may suppress this form of endogenous analgesia. These results may facilitate increased understanding and improved treatment of pain‐ and fear‐related disorders and their co‐morbidity.
Sino‐nasal outcome test–22: Cross‐cultural adaptation and validation in Russian speaking patients
Authors: Eisenbach Netanel , Matot Sofi , Nemet Achia , Sela Eyal , Marshak Tal , Ronen Ohad 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a relatively common disease, which significantly affects the patient's quality of life (QoL). Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test–22 (SNOT‐22) is a QoL questionnaire, which allows quantifying patients' complaints. Our aim was to translate and validated the SNOT‐22 into the Russian language.MethodsTranslation and validation of SNOT‐22 questionnaire was performed through forward‐backward translation technique. After proper translation, the translated questionnaire was completed by CRS patients before and after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) and by healthy individuals as controls.ResultsThirty‐four native Russian‐speaking CRS patients completed the Russian version of the SNOT‐22 questionnaire before and after ESS. The internal consistency for reliability assessment was very good (mean Cronbach's alpha = 0.816 for CRS patients). Mean scores for the preoperative, postoperative and control groups were 67.6, 18.1 and 9.2, respectively (P < .001), showing validity and responsiveness of the questionnaire.ConclusionThe Russian version of the SNOT‐22 questionnaire is a valid outcome measure for patients with CRS.
Corporate social responsibility and cost of financing—The importance of the international corporate governance system
Authors: Desender Kurt A. , LópezPuertas‐Lamy Mónica , Pattitoni Pierpaolo , Petracci Barbara 
Published: January 2020

AbstractResearch Question/IssueOur study examines whether international corporate governance systems shape the relationship between a firm's engagement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) and their cost of financing (both equity and debt).Research Findings/InsightsUsing a large international sample, our findings reveal that although the link between CSR performance and the cost of equity is negative in a shareholder‐oriented system, this relationship is positive in a stakeholder‐oriented system. Furthermore, the link between CSR performance and the cost of debt is negative for firms that are close to default in both systems.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur study highlights the importance of considering the shareholder/stakeholder orientation at the country level to explain the link between CSR performance and the cost of financing. Our findings help to explain and place into context the previous mixed findings on the relationship between CSR and the cost of equity and debt and add to the debate about whether CSR is beneficial or detrimental to corporate governance.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThe analysis of how the country corporate governance system influences the effect of CSR performance on the cost of financing allows for a deeper understanding of how investors respond to CSR initiatives worldwide and offers managers, directors, and policy makers context‐specific recommendations. Our analysis also highlights the limitations of transferring insights regarding CSR from one corporate governance system to another.
Feasibility of ultrasound‐assisted catheter‐directed thrombolysis for submassive pulmonary embolism: A meta‐analysis of case series
Authors: Wu Jiayan , Chen Haiming , Yu Yongqin , Peng Lingsheng , Li Jieying , Liang Hengrui , Ba Manqing , Ruan Honglian , Hong Cheng 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundDuring the past few years, there has been a surge in the use of ultrasound‐assisted catheter‐directed thrombolysis (UACDT) for submassive pulmonary embolism (SPE). However, few studies evaluated the feasibility of UACDT for SPE. PurposeTo evaluate the feasibility of UACDT in treating SPE.MethodsA comprehensive search of online databases was performed. Search terms UACDT in SPE were entered into PubMed, Embase, Scopus and the Cochrane Library to identify related articles published until October 2018. A quality assessment and data extraction were performed by two researchers. Meta‐analysis was performed using R statistical software.ResultsTwelve studies with 485 patients were included in this meta‐analysis. The pooled right ventricular/left ventricular ratio decrease and pulmonary artery systolic pressure drop after treatment was −0.34 (95% CI: −0.43, −0.25) and −15.05 (95% CI: −18.10, −12.00) mm Hg, respectively. The pooled major bleeding rate was 1.0% (95% CI: 0.0%, 3.0%), and the in‐hospital mortality was 0.0% (95% CI: 0.0%, 1.0%).ConclusionThis up to data meta‐analysis confirms that UACDT is a feasible treatment for SPE.
A technique for the translocation of ant colonies and termite mounds to protect species and improve restoration efforts
Authors: King Timothy J. , Balfour Julia 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAnt colonies or termite mounds, particularly of rare species, sometimes require translocation for conservation of the species and their associated fauna. Translocations often increase the species richness of the receptor habitat. A wide range of appropriate grabs, causing least colony disturbance, can be fitted to maneuverable compact loaders. Compact loaders allow rapid nest transport between donor and receptor sites. We discuss the advantages of this technique. In this case a tree spade attached to a compact loader was used to rapidly insert occupied Lasius flavus ant‐hills into a recipient site 1 km away. The colonies had all survived 18 months later despite two lengthy droughts.
Socio‐economic status and mortality in people with type 1 diabetes in Scotland 2006–2015: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Campbell R. A. S. , Colhoun H. M. , Kennon B. , McCrimmon R. J. , Sattar N. , McKnight J. , Wild S. H ,   Scottish Diabetes Research Network Epidemiology Group
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimsTo describe the association between socio‐economic status and mortality in a nation‐wide cohort of people with type 1 diabetes in Scotland and to compare patterns over time and with the general population.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed using data for people with type 1 diabetes from a population‐based register linked to mortality records. Socio‐economic status was derived from quintiles of an area‐based measure: the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. Sex‐specific directly age‐standardized mortality rates for each Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile and rate ratios comparing the most vs least deprived quintile were calculated for two time periods: 2006–2010 and 2011–2015. Data for the population without type 1 diabetes between 2011 and 2015 were available for comparison.ResultsData for 3802 deaths among 33 547 people with type 1 diabetes were available. The age‐standardized mortality rate per 1000 person‐years decreased over time (from 2006–2010 to 2011–2015) for men and women with type 1 diabetes: 24.8 to 20.2 and 22.5 to 17.6, respectively. Mortality in populations with and without type 1 diabetes was generally higher for men than women and was inversely associated with socio‐economic status. Rate ratios for the most vs least deprived groups increased over time among people with type 1 diabetes (men: 2.49 to 2.81; women: 1.92 to 2.86) and were higher than among populations without type 1 diabetes in 2011–2015 (men: 2.06; women: 1.66).ConclusionsSocio‐economic deprivation was associated with a steeper mortality gradient in people with type 1 diabetes than in the population without type 1 diabetes in Scotland. Age‐standardized mortality has decreased over time but socio‐economic inequalities may be increasing.
Non‐attendance at diabetes outpatient appointments: a systematic review
Authors: Brewster S. , Bartholomew J. , Holt R. I. G. , Price H. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundNon‐attendance at diabetes outpatient appointments is a sizeable problem worldwide and has been associated with suboptimal health outcomes. We aimed to describe the characteristics, health outcomes and reasons given for non‐attendance at doctor‐ or nurse‐led diabetes appointments, and interventions to improve attendance.MethodsPubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and PsychInfo were searched from database inception to February 2019. Included articles were peer‐reviewed, published in English, related to adults or young people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and addressed one of the above aspects of non‐attendance. Studies were excluded if reporting on other types of diabetes or reviewing attendance at structured education, retinal screening, paediatric, antenatal, podiatry or dietetic clinics.ResultsThirty‐four studies of varied designs were identified (15 observational, 1 randomized control trial, 9 qualitative, 5 surveys, 4 service improvements). The definition of non‐attendance varied. Younger adults, smokers and those with financial pressures were less likely to attend. Non‐attendance was associated with higher HbA1c; other outcomes were varied but typically worse in non‐attenders. Reasons for non‐attendance in qualitative studies fell into three categories: balancing the costs and benefits of attendance, coping strategies, and the relationships between the person with diabetes and healthcare professionals. Interventions included appointment management strategies, service improvements, patient navigators and WebCam appointments.ConclusionsNon‐attendance is only partially explained by logistical issues. Qualitative studies suggest complex psychosocial factors are involved. Interventions have progressed from simple appointment reminders in an attempt to address some of the psycho‐social determinants, but more work is needed to improve attendance.
Racism en Route
Authors: Maluleke Tinyiko 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article argues that in Africa, the nature and advent of racism has to be traced back to the earliest encounters between Africans and Europeans, including the first seven centuries but especially during the slavery and colonial eras. Religion (notably Islam and Christianity), trade, education, culture, and “science” were important incubators and justifiers of racism, in earlier as well as recent times. The paper concludes by proposing some ways in which African theology can stay agile and keep pace with the resilient and adaptive forms of racism in contemporary Africa.
Racial Justice for the Windrush Generation in Great Britain
Authors: Reddie Anthony G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article argues that the experience of the “Windrush generation,” Black Caribbean post–Second World War migrants to the UK, has been one of constant struggle for racial justice. Living in Britain has been undertaken against the backdrop of a Mission Christianity that has exuded a distinct anti‐Blackness in its relationship with Black bodies across four centuries. This particular dynamic of “Christian Britain” has created a framework that has helped to shape the agency of Black bodies, essentially marking them as “less than.” This theo‐cultural framework has led to a racialized existence for Black British people of the Windrush generation and their descendants. The Christianity that has emerged from the Black Caribbean experience constantly challenges White British Christianity to express an anti‐racist and more inclusive model of liberative praxis. This paper is written against the backdrop of the Brexit furore in Britain and the xenophobia and rise in racist attacks that have underpinned the rise in White British nationalism.
Sagittal plane slab fractures of the third carpal bone in 45 racing Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Tallon Rose , O’Neill Henry , Bladon Bruce 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundSagittal plane slab fractures of the third carpal bone are a recognised injury in the racehorse. Currently no published data exist for the UK Thoroughbred racehorse population.ObjectivesTo document return to racing following sagittal slab fracture of the third carpal bone in a UK‐based racehorse population, and to compare conservative and surgical management.Study designSingle centre retrospective study.MethodsComputerised medical and racing records were searched over a 15‐year period for Thoroughbred racehorses with a simple sagittal slab fracture of the third carpal bone. Horses with comminuted fractures and short incomplete linear lucencies were excluded. Time from intervention to next race was recorded. Success rates were compared by Fisher's Exact Test and Mann‐WhitneyUTest.ResultsForty‐seven horses, with 49 fractures met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 27 horses raced following injury (60%). Median time to first start was 251 days (115‐600, IQR 109). Fifteen horses with 16 fractures were managed conservatively. Seven horses (47%) raced, 115‐508 days following injury (median 240 days, IQR 306). Thirty horses underwent surgery; this involved placement of a single 3.5‐mm lag screw under arthroscopic guidance. Twenty horses (67%) raced again 145‐600 days following surgery (median 264 days, IQR 102). A higher proportion of horses managed surgically improved their Racing Post Rating (RPR) following injury (14/20), compared with those managed conservatively (1/7,P = .02).Main limitationsThe numbers of horses are small, particularly for those managed conservatively. Treatment was not randomly allocated, and as such several horses which underwent conservative management were subsequently retired for breeding.ConclusionsThis case series indicates that both arthroscopic repair and conservative management of sagittal slab fractures of the third carpal bone allows horses to successfully return to training and racing.