bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning to predict pain: differences in people with persistent neck pain and pain-free controls
Authors: Harvie Daniel S. , Weermeijer Jeroen D. , Olthof Nick A. , Meulders Ann 
Published: June 2020

Background
Learning to predict threatening events enables an organism to engage in protective behavior and prevent harm. Failure to differentiate between cues that truly predict danger and those that do not, however, may lead to indiscriminate fear and avoidance behaviors, which in turn may contribute to disability in people with persistent pain. We aimed to test whether people with persistent neck pain exhibit contingency learning deficits in predicting pain relative to pain-free, gender-and age-matched controls.

Method
We developed a differential predictive learning task with a neck pain-relevant scenario. During the acquisition phase, images displaying two distinct neck positions were presented and participants were asked to predict whether these neck positions would lead to pain in a fictive patient with persistent neck pain (see fictive patient scenario details in Appendix A). After participants gave their pain-expectancy judgment in the hypothetical scenario, the verbal outcome (PAIN or NO PAIN) was shown on the screen. One image (CS+) was followed by the outcome “PAIN”, while another image (CS−) was followed by the outcome “NO PAIN”. During the generalization phase, novel but related images depicting neck positions along a continuum between the CS+ and CS− images (generalization stimuli; GSs) were introduced to assess the generalization of acquired predictive learning to the novel images; the GSs were always followed by the verbal outcome “NOTES UNREADABLE” to prevent extinction learning. Finally, an extinction phase was included in which all images were followed by “NO PAIN” assessing the persistence of pain-expectancy judgments following disconfirming information.

Results
Differential pain-expectancy learning was reduced in people with neck pain relative to controls, resulting from patients giving significantly lower pain-expectancy judgments for the CS+, and significantly higher pain-expectancy judgments for the CS−. People with neck pain also demonstrated flatter generalization gradients relative to controls. No differences in extinction were noted.

Discussion
The results support the hypothesis that people with persistent neck pain exhibit reduced differential pain-expectancy learning and flatter generalization gradients, reflecting deficits in predictive learning. Contrary to our hypothesis, no differences in extinction were found. These findings may be relevant to understanding behavioral aspects of chronic pain.
Closteroviridae
Authors: Candresse Thierry , Fuchs Marc 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

In memoriam:
This chapter is dedicated to the memory of our friend and colleague Professor Giovanni Paolo Martelli, former chair of the Closteroviridae Study Group and life member of the ICTV, who passed away in January 2020.

Closteroviridae is a family of plant viruses with filamentous, helically constructed particles showing distinct cross‐banding and varying in length from 650 nm (species with fragmented genome) to over 2000 nm (species with monopartite genome). The genome is a single‐stranded, positive‐sense ribonucleic acid, with size varying from 13 000 to nearly 19 000 nucleotides, thus being among the largest known for plant viruses. The family comprises four genera,
Closterovirus
,
Ampelovirus
,
Crinivirus
and
Velarivirus
, which differ in genome type (monopartite, bipartite or tripartite) and size, and in epidemiological behaviour. Closteroviruses are transmitted by aphids; ampeloviruses by pseudococcid mealybugs and soft scale insects and criniviruses by whiteflies, all with a semipersistent modality. No vectors are known for velariviruses. These viruses are mostly phloem‐restricted and are pathogenic to a wide range of herbaceous and woody crops, to which they may cause extensive damage. Control is based on preventive measures such as sanitary selection, sanitation and development of resistant cultivars, primarily through conventional breeding.

Key Concepts

Closteroviridae is a growing family of plant viruses with currently four genera.

All members of the family have filamentous virions with open particle structures and distinct cross‐banding.

Closteroviral genomes are among the largest for plant viruses and are highly diversified also within each genus.

The family represents a monophyletic lineage that has evolved in a modular way.

A characterising trait of three genera (
Closterovirus, Ampelovirus
and
Crinivirus
) is the type of vectors that mediate transmission from host to host.

Virus particles are primarily restricted to the phloem from where they are acquired by the vectors.

Virus dissemination over long distances is mediated by infected propagative material, rather than vectors.

Most members of the family have a restricted natural host range.

Disease control relies on preventive measures aimed at reducing vector populations and sources of inoculum.

Sanitary selection and sanitation are efficient means for producing certified stocks.
Escherichia Coliand the Development of Bacterial Genetics
Authors: Cupples Claire G 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGenetic analysis of bacteriophage and bacteria, particularlyEscherichia coli, was a key to identifying DNA as the genetic material in the middle of the twentieth century, laying the foundations for the modern science of molecular biology in the process. Key experiments have become textbook classics, and most of those who performed them won Nobel Prizes for their work. The techniques that they developed, particularly conjugation and transduction, are still used in bacterial strain construction and for mapping of mutant genes. The advantages of large population size and rapid growth, combined with modern techniques of genome sequencing, the use of green fluorescent protein to measure gene expression and protein localisation, and one‐step strain construction will ensure thatEscherichia coliremains central to answering the big biological questions of the twenty‐first century.Key ConceptsEscherichia coliand bacteriophage genetics enabled the identification of DNA as the genetic material in the mid‐twentieth century.Key experiments conducted by Luria and Delbrück; Hershey and Chase; Avery, MacLeod and McCarty are textbook classics.The first step towards understanding how gene expression is controlled came from Jacob and Monod's genetic studies of theEscherichia coli lacoperon.The genetic techniques of sexual conjugation and bacteriophage‐mediated transduction, pioneered by Joshua and Esther Lederberg, were the primary tools for chromosomal gene mapping and strain construction inEscherichia coliuntil recently.Well‐characterised genetics combined with large population numbers and rapid growth ensure thatEscherichia coliwill remain a favourite model organism for scientists tackling the big biological questions of the twenty‐first century.
Individual differences in echocardiography: Visual object recognition ability predicts cue utilization
Authors: Carrigan Ann J. , Stoodley Paul , Fernandez Fernando , Sunday Mackenzie A. , Wiggins Mark W. 
Published: June 2020

SummaryEchocardiographers are highly specialised, skilled practitioners who play a critical role in medical imaging diagnostics. Yet, little is known about the cognitive and perceptual attributes of experts within this domain. This study was designed to examine the role of individual differences in expertise. Specifically, the contribution of a domain general visual expertise and pattern recognition, or cue utilization. Data were collected from 42 echocardiographers and 43 naïve participants. All of the participants competed the Novel Object Memory Test (NOMT). When compared, the echocardiographers were more accurate than the naïve participants. The echocardiographers also completed an echocardiography edition of the Expert Intensive Skills Evaluation 2.0, to establish behavioral indicators of context‐related cue utilization. Those with relatively higher cue utilization performed more accurately on the NOMT, controlling for exposure. These results suggest that a general perceptual ability contributes to echocardiography potential and a sensitivity to cue‐based learning may contribute to expertise.
Bio‐Inspired Stretchable, Adhesive, and Conductive Structural Color Film for Visually Flexible Electronics
Authors: Wang Yu , Yu Yunru , Guo Jiahui , Zhang Zhuohao , Zhang Xiaoxuan , Zhao Yuanjin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe rapid progress in flexible electronic devices has attracted immense interest in many applications, such as health monitoring devices, sensory skins, and implantable apparatus. Here, inspired by the adhesion features of mussels and the color shift mechanism of chameleons, a novel stretchable, adhesive, and conductive structural color film is presented for visually flexible electronics. The film is generated by adding a conductive carbon nanotubes polydopamine (PDA) filler into an elastic polyurethane (PU) inverse opal scaffold. Owing to the brilliant flexibility and inverse opal structure of the PU layer, the film shows stable stretchability and brilliant structural color. Besides, the catechol groups on PDA impart the film with high tissue adhesiveness and self‐healing capability. Notably, because of its responsiveness, the resultant film is endowed with color‐changing ability that responds to motions, which can function as dual‐signal soft human‐motion sensors for real‐time color‐sensing and electrical signal monitoring. These features make the bio‐inspired hydrogel‐based electronics highly potential in the flexible electronics field.
Nitrogen Doping Improves the Immobilization and Catalytic Effects of Co9S8 in Li‐S Batteries
Authors: Liu Yuping , Ma Shuangying , Liu Lifeng , Koch Julian , Rosebrock Marina , Li Taoran , Bettels Frederik , He Tao , Pfnür Herbert , Bigall Nadja C. , Feldhoff Armin , Ding Fei , Zhang Lin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSeveral critical issues, such as the shuttling effect and the sluggish reaction kinetics, exist in the design of high‐performance lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. Here, it is reported that nitrogen doping can simultaneously and significantly improve both the immobilization and catalyzation effects of Co9S8 nanoparticles in Li‐S batteries. Combining the theoretical calculations with experimental investigations, it is revealed that nitrogen atoms can increase the binding energies between LiPSs and Co9S8, and as well as alleviate the sluggish kinetics of Li‐S chemistry in the Li2S6 cathode. The same effects are also observed when adding N‐Co9S8 nanoparticles into the commercial Li2S cathode (which has various intrinsic advantages, but unfortunately a high overpotential). A remarkable improvement in the battery performances in both cases is observed. The work brings heteroatom‐doped Co9S8 to the attention of designing high‐performance Li‐S batteries. A fundamental understanding of the inhibition of LiPSs shuttle and the catalytic effect of Li2S in the newly developed system may encourage more effort along this interesting direction.
Identifying the Origin of Ti3+ Activity toward Enhanced Electrocatalytic N2 Reduction over TiO2 Nanoparticles Modulated by Mixed‐Valent Copper
Authors: Wu Tongwei , Zhao Haitao , Zhu Xiaojuan , Xing Zhe , Liu Qian , Liu Tong , Gao Shuyan , Lu Siyu , Chen Guang , Asiri Abdullah M. , Zhang Yanning , Sun Xuping 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe ambient electrocatalytic N2 reduction reaction (NRR) enabled by TiO2 has attracted extensive recent attention. Previous studies suggest the formation of Ti3+ in TiO2 can significantly improve the NRR activity, but it still remains unclear what kinds of Ti3+ are effective. Herein, it is demonstrated that mixed‐valent Cu acts as an effective dopant to modulate the oxygen vacancy (VO) concentration and Ti3+ formation, which markedly improves the electrocatalytic NRR performance. In 0.5 m LiClO4, this electrocatalyst attains a high Faradic efficiency of 21.99% and a large NH3 yield of 21.31 µg h−1 mgcat.−1 at –0.55 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode, which even surpasses most reported Ti‐based NRR electrocatalysts. Using density function theory calculations, it is evidenced that mixed‐valent Cu ions modulate the TiO2 (101) surface with multiple oxygen vacancies, which is beneficial for generating different Ti3+ 3d1 defect states localized below the Fermi energy. N2 activation and adsorption are effectively strengthened when Ti3+ 3d1 defect states present the splitting of eg and t2g orbitals, which can be modulated by its coordination structure. The synergistic roles of the three ion pairs formed by the VO defect, including Cu1+–Ti4+, Ti3+–Ti4+ and Ti3+–Ti3+, are together responsible for the enhanced NRR performance.
Vanishing Cantilever Calibration Error with Magic Ratio Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Sheridan Richard J. , Collinson David W. , Brinson L. Catherine 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAn analysis is presented of the error propagation through a simplified contact model for atomic force microscopy (AFM) static force spectroscopy, one that is meant to be intuitive and pedagogically informative rather than maximally realistic. It is shown that an important dimensionless ratio appears in several critical locations in the closed form error equation, and that under common calibration methods there exists a ``magic'' ratio where an important class of systematic calibration errors cancel out completely. This argument is extended to more complex contact models and the presence of a magic ratio is demonstrated using real data. A method is shown to identify and operate at optimal conditions in commercial AFMs. Targeting this magic ratio provides a simple, comprehensive guideline for cantilever selection, system calibration, and imaging parameter selection.
Lithium Difluorophosphate‐Based Dual‐Salt Low Concentration Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Zheng Hao , Xiang Hongfa , Jiang Fuyang , Liu Yongchao , Sun Yi , Liang Xin , Feng Yuezhan , Yu Yan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe safety hazards and low Coulombic efficiency originating from the growth of lithium dendrites and decomposition of the electrolyte restrict the practical application of Li metal batteries (LMBs). Inspired by the low cost of low concentration electrolytes (LCEs) in industrial applications, dual‐salt LCEs employing 0.1 m Li difluorophosphate (LiDFP) and 0.4 m LiBOB/LiFSI/LiTFSI are proposed to construct a robust and conductive interphase on a Li metal anode. Compared with the conventional electrolyte using 1 m LiPF6, the ionic conductivity of LCEs is reduced but the conductivity decrement of the separator immersed in LCEs is moderate, especially for the LiDFP–LiFSI and LiDFP–LiTFSI electrolytes. The accurate Coulombic efficiency (CE) of the Li||Cu cells increases from 83.3% (electrolyte using 1 m LiPF6) to 97.6%, 94.5%, and 93.6% for LiDFP–LiBOB, LiDFP–LiFSI, and LiDFP–LiTFSI electrolytes, respectively. The capacity retention of Li||LiFePO4 cells using the LiDFP–LiBOB electrolyte reaches 95.4% along with a CE over 99.8% after 300 cycles at a current density of 2.0 mA cm−2 and the capacity reaches 103.7 mAh g−1 at a current density of up to 16.0 mA cm−2. This work provides a dual‐salt LCE for practical LMBs and presents a new perspective for the design of electrolytes for LMBs.
Role of surgery in multidisciplinary treatment strategies for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Saeki Hiroshi , Sohda Makoto , Sakai Makoto , Sano Akihiko , Shirabe Ken 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe reviewed the current status and future perspectives regarding the role of surgery in multidisciplinary treatment strategies for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The treatment and management of ESCC have been improved by dramatic advances in diagnostic techniques and the development of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. The current standard treatment for locally advanced ESCC is preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgery in Japan, whereas preoperative chemoradiotherapy is a globally recommended approach. Differences of recognition regarding the role for surgery between Japan and many Western countries may have created peculiar preferences for preoperative therapy. The clinical significance of conversion strategy and salvage surgery for patients with ESCC should be further evaluated in terms of curability and safety. Although strategies to identify patients who would benefit from preoperative therapy are strongly required to avoid performing unnecessary treatment, it remains difficult to predict the efficacy of preoperative therapy prior to treatment. Prospective clinical trials and basic research to identify predictive biomarkers for response to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy are needed to promote the development of multidisciplinary treatment strategies for patients with ESCC.
Does exposure to workplace hazards cluster by occupational or sociodemographic characteristics? An analysis of foreign‐born workers in Australia
Authors: Gosselin Anne , Daly Alison , El Zaemey Sonia , Fritschi Lin , Glass Deborah , Perez Elena Ronda , Reid Alison 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundDisparities in exposure to occupational hazards may be linked to social position as well as the type of job a person holds. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of exposure to workplace hazards among three migrant worker groups and to assess whether social disparities in exposure for these groups remain after adjusting for occupational characteristics.MethodsData were collected in 2017/2018 from 1630 Australian workers born in New Zealand, India, and the Philippines. Weighted estimated prevalence of exposure to 10 carcinogens and four psychosocial hazards (discrimination, job strain, vulnerability, and insecurity) was calculated for sociodemographics and occupation. Regression estimated the likelihood of exposure by sociodemographics after adjustment for occupational characteristics.ResultsExposure to workplace hazards ranged from 11.7% (discrimination) to 61.2% (exposed to at least one carcinogen). Compared with workers born in India, New Zealand born workers were over twice as likely to be exposed to diesel engine exhaust (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.60) and 60% more likely to be exposed to at least one carcinogen (aOR = 1.60) but less likely to be exposed to any psychosocial hazard. Social disparities by country of birth, sex, age, education, and number of years in Australia, as well as company size, employment type, and hours, worked remained associated with greater likelihood of reporting one or more workplace hazards after adjusting for occupational characteristics.ConclusionExamining sociodemographic as well as occupational characteristics helps to clarify groups most likely to be exposed to workplace hazards who can be hidden when examining occupational characteristics alone.
Treatment of post‐viral olfactory dysfunction: an evidence‐based review with recommendations
Authors: Hura Nanki , Xie Deborah X. , Choby Garret W. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Orlov Cinthia P. , Seal Stella M. , Rowan Nicholas R. 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundPost‐viral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) is one of the most common causes of olfactory loss. Despite its prevalence, optimal treatment strategies remain unclear. This article provides a comprehensive review of PVOD treatment options and provides evidence‐based recommendations for their use.MethodsA systematic review of the Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases was completed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies with defined olfactory outcomes of patients treated for PVOD following medical, surgical, acupuncture, or olfactory training interventions were included. The Clinical Practice Guideline Development Manual and Conference on Guideline Standardization (COGS) instrument recommendations were followed in accordance with a previously described, rigorous, iterative process to create an evidence‐based review with recommendations.ResultsFrom 552 initial candidate articles, 36 studies with data for 2183 patients with PVOD were ultimately included. The most common method to assess olfactory outcomes was Sniffin’ Sticks. Broad treatment categories included: olfactory training, systemic steroids, topical therapies, a variety of heterogeneous non‐steroidal oral medications, and acupuncture.ConclusionBased on the available evidence, olfactory training is a recommendation for the treatment of PVOD. The use of short‐term systemic and/or topical steroids is an option in select patients after careful consideration of potential risks of oral steroids. Though some pharmacological investigations offer promising preliminary results for systemic and topical medications alike, a paucity of high‐quality studies limits the ability to make meaningful evidence‐based recommendations for the use of these therapies for the treatment of PVOD.
How can population‐based studies best be utilized to reduce the global impact of dementia? Recommendations for researchers, funders, and policymakers
Authors: Stephan Blossom C. M. , Siervo Mario , Brayne Carol 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the last two decades, there has been in‐depth investigation into understanding the pathogenesis, epidemiological profiling, and clinical characterization of dementia. However, these investigations have not led to successful interventions to prevent, delay, or reverse the pathological processes underlying dementia. Recent findings of a decrease in dementia risk in high‐income countries such as the UK, USA and the Netherlands highlight that dementia, at least in some cases, is preventable. This article includes a synthesis of current knowledge on dementia epidemiology, biological underpinnings, risk factors, and current prevention programs, with the aim to set the path for research, funding, and policy initiatives to address the global public health challenge of how to prevent dementia or reduce risk within the framework of population‐based studies. We advocate for development of novel approaches for intelligent data synthesis that go well beyond single approaches to enable powerful risk stratification analyses. An integrated approach is needed where researchers, funders, policymakers, and stakeholders contribute to and work together to formulate effective strategies for the global monitoring and development of population‐based risk reduction, treatment, and prevention programs for dementia.
A High Performing Zn‐Ion Battery Cathode Enabled by In Situ Transformation of V2O5 Atomic Layers
Authors: Lu Yanying , Zhu Tianyu , van den Bergh Wessel , Stefik Morgan , Huang Kevin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractDeveloping high capacity and stable cathodes is a key to successful commercialization of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries (ZIBs). Pure layered V2O5 has a high theoretical capacity (585 mAh g−1), but it suffers severe capacity decay. Pre‐inserting cations into V2O5 can substantially stabilize the performance, but at an expense of lowered capacity. Here we show that an atomic layer deposition derived V2O5 can be an excellent ZIB cathode with high capacity and exceptional cycle stability at once. We report a rapid in situ on‐site transformation of V2O5 atomic layers into Zn3V2O7(OH)2⋅2 H2O (ZVO) nanoflake clusters, also a known Zn‐ion and proton intercalatable material. High concentration of reactive sites, strong bonding to the conductive substrate, nanosized thickness and binder‐free composition facilitate ionic transport and promote the best utilization of the active material. We also provide new insights into the V2O5‐dissolution mechanisms for different Zn‐salt aqueous electrolytes and their implications to the cycle stability.