bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unilateral intranigral administration of β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside triggers pathological α-synuclein spreading and bilateral nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the rat
Authors: Soto-Rojas Luis O. , Martínez-Dávila Irma A. , Luna-Herrera Claudia , Gutierrez-Castillo María E. , Lopez-Salas Francisco E. , Gatica-Garcia Bismark , Soto-Rodriguez Guadalupe , Bringas Tobon María Elena , Flores Gonzalo , Padilla-Viveros America , Bañuelos Cecilia , Blanco-Alvarez Víctor Manuel , Dávila-Ayala José , Reyes-Corona David , Garcés-Ramírez Linda , Hidalgo-Alegria Oriana , De La Cruz-lópez Fidel , Martinez-Fong Daniel 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe spreading and accumulation of α-synuclein and dopaminergic neurodegeneration, two hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease (PD), have been faithfully reproduced in rodent brains by chronic, oral administration of β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside (BSSG). We investigated whether a single injection of BSSG (6 μg BSSG/μL DMSO) in the left substantia nigra of Wistar rats causes the same effects. Mock DMSO injections and untreated rats formed control groups. We performed immunostainings against the pathological α-synuclein, the dopaminergic marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the neuroskeleton marker β-III tubulin, the neurotensin receptor type 1 (NTSR1) as non-dopaminergic phenotype marker and Fluro-Jade C (F-J C) label for neurodegeneration. Using β-galactosidase (β-Gal) assay and active caspase-3 immunostaining, we assessed cell death mechanisms. Golgi-Cox staining was used to measure the density and types of dendritic spines of striatal medium spiny neurons. Motor and non-motor alterations were also evaluated. The study period comprised 15 to 120 days after the lesion. In the injured substantia nigra, BSSG caused a progressive α-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration caused by senescence and apoptosis. The α-synuclein immunoreactivity was also present within microglia cells. Decreased density of dopaminergic fibers and dendritic spines also occurred in the striatum. Remarkably, all the histopathological changes also appeared on the contralateral nigrostriatal system, and α-synuclein aggregates were present in other brain regions. Motor and non-motor behavioral alterations were progressive. Our data show that the stereotaxic BSSG administration reproduces PD α-synucleinopathy phenotype in the rat. This approach will aid in identifying the spread mechanism of α-synuclein pathology and validate anti-synucleinopathy therapies.
Adoption of pro-environmental behaviors among farmers: application of Value–Belief–Norm theory
Authors: Rezaei-Moghaddam Kurosh , Vatankhah Nasim , Ajili Abdolazim 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
The clean and pro-environmental technologies are one of the crucial instruments to produce healthy food without any chemicals. Recycling the agricultural residues by composting them is a clean and pro-environmental technology. Local rich compost as a clean and pro-environmental technology is the factor which strengthens agricultural soils in terms of organic materials and healthier crops production. The current study aims to analyze farmers’ pro-environmental behaviors concerning the adoption of clean technology of local rich compost in Fars province, the south of Iran, in order to protect soil and produce healthy crops.

Methodology
The statistical society of the study includes the farmers who produce and adopt the technology of local rich compost in this province. The sample included 130 framers from 30 villages of Fars counties. The study was conducted by multi-stage random sampling and the data were gathered through a survey using questionnaires.

Results
Given the results, the most pro-environmental behaviors among the farmers are the environmental activism behavior. Therefore, among the pro-environmental behaviors, they intend to attend extension classes and join the farmers’ groups more. The average of chemical fertilizers consumption decreased significantly after adoption of the local rich compost.

Conclusion
Based on the study model, “perceived behavioral control”, “social and moral norms”, as well as “extension education” had a significant effect on the farmers’ intent to continue to produce the clean and pro-environmental technologies. The current study presents some recommendations for adoption of the clean and pro-environmental technologies.
Antimicrobials administration time in patients with suspected sepsis: is faster better? An analysis by propensity score
Authors: Ascuntar Johana , Mendoza Deibie , Jaimes Fabián 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Early use of antimicrobials is a critical intervention in the treatment of patients with sepsis. The exact time of initiation is controversial and its early administration may be a difficult task in crowded emergency departments (ED). The aim of this study was to estimate, using a matched propensity score, the effect on hospital mortality of administration of antimicrobials within 1 or 3 hours, in patients admitted to the ED with sepsis.

Methods
This was a secondary analysis of a multicenter prospective cohort. Patients included in the study were older than 18 years, hospitalized between 2014 and 2016 with suspected sepsis, and admitted to ED of three tertiary care university hospitals in Medellín, Colombia. A propensity score analysis for administration of antimicrobials, both within 1 and 3 h of admission by the ED, was fitted with 28 variables related with clinical attention and physiological changes. As a sensitivity analysis, a logistic regression model was fitted for antimicrobial use adjusted both by propensity score and confounding variables.

Results
The study cohort was composed of 2454 patients with a median age of 62 years (IQR = 46–74). Among them, 32% (n = 781) received antibiotics within 3 h and 14% (n = 340) within the first hour. The main diagnoses were urinary tract infection (28%, n = 682) and pneumonia (27%, n = 671). Blood cultures were obtained in 87% (n = 2140) and yielded positive in 29% (n = 629), mainly with Escherichia coli (37%, n = 230), Staphylococcus aureus (21%, n = 132), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.2%, n = 64). The hospital mortality rate was 11.5% (n = 283). There were no significant differences in mortality, after adjustment, using antimicrobials either in the first hour (OR 1.03; 95% CI = 0.63; 1.70) or 3 h (OR 0.85; 95% CI = 0.61; 1.20). There were no changes with different models for sensitivity analysis.

Conclusions
Despite the obvious constraints given for sample size and residual confounding, our results suggest that we need a more comprehensive approach to sepsis and its treatment, considering early detection, multiple interventions, and goals beyond the simple time-to-antimicrobials.
Tree diversity effects on forest productivity increase through time because of spatial partitioning
Authors: Tatsumi Shinichi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Experimental manipulations of tree diversity have often found overyielding in mixed-species plantations. While most experiments are still in the early stages of stand development, the impacts of tree diversity are expected to accumulate over time. Here, I present findings from a 31-year-old tree diversity experiment (as of 2018) in Japan.

Results
I find that the net diversity effect on stand biomass increased linearly through time. The species mixture achieved 64% greater biomass than the average monoculture biomass 31 years after planting. The complementarity effect was positive and increased exponentially with time. The selection effect was negative and decreased exponentially with time. In the early stages (≤ 3 years), the positive complementarity effect was explained by enhanced growths of early- and mid-successional species in the mixture. Later on (≥ 15 years), it was explained by their increased survival rates owing to vertical spatial partitioning — i.e. alleviation of self-thinning via canopy stratification. The negative selection effect resulted from suppressed growths of late-successional species in the bottom layer.

Conclusions
The experiment provides pioneering evidence that the positive impacts of diversity-driven spatial partitioning on forest biomass can accumulate over multiple decades. The results indicate that forest biomass production and carbon sequestration can be enhanced by multispecies afforestation strategies.
Chitosan hydrogel encapsulated with LL-37 peptide promotes deep tissue injury healing in a mouse model
Authors: Yang Xu , Guo Jing-Lin , Han Jing , Si Rui-Juan , Liu Pan-Pan , Zhang Zi-Rui , Wang Ai-Min , Zhang Ju 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
LL-37 peptide is a member of the human cathelicidin family, and has been shown to promote the healing of pressure ulcers. However, the low stability of this peptide within the wound environment limits its clinical use. Chitosan (CS) hydrogel is commonly used as a base material for wound dressing material.

Methods
CS hydrogel (2.5% w/v) was encapsulated with LL-37. Cytotoxicity of the product was examined in cultured NIH3T3 fibroblasts. Effects on immune response was examined by measuring tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release from RAW 264.7 macrophages upon exposure to lipopolysaccharides. Antibacterial activity was assessed using Staphylococcus aureus. Potential effect on pressure ulcers was examined using a mouse model. Briefly, adult male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to skin pressure using magnets under a 12/12 h schedule for 21 days. Mice were randomized to receive naked LL-37 (20 μg), chitosan gel containing 20-μg LL-37 (LL-37/CS hydrogel) or hydrogel alone under the ulcer bed (n = 6). A group of mice receiving no intervention was also included as a control.

Results
LL-37/CS hydrogel did not affect NIH3T3 cell viability. At a concentration of 1–5 μg/ml, LL-37/CS inhibited TNF-α release from macrophage. At 5 μg/ml, LL-37/CS inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The area of the pressure ulcers was significantly lower in mice receiving LL-37/CS hydrogel in comparison to all other 3 groups on days 11 (84.24% ± 0.25%), 13 (56.22% ± 3.91%) and 15 (48.12% ± 0.28%). Histological examination on days 15 and 21 showed increased epithelial thickness and density of newly-formed capillary with naked LL-37 and more so with LL-37/CS. The expression of key macromolecules in the process of angiogenesis (i.e., hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A)) in wound tissue was increased at both the mRNA and protein levels.

Conclusion
Chitosan hydrogel encapsulated with LL-37 is biocompatible and could promote the healing of pressure ulcers.
Cross cultural adaptation and validation of burn specific health scale- brief in Nepali (BSHS-B-Np)
Authors: Shakya Regan , Manandhar Misu , Dangol Roshan , Shrestha Archana 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Burns are a global health problem affecting the survivors and disrupting many aspects of their lives. It is the second most common injury in rural Nepal accounting 5% of disabilities. Burn Specific Health Scale (BSHS) is a valid and most commonly used tool to measure Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) of the patient with Burns. BSHS- B (Brief) has been translated, culturally adapted and validated in multiple languages but not in Nepali. Therefore we aim to translate, culturally adapt and validate the BSHS-B in Nepali language (BSHS-B-Np).

Methods
Standard guideline was followed to translate the scale into Nepali language. One hundred eleven participants were evaluated to establish the psychometric properties of BSHS-B-Np. Internal consistency, test retest, content validity, discriminant validity and construct validity were assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, Interclass correlation coefficient, Factor analysis, Spearman rank test, and Mann- Whitney U test respectively.

Results
The Cronbach’s alpha for BSHS-B-Np was 0.93. Test retest inter-class correlation coefficient was between 0.92 and 0.98. The principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation resulted in separation of nine factors explaining 75.19% of total variance. BSHS-B-Np showed good discriminant validity in 35 out of 36 domain correlations confirming the construct of the scale. Furthermore, the scale was able to discriminate between face, upper limb and lower limb injury (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
BSHS-B-Np is a reliable and valid scale for Nepali burns survivors to assess their health related quality of life.
Pan bread quality as affected by some nano and fermented-nano food industries by-products
Authors: Yousif El-Sayed I. , Yaseen Attia A. , Abdel-Fatah Abdel-Fatah A. , Shouk Abdel-Hafeez A. , Gadlla Mohamed G. , Mohammad Ayman A. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundRapid development of nanotechnology is expected to transform many areas of food technology with increasing investment and market share. Also, phytochemical-rich foods have attracted consumer’s attention due to their ability to promote benefits for human health. So, in this study, the suitability of some food industry by-products [nano-wheat bran (NWB), nano-wheat germ (NWG), fermented nano-rice bran (FNRB), fermented nano-carrot pomace (FNCP), and fermented nano-pomegranate peel (FNPP)] as supplements for pan bread was investigated.ResultsLoaf volume significantly (p≤ 0.05) decreased, while loaf weight increased by increasing the level of all tested materials as compared to control bread. Hardness and chewiness of bread samples increased, while springiness and cohesiveness decreased by increasing the level of replacement of all nano-materials. The control bread had the lowest value of alkaline water retention capacity (AWRC) being 326, 292, 265, and 237%, respectively for 3, 24, 48, and 72 h of storage time at room temperature. At all levels of replacing, noticeable increase of AWRC was detected as well as retarding staling rate of bread during storage.ConclusionThe sensory evaluation results of bread indicated that functional pan bread with acceptable quality could be prepared from NWB, NWG, and FNRB up to 15% and FNCB and FNPP up to 5% replacement level.
Methane potential and degradation kinetics of fresh and excavated municipal solid waste from a tropical landfill in Colombia
Authors: Sandoval-Cobo John J. , Casallas-Ojeda Miguel R. , Carabalí-Orejuela Lina , Muñoz-Chávez Anyi , Caicedo-Concha Diana M. , Marmolejo-Rebellón Luis F. , Torres-Lozada Patricia 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe optimization of degradation processes and the management of leachate and biogas produced in landfills are key aspects for the establishment of more sustainable municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal in developing countries. In this study, biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests were used to evaluate CH4 production potential and degradation kinetics of fresh waste (FW) and five-year aged excavated waste (EW) samples from a tropical controlled landfill with compositional characteristics of developing countries. BMP tests with reconstituted samples of the biodegradable fraction of both MSW types were performed at three substrate/inoculum (S/I) ratios (0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 g VS substrate g− 1 VS inoculum), and CH4 generation parameters were determined using the first-order and modified Gompertz kinetic models. After 30-d, the best BMP results were reached at S/I ratios of 0.5 and 1.0, with cumulative CH4 productions of 528 and 433 mL CH4 g− 1 VS for FW, respectively; and 151 and 135 mL CH4 g− 1 VS for EW, respectively. The first-order kinetic model provided a good fit to BMP results for FW, whereas the modified Gompertz model showed a better adjustment to the BMP data for EW. Calculated first-order CH4 generation rates for FW and EW were in the range 0.19–0.36 and 0.23–0.25 d− 1, respectively. These results evidence the high biodegradability and CH4 potential of FW disposed of in a tropical landfill in Colombia and the reduced BMP of EW despite a relatively short period after disposal under conventional landfill operation conditions.
Reliability of MRI in detection and differentiation of acute neonatal/pediatric encephalopathy causes among neonatal/pediatric intensive care unit patients
Authors: Hassan Tamir A. , Mohey Nesreen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Causes of encephalopathy in neonates/pediatrics include hypoxic-ischemic injury (which is the most frequent cause and is defined as any impairment to the brain caused by insufficient blood flow and oxygenation), trauma, metabolic disorders, and congenital and infectious diseases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the value of MRI in detection and possible differentiation of different non-traumatic, non-infectious causes of acute neonatal/pediatric encephalopathy among NICU/PICU patients.

Results
This retrospective study included 60 selected patients according to the study inclusion and exclusion criteria; all presented with positive MRI findings for non-traumatic, non-infectious acute brain injury. Females (32, 53.3%) were affected more than males (28, 46.7%) with a mean age of 1.1 ± 1.02 years; all presented with variable neurological symptoms and signs that necessitate neonatal intensive care unit/pediatric intensive care unit (NICU/PICU) admission. The final diagnosis of the study group patients were hypoxic ischemia injury (HII) in 39 patients (65%), metachromatic leukodystrophy in 6 patients (10%), biotin-thiamine-responsive basal ganglia disease (BTBGD) and Leigh disease each in 4 patients (6.7%), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) in 3 patients (5%), and mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes syndrome (MELAS) and non-ketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) each in 2 patients (3.3%).

Conclusion
Much attention should be paid to pediatric non-traumatic brain injuries. MRI is a safe modality and should be the first radiological investigation if neurological causes are suggested but should be aided by meticulous clinical evaluation and dedicated laboratory investigations for better characterization and differentiation of various causes of non-traumatic, non-infective brain encephalopathy among NICU/PICU patients. When interpreting MRI, it is essential to have thorough relevant clinical data, gestational age at birth which is prognostic of the pattern of hypoxic-ischemic injury, and the time lag between the onset of HII and the time of performing the MR study.
Audit expectation gap: an empirical analysis
Authors: Olojede Paul , Erin Olayinka , Asiriuwa Osariemen , Usman Momoh 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe financial debacles that occurred in the companies like Enron, WorldCom, and Xerox in the USA, Lehman Brothers, Polly Peck in the UK and African Petroleum Plc., Cadbury Plc., in Nigeria had created public distrust with the auditors. The era when the auditor will say ‘trust me’ and that being accepted is over. Now, they must earn the public trust. This study provides an empirical analysis of the scope and nature of audit expectation gap in Nigeria. We used a descriptive and survey research design to achieve the objective of the study. We also collected data through primary source, using structured questionnaire. The study used Mann–Whitney U test and Kolmogorov–Smirnov Z test for the analysis of data and test of normality of distribution, respectively. The results confirmed that audit expectation gap exists in Nigeria, and the new auditor’s report did not have any serious impact in reducing the gap. From the outcome of this study, the audit expectation gap primarily arose from the unreasonable expectation of the users due to their lack of understanding of the roles of auditors. We recommend the launching of a new business-reporting model geared towards releasing more non-financial information to the public and with clear description of the role of independent audit.
Case Report: High-concentration Insulin Glargine Overdose Complicated by Hepatic Steatosis
Authors: Endall Ryan , McCallum Roland , Burgess John 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe use of high-concentration formulations of insulin is becoming more prevalent in the management of patients with diabetes mellitus. Situations of intentional overdose utilizing these agents pose particular challenges because of the altered pharmacology at large doses and the potential complications arising thereof.A patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus self-administered 4050 units of high-concentration (300 units/mL) insulin glargine, in addition to coingestants. The patient subsequently required 7 days of high-dose dextrose infusion in order to avoid hypoglycemia, with no further insulin needed during this period. The patient also developed reversible hepatic steatosis secondary to the prolonged use of high-dose dextrose.Owing to the altered pharmacology of high-concentration insulin glargine when administered at large doses in cases of intentional overdose, patients are likely to require a much longer period of supplemental dextrose support than may otherwise be expected when these agents are used at therapeutic doses. The complication of hepatic injury in the form of steatosis also needs to be considered in these patients, and should prompt the use of adaptive prescriptions of intravenous dextrose where possible.
Romantic Wales and the Imperial Picturesque
Authors: Heimlich Timothy 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis essay argues that the aesthetic category named the picturesque was first systematized in a Welsh colonial context and that picturesque looking always reflects, to some degree, its initially imperialist function. While the picturesque rapidly acceded to a preeminent place in British travel and landscape writing, its rise was contested by Welsh and working-class writers like the antiquarian poet Richard Llwyd (1752–1835). By conspicuously failing to impose picturesque features on a carefully historicized landscape, Llwyd’s poem Beaumaris Bay (1800) lays bare the picturesque’s antihistorical drive to eradicate local difference. Renewed critical attention to early attempts to establish an antipicturesque aesthetic may uncover important precursors to present-day postcolonial and transnational theory, precursors that can enrich the ongoing global turn in literary history.
Red-Light-Mediated Barton–McCombie Reaction
Authors: Ogura Akihiro , Ichii Naoki , Shibata Kouhei , Takao Ken-ichi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
A red-light-mediated Barton–McCombie reaction is described, in which chlorophyll a is used as a photocatalyst and tris(trimethylsilyl)silane or Hantzsch ester is used as the hydrogen source. The reaction can be performed with a set of easily available equipment and reagents, and a variety of linear and cyclic xanthates could be applied. In contrast to the traditional conditions, the reaction does not involve toxic organotin or an explosive radical initiator. The reaction mechanism was analyzed both by experiments and computation, and it was suggested that the radical chain mechanism initiated by excitation of complex followed by charge transfer is likely to be operative.
Läbilõikeline ülevaade üliõpilaste hinnangutest Tartu Ülikooli õpetajakoolituse õppekavade sidususele 2014.–2018. aastal
Authors: Malva Liina , Leijen Äli 
Published: April 2020

Õpetajakoolitus on praktikaga tihedalt seotud õppevaldkond, kuid siiski on teooria ja praktika sidumine õpetajakoolituses veel paljudes riikides proovikivi (Darling-Hammond, 1999; Hammerness & Klette, 2015). Tartu Ülikoolis hakati selle kitsaskohaga ulatuslikult tegelema 2013. aastast, uuendades õpetajakoolituse alus- ja praktikamoodulit. Selleks, et läbi aastate tehtud muudatuste tulemuslikkust seirata, on alates 2014. aastast igal sügisel alusmooduli üliõpilaste seas (n = 572) kogutud andmeid nende hinnangute kohta õppekava sidususele. Tulemused näitavad, et üliõpilaste hinnangul on märgatavalt paranenud nii teoreetiliste õppeainete kooskõla praktikal kogetuga kui ka võimalused õppekava osi omavahel siduda. Samas leiti, et ülikooli õppetöös on liiga vähe tegevusi, mis valmistaksid üliõpilasi ette õppija arengust lähtumiseks õpetajatöös. Ülikooli õppeained keskenduvad enam õppe kavandamisele ja analüüsile, vähem tegeletakse õppetöö tegevustega.
Summary