bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic accuracy for the epileptogenic zone detection in focal epilepsy could be higher in FDG-PET/MRI than in FDG-PET/CT
Authors: Kikuchi Kazufumi , Togao Osamu , Yamashita Koji , Momosaka Daichi , Nakayama Tomohiro , Kitamura Yoshiyuki , Kikuchi Yoshitomo , Baba Shingo , Sagiyama Koji , Ishimatsu Keisuke , Kamei Ryotaro , Mukae Nobutaka , Iihara Koji , Suzuki Satoshi O. , Iwaki Toru , Hiwatashi Akio 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Objectives
To examine the utility of FDG-PET/MRI in patients with epilepsy by comparing the diagnostic accuracy of PET/MRI and PET/CT in epileptogenic zone (EZ) detection.

Methods
This prospective study included 31 patients (17 males, 14 females) who underwent surgical resection for EZ. All patients were first scanned using FDG-PET/CT followed immediately with FDG-PET/MRI. Two series of PET plus standalone MR images were interpreted independently by five board-certified radiologists. A 4-point visual score was used to assess image quality. Sensitivities and visual scores from both PETs and standalone MRI were compared using the McNemar test with Bonferroni correction and Dunn’s multiple comparisons test.

Results
The EZs were confirmed histopathologically via resection as hippocampal sclerosis (n = 11, 35.5%), gliosis (n = 8, 25.8%), focal cortical dysplasia (n = 6, 19.4%), and brain tumours (n = 6, 19.4%) including cavernous haemangioma (n = 3), dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumour (n = 1), ganglioglioma (n = 1), and polymorphous low-grade neuroepithelial tumour of the young (n = 1). The sensitivity of FDG-PET/MRI was significantly higher than that of FDG-PET/CT and standalone MRI (FDG-PET/MRI vs. FDG-PET/CT vs. standalone MRI; 77.4–90.3% vs. 58.1–64.5% vs. 45.2–80.6%, p < 0.0001, respectively). The visual scores derived from FDG-PET/MRI were significantly higher than those of FDG-PET/CT, as well as standalone MRI (2.8 ± 1.2 vs. 2.0 ± 1.1 vs. 2.1 ± 1.2, p < 0.0001, respectively). Compared to FDG-PET/CT, FDG-PET/MRI increased the visual score (51.9%, increased visual scores of 2 and 3).

Conclusions
The diagnostic accuracy for the EZ detection in focal epilepsy could be higher in FDG-PET/MRI than in FDG-PET/CT.

Key Points
• Sensitivity of FDG-PET/MRI was significantly higher than that of FDG-PET/CT and standalone MRI (FDG-PET/MRI vs. FDG-PET/CT vs. standalone MRI; 77.4–90.3% vs. 58.1–64.5% vs. 45.2–80.6%, p < 0.0001, respectively).
• Visual scores derived from FDG-PET/MRI were significantly higher than those of FDG-PET/CT and standalone MRI (2.8 ± 1.2 vs. 2.0 ± 1.1 vs. 2.1 ± 1.2, p < 0.0001, respectively).
• Compared to FDG-PET/CT, FDG-PET/MRI increased the visual score (51.9%, increased visual scores of 2 and 3).
Ciliary body length revisited by anterior segment optical coherence tomography: implications for safe access to the pars plana for intravitreal injections
Authors: Lincke Joel-Benjamin , Keller Salome , Amaral Joao , Zinkernagel Martin S. , Schuerch Kaspar 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the dependence of the ciliary body length (CBL) on the axial length (AL) and to draw conclusions on implications regarding safe pars plana access for intravitreal injections and vitreoretinal surgery.

Methods
A total of 200 individuals (mean age 42 years, SD ± 15.4) were enrolled in the study. Objective refraction and AL were obtained. Spherical equivalent (SE) was calculated. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) was used to image and measure the CBL.

Results
The mean SE was − 1.64 diopters (SD ± 3.15, range − 14.5 to + 9 diopters) and the mean AL was 24.19 mm (SD ± 1.65, range 19.8–32.2 mm). There was a significant correlation between SE and AL (r2 = 0.62, p < 0.0001). Mean CBL correlated significantly with age (r2 = 0.11, p < 0.0001), AL (r2 = 0.23, p < 0.0001) and SE (r2 = 0.25, p < 0.0001). The mean CBL was 3351 μm (SD ± 459, range 2184–4451 μm). Three separate groups were defined by their AL with a normal AL group (AL 22.5 to 25 mm), a short AL group (AL < 22.5 mm) and a long AL group (AL > 25 mm). The mean CBL in the normal AL group was 3311 μm (SD ± 427), in the short AL group 2936 μm (SD ± 335) and in the long AL group 3715 μm (SD ± 365), and differed significantly (p < 0.0001) when compared.

Conclusion
For interventions requiring pars plana access (as an intravitreal injection or vitreoretinal surgery), an incision distance of 3.5–4.0 mm posterior to the limbus is recommended. In our research, however, a difference of 0.77 mm in mean CBL between the group with short AL and the group with long AL is demonstrated, implying that the mean CBL in very short and very long eyes differs significantly. These findings suggest that the AL should be taken into account for pars plana access and that it would be advisable to prefer the shorter or longer recommended distance (3.5 and 4.0 mm, respectively) from the limbus, which correlates with the AL. If AL is > 25 mm, a distance of 4.0 mm from the limbus should be chosen; and if AL is < 22.5 mm, a distance of 3.5 mm seems adequate.

Trial registration number and date
NCT00564291, 27 Nov 2007
Stroke incidence and case fatality: a 9-year prospective population-based study in an elderly population of Bagheria, Italy
Authors: Arnao Valentina , Salemi Giuseppe , Scondotto Salvatore , Casuccio Nicola , Riolo Marianna , D’Amelio Marco , Ragonese Paolo , Aridon Paolo 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
The incidence of stroke in high-income countries has been on the decline; however, few epidemiological surveys have been conducted in recent years to specifically estimate the incidence along with outcome of stroke, in Italy. This study aimed to examine the incidence and case fatality rates of stroke in an elderly Italian population.

Methods
A cohort of 2200 people > 65 years was randomly stratified from the total elderly population of Bagheria, Italy. A 9-year prospective population-based study was performed (19,800 person/years).

Results
We identified 112 first-ever strokes, 53 females and 59 males: 82 (73.1%) ischemic, 13(11.6%) intracerebral haemorrhages, 6 (5.35%) subarachnoid haemorrhages, while 11(9.8%) were classified as undetermined strokes. The crude overall annual incidence was 5.65 per 1000 (95%CI: 4.61 to 6.70) for first-ever stroke. The overall crude incidence rates were 4.74 per 1000 (5.08 for males and 4.46 for females) for ischemic stroke, 0.65 (0.99 for males and 0.37 for females) for intracerebral haemorrhage, and 0.03 for subarachnoid haemorrhage. The incidence rate for first-ever stroke was 5.4 per 1000 (95% CI: 5.36 to 5.45) after adjustment for the 2015 World population and 5.56 (95% CI: 5.52 to 5.61), compared to the 2015 European population. Overall case fatality rates for first-ever stroke was 8.19% at 28 days and 24.1% at 1 year.

Conclusion
Our study shows that in the elderly population investigated, stroke incidence and case fatality rates resulted being lower, compared to those from Italian and most European populations. Similar to previous studies, these rates increased linearly with age and were higher in males.
Energiewende: Wo bleibt das langfristige Denken bei der Offshore-Windenergie?
Authors: Kruse Mirko 
Published: October 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Offshore-Windenergie mit Schwerpunkt auf der Nordseeregion und ihren dominierenden Ländern entwickelt sich zuungunsten Deutschlands. Zudem gewinnt Asien in diesem Bereich erhebliche Marktanteile. Offshore-Windenergieanlagen erfordern eine langfristige Planung, wobei die Stilllegung miteinbezogen werden muss. Im nächsten Jahrzehnt ergeben sich zwei große Stilllegungszyklen. Der Stand der Vorbereitungen in den jeweiligen Ländern wird kritisch diskutiert. Offene Fragen zur Anpassung an die Herausforderungen, die sich aus der Stilllegung ergeben, werden hervorgehoben und mögliche Antworten vorgestellt.
Inductive linearization for binary quadratic programs with linear constraints
Authors: Mallach Sven 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA linearization technique for binary quadratic programs (BQPs) that comprise linear constraints is presented. The technique, called “inductive linearization”, extends concepts for BQPs with particular equation constraints, that have been referred to as “compact linearization” before, to the general case. Quadratic terms may occur in the objective function, in the set of constraints, or in both. For several relevant applications, the linear programming relaxations obtained from applying the technique are proven to be at least as strong as the one obtained with a well-known classical linearization. It is also shown how to obtain an inductive linearization automatically. This might be used, e.g., by general-purpose mixed-integer programming solvers.
Early school closures can reduce the first-wave of the COVID-19 pandemic development
Authors: Klimek-Tulwin Monika , Tulwin Tytus 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Aim
The COVID-19 pandemic presents serious threats to global public health and the world economy. Therefore, the rapid escalation of the number of cases has led to national government and global interventions. This study aimed to assess the effect of school closures on the COVID-19 pandemic and epidemic trajectories in selected countries.

Subject and methods
Information on the number of cases and population in each country were taken from official government reports. Dates of educational institutions closure were taken from the UNESCO database. Statistical analyses were performed using Statistica. We summarized the data graphically and descriptively.

Results
Most of the European countries closed schools in the period of 11–20 of March 2020. However, there was a big difference in the phase of the epidemic on the day of closure. The data indicate that there was a strong correlation between the day of educational facilities closure and the incidence rate in the following days (16th, 30th, and 60th days since the 100th confirmed case in each country). Early closure of schools in analyzed countries is statistically significantly correlated with lower incidence rates further on during the different phases of the epidemic. Thereby closure of schools with delay is statistically significantly correlated with a higher incidence rate in the following days.

Conclusion
The available data suggest that school closures can potentially reduce transmission during the pandemic, although more research is needed on the effectiveness of these practices.
Understanding unequal ageing: towards a synthesis of intersectionality and life course analyses
Authors: Holman Daniel , Walker Alan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntersectionality has received an increasing amount of attention in health inequalities research in recent years. It suggests that treating social characteristics separately—mainly age, gender, ethnicity, and socio-economic position—does not match the reality that people simultaneously embody multiple characteristics and are therefore potentially subject to multiple forms of discrimination. Yet the intersectionality literature has paid very little attention to the nature of ageing or the life course, and gerontology has rarely incorporated insights from intersectionality. In this paper, we aim to illustrate how intersectionality might be synthesised with a life course perspective to deliver novel insights into unequal ageing, especially with respect to health. First we provide an overview of how intersectionality can be used in research on inequality, focusing on intersectional subgroups, discrimination, categorisation, and individual heterogeneity. We cover two key approaches—the use of interaction terms in conventional models and multilevel models which are particularly focussed on granular subgroup differences. In advancing a conceptual dialogue with the life course perspective, we discuss the concepts of roles, life stages, transitions, age/cohort, cumulative disadvantage/advantage, and trajectories. We conclude that the synergies between intersectionality and the life course hold exciting opportunities to bring new insights to unequal ageing and its attendant health inequalities.
Older Children’s Responses to Wordless Picturebooks: Making Connections
Authors: Iordanaki Lina 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article explores 11-year-old children’s connections to prior knowledge and experiences while reading a wordless version ofLittle Red Riding Hood. The study extends pre-existing research on reader response theories by focusing on images instead of written text. The approach taken places emphasis on the reader’s active engagement, for readers use visual decoding skills and culturally oriented knowledge in an effort to interpret the wordless story and fill its gaps. A multiple case study design was implemented involving sixteen students from Greece and England, all being in the final year of primary school and identified as fluent readers. The participants in each country, separated into two groups of four, read the book in an empty classroom, with no teacher intervention. The aim was to identify patterns in their unmediated responses, and to present and analyse the themes of their connections based on empirical evidence. The participants linked the illustrations to their common general knowledge, including cultural references and gender-based generalisations, to personal experiences, and to other texts such as books and films. The findings reveal the prevalence of common themes in their interpretations of the story and encourage engagement with wordless picturebooks, even for older students. Due to their special nature and complexity, these books can initiate interesting conversations on issues such as identity and gender diversity.
Emotions, Actions and Inclinations to Act
Authors: Werner Christiana 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEmotional responses to fiction are part of our experience with art and media. Some of these responses (“fictional emotions”) seem to be directed towards fictional entities—entities that we believe do not exist. Some philosophers argue that fictional emotions differ in nature from other emotional responses. (cf. Walton in J Philos 75(1):5–27, 1978, Mimesis as make-believe, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1990, Walton, in: Hjort, Laver (ed.) Emotion and the arts, Oxford University, New York, 1997; Currie in The nature of fiction, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990; Stecker in Br J Aesthet 51(3):295–308, 2011) The claim is supposed to be supported among others by ‘the argument from action.’ In contrast to genuine emotions, proponents of this argument claim, fictional emotions do not motivate their bearers to act. (cf. Yanal in Paradoxes of emotion and fiction, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, 1999; Lamarque in Br J Aesthet 21(4):291–304, 1981; Carroll in The philosophy of horror: or, paradoxes of the heart, Routledge, London, 1990; Currie 1990; Walton 1978, 1990; Suits in Pac Philos Q 87(3):369–386, 2006; Friend, in: Kind (ed.) The Routledge handbook of philosophy of imagination, Routledge, New York, 2016) This claim grounds in what may appear to be an obvious fact: that viewers and readers of are not led to act by their fictional emotions. It is certainly true that viewers and readers of fiction do not form intentions to perform actions directed towards fictional entities. In contrast to the proponents of the argument from action, I will argue that the lack of any such intentions can be explained only with reference to intending’s doxastic conditions, conditions that are unsatisfied in the fictional scenario. Decisively, this explanation does not refer to the motivational force of the agent’s emotions; indeed, it doesn’t refer to emotions at all. Thus, the lack of intentions to perform actions directed towards fictional objects provides no support for the claim that fictional emotions are no genuine emotions.
Vertical or shared? When leadership supports team learning for educational change
Authors: Koeslag-Kreunen Mieke , Van den Bossche Piet , Van der Klink Marcel R. , Gijselaers Wim H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractUniversity teacher teams can work toward educational change through the process of team learning behavior, which involves sharing and discussing practices to create new knowledge. However, teachers do not routinely engage in learning behavior when working in such teams and it is unclear how leadership support can overcome this problem. Therefore, this study examines when team leadership behavior supports teacher teams in engaging in learning behavior. We studied 52 university teacher teams (281 respondents) involved in educational change, resulting in two key findings. First, analyses of multiple leadership types showed that team learning behavior was best supported by a shared transformational leadership style that challenges the status quo and stimulates team members’ intellect. Mutual transformational encouragement supported team learning more than the vertical leadership source or empowering and initiating structure styles of leadership. Second, moderator analyses revealed that task complexity influenced the relationship between vertical empowering team leadership behavior and team learning behavior. Specifically, this finding suggests that formal team leaders who empower teamwork only affected team learning behavior when their teams perceived that their task was not complex. These findings indicate how team learning behavior can be supported in university teacher teams responsible for working toward educational change. Moreover, these findings are unique because they originate from relating multiple team leadership types to team learning behavior, examining the influence of task complexity, and studying this in an educational setting.
Uncertain distance-based outlier detection with arbitrarily shaped data objects
Authors: Angiulli Fabrizio , Fassetti Fabio 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEnabling information systems to face anomalies in the presence of uncertainty is a compelling and challenging task. In this work the problem of unsupervised outlier detection in large collections of data objects modeled by means of arbitrary multidimensional probability density functions is considered. We present a novel definition ofuncertain distance-based outlierunder the attribute level uncertainty model, according to which an uncertain object is an object that always exists but its actual value is modeled by a multivariate pdf. According to this definition an uncertain object is declared to be an outlier on the basis of the expected number of its neighbors in the dataset. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work that considers the unsupervised outlier detection problem on data objects modeled by means of arbitrarily shaped multidimensional distribution functions. We present the UDBOD algorithm which efficiently detects the outliers in an input uncertain dataset by taking advantages of three optimized phases, that are parameter estimation, candidate selection, and the candidate filtering. An experimental campaign is presented, including a sensitivity analysis, a study of the effectiveness of the technique, a comparison with related algorithms, also in presence of high dimensional data, and a discussion about the behavior of our technique in real case scenarios.
Weighted amplifiers and inapproximability results for Travelling Salesman problem
Authors: Chlebík Miroslav , Chlebíková Janka 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe expander graph constructions and their variants are the main tool used in gap preserving reductions to prove approximation lower bounds of combinatorial optimisation problems. In this paper we introduce the weighted amplifiers and weighted low occurrence of Constraint Satisfaction problems as intermediate steps in the NP-hard gap reductions. Allowing the weights in intermediate problems is rather natural for the edge-weighted problems as Travelling Salesman or Steiner Tree. We demonstrate the technique for Travelling Salesman and use the parametrised weighted amplifiers in the gap reductions to allow more flexibility in fine-tuning their expanding parameters. The purpose of this paper is to point out effectiveness of these ideas, rather than to optimise the expander’s parameters. Nevertheless, we show that already slight improvement of known expander values modestly improve the current best approximation hardness value for TSP from $$\frac{123}{122}$$

123
122

(Karpinski et al. in J Comput Syst Sci 81(8):1665–1677, 2015) to $$\frac{117}{116}$$

117
116

. This provides a new motivation for study of expanding properties of random graphs in order to improve approximation lower bounds of TSP and other edge-weighted optimisation problems.
Nonconvex constrained optimization by a filtering branch and bound
Authors: Eichfelder Gabriele , Klamroth Kathrin , Niebling Julia 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA major difficulty in optimization with nonconvex constraints is to find feasible solutions. As simple examples show, the$$\alpha $$αBB-algorithm for single-objective optimization may fail to compute feasible solutions even though this algorithm is a popular method in global optimization. In this work, we introduce a filtering approach motivated by a multiobjective reformulation of the constrained optimization problem. Moreover, the multiobjective reformulation enables to identify the trade-off between constraint satisfaction and objective value which is also reflected in the quality guarantee. Numerical tests validate that we indeed can find feasible and often optimal solutions where the classical single-objective$$\alpha $$αBB method fails, i.e., it terminates without ever finding a feasible solution.
Computing the trajectories for the development of optimal routes
Authors: Zazai M. Fawad , Fügenschuh Armin R. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPlanning the construction of new transport routes or power lines on terrain is usually carried out manually by engineers, with no guarantee of optimality. We introduce a new approach for the computation of an optimal trajectory for the construction of new transit routes and power lines between two locations on a submanifold $$U\subset \mathbb {R}^{3}$$

U
⊂

R

3

representing the topography of a terrain. U is approximatively modeled by a special weighted grid. On this grid, the shortest paths for the construction of new routes are determined, whereby we consider three optimization criteria: routes with minimum distance, routes with lowest construction costs and routes with minimum absolute altitude variations or minimum absolute gradients. Subsequently, a combination of these criteria is used to expand this problem into a multi-criteria optimization problem. A shortest path algorithm, such as the Dijkstra algorithm, is used to compute optimal compromises for the construction of new routes.
Respect and the reality of apparent reasons
Authors: Sylvan Kurt L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRationality requires us to respond to apparent normative reasons. Given the independence of appearance and reality, why think that apparent normative reasons necessarily provide real normative reasons? And if they do not, why think that mistakes of rationality are necessarily real mistakes? This paper gives a novel answer to these questions. I argue first that in the moral domain, there are objective duties of respect that we violate whenever we do what appears to violate our first-order duties. The existence of these duties of respect, I argue, ensures that apparent moral reasons are exceptions to the independence of appearance and reality. I then extend these arguments to the domain of overall reason. Just as there are objective duties of respect for moral reasons that explain moral blameworthiness, so there are objective duties of respect for reasons (period) that explain blameworthiness in the court of overall reason. The existence of these duties ensures that apparent reasons (period) are exceptions to the independence of appearance and reality.