bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gonadal hormone‐independent sex differences in GABAA receptor activation in rat embryonic hypothalamic neurons
Authors: Mir Franco R. , Wilson Carlos , Cabrera Zapata Lucas E. , Aguayo Luis G. , Cambiasso María Julia 
Published: March 2020

Background and PurposeGABAA receptor functions are dependent on subunit composition, and, through their activation, GABA can exert trophic actions in immature neurons. Although several sex differences in GABA‐mediated responses are known to be dependent on gonadal hormones, few studies have dealt with sex differences detected before the critical period of brain masculinisation. In this study, we assessed GABAA receptor functionality in sexually segregated neurons before brain hormonal masculinisation.Experimental ApproachVentromedial hypothalamic neurons were obtained from embryonic day 16 rat brains and grown in vitro for 2 days. Calcium imaging and electrophysiology recordings were carried out to assess GABAA receptor functional parameters.Key ResultsGABAA receptor activation elicited calcium entry in immature hypothalamic neurons mainly through L‐type voltage‐dependent calcium channels. Nifedipine blocked calcium entry more efficiently in male than in female neurons. There were more male than female neurons responding to GABA, and they needed more time to return to resting levels. Pharmacological characterisation revealed that propofol enhanced GABAA‐mediated currents and blunted GABA‐mediated calcium entry more efficiently in female neurons than in males. Testosterone treatment did not erase such sex differences. These data suggest sex differences in the expression of GABAA receptor subtypes.Conclusion and ImplicationsGABA‐mediated responses are sexually dimorphic even in the absence of gonadal hormone influence, suggesting genetically biased differences. These results highlight the importance of GABAA receptors in hypothalamic neurons even before hormonal masculinisation of the brain.
Socratic reductionism in ethics
Authors: Smyth Nicholas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn this paper, I clarify and defend a provocative hypothesis offered by Bernard Williams, namely, that modern people are much more likely to speak in terms of master‐concepts like “good” or “right,” and correspondingly less likely to think and speak in the pluralistic terms favored by certain Ancient societies. By conducting a close reading of the Platonic dialogues Charmides and Laches, I show that the figure of Socrates plays a key historical role in this conceptual shift. Once we understand that our narrow, reductionist focus on “thin” ethical concepts is a contingent historical development, we are, I claim, in a much better position to evaluate it.
Statin treatment and accrual of covert cerebral ischaemia on neuroimaging: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials
Authors: Katsanos A. H. , Lioutas V.‐A. , Charidimou A. , Catanese L. , Ng K. K. H. , Perera K. , de Sa Boasquevisque D. , Tsivgoulis G. , Smith E. E. , Sharma M. , Selim M. H. , Shoamanesh A. 
Published: March 2020

Background and purposePrevention of ischaemic stroke and cardiovascular events is an established benefit of statin therapy, but the effects of statin treatment on the accrual of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of ischaemic cerebral injury remain unknown. A systematic review was performed to identify all studies that randomized patients with cardiovascular risk factors to statin treatment and assessed the effect of statin treatment on covert infarcts (asymptomatic, evident only on neuroimaging) and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) accrual on MRI.MethodsA systematic review in MEDLINE and Scopus from inception to 23 October 2019 was performed. A random‐effects model was used to calculate the pooled estimates of the crude risk ratios and standardized mean differences.ResultsData from three randomized controlled trials (1430 participants) were included evaluating the effect of rosuvastatin (10 mg/day) in 668 hypertensive patients older than 60 years of age over 5 years, pravastatin (40 mg/day) in 554 elderly people more than 70 years of age over 3 years and simvastatin (20 mg/day) in 208 patients with asymptomatic middle cerebral artery stenosis over 2 years. Patients randomized to statin treatment had decreased accrual of new covert infarcts (risk ratio 0.63, 95% confidence interval 0.46–0.88) during a mean follow‐up of 2–6 years. Only one study reported WMH decreased volume change in patients randomized to statin treatment compared to patients randomized to non‐statin treatment (standardized mean difference −1.17; 95% confidence interval −1.33, −1.00).ConclusionOur findings suggest that, in addition to stroke prevention, statin treatment can reduce the accrual of covert MRI markers of ischaemic cerebral injury.
Colchicine for stroke prevention in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Katsanos A. H. , Palaiodimou L. , Price C. , Giannopoulos S. , Lemmens R. , Kosmidou M. , Georgakis M. K. , Weimar C. , Kelly P. J. , Tsivgoulis G. 
Published: March 2020

Background and purposeAlthough clinical trials suggest that colchicine may reduce the risk of vascular events in patients with a history of coronary artery disease, its effect on the prevention of cerebrovascular events still remains unclear.MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis was performed of all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reporting on incident strokes during the follow‐up of patients with a history of cardiovascular disease randomized to colchicine treatment or control (placebo or usual care).ResultsFour RCTs were identified, including a total of 5553 patients (mean age 61 years, 81% males), with a follow‐up ranging from 1 to 36 months. Colchicine treatment was associated with a significantly lower risk of incident stroke during follow‐up compared to control (risk ratio 0.31, 95% confidence interval 0.13–0.71), without heterogeneity across included studies (I2 = 0%). Based on the pooled incident stroke rate of control groups (0.9%) in the included RCTs, it was estimated that administration of low‐dose colchicine to 161 patients with coronary artery disease would prevent one stroke during a follow‐up of 23 months.ConclusionColchicine treatment decreases stroke risk in patients with a history of coronary artery disease. The effect of colchicine in secondary stroke prevention is currently being evaluated in an ongoing RCT.
The interim management procedure approach for assessed stocks: Responsive management advice and lower assessment frequency
Authors: Huynh Quang C. , Hordyk Adrian R. , Forrest Robyn E. , Porch Clay E. , Anderson Sean C. , Carruthers Thomas R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractStock assessments are often used to provide management advice, such as a total allowable catch (TAC), to fishery managers. Many stocks are not assessed annually, and the TAC from the previous assessment is often maintained in years between assessments. We developed two interim management procedures (MPs) that update the estimate of current vulnerable biomass from a surveyed index of abundance to adjust the TAC from a previous assessment. These MPs differ in how they handle uncertainty in observed indices. Using closed‐loop simulation, we evaluated the two interim MPs (with 10‐ and 5‐year assessment intervals) against several “status quo” approaches: (1) an annual assessment, and (2) a stock assessment every 5 or 10 years with (a) fixed TACs or (b) projections between assessments. We evaluated performance across three life‐history types and six operating model scenarios. The interim MPs performed similarly to annual assessments in terms of trends in biomass and yield, regardless of the assessment interval of the interim MPs. The interim MPs often produced more yield than the Fixed TAC MP with 10‐year assessment intervals, for example, in depleted scenarios. The Fixed TAC MP performed more similarly to interim MPs when the assessment interval for the Fixed TAC MP was decreased to five years. The interim MPs can also perform well when circumstances arise that are not accounted for in the Projection MP. Our results show that interim MPs should be considered for infrequently assessed stocks or rebuilding stocks, and highlight potential cost savings of interim MPs over annual assessments.
Diagnostic evaluation and considerations in hypocellular bone marrow failure—A focus on genomics
Authors: Fox Lucy C. , Wood Erica M. , Ritchie David S. , Blombery Piers 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHypocellular bone marrow failure (BMF) has myriad differential diagnoses, most simply considered as acquired and inherited disorders, which are frequently indistinguishable upon morphologic examination of the blood and bone marrow. Accurate diagnosis is critical to optimization of management and begins with a detailed history (including family history) and physical examination. Next‐generation sequencing technologies complement traditional testing techniques (such as chromosomal fragility and telomere length assessment) and have a broad application in the diagnosis and prognostication of BMF, with the importance of detection of both germline changes and also somatic variants increasingly well understood and appreciated. There is increasing awareness of germline predisposition to haematological malignancy, which incorporates but is not limited to the traditional inherited BMF syndromes and which raises challenges for counselling, monitoring and treatment of people who harbour a germline lesion. There are many benefits to both patients and their kindred of accurate determination of the precise germline change underlying heritable bone marrow diseases, along with its associated mode of inheritance. While individually, these diseases are rare, collectively they are not so and there are many collaborative efforts underway to document the natural history of these disorders, the associated phenotypes and the ever‐increasing list of variants which have sufficient evidence to warrant the ascription of a pathogenic classification. We describe the many diagnostic considerations when evaluating newly presenting patients with hypocellular BMF, with a focus on genomic assessment, which is relevant in both germline and acquired diseases.
Reduction of in‐hospital cardiac arrest rates in intensive care‐equipped New South Wales hospitals in association with implementation of Between the Flags rapid response system
Authors: Bhonagiri Deepak , Lander Harvey , Green Malcolm , Straney Lahn , Jones Daryl , Pilcher David 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe NSW Clinical Excellence commission introduced the 'Between the Flags' programme, in response to the death of a young patient, as a system‐wide approach for early detection and management of the deteriorating patient in all NSW hospitals. The impact of BTF implementation on the 35 larger hospitals with intensive care units (ICU) has not been reported previously.AimTo assess the impact of 'Between the Flags' (BTF), a two‐tier rapid response system across 35 hospitals with an ICU in NSW, on the incidence of in‐hospital cardiac arrests and the incidence and outcome of patients admitted to an ICU following cardiac arrest and rapid response team activation.MethodsThis is a prospective observational study of the BTF registry (August 2010 to June 2016) and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Adult Patient Database (January 2008 to December 2016) in 35 New South Wales public hospitals with an ICU. The primary outcome studied was the proportion of in‐hospital cardiac arrests. Secondary outcomes included changes in the severity of illness and outcomes of cardiac arrest admissions to the ICU and changes in the volume of rapid response calls.ResultsThe cardiac arrest rate per 1000 hospital admissions declined from 0.91 in the implementation period to 0.70. Propensity score analysis showed significant declines in ICU and hospital mortality and length of stay for cardiac arrest patients admitted to the ICU (all P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe BTF programme was associated with a significant reduction in cardiac arrests in hospitals and ICU admissions secondary to cardiac arrests in 35 NSW hospitals with an ICU.
Reduction of SOST gene promotes bone formation through the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway and compensates particle‐induced osteolysis
Authors: Zhang Zai Hang , Jia Xin Yu , Fang Jing Yi , Chai Hao , Huang Qun , She Chang , Jia Peng , Geng De Chun , Xu Wei 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe increase in bone resorption and/or the inhibition of bone regeneration caused by wear particles are the main causes of periprosthetic osteolysis. The SOST gene and Sclerostin, a protein synthesized by the SOST gene, are the characteristic marker of osteocytes and regulate bone formation and resorption. We aimed to verify whether the SOST gene was involved in osteolysis induced by titanium (Ti) particles and to investigate the effects of SOST reduction on osteolysis. The results showed osteolysis on the skull surface with an increase of sclerostin levels after treated with Ti particles. Similarly, sclerostin expression in MLO‐Y4 osteocytes increased when treated with Ti particles in vitro. After reduction of SOST, local bone mineral density and bone volume increased, while number of lytic pores on the skull surface decreased and the erodibility of the skull surface was compensated. Histological analyses revealed that SOST reduction increased significantly alkaline phosphatase‐ (ALP) and osterix‐positive expression on the skull surface which promoted bone formation. ALP activity and mineralization of MC3T3‐E1 cells also increased in vitro when SOST was silenced, even if treated with Ti particles. In addition, Ti particles decreased β‐catenin expression with an increase in sclerostin levels, in vivo and in vitro. Inversely, reduction of SOST expression increased β‐catenin expression. In summary, our results suggested that reduction of SOST gene can activate the Wnt/β‐catenin signalling pathway, promoting bone formation and compensated for bone loss induced by Ti particles. Thus, this study provided new perspectives in understanding the mechanisms of periprosthetic osteolysis.
Development and characterization of microsatellites from the sweetpotato weevil, Cylas formicarius elegantulus
Authors: Wadl Phillip A. , Trigiano Robert N. , Boggess Sarah L. , Harris‐Shultz Karen , Williams Livy H. , McQuate Grant T. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractTo conduct population genetics analyses on sweetpotato weevils (Cylas formicarius elegantulus) collected from three populations in the United States, microsatellite loci were developed from sweetpotato weevil transcriptome sequences obtained from a publicly available database. Nineteen of 27 microsatellite loci tested were usable for population analyses. Sweetpotato weevil individuals from Georgia (N = 17), Hawaii (N = 16) and South Carolina (N = 12) were analysed. Here, we present microsatellite primer sequences for 19 loci and population genetics statistics, including diversity, population differences and relatedness. Thirty‐nine alleles were detected in the 45 individuals, and four private alleles were observed in individuals from the Hawaii and South Carolina populations. Observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.00 to 0.44. The mean Shannon's information index ranged from 0.30 to 0.49 for the three populations. Pairwise differences among populations (FST estimates) from individuals ranged from a low of 0.022 between Georgia and Hawaii to a high of 0.036 between Georgia and South Carolina, and cluster analysis (PCA and Structure) indicated two populations independent of geographical location.
Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Older Adults
Authors: Schwarzfuchs Dan , Rabaev Elena , Sagy Iftach , Zimhony‐Nissim Noa , Lipnitzki Inna , Musa Hadeel , Jotkowitz Alan , Brandstaetter Evgenia , Barski Leonid 
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVESMuch of the research previously done on diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) was based on a young population with type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1 DM). But substantial numbers of DKA episodes occur in patients with a prior history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (type 2 DM). There is a lack of Data are lacking about DKA in older adults. The aims of this study were to analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes of older adult patients with DKA.DESIGNRetrospective matched cohort study of adult patients hospitalized with DKA between 2004 and 2017.SETTINGSoroka University Medical Center, Be'er Sheva, Israel.PARTICIPANTSThe clinical characteristics of DKA patients 65 years and older were compared with patients younger than 65 years.MEASUREMENTSThe primary outcome was in‐hospital mortality.RESULTSThe study cohort included 385 consecutive patients for whom the admission diagnosis was DKA: 307 patients (79.7%) younger than 65 years (group 1), and 78 patients (20.3%) older than 65 years (group 2). Patients in group 2 compared with group 1 had a significantly higher Charlson index (6 [6–6] vs 6 [6–7]; P < .0001) and DM with target organ damage (24.4% vs 6.2%; P < .0001). Patients in group 2 compared with group 1 had more serious disease according to results of laboratory investigations. The total in‐hospital mortality rate of patients in group 2 was 16.7% compared with 1.6% in patients in group 1 in a sex and co‐morbidities matched analysis (P = .001).CONCLUSIONSDKA in older adults is a common problem. The serious co‐morbidities and precipitating factors such as infection/sepsis, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular accidents, may explain the severity of the problem of DKA in older adults and the high rate of mortality of these patients. DKA appears to be a lifethreatening condition in older adults. The alertness of physicians to DKA in older adults, timely diagnosis, proper treatment, and prevention are cornerstones of care. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:1256–1261, 2020.
From strawberry gingivitis to palatal perforation: The clinicopathological spectrum of oral mucosal lesions in granulomatosis with polyangiitis
Authors: Nico Marcello Menta Simonsen , Pinto Nathalia Targa , Lourenço Silvia Vanessa 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundReports of oral manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) usually refer to single‐case reports; “strawberry gingivitis” has been increasingly reported.ObjectiveTo study the clinicopathological findings of four patients in which the diagnosis of GPA was suspected from the observation of their oral lesions and compare these to existent data.MethodsRetrospective study of a case series.ResultsOne patient presented typical “strawberry gingivitis” with localized disease and negative ANCA results. Two patients presented rapidly growing oral ulcers associated with systemic compromise and high ANCA levels. One patient presented with a chronic granulomatous lesion that leaded to palatal perforation.ConclusionOral manifestations of GPA may vary from rapidly evolving lesions in acutely ill patients to chronic and locally destructive lesions in slowing developing disease. These differences are also evident in the histopathological findings.
Sustainable Consumption: The Psychology of Individual Choice, Identity, and Behavior
Authors: Ruby Matthew B , Walker Iain , Watkins Hanne M 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe global human community is facing an increasingly urgent dilemma: How do we improve standards of living while lessening our impact on the environment? This special issue presents recent contributions from both psychological and interdisciplinary research on sustainable consumption. To situate these articles in a broader context, we first establish the necessity of improving sustainable consumption and discuss some of the foundational psychological work addressing this issue. Second, we outline how sustainability can be addressed at various stages, from production and marketing to consumption and waste. Third, we stress the need to broaden the focus on individual consumption to include collective action. Fourth, we discuss a number of critiques of past research on sustainable consumption. Finally, we highlight the importance of interdisciplinary research in supporting sustainable development. These themes are all addressed in greater depth by each of the contributions to the special issue.
Melatonin protects the retina from experimental nonexudative age‐related macular degeneration in mice
Authors: Diéguez Hernán H. , González Fleitas María F. , Aranda Marcos L. , Calanni Juan S. , Keller Sarmiento María I. , Chianelli Mónica S. , Alaimo Agustina , Sande Pablo H. , Romeo Horacio E. , Rosenstein Ruth E. , Dorfman Damián 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNonexudative age‐related macular degeneration (NE‐AMD) represents the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. Currently, there are no available treatments for NE‐AMD. We have developed a NE‐AMD model induced by superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) in C57BL/6J mice, which reproduces the disease hallmarks. Several lines of evidence strongly support the involvement of oxidative stress in NE‐AMD‐induced retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retina damage. Melatonin is a proven and safe antioxidant. Our aim was analysing the effect of melatonin in the RPE/outer retina damage within experimental NE‐AMD. The treatment with melatonin starting 48 h after SCGx, which had no effect on the ubiquitous choriocapillaris widening, protected visual functions and avoided Bruch´s membrane thickening, RPE melanin content, melanosome number loss, retinoid isomerohydrolase (RPE65)‐immunoreactivity decrease, and RPE and hotoreceptor ultrastructural damage induced within experimental NE‐AMD exclusively located at the central temporal (but not nasal) region. Melatonin also prevented the increase in outer retina/RPE oxidative stress markers and a decrease in mitochondrial mass at 6 weeks post‐SCGx. Moreover, when the treatment with melatonin started at 4 weeks post‐SCGx, it restored visual functions and reversed the decrease in RPE melanin content and RPE65‐immunoreactivity. These findings suggest that melatonin could become a promising safe therapeutic strategy for NE‐AMD.
Semimartingale theory of monotone mean–variance portfolio allocation
Authors: Černý Aleš 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe study dynamic optimal portfolio allocation for monotone mean–variance preferences in a general semimartingale model. Armed with new results in this area, we revisit the work of Cui et al. and fully characterize the circumstances under which one can set aside a nonnegative cash flow while simultaneously improving the mean–variance efficiency of the left‐over wealth. The paper analyzes, for the first time, the monotone hull of the Sharpe ratio and highlights its relevance to the problem at hand.