bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiencing the Spirit
Authors: Zahl Simeon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that a constructive recovery of the category of “experience” in Christian theology is best accomplished through the lens of the theology of the Holy Spirit. Thinking about experience in terms of the work of the Holy Spirit helps specify what we mean when we talk about Christian “experience,” while also avoiding the problems that arise in appeals to more general concepts of “religious experience.” The chapter shows how a pneumatologically informed theology of experience draws attention to a problematic tendency towards abstraction and disembodiment in much modern systematic theology. It then argues that the work of the Spirit is likely to take forms that are “practically recognizable” in the lives of Christians in the world, exhibiting temporal specificity as well as affective and emotional impact, and that pneumatologies that cannot take account of such practically recognizable effects are deficient.
Grace as Experience
Authors: Zahl Simeon 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter gives a constructive account of saving encounter with divine grace, through the Spirit, in the context of embodied experience. It draws on the insights of affect theory and the “material turn” in religious studies to argue for the ongoing experiential plausibility of the doctrine of sin in the contemporary world. The chapter demonstrates that theologians in recent decades have tended to follow Lindbeck and Stendahl, amongst others, in making assumptions about the plasticity of human experience through the instruments of language and discursive practice, and that these assumptions require substantial qualification. The second half of the chapter builds on these insights, together with the theology of Martin Luther, to describe Christian experience of grace in terms of an affective pedagogy effected by the Spirit through the instruments of the law and the gospel. It concludes by showing how this account of grace can make religious sense of a wide variety of experiences of affective plight in the contemporary world.
Yesterday’s News
Authors: Pettitt Clare 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
‘Yesterday’s News’ investigates the overlapping of different kinds of media time in the 1820s and 1830s. It tracks the persistence into modernity of older cultures of print and reading: almanacs, ballads, broadsheets, and miscellanies were all circulating alongside the popular illustrated twopenny papers of the 1820s. Historical descriptions (of the classical past; medieval dress; customs of the Tudors, and such like) became placeholders for ‘news’ in these popular papers. Using John Clare’s The Shepherd’s Calendar (1827) as an important commentary on the intersections of print and different forms of time in the 1820s, this chapter measures the time lag of the news for most Londoners who were unable to afford expensive newspapers and instead relied on out-of-date information, or topical popular publications, and so were struggling to catch up and, in the meanwhile, were encountering history as news.
Conclusion
Authors: Pettitt Clare 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The conclusion to Serial Forms looks ahead to the serial European revolutions of 1848. Benedict Anderson argues that ‘nationalism lives by making comparisons,’ and 1848 was the definitive moment for the international comparison of nationalisms. As Karl Marx noticed at the time, these were revolutions that understood themselves in terms of international communications and evinced a seriality of form that suggested an equivalence of scale and a category identity across Europe and beyond. But without the new international consciousness of interconnectedness already brought about by a serial permeability of texts, ideas, and politics, the multiple revolutions of 1848 would never have happened. Seriality would enable the political struggle of the 1840s and would ultimately create a new theoretical understanding of that struggle too. The irony is that after 1848, this same international revolutionary energy would be recycled into national liberal state apparatuses and major technological state infrastructures.
Wage Employment in Africa
Authors: Cramer Christopher , Sender John , Oqubay Arkebe 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Most economists think there is little wage employment in Africa and doubt the potential for faster growth of paid employment. They favour supply-side measures encouraging self-employment. The statistical base of conventional views is extremely unreliable. Even the poor statistics that are available do not support pessimism about wage employment in African countries, which has been expanding (and as a share of total employment). Huge numbers of wage workers, including women in domestic service, agricultural child workers, and, often, factory workers, are also invisible in the data. There is no reason for pessimistic predictions about slow fertility rate decline in Africa. There are realistic policies to encourage a faster rate of growth of wage opportunities, for example, to increase demand for young and female rural workers. Also, employment protection legislation (EPL) is not a brake on investment, productivity increases, and growth; excessive labour market ‘flexibility’ subsidizes inefficient enterprises.
Introduction
Authors: Wolff J. E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter sets out what a metaphysics of quantities is and what the key disputes in the metaphysics of quantities are. A metaphysics of quantities concerns quantitativeness, the feature that differentiates quantities from other attributes. Three disputes about quantities are distinguished: reductionism vs. non-reductionism; permissivism vs. restrictivism; and operationalism vs. realism. The view defended in this book is non-reductive, restrictive, and realist. In addition the chapter describes the metaphysical and scientific backdrop against which the novel position—substantival structuralism—is articulated and defended. The introduction concludes with a short overview of the organization of the book.
Representationalism as a Basis for Metaphysics
Authors: Wolff J. E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses two challenges for using the representational theory of measurement (RTM) as a basis for a metaphysics of quantities. The first is the dominant interpretation of representationalism as being committed to operationalism and empiricism. The chapter argues in favour of treating RTM itself as a mathematical framework open to different interpretations and proposes a more realist understanding of RTM, which treats the mapping between represented and representing structure as an isomorphism rather than a mere homomorphism. This adjustment then enables us to address the second challenge, which is the permissivism present in standard representationalism, according to which there is no special division into quantitative and non-quantitative attributes. Based on results in abstract measurement theory, the chapter argues that, on the contrary, RTM provides the means to draw such a distinction at an intuitively plausible place: only attributes representable on ‘super-ratio scales’ are quantitative.
Questions of Priority
Authors: Wolff J. E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Are relational or monadic facts about quantities more fundamental? This question is one way of formulating the debate between comparativists and absolutists in the metaphysics of quantities. The dispute between the two positions seems to depend on responding to two challenges that pull in opposite directions. On the one hand, a suitable account needs to be able to distinguish scenarios that are observationally distinct; on the other hand a suitable account should not draw distinctions without a difference. This chapter argues that absolutism seems to have the upper hand when it comes to the first challenge, but that features of quantities uncovered in Chapter 6 make absolutism implausible as a metaphysical view of quantities in response to the second challenge. Sophisticated substantivalism is presented as a promising alternative response to these two challenges.
A Structuralist View of Quantities
Authors: Wolff J. E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter shows how the view arrived at in the previous chapters amounts to a structuralist understanding of quantities. It argues that the view is structuralist both in the ontology it provides for quantities and in the criterion for quantitativeness it offers. It then returns to the disputes over quantities laid out in the introduction and shows that the view presented here is a form of non-reductive restrictive realism. It is non-reductive, because even though numbers are merely dispensable representational tools for quantities, quantitativeness is not defined in terms of numbers. Dispensing with numbers is not sufficient to dispense with quantitativeness. It is restrictive, because not all attributes are quantitative and it is realist, because quantitativeness is a feature of attributes, not concepts.
La France à l’heure anglaise
Authors: Pong Beryl 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During the Second World War, Germany often imposed its own time zone onto those countries it occupied. Chapter 5 looks at the case of France, and examines responses to a perceived temporal misalignment with Britain which occurred with its capitulation to Germany in June 1940. Surveying a series of wartime propaganda films, including those by the GPO Film Unit, the chapter demonstrates how war time was expressed through pastoral tropes, and through notions of Allied temporal guardianship. It turns to the activist writer Storm Jameson, whose novel Cloudless May (1943) conveys a kind of ‘international regionalism’ to cultivate British support for France. Through affective, embodied landscapes, she reinforces what she sees as modernism’s strengths, and revises what she sees as its weaknesses, for a geopolitical agenda.
The Literary Cartography of Ruins
Authors: Pong Beryl 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
After air raids destroyed much of London’s landscape, there were attempts at not only material but imaginative reconstruction. Books of photographs comparing London’s landmarks before and after ruination were made; maps of ‘ruin-walks’ were created for tourists to follow; and new editions of past histories of London were reissued without incorporating present-day damage, as if to elide and erase the wartime years. The intersection between memory and ruins is of primordial concern in a post-war Bildungsroman by Rose Macaulay, whose young protagonist remains unable to assimilate into her post-war landscape. Through the chronotope of ruin, Chapter 9 explores how Macaulay combines London’s landscape with that of her character’s traumatized childhood in Vichy France. In doing so, she explores the limits of the Bildungsroman, in its emphasis on individual-social formation, as a genre for the post-war world.
Social Protection, Capitalist Production
Authors: Manow Philip 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The book provides a thorough analysis of the genealogy and the functional logic of German capitalism over the last 130 years. It addresses several puzzles of the existing literature, in particular how economic coordination proved possible and remained stable in a (big) country without prominent traits of neo-corporatism, without long government participation of social democratic parties, without centralized wage bargaining, without active economic steering by the government, under a “monetarist” regime, and under an allegedly liberal, namely “ordoliberal” economic policy. The central claim of the book is that the functional equivalent for all that was a “conservative-continental” welfare state which provided labor and capital with the organizational resources and the infrastructure to establish and maintain long-term economic coordination (of which we know that it is not-self-enforcing, i.e. that it needs institutional support). A better understanding of the German case, which can be seen as prototypical for other continental political economies as well, thus provides us also with a much better understanding of the different variants of coordinated market economies in northern, continental, and southern Europe, i.e. it provides us with a more profound Comparative Political Economy framework. This has important implications for contemporary debates on Germany’s role within international trade, and especially on its role within Europe and especially within the eurozone and its crisis. Much of the current debate, so the book claims, is based on an incomplete account of the functional logic of Modell Deutschland.
Pathological Adjustment, Structural Change, and the Welfare State
Authors: Manow Philip 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Once the period of high growth had passed, the welfare state maintained wage coordination by providing labor and capital with the resources to alleviate their deepening distributional conflicts—with an increasingly negative impact on the overall functioning of the German variety of capitalism. The fact that the welfare state provided social actors with the possibility of externalizing the growing costs of adjusting to the period of “diminished expectations” led to a pathological pattern of ever higher non-wage labor costs, poor job growth, and high structural unemployment. This contributed to Germany’s “welfare-without-work”—and “budgets-without-balance”—malaise in the 1970s and 1980s.
Defining the Scope
Authors: Foot Rosemary 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides the building blocks for the argument that is to come. It explains the value of adopting a social ontology in order better to understand the way that power, beliefs, and image can interrelate in a mutually constitutive way to shape a state’s discourse and behaviour. The chapter also justifies the book’s focus on the UN in the post-Cold War era and the UN decision to make human protection a core element of UN activity. Turning to the China case, the chapter demonstrates Beijing’s growing role within the UN deriving from its greater familiarity with the UN environment, growing global influence and interests, and an increasingly more ambitious central leadership. It sets out China’s official and wider societal beliefs associated with the idea of human protection, explaining how and why the UN is useful to China in its performative role as ‘responsible great power’.
The Conceptual Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The book starts with a description of classical mechanics then discusses the quantum phenomena that require us to give up our commonsense classical intuitions. We consider the physical and conceptual arguments that led to the standard von Neumann-Dirac formulation of quantum mechanics and how the standard theory explains quantum phenomena. This includes a discussion of how the theory’s two dynamical laws work with the standard interpretation of states to explain determinate measurement records, quantum statistics, interference effects, entanglement, decoherence, and quantum nonlocality. A careful understanding of how the standard theory works ultimately leads to the quantum measurement problem. We consider how the measurement problem threatens the logical consistency of the standard theory then turn to a discussion of the main proposals for resolving it. This includes collapse formulations of quantum mechanics like Wigner’s extension of the standard theory and the GRW approach and no-collapse formulations like pure wave mechanics, the various many-worlds theories, and Bohmian mechanics. In discussing alternative formulations of quantum mechanics we pay particular attention to the explanatory role played by each theory’s empirical ontology and associated metaphysical commitments and the conceptual trade-offs between theoretical options.
Classical Mechanics
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
While quantum mechanics is one of the most successful physical theories we have ever had, it is deeply counterintuitive. It must be given the empirical evidence it explains. We consider some of the historical evidence for the theory and the conceptual arguments that led from classical mechanics to quantum mechanics. These considerations illustrate some of the ways in which our commonsense and philosophical intuitions are simply incompatible with the physical world.
Bohmian Mechanics
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey A. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We consider how Bohmian mechanics characterizes the behavior of physical systems paying particular attention to what it means to make a measurement in the theory and how one should understand the empirical content of one’s records. We discuss the sense in which a measurement record selects a branch of the quantum-mechanical state and, hence, why the empirical content of the record is well-understood as being given by the effective wave function in configuration space. We conclude by considering the virtues and vices of Bohmian mechanics given how it accounts for our experience. This includes reflecting on how the theory explains surreal trajectories and EPR-Bell type nonlocal correlations.
What Does Matter?
Authors: Fried Barbara H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The trolley problem and cognate hypotheticals have played an outsized role in nonconsequentialist thought over the past fifty years. Taking Parfit’s On What Matters as a jumping-off point, the chapter argues that the features common to trolley problems—focusing only on determinate consequences, ignoring consequences to off-stage actors, reliance on secondary features unrelated to the tragic choices themselves, and treating the epistemic viewpoint of actors as an exogenous, morally neutral fact—suppress the fact that most of the choices we face are tragic, in the sense that they force a tradeoff between the fundamental interests of different people.
Introduction and Overview
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The Introduction describes the main themes and objectives of the book and provides an overview of its content. First, the current dominant view on the origins of central banking is recalled and challenged, and it is outlined what alternative view this book will propose, namely that central banking dates back to before 1800 and that a number of European continental institutions played a major role in its development. Then an overview of the chapters of the book is provided: Chapter 1 restating the currently dominant view on the origins of central banking; Chapter 2 on money issuance; Chapter 3 on the relation with the government; Chapter 4 on lending to the private sector; Chapter 5 on the lender-of-last resort; Chapter 6 on the overall balance sheet of early central banks; and Chapter 7 restating the rehabilitation of early central banking; The annex schematically reviews a total of 25 central banks operating before 1800.
Lender of Last Resort
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The recent central banking literature often argues that the LOLR function would be the key feature defining a ‘modern’ central bank. This chapter argues that this view may appear too radical (despite the enormous benefits of the LOLR) as the appearance of the LOLR does not change the nature of central banking (which is primarily associated with the issuance of central bank money). After providing an overview of the roles of central banks for financial stability, the chapter focuses on one early LOLR episode, namely the measures of the Hamburger Bank, Bank of Amsterdam and Bank of England in the European debt crisis of 1763. It is shown that in particular the Hamburger Bank acted as systemic lender of last resort, comparable to what modern central banks did in 2008.
Early Central Banks’ Economics and Balance Sheets
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the roles of the various central bank operations in the pre-1800 world, what one can conclude on the overall economics and business model of early central banking, and what this implies in terms of overall balance sheet and risk management approach. The ‘alchemical quest’ of early central banking included in particular the universal challenge of bank balance sheet management to achieve significant liquidity, maturity, and credit transformation while preserving bank funding stability also in future stress situations at a high level of confidence. Section 6.1 reviews again in one context the key balance sheet positions of early central banks and the associated economic functions and market operations. Section 6.2 systematically compares the operations of the major early central banks and reviews their balance sheet structures and relative sizes.
Rehabilitation
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This chapter returns to the question who invented what in central banking. The review confirms broader and earlier origins of central banking, with particularly the early banks in Barcelona, Genoa, Naples, Venice, Amsterdam, and Hamburg having all made major contributions and actually having developed all central bank operations that would prevail until the early twentieth century (except discounting trade bills). The Bank of England invented the private ownership model based on a joint stock company, which became the template for most central bank creations in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but has been considered outdated since the mid twentieth century. Moreover, it had the largest balance sheet amongst all central banks in the eighteenth century. The chapter ends with a list of 15 major current central bank topics which all can be traced back to before 1800, showing how relevant the study of early central banking remains.
Introduction
Authors: Hom Andrew R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Using the Doomsday Clock as an organizing symbol, the introduction makes the case for time’s relevance to a range of global political phenomena, clears important conceptual ground, and sets the stage for the theory and analyses to follow. It notes a number of empirical and disciplinary areas where time and temporal assumptions play important roles but argues that International Relations (IR) mostly fails to take time seriously as an object of analysis in its own right. It then sketches two dominant and seemingly contradictory cultures of time operating across politics and IR: Western standard time, or the time reckoned by reliable clocks and calendars; and the problem of Time—a much more venerable and vindictive image of time as antagonistic to human and social life, sometimes couched in fluvial metaphors. The problem of Time tradition sets up politics in practice and in theory as efforts to tame Time with sound knowledge and effective action, often linked to Western standard time symbols. Before summarizing the rest of the book, the introduction argues that the prevalence of these two contradictory time cultures in IR opens up important questions about the field’s relationship to time and its means of engaging global politics.