bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Move to No Ratings
Authors: Lewis W. Robert 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In 2014, a large multinational healthcare company made the decision to move from a performance management (PM) system from a traditional process focused on assigning performance ratings to one in which managers have accountability to provide ongoing coaching and feedback throughout the year and allocate compensation rewards differentially based on each employee’s contribution and impact. The new ratingless PM system aligned with the organization’s cultural aspirations to have all employees take accountability for their role in the company’s success, treat each other with respect, and build trust through candid conversations, while maintaining a strong focus on performance. The new process was implemented on a global scale, with diligent change management processes to support managers and employees to be successful through the transition to a new process. Four years into implementation, feedback from managers and employees on the new process have been consistently positive, and other objective organizational measures provide further evidence that the new PM process implementation has been successful for the company.
The Strange Case of Donald J. Trump
Authors: McAdams Dan P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The Strange Case of Donald J. Trump provides a coherent and nuanced psychological portrait of the 45th president of the United States. Drawing on biographical events in Trump’s life and on contemporary research and theory in personality, social, and developmental psychology, the book explores the personality traits and psychological dynamics that have shaped Trump’s life, with an emphasis on the strangeness of the case—how Trump again and again defies psychological expectations regarding what it means to be a human being. The book’s central thesis is that Donald Trump is the episodic man. He lives in the moment, outside of time, without an internal story to connect the discrete scenes in his life. As such, Trump perceives himself to be more like a superhero or a primal force, supernatural and timeless, rather than a flesh-and-blood human being with an inner life, a remembered past, and an imagined future. Trump’s psychological status as the episodic man helps us understand both Trump’s appeal (in the minds of millions) and his failings. The book’s interpretation of Trump sheds new light on Trump’s charisma, his deal-making, his volatile temperament, his approach to personal relationships, his narcissism, and his emergence as a new kind of authoritarian leader in American history.
Venom
Authors: McAdams Dan P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
“Venom” examines the many ways in which Donald Trump, as a social actor, displays remarkably low levels of agreeableness, a broad personality trait that may be the most valued trait in the world. People low in agreeableness are generally viewed to be antagonistic, uncaring, vengeful, and mean-spirited. Where does Trump’s “venom” come from? The chapter scours Trump’s biography to evaluate a number of potential answers to the question, from inborn temperament dimensions to the influence of the gangster-lawyer Roy Cohn. The chapter shows how Trump’s low standing on the agreeableness dimension may have developed via an implicit and unfolding psychological synergy between nature and nurture, a kind of unwitting conspiracy of genes and environments, as each reinforced the other.
Truth
Authors: McAdams Dan P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
“Truth” aims to explain why Donald Trump lies more than any other public official in the United States today, and why his supporters, nonetheless, put up with his lies. The chapter combs the biographical record to highlight some of the most egregious examples of Trump’s untruths and then considers reasons behind Trump’s remarkable penchant for lying. For Trump, truth is effectively whatever it takes to win the moment, moment by moment, battle by battle—as the episodic man, shorn of any long-term story to make sense of his life, struggles to win the moment. Among the many reasons that Trump’s supporters excuse his lying is that they, like Trump himself, do not really hold him to the standards that human persons are held to. And that is because many of his supporters, like Trump himself, do not consider him to be a person—he is more like a primal force or superhero, more than a person, but less than a person, too.
UNCLOS and the ‘Ambulatory Thesis’
Authors: Purcell Kate 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces David Caron’s influential argument that Articles 7(2) and 76(9) of UNCLOS ‘negatively imply’ that baselines and the zonal limits measured from them are, as a general rule, ambulatory. It points to two important differences between these provisions neglected by Caron’s analysis. It explains why it is necessary to revisit Articles 7(2) and 76(9) with a view to determining the ordinary meaning of their terms in context and in light of the treaty’s object and purpose—the project of the following two chapters. Caron’s argument is premised on a problematic interpretation of the relevant provisions and UNCLOS more broadly.
The Permanent Limits of the Continental Shelf
Authors: Purcell Kate 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of the regime of the continental shelf. It challenges the claim that UNCLOS Article 76(9) exceptionally secures the limits of the continental shelf against subsequent coastal change. The permanence of the outer limits of the continental shelf was intended to preserve an area of the seabed beyond national jurisdiction as the common heritage of mankind. The law also provides that the limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (M), which are not defined by distance from the coast, are ‘final and binding’. Neither Article 76(9) nor any other element of the regime of the continental shelf can be said to imply the ambulatory character of baselines and the zonal limits measured from them. Indeed, the requirement to permanently establish the limits of the continental shelf implies that the coastal State is ordinarily permitted rather than required to revise established maritime limits.
Snapshot Stories
Authors: Hanna Erika 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
During the twentieth century, men and women across Ireland picked up cameras, photographing days out at the beach, composing views of Ireland’s cities and countryside, and recording political events as they witnessed them. Indeed, while foreign photographers often focused on the image of Ireland as a bucolic rural landscape, Irish photographers—snapshotter and professional alike—were creating and curating photographs of Ireland which revealed more complex and diverse images of Ireland. Snapshot Stories explores these stories. It examines a diverse array of photographic sources, including family photograph albums, studio portraits, and the work of photography clubs and community photography initiatives, alongside the output of those who took their cameras into the streets to record violence and poverty. It shows how Irish men and women used photography in order to explore their sense of self and society, and examines how we can use these images to fill in the details of Ireland’s social history. Through exploring this rich array of sources, it asks what it means to see—to look, to gaze, to glance—in modern Ireland, and explores how conflicts regarding vision and visuality have repeatedly been at the centre of Irish life.
Investigating Organizational Deviance from Standards in Depth
Authors: Langer Sarah , Gey Ronny , Karadzhova-Beyer Diana 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, Sarah Langer, Ronny Gey, and Diana Karadzhova-Beyer introduce how empirical investigations of organizational deviations from standards can be conceptualized. They suggest a focused ethnography approach to explore the organizational members’ view on the enactment of standards. The applied research strategy includes qualitative interviews, field observations, diaries, the analysis of documents, and questionnaires. The authors present the studies’ empirical premises and the sampling approach, as well as the process of data gathering and analysis. The chapter prepares methodological ground for the case studies CraneSolutions, MedTech, and MetroEngineers. In this way, the authors also provide guidelines and lessons learned, for instance, for replication studies on organizational deviance from standards in other industrial sectors, for other standards, and for the non-profit sector.
Challenges and Opportunities of Health Protection in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Chan Emily Ying Yang 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Globally, changes of macro-determinants of health occur as consequences of population movement, urbanization, globalization, technology advancement, and globalized living environments in the twenty-first century. Rayner and Lang (2012) argue that these transitions have changed the dynamics among humans, their activity patterns and the living eco-system. Regardless of development status, these health transitions change the human health determinants and outcomes. One of the latest frontiers in public health protection is to understand how these macro transitions might affect human health risks, disease outcomes, and the ecosystems that support and sustain living creatures. This chapter discusses current understanding of how some of these transitions, including globalization, demographic, epidemiological, economic, ecological, energy, technological, nutrition, and urban transitions, may be associated with health and well-being.
Second-Generation European Data Protection Regulation and Professional Journalism
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Drawing on the results of both a questionnaire and a public domain website review, this chapter explores the enforcement stance and track record of European Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) vis-à-vis the professional journalistic media under the Data Protection Directive. Approximately 80 per cent of DPAs accepted that they possessed regulatory powers in this regard and over 60 per cent reported having undertaken some enforcement. However, the number who conceptualized their powers to be partial was far higher than that set out in statutory law and half the DPAs which did report enforcement had only intervened in relation to one or two often quite diffuse areas of data protection. The website review verified enforcement for 40 per cent of the DPAs and confirmed that activity had often focused on data linked either to specific privacy interests (especially where sensitive data was involved) and/or data whose safeguarded treatment underpinned critical socio-economic relationships (e.g. national identification numbers). In general, action had been very patchy, with a notable absence of intervention even in relation to issues that only raise limited free speech concerns such as avoiding or rectifying significant inaccuracies. This patchiness could not be fully explained by statutory law (which often remained quite prescriptive), the general need for contextual rights balancing, limited resourcing, or the need for an interface with self-regulation. Nevertheless, enforcement was strongly and positively correlated with the stringency of local law. Relationships with DPA resources were more mixed although there was a significant positive association between enforcement and the per capita human resources available to a regulator.
Third-Generation European Data Protection Law and Professional Journalism
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the legislative interface between data protection and the professional journalistic media under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Like the Data Protection Directive (DPD), the GDPR mandates that States adopt derogations ‘necessary’ for reconciling two competing fundamental rights. However, broadly mirroring the situation under the DPD, there remain considerable differences at local level. Northern European countries have tended to set out wide and deep derogations for journalism, whilst Southern and Eastern Europe have often stipulated that this activity adhere to strict data protection standards. These differences map on to broader cultural fissures as regards attitudes to individualism, uncertainty avoidance, and power differences in society. Nevertheless, these outcomes are slightly more balanced than under the DPD. In particular, almost half the States have set out partial statutory limits to the supervisory powers of the Data Protection Authority here. Approximately one-third of States also continue to formalize a co-regulatory connection between statutory and self-regulation. However, a widespread problem has emerged concerning the statutory treatment of media/news archiving. In sum, although the GDPR mandates derogations here, only around one-third of European Economic Area (EEA) States have explicitly provided that the journalism regime can apply to public interest archiving which is subject to its own default regime in the GDPR.
The Future Shape of European Data Protection Regulation and Professional Journalism
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the approach European Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) should take to their role vis-à-vis the professional journalistic media under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Such an approach must take into account the contextual trend within European Court of Human Rights case law, the growth of a stricter Court of Justice of the European Union data protection jurisprudence, and continuing severe resource constraints. In the area of standards, DPAs should endorse a broad construction of the journalistic derogation that encompasses news/media archives but should also promote a specific and structured approach to contextual balancing within this derogation. Such detailed standard-setting raises acute sensitivities. Therefore, guidance should be formulated through a co-regulatory process which adopts the GDPR’s code of conduct provisions as a broad guideline. Enforcement remains even more delicate, potentially very expensive, but nevertheless vital. A strategic co-regulatory approach is appropriate here too. DPAs should encourage self-regulatory monitoring mechanisms and, in cases where these meet the criteria laid down in the GDPR, should defer to them other than when particular systematic or serious issues arise. If such criteria are not satisfied, DPAs need to deploy their powers proactively across the board. Finally, where no self-regulatory mechanism exists, DPAs must independently ensure a proportionate response to all complaints and issues that arise. Media regulation rightly remains largely within State jurisdiction. Therefore, the European Data Protection Regulation should avoid coercive intervention here. Nevertheless, it should play a valuable ʻsoftʼ role through drafting non-binding guidance and promoting information exchange, dialogue, and cooperation.
Conclusion
Authors: de Stefano Carlo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The conclusions encapsulate one of the central messages of the book, namely its emphasis on the logical, technical, and ‘objective’ tenets of the international rules of attribution of conduct to States. Such a peculiar nature is held to justify their pedagogic role and influence in the treatment under international law of the ‘State’ (i.e. its organs, instrumentalities, and ‘private’ agents) somehow independently of the design of a given dispute settlement system or of the proper law applicable to the objective element of liability, so as to ensure coherent resolutions of attribution issues by different international law adjudicators.
Introduction
Authors: Scholz Luca 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In the politically dense and fractured landscape of the Holy Roman Empire, safe conduct provided a key framework for negotiating freedom of movement and its restriction. The introduction sets out how the book uses safe conduct to approach the Holy Roman Empire in a spatial rather than diachronic perspective. It describes how authorities in the Empire restricted, promoted, and channelled different forms of mobility for political, fiscal, and symbolic reasons. Spatially these efforts were rarely concentrated at borders, which challenges anachronistic assumptions about the functioning of early modern borders. Conflicts around the enclosure of movement led to controversial debates around the rulers’ right to interfere with human mobility, adding a new chapter to the history of free movement. Drawing on manuscript, visual, and printed sources as well as self-designed maps, this book offers a new perspective on the unstable relation of political authority and human mobility in the heartlands of old-regime Europe.
Theatres of Transit
Authors: Scholz Luca 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Deputies of territorial rulers often escorted foreign persons of rank, merchants, prisoners, or corpses when they moved through their dominions. This physical form of safe conduct was a way of honouring or protecting travellers, but it also offered a means of signalling a ruler’s claims over a thoroughfare. When several parties disputed the right to escort a traveller, the escorts attempted to gain the vanguard of the processions. It was not uncommon for these encounters to escalate into violence, leading to protest, absenteeism, and outright mutiny among subjects, travellers, and officials, as in the small County of Wertheim where the processions often assumed a warlike character. In a world where processional rankings and symbolic gestures were regarded as authentic indicators of social and political realities, these theatres of transit offered a means through which to express and broker profound dissensions over the politics of mobility.
Conclusion
Authors: Scholz Luca 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The enclosure of movement in the Holy Roman Empire, studied here through the lens of safe conduct, engendered a highly contingent interplay of obstructive and accelerating factors that affected the geography and temporality of different forms of movement in different ways. Spatially, these efforts were not concentrated at territorial borders but at settlements, toll stations, and other choke points, indicating that late modern border talk is unsuitable for understanding the ordering of movement before the mid-eighteenth century. The fact that early modern freedoms of movement, however poorly enforced, did not exist by default but by deliberate design challenges the image of the early modern ‘state’ as a preventer of mobility. This conclusion places the book’s findings in a broader perspective and argues that the history of the Holy Roman Empire offers an alternative framework not just for understanding other parts of the early modern world but also for appreciating ambiguities inherent in the late modern border regime.
The Nature of Contingency
Authors: Wilson Alastair 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Contingency is everywhere, but what is it? This book defends a radical new theory of contingency as a physical phenomenon. Drawing on the many-worlds approach to quantum theory and on cutting-edge metaphysics and philosophy of science, it argues that quantum theories are best understood as telling us about the space of genuine possibilities rather than as telling us solely about actuality. When quantum physics is taken seriously in the way first proposed by Hugh Everett III, it provides the resources for a new systematic metaphysical framework encompassing possibility, necessity, actuality, chance, counterfactuals, and a host of related modal notions. The framework is a modal realist one, in the tradition of David Lewis: all genuine possibilities are on a par, and the actual world is simply the one that we ourselves inhabit. It departs from Lewisian modal realism in that quantum possible worlds are not philosophical posits but scientific discoveries. Contingency and other modal notions have often been seen as beyond the limits of science. Rationalist metaphysicians argue that the metaphysics of modality is strictly prior to any scientific investigation: metaphysics establishes which worlds are possible, and physics merely checks which of these worlds is actual. Naturalistic metaphysicians respond that science may discover new possibilities and new impossibilities. This book’s quantum theory of contingency takes naturalistic metaphysics one step further, allowing that science may discover what it is to be possible. As electromagnetism revealed the nature of light, as acoustics revealed the nature of sound, as statistical mechanics revealed the nature of heat, so quantum physics reveals the nature of contingency.
The Ethics of Contemplation in ‘Wordsworth’
Authors: Lee Adam 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Through the study of Plato, Pater was instrumental in changing the way Aristotle was read in Oxford’s Literae Humaniores as evident in his essay ‘On Wordsworth’ (1874). The more ideal elements of Aristotle’s Ethics are emphasized, particularly its passages on contemplation and energeia, in keeping with the image of the divine philosopher in Plato’s Theaetetus. Comparing Pater’s essay to Matthew Arnold’s essay on Wordsworth, it is discovered that it is their diverging views of Platonism that determine whether or not they view Wordsworth as a philosopher. Pater ascribes the ideal teaching of Aristotle to the mysticism of Wordsworth, particularly the ethical importance of contemplation, in being over doing, a preference which in turn affects Oscar Wilde and the values associated with aestheticism.
Scientific Cosmologies
Authors: Kurki Milja 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces a number of perspectives on cosmology from within debates in scientific cosmology. It aims to show that while there are important differences between perspectives in the scientific study of the cosmos, there have also been important developments in how the cosmos has been understood and engaged with. New discoveries about the nature and structure of the cosmos have precipitated not only new facts and tools to probe the universe but have also generated new philosophical attempts to conceptualize the significance of these discoveries for our understanding of the cosmos and our role in it. It is these debates in scientific cosmology that relational cosmology, examined in the chapter that follows, emerges from.
Stretching Situated Knowledge
Authors: Kurki Milja 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter, first of three to develop relational cosmology in conversation with critical social theory and IR theory, argues that at the heart of relational cosmology lies a commitment to situated knowledge. This perspective on knowledge production is similar in some regards to standpoint epistemology but also diverges from it in key respects. The chapter argues that IR scholarship can benefit from close engagement with relational cosmology suggestions as to how our knowledge is limited and how we might need to ‘deal with it’, especially in the social sciences, where there is a tendency to glorify the role of the human in knowing the human.
Ethics, in Relations?
Authors: Kurki Milja 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the implications of relational cosmology reach beyond reorienting our ontological and epistemological perspectives in IR. From them emerge also different, and rather difficult, set of conversations with those IR scholars concerned with normative or ethical theorizing or decision-making in IR. The relational perspective does not easily conform to classical orientations of ethical thinking in the field as it avoids commitment to general rules and moral norms. Yet, with the help of Karen Barad and Florence Chiew it is argued in this chapter that there is a distinct ‘ethical’ impetus, involving responsibility in intra-actions, inbuilt in the kind of orientation suggested by relational cosmology as it is developed here. From this perspective we are concerned to widen our concerns to ‘beyond the human’ but also to reflect on the limits of ‘ethics’ itself.