bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The UN Global Compacts on Migration and Refugees
Authors: Lavenex Sandra 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As process-oriented, inclusive, legally nonbinding frameworks deemed to promote cooperation in the pursuit of agreed objectives, the Global Compacts for Migration and Refugees adopted in December 2018 introduce modes of experimentalist governance in fields where states have hitherto opposed (new) multilateral commitments. This article retraces the introduction of experimentalist elements in the compacts’ architecture and critically discusses their potential and limits in such contested policy fields. It concludes that given the depth of normative and distributive conflicts, the compacts are unlikely to generate substantive innovation, as experimentalist theory would suggest. They may, however, help to counter the erosion of existing commitments.
Reflections on the Enlightenment and Modernity: In Our Plague Year
Authors: Jacob Margaret C. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Written as a polemical piece, the essay confronts the detractors of the Enlightenment and modernity. It asks if science is simply a social construction, how can we put so much faith in it to help solve the current crisis brought about by COVID-19? If we turn away from the Enlightenment and its values, how can we deploy liberal solutions to work in our current predicament and preserve what is progressive within modernity?
Temporal Changes in Land Surface Coupling Strength: An Example in a Semi-Arid Region of Australia
Authors: Lo Min-Hui , Wu Wen-Ying , Tang Lois Iping , Ryu Dongryeol , Rashid Mehnaz , Wu Ren-Jie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOne of the critical components in understanding the climate system is the interaction between the land and the atmosphere. Whereas previous studies on land–atmosphere coupling mostly focus on its spatial hotspots, we explore the temporal evolution of land surface coupling strength (LCS) during a large-scale flood event in a semiarid region in northern Australia. The LCS indicates the relationship between soil moisture and latent heat flux, and the spatiotemporal variability in precipitation and soil water strongly affects the variability of LCS. The LCS is usually positive in the semiarid climate, where evapotranspiration (ET) occurs under the soil moisture–limited regime and thus increases with soil moisture. However, our analyses of combined land surface modeling and observational datasets show high temporal variability of LCS in the course of the extreme flood event followed by a drying period. The wet regions transferred the ET regime from the soil moisture–limited to the transition section, weakening the linear growth of ET with soil moisture, which resulted in the decline of LCS. The LCS remained weak until the flood retreated and the soil water approached the prestorm average state. Such temporal variation of the LCS has important implications for realistic parameterization of the land–atmosphere coupling and consequently improving subseasonal to seasonal climate forecast.
Tropical Temperature Variability in the UTLS: New Insights from GPS Radio Occultation Observations
Authors: Scherllin-Pirscher Barbara , Steiner Andrea K. , Anthes Richard A. , Alexander M. Joan , Alexander Simon P. , Biondi Riccardo , Birner Thomas , Kim Joowan , Randel William J. , Son Seok-Woo , Tsuda Toshitaka , Zeng Zhen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGlobal positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) observations, first made of Earth’s atmosphere in 1995, have contributed in new ways to the understanding of the thermal structure and variability of the tropical upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS), an important component of the climate system. The UTLS plays an essential role in the global radiative balance, the exchange of water vapor, ozone, and other chemical constituents between the troposphere and stratosphere, and the transfer of energy from the troposphere to the stratosphere. With their high accuracy, precision, vertical resolution, and global coverage, RO observations are uniquely suited for studying the UTLS and a broad range of equatorial waves, including gravity waves, Kelvin waves, Rossby and mixed Rossby–gravity waves, and thermal tides. Because RO measurements are nearly unaffected by clouds, they also resolve the upper-level thermal structure of deep convection and tropical cyclones as well as volcanic clouds. Their low biases and stability from mission to mission make RO observations powerful tools for studying climate variability and trends, including the annual cycle and intraseasonal-to-interannual atmospheric modes of variability such as the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). These properties also make them useful for evaluating climate models and detection of small trends in the UTLS temperature, key indicators of climate change. This paper reviews the contributions of RO observations to the understanding of the three-dimensional structure of tropical UTLS phenomena and their variability over time scales ranging from hours to decades and longer.
Performance of lightweight mortar reinforced with doum palm fiber
Authors: Naiiri Fatma , Lamis Allègue , Mehdi Salem , Redouane Zitoune , Mondher Zidi 
Published: November 2020

Natural fibers are increasingly used in composites because of their low cost and good mechanical properties. Cement reinforced with natural fibersis contemplates as a new generation of construction materials with superior mechanical and thermal performance. This study of three sizes’effect of Doum palm fiber explores the mortar’s behavior reinforced with different fiber ratio. The aim is to determine the optimal addition to improve mechanical and thermal properties of natural fiber reinforced cements. Physical, mechanical and thermal properties of composite are examined. Tensile properties of Doum fibers are verified to determine their potential as reinforced material. Findings prove that the use of alkali-treated Doum fiber as reinforcement in cement mortar composite leads to the upgrading of the mechanical properties including thermo-physical properties against composites reinforced with raw fibers and control cement mortars. While, the compression and flexural strength of the cement mortar reinforced with alkali-treated Doum fiber with diameter 0.3 mm (CT3) are metered to be 11.11 MPa, 5.22 MPa, respectively for fiber content 0.5%. Additionally, based on thermo-physical tests, it is assessed that the thermal conductivity and diffusivity decrease for cement mortar reinforced with Doum fiber with diameter 0.2 mm (CT2).
Patience and Crime
Authors: Jacobs Bruce A. , Cherbonneau Michael 
Published: November 2020

Objectives: We identify the distinction between patience and self-control to improve specification of time preferences in offender decision-making. Methods: Data were drawn from in-depth qualitative interviews with 35 active auto thieves with high criminal propensity and focus on target selection. Results: Patience oscillates upward and downward, showing state instability among those with low trait self-control. Conclusions: Discussion focuses on the conceptual processes that mediate patience’s variation in offender decision-making, but especially among high-propensity offenders. The larger criminological significance of patience is discussed.
Opportunities and barriers to business engagement in the UK domestic retrofit sector: An industry perspective
Authors: Butt Ben , Jones Rory V. , Fuertes Alba 
Published: November 2020

This paper investigates the opportunities and barriers to business engagement in the UK domestic retrofit sector. There are approximately 28 million UK dwellings accounting for 30% of UK total energy consumption. Almost all of the existing housing stock will require some form of retrofit in order to meet the UK Government’s Net Zero emissions target by 2050. However, adoption has been much lower than required. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with industry professionals to investigate the key barriers and opportunities for businesses in the retrofit market. The results suggest that there is significant opportunity for businesses, but engagement has been suppressed by three main categories of barriers: (1) Those that cause lack of consumer demand; (2) Those that constrain retrofit projects, limiting their volume and scalability; (3) Those resulting from a lack of government will or direction. Business opportunity for retrofit was seen to extend globally, with substantial market growth possible. The paper suggests potential roles and solutions key stakeholders could take to achieve the volume of retrofit required. The findings should be of interest to all stakeholders who wish to overcome the multitude of barriers to business engagement in the retrofit sector and realise the potential opportunities. Practical application: This study aims to understand the barriers preventing the large-scale adoption of domestic retrofit in the UK in order to identify avenues for increasing business engagement in the sector. Potential areas believed to present significant opportunity for businesses when engaging in, developing and upscaling the retrofit process and solutions are highlighted. This paper should be of interest to building industry professionals already or wanting to undertake domestic retrofit works in future. The paper also gathers the views of current building industry professionals through semi-structured interviews providing an industry centric assessment of the sector’s challenges and possible solutions.
Isolated Incudostapedial Cholesteatomas: Unique Radiologic and Surgical Features
Authors: MacDonald Bridget , Bommakanti Krishna , Mallo Moises , Carvalho Daniela 
Published: November 2020

Objectives: Congenital cholesteatomas originate from epithelial tissue present within the middle ear in patients with an intact tympanic membrane, no history of otologic surgery, otorrhea, or tympanic membrane perforation. They are diagnosed by a pearl-like lesion on otoscopy and computed tomography (CT) scan showing an expansile soft-tissue mass. We describe a series of patients with no prior otologic history presenting with progressive unilateral conductive hearing loss and normal otoscopy. The CT scans showed ossicular erosion without obvious soft-tissue mass. Surgery confirmed incudostapedial erosion found to be cholesteatoma. In this study, we characterize the clinical course of patients diagnosed with isolated incudostapedial cholesteatoma (IIC) and review possible pathologic mechanisms. Methods: Retrospective review of IIC cases treated by the Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, 2014 to 2020. Data included patient demographics, clinical features, imaging, surgical findings, and audiologic data. Results: Five patients were diagnosed with IIC (3 [60%] female; mean age at presentation 10.7 years [range 5.5-16.0]). All patients presented with postlingual unilateral conductive hearing loss and normal otoscopy without any past otologic history; delay in diagnosis ranged from 4 months to several years. The CT scans showed ossicular chain erosion with an absent long process of the incus and/or stapes superstructure. All patients underwent middle ear exploration, revealing a thin layer of cholesteatoma in the incudostapedial region, confirmed by histopathology. Mean preoperative speech reception threshold was 55 dB and improved to a mean of 31 dB in the 4 patients who underwent ossicular chain reconstruction. Conclusion: Isolated incudostapedial cholesteatoma should be included as a possible etiology in pediatric patients with insidious onset of unilateral conductive hearing loss with normal otoscopy, unremarkable otologic history, and a CT scan showing ossicular abnormality/disruption without notable middle ear mass. These patients should be counseled preoperatively regarding the possibility of cholesteatoma and should undergo middle ear exploration with possible ossiculoplasty.
Speech and language therapy treatment on hypokinetic dysarthria in Parkinson disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Muñoz-Vigueras Natalia , Prados-Román Esther , Valenza Marie Carmen , Granados-Santiago Maria , Cabrera-Martos Irene , Rodríguez-Torres Janet , Torres-Sánchez Irene 
Published: November 2020

Objective: To assess the effect of speech and language therapy (SLT) on Hypokinetic dysarthria (HD) in Parkinson’s disease. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Methods: We performed a literature search of randomized controlled trials using PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and Cochrane database (last search October 2020). Quality assessment and risk of bias were assessed using the Downs and Black scale and the Cochrane tool. The data were pooled and a meta-analysis was completed for sound pressure levels, perceptual intelligibility and inflection of voice fundamental frequency. Results: We selected 15 high to moderate quality studies, which included 619 patients with Parkinson’s disease. After pooling the data, 7 studies, which compared different speech language therapies to no treatment, control groups and 3 of their variables, (sound pressure level, semitone standard deviation and perceptual intelligibility) were included in the analysis. Results showed significant differences in favor of SLT for sound pressure level sustained phonation tasks (standard mean difference = 1.79; 95% confidence interval = 0.86, 2.72; p ⩽ 0.0001). Significant results were also observed for sound pressure level and semitone standard deviation in reading tasks (standard mean difference = 1.32; 95% confidence interval = 1.03, 1.61; p ⩽ 0.0001). Additionally, sound pressure levels in monologue tasks showed similar results when SLT was compared to other treatments (standard mean difference = 0.87; 95% confidence interval = 0.46, 1.28; p ⩽ 0.0001). Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests a beneficial effect of SLT for reducing Hypokinetic Dysarthria in Parkinson’s disease, improving perceptual intelligibility, sound pressure level and semitone standard deviation.
Comparison between customised foot orthoses and insole combined with the use of extracorporeal shock wave therapy in plantar fasciitis, medium-term follow-up results: A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Coheña-Jiménez Manuel , Pabón-Carrasco Manuel , Pérez Belloso Ana Juana 
Published: November 2020

Objective: To determine the clinical results of custom-made foot orthoses versus placebo flat cushioning insoles combined with an extracorporeal shock wave therapy on pain and foot functionality in patients with plantar fasciitis. Design and setting: A randomised controlled clinical trial with follow-up at six months. Faculty of Podiatry and Centre Clinical private of Physiotherapy, Seville, Spain. Subjects and interventions: Patients with plantar fasciitis were randomly assigned to either group A ( n = 42), which received custom-made foot orthoses, or group B ( n = 41), which received placebo insoles. All the participants received active extracorporeal shock wave therapy including stretching exercises. Recruitment period was from Mach 2019 to July 2020. Main measurements: The main outcome was foot pain, measured by visual analogue scale and the secondary outcome measures were recorded by Roles and Maudsley scores respectively, at the beginning and at one week, one month and six months. Results: Eighty-eight patients were assessed for eligibility. Eighty-three patients were recruited and randomised. This study showed significant differences between both groups according to the visual analogue scale. In control group, the difference was at baseline ( P 0.01) and, in the experimental group was at the one- and six-month follow-up ( P 0.001). The mean (SD) visual analogue scale at baseline were Control group 6.31 (1.69) and Experimental group 5.27 (1.64); and at six months were 7.52 (3.40) and 3.29 (4.26), respectively. The custom-made foot orthosis was perceived as ‘good’ (85%) and ‘excellent’ (97.5%) at medium-long term. Conclusion: Wearing a custom-made foot orthosis leads to a improvement in patients with plantar fasciitis; it reduced foot pain and improved foot functionality.
Shear wave elastography of the knee menisci
Authors: Bedewi Mohamed A , Elsifey Ayman A , Saleh Ayman K , Alfaifi Tariq 
Published: November 2020

Objective To determine the ability of shear wave elastography to measure the stiffness of the knee menisci in healthy adults. Methods This observational cross-sectional study evaluated knee joints in healthy adults. Shear wave elastography was used to evaluate the anterior horn of the medial menisci bilaterally. The correlations between the mean elasticity bilaterally and age, weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were calculated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. Results A total of 34 knee joints in 17 healthy subjects were evaluated. The mean ± SD shear elastic modulus of the anterior horn of the right medial meniscus was 24.86 ± 6.35 kPa and of the anterior horn of the left medial meniscus was 23.86 ± 4.49 kPa. A significant inverse correlation was observed between the right medial meniscus elasticity and height. Other demographic factors showed no significant relationship to the anterior horn of the right medial meniscus elasticity. A significant inverse correlation was observed between the anterior horn of the left medial meniscus elasticity and age, while a significant positive correlation was observed between left medial meniscus elasticity and BMI. Conclusion These preliminary results suggest that shear wave elastography could be a potential tool to aid in studying the stiffness of the knee menisci.
Perception and Characterization of Posed Smile: A Photographic Study
Authors: Kaur Sukhpal , Soni Sanjeev , Prashar Anil , Kaur and Rajdeep 
Published: November 2020

Aims of the Study: The aims of the study are: (a) to compare the perceptions of dental specialists and laypeople regarding smile esthetics; (b) to compare male and female smile parameters; (c) to find influence of smile parameters on esthetics of smile. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 60 subjects (30 males and 30 females) of age 18 to 25 years. Frontal posed photographs of all subjects were taken using a digital camera and rated on a visual analog scale by 10 dental specialists and 10 laypersons. Measurements made on photographs were used to analyze various parameters of smile, such as buccal corridor space, smile arc, modified smile index, anterior height of smile, most posterior maxillary tooth visible, and midline relationship of central incisors to philtrum. Results: Visual analog scale values showed that 6 photographs were rated as very good (3 males, 3 females), 29 as good (11 males, 18 females), 21 as average (13 males, 8 females), and 4 photographs were rated as bad (3 males, 1 female). A high correlation was observed between ratings of dental specialists and layperson’s ratings for both male and female smiles. Most of the subjects had non-consonant smile arc, and a high correlation was found between buccal corridor space on right and left sides in both males and females. Most of the male and female smiles had an average anterior height of smile; permanent maxillary first molar was the last tooth visible during smile (73.3% females, 66.7 males); and 55% subjects had coincident midline relationship of central incisors to philtrum. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in perception of dental specialists and laypersons regarding esthetics of smile. Smile arc and anterior height of smile influenced the esthetics of smile. No significant difference was found between male and female smile parameters except modified smile index.
Age and Outcomes in Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement: A Comparison Across 3 Age Groups
Authors: Lin Lawrence J. , Akpinar Berkcan , Bloom David A. , Youm Thomas 
Published: November 2020

Background: Limited evidence exists concerning the effect of age on hip arthroscopy outcomes for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to investigate patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and clinical failure rates across various age groups in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for FAI. We hypothesized that older patients would experience lower improvements in PROs and higher clinical failure rates. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 109 of 130 eligible consecutive patients underwent hip arthroscopy for FAI with a minimum 5-year follow-up. Patients were stratified into 3 groups for comparison (ages 15-34, 35-50, and 51-75 years). Clinical survival rates to revision surgery or total hip arthroplasty (THA) were determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis, and PROs were assessed using analysis of variance. Regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with clinical failure and ΔPROs from baseline to 5 years. Results: The 5-year survival-to-revision rate was 71% (survival time, 69.2 months; 95% CI, 62.8 to 75.5 months). A significant difference in survival to THA was found between groups ( P = .030). Being in the older group versus the young and middle-aged groups predicted increased risk of THA conversion (hazard ratio, 5.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 28.6; P = .035). Overall modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) and Nonarthritic Hip Score (NAHS) improved from baseline to 5 years (mHHS, P < .001; NAHS, P < .001). Body mass index (mHHS: beta, −1.2; 95% CI, −2.2 to −0.3; P = .013; NAHS: beta, −1.6; 95% CI, −2.6 to −0.5; P = .005) and baseline PROs (mHHS: beta, −0.8; 95% CI, −1.1 to −0.4; P < .001; NAHS: beta, −0.7; 95% CI, −1.1 to −0.4; P < .001) were predictive of 5-year ΔPROs. A decrease was seen in minimal clinically important difference rates in middle-aged ( P = .011) and old ( P = .030) groups from 6-month to 5-year outcomes. Conclusion: Although hip arthroscopy for FAI yielded improvements in PROs regardless of age, middle-aged and older patients experienced greater declines in clinical outcomes over time than younger patients. Older patients remain good candidates for arthroscopy despite a greater risk for conversion to THA.
Relative position of bladder neck to pubic symphysis on cystogram is a strong and reproducible predictor of early urinary continence recovery following radical prostatectomy
Authors: Rossanese Marta , Caloggero Simona , Alario Giuseppe , Mucciardi Giuseppe , Novara Giacomo , Giannarini Gianluca , Ficarra Vincenzo 
Published: November 2020

Objectives: To assess whether bladder neck angle and position on cystogram predict early urinary continence in patients scheduled for early catheter removal after radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods: A total of 103 patients undergoing open or robot-assisted RP by one expert surgeon between January and December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. A cystogram was performed on postoperative day 3 or 4 to evaluate anastomotic leakage, and, if none or minimal, the catheter was removed. Urinary continence was evaluated with a validated questionnaire at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after RP. Four investigators of different experience assigned bladder neck angle and relative position of bladder neck to pubic symphysis on archived cystogram images. Association between these two parameters and urinary continence rates at different follow-up times was assessed with logistic regression analysis adjusting for patient and tumor characteristics, and surgical technique. Interobserver agreement in assigning the two parameters was measured with k statistic. Results: Catheter was removed immediately after cystogram in 101 (98%) patients. On multivariable analysis, only relative position of bladder neck to pubic symphysis was an independent predictor of 1-week (odds ratio [OR] 30. 95% confidence intervals [CIs] 6-138, p < 0.001), 1-month (OR 11. 95%CIs 3.8-32, p < 0.001), and 3-month (OR 19. 95%CIs 3.6-98, p < 0.001) urinary continence. Interobserver agreement for bladder neck and relative position of bladder neck to pubic symphysis was fair to moderate, and substantial to almost perfect, respectively. Conclusions: Relative position of bladder neck to pubic symphysis on cystogram is a strong and reproducible predictor of early urinary continence after RP.