bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pronoun-to-agreement cycle in Iranian
Authors: Haig Geoffrey L.J. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
There is a broad consensus within linguistics that personal pronouns may undergo grammaticalization to yield person agreement morphology. Furthermore, it is widely assumed that similar processes apply to both subject and object pronouns. In this chapter I consider the fate of a phonologically identical set of clitic pronouns in Middle West Iranian languages, which were deployed in both subject and object indexing. The modern outcomes have been rather different; while erstwhile clitic subject pronouns have spawned subject agreement morphology in some languages, these clitic pronouns have not yielded obligatory object agreement in the category of person in any Iranian language. Neither traditional grammaticalization theory, nor recent formalizations of grammaticalization within Minimalism, offer a compelling explanation for this asymmetry. I suggest it reflects a fundamental difference in the informativity of subject as opposed to object indexing with respect to the category of person, as opposed to that of gender and number.
Stripping structures with negation in Persian
Authors: Rasekhi Vahideh 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, I introduce two novel Stripping constructions from Persian that occur with negation. I refer to these constructions as Polarity Stripping and Negative Stripping. I argue that they involve clausal coordination, and that in the second coordinate, the entire clause except for a constituent is elided under identity with corresponding parts of the first coordinate. I propose that these constructions involve TP ellipsis, which is licensed by the Pol head that carries an [E] feature (Merchant 2001). I also study another structure, which I refer to as Pseudo-stripping. I argue that even though Pseudo-stripping looks like Polarity Stripping and Negative Stripping, it does not involve ellipsis despite what has been claimed in the literature for English (Kolokonte 2008). I propose that Pseudo-stripping is mono-clausal and is derived via movement.
Proximate and ultimate explanations of individual differences in language use and language acquisition
Authors: Hulstijn Jan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractI evaluate three schools in linguistics (structuralism; generative linguistics; usage based linguistics) from the perspective of Karl Popper’s critical rationalism. Theories (providing proximate explanations) may be falsified at some point in time. In contrast, metatheories, such as Darwin’s theory of evolution and the theory of Language as a Complex Adaptive System (LCAS) (providing ultimate explanations) are falsifiablein principle, but not likely to be falsified. I then argue that LCAS provides a fruitful framework for the explanation of individual differences in language acquisition and use. Unequal frequency distributions of linguistic elements constitute a necessary characteristic of language production, in line with LCAS. However, explaining individual differences implies explaining commonalities (Hulstijn, 2015,2019). While attributes such as people’s level of education and profession are visible in knowledge of the standard language (declarative knowledge acquired in school), they may be invisible in the spoken vernacular (linguistic cognition shared by all native speakers).
Ethnic variation in the phonology of Namibian English
Authors: Schröder Anne , Zähres Frederic , Kautzsch Alexander 
Published: March 2020

AbstractStudies on the pronunciation of Namibian English (NamE) have shown strong evidence for ethnically conditioned variation within the NamE vowel system. Thus, NamE should not be seen as a monolithic entity but rather as a group of ethnically and/or socially conditioned varieties. In this paper, we undertake a first approach to Baster English, a potential ethnic variety of NamE. The Rehoboth Basters constitute a unique ethnically mixed Afrikaans-speaking group from South Africa, who settled in Namibia in the 19th century and are known for their strong sense of a separate local and ethnic identity. Triangulating the results of a quantitative questionnaire on language attitudes and acoustic analyses of vocalic features in informants’ pronunciation, we demonstrate how the Basters’ unique identity translates into linguistic practice in a multi-ethnic and multilingual environment.
The bike, the back, and the boyfriend
Authors: Gardner Matt Hunt , Tagliamonte Sali A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Using comparative sociolinguistic methods, we probe the underlying mechanisms governing the variation between
possessive determiners,
my bike, and the definite article,
the bike,
in possessive contexts in two mainstream English varieties (Canadian and British English,
N = 6,217). Results indicate the is stable and pervasive, occurring approximately
30 percent of the time with personal domain possessed nouns. For some nouns, e.g. dog and cat,
the occurs over 75 percent of the time. The Canadian Oxford Dictionary records possessive
the as chiefly British, while Quirk et al. (1985: 271–272) observe that only low-status men use it; however, we find no difference between the UK and Canada,
nor a significant gender or education effect in either dataset. When we model the variation between forms according to conceptions
of ownership, we find an underlying system for encoding communal possession that transcends social categories and dialect: the
more that possession is communal, the more the is used.
The pen is mightier than the sword
Authors: Kienpointner Manfred 
Published: March 2020

AbstractOn October 9, 2012 Malala Yousafzai, a Pakistani schoolgirl, was severely wounded by a Taliban assassin’s bullet. This was the culmination of a history of conflict in the Swat valley region of north-western Pakistan. The historical, ethnic, political and religious reasons for this conflict are manifold. After several surgeries in Pakistan and Great Britain, Malala Yousafzai miraculously recovered from her serious injuries and was even able to give a speech at the United Nations Youth Assembly on her 16th birthday on July 12,2013.In this paper, Malala Yousafzai’s speech will be analysed in some detail regarding her main arguments and verbal presentation strategies. Furthermore, I will focus on the way Malala Yousafzai deals with both the verbal and non-verbal aggression of the Taliban. I would also like to show how determined she is to argue against the Taliban’s escalation of the conflict without letting herself getting entangled in a spiral of verbal violence.The theoretical framework for this analysis and the critical evaluation of the speech will be the concept of “strategic maneuvering” as developed by van Eemeren (2010,2018) within his framework of Pragma-Dialectics. This concept has frequently been applied to the analysis of political discourse (see e.g.Kienpointner 2013,2017).
Connecteurs de discours centraux et périphériques
Authors: Bernard Timothée , Danlos Laurence 
Published: March 2020

Résumé
En nous inspirant des travaux de Haegeman (2004), nous montrons que
les conjonctions de subordination du français écrit se partitionnent en deux classes, les conjonctions centrales
et périphériques, et que cette partition dépend du sens des conjonctions. Ainsi, quand dans son
sens temporel est centrale comme toute conjonction temporelle, et périphérique dans son sens contrastif comme toute conjonction
contrastive. Cette partition s’appuie sur différents critères syntaxiques et sémantiques déjà étudiés dans la littérature, faisant
intervenir la notion de contenu (sémantique) en jeu ou projectif, ainsi que sur un critère sémantico-discursif original qui met en
jeu la distinction entre l’usage intensionnel et évidentiel d’un verbe d’attitude
propositionnelle ou d’un verbe de dire Hunter (2016). Ensuite, nous montrons que cette
partition s’étend aux autres connecteurs de discours du français écrit, d’où la notion de connecteurs centraux et périphériques.
Cette partition respecte la règle suivante: si deux connecteurs, quelle que soit leur catégorie, ont le même sens, alors ils sont
tous deux centraux ou tous deux périphériques. Nous pouvons par là-même introduire une nouvelle partition des relations de
discours, qui s’accorde relativement bien (mais non entièrement) avec la classification sémantique du PDTB (Prasad et al., 2007) et qui est orthogonale aux autres partitions proposées dans la
littérature.
Investigation and characterization of Copper-Fly ash-Tungsten hybrid composites synthesized through P/M process
Authors: Thanga Kasi Rajan S , Balaji A N , Raghav G R , Nagarajan K J , Vettivel S C 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This research paper describes the enhancement of mechanical, wear and corrosion behaviour of the Copper (Cu) matrix composite by reinforcing Fly ash (FA) and Tungsten (W). The main objective of this study was to reduce the weight and cost of the hybrid composites. The weight percentage of low density material (FA) was kept constant at 6% and samples were prepared by the addition of W in weight percentages of 3, 6 and 9 in the Cu matrix. The characterization of the hybrid composites was studied using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The micrographs revealed the uniform distribution of W and FA in the Cu matrix. From the mechanical characterization, it was identified that there is an increase in microhardness and compressive strength with the addition of W particles. It can be understood that the W particles occupy substitutional type reinforcement and FA particles occupy interstitial type reinforcement in the Cu matrix. The Wear behavior and its mechanism were studied using worn surface SEM micrographs. It was observed that the lowest specific wear rate was recorded for the hybrid composition of Cu-6FA-6W. Electrochemical polarization test and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) study revealed that Cu-6FA-9W shows higher corrosion resistance in both 1 N HCl (256.593 × 10−4 Ω cm2) and seawater media (219.855 × 10−4 Ω cm2) than pure Cu.
Contact resistance and mobility in back-gate graphene transistors
Authors: Urban Francesca , Lupina Grzegorz , Grillo Alessandro , Martucciello Nadia , Di Bartolomeo Antonio 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The metal-graphene contact resistance is one of the major limiting factors toward the technological exploitation of graphene in electronic devices and sensors. High contact resistance can be detrimental to device performance and spoil the intrinsic great properties of graphene. In this paper, we fabricate back-gate graphene field-effect transistors with different geometries to study the contact and channel resistance as well as the carrier mobility as a function of gate voltage and temperature. We apply the transfer length method and the y-function method showing that the two approaches can complement each other to evaluate the contact resistance and prevent artifacts in the estimation of carrier mobility dependence on the gate-voltage. We find that the gate voltage modulates both the contact and the channel resistance in a similar way but does not change the carrier mobility. We also show that raising the temperature lowers the carrier mobility, has a negligible effect on the contact resistance, and can induce a transition from a semiconducting to a metallic behavior of the graphene sheet resistance, depending on the applied gate voltage. Finally, we show that eliminating the detrimental effects of the contact resistance on the transistor channel current almost doubles the carrier field-effect mobility and that a competitive contact resistance as low as 700 Ω·μm can be achieved by the zig-zag shaping of the Ni contact.
Staircase-like transfer characteristics in multilayer MoS2 field-effect transistors
Authors: Ohoka Takuya , Nouchi Ryo 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Layered semiconductors, such as MoS2, have attracted interest as channel materials for post-silicon and beyond-CMOS electronics. Much attention has been devoted to the monolayer limit, but the monolayer channel is not necessarily advantageous in terms of the performance of field-effect transistors (FETs). Therefore, it is important to investigate the characteristics of FETs that have multilayer channels. Here, we report the staircase-like transfer characteristics of FETs with exfoliated multilayer MoS2 flakes. Atomic force microscope characterizations reveal that the presence of thinner terraces at the edges of the flakes accompanies the staircase-like characteristics. The anomalous staircase-like characteristics are ascribable to a difference in threshold-voltage shift by charge transfer from surface adsorbates between the channel center and the thinner terrace at the edge. This study reveals the importance of the uniformity of channel thickness.
Nanoscale heterojunctions of rGO-MoS2 composites for nitrogen dioxide sensing at room temperature
Authors: Mukherjee Anwesha , Jaidev Leela R , Chatterjee Kaushik , Misra Abha 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chemiresistive sensors, employing binary and ternary hybrids of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are developed to detect nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas at parts per billion level (ppb) at room temperature. The sensors based on hierarchical structures of molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) sheets decorated rGO and further integration of it with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) exhibit improved sensing responses with lower detection limits than the unary counterpart (rGO). An increase of nearly 500% in sensing response is observed in the ternary hybrid device over rGO alone at a concentration of 1 ppm and a 1145% increase in response is observed at 104 ppm. The ternary hybrid device outperforms the binary and the unary counterparts in terms of sensitivity to NO2 over a wide concentration range from 1 ppm to 104 ppm. Additionally, the ternary hybrid device is highly selective to NO2 amongst other atmospheric pollutants like ammonia, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. An experimental detection limit of 50 ppb is further achieved with this device which is lesser than the 53 ppb permissible limit declared by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). A synergistic effect was achieved with the binary and the ternary hybrids with the electronic modulations at the nanoscale interfaces at the nanoheterojunctions playing a key role in selective and enhanced adsorption of NO2 at room temperature.
Self-assembly of the deposited graphene-like nanoparticles and possible nanotrack artefacts in AFM studies
Authors: Cherepanov Vsevolod V , Naumovets Anton G , Posudievsky Oleg Yu , Koshechko Vyacheslav G , Pokhodenko Vitaly D 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is widely used for structural characterization of 2D materials. We report here on the appearance of linear pseudo-structures of subnanometer height (‘nanotracks’), observed in AFM images of 2D-nanoparticles of graphene, MoS2, WS2, BN, synthesized by the mechanochemical technique and deposited from dispersions on the mica surface. It is stated that the nanotracks appear as a result of nanoparticle displacement on the surface under the influence of the AFM tip during scanning. The appearance of the nanotracks is caused by a high relative concentration of monolayer nanoparticles in the prepared dispersions; their bulk aggregation; subsequent destruction of the aggregates by the AFM probe with formation of the nanoparticles weakly bound to the substrate. A method is proposed how to distinguish monolithic particles from granulated aggregates, as well as a technique to prevent their displacement during measurements. The possibility is considered of using AFM to develop effective nanolubricants and provide their precise nanoscale deposition on the specified surface areas.
Enhanced humidity responsive ultrasonically nebulised V2O5 thin films
Authors: Tadeo Inyalot Jude , Parasuraman Rajasekar , Krupanidhi Saluru B , Umarji Arun M 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A large surface to volume ratio and easily accessible active reaction sites are key attributes for a good gas sensing material. Herein, we report synthesis, characterisation and humidity sensing properties of phase pure 420 nm thick low temperature (350 °C) polycrystalline V2O5 thin films deposited on quartz substrate by ultrasonic nebulized spray pyrolysis of aqueous combustion mixture (UNSPACM). The thin films were characterized by x-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscope, field emission scanning microscope, transmission electron microscope, UV–visible spectroscopy and XPS. The highly porous and nanocrystalline characteristic of V2O5 thin films synthesized by this technique provide large surface to volume ratio and easily accessible active reaction sites making it a prominent material for gas sensing applications. The fabricated humidity sensor based on V2O5 thin films exhibited high sensitivity with good stability and reproducibility at room temperature. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity of 90.8% at 76% RH with response time of 35–60 s and recovery time of 7–54 s. We believe this method provides means for large-scale synthesis of V2O5 thin films for several gas sensing applications.
Transition in nanoscale electrical conductivity in the Langmuir-Blodgett film of a novel liquid crystalline oligomer
Authors: Kumar Bharat , Suresh K A , Bisoyi Hari Krishna , Kumar Sandeep 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We have studied the nanoscale electrical conductivity of a monolayer film of a novel star shaped liquid crystalline molecule, hexatriphenylene substituted anthraquinone (AQD6). The molecule has a central core of electron deficient anthraquinone moiety connected to six electron rich triphenylene moieties by flexible alkyl chains. The monolayer formed at air-water interface was transferred onto the solid substrates by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique and its surface topography was imaged using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The limiting area obtained from the surface pressure-area per molecule isotherm and the topography of the AFM images suggest that the anthraquinone moiety of the AQD6 molecule is organized in face-on configuration on the substrate and the triphenylene moieties are in edge-on configuration extended away from the substrate. We have studied the electrical conductivity of the AQD6 monolayer deposited on gold coated silicon substrate using a current sensing AFM. Analysis of current (I) − voltage (V) characteristics of the metal-monolayer film-metal junction showed a transition from direct tunneling to an injection tunneling. Further, we have estimated the barrier height and the effective mass of electron in the metal-monolayer film-metal junction.
Nostalgia and Retcons: The Many Returns, Homecomings, and Revisions of theHalloweenFranchise (1978–2018)
Authors: Ochonicky Adam 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn recent decades, the steady remaking of individual films and rebooting of film franchises evince the cultural and commercial appeals of reimagining established titles. This article analyzes how the related practice of retroactive continuity (retcon) functions as a nostalgic intervention within a franchise’s broad mythology and ongoing narrative. Nostalgia is a longing to return to a desired space or time from which one is separated, and the retcon is an attempt to bind the past and present within a particular franchise’s story world. As such, retconning is an act of nostalgia in at least two ways. First, retconning may be used to nostalgically restore a franchise to a lost, idealized state. Second, a retcon may alter a franchise’s overarching narrative while still preserving selected story elements from earlier instalments; in this case, the retcon creates new audience understandings of the franchise and invites a nostalgic revisiting of previous films. To examine nostalgia and retcons, this article uses the first eleven films of the Halloween series (1978–2018) as a collective case study, as the franchise is distinguished by frequent retcons. Further, the original Halloween (1978) has evolved into a lost ‘home’ to which filmmakers and audiences alike nostalgically seek to return. Overall, this article exposes how nostalgia manifests on the levels of narrative, aesthetics, theme, and marketing across the Halloween series. While illuminating these dynamics within the Halloween franchise, the article argues that, in ways that are related to and discrete from remakes and reboots, the retcon is a nostalgic practice.
Effects of Intravenous Tranexamic Acid During Rhytidectomy: A Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Pilot Study
Authors: Cohen Justin C , Glasgold Robert A , Alloju Les M , Glasgold Mark J 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Background
Tranexamic acid (TXA) is an antifibrinolytic agent shown to decrease intraoperative bleeding, reduce transfusions, and improve outcomes across multiple specialties. Within plastic surgery, initial reports are encouraging but formal studies are lacking.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine whether intravenous (IV) TXA has any effect on intraoperative bleeding or postoperative sequelae in patients undergoing a deep-plane facelift.

Methods
This is a prospective, randomized, double-blind, case series in a private practice surgery center. The participants were 44 patients undergoing rhytidectomy with the senior authors (R.A.G. or M.J.G). The treatment group received a 1-g dose of IV TXA prior to skin incision and the same dose 4 hours later (vs saline). Bleeding was rated mild, moderate, or severe. Postoperative ecchymosis and edema were subjectively evaluated by patient and surgeon and scores were aggregated for analysis.

Results
The TXA group showed decreased intraoperative bleeding but this difference did not reach statistical significance. Postoperative ecchymosis/edema ratings were lower for patients who received TXA, including a statistically significant decrease in surgeon-rated bruising. TXA resulted in a statistically significant decrease in postoperative collections in this study and no major complications occurred.

Conclusions
TXA is a safe, low-cost addition to any existing surgical protocol and may lead to fewer surgical sequelae and improved satisfaction. Although we did not observe a dramatically different intraoperative experience, postoperative bruising and collections were significantly reduced. TXA acid may have great value in the management of patients undergoing rhytidectomy and its use warrants further study.

Level of Evidence: 2
powmic: an R package for power assessment in microbiome case–control studies
Authors: Chen Li 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Summary
Power analysis is essential to decide the sample size of metagenomic sequencing experiments in a case–control study for identifying differentially abundant (DA) microbes. However, the complexity of microbial data characteristics, such as excessive zeros, over-dispersion, compositionality, intrinsically microbial correlations and variable sequencing depths, makes the power analysis particularly challenging because the analytical form is usually unavailable. Here, we develop a simulation-based power assessment strategy and R package powmic, which considers the complexity of microbial data characteristics. A real data example demonstrates the usage of powmic.

Availability and implementation
powmic R package and online tutorial are available at https://github.com/lichen-lab/powmic.

Contact
chen61@iu.edu

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.