bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A primary health care model for managing pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in low- and middle- income countries
Authors: Warren Charlotte E. , Hossain Sharif Mohammed Ismail , Ishaku Salisu , Armbruster Deborah , Hillman Emily 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, specifically pre-eclampsia and eclampsia (PE/E), are the second biggest killer of pregnant women globally and remains the least understood and most challenging maternal morbidity to manage. Although great strides were made in reducing maternal and newborn mortality between 1990 and 2015, this was clearly not enough to achieve the global health goals. To reduce maternal deaths: 1) early detection of PE needs to be improved; 2) effective management of PE/E needs to occur at lower health system levels and should encourage timely care-seeking; and 3) prioritizing the scale up of a comprehensive package of services near to where women live.

Findings
This commentary describes a pragmatic approach to test scalable and sustainable strategies for expanding access to quality under-utilized maternal health commodities, interventions and services. We present a primary health care (PHC) PE/E Model based on implementation research on identified gaps in care in several countries, accepted global best practice and built on the basic premise that PHC providers can take on additional skills with adequate capacity building, coaching and supervision, and community members desire control over their own health. The PHC PE/E model displays the linkages and opportunities to prevent and treat PE/E in a simplified way; however, there are numerous interlinking factors, angles, and critical points to consider including leadership, policies and protocols; relevant medicines and commodities, ongoing capacity building strategies at lower levels and understanding what women and their communities want for safe pregnancies.

Conclusion
The PHC model described here uses PE/E as an entry to improve the quality of ANC and by extension the pregnancy continuum. Bringing preventive and treatment services nearer to where pregnant women live makes sense.
In-silico detection of aneuploidy and chromosomal deletions in wheat using genotyping-by-sequencing
Authors: Singh Narinder , Raupp John , Koo Dal-Hoe , Friebe Bernd , Gill Bikram , Poland Jesse 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Short read sequencing technologies, such as genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), have been utilized in genetic mapping, marker development, and population genomic studies. High-throughput and multiplexing capability coupled with low cost make GBS an appropriate tool for molecular research. Here, we present the application of GBS to characterize wheat aneuploid stocks and detect chromosomal aberrations including aneuploidy and chromosomal deletions. These aneuploids are an important resource that have been used in wheat genetics and genomics studies to localize genes, determine physical positions, and develop chromosome bin maps.

Results
Using GBS, we mapped sequence reads and quantified read coverage across chromosome bins. Using this approach, we confirmed known deletions and aneuploid stocks. In addition, we were also able to fully characterize these stocks and to identify several novel deletions and aneuploids. With this knowledge and a quick detection tool at our disposal, we can easily isolate these deletions and aneuploids into distinct lines.

Conclusion
We envision this tool to replace the intensive cytogenetics techniques, such as C-banding, and fluorescent- and genomic-in situ hybridization to accurately detect chromosome dosage and segmental deletions in wheat genetic stocks as well as other crop species.
Blood Cd levels and carotid intima-media thickness in young adults living in Padang, Indonesia
Authors: Ilmiawati Cimi , Reza Mohamad , Yanni Mefri , Rusjdi Dina Arfiani 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Objective
Cd exposure is a non-traditional risk factor of cardiovascular disease and mortality by promoting the development of atherosclerosis. The development of atherosclerosis can be monitored non-invasively by measuring carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). This study aimed to measure the level of blood Cd and other factors known to be associated with CIMT, measured at the segment of common carotid artery (CCA) and of internal carotid artery (ICA), in young adults from Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia, and we analyzed whether blood Cd is a predictor of CIMT.

Results
We recruited 156 subjects. Median blood Cd level was 0.61 μg/L (range 0.01–5.96 μg/L), with no difference in male compared to female subjects (Mann–Whitney U test, p = 0.60). Multiple regression analysis showed that sex is the predictor of CCA IMT (adjusted R2 = 0.219; β = −0.438 [95% CI − 0.662, − 0.214]; p < 0.001) and ICA IMT (adjusted R2 = 0.165; β = − 0.529 [95% CI − 0.761, − 0.297]; p < 0.001). Blood Cd was not a predictor of CCA IMT (adjusted R2 = 0.219; β = − 0.101 [95% CI − 0.257, 0.055]; p = 0.203) and ICA IMT (adjusted R2 = 0.165; β = − 0.055 [95% CI − 0.217, 0.107]; p = 0.503) in young adults from Padang, Indonesia.
Multiplicity and existence of solutions for generalized quasilinear Schrödinger equations with sign-changing potentials
Authors: Huang Chen 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe consider a class of generalized quasilinear Schrödinger equations $$ -\operatorname{div}\bigl(l^{2}(u)\nabla u\bigr)+l(u)l'(u) \vert \nabla u \vert ^{2}+V(x)u= f(u),\quad x\in \mathbb{R}^{N}, $$−div(l2(u)∇u)+l(u)l′(u)|∇u|2+V(x)u=f(u),x∈RN, where $l(t): \mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}^{+}$l(t):R→R+ is a nondecreasing function with respect to $|t|$|t|, the potential function V is allowed to be sign-changing so that the Schrödinger operator $-\Delta+V$−Δ+V possesses a finite-dimensional negative space. We obtain existence and multiplicity results for the problem via the Symmetric Mountain Pass Theorem and Morse theory.
The influence of education on health: an empirical assessment of OECD countries for the period 1995–2015
Authors: Raghupathi Viju , Raghupathi Wullianallur 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
A clear understanding of the macro-level contexts in which education impacts health is integral to improving national health administration and policy. In this research, we use a visual analytic approach to explore the association between education and health over a 20-year period for countries around the world.

Method
Using empirical data from the OECD and the World Bank for 26 OECD countries for the years 1995–2015, we identify patterns/associations between education and health indicators. By incorporating pre- and post-educational attainment indicators, we highlight the dual role of education as both a driver of opportunity as well as of inequality.

Results
Adults with higher educational attainment have better health and lifespans compared to their less-educated peers. We highlight that tertiary education, particularly, is critical in influencing infant mortality, life expectancy, child vaccination, and enrollment rates. In addition, an economy needs to consider potential years of life lost (premature mortality) as a measure of health quality.

Conclusions
We bring to light the health disparities across countries and suggest implications for governments to target educational interventions that can reduce inequalities and improve health. Our country-level findings on NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training) rates offer implications for economies to address a broad array of vulnerabilities ranging from unemployment, school life expectancy, and labor market discouragement. The health effects of education are at the grass roots-creating better overall self-awareness on personal health and making healthcare more accessible.
A diagnostic tool for assessing the conservation condition of cellulose nitrate and acetate in heritage collections: quantifying the degree of substitution by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Nunes Sofia , Ramacciotti Francesca , Neves Artur , Angelin Eva Marisole , Ramos Ana Maria , Roldão Élia , Wallaszkovits Nadja , Armijo Alfonso Alejo , Melo Maria João 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Cellulose nitrate and acetate are materials at risk in heritage collections because it is not possible to predict the evolution of their conservation state over time. Knowing that the degree of substitution (DS) of these materials correlates with their state of conservation because the fundamental degradation mechanism is hydrolysis, in this work, DS was measured in historical objects and artworks. Infrared spectra were used to develop and optimize calibration curves for cellulose nitrate and acetate references that were next applied to calculate DS values of heritage objects. The extent of hydrolysis measured, with this tool, correlated well with the physical deterioration assessed through the sample hardness (Shore A) which was measured with a Durometer. Calibration curves were optimized in reference materials by Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR-FTIR) and Micro Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (μFTIR). The DS values of the AC reference materials was previously calculated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The calibration curves were obtained plotting DS as a function of the ratio between a reference peak (which does not suffer relevant changes during degradation) and selected peaks that monitor the degradation for cellulose acetate and nitrate polymers (avoiding the interference of plasticizers). The reference peak for both was the COC stretching mode (νCOC). The probe peak was, for cellulose nitrate, the NO2 asymmetric stretching (νaNO2) and, for cellulose acetate, the OH stretching mode (νOH). This ratio was then applied to calculate DS values of historical materials, in good and poor conservation condition; in situ by ATR, and in micro-samples collected from artworks by μFTIR. This selection comprises cinematographic and photographic films dated from the 1890s to the 1960s, and contemporary works of art made with cellulose acetate sheets by Portuguese artist José Escada dated from the 1960s. Finally, by comparison with the original estimated DS values, we show how this tool permits to define the state of degradation of these complex polymer matrixes. Thus, establishing the quantification of the DS as a novel tool to monitor the degradation of cellulose ester plastics, contributing in this way for a sustainable preservation of an irreplaceable heritage.
Environmental rehabilitation of damaged land
Authors: Mentis Mike 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Much land is subject to damage by construction, development and exploitation with consequent loss of environmental function and services. How might the loss be recovered?

Results
This article develops principles of environmental rehabilitation. Key issues include the following. Rehabilitation means restoring the previous condition. Whether or not to restore is not a technical but a value judgement. It is subject to adopting the sustainability ethic. If the ethic is followed under rule of law then rehabilitation must be done always to ‘the high standard’ which means handing down unimpaired environmental function and no extra land management. The elements of the former condition that it is intended to restore must be specified. Restoring these in any given case is the purpose of that rehabilitation project. The specified restoration elements must be easily measurable with a few simple powerful metrics. Some land damage is not fixable so restraint must be exercised in what construction, development and exploitation are permitted. If sustainability is adopted then cost benefit analysis is not a valid form of project appraisal because trading off present benefits against future losses relies on subjectively decided discount rates, and because natural capital is hard to price, indispensable, irreplaceable and non-substitutable. Elements often to be restored include agricultural land capability, landscape form and environmental function. Land capability is a widely used convention and, with landscape form, encapsulate many key land factors, and are easily measurable. Restoring soil and thereby environmental function provides the necessary base for an ecological pyramid.

Conclusions
The need for rehabilitation is not to be justified by cost-benefit or scientific and technological proof, but rests on a value judgement to sustain natural capital for present and future generations. Decision on what activities and projects to permit should be based on what is physically and financially fixable on current knowledge. Business and government must be proactive, develop rehabilitation standards, work out how to meet the standards, design simple powerful metrics to measure performance against the standards, embark on continuous improvement, and report.
Transdermal delivery systems in cosmetics
Authors: Kim Byel , Cho Hang-Eui , Moon Sun He , Ahn Hyun-Jung , Bae Seunghee , Cho Hyun-Dae , An Sungkwan 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTransdermal delivery systems have been intensively studied over the past 2 decades, with the focus on overcoming the skin barrier for more effective application of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Although the cosmeceutical industry has made a substantial progress in the development and incorporation of new and effective actives in their products, the barrier function of the skin remains a limiting factor in the penetration and absorption of these actives. Enhancement via modification of the stratum corneum by hydration, acting of chemical enhancers on the structure of stratum corneum lipids, and partitioning and solubility effects are described. This review summarizes the advances in the development and mechanisms of action of chemical components that act as permeation enhancers, as well as the advances in appropriate vehicles, such as gels, emulsions, and vesicular delivery systems, that can be used for effective transdermal delivery.
Biological assessment of the headwater rivers of Opa Reservoir, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, using ecological methods
Authors: Aliu Olanrewaju O. , Akindele Emmanuel O. , Adeniyi Israel F. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background
Headwater streams and small rivers within a catchment basin contribute greatly to the overall physico-chemical and biological quality of downstream larger freshwater systems; hence, there is a need to continually assess the water quality of such smaller systems. In this study, the three major tributaries (Obudu, Opa, and Esinmirin rivers) of a tropical reservoir were assessed for their water quality using some selected water and sediment parameters, as well as their macroinvertebrate faunae.

Results
All the measured water parameters were found to be within the recommended standards for freshwater life in the three rivers, except for PO43− and dissolved oxygen in Opa River which was possibly due to anthropogenic factors. The bottom sediment of the rivers was predominantly sandy and generally low in chemical characteristics. A total of 17 species of macroinvertebrates were recorded in this study: 14 species in Obudu River, 12 species in Esinmirin River, and 11 species in Opa River. Diversity (Margalef and Shannon-Wiener) and Pielou’s evenness indices were all low and indicative of an impaired freshwater system, with the lowest indices recorded in the Esinmirin River. Some macrobenthic environmental indicators of poor water quality (e.g., Tubifex sp., Tipula sp., Chironomus sp., Bulinus globosus, and Eristalis sp.) were exclusively recorded in the Esinmirin and/or Obudu River.

Conclusion
The study concludes that the reservoir’s headwaters were moderately polluted and had a tendency to become severely polluted by anthropogenic activities along the rivers. Measures should be put in place to reduce environmental impact on the quality of the headwaters and by implication, the reservoir.
Protocol for a multicenter observational prospective study of functional recovery from stroke beyond inpatient rehabilitation - The Interdisciplinary Platform for Rehabilitation Research and Innovative Care of Stroke Patients (IMPROVE)
Authors: Birke Gunnar , Wolf Silke , Ingwersen Thies , Bartling Christian , Bender Gabriele , Meyer Alfons , Nolte Achim , Ottes Katharina , Pade Oliver , Peller Martin , Steinmetz Jochen , Gerloff Christian , Thomalla Götz 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIntroductionStroke and its long-term consequences pose major challenges for the lives of those affected and healthcare systems. Neurological rehabilitation therefore primarily attempts to improve function in order to increase independence in activities of daily living, and to enable social participation. There is only scarce data on dynamics of functional recovery after patients discharge from inpatient neurological rehabilitation. Even less is known about the patient’s perspective on long-term recovery from stroke. The Interdisciplinary Platform for Rehabilitation Research and Innovative Care of Stroke Patients (IMPROVE) aims to address this knowledge gap by providing new insights into the dynamics and extent of functional recovery from stroke beyond inpatient rehabilitation treatment.MethodsWe provide the protocol for an observational, longitudinal, multicenter study conducted in an Universitary Stroke Center in cooperation with five Neurological Rehabilitation Centers in Northern Germany. Patients who suffered from ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke will be enrolled by the end of inpatient rehabilitation and followed up to 1 year. In addition, a group of chronic stroke patients and a group of craniocerebral trauma patients will be enrolled as a comparison group. Data on stroke characteristics, vascular risk factors, co-morbidities, social support, and demographics will be recorded. Comprehensive clinical evaluation will be performed at baseline, three, six, and twelve months after enrollment. The assessments and scores used reflect the three components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), some of them are tests regularly used in rehabilitation settings. Tests of motor function, cognition, and mood are included, as are tests of self-reported health-related quality of life. Primary outcome measure is a hand motor score, built by the sum of the hand items of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment as an objective measurement of hand function at 12 months after enrollment. Predictors of the primary outcome will be analyzed using linear regression analysis.PerspectiveThe results of IMPROVE will inform about the long-term dynamics of functional stroke recovery after patients’ discharge from inpatient rehabilitation and will provide insights into the association of clinical and demographic factors with recovery of function.Trial registrationThe protocol is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04119479).
Model systems for regeneration: Drosophila
Authors: Fox Donald T. , Cohen Erez , Smith-Bolton Rachel 
Published: April 2020

ABSTRACT
Drosophila melanogaster has historically been a workhorse model organism for studying developmental biology. In addition, Drosophila is an excellent model for studying how damaged tissues and organs can regenerate. Recently, new precision approaches that enable both highly targeted injury and genetic manipulation have accelerated progress in this field. Here, we highlight these techniques and review examples of recently discovered mechanisms that regulate regeneration in Drosophila larval and adult tissues. We also discuss how, by applying these powerful approaches, studies of Drosophila can continue to guide the future of regeneration research.
Advising Hajj and Umrah travellers in general practice
Authors: Gawthrop Mary 
Published: April 2020

Hajj and Umrah are important events for our Muslim travellers. Mary Gawthrop provides an overview of the key considerations when providing travel advice to this group Hajj, the annual pilgrimage to Makkah (Mecca), is one of the largest global gatherings of its kind, and this year it is expected to take place between 28 July and 2 August 2020. Umrah is a smaller pilgrimage that can be performed at any time of year. Both of these events pose specific risks for travellers. Crowded conditions increase the risk of exposure to infections and viruses, including meningitis, TB and, potentially, COVID-19. Travellers also need to consider food and water hygiene, and their physical fitness. Practice nurses giving travel advice need to stay up to date with the latest developments and regulations from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Phase defect detection of large-aperture optics with static multiplanar coherent diffraction imaging
Authors: Wang Hongchang , Li You , Jiao Zhaoyang , Zhang Junyong , Sun Mingying , Zhu Jianqiang 
Published: April 2020

Phase defect detection with micrometer scale on large aperture optical elements is one of the challenges in precision optical systems. An efficient scheme is proposed to detect phase defects. First, the defects are positioned in a large aperture by dark-field imaging based on large aperture photon sieves to improve the detection efficiency with a relatively low cost. Second, static multiplanar coherent diffraction imaging is used to retrieve the phase of the positioned defects in a small field of view. Here, a spatial light modulator is used as a multifocal negative lens to eliminate the mechanical errors in multiplanar imaging. The use of a negative lens instead of a positive lens has the advantage of a larger imaging space for the system configuration. Compared to the traditional interferometry system, this diffraction detection system has a simpler optical path and doesn’t require sparse distribution of the defects. Experiment results demonstrate the success of the proposed scheme with a detection resolution better than 50 µm. We believe this work provides an effective method to rapidly detect phase defects on large aperture optics with high accuracy and high resolution.
Multiparametric MR Is a Valuable Modality for Evaluating Disease Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Lee Young-Sun , Yoo Yang Jae , Jung Young Kul , Kim Ji Hoon , Seo Yeon Seok , Yim Hyung Joon , Kim In Hee , Lee Soo Yeon , Kim Baek-Hui , Kim Jeong Woo , Lee Chang Hee , Yeon Jong Eun , Kwon So Young , Um Soon Ho , Byun Kwan Soo 
Published: April 2020

INTRODUCTION:
Because nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming a leading cause of chronic liver disease, noninvasive evaluations of its severity are immediately needed. This prospective cross-sectional study evaluated the effectiveness of noninvasive assessments of hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and steatohepatitis.

METHODS:
Patients underwent laboratory tests, liver biopsy, transient elastography, and MRI. Multiparametric MR was used to measure MRI proton density fat fraction, MR spectroscopy, T1 mapping, and MR elastography (MRE).

RESULTS:
We enrolled 130 patients between October 2016 and July 2019. For the diagnosis of moderate-to-severe steatosis (grade ≥ 2), the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was lower in controlled attenuation parameter (0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60–0.76) than MRI proton density fat fraction (0.82; 95% CI, 0.75–0.89; P = 0.008) and MR spectroscopy (0.83; 95% CI, 0.75–0.89; P = 0.006). For the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis (stage ≥ 3), the AUROC of MRE (0.89; 95% CI, 0.83–0.94) was superior compared with those of the Fibrosis-4 index (0.77; 95% CI, 0.69–0.84; P = 0.010), NAFLD fibrosis score (0.81; 95% CI, 0.73–0.87; P = 0.043), and transient elastography (0.82; 95% CI, 0.74–0.88; P = 0.062). For detecting advanced fibrosis or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the AUROC of MRE (0.86; 95% CI, 0.79–0.91) was higher than that of TE (0.76; 95% CI, 0.68–0.83) with statistical significance (P = 0.018).

DISCUSSION:
Multiparametric MR accurately identified a severe form of NAFLD. Multiparametric MR can be a valuable noninvasive method for evaluating the severity of NAFLD.