bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining priority areas for an Endangered cold-adapted snake on warming mountaintops
Authors: Mizsei Edvárd , Szabolcs Márton , Szabó Loránd , Boros Zoltán , Mersini Kujtim , Roussos Stephanos A. , Dimaki Maria , Ioannidis Yannis , Végvári Zsolt , Lengyel Szabolcs 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSpatial prioritization in systematic conservation planning has traditionally been developed for several to many species and/or habitats, and single-species applications are rare. We developed a novel spatial prioritization model based on accurate estimates of remotely-sensed data and maps of threats potentially affecting long-term species persistence. We used this approach to identify priority areas for the conservation of the Endangered Greek meadow viper Vipera graeca, a cold-adapted species inhabiting mountaintops in the Pindos Mountains of Greece and Albania. We transformed the mapped threats into nine variables to estimate conservation value: habitat suitability (climate suitability, habitat size, occupancy, vegetation suitability), climate change (future persistence, potential for altitudinal range shift) and land-use impact (habitat alteration, degradation, disturbance). We applied the Zonation systematic conservation planning tool with these conservation value variables as biodiversity features to rank the areas currently occupied by the species and to identify priority areas where the chances for population persistence are highest. We found that 90% of current habitats will become unsuitable by the 2080s and that conservation actions need to be implemented to avoid extinction as this is already a threatened species with a narrow ecological niche. If threats are appropriately quantified and translated into variables of conservation value, spatial conservation planning tools can successfully identify priority areas for the conservation of single species. Our study demonstrates that spatial prioritization for single umbrella, flagship or keystone species is a promising approach for the conservation of species for which few data are available.
Influence of end-stage renal disease on long-term survival after major amputation
Authors: Meyer Alexander , Griesbach Colin , Maudanz Nils , Lang Werner , Almasi-Sperling Veronika , Rother Ulrich 
Published: March 2020

Summary: Background: To analyze long-term outcomes and possible influencing factors in patients with endstage renal disease (ESRD) and critical limb ischemia (CLI) after major amputation compared to patients with normal renal function and non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease. Patients and methods: Abstraction of single-center medical records of patients undergoing above knee (AKA) and below knee (BKA) amputation over a 10 years period (n = 436; 2009–2018). Excluded were amputations due to trauma or tumor. Patients were subdivided according to renal function in three categories: ESRD patients (n = 98), non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD, n = 98) and normal renal function (NF, n = 240). Predefined endpoints were survival and postoperative complications. Cox-regression models were built to analyze independent risk factors for outcome parameters. Results: In total, 298 AKA, 133 BKA and 5 knee joint exarticulations were performed. ESRD patients showed inferior in-hospital results as to death (ESRD 36.7 % vs. CKD 19.4 % and NF 20.0 %, P = .002). Similarly, long-term survival rates (6 months: ESRD 55.0 % vs. CKD 69.4 %, NF 67.9 % 1 year: ESRD 48.6 %, CKD 60.2 %, NF 60.8 % 5 years: ESRD 9.9 %, CKD 31.8 %, NF 37.1 %, P < .001) were significantly decreased for ESRD patients. Median postoperative survival was 10 months in ERSD, and 22 months in CKD and NF, respectively. Analysis of postoperative surgical complications revealed no differences between groups (ESRD 19.4 %, CKD 17.3 %, NF 17.0 %; P = 0.433). Cox regression analysis indicated that dialysis (HR 1.63; 95 % CI 1.22–2.16; P = .001), hypertension (HR 1.59; 95 % CI 0.99–2.54) and smoking (HR 1.22; 95 % CI 1.03–1.44; P = .022) was associated with increased risk of death during follow-up. Conclusions: Mortality after limb amputation in ERSD patients remains high. Survival of ERSD patients is lower in relation to chronic kidney disease and patients with normal renal function. Due to poor in hospital outcomes and absent long-term survival, benefit of primary amputation in ERSD seems scarce.
Global Climate and Human Health Effects of the Gasoline and Diesel Vehicle Fleets
Authors: Huang Yaoxian , Unger Nadine , Harper Kandice , Heyes Chris 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe global gasoline and diesel fuel vehicle fleets impose substantial impacts on air quality, human health, and climate change. Here we quantify the global radiative forcing and human health impacts of the global gasoline and diesel sectors using the NCAR CESM global chemistry‐climate model for year 2015 emissions from the IIASA GAINS inventory. Net global radiative effects of short‐lived climate forcers (including aerosols, ozone, and methane) from the gasoline and diesel sectors are +13.6 and +9.4 mW m−2, respectively. The annual mean net aerosol contributions to the net radiative effects of gasoline and diesel are −9.6 ± 2.0 and +8.8 ± 5.8 mW m−2. Aerosol indirect effects for the gasoline and diesel road vehicle sectors are −16.6 ± 2.1 and −40.6 ± 4.0 mW m−2. The fractional contributions of short‐lived climate forcers to the total global climate impact including carbon dioxide on the 20‐year time scale are similar, 14.9% and 14.4% for gasoline and diesel, respectively. Global annual total PM2.5‐ and ozone‐induced premature deaths for gasoline and diesel sectors approach 115,000 (95% CI: 69,000–153,600) and 122,100 (95% CI: 78,500–157,500), with corresponding years of life lost of 2.10 (95% CI: 1.23–2.66) and 2.21 (95% CI: 1.47–2.85) million years. Substantial regional variability of premature death rates is found for the diesel sector when the regional health effects are normalized by the annual total regional vehicle distance traveled. Regional premature death rates for the gasoline and diesel sectors, respectively, vary by a factor of eight and two orders of magnitude, with India showing the highest for both gasoline and diesel sectors.
Frequency‐Dependent Behavior of Zonal Jet Variability
Authors: Lindgren Erik A. , Sheshadri Aditi , Plumb R. Alan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRecent work suggests that storm track diagnostics such as eddy heat fluxes and eddy kinetic energies have very small signatures in the first annular mode of zonal mean zonal wind, suggesting a lack of co‐variability between the locations of the extratropical jet and storm tracks. The frequency‐dependence of this apparent decoupling is explored in ERA‐Interim reanalysis data. The annular modes show similar spatial characteristics in the different frequency ranges considered. Cancellation between the signatures of storm track diagnostics in the leading low‐pass and high‐pass filtered annular modes is evident, partly explaining their small signature in the total. It is shown that at timescales greater than 30 days, the first zonal wind mode describes latitudinal shifts of both the midlatitude jet and its associated storm tracks, and it appears that the persistence of zonal wind anomalies is sustained primarily by a baroclinic feedback.
Polar Amplification as an Inherent Response of a Circulating Atmosphere: Results From the TRACMIP Aquaplanets
Authors: Russotto Rick D. , Biasutti Michela 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIn the Tropical Rain belts with an Annual cycle and Continent Model Intercomparison Project (TRACMIP) ensemble of aquaplanet climate model experiments, CO2‐induced warming is amplified in the poles in 10 out of 12 models, despite the lack of sea ice. We attribute causes of this amplification by perturbing individual radiative forcing and feedback components in a moist energy balance model. We find a strikingly linear pattern of tropical versus polar warming contributions across models and processes, implying that polar amplification is an inherent consequence of diffusion of moist static energy by the atmosphere. The largest contributor to polar amplification is the instantaneous CO2 forcing, followed by the water vapor feedback and, for some models, cloud feedbacks. Extratropical feedbacks affect polar amplification more strongly, but even feedbacks confined to the tropics can cause polar amplification. Our results contradict studies inferring warming contributions directly from the meridional gradient of radiative perturbations, highlighting the importance of interactions between feedbacks and moisture transport for polar amplification.
Lateral Variations of Shear‐Wave Velocity in the D″ Layer Beneath the Indian‐Eurasian Plate Collision Zone
Authors: Li Guohui , Bai Ling , Ritsema Jeroen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSeismic tomography has demonstrated that the shear‐wave velocity is relatively high over a 3,000‐km wide region in the lowermost mantle beneath southern and eastern Asia. This seismic anomaly demarcates the current position of slab remnants that may have subducted in the Cretaceous. To further characterize the seismic structure at smaller scales, we measure 929 residual travel time differences (δt) between the phases ScS and S using recordings of eight earthquakes beneath the Indian Ocean at stations from the Chinese Digital Seismic Network. We interpret variations of δt up to 10 s as due to horizontal shear‐velocity variations in D″ beneath northern India, Nepal, and southwestern China. The shear velocity can vary by as much as 7% over distances shorter than 300 km. Our observations provide additional observational evidence that compositional heterogeneity and possibly melt contribute to the seismic structure of the lower mantle characterized by long‐term subduction and mantle downwelling.
Particle Ejection Contributions to the Rotational Acceleration and Orbit Evolution of Asteroid (101955) Bennu
Authors: Scheeres D. J. , McMahon J. W. , Brack D. N. , French A. S. , Chesley S. R. , Farnocchia D. , Vokrouhlický D. , Ballouz R.‐L. , Emery J. P. , Rozitis B. , Nolan M. C. , Hergenrother C. W. , Lauretta D. S. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis paper explores the implications of the observed Bennu particle ejection events for that asteroid's spin rate and orbit evolution, which could complicate interpretation of the Yarkovsky‐O'Keefe‐Radzievskii‐Paddack (YORP) and Yarkovsky effects on this body's spin rate and orbital evolution. Based on current estimates of particle ejection rates, we find that the overall contribution to Bennu's spin and orbital drift is small or negligible as compared to the Yarkovsky and YORP effects. However, if there is a large unseen component of smaller mass ejections or a strong directionality in the ejection events, it could constitute a significant contribution that could mask the overall YORP effect. This means that the YORP effect may be stronger than currently assumed. The analysis is generalized so that the particle ejection effect can be assessed for other bodies that may be subject to similar mass loss events. Further, our model can be modified to address different potential mechanisms of particle ejection, which are a topic of ongoing study.
Crustal Thickness Beneath the Dinarides and Surrounding Areas From Receiver Functions
Authors: Stipčević Josip , Herak Marijan , Molinari Irene , Dasović Iva , Tkalčić Hrvoje , Gosar Andrej 
Published: March 2020

AbstractKnowledge about the crustal thickness is one of the key elements in the reconstruction of the regional tectonic history. The Dinaric mountain belt is one of the most enigmatic segments of the Alpine‐Mediterranean collision zone, characterized by large variations in crustal thickness and not studied sufficiently. We present a new Moho depth map for the wider Dinarides region which was created using teleseismic earthquake recordings from 87 permanent and temporary seismic stations in the region. Teleseismic data were analyzed using the receiver function method to extract converted P to S waves.The resulting Moho topography fits well within a structural framework comprising a thicker crust under the Dinarides, which gradually becomes thinner toward the Pannonian and Adriatic domains. The profiles crossing the northwestern Dinarides are marked by a relatively sharp decrease in crustal thickness north of the main thrust front. This transition is followed by significant crustal thinning toward the Pannonian basin. The Mohorovičić discontinuity lies the deepest in the central and southern Dinarides, at depths of over 55 km. Here similarly to the northwestern segment we observe a jump in the crustal thickness when transitioning toward the Internal Dinarides, which hints at possible underthrusting (or subduction) of the Adria plate in this region. Moho depths in the transition zone toward the Pannonian basin and in the Pannonian basin proper vary between 25 and 35 km. In the Adriatic domain, we find crustal thickness ranging from 30 km to more than 45 km around the Central Adriatic islands.
A Machine‐Learning Approach to Derive Long‐Term Trends of Thermospheric Density
Authors: Weng Libin , Lei Jiuhou , Zhong Jiahao , Dou Xiankang , Fang Hanxian 
Published: March 2020

Key Points

The Artificial Neural Network Model (ANNM) has good capability of characterizing the variability of the satellite drag‐derived densities
The density data during either 1967–2005 or 1967–2013 intervals are used to give a similar long‐term trend from the ANNM
The thermospheric density trend relative to the ANNM from 250 to 575 km is about −1.5% to −2.0% per decade without obvious solar flux dependence
Molecular principles of metastasis: a hallmark of cancer revisited
Authors: Fares Jawad , Fares Mohamad Y. , Khachfe Hussein H. , Salhab Hamza A. , Fares Youssef 
Published: March 2020

AbstractMetastasis is the hallmark of cancer that is responsible for the greatest number of cancer-related deaths. Yet, it remains poorly understood. The continuous evolution of cancer biology research and the emergence of new paradigms in the study of metastasis have revealed some of the molecular underpinnings of this dissemination process. The invading tumor cell, on its way to the target site, interacts with other proteins and cells. Recognition of these interactions improved the understanding of some of the biological principles of the metastatic cell that govern its mobility and plasticity. Communication with the tumor microenvironment allows invading cancer cells to overcome stromal challenges, settle, and colonize. These characteristics of cancer cells are driven by genetic and epigenetic modifications within the tumor cell itself and its microenvironment. Establishing the biological mechanisms of the metastatic process is crucial in finding open therapeutic windows for successful interventions. In this review, the authors explore the recent advancements in the field of metastasis and highlight the latest insights that contribute to shaping this hallmark of cancer.
Taxon-specific microbial growth and mortality patterns reveal distinct temporal population responses to rewetting in a California grassland soil
Authors: Blazewicz Steven J , Hungate Bruce A , Koch Benjamin J , Nuccio Erin E , Morrissey Ember , Brodie Eoin L , Schwartz Egbert , Pett-Ridge Jennifer , Firestone Mary K 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Microbial activity increases after rewetting dry soil, resulting in a pulse of carbon mineralization and nutrient availability. The biogeochemical responses to wet-up are reasonably well understood and known to be microbially mediated. Yet, the population level dynamics, and the resulting changes in microbial community patterns, are not well understood as ecological phenomena. Here, we used sequencing of 16S rRNA genes coupled with heavy water (H218O) DNA quantitative stable isotope probing to estimate population-specific rates of growth and mortality in response to a simulated wet-up event in a California annual grassland soil. Bacterial growth and mortality responded rapidly to wet-up, within 3 h, and continued throughout the 168 h incubation, with patterns of sequential growth observed at the phylum level. Of the 37 phyla detected in the prewet community, growth was found in 18 phyla while mortality was measured in 26 phyla. Rapid growth and mortality rates were measurable within 3 h of wet-up but had contrasting characteristics; growth at 3 h was dominated by select taxa within the Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, whereas mortality was taxonomically widespread. Furthermore, across the community, mortality exhibited density-independence, consistent with the indiscriminate shock resulting from dry-down and wet-up, whereas growth was density-dependent, consistent with control by competition or predation. Total aggregated growth across the community was highly correlated with total soil CO2 production. Together, these results illustrate how previously “invisible” population responses can translate quantitatively to emergent observations of ecosystem-scale biogeochemistry.
Autophagy-dependent filopodial kinetics restrict synaptic partner choice during Drosophila brain wiring
Authors: Kiral Ferdi Ridvan , Linneweber Gerit Arne , Mathejczyk Thomas , Georgiev Svilen Veselinov , Wernet Mathias F. , Hassan Bassem A. , von Kleist Max , Hiesinger Peter Robin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBrain wiring is remarkably precise, yet most neurons readily form synapses with incorrect partners when given the opportunity. Dynamic axon-dendritic positioning can restrict synaptogenic encounters, but the spatiotemporal interaction kinetics and their regulation remain essentially unknown inside developing brains. Here we show that the kinetics of axonal filopodia restrict synapse formation and partner choice for neurons that are not otherwise prevented from making incorrect synapses. Using 4D imaging in developing Drosophila brains, we show that filopodial kinetics are regulated by autophagy, a prevalent degradation mechanism whose role in brain development remains poorly understood. With surprising specificity, autophagosomes form in synaptogenic filopodia, followed by filopodial collapse. Altered autophagic degradation of synaptic building material quantitatively regulates synapse formation as shown by computational modeling and genetic experiments. Increased filopodial stability enables incorrect synaptic partnerships. Hence, filopodial autophagy restricts inappropriate partner choice through a process of kinetic exclusion that critically contributes to wiring specificity.
Cancer immune control needs senescence induction by interferon-dependent cell cycle regulator pathways in tumours
Authors: Brenner Ellen , Schörg Barbara F. , Ahmetlić Fatima , Wieder Thomas , Hilke Franz Joachim , Simon Nadine , Schroeder Christopher , Demidov German , Riedel Tanja , Fehrenbacher Birgit , Schaller Martin , Forschner Andrea , Eigentler Thomas , Niessner Heike , Sinnberg Tobias , Böhm Katharina S. , Hömberg Nadine , Braumüller Heidi , Dauch Daniel , Zwirner Stefan , Zender Lars , Sonanini Dominik , Geishauser Albert , Bauer Jürgen , Eichner Martin , Jarick Katja J. , Beilhack Andreas , Biskup Saskia , Döcker Dennis , Schadendorf Dirk , Quintanilla-Martinez Leticia , Pichler Bernd J. , Kneilling Manfred , Mocikat Ralph , Röcken Martin 
Published: March 2020

AbstractImmune checkpoint blockade (ICB)-based or natural cancer immune responses largely eliminate tumours. Yet, they require additional mechanisms to arrest those cancer cells that are not rejected. Cytokine-induced senescence (CIS) can stably arrest cancer cells, suggesting that interferon-dependent induction of senescence-inducing cell cycle regulators is needed to control those cancer cells that escape from killing. Here we report in two different cancers sensitive to T cell-mediated rejection, that deletion of the senescence-inducing cell cycle regulators p16Ink4a/p19Arf(Cdkn2a) or p21Cip1(Cdkn1a) in the tumour cells abrogates both the natural and the ICB-induced cancer immune control. Also in humans, melanoma metastases that progressed rapidly during ICB have losses of senescence-inducing genes and amplifications of senescence inhibitors. Metastatic cells also resist CIS. Such genetic and functional alterations are infrequent in metastatic melanomas regressing during ICB. Thus, activation of tumour-intrinsic, senescence-inducing cell cycle regulators is required to stably arrest cancer cells that escape from eradication.
Global plant trait relationships extend to the climatic extremes of the tundra biome
Authors: Thomas H. J. D. , Bjorkman A. D. , Myers-Smith I. H. , Elmendorf S. C. , Kattge J. , Diaz S. , Vellend M. , Blok D. , Cornelissen J. H. C. , Forbes B. C. , Henry G. H. R. , Hollister R. D. , Normand S. , Prevéy J. S. , Rixen C. , Schaepman-Strub G. , Wilmking M. , Wipf S. , Cornwell W. K. , Beck P. S. A. , Georges D. , Goetz S. J. , Guay K. C. , Rüger N. , Soudzilovskaia N. A. , Spasojevic M. J. , Alatalo J. M. , Alexander H. D. , Anadon-Rosell A. , Angers-Blondin S. , te Beest M. , Berner L. T. , Björk R. G. , Buchwal A. , Buras A. , Carbognani M. , Christie K. S. , Collier L. S. , Cooper E. J. , Elberling B. , Eskelinen A. , Frei E. R. , Grau O. , Grogan P. , Hallinger M. , Heijmans M. M. P. D. , Hermanutz L. , Hudson J. M. G. , Johnstone J. F. , Hülber K. , Iturrate-Garcia M. , Iversen C. M. , Jaroszynska F. , Kaarlejarvi E. , Kulonen A. , Lamarque L. J. , Lantz T. C. , Lévesque E. , Little C. J. , Michelsen A. , Milbau A. , Nabe-Nielsen J. , Nielsen S. S. , Ninot J. M. , Oberbauer S. F. , Olofsson J. , Onipchenko V. G. , Petraglia A. , Rumpf S. B. , Shetti R. , Speed J. D. M. , Suding K. N. , Tape K. D. , Tomaselli M. , Trant A. J. , Treier U. A. , Tremblay M. , Venn S. E. , Vowles T. , Weijers S. , Wookey P. A. , Zamin T. J. , Bahn M. , Blonder B. , van Bodegom P. M. , Bond-Lamberty B. , Campetella G. , Cerabolini B. E. L. , Chapin F. S. , Craine J. M. , Dainese M. , Green W. A. , Jansen S. , Kleyer M. , Manning P. , Niinemets Ü. , Onoda Y. , Ozinga W. A. , Peñuelas J. , Poschlod P. , Reich P. B. , Sandel B. , Schamp B. S. , Sheremetiev S. N. , de Vries F. T. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe majority of variation in six traits critical to the growth, survival and reproduction of plant species is thought to be organised along just two dimensions, corresponding to strategies of plant size and resource acquisition. However, it is unknown whether global plant trait relationships extend to climatic extremes, and if these interspecific relationships are confounded by trait variation within species. We test whether trait relationships extend to the cold extremes of life on Earth using the largest database of tundra plant traits yet compiled. We show that tundra plants demonstrate remarkably similar resource economic traits, but not size traits, compared to global distributions, and exhibit the same two dimensions of trait variation. Three quarters of trait variation occurs among species, mirroring global estimates of interspecific trait variation. Plant trait relationships are thus generalizable to the edge of global trait-space, informing prediction of plant community change in a warming world.