bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women Are Less Likely to Be Tested for HIV or Offered Preexposure Prophylaxis at the Time of Sexually Transmitted Infection Diagnosis
Authors: Yumori Caitlin , Zucker Jason , Theodore Deborah , Chang Michelle , Carnevale Caroline , Slowikowski Jacek , LaSota Elijah , Olender Susan , Gordon Peter , Cohall Alwyn , Sobieszczyk Magdalena E. 
Published: August 2020

Background
Ending the HIV epidemic requires linkage of at-risk individuals from diverse health care settings to comprehensive HIV prevention services. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are significant biomarkers of HIV risk and should trigger preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) discussion. We reviewed STI testing practices outside of sexual health clinics to identify opportunities for improvement in the provision of HIV prevention services.

Methods
An electronic sexual health dashboard was used to identify patient encounters with a positive gonorrhea, chlamydia, and/or rapid plasma reagin test result between January 1, 2019, and August 23, 2019, at a large urban academic medical center. A retrospective chart review was performed to assess HIV testing, completeness of STI screening, and HIV prevention discussion; inadequate screening was defined as no HIV test in 12 months before STI diagnosis.

Results
A total of 815 patients with 856 patient encounters were included. Patients were predominantly female (64.4%); median age was 24 years (range, 18–85 years). The most common test and most common positive test result was the genitourinary gonorrhea/chlamydia nucleic acid amplification test. Multisite testing was rare (7.5% of patient encounters) and performed more frequently in men than in women (20.3% vs. 0.36%). Women were also more likely to be inadequately screened for HIV (15.1% vs. 25.8%).
Documentation of PrEP discussion was rare (4.7% of patient encounters) compared with safe sex (44.6%) and condoms (49.8%). Preexposure prophylaxis was discussed almost exclusively with men compared with women (17% vs. 1.1%).

Conclusions
In patients diagnosed with bacterial STI outside of sexual health clinics, gaps in HIV prevention exist. HIV screening, multisite STI screening, and discussion of PrEP were particularly infrequent among women.
Implementing Group Model Building With the Shape Up Under 5 Community Committee Working to Prevent Early Childhood Obesity in Somerville, Massachusetts
Authors: Calancie Larissa , Fullerton Karen , Appel Julia M. , Korn Ariella R. , Hennessy Erin , Hovmand Peter , Economos Christina D. 
Published: August 2020

Objective:
To describe our process of using group model building (GMB) with the Shape Up Under 5 Committee; measure the effects on Committee members; and describe the community-wide health messaging campaign that resulted from the process.

Design:
Pilot study.

Setting:
Somerville, Massachusetts.

Participants:
Members of the Shape Up Under 5 Committee, a multisector group of professionals.

Intervention:
Research team convened the Committee and facilitated GMB from October 2015 to June 2017.

Main Outcome Measures:
Boundary objects produced during GMB activities; committee members' perspectives on early childhood obesity in their community; and Committee members' knowledge, engagement, and trust at the conclusion of each meeting.

Results:
Working together using GMB activities and with support from the research team, the Committee created a community-wide campaign that provided evidence-based messages to reach an entire city that emphasized diversity and reaching immigrants and community members who spoke languages other than English. More than 80% of Committee members reported changes in their perspectives related to early childhood obesity at the conclusion of the pilot test. Six perspective shift themes emerged from interviews and open-ended survey items: exposure to new perspectives about challenges community members face; increased awareness of others working on similar issues; increased knowledge about early childhood obesity; seeing value in creating a space to work across sectors; appreciating complexity and linkages between early childhood obesity prevention and other community issues; and how participation in committee influences members' priorities in their own work. Knowledge of and engagement with early childhood obesity prevention varied at the conclusion of each meeting, as did increases in trust among Committee members.

Conclusion:
Group model building is a promising approach to support multisector groups working to address early childhood obesity in their community. Meeting activities may have had differential impacts on members' knowledge of and engagement with early childhood obesity.
Assessing the Strategies That Children's Hospitals Adopt to Engage the Social Determinants of Health in US Cities
Authors: Franz Berkeley , Flint Julia , Cronin Cory E. 
Published: August 2020

Context:
There is growing evidence that social factors contribute disproportionately to health outcomes in the United States as compared with health care services. As a result, nonprofit hospitals are incorporating strategies to address social needs into their Internal Revenue Service (IRS)–mandated community benefit work. Much of the research base on this subject, however, has focused on the efforts of adult-serving hospitals.

Objective:
The aim of this study was to determine whether communities surrounding children's hospitals are unique with regard to social needs and categorize how children's hospitals are addressing social needs in their IRS-mandated community benefit work.

Methods:
Using county-level health and economic data, we compared community characteristics of children's hospital counties with the national average. We then coded and analyzed the community benefit reports of all nonprofit children's hospitals in the United States to categorize the different strategies that hospitals adopt to address social needs.

Results:
Children's hospitals (N = 168) serve communities with greater social needs than the national average. In terms of community benefit investments, children's hospitals were more likely to identify social needs in their community health needs assessment than adult-serving hospitals, but still less than half identified or addressed 1 or more social needs. Children's hospitals were more likely to adopt interventions that address broader population health rather than strategies that focus on clinical services or children and adolescents in particular.

Conclusions:
Pediatric health care institutions have a profound opportunity to reduce health disparities by altering the social environments in which children develop. Policy makers and scholars should provide support and resources to increase community benefit investments in this area.
Cardiac and Blood Pressure Safety of Transdermal Rivastigmine in Elderly Patients With Dementia With Lewy Bodies
Authors: Isik Ahmet T. , Ates Bulut Esra , Dokuzlar Ozge , Kaya Derya , Erken Neziha , Dost Gunay Fatma S. , Ontan Mehmet S. 
Published: August 2020

Background:
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common dementia. Features of DLB include postganglionic cardiac sympathetic denervation and autonomic instability. Rivastigmine therapy, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is widely used in the primary treatment of DLB; however, the cardiovascular safety and tolerability of transdermal rivastigmine needs to be reviewed.

Objective:
To evaluate whether transdermal rivastigmine has an effect on blood pressure, heart rate, and electrocardiography measurements.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 722 patients diagnosed with dementia were retrospectively screened. Fifty-seven of 98 DLB patients who received transdermal rivastigmine treatment with available serial electrocardiography and blood pressure measurements were included in the study. Baseline and follow-up measurements were compared for patients on the 9.5 to 13.3 mg/d rivastigmine dose for at least 4 weeks.

Results:
The mean age of the patients was 80.77±6.04, and the majority were women (63%). A total of 8 cases with bradycardia and 5 with orthostatic hypotension were detected during follow-up, and rivastigmine patch was stopped in one of those 8 patients due to symptomatic bradycardia. Nonetheless, there was no difference between baseline and follow-up measurements of the patients, including heart rate, cardiac rhythm, electrocardiographic intervals, blood pressure, pulse pressure, and postural blood pressure changes.

Conclusions:
Transdermal rivastigmine therapy is not associated with arrhythmogenic or hypotensive effects in the elderly patients with DLB. However, when prescribing transdermal rivastigmine, physicians should pay attention to newly emerging orthostatic hypotension during the follow-up in these patients.
Evaluating the impacts of release in São Paulo State (Brazil) on the epidemic of covid-19 based on mathematical model
Authors: Yang Hyun Mo , Junior Luis Pedro Lombardi , Yang Ariana Campos , Castro Fabio Fernandes Morato 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo flatten the curve of the natural epidemic of covid-19, many countries adopted lockdown or isolation resulting in the containment of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, an important question arises about the strategies of release of isolated persons to avoid overloaded hospitals and increased deaths. São Paulo State (Brazil) implemented the isolation of the population in non-essential activities on March 24, and the progressive flexibilization considering the characteristics of each location (release of the isolated population) initiated on June 15. A mathematical model based on the natural history of covid-19 was applied to describe the epidemiological scenario with isolation in São Paulo State, and assess the impact of release on the covid-19 epidemic. Using data collected from São Paulo State, we estimated the model parameters to obtain the curves of the epidemic, the number of deaths, and the clinical evolution of covid-19. The epidemic under isolation was the framework to evaluate the strategies of the release, that is, how these curves are changed with the release of isolated persons. We evaluated three strategies of release. First two strategies considered four releases in the isolated population in four equal proportions, but successive releases elapsed by 14 and 21 days. In each strategy the beginning of the release was on June 29 and July 13, when the effective reproduction numberRefwas evaluated. The third strategy aimed at the protection of the elder subpopulation. We observed that the delay to begin the release and the increased elapse between successive releases resulted in a better scenario by decreasing severe covid-19 cases and, consequently, to avoid overloaded hospitals. We also observed that the release delayed to achieve lower values forRefand infectious persons retarded in several months the quick increasing phase of the forthcoming epidemic. However, this epidemic can be flattened or even suppressed by isolation of infectious persons by mass testing and/or by rigid adoption of protective measures and social distancing.
Pharmacological inhibition of the kinin-kallikrein system in severe COVID-19 – A proof-of-concept study
Authors: Mansour Eli , Palma Andre C. , Ulaf Raisa G. , Ribeiro Luciana C. , Bernardes Ana Flavia , Nunes Thyago A. , Agrela Marcus V. , Bombassaro Bruna , Monfort-Pires Milena , Camargo Rafael L. , Araujo Eliana P. , Brunetti Natalia S. , Farias Alessandro S. , Falcão Antônio Luís E. , Santos Thiago Martins , Trabasso Plinio , Dertkigil Rachel P. , Dertkigil Sergio S. , Moretti Maria Luiza , Velloso Licio A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCoronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) can develop into a severe respiratory syndrome that results in up to 40% mortality. Acute lung inflammatory edema is a major pathological finding in autopsies explaining O2 diffusion failure and hypoxemia. Only dexamethasone has been shown to reduce mortality in severe cases, further supporting a role for inflammation in disease severity. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells employing angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor, which is highly expressed in lung alveolar cells. ACE2 is one of the components of the cellular machinery that inactivates the potent inflammatory agent bradykinin, and SARS-CoV-2 infection could interfere with the catalytic activity of ACE2, leading to accumulation of bradykinin. In this open-label, randomized clinical trial, we tested two pharmacological inhibitors of the kinin-kallikrein system that are currently approved for the treatment of hereditary angioedema, icatibant and inhibitor of C1 esterase/kallikrein, in a group of 30 patients with severe COVID-19. Neither icatibant nor inhibitor of C1 esterase/kallikrein resulted in significant changes in disease mortality and time to clinical improvement. However, both compounds promoted significant improvement of lung computed tomography scores and increased blood eosinophils, which has been reported as an indicator of disease recovery. In this small cohort, we found evidence for a beneficial role of pharmacological inhibition of the kinin-kallikrein system in two markers that indicate improved disease recovery.
Influenza epidemic model with dynamic social networks of agents with individual behaviour: A self organize perspective
Authors: López L. , Femández M. , Giovanini L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIt’s well known the existence of an interplay between the spread of an infectious disease like influenza and behavioural changes of individuals. An outbreak can trigger behavioural responses, at group and individual levels, which in turn can influence the course of the epidemic. Daily life interactions can be modelled by adaptive temporal networks in an explicit contact space through an agent based model, where each agent represents the interacting individuals. In this paper we introduce an individual based model where the behaviour of each individual is determined both by the external stimuli and its own appreciation of the environment and can be built as a combination of three interacting blocks:i)individual behaviour,ii)social behaviour andiii)epidemic state or epidemiological behaviour. We fit the model for a real influenza epidemic and perform the model validation, comparing the results with the classical approaches.
A simple numerical and analytical analysis of Covid-19 progression, infection inhibition and control in various countries
Authors: Chakravarty U. , Chaturvedi Deepa , Joshi M.P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCovid-19 disease outspread and its subsequent control and inhibition strategies in various countries have been different which led to quite drastic difference in the outcome of the disease progression. In this paper we present an analytical and numerical study of Covid-19 disease spread and control by applying the modified SIR model of epidemic outbreak to explain the Covid spread from February-July 2020 in various countries. Two approaches are evident from the disease progression; one focused on disease eradication and inhibition, and the other is less restrictive dynamic response. Both the approaches are analytically modeled to determine the parameters that characterize the effectiveness of dealing with the disease progression. The model successfully explains the Covid-19 evolution and control of various countries over a vast span of four-five months. The study is highly beneficial to simply analytically and numerically model this complex problem of epidemic proliferation. It assists to easily determine the mathematical parameters for the Covid-19 control measures, helps in predicting the end of the epidemic, and most importantly conceiving the judicious way of unlock process to restore communication between cities, states and countries.
Superspreading k-cores at the center of COVID-19 pandemic persistence
Authors: Serafino Matteo , Monteiro Higor S. , Luo Shaojun , Reis Saulo D. S. , Igual Carles , Neto Antonio S. Lima , Travizano Matías , Andrade José S. , Makse Hernán A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe spread of COVID-19 caused by the recently discovered SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a worldwide problem with devastating consequences. To slow down the spread of the pandemic, mass quarantines have been implemented globally, provoking further social and economic disruptions. Here, we address this problem by implementing a large-scale contact tracing network analysis to find the optimal quarantine protocol to dismantle the chain of transmission of coronavirus with minimal disruptions to society. We track billions of anonymized GPS human mobility datapoints from a compilation of hundreds of mobile apps deployed in Latin America to monitor the evolution of the contact network of disease transmission before and after the confinements. As a consequence of the lockdowns, people’s mobility across the region decreases by ~53%, which results in a drastic disintegration of the transmission network by ~90%. However, this disintegration did not halt the spreading of the disease. Our analysis indicates that superspreading k-core structures persist in the transmission network to prolong the pandemic. Once the k-cores are identified, the optimal strategy to break the chain of transmission is to quarantine a minimal number of ’weak links’ with high betweenness centrality connecting the large k-cores. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of an optimal tracing strategy to halt the pandemic. As countries race to build and deploy contact tracing apps, our results could turn into a valuable resource to help deploy protocols with minimized disruptions.
Comprehensive Systematic Review to Identify putative COVID-19 Treatments: Roles for Immunomodulator and Antiviral Treatments
Authors: Hill Thomas , Baker Mark , Isherwood Lawrence , Lee Lennard YW 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo identify putative COVID-19 treatments and identify the roles of immunomodulators and antivirals in disease management.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesPubMed, bioRxiv.org and medRxiv.org were searched for studies suggestive of effective treatments for COVID-19. Additional studies were identified via a snowballing method applied to the references of retrieved papers as well as a subsequent targeted search for drug names.Review methodsInclusion criteria included any case series or randomised control trials in any language that were published from 18th December 2019 to 18th April 2020 and described COVID-19 treatment. Of an initial 2140 studies identified from the initial search, 29 studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria and included in this comprehensive systematic review.Results19 studies of antiviral treatments for COVID-19 have been reported and seven studies for immunomodulatory treatments. Six randomised controlled trials have been published with one positive trial for Hydroxychloroquine. This small study consisted of 31 patients though subsequent studies showed contradictory findings. All the remaining studies were observational studies, retrospective case reviews or non-randomised trials and these results are difficult to interpret due to methodological issues.ConclusionsTo date, an impressive number of studies have been performed in a short space of time, indicative of a resilient clinical trials infrastructure. However, there is a lack of high quality evidence to support any novel treatments for COVID-19 to be incorporated into the current standard of care. The majority of the studies of treatments for COVID-19 could only be found in pre-print servers. Future clinical reviews should therefore be Comprehensive Systematic Reviews involving pre-print studies to prevent potential unnecessary replications of clinical studies.
PROTOCOL – Are investigators’ access to trial data and rights to publish restricted and are trial participants informed about this? A comparison of trial protocols and informed consent materials
Authors: Paludan-Müller Asger Sand , Jørgensen Karsten Juhl , Gøtzsche Peter C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThis is a protocol for the project entitled: “Are investigators’ access to trial data and rights to publish restricted and are trial participants informed about this? A comparison of trial protocols and informed consent materials”
ResistoXplorer: a web-based tool for visual, statistical and exploratory data analysis of resistome data
Authors: Dhariwal Achal , Junges Roger , Chen Tsute , Petersen Fernanda Cristina 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTThe study of resistomes using whole metagenomic sequencing enables high throughput identification of resistance genes in complex microbial communities, such as the human microbiome. Over recent years, sophisticated and diverse pipelines have been established to facilitate raw data processing and annotation. Despite the progress, there are no easy-to-use tools for comprehensive visual, statistical, and functional analysis of resistome data. Thus, exploration of the resulting large complex datasets remains a key bottleneck requiring robust computational resources and technical expertise, which creates a significant hurdle for advancements in the field. Here, we introduce ResistoXplorer, a user-friendly tool that integrates recent advancements in statistics and visualization, coupled with extensive functional annotations and phenotype collection, to enable high-throughput analysis of common outputs generated from metagenomic resistome studies. ResistoXplorer contains three modules- the ‘Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Table’ module offers various options for composition profiling, functional profiling and comparative analysis of resistome data; the ‘Integration’ module supports integrative exploratory analysis of resistome and microbiome abundance profiles derived from metagenomic samples; finally, the ‘Antimicrobial Resistance Gene List’ module enables users to intuitively explore the associations between antimicrobial resistance genes and the microbial hosts using network visual analytics to gain biological insights. ResistoXplorer is publicly available athttp://www.resistoxplorer.no.
Consequences of aneuploidy in human fibroblasts with trisomy 21
Authors: Hwang Sunyoung , Cavaliere Paola , Li Rui , Zhu Lihua Julie , Dephoure Noah , Torres Eduardo M. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAn extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome, the most common genetic disease in humans. The mechanisms by which the aneuploid status of the cell, independent of the identity of the triplicated genes, contributes to the pathologies associated with this syndrome are not well defined. To characterize aneuploidy driven phenotypes in trisomy 21 cells, we performed global transcriptome, proteome, and phenotypic analysis of primary human fibroblasts from individuals with Patau (trisomy 13), Edwards (trisomy 18), or Down syndromes. On average, mRNA and protein levels show a 1.5 fold increase in all trisomies with a subset of proteins enriched for subunits of macromolecular complexes showing signs of post-transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, we show several aneuploidy-associated phenotypes are present in trisomy 21 cells, including lower viability and an increased dependency on the serine-driven lipid biosynthesis pathway to proliferate. Our studies present a novel paradigm to study how aneuploidy contributes to Down syndrome.