bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable cities and communities through GFRP secant-pile seawall innovation, sustainability, fortification and hurricane storm surge protection
Authors: Steputat C C , Ural D , Nanni A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this ever changing technologically evolving world, in order to create a more sustainable built environment, it is essential to adhere to established core elements and improve or re-invent them for all of humanity, and from a Civil Engineering perspective this includes enhancing and better designing our current and future Infrastructure. A Global Education is essential to promote new, advanced materials, that are not yet mainstream, so we concur that the path towards Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11), achieving relevant Targets 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.6 and 11.7, is indeed only possible, if other relevant SDG’s are also met. This research effort is not only discussing Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG 11), but also addressing Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure (SDG 9), through the use of GFRP Resilient Infrastructure project that were recently (2019) installed, in Florida, U.S.A., to start long-term, environmentally friendly, LCA/LCC long-term saving, protection of the Shorelines from Hurricanes and Sea Level Rise [Relevant SDG Targets 9.1 and 9.4 will also be discussed]. Climate Action [Relevant SDG Targets 13.1 and 13.3] and Quality Education [relevant SDG Targets 4.3, 4.4 and 4.7] which are instrumental to the success of this project are considered. Part of the discussions will address the distinctions in Sustainability, i.e. Stability, Resilience, Durability and Robustness among others. In order to illustrate the interaction of the SDG’s, a Secant-Pile/Bulkhead Shore-Protection project that is buried within a dune-system and is in harmony with the surrounding coastal environment was chosen. Constructability issues will be discussed and illustrated, and data measurements provided to showcase the efficiency of this system, resulting in GFRP assembly time savings of 32% to 52%, lightweight installations and ease of constructability. An indication will be provided how the construction sector (i.e. sustainable built environment) can contribute towards Sustainable Cities and Communities (SDG11) of the future, along with the challenges that are associated with new materials and methods that yet have to find a broader foothold.
Sustainability through reuse: a reconfigurable structural system for residential and office buildings
Authors: Muresan Alex , Brütting Jan , Redaelli Dario , Fivet Corentin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCurrent load-bearing systems for buildings rarely have a beneficial end of life. Modular design is a proven solution for revalorizing obsolete structures, but it hardly competes with conventional solutions: the range of future spatial configurations that the modules will accommodate is usually too limited to balance additional upfront costs due to necessary oversized elements and extra connections. Through a review of building demolition cases, this paper first presents motives, challenges and requirements for overcoming adverse end-of-life environmental impacts of building structures. Then a new structural system addressing the specified design constraints is introduced. The system is a highly versatile kit of slab and column elements. Contrary to existing modular solutions, its element dimensions do neither constrain the positioning of columns nor the shape of floor plans. Slab elements are stacked vertically to tune bending and shear stiffnesses locally and ensure serviceability requirements for a wide range of column and load cases layouts. All connections between elements are reversible and ready for reuse. Accordingly, the proposed structural system is well-suited for multiple service cycles and architectural needs, mitigating the detrimental effects that buildings have on the environment.
Material flow analysis for Norway’s artificial turfs
Authors: Bø S M , Bohne R A , Aas B , Hansen L M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The artificial turf industry is a producer of waste in terms of plastic, microplastic and sand. It is the second largest source of microplastic lost to the environment in Norway, after wear of car tires, according to the Norwegian Environment Agency [1]. A new full-size synthetic football field contains about 100 tons of rubber granules as intentionally added microplastics. Maintaining these fields means refilling the turf with 3.5-6.5 tons granules each year due to a loss caused by the user, removal of snow, surface water runoff and degradation of the rubber granules. The turf also includes 4.8-12.8 tons of synthetic grass fiber, an underlying shock pad (PAD) and about 120-176 tons of sand. The total number of artificial turfs in Norway is approaching 2000, a number that has rapidly increased the last 20 years. Since the expected lifetime of a turf is around 10-12 years, it is soon due for a huge renovation process of existing turfs. The value chain of this complex product stock is not fully developed. This study analyses the material flow (MFA) of artificial turfs in Norway with a focus on the production of new turfs, refilling of granules in existing turfs, renovation of turfs and loss of grass fiber and granules. The results show that there is a significant amount of rubber granules and grass fibers unaccounted for, possibly lost to the environment. This is due to the current design, operation and maintenance of the artificial turfs. Therefore, there is a need for new design of turfs, new operations, maintenance equipment and procedures.
Experimental Interactions with Nature in the City
Authors: Tony Ip 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
There has been an increasing demand for a peaceful and natural environment in urban areas, which has led to the growing trend of various green building rating schemes advocating urban greenery and human-nature interaction. In order to identify the significant elements associated with nature and effective methods of promoting human-nature interactions in a high-density urban city, two experimental public engagement projects were carried out to explore urban nature from the perspective of urban dwellers in Hong Kong. Based on the findings of the photo-elicitation survey, trees and sky were discovered to be the two most significant elements in representing naturalness in an urban context. Another four-month public engagement project was conducted, consisting of a green education hub, urban farming, and birdwatching tours, which were held in an undesignated space under a flyover. Throughout the duration of the project, human-nature interactions were demonstrated in three layers: design for humans, design for humans with nature and design for nature.
Ensuring Citizenship Rights: Cooperation and Tensions in the Governance of Urban Community Gardens
Authors: Estrada M , Kotsila P , Hörschelmann K , Lazova Y , Werner A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The manifold social, cultural and health benefits of urban community gardens have received much attention in the literature on urban ecosystem services and nature-based solutions off late. Despite recognition of these benefits by many city governments, critical scholarship in urban political ecology has, however, also shown that urban community gardens can stand in tension with other municipal agendas, in which economic growth is prioritized over social justice. While highlighting some of these tensions, in this paper we pay particular attention to possibilities for cooperation with municipalities and to the possibilities of promoting more inclusive urban citizenship. In the past, community gardens were frequently set up by municipalities for urban residents to respond to food scarcity and public health issues. Today, they are often still founded in periods of socio-economic crisis either by municipalities or by community actors themselves. We discuss whether and if so, how, such a cooperation may promote substantive citizenship rights, while highlighting some of the tensions that counteract this aim. The paper draws on case studies conducted as part of the EU-Horizon2020-funded project NATURVATION (Grant Agreement 730243) and suggests methods for citizen engagement that municipalities can adopt in order to enhance participation in the cooperative development of urban community gardens.
Design process of a water reclamation garden: from natural niches to urban environment
Authors: Tutor L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Water reclamation gardens have existed for more than 20 years, combining wastewater process technology and botany to provide wastewater treatment. In these facilities, the boundary between functional gardening and sanitation/water reuse infrastructure is blurred. They use lower footprints than engineered wetlands and can be constructed in urban areas as they do not look or smell like conventional industrial facilities, while providing water treatment on the same scale. These gardens produce treated wastewater, while at the same time provide green and blue access to the community. Treatment can be more effective and adaptive using decentralized systems, where facilities are closer to the waste origin, in this case municipal areas, thereby minimizing costly infrastructure (piping network). For this to work, the treatment units must gain far more public acceptance, and a well-designed and functioning water reclamation garden helps this purpose greatly.
There are three main considerations in designing garden facilities; one is climate. It is necessary to determine whether the local climate can support a reclamation garden or whether an artificial microclimate is needed. The species arrangement is primarily defined by the wastewater treatment process. Plants rooted in the wastewater encounter different environments as the treatment process advances. This phenomenon further delimits available species. Selection is based on equivalence of the original plant habitat to the designed treatment phase and conditions. Considering the needs of the community, the local garden and architectural style defines what a community sees as acceptable or pleasing, sometimes even on a subconscious level. Knowledge of the local gardening trends and cultures helps creating gardens which will then be an integral part of a city’s urban fabric.
Based on the aspects described above, a methodology for a three-layered comparative design practice is introduced, linking wastewater process knowledge, ecological knowledge and information on stylistic trends. Utilizing these tools provides a solid foundation to answer all these demands and builds a foundation for long-term sustainability.
Integrated renovation practices on water resilient infrastructure in Tainan Taikang elementary school in Taiwan
Authors: Li Y Y , Wei C A , Jing S R , Lin K L , Li C T 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
From 2009 to 2017, there were more and more climate disasters which has caused serious damages in campuses, especially the heavy rain, flooding, debris flow in summer and long-term drought in winter. Therefore, based on the successes of small scaled experiments and solutions, MOE start the demonstration campus project in the year of 2018 to make a holistic solution demo site in typical aspect which can be the liveable learning centre for all. The Taikang elementary school in the countryside of Tainan was selected. Goals were set to fully demonstrate both rainwater and grey water resilience and its enhanced usage in the campus. There are four goals: 1. reduce of use and disaster impact, 2. full water absorption ability of all infrastructures from building to site, 3. bioclimate control by introducing green land and water areas to cool down the campus, and 4. maximized reusability. The campus has been reorganized by introducing a holistic water system with large underground water storage rooms underneath both buildings and playground runways paved with demolished concrete gravels, and a reconnected water circulation system for stormwater management and natural infiltration irrigation. Supported by the participation of community, the total cost of the system was a staggering 200,000 USD. The changes were obvious from the taps to the entire system integrated with environmental education. In comparison to previous situations, the campus can withstand heavy rainfall over 80 mm/hr for three hours without flooding, meanwhile providing more than 90% of all the irrigation water needed to water the green lands the entire year. Moreover, the natural cooling system of green lands and water areas provides a cool breeze for natural ventilated classrooms.
Upgrading locally-regulated green buildings to LEED standards: a Dubai case study
Authors: Dabash M , Kianmehr P , Doczy R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
With Dubai aiming to be one of the greenest cities in the world, the local government has set various requirements and regulations to achieve this goal. The Dubai Municipality has already established and implemented its own locally-developed green building regulation, Green Building Regulations & Specifications (GBR&S), to address major concerns associated with buildings’ resource efficiency. This study proposes a comparison between the GBR&S system with USGBC’s LEED v4 rating to identify where GBR&S falls short and how much it would cost to upgrade to the various levels of LEED certification. The authors also hypothesize that access to efficient, mass public transportation systems is a major factor when determining the cost of LEED certification. With this in mind, proximity to a public transportation network and its effect on the cost of a LEED upgrade were investigated.
The implementation of energy saving policies and their influence on energy use and cultural values in the housing stock of Sweden
Authors: Legnér M. , Femenias P. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Introduction: The overall objective is to understand how policies may be used to increase the potential for saving energy while simultaneously preserving cultural values in the housing stock. The project contributes to SDGs 11, 17, 5, 8 and 10. Methods: The paper summarises and discusses findings in previous research and projects led by the authors. Finally the design of a new project launched in 2020 is presented. The purpose of Energy efficiency and cultural values. How well do the policies function on the local level? is to give valuable knowledge on how the building process, advice on energy use and renovation strategies work together in Swedish municipalities. Results: Since the 1970s there has been a conflict between the preservation of architectural heritage and decreasing energy use in the Swedish housing stock. The first policy programme focussing energy saving was launched after the first global energy crisis in 1973. Since then there have been different policies addressing the issue of energy use in housing. The knowledge of how to carefully renovate existing buildings has increased, but the incentives for cutting energy use further has diminished among property managers. As a consequence, there is very little renovation aiming at energy efficiency, which challenges the national goals of lessening the impact on climate change. One problem may be an incoherent and inefficient implementation of policies dealing with the preservation and the energy use of the built environment. Conclusions: The antagonism between energy efficiency and cultural heritage that emerged in the 1970s has changed in character. Above all, increased energy efficiency seems not to be a very strong force when designing renovation projects in homes. If Agenda 2030 goals of accomplishing a well-built environment that does not require unsustainable practices to be sustained are to be reached, new policies will be required. Grant support: The research has been supported by the Swedish Energy Agency (grant #50041-1).
Product Resource and Climate Footprint Analysis during Architectural Design in BIM
Authors: Sameer H , Mostert C , Bringezu S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Significant global economic growth in the building sector is recently being noticed according to cities developments. Buildings and construction materials dominate the increasing demand for natural resources, greenhouse gas emissions, and landfill space. This article assesses the application of the product footprints for material, energy, and water as well as the product climate footprint for different design alternatives of building elements. The alternatives include different designs of foundations, exterior walls, and ceilings using recycled aggregates for concrete production. The approach is assessed cradle-to-gate within the life cycle assessment (LCA) boundaries for building elements and construction materials using a product resource and climate footprint analysis. The material footprint is determined by the indicators Raw Material Input (RMI) and Total Material Requirement (TMR), and the energy footprint by the Cumulated Energy Demand (CED). The water footprint is defined using the Available Water Remaining (AWARE) method. The climate footprint is quantified by the indicator Global Warming Impact (GWI) using Global Warming Potential (GWP) values from the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC. The LCA calculation is integrated into a building information modeling (BIM) tool to make changes in footprint results visible to planners, architects, and civil engineers. Results show that material footprint could be significantly decreased when the recycled aggregates are considered to produce waterproof concrete of foundation and underground exterior walls.
Railway transport systems’ contribution to sustainable development
Authors: Gschösser F , Cordes T , Lumetzberger D , Tautschnig A , Bergmeister K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Transport is one of the main contributors to global environmental pollution and in particular greenhouse gas emissions (approx. 24% in 2015). Modern railway transport systems enhance the future environmental performance of transport through i) optimized construction materials, ii) improved construction and refurbishment processes, iii) evolving monitoring and maintenance management and iv) network development. This paper demonstrates a variety of studies investigating the sustainability of the construction, maintenance and operation of railway transport systems. The presented results underline the key role of railway transports systems within a future-proof sustainable built environment. As an example for an investment into a sustainable transport system the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) can be named, with which the European Union aims to offer an attractive, comprehensive and sustainable transport infrastructure and in which railway transport plays the leading role.
Estimation of load curves for large-scale district heating networks
Authors: Streicher Kai Nino , Schneider Stefan , Patel Martin K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Decarbonisation and a transition towards sustainable energy systems in cities are key elements of the United Nations sustainability goal. Large-scale district heating networks sourced by excess heat or renewable energy allow to effectively transform building-related energy systems. This study proposes two different approaches for modelling load curves in large-scale district heating networks: 1) physics-based static energy balance model 2) data-driven regression model trained and adjusted on measured load curves. The load curves generated by application of these two approaches are compared with the actual load of an urban district heating network in Geneva, Switzerland. Both models allow to recreate the actual load curve of the district heating network, however with lower accuracy for higher time resolution in the case of the physics-based model. The physics-based static model can be used to simulate the demand and generate load curves of sufficient quality at monthly and daily resolution. For an hourly load curve, it is recommended to use the data-driven regression model if consumption data of the network is available.
How can we plan for a good urban sound environment, focusing on road traffic noise?
Authors: Forssén Jens , Estévez-Mauriz Laura , Gustafson Andreas , Kropp Wolfgang 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Introduction. The sound environments in our cities are affected by unwanted sounds, i.e. noise, to an extent that is largely undesired, affecting health and wellbeing. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated the burden of disease from traffic-related noise within the western part of Europe and concluded that we each year lose at least one million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and that only air pollution has a larger disease burden among environmental factors. The burden of environmental noise is mainly sleep disturbance and annoyance. And the dominant source is road traffic.
Methods. This paper describes the mechanisms behind road traffic noise and how we can use them in an urban sound planning perspective to improve the sound environment, as an integral part of sustainable cities and communities. The results are based on calculations and measurements made in previous and ongoing projects.
Results. Treatments at source consider tyre, road, engine (whether electric or combustion), driving speed and acceleration, and further vehicle restrictions. Methods for reduction of noise during propagation and more general urban planning aspects include low-height barriers and ground treatments; acoustically absorbing facades and roofs of buildings, e.g. including vegetation; and building morphology and quiet side. Quantitative reductions, in decibels, as well as qualitative aspects are presented.
Conclusions. The described possible improvements to the urban sound environment, with focus on road traffic noise as the dominant impairing factor, inform us about how a good urban sound environment can be reachable. However, to reach a good sound environment in reality, the work process of applied urban sound planning demands work across disciplines, also at early-stage planning, instead of traditional noise control applied late in the planning process.
Towards spatial integration of qualitative data for urban transformation – challenges with automated geovisualization of perception of urban places
Authors: Thuvander L , Latino F , Zangelidis C , Adelfio M , Naserentin V , Logg A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Urban planning needs to face and integrate ecological, social, and economic aspects of city living. So far, attempts to integrate different urban simulation models into one technical platform have focused on quantitative data. The aim of this paper is to present the preparation for an automated method to spatially integrate and visualize interview-based qualitative data on the perception of urban places into a virtual platform. The Gothenburg suburb of Hammarkullen is used as a case study. Two CAQDAS software, NVivo and Atlas.ti, were tested. In both software, locations and urban qualities were coded and clustered. Visualization strategies such as information tree structures, geo-coded quotations, spatial word clouds, linked to 2D maps and 3D environments were developed. Results identify the challenges to overcome and show limitations of the software in terms of creating graphs and relationships as well as automated geocoding of data to maps. The project offers a step towards the integration of qualitative (social) data into digital environments that can be scaled up. By that, it contributes with a new dimension of analysis of urban environments which is necessary for sustainable transformation of cities.