bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of saliva sampling procedures for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics reveals differential sensitivity and association with viral load
Authors: Mestdagh Pieter , Gillard Michel , Arbyn Marc , Pirnay Jean-Paul , Poels Jeroen , Hellemans Jan , Peeters Eliana , Hutse Veronik , Vermeiren Celine , Boutier Maxime , De Wever Veerle , Soentjens Patrick , Djebara Sarah , Malonne Hugues , André Emmanuel , Smeraglia John , Vandesompele Jo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNasopharyngeal sampling has been the preferential collection method for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. Alternative sampling procedures that are less invasive and do not require a healthcare professional would be more preferable for patients and health professionals. Saliva collection has been proposed as such a possible alternative sampling procedure. We evaluated the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 testing on two different saliva collection devices (spitting versus swabbing) compared to nasopharyngeal swabs in over 2500 individuals that were either symptomatic or had high-risk contacts with infected individuals. We observed an overall poor sensitivity in saliva for SARS-CoV-2 detection (30.8% and 22.4% for spitting and swabbing, respectively). However, when focusing on individuals with medium to high viral load, sensitivity increased substantially (97.0% and 76.7% for spitting and swabbing, respectively), irrespective of symptomatic status. Our results suggest that saliva cannot readily replace nasopharyngeal sampling for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics but may enable identification of cases with medium to high viral loads.
An immunologically active, adipose-derived extracellular matrix biomaterial for soft tissue reconstruction: concept to clinical trial
Authors: Anderson Amy E. , Wu Iwen , Parrillo Alexis J. , Maestas David R. , Graham Ian , Tam Ada J. , Payne Rachael M. , Aston Jeffrey , Cooney Carisa M. , Byrne Patrick , Cooney Damon S. , Elisseeff Jennifer H. 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTSoft tissue reconstruction remains an intractable clinical challenge as current surgical options and synthetic implants may produce inadequate outcomes. Soft tissue deficits may be surgically reconstructed using autologous adipose tissue, but these procedures can lead to donor site morbidity, require multiple trips to the operating room, and have highly variable outcomes. To address the clinical need for soft tissue reconstruction, we developed an “off-the-shelf” adipose matrix from allograft human adipose tissue (acellular adipose tissue, AAT). We applied physical and chemical processing methods to remove lipids and create an injectable matrix that mimicked the properties of fat grafting materials. Biological activity was assessed using cell migration and stem cell adipogenesis assays. Characterization of the regenerative immunology properties in a murine muscle injury model revealed allograft and xenograft AAT induced pro-regenerative CD4+ T cells and macrophages with xenograft AAT attracting additional eosinophils secreting interleukin 4 (Il4). In immunocompromised mice, AAT injections retained similar tissue volumes as human fat grafts but did not have the cysts and calcifications that formed in the human fat graft implants. Combination of AAT with human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) resulted in lower implant volumes. However, tissue remodeling and new adipose development increased significantly with the addition of cells. Larger injected volumes of porcine-derived AAT demonstrated biocompatibility and greater volume retention when applied allogeneicly in Yorkshire cross pigs. Under a biologic IND application, AAT was implanted in healthy volunteers in abdominal tissue that was later removed (panniculectomy or abdominoplasty). The AAT implants were well tolerated and biocompatible in all eight human subjects. Analysis of implants removed between 1 and 18 weeks demonstrated increasing cellular infiltration and immune populations, suggesting continued tissue remodeling and the potential for long term tissue replacement.SUMMARYAn adipose-derived injectable biomaterial provides volume correction for soft tissue defects while promoting pro-healing immune responses.
Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine for Preventing Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Hospitalizations in Immunocompromised Adults
Authors: Hughes Kailey , Middleton Donald B , Nowalk Mary Patricia , Balasubramani Goundappa K , Martin Emily T , Gaglani Manjusha , Talbot H Keipp , Patel Manish M , Ferdinands Jill M , Zimmerman Richard K , Silveira Fernanda P ,   for the HAIVEN Study Investigators
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTBackgroundYearly influenza immunization is recommended for immunocompromised (IC) individuals, although immune responses are lower than that for the non-immunocompromised and the data on vaccine effectiveness (VE) in the IC is scarce. We evaluated VE against influenza-associated hospitalization among IC adults.MethodsWe analyzed data from adults ≥ 18 years hospitalized with acute respiratory illness (ARI) during the 2017-2018 influenza season at 10 hospitals in the United States. IC adults were identified using pre-specified case-definitions, utilizing electronic medical record data. VE was evaluated with a test-negative case-control design using multivariate logistic regression with PCR-confirmed influenza as the outcome and vaccination status as the exposure, adjusting for age, enrolling site, illness onset date, race, days from onset to specimen collection, self-reported health, and self-reported hospitalizations.ResultsOf 3,524 adults hospitalized with ARI, 1,210 (34.3%) had an immunocompromising condition. IC adults were more likely to be vaccinated than non-IC (69.5% vs 65.2%), and less likely to have influenza (22% vs 27.8%). The mean age did not differ among IC and non-IC (61.4 vs 60.8 years old). The overall VE against influenza hospitalization, including immunocompetent adults, was 33% (95% CI, 21% to 44%). VE among IC vs non-IC adults was lower at 5% (−29% to 31%) vs. 41% (27% to 52%) (p<0.05 for interaction term).ConclusionsVE in one influenza season was very low among IC individuals. Future efforts should include evaluation of VE among the different immunocompromising conditions and whether enhanced vaccines improve the suboptimal effectiveness among the immunocompromised.
Group Testing with Homophily to Curb Epidemics with Asymptomatic Carriers
Authors: de Belleville Louis-Marie Harpedanne 
Published: October 2020

SummaryContagion happens through heterogeneous interpersonal relations (homophily) which induce contamination clusters. Group testing is increasingly recognized as necessary to fight the asymptomatic transmission of the COVID-19. Still, it is plagued by false negatives. Homophily can be taken into account to design test pools that encompass potential contamination clusters. I show that this makes it possible to overcome the usual information-theoretic limits of group testing, which are based on an implicit homogeneity assumption. Even more interestingly, a multiple-step testing strategy combining this approach with advanced complementary exams for all individuals in pools identified as positive identifies asymptomatic carriers who would be missed even by costly exhaustive individual tests. Recent advances in group testing have brought large gains in efficiency, but within the bounds of the above cited information-theoretic limits, and without tackling the false negatives issue which is crucial for COVID-19. Homophily has been considered in the contagion literature already, but not in order to improve group testing.
Temperature and species-dependent regulation of browning in retrobulbar fat
Authors: Rajaii Fatemeh , Kim Dong Won , Pan Jianbo , Mahoney Nicholas R. , Eberhart Charles G. , Qian Jiang , Blackshaw Seth 
Published: October 2020

AbstractRetrobulbar fat deposits surround the posterior retina and optic nerve head, but their function and origin are obscure. We report that mouse retrobulbar fat is a neural crest-derived tissue histologically and transcriptionally resembles interscapular brown fat. In contrast, human retrobulbar fat closely resembles white adipose tissue. Retrobulbar fat is also brown in other rodents, which are typically housed at temperatures below thermoneutrality, but is white in larger animals. We show that retrobulbar fat in mice housed at thermoneutral temperature show reduced expression of the brown fat marker Ucp1, and histological properties intermediate between white and brown fat. We conclude that retrobulbar fat can potentially serve as a site of active thermogenesis, that this capability is both temperature and species-dependent, and that this may facilitate regulation of intraocular temperature.
Vital organisational capabilities for strategic agility: an empirical study
Authors: Chan Josephine Ie Lyn , Muthuveloo Rajendran 
Published: October 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the organisational capabilities needed for strategic agility among private higher education institutions (HEIs) in Malaysia that are operating in a turbulent business environment. In addition, the study also intends to determine the area of prioritisation for these institutions.Design/methodology/approachA two-month data collection was carried out on 375 private HEIs via a Web-based survey, which garnered a response rate of 41.33%. The data were subsequently analysed with the partial least squares structural equation modelling to establish the validity and reliability of the research model and to test the postulated hypotheses. The assessment of importance and performance matrix analysis (IPMA) was also carried out to highlight the areas of significance for improvement.FindingsThe study discovered that all three constructs of organisational capabilities, i.e. environmental scanning, marketing and organisational learning, attributed significantly to strategic agility. This in turn enabled strategic agility to significantly influence the organisational performance of private HEIs in Malaysia. Finally, IPMA revealed that private HEIs need to prioritise organisational learning to strengthen their strategic agility, thus optimise organisational performance.Originality/valueAside from business and management research of strategic agility in other industries, the current study manages to establish that strategic agility also plays an important role in the private higher education sector. Furthermore, the use of IPMA provides fresh insight into the importance and performance of the organisational capabilities examined against strategic agility.
The impact of economic blockade on the performance of Qatari Islamic and conventional banks: a period-and-group-wise comparison
Authors: Ali Abdilatif Mao 
Published: October 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to empirically assess the performance of Islamic banks (IBs) and conventional banks (CBs) in Qatar before and after the imposition of the economic blockade on Qatar and the significance of the blockade’s subsequent impact.

Design/methodology/approach
This study focuses only on the domestic commercial banks comprising four IBs and five CBs operating in Qatar. The banks’ financial reports are used as a secondary source to generate data. A study period from 2015 to 2019, separated into pre-blockade and post-blockade periods and comprising data on a semi-annual basis, was examined. Financial ratios and t-tests are used to compare bank performance and test the significance level of the blockade, respectively.

Findings
Generally, the findings show that IBs slightly outperformed CBs. Solvency ratios show strong capitalization (measured by capital adequacy ratio, CAR) and external fund (measured by equity multiplier ratio, EMR) reliance of the banks, despite minor fluctuations. Yet, only the CAR of CBs has been significantly affected by the blockade. Profitability (measured by return on assets, ROA and return on equity, ROE) of both bank groups grew unsteadily over the period, but IBs remained more efficient (measured by operating efficiency, OEOI) than CBs. Liquidity ratios indicate almost similar depositor fund utilization (measured by loans to deposit ratio, LDR) and credit offering (measured by loans to assets ratio, LAR) by the banks. All three metrics were weakly impacted. In terms of asset quality, bad loans (measured by non-performing loans ratio, NPL) and provisions (measured by loan loss provisions, LLP) surged moderately post-blockade. The blockade affected both groups’ asset quality.

Originality/value
To the author’s knowledge, this is the first study to comparatively examine the performance of Qatari IBs and CBs during the latest economic embargo and their exposure to the crisis.
Characterization of solid wastes as a tool to implement waste management strategies in a university campus
Authors: Nolasco Elaine , Vieira Duraes Pedro Henrique , Pereira Gonçalves Júlia , Oliveira Maria Cristina de , Monteiro de Abreu Lucijane , Nascimento de Almeida Alexandre 
Published: October 2020

Purpose
Universities are an example of institutions that aggregate people around work/study who consume water, energy and produce waste daily in their activities, generating an impact on the environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the quantity, composition and recycling potential of waste generated at the Faculdade UnB Planaltina (FUP) campus, of the University of Brasilia in the Federal District, Brazil, to develop a waste management strategy compatible with national legislation and sustainable global practices.

Design/methodology/approach
This study was based on conducting on-site visits to identify the sources of generation, hazardousness, management and gravimetric characteristics of residual waste from 2015 to 2016. In 2016, a selective collection was implemented on the FUP campus, and since then, actions to raise awareness for the selective disposal and monitoring of waste were conducted with the academic community.

Findings
The results showed that the campus generates 148 kg of waste/day, whereas the per capita generation is 92 g/day. The production of hazardous waste is related to campus laboratories which manage it under a specific program. The campus restaurant is the place that generates the most waste, of which organic waste is the most representative. When categorizing the waste generated on campus, the authors found that the majority are recyclables at 67% of the total. This category includes material composed of cardboard, paper and plastic, all able to be recycled in the Federal District.

Practical implications
The recyclable waste generated at the FUP campus is being diverted from the city’s landfill because they are donated to a recycling cooperative. These actions promote income generation, social inclusion of waste pickers and a circular economy, all in compliance with the National Solid Waste Policy. As a result, the FUP campus is more in line with Brazilian legislation and the global context of adopting sustainable waste management amongst higher education institutions.

Originality/value
This paper contributes to the literature on sustainability in higher education by reporting the process of implementation of a waste management strategy in a university campus. Further, it presents tools and methods that can be used to achieve sustainability in waste management. The study also identifies that the crucial factor for the success of such actions is the mobilization and participation of the academic community in the process. It does so by presenting findings demonstrating how the University of Brasilia has been concerned with adopting pro-environmental measures for sustainable development.
The behaviour of US investors during presidential elections
Authors: Colón De Armas Carlos , Rodriguez Javier , Romero Herminio 
Published: October 2020

PurposeThis study examines the influence of the presidential elections on the behaviour of US investors according to the trading activity of two of the most popular investment vehicles: exchange-traded funds and close-ended funds.Design/methodology/approachBased on the fact that investors in these two investment vehicles differ by, at least, two demographic factors that influence investment decisions, age and labour status, inferences are made about the degree of interest and the amount of trading activity that presidential elections provoke.FindingsThe evidence demonstrates that, during the last four US presidential elections, exchange-traded funds' investors trade significantly more than close-ended funds' investors during several event windows centred on the day of an election in which a republican candidate is elected. Close-ended funds' investors are more active during the election of a democratic candidate, although the statistical evidence in that regard is weak. Thus, it appears reasonable to conclude that younger investors who are gainfully employed are induced to trade by a presidential election in which a republican candidate prevails. Apparently, a democratic victory does not provoke the same behaviour.Originality/valueAlthough the relation between politics and economics is not an unexplored topic, it is not clear whether the presidential elections themselves constitute an event that triggers the trading behaviour of investors.
Implementing lean-led hospital design; lessons gained at a pioneer
Authors: Schouten Hannelore , Heusinkveld Stefan , van der Kam Wouter , Benders Jos 
Published: October 2020

PurposeThe aim of this study is to document and analyze experiences with building a new hospital guided by lean-led hospital design (LLHD) (Grunden and Hagood, 2012) and to investigate key mechanisms enhancing healthcare professionals' participation and collaboration in implementing this innovative approach.Design/methodology/approachAn in-depth case study of the implementation of LLHD in a Dutch hospital was performed based on multiple data sources. The case hospital presented a unique opportunity since there was embedded access to the data by the first author.FindingsThree mechanisms supporting participation and collaboration of staff for implementing LLHD were identified. (1) Freedom in translating a concept enables managers to balance it with variations in practice at the organizational level. (2) A set of key principles governing the design process appeared an important anchor on a managerial level in a changing environment. (3) Creation of a supportive attitude toward lean and lean facility design, with co-creation as a key element of LLHD.Practical implicationsBy using the emerging mechanisms, managers/change agents can enlarge collaboration and participation of hospital staff when implementing organization-wide innovations.Originality/valueThis case study delivers a unique inside view on the dynamics evolving in the complex change processes at organizational, managerial and personal levels involved in implementing LLHD.
Internal auditing in the public sector: a systematic literature review and future research agenda
Authors: Nerantzidis Michail , Pazarskis Michail , Drogalas George , Galanis Stergios 
Published: October 2020

PurposeThis study reviews post-2009 literature on public sector internal auditing (IA) and addresses three interrelated research questions (RQ): How is research on the public sector IA being developed? What are the focus and criticisms of the literature on public sector IA? What is the future of public sector IA research?Design/methodology/approachWe adopt a systematic literature review approach and analyze 78 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2010 and 2019. We evaluate five criteria to identify the development of public sector IA research (RQ1), namely level of government, academic discipline, number of countries, geographic areas and MSCI country classification. Similarly, we use four criteria to present the focus and criticisms of the literature (RQ2), namely, type of organizational respondent, research instrument, theories and research theme examined. Finally, we use two criteria to propose new directions for future research (RQ3), namely, the directions resulted from RQ1 and RQ2 and the directions highlighted by the 10 most cited studies in the IA literature (i.e. out of the 78 papers identified).FindingsWe find an increase of publications up to 2017, most of which are single country–focused, particularly on emerging markets. Moreover, we note that IA has been studied at all government levels, most often at the local government level. Although we identify multiple research themes examined in the literature, most studies emphasize “governance” and “operational effectiveness” using quantitative analysis, without reference to any theory. By analyzing these key features, we critically interpret the challenges as well as the skepticism that may surface by researchers. Finally, considering implications from this stream of research and analyzing the most influential studies, we recommend new avenues for investigation such as comparative studies among countries and different markets that provide further evidence on the international and regional levels and studies on the effect of cultural, institutional and demographical characteristics in IA.Practical implicationsOur results will help researchers, practitioners and consultants to identify the key issues related with IA.Originality/valueThis study is the first to provide a systematic literature review on public sector IA. Furthermore, it develops insights, critical reflections and avenues for future research in this field.
Can the market divide and multiply? A case of 807 percent mispricing
Authors: van den Assem Martijn J. , van Dolder Dennie , Zwinkels Remco C.J. , Schauten Marc B.J. 
Published: October 2020

PurposeThis paper documents a strong violation of the law of one price surrounding a large rights issue.Design/methodology/approachIf prices are right, the relation between the prices of shares and rights follows the outcome of a simple calculation.FindingsIn the case of Royal Imtech N.V. in 2014, prices deviated sharply and persistently from the theoretical prediction. Throughout the term of the rights, investors were buying shares at prices that were many times what they should have been given the price of the rights. Short-selling constraints in the form of high recall risk and lacking stock lending supply are the most likely explanation for the failure of arbitrage as a safeguard of market efficiency. Still, it remains remarkable that investors were buying large volumes of shares at highly inflated prices in the presence of a cheap, perfect substitute.Originality/valueThe mispricing was special not just because of its severity but also because unlike previously documented cases there was no fundamental risk and no material noise trader risk.
Class and status in interwar England: Current issues in the light of a historical case
Authors: Goldthorpe John H. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThere has been much recent discussion concerning the conceptual and empirical viability and value of the distinction between social class and social status, and in particular as implemented in the work of Chan and Goldthorpe. The present paper addresses certain of the issues that arise on the basis of a historical case, that of class and status in interwar England, with reference to housing, sports club membership, and dress. It seeks to show that, contrary to what has been claimed by various authors, the distinction can be effectively made and is indeed necessary to an understanding of these features of the social history of the period; that it is differential association that has to be seen as constitutive of status stratification, rather than differences in lifestyle; and that increased status striving, anxieties, and segregation, with adverse psychological consequences, can result from a narrowing as well as from a widening of class inequalities.