bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Etofibrate, Fenofibrate, and Atorvastatin in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Plasma Using Differential Pulse Polarographic and Square Wave Voltammetric Techniques
Authors: Korany Mohamed A , Hewala Ismail I , Abdel-Hay Karim M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Etofibrate, fenofibrate, and atorvastatin were determined in their pharmaceutical preparations and human plasma using differential pulse polarographic and square wave voltammetric techniques by reduction at a dropping-mercury working electrode versus Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The reversibility of the electrode reactions was tested using cyclic voltammetry, and they were found to be irreversible reduction reactions. Optimum conditions such as pH, scan rate, and pulse amplitude were studied, and validation of the proposed methods was performed. The proposed methods proved to be accurate, precise, robust, and specific for determination of the 3 drugs. The relative standard deviation values were &lt;2, indicating that these methods are precise. Limits of detection and quantitation were in the ranges of 0.0370.21 and 0.120.71 g/mL, respectively, indicating high sensitivity.
Comparison of Petrifilm Staph Express Count System with the Bacteriological Analytical Manual Direct-Plating Method for Enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in Artificially Contaminated Hard Cheese
Authors: Fedio Willis M , Wendakoon Chitra N , Zapata Ruben , Carrillo Christina , Browning Paul 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The 3M Petrifilm Staph Express Count System was compared with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) direct-plate count method for the enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus in 6 types of artificially contaminated hard cheese (Asiago, Cheddar, Gruyre, Parmesan, Romano, and Swiss). Five different samples of each cheese type were inoculated with S. aureus (ATCC 25923) to achieve low, medium, and high inoculum levels. S. aureus was enumerated by the Petrifilm and BAM methods, and the results were compared. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed no significant differences (P &lt;0.05) between the 2 methods. The Petrifilm method compared favorably with the BAM procedure. The rapid method was more convenient to use, considerably faster, and less expensive to perform than the BAM method.
Simultaneous Determination of Bioactive Xanthone Glycosides and Norlignans from Ethanolic Extract of Anemarrhena asphodeloides by Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Islam M Nurul , Yoo Hye Hyun , Lee Jun , Nam Joo Won , Seo Eun Kyoung , Jin Changbae , Kim Dong-Hyun 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (Liliaceae) are prescribed as crude drugs in herbal medication for the treatment of various diseases such as diabetes, inflammation, and platelet aggregation inhibition. A simple, sensitive, and precise reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method was developed to study the quantitative determination of 5 bioactive compounds from these rhizomes, namely, neomangiferin, mangiferin, isomangiferin, nyasol, and methylnyasol. Chromatographic analysis was performed on Capcell Pak C18 column (150 4.6 mm, 3 m) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, methanol, and 0.1 formic acid at a flow rate of 1.00 mL/min. Quantitation was performed using a UV-visible detector at 260 nm. The method for the determination of reported medicinal agents was accurate and reproducible. Excellent linear behavior was observed over the investigated concentration range of 2.5100.0 g/mL for neomangiferin; 1.560.0 g/mL for mangiferin; 0.520.0 g/mL for nyasol; and 0.220.0 g/mL for methylnyasol; correlation coefficient &gt;0.99. The intraday and interday precision over the concentration range of compounds was &lt;6.6 (relative standard deviation) and accuracy was between 94.9 and 109.3. This method can be successfully applied for the analysis of medicinal compounds from the ethanolic extract of A. asphodeloides Bunge.
Validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method with UV Detection for the Determination of Ethopabate Residues in Poultry Liver
Authors: Granja Rodrigo H M M , Niño Alfredo M Montes , Zucchetti Roberto A M , Niño Rosario E Montes , Salerno Alessandro G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Ethopabate is frequently used in the prophylaxis and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry. Residues of this drug in food present a potential risk to consumers. A simple, rapid, and sensitive column high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with UV detection for determination of ethopabate in poultry liver is presented. The drug is extracted with acetonitrile. After evaporation, the residue is dissolved with an acetonehexane mixture and cleaned up by solid-phase extraction using Florisil columns. The analyte is then eluted with methanol. LC analysis is carried out on a C18 5 m Gemini column, 15 cm 4.6 mm. Ethopabate is quantified by means of UV detection at 270 nm. Parameters such as decision limit, detection capability, precision, recovery, ruggedness, and measurement uncertainty were calculated according to method validation guidelines provided in 2002/657/EC and ISO/IEC 17025:2005. Decision limit and detection capability were determined to be 2 and 3 g/kg, respectively. Average recoveries from poultry samples fortified with 10, 15, and 20 g/kg levels of ethopabate were 100105. A complete statistical analysis was performed on the results obtained, including an estimation of the method uncertainty. The method is to be implemented into Brazil's residue monitoring and control program for ethopabate.
Column Liquid Chromatography-Ultraviolet and Column Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Evaluation of Stress Degradation Behavior of Escitalopram Oxalate
Authors: Dhaneshwar Sunil R , Mahadik Mahadeo V , Kulkarni Mahesh J 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the degradation behavior of escitalopram oxalate under different International Conference on Harmonization (ICH)-recommended stress conditions by column liquid chromatography (LC)-UV and LC/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and to establish a validated stability-indicating LC assay method. Escitalopram oxalate was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis, and thermal decomposition. Extensive degradation was found to occur in alkaline medium. Mild degradation was observed in acidic and oxidative conditions. Escitalopram oxalate was stable to neutral, photolytic, and thermal stress. Successful separation of the drug from degradation products formed under stress conditions was achieved on a PerfectSil-100 ODS-3 column [C18 (5 m, 25 cm 4.6 mm id)] using methanol0.01 M acetate buffer pH 3.8 adjusted with acetic acid (45 + 55) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 1 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was 239 nm. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines. Major degradation products formed in hydrolysis and oxidative conditions were isolated, and structural elucidation of degradation products was done by LC/MS and infrared spectrometry studies. The major hydrolysis degradation product was confirmed as 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-(4-fluoro- phenyl)-1,3dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carboxylic acid, and the major oxidative degradation product was confirmed as 1-{[3-dimethylamino(oxide)- propyl]-1-(4-fluro-phenyl)}-1,3-dihydro-isobenzofuran- 5-carbonitrile.
TEMPO® TVC for the Enumeration of Aerobic Mesophilic Flora in Foods: Collaborative Study
Authors: Crowley Erin S , Bird Patrick M , Torontali Marianne K , Agin James R , Goins David G , Johnson Ronald ,   Collaborators:, Achen M , Balogh J , Barket D , Boatwright A , Clark M , Colon-Reveles J , Dixon K , Gorman; M , Hanson P , Husby G , Kelly M , Kim S , Koschmann C , Laflamme L , Larson C , Manner K , McCallum K , McClure; H , McMahon W , Mills J , Mohnke F , Moon B , Murphy M , Post L , Quast V , Riva J , Zadeh K , Zadeh S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The automated system for enumeration of total viable count (TVC) in foods, TEMPO® TVC, uses a dehydrated culture medium and an enumeration card containing 48 wells across 3 different dilutions for the automatic determination of the most probable number (MPN). The alternative method was compared in a multilaboratory collaborative study to AOAC Method 966.23 for determination of aerobic plate count for nondairy products and the Standard Methods for the Examination of Dairy Products (SMEDP) Standard Plate Count for dairy products. Five food types, raw ground beef, raw ground chicken, cooked whitefish fillets, bagged lettuce, and milk, were analyzed for TVC by 14 collaborating laboratories throughout the United States and Canada. Three lots of naturally contaminated food products representing a wide range of counts were tested for each of the 5 food types. The study demonstrated that the overall repeatability, reproducibility, and mean log counts of the TEMPO TVC method were statistically comparable to those of the 2 standard methods at the 5 level.
Assay of Florfenicol in Swine Feed: Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Hayes John M , Gilewicz Rosalia , Freehauf Keith , Fetter Mary 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Nuflor (florfenicol) Premix for Swine was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for control of swine respiratory disease (SRD). A simple method for the assay of florfenicol in Type C medicated swine feeds was recently evaluated as part of a 4-laboratory study. Florfenicol is extracted from ground feed with acetonitrilewater by shaking and sonication. An Envi-Carb solid-phase extraction cartridge is used to clean up the extract, retaining matrix interferences while allowing florfenicol to elute. The collected eluent is diluted and injected into a reversed-phase liquid chromatographic system. Samples are quantitated by external standard analysis versus multilevel calibration solutions. The procedure is suitable for the quantification of swine feeds in mash or pellet form medicated with 100300 mg/kg florfenicol. The interlaboratory study was conducted according to Guidance 136 issued by the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine. The feeds used to evaluate method performance represented different feed compositions (starter and finisher) and manufacturers. The sponsor and 3 independent laboratories obtained mean recoveries (SD) from fortified swine feeds of 100.7 (2.0), 99.6 (2.8), 98.8 (1.4), and 99.3 (1.7), respectively. Excellent agreement of the results of the assay of blind samples of commercial swine mash and pelleted feeds between laboratories demonstrates that the method is rugged and reproducible.
Factors Affecting Accuracy and Time Requirements of a Glucose Oxidase–Peroxidase Assay for Determination of Glucose
Authors: Hall Mary B , Keuler Nicholas S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Accurate and rapid assays for glucose are desirable for analysis of glucose and starch in food and feedstuffs. An established colorimetric glucose oxidaseperoxidase method for glucose was modified to reduce analysis time and evaluated for factors that affected accuracy. Time required to perform the assay was reduced by approximately 40 by decreasing incubation time and removing steps that do not affect absorbance. Although linear regressions of absorbance and glucose concentrations of standard solutions exceeded R2 of 0.9997, evaluation of sum of squared residuals, root mean squared error, and significance of the quadratic term indicated that the curves were approximately quadratic in form. Inadequate equilibration of glucose anomers did not appear to be the issue. Historic data suggest that the standard curve is inherently nonlinear. Quadratic curves predicted standard solution glucose concentrations more accurately than did linear forms; overestimations at the midpoint of the curve averaged 0.04, 0.48, and 0.92 for quadratic and linear equations calculated from 5 standard solutions and a linear equation calculated from the 0 and most concentrated standard solution, respectively. A hydrophilic antioxidant at levels no greater than 10 mol ascorbic acid/0.10 g air-dried sample did not affect absorbance values.
USDA FSIS and FDA BAM Culture Methods BBL CHROMagar Salmonella Prepared Plated and Difco Dehydrated Culture Media
Authors: Ritter Vicki , Dick Nancy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
BBL and Difco CHROMagar Salmonella (CS) was evaluated internally and externally for the recovery of Salmonella in raw chicken, raw ground beef, raw fish, lettuce, and shell eggs. The raw chicken and ground beef were processed according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Safety and Inspection Service reference methods. The raw fish, lettuce, and shell eggs were processed according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bacteriological Analytical Manual procedures. Only raw chicken was found to be naturally contaminated with Salmonella; all other matrixeswere seededwith an appropriate dilution of organism to achieve fractionally positive results. Salmonella strains were permitted to equilibrate with the culture-negative matrixes for 48 h at 4C. Twenty 25 g samples of each food matrix plus 5 uninoculated samples were processed. CS prepared plates (CS PPM) and laboratory prepared plates from dehydrated culture media (CS DCM) were evaluated with the reference method media. A total of 16 positive cultures were obtained from the raw chicken samples, 17 in the raw ground beef, 18 in the raw fish and lettuce, and 11 in the shell eggs. A Chi-square analysis was performed on each of the food matrixes. BBL CS produced comparable results with the reference methods on all matrixes, resulting in a method agreement of 100 based on the Chi-square results. In testing known isolates the sensitivity and specificity was determined to be 94. Specificity improved to 98 when tetrathionate broth enrichment was used. A negative- and false-positive rate of 6 was found with known isolates. No false negatives were found in testing the food matrixes. The performance of the CS prepared plate and laboratory prepared plate was identical.
Addendum: ISO Culture Methods Comparative Testing of BBL CHROMagar Salmonella Prepared Plated Culture Medium
Authors: Ritter Vicki , Dick Nancy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
BBL CHROMagar Salmonella (CS) was evaluated for the detection of Salmonella species compared to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 6579:2002 reference method media. Raw chicken, raw ground beef, raw fish, lettuce, and shell eggs were evaluated by an independent laboratory. Raw chicken was found to be naturally contaminated with Salmonella; all other matrixes were seeded with Salmonella at a low level. Four Salmonella serovars were used for seeding the food matrixes. A total of 120 food samples were analyzed. The detection and isolation of Salmonella on CS was compared to the ISO culture methods reference media, using the recommended pre-enrichments and selective enrichments. BBL CS produced results comparable to those of the reference methods on all matrixes, resulting in a method agreement of 100 based on the Chi-square results. Known isolates were tested and had a sensitivity of 96.8 and specificity of 94. No false negatives were found in testing the food matrixes. The results of this study demonstrate that BBL CS is an effective medium for the recovery and detection of Salmonella in raw chicken, raw ground beef, raw fish, lettuce, and shell eggs using ISO method 6579.
Simultaneous Determination of Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) and Ergocalciferol (Vitamin D2) in Foods by Selected Reaction Monitoring
Authors: Dimartino Gianluca 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) were determined simultaneously by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry for different food matrixes. A small amount of starting sample was saponified and extracted before injection into a linear ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. Dihydrotachysterol, which is absent from food and has a structure similar to that of vitamins D3 and D2, was used as an internal standard. Calibration curves for the 2 vitamins showed linearity with R2 values of 0.9999 and 0.9989 for vitamins D3 and D2, respectively. Limits of detection for vitamins D3 and D2 were 0.5 ng/g (1.3 pmol/g) and 1.75 ng/g (4.4 pmol/g) and limits of quantitation were 1.25 ng/g (3.24 pmol/g), and 3.75 ng/g (9.45 pmol/g), respectively. Accuracy and precision of the method were tested with the infant formula reference standard of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, which showed a relative standard deviation of 6. Recoveries ranged from 95 to 105. Several food products were tested with AOAC Method 982.29, which is currently in use for vitamins D3 and D2, and results were comparable within 6.
Determination of Thioglycolic Acid in Hair-Waving Products by Disposable Electrochemical Sensor Coupled with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Zen Jyh-Myng , Yang Hsueh-Hui , Chiu Mei-Hsin , Chen Yu-Ju , Shih Ying 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A disposable electrochemical sensor coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the determination of thioglycolic acid (TGA) in commercial hair-waving products. The quantitative determination of TGA was first investigated by using a preanodized () screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE). Because of the electrocatalytic effect of the SPCE, the peak potential (Epa) was shifted less positively as the current magnitude increased. HPLC was used in this study to eliminate interference from the matrix of real samples. The effects of various parameters, such as preanodization potential, preanodization time, solution pH, detection potential, and mobile phase, were studied in detail. Under optimized conditions, the linear range for TGA is up to 20 ppm, correlation coefficient (r2) 0.998, with a detection limit of 0.042 ppm (signal-to-noise ratio 3). The practical application of the proposed method was demonstrated by the determination of TGA concentration in commercial hair-waving products.
Infrared Authentication of Ginseng Species: The Use of the 2-6PC Rule
Authors: Yap Kevin Yi-Lwern , Henglai Tommy Kok , Chan Sui Yung , Lim Chu Sing 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The quality of herbal products is important for ensuring efficacy and consumer safety. Traditional methods of authenticating herbs like ginseng via their morphology are hardly reliable. Different chemical constituents in herbs like ginseng tend to exhibit characteristic IR fingerprints that enable their identification. We previously introduced an IR-based protocol known as the 2-6PC rule to categorize and identify ginseng and its products, as well as distinguishing it from morphological fakes. Here, we describe the use of this rule as a rapid and effective means of analyzing the IR spectral fingerprints of the biologically active components of ginseng, as well as distinguishing among its species. Our results show that Panax ginseng, P. quinquefolius, and P. notoginseng can be differentiated from each other. Our results also indicate the presence of starch, carbohydrates, calcium oxalate, and ginsenosides Re and Rg1 in commercial ginseng roots sold in Singapore. This work effectively demonstrates the usefulness of the 2-6PC rule as a rapid screening tool in the authentication of ginseng species.
Rapid Planar Chromatographic Analysis of 25 Water-Soluble Dyes Used as Food Additives
Authors: Morlock Gertrud E , Oellig Claudia 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid planar chromatographic method for identification and quantification of 25 water-soluble dyes in food was developed. In a horizontal developing chamber, the chromatographic separation on silica gel 60F254 high-performance thin-layer chromatography plates took 12 min for 40 runs in parallel, using 8 mL ethyl acetatemethanolwateracetic acid (65 + 23 + 11 + 1, v/v/v/v) mobile phase up to a migration distance of 50 mm. However, the total analysis time, inclusive of application and evaluation, took 60 min for 40 runs. Thus, the overall time/run can be calculated as 1.5 min with a solvent consumption of 200 L. A sample throughput of 1000 runs/8 h day can be reached by switching between the working stations (application, development, and evaluation) in a 20 min interval, which triples the analysis throughput. Densitometry was performed by absorption measurement using the multiwavelength scan mode in the UV and visible ranges. Repeatabilities [relative standard deviation (RSD), 4 determinations] at the first or second calibration level showed precisions of mostly 2.7, ranging between 0.2 and 5.2. Correlation coefficient values (R 0.9987) and RSD values (4.2) of the calibration curves were highly satisfactory using classical quantification. However, digital evaluation of the plate image was also used for quantification, which resulted in RSD values of the calibration curves of mostly 3.0, except for two 6.0. The method was applied for the analysis of some energy drinks and bakery ink formulations, directly applied after dilution. By recording of absorbance spectra in the visible range, the identities of the dyes found in the samples were ascertained by comparison with the respective standard bands (correlation coefficients 0.9996). If necessary for confirmation, online mass spectra were recorded within a minute.
Determination of Psoralen and Plumbagin from Its Polyherbal Oil Formulations by an HPTLC Densitometric Method
Authors: Dubey Nidhi , Dubey Nitin , Mehta Rajendra , Saluja Ajay Kumar 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Many polyherbal oil formulations in Indian and Chinese traditional systems of medicine used for control of skin diseases contain seeds of Psoralea corylifolia and roots of Plumbago zeylanica L. Psoralen and plumbagin are the reliable markers for Ps. corylifolia and Pl. zeylanica, respectively. However, no attempt is made to standardize the polyherbal oil formulations containing Ps. corylifolia and Pl. zeylanica in terms of their active ingredients or marker compounds. In this paper, a simple, rapid, and sensitive HPTLC method is described for the first time to identify and quantify psoralen and plumbagin from such polyherbal oil formulations. The methanolic extract of oil formulations was used for analysis of markers. Psoralen gives a sharp UV absorbance peak at 302 nm and plumbagin at 275 nm. Good resolution of psoralen (Rf = 0.37) and plumbagin (Rf = 0.77) was attained using tolueneethyl acetate (7.5 + 2.5, v/v) mobile phase. The method was validated in terms of calibration curve, limits of detection and quantification, precision, accuracy, and robustness following a standard protocol. Polyherbal oil formulations were analyzed with reasonable accuracy, and no matrix interference was observed. The method developed can be used for marker-based quality assurance of oil formulations containing Ps. corylifolia and Pl. zeylanica as one active ingredient.
Evaluation of a Revised U.S. Food and Drug Administration Method for the Detection and Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii in Powdered Infant Formula: Precollaborative Study
Authors: Chen Yi , Hammack Thomas S , Song Kwang-Young , Lampel Keith A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A revised U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method for the detection and isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii in powdered infant formula was developed based on real-time PCR technology complemented by culture isolation on chromogenic agars. A validation study was conducted to compare the revised FDAmethod to the reference FDAmethod. Casein and soy powdered infant formula inoculated with morphologically typical and atypical strains of E. sakazakii were analyzed. Valid results were obtained from 360 test portions and controls and showed that the revised FDAmethod is significantly better (P &lt; 0.05) than the reference FDAmethod for the detection of typical E. sakazakii strains and the two methods are equivalent for the detection of atypical E. sakazakii strains.