bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile Synthesis of Spatially‐Functionalized Core‐Shell Nanocatalysts with 3‐D Mesopore Structure
Authors: von Baeckmann Cornelia , Eisen Constantin , Kählig Hanspeter , Guggenberger Patrick , Kleitz Freddy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHollow mesoporous silica particles (HMSPs) have recently drawn much attention as nanocatalysts, owing to their benefits and potential for greener chemical processes. Here, improved synthesis of HMSPs exhibiting a shell with a 3‐D pore structure is proposed to overcome previous synthetic issues, such as reproducibility, particle size distribution, precise tailoring of size/shell thickness, low yield, etc. Additionally, precisely controlled and selective functionalization with amine groups is achieved owing to careful protection and sequential extraction protocols. To overcome time‐consuming and complex multistep extraction procedures, different methods were optimized towards the most efficient protocol. The obtained materials are characterized in terms of structure, porosity and functions, and the confined catalytic activity was tested in a Knoevenagel reaction. The nanocatalysts were compared before and after the core template was removed to confirm that the only catalytic species are free amines located on the inner external surface of the shell (i. e., the surface exposed towards the hollow core).
Dehydration of lithium dihydrogenphosphate in a ball‐mill rotary‐kiln (BaMRoK) reactor
Authors: Yari Bahman , Sauriol Pierre , Chaouki Jamal 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLithium dihydrogenphosphate (LHP) needs to be dehydrated to be safely applied for the melt casting process to produce lithium iron phosphate (LFP). The dehydration reaction consists of several consecutive melting, oligomerization, and crystallization steps resulting in a solid product stuck to the reaction vessel at around 400°C. Here we applied an electrical shell‐heated rotary kiln containing grinding media (ball‐mill rotary‐kiln, BaMRoK) to dehydrate LHP at 400°C and recover the ground product without needing any extra processing. The bulk convective heat transfer coefficient of the kiln has been calculated in the presence of the grinding media and the temperature profile has been modelled using COMSOL Multiphysics. The kinetic model of the reaction from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and the thermal profile suggest that the dehydration reaction mostly happens on the internal surface of the BaMRoK wall.
Computational analysis of short‐range surface‐directed polymerization‐induced phase separation
Authors: Ghaffari Shima , Chan Philip K. , Mehrvar Mehrab 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe conventional off‐critical polymerization‐induced phase separation (PIPS) of binary mixtures leads to the fabrication of droplet‐type structure. However, the presence of a surface preferably attracting one of the components while phase separation by spinodal decomposition is occurring can change the configuration of surface energy and result in the formation of wetting layer(s) adjacent to the wall. Farther from the wall, droplets can still form. The method is called surface‐directed spinodal decomposition. The method is applicable in the fabrication of materials with layered morphology and may lead to the enhancement of the surface physical characteristics of mixtures. The current paper theoretically studied short‐range surface‐directed PIPS of a solvent/monomer mixture. The results showed the average diameter of particles in the bulk in the intermediate stage of phase separation grew with time by power‐law function <dave >  ∝ t*α, and the exponent (αave ≈ 0.3) was found close to the Lifshitz‐Slyozov growth exponent (1/3) for the diffusivities studied in this paper. The time evolution of the thickness of the wetting layer was found to be logarithmic. The effects of the parameters such as diffusion coefficient, surface potential, and temperature gradient on the morphology development by the short‐range surface‐directed PIPS technique are discussed in this paper.
Structure, Synthesis and Inhibition Mechanism of Nucleoside Analogues as HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
Authors: Yoshida Yuki , Honma Masakazu , Kimura Yasuaki , Abe Hiroshi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although treatments against HIV infection are available, AIDS remains a serious disease that causes many deaths annually. Although a variety of anti‐HIV drugs have been synthesized and marketed to treat HIV‐infected patients, nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), which mimic nucleosides, are used extensively and remain a subject of interest to medicinal chemists. However, HIV has acquired drug resistance against NRTIs, and thus the struggle to find novel therapies continues. In this review, we trace the trajectory of NRTIs, focusing on the synthesis, mechanisms of action and applications of NRTIs that have been developed.
Live Imaging of the Lung
Authors: Brzoska Tomasz , Kaminski Tomasz W. , Bennewitz Margaret F. , Sundd Prithu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLive imaging is critical to determining the dynamics and spatial interactions of cells within the tissue environment. In the lung, this has proven to be difficult due to the motion brought about by ventilation and cardiac contractions. A previous version of this Current Protocols in Cytometry article reported protocols for imaging ex vivo live lung slices and the intact mouse lung. Here, we update those protocols by adding new methodologies, new approaches for quantitative image analysis, and new areas of potential application. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Live imaging of lung slicesSupport Protocol 1: Staining lung sections with fluorescent antibodiesBasic Protocol 2: Live imaging in the mouse lungSupport Protocol 2: Intratracheal instillationsSupport Protocol 3: Intravascular instillationsSupport Protocol 4: Monitoring vital signs of the mouse during live lung imagingSupport Protocol 5: AntibodiesSupport Protocol 6: Fluorescent reporter miceBasic Protocol 3: Quantification of neutrophil‐platelet aggregation in pulmonary vasculatureBasic Protocol 4: Quantification of platelet‐dependent pulmonary thrombosisBasic Protocol 5: Quantification of pulmonary vascular permeability
Does corporate social responsibility affect consumer boycotts? A cost–benefit approach
Authors: Zeng Tian , Audrain‐Pontevia Anne‐Françoise , Durif Fabien 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRelying on the cognitivist cost–benefit approach, this research investigates the antecedents of consumer boycotts. It examines the effects of poor performance on corporate social responsibility (CSR) dimensions (i.e., respect for the environment, ethics statements, philanthropic activities, respect for consumers, and respect for employees) on consumer intentions to boycott a retailer. A total of 602 consumers were surveyed in the province of Quebec, Canada. The findings of a logistical regression show that consumers are more likely to boycott retailers for abstract ideological motives (respect for the environment, philanthropic activities) than for more concrete purposes (respect for consumers, ethics statements, respect for employees), thereby confirming that consumers do not react in a similar fashion to the different CSR dimensions. This article is of interest to retailers as it provides actionable insights to improve CSR practices (social and environmental policy) to reduce the likelihood of consumer boycotts.
Formate‐Bicarbonate Cycle as a Vehicle for Hydrogen and Energy Storage
Authors: Bahuguna Ashish , Sasson Yoel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn recent years, hydrogen has been considered a promising energy carrier for a sustainable energy economy in the future. An easy solution for the safer storage of hydrogen is challenging and efficient methods are still being explored in this direction. Despite having some progress in this area, no cost‐effective and easily applicable solutions that fulfill the requirements of industry are yet to be claimed. Currently, the storage of hydrogen is largely limited to high‐pressure compression and liquefaction or in the form of metal hydrides. Formic acid is a good source of hydrogen that also generates CO2 along with hydrogen on decomposition. Moreover, the hydrogenation of CO2 is thermodynamically unfavorable and requires high energy input. Alkali metal formates are alternative mild and noncorrosive sources of hydrogen. On decomposition, these metal formates release hydrogen and generate bicarbonates. The generated bicarbonates can be catalytically charged back to alkali formates under optimized hydrogen pressure. Hence, the formate‐bicarbonate‐based systems being carbon neutral at ambient condition has certain advantages over formic acid. The formate‐bicarbonate cycle can be considered as a vehicle for hydrogen and energy storage. The whole process is carbon‐neutral, reversible, and sustainable. This Review emphasizes the various catalytic systems employed for reversible formate‐bicarbonate conversion. Moreover, a mechanistic investigation, the effect of temperature, pH, kinetics of reversible formate‐bicarbonate conversion, and new insights in the field are also discussed in detail.
A novel 1470 nm radial fiber diode for fat harvesting and liposuction
Authors: Robb Christoper W. , Pozner Jason N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAutologous fat grafting continues to be a challenge in maintaining viability and survival of grafted fat. Laser‐assisted fat harvesting is a novel concept in liposuction. An all‐in‐one platform that optimizes wavelength, fiber design, cannula design, and current concepts in fat collection and preparation is available that may increase viability of harvested adipocytes and simplify the process. Here, the physics and principals of fat collection are reviewed and discussed in context of this device platform.
The plastic genome: The impact of transposable elements on gene functionality and genomic structural variations
Authors: Fambrini Marco , Usai Gabriele , Vangelisti Alberto , Mascagni Flavia , Pugliesi Claudio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTransposable elements (TEs) are DNA sequences that can change their position within genomes. TEs are present in most organisms and can be an important genomic component. Their activities are manifold: restructuring of genome size, chromosomal rearrangements, induction of gene mutations, and alteration of gene activity by insertion near or within promoters, intronic regions, or enhancer. There are several examples of mutations and other genetic variations determined by the activity of TEs, associated with the evolution of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and the domestication of plants. Generally, TE mobilization occurs when the organism is subjected to stress, which can include both biotic and abiotic stresses, polyploidy conditions, and interspecific hybridizations, very common events in plants. TEs are widely distributed among organisms. TEs also play essential roles in evolution, but most of them are either dormant or inactive. This is mainly determined by epigenetic silencing mechanisms, regulatory systems, and control systems that aim to limit its proliferation. Furthermore, the host has recruited many genes originated from TEs as transcriptional regulators, especially in defense against pathogens and invasive genetic elements; this phenomenon is called molecular domestication. Therefore, TEs are responsible for horizontal gene transfer and the movement of genetic material between organisms, even phylogenetically distant, with a consequent remixing of their gene pools.
Impacts of COVID‐19 on ecology and evolutionary biology faculty in the United States
Authors: Aubry Lise M. , Laverty Theresa M. , Ma Zhao 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe surveyed ecologists and evolutionary biologists in American universities to understand how they are coping with the COVID‐19 pandemic. Female respondents, assistant professors, and those who care for at least one child or teenager, were significantly more dissatisfied with their work–life balance during this pandemic than others, and further expected these negative impacts to be long lived. Online teaching support, relaxed expectations on publications, the possibility of pausing the tenure clock, and an acknowledgment of “no business as usual” by administrators were thought to be effective policies in mitigating these negative impacts. This survey serves as a manifesto to what our professional community is currently experiencing, and should be used to inform academic policies directed at improving faculty productivity and welfare.
Compartmentalized organization of ecological niche occupation in insular invertebrate communities
Authors: Steibl Sebastian , Laforsch Christian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms of species distribution within ecosystems is a fundamental question of ecological research. The current worldwide changes and loss of habitats associated with a decline in species richness render this topic a key element for developing mitigation strategies. Ecological niche theory is a widely accepted concept to describe species distribution along environmental gradients where each taxon occupies its own distinct set of environmental parameters, that is, its niche. Niche occupation has been described in empirical studies for different closely related taxa, like ant, ungulate, or skink species, just to name a few. However, how species assemblages of whole ecosystems across multiple taxa are structured and organized has not been investigated thoroughly, although considering all taxa of a community would be essential when analyzing realized niches. Here, we investigated the organization of niche occupation and species distribution for the whole ground‐associated invertebrate community of small tropical insular ecosystems. By correlating environmental conditions with species occurrences using partial canonical correspondence analysis (pCCA), we demonstrated that the ground‐associated invertebrate community does not spread evenly across the overall niche space, but instead is compartmentalized in four distinct clusters: crustacean and gastropod taxa occurred in one cluster, attributable to the beach habitat, whereas hexapods and spider taxa occurred in three distinct inland clusters, attributable to distinct inland habitats, that is, grassland, open forest, and dense forest. Within the clusters, co‐occurrence pattern analysis suggested only a few negative interactions between the different taxa. By studying ground‐associated insular invertebrate communities, we have shown that species distribution and niche occupation can be, similar to food webs, organized in a compartmentalized way. The compartmentalization of the niche space might thereby be a mechanism to increase ecosystem resilience, as disturbances cascade more slowly throughout the ecosystem.
Meta‐analysis of echocardiographic quantification of left ventricular filling pressure
Authors: Jones Rachel , Varian Frances , Alabed Samer , Morris Paul , Rothman Alexander , Swift Andrew J. , Lewis Nigel , Kyriacou Andreas , Wild James M. , Al‐Mohammad Abdallah , Zhong Liang , Dastidar Amardeep , Storey Robert F. , Swoboda Peter P. , Bax Jeroen J. , Garg Pankaj 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAimsThe clinical reliability of echocardiographic surrogate markers of left ventricular filling pressures (LVFPs) across different cardiovascular pathologies remains unanswered. The main objective was to evaluate the evidence of how effectively different echocardiographic indices estimate true LVFP.Methods and resultsDesign: this is a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Data source: Scopus, PubMed and Embase. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies were those that used echocardiography to predict or estimate pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or left ventricular end‐diastolic pressures. Twenty‐seven studies met criteria. Only eight studies (30%) reported both correlation coefficient and bias between non‐invasive and invasively measured LVFPs. The majority of studies (74%) recorded invasive pulmonary capillary wedge pressure as a surrogate for left ventricular end‐diastolic pressures. The pooled correlation coefficient overall was r = 0.69 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63–0.75, P < 0.01]. Evaluation by cohort demonstrated varying association: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (11 studies, n = 575, r = 0.59, 95% CI 0.53–0.64) and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (8 studies, n = 381, r = 0.67, 95% CI 0.61–0.72).ConclusionsEchocardiographic indices show moderate pooled association to invasively measured LVFP; however, this varies widely with disease state. In heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, no single echocardiography‐based metric offers a reliable estimate. In heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, mitral inflow‐derived indices (E/e′, E/A, E/Vp, and EDcT) have reasonable clinical applicability. While an integrated approach of several echocardiographic metrics provides the most promise for estimating LVFP reliably, such strategies need further validation in larger, patient‐specific studies.
Broadly reactive human CD4+ T cells against Enterobacteriaceae are found in the naïve repertoire and are clonally expanded in the memory repertoire
Authors: Cassotta Antonino , Goldstein Jérémie D. , Durini Greta , Jarrossay David , Baggi Menozzi Franca , Venditti Mario , Russo Alessandro , Falcone Marco , Lanzavecchia Antonio , Gagliardi Maria Cristina , Latorre Daniela , Sallusto Federica 
Published: November 2020

AbstractEnterobacteriaceae are a large family of Gram‐negative bacteria that includes both commensals and opportunistic pathogens. The latter can cause severe nosocomial infections, with outbreaks of multi‐antibiotics resistant strains, thus being a major public health threat. In this study, we report that Enterobacteriaceae‐reactive memory Th cells were highly enriched in a CCR6+CXCR3+ Th1*/17 cell subset and produced IFN‐γ, IL‐17A, and IL‐22. This T cell subset was severely reduced in septic patients with K. pneumoniae bloodstream infection who also selectively lacked circulating K. pneumonie‐reactive T cells. By combining heterologous antigenic stimulation, single cell cloning and TCR Vβ sequencing, we demonstrate that a large fraction of memory Th cell clones was broadly cross‐reactive to several Enterobacteriaceae species. These cross‐reactive Th cell clones were expanded in vivo and a large fraction of them recognized the conserved outer membrane protein A antigen. Interestingly, Enterobacteriaceae broadly cross‐reactive T cells were also prominent among in vitro primed naïve T cells. Collectively, these data point to the existence of immunodominant T cell epitopes shared among different Enterobacteriaceae species and targeted by cross‐reactive T cells that are readily found in the pre‐immune repertoire and are clonally expanded in the memory repertoire.
Adomian decomposition method for the effect of transpiration on natural convection MHD flow in a vertical annulus with heat generation/absorption
Authors: Ajibade Abiodun O. , Gambo Jeremiah J. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article studies the effect of transpiration on a fully developed natural convection MHD flow in a vertical annulus with heat generation/absorption. The governing coupled differential equations are solved by an estimated analytical method identified as the Adomian decomposition method with initial conditions and an appropriate initial guess condition. Furthermore, the effect of several parameters illustrating the flow phenomena is considered through graphs and the numerical computations are obtained and presented through tables. However, it is observed that there is a decrease in velocity due to the effect of the suction of fluid on the heated porous wall with concurrent injection. Also, heat generation parameter enhances the temperature of the fluid on both the isothermal and constant heat flux.
Randomized clinical trial of pembrolizumab vs chemotherapy for previously untreated Chinese patients with PD‐L1‐positive locally advanced or metastatic non–small‐cell lung cancer: KEYNOTE‐042 China Study
Authors: Wu Yi‐Long , Zhang Li , Fan Yun , Zhou JianYing , Zhang Li , Zhou Qing , Li Wei , Hu ChengPing , Chen GongYan , Zhang Xin , Zhou CaiCun , Dang Thao , Sadowski Sara , Kush Debra A. , Zhou Yu , Li Ben , Mok Tony 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the global KEYNOTE‐042 study (Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02220894), pembrolizumab significantly improved overall survival (OS) vs chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1)‐positive locally advanced/metastatic non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without EGFR/ALK alterations. We present results from patients in KEYNOTE‐042 enrolled from China in the global or extension study (NCT03850444; protocol identical to global study). Patients were randomized 1:1 (stratified by ECOG performance status 0 vs 1, squamous vs nonsquamous histology and PD‐L1 tumor proportion score [TPS] ≥50% vs 1%‐49%) to 35 cycles of pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks (Q3W) or investigator's choice of 4 to 6 cycles of carboplatin plus paclitaxel or pemetrexed Q3W with optional pemetrexed maintenance for nonsquamous tumors. Primary endpoints were OS in patients with PD‐L1 TPS ≥50%, ≥20% or ≥1%. Two hundred sixty‐two patients (pembrolizumab, n = 128; chemotherapy, n = 134) were enrolled from China. At data cutoff (February 21, 2020; median follow‐up, 33.0 [range, 25.6‐41.9] months), pembrolizumab was shown to improve OS vs chemotherapy in patients with PD‐L1 TPS ≥50% (hazard ratio [95% CI], 0.63 [0.43‐0.94]), TPS ≥20% (0.66 [0.47‐0.92]) and TPS ≥1% (0.67 [0.50‐0.89]). Grade 3 to 5 treatment‐related adverse events occurred less frequently with pembrolizumab vs chemotherapy (19.5% vs 68.8%). In 22 patients who completed 35 cycles of pembrolizumab, objective response rate was 77.3% and median duration of response was 27.6 months. Consistent with the global KEYNOTE‐042 study, pembrolizumab improved OS vs chemotherapy in this study of Chinese patients with locally advanced/metastatic NSCLC and PD‐L1 TPS ≥1%, supporting first‐line pembrolizumab monotherapy for PD‐L1‐positive advanced/metastatic NSCLC in China.
Debt maturity structure and cost stickiness
Authors: Habib Ahsan , Costa Mabel D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper investigates the association between debt maturity structure and cost stickiness. One view in the cost stickiness literature suggests that managers deliberately continue to expand resources for their own private benefit, despite a decrease in the activity level. We examine whether short‐maturity debt constrains such opportunistic cost stickiness. We find evidence supporting this hypothesis. We further document that availability of free cash flows, earnings management incentive, and the structure of executive compensation all exacerbate the agency problem‐induced cost stickiness, but that short‐maturity debt constrains those sources of cost stickiness. We contribute to the scant body of empirical research that explores the potential factors that could attenuate cost stickiness.