bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catalysis by Imaging: From Meso- to Nano-scale
Authors: Suchorski Yuri , Rupprechter Günther 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn-situ imaging of catalytic reactions has provided insights into reaction front propagation, pattern formation and other spatio-temporal effects for decades. Most recently, analysis of the local image intensity opened a way towards evaluation of local reaction kinetics. Herein, our recent studies of catalytic CO oxidation on Pt(hkl) and Rh(hkl) via the kinetics by imaging approach, both on the meso- and nano-scale, are reviewed. Polycrystalline Pt and Rh foils and nanotips were used as µm- and nm-sized surface structure libraries as model systems for reactions in the 10–5–10–6 mbar pressure range. Isobaric light-off and isothermal kinetic transitions were visualized in-situ at µm-resolution by photoemission electron microscopy (PEEM), and at nm-resolution by field emission microscopy (FEM) and field ion microscopy (FIM). The local reaction kinetics of individual Pt(hkl) and Rh(hkl) domains and nanofacets of Pt and Rh nanotips were deduced from the local image intensity analysis. This revealed the structure-sensitivity of CO oxidation, both in the light-off and in the kinetic bistability: for different low-index Pt surfaces, differences of up to 60 K in the critical light-off temperatures and remarkable differences in the bistability ranges of differently oriented stepped Rh surfaces were observed. To prove the spatial coherence of light-off on nanotips, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) as a spatial correlation analysis was applied to the FIM video-data. The influence of particular configurations of steps and kinks on kinetic transitions were analysed by using the average nearest neighbour number as a common descriptor. Perspectives of nanosized surface structure libraries for future model studies are discussed.
Automatic associations and the affective valuation of exercise: disentangling the type-1 process of the affective–reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise
Authors: Schinkoeth Michaela , Brand Ralf 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe decision to exercise is not only bound to rational considerations but also automatic affective processes. The affective–reflective theory of physical inactivity and exercise (ART) proposes a theoretical framework for explaining how the automatic affective process (type‑1 process) will influence exercise behavior, i.e., through the automatic activation of exercise-related associations and a subsequent affective valuation of exercise. This study aimed to empirically test this assumption of the ART with data from 69 study participants. A single-measurement study, including within-subject experimental variation, was conducted. Automatic associations with exercise were first measured with a single-target implicit association test. The somato-affective core of the participants’ automatic valuation of exercise-related pictures was then assessed via heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, and the affective valence of the valuation was tested with a facial expression (FE; smile and frown) task. Exercise behavior was assessed via self-report. Multiple regression (path) analysis revealed that automatic associations predicted HRV reactivity (β = −0.24,p = .044); the signs of the correlation between automatic associations and the smile FE score was in the expected direction but remained nonsignificant (β = −0.21,p = .078). HRV reactivity predicted self-reported exercise behavior (β = −0.28,p = .013) (the same pattern of results was achieved for the frown FE score). The HRV-related results illustrate the potential role of automatic negative affective reactions to the thought of exercise as a restraining force in exercise motivation. For better empirical distinction between the two ART type‑1 process components, automatic associations and the affective valuation should perhaps be measured separately in the future. The results support the notion that automatic and affective processes should be regarded as essential aspects of the motivation to exercise.
Exploring the Effects of Mindfulness and Self-Distancing on Chocolate Intake After a Negative State Affect
Authors: Hussain Misba , Egan Helen , Keyte Rebecca , Mantzios Michail 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFoods high in fat and sugar can often act as emotional regulators during negative emotional states, and regularly engaging in such behaviour can contribute towards weight gain. The present study investigated whether using mindful construal diaries (MCD) adapted with the element of self-distancing could improve state mindfulness, attenuate negative affect, and reduce chocolate intake. One hundred twenty participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, self-immersed, self-distanced, and control, and after evoking a negative state affect through a film excerpt, participants were served chocolate. The findings suggested there were no significant differences in improving state mindfulness or state negative affect across the three conditions. However, participants in the control condition did consume significantly more chocolate than those in the self-immersed and self-distanced conditions. Whilst there were no significant differences in chocolate intake between the two experimental conditions, those in the self-distanced condition did consume the least amount of chocolate. The concept of self-distancing may be beneficial in improving emotional eating behaviours further in mindful and attentive eating interventions. Limitations and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Metadiscursive Activities in Oral Discourse Production in L2 French: A Study on Learner Profiles
Authors: Koch Christian , Thörle Britta 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis study explores the use of discourse markers (DMs) in metadiscursive activities such as word searches, repairs or metalinguistic evaluations that occur during spontaneous oral production. The analysis is based on a corpus of telephone conversations between advanced learners and native speakers of French and draws on functional as well as on interactional work on DM. In a first step, three selected learner profiles provide insight, by means of sequence analysis, into how individual learners make use of their particular DM inventory for their utterance planning, carrying out repairs and expressing attitudes toward their oral production. In a second step, the study compares native and non-native speaker’s DM inventories in order to detect general tendencies in the learners’ DM use that differ from the native speakers’ use of DMs. The comparison of the profiles shows that, even if there is relatively little agreement among the learners regarding the concrete lexical forms of the DMs, similarities can be discerned regarding the interlinguistic characteristics (e.g. individual preferences and overuse in the form of “lexical teddy bears” such asoui,alorsorvoilà, underuse of typical French reformulation markers likeenfin, and weak routine in the lexicalisation of metadiscursive comments).
Projected Change in Temperature and Precipitation Over Africa from CMIP6
Authors: Almazroui Mansour , Saeed Fahad , Saeed Sajjad , Nazrul Islam M. , Ismail Muhammad , Klutse Nana Ama Browne , Siddiqui Muhammad Haroon 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe analyze data of 27 global climate models from the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), and examine projected changes in temperature and precipitation over the African continent during the twenty-first century. The temperature and precipitation changes are computed for two future time slices, 2030–2059 (near term) and 2070–2099 (long term), relative to the present climate (1981–2010), for the entire African continent and its eight subregions. The CMIP6 multi-model ensemble projected a continuous and significant increase in the mean annual temperature over all of Africa and its eight subregions during the twenty-first century. The mean annual temperature over Africa for the near (long)-term period is projected to increase by 1.2 °C (1.4 °C), 1.5 °C (2.3 °C), and 1.8 °C (4.4 °C) under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) for weak, moderate, and strong forcing, referenced as SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5, respectively. The future warming is not uniform over Africa and varies regionally. By the end of the twenty-first century, the largest rise in mean annual temperature (5.6 °C) is projected over the Sahara, while the smallest rise (3.5 °C) is over Central East Africa, under the strong forcing SSP5-8.5 scenario. The projected boreal winter and summer temperature patterns for the twenty-first century show spatial distributions similar to the annual patterns. Uncertainty associated with projected temperature over Africa and its eight subregions increases with time and reaches a maximum by the end of the twenty-first century. On the other hand, the precipitation projections over Africa during the twenty-first century show large spatial variability and seasonal dependency. The northern and southern parts of Africa show a reduction in precipitation, while the central parts of Africa show an increase, in future climates under the three reference scenarios. For the near (long)-term periods, the area-averaged precipitation over Africa is projected to increase by 6.2 (4.8)%, 6.8 (8.5)%, and 9.5 (15.2)% under SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5, respectively. The median warming simulated by the CMIP6 model ensemble remains higher than the CMIP5 ensemble over most of Africa, reaching as high as 2.5 °C over some regions, while precipitation shows a mixed spatial pattern.
Permission to Rebel: A Critical Evaluation of Alcohol Consumption and Party Tourism
Authors: Carlisle Sheena , Ritchie Caroline 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThere is increasing societal worry about the long and short-term medical implications of binge drinking. There is also societal and fiscal concern about the impact that the rowdy carnivalesque behaviours engendered by the heavy drinking expected during a party tourism holiday has upon both the tourist and the local community. Therefore, a multi-disciplinary analysis of extant literature relating to the party tourism phenomenon and the consumption of excess alcohol which identifies gaps in current knowledge is timely. Reviewed from a British tourist perspective, the party tourism enclave primarily hosts friendship and rites of passage groups, and stag and hen parties where a high alcohol consumption is an expected, if not compulsory, holiday behaviour. The authors go beyond sole recognition of excessive alcohol consumption in beach destinations using thematic analysis to assess the role of the communal enclave space, the power of place and representations of drinking to excess via media and holiday discourses. This is measured in the context of culturally (un)acceptable behaviours within different drinking groups according to demographics, peer group pressures, purpose of holiday and personal incentive to drink. This links to roles of social media, levels of risk tourists are willing to take, memories of holiday drinking experiences, the role the hospitality and tourism industry in promoting alcohol consumption and levels of governance and policing within the party tourism destination. Recommendations are made for future empirical research to inform policy and practice within party and nightlife destinations.
Amplifying the Voice of the Patient in Clinical Research: Development of Toolkits for Use in Designing and Conducting Patient-Centered Clinical Studies
Authors:   TransCelerate Biopharma Toolkits Core Team, Elmer Mary , Florek Cathy , Gabryelski Lori , Greene Alison , Inglis Anne Marie , Johnson Karen L. , Keiper Tanja , Ludlam Sean , Sharpe T. J. , Shay Kathyjo , Somers Fabian , Sutherland Catherine , Teufel Michele , Yates Stephen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIncorporating patient perspectives into clinical studies is recognized as important to the development of high-quality, safe, and effective fit-for-patient medicines. However, no widely accepted methodology to help design more patient-centered studies has been established systematically. TransCelerate Biopharma Inc., a non-profit organization promoting collaboration across biopharmaceutical companies, organized a Patient Experience (PE) Initiative to create tools to intentionally include the patient perspective into the design and implementation of clinical studies. The resulting tools include the Patient Protocol Engagement Toolkit (P-PET), to engage patients early in protocol development, and the Study Participant Feedback Questionnaire (SPFQ), to assess patient experiences during clinical studies. To develop these toolkits, TransCelerate conducted a literature review and identified aspects of clinical studies that patients find either valuable or burdensome, or that affect participation, adherence, and engagement in a clinical study. The concepts identified were refined through elicitation of feedback from patient advisors, clinical study site advisors, and subject matter experts from member companies (MCs) of TransCelerate. This feedback was considered in identifying gaps, defining scientific methodology to understand how to evaluate patients’ needs, and developing and refining the P-PET and the SPFQ. As part of the development process, descriptions/drafts of the tools were shared with patients, clinical site advisory groups, MCs, and the US Food and Drug Administration, and then revised. MCs simulated use of the tools, and feedback was incorporated into the final versions of the P-PET and SPFQ prior to public release. The P-PET and SPFQ are available free on the TransCelerate website.
Investigating the association between sleep quality and diffusion‐derived structural integrity of white matter in early adolescence
Authors: Jamieson Daniel , Broadhouse Kathryn M. , McLoughlin Larisa T. , Schwenn Paul , Parker Marcella J. , Lagopoulos Jim , Hermens Daniel F. 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionPoor sleep quality has been linked to reduced neural connectivity through decreased white matter (WM) structural integrity. WM tract development has been shown to continue throughout adolescence with studies reporting positive correlations between diffusion‐derived estimates of structural integrity and reduced sleep quality in adult samples. Few studies have investigated this relationship exclusively within a sample of young adolescents.MethodsN = 51 participants aged 12 years (M = 151.5 months, SD = 4 months) completed a self‐report questionnaire which included the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and underwent Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) as part of their baseline assessment in the Longitudinal Adolescent Brain Study (LABS) being undertaken in Queensland, Australia. Fractional anisotropy (FA) were extracted using Tract‐Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) to investigate associations between sleep quality and WM integrity across the brain.ResultsSignificant correlations were found between the posterior limb of the internal capsule and the PSQI total sleep quality and sleep latency scores. There was also a significant difference in sleep duration between male and female participants.ConclusionThese findings provide an important insight of the impact that sleep may have on early adolescent WM development. Ongoing longitudinal assessment of sleep on WM development across adolescence is likely to provide further important information about how WM maturation relates to variations in sleep quality as circadian rhythm changes occur during middle and late adolescence.
Selective Functional Hyperconnectivity in the Middle Temporal Gyrus Subregions in Lifelong Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Zhang Tingting , Tang Dongdong , Cai Huanhuan , Zhang Biao , Yang Ying , Zhang Cun , Zhao Wenming , Zhu Jiajia , Zhang Xiansheng , Yu Yongqiang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Lifelong premature ejaculation (LPE) has been linked to altered brain function and structure. Although the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) is consistently more affected in LPE, its functional and structural changes have yet to be determined at the subregional level.

Aim
To explore the functional and structural changes of MTG in LPE at the subregional level based on a combined analysis of multimodal magnetic resonance imaging data.

Methods
25 patients with LPE and 21 healthy controls underwent resting-state functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging scans. The MTG was parcellated into the anterior part of the MTG (aMTG), middle part of the MTG, posterior part of the MTG, and sulcus part of the MTG. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) and gray matter volume (GMV) of each MTG subregion were calculated and compared between the 2 groups.

Outcomes
The functional and structural changes of MTG at the subregional level were assessed in patients with LPE and controls, as well as the correlation of them with premature ejaculation diagnostic tool and Beck Depression Inventory.

Results
Despite similar rsFC patterns of each MTG subregion in both groups, quantitative comparison analyses revealed that patients with LPE showed increased rsFC between the left aMTG and the right cuneus (0.34 ± 0.12 vs 0.17 ± 0.17), between the right aMTG and the right parahippocampal gyrus (0.36 ± 0.16 vs 0.15 ± 0.10), and between the right middle MTG and the left MTG (0.40 ± 0.14 vs 0.18 ± 0.15) relative to controls (P &lt; .05, cluster-level family-wise error corrected). Moreover, validation analyses revealed that these results remained significant after adjusting for depression. However, there were no significant group differences in GMV in all the MTG subregions (P &gt; .05, Bonferroni corrected). In addition, no significant correlations between rsFC and GMV of the MTG subregions and the clinical variables were found in patients with LPE (P &gt; .05, Bonferroni corrected).

Clinical Implications
Functional hyperconnectivity in the MTG subregions may facilitate a more sophisticated understanding of the neuropathological mechanism underlying LPE.

Strengths and Limitations
There are no previous studies examining functional and structural changes in LPE at the MTG subregional level. The main limitation is the small sample size.

Conclusions
We present evidence that individuals with LPE have a selective functional hyperconnectivity yet preserved structural integrity in the MTG subregions, which may facilitate a more sophisticated understanding of the neuropathological mechanism underlying LPE by highlighting the critical role of the MTG in this disorder.
Effects of Guanidinoacetic acid supplements on laying performance, egg quality, liver nitric oxide and energy metabolism in laying hens at the late stage of production
Authors: Salah Ayman S. , Ahmed-Farid Omar A. , El-Tarabany Mahmoud S. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe objective was to elucidate the effects of dietary supplementation with guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) on performance, egg quality and the liver antioxidant activity of laying hens. A total of 128, 72-week-old ISA Brown laying hens were randomly divided into four equal groups (32 birds), and each subgroup had eight replicates (four birds/cage). The control group (GAA0) fed the basal diet with no supplements, while the other experimental groups fed the basal diets supplemented with 0.5 (GAA1), 1.0 (GAA2) and 1.5 (GAA3) g of GAA/kg diet. The experiment lasted for 6 weeks. The addition of GAA at a rate of 1.5 g kg−1 significantly increased the hen-day egg production and egg mass as compared to the control group (P = 0.016 and 0.003, respectively). Although the egg weight was not affected (P = 0.521) by the dietary supplements, the shell ratio, shell thickness, yolk index and Haugh units increased linearly with the increase in the dietary supplements of the GAA (P = 0.036, 0.001, 0.012 and 0.004, respectively). The liver MDA levels decreased linearly with the increment in the dietary levels of the GAA (P = 0.012). Birds in the GAA2 and GAA3 showed a significantly higher liver nitric oxide level (52.50 and 54.21 mg/g, respectively) when compared with GAA0 and GAA1 groups (P = 0.029). Compared to the GAA0 group, all GAA-supplemented groups showed significantly higher liver ATP levels (P = 0.047). In conclusion, the dietary GA supplements at doses of 1.0 or 1.5 g kg−1 may improve the laying performance, antioxidant activity and the status of cellular energy metabolism in laying hens.
Determinants of hypertension in Nepal using odds ratios and prevalence ratios: an analysis of the Demographic and Health Survey 2016
Authors: Das Gupta Rajat , Talukder Animesh , Haider Shams Shabab , Al Kibria Gulam Muhammed 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis cross-sectional study investigated the factors associated with hypertension among Nepalese adults aged 18 years or above using data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and odds ratios (ORs) were obtained using log-binomial regression and logistic regression, respectively. Initially, unadjusted PRs and ORs were obtained. The variables that yielded a significance level below 0.2 in unadjusted analyses were included in the multivariable analysis. The overall prevalence of hypertension among the 13,393 participants (58% male and 61.2% urban) was 21.1% (n = 2827). In the adjusted analysis, those aged 30–49 years (adjusted PR [APR]: 3.1, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 2.6, 3.7; adjusted OR [AOR]: 3.6, 95% CI: 2.9, 4.5), 50–69 years (APR: 5.3, 95% CI: 4.4, 6.6; AOR: 8.2, 95% CI: 6.4, 10.4) and ≥70 years (APR: 7.3, 95% CI: 5.8, 9.2; AOR: 13.6, 95% CI: 10.1, 18.3) were more likely to be hypertensive than younger participants aged 18–29 years. Males (APR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2, 1.4; AOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.3, 1.7), overweight/obese participants (APR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.7, 2.0; AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 2.2, 2.8) and those in the richest wealth quintile (APR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.5; AOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.9) had higher prevalences and odds of hypertension than their female, normal weight/underweight and poorest wealth quintile counterparts, respectively. Those residing in Province 4 (APR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.5; AOR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.8) and Province 5 (APR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.4; AOR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.7) were more likely to be hypertensive than those residing in Province 1. The point estimate was inflated more in magnitude by ORs than by PRs, but the direction of association remained the same. Public health programmes in Nepal aimed at preventing hypertension should raise awareness among the elderly, males, individuals in the richest wealth quintile and the residents of Provinces 4 and 5.