bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les sites d’intégration des think tanks canadiens depuis 1985*
Authors: Landry Julien 
Published: May 2020

Le paysage des laboratoires d’idées canadiens n’a connu son véritable essor qu’au cours du dernier tiers du XXe siècle, mais il comporte aujourd’hui une diversité importante d’organisations oeuvrant à produire et diffuser des connaissances, des analyses et des commentaires relatifs aux politiques publiques fédérales, provinciales et internationales. En avançant une conception des think tanks comme étant insérés dans des communautés distinctes, cet article propose une analyse de la création des laboratoires d’idées canadiens en fonction des principaux sites de leur intégration, soit : les universités, la fonction publique, les partis politiques, les débats idéologiques et divers réseaux de politiques publiques spécialisés.
Transportation and temp agency work: Risks and opportunities for migrant workers
Authors: Hanley Jill , Salamanca Cardona Manuel , Henaway Mostafa , Larios Lindsay , Dwaikat Shaer Nuha , Ben Soltane Sonia , Eid Paul 
Published: May 2020

Access to transportation has long been recognized as key to people’s employment outcomes. Being able to get to work affordably, safely and on time makes all the difference in terms of job security and satisfaction. Recently, the rise of temporary placement agencies, especially as a gateway into the labour market for many newcomers to Canada, raises new questions. In this article, we present the findings of a 3-year longitudinal study that followed 42 (im)migrant temp agency workers in 5 sectors to explore the trajectory of their experiences. We analyze the role of transportation within their employment and make the argument that access to transportation—and especially the lack of it—is an important factor in temp agencies’ control and exploitation of workers. At the same time, those seeking to help workers can look into their work commute as a place of intervention.
Explorer les mondes du risque dans la métropole São Paulo
Authors: Lolive* Jacques , Okamura* Cintia 
Published: May 2020

Comment vivre dans l’immense métropole du Brésil qu’est São Paulo, où les risques sont omniprésents ? Comment restituer la diversité des situations de risque où se trouvent plongés les habitants ? Comment analyser ce que vivre avec le risque veut dire, en restituant l’expérience des habitants et leur capacité d’action ? Pour commencer à répondre à ces questions, nous utiliserons la théorie des mondes sociaux afin d’analyser trois situations de risque emblématiques de villes faisant partie de la métropole : Cajamar, une ville industrielle déstructurée composée de favelas ; São Sebastião, une ville littorale sous l’emprise du plus grand terminal pétrolier d’Amérique du Sud ; et le Condominío Barão de Mauá, un ensemble résidentiel construit sur une zone contaminée. Notre recherche révèle un processus contradictoire. D’une part, le risque façonne un milieu de vie qu’il dégrade souvent. D’autre part, les efforts multiformes des habitants se déploient pour maintenir et développer l’habitabilité d’un milieu de vie transformé par la production sociale des risques.
Enjeux et instruments d’une politique urbaine, le logement évolutif comme alternative au quartier précaire de Sidi-Harb d’Annaba (Nord-Est Algérien)
Authors: Mebirouk Hayet 
Published: May 2020

S’inscrivant dans une dynamique d’inclusion, le site de Sidi-Harb, un bidonville situé à l’ouest de la ville d’Annaba, a bénéficié en 1994 du programme Résorption de l’habitat précaire (RHP), avec un projet de 500 logements évolutifs destinés à améliorer la qualité de vie des habitants par l’accès à la propriété et l’acquisition d’un cadre de vie viable. Sous l’impulsion du financement de la Banque mondiale, ce programme a introduit des innovations dans le domaine d’action par l’adoption de plusieurs techniques d’intervention : relogement, prévention et restructuration à travers la réhabilitation des infrastructures et la régularisation de la situation foncière. Ainsi, notre objectif dans cet article est de décrypter les modalités d’intervention sur le site pour ensuite vérifier si ce programme répond à une intégration urbaine en traduisant les attentes des populations concernées, ou s’il s’agit simplement d’une opération de régularisation en porte-à-faux avec la réalité socio-urbaine.
An Odyssey in Learning and Perception
Authors: Gibson Eleanor J. 
Published: May 2020

An Odyssey in Learning and Perception documents a fifty-year intellectual expedition in the areas of learning and perception—always with an eye to combining them in a theory of perceptual learning and development, a theory that may be broadly applicable to humans and nonhumans, young and old.
In the field of psychology, beginning in the 1950s, Eleanor J. Gibson nearly single-handedly developed the field of perceptual learning with a series of brilliant studies that culminated in the seminal work, Perceptual Learning and Development. An Odyssey in Learning and Perception brings together Gibson's scientific papers, including difficult-to-find or previously unpublished work, along with classic studies in perception and action. Gibson introduces each paper to show why the research was undertaken and concludes each section with comments linking the findings to later developments. A personal essay touches on the questions and concerns that guided her research.
Bradford Books imprint
A Generative Theory of Tonal Music
Authors: Lerdahl Fred , Jackendoff Ray S. 
Published: May 2020

A search for a grammar of music with the aid of generative linguistics.
This work, which has become a classic in music theory since its original publication in 1983, models music understanding from the perspective of cognitive science.The point of departure is a search for the grammar of music with the aid of generative linguistics.The theory, which is illustrated with numerous examples from Western classical music, relates the aural surface of a piece to the musical structure unconsciously inferred by the experienced listener. From the viewpoint of traditional music theory, it offers many innovations in notation as well as in the substance of rhythmic and reductional theory.
Desire
Authors: Schueler George F. 
Published: May 2020

Does action always arise out of desire? G.F. Schueler examines this hotly debated topic in philosophy of action and moral philosophy, arguing that once two senses of "desire" are distinguished—roughly, genuine desires and pro attitudes—apparently plausible explanations of action in terms of the agent's desires can be seen to be mistaken.
Does action always arise out of desire? G.F. Schueler examines this hotly debated topic in philosophy of action and moral philosophy, arguing that once two senses of "desire" are distinguished—roughly, genuine desires and pro attitudes—apparently plausible explanations of action in terms of the agent's desires can be seen to be mistaken.
Desire probes a fundamental issue in philosophy of mind, the nature of desires and how, if at all, they motivate and justify our actions. At least since Hume argued that reason "is and of right ought to be the slave of the passions," many philosophers have held that desires play an essential role both in practical reason and in the explanation of intentional action. G.F. Schueler looks at contemporary accounts of both roles in various belief-desire models of reasons and explanation and argues that the usual belief-desire accounts need to be replaced.
Schueler contends that the plausibility of the standard belief-desire accounts rests largely on a failure to distinguish "desires proper," like a craving for sushi, from so-called "pro attitudes," which may take the form of beliefs and other cognitive states as well as desires proper. Schueler's "deliberative model" of practical reasoning suggests a different view of the place of desire in practical reason and the explanation of action. He holds that we can arrive at an intention to act by weighing the relevant considerations and that these may not include desires proper at all.
Bradford Books imprint
Meaning and Mental Representation
Authors: Cummins Robert 
Published: May 2020

In this provocative study, Robert Cummins takes on philosophers, both old and new, who pursue the question of mental representation as an abstraction, apart from the constraints of any particular theory or framework. Cummins asserts that mental representation is, in fact, a problem in the philosophy of science, a theoretical assumption that serves different explanatory roles within the different contexts of commonsense or "folk" psychology, orthodox computation, connectionism, or neuroscience.
Cummins looks at existing and traditional accounts by Locke, Fodor, Dretske, Millikan, and others of the nature of mental representation and evaluates these accounts within the context of orthodox computational theories of cognition. He proposes that popular accounts of mental representation are inconsistent with the empirical assumptions of these models, which require an account of representation like that involved in mathematical modeling. In the final chapter he considers how mental representation might look in a connectionist context.
Bradford Books imprint
Modeling Bounded Rationality
Authors: Rubinstein Ariel 
Published: May 2020

The notion of bounded rationality was initiated in the 1950s by Herbert Simon; only recently has it influenced mainstream economics. In this book, Ariel Rubinstein defines models of bounded rationality as those in which elements of the process of choice are explicitly embedded. The book focuses on the challenges of modeling bounded rationality, rather than on substantial economic implications.
In the first part of the book, the author considers the modeling of choice. After discussing some psychological findings, he proceeds to the modeling of procedural rationality, knowledge, memory, the choice of what to know, and group decisions.In the second part, he discusses the fundamental difficulties of modeling bounded rationality in games. He begins with the modeling of a game with procedural rational players and then surveys repeated games with complexity considerations. He ends with a discussion of computability constraints in games. The final chapter includes a critique by Herbert Simon of the author's methodology and the author's response.
The Zeuthen Lecture Book series is sponsored by the Institute of Economics at the University of Copenhagen.
Naturalizing The Mind
Authors: Dretske Fred , Editions Cnrs , Recanati Francois 
Published: May 2020

Naturalizing the Mind skillfully develops a representational theory of the qualitative, the phenomenal, the what-it-is-like aspects of the mind that have defied traditional forms of naturalism.
How can the baffling problems of phenomenal experience be accounted for? In this provocative book, Fred Dretske argues that to achieve an understanding of the mind it is not enough to understand the biological machinery by means of which the mind does its job. One must understand what the mind's job is and how this task can be performed by a physical system—the nervous system.
Naturalizing the Mind skillfully develops a representational theory of the qualitative, the phenomenal, the what-it-is-like aspects of the mind that have defied traditional forms of naturalism. Central to Dretske's approach is the claim that the phenomenal aspects of perceptual experiences are one and the same as external, real-world properties that experience represents objects as having. Combined with an evolutionary account of sensory representation, the result is a completely naturalistic account of phenomenal consciousness.
* Not for sale in France or Belgium.
Bradford Books imprint
The Subtlety of Sameness
Authors: French Robert M. 
Published: May 2020

The research described in this book is based on the premise that human analogy-making is an extension of our constant background process of perceiving—in other words, that analogy-making and the perception of sameness are two sides of the same coin.
Foreword by Daniel Dennett
While it is fashionable today to dismiss the "bad old days" of artificial intelligence and rave about emergent self-organizing systems, Robert French has created a model of human analogy-making that attempts to bridge the gap between classical top-down AI and more recent bottom-up approaches.
The research described in this book is based on the premise that human analogy-making is an extension of our constant background process of perceiving—in other words, that analogy-making and the perception of sameness are two sides of the same coin. At the heart of the author's theory and computer model of analogy-making is the idea that the building-up and the manipulation of representations are inseparable aspects of mental functioning, in contrast to traditional AI models of high-level cognitive processes, which have almost always depended on a clean separation.
A computer program called Tabletop forms analogies in a microdomain consisting of everyday objects on a table set for a meal. The theory and the program rely on the idea that myriad stochastic choices made on the microlevel can add up to statistical robustness on a macrolevel. To illustrate this, French includes the results of thousands of runs of his program on several dozen interrelated analogy problems in the Tabletop microworld.
French's work is exciting not only because it reveals analogy-making to be an extension of our complex and subtle ability to perceive sameness but also because it offers a computational model of mechanisms underlying these processes. This model makes significant strides in putting into practice microlevel stochastic processing, distributed processing, simulated parallelism, and the integration of representation-building and representation-processing.
Bradford Books imprint
Syntactic Structures Revisited
Authors: Lasnik Howard 
Published: May 2020

with Marcela Depiante and Arthur Stepanov
This book provides an introduction to some classic ideas and analyses of transformational generative grammar, viewed both on their own terms and from a more modern, or minimalist perspective. The major focus is on the set of analyses treating English verbal morphology. The book shows how the analyses in Chomsky's classic Syntactic Structures actually work, filling in underlying assumptions and often unstated formal particulars. From there the book moves to successive theoretical developments and revisions—both in general and in particular as they pertain to inflectional verbal morphology. After comparing Chomsky's economy-based account with his later minimalist approach, the book concludes with a hybrid theory of English verbal morphology that includes elements of both Syntactic Structures and A Minimalist Program for Linguistic Theory.
Current Studies in Linguistics No. 33
Theoretical Perspectives on Language Deficits
Authors: Grodzinsky Yosef , Marshall John C. 
Published: May 2020

This critical history of research on acquired language deficits (aphasias) demonstrates the usefulness of linguistic analysis of aphasic syndrome for neuropsychology, linguistics, and psycholinguistics. Drawing on new empirical studies, Grodzinsky concludes that the use of grammatical tools for the description of the aphasias is critical. The selective nature of these deficits offers a novel view into the inner workings of our language faculty and the mechanisms that support it.
In contrast to other proposals that the left anterior cerebral cortex is crucial for all syntactic capacity, Grodzinsky's discoveries support his theory that this region is necessary for only a small component of the human language faculty. On this basis he provides a detailed explanation for many aphasic phenomena - including a number of puzzling cross-linguistic aphasia differences - and uses aphasic data to evaluate competing linguistic theories.
Bradford Books imprint
The relationship between adolescent obesity and pelvis dimensions in adulthood: a retrospective longitudinal study
Authors: Novak Jan M. , Bruzek Jaroslav , Zamrazilova Hana , Vankova Marketa , Hill Martin , Sedlak Petr 
Published: May 2020

Background
The effect of fat tissue on a developing individual is fundamentally different from the effect on an adult. Several changes caused by obesity during sexual maturation have an irreversible and severe negative effect (lower fertility, reduced final height, type 2 diabetes mellitus) even for those who have subsequently lost weight. Our study was focused on monitoring the skeletal structure substantially influenced by sex hormones—the pelvis. The adult pelvis is strongly sexually dimorphic, which is not the case for the juvenile pelvis; skeletal differences between sexes are not so prominent and start to manifest with the onset of puberty. Evidence from animal models and case studies of treatment of gender dysphoria suggests that estrogens have a stimulatory effect on the growth plates present on the pelvis, leading to morphological change. Male obesity, especially in puberty, is connected with hypogonadism, manifesting in low levels of testosterone, and high levels of estrogens. The goal of our study was to evaluate the influence of obesity during adolescence on the morphology of the adult pelvis in the context of androgen and estrogen status.

Sample and Methods
Our sample consists of 238 individuals (144 females, 94 males) observed after an 8 year follow-up (mean age during enrollment 15.2 years, follow-up 23.3 years). Anthropometry and body composition using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) were obtained. During the follow-up, saliva samples from male participants were also collected to estimate testosterone and estradiol levels using the salivary ELISA kit (Salimetrics LLC, State College, PA, USA).

Results
The body fat (percentage of body fat estimated using BIA) was strongly positively associated with relative pelvic breadths in adulthood (males r = 0.64; females r = 0.56, both with p < 0.001). Adulthood pelvic breadth was a highly sensitive (0.81) and specific (0.74) retrospective marker of obesity during adolescence. The complex regression model (with reduction of dimensionality) including testosterone, estradiol to testosterone ratio and body fat (adolescent and adulthood) was able to describe 54.8% variability of pelvic breadth among males.

Discussion
We observed that adults with a history of obesity from adolescence tend to have a wider dimension of the bony pelvis in adulthood. Based on the parameters of the adult pelvis, the history of obesity can be determined with satisfactory sensitivity and specificity (<70%). One of the explanations for this observation can be the influence of relatively elevated estrogens levels connected with excessive adiposity leading to a wider pelvis. However, the biomechanical stress connected with elevated body mass also has to be considered, as does the influence of physical activity and gait pattern on the skeletal build.
Higher carbon sequestration potential and stability for deep soil compared to surface soil regardless of nitrogen addition in a subtropical forest
Authors: Liao Chang , Li Dong , Huang Lin , Yue Pengyun , Liu Feng , Tian Qiuxiang 
Published: May 2020

Background
Labile carbon input could stimulate soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization through priming effect, resulting in soil carbon (C) loss. Meanwhile, labile C could also be transformed by microorganisms in soil as the processes of new C sequestration and stabilization. Previous studies showed the magnitude of priming effect could be affected by soil depth and nitrogen (N). However, it remains unknown how the soil depth and N availability affect the amount and stability of the new sequestrated C, which complicates the prediction of C dynamics.

Methods
A 20-day incubation experiment was conducted by adding 13C labeled glucose and NH4NO3 to study the effects of soil depth and nitrogen addition on the net C sequestration. SOC was fractioned into seven fractions and grouped into three functional C pools to assess the stabilization of the new sequestrated C.

Results
Our results showed that glucose addition caused positive priming in both soil depths, and N addition significantly reduced the priming effect. After 20 days of incubation, deep soil had a higher C sequestration potential (48% glucose-C) than surface soil (43% glucose-C). The C sequestration potential was not affected by N addition in both soil depths. Positive net C sequestration was observed with higher amount of retained glucose-C than that of stimulated mineralized SOC for both soil depths. The distribution of new sequestrated C in the seven fractions was significantly affected by soil depth, but not N addition. Compared to deep soil, the new C in surface soil was more distributed in the non-protected C pool (including water extracted organic C, light fraction and sand fraction) and less distributed in the clay fraction. These results suggested that the new C in deep soil was more stable than that in surface soil. Compared to the native SOC for both soil depths, the new sequestrated C was more distributed in non-protected C pool and less distributed in biochemically protected C pool (non-hydrolyzable silt and clay fractions). The higher carbon sequestration potential and stability in deep soil suggested that deep soil has a greater role on C sequestration in forest ecosystems.
Orthodontic Pain and Patients’ Quality of Life: Patient Experiences and Provider Assessments
Authors: Tauheed Sanam , Khan Erum Behroz , Islam Zafar , Khan Shoaib , Butt Saima Akram , Shaikh Attiya , Fida Mubassar 
Published: May 2020

Objectives: To compare orthodontic pain and its Influence on quality of patient’s life as perceived by them with that assessed by their orthodontic care providers.
Materials and Methods: It was crosses sectional study involving 75 patients attending the orthodontic clinic and14 orthodontic care providers from September to October 2010. Patients aged 16 and older, receiving fixed orthodontic treatments were included. Patients and orthodontists scored pain during different orthodontic procedures using a qualitative pain intensity scale which graded pain for different orthodontic procedures. Oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) was assessed by means of a 4-point likert scale to measure the influence of orthodontic treatment related pain on different aspects of life.
Results: For change of consistency of diet (p=0.02) statistically significant difference was observed between mean ranks of patients and orthodontists. For pain during record taking, higher mean ranks were reported for patients aged between 20-30 years (p = 0.01) whereas for pain after separator placement, patients aged above 30 had higher mean ranks (p = 0.05).
Conclusions: Orthodontists can accurately estimate the degree of pain their patients’ experience.
Significant proportions of patients experience substantial degrees pain during the visits, subsequent to orthodontic visits and pain due to fixed orthodontic appliance therapy transiently affects patients’ OHRQoL.