bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rich and Strange, Number 17, Waltzes from Vienna
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An in-depth consideration of one of Hitchcock’s best and most undervalued films, Rich and Strange, in which he draws unerringly precise, layered, and touching work from four actors: Henry Kendall and Joan Barry, who play a straying married couple on holiday; Percy Marmont, who plays a shy British major in love with Barry’s timid wife; and Elsie Randolph, who gives a performance as the outcast Miss Imbrie that is as terrifying as anything in Psycho or The Birds. Hitchcock was not happy with either the thriller Number 17 (1932) or the operetta Waltzes from Vienna (1933), where he found no common ground with musical star Jessie Matthews, but the first period of his successful sound thrillers soon followed.
The Man Who Knew Too Much, The 39 Steps, Secret Agent, Sabotage
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Hitchcock hit his stride in the mid-1930s with a series of adventurous stories in which he drew major performances from Peter Lorre as the unpredictable villain in The Man Who Knew Too Much (1934), Robert Donat as the sensitive hero and Peggy Ashcroft as an abused wife in The 39 Steps (1935), and Sylvia Sidney in Sabotage. Hitchcock allowed Lorre a lot of creative freedom within his frames, and he took full advantage of the quicksilver talent of Donat and Ashcroft while carefully controlling Sidney in Sabotage so that the scene where she murders her husband (Oskar Homolka) is a triumph for both herself and for Hitchcock. Less happy was Lorre’s exaggerated performance in Secret Agent (1936), where Hitchcock allowed his actor to Go Big in a way that lacked the structure and surprise of Lorre’s work in The Man Who Knew Too Much. But by using the affable Robert Young as the villain in Secret Agent, Hitchcock showed how effective it could be to cast against type.
Young and Innocent, The Lady Vanishes, Jamaica Inn
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
If Young and Innocent (1937) is the weakest Hitchcock film of this period partly because of poor or insubstantial acting from most of its players, then The Lady Vanishes (1938) is the height of his British career in large part due to the lively excellence of its cast, particularly Michael Redgrave as the all-out charmer hero. But then Hitchcock came to grief directing the demanding Charles Laughton in Jamaica Inn (1939), a film that is lopsidedly centered around Laughton’s self-indulgent, effortful performance, which is filled with lots of face making and external signifiers that could not be further from Hitchcock’s own concept of what acting for the camera should be, which he outlined in detail in a 1939 interview for Film Weekly called “What I’d Do to the Stars.”
Saboteur, Shadow of a Doubt, Lifeboat, Spellbound
Authors: Callahan Dan 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Saboteur (1942) was one of Hitchcock’s weakest films because of its substandard cast, but Shadow of a Doubt was one of his best due mainly to strong work from all of its actors, from Joseph Cotten’s villainous Uncle Charlie to the unforgettable Janet Shaw, who plays an avaricious waitress at a seedy bar called Til Two. Hitchcock allowed Tallulah Bankhead to dominate Lifeboat (1944) with the contrast of her campy, expressive basso voice and her poker face, and then he fell madly in love with Ingrid Bergman’s extravagantly expressive yet often mysterious face in Spellbound (1945).
William Perkins and His Contemporaries on “Free Will”
Authors: Muller Richard A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
William Perkins’ thought on grace and free choice belongs to the context of the Elizabethan Settlement and developing English Reformed theology in an era of polemics with Roman Catholic adversaries. The works in which he deals with this issue exposit and defend English Reformed theology, address matters of doctrinal definitions, and deal with problems of piety, conscience, and assurance of salvation. Perkins’ several expositions of the problem of human freedom were written during a period of ongoing debate, sparked by the Reformers, between Protestants and Roman Catholics over this issue, particularly in relation to the economy of salvation and the question of the catholicity of Protestantism. His context in the particular historical stage or moment of this debate is also of significance. He has been variously identified in scholarship as a distinctly English churchman and prominent apologist of the Church of England, a “father of Puritanism,” an exponent of early Reformed orthodoxy, a supralapsarian Calvinist, and one among several ancestors of the anti-Arminian line of English theology in the early modern era.
Knowing and Willing in Freedom
Authors: Muller Richard A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Perkins’ basic understanding of human freedom drew on the resources of earlier English and continental Protestant thought, including the work of thinkers like Jerome Zanchi and Zacharias Ursinus. Early modern Reformed writers, whether of the Reformation or of the era of orthodoxy, were participants in a long history of conversation and debate over the nature of voluntary choice. This debate was rooted in theological treatments of grace and freedom extending back into the patristic era. Like the earlier English and continental Protestant thinkers, Perkins carefully worked through the traditional faculty psychology, in order to counter the accusation of Roman Catholic polemicists that Reformed theology utterly denied human freedom and responsibility. From the outset, Perkins’ approach rested on an analysis of the interrelationship of intellect and will, the creation of human beings in the image of God, and the relationship of human to divine willing.
The Nature of the Will and Its Strength
Authors: Muller Richard A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Perkins’ voluntaristic definition of the strength and power of the will allowed for various limitations, impediments, and inclinations that can influence choice. This definition, nonetheless, stressed the ability of the human will to render the final reduction of a choice to a single object or effect. Perkins, like many of his Reformed contemporaries, assumed that, although the will depends on the intellect to provide known objects for choice, the will can positively choose or reject what the intellect provides or suspend its act. The will as a free cause is not determined to one effect. In Perkins’ view, free choice is defined by alternativity and the assumption that each choice of the will could be otherwise.
Liberty Restored
Authors: Muller Richard A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Of the issues confronting Perkins’ approach to the next two states of human nature, regeneration and glorification, the restoration of the will, specifically the lost “libertie of grace,” is the most complex. This is because he has assumed that the fallen will retains its basic freedom of choice and is both bound in sinfulness and incoercible. Given its condition, grace is not an object of choice for the will. It is not chosen—it is applied by God without abridging the freedom of the will. This is done in such a way that the will is freely active toward faith, obedience, and the good in the same temporal moment as the divine act of grace.
The Harmony and Consent of Divine and Human Willing
Authors: Muller Richard A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Perkins argues for the harmony of a human willing that is genuinely contingent and characterized by capacity for opposite or contrary choices with the overarching providence of God. To accomplish this, he adopts a version of the theory of a divine “premotion.” This premotion is necessary to the eventuation of any and all events, whether necessary, contingent, or free. This resolution has affinities with the argument posed by Dominican or Thomist writers in Perkins’ time against the Molinist notion of middle knowledge. Conjoined with Perkins’ voluntarist reading of freed choice, it serves to explain how divine and human will only as taken together are sufficient to explain free acts of human beings.
Reasoning Strategies
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A dichotomy that has influenced much theoretical and applied research on reasoning is the distinction between System I and System II reasoning. System I is intuitive, fast, based on associations, and subject to biases. System II is analytic, slow, based on rules, and more competent. It should be kept in mind, however, that these distinctions do not always apply. A fast, correct response occurs when an expert automatically responds quickly, and a slow, incorrect response occurs when the answer is unknown. One tactic to improve reasoning is the use of nudges to steer people’s choices in a direction to improve their lives. Another tactic is the use of boosts to educate people to make better decisions. Action-based decision-making, such as firefighting and military engagement, requires making a series of decisions as the situation changes. Situation awareness is critical for making good decisions.
Computational and Mathematical Thinking
Authors: Reed Stephen K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Computational thinking is a way of solving problems, designing systems, and understanding human behavior that draws on concepts fundamental to computer science. The advanced placement course, AP Computer Science Principles, introduces students to basic concepts and challenges them to explore how computing and technology impact the world. Computational thinking across the K–12 curriculum compliments, rather than competes with, efforts to expand computer science education. Computer science courses include algorithmic thinking, logic, abstraction, decomposition, and debugging. Computational and mathematical thinking have much in common. The book In Pursuit of the Unknown: 17 Equations that Changed the World is an excellent introduction to mathematical thinking by describing the impact of equations.
Recoding the Boys' Club
Authors: Kreiss Daniel , Adams Kirsten , Ciesielski Jenni , Fernandez Haley , Frauenfelder Kate , Lowe Brinley , Micchia Gabrielle 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This book offers the first in-depth look at the employment patterns and work experiences of women working in political technology on presidential campaigns in the United States. The book draws on a unique data set of 1,004 staffers working in political technology on presidential campaigns during the 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016 election cycles; analysis of hiring patterns during the 2020 presidential primary cycle; and interviews with forty-five women who worked on twelve different presidential campaigns. The book reveals that women are underrepresented in political tech and especially in leadership positions, struggle to make their voices heard on campaigns, and have few means of holding people accountable for inappropriate behavior. This book is animated by the lived experiences of women. It conveys the struggles that many women endured to gain access to campaign workspaces and the battles for inclusion many faced once they got there. It shows how few formal channels women had to hold men accountable for sexist or demeaning behavior that prevented them from being the best they could be at their jobs. All with the aim of helping those who do this work create more gender-equitable and inclusive workplaces—and ones that value the ideas and skills of all those who work to get candidates elected. For those women entering the field or their careers more generally, this book offers an inside look at what those who came before experienced to help them navigate workplaces dominated by men.
Constitutional Statecraft in Asian Courts
Authors: Tew Yvonne 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Constitutional Statecraft in Asian Courts explores how courts engage in constitutional state-building in aspiring yet deeply fragile democracies in Asia. Yvonne Tew offers an in-depth look at contemporary Malaysia and Singapore, explaining how courts protect and construct constitutionalism even as they confront dominant political parties and negotiate democratic transitions. This richly illustrative account offers at once an engaging analysis of Southeast Asia’s constitutional context, as well as a broader narrative that should resonate in many countries across Asia that are also grappling with similar challenges of colonial legacies, histories of authoritarian rule, and societies polarized by race, religion, and identity. The book explores the judicial strategies for statecraft in Asian courts, including an analysis of the specific mechanisms that courts can use to entrench constitutional basic structures and to protect rights in a manner that is purposive and proportionate. Tew’s account shows how courts in Asia’s emerging democracies can chart a path forward to help safeguard a nation’s constitutional core and to build an enduring constitutional framework.
The Austrian Constitutional Court
Authors: Grabenwarter Christoph 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter pays attention to the Austrian Constitutional Court. This court-constitutional adjudication is characterized by a single institution, which in its competences and organizational structure is essentially unchanged compared to the Constitutional Court that was established in 1920. In order to understand today’s constitutional adjudication, the chapter discusses its historical beginnings immediately after the end of the monarchy. It also reveals that, in the European comparison, the Austrian Constitutional Court is of great importance in national constitutional practice. It owes this essentially to its power to review and strike down statutes. Until very recently, the Constitutional Court had no authority in disputes between different organs of the state. Only since the beginning of 2015 has it been responsible for ruling on disputes between organs of the Nationalrat and organs required to provide information.
The Belgian Constitutional Court
Authors: Behrendt Christian 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter turns to the Belgian Constitutional Court. It argues that, though Belgium only had a constitutional jurisdiction since 1983, it did have some forms of constitutional review divided between several different bodies. This decentralized form of constitutional review, which encompasses legislative and executive rules and case law, was not eliminated with the establishment of the constitutional court either, so that it continues to exist to the present day. The chapter thus presents the fundamental features of this decentralized review. It first describes the circumstances surrounding the adoption of the Belgian constitution in 1831, the creation of the Council of State in 1946, and the efforts of the Court of Cassation at constitutional review. A consideration of the reactions elicited by this jurisprudence follows. Finally, the chapter looks into the creation of the Constitutional Court, initially referred to as the Court of Arbitration, in 1983.
The Constitutional Court of Czechia
Authors: Kosař David , Vyhnánek Ladislav 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Czech Constitutional Court (CCC). It shows, on the one hand, how the CCC has so far skilfully navigated through political ups and downs and has risen to prominence in Czech politics. On the other hand, this chapter also suggests that the CCC, despite its current wide powers, is a rather fragile institution. It argues that the creation of the CCC must be understood in the broader historical and political context. To that end, the chapter sketches the institutional design of the CCC and discusses the CCC’s powers. Subsequently, the chapter analyses the internal judicial practices of the CCC and the key procedural rules, then provides the taxonomy of the CCC’s rulings as well as their style, effects, and publication. Finally, it identifies and discusses political determinants of the CCC’s functioning and focuses on the interaction of the CCC with other domestic as well as supranational actors.
The German Federal Constitutional Court
Authors: Farahat Anuscheh 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the German constitutional court, otherwise known as the Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht; ‘BVerfG’). It first traces the development of the German process of constitutional jurisdiction from its pre-Nazi era roots to its astounding post-war transformation into one of the world’s leading courts. The chapter looks at the challenges inherent in the founding of the BVerfG before providing an overview of the organization and role and functions of the BVerfG. It shows how the BVerfG acts as the ‘guardian’ of German constitutional law. To conclude, this chapter reflects on the increasing Europeanization of constitutional law and what it means for the BVerfG to navigate this new era of constitutional pluralization.
The Constitutional Court of Hungary
Authors: Sólyom László 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter is an overview of the Hungarian Constitutional Court. It first discusses the origins, history, and development of the Constitutional Court. The chapter then turns to the organization of the Hungarian Constitutional Court and the legal context within which it functions. Thereafter, the role of the Constitutional Court within the Hungarian political system is explored. The chapter considers the relationships between the Constitutional Court and the parliament and government as well as the ordinary courts. Next, the chapter examines the ideals and accomplishments of the Constitutional Court concerning its political role and the doctrine of constitutional law. Lastly, the chapter evaluates the Constitutional Court's development at a historical milestone—the transformation of the Hungarian legal order on the basis of constitutional standards.
The Italian Constitutional Court
Authors: Bifulco Raffaele , Paris Davide 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the origins, history, and present-day status of the Italian Constitutional Court. It argues that the theme of the Italian constitutional jurisdiction’s Europeanization and internationalization relies on two premises. First, the indispensable interaction between the Constitutional Court, the ECJ, and the ECtHR shakes the premises and foundations of the centralized review of legislation. Second, the process of Europeanization and internationalization of constitutional justice is an ongoing process that is far from having reached a stable end. Today, the chapter shows how the Court seems to have embarked on a new ‘path’ of European multi-tier constitutionalism. Although the path’s end is neither in sight today nor devoid of contradictions, three possible scenarios regarding Italian constitutional jurisdiction emerge from the current jurisprudence of the Court.
Constitutional Adjudication in the Netherlands
Authors: Besselink Leonard 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies constitutional review in the Netherlands. It argues that constitutional adjudication in the Netherlands does indeed exist, though not according to European norms. Furthermore, the chapter contends that the study of constitutional review in the Netherlands, viewed in the perspective of the European legal space, makes clear that the concept of ‘constitution’ stands in need of reconsideration. In this respect, the Netherlands’ constitutional order reflects perhaps more than some others the new international context in which the constitutional orders of Europe find themselves. It thus beckons a different view not only of constitutional review in the European legal space but also, consequently, of the place of national constitutions in the European legal space.
The Polish Constitutional Tribunal
Authors: Tuleja Piotr 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter concerns the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland. It places the Tribunal within the context of Poland’s turbulent political history and shows how the Constitutional Tribunal had to take on a role that reached far beyond the traditional competences of constitutional courts during a period of political change. The Polish Constitutional Tribunal has undergone a significant evolution during its thirty years of existence. Founded in the communist state as a dependent institution, it has become an independent constitutional court on the basis of the current constitution. In addition, the chapter gives an overview of the Constitutional Tribunal as an institution and lays out the proceedings and judgments the Tribunal carries out. It takes a closer look in particular at how judicial review is conducted under the Tribunal. To conclude, the chapter discusses the constitutional crisis in Poland.
The Spanish Constitutional Tribunal
Authors: Pagés Juan Luis Requejo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the Spanish Tribunal Constitucional. It showcases the story of the Tribunal as one of an institution that has been crucial for the success of the 1978 Constitution and thus for the setting up and consolidation of the Spanish constitutional democracy. It has brought to an end the work that the founding fathers were not able to conclude in 1978 as far as the territorial distribution of power is concerned. However, the chapter considers if maybe it is finally time to translate its praetorian construction of the autonomic State (Estado autonómico) into the words of the written Constitution, and by doing so closing a process that should not stay open permanently, and exposed to eventual substantial changes in the jurisprudence of the Tribunal, with all that this would imply at the expense of the definition of the territorial Constitution and its stability. In any case, the experience shows that entrusting a constitutional court with such a task implies to overburden it with a responsibility that no court is able to deal with for a long time.
Constitutional Adjudication in Switzerland
Authors: Biaggini Giovanni 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers how constitutional adjudication is conducted in Switzerland. It debunks the notion that the Swiss constitutional system is underdeveloped with regard to constitutional adjudication. The chapter contends that Switzerland has a thoroughly respectable system of constitutional adjudication, albeit with certain idiosyncratic flaws. In particular, this applies to cantonal state authority: the cantons are subject to comprehensive constitutional adjudication. This does not exclude the results of direct democratic decision processes. The Federal Supreme Court (Bundesgericht; Tribunal federal, Tribunale federale) has—and makes use of—the power to review cantonal laws and to revoke them if necessary. Constitutional case law in relation to the cantons is the basis on which the Federal Supreme Court developed an extraordinarily creative jurisprudence in the twentieth century; this jurisprudence has led, inter alia, to the recognition and use of several unwritten federal fundamental rights. In addition, the chapter argues that federal laws have ceased being completely immune against any kind of constitutional review. Finally, Switzerland played an important pioneering role in the development and testing of the public law appeal (Staatsrechtliche Beschwerde).