bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of proton radiotherapy on treatment timing in pediatric and adult patients with CNS tumors
Authors: Jin Michael C , Shi Siyu , Wu Adela , Sandhu Navjot , Xiang Michael , Soltys Scott G , Hiniker Susan , Li Gordon , Pollom Erqi L 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background
Despite putative benefits associated with proton radiotherapy in the setting of CNS tumors, numerous barriers limit treatment accessibility. Given these challenges, we explored the association of proton use with variations in treatment timing.

Methods
Pediatric and adult patients with histologically confirmed CNS tumors were identified from the National Cancer Database (2004-2015). Univariable and multivariable regression models were constructed to assess factors impacting radiation timing. Multivariable Cox regression was used to evaluate the effect of treatment delay on survival.

Results
A total of 76 157 patients received photon or proton radiotherapy. Compared to photons, time to proton administration was longer in multiple pediatric (embryonal, ependymal, nonependymal glial, and other) and adult (ependymal, nonependymal glial, meningeal, other) tumor histologies. On adjusted analysis, proton radiotherapy was associated with longer delays in radiotherapy administration in pediatric embryonal tumors (+3.00 weeks, P = .024) and in all adult tumors (embryonal [+1.36 weeks, P = .018], ependymal [+3.15 weeks, P &lt; .001], germ cell [+2.65 weeks, P = .024], glial [+2.15 weeks, P &lt; .001], meningeal [+5.05 weeks, P &lt; .001], and other [+3.06 weeks, P &lt; .001]). In patients with high-risk tumors receiving protons, delays in adjuvant radiotherapy were independently associated with poorer survival (continuous [weeks], adjusted hazard ratio = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02-1.16).

Conclusions
Proton radiotherapy is associated with later radiation initiation in pediatric and adult patients with CNS tumors. In patients with high-risk CNS malignancies receiving protons, delayed adjuvant radiotherapy is associated with poorer survival. Further studies are needed to understand this discrepancy to maximize the potential of proton radiotherapy for CNS malignancies.
The Quest for Pure Language
Authors: Brown Samuel Morris 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Modern philosophical positions have restricted or eliminated the power and scope of the “language beyond language” once thought to have existed at the origins of the world. In this view, mortal language is the only language—either there is no primordial sacred language, or it exists but humans have no access to it. Joseph Smith saw these postures as capitulation to the curse of language at Babel (Genesis 11), which haunted him. The quest for pure language was a central aspect of his religious career and is a direct rejection of modernist assumptions about the potential of language. This quest for pure language—focused especially on the power of the hieroglyph—extended across Smith’s career, including extensive explorations of the Edenic language and traditions about powerful, nonordinary language.
The Transcendent Immanent Temple
Authors: Brown Samuel Morris 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Smith culminated his metaphysics of translation in the rites of the Nauvoo temple in the early 1840s. The temple rites were a striking combination of Smith’s targums, the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, Freemasonry, ancient mystery religions, and his sense about the connections of humans and texts. This liturgy was Smith’s final rereading of the Hebrew Bible’s primeval history, and it pulled his followers to Eden and thence to heaven as transformed, divine beings. These rites were an apotheosis not just of Smith’s followers but also of his metaphysics of translation. In the temple, Smith worked to define space and time in terms of human beings. In an echo of Hebrew genealogies, Smith measured time in parental bonds effected by a force he called priesthood. These bonds at the base of time tied God to humanity and humans to each other.
Pole Dancing for Jesus
Authors: Jones Alisha Lola 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 dissects the sociocultural sensitivity about the extent to which men’s dance or gesture in worship registers as queer by analyzing a case study of a man who worships God through pole fitness. Derived from ethnographic research of widely circulated Jungle Cat’s amateur “pole dancing for Jesus” performance footage, chapter 3 teases out innumerable creative processes through which men’s situating of identity takes place. Jungle Cat worships God to recorded gospel music with ritual components of private dancing and contemplation that absolve him from ecclesial, denominational, and organizational restrictions and surveillance. While anxieties about black male identity also apply to more conventional forms of men’s praise dance such as mime and step, pole dancing cultivates especially passionate responses from gospel music observers.
Promises to Keep
Authors: Nieman Donald G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This book examines the influence of race in the development of the US Constitution and argues that African Americans have had a powerful influence creating constitutional rights. It examines the debate over slavery in the Revolutionary era and at the Constitutional Convention and how antislavery advocates, black and white, created constitutional ideas that promoted equality, and their role in ending slavery, securing adoption of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, and establishing civil rights protections during Reconstruction. By 1900, southern whites had reversed most of these changes through disfranchisement, segregation, and sharecropping, but African Americans continued to resist. Through organizations like the National Association for the Advancement for Colored People, they challenged segregation, discriminatory criminal justice, lynching, and disfranchisement. After World War II, the civil rights movement triumphed through legal victories (e.g., Brown v. Board of Education), legislation (the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act), and mass protest. Civil rights advocates won victories in the 1970s and 1980s challenging institutionalized racism, even though conservative political strength grew. However, from the 1980s to the 2010s, a conservative Supreme Court invoked color-blind constitutional principles to weaken civil rights protections. Continued economic disparities between blacks and whites as well as the war of drugs and mass incarceration undermined gains made by the civil rights movement, although new social movements like Black Lives Matter continued the quest for equal justice.
The Age of Segregation, 1900–1950
Authors: Nieman Donald G. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that segregation generated organized opposition from African Americans and a small group of whites that challenged the system. Segregation was rigid, capricious, and designed to demonstrate white power. While it kept most blacks in menial positions, a small black middle class emerged that produced leaders who attacked Jim Crow. The organization leading the charge was the NAACP, which developed publicity, lobbying, and litigation campaigns. The effort gained steam in the 1930s, as a cadre of black lawyers challenged segregated education, the CIO and the Communist party championed civil rights, and the New Deal gave blacks a voice in federal policy. It further accelerated during World War II as the federal government challenged workplace discrimination, membership in civil rights organizations swelled, black veterans demanded their rights, and the Supreme Court became more aggressive on civil rights.
Dithering
Authors: Toohey Peter 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Unlike the pausing that takes place in music, the hesitant pause, such as in dithering or procrastination, can be, if not debilitating, at least a problem. But there can be some advantages to dithering. One is that it slows down time, allowing us more time to contemplate what is about to or liable to happen, and to make a decision at the appropriate time. That’s probably the very latest minute. This is Frank Partnoy’s conclusion as it relates to decision-making and as it relates to being effective in business. This version of dithering, a process rather than an emotional experience, is almost a competitive strategy—that’s a very good reason for thinking of dithering as being alarming.
Cuban Music Is African Music
Authors: Whitmore Aleysia K. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Part II examines how AfroCubism and Orchestra Baobab musicians negotiate geographic, cultural, and linguistic boundaries as they mix musics across the black Atlantic and bring their music into the word music industry. In so doing, this section shows how musicians’ experiences are intertwined with the commodities they create, and that many of us consume (and critique). This chapter explores how musicians creatively combine African and Cuban musics. In bringing these musics together, musicians (re)negotiate and (re)imagine cultural, historical, political, and economic ties between Africans, Cubans, Europeans, and Americans. Their ideas conflict, diverge, and intersect as they strategically combine musics and social meanings, idealistically connect peoples and musics across the Atlantic, and pragmatically address the limits of musical mixing and collaboration.
Experiencing Pleasure
Authors: Whitmore Aleysia K. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how audiences experience these musics and why they are drawn to them. The chapter shows how politics and pleasure intertwine for audiences at performances. Audiences find pleasure in “exotic” sounds and in the politics these musics allow them to express and experience. Festivals and concert halls offer fleeting spaces in which audiences express and experience their aesthetic and political imaginations in pleasurable ways. They create new dance moves, meet Greenpeace volunteers, and listen to musicians promote African children’s charities. Audiences’ experiences of pleasure, unconstrained by (yet made possible by) Western culture and politics, is paramount as they develop a particular kind of connoisseurship and love of world music in which the depth of their fandom does not emerge from profound knowledge of a band but rather from a commitment to the cultural and political world they see on stage and experience off stage.
The Fear of Smell
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter reviews and counters the arguments philosophers have used to justify treating the human sense of smell as cognitively null and of little use, especially for aesthetic judgment. The first section, “ The Historical Prejudices Against Smell” traces the negative views on smell and its aesthetic potential from Plato and Aristotle, through Kant and Hegel, to Roger Scruton, Dennis Dutton and others. The second and third sections, “The Case Against Odors” and the “Case Against the Sense of Smell” examine specific arguments against odors and the sense of smell, e.g. that smell is disreputable, deficient, deceptive, and dispensable. The discussion on deception draws on current philosophy of perception. Chapter 1 closes by arguing that analytic arguments of the kind I have used on behalf of the sense of smell need to be corroborated by the best current work on olfaction in the sciences.
Language, Culture, and Smell
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 draws on linguistics and anthropology to show that many non-Western cultures and languages have sophisticated ways of expressing smell and that peoples of some of these cultures can quickly and easily identify and name odors. The first section deals with the learning, labeling, and classification of smell in Western languages. The third section on smell in non-Western cultures and languages shows that many of those languages have complex smell vocabularies, some including abstract terms, and that native speakers are able to identify and name odors with facility. This suggests that psychological experiments showing Westerners’ poor ability to name and describe odors may not reflect a universal human trait.
The Meanings and Morality of Scenting the Body
Authors: Shiner Larry 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 13 begins with the views of Plato, Aristotle, Roman moralists, and the early Christian theologians on the ethics of wearing perfumes, views that have continued to reverberate down into the present. After briefly considering the absence of such moral suspicions in Asian and Arab-Islamic cultures, the chapter examines conflicting contemporary ideas about the meanings and morality of scenting the body. Dividing the contemporary meanings and motivations into externally and internally directed, the chapter first examines the objections to externally directed perfume wearing aimed at seduction, masking, or artifice. A second section considers such internally directed and motivated meanings as identity, pleasure, and spirituality.
Prophecy and History in Calvin’s Lectures on Daniel
Authors: Pitkin Barbara 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In his lectures on Daniel (published in 1561), John Calvin saw clear analogies between the situations facing Daniel during the Babylonian exile and sixteenth-century Reformed Christians. However, he relates these two in a surprising and unprecedented way that evidences a strong sense of historical anachronism. He limits the scope of Daniel’s prophecies to Christ’s first advent—that is, to historically past events. Unlike many of his contemporaries, he did not view the book of Daniel as an eschatological handbook for the end times, and he has been credited with inaugurating a critical shift in the interpretive history of this biblical book. Calvin relates the prophecies of the four empires and the seventy weeks to the time leading up to the first century ce and does not find reference to the Antichrist. Analogies to later times are possible not because they are inherent in the prophet’s original message, but because of the connectedness of historical events under divine providence.
So Why Not Socialism?
Authors: Halliday Daniel , Thrasher John 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers some of the more influential arguments for socialism. These turn out to support different guises of socialism. Two key internal questions for socialists are (1) whether a socialist economy is based on coercion or voluntary cooperation, and (2) whether production should involve markets and competition. Different combinations of answers serve to separate utopian, Marxist, and market socialism from each other (we also comment briefly on anarchism and fascism, which can be seen as retaining elements of socialism). The goal of this chapter is to compare and contrast these different schools of socialist thinking, with a view to seeing how each variety of socialism can be defended.
Low Wages and Lousy Jobs
Authors: Halliday Daniel , Thrasher John 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses some principal questions about labor market justice. Some of these are old concerns about the persistence of poverty due to the forces that keep wages low among unskilled workers. This leads to worries about exploitation. It will also examine the concern, most often associated with Marx, that much paid work is of a character that is detrimental to human flourishing, or serves to “alienate” workers from their labor. The focus then moves to more recent trends, such as the rise in executive pay and other aspects of “labor market polarization.” These motivate some discussion of whether it’s unjust for a few people to earn so much more than everyone else.
Why Are We Still Working So Hard?
Authors: Halliday Daniel , Thrasher John 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses various questions about how a market society might develop, such that its citizens spend less time in paid employment. This can occur by way of an increased displacement of labor by technology or “automation” in the production process and/or by government regulation that limits the amount of time that people spend working. Discussion of these matters leads to some interesting questions about the place of technology in labor markets (particularly whether it should be feared), the value of leisure time, and the overall future of work (including whether work even has a future).
Boldly Going Where No Market Has Gone Before—Should Some Things Not Be for Sale?
Authors: Halliday Daniel , Thrasher John 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Many of the questions covered in earlier chapters of this textbook have been undergoing philosophical and economic analysis for decades or centuries. This chapter examines questions that have arisen more recently, though the philosophical literature on them is already very lively. More specifically, it focuses on the sorts of exchanges that might be “off limits” to markets, due to reasons of “commodification.” This involves the idea that putting a price on a good or service is morally disrespectful to that good or service, and/or to whomever might be buying or selling it. Here there is an opportunity to compare and evaluate intuitive reactions to a number of interesting cases.
Death, Dying, and Meaning
Authors: Kamm F. M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 discusses Atul Gawande’s views about the choice between trying to live on by way of medical treatment and trying to retain meaning during one’s dying process through hospice care. It first compares medical and philosophical conceptions of death and dying. It then considers how Gawande’s views relate to Bernard Williams’ distinction between categorical and conditional desires and how they compare with views discussed in Chapter 2 about when it can make sense not to resist the end of one’s life. There is discussion of Gawande’s conception of the dying role, fear, the importance of how things end, and meaning in life. Suggestions are offered about possible meaningful use of suffering and death.
Death Wish
Authors: Kamm F. M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines Ezekiel Emanuel’s reasons for thinking that after a “complete life” (by around age seventy-five) it can be reasonable (at least for some) to omit easy preventive measures (e.g., flu shots) that would extend life even when such life would not be worse than death. To better understand such a position the chapter makes use of the views of Susan Wolf and Bernard Williams on meaning in life and reasons to go on living, and also considers different ways of judging the worth of activities. It further compares Emanuel’s views with those of Atul Gawande, B. J. Miller, and Douglas MacLean. Finally, it considers whether Emanuel’s arguments succeed and also whether they support the moral permissibility of suicide and assisted suicide.
Five Easy Arguments for Assisted Suicide and the Objections of Velleman and Gorsuch
Authors: Kamm F. M. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents five arguments in favor of the moral permissibility of, and even a duty to engage in, physician-assisted suicide both to end suffering and for other reasons in those who are and are not terminally ill. It considers objections to these sorts of arguments presented by David Velleman from a Kantian perspective and by Neil Gorsuch (now associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court) who argues against intentionally causing death. The chapter considers how to identify intention, the significance of it for moral and legal permissibility, and the role of the Doctrine of Double Effect in arguments about assisted suicide. It also deals with the difference between assisted suicide for the good of some enabling versus causing harm to others.
Encountering Women’s Voices in Letters, Diaries, and Life-Writing
Authors: Kennerley David 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which the restrictive attitudes to women’s voices encountered in conduct literature are traceable in sources that give insight into the daily life of the British concert-going classes, such as letters, diaries, and life-writing. It confirms that similar attitudes to women’s voices can be found among those from evangelical, middle-class backgrounds. It also reveals, however, that a range of different, more affirmative attitudes to the use of women’s voices can be found both among members of the aristocracy, and among non-evangelical sections of the middle classes, whether Broad or High Church Anglicans, Roman Catholics, or rational dissenters and Unitarians. While some individuals were clear in their stance, this chapter also emphasises that ambiguous and conflicted attitudes were commonplace, particularly among those with mixed religious influences in their social milieu. Overall, this chapter highlights the profound divisions and diversity of attitudes towards female voices among contemporary audiences.
Heir Apparent
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Max Steiner’s musical education, both formal (at the Imperial Academy) and informal (through acquaintanceships with Johann Strauss Jr., Richard Strauss, and Gustav Mahler). Apprenticed by his father, who by now managed multiple theaters in Vienna, Steiner scored his first success while in his late teens, writing short operettas. In addition to describing the style of Steiner’s early compositions, the chapter chronicles the wide variety of influences to which he was exposed. Among the most indelible: concerts by Claude Debussy and John Philip Sousa, and the premiere of Richard Strauss’s cause célèbre opera Salomé. Drawn to both modernistic dissonance and the elegant light music of Vienna, Max Steiner matured from an initially indifferent music student to a composer highly motivated to achieve artistic and commercial success.
Working Night and Day
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
As musical director of RKO, Steiner oversaw music in all of the studio’s productions. At the same time, he was writing full scores for RKO’s most important releases. Workaholic by nature, Max loved the creative challenges dictated by such future film classics as Of Human Bondage and John Ford’s The Lost Patrol (a failure when previewed, until Steiner’s music added the missing element of tension). But his round-the-clock schedule was pushing the 46-year-old toward collapse. Finally, during the exhausting production of The Gay Divorcee, starring Astaire and Rogers, Steiner snapped, writing a sarcastic memo to RKO president B. B. Kahane. The twist-filled story of Steiner’s firing and rehiring is told here for the first time. Work was not Max’s only source of anxiety: Adolf Hitler was now chancellor of Germany, and Steiner feared for the safety of his parents in nearby Austria.
Yours, Herman Hupfeld
Authors: Smith Steven C. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Amid Casablanca’s many justly celebrated aspects is its soundtrack—the subject of much of this chapter. Surprisingly, Steiner hated the 1931 song “As Time Goes By,” which producer Hal Wallis insisted be featured in the underscoring (Max wanted to pen an original tune for Bogart and Bergman). But Steiner’s consummate professionalism is demonstrated by the ingenious ways he adapted Herman Hupfeld’s melody into one of the movies’ greatest love themes, in a score with many other musical highlights. This chapter also examines the ways in which Steiner’s music became part of Hollywood’s propaganda efforts during World War II, from the controversial, pro-Russia Mission to Moscow (which required the personal approval of Josef Stalin), to the sublime Americana of The Adventures of Mark Twain, one of Steiner’s most underappreciated scores.