bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous effects of bilingualism and attention on Flanker task performance
Authors: Chung-Fat-Yim Ashley , Sorge Geoffrey B. , Bialystok Ellen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBoth bilingualism and attention contribute to the development of executive functioning (EF), with higher levels of both leading to better outcomes. The present study treats bilingualism and attention as continuous variables to investigate their impact on EF. Eighty-two 9-year-olds who were attending a French school in an anglophone community completed a flanker task. Children's progress in French represented their level of bilingualism, and attention was assessed through a standard standardized instrument. Degree of bilingualism and degree of attention were both positively related to performance, but exposure to a third language in the home did not further affect outcomes.
Juxtaposition of Western Pacific Subtropical High on Asian Summer Monsoon Shapes Subtropical East Asian Precipitation
Authors: Xu Hai , Goldsmith Yonaton , Lan Jianghu , Tan Liangcheng , Wang Xulong , Zhou Xinying , Cheng Jun , Lang Yunchao , Liu Congqiang 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIncreasing lines of evidence question the homogenous response of Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) precipitation patterns, requiring rethinking of the forcing mechanisms. Here we show a ~15,000‐year quantitative precipitation history based on well‐dated lake levels at Lake Chenghai, subtropical China. Lake levels and the inferred precipitation were high during the Bølling‐Allerød, early and late Holocene, but low during the middle Holocene. The orbital scale precipitation trend is out of phase with boreal summer insolation, the later has been widely suggested as the driver of ASM precipitation. Lake Chenghai long‐term lake levels are synchronous with trends in tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures, the related zonal sea surface temperature gradients, and interhemispheric temperature gradients. We propose that changes in either the interhemispheric or zonal Pacific temperature gradients modulate the intensity and location of the western Pacific subtropical high, which is juxtaposed on the ASM, leading to heterogeneous hydroclimatic conditions over subtropical East Asia.
Generating Spatially Robust Carbon Budgets From Flux Tower Observations
Authors: Griebel Anne , Metzen Daniel , Pendall Elise , Burba George , Metzger Stefan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractEstimating global terrestrial productivity is typically achieved by rescaling individual flux tower measurements, traditionally assumed to represent homogeneous areas, using gridded remote sensing and climate data. Using 154 locations from the FLUXNET2015 database, we demonstrate that variations in spatial homogeneity and nonuniform sampling patterns introduce variability in carbon budget estimates that propagate to the biome scale. We propose a practical solution to quantify the variability of vegetation characteristics and uniformity of sampling patterns and, moreover, account for contributions of sampling variations over heterogeneous surfaces to carbon budgets from flux towers. Our proposed space‐time‐equitable budgets reduce uncertainty related to heterogeneities, allow for more accurate attribution of physiological variations in productivity trends, and provide more representative grid cell averages for linking fluxes with gridded data products.
Reproduction of Ground Magnetic Variations During the SC and the Substorm From the Global Simulation and Biot‐Savart's Law
Authors: Tanaka T. , Ebihara Y. , Watanabe M. , Den M. , Fujita S. , Kikuchi T. , Hashimoto K. K. , Kataoka R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this paper, currents causing the sudden commencement (SC), the AU/AL indices, and the positive bay during the substorm are identified from the global simulation and Biot‐Savart's law. Candidate currents assumed as causes of these ground magnetic variations are the ionospheric Hall current, the ionospheric Pedersen current, the field‐aligned current (FAC), and other magnetospheric currents than the FAC. In general, FAC effect and Pedersen current effect cancel out each other under the restriction of Fukushima's theorem. During the SC, for instance, the midlatitude preliminary positive impulse appears in the prenoon and midlatitude preliminary reverse impulse (PRI) appears in the postnoon, due to the remaining effect of the Hall current. However, violations of the Fukushima's theorem are also common such as in the cases of the equatorial PRI, the auroral electrojet, and the positive bay. The equatorial PRI caused by the Pedersen current appears both in the prenoon and postnoon regions. In the auroral region, the Hall current effect prevails over other currents so much and determines the AU/AL indices only from it regardless other currents. The midlatitude positive bay on the nightside is generated by the effect of the FAC. From these diverse reproduction of ground magnetic variations, a further verification is given for the global simulation in reproductions of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling process.
The Origins of Space Radio and Plasma Wave Research at the University of Iowa
Authors: Gurnett Donald A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis paper discusses my recollections concerning the origins of space radio and plasma wave research at the University of Iowa. My career in space research started when I was hired as a freshman engineering student by Prof. James A. Van Allen in April 1958, shortly after his discovery of Earth's radiation belts with Explorer 1, the first U.S. satellite. My early work mainly involved digital data system designs for the University of Iowa “Injun” series of satellites, the first satellites completely designed and constructed at a university. It was on Injun 3 that, at the suggestion of Prof. Brian J. O'Brien, I developed one of the very first radio and plasma wave instruments ever flown on a spacecraft. This instrument made the first pioneering studies of a wide variety of space radio and plasma wave phenomena, such as whistlers, chorus, and auroral hiss. These early studies were soon followed by somewhat similar NASA‐funded Iowa radio and plasma wave instruments that were used to explore Earth's magnetosphere with the Injun‐5, S3‐A, Hawkeye, IMP, and ISEE satellites, the solar wind with the Helios 1 and 2 spacecraft, and the outer planets and interstellar space with the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft. My discussions of this very early era in space research, and the key people involved, are limited to the time period before roughly 1980.
Mechanisms Driving the Interannual Variability of the Bering Strait Throughflow
Authors: Zhang Wenhao , Wang Qiang , Wang Xuezhu , Danilov Sergey 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe Bering Strait throughflow has important implications for the Arctic freshwater, heat, and nutrients. By keeping the interannual variabilities of the atmospheric forcing only inside or outside the Arctic Ocean in numerical simulations, we can quantify their relative contributions to the interannual variability of the throughflow. We found that winds play a much more important role for the throughflow interannual variability than buoyancy forcing. Winds over the western Arctic Ocean and North Pacific determine the direction of Ekman transport, thus changing the sea surface height gradient between the two basins, and consequently influencing the volume transport strength. Although winds over the two basins are similarly important for the variance of ocean volume transport, the North Pacific winds cause stronger variability in freshwater and heat transports through modifying the inflow temperature and salinity. After 1994, winds over the western Arctic Ocean explain a larger part of the variability of Bering Strait volume transport than the winds outside the Arctic Ocean.
Assessing Noah‐MP Parameterization Sensitivity and Uncertainty Interval Across Snow Climates
Authors: You Yuanhong , Huang Chunlin , Yang Zongliang , Zhang Ying , Bai Yulong , Gu Juan 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study assessed the sensitivity and uncertainty interval of the Noah land surface model with multiparameterization (Noah‐MP) using observed meteorological data from eight sites with different snow climates. A total number of 20,736 Noah‐MP physics‐ensemble simulations was conducted for each site by combining different parameterization schemes of physical processes. A natural selection approach and Tukey's test were used to analyze the sensitivity of simulated snow depth to parameterization schemes. The sensitivity of parameterizations at each site was discussed, and the uncertainty interval of sensitive parameterizations was further explored. The results of sensitivity analyses showed the following. The parameterizations for the first‐layer snow or soil temperature time scheme, the lower boundary condition of soil temperature, and the partitioning of precipitation into rainfall and snowfall showed sensitivity at all sites. Snow surface albedo parameterizations showed sensitivity at all sites except for two sites in China. Parameterizations for vegetation canopy and canopy stomatal resistance showed sensitivity at some sites. Further comparative results indicated that uncertainties in multiparameterization ensemble simulations were mainly due to sensitive parameterizations under the condition of disregarding the uncertainties from forcing and parameters. After removing the sensitive parameterization schemes that were notably poor‐performing, the uncertainty interval in the ensemble simulations decreased significantly. Finally, we concluded that an optimal combination group of well‐performed sensitive parameterization schemes can be configured based on the results of sensitivity analysis.
Particulate Organic Matter Dynamics in a Permafrost Headwater Stream and the Kolyma River Mainstem
Authors: Bröder Lisa , Davydova Anya , Davydov Sergey , Zimov Nikita , Haghipour Negar , Eglinton Timothy I. , Vonk Jorien E. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractOngoing rapid arctic warming leads to extensive permafrost thaw, which in turn increases the hydrologic connectivity of the landscape by opening up subsurface flow paths. Suspended particulate organic matter (POM) has proven useful to trace permafrost thaw signals in arctic rivers, which may experience higher organic matter loads in the future due to expansion and increasing intensity of thaw processes such as thermokarst and river bank erosion. Here we focus on the Kolyma River watershed in Northeast Siberia, the world's largest watershed entirely underlain by continuous permafrost. To evaluate and characterize the present‐day fluvial release of POM from permafrost thaw, we collected water samples every 4–7 days during the 4‐month open water season in 2013 and 2015 from the lower Kolyma River mainstem and from a small nearby headwater stream (Y3) draining an area completely underlain by Yedoma permafrost (Pleistocene ice‐ and organic‐rich deposits). Concentrations of particulate organic carbon generally followed the hydrograph with the highest concentrations during the spring flood in late May/early June. For the Kolyma River, concentrations of dissolved organic carbon showed a similar behavior, in contrast to the headwater stream, where dissolved organic carbon values were generally higher and particulate organic carbon concentrations lower than for Kolyma. Carbon isotope analysis (δ13C, Δ14C) suggested Kolyma‐POM to stem from both contemporary and older permafrost sources, while Y3‐POM was more strongly influenced by in‐stream production and recent vegetation. Lipid biomarker concentrations (high‐molecular‐weight n‐alkanoic acids and n‐alkanes) did not display clear seasonal patterns, yet implied Y3‐POM to be more degraded than Kolyma‐POM.
Preclinical studies reveal MLN4924 is a promising new retinoblastoma therapy
Authors: Aubry Arthur , Yu Tao , Bremner Rod 
Published: January 2020

AbstractRB1 loss (RB1null) or MYCN amplification (MYCNamp) in fetal human retina causes retinoblastoma. SKP2 loss kills RB1null cells, but small molecule SKP2 inhibitors remain unexplored therapeutically. Whether SKP2 is synthetic lethal in MYCNamp retinoblastoma is unclear. SKP2 is the substrate recognition component of two Cullin-RING Ligase complexes (CRL1SKP2/SCFSKP2, and CRL4SKP2), a family of multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligases. NEDD8 activating enzyme (NAE) is required for Cullin neddylation and thus CRL activation. Here, we show that the NAE inhibitor, Pevonedistat (MLN4924), potently inhibits RB1null and MYCNamp tumors. Intravitreal MLN4924 suppressed multiple human xenografts with EC80s from 20 ng to 3.5 μg. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 10–30 μg, highlighting a favorable therapeutic window. Inhibition of Cullin neddylation was similar in all cases, but cellular effects ranged from G1 arrest with apoptosis to G2/M arrest with endoreplication. However, even in less sensitive lines (EC50 ≈ 1 μM), prolonged exposure was lethal or induced persistent cytostasis. Mechanistically, depleting any single Cullin did not fully recapitulate drug phenotypes, but sensitivity to SKP2 loss correlated with that of drug. Thus, intravitreal MLN4924 is a promising new retinoblastoma therapy, mimicking the cancer-specific lethality of eliminating SKP2 complexes.
Physician and patient perspectives on hypertension management and factors associated with lifestyle modifications in Japan: results from an online survey
Authors: Nishigaki Nobuhiro , Shimasaki Yukio , Yoshida Takuo , Hasebe Naoyuki 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWe conducted a survey to examine the gaps between Japanese physician and patient perspectives on hypertension management and to investigate important factors that may help solve the “hypertension paradox” in Japan. Web-based surveys of patients and physicians were conducted in Japan between October 19 and 31, 2017. The data collected included physician and patient perspectives on hypertension education, adherence to lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive medication, and reasons for treatment adherence/nonadherence. Factors relating to specific patient behaviors (e.g., monitoring their home blood pressure [BP] daily) were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Of the 541 physicians and 881 patients included in the analyses, both groups recognized that the extent of lifestyle changes was insufficient. Approximately 80% of physicians reported that they fully or sufficiently provided education to patients about reasons for hypertension treatment and its associated risks, target BP levels, and lifestyle modifications. Only 40–50% of patients considered those topics having been fully or sufficiently discussed. Logistic regression analyses revealed that positive lifestyle modifications (daily home BP monitoring, salt intake <6 g/day, and daily aerobic exercise for ≥30 min) were positively associated with receiving feedback from physicians about specific lifestyle modifications and patient motivation for maintaining their target BP. In conclusion, perception of the amount of education provided by physicians on hypertension management was lower in patients than in physicians. In addition to effective regular follow-up regarding lifestyle modifications, patient motivation by physicians is an important factor for improving lifestyle modifications and achieving effective hypertension management in Japan.
Modeling medulloblastoma in vivo and with human cerebellar organoids
Authors: Ballabio Claudio , Anderle Marica , Gianesello Matteo , Lago Chiara , Miele Evelina , Cardano Marina , Aiello Giuseppe , Piazza Silvano , Caron Davide , Gianno Francesca , Ciolfi Andrea , Pedace Lucia , Mastronuzzi Angela , Tartaglia Marco , Locatelli Franco , Ferretti Elisabetta , Giangaspero Felice , Tiberi Luca 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMedulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in children and among the subtypes, Group 3 MB has the worst outcome. Here, we perform an in vivo, patient-specific screen leading to the identification of Otx2 and c-MYC as strong Group 3 MB inducers. We validated our findings in human cerebellar organoids where Otx2/c-MYC give rise to MB-like organoids harboring a DNA methylation signature that clusters with human Group 3 tumors. Furthermore, we show that SMARCA4 is able to reduce Otx2/c-MYC tumorigenic activity in vivo and in human cerebellar organoids while SMARCA4 T910M, a mutant form found in human MB patients, inhibits the wild-type protein function. Finally, treatment with Tazemetostat, a EZH2-specific inhibitor, reduces Otx2/c-MYC tumorigenesis in ex vivo culture and human cerebellar organoids. In conclusion, human cerebellar organoids can be efficiently used to understand the role of genes found altered in cancer patients and represent a reliable tool for developing personalized therapies.
Single-cell transcriptomics identifies CD44 as a marker and regulator of endothelial to haematopoietic transition
Authors: Oatley Morgan , Bölükbası Özge Vargel , Svensson Valentine , Shvartsman Maya , Ganter Kerstin , Zirngibl Katharina , Pavlovich Polina V. , Milchevskaya Vladislava , Foteva Vladimira , Natarajan Kedar N. , Baying Bianka , Benes Vladimir , Patil Kiran R. , Teichmann Sarah A. , Lancrin Christophe 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe endothelial to haematopoietic transition (EHT) is the process whereby haemogenic endothelium differentiates into haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). The intermediary steps of this process are unclear, in particular the identity of endothelial cells that give rise to HSPCs is unknown. Using single-cell transcriptome analysis and antibody screening, we identify CD44 as a marker of EHT enabling us to isolate robustly the different stages of EHT in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. This allows us to provide a detailed phenotypical and transcriptional profile of CD44-positive arterial endothelial cells from which HSPCs emerge. They are characterized with high expression of genes related to Notch signalling, TGFbeta/BMP antagonists, a downregulation of genes related to glycolysis and the TCA cycle, and a lower rate of cell cycle. Moreover, we demonstrate that by inhibiting the interaction between CD44 and its ligand hyaluronan, we can block EHT, identifying an additional regulator of HSPC development.
Spatiotemporal contact between peroxisomes and lipid droplets regulates fasting-induced lipolysis via PEX5
Authors: Kong Jinuk , Ji Yul , Jeon Yong Geun , Han Ji Seul , Han Kyung Hee , Lee Jung Hyun , Lee Gung , Jang Hagoon , Choe Sung Sik , Baes Myriam , Kim Jae Bum 
Published: January 2020

AbstractLipid droplets (LDs) are key subcellular organelles for regulating lipid metabolism. Although several subcellular organelles participate in lipid metabolism, it remains elusive whether physical contacts between subcellular organelles and LDs might be involved in lipolysis upon nutritional deprivation. Here, we demonstrate that peroxisomes and peroxisomal protein PEX5 mediate fasting-induced lipolysis by stimulating adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) translocation onto LDs. During fasting, physical contacts between peroxisomes and LDs are increased by KIFC3-dependent movement of peroxisomes toward LDs, which facilitates spatial translocations of ATGL onto LDs. In addition, PEX5 could escort ATGL to contact points between peroxisomes and LDs in the presence of fasting cues. Moreover, in adipocyte-specific PEX5-knockout mice, the recruitment of ATGL onto LDs was defective and fasting-induced lipolysis is attenuated. Collectively, these data suggest that physical contacts between peroxisomes and LDs are required for spatiotemporal translocation of ATGL, which is escorted by PEX5 upon fasting, to maintain energy homeostasis.
Tissue pO2 distributions in xenograft tumors dynamically imaged by Cherenkov-excited phosphorescence during fractionated radiation therapy
Authors: Cao Xu , Rao Allu Srinivasa , Jiang Shudong , Jia Mengyu , Gunn Jason R. , Yao Cuiping , LaRochelle Ethan P. , Shell Jennifer R. , Bruza Petr , Gladstone David J. , Jarvis Lesley A. , Tian Jie , Vinogradov Sergei A. , Pogue Brian W. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHypoxia in solid tumors is thought to be an important factor in resistance to therapy, but the extreme microscopic heterogeneity of the partial pressures of oxygen (pO2) between the capillaries makes it difficult to characterize the scope of this phenomenon without invasive sampling of oxygen distributions throughout the tissue. Here we develop a non-invasive method to track spatial oxygen distributions in tumors during fractionated radiotherapy, using oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence, oxygen probe Oxyphor PtG4 and the radiotherapy-induced Cherenkov light to excite and image the phosphorescence lifetimes within the tissue. Mice bearing MDA-MB-231 breast cancer and FaDu head neck cancer xenografts show different pO2 responses during each of the 5 fractions (5 Gy per fraction), delivered from a clinical linear accelerator. This study demonstrates subsurface in vivo mapping of tumor pO2 distributions with submillimeter spatial resolution, thus providing a methodology to track response of tumors to fractionated radiotherapy.
Revealing the predictability of intrinsic structure in complex networks
Authors: Sun Jiachen , Feng Ling , Xie Jiarong , Ma Xiao , Wang Dashun , Hu Yanqing 
Published: January 2020

AbstractStructure prediction is an important and widely studied problem in network science and machine learning, finding its applications in various fields. Despite the significant progress in prediction algorithms, the fundamental predictability of structures remains unclear, as networks’ complex underlying formation dynamics are usually unobserved or difficult to describe. As such, there has been a lack of theoretical guidance on the practical development of algorithms for their absolute performances. Here, for the first time, we find that the normalized shortest compression length of a network structure can directly assess the structure predictability. Specifically, shorter binary string length from compression leads to higher structure predictability. We also analytically derive the origin of this linear relationship in artificial random networks. In addition, our finding leads to analytical results quantifying maximum prediction accuracy, and allows the estimation of the network dataset potential values through the size of the compressed network data file.
Activation of pH-Sensing Receptor OGR1 (GPR68) Induces ER Stress Via the IRE1α/JNK Pathway in an Intestinal Epithelial Cell Model
Authors: Maeyashiki Chiaki , Melhem Hassan , Hering Larissa , Baebler Katharina , Cosin-Roger Jesus , Schefer Fabian , Weder Bruce , Hausmann Martin , Scharl Michael , Rogler Gerhard , de Vallière Cheryl , Ruiz Pedro A. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractProton-sensing ovarian cancer G-protein coupled receptor (OGR1) plays an important role in pH homeostasis. Acidosis occurs at sites of intestinal inflammation and can induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR), an evolutionary mechanism that enables cells to cope with stressful conditions. ER stress activates autophagy, and both play important roles in gut homeostasis and contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Using a human intestinal epithelial cell model, we investigated whether our previously observed protective effects of OGR1 deficiency in experimental colitis are associated with a differential regulation of ER stress, the UPR and autophagy. Caco-2 cells stably overexpressing OGR1 were subjected to an acidic pH shift. pH-dependent OGR1-mediated signalling led to a significant upregulation in the ER stress markers, binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and phospho-inositol required 1α (IRE1α), which was reversed by a novel OGR1 inhibitor and a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor. Proton-activated OGR1-mediated signalling failed to induce apoptosis, but triggered accumulation of total microtubule-associated protein 1 A/1B-light chain 3, suggesting blockage of late stage autophagy. Our results show novel functions for OGR1 in the regulation of ER stress through the IRE1α-JNK signalling pathway, as well as blockage of autophagosomal degradation. OGR1 inhibition might represent a novel therapeutic approach in IBD.