bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Career De‐Separation in Westminster Democracies
Authors: Dowding Keith , Taflaga Marija 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn Westminster parliamentary systems there was once a clear separation between the careers of public servants and of elected politicians. Politicians decided what policies they wanted to pursue, while public servants advised, devised and delivered the policies. This separation ensured that policy ideas were developed by a professional elite with experience and knowledge. Politicians came from a variety of backgrounds, entering politics for a variety of reasons. Over time, the source of policy advice for ministers has shifted from the professional public servant to political advisers lacking experience and with different career ambitions than public service. Increasingly, elected politicians are becoming ‘professionalised’—emerging from similar party and adviser backgrounds. The de‐separation of what were once distinct career paths has led to poorer policy development, increasing public malfeasance, a lower‐quality civil service, and democratic disenchantment. We need to separate the career paths once more.
Rebuilding the Universities after the Great War: Ex‐Service Students, Scholarships and the Reconstruction of Student Life in England
Authors: BREWIS GEORGINA , HELLAWELL SARAH , LAQUA DANIEL 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article examines a transformative moment in the history of British higher education. After the First World War, student numbers were boosted by the arrival of large numbers of ex‐servicemen. Their access to university was facilitated by the government‐funded Scheme for the Higher Education of Ex‐Service Students, which provided grants to nearly 28,000 students between 1918 and 1923. The article offers the first sustained historical analysis of the workings and impact of this programme, which constituted a major development in state support for individual students. Our study contextualizes these measures by showing how the war was memorialized at universities and by tracing the changing nature of student life – covering themes such as gender relations and the activities of student societies. Material from case‐study institutions in London and the North East of England is used to add specific depth to discussions of the national picture. As a whole, the article makes an original contribution to the wider literature on the First World War's impact on British society.
Delphi assessment of audit and research priorities in an emergency department
Authors: O'Donnell Sinéad M , Carison Anna , Adams Jessica , Long Elliot , Babl Franz E 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveAudit and research projects in the ED are important to improve patient care but can be time and resource consuming. We identified and prioritised audit and research topics among multidisciplinary ED staff to fill perceived knowledge gaps, encourage engagement, reduce duplication and facilitate translation of evidence into clinical practice.MethodsA two‐stage electronic Delphi survey process was undertaken by senior medical, nursing, education and social work staff at the Royal Children's Hospital, Victoria. Survey 1 collected demographic data and audit and research ideas following a series of open‐ended questions. Priority themes were defined as those that had more than four responses. Survey 2 used a 7‐point Likert ranking of these themes to generate a departmental audit and research prioritisation list.Results72/89 (82%) available senior staff responded to survey 1 and 63/83 (76%) responded to survey 2. Survey 1 yielded 208 audit and 130 research topics. Survey 2 established a prioritised list of 17 audit and 14 research topics. Top audit themes were mental healthcare, patient flow, management of sepsis and delays in ED specialist referrals. Top research priorities were the management of sepsis, mental healthcare, management of patients with autism and the management of severe asthma.ConclusionsThis Delphi study has provided departmental audit and research priorities that are perceived to be of importance across the multidisciplinary ED team. This methodology allows strategic allocation of limited resources and may increase staff engagement.
Nutrition interventions implemented in hospital to lower risk of sarcopenia in older adults: A systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Rus Grace E. , Porter Judi , Brunton Alexandra , Crocker Meghan , Kotsimbos Zoe , Percic Jessica , Polzella Louise , Willet Natasha , Huggins Catherine E. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimThere is no standardised interventional approach to preventing or treating sarcopenia in older adults in hospital. The aim of this review was to systematically identify and synthesise the effects of nutritional interventions on markers of sarcopenia in hospitalised patients aged 65 years and older.MethodsFour databases were searched using terms for intervention, population and setting. Eligibility screening of title and abstract and then full‐text papers was competed in duplicate, independently. The final included papers were assessed for quality, and outcome data extracted independently and in duplicate. Outcome data were synthesised by meta‐analysis, where possible, or narratively.ResultsSeven hundred and thirty‐two articles were screened for eligibility yielding six studies for inclusion. All studies provided oral nutritional support that aimed to increase protein intake ranging from an additional 10 to 40 g/d, each with a unique formulation of amino acids and/or micronutrients; three studies combined nutritional intervention with an enhanced physical activity program. Five studies measured hand grip strength, the mean difference was 1.97 kg (95% CI 0.55‐3.39, P = .006) greater in the intervention group (n = 166) compared with control group (n = 165). Assessment of muscle mass and activities of daily living were heterogeneous and the changes inconsistent between studies.ConclusionsFew studies inform nutritional management of inpatients with sarcopenia or at risk of sarcopenia. High quality, large intervention trials are needed urgently to identify the optimal nutrition and physical activity intervention combinations to manage sarcopenia in older hospitalised adults. These studies need to include outcome measures of physical function and muscle quality.
First Record of the Belemnite Genus Hibolithes from Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Turbidites from Malaysia
Authors: MURTAZA Muhammad , RAHMAN Abdul Hadi Abd , MUTTERLOSE Joerg , NAJLA Najiatun , NASIR Mazshurraiezal Bin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDiscovery of the remains of belemnites referred to the Hibolithes sp. from the Jurassic–Cretaceous Pedawan Formation in Sarawak, on the island of Borneo (Malaysia) comprises four fragments of belemnite rostra. The specimens are characterized by multiple fractures and vein filling. Two fragments measuring about 130 mm are relatively intact, with only part of the alveolar region missing; a third piece represents the middle part of a rostrum, and the fourth specimen is too fragmentary to be assigned to any specific part of the rostrum. Based on specimen characteristics, a Tithonian–Hauterivian age is plausible. The sedimentary succession that yielded the belemnite material comprises thick shale that reflects the Te division of Bouma sequence. The occurrence of a Hibolithes taxon in the uppermost Jurassic to lowermost Cretaceous Pedawan Formation sediments in Borneo reflects a near to global palaeobiogeographic distribution of this genus.
Protocol and statistical analysis plan for the REstricted fluid therapy VERsus Standard trEatment in Acute Kidney Injury—REVERSE‐AKI randomized controlled pilot trial
Authors: Vaara Suvi T. , Ostermann Marlies , Selander Tuomas , Bitker Laurent , Schneider Antoine , Poli Elettra , Hoste Eric , Joannidis Michael , Zarbock Alexander , van Haren Frank , Prowle John , Pettilä Ville , Bellomo Rinaldo 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundFluid accumulation frequently coexists with acute kidney injury (AKI) and is associated with increased risk for AKI progression and mortality. Among septic shock patients, restricted use of resuscitation fluid has been reported to reduce the risk of worsening of AKI. Restrictive fluid therapy, however, has not been studied in the setting of established AKI. Here, we present the protocol and statistical analysis plan of the REstricted fluid therapy VERsus Standard trEatment in Acute Kidney Injury—the REVERSE‐AKI trial that compares a restrictive fluid therapy regimen to standard therapy in critically ill patients with AKI.MethodsREVERSE‐AKI is an investigator‐initiated, multinational, open‐label, randomized, controlled, feasibility pilot trial conducted in seven ICUs in five countries. We aim to randomize 100 critically ill patients with AKI to a restrictive fluid treatment regimen vs standard management. In the restrictive fluid therapy regimen, the daily fluid balance target is neutral or negative. The primary outcome is the cumulative fluid balance assessed after 72 hours from randomization. Secondary outcomes include safety, feasibility, duration, and severity of AKI, and outcome at 90 days (mortality and dialysis dependence).ConclusionsThis is the first multinational trial investigating the feasibility and safety of a restrictive fluid therapy regimen in critically ill patients with AKI.Trial registrationclinical.trials.gov NCT03251131.
Habitual Ethanol Seeking and Licking Microstructure of Enhanced Ethanol Self‐Administration in Ethanol‐Dependent Mice
Authors: Renteria Rafael , Cazares Christian , Gremel Christina M. 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundA significant component of ethanol (EtOH) dependence is the disruption to decision‐making processes. Prior work has shown EtOH dependence biases habitual seeking of EtOH and disrupts neural mechanisms supporting decision‐making. This has contributed to the hypothesis that habitual EtOH seeking in EtOH dependence may promote excessive habitual or compulsive EtOH consumption. However, decision‐making and behavioral processes underlying seeking and consummatory behaviors differ. Here, we examine the microstructure of EtOH consummatory behavior in the context of habitual EtOH seeking.MethodsFollowing home cage pre‐exposure to EtOH, C57Bl/6J mice underwent 4 rounds of chronic intermittent EtOH (CIE) or air exposure. Following acute withdrawal, mice began training for operant self‐administration of 15% EtOH. Training consisted of 16‐hour sessions in which mice were trained in a random ratio (RR) schedule of reinforcement for 30‐second access to the EtOH sipper. To test for CIE‐induced changes in action control, we used sensory‐specific satiation and assessed the effect of outcome devaluation on EtOH seeking. Importantly, the use of a lickometer during operant training allowed us to measure the microstructure of lick behavior.ResultsPrior induction of EtOH dependence led to increased EtOH seeking, consumption, and an insensitivity to outcome devaluation, the latter indicative of habitual EtOH seeking. We also found altered consummatory lick patterns in CIE‐exposed mice compared to Air controls. While CIE mice had significantly more licks in a burst and a longer burst duration, there were no differences in the total number of bursts compared to Air controls. Furthermore, these EtOH consummatory behaviors correlated with blood EtOH concentrations (BECs), while EtOH‐seeking responses did not.ConclusionsOur results confirm that EtOH dependence can produce habitual EtOH seeking and suggests the increased EtOH consummatory behaviors following EtOH dependence are separable from decision‐making processes controlling EtOH seeking.
Chemical control of the mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Australian cotton: glasshouse assessments of insecticide efficacy
Authors: Sequeira Richard V , Khan Moazzem , Reid David J 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe efficacy of commercially available chemical insecticides and biopesticides on the cotton mealybug (CMB), Phenacoccus solenopsis, was evaluated in the glasshouse. Spirotetramat, sulfoxaflor and buprofezin were identified as key insecticides for use in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies aimed at controlling CMB without flaring other co‐occurring pests. When used as a single application, spirotetramat and sulfoxaflor at the rate of 96 g (active ingredient, ha−1) provided variable control of CMB. Spirotetramat used in a double spray tactic (two sequential sprays, 14–15 days apart) without crop oil provided ≥80% control of adult CMB while the addition of oil (5% v/v) increased control to ≥90%. Clothianidin synergised the spirotetramat + oil combination and was identified as a potentially useful tank mix option for use in situations where a quick knockdown of high density and/or large infestation of CMB is required, or to treat high risk infestations in squaring or younger cotton when the abundance of beneficial insects is typically low. Sulfoxaflor used in a double spray tactic provided ≥90% control of adult CMB. The addition of Pulse® penetrant (0.5% v/v) to both options improved overall efficacy. Addition of crop oil to sulfoxaflor did not yield any tangible benefits. Spirotetramat and buprofezin were identified as important tools in managing situations where whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) is the primary pest management target, but CMB is also present in the crop. Buprofezin was effective on early instar mealybugs; this makes it an option for arresting CMB population growth while allowing the beneficial insect populations to increase. Sulfoxaflor was shown to be a useful option in situations where CMB is present along with key pests such as mirids (Creontiades spp.). Mealybugs are typically well controlled by naturally occurring beneficial insects without the need for insecticide use. Chemical insecticides for CMB control should be considered only as a last resort and deployed within the bounds of an IPM strategy.
Expectancy and Utilisation of Reflexology among Women with Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Rottman Benjamin M. , Wyatt Gwen , Crane Tracy E. , Sikorskii Alla 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveLittle is understood about patient expectations and use of complementary therapies (CT) during cancer treatment. A secondary analysis of an 11‐week reflexology trial among women with breast cancer was conducted. We examined factors that predicted women’s expectations about reflexology for symptom relief, factors that predicted utilisation of reflexology, and whether by the end of the trial they believed that reflexology had helped with symptom management.MethodsWomen (N = 256) were interviewed at baseline and week 11. Friend or family caregivers in the reflexology group were trained to deliver standardised sessions to patients at least once a week for 4 weeks. Baseline and week‐11 reflexology expectations were analysed using general linear models. Reflexology utilisation was analysed with generalised linear mixed effects models.ResultsPatients who expected benefits from reflexology (“higher expectancy”) at baseline were younger, had lower anxiety, higher education, higher spirituality, and greater CT use. Worsening symptoms over time were associated with greater utilisation of reflexology, but only when baseline expectancy was low. At week 11, expectancy was higher for those with greater symptom improvement.ConclusionsAssessing patterns of patient factors, expectancy, and change in symptoms can help determine who is likely to use reflexology, and when.
A lost cause? Fundamental problems for causal theories of parenthood
Authors: Baron Teresa 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this paper, I offer a critique of (actual and possible) causal theories of parenthood. I do not offer a competing account of who incurs parental obligations and why; rather, I aim to show that there are fundamental problems for any account of who acquires parental obligations and why by appeal to causal responsibility for a child’s existence. I outline and justify three criteria that any plausible causal account of parental obligation must meet, and demonstrate that attempting to fulfil all three criteria simultaneously will give rise to one or both of two potentially insurmountable dilemmas.
Genetic heterogeneity in Leigh syndrome: Highlighting treatable and novel genetic causes
Authors: Lee Jin Sook , Yoo Taekyeong , Lee Moses , Lee Youngha , Jeon Eunyoung , Kim Soo Yeon , Lim Byung Chan , Kim Ki Joong , Choi Murim , Chae Jong‐Hee 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLeigh syndrome (LS), the most common childhood mitochondrial disorder, has characteristic clinical and neuroradiologic features. Mutations in more than 75 genes have been identified in both the mitochondrial and nuclear genome, implicating a high degree of genetic heterogeneity in LS. To profile these genetic signatures and understand the pathophysiology of LS, we recruited 64 patients from 62 families who were clinically diagnosed with LS at Seoul National University Children's Hospital. Mitochondrial genetic analysis followed by whole‐exome sequencing was performed on 61 patients. Pathogenic variants in mitochondrial DNA were identified in 18 families and nuclear DNA mutations in 22. The following 17 genes analyzed in 40 families were found to have genetic complexity: MTATP6, MTND1, MTND3, MTND5, MTND6, MTTK, NDUFS1, NDUFV1, NDUFAF6, SURF1, SLC19A3, ECHS1, PNPT1, IARS2, NARS2, VPS13D, and NAXE. Two treatable cases had biotin‐thiamine responsive basal ganglia disease, and another three were identified as having defects in the newly recognized genes (VPS13D or NAXE). Variants in the nuclear genes that encoded mitochondrial aminoacyl tRNA synthetases were present in 27.3% of cases. Our findings expand the genetic and clinical spectrum of LS, showing genetic heterogeneity and highlighting treatable cases and those with novel genetic causes.
Synthesis, stability and printing properties of a novel 2‐sulphophenoxy‐4‐chloro‐s‐triazine reactive dye for ink‐jet printing of wool
Authors: Faisal Saira , Lin Long , Clark Matthew 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe report here the synthesis and characterisation of a new medium‐reactivity reactive dye containing 2‐sulphophenoxy‐4‐chloro‐s‐triazine, having enhanced the activity of the chlorine atom for further substitution by the functional groups carried by wool fibre. In addition, a dichloro‐s‐triazine dye was also synthesised for the purpose of comparison. The progress of synthesis reactions and purity of the dyes were determined using capillary electrophoresis and thin layer chromatography. The molecular structure and the chemical compositions of the synthesised dyes were confirmed using Fourier Transform–infrared spectral data and elemental analyses. The inks containing the synthesised dyes were formulated and ink‐jet‐printed onto wool fabrics and then the printed fabrics were steamed at 102°C. Compared with the dichloro‐s‐triazine dye, superior performance in terms of ink stability, K/S and dye fixation was observed for the new 2‐sulphophenoxy‐4‐chloro‐s‐triazine dye. In addition, the light fastness of the fabric printed with the inks containing the new dye was 0.5‐grade greater than that of the fabric printed with the inks containing the dichloro‐s‐triazine dye, and no changes in shade and staining were observed following wash fastness tests of the fabrics printed with the inks containing the new dye.
HJC0152 suppresses human non–small‐cell lung cancer by inhibiting STAT3 and modulating metabolism
Authors: Lu Lu , Li Hang , Wu Xin , Rao Jun , Zhou Jia , Fan Saijun , Shen Qiang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesSignal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is constitutively activated and overexpressed in many cancers, including non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We recently developed HJC0152 as an orally active STAT3 inhibitor. This study focused on investigating HJC0152's effect and mechanism of action in NSCLC.Materials and methodsWe analysed cell proliferation by MTT assays, cell migration by wound healing and transwell assays, protein levels by Western blot, and apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level by flow cytometry. A nude mouse tumorigenesis model was established for in vivo experiment. UHPLC‐QTOF/MS was used for untargeted metabolomic relative quantitation analysis.ResultsWe found that HJC0152 exhibited activity against human NSCLC cells in vitro and NSCLC xenograft tumours in vivo via regulating STAT3 signalling and metabolism. HJC0152 efficiently reduced NSCLC cell proliferation, promoted ROS generation, induced apoptosis, triggered DNA damage and reduced motility in A549 and H460 NSCLC cells. Moreover, HJC0152 significantly inhibited the growth of A549 xenograft tumours in vivo. HJC0152 also affected metabolism, significantly decreasing and perturbating levels of several metabolites in the purine, glutathione and pyrimidine metabolism pathways.ConclusionsHJC0152 reduces cellular capacity to scavenge free radicals, leading to ROS generation and accumulation and apoptosis. This study provides a rationale for further developing HJC0152 as a potential therapy for NSCLC and provides insights into the mechanisms by which HJC0152 exerts its anti‐cancer effects.
The mitochondria‐targeted anti‐oxidant MitoQ protects against intervertebral disc degeneration by ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction and redox imbalance
Authors: Kang Liang , Liu Shiwei , Li Jingchao , Tian Yueyang , Xue Yuan , Liu Xiaozhi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveMitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and nucleus pulposus (NP) cell apoptosis are important contributors to the development and pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Here, we comprehensively evaluated the effects of mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagic flux and Nrf2 signalling on the mitochondrial quality control, ROS production and NP cell survival in in vitro and ex vivo compression models of IDD and explored the effects of the mitochondria‐targeted anti‐oxidant MitoQ and its mechanism.Material and methodsHuman NP cells were exposed to mechanical compression to mimic pathological conditions.ResultsCompression promoted oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and NP cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, compression disrupted the mitochondrial fission/fusion balance, inducing fatal fission. Concomitantly, PINK1/Parkin‐mediated mitophagy was activated, whereas mitophagic flux was blocked. Nrf2 anti‐oxidant pathway was insufficiently activated. These caused the damaged mitochondria accumulation and persistent oxidative damage. Moreover, MitoQ restored the mitochondrial dynamics balance, alleviated the impairment of mitophagosome‐lysosome fusion and lysosomal function and enhanced the Nrf2 activity. Consequently, damaged mitochondria were eliminated, redox balance was improved, and cell survival increased. Additionally, MitoQ alleviated IDD in an ex vivo rat compression model.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that comodulation of mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagic flux and Nrf2 signalling alleviates sustained mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress and represents a promising therapeutic strategy for IDD; furthermore, our results provide evidence that MitoQ might serve as an effective therapeutic agent for this disorder.