bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstinence-contingent wage supplements to promote drug abstinence and employment: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Holtyn August F , Toegel Forrest , Subramaniam Shrinidhi , Jarvis Brantley P , Leoutsakos Jeannie-Marie , Fingerhood Michael , Silverman Kenneth 
Published: February 2020

Background
Poverty, unemployment and substance abuse are inter-related problems. This study evaluated the effectiveness of abstinence-contingent wage supplements in promoting drug abstinence and employment in unemployed adults in outpatient treatment for opioid use disorder.

Methods
A randomised controlled trial was conducted in Baltimore, MD, from 2014 to 2019. After a 3-month abstinence initiation and training period, participants (n=91) were randomly assigned to a usual care control group that received employment services or to an abstinence-contingent wage supplement group that received employment services plus abstinence-contingent wage supplements. All participants were invited to work with an employment specialist to seek employment in a community job for 12 months. Abstinence-contingent wage supplement participants could earn training stipends for working with the employment specialist and wage supplements for working in a community job, but had to provide opiate and cocaine-negative urine samples to maximise pay.

Results
Abstinence-contingent wage supplement participants provided significantly more opiate and cocaine-negative urine samples than usual care control participants (65% vs 45%; OR=2.29, 95% CI 1.22 to 4.30, p=0.01) during the 12-month intervention. Abstinence-contingent wage supplement participants were significantly more likely to have obtained employment (59% vs 28%; OR=3.88, 95% CI 1.60 to 9.41, p=0.004) and lived out of poverty (61% vs 30%; OR=3.77, 95% CI 1.57 to 9.04, p=0.004) by the end of the 12-month intervention than usual care control participants.

Conclusion
Abstinence-contingent wage supplements can promote drug abstinence and employment.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT02487745
.
Diagnostic exome sequencing in non-acquired focal epilepsies highlights a major role of GATOR1 complex genes
Authors: Krenn Martin , Wagner Matias , Hotzy Christoph , Graf Elisabeth , Weber Sandrina , Brunet Theresa , Lorenz-Depiereux Bettina , Kasprian Gregor , Aull-Watschinger Susanne , Pataraia Ekaterina , Stogmann Elisabeth , Zimprich Alexander , Strom Tim M , Meitinger Thomas , Zimprich Fritz 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundThe genetic architecture of non-acquired focal epilepsies (NAFEs) becomes increasingly unravelled using genome-wide sequencing datasets. However, it remains to be determined how this emerging knowledge can be translated into a diagnostic setting. To bridge this gap, we assessed the diagnostic outcomes of exome sequencing (ES) in NAFE.Methods112 deeply phenotyped patients with NAFE were included in the study. Diagnostic ES was performed, followed by a screen to detect variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) in 15 well-established focal epilepsy genes. Explorative gene prioritisation was used to identify possible novel candidate aetiologies with so far limited evidence for NAFE.ResultsES identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic (ie, diagnostic) variants in 13/112 patients (12%) in the genes DEPDC5, NPRL3, GABRG2, SCN1A, PCDH19 and STX1B. Two pathogenic variants were microdeletions involving NPRL3 and PCDH19. Nine of the 13 diagnostic variants (69%) were found in genes of the GATOR1 complex, a potentially druggable target involved in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway. In addition, 17 VUSs in focal epilepsy genes and 6 rare variants in candidate genes (MTOR, KCNA2, RBFOX1 and SCN3A) were detected. Five patients with reported variants had double hits in different genes, suggesting a possible (oligogenic) role of multiple rare variants.ConclusionThis study underscores the molecular heterogeneity of NAFE with GATOR1 complex genes representing the by far most relevant genetic aetiology known to date. Although the diagnostic yield is lower compared with severe early-onset epilepsies, the high rate of VUSs and candidate variants suggests a further increase in future years.
Design and Conduct of Early Clinical Studies of Immunotherapy: Recommendations from the Task Force on Methodology for the Development of Innovative Cancer Therapies 2019 (MDICT)
Authors: Smoragiewicz Martin , Adjei Alex A. , Calvo Emiliano , Tabernero Josep , Marabelle Aurélien , Massard Christophe , Tang Jun , de Vries Elisabeth G.E. , Douillard Jean-Yves , Seymour Lesley 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Purpose:
To review key aspects of the design and conduct of early clinical trials (ECT) of immunotherapy agents.

Experimental Design:
The Methodology for the Development of Innovative Cancer Therapies Task Force 2019 included experts from academia, nonprofit organizations, industry, and regulatory agencies. The review focus was on methodology for ECTs testing immune-oncology therapies (IO) used in combination with other IO or chemotherapy.

Results:
Although early successes have been seen, the landscape continues to be very dynamic, and there are ongoing concerns regarding the capacity to test all new drugs and combinations in clinical trials.

Conclusions:
Optimization of drug development methodology is required, taking into account early, late, and lower grade intolerable toxicities, novel response patterns, as well as pharmacodynamic data.
Heart Rate Recovery After Exercise Is Associated With Arrhythmic Events in Patients With Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: Lieve Krystien V.V. , Dusi Veronica , van der Werf Christian , Bos J. Martijn , Lane Conor M. , Stokke Mathis Korseberg , Roston Thomas M. , Djupsjöbacka Aurora , Wada Yuko , Denjoy Isabelle , Bundgaard Henning , Noguer Ferran Roses I. , Semsarian Christopher , Robyns Tomas , Hofman Nynke , Tanck Michael W. , van den Berg Maarten P. , Kammeraad Janneke A.E. , Krahn Andrew D. , Clur Sally-Ann B. , Sacher Frederic , Till Jan , Skinner Jonathan R. , Tfelt-Hansen Jacob , Probst Vincent , Leenhardt Antoine , Horie Minoru , Swan Heikki , Roberts Jason D. , Sanatani Shubhayan , Haugaa Kristina H. , Schwartz Peter J. , Ackerman Michael J. , Wilde Arthur A.M. 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Risk stratification in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia remains ill defined. Heart rate recovery (HRR) immediately after exercise is regulated by autonomic reflexes, particularly vagal tone, and may be associated with symptoms and ventricular arrhythmias in patients with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Our objective was to evaluate whether HRR after maximal exercise on the exercise stress test (EST) is associated with symptoms and ventricular arrhythmias.

Methods:
In this retrospective observational study, we included patients ≤65 years of age with an EST without antiarrhythmic drugs who attained at least 80% of their age- and sex-predicted maximal HR. HRR in the recovery phase was calculated as the difference in heart rate (HR) at maximal exercise and at 1 minute in the recovery phase (ΔHRR1′).

Results:

We included 187 patients (median age, 36 years; 68 [36%] symptomatic before diagnosis). Pre-EST HR and maximal HR were equal among symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Patients who were symptomatic before diagnosis had a greater ΔHRR1′ after maximal exercise (43 [interquartile range, 25–58] versus 25 [interquartile range, 19–34] beats/min;
P
<0.001). Corrected for age, sex, and relatedness, patients in the upper tertile for ΔHRR1′ had an odds ratio of 3.4 (95% CI, 1.6–7.4) of being symptomatic before diagnosis (
P
<0.001). In addition, ΔHRR1′ was higher in patients with complex ventricular arrhythmias at EST off antiarrhythmic drugs (33 [interquartile range, 22–48] versus 27 [interquartile range, 20–36] beats/min;
P
=0.01). After diagnosis, patients with a ΔHRR1′ in the upper tertile of its distribution had significantly more arrhythmic events as compared with patients in the other tertiles (
P
=0.045).

Conclusions:
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia patients with a larger HRR following exercise are more likely to be symptomatic and have complex ventricular arrhythmias during the first EST off antiarrhythmic drug.
Assessing and Mitigating Bias in Medical Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Noseworthy Peter A. , Attia Zachi I. , Brewer LaPrincess C. , Hayes Sharonne N. , Yao Xiaoxi , Kapa Suraj , Friedman Paul A. , Lopez-Jimenez Francisco 
Published: February 2020

Background:
Deep learning algorithms derived in homogeneous populations may be poorly generalizable and have the potential to reflect, perpetuate, and even exacerbate racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. In this study, we aimed to (1) assess whether the performance of a deep learning algorithm designed to detect low left ventricular ejection fraction using the 12-lead ECG varies by race/ethnicity and to (2) determine whether its performance is determined by the derivation population or by racial variation in the ECG.

Methods:
We performed a retrospective cohort analysis that included 97 829 patients with paired ECGs and echocardiograms. We tested the model performance by race/ethnicity for convolutional neural network designed to identify patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35% from the 12-lead ECG.

Results:
The convolutional neural network that was previously derived in a homogeneous population (derivation cohort, n=44 959; 96.2% non-Hispanic white) demonstrated consistent performance to detect low left ventricular ejection fraction across a range of racial/ethnic subgroups in a separate testing cohort (n=52 870): non-Hispanic white (n=44 524; area under the curve [AUC], 0.931), Asian (n=557; AUC, 0.961), black/African American (n=651; AUC, 0.937), Hispanic/Latino (n=331; AUC, 0.937), and American Indian/Native Alaskan (n=223; AUC, 0.938). In secondary analyses, a separate neural network was able to discern racial subgroup category (black/African American [AUC, 0.84], and white, non-Hispanic [AUC, 0.76] in a 5-class classifier), and a network trained only in non-Hispanic whites from the original derivation cohort performed similarly well across a range of racial/ethnic subgroups in the testing cohort with an AUC of at least 0.930 in all racial/ethnic subgroups.

Conclusions:
Our study demonstrates that while ECG characteristics vary by race, this did not impact the ability of a convolutional neural network to predict low left ventricular ejection fraction from the ECG. We recommend reporting of performance among diverse ethnic, racial, age, and sex groups for all new artificial intelligence tools to ensure responsible use of artificial intelligence in medicine.
Attribution of Adverse Events Following Coronary Stent Placement Identified Using Administrative Claims Data
Authors: Dhruva Sanket S. , Parzynski Craig S. , Gamble Ginger M. , Curtis Jeptha P. , Desai Nihar R. , Yeh Robert W. , Masoudi Frederick A. , Kuntz Richard , Shaw Richard E. , Marinac‐Dabic Danica , Sedrakyan Art , Normand Sharon‐Lise T. , Krumholz Harlan M. , Ross Joseph S. 
Published: February 2020

Background

More than 600 000 coronary stents are implanted during percutaneous coronary interventions (
PCI
s) annually in the United States. Because no real‐world surveillance system exists to monitor their long‐term safety, claims data are often used for this purpose. The extent to which adverse events identified with claims data can be reasonably attributed to a specific medical device is uncertain.

Methods and Results

We used deterministic matching to link the NCDR (National Cardiovascular Data Registry) Cath
PCI
Registry to Medicare fee‐for‐service claims for patients aged ≥65 years who underwent
PCI
with drug‐eluting stents (
DESs
) between July 1, 2009 and December 31, 2013. We identified subsequent
PCI
s within 1 year of the index procedure in Medicare claims as potential safety events. We linked these subsequent
PCI
s back to the
NCDR
Cath
PCI
Registry to ascertain how often the revascularization could be reasonably attributed to the same coronary artery as the index
PCI
(ie, target vessel revascularization). Of 415 306
DES
placements in 368 194 patients, 33 174 repeat
PCI
s were identified in Medicare claims within 1 year. Of these, 28 632 (86.3%) could be linked back to the
NCDR
Cath
PCI
Registry; 16 942 (51.1% of repeat
PCI
s) were target vessel revascularizations. Of these, 8544 (50.4%) were within a previously placed
DES
: 7652 for in‐stent restenosis and 1341 for stent thrombosis. Of 16 176 patients with a claim for acute myocardial infarction in the follow‐up period, 4446 (27.5%) were attributed to the same coronary artery in which the
DES
was implanted during the index
PCI
(ie, target vessel myocardial infarction). Of 24 288 patients whose death was identified in claims data, 278 (1.1%) were attributed to the same coronary artery in which the
DES
was implanted during the index
PCI
.

Conclusions

Most repeat
PCI
s following
DES
stent implantation identified in longitudinal claims data could be linked to real‐world registry data, but only half could be reasonably attributed to the same coronary artery as the index procedure. Attribution among those with acute myocardial infarction or who died was even less frequent. Safety signals identified using claims data alone will require more in‐depth examination to accurately assess stent safety.
Contemporary Use and Outcomes of Arterial Closure Devices After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From the Veterans Affairs Clinical Assessment, Reporting, and Tracking Program
Authors: Prouse Andrew , Gunzburger Elise , Yang Fan , Morrison Justin , Valle Javier A. , Armstrong Ehrin J. , Waldo Stephen W.  
Published: February 2020

Background
Arterial closure devices reduce the length of bedrest after invasive cardiac procedures via the femoral approach, but there are conflicting data on their association with major bleeding and vascular complications. We thus sought to evaluate the contemporary use of femoral arterial closure devices and their association with major bleeding among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

Methods and Results

We identified patients undergoing percutaneous intervention via the femoral approach within the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System from December 2004 through September 2018. The association between arterial closure device use and major bleeding was evaluated using both propensity matching and instrumental variable analyses, incorporating contrast‐induced nephropathy as a falsification end point. We identified 132 373 percutaneous coronary interventions performed by 681 operators, with closure device use increasing 1.2% each year (linear trend
P
<0.001). In a propensity‐matched cohort, closure devices were associated with a 1.1% reduction in periprocedural bleeding (95%
CI
, −1.5% to −0.6%). Closure devices were also associated with a numerical decrease in contrast‐inducted nephropathy that did not reach statistical significance (−0.6%; 95%
CI
, −1.3% to 0.1%). In an instrumental variable analysis of closure device use, there was no difference in the bleeding rate between those who received a closure device and those who did not (0.2%; 95%
CI
, −0.9% to 1.2%).

Conclusions
Arterial closure devices are associated with a reduction in major bleeding within a propensity‐matched cohort. This association dissipates in an instrumental variable analysis, highlighting some of the methodologic limitations of comparative effectiveness research in observational analyses.
‘Propaganda by the Deed’ in Theory and Practice
Authors: Chilton Phil 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Many analysts of the ‘terrorism’ phenomena locate the desire to cause terror as a key definitional concept: terrorists seek to cause terror. Such a conception risks obscuring the motivations for the act of terrorism, it is committed purely to terrorise. The idea that this type of political violence is an act of ‘propaganda by the deed’, however, is one commonly applied by the perpetrators themselves. The anarchist ‘terrorists’ of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and contemporary ‘jihadists’ both understood their acts, at least in part, as propaganda by the deed. Beyond just the creation of terror propaganda by the deed can be used as an alternative conceptual vantage point to examine and understand the motivations that lie behind acts of terrorism and the material conditions that give rise to these acts.
Terror Management Theory
Authors: Arrowood Robert B. , Cox Cathy R. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
From the perspective of terror management theory (TMT), the awareness of death is problematic as it has the potential to increase anxiety. It would be hard to function when faced with this fear; thus, people defend themselves from heightened mortality awareness by adhering to their cultural beliefs (e.g., religion, nationalism), having positive self-views (i.e., self-esteem), and/or turning toward their relationships with close others. The purpose of the current volume is to introduce readers to the field of experimental existential psychology (broadly) and TMT (specifically). To do this, Section 1 will provide an introduction to the field, along with discussing methodological considerations when conducting terror management research. Section 2 was written to discuss some of the applied implications of TMT as it is relates to close relationships, religion, politics and law, positivity, and existential growth. Much work from a terror management tradition has been interested in how death concerns affect physical and psychological health. Because of this, Section 3 will introduce two variations of TMT (i.e., Terror Management Health Model [TMHM] & Anxiety-buffer Disruption Theory [ABDT]), with implications for individuals’ well-being. Finally, Section 4 will discuss alternative perspectives and controversies within the field. Throughout this volume, we provide a discussion on potential avenues of future study.
<p class="HeadingRunIn"><strong>Citations for the published proceedings of our 14 International Symposia on Aquatic Oligochaetes (1979–2018)</strong></p>
Authors: WETZEL MARK J. 
Published: February 2020

These special publications, below, present overviews of and papers presented during our triennial international symposia on aquatic oligochaete biology. Three similar names for our symposia have been used since we began as a group in 1979: International Symposium on Aquatic Oligochaete Biology (ISAOB), International Symposium on Aquatic Oligochaetes (ISAO), and International Symposium on Aquatic Oligochaeta (ISAO).
<p class="HeadingRunIn"><strong>Composition and abundance of oligochaetes in Scandinavian lakes in the 1970s in full compatibility with the ”morpho-edaphic index”. Do these relationships still hold 40 years later? </strong></p>
Authors: MILBRINK GÖRAN 
Published: February 2020

In the 1960s it became fairly well-known that biological indices through their supposedly integrative power could be more robust measures of the water quality than separate chemical data. Oligochaetes and chironomid larvae in the bottom fauna hereby played an important role. Precision, however, increased dramatically if the relationship between oligochaetes and the so-called morpho-edaphic index, i.e. the average total phosphorus content in µg/l divided by the mean depth (in meters) of the lake (Ryder et al., 1974), was used in stead (Milbrink, 1978). The percentage composition and total abundance of oligochaetes in a number of lakes or selected basins of large lakes in southern Sweden and Norway were thus tested against this index in the 1970s. In logarithmic scales these relationships turned out to be more or less linear. The immediate conclusions were then that this method of classifying lakes could be of considerable scientific as well as practical value. Today we know a lot more about the ecological preferences of oligochaete species and characteristic species associations. The oligochaete fauna of the large lakes of southern Sweden, Mälaren, Vättern, Vänern and Hjälmaren, have been studied in detail over many years—over 100 years in the first three of these lakes and in the last lake for over 50-years. Effects of generally applied advanced sewage treatment in Sweden since the late 1960s are easily recognizable in the material. We have a situation of oligotrophication. With our new knowledge it comes natural today to study changes in species composition after trophic change and to investigate if the above close relationships in abundance are still largely linear.
Impact of Soil Moisture on Winter 2-m Temperature Forecasts in Northern China
Authors: Zhong Ji-Qin , Lu Bing , Wang Wei , Huang Cheng-Cheng , Yang Yang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this study, the causes of the underestimated diurnal 2-m temperature range and the overestimated 2-m specific humidity in the winter of northern China in the Rapid-Refresh Multiscale Analysis and Prediction System–Short Term (RMAPS-ST) are investigated. Three simulations based on RMAPS-ST are conducted from 1 November 2016 to 28 February 2017. Further analyses show that the partitioning of surface upward sensible heat fluxes and downward ground heat fluxes might be the main contributing factor to the 2-m temperature forecast bias. In this study, two simulations are conducted to examine the effect of soil moisture initialization and soil hydraulic property on the 2-m temperature and 2-m specific humidity forecasts. First, the High-Resolution Land Data Assimilation System (HRLDAS) is used to provide an alternative soil moisture initialization. The results show that the drier soil moisture could lead to noticeable change in energy partitioning at the land surface, which in turn results in improved prediction of the diurnal 2-m temperature range, although it also enlarges the 2-m specific humidity bias in some parts of the domain. Second, a soil texture dataset developed by Beijing Normal University and the revised hydraulic parameters are applied to provide a more detailed description of soil properties, which could further improve the 2-m specific humidity bias. In summary, the combination of using optimized soil moisture initialization, an updated soil map, and revised soil hydraulic parameters can help improve the 2-m temperature and 2-m specific humidity prediction in RMAPS-ST.
Mobile Radar Observations of the Evolving Debris Field Compared with a Damage Survey of the Shawnee, Oklahoma, Tornado of 19 May 2013
Authors: Wakimoto Roger M. , Wienhoff Zachary , Bluestein Howard B. , Bodine David J. , Kurdzo James M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA detailed damage survey is combined with high-resolution mobile, rapid-scanning X-band polarimetric radar data collected on the Shawnee, Oklahoma, tornado of 19 May 2013. The focus of this study is the radar data collected during a period when the tornado was producing damage rated EF3. Vertical profiles of mobile radar data, centered on the tornado, revealed that the radar reflectivity was approximately uniform with height and increased in magnitude as more debris was lofted. There was a large decrease in both the cross-correlation coefficient (ρhv) and differential radar reflectivity (ZDR) immediately after the tornado exited the damaged area rated EF3. Low ρhv and ZDR occurred near the surface where debris loading was the greatest. The 10th percentile of ρhv decreased markedly after large amounts of debris were lofted after the tornado leveled a number of structures. Subsequently, ρhv quickly recovered to higher values. This recovery suggests that the largest debris had been centrifuged or fallen out whereas light debris remained or continued to be lofted. Range–height profiles of the dual-Doppler analyses that were azimuthally averaged around the tornado revealed a zone of maximum radial convergence at a smaller radius relative to the leading edge of lofted debris. Low-level inflow into the tornado encountering a positive bias in the tornado-relative radial velocities could explain the existence of the zone. The vertical structure of the convergence zone was shown for the first time.