bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children, poverty and mental health in rural and urban England (1850–1907)
Authors: Taylor Steven J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOver the course of the nineteenth century children increasingly became social, economic and scientific concerns. Their physical and mental well-being was deemed intrinsic to the future development of Britain and its Empire, and thus maintaining healthy youngsters was, by the turn of the twentieth century, considered a national priority. This article explores the interconnectivity between poverty and the child residents of pauper lunatic asylums in England. It draws on a corpus of extant patient case files from four pauper lunatic asylums between 1851 and 1907 and engages with detailed information about the children and their mental conditions. Additionally, there will be a focus on understanding family backgrounds, parental occupations, the correlation between diagnoses and class, and methods of ‘treatment’ designed to equip children for independent working lifestyles. The overarching objective is to consider the socio-economic ramifications of child mental illness for parents and families and better understand how Victorian institutions accommodated this specific class of patient.
‘There wasn’t all that much to do … at least not here’: memories of
growing up in rural south-west England in the early twentieth
century
Authors: Harrison Laura 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Stan was born in 1911 in a small village near the north Somerset coast.
When recalling his life in the countryside, he felt that ‘there wasn’t much
to do in the evenings … at least not here’. Drawing upon evidence from
personal accounts of growing up in the south-west of England in the early
twentieth century, this article examines memories of youth in the
countryside, with a particular focus on the leisure lives of young people
and their experiences of rural space and place. In addition to adding to our
knowledge on the lives of rural youth, this study also provides new insights
into the complex relationship between people and their environment, and has
implications for our understandings of the early formation of a distinct
youthful identity in England. The countryside was not simply a backdrop in
these recollections; rather, it was formative in how those that grew up in
rural communities understood their experience of being young.
Parasomnias in patients with addictions—a systematic review
Authors: Jiménez-Correa Ulises , Santana-Miranda Rafael , Barrera-Medina Andrés , Martínez-Núñez Juan M. , Marín-Agudelo Hernán A. , Poblano Adrián , Schenck Carlos H. , Hernández-Berber Irma 
Published: October 2020

AbstractParasomnias are involuntary behaviors or subjective experiences during sleep. Our objective was to review existing information on the presence of parasomnias in patients with addictions or during treatment for addictions. Information about parasomnias related to rapid-eye-movement (REM) and non-REM sleep in patients with addictions, while using substances or in abstinence, was reviewed. A systematic search of published articles reporting parasomnias as a consequence of drug use or abuse was conducted in the PubMed and SciELO databases. The search for the studies was performed in three phases: (1) by title, (2) by abstract, and (3) by complete text. The search was performed independently by two researchers, who then compared their results from each screening phase. Seventeen articles were found. The consumption of alcohol was reported in association with arousal disorders, such as sexsomnia and sleep-related eating disorder; and REM sleep behavior disorder was reported during alcohol withdrawal. Cocaine abuse was associated with REM sleep behavior disorder with drug consumption dream content. Overall, we found that several types of parasomnias were very frequent in patients with addictions. To avoid accidents in bedroom, legal problems, and improve evolution and prognosis; must be mandatory to include security measures related to sleep period; avoid pharmacological therapy described as potential trigger factor; improve sleep hygiene; and give pharmacological and behavioral treatments for patients with these comorbid sleep disorders.
Parental food choices for children when eating out: attitudes and impact of healthy choice menu labelling based on a hypothetical scenario
Authors: Brindal Emily , James-Martin Genevieve , Bowen Jane 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:To understand how healthy menu labelling information is used by parents/caregivers and where it fits within predictors of healthy meal choices when eating out.Design:Parents were recruited to complete a 15-min observational, online survey regarding their experiences and hypothetical choices when eating out with their child/ren.Setting:Australia.Participants:Eligible participants had one or more child/ren aged between 2 and 12 years and attended cafes, restaurants, hotels and clubs (CRHC) for lunch or dinner at least four times a year. Of initial respondents (n 1802), 92·5 % provided complete and valid data. Participants were 84·7 % female, ranging from 18 to 68 years old.Results:98·3 % believed that healthier alternatives should be available for children in CRHC. For general food choices, health was a strong motivator (45·7 %); however, parents reported eating at CRHC mainly for pleasure or a treat (61·2 %) and being driven by children’s taste preferences (85·9 %) when selecting menu items. 59·0 % of orders included a combination of healthy and traditional items. 42·0 % of the sample were influenced by the healthy choice (HC) labelling. Multiple regression revealed that, in addition to some demographic variables, the percent of HC ordered was positively associated with self-reported parent vegetable consumption, making food choices for the children for health reasons, familiarity with HC items and making order choices due to dietary needs and good nutrition.Conclusions:Despite a preference for availability of healthier children’s menu choices in CRHC, menu labelling highlighting healthy options may have limited impact relative to child preferences.
Emerging adults’ intersecting experiences of food insecurity, unsafe neighbourhoods and discrimination during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak
Authors: Larson Nicole , Slaughter-Acey Jaime , Alexander Tricia , Berge Jerica , Harnack Lisa , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne 
Published: October 2020

AbstractObjective:To examine how food insecurity is related to emerging adults’ food behaviours and experiences of neighbourhood safety and discrimination and to identify resources needed to support their health during the COVID-19 outbreak.Design:Rapid response online survey. Participants completed the six-item US Household Food Security Survey Module, a brief measure of food insufficiency, and measures of food behaviours, neighbourhood safety and discrimination. Open-ended questions were used to assess changes in eating behaviours during COVID-19 and needed resources.Setting:C-EAT (COVID-19 Eating and Activity over Time) study invitations were sent by email and text message to a longitudinal cohort.Participants:A total of 218 emerging adults (mean age = 24·6 (sd 2·0) years, 70·2 % female) completed a survey in April–May 2020 during a stay-at-home order in Minnesota.Results:The past year prevalence of food insecurity was 28·4 %. Among food-insecure respondents, 41·0 % reported both eating less and experiencing hunger due to lack of money in the past month. Food-insecure respondents were less likely than those who were food secure to have fruits/vegetables at home and more likely to have frequent fast-food restaurant meals, feel unsafe in their neighbourhood and experience discrimination during the stay-at-home order. Food-insecure adults reported changes including eating more food prepared at home, eating more take-out restaurant meals and purchasing more energy-dense snacks as a result of events related to COVID-19. Resources most needed to support their health included eligibility for more food assistance and relief funds.Conclusions:Food-insecure emerging adults experience many barriers to maintaining healthful eating patterns during COVID-19.
Exploiting a perchlorate-tolerant desert cyanobacterium to support bacterial growth for in situ resource utilization on Mars
Authors: Billi Daniela , Gallego Fernandez Beatriz , Fagliarone Claudia , Chiavarini Salvatore , Rothschild Lynn Justine 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe presence of perchlorate in the Martian soil may limit in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) technologies to support human outposts. In order to exploit the desiccation, radiation-tolerant cyanobacterium Chroococcidopsis in Biological Life Support Systems based on ISRU, we investigated the perchlorate tolerance of Chroococcidopsis sp. CCMEE 029 and its derivative CCMEE 029 P-MRS. This strain was obtained from dried cells mixed with Martian regolith simulant and exposed to Mars-like conditions during the BIOMEX space experiment. After a 55-day exposure of up to 200 mM perchlorate ions, a tolerance threshold value of 100 mM perchlorate ions was identified for both Chroococcidopsis strains. After 40-day incubation, a Mars-relevant perchlorate concentration of 2.4 mM perchlorate ions, provided as a 60 and 40% mixture of Mg- and Ca-perchlorate, had no negative effect on the growth rate of the two strains. A proof-of-concept experiment was conducted using Chroococcidopsis lysate in ISRU technologies to feed a heterotrophic bacterium, i.e. an Escherichia coli strain capable of metabolizing sucrose. The sucrose content was fivefold increased in Chroococcidopsis cells through air-drying and the yielded lysate successfully supported the bacterial growth. This suggested that Chroococcidopsis is a suitable candidate for ISRU technologies to support heterotrophic BLSS components in a Mars-relevant perchlorate environment that would prove challenging to many other cyanobacteria, allowing a ‘live off the land’ approach on Mars.
Study of plant height as a dynamic trait by multistage phenotyping in chickpea under heat stress identifies common as well as stage specific marker–trait associations
Authors: Bohare Tinkeshwari V. , Kulwal Pawan L. , Mhase Laxman B. , Jadhav Ashok S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPlant height in chickpea is a multivariate, dynamic trait, and shows differences in growth rate at different stages of plant development in different genotypes. In the majority of plant-breeding experiments, the phenotypic data on a quantitative trait measured at a fixed time point (generally at maturity) are used for quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. However, this method can result in missing important/major QTLs which are expressed at different time points and are not expressed at maturity. In the current study, using a set of 49 desi chickpea genotypes sown at three different durations for two successive years, we observed that heritability for plant height was highest at the 2 month stage in the normal sown trial, and at the 1 month stage in late-sown trials. However, heritability drastically declines at maturity, particularly due to heat stress with an increase in temperatures during the growing period. In the association analysis, it was also observed that almost all the marker–trait associations (MTAs) identified using endpoint phenotypes were identified using data obtained at different intervals. In addition, some novel and stage-specific MTAs were identified using phenotypic data recorded at monthly intervals. The results highlight the importance of multistage phenotyping for dynamic traits like plant height in germplasm characterization programmes.
An inquiry into the blurring boundaries between professionals and paraprofessionals in Dutch courts and the public prosecution service
Authors: Holvast N.L. , Lindeman J.M.W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe autonomous position of legal professionals is no longer self-evident. Professionals are under increased pressure to reform. This phenomenon is not only true for legal professionals. A broader trend – which is recognised for the medical profession, academic profession and alike – is that paraprofessionals are gaining a more prominent position. In this paper, we focus on the developments in the Dutch public justice system. We conduct a case-study on the role of paraprofessionals in courts and in the public prosecution service – two understudied legal institutions in this regard. By drawing on empirical data unfolding the working routine of the judiciary and the prosecution service, we find two paradigms that define the thinking about professionalism: a traditional ‘pure professional’ paradigm and a new, more hybrid paradigm that includes (policy-based) managerial thinking. The latter appears to be enhanced by a New Public Management (NPM) approach within these institutions. Although we observe resistance among (para)professionals towards professional changes and ambiguity in the relationships between professionals and paraprofessionals, we also observe that managerialism has changed the work processes and the division of labour between professionals and paraprofessionals.
Fine‐Scale Structure of Earth's Deep Mantle Resolved Through Statistical Analysis of Hawaiian Basalt Geochemistry
Authors: Weis Dominique , Harrison Lauren N. , McMillan Rhy , Williamson Nicole M. B. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHawaiian volcanoes belong to two geographically and geochemically distinct trends, the Loa and Kea trends. The cause of this dichotomy is still strongly debated. One of the prevailing hypotheses is that the two trends originate in the deep mantle where the Hawaiian mantle plume straddles two geophysically and geochemically distinct domains at the core‐mantle boundary (CMB). New high‐precision multi‐isotopic (Pb, Hf, Nd, and Sr) compositions of lavas from three key volcanoes, Lō‘ihi, Kohala, and Haleakalā, show transitional signatures between Loa and Kea compositions that call into question the degree of physical independence between the two trends. Statistical analysis of multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer or triple‐spike Pb (n > 800) and Sr, Nd, and Hf data (n > 400) for shield tholeiites from the entire Hawaiian Islands (<5.5 Ma) identifies six unique geochemical groups, and for the first time, documents large‐scale heterogeneities in the Kea trend. The spatial orientation of the six geochemical groups shows that the bilateral zonation of the plume source at the CMB is gradational, and that the Hawaiian mantle plume periodically entrains large‐scale ephemeral geochemical heterogeneities on million‐year, regional timescales. These geochemical heterogeneities are stretched vertically during transit of the plume to the surface and are observed in the lavas from the Hawaiian Islands. These results provide evidence that the large low shear velocity province in the deep Pacific is thermochemical and highly heterogeneous.
Hysteresis of Natural Magnetite Ensembles: Micromagnetics of Silicate‐Hosted Magnetite Inclusions Based on Focused‐Ion‐Beam Nanotomography
Authors: Nikolaisen Even S. , Harrison Richard J. , Fabian Karl , McEnroe Suzanne A. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThree‐dimensional geometries of silicate‐hosted magnetic inclusions from the Harcus intrusion, South Australia have been determined using focused‐ion‐beam nanotomography (FIB‐nt). By developing an effective workflow, the geometries were reconstructed for magnetic particles in a plagioclase (162) and a pyroxene (282), respectively. For each inclusion, micromagnetic modeling using Micromagnetic Earth Related Rapid Interpreted Language Laboratory provided averaged hysteresis loops and backfield remanence curves of 20 equidistributed field directions together with average Ms, Mrs, Hc, and Hcr. The micromagnetic structures within each silicate are single‐domain (SD), single‐vortex (SV), multivortex (MV) and multidomain states. They have been analyzed using domain‐state diagnostic plots, such as the Day plot and the Néel plot. SD particles can be subdivided into groups with dominant uniaxial anisotropy (Mrs/Ms ∼0.5 and 10 < Hc < 100 mT) and mixed uniaxial/multiaxial anisotropy (Mrs/Ms ∼0.7 and 10 < Hc < 30 mT). Most SV particles lie on a trend with 0 < Mrs/Ms < 0.1 and 0 < Hc < 10 mT, while others display a broad range of intermediate Mrs/Ms and Hc values. SV and MV states do not plot on systematic grain‐size trends. Instead, the multicomponent mixture of domain states within each silicate spans the entire range of natural variability seen in bulk samples. This questions the interpretation of bulk average hysteresis parameters in terms of grain size alone. FIB‐nt combined with large‐scale micromagnetic simulations provides a more complete characterization of silicate‐hosted carriers of stable magnetic remanence. This approach will improve the understanding of single‐crystal paleomagnetism and enable primary paleomagnetic data to be extracted from ancient rocks.
Spatial Fingerprint of Younger Dryas Cooling and Warming in Eastern North America
Authors: Fastovich David , Russell James M. , Jackson Stephen T. , Krause Teresa R. , Marcott Shaun A. , Williams John W. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Younger Dryas (YD, 12.9–11.7 ka) is the most recent, near‐global interval of abrupt climate change with rates similar to modern global warming. Understanding the causes and biodiversity effects of YD climate changes requires determining the spatial fingerprints of past temperature changes. Here we build pollen‐based and branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether‐based temperature reconstructions in eastern North America (ENA) to better understand deglacial temperature evolution. YD cooling was pronounced in the northeastern United States and muted in the north central United States. Florida sites warmed during the YD, while other southeastern sites maintained a relatively stable climate. This fingerprint is consistent with an intensified subtropical high during the YD and demonstrates that interhemispheric responses were more complex spatially in ENA than predicted by the bipolar seesaw model. Reduced‐amplitude or antiphased millennial‐scale temperature variability in the southeastern United States may support regional hotspots of biodiversity and endemism.
Empirical Distribution of Conditional Errors in Radar Rainfall Products
Authors: Ciach Grzegorz J. , Gebremichael Mekonnen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractEfficient quantification of conditional errors in radar rainfall (RR) products requires a realistic model of random error distribution. Nonparametric estimate of the probability density function (pdf) of standardized RR errors is obtained using a large data sample. The standardization is based on a second‐order separation of systematic and random effects. The estimated empirical distribution is skewed and has exponential shapes of its tails with two different scales. It cannot be modeled with the Gaussian law that was used in several previous studies. A good representation of the tails of the empirical distribution of RR errors is obtained with a three‐parameter modified Laplace model with a shift and unequal slopes of its two sides.
Resource partitioning of phytoplankton metabolites that support bacterial heterotrophy
Authors: Ferrer-González Frank Xavier , Widner Brittany , Holderman Nicole R , Glushka John , Edison Arthur S , Kujawinski Elizabeth B , Moran Mary Ann 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The communities of bacteria that assemble around marine microphytoplankton are predictably dominated by Rhodobacterales, Flavobacteriales, and families within the Gammaproteobacteria. Yet whether this consistent ecological pattern reflects the result of resource-based niche partitioning or resource competition requires better knowledge of the metabolites linking microbial autotrophs and heterotrophs in the surface ocean. We characterized molecules targeted for uptake by three heterotrophic bacteria individually co-cultured with a marine diatom using two strategies that vetted the exometabolite pool for biological relevance by means of bacterial activity assays: expression of diagnostic genes and net drawdown of exometabolites, the latter detected with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance using novel sample preparation approaches. Of the more than 36 organic molecules with evidence of bacterial uptake, 53% contained nitrogen (including nucleosides and amino acids), 11% were organic sulfur compounds (including dihydroxypropanesulfonate and dimethysulfoniopropionate), and 28% were components of polysaccharides (including chrysolaminarin, chitin, and alginate). Overlap in phytoplankton-derived metabolite use by bacteria in the absence of competition was low, and only guanosine, proline, and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine were predicted to be used by all three. Exometabolite uptake pattern points to a key role for ecological resource partitioning in the assembly marine bacterial communities transforming recent photosynthate.
Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase 2 regulates ferroptotic cell death in cancer cells
Authors: Wang Kang , Zhang Zhengyang , Tsai Hsiang-i , Liu Yanfang , Gao Jie , Wang Ming , Song Lian , Cao Xiongfeng , Xu Zhanxue , Chen Hongbo , Gong Aihua , Wang Dongqing , Cheng Fang , Zhu Haitao 
Published: October 2020

AbstractFerroptosis, a form of iron-dependent cell death driven by cellular metabolism and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has been implicated as a tumor-suppressor function for cancer therapy. Recent advance revealed that the sensitivity to ferroptosis is tightly linked to numerous biological processes, including metabolism of amino acid and the biosynthesis of glutathione. Here, by using a high-throughput CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic screen in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells to search for metabolic proteins inhibiting ferroptosis, we identified a branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase 2 (BCAT2) as a novel suppressor of ferroptosis. Mechanistically, ferroptosis inducers (erastin, sorafenib, and sulfasalazine) activated AMPK/SREBP1 signaling pathway through iron-dependent ferritinophagy, which in turn inhibited BCAT2 transcription. We further confirmed that BCAT2 as the key enzyme mediating the metabolism of sulfur amino acid, regulated intracellular glutamate level, whose activation by ectopic expression specifically antagonize system Xc– inhibition and protected liver and pancreatic cancer cells from ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo. On the contrary, direct inhibition of BCAT2 by RNA interference, or indirect inhibition by blocking system Xc– activity, triggers ferroptosis. Finally, our results demonstrate the synergistic effect of sorafenib and sulfasalazine in downregulating BCAT2 expression and dictating ferroptotic death, where BCAT2 can also be used to predict the responsiveness of cancer cells to ferroptosis-inducing therapies. Collectively, these findings identify a novel role of BCAT2 in ferroptosis, suggesting a potential therapeutic strategy for overcoming sorafenib resistance.