bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in Neonatal Infections
Authors: Fanaroff Avroy A. , Fanaroff Jonathan M. 
Published: September 2020

Despite continued advances and developments in neonatal medicine, neonatal sepsis is the third leading cause of neonatal mortality and a major public health problem, especially in developing countries. Sepsis accounts for mortality for almost 50% of global children under 5 years of age.Over the past 50 years, there have been many advances in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of neonatal infections. The diagnostic advances include better culture techniques that permit more rapid confirmation of the diagnosis, advent of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to rapidly diagnose viral infections, use of biologic markers indicating evidence of infection, and a better understanding of immunoglobulin markers of infection. From a therapeutic stand point, there have been a variety of antibiotics, antifungals, and antiviral agents, better approaches to prevent sepsis, specific immunotherapy, for example, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV); bundled approach to prevention of deep-line infection and better antibiotic stewardship, leading to earlier discontinuation of antibiotic therapy.Hand hygiene remains the benchmark and gold standard for late-onset sepsis prevention. The challenge has been that each decade, newer resistant bacteria dominate as the cause of sepsis and newer viruses emerge, for example, human immunodeficiency virus, zika virus, and novel coronavirus disease 2019.Future treatment options might include stem cell therapy, other antimicrobial protein and peptides, and targeting of pattern recognition receptors in an effort to prevent and/or treat sepsis in this vulnerable population. Also, the microbiome of premature infants has a smaller proportion of beneficial bacteria and higher numbers of pathogenic bacteria compared with term infants, likely owing to higher frequencies of cesarean sections, antibiotic use, exposure to the hospital environment, and feeding nonhuman milk products. Modifying the microbiome with more mother's milk and shorter duration of antibiotics in noninfected babies should be a goal.
Key Points
Genetic Polymorphisms of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes Involved in 6-Mercaptopurine-Induced Myelosuppression in Thai Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients
Authors: Khaeso Kanyarat , Nakkam Nontaya , Komwilaisak Patcharee , Wongmast Piyathida , Chainansamit Su-on , Dornsena Areerat , Kanjanawart Sirimas , Vannaprasaht Suda , Tassaneeyakul Wichittra 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGenetic polymorphisms of thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) and nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X-type motif 15 (NUDT15) genes have been proposed as key determinants of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP)-induced myelosuppression in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In the present study, genotypes of TPMT and NUDT15 were investigated in 178 Thai pediatric patients with ALL by the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay and DNA sequencing. The frequency of TPMT*3C was 0.034. Among NUDT15 variants, NUDT15*3 is the most common variant with the allele frequency of 0.073, whereas those of NUDT15*2, NUDT15*5, and NUDT15*6 variants were 0.022, 0.011, and 0.039. These data suggest that a high proportion of Thai pediatric ALL patients may be at risk of thiopurine-induced myelosuppression.
The Benefits of Expert Instruction in Microsurgery Courses
Authors: Paladino Joseph R. , Gasteratos Konstantinos , Akelina Yelena , Marshall Brittany , Papazoglou Lysimachos G. , Strauch Robert J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background Microsurgery requires repeated practice and training to achieve proficiency, and there are a variety of curriculums available. This study aims to determine the importance of an expert instructor to guide students through procedures. We compared student proficiency across two microsurgery courses: one with (Columbia University, United States [CU] cohort) and one without a dedicated microsurgery instructor (University of Thessaloniki, Greece [UT] cohort).
Methods Students were divided into two cohorts of 22 students (UT cohort) and 25 students (CU cohort). Student progress was evaluated by examining patency (lift-up and milking tests), anastomotic timing, and quality (Anastomosis Lapse Index [ALI]) of end-to-end arterial and venous anastomoses on day 1 and again on day 5. Chi-squared tests evaluated patency immediately and 30 minutes postoperation. t-Tests evaluated anastomotic timing and ALI scores. p-Values < 0.05 were considered significant.
Results We evaluated progress within and between each cohort. Within the CU cohort, the quality of the arterial and venous anastomosis improved, respectively (by 54%, p = 0.0059 and by 43%, p = 0.0027), the patency of both the arterial and venous anastomosis improved, respectively (by 44%, p = 0.0002 and by 40%, p = 0.0019), and timing of arterial and venous anastomosis reduced respectively (by 36%, p = 0.0002 and by 33%, p = 0.0010). The UT cohort improved the quality of their arterial anastomoses (by 29%, p = 0.0312). The UT cohort did not demonstrate significant improvement in the other above-mentioned parameters. The CU cohort improved materially over the UT cohort across categories of quality, patency, and timing.
Conclusion There are clear benefits of an expert instructor when examining the rate of progress and proficiency level attained at the conclusion of the course. We suggest students who are seeking to maximize proficiency in microsurgical procedures enroll in courses with an expert instructor.
Effect of Tricalcium Silicate on Direct Pulp Capping: Experimental Study in Rats
Authors: Chicarelli Lúcio P.G. , Webber Mariana B.F. , Amorim João P.A. , Rangel Ana L.C.A. , Camilotti Veridiana , Sinhoreti Mario A.C. , Mendonça Marcio J. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Objectives Conduct a histological comparison of the pulp response to different materials, with a focus on the continuity and morphology of the mineralized barrier after direct pulp capping.
Materials and Methods One hundred and eight maxillary first molars of 54 Wistar rats were subject to direct pulp capping and divided into three groups according to the materials used: calcium hydroxide (CH), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and Biodentine. All cavities were sealed, and the animals were euthanized at 7, 14, and 21 days. Descriptive histological evaluation of the inflammation and formation of the mineralized barrier was performed.
Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, which was complemented by the Dunn test; differences with p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results The results showed that MTA and Biodentine elicited less intense inflammatory reactions than CH. With respect to the formation and quality of the dentin barrier formed, differences were observed at 21 days between the analyzed groups; the best results being obtained following treatment with MTA and Biodentine.
Conclusion MTA and Biodentine induced formation of a more continuous and uniform mineralized barrier with less intense pulp response than CH.
The New Ophthalmology Internship: A Trainee Curricular Survey
Authors: Nanda Tavish , Gong Dan , Chen Royce W. S. , Cioffi George A. , De Moraes Gustavo , Glass Lora R. Dagi 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Background The American Academy of Ophthalmology, in conjunction with the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), has mandated the creation of a linked ophthalmology internship year for all programs by 2021. This mandate provides a unique opportunity to tailor a curriculum specific to the ophthalmology trainee. This study reports the results of a national survey of ophthalmology residents and fellows regarding the relevance and applicability of extramural content to their ophthalmology training.
Methods Using the online portal SurveyMonkey, an anonymous survey was sent to 119 ACGME-accredited ophthalmology residencies. It consisted of nine questions formulated to measure the perceived applicability and relevance of other specialties to ophthalmology training. Responses were summarized with descriptive statistics. Outcomes were compared by one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc analysis for between group differences and Benjamini–Hochberg for multiple comparisons.
Results Ninety-four respondents (residents and fellows) completed the survey (January–February 2020); 52.1% completed an internal medicine internship, 42.6% transitional, and 5.3% general surgery. Overall, prior internship experience was rated favorably. Otolaryngology and radiology were deemed the most relevant to ophthalmology training. Intensive care unit (ICU) was considered the least beneficial, followed by general surgery, primary care, and pediatrics. Neuroradiology was overwhelmingly preferred over general radiology. The majority of respondents reported minimal exposure to oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) in medical school/internship. When choosing a reason for inclusion in the new curriculum, respondents reported a high level of surgical overlap with otolaryngology, OMFS, and plastic surgery; clinical overlap with neurology; and ophthalmic consultation with emergency medicine.
Conclusion Several specialties—notably otolaryngology, radiology, and neurology—were considered highly relevant but lacking in preresidency exposure. The preference for neuroradiology was almost unanimous. In contrast, general surgery and ICU were found to be minimally relevant. Overall, ophthalmology residents reported a high level of satisfaction with their internship experience, an important consideration when building a curriculum that will appeal to potential applicants. The findings of this survey provide a framework to build a curricular plan based on current resident and fellow experience.
Hidden dynamic signatures drive substrate selectivity in the disordered phosphoproteome
Authors: Cho Min-Hyung , Wrabl James O. , Taylor James , Hilser Vincent J. 
Published: September 2020

Significance
The discovery that more than 40% of the eukaryotic proteome is intrinsically disordered, and that these disordered segments are enriched in phosphorylation sites, suggests that conformational heterogeneity may be important to kinase selectivity. Indeed, phosphorylation prediction programs reliant on classic notions of conserved sequence information (i.e., “vertical information”) are only partially effective. We find that the conformational equilibrium of the phosphorylatable site, whose information is embedded in sequence-averaged energetic and structural properties of the protein (i.e., “horizontal information”), plays a major role in distinguishing phosphorylatable versus nonphosphorylatable sites. In fact, employing both horizontal and vertical information produces a state-of-the-art phosphorylation predictor, wherein the conformational equilibrium of the disordered chain is the dominant contributor.
Ultra-sharp pinnacles sculpted by natural convective dissolution
Authors: Huang Jinzi Mac , Tong Joshua , Shelley Michael , Ristroph Leif 
Published: September 2020

Significance
This work reveals a mechanism that may contribute to the formation of sharply pointed rock spires in karst or dissolved landforms such as stone forests. We show that solids dissolving into liquids in the presence of gravity naturally produce flows that carve ultra-sharp spikes. Better understanding the origin of these delicate structures may aid in natural conservation efforts. Our experimental and theoretical techniques may also be applied to other problems in geomorphology and phase-change processes such as ice melting. The mechanism could be used to manufacture fine-scale structures, and our theory provides the relevant control parameters.
TRIM28 functions as the SUMO E3 ligase for PCNA in prevention of transcription induced DNA breaks
Authors: Li Min , Xu Xiaohua , Chang Chou-Wei , Liu Yilun 
Published: September 2020

Significance
PCNA is an essential protein in DNA replication and repair, and these functions rely on multiple posttranslational modifications, including small ubiquitin-like modifiers SUMO1 and SUMO2. SUMO2-conjugated PCNA has a distinct function in maintaining genomic stability from SUMO1-conjugated PCNA. Therefore, different SUMO E3 ligases are needed to provide the specificity to covalently attach either SUMO1 or SUMO2 to PCNA in response to different replication stress. However, even though SUMO-conjugated PCNA molecules have been observed in human cells since 2012, to date, the SUMO E3 ligases for PCNA have yet to be identified. This paper reports a SUMO E3 ligase that directly conjugates SUMO2 to PCNA with high specificity to prevent transcription induced DNA breaks in human cells.
p53 drives a transcriptional program that elicits a non-cell-autonomous response and alters cell state in vivo
Authors: Moyer Sydney M. , Wasylishen Amanda R. , Qi Yuan , Fowlkes Natalie , Su Xiaoping , Lozano Guillermina 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Although p53 is highly studied, the molecular and physiological consequences of the p53 transcriptional response are poorly understood. Through RNA sequencing of multiple mouse tissues upon genetic activation of p53, we identified hundreds of tissue-specific p53 target genes and a set of genes that is commonly expressed and can serve as a signature for p53 pathway activation. In the pancreas, we observed a non-cell-autonomous response while the small intestine displayed altered transcriptional cell states. Our study begins to uncover the commonalities and differences engrained in the tissue-specific and cell-specific p53 transcriptomes. Gaining a better understanding of the wild-type p53 transcriptome will subsequently lead to determining the elusive combination of genes responsible for the tumor-suppressive function of p53.
Ultranarrow plasmon resonances from annealed nanoparticle lattices
Authors: Deng Shikai , Li Ran , Park Jeong-Eun , Guan Jun , Choo Priscilla , Hu Jingtian , Smeets Paul J. M. , Odom Teri W. 
Published: September 2020

Significance
The ability to control light has driven advances from optical microscopy to fast communication. Metal nanoparticles can trap light at the nanoscale in the form of surface plasmons; these localized excitations are important in sensing and designing miniaturized photonic devices. Although very narrow plasmon linewidths are desirable, they tend to be broad because of limitations in fabrication methods. Here, we describe how to achieve ultranarrow plasmon resonances with linewidths that approach the calculated limit by thermally annealing 2D lattices of metal nanoparticles. Our results indicate that exquisite control over structural features of nanoparticles can dramatically improve their plasmonic response and open promising strategies for manipulating light–matter interactions at the nanoscale.
Medin aggregation causes cerebrovascular dysfunction in aging wild-type mice
Authors: Degenhardt Karoline , Wagner Jessica , Skodras Angelos , Candlish Michael , Koppelmann Anna Julia , Wild Katleen , Maxwell Rusheka , Rotermund Carola , von Zweydorf Felix , Gloeckner Christian Johannes , Davies Hannah A. , Madine Jillian , Del Turco Domenico , Feederle Regina , Lashley Tammaryn , Deller Thomas , Kahle Philipp , Hefendehl Jasmin K. , Jucker Mathias , Neher Jonas J. 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Vascular dysfunction, as it develops either during normal aging or vascular disease, remains a major medical problem. The amyloid Medin, which is derived from its precursor protein MFG-E8 (through unknown mechanisms), forms insoluble aggregates in the vasculature of virtually anybody over 50 years of age, and it has been hypothesized that Medin aggregation could contribute to age-associated vascular decline; however, mechanistic analyses have so far been lacking. Our data now demonstrate that reminiscent of humans, mice also develop Medin deposits in an age-dependent manner. Importantly, mice that genetically lack Medin show reduced vascular dysfunction in the aged brain. Therefore, the prevention of Medin accumulation should be investigated as a novel therapeutic approach to preserve vascular health in the aging population.
Direct characterization of solute transport in unsaturated porous media using fast X-ray synchrotron microtomography
Authors: Hasan Sharul , Niasar Vahid , Karadimitriou Nikolaos K. , Godinho Jose R. A. , Vo Nghia T. , An Senyou , Rabbani Arash , Steeb Holger 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Solute transport in porous materials is pertinent to many engineering and industrial applications. This research provides direct characterization of spatiotemporal behavior of solute transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media using high-resolution four-dimensional synchrotron X-ray imaging. This research has two key impacts: 1) we demonstrate a workflow for direct characterization of solute transport in any porous material, which allows better design of fabricated porous materials and detailed characterization of natural porous materials, and 2) we evaluate the underlying assumptions used in the existing theories and identify the major gaps in theories that need to be addressed for better predictive modeling.
Liquid harvesting and transport on multiscaled curvatures
Authors: Li Chuxin , Yu Cunlong , Zhou Shan , Dong Zhichao , Jiang Lei 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Although various creatures possess different structural gradients to gather water from fog, such as spider silk and cactus cluster, their gradient surfaces can only drive the motion of harvested water droplets over only a limited drop-sized distance and afford a slow speed, limiting the practical usage. The peristome of the pitcher plant presented here is a superior fog harvestor that capitalizes on the combined effects of ratchet, concavity, and arch structures to collect water from humid air and transport condensate water directionally along the curved peristome at a recording speed. Biomimetic approaches apply this multiscaled curvatures design to the construction of water fog and organic vapor harvestor, making it a versatile solution for a broad range of applications.
HDAC3 deacetylates the DNA mismatch repair factor MutSβ to stimulate triplet repeat expansions
Authors: Williams Gregory M. , Paschalis Vasileios , Ortega Janice , Muskett Frederick W. , Hodgkinson James T. , Li Guo-Min , Schwabe John W. R. , Lahue Robert S. 
Published: September 2020

Significance
Triplet repeat expansions cause nearly 20 inherited neurological diseases. The molecular mechanism of expansions is of interest at two levels. First is the basic science of how triplet repeats expand, and the second is the therapeutic opportunity to treat expansion diseases. This study presents evidence that addresses both areas of interest. We show that the histone deacetylase HDAC3 acts directly on the DNA mismatch repair protein MutSβ to stimulate CAG•CTG repeat expansions. This basic science insight into the mechanism also provides an explanation for how HDAC3 inhibition in Huntington’s disease mice leads to suppression of triplet repeat expansions and could therefore be considered as a therapy for Huntington’s disease and potentially other CAG•CTG repeat expansion diseases.
Effects of water level alteration on carbon cycling in peatlands
Authors: Zhong Yehui , Jiang Ming , Middleton Beth A. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT

Globally, peatlands play an important role in the carbon (C) cycle. High water level is a key factor in maintaining C storage in peatlands, but water levels are vulnerable to climate change and anthropogenic disturbance. This review examines literature related to the effects of water level alteration on C cycling in peatlands to summarize new ideas and uncertainties emerging in this field. Peatland ecosystems maintain their function by altering plant community structure to adapt to changing water levels. Regarding primary production, woody plants are more productive in unflooded, well-aerated conditions, while
Sphagnum
mosses are more productive in wetter conditions. The responses of sedges to water level alteration are species-specific. While peat decomposition is faster in unflooded, well aerated conditions, increased plant production may counteract the C loss induced by increased ecosystem respiration (ER) for a period of time. In contrast, rising water table maintains anaerobic conditions and enhances the role of the peatland as a C sink. Nevertheless, changes in DOC flux during water level fluctuation is complicated and depends on the interactions of flooding with environment. Notably, vegetation also plays a role in C flux but particular species vary in their ability to sequester and transport C. Bog ecosystems have a greater resilience to water level alteration than fens, due to differences in biogeochemical responses to hydrology. The full understanding of the role of peatlands in global C cycling deserves much more study due to uncertainties of vegetation feedbacks, peat–water interactions, microbial mediation of vegetation, wildfire, and functional responses after hydrologic restoration.
Mapping the asymptotic inspiral of precessing binary black holes to their merger remnants
Authors: Reali Luca , Mould Matthew , Gerosa Davide , Varma Vijay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Multiple approaches are required to study the evolution of black-hole binaries. While the post-Newtonian (PN) approximation is sufficient to describe the early inspiral (even from infinitely large orbital separation), only numerical relativity can capture the full complexity of the dynamics near merger. We combine multi-timescale PN integrations with numerical-relativity surrogate models, thus mapping the entire history of the binary from its asymptotic configuration at past-time infinity to the post-merger remnant. This approach naturally allows us to assess the impact of the precessional and orbital phase on the properties—mass, spin, and kick—of the merger remnant. These phases introduce a fundamental uncertainty when connecting the two extrema of the binary evolution.
Size-dependent magnetic hardening in CoFe2O4 nanoparticles: effects of surface spin canting
Authors: Mohapatra Jeotikanta , Xing Meiying , Elkins Jacob , Beatty Julian , Liu J Ping 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Magnetic cobalt ferrite CoFe2O4 is rich with physical phenomena, owing to its crystalline and magnetic structures. When such a ferrite is produced in a modulated nanoscale size, the increased specific surface area gives rise to even more complex behavior in its magnetism, particularly in relation to magnetic hardening. By correlating nanoparticle size (from 3.5 nm to 80 nm) with crystallite size and magnetic properties, we can observe interesting relations between particle size and magnetic coercivity. On exceeding the superparamagnetic limit of about 10 nm, room-temperature coercivity and remanence values are found to increase with increasing nanoparticle size, up to a maximum value of 4.1 kOe and 52 emu g−1, respectively, at a size of approximately 45 nm. Above this critical size, the nanoparticles are comprised of multiple crystallites, and demonstrate the existence of a cooperative phenomenon, the so-called interaction domains, which leads to a decrease in coercivity and remanence values. More interestingly, the ultrasmall-sized CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (3.5–16 nm) show an anomalous coercivity enhancement and irreversible behavior at low temperatures, as compared to the large-sized nanoparticles, which may be ascribed to enhanced effective magnetic anisotropy due to the surface spin-canting effect. Furthermore, training behavior in the exchange bias field, together with field-dependent blocking behavior, indicate that ultrasmall CoFe2O4 nanoparticles possess highly frustrated surface spins, which rearrange much more slowly than their interior spins, resulting in magnetic hardening at low temperatures.