bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Idea Formulation for Spoken Language Production: The Interface of Cognition and Language
Authors: Barker Megan S. , Nelson Nicole L. , Robinson Gail A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackground:Language and communication are fundamental to the human experience, and, traditionally, spoken language is studied as an isolated skill. However, beforepropositional language(i.e., spontaneous, voluntary, novel speech) can be produced, propositional content or ‘ideas’ must be formulated.Objective:This review highlights the role of broader cognitive processes, particularly ‘executive attention’, in the formulation of propositional content (i.e., ‘ideas’) for propositional language production.Conclusions:Several key lines of evidence converge to suggest that the formulation of ideas for propositional language production draws on executive attentional processes. Larger-scale clinical research has demonstrated a link between attentional processes and language, while detailed case studies of neurological patients have elucidated specific idea formulation mechanisms relating to the generation, selection and sequencing of ideas for expression. Furthermore, executive attentional processes have been implicated in the generation of ideas for propositional language production. Finally, neuroimaging studies suggest that a widely distributed network of brain regions, including parts of the prefrontal and parietal cortices, supports propositional language production.Implications:Theoretically driven experimental research studies investigating mechanisms involved in the formulation of ideas are lacking. We suggest that novel experimental approaches are needed to define the contribution of executive attentional processes to idea formulation, from which comprehensive models of spoken language production can be developed. Clinically, propositional language impairments should be considered in the context of broader executive attentional deficits.
The Other Side of the Bell Curve: Multivariate Base Rates of High Scores on the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System
Authors: Karr Justin E. , Garcia-Barrera Mauricio A. , Holdnack James A. , Iverson Grant L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjective:Previous researchers have examined the frequency at which healthy participants obtain one or more low scores on neuropsychological test batteries, proposing five psychometric principles of multivariate base rates: (a) low scores are common, with their frequency contingent on (b) the low score cutoff used, (c) the number of tests administered/interpreted, and (d) the demographic characteristics and (e) intelligence of participants. The current study explored whether these principles applied to high scores as well, using the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS).Method:Multivariate base rates of high scores (≥75th, ≥84th, ≥91st, ≥95th, and ≥98th percentiles) were derived for a three-test, four-test, and full D-KEFS battery, using the adult portion of the normative sample (aged 16–89 years; N = 1050) stratified by education and intelligence. The full D-KEFS battery provides 16 total achievement scores (primary indicators of executive function).Results:High scores occurred commonly for all batteries. For the three-test battery, 24.1% and 12.4% had 1 or more scores ≥95th percentile and ≥98th percentile, respectively. High scores occurred more often for longer batteries: 61.6%, 72.9%, and 87.8% obtained 1 or more scores ≥84th percentile for the three-test, four-test, and full batteries, respectively. The frequency of high scores increased with more education and higher intelligence.Conclusions:The principles of multivariate base rates also applied to high D-KEFS scores: high scores were common and contingent on the cutoff used, number of tests administered/interpreted, and education/intelligence of examinees. Base rates of high scores may help clinicians identify true cognitive strengths and detect cognitive deficits in high functioning people.
Past Life Experiences and Neurological Recovery: The Role of Cognitive Reserve in the Rehabilitation of Severe Post-Anoxic Encephalopathy and Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Menardi Arianna , Bertagnoni Giannettore , Sartori Giuseppe , Pastore Massimiliano , Mondini Sara 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjective:Patients with an equivalent clinical background may show unexpected interindividual differences in their outcome. The cognitive reserve (CR) model has been proposed to account for such discrepancies, but its role after acquired severe injuries is still being debated. We hypothesize that inappropriate investigative methods might have been used when dealing with severe patients, which have very likely reduced the possibility of observing meaningful influences in recovery from severe traumas.Methods:To overcome this issue, the potential neuroprotective role of CR was investigated, considering a wider spectrum of clinical symptoms ranging from low-level brain stem functions necessary for life to more complex motor and cognitive skills. In the present study, data from 50 severe patients, 20 suffering from post-anoxic encephalopathy (PAE) and 30 with traumatic brain injury (TBI), were collected and retrospectively analyzed.Results:We found that CR, diagnosis, time of hospitalization, and their interaction had an effect on the clinical indexes. When the predictive power of CR was investigated by means of two machine learning classifier algorithms, CR, together with age, emerged as the strongest factor in discriminating between patients who reached or did not reach successful recovery.Conclusions:Overall, the present study highlights a possible role of CR in shaping the recovery of severe patients suffering from either PAE or TBI. The practical implications underlying the need to routinely considered CR in the clinical practice are discussed.
Investigations of the sensitivity of ornamental, fruit, and nut plant species to driftable rates of 2,4-D and dicamba
Authors: Dintelmann Brian R. , Warmund Michele R. , Bish Mandy D. , Bradley Kevin W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAn experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 to determine the sensitivity of driftable rates of 2,4-D and dicamba with or without glyphosate on common ornamental, fruit, and nut species. Three driftable rates corresponding to ½, 1/20th, and 1/200th of the manufacturer’s labeled rate (1 × rate) of 2,4-D (1.09 kg ae ha−1), 2,4-D plus glyphosate (1.09 kg ae ha−1 plus 1.10 kg ae ha−1), dicamba (0.56 kg ae ha−1), and dicamba plus glyphosate (0.56 kg ae ha−1 plus 1.10 kg ae ha−1) were applied to apple, crabapple, dogwood, American elderberry, American elm, grapevine, hydrangea, red maple, pin oak, peach, pecan, eastern redbud, rose, red raspberry, strawberry, sweetgum, nannyberry viburnum, and black walnut plants. Visible estimates of injury were recorded 28 and 56 days after treatment (DAT). Plant measurements included leaf malformation, tree trunk growth, and shoot length. Across all species, the ½ × rate of 2,4-D plus glyphosate resulted in 61% injury 28 DAT, whereas the ½ × rate of dicamba plus glyphosate resulted in 51% injury. Across plant species and herbicides, ½ ×, 1/20 ×, and 1/200 × rates caused injury ranging from 3% to 100%, 0% to 66%, and 0% to 19%, respectively. Hydrangea was the least sensitive species; grapevine was most sensitive. Changes in plant measurements were dependent on the species and herbicide applied. Treatments at the ½ × or 1/20 × rate resulted in shoot length, leaf malformation, and trunk tree diameter differences for 11, 10, and 7 species, respectively, compared with nontreated plants. Collectively, the measurements and visual injury assessments indicated apple, red maple, peach, and pin oak were more sensitive to treatments containing dicamba, whereas black walnut, grapevine, and American elm were more sensitive to 2,4-D. Although the 1/200 × rates of 2,4-D and dicamba did not result in changes to plant measurements, obvious injury symptoms were observed, which could render these plants unsalable.
The Contribution of Surface and Submesoscale Processes to Turbulence in the Open Ocean Surface Boundary Layer
Authors: Buckingham Christian E. , Lucas Natasha S. , Belcher Stephen E. , Rippeth Tom P. , Grant Alan L. M. , Le Sommer Julien , Ajayi Adekunle Opeoluwa , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe ocean surface boundary layer is a critical interface across which momentum, heat, and trace gases are exchanged between the oceans and atmosphere. Surface processes (winds, waves, and buoyancy forcing) are known to contribute significantly to fluxes within this layer. Recently, studies have suggested that submesoscale processes, which occur at small scales (0.1–10 km, hours to days) and therefore are not yet represented in most ocean models, may play critical roles in these turbulent exchanges. While observational support for such phenomena has been demonstrated in the vicinity of strong current systems and littoral regions, relatively few observations exist in the open‐ocean environment to warrant representation in Earth system models. We use novel observations and simulations to quantify the contributions of surface and submesoscale processes to turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) dissipation in the open‐ocean surface boundary layer. Our observations are derived from moorings in the North Atlantic, December 2012 to April 2013, and are complemented by atmospheric reanalysis. We develop a conceptual framework for dissipation rates due to surface and submesoscale processes. Using this framework and comparing with observed dissipation rates, we find that surface processes dominate TKE dissipation. A parameterization for symmetric instability is consistent with this result. We next employ simulations from an ocean front‐resolving model to reestablish that dissipation due to surface processes exceeds that of submesoscale processes by 1–2 orders of magnitude. Together, these results suggest submesoscale processes do not dramatically modify vertical TKE budgets, though such dynamics may be climatically important owing to their ability to remove energy from the ocean.
Selection footprints reflect genomic changes associated with breeding efforts in 56 cucumber inbred lines
Authors: Liu Bin , Guan Dailu , Zhai Xuling , Yang Sen , Xue Shudan , Chen Shuying , Huang Jing , Ren Huazhong , Liu Xingwang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCucumber selective breeding over recent decades has dramatically increased productivity and quality, but the genomic characterizations and changes associated with this breeding history remain unclear. Here, we analyzed the genome resequencing data of 56 artificially selected cucumber inbred lines that exhibit various phenotypes to detect trait-associated sequence variations that reflect breeding improvement. We found that the 56 cucumber lines could be assigned to group 1 and group 2, and the two groups formed a distinctive genetic structure due to the breeding history involving hybridization and selection. Differentially selected regions were identified between group 1 and group 2, with implications for genomic-selection breeding signatures. These regions included known quantitative trait loci or genes that were reported to be associated with agronomic traits. Our results advance knowledge of cucumber genomics, and the 56 selected inbred lines could be good germplasm resources for breeding.
General technoeconomic analysis for electrochemical coproduction coupling carbon dioxide reduction with organic oxidation
Authors: Na Jonggeol , Seo Bora , Kim Jeongnam , Lee Chan Woo , Lee Hyunjoo , Hwang Yun Jeong , Min Byoung Koun , Lee Dong Ki , Oh Hyung-Suk , Lee Ung 
Published: November 2019

AbstractElectrochemical processes coupling carbon dioxide reduction reactions with organic oxidation reactions are promising techniques for producing clean chemicals and utilizing renewable energy. However, assessments of the economics of the coupling technology remain questionable due to diverse product combinations and significant process design variability. Here, we report a technoeconomic analysis of electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction–organic oxidation reaction coproduction via conceptual process design and thereby propose potential economic combinations. We first develop a fully automated process synthesis framework to guide process simulations, which are then employed to predict the levelized costs of chemicals. We then identify the global sensitivity of current density, Faraday efficiency, and overpotential across 295 electrochemical coproduction processes to both understand and predict the levelized costs of chemicals at various technology levels. The analysis highlights the promise that coupling the carbon dioxide reduction reaction with the value-added organic oxidation reaction can secure significant economic feasibility.
Atomically dispersed nickel as coke-resistant active sites for methane dry reforming
Authors: Akri Mohcin , Zhao Shu , Li Xiaoyu , Zang Ketao , Lee Adam F. , Isaacs Mark A. , Xi Wei , Gangarajula Yuvaraj , Luo Jun , Ren Yujing , Cui Yi-Tao , Li Lei , Su Yang , Pan Xiaoli , Wen Wu , Pan Yang , Wilson Karen , Li Lin , Qiao Botao , Ishii Hirofumi , Liao Yen-Fa , Wang Aiqin , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Tao 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDry reforming of methane (DRM) is an attractive route to utilize CO2 as a chemical feedstock with which to convert CH4 into valuable syngas and simultaneously mitigate both greenhouse gases. Ni-based DRM catalysts are promising due to their high activity and low cost, but suffer from poor stability due to coke formation which has hindered their commercialization. Herein, we report that atomically dispersed Ni single atoms, stabilized by interaction with Ce-doped hydroxyapatite, are highly active and coke-resistant catalytic sites for DRM. Experimental and computational studies reveal that isolated Ni atoms are intrinsically coke-resistant due to their unique ability to only activate the first C-H bond in CH4, thus avoiding methane deep decomposition into carbon. This discovery offers new opportunities to develop large-scale DRM processes using earth abundant catalysts.
Climate shapes mammal community trophic structures and humans simplify them
Authors: Mendoza Manuel , Araújo Miguel B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNature’s complexity is intriguing, but the circumstances determining whether or how order emerges from such complexity remains a matter of extensive research. Using the geographical distributions and food preferences of all terrestrial mammal species with masses >3 kg, we show that large mammals group into feeding guilds (species exploiting similar resources) and that these guilds form trophic structures that vary across biomes globally. We identify five trophic structures closely matching climate variability and named them boreal, temperate, semiarid, seasonal tropical and humid tropical owing to their relative overlap with the distribution of biomes. We also find that human activities simplify trophic structures, generally transitioning them to species-poorer states. Detected transitions include boreal and temperate structures becoming depauperate or seasonal- and humid-tropical becoming semiarid. Whether the observed generalities among trophic structures of large mammals are indicative of patterns across whole food webs is matter for further investigation. The results help refine projections of the effects of environmental change on the trophic structure of large mammals.
The dicarbon bonding puzzle viewed with photoelectron imaging
Authors: Laws B. A. , Gibson S. T. , Lewis B. R. , Field R. W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBonding in the ground state of C$${}_{2}$$

2

is still a matter of controversy, as reasonable arguments may be made for a dicarbon bond order of $$2$$
2
, $$3$$
3
, or $$4$$
4
. Here we report on photoelectron spectra of the C$${}_{2}^{-}$$

2

−

anion, measured at a range of wavelengths using a high-resolution photoelectron imaging spectrometer, which reveal both the ground $${X}^{1}{\Sigma}_{\mathrm{g}}^{+}$$

X

1

Σ

g

+

and first-excited $${a}^{3}{\Pi}_{{\mathrm{u}}}$$

a

3

Π

u

electronic states. These measurements yield electron angular anisotropies that identify the character of two orbitals: the diffuse detachment orbital of the anion and the highest occupied molecular orbital of the neutral. This work indicates that electron detachment occurs from predominantly $$s$$
s
-like ($$3{\sigma}_{\mathrm{g}}$$
3

σ

g

) and $$p$$
p
-like ($$1{\pi }_{{\mathrm{u}}}$$
1

π

u

) orbitals, respectively, which is inconsistent with the predictions required for the high bond-order models of strongly $$sp$$
s
p
-mixed orbitals. This result suggests that the dominant contribution to the dicarbon bonding involves a double-bonded configuration, with 2$$\pi$$
π
bonds and no accompanying $$\sigma$$
σ
bond.
Superb water splitting activity of the electrocatalyst Fe3Co(PO4)4 designed with computation aid
Authors: Sultan Siraj , Ha Miran , Kim Dong Yeon , Tiwari Jitendra N. , Myung Chang Woo , Meena Abhishek , Shin Tae Joo , Chae Keun Hwa , Kim Kwang S. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractFor efficient water splitting, it is essential to develop inexpensive and super-efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, we report a phosphate-based electrocatalyst [Fe3Co(PO4)4@reduced-graphene-oxide(rGO)] showing outstanding OER performance (much higher than state-of-the-art Ir/C catalysts), the design of which was aided by first-principles calculations. This electrocatalyst displays low overpotential (237 mV at high current density 100 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH), high turnover frequency (TOF: 0.54 s−1), high Faradaic efficiency (98%), and long-term durability. Its remarkable performance is ascribed to the optimal free energy for OER at Fe sites and efficient mass/charge transfer. When a Fe3Co(PO4)4@rGO anodic electrode is integrated with a Pt/C cathodic electrode, the electrolyzer requires only 1.45 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2 for whole water splitting in 1 M KOH (1.39 V in 6 M KOH), which is much smaller than commercial Ir-C//Pt-C electrocatalysts. This cost-effective powerful oxygen production material with carbon-supporting substrates offers great promise for water splitting.
Spectroelectrochemical study of water oxidation on nickel and iron oxyhydroxide electrocatalysts
Authors: Francàs Laia , Corby Sacha , Selim Shababa , Lee Dongho , Mesa Camilo A. , Godin Robert , Pastor Ernest , Stephens Ifan E. L. , Choi Kyoung-Shin , Durrant James R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNi/Fe oxyhydroxides are the best performing Earth-abundant electrocatalysts for water oxidation. However, the origin of their remarkable performance is not well understood. Herein, we employ spectroelectrochemical techniques to analyse the kinetics of water oxidation on a series of Ni/Fe oxyhydroxide films: FeOOH, FeOOHNiOOH, and Ni(Fe)OOH (5% Fe). The concentrations and reaction rates of the oxidised states accumulated during catalysis are determined. Ni(Fe)OOH is found to exhibit the fastest reaction kinetics but accumulates fewer states, resulting in a similar performance to FeOOHNiOOH. The later catalytic onset in FeOOH is attributed to an anodic shift in the accumulation of oxidised states. Rate law analyses reveal that the rate limiting step for each catalyst involves the accumulation of four oxidised states, Ni-centred for Ni(Fe)OOH but Fe-centred for FeOOH and FeOOHNiOOH. We conclude by highlighting the importance of equilibria between these accumulated species and reactive intermediates in determining the activity of these materials.
A Bayesian mixture model for the analysis of allelic expression in single cells
Authors: Choi Kwangbom , Raghupathy Narayanan , Churchill Gary A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAllele-specific expression (ASE) at single-cell resolution is a critical tool for understanding the stochastic and dynamic features of gene expression. However, low read coverage and high biological variability present challenges for analyzing ASE. We demonstrate that discarding multi-mapping reads leads to higher variability in estimates of allelic proportions, an increased frequency of sampling zeros, and can lead to spurious findings of dynamic and monoallelic gene expression. Here, we report a method for ASE analysis from single-cell RNA-Seq data that accurately classifies allelic expression states and improves estimation of allelic proportions by pooling information across cells. We further demonstrate that combining information across cells using a hierarchical mixture model reduces sampling variability without sacrificing cell-to-cell heterogeneity. We applied our approach to re-evaluate the statistical independence of allelic bursting and track changes in the allele-specific expression patterns of cells sampled over a developmental time course.
Stroke among cancer patients
Authors: Zaorsky Nicholas G. , Zhang Ying , Tchelebi Leila T. , Mackley Heath B. , Chinchilli Vernon M. , Zacharia Brad E. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe identify cancer patients at highest risk of fatal stroke. This is a population-based study using nationally representative data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program, 1992-2015. Among 7,529,481 cancer patients, 80,513 died of fatal stroke (with 262,461 person-years at risk); the rate of fatal stroke was 21.64 per 100,000-person years, and the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of fatal stroke was 2.17 (95% CI, 2.15, 2.19). Patients with cancer of the prostate, breast, and colorectum contribute to the plurality of cancer patients dying of fatal stroke. Brain and gastrointestinal cancer patients had the highest SMRs (>2-5) through the follow up period. Among those diagnosed at <40 years of age, the plurality of strokes occurs in patients treated for brain tumors and lymphomas; if >40, from cancers of the prostate, breast, and colorectum. For almost all cancers survivors, the risk of stroke increases with time.
Modular actin nano-architecture enables podosome protrusion and mechanosensing
Authors: van den Dries Koen , Nahidiazar Leila , Slotman Johan A. , Meddens Marjolein B. M. , Pandzic Elvis , Joosten Ben , Ansems Marleen , Schouwstra Joost , Meijer Anke , Steen Raymond , Wijers Mietske , Fransen Jack , Houtsmuller Adriaan B. , Wiseman Paul W. , Jalink Kees , Cambi Alessandra 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBasement membrane transmigration during embryonal development, tissue homeostasis and tumor invasion relies on invadosomes, a collective term for invadopodia and podosomes. An adequate structural framework for this process is still missing. Here, we reveal the modular actin nano-architecture that enables podosome protrusion and mechanosensing. The podosome protrusive core contains a central branched actin module encased by a linear actin module, each harboring specific actin interactors and actin isoforms. From the core, two actin modules radiate: ventral filaments bound by vinculin and connected to the plasma membrane and dorsal interpodosomal filaments crosslinked by myosin IIA. On stiff substrates, the actin modules mediate long-range substrate exploration, associated with degradative behavior. On compliant substrates, the vinculin-bound ventral actin filaments shorten, resulting in short-range connectivity and a focally protrusive, non-degradative state. Our findings redefine podosome nanoscale architecture and reveal a paradigm for how actin modularity drives invadosome mechanosensing in cells that breach tissue boundaries.