bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EEG phase synchronization during semantic unification relates to individual differences in children’s vocabulary skill
Authors: Panda Erin J. , Emami Zahra , Valiante Taufik A. , Pang Elizabeth W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAs we listen to speech, our ability to understand what was said requires us to retrieve and bind together individual word meanings into a coherent discourse representation. This so‐called semantic unification is a fundamental cognitive skill, and its development relies on the integration of neural activity throughout widely distributed functional brain networks. In this proof‐of‐concept study, we examine, for the first time, how these functional brain networks develop in children. Twenty‐six children (ages 4–17) listened to well‐formed sentences and sentences containing a semantic violation, while EEG was recorded. Children with stronger vocabulary showed N400 effects that were more concentrated to centroparietal electrodes and greater EEG phase synchrony (phase lag index; PLI) between right centroparietal and bilateral frontocentral electrodes in the delta frequency band (1–3 Hz) 1.27–1.53 s after listening to well‐formed sentences compared to sentences containing a semantic violation. These effects related specifically to individual differences in receptive vocabulary, perhaps pointing to greater recruitment of functional brain networks important for top‐down semantic unification with development. Less skilled children showed greater delta phase synchrony for violation sentences 3.41–3.64 s after critical word onset. This later effect was partly driven by individual differences in nonverbal reasoning, perhaps pointing to non‐verbal compensatory processing to extract meaning from speech in children with less developed vocabulary. We suggest that functional brain network communication, as measured by momentary changes in the phase synchrony of EEG oscillations, develops throughout the school years to support language comprehension in different ways depending on children's verbal and nonverbal skill levels.
Diabetes or endocrinopathy admitted in the COVID‐19 ward
Authors: Clotman Katrien , Twickler Marcel B. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe Covid‐19 pandemic confronted us with unknown clinical pictures, also in diabetology and endocrinology. Sharing clinical experiences is therefore of enormous importance. Actually, information about the care given in the Covid‐19 ward (in contrast to that provided in the Emergency Room/ICU) is still sparse. The last weeks we built experience and gathered knowledge while giving hospital care to patients who had a pre‐existent endocrine disease (and diabetes; most patients suffered from a type two diabetes). In our contribution we presented our insights obtained from this intensive period obtained in the Covid‐19 ward.
Roscovitine differentially facilitates cerebellar glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission by enhancing Cav2.1 channel‐mediated multivesicular release
Authors: Satake Shin’Ichiro , Konishi Shiro 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSynaptic vesicle exocytosis is triggered by Ca2+ influx through several subtypes of voltage‐gated calcium channels in the presynaptic terminal. We previously reported that paired‐pulse stimulation at brief intervals increases Cav2.1 (P/Q‐type) channel‐mediated multivesicular release (MVR) at glutamatergic synapses between granule cells (GCs) and molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) in rat cerebellar slices. However, it has yet to be determined how Cav2 channel subtypes take part in MVR in single axon terminal. This study therefore aimed at examining the effects of roscovitine on different types of cerebellar synapses that make contacts with Purkinje cells (PCs), because this compound has been shown to enhance Cav2.1 channel‐mediated MVR at GC‐MLI synapses. Bath application of roscovitine profoundly increased the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) at GC‐PC synapses by a presynaptic mechanism as previously observed at GC‐MLI synapses, whereas it caused a marginal effect on climbing fiber‐mediated EPSCs in PCs. At MLI‐PC synapses, roscovitine increased both the amplitude and decay time of inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) by enhancing multivesicular GABA release. When extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]e) decreased, roscovitine became less effective in increasing GC‐PC EPSCs. By contrast, roscovitine was able to augment MLI‐PC IPSCs in the low [Ca2+]e. The Cav2.1 channel blocker ω‐agatoxin IVA suppressed the roscovitine‐induced facilitatory actions on both GC‐PC EPSCs and MLI‐PC IPSCs. These results demonstrate that roscovitine enhances MVR at the GC‐PC excitatory synapses in a manner dependent on the driving force of Cav2.1 channel‐mediated Ca2+ influx into the nerve terminal, while it also facilitates MLI‐PC inhibitory transmission via Ca2+‐insensitive mechanisms.
Dopamine regulation of contextual fear and associated neural circuit function
Authors: Stubbendorff Christine , Stevenson Carl W. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLearning to associate certain contexts with threat and adapting to changing environmental contingencies by learning that such contexts are no longer associated with threat are both crucial for survival. Research over the last few decades has made considerable progress in determining the brain areas involved in the encoding, retrieval and extinction of contextual fear. These studies have identified the hippocampus and amygdala, along with the prefrontal cortex and other inter‐connected brain areas, as key players in contextual fear processing. In contrast to the neural circuit basis of contextual fear, the neurochemical mechanisms involved in its regulation remain poorly understood. Dopamine is well known for its role in appetitive learning but this neurotransmitter is also important for other types of learning, including spatial and aversive memory processing. Dopamine is ideally positioned to regulate contextual fear given that the areas involved receive dopamine input and express dopamine receptors. Moreover, neuronal activity, functional connectivity and synaptic plasticity in this neural circuitry are modulated by dopamine receptor signalling. Here, we review the evidence indicating that dopamine regulates various contextual fear processes, along with the more recent studies that have begun to elucidate the brain areas and neurophysiological mechanisms involved. From a fundamental research perspective, understanding how dopamine regulates contextual fear will lead to novel insights on the neurochemical modulation of neural circuit function underlying memory processing. This research may also have translational relevance given that contextual fear conditioning and extinction also provide useful preclinical models of certain aspects of anxiety‐related disorders and their treatment.
On cost effectiveness analysis and fairness: Normalizing control of and resistance to NICE technology appraisals
Authors: Chang Li‐Cheng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study examines National Institute for Health and Care Excellence's (NICE) application of cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) for normalizing patients’ access to newly licensed health technologies. Drawing upon evidence from the appraisal of four drugs developed for a rare form of cancer, this study demonstrates that the discourse of CEA provided a medium whereby contradicting ideologies of fairness were contested and resistance was provoked. Far from being docile, the patients whom the NICE technology appraisal sought to administer were actively challenging the legitimacy of the calculation of CEA. The patients’ recalcitrance not only undermined the normalizing force but also compelled NICE to revise its application of CEA to suit their own interests. This study concludes that the discursive characteristic of calculating technologies not only constituted but was also constituted by conflicting interests and power struggles.
Targeting IL‐10, ZO‐1 gene expression and IL‐6/STAT‐3 trans‐signaling by a combination of atorvastatin and mesalazine to enhance anti‐inflammatory effects and attenuates progression of oxazolone‐induced colitis
Authors: El‐Mahdy Nageh Ahmed , El‐Sayad Magda El‐Sayed , El‐Kadem Aya Hassan , Abu‐Risha Sally El‐Sayed 
Published: May 2020

AbstractUlcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by diffused inflammation of the colon and rectum mucosa. The pathogenesis of UC is multifactorial, and the exact underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the effect of mesalazine and atorvastatin combination in enhancing anti‐inflammatory effects and attenuates progression of oxazolone colitis in rats. In the present study, male albino rats (N = 60) were divided into six groups (10 rats each), the first two groups served as normal control and a control saline group. Colitis was induced by intra‐rectal administration of oxazolone in the 5th and 7th days after pre‐sensitization. Then, rats were divided into untreated group, groups treated with mesalazine or atorvastatin or their combination. Colitis was assessed by colon length, body weight, and incidence of diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and histopathology of colon tissue. Colon tissues were used for measuring interleukin 6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α), IL‐13, signal transducer and activator of transcription‐3 (STAT‐3), myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), reduced glutathione(GSH), and tissue expression of IL‐10, tight junction protein zonula occludens (ZO‐1), and caspase‐3 genes. The combination therapy significantly attenuated progression of UC by decreasing incidence of diarrhea, rectal bleeding, weight loss, IL‐13, IL‐6, TNF‐α, STAT‐3, caspase‐3, and MPO activity and significantly increased IL‐10, ZO‐1, colon length, and GSH content, and these effects were more superior to single drugs. These findings showed that combination therapy was able to ameliorate progression of UC and enhance anti‐inflammatory effects possibly by restoring IL‐10 and ZO‐1 levels and limiting IL‐6/STAT‐3 trans‐signaling.
Genetic risk for Alzheimer disease in children: Evidence from early‐life IQ and brain white‐matter microstructure
Authors: Vinueza‐Veloz María Fernanda , Martín‐Román Carlos , Robalino‐Valdivieso María Paulina , White Tonya , Kushner Steven A. , De Zeeuw Chris I. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIt remains unclear whether the genetic risk for late‐onset Alzheimer disease (AD) is linked to premorbid individual differences in general cognitive ability and brain structure. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the genetic risk of late‐onset AD is related to premorbid individual differences in intelligence quotient (IQ) and characteristics of the cerebral white‐matter in children. The study sample included children of the Generation R Study from Rotterdam, The Netherlands. IQ was measured using a well‐validated Dutch nonverbal IQ test (n = 1908) at ages 5 to 9 years. White‐matter microstructure was assessed by measuring fractional anisotropy (FA) of white‐matter tracts using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) (n = 919) at ages 9 to 12 years. Genetic risk was quantified using three biologically defined genetic risk scores (GRSs) hypothesized to be related to the pathophysiology of late‐onset AD: immune response, cholesterol/lipid metabolism and endocytosis. Higher genetic risk for late‐onset AD that included genes associated with immune responsivity had a negative influence on cognition and cerebral white‐matter microstructure. For each unit increase in the immune response GRS, IQ decreased by 0.259 SD (95% CI [−0.500, −0.017]). For each unit increase in the immune response GRS, global FA decreased by 0.373 SD (95% CI [−0.721, −0.026]). Neither cholesterol/lipid metabolism nor endocytosis GRSs were associated with IQ or cerebral white‐matter microstructure. Our findings suggest that elevated genetic risk for late‐onset AD may in part be manifest during childhood neurodevelopment through alterations in immune responsivity.
Understanding evolving public motivational practices: An institutional analysis
Authors: Boruvka Elise , Perry James L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNew public management (NPM) has been the focus of research and reform practices in countries globally since the late 1970s. This article looks at NPM in historical perspective with particular attention to understanding the evolution of public motivational practices. Three different eras and motivational models common in OECD countries are discussed—the bureaucratic model, the NPM model, and the new public service model. This long‐linked historical perspective highlights the interplay between administrative theory and realpolitik. It is possible to see how certain priorities have been a result of or led to the preservation, the adaptation, or the discontinuation of practices in alignment with the values and behaviors of the successive reform eras. Additional research into the dynamics of change in the public sector is suggested.
Reducing the risk of intradialytic hypotension by altering the composition of the dialysate
Authors: Vareesangthip Kornchanok , Davenport Andrew 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHypotension is the most common complication of outpatient hemodialysis sessions, with a reported prevalence of 4% to 31%, depending on which definition has been used and whether patients are symptomatic and nursing interventions were required. Dialysis centers which mix the dialysate in the dialysis machine have the opportunity to individualize the composition of the dialysate for patients. This permits a choice of dialysate sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, acetate, and citrate concentrations and temperature. Studies have reported a higher intradialytic systolic blood pressure and fewer episodes of intradialytic hypotension when using a higher dialysate sodium, calcium, magnesium concentrations and lower temperature, but no clinical advantage for changing the potassium, bicarbonate, or citrate for acetate concentrations. The introduction of newer technology allowing real time measurements of plasma electrolyte concentrations will potentially allow changing the dialysate composition to reduce the risk of intradialytic hypotension without increasing the risk of positive electrolyte balances.
A prospective study on the effect of coronal tooth structure loss on the 4‐year clinical survival of root canal retreated teeth and retrospective validation of the Dental Practicality Index
Authors: Al‐Nuaimi N. , Ciapryna S. , Chia M. , Patel S. , Mannocci F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimFirst, to examine the impact of the residual volume of coronal tooth structure in posterior teeth measured with an intra‐oral scanner on the 4‐year clinical survival of root canal retreated teeth. Secondly, to assess retrospectively the effectiveness of the Dental Practicality Index (DPI) in predicting the survival of root canal retreated teeth.MethodologyA total of 156 posterior root canal treated teeth (140 patients) had baseline periapical radiographs (PA) and cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans taken prior to root canal retreatment. These teeth were followed up with a clinical examination at 1, 2, 3 and 4 years (T12, T24, T36 and T48) with periapical radiographs and CBCT images taken at T12, and PA taken at T24, T36 and T48 where appropriate. Root canal retreated teeth were dichotomized into ‘survived’ versus ‘extracted’. Fisher’s exact test was used to determine the association between the volume of remaining coronal tooth structure and the 4‐year tooth survival. The Dental Practicality Index for each tooth was established using the preoperative clinical and radiographical data. Fisher’s exact test was used to establish a relationship between categorical variables, the total score of DPI vs tooth outcome.ResultsThe percentage of extractions associated with teeth with <29.5% remaining coronal tooth structure was 3 times higher (12.5%) compared to that of teeth with a residual tooth structure > 29.5% (3.5%), but with no significant difference (P = 0.073). There was a significant correlation between the outcome of root canal retreatments at 1 year, assessed by both PA and CBCT, and the 4‐year survival (Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.007 and P = 0.001, respectively). Teeth with DPI scores ≥ 6 were more likely to be extracted than teeth with DPI score < 6 (18.8% vs. 3.9%) (Fisher’s exact test, P = 0.045).ConclusionTeeth with <30% of remaining tooth structure were associated with a survival rate above 80% and teeth with more than 30% of residual tooth structure survived in more than 94% of the cases. The radiographic outcome of root canal treatment can also help to predict tooth survival with teeth having an unfavourable outcome at 1 year more likely to be extracted within 4 years of completion of treatment. The DPI score can potentially be used to identify teeth with failed root canal treatment, which are likely to be extracted following retreatment and cuspal coverage.
Tasks, occupations and wages in OECD countries
Authors: AGASISTI Tommaso , JOHNES Geraint , PACCAGNELLA Marco 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article investigates the links between earnings, human capital and job tasks, using internationally comparable information from the OECD Survey of Adult Skills. The authors use the theoretical framework developed by Autor and Handel (2013) and extend their empirical results to 21 OECD countries. The data allow for a richer characterization of workers' human capital by including both educational attainment and a measure of cognitive skills. Their findings confirm the predictive power of job tasks in explaining wage differences, both between and within occupations, and provide empirical support for the model's prediction in the vast majority of countries.
A comparison study on the substitution of Y3+−Al3+ by M2+−Si4+(M = Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg) in Y3Al5O12: Ce3+ phosphor
Authors: Jia Junjie , Qiang Yaochun , Xu Jianfei , Liang Mingzhang , Wang Wei , Yang Fengli , Cui Jun , Dong Quan , Ye Xinyu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractY1.94MAl4SiO12:0.06Ce3+ (M = Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg) phosphors were successfully prepared through a classic solid‐state reaction method. The crystal structures, photoluminescence spectra, quantum yields, and thermal stabilities of the phosphors were investigated in detail. The results indicate that all Y1.94MAl4SiO12:0.06Ce3+ phosphors maintain the crystal structure of garnets. The emission peaks of Y1.94MAl4SiO12:0.06Ce3+ (M = Ba, Sr, Ca, Mg) phosphors are located at 537, 538, 554, and 565 nm, respectively. A red‐shift trend of emission peak is observed with decreasing M radius, which can be ascribed to the increase in the crystal‐field splitting in the Ce3+ 5d level owing to the co‐doping of M2+−Si4+. Under 460 nm excitation, the luminescence quantum yields and thermal stabilities of the Y1.94MAl4SiO12:0.06Ce3+ phosphors decreased with the decrease of M radius. The IQE of the Y1.94BaAl4SiO12:0.06Ce3+ phosphor is 92.89%, and the resistance to thermal quenching is improved to be 93.32% at 150°C. In addition, the color shifts of Y1.94MAl4SiO12: 0.06Ce3+ phosphors with increasing temperature are all tiny, which also demonstrates good resistance to thermal quenching of luminescence. The linear shrinkage of Y1.94MAl4SiO12:0.06Ce3+ phosphors is significantly improved compared with that of YAG: Ce3+, which is expected to generate Y1.94MAl4SiO12:0.06Ce3+ transparent/translucent ceramics and fabricate high‐powder w‐LEDs for high‐quality solid‐state lighting in the future.
General glycosylated hemoglobin goals potentially increase myocardial infarction severity in diabetes patients with comorbidities: Insights from a nationwide multicenter study
Authors: Che Qianzi , Zhang Yan , Wang Jianan , Wan Zheng , Fu Xianghua , Chen Jiyan , Yan Hongbing , Chen Yundai , Ge Junbo , Chen Dafang , Huo Yong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAims/IntroductionWe aimed to investigate the relationship between glycemic status and coronary artery disease (CAD) extent and severity in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, and further examine whether diabetes patients could benefit from glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) below the recommended level.Materials and MethodsConsecutive STEMI patients admitted in 2015–2017 across 244 hospitals were included in the China STEMI Care Project‐2. We carried out a cross‐sectional study comprising 8,370 participants with a record of HbA1c testing after admission. CAD extent and severity were assessed by admission heart rate, Killip classification and the number of stenosed vessels based on the coronary angiogram.ResultsDiabetes patients showed a greater risk for higher Killip class, admission tachycardia (admission heart rate ≥100 b.p.m.) and multivessel CAD (presence of left main and/or triple vessel disease). Likewise, HbA1c level was significantly associated with CAD extent and severity. While dividing diabetes patients according to general HbA1c targets (HbA1c ≤6.5, 6.5–7.0 and ≥7.0%), diabetes patients with HbA1c ≤6.5% showed a 1.30‐fold higher risk for multivessel CAD (adjusted odds ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.62). In stratified analysis, the association was even stronger in patients with hypertension (adjusted odds ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.08–1.86) or hyperlipidemia (adjusted odds ratio 1.57, 95% confidence interval 1.17–2.12).ConclusionsHbA1c level is independently correlated with CAD extent and severity in STEMI patients. HbA1c below generally recommended levels might still increase the risk of CAD progression, especially for diabetes patients with hypertension or hyperlipidemia.
Ocean warming and hypoxia affect embryonic growth, fitness and survival of small‐spotted catsharks, Scyliorhinus canicula
Authors: Musa Syafiq M. , Ripley Daniel M. , Moritz Timo , Shiels Holly A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractElasmobranchs are key to a healthy marine ecosystem but are under threat from human activities, such as destructive fisheries and shark finning. Embryos of oviparous elasmobranchs may be further challenged during development by rising temperatures and falling dissolved oxygen concentrations in their intertidal environment. However, the impact of climate change on survival and growth of oviparous elasmobranchs is still poorly understood. Here, we investigate the effects of temperature and hypoxia on the growth and survival of small‐spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) embryos by incubating eggs in normoxia 15°C, normoxia 20°C, hypoxia 15°C, or hypoxia 20°C. Incubation under the elevated temperature increased the embryonic growth rate, yolk consumption rate and Fulton's condition factor at hatching, whilst decreasing the total length and body mass of newly hatched sharks. Under low oxygen conditions (50% air saturation) the survival rate of S. canicula embryos dropped significantly and the temperature‐induced increase in Fulton's condition factor was reversed. Together, these data demonstrate both the individual and compound effects of elevated temperature and hypoxia on the survival and growth during early ontogeny of a ubiquitous, coastal elasmobranch, S. canicula.