bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Type of Ni-Rich Cathode for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Ryu HoonHee , Sun Yang-Kook 
Published: December 2020

Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) have become the main power source for electric vehicles (EVs). To satisfy a driving range threshold of 300 miles per single charge, strong demand for the higher energy density of LIBs has mandated the development of advanced cathode materials, which largely determine the capacity of LIBs. Currently, Archetypal cathodes deployed in current EVs, layered Li[NixCoy(Al or Mn)1−x−y]O2 (Al = NCA or Mn = NCM) oxide materials, has achieved the best performances for commercialization. However, these cathodes are still insufficient to meet the requirement of the energy density for EVs, which weaken the competitiveness of the driving range compared to that of internal combustion engine vehicles.1 Ni-enriched NCM and NCA cathode materials, delivering ever-closer to their theoretical specific capacity, come to the fore with a gradual increase of Ni content up to more than 90%. Although Ni-rich NCA and NCM cathodes are adequate to provide the required driving range, increasing Ni content largely compromises battery lifetime and thermal stability due to rapid capacity fading and an abundance of unstable Ni4+ species, as observed in LiNiO2.2,3 It has recently been shown that microcracks develop from anisotropic volume changes during charging of the Ni-rich NCM cathodes, which compromises the mechanical stability of the cathodes and aggravates chemical degradation due to an electrolyte attack.
To overcome these inherent instabilities of Ni-rich NCM and NCA cathodes, we propose a new type of layered oxide cathode, Li[NixCoyW1−x−y]O2. In this study, we show that replacement of Al ions with W ions in a Ni-rich NCA layered oxide cathode markedly modifies the cathode microstructure through particle refinement and greatly improves the cycling stability of the cathode. We demonstrate its superior structural and thermal stability compared to the commercialized NCA cathode.

References

D. Andre, S.-J. Kim, P. Lamp, S. F. Lux, F. Maglia, O. Paschos and B. Stiaszny, J. Mater. Chem. A
2015, 3, 6709.

H.-H. Ryu, K.-J. Park, C. S. Yoon and Y.-K. Sun, Chem. Mater.
2018, 30, 1155.

G. W. Nam, N.-Y. Park, K.-J. Park, J. Yang, J. Liu, C. S. Yoon and Y.-K. Sun, ACS Energy Lett.
2019, 4, 2995.
Electrodeposition of Bismuth Thin Films
Authors: Passaponti Maurizio , Salvietti Emanuele , Giurlani Walter , Fontanesi Claudio , Felici Roberto , Innocenti Massimo 
Published: December 2020

The electrodeposition technique is an interesting approach for the production of materials with application in electronics devices and photovoltaics components, since needs simple conditions and has low costs (1). The EALD (Electrochemical Atomic Layer Deposition) method allows a high control on the deposit by the single-layers surface limited electrodeposition (2). With an automatized system for the repetition of different mono-layers deposition cycles we are able to control the thickness and composition of the entire final material, which is an important requested task in nanoscience.
In this study, we present the electrodeposition of bismuth-based materials, which is a relatively unexplored new field of research that is expected to show many desirable thermoelectric, optoelectronic and electronic properties for technologically innovative devices besides bismuth is a component of nanostructure topological insulators.
Thin films of both bismuth alone and semiconductors compounds have been explored with EALD using a silver (111) mono-crystal as substrate (3). Our goals were to grow a “massive” layer (up to hundreds of nanometers) of crystalline nanostructured bismuth, deposit a multi-layer crystalline structure of bismuth selenide investigating the optimal conditions to obtain these materials in addition to the understanding of the deposition mechanisms.
The synthesized thin films have been characterized electrochemically with cyclic and stripping voltammetry to obtain composition information followed by a morphological and microanalytical SEM-EDX investigation and structural characterization.

Lincot, Thin Solid Films (2005), 487, 40.

W. Gregory and J. L. Stickney, J. Electroanal. Chem. (1991), 300, 543.

Xiao, J. Yang, W. Zhu, J. Peng, J. Zhang, Electrochimica Acta (2009), 54, 6821-6826.
(Invited) Magnetoelectrochemistry – New Way to Control Morphology of Cathodic Deposit
Authors: Zabinski Piotr 
Published: December 2020

Magneto-electrochemistry is a domain where three disciplines interact: electrochemistry, fluid mechanics and magnetism. These three fields are individually well established, but recently there has been a surge in interest in magneto-electrochemistry, since in combination with electrodeposition, it offers an opportunity to advance both fundamental as well as practically-relevant issues. There is great potential in several industrial areas to improve the efficiency of electrochemical processes by magnetic fields, such as plating, electropolishing and electrolysis of water. Further application areas are related to lab-on–the-chip technology, electrolysis, fuel cells and electrochemical machining.
Following issues will be discussed:
- The influence of magnetic field and its gradients on the mass transfer rate, diffusion layer thickness and consequently the control of mass-transfer process based on the electric current distribution (via the Lorentz force) or on the magnetic susceptibility of the electrolyte (via the field-gradient force).
- The electric and magnetic forces on ions modifying near-wall hydrodynamics and interface interaction, kinetics and physical properties as surface tension or viscosity.
- Improving deposit quality and properties such as surface smoothening, homogeneity, composition and texture.
- Improving energy efficiency of large-scale processes such as electrowinning and in devices such as fuel cells
- Mask-free structured deposition using spatially-inhomogeneous magnetic fields.
- Using tailored transport of ions or charged species to control separation, mixing, and reaction occurring in microchannels in lab-on-the-chip technologies, fuel cells, gas evolving processes, metal recycling, etc.
Nanostructured Sn Plating and Pre-Lithiation on Cu Current Collector for Anode-Free Lithium Batteries
Authors: Gibertini Eugenio , Accogli Alessandra , Panzeri Gabriele , Magagnin Luca 
Published: December 2020

The fast and growing employment of Li-ion batteries in automotive and electrical mobility is pushing research towards the development of higher energy density and safer Li-ion batteries. Regarding the anodic material, metal and semi-metals as Al, Sn, Ag and Si are known to electrochemically alloy at low potential with lithium resulting in extremely high specific capacity, up to 4200 mAh/g for Li22Si5. However, severe issues as volumetric expansion and non-reversible lithium trapping strongly limit their cyclability and performances.[1] Anode-free Li battery (AFLB) strategy is a promising alternative to find a good compromise between safety and energy and power density because of the absence of an anodic active material in assembly phase. However, these systems suffer from severe challenges, including low coulombic efficiency (CE) due to intrinsic unstable interface that rapidly leads to dendritic growth and short-circuit.[2] To overcome this problem, nano-structuring of current collector has been demonstrated to be a valid approach to stabilize Li plating and stripping without dendrites formation.[3,4,5] In this work, we address current collector nano structuring by Sn plating as an efficient route for reversible Li plating/stripping. Interface stability is correlated with morphology of Sn deposits on Cu current collector in different conditions. Sn deposits were examined by AFM, SEM and XRD analysis and electrochemical behavior by galvanostatic charging and discharging cycles as well as EIS measurements. Sn pre-lithiation is also investigated as suitable strategy to further smoothing Li plating.

References

[1] David Rehnlund, Fredrik Lindgren, Solveig Bohme, Tim Nordh, Yiming Zou, Jean Pettersson, Ulf Bexell, Mats Boman, Kristina Edstroma, Leif Nyholm , Energy Environ. Sci. 10 (2017) 1350-1357.
[2] Jiangfeng Qian, Brian D. Adams, Jianming Zheng, Wu Xu, Wesley A. Henderson, Jun Wang, Mark E. Bowden, Suochang Xu, Jianzhi Hu , and Ji-Guang Zhang, Adv. Funct. Mater. 26 (2016) 7094–7102
[3] Xuetian Ma, Zhantao Liu, Hailong Chen, Nano Energy 59 (2019) 500–507.
[4] Chunpeng Yang, Yonggang Yao, Shuaiming He, Hua Xie, Emily Hitz, and Liangbing Hu, Adv. Mater. 29 (2017) 1702714
[5] Sheng S. Zhang, Xiulin Fan, Chunsheng Wang, Electrochimica Acta 258 (2017) 1201-1207
Recovery of Nickel and Cobalt By Electrowinning from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Molten Salt Electrolytes
Authors: Carvajal Ortiz Ruth , Amietszajew Tazdin , Bhagat Rohit 
Published: December 2020

Electrodeposition of metals is of wide interest with application in several fields such as electroplating, electrorefining and electrowinning (EW). Particularly, electrowinning is used in the fabrication of commercially pure copper and zinc, with approximately 20% of the world refined copper (Cu) produced by this process. One of the main advantages of EW is the high purity achieved of the final product. Electrowinning has been implemented recently as one of the final steps in the hydrometallurgical recycling process of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to recover some of the valuable metals present in the battery such as cobalt and nickel.
This work describes advances in the recovery of metals from spent LIBs, by using a two-phase molten salt of sodium borate/sodium chloride at high temperature. The study takes advantage of the versatility of the molten salts used as electrolytes - sodium borate’s easiness for dissolving metal oxides, and sodium chloride as the chosen electrolysis media. For the study, two different cathode chemistries were used, NMC 111 and NCA. The electrolytic cell comprises of a gas-tight vertical tube furnace under argon atmosphere, possible in a single-vessel configuration by utilizing the immiscibility of the two liquid phases used (see Figure 1). The experiments are conducted in a three-electrode setup, using graphite (C) as counter electrode, and tungsten (W) as pseudo-reference and working electrodes. The process operates within the temperature range of 800-900℃, where both salts are in liquid state. The reduction potentials were applied stepwise using chronoamperometry to record the current output. Cyclic voltammetry was used beforehand to corroborate the reduction potential for each metal, and to compare it to the reported ones by Amietszajew et. al. The plating potentials and recovered metals quality are reported (see Figures 2-3), indicating successful process proof-of-concept.
Evaluation of the energy efficiency of the process and purity of the deposited metals is compared with the current commercial processes for metal recovery employed to recycle batteries from portable devices. The system demonstrates stability, and gives the possibility to be used in joint with other metal recycling sources and process. It has the possibility to solve some of the issues related to the hydrometallurgical methods including significant amounts of water waste, sulphates by-products presence and toxic acids resulting in highly detrimental effects on the environment. The reduction in energy consumption and hazardous gases generation that the common pyrometallurgical process adds to the advantages. Furthermore, the method developed is inclusive of a range of metals, which is of high importance considering the growing and future complexity of the battery waste stream.

Figure 1
In Operando Lithiation of Lithium Free Cathodes
Authors: Parekh Mihit H. , Manikandan P. , Pol Vilas G. 
Published: December 2020

Lithium and lithium-rich containing cathodes such as LiCoO2, LiFePO4, LiNixMnyCozO2, Li-rich anti-fluorite Li5FeO4 have dominated the portable battery energy storage market. Compounds without lithium in their lattice seldomly have been used as positive electrodes either due to incapability for reversible reactions or require metallic lithium metal electrode. These limitations have prevented the development of new positive electrodes to a larger extent in lithium-ion batteries. Examples of such materials are sulfur, vanadium oxides, FeS2, MnO2, FeF3, etc. However, these materials demonstrate tremendously high specific capacities, and high operating voltages, possibly realizing advanced next-generation batteries. To practically realize them, it is pertinent to address the lithiation strategies, namely pre-lithiation of the anode,blended cathodes, lithium additives, and film-forming additives. These methods result in modification of cell voltage on account of Li+ ion voids in the cathode, whereas pre-lithiation of anode compensates initial lithium consumption. Nevertheless, the pre-lithiation process is one of the unique techniques connected with the complicated, multistep, moisture-sensitive, expensive process, which is not feasible in large-scale applications.
In situ lithiation of cathode or anode electrodes for the development of longer-lasting rechargeable batteries uses metallic lithium-electrode as a booster and reservoir. The presence of third reservoir electrode in the lithium-ion battery (LIB), i.e., metallic lithium, is brought into electrochemical reactions initially during the lithiation process and later as a booster to rejuvenise LIBs after the capacity fade on account of cycling. Here, we report the usage of V2O5 cathode with tailored silicon-carbon-graphite composite to fabricate high specific capacity and high energy-density LIBs. The tri-electrode system delivered a high initial charge specific capacity of 240 mAh g-1. After 100 cycles, re-boosting was provided, and at the end of 200th cycle the cell delivered a high average capacity of 140 mAh g-1. The tri-electrode system provided an initial high energy density of 960 Wh kg-1 and an average of 560 Wh kg-1 after 200 cycles. Using thermal signatures from multiple module calorimetry, the safety features of the proposed tri-electrode system were studied and compared to conventional LIBs. Using this novel concept of reservoir boosting would be of prime importance and value in space, healthcare, electric vehicles, UPS, grid-storage, etc. applications.
Environmentally Friendly Treatment of Textiles Using Electrochemically Generated O3-Water with UV Irradiation
Authors: Ochiai Tsuyoshi , Hamada Kengo , Miyano Kyohei , Ishikawa Yosuke , Nagura Toshinari , Kimura Noritaka 
Published: December 2020

Recently, application of advanced oxidation technologies (AOTs) for environmental purification have received growing attention [1]. Especially electrolysis with boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes make it possible to generate various highly active oxidants such as O3 which can oxidize aqueous contaminants [2]. In this study, we introduce recent studies about environment-friendly “AOT-treatments” of textile by using of O3-water with UV irradiation instead of conventional treatments (scouring and bleaching) with environmentally persistent reagents. Fig. 1 shows the photographs of cotton bleaching by AOT. Cotton fabrics were treated by O3-water (1.0 ppm, 1.5 L/min, continuously generated from tap water) with UV irradiation (170 mW/cm2 @310-380 nm). After treatments, the fabrics were dried under room temperature and analyzed by reflection spectra. Fig. 2 left shows the reflection spectra and photographs of cotton fabrics. After 60 min of AOT, the spectrum and whiteness of the cotton are almost the same with conventional chemical-bleached one. But the only problem is “color reversion” by ironing (heating around 200°C). Heating of oxidized cellulose generates conjugated systems and yellow color (Fig. 2 right, green line). However, we found that reduction of oxidized cellulose by rongalite can prevent color reversion (Fig. 2 right, red line). Therefore, AOT-treatment is attractive to reduce energy consumption and cut waste in the fabric processing.

Acknowledgements: Travel expenses for the attending PRiME 2020 were supported by The Tokyo Ohka Foundation for The Promotion of Science and Technology.
[1] T. Ochiai and A. Fujishima, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews
2012,
13, 247.
[2] T. Ochiai, S. Tago, M. Hayashi, K. Hirota, T. Kondo, K. Satomura, A. Fujishima, Electrochem. Commun.
2016, 68, 49.

Figure 1
Trial Preparation and Estimation of the Electrode Materials for Low-Cost Recycle Cells By the Use of the Poisonous Plants and the Reuse of the Activated Carbons
Authors: Komatsu Masaharu 
Published: December 2020

Progress and a price reduction of the photovoltaic power generation technology are important research themes. Then, it is splendid if the poisonous plant and the activated carbon can be used. A poisonous plant and the used activated carbons are collected in large quantities and cheaply from the imminent place. In addition, the high efficiency is anticipated by exploring separation, the refinement of a pigment and the enzyme from a poisonous plant and the removal of the surface adsorbate in the activated carbon.
The poisonous plant is a plant having poison in the whole or a part. There is not value as the food in a plant, but is not a nothingness because it is a poisonous plant. In Japan, there are approximately 200 kinds poisonous plant close. The activated carbon is used close in various fields including the filter of the cigarette, a refrigerator deodorization device, a water purifier, and the pocket warmer. Most of used activated carbons offered for use in everyday life are discarded.
In the poverty resource-rich nation such as our country, development of new energy resources was a national problem. There were many use studies, and has been done about natural energies such as sunlight or the wind-generated electricity until now. Bioethanol is attracting attention as an alternative energy of the gasoline, but the saccharide becoming the raw materials can become the nutrient for a human being.
Conversion of a toxic thing and a discarded thing into the energy that the human demands is aimed in this study. In this study, for the technological advance of the battery, electrode materials experimentally were produced and were electrochemically valuated . In this session, a presentation on the approach will be given.
With the I-V characteristics of dye-sensitized solar cell where four kinds of edible food colors for as an adsorption pigment each were used, the open circuit voltage, short circuit photocurrent density, and light energy conversion efficiency were showed the highest values for a gardenia blue pigment. All four edible food colors which measured it this time were able to give stable light energy conversion efficiency. In addition, as for the gardenia blue pigment that was able to give the highest conversion efficiency, there are relatively few falls of the absorption at the region in the wavelength that is shorter than the maximum absorption wavelength, and the absorbance is also high. From these phenomena, plural pigments for the examination that were put together can be expected.
With the CV curves of the glassy carbon electrode before and after the modification of the ingredient derived from charcoal burner, a cathodic peak potential around -755 mV was positively shifted to the approximately 125 mV after modification. In addition, the cathodic peak current became 98.3 times larger than it before modification. Therefore, it is thought that the oxygen reduction ability on the electrode surface became better.
Electrochemical Stability and Ionic Transport in Coating Materials for Mg Batteries
Authors: Canepa Pieremanuele , Gautam Gopalakrishnan Sai 
Published: December 2020

A major bottleneck for the development of Mg batteries is the identification of liquid electrolytes that are simultaneously compatible with the Mg-metal anode and high-voltage cathodes [1,2]. A viable strategy to widen the stability windows of current nonaqueous electrolytes is to introduce protective coating materials at the electrodes, where these materials are required to exhibit swift Mg transport. Using first-principles calculations we map the electrochemical stability windows for non-redox-active Mg binary and ternary compounds in order to identify potential coating materials for Mg batteries [3]. The ion mobility in a set of Mg-containing binary, ternary, and quaternary compounds spanning a wide chemical space will be also discussed. Combining mobility, electronic band gaps, and stability requirements, we identify MgSiN2, MgI2, MgBr2, MgSe, and MgS as potential coating materials against the highly reductive Mg metal anode [4], whereas MgAl2O4 and Mg(PO3)2 appear promising materials against high-voltage oxide cathodes (up to ∼3 V).
References
[1] D. Aurbach, Z. Lu, A. Schechter, Y. Gofer, H. Gizbar, R. Turgeman, Y. Cohen, M. Moshkovich and E. Levi, Prototype systems for rechargeable magnesium batteries, Nature 407, 724-727 (2000)
[2] P. Canepa, G. S. Gautam, D. C. Hannah, R. Malik, M. Liu, K. G. Gallagher, K. A. Persson and G. Ceder, Odyssey of Multivalent Cathode Materials: Open Questions and Future Challenges, Chem. Rev. 117, 54287-4341 (2017).
[3] T. Chen, G. Ceder, G. S. Gautam and P. Canepa, Evaluation of Mg compounds as coating materials in Mg batteries, Front. Chem. 30 (2019).
[4] T. Chen, G. S. Gautam and P. Canepa, Ionic Transport in Potential Coating Materials for Mg Batteries, Chem. Mater. 31, 19, 8087-8099 (2019).
Fully Resolved Simulation of Mid-Temperature Sodium-Iodine Secondary Batteries
Authors: Gerbig Felix , Cernak Susanne , Nirschl Hermann 
Published: December 2020

High-temperature liquid sodium batteries (e.g. sodium-sulfur) are a well-established technology for large-scale grid storage. Combining the molten sodium anode with an aqueous iodine cathode overcomes the problems of thermal loses and sealing by reducing the operating temperature to about 100°C.
This leads to higher cost efficiency, energy density and a simplified cell design. Due to their sustainability and high efficiency, which is comparable to Li-Ion –batteries, mid-temperature sodium-iodine batteries are a promising candidate for small and medium scale stationary energy storage applications. Experiments performed by Holzapfel et al. show proof of principle for current densities of 20 mA cm-2 (55mW cm-2) up to a maximum current density of 100 mA cm-2 (180mW cm-2) [1]. The used iodine concenctrations correspond to 405 Wh l-1 on catholyte basis or a very high specific energy of 198 Wh kg-1 including anolyte and catholyte. Sodium-iodine batteries have the ability to meet the growing demand of short-term energy storage caused by the integration of renewable energy sources into the power grid.
Although these batteries are theoretically described in literature, the detailed processes inside the battery are not well understood [2]. Quantities like initial species concentrations, C-rate, cell design and cathode geometry have large impacts on the overall battery performance. As experimental studies are limited to macroscopic quantities like electronic current and potential a fully resolved 3D simulation model is set up to gain insight into microstructural processes inside the battery [3].
The spatially resolved three-dimensional model takes charge and mass transport, heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions as well as the electrochemical processes into account. A deeper understanding of these processes is inevitable for enhancing the battery performance by choosing the optimal above-mentioned quantities.
This talk will focus on recent progresses on novel sodium-iodine batteries and covers theoretical investigations about cell design, cathode material structures and the electrolyte composition carried out with a new 3D simulation model.
References:
[1] M. Holzapfel, D. Wilde, C. Hupbauer, K. Ahlbrecht, T. Berger, Electrochimica Acta 237 (2017) 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.152.
[2] H. Zhu, R.J. Kee, Electrochimica Acta 219 (2016) 70–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.104.
[3] M. Kespe, H. Nirschl, Int. J. Energy Res. 39 (2015) 2062–2074. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3459.

Figure 1