bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration and Access to Welfare Benefits in the EU: The Interplay between Residence and Nationality
Authors: Vintila Daniela , Lafleur Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIncreasing mobility to and from European Union (EU) countries has started to challenge the principles of territoriality and national citizenship through which European democracies traditionally conditioned access to social benefits. Existing typologies of immigrant social protection regimes do not seem to adequately capture (nor explain) the diverse repertoire of policy configurations through which European welfare regimes adapt to migration-driven societal dynamics. This introductory chapter provides a critical reflection on the link between migration and access to welfare in the EU. In doing so, it aims to propose a comprehensive analytical framework that allows for a systematic comparison of the inclusiveness of social protection systems towards mobile individuals. We argue that states’ responsiveness towards the social protection needs of their immigrant and emigrant populations has to be examined through a combination of factors, including the characteristics of these populations, the migration history of these countries, as well as the main features of their welfare state.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Ireland
Authors: Cousins Mel 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the link between migration and social protection in Ireland. The chapter has two main goals. First, it presents the general legal framework regulating the social protection system in Ireland, paying particular attention to any potential differences in terms of conditions of access to social benefits between national residents, non-national residents, and non-resident nationals. Secondly, the chapter discusses how these different groups of individuals access social benefits across five policy areas: unemployment, health care, family benefits, pensions, and guaranteed minimum resources. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relationship between migration and social protection policy.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Kováč Jaroslav 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter discusses the accces to social benefits and social rights for nationals and foreigners in the Slovak Republic. The transformation of the social welfare system in the new republic has been a lengthy process. The current social security system is based on fairness, personal participation and solidarity. The Slovak social security system is not based on nationality and its main part builds on the social insurance system including the health insurance. The direct financial support especially for families with children and the assistance scheme for those in need also represent important parts of the welfare system in Slovakia.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Slovenia
Authors: Strban Grega , Mišič Luka 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Slovenian welfare system in its main part consists of a contribution-funded, professional social insurance scheme, composed of compulsory insurance branches, which mirror traditional social risks (contingencies) such as unemployment, old-age, sickness, etc., and a subsidiary tax-funded, residence-based social assistance scheme, which is aimed at preventing poverty and social exclusion. In general, all gainfully employed persons in Slovenia (e.g. workers, self-employed persons) enjoy coverage within the social insurance scheme, irrespective of their nationality or residence status. Citizenship and/or (long-term) residence is however required when accessing means-tested social assistance benefits. Migrants’ access to social rights – with the majority of foreign residents originating from ex-Yugoslav countries – is thereby fore and foremost dependent upon the nature of the benefit (means-tested or not) and their economic (in)activity or (long-term) residence.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Denmark
Authors: Martinsen Dorte Sindbjerg 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Danish welfare state is together with its Nordic counterparts often presented as distinct. The model has traditionally been characterised as universalist, de-commodified, residence-based, non-contributory and relatively generous. Although social protection in Denmark is still primarily tax-financed and several benefits remain universal, the Danish welfare state has undergone considerable change over time and labour market participation has come to matter more for the social protection provided. Furthermore, migrants’ access to welfare in Denmark increasingly depends on citizenship and EU related worker status. Residence clauses have been adopted for specific benefits. Eligibility depends on years resided in Denmark, unless the applicant qualifies as a worker according to EU law and therefore can aggregate periods of residence from one or several other EU Member States. In sum, social protection in Denmark has become more multi-tiered and more EU commodified.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Estonia
Authors: Ainsaar Mare , Roots Ave 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter analyses the social protection system in Estonia mainly from the immigration viewpoint. Perhaps because of low immigration rates in recent decades, immigration and emigration issues are seldom explicitly regulated in the Estonian legal system. Our findings indicate that social security rights are based mostly on legal resident status in Estonia, although EU foreign residents sometimes benefit from some better conditions, mainly in terms of taking into account employment records in other EU countries. Missing waiting periods for entitlement to social benefits guarantee that newly arrived immigrants have similar rights with long-term residents.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Austrian Citizens Abroad
Authors: Heindlmaier Anita 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAustria seeks to ensure a minimum amount of protection for its nationals residing abroad. Yet, consular policies are, first off, considered as help for self-help. Extended rights of or policies towards Austrians abroad can be explained by the prevailing interests articulated by the latter, focusing inter alia on voting rights. Social protection for citizens abroad, for its part, is to be understood against the background of Austrian history, the Anschluss and the Second World War.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Czech Citizens Abroad
Authors: Janská Eva , Janurová Kristýna 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe Czech diaspora counts approximately 2.5 million people with Czech origins, including some 912,000 people born in Czechia. Although the diaspora has not been of crucial concern to Czech authorities and political parties in the past decades, a greater interest can be seen in recent years. This chapter is a first attempt at presenting a consolidated overview of the institutional and policy structure towards the Czech diaspora in various areas, showing that Czechia’s engagement with its nationals abroad centers on cultural and educational policies and involves an extension of voting rights, while consular services are conventional and social protection is considered to be primarily the task of the migrants’ host countries. Some exceptions are noted in the areas of health care and pensions. This is being explained by the fact that emigration has not been perceived as a threat to the Czech economy in the past few decades, and the observation that many of the policies introduced came out from bottom-up efforts.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Danish Citizens Abroad
Authors: Careja Romana 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the policy infrastructure and key policies in place concerning the social rights of Danish citizens residing abroad. It builds on evidence from legal and administrative documents, on communications with key informants, as well as on existing studies and reports concerning the Danish Government’s approach to emigration and diaspora policies. Concrete cases for this study are five countries where the largest Danish diaspora concentrate: Sweden, Norway, Germany, the United States of America and the United Kingdom. It argues that reliance on supra-national agreements, previous rather negative public opinion about emigrants as well as the residence principle embedded in the qualifying conditions for social benefits are three main factors which explain the limited attention currently given by the Danish Government to diaspora policies, in particular the social protection of Danish citizens residing abroad.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Estonian Citizens Abroad
Authors: Saar Maarja 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter describes how the Estonian state’s diaspora policy has moved away from being purely culture-centred towards a more business-focused initiative. The policy has undergone few changes during the last decade and still does not focus on social protection. The state does offer basic social protection and consular services by agreement with a few countries, such as the Russian Federation. The lack of Estonian state provided social protection to nationals abroad is counteracted, in some countries, by localized national organizations which the Estonian state may or may not fund. However, an important shift is taking place in the provision of Estonian language courses and cultural programmes to support returnees and their non-Estonian family members.
Poland
Authors: Amelung Nina , Granja Rafaela , Machado Helena 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Poland established its DNA database in 2007 and joined the Prüm system in 2013. In comparison to the other countries in the European Union, the Polish DNA database is small. The facilitation of international DNA data exchange was considered as fundamental to Poland’s project to technologically modernize, integrate into Europe and incorporate international crime control standards. Furthermore, the country has demonstrated openness to those new and emergent forensic DNA technologies that have been critically assessed and strictly regulated in other countries. Poland is among Prüm’s most proactive members and is a country ambitious to catch up with a circumscribed expansive mode of debordering. This proactivity is manifested in the range of bilateral data exchange connections Poland has made with other Member States and in the data categories it makes available. Poland’s commitment to expansive debordering dynamics goes hand in hand with the EU’s agenda of integrating security policies.
Semaphorin 7A restricts serotonergic innervation and ensures recovery after spinal cord injury
Authors: Loy Kristina , Fourneau Julie , Meng Ning , Denecke Carmen , Locatelli Giuseppe , Bareyre Florence M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDescending serotonergic (5-HT) projections originating from the raphe nuclei form an important input to the spinal cord that control basic locomotion. The molecular signals that control this projection pattern are currently unknown. Here, we identify Semaphorin7A (Sema7A) as a critical cue that restricts serotonergic innervation in the spinal cord. Sema7A deficient mice show a marked increase in serotonergic fiber density in all layers of the spinal cord while the density of neurons expressing the corresponding 5-HTR2α receptor remains unchanged. These alterations appear to be successfully compensated as no obvious changes in rhythmic locomotion and skilled stepping are observed in adult mice. When the system is challenged with a spinal lesion, serotonergic innervation patterns in both Sema7A-deficient and -competent mice evolve over time with excessive innervation becoming most pronounced in the dorsal horn of Sema7A-deficient mice. These altered serotonergic innervation patterns correlate with diminished functional recovery that predominantly affects rhythmic locomotion. Our findings identify Sema7A as a critical regulator of serotonergic circuit formation in the injured spinal cord.
Constant mean curvature spheres in homogeneous three-manifolds
Authors: Meeks William H. , Mira Pablo , Pérez Joaquín , Ros Antonio 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWe prove that two spheres of the same constant mean curvature in an arbitrary homogeneous three-manifold only differ by an ambient isometry, and we determine the values of the mean curvature for which such spheres exist. This gives a complete classification of immersed constant mean curvature spheres in three-dimensional homogeneous manifolds.
Development of a Clinical Prediction Model for In‐hospital Mortality from the South African Cohort of the African Surgical Outcomes Study
Authors: Kluyts Hyla‐Louise , Conradie Wilhelmina , Cloete Estie , Spijkerman Sandra , Smith Oliver , Alli Ahmed , Koto Modise Z. , Montwedi Odisang D. , Govender Komalan , Cronjé Larissa , Grobbelaar Mariette , Omoshoro‐Jones Jones A. , Rorke Nicolette F. , Anderson Philip , Torborg Alexandra , Alphonsus Christella , Alexandris Panagiotis , Mallier Peter Aunel , Singh Usha , Diedericks Johan , Mrara Busisiwe , Reed Anthony , Davies Gareth L. , Davids Jody G. , Van Zyl Hendrik A. , Govindasamy Vishendran , Rodseth Reitze , Matos‐Puig Roel , Bhat Kajake A. P. , Naidoo Noel , Roos John , Jaworska Magdalena , Steyn Annemarie , Dippenaar Johannes M. , Pearse R. M. , Madiba Thandinkosi , Biccard Bruce M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundData on the factors that influence mortality after surgery in South Africa are scarce, and neither these data nor data on risk‐adjusted in‐hospital mortality after surgery are routinely collected. Predictors related to the context or setting of surgical care delivery may also provide insight into variation in practice. Variation must be addressed when planning for improvement of risk‐adjusted outcomes. Our objective was to identify the factors predicting in‐hospital mortality after surgery in South Africa from available data.MethodsA multivariable logistic regression model was developed to identify predictors of 30‐day in‐hospital mortality in surgical patients in South Africa. Data from the South African contribution to the African Surgical Outcomes Study were used and included 3800 cases from 51 hospitals. A forward stepwise regression technique was then employed to select for possible predictors prior to model specification. Model performance was evaluated by assessing calibration and discrimination. The South African Surgical Outcomes Study cohort was used to validate the model.ResultsVariables found to predict 30‐day in‐hospital mortality were age, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status category, urgent or emergent surgery, major surgery, and gastrointestinal‐, head and neck‐, thoracic‐ and neurosurgery. The area under the receiver operating curve or c‐statistic was 0.859 (95% confidence interval: 0.827–0.892) for the full model. Calibration, as assessed using a calibration plot, was acceptable. Performance was similar in the validation cohort as compared to the derivation cohort.ConclusionThe prediction model did not include factors that can explain how the context of care influences post‐operative mortality in South Africa. It does, however, provide a basis for reporting risk‐adjusted perioperative mortality rate in the future, and identifies the types of surgery to be prioritised in quality improvement projects at a local or national level.
Wallerian degeneration in cervical spinal cord tracts is commonly seen in routine T2-weighted MRI after traumatic spinal cord injury and is associated with impairment in a retrospective study
Authors: Fischer Tim , Stern Christoph , Freund Patrick , Schubert Martin , Sutter Reto 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Objectives
Wallerian degeneration (WD) is a well-known process after nerve injury. In this study, occurrence of remote intramedullary signal changes, consistent with WD, and its correlation with clinical and neurophysiological impairment were assessed after traumatic spinal cord injury (tSCI).

Methods
In 35 patients with tSCI, WD was evaluated by two radiologists on T2-weighted images of serial routine MRI examinations of the cervical spine. Dorsal column (DC), lateral corticospinal tract (CS), and lateral spinothalamic tract (ST) were the analyzed anatomical regions. Impairment scoring according to the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS, A–D) as well as a scoring system (0–4 points) for motor evoked potential (MEP) and sensory evoked potential (SEP) was included. Mann-Whitney U test was used to test for differences.

Results
WD in the DC occurred in 71.4% (n = 25), in the CS in 57.1% (n = 20), and in 37.1% (n = 13) in the ST. With WD present, AIS grades were worse for all tracts. DC: median AIS B vs D, p < 0.001; CS: B vs D, p = 0.016; and ST: B vs D, p = 0.015. More pathological MEP scores correlated with WD in the DC (median score 0 vs 3, p < 0.001) and in the CS (0 vs 2, p = 0.032). SEP scores were lower with WD in the DC only (1 vs 2, p = 0.031).

Conclusions
WD can be detected on T2-weighted scans in the majority of cervical spinal cord injury patients and should be considered as a direct effect of the trauma. When observed, it is associated with higher degree of impairment.

Key Points
• Wallerian degeneration is commonly seen in routine MRI after traumatic spinal cord injury.
• Wallerian degeneration is visible in the anatomical regions of the dorsal column, the lateral corticospinal tract, and the lateral spinothalamic tract.
• Presence of Wallerian degeneration is associated with higher degree of impairment.
Two-year radiologic assessment of the Pinnacle cup—a migration analysis with EBRA
Authors: Dammerer Dietmar , Ruzicka Alexander , Blum Philipp , Putzer David , Liebsch Maximilian , Lair Julian , Thaler Martin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Introduction
The most common cause of failure in total hip arthroplasty (THA) is aseptic loosening. Uncemented cup migration analysis by EBRA (Einzel-Bild-Roentgen-Analyse) has shown to be a good predictive indicator for early implant failure if the cup migrates more than 1 milimeter (mm) within the first 2 years after surgery. In this study, we investigated the migration behaviour of an uncemented press-fit cup after 2 years follow-up.

Materials and methods
Applying a retrospective study design, we reviewed all consecutive patients who received an uncemented press-fit cup at our Department between 2013 and 2018. A total of 484 patients were identified. We reviewed medical histories and performed radiological measurements using EBRA-Cup software. EBRA measurements and statistical investigations were performed by two independent investigators.

Results
A total of 165 cups in 159 patients (female: 90; male: 69) met our inclusion criteria. Mean age at surgery was 66.7 (range 18.4–90.5) years. EBRA migration analysis showed a mean total migration of 0.7 mm (range 0.0–6.3) over our follow-up period of 2 years. Of the investigated cups, 53.2% showed less than 1 mm migration in the investigated follow-up period.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the Pinnacle cup used in our study provides low mean migration at final follow-up. Based on the assumption of secondary stabilization, good long-term outcome of the Pinnacle cup can be expected.

Trial registration number and date of registration
Number: 20181024-1875; Date: 2018-09-20
Preoperative patellofemoral anatomy affects failure rate after isolated patellofemoral inlay arthroplasty
Authors: Feucht Matthias J. , Lutz Patricia M. , Ketzer Conrad , Rupp Marco C. , Cotic Matthias , Imhoff Andreas B. , Pogorzelski Jonas 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPurposeTo analyze whether preoperative patellofemoral anatomy is associated with clinical improvement and failure rate after isolated patellofemoral arthroplasty (PFA) using a modern inlay-type trochlear implant.MethodsProspectively collected 24 months data of patients treated with isolated inlay PFA (HemiCAP®Wave, Arthrosurface, Franklin, MA, USA) between 2009 and 2016, and available digitalized preoperative imaging (plain radiographs in three planes and MRI) were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were evaluated using the WOMAC score, Lysholm score, and VAS pain. Patients revised to TKA or not achieving the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the total WOMAC score or VAS pain were considered failures. Preoperative imaging was analyzed regarding the following aspects: Tibiofemoral OA, patellofemoral OA, trochlear dysplasia (Dejour classification), patellar height (Insall–Salvati index [ISI]; Patellotrochlear index [PTI]), and position of the tibial tuberosity (TT–TG and TT–PCL distance).ResultsA total of 41 patients (61% female) with a mean age of 48 ± 13 years could be included. Fifteen patients (37%) were considered failures, with 5 patients (12%) revised to TKA and 10 patients (24%) not achieving MCID for WOMAC total or VAS pain. Failures had a significantly higher ISI, and a significantly lower PTI. Furthermore, the proportion of patients with a pathologic ISI (> 1.2), a pathologic PTI (< 0.28), and without trochlear dysplasia were significantly higher in failures. Significantly greater improvements in clinical outcome scores were observed in patients with a higher preoperative grade of patellofemoral OA, ISI ≤ 1.2, PTI ≥ 0.28, TT–PCL distance ≤ 21 mm, and a dysplastic trochlea.ConclusionPreoperative patellofemoral anatomy is significantly associated with clinical improvement and failure rate after isolated inlay PFA. Less improvement and a higher failure rate must be expected in patients with patella alta (ISI > 1.2 and PTI < 0.28), absence of trochlear dysplasia, and a lateralized position of the tibial tuberosity (TT–PCL distance > 21 mm). Concomitant procedures such as tibial tuberosity transfer may, therefore, be considered in such patients.Level of evidenceLevel III, retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data.
The Effects of Intelligence and Personality on Performance in Simulated Interrogation Scenarios
Authors: Morgan Robert , Alison Laurence , Palace Marek , Shortland Neil , Humann Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The paper explores the relationships between individual differences in intelligence and personality and the ability to extract critical information (and identify missing but required information) from a suspect’s brief sheet (i.e. model formulation) and develop a suitable line of questioning (i.e. approach strategizing) in interrogation scenarios. We hypothesised that cognitive flexibility, emotion management, low need for closure and rapport would all be predictors of these abilities. Two hundred and seventy-four participants of different backgrounds were exposed to two interrogation scenarios to assess model formation and approach strategizing abilities, as well as intelligence and personality tests. Benchmarks for performance were measured against two experienced interrogators and two psychologists’ calibrated performance. In terms of overall performance, only rapport and cognitive flexibility were significant positive predictors. Whereas only rapport was a positive predictor of approach strategizing, both rapport and cognitive flexibility were positive predictors of model formation. In conclusion, the data from the early stage of our project suggests that the examined factors should be carefully considered when training and selecting optimal interrogators. Though previous research has identified a number of individual differences in intelligence and personality that are important in demanding law-enforcement contexts, ours is the first to explore them with respect to effective interrogator performance.