bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐Voltage Reversible Electroadhesion of Ionoelastomer Junctions
Authors: Kim Hyeong Jun , Paquin Lindsay , Barney Christopher W. , So Soonyong , Chen Baohong , Suo Zhigang , Crosby Alfred J. , Hayward Ryan C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractElectroadhesion provides a simple route to rapidly and reversibly control adhesion using applied electric potentials, offering promise for a variety of applications including haptics and robotics. Current electroadhesives, however, suffer from key limitations associated with the use of high operating voltages (>kV) and corresponding failure due to dielectric breakdown. Here, a new type of electroadhesion based on heterojunctions between iono‐elastomer of opposite polarity is demonstrated, which can be operated at potentials as low as ≈1 V. The large electric field developed across the molecular‐scale ionic double layer (IDL) when the junction is placed under reverse bias allows for strong adhesion at low voltages. In contrast, under forward bias, the electric field across the IDL is destroyed, substantially lowering the adhesion in a reversible fashion. These ionoelastomer electroadhesives are highly efficient with respect to the force capacity per electrostatic capacitive energy and are robust to defects or damage that typically lead to catastrophic failure of conventional dielectric electroadhesives. The findings provide new fundamental insight into low‐voltage electroadhesion and broaden its possible applications.
General Decomposition Pathway of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Perovskites through an Intermediate Superstructure and its Suppression Mechanism
Authors: Chen Shulin , Zhang Ying , Zhang Xiaowei , Zhao Jinjin , Zhao Zewen , Su Xiao , Hua Ze , Zhang Jingmin , Cao Jian , Feng Jicai , Wang Xiao , Li Xinzheng , Qi Junlei , Li Jiangyu , Gao Peng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) have generated considerable excitement due to their promising photovoltaic performance. However, the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is still plagued by the structural degradation of the OIHPs. Here, the decomposition mechanism of OIHPs under electron beam irradiation is investigated via transmission electron microscopy, and a general decomposition pathway for both tetragonal CH3NH3PbI3 and cubic CH3NH3PbBr3 is uncovered through an intermediate superstructure state of CH3NH3PbX2.5, X = I, Br, with ordered vacancies into final lead halides. Such decomposition can be suppressed via carbon coating by stabilization of the perovskite structure framework. These findings reveal the general degradation pathway of OIHPs and suggest an effective strategy to suppress it, and the atomistic insight learnt may be useful for improving the stability of PSCs.
Combination of Expanded Graphite/Fe/Fe3O4 Composites and Hollowed Out Chiral Metamaterials toward Ultrathin, Ultralight, Broadband, Polarization‐Insensitive, and Wide‐Angle Absorbers
Authors: He Zidong , Lu Yao , Wu Liwen , Wang Fanqi , Shao Wen , Fu Shihong , Tong Guoxiu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAchieving thin, light, broad, and strong absorption properties for traditional electromagnetic wave absorbers remains a big challenge. In the present study, an ultrathin, single‐layer hybrid absorber consisting of a periodic array of hollowed out chiral mosquito‐incense unit cells filled by expanded graphite(EG)/Fe/Fe3O4 composites is proposed to drastically improve the integrated properties of traditional absorbers. The experiment verifies that absorption of the hybrid absorber remains higher than 90% at the frequency range of 21.4–36.3 GHz, which corresponds to the ultrathin thickness (0.5 mm), ultralight weight (0.83 kg m−2), and wide‐angle absorption (15°–60°). The equivalent LC circuit and current distribution are given to reveal that the superior properties stem from the synergistic effect of λ/4 resonances, multiple LC‐resonances, cross‐polarization, and cross‐coupling of the patterned structure. This finding demonstrates the potential for hybrid absorbers of ultra‐lightweight, ultrathin, broadband, polarization insensitive, and wide‐angle absorption to be used in millimeter wave devices.
Recent Progress in Low Pt Content Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Li Zheng , Ge Ruixiang , Su Jianwei , Chen Liang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractElectrochemical water splitting plays a key role in the production of highly pure hydrogen by using renewable energy. To lower energy consumption, efficient electrocatalysts are required to drive and accelerate hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Although Pt is still considered as a state‐of‐the‐art electrocatalyst toward HER, its large‐scale deployment is limited by the scarcity and high price. Low Pt content electrocatalysts (LPCEs) have great potential to overcome this limitation by lowering Pt consumption, while its high activity can be maintained in the meantime. In this review, some major synthetic methods of LPCEs are summarized, including wet‐chemistry method, electrochemistry method, annealing, and atomic layer deposition. Subsequently, the authors review a series of electrocatalysts of LPCEs toward HER in recent years. Based on the classification of different Pt forms, such LPCEs include Pt nanoparticles on supports, Pt nanoclusters on supports, Pt single‐atom catalysts (SACs), Pt alloy catalysts, and LCEPs with Pt‐rich surfaces. Notably, the HER performance can be improved by engineering LPCEs by using several strategies. Finally, the authors discuss the achievements and perspectives for LPCEs, which might provide some insights for future industrialized applications in hydrogen production.
Highly Reversible Zinc Anode Enhanced by Ultrathin MnO2 Cathode Material Film for High‐Performance Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Yuwei , Li Jianbo , Zhang Shimeng , Cui Junya , Shao Mingfei 
Published: May 2020

AbstractZinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted considerable attention and global interest due to their high gravimetric and high volumetric capacities (820 mAh g−1 and 5855 mAh cm−3). However, the Zn protrusions/dendrites during the plating/stripping process of Zn (Zn2+) severely affect the performance of Zn anode, causing a low Coulombic efficiency, rapid degradation of capacity, and even failure of Zn‐anode‐based batteries. In order to reduce the dendritic deposition of Zn, the key is to adjust the initial uniform nucleation, which determines the subsequent uniform deposition of Zn. Herein, a cathode material (MnO2) ultrathin film is first modified on the surface of the carbon cloth as active sites for the in situ nucleation and directed epitaxial growth of metal Zn. As a result, the CC@MnO2‐UTF@Zn anode can be cycled in aqueous electrolyte and maintain stable cycling performance during repeated Zn deposition/stripping processes. Subsequently, the CC@MnO2‐UTF@Zn anode and CC@MnO2 cathode are assembled into full cells, which deliver a superior electrochemical performance. Moreover, the flexible solid‐state ZIBs with the CC@MnO2‐UTF@Zn anode show excellent capacities and high energy/power densities, which is superior to the most reported results so far. This work provides a new strategy to design an advanced flexibility Zn anode toward future high‐performance wearable electronic ZIBs.
Aerobic Oxidative Functionalization of Indoles
Authors: Liu Saiwen , Zhao Feng , Chen Xing , Deng Guo‐Jun , Huang Huawen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe synthetic methodology for direct indole functionalizations is of great significance in indole chemistry and has been intensively investigated in the last few decades. From the perspective of green chemistry, oxygen is the best choice as the terminal oxidant in molecular synthesis. Hence, aerobic oxidative functionalization of indoles became a hot research topic in the last decade. Numerous efficient protocols in this field have been discovered that enable facile and efficient transformations of indoles to related valuable compounds, which are summarized and discussed in detail in this review.magnified image
Recent Progress on Reductive Coupling of Nitroarenes by Using Organosilanes as Convenient Reductants
Authors: Gao Yang , Yang Simin , Huo Yanping , Hu Xiao‐Qiang 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNitroarenes are stable, low‐cost, and readily available starting materials. The directly utilize nitroarenes in synthetically valuable C−N bond formation is of great significance, because the pre‐reduction step to corresponding amines can be avoided. Previously, phosphines and carbon monoxide (CO) are the most widely used reductants in the reductive cyclization or/and carbonylation of nitroarenes. Currently, much attention has been attracted to organosilanes as new potential reducing agents, not only because they are inexpensive, easy‐to‐handle, and mild reagents, but also various novel reaction models of nitroarenes have been explored. In this review, we mainly summarize the recent progress on the reductive coupling of nitroarenes by using organosilanes as the end reductants. We hope that a deep understanding of the reaction model and underlying working mechanism can provide a timely guideline for researchers who are interested in this fantastic area, leading to further exploration of practical and efficient reductive coupling of nitroarenes for C−N bond formation and N‐heterocycle synthesis.magnified image
Investigation of the Potential Immunological Effects of Boiling Histotripsy for Cancer Treatment
Authors: Nam Gi‐Hoon , Pahk Ki Joo , Jeon Sangmin , Park Hyun‐Ju , Kim Gi Beom , Oh Seung Ja , Kim Kwangmeyung , Kim Hyungmin , Yang Yoosoo 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBoiling histotripsy (BH) is a completely non‐invasive ultrasonic technique that can be used to mechanically destroy tumor tissues. Studies have shown that BH has biological effects on immune responses, but the mechanisms involved in the induction and enhancement of systemic anti‐tumor immune responses after BH treatment are poorly understood. The present study therefore investigates the anti‐tumor immune responses triggered by BH exposure in vivo. In a syngeneic tumor model, BH treatment results in more dendritic cell maturation and increased intra‐tumoral infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells compared to those observed after thermal high‐intensity focused ultrasound exposure. The results clearly show that tumor antigens and danger signals released after BH exposure can lead to a sufficient anti‐tumor immune response with antigen‐presenting cell activation. In the 4T1 triple‐negative breast cancer model, BH‐induced mechanical ablation further enhances the therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint blockade, indicating a synergistic anti‐tumor immune effect. In conclusion, the results presented in this study suggest that BH is a promising option for boosting anti‐tumor immunity and can be beneficially combined with cancer immunotherapy.
Sulfoxide‐Containing Polymer‐Coated Nanoparticles Demonstrate Minimal Protein Fouling and Improved Blood Circulation
Authors: Qiao Ruirui , Fu Changkui , Li Yuhuan , Qi Xiaole , Ni Dalong , Nandakumar Aparna , Siddiqui Ghizal , Wang Haiyan , Zhang Zheng , Wu Tingting , Zhong Jian , Tang Shi‐Yang , Pan Shuaijun , Zhang Cheng , Whittaker Michael R. , Engle Jonathan W. , Creek Darren J. , Caruso Frank , Ke Pu Chun , Cai Weibo , Whittaker Andrew K. , Davis Thomas P. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMinimizing the interaction of nanomedicines with the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) is a critical challenge for their clinical translation. Conjugating polyethylene glycol (PEG) to nanomedicines is regarded as an effective approach to reducing the sequestration of nanomedicines by the MPS. However, recent concerns about the immunogenicity of PEG highlight the demand of alternative low‐fouling polymers as innovative coating materials for nanoparticles. Herein, a highly hydrophilic sulfoxide‐containing polymer—poly(2‐(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate) (PMSEA)—is used for the surface coating of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). It is found that the PMSEA polymer coated IONPs have a more hydrophilic surface than their PEGylated counterparts, and demonstrate remarkably reduced macrophage cellular uptake and much less association with human plasma proteins. In vivo study of biodistribution and pharmacokinetics further reveals a much‐extended blood circulation (≈2.5 times longer in terms of elimination half‐life t1/2) and reduced accumulation (approximately two times less) in the organs such as the liver and spleen for IONPs coated by PMSEA than those by PEG. It is envisaged that the highly hydrophilic sulfoxide‐containing polymers have huge potential to be employed as an advantageous alternative to PEG for the surface functionalization of a variety of nanoparticles for long circulation and improved delivery.
High‐Performance Flexible Organic Nonvolatile Memories with Outstanding Stability Using Nickel Oxide Nanofloating Gate and Polymer Electret
Authors: Kim Yeon‐Ju , Kang Minji , Lee Min‐Hye , Kang Ji‐Sue , Kim Dong‐Yu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOrganic nonvolatile memory devices based on organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) have attracted attention as promising memory components in flexible organic integrated circuits. OFET‐based organic memories can be fabricated using solution processes with high portability and flexibility. However, many challenges still remain, such as achieving high levels of transparency and data storage while maintaining device reliability. In this study, the high‐performance of flexible organic nonvolatile memory devices is demonstrated through the synergistic effect of using a combination of polymer electret (poly(2‐vinyl naphthalene), PVN) and nanofloating gates (nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiOx NPs)). The PVN/NiOx NPs bilayer successfully acts as a charge storage medium with high transparency in the visible range. This system greatly improves memory performance including high data storage capacity, stable cyclic endurance, and quasi‐permanent retention characteristics (>10 years). Furthermore, these devices also show excellent charge storage characteristics after 1000 bending cycles and even under the sharply bent state (bending radius 3 mm). This enhanced mechanical stability of flexible synergistic memory devices demonstrates that NiOx NPs can play an important role as a reliable data storage material for next‐generation wearable electronic devices.
F4‐TCNQ as an Additive to Impart Stretchable Semiconductors with High Mobility and Stability
Authors: Mun Jaewan , Kang Jiheong , Zheng Yu , Luo Shaochuan , Wu Yilei , Gong Huaxin , Lai Jian‐Cheng , Wu Hung‐Chin , Xue Gi , Tok Jeffrey B.‐H. , Bao Zhenan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNumerous strategies are developed to impart stretchability to polymer semiconductors. Although these methods improve the ductility, mobility, and stability of such stretchable semiconductors, they nonetheless still need further improvement. Here, it is shown that 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4‐TCNQ) is an effective molecular additive to tune the properties of a diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based (DPP‐based) semiconductor. Specifically, the addition of F4‐TCNQ is observed to improve the ductility of the semiconductor by altering the polymer’s microstructures and dynamic motions. As a p‐type dopant additive, F4‐TCNQ can also effectively enhance the mobility and stability of the semiconductor through changing the host polymer’s packing structures and charge trap passivation. Upon fabricating fully stretchable transistors with F4‐TCNQ‐DPP blended semiconductor films, it is observed that the resulting stretchable transistors possess one of the highest initial mobility of 1.03 cm2 V−1 s−1. The fabricated transistors also exhibit higher stability (both bias and environmental) and mobility retention under repeated strain, compared to those without F4‐TCNQ additive. These findings offer a new direction of research on stretchable semiconductors to facilitate future practical applications.
Reversible Short‐Circuit Behaviors in Garnet‐Based Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Ping Weiwei , Wang Chengwei , Lin Zhiwei , Hitz Emily , Yang Chunpeng , Wang Howard , Hu Liangbing 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGarnet‐based solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) are attractive for solid‐state lithium metal batteries due to their wide electrochemical window, high conductivity, and excellent stability against lithium metal. However, the risk of short‐circuit encumbers the cycle life and capacity of garnet‐based solid‐state batteries without clear reason or mechanism. Here, reversible short‐circuit behavior in the garnet‐based solid‐state batteries, which differs from the short‐circuit in liquid cells, is reported for the first time. In situ neutron depth profiling is adopted to quantitatively measure Li transport, which helps forecast and confirm the reversible nature of the short‐circuit in garnet‐based batteries. A real‐time Li accumulation monitoring system of NMC//CNT/garnet/Li cell is designed to reveal the Li dendrite formation mechanism. The voltage drops of the CNT monitoring electrode during the charging process indicate the formation of Li dendrites inside the garnet bulk, while the smooth voltage profile during the discharging process demonstrates the disappearance of the short‐circuit. This is the first confirmation of short‐circuit behavior that provides clarification of the Li dendrite formation mechanism in garnet‐based solid‐state batteries, which is shown to be a reversible process caused by the low ionic conductivity and non‐negligible electronic conductivity of garnet SSEs.
Impacts on Livestock Producers and Veterinarians ofFDAPolicies on Use of Medically Important Antibiotics in Food Animal Production
Authors: Sneeringer Stacy , Short Gianna , MacLachlan Matthew , Bowman Maria 
Published: May 2020

AbstractU.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) policies fully implemented in 2017 ended the use of “medically important” (pertinent for human disease treatment) antibiotics for livestock growth promotion purposes. Between 2015 and 2017, medically important antibiotics sales for food animal production declined by 43%, after steady growth between 2009 and 2015. We examine the impacts of the antibiotics sales decline on livestock producers and veterinarians using case studies and empirical event studies. We find that the drop in sales did not impact overall meat production and that livestock producers engaged more heavily with their veterinarians to implement better management strategies.
Emergency Medicine Residency Curricular Innovations: Creating a Virtual Emergency Medicine Didactic Conference
Authors: Rotoli Jason , Bodkin Ryan , Pereira Joseph , Adler David , Lou Valerie , Moriarty Jessica , Williams Jennifer , Nobay Flavia 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCurrently, there is a pandemic forcing social distancing and, consequently, traditional in‐person education must shift to a virtual curriculum to protect all parties and continue professional development. Recognizing that not all emergency medicine (EM) content can be taught through a virtual platform, we propose a model for nearly all EM resident didactic conference adaptation to a virtual format to meet the needs of the adult learner while protecting all participants from the current coronavirus pandemic.
Electro‐thermal and ‐mechanical model of thermal breakdown in multilayered dielectric elastomers
Authors: Christensen Line Riis , Hassager Ole , Skov Anne Ladegaard 
Published: May 2020

AbstractMultiple breakdown phenomena may take place when operating dielectric elastomers. Thermal breakdown, which occurs due to Joule heating, becomes of special importance when using multilayered stacks of dielectric elastomers, due to the large volume‐to‐surface‐area‐ratio. In this article, a 2D axisymmetric finite‐element model of a multilayered stack of dielectric elastomers is set up in COMSOL Multiphysics®. Both the electro‐thermal and electro‐mechanical couplings are considered, allowing for determination of the onset of thermal breakdown. Simulation results show that an entrapped particle in the dielectric elastomer drastically reduces the possible number of layers in the stack. Furthermore, the possible number of layers is greatly affected by the ambient temperature and the applied voltage. The performance of three hyperelastic material models for modeling the elastomer deformation are compared, and it is established that the Gent model yields the most restrictive prediction of breakdown point, while the Ogden model yields the least restrictive estimation.
Laboratory misdiagnosis of von Willebrand disease in post‐menarchal females: A multi‐center study
Authors: Jaffray Julie , Staber Janice M. , Malvar Jemily , Sidonio Robert , Haley Kristina M. , Stillings Amy , Weyand Angela , Hege Kerry , Jain Shilpa , Gupta Sweta , Agnew Caroline , Wheeler Allison , Pawar Anjali , Sharma Mukta , Chitlur Meera , OʼBrien Sarah H. , Kouides Peter 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIncreased awareness of von Willebrand Disease (VWD) has led to more frequent diagnostic laboratory testing, which insurers often dictate be performed at a facility with off‐site laboratory processing, instead of a coagulation facility with onsite processing. Off‐site processing is more prone to preanalytical variables causing falsely low levels of von Willebrand Factor (VWF) due to the additional transport required. Our aim was to determine the percentage of discordance between off‐site and onsite specimen processing for VWD in this multicenter, retrospective study. We enrolled females aged 12 to 50 years who had off‐site specimen processing for VWF assays, and repeat testing performed at a consulting institution with onsite coagulation phlebotomy and processing. A total of 263 females from 17 institutions were included in the analysis. There were 251 subjects with both off‐site and onsite VWF antigen (VWF:Ag) processing with 96 (38%) being low off‐site and 56 (22%) low onsite; 223 subjects had VWF ristocetin co‐factor (VWF:RCo), 122 (55%) were low off‐site and 71 (32%) were low onsite. Similarly, 229 subjects had a Factor VIII (FVIII) assay, and 67 (29%) were low off‐site with less than half, 29 (13%) confirmed low with onsite processing. Higher proportions of patients demonstrated low VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo, and/or FVIII with off‐site processing compared to onsite (McNemarʼs test P‐value <.0005, for all assays). These results emphasize the need to decrease delays from sample procurement to processing for VWF assays. The VWF assays should ideally be collected and processed at the same site under the guidance of a hematologist.
Socioeconomic status, work‐life conflict, and mental health
Authors: Kim Young‐Mee , Cho Sung‐il 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundWork‐life conflict (WLC) has a critical effect on employee mental health. However, research on occupational health has neglected the family domain. Furthermore, although it is reasonable to assume that the effect of WLC on health may differ according to socioeconomic circumstances, there is little empirical evidence for differences in the impact of WLC by socioeconomic status (SES). The purpose of this study was to assess the role of SES as an effect modifier, while examining whether the SES level affects the relationship between WLC and mental health.MethodWe analyzed data from the nationally representative South Korean Working Conditions Survey of 2014, including 49 401 workers. Logistic regression analyses, stratified by sexes, were performed to identify sex differences, and interaction terms including WLC and SES were also incorporated.ResultsWLC (men: OR = 1.24; women: OR = 1.18) and domestic demands (men: OR = 1.16; women: OR = 1.22) were significantly associated with mental health. WLC exhibited a stronger association with mental health for individuals with high SES, both in terms of education (men: OR = 1.61 vs 1.51; women: OR = 1.52 vs 1.24) and income (men: OR = 1.44 vs 1.10; women: OR = 1.48 vs 1.20).ConclusionsOur data suggest that future efforts for health promotion should consider workers’ family demands and SES as important modifying factors of psychological health in the workplace.