bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Actions of Peripubertal Gonadal Steroids in the Formation of Sexually Dimorphic Brain Regions in Mice
Authors: Morishita Masahiro , Koiso Ryoma , Tsukahara Shinji 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The calbindin-sexually dimorphic nucleus (CALB-SDN) and calbindin-principal nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (CALB-BNSTp) show male-biased sex differences in calbindin neuron number. The ventral part of the BNSTp (BNSTpv) exhibits female-biased sex differences in noncalbindin neuron number. We previously reported that prepubertal gonadectomy disrupts the masculinization of the CALB-SDN and CALB-BNSTp and the feminization of the BNSTpv. This study aimed to determine the action mechanisms of testicular androgens on the masculinization of the CALB-SDN and CALB-BNSTp and whether ovarian estrogens are the hormones that have significant actions in the feminization of the BNSTpv. We performed immunohistochemical analyses of calbindin and NeuN, a neuron marker, in male mice orchidectomized on postnatal day 20 (PD20) and treated with cholesterol, testosterone, estradiol, or dihydrotestosterone during PD20-70, female mice ovariectomized on PD20 and treated with cholesterol or estradiol during PD20-70, and PD70 mice gonadectomized on PD56. Calbindin neurons number in the CALB-SDN and CALB-BNSTp in males treated with testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, but not estradiol, was significantly larger than that in cholesterol-treated males. Noncalbindin neuron number in the BNSTpv in estradiol-treated females was significantly larger than that in cholesterol-treated females. Gonadectomy on PD56 had no significant effect on neuron numbers. Additionally, an immunohistochemical analysis revealed the expression of androgen receptors in the CALB-SDN and CALB-BNSTp of PD30 males and estrogen receptors-α in the BNSTpv of PD30 females. These results suggest that peripubertal testicular androgens act to masculinize the CALB-SDN and CALB-BNSTp without aromatization, and peripubertal ovarian estrogens act to feminize the BNSTpv.
Frequency of wrist pain and its associated risk factors in students using mobile phones
Authors: Amjad Fatima , Farooq Muhammad Nazim , Batool Rubia , Irshad Anam 
Published: April 2020

Objective: To assess the frequency of wrist pain in students due to mobile phone usage, and impact of usage hours and screen size of mobile phones on pain and disability at wrist joint.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among students studying in different universities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi belonging to both public and private sectors. The study was conducted between May 2018 and March 2019. Sample size was 360 students which were selected through convenience sampling. Data was collected through self-formulated closed ended questionnaire. Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation questionnaire was used to assess pain and disability at wrist joint. Data entry and analysis were done using SPSS 21. Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Spearman’s and point-biserial correlation coefficients were applied to determine association between different variables.
Results: Point, last month, last 3 months, last 6 months, last year and lifetime frequency were found to be 9%, 18.6%, 29%, 33.3%, 42% and 45.3% respectively. Duration of mobile phone usage was found to be of significant association factor that could lead to wrist pain and disability (p=0.004). Wrist pain was not significantly related to mobile phone screen size (p = 0.488).
Conclusion: It appears that wrist pain is common among mobile phone users and an increase in use of mobile phones increased pain and disability of wrist joint. In addition, it seems that screen size of mobile phone has no significant effect on pain and disability of wrist joint.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1797
How to cite this:Amjad F, Farooq MN, Batool R, Irshad A. Frequency of wrist pain and its associated risk factors in students using mobile phones. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(4):746-749. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.4.1797
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Characteristics of Von Bertalanfy Growth, Allometric, Condition Index And Mortality of Periophthalmus barbarus in Mangrove and Probiotics Conservation Area (KKMB), Tarakan, North Kalimantan
Authors: Indarjo Agus , Salim Gazali , Zein Mufrida , Susiyanti Susiyanti , Soejarwo Permana Ari , Nugraeni Christine Dyta , Bija Stephanie , Pham Yen Thi Hong 
Published: April 2020

The Mudskipper (P. barbarus) lives in intertidal mud flats and it becomes an indicator of water quality. The transformation of construction and water pollution in this area is important to investigate due to interaction of fishery industry, home residence, and market area surrounding areas. The aim of this research was to analyze the characteristic of Von Bertalanffy growth, allometric, condition index, and mortality of the P. barbarus in KKMB, Tarakan city. The research was designed by using descriptive quantitative method. The sampling process used purposive sampling. The sampling was conducted for 12 times plot.transect-1 in the extension area of KKMB, Tarakan city with a total area is 12 Ha, plot.transect-1area is 10x10 m2, and distance between each transect is 10 m2. Sampling was carried out in survey area and laboratory to identify the gender and calculate total length and weight. The result showed the growth of male mudskipper (L∞ = 26.545 cm) and female (L∞ = 17.594 cm). Their size and the total population was decreased. The characteristic of male mudskipper growth was positive allometric, then female was negative allometric. The natural mortality and the catch of male mudskipper were higher than female.
Seasonal Training Load Quantification and Comparison in College Male Soccer Players
Authors: Ryan Greg A. , Snarr Ronald L. , Eisenman Michelle L. , Rossi Stephen J. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Ryan, GA, Snarr, RL, Eisenman, ML, and Rossi, SJ. Seasonal training load quantification and comparison in college male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(4): 1038–1045, 2022—Monitoring and quantification of training load (TL) throughout a competitive soccer season is important to ensure players are able to perform throughout the season. The intent of this study was to examine the positional demands and patterns of select measures of TL during a 14-week season in collegiate male soccer players. Heart rate (HR), running performance (SZ), and perceived recovery data were collected daily using a bioharness for each subject (n = 21). Data were grouped into 2- to 3-week training blocks (Pre1, Pre2, In1, In2, In3, and In4). Continuous variables were analyzed using a multivariate analysis of variance, with post hoc Least Squared Difference pairwise comparisons. Significant positional differences were observed across the season. During Pre1, center midfielders (CM) spent more time in %HRlow compared to center backs (CB) (p < 0.01), wide midfielders (p < 0.01), and center forwards (p = 0.04). Center midfielders spent greater time in SZlower than CB (p < 0.01) and wide backs (WB) (p = 0.01). Wide backs spent greater time in SZupper compared to other positions (all p < 0.01). During Pre2, WB spent more time in %HRhigh and SZupper compared to other positions (all p < 0.01). Positional differences were more varied throughout in-season comparisons, but generally, WB and CB demonstrated higher intensities in variables compared to other positions. Tracking variations in positional TLs across the season is important for coaching and training staffs to determine player readiness and plan future training sessions, while helping to mitigate overuse injuries during a long competitive season.
Stillborn Plots
Authors: Tarr Clayton Carlyle 
Published: April 2020

Clayton Carlyle Tarr, “Stillborn Plots: Revolution, Imagination, and the Failure of Romanticism” (pp. 415–447)
The metaphor “fell stillborn from the press” was used frequently by Romantic-era critics to disparage unsuccessful literary productions. Stillbirth statistics began to be collected in earnest in the late eighteenth century alongside an explosion of midwifery texts and obstetric advances. Since Romantic authors often referred to their texts as offspring, it is useful to understand stillbirth plots in these texts as evidence of the authors’ anxiety over imaginative or revolutionary failure. Stillbirth plots are a recurrent theme in Romantic literature, appearing in both novels and poetry, and they are tied together by the mental struggle of the creator, either female or male. In Romantic novels, stillbirth plots signal the defeat of radical theories, whereas in poetry they express the failure of the imagination. Ultimately, these metaphors of failed parturition demonstrate Romantic writers’ fascination with contemporary obstetrics, which made extraordinary advances in the late eighteenth century only to remain static throughout the nineteenth century.
A plastic approach to musical meaning: An analysis of The Barbarian by Emerson, Lake & Palmer
Authors: Gecevičiūtė Agnė 
Published: April 2020

The aim of the present analysis is discussing a particular piece trying to answer rather impenetrable question of musical meaning. It is assented that in various contexts the same sound can create different meanings and that music can produce different meanings to separate people at different times. Thus music is considered as being more similar to plastic dimension of visual arts than submitting to a figurative reading. Therefore an aesthesic approach – the adaptation of plastic semiotics, which suggests reading the text in a more abstract way – might be also effective to music analysis. This is demonstrated in present analysis where trying to explore musical meaning in a particular piece, development of dynamics, rhythm, tempo, height and duration of sounds, timbres, accents, meter, (in)completeness, pulsation, curves of tension, etc. is discussed.The first piece of the debut album by one of progressive rock founding bands is analysed. It appears that in this object the main ideas of the band and of all progressive rock genre are expressed as well as roles of “high” and “mass” cultures are established.
New records of <i> Hipposideros griffini </i> from lava caves and the threats to its conservation in Vietnam
Authors: Thong Vu Dinh 
Published: April 2020

Lava caves are unique and fragile ecosystems which are suitable for a wide variety of plant and animal species. However, the biodiversity of lava caves is still poorly studied. To increase knowledge of these special ecosystems, several rapid surveys on bats were carried out in Dak Nong Province in sounthern Vietnam between 2014 and 2019. Bats were captured in the field using mist nets and harp traps. Echolocation calls were recorded in different situations using the PCTape system. The results include records of Griffin’s leaf-nosed bat (Hipposideros griffini) which is regarded as a species endemic to Vietnam only. Prior to the present study, it was only recorded from karst and moutain habitats in three different regions of Vietnam: Cat Ba National Park in the northeast, Chu Mom Ray in the central highlands, and Cat Tien National Park in the southeast. Records of Hipposideros griffini from Dak Nong Province extend its distributional range and highlight the importance of lava cave systems for biodiversity research and conservation in Vietnam. Griffin’s leaf-nosed bat and other animal species inhabiting the lava caves have been critically threatened by hunting and other human activities. Morphological measurements and echolocation calls of Hipposideros griffini together with the threats to its conservation status in Dak Nong Province are given in this paper.
Core Decompression by Laser Osteoperforation: A Preliminary Report of New and Minimally Invasive Modality for the Treatment of Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral Head
Authors: Ali Yakub M. , Sarwar Jahangir M. , Sarker Manash C. , Hossain Mohammad S. , Kayes Muhammad N. , Rahman Muhammed M. , Hainz Hans 
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head is a devastating disease that often leads to the destruction of the hip. Core decompression of femoral head is the commonest of all conservative surgical treatments where an 8-10 mm cylindrical core of bone is removed from antero-lateral segment of the femoral head. But it is employed only in early stages of the disease and its results are still of controversial efficacy and most of patients ultimately require total hip arthroplasty. Laser irradiation stimulates the reparative process in the bone and marrow while local hyperthermia produced by the laser vaporizes some of necrotic areas leading to a reduction of the intraosseous pressure which is the fulcrum of AVN regardless of the cause.
Objectives: The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the outcome of core decompression by laser osteoperforation for AVN of the femoral head.
Subjects and methods: The study was carried out at the Institute of Laser Surgery and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh which included 62 hips with AVN in 40 patients. Preoperative and Postoperative Clinical assessment and Radiological staging were done using ‘Harris Hip Score (HHS)’ and ‘Ficat and Arlet staging’ respectively. Under spinal anesthesia and Fluoroscopic guidance all hips were subjected to ‘Core decompression by Laser Osteo-perforation’ using 970 nm Diode laser through 18G spinal needle via trans-trochanteric and trans-capital approach.
Results: All patients were followed up at intervals of three weeks, three months, six months and then yearly (cases with minimum 3 follow ups were included in this study). According to HHS our results are as : 40.3% - excellent; 21.0% - good; 29.0% - fair; 9.7% - poor. No significant side effects or complications were observed so far.
Conclusion: Core decompression by laser osteoperforation has been proven so far to be an effective, safe and minimally invasive treatment modality for AVN of the femoral head.
Health Hazards of Garments Sector in Bangladesh: The Case Studies of Rana Plaza
Authors: Tania Fatema , Sultana Nasrin 
Published: April 2020

Readymade garments are the most important export item from Bangladesh, yet the working conditions and fire safety records in the factories are often not up to the standard. The sector draws global attention to its quality production and women workers are employed. Worker deaths are not new in Bangladesh, and while they have led to recriminations and some vital changes, fires, and other tragic accidents continue. The safety record of the Bangladesh garment industry is one of the worst in the world. The study analyzed the types and extent of occupational health hazards of the garment workers. This study aims to give an overview of what action needs to be taken by the different actors involved in order to improve the safety of garment factories in Bangladesh, what has been achieved so far both in preventing future tragedies and compensating the victims of previous incidents. Study finding shows that participants in the study reported a lack of consciousness about occupational safety and health issues. They are unaware of their fundamental rights at workplaces.
The Perception of Dental Practitioners on Laboratory Management for Effective Dental Health Care Delivery: A Case Study of Some Selected Dental Laboratories in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Ugwuda Christian , Ayoade Adegbite A 
Published: April 2020

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the management of dental laboratory as it significantly affects effective handling of dental problems among dental patients visiting Dental Hospitals/Centres and consequently for effective dental healthcare delivery system in Lagos State as a case study.
Methodology: One hundred (100) dental professionals working in the selected twenty (20) dental hospital/centres across the study area were selected surveyed through a purposive sampling technique. The research instruments used for study were self-opinionated questionnaires and Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat SWOT analysis.
Finding: The results showed that state of the laboratories need to be improved in order to meet current global standards of digital state of equipments, then management of the laboratory with the perception of the staff influence the quality of dental care services given to the patients. The SWOT analysis indicated that opportunities within the profession is the adequacy of training and professionalism, while danger of quack workers, obsolete equipment, erratic power supply to run the equipment and lack of government enabling environment are threat and weakness that affect the dental laboratory activities. The study concluded that state of dental laboratory still need more improvement with the use of modern and digital equipments, and the workers re-training are the strengths and opportunities .Therefore, there is need for workshop, conferences and to educate the professional on the latest equipment in the markets on a global level. Then, the Government should embark on infrastructural development of the existing governmental dental facilities and encourage the private ones.
Analysis of the Misconceptions about Aid and Hepatitis among the Student of Nishtar Medical College Multan: A Study of Knowledge, Aptitude, and Perspective
Authors: Awan Abdul Ghafoor , Ghafoor Ammarah , Ghafooor Muhammad Tayyab 
Published: April 2020

Introduction: A number of evaluations regarding awareness among people about modes of transmission, sources of transmission and vaccination against HBV, HCV, and HIV have been carried out but very few of them have specifically focused medical students. This study reflects the degree of awareness of 3rd year MBBS students on these issues and their vaccination status. It also depicts whether medical students are afraid of examining patients afflicted with these diseases or not.
Objectives of study: To determine the knowledge and aptitude of medical students about various aspects of HBV, HCV, and HIV diseases.
Data & Methodology: We used primary data in this study which is cross-sectional in study. The data was collected through a structured questionnaire. As many 130 third years students of MBBS students of Nishtar Medical College were selected as the sample of the study. The field survey method was used to collect the data. Statistical description methods such as frequency distribution, graphs, and tables were used to explain and analyze the data.
Findings and Results: Our study evidence shows that 28.4 percent students possessed complete knowledge about the modes of transmission of HBV, HCV, and HIV while 70.7 percent have incomplete knowledge whereas 0.07 percent of the students have no knowledge about these diseases. Similarly, 60 percent of the students have no fear about the examinations of the patients suffering these diseases while 40 percent were afraid about them. Regarding the availability of vaccination against HBV, HCV and HIV 80.7 percent have knowledge about HBV, 42.3 percent about HCV and 16.9 percent about HIV. Our results show that 81.5 percent sampling students were vaccinated against HBV while 19.5 percent were not. Due to lack of awareness, negligence, etc.
Conclusions: Our study concludes that majority of sampling students having full knowledge about these fatal diseases were lower than expected and it is, therefore, recommended that an awareness campaign should be launched so that students should be well-acquainted about the fatal impact of HBV, HCV, and HIV. Special seminars or workshops should be arranged to educate and train these students so that they may be able to cope with these diseases effectively after completion of their education.
Team Approach: Multidisciplinary Perioperative Care in Upper-Extremity Reconstruction for Adults with Spasticity and Contractures
Authors: Patel Raahil , Rhee Peter Charles 
Published: April 2020

» Spasticity is the heightened motor tone that occurs as a result of damage to upper motor neurons in the central nervous system from brain or spinal cord injuries.» Nonoperative interventions for upper-extremity spasticity include chemodenervation or orthotic use, but their efficacy may be limited in correcting severe deformities. In such cases, surgical reconstruction may be necessary.» A single-event multilevel surgery (SEMLS) is a method of addressing deformities involving the entire extremity under 1 anesthetic episode.» It is the responsibility of the surgeon to assemble and communicate with the appropriate health-care team members during the patient’s hospitalization to prevent perioperative complications and to optimize outcomes after surgery. Team entities integral to successful SEMLS for patients with spasticity include respiratory therapy, nutrition, neuropalliative care, internal medicine, occupational therapy, and anesthesiology.» The goal of upper-extremity reconstruction in patients with spasticity is to improve the patient’s quality of life, reduce pain, improve hygiene, restore functionality, and correct disfiguring joint contractures.
Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Tibial Tubercle Avulsion Fractures in Adolescents
Authors: Cole Wendell W. , Brown Symone M. , Vopat Bryan , Heard Wendell M.R. , Mulcahey Mary K. 
Published: April 2020

» Although rare, tibial tubercle avulsion fracture must be considered in the differential diagnosis for the pediatric patient presenting with acute knee pain.» In the adolescent population, tibial tubercle avulsion fracture is a rare injury that is typically seen in boys who engage in sporting activities that involve jumping or sprinting.» The proximal tibial physis closes distally in the posteromedial to anterolateral direction, creating an environment that predisposes the tubercle to a potential avulsion injury.» Historically, the Ogden classification has guided nonoperative and operative management of this condition.» Multiple fracture fixation methods have been described with the overall goal of restoring the extensor mechanism and the joint surface.
Learning English as a Second Language: Earlier is Better
Authors: Wallin Jamie , Cheevakumjorn Boonsri 
Published: April 2020

This study reviews recent evidence concerning childhood bilingualism: what is the optimal age to begin learning a second language? Acquiring a first language is mainly unconscious and begins at birth. A bilingual child is one who has acquired a second language simultaneously or is acquiring a second language sequentially. Research evidence confirms that second language acquisition should begin as early as possible. It requires a holistic approach in which learners are immersed in the sounds and daily experiences of the second language, much in the same way as the first language was acquired. It is during the very early years of a child’s life that brain development is most receptive to acquiring linguistic competence in one or more additional languages. Evidence is clear that younger-age learners will have better accents and a more diversified vocabulary than those who are older. Thus, creating an immersion-like environment is essential for schools which aim to develop sequential bilinguals. Elements for successful English as a second language programmes are identified, with supporting research evidence.
HIGHLIGHTS:

When young bilinguals ‘borrow’ words from the other language could be regarded as being very resourceful, not confused.
Children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may lack certain linguistic experiences in terms of vocabulary size, and lack of exposure to books, conversation practice, or first-hand life experiences.