bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Mythologies in the Greek East
Authors: Price Simon 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Overall Issue of this Chapter is the articulation of local identities within the broader context of the Greek and Roman world. The development of mythologies, that is, a shared sense of the past, is one of the key ways that this was achieved in the ancient world. Other people and places have done things differently. For example, in the Middle Ages struggles over the possession of the relics of saints was part of the jostling for ecclesiastical and political prominence. This chapter will focus on the High Empire, though it will look back to the Classical and Hellenistic periods. It aims to show the importance of joining up studies of Classical Greek religion with those of later periods. It aims also to illustrate the virtues of being aware of material of different types: not only texts, but also coins, sculpture, and buildings. One theme is that the sculpture and the coins be seen as ‘memory theatres’ in which communities represented to themselves and others images of their past and hence their identities. First, some remarks on the definition of ‘mythology’. Here, the word simply refers to stories about the gods and heroes. The term ‘histories’ would have been equally good, because there was and is a perfectly good case for seeing these stories as actual events, taking place in specific places and at specific times. Upholders of that view naturally believed in the possibility of a continuous narrative, from stories about the gods and heroes down to the present. Such a position was of course debatable and debated, from the fifth century onwards. So Diodorus, writing his Universal History, noted that earlier historians had excluded mythology on the grounds that it contained self-contradictions and confusions (so on evidential, not ontological grounds). He himself, however, proposed to include the deeds of gods and heroes, such as Dionysus and Heracles, who were benefactors of the human race. Such inclusiveness, however, remained controversial: Dionysius of Halicarnassus commended Thucydides’ exclusion of the mythical from his narrative, while noting that local historians did not live up to Thucydidean standards.
Festivals and Games in the Cities of the East during the Roman Empire
Authors: Klose Dietrich O A 
Published: November 2020

AbstractUnder the Roman Empire the Eastern provinces witnessed a revival of festivals and games, after a considerable period of interruption by war, both external and civil. The Olympic games, which had lost much of their splendour in the second and first centuries bc, won back their former prestige and became ‘the pride of hellenism in the East’. The character of the festivals changed more and more towards a form of ‘showbusiness’. The sporting contests were the main elements of these festivals, and in many inscriptions ‘Agon’ not only means the contests, but stands for the whole festival. Thus on coins agonistic types symbolize the whole festival. Besides the revival of traditional festivals, many of which had not been celebrated for a long time, new ones were founded in great numbers. In a period of limited political autonomy— especially as far as foreign relations were concerned— the cities had few possibilities left to compete with others and to distinguish themselves. A matter for vehement quarrel was the competition for pompous honorary titles and the rank of ‘first city’ of the province. Especially severe was the conflict between Ephesus, Pergamum, and Smyrna over the position of first city, Proté, of the province of Asia, about which the emperors themselves had to conciliate on several occasions. More thoughtful people like Dio Chrysostom warned in vain of such quarrels about ‘empty words’. Closely linked to the contest for honorary titles and rank was the rivalry over festivals and games. The cities wanted to celebrate the most splendid festivals possible. A high rank for the city and its games not only satisfied their self-image and the feeling of superiority over their neighbours, but also brought real economic benefits. Many participants, envoys, and visitors joined the splendid festivals of high-ranking cities, and, as at similar occasions today, they left a lot of money behind. Dio Chrysostom, who himself had warned the cities of quarrels about ‘empty words’, hit the mark: ‘Where the greatest crowd is assembled, there also the most money will flow together.’ The more a festival surpassed those of other cities, the better it was for the economy of the city.
Fmoc Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Chan W , White Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the years since the publication of Atherton and Sheppard's volume, the technique of Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis has matured considerably and is now the standard approach for the routine production of peptides. The basic problems outstanding at the time of publication of this earlier work have now been, for the most part, solved. As a result, innovators in the field have focussed their efforts to develop methodologies and chemistry for the synthesis of more complex structures. The focus of this new volume is much broader, and covers not only the essential procedures for the production of linear peptides but also more advanced techniques for preparing cyclic, side-chain modified, phospho- and glycopeptides. Many other methods also deserving attention have been included: convergent peptide synthesis; peptide-protein conjugation; chemoselective ligation; and chemoselective purification. The difficult preparation of cysteine and methionine-containing peptides is also covered, as well as methods for overcoming aggregation during peptide chain assembly and a survey of available automated instrumentation.
Basic principles
Authors: White Peter D , Chan Weng C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Construction of a peptide chain on an insoluble solid support has obvious benefits: separation of the intermediate peptides from soluble reagents and solvents can be effected simply by filtration and washing with consequent savings in time and labour over the corresponding operations in solution synthesis; many of the operations are amenable to automation; excess reagents can be employed to help to drive reactions to completion; and physical losses can be minimized as the peptide remains attached to the support throughout the synthesis. This approach does, however, have its attendant limitations. By-products arising from either incomplete reactions, side reactions, or impure reagents will accumulate on the resin during chain assembly and contaminate the final product. The effects on product purity of achieving less than 100% chemical efficiency in every step are illustrated dramatically in Table 1. This has serious implications with regard to product purification as the impurities generated will, by their nature, be very similar to the desired peptide and therefore extremely difficult to remove. Furthermore, the analytical techniques employed for following the progress of reactions in solution are generally not applicable, and recourse must generally be made to simple qualitative colour tests to detect the presence of residual amines on the solid phase. The principles of solid phase synthesis are illustrated in Figure 1. The C-terminal amino acid residue of the target peptide is attached to an insoluble support via its carboxyl group. Any functional groups in amino acid side chains must be masked with permanent protecting groups that are not affected by the reactions conditions employed during peptide chain assembly. The temporary protecting group masking the α-amino group during the initial resin loading is removed. An excess of the second amino acid is introduced, with the carboxy group of this amino acid being activated for amide bond formation through generation of an activated ester or by reaction with a coupling reagent. After coupling, excess reagents are removed by washing and the protecting group removed from the N-terminus of the dipeptide, prior to addition of the third amino acid residue.
The Death of Metal: Corrosion
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As in life, so in redox reactions: some are good and some are bad. Corrosion is one of the evil among redox reactions. It is the unwanted oxidation of a metal that cuts short the lifetimes of steel products such as bridges and vehicles. Replacing corroded metal parts costs industry and society a huge amount each year. Understanding it helps us to find ways to prevent it. Not all corrosion, however, is unwanted: the green patina of copper roofs is often sought and can be beautiful; the induced oxidation of aluminium in the presence of dyes can also be intentional and can bring graceful colour to a building. I shall focus on the corrosion of iron, Fe (from the Latin ferrum), its rusting, as it is so common a way of death for our everyday artefacts. Iron rusts when it is exposed to damp air, with both oxygen and water present. In the process the Fe atoms of the metal are oxidized—lose some electrons—and become Fe3+ ions. These ions pick up some oxide ions, O2–, and are deposited as the red–brown oxide, Fe2O3. The corrosion of iron is very much like its reversion to the ore, which is also typically Fe2O3, from which, with so great an effort and all the expensive and energy-intensive, environmentally invasive fury of a blast furnace, it was originally obtained (Reaction 4). In the process of forming Fe3+, the oxygen of the air, the oxidizing agent, is converted to water. The hydrogen atoms needed for the formation of H2O molecules from O2 molecules are scavenged from the surrounding solution, especially if it is acidic and rich in hydrogen ions. I shall now show you the reaction in more detail and try to lead you into appreciating visually what is going on inside a small droplet of water on the surface of a sheet of rusting iron. Although rusting is rarely thought beautiful, there is a beauty and subtlety in the choreography of the atomic events that underlie its formation. As usual, you should imagine shrinking to the size of a molecule, plunging below the droplet’s surface, and descending diver-like through the densely agitating, bustling, tumbling water molecules.
Introduction Reframing Adult
Nursing Practice
Authors: Bullock Ian , Clark Jill Macleod 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Healthcare delivery has been transformed over the past decades with a rapid expansion in the demand for care driven by demographic changes, technological innovation, and increasing consumer expectations. This transformation has in turn had a profound impact on the roles of health professionals in general and nurses in particular. The number of patients with multiple pathologies and complex long-term nursing care needs has also escalated, with pressure for rapid throughput in acute hospital care settings resulting in shorter lengths of stay and greater emphasis on care in the community. To meet growing demand, boundaries between the roles of health professional have blurred, with nurses now undertaking activities previously performed by doctors, and unqualified staff undertaking activities previously performed by registered nurses. These changes are all taking place in the context of economic turbulence. The shift of nursing to an all-graduate profession reflects the recognition that the future role of a registered nurse will carry greater responsibility and autonomy than ever before. The expectations of every student and qualified nurse must therefore also change in relation to the knowledge and skills that they need to deliver expert nursing interventions and clinical leadership. The next generation of nurses will increasingly lead and coordinate the care of a range of patients and clients, supervising and supporting unqualified or lay carers and referring patients to other health professionals when appropriate. As one of this new generation of qualified nurses, it is important that you are able to demonstrate expertise in the fundamentals of nursing practice. You must be equipped with the knowledge and skills needed to enable you to:…● understand the common health conditions that can affect adults; ● understand the pathophysiology of these common health conditions, and the physical and psychosocial needs and problems that result from them; ● recognize your key role in managing the problems and challenges that patients face; ● ensure that your nursing interventions are evidence-based; ● demonstrate competent assessment skills, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills to make informed clinical nursing decisions in collaboration with the patient and other team members; ● adopt an enquiring and questioning approach, and be confident in accessing and interpreting evidence to inform your choice of nursing interventions….
Understanding Stroke
Authors: Burton Christopher R , Smith Caroline 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide nurses with the knowledge to be able to assess, manage, and care for people with stroke in an evidence-based and person-centred way. The chapter will provide a comprehensive overview of the seven stages of stroke, exploring best practice to deliver care, as well as to prevent or minimize further ill-health. Nursing assessments and priorities are highlighted throughout, and the nursing management of the symptoms and common health problems associated with stroke can be found in Chapters 23, 24, and 27, respectively. Stroke is defined as the rapid onset of focal neurological deficit lasting more than 24 hours (in which the patient survives the initial event), with no apparent cause other than disruption of blood supply to the brain (World Health Organization, 1978). As well as being the third commonest cause of death only in middle- and high-income countries (WHO, 1978) (along with cancer and heart disease), stroke is the largest cause of adult physical disability in the world (Bath and Lees, 2000). However, owing to advances in research and evidence synthesis, stroke is now a preventable and treatable disease (National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (NCCC), 2008). Despite its relative small weight (approximately 2% of body weight), the brain requires 750 ml of bloodflow every minute, and consumes nearly 45% of arterial oxygen (Alexandrov, 2003). Bloodflow to the brain is assured through two circulatory systems (anterior and posterior), which are connected by the circle of Willis, and supplied by the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Disruption of this bloodflow can be either in the form of a bleed (haemorrhagic stroke) or clot (ischaemic stroke), and the clinical presentation will vary depending on the location of the disruption in the brain. Ischaemic strokes are more common and account for almost 70% of all events (Wolfe et al., 2002). Whilst thorough clinical examination is essential, the only clear tool to identify the type of stroke is to perform a brain scan using either magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) technology. It is important to note that, often, when a CT brain scan is performed within the first few hours of an event, the scan may not show any significant tissue damage because the changes that occur may take several days to be clearly visible.
Managing Breathlessness
Authors: Prigmore Samantha , Knowles, Vikki 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the fundamental nursing in managing breathlessness. Every nurse should possess the knowledge and skills to assess patients holistically, to select and implement evidence-based strategies, to manage breathlessness, and to review the effectiveness of these to inform any necessary changes in care. The nurse has a key role in managing this often frightening symptom, which may be caused by many disorders, including certain heart and respiratory conditions, strenuous exercise, or anxiety. Breathlessness is described as a distressing subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing (Mosby, 2009) and can be expressed as an unpleasant or uncomfortable awareness of breathing, or of the need to breathe (Gift, 1990). The term dyspnoea, also meaning breathlessness, is derived from the Greek word for difficulty in breathing. Whilst it is difficult to estimate the prevalence of dyspnoea, it is apparent when we exercise beyond our normal tolerance levels; pathologically, dyspnoea occurs with little or no exertion and is a symptom response to different aetiologies (causes of illness). Breathlessness is a common symptom in patients with both cardiac (McCarthy et al., 1996) and respiratory disease (Dean, 2008), and also in people with neuromuscular diseases approaching the end of life; this can prove difficult and distressing to manage (see Chapter 18 Managing End-of-Life Care). There is a peak incidence of chronic dyspnoea in the 55舑69 age group (Karnani, 2005), and the prevalence and severity of dyspnoea increases with age. This is associated with an increase in mortality and reduction in quality of life (Huijnen et al., 2006). It is estimated that 70% of all terminal cancer patients experience breathlessness in their last 6 weeks of life (Davis, 1997). Both physiological and psychological responses (including pain, emotion, and anxiety) can lead to an increase in respiratory rate. Breathing is controlled by the respiratory centre in the medulla of the brain. Higher centres in the cerebral hemispheres can voluntarily control respiratory rate so that breathing can be temporarily stopped, slowed, or increased. The respiratory centre generates the basic rhythm of breathing, with the depth and rate being altered in response to the body’s requirements, mainly by nervous and chemical control (Ward and Linden, 2008).
Managing Delirium and Confusion
Authors: Ouldred Emma , Bryant Catherine 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the assessment, management, and diagnosis of delirium, one form of confusion that commonly presents in healthcare settings. It will equip you with the skills required to differentiate between dementia, delirium, and depression through comprehensive assessment, and will improve the confidence of practising nurses in the management of this debilitating condition. This chapter will help you to select and implement evidence-based strategies to manage patients presenting with confusion regardless of the cause of confusion, such as dementia (see Chapter 7 Understanding Dementia). Confusion is derived from the Latin verb confundere, meaning ‘to mingle’. It is a descriptive term that has a variety of different definitions. It has been defined as a disturbance of consciousness characterized by impaired capacity to think clearly and with customary rapidity, and to perceive, respond, to, and remember current stimuli, and some degree of disorientation (Faber and Faber, 1953). Disorders causing confusion can be categorized into three groups:…● acute disorders usually associated with acute illness, drugs, and environmental factors; ● more slowly progressive impairment of cognitive function, such as that seen in dementia syndromes; ● impaired cognitive function associated with affective disorders and psychoses such as depression….Regardless of aetiology, confusion can be very distressing for the person exhibiting these symptoms, his or her relatives and carers, and for health and social care practitioners. It is important to differentiate between different causes of confusion for appropriate treatment plans to be developed. The word delirium is derived from Latin, meaning ‘off the track’, and is often referred to as acute confusional state. Delirium is a common and distressing disorder associated with increases in physical morbidity, length of hospital stay, and entry to long-term care, and therefore increases in cost to health services. However, it can be prevented and treated if dealt with urgently (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2010a). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition text revision (DSM-IV TR), is used by clinicians and psychiatrists to diagnose psychiatric illnesses.
Managing Mobility
Authors: Hayes Nicky , Whitney Julie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter addresses the fundamental nursing role in the management of mobility. Every nurse should possess the knowledge and skills to assess mobility needs, to select and implement evidence-based strategies to maintain mobility or assist mobility, and to review the effectiveness of these to inform any necessary changes in care. Mobility is the ability to move around independently. The most readily recognizable component of mobility is locomotion—the ability to walk. It includes transition from one position to another, which is necessary to allow walking to be incorporated into functional activities. Examples of transitions are moving from sitting to standing and from standing to lying down. Virtually all bodily systems are required for safe and effective mobility. Maintaining higher levels of physical activity has been associated with reduced mortality and morbidity from many common diseases (Gregg et al., 2003). People with higher levels of physical activity are less likely to suffer or die from cardiovascular disease (Kesaniemi et al., 2001), have reduced risk of all types of stroke (Wendel-Vos et al., 2004a; 2004b), gain less weight, are less likely to develop type 2 diabetes, breast or colon cancer, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, falls, and depression (Kesaniemi et al., 2001; Thune and Furberg, 2001). Beneficial effects on cognition have also been documented, the most physically active having 20% lower risk of cognitive decline (Weuve et al., 2004; Yaffe et al., 2001). Maintaining good physical activity levels is associated with generalized well-being, and improved physical function, ability to perform activities of daily living, and walking distance. An active person is less likely to be disabled and is more likely to be independent. There is a lower incidence of depression in people who remain active, and physical activity is known to reduce the symptoms of clinical depression (Kesaniemi et al., 2001). For these reasons, it is important for nurses to promote the benefits of appropriate physical activity as part of their health promotion role. The American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association recommends levels of physical activity required to maintain good health (Box 23.1).
Significant reduction of humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 4 months after the diagnosis of COVID-19
Authors: Zhang Kang , Ma Zhen-Guo , Yang Lei , Kang Wei , Yin Yun , Lau Johnson Yiu-Nam 
Published: November 2020

Editor's note
A commentary on “Humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in Iceland”.