bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
60 Use of environmental monitoring to inform biosecurity compliance in a swine health challenge
Authors: Harrison Olivia , Stewart Savannah , Vier Carine , Gebhardt Jordan , Jones Cassandra K , Woodworth Jason C , Paulk Chad B , Dritz Steve S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As endemic and foreign diseases threaten the U.S. swine herd, producers are scrutinizing on-farm biosecurity practices. Environmental monitoring may help inform biosecurity compliance. Unfortunately, the Kansas State Swine Teaching and Research Center suffered an outbreak of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in March 2019. The objective of this research was to use environmental monitoring to evaluate biosecurity risk on a farm experiencing a viral outbreak. In a completely randomized design, environmental swabs were collected after barn sanitation on 14, 28, and 42-days after initial PEDV diagnosis from four zones: 1) pig contact surfaces within barns, 2) non-pig contact surfaces within barns, 3) outside barns and inside offices, and 4) transition areas. Swabs were analyzed for PEDV, rotavirus, and Enterobacteriaceae at a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedures of SAS, v 9.4 (Cary, NC). There was a significant time × zone interaction for PEDV (P &lt; 0.0001), where swabs from non-pig contact areas within barns on d 28 (Zone 2) had greater (P &lt; 0.05) levels of PEDV than pig-contact areas (Zone 1) on d 14, 28, or 42. No other interactions existed, and they were therefore removed from the statistical model. Time did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) any measured response criteria. No PEDV was detected (45.0 Ct) from Zone 1 due to recent sanitation, but viral presence was highest (P &lt; 0.05) in non-pig contact areas inside barns and was tracked outside of barns and through transition zones (32.9, 34.3, and 38.5 Ct for zones 2, 3, and 4, respectively). There was no detected difference (P &gt; 0.05) for rotavirus or Enterobacteriaceae in time or zone. In conclusion, producers experiencing a PEDV outbreak may successfully decontaminate pig-contact surfaces, but still have risk throughout the farm. Biosecurity practices should support preventing cross-contamination from other contaminated areas.
PSV-7 Effects of drying and oxygenation of piglets at birth on rectal temperatures in the early post-natal period
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine , Cooper Naomi , Tolosa Andres , Ellis Michael , Gates Richard , Xiong Yijie , Shull Caleb M , Brown Katie , da Silva Stephan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Piglets often experience hypothermia early after birth. Previous research has suggested that drying piglets and administration of oxygen (a potential treatment for asphyxiation) at birth may increase post-natal rectal temperatures. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of drying and administering oxygen at birth on piglet rectal temperature over the first 24 h after birth. The study, conducted at a commercial facility, used a CRD with 42 sows/litters randomly allotted at start of farrowing to 3 treatments (applied at birth): Control (no drying or oxygenation); Dried (using a cellulose-based desiccant); Dried+Oxygen [dried and placed in a chamber (40% oxygen) for 20 min]. At birth, piglets were weighed and uniquely identified. Rectal temperature was measured at 0, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, and 1440 min after birth. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Litter was the experimental unit; piglet was a subsample of litter. The statistical model included effects of treatment, time of measurement, and the interaction. Both the Dried and Dried+Oxygen treatments had greater (P &lt; 0.05) rectal temperatures than the Control between 20 and 120 min. However, the Dried+Oxygen treatment had lower (P &lt; 0.05) rectal temperatures than the Dried treatment between 20 and 60 minutes. Temperatures at 1440 min were lower (P &lt; 0.05) for the Dried+Oxygen than the other treatments; however, differences were small. In conclusion, drying piglets at birth increased rectal temperatures over the first 2 h after birth. The combination of drying piglets at birth and placement in an oxygen chamber for 20 min was less effective at moderating post-natal temperature changes than drying alone. Further research on piglet oxygenation is necessary to understand the reason for these reduced temperatures, and whether this treatment affects pre-weaning mortality. This research was funded by the National Pork Board.
PSV-10 The use of oleic acid during heat stress on lameness and joint health
Authors: Dotson Morgan L , Schnurbusch Teagan R , Wiegand Bryon R , Anderson Nichole C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Though heat stress is becoming increasingly common in pig production, efforts are ongoing to mitigate the negative effects of heat stress on feed consumption. During a period of heat stress, 40 pigs (87.4 ± 0.86 kg) were fed oleic acid (0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%, n = 8 per diet) to improve growth rate. With the rising concern for welfare issues in swine production, we sought to measure how the diet would affect lameness in growing pigs. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to 1) use thermal imaging as a noninvasive measure to detect lameness and 2) to measure effects of oleic acid on the development of osteochondritic lesions. For 6 weeks during the growing phase, visual observations for lameness were conducted by a single trained observer. Additionally, thermal imaging was performed on the lateral aspect of each leg to include the stifle or elbow joint to the foot. At 120.6 ± 1.11 kg, pigs were necropsied and evaluated for joint health by measurement of the number of lesions, total size of lesions, and cartilage score on the proximal humerus, radius/ulna, and tibia/fibula, and the distal aspect of the humerus, radius/ulna, femur, and tibia/fibula. Scoring of the cartilage was based on a 0 to 4 scale, where 0 represents no lesions, and 4 represents severely damaged cartilage. No treatment effects were observed (P &gt; 0.10), however overall lameness scores increased as pigs aged (P &lt; 0.01). Only pigs in the control treatment (0% oleic acid) had an overall increase in temperatures of the right and left knee (P &lt; 0.01). No observable differences occurred in cartilage scores, total lesion size, or number of lesions (P &gt; 0.10) regardless of joint or treatment. Further research is needed to measure if oleic acid in the diet could improve joint health.
PSV-19 Pasture history and supplementation affects parasite status of naïve lambs in grazing systems
Authors: Campbell Braden J , McCutcheon Jefferson S , Marsh Antoinette E , Fluharty Francis L , Parker Anthony J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Developing alternative parasite management strategies is critical as anthelmintic resistance continues to be a global concern in small ruminant grazing operations. Converting cropland to pastureland may serve as one strategy to develop parasite free pasture, thus reducing the need for anthelmintic treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of pasture contamination with gastrointestinal parasites and protein supplementation on the mitigation of parasitic infection in grazing lambs. We hypothesized that lambs grazing on newly established pasture (clean) without supplementation would perform similarly to those lambs grazing on permanent sheep pasture (infected) provided supplementation. A total of 96, 60-day old lambs (30 kg ± 4.0 kg), were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1) clean pasture without supplementation (CN); 2) clean pasture with supplementation (CS); 3) infected pasture without supplementation (IN); and 4) infected pasture with supplementation (IS). Packed cell volume (PCV) and fecal egg counts (FEC) were monitored biweekly. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. Based upon fecal egg fluorescence, 66% of the fluoresced eggs in the mixed infection population were Haemonchus contortus. There was a pasture × supplementation × day effect for PCV in that CN lambs had a greater PCV than IS lambs on days 28, 42, 56, and 70 (P &lt; 0.0001). However, on days 98 and 112, IS lambs had a greater PCV than CN lambs (P &lt; 0.001). In addition, there was a pasture × supplementation × day effect for FEC such that IS lambs demonstrated a greater FEC over time from day 28 to day 112 compared to CN lambs (P &lt; 0.001). Offering supplemental protein to lambs grazing pastures contaminated with gastrointestinal parasites may help lambs cope with a heavy parasite burden. Therefore, developing additional management strategies will be key in reducing the future use of anthelmintics.
PSVII-9 Post transcriptional modifications may lead to changes in newborn goats’ skeletal muscle proteome as a consequence of maternal feed restriction at different stages of gestation
Authors: Costa Thaís , Mendes Tiago , Moura Felipe , Souza Ranyeri , Fontes Marta , Lopes Mariana , Serão Nick , Silva Fabyano , Gionbelli Mateus P , Duarte Marcio 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
We aimed to investigate the impact of maternal feed restriction at different stages of gestation on proteomic profile in the skeletal muscle of newborn goats. A total of 14 pregnant dams were randomly divided into one of the follow dietary treatments: Animals fed at 50% of maintenance requirement from 8-84 d of gestation and then fed at 100% maintenance requirement from day 85 of gestation to parturition (RM, n = 6), and animals fed at 100% of maintenance requirement from 8-84 d of gestation and then fed at 50% maintenance requirement from day 85 of gestation to parturition (MR, n = 8). Longissimus muscle was sampled from male newborn goats and submitted to sarcoplasmic protein extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. The raw data were processed with MaxQuant (1.6.3.3) software with parameters set to default values. Label-free quantification (LFQ) was added and only protein ratios calculated from at least two unique peptides were considered. Our data showed 3 differentially expressed proteins down-regulated in RM (q-value &lt; 0.05). Additionally, we observed proteins present exclusively in each treatment (RM= 137 proteins; MR= 41 proteins). The overall enriched pathways in RM newborn goats are associated with glycolysis (PKM), NADPH synthesis (PGD), lipid oxidation (ECHS1, ACAT1) and citrate cycle (ACO1, OGDH). While the overall enriched pathways in MR newborn goats are associated with glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (GAPDH, ENO) and citrate cycle (PDHA, IDH3A). In addition, correlation analysis between shotgun proteomics and RNAseq data from the same samples showed that there were no relationships between proteins and transcripts observed. These results indicate that maternal feed restriction during different stages of gestation alters enzymes and protein domains abundance associated with nucleotide metabolism in the skeletal muscle of newborn goats. Moreover, the lack of correlation between protein-transcript suggests the importance of post-transcriptional regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism as a consequence of maternal feed restriction at different stages of gestation.
PSVII-11 Utilizing digital images to evaluate accuracy and repeatability of body condition score in cull sows
Authors: Taylor William E , Cassady Christopher J , Lonergan Steven M , Peyer Ben D , Stalder Kenneth J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study evaluated the accuracy and repeatability when determining cull sow body condition scores (BCS) evaluated by scorers utilizing digital images. Participants (n=6) were selected based on previous BCS scoring on live sows. Group standards were established utilizing the scores from two participants with extensive experience BCS sows. Other scorers were not provided training before they scored images and no “scorer calibration” activity occurred to ensure that each scorer was observing similar traits when applying BCS. Two separate groups of sows were scored and video images for each sow were collected and stored for evaluation. The images were recorded as a convenience sample from a cooperating sow abattoir. The cull sow video images were assigned a BCS using an 8-point scale (1,1+,2-,2,3,4,5,NS). Scores from the lower portion of the scale were classified (+ and -) to provide a more specific BCS difference evaluation among sows that were thin. When scorers evaluated the sows (n=165) from the first group, they scored the BC for each sow. Additionally, a random group of sows (n=40) images were selected to be scored a second time by the same scorer. Repeatability (inter- and intra- scorer), individual bias, group bias, and group deviation from standard’s mean BCS were calculated. Data from the first sow group showed that relative to the standard’s mean scores, participants overestimated BCS by .41 (P=0.0001). A similarly selected second set of cull sow images obtained from the same abattoir was recorded. The second group included more sow images (n=220) and a greater number images that were scored a second time(n=55) in order to calculate the repeatability values. The same measures described for group 1 were calculated. After data analysis from the second sow group, it was again noted that participants overestimated BCS by 0.1 (P=0.0009).
PSII-17 Comparison of corn ethanol co-products from Brazil and USA apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in pigs
Authors: Paula Vinicius R C , Milani Natália C , Azevedo Cândida P F , Souza Leury J , Sedano Anderson A , Mike Brian , Shurson Gerald C , Ruiz Urbano S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, GE, EE, NDF, ADF, and CP, the metabolizability of energy, of two high protein (HP) corn distillers dried grain (DDG) and of two corn DDG with solubles (DDGS), from Brazil and USA, and their respective digestible and metabolizable energy content in growing pigs. Fifty crossbred barrows (32.4±6.9kg) were distributed in a randomized block design, with 10 replicates, and received a 96.7 % corn basal diet (BD) or four diets with 40% of each test ingredient: Brazilian HP DDG (BHP); USA HP DDG (UHP); Brazilian DDGS (BDG) and USA DDGS (UDG), substituting for corn. Animals were fed at 2.8 x maintenance (110 kcal of DE per kg of BW0.75) for 7 d adaptation and 4 d of total feces and urine collection. The ATTD of nutrients and energy were calculated by difference and the results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test (P&lt; 0.05). The BHP and UHP samples contained (as is basis) 92.3 – 89.6% DM, 2.8 – 3.5% ash, 42.9 – 34.9% CP, 10.3 – 7.3% EE, 32.7 – 47.5% NDF, 13.3 – 17.5% ADF, 5.30 – 4.90 Mcal/kg, respectively. The BDG and UDG samples contained (as is basis) 86.1 – 86.1% DM, 4.8 – 4.9% ash, 13.9 – 25.8% CP, 9.0 – 6.4% EE, 40.8 – 40.2% NDF, 13.3 – 14.3% ADF, 4.51 – 4.53 Mcal/kg, respectively. The ATTD of DM and GE and the digestible and metabolizable energy contents of BHP were greater (P&lt; 0.05) than those verified in UHP. The ATTD of DM, GE, NDF, ADF, digestible and metabolizable energy values of BDG were lower (P &lt; 0.05) than those verified in UDG. In conclusion, the BHP presented higher digestible values to almost all parameters evaluated, however, all ingredients presented acceptable digestible contents, indicating they may be used in pigs feeding.
PSII-21 The Effect of Feeding a LucraFit® Feed Nursery Program without Lactose on Piglet Performance
Authors: Crowder Stacie , Weeden Terry , Hankins Clayton , Meyer Terry , de Rodas Brenda 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding LucraFit® Feed nursery program without lactose on piglet performance. A total of 440 weanling pigs, initial weight of 5.76 ± 0.23 kg., were randomly assigned to either Control or LucraFit® Feed treatments with 11 replicates per treatment and 20 pigs per pen. Pigs were weighed at day 0, 8, 15, 21, 29, and 43 post-weaning with corresponding ADG, ADFI, and G:F calculated for each time period. Data was analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS. Pigs were fed a three-phase nursery program with 2.27, 5.44, and 13.19 kg/pig for phases 1-3 respectively. Control diets contained 12.5% lactose in phase 1, 5% lactose in phase 2, and 0% lactose in phase 3. LucraFit® Feed diets contained 0% lactose in all phases. LucraFit® Feed was added at 2.5% and 1.25% in phase 1 and 2 respectively. During d0 to 8, there was no significant difference in growth measurements. During d8 to 15, pigs fed LucraFit® Feed treatment had increased (P=0.039) ADG (0.296 vs 0.266 kg/d) and improved (P=0.035) G:F ratio (0.977 vs 0.923). During d15 to 21, ADG was not significantly different between treatments, however ADFI was tended to increase (P=0.061) with the LucraFit® Feed treatment (0.526 vs 0.497 kg/d) resulting in decreased (P=0.047) G:F ratio (0.783 vs 0.824). Through d21 to 43, LucraFit® Feed tended to improve (P=0.082) G:F ratio (0.676 vs 0.660). Overall (d0 to 43) G:F ratio tended to improve (P=0.082) with the LucraFit® Feed treatment (0.723 vs 0.709). No significant differences were observed in pig removals between treatments. Final (d 43) body weight was not significantly different between treatments. These results suggest that pigs can be started on a LucraFit® Feed nursery program with 0% lactose without having a negative impact on nursery performance.
PSII-22 Trends in Mycotoxin Contamination in United States Corn
Authors: Hendel Erika , Ramirez Shelby , Gott Paige , Raj Murugesan G , Hofstetter Ursula 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites and are of key concern to food and feed safety globally. These toxins are detrimental to animal health and can compromise animal performance even at low levels. Classic signs such as decreased feed intake and vomiting used as indicators for exposure overlook other costs of mycotoxicosis, including increasing the frequency and severity of disease via immune suppression, inciting inflammation, and modulating the gastrointestinal environment. This survey examines initial samples of the 2019 crop with previous year trends. New crop corn samples were submitted from September 2019 and consisted of corn (46%), corn silage (50%), and corn byproduct (4%). Samples were analyzed utilizing the liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin-A (OTA). Data are presented for major mycotoxin classes in Table 1. Fewer samples are available thus far compared to the fall of 2018 (50 samples in 2019 vs. 135 samples in 2018), thus risk profile of this crop year is likely to change as the sample pool expands. Co-occurrence (≥ 2 mycotoxins) has decreased compared to 2018. The prevalence of B-Trich decreased compared with previous years, but levels are similar to 2018. Prevalence and levels of ZEN decreased from 2018, and are similar to 2017, while FUM is similar in prevalence to 2018, but average ppb numerically increased. As of yet, no Alfa has been detected; however, corn stored with higher moisture content has increased the risk for storage toxins. Mycotoxin risk of this harvest season is still coming into focus as harvest delays have affected sample submission. Due to continued risk of multi-mycotoxin contamination, multiple mitigation strategies are needed beyond just adsorption, including biotransformation, support of the immune system and liver function.
PSIX-3 Effect of a combination of brown, green and red seaweeds on performance of nursery and growing-finishing pigs, and on carcass characteristics
Authors: Manu Hayford , Huang Qiang , Pangeni Devi , Owusu-Asiedu Augustine , Sands Jason , Baidoo Samuel Kofi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of a proprietary combination of brown, green and red seaweeds OceanFeedTM Swine (OFS) as a replacement of in-feed antibiotic growth promotors (AGP) or pharmacological levels of zinc oxide on performance of nursery and growing finishing pigs and carcass characteristics. Three hundred and twenty crossbred piglets (5.88 ± 0.26 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 or 4 dietary treatments of low ZnO and no AGP but formulated to meet NRC (2012) nutrient requirements (Negative control (NC, T1)), NC + OFS (0.75 % in the nursery and 0.5% in the grower-finisher) (T2), NC + high ZnO + OFS (T3), Positive control (PC), formulated to meet NRC (2012) nutrient requirements + high ZnO + AGP, (T4). All data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Inst., Inc., Cary, NC). The model included fixed effect of treatment and random effect of replicate. Pen with 8 pigs was the experimental unit. Adjustment for multiple comparisons was by Tukey Kramer’s method. Overall (d 0 to 149), pigs on T4 diets had greater (0.47 vs 0.50; P = 0.013) and tended to have greater (0.48 vs 0.50; P = 0.083) G:F than pigs on the control (T1) and T2 diets, respectively. Relative to pigs on the T1 diet, ADG (0.796 vs 0.799 kg) and G:F (0.47 vs 0.48) of pigs fed the T2 diet were similar (P ˃0.10). Furthermore, pigs fed T4 and T3 diets did not differ in terms of ADFI (2.15 vs 2.14 kg; P = 0.994), ADG (0.804 vs 0.826 kg; P = 0.235), and G:F (0.48 vs 0.50; P = 0.260). Dietary treatments did not affect final BW, hot carcass weight, carcass yield, BF thickness, rib eye area, and percent lean (P ˃0.10). Based on performance criteria, these findings suggest OFS seaweed blend can replace either antibiotic growth promotors or pharmacological levels of zinc oxide in swine feeds.
PSIX-4 Concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy and digestibility of phosphorus in a new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs
Authors: Cristobal Romero minoy A , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy and digestibility of phosphorus in a new source of high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs Minoy Cristobal, Su A Lee, and Hans H. Stein The objective of this research was to test the hypothesis that concentrations of DE and ME and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P in high-protein distillers dried grains with solubles (HP-DDGS) are greater than in conventional distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS-CV). In Exp. 1, twenty-four growing barrows (initial BW: 32.7 ± 3.1 kg) were fed a corn diet or 2 diets containing corn and HP-DDGS or corn and DDGS-CV. The statistical model included ingredient as a fixed effects and replicate as the random effect and the pig was the experimental unit. Results from Exp. 1 indicated that the concentrations of DE and ME of HP-DDGS were greater (P &lt; 0.05) compared with DDGS-CV (Table 1). In Exp. 2, thirty-two growing barrows (initial BW: 20.2 ± 0.9 kg) were allotted to 4 diets with 8 pigs per diet. The DDGS-CV or HP-DDGS were included in a diet without microbial phytase and in a diet with microbial phytase (500 units/kg diet). The statistical model included ingredient, phytase, and the interaction as fixed effects and replicate as the random effect. Results from Exp. 2 indicated that inclusion of phytase in the diet containing HP-DDGS increased (P &lt; 0.05) the STTD of P, but addition of phytase to the DDGS-CV diet did not increase STTD of P (interaction, P &lt; 0.001; Table 2). The value for the STTD of P was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in DDGS-CV compared with HP-DDGS. In conclusion, HP-DDGS has greater concentrations of DE and ME, but less STTD of P compared with DDGS-CV.