bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
290 Impacts of dietary zinc concentrations on lamb feedlot performance
Authors: Knuth Ryan , Cunningham Hannah , Bangooura Berit , Julian Alexis , Page Chad M , Hummel Gwendolynn , Woodruff Kelly , Whaley Jaelyn , Bardsley Katherine , Lake Scott , Gifford Cody , Bisha Bledar , Stewart Whit C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to identify the impacts of Zn concentrations in lamb grower pellet on lamb feedlot performance and natural coccidia infection in terms of fecal Eimeria oocyst excretion. Rambouillet lambs (n = 33; 43.9 ± 1.0 kg) were used in a 63 d feeding trial to assess the effect of a diet fortified with a combination of ZnSO4 (80%) and Zn amino acid complex (20%; ZnAA; Zinpro Corp.; Eden Prairie, MN, USA) at three different dietary Zn concentrations (treatment, TRT) which met or exceeded current recommendations. These levels included 1×NRC requirements (450 mg/kg grower pellet; 1NRC), 2×NRC requirements (900 mg/kg grower pellet; 2NRC), and 3×NRC requirements (1350 mg/kg grower pellet; 3NRC). Lamb performance characteristics, including body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency (gain:feed, G:F), and residual feed intake (RFI), were quantified. Fecal samples were collected every 2 wk to assess coccidia infection status via fecal oocyst counts. Treatment × period (d 0–10, 11–42, 42–63) interactions were identified for DMI (P &lt; 0.001). No main effect of TRT was identified for BW, ADG, G:F, or RFI (P &gt; 0.36), but was for DMI (P = 0.02). Ten Eimeria species were detected and summed for total fecal oocyst count, but focus was on the most pathogenic species (E. ahsata, E. bakuensis, E. crandallis, and E. ovinoidalis). A statistical tendency for the interaction between TRT × day was detected for E. bakuensis and E. ovinoidalis (P ≤ 0.08). Transformed counts of E. bakuensis and E. crandallis were lower for 1NRC compared to 2NRC and 3NRC lambs (P &lt; 0.05). Results indicate greater dietary Zn concentrations increased DMI and decreased Eimeria oocysts excreted.
PSV-5 Dairy worker perspectives on performing euthanasia as an essential component of their job
Authors: Simpson Hailey M , Cramer Catie , Edwards-Callaway Lily , Stallones Lorann , Thompson Sofia , Ennis Sari , Kim Elizabeth , Roman-Muniz I Noa 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Euthanasia is a critical component of dairy management as it provides a way to alleviate animal suffering. Limited research explores dairy worker perspectives regarding their role in performing euthanasia or the impact of this practice on worker wellbeing. Additionally, training offered to caretakers is inconsistent in content and frequency and lacks cultural congruence. This project aimed to identify how euthanasia methods, procedures, and training affect caretaker attitudes towards performing on-farm euthanasia, job satisfaction and sense of well-being of dairy workers and managers. Focus groups, facilitated by Colorado State University researchers, were conducted at five large Colorado dairies. Thirty-eight animal caretakers (workers, n = 29; managers, n = 8; and veterinarians, n = 1) participated in focus groups according to their job description and language of choice (English or Spanish). Focus groups were recorded for subsequent transcription and translation. Thematic analysis was performed to identify recurring themes in the transcripts. Themes that emerged from the focus groups included: stressors related to physical, work, and social environments; euthanasia techniques, frequency, process, decision making, and who performs this task; the language used when referring to euthanasia; animal welfare; and the effect of the human-animal bond on euthanasia decision-making and performing euthanasia. Preliminary analysis of themes indicated that multiple factors influence how euthanasia is performed and the euthanasia decision-making process. Additionally, euthanasia and job-related tasks were identified as sources of stress for dairy workers. Strength of the human-animal bond and worker compassion towards the animals they care for were evident for all participants. Initial analysis showed a lack of caretaker awareness regarding mental health services available in their community. Training programs on dairy farms should incorporate worker health and safety, particularly as it pertains to performing euthanasia, and address the mental wellbeing of dairy workers. Information regarding mental health services in the community should also be accessible to caretakers.
PSV-20 Preliminary exploration of swine veterinarian perspectives on euthanasia on-farm
Authors: Calaba Elaine N , Edwards-Callaway Lily , Cramer Catie , Roman-Muniz I Noa , Stallones Lorann , Ennis Sari , Kim Elaine , Simpson Hailey M , Pairis-Garcia Monique , Thompson Sofia 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Euthanasia is a critical component of swine production. Veterinarians should play a key role in development of euthanasia protocols and training to ensure humane euthanasia. This study aimed to understand veterinarian involvement and perspectives on euthanasia training on swine farms. An online survey was disseminated through the American Association of Swine Veterinarians newsletter in February 2020. The survey consisted of 56 questions. Twenty-six veterinarians responded to the survey. The majority (88%, n = 23) of respondents indicated that most of the facilities with which they work have a written euthanasia protocol, and 69% of respondents indicated that they participated in the protocol design. The majority of respondents (88%; n = 23) indicated that caretakers are responsible for performing euthanasia of the pigs. When presented with the statement: “All employees performing euthanasia have been trained adequately,” 52% of respondents agreed while 42% disagreed. Additionally, 81% (n = 21) of the respondents indicated a desire to facilitate additional euthanasia training. All respondents (100%; n = 26) “believe that euthanasia is a humane way to end animal suffering” and that “the euthanasia process on-farm is necessary.” Over half of respondents (62%; n = 16) reported feeling emotionally upset after euthanizing an animal. Approximately half (54%; n = 14) of respondents believe their workplace values the mental health of employees, yet 50% (n = 13) indicated there were no programs to promote worker mental health and 96% (n = 25) indicated there were no mental health evaluations. Fifty four percent of respondents (n = 14) reported there were no employee check-ins with supervisors. Preliminary data supports the need for further euthanasia training on-farm developed with veterinarians and suggests veterinarians want to deliver more training. Although some facilities are considering employee mental well-being, further development of euthanasia training and wellness programs could benefit caretakers.
PSV-10 Free-choice diet selection by sheep during peripartum
Authors: Burgos-González Carlos , Villalba Juan J , Vázquez Reyes , Pedernera Mariana 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our objective was to explore diet selection and productive performance by sheep during peripartum. Pregnant Saint-Croix and Katahdin ewes were housed in individual pens from 100 days of gestation to 60 days of lactation and assigned to two groups: Free-choice-FC and Mixed-ration-MR (n = 12/group). Sheep in FC received ad-libitum amounts of soybean meal, sorghum grain, alfalfa and oat hays, presented in individual troughs. Animals in MR received a total-mixed-ration with these feeds, balanced for gestation or lactation according to NRC. Dry matter (and nutrient) intake/kg BW was measured daily, whereas BW and BCS were measured every 7 and 14 d, respectively. Data was analyzed as a Linear Mixed Model with repeated measures; group, breed, litter size (single, twins) and parity (primiparous, multiparous) were the fixed factors and sheep (random factor) was nested within group. Overall dry matter and ME intake did not differ between groups (P &gt; 0.05), without breed, litter size or parity effects (P &gt; 0.05), but protein intake was greater and NDF and ADF intakes were lower in FC than in MR (P &lt; 0.001). During gestation, FC sheep consumed soy=alfalfa &gt;sorghum &gt;oats, and during lactation they increased (2X) soy intake (P &lt; 0.001). Body weight was similar between groups (73.3±1.3, and 70.6±1.3 kg, for FC and MR, respectively; P=0.148), whereas BCS was greater for FC than for MR (3.9±0.2 vs. 3.3 ±0.1; P = 0.01). During lactation, ewe BW (67.3±1.3 vs. 61.92±1.3 kg; P = 0.01) and BCS (3.83±0.1 vs. 3.03±0.1; P &lt; 0.001) were greater for FC than for MR. Offspring BW was similar between groups (11.5±0.6, and 11.4±0.5 kg, for FC and MR, respectively; P = 0.804). In conclusion, the free-choice treatment enhanced ewe nutrition, reducing BW and BCS losses during lactation without influencing offspring growth. Free-choice may enable ewes to meet their individual nutrient needs, with benefits to their welfare and postpartum ovarian activity.
PSV-23 The influence of prior experience on dietary diversity in sheep
Authors: Pedernera Mariana , Vulliez Alejandra , Villalba Juan J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the influence of prior dietary experiences on intake and selection of novel feeds by lambs. Twenty lambs housed in individual pens were assigned to two groups (10lambs/group): Negative (NE) and Positive (PE) Experiences, in a split-plot design. Lambs were offered a nutritive novel feed followed by intra-ruminal infusions of lithium chloride-LiCl (150 mg/kg BW), a toxicant that causes food aversions (NE), or vehicle (water; PE). The feed was offered daily and infusions were delivered only when intake was ≥50g, when the protocol was repeated with another novel feed until 4 feeds (oats, wheat bran, corn, beep pulp) were offered. After exposure, all lambs were tested for their acceptance of single novel feeds, each offered during 2 consecutive days: sorghum grain, rice bran, Calfmanna® pellets and soybean meal. Subsequently, all lambs were offered a 5-way choice among these feeds and alfalfa (familiar feed). Intake data, preference and Shannon’s diversity index (5-way choices) were analyzed with a Mann-Whiney U test. During exposure, the NE group ate less of the 4 feeds than the PE group (P &lt; 0.05). Moreover, as exposure progressed, it took more days for NE lambs to reach the 50 g intake threshold, suggesting that neophobia in this group increased with negative experiences. During testing, NE lambs ate less (P &lt; 0.05) of the novel feeds, except soybean meal, than the PE lambs. During the 5-way-choice test, preference for alfalfa was 63.6±3.5% for NE and 45.2±2.6% for PE (P &lt; 0.001). The Shannon’s index was 0.85±0.05 for NE and 1.24±0.03 for PE (P &lt; 0.001), suggesting that lambs in NE selected a less diverse diet. Thus, prior experience influenced neophobia and dietary diversity, an outcome that could impact the nutrition and welfare of grazing animals introduced to novel environments and the diversity of plant communities.
PSV-14 Influence of monsoon rainfall events on movement patterns of Angus crossbred vs. Raramuri Criollo cattle on desert rangeland
Authors: Nyamuryekung’e Shelemia , Cibils Andres , Estell Rick , Gonzalez Alfredo , McIntosh Matthew , Spiegal Sheri , Duni Danielle 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Chihuahuan Desert averages 247 mm of precipitation annually, 53% of which occurs between July and September. Our objective was to examine movement, activity, pasture use, and watering patterns of Angus x Hereford (AH) and Raramuri Criollo (RC) cows on days with precipitation events (PE, ≥ 1.3 mm rain recorded) vs. days with no precipitation (NP) at the Jornada Experimental Range in southern New Mexico during the summers of 2015, 2016, and 2017. Breeds grazed two adjacent pastures (12A = 1190 ha; 12C = 1165 ha) separately in a crossover design for 4 weeks each year. Seven to nine randomly selected cows per breed were collared with Lotek 3300-LR GPS set to log position every 10 min. An average of 7.6 PE occurred during the 4-week trials each year. On PE days, cows traveled farther (PE = 6.95 vs. NP = 6.43 km, P &lt; 0.01), spent more time grazing (PE = 9.07 vs. NP = 8.76 h/day, P = 0.07) and less time resting (PE = 13.90 vs. NP = 14.38 h/day, P = 0.01), and traveled similar distances from watering points (PE = 0.84 vs. NP = 0.80 km, P = 0.41) compared to NP days. On PE days, cows spent less time within 200 m (PE = 1.32 vs. NP = 2.95 h, P &lt; 0.01) and 100 m (PE = 0.79 vs. NP = 1.90 h, P &lt; 0.01) of drinkers regardless of breed. We detected no rainfall x breed interaction (P &gt; 0.05). Overall, RC cows traveled farther, at higher velocities, spent more time grazing, less time resting, and explored areas with greater radius than AH counterparts (P &lt; 0.05). Precipitation appeared to relax environmental constraints on activity of both breeds, likely due to availability of ephemeral watering sources and a transient drop in temperature.
PSV-21 The behavior, physiology and immunity of pregnant sows housed in individual crate with different frequency of sham-chewing
Authors: Yi Ran , Zhang Runxiang , Liu Honggui , Li Xiang , Bao Jun 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The sham-chewing behavior indicates the poor welfare of sows and quite frequently occurs in confined environment. To evaluate the behavior, physiology and immunity of pregnant sows with different frequency of sham-chewing, 63 sows (Large White × Landrace) housed in individual gestation crate were divided into the high (H), middle (M) and low (L) frequency groups based on the sham-chewing frequency analyzed by Hierarchical cluster using SPSS 20.0 systems. The behavioral data, including sham-chewing, standing, sitting, ventral lying, lateral lying, bar-biting and rooting, was observed in early, middle and late pregnancy (days 26–27, 61–62 and 91–92) of the sows. Serum CRP, IL-10 and IFN-γ contents were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the frequency of sham-chewing significantly reduced with the increase of the pregnancy period (P &lt; 0.001) and the difference among three groups was significant in early and middle pregnancy (P &lt; 0.001). Standing behavior in Group H and M decreased significantly (P = 0.004; P = 0.020). Sitting, ventral lying and lateral lying behaviors were significantly lower in early pregnancy than those in late pregnancy (P &lt; 0.05). In late pregnancy, bar-biting of Group H was significantly increased (P = 0.018), while rooting was decreased (P = 0.033). The CRP level was significantly higher in Group H than L in middle pregnancy (P = 0.031). The IFN-γ level was significantly lower in Group H (P &lt; 0.05). In late pregnancy, IL-10 level was significantly higher in group H and M than L (P &lt; 0.05). Therefore, the pregnant sows with different frequency of sham-chewing showed differences in standing and lateral lying behaviors. The expression of sham-chewing reflects the higher level of stress and lower level of immunity and may indicate the maladaptation of pregnancy sows to the confined environment.
PSV-17 Measuring motivation for forage of finishing cattle fed high-concentrate diets using a short-term thwarting test
Authors: Coon Rachael E , Peterson Allisen , Tucker Cassandra 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Beef cattle are commonly fed a high-concentrate, grain-based diet in the finishing period. Longer forage particles stimulate chewing and rumination, which may increase saliva production to buffer the rumen, mitigating a harmful drop in pH that can result from a high grain diet. Our objective was to quantify motivation of finishing cattle to access forage with a short-term thwarting test. We predicted cattle would show more interest in forage, versus an additional offering of their primary diet, during initial exposure and when access to this resource was thwarted. Sixteen finishing cattle were fed a high-concentrate primary diet (16% forage) ad-libitum. Twice per day for 4 days, cattle were exposed to 1 of 2 treatments for a maximum of 1 hr/exposure: 1) 100 g of beardless wheat hay (WH; n=7) or 2) 100 g of the primary diet (TMR; n=9). On the 5th day, the bins containing the dietary treatments were covered with a metal mesh that thwarted access to the contents while still allowing visual and olfactory contact. Interaction with and time spent in proximity to the bins were video recorded and feed intake recorded during days 1–4. T-tests did not detect treatment differences during the thwarting test in any behavioral response (p≥0.292). However, repeated measures analysis indicated that intake of the dietary treatments and interactions with the bin decreased over days 1–4 for WH cattle, while these same measures increased for TMR cattle (day*treatment, p≤0.001). These results suggest that animals were more interested in eating and interacting with additional high-concentrate diet than with a small amount of forage. Our findings may be explained by several factors, including that the TMR was highly palatable or that the inclusion rate of forage in the primary diet may have been sufficient, thus cattle showed little motivation for forage during the thwarting test.
PSIII-3 Association of heat shock factor protein 1 and prolactin receptor variants with molecular breeding values in Senepol cattle
Authors: Ortiz-Uriarte Bianca P , Moreno Edgar J Soto , López-Nieves Lourdes E , Negrón-Pérez Verónica M , Casas Americo , Pagán-Morales Melvin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Thermal stress has been associated with lower food intake and growth rate in beef cattle. The purpose of this study was to assess the segregation of the p.Leu462* nonsense mutation in the prolactin receptor gene (PRLR) responsible for slick hair (SH) phenotype in Senepol and a T &gt;C missense variant (V344A) located in the heat shock transcription factor protein 1 gene (HSF1). We compared the potential association of these polymorphisms with molecular breeding values (MBV) that were estimated using a panel of commercial genetic markers (Igenity, Neogen Corp). For this, 29 females and 21 males were genotyped by PCR and sequencing. Three genotypes were observed for the p.Leu462* with frequencies of 0.02 C/C, 0.16 C/- and 0.82 -/-. For V344A only two genotypes were observed with frequencies of 0.86/TT and 0.14/TC. This polymorphism was in linkage disequilibrium with a C &gt;T synonymous variant; therefore, for the statistical analyses, the HSF1 genotypes were combined as TT/CC and TC/CT. The GLIMMIX procedure and Tukey test of SAS were used (effect of sex, HSF1 and SH genotype and interactions). MBV for production traits such as average daily gain, tenderness, yearling weight (YW), marbling, fat thickness (FT), percent choice (PC), ribeye area (RA) and carcass weight. Effect of sex (P &lt; .05) were found for YW (males: 6.93lbs ± 0.53, female: 5.74lbs ± 0.57) and for PC (female: 16.17±0.75, male: 15.02±0.55). Differences between HSF1 genotype combinations were significant for the MBV of RA (TC/CT: 0.96in2±0.10; TT/CC: 0.781in2±0.07 and for FT (TC/CT: 0.16in±0.02; TTCC: 0.12in±0.01). The similarity in segregation of SH responsible genotypes (C/- and -/-) and HSF1 (TC/CT and TT/CC) in Senepol could indicate a potential role of HSF1 in adaptation to heat stress in cattle with an additional effect in muscling and fat deposition.
PSIII-5 Comparison of Bivariate Machine Learning and Linear Model for Genomic Prediction with Different Heritability, QTL and SNP Panel Scenarios
Authors: Peters Sunday O , Sinecan Mahmut , Kizilkaya Kadir , Thomas Milt 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This simulation study used actual SNP genotypes on the first chromosome of Brangus beef cattle to simulate 0.50 genetically correlated two traits with heritabilities of 0.25 and 0.50 determined either by 50, 100, 250 or 500 QTL and then aimed to compare the accuracies of genomic prediction from bivariate linear and artificial neural network with 1 to 10 neurons models based on G genomic relationship matrix. QTL effects of 50, 100, 250 and 500 SNPs from the 3361 SNPs of 719 animals were sampled from a bivariate normal distribution. In each QTL scenario, the breeding values (Σgijβj) of animal i for two traits were generated by using genotype (gij) of animal i at QTL j and the effects (βj) of QTL j from a bivariate normal distribution. Phenotypic values of animal i for traits were generated by adding residuals from a bivariate normal distribution to the breeding values of animal i. Genomic predictions for traits were carried out by bivariate Feed Forward MultiLayer Perceptron ANN-1–10 neurons and linear (GBLUP) models. Three sets of SNP panels were used for genomic prediction: only QTL genotypes (Panel1), all SNP markers, including the QTL (Panel2), and all SNP markers, excluding the QTL (Panel3). Correlations from 10-fold cross validation for traits were used to assess predictive ability of bivariate linear (GBLUP) and artificial neural network models based on 4 QTL scenarios with 3 Panels of SNP panels. Table 1 shows that the trait with high heritability (0.50) resulted in higher correlation than the trait with low heritability (0.25) in bivariate linear (GBLUP) and artificial neural network models. However, bivariate linear (GBLUP) model produced higher correlation than bivariate neural network. Panel1 performed the best correlations for all QTL scenarios, then Panel2 including QTL and SNP markers resulted in better prediction than Panel3.
PSIII-16 Genome-wide association mapping and functional analysis of body weight, feed intake and walking ability in turkeys
Authors: Abdalla Emhimad , Makanjuola Bayode , Wood Benjamin , Baes Christine F , Vanderhout Ryley J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The underlying genetic mechanisms affecting turkey growth traits have not been widely investigated. Over the last few years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) became the de facto approach to identify candidate regions associated with complex phenotypes and diseases in livestock. In the present study, we performed GWAS to identify regions associated with growth traits, feed intake and walking ability in a breeding turkey line. This was followed by studying the functional evidence that may support the impact of those regions on the economic traits in turkeys. A total of 31,950 phenotypic records for body weight, feed intake and walking ability with genomic (56,393 SNP) data were provided by Hybrid Turkeys, Kitchener, Canada. The analysis was carried out using a mixed linear model with hatch-week-year and sex fitted as fixed effects and the accumulated effect of all markers captured by the genomic relationship matrix fitted as random polygenic effects. Significant markers were observed on several chromosomes across the turkey genome. For example, COL8A1 and RBPMS2 genes were identified on chromosome 1 and 12, respectively, and associated with body weight. Furthermore, a gene-set enrichment analysis was performed for each trait. These functional and positional analyses uncovered a number of gene ontology functional terms, Reactome pathways and Medical Subject Headings that showed significant enrichment of genes associated with the studied traits. Many of the observed gene ontology functional terms (e.g., skeletal muscle tissue growth, regulation of digestive system process, and adult walking behavior) are known to be related to body growth, feed intake and walking ability. The results of this study revealed novel candidate genomic regions and candidate genes that could be managed within a turkey breeding program.