bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solid‐State Batteries with Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Iojoiu Cristina , Paillard Elie 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Expectations on solid‐state lithium batteries are at their highest as they are seen as a “next‐generation” technology, although solid polymer electrolytes have already enabled the commercialization of electrical vehicles for almost 10 years. These are powered by lithium metal batteries and use a polyethylene oxide (PEO)‐based electrolyte. Thus, after a quick review of the current state of the art on lithium batteries including various polymers electrolytes, we present some fundamentals about the lithium metal anode. We then give an overview of the different approaches that have been proposed in the past 40 years for improving the performance of these types of electrolytes. The trends that have led to the current generation of solid polymer electrolytes are reported first: They consisted in decreasing the crystallinity of PEO and increasing its chain segmental mobility while preventing electrolyte creeping at high temperature, and the use of plasticizers, fillers, statistical copolymers, and branched polymers such as cross‐linked and comb‐shaped polymers was developed. However, PEO and “dry” solid polymer electrolytes incorporating dissolved lithium salts, in general, suffer from intrinsic limitations. Thus, we then present as perspectives, the most promising polymer electrolyte concepts for improving lithium metal polymer batteries. In particular, the use of polycarbonates as alternative polymer matrixes, the use of polymers in hybrid organic/inorganic electrolytes, the use of block copolymers and liquid crystals for decorrelating conductivity from mechanical properties, and finally, the development of single‐ion conductors.
Full‐Organic Batteries
Authors: Picard Lionel , Gutel Thibaut 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe increasing demand on energy storage for different applications requires the development of more sustainable secondary batteries. In this context, this article describes the benefits and the drawbacks of the organic active materials for the electrochemical storage. After discussing the opportunity offered by full‐organic batteries, the advantages and challenges of the organic materials are discussed. Then, the main electroactive functions (conjugated polymers, stable radicals, sulfur‐based materials, carbonyl‐based materials, and the miscellaneous approaches) and their electrochemical mechanisms are described in detail, giving examples of the most relevant and promising materials reported in the literature. Further, the three main strategies (“polymer” approach, polyanionic salt formation, and solid‐state approach) employed to overcome the solubility issues of the organics in the common electrolytes are developed, with practical relevant examples from the literature. Then, the second main drawback of the organic active materials, i.e. the very low electronic conductivity, is addressed by two means: the use of specific carbon additives and the functionalization of conducting polymer by electrochemically active moieties. Finally, an overview of the seminal works and/or the most relevant full‐organic cell configurations is critically described.
Expert consensus on the nursing management of critically ill elderly patients with coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: Wang Xia , Sun Chao , Hu Hui‐xiu , Wang Zi‐xin , Wang Hui , Peng Hua , Qiao Jian‐hong , Gao Lan ,   Gerontological Nursing Alliance, National Center of Gerontology
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV) was first detected in patients with pneumonia of an unknown cause in Wuhan, China in December 2019. It has since been confirmed as the pathogen for the new coronavirus pneumonia, recently named “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID‐19) by the World Health Organization. Although the general population is commonly susceptible to the disease, infected elderly people show fast progression and severe manifestations with a high proportion in critical condition as a result of compromised immunity and underlying diseases. In order to improve the quality of nursing, reduce complications, and decrease mortality of critically ill elderly patients, we assembled a national expert group with expertise in critical nursing to write this consensus, based on a literature review and a subsequent panel discussion. The consensus covers the assessment, clinical nursing, discharge care, and other aspects of care for critically ill elderly patients with COVID‐19, aiming to share insights and provide guidance for clinical practice.
Trait integration and functional differentiation among co‐existing plant species
Authors: Burton Julia I. , Perakis Steven S. , Brooks J. Renée , Puettmann Klaus J. 
Published: April 2020

PremiseDetermining which traits characterize strategies of coexisting species is important to developing trait‐based models of plant communities. First, global dimensions may not exist locally. Second, the degree to which traits and trait spectra constitute independent dimensions of functional variation at various scales continues to be refined. Finally, traits may be associated with existing categorical groupings.MethodsWe assessed trait integration and differentiation across 57 forest understory plant species in Douglas‐fir forests of western Oregon, United States. We combined measurements for a range of traits with literature‐based estimates of seed mass and species groupings. We used network analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination (NMS) to determine the degree of integration.ResultsWe observed a strong leaf economics spectrum (LES) integrated with stem but not root traits. However, stem traits and intrinsic water‐use efficiency integratedLESand root traits. Network analyses indicated a modest grouping of a priori trait dimensions.NMSindicated that multivariate differences among species were related primarily to (1) rooting depth and plant height vs. specific root length, (2) theLES, and (3) leaf size vs. seed mass. These differences were related to species groupings associated with growth and life form, leaf lifespan and seed dispersal mechanisms.ConclusionsThe strategies of coexisting understory plant species could not be reduced to a single dimension. Yet, species can be characterized efficiently and effectively for trait‐based studies of plant communities by measuring four common traits: plant height, specific leaf area, leaf size, and seed mass.
Effectiveness of a Group Game Intervention in Reducing Preoperative Anxiety Levels of Children and Parents: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ünver Seher , Güray Özlem , Aral Seda 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSurgical experiences are often stressful for children and their parents. This study aimed to determine the effect of a group game intervention on the preoperative anxiety levels of 94 parent‐child dyads who were awaiting elective minor surgery at a pediatric surgery clinic. The experimental group intervention included routine preoperative preparation and a group (ie, child, parent, and researcher) game. After the parent dressed the child for surgery, a research team member assessed the child's and parent's anxiety levels using the Facial Affective Scale and Visual Facial Anxiety Scale, respectively. Before the child was transferred to the OR, the research team member reassessed both anxiety levels. When compared to the control group, the results showed that children and parents involved in facilitated group play experienced significantly decreased anxiety levels (P < .001).
Clinical Issues
Authors: Burlingame Byron L. 
Published: April 2020

THIS MONTH
Patient jewelry removal before a procedure
Key words: jewelry, piercing, monopolar electrosurgery, dispersive electrode, dermal implants.
Ankle monitoring devices in the OR
Key words: ankle monitor, monopolar electrosurgery, law enforcement, dispersive electrode.
Location parameters for automated endoscope reprocessors
Key words: endoscope, automated endoscope reprocessor (AER), sterile processing department (SPD), decontamination.
Prewarming the OR bed
Key words: prewarming, forced‐air warming, redistribution, heat loss, OR bed.
Dolastatin 15 from a Marine Cyanobacterium Suppresses HIF‐1α Mediated Cancer Cell Viability and Vascularization
Authors: Ratnayake Ranjala , Gunasekera Sarath P. , Ma Jia Jia , Dang Long H. , Carney Thomas J. , Paul Valerie J. , Luesch Hendrik 
Published: April 2020

AbstractChemical investigation of a benthic marine cyanobacterium yielded the anticancer agent dolastatin 15, originally isolated from a mollusk. Dolastatin 15 is a microtubule‐destabilizing agent with analogues undergoing clinical evaluation. Profiling against a panel of isogenic HCT116 colorectal cancer cells showed remarkable differential cytotoxicity against the parental cells over isogenic cells lacking HIF or other key players in the pathway, including oncogenic KRAS and VEGF. Dolastatin 15 displayed an antivascularization effect in human endothelial cells and in zebrafish vhl mutants with activated Hif, thus signifying its clinical potential as a treatment for solid tumors with an angiogenic component. Global transcriptome analysis with RNA sequencing suggested that dolastatin 15 could affect other major cancer pathways that might not directly involve tubulin or HIF. The identification of the true producer of a clinically relevant agent is important for sustainable supply, as is understanding the biosynthesis, and future genetic manipulation of the biosynthetic gene cluster for analogue production.
A Carbazolyl Porphyrin‐Based Conjugated Microporous Polymer for Metal‐Free Photocatalytic Aerobic Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Jiang Jun , Liang Zhongxiu , Xiong Xiaoyan , Zhou Xiantai , Ji Hongbing 
Published: April 2020

AbstractHerein, a carbazolyl porphyrin‐based π‐conjugated microporous polymer was prepared via simple FeCl3‐catalyzed oxidative polymerization. The resulting polymer (TCPP‐CMP) exhibits high surface area, permanent pores, good stability, broad light absorption range and suitable redox potentials. As expected, TCPP‐CMP is a highly effective metal‐free and heterogeneous photocatalyst for a variety of aerobic oxidation reactions, including oxidative coupling of primary amines, oxidative dehydrogenation of secondary amines, and oxidation of sulfides into sulfoxides using molecular oxygen under visible light irradiation. Importantly, natural sunlight is able to promote the aerobic oxidation of benzylamine and thioanisole via TCPP‐CMP photocatalyst with high conversion and selectivity, which are comparable with reactions conducted under artificial light. In addition, heterogeneous TCPP‐CMP has good recyclability, which retained its activity even after four cycles. The current work lays the foundation for future applications of TCPP‐CMP as metal‐free heterogeneous photocatalyst for aerobic oxidation reactions.
Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Ni‐Catalyzed Hydrocyanation of 1,3‐Enynes
Authors: Sun Feilong , Ni Jie , Cheng Gui‐Juan , Fang Xianjie 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA highly regio‐ and stereoselective hydrocyanation of 1,3‐enynes was implemented by nickel/diphosphine catalysts. A wide range of highly regio‐ and stereoselective alkenyl nitriles were efficiently prepared. In this transformation, both the tethered alkene and the ligand play key roles in the reactivity and selectivity. The origin of regioselectivity was understood preliminarily by DFT studies.
Template‐Controlled Synthesis of Polyimidazolium Salts by Multiple [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Dobbe Christian B. , Gutiérrez‐Blanco Ana , Tan Tristan T. Y. , Hepp Alexander , Poyatos Macarena , Peris Eduardo , Hahn F. Ekkehardt 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe tetrakisimidazolium salt H4‐2(Br)4, featuring a central benzene linker and 1,2,4,5‐(nBu‐imidazolium‐Ph‐CH=CH‐) substituents reacts with Ag2O in the presence of AgBF4to yield the tetranuclear, oktakis‐NHC assembly [3](BF4)4. Cation [3]4+features four pairs of olefins from the two tetrakis‐NHC ligands perfectly arranged for a subsequent [2+2] cycloaddition. Irradiation of [3](BF4)4with a high pressure Hg lamp connects the two tetra‐NHC ligands through four cyclobutane linkers to give compound [4](BF4)4. Removal of the template metals yields the novel oktakisimidazolium salt H8‐5(BF4)8. The tetrakisimidazolium salt H4‐2(BF4)4and the oktakisimidazolium salt H8‐5(BF4)8have been used as multivalent anion receptors and their anion binding properties towards six different anions have been compared.
PROTOCOL: Friendly visiting by a volunteer for reducing loneliness and social isolation in older adults
Authors: Laermans Jorien , Scheers Hans , Vandekerckhove Philippe , De Buck Emmy 
Published: April 2020

AbstractLoneliness and social isolation are reaching epidemic proportions in both children and adults, despite the increasing connectedness in our twenty‐first century world. As a growing number of studies reveal their detrimental impact on physical and mental health, identifying and investing in feasible and sustainable interventions to alleviate social isolation and feelings of loneliness is of prime importance. Friendly visiting, a befriending intervention whereby older persons are matched with someone who visits them on a regular basis, seems to be a realistic and sustainable option for providing social support. However, until this day, it remains unclear if friendly visiting by a volunteer is effective at reducing loneliness and social isolation. Therefore, this systematic review aims to answer the following research question: what is the effect of friendly visiting by a volunteer on feelings of loneliness and social isolation (primary outcomes) and wellbeing (i.e. life satisfaction, depressive symptom experiencing and mental health; secondary outcomes) in older adults? The results of this review may provide useful information to policy‐makers that are preparing to take on one the most challenging social issues facing our ageing society.
Quadrant dynamic clipped histogram equalization with gamma correction for color image enhancement
Authors: Subramani Bharath , Veluchamy Magudeeswaran 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe detailed examination of low contrast image is a challenging issue. Thus, it makes difficult for the viewer to bring out the detailed features of the image. Histogram equalization (HE) is an efficient way to intensify the contrast of images. However, classical HE techniques result in immoderate intensification. Hence, an efficient contrast enhancement algorithm called quadrant dynamic clipped HE with gamma correction is proposed. This transformation addresses both over‐enhancement and fine detail preservation, which ensures no false contouring. In the proposed method, histogram of the input image is partitioned into four sections using its mean value. Histogram clipping and gamma correction is used to control the color enhancement rate. Then, clipped subhistogram is equalized independently and then they combined together to form an enhanced image. The performance assessment of the proposed and other existing methods is evaluated in terms of entropy, contrast, colorfulness, and saturation. Test results demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms the other existing HE methods in terms of preserving entropy, colorfulness, saturation, and obtaining uniform degree enhancement.
Linkage between Fluorescence and Electrochemical Properties of Imidazolium Compounds in Acetonitrile Solution
Authors: Villaseñor‐Granados Tayde O. , Rodríguez‐López Germán , Ramos‐García Iris , Morales‐Martínez Daniel , González Felipe J. , Flores‐Parra Angelina 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe fluorescence properties of some imidazolium derivatives are relevant in photosensing and therefore, the structural analysis of them is a key point for its rational design, which would be useful to prepare new systems with novel applications. Herein we report a multidisciplinary study of the fluorescence and voltammetric properties of three imidazolium compounds {1,3‐bis[(R,R)‐1′‐chloro‐1′‐phenylpropan‐2′‐yl]‐imidazolium chloride (1), 1,3‐bis[(Z)‐1′‐phenylprop‐1′‐en‐2′‐yl]imidazolium chloride (2) 1,3‐bis[(R)‐1′‐chlorobutan‐2′‐yl]‐imidazolium chloride (3)}. Electronic structure calculations and Bader analyses were used to correlate both fluorescence and the capability of the molecules to be reduced through a heterogeneous electron transfer process. Both properties are strongly dependent on the proton in position two of the imidazolium ring, where the electron transfer as well as the excitation of the electrons are carried out. The reactivity in this position is controlled by the N‐substituents on the imidazolium ring and is due to single contacts H⋅⋅⋅Cl−, tricentric contacts Cl⋅⋅⋅Cl−⋅⋅⋅Cl, π‐electronic delocalization and π‐stacking interactions.
Enhanced Water Management in PEMFCs: Perforated Catalyst Layer and Microporous Layers
Authors: Mohseninia Arezou , Kartouzian Dena , Schlumberger Robert , Markötter Henning , Wilhelm Florian , Scholta Joachim , Manke Ingo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAn experimental in situ study was performed to investigate the effects of the catalyst layer (CL) and cathode microporous layer (MPLc) perforation on the water management and performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Polymeric pore formers were utilized to produce perforated CL and MPL structures. High‐resolution neutron tomography was employed to visualize the liquid water content and distribution within different components of the cell under channel and land regions. The results revealed that at humid conditions, the perforated layers enhanced the liquid water transport under the channel regions. Moreover, at high current densities, the performance was improved for the cells with perforated layers compared to a baseline cell with non‐perforated layers, owing to reduced mass transport losses.
Similarity scaling‐application and limits for high‐efficiency‐multistage‐plasma‐thruster particle‐in‐cell modelling
Authors: Matthias Paul , Kahnfeld Daniel , Kemnitz Stefan , Duras Julia , Koch Norbert , Schneider Ralf 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTo suit a wide variety of space mission profiles, different designs of ion thrusters were developed, such as the High‐Efficiency‐Multistage‐Plasma thrusters (HEMP‐T). In the past, the optimization of ion thrusters was a difficult and time‐consuming process and evolved experimentally. Because the construction of new designs is expensive, cheaper methods for optimization were sought‐after. Computer‐based simulations are a cheap and useful method towards predictive modelling. The physics in HEMP‐T requires a kinetic model. The Particle‐in‐Cell (PIC) method delivers self‐consistent solutions for the plasmas of ion thrusters, but it is limited by the high amount of computing time required to study a specific system. Therefore, it is not suited to explore a wide operational and design space. An approach to decrease computing time is self‐similarity scaling schemes, which can be derived from the kinetic equations. One specific self‐similarity scheme is investigated quantitatively in this work for selected HEMP‐Ts, using PIC simulations. The possible application of the scaling is explained and the limits of this approach are derived.
Insights into the neutral and adaptive processes shaping the spatial distribution of genomic variation in the economically important Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus)
Authors: González‐Serna María José , Cordero Pedro J. , Ortego Joaquín 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the processes that shape neutral and adaptive genomic variation is a fundamental step to determine the demographic and evolutionary dynamics of pest species. Here, we use genomic data obtained via restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing to investigate the genetic structure of Moroccan locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus) populations from the westernmost portion of the species distribution (Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands), infer demographic trends, and determine the role of neutral versus selective processes in shaping spatial patterns of genomic variation in this pest species of great economic importance. Our analyses showed that Iberian populations are characterized by high gene flow, whereas the highly isolated Canarian populations have experienced strong genetic drift and loss of genetic diversity. Historical demographic reconstructions revealed that all populations have passed through a substantial genetic bottleneck around the last glacial maximum (~21 ka BP) followed by a sharp demographic expansion at the onset of the Holocene, indicating increased effective population sizes during warm periods as expected from the thermophilic nature of the species. Genome scans and environmental association analyses identified several loci putatively under selection, suggesting that local adaptation processes in certain populations might not be impeded by widespread gene flow. Finally, all analyses showed few differences between outbreak and nonoutbreak populations. Integrated pest management practices should consider high population connectivity and the potential importance of local adaptation processes on population persistence.
Keeping it cool: Soil sample cold pack storage and DNA shipment up to 1 month does not impact metabarcoding results
Authors: Delavaux Camille S. , Bever James D. , Karppinen Erin M. , Bainard Luke D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWith the advances of sequencing tools, the fields of environmental microbiology and soil ecology have been transformed. Today, the unculturable majority of soil microbes can be sequenced. Although these tools give us tremendous power and open many doors to answer important questions, we must understand how sample processing may impact our results and interpretations. Here, we test the impacts of four soil storage methods on downstream amplicon metabarcoding and qPCR analyses for fungi and bacteria. We further investigate the impact of thaw time on extracted DNA to determine a safe length of time during which this can occur with minimal impact on study results. Overall, we find that storage using standard cold packs with subsequent storage at −20°C is little different than immediate storage in liquid nitrogen, suggesting that the historical and current method is adequate. We further find evidence that storage at room temperature or with aid of RNAlater can lead to changes in community composition and in the case of RNAlater, lower gene copies. We therefore advise against these storage methods for metabarcoding analyses. Finally, we show that over 1 month, DNA extract thaw time does not impact diversity or qPCR metrics. We hope that this work will help researchers working with soil bacteria and fungi make informed decisions about soil storage and transport to ensure repeatability and accuracy of results and interpretations.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Flocculation Studies of β‐Cyclodextrin‐Based Stimuli‐Responsive Star Copolymer: An Environmental Remediation
Authors: Kiran  , Koyilapu Rambabu , Tiwari Rudramani , Krishnamoorthi Subramanian , Kumar Krishna 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThermoresponsive star polymers are synthesized by using poly(NIPAM‐b‐DMA) diblock copolymer and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD). The synthesis of thermoresponsive diblock copolymer (TRP) is carried out by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer mediated aqueous polymerization using N‐isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) and di‐methylacrylamide as monomers. Mercaptopropionic acid is used as in situ chain transfer agent (CTA) to synthesize PNIPAM, i.e., macro‐CTA. The polymeric materials are characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, 1H‐NMR, particle size measurement, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, UV–vis spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction analysis. PNIPAM, TRP, and b‐CD grafted thermoresponsive diblock copolymer (β‐CD‐TRP) show lower critical solution temperature at 32.8, 34.3, and 36.8 °C, respectively. TRP and β‐CD‐TRP are also studied for the removal of model contaminant (kaolin). Among all grades, β‐CD‐TRP 4 shows the best performance in the removal of kaolin from aqueous solution at 25 and 50 °C.