bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macroevolutionary and macroecological approaches to understanding the evolution of stress tolerance in plants
Authors: Bromham Lindell , Hua Xia , Cardillo Marcel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEnvironmental stress response in plants has been studied using a wide range of approaches, from lab‐based investigation of biochemistry and genetics, to glasshouse studies of physiology and growth rates, to field‐based trials and ecological surveys. It is also possible to investigate the evolution of environmental stress responses using macroevolutionary and macroecological analyses, analysing data from many different species, providing a new perspective on the way that environmental stress shapes the evolution and distribution of biodiversity. “Macroevoeco” approaches can produce intriguing results and new ways of looking at old problems. In this review, we focus on studies using phylogenetic analysis to illuminate macroevolutionary patterns in the evolution of environmental stress tolerance in plants. We follow a particular thread from our own research—evolution of salt tolerance—as a case study that illustrates a macroevolutionary way of thinking that opens up a range of broader questions on the evolution of environmental stress tolerances. We consider some potential future applications of macroevolutionary and macroecological analyses to understanding how diverse groups of plants evolve in response to environmental stress, which may allow better prediction of current stress tolerance and a way of predicting the capacity of species to adapt to changing environmental stresses over time.
Integrative systematics approaches revealed that the rare red alga Schimmelmannia (Shimmelmanniaceae, Acrosymphytales) from Japan is a new species: The description of S. benzaiteniana sp. nov.
Authors: Hoshino Masakazu , Ino Chihiro , Kitayama Taiju , Kogame Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2020

SUMMARYThe rare red alga Schimmelmannia (Schimmelmanniaceae, Acrosymphytales) from Japan was taxonomically re‐examined in this study. Japanese Schimmelmannia has previously been identified as S. plumosa (Setchell) I.A.Abbott. However, Japanese Schimmelmannia and S. plumosa have approximately 5 and 1.9% of genetic distance in mitochondrial cox1 and chloroplast rbcL sequences, respectively. They also differ morphologically in the numbers of periaxial cells and auxiliary cell branches indicating that they are distinct species. Based on molecular phylogenetics and morphology, S. benzaiteniana is distinguishable from other Schimmelmannia species, except for S. bollei Montagne which lacks a detailed description. Since S. bollei has been reported only from the North Atlantic coast of Africa, we assumed that it is distinct from the Japanese species. We, therefore, described the Japanese species as a new species, S. benzaiteniana.
Does Teacher Subject Knowledge Contribute to Student Academic Performance in Developing and Least Developed Countries?
Authors: Marcenaro‐Gutierrez Oscar David , Lopez‐Agudo Luis Alejandro 
Published: July 2020

AbstractLittle is known about the causal impact of teacher knowledge on student performance. In this research paper we intend to approach the potential causal effect (i.e. going beyond correlation) of sixth grade teachers’ knowledge on their students’ academic achievement for three Sub‐Saharan African countries. To achieve this, we have used the heterogeneity of teachers’ subject knowledge and students’ correspondent academic achievement within‐student between‐subjects using student fixed effects. Concretely, our work is based on previous research by Bietenbeck, Piopiunik and Wiederhold. Compared to them, we do not use countries that lack representative information after keeping only those students taught by the same teacher for the subjects under analysis. This enables us to obtain more reliable results on this issue. Our results indicate that teacher subject knowledge in reading and mathematics does not have a significant influence on student academic achievement in these subjects for the countries under scrutiny. Many robustness checks have corroborated this conclusion, which contrasts with the positive effect found by Bietenbeck, Piopiunik and Wiederhold.
Status, socialization, and identities: Central factors to understand disparities in crime
Authors: Isom Scott Deena A. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlthough issues related to disparities and inequalities have long been assessed in criminological research, the orthodox approaches to understanding these differences have historically been largely rooted in cultural deficit or individual pathology perspectives. Progressive scholars have long condemned these failings of orthodox criminology, calling for group‐based theories of crime, with some scholars attempting to heed the call. Although such specific articulations are worthwhile endeavors, they still often overlook the intersectional, multileveled, and historically rooted lived experiences of diverse people. To best understand disparate pathways to and from criminal behavior and entanglements with the criminal justice system, variations in historically rooted social statuses, unique socialization experiences, and how these influence various intersecting emergent identities must be acknowledged and better accounted for in empirical work. Building on Potter's call for a disruption of criminology and taking an interdisciplinary approach, I posit an integrative structured identities model as a potential framework for understanding within and between group disparities in crime. How this model may be achieved empirically as well as the potential theoretical and policy implications are discussed.
Triple pelvic osteotomy with a 12.5° and a 20° Slocum‐type plate: A short‐term prospective clinical pilot study in 38 dogs
Authors: Janssens Luc A. A. , Daems Robert , Pillin Lorenzo , Vandekerckhove Peter , Van Dongen Stefan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether using 12.5° Slocum‐like triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) plates would create sufficient femoral head coverage and lower the occurrence of overrotation compared with using 20° TPO plates in dogs with hip dysplasia.Study designProspective clinical study.Sample populationThirty‐five dogs with hip dysplasia (38 hips).MethodsNineteen hips were surgically treated with a custom‐made Slocum‐type 12.5° TPO plate, and these were matched to 19 hips surgically treated with a 20° commercial Slocum TPO plate. Hips were case matched according to size and breed. Ortolani sign, angles of subluxation and reduction, distraction index, and femoral head coverage (FHC) were compared between groups. Excessive coverage was defined as >80%.ResultsIn the 12.5° group, FHC was ≥50% in all hips, with mean FHC (67%), gain (37%), and excessive coverage (11%) all significantly less than in the 20° group (79%, 54%, and 42%, respectively).ConclusionThe 12.5° plate produced sufficient FHC compared with the 20° plate, with fewer hips with excessive coverage.Clinical significanceThe 12.5° TPO plate may result in sufficient FHC with a lower occurrence of excessive coverage compared with 20° plates.
Impact of microwave ablation treatment on the biomechanical properties of the distal radius in the dog: A cadaveric study
Authors: Kalamaras Alexandra B. , Wavreille Vincent , Jones Stephen C. , Litsky Alan S. , Selmic Laura 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether microwave ablation (MWA) modifies the biomechanical properties of the normal distal radius in the dog to better estimate the clinical impact of MWA as a tool for the treatment of neoplastic bone lesions.Study designBiomechanical experimental study.Sample populationSixteen pairs of dog forelimbs from 16 canine cadavers.MethodsFrom each pair of forelimbs, one radius was randomly assigned to an MWA group, and the other radius was randomly assigned to a control group. Bone tunnels were created in each distal radial epiphysis for a length of 6 cm toward the middiaphysis. In the MWA group, the ablation probe was inserted into the bone tunnel for a series of three ablation treatments. Specimens were then tested in three‐point bending to acute failure with the middle point located 3 cm from the distal articular surface (middle of the ablated zone). Load and displacement were continuously recorded to determine maximum displacement and peak load before failure. Data were analyzed with noninferiority tests.ResultsThe mean peak loads for the control group and MWA group were 1641.9 N and 1590.9 N, respectively. Microwave ablation‐treated radii were not biomechanically inferior to control radii (P < .0001).ConclusionMicrowave ablation of normal cadaveric dog distal radii did not affect the maximum displacement and peak load before failure.Clinical significanceMicrowave ablation does not affect biomechanical bending properties of the distal radius in the dog. Future studies, both cadaveric and in vivo, are required to evaluate the impact of MWA on neoplastic bone.
The Role of Anthropometric Parameters on Single-Leg Balance Performance in Young Sub-Elite Soccer Players
Authors: Krombholz Dirk , Daniel Luca , Leinen Peter , Muehlbauer Thomas , Panzer Stefan 
Published: July 2020

The main purpose of this study was to determine the covariation of anthropometric parameters and the center of pressure (CoP) of young soccer players. Sub-elite young male players between 16 and 17 years (N = 42) were instructed to perform single-leg balance tasks under different conditions: static and dynamic balance on firm and foam ground. Single-leg balance was measured with a Kistler force plate. The measures of postural control were the CoP displacement in anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions. Further, the following anthropometric variables were assessed: body height, body weight, foot length, and foot width. Results indicated only two small-sized correlations between body height/weight and the CoP measures. The covariation between body height, body weight, and the CoP measures for the single-leg stance in young male sub-elite soccer players was less than 10%.
What do women know before getting pregnant? Knowledge of preconception care and associated factors among pregnant women in Mana district, Southwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Teshome Firanbon , Kebede Yohannes , Abamecha Fira , Birhanu Zewdie 
Published: July 2020

ObjectiveTo assess knowledge of preconception care and associated factors among pregnant women in Mana district, Jimma zone, Oromia Region, Southwest Ethiopia, in 2019.DesignA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 2 March to 10 April 2019.SettingThe study was conducted in Mana district. Eight rural Gandas and one urban Ganda were included in the study.ParticipantsOut of 715 pregnant women in the selected rural Gandas, 553 participated in the study, whereas 70 out of 88 were recruited from the urban Ganda. A total of 623 pregnant women participated in the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWomen’s knowledge of preconception care was determined. Descriptive statistics were calculated as necessary. Logistic and linear regression analyses were used to identify the association of women’s knowledge of preconception care with explanatory variables.ResultsAmong 623 respondents, 133 (21.3%) of pregnant women had good knowledge of preconception care. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed that women who attended secondary and above education (β=3.6; p<0.001) and those for whom their husbands attended secondary and above education (β=2.3; p=0.001), planned pregnancy status (β=1.2; p=0.005), being on follow-up for pre-existing medical illnesses (β=1.5; p=0.014) and having four or more antenatal care visits (β=0.4; p=0.016) were significantly associated with women’s knowledge of preconception care.ConclusionThe findings imply that providing health education and health promotion for women is important to improve their level of knowledge of preconception care.
Characteristics of activity-based therapy interventions for people living with spinal cord injury or disease across the continuum of care: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Kaiser Anita , Chan Katherine , Pakosh Maureen , Musselman Kristin E 
Published: July 2020

IntroductionIndividuals living with spinal cord injury and disease (SCI/D) experience sensory and motor impairments below their neurological level of injury. Activity-based therapies (ABT) are interventions that provide activation of the neuromuscular system below the level of lesion with the goal of retraining the nervous system to recover a specific motor task. ABT can lead to increased function and improved quality of life; however, research and clinical settings currently lack tools to track participation in ABT. As a first step towards developing such a tool, a scoping review will be conducted with the objective of identifying the characteristics of ABT that individuals with SCI/D participate in across the continuum of care.Methods and analysisThe review will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute scoping review framework. Studies that involve at least two sessions of ABT for individuals with SCI/D aged ≥16 years will be included. Seven databases were searched from their inception to 4 March 2020: Medline, Embase, Emcare, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, APA PsycINFO, Physiotherapy Evidence Database, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. The search will be rerun in November 2020 prior to manuscript submission. Screening of titles and abstracts will be followed by a review of full texts to identify articles meeting inclusion criteria. Stakeholders will be consulted for the creation of the data extraction table. The Downs and Black Checklist or the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool will be used to assess article quality. Results will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews checklist.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for this scoping review. Study findings will be shared with key stakeholder groups through academic, clinical and public venues.
Poor smoke-free status of airports in a country with a smoke-free goal: New Zealand
Authors: Wilson Nick , Jones Amanda C , Thomson George W 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundTo survey the smoke-free status of airports in New Zealand (NZ), a country with a smoke-free goal for 2025, and where public indoor areas are required to be smoke-free.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of airports with data collection on smoke-free signage, observed smoking behaviour, cigarette butt litter and designated smoking areas.ResultsA total of 23 airports were surveyed, including all those for the 10 most populous urban areas in NZ (82% of all airports with scheduled flights on the main islands). There were no smoke-free signs found at entrances/exits to the terminal building in 26% of airports, with a mean of 1.7 such signs per entrance/exit. Only one airport had any signage stating that all the grounds were smoke-free. Qualitatively, the signage was often small in size (<15 cm diameter). There was also ambiguity as to what the signage related to (indoors or outdoors). Observed smoking and vaping outside of the main entrances/exits was relatively uncommon, but the great majority of these sites (91%) had discarded cigarette butts present. Most airports (70%) had some form of designated or implied outdoor smoking area, with 38% of these areas being within 10 m distance of a terminal entrance/exit.ConclusionsDespite this country having a smoke-free goal, it has largely deficient smoke-free policies at its airports. There is a case to make airport grounds entirely smoke-free as part of an upgrade of the national smoke-free law.
Pigs weighing less than 20 kg are unable to adjust feed intake in response to dietary net energy density regardless of diet composition
Authors: Kim Jong Woong , Koo Bonjin , Nyachoti Charles Martin 
Published: July 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of increasing dietary net energy (NE) density manipulated by either dietary fat or fibre content on growth performance and energy intake in weaned pigs. A total of 60 barrows (8.40 ± 0.91 kg) were randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments based on initial body weight. The experimental diets contained increasing NE densities (i.e., 9.9, 10.3, and 10.7 MJ NE kg−1) by manipulating either dietary fat or fibre content. Feeding the different dietary treatments did not affect growth performance among dietary treatments. The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, fat, and neutral detergent fibre of the diets linearly increased (P < 0.05) for weeks 1–3 as dietary NE densities increased. Digestible energy (DE) and NE intake linearly increased (P < 0.01) with increasing dietary NE densities manipulated by dietary fibre content for weeks 2 and 3. A tendency (P = 0.06) for a linear increase in DE and NE intake was observed for weeks 2 and 3 when dietary NE densities were manipulated by fat content. In conclusion, weaned pigs were not able to adjust feed intake in response to dietary NE densities ranging from 9.9 to 10.7 MJ kg−1.
Cultural practices to improve malt barley quality in the northeast with focus on the craft sector
Authors: Mills A.A.S. , Izydorczyk M. , Choo T.M. (Alek) , Durand J. , Mountain N. , Sorrells M. , Fillmore S.A.E. 
Published: July 2020

Demand is increasing for locally grown malt barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in northeastern North America, driven primarily by growth in the craft beer sector. A multi-site experiment was conducted to evaluate how variety (V), seeding rate (S), and nitrogen (N) fertilizer affect malt quality in the northeast. Two barley varieties (Cerveza and Newdale), two seeding rates (200 and 400 seeds m−2), and five rates of actual applied N fertility (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg ha−1) were tested at Charlottetown, PE, Canada, Ithaca, NY, US, Princeville, QC, Canada, and New Liskeard and Ottawa, ON, Canada. Basic agronomic data were collected from all environments including yield, thousand kernel weight, and hectoliter weight. Barley of suitable quality was micromalted and subjected to malt quality analysis. Both V and S resulted in small effects on malt quality, however, N had the greatest effect on most measured variables. Increased rates of N application resulted in increased yield, hectoliter weight, and thousand kernel weight but had a negative effect on most quality traits, especially with increased protein content, reduced fine extract, Kolbach index, and friability, though it increased wort β-glucans. This study shows that for most years at most sites, it is possible to achieve malt quality in the northeast; however, excessive protein and the prevalence of preharvest sprout damage are the main barriers. The results of this study have implications for increased malt barley production for the craft sector as well as potential access to commodity markets for northeastern producers.
Confinement versus interface bound states in spin-orbit coupled nanowires
Authors: Rossi Lorenzo , Dolcini Fabrizio , Rossi Fausto 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSemiconductor nanowires with strong Rashba spin-orbit coupling are currently on the spotlight of several research fields such as spintronics, topological materials and quantum computation. While most theoretical models assume an infinitely long nanowire, in actual experimental setups the nanowire has a finite length, is contacted to metallic electrodes and is partly covered by gates. By taking these effects into account through an inhomogeneous spin-orbit coupling profile, we show that in general two types of bound states arise in the nanowire, namely confinement bound states and interface bound states. The appearance of confinement bound states, related to the finite length of the nanowire, is favoured by a mismatch of the bulk band bottoms characterizing the lead and the nanowire, and occurs even in the absence of magnetic field. In contrast, an interface bound states may only appear if a magnetic field applied perpendicularly to the spin-orbit field direction overcomes a critical value, and is favoured by an alignment of the band bottoms of the two regions across the interface. We describe in details the emergence of these two types of bound states, pointing out their differences. Furthermore, we show that when a nanowire portion is covered by a gate the application of a magnetic field can change the nature of the electronic ground state from a confinement to an interface bound state, determining a redistribution of the electron charge.
Polysaccharides from the green alga Caulerpa racemosa (Agardh, 1873) improve the immune response and antioxidant status in the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) (Dendrobranchiata, Penaeidae)
Authors: Lee Po-Tsang , Lee Meng-Chou , Ho Yi-Tien , Liao Zhen-Hao , Huang Huai-Ting , Ho Yuan-Shing , Nan Fan-Hua 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Caulerpa racemosa (Agardh, 1873) polysaccharides (CRP) on non-specific immunity of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). The extracted polysaccharide consists of galactose, glucose, and mannose. Total polyphenolic compound and total flavonoids content in CRP were determined. In vitro CRP treatment did not alter cell viability of haemocytes and significantly activated phenoloxidase (PO) activity, superoxide anion production capacity, phagocytic rate, and index in haemocytes. Immune parameters, such as total haemocyte count, PO activity, phagocytosis, and superoxide anion production, were significantly elevated in CRP-fed shrimp during the rearing period. Malondialdehyde levels in the hepatopancreas of CRP-fed shrimp were lower than in control shrimp from day 7 to day 28. These results show that CRP exhibits antioxidant activity and can activate immune responses of white shrimp in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, CRP can be considered a functional feed additive to improve white shrimp immunity.
Play for disabled Children in Taiwan and Hong Kong: parent perspectives
Authors: Beckett Angharad E. , Encarnação Pedro , Chiu Chun-Yu , Ng Simon T.M. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This article discusses the findings of an empirical study, the first to investigate Taiwanese and Hong Kong parents’ perspectives on their disabled children’s play. The study employed an online survey to explore parents’ views on (a) the value of play for their child; (b) their child’s experiences of play (e.g. where and with whom they play); c) what, if any, barriers their child experiences in/to play. Our analysis shows that disabled children living in Taiwan and Hong Kong face many of the same barriers to play as disabled children elsewhere (e.g. in the West), but that these barriers have distinct ‘local formations’ resulting from, for example, high-density urban-living, family-based welfare systems, prevailing gendered family roles/relations, persistent social stigma towards disabled people and their families and intense valuing of academic achieve ment within Chinese cultures. We present this article as an original contribution to Disabled Children’s Childhood Studies, to Global Disability Studies and Play Studies. The article concludes by mapping an agenda for further research into access to and inclusion in play for disabled children living in East Asia.