bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical audit of rectal cancer patient referrals for Papillon contact brachytherapy
Authors: Baker A. , Buckley L. , Misra V. , Bridge P. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackground and purpose:Papillon treatment is a form of contact X-ray brachytherapy (CXB) which is used as an alternative to surgery for rectal cancer. This study aimed to audit patients who were referred for and treated with CXB over a 6-year period against guidelines derived from a critical review of the evidence base.Materials and methods:Patient demographics, tumour characteristics and outcome data were gathered for 31 patients referred for CXB. A critical review of the evidence identified consensus referral criteria and outcome data against which to audit patients.Results:Referral criteria were derived from six published studies. These applied to patients unfit for surgery or stoma-averse. All referred patients had a visible tumour or scar with a tumour size under 3 cm and sited less than 12 cm from the anal verge. Nodal status varied from N0 to N2, but there was no metastatic disease present. The audited cohort demonstrated demographic equivalence, while the initial clinical complete response and recurrence rates were also comparable.Conclusion:This audit confirmed the validity of referral and treatment protocols and should guide future referrals until evidence from ongoing studies becomes available. These findings should contribute to the development of robust national guidelines.
European region of the WCPT statement on physiotherapy in primary care
Authors: Long Jill 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This statement has been produced by the European Region of the World Confederation for Physiotherapy (ER-WCPT) to promote the role of the physiotherapy profession within primary care, to describe the health and economic benefits to health systems and populations of having a skilled, appropriately resourced and utilised physiotherapy workforce in primary care services, and to illustrate how different models of physiotherapy service delivery are contributing to these health and cost benefits.
What is the responsibility to respect human rights? Reconsidering the ‘respect, protect, and fulfill’ framework
Authors: Karp David Jason 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe world's understanding of the action needed to advance human rights is deeply structured by the ‘respect, protect, and fulfill’ framework. But its potential is significantly undermined by a narrow conception of ‘respect’ for human rights. This paper systematically addresses these weaknesses and advances an original alternative. It first provides a historical account of the ‘do no harm’ conception of ‘respect’ in the political context of the late Cold War. It then analyzes this conception's empirical functioning today, using the example of unauthorized migration along the US–Mexico border. These points illustrate an overarching theoretical argument: the responsibility to respect human rights should be based on a responsibility not to dehumanize, rather than exclusively on a duty to do no harm. This involves the consideration of each person as a moral equal, the elevation of human rights practice as a basis for judgment inside of a moral agent's self, and the rejection of state-centrism as the basis for all political responsibility. This argument has implications traversing the theory and practice of human rights, including: the ability to translate and embed into practice the new meanings of ‘respect,’ ‘protect,’ and ‘fulfill’; and the need to re-consider the contemporary significance of 1980s liberalism.
A LEARNING-THEORETIC CHARACTERISATION OF MARTIN-LÖF RANDOMNESS AND SCHNORR RANDOMNESS
Authors: ZAFFORA BLANDO FRANCESCA 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNumerous learning tasks can be described as the process of extrapolating patterns from observed data. One of the driving intuitions behind the theory of algorithmic randomness is that randomness amounts to the absence of any effectively detectable patterns: it is thus natural to regard randomness as antithetical to inductive learning. Osherson and Weinstein [11] draw upon the identification of randomness with unlearnability to introduce a learning-theoretic framework (in the spirit of formal learning theory) for modelling algorithmic randomness. They define two success criteria—specifying under what conditions a pattern may be said to have been detected by a computable learning function—and prove that the collections of data sequences on which these criteria cannot be satisfied correspond to the set of weak 1-randoms and the set of weak 2-randoms, respectively. This learning-theoretic approach affords an intuitive perspective on algorithmic randomness, and it invites the question of whether restricting attention to learning-theoretic success criteria comes at an expressivity cost. In other words, is the framework expressive enough to capture most core algorithmic randomness notions and, in particular, Martin-Löf randomness—arguably, the most prominent algorithmic randomness notion in the literature? In this article, we answer the latter question in the affirmative by providing a learning-theoretic characterisation of Martin-Löf randomness. We then show that Schnorr randomness, another central algorithmic randomness notion, also admits a learning-theoretic characterisation in this setting.
On the Hardness of the Photoelectron Energy Spectrum Near Mars
Authors: Wu X.‐S. , Cui J. , Cao Y.‐T. , Liu L.‐ J. , Zhou Z.‐J. , Huang Y.‐Y. , He F. , Wei Y. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPhotoelectrons are an important population of the dayside Martian upper atmosphere that contributes substantially to the local ionization and heat balances. This study is focused on the broad shape of the photoelectron energy spectrum at 10–50 eV. Assuming a power law distribution, we derive the hardness of each photoelectron energy spectrum measured on the dayside of Mars by the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution spacecraft. Our analysis reveals two distinctive features: (1) The hardness tends to increase with decreasing altitude down to 140 km and then decrease toward lower altitudes; (2) the hardness tends to decrease with increasing solar zenith angle. These variations are restricted to regions below 250 km whereas the hardness appears to be fairly constant at higher altitudes. In practice, the hardness is modulated by the ionization of atmospheric neutrals by solar Extreme Ultraviolet and X‐ray photons, inelastic collisions with atmospheric neutrals, Coulomb collisions with ionospheric thermal electrons, and photoelectron transport. While inelastic collisions tend to harden the photoelectron energy spectrum, both primary production and Coulomb collisions tend to soften it instead. We argue that the observed variations of the hardness can be understood in terms of the relative contributions of different processes. Our analysis also suggests the presence of appreciable temporal variability in hardness with a typical timescale of 10 min.
Stiffness and ATP recovery of stored red blood cells in serum
Authors: Xu Zhensong , Dou Wenkun , Wang Chen , Sun Yu 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIn transfusion medicine, there has been a decades-long debate about whether the age of stored red blood cells (RBCs) is a factor in transfusion efficacy. Existing clinical studies investigating whether older RBCs cause worse clinical outcomes have provided conflicting information: some have shown that older blood is less effective, while others have shown no such difference. The controversial results could have been biased by the vastly different conditions of the patients involved in the clinical studies; however, another source of inconsistency is a lack of understanding of how well and quickly stored RBCs can recover their key parameters, such as stiffness and ATP concentration, after transfusion. In this work, we quantitatively studied the stiffness and ATP recovery of stored RBCs in 37 °C human serum. The results showed that in 37 °C human serum, stored RBCs are able to recover their stiffness and ATP concentration to varying extents depending on how long they have been stored. Fresher RBCs (1–3 weeks old) were found to have a significantly higher capacity for stiffness and ATP recovery in human serum than older RBCs (4–6 weeks old). For instance, for 1-week-old RBCs, although the shear modulus before recovery was 1.6 times that of fresh RBCs, 97% of the cells recovered in human serum to have 1.1 times the shear modulus of fresh RBCs, and the ATP concentration of 1-week-old RBCs after recovery showed no difference from that of fresh RBCs. However, for 6-week-old RBCs, only ~70% of the RBCs showed stiffness recovery in human serum; their shear modulus after recovery was still 2.1 times that of fresh RBCs; and their ATP concentration after recovery was 25% lower than that of fresh RBCs. Our experiments also revealed that the processes of stiffness recovery and ATP recovery took place on the scale of tens of minutes. We hope that this study will trigger the next steps of comprehensively characterizing the recovery behaviors of stored RBCs (e.g., recovery of normal 2,3-DPG [2,3-Diphosphoglycerate]and SNO [S-nitrosation] levels) and quantifying the in vivo recovery of stored RBCs in transfusion medicine.
Chitosan oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) improves postprandial glycemic response in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose and in healthy subjects: a crossover, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jeong Sarang , Min Cho Jung , Kwon Young-In , Kim Seong-Chul , Yeob Shin Dong , Ho Lee Jong 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
The antidiabetic and hypoglycemic effects of chitosan have been reported in previous studies. We have previously shown that chitosan oligosaccharide reduces postprandial blood glucose levels in vivo. We conducted a short-term crossover study to support the results of the previous study.

Methods
The study was a randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial completed at one clinical research site. Subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose and healthy subjects were randomly assigned to consume one of two different experimental test capsules that differed in only the sample source (GO2KA1 vs placebo), and all subjects were instructed to consume the 75 g sucrose within 15 min. After a 7-day interval, the subjects consumed the other capsules that were not consumed on the first day. We assessed blood glucose levels using a 2-h oral sucrose tolerance test. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03650023).

Results
The test group showed significantly lower blood glucose levels at 60 min (p = 0.010) and postprandial blood glucose areas under the curve (p = 0.012). The change in blood glucose levels at 60 min was significantly lower in the test group than in the placebo group (p = 0.017).

Conclusions
Based on the results of this study, the consumption of chitosan oligosaccharide (GO2KA1) supplements with a meal can effectively reduce postprandial blood glucose levels, which is relevant to the prevention of diabetes.
Energy restriction in obese women suggest linear reduction of hepatic fat content and time-dependent metabolic improvements
Authors: Johansson Hans-Erik , Edholm David , Kullberg Joel , Rosqvist Fredrik , Rudling Mats , Straniero Sara , Karlsson F. Anders , Ahlström Håkan , Sundbom Magnus , Risérus Ulf 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEnergy restriction reduces liver fat, improves hepatic insulin resistance and lipid metabolism. However, temporal data in which these metabolic improvements occur and their interplay is incomplete. By performing repeated MRI scans and blood analysis at day 0, 3, 7, 14 and 28 the temporal changes in liver fat and related metabolic factors were assessed at five times during a low-calorie diet (LCD, 800–1100 kcal/day) in ten obese non-diabetic women (BMI 41.7 ± 2.6 kg/m2) whereof 6 had NAFLD. Mean weight loss was 7.4 ± 1.2 kg (0.7 kg/day) and liver fat decreased by 51 ± 16%, resulting in only three subjects having NAFLD at day 28. Marked alteration of insulin, NEFA, ALT and 3-hydroxybuturate was evident 3 days after commencing LCD, whereas liver fat showed a moderate but a linear reduction across the 28 days. Other circulating-liver fat markers (e.g. triglycerides, adiponectin, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 index, fibroblast growth factor 21) demonstrated modest and variable changes. Marked elevations of NEFA, 3-hydroxybuturate and ALT concentrations occurred until day 14, likely reflecting increased tissue lipolysis, fat oxidation and upregulated hepatic fatty acid oxidation. In summary, these results suggest linear reduction in liver fat, time-specific changes in metabolic markers and insulin resistance in response to energy restriction.
Comparative proteomics of related symbiotic mussel species reveals high variability of host–symbiont interactions
Authors: Ponnudurai Ruby , Heiden Stefan E , Sayavedra Lizbeth , Hinzke Tjorven , Kleiner Manuel , Hentschker Christian , Felbeck Horst , Sievert Stefan M , Schlüter Rabea , Becher Dörte , Schweder Thomas , Markert Stephanie 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Deep-sea Bathymodiolus mussels and their chemoautotrophic symbionts are well-studied representatives of mutualistic host–microbe associations. However, how host–symbiont interactions vary on the molecular level between related host and symbiont species remains unclear. Therefore, we compared the host and symbiont metaproteomes of Pacific B. thermophilus, hosting a thiotrophic symbiont, and Atlantic B. azoricus, containing two symbionts, a thiotroph and a methanotroph. We identified common strategies of metabolic support between hosts and symbionts, such as the oxidation of sulfide by the host, which provides a thiosulfate reservoir for the thiotrophic symbionts, and a cycling mechanism that could supply the host with symbiont-derived amino acids. However, expression levels of these processes differed substantially between both symbioses. Backed up by genomic comparisons, our results furthermore revealed an exceptionally large repertoire of attachment-related proteins in the B. thermophilus symbiont. These findings imply that host–microbe interactions can be quite variable, even between closely related systems.
A cryptic hydrophobic pocket in the polo-box domain of the polo-like kinase PLK1 regulates substrate recognition and mitotic chromosome segregation
Authors: Sharma Pooja , Mahen Robert , Rossmann Maxim , Stokes Jamie E. , Hardwick Bryn , Huggins David J. , Emery Amy , Kunciw Dominique L. , Hyvönen Marko , Spring David R. , McKenzie Grahame J. , Venkitaraman Ashok R. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe human polo-like kinase PLK1 coordinates mitotic chromosome segregation by phosphorylating multiple chromatin- and kinetochore-binding proteins. How PLK1 activity is directed to specific substrates via phosphopeptide recognition by its carboxyl-terminal polo-box domain (PBD) is poorly understood. Here, we combine molecular, structural and chemical biology to identify a determinant for PLK1 substrate recognition that is essential for proper chromosome segregation. We show that mutations ablating an evolutionarily conserved, Tyr-lined pocket in human PLK1 PBD trigger cellular anomalies in mitotic progression and timing. Tyr pocket mutations selectively impair PLK1 binding to the kinetochore phosphoprotein substrate PBIP1, but not to the centrosomal substrate NEDD1. Through a structure-guided approach, we develop a small-molecule inhibitor, Polotyrin, which occupies the Tyr pocket. Polotyrin recapitulates the mitotic defects caused by mutations in the Tyr pocket, further evidencing its essential function, and exemplifying a new approach for selective PLK1 inhibition. Thus, our findings support a model wherein substrate discrimination via the Tyr pocket in the human PLK1 PBD regulates mitotic chromosome segregation to preserve genome integrity.
Stiff Composite Cylinders for Extremely Expandable Structures
Authors: Schlothauer Arthur , Ermanni Paolo 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe realization of concurrently largely expandable and selectively rigid structures poses a fundamental challenge in modern engineering and materials research. Radially expanding structures in particular are known to require a high degree of deformability to achieve considerable dimension change, which restrains achievable stiffness in the direction of expanding motion. Mechanically hinged or plastically deformable wire-mesh structures and pressurized soft materials are known to achieve large expansion ratios, however often lack stiffness and require complex actuation. Cardiovascular or drug delivery implants are one example which can benefit from a largely expandable architecture that is simple in geometry and intrinsically stiff. Continuous shell cylinders offer a solution with these properties. However, no designs exist that achieve large expansion ratios in such shells when utilizing materials which can provide considerable stiffness. We introduce a new design paradigm for expanding continuous shells that overcomes intrinsic limitations such as poor deformability, insufficient stiffness and brittle behaviour by exploiting purely elastic deformation for self-expandable and ultra-thin polymer composite cylinders. By utilizing shell-foldability coupled with exploitation of elastic instabilities, we create continuous cylinders that can change their diameter by more than 2.5 times, which are stiff enough to stretch a confining vessel with their elastic energy. Based on folding experiments and analytical models we predict feasible radial expansion ratios, currently unmatched by comparable cylindrical structures. To emphasize the potential as a future concept for novel simple and durable expanding implants, we demonstrate the functionality on a to-scale prototype in packaging and expansion and predict feasible constellations of deployment environments.
Intrinsic Functional Connectivity is Organized as Three Interdependent Gradients
Authors: Zhang Jiahe , Abiose Olamide , Katsumi Yuta , Touroutoglou Alexandra , Dickerson Bradford C. , Barrett Lisa Feldman 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe intrinsic functional architecture of the brain supports moment-to-moment maintenance of an internal model of the world. We hypothesized and found three interdependent architectural gradients underlying the organization of intrinsic functional connectivity within the human cerebral cortex. We used resting state fMRI data from two samples of healthy young adults (N’s = 280 and 270) to generate functional connectivity maps of 109 seeds culled from published research, estimated their pairwise similarities, and multidimensionally scaled the resulting similarity matrix. We discovered an optimal three-dimensional solution, accounting for 98% of the variance within the similarity matrix. The three dimensions corresponded to three gradients, which spatially correlate with two functional features (external vs. internal sources of information; content representation vs. attentional modulation) and one structural feature (anatomically central vs. peripheral) of the brain. Remapping the three dimensions into coordinate space revealed that the connectivity maps were organized in a circumplex structure, indicating that the organization of intrinsic connectivity is jointly guided by graded changes along all three dimensions. Our findings emphasize coordination between multiple, continuous functional and anatomical gradients, and are consistent with the emerging predictive coding perspective.
The interactive effect of pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy on the weight status in infancy
Authors: Sun Jiahong , Mei Hong , Xie Shuixian , Wu Lisha , Wang Yulong , Mei Wenhua , Zhang Jianduan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe aimed to assess whether hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) could modify the effect of pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity (OWO) on the risk of offspring high body mass index (BMI) in infancy. A total of 3,765 mother-child pairs were recruited from two Chinese birth cohorts. BMI ≥ 85th percentile, based on World Health Organization criteria, was defined as a high BMI for the risk of developing severe obesity in later life. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the combined effects and multiplicative interactions of pre-pregnancy OWO + HDP on offspring high BMI. Relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) or attributable proportion (AP) was used to estimate additive interactions. RERI > 0 or AP > 0 indicates a significant additive interaction. Compared with the non-OWO and normal blood pressure group, the combination of OWO + HDP was positively associated with offspring high BMI at 12 months of age [OR 3.10 (95%CI 1.59, 6.04)], with 51% of the effects attributed to an additive interaction [AP 0.51 (95%CI 0.13, 0.89)]. An interactive effect was found between the pre-pregnancy OWO + HDP and offspring high BMI in infancy. Interventions to control pre-pregnancy OWO and HDP are important to prevent obesity and associated adverse outcomes in offspring.
Discovery of holoenzyme-disrupting chemicals as substrate-selective CK2 inhibitors
Authors: Kufareva Irina , Bestgen Benoit , Brear Paul , Prudent Renaud , Laudet Béatrice , Moucadel Virginie , Ettaoussi Mohamed , Sautel Celine F. , Krimm Isabelle , Engel Matthias , Filhol Odile , Borgne Marc Le , Lomberget Thierry , Cochet Claude , Abagyan Ruben 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCK2 is a constitutively active protein kinase overexpressed in numerous malignancies. Interaction between CK2α and CK2β subunits is essential for substrate selectivity. The CK2α/CK2β interface has been previously targeted by peptides to achieve functional effects; however, no small molecules modulators were identified due to pocket flexibility and open shape. Here we generated numerous plausible conformations of the interface using the fumigation modeling protocol, and virtually screened a compound library to discover compound 1 that suppressed CK2α/CK2β interaction in vitro and inhibited CK2 in a substrate-selective manner. Orthogonal SPR, crystallography, and NMR experiments demonstrated that 4 and 6, improved analogs of 1, bind to CK2α as predicted. Both inhibitors alter CK2 activity in cells through inhibition of CK2 holoenzyme formation. Treatment with 6 suppressed MDA-MB231 triple negative breast cancer cell growth and induced apoptosis. Altogether, our findings exemplify an innovative computational-experimental approach and identify novel non-peptidic inhibitors of CK2 subunit interface disclosing substrate-selective functional effects.
Hyper-parallel nonlocal CNOT operation with hyperentanglement assisted by cross-Kerr nonlinearity
Authors: Zhou Ping , Lv Li 
Published: November 2019

AbstractImplementing CNOT operation nonlocally is one of central tasks in distributed quantum computation. Most of previously protocols for implementation quantum CNOT operation only consider implement CNOT operation in one degree of freedom(DOF). In this paper, we present a scheme for nonlocal implementation of hyper-parallel CNOT operation in polarization and spatial-mode DOFs via hyperentanglement. The CNOT operations in polarization DOF and spatial-mode DOF can be remote implemented simultaneously with hyperentanglement assisited by cross-Kerr nonlinearity. Hyper-parallel nonlocal CNOT gate can enhance the quantum channel capacity for distributed quantum computation and long-distance quantum communication. We discuss the experiment feasibility for hyper-parallel nonlocal gate. It shows that the protocol for hyper-parallel nonlocal CNOT operation can be realized with current technology.