bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Newtonian medicine and its influence in José Celestino Mutis’s General Plan for Medical Studies
Authors: Molina-Betancur Sebastián 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This paper presents the development of a Newtonian approach to medicine in the eighteenth century by studying the case of its appropriation in the Viceroyalty of New Granada by the Spanish botanist and savant José Celestino Mutis (1732-1808). First, I briefly depict the academic milieu in which Mutis presented his ideas on modern medicine in his General Plan for the Medical Studies in 1804, claiming that they were greatly influenced by Boerhaave’s appropriation of Newtonian medicine. Next, I explain in detail the emergence of this approach to medicine by considering the works of Archibald Pitcairne, George Cheyne and James Keill. Afterwards, I characterise Boerhaave’s use of Newtonian physical principles for explaining both physiological and chemical phenomena. Lastly, I lay the foundations for explaining that Mutis’s introduction of Newton’s ideas was a complex enterprise, encompassing Newton’s mathematics and physics not only as strict theoretical elements related to natural philosophy but also as they were related to the medical and chemical fields.
Cold Disinfestation for ‘Red Globe’ Grape (Rhamnales: Vitaceae) Infested With Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Wang Xiaoxue , Zhan Guoping , Ren Lili , Sun Shuangyan , Dang Haiyan , Zhai Yifan , Yin Hong , Li Zhihong , Liu Bo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, which is widely spread in the main soft-skinned fruits production areas in China, presents a threat to importing countries. In order to develop a phytosanitary cold treatment measure for preventing the movement of this drosophila fly, cold tolerance of six immature life stages of D. suzukii was compared followed by time-mortality and large-scale confirmatory tests on the most tolerant stage in grape fruit. Egg was defined as the most cold-tolerant stage by comparing the mortality of all the immature stages (egg, first, second, and third instars, early and late pupa) treated at 0 and 2°C. The minimal lethal time (LT) for 99.9968% mortality (95% confidence level [CL]) estimated by the probit model was 10.47 d at 0°C and 11.92 d at 2°C, respectively. Hence, 11 d (at 0°C) and 12 d (at 2°C) were chosen as the target time to conduct the confirmatory tests. No survivors were found among the estimated 50,385 and 57,366 treated eggs, which resulted in the efficacy of 99.9941 and 99.9948% mortality (95% CL) at 0 and 2°C, respectively. Our study suggests a technical basis for cold disinfestation on D. suzukii in cage-infested Chinese ‘Red Globe’ (Vitis vinifera L.) grape, which could provide flexible phytosanitary treatment for control of D. suzukii in the international trade of grape.
The Succession of Flies of Forensic Importance Is Influenced by Volatiles Organic Compounds Emitted During the First Hours of Decomposition of Chicken Remains
Authors: Recinos-Aguilar Yensy María , García-García María Dolores , Malo Edi A , Cruz-López Leopoldo , Cruz-Esteban Samuel , Rojas Julio C 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
After death, a series of primary reactions occur that produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are released into the environment. In this study, we investigated if the succession of flies of forensic importance in the first hours after death is mediated by VOCs in order to better understanding of the ecology of necrophagous insects. In total, 685 adult insects (Diptera and Hymenoptera) were collected by traps baited with chicken remains at different decomposition times (0, 6, 12, 24, 36, or 48 h). Of the total of insects caught, individuals from six families of Diptera can be cataloged of forensic importance. The most abundant dipteran family was Piophilidae with 213 individuals, followed by Calliphoridae with 178 specimens. Of the total flies caught, 90% were females and the rest were males. Most of the caught females were categorized as gravid, which visited more often the decaying tissues compared to nongravid females. The abundance of the flies increased in the remains with a longer time of decomposition. Six VOCs emitted in different relative quantities were identified according to the decomposition time of the remains. An apparent association was observed between the emission of ρ-cresol with Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann), between the emission of phenol, dimethyl disulfide, and dimethyl trisulfide with Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart), and between the emissions of indole with Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabricius).
Gender Difference in the Association Between Metabolic Factors and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Chen Chi-Ling , Kuo Ming-Jeng , Yen Amy Ming-Fang , Yang Wei-Shiung , Kao Jia-Horng , Chen Pei-Jer , Chen Hsiu-Hsi 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
A gender difference in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that men have higher incidence than women has long been noted and can be explained by the cross-talk between sex hormones and hepatitis B virus/hepatitis C virus (HBV/HCV). Whether metabolic factors yield similar sexual difference in non-HBV/HCV-HCC remains elusive.

Methods
There were 74 782 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)/antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) negative residents who participated in the Keelung Community-Based Integrated Screening program and were followed in 2000-2007. Incident HCC was identified by linkage to the Taiwan Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association between metabolic factors and HCC stratified by sex. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
With 320 829 follow-up person-years, 99 residents developed HCC. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) were 2.10 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.07 to 4.13) and 3.71 (95% CI = 2.01 to 6.86) for prediabetes and diabetes, respectively, in men. The corresponding adjusted hazard ratios were 1.16 (95% CI = 0.48 to 2.83) and 1.47 (95% CI = 0.65 to 3.34) in women. Compared with normal weight (body mass index [BMI] = 23-25), underweight (BMI &lt; 21, HR = 3.56, 95% CI = 1.18 to 10.8) and overweight (BMI = 25 to &lt;27.3, HR = 3.81, 95% CI = 1.43 to 10.2) were associated with an elevated risk in men. The statistically significant gradient relationship per advanced BMI category was noted in women (aHR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.87). The HCC–fasting glucose (P = .046) and HCC-BMI (P = .03) associations were statistically significantly modified by sex. Elevated aspartate aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet index and fibrosis index, and habitual alcohol consumption were related to HCC only in men, whereas increased alanine aminotransferase and lower platelet levels predicted HCC risk in women.

Conclusions
We found that BMI-HCC associations were U-shape for men and linear for women, and the elevated HCC risk began from glucose impairment in men only. Whether good glycemic and weight control can reduce HCC risk warrants further investigation.
Relative contributions of Shakespeare and Fletcher in Henry VIII: An analysis based on most frequent words and most frequent rhythmic patterns
Authors: Plecháč Petr 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The versified play Henry VIII is nowadays widely recognized to be a collaborative work not written solely by William Shakespeare. We employ combined analysis of vocabulary and versification together with machine learning techniques to determine which other authors took part in the writing of the play and what were their relative contributions. Unlike most previous studies, we go beyond the attribution of particular scenes and use the rolling attribution approach to determine the probabilities of authorship of pieces of texts, without respecting the scene boundaries. Our results highly support the canonical division of the play between William Shakespeare and John Fletcher proposed by James Spedding, but also bring new evidence supporting the modifications proposed later by Thomas Merriam.
Quickly Evaluating an Emerging Medical Technology Using Feedback From the Field: A Case Study of the BrainScope One and Infrascanner 2000 User Evaluation
Authors: Krauss Stephen , Sanjakdar Sarah , Wilson Andrew , Dacanay Brian , Jasper Louis , Adler Amy , Funari Tamara 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Gathering end-user feedback about candidate technologies in the operational environment prior to fielding helps to ensure that far-forward medical teams receive the most suitable technology. It is therefore a crucial step in the defense medical acquisition process. The current article reviews the methodology and provides an illustrative example of how end-user feedback was collected to evaluate the current suitability and future promise of two FDA-approved devices, the BrainScope One and Infrascanner 2000, that could potentially aid in the field evaluation of head injuries by far-forward medical teams.

Materials and Method
The BrainScope One and Infrascanner 2000 end-user evaluation is used as an example to illustrate how to collect end-user feedback from the field in order to rapidly assess the candidate technology. In this evaluation of whether and how to implement FDA-approved technology candidates for head injury assessment by far-forward medical teams, end-user feedback was collected from 158 medical personnel at 8 bases in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Kuwait using focus groups and interviews.

Results
The end users reported consistent concerns about the operational efficacy and suitability of the current versions of the devices as well as the areas where the devices showed promise for the Department of Defense (DoD). End-user feedback is shown in detail to demonstrate the depth and richness of feedback that can be gathered using this methodology.

Conclusion
Overall, the BrainScope One and Infrascanner 2000 end-user evaluation shows the necessity and value of gathering end-user field efficacy and suitability feedback during the medical acquisition process. Limitations and best practices for this approach are discussed.
Behaviour of occupational health services during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Ranka S , Quigley J , Hussain T 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Disasters, crises and pandemics are emergencies which impact on businesses severely. The COVID-19 pandemic reached its peak in mid-April 2020 in the UK. During this period, NHS Occupational Health Services (OHS) were stretched to their limit along with other health services. OHS may have had to change their pattern of operation, operating times, services offered, etc. to cope with the pandemic. Data about business model modifications, services offered by the OHS businesses during the pandemic could help in better utilization of OHS resources in the future.

Aims
To understand the behaviour of OHS in different parts of the country during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
An online survey link was sent to both accredited and unaccredited UK Occupational Health Physicians (OHPs).

Results
Sixty-two OHPs responded to the survey. In the current pandemic, 51% of the OHS (95% CI 0.38–0.62) offered weekend or out-of-hours (OOH) services, 21% had to employ extra staff (95% CI 0.13–0.33) and 54% had to change their working hours (95% CI 0.41–0.65). Ninety per cent of the OHS (95% CI 0.78–0.94) continued to offer routine services; however, there was a decline in offering vaccination services. Fifty-six per cent of the OHS (95% CI 0.42–0.67) offered a dedicated telephone line and 46% of the OHS (95% CI 0.32–0.56) started a dedicated COVID-19 queries inbox.

Conclusions
There was a change in the behaviour of the OHS to cope with the pandemic. Having a dedicated helpline to manage the crisis situation seemed a logical step whilst offering routine services.
Physician deaths from corona virus (COVID-19) disease
Authors: Ing E B , Xu Q (A) , Salimi A , Torun N 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused much morbidity and mortality to patients but also health care providers.

Aims
We tabulated the cases of physician deaths from COVID-19 associated with front-line work in hopes of mitigating future events.

Methods
On 15 April 2020, a Google internet search was performed using the keywords ‘doctor’, ‘physician’, ‘death’, ‘COVID’ and ‘coronavirus’ in English and Farsi, and Chinese using the Baidu search engine. The age, sex and medical speciality of physicians who died from COVID-19 in the line of duty were recorded. Individuals greater than 90 years of age were excluded.

Results
We found 278 physicians who died with COVID-19 infection, but complete details were missing for 108 individuals. The average age of the physicians was 63.7 years with a median age of 66 years, and 90% were male (235/261). General practitioners and emergency room doctors (108/254), respirologists (5/254), internal medicine specialists (13/254) and anaesthesiologists (6/254) comprised 52% of those dying. Two per cent of the deceased were epidemiologists (5/254), 2% were infectious disease specialists (4/254), 6% were dentists (16/254), 4% were ENT (9/254) and 3% were ophthalmologists (8/254). The countries with the most reported physician deaths were Italy (121/278; 44%), Iran (43/278; 15%), Philippines (21/278; 8%), Indonesia (17/278; 6%), China (16/278; 6%), Spain (12/278; 4%), USA (12/278; 4%) and UK (11/278;4%).

Conclusions
Physicians from all specialities may die from COVID. Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death. Consideration should be made to exclude older physicians from front-line work.
Inpatient and Discharge Fluoroquinolone Prescribing in Veterans Affairs Hospitals Between 2014 and 2017
Authors: Vaughn Valerie M , Seelye Sarah M , Wang Xiao Qing , Wiitala Wyndy L , Rubin Michael A , Prescott Hallie C 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Between 2007 and 2015, inpatient fluoroquinolone use declined in US Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals. Whether fluoroquinolone use at discharge also declined, in particular since antibiotic stewardship programs became mandated at VA hospitals in 2014, is unknown.

Methods
In this retrospective cohort study of hospitalizations with infection between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2017, at 125 VA hospitals, we assessed inpatient and discharge fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin) use as (a) proportion of hospitalizations with a fluoroquinolone prescribed and (b) fluoroquinolone-days per 1000 hospitalizations. After adjusting for illness severity, comorbidities, and age, we used multilevel logit and negative binomial models to assess for hospital-level variation and longitudinal prescribing trends.

Results
Of 560219 hospitalizations meeting inclusion criteria as hospitalizations with infection, 37.4% (209602/560219) had a fluoroquinolone prescribed either during hospitalization (32.5%, 182337/560219) or at discharge (19.6%, 110003/560219). Hospitals varied appreciably in inpatient, discharge, and total fluoroquinolone use, with 71% of hospitals in the highest prescribing quartile located in the Southern United States. Nearly all measures of fluoroquinolone use decreased between 2014 and 2017, with the largest decreases found in inpatient fluoroquinolone and ciprofloxacin use. In contrast, there was minimal decline in fluoroquinolone use at discharge, which accounted for a growing percentage of hospitalization-related fluoroquinolone-days (52.0% in 2014; 61.3% by 2017).

Conclusions
Between 2014 and 2017, fluoroquinolone use decreased in VA hospitals, largely driven by decreased inpatient fluoroquinolone (especially ciprofloxacin) use. Fluoroquinolone prescribing at discharge, as well as levofloxacin prescribing overall, is a growing target for stewardship.
A Genome-Wide Association Study for Resistance to the Insect Pest Leptocybe invasa in Eucalyptus grandis Reveals Genomic Regions and Positional Candidate Defense Genes
Authors: Mhoswa Lorraine , O’Neill Marja M , Mphahlele Makobatjatji M , Oates Caryn N , Payn Kitt G , Slippers Bernard , Myburg Alexander A , Naidoo Sanushka 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The galling insect, Leptocybe invasa, causes significant losses in plantations of various Eucalyptus species and hybrids, threatening its economic viability. We applied a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with resistance to L. invasa. A total of 563 insect-challenged Eucalyptus grandis trees, from 61 half-sib families, were genotyped using the EUChip60K SNP chip, and we identified 15,445 informative SNP markers in the test population. Multi-locus mixed-model (MLMM) analysis identified 35 SNP markers putatively associated with resistance to L. invasa based on four discreet classes of insect damage scores: (0) not infested, (1) infested showing evidence of oviposition but no gall development, (2) infested with galls on leaves, midribs or petioles and (3) stunting and lethal gall formation. MLMM analysis identified three associated genomic regions on chromosomes 3, 7 and 8 jointly explaining 17.6% of the total phenotypic variation. SNP analysis of a validation population of 494 E. grandis trees confirmed seven SNP markers that were also detected in the initial association analysis. Based on transcriptome profiles of resistant and susceptible genotypes from an independent experiment, we identified several putative candidate genes in associated genomic loci including Nucleotide-binding ARC- domain (NB-ARC) and toll-interleukin-1-receptor-Nucleotide binding signal- Leucine rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) genes. Our results suggest that Leptocybe resistance in E. grandis may be influenced by a few large-effect loci in combination with minor effect loci segregating in our test and validation populations.
Lipid Composition and Associated Gene Expression Patterns during Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth in Olive (Olea europaea L.)
Authors: Hernández M Luisa , Lima-Cabello Elena , Alché Juan de D , Martínez-Rivas José M , Castro Antonio J 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPollen lipids are essential for sexual reproduction, but our current knowledge regarding lipid dynamics in growing pollen tubes is still very scarce. Here, we report unique lipid composition and associated gene expression patterns during olive pollen germination. Up to 376 genes involved in the biosynthesis of all lipid classes, except suberin, cutin and lipopolysaccharides, are expressed in olive pollen. The fatty acid profile of olive pollen is markedly different compared with other plant organs. Triacylglycerol (TAG), containing mostly C12–C16 saturated fatty acids, constitutes the bulk of olive pollen lipids. These compounds are partially mobilized, and the released fatty acids enter the β-oxidation pathway to yield acetyl-CoA, which is converted into sugars through the glyoxylate cycle during the course of pollen germination. Our data suggest that fatty acids are synthesized de novo and incorporated into glycerolipids by the ‘eukaryotic pathway’ in elongating pollen tubes. Phosphatidic acid is synthesized de novo in the endomembrane system during pollen germination and seems to have a central role in pollen tube lipid metabolism. The coordinated action of fatty acid desaturases FAD2–3 and FAD3B might explain the increase in linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids observed in germinating pollen. Continuous synthesis of TAG by the action of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) enzyme, but not phosphoplipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT), also seems plausible. All these data allow for a better understanding of lipid metabolism during the olive reproductive process, which can impact, in the future, on the increase in olive fruit yield and, therefore, olive oil production.
The Potential Impacts of Pandemic Policing on Police Legitimacy: Planning Past the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Jones Daniel J 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
One of the biggest challenges facing modern policing in recent years has been the lack of police legitimacy. The tipping point of this phenomenon is often attributed to the Rodney King incident in Los Angeles in 1991, where Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officers were videoed assaulting a lone black male. They were arrested and charged but eventually all were acquitted, thereby etching deep distrust between communities and police. Now the Rodney King example is an extreme and criminal act by police but it was the beginning of communities and media focusing on what the police were doing and how they were doing it. This lack of legitimacy coupled with what is referred to as the militarization of policing have lasting consequences and impacts on police–community relations and how interactions between police and community shape society today. In the wake of pandemic policing due to COVID-19, there are tales of two eventualities for police legitimacy that will be explored in this article: (1) The police response to the pandemic results in further militarization and draws deeper divides between police and communities or (2) the police response is compassionate and build on procedurally just operations resulting in the rebuilding of police legitimacy post-pandemic.
External validation of the EULAR/ACR idiopathic inflammatory myopathies classification criteria with a Japanese paediatric cohort
Authors: Yamazaki Kazuko , Ohta Akiko , Akioka Shinji , Yamasaki Yuichi , Ohara Asami , Nakaseko Haruna , Nishimura Kenichi , Kobayashi Norimoto , Nishida Yutaka , Sato Satoshi , Takezaki Shunichiro , Kishi Takayuki , Hashimoto Motomu , Kobayashi Ichiro , Mori Masaaki ,   for the group of Juvenile Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies in the Research Team for Pediatric Rheumatic Disease, The Research Program for Intractable Disease of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the performance of the EULAR/ACR idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) classification criteria to classify juvenile IIMs (JIIMs) in an Asian paediatric population.

Methods
Sixty-eight JIIM patients and 49 non-JIIM patients diagnosed at seven major paediatric rheumatology centres in Japan between 2008 and 2015 were enrolled. Retrospective data were collected, and each patient’s data form was submitted. The expert group reviewed the forms and re-examined the diagnoses. The EULAR/ACR criteria were then applied and the probability of having JIIM was determined for each case. The sensitivity and specificity of the EULAR/ACR criteria were compared with those of other existing criteria.

Results
The sensitivity/specificity of the EULAR/ACR classification criteria were 92.1/100% with muscle biopsy data (n = 38); 86.7/100% without muscle biopsy data (n = 30) and 89.7/100% in our total cohort (n = 68). The sensitivity of Bohan and Peter’s criteria and Tanimoto’s criteria were 80.9 and 64.7% in our total cohort, respectively. Among 68 physician-diagnosed JIIM patients, seven cases (three JDM and four overlap myositis) were not classified as JIIM because the probability did not reach the cut-off point (55%). The three JDM patients all presented with only one of the three skin manifestations that are listed in the criteria: Gottron’s sign.

Conclusion
Our validation study with Japanese JIIM cases indicates that the EULAR/ACR classification criteria for IIM generally perform better than existing diagnostic criteria for myositis.