bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation on Static and Dynamic Bulk Moduli of Dry and Fluid-Saturated Porous Sandstones
Authors: Wang Lei , Rybacki Erik , Bonnelye Audrey , Bohnhoff Marco , Dresen Georg 
Published: September 2020

AbstractKnowledge of pressure-dependent static and dynamic moduli of porous reservoir rocks is of key importance for evaluating geological setting of a reservoir in geo-energy applications. We examined experimentally the evolution of static and dynamic bulk moduli for porous Bentheim sandstone with increasing confining pressure up to about 190 MPa under dry and water-saturated conditions. The static bulk moduli (Ks) were estimated from stress–volumetric strain curves while dynamic bulk moduli (Kd) were derived from the changes in ultrasonic P- and S- wave velocities (~ 1 MHz) along different traces, which were monitored simultaneously during the entire deformation. In conjunction with published data of other porous sandstones (Berea, Navajo and Weber sandstones), our results reveal that the ratio between dynamic and static bulk moduli (Kd/Ks) reduces rapidly from about 1.5 − 2.0 at ambient pressure to about 1.1 at high pressure under dry conditions and from about 2.0 − 4.0 to about 1.5 under water-saturated conditions, respectively. We interpret such a pressure-dependent reduction by closure of narrow (compliant) cracks, highlighting that Kd/Ks is positively correlated with the amount of narrow cracks. Above the crack closure pressure, where equant (stiff) pores dominate the void space, Kd/Ks is almost constant. The enhanced difference between dynamic and static bulk moduli under water saturation compared to dry conditions is possibly caused by high pore pressure that is locally maintained if measured using high-frequency ultrasonic wave velocities. In our experiments, the pressure dependence of dynamic bulk modulus of water-saturated Bentheim sandstone at effective pressures above 5 MPa can be roughly predicted by both the effective medium theory (Mori–Tanaka scheme) and the squirt-flow model. Static bulk moduli are found to be more sensitive to narrow cracks than dynamic bulk moduli for porous sandstones under dry and water-saturated conditions.
A novel foveavirus identified in wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris)
Authors: Reynard Jean-Sébastien , Brodard Justine , Remoliff Eric , Lefebvre Marie , Schumpp Olivier , Candresse Thierry 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe report the genome sequence of a putative new foveavirus infecting non-cultivated Vitis vinifera, tentatively named “grapevine foveavirus A” (GFVA). This virus was identified by high-throughput sequencing analysis of a European wild Vitis collected in Switzerland. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this virus clustered with known grapevine virus T (GVT) isolates but was clearly distinct from any of them. If considering the International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)-suggested foveavirus species demarcation criterion based on sequence similarity in the replicase gene/protein, this virus should be considered a member of a new species closely related to GVT. On the other hand, comparison of capsid gene/protein sequences using the same criteria indicates that GFVA is at the border of species demarcation. Whether this virus represents a highly divergent GVT isolate or a member of a distinct but closely related species is discussed.
Enhanced poly-γ-l-diaminobutanoic acid production in Bacillus pumilus by combining genome shuffling with multiple antibiotic-resistance
Authors: Li Shu , Wang Liang , Wang Nan 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A breeding approach combining genome shuffling with multiple antibiotic-resistance including gentamicin, rifampin and lincomycin, was developed in this research to improve the poly-γ-l-diaminobutanoic acid (γ-PAB) production in Bacillus pumilus LS-1. By this unique strategy, recombinants from the third round of genome shuffling could tolerate higher concentration of compound antibiotics and exhibited higher γ-PAB production as 392.4 mg/L in shake-flask fermentation, tenfold over the parent. In batch fermentation, B. pumilus GS3-M7 could produce γ-PAB as high as 2316.4 mg/L in two days, 5.4-fold higher than the control, which was the highest productivity ever reported. In addition, the optimal pH in B. pumilus for γ-PAB synthesis was decreased after ARTP mutagenesis and protoplast fusion, because the lower pH environment is favorable for accumulation of intracellular ATP. Some key enzymes in GS3-M7 showed higher activities than those in the parent, suggesting a greater flux to TCA circle and DAP pathway, which was a reason for enhanced γ-PAB production.
Achievement development is less important for school-placement recommendations when students are stereotyped
Authors: Klapproth Florian , Fischer Birthe Doreen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWith this study we examined with a sample ofN = 102 primary-school teachers whether their use of information about students’ achievement development for placement recommendations depended on student ethnicity. We applied student vignettes to mimic real students, and orthogonally varied student ethnicity, their GPA development, suggested by their last two school reports in primary school, and their grand mean of grades. We found that students were more likely to be recommended for the highest track when their grand mean of grades indicated higher achievements and when their GPA improved rather than declined. Moreover, we found strong evidence that teachers applied ethnic stereotypes when making school-placement recommendations. If the students fitted an ethnic stereotype, teachers tend to ignore information about their achievement development, whereas if the students did not fit an ethnic stereotype, teachers’ judgments were rather based on all information that was provided about the students. Hence, achievement development was less important for school-placement recommendations when students were stereotyped than when they were not stereotyped. Implications of the results were discussed.
Terrestrial solar radiation driven photodecomposition of ciprofloxacin in clinical wastewater applying mesostructured iron(III) oxide
Authors: Wagner Daniel R. , Ament Kevin , Mayr Lina , Martin Thomas , Bloesser André , Schmalz Holger , Marschall Roland , Wagner Friedrich E. , Breu Josef 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCationic cylindrical polymer brushes based on polybutadiene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) were applied as structure-directing agent for mesostructuring Fe2O3 nanoparticles into nanotubes. After temperature-controlled template removal, the obtained non-woven catalysts were tested for the photodegradation of ciprofloxacin under terrestrial solar radiation. At a slightly basic pH value, as typically encountered in clinical wastewaters, the mesostructured Fe2O3 shows a 4.5 times faster degradation of ciprofloxacin than commercial Aeroxide® TiO2 P25. Even wide-bandgap ZnO, mesostructured in the same way, is 1.6 times slower. Moreover, the non-woven-like structure of the catalyst allows for easy recovery of the catalyst and operation in a continuous flow reactor.
Near-source characteristics of two-phase gas–solid outbursts in roadways
Authors: Zhou Aitao , Zhang Meng , Wang Kai , Elsworth Derek 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCoal and gas outbursts compromise two-phase gas–solid mixtures as they propagate as shock waves and flows from their sources. Propagation is influenced by the form of the outburst, proximity to source, the structure and form of the transmitting roadways and the influence of obstacles. The following characterizes the propagation of coal and gas outbursts as two-phase gas–solid flows proximal to source where the coupled effects of pulverized coal and gas flows dominate behavior. The characteristics of shock wave propagation and attenuation were systematically examined for varied roadway geometries using experiments and numerical models. The results demonstrate that the geometry of roadway obstructions is significant and may result in partial compression and sometimes secondary overpressurization in blocked and small corner roadways leading to significant attenuation of outburst shock waves. The shock waves attenuate slowly in both straight and abruptly expanding roadways and more significantly in T-shaped roadways. The most significant attenuation appears in small angle corners and bifurcations in roadways with the largest attenuation occurring in blocked roadways. These results provide basic parameters for simplifying transport in complex roadway networks in the far-field, and guidance for the design of coal and gas outburst prevention facilities and emergency rescue.
Isothermal and Non-Isothermal Reduction Behaviors of Iron Ore Compacts in Pure Hydrogen Atmosphere and Kinetic Analysis
Authors: Hammam Abourehab , Li Ying , Nie Hao , Zan Lei , Ding Weitian , Ge Yao , Li Meng , Omran Mamdouh , Yu Yaowei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study examines the isothermal and non-isothermal reduction behaviors of iron ore compacts in a pure hydrogen atmosphere and compares the results obtained during the reduction process by CO. The different phases accompanying the reduction reactions were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and its morphology was microscopically examined. In isothermal experiments, temperature plays a significant role in the reduction process. At any given temperature, the reduction rate during the initial stages is higher than that during the final stages. The reduction rate in H2 atmosphere was faster than in CO gas. The comparison of activation energy values suggested that reduction with H2 is more efficient than with CO. At the same temperature, the time required to achieve a certain degree of reduction was lower when using H2 gas than CO atmosphere. In non-isothermal tests, the heating rate has a significant effect on the reduction rate and reduction extent. At the same heating rate, the degree of reduction was higher in H2 atmosphere than in CO gas. Based on experimental data, the parameters of reaction kinetics were deduced by application of model-free and model-fitting methods. The reduction in H2 atmosphere was controlled by nucleation model (Avrami-Erofeev model), while the CO reduction reaction was controlled by gas diffusion.
Hydrological disasters in the NW-European Lowlands during the first millennium AD: a dendrochronological reconstruction
Authors: Jansma Esther 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This study presents an annually resolved dendrochronological reconstruction of hydrological impacts on the Roman and early-medieval landscape in the Low Countries of northwestern Europe. Around 600 hydrologically sensitive ring-width patterns, mostly oak (Quercus robur/petraea) as well as some ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and elm (Ulmus sp.), were selected from an initial dataset of >5000 and compiled into two chronologies that span the first millennium AD. Their content and (dis)similarities to established tree-ring chronologies from this and surrounding regions were used to assess their provenance, which in both cases is in the area where the majority of the wood was recovered. Instances of high groundwater levels and/or inundation were catalogued by identifying multi-year intervals of strongly reduced annual growth that occurred simultaneously throughout the research area. The resulting record contains 164 events dated between AD 1 and 1000, of which 21 have a recurrence frequency ≥50 years. One-third of the ≥50-yr events date between AD 185 and 282, making this the most flood-intense interval of the first millennium. The severest reconstructed impact of the first millennium dates to AD 602. A comparison to historically documented river floods/sea breaches and drought/heat spells shows that the predominant cause of the inferred impacts in the research area was river overflow. Synchronous inundation responses of oaks preserved in former bogs in Lower Saxony (NW Germany) indicate that half of the reconstructed events occurred on a supra-regional level, pointing to regional precipitation as a main forcing. River floods documented in written sources do not seem to have affected tree growth in Lower Saxony in a significant manner, indicating that the majority of documented floods most likely were caused by hydrological circumstances upstream of the catchments of the Rhine and/or Meuse. Reconstructed flood impacts during the Early Middle Ages coincide remarkably well with construction and repair of Rhine revetments at the early-medieval site of Leiderdorp-Plantage in the western Netherlands.
CONGRUENCE PRIMES FOR SIEGEL MODULAR FORMS OF PARAMODULAR LEVEL AND APPLICATIONS TO THE BLOCH–KATO CONJECTURE
Authors: BROWN JIM , LI HUIXI 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIt has been well established that congruences between automorphic forms have far-reaching applications in arithmetic. In this paper, we construct congruences for Siegel–Hilbert modular forms defined over a totally real field of class number 1. As an application of this general congruence, we produce congruences between paramodular Saito–Kurokawa lifts and non-lifted Siegel modular forms. These congruences are used to produce evidence for the Bloch–Kato conjecture for elliptic newforms of square-free level and odd functional equation.
Fast-ion physics in SPARC
Authors: Scott S. D. , Kramer G. J. , Tolman E. A. , Snicker A. , Varje J. , Särkimäki K. , Wright J. C. , Rodriguez-Fernandez P. 
Published: September 2020

Potential loss of energetic ions including alphas and radio-frequency tail ions due to classical orbit effects and magnetohydrodynamic instabilities (MHD) are central physics issues in the design and experimental physics programme of the SPARC tokamak. The expected loss of fusion alpha power due to ripple-induced transport is computed for the SPARC tokamak design by the ASCOT and SPIRAL orbit-simulation codes, to assess the expected surface heating of plasma-facing components. We find good agreement between the ASCOT and SPIRAL simulation results not only in integrated quantities (fraction of alpha power loss) but also in the spatial, temporal and pitch-angle dependence of the losses. If the toroidal field (TF) coils are well-aligned, the SPARC edge ripple is small (0.15–0.30 %), the computed ripple-induced alpha power loss is small (

${\sim } 0.25\,\%$

) and the corresponding peak surface power density is acceptable (

$244\ \textrm{kW}\ \textrm {m}^{-2}$

). However, the ripple and ripple-induced losses increase strongly if the TF coils are assumed to suffer increasing magnitudes of misalignment. Surface heat loads may become problematic if the TF coil misalignment approaches the centimetre level. Ripple-induced losses of the energetic ion tail driven by ion cyclotron range of frequency (ICRF) heating are not expected to generate significant wall or limiter heating in the nominal SPARC plasma scenario. Because the expected classical fast-ion losses are small, SPARC will be able to observe and study fast-ion redistribution due to MHD including sawteeth and Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs). SPARC's parameter space for AE physics even at moderate

$Q$

is shown to reasonably overlap that of the demonstration power plant ARC (Sorbom et al., Fusion Engng Des., vol. 100, 2015, p. 378), and thus measurements of AE mode amplitude, spectrum and associated fast-ion transport in SPARC would provide relevant guidance about AE behaviour expected in ARC.
Divertor heat flux challenge and mitigation in SPARC
Authors: Kuang A. Q. , Ballinger S. , Brunner D. , Canik J. , Creely A. J. , Gray T. , Greenwald M. , Hughes J. W. , Irby J. , LaBombard B. , Lipschultz B. , Lore J. D. , Reinke M. L. , Terry J. L. , Umansky M. , Whyte D. G. , Wukitch S. ,   the SPARC Team
Published: September 2020

Owing to its high magnetic field, high power, and compact size, the SPARC experiment will operate with divertor conditions at or above those expected in reactor-class tokamaks. Power exhaust at this scale remains one of the key challenges for practical fusion energy. Based on empirical scalings, the peak unmitigated divertor parallel heat flux is projected to be greater than 10 GW m−2. This is nearly an order of magnitude higher than has been demonstrated to date. Furthermore, the divertor parallel Edge-Localized Mode (ELM) energy fluence projections (~11–34 MJ m−2) are comparable with those for ITER. However, the relatively short pulse length (~25 s pulse, with a ~10 s flat top) provides the opportunity to consider mitigation schemes unsuited to long-pulse devices including ITER and reactors. The baseline scenario for SPARC employs a ~1 Hz strike point sweep to spread the heat flux over a large divertor target surface area to keep tile surface temperatures within tolerable levels without the use of active divertor cooling systems. In addition, SPARC operation presents a unique opportunity to study divertor heat exhaust mitigation at reactor-level plasma densities and power fluxes. Not only will SPARC test the limits of current experimental scalings and serve for benchmarking theoretical models in reactor regimes, it is also being designed to enable the assessment of long-legged and X-point target advanced divertor magnetic configurations. Experimental results from SPARC will be crucial to reducing risk for a fusion pilot plant divertor design.
Patients, users, caregivers, and citizens' involvement in local health technology assessment unit in Quebec: a survey
Authors: Poder Thomas G. , Safianyk Catherine , Fournier Monique F. , Ganache Isabelle , Touré Moustapha , Pomey Marie-Pascale , Gagnon Marie-Pierre 
Published: September 2020

Objectives
Increasing emphasis is given on involving patients in health technology assessment (HTA). While this is mainly done at the level of regional and national HTA agencies, this tendency is also emerging in local HTA units. In this study, we provide the results of a survey conducted in local HTA units in the province of Quebec, Canada. The aim of the survey was to provide an overview of local HTA unit practices to involve patients, users, caregivers, and citizens in their process, their interest in doing so, and their information needs for this.

Methods
The survey was conducted in 2017 with a response rate of eleven units over a possibility of twelve.

Results
Three units out of eleven (27.3 percent) never involved patients or members of the public in their processes and all indicated that they will involve them in the next few years. The three most important needs for support identified in the HTA units were in: recruiting and selecting patients; integrating experiential knowledge; and knowing and implementing the best methods and practices for partnership.

Conclusion
Patient involvement in local HTA units is quickly evolving and that is why they urgently need tools to involve more effectively patients and members of the public in their process.
Alcohol-based hand sanitisers as first line of defence against SARS-CoV-2: a review of biology, chemistry and formulations
Authors: Singh D. , Joshi K. , Samuel A. , Patra J. , Mahindroo N. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The pandemic due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a serious global public health issue. Since the start of the outbreak, the importance of hand-hygiene and respiratory protection to prevent the spread of the virus has been the prime focus for infection control. Health regulatory organisations have produced guidelines for the formulation of hand sanitisers to the manufacturing industries. This review summarises the studies on alcohol-based hand sanitisers and their disinfectant activity against SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses. The literature shows that the type and concentration of alcohol, formulation and nature of product, presence of excipients, applied volume, contact time and viral contamination load are critical factors that determine the effectiveness of hand sanitisers.
Bias in the Treatment of Non-Germans in the British and American Military Government Courts in Occupied Germany, 1945–46
Authors: Kehoe Thomas J. , Greenhalgh Elizabeth M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNon-Germans—particularly “displaced persons”—were routinely blamed for crime in occupied western Germany. The Allied and German fixation on foreign gangs, violent criminals, and organized crime syndicates is well documented in contemporary reports, observations, and the press. An abundance of such data has long shaped provocative historical narratives of foreign-perpetrated criminality ranging from extensive disorder through to near uncontrolled anarchy. Such accounts complement assertions of a broader and more generalized crime wave. Over the last 30 years, however, a literature has emerged that casts doubt on the actual extent of lawlessness during the occupation of the west and, in turn, on the level non-German participation in crime. It may be that extensive reporting of non-German criminality at the time reflected the preexisting bigotries of Germans and the Allies, which when combined with anxieties about social and societal integrity became focused on the most marginalized groups in postwar society. This process of “group criminalization” is common and can have different motivations. Regardless of its cause, it was clearly evident in postwar western Germany and we hypothesized that it should have created harsher outcomes for non-German versus German criminal defendants when facing the Allied criminal justice system, such as greater rates of conviction and harsher punishments. This hypothesis was tested using newly collected military government court data from 1945 to 1946. Contrary to expectations, we found a more subtle bias against non-Germans than expected, which we argue reveals important characteristics about the US and British military government criminal justice system.
Observations of Enhanced Sediment Transport by Nonlinear Internal Waves
Authors: Zulberti A. , Jones N. L. , Ivey G. N. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe mechanisms responsible for sediment resuspension and transport by nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) remain poorly understood largely due to a dearth of detailed field measurements. We present novel observations of the turbulent benthic boundary‐layer (BBL) beneath trains of NLIWs of depression in the ocean. At the 250 m deep, low‐gradient (<0.2%) continental shelf site the BBL was near well mixed to an average height of about 10 m above the bottom. Above this bottom mixing‐layer, stratification constrained the extent of vertical sediment transport. NLIWs drove sediment transport by a combination of bed‐stress intensification, turbulent transport, and a vertical pumping mechanism associated with the compression and subsequent expansion of the mixing‐layer. There was no evidence that the observed dynamics were associated with a global instability, as proposed in previous studies. The results have implications for cross‐shelf mass transport and highlight future challenges for measuring and modeling boundary‐layer processes within shelf seas.
Seasonal Variation of Legacy Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) From East Asia to the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Zheng Hongyuan , Gao Yuan , Xia Yinyue , Yang Haizhen , Cai Minghong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLarge‐scale field investigations of seven legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the surface seawater and atmosphere from East Asia to the high Arctic Ocean were completed in 2016 and 2017. Seawater OCP (Σ7OCPs) concentrations displayed rapid and significant seasonal variations during mid‐late summer. The ocean is the most significant atmospheric‐OCP source region for the Arctic, and feedback affects the middle‐ or low‐latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The legacy OCP concentrations in the Arctic Ocean were shown to gradually decrease with distance from water masses originating in the Bering Sea and the landmass of Alaska. This study is the first updated investigation of OCPs along the North Pacific Ocean to the Arctic Ocean transect in the past decade. It provides updated field data on the global fate of OCPs in a region undergoing rapid climate change.