bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Governance of Emerging Technologies Demonstrated in Terms of its Applicability to Nanomaterials
Authors: Isigonis Panagiotis , Afantitis Antreas , Antunes Dalila , Bartonova Alena , Beitollahi Ali , Bohmer Nils , Bouman Evert , Chaudhry Qasim , Cimpan Mihaela Roxana , Cimpan Emil , Doak Shareen , Dupin Damien , Fedrigo Doreen , Fessard Valérie , Gromelski Maciej , Gutleb Arno C. , Halappanavar Sabina , Hoet Peter , Jeliazkova Nina , Jomini Stéphane , Lindner Sabine , Linkov Igor , Longhin Eleonora Marta , Lynch Iseult , Malsch Ineke , Marcomini Antonio , Mariussen Espen , de la Fuente Jesus M. , Melagraki Georgia , Murphy Finbarr , Neaves Michael , Packroff Rolf , Pfuhler Stefan , Puzyn Tomasz , Rahman Qamar , Pran Elise Rundén , Semenzin Elena , Serchi Tommaso , Steinbach Christoph , Trump Benjamin , Vrček Ivana Vinković , Warheit David , Wiesner Mark R. , Willighagen Egon , Dusinska Maria 
Published: July 2020

AbstractNanotechnologies have reached maturity and market penetration that require nano‐specific changes in legislation and harmonization among legislation domains, such as the amendments to REACH for nanomaterials (NMs) which came into force in 2020. Thus, an assessment of the components and regulatory boundaries of NMs risk governance is timely, alongside related methods and tools, as part of the global efforts to optimise nanosafety and integrate it into product design processes, via Safe(r)‐by‐Design (SbD) concepts. This paper provides an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art regarding risk governance of NMs and lays out the theoretical basis for the development and implementation of an effective, trustworthy and transparent risk governance framework for NMs. The proposed framework enables continuous integration of the evolving state of the science, leverages best practice from contiguous disciplines and facilitates responsive re‐thinking of nanosafety governance to meet future needs. To achieve and operationalise such framework, a science‐based Risk Governance Council (RGC) for NMs is being developed. The framework will provide a toolkit for independent NMs' risk governance and integrates needs and views of stakeholders. An extension of this framework to relevant advanced materials and emerging technologies is also envisaged, in view of future foundations of risk research in Europe and globally.
Measurements of nitrogen atom density in a microwave‐excited plasma jet produced under moderate pressures
Authors: Kim Jaeho , Takeda Keigo , Itagaki Hirotomo , Wang Xue‐lun , Hirose Shingo , Ogiso Hisato , Shimizu Tetsuji , Kumagai Naoto , Tsutsumi Takayoshi , Kondo Hiroki , Hori Masaru , Sakakita Hajime 
Published: July 2020

Using a microwave‐excited plasma source based on a microstrip line, we have generated a nitrogen plasma jet at a moderate pressure in the range from 1 to 10 kPa. The densities of nitrogen (N) atoms produced by the plasma jet were measured with a vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. The results show that the plasma jet is able to provide a high density of N atoms at least 4.5 × 1014 cm−3 at 1.5 kPa. The N atom densities vary widely with the change in gas flow rate and substrate placement. We expect that this plasma source will provide a high performance as an advanced N radical source in various applications. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Recent advances on peptide‐based theranostic nanomaterials
Authors: Rong Lei , Lei Qi , Zhang Xian‐Zheng 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTheranostic nanomaterial, which amalgamates diagnosis and therapy of diseases into one nanosystem, has become one of the core interests in nanomedicine research. Functional peptides can be integrated into theranostic nanomaterials and endow them with special properties to accomplish much more complicated biomedical tasks. Peptide‐based theranostic nanomaterials can be formulated with specific targeting, transmembrane delivery, and stimulus response. In this Minireview, we describe general ideas of fabricating peptide‐based theranostic nanomaterials, concerning the design and variegated biomedical applications, and highlighting their advances during the past 5 years.
Groundwater quality
Authors: Motlagh Amir Mohaghegh , Yang Zhengjian , Saba Humayra 
Published: July 2020

AbstractGroundwater is a vital component of water supply for residential, industrial, and agricultural purposes. However, many groundwater basins are being used unsustainably and groundwater contamination is a growing water quality problem. Although anthropogenic activities and natural processes have been increasing the contamination in this valuable water resource, several remediation techniques have been developed in the last few decades to reduce these contamination levels. This review paper focuses on the recent studies developed on groundwater pollutions, remediation practices, and groundwater quality management.Practitioner Points

Groundwater pollution is mainly due to anthropogenic activities and it is considered as a growing water quality problem.

Groundwater bioremediation is one of the sustainable long‐term solutions that uses the microorganisms to degrade the complex environmental pollutants.

Groundwater quality management techniques play a significant role to restore or maintain water quality, which is critical for the sustainable development.
Some properties of an elliptic periodic problem with an interfacial resistance
Authors: Donato Patrizia , Fulgencio Rheadel 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn the homogenization of quasilinear elliptic problems, it is crucial for the homogenized matrix to have some kind of Lipschitz continuity in order to provide the uniqueness of the solution of the limit problem. In this paper, we prove that some estimates providing the uniqueness for a class of quasilinear problems in a periodic two‐component domain, remains valid after the homogenization process. To do that, we first prove a suitable Meyers type estimate for the periodic cell problem describing the homogenized matrix, which is posed in a two‐component cell, with a jump of the solution proportional to the flux prescribed on the interface. We also complete the study by a boundedness result for this periodic solution.
Leptonic scalars at the LHC
Authors: de Gouvêa André , Dev P.S. Bhupal , Dutta Bhaskar , Ghosh Tathagata , Han Tao , Zhang Yongchao 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We explore the collider prospects of neutrino non-standard interaction with a Standard Model (SM) gauge-singlet leptonic scalar ϕ carrying two units of lepton-number-charge. These leptonic scalars are forbidden from interacting with the SM fermions at the renormalizable level and, if one allows for higher-dimensional operators, couple predominantly to SM neutrinos. For masses at or below the electroweak scale, ϕ decays exclusively into neutrinos. Its characteristic production signature at hadron collider experiments like the LHC would be via the vector boson fusion process and leads to same-sign dileptons, two forward jets in opposite hemispheres, and missing transverse energy, i.e., $$ pp\to {\mathrm{\ell}}_{\alpha}^{\pm }{\mathrm{\ell}}_{\beta}^{\pm } jj+{E}_T^{\mathrm{miss}}\left(\alpha, \beta =e,\mu, \tau \right) $$
pp
→

ℓ
α
±

ℓ
β
±

jj
+

E
T
miss

α

β
=
e

μ
τ

. Exploiting the final states of electrons and muons, we estimate, for the first time, the sensitivity of the LHC to these lepton-number-charged scalars. We show that the LHC sensitivity is largely complementary to that of low-energy precision measurements of the decays of charged leptons, charged mesons, W, Z and the SM Higgs boson, as well as the neutrino beam experiments like MINOS, and searches for neutrino self-interactions at IceCube and in cosmological observations. For ϕ mass larger than roughly 10 GeV, our projected LHC sensitivity would surpass all existing bounds.
CPT and CP, an entangled couple
Authors: Barenboim Gabriela , Ternes Christoph A. , Tórtola Mariam 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Even though it is undoubtedly very appealing to interpret the latest T2K results as evidence of CP violation, this claim assumes CPT conservation in the neutrino sector to an extent that has not been tested yet. As we will show, T2K results are not robust against a CPT-violating explanation. On the contrary, a CPT-violating CP-conserving scenario is in perfect agreement with current neutrino oscillation data. Therefore, to elucidate whether T2K results imply CP or CPT violation is of utter importance. We show that, even after combining with data from NOνA and from reactor experiments, no claims about CP violation can be made. Finally, we update the bounds on CPT violation in the neutrino sector.
Periodic homogenization of a Lévy-type process with small jumps
Authors: Sandrić Nikola , Valentić Ivana , Wang Jian 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this article, we consider the problem of periodic homogenization of a Feller process generated by a pseudo-differential operator, the so-called Lévy-type process. Under the assumptions that the generator has rapidly periodically oscillating coefficients, and that it admits “small jumps” only (that is, the jump kernel has finite second moment), we prove that the appropriately centered and scaled process converges weakly to a Brownian motion with covariance matrix given in terms of the coefficients of the generator. The presented results generalize the classical and well-known results related to periodic homogenization of a diffusion process.
FAK inhibition radiosensitizes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells in vitro
Authors: Mohamed A. Allam , Thomsen Andreas , Follo Marie , Zamboglou Costantinos , Bronsert Peter , Mostafa Hanan , Amen Aber , Mekawy Mohamed , Grosu Anca L. , Brunner Thomas B. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase protein frequently overexpressed in cancer and has been linked to an increase in the stem cell population of tumors, resistance to therapy, and metastatic spread. Pharmacological FAK inhibition in pancreatic cancer has received increased attention over the last few years, either alone or in combination with other therapeutics including chemotherapy and immunotherapy. However, its prognostic value and its role in radioresistance of pancreatic ducal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is unknown.

Methods and materials
Using the TCGA and GTEx databases, we investigated the genetic alterations and mRNA expression levels of PTK2 (the encoding-gene for FAK) in normal pancreatic tissue and pancreatic cancer and its impact on patient survival. Furthermore, we evaluated the expression of FAK and its tyrosine domain Ty-397 in three pancreatic cancer cell lines. We went further and evaluated the role of a commercial FAK tyrosine kinase inhibitor VS-4718 on the viability and radiosensitization of the pancreatic cell lines as well as its effect on the extracellular matrix (ECM) production from the pancreatic stellate cells. Furthermore, we tested the effect of combining radiation with VS-4718 in a three-dimensional (3D) multicellular pancreatic tumor spheroid model.

Results
A database analysis revealed a relevant increase in genetic alterations and mRNA expression of the PTK2 in PDAC, which were associated with lower progression-free survival. In vitro, there was only variation in the basal phosphorylation level of FAK in cell lines. VS-4718 radiosensitized pancreatic cell lines only in the presence of ECM-producing pancreatic stellate cells and markedly reduced the ECM production in the stromal cells. Finally, using a 3D multicellular tumor model, the combination of VS-4718 and radiotherapy significantly reduced the growth of tumor aggregates.

Conclusion
Pharmacological inhibition of FAK in pancreatic cancer could be a novel therapeutic strategy as our results show a radiosensitization effect of VS-4718 in vitro in a multicellular 2D- and in a 3D-model of pancreatic cancer.
Type 1 diabetes in Africa: an immunogenetic study in the Amhara of North-West Ethiopia
Authors: Balcha Shitaye A. , Demisse Abayneh G. , Mishra Rajashree , Vartak Tanwi , Cousminer Diana L. , Hodge Kenyaita M. , Voight Benjamin F. , Lorenz Kim , Schwartz Stanley , Jerram Samuel T. , Gamper Arla , Holmes Alice , Wilson Hannah F. , Williams Alistair J. K. , Grant Struan F. A. , Leslie R. David , Phillips David I. W. , Trimble Elisabeth R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
We aimed to characterise the immunogenic background of insulin-dependent diabetes in a resource-poor rural African community. The study was initiated because reports of low autoantibody prevalence and phenotypic differences from European-origin cases with type 1 diabetes have raised doubts as to the role of autoimmunity in this and similar populations.

Methods
A study of consecutive, unselected cases of recently diagnosed, insulin-dependent diabetes (n = 236, ≤35 years) and control participants (n = 200) was carried out in the ethnic Amhara of rural North-West Ethiopia. We assessed their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, and measured non-fasting C-peptide, diabetes-associated autoantibodies and HLA-DRB1 alleles. Leveraging genome-wide genotyping, we performed both a principal component analysis and, given the relatively modest sample size, a provisional genome-wide association study. Type 1 diabetes genetic risk scores were calculated to compare their genetic background with known European type 1 diabetes determinants.

Results
Patients presented with stunted growth and low BMI, and were insulin sensitive; only 15.3% had diabetes onset at ≤15 years. C-peptide levels were low but not absent. With clinical diabetes onset at ≤15, 16–25 and 26–35 years, 86.1%, 59.7% and 50.0% were autoantibody positive, respectively. Most had autoantibodies to GAD (GADA) as a single antibody; the prevalence of positivity for autoantibodies to IA-2 (IA-2A) and ZnT8 (ZnT8A) was low in all age groups. Principal component analysis showed that the Amhara genomes were distinct from modern European and other African genomes. HLA-DRB1*03:01 (p = 0.0014) and HLA-DRB1*04 (p = 0.0001) were positively associated with this form of diabetes, while HLA-DRB1*15 was protective (p < 0.0001). The mean type 1 diabetes genetic risk score (derived from European data) was higher in patients than control participants (p = 1.60 × 10−7). Interestingly, despite the modest sample size, autoantibody-positive patients revealed evidence of association with SNPs in the well-characterised MHC region, already known to explain half of type 1 diabetes heritability in Europeans.

Conclusions/interpretation
The majority of patients with insulin-dependent diabetes in rural North-West Ethiopia have the immunogenetic characteristics of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Phenotypic differences between type 1 diabetes in rural North-West Ethiopia and the industrialised world remain unexplained.
Prediction of pituitary adenoma surgical consistency: radiomic data mining and machine learning on T2-weighted MRI
Authors: Cuocolo Renato , Ugga Lorenzo , Solari Domenico , Corvino Sergio , D’Amico Alessandra , Russo Daniela , Cappabianca Paolo , Cavallo Luigi Maria , Elefante Andrea 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Pituitary macroadenoma consistency can influence the ease of lesion removal during surgery, especially when using a transsphenoidal approach. Unfortunately, it is not assessable on standard qualitative MRI. Radiomic texture analysis could help in extracting mineable quantitative tissue characteristics. We aimed to assess the accuracy of texture analysis combined with machine learning in the preoperative evaluation of pituitary macroadenoma consistency in patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal surgery.

Methods
Data of 89 patients (68 soft and 21 fibrous macroadenomas) who underwent MRI and transsphenoidal surgery at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. After manual segmentation, radiomic texture features were extracted from original and filtered MR images. Feature stability analysis and a multistep feature selection were performed. After oversampling to balance the classes, 80% of the data was used for hyperparameter tuning via stratified 5-fold cross-validation, while a 20% hold-out set was employed for its final testing, using an Extra Trees ensemble meta-algorithm. The reference standard was based on surgical findings.

Results
A total of 1118 texture features were extracted, of which 741 were stable. After removal of low variance (n = 4) and highly intercorrelated (n = 625) parameters, recursive feature elimination identified a subset of 14 features. After hyperparameter tuning, the Extra Trees classifier obtained an accuracy of 93%, sensitivity of 100%, and specificity of 87%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic and precision-recall curves was 0.99.

Conclusion
Preoperative T2-weighted MRI texture analysis and machine learning could predict pituitary macroadenoma consistency.
Towards robust BOS measurements for axisymmetric flows
Authors: Xiong Yuan , Kaufmann Tim , Noiray Nicolas 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Accurately reconstructing a radial refractive index (n) field is challenging in axisymmetric background oriented Schlieren (BOS) measurement. In this study, we systematically investigated several widely adopted inversion algorithms in BOS applications. To quantitatively assess the performance of each algorithm, a synthetic experiment mimicking a helium jet discharged into ambient air was established to provide the reference. Relying on the necessity to solve a Poisson equation for a line-of-sight projected variable, tested algorithms were categorized into two groups: direct and indirect. In the direct approach, the algorithm is applied directly to the light deflection angle ($$\varepsilon $$
ε
) to reconstruct the radial $$\delta $$
δ
field, defined as $$\delta =(n-n_{0})/n_{0}$$

δ
=

(
n
-

n
0

)

/

n
0

where $$n_{0}$$

n
0

is the reference refractive index. In the indirect group, the Poisson equation is solved first. Then, an inversion algorithm is subsequently applied to the projected $${{\overline{\delta }}}$$

δ
¯

to obtain $$\delta $$
δ
in the radial plane. The two approaches were compared with the synthetic experiment both using the adaptive Fourier–Hankel methods (AFH). The comparison showed that at the cost of introducing the additional step of solving the Poisson equation, the indirect approach performed more accurately when noises were present in the $$\varepsilon $$
ε
measurements. To identify the proper inversion algorithm suitable for the indirect approach, we further compared four types of algorithms in the synthetic experiments including AFH, onion peeling (OP), three-point Abel (TPA), and filtered back projection tomography (FBPT). The results showed that TPA had the best performance in terms of the reconstruction accuracy with noisy $$\varepsilon $$
ε
data. Finally, experiments on axisymmetric helium jets were conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed TPA algorithm in the indirect approach.

Graphic Abstract
A diagram for analyzing ordinal voting systems
Authors: Eggers Andrew C. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractI introduce a diagram for describing and analyzing single-winner elections in which voters rank the candidates—a class of voting systems including positional methods (e.g. plurality, Borda count, anti-plurality), Condorcet methods, and instant-runoff voting (i.e. ranked-choice voting or the alternative vote). The diagram shows how the outcome of an election depends on each candidate’s share of top rankings as a function of the voting system and the pattern of lower rankings. Using as examples two Brexit polls, a mayoral election in San Francisco, and the US’s first instant-runoff congressional election (all since 2018), I show how the diagram can concisely present preferences and results under different voting systems, identify Condorcet cycles, highlight system properties such as join-inconsistency and the no-show paradox, and illuminate strategic voting incentives.
Herleitung einer analytischen Optimierungsmethode für Beveloidräder durch lokale Anpassung der Verzahnungsdaten
Authors: Marino Daniel , Bachmann Matthias , Binz Hansgeorg 
Published: July 2020

ZusammenfassungBei schneidend oder windschief angeordneter An- und Abtriebswelle (kleine Achswinkel bis 30°) bieten Beveloidverzahnungen, auch konische Verzahnungen genannt, eine Möglichkeit, Bauraum und Gewicht einzusparen. Aufgrund der zueinander geneigten Grundzylinder liegt jedoch keine gemeinsame Eingriffsebene vor, weshalb Beveloidradpaarungen im Allgemeinen nur punktförmig an einer Breitenposition der Zahnflanke abwälzen. Dieser punktförmige Kontakt führt bei nicht modifizierten Beveloidradpaarungen zu hohen lokalen Flankenpressungen. Um wie bei Zylinderrädern einen konjugierten, linienartigen Eingriff zu erzielen, sind bei Beveloidrädern derzeit komplexe, iterative Modifikationen der Flankenfeingeometrie notwendig. Daher wird in diesem Bericht ein analytischer Ansatz hergeleitet, der eine Bestimmung der modifizierten Flankenfeingeometrie für Beveloidräder in beliebiger Achslage ermöglicht. Grundlage dieses Optimierungsansatzes ist die stirnschnittweise Anpassung der Verzahnungsdaten, sodass ein konjugierter Eingriff erzielt wird.Erste Untersuchungen zeigen, dass eine zusätzliche tangentiale Modifikation die korrekte Position der Stirnschnitte entlang der Zahnbreite gewährleistet. Hierzu wird ein analytischer Ansatz basierend auf dem Verzahnungsgesetz verwendet, welcher die evolventische Zahnform im Stirnschnitt nicht verändert. Die Wirksamkeit der Modifikation wird mit lastfreien Kontaktsimulationen für drei exemplarisch modifizierte Beveloidradpaarungen gezeigt. Das Tragbild ist wie beim konjugierten Eingriff voll ausgebildet und der Drehfehler ist vergleichbar gering zu nicht modifizierten Beveloidrädern.
One-year clinical performance of lithium disilicate versus resin composite CAD/CAM onlays
Authors: Souza Joana , Fuentes Mª Victoria , Baena Eugenia , Ceballos Laura 
Published: July 2020

AbstractTo compare the 1-year clinical performance of lithium disilicate and resin composite CAD/CAM onlay restorations. Twenty patients that required two restorations in posterior teeth, with at least one cusp to be covered, received two onlays. One was made with IPS e.max CAD (Ivoclar-Vivadent) and the other with Lava Ultimate (3M Oral Care). Two blind observers evaluated the restorations at baseline and 1 year after the onlays were cemented, according to FDI criteria. At each recall, digital photographs, bite-wing radiographs and impressions of the restorations were taken for SEM evaluation of the interface. Results were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests (p < 0.05). At baseline and in the 1-year recall, both CAD/CAM materials exhibited excellent results in most criteria with similar esthetic, functional and biological properties (p > 0.05). However, deterioration in surface lustre (p = 0.020) and color match/translucency (p = 0.039) were detected for IPS e.max CAD onlays after 1-year. Under SEM evaluation, there were no statistically differences in micromorphological criteria at baseline nor after a year between IPS e.max CAD and Lava Ultimate onlays. Conclusion: After 1 year of clinical service IPS e.max CAD and Lava Ultimate onlays showed a similar clinical performance that needs to be confirmed in long-term evaluations.