bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Staying with the Social Project: A Review of Feminist Criminology
Authors: Dunbar Winsor Katharine 
Published: October 2020

Review of the Field In this issue, Social & Legal Studies is pleased to publish the third of an occasional feature: Review of the Field. Our ambition in this series is to publish articles which reflect upon fields of study and which offer a critical appraisal of the key literature and concepts. The aim is to provide not only a valuable map of the scholarly terrain but, equally, we hope that the format will give authors the opportunity to set a direction of travel for their discipline. Thus, we anticipate that reviews will ask new research questions, identify gaps in the scholarship and explore connections and discontinuities between diverse bodies of knowledge. Suggestions for future reviews are welcome and should be addressed to members of the Editorial Board. We are pleased to publish this Review of Feminist Criminology by Katharine Dunbar Winsor of Concordia University. We hope that our readers agree with us that the article provides an important addition to the literature and provides an invaluable template for contributors of future reviews. Editorial Board Social & Legal Studies The emergence of the feminist movement in the 1960s and 1970s became a primary influence of the field of feminist criminology. Feminist criminology has evolved over the past several decades and has remained impacted by and in dialogue with feminist thought and perspectives. Within the field, researchers have focused on producing and circulating women-centred knowledge. Despite this, tensions within the field highlight diverging approaches to what and who is studied. In Canada, the maturation of feminist criminology as a field has coincided with significant changes to women’s penology. In this essay, the development and changes to feminist criminology are mapped through an examination of key events and changes in Canada’s penal strategies for women. What emerges is the argument that feminist criminology must understand itself beyond narrow and discrete terms and instead must work with the tensions and debates of the field to keep women’s voices centred and the feminist social project alive.
Significance of Home Visiting in Providing Care to Filipino Mothers and Their Infants During the Postpartum Period
Authors: Ngaya-an Floreliz V. , De Torres Ryan Q. , Tejero Lourdes Marie S. , Pacquiao Dula F. 
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Home visiting is recommended for mothers and young infants during the first week of life to provide needed support. This study describes the significance of home visiting in providing care to Filipino mothers and their infants during the postpartum period. Methodology: Using a descriptive qualitative design, individual interviews were conducted with 10 mothers, four registered nurses, and five barangay health workers involved in home visits. Data analysis was guided by the four phases of Leininger’s ethnonursing method. Results: Three themes emerged: (1) home visiting provides accessible, affordable, and meaningful interventions; (2) home visiting allows for contextual understanding of mothers’ behaviors and realistic planning of care; and (3) barangay health workers promote mothers’ engagement in care. Conclusion: Home visits enable negotiation of differences between generic and professional care practices, thus enhancing professional collaboration with families and community workers, potentiating culturally congruent participation and empowerment of clients in their care.
Methadone for Cancer Pain in Pediatric End-of-Life Care
Authors: Hall Elizabeth A. , Sauer Hannah E. , Habashy Catherine , Anghelescu Doralina L. 
Published: October 2020

Background: The goal of adequate pain control becomes increasingly salient for children with cancer and their families as the patients approach the end of life. Methadone is one option that is particularly desirable in end-of-life care given its long duration of action and NMDA antagonism that may help in controlling pain refractory to conventional opioids. The purpose of this study was to describe a single institution’s experience with methadone for the treatment of cancer pain in pediatric end-of-life care. Methods: This retrospective, observational, single-center study included all patients during a 9-year period who died in the inpatient setting and were receiving methadone in their last 30 days of life. Results: Twenty patients were identified, 18 (90%) of whom received methadone for nociceptive pain. The median duration of methadone use was 32 days (range 2-323 days). Methadone doses ranged from 0.09 to 7.76 mg/kg per day. There were no instances of discontinuing methadone due to an increased QTc interval. No episodes of torsades de pointes were observed. Conclusion: In patients with pediatric cancer who are nearing the end of life, methadone is a valuable adjunctive therapy to treat nociceptive and neuropathic pain and to prevent opioid-induced hyperalgesia and opioid tolerance. An individualized approach to dosage and route should be considered based on specific clinical circumstances.
Unrecovered objects: Narratives of dispossession, slow violence and survival in the investigation of mass graves from the Spanish Civil War
Authors: Renshaw Layla 
Published: October 2020

The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) was triggered by a military uprising against the democratically elected Popular Front government. Away from the battlefield, this war was characterized by the politically-motivated murder of thousands of civilians, many of whom were buried in clandestine graves throughout Spain. Following Franco’s victory and subsequent dictatorship, there were strong prohibitions on commemorating the Republican dead. A radical rupture in Spain’s memory politics occurred from 2000 onwards with the founding of the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory and other similar pressure groups that have organized the exhumation and reburial of the Republican dead. This article is based on fieldwork conducted in communities in Castile and León, and Extremadura as they underwent mass grave investigations. It examines the experience of theft and dispossession that occurred as part of the Francoist repression of Republicans. Accounts of these episodes focus on stolen and looted objects robbed from the dead during the killings, from the graves’ post-mortem, or from surviving relatives as part of the systematic dispossession of Republican households that occurred during the war and immediate post-war period. These narratives surface with frequency during the investigation and exhumation of mass graves. Despite the fact that many are lost forever, these stolen possessions can function as powerful mnemonic objects with a strong affective and imaginative hold. The narratives of dispossession explore themes of survival, the experiences of women and children, and the impact of slow violence. By invoking theft and stolen objects, these stories highlight forms of trauma and forms of memory that may not be represented fully by the dominant investigative paradigm of the mass grave exhumation with its inherent focus on death, cataclysmic violence and the tangible, physical traces of the past.
Impact of Visibility and Accessibility on Healthcare Workers’ Hand-Hygiene Behavior: A Comparative Case Study of Two Nursing Units in an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Cai Hui , Tyne Intisar Ameen , Spreckelmeyer Kent , Williams Jennifer 
Published: October 2020

Objectives: This study aims to explore the impacts of visibility and accessibility of alcohol gel-based hand sanitizer dispensers (HSDs) on healthcare workers’ hand-hygiene (HH) behaviors. Background: Despite the importance of HH in reducing nosocomial infection, few empirical studies have quantitatively investigated the impacts of unit shape and size, and the resulted visibility and accessibility on HH, due to the lack of consistent methods to measure and evaluate visibility. Methods: The research was developed as a cross-sectional comparative study of two nursing units (Units A and B) with similar patient acuity and nursing care model but different shape and layout. The study applied quantitative research methods including visibility and accessibility analysis using space syntax, 1-week on-site observation, and secondary data analysis on HH compliance rates. Results: Results indicate that the unit with higher visibility and accessibility is associated with higher HH frequencies. Unit B has significantly higher visibility of HSDs, p < .001, t(60) = 4.615, and significantly higher frequency of HH activity occurrences, 5.17% versus 1.52%; p < .001, t(16.750) = 5.332, than Unit A, even though Unit B has lower HSD to bed ratio (0.708:1 vs. 1.375:1). The linear regression models also demonstrate that visibility and accessibility of HSDs are significant predictors of HH behavior. Conclusions: Overall, this exploratory study identified the importance of visibility of HSDs to improve the chances of HH. It also points out the impacts of nursing unit typology on the visibility of HSDs and in turn affects HH behavior.
Short-Term Outcomes of Primary Total Ankle Arthroplasty in Octogenarians: A National Database Analysis
Authors: Partan Matthew , Frane Nicholas , Iturriaga Cesar , Matai Prashant , Bitterman Adam 
Published: October 2020

Background Total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) is an increasingly popular option for end-stage ankle arthritis. Americans over the age of 80 years grew to 16.7 million in 2010, but there are scarce data assessing the outcomes of octogenarians undergoing TAA. This study evaluated (1) perioperative factors, (2) 30-day postoperative complications compared to a nonoctogenarian cohort, and (3) independent risk factors for adverse outcomes. Methods A national database registry was queried for patients who had undergone primary TAA. This yielded 1113 patients, under (n = 1059) and over (n = 54) age 80 years. Demographics and perioperative data were compared using Fisher’s exact, χ2, and independent-samples t tests. Logistic and Poisson regressions were used to calculate odds ratio (OR) of complications and independent risk factors. Results The octogenarian cohort had longer in-hospital length of stay (1.9 vs 2.5 days, P < .0001). Octogenarians were not significantly more likely to develop any complication (OR = 1.32; 95% confidence interval = 0.29-6.04; P = .722), or increased number of complications (OR = 1.18; 95% CI = 0.27-5.18; P = .820). Octogenarians had significantly increased risk of being discharged to rehab/skilled nursing (OR = 6.60; 95% CI = 2.16-20.15; P < .001) instead of home. Conclusion Although the elderly population may carry inherent risk factors, octogenarians do not present an increased risk of short-term complications following TAA. Levels of Evidence Therapeutic, Level III: Retrospective cohort study.
On the Association Between Social Determinants of Health and Disability in Stroke-Free Older Adults Living in Rural Settings. The Three Villages Study
Authors: Del Brutto Oscar H. , Mera Robertino M. , Recalde Bettsy Y. , Del Brutto Victor J. 
Published: October 2020

Background High social risk, as quantified by the social determinants of health (SDH), may lead to disability. This association has not been well explored in remote settings. Using the three Villages Study cohort, we assessed the association between SDH and disability among stroke-free older adults living in a rural Ecuadorian community. Methods SDH were measured by the use of the Gijon Scale and disability by the Functional Activities Questionnaire. All participants had a brain MRI to assess subclinical biomarkers of cerebral small vessel disease. Multivariate models were fitted to assess the association between components of SDH and disability, after adjusting for covariates of interest. Results The mean age of 478 enrolled individuals was 70.1 ± 8 years (59% women). High social risk was observed in 220 (46%) individuals and disability in 222 (46%). There was an almost direct linear relationship between SDH and disability, after taking into account the effect of age. A generalized linear model, adjusted for all included covariates, showed an independent association between social risk and disability ( P < .001). In addition, multivariate models showed that independent SDH components more strongly associated with disability were worse support networks and social relationships. In contrast, the single SDH component not associated with disability was the economic status. Conclusions This study showed a robust association between SDH and disability. Economic needs were surpassed by other components of SDH. This knowledge will help to develop strategies for the control of factors that may be in the path for disability among older adults living in rural settings.
Transpedicular Screw Placement Accuracy Using the O-Arm Versus Freehand Technique at a Single Institution
Authors: Crawford Benjamin D. , Nchako Corbyn M. , Rebehn Kelsey A. , Israel Heidi , Place Howard M. 
Published: October 2020

Study Design: Retrospective cohort. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the O-arm as an intraoperative imaging tool by comparing accuracy of pedicle screw placement to freehand technique. Methods: The study comprised a total of 1161 screws placed within the cervical (n = 187) thoracic (n = 657), or lumbar (n = 317) spinal level. A pedicle breach was determined by any measurable displacement of the screw outside of the pedicle cortex in any plane on postoperative images. Each pedicle screw was subsequently classified by its placement relative to the targeted pedicle. Statistical analysis was then performed to determine the frequency and type of pedicle screw mispositioning that occurred using the O-arm versus freehand technique. Results: A total of 155 cases (O-arm 84, freehand 71) involved the placement of 454 pedicle screws in the O-arm group and 707 pedicle screws in the freehand group. A pedicle breach occurred in 89 (12.6%) screws in the freehand group and 55 (12.1%) in the O-arm group ( P = .811). Spinal level operated upon did not influence pedicle screw accuracy between groups ( P > .05). Three screws required revision surgery between the 2 groups (O-arm 1, freehand 2, P > .05). The most frequent breach type was a lateral pedicle breach (O-arm 22/454, 4.8%; freehand 54/707, 7.6%), without a significant difference between groups ( P > .05). Conclusions: The use of the O-arm coupled with navigation does not assure improved transpedicular screw placement accuracy when compared with the freehand technique.
Small, Short, Oblique Patellar Tunnels for Patellar Fixation Do Not Increase Fracture Risk or Complications in MPFL Reconstruction: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Deasey Matthew J. , Moran Thomas E. , Lesevic Milos , Burnett Zachary R. , Diduch David R. 
Published: October 2020

Background: Large (4.5 mm) and/or transpatellar bone tunnels have been associated with patellar fracture after medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction. To avoid this outcome, many surgeons now employ suture anchors to affix the MPFL graft to the patella. Purpose: To evaluate the risk of patellar fracture and other outcomes associated with smaller (3.2-mm), short, oblique patellar tunnels as compared with suture anchor fixation in MPFL reconstruction. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A single institution’s electronic medical record was queried for all patients undergoing MPFL reconstruction between March 2010 and December 2018. A chart review of operative reports was utilized to identify those who had undergone MPFL reconstruction. Patients undergoing revision MPFL reconstruction or reconstruction with fully transpatellar bone tunnels were excluded. The incidence of patellar fracture and outcomes were evaluated from chart review. The mean duration of follow-up was >2 years. Results: A total of 384 knees in 352 patients undergoing primary MPFL reconstruction were identified. Small (3.2-mm), short, oblique tunnels were used for patellar fixation in 215 cases, and suture anchors were utilized in 169 cases. The small, oblique tunnels and suture anchor techniques both resulted in a low incidence of patellar fracture, with rates of 0.47% and 0%, respectively. The use of suture anchors was associated with an increased risk of subluxation or dislocation compared with small, oblique tunnels (odds ratio, 3.98; P = .028). No significant difference was found in the need for revision MPFL reconstruction surgery with suture anchors (odds ratio, 1.925; P = .66). Conclusion: The use of small, oblique tunnels with hamstring autograft is a safe means of patellar fixation in MPFL reconstruction. The use of small, oblique tunnels for patellar fixation versus 2 suture anchors can result in material cost savings with no significantly increased risk for fracture as well as an overall reduction in complication rates.
Expression of endocannabinoid system components in human airway epithelial cells: impact of sex and chronic respiratory disease status
Authors: Fantauzzi Matthew F. , Aguiar Jennifer A. , Tremblay Benjamin J.-M. , Mansfield Michael J. , Yanagihara Toyoshi , Chandiramohan Abiram , Revill Spencer , Ryu Min Hyung , Carlsten Chris , Ask Kjetil , St�mpfli Martin , Doxey Andrew C. , Hirota Jeremy A. 
Published: October 2020

Cannabis smoking is the dominant route of delivery, with the airway epithelium functioning as the site of first contact. The endocannabinoid system is responsible for mediating the physiological effects of inhaled phytocannabinoids. The expression of the endocannabinoid system in the airway epithelium and contribution to normal physiological responses remains to be defined.
To begin to address this knowledge gap, a curated dataset of 1090 unique human bronchial brushing gene expression profiles was created. The dataset included 616 healthy subjects, 136 subjects with asthma, and 338 subjects with COPD. A 32-gene endocannabinoid signature was analysed across all samples with sex and disease-specific analyses performed. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblots were performed to probe
in situ
and
in vitro
protein expression.
CB
1
, CB
2
, and TRPV1 protein signal is detectable in human airway epithelial cells
in situ
and
in vitro
, justifying examining the downstream endocannabinoid pathway. Sex status was associated with differential expression of 7 of 32 genes. In contrast, disease status was associated with differential expression of 21 of 32 genes in people with asthma and 26 of 32 genes in people with COPD. We confirm at the protein level that TRPV1, the most differentially expressed candidate in our analyses, was upregulated in airway epithelial cells from people with asthma relative to healthy subjects.
Our data demonstrate that the endocannabinoid system is expressed in human airway epithelial cells with expression impacted by disease status and minimally by sex. The data suggest that cannabis consumers may have differential physiological responses in the respiratory mucosa.
Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema in COVID-19: barotrauma or lung frailty?
Authors: Lemmers Daniel H.L. , Abu Hilal Mohammed , Bnà Claudio , Prezioso Chiara , Cavallo Erika , Nencini Niccolò , Crisci Serena , Fusina Federica , Natalini Giuseppe 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundIn mechanically ventilated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients infected with the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), we frequently recognised the development of pneumomediastinum and/or subcutaneous emphysema despite employing a protective mechanical ventilation strategy. The purpose of this study was to determine if the incidence of pneumomediastinum/subcutaneous emphysema in COVID-19 patients was higher than in ARDS patients without COVID-19 and if this difference could be attributed to barotrauma or to lung frailty.MethodsWe identified both a cohort of patients with ARDS and COVID-19 (CoV-ARDS), and a cohort of patients with ARDS from other causes (noCoV-ARDS).Patients with CoV-ARDS were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) during the COVID-19 pandemic and had microbiologically confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. NoCoV-ARDS was identified by an ARDS diagnosis in the 5 years before the COVID-19 pandemic period.ResultsPneumomediastinum/subcutaneous emphysema occurred in 23 out of 169 (13.6%) patients with CoV-ARDS and in three out of 163 (1.9%) patients with noCoV-ARDS (p<0.001). Mortality was 56.5% in CoV-ARDS patients with pneumomediastinum/subcutaneous emphysema and 50% in patients without pneumomediastinum (p=0.46).CoV-ARDS patients had a high incidence of pneumomediastinum/subcutaneous emphysema despite the use of low tidal volume (5.9±0.8 mL·kg−1ideal body weight) and low airway pressure (plateau pressure 23±4 cmH2O).ConclusionsWe observed a seven-fold increase in pneumomediastinum/subcutaneous emphysema in CoV-ARDS. An increased lung frailty in CoV-ARDS could explain this finding more than barotrauma, which, according to its etymology, refers to high transpulmonary pressure.
Avatar acceptability: views from the Australian Cystic Fibrosis community on the use of personalised organoid technology to guide treatment decisions
Authors: Fawcett Laura K. , Wakefield Claire E. , Sivam Sheila , Middleton Peter G. , Wark Peter , Widger John , Jaffe Adam , Waters Shafagh A. 
Published: October 2020

BackgroundPatient-oriented research approaches that reflect the needs and priorities of those most affected by health research outcomes improves translation of research findings into practice. Targeted therapies for cystic fibrosis (CF) are now a viable treatment option for some eligible individuals despite the heterogeneous patient-specific therapeutic response. This has necessitated development of a clinical tool that predicts treatment response for individual patients. Patient-derived mini-organs (organoids) have been at the forefront of this development. However, little is known about their acceptability in CF patients and members of the public.MethodsWe used a cross-sectional observational design to conduct an online survey in people with CF, their carers and community comparisons. Acceptability was examined in five domains: 1) willingness to use organoids, 2) perceived advantages and disadvantages of organoids, 3) acceptable out-of-pocket costs, 4) turnaround time and 5) source of tissue.ResultsIn total, 188 participants completed the questionnaire, including adults with CF and parents of children with CF (90 (48%)), and adults without CF and parents of children without CF (98 (52%)). Use of organoids to guide treatment decisions in CF was acceptable to 86 (95%) CF participants and 98 (100%) community participants. The most important advantage was that organoids may improve treatment selection, improving the patient's quality of life and life expectancy. The most important disadvantage was that the organoid recommended treatment might be unavailable or too expensive.ConclusionsThese findings indicate acceptance of patient-derived organoids as a tool to predict treatment response by the majority of people surveyed. This may indicate successful future implementation into healthcare systems.