bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VP98 Horizon Scanning For New Alternatives To The Treatment Of Leishmaniasis
Authors: Girardi Juliana , Marinho Daniel , Elias Flavia 
Published: December 2019

IntroductionThe usual treatment of American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is based on intravenous drugs of the 1940s and causes adverse events, having as first choice pentavalent antimonials that require clinical and laboratory follow-up in the hospital setting. The present study aimed to identify potentially more effective and safe oral therapies, applying Technological Horizon Scanning.MethodsThe searches were divided into three blocks: clinical trials through the Clinical Trials Registry Platform on the WHO search portal; searches in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Lilacs and Center for Reviews and Dissemination databases; and search for patents in the Orbit base. The searches aimed at identifying drugs, authors, institutions and therapeutic classes in order to proceed with scanning process.ResultsWe found 197 studies and selected 33 in the Americas region. Of these, seventeen (51%) investigated miltefosine, six (18%) had azithromycin, four (12%) Fluconazole, two (6%) pentoxifylline, two (6%) allopurinol and one (3%) terbinafine. Of the 26 clinical studies, twelve presented positive results for oral medications, six related to miltefosine, two to fluconazole, two to pentoxifylline, one to azithromycin and one to allopurinol. Through the analysis of patents, 35 documents involving 32 institutions and 134 inventors were identified. Of the 32 institutions that registered patent documents, Novartis is the one with the highest number of inventors.ConclusionsMiltefosine is in the incorporation phase in the Brazilian health system, evaluating its performance and effectiveness in the services. Pentoxifylline was recently incorporated as a coadjuvant to the treatment, and Fluconazole presented positive results, however with a small number of patients and uncertain outcomes. It is recommended to carry out more research directed to the drug association, since the studies indicate the possibility of decreasing occurrence of relapses, dosages and treatment time, increasing adherence to treatment.
Plume ‐Tree Structure Induced by Low‐Viscosity Layers in the Upper Mantle
Authors: Liu Hao , Leng Wei 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPrevious seismological results and geodynamic modeling showed that mantle plumes have thin tails. However, the latest geophysical observations reveal the presence of broad and bifurcate plumes in the lower and upper mantle, providing a new challenge to further understand the evolution of plume morphology. Here, developing 3‐D numerical models, we demonstrate that a plume shaped like a tree, derived from the mantle transition zone, branches up to surface volcanoes due to the combined influence of weak layers in the asthenosphere and the mantle transition zone. Clusters of mantle plumes likely explain the simultaneous occurrence of multiple subparallel hot spot tracks in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Meanwhile, the mantle plume wandering at a rate of ~1.5 cm/year in the upper mantle without a strong mantle wind provides a new mechanism for hot spot motions. Thus, our model represents a significant advance for linking plume studies in seismology, geochemistry, and plate reconstruction.
Predicting the flow stress and dominant yielding mechanisms: analytical models based on discrete dislocation plasticity
Authors: Hu Jianqiao , Song Hengxu , Liu Zhanli , Zhuang Zhuo , Liu Xiaoming , Sandfeld Stefan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDislocations are the carriers of plasticity in crystalline materials. Their collective interaction behavior is dependent on the strain rate and sample size. In small specimens, details of the nucleation process are of particular importance. In the present work, discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) simulations are performed to investigate the dominant yielding mechanisms in single crystalline copper pillars with diameters ranging from 100 to 800 nm. Based on our simulations with different strain rates and sample size, we observe a transition of the relevant nucleation mechanism from “dislocation multiplication” to “surface nucleation”. Two physics-based analytical models are established to quantitatively predict this transition, showing a good agreement for different strain rates with our DDD simulation data and with available experimental data. Therefore, the proposed analytical models help to understand the interplay between different physical parameters and nucleation mechanisms and are well suitable to estimate the material strength for different material properties and under given loading conditions.
Therapeutic effects of statins against lung adenocarcinoma via p53 mutant-mediated apoptosis
Authors: Chou Cheng-Wei , Lin Ching-Heng , Hsiao Tzu-Hung , Lo Chia-Chien , Hsieh Chih-Ying , Huang Cheng-Chung , Sher Yuh-Pyng 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe p53 gene is an important tumour suppressor gene. Mutant p53 genes account for about half of all lung cancer cases. There is increasing evidence for the anti-tumour effects of statins via inhibition of the mevalonate pathway. We retrospectively investigated the correlation between statin use and lung cancer prognosis using the Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database, mainly focusing on early-stage lung cancer. This study reports the protective effects of statin use in early-stage lung cancer patients regardless of chemotherapy. Statin treatments reduced the 5-year mortality (odds ratio, 0.43; P < 0.001) in this population-based study. Significantly higher levels of cellular apoptosis, inhibited cell growth, and regulated lipid raft content were observed in mutant p53 lung cancer cells treated with simvastatin. Further, simvastatin increased the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway, promotes mutant p53 protein degradation, and decreased motile activity in lung cancer cells with p53 missense mutations. These data suggest that statin use in selected lung cancer patients may have clinical benefits.
Optogenetic stimulation of the VTA modulates a frequency-specific gain of thalamocortical inputs in infragranular layers of the auditory cortex
Authors: Brunk Michael G. K. , Deane Katrina E. , Kisse Martin , Deliano Matthias , Vieweg Silvia , Ohl Frank W. , Lippert Michael T. , Happel Max F. K. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractReward associations during auditory learning induce cortical plasticity in the primary auditory cortex. A prominent source of such influence is the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which conveys a dopaminergic teaching signal to the primary auditory cortex. Yet, it is unknown, how the VTA influences cortical frequency processing and spectral integration. Therefore, we investigated the temporal effects of direct optogenetic stimulation of the VTA onto spectral integration in the auditory cortex on a synaptic circuit level by current-source-density analysis in anesthetized Mongolian gerbils. While auditory lemniscal input predominantly terminates in the granular input layers III/IV, we found that VTA-mediated modulation of spectral processing is relayed by a different circuit, namely enhanced thalamic inputs to the infragranular layers Vb/VIa. Activation of this circuit yields a frequency-specific gain amplification of local sensory input and enhances corticocortical information transfer, especially in supragranular layers I/II. This effects persisted over more than 30 minutes after VTA stimulation. Altogether, we demonstrate that the VTA exhibits a long-lasting influence on sensory cortical processing via infragranular layers transcending the signaling of a mere reward-prediction error. We thereby demonstrate a cellular and circuit substrate for the influence of reinforcement-evaluating brain systems on sensory processing in the auditory cortex.
Optimizing the role of impact ionization in conventional insulators
Authors: Manousakis Efstratios 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA mechanism for multiple carrier generation through impact ionization (IA) proposed earlier for bulk systems of strongly correlated insulators is generalized to the case of conventional insulators that contain localized bands a few eV above and below the highest occupied band. Specifically, we study the case of hybridization of localized orbitals with more dispersive bands near the Fermi level, where the generated multiple carriers, which ultimately decay to the edges of the dispersive bands by means of IA processes, acquire lighter mass and this could allow their more efficient separation before recombination. We argue that this may be applicable to the case of halide perovskites and it could be one of the reasons for their observed photovoltaic efficiency. We discuss the criteria one should use to uncover the appropriate material in order to harvest the optimum effect of IA for the spectrum of the solar photon energy distribution.
Fluorescence and Opalescence of Two Dental Composite Resins
Authors: Tabatabaei Masoomeh Hasani , Nahavandi Alireza Mahmoudi , Khorshidi Sotude , Hashemikamangar Sedighe Sadat 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective Lifelike esthetic appearance of dental restorations is among the main goals in restorative dentistry. This study aimed to assess and compare the opalescence and fluorescence of two dental composite resins.
Materials and Methods This in vitro experimental study evaluated the A2 shade of Filtek Z350 XT Enamel, Filtek Z350 XT Dentin, Aelite Aesthetic Enamel, and Aelite All Purpose Body composite resins. Composite discs were fabricated with 10 mm diameter and 0.5 and 1 mm thicknesses (n = 2) using a plexiglass mold and subjected to colorimetry. The color parameters were determined according to the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) L*a*b* system using a spectrophotometer. The fluorescence and opalescence were also measured and reported separately for 0.5 and 1 mm thicknesses of Z350, Aelite Body, and Enamel composite resins. To determine the opalescence, the color of samples in the reflectance mode was measured using a calibration cylinder and in the transmittance mode in presence of 100% ultraviolet (UV) light. To determine the fluorescence, the color of samples against a white background in the reflectance mode in presence or absence of 100% UV light was measured.
Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using SPSS via three-way analysis of variance and independent t-test.
Results The fluorescence of 0.5 mm thickness of all composites was higher than that of 1 mm thickness (p < 0.05). The fluorescence of Aelite was higher than that of Z350 (p < 0.05). The fluorescence of Aelite Enamel was higher than that of Aelite Body irrespective of their thickness, but the results were opposite for Z350 (p < 0.05). In Aelite composite, opalescence increased by an increase in thickness (p < 0.05). The opalescence of Aelite was significantly higher than that of Z350 (p < 0.05). The opalescence of 0.5 mm thickness of Aelite Enamel was higher than that of Aelite Body, while the opalescence of 1 mm thickness of Z350 Body was higher than that of Z350 Enamel (p < 0.05).
Conclusion Thickness, type, and brand of composite resins affected their fluorescence and opalescence.
A Survey of Common Payment Methods and Their Determinants in Dental Clinics, in Tehran, 2018
Authors: Emrani Reza , Sargeran Katayoun , Grytten Justein , Hessari Hossein 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective It is believed that the payment method to dentists may affect their treatment decisions. Although payment systems may enhance job satisfaction, reduce the costs, and make better treatment decisions, there is little information about how to achieve these objectives. The aim of the present study was to survey the payment methods and the related factors in dental clinics of Tehran.
Materials and Methods Using the latest list published by the Iranian Ministry of Health, we visited all dental clinics located in Tehran, and used a checklist to collect the data of the type of management, geographical location of the clinic in Tehran, payment method and its amount, history of payment method changes in the last decade, relationship between the amount of payment and the position of technical supervisor dentist, any difference in the amount of payment to male and female dentists and to young and experienced dentists. Then, the relationship between the amount of payment and the above-mentioned variables was investigated.
Results The governmental sector tends to use fixed salary methods and the private sector usually uses the fee-for-service (FFS) method. Geographical location, type of management, date of establishment, and having the position of technical supervisor dentist had a significant relationship with the amount of payment. The dentist’s gender and years of experience did not have any relationship with the amount of payment.
Conclusion According to the results of the present study, the method and amount of payment to dentists were related to the date of clinic establishment, having the position of technical supervisor dentist, and geographical location of the clinic. These factors could be considered as the main elements in balancing costs in clinics and improving job satisfaction among dentists.
Debris Apically Extruded by Two Reciprocating Systems: A Comparative Quantitative Study
Authors: Amaral Andressa Pinho , Limongi Patrícia Bastos Oliveira Conceição , Fontana Carlos Eduardo , Martin Alexandre Sigrist De , Bueno Carlos Eduardo Da Silveira , Pinheiro Sérgio Luiz 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to quantify the amount of debris apically extruded after instrumentation with two reciprocating systems.
Materials and Methods Forty-two single-rooted mandibular premolars with only one straight root canal and apical diameter compatible with a no. 15 K-file were randomly divided into two groups (n = 21) according to the instrument used: ProDesign R (Easy Equipamentos; Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil) and Reciproc Blue (VDW; Munich, Germany). Dry Eppendorf tubes were weighed three consecutive times for the initial mean weight. A silicone stopper was then fitted into the mouth of the tube. Each tooth was inserted through the stopper up to the cementoenamel junction and instrumented with one of the two systems to the predetermined working length (18 mm). The root canals were instrumented per root thirds. At each instrumented root third, the canal was irrigated with 3 mL of double-distilled water, followed by patency control. Each stopper was then separated from the tube and tubes were incubated at 70°C for 5 days. Tubes were again weighed, and the amount of extruded debris was calculated by subtracting the initial mean weight from the final mean weight.
Statistical Analysis Results were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test at a 5% significance level.
Results No significant difference was observed in debris extrusion between the ProDesign R and Reciproc Blue systems (p = 0.7557).
Conclusions The two reciprocating systems tested produced similar amounts of postinstrumentation apically extruded debris.
Postorthodontic Relapse Prevention by Administration of Grape Seed (Vitis vinifera) Extract Containing Cyanidine in Rats
Authors: Alhasyimi Ananto Ali , Rosyida Niswati Fathmah , Rihadini Mufliha Santi 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of grape seed extract containing cyanidin on osteoclastogenesis (by means of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand [RANKL] and osteoprotegerin [OPG] levels) and the number of osteoclasts during orthodontic relapse in Wistar rats.
Materials and Methods This study is an in vivo quasi experimental research. A total of 32 male Wistar rats were used in the study, which were randomly split equally into two groups, grape seed (GS) and control group (CG). All rats were given an orthodontic force of 35 cN using a stainless steel 3-spin coil spring that was activated for 7 days and then conditioned to be passive. During this phase, the GS group was administered grape seed extract containing cyanidin once per day. Orthodontic appliances were removed from both groups afterward, and then the alveolar bone tissue was isolated consecutively according to observation days (days 1, 3, 7, and 14), while OPG and RANKL levels were analyzed in their gingival crevicular fluid using a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Tissues were then stained with hematoxylin–eosin (H&E) and observed under a light microscope to count the number of osteoclast cells. Data were analyzed statistically using an independent t-test (p < 0.05).
Results The number of osteoclasts in the GS group was significantly lower than that in the CG group on all experiment days (p = 0.021; p = 0.001; p = 0.024; p = 0.001; p < 0.05). ELISA results showed that the RANKL level of the GS group was significantly lower on days 3 and 7 (p = 0.025; p = 0.039; p < 0.05), while the OPG level was significantly higher on days 1 and 3 in the GS group than in the CG group (p = 0.039; p = 0.021; p < 0.05).
Conclusion Grape seed extract can prevent postorthodontic relapse movement by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and reducing the number of osteoclasts in Wistar rats.
A triarterial arcade - the radial - median - ulnar type of superficial palmar arch
Authors: Bhagyalakshmi Bovindala , Prabha Challa Ratna , Aparna Gullapalli , Chandramohan Madabhushi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe most essential prerequisite for hand surgeons is a comprehensive knowledge of variations in the arterial architecture of the hand. There are two well designed arterial arches, superficial palmar arch (SPA) and the deep palmar arch (DPA) situated superficial and deep to flexor tendons and lumbrical muscles respectively. Even though both are formed by the contribution of radial and ulnar arteries, variations are numerous and frequent in SPA that attracts the attention of surgeons. During the routine dissections we found a rare variation in the structural architecture of SPA which was formed by anastomosis of the radial - median and ulnar arteries. This triarterial combination of SPA is an advantage in reconstructive hand surgeries, microvascular surgeries and radial artery harvesting for Coronary artery bypass graft. Presence of incomplete SPA is dangerous to tackle surgically. Screening is essential to know the exact arterial pattern for successful hand surgeries without postoperative complications.
Occipital condyle and its relevance during surgery
Authors: Sinha Manisha B , Trivedi Soumitra , Siddiqui Abu Ubaida , Rathore Mrithunjay 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background : Occipital condyle (OC) is an important landmark for transcondylar approach of surgeries in case of lesions ventral to brainstem and craniovertebral junctional anomalies. To go through this approach, one should have an extensive knowledge of occipital condyle. The aim of the current study is to provide linear and angular measurements of OC. Material and methods : The study was performed in 36 dry adult skulls of unknown age and sex. Various morphological and Metric data were collected from specimen. Results : Average length, width and height of the occipital condyle were found to be 22.49mm, 11.87mm, 9.13mm. Intracranial orifices of hypoglossal canal were found to be present against the junction of 2nd and 3rd quarter or against the 3rd quarter of occipital condyle. Extracranial orifices of hypoglossal canal were found to be present against the junction of 1st and 2nd quarter or against the 2rd quarter of occipital condyle. Conclusion : There is no significant racial variation in shape and size of occipital condyle. The safest area to be drilled in occipital condyle is the 4th quarter as no important structure is located against this region. This study would help in surgeries of lesions ventral to brainstem and craniovertebral junctional anomalies.
A general-purpose protein design framework based on mining sequence–structure relationships in known protein structures
Authors: Zhou Jianfu , Panaitiu Alexandra E. , Grigoryan Gevorg 
Published: December 2019

Significance
Evolution has given us proteins that perform amazingly complex tasks in living systems, each molecule appearing “custom-built” for its particular purpose. Protein design seeks to enable the “custom building” of proteins at will, for specific tasks, without waiting for evolution. This is a grand challenge, because how a protein’s 3-dimensional structure and function are encoded in its amino acid sequence is exceedingly difficult to model. In this paper, we argue that sequence–structure encodings can instead be learned directly from proteins of known structure, which enables an approach to design. We are at an exciting time in protein science, where emergent principles inferred from data may allow us to make headway in cases where application of first principles is challenging.
Sensitivity of self-reported noncognitive skills to survey administration conditions
Authors: Chen Yuanyuan , Feng Shuaizhang , Heckman James J. , Kautz Tim 
Published: December 2019

Significance
Recent evidence has shown that noncognitive skills matter for success in life and can be shaped through interventions. Because of this evidence, policy makers and researchers have increasingly become interested in measuring noncognitive skills and typically rely on self-reported measures in which respondents rate their own skills. Such self-reports have been applied in program evaluations, as well as school accountability and improvement systems. We demonstrate that self-reports are sensitive to survey administration conditions, including whether a survey administrator describes the skills being assessed and whether respondents receive incentives tied to performance on other tasks. These findings have implications for the interpretation of self-reported measures. Social policies or interventions might affect responses on self-reported noncognitive skills without affecting the skills themselves.
Reward does not facilitate visual perceptual learning until sleep occurs
Authors: Tamaki Masako , Berard Aaron V. , Barnes-Diana Tyler , Siegel Jesse , Watanabe Takeo , Sasaki Yuka 
Published: December 2019

Significance
Independent lines of research have shown that visual perceptual learning (VPL) is improved by reward or sleep. Here, we show that reward provided during training increased offline performance gains of VPL over sleep. Moreover, during posttraining sleep, reward was associated with longer REM sleep, increased activity in reward processing in the prefrontal region during REM sleep, and decreased activity in the untrained region of early visual areas during NREM and REM sleep. Offline performance gains were correlated with modulated oscillatory activity in reward processing during REM sleep and visual processing during NREM sleep. These results suggest that reward provided during training becomes effective on VPL through the interaction between reward and visual processing during sleep after training.
Braiding topology and the energy landscape of chromosome organization proteins
Authors: Krepel Dana , Davtyan Aram , Schafer Nicholas P. , Wolynes Peter G. , Onuchic José N. 
Published: December 2019

Significance
SMC−kleisin protein complexes play an important role in establishing the 3-dimensional organization of DNA in cells. Leveraging coevolutionary sequence information and molecular simulations with an energy landscape optimized force field, we developed complete structural models of several kleisin complexes and studied their motions. We find that the coiled-coil regions of the complexes braid together, and this braiding is coupled to the movements of the head domains, which are ATPase motors. By comparison with cross-linking experiments, these simulations suggest that the complexes exist in an ensemble of topologically distinct isomers with different patterns of braiding of the coils. Together, these observations raise the question of whether, in their function, SMC−kleisin complexes couple to the topology of DNA.