bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Volumes Estimated from Breast Height and Stump Diameters: Application to Tectona grandis Data
Authors: Chukwu Onyekachi , Ogana Friday N , Nwatu Juliet U 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Models estimating tree volume from stump diameter are important forest-management tools when volume estimation is needed postharvest, and dbh values are unavailable, for example the incidence of timber trespass. However, the use of stump diameter as the only independent variable for predicting tree volume has been limited. Therefore, in this article, stump diameter was used to estimate stem volume of Tectona grandis Linn. f, and this was compared with volume estimated from diameter at breast height. Five functions were considered each for the two stem diameters: simple linear, semilogarithmic, zero-intercept, power, and growth. Model assessment was based on least values of the root mean square error and Akaike information criterion. The results showed that the growth model had the best overall performance for both sets of volume models. A paired-sample t-test was used to compare volume estimated by stump diameter and volume estimated by diameter at breast height at 5 percent significance level. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P = .087) between timber volumes estimated from both stem diameters. Therefore, both diameters can be used interchangeably for modeling tree volume.
COVID-19 and Crosstalk With the Hallmarks of Aging
Authors: Salimi Shabnam , Hamlyn John M 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWithin the past several decades, the emergence of new viral diseases with severe health complications and mortality is evidence of an age-dependent, compromised bodily response to abrupt stress with concomitantly reduced immunity. The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has increased morbidity and mortality in persons with underlying chronic diseases and those with a compromised immune system regardless of age and in older adults who are more likely to have these conditions. While SARS-CoV-2 is highly virulent, there is variability in the severity of the disease and its complications in humans. Severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, lung fibrosis, cardiovascular events, acute kidney injury, stroke, hospitalization, and mortality have been reported that result from pathogen–host interactions. Hallmarks of aging, interacting with one another, have been proposed to influence health span in older adults, possibly via mechanisms regulating the immune system. Here, we review the potential roles of the hallmarks of aging, coupled with host–coronavirus interactions. Of these hallmarks, we focused on those that directly or indirectly interact with viral infections, including immunosenescence, inflammation and inflammasomes, adaptive immunosenescence, genomic instability, mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic alterations, telomere attrition, and impaired autophagy. These hallmarks likely contribute to the increased pathophysiological responses to SARS-CoV-2 among older adults and may play roles as an additive risk of accelerated biological aging even after recovery. We also briefly discuss the role of antiaging drug candidates that require paramount attention in COVID-19 research.
No Other Safe Care Option: Nursing Home Admission as a Last Resort Strategy
Authors: Campbell-Enns Heather J , Campbell Megan , Rieger Kendra L , Thompson Genevieve N , Doupe Malcolm B 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesNursing homes are intended for older adults with the highest care needs. However, approximately 12% of all nursing home residents have similar care needs as older adults who live in the community and the reasons they are admitted to nursing homes is largely unstudied. The purpose of this study was to explore the reasons why lower-care nursing home residents are living in nursing homes.Research Design and MethodsA qualitative interpretive description methodology was used to gather and analyze data describing lower-care nursing home resident and family member perspectives regarding factors influencing nursing home admission, including the facilitators and barriers to living in a community setting. Data were collected via semistructured interviews and field notes. Data were coded and sorted, and patterns were identified. This resulted in themes describing this experience.ResultsThe main problem experienced by lower-care residents was living alone in the community. Residents and family members used many strategies to avoid safety crises in the community but experienced multiple care breakdowns in both community and health care settings. Nursing home admission was a strategy used to avoid a crisis when residents did not receive the needed support to remain in the community.Discussion and ImplicationsTo successfully remain in the community, older adults require specialized supports targeting mental health and substance use needs, as well as enhanced hospital discharge plans and improved information about community-based care options. Implications involve reforming policies and practices in both hospital and community-based care settings.
Loneliness Interacts With Cognition in Relation to Healthcare and Financial Decision Making Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Stewart Christopher C , Yu Lei , Glover Crystal M , Mottola Gary , Bennett David A , Wilson Robert S , Boyle Patricia A 
Published: June 2020

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Cognition is a known determinant of healthcare and financial decision making in old age. Social vulnerabilities also might play a role in such decisions; however, the evidence for this is less clear. Here, we examined the association of loneliness with decision making and tested the hypothesis that loneliness is associated with decision making via its interaction with global cognition.

Research Design and Methods
Participants were 1,121 nondemented older adults from the Rush Memory and Aging Project. Healthcare and financial decision making was assessed via a performance-based measure; loneliness was assessed via the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale; and cognition was assessed via a 19-test neuropsychological battery.

Results
In a regression model adjusted for age, sex, and education, global cognition was associated with decision making (B = 2.43, SE = 0.14, p &lt; .001) but loneliness was not (B = −0.04, SE = 0.11, p = .72). However, in a model including the interaction of loneliness with global cognition, the interaction was significant (B = 0.44, SE = 0.20, p = .03), such that the detrimental effect of loneliness on decision making was stronger when cognition was low. In secondary analyses examining the interaction of loneliness with 5 specific cognitive domains, the interaction between loneliness and working memory with decision making was significant (B = 0.35, SE = 0.15, p = .02).

Discussion and Implications
Our results suggest that loneliness compromises healthcare and financial decision making among older adults with lower global cognition and, more specifically, lower working memory.
The role of crustal models in the dynamics of the India–Eurasia collision zone
Authors: Singh Srishti , Ghosh Attreyee 
Published: June 2020

SUMMARY
We investigate how different crustal models can affect the stress field, velocities and associated deformation in the India–Eurasia collision zone. We calculate deviatoric stresses, which act as deformation indicators, from topographic load distribution and crustal heterogeneities coupled with density driven mantle convection constrained by tomography models. We use three different crustal models, CRUST2.0, CRUST1.0 and LITHO1.0 and observe that these models have different crustal thickness and densities. As a result, gravitational potential energy (GPE) calculated based on these densities and crustal thicknesses differ between these models and so do the associated deviatoric stresses. For GPE only models, LITHO1.0 provides a better constraint on deformation as it yields the least misfit (both orientation and relative magnitude) with the surface observations of strain rates, lithospheric stress, plate motions and earthquake moment tensors. However, when the stresses from GPE are added to those associated with mantle tractions arising from density-driven mantle convection, the coupled models in all cases provide a better fit to surface observations. The N–S tensional stresses predicted by CRUST2.0 in this area get reduced significantly due to addition of large N–S compressional stresses predicted by the tomography models S40RTS and SAW642AN leading to an overall strike-slip regime. On the other hand, the hybrid models, SINGH_S40RTS and SINGH_SAW that are obtained by embedding a regional P-wave model, Singh et al., in global models of S40RTS and SAW642AN, predict much lower compression within this area. These hybrid models provide a better constraint on surface observations when coupled with CRUST1.0 in central Tibet, whereas the combined LITHO1.0 plus mantle traction model provides a better fit in some other areas, but with a degradation of fit in central Tibet.
Association between health literacy and physical activity in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Lim Mei Ling , van Schooten Kimberley S , Radford Kylie A , Delbaere Kim 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Physical inactivity is common in older people and contributes to morbidity and mortality. Health literacy might play a role in motivating people to become or stay physically active. However, little is known about the influence of health literacy on physical activity in older people. This review aims to determine the association between health literacy and physical activity in older people. A systematic search was conducted in CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsychINFO and CENTRAL. Inclusion criteria: (i) community-dwelling people with an average age of ≥55 and (ii) reported on the association between health literacy and physical activity. Exclusion criteria: (i) population with a health condition and (ii) case study or qualitative study. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. Risk of bias was assessed using the Downs and Black checklist. A meta-analysis was conducted using random-effects models with inverse variance. Thirteen articles were included in the review and five articles were selected for the meta-analysis. Older people with inadequate health literacy were 38% less likely than older people with adequate health literacy to report engaging in physical activity on ≥5 days per week [odds ratio = 0.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.55–0.77]. Only two articles used activity monitors; the mean number of steps taken per day was not significantly different between older people with adequate and inadequate health literacy (standardized mean difference = −0.15, 95% CI −0.30 to 0.01). Physical activity could potentially be fostered by increasing health literacy and empowering older people to make beneficial health decisions.
No fibrous cap and pannus formation in an On-X mechanical aortic valve
Authors: Ryu Dae Woong , Choi Jong Bum 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Mechanical cardiac valves placed in the aortic position can show different amounts of pannus under the aortic ring. A 68-year-old patient had undergone mitral annuloplasty with a 30-mm rigid ring and aortic valve replacement with a 21-mm On-X mechanical valve for mitral regurgitation and aortic valve stenosis 10 years and 3 months previously. In the second cardiac surgery for mitral valve replacement to treat mitral stenosis, the previously replaced On-X mechanical valve revealed no fibrous cap on the sewing cuff and no pannus on the lower border of the valve ring. These characteristic findings can be attributed to the unique design elements of this valve.
‘Digital pills’ for mental diseases: an ethical and social analysis of the issues behind the concept
Authors: de Miguel Beriain Iñigo , Morla González Marina 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration has given a landmark approval to the very first digital pill with a sensor embedded in the inside. These are complex systems that include a drug and an electronic tracker that is activated when the patient takes the pill. Accordingly, they might be an excellent tool for monitoring and potentially improving patients’ adherence to prescriptions. This would serve well to avoid unnecessary healthcare costs and reduce the anxiety of patients and their relatives. However, digital pills might also diminish patient autonomy, reduce privacy, or promote inadequate use of pharmaceutical resources. This article is aimed at contributing to adequate use of this new tool by showing the main ethical and social issues they involve and proposing measures meant to address them. Finally, we conclude by defending the idea that these new systems should be seen as means of complementing traditional strategies to promote adherence to treatment, and not as substitutes.
Overlapping den tree selection by three declining arboreal mammal species in an Australian tropical savanna
Authors: Penton Cara E , Woolley Leigh-Ann , Radford Ian J , Murphy Brett P 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Tree cavities are important denning sites for many arboreal mammals. Knowledge of cavity requirements of individual species, as well as potential den overlap among species, is integral to their conservation. In Australia’s tropical savannas, development of tree cavities is enhanced by high termite activity, and, conversely, reduced by frequent fires. However, it is poorly understood how the availability of tree cavities in the tropical savannas impacts tree cavity use and selection by cavity-dependent fauna. There has been a severe decline among arboreal mammal species in northern Australia over recent decades. Investigation of their cavity requirements may illuminate why these species have declined drastically in some areas but are persisting in others. Here we examined this issue in three species of arboreal mammals (Trichosurus vulpecula, Mesembriomys gouldii, Conilurus penicillatus) on Melville Island, northern Australia. We radiotracked individuals to their den sites to evaluate whether the species differ in their den tree and tree-cavity selection. The strongest influence on den tree selection was the presence of large cavities (&gt; 10 cm entrance diameter), with all three species using larger cavities most frequently. Conilurus penicillatus, the smallest species, differed the most from the other species: it frequently was found in smaller, dead trees and its den sites were closer to the ground, including in hollow logs. The two larger species had broader den tree use, using larger live trees and dens higher up in the canopy. Dens of C. penicillatus are likely to be more susceptible to predation and destruction by high-intensity savanna fires. This may have contributed to this species’ rapid decline, both on Melville Island and on the mainland. However, the apparent preference for larger tree cavities by all three arboreal species is concerning due to the limited availability of large trees across Australian savannas, which are subject to frequent, high-intensity fires.
Diagnosis of primary osteosarcoma of the urinary bladder in a resource-limited setting: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Mremi Alex , Pyuza Jeremia J , Bartholomeo Nicholas , Andongolile Alice A , Yahaya James J 
Published: June 2020

AbstractExtraskeletal osteosarcoma is a rare malignant mesenchymal soft tissue tumor without attachment to the bone and is able to produce osteoid or cartilaginous matrix. Rendering a definitive diagnosis may pose a challenge particularly in a resource-limited setting. We report a case of primary osteosarcoma of the urinary bladder presenting with hematuria, dysuria and positive history of schistosomal contact. Computed tomography intravenous urogram revealed a large heterogeneous mass at the right superolateral aspect of the urinary bladder. Morphological evaluation of the biopsy and a minimal panel of immunohistochemical antibodies of vimentin and cytokeratin 20 ruled out potential differentials and thus confirmed the diagnosis of osteosarcoma.
The structure of the co-orbital stable regions as a function of the mass ratio
Authors: Liberato L , Winter O C 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
Although the search for extrasolar co-orbital bodies has not had success so far, it is believed that they must be as common as they are in the Solar system. Co-orbital systems have been widely studied, and there are several works on stability and even on formation. However, for the size and location of the stable regions, authors usually describe their results but do not provide a way to find them without numerical simulations, and, in most cases, the mass ratio value range is small. In this work, we study the structure of co-orbital stable regions for a wide range of mass ratio systems and build empirical equations to describe them. It allows estimating the size and location of co-orbital stable regions from a few system parameters. Thousands of massless particles were distributed in the co-orbital region of a massive secondary body and numerically simulated for a wide range of mass ratios (μ) adopting the planar circular restricted three-body problem. The results show that the upper limit of horseshoe regions is between 9.539 × 10−4 &lt; μ &lt; 1.192 × 10−3, which corresponds to a minimum angular distance from the secondary body to the separatrix of between 27.239º and 27.802º. We also found that the limit to existence of stability in the co-orbital region is about μ = 2.3313 × 10−2, much smaller than the value predicted by the linear theory. Polynomial functions to describe the stable region parameters were found, and they represent estimates of the angular and radial widths of the co-orbital stable regions for any system with 9.547 × 10−5 ≤ μ ≤ 2.331 × 10−2.
Characterizing continuum variability in the radio-loud narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 17020+4544
Authors: Gonzalez A G , Gallo L C , Kosec P , Fabian A C , Alston W N , Berton M , Wilkins D R 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
We present results of temporal and spectral analyses on four XMM–Newton EPIC pn observations of IRAS 17020+4544, a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy with evidence of a radio jet. Analysis of the light curves reveals that this radio-loud source does not behave like the bulk population of its radio-quiet counterparts. A trend of spectral hardening with increased flux is found. Variability is found to increase with energy, though it decreases as the spectrum hardens. The first 40 ks of the most recent observation behave uniquely among the epochs, exhibiting a softer spectral state than at any other time. Possible non-stationarity at low energies is found, with no such effect present at higher energies, suggesting at least two distinct spectral components. A reverberation signature is confirmed, with the lag-frequency, lag-energy, and covariance spectra changing significantly during the soft-state epoch. The temporal analysis suggests a variable power law in the presence of a reflection component, thus motivating such a fit for the 0.3−10 keV EPIC pn spectra from all epochs. We find an acceptable spectral fit using the timing-motivated parameters and report the detection of a broad Fe K emission line, requiring an additional model component beyond the reflection spectrum. We discuss links between this source and other narrow-line Seyfert 1 sources that show evidence of jet activity, finding similarities among this currently very limited sample of interesting objects.
Resonance in the K2-19 system is at odds with its high reported eccentricities
Authors: Petit Antoine C , Petigura Erik A , Davies Melvyn B , Johansen Anders 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
K2-19 hosts a planetary system composed of two outer planets, b and c, with size of 7.0 ± 0.2 R⊕ and 4.1 ± 0.2 R⊕, and an inner planet, d, with a radius of 1.11 ± 0.05 R⊕. A recent analysis of Transit-Timing Variations (TTVs) suggested b and c are close to but not in 3:2 mean motion resonance (MMR) because the classical resonant angles circulate. Such an architecture challenges our understanding of planet formation. Indeed, planet migration through the protoplanetary disc should lead to a capture into the MMR. Here, we show that the planets are in fact, locked into the 3:2 resonance despite circulation of the conventional resonant angles and aligned periapses. However, we show that such an orbital configuration cannot be maintained for more than a few hundred million years due to the tidal dissipation experienced by planet d. The tidal dissipation remains efficient because of a secular forcing of the innermost planet eccentricity by planets b and c. While the observations strongly rule out an orbital solution where the three planets are on close to circular orbits, it remains possible that a fourth planet is affecting the TTVs such that the four planet system is consistent with the tidal constraints.
Scale-invariant dynamics in the Solar system
Authors: Banik Indranil , Kroupa Pavel 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACT
The covariant scale-invariant dynamics (SID) theory has recently been proposed as a possible explanation for the observed dynamical discrepancies in galaxies. SID implies that these discrepancies – commonly attributed to dark matter – arise instead from a non-standard velocity-dependent force that causes two-body near-Keplerian orbits to expand. We show that the predicted expansion of the Earth–Moon orbit is incompatible with lunar laser ranging data at &gt;200σ. Moreover, SID predicts that the gravitating mass of any object was much smaller in the past. If true, a low-mass red giant star must be significantly older than in standard theory. This would make it much older than the conventional age of the Universe, which, however, is expected to be similarly old in SID. Moreover, it is not completely clear whether SID truly contains new physics beyond general relativity, with several previous works arguing that the extra degree of freedom is purely mathematical. We conclude that the SID model is falsified at high significance by observations across a range of scales, even if it is theoretically well formulated.