bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Declining Use of Corticosteroids for Crohn’s Disease Has Implications for Study Recruitment: Results of a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Balart M T , Russell L , Narula N , Bajaj G , Chauhan U , Khan K J , Marwaha A N , Ching E , Biro J , Halder S , Tse F , Marshall J K , Collins S M , Moayyedi P , Bercik P , Verdu E F , Leontiadis G I , Armstrong D , Pinto-Sanchez M I 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Corticosteroids (CS) have been used extensively to induce remission in Crohn’s disease (CD); however, they are associated with severe side effects. We hypothesized that the administration of an exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) formula to CS would lead to increased CD remission rates and to decreased CS-related adverse events. We proposed to undertake a pilot study comparing EEN and CS therapy to CS alone to assess decrease symptoms and inflammatory markers over 6 weeks.

Aim
The overall aim was to assess study feasibility based on recruitment rates and acceptability of treatment in arms involving EEN

Methods
The pilot study intended to recruit 100 adult patients with active CD who had been prescribed CS to induce remission as part of their care. The patients were randomized to one of three arms: (i) standard-dose CS; (ii) standard-dose CS plus EEN (Modulen 1.5 kcal); or (iii) short-course CS plus EEN.

Results
A total of 2009 CD patients attending gastroenterology clinics were screened from October 2018 to November 2019. Prednisone was prescribed to only 6.8% (27/399) of patients with active CD attending outpatient clinics. Of the remaining 372 patients with active CD, 34.8% (139/399) started or escalated immunosuppressant or biologics, 49.6% (198/399) underwent further investigation and 8.8% (35/399) were offered an alternative treatment (e.g., antibiotics, surgery or investigational agents in clinical trials). Only three patients were enrolled in the study (recruitment rate 11%; 3/27), and the study was terminated for poor recruitment.

Conclusion
The apparent decline in use of CS for treatment of CD has implications for CS use as an entry criterion for clinical trials.
Colonial legacies: Shaping African cities
Authors: Baruah Neeraj G , Henderson J Vernon , Peng Cong 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Institutions persisting from colonial rule affect the spatial structure and conditions under which 100s of millions of people live in Sub-saharan African cities. In a sample of 318 cities, Francophone cities have more compact development than Anglophone, overall, in older colonial sections, and at clear extensive margins long after the colonial era. Compactness covers intensity of land use, gridiron road structures and leapfrogging of new developments. Why the difference? Under British indirect and dual mandate rule, colonial and native sections developed without coordination. In contrast, integrated city planning and land allocation were featured in French direct rule. These differences in planning traditions persist.1
Evaluation of depth of dislocation visibility in SEM electron channeling contrast imaging in Ti-6Al-4V alloy using serial sectioning method
Authors: Yamasaki Shigeto , Deguchi Misaki , Mitsuhara Masatoshi , Nakashima Hideharu , Ota Yutaro , Kubushiro Keiji 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this study, we conducted a quantitative evaluation of dislocation density by scanning electron microscopy electron channeling contrast imaging for α grains of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy deformed at room temperature. The depth of visibility of dislocations is experimentally measured as 140 to 160 nm by a serial sectioning observation. This result is compared with the theoretical value and applied to evaluate dislocation density. These factors confirm that the theoretically calculated value of the depth of visibility, at 5 to 6 times the extinction distance, is valid for the hexagonal close-packed Ti alloy.
Presentation of an iatrogenically displaced third molar into the maxillary sinus in a 14-year-old patient successfully removed with an endoscopic approach: a case report and a review of the literature
Authors: Allen David Z , Sethia Rishabh , Hamersley Erin , Elmaraghy Charles A 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Oral surgeons remove third molars (wisdom teeth) to prevent impaction. Given the close anatomical relationship to the maxillary sinus, perforation and displacement of third molars into the maxillary sinus is a well-known phenomenon that is typically removed with a buccal mucoperiosteal flap or through a Caldwell–Luc approach. However, a less invasive route of endoscopic removal has been utilized to success in one report. A literature review shows few reports of displaced molars into the maxillary sinus and no reported patient below the age of 18. A 14-year-old patient presented with a displaced third molar into her maxillary sinus following third molar extraction with her oral surgeon. The tooth was removed successfully, utilizing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) with a transition to transoral retrieval to prevent nasal trauma. This is the first reported case of displaced third molar into the right maxillary sinus in a pediatric patient that was removed via ESS.
Differences in Proxy-Reported and Self-Reported Disability in the Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Elkasabi Mahmoud 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This article examines the presence, direction, and magnitude of differences between proxy reports and self-reports of disability among adults aged fifteen to fifty-nine years and elderly individuals aged sixty years and older in Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Uganda, South Africa, and Mali. We use the propensity score weighted multivariate logistic regression to balance the weighted distributions of the covariates between self-reports and proxy reports. Disabilities that have an immediate effect on the communication with others or that require one-to-one help are likely to be over-reported by proxies or under-reported if proxies are not used, especially among the elderly aged sixty years and older. Disabilities that are not observable might be under-reported by proxies.
Osteoporosis in the oldest old
Authors: Rizzoli René 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Osteoporosis and frailty greatly increase the risk of fracture. Hip fractures are the most serious osteoporotic fractures, with increased risk of mortality. In most countries, the majority are over 80 years old. Large rises on hip and other fragility fracture rates are predicted for much of South America and Asia in the coming decades. The survivors have a high risk of sustaining another major fracture and face deterioration in their quality of life and high risk of dependency. Optimal protein and calcium intakes, and vitamin D supplies, together with regular weight-bearing and balance-improving physical exercise are the cornerstones of fracture prevention. Evidence for antifracture efficacy of pharmacological interventions relies on randomized controlled trials in postmenopausal women between the ages of 50 and 80 years and the evidence of antiosteoporotic efficacy in the oldest old has come primarily from subgroup analyses.
Peripheral neuropathies and motor neuron disorders
Authors: Mathis Stéphane , Vallat Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Peripheral nervous system disorders are common in older people. Most peripheral neuropathies are secondary to metabolic (diabetes) or toxic causes (medications, alcohol), but several other aetiologies are possible, requiring clinical, electrophysiological, biological, and sometimes pathological (nerve biopsy) examinations to make the right diagnosis and instigate effective treatments. However, despite using this strategy, no cause is found in some axonal polyneuropathies, leading to the concept of chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP). Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) affects the peripheral nervous system, but is also characterized by central nervous system involvement: it is a strictly motor disorder affecting both the first and second motor neurons, usually presenting during the sixth or seventh decade. This rapidly progressive, still incurable neurodegenerative disease leads to death in all cases.
Gastrointestinal disease in the older population
Authors: Carrión Silvia , Clavé Pere 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and disorders are common, affecting over a third of people aged 65+. Clinical management is often complicated by co-existing cognitive and mood disorders, multimorbidity, polypharmacy, and frailty. The prevalence of oropharyngeal and upper oesophageal motility disorders, gastrointestinal motility, and immunity alterations, colonic adenomas, and GI tract cancers increase with age. Many GI functions are preserved in healthy older age, but may be altered by environmental/lifestyle exposures including drugs and toxic habits and frailty. This chapter complements others which deal with some of the common GI related issues affecting older people: epidemiology of malnutrition; anorexia of ageing; oral health and disease; malabsorption; faecal incontinence and constipation.
Common age-related eye diseases and visual impairment
Authors: Chua Jacqueline , Cheng Ching-Yu , Wong Tien Yin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
General physicians have an essential role in preventing vision loss in older people. However, most vision-threatening eye disorders are initially asymptomatic and often go underdiagnosed. Therefore, screening, early detection, and timely intervention are important in their management. The most common cause of visual impairment is uncorrected or under-corrected refractive error, followed by cataract, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. Spectacles and cataract surgery can successfully restore sight for uncorrected refractive error and cataract, respectively. Visual impairment as a result of age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy can be prevented with appropriate treatment if they are identified early enough. This chapter provides an overview of common age-related eye disease and visual impairment.
Respiratory tract viruses
Authors: Peiris Malik 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Viral respiratory infections, including coronavirus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, parainfluenza viruses, and influenza viruses, are a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, most notably the COVID-19 pandemic. Transmission occurs through direct contact, contaminated fomites, and large airborne droplets, with long-range transmission by small particle aerosols reported in at least some instances of influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clinical syndromes affect the upper and/or lower respiratory tract, including coryza, pharyngitis, croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Each syndrome can potentially be caused by several viruses, and each respiratory virus can be associated with different clinical syndromes. Measles is a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and fatality in tropical countries.
Deep learning improves identification of Radio Frequency Interference
Authors: Vafaei Sadr Alireza , Bassett Bruce A , Oozeer Nadeem , Fantaye Yabebal , Finlay Chris 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACTFlagging of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) in time–frequency visibility data is an increasingly important challenge in radio astronomy. We present R-Net, a deep convolutional ResNet architecture that significantly outperforms existing algorithms – including the default MeerKAT RFI flagger, and deep U-Net architectures – across all metrics including AUC, F1-score, and MCC. We demonstrate the robustness of this improvement on both single dish and interferometric simulations and, using transfer learning, on real data. Our R-Net model’s precision is approximately $90{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ better than the current MeerKAT flagger at $80{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ recall and has a 35 per cent higher F1-score with no additional performance cost. We further highlight the effectiveness of transfer learning from a model initially trained on simulated MeerKAT data and fine-tuned on real, human-flagged, KAT-7 data. Despite the wide differences in the nature of the two telescope arrays, the model achieves an AUC of 0.91, while the best model without transfer learning only reaches an AUC of 0.67. We consider the use of phase information in our models but find that without calibration the phase adds almost no extra information relative to amplitude data only. Our results strongly suggest that deep learning on simulations, boosted by transfer learning on real data, will likely play a key role in the future of RFI flagging of radio astronomy data.
A precise mass measurement of PSR J2045 + 3633
Authors: McKee J W , Freire P C C , Berezina M , Champion D J , Cognard I , Graikou E , Guillemot L , Keith M J , Kramer M , Lyne A G , Stappers B W , Tauris T M , Theureau G 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We present the results of a timing analysis undertaken with the goal of obtaining an improved mass measurement of the recycled pulsar J2045 + 3633. Using regular high-cadence observations with the Effelsberg, Nançay, and Lovell radio telescopes, together with targeted campaigns with the Arecibo Telescope and Effelsberg, we have assembled a 6-yr timing data set for this pulsar. We measure highly significant values for the proper motion and the related rate of change of orbital semimajor axis ($\dot{x}$), and have obtained high-precision values of the rate of advance of periastron time ($\dot{\omega }$), and two of the Shapiro delay parameters (h3 and ς). This has allowed us to improve the measurements of the pulsar and companion masses by an order of magnitude, yielding (with 1σ uncertainties) $1.251^{+0.021}_{-0.021}\, \text{M}_{\odot }$ for PSR J2045 + 3633, and $0.873^{+0.016}_{-0.014}\, \text{M}_{\odot }$ for its white dwarf companion, and has allowed us to place improved constraints on the geometrical orientation of the binary system. Using our measurements of the binary component masses and the orbital size, we consider possible evolutionary scenarios for the system.
Aligning nuclear cluster orbits with an active galactic nucleus accretion disc
Authors: Fabj Gaia , Nasim Syeda S , Caban Freddy , Ford K E Saavik , McKernan Barry , Bellovary Jillian M 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) are powered by the accretion of discs of gas on to supermassive black holes (SMBHs). Stars and stellar remnants orbiting the SMBH in the nuclear star cluster (NSC) will interact with the AGN disc. Orbiters plunging through the disc experience a drag force and, through repeated passage, can have their orbits captured by the disc. A population of embedded objects in AGN discs may be a significant source of binary black hole mergers, supernovae, tidal disruption events, and embedded gamma-ray bursts. For two representative AGN disc models, we use geometric drag and Bondi–Hoyle–Littleton drag to determine the time to capture for stars and stellar remnants. We assume a range of initial inclination angles and semimajor axes for circular Keplerian prograde orbiters. Capture time strongly depends on the density and aspect ratio of the chosen disc model, the relative velocity of the stellar object with respect to the disc, and the AGN lifetime. We expect that for an AGN disc density $\rho \gtrsim 10^{-11}{\rm g\, cm^{-3}}$ and disc lifetime ≥1 Myr, there is a significant population of embedded stellar objects, which can fuel mergers detectable in gravitational waves with LIGO-Virgo and LISA.
SMART: A new implementation of Schwarzschild’s Orbit Superposition technique for triaxial galaxies and its application to an N-body merger simulation
Authors: Neureiter B , Thomas J , Saglia R , Bender R , Finozzi F , Krukau A , Naab T , Rantala A , Frigo M 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We present SMART, a new 3D implementation of the Schwarzschild Method and its application to a triaxial N-body merger simulation. SMART fits full line-of-sight velocity distributions (LOSVDs) to determine the viewing angles, black hole, stellar and dark matter (DM) masses and the stellar orbit distribution of galaxies. Our model uses a 5D orbital starting space to ensure a representative set of stellar trajectories adaptable to the integrals-of-motion space and it is designed to deal with non-parametric stellar and DM densities. SMART’s efficiency is demonstrated by application to a realistic N-body merger simulation including supermassive black holes which we model from five different projections. When providing the true viewing angles, 3D stellar luminosity profile and normalized DM halo, we can (i) reproduce the intrinsic velocity moments and anisotropy profile with a precision of $\sim 1\%$ and (ii) recover the black hole mass, stellar mass-to-light ratio and DM normalization to better than a few percent accuracy. This precision is smaller than the currently discussed differences between initial-stellar-mass functions and scatter in black hole scaling relations. Further tests with toy models suggest that the recovery of the anisotropy in triaxial galaxies is almost unique when the potential is known and full LOSVDs are fitted. We show that orbit models even allow the reconstruction of full intrinsic velocity distributions, which contain more information than the classical anisotropy parameter. Surprisingly, the orbit library for the analysed N-body simulation’s gravitational potential contains orbits with net rotation around the intermediate axis that is stable over some Gyrs.
The cosmic abundance of cold gas in the local Universe
Authors: Fletcher Thomas J , Saintonge Amélie , Soares Paula S , Pontzen Andrew 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We determine the cosmic abundance of molecular hydrogen (H2) in the local Universe from the xCOLD GASS survey. To constrain the H2 mass function at low masses and correct for the effect of the lower stellar mass limit of $10^9 \, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ in the xCOLD GASS survey, we use an empirical approach based on an observed scaling relation between star formation rate and gas mass. We also constrain the H i and H i+H2 mass functions using the xGASS survey and compare them to the H i mass function from the ALFALFA survey. We find the cosmic abundance of molecular gas in the local Universe to be $\Omega _{\mathrm{H_2}} = (5.34 \pm 0.47) \times 10^{-5} h^{-1}$. Molecular gas accounts for $19.6\pm 3.9{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the total abundance of cold gas, $\mathrm{\Omega _{H\,{\small I}+H_{2}}} = (4.66 \pm 0.70) \times 10^{-4}\, h_{70}^{-1}$. Galaxies with stellar masses in excess of 109$\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ account for 89 per cent of the molecular gas in the local Universe, while in comparison such galaxies only contain 73 per cent of the cold atomic gas as traced by the H i 21cm line. The xCOLD GASS CO, molecular gas and cold gas mass functions, and $\Omega _{\mathrm{H_2}}$ measurements provide constraints for models of galaxy evolution and help to anchor blind molecular gas surveys attempting to determine the abundance of molecular gas at high redshifts.
On the accretion history of galaxy clusters: temporal and spatial distribution
Authors: Vallés-Pérez David , Planelles Susana , Quilis Vicent 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We analyse the results of an Eulerian adaptive mesh refinement cosmological simulation in order to quantify the mass growth of galaxy clusters, exploring the differences between dark matter and baryons. We have determined the mass assembly histories (MAHs) of each of the mass components and computed several proxies for the instantaneous mass accretion rate (MAR). The mass growth of both components is clearly dominated by the contribution of major mergers, but high MARs can also occur during smooth accretion periods. We explored the correlations between MARs, merger events, and clusters’ environments, finding the mean densities in 1 ≤ r/R200m ≤ 1.5 to correlate strongly with Γ200m in massive clusters that undergo major mergers through their MAH. From the study of the dark matter velocity profiles, we find a strong anticorrelation between the MAR proxies Γ200m and α200m. Last, we present a novel approach to study the angularly resolved distribution of gas accretion flows in simulations, which allows to extract and interpret the main contributions to the accretion picture and to assess systematic differences between the thermodynamical properties of each of these contributions using multipolar analysis. We have preliminarily applied the method to the best numerically resolved cluster in our simulation. Amongst the most remarkable results, we find that the gas infalling through the cosmic filaments has systematically lower entropy compared to the isotropic component, but we do not find a clear distinction in temperature.
A kpc-scale-resolved study of unobscured and obscured star formation activity in normal galaxies at z = 1.5 and 2.2 from ALMA and HiZELS
Authors: Cheng Cheng , Ibar Edo , Smail Ian , Molina Juan , Sobral David , Escala Andrés , Best Philip , Cochrane Rachel , Gillman Steven , Swinbank Mark , Ivison R J , Huang Jia-Sheng , Hughes Thomas M , Villard Eric , Cirasuolo Michele 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
We present Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) continuum observations of a sample of nine star-forming galaxies at redshifts 1.47 and 2.23 selected from the High-z Emission Line Survey (HiZELS). Four galaxies in our sample are detected at high significance by ALMA at a resolution of 0${_{.}^{\prime\prime}}$25 at rest-frame 355 μm. Together with the previously observed H α emission, from adaptive optics-assisted integral-field-unit spectroscopy (∼0${_{.}^{\prime\prime}}$15 resolution), and F606W and F140W imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope (∼0${_{.}^{\prime\prime}}$2 resolution), we study the star formation activity, stellar and dust mass in these high-redshift galaxies at ∼kpc-scale resolution. We find that ALMA detection rates are higher for more massive galaxies (M* &gt; 1010.5 M⊙) and higher [N ii]/H α ratios (&gt;0.25, a proxy for gas-phase metallicity). The dust extends out to a radius of 8 kpc, with a smooth structure, even for those galaxies presenting clumpy H α morphologies. The half-light radii (Rdust) derived for the detected galaxies are of the order ∼4.5 kpc, more than twice the size of submillimetre-selected galaxies at a similar redshift. Our global star formation rate estimates – from far-infrared and extinction-corrected H α luminosities – are in good agreement. However, the different morphologies of the different phases of the interstellar medium suggest complex extinction properties of the high-redshift normal galaxies.
The FRB–SGR connection
Authors: Katz J I 
Published: October 2020

ABSTRACT
The discovery that the Galactic Soft Gamma Repeater (SGR) 1935+2154 emitted Fast Radio Burst (FRB) 200428 simultaneous with a gamma-ray flare, demonstrated the common source and association of these phenomena. If FRB radio emission is the result of coherent curvature radiation, the net charge of the radiating ‘bunches’ or waves may be inferred from the radiated fields, independent of the mechanism by which the bunches are produced. A statistical argument indicates that the radiating bunches must have a Lorentz factor ⪆ 10. The observed radiation frequencies indicate that their phase velocity (pattern speed) corresponds to Lorentz factors ⪆ 100. Coulomb repulsion implies that the electrons making up these bunches have yet larger Lorentz factors, limited by their incoherent curvature radiation. These electrons also Compton scatter the soft gamma-rays of the SGR. In FRB 200428, the power they radiated coherently at radio frequencies exceeded that of Compton scattering, but in more luminous SGR outbursts, Compton scattering dominates, precluding the acceleration of energetic electrons. This explains the absence of a FRB associated with the giant 2004 December 27 outburst of SGR 1806−20. SGR with luminosity ≳ 1042 erg s–1 are predicted not to emit FRB, while those of lesser luminosity can do so. ‘Superbursts’ like FRB 200428 are produced when narrowly collimated FRB are aligned with the line of sight; they are unusual, but not rare, and ‘cosmological’ FRB may be superbursts.