bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Performance of Hard Carbon in a Sodium Ion Battery and Influence of the Sodium Metal in Observed Properties
Authors: Ledwoch Daniela , Brett Daniel J.L , Kendrick Emma 
Published: February 2020

Since the 1990’s and the commercialisation of the first lithium ion cell by Sony there has been a large focus on new materials for lithium ion batteries, and the work in the 1970’s and 80’s in room temperature sodium ion materials was lapsed. However, due to the high current cost of lithium ion batteries, alternative sodium ion technologies may offer a cost and safety advantage over the typical lithium ion cells.1,2 Sodium is a much more abundant metal when compared to lithium which should result in lower cost materials. Although the mass of sodium is higher than lithium, the observed specific capacity of a sodium ion battery compared to lithium is not hugely compromised; this is because the proportion of the sodium and lithium content is small enough that the difference is minimal.
Sharp Laboratories of Europe Ltd have been developing a new sodium ion cell chemistry based upon a layered oxide cathode3 and a hard carbon anode. The hard carbon anode is extremely sensitive to processing conditions and testing methods. In two electrode cells we have observed high hysteresis in the charge and discharge profiles and have experienced difficulties in reaching the low voltages required for complete sodiation of the hard carbon. In addition we have also observed high Coulombic inefficiencies during the testing in a sodium metal anode cell, and the instability of the sodium in certain solvents. By using 3-electrode cells we have been able to investigate the specific properties of the hard carbon in considerably more detail, and note that much of the hysteresis observed in two electrode measurements originates from the sodium metal anode. 3-electrode galvanic and potenstiostatic intermittent titration techniques have been used to investigate the properties of the hard carbon and sodium metal electrodes in more detail, and much of the hysteresis with regards to the performance of the carbon material in a 2-electrode cell can be shown to be related to the sodium metal deposition and stripping.
Figure 1 shows the galvanic intermittent titration technique (G.I.T.T.) for hard carbon vs sodium metal in a 3-electrode arrangement visualising the difference between cell potential (red) and potential of the working electrode vs sodium reference (hard carbon, blue).

V. Palomares, P. Serras, I. Villaluenga, K.B. Hueso, J. Carretero-Gonzalez and T. Rojo, Energy Environ. Sci. 2012, 5, 588,

J. Barker, M.Y. Saidi and J. Swoyer, Electrochem. Solid-State Chem. 2003, 6, A1,

E. Kendrick, R. Gruar et al, Tin containing compounds, WO2015177568A1, 2015-11-26

Figure 1
Optimization of Zinc Sensing Membranes to be Used in Ion-Selective Electrodes for the Determination of Zinc Ion Concentration for Agricultural Applications
Authors: Louis Wynstona , Hulce Courtney , Santra Swadeshmukul , Chumbimuni-Torres Karin Y. 
Published: February 2020

Significant research has been focused toward the study of ion-selective electrodes (ISE) based on ionophore-doped polymer sensing membranes. One of the most substantial properties of these ISEs is their capability to measure target ion concentrations using a simple potentiometer.1 Little investigation has been focused on the development of ISEs targeting Zn2+ ions, which in excess can be harmful to both human and plant cells.2 Zinc concentrations have been measured at the cellular level by other methods such as anodic stripping voltammetry, atomic absorption spectrometry, and atomic emission spectrometry. However, these methods are invasive to the cellular environment, costly, and require significant sample manipulation. As a result, environmental samples provide an opportunity for using ISEs in agricultural applications because ionic activity can be measured at the cellular level without disruption to the biological environment. Additionally, ISEs provide a cost effective, accurate, and fast method for measurement of zinc ion concentration. It is known that the components of the membrane greatly influence the response of the sensor3. As a result, the membrane should be optimized towards obtaining an electrode with Nernstian response, good sensitivity and selectivity. For optimization of the composition of the membrane, the stoichiometric relationship between the ionophore and Zn2+ were analyzed using GaussView 5 computational software. The effect of the membrane components on the potential response and the selectivity coefficients of the zinc-selective electrodes were investigated. The equilibrium constant that describes the formation of a complex between an ion and a ligand is called the complex formation constant, which was calculated using the sandwich membrane method4. Additionally, the equilibrium ion exchange process was enhanced resulting in a shorter conditioning time. Preliminary results show response times of about 10s, a near-Nernstian response, and a good linear response ranging from concentrations of 10-6M to 10-2M. Optimization of the zinc ISE will allow for the measurement of ion concentration without perturbing the biological environment for agricultural applications providing an unprecedented level of specificity and sensitivity.
1. P. Buhlmann, L. D. Chen, Supramolecular Chemistry: From Molecules to Nanomolecules, 2012, 5, 2539
2. A. K. Singh, S. Mehtab, U. P. Singh, V. Aggarwal, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2007, 388, 1867-1876
3. Bakker, E., P. Bühlmann, and E. Pretsch. Chemical Reviews, 1997. 97(8): p. 3083-3132
4. Bakker, E., Willer M, Lerchi M, Seiler K, Pretsch E. Anal Chem. 1994. 66(4):516-21
A Pulse Voltage Application in Electrochemical Reduction of Solid CaWO4 Powder
Authors: Karakaya Ishak , Erdogan Metehan , Akpinar Bengisu 
Published: February 2020

Among more than thirty known tungsten containing minerals, only scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite ((Fe, Mn)WO4) are industrially important [1]. Scheelite is the most abundant mineral of tungsten, but wolframite is used more than scheelite due to easier dissolution in alkaline solutions used in present processing methods [2]. An alternative method based on electrochemical reduction of CaWO4by direct current applications in molten salt solutions was recently reported [3-5]. In this study, pulse voltage and constant voltage reduction mechanisms were compared and an optimization of reduction kinetics was achieved. Studies have shown that faster reduction rates could be achieved during pulse voltage applications compared to constant voltage applications, when average voltage value of pulse voltage application was the same as its constant counterpart. Furthermore, analysis of charge, energy and theoretical reduction graphs showed that reduction of calcium tungstate occurs at higher potential differences than 2.2 V, between calcium tungstate and graphite.
References:
[1] Brown, T. and Pitfield, P. (2013) ‘Tungsten’, in Gunn/Critical Metals Handbook. Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 385–413.
[2] Tang, D., Xiao, W., Yin, H., Tian, L., Wang, D. and and, L. T. (2012) ‘Dingding Tang’, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 159(6), p. E139. doi: 10.1149/2.113206jes.
[3] Karakaya, I. and Erdogan, M. (2009)‘Production of Tungsten and Tungsten Alloys from Tungsten Bearing Compounds by Electrochemical Methods’, WIPO PCT application WO 2009/054819A1.
[4] Karakaya, I. and Erdogan, M. (2013) ‘Production of tungsten and tungsten alloys from tungsten bearing compounds by electrochemical methods’, CA 2703400Canadian Intellectual Property Office.
[5] Erdogan, M. and Karakaya, I. (2010) ‘Electrochemical Reduction of Tungsten Compounds to Produce Tungsten Powder’, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 41(4), pp. 798–804. doi: 10.1007/s11663-010-9374-4.
Hybridization of Transition Metal Carbides (MXene) and Oxides for High Performance Li-Ion Storage
Authors: Torelli Michelle , Zhao Meng-Qiang 
Published: February 2020

Two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene, are attractive candidates for energy storage devices due to their large areas of electrochemically-active surfaces. Recently, MXenes, a new family of 2D carbides discovered at Drexel University in 2011, have shown promise for electrodes in Lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. The goal of this study was to determine if a combination of MXenes, which have high metallic conductivity but moderate capacity, and transition metal oxides (TMOs) with high lithium storage capacity but poor conductivity may result in improved performance.
Three different methods, including alternating filtration, spray coating, and in-situ growth, were employed to achieve the hybridization of Ti3C2 MXenes and TMOs. Flexible and free-standing Ti3C2/TMO papers were obtained. In these composites, the 1-nm thin flakes of Ti3C2-MXene provide superior conductivity, ensure mechanical integrity and flexibility, as well as some Li-ion storage capacity; the TMOs (e.g. Co3O4, NiCo2O4) nanosheets/nanorods serve as spacers between MXene flakes to improve the accessibility of electrolyte ions and provide additional capacity. The synergetic effect of the two materials leads to much improved performance compared to pure Ti3C2 or TMOs. The Ti3C2/TMO paper electrodes containing alternation layers of carbide and oxide achieved high reversible capacities of 1200-1400 mAh/g at 0.1C (10-hrs discharge), 4 times higher than commercial graphite anodes. These paper electrodes also exhibited excellent rate performance and superior cycling stability. A highly stable capacity around 500 mAh/g was retained for >1000 cycles at 1C rate (1-hr charge/discharge), with no obvious decay. This work provides a simple, scalable, and effective strategy for the fabrication of advanced electrode materials that can be used in wearable or structural electrochemical energy storage and conversion systems.
Enzyme Modified Microelectrodes Toward a Miniaturized Biofuel Cell Cathode
Authors: Einfalt Casey L. , Jones Benjamin J. , Fritsch Ingrid 
Published: February 2020

The activity of immobilized laccase, from Trametes versicolor,on an electroploymerized poly(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-2-yl)methanol (PEDOT-OH) modified microelectrode for use as a bio-cathode in an enzymatic biofuel cell was measured electrochemically. The activity of laccase, prior to immobilization, was determined by measuring the absorbance of an enzymatically oxidized substrate, syringaldazine, by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The bio-cathode was constructed by modifying a gold microband electrode with PEDOT-OH and then immobilized laccase by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, stabilizing with bovine serum albumin, and drop casting onto the electrode surface. Cyclic voltammetry was used to characterize the electrode behavior both prior to and after modification with PEDOT-OH and laccase. Chronoamperometry was conducted to measure the current response of the modified microelectrode as a function of increasing analyte concentration. The data showed an increase in current density upon polymerization of the conductive polymer and an increase in current density with the immobilized laccase only when a mediator was present in the system.

References

1. Heller, A., Miniature biofuel cells. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2004. 6(2): p. 209.
2. Meredith, M.T. and S.D. Minteer, Biofuel cells: enhanced enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis. Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif), 2012. 5: p. 157-79.
3. Gupta, G., V. Rajendran, and P. Atanassov, Laccase Biosensor on Monolayer-Modified Gold Electrode. Electroanalysis, 2003. 15(20): p. 1577-1583.
4. Ribeiro, F.W.P., et al., Simple laccase-based biosensor for formetanate hydrochloride quantification in fruits. Bioelectrochemistry, 2014. 95: p. 7-14.
5. Guerrieri, A., et al., Electrosynthesized non-conducting polymers as permselective membranes in amperometric enzyme electrodes: a glucose biosensor based on a co-crosslinked glucose oxidase/overoxidized polypyrrole bilayer. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 1998. 13(1): p. 103-112.
6. Zebda, A., et al., Mediatorless high-power glucose biofuel cells based on compressed carbon nanotube-enzyme electrodes. Nat Commun, 2011. 2: p. 370.
Aqueous Phase Synthesis Method of Ga Doped CuIn Nanoparticles and It's Application for CIGS Printable Solar Cell
Authors: Takahashi Hideyuki , Takagi Masaki , Yokoyama Shun , Tohji Kazuyuki 
Published: February 2020

Because of the attractive performances of CIGS (Cu(In,Ga)Se2) type solar cell, various researchers tried to synthesis of it by using gas phase method or liquid phase reduction method in organic solvents. In the case of former, productivity is relatively low, since vaporizing temperature of three or more elements is extremely different, which read the large amount of waste of resources, nevertheless synthesized solar cell shows the high performances.
So, later methods were vigorously researched since it is ecological and also economical technique. For example, Ye et al. synthesized Cu-In alloy particles by using chemical reduction method in organic solvent and the Cu-In alloy precursor films were transformed to CuInSe2 films by selenization [1]. The resulting cells demonstrate a maximum energy conversion efficiency of 3.92 %. However, total cost of this method is not low since organic solvent should be used.
Therefore, we tried to synthesized uniform Cu-In (CI) alloy nanoparticles by using restrict controlling method of metallic complexes in an aqueous solution under room temperature [2]. In this method, reduction potential of the metal species can be controlled under the room temperature, consequently alloy nano materials with uniform and well crystallized structure can be successfully synthesized.
Therefore, in this study, to synthesize Cu-In-Ga (CIG) nanoparticles, aqueous phase Ga doping method to Cu-In (CI) alloy precursor materials were researched.
Condition of Ga, Cu and In complex were calculated by using critical stability constants. Reduction potential of homogenized metal complex were analyzed by using cyclic voltammetry. Ga doped CI alloy nanoparticles were synthesized by using chemical reduction method under ambient conditions using metal chlorides as metal sources and sodium borohydride as a reducing agent.
By obeying to these calculation results and also electrochemical potential measurement, CI nanoparticles can be successfully synthesized in aqueous solution under room temperature. CuIn and also Cu2In ally nanoparticles can be synthesized.
XRD and SEM/EDX measurement demonstrated that Ga can be doped into CI nanoparticles, and doping ratio of Ga into CI nanoparticles were depended on the reduction rate and also reduction method. For example, maximum Ga concentration in CIG nanoparticles were reached c.a. 20% when the molar ratio of reducing agent against to metals reached to ten. Moreover, these results shows that reduction procedure was seriously affected to the doping ratio of Ga.
Another detailed results will be presented in our session.
This work has been supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (No. 26281054).
[1] Ye Seul Lim, et.,al, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2013, 117 (23), pp 11930–11940, [2] H. Takahashi et.,al, Applied Catalysis A: General 392 (2011) 80–85.
Investigation of Conducting Ni-Co Spinel Oxide Thin Film for Solar or Photoelectrochemical Cell Applications
Authors: Tsai Shu-Yi , Fung Kuan-Zong , Ni Chung-Ta 
Published: February 2020

Nickel oxide and cobalt oxide may crystallize in a rock salt structure or a spinel structure depending upon the heating temperatures. A rock-salt solid solution is usually observed at temperature higher than 500°C. On the other hand, the spinel structure is preferred at lower temperature. The Ni/Co oxide spinel tends to adopt the inverse-spinel arrangement with the tetrahedral sites completely occupied by Co+3 since the ionic radius of Ni+2 is much larger than that of Co+3. In this study, Ni/Co oxide spinel nanopowder was obtained by wet-chemical method. The crystal structure and morphology of Ni/Co oxide powders were examined using XRD and TEM.
NiCo2O4 spinel may be used as a bifunctional catalyst for oxygen evolution and reduction reaction as electrode in both inorganic and organic electrosyntheses. Recently, NiCo2O4 spinel was found to be an infrared transparent conducting material with potential forsolar or photoelectrochemical cell applications. For these applications, NiCo2O4obtained in thin film form is preferred.
By using rf magnetron sputtering technique, a NiCo2O4 solid film was deposited on a glass substrate from a sintered oxide target with the same composition. With annealing at adequate temperature, a thin film of nickel-cobalt oxides showing spinel structure was obtained. The electrical property of spinel film was measured using 4-probe technique. A resistivity as low as 10-2~10-1ohm/cm was obtained. The optical property of this spinel was also measured as a function of thickness/deposition time in the wavelength range of infrared radiation. The morphology and nano/microstructure of deposited and annealed films were examined using high resolution SEM.
Creation of High-Density Nanostructures for Use in Energy Conversion Applications
Authors: Wong Justin C. , Xu Cheng , Ziegler Kirk J 
Published: February 2020

Nanostructures have garnered much interest in recent years for their potential in increasing performance of alternative energy devices, such as solar cells, thermoelectrics, batteries, and piezoelectrics. Many methods exist for the fabrication of nanostructures, but one of the most promising methods is the use of nanoporous aluminum oxide templates due to its extremely high density and self-ordering through a hexagonal, close-packed structure. However, the initial aluminum growth substrate is generally not suitable for use in energy conversion devices so a major challenge becomes the practical use of aluminum oxide templates. In this presentation, we demonstrate how to effectively utilize the unique advantages of aluminum oxide templates for a variety of applications. We introduce a method to transfer aluminum oxide templates to a substrate of interest. Using this process, we are able to pattern highly-ordered nanostructured materials with dimensions below 10 nm that may be suitable for use in thermoelectric devices. We also use this pattern transfer process to fabricate porous templates on complex multilayered substrates. These multilayered nanostructures can be used in many applications. Here, we present the growth of highly-ordered, catalyzed carbon nanotubes. These methods highlight an effective approach for creating the highly-dense, highly-ordered nanostructures required for many energy conversion applications.
(Invited) Adventures in Si Nanocrystal Surface Chemistry....Controlling Optical Properties and so Much More
Authors: Veinot Jonathan 
Published: February 2020

Silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) have been attracting attention as active materials in a variety of proto-type devices including, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and photodetectors. These, and other device structures require well-defined materials with predictable properties. Traditionally SiNC surfaces are rendered processable and stable toward oxidation by employing a variations of the general hydrosilylation reaction; they all involve the addition of a silicon-hydride bond in the SiNC surface across a carbon-carbon double (or triple) bond and affords a “monolayer” attached through a robust silicon-carbon linkage. Recently, it has come to light that typical hydrosilylation conditions can afford insulating multilayers that can render SiNCs electrically inactive. This finding led us to explore alternative functionalization protocols. In doing so, we discovered that surface chemistry provides another degree of freedom with which SiNC properties may be tailored. For example, it can be used to tailor the photoluminescent response throughout the visible spectrum, used to prepare SiNC/polymer hybrids, and even induce reactivity that provides polymerization of workhorse electronic polymers without the use of expensive transition metal catalysts. This presentation will include a discussion of our recent exploration into SiNC surface chemistry, new reactive platforms that have opened the door to new functional materials, and what our discoveries mean for the future of these fascinating materials.
Renewable Hydrogen: Near Term Solutions and Long Term Potential
Authors: Ayers Katherine E 
Published: February 2020

Renewable hydrogen is becoming an increasingly important component of the transition away from fossil fuel use and towads reduction in carbon dioxide production. Hydrogen is the intermediary between primary energy sources and end products in many chemical processes such as ammonia generation, refining, and biogas processing, and is currently mainly produced by reforming of natural gas. Hydrogen from electrolysis can both make a strong environmental impact on these industries and also improve utilization of intermittent renewable energy sources such as wind and solar by leveraging otherwise stranded resources. Because of hydrogen's end use flexibility, electrolysis is a key component of Europe's strategy for energy storage and management of these renewable energy sources on the electrical grid. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis is especially well suited to energy capture because of the dynamic range and ability to quickly ramp up and down from near zero output to full capacity.
PEM electrolysis technology development has lagged behind PEM fuel cells, providing significant opportunities for continued improvements. Thinner membranes, reduced PGM usage, and improved manufacturing techniques have all demonstrated viability for electrolysis, and have the potential to make higher cost and performance impact. At the same time, the basic technology is mature and has been scaled to multi-megawatt capacity. This talk will discuss the challenges in continued scale up, as well as some of recent advancements and impact on cost. A potential roadmap for next generation technology evolution will also be presented.
There has also been significant interest in alkaline exchange membranes and ionomers (AEMs) for electrolysis applications. The AEMs are growing in stability, and electrolysis offers an alternative outlet for these materials which has operational advantages vs. the fuel cell. While electrolysis occurs at higher voltages and higher pressure, there are other operational characteristics which are less challenging than the AEM fuel cell application, such as water management within the membrane and through the cell. A comparison of traditional liquid alkaline, PEM electrolysis, and the potential for AEM electrolysis will be discussed.
Grand Challenge: Attaining the Limits of Intercalation Reactions
Authors: Whittingham M. Stanley 
Published: February 2020

Since the introduction of intercalation cathodes in the 1970s the energy stored has not significantly increased above 600 Wh per kg of active material [1]. Although conversion reactions can lead to higher initial capacities, there is still no convincing experimental evidence that batteries based on such reactions have energy efficiencies close to approaching the 90% of intercalation systems for hundreds of cycles. Thus there is a need to improve the energy stored in cells in intercalation based reactions above the around 20% of the theoretical value. Two possible approaches will be described: attaining 2 e per redox center by intercalating 2 Li (as opposed to 1 Mg), and attaining closer to 1 Li cycling in the layered oxides. The latter is a challenge because the thermal instability of the oxides is directly proportional to the charging voltage, i.e. to the oxidation level of the oxygen in the lattice. One of the challenges in inserting 2 Li is the stability of the lattice over hundreds of insertions and removals; the reactions of Li with VOPO4 will be used as an example. It should be possible to attain energy densities in full cells of 350 Wh/kg and 1 kWh/liter. This work is supported by DOE BES EFRC NECCES under award # DE-SC0012583.
[1] Chem. Rev. 114, 11414, 2014