bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geological Interpretation of the Results of Factor Analysis of XRF- and XRD-Data on Carbonatites and Aluminosilicate Rocks of the Kontozero Alkaline Complex (Kola Peninsula, NW Russia)
Authors: Kozlov Evgeniy , Fomina Ekaterina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We applied factor analysis (FA) for statistical comparison of XRF and XRD data on 198 carbonatite and aluminosilicate rock samples of the Kontozero Devonian paleovolcano. This method helps to identify main, secondary, and some accessory minerals, as well as to estimate the approximate contents of these minerals and to assess their contribution on the distribution of major and trace elements (Fomina et al., 2019). With the view of control purposes, qualitative and semiquantitative analysis of diffraction data were performed. Several dozen factors quickly yielded to mineralogical interpretation. For the studied samples, a functional relationship was established between the calculated mineral content and the score of the factor (FS) corresponding to the mineral. Thus, the FS can serve as a handy tool for assessing the contents of minerals. Thereby we visualise the distribution of minerals in the space of the studied complex. We also found out which mineral phases are ubiquitous, and which present only in certain parts of the section or occur sporadically. These data allowed us to make a mineralogical interpretation of the results of FA, performed solely for the geochemical variables. The main trends in the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of carbonatite and aluminosilicate rocks of the Kontozero Devonian paleovolcano were thus determined and statistically substantiated. All these results were obtained in a short time at the earliest stages of the research. A “blind” statistical method guarantees the independence of the results on a priori hypothesis of the researcher. The time-consuming classical techniques (e.g., petrography, mineralogical studies, and quantitative analysis of diffraction data) verified the geological model described by statistics.
Application of the Method of Statistical Comparison of XRD-and XRF-Data for Identification of the Most Representative Rock Samples: A Case Study of an Extensive Collection of Carbonatites and Aluminosilicate Rocks of the Kontozero Alkaline Complex (Kola Peninsula, NW Russia)
Authors: Fomina Ekaterina , Kozlov Evgeniy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We investigated carbonatites and aluminosilicate rocks from the Kontozero Devonian carbonatite paleovolcano complex (198 samples). Some specific features complicate the geological exploration of this object: a) the rocks of the Kontozero complex are predominantly volcanic and therefore exhibit small dimension of mineral grains and the diversity of their structural relationships; b) because breccias are common in many parts of the complex, the rocks are mostly inhomogeneous; c) Kontozero belongs to the alkaline-carbonatite formation, which is typically characterised by mineral diversity and the presence of rare minerals. The purpose of this study was to develop an algorithm for selecting from an extensive collection of rock material the most informative for mineralogical and geochemical studies samples. As a tool for this selection, we chose an original method of statistical comparison of XRD and XRF data using factor analysis (FA). This methodological approach enables mathematical identification of all major, minor, and several accessory minerals and a rough estimation of their contents (Fomina et al., 2019). We carried out the mineralogical interpretation of the factors according to the peak positions on the graphs of factor loadings and qualitative analysis of diffraction data of rock samples with maximum factor scores. For the studied rock collection, this approach allowed us to identify more than 20 rock-forming minerals based only on XRD data. Also, we found about ten mineral phases, the lines of which are low-intensity and/or overlap by more intense peaks of other minerals in the diffraction patterns. The mineralogical interpretation of the factors of these hidden minerals requires verification by an electron microscope investigation of the samples selected with FA. Based on the results of this study, we developed an algorithm that facilitates choosing rock samples that are most contrasted in mineral and chemical composition and contain the entire set of mineral phases characteristic of the rocks of the study object with minimal effort. In the case of our Kontozero rock collection, 30 representative samples were selected, which is about 15% of the initial sample set.
Geopolymers as a potential material for preservation and restoration of Urban Build Heritage: an overview
Authors: Pagnotta Stefano , Tenorio Anna Lluveras , Tinè Maria Rosaria , Lezzerini Marco 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Since the introduction of the term ‘geopolymer’ by Davidovits in 1978, many works have been published, sometimes providing clear and concise indications, and other times creating confusion about what are a geopolymer. What seems interesting beyond the terminology discourse is the advantage of low CO2 emissions, the use of waste industrial byproducts in their implementation and the resistance to air pollution and aggressive agents. Playing on the combination of the different precursors and alkaline activators, geopolymers can reach competitive mechanical properties and significant environmental benefits. The materials, with specially designed formulations, can be fireproof, breathable, resistant to rising salts and acid rain, as well as products with low emission of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, a further advantage is the ability to imitate natural, artificial and stone materials. There are hundreds of papers about characteristics, properties both of precursors and final product, but only a few of them about the Cultural Heritage Application. Despite this, the data shown by the few publications present to date give hope for a use of these materials for the consolidation, conservation and restoration of the heritage built within the historical centres, where the low CO2 emissions and the characteristics shown by the geopolymers could bring a huge benefit to the environment and the protection of the structures themselves. In this work, we briefly review the bibliography available on the applications of these materials to Cultural Heritage, hypothesising future uses aimed at specific urban contexts, where the application could play a key role in the future projects to restore the built heritage.
Impact of Dismantled Sheet Pile Vibration on Cohesive Soil Parameters
Authors: Wyjadlowski Marek , Zieba Zofia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The dynamic impact of geotechnical works can affect subsoil, as well as structures and technical devices. In order to prevent hazards resulting from vibration, the monitoring of geotechnical works execution is necessary. This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between the vibration caused by pulling out the sheet pile and the variability of cohesive soil parameters. The authors present the case study of a construction site in Wroclaw (Lower Silesian Province, Poland). The sheet pile profiles were used as a temporary protection of the foundation excavation. After the underground floors were constructed, the sheet piles were pulled out from the ground using vibrating techniques. This is a typical action to recover steel profiles that can be reused. While the sheet piles were being pulled out, the cohesive soil adhered to steel surfaces. In order to analyse the impact of dismantled sheet pile vibration on the variability of soil parameters, laboratory tests of basic soil physical and mechanical properties were carried out. The results were then compared with the primary parameters of soil as specified in the geotechnical documentation, which had been made at the initial stage to determine the geotechnical conditions for the foundation of the designed building. The comparison has shown a negative effect of vibrations on soil properties, including a decrease in the strength parameters, as well as an increase in the liquidity index and compressibility. In this case, an increase in the earth pressure on the existing underground structures and a reduction of the bearing capacity of shallow foundations may occur. Therefore, the vibration monitoring during sheet pile dismantling process is also very important.
Quality of an Underground Hydro Resource in Order to Classify it as Natural Mineral Water for Thermalism: The Case of the New Resource “Termas de São Tiago”
Authors: Ferreira Gomes Luis M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A Medical Spa in Portugal to work legally needs to be supplied by a groundwater that is classified as natural mineral water. After the referred classification, that water is considered as a geological resource and of the public domain, that is, protected by the Portuguese State. Among several studies, mainly hydrogeological, the quality of that natural resource and its physicochemical and microbiological stability, over a hydrological year, is absolutely crucial to obtain the official classification of the resource. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to present the fundamental elements of that domain, in the sense of presenting a case study, which serves as an example to other situations. The results of physicochemical and microbiological analysis, performed monthly, for 12 consecutive months, as well as, the results of a very complete analysis with trace chemical elements, gases, radiological parameters, mineral oils and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are presented, analysed and discussed. Finally, the main hydrogeochemical classifications of that natural resource are presented, which led to the new mineral water called as “Termas de São Tiago”, and which was responsible for the fact that Portugal can currently count on a new medical spa in operation.
A review of geodetic and remote sensing methods used for detecting surface displacements caused by mining
Authors: Owczarz Karolina 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The paper describes the main development trends of methods for determining surface displacements (deformations) resulting from the phenomenon of induced seismicity by mining operations. Due to the unpredictable and sudden nature of induced seismicity, it is difficult to make measurements of displacements by traditional geodetic methods. In order to determine the methods used to determine surface displacements, an extensive review of current scientific literature was carried out. The scope of the analysis included methods for measuring deformations in mining areas during and after mining. Based on the review of over a dozen research papers, geodetic and remote sensing methods are presented, which are used to determine surface displacements at a lower or higher intensity. The analysis of the methods concerned in particular: leveling, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), satellite radar interferometry, airborne LiDAR and aerial photogrammetry. As a result of the analysis, it was found that the satellite radar interferometry is presently the predominant displacement detection technique.
Sedimentary Record for Past Century Found in Clayey-Silty Sediments from the Gulf of Gdansk (Southern Baltic Sea)
Authors: Szymczak Ewa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Lithological research was conducted on three marine sediment cores ranging in length from 21 to 29 cm that had been collected in the Gulf of Gdansk at depths of 55, 70 and 98 m, which are characterized by the deposits of clayey-silty sediments. The cores were sampled every centimetre, while the corresponding sediment granulometry was established by sieve analysis. The granulometric sediment types and their grain sizes were described by using Shepard’s diagram (1954) and Folk and Ward parameters (1957), respectively. The obtained parameters were analyzed in relation to the age of sediment layers and sedimentation rates that was estimated by using two methods of recent sediment dating: the Pb-210 and the Cs-137 method. The results allowed the reconstruction of conditions under which the marine sediments were deposited during the past century. The analyzed cores contained sandy silt, silty sand, silt, clayey silt, silty clay and the mixed sand-silt-clay sediments. For all cores, the grain sizes with the diameters above 4.5 phi dominated. The mean grain diameters varied the most in the sediment core sampled from the area influenced by the spreading inflowing waters of the Vistula River (70 m). The correlation was found between the time-dependent grain size and increased loading of terrigenous material originating from the Vistula River flood waters. In addition, the highest dynamics of sedimentation processes were also noted in this case. The sediment types identified in all the analyzed cores were poorly sorted, and even very poorly sorted at times. The lowest variation of this parameter was observed in the core collected at the lowest depth (98 m). The sediments found in the cores had settled out from homogenous pelagic suspensions. With increasing depth, a noticeable increase in the share of pelagic suspension in the sediment cores was observed. Despite the fact that the analyzed core sediments belong to the same lithological types, they accumulated at different rates (from 1.6 to 2.8 mm/yr) and are characterized by varied compaction levels. This finding is based on the variation analysis of the sediment maximum age, which has been performed on the cores of the same length (from 70 and 98 m depths), as well as on the similar maximum age of the cores differing in length (collected at 56 and 70 m). Similar sedimentation conditions and sedimentation rates were observed at sampling stations located at 55 and 70 m depths. Moreover, increased sedimentation rates were noted in the material from recent decades. The deepest area of the sedimentary basin in the Gulf of Gdansk (98 m depth) is characterized by the least dynamic sedimentary processes.
Native Iron Nodules in Basites - Xenoliths of the Earth Core
Authors: Shkodzinskiy Vladimir 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Summary of the published data has shown that native iron nodules, which are rarely found in the basic intrusions, are characterized by a higher content of low-temperature condensates of the protoplanetary disk (Ge, Ag, Cu) and a lower content of high-temperature condensates (Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Rh, Pd, Ni, Co, Au) compared to iron meteorites. Such meteorites have signs of formation from the fragments of the cores of minor planets. This fact and obtained evidence of hot heterogeneous accretion of the Earth, the early formation of the Earth’s core compared to the mantle and the growth of the primary content of low-temperaGture condensates from the inner parts of the core to the outside suggest the capture and the ascent of substance of outer core by mantle plumes, and basic magmas formed in them. This explains the peculiarities of their composition, their very rare presence in basites, and sometimes a huge mass of nodules (up to tens of tons). In case of such xenogenic origin, nodules of native iron are chemically unequilibrium with basites. This is the reason of the development of reaction cohenite-magnetite and cohenite-sulfide rims on their contact and an increase of ferruginosity of olivine in basites. The formation of the lower mantle material from the earliest high-temperature condensates of the protoplanetary disk explains the decreased content of potassium, sodium, water, and other lithophile components in the nodule-containing basites. The content of volatile components lowers the crystallization temperature of melts. Therefore, the loss of them under the influence of decompression at the low-depth stages of ascent led to rapid solidification of magmas, protected the iron nodules from subsidence, and explains their location mainly in the upper parts of the main intrusions, despite the high density of iron.
Where is There Chance to Find Deep Prospects Below the Outer Western Carpathian Thrust Belt?
Authors: Pospíšil Lubomil , Bartonek Dalibor , Cernota Pavel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the period of 80 and 90th, the intensive deep drilling and seismic profiling program in the Outer Western Carpathian belt has been realized for confirming the idea about the existence and opening of new promising plays beneath some of these thin-skinned belts. Many trans-Carpathian 2D seismic transects opened discussion on the understanding of the complex structure of thrust belts and its basement. The recent development of exploration, based on the new modern play concepts, has brought new light on this problem. The new 3D and the reprocessed 2D seismic sections from Czech and Slovak part of the Western Carpathian Flysch Belt disclosed several potentially new prospects, combined with the cover of the foreland of European plate. New significant reserves of hydrocarbons may occur in subthrust autochthonous and parautochthonous series buried below the frontal zones of thin-skinned thrust belts. The study of the deepest parts of the Carpathian Flysch belt has been based on the complex geochemical, structural analyses and geophysical Data reprocessing, supplied by verification along the chosen balanced sections. Four examples of 2D seismic transects, with registration up to 9-12 seconds, that present different tectonic style of structures of Flysch Belt and its platform basement, influenced by older large-scale faults, is presented from the western, northern and eastern parts of the Outer Western Carpathians. From point of view of hydrocarbon prospection, the most important features of the seismic profiles are the anticline structures of the North European Platform (NEP) below the thrust stack of the Flysch Belt. From the west to east the Týnec-Cunín, Drietoma, Orava and Zbudza elevations can be distinguished, created by a passive margin of the European plate, in the second and third structures probably by parautochthonous blocks of the same plate.
Investigation of Grain Size Distribution of Conveyed Copper Ore for Modelling Ore Flow through a Bunker
Authors: Bardziński Piotr J. , Doroszuk Błażej , Kawalec Witold , Król Robert 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Knowledge of the particle size distribution of mined ore enables improvement of the main processes of the whole mining value chain: blasting, ore loading and haulage and ore processing. Photogrammetry with image analysis techniques was proposed for the on-line identification of grain size distribution of conveyed ore. Preliminary laboratory tests were performed on the experimental belt conveyor to evaluate the quality of photographs for various camera settings. Grain size distribution of transported copper ore was determined on the basis of photographs taken over the main haulage conveyor that feeds mined material to the underground ore bin located at skip-filling station of the winding shaft. Size distribution slope was calculated using the Split Desktop 4.0 software package to estimate the degree of rock fragmentation. Fine fractions (<10 mm) accounted for more than 40% of transported bulk material. Such a large portion of fine fraction may be attributed to the lithology of conveyed material. Individual rock lumps 600 mm or larger constituted a minor part of the total amount of mined ore. The actual ore granulation influences ore flow through the bin, which was simulated using a discrete element method model to obtain information about the ore stream leaving the winding shaft.
The use of thermal technologies for the recovery of value-added products from household solid waste: A brief review
Authors: Abduganiev N , Tursunov O , Kodirov D , Erkinov B , Sabirov E , Kilichov O 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The amount of household solid waste (HSW) has been significantly increasing due to a rapid population growth and economic development. HSW management is immensely sensitive and complicated problem not only in rapidly developing countries like Uzbekistan but also in developed countries with advanced economies.The accumulated waste has been causing a number of serious environmental problems such as release of the most dangerous greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O, CH4) in the atmosphere which misbalance radiation in a planet’s atmosphere causing a global warming. However, this waste can be friendly in terms of its potential to be used as energy source. HSW into energy conversion technologies has been playing a vital rolein order to successfully address global challenges suchas fossil fuel dependency, emission control and waste management issues.The most promising technology for conversions can be performed using thermochemical processes (e.g., pyrolysis or gasification).These thermochemical technologies can be used to convert solid waste into liquid and gaseous fuels, and this has already been studied sufficiently by other researchers. This article recommends a novel concept for intensification of value-added solid and liquid products recovery from HSW using hydrothermal carbonization and plasma treatment.
Innovative methods of developing solar power systems for remote and agricultural facilities in Uzbekistan
Authors: Isakov A , Mirzabaev A , Sitdikov O , Makhkamova M , Kodirov D 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper presents innovative methods and techniques for the development of small solar power systems in Uzbekistan, based on the properties of patterning and prosumerism, adoption of which would increase the efficiency of power supply. It also provides examples and results of their application in solar systems for remote and agricultural power supply developed by MIR SOLAR LLC, as well as the experience of teaching these innovations to students of Uzbek universities (Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, Tashkent State Technical University, and others).
Study on issues of uninterrupted power supply, energy-saving and improving the quality of electrical energy of water facilities
Authors: Toshpulatov N , Tursunov O , Kodirov D , Maksumkhanova A , Yusupov Z 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper analyses the results of studies of uninterrupted power supply, energy saving issues, problems of improving the quality of electrical energy of irrigation pumping stations and electrical consumers of water facilities. The current state of the power supply system is described, and the analysis of the existing situation is carried out. On the basis of comparison of theoretical calculations and practical measurements of the consumption of electrical energy, discrepancies in the results were determined. A solution was found to the problem of reducing the actual consumption in relation to the calculated ones. Recommendations are given for ensuring uninterrupted power supply, solving the issues of increasing the energy efficiency of the equipment in operation for energy conservation and saving electrical energy by improving quality indicators.
System approach to renewable energy use in power supply
Authors: Kodirov D , Tursunov O , Talipova D , Shadmanova G , Parpieva S , Shafkarov B 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Based on the analysis of current developments in small hydropower plants, the structural scheme and installation scheme of a dam without hydropower were developed. According to the developed scheme, a small hydroelectric power plant was installed and prepared for testing. During the study, an analysis of 3 magnitudes (V), voltage frequency (Hz) and sinusoidal coefficient (%) that determine the quality indicators of electricity was presented. The obtained results are compared with the value limits given in the international standard normative document.