bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Specific Language Impairment/Developmental Language Disorders Forum: Fostering a Discussion of Terminology
Authors: Green Laura 
Published: February 2020

Purpose

This prologue provides an introduction to the SIG 1
Perspectives
forum addressing use of a more recently applied term,
developmental language disorder
(DLD), as well as a term that has been used in research for several decades,
specific language impairment
(SLI), to describe children who exhibit language deficits. Included are brief summaries of the 5 articles that comprise the forum.

Conclusion
The articles in this SLI/DLD forum offer perspectives on the use of both terms. Implications include their application in clinical practice, advocacy, research, treatment, funding, and public school speech/language services.
Percentage of Gutta-Percha-, Sealer-, and Void-Filled Areas in Oval-Shaped Root Canals Obturated with Different Filling Techniques: A Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Study
Authors: Hirai Vinicio Hidemitsu Goto , Machado Ricardo , Budziak Maria Carolina Lucato , Piasecki Lucila , Kowalczuck Alexandre , Neto Ulisses Xavier da Silva 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Objective This study compared different obturation techniques, analyzing percentage of areas filled with gutta-percha, sealer, and voids (PGFA, PSFA, and PVFA, respectively) in oval-shaped root canals.
Materials and Methods A total of 60 extracted human mandibular central incisors were decoronated, instrumented, and irrigated using the same protocol. After drying, the root canal was filled with AH Plus labeled with 0.1% rhodamine B dye using a Lentulo spiral. The filling procedure was performed by dividing the teeth into four groups according to the respective technique: G1, cold lateral condensation; G2, continuous wave of condensation; G3, modified cold lateral condensation using an F3 master cone; and G4, modified continuous wave of condensation using an ISO (International Organization for Standardization) sized 30 gutta-percha cone. Then, slices measuring 1.5 mm in thickness were obtained 3 and 6 mm from the apex and evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy to determine PGFA, PSFA, and PVFA.
Statistical Analysis The data were analyzed statistically with analysis of variance and Games-Howell’s tests (p = 0.05).
Results The groups showed no significant differences in the apical third (3 mm from the apex). In the middle third (6 mm from the apex), G3 and G1 showed higher PGFA and PVFA, respectively. G3 showed lower PSFA than G2 and G4. Both cold techniques (G1 and G3) promoted lower PSFA than both warm techniques (G2 and G4).
Conclusions Notwithstanding the limitations of this in vitro study, PGFA, PSFA, and PVFA ranged significantly only in the middle third, as observed by the different filling techniques. Higher PGFA and PVFA values were obtained for G3 and G1, respectively. Both cold techniques promoted lower PSFA than both warm techniques.
Current-phase relation in a short clean josephson junction model: application to MgB2
Authors: Agassi Y D , Oates Daniel E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Motivated by recent data on high-quality MgB2 thin films implying that the smaller energy gap has l = 6 (i-wave) symmetry, we consider a simple model for an all-MgB2 symmetric Josephson Junction (JJ). The model assumes an arbitrary-strength delta-function barrier and one-dimensional current conduction. It is shown that in this context a nodal energy gap with i-wave symmetry acts as an isotropic energy gap (s-wave) with an amplitude modified by the energy-gap misalignment-angle with respect to the crystal principal axes. The corresponding exact Green’s function in momentum space is derived employing a novel approach. The ensuing current-phase relations in the strong and weak barrier-strengths limits are calculated and found to confirm known results, e.g., the Ambegaokar-Baratoff current-phase relation. Inspired by an HTS experiment that established the d-wave energy-gap symmetry, we propose a JJ-related experiment with a MgB2 bicrystal to confirm our premise that the smaller energy has i-wave symmetry.
Ambient PM2.5 influences productive activities in public sector bureaucracies
Authors: Kountouris Yiannis 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fine particles (PM2.5) can penetrate buildings through ventilation and air conditioning systems, exposing indoors workers to pollution levels similar to those prevailing outdoors. This letter investigates the immediate influence of fine particle pollution on the productive activity of local government bureaucracies, linking novel data on the daily output of local governments in municipalities of the Athens metropolitan area, Greece, to PM2.5 levels recorded nearby. To address biases introduced by omitted variables and measurement error, I use the plausibly exogenous variation introduced by the basin’s horizontal ventilation, instrumenting PM2.5 levels with local wind strength. Estimates suggest a statistically and quantitatively significant negative effect from PM2.5 on the output of public administrations. Increasing PM2.5 levels by 1% decreases the activity proxy by around 0.25%. Results point to the influence PM2.5 can have on activities that are mentally but not physically demanding and suggest that costs from PM2.5 will increase with the share of global income produced by office workers.
The Effects of Mat Pilates Training on Vascular Function and Body Fatness in Obese Young Women With Elevated Blood Pressure
Authors: Wong Alexei , Figueroa Arturo , Fischer Stephen M , Bagheri Reza , Park Song-Young 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Effective nonpharmacological interventions targeting the enhancement of vascular function and decline of body fatness (BF) in obese individuals are indispensable for the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular events in young adults. Mat Pilates training (MPT) has gained significant popularity worldwide, yet its effects on vascular function and body composition are understudied. We examined the effects of MPT on vascular function and BF in young obese women with elevated blood pressure (BP).

METHODS
Twenty-eight young obese women with elevated BP were randomized to an MPT (n = 14) or a nonexercising control (CON, n = 14) group for 12 weeks. Systemic arterial stiffness (brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV)), brachial and aortic BP, wave reflection (augmentation index (AIx)), plasma nitric oxide (NO) levels, and BF percentage (BF%) were assessed before and after 12 weeks.

RESULTS
MPT significantly reduced (P ˂ 0.05) baPWV (−0.7 ± 0.2 m/s), AIx (−4 ± 1%), brachial systolic BP (−5 ± 1 mm Hg), aortic systolic BP (−6 ± 1 mm Hg), and BF% (−2 ± 1%), while significantly increasing plasma NO (6 ± 2 µM) (P ˂ 0.05) compared with CON. MPT improved systemic arterial stiffness, aortic BP, wave reflection, circulating plasma NO, and BF% in young obese women with elevated BP.

CONCLUSIONS
MPT may be an effective intervention for the improvement of vascular function and BF in young obese women with elevated BP, a population at risk for hypertension and early vascular complications.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION
Trial Number NCT03907384.
Spatial and temporal variation in morphology in Australian whistlers and shrike-thrushes: is climate change causing larger appendages?
Authors: Onley Isabelle R , Gardner Janet L , Symonds Matthew R E 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAllen’s rule is an ecogeographical pattern whereby the size of appendages of animals increases relative to body size in warmer climates in order to facilitate heat exchange and thermoregulation. Allen’s rule predicts that one consequence of a warming climate would be an increase in the relative size of appendages, and evidence from other bird species suggests that this might be occurring. Using measurements from museum specimens, we determined whether spatio-temporal variation in bills and legs of Australian Pachycephalidae species exhibits within-species trends consistent with Allen’s rule and increases in temperature attributable to climatic warming. We conducted regression model analyses relating appendage size to spatio-temporal variables, while controlling for body size. The relative bill size in four of the eight species was negatively associated with latitude. Tarsus length showed no significant trends consistent with Allen’s rule. No significant increases in appendage size were found over time. Although bill size in some species was positively correlated with warmer temperatures, the evidence was not substantial enough to suggest a morphological response to climatic warming. This study suggests that climate change is not currently driving adaptive change towards larger appendages in these species. We suggest that other adaptive mechanisms might be taking place.
The Influence of Forests on Freshwater Fish in the Tropics: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lo Michaela , Reed James , Castello Leandro , Steel E Ashley , Frimpong Emmanuel A , Ickowitz Amy 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Tropical forests influence freshwater fish through multiple pathways, only some of which are well documented. We systematically reviewed the literature to assess the current state of knowledge on forests and freshwater fish in the tropics. The existing evidence is mostly concentrated in the neotropics. The majority of studies provided evidence that fish diversity was higher where there was more forest cover; this was related to the greater heterogeneity of resources in forested environments that could support a wider range of species. Studies quantifying fish abundance (or biomass) showed mixed relationships with forest cover, depending on species-specific habitat preferences. We identify the key challenges limiting our current understanding of the forest–fish nexus and provide recommendations for future research to address these knowledge gaps. A clear understanding of the functional pathways in forest–freshwater ecosystems can improve evidence-based policy development concerned with deforestation, biodiversity conservation, and food insecurity in the tropics.
The Interplay Between Genetic Risk Factors and Proteolytic Dysregulation in the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Solà-Tapias Núria , Vergnolle Nathalie , Denadai-Souza Alexandre , Barreau Frédérick 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCrohn’s disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC] are the two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. Previous studies reported increased levels of proteolytic activity in stool and tissue samples from IBD patients, whereas the re-establishment of the proteolytic balance abrogates the development of experimental colitis. Furthermore, recent data suggest that IBD occurs in genetically predisposed individuals who develop an abnormal immune response to intestinal microbes once exposed to environmental triggers. In this review, we highlight the role of proteases in IBD pathophysiology, and we showcase how the main cellular pathways associated with IBD influence proteolytic unbalance and how functional proteomics are allowing the unambiguous identification of dysregulated proteases in IBD, paving the way to the development of new protease inhibitors as a new potential treatment.
Payoff-Based Belief Distortion
Authors: Jiao Peiran 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Heterogeneous beliefs often arise among people with the same information but different personally experienced payoffs. To explain this, I propose a mechanism in which experienced payoffs distort beliefs: gains lead an agent to relatively underweight negative new signals and thus to become overoptimistic, whereas losses do the opposite. I experimentally test this mechanism and find behaviour consistent with its predictions. The experiment created a setting where payoffs carried no informational value for Bayesian updating, and thus offered a strong test for the effect of payoffs on beliefs. The findings were robust, and distinct from alternative mechanisms in important ways.
In-hospital interstage improves interstage survival after the Norwood stage 1 operation
Authors: Michielon Guido , DiSalvo Giovanni , Fraisse Alain , Carvalho Julene S , Krupickova Sylvia , Slavik Zdenek , Bartsota Margarita , Daubeney Pierce , Bautista Carles , Desai Ajay , Burmester Margarita , Macrae Duncan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The interstage mortality rate after a Norwood stage 1 operation remains 12–20% in current series. In-hospital interstage facilitates escalation of care, possibly improving outcome.

METHODS
A retrospective study was designed for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and HLHS variants, offering an in-hospital stay after the Norwood operation until the completion of stage 2. Daily and weekly examinations were conducted systematically, including two-dimensional and speckle-tracking echocardiography. Primary end points included aggregate survival until the completion of stage 2 and interstage freedom from escalation of care. Moreover, we calculated the sensitivity and specificity of speckle-tracking echocardiographic myocardial deformation in predicting death/transplant after the Norwood procedure.

RESULTS
Between 2015 and 2019, 33 neonates with HLHS (24) or HLHS variants (9) underwent Norwood stage 1 (31) or hybrid palliation followed by a comprehensive stage 2 operation (2). Stage 1 Norwood–Sano was preferred in 18 (54.5%) neonates; the classic Norwood with Blalock–Taussig shunt was performed in 13 (39.4%) neonates. The Norwood stage 1 30-day mortality rate was 6.2%. The in-hospital interstage strategy was implemented after Norwood stage 1 with a 3.4% interstage mortality rate. The aggregate Norwood stage 1 and interstage Kaplan–Meier survival rate was 90.6 ± 5.2%. Escalation of care was necessary for 5 (17.2%) patients at 2.5 ± 1.2 months during the interstage for compromising atrial arrhythmias (2), Sano-shunt stenosis (1) and pneumonia requiring a high-frequency oscillator (2); there were no deaths. A bidirectional Glenn (25) or a comprehensive-Norwood stage 2 (2) was completed in 27 patients at 4.7 ± 1.2 months with a 92.6% survival rate. The overall Kaplan–Meier survival rate is 80.9 ± 7.0% at 4.3 years (mean 25.3 ± 15.7 months). An 8.7% Δ longitudinal strain 30 days after Norwood stage 1 had 100% sensitivity and 81% specificity for death/transplant.

CONCLUSIONS
In-hospital interstage facilitates escalation of care, which seems efficacious in reducing interstage Norwood deaths. A significant reduction of longitudinal strain after Norwood stage 1 is a strong predictor of poor outcome.
In defence of a modular curriculum for tasks
Authors: Ellis Rod 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn this article, I start by distinguishing two approaches to the design of a language curriculum: the structural approach and the task-based approach. I then present my views relating to three key question: Is one approach superior to the other? When implemented, do these approaches result in different classroom processes? Are there advantages in combining the two approaches? I argue that the evidence points to the superiority of a task-based approach, that prior explicit instruction can have a deleterious effect on the performance of tasks and that a curriculum that combines the two approaches is preferable. I conclude by pointing out the flexibility of a modular curriculum that makes it well suited to a variety of instructional contexts.
Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and risk stratification of pulmonary hypertension in severe tricuspid regurgitation and implications for transcatheter tricuspid valve repair
Authors: Lurz Philipp , Orban Mathias , Besler Christian , Braun Daniel , Schlotter Florian , Noack Thilo , Desch Steffen , Karam Nicole , Kresoja Karl-Patrik , Hagl Christian , Borger Michael , Nabauer Michael , Massberg Steffen , Thiele Holger , Hausleiter Jörg , Rommel Karl-Philipp 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Aims
Patients with pulmonary hypertension (PHT) are often excluded from surgical therapies for tricuspid regurgitation (TR). Transcatheter tricuspid valve repair (TTVR) with the MitraClip™ technique is a novel treatment option for these patients. We aimed to assess the role of PHT in severe TR and its implications for TTVR.

Methods and results
A total of 243 patients underwent TTVR at two centres. One hundred twenty-one patients were grouped as iPHT+ [invasive systolic pulmonary artery pressures (PAPs) ≥50 mmHg]. Patients were similarly stratified according to echocardiographic PAPs (ePHT). The occurrence of the combined clinical endpoint (death, heart failure hospitalization, and reintervention) was investigated during a follow-up of 330 (interquartile range 175–402) days. iPHT+ patients were at higher preoperative risk (P &lt; 0.01), had more severe symptoms (P = 0.01), higher N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels (P &lt; 0.01), more impaired right ventricular (RV) function (P &lt; 0.01), and afterload corrected RV function (P &lt; 0.01). Procedural TTVR success was similar in iPHT+ and iPHT− patients (84 vs. 84%, P = 0.99). The echocardiographic diagnostic accuracy to detect iPHT was only 55%. During follow-up, 35% of patients reached the combined clinical endpoint. The discordant diagnosis of iPHT+/ePHT− carried the highest risk for the combined clinical endpoint [HR 3.76 (CI 2.25–6.37), P &lt; 0.01], while iPHT+/ePHT+ patients had a similar survival-free time from the combined endpoint compared to iPHT− patients (P = 0.48). In patients with isolated tricuspid procedure (n = 131) a discordant iPHT+/ePHT− diagnosis and an impaired afterload corrected RV function (P &lt; 0.01 for both) were independent predictors for the occurrence of the combined endpoint.

Conclusion
The discordant echocardiographic and invasive diagnosis of PHT in severe TR predicts outcomes after TTVR.
Hungarian non-professional dictionaries of first names: Methodological problems caused by the lack of lexicographic and onomastic knowledge
Authors: Slíz Mariann 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The paper intends to call attention to problems caused by dictionaries of first names made by non-professionals, using such Hungarian dictionaries as examples. The author’s main conclusion is that the editors’ and authors’ lack of lexicographic and onomastic knowledge generally leads to their spreading of incorrect or unreliable information about the origin and etymological meaning of names, or the connection between languages and nations. First, the analysis details the typical characteristics of the three types of non-professional dictionaries (esoteric, anti-Finno-Ugric and ideology-free) compared to professional dictionaries of first names in Hungary, then demonstrates the methodological problems and difficulties of giving the origin and etymological meaning of first names in entries.
Cross-correlation analysis between energy and carbon markets in China based on multifractal theory
Authors: Zou Shaohui , Zhang Tian 
Published: February 2020

Abstract:
Global climate change has become the greatest threat to mankind, endangering the ecological security of the earth and the long-term development of human society. Therefore, how to effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions and curb the trend of global warming has become a common challenge facing all countries in the world. Fossil energy combustion is the fundamental cause of climate change. In this paper, the price return series of domestic energy and carbon markets are taken as the research objects. Firstly, the cross-correlation test is used to verify that there is an obvious cross-correlation between the return series of the energy and carbon markets. Based on this, the multifractal characteristics of energy market and carbon market cross-series are empirically studied. The empirical results show that there is an interactive correlation between energy and carbon markets and this relationship has multifractal characteristics; the interactive correlation between return series has multifractal characteristics. The long-range correlation between small fluctuations and large fluctuations and the fat tail distribution of return series are all reasons for the formation of multifractality. These conclusions will help to understand the non-linear dependence and potential dynamic mechanism between energy and carbon markets in China.
Sticker and Emoji Use in Facebook Messenger: Implications for Graphicon Change
Authors: Konrad Artie , Herring Susan C , Choi David 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis study posits that graphicon use follows an evolutionary trajectory characterized by stages. Drawing on evidence that the uses and functions of emoticons have changed over time and that the introduction of emoji affected the popularity and usage of emoticons, we examine the uses of the newer types, emoji and stickers, and consider the relationship of stickers to emoji. Adapting the apparent-time method from the sociolinguistic study of language change, we compare sticker and emoji use by English-speaking Facebook Messenger users, exploring how they are used and under what conditions using semi-structured interviews and a large-scale survey. Stickers are argued to be more pragmatically marked for emotional intensity, positivity, and intimacy, characteristic of a more recent stage of evolution, while emoji use exhibits signs of conventionalization and pragmatic unmarking. The identification of patterns that characterize evolutionary stages has implications for future graphicon use.
Star formation in accretion discs and SMBH growth
Authors: Dittmann Alexander J , Miller M Coleman 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Accretion discs around active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are potentially unstable to star formation at large radii. We note that when the compact objects formed from some of these stars spiral into the central supermassive black hole (SMBH), there is no radiative feedback and therefore the accretion rate is not limited by radiation forces. Using a set of accretion disc models, we calculate the accretion rate on to the central SMBH in both gas and compact objects. We find that the time-scale for an SMBH to double in mass can decrease by factors ranging from ∼0.7 to as low as ∼0.1 in extreme cases, compared to gas accretion alone. Our results suggest that the formation of extremely massive black holes at high redshift may occur without prolonged super-Eddington gas accretion or very massive seed black holes. We comment on potential observational signatures as well as implications for other observations of AGNs.
Cyclic di-AMP, a second messenger of primary importance: tertiary structures and binding mechanisms
Authors: He Jin , Yin Wen , Galperin Michael Y , Chou Shan-Ho 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCyclic diadenylate (c-di-AMP) is a widespread second messenger in bacteria and archaea that is involved in the maintenance of osmotic pressure, response to DNA damage, and control of central metabolism, biofilm formation, acid stress resistance, and other functions. The primary importance of c-di AMP stems from its essentiality for many bacteria under standard growth conditions and the ability of several eukaryotic proteins to sense its presence in the cell cytoplasm and trigger an immune response by the host cells. We review here the tertiary structures of the domains that regulate c-di-AMP synthesis and signaling, and the mechanisms of c-di-AMP binding, including the principal conformations of c-di-AMP, observed in various crystal structures. We discuss how these c-di-AMP molecules are bound to the protein and riboswitch receptors and what kinds of interactions account for the specific high-affinity binding of the c-di-AMP ligand. We describe seven kinds of non-covalent–π interactions between c-di-AMP and its receptor proteins, including π–π, C–H–π, cation–π, polar–π, hydrophobic–π, anion–π and the lone pair–π interactions. We also compare the mechanisms of c-di-AMP and c-di-GMP binding by the respective receptors that allow these two cyclic dinucleotides to control very different biological functions.