bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electoral Cycles in Government Policy Making: Strategic Timing of Austerity Reform Measures in Western Europe
Authors: Strobl Daniel , Bäck Hanna , Müller Wolfgang C. , Angelova Mariyana 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article investigates whether governing parties strategically time austerity policies to help them win re-election. It contributes to existing research by focusing directly on government policy output, analyzing over 1,200 welfare and taxation austerity measures in thirteen Western European countries over twenty years. In line with previous research, the authors find that governments become less likely to introduce austerity measures as elections approach. The study introduces original hypotheses about which governments have theabilityandopportunityto strategically time policy decisions. The authors suggest that minimal winning cabinets with leadership change (new prime ministers) face less complex bargaining environments and can credibly shift responsibility for austerity measures to the preceding government. The empirical analyses show that these governments are most likely to strategically time austerity policies.
Heterogeneity in the Ediacaran–Cambrian coastal oceans: a sulphur isotope perspective
Authors: Lin Ying , Wu Nanping , Li Da , Ling Hong-Fei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMultiple sulphur isotope compositions of sedimentary pyrites across the Ediacaran–Cambrian (Ed–C) transition and into the early Cambrian from the Xiaotan section, Yunnan, South China, are presented to explore the evolution of the sulphur cycle. The values of δ34Spyrange from 13.5 ‰ to 35.8 ‰, and the values of Δ33Spyrange from −0.044 ‰ to 0.063 ‰. The first-order observation of highly positive δ34Spyis consistent with sulphur isotope records from other sedimentary successions (with various degrees of enrichment in34S), reflecting a common feature in cycling of sulphur among ocean basins. The positive values suggest that pyrite was formed in a depositional setting with limiting availability of sulphate that suppressed the expression of microbial fractionations. The first-order observation of a 10-million-year period of negative Δ33Spybeginning around the Ed–C boundary likely reflects changes in isotopic compositions of sulphur influx to the oceans. Such changes are suggested to be linked to a pulse of preferred weathering of sulphides (with negative Δ33S) relative to sulphate, which may reflect enhanced exposure of pyrites in continental margins due to reorganization of continents at this time. Both δ34Spyand Δ33Spydata imply low seawater sulphate levels, and possibly heterogeneity in sulphate concentrations in the world’s coastal oceans. The predictions about sulphur isotope signatures of evolved seawater (with highly positive δ34S and negative Δ33S) at the Xiaotan section are testable with future measurements of carbonate-associated sulphate (CAS), a proxy of ancient oceanic sulphate that carries information about the operation of sulphur cycling on a global scale.
The effect of second-language vocabulary on word retrieval in the native language
Authors: Higby Eve , Donnelly Seamus , Yoon Jungmee , Obler Loraine K. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhen bilinguals produce words in one language, their translation equivalents in the other language are thought to be activated as well. A common assumption is that this parallel co-activation produces interference, which slows down word retrieval. The current study aimed to evaluate the assumption of lexical interference during word retrieval by testing whether late Portuguese–English bilinguals were slower to name pictures in their native language when they knew the word in their second language compared to when they only knew the native language label. Instead of interfering with production, knowing the second-language label facilitated speed of word retrieval in the native language for both cognate and non-cognate translation-equivalent pairs. We suggest that using the second language may provide an indirect frequency boost for translation-equivalent words in the native language. This frequency boost has both long-term and short-term effects, strengthening connections to native-language labels when the translation equivalent is retrieved.
Fatwas and Democracy: Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI, Indonesian Ulema Council) and Rising Conservatism in Indonesian Islam
Authors: Hasyim Syafiq 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe role of Majelis Ulama Indonesia (Indonesian Ulema Council) in influencing the construction of democracy through its fatwas has fluctuated since its establishment in 1975. During the Suharto regime, which was characterised by authoritarian national leadership, MUI fatwas tended to serve the interests of the regime. Since the reform era, they have stimulated undemocratic circumstances in Indonesian Islam. This article examines MUI fatwas and their influence on democracy in the context of Indonesian Islam. The main argument of this article is that fatwas in themselves can improve or worsen the implementation of democracy. Fatwas may impede democracy if their contents are not aligned with democratic principles, while they may support the development of democracy if their contents promote democracy. Rising conservatism in Indonesia has been influenced by the issuance of fatwas that do not promote democratic values. In addition to examining the roles of fatwa givers and the methodology of fatwa issuance, this article analyses the social and political circumstances driving their issuance. This article presents examples of MUI fatwas that have democratic and undemocratic characteristics. It concludes that democratic circumstances can be achieved through opening spaces for fatwa issuance among additional fatwa institutions in Indonesia, as the monopolisation of fatwa issuance has created undemocratic tendencies in Indonesian Islam.
Solar Irradiance Variability: Comparisons of Models and Measurements
Authors: Coddington O. , Lean J. , Pilewskie P. , Snow M. , Richard E. , Kopp G. , Lindholm C. , DeLand M. , Marchenko S. , Haberreiter M. , Baranyi T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Earth system responds to solar variability on a wide range of timescales. Knowledge of total solar irradiance (TSI) and solar spectral irradiance (SSI) spanning minutes to centuries is needed by scientists studying a broad array of research applications. For these purposes, the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Climate Data Record Program established the Solar Irradiance Climate Data Record. Version 2 of the Naval Research Laboratory's solar variability models that are derived from and demonstrate consistency with irradiance observations specifies TSI and SSI for the Solar Irradiance Climate Data Record. We establish the veracity of the Naval Research Laboratory models on the timescales and over the wavelength range for which the Sun is known to vary and, thereby, specify the utility of these models. Through comparisons with irradiance observations and independent models, we validate NRLTSI2 estimates of TSI on solar rotational (~27‐day), solar cycle (~11‐year), and multidecadal (spacecraft era) variability timescales. Similarly, we validate NRLSSI2 estimates of SSI rotational variability in the ultraviolet through the mid‐visible spectrum. Validation of NRLSSI2 estimates at longer wavelengths, particularly in the near‐infrared, and for the full spectrum at solar cycle timescales and longer is not possible with the current observational record due to instrumental noise and instrument instability. We identify where key new data sets, such as observations from the Total and Spectral Solar Irradiance Sensor‐1, are expected to provide a fuller understanding of total and spectral solar irradiance variability on multiple timescales.
Nitrate Isotopic Composition in Precipitation at a Chinese Megacity: Seasonal Variations, Atmospheric Processes, and Implications for Sources
Authors: Li Zhengjie , Walters Wendell W. , Hastings Meredith G. , Zhang Yanlin , Song Linlin , Liu Dongwei , Zhang Wenqi , Pan Yuepeng , Fu Pingqing , Fang Yunting 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNitrogen stable isotope composition (δ15N) of nitrate (NO3−) deposition can aid in source apportionment of its precursor emissions, nitrogen oxides (NOx), with implications in mitigation policy to address serious air pollution. However, potential δ15N fractionation during atmospheric NO3− formation may hinder accurate quantification of NOx contributions. Previously, NOx photochemical reactions have been suggested to be the dominant δ15N fractionation process in NO3− formation. Here, we have quantified the potential fractionation effects associated with NOx photochemical reactions based upon δ15N‐NO3− measured in 1 year of daily‐based bulk deposition samples in Shenyang, a megacity with distinct seasonal fossil fuel combustion in northeastern China. The mean δ15N was 0.9 ± 4.0‰ and ranged from −4.9 to 8.3‰, with the lowest and highest values observed during summer and winter, respectively. Calculated NOx photochemical equilibrium fractionation may account for up to 42% of the observed seasonal δ15N change in NO3− deposition. However, the relative NOx source contribution trends, estimated based upon a δ15N Bayesian mixing model, were insensitive to NOx photochemical fractionation considerations. Overall, NOx source partitioning based upon averaged year‐long δ15N of bulk NO3− deposition estimated the following relative trend in NOx emission sources: coal combustion > biomass burning = vehicle emissions ≫ soil emissions. Seasonally, the increase of coal combustion emissions from summer to winter drives the seasonality of δ15N in NO3− deposition, indicating a necessity to control NOx emissions from coal combustion to improve wintertime air quality.
Validation of NeQuick 2 Model Topside Ionosphere and Plasmasphere Electron Content Using COSMIC POD TEC
Authors: Kashcheyev A. , Nava B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAn accurate representation of the topside ionosphere and plasmasphere electron content is still one of the important issues for ionospheric models, particularly for those used in GNSS applications. In this work, a validation of NeQuick 2 empirical ionospheric model has been performed in terms of ionosphere topside and plasmasphere electron content in the altitude range ~800–20,200 km. For this purpose, total electron content (TEC) data derived from precise orbit determination (POD) antennas onboard COSMIC low earth orbit (LEO) satellites tracking GPS signals have been used. The data span the period from 2006 to 2018 and correspond to different heliogeophysical conditions. In order to remove unrealistic TEC values from the validation process, a specific filtering procedure has been applied to POD‐derived TEC data. Subsequently, the statistical analysis of the difference between the modeled and the corresponding experimentally derived TEC values has been performed on data obtained during geomagnetically quiet periods. The results are presented as a function of solar activity level, season, local time, and geomagnetic latitude plots. They show that NeQuick 2 model underestimates the ionosphere topside and plasmasphere electron content, particularly during the early morning hours. The conditions under which the discrepancy between the model and experimental data is the highest have been also identified and considered as indications for future model improvements.
Toward Improved Probabilistic Predictions for Flood Forecasts Generated Using Deterministic Models
Authors: Jiang Xiaolei , Gupta Hoshin V. , Liang Zhongmin , Li Binquan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractUncertainties in flood forecasts are inevitable, and the key issue is to develop probabilistic predictions so that the predictive uncertainty (PU) bounds can be estimated. We develop and test a general method for probabilistic forecasting and PU estimation that is based on a theoretical and practical analysis of the actual nature of the model residuals, which reveals that the residual mean, standard deviation, and distributional form can all vary with time. Our approach is to condition the nature of the residual distribution on the magnitude of the corresponding streamflow value, but other kinds of conditioning are also possible. Using real data, we illustrate seven progressively more realistic sets of assumptions regarding the model residuals, ranging from homogenous Gaussian to fully heterogeneous non‐Gaussian. Our results show that the estimated probabilistic predictions become progressively better as the assumptions better conform to the actual properties of the residuals. As benchmarks, we compare against results from the state‐of‐the‐art power transformation approach. Our method is generally applicable to any situation where a deterministic model is used to generate predictions, and where empirical probabilistic predictions are required without developing a stochastic version of that model.
The transcription factor FoxM1 activates Nurr1 to promote intestinal regeneration after ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Zu Guo , Guo Jing , Zhou Tingting , Che Ningwei , Liu Baiying , Wang Dong , Zhang Xiangwen 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
FoxM1 is involved in the regeneration of several organs after injury and expressed in the intestinal mucosa. The intrinsic mechanism of FoxM1 activity in the mucosa after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has not been reported. Therefore, we investigated the role of FoxM1 in mediating intestinal mucosa regeneration after I/R injury. Expression of FoxM1 and the proliferation of intestinal mucosa epithelial cells were examined in rats with intestinal I/R injury and an IEC-6 cell hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R) model. The effects of FoxM1 inhibition or activation on intestinal epithelial cell proliferation were measured. FoxM1 expression was consistent with the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells in the intestinal mucosa after I/R injury. Inhibition of FoxM1 expression led to the downregulation of Ki-67 expression mediated by the inhibited expression of Nurr1, and FoxM1 overexpression promoted IEC-6 cell proliferation after H/R injury through activating Nurr1 expression. Furthermore, FoxM1 directly promoted the transcription of Nurr1 by directly binding the promoter of Nurr1. Further investigation showed low expression levels of FoxM1, Nurr1, and Ki-67 in the intestinal epithelium of patients with intestinal ischemic injury. FoxM1 acts as a critical regulator of intestinal regeneration after I/R injury by directly promoting the transcription of Nurr1. The FoxM1/Nurr1 signaling pathway represents a promising therapeutic target for intestinal I/R injury and related clinical diseases.
Improved polygenic prediction by Bayesian multiple regression on summary statistics
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Luke R. , Zeng Jian , Sidorenko Julia , Yengo Loïc , Moser Gerhard , Kemper Kathryn E. , Wang Huanwei , Zheng Zhili , Magi Reedik , Esko Tõnu , Metspalu Andres , Wray Naomi R. , Goddard Michael E. , Yang Jian , Visscher Peter M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAccurate prediction of an individual’s phenotype from their DNA sequence is one of the great promises of genomics and precision medicine. We extend a powerful individual-level data Bayesian multiple regression model (BayesR) to one that utilises summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), SBayesR. In simulation and cross-validation using 12 real traits and 1.1 million variants on 350,000 individuals from the UK Biobank, SBayesR improves prediction accuracy relative to commonly used state-of-the-art summary statistics methods at a fraction of the computational resources. Furthermore, using summary statistics for variants from the largest GWAS meta-analysis (n ≈ 700, 000) on height and BMI, we show that on average across traits and two independent data sets that SBayesR improves prediction R2 by 5.2% relative to LDpred and by 26.5% relative to clumping and p value thresholding.
Cav2.3 channels contribute to dopaminergic neuron loss in a model of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Benkert Julia , Hess Simon , Roy Shoumik , Beccano-Kelly Dayne , Wiederspohn Nicole , Duda Johanna , Simons Carsten , Patil Komal , Gaifullina Aisylu , Mannal Nadja , Dragicevic Elena , Spaich Desirée , Müller Sonja , Nemeth Julia , Hollmann Helene , Deuter Nora , Mousba Yassine , Kubisch Christian , Poetschke Christina , Striessnig Joerg , Pongs Olaf , Schneider Toni , Wade-Martins Richard , Patel Sandip , Parlato Rosanna , Frank Tobias , Kloppenburg Peter , Liss Birgit 
Published: November 2019

AbstractDegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra causes the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. The mechanisms underlying this age-dependent and region-selective neurodegeneration remain unclear. Here we identify Cav2.3 channels as regulators of nigral neuronal viability. Cav2.3 transcripts were more abundant than other voltage-gated Ca2+channels in mouse nigral neurons and upregulated during aging. Plasmalemmal Cav2.3 protein was higher than in dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area, which do not degenerate in Parkinson’s disease. Cav2.3 knockout reduced activity-associated nigral somatic Ca2+signals and Ca2+-dependent after-hyperpolarizations, and afforded full protection from degeneration in vivo in a neurotoxin Parkinson’s mouse model. Cav2.3 deficiency upregulated transcripts for NCS-1, a Ca2+-binding protein implicated in neuroprotection. Conversely, NCS-1 knockout exacerbated nigral neurodegeneration and downregulated Cav2.3. Moreover, NCS-1 levels were reduced in a human iPSC-model of familial Parkinson’s. Thus, Cav2.3 and NCS-1 may constitute potential therapeutic targets for combatting Ca2+-dependent neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease.
Chromosome genome assembly and annotation of the yellowbelly pufferfish with PacBio and Hi-C sequencing data
Authors: Zhou Yitao , Xiao Shijun , Lin Gang , Chen Duo , Cen Wan , Xue Ting , Liu Zhiyu , Zhong Jianxing , Chen Yanting , Xiao Yijun , Chen Jianhua , Guo Yunhai , Chen Youqiang , Zhang Yanding , Hu Xuefeng , Huang Zhen 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPufferfish are ideal models for vertebrate chromosome evolution studies. The yellowbelly pufferfish, Takifugu flavidus, is an important marine fish species in the aquaculture industry and ecology of East Asia. The chromosome assembly of the species could facilitate the study of chromosome evolution and functional gene mapping. To this end, 44, 27 and 50 Gb reads were generated for genome assembly using Illumina, PacBio and Hi-C sequencing technologies, respectively. More than 13 Gb full-length transcripts were sequenced on the PacBio platform. A 366 Mb genome was obtained with the contig of 4.4 Mb and scaffold N50 length of 15.7 Mb. 266 contigs were reliably assembled into 22 chromosomes, representing 95.9% of the total genome. A total of 29,416 protein-coding genes were predicted and 28,071 genes were functionally annotated. More than 97.7% of the BUSCO genes were successfully detected in the genome. The genome resource in this work will be used for the conservation and population genetics of the yellowbelly pufferfish, as well as in vertebrate chromosome evolution studies.
Increasing oxygen deficiency changes rare and moderately abundant bacterial communities in coastal soft sediments
Authors: Sinkko Hanna , Hepolehto Iina , Lyra Christina , Rinta-Kanto Johanna M. , Villnäs Anna , Norkko Joanna , Norkko Alf , Timonen Sari 
Published: November 2019

AbstractCoastal hypoxia is a major environmental problem worldwide. Hypoxia-induced changes in sediment bacterial communities harm marine ecosystems and alter biogeochemical cycles. Nevertheless, the resistance of sediment bacterial communities to hypoxic stress is unknown. We investigated changes in bacterial communities during hypoxic-anoxic disturbance by artificially inducing oxygen deficiency to the seafloor for 0, 3, 7, and 48 days, with subsequent molecular biological analyses. We further investigated relationships between bacterial communities, benthic macrofauna and nutrient effluxes across the sediment-water-interface during hypoxic-anoxic stress, considering differentially abundant operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The composition of the moderately abundant OTUs changed significantly after seven days of oxygen deficiency, while the abundant and rare OTUs first changed after 48 days. High bacterial diversity maintained the resistance of the communities during oxygen deficiency until it dropped after 48 days, likely due to anoxia-induced loss of macrofaunal diversity and bioturbation. Nutrient fluxes, especially ammonium, correlated positively with the moderate and rare OTUs, including potential sulfate reducers. Correlations may reflect bacteria-mediated nutrient effluxes that accelerate eutrophication. The study suggests that even slightly higher bottom-water oxygen concentrations, which could sustain macrofaunal bioturbation, enable bacterial communities to resist large compositional changes and decrease the harmful consequences of hypoxia in marine ecosystems.
Rapid, multiplexed, whole genome and plasmid sequencing of foodborne pathogens using long-read nanopore technology
Authors: Taylor Tonya L. , Volkening Jeremy D. , DeJesus Eric , Simmons Mustafa , Dimitrov Kiril M. , Tillman Glenn E. , Suarez David L. , Afonso Claudio L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractU.S. public health agencies have employed next-generation sequencing (NGS) as a tool to quickly identify foodborne pathogens during outbreaks. Although established short-read NGS technologies are known to provide highly accurate data, long-read sequencing is still needed to resolve highly-repetitive genomic regions and genomic arrangement, and to close the sequences of bacterial chromosomes and plasmids. Here, we report the use of long-read nanopore sequencing to simultaneously sequence the entire chromosome and plasmid of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Bareilly and Escherichia coli O157:H7. We developed a rapid and random sequencing approach coupled with de novo genome assembly within a customized data analysis workflow that uses publicly-available tools. In sequencing runs as short as four hours, using the MinION instrument, we obtained full-length genomes with an average identity of 99.87% for Salmonella Bareilly and 99.89% for E. coli in comparison to the respective MiSeq references. These nanopore-only assemblies provided readily available information on serotype, virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance genes. We also demonstrate the potential of nanopore sequencing assemblies for rapid preliminary phylogenetic inference. Nanopore sequencing provides additional advantages as very low capital investment and footprint, and shorter (10 hours library preparation and sequencing) turnaround time compared to other NGS technologies.