bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aesthetic outcomes after surgical repair of pectus excavatum in females: Differences between patients and professional evaluators
Authors: Wachter Tanja , Del Frari Barbara , Edlinger Michael , Morandi Evi Maria , Mayerl Christina , Verstappen Ralph , Celep Emre , Djedovic Gabriel , Kinzl Johann , Schwabegger Anton Herbert , Wolfram Dolores 
Published: March 2020

Background Pectus excavatum is less common in females than in males, and it often aggravates a coexistent breast asymmetry. We conducted a study comparing female patients’ versus medical professionals’ evaluation of pectus excavatum repair to assess differences in aesthetic outcome ratings. Moreover, we evaluated the influence of surgical correction on patients’ self-perception.
Methods Of 30 female patients who were initially screened, 18 patients (mean age, 20 years) who underwent bar removal after surgical correction of pectus excavatum deformity participated in the survey (60%). They completed a questionnaire rating their appearance before and after surgery and responded to a psychological questionnaire about the changes that they had experienced. The mean interval between pectus bar removal and evaluation was 28 months. Standardized preoperative and postoperative patient photographs were evaluated using the same questionnaire by a panel of medical professionals and students (n=24) and the results were compared.
Results Patients rated their preoperative deformity as more severe than the other evaluators, revealing the significant impact of the deformity on patients’ self-perception. Postoperatively, patient and professional evaluations were much better than before and were very similar. The psychological evaluation showed a clear improvement in well-being. The ratings of the medical professionals were not influenced by their degree of medical education.
Conclusions Surgical correction of pectus excavatum in female patients positively influences body perception and psychological well-being. It should therefore not be considered as a merely aesthetic correction, but as an important procedure to restore a patient’s self-perception.
Attachment distribution of pectoral muscle origins identified in dual-plane breast implant insertion
Authors: Nam Su Bong , Song Kyung Ho , Seo Jung Yeol , Choi June Seok , Park Tae Seo , Lee Jae Woo , Kim Ju Hyung , Kim Min Wook , Kim Hyun Yeol , Jung Yun Ju , Kim Choongrak 
Published: March 2020

Background Implant-based dual-plane augmentation mammoplasty requires accurate separation of the pectoralis major muscle (PMM) at its origins. The authors identified the PMM origins during breast reconstruction surgery with the goal of providing additional information on subpectoral implant insertion for reconstructive or aesthetic purposes.
Methods This study was conducted on 67 patients who underwent breast reconstruction surgery at the breast center of our hospital between November 2016 and June 2018. In total, 34 left and 39 right hemithoraces were examined. The left and right hemithoraces were each divided into 15 zones to determine the percentage of PMM attachments in each zone. The distribution of PMM origins in each zone was examined to identify any statistically significant differences.
Results There were no statistically significant differences in the origins of the PMM between the right and left hemithoraces. The percentage of attachments increased moving from the fourth to the sixth rib and from the lateral to the medial aspect.
Conclusions The anatomical findings of this study could be used as a reference for accurate dissection of the origins of the PMM for the preparation of the subpectoral pocket for subpectoral implant placement.
The suprafascial course of lower leg perforators: An anatomical study
Authors: Vaienti Luca , Cottone Giuseppe , De Francesco Francesco , Borelli Francesco , Zaccaria Giovanna , Amendola Francesco 
Published: March 2020

Background Perforator mapping has been well described in the literature. Once the suprafascial plane is reached, the course of perforators is considered constant. However, the surgeon must be aware of whether an anastomosis exists between perforators superficially to the fascia, in order to choose the best vessel upon which to base the reconstruction. Our retrospective in vivo anatomical study of lower leg perforator flaps presents the first description of variations in the suprafascial path of perforators, which may influence preoperative flap design.
Methods An anatomical study of lower limb perforators was performed on 46 nonconsecutive patients who were referred to our department from June 2012 to October 2018. Reconstruction with perforator-based propeller flaps was planned for each of the patients. In total, 72 perforators were preoperatively identified and surgically isolated. The suprafascial course of each perforator was reported.
Results During suprafascial surgical exploration, branching patterns were observed in four perforators. These perforators had been classified as single vessels in the preoperative ultrasonographic analysis. However, after surgical dissection, distal converging branches were noted in two of them.
Conclusions Our study is the first description in the literature of suprafascial converging perforators, which might constitute an obstacle to planned reconstruction procedures. Despite the accuracy of preoperative evaluations, anatomical variations were present. Knowledge of suprafascial perforator variations may help surgeons to choose the correct perforator upon which to base a planned flap.
Chest wall perforator flaps for partial breast reconstruction: Surgical outcomes from a multicenter study
Authors: Soumian Soni , Parmeshwar Rishikesh , Chandarana Mihir , Marla Sekhar , Narayanan Sankaran , Shetty Geeta 
Published: March 2020

Background Perforator artery flaps based on the branches of intercostal arteries and lateral thoracic artery can be used for reconstruction after breast-conserving surgery (BCS). Although described more than a decade ago, these have not been adopted widely in clinical practice. We report on short-term and long-term surgical outcomes of partial breast reconstruction using chest wall perforator flaps from a prospective multicenter audit.
Methods All patients operated for BCS and partial breast reconstruction using intercostal artery perforator or lateral thoracic artery perforator flaps from January 2015 to October 2018 were included in the analysis. Oncoplastic breast surgeons with appropriate level of training performed all tumor excisions and reconstructions as a single-stage procedure. Patient characteristics, treatment details and surgical outcomes were noted. Specific outcomes recorded were margin re-excision and complication rates.
Results One hundred and twelve patients underwent the procedure in the given study period. The median age was 54 years. Median specimen weight was 62.5 g and median volume of excision was 121.4 mL. Fifteen patients (13.39%) underwent a margin re-excision for close or positive margins without additional morbidity. One patient required a completion mastectomy. Eight patients (7.14%) had an early complication. None of the patients required a contralateral symmetrization procedure. The results were comparable across the participating centers.
Conclusions Chest wall artery perforator-based flaps are an excellent option for lateral and inferior quadrant partial breast reconstructions. The short and long-term surgical outcomes are comparable across sites and can be performed with minimal morbidity. Patient-reported outcome measures need to be studied.
Ship rats and island reptiles: patterns of co-existence in the Mediterranean
Authors: Escoriza Daniel 
Published: March 2020

BackgroundThe western Mediterranean archipelagos have a rich endemic fauna, which includes five species of reptiles. Most of these archipelagos were colonized since early historic times by anthropochoric fauna, such as ship rats (Rattus rattus). Here, I evaluated the influence of ship rats on the occurrence of island reptiles, including non-endemic species.MethodologyI analysed a presence-absence database encompassing 159 islands (Balearic Islands, Provence Islands, Corso-Sardinian Islands, Tuscan Archipelago, and Galite) using Bayesian-regularized logistic regression.ResultsThe analysis indicated that ship rats do not influence the occurrence of endemic island reptiles, even on small islands. Moreover,Rattus rattusco-occurred positively with two species of non-endemic reptiles, including a nocturnal gecko, a guild considered particularly vulnerable to predation by rats. Overall, the analyses showed a very different pattern than that documented in other regions of the globe, possibly attributable to a long history of coexistence.
Fundamental Principles of Battery Electrochemistry
Authors: Nobili Francesco , Marassi Roberto 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The operation principles of batteries and, more generally, of all classes of electrochemical power sources, are introduced. Then, the roles of electrodes and electrolyte during charge and discharge processes are presented.
The energy content of batteries is explained in terms of theoretical cell voltage and capacity. The basic thermodynamics laying the foundations of the redox processes which take places at the electrodes is presented, and the Nernst's equation is introduced, with the aim to describe the electrode potentials generating the cell voltage. At the same time, the capacity of the active materials is derived on the basis of Faraday's law. The kinetics of the interfacial redox processes is described with particular attention to the mechanisms of charge‐transfer and to electron and ion conduction, explaining the origin of cell polarization and overvoltage.
The impact of thermodynamics and kinetics onto performances is then rationalized by introducing practical operating parameters such as coulombic efficiency, capacity retention, cycle life, and rate capability.
Finally, an overview of some of the main classes of primary and secondary batteries, as well as a comparison with alternative electrochemical storage systems such as fuel cells, is given.
Lead‐Acid – Still the Battery Technology with the Largest Sales
Authors: Buengeler Johannes , Riegel Bernhard 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWhile the market share of li‐ion and lead‐acid batteries was nearly the same in terms of calendar year 2017 revenue, the lead‐acid battery is still the most prevalent battery technology, with 75% market share in terms of the entire rechargeable battery market.Since the lead‐acid battery has been used and improved for over 150 years, one major benefit of today's lead‐acid batteries is that they have been cost‐effectively adapted to every application, whereas, with li‐ion batteries, the practice has been to deploy mass‐produced standard cell types in the different applications due to cost and safety concerns.Further advantages of lead‐acid batteries are their tolerance of customer abuse and mistreatment as well as the well‐established worldwide recycling with over 98% of the lead battery materials being reused.From the 150‐year history to additional new development trends such as bipolar and thin plate pure lead, the main characteristics of lead‐acid batteries, including their thermodynamic, current/voltage behavior as well as the main aging mechanisms, are described in this article.
The Sodium/Nickel Chloride Battery
Authors: Ottaviani Marco , Turconi Alberto , Basso Diego 
Published: March 2020

AbstractNa–NiCl2thermal batteries have been developed for applications such as electric energy backup, energy storage, and automotive application. A typical Na–NiCl2battery consists of a molten sodium anode, a solid‐state electrolyte (β″‐alumina), and a secondary liquid electrolyte (NaAlCl4) in the cathode side, with NiCl2as the active cathode materials. These systems, operating at high temperatures (about 270–350 °C), provide a battery completely independent of ambient temperature with high specific energy and high specific power. Special characteristics such as relatively low cost, long deep cycle life, long‐term cold‐storage life, abuse resistant, zero electrical self‐discharge, maintenance free, and safety place this technology as the best choice where environmentally strong conditions are present and other secondary battery systems fail.
Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Petit Yann K. , Mourad Eléonore , Freunberger Stefan A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Rechargeable Li–O
2
batteries have gathered enormous attention in the research community for having amongst the highest theoretical energy storage. Realizing the promise, even in part, in practice could produce a device that stores significantly more energy than other rechargeable batteries. Fundamental understanding of the reaction mechanisms is now realized to be key to overcome many challenges. We give a critical overview of the current understanding of the chemistry underpinning the Li–O
2
cell with focus on the cathode and give a perspective on the most important research needs. Since performance and reversibility are often grossly misunderstood, we put emphasis on realistic performances to be achieved by Li–O
2
cells and on means to identify reversibility. Parasitic chemistry is the foremost barrier for reversible cycling and now realized to be predominantly caused by singlet oxygen rather than by the previously thought superoxide or peroxide. This finding profoundly affects any other area of research from reaction mechanisms, to electrolytes and catalysts and dominates future research needs.
Multivalent Charge Carriers
Authors: Bitenc Jan , Ponrouch Alexandre , Dominko Robert , Johansson Patrik , Palacin M. Rosa 
Published: March 2020

AbstractRechargeable battery technologies based on metal anodes coupled to the use of multivalent charge carrier ions hold promise of breakthroughs in energy density leapfrogging current state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ion battery technology. Cost and sustainability benefits are both a priori expected from the highly abundant metals employed. Yet, the large know‐how from the Li‐ion battery research field is not directly transferable – both the use of metal anodes and the migration of multivalent ions, within both electrolyte and electrodes, are technological bottlenecks to overcome. The concepts exhibit very different degrees of maturity; for magnesium, proof of concept was achieved in the year 2000 using low potential cathodes and a complex corrosive electrolyte with a narrow electrochemical stability window. Further progress since then has been slow, but the development of non‐nucleophilic electrolytes has paved the way for sulfur and organic polymer cathodes. For calcium, reversible plating and stripping of Ca2+was achieved only recently and now the development targets suitable cathodes enabling full cell proof of concept. Finally, for aluminum batteries, the main track has been somewhat different concepts based on intercalated anions, often in special carbons, from corrosive and chloride‐based electrolytes, but currently other electrolytes as well as true Al metal anodes are in foci. Overall, many and diverse obstacles remains, but the understanding and progress is indeed catching up rapidly. Given the promises and urgent need for next‐generation batteries, a successful multivalent battery technology would be timely.
Applications of Tin Sulfide‐Based Materials in Lithium‐Ion Batteries and Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Shan Yuying , Li Yan , Pang Huan 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSnSx (x = 1, 2) compounds are composed of earth‐abundant elements and are nontoxic and low‐cost materials that have received increasing attention as energy materials over the past decades, owing to their huge potential in batteries. Generally, SnSx materials have excellent chemical stability and high theoretical capacity and reversibility due to their unique 2D‐layered structure and semiconductor properties. As a promising matrix material for storing different alkali metal ions through alloying/dealloying reactions, SnSx compounds have broad electrochemical prospects in batteries. Herein, the structural properties of SnSx materials and their advantages as electrode materials are discussed. Furthermore, detailed accounts of various synthesis methods and applications of SnSx materials in lithium‐ion batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, and other new rechargeable batteries are emphasized. Ultimately, the challenges and opportunities for future research on SnSx compounds are discussed based on the available academic knowledge, including recent scientific advances.
Divergent Palladium‐Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of Cyanomethyl Benzoates with Arylboronic Acids: Synthesis of Oxazoles and Isocoumarins
Authors: Dai Ling , Yu Shuling , Xiong Wenzhang , Chen Zhongyan , Xu Tong , Shao Yinlin , Chen Jiuxi 
Published: March 2020

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed tandem reaction of cyanomethyl benzoates with arylboronic acids has been achieved. Substitution at the 2‐position of cyanomethyl benzoates was found to be crucial for the selective synthesis of oxazoles and isocoumarins. Cyanomethyl benzoates afforded 2,4‐diaryloxazoles as products, while 2‐benzoyl‐substituted cyanomethyl benzoates delivered 3‐benzoyl‐4‐aryl‐isocoumarins selectively. Furthermore, a possible mechanism for the selective reaction of cyanomethyl benzoates with arylboronic acids was discussed.magnified image
A missense variant in CREBRF is associated with taller stature in Samoans
Authors: Carlson Jenna C. , Rosenthal Samantha L. , Russell Emily M. , Hawley Nicola L. , Sun Guangyun , Cheng Hong , Naseri Take , Reupena Muagututi‘a S. , Tuitele John , Deka Ranjan , McGarvey Stephen T. , Weeks Daniel E. , Minster Ryan L. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectivesStudies have demonstrated that rs373863828, a missense variant in CREBRF, is associated with a number of anthropometric traits including body mass index (BMI), obesity, percent body fat, hip circumference, and abdominal circumference. Given the biological relationship between height and adiposity, we hypothesized that the effect of this variant on BMI might be due in part to an association of this variant with height.MethodsWe tested the hypothesis that minor allele of rs373863828 is associated with height in a Samoan population in two adult cohorts and in a separate cohort of children (age 5‐18 years old) using linear mixed modeling.ResultsWe found evidence of a strong relationship between rs373863828 and greater mean height in Samoan adults (0.77 cm greater average height for each copy of the minor allele) with the same direction of effect in Samoan children.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the missense variant rs373863828 in CREBRF, first identified through an association with larger BMI, may be related to an underlying biological mechanism affecting overall body size including stature.
KTN1 variants and risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Luo Xingguang , Guo Xiaoyun , Tan Yunlong , Zhang Yong , Garcia‐Milian Rolando , Wang Zhiren , Shi Jing , Yu Ting , Ji Jiawu , Wang Xiaoping , Xu Jianying , Zhang Huihao , Zuo Lingjun , Lu Lu , Wang Kesheng , Li Chiang‐Shan R. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIndividuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show gray matter volume (GMV) reduction in the putamen. KTN1 variants may regulate kinectin 1 expression in the putamen and influence putamen structure and function. We aim to test the hypothesis that the KTN1 variants may represent a genetic risk factor of ADHD. Two independent family‐based Caucasian samples were analyzed, including 922 parent–child trios (a total of 2,757 subjects with 924 ADHD children) and 735 parent–child trios (a total of 1,383 subjects with 613 ADHD children). The association between ADHD and a total of 143 KTN1 SNPs was analyzed in the first sample, and the nominally‐significant (p < .05) risk SNPs were classified into independent haplotype blocks. All SNPs, including imputed SNPs within these blocks, and haplotypes across each block, were explored for replication of associations in both samples. The potential biological functions of all risk SNPs were predicted using a series of bioinformatics analyses, their regulatory effects on the putamen volumes were tested, and the KTN1 mRNA expression was examined in three independent human putamen tissue samples. We found that fifteen SNPs were nominally associated with ADHD (p < .05) in the first sample, and three of them remained significant even after correction for multiple testing (1.3 × 10−10 ≤ p ≤ 1.2 × 10−4; α = 2.5 × 10−3). These 15 risk SNPs were located in five haplotype blocks, and 13 SNPs within four of these blocks were associated with ADHD in the second sample. Six haplotypes within these blocks were also significantly (1.2 × 10−7 ≤ p ≤ .009) associated with ADHD in these samples. These risk variants were located in disease‐related transposons and/or transcription‐related functional regions. Major alleles of these risk variants significantly increased putamen volumes. Finally, KTN1 mRNA was significantly expressed in putamen across three independent cohorts. We concluded that the KTN1 variants were significantly associated with ADHD. KTN1 may play a functional role in the development of ADHD.
Quinoidal Azaacenes: 99 % Diradical Character
Authors: Intorp Sebastian N. , Hodecker Manuel , Müller Matthias , Tverskoy Olena , Rosenkranz Marco , Dmitrieva Evgenia , Popov Alexey A. , Rominger Frank , Freudenberg Jan , Dreuw Andreas , Bunz Uwe H. F. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractQuinoidal azaacenes with almost pure diradical character (y=0.95 toy=0.99) were synthesized. All compounds exhibit paramagnetic behavior investigated by EPR and NMR spectroscopy, and SQUID measurements, revealing thermally populated triplet states with an extremely low‐energy gap ΔEST′of 0.58 to 1.0 kcal mol−1. The species are persistent in solution (half‐life≈14–21 h) and in the solid state they are stable for weeks.
CO2‐Induced Spin‐State Switching at Room Temperature in a Monomeric Cobalt(II) Complex with the Porous Nature
Authors: Nakaya Manabu , Kosaka Wataru , Miyasaka Hitoshi , Komatsumaru Yuki , Kawaguchi Shogo , Sugimoto Kunihisa , Zhang Yingjie , Nakamura Masaaki , Lindoy Leonard F. , Hayami Shinya 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCO2‐responsive spin‐state conversion between high‐spin (HS) and low‐spin (LS) states at room temperature was achieved in a monomeric cobalt(II) complex. A neutral cobalt(II) complex, [CoII(COO‐terpy)2]⋅4 H2O (1⋅4 H2O), stably formed cavities generated via π–π stacking motifs and hydrogen bond networks, resulting in the accommodation of four water molecules. Crystalline 1⋅4 H2O transformed to solvent‐free 1 without loss of porosity by heating to 420 K. Compound 1 exhibited a selective CO2 adsorption via a gate‐open type of the structural modification. Furthermore, the HS/LS transition temperature (T1/2) was able to be tuned by the CO2 pressure over a wide temperature range. Unlike 1 exhibits the HS state at 290 K, the CO2‐accomodated form 1⊃CO2 (P
=110 kPa) was stabilized in the LS state at 290 K, probably caused by a chemical pressure effect by CO2 accommodation, which provides reversible spin‐state conversion by introducing/evacuating CO2 gas into/from 1.