bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SCFA producing bacteria shape the subtype of ADHD in children
Authors: Fan Chaonan , Li Shijie , Wang Rui , Fan Xiuqin , Liang Aiming , Qi Kemin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
There is little data on population-based identification of the gut microbiota with ADHD subtypes in children, yet whether the degree ADHD is characterized by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) remains unclear. We enrolled 59 ADHD children including 21 inattentive subtypes (ADHD-I), 20 combined subtypes (ADHD-C), 18 hyperactive-Impulsive subtypes (ADHD-H) and 23 healthy controls. The microbiota was characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and SCFA concentrations were determined by gas chromatographic analysis. Compared to the controls, we observed a decrease of 14 genera belonging to Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Verrucomicrobiaceae and Rikenellaceae family in ADHD-I, while Megamonas, Coprococcus_2 and Paraprevotella were significantly increased in ADHD-C. In addition, a lower abundance of Faecalibacterium, and a higher proportion of Marvinbryantia, Intestinimonas, Prevotella_9 and Eggerthella were detected in the ADHD-H. Analysis of fecal SCFAs showed that elevated levels of acetate and propionate were in ADHD subtypes. Furthermore, most of the bacterium associated with SCFAs overlapped with the differential bacterium in ADHD subtypes. Conclusion: Our data support the clinical distinction among different ADHD subtypes in children may also be reflected in alterations of specific gut microbiota, most of which are SCFA producing bacteria.
BACKYARD FARMER: AN EXTENSION OUTREACH PROGRAM
Authors: Steinegger Donald H. 
Published: October 2019

“Backyard Farmer” is a Cooperative Extension (CE) television program that airs one night a week on the Nebraska Educational Television Network (ETV). “Backyard Farmer” is a one-hour program which airs throughout the lawn and gardening season from approximately April 1 to September 1 each year. This program combines a live call-in format, along with mailin questions and samples to be answered by the panel. In addition they discuss timely topics which are illustrated by videotapes and live demonstrations. The panelists are specialists in horticulture, entomology, plant pathology and agronomy (weed science).
Slightly over two-thirds of the Nebraska households (69%) were familiar with “Backyard Farmer”. Backyard Farmer has been watched in 49% of Nebraska households. Thus Backyard Farmer is viewed in approximately 270,000 households.
Viewers are more likely than non-viewers to have sought advice from Cooperative Extension in the past two years. Although the total number of viewers in the urban area was higher than in the rural area, there was a higher proportion of viewers in the rural area. Nearly half of the “Backyard Farmer” viewing audience (47%) was under age 45.
COLD HARDINESS OF TWELVE SEEDLIMG POPULATIONS OF BLACKBERRIES
Authors: Bourne Timothy F. , Moore James N. 
Published: October 2019

Cold hardiness was evaluated in twelve seedling populations of tetraploid blackberry, in 1988 and 1989. Seedling populations resulted from crosses made between nine parents of three different categories of cold hardiness. Viability testing of xylem, phloem, and bud tissues were conducted following exposure of tissues to a low temperature estimated to kill one-half of all tissues. Tissues were rated as alive if green and dead if any browning of tissue was seen.
Significant population effects (P<.05) were seen for xylem and bud survival in 1988 and for xylem, phloem, and bud survival in 1989. Results were similar for the two years, although there was a greater discrimination between populations for xylem and phloem survival in the second year. The four populations having `Darrow' as a parent consistently showed greater survival than the other eight lines. The six populations which had `Brison' as one parent showed consistently poor survival with the exception of one resulting from a cross of `Brison' × `Darrow'. This population showed consistently good hardiness, indicating that dominance effects may play a role in cold hardiness of blackberries.
FACTORS INFLUENCING PREHARVEST FRUIT SPLITTING IN ELLENDALE (C. reticulata).
Authors: Rabe Etienne , van Rensburg Piet , van der Walt Hennie , Bower John 
Published: October 2019

Preharvest fruit splitting (PFS) is a serious problem in Ellendales, especially in hot, humid climactical areas. In control unsprayed treatments PFS can vary from 14 to 30% of the final yield. Any treatment during the fullbloom (FE) period aimed at increasing fruit set (gibberellic acid (GA) sprays, girdling), increases PFS levels, ranging from 40 to 60% of the final yield. This relates to a significant shift (delay) in the normal fruit drop pattern as compared to untreated trees.
We have evaluated various approaches aimed at reducing PFS in Ellendales: potassium treatments, from 10 weeks pre-blossom to six weeks after full-bloom, however, increased PFS levels, possibly due to increasing the initial fruit set levels; flower thinning, both chemical and mechanical, marginally reduced PFS, without adversely affecting yield; post-November drop GA application, 2,4-D and girdling treatments, aimed at stimulation of rind growth (not quantified) increased yields significantly (P<0.05) without concurrent increases in PFS.
Cross pollinated trees, and resultant high seed content in the fruit, yielded fruit with thicker rinds, with little or no PFS. GA application at FE reduced fruit seed content and peel thickness and increased PFS.
Any treatment causing high initial fruit set increases PFS. Flower: flower and fruit: fruit competition should be reduced early during the fruit growth phase, without adversely affecting final yields.
NITROGEN RELATIONS IN A SWEET CORN/WHITE CLOVER LIVING MULCH CROPPING SYSTEM
Authors: Altier Lee S. , Wien H. Christian 
Published: October 2019

In a two-year field experiment, sweet corn was intercropped with a perennial cover of white clover. The clover was suppressed after corn emergence by rototilling. The nitrogen exchange between the corn, clover, and soil was closely monitored. Soil sampling indicated the rate and amounts of mineralization of nitrogen from soil organic matter and clover. Fertilizer labelled with 15-N was used to assess contributions of nitrogen from the various sources.
Results from 1989 showed little nitrogen benefit to the corn from the clover. Content of 15-N in the corn indicated that non-fertilizer nitrogen uptake was similar in monocropped and intercropped corn treatments. Corn yields were correlated with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied.
Anthropogenic markers for source tracking of fecal contamination in Bayou Lafourche: a major drinking water source in Southeast Louisiana, USA
Authors: Martinez Stacy , Kilgen Marilyn , Corbin Angie , Nathaniel Rajkumar , Ramachandran Balaji , Boopathy Raj 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Bayou Lafourche, which is the sole drinking water source for 300,000 people in Louisiana, has failed to consistently meet its designated use criteria set by the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ). This resulted in a total maximum daily load to be imposed on the Bayou by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These designated use water quality criteria include fecal coliform (FC) levels for drinking water source, primary contact recreation, and secondary contact recreation. The goal of this study was to identify and enumerate anthropogenic nonpoint source FC contamination from malfunctioning home sewage systems in the Bayou's watershed. Thirty-four sites along the Bayou were selected for the study. Samples were analyzed for optical brightener ratios, FC CFU/100 mL (mFC), Escherichia coli, and three human markers, including human polyomavirus BK, the Archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii, and the human-associated Brevibacterioides HF 183 eubacteria. Frequencies of sites with all three anthropogenic molecular markers are considered positive for human fecal contamination. This study provided data to address the problem of malfunctioning on-site sewage systems in the Bayou Lafourche watershed.
Identifying the origins of extreme rainfall using storm track classification
Authors: Barnes Andrew Paul , Santos Marcus Suassuna , Garijo Carlos , Mediero Luis , Prosdocimi Ilaria , McCullen Nick , Kjeldsen Thomas Rodding 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Identifying patterns in data relating to extreme rainfall is important for classifying and estimating rainfall and flood frequency distributions routinely used in civil engineering design and flood management. This study demonstrates the novel use of several self-organising map (SOM) models to extract the key moisture pathways for extreme rainfall events applied to example data in northern Spain. These models are trained using various subsets of a backwards trajectory data set generated for extreme rainfall events between 1967 and 2016. The results of our analysis show 69.2% of summer rainfall extremes rely on recirculatory moisture pathways concentrated on the Iberian Peninsula, whereas 57% of winter extremes rely on deep-Atlantic pathways to bring moisture from the ocean. These moisture pathways have also shown differences in rainfall magnitude, such as in the summer where peninsular pathways are 8% more likely to deliver the higher magnitude extremes than their Atlantic counterparts.
Removal of 4-chlorophenol from polluted water by aluminum–iron alloys
Authors: Wu Shangze , Tang Ka , Zhang Jingqi , Chen Xi , Hu Hanjun , Hu Qing , Yang Xiao Jin 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Chlorophenols are extremely toxic to the environment and recalcitrant to biological degradation. Herein chemical degradation of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) from aqueous solutions by zero-valent aluminum (Al), zero-valent iron (Fe), Al and Fe mixtures (Al/Fe mass ratio 90/10, labeled as Al/Fe10) and Al-Fe alloy (Al/Fe mass ratio 90/10, labeled as Al-Fe10) were investigated. No removal was found for 50 mg·L−1 4-CP under anoxic conditions at initial pH 2.5 during a period of 10 hrs while 56%, 83%, 78% and 99% of 4-CP were removed by Fe, Al, Al/Fe10 and Al-Fe10, respectively under aeration conditions. The removal of 4-CP by Al/Fe10 mixtures was primarily in the Fe mode in the beginning 4 h and then transitioned to the Al mode. The removal of 4-CP by Al-Fe10 alloy was accomplished via two intermediate products, hydroquinone (HQ) and 4-chlorocatechol (4-CC), and it was speculated that reactive oxygen species and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) play an important role in the degradation of 4-CP and that Al-Fe intermetallic compounds might catalyze the reactions. This study demonstrates that alloying Al with Fe offers a promising strategy for developing new materials for water and wastewater remediation.
Levels and distribution of progesterone in receiving waters and wastewaters of a growing urban area
Authors: Kasambala Hildegard R. , Rwiza Mwemezi J. , Mdegela Robinson H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the levels and distribution of progesterone in receiving waters and wastewaters in Arusha, a fast-growing urban area and the third largest city in Tanzania. Specifically, the study was conducted along the Themi River and the adjacent waste stabilization ponds (WSPs). Progesterone was detected and quantified by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. For Themi River samples, the level of progesterone obtained ranged from ‘no detection’ to 439 ng/L with a mean value of 120.3 ng/L. The levels detected were significantly higher in the midstream than the upstream and downstream sections of the river (P&lt;0.05). The higher values at the midstream were attributable to livestock, WSPs and household effluents; agricultural activities; and sewage infiltration. Progesterone levels in the present study, although not extremely high, correspond to those associated with harmful effects in other studies. Results for samples collected from the WSPs indicated a release of 215 ng progesterone per L of the receiving waters. Although progesterone removal efficiency by the WSPs was 75%, the amount released was still high enough to cause harm to aquatic organisms. Thus, more efficient techniques are required to adequately remove progesterone to the recommended levels.
Turning Fear of Boron Toxicity into Boron-containing Drug Design
Authors: Soriano-Ursúa Marvin A. , Farfán-García Eunice D. , Geninatti-Crich Simonetta 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Despite the historical employment of boron-containing compounds
(BCCs) with medicinal purposes, the reported cases of BCC toxicity in humans during the
twentieth-century drived us towards a “boron-withdrawal” period. Fortunately, the use of boric
acid for specific purposes remains, and the discovery of natural BCCs with biological action
attractive for therapeutic purposes as well as the introduction of some new BCCs for
clinical use has reactivated the interest in studying the properties of these BCCs.

Methods:
We carried out a structured search of bibliographic databases for scientific peerreviewed
research literature regarding boron toxicity and linked that information to that of
BCCs in drug design and development. A deductive qualitative content analysis methodology
was applied to analyse the interventions and findings of the included studies using a theoretical
outline.

Results:
This review recapitulates the following on a timeline: the boron uses in medicine, the
data known about the toxicological profiles of some BCCs, the pharmacological properties of
some BCCs that are employed in cancer and infectious disease therapies, and the known
properties of BCCs recently introduced into clinical assays as well as the identification of
their structure-activity relationships for toxicity and therapeutic use. Then, we discuss the use
of new approaches taking advantage of some toxicological data to identify potent and efficient
BCCs for prevention and therapy while limiting their toxic effects.

Conclusion:
Data for boron toxicity can be strategically used for boron-containing drug design.
Novel Antibacterial Strategies for Combating Bacterial Multidrug Resistance
Authors: Xu Xiao-Ling , Kang Xu-Qi , Qi Jing , Jin Fei-Yang , Liu Di , Du Yong-Zhong 
Published: October 2019

Background:
Antibacterial multidrug resistance has emerged as one of the foremost global problems
affecting human health. The emergence of resistant infections with the increasing number of multidrug-resistant
pathogens has posed a serious problem, which required innovative collaborations across multiple disciplines to
address this issue.

Methods:
In this review, we will explain the mechanisms of bacterial multidrug resistance and discuss different
strategies for combating it, including combination therapy, the use of novel natural antibiotics, and the use of
nanotechnology in the development of efflux pump inhibitors.

Results:
While combination therapy will remain the mainstay of bacterial multi-drug resistance treatment,
nanotechnology will play critical roles in the development of novel treatments in the coming years.

Conclusion:
Nanotechnology provides an encouraging platform for the development of clinically relevant and
practical strategies to overcome drug resistance in the future.
Identification of the Active Constituents and Significant Pathways of Guizhi-Shaoyao-Zhimu Decoction for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus Based on Molecular Docking and Network Pharmacology
Authors: Zhang Qing , Li Ruolan , Peng Wei , Zhang Mengmeng , Liu Jia , Wei Shujun , Wang Jiaolong , Wu Chunjie , Gao Yongxiang , Pu Xufeng 
Published: October 2019

Aim and Objective:
This study was designed to explore the active compounds and
significant pathways of Guizhi-Shaoyao-Zhimu decoction (GSZD) for treating diabetes mellitus using
molecular docking combined with network pharmacology.

Materials and Methods:
Chemical constituents of GSZD and diabetes-related target proteins were
collected from various databases. Then, compounds were filtered by Lipinski’s and Veber’s rules with
Discovery studio software. The “Libdock” module was used to carry out molecular docking, and
LibDockScores, default cutoff values for hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals interactions were
recorded. LibDockScore of the target protein and its prototype ligand was considered as the threshold,
and compounds with higher LibDockScores than the threshold were regarded as the active constituents
of GSZD. Cytoscape software was used to construct the herb-active molecule-target interaction
network of GSZD. ClueGO and CluePedia were applied to enrich the analysis of the biological
functions and pathways of GSZD.

Results:
A total of 275 potential active compounds with 57 possible pathways in GSZD were identified
by molecular docking combined with network pharmacology. TEN, INSR, PRKAA2, and GSK3B are
the four most important target proteins. Gancaonin E, 3'-(γ,γ-dimethylallyl)-kievitone, aurantiamide,
curcumin and 14-O-cinnamoylneoline, could interact with more than 14 of the selected target proteins.
Besides, 57 potential pathways of GSZD were identified, such as insulin signaling pathway,
metabolites and energy regulation, glucose metabolic process regulation, and positive regulation of
carbohydrate metabolic process, etc.

Conclusion:
These results showed that molecular docking combined with network pharmacology is a
feasible strategy for exploring bioactive compounds and mechanisms of Chinese medicines, and GSZD
can be used to effectively treat diabetes through multi-components and multi-targets & pathways.
Medicinal Chemistry of Multiple Sclerosis: Focus on Cladribine
Authors: Biernacki Tamás , Sandi Dániel , Bencsik Krisztina , Vécsei László 
Published: October 2019

Background:In the recent years, many novel Disease-Modifying Drugs (DMD) have been introduced to the market in the treatment of multiple sclerosis.Objectives:To provide the reader with an up to date, compact review on the pharmacokinetic properties, mechanism of action, and clinical attributes of one of the most recently approved drugs in the therapy of multiple sclerosis, cladribine.Conclusion:Cladribine tablets proved to be a highly efficient treatment choice for Relapsing- Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS), especially for patients with high disease activity. It is the first DMD for MS with a complex mechanism of action, by inhibiting the adenosine-deaminase enzyme it increases the intracellular levels of deoxyadenosine triphosphate, which with relative selectivity depletes both T- and B-cells lines simultaneously. However long term follow-up safety and effectiveness data are still missing, and clear treatment protocols are lacking beyond the first two treatment years cladribine should prove to be a valuable addition to the therapeutic palette of RRMS, and potentially for Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS) as well.
High Throughput Multiplex SNP-analysis in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer
Authors: Elek Zsuzsanna , Kovács Zsuzsanna , Keszler Gergely , Szabó Miklós , Csanky Eszter , Luo Jane , Guttman András , Rónai Zsolt 
Published: October 2019

Background:
A number of human inflammatory diseases and tumors have
been shown to cause alterations in the glycosylation pattern of plasma proteins in a specific
manner. These highly variable and versatile post-translational modifications finetune
protein functions by influencing sorting, folding, enzyme activity and subcellular
localization. However, relatively little is known about regulatory factors of this procedure
and about the accurate causative connection between glycosylation and disease.

Objective:
The aim of the present study was to investigate whether certain single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding glycosyltransferases and glycosidases
could be associated with elevated risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and lung adenocarcinoma.

Methods:
A total of 32 SNPs localized in genes related to N-glycosylation were selected
for the association analysis. Polymorphisms with putative biological functions (missense
or regulatory variants) were recruited. SNPs were genotyped by a TaqMan OpenArray
platform. A single base extension-based method in combination with capillary gel electrophoresis
was used for verification.

Results:
The TaqMan OpenArray approach provided accurate and reliable genotype
data (global call rate: 94.9%, accuracy: 99.6%). No significant discrepancy was detected
between the obtained and expected genotype frequency values (Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium)
in the healthy control sample group in case of any SNP confirming reliable sampling
and genotyping. Allele frequencies of the rs3944508 polymorphism localized in the
3’ UTR of the MGAT5 gene significantly differed between the sample groups compared.

Conclusion:
Our results suggest that the rs34944508 SNP might modulate the risk for
lung cancer by influencing the expression of MGAT5. This enzyme catalyzes the addition
of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) in beta 1-6 linkage to the alpha-linked mannose of
biantennary N-linked oligosaccharides, thus, increasing branching that is the characteristic
of invasive malignancies.
Pathophysiological Mechanisms Linking Type 2 Diabetes and Dementia: Review of Evidence from Clinical, Translational and Epidemiological Research
Authors: Bello-Chavolla Omar Yaxmehen , Antonio-Villa Neftali Eduardo , Vargas-Vázquez Arsenio , Ávila-Funes José Alberto , Aguilar-Salinas Carlos Alberto 
Published: October 2019

Background:Type 2 diabetes represents an increasing health burden world-wide and its prevalence in particularly higher in elderly population. Consistent epidemiological evidence suggests an increased risk of dementia associated to type 2 diabetes; the mechanisms underlying these associations, however, remain unclear.Objective:The study aims to review epidemiological, clinical and pre-clinical data that weigh on pathophysiological links, mechanisms of disease and associations between type 2 diabetes and dementia to identify areas of opportunity for future research.Methods:We searched the following electronic bibliographic databases: PUBMED, EMBASE, SCIELO, MEDLINE and OVID for clinical, translational and epidemiological research literature that summarize diabetes-related risk factors for dementia, metabolic and neurological changes associated to T2D, evidence of therapeutic approaches in type 2 diabetes and its pathophysiological implications for dementia.Results:Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases risk for all-cause dementia, vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. The most evaluated mechanisms linking both disorders in pre-clinical studies include an increase in neuronal insulin resistance, impaired insulin signaling, pro-inflammatory state, mitochondrial dysfunction and vascular damage which increase deposition of β-amyloid, tau proteins and GSK3β, leading to an earlier onset of dementia in individuals with impairment in the glucose metabolism. Neuroimaging and neuropathology evidence linking cerebrovascular lesions, neurodegeneration and particularly small-vessel disease in the onset of dementia is consistent with the increased risk of incident dementia in type 2 diabetes, but consistent evidence of AD-related pathology is scarce. Epidemiological data shows increased risk of dementia related to hypoglycemic episodes, glycemic control, metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and genetic predisposition, but the evidence is not consistent and statistical analysis might be affected by inconsistent covariate controlling. Therapeutic approaches for T2D have shown inconsistent result in relation to dementia prevention and delay of cognitive decline; lifestyle intervention, particularly physical activity, is a promising alternative to ameliorate the impact of disability and frailty on T2D-related dementia.Conclusion:Vascular disease, inflammation and impaired brain insulin signaling might occur in T2D and contribute to dementia risk. Evidence from epidemiological studies has not consistently reported associations that could integrate a unified mechanism of disease in humans. Evaluation of the effect of antidiabetic medications and non-pharmacological interventions in dementia prevention in type 2 diabetes is promising but has thus far offered inconsistent results.