bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Habré Trial and the Malabo Protocol
Authors: Ndiaye Ndeye Amy 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter situates the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) among wider Senegalese and African justice initiatives, examining the EAC as a re-appropriation of international criminal justice by African actors. It is obvious that the trial of Hissène Habré took place in the context of conflictual relations between Africa and the International Criminal Court (ICC). Since the arrest warrant issued for Omar Al Bashir, relations between the ICC and the states forming the African Union (AU) went steadily downhill, to such an extent that the AU came to envisage creating a criminal section within the institution. What people appear to be increasingly witnessing is the determination to regionalize African criminal justice, as may be concluded from the recent adoption of the Malabo Protocol and the call to withdraw from the ICC. The chapter then looks at the dynamics of an emerging regional criminal justice system across Africa. It is important to note that the innovative aspect of the Habré trial that has had the most positive impact was its demonstration of an African determination first to fight against impunity, and second to participate in the progressive development of international criminal justice.
Hybrid Justice and the Rights of the Defence
Authors: Jacobs Dov 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines generally the issue of the position of the Defence in hybrid tribunals, more particularly at the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) before proposing those reflections on the role of the Defence within the international criminal justice project. When it comes to the EAC, it should be noted that the initial agreement and Statute of the Chambers signed in 2012 did not include any specific provision relating to an institutional representation of the Defence within the institution. However, in 2014, an addendum to the initial agreement was signed between Senegal and the African Union (AU) in order to create a Defence office within the EAC. The ambition of this addendum was clearly to promote the respect for the rights of the Defence at the African Chambers, as noted in the Preamble to the addendum, where the right to a fair trial and the presumption of innocence are reaffirmed as fundamental principles. The chapter then looks at the legal challenges faced by the Defence during the Hissène Habré trial and how they were dealt with by the Trial and Appeals Chamber.
Hybrid Courts and Amicus Curiae Briefing
Authors: Williams Sarah 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies the amicus curiae brief drafted for the Extraordinary African Chambers (EAC) regarding sexual violence in order to theorize the appropriate role of such briefing in enabling silenced voices to participate in international criminal tribunals. The term amicus curiae means literally ‘friend of the court’ in Latin. The concept enables actors who are not a party to proceedings (third parties) to provide information that is relevant, but which may not otherwise be brought before the court. Submissions by amicus curiae have influenced the process and judicial outcomes of international and hybrid criminal tribunals, including the International Criminal Court (ICC). This was evident at the EAC. Several international criminal law practitioners and academics submitted an amicus brief to the Chambers highlighting the need to include crimes of sexual and gender-based violence in the charges to be considered by the Chambers (the SGBV brief). The chapter then explores how civil society actors have used amicus curiae briefs to highlight the experiences and needs of women and girls affected by conflict and failures by tribunals to investigate and prosecute sexual violence in other international criminal tribunals.
Main Challenges and the Future of International Criminal Law
Authors: Schabas William 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This concluding chapter traces the long twentieth century of international criminal law to contextualize the twenty-first century’s possibilities and challenges. International criminal law has been through three periods of vigorous development punctuated by prolonged intervals of virtual dormancy. The first two such periods followed the great wars of the early twentieth century. They are sometimes referred to, in shorthand, as ‘Versailles’ and ‘Nuremberg’. The third period began in the early 1990s and has not yet run its course. Today, the future of international criminal law seems uncertain. Nevertheless, it is beyond doubt that there has been a sea change in practice at the national level. Peace agreements without provisions addressing issues of impunity and accountability are today unthinkable. Domestic legislation has evolved dramatically, responding to pressure from human rights monitoring bodies. Civil society is deeply committed to criminal justice as a necessary response to atrocity. No longer can the perpetrators of atrocity dismiss the prospect of accountability. Indeed, unlike the situation that prevailed a quarter of a century ago, justice is now a real possibility. If any tyrants need to be reminded of this, they might think about the fate of Hissène Habré.
Introduction
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The introduction sets the book in the context of relevant historiographical debates and related works. In particular it addresses, with a view to problematizing, orthodoxies about the extent to which and ways in which the discipline of History, and historical thought more generally, has changed over the course of two and a half thousand years. Then it introduces the justifications for History whose rising and falling fortunes constitute the major thematic threads of the book. These justifications are History as: Entertainment; Memorialization; Speculative Philosophy; Practical Lesson; Moral Lesson; Travel; Method; Communion; Identity; Therapy; and Emancipation. Note that all but the final two justifications were present in historical thinking at the chronological outset of this book, in ancient Greece. Many of these justifications thrive today.
Renaissances and Reformations
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The chapter begins with History’s place in Renaissance Italy. Then it shows how the historiographies of various states were influenced by tendencies in Italian humanism, as well as by the Reformation. France is accorded special attention, then more briefly England and parts of the Holy Roman Empire. Then the chapter addresses the historiographical battles that corresponded to the religious conflicts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. These were battles of ecclesiastical History, centring on ancient sources. The polemical nature of some of the disagreements reinforced existing scepticism about the reliability of historical knowledge. Yet an increasingly bipartisan critical methodology developed, based on a combination of humanist philology and new palaeographical techniques, with established religious hermeneutics playing their part. Here the dictates of self-serving confessional History as Identity sometimes stood in tension with the demands of a proceduralist History as Methodology even as all sides agreed on the importance of History as Communion. The chapter concludes by addressing a ‘scientific’ seventeenth century for whose dominant intellectual figures historical enquiry supposedly had little use. Like previous chapters, this one addresses conceptual concerns of a general nature as they arise. Different sorts of contextualization are addressed, along with their implications for thinking about the past. Particular consideration is given to how a heightened attention to historical contextualization could be reconciled with ongoing demands for the relevance of History as Lesson for the present. Topical reading was one established solution, but another was resurrected with the ancient doctrine of similitudo temporum.
Nationalism, Historicism, Crisis
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
In the nineteenth century the general trend was away from grand comparative stadial theories and towards particularist accounts. The dominant historical rationale of the age was History as Identity, specifically national Identity. The first section of this chapter addresses the political context of so much historical thought across the Continent, with the French Revolution and its aftershocks prominent. The second section focuses on the main trends of the influential German historiography. At the same time, there were challenges to the prevailing German model of historiography even in its heyday: challenges in the 1860s are examined in the third section. Given the grand fluctuations in German political fortunes in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the accompanying turmoil in historical philosophy, Germany also features quite heavily in most of the remaining sections of the chapter. Here we examine how the particularizing, relativizing, tendency of a brand of historical thought turned in upon itself from around 1870, as some of the certainties of the nation-through-history were undermined by the effects of modernization and world conflict, and the social function of the historian became the subject of renewed debate. One upshot was a series of manifestos for scholarly neutrality, and a proceduralist emphasis on History as Methodology alone. As the German model of national History was weakened in the first half of the twentieth century, more space was created for competing methodologies within Germany too. The final section of this chapter considers some of those new alternatives.
Justifying History Today
Authors: Bloxham Donald 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter tackles rationales for History on their own merits. It assesses for coherence all of the rationales hitherto mentioned in the book, insofar as they still have any currency. Then it makes some suggestions of its own. This work is less sanguine than many about the prospects for History as Emancipation, and more optimistic than many about forms of History as Practical Lesson. History as Method has something going for it but even on its own best ethical terms it needs to be bolstered by concerns related to the content of the past rather than just to procedures for researching and writing History. History as Identity remains arguably the most important of all the substantivist rationales. It is so often at issue even when the identity question is addressed only indirectly via History as Travel, since it is difficult to get away from the matter of how one defines oneself in relation to other, different ways of being and doing. Furthermore, those historians who engage in Emancipatory History à la Foucault would be more effective if they engaged more directly in Identity History, which would mean engaging in straightforwardly normative arguments about right and wrong. Extending the discussion of normativity, the final pages of the book turn to the matter of moral evaluation by the historian, suggesting evaluation is not a category error or an anachronistic residue of the days when History was commonly seen as a fount of Moral Lessons.
Charles Dickens and the Properties of Fiction
Authors: Dasgupta Ushashi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This book explores the significance of rental culture in Charles Dickens’s fiction and journalism. It reveals tenancy, or the leasing of real estate in exchange for money, to be a governing force in everyday life in the nineteenth century. It casts a light into back attics and landladies’ parlours, and follows a host of characters—from slum landlords exploiting their tenants, to pairs of friends deciding to live together and share the rent. In this period, tenancy shaped individuals, structured communities, and fascinated writers. The vast majority of London’s population had an immediate economic relationship with the houses and rooms they inhabited, and Dickens was highly attuned to the social, psychological, and imaginative corollaries of this phenomenon. He may have been read as an overwhelming proponent of middle-class domestic ideology, but if we look closely, we see that his fictional universe is a dense network of rented spaces. He is comfortable in what he calls the ‘lodger world’, and he locates versions of home in a multitude of unlikely places. These are not mere settings, waiting to be recreated faithfully; rented space does not simply provide a backdrop for incident in the nineteenth-century novel. Instead, it plays an important part in influencing what takes place. For Dickens, to write about tenancy can often mean to write about writing—character, authorship, and literary collaboration. More than anything, he celebrates the fact that unassuming houses brim with narrative potential: comedies, romances, mysteries, and comings-of-age take place behind their doors.
How to Live Together
Authors: Dasgupta Ushashi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses Dickens’s late career, reading the multi-authored Christmas numbers of Household Words and All the Year Round alongside Little Dorrit, Our Mutual Friend, The Mystery of Edwin Drood, and novels by Marmion Savage and WM Thackeray. For Dickens, Christmas is an opportunity to clarify and problematize definitions of ‘home’ and ‘family’. He compares three modes of dwelling: living alone in chambers, living with another person, and lodging. While chambers generate a particular kind of urban loneliness, Dickens suggests that sharing accommodation with a friend consolidates homosocial and homoerotic ties, turning rented space into queer space. Many of the Christmas numbers are set in rented spaces, and contemplate the joys and trials of cohabitation. These collections suggest that the dynamics of the lodging house capture the politics of Dickens’s circle. Here, Dickens and his collaborators reflect upon literary sociability, asking what it means to be territorial on the page.
Coda
Authors: Dasgupta Ushashi 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Coda discusses the changing representations of tenancy after Dickens’s death in 1870. It moves through the fin de siècle, offerings readings of novellas by Wilkie Collins and tracing Dickens’s legacy in these texts. Collins’s novellas use rented space as a prism through which to address broad concerns about modernity. The Coda briefly notes the role of rented space in works by George Gissing, Thomas Hardy, Henry James, and Bram Stoker. It concludes by shifting its focus to the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, and considers examples from literature, film, television, and contemporary installation art, including Tatzu Nishi’s 2002 project, Villa Victoria.
Trump’s America and its Impact on Energy Justice
Authors: Smith Don C. , Zillman Donald N. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter involves the United States, with attention focused on President Donald Trump’s administration. After an overview of energy justice in the context of America in 2020, the chapter considers the Trump administration’s approach—or absence thereof—to the precepts of energy justice. The chapter begins with an assessment of President Trump. The following section describes the likely position of the Republican Party on issues of energy justice. That is followed by a more detailed examination of the Trump-Republican Party actions involving matters that illuminate their approach to energy with significant focus on climate change and the administration’s efforts to roll back essentially all of the climate change-related measures put into place by former President Barack Obama. Finally, the conclusion considers where governmental policies may be heading and suggests that the Trump agenda is very much a contested one.
Introduction
Authors: Morris Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
The Introduction introduces the main claims of the book. It presents a paradox which arises for each of the art forms discussed, beginning with the case of painting (where it can be seen in Magritte’s painting of a pipe). It then presents a Non-Distraction Thesis, according to which attention to the medium of an artistic representation cannot inevitably be a distraction from attending to the content: it is a constraint on any acceptable treatment of the paradox that it must be consistent with this Non-Distraction Thesis. Finally, the Introduction briefly characterizes the solution to the paradox which the book offers for the cases of paintings, photographs, and novels.
Real Characters
Authors: Morris Michael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter attempts to develop for the case of characters in novels the kind of Real-Likeness view developed for painted things in Chapter Two. It does this by developing a new view in the philosophy of language. First, it introduces the idea of non-transactional uses of language, which are not designed to get some everyday kind of task done. It is argued that this kind of use is found both in philosophy and in stage plays. Secondly, it develops a Real-Likeness view of the characters in stage plays, and argues that novels have narrators who are like such characters. And thirdly, it introduces the idea of verbal mimes, which are ways of using words to imitate real-world things. It is then argued that novels create real likenesses by means of verbal mimes. Finally, it is suggested that even proper names may be given a role in verbal mimes.
Realistic Prescriptivism
Authors: Zuckermann Ghil'ad 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the futile lexpionage (lexical + espionage) of the Academy of the Hebrew Language. During the past century, Israeli has become the primary mode of communication in all domains of Israel’s public and private life. Issues of language are so sensitive in Israel that politicians are often involved. For example, in an article in Ha’aretz (21 June 2004), the late left-wing politician Yossi Sarid attacked the (most widespread) ‘common language of éser shékel’ as inarticulate and monstrous, and urged civilians to fight it and protect ‘Hebrew’. However, most Israelis say éser shékel ‘ten shekels’ rather than asar-á shkal-ím (original Hebrew pronunciation: [ʕǎśåˈrå ʃəqåˈli:m]), the former literally meaning ‘ten (masculine singular) shekel (masculine singular)’, the latter ‘ten (feminine singular) shekels (masculine plural)’, and thus having a ‘polarity-of-gender agreement’—with a feminine numeral and a masculine plural noun, which is a Biblical Hebrew norm, not so in Israeli. Brought into being by legislation in 1953 as the supreme institute for Hebrew, the Academy of the Hebrew Language prescribes standards for Israeli grammar, lexis (vocabulary), orthography, transcription, and vocalization (vowel marking) ‘based upon the study of Hebrew’s historical development’. This chapter critically analyses the Academy’s mission, as intriguingly—and in my view oxymoronically—defined in its constitution: ‘to direct the development of Hebrew in light of its nature’. It throws light on the dynamics within the committees’ meetings, and exposes some U-turn decisions made by the Academy.
Talknology in the Service of the Barngarla Language Reclamation
Authors: Zuckermann Ghil'ad 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the fascinating and multifaceted reclamation of the Barngarla Aboriginal language of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. In 2012, the Barngarla community and I launched the reclamation of this sleeping beauty. The presence of three Barngarla populations, several hours drive apart, presents the revival linguist with a need for a sophisticated reclamation involving talknological innovations such as online chatting, newsgroups, as well as photo and resource sharing. The chapter provides a brief description of our activities so far and describes the Barngarla Dictionary App. The Barngarla reclamation demonstrates two examples of righting the wrong of the past: (1) A book written in 1844 in order to assist a German Lutheran missionary to introduce the Christian light to Aboriginal people (and thus to weaken their own spirituality), is used 170 years later (by a secular Jew) to assist the Barngarla Aboriginal people, who have been linguicided by Anglo-Australians, to reconnect with their very heritage. (2) Technology, used for invasion (ships), colonization (weapons), and stolen generations (governmental black cars kidnapping Aboriginal children from their mothers), is employed (in the form of an app) to assist the Barngarla to reconnect with their cultural autonomy, intellectual sovereignty, and spirituality.
Comum
Authors: Gibson Roy K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe chapter begins with the foundation of Novum Comum, its layout, position and history in northern Italy. The effect of landscape on individuals is a modern Romantic trope. Pliny preserves the ancient idea of the effect of environment on groups, and gives Comum prominence as a way of suggesting that he shares the antique values of the Transpadana. A marked love of water is also evident in his life. His father died before Pliny was 14, and was perhaps an early supporter of Vespasian. Loyalty to the Flavians had deep family roots. Verginius Rufus of Milan, twice consul by the time Pliny was 7 or 8, was appointed as his guardian. Details of childhood are otherwise few. In his Confessions, Augustine provides a fuller account of the childhood of a promising future orator spent in a region far from Rome. Pliny was very unlikely to have shared Augustine’s (modern) sense of alienation from his childhood education.
Rome
Authors: Gibson Roy K. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis chapter begins with events in Rome from Pliny’s youth and early manhood: his education as an orator under Quintilian, first appearance in a trial, early steps along the cursus honorum towards entry into the senate, as well as first marriage and early friendships. It considers the apparent lack of a relationship between Pliny and Plutarch as evidence of the former’s love of rhetoric and literature rather than philosophy, before covering Pliny’s praetorship of 93–4 C.E., the trial of Baebius Massa, and the ‘treason’ trials of the ‘Stoic opposition’. Pliny’s record of continuing imperial favour under Domitian is somewhat at odds with his commentary, which asserts a stalled career. But it is not the praetorship that is a threat to Pliny’s integrity; rather his account of a subsequent post at the military treasury does not take care to avoid being potentially misleading. Later parts of the chapter look at the death of Domitian, accession of Nerva, attempted prosecution of Publicius Certus, death of first or second wife ‘Venuleia’, and subsequent marriage to Calpurnia, as well as the consulship of 100 C.E. under Trajan, and the Panegyricus. Pliny’s lack of interest in Rome’s cityscape is noted, alongside his success in the Centumviral court. Pliny’s high hopes for senatorial partnership with Trajan end in a hitherto undiagnosed pessimism and disillusion in Pliny.