bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hematologic, prostaglandin F2α‐metabolite, serum amyloid A, and serum iron changes in horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia
Authors: Lilliehöök Inger , Bröjer Johan , Nostell Katarina , Kindahl Hans , Tvedten Harold W. , Edner Anna , Hagman Ragnvi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundEndotoxemia is a common and severe disease of horses. Most previous studies have monitored changes caused by a bolus dose of endotoxin over short time periods.ObjectivesWe aimed to describe inflammatory responses to endotoxin with inflammatory and hematologic markers monitored over a longer time than has been performed in the past using more prolonged endotoxin exposures.MethodsEscherichia coli O55:B5 endotoxin was administered as a 6‐hour continuous intravenous infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to eight horses. Blood cell counts, and prostaglandin F2α‐metabolite (PGM), serum amyloid A (SAA), and serum total iron concentrations were monitored for up to 3 or 6 days.ResultsAn immediate and severe decrease in neutrophils and monocytes occurred in all horses, which subsequently changed to a moderate to strong neutrophilia and monocytosis that persisted for more than 78 hours postinfusion (PI) of LPS. Lymphocyte and eosinophil numbers decreased gradually and then normalized after 66‐ and 78‐hours PI, respectively. Mild to moderate, biphasic thrombocytopenia occurred. A pronounced, transient increase in PGM occurred between 1 and 7 hours, peaking at 2 hours. Serum amyloid A began to increase after 6 hours PI and remained elevated after 72 hours PI. Serum iron was decreased between 6 and 48 hours. The clinical signs were most prominent during the first 24 hours PI and subsided within 48 hours PI.ConclusionsNeutrophilia, monocytoses, and high SAA concentrations were present in horses even after the clinical signs had subsided. Serum iron normalized before SAA. Knowledge of these findings is imperative when interpreting laboratory results in horses with possible endotoxin exposure.
Changes of ultrasonographic pattern of the spleen examined with a high‐frequency linear transducer during growth in puppies
Authors: Hwang Youngsun , Noh Daji , Choi Sooyoung , Choi Hojung , Lee Youngwon , Lee Kija 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA normal spleen is a homogeneous, finely textured, and hyperechoic organ. The development of high‐frequency transducers has enabled the examination of the structural features of the spleen. Thus, the spleen can appear mildly mottled, even in normal dogs, and this could be misinterpreted as an abnormality. The purpose of this prospective, longitudinal, descriptive study was to describe the ultrasonographic pattern of the splenic parenchyma using a high‐frequency transducer in puppies. The study included nine, normal, client‐owned puppies that were born healthy. Transabdominal ultrasonographic examination was performed from 4 to 60 weeks serially every 4 weeks. Ultrasonographic patterns of the spleen were graded as follows: granular, mild reticulonodular, moderate reticulonodular, and marked reticulonodular pattern. The examinations were performed by one veterinary clinician, and the grades of the ultrasonographic patterns were determined by two veterinary clinicians experienced in ultrasonography, based on consensus. Differences and associations between time and the grade of the splenic parenchyma were determined using the pairedt‐test and scatter plots. There was a strong quadratic relationship between time and the grade of the splenic parenchyma. It was found that the splenic parenchymal patterns changed with increasing age, with a granular appearance initially at 4 weeks, followed by a reticulonodular pattern with well‐defined hypoechoic nodules—most marked between 28 and 36 weeks, after which this pattern decreased until there was a homogeneous granular pattern again at 60 weeks. These findings should not be misinterpreted as being indicative of a disease in normal puppies, particularly those aged between 28 and 36 weeks.
Time‐of‐day dependent effects of contractile activity on the phase of the skeletal muscle clock
Authors: Kemler Denise , Wolff Christopher A. , Esser Karyn A. 
Published: June 2020

Key points
Disruptions in circadian rhythms across an organism are associated with negative health outcomes, such as cardiometabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.
Exercise has been proposed as a time cue for the circadian clock in rodents and humans.
In this study, we assessed the effect of a single bout of endurance exercise on the skeletal muscle clock in vivo and a bout of muscle contractions in vitro.
Timing of exercise or contractions influences the directional response of the muscle clock phase in vivo and in vitro.
Our findings demonstrate that muscle contractions, as a component of exercise, can directly modulate the expression of muscle clock components in a time‐of‐day dependent manner.
AbstractExercise has been proposed to be a zeitgeber for the muscle circadian clock mechanism. However, this is not well defined and it is unknown if exercise timing induces directional shifts of the muscle clock. Our purpose herein was to assess the effect of one bout of treadmill exercise on skeletal muscle clock phase changes. We subjected PERIOD2::LUCIFERASE mice (n = 30F) to one 60 min treadmill exercise bout at three times of day. Exercise at ZT5, 5 h after lights on, induced a phase advance (100.2 ± 25.8 min; P = 0.0002), whereas exercise at ZT11, 1 h before lights off, induced a phase delay (62.1 ± 21.1 min; P = 0.0003). Exercise at ZT17, middle of the dark phase, did not alter the muscle clock phase. Exercise induces diverse systemic changes so we developed an in vitro model system to examine the effects of contractile activity on muscle clock phase. Contractions applied at peak or trough Bmal1 expression induced significant phase delays (applied at peak: 27.2 ± 10.2 min; P = 0.0017; applied at trough: 64.6 ± 6.5 min, P < 0.0001). Contractions applied during the transition from peak to trough Bmal1 expression induced a phase advance (49.8 ± 23.1 min; P = 0.0051). Lastly, contractions at different times of day resulted in differential changes of core clock gene expression, demonstrating an exercise and clock interaction, providing insight into potential mechanisms of exercise‐induced phase shifts. These data demonstrate that muscle contractions, as part of exercise, are sufficient to shift the muscle circadian clock phase, likely through changes in core clock gene expression. Additionally, our findings that exercise induces directional muscle clock phase changes confirms that exercise is a bona fide environmental time cue for skeletal muscle.
Framing the Impacts of Highly Oscillating Magnetic Field on the Ferrofluid Flow Over a Spinning Disk Considering Nanoparticle Diameter and Solid–Liquid Interfacial Layer
Authors: Acharya Nilankush 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article communicates on the ferrofluid flow over a spinning disk in the presence of highly oscillating magnetic field. The flow is presumed to be unsteady. Ferrous nanoparticles are suspended within base medium water. This investigation reveals how presence and absence of oscillating magnetic field influence the hydrothermal basis of the flow. Also, the effects of particles diameter and solid–liquid interfacial layer have been precisely incorporated to reveal the thermal integrity of the system. Shliomis theory is introduced to frame the leading equations of the system. Resulting equations have been solved using innovative spectral quasi-linearization method (SQLM). Residual error analysis is included to explore the advantage of such computational scheme. The influence of dynamic parameters on the velocities and temperature is deliberated through graphs and tables. Several 3D pictures and contour plots are depicted to extract the key points of the flow. The results exhibit that heat transfer is reduced for nanoparticle diameter but amplifies for base liquid nanolayer conductivity ratio and elevated field frequency enhances the temperature. Relative magnetization reduces for high field frequency, but increases for angular displacement. SQLM exhibits an accurate computational scheme with fast convergence.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Microchannel Heat Sink With Cylindrical Ribs and Cavities
Authors: Ahmad Faraz , Cheema Taqi Ahmad , Mohib Ur Rehman M. , Ilyas Muhammad , Park Cheol Woo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Heat transfer improvement in microchannel heat sink (MCHS) has been a challenge, because it increases the power requirements for the fluid flow. In the present study, MCHS with different wall, geometric, and design configurations of cylindrical ribs and cavities are simulated to investigate their effect on thermal and hydrodynamic performance of MCHS using a laminar flow having Reynolds number in the range from 100 to 1000. The wall configurations include; base wall cylindrical ribs (BWCR), side wall cylindrical ribs (SWCR), and all wall cylindrical ribs (AWCR). Moreover, the geometric configurations involve different AWCR cases having rib spacings (Sfr) of 0.4 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.2 mm, and 0.4 mm staggered arrangement. Furthermore, the design configurations include; AWCR, all wall cylindrical cavities (AWCC), and all wall cylindrical ribs and cavities (AWCRC) with constant Sfr = 0.4 mm. The performance of various channels with flow disruptors is analyzed in terms of friction factor (f) and Nusselt number and then compared with smooth channel in terms of thermal enhancement factor (η). Based on the first law of thermodynamics, thermal resistance (Rth) is used to investigate the resistance of any configuration to flow of heat comparing at same pumping power. Moreover, the second law of thermodynamics is applied to quantify the rate of entropy generation (S˙gen) and transport efficiency (ηt) for MCHS. The results show that although the MCHS with all wall ribs has a lower value of η than the base wall and side wall ribs; however, it has the maximum value of  ηt and minimum value of Rth and S˙gen; thus, indicating that η is not the only performance criteria for the selection of MCHS.
The Structural Optimization of Dimple in Microchannel for Heat Transfer Enhancement
Authors: Chen Xiuping , Wang Jiabing , Yang Kun 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Dimple on the surface is widely used in electronic cooling equipment, turbine blades, and combustion chamber gaskets and so on, which is a good structure for heat transfer enhancement. In this paper, taking comprehensive performance parameters of flow and heat transfer PEC as an evaluation parameter, numerical simulation, and multi-island genetic algorithm are combined to optimize the shape of the dimple in microchannel under fully developed laminar condition. The results show that the optimal dimple is asymmetric along the flow direction, and the deepest position of which shifts downstream, which is dependent on the Reynolds number, the dimple diameter, and the periodic length. With the increase of the Reynolds number and the dimple diameter, the Nusselt number ratio, the Fanning fraction factor ratio, and the comprehensive performance parameter PEC increase for the optimal dimple. The separation of the fluid in the front edge of dimple is not conducive to heat transfer. The number and size of the vortex, the impact, and the reattachment are found to be the key factors affecting the heat transfer in the dimple. As the periodic length L of the heat transfer unit decreases, the heat transfer is enhanced and the flow resistance increases, and the comprehensive performance of the microchannel becomes better.
A Correlation for Nusselt Number of Slip Gas Flow in Confined Porous Media
Authors: Tariq Ammar , Li Peng , Xu Anyi , Liu Zhenyu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
A clear understanding of flow and heat transfer at pore-scale level in microporous media is a topic of concern in microcooling/heating systems. In this work, a multiple-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is employed to study flow and heat transfer of gas in microporous media. Curved boundaries are treated using an effective boundary condition, which is formed by combining nonequilibrium extrapolation with counterextrapolation methods. The method also incorporates velocity slip and temperature jump on gas–solid interface. A two-dimensional (2D) porous domain composed of microcylinders, is considered from a representative element volume (REV) for the simulation. Porosity of the domain is variated by altering diameter of microcylinders. Nusselt number is calculated by varying Knudsen number (0.0–0.1), Reynolds number (5–50) and porosity (0.4–0.8). Based on the obtained numerical predictions, a new Nusselt number correlation is proposed for the first time in this work which can accurately predict the heat transfer for slip gas flow in confined porous media.
“My Eyes Have Nothing to Do With How My Legs Move”: Individuals With Visual Impairments’ Experiences With Learning to Run
Authors: Holland Katherine , Haegele Justin A. , Zhu Xihe 
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this study was to describe the reflections of adults with visual impairments about learning to run during K–12 physical education. An interpretative phenomenological analysis research approach was used, and eight adults (age 22–35 years) with visual impairments served as participants. Primary data sources were semistructured, audiotaped telephone interviews and reflective interview notes. Based on a thematic data analysis process, two themes were developed: (a) “I wouldn’t expect anything better from you”: running instruction in physical education and (b) “You look like the guy in the crosswalk signal”: making up for the shortcomings of physical education. The narratives portraying these themes highlight the lack of instruction that took place in physical education, and the fact that no running instruction occurred at all. These findings indicate that professionals working with individuals with visual impairments should use instructional strategies that will allow for maximum access to learning fundamental movement skills such as running.
Cognitive effects of onabotulinumtoxinA in chronic migraine
Authors: Ho Susan , Darby David , Bear Natasha 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundChronic migraine is a disabling condition, often associated with comorbidities including cognitive dysfunction, anxiety and depression. It is unclear whether cognitive complaints are associated with the underlying migraine pathophysiological process or related to drugs or comorbidities of depression and anxiety.ObjectiveTo evaluate cognitive changes in chronic migraine and assess reversibility of cognitive dysfunction following effective migraine treatment using onabotulinumtoxinA.MethodsThis was a prospective real-world study of 60 patients with chronic migraine treated with onabotulinumtoxinA. Headache diaries recorded total headache days at baseline and duration of 12 weeks post-treatment. Computerised cognitive tests of reaction time and working memory (WM) speed and accuracy using a purpose-specific website was implemented at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Penn State Worry Questionnaire-Past Week (PSWQ-PW) were administered for depression and anxiety levels. Associations between clinical response, cognitive parameters, PHQ-9 and PSWQ-PW were analysed.ResultsAt 6 weeks post-treatment, 88% patients achieved good response (≥50% reduction in headache frequency) with improvement of PHQ-9, PSWQ-PW, cognitive speed tests and WM accuracy compared with baseline (all p<0.05). There was no overall correlation between good headache response and improved cognitive measures and no association between good headache response and improved PHQ-9 and PSWQ-PW scores. Improved WM accuracy correlated with reduced PSWQ-PW (p=0.047). There was no correlation between improved WM accuracy and reduced PHQ-9.ConclusionsOnabotulinumtoxinA treatment for chronic migraine improved anxiety, depression and cognitive performances but these improvements did not correlate with reduction in headache and migraine frequency. Improved WM accuracy was significantly associated with reduced anxiety level.
When the fat hits the brain—salvage STA–MCA bypass for an intracranial ICA occlusion due to a fat embolus
Authors: Van Der Veken Jorn , Lo Presti Anna , Mulcahy Michael J , Stoodley Marcus Andrew 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundLarge fat embolus is a rare but potential reversible cause of ischaemic stroke.Methods and resultsWe describe the neurosurgical management of a complete right internal carotid artery occlusion due to a large fat embolus, caused by a mitral valve replacement.ConclusionKnowledge of acute cerebral ischaemia due to large fat embolism and its hallmark ‘hypodense artery’ is mandatory. Extracranial to intracranial bypass is a feasible rescue treatment after failure of endovascular embolectomy.
Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) for semi-critical neurology presentations in a non-acute neurology set-up: clinical practice and challenges
Authors: Fu Keng Seng , Wong Pei Yin , Hiew Fu Liong 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionTherapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) for semi-critical neurological manifestations can be managed in non-acute setting instead of critical care unit. In 2014, we established a non-acute neurology TPE unit for semi-critical haemodynamically stable patients. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the technical and safety parameters from the first 3 years of service.Materials and methodsWe analysed prospectively collected TPE data for patients treated with centrifugation TPE at our non-acute neurology TPE unit in Kuala Lumpur Hospital between May 2015 and June 2018.ResultsA total of 245 TPE procedures were performed in 55 patients for nine neurological indications, predominantly the central nervous system (79%). Twenty four per cent (n=13) had category I and 73% (n=40) had category II indication (American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) 2019). Others (4%) were not in ASFA indications. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders accounted for half (51%) of the total patients. Twenty-three (41.8%) patients experienced adverse events, with hypotensive episodes being the the most common (n=12/55, 21.8%). Five (9.1%) patients had catheter-related blood stream infection, correlating with higher exchange plasma volume (p=0.023). Symptomatic hypocalcaemia was less common (n=5/55, 9.1%) and allergic reaction to human albumin was rare (n=1/55, 1.8%). Four technical errors detected. Three involved centrifugation sets manufacturing defects and one involved error in centrifugation set installation. Seven (2.9%) procedures were terminated: 5 for adverse effects and 2 for technical errors.ConclusionPerforming TPE among semi-critical patients with neurology manifestations in basic non-acute set-up proved safe, with predictable complications. This set-up reduced the reliance on critical care services for TPE procedures.
Effect of remote ischaemic preconditioning on walking in people with multiple sclerosis: double-blind randomised controlled trial
Authors: Chotiyarnwong Chayaporn , Nair Krishnan , Angelini Lorenza , Buckley Ellen , Mazza Claudia , Heyes Daniel , Ramiz Ridha , Baster Kathleen , Ismail Azza , Das Joyutpal , Ali Ali , Lindert Ralf , Sharrack Basil , Price Sian , Paling David 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundRemote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) is the exposure of body parts to brief periods of circulatory occlusion and reperfusion. Recent studies have also shown that RIPC can improve exercise performance in healthy individuals.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess the effect of RIPC on walking in people with multiple sclerosis (MS).MethodsThis was a double-blind randomised controlled clinical trial. We used three cycles of RIPC delivered by occluding the upper arm with a blood pressure (BP) cuff inflated to a pressure of 30 mm Hg above the systolic BP. In patients in the sham intervention group, the BP cuff was inflated only to 30 mm Hg below diastolic BP. Outcome measures included the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), gait speed, the Borg rate of perceived exertion (RPE) scale, the tolerability of the RIPC using a Numerical Rating Scale for discomfort from 0 to 10, and adverse events. We identified responders meeting the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) established in the literature in each group.ResultsSeventy-five participants completed the study (RIPC: 38 and Sham: 37). The distance walked during the 6MWT improved by 1.9% in the sham group and 5.7% in the RIPC group (p=0.012). The number of responders meeting MCID criteria in the RIPC group was significantly greater compared with the sham intervention group. No serious adverse events occurred.ConclusionSingle cycle of RIPC resulted in immediate improvement in walking distances during 6MWT in people with MS.Trial registration numbersNCT03153553
Case report and literature review of Huntington disease with intermediate CAG expansion
Authors: Jevtic Stefan D , Provias John P 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundHuntington disease (HD) is a genetically inherited neurodegenerative disorder that classically involves a trinucleotide CAG repeat expansion on chromosome 4, with 36 repeats or greater being disease identifying. It generally presents between the age of 30 and 40 years old and is characterised by severe caudate/striatum degeneration with huntingtin protein aggregation. We present here the case of a patient in her early 80s who presented with 5-year history of worsening chorea and family history of HD but an intermediate length CAG expansion.MethodsGenetic testing of CAG repeats on chromosome 4. Postmortem brain tissue was obtained and stained using immunohistochemistry for amyloid-beta, tau and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Sections from the caudate/putamen were also analysed by p62 immunofluorescence. All sections were reviewed by trained neuropathologists.ResultsOn genetic testing the patient was found to have a 28 CAG repeat on the longest expansion. Microscopic analysis revealed significant neuronal atrophy in the caudate and putamen with gliosis. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated minimal intranuclear p62 inclusions suggesting little huntingtin aggregation present. Furthermore, there was significant amyloid-beta pathology (Thal-IV stage) and tau involvement in the medial temporal lobe (Braak stage II).ConclusionThis case provides clinical and pathological evidence to support an emerging clinical entity involving HD presentation in late age with an intermediate CAG repeat.