bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Response to Violence against Women in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Medie Peace A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter covers the state’s, the women’s movement’s, and international actors’ responses to rape and domestic violence before, during, and after the Ivoirian conflict. It explains that unlike Liberia, there was some government and civil society attention to violence against women before the outbreak of armed conflict in 2002. Pressure from the UN and other international actors also contributed to the introduction of initiatives within the security sector to address violence against women during the conflict, including a specialized mechanism within the police force. The chapter explains how the UN’s attention to sexual violence during the Ivoirian conflict increased after the second civil war and generated pressure on the government to create the gender desks.
Introduction
Authors: Chittick Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1, “Introduction: The Invisible Empire,” identifies the Jiankang Empire as one of the world’s largest medieval empires, and assesses why it is so little recognized or studied. It identifies long-standing patterns of interpretation in the Chinese historical tradition, and the modern historiography that relies upon it, as systematically de-emphasizing or denigrating the military and political accomplishments of the empire. It identifies key problems in the traditional Chinese nationalist narrative with regards to political geography, cultural terminology, and ethnic categorization. These compel us to avoid teleologically freighted terms such as “China” and “Chinese” in analyzing East Asian history in the early medieval period. The chapter develops a revisionist framework and terminology for understanding the Jiankang Empire, emphasizing it as a charter state within a Sino–Southeast Asian zone that had strong cultural similarities to the better-known Indo–Southeast Asian zone.
Vernacular Languages
Authors: Chittick Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4, “Vernacular Languages,” offers the second of two case studies in the ethnicization of cultural features of the Wuren. Using the results of modern linguistic studies, the chapter shows that the vernacular spoken languages of the Jiankang Empire have a substantial, perhaps predominant, non-Sinitic basis, most importantly in the Austro-Asiatic family (along with Mon and Khmer, among others). These languages were recognized as decisively foreign by people of the Central Plains. Within the empire, the polyglot linguistic situation in the fifth and sixth centuries was addressed by the use of one of two common spoken tongues, either Jiankang Elite vernacular (the most Sinitic language within the empire) for the educated class, or, to a much lesser but still significant extent, Chu vernacular among the military.
Marking Territory
Authors: Chittick Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5, “Marking Territory: The Militarization of the Huai Frontier,” maps the natural geography of the Huai frontier that divided the Jiankang Empire from the Sino-steppe regimes of the Central Plains, and details the evolution of the frontier as a militarized space. The strategic objectives of the Jiankang Empire’s military are shown to have been focused on defense of the homeland, rather than reconquest of the Central Plains and the “reunification of China.” The chapter then looks at the development of ethnicizing discourse directed toward the peoples of the Sino-steppe empires: the Sarbi rulers and the Zhongren populace of the Central Plains. While the former were often seen as ethnic Others, the latter were viewed from a perspective in which people of different regions did not have inherently civilized or barbarous natures, but gained or lost civilization as a result of good or bad governance. This made it a much less ethnicizing discourse than what predominated in the Central Plains.
The Vernacular Repertoire
Authors: Chittick Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8, “The Vernacular Repertoire,” offers the first of three studies in various repertoires of political legitimation. As the only locally focused repertoire, vernacular traditions most readily contributed to ethnogenesis, as a case study of Koguryo demonstrates. The Wu region had similar potential to be politically autonomous (fengjian) within the Sinitic world, a path that was advocated in the late third and early fourth centuries, notably by Lu Ji. The chapter profiles the legends and practices surrounding several Wu local figures: the effective founder of the Jiankang regime, Sun Quan; the imperial tutelary deity Jiang Ziwen; the ancient Sinitic legend of Wu Taibo; and the god Wu Zixu. The concluding analysis argues that local culture had both a Sinified version and a more wholly vernacular version; the latter was much more politically relevant to the Jiankang regime, part of an effort to gain support within garrison culture.
Conclusion
Authors: Chittick Andrew 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 12, “Conclusion: Reorienting Chinese and World History,” suggests ways that this new understanding of the Jiankang Empire can reorient our perspective on Chinese, East Asian, Southeast Asian, and comparative medieval history. The chapter shows how a more rigorous framework for identifying cultural and ethnic groups can help clarify the process of acculturation and ethnic identification in East Asia in the first millennium CE. It demonstrates how a better understanding of the Jiankang Empire’s precedent sheds new light on the rise of the tenth-century southern kingdoms and the Tang-Song transition, many aspects of which can be understood as the “southernization” of Central Plains–based imperial regimes. And it suggests important new opportunities for comparative research between the regimes of the Sino–Southeast Asian zone and the Indo-Southeast Asian zone, as well as between medieval East Asia and medieval Europe.
Water Security and Climate Change
Authors: Larson Rhett B. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Climate change is the dominant paradigm in natural resource policy. It is also obsolete and should be replaced by the water-security paradigm. The climate change paradigm is obsolete because it does not resonate sufficiently with the general public and because it does not adequately integrate sustainability challenges related to population growth and economic development. The water-security paradigm addresses these deficiencies by speaking directly to the reasons climate change ultimately matters to most people—droughts, floods, plagues, and wars. Additionally, water security integrates climate change concerns with economic development and population. The water-security paradigm reorients all natural resource policies toward achieving a sustainable quantity and quality of water at acceptable costs and risks. The water-security paradigm improves upon the climate change paradigm by replacing carbon footprints with water footprints as the metric for sustainability monitoring and reporting, and by restructuring natural resource governance at the watershed level with regional, rather than hierarchical, leadership.
Water Security and Public Health
Authors: Larson Rhett B. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Blue, Green, and Red Agendas of water law and policy. Thousands die every day from diseases related to water. Yet water law largely focuses on two agendas. The first agenda, the Blue Agenda, focuses on water supply and sustainability. The second agenda, the Green Agenda, focuses on water quality in nature and for human use and consumption. These two agendas often ignore, or are implemented in ways inconsistent with, the “Red Agenda.” The Red Agenda focuses on the prevention of waterborne infections, like cholera, and the control of water-related disease vectors, like mosquitoes transmitting malaria. Laws motivated by the Blue Agenda, like building a dam or irrigation system, can interfere with the Red Agenda by bringing mosquito habitat closer to humans. And laws motivated by the Green Agenda, like prohibiting discharges of pesticides into a river, can interfere with the Red Agenda by preventing a response to a malaria outbreak. This chapter describes these agendas, how and why they conflict, and how they can be better reconciled to achieve water security in public health.
Water Security and Armed Conflict
Authors: Larson Rhett B. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Water has not just been the locus of human cooperation, as seen in our early ancient civilizations arising along the banks of desert rivers. It has also been the geography of our conflicts. Indeed, the role of water in human conflict can be seen even in our languages. For example, the word “rival” comes from the Latin word rivalis, meaning those who share a river. Water has been a strategic target and even a weapon in war. In very rare instances, disputes over water have escalated into violence. Water stress results in instability, rising food prices, and desperation, which are often dry kindling for radicalization. This chapter discusses the history of water and violence, why water is more often a source of cooperation than conflict, and the role international law has, and may, play in continuing the pattern of water as a catalyst for peace.
Water Security and Mass Migration
Authors: Larson Rhett B. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The world faces an unprecedented human migration crisis, as hundreds of thousands flee famine, poverty, and violence in many parts of the globe. While the movement of these people from one country to another can appear, on the surface, as a response to current events, these migrations can perhaps be best understood with an ancient explanation. People are doing what they have done for thousands of years: they are moving to find water. While many of these refugees and immigrants would say they are seeking peace or prosperity, peace and prosperity are in part functions of water security. If we examine the movement of immigrants and refugees in recent decades, we will see a mass migration away from water insecure states and toward water secure states. This chapter discusses the role of water in migration, including how large dams both displace people and protect them from displacement, the unexpected role that protecting aquatic ecosystems has on addressing migration in urban coastal communities, and the challenge of water stress in refugee host communities.
Conclusion
Authors: Larson Rhett B. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Bruce Lee, in speaking of his martial arts philosophy, said, “Be formless, shapeless—like water. Now you put water into a cup, it becomes the cup. You put water into a bottle it becomes the bottle. You put in a teapot, it becomes the teapot. Now water can flow, or it can crash. Be water, my friend.” This philosophy of martial arts illustrates two broad lessons for water governance. First, water is both a creative and destructive force, and water security requires an awareness of both sides of water. Second, water policies must be as dynamic and adaptive as water itself. Water laws must be more flexible to change with changing water conditions. This chapter discusses improving awareness of both the flow and the crash of water and how to find existing flexibility in water law and improve water law’s adaptive capacity. Finally, water is generous—it enlivens, cleanses, and beautifies. If we are to manage water, we must be water, adaptive and generous. And what better subject of our generosity than water itself. It is essential to life and is perhaps the essential cause and solution to many of life’s problems.
Perception as a Source of Knowledge and Justification
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Perception enables us to acquire knowledge and justification about both the physical world and normative matters, such as moral obligation. This chapter explains how perception (at least in visual instancess) is characteristically hierarchical, with some forms being more basic than others, and how this structural complexity bears on the possibility of higher-level perception, such as seeing wrongdoing. Seeing does not by itself entail believing or knowing, but seeing that something is so entails both believing and knowing its truth. Hallucinations, which can be experiences as of seeing, may delude us, but these can be so like seeing as to justify visual beliefs. Knowledge requires more: reliable grounding in facts. The chapter shows how, perception, in its simplest forms, is a non-doxastic source of beliefs and other cognitions and provides us with knowledge and justification regarding myriad elements in our experience of the world.
The Prevailing Broad View by the Popular Party of Freedoms of Press and Speech, in the Pre-Revolutionary Decade Before the American States’ Declarations of Rights
Authors: Bird Wendell 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
After the colonial crisis erupted in 1765, the popular party quickly embraced expansive understandings and practices of freedoms of press and speech. John Adams deplored British threats as “impudent insinuations of slander and sedition” that showed “the jaws of power are always opened to devour . . . the freedom of thinking, speaking, and writing.” Son of Liberty and other essayists added that the crime of seditious libel, “this Star-Chamber trumpetry,” was “utterly subversive of the liberty of the press.” William Bollan, an American, published The Freedom of Speech and Writing on Public Affairs Considered, and similarly concluded that the crimes of seditious libel and seditious words were inconsistent with freedoms of press and speech.
The Constitutional Understanding of Freedoms of Press and Speech, and of Seditious Libel, in Discussions of State and Federal Bills of Rights
Authors: Bird Wendell 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
As the Constitution was drafted and ratified, many antifederalists expressly feared and opposed the narrow Blackstone-Mansfield definition and approach to freedoms of press and speech, and federalists responding to them gave repeated assurances that the federal government had no power touching press and speech. That was true in both the newspaper debates and the constitutional ratification debates. As the Bill of Rights was adopted and ratified, the preponderance of people discussing seditious libel and seditious words in essays and in legislative settings saw a need for protecting press and speech from being prosecuted as seditious, and understood that an amendment securing freedoms of press and speech would do just that. Both the Senate and the House rejected proposed amendments that would have restricted the expansive words of the First Amendment by the common law of seditious libel. From all viewpoints, there was strong support for the broad language of the First Amendment.
Political Patterns of Dissent
Authors: Hanretty Chris 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter—the longest in the book—tackles the issue of whether the judges of the Supreme Court disagree on political grounds. The chapter reviews a number of methods for analyzing disagreement, before describing a model that assigns judges positions on a spectrum, so that judges who are further apart are less likely to agree in non-unanimous cases. The results of that model show that there is a divide that characterizes the court; that Baroness Hale and Lord Kerr are at one hand, and Lords Brown, Rodger, and Sumption at the other end; and that this divide can be characterized as a left-right divide. Most of the chapter is spent describing the particular cases that divided these groups of judges, and arguing for the importance of viewing these cases through the lens of left and right.
Recognition Under Plurality Rule and the Paradox of Recognition in Burundi
Authors: King Elisabeth 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the adoption and effects on peace of non-recognition under minority Tutsi rule and then recognition under plurality Hutu rule in Burundi. It reviews pre-civil-war history up to 1993, arguing that non-recognition arose from a “dilemma of recognition,” given Tutsi leaders’ concerns over mobilization effects. It discusses how the ethnic power configuration changed via the political ascendance of the Conseil national pour la défense de la démocratie-Forces pour la défense de la démocratie (CNDD-FDD) during the civil war and through to the 2005 constitution. This shift toward majority ethnic rule accompanied a transition toward recognition, consistent with the book’s theory. On the question of effects, introducing quotas for Hutus and Tutsis in government, military, and other institutions reduced the political salience of ethnicity, a phenomenon the chapter calls the “paradox of recognition.” This paradox challenges conflict management theories proposing that recognition entrenches the political salience of ethnic identity.
Non-Recognition Under Minority Rule and the Paradox of Non-Recognition in Rwanda
Authors: King Elisabeth 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the adoption and effects on peace of non-recognition under minority Tutsi rule in Rwanda. Reviewing first a history of recognition under Hutu majority leadership, it argues that the decision not to recognize ethnic identity in post-genocide Rwanda is consistent with the book’s central theory and cross-national trends. It shows that a “dilemma of recognition” logic offers the most convincing explanation for Rwanda’s effort to “eradicate” ethnicity. On the question of effects, it finds potentially destructive contradictions between the non-recognition policy, implemented alongside de facto favoritism for members of the ruling Rwandan Patriotic Front and for Tutsis specifically, and the everyday experiences of Rwandans that maintain the salience of ethnicity as a basis of mistrust. It introduces the concept of a “paradox of non-recognition,” wherein efforts to negate ethnicity may result, rather, in sustaining its salience. This paradox challenges conflict management theories proposing that non-recognition enables societies to transcend ethnic identities.
Can We Reverse Course on Health?
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines whether the United States can catch up to other countries when it comes to promoting health. A 2018 paper published in the American Journal of Public Health suggests we cannot; in fact, we will fall further behind. There are three reasons for this. First, in the United States, many gains in health and survival over the first half of the 20th century slowed significantly in the latter half of the last century and the first two decades of the 21st century. Second, the United States only excels at extending life for persons over 75. In this age group, we have lower mortality than other high-income countries. But even these gains appear to be diminishing. Third, we ignore the foundational forces that shape health. Data clearly show that the United States persistently underinvests in education, efforts to promote healthy living, preventive care, and other programs and policies that address the root causes of health. Instead, we spend their money on inefficient and expensive health services.
The Immigrant Experience in Hurricane Season
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses how the effects of Hurricane Harvey in August of 2017 were especially painful for immigrant families, many of whom feared that reporting property damage and losses caused by the storm would draw negative attention from governmental authorities. The Kaiser Family Foundation published survey findings on the impact of Harvey on immigrants living along the Texas Gulf Coast. The findings show that immigrants with homes hit by Harvey reported feeling more worried about seeking help for storm-related damages than their native-born counterparts. About 34% of immigrants responded that they were very worried that reaching out for help would highlight their own or a family member’s status. Immigrants were also less likely to have flood or home insurance, or to apply for governmental disaster assistance. Notably, the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s policies do not guarantee Disaster Unemployment Assistance to undocumented individuals. For these reasons, fear of disclosing immigration status may act as a barrier to immigrants seeking help and to broader efforts to ameliorate storm damage and safeguard health in the wake of natural disasters.
What Data Do We Need for Health?
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter determines what data people need to generate better health. People are simply not in contact with the health care system very often. Thus, insofar as health is shaped by where and how people live, it is a product of where people are between visits to doctors and hospitals. It must be something, then, about all the time people spend away from medical care that determines their health. As such, the apps and systems that collect data should be used to gather information on home life, time spent at work, and time spent in schools and in places of worship—the time that truly shapes people’s health. Innovation in this area of data collection could break new ground, paying dividends for those who pioneer it and for those who reap the health benefits of these emerging tools.
The Microbiome and the Public’s Health
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the possible role of the microbiome in public health. Every person is a living ecosystem with trillions of microorganisms living on and in their bodies—their microbiome. Microbiome research is a relatively new scientific field where everything seems to influence it; the microbiome’s composition is altered by sleep, stress, and exercise. Microbiome scientists believe it would indeed be meaningful if, someday, by controlling one’s behaviors, one might know how to control one's personal microbial community and thus one’s health. Yet a “personalized” microbiome remains a distant and unlikely dream. Microbiome scientists agree that the environment, from the personal to the atmospheric, matters. And that people’s social networks, with whom and how they interact, matter too. As such, it is important to prioritize attention to the known drivers of longevity and quality of life for today’s population—such as poverty, insurance gaps, homelessness, and the broad distribution of preventive services. These are hard problems that people can change, and which would benefit from strategic health planning.
Misconceptions about Veterans and Health
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter studies the health of veterans and the military. Since the first Gulf War in 1990, veterans have had worse mortality than the general population. Aside from mortality, mental health problems are a particular concern. More soldiers kill themselves than are killed on the battlefield. Beyond suicide, key mental health concerns among veterans include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Itself disruptive, PTSD foreshadows increased risks of physical health problems, substance use/misuse, homelessness, and violence. Less studied, but equally important, are high rates of depression and anxiety among veterans. Rates of chronic pain and physical disability are also high. These challenges make the Veterans Health Administration’s unique expertise in mental health care provision and rehabilitation services all the more crucial. For these reasons, moves to privatize veterans’ health care and narrow access to these services do veterans a disservice, shortchanging a fundamental social contract. The health of soldiers is the public’s health.