bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and theoretical inquiry into optical properties of graphene derivatives
Authors: Valimukhametova Alina , Ryan Conor , Paz Thomas , Grote Fabian , Naumov Anton V 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO), a functional derivative of graphene, is a promising nanomaterial for a variety of optoelectronic applications as it exhibits fluorescence and maintains many of graphene’s beneficial physical properties. although other graphene derivatives are chemically plausible and may serve to the benefit of the aforementioned applications, GO remains the one heavily used. the nature of optical behavior of other graphene derivatives has yet to be fully understood and studied. in this work we develop a variety of graphene derivatives and characterize their optical properties concomitantly suggesting a unified model for optical emission in graphene derivatives. in this process we examine the influence of different functional groups on the surface of graphene on its optoelectronic properties. mildly oxidized graphene (oxo-g1), nitrated graphene, arylated graphene, brominated graphene, and fluorinated graphene are obtained and characterized via TEM and EDX, FTIR and fluorescence spectroscopies with the latter indicating a potential band gap-derived fluorescence from each of the materials. this suggests that optical properties of graphene derivatives have minimal functional group dependence and are manifested by the localized environments within the flakes. this is confirmed by the hyperchem theoretical modeling of all aforementioned graphene derivatives indicating a similar electronic configuration for all, assessed by the pm3 semi-empirical approach. this work can further serve to describe and predict optical properties of similar graphene-based structures and promote graphene derivatives other than GO for utilization in research and industry.
Ultrafast humidity sensor based on liquid phase exfoliated graphene
Authors: Andrić Stevan , Tomašević-Ilić Tijana , Bošković Marko V , Sarajlić Milija , Vasiljević-Radović Dana , Smiljanić Milče M , Spasenović Marko 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Humidity sensing is important to a variety of technologies and industries, ranging from environmental and industrial monitoring to medical applications. Although humidity sensors abound, few available solutions are thin, transparent, compatible with large-area sensor production and flexible, and almost none are fast enough to perform human respiration monitoring through breath detection or real-time finger proximity monitoring via skin humidity sensing. This work describes chemiresistive graphene-based humidity sensors produced in few steps with facile liquid phase exfoliation followed by Langmuir–Blodgett assembly that enables active areas of practically any size. The graphene sensors provide a unique mix of performance parameters, exhibiting resistance changes up to 10% with varying humidity, linear performance over relative humidity (RH) levels between 8% and 95%, weak response to other constituents of air, flexibility, transparency of nearly 80%, and response times of 30 ms. The fast response to humidity is shown to be useful for respiration monitoring and real-time finger proximity detection, with potential applications in flexible touchless interactive panels.
Characteristics of silicon nitride deposited by very high frequency (162 MHz)-plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition using bis(diethylamino)silane
Authors: Byun J Y , Ji Y J , Kim K H , Kim K S , Tak H W , Ellingboe A R , Yeom G Y 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Silicon nitrides, deposited by capacitively coupled plasma (CCP)-type plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD), are generally applied to today’s nanoscale semiconductor devices, and are currently being investigated in terms of their potential applications in the context of flexible displays, etc. During the PEALD process, 13.56 MHz rf power is generally employed for the generation of reactive gas plasma. In this study, the effects of a higher plasma generation frequency of 162 MHz on both plasma and silicon nitride film characteristics are investigated for the purpose of silicon nitride PEALD, using bis(diethylamino)silane (BDEAS) as the silicon precursor, and N2 plasma as the reactant gas. The PEALD silicon nitride film deposited using the 162 MHz CCP exhibited improved film characteristics, such as reduced surface roughness, a lower carbon percentage, a higher N/Si ratio, a lower wet etch rate in a diluted HF solution, lower leakage current, and higher electric breakdown field, and more uniform step coverage of the silicon nitride film deposited in a high aspect ratio trench, as compared to silicon nitride PEALD using 13.56 MHz CCP. These improved PEALD silicon nitride film characteristics are believed to be related to the higher ion density, higher reactive gas dissociation, and lower ion bombardment energy to the substrate observed in N2 plasma with a 162 MHz CCP.
Interpretative transport modeling of the WEST boundary plasma: main plasma and light impurities
Authors: Gallo A. , Sepetys A. , Marandet Y. , Bufferand H. , Ciraolo G. , Fedorczak N. , Brezinsek S. , Bucalossi J. , Coenen J. , Clairet F. , Corre Y. , Desgranges C. , Devynck P. , Gaspar J. , Guirlet R. , Gunn J. , Klepper C.C. , Pascal J.-Y. , Tamain P. , Tsitrone E. , Unterberg E.A. , WEST team the 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Understanding impurity transport in tokamak plasmas is crucial to control radiative losses and material migration in future magnetic fusion reactors. In this work we deploy the SolEdge2D-EIRENE code to model the boundary plasma in a WEST discharge, satisfactorily reproducing measurements of both upstream and divertor plasma conditions. The spatial distribution of oxygen, studied here as a representative light impurity, is compared to vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy measurements acquired with an oscillating line of sight. The simulation captures a key feature of the experiment, namely a factor of ≃2 higher oxygen brightness in the inner divertor region compared to the outer one. This spatial asymmetry in oxygen concentration is interpreted by analyzing the balance of friction forces and thermal gradient forces that the light impurity exchanges with the main plasma.
Benchmarking of codes for plasma burn-through in tokamaks
Authors: Kim Hyun-Tae , Mineev A. , Ricci D. , Lee Jeong-Won , Na Yong-Su 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
For the first time, there was an extensive comparison between the plasma burn-through modelling codes presently available—DYON, SCENPLINT, and BKD0. The code benchmarking was carried out over three cases, adding more complexities in the modelling for each step. The first benchmarking was to revisit the mathematical models in the three codes. The simulation results were compared with the simplified settings, where ohmic burn-through of a pure hydrogen plasma was modelled with the ITER-relevant constant parameters. Without any reconciliation work, the three codes already predicted the same threshold prefill gas pressure for the hydrogen burn-through in ITER. However, the three codes produced different time-evolution of plasma parameters. The code developers identified differences in the mathematical models, which resulted in the different time-evolution. This enabled the codes to use the same mathematical models in the second benchmarking, which simulates an ohmic plasma burn-through discharge in a presently operating device. In the second benchmarking, the time-evolution of plasma parameters and impurities was simulated together with time-evolving experimental data from a JET discharge. It was found in this exercise that the time-evolving plasma volume and the electromagnetic modelling of eddy current in the passive structure could significantly change the simulation results, and thus their models need to be improved. For the third benchmarking, stand-alone simulations of the ECH modules in the three codes were compared. The calculated ECH absorption efficiency is identical in DYON and SCENPLINT, while it is about 20% higher in BKD0. Coupling the ECH modules, DYON and SCENPLINT simulated an ECH-assisted plasma burn-through discharge in KSTAR. In the early plasma burn-through phase, similar time-evolution of plasma parameters was reproduced. However, Te
evolution starts to deviate from one another at about 100 ms. This is attributed to the sensitivity of ECH power absorption to the small initial difference in Te
, which possibly resulted from the different atomic data in the two codes.
Time-efficient physical activity interventions to reduce blood pressure in older adults: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Herrod Philip J J , Lund Jonathan N , Phillips Bethan E 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundHypertension is a risk factor for both cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, with an increasing incidence with advancing patient age. Exercise interventions have the potential to reduce blood pressure in older adults, however, rates of exercise uptake and adherence are low, with ‘lack of time’ a commonly cited reason. As such, there remains the need for time-efficient physical activity interventions to reduce blood pressure in older adults.ObjectiveTo compare the effect of three, novel time-efficient physical activity interventions on resting blood pressure in older adults.MethodsForty-eight, healthy, community-dwelling older adults (mean age: 71 years) were recruited to a 6-week randomised control trial. Resting blood pressure was measured before and after one of three supervised, time-efficient interventions: high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on a cycle ergometer; isometric handgrip training (IHG); unilateral, upper limb remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) or non-intervention control.ResultsBoth HIIT and IHG led to a statistically significant reduction in resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 9 mmHg, with no significant change in the RIPC or control groups. There was no change in diastolic blood pressure or pulse pressure in any group.ConclusionsSupervised HIIT or IHG using the protocols described in this study can lead to statistically significant and clinically relevant reductions in resting SBP in healthy older adults in just 6 weeks.
Inpatient hypoglycaemia in older people is associated with a doubling in the increased length of stay compared with the younger population
Authors: Ruan Yue , Moysova Zuzana , Tan Garry D , Lumb Alistair , Davies Jim , Rea Rustam 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
Hypoglycaemia during hospital admission is associated with poor outcomes including increased length of stay. In this study, we compared the incidence of inpatient hypoglycaemia and length of stays among people of three age groups: ≤65 years, 65–80 years and &gt;80 years old.

Methods
The study was conducted using a 4-year electronic patient record dataset from Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust. The dataset contains hospital admission data for people with diabetes. We analysed the blood glucose (BG) measurements and identified all level 1 (BG &lt;4 mmol/l) and level 2 (BG &lt;3 mmol/l) hypoglycaemic episodes. We compared the length of stays between different age groups and with different levels of hypoglycaemia.

Results
We analysed data obtained from 17,658 inpatients with diabetes who underwent 32,758 hospital admissions. The length of stays for admissions with no hypoglycaemia were 3[1,6], 3[1,8] and 4[2,11] (median[interquartile range]) days for age groups ≤65 years, 65–80 years and &gt;80 years, respectively. These were statistically significantly lower (P &lt; 0.01 for all pairwise comparisons) than the length of stays for admissions with level 1 hypoglycaemia, which were 6[3,13], 10[5,20] and 12[6,22] days, and level 2 hypoglycaemia, which were 7[3,14], 11[5,24] and 13[6,24] days.

Conclusions
In all age groups, admissions with either level 1 or level 2 hypoglycaemia were associated with an increased length of stay. However, in both the older groups, the length of stay increments were much higher (double) than the younger counterparts. The clinical consequences of hypoglycaemia were more severe in older people compared with the younger population.
Sociality and signaling activity modulate information flow in river otter communication networks
Authors: Barocas Adi , Golden Howard N , Dudenhoeffer Megan , Ben-David Merav 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Animal communication networks are built from interactions between senders and receivers of signals. The drivers of signaling decisions, which are the building blocks of such networks, are not well understood. Theory predicts that conditions which ensure information spread to the largest possible number of receivers should be favored. Several carnivores use latrine sites for visual, olfactory, and auditory signaling. We tested the hypotheses that signaling behavior at latrine sites is influenced by social structure and locally acquired information on the presence of conspecifics, using coastal river otters (Lontra canadensis), in Alaska. River otters exhibit a flexible social system of mostly males that communicate through scent marking at latrines. During scent marking, river otters also perform feet stomping, which may add a visual component to their signal. Using trail camera footage, we found that solitary otters were more likely to perform both sniffing and scent marking compared with otters in groups. Feet stomping was more intense for solitary otters but less pronounced during overmarking. Signalers demonstrated a greater tendency to scent mark when in smaller groups at highly active latrines, whereas feet stomping was more intense in recently visited sites. When in groups, scent-marking frequency increased when other individuals were signaling, suggesting a positive feedback, possibly driven by feet stomping. In concert, our results suggest that in river otters, scent-marking decisions minimize signal dilution by being performed in small groups and maximize the receivers through preferential signaling at latrines with higher, more recent activity. Because signaling decisions in social animals are linked to key life-history events such as mating and group membership shifts, understanding their individual and population-level drivers can be crucial.
Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Disease Revealed by Multimodal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Fusion: Association With Cognitive Function
Authors: Sui Jing , Li Xiang , Bell Ryan P , Towe Sheri L , Gadde Syam , Chen Nan-kuei , Meade Christina S 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–associated neurocognitive impairment remains a prevalent comorbidity that impacts daily functioning and increases morbidity. While HIV infection is known to cause widespread disruptions in the brain, different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities have not been effectively integrated. In this study, we applied 3-way supervised fusion to investigate how structural and functional coalterations affect cognitive function.MethodsParticipants (59 people living with HIV and 58 without HIV) completed comprehensive neuropsychological testing and multimodal MRI scanning to acquire high-resolution anatomical, diffusion-weighted, and resting-state functional images. Preprocessed data were reduced using voxel-based morphometry, probabilistic tractography, and regional homogeneity, respectively. We applied multimodal canonical correlation analysis with reference plus joint independent component analysis using global cognitive functioning as the reference.ResultsCompared with controls, participants living with HIV had lower global cognitive functioning. One joint component was both group discriminating and correlated with cognitive function. This component included the following covarying regions: fractional anisotropy in the corpus callosum, short and long association fiber tracts, and corticopontine fibers; gray matter volume in the thalamus, prefrontal cortex, precuneus, posterior parietal regions, and occipital lobe; and functional connectivity in frontoparietal and visual processing regions. Component loadings for fractional anisotropy also correlated with immunosuppression.ConclusionsThese results suggest that coalterations in brain structure and function can distinguish people with and without HIV and may drive cognitive impairment. As MRI becomes more commonplace in HIV care, multimodal fusion may provide neural biomarkers to support diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment.
Feasibility, tolerability, and effects of exercise-based prehabilitation after neoadjuvant therapy in esophagogastric cancer patients undergoing surgery: an interventional pilot study
Authors: Argudo Núria , Rodó-Pin Anna , Martínez-Llorens Juana , Marco Ester , Visa Laura , Messaggi-Sartor Monique , Balañá-Corberó Anna , Ramón José M , Rodríguez-Chiaradía Diego A , Grande Luis , Pera Manuel 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACT
Patients requiring surgery for locally advanced esophagogastric cancer often require neoadjuvant therapy (NAT), which may have a detrimental impact on cardiorespiratory reserve. The aims of this study were to investigate the feasibility and tolerability of a 5-week preoperative high-intensity interval training program after NAT, and to assess the potential effects of the training protocol on exercise capacity, muscle function, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). We prospectively studied consecutive patients with resectable locally advanced esophageal and gastric cancer in whom NAT was planned (chemo- or chemoradiotherapy). Feasibility was assessed with the TELOS (Technological, Economics, Legal, Operational, and Scheduling) components, and data on exercise tolerability (attendance and occurrence of adverse or unexpected events). Exercise capacity was assessed with peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in a cardiopulmonary exercise test at baseline, post-NAT, and following completion of a high-intensity interval exercise training (25 sessions). Changes in muscle strength and HRQL were also assessed. Of 33 recruited subjects (mean age 65 years), 17 received chemoradiotherapy and 16 chemotherapy. All the TELOS components were addressed before starting the intervention; from a total of 17 questions considered as relevant for a successful implementation, seven required specific actions to prevent potential concerns. Patients attended a mean of 19.4 (6.4) exercise sessions. The predefined level of attendance (≥15 sessions of scheduled sessions) was achieved in 27 out of 33 (81.8%) patients. Workload progression was adequate in 24 patients (72.7%). No major adverse events occurred. VO2peak decreased significantly between baseline and post-NAT (19.3 vs. 15.5 mL/Kg/min, P &lt; 0.05). Exercise led to a significant improvement of VO2peak (15.5 vs. 19.6 mL/kg/min, P &lt; 0.05). Exercise training was associated with clinically relevant improvements in some domains of HRQL, with the social and role function increasing by 10.5 and 11.6 points, respectively, and appetite loss and fatigue declining by 16 and 10.5, respectively. We conclude that a structured exercise training intervention is feasible and safe following NAT in patients with esophagogastric cancer, and it has positive effects to restore exercise capacity to baseline levels within 5 weeks with some improvements in HRQL.
Sticks, carrots, or a hybrid mechanism: The test case of refusal to divorce
Authors: Shmueli Benjamin 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Various incentives may be used in order to cause a person to desist from creating negative externalities. Both carrots and sticks have advantages and disadvantages. Literature is familiar with various combinations between them. In most cases, the mechanism is “horizontal”: using carrots with respect to certain parts of the population, and sticks against others. The article presents a novel, vertical mechanism, in the form of a “game” played in two consecutive stages that trap the damager within the mechanism. At the center of the first stage of the mechanism stands a “carrot,” which is money offered for the damager in order for him/her to desist from the evil, combined with a type of a stick, which is a social sanction (shaming). At the center of the second stage, which is activated only if the first stage did not succeed, stands a “stick,” which is a civil action that can be brought against the damager if s/he does not take the carrot offered to him/her in the first stage. The objective: to incentivize a person to engage in fruitful negotiations to end harmful activity at the pre-mechanism stage. To illustrate this, the article draws on negative social behavior of one-sided refusal to give/accept the divorce bill (get) in the Jewish sector the world over. The mechanism will be built primarily on the basis of a few law and economics theories. A dialogue will thus be created with these theories in fields where they are rarely applied. The main argument is that the use of a vertical setup increases efficiency at a minimal additional cost, overcomes a moral problem, and optimally combines the resulting advantages by deploying sticks and carrots, and at the same time neutralizes most of the disadvantages of either of them.
Vertical Transmission: A Vector-Independent Transmission Pathway ofBabesia microtiin the Natural Reservoir HostPeromyscus leucopus
Authors: Tufts Danielle M , Diuk-Wasser Maria A 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundBabesia microti, a malaria-like pathogen, is increasing in mammal and human populations in endemic areas and is unlikely to be the sole result of horizontal pathogen transmission.MethodsPeromyscus leucopus mice, natural reservoir hosts, were infected via Ixodes scapularis nymphs. Infected parental females (n = 6) produced F1 offspring (n = 36) that were screened for B. microti using quantitative PCR. Xenodiagnostic larvae were fed on infected offspring to determine horizontal transmission and pathogen viability. Fifty engorged larvae were screened; the rest were allowed to molt and then screened to determine transstadial transmission. Infected F1 generation offspring were placed in breeding groups, producing 34 F2 offspring and screened for B. microti infection. Chronic infection was monitored in parental females since time of initial vector infection.ResultsVertical transmission of B. microti was 74% efficient in offspring born in the first 6 months. Horizontal transmission occurred in larvae (61% prevalence) and molted nymphs (58% prevalence); these nymphs were able to infect susceptible hosts. F2 generation offspring infection prevalence was 38%. Chronic infection persisted for 1 year in some adults.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that vertical transmission is an important nonvector-mediated pathway of B. microti transmission in the natural reservoir host.