bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and risk factors of pre‐schoolers' fine motor delay within vulnerable Australian communities
Authors: Strooband Karel F B , de Rosnay Marc , Okely Anthony D 
Published: September 2020

AimThis study examined the prevalence and risk factors of fine motor delay in Australian pre‐school children from low‐income communities.MethodsChildren from the Early Start Baseline Study completed the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (3rd edn.). Age, sex, executive function and family characteristics were assessed and associations with fine motor skills analysed.ResultsData were available for 700 children (Mage 54.0 ± 8.6 months, 53.1% boys) of which 77.4% were typically developing, 12.1% at risk and 10.4% delayed for fine motor skill. Children had higher odds of being delayed if they were male (odds ratio (OR) 3.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.22–4.90) or indigenous (OR 3.31, 95% CI 2.12–5.16) and had lower self‐regulatory (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.31–3.58). Higher vocabulary (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.89–0.94), higher family income (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.05–0.90) and family education (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.08–0.74) were associated with lower odds of delay.ConclusionAlmost one in four children from vulnerable communities experience fine motor difficulties, highlighting the importance of early screening and targeting key child and environmental risk factors.
Grazing livestock increases both vegetation and seed bank diversity in remnant and restored grasslands
Authors: Kapás Rozália E. , Plue Jan , Kimberley Adam , Cousins Sara A.O. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractQuestionsRestoring grasslands is of great importance to biodiversity conservation to counteract widespread, ongoing losses of plant species diversity. Using source populations in remnant habitats and increasing functional connectivity mediated by grazing animals within and between habitats can benefit grassland restoration efforts. Here we investigate how grazing contributes to vegetation and seed bank diversity and composition in remnant and restored grassland communities in fragmented landscapes.LocationStockholm archipelago, Sweden.MethodsWe investigated the effects of the presence or absence of grazing animals as potential elements of functional connectivity on grassland species composition in both the vegetation layer and in the seed bank. Species inventory and seed bank sampling were carried out in 2 m × 2 m plots in remnant grassland habitats and adjacent restored grasslands on former arable fields.ResultsSpecies composition varied between remnant and restored grasslands, with management‐dependent species more common in remnant grasslands. Remnant habitats with active grazing management contained a higher number of species in both the vegetation and seed bank compared to restored grasslands, but grazing reduced dispersal limitation from higher distance to source populations for specialist species. Where grazing was absent fewer plant species occurred in both the vegetation and in the seed bank.ConclusionOur results show that grazing livestock play a key role in facilitating both spatial and temporal dispersal in fragmented grasslands. This results in increased species diversity in the vegetation and the seed bank of grazed grasslands compared to those maintained by mowing only. Functional connectivity provided by grazing management increases the possibility for species establishment from both the below‐ground seed bank and the surrounding landscape, thus increasing the resilience of plant communities against disturbances or climatic changes.
A drift‐barrier model drives the genomic landscape of a structured bacterial population
Authors: Gardon Hélène , Biderre‐Petit Corinne , Jouan‐Dufournel Isabelle , Bronner Gisèle 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBacterial populations differentiate over time and space to form distinct genetic units. The mechanisms governing this diversification are presumed to result from the ecological context of living units to adapt to specific niches. Recently, a model assuming the acquisition of advantageous genes among populations rather than whole genome sweeps has emerged to explain population differentiation. However, the characteristics of these exchanged, or flexible, genes and whether their evolution is driven by adaptive or neutral processes remain controversial. By analysing the flexible genome of single‐amplified genomes of co‐occurring populations of the marine Prochlorococcus HLII ecotype, we highlight that genomic compartments – rather than population units – are characterized by different evolutionary trajectories. The dynamics of gene fluxes vary across genomic compartments and therefore the effectiveness of selection depends on the fluctuation of the effective population size along the genome. Taken together, these results support the drift‐barrier model of bacterial evolution.
A recently isolated human commensal Escherichia coli ST10 clone member mediates enhanced thermotolerance and tetrathionate respiration on a P1 phage‐derived IncY plasmid
Authors: Kamal Shady Mansour , Cimdins‐Ahne Annika , Lee Changhan , Li Fengyang , Martín‐Rodríguez Alberto J. , Seferbekova Zaira , Afasizhev Robert , Wami Haleluya Tesfaye , Katikaridis Panagiotis , Meins Lena , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Dobrindt Ulrich , Mogk Axel , Römling Ute 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe ubiquitous human commensal Escherichia coli has been well investigated through its model representative E. coli K‐12. In this work, we initially characterized E. coli Fec10, a recently isolated human commensal strain of phylogroup A/sequence type ST10. Compared to E. coli K‐12, the 4.88 Mbp Fec10 genome is characterized by distinct single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and acquisition of genomic islands. In addition, E. coli Fec10 possesses a 155.86 kbp IncY plasmid, a composite element based on phage P1. pFec10 harbours multiple cargo genes such as coding for a tetrathionate reductase and its corresponding regulatory two‐component system. Among the cargo genes is also the Transmissible Locus of Protein Quality Control (TLPQC), which mediates tolerance to lethal temperatures in bacteria. The disaggregase ClpGGI of TLPQC constitutes a major determinant of the thermotolerance of E. coli Fec10. We confirmed stand‐alone disaggregation activity, but observed distinct biochemical characteristics of ClpGGI‐Fec10 compared to the nearly identical Pseudomonas aeruginosa ClpGGI‐SG17M. Furthermore, we noted a unique contribution of ClpGGI‐Fec10 to the exquisite thermotolerance of E. coli Fec10, suggesting functional differences between both disaggregases in vivo. Detection of thermotolerance in 10% of human commensal E. coli isolates hints to the successful establishment of food‐borne heat‐resistant strains in the human gut.
Identification of Avramr1 from Phytophthora infestans using long read and cDNA pathogen‐enrichment sequencing (PenSeq)
Authors: Lin Xiao , Song Tianqiao , Fairhead Sebastian , Witek Kamil , Jouet Agathe , Jupe Florian , Witek Agnieszka I. , Karki Hari S. , Vleeshouwers Vivianne G. A. A. , Hein Ingo , Jones Jonathan D. G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPotato late blight, caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, significantly hampers potato production. Recently, a new Resistance to Phytophthora infestans (Rpi) gene, Rpi‐amr1, was cloned from a wild Solanum species, Solanum americanum. Identification of the corresponding recognized effector (Avirulence or Avr) genes from P. infestans is key to elucidating their naturally occurring sequence variation, which in turn informs the potential durability of the cognate late blight resistance. To identify the P. infestans effector recognized by Rpi‐amr1, we screened available RXLR effector libraries and used long read and cDNA pathogen‐enrichment sequencing (PenSeq) on four P. infestans isolates to explore the untested effectors. Using single‐molecule real‐time sequencing (SMRT) and cDNA PenSeq, we identified 47 highly expressed effectors from P. infestans, including PITG_07569, which triggers a highly specific cell death response when transiently coexpressed with Rpi‐amr1 in Nicotiana benthamiana, suggesting that PITG_07569 is Avramr1. Here we demonstrate that long read and cDNA PenSeq enables the identification of full‐length RXLR effector families and their expression profile. This study has revealed key insights into the evolution and polymorphism of a complex RXLR effector family that is associated with the recognition by Rpi‐amr1.
Impact of visual features on capture of Aedes aegypti with host decoy traps (HDT)
Authors: Tang J. Y. , Kosgei J. , Ochomo E. , Ndenga B. A. , Ghiaseddin R. , Lobo N. F. , Hawkes F. M. , O'Tousa J. E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe host decoy trap (HDT) is a surveillance trap that presents a combination of heat, visual and odour stimuli to attract bloodmeal‐seeking mosquitoes. Here we employed a semi‐field study to demonstrate the role of the visual attributes present on the HDT on the effectiveness of Aedes aegypti capture. Our results show that the HDT is an effective means of capturing Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in semi‐field conditions, with a per trial capture rate of up to 69% across four visually distinct HDTs. The solid black coloured HDT captured more mosquitoes than HDTs with black‐white stripes, black‐white checkerboard patches or solid white colour by a factor of 1.9, 1.7 and 1.5, respectively. In all cases, mosquito capture was not evenly distributed on the HDT surface, with captures on the HDT's outer downwind half, away from the odour delivery, exceeding captures on the inner upwind half. We conclude that the solid black surface of the original HDT design is more effective than the other surfaces (white or black/white patterns) for the capture of Ae. aegypti. Our results demonstrate that mosquito attraction to the thermal and odorant cues of the HDT is modulated by visual information.
Identification of intrinsic primary afferent neurons in mouse jejunum
Authors: Melo Carina Guimarães de Souza , Nicolai Evan N. , Alcaino Constanza , Cassmann Tiffany J. , Whiteman Sara T. , Wright Alec M. , Miller Katie E. , Gibbons Simon J. , Beyder Arthur , Linden David R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe gut is the only organ system with intrinsic neural reflexes. Intrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) of the enteric nervous system initiate intrinsic reflexes, form gut‐brain connections, and undergo considerable neuroplasticity to cause digestive diseases. They remain inaccessible to study in mice in the absence of a selective marker. Advillin is used as a marker for primary afferent neurons in dorsal root ganglia. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that advillin is expressed in IPANs of the mouse jejunum.MethodsAdvillin expression was assessed with immunohistochemistry and using transgenic mice expressing an inducible Cre recombinase under the advillin promoter were used to drive tdTomato and the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP5. These mice were used to characterize the morphology and physiology of advillin‐expressing enteric neurons using confocal microscopy, calcium imaging, and whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology.Key ResultsAdvillin is expressed in about 25% of myenteric neurons of the mouse jejunum, and these neurons demonstrate the requisite properties of IPANs. Functionally, they demonstrate calcium responses following mechanical stimuli of the mucosa and during antidromic action potentials. They have Dogiel type II morphology with neural processes that mostly remain within the myenteric plexus, but also project to the mucosa and express NeuN and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), but not nNOS.Conclusions and InferencesAdvillin marks jejunal IPANs providing accessibility to this important neuronal population to study and model digestive disease.
Trehalose 6‐phosphate promotes seed filling by activating auxin biosynthesis
Authors: Meitzel Tobias , Radchuk Ruslana , McAdam Erin L. , Thormählen Ina , Feil Regina , Munz Eberhard , Hilo Alexander , Geigenberger Peter , Ross John J. , Lunn John E. , Borisjuk Ljudmilla 
Published: September 2020

Summary

Plants undergo several developmental transitions during their life cycle. One of these, the differentiation of the young embryo from a meristem‐like structure into a highly specialized storage organ, is believed to be controlled by local connections between sugars and hormonal response systems. However, we know little about the regulatory networks underpinning the sugar–hormone interactions in developing seeds.

By modulating the trehalose 6‐phosphate (T6P) content in growing embryos of garden pea (Pisum sativum), we investigate here the role of this signaling sugar during the seed‐filling process.

Seeds deficient in T6P are compromised in size and starch production, resembling the wrinkled seeds studied by Gregor Mendel. We show also that T6P exerts these effects by stimulating the biosynthesis of the pivotal plant hormone, auxin. We found that T6P promotes the expression of the auxin biosynthesis gene TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE RELATED2 (TAR2), and the resulting effect on auxin concentrations is required to mediate the T6P‐induced activation of storage processes.

Our results suggest that auxin acts downstream of T6P to facilitate seed filling, thereby providing a salient example of how a metabolic signal governs the hormonal control of an integral phase transition in a crop plant.
Light and abscisic acid interplay in early seedling development
Authors: Yadukrishnan Premachandran , Datta Sourav 
Published: September 2020

SummaryAbscisic acid (ABA) plays a crucial role in plant development, regulating germination, seedling development and stomatal movements, especially under adverse conditions. Light interacts with the ABA signalling pathway to fine tune these processes. Here, we provide an overview of the recent investigations on ABA–light interplay during early plant development after germination. We discuss the multilayered and reciprocal interactions between ABA signalling components and several light signalling modulators, including photoreceptors, transcription factors and posttranslational modifiers. ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE5 acts as a central convergence point for these interactions during postgermination seedling development. ABA also regulates the adaptation of seedlings to challenging light environments. Furthermore, we enlist the role of ABA–light cross‐talk in regulating seedling establishment in crops and highlight open questions for future investigations.
Balloon cell nevus in children: Report of three cases of the scalp and review
Authors: Micali Giuseppe , Verzì Anna Elisa , Puglisi Davide F. , Quattrocchi Enrica , Caltabiano Rosario , Lacarrubba Francesco 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBalloon cell nevus (BCN) is a histopathological variant of cutaneous acquired melanocytic nevi characterized by junctional and/or dermal nests of large cells with a clear and foamy cytoplasm which has rarely been described in children. Three cases of BCN firstly reported on the scalp in two pediatric patients are presented along with a literature review. Dermoscopy is particularly indicated in those pigmented lesions showing a yellowish hue, in ruling out in real time those disorders that may clinically be similar such as xanthogranuloma and sebaceous nevus, and to suggest the diagnosis of BCN. The final diagnosis, however, is established by histopathological examination.
A coordinated approach to improving pediatric heart transplant waitlist outcomes: A summary of the ACTION November 2019 waitlist outcomes committee meeting
Authors: Hollander Seth A. , Nandi Deipanjan , Bansal Neha , Godown Justin , Zafar Farhan , Rosenthal David N. , Lorts Angela , Jeewa Aamir ,   the ACTION Network
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe number of children needing heart transplantation continues to rise. Although improvements in heart failure therapy, particularly durable mechanical support, have reduced waitlist mortality, the number of children who die while waiting for a suitable donor organ remains unacceptably high. Roughly, 13% of children and 25% of infants on the heart transplant waitlist will not survive to transplantation. With this in mind, the Advanced Cardiac Therapies Improving Outcomes Collaborative Learning Network (ACTION), through its Waitlist Outcomes Committee, convened a 2‐day symposium in Ann Arbor, Michigan, from 2‐3 November 2019, to better understand the factors that contribute to pediatric heart transplant waitlist mortality and to focus future efforts on improving the organ allocation rates for children needing heart transplantation. Using improvement science methodology, the heart failure‐transplant trajectory was broken down into six key steps, after which modes of failure and opportunities for improvement at each step were discussed. As a result, several projects aimed at reducing waitlist mortality were initiated.
Environmental health nursing education: One school’s journey
Authors: McElroy Katie G. , Gilden Robyn , Sattler Barbara 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNurse educators have long recognized the need for an increased focus on environmental health education in nursing. For decades, schools of nursing have answered the call to action put forth by the Institute of Medicine and the American Nurses Association to incorporate environmental health content into nursing curricula. This article details the experiences of faculty and staff at the University of Maryland School of Nursing as they launched a national environmental health nursing organization, developed individual undergraduate elective courses on environmental health and climate change, and created a post‐baccalaureate certificate program. We also report student registration and evaluation data from five environmental health courses over 10 years. Five hundred five undergraduate and 291 graduate nursing students from a variety of programs received formal environmental health education. Relevance of content was consistently highly rated, ranging from 4.17 to 4.61 out of 5, and students completed projects on a wide range of environmental health topics. Graduates of the certificate program have greatly impacted their communities in the areas of nursing practice, education, and policy.
Molecular characterization of disease resistance in Brassica juncea – The current status and the way forward
Authors: Inturrisi Fabian C. , Barbetti Martin J. , Tirnaz Soodeh , Patel Dhwani A. , Edwards David , Batley Jacqueline 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBrassica juncea (Indian mustard) is an economically important cultivated annual crop worldwide. However, there are a number of important diseases affecting B. juncea, including blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans, L. biglobosa), sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), white rust (Albugo candida), alternaria blight (Alternaria brassicae, A. brassicicola, A. raphani), downy mildew (Hyaloperonospora brassicae), white leaf spot (Neopseudocercosporella capsellae), clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae), powdery mildew (Erysiphe cruciferarum), Turnip yellows virus (formerly Beet western yellows virus), Cauliflower mosaic virus, Turnip mosaic virus, and leaf blight (Pseudomonas syringae). This paper reviews what is currently known about disease resistance in B. juncea, including the mechanism of resistance and molecular markers associated with disease resistance, that can be used to develop improved B. juncea cultivars through marker‐assisted selection (MAS). It also highlights how MAS, phenotypic selection, and transgenics provide pathways to validate candidate genes as functional resistance genes and new resources for breeding programmes for elite B. juncea cultivars. In addition, this review of disease resistance in B. juncea, together with the release of the B. juncea genome, will guide further discovery and identification of resistance genes and consequent substantial improvement in crop protection.
The Retraction of Policy Benefits across US Federal Agencies: Programmatic Cutbacks and Executive Control of US Federal Grant Retrenchments
Authors: Krause George A. , Zarit Matthew 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study analyzes an important and overlooked aspect of cutback budgeting affecting US federal agencies − reductions to existing US federal grant awards. Because presidents face incentives for both executive accountability and effective administration, we predict that public agencies which are more responsive to presidential goals, as well as those led by more capable agency heads, shall experience less severe grant retrenchments. Statistical analysis of approximately 745,000 grant retrenchments for the 1988–2008 period reveals that the distribution of these programmatic cutbacks is consistent with enhancing executive accountability, while also favoring policy effectiveness. Agencies led by chief executives with considerable managerial‐specific expertise are associated with only increased reductions in grant retrenchments for small programmatic cuts to existing grants. These findings illustrate how presidents’ strategy of executive administration seeks to limit programmatic cutbacks for more responsive federal agencies, and also for public organizations whose leaders exhibit higher levels of policy‐specific expertise.