bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Noble Enemy: Bravery, Surrender and Suicide in the First Sino-Japanese War
Authors: O’Reilly Sean 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
What can be learned from the now largely forgotten first Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) about concepts like the heroism of surrender? I show that Japanese depictions, far from being universally contemptuous, treated their main opponent, the commander of the Chinese Beiyang fleet, Admiral Ding Ruchang, with great respect before, during, and even after the war despite his surrender. Why? I use accounts by observers and Ding’s own letters to scrutinize the enduring popularity of his posthumous image in Japan versus China. I argue that Ding showed neither strategic brilliance nor formidability as an opponent. This means he does not fit the “nobility of failure” concept, remaining an anomalous outlier for provoking such hero-worship in Japan despite his mediocre wartime performance. Overall, how Ding and the Beiyang Fleet were treated in popular Japanese accounts suggests that Japanese attitudes towards concepts such as “bravery,” “surrender,” and “suicide” were in flux in the 1890s.
The Canadian Arctic Weather Science Project: Introduction to the Iqaluit Site
Authors: Joe Paul , Melo Stella , Burrows William R. , Casati Barbara , Crawford Robert W. , Deghan Armin , Gascon Gabrielle , Mariani Zen , Milbrandt Jason , Strawbridge Kevin 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe goal of the Canadian Arctic Weather Science (CAWS) project is to conduct research into the future operational monitoring and forecasting programs of Environment and Climate Change Canada in the Arctic where increased economic and recreational activities are expected with enhanced transportation and search and rescue requirements. Due to cost, remoteness and vast geographical coverage, the future monitoring concept includes a combination of space-based observations, sparse in situ surface measurements, and advanced reference sites. A prototype reference site has been established at Iqaluit, Nunavut (63°45'N, 68°33'W), that includes a Ka-band radar, water vapor lidars (both in-house and commercial versions), multiple Doppler lidars, ceilometers, radiation flux, and precipitation sensors. The scope of the project includes understanding of the polar processes, evaluating new technologies, validation of satellite products, validation of numerical weather prediction systems, development of warning products, and communication of their risk to a variety of users. This contribution will provide an overview of the CAWS project to show some preliminary results and to encourage collaborations.
Variation in the Utilization of Postoperative Computed Tomography for Patients With Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis: A National Claims Analysis
Authors: Makar Katelyn G. , Gunaseelan Vidhya , Waljee Jennifer , Vercler Christian J. , Buchman Steven R. 
Published: October 2019

Objective:Routine postoperative computed tomography (CT) imaging in nonsyndromic craniosynostosis remains controversial due to the hazards of radiation exposure. The extent to which postoperative head CTs are performed remains unknown. Therefore, we sought to measure the use of postoperative CTs in this population.Design:The authors reviewed insurance claims from OptumInsight, using Current Procedural Terminology codes to identify procedures and postoperative imaging. Multilevel logistic regression was used to describe the odds of undergoing postoperative CTs, adjusting for patient and provider covariates.Participants:Craniosynostosis patients who underwent reconstruction between 2001 and 2017 were reviewed. Patients older than 5 years at surgery, postoperative lengths of stay >15 days, syndromic diagnoses, operative complications within 30 days of surgery, and cranial bone grafting merited exclusion.Main Outcome Measure:Odds of postoperative head CTs after cranial vault reconstruction.Results:In this cohort (n = 1150), 326 (28.4%) patients underwent postoperative head CTs. The number of CTs ranged from 0 to 14. Older age at surgery (odds ratio [OR]: 1.32, P = .002), increasing years of follow-up (OR: 1.12, P < .001), and increasing comorbidities (OR: 1.21, P = .017) were associated with postoperative CTs. After adjusting for patient factors, provider factors accounted for 31.3% of variation in imaging.Conclusions:Over a quarter of patients underwent head CTs following reconstruction, and provider factors accounted for a large percentage of the variation. Given the risks of radiation, neurosurgeons and craniofacial surgeons face a critical need to establish postoperative imaging protocols to reduce unnecessary imaging in these vulnerable patients.
Feline abdominal ultrasonography: What’s normal? What’s abnormal? The diseased gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Griffin Sally 
Published: October 2019

Practical relevance: Abdominal ultrasound plays a vital role in the diagnostic work-up of many cats presenting to general and specialist practitioners. B-mode ultrasonography is likely the most widely used modality for imaging the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in cats and it can help in the diagnosis of GI masses, foreign bodies and disorders of the ileocaecocolic junction. Clinical challenges: Despite ultrasonography being a commonly used modality, many practitioners are not comfortable performing an ultrasound examination or interpreting the resulting images. Even differentiating between normal variations and pathological changes can be challenging for all but the most experienced. For example, while for inflammatory conditions of the feline GI tract changes are frequently identified on ultrasound, there may occasionally be no changes to the appearance of the intestine; hence a ‘normal’ ultrasound does not exclude the possibility of inflammatory disease. Aim: This review, part of an occasional series on feline abdominal ultrasonography, describes the appearance of a range of conditions that affect the feline GI tract; the normal GI tract is addressed in an accompanying article in this issue of JFMS. Aimed at general practitioners who wish to improve their knowledge and confidence in feline abdominal ultrasound, this review is accompanied by high-resolution images and videos available online as supplementary material. Equipment: Ultrasound facilities are readily available to most practitioners, although use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool is highly dependent on operator experience. Evidence base: Information provided in this article is drawn from the published literature and the author’s own clinical experience.
Effect of RANS Turbulence Model on Aerodynamic Behavior of Trains in Crosswind
Authors: Li Tian , Qin Deng , Zhang Jiye 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The numerical simulation based on Reynolds time-averaged equation is one of the approved methods to evaluate the aerodynamic performance of trains in crosswind. However, there are several turbulence models, trains may present different aerodynamic performances in crosswind using different turbulence models. In order to select the most suitable turbulence model, the inter-city express 2 (ICE2) model is chosen as a research object, 6 different turbulence models are used to simulate the flow characteristics, surface pressure and aerodynamic forces of the train in crosswind, respectively. 6 turbulence models are the standard k-ε, Renormalization Group (RNG) k-ε, Realizable k-ε, Shear Stress Transport (SST) k-ω, standard k-ω and Spalart–Allmaras (SPA), respectively. The numerical results and the wind tunnel experimental data are compared. The results show that the most accurate model for predicting the surface pressure of the train is SST k-ω, followed by Realizable k-ε. Compared with the experimental result, the error of the side force coefficient obtained by SST k-ω and Realizable k-ε turbulence model is less than 1 %. The most accurate prediction for the lift force coefficient is achieved by SST k-ω, followed by RNG k-ε. By comparing 6 different turbulence models, the SST k-ω model is most suitable for the numerical simulation of the aerodynamic behavior of trains in crosswind.
Identification of CBL and CIPK gene families and functional characterization of CaCIPK1 under Phytophthora capsici in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Ma Xiao , Gai Wen-Xian , Qiao Yi-Ming , Ali Muhammad , Wei Ai-Min , Luo De-Xu , Li Quan-Hui , Gong Zhen-Hui 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundCalcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) are major Ca2+sensors that interact with CBL-interacting protein kinases (CIPKs) to regulate growth and development in plants. The CBL-CIPK network is involved in stress response, yet little is understood on how CBL-CIPK function in pepper (Capsicum annuumL.), a staple vegetable crop that is threatened by biotic and abiotic stressors.ResultsIn the present study, nineCaCBLand 26CaCIPKgenes were identified in pepper and the genes were named based on their chromosomal order. Phylogenetic and structural analysis revealed thatCaCBLandCaCIPKgenes clustered in four and five groups, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assays showed thatCaCBLandCaCIPKgenes were constitutively expressed in different tissues, and their expression patterns were altered when the plant was exposed toPhytophthora capsici, salt and osmotic stress.CaCIPK1expression changed in response to stress, including exposure toP. capsici, NaCl, mannitol, salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH), cold and heat stress. Knocking downCaCIPK1expression increased the susceptibility of pepper toP. capsici, reduced root activity, and altered the expression of defense related genes. Transient overexpression ofCaCIPK1enhanced H2O2accumulation, cell death, and expression of genes involved in defense.ConclusionsNineCaCBLand 26CaCIPKgenes were identified in the pepper genome, and the expression of mostCaCBLandCaCIPKgenes were altered when the plant was exposed to stress. In particular, we found thatCaCIPK1is mediates the pepper plant’s defense againstP. capsici. These results provide the groundwork for further functional characterization ofCaCBLandCaCIPKgenes in pepper.
Exploring gene networks in two sunflower lines with contrasting leaf senescence phenotype using a system biology approach
Authors: Moschen Sebastián , Marino Johanna , Nicosia Salvador , Higgins Janet , Alseekh Saleh , Astigueta Francisco , Bengoa Luoni Sofia , Rivarola Máximo , Fernie Alisdair R. , Blanchet Nicolas , Langlade Nicolas B. , Paniego Norma , Fernández Paula , Heinz Ruth A. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Leaf senescence is a complex process, controlled by multiple genetic and environmental variables. In sunflower, leaf senescence is triggered abruptly following anthesis thereby limiting the capacity of plants to keep their green leaf area during grain filling, which subsequently has a strong impact on crop yield. Recently, we performed a selection of contrasting sunflower inbred lines for the progress of leaf senescence through a physiological, cytological and molecular approach. Here we present a large scale transcriptomic analysis using RNA-seq and its integration with metabolic profiles for two contrasting sunflower inbred lines, R453 and B481–6 (early and delayed senescence respectively), with the aim of identifying metabolic pathways associated to leaf senescence.

Results
Gene expression profiles revealed a higher number of differentially expressed genes, as well as, higher expression levels in R453, providing evidence for early activation of the senescence program in this line. Metabolic pathways associated with sugars and nutrient recycling were differentially regulated between the lines. Additionally, we identified transcription factors acting as hubs in the co-expression networks; some previously reported as senescence-associated genes in model species but many are novel candidate genes.

Conclusions
Understanding the onset and the progress of the senescence process in crops and the identification of these new candidate genes will likely prove highly useful for different management strategies to mitigate the impact of senescence on crop yield. Functional characterization of candidate genes will help to develop molecular tools for biotechnological applications in breeding crop yield.
Eriodictyol can modulate cellular auxin gradients to efficiently promote in vitro cotton fibre development
Authors: Khan Anam Qadir , Li Zhonghua , Ahmed Muhammad Mahmood , Wang Pengcheng , Zhang Xianlong , Tu Lili 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundFlavonoids have essential roles in flower pigmentation, fibre development and disease resistance in cotton. Previous studies show that accumulation of naringenin in developing cotton fibres significantly affects fibre growth. This study focused on determining the effects of the flavonoids naringenin, dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquerectin and eriodictyol on fibre development in an in vitro system.Results20 μM eriodictyol treatment produced a maximum fibre growth, in terms of fibre length and total fibre units. To gain insight into the associated transcriptional regulatory networks, RNA-seq analysis was performed on eriodictyol-treated elongated fibres, and computational analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed that carbohydrate metabolism and phytohormone signaling pathways were differentially modulated. Eriodictyol treatment also promoted the biosynthesis of quercetin and dihydroquerectin in ovules and elongating fibres through enhanced expression of genes encodingchalcone isomerase,chalcone synthaseandflavanone 3-hydroxylase. In addition, auxin biosynthesis and signaling pathway genes were differentially expressed in eriodictyol-driven in vitro fibre elongation. In absence of auxin, eriodictyol predominantly enhanced fibre growth when the localized auxin gradient was disrupted by the auxin transport inhibitor, triiodobenzoic acid.ConclusionEriodictyol was found to significantly enhance fibre development through accumulating and maintaining the temporal auxin gradient in developing unicellular cotton fibres.
Diabetes and risk of peripheral artery disease in patients undergoing first-time coronary angiography between 2000 and 2012 – a nationwide study
Authors: Kamil Sadaf , Sehested Thomas S. G. , Carlson Nicholas , Houlind Kim , Lassen Jens F. , N. Bang Casper , Dominguez Helena , Pedersen Christian T. , Gislason Gunnar H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
The risk of peripheral artery disease (PAD) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD) is an important and inadequately addressed issue. Our aim is to examine the impact of DM on risk of PAD in patients with different degrees of CAD characterized by coronary angiography (CAG).

Methods
Using nationwide registers we identified all patients aged ≥18 years, undergoing first time CAG between 2000 and 2012. Patients were categorized into DM/Non-DM group, and further classified into categories according to the degree of CAD i.e., no-vessel disease, single-vessel disease, double-vessel disease, triple-vessel disease, and diffuse disease. Risk of PAD was estimated by 5-year cumulative-incidence and adjusted multivariable Cox-regression models.

Results
We identified 116,491 patients undergoing first-time CAG. Among these, a total of 23.969 (20.58%) had DM. Cumulative-incidence of PAD among DM patients vs. non-DM were 8.8% vs. 4.9% for no-vessel disease, 8.2% vs. 4.8% for single-vessel disease, 10.2% vs. 6.0% for double-vessel disease, 13.0% vs. 8.4% for triple-vessel disease, and 6.8% vs. 6.1% for diffuse disease, respectively. For all patients with DM, the cox-regression analysis yielded significantly higher hazards of PAD compared with non-DM patients with HR 1.70 (no-vessel disease), 1.96 (single-vessel disease), 2.35 (double-vessel disease), 2.87 (triple-vessel disease), and 1.46 (diffuse disease), respectively (interaction-p 0.042).

Conclusion
DM appears to be associated with increased risk of PAD in patients with and without established CAD, with increasing risk in more extensive CAD. This observation indicates awareness on PAD risk in patients with DM, especially among patients with advanced CAD.
Building the skills and confidence of early childhood educators to work with parents: study protocol for the Partnering with Parents cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Petrovic Zvezdana , Clayton Olivia , Matthews Jan , Wade Catherine , Tan Lina , Meyer Denny , Gates Antony , Almendingen Alex , Cann Warren 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
In the early years of life, the benefits of parental engagement in children’s learning are well documented. Early childhood educators are a potentially effective source of support, having opportunity to engage with parents on key issues related to children’s learning and development. Educators report a need for more practical strategies for building positive partnerships with the parents of children in their care. To address this need, we have developed a practice support system, Partnering with Parents, to guide educators in Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) through practical strategies for working with parents. Partnering with Parents is designed to be embedded in everyday service delivery.

Methods
Using a cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) with intervention and wait-list control groups, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of the Partnering with Parents practice support system under normal service conditions. The intervention is being trialled in ECEC services across Victoria, Australia. Services in the intervention group implemented the 10-week intervention before the control group commenced the intervention. Educators and parents of children attending the participating services are taking part in evaluating the intervention by completing questionnaires online at three time points (before, immediately after, and 3 months after the intervention group received the intervention).

Results
One hundred eighteen educators and 302 parents recruited from 19 participating ECEC services have consented to take part in the trial.

Conclusions
There is considerable potential for ECEC services to improve everyday interactions with parents and potentially child outcomes, by implementing this practice support model. Future research in this field can examine long-term effects of improving the parent-educator relationship. The intervention has potential to be widely embedded in educator training or professional development.

Trial registration
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12619000488101. Prospectively registered 25 March 2019.
Age-related deficits in bilateral motor synergies and force coordination
Authors: Kang Nyeonju , Roberts Lisa M. , Aziz Clara , Cauraugh James H. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Ageing may cause impairments in executing bilateral movement control. This study investigated age-related changes in interlimb force coordination across multiple trials by quantifying bilateral motor synergies based on the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis. Participants completed the trials with and without visual feedback.

Methods
Twenty healthy individuals (10 older adults and 10 young adults) performed 12 isometric force control trials for the two vision conditions at 5% of maximal voluntary contraction. All dependent variables were analyzed in two-way mixed model (Group × Vision Condition; 2 × 2) ANOVAs with repeated measures on the last factor.

Results
The analyses revealed that older adults had greater mean force produced by two hands in both vision conditions (i.e., yes and no visual feedback). Across both vision conditions, the older adult group showed greater asymmetrical force variability (i.e., standard deviation of non-dominant hand > standard deviation of dominant hand) and revealed more positive correlation coefficients between forces produced by two hands as compared with the young adult group. Finally, an index of bilateral motor synergies was significantly greater in young adults than older adults when visual feedback was available.

Conclusion
The current findings indicate that deficits in interlimb force coordination across multiple trials appeared in older adults.
Transitioning of older Australian women into and through the long-term care system: a cohort study using linked data
Authors: Rahman Md. Mijanur , Efird Jimmy T. , Byles Julie E. 
Published: October 2019

Abstract

Background
Over two-thirds of older Australians use different types/levels of aged care at some point in later life. Our aims were to estimate transitional probabilities and to identify risk factors influencing the movement between different levels of long-term care.

Methods
The sample consisted of 9007 women from the 1921-26 birth cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. Transitional probabilities between different levels of long-term care were estimated using a continuous-time Markov model.

Results
An 11-fold transition rates ratio was observed for the movement from non-user to home and community care (HACC) versus non-user to residential aged care (RAC). The predicted probabilities of remaining in the non-user state, HACC, and RAC after 10 years from the baseline were .28, .24, and .11, respectively. While the corresponding probabilities of dying from these states were .36, .65, and .90. The risk of transitioning from the non-user state to either HACC or RAC was greater for participants who were older at baseline, widowed, living outside of major cities, having difficulties in managing income, or having chronic condition, poor/fair self-rated health, or lower SF-36 scores (p < .05).

Conclusion
Women spend a substantial period of their later life using long-term care. Typically, this will be in the community setting with a low level of care. The transition to either HACC or RAC was associated with several demographic and health-related factors. Our findings are important for the planning and improvement of long-term care among future generations of older people.

Trial registration
Not applicable.