bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Goldstandard Ophthalmopathologie – noch zeitgemäß?
Authors: Herwig-Carl Martina C. , Löffler Karin U. 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Ophthalmopathologie hat eine lange Tradition in Deutschland. Von der kontinuierlichen Weiterentwicklung technischer und molekularbiologischer Methoden profitiert auch dieser spezielle Bereich der allgemeinen Pathologie. Als Basis grundlagenwissenschaftlicher Forschung, aber auch im Bezug auf die Vermittlung pathophysiologischer Zusammenhänge und in der Evaluation innovativer Operationsmethoden ist die Ophthalmopathologie auch heutzutage nicht wegzudenken. Anhand verschiedener Fallbeispiele werden die 4 Säulen der Ophthalmopathologie – die Diagnostik, die klinisch-pathologische Korrelation, die Evaluation neuer Therapiemethoden und die Forschung – illustriert. Die Ophthalmopathologie ist nicht nur ein Fach der Vergangenheit, sondern vor allem ein Fach der Zukunft. Sie entwickelt sich mit dem medizinischen und ophthalmologischen Fortschritt weiter und dient auch dazu, diesen kritisch zu evaluieren. Die klinisch-pathologische Korrelation ist ein unschätzbares Gut für
die nachhaltige Qualität der Augenheilkunde, die wir uns nicht durch das „Sparen an falscher Stelle“ (d. h. der Schließung ophthalmopathologischer Labore) leichtfertig nehmen lassen sollten. Die Ophthalmopathologie war, ist und wird weiterhin der Goldstandard bei vielen ophthalmologischen Fragestellungen bleiben.
Tiefenwirkung von kaltem Atmosphärendruckplasma in der Keratitistherapie: ein Hornhautstromagewebemodell
Authors: Lingenfelder Christian , Kampmeier Jürgen , Russ Detlef , Wittig Rainer , Diener Christof , Werner Jens Ulrich 
Published: May 2020

ZusammenfassungDie Inzidenz der mikrobiellen Keratitis steigt an und liegt bei 28 Fällen/100 000 Einwohner. Dies könnte auf das häufigere Tragen von Kontaktlinsen zurückzuführen sein. Die Keratitis kann zu Sehbehinderungen und in schweren Fällen mit Endophthalmitis zur Enukleation des betroffenen Auges führen. Zunehmende Resistenzen von Mikroorganismen gegen die Antibiotikatherapie zeigen den Bedarf an neuen therapeutischen Strategien auf. Kaltes Atmosphärendruckplasma wurde bereits erfolgreich zur Desinfektion von Oberflächen eingesetzt. Diese Studie untersucht in einem Hornhautstromagewebemodell tiefenaufgelöst die Wirksamkeit von kaltem Atmosphärendruckplasma gegen Escherichia coli.
Additional Insulin for Coping with Fat- and Protein-Rich Meals in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: The Protein Unit
Authors: Schweizer Roland , Herrlich Susann , Lösch-Binder Martina , Glökler Michaela , Heimgärtner Magdalena , Liebrich Franziska , Meßner Katja , Muckenhaupt Tina , Schneider Angelika , Ziegler Julian , Neu Andreas 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjective Dietary proteins raise blood glucose levels; dietary fats delay this rise. We sought to assess the insulin amount required to normalize glucose levels after a fat- and protein-rich meal (FPRM).Methods Sixteen adolescents (5 female) with type 1 diabetes (median age: 18.2 years; range: 15.2–24.0; duration: 7.1 years; 2.3–14.3; HbA1c: 7.2%; 6.2–8.3%) were included. FPRM (carbohydrates 57 g; protein 92 g; fat 39 g; fibers 7 g; calories 975 Kcal) was served in the evening, with 20 or 40% extra insulin compared to a standard meal (SM) (carbohydrates 70 g; protein 28 g; fat 19 g; fibers 10 g; calories 579 Kcal) or carbohydrates only. Insulin was administered for patients on intensified insulin therapy or as a 4-hour-delayed bolus for those on pump therapy. The 12-hour post-meal glucose levels were compared between FPRM and SM, with the extra insulin amount calculated based on 100 g proteins as a multiple of the carbohydrate unit.Results Glucose levels (median, mg/dL) 12-hour post-meal with 20% extra insulin vs. 40% vs. insulin dose for SM were 116 vs. 113 vs. 91. Glucose-AUC over 12-hour post-meal with 20% extra insulin vs. 40% vs. insulin dose for SM was 1603 mg/dL/12 h vs. 1527 vs. 1400 (no significance). Glucose levels in the target range with 20% extra insulin vs. 40% were 60% vs. 69% (p=0.1). Glucose levels <60 mg/dL did not increase with 40% extra insulin. This corresponds to the 2.15-fold carbohydrate unit for 100 g protein.Conclusions We recommend administering the same insulin dose given for 1 carbohydrate unit (10 g carbs) to cover 50 g protein.
Epigenetic Downregulation of FASN in Visceral Adipose Tissue
of Insulin Resistant Subjects
Authors: Sievert Helen , Krause Christin , Geißler Cathleen , Grohs Martina , El-Gammal Alexander T. , Wolter Stefan , Mann Oliver , Lehnert Hendrik , Kirchner Henriette 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objective The risk to develop type 2 diabetes increases with the amount
of visceral adiposity presumably due to increased lipolysis and subsequent lipid
accumulation in visceral organs. However, data describing the molecular
regulation of these pathways in humans are rare. We tested if genes of the
lipogenic and lipolytic pathways are associated with glucose intolerance
independently of obesity in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of obese subjects.
Moreover, we studied DNA methylation of FASN (fatty acid
synthase), that catalyses the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids, in
VAT of the same subjects and whether it is associated with metabolic traits.
Subjects and methods Visceral adipose tissue biopsies and blood samples
were taken from 93 severely obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery.
Subjects were grouped in low HbA1c (L-HbA1c, HbA1c<6.5 %) and
high HbA1c (H-HbA1c, HbA1c≥6.5 %) groups and expression of genes
from the lipogenic and lipolytic pathways was analysed by TaqMan qPCR. DNA
methylation of FASN was quantified by bisulfite-pyrosequencing.
Results
FASN expression was downregulated in visceral fat from subjects with high
HbA1c (p = 0.00009). Expression of other lipogenetic (SCD,
ELOVL6) or lipolytic genes (ADRB3, PNPLA2) and
FABP4 was not changed. DNA methylation of FASN was increased
at a regulatory ChoRE recognition site in the H-HbA1c-subgroup and correlated
negatively with FASN mRNA (r = − 0.302, p
= 0.0034) and positively with HbA1c (r = 0.296, p =
0.0040) and blood glucose (r = 0.363, p = 0.0005).
Conclusions Epigenetic downregulation of FASN in visceral adipose
tissue of obese subjects might contribute to limited de novo lipogenesis
of important insulin sensitizing fatty acids and could thereby contribute to
glucose intolerance and the development of type 2 diabetes independently of
obesity.
Challenges at the Time of COVID-19: Opportunities and Innovations in Antivirals from Nature
Authors: Hensel Andreas , Bauer Rudolf , Heinrich Michael , Spiegler Verena , Kayser Oliver , Hempel Georg , Kraft Karin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAs viral infections are an increasing threat to human societies, the need for new therapeutic strategies is becoming even more obvious. As no vaccine is available for COVID-19, the development of directly acting antiviral agents and preventive strategies have to be considered. Nature provides a huge reservoir of anti-infectious compounds, from which we can deduce innovative ideas, therapies, and products. Anti-adhesive natural products interact with the receptor-mediated recognition and early interaction of viruses with the host cells, leading to a reduced internalisation of the virus and reduced infections (e.g., procyanidin-B-2-di-O-gallate against influenza and herpes virus). Lignans like podophyllotoxin and bicyclol show strong antiviral activities against different viruses, and essential oils can directly interact with viral membranes and reduce the hostʼs inflammatory responses (e.g., 1,8-cineol). Echinacea extracts stimulate the immune system, and bioavailable alkamides are key players by interacting with immunomodulating cannabinoid receptors. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infections have, in part, successfully been treated in China by preparations from traditional Chinese medicine and, while it is too early to draw conclusions, some promising data are available. There is huge potential, but intensified research is needed to develop evidence-based medicines with a clearly defined chemical profile. Intensified research and development, and therefore funding, are needed for exploiting natureʼs reservoir against viral infections. Combined action for basic research, chemistry, pharmacognosy, virology, and clinical studies, but also supply chain, sustainable sourcing, and economic aspects have to be considered. This review calls for intensified innovative science on natural products for the patients and for a healthier world!
Lung Volume Reduction in Pulmonary Emphysema
Authors: Garner Justin L. , Shah Pallav L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSevere emphysema with hyperinflation presents a therapeutic challenge. Inhaled medication has limited efficacy in individuals with mechanical constraints to the respiratory pump and impaired gas exchange. Lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS) reestablishes some semblance of normal physiology, resecting grossly expanded severely diseased tissue to restore the function of compromised relatively healthy lung, and has been shown to significantly improve exercise capacity, quality of life, and survival, especially in individuals with upper-lobe predominant emphysema and low-baseline exercise capacity, albeit with higher early morbidity and mortality. Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction achieved by deflating nonfunctioning parts of the lung is promoted as a less invasive and safer approach. Endobronchial valve implantation has demonstrated comparable outcomes to LVRS in selected individuals and has recently received approvals by the National Institute of Clinical Excellence in the United Kingdom and the Food and Drug Administration in the United States of America. Endobronchial coils are proving a viable treatment option in severe hyperinflation in the presence of collateral ventilation in selected cases of homogeneous disease. Modalities including vapor and sealant are delivered using a segmental strategy preserving healthier tissue within the same target lobe-efficacy and safety-data are, however, limited. This article will review the data supporting these novel technologies.
Postoperative Outcomes of Volar Plate Fixation in Cases of Scaphoid Deformity or Nonunion: A Case Series
Authors: Ansari Saif A. , Kennedy James A. , Younis Fizan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background Fractures through the waist of scaphoid are a common injury, resulting in deformity or nonunion. Recently, a locking plate has been shown to fix deformity or nonunion of scaphoid, with limited observation of functional postoperative outcomes.
Objectives We present a case series of 16 patients, with the disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score evaluation in primary fixation of scaphoid fractures with humpback deformity (n = 11) and revision open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) for nonunion (n = 5), using the Medartis TriLock 1.5 scaphoid plate and bone grafting.
Patients and Methods DASH scores were obtained preoperatively and postoperatively at 3, 6, and 12 (if required) months. Patient demographics, smoking status, employment type, and grip strengths were recorded.
Results Thirteen patients attended follow-up. Union was clinically and radiologically assessed with 13 achieving union. The mean preoperative DASH score was 34.0 (n = 16) and at treatment completion (discharge or DNA) was 11.5 (n = 13), with mean reduction of 18.5 (p = 0.03). At treatment completion, mean reduction in DASH score of revision ORIF was 13.7 (p = 0.27; n = 4), compared with 20.7 (p < 0.01; n = 9) in primary fixation with plate.
Conclusions Deformity correction, reduction in DASH score, and rate of union make the plate system useful in the management of scaphoid fractures with humpback deformity and revision for nonunion.
Level of Evidence This is a Level IV study.
Topical Tranexamic Acid in Total Knee Arthroplasty: Does It Augment the Effect of the Intravenous Administration in Patients with Moderate-to-High Risk of Bleeding? A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Abdallah Ahmed A. , Sallam Asser A. , Arafa Mohamed S. , Henawy Ayman T. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study aimed to compare the superimposed clinical value of topical tranexamic acid (TXA) application when it is simultaneously combined with intravenous (IV) administration versus the use of either IV TXA alone or IA TXA alone during primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with moderate-to-high risk of bleeding. We hypothesized that the combined administration approach will result in a more adequate reduction in the perioperative blood loss and blood transfusion rate. Ninety-four patients undergoing primary TKA were randomly allocated into intra-articular (IA) alone, IV alone, and combined group. We used 2 g of IV TXA in the IV TXA alone and combined groups 10 minutes before tourniquet deflation. However, we applied 1.5 g TXA in 100 mL isotonic saline half topically before arthrotomy closure and half retrogradely after wound closure through the drain. Follow-up period was 6 weeks. The primary outcome measures included the drainage blood volume, total blood loss, hidden blood loss, intraoperative blood loss, and the allogenic transfusion rate. Secondary outcomes included postoperative hemoglobin drop, amount of transfused blood units, thromboembolism, and wound complications. Combined administration of TXA provided significantly better results in terms of blood volume collected by the drain, total blood loss, and hidden blood loss (p < 0.01). Contrarily, the intraoperative blood loss, the allogeneic transfusion rate, and the number of transfused units were similar in all groups (p > 0.05). The subgroup analysis revealed that a combined IA and IV TXA administration significantly reduced the total blood loss in patients with either moderate or high risk of bleeding. Moreover, the degree of hemoglobin drop was significantly lesser with the combined approach. No thromboembolic complications or wound infection occurred. In conclusion, the combined use of topical and IV tranexamic acid resulted in a significant reduction in postoperative blood loss and hemoglobin level following TKA but did not influence the rate of allogeneic blood transfusion. This is a Level I, therapeutic study.
Altered photoreceptor metabolism in mouse causes late stage age-related macular degeneration-like pathologies
Authors: Cheng Shun-Yun , Cipi Joris , Ma Shan , Hafler Brian P. , Kanadia Rahul N. , Brush Richard S. , Agbaga Martin-Paul , Punzo Claudio 
Published: May 2020

Significance
The main cause for blindness in the elderly worldwide is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). What causes AMD remains unknown. The high metabolic demands of photoreceptors are thought to contribute to disease pathogenesis, yet whether photoreceptor metabolism differs in individuals with AMD has not been determined. Here, we show that photoreceptor metabolism does differ between diseased and nondiseased individuals. Mimicking the metabolic profile of diseased individuals in mouse resulted in the similar advanced pathologies as those that cause blindness in humans. A disease model with photoreceptors as a contributing factor explains also why AMD affects preferentially the macula; it is the region of highest photoreceptor density. The data might open new avenues to study the role of PRs in disease pathogenesis.
Multiple areas of the cerebral cortex influence the stomach
Authors: Levinthal David J. , Strick Peter L. 
Published: May 2020

Significance
Despite the longstanding appreciation that how we move, think, and feel has an impact on stomach function, the areas of the cerebral cortex that are the origin of these influences are largely unknown. Here we identify the cortical areas that influence the rat stomach. Output neurons in the rostral insula are the major cortical source of influence over parasympathetic control of the stomach, whereas output neurons in sensorimotor areas of the cortex are the major source of influence over sympathetic control. Thus, cortical areas involved in action, interoception, and emotion differentially influence stomach function.
Language sources and the reconstruction of early languages
Authors: Bauer Brigitte L. M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article argues that with the original emphasis on dialectal variation, using primarily literary texts from
various regions, analysis of Old French has routinely neglected social variation, providing an incomplete picture of its grammar.
Accordingly, Old French has been identified as typically featuring e.g. “pro-drop”, brace constructions, and single negation. Yet
examination of these features in informal texts, as opposed to the formal texts typically dealt with, demonstrates that these
documents do not corroborate the picture of Old French that is commonly presented in the linguistic literature. Our reconstruction
of Old French grammar therefore needs adjustment and further refinement, in particular by implementing sociolinguistic data. With
a broader scope, the call for inclusion of sociolinguistic variation may resonate in the investigation of other early languages,
resulting in the reassessment of the sources used, and reopening the debate about social variation in dead languages and its role
in language evolution.
Pronounced structural crossover in water at supercritical pressures
Authors: Cockrell C , Dicks O A , Brazhkin V V , Trachenko K 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
There have been ample studies of the many phases of H2O in both its solid and low pressure liquid states, and the transitions between them. Using molecular dynamics simulations we address the hitherto unexplored deeply supercritical pressures, where no qualitative transitions are thought to take place and where all properties are expected to vary smoothly. On the basis of these simulations we predict that water at supercritical pressures undergoes a structural crossover across the Frenkel line at pressures as high as 45 times the critical pressure. This provides a new insight into the water phase diagram and establishes a link between the structural and dynamical properties of supercritical water. Specifically, the crossover is demonstrated by a sharp and pronounced at low pressures, and smooth at high pressures, signified by changes in the pair distribution functions and local coordination which coincide with the dynamical transition (the loss of all oscillatory molecular motion) at the Frenkel line on the phase diagram.
Theoretical polarization of zero phonon lines in point defects
Authors: Davidsson Joel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In quantum technologies, point defects in semiconductors are becoming more significant. Understanding the frequency, intensity, and polarization of the zero phonon line is important. The last two properties are the subject of this paper. I present a method for calculating these properties and show the importance of using wave functions from both the ground and excited state. The validity of this method is demonstrated on the divacancy in 4H-SiC. Here, the calculated polarization and radiative lifetimes are in excellent agreement with experimental measurements. In general, this method can help to identify point defects and estimate suitable applications.
Proteins at curved fluid–fluid interfaces in a coarse-grained model
Authors: Zhao Yani , Cieplak Marek 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
We employ an empirical coarse-grained model with a proposed Gaussian-like interfacial potential to describe proteins at curved fluid–fluid interfaces such as occurring in bubbles and droplets. We consider the air–water and oil–water interfaces. We study the mass distributions and the geometry of the aqueous proteins as a function of the radius of curvature for protein G and two lipid transfer proteins. At curved interfaces the distortion of the proteins is different than at flat interfaces. We find that the proteins come closer to the surface of a bubble than to the surface of similarly curved droplet. In addition, the bubbles adsorb more proteins. We identify the pinning residues. We demonstrate the existence of the second layer in the density profile for sufficiently dense solutions.
Evaluation of irradiation effects on the microstructure and properties of Ag-sheathed Bi-2212 superconducting round wire for future application in CFETR
Authors: Li Zuoguang , Zhu Hongmei , Qiu Changjun , Yang Dongsheng , Qin Jinggang , Zhou Chao 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR) is designed to build a fusion engineering Tokamak reactor generating fusion power of 200–1500 MW, and to test the breeding tritium during fusion reaction. This may require a maximum magnetic field up to 15 T in the central solenoid and toroidal field coils. New superconducting materials should be developed for satisfying the next-generation fusion reactors with critical requirements. Recently, Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (denoted as Bi-2212) is considered as one of the most promising potential superconductors to be used as the magnets in CFETR, however, they will be subjected to harsh irradiation under operating conditions. The irradiation effects of the high-energy helium ions on the Ag-sheathed Bi-2212 superconducting round wire have been explored for the first time in this work. The microstructure and the critical current at 4.2 K of the superconducting wire before and after irradiation have been carefully investigated. Room-temperature x-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles showed that all the peaks shifted rightward significantly with a broadened (111)Ag peak, indicating that the high-energy He+ irradiation resulted in appreciable defects and strain in the superconducting wire. Meanwhile, the in-situ high-temperature XRD tests showed that the lattice constant and the thermal expansion coefficient were deduced in the irradiated sample to be due to the presence of the generated defects. After irradiation, the grain size of the Ag sheath was refined, and the lattice of Bi-2212 superconductor was distorted obviously, as confirmed by transmission electronic microscopy. The critical current IC at 4.2 K of the superconducting wires in the field of 0–12T determined by the four-probe technique, decreased substantially after irradiation because of the lattice distortion and the consequently induced strain in the Bi-2212 superconductor. This work provides a solid basis for evaluating and understanding the irradiation effects upon the Ag-sheathed Bi-2212 superconducting wire, more promising for future application in CFETR.