bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the genetic basis of congenital insensitivity to pain
Authors: Drissi Ichrak , Woods William Aidan , Woods Christopher Geoffrey 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Introduction or background
Congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) is caused by extremely rare Mendelian genetic disorders. CIP individuals demonstrate the unexpectedly severe consequences of painlessness. Although only a small number of causative conditions and genes are known, most have led to profound insights into human nociception. CIP gene discovery is catalyzing the manufacture of completely new classes of analgesics, and these are needed as alternatives to synthetic highly potent opioids.

Sources of data
Pubmed.gov peer-reviewed journal articles and reviews.

Areas of agreement
The importance of nerve growth factor-tropomyosin receptor kinase A (NGF-TRKA) signalling for nociceptor genesis and subsequent pain sensing.
New analgesics can be generated from knowledge of the NGF-TRKA nociceptor pathway.
Increased susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus infection is a consequence of deficient NGF-TRKA signalling.
Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channels SCN9A and SCN11A can cause congenital painlessness, and in contradistinction, other mutations can cause episodic neuropathic pain.
SCN9A/Nav1.7 is an analgesic target.
SCN11A/Nav1.9 is unlikely to be an analgesic target.
There are further Mendelian causes of painlessness to be discovered.

Areas of controversy
Which NGF-TRKA intracellular signalling pathways operate in nociceptor development and which in post-natal pain sensing?
Why have no clinically effective Nav1.7 antagonist been generated?
SCN9A-CIP causes analgesia, at least in part, through endogenous opioids.
Why do all CIP phenotypes involve a complete loss of all types of nociception?

Areas timely for developing research
PRDM12 as an analgesic target.
Discovery of the function and analgesic potential of new CIP genes.
Can NGF-TRKA be used in the treatment of S. aureus?
Transcriptional regulation of organohalide pollutant utilisation in bacteria
Authors: Maucourt Bruno , Vuilleumier Stéphane , Bringel Françoise 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTOrganohalides are organic molecules formed biotically and abiotically, both naturally and through industrial production. They are usually toxic and represent a health risk for living organisms, including humans. Bacteria capable of degrading organohalides for growth express dehalogenase genes encoding enzymes that cleave carbon-halogen bonds. Such bacteria are of potential high interest for bioremediation of contaminated sites. Dehalogenase genes are often part of gene clusters that may include regulators, accessory genes and genes for transporters and other enzymes of organohalide degradation pathways. Organohalides and their degradation products affect the activity of regulatory factors, and extensive genome-wide modulation of gene expression helps dehalogenating bacteria to cope with stresses associated with dehalogenation, such as intracellular increase of halides, dehalogenase-dependent acid production, organohalide toxicity and misrouting and bottlenecks in metabolic fluxes. This review focuses on transcriptional regulation of gene clusters for dehalogenation in bacteria, as studied in laboratory experiments and in situ. The diversity in gene content, organization and regulation of such gene clusters is highlighted for representative organohalide-degrading bacteria. Selected examples illustrate a key, overlooked role of regulatory processes, often strain-specific, for efficient dehalogenation and productive growth in presence of organohalides.
A mushy Earth's mantle for more than 500 Myr after the magma ocean solidification
Authors: Monteux J , Andrault D , Guitreau M , Samuel H , Demouchy S 
Published: January 2020

SUMMARYIn its early evolution, the Earth mantle likely experienced several episodes of complete melting enhanced by giant impact heating, short-lived radionuclides heating and viscous dissipation during the metal/silicate separation. After a first stage of rapid and significant crystallization (Magma Ocean stage), the mantle cooling is slowed down due to the rheological transition, which occurs at a critical melt fraction of 40–50%. This transition first occurs in the lowermost mantle, before the mushy zone migrates toward the Earth's surface with further mantle cooling. Thick thermal boundary layers form above and below this reservoir. We have developed numerical models to monitor the thermal evolution of a cooling and crystallizing deep mushy mantle. For this purpose, we use a 1-D approach in spherical geometry accounting for turbulent convective heat transfer and integrating recent and solid experimental constraints from mineral physics. Our results show that the last stages of the mushy mantle solidification occur in two separate mantle layers. The lifetime and depth of each layer are strongly dependent on the considered viscosity model and in particular on the viscosity contrast between the solid upper and lower mantle. In any case, the full solidification should occur at the Hadean–Eoarchean boundary 500–800 Myr after Earth's formation. The persistence of molten reservoirs during the Hadean may favor the absence of early reliefs at that time and maintain isolation of the early crust from the underlying mantle dynamics.
Minimal Lipschitz and ∞-harmonic extensions of vector-valued functions on finite graphs
Authors: Bačák Miroslav , Hertrich Johannes , Neumayer Sebastian , Steidl Gabriele 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
This paper deals with extensions of vector-valued functions on finite graphs fulfilling distinguished minimality properties. We show that so-called $\mathrm{lex}$ and $L\mbox{-}\mathrm{lex}$ minimal extensions are actually the same and call them minimal Lipschitz extensions. Then, we prove that the solution of the graph $p$-Laplacians converge to these extensions as $p\to \infty$. Furthermore, we examine the relation between minimal Lipschitz extensions and iterated weighted midrange filters and address their connection to $\infty$-Laplacians for scalar-valued functions. A convergence proof for an iterative algorithm proposed by Elmoataz et al. (2014) for finding the zero of the $\infty$-Laplacian is given. Finally, we present applications in image inpainting.
Assessment of Efforts to Hold Perpetrators of Conflict-related Sexual Violence Accountable in Central African Republic
Authors: Pham Phuong N , Balthazard Mychelle , Vinck Patrick 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Sexual violence is commonly described as an epidemic in the Central African Republic (CAR) and other conflict settings. In response, the government and the international community have launched major efforts to combat sexual violence, including the investigation and prosecution of sexual crimes and offences by the ordinary justice system, the Special Criminal Court in the Central African Republic, and the International Criminal Court. Yet, little is known about how these efforts are perceived among the population and about their effectiveness at reducing exposure in a context of ongoing violence. This article builds on a unique series of four surveys conducted at six-month intervals between 2017 and 2018 with a total of 25,143 randomly selected adults. It assesses the magnitude of sexual violence and shows that respondents positively perceive efforts to combat sexual violence and increasingly understand and trust the justice system. Disclosure of sexual violence is increasing, but only one in five victims files a formal complaint with security and justice actors. Factors undermining disclosing or filing of complaints about these widespread events include fear of retaliation, re-traumatization, and stigmatization. Investigating sexual crimes in a context of insecurity is extremely challenging and the work of the various courts is hindered by practical, procedural, and social challenges detailed in this article, as well as the need to coordinate prosecutorial strategies. There is an urgent need to build capacity and to ensure appropriate and compassionate treatment towards those who have been assaulted. Monitoring perception of criminal justice efforts is an important step towards understanding their contribution to ending sexual violence and to peace.
Genotypic diversity and genotype identity of resident species drive community composition
Authors: Hadincová Věroslava , Skálová Hana , Münzbergová Zuzana 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAimsSpecies-rich plant communities are more resistant to invasions. In the past decade it was demonstrated that genetic variation also has many ecological effects. In our study we aimed to test whether the patterns of response to the genetic diversity of a resident species differ between colonizing species of different growth forms and whether the response is affected by soil nutrients.MethodsWe established experimental stands of a common grass, Festuca rubra, harbouring three levels of genetic diversity (1, 6 or 18 clonal genotypes, referred to as genotypic diversity) under two soil nutrient levels. In the fourth year after the stands were established, we sowed a mixture of four colonizers into the stands: a stoloniferous legume (Trifolium repens), a broad-leaf tussock grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), a large-rosette forb (Plantago lanceolata) and a small-rosette forb (Campanula rotundifolia). We observed species establishment and growth over 3 years. We tested whether colonization success depended on genotypic diversity, specific Festuca genotypes, soil nutrients and colonizer growth form.Important FindingsThe colonization success and biomass of the colonizers were significantly affected by the genotypic diversity and the genotype identity of the resident clonal grass. The response, however, differed between the colonizers. The strongest response to the genotypic diversity of the resident species was observed in the tussock grass with a growth form and architecture similar to the resident species. The large-rosette species responded in early stages of growth whereas the stoloniferous legume did not respond at all. The intraspecific genotypic diversity and genotype identity of the resident species play an important role in the assembly of plant communities.
Absorbed radiation doses in the thyroid as estimated by UNSCEAR and subsequent risk of childhood thyroid cancer following the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Ohira Tetsuya , Shimura Hiroki , Hayashi Fumikazu , Nagao Masanori , Yasumura Seiji , Takahashi Hideto , Suzuki Satoru , Matsuzuka Takashi , Suzuki Satoshi , Iwadate Manabu , Ishikawa Tetsuo , Sakai Akira , Suzuki Shinichi , Nollet Kenneth E , Yokoya Susumu , Ohto Hitoshi , Kamiya Kenji ,   for the Fukushima Health Management Survey Group
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The identification of thyroid cancers among children after the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident propelled concerns regarding long-term radiation effects on thyroid cancer in children affected by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima, Japan. Herein we consider the potential association between absorbed dose in the thyroid and the risk of developing thyroid cancer as detected by ultrasonography on 300 473 children and adolescents aged 0–18 years in Fukushima. The absorbed dose mentioned in the present study indicates the sum of that from external exposure and that from internally deposited radionuclides. We grouped participants according to estimated absorbed doses in each of 59 municipalities in Fukushima Prefecture, based on The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) 2013 report. The 59 municipalities were assigned to quartiles by dose. We limited our analyses to participants aged ≥6 years because only one case of thyroid cancer was observed in participants aged ≤5 years; 164 299 participants were included in the final analysis. Compared with the lowest dose quartile, the age- and sex-adjusted rate ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the low-middle, high-middle and highest quartiles were 2.00 (0.84–4.80), 1.34 (0.50–3.59) and 1.42 (0.55–3.67) for the 6–14-year-old groups and 1.99 (0.70–5.70), 0.54 (0.13–2.31) and 0.51 (0.12–2.15) for the &gt;15-year-old group, respectively. No dose-dependent pattern emerged from the geographical distribution of absorbed doses by municipality, as estimated by UNSCEAR, and the detection of thyroid cancer among participants within 4–6 years after the accident. Ongoing surveillance might further clarify the effects of low-dose radiation exposure on thyroid cancer in Fukushima.
Disc tearing and Bardeen–Petterson alignment in GRMHD simulations of highly tilted thin accretion discs
Authors: Liska M , Hesp C , Tchekhovskoy A , Ingram A , van der Klis M , Markoff S B , Van Moer M 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Luminous active galactic nuclei and X-ray binaries often contain geometrically thin, radiatively cooled accretion discs. According to theory, these are – in many cases – initially highly misaligned with the black hole equator. In this work, we present the first general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of very thin (h/r ∼ 0.015–0.05) accretion discs around rapidly spinning (a ∼ 0.9) black holes and tilted by 45°–65°. We show that the inner regions of the discs with h/r ≲ 0.03 align with the black hole equator, though out to smaller radii than predicted by analytic work. The inner aligned and outer misaligned disc regions are separated by a sharp break in tilt angle accompanied by a sharp drop in density. We find that frame dragging by the spinning black hole overpowers the disc viscosity, which is self-consistently produced by magnetized turbulence, tearing the disc apart and forming a rapidly precessing inner sub-disc surrounded by a slowly precessing outer sub-disc. We find that the system produces a pair of relativistic jets for all initial tilt values. At small distances, the black hole launched jets precess rapidly together with the inner sub-disc, whereas at large distances they partially align with the outer sub-disc and precess more slowly. If the tearing radius can be modeled accurately in future work, emission model independent measurements of black hole spin based on precession-driven quasi-periodic oscillations may become possible.
Towards determining the neutrino mass hierarchy: weak lensing and galaxy clustering forecasts with baryons and intrinsic alignments
Authors: Copeland David , Taylor Andy , Hall Alex 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
The capacity of Stage IV lensing surveys to measure the neutrino mass sum and differentiate between the normal and inverted mass hierarchies depends on the impact of nuisance parameters describing small-scale baryonic astrophysics and intrinsic alignments. For a Euclid-like survey, we perform the first combined weak lensing and galaxy clustering Fisher analysis with baryons, intrinsic alignments, and massive neutrinos for both hierarchies. We use a matter power spectrum generated from a halo model that captures the impact of baryonic feedback and adiabatic contraction. For weak lensing, we find that baryons cause severe degradation to forecasts of the neutrino mass sum, Σ, approximately doubling σΣ. We show that including galaxy clustering constraints from Euclid and BOSS, and cosmic microwave background (CMB) Planck priors, can reduce this degradation to σΣ to 9 per cent and 16 per cent for the normal and inverted hierarchies, respectively. The combined forecasts, $\sigma _{\Sigma _{\rm {NH}}}=0.034\, \rm {eV}$ and $\sigma _{\Sigma _{\rm {IH}}}=0.034\, \rm {eV}$, preclude a meaningful distinction of the hierarchies but could be improved upon with future CMB priors on ns and information from neutrinoless double beta decay to achieve a 2σ distinction. The effect of intrinsic alignments on forecasts is shown to be minimal, with σΣ even experiencing mild improvements due to information from the intrinsic alignment signal. We find that while adiabatic contraction and intrinsic alignments will require careful calibration to prevent significant biasing of Σ, there is less risk presented by feedback from energetic events like AGN and supernovae.
Prospective Pilot Study of Cyclophosphamide as an Adjunct Treatment in Patients With Adult-Onset Immunodeficiency Associated With Anti-interferon-γ Autoantibodies
Authors: Laisuan Wannada , Pisitkun Prapaporn , Ngamjanyaporn Pintip , Suangtamai Thanitta , Rotjanapan Porpon 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundAdult-onset immunodeficiency associated with interferon-γ autoantibody (IGA) is an emerging disease. The majority of patients require both antimicrobial and immunosuppressive treatments. However, anti-CD20 therapy is not fully accessible in a resource-limited setting to date.BackgroundThe objectives of this work were to study the efficacy of cyclophosphamide treatment and the role of laboratory biomarkers for disease progression monitoring.MethodsA prospective pilot cohort study was conducted among patients with anti-interferon-γ autoantibodies (IGA) who had recurrent infections and required long-term antimicrobial therapy between 2015 and 2018. The patients were categorized into 2 groups: receipt of intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCY) and receipt of anti-CD20 therapy (RTX). Clinical and laboratory data were determined.ResultsA total of 17 IGA patients were enrolled. Prolonged fever was the most common manifestation, and the most common infection identified was nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. Both were found in 88.24% of all patients.After completion of IVCY, 9/11 patients achieved complete remission and tended to reach remission faster compared with individuals in the RTX group. The median duration from treatment initiation to remission (interquartile range) was 84 (42–154) days in the IVCY group and 99 (51–202) days in the RTX group. In remission patients, the biomarkers of interest had normalized after treatment, except interferon γ autoantibody titers. There were no differences in adverse events among the 2 groups.ConclusionIVCY may be considered as alternative therapy in this population, especially in resource-limited countries. A comparable clinical outcome to RTX may support its use on a larger scale. However, further study is encouraged.
Possible detection of solar gamma-rays by ground-level detectors in solar flares on 2011 March 7
Authors: Muraki Yasushi , Valdés-Galicia Jose F , González Luis Xavier , Kamiya Kohki , Katayose Yusaku , Koga Kiyokazu , Matsumoto Haruhisa , Masuda Satoshi , Matsubara Yutaka , Nagai Yuya , Ohnishi Munehiro , Ozawa Syunsuke , Sako Takashi , Shibata Shoichi , Takita Masato , Tanaka Yasuyuki , Tsuchiya Harufumi , Watanabe Kyoko , Zhang Ji Long 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
On 2011 March 7, the Solar Neutron Telescope located at Mt. Sierra Negra, Mexico (4600 m) observed enhancements of the counting rate from 19:57 to 20:04 UT with statistical significance 6.8σ and from 20:36 to 21:03 UT with 5.8σ. One plausible physical explanation for the observation enhancements is that they were produced by solar gamma-rays. The intensities were estimated to be (0.16 ± 0.03) photons cm−2 s−1 for the first flare and (0.22 ± 0.04) photons cm−2 s−1 for the second one at the top of the atmosphere. As far as we know, this is the first report on the detection of solar gamma-rays with a ground-based detector. In association with these events, the solar neutron detector Space Environment Data Acquisition Equipment on board the International Space Station registered two solar neutrons with statistical significances of 7.3σ and 6.6σ. The Large Area Telescope on board the Fermi observatory also observed high-energy gamma-rays from this flare with a statistical significance of 6.7σ. In this paper we propose a unified model to explain the production mechanism of high-energy gamma-rays and neutrons in association with this flare.
Mapping Housing Laws in the United States: A Resource for Evaluating Housing Policies' Impacts on Health
Authors: Moran-McCabe Katie , Waimberg Joshua , Ghorashi Adrienne 
Published: January 2020

Context:
Safe, stable housing is essential to good health. Housing hazards, including mold, vermin, and lead, can contribute to the development or exacerbation of chronic illnesses such as asthma and neurological disorders. In addition, eviction has been associated with poor physical and mental health outcomes. There are many laws aimed at maintaining healthy housing, or protecting access to stable housing, but their impacts are mostly unknown.

Policy:
Using scientific legal mapping, the Center for Public Health Law Research (the Center) created legal data sets on state landlord-tenant laws, state fair housing laws, and city nuisance property ordinances. These data sets track the incidence and key features of these laws, creating legal data that can be used for evaluation. Some important elements of these laws include property maintenance duties; protections against retaliation; protected classes under state fair housing laws; discriminatory acts prohibited by state fair housing laws; types of conduct that constitute nuisance activity; and required nuisance abatement actions.

Implementation and/or Dissemination:
As of August 1, 2017, all 50 states and the District of Columbia have a state landlord-tenant law; all states except Mississippi have a state fair housing law; and 37 of the 40 most populous US cities have a local nuisance property ordinance.

Evaluation:
Evaluation of these laws is needed to determine their effectiveness and impacts and to spread the use of evidence-based policies. The creation of these legal data sets is the first step toward evaluation.

Discussion:
Law can play an important role in promoting healthy housing, but evaluating the law is essential to determining its impact. Tracking the prevalence and key elements of laws is an important first step in conducting evaluation. The legal data created by the Center can be used to evaluate the efficacy and impacts of state landlord-tenant laws, state fair housing protections, and city nuisance property ordinances.
Short-term consumption of a high-fat diet increases host susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes infection
Authors: Heras Vanessa , Clooney Adam G. , Ryan Feargal J. , Cabrera-Rubio Raul , Casey Pat G. , Hueston Cara M. , Pinheiro Jorge , Rudkin Justine K. , Melgar Silvia , Cotter Paul , Hill Colin , Gahan Cormac 
Published: January 2020

A Westernized-diet comprising a high caloric intake from animal fats is known to influence the development of pathological inflammatory conditions. However, there has been relatively little focus upon the implications of such diets for the progression of infectious disease. Here we investigated the influence of a high-fat (HF) diet upon parameters that influence Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice.
We determined that short-term administration of a HF diet increases the number of goblet cells, a known binding site for the pathogen in the gut, and also induces profound changes to the microbiota and promotes a pro-inflammatory gene expression profile in the host. Host physiological changes were concordant with significantly increased susceptibility to oral L. monocytogenes infection in mice fed a HF diet relative to low-fat (LF) or chow-fed animals. Prior to Listeria infection short-term consumption of HF diet elevated faecal levels of Firmicutes. During active infection with L. monocytogenes microbiota changes were further exacerbated but host inflammatory responses were significantly down-regulated relative to Listeria-infected LF or chow-fed groups, suggestive of a profound tampering of the host response influenced by infection in the context of a HF diet.
Overall the results indicate that short-term consumption of a Westernized-diet has the capacity to significantly alter host susceptibility to L. monocytogenes infection concomitant with changes to the host physiological landscape. The findings suggest that diet should be a consideration when developing models that reflect human infectious disease.