bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terrorist Propaganda After the Islamic State
Authors: Gill Paul , Braddock Kurt , Zolghadriha Sanaz , Rottweiler Bettina , Cushenbery Lily D. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Tactical and technological innovations of one terrorist group often cross-pollinate into other groups with wildly different ideologies and from geographically diverse combat theaters. The aim of this chapter is thus to examine the potential imitation/emulation dynamics that extremist groups (both jihadist and other) might enter following the “success” of the propaganda produced by the Islamic State (IS). The chapter looks at two aspects of this problem: first, to what extent did IS innovate or imitate while producing its propaganda, and, second, how likely is it that IS’s propaganda will constitute a source of imitation for today’s and tomorrow’s violent groups? Drawing on what organizational psychology, business management, communications science, and terrorism studies say regarding creativity and innovation, the chapter highlights the drivers of IS’s innovation and thereby considers the likelihood of their being replicated elsewhere.
Introduction
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Boukhars Anouar 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The countries of the Maghreb—Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya—have witnessed a broad spectrum of transformations and challenges since the Arab uprisings of 2011. Among these has been a dramatic shift in state-society relations; economic challenges; fragmentation, mobilization, and contestation from varying population segments; and an opening of social and political space to Islamists. While much scholarly attention has been focused on Islamists linked to the Muslim Brotherhood and to jihadists like al-Qaeda and the Islamic State, the broader movement of the literalist and austere variant of Islam known as Salafism remains understudied. This volume aims to correct this gap by situating Salafism, in all of its expressions, within the national contexts of the Maghreb.
Defining Salafism
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Boukhars Anouar 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Salafism is a diverse and dynamic current within Islam that promotes itself as the purest, most authentic form of Islam, marked by an emulation of the prophet Muhammad’s contemporary companions, their followers, and the next two generations. Despite its pretentions to literalism and universalism, Salafism as a lived reality often incorporates local social contexts and customs. Scholars of Salafism have roughly divided the movement into quietists, who eschew politics in favor of scholarship and proselytization;, politicos, who engage in politics through various mediums; and violent jihadists. Yet as this volume shows, these divisions are increasingly blurred and do not account for Salafism’s increasing dynamism on matters of creed and practice. The growth of Salafism is due to a multitude of socioeconomic and political factors, to include a strong moral critique of the existing order and a certitude of virtue that is comforting in times of upheaval.
Managing Salafism in Tunisia
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Boukhars Anouar 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter charts the complex relationship between the changing nature of state power and management of religious activism in Tunisia. In particular, it provides insight into a unique situation in the Arab world where, for the first time, jihadist ideologies and democratic experience intermingled, arousing greater passions, hopes, and fears. For a brief moment, Tunisia became the theater to test the political and ideational impact of democratization on antisystemic groups with jihadist ideological visions. The chapter examines the novelty of this case and provides insights on the factors that affected and mediated jihadist interactions with both the Islamist Ennahda-led government and other groups with opposing moral and ideological stances. Such an analysis of intrajihadi dynamics, jihadi-regime dynamics, and intergroup dynamics with other social and political actors helps elucidate the choice of strategies that jihadists adopted and how those choices were deeply affected by their own internal contradictions and ambiguities.
Conclusion
Authors: Wehrey Frederic , Boukhars Anouar 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Since the 2011 Arab uprisings, Salafism has adapted to new shifts in Maghrebi state-society relations and the marginalization of key population segments and regions. In tandem, changing fortunes of other streams of Islamism and Islamic practice have provided Salafism new opportunities for growth and politicization. The imperative socioeconomic relevance has meant that Salafis in all the Maghreb cases have deployed and reinterpreted traditional Salafi precepts in unique and surprising ways. The result has been a blurring of the lines between quietism and politicos—and sometimes the lines between Salafis and non-Salafist groups like the Brotherhood. Ultimately, Salafism in the Maghreb must be seen as a portal onto the frustrations of an increasingly young population who are drawn to the movement as a moral critique against entrenched orders that have either failed them or no longer address their needs.
Historical Roots of US Press Freedoms and Failures
Authors: Pickard Victor 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 1 historicizes the journalism crisis, showing that in the United States commercial news media institutions have always been in crisis. The chapter first summarizes the history of the US press and its freedoms under the First Amendment of the US Constitution and sketches out continuities in US press history in terms of democratic theory, market failure, and reform efforts. It goes on to outline a long unbroken tradition of radical media criticism and ongoing attempts to rein in the commercial excesses of US journalism. Finally, the chapter underscores the US press system’s structural contradictions that have rendered it prone to crisis.
Monopoly Control over Digital Infrastructures
Authors: Pickard Victor 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Chapter 4 brings into focus various structural threats to journalism, including monopoly control over media infrastructures, the loss of public interest protections, digital divides, and the “Facebook problem.” It examines how monopolies—from platforms to traditional conglomerates and broadband cartels—threaten the entire news media system. The chapter goes on to provide an overview of why media policy matters for journalism and how different ownership structures affect media content. It then concludes with an in-depth discussion of Facebook’s relationship to journalism and the different schools of thought on how we should rein in monopolies.
Not Isolating Isolation
Authors: Resnik Judith 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter explores the distinctive features of solitary confinement and the ways in which isolation is endemic in the structure of U.S. prisons. It analyze the expansion of solitary confinement, the debate about the lawfulness of the practice in the federal courts, and recent data on the widespread use of solitary confinement in state and federal prison systems. The U.S. Supreme Court has not prohibited the practice but has licensed courts to inquire about whether a particular version imposes an “atypical and significant hardship” on an individual. If such a showing is made, then prisons must provide some procedural buffers against arbitrary placements. Nation-wide data demonstrate that more than 60,000 individuals were, as of 2018, placed in cells for 15 days or more for 22 hours or more. Almost 4,000 people have been so confined for three years or more. Solitary confinement is thus all too “typical” a facet of prison life. Its commonplace occurrence ought not insulate solitary confinement from the conclusion that it is an illicitly cruel practice that debilitates individuals. The complexity of ending solitary confinement terms not only from its widespread use but also from the ways in which U.S. prisons are committed to many practices that are isolating and disabling of individuals.
Sharing Experiences of Solitary Confinement—Prisoners and Staff
Authors: King Robert , Canales Dolores , Morris Jack , Sosa Armondo 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
A critical aspect of the movement against solitary confinement is the activism, testimony, stories and reflections of prisoners who have been subjected to these torturous conditions. This chapter includes essays by three former prisoners who spent years in solitary confinement are important activists in the campaign to end this form of torture. Each describe the various ways that their solitary confinement seriously harmed and damaged them and the mechanisms they used to cope with and survive the experience. It is not possible to truly understand the horror and torture of solitary confinement without hearing from those who suffered from it. Finally, the chapter concludes with an essay from a prison guard, who concludes that not only does solitary confinement harm the prisoners, but also injures those who have to work in these dehumanizing conditions. He describes how the working life of line correctional officials improved once Colorado instituted its reforms.
The Management of High-Security Prisoners
Authors: Coyle Andrew 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter deals with the vexed question, ‘If not solitary confinement, then what?’. The author describes his personal quest to find an answer this question throughout a professional lifetime during which he spent over two decades in the United Kingdom managing high security prisons where he tried to balance the obligations, on the one hand, to maintain security, safety and good order in each prison while, on the other hand, dealing in a decent and human manner with men who had the potential to be violent and dangerous. He recounts his early observations in the United States and Canada on the beginnings of what were to become ‘supermax’ and ‘administrative segregation’. Having spent a further two decades in academia researching this subject at an international level, he links his earlier experiences in North America with recent involvement in court cases in Canada and the United States. He concludes by laying out a series of operational principles which, if properly applied, are likely to lead to a dramatic reduction and eventually to the elimination of the use of solitary confinement.
Resisting Supermax
Authors: Bennett Jamie 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses not on the supermax itself, although a brief description is offered as a comparator, but instead on articulating alternative forms of imprisonment for those prisoners considered to be dangerous and therefore to be held in conditions of high security. The chapter argues that alternatives to the globalized brand of the supermax can be found in localized and often historically established practices. While such practices are imperfect and limited in scale, they do contain elements of good practice worthy of our attention when countering a flawed and inhumane system of imprisonment. Rather than suggesting a reinvention of the prison, the author argues that alternatives can be uncovered in the rediscovery of more humane and effective penal practices that have often continued to flourish in niches of prison systems, but may now be brought into the light and encouraged to reach full bloom. In particular the author points out the rejection of the supermax approach in England and Wales and explores alternatives that have taken root in its place.
Reflections on North Dakota’s Sustained Solitary Confinement Reform
Authors: Bertsch Leann K. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
As director of the North Dakota Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (ND DOCR), I have overseen its adult, juvenile, and community corrections services for the past thirteen years. This chapter will focus on the broader systems reforms that were implemented prior to solitary confinement reform at the ND DOCR, why it was necessary to change the way we use solitary confinement or restrictive housing, the specific changes we made within the unit, how we improved transitions from the unit, the challenges associated with this work, and the successes we have seen as a result of the reforms.
The “Humpty-Dumpty” Problem in the Study of Development
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This goal of this chapter is to describe how developmentalists have suffered from the humpty-dumpty problem; that is, there has been a focus on individual developmental achievements in isolation. The study of development in pieces provides an incomplete understanding of change because abilities, skills, and knowledge do not develop in isolation. Rather every development reflects interactions between and across different aspects of processing, different mechanisms, and a variety of abilities. Put another way, the development of any ability (e.g., searching for hidden objects, uttering the first word, taking a step) involves the whole child. The chapter proposes that a complete and coherent understanding of development will only emerge from a consideration of how changes in one domain influence or determine cumulative changes in other domains.
The Role of Constraints in Development
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
One potential problem with the development cascades approach is that it appears to be unconstrained. However, as discussed in this chapter, constraints in development can be broadly defined. Constraints have typically been conceived of as either innate and present at birth or acquired through experience. This chapter argues instead that developmental cascades are influenced profoundly by different kinds of constraints that do not have a single foundation. Constraints can be structural (e.g., originating from the structure of the child’s nervous system and body), a function of the physical or social environment, or the result of accumulated knowledge and experience. These constraints, it is argued, occur at multiple levels of processing and change over time, both of which contribute to developmental cascades and are the product of cascades.
The Employee’s Perspective
Authors: Ochoa Rolando 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
This chapter analyses the employment relationship from the perspective of the employee. It looks at how they are able to access jobs and job security in a very informal environment with scant contract enforcement, and focuses in particular on how drivers signal their trustworthiness as opposed to how they decide whether or not to trust the employer. The chapter analyses drivers’ relationship with their employers and how they are hired as protectors—not just as drivers. It also examines what happens when the relationship between employer and employee breaks down. Overall, the chapter helps us to understand how relationships are entered into and sustained in an environment of insecurity.
Acquaintance Is Consciousness and Consciousness Is Acquaintance
Authors: Levine Joseph 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this chapter I survey the various roles that acquaintance might play in the philosophy of language, epistemology, and philosophy of mind, and I then go on to explore the prospects for a naturalistic account of acquaintance to fill these roles. I will continue by arguing that while some roles can be filled by a naturalistic theory, others cannot. Finally, I will briefly present a non-naturalistic theory, according to which consciousness just is the relation of acquaintance, and show both how it accomplishes what a naturalistic theory could not but also how it cannot accomplish everything a naturalistic theory can.
What Acquaintance Teaches
Authors: Grzankowski Alex , Tye Michael 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In her black and white room, Mary doesn’t know what it is like to see red. Only after undergoing an experience as of something red and hence acquainting herself with red can Mary learn what it is like. But learning what it is like to see red requires more than simply becoming acquainted with it, one must also know an appropriate answer to the question ‘what is it like to see red?’. To be acquainted with something is to know it, but such knowledge, as we argue, is object knowledge rather than propositional knowledge. Despite this mismatch between object knowledge and knowing an answer, we believe that acquaintance is crucial to Mary’s epistemic progress. We argue that in order to know what it is like, in order for Mary to know an appropriate answer, Mary’s propositional knowledge must be appropriately related to her acquaintance with red.
Betwixt Feeling and Thinking
Authors: Martin M. G. F. 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
What sense can we make of Hume’s notorious distinction between impressions and ideas? We look at two sense-datum theories of experience that offer competing accounts of the contrast between sensation and imagination. John Foster’s two-level account of experience presented in The Case for Idealism and The Nature of Perception is contrasted with Bertrand Russell’s discussion of sensation, imagination, and memory in The Theory of Knowledge. The key elements of both approaches are sketched. Foster’s appeal simply to a ‘subjectively manifest’ difference is rejected as inadequate. A problem with Russell’s conception of experience of past is canvassed, and then further elaborated in relation to previous awareness condition on personal memories. The contrasting views of memory are extended to the case of imagination. The chapter concludes with more general morals to be drawn about the relation between the first-person perspective on experience and the underlying psychological properties which explain experience’s being so.
Visual Experience, Revelation, and the Three Rs
Authors: Brewer Bill 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
We specify the conscious character of vision by appeal to the way things look to the subject. An experience in which there looks to be an F before her is also a source of knowledge of what it is to be F. I argue that these commitments are incompatible with Resemblance and Representational accounts and motivate a Relational account of the nature of visual experience.
Stratified sampling
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn stratified sampling, the N population units are grouped into L strata, independent samples are selected from within each stratum, and unbiased estimation is achieved as a weighted average of stratum-specific estimates. Strata may be natural—pool, riffle, and run habitat unit types in a small stream—or strata may be constructed to ensure that some units from specific groups of population units will always be included in the sample. Within strata, any unbiased method of selection can be used. If SRS is used within strata, this is a stratified SRS design. Allocation of the total stratified sample of size n across the L strata can affect sampling variance of stratified estimators. Optimal allocation theory shows that optimal stratum-specific sample sizes depend on relative numbers of units in strata, and stratum-specific costs per unit of sampling and variances of y values. An ANOVA sums of squares partition can be used to show that a proportionally allocated stratified SRS strategy will outperform selection of a single SRS with mean-per-unit estimation whenever the average variation within strata is less than the finite population variance. Therefore, it is desirable to minimize variation within strata and maximize the variation in stratum means. For a variety of reasons, post-stratification, in which one large SRS is stratified after the sample has been selected, may often be a good alternative to selection of a (pre-) stratified sample.
Adaptive sampling
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe abundance of rare species of plants and animals may often prove difficult to estimate due to the isolated patchy distribution of individuals. Adaptive sampling may prove more effective than other sampling strategies for such species. In adaptive cluster sampling an initial SRS of population units is selected. Further adaptive sampling in the neighborhood of these units is then carried out whenever the value of y in a selected unit meets or exceeds a criterion value, c, which may often be just a single individual. This sampling procedure can be shown to lead to selection of clusters of units for which, with the exception of edge units, all units in the selected clusters have y≥c. If the initial sample is large enough to encounter some isolated patches of individuals, this approach may outperform SRS with mean-per-unit estimation. Drawbacks of this approach include the facts that the eventual number of population units which will need to be measured is random and unknown prior to execution of the survey, and it is difficult to specify the magnitude of the adaptive sampling criterion, c. Therefore, the total cost and time needed to complete an adaptive sampling survey can be highly unpredictable. Nevertheless, the theory is intriguing and has obvious intuitive appeal. Once a very rare individual has been encountered, it makes good sense to search very carefully in the neighborhood of the location where that rare individual has been found.
Sampling through time
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMany ecological research and resource monitoring programs must deliver good estimates of both current resource status and long-term trend. The simple two-occasion context frames the trade-offs in design of surveys to achieve these objectives. If the objective is to estimate change in status (trend), then most precise estimation is achieved by full retention of a random sample selected at time 1. If the objective is to estimate average status, then most precise estimation is achieved by selecting independent random samples. If a survey has both objectives, then a compromise design, involving partial retention and partial replacement of the initial sample, is optimal (i.e., will have intermediate performance for status and trend). Sampling designs for long-term monitoring (and before/after assessment monitoring) have two distinct components: a membership design which specifies selection of groups of units to be designated as sample panels, and a revisit design that specifies when these panels of units should be visited (revisited). For example, some randomly selected panels might be visited in years one to three, then dropped out of rotation for three years and then revisited in years–seven to nine, and so on. One panel might be revisited every year, and other panels might be visited only a single time. Design-based estimates of measures of status and trend are derived for some simple membership and revisit designs. The theory of dual frame sampling is applied to estimation of the number of active bald eagle nests on a wildlife refuge.
Introduction
Authors: Auger Peter 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Du Bartas’ poems are about how the world was made, and how we make sense of the world. In praising the creative powers of God, his works advocate a Protestant poetics that denigrates human creativity and urges poets to replicate the established truths found in Scripture and nature. Despite contemporary and later comparisons between Du Bartas’ poems and the Book of Nature, his poems were self-consciously imperfect and are better understood as ‘poems of commonplaces’ that organize knowledge around a set of authoritative scriptural headings. This reading of the poems’ biblical aesthetics, in line with recent francophone criticism, provides a basis for understanding how English and Scottish readers from varied backgrounds read and imitated the poems. This chapter also outlines the book’s structure.