bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elastomer modified phenolic resin‐based composites with reduced scale friction: Influence of calcined petroleum coke on tribological and thermo‐mechanical behavior
Authors: Ghosh Prosenjit , Banerjee Shib Shankar , Khastgir Dipak 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe present investigation deals with the effect of the concentration of calcined petroleum coke (CPC) on the dry sliding wear characteristics of elastomer modified phenolic resin‐based friction composites. Other ingredients common in brake formulations like fiber, filler, and solid lubricant were excluded in the present formulations to understand the exclusive effect of the CPC concentration on the frictional, mechanical, and thermal properties of these composites. The composites were fabricated by hot mixing followed by compression molding, and subsequent post‐curing. The coefficient of friction (COF) and the specific wear rate of these composites sliding against a cast‐iron disc were measured and analyzed. The change in surface topography of these composites before and after sliding operation was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. An effort was made to correlate the surface morphology of these composites before and after sliding with friction and wear behavior. The investigation reveals that CPC inclusion improved the anti‐wear behavior as it formed a uniform transfer layer over the rubbing surfaces. In case of optimum CPC loaded (200 phr) composite, the average COF and thermal conductivity values were found to be 0.15 and 0.61 W/m‐K, respectively, as compared to 0.12 and 0.25 W/m‐K for the base composite (without any CPC).
Etiologies of apnea of infancy
Authors: Ginsburg Daniella , Maken Kanwaljeet , Deming Douglas , Welch Mark , Fargo Ramiz , Kaur Prabhleen , Terry Michael , Tinsley Larry , Ischander Mariam 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundTo date there are limited data in the literature to guide the initial evaluation for etiologies of apnea in full‐term infants born at greater than or equal to 37 weeks conceptional age (apnea of infancy [AOI]). Pediatricians and pediatric pulmonologists are left to pursue a broad, rather than targeted and a stepwise approach to begin diagnostic evaluation.MethodsWe performed a retrospective chart review of 101 symptomatic full‐term infants (age under 12 months) diagnosed with apnea with an inpatient multichannel pneumogram (six channels) or a fully attended overnight pediatric polysomnogram in our outpatient sleep center accredited by American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM), scored using the standards set forth by the AASM. The infant was diagnosed as having AOI if the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) was greater than 1 (AHI is defined as the number of apnea and hypopnea events per hour of sleep). The final diagnosis/etiology was determined based on physician clinical assessment and work up. We then determined the frequency for each diagnosis.ResultsWe found that the three most common etiologies were gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (48/101), upper airway abnormalities/obstruction (37/101), and neurological diseases (19/101). There were significant numbers of infants with multiple etiologies for AOI.ConclusionBased on the frequencies obtained, pediatric practitioners caring for full‐term infants with apnea of unknown etiology are advised to begin with evaluation of more likely causes such as GERD and upper airway abnormalities/obstruction before evaluating for less common causes.
Analysis of accidents involving petroleum tankers and their consequences in India
Authors: Gangadhari Rajan Kumar , Murty Shankar , Khanzode Vivek 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTransport of petroleum products by road is recording a high rate of fatality in India. According to the report of the Oil Industry Safety Directorate, the rate of transport accidents is decreasing from the last 2 years. Petroleum companies in India recorded 1635 transport accidents in the previous 5 years. The authorities' reports do not have a record of the real damage caused by these accidents. To assess the root causes behind the accidents and identify the actual damage caused by these accidents, detailed analysis of accidents using primary and secondary data is done. The analysis of accidents data revealed that Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited records the highest number of transportation accidents in India. States of Karnataka and Maharashtra record the highest number of transportation accidents. Fuel releases, spillage, fire, and explosions are the major types of accidents that are occurring. Driver negligence, road conditions, and equipment failure are the main reasons behind these accidents. Interviews with field experts were conducted to analyze the factors underlying driver's carelessness. The analysis of accident reports and inputs from experts is summarized to make suggestions to prevent accidents in the industry. This study is the first study to cover the analysis of petroleum transporting vehicle accidents and their consequences in India.
Absence of temperature effect on elution profiles on anionic and cationic ion‐exchange resins from 4°C to 28°C
Authors: Lamboux Aline , Hassler Auguste , Davechand Priyanka , Balter Vincent 
Published: April 2020

RationaleIn labs devoted to the geochemistry of non‐traditional isotopes, chemical elution is necessary to purify the element of interest. Elution is always performed in over‐pressured and air‐conditioned clean rooms. We took advantage of an air‐conditioning failure in our lab during summer 2018 to study the effect of temperature on the characteristics of the elution profiles of ion‐exchange resins.MethodsWe performed the ion‐exchange separation of copper, iron and zinc on macroporous anionic AG MP‐1 resin and that of calcium on cationic AG 50W‐X12 resin, at 28°C, prior to the measurement of their isotopic ratios by mass spectrometry. We further performed these experiments in a clean hood in a cold room at 4°C. The elution curves were processed on biological standards, i.e. bovine liver (SRM‐1577c), fetal bovine serum (FBS), bone meal (SRM‐1486) and the seawater IAPSO standard.ResultsThe elution profiles of major elements for each matrix, and those of copper, iron, zinc and calcium, were compared with those classically achieved at 20°C in air‐conditioned conditions. The results show that the elution profiles preserve their characteristics whatever the temperature, suggesting that partitioning coefficients between resin and solution are thermo‐independent in the range of temperature from 4°C to 28°C.ConclusionsIf generalized to other matrices, notably inorganic, and to other elements, notably the extreme case of the separation of Rare Earth Elements, the present results suggest that clean labs may not have to be air‐conditioned. This would reduce installation and operating costs and have a positive effect on the environment, paving the way for the development of a “green geochemistry”.
Observer‐based adaptive neural control for a class of nonlinear singular systems
Authors: Chen Jian , Lin Chong , Chen Bing , Zhang Ziye 
Published: April 2020

SummaryThe problem of observer‐based adaptive neural control via output feedback for a class of uncertain nonlinear singular systems is studied in this article. The nonlinear singular systems can be regarded as two subsystems that are coupled with each other: differential subsystem and algebraic subsystem. The differential systems can be nonstrict feedback structures. To guarantee that the singular system is regular and impulse‐free, two new conditions are proposed. By the conditions, the linear controller and observer, which are used to estimate the immeasurable state variables, are obtained. Then, an output feedback scheme through adaptive neural backstepping is proposed to ensure that all states of the closed‐loop system are semiglobally uniformly ultimately bounded and converge to a small neighborhood of the origin. Simulation examples illustrate the effectiveness of the presented method.
Comparison of leading‐industrialisation and crossing‐industrialisation economic growth patterns in the context of sustainable development: Lessons from China and India
Authors: Huang Yongchun , Chen Chengmeng , Su Dejin , Wu Shangshuo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractVarious economic growth patterns differ in sustainability. Taking China and India as examples, this study parses the connotation of leading‐industrialisation and crossing‐industrialisation economic growth patterns. In addition, a theoretical framework of sustainable development, including economic, social, environmental and demographic sustainability, is constructed. Furthermore, the comparative analysis and case study method are used to compare the sustainability of the two patterns. Results demonstrate that the leading‐industrialisation pattern relies on abundant and skilled human resources to promote the manufacturing industry, thereby achieving rapid and high‐quality economic growth at the expense of the environment. Although it is superior in social sustainability, such as poverty proportion, employment rate, price stability and health condition, the pattern can lead to a gap in wealth and an imbalance in urbanisation. By contrast, we reveal that the crossing‐industrialisation pattern depends on the elite talents and technological progress to promote the service industry with high economic potential, which is resource‐efficient and environment‐friendly. Meanwhile, it is characterised by a small gap between the rich and the poor, relatively balanced urbanisation and future demographic dividends. However, it cannot guarantee adequate employment, public health and stable prices with serious poverty. This study enriches the multidimensional framework of sustainable development and proposes several practical implications for the sustainable development of the two economic growth patterns.
Tailoring of Colon Targeting with Sodium Alginate‐Assam Bora Rice Starch Based Multi Particulate System Containing Naproxen
Authors: Sarangi Manoj Kumar , Rao M.E. Bhanoji , Parcha Versha , Upadhyay Aadesh 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis research is focused on the formulation and optimization of Assam Bora rice starch (ABRS)‐alginate beads containing a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as Naproxen (NA), by an ionotropic gelation technique using 32factorial design for colon targeting against rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer. The impact of a polymeric blend of sodium alginate (SA) and ABRS on the drug entrapment efficiency (DEE, %), bead size (BS), and percentage cumulative drug release in the first 6 h (Q6, %) is optimized. The DEE (%) of all the developed beads is found to be in between 45.25% and 85.14% with an in vitro drug release of 32.81–42.18% in first 6 h. The optimized batches of beads are coated with Eudragit S100 (ES100) (5%, 10%, and 15% w/v) to facilitate colon targeting in a prominent way. The average size of the developed beads is found to be within the range of 751.61–822.22 µm. The optimized ABRS‐alginate beads containing NA show significant drug permeability over a prolonged period on ex vivo permeability through a goat colon. The in vivo roentgenographic study on rats shows the colon targeting of the beads without degradation.
Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly for Surface Tethering of Thin‐Hydrogel Films: Design Strategies and Applications
Authors: Seidi Farzad , Zhao Weifeng , Xiao Huining , Jin Yongcan , Zhao Changsheng 
Published: April 2020

AbstractManipulation and engineering of the surfaces has a key role in improving the materials properties. Anchoring of thin hydrogels on the materials surface is one of the recently developed methods to achieve surfaces with high potential applications. Layer‐by‐layer (LBL) has been used widely as a strong strategy for immobilization of thin hydrogel films on the surface of various organic/inorganic substrates. Electrostatic LBL and covalent LBL are two main strategies used in this regard. In electrostatic LBL, negatively and positively hydrophilic polymers are sequentially assembled to create a multilayer hydrogel which subsequent covalent crosslinking of multilayers improved the stability of the inserted layers. On the other hand, covalent LBL requires hydrophilic polymers bearing reactive telechelic groups. These reactive polymers are prepared by various polymerization techniques or by post‐functionalization of biopolymers. The principles of hydrogel anchoring have described along with representative examples. Besides, the potential applications of the modified surfaces in specific cases have been addressed and overviewed.
Mechanical characterization of aged AA2026-AA2026 overcast joints fabricated by squeeze casting
Authors: Ali Muhammad Asad , Ishfaq Kashif , Raza Muhammad Huzaifa , Farooq Muhammad Umar , Mufti Nadeem Ahmad , Pruncu Catalin I. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSqueeze overcasting has emerged as an attractive option for casting of Al alloys in terms of mechanical properties. The attainment of the desired magnitude of these properties is challenging in overcasting due to the involvement of a number of process parameters. In this study, the effects of insert preheat temperature (TI) along with pouring temperature (TP), and squeeze pressure (PS) on the mechanical properties of squeeze overcast AA2026-AA2026 joint were investigated. Experimental results revealed that the squeeze pressure is the most prominent factor affecting the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) while micro-hardness (MH) is significantly influenced by the pouring temperature. Maximum values of UTS (315 MPa) and MH (130 HV) were achieved at aPSof 120 MPa,TPof 780 °C, andTIof 250 °C. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis witnessed thatTIhas also a significant role in determining the quality of bond between the substrate and the melt. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) depicts that the morphology of the fractured surface has a sound influence on both selected responses. Both the strength and hardness are noticed better if the fractured surface possesses the flat-faced morphology. Furthermore, an empirical regression model was developed using response surface methodology (RSM) design and validated through eight confirmatory experiments. RSM integrated multi-objective optimization genetic algorithm (MO-GA) was deployed to optimize the UTS and MH. The comparative results obtained from RSM and MO-GA demonstrated that the deviation in experimental and predicted values is less than 5%.
Role of Conversion Surgery for Unresectable Pancreatic Cancer After Long‐Term Chemotherapy
Authors: Tsuchiya Nobuhiro , Matsuyama Ryusei , Murakami Takashi , Yabushita Yasuhiro , Sawada Yu , Kumamoto Takafumi , Endo Itaru 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBackgroundUnresectable pancreatic cancer (UR‐PC) has a poor prognosis. Although conversion surgery has been considered a promising strategy for improving prognosis in UR‐PC, the clinical benefit offered to patients with UR‐PC remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the clinical benefits of conversion surgery in patients with UR‐PC.MethodsWe evaluated patients with UR‐PC referred to our department for possible surgical resection between January 2008 and June 2017. Resectability was evaluated using multimodal imaging in patients who underwent chemotherapy for more than 6 months. Conversion surgery was performed only in patients who were judged eligible for R0 resection.ResultsIn total, 90 patients were evaluated. Among them, only 22 (24.4%) could actually undergo conversion surgery, and the R0 resection rate was 72.7% (16/22). Although Evans grade ≥ IIB was noted in six patients (27.3%), none achieved complete response (CR). The median survival time was significantly longer among patients who underwent conversion surgery than in the unresected patients who underwent chemotherapy (21.3 months vs. 12.6 months; p < 0.001). Multivariate and Kaplan–Meier analyses revealed microvascular invasion to have a significant adverse effect on recurrence‐free survival (RFS: 7 months vs. not reached, p = 0.004) and overall survival (OS: 21 months vs. 85 months, p = 0.047).ConclusionsAfter long‐term chemotherapy, conversion surgery for UR‐PC is associated with long‐term survival. Microvascular invasion is predictive of poor prognosis in these patients; adjuvant protocols are therefore needed for patients with microvascular invasion.
Assessment of phytotoxicity of leachates from landfilled waste and dust from foundry
Authors: Bożym Marta 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe study assesses the contamination, classification and phytotoxicity of foundry waste. The presented results are a part of the research on the agrotechnical use of foundry waste. Landfilled foundry waste (LFW) and dust samples were taken from one of the Polish foundries. An analysis of the waste and its leachate composition was conducted. Phytotoxicity tests were carried out using Lepidium sativum. The aim of the phytotoxicity study was to evaluate germination and root growth after 72 h and the accumulation of heavy metals after 7 days. LFW was least contaminated with heavy metals and metalloids compared to dust. The composition of the foundry dusts depended on the unit of the foundry, from which it was collected. It was found that electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) was the most polluted by heavy metals among the dust samples. According to the requirements of Polish regulations most of tested waste were classified as non–hazardous, and EAFD as hazardous waste due to high Pb concentration in leachate. Phytotoxicity tests have shown a low phytotoxicity of the leachate from most of the tested waste. The results of the accumulation test showed that an excess of metal and metalloids in leachate was not directly related to its accumulation in plants. A negative correlation between EC, Cu, Co, Fe, Pb, Cr, K, Na, sulfate, fluoride, ammonia, phenol and formaldehyde concentration in leachate and GI was found. It was stated that the Fe, Mn, As and Se in plants was significantly correlated with concentrations in leachate.
Panqualityism, Awareness and the Explanatory Gap
Authors: Mihálik Jakub 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAccording to panqualityism, a form of Russellian monism defended by Sam Coleman and others, consciousness is grounded in fundamental qualities, i.e. unexperienced qualia. Despite panqualityism’s significant promise, according to David Chalmers panqualityism fails as a theory of consciousness since the reductive approach to awareness of qualities it proposes fails to account for the specific phenomenology associated with awareness. I investigate Coleman’s reasoning against this kind of phenomenology and conclude that he successfully shows that its existence is controversial, and so Chalmers’s critique is inconclusive. I then present a critique of panqualityism that avoids this controversial posit, arguing that the panqualityist treatment of awareness faces an explanatory gap, failing to account for the intimate cognitive access to qualities which we are afforded, i.e. for our ‘strong awareness’ of qualities. The real worry for panqualityists is thus not the contested phenomenology of awareness, which Chalmers relies on, but rather the special way in which we are aware of qualities.
Low Dimensional Matrix Representations for Noncommutative Surfaces of Arbitrary Genus
Authors: Arnlind Joakim 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn this note, we initiate a study of the finite-dimensional representation theory of a class of algebras that correspond to noncommutative deformations of compact surfaces of arbitrary genus. Low dimensional representations are investigated in detail and graph representations are used in order to understand the structure of non-zero matrix elements. In particular, for arbitrary genus greater than one, we explicitly construct classes of irreducible two and three dimensional representations. The existence of representations crucially depends on the analytic structure of the polynomial defining the surface as a level set in $\mathbb {R}^{3}$

ℝ

3

.
Prescription opioids and new business establishments
Authors: Rietveld Cornelius A. , Patel Pankaj C. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe effects of opioid abuse on health are widely documented, however, its effects on labor market outcomes have only recently become a topic of scientific inquiry. Whereas recent economic studies focus on various measures of labor market participation, the present study analyzes whether opioid prescription rates are associated with the impetus for entrepreneurial activity. By drawing on samples of US counties and US neighbor county-pairs across state borders from the years 2007 to 2016, we find that higher opioid prescription rates are associated with fewer non-employer establishments and new firms employing 1–4 employees. In an ancillary analysis of 50 US states from the years 2006 to 2016, we further show that opioid prescription rates are associated with lower entrepreneurial activity in general and opportunity-based entrepreneurial activity in particular. Overall, both the county-level and state-level analyses show that a higher rate of opioid prescriptions is negatively associated with new business formation. Although the estimated effect sizes are small, they are sizeable in absolute terms.
An In-Situ, Micro-Mechanical Setup with Accurate, Tri-Axial, Piezoelectric Force Sensing and Positioning
Authors: Ruybalid A.P. , van der Sluis O. , Geers M.G.D. , Hoefnagels J.P.M. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractTo enable accurate characterization of the mechanical behavior of materials at the micro-scale, e.g., in micro-systems, experiments are required that are representative of the actual (often multi-axial) loading conditions to which these materials are subjected during fabrication and operation. Equally important is the acquisition of mechanical data in the form of multi-axial force measurements, and the measurement of kinematics by in-situ microscopic techniques. To this end, a micro-mechanical testing rig is here realized using commercially available piezoelectric actuators. It is shown that the setup measures forces with a resolution of $\sim 0.3$∼0.3 [mN] in the x- and y-directions, and $\sim 50$∼50 [mN] in the z-direction, over a range of 5 [N], yielding a high dynamic (force) range. Furthermore, displacements can be imposed with a resolution of $\sim 1$∼1 [nm] over a range of 200 [μ m], in all three directions (x, y, z). The setup is compact, vacuum compatible, and specimens are loaded on top of the setup so that the field of view is unobstructed, allowing for in-situ testing with optical and scanning electron microscopy, and optical profilometry. A generic method is developed for extracting quasi-static forces from the piezoelectric actuators. Furthermore, challenges raised from the use of commercial actuators, for which the public technical specifications are generally incomplete, are overcome and the solution strategy is described. Proof-of-concept experiments on flexible, organic, light-emitting diodes demonstrate the potential of the setup to provide rich micro-mechanical data in the form of tri-axial force and displacement measurements. The commercial availability of the piezoelectric actuators, combined with the proposed engineering solutions lead to a generally accessible micro-mechanical test setup to investigate small-scale specimens under realistic, multi-axial loading conditions.