bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Archaeal Cells
Authors: Chadha Yagya , Seydel Charlotte , Klingl Andreas 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAt a first glance, Archaea are quite similar to Bacteria on a structural level, and for a long time they were named ‘Archaebacteria’. They can form cocci, rods, spirals or irregular shaped cells and are equally sized as Bacteria. Together they are referred to as ‘Prokaryotes’ because neither Archaea nor Bacteria possess a nucleus. Although this term indeed might be helpful in habitual language use, it does not refer to a phylogenetic group. In fact, transcription and translation machineries of Archaea have much more in common with eukaryotic cells than with Bacteria. In addition, there are many features that remain characteristic for Archaea, given by the fact that many representatives live and thrive under extreme environmental conditions.Key ConceptsBy application of respective PCR techniques, Archaea can be found in almost every habitat and sometimes are even more abundant than bacteria.Archaea show special adaptations to their sometimes extreme environments, like caldarchaeols, which are more stable at high temperatures.Like Bacteria, Archaea are also surrounded by a lipid bilayer, but in the latter case, the lipid moiety consists of C5‐isoprenoid units that are coupled to glycerol via ether bonds at (sn)‐2,3 positions of the glycerol.Cell walls can be as simple as a proteinaceous surface layer or as complicated as in some methanogens with multiple layers, additional sheaths enclosing several cells and even more complex cell wall compounds.Archaea exhibit a broad variety in cell appendages that are different from bacterial ones in fine structure, composition, biosynthesis and anchorage in the cell.
Diversity of Life
Authors: Minelli Alessandro , Bonato Lucio 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDiversity of life (also called biological diversity or biodiversity) is the variety of living systems. It may refer to extant organisms but also to their diversity in the past. It is usually meant to encompass multiple levels of biological systems, from the gene level, through the level of populations and species, up to the communities of organisms and the ecosystems to which they belong. Geographic separation and exclusive interspecific relations are two of the major causes explaining the origin of the multiplication of living species in the course of evolutionary history. About 2 million extant species have been described to date and some 17 000–19 000 new entries are added every year to this list. The number of living species existing on Earth is unknown, many current estimates favouring figures in the range of 8–12 millions, others expanding up to one or a few billions, 70–90% of which would be prokaryotes.Key ConceptsThe diversity of biological systems is usually described at different levels, including gene diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity.The history of biological diversity was punctuated by major critical events (mass extinctions) of which the most severe marks the end of the Palaeozoic era.Marine species represent a much broader phylogenetic diversity than terrestrial species, however, only 15% of all living species described to date inhabit the sea.Insects represent more than one‐half of the known species on Earth.Global estimates of existing biodiversity range from 5 to 130 million species, a figure of 8 to 9 millions being currently favoured.
Fluorobenzene, A Low‐Density, Economical, and Bifunctional Hydrocarbon Cosolvent for Practical Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Jiang Zhipeng , Zeng Ziqi , Liang Xinmiao , Yang Li , Hu Wei , Zhang Ce , Han Zhilong , Feng Jiwen , Xie Jia 
Published: September 2020

AbstractHighly concentrated electrolytes (HCEs) significantly improve the stability of lithium metal anodes, but applications are often impeded by their limitation of density, viscosity, and cost. Here, fluorobenzene (FB), an economical hydrocarbon with low density and low viscosity, is demonstrated as a bifunctional cosolvent to obtain a novel FB diluted highly concentrated electrolyte (FB‐DHCE). First, the addition of FB suppresses the decomposition of dimethoxyethane (DME) on the Li metal by strengthening the interactions of DME and FSI− around Li+. Second, FB efficiently elevates the content of LiF in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) based on its electrochemical reduction reaction. The unique solvation and interfacial chemistry of FB‐DHCE enable dendrite‐free deposition of lithium with high Coulombic efficiency (up to 99.3%) and prolong cycling life (over 500 cycles at 1 mA cm−2). The performance of FB‐DHCE is further demonstrated in full cells under practical conditions, including ambient to low temperature (–20 °C), high areal capacity (7.6 mAh cm−2), high current density (3 mA cm−2), limited excess Li (20 µm Li), and lean electrolyte (3 g Ah−1). Employing FB as a cosolvent not only opens a novel pathway to stabilize Li metal anodes, but also could greatly advance the development of Li metal batteries.
Near‐Infrared Fluorescence/Photoacoustic Agent with an Intensifying Optical Performance for Imaging‐Guided Effective Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Ye Fengying , Huang Weijing , Li Chonglu , Li Guangjin , Yang Wen‐Chao , Liu Sheng Hua , Yin Jun , Sun Yao , Yang Guang‐Fu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractNear‐infrared fluorescent agents generally exhibit typical push‐pull electron characteristics, and their optical behaviors are closely related to their molecular structures. Benzobisthiadiazole moiety as a classic electron acceptor has been typically used to design the Donor‐Acceptor‐Donor (D‐A‐D) type of fluorescent/photoacoustic agents with emission in the second near‐infrared window. In this work, two strategies are examined to intensify their absorption/fluorescence and fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging performance: 1) the conjugated bridges are amplified by installing two electron‐rich thiophenes and one styrene on two sides of the benzobisthiadiazole core and 2) the N,N‐dimethylamino group is employed to replace the traditional diphenylamine to strengthen the electron donor. This agent shows the maximum absorption and fluorescence emission at 942 and 1302 nm, respectively. Its superior in vitro and vivo data confirms that the nanoparticles of this compound complexed with 1,2‐distearoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine‐N‐[methoxy(polyethyleneglycol)] (DSPE‐PEG) can not only perform real‐time and high‐contrast noninvasive near‐infrared fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging of tumors (980 nm laser irradiation) but also effectively ablate the tumor cells by photothermal therapy implementing the dual‐modality imaging method. In particular, its longer wavelength absorption and emission successfully improves the fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging performance. These observations highlight its potential to be used as a promising therapeutic platform for cancer.
Engineered Microneedle Patches for Controlled Release of Active Compounds: Recent Advances in Release Profile Tuning
Authors: Jamaledin Rezvan , Makvandi Pooyan , Yiu Cynthia K. Y. , Agarwal Tarun , Vecchione Raffaele , Sun Wujin , Maiti Tapas Kumar , Tay Franklin R. , Netti Paolo Antonio 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTransdermal microneedle patches have attracted significant attention in the medical arena over the last decade as alternatives to traditional drug delivery methods. Microneedle patches are capable of delivering their payloads using burst‐ and sustained‐release mechanisms, or in response to internal/external triggers, to optimize their therapeutic potency. Herein, drug release mechanisms and profiles are reviewed, along with the impact of the cargo release on cytotoxicity and delivery efficacy. The potential applications of microneedles in transdermal treatment, from prophylaxis to therapeutics, are also highlighted.
Real‐time Monitoring Reveals Dissolution/Redeposition Mechanism in Copper Nanocatalysts during the Initial Stages of the CO2 Reduction Reaction
Authors: Vavra Jan , Shen Tzu‐Hsien , Stoian Dragos , Tileli Vasiliki , Buonsanti Raffaella 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSize, morphology, and surface sites of electrocatalysts have a major impact on their performance. Understanding how, when, and why these parameters change under operating conditions is of importance for designing stable, active, and selective catalysts. Herein, we study the reconstruction of a Cu‐based nanocatalysts during the startup phase of the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction by combining results from electrochemical in situ transmission electron microscopy with operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. We reveal that dissolution followed by redeposition, rather than coalescence, is the mechanism responsible for the size increase and morphology change of the electrocatalyst. Furthermore, we point out the key role played by the formation of copper oxides in the process. Understanding of the underlying processes opens a pathway to rational design of Cu electro (re)deposited catalysts and to stability improvement for catalysts fabricated by other methods.
A Homoleptic Alkynyl‐Ligated [Au13Ag16L24]3− Cluster as a Catalytically Active Eight‐Electron Superatom
Authors: Qin Zhaoxian , Sharma Sachil , Wan Chong‐qing , Malola Sami , Xu Wen‐wu , Häkkinen Hannu , Li Gao 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA new alkynylated cluster [Au13Ag16(C10H6NO)24]3− is prepared by a NaBH4 mediated reduction method. The AuAg clusters are confirmed by sophisticated characterization techniques. It has a unique “Aucenter@Ag12@Au12Ag4” metal framework which is protected by 24 atypical alkyne ligands L (L=C10H6NO). The ligands construct a unique type of motif L‐(Ag)‐Au‐(Ag)‐L at the cluster interface, where the alkyne (C≡C) group of each L was linked by sharing an Au atom through the σ bonds and each C≡C group was discretely connected to a chemically different Ag atom (Agicosahedral/Agcap) through π bonds. The electronic and optical properties of [Au13Ag16L24]3− were studied. DFT characterized the cluster as a clear 8‐electron superatom, and peaks in the optical absorption spectrum were interpreted in terms of the P and D superatom states. The supported Au13Ag16L24/CeO2 catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity and selectivity towards the A3‐coupling reaction involving benzaldehyde, diethylamine, and phenylacetylene.
Evaluating the cell structure‐impact damping relation of cross‐linked polyethylene foams by falling weight impact tests
Authors: Tomin Márton , Kmetty Ákos 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study examines the effect of foam thickness on impact damping properties of closed‐cell cross‐linked polyethylene foams of different densities. Compression tests and falling weight impact tests were performed to detect the most important mechanisms, which affect the mechanical properties of the foams. The results showed that impact damping properties are significantly influenced by foam thickness, while energy‐absorbing capability primarily depends on foam density. The average cell diameter was determined with a scanning electron microscope, which proved that the mechanical properties are mostly influenced by cell structure because higher density foams have smaller cells and thicker cell walls. Other important conclusion is that a foam thickness limit can be determined for a given load level to avoid excessive compaction of the cells and maximize the shock absorption of the foam.
A novel, rapid technique for clearing leaf tissues
Authors: García‐Gutiérrez Emmanuel , Ortega‐Escalona Fernando , Angeles Guillermo 
Published: September 2020

PremiseClearing leaves is a highly useful practice for many taxonomic, ecological, physiological, and eco‐physiological aspects of research. Using traditional methods, the procedure for clearing a leaf (referred to as diaphanization) can take several days or even weeks. In our laboratory we developed a technique, originally used for dissociating wood, that yields excellent epidermal and leaf venation preparations clearly showing the details of epidermal cells, hydathodes, trichomes, leaf margins, and leaf venation, in a maximum of three days.Methods and ResultsA solution originally used to macerate wood (Franklin’s solution) was used to accelerate the process of clearing leaves. Using this approach, it is possible to obtain clear images of the leaf adaxial and abaxial epidermal surfaces and leaf venation. Our technique works with both fragile and sturdy leaves, as well as with thin roots and stems. A few examples are presented.ConclusionsFranklin’s solution is very simple to prepare and easy to manipulate. This new technique has the advantage of separating the leaf epidermal layers and venations, which can then be clearly observed.
Molecular basis and therapeutic potential of myostatin on bone formation and metabolism in orthopedic disease
Authors: Cui Yinxing , Yi Qian , Sun Weichao , Huang Dixi , Zhang Hui , Duan Li , Shang Hongxi , Wang Daping , Xiong Jianyi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMyostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) superfamily, is a key autocrine/paracrine inhibitor of skeletal muscle growth. Recently, researchers have postulated that myostatin is a negative regulator of bone formation and metabolism. Reportedly, myostatin is highly expressed in the fracture area, affecting the endochondral ossification process during the early stages of fracture healing. Furthermore, myostatin is highly expressed in the synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is an effective therapeutic target for interfering with osteoclast formation and joint destruction in RA. Thus, myostatin is a potent anti‐osteogenic factor and a direct modulator of osteoclast differentiation. Evaluation of the molecular pathway revealed that myostatin can activate SMAD and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathways, inhibiting the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway to synergistically regulate muscle and bone growth and metabolism. In summary, inhibition of myostatin or the myostatin signaling pathway has therapeutic potential in the treatment of orthopedic diseases. This review focused on the effects of myostatin on bone formation and metabolism and discussed the potential therapeutic effects of inhibiting myostatin and its pathways in related orthopedic diseases.
Tumour growth rate of carcinoma of the colon and rectum: retrospective cohort study
Authors: Burke J R , Brown P , Quyn A , Lambie H , Tolan D , Sagar P 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Background
The growth pattern of colorectal cancer is seldom investigated. This cohort study aimed to explore tumour growth rate in colorectal cancers managed non-surgically or deemed not resectable, and to determine its implication for prognosis.

Methods
Consecutive patients with colonic or rectal adenocarcinoma were identified through the colorectal multidisciplinary team database at Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust over a 2-year interval. Patients who received no treatment (surgery, stenting, colonic defunctioning procedures, chemotherapy, radiotherapy) and who underwent CT twice more than 5 weeks apart were included. Multidetector CT/three-dimensional image analysis was performed independently by three experienced radiologists.

Results
Of 804 patients reviewed, 43 colorectal cancers were included in the final analysis. Median age at first CT was 80 (73–85) years and the median interval between scans was 150 (i.q.r. 72–471) days. An increase in T category was demonstrated in 31 of 43 tumours, with a median doubling time of 211 (112–404) days. The median percentage increase in tumour volume was 34·1 (13·3–53·9) per cent per 62 days. The all-cause 3-year mortality rate was 81 per cent (35 of 43) with a median survival time of 1·1 (0·4–2·2) years after the initial diagnostic scan. In those obstructed, the relative risk of death from subsequent perforation was 1·26 (95 per cent c.i. 1·07 to 1·49; P = 0·005).

Conclusion
This study documented a median doubling time of 211 days, with a concerning suggestion of tumour progression, which has implications for the current management standard.
Reflections on the last decade of MOOC research
Authors: Yousef Ahmed Mohamed Fahmy , Sumner Tamara 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMassive open online courses (MOOCs) represent important pedagogical transformations that aim at unlimited participation and open access to high‐quality educational experiences and resources. MOOCs are quite different from classical distance learning settings in terms of their open‐access features, such as open licensing of course content, and their use of specific infrastructures for communications and learning tools. Studies over the past 2 years (2018, 2019) have examined the multitude of experimental business models for MOOCs. However, MOOCs have also experimented with a wide variety of course content, teaching and learning methods, and assessment strategies. Very few articles have systematically examined these significant changes. To address this gap, we conducted an extensive, qualitative meta‐analyses of over 200 peer‐reviewed articles describing research on MOOCs. This analysis is organized around the following questions: (a) How can we classify existing MOOCs in terms of their support for learners and learning? (b) Which learners are benefiting from MOOCs, and to what degree have MOOCs explored approaches to student‐centered learning? (c) To what degree are MOOCs meeting the needs of different learner audiences? (d) How can MOOC providers and participants communicate effectively to support student learning and engagement? (e) How can student activities be monitored to ensure that assessments of learning are performed effectively? The results of these analyses provide a reflection on the last decade of MOOC research and discussing the main achievements and the major research directions pursued in those years and points toward areas in need of additional research and development.
Restoration of circPSMC3 sensitizes gefitinib‐resistant esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells to gefitinib by regulating miR‐10a‐5p/PTEN axis
Authors: Zhu Han , Du Fang , Cao Chenghua 
Published: September 2020

AbstractCircular RNAs (circRNAs) has been shown to play an important role in the progression of various cancers. However, the function and underlying mechanisms of circRNAs affecting chemotherapy resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remain largely unknown. In this study, we used gefitinib‐resistant (GR) ESCC cells to investigate the function of circPSMC3 and clarify the underlying mechanism in chemotherapy resistance in ESCC. The results suggested that circPSMC3 expression was downregulated, but miR‐10a‐5p was upregulated in ESCC tissues and cells, as well as in GR ESCC cells. CircPSMC3 overexpression increased the sensitivity of ESCC cells to gefitinib, as indicated by reduced half maximal inhibitory concentration value, increased apoptosis rate and cleaved caspase‐3 protein expression. CircPSMC3 directly interacted with miR‐10a‐5p and inhibited the expression of miR‐10a‐5p. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was a direct target of miR‐10a‐5p and circPSMC3 promoted PTEN expression via decreasing miR‐10a‐5p level. Moreover, the effect of circPSMC3 on resistance of GR ESCC cells to gefitinib was remarkably reduced by restoration of miR‐10a‐5p and downregultion of PTEN. Taken together, these observations suggested that upregulation of circPSMC3 overcame resistance of GR ESCC cells to gefitinib by modulating the miR‐10a‐5p/PTEN axis, which provide a new therapeutic strategy for overcoming gefitinib resistance in ESCC.
Many signs, one mutation: Early onset of de novo GATA2 deficiency syndrome. A case report
Authors: Blanco Maria Laura , Torrent Montserrat , Bussaglia Elena , Badell Isabel , Nomdedéu Josep F. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTWe report a case with a broad spectrum of symptoms, related to GATA2 deficiency syndrome, which emerged as early as at 6 months of age. They ranged from lymphedema, deafness to myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).
Transoral‐transpharyngeal CO2 laser en bloc excision of voluminous left recurrent laryngeal nerve schwannoma: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Mariani Cinzia , Carta Filippo , De Seta Daniele , Nazhmudinov Ibragim I. , Guseinov Ismail G. , Magomedova Kamilla M. , Chuchueva Natalia , Marrosu Valeria , Puxeddu Roberto 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRecurrent nerve laryngeal schwannoma is a rare benign tumor that, in expert hands, can be treated by transoral CO2 laser surgery.
Seventh time lucky—A case report of multiple radiofrequency ablations for right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia
Authors: Mattsson Gustav , Magnusson Peter , Raatikainen Pekka 
Published: September 2020

AbstractRight ventricular outflow tachycardia initially refractory to radiofrequency ablation may be successfully treated after radiofrequency ablation at multiple sites. Repeated radiofrequency ablations as well as cooperation across borders with referral to an international center of excellence may be required in complicated cases
Mechanistic Aspects on the Electrografting of Carbon Surfaces by Oxidation of Carboxylates Bearing Unsaturated Groups
Authors: Morales‐Martínez Daniel , Lartundo‐Rojas Luis , González Felipe J. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe anodic oxidation of tetrabutylammonium carboxylates bearing aromatic or unsaturated terminal groups is a reaction that allows the covalent grafting of organic moieties on carbon electrodes in acetonitrile as solvent. The electron transfer step is followed by a fast decarboxylation reaction, which releases the respective unsaturated free radicals, whose transient formation at the interface explain the surface grafting phenomenon, however; the lack of grafting during the oxidation of saturated aliphatic carboxylates is unexpected. Therefore, this work shows that the covalent grafting by oxidation of unsaturated carboxylates is favored for a parallel orientation of the radicals on the electrode surface, which is originated by the positive polarization of the electrode and the partially negative electronic density on the terminal unsaturated groups in the radical structure. This orientation is furthermore the result of a previous similar orientation of the unsaturated carboxylates, which is transitorily retained because of the very high rate of the decarboxylation step. Cyclic voltammetry experiments performed using different saturated and unsaturated alkyl‐carboxylates, their respective carboxylic acids, as well as the use of ferrocene derivatives as redox probes were used to indirectly support the main conclusions given here.
Induced Production, Synthesis, and Immunomodulatory Action of Clostrisulfone, a Diarylsulfone from Clostridium acetobutylicum
Authors: Neuwirth Toni , Letzel Anne‐Catrin , Tank Cedric , Ishida Keishi , Cyrulies Michael , Schmölz Lisa , Lorkowski Stefan , Hertweck Christian 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe anaerobe Clostridium acetobutylicum belongs to the most important industrially used bacteria. Whereas genome mining points to a high potential for secondary metabolism in C. acetobutylicum, the functions of most biosynthetic gene clusters are cryptic. We report that the addition of supra‐physiological concentrations of cysteine triggered the formation of a novel natural product, clostrisulfone (1). Its structure was fully elucidated by NMR, MS and the chemical synthesis of a reference compound. Clostrisulfone is the first reported natural product with a diphenylsulfone scaffold. A biomimetic synthesis suggests that pentamethylchromanol‐derived radicals capture sulfur dioxide to form 1. In a cell‐based assay using murine macrophages a biphasic and dose‐dependent regulation of the LPS‐induced release of nitric oxide was observed in the presence of 1.