bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Governing the Activity of α‐MnO2 Catalysts in the Oxygen Evolution Reaction: Conductivity versus Exposed Surface Area of Cryptomelane
Authors: Heese‐Gärtlein Justus , Morales Dulce M. , Rabe Anna , Bredow Thomas , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Behrens Malte 
Published: March 2020

AbstractCryptomelane (α‐(K)MnO2) powders were synthesized by different methods leading to only slight differences in their bulk crystal structure and chemical composition, while the BET surface area and the crystallite size differed significantly. Their performance in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) covered a wide range and their sequence of increasing activity differed when electrocatalysis in alkaline electrolyte and chemical water oxidation using Ce4+ were compared. The decisive factors that explain this difference were identified in the catalysts’ microstructure. Chemical water oxidation activity is substantially governed by the exposed surface area, while the electrocatalytic activity is determined largely by the electric conductivity, which was found to correlate with the particle morphology in terms of needle length and aspect ratio in this sample series. This correlation is rather explained by an improved conductivity due to longer needles than by structure sensitivity as was supported by reference experiments using H2O2 decomposition and carbon black as additive. The most active catalyst R‐cryptomelane reached a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a potential 1.73 V without, and at 1.71 V in the presence of carbon black. The improvement was significantly higher for the catalyst with lower initial activity. However, the materials showed a disappointing catalytic stability during alkaline electrochemical OER, whereas the crystal structure was found to be stable at working conditions.
Preparation, Photophysical and Electrochemical Evaluation of an Azaborondipyrromethene/Zinc Porphyrin/Graphene Supramolecular Nanoensemble
Authors: Rotas Georgios , Thomas Michael B. , Canton‐Vitoria Ruben , D'Souza Francis , Tagmatarchis Nikos 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe preparation of an entirely supramolecular, multichromophoric azaborondipyrromethene (ABDP)/zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP)/exfoliated graphene (GR) nanoensemble was accomplished. The ABDP derivative bears glycol chains for enhancing solubility and a pyridine functionality for allowing coordination with ZnTPP. The ABDP/ZnTPP/GR nanoensemble was characterized in terms of morphology and composition by using complementary microscopy imaging, thermogravimetric analysis, Raman as well as steady‐state and time‐resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy. The photophysical and electrochemical assessment of ABDP/ZnTPP/GR as well as the binding properties of the ABDP/ZnTPP complex, employed as a reference, are presented. Energy and electron transfer events were observed in ABDP/ZnTPP upon photoexcitation. However, in the case of ABDP/ZnTPP/GR, the graphene‐induced aggregation of the chromophores alters their electronic interactions, enhancing the energy/electron transfer process between them.
Stimuli‐Responsive Purely Organic Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence Materials
Authors: Huang Lili , Qian Chen , Ma Zhiyong 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThis Minireview summarizes the recent progress of stimuli‐responsive purely organic phosphorescence materials. Organic phosphorescence is closely related to the intermolecular interactions, because such interactions are beneficial to promote spin orbital coupling (SOC) and boost intersystem cross (ISC) efficiency and finally are conducive to satisfactory phosphorescence. It is found that the intermolecular interactions, which are essential for organic phosphorescence, are easily disturbed by external stimuli such as mechanical force, photon, acid, chemical vapor, leading to the luminescence change. According to this principle, various purely organic phosphorescence materials sensitive to external stimuli have been developed. This Minireview categorizes reported stimuli‐responsive purely organic phosphorescence materials on the basis of different stimuli, including mechanochromism, mechanoluminescence, photoactivity, acid‐responsiveness and other stimuli. Some prospective strategies for constructing stimuli‐responsive purely organic phosphorescence molecules are provided.
2D Nanoarchitectonics: Soft Interfacial Media as Playgrounds for Microobjects, Molecular Machines, and Living Cells
Authors: Ariga Katsuhiko , Ishii Masaki , Mori Taizo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractSoft and flexible two‐dimensional (2D) systems, such as liquid interfaces, would have much more potentials in dynamic regulation on nano–macro connected functions. In this Minireview article, we focus especially on dynamic motional functions at liquid dynamic interfaces as 2D material systems. Several recent examples are selected to be explained for overviewing features and importance of dynamic soft interfaces in a wide range of action systems. The exemplified research systems are mainly classified into three categories: (i) control of microobjects with motional regulations; (ii) control of molecular machines with functions of target discrimination and optical outputs; (iii) control of living cells including molecular machine functions at cell membranes and cell/biomolecular behaviors at liquid interface. Sciences on soft 2D media with motional freedom and their nanoarchitectonics constructions will have increased importance in future technology in addition to popular rigid solid 2D materials.
Multi‐Stage Redox Systems Based on Dicationic P‐Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Delouche Thomas , Vacher Antoine , Caytan Elsa , Roisnel Thierry , Le Guennic Boris , Jacquemin Denis , Hissler Muriel , Bouit Pierre‐Antoine 
Published: March 2020

AbstractWe report the straightforward synthesis of unprecedented electron‐acceptors based on dicationic P‐containing PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) based on copper mediated radical approach. In these systems, two phosphoniums are connected through various PAHs backbones. The impact of π‐extension on both the optical and redox properties is investigated using a joint experimental (UV/Vis absorption, fluorescence and cyclic voltammetry) and theoretical approach (TD‐DFT calculations). Finally, (spectro)‐electrochemical studies prove that these compounds possess three redox states and EPR studies confirm the in situ formation of an organic radical delocalized on the PAH backbone.
Concept for a Hydrometallurgical Processing of a Copper‐Cobalt‐Nickel Alloy Made from Manganese Nodules
Authors: Keber Sebastian , Brückner Lisa , Elwert Tobias , Kuhn Thomas 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe processing of manganese nodules for the production of raw materials has been a subject of research for many decades. The nodules contain many valuable metals like copper, cobalt and nickel. In recent years, the German Federal Institute for Geoscience and Natural Resources developed a process for the processing of manganese nodules based on a combined pyro‐ and a hydrometallurgical route. Clausthal University of Technology was assigned to develop the hydrometallurgical process for the treatment of a FeNiCuCo alloy. The developed process consists of pressurized sulfuric acid leaching with the suppression of hydrogen gas formation, precipitation and solvent extraction.
Modelling of nanometer scale dust grains in tokamak
Authors: Liu Zhuang , Xiao Xiaotao , Xu Xueqiao , Li Nami , Tang Tengfei , Wang Dezhen 
Published: March 2020

AbstractDust poses a serious threat to tokamak operation and safety. It is important to study the behaviour of dust grains under tokamak's discharge conditions, which depends heavily on their size and charge. Existing simulations mainly address issues on dust grains with radii larger than 1 μm, in which case, the drift effect due to electromagnetic fields can be safely ignored. For nanometer scale dust grains, however, the drift effect becomes significant and a new model based on guiding‐centre system needs to be established. In this work, the NDS has been done under BOUT++ framework. The simulation contains two parts. Part one, NDS evaluates the charging and ablation processes of the dust grains. In the second part, the guiding‐centre orbits of dust particles are tracked in tokamak plasmas, whose parameters are obtained from BOUT++, a highly desirable C++ code package for performing parallel plasma fluid simulations with an arbitrary number of equations in 3D curvilinear coordinates. The orbit of nanodust dynamics is described by guiding centre equations for simplicity, and these equations are numerically solved by conventional fourth‐order Runge Kutta method. Simulations provide results such as trajectories and evolutions of dust particles with different sizes and velocities for different tokamak geometries. Results show tungsten dust grains with a radius of a few nanometers launched from outer midplane will oscillate before totally ablated in C‐Mod. The oscillation in this case is driven by the ion drag force. Larger Nanodust with a radius of 100 nm, on the contrary, cannot be completely constrained by the electromagnetic field. The high plasma temperature and density in the seperatrix region causes severe dust ablation, resulting in total ablation within several
ms.
Ecological prediction at macroscales using big data: Does sampling design matter?
Authors: Soranno Patricia A. , Cheruvelil Kendra Spence , Liu Boyang , Wang Qi , Tan Pang‐Ning , Zhou Jiayu , King Katelyn B. S. , McCullough Ian M. , Stachelek Jemma , Bartley Meridith , Filstrup Christopher T. , Hanks Ephraim M. , Lapierre Jean‐François , Lottig Noah R. , Schliep Erin M. , Wagner Tyler , Webster Katherine E. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAlthough ecosystems respond to global change at regional to continental scales (i.e., macroscales), model predictions of ecosystem responses often rely on data from targeted monitoring of a small proportion of sampled ecosystems within a particular geographic area. In this study, we examined how the sampling strategy used to collect data for such models influences predictive performance. We subsampled a large and spatially extensive data set to investigate how macroscale sampling strategy affects prediction of ecosystem characteristics in 6,784 lakes across a 1.8‐million‐km2 area. We estimated model predictive performance for different subsets of the data set to mimic three common sampling strategies for collecting observations of ecosystem characteristics: random sampling design, stratified random sampling design, and targeted sampling. We found that sampling strategy influenced model predictive performance such that (1) stratified random sampling designs did not improve predictive performance compared to simple random sampling designs and (2) although one of the scenarios that mimicked targeted (non‐random) sampling had the poorest performing predictive models, the other targeted sampling scenarios resulted in models with similar predictive performance to that of the random sampling scenarios. Our results suggest that although potential biases in data sets from some forms of targeted sampling may limit predictive performance, compiling existing spatially extensive data sets can result in models with good predictive performance that may inform a wide range of science questions and policy goals related to global change.
Peer mentorship as an adjunct intervention for the treatment of eating disorders: A pilot randomized trial
Authors: Ranzenhofer Lisa M. , Wilhelmy Mylene , Hochschild Annabella , Sanzone Kaitlin , Walsh B. Timothy , Attia Evelyn 
Published: March 2020

AbstractObjectivePeer mentorship has been shown to be helpful for other mental health conditions, but it has been understudied for patients with eating disorders. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of peer mentorship for individuals with eating disorders by conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT).Trial DesignParallel three‐arm pilot RCT with 1:1:1 allocation to peer mentorship, social support mentorship (active comparison intervention), and waiting list.MethodSixty outpatients with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), or binge‐eating disorder (BED) were randomly assigned to a condition. Outcome measures, including eating disorder symptoms and general psychopathology, were completed at baseline, mid‐, and postintervention.ResultsSession attendance and acceptability ratings were higher in peer mentorship than social support mentorship. More participants in social support mentorship (39%) dropped out compared to peer mentorship (5%). In intent‐to‐treat analysis, peer mentorship showed greater reductions in body dissatisfaction and anxiety compared with both control groups. Compared with social support mentorship, peer mentorship had greater reductions in depression. Compared with waiting list, peer mentorship had greater reduction in binge eating days/week in patients with BN/BED and restriction days/week in patients with AN. Peer mentorship did not impact body mass index or reentry into higher level of care.DiscussionThis pilot RCT provides preliminary evidence that peer mentorship is effective for some cognitive and behavioral symptoms of eating disorders as an adjunct to outpatient treatment. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of peer mentorship in absence of treatment.
Variation in behavioral traits of two frugivorous mammals may lead to differential responses to human disturbance
Authors: Tédonzong Luc Roscelin Dongmo , Willie Jacob , Makengveu Sandra Tewamba , Lens Luc , Tagg Nikki 
Published: March 2020

AbstractHuman activities can lead to a shift in wildlife species’ spatial distribution. Understanding the specific effects of human activities on ranging behavior can improve conservation management of wildlife populations in human‐dominated landscapes. This study evaluated the effects of forest use by humans on the spatial distribution of mammal species with different behavioral adaptations, using sympatric western lowland gorilla and central chimpanzee as focal species. We collected data on great ape nest locations, ecological and physical variables (habitat distribution, permanent rivers, and topographic data), and anthropogenic variables (distance to trails, villages, and a permanent research site). Here, we show that anthropogenic variables are important predictors of the distribution of wild animals. In the resource model, the distribution of gorilla nests was predicted by nesting habitat distribution, while chimpanzee nests were predicted first by elevation followed by nesting habitat distribution. In the anthropogenic model, the major predictors of gorilla nesting changed to human features, while the major predictors of chimpanzee nesting remained elevation and the availability of their preferred nesting habitats. Animal behavioral traits (body size, terrestrial/arboreal, level of specialization/generalization, and competitive inferiority/superiority) may influence the response of mammals to human activities. Our results suggest that chimpanzees may survive in human‐encroached areas whenever the availability of their nesting habitat and preferred fruits can support their population, while a certain level of human activities may threaten gorillas. Consequently, the survival of gorillas in human‐dominated landscapes is more at risk than that of chimpanzees. Replicating our research in other sites should permit a systematic evaluation of the influence of human activity on the distribution of mammal populations. As wild animals are increasingly exposed to human disturbance, understanding the resulting consequences of shifting species distributions due to human disturbance on animal population abundance and their long‐term survival will be of growing conservation importance.
Cardiologists' attitudes on communication about prognosis with heart failure patients
Authors: van der Wal Martje H.L. , Hjelmfors Lisa , Strömberg Anna , Jaarsma Tiny 
Published: March 2020

AbstractAimAccording to guidelines, a prognosis should be discussed with all heart failure (HF) patients. However, many patients do not have these conversations with a healthcare provider. The aim of this study was to describe attitudes of cardiologists in Sweden and the Netherlands regarding this topic.Methods and resultsA survey was sent to 250 cardiologists in Sweden and the Netherlands with questions whether should the prognosis be discussed, what time should the prognosis be discussed, whom should discuss, what barriers were experienced and how difficult it is to discuss the prognosis (scale from 1–10). A total of 88 cardiologists participated in the study. Most cardiologists (82%) reported to discussing the prognosis with all HF patients; 47% at the time of diagnoses. The patient's own cardiologist, another cardiologist, the HF nurse, or the general practitioner could discuss this with the patient. Important barriers were cognitive problems (69%) and a lack of time (64%). Cardiologists found it not very difficult to discuss the topic (mean score 4.2) with a significant difference between Swedish and Dutch cardiologist (4.7 vs. 3.7; P < 0.05).ConclusionMost cardiologists found it important to discuss the prognosis with HF patients although there are several barriers. Swedish cardiologists found it more difficult compared with their Dutch colleagues. A multidisciplinary approach seems important for improvement of discussing prognosis with HF patients.
Extractive production of microbial oil using hydrophobic adsorbents: A comparative study
Authors: Pawar Pratik P. , Vadgama Rajeshkumar N. , Lali Arvind M. , Odaneth Annamma A. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIncreased demand for vegetable oils has accelerated interest in producing its renewable alternate through microbial route. However, this process still awaits technological advancements to be executed as a commercially feasible operation. The oil productivity in this bioprocess is significantly challenged by the conventional recovery techniques used. To address this problem, we propose an extractive production system using hydrophobic adsorbents as oil capturing agents for simultaneous in situ oil recovery. Three polystyrene and two organo‐silica‐based capturing agents were studied on a “cell mimic system” to attest to an increase in the rate of oil recovery. High sorption capacity demonstrated by SEPABEADS, stalled the oil saturation in the aqueous medium and thereby, enhances the extracellular efflux of the produced oil. The efflux of oil, when matched with the substrate assimilation, allows for an increased production rate of oil. As a result, we observe and report oil production to 80% dry cell weight and volumetric productivity of 0.11 g L−1 hour−1. With SEPABEADS SP70 as an in situ oil capturing agent in the broth, the wild type “Yarrowia lipolytica” cells yield 0.33 goil g−1glucose, allowing us to propose a highly efficient system for extractive production of microbial
oil.
Investigation of structural stability of type IV compressed hydrogen storage tank during refueling of fuel cell vehicle
Authors: Sapre Shitanshu , Pareek Kapil , Vyas Mayank 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe storage of hydrogen in compressed form has evolved as the primary choice for fuel cell vehicle manufacturers. Currently, composite tanks are a mature and promising option for compressed hydrogen storage for the on‐board application. Type IV tank with carbon fiber/epoxy composite with high density polyethylene liner provides high strength, lightweight, and excellent resistance to fatigue and corrosion. However, high pressure and temperature generated during refueling affect the structural stability of the composite tank. The objective of the work is to investigate the mechanical and thermal response of the tank at different refueling conditions specified in SAEJ2601. For this, finite element analysis was used to examine the stresses, strains, deformation, and failure evolution during refueling. The results show good agreement between simulated and experimental reported burst pressure of the tank with 5.52% difference which might be due to the type of carbon fiber used, fiber winding pattern, number of layers, and loading conditions considered for the analysis. The results presented here show some new insight into behavior of composite tanks under dynamic load conditions of refueling.
Effect of Mandatory 6‐Month Waiting Period on Waitlist and Transplant Outcomes in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Nagai Shunji , Kitajima Toshihiro , Yeddula Sirisha , Salgia Reena , Schilke Randolph , Abouljoud Marwan S. , Moonka Dilip 
Published: March 2020

Background and Aims
Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing (OPTN/UNOS) policy mandates a 6‐month waiting period before exception scores are granted to liver transplant candidates with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aims to evaluate waitlist and posttransplant outcomes in patients with HCC, before and after implementation of the 6‐month waiting rule.

Approach and Results
We examined two groups from the UNOS registry: Group 1 (pre‐6‐month rule) consisted of patients registered as transplant candidates with HCC from January 1, 2013, to October 7, 2015 (n = 4,814); group 2 (post‐6‐month rule) consisted of patients registered from October 8, 2015, to June 30, 2018 (n = 3,287). As expected, the transplant probability was higher in the first 6 months after listing in group 1 than group 2 at 42.0% versus 6.3% (P < 0.001). However, the 6‐month waitlist mortality/dropout rate was lower in group 2 at 1.2% than group 1 at 4.1% (P < 0.001). To assess regional parity of transplant, UNOS regions were categorized into three groups based on Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score at transplant: lower‐score (regions 3, 10, and 11), middle‐score (1, 2, 6, 8, and 9), and higher‐score region groups (4, 5, and 7). Outcomes were compared from the time exception points were given, which we defined as conditional waitlist outcomes. Conditional waitlist mortality/dropout decreased, and transplant probability increased in all region groups, but the benefits of the policy were more pronounced in the higher and middle‐score groups, compared with the lower‐score group. The decline in waitlist mortality/dropout was only significant in the high Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease group (P < 0.001). No effect was observed on posttransplant mortality or percent of patients within Milan criteria on explant.

Conclusions
The HCC policy change was associated with decreased waitlist mortality/dropout and increased transplant probability. The policy helped to decrease but did not eliminate regional disparities in transplant opportunity without an effect on posttransplant outcomes.