bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerosol and cloud top height information of Envisat MIPAS measurements
Authors: Griessbach Sabine , Hoffmann Lars , Spang Reinhold , Achtert Peggy , von Hobe Marc , Mateshvili Nina , Müller Rolf , Riese Martin , Rolf Christian , Seifert Patric , Vernier Jean-Paul 
Published: March 2020

Abstract. Infrared limb emission instruments have a long history in measuring clouds and aerosol. In particular, the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument aboard ESA's Envisat provides 10 years of altitude-resolved global measurements. Previous studies found systematic overestimations and underestimations of cloud top heights for cirrus and polar stratospheric clouds.
To assess the cloud top height information and to characterise its uncertainty for the MIPAS instrument we performed simulations for ice clouds, volcanic ash, and sulfate aerosol. From the simulation results we found that in addition to the known effects of the field-of-view that can lead to a cloud top height overestimation, and broken cloud conditions that can lead to underestimation, the cloud extinction also plays an important role. While for optically thick clouds the possible cloud top height overestimation for MIPAS reaches up to 1.6 km due to the field-of-view, for optically thin clouds and aerosol the systematic underestimation reaches 5.1 km.
For the detection sensitivity and the degree of underestimation of the MIPAS measurements, the cloud layer thickness also plays a role; 1 km thick clouds are detectable down to extinctions of 5×10-4 km−1 and 6 km thick clouds are detectable down to extinctions of 1×10-4 km−1, where the largest underestimations of the cloud top height occur for the optically thinnest clouds with a vertical extent of 6 km.
The relation between extinction coefficient, cloud top height estimate, and layer thickness is confirmed by a comparison of MIPAS cloud top heights of the volcanic sulfate aerosol from the Nabro eruption in 2011 with space- and ground-based lidar measurements and twilight measurements between June 2011 and February 2012. For plumes up to 2 months old, where the extinction was between 1×10-4 and 7×10-4 km−1 and the layer thickness mostly below 4 km, we found for MIPAS an average underestimation of 1.1 km. In the aged plume with extinctions down to 5×10-5 km−1 and layer thicknesses of up to 9.5 km, the underestimation was higher, reaching up to 7.2 km.
The dependency of the cloud top height overestimations or underestimations on the extinction coefficient can explain seemingly contradictory results of previous studies.
In spite of the relatively large uncertainty range of the cloud top height, the comparison of the detection sensitivity towards sulfate aerosol between MIPAS and a suite of widely used UV/VIS limb and IR nadir satellite aerosol measurements shows that MIPAS provides complementary information in terms of detection sensitivity.
Ekstraksi senyawa fenolik antioksidan dari daun dan tangkai gambir
Authors: Gani Margareth , Cuaca Yesisca , Ayucitra Aning , Indraswati Nani 
Published: March 2020

Extraction of phenolic compounds from leaves and stems of uncaria gambirGambir (Uncaria gambir) contains catechin polyphenols (catechins) which is useful as natural antioxidant to counteract free radicals. Gambir may also be used in modern medicine, also as paint or dye clothing. The objective of this research was to study the effect of type of solvent, solvent concentration, and extraction temperature to the yield and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of extracts. Gambir was firstly blended without the addition of water prior to extraction using a solvent extraction method. The filtrate was separated from solid residue and evaporated to obtain extract powder. The yield and TPC of the resulting extract powder were then analyzed. Antioxidant activity and catechins content of extracts were also studied. As result, the following extraction condition gave extracts with the highest yield and TPC: with 50% ethanol solution as solvent at 75 oC gave 11.12% and 52.352 g GAE/100 g gambir extract, respectively; whilst with 70% ethyl acetate solution as solvent at 65 oC gave 5.28% and 59.346 g GAE/100 g gambir extract, respectively. The antioxidant activity of extracts, calculated as IC50, for solvent ethanol and ethyl acetate were as follows: 8.9 mg extract/mL and 13.8 mg extract/mL, respectively; whilst the catechins content of extracts were 62,18% and 44,85%, respectively.Keywords: Uncaria gambir, solvent extraction, catechins, antioxidants AbstrakGambir (Uncaria gambir) mengandung polifenol katekin (catechin) yang bermanfaat sebagai bahan antioksidan alami yang dapat menangkal radikal bebas. Selain itu, gambir juga dimanfaatkan dalam pembuatan obat-obatan modern dan pewarna cat atau pakaian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh jenis pelarut, konsentrasi pelarut, dan suhu ekstraksi terhadap perolehan dan kandungan senyawa fenolik (TPC) ekstrak gambir. Daun dan tangkai gambir mula-mula diblender tanpa penambahan air. Proses ekstraksi gambir dilakukan pada berbagai jenis pelarut, konsentrasi pelarut, dan suhu ekstraksi denganmetode ekstraksi pelarut. Setelah padatan dipisahkan dengan pelarutnya, pelarut diuapkan untuk mendapatkan serbuk ekstrak gambir. Serbuk ekstrak gambir dianalisis perolehan dan kandungan senyawa fenoliknya. Aktivitas antioksidan dan kadar katekin ekstrak juga dianalisis. Ekstrak daun gambir dengan perolehan dan TPC tertinggi untuk pelarut etanol (11,12% dan 52,352 g GAE/100 g gambir ekstrak) diperoleh pada konsentrasi etanol 50% dan suhu ekstraksi 75oC. Untuk pelarut etil asetat, perolehan dan TPC tertinggi (5,28% dan 59,346 g GAE/100 g gambir ekstrak) diperoleh pada konsentrasi etil asetat 70% dan suhu ekstraksi 65 oC. Pada masing-masing kondisi terbaik tersebut, ekstrak yang didapat memiliki aktivitas antioksidan (dalam IC50) dan kadar katekin sebesar 8,9 mg ekstrak/mL dan 62,18% untuk ekstraksi dengan pelarut etanol serta 13,8 mg ekstrak/mL dan 44,85% untuk pelarut etil asetat.Kata kunci: Uncaria gambir, ekstraksi pelarut, katekin, antioksidan
Pengaruh pH dan Jenis Pelarut terhadap Ekstraksi Batch Asam 6-Aminopenisilinat
Authors: Aliwarga Lienda , Reynard Reynard , Yasmani Iga Putri , Puspasari Mia 
Published: March 2020

Abstrak. Asam 6-aminopenisilinat (6-APA) merupakan bahan dasar pembuatan penisilin semi-sintetis. Dalam skala komersial, 6-APA dapat diproduksi dengan cara enzimatis atau kimiawi. Pada umumnya, produksi 6-APA dilakukan secara enzimatis, yaitu dengan mengkonversi penisilin G menjadi 6-APA dengan bantuan penisilin asilase. Karena konversi merupakan reaksi kesetimbangan, maka produk yang didapat adalah campuran penisilin G, 6-APA, dan asam fenil asetat (PAA) sehingga untuk memperoleh 6-APA murni dilakukan proses ekstraksi, pemekatan, dan kristalisasi. Proses ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa variabel operasi, yaitu temperatur, pH, dan jenis pelarut. Dalam penelitian ini akan dipelajari pengaruh pH dan jenis pelarut terhadap proses pemisahan 6-APA. Temperatur operasi adalah kondisi ruang dan perbandingan volume pelarut dengan volume larutan yang akan diekstraksi adalah 1:1. Variasi pH ekstraksi dilakukan antara rentang 2,0-5,0, sedangkan jenis pelarut yang digunakan adalah n-butil asetat, iso butil asetat, metil isobutil keton, dan iso amil asetat. Rentang pH terbaik untuk pemisahan 6-APA adalah 2,0-3,0 dengan pelarut metil isobutil keton. Pada kondisi ini, perolehan penisilin G adalah 98%, 6-APA 5%, dan PAA 99%. Sebagian besar 6-APA pada fase aquatik dapat diproses untuk pemurnian selanjutnya. Kata kunci: Penisilin G, 6-APA, PAA, ekstraksi, pelarut, pH. Abstract. Influence of pH and Solvent Types on 6-Aminopenicillinic Acid Batch Extraction. 6-aminopenicillinic acid (6-APA) is the raw material for producing semi-synthetic penicillin. In commercial scale, penicillin G is converted into 6-APA enzymatically by penicillin acylase. Due to the nature of equilibrium reaction, the products are in mixture solution of penicillin G, 6-APA, and phenyl acetic acid (PAA). In order to purify the targeted 6-APA, steps of extraction, concentration, and crystallisation are thereby compulsory. Extraction process is influenced by operation variables, among other things, temperature, pH, and solvent types. In this experiment, we observed the aspects of pH and solvent type, while temperature was set in room condition. Volume ratio of solvent to extracted solution was 1:1 and pH was varied between 2.0 and 5.0. There were four solvents tested: n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, methyl isobutyl ketone, and isoamyl acetate. The results suggested that optimum process was attained from pH 2.0 to 3.0, using methyl isobutyl ketone as solvent. In this regard, the yield of penicillin G (98%), 6-APA 95%) and PAA (99%); hence, most of the 6-APA was concentrated within the aquatic phase, representing the ease of further process. Keywords: Penicillin G, 6-APA, PAA, extraction, solvent, pH. Graphical Abstract
Aglaopheniid hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa: Aglaopheniidae) from off New Caledonia collected during KANACONO and KANADEEP expeditions of the French Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos Program
Authors: Galea Horia R. 
Published: March 2020

Sixteen aglaopheniid hydroids occurring in two recent, deep water collections from off New Caledonia are reported upon, of which 8 species are new, namely Cladocarpus asymmetricus sp. nov., C. partitus sp. nov., C. pennatus sp. nov., Lytocarpia fragilis sp. nov., L. pilosa sp. nov., L. pseudoctenata sp. nov., L. subtilis sp. nov. and Macrorhynchia spiralis sp. nov., the latter producing medusoid gonophores. Although not occurring in the present collections, brief notes on M. disjuncta (Pictet, 1893), including the first description of its gonosome, are provided to support its specific separation from M. phoenicea (Busk, 1852).
Placental Morphology and Cellular Characteristics in Stillbirths in Women With Diabetes and Unexplained Stillbirths
Authors: Kerby Alan , Shingleton Daniel , Batra Gauri , Sharps Megan C. , Baker Bernadette C. , Heazell Alexander E.P. 
Published: March 2020

Context.—
Women with diabetes have increased stillbirth risk. Although the underlying pathophysiological processes are poorly understood, stillbirth is frequently related to abnormal placental structure and function.

Objective.—
To investigate placental morphology and cellular characteristics in the placentas of women with diabetes who had stillbirths and stillbirths of unexplained cause.

Design.—
Placentas from women with uncomplicated live births, live births in women with diabetes, unexplained stillbirths, and stillbirths related to diabetes (n = 10/group) underwent clinical histopathologic assessment and were also investigated using immunohistochemical staining to quantify syncytial nuclear aggregates, proliferation, trophoblast area, vascularization, T cells, placental macrophages (Hofbauer cells), and the receptor for advanced glycation end products.

Results.—
Ki67+ cells were decreased in unexplained stillbirths compared with live births in women with diabetes. Both stillbirth groups had increased cytokeratin 7+/nuclear area compared with controls. Blood vessels/villi were decreased in unexplained stillbirth compared with live births from women with diabetes. Compared with uncomplicated controls, CD163+ macrophages were increased in live births in women with diabetes and unexplained stillbirths, and further increased in stillbirths related to diabetes. There was no change in CD3+ T cells or syncytial nuclear aggregates. Receptor for advanced glycation end products–positive cells were decreased in both stillbirth groups compared with diabetes-related live births. Co-localization of receptor for advanced glycation end products in macrophages was increased in both stillbirth groups compared with live birth groups.

Conclusions.—
Stillbirths related to diabetes exhibit placental phenotypic differences compared with live births. Further investigation of these parameters may provide understanding of the pathologic mechanisms of stillbirth and aid the development of stillbirth prevention strategies.
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy vs Sorafenib Alone in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Dawson Laura A. , Winter Kathryn A. , Knox Jennifer J. , Zhu Andrew X. , Krishnan Sunil , Guha Chandan , Kachnic Lisa A. , Gillin Michael T. , Hong Theodore S. , Craig Timothy D. , Williams Terence M. , Hosni Ali , Chen Eric , Noonan Anne M. , Koay Eugene J. , Sinha Rishi , Lock Michael I. , Ohri Nitin , Dorth Jennifer A. , Delouya Guila , Swaminath Anand , Moughan Jennifer , Crane Christopher H. 
Published: December 2024

ImportanceMost patients with locally advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recur within the liver following systemic therapy.ObjectiveTo determine whether stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) improves outcomes in patients with locally advanced HCC compared with sorafenib alone.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multicenter phase 3 randomized clinical trial randomized patients with HCC 1:1 to sorafenib or SBRT followed by sorafenib, stratified by performance status, liver function, degree of metastases, and macrovascular invasion. Eligible patients had HCC unsuitable for or refractory to standard local-regional therapies and were candidates for first-line systemic therapy. Data were collected from April 2013 to March 2021, and data were analyzed from July 2022 to August 2023.InterventionPersonalized SBRT, 27.5 to 50 Gy in 5 fractions.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary end point was overall survival (OS). Secondary end points were progression-free survival (PFS), adverse events, and quality of life.ResultsOf 193 patients randomized, 177 were eligible. Accrual was stopped early due to a change in standard-of-care systemic therapy. Of 177 included patients, 150 (84.7%) were male, and the median (IQR) age was 66 (60-72) years. Macrovascular invasion was seen in 131 (74.0%). As of July 1, 2022, the median OS was 12.3 months (90% CI, 10.6-14.3) with sorafenib vs 15.8 months (90% CI, 11.4-19.2) following SBRT and sorafenib (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 90% CI, 0.59-1.01; 1-sided P = .06). Adjusting for stratification factors, OS was improved with SBRT (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52-0.99; 2-sided P = .04). Median PFS was improved from 5.5 months (95% CI, 3.4-6.3) with sorafenib to 9.2 months (95% CI, 7.5-11.9) with SBRT and sorafenib (HR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.40-0.75; 2-sided P &amp;lt; .001). Treatment-related grade 3 or higher adverse events were seen in 37 of 88 (42%) and 39 of 83 (47%) of patients treated with sorafenib vs SBRT and sorafenib, respectively (P = .52). There were 2 treatment-related deaths in the sorafenib group (death not otherwise specified and liver failure) and 1 in the SBRT and sorafenib group (lung infection). At 6 months, improved quality of life was seen in 2 of 20 (10%) and 6 of 17 (35%) of patients treated with sorafenib and SBRT and sorafenib, respectively.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this phase 3 randomized clinical trial, among patients with locally advanced HCC, SBRT was associated with a clinically important but not statistically significant improved overall survival compared with sorafenib alone.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01730937
Quinoidal Semiconductor Nanoparticles for NIR‐II Photoacoustic Imaging and Photoimmunotherapy of Cancer
Authors: Niu Gaoli , Song Guangkun , Kang Yong , Zhai Yanhong , Fan Yueyue , Ye Jiamin , Li Ruiyan , Li Runtan , Zhang Yanwei , Wang Hong , Chen Yongsheng , Ji Xiaoyuan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPhotoagents with ultra‐high near‐infrared II (NIR‐II) light energy conversion efficiency hold great promise in tumor phototherapy due to their ability to penetrate deeper tissues and minimize damage to surrounding healthy cells. However, the development of NIR‐II photoagents remain challenging. In this study, an all‐fused‐ring quinoidal acceptor‐donor‐acceptor (A‐D‐A) molecule, SKCN, with a BTP core is synthesized, and nanoparticles named FA‐SNPs are prepared. The unique quinoidal structure enhances π‐electron delocalization and bond length uniformity, significantly reducing the bandgap of SKCN, resulting in strong NIR‐II absorption, a high molar extinction coefficient, and a photothermal conversion efficiency of 75.14%. Enhanced molecular rigidity also facilitates efficient energy transfer to oxygen, boosting reactive oxygen species generation. By incorporating the immunomodulator R848, FA‐SRNPs nanoparticles are further developed, effectively modulating the tumor immune microenvironment by reducing Tregs and M‐MDSCs infiltration, promoting dendritic cell maturation, M1 macrophage polarization, and activating CD8+ T cells and NK cells. Comprehensive studies using orthotopic ovarian cancer models demonstrated strong tumor targeting, photoacoustic imaging capabilities, and significant tumor suppression and metastasis inhibition, and also showing excellent therapeutic efficacy in an orthotopic breast cancer model. This study provides strong evidence for the potential application of quinoidal A‐D‐A molecules in cancer photoimmunotherapy.
Orbital Coupling of Dual‐Atom Sites Boosts Electrocatalytic NO Oxidation and Dynamic Intracellular Response
Authors: Zeng Ruijin , Li Yanli , Wan Qing , Lin Zheng , Gao Qian , Qiu Minghao , Dong Zhaoqi , Xiao Limei , Sun Chenglong , Leng Mengyao , Gu Yu , Luo Mingchuan , Guo Shaojun 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn situ measurement of nitric oxide (NO) in living tissue and single cells is highly important for achieving a profound comprehension of cellular functionalities and facilitating the precise diagnosis of critical diseases; however, the progress is greatly hindered by the weak affinity of ultratrace concentration NO in cellular environment toward electrocatalysts. Herein, a new strategy is reported for precisely constructing orbital coupled dual‐atomic sites to enhance the affinity between the metal atomic sites and NO on a class of N‐doped hollow carbon matrix dual‐atomic sites Co─Ni (Co1Ni1‐NC) for greatly boosting electrocatalytic NO performance. The as‐synthesized Co1Ni1‐NC demonstrates a substantially higher current density than Ni1‐NC and Co1‐NC, coupled with exceptional stability with a negligible degradation rate of 0.6 µA·cm−2·h−1, which is the best among the state‐of‐the‐art electrocatalysts for NO oxidation. Experimental and theoretical investigations collectively reveal that the pivotal role of d‐d orbit coupling between Co and Ni sites enables Ni to acquire additional electrons, leading to the occupation of Ni's 3dxy/yz within the 2π orbitals of NO, thus weakening the N≡O triple bond and concurrently accelerating NO adsorption kinetics. It is demonstrated that Co1Ni1‐NC‐coated nanoelectrode can achieve the in situ sensing of NO in living organs and single cells.
Laser‐Writing of Fluorescent Copolymers in Mesoporous Silica Thin Films
Authors: Richter Dominik , Andrieu‐Brunsen Annette 
Published: December 2024

AbstractLocal polymer grafting, as well as automated direct laser writing (DLW) of polymers in mesoporous films, is demonstrated. Especially when low polymer amounts are grafted at a very small scale, analysis of polymer functionalization is a challenge. DLW of fluorescent copolymer is presented in mesoporous silica with 12 nm mesopore diameter by a surface‐initiated photo electron/energy transfer‐reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer (PET‐RAFT) polymerization using a 405 nm laser of a commercially available microscope. By the copolymerization of fluorescent comonomers during DLW, fluorescent microscale patterns of copolymer of sulfopropyl acrylate (SPA) and fluorescein methacrylate (FLMA) are obtained. The polymer spot sizes, as well as the polymer amount, are precisely manipulated by adjusting the irradiation time or power. A method for the analysis of confocal fluorescence image data is introduced, allowing quantitative comparison of relative polymer amounts by the correlation of fluorescence intensities and polymer specific IR absorption intensities. In addition, profiles of spatial polymer distribution on the micrometer scale are deduced from fluorescence image data and investigated. The polymer spot analysis shows that polymer amount gradients within each micrometer sized polymer spot are precisely tuned using irradiation time and laser power.
AI‐Enhanced Materials Identification with Smart Directional Tangential Flexible Sensor
Authors: Luo Hongsui , Niu Haoran , Li Bo , Lin Zhanhong , Yu Peixi , Zhang Liwen , Zhang Dongxing , Guo Qiuquan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn the field of intelligent manufacturing, flexible sensors play a key role as sensing components. However, people have previously focused on the normal response of tactile sensors and neglected the tangential response, and the traditional symmetric structure still has some difficulties in detecting the tangential force. Here, this work designed a novel sensor with high shear sensing capabilities using 3D printing technology to create micro‐pillar structures with adjustable aspect ratios, allowing for a wide detection range or high sensitivity. The sensor is composed of an anisotropic micro‐pillar dielectric layer and the fabric electrode layers. By vertically stacking two subunits, the sensor can accurately detect both the magnitude and direction of tangential forces. In addition, the sensor has virtually no signal drift after 20000 cycles, providing long‐term stability and durability. Finally, the sensor is integrated with AI technology and applied in areas such as robotic arm grasping, fabric texture sensing, and material recognition, highlighting its strong potential for applications in robotics and human‐machine interaction.
Swimming by Spinning: Spinning‐Top Type Rotations Regularize Sperm Swimming Into Persistently Progressive Paths in 3D
Authors: Ren Xiaomeng , Bloomfield‐Gadêlha Hermes 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSperm swimming is essential for reproduction, with movement strategies adapted to specific environments. Sperm navigate by modulating the symmetry of their flagellar beating, but how they swim forward with asymmetrical beats remains unclear. Current methods lack the ability to robustly detect the flagellar symmetry state in free‐swimming spermatozoa, despite its importance in understanding sperm motility. This study uses numerical simulations to investigate the fluid mechanics of sperm swimming with asymmetrical flagellar beats. Results show that sperm rotation regularizes the swimming motion, allowing persistently progressive swimming even with asymmetrical flagellar beats. Crucially, 3D sperm head orientation, rather than the swimming path, provides critical insight into the flagellar symmetry state. Sperm rotations during swimming closely resemble spinning‐top dynamics, with sperm head precession driven by the helical beating of the flagellum. These results may prove essential in future studies on the role of symmetry in microorganisms and artificial swimmers, as body orientation detection has been largely overlooked in favor of swimming path analysis. Altogether, this rotational mechanism provides a reliable solution for forward propulsion and navigation in nature, which would otherwise be challenging for flagella with broken symmetry.