bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collection and DNA Detection of Dirofilaria immitis (Rhabditida Onchocercidae), Using a Novel Primer Set, in Wild-Caught Mosquitoes From Gainesville, FL
Authors: Holderman Chris , Abruzzo Nicole O , Abdelsamad Noor A , Kaufman Phillip E , DiGennaro Peter M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Dirofilaria immitis, the causative agent of dog heartworm disease, is an important cause of canine morbidity and mortality, expensive to treat, and severe infections are often fatal. Much is known about the pathogen in the canine host, yet little is known on the basic ecology of the nematode in the mosquito vector. Thus, to evaluate the effectiveness of collection techniques on ability to capture dog heartworm-infected mosquitoes (Diptera Culicidae), we conducted a field study spanning 111 wk. Four methods were used: two aspirators types, sweep netting, and a CDC trap. All sites had canines present in either residential yards (n = 4) or dog kennel facilities (n = 3). Collected mosquitoes were sorted by site, trap, species, and date, then pooled into groups of up to 25 individuals. Mosquito head and thorax pools were extracted for DNA, that was screened using currently available protocols. These protocols were found unreliable; thus, we developed a novel qPCR primer and probe set. Using this method, the original samples were re-assayed and provided 494 positive pools. Approximately 10% of positive samples were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Twenty-two mosquito species tested positive for dog heartworm DNA, including a new association with Wyeomyia mitchellii (Theobald). Although Aedes atlanticus (Dyar and Knab), Anopheles crucians Wiedemann, and Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) composed nearly 36% of the total collection, these species represented 42% of the qPCR positive pools. Infection rates within commonly collected mosquitoes ranged up to 2.5%, with more rarely collected species ranging up to 14%. The CDC trap was the most effective collection method at trapping infected mosquitoes.
Dental Disease Nonbattle Injury Rates of Deployed NATO Militaries in the Middle East Region: A Scoping Review
Authors: Vaughan Matthew , McGowan Troy , Mahoney Greg 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The occurrence of dental emergencies, now termed as dental disease nonbattle injuries (D-DNBIs), has long been an impacting factor on militaries’ operational effectiveness. Owing to D-DNBIs contributing to low morale, the removal of personnel from duty, causing logistical hardships, and requiring deployable dental teams to operate in theater, there remains a significant benefit in the reduction in the occurrence of D-DNBIs. No study to date has reviewed D-DNBI rates specific to a modern military, and insight into whether militaries are seeing improvements in their dental preparedness remains to be gained.

Materials and Methods
A scoping review was conducted in accordance with the guidelines set out by Joanna Briggs Institute. Databases searched included SCOPUS, PubMed, OVID, and DOSS. Six hundred and one articles were initially screened, and six articles were included in the final review.

Results
A D-DNBI rate of 172 per 1,000 members per year was reported across the coalition, with the U.S., UK, and French militaries reporting on their dental experience. Both the French data and one UK study reported significantly higher D-DNBIs than their U.S. counterparts, who described 124 D-DNBIs per 1,000 members per year. A significant proportion of these D-DNBIs were reported to be “preventable,” which raises questions on the efficacy of garrison healthcare services. Dental disease nonbattle injury rates appear to be largely consistent with what was first reported decades ago, and there remains ongoing and significant value in expeditionary dental services providing supportive healthcare for any deployed military personnel.

Conclusion
Rates of D-DNBIs appear to be stable with what was historically reported when an international coalition is considered, with national variation. There remains a significant number of D- DNBIs which require dental treatment within the operational theater, and further efficiencies can be gained from predeployment treatment of “preventable” D-DNBIs.
Competing Demands: Scheduling Challenges in Being Veteran-centric in the Setting of Health System Initiatives to Improve Access
Authors: Moldestad Megan , Stryczek Krysttel C , Haverhals Leah , Kenney Rachael , Lee Marcie , Ball Sherry , Au David , Kirsh Susan , Sayre George , Young Jessica 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The Veterans Health Administration’s (VHA) history of enhancing Veterans’ healthcare access continued in 2016 with the launch of ChooseVA (née: MyVA Access). This initiative was designed to transform the VHA and rapidly increase Veteran’s access to care across all the VHA facilities. Relevant to this article include mandates to improve patient-centered scheduling. In prioritizing patient-centered scheduling, the VHA and other large healthcare systems have the paradoxical task of providing health care that meets not only the needs of individual patients but also the collective needs of the population served. To our knowledge, meeting these competing needs has not been explored through the perspectives and experiences of providers and staff implementing patient-centered scheduling practices.

Materials and Methods
This was a qualitative exploratory study and was sanctioned as quality improvement (and thus exempt from Institutional Review Board review). We conducted visits at 25 VHA facilities. Sites were selected based on rurality, region, and facility access performance ratings. Data collection included semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Key informant participants included local leadership, administrators, providers, and support staff across primary care, specialty care, and mental health service lines. We analyzed transcribed audio recordings using inductive content analysis to identify barriers, facilitators, and contextual factors affecting the implementation of patient-centered scheduling.

Results
We conducted 208 individual interviews and focus groups between July and November 2017. Participants expressed dedication to patient-centered approaches to improve access to care for Veterans, stating efforts and challenges to meeting Veterans’ needs and preferences. Being Veteran-centric meant accommodating Veterans, with a tension between meeting the needs of one Veteran versus all Veterans, managing expectations of same-day access, and potential hits to performance metrics. Strategies focused on engaging Veterans through education and establishing new expectations while recognizing the differing needs among subgroups receiving VHA care.

Conclusions
Veterans Health Administration staff employed a mission-driven, culturally sensitive approach to meeting the diverse scheduling needs of the Veteran population. While potentially unique to the VHA, it may inform patient-centered scheduling practices for other culturally specific populations in other healthcare systems. Continued efforts to put Veterans at the center of VHA healthcare delivery by engaging them in meaningful ways while honoring their distinct needs are essential. Data are forthcoming on Veterans’ perspectives of access, which we hope will further contribute to unfolding understandings of access within the VHA.
Placing the Blame for Covid-19 in and on Ultra-Orthodox Communities
Authors: Gilman Sander L 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The new coronavirus pandemic, COVID-19, has resurrected a number of historical and sociological problems associated with blaming collectives for the origin or transmission of infectious disease. The default example of the false accusation has been the case of the fourteenth century charge of well poisoning against the Jews of Western Europe causing the pandemic of the Black Death. Yet querying group actions in times of pandemics is not solely one of rebutting false attributions. What happens when a collective is at fault and how does the collective respond to the simultaneous burden of both false, stereotypical accusations and appropriate charges of culpability? The case study here is of Haredi communities and the 2020 outbreak of COVID-19.
The Correlation Between Impact Crater Ages and Chronostratigraphic Boundary Dates
Authors: Firestone R B 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The accurately measured ages of 89 large impact craters and layers were compared with the boundary dates for Periods, Epochs and Ages of the Geological Time Scale by a weighted least squares fit. They are highly correlated with a χ2/f=0.63. A Monte Carlo simulation of randomly chosen crater ages gives a &gt;99.8% probability that this result is not random. No craters are found in the oceans or, until recently, in ice which collectively cover 80% of Earth’s surface indicating that far more impacts have occurred than are known. Multiple impacts cluster near the times of boundary dates so, based on the observed cluster sizes assuming a binomial distribution, it was determined that the average cluster multiplicity is five. Comparison of the impact ages with the dates of the great extinctions revealed a strong correlation with χ2/f=0.36 and a multiplicity of 8-9 impacts. It is shown that volcanism, although correlated with boundary dates, is a continuous process unrelated to sudden extinctions. During the past 125 Ma the rate of global change and the impact rate have increased dramatically as the Earth passes near the OB star association. Multiple impacts 12.9 ka ago ended the Pleistocene epoch at the onset of the Younger Dryas (YD) causing worldwide extinctions. The date and extent of the YD impact may be consistent with a 62 Ma cycle of major impact events. During the Holocene 20 crater, airburst, and impact tsunami chevron ages correspond to dates of global cooling with a χ2/f=0.75 and &gt;99% probability. Future impacts could reverse global warming or even induce next ice age.
HCGrid: a convolution-based gridding framework for radio astronomy in hybrid computing environments
Authors: Wang Hao , Yu Ce , Zhang Bo , Xiao Jian , Luo Qi 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT
Gridding operation, which is to map non-uniform data samples on to a uniformly distributed grid, is one of the key steps in radio astronomical data reduction process. One of the main bottlenecks of gridding is the poor computing performance, and a typical solution for such performance issue is the implementation of multicore CPU platforms. Although such a method could usually achieve good results, in many cases, the performance of gridding is still restricted to an extent due to the limitations of CPU, since the main workload of gridding is a combination of a large number of single instruction, multidata stream operations, which is more suitable for GPU, rather than CPU implementations. To meet the challenge of massive data gridding for the modern large single-dish radio telescopes, e.g. the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope, inspired by existing multicore CPU gridding algorithms such as Cygrid, here we present an easy-to-install, high-performance, and open-source convolutional gridding framework, HCGrid, in CPU-GPU heterogeneous platforms. It optimizes data search by employing multithreading on CPU, and accelerates the convolution process by utilizing massive parallelization of GPU. In order to make HCGrid a more adaptive solution, we also propose the strategies of thread organization and coarsening, as well as optimal parameter settings under various GPU architectures. A thorough analysis of computing time and performance gain with several GPU parallel optimization strategies show that it can lead to excellent performance in hybrid computing environments.
Physician deaths from COVID-19 have been lower than expected
Authors: Kaplan R M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
More than 100 US physicians have died from COVID-19. I considered the number of US physician deaths in comparison to the expected COVID death rate in the general population.

Aims
To estimate the whether US physicians are at increased risk of death from COVID-19 due to occupational exposures.

Methods
COVID-related physician deaths were identified through searches using Medscape In Memoriam, and multiple internet searches using Google and Facebook. An obituary or death notice was obtained in all but one case. Death rates among physicians were compared to the expected rate based on COVID deaths in the US population.

Results
Up to 7 October 2020, there were 108 deaths among US physicians. Physicians make up about 0.33% of the US population. By 1 October 2020, there were 210 000 COVID deaths in the US population with 693 expected physician deaths. Observed deaths were 16% of expected. Seventy-five per cent of the deaths occurred among physicians older than age 60 and about half appeared to be among those retired from clinical practice.

Conclusions
Observed physician deaths were significantly below expected based on deaths the general population. Prudent use of personal protective equipment may explain the lower-than-expected death rates.
Seroprevalence and Correlates of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Health Care Workers in Chicago
Authors: Wilkins John T , Gray Elizabeth L , Wallia Amisha , Hirschhorn Lisa R , Zembower Teresa R , Ho Joyce , Kalume Naomi , Agbo Ojoma , Zhu Alex , Rasmussen-Torvik Laura J , Khan Sadiya S , Carnethon Mercedes , Huffman Mark , Evans Charlesnika T 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Identifying factors associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among health care workers (HCWs) may help health systems optimize SARS-CoV-2 infection control strategies.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Northwestern HCW SARS-CoV-2 Serology Cohort Study. We used the Abbott Architect Nucleocapsid IgG assay to determine seropositivity. Logistic regression models (adjusted for demographics and self-reported community exposure to coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) were fit to quantify the associations between occupation group, health care delivery tasks, and community exposure and seropositive status.

Results
A total of 6510 HCWs, including 1794 nurses and 904 non-patient-facing administrators, participated. The majority were women (79.6%), 74.9% were White, 9.7% were Asian, 7.3% were Hispanic, and 3.1% were non-Hispanic Black. The crude prevalence of seropositivity was 4.8% (95% CI, 4.6%–5.2%). Seropositivity varied by race/ethnicity as well as age, ranging from 4.2% to 9.6%. Out-of-hospital exposure to COVID-19 occurred in 9.3% of HCWs, 15.0% (95% CI, 12.2%–18.1%) of whom were seropositive; those with family members diagnosed with COVID-19 had a seropositivity rate of 54% (95% CI, 44.2%–65.2%). Support service workers (10.4%; 95% CI, 4.6%–19.4%), medical assistants (10.1%; 95% CI, 5.5%–16.6%), and nurses (7.6%; 95% CI, 6.4%–9.0%) had significantly higher seropositivity rates than administrators (referent; 3.3%; 95% CI, 2.3%–4.4%). However, after adjustment, nursing was the only occupation group with a significantly higher odds (odds ratio, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.3–2.9) of seropositivity. Exposure to patients receiving high-flow oxygen therapy and hemodialysis was significantly associated with 45% and 57% higher odds for seropositive status, respectively.

Conclusions
HCWs are at risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection from longer-duration exposures to people infected with SARS-CoV-2 within health care settings and their communities of residence.
Are Sink Drainage Systems a Reservoir for Hospital-Acquired Gammaproteobacteria Colonization and Infection? A Systematic Review
Authors: Volling Cheryl , Ahangari Narges , Bartoszko Jessica J , Coleman Brenda L , Garcia-Jeldes Felipe , Jamal Alainna J , Johnstone Jennie , Kandel Christopher , Kohler Philipp , Maltezou Helena C , Maze dit Mieusement Lorraine , McKenzie Nneka , Mertz Dominik , Monod Adam , Saeed Salman , Shea Barbara , Stuart Rhonda L , Thomas Sera , Uleryk Elizabeth , McGeer Allison 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIncreasing rates of antimicrobial-resistant organisms have focused attention on sink drainage systems as reservoirs for hospital-acquired Gammaproteobacteria colonization and infection. We aimed to assess the quality of evidence for transmission from this reservoir. We searched 8 databases and identified 52 studies implicating sink drainage systems in acute care hospitals as a reservoir for Gammaproteobacterial colonization/infection. We used a causality tool to summarize the quality of evidence. Included studies provided evidence of co-occurrence of contaminated sink drainage systems and colonization/infection, temporal sequencing compatible with sink drainage reservoirs, some steps in potential causal pathways, and relatedness between bacteria from sink drainage systems and patients. Some studies provided convincing evidence of reduced risk of organism acquisition following interventions. No single study provided convincing evidence across all causality domains, and the attributable fraction of infections related to sink drainage systems remains unknown. These results may help to guide conduct and reporting in future studies.
Microsurgical Resection of an Intramedullary Spinal Cord Hemangioblastoma Through an Anterior Cervical Approach: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: McCormick Kyle Lindsey , Alexiades Nikita , McCormick Paul C 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This video demonstrates the microsurgical removal of an intramedullary spinal cord hemangioblastoma through an anterior cervical approach. While most spinal hemangioblastomas arise from the dorsal or dorsolateral pial surface and can be safely resected through a posterior approach,
1,2
ventral tumors can present a significant challenge to safe surgical removal.
3-5
This patient presented with a progressively symptomatic ventral pial based hemangioblastoma at the C5-6 level with large polar cysts extending from C3 to T1. The tumor was approached through a standard anterior cervical exposure with a C5 and C6 corpectomy. Following midline durotomy, the tumor was identified and complete microsurgical resection was achieved. The principles and techniques of tumor resection are illustrated and described in the video. Following tumor resection and dural closure, a fibular allograft was inserted into the corpectomy defect and a C4-C7 fixation plate was placed. The patient was maintained in a supine position for 36 h. He was discharged home on postoperative day 3 in a cervical collar. The patient did well with near-complete recovery of neurological function. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging at 6 wk showed a substantial resolution of the polar cysts and no evidence of residual tumor. The patient featured in this video consented to the procedure.
Calvarial Reconstruction Following Massive Tissue Loss: A Feasible Treatment Strategy and Surgical Technique
Authors: Hofmann Luzie , Rafizadeh Rashid Masood , Ludtka Christopher , Schwan Stefan , Mendel Thomas , Sanchin Lhagva , Goehre Felix 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Severe cranial injuries require reconstructive surgeries to protect the underlying brain and to restore cranial contour and scalp integrity, as well as avoid complications such as neurocognitive decline. In cases of full-thickness cranial tissue damage, adept surgical skill in both bone and soft tissue reconstruction is critical for a minimally invasive surgery and successful bone integration without endangering previous soft tissue efforts. Different surgical techniques and materials are beset with various problems.

OBJECTIVE
To present a surgical procedure intended for the reconstruction of complex calvarial and associated tissue defects with reduced invasiveness and improved soft tissue healing compared to the existing gold standard. Both soft tissue and bone reconstruction techniques are described in detail due to their intertwined importance for successful full thickness skull and scalp reconstruction.

METHODS
During initial medical care, aseptic wound treatment and temporary wound closure are performed. Two weeks postinjury, extensive necrotic tissue debridement and soft tissue reconstruction lay the foundation for well-vascularized tissue regeneration. Soft tissue healing is followed by minimally invasive cranioplasty using autologous split-rib transplants after approximately 6 mo.

RESULTS
With consideration of the established gold standards for treatment, soft tissue regenerated without complications. The minimally invasive insertion of autologous rib grafts underneath the healed soft tissue allowed for quick recovery without requiring further follow-up treatments.

CONCLUSION
We optimized initial scalp wound healing and bone regeneration by making use of minimally invasive procedures and autologous materials, offering a viable treatment alternative to existing methods for treating large cranial bone injuries.
Innate immunology in COVID-19—a living review. Part I: viral entry, sensing and evasion
Authors: Coveney Clarissa , Tellier Michel , Lu Fangfang , Maleki-Toyserkani Shayda , Jones Ruth , Bart Valentina M T , Pring Ellie , Alrubayyi Aljawharah , Richter Felix C , Scourfield D Oliver , Rehwinkel Jan , Rodrigues Patrícia R S , Davies Luke C , Gea-Mallorquí Ester ,   The Oxford-Cardiff COVID19 Literature Consortium
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a world health concern and can cause severe disease and high mortality in susceptible groups. While vaccines offer a chance to treat disease, prophylactic and anti-viral treatments are still of vital importance, especially in context of the mutative ability of this group of viruses. Therefore, it is essential to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of viral entry, innate sensing and immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2, which control the triggers of the subsequent excessive inflammatory response. Viral evasion strategies directly target anti-viral immunity, counteracting host restriction factors and hijacking signalling pathways to interfere with interferon production. In Part I of this review, we examine SARS-CoV-2 viral entry and the described immune evasion mechanisms to provide a perspective on how the failure in initial viral sensing by infected cells can lead to immune dysregulation causing fatal COVID-19, discussed in Part II.
Ignorance is Bliss? Age, Misinformation, and Support for Women’s Representation
Authors: Burden Barry C , Ono Yoshikuni 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMost people overestimate how many women have been elected to Congress and state legislatures, but this misinformation reduces with age. Multivariate analysis of our original survey data confirms that young people are prone to overestimating how many seats are held by women, and this pattern is especially sharp among male respondents. In addition, a memory of being represented by a woman in the past tends to inflate overestimates further. Erroneous thinking among the young may produce an “ignorance is bliss” effect by reducing the apparent need to elect more women to office and raising levels of trust in government. In contrast, more realistic beliefs among older people make the dominance of men in public office more apparent and actionable.