bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pareto efficient income taxation without single-crossing
Authors: Bastani Spencer , Blomquist Sören , Micheletto Luca 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe provide a full characterization of a two-type optimal nonlinear income tax model where the single-crossing condition is violated due to an assumption that agents differ both in terms of market abilities and in terms of their needs for a work-related good. We set up a Pareto-efficient tax problem and analyze the entire second-best Pareto-frontier, highlighting several non-standard results, such as the possibility of income re-ranking relative to the laissez-faire and gaps in the Pareto-frontier.
Changing water cycle and freshwater transports in the Atlantic Ocean in observations and CMIP5 models
Authors: Skliris Nikolaos , Marsh Robert , Mecking Jennifer V. , Zika Jan D. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObservations over the last 40 years show that the Atlantic Ocean salinity pattern has amplified, likely in response to changes in the atmospheric branch of the global water cycle. Observational estimates of oceanic meridional freshwater transport (FWT) at 26.5° N indicate a large increase over the last few decades, during an apparent decrease in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, there is limited observation based information at other latitudes. The relative importance of changing FWT divergence in these trends remains uncertain. Ten models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 are analysed for AMOC, FWT, water cycle, and salinity changes over 1950–2100. Over this timescale, strong trends in the water cycle and oceanic freshwater transports emerge, a part of anthropogenic climate change. Results show that as the water cycle amplifies with warming, FWT strengthens (more southward freshwater transport) throughout the Atlantic sector over the 21st century. FWT strengthens in the North Atlantic subtropical region in spite of declining AMOC, as the long-term trend is dominated by salinity change. The AMOC decline also induces a southward shift of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone and a dipole pattern of precipitation change over the tropical region. The consequent decrease in freshwater input north of the equator together with increasing net evaporation lead to strong salinification of the North Atlantic sub-tropical region, enhancing net northward salt transport. This opposes the influence of further AMOC weakening and results in intensifying southward freshwater transports across the entire Atlantic.
Fast microglial activation after severe traumatic brain injuries
Authors: Lier Julia , Ondruschka Benjamin , Bechmann Ingo , Dreßler Jan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTraumatic brain injury is among the leading causes of death in individuals under 45 years of age. However, since trauma mechanisms and survival times differ enormously, the exact mechanisms leading to the primary and secondary injury and eventually to death after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remain unclear. Several studies showed the versatile functions of microglia, the innate macrophages of the brain, following a TBI. Earlier being characterized as rather neurotoxic, neuroprotective capacities were recently demonstrated, therefore, making microglia one of the key players following TBI. Especially in cases with only short survival times, immediate microglial reactions are of great forensic interest in questions of wound age estimation. Using standardized immunohistochemical methods, we examined 8 cases which died causatively of TBI with survival times between minutes and 7 days and 5 control cases with cardiovascular failure as the cause of death to determine acute changes in microglial morphology and antigen expression after TBI. In this pilot study, we detected highly localized changes in microglial morphology already early after traumatic damage, e.g., activated microglia and phagocyted erythrocytes in the contusion areas in cases with minute survival. Furthermore, an altered antigen expression was observed with increasing trauma wound age, showing similar effects like earlier transcriptomic studies. There is minute data on the direct impact of shear forces on microglial morphology. We were able to show localization-depending effects on microglial morphology causing localized dystrophy and adjacent activation. While rodent studies are widespread, they fail to mimic the exact mechanisms in human TBI response. Therefore, more studies focusing on cadaveric samples need to follow to thoroughly define the mechanisms leading to cell destruction and eventually evaluate their forensic value.
Why do children and adolescents with epilepsy disclose or not disclose their condition to their friends?
Authors: Jeschke Sarah , Woltermann Sarah , Neininger Martina Patrizia , Pauschek Josefine , Kiess Wieland , Bertsche Thilo , Bertsche Astrid 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA diagnosis of epilepsy substantially influences the lives of affected children and adolescents, and concealing the diagnosis can generate additional stress. However, little is known about whether children and adolescents communicate their diagnosis to their friends. We performed a survey at two German university hospitals. Epilepsy patients aged 6–18 years were asked why they did or did not disclose their condition to their friends. A total of 101 patients (44 female, 57 male) were interviewed. Twenty-one (21%) informed all their friends about their epilepsy, 63 (62%) informed only certain friends, and 3 (3%) did not specify. Fourteen (14%) did not inform any friends. Their reasons for informing their friends were trust in friends (47/87; 54%); questions from friends, e.g., about missed school days (29/87; 33%); a wish for friends to be informed in case of an emergency (15/87; 17%); and a desire to live openly with the condition (8/87; 9%). The reasons for not informing friends were fear of stigmatization/shame (4/14; 29%), discouragement from parents (3/14; 21%), and a wish for confidentiality (3/14; 21%).Conclusion: Most children and adolescents inform their friends about their epilepsy. Fear of stigmatization is the main reason for not informing friends about this condition.

What is Known• An epilepsy diagnosis is a life-changing event for affected children and adolescents.• Having to conceal the diagnosis can be very stressful.

What is New• Most pediatric epilepsy patients informed at least some close friends about their diagnosis motivated by trust in friends; questions from friends, e.g., about missed school days; and a wish for friends to be informed in case of an emergency.• Fear of stigmatization/shame, discouragement from parents, and a wish for confidentiality were the motivations for concealing the disease.
Retrospective study of the functional and oncological outcomes of conformal sphincter preservation operation in the treatment of very low rectal cancer
Authors: Sun G. , Lou Z. , Zhang H. , Yu G. Y. , Zheng K. , Gao X. H. , Meng R. G. , Gong H. F. , Furnée E. J. B. , Bai C. G. , Zhang W. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Conformal sphincter preservation operation (CSPO) is a new surgical procedure for very low rectal cancers (within 4–5 cm from the anal verge). CSPO preserves more of the dentate line and distal rectal wall and also avoids injuring nerves in the intersphincteric space, resulting in satisfactory anal function after resection. The aim of this study was to analyze the short-term surgical results and long-term oncological and functional outcomes of CSPO.

Methods
Consecutive patients with very low rectal cancer, who had CSPO between January 2011 and October 2018 at Changhai Hospital, Shanghai were included. Patient demographics, clinicopathological features, oncological outcomes and anal function were analyzed.

Results
A total of 102 patients (67 men) with a mean age of 56.9 ± 10.8 years were included. The median distance of the tumor from the anal verge was 3 (IQR, 3–4) cm. Thirty-five patients received neoadjuvant chemoradiation (nCRT). The median distal resection margin (DRM) was 0.5 (IQR, 0.3–0.8) cm. One patient had a positive DRM. All circumferential margins were negative. There was no perioperative mortality. The postoperative complication rate was 19.6%. The median duration of follow-up was 28 (IQR, 12–45.5) months. The local recurrence rate was 2% and distant metastasis rate was 10.8%. The 3-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates were 100% and 83.9%, respectively. The mean Wexner incontinence and low anterior resection syndrome scores 12 months after ileostomy reversal were 5.9 ± 4.3, and 29.2 ± 6.9, respectively.

Conclusions
For patients with very low rectal cancers, fecal continence can be preserved with CSPO without compromising oncological results.
Appraising the risk level of physicochemical and bacteriological twin contaminants of water resources in part of the western Niger Delta region
Authors: Ocheli Azuka , Otuya Onyeka Benjamin , Umayah Star Otitie 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis study was carried out to assess the physicochemical and bacteriological contaminants of surface, shallow well and municipal borehole waters in part of the western Niger Delta as a way of safeguarding public health against waterborne diseases. A total of 72 water samples collected from the study area were analysed and their results show that the pH average value ranges from 6.2 in the dry to 8.5 in the rainy seasons for surface water, 6.6 and 8.3 for shallow well water and 6.5 to 8.4 for borehole water. The turbidity in surface water varies from 8.1 to 26.2 Formazin Attenuation Unit (FAU), 0.3 to 2.9 FAU in shallow well water and 0.4 to 4.8 FAU in borehole water. Electrical conductivity (EC) value varies from 1010 to 1840 μs/cm for surface water, 201 to 950 μs/cm for shallow well water and 670 to 1650 μs/cm for borehole water. Total dissolved solids range from 0.1 to 2.6 mg/l in surface water, 0.2 to 4.1 mg/l in shallow well water and 0.3 to 4.4 mg/l in borehole water. The value of the total hardness ranges from 44 to 120 mg in surface water, 46 to 96 mg in shallow well water and 70 to 130 mg in borehole water. The nitrate value ranges from 1.1 to 10.6 mg in surface water, 3.0 to 8.4 mg in shallow well water and 3.7 to 9.6 mg in borehole water. The value of sulphate content varies from 4.6 to 38.5 mg in surface water, 6.2 to 34.8 mg in shallow well water and 5.7 to 55.7 mg in borehole water. The value of phosphate concentrations in surface water varies from 1.0 to 9.0 mg, 0.7 to 3.4 mg in shallow well water and 1.0 to 4.7 mg in borehole water. The bacteriological analysis using the membrane filtration technique revealed the presence of faecal bacteria and total coliform counts. The presence of the analysed twin contaminants in the studied water resources reduced their water quality. The physicochemical and bacteriological data were subjected to statistical and correlation tests. It was concluded that their concentration levels were independent of intra-seasonal changes. The likely natural and artificial sources of contaminants are run-offs from fertilized lands, septic tanks, industrial discharges, sewage and waste disposal, algae blooms and erosion from natural deposits. The inherent risk is water-related diseases such as waterborne diseases, water-washed diseases, water-based diseases and diseases transmitted by water-related insect vectors. Water resources should be protected through proper sanitation systems, limiting of up-stream discharges, maintenance of wellheads, boiling and municipal water treatment plants. Educational advice should be given to the inhabitants on the dangers posed by continuous drinking of contaminated water. These measures will prevent disease outbreak and public health burden in the area.
Professional learning networks: From teacher learning to school improvement?
Authors: Prenger Rilana , Poortman Cindy L. , Handelzalts Adam 
Published: May 2020

AbstractProfessional learning communities are promising for teacher learning and improving the quality of education. In the past decade, there has been a shift in focus from within-school to cross-school PLCs: Professional Learning Networks. Knowledge of the underlying working processes of teacher learning in PLNs is scarce. This is even more complicated for PLNs, because of organizational, geographic and professional boundaries. The purpose of this study is to explore how PLNs can function to meet their objectives and what challenges they face in their aim of achieving sustainable teacher learning and school improvement. We applied a qualitative case study design. Data were collected by means of interviews with PLN participants and external coaches, logs by external coaches, and yearly observations by the researchers. Results show how the PLN context influences the outcomes in terms of teacher learning, PLN products and application in their schools. Findings show how leadership, the perception of a shared goal, structured activities, collaboration, and facilitation and support especially appear to influence outcomes. PLNs face additional challenges in relation to within-school PLCs, in terms of knowledge transfer from the PLN back to participants’ own schools and the network as a whole. This should be acknowledged and acted upon before PLNs are even established.
COSINUS: Cryogenic Calorimeters for the Direct Dark Matter Search with NaI Crystals
Authors: Angloher G. , Carniti P. , Dafinei I. , Di Marco N. , Fuss A. , Gotti C. , Mancuso M. , Martella P. , Pagnanini L. , Pessina G. , Petricca F. , Pirro S. , Pröbst F. , Reindl F. , Schäffner K. , Schieck J. , Schmiedmayer D. , Schwertner C. , Stadler R. , Stahlberg M. , Zema V. , Zhu Y. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCOSINUS (Cryogenic Observatory for SIgnatures seen in Next-generation Underground Searches) is an experiment employing cryogenic calorimeters, dedicated to direct dark matter search in underground laboratories. Its goal is to cross-check the annual modulation signal the DAMA collaboration has been detecting for about 20 years (Bernabei et al. in Nucl Part Phys Proc 303–305:74–79, 2018. 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2019.03.015) and which has been ruled out by other experiments in certain dark matter scenarios. COSINUS can provide a model-independent test by the use of the same target material (NaI), with the additional chance of discriminating $$\beta /\gamma$$

β
/
γ

events from nuclear recoils on an event-by-event basis, by the application of a well-established temperature sensor technology developed within the CRESST collaboration. Each module is constituted by two detectors: the light detector, that is a silicon beaker equipped with a transition edge sensor (TES), and the phonon detector, a small cubic NaI crystal interfaced with a carrier of a harder material (e.g. $$\hbox {CdWO}_4$$

CdWO
4

), also instrumented with a TES. This technology had so far never been applied to NaI crystals because of several well-known obstacles, and COSINUS is the first experiment which succeeded in operating NaI crystals as cryogenic calorimeters. Here, we present the COSINUS project, describe the achievements and the challenges of the COSINUS prototype development and discuss the status and the perspectives of this NaI-based cryogenic frontier.
Patient-Reported Outcome Measures may optimize shared decision-making for cancer risk management in BRCA mutation carriers
Authors: van Egdom L. S. E. , de Kock M. A. , Apon I. , Mureau M. A. M. , Verhoef C. , Hazelzet J. A. , Koppert L. B. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to compare patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of BRCA1/2 mutation carriers, either after bilateral prophylactic mastectomy (BPM) or during breast surveillance, to improve shared decision-making in their cancer risk management.

Methods
Unaffected BRCA1/2 mutation carriers at least one year after BPM followed by immediate breast reconstruction (BPM-IBR) or one year under surveillance were eligible. After informed consent, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and BREAST-Q were administered and compared between the different strategies. PROs were also compared to available normative data.

Results
Ninety-six participants were analyzed in this study and showed significant differences between strategies in age, age at genetic testing, and time since BPM or starting breast surveillance. All HADS scores were below 8 suggesting no signs of anxiety or depression in both groups. Higher mean ‘Q-physical well-being’ scores were reported by the surveillance group (81.78 [CI 76.99–86.57]) than the BPM group (76.96 [CI 73.16 – 80.75]; p = 0.011). Overall, for both questionnaires better scores were seen when compared to age-matched normative data.

Conclusions
No signs of anxiety or depression were seen in the surveillance or BPM-IBR group. Slightly better mean BREAST-Q scores were seen for the surveillance group in comparison to BPM-IBR, except for ‘Q-psychological well-being’. The difference in ‘Q-physical well-being’ was significantly worse for BPM-IBR. Approaches to obtain longitudinal PROs and reference values should be explored in the future, which could add value to shared decision-making in regards to breast cancer risk management in this specific patient population.
Characteristic Renal Histology of a 81-Year-Old Patient with a 30-Year History of Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Report
Authors: Shima Natsuki , Sawa Naoki , Yamanouchi Masayuki , Mizuno Hiroki , Kawada Masahiro , Sekine Akinari , Hiramatsu Rikako , Hayami Noriko , Hasegawa Eiko , Suwabe Tatsuya , Hoshino Junichi , Takaichi Kenmei , Ohashi Kenichi , Fujii Takeshi , Ubara Yoshifumi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA renal histology of an 81-year-old man with a 30-year history of diabetes mellitus (DM), as well as diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy, was examined. The patient’s blood pressure was controlled within the normal range (less than 140/75 mmHg) using antihypertensive agents including angiotensin receptor blocker. Edematous management was achieved by a strict salt diet (less than 6 g/per day). However, this patient’s glycemic control was poor with HbA1c 8–10%. Serum creatinine was 0.87 mg/dL and estimated globular filtration rate (eGFR) was 64 ml/min/1.73m2. Urinary protein excretion was 1.5 g/day. This patient’s renal biopsy showed linear staining for IgG along the GBM by immunofluorescence microscopy, but light microscopy showed almost intact glomeruli, and the GBM was not thickened as revealed by electron microscopy with a width of 288–368 nm (< 430 nm). While arteriolar hyalinosis was severe, and polar vasculosis was observed around the glomerular vascular pole. This case indicates that long-standing hyperglycemia may induce polar vasculosis by the mechanism of angiogenesis, but diabetic glomerulopathy can become minor change, only when hypertension and edematous management could be controlled strictly.
A Critical Review of Control Techniques for Flexible and Rigid Link Manipulators
Authors: Alandoli Esmail Ali , Lee T. S. 
Published: May 2020

SUMMARYThere is a high demand for developing effective controllers to perform fast and accurate operations for either flexible link manipulators (FLMs) or rigid link manipulators (RLMs). Thus, this paper is beneficial for such vast field, and it is also advantageous and indispensable for researchers who are interested in robotics to have sufficient knowledge about various controllers of FLMs and RLMs as the controllers’ concepts are elaborated in detail. The paper concentrates in critically reviewing classical controllers, intelligent controllers, robust controllers, and hybrid controllers for both FLMs and RLMs. The advantages and disadvantages of the aforementioned control methods are summarized in this paper; it also has a detailed comparison for the controllers in terms of the design difficulty, performance, and the suitability for controlling FLMs or RLMs.
Wave Normal Angle Distribution of Magnetosonic Waves in the Earth's Magnetosphere: 2‐D PIC Simulation
Authors: Sun Jicheng , Chen Lunjin , Wang Xueyi 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRadiation belt electrons can be accelerated and scattered by magnetosonic waves in the Earth's magnetosphere, and the scattering rate of electrons is sensitive to the wave normal angle. However, observationally it is difficult to identify the wave normal angle within a few degrees. In this study, using 2‐D particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations, we investigate the wave normal angle distribution of magnetosonic waves excited by ring distribution protons. Both the linear theory and simulations have shown that the wave normal angles are distributed over a narrow range (82°–89°) with a major peak at about 85° during the linear growth stage when the proton ring velocity is close to the Alfven speed. In addition, 2‐D PIC simulations further demonstrated that the waves tend to have larger wave normal angles (84°–89°) during the saturation stage since the waves with smaller wave normal angles are dissipated faster. It is also found that wave normal angles decrease with the increase of wave frequency. With the increase of the ring velocity of the proton ring distribution, the perpendicular wavenumber of excited magnetosonic waves decreases, which leads to the decrease of the wave normal angle. The simulation results provide a valuable insight to understand the property of magnetosonic waves, and the findings are useful for the global simulations of radiation belt dynamics.
Serum alpha-mannosidase as an additional barrier to eliciting oligomannose-specific HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Bruxelle Jean-François , Kirilenko Tess , Qureshi Quratulain , Lu Naiomi , Trattnig Nino , Kosma Paul , Pantophlet Ralph 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOligomannose-type glycans on HIV-1 gp120 form a patch that is targeted by several broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and that therefore is of interest to vaccine design. However, attempts to elicit similar oligomannose-specific bnAbs by immunizing with oligomannosidic glycoconjugates have only been modestly successful so far. A common assumption is that eliciting oligomannose-specific bnAbs is hindered by B cell tolerance, resulting from the presented oligomannosides being sensed as self molecules. Here, we present data, along with existing scientific evidence, supporting an additional, or perhaps alternate, explanation: serum mannosidase trimming of the presented oligomannosides in vivo. Mannosidase trimming lessens the likelihood of eliciting antibodies with capacity to bind full-sized oligomannose, which typifies the binding mode of existing bnAbs to the oligomannose patch. The rapidity of the observed trimming suggests the need for immunization strategies and/or synthetic glycosides that readily avoid or resist mannosidase trimming upon immunization and can overcome possible tolerance restrictions.