bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the identity ofEucephalobus oxyuroides(de Man, 1876) Steiner, 1936 (Rhabditida, Cephalobidae), with an updated taxonomy of the genus and notes about its phylogeny
Authors: Abolafia Joaquín , Peña-Santiago Reyes 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe identity ofEucephalobus oxyuroidesis discussed after studying two Iberian populations that fit the original description of the species. A new characterization is consequently provided as follows: 0.49 to 0.70 mm long body, lip region continuous with the adjoining body and bearing short probolae prongs, neck 132 to 158 µm long, spermatheca 23 to 47 µm long or 1.0 to 1.8 times the corresponding body diameter, post-vulval uterine sac 40 to 54 µm long or 2.0 to 2.5 times as long as the body diameter,V  =  58 to 64, female tail conical elongate with very acute terminus (60-79 µm,c = 7.1-10.0,c′ = 4.9-5.8), male tail conical (36-49 µm,c =10.9-14.3,c′ = 2.4-3.4) with an elongate acute mucro, and spicules 21 to 22 µm long. Previous records of the species are revised. An emended diagnosis of the genus is proposed, and its taxonomy is updated with a list of species, key to their identification and illustrations. The evolutionary relationships ofEucephalobus, as derived from the analyses of 18S and 28S rDNA fragments, reveals that it occupies a basal position within the subfamily Cephalobidae.
Factors determing the adhesive capacity of Lactobacillus bacteria
Authors: Paliwoda Anna , Nowak Adriana 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The ability of Lactobacillus to adhere to the intestinal epithelium is one of the most important criterion in the selection of probiotic strains. Adherence allows microorganisms to survive and temporarily colonize the digestive system, which is necessary to induce beneficial effects on the host. Adhesion is a very complex, multistep process and, although there are many proposed theories, the exact mechanism is still not fully understood. A crucial role in the formation of the adhesive interactions plays the bacterial cell wall and its components, such as exopolisaccharydes, lipoteichoic acids and various proteins e.g. S-layer proteins.
1. Introduction. 2. Stages of Lactobacillus adhesion to intestinal epithelium 3. Adhesion factors. 3.1. Protein factors 3.2. Non-protein factors. 3.3. Environmental factors. 3.4. Aggregation and hydrophobic interactions. 4. Summary
1. Wstęp. 2. Etapy adhezji bakterii Lactobacillus do nabłonka jelitowego. 3. Czynniki uczestniczące w adhezji. 3.1. Czynniki białkowe. 3.2. Czynniki niebiałkowe. 3.3 Czynniki środowiskowe. 3.4. Tworzenie agregatów oraz oddziaływania hydrofobowe. 4. Podsumowanie
Coagulase-positive species of the genus Staphylococcus– taxonomy, pathogenicity
Authors: Kmieciak Wioletta , Maria Szewczyk Eligia 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Staphylococci constitute an important component of the human microbiome. Most of them are coagulase-negative species, whose importance in the pathogenesis of human infections has been widely recognized and is being documented on a regular basis. Until recently, the only well-known coagulase-positive staphylococcus species recognized as human pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus. Previously, the ability to produce coagulase was used as its basic diagnostic feature, because other coagulase-positive species were associated with animal hosts. Progress in the laboratory medicine, in which automatic or semi-automatic systems identify the staphylococci species, revealed a phenomenon of spreading of the coagulase positive staphylococci to new niches and hosts, as they are being isolated from human clinical materials with increasing frequency. As a result, many reaserchers and laboratories have turned their attention to the phenomenon, which caused an inflow of new data on these species. An increasingly expansive pathogenic potential of coagulase-positive staphylococci against humans has been documented. In the presented study, recent data on both S. aureus and species previously considered to be animal, i.e. S. intermedius, S. pseudintermedius, S. delphini, S. lutrae, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, S. hyicus as well as newly described species S. agnetis, were shown.
1. Introduction. 2. Staphylococcal coagulase. 3. Staphylococcus aureus. 4. Staphylococcus intermedius Group species. 4.1. Staphylococcus intermedius. 4.2. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. 4.3. Staphylococcus delphini. 5. Staphylococcus hyicus. 6. Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans. 7. Staphylococcus lutrae. 8. Staphylococcus agnetis. 9. Summary
1. Wstęp. 2. Koagulaza gronkowcowa. 3. Staphylococcus aureus. 4. Gronkowce grupy SIG. 4.1. Staphylococcus intermedius. 4.2. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. 4.3. Staphylococcus delphini. 5. Staphylococcus hyicus. 6. Staphylococcus schleiferi subsp. coagulans. 7. Staphylococcus lutrae. 8. Staphylococcus agnetis. 9. Podsumowanie
Bacterial chitinases and their application in biotechnology
Authors: Kisiel Anna , Kępczyńska Ewa 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Chitin, an insoluble linear β-1,4-linked polymer of N-acetylglucosamine, is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose. It is present in cell walls of several fungi, exoskeletons of insects and crustacean shells. Enzymatic hydrolysis of this polysaccharide is carried out in the presence of glycoside hydrolases-chitinases. They are produced by microorganisms, insects, plants, and animal, but it is the bacterial chitinases which play a fundamental role in degradation of the chitin. Chitinases and their products, chito-oligomers, have been of interest in recent years due to their wide range of applications in agriculture, medicine and industry. This review focuses on the enzymatic properties of the bacterial chitinases and their potential applications in various kinds of biotechnology.
1. Introduction. 2. Sources of chitin and its structure. 3. Chitinases – structure and function. 4. Chitinase – producing bacteria. 5. The role of bacterial chitinases in green biotechnology. 6. Application of chitinases in white biotechnology. 7. Application of chitinases in red biotechnology. 8. Summary
Strategies for the analysis of thioloxidorductases
Authors: Jagusztyn-Krynicka Elżbieta Katarzyna , Banaś Anna Marta , Grzeszczuk Magdalena Joanna 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bacterial Dsb (disulfide bond) enzymes are involved in the oxidative folding of many proteins, through the formation of disulfide bonds between thiol groups of cysteine residues. This process is critical for the correct folding and structural stability of many secreted and membrane proteins. The rapidly expanding number of sequenced bacterial genomes has revealed the enormous diversity among bacterial Dsb systems. While the Escherichia coli oxidative protein folding has been studied in great details, the mechanism of the Dsb systems functioning in other bacteria are rather poorly understood. Herein, we present the current methodology, both in vivo and in vitroexperimental techniques, which allow us to understand the functioning of the Dsb proteins and has broaden our knowledge in the field of biochemistry and microbiology of this posttranslational protein modification. Many bacterial virulence factors are extracytoplasmic Dsb-dependent proteins. Thus, this system plays an important role in bacterial pathogenesis and the proteins of the Dsb network represent possible targets for new drugs.
1. Introduction. 2. Analysis of the Dsb functioning in vivo. 2.1. Determination of the in vivo redox state. 2.2. Phenotypic assay of the mutated strains. 3. Analysis of the Dsb functioning in vitro. 3.1. Insulin reduction assay. 3.2. Determination of the redox potential. 3.3. Assay of the oxidative and isomerase activity. 3.4. Determination of the pKa value of the cysteine residue 3.5. Determination of the interaction between DsbA and DsbB. 3.6. Protein structures. 3.7. Searching for Dsb protein substrates. 4. Conclusions
Genetic diversity of bovine diarrhea and mucosal disease virus
Authors: Mirosław Paweł , Antos Aleksandra , Polak Mirosław 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is classified as a member of the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family. BVDV is one of the most important viral pathogens of ruminants worldwide, causing severe economic losses. Infection results in a wide range of clinical manifestations, ranging from mild respiratory disease to fetal death and mucosal disease. The virus particles are small and contain a singlestranded, positive-sense RNA molecule of approximately 12.3 kb with one large open reading frame flanked by two untranslated regions (5’UTR and 3’UTR). The polyprotein is proteolytically cleaved by viral and host proteases resulting in the formation of mature viral proteins. It is well established that BVDV strains show considerable genetic diversity. BVD viruses are classified as two species: BVDV-1 and BVDV-2. Quite recently, a new putative species, BVDV-3, was detected. The viruses exist as one of two biotypes: cytopathic or non- cytopathic, based on their activity in cell cultures. The phylogenetic analysis of the 5’UTR and Npro region has revealed at least 21 distinct subtypes of BVDV-1 and 4 subtypes of BVDV-2. Genetic diversity of BVD viruses has serious clinical implications such as immune evasion, increase of virulence, host range alteration and also affects the efficacy of vaccination programmes and diagnostic methods.
1. Introduction. 2. Characteristics of BVD virus. 3. Genetic diversity. 4. The importance of genetic variation. 5. Conclusion
FRANCISELLA TULARENSIS– REVIEW
Authors: Cieślik Piotr , Knap Józef , Bielawska-Drózd Agata 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In the early twentieth century, Francisella tularensis was identified as a pathogenic agent of tularaemia, one of the most dangerous zoonoses. Based on its biochemical properties, infective dose and geographical location, four subspecies have been distinguished within the species F. tularensis: the highly infectious F. tularensis subsp. tularensis (type A) occurring mainly in the United States of America, F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (type B) mainly in Europe, F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica isolated mostly in Asia and F. tularensis subsp. novicida, non-pathogenic to humans. Due to its ability to infect and variable forms of the disease, the etiological agent of tularaemia is classified by the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA) as a biological warfare agent with a high danger potential (group A). The majority of data describing incidence of tularaemia in Poland is based on serological tests. However, real-time PCR method and MST analysis of F. tularensis highly variable intergenic regions may be also applicable to detection, differentiation and determination of genetic variation among F. tularensis strains. In addition, the above methods could be successfully used in molecular characterization of tularaemia strains from humans and animals isolated in screening research, and during epizootic and epidemic outbreaks.
1. Historical overview. 2. Characteristics and taxonomy of F. tularensis. 3. Morphology. 4. Culture media and conditions. 5. Biochemical properties. 6. Survivability and persistence of F. tularensis. 7. F. tularensis as a biological weapon agent. 8. Tularaemia vaccines. 9. Pathogenicity of F. tularensis. 10. Tularaemia treatment. 11. Laboratory diagnostics of F. tularensis. 12. Summary
GENOME SHUFFLING AS AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF IMPROVING THE PROPERTIES OF DISTILLERY YEAST
Authors: Wawro Aleksandra 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Modern technologies of bioethanol production require distillery yeast characterized by thermotolerance, osmotolerance and increased resistance to secondary metabolites. To date, no strains have been observed in nature which possess all of the above-mentioned characteristics. For many years, intensive research has been carried out to improve the technological properties of industrial strains. A number of methods have been developed to allow genetic improvement of distillery yeasts. One of the most promising and effective methods is genome shuffling, allowing the creation of hybrids whose genome is a combination of large DNA fragments derived from strains with distinct phenotypic traits. Genome shuffling creates a chance that the new strain will have valuable functional genes, including their full operons. This, in turn, increases the chance of a long-term maintenance of beneficial technological features by the obtained hybrids.
1. Introduction. 2. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2.1. Yeast genome. 2.2. Role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast in the bioethanol production. 3. Pathways of genetic improvement. 4. Methods of genetic improvement. 5. Genome shuffling. 5.1. Improvement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains by genome shuffling method. 6. Conclusion
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF WILD AND GENETICALLY-MODIFIED STRAINS OF ACETIC ACID BACTERIA
Authors: Stasiak-Różańska Lidia , Kupiec Milena 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Acetic Acid Bacteria (AAB) have been known for many years, since humans first used them to produce vinegar. AAB serve as biocatalysts in industrial production of, inter alia, acetic acid, dihydroxyacetone, gluconic acid, bacterial cellulose or levan. Apart from the traditional industrial applications of wild strains of AAB, scientists strive to develop novel methods for the production of selected compounds using genetically-modified AAB. The application of such mutants in the industry entails both positive and negative aspects. Modifications of the bacterial genome have a significant effect upon the functioning of the entire cell. This review presents industrial applications of metabolites produced by both wild and genetically-modified strains of AAB.
1. Application of wild strains of AAB in the industry. 2. Application of genetically-modified strains of AAB in the industry. 3. Opinion on GMOs used in industry. 4. Summary
QED at NNLO with McMule
Authors: Banerjee Pulak , Engel Tim , Signer Adrian , Ulrich Yannick 
Published: August 2020

McMule is a framework for fully
differential higher-order QED calculations of scattering and decay
processes involving leptons. It keeps finite lepton masses, which
regularises collinear singularities. Soft singularities are treated with
dimensional regularisation and using FKS^\ellℓ
subtraction. We describe the implementation of the framework in
Fortran 95, list the processes that are currently implemented, and give
instructions on how to run the code. In addition, we present new
phenomenological results for muon-electron scattering and lepton-proton
scattering, including the dominant NNLO corrections. While the
applications presented focus on MUonE, MUSE, and P2, the code can be
used for a large number of planned and running experiments.
On the importance of mixing characterization and application in the water treatment process
Authors: Vašatová Petra , Filipenská Monika , Petříček Radim , Pivokonský Martin 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Floc properties can be controlled only by selecting a coagulant type and adjusting mixing parameters. However, optimization of mixing is widely overlooked. Well-chosen mixing conditions increase floc separation efficiency, which decreases the operating costs of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). This paper presents guidelines for designing mixing parameters in water treatment. Special attention is paid to the determination of mixing intensity and the purpose of different mixing intensities with respect to the subsequent separation. For instance, single-stage separation by filtration must be preceded by homogenization and rapid flocculation mixing. Double-stage separation by sedimentation and filtration should be preceded by homogenization, rapid flocculation mixing and slow flocculation mixing.
Chlorine disinfection against Legionella pneumophila biofilms
Authors: Assaidi Abdelwahid , Ellouali Mostafa , Latrache Hassan , Zahir Hafida , Karoumi Abdelaziz , Mliji El Mostafa 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Premise plumbing promotes the regrowth and survival of opportunistic pathogens, such as Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila), especially within biofilms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of chlorine disinfection against L. pneumophila serogroup 1 and serogroup 2–15 planktonic form and biofilms. Planktonic cells were able to survive during the study period in the presence of chlorine at recommended free chlorine levels (0.2–0.5 mg/L). Biofilms were developed on galvanized steel and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for 18 and 30 days and exposed to 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L for 2 hours. No colony appeared immediately after chlorination; however, persistent cells were able to tolerate treatment and continue to grow on subsequent days. The biofilm formation was evaluated by atomic force microscopy. This study demonstrates that the biofilm formed on the surfaces of plumbing materials increases bacterial resistance against high levels of chlorination. A new approach towards monitoring and eradicating L. pneumophila from water systems is required.
Wine-processing waste sludge permeable reaction barrier utilized to block a gasoline plume in a simulated aquifer
Authors: Liu Cheng-Chung , Liu Yu-Chun , Liu Jun-Ui 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Oil leakage from gas stations in Taiwan is commonly caused by the corrosion of oil tanks or loose pipeline joints, contaminating the soil and groundwater near the gas station. Wine-processing waste sludge (WPWS) does not contain toxic substances and has a high organic matter content. Thus, it has high affinity for methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), being suitable for application in preventing and controlling groundwater pollution. In this study, a permeable reaction barrier (PRB) constructed utilizing WPWS in a large water tank was designed to simulate the diffusion and blockage of gasoline plumes in an aquifer. The constructed WPWS PRB had a rectangular shape with a thickness and height of 9 and 60 cm, respectively. The depth in the aquifer was adjusted to 50 cm. MTBE was detected in the aquifer downstream of the WPWS PRB every day during the experiment; however, the maximum concentration detected was only 5.33 ppb. BTEX were only detected on 3 days during the experiment and had maximum concentrations of 1.76, 2.28, 0.34, and 0.60 ppb, which are below the water quality control standards.
ANALISIS KESULITAN SISWA DALAM MEMECAHKAN SOAL LITERASI KEUANGAN
Authors: Wijayanti Indra Kusuma , Retnawati Heri 
Published: August 2020

Abstrak: Kemampuan memecahkan masalah dengan menggunakan pengetahuannya, yang dikenal dengan kemampuan literasi. Salah satu aspek literasi ini adalah literasi keuangan. Kemampuan literasi keuangan adalah Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat literasi keuangan pada peserta didik dan mengidentifikasi kesulitan siswa dalam menyelesaikan masalah yang terkait dengan literasi keuangan. Penelitian ini merupakan studi kasus. Responden penelitian ini adalah siswa SMP kelas IX sebanyak45 siswa. Data dikumpulkan dengan pemberian 5 tes uraian. Instrumen dinyatakan valid dengan nilai validitas 0.92. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan model Milles & Huberman,dengan tahapan mengumpulkan data, mengolah dan mereduksi data, dan menyimpulkan. Hasil penelitian membuktikan bahwa tingkat literasi keuangan siswa SMP di Kabupaten Sleman tergolong rendah. Sebanyak 71.11% dari total responden berada pada kategori rendah. Identifikasi kesulitan dengan ditemukan 112 kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh siswa, sebesar 38.39% kesalahan pengkodean, 24.11% kesalahan pemahaman, 19.64% melakukan kesalahan transformasi, dan 17.86% melakukan kesalahan proses.Abstract: The ability to solve problems using his knowledge, known as literacy skills. One aspect of this literacy is financial literacy. Financial literacy ability is this study aims to determine the level of financial literacy in students and identify students' difficulties in solving problems related to financial literacy. This research is a case study. The respondents of this study were 45 grade IX middle school students. Data were collected by giving 5 test descriptions. The instrument was declared valid with a validity value of 0.92. Data analysis was performed using the Milles & Huberman model, with stages of collecting data, processing and reducing data, and concluding. The results of the study prove that the level of financial literacy of junior high school students in Sleman Regency is relatively low. As many as 71.11% of the total respondents were in a low category. Identification of difficulties with founding 112 errors made by students, amounting to 38.39% coding errors, 24.11% misunderstanding, 19.64% made transformation errors, and 17.86% made process errors.
IMPLEMENTASI NILAI KEWIRAUSAHAAN JENJANG SEKOLAH DASAR PADA SEKOLAH MITRA STKIP MUHAMMADIYAH BANGKA BELITUNG DI KECAMATAN GABEK KOTA PANGKALPINANG
Authors: Pramesti Diana , Kusuma Adevia Indah 
Published: August 2020

Abstrak: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui implementasi nilai kewirausahaan jenjang sekolah dasar. Subjek penelitian adalah sekolah mitra STKIP Muhammadiyah Bangka Belitung yang berjumlah 5 sekolah dasar di kecamatan Gabek, Pangkalpinang. Setiap sekolah diambil 9 orang responden terdiri atas 5 orang siswa, 1 Kepala Sekolah, 1 guru kelas, 1 pembina ekstrakurikuler dan 1 orang bagian kurikulum. Teknik analisis datanya menggunakan langkah reduksi data, display data dan menarik kesimpulan/verifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi nilai mandiri, nilai berani mengambil resiko dan nilai kreatif dengan skor tertinggi berturut 74,17%, 74,56% dan 85% pada SD Negeri 10. Skor tertinggi untuk nilai kerja keras terlihat pada SD Negeri 6, dan skor berorientasi tindakan tertinggi 84,16% pada SD Negeri 62. Nilai kepemimpinan tertinggi dengan skor 80,83% pada SD Negeri 22. Kesimpulannya adalah nilai-nilai kewirausahaan telah terimplementasi secara baik di beberapa sekolah meskipun belum membuat program terkait penanaman nilai kewirausahaan secara khusus. Abstract: This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation of entrepreneurship values at the elementary school level. The subjects of the study were the partner schools of STKIP Muhammadiyah Bangka Belitung, amounting to 5 elementary schools in Gabek sub-district, Pangkalpinang. Each school was taken nine respondents consisting of 5 students, 1 School Principal, 1 class teacher, one extracurricular coach and one curriculum section person. The data analysis technique uses the steps of data reduction; data display and concluding / verification. The results showed that the implementation of the independent value, the value of risk-taking and artistic value with the highest scores respectively 74.17%, 74.56% and 85% in the 10th Elementary School. The highest score for the hard work value was seen in the 6th Elementary School and the score action-oriented highest 84.16% in the 62nd Elementary School. The highest leadership value with a score of 80.83% in 22th Elementary School. The conclusion is that entrepreneurial values have been implemented well in several schools, even though they have not made programs related to the inculcation of entrepreneurial values specifically.