bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a Better Understanding of Shaped Charge Jet Formation and Penetration
Authors: Price David W. , Harris Ernest J. , Daykin Frances G. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
JeMMA, a set of relatively simple shaped-charge devices, has been designed in order to generate suitable data on jet formation, break-up and penetration for code validation purposes. The JeMMA Phase 1 device incorporated a copper liner and six of these shaped charges were manufactured as a technology demonstrator and fired in a special shaped charge facility in December 2016. The radiographic results obtained from the JeMMA Phase 1 and 2 devices, along with data reproducibility between trials, was excellent. This report gives an overview of the Phase 1 and 2 trials, including device design, the results of the firings conducted in Switzerland and details of the subsequent 2D and 3D hydrocode modelling carried out at AWE. The agreement between the data and both 2D and 3D modelling of the experiments is very pleasing, but highlights where further work is required. These JeMMA experiments will enhance the body of relevant data required to provide the validation of the hydrocode materials and modelling methodologies and enable us to better model the jetting threats of our experiments and have higher confidence in the results of the modelling.
Study on phase transformation in Tin under dynamic compression
Authors: Chauvin Camille , Zucchini Frédéric , de Barros David Palma 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We propose to study experimentally the polymorphic transition of Tin under dynamic compression. These transformations have been investigated for a long time through usual velocity measurements under shock from ambient condition. At CEA Gramat we have improved our understanding of such phase transformations through both experimental and theoretical means.
Experimental velocity measurements have long suggested that non equilibrium behavior and kinetics is an important part of the dynamic compression response of materials undergoing phase transformations. Empirical kinetic models can in many cases reproduce the experimental velocity profiles, but without clearly identifying the nature of the transition.
For nearly two decades, the CEA Gramat operates several gas guns for shock loading and high pulsed power (HPP) drivers dedicated to Isentropic Compression Experiments (ICE) up to several GPa. These experimental devices and associated diagnostics (velocimetry and temperature measurements and x-ray diffraction experiments) help to begin to study kinetics under dynamic transition in a more rigorous manner. We have used these experiments to examine various compression paths and have used the results to improve equation of state (EOS) models incorporated in our numerical codes. The latter can be used to run simulations starting with ambient initial conditions, then load metallic materials from various non ambient initial temperatures. This can significantly extend the range of our studies into previously unexplored thermodynamic paths.
We propose to describe our preheating devices for gas gun experiments and our HPP driver, and to present our preliminary results on shock loading and on isentropic compression at various initial temperatures, to explore the phase diagram of Tin.
In addition, we present the design of promising testing on X-ray diffraction under shock to help to develop a more physical kinetic model relying on nucleation and growth mechanisms, which are implemented in our continuum level codes.
Eulerian Hydrocode Modeling of a Dynamic Tensile Extrusion Experiment
Authors: Burkett M. W. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Eulerian hydrocode simulations using the Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS), Zerilli-Armstrong (Z-A), and Johnson Cook (J-C) flow stress models were performed to provide insights into dynamic tensile extrusion (DTE) experiments with copper (Cu) and tantalum (Ta). The extrusion of Cu and Ta projectiles was simulated with an explicit, two-dimensional Eulerian continuum mechanics hydrocode and compared with data to determine if this extrusion concept is a useful indirect hydrocode material strength model evaluation experiment. The data consisted of high-speed images of the extrusion process, photon Doppler velocimetry (PDV) to measure the projectile velocity history and die transit time, dynamic temperature measurements of the extruded material, recovered extruded samples, and post-test metallography. The hydrocode was developed to predict large-strain and high-strain-rate loading problems. The code features a high-order advection algorithm, material interface tracking scheme, and van Leer monotonic advection-limiting algorithm. The strength models were utilized to evolve the flow stress (σ) as a function of strain, strain rate, and temperature. Average strain rates on the order of 104 s−1 and plastic strains exceeding 300% were predicted in the extrusion of copper at impact velocities between 400–450 m/s, while plastic strains exceeding 800% were predicted for Ta. The predicted and measured deformation topologies, projectile velocity profiles and die transits times, plastic strains, and temperatures were qualitatively compared. The flow stress distributions predicted by the three strength models were also compared for one experiment. Finally, the feasibility of using DTE to evaluate hydrocode strength models will be discussed.
Comparison of the Hydrodynamic Ram Caused by Single and Two Projectiles Impacting Water-filled Containers
Authors: Ji Yangziyi , Li Xiangdong , Zhou Lanwei , Lan Xiaoying 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
When high-velocity projectiles penetrate an enclosed fluid-filled structure, the projectiles transfer the kinetic energy to the surrounding structure through the fluid and cause excessive structural damage. This process is referred to as a hydrodynamic ram (HRAM) [1]. The HRAM can be divided into five phases[1]: penetration, shock, drag, exit, and cavity oscillation. The HRAM phenomenon has been studied analytically [2,3], experimentally [4–7] and numerically [8–10]. However, few studies have been performed on the hydrodynamic ram caused by multiple penetrators. In the present work, a previously validated numerical model was used to analyze the differences of hydrodynamic rams caused by one and two projectiles impacting water-filled containers.
Modeling Fragmentation within Pagosa Using Particle Methods
Authors: Culp David B. , Ma Xia 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The mechanics involved in shock physics often involves materials undergoing large deformations being subjected to high strain rates and temperature variations. When considering high-velocity impacts and explosions, metals experience plastic flow, dynamic failures and fragmentation that are often too complex for a Lagrangian method, such as the finite element method, to properly resolve. Conversely, Eulerian methods are simple to setup, but often result in numerical diffusion errors [1]. These unpleasantries can be skirted by using an alternative technique that incorporates a blend of these aforementioned methods. FLIP+MPM (FLuid Implicit Particle + Material Point Method) employs Lagrangian points to track state quantities associated with materials as strength, as well as conserved quantities, such as mass. Concurrently, an Eulerian grid is used to calculate gradient fields and incorporate an algorithm that carries out the hydrodynamics [2]. By incorporating the FLIP+MPM method into Los Alamos National Laboratory’s Pagosa hydrodynamics code, massively parallel architectures may be employed to solve such problems as those including fragmentation, plastic flow and fluid-structure interaction. This paper will begin with a mathematical description of the FLIP+MPM technique and describe how it fits into Pagosa. After a description of the implementation, the capabilities of this numerical technique are highlighted by simulating fragmentation as a result of high velocity impacts and explosions. Several strength and damage models will be exercised to demonstrate the code’s flexibility. Comparison of the different models’ fragment size distributions are given and discussed.
Mesoscale Modeling of Al/Ni Composites
Authors: Smith Grant , Bardenhagen Scott , Nairn John 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Granular composite formulations involving metal/metal [1,2] (intermetallic) reactions have been investigated for a number of applications. Interfaces between metallic particles have been attributed particular importance due to their ability to form localized hotspots, where the local temperature of the granular composite may significantly exceed the global temperature, leading to a localized reaction initiation that may initiate a global reaction.3 Understanding of the response of metal/metal granular composites to mechanical loading can be greatly facilitated by mesoscale modeling in which the underlying composite structure of the components is clearly resolved. For the Al/Ni composite discussed in this study, this involves explicitly resolving Al and Ni particles and intermetallic (Al/Al, Ni/Ni and Al/Ni) interfaces. In this work we utilize an idealized but realistic model for an Al/Ni composite using EOS, constitutive and interfacial models informed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The Al/Ni microstructures are subjected to uniaxial compressive loading up to 30 GPa, shock loading up to 70 GPa (2000 m/s) and impact loading at 2000 m/s, and the mechanical and thermal response of the composite are analyzed.
Timing Delay Analysis of the Auxiliary Pump Technique to Improve the Performance of an Implosion-Driven Hypervelocity Launcher
Authors: Wang Mafa , Huneault Justin , Higgins Andrew J. , Liu Sen 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In order to understand the irreproducibility of the auxiliary pump technique, an interior ballistic solver taking into account reservoir collapse has been used to simulate the performance of launchers. Launchers with different detonation velocities, explosive lengths, and timing delays (the difference between the initiation time of the pump tube explosives and auxiliary pump explosives) of the auxiliary pump have been calculated. The effective timing delay region, which could achieve a velocity gain larger than 1.0 km/s, has been discussed. And its influence factors, such as the detonation velocity of auxiliary pump explosives and the inner-wall velocity of the reservoir, have been analyzed. Results show that the velocity gain decreases with an increase in the timing delay and increases with the increasing length of explosives. The effective timing delay region is about 2μs and depends weakly on the detonation velocity and the length of explosives when using the same explosives for the pump tube and the reservoir. Nevertheless, low detonation velocity of the reservoir explosives and high inner-wall velocity could improve the effective timing delay region, but the maximum effective timing delay region cannot exceed 10μs, which is not easily accomplished experimentally. Therefore, the auxiliary pump technique should not be a very reproducible technique.
Hypervelocity impact of PrintCast A356/316L composites
Authors: Poole Lauren L. , Gonzales Manny , French Matthew R. , Yarberry William A. , Moustafa Abdel R. , Cordero Zachary C. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Shielding elements used to protect against micrometeoroids and orbital debris (MMOD) (e.g., Whipple shields, multi-shock shields, stuffed Whipple shields) typically incorporate thin bumper sheets that intercept and vaporize incident MMOD traveling at speeds in excess of several km/s. In some applications, however, space limitations prevent the use of large stand-offs, and components must instead be protected by a single monolithic shielding element. Electronics, for example, are often only protected by their housing. With such applications in mind, we describe a class of spatially efficient composite shielding elements fabricated using a hybrid additive manufacturing approach termed PrintCasting. The PrintCast process consists of two steps: First selective laser melting is used to fabricate a lattice preform in the shape of the final component. Next this preform is infiltrated with a liquid metal that has a melting point lower than that of the lattice. The resulting solidified part is a periodic interpenetrating composite in which each constituent forms a continuous network. Using a combination of hypervelocity impact experiments and shock transmission calculations, we demonstrate that these interpenetrating composite shielding elements mitigate spallation and other failure modes through multiple internal shock reflections at the buried heterophase interfaces.
Albuminuria and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: the Singapore Chinese Eye Study
(SCES)
Authors: Lim Zhi Wei , Chee Miao-Li , Thakur Sahil , Fang Xiaoling , Soh Zhi Da , Majithia Shivani , Teo Zhen Ling , Sabanayagam Charumathi , Wong Tien Yin , Cheng Ching-Yu , Tham Yih-Chung 
Published: July 2020

Aims
To determine the association between albuminuria and primary open-angle
glaucoma (POAG).

Methods
Participants of the Singapore Chinese Eye study were recruited and
underwent standardised ocular and systemic examinations. Albuminuria was
determined using urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR, mg/g) based on
random spot urinary albumin and creatinine measurements. POAG was defined using
the International Society of Geographic and Epidemiological Ophthalmology
classification. Multivariable logistic regression with generalised estimating
equation model was used to evaluate the association between albuminuria and
POAG, while accounting for correlation between eyes.

Results
A total of 3009 Chinese adults (5963 eyes), aged 40–80 years, were
included in this study, of which, 52 subjects (75 eyes) had POAG. Higher UACR
(per 50 mg/g increase) was independently associated with POAG (OR=1.04, 95% CI
1.01 to 1.07, p=0.003) following adjustment for age, gender, intraocular
pressure, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, anti-hypertensive
medication, history of cardiovascular disease, current smoking status, alcohol
intake, body mass index and estimated glomerular filtration rate. Further
stratification revealed that individuals with macroalbuminuria were 8.00 times
likely to have POAG (95% CI 2.97 to 21.54, p<0.001), compared with those
with normoalbuminuria. Microalbuminuria was not significantly associated with
POAG (OR=0.49, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.29, p=0.150). The association between
macroalbuminuria and POAG remained significant among individuals who were
diabetic (OR=9.89, 95% CI 2.49 to 39.30, p=0.001) and hypertensive (OR=8.39,
95% CI 3.07 to 22.94, p<0.001).

Conclusion
In this population-based study of Chinese adults, albuminuria was
independently associated with POAG. Our findings provide further understanding
on the pathogenesis of POAG and may potentially help to better identify
individuals at risk of POAG.
Real-world unassisted quit success and related contextual factors: a population-based study of Chinese male smokers
Authors: Jiang Shuhan , Yang Tingzhong , Bullen Christopher , Chen Jinsong , Yu Lingwei , Peng Sihui , Rockett Ian R H 
Published: July 2020

ObjectivesTo examine the association of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) and tobacco advertising with unassisted smoking cessation among Chinese male smokers.MethodsA questionnaire was administered to 6500 male adult smokers from six cities in China selected in a cross-sectional multistage sampling design. The survey collected self-reported demographic characteristics, smoking and cessation status, SHS exposure and tobacco advertising exposure, with 5782 valid questionnaires included in this study. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of unassisted smoking cessation with exposure to SHS and tobacco advertising.Results42.1% of smokers who made unassisted quit attempts achieved abstinence (95% CI 32.5% to 51.7%). SHS (adjusted OR (aOR) 0.36; 95% CI 0.18 to 0.71; p=0.033) and tobacco advertising exposure (aOR 0.63; 95% CI 0.37 to 0.95; p=0.039) were negatively associated with unassisted smoking cessation.ConclusionThe vast majority of Chinese male smokers rely on unassisted methods to quit smoking. Success prevalence is high, which is very beneficial to health. This study suggests that exposure to secondhand smoking and tobacco advertising hinders the success of unassisted cessation. These findings speak to the need for environmental tobacco control measures to promote unassisted smoking cessation among Chinese adult male smokers.
Momordica charantia and breast cancer: An in silico approach
Authors: dos Santos Coelho Malênia Oliveira , de Almeida Berbert Caroline , Borges Leonardo Luiz 
Published: July 2020

Momordica charantia, known as “São Caetano Melon”, is a medicinal plant popularly used for its antitumor, anticarcinogenic, hypoglycemic, and other properties. Studies in mice have demonstrated its activity in vivo against breast, prostate, and ovarian cancers. In vitro studies have also indicated potential efficacy against cervical solid tumors, and breast cancer. In these studies, we sought to evaluate these putative activities. Our methods included use of in silico tools to assess predicted biological activities, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. We also performed docking and pharmacophore modeling studies. We found phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenes. Four flavonoids possess predicted anticarcinogenic activity, and affinity for estrogen receptors. Quercetin was selected for the study because it is the most prevalent representative of its class.
A Rare TP53 Mutation Predominant in Ashkenazi Jews Confers Risk of Multiple Cancers
Authors: Powers Jacquelyn , Pinto Emilia M. , Barnoud Thibaut , Leung Jessica C. , Martynyuk Tetyana , Kossenkov Andrew V. , Philips Aaron H. , Desai Heena , Hausler Ryan , Kelly Gregory , Le Anh N. , Li Marilyn M. , MacFarland Suzanne P. , Pyle Louise C. , Zelley Kristin , Nathanson Katherine L. , Domchek Susan M. , Slavin Thomas P. , Weitzel Jeffrey N. , Stopfer Jill E. , Garber Judy E. , Joseph Vijai , Offit Kenneth , Dolinsky Jill S. , Gutierrez Stephanie , McGoldrick Kelly , Couch Fergus J. , Levin Brooke , Edelman Morris C. , Levy Carolyn Fein , Spunt Sheri L. , Kriwacki Richard W. , Zambetti Gerard P. , Ribeiro Raul C. , Murphy Maureen E. , Maxwell Kara N. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Germline mutations in TP53 cause a rare high penetrance cancer syndrome, Li–Fraumeni syndrome (LFS). Here, we identified a rare TP53 tetramerization domain missense mutation, c.1000G&gt;C;p.G334R, in a family with multiple late-onset LFS-spectrum cancers. Twenty additional c.1000G&gt;C probands and one c.1000G&gt;A proband were identified, and available tumors showed biallelic somatic inactivation of TP53. The majority of families were of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, and the TP53 c.1000G&gt;C allele was found on a commonly inherited chromosome 17p13.1 haplotype. Transient transfection of the p.G334R allele conferred a mild defect in colony suppression assays. Lymphoblastoid cell lines from the index family in comparison with TP53 normal lines showed that although classical p53 target gene activation was maintained, a subset of p53 target genes (including PCLO, PLTP, PLXNB3, and LCN15) showed defective transactivation when treated with Nutlin-3a. Structural analysis demonstrated thermal instability of the G334R-mutant tetramer, and the G334R-mutant protein showed increased preponderance of mutant conformation. Clinical case review in comparison with classic LFS cohorts demonstrated similar rates of pediatric adrenocortical tumors and other LFS component cancers, but the latter at significantly later ages of onset. Our data show that TP53 c.1000G&gt;C;p.G334R is found predominantly in Ashkenazi Jewish individuals, causes a mild defect in p53 function, and leads to low penetrance LFS.

Significance:
TP53 c.1000C&gt;G;p.G334R is a pathogenic, Ashkenazi Jewish–predominant mutation associated with a familial multiple cancer syndrome in which carriers should undergo screening and preventive measures to reduce cancer risk.
Determinants of Survival in Older Adults With Congenital Heart Disease Newly Hospitalized for Heart Failure
Authors: Wang Fei , Liu Aihua , Brophy James M. , Cohen Sarah , Abrahamowicz Michal , Paradis Gilles , Marelli Ariane 
Published: July 2020

Background:
Nearly 90% of patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) die after the age of 40 years, and heart failure (HF) is the most common cause of death. We aimed to characterize the association between an incident HF hospitalization (HFH) and mortality and to identify the predictors of 1-year postdischarge mortality after incident and repeated HFHs, respectively.

Methods:
Patients with ACHD aged ≥40 years between 2000 and 2010 were identified from the Québec CHD database. We conducted a propensity score–matched study to explore the association between an incident HFH and mortality. We performed Bayesian model averaging to identify the predictors of 1-year postdischarge mortality with a posterior probability ≥50% considered to be evidence of a significant association.

Results:
The mortality hazard ratio was high at 6.01 (95% CI, 4.02–10.72) within 1-year postdischarge, decreasing significantly but entering an elevated equilibrium until year 4 with a continued 3-fold increase in death. Kidney dysfunction (hazard ratio, 2.28 [95% credible interval, 1.59–3.28], posterior probability, 100.0%) and a history of ≥2 HFHs in the past 12 months (hazard ratio, 1.77 [95% credible interval, 1.18–2.66], posterior probability: 82.2%) were the most robust predictors of 1-year mortality after incident and repeated HFHs, respectively.

Conclusions:
In patients with ACHD aged ≥40 years, incident HFH was associated with high mortality risk at 1 year, declining but remaining elevated for 4 years. Kidney dysfunction was a potent predictor of 1-year mortality risk after incident HFHs. Repeated HFHs further increased mortality risk. These observations should inform early risk-tailored health services interventions for monitoring and prevention of HF and its associated complications in older patients with ACHD.
Abnormal Endothelial Gene Expression Associated With Early Coronary Atherosclerosis
Authors: Hebbel Robert P. , Wei Peng , Milbauer Liming , Corban Michel T. , Solovey Anna , Kiley James , Pattee Jack , Lerman Lilach O. , Pan Wei , Lerman Amir 
Published: July 2020

Background
We examined feasibility of a unique approach towards gaining insight into heritable risk for early atherosclerosis: surveying gene expression by endothelial cells from living subjects.

Methods and Results

Subjects aged <50 years (mean age, 37; range, 22–49) without obstructive coronary artery disease underwent coronary reactivity testing that identified them as having normal or abnormal coronary endothelial function. Cultures of Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells (BOEC) from 6 normal and 13 abnormal subjects passed rigorous quality control and were used for microarray assessment of gene expression. Of 9 genes differentially expressed at false discovery rate <0.1%, we here focus upon abnormal subjects having elevated expression of
HMGB1
(high mobility group box 1) which we unexpectedly found to be linked to low
LAMC1
(laminin gamma 1) expression. This linkage was corroborated by 3 of our past studies and confirmed bio‐functionally. Compared with normal BOEC, abnormal BOEC released 13±3‐fold more HMGB1 in response to lipopolysaccharide; and they deposited one tenth as much LAMC1 into collagen subendothelial matrix during culture. Clinical follow‐up data are provided for 4 normal subjects (followed 13.4±0.1 year) and for 12 abnormal subjects (followed 9.1±4.5 years).

Conclusions

The known pathogenic effects of high‐
HMGB1
and low‐
LAMC1
predict that the combination would biologically converge upon the focal adhesion complex, to the detriment of endothelial shear responsiveness. This gene expression pattern may comprise a heritable risk state that promotes early coronary atherosclerosis. If so, the testing could be applied even in childhood, enabling early intervention. This approach offers a way to bridge the information gap between genetics and clinical phenotype.