bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of immunization programs on 11 vaccine-preventable diseases in China: 1950-2018
Authors: Pan Jinhua , Wang Yesheng , Yin Zundong , Liu Zhixi , Wang Ying , Zhao Qi , Wang Weibing 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIntroductionChina’s immunization program has caused dramatic declines in morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs). To further evaluate the program’s achievements, we explored patterns in the morbidity and mortality of VPDs in China based on national surveillance data.MethodsAccording to the times at which vaccines were introduced and the history of the National Immunization Program (NIP), we divided the study period of 1950 to 2018 into four stages. Meningococcal meningitis, measles, polio, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis, hepatitis B, hepatitis A, Japanese encephalitis (JE), mumps and rubella were analyzed as representative notifiable diseases in China, and annual surveillance data obtained between 1950 and 2018 were used to derive trends in the morbidity and mortality rates of the 11 diseases for each stage. Quasi-Poisson regression models were used to estimate the impacts of specific vaccine programs, and life-table methods were used to calculate the loss of life expectancy, years of life lost (YLLs) and loss of working years.ResultsThe total notification number for the 11 VPDs was 211,866,000 from 1950 to 2018. The greatest number occurred in 1959, with around 12 million cases and a total incidence rate of 1723 per 100,000 persons. The quasi-Poisson regression models showed that most of the 11 diseases revealed dramatic declines in both morbidity and mortality after a vaccine became available. From 1978 to 2018, the incidence of pertussis fell 98% from 126.35 to 1.58 per million, that of measles fell 99% from 249.76 to 0.28 per 100,000, that of meningococcal meningitis fell 99% from 32.23 to 0.01 per million, that of JE fell 98% from 5.39 to 0.13 per million, and diphtheria and polio were eradicated, with the last cases being reported in 2006 and 1994, respectively. From 1978 to 2018, the total life expectancy for the 11 VPDs increased by 0.79 years.ConclusionsChina has had great success in controlling VPDs in recent decades, and the burden of major infectious diseases has been declining. The implementation of the National Immunization Program accelerated the decreases in the morbidity and mortality rates. Improving vaccination coverage is a key aspect of controlling diseases.
The emergence of food waste as an issue in Swedish retail
Authors: Rosenlund Joacim , Nyblom Åsa , Matschke Ekholm Hanna , Sörme Louise 
Published: July 2020

PurposeFood waste is acknowledged as a major environmental issue, but the retail sector has only begun to recognise this in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to answer when, how and why food waste became important for retail in Sweden.Design/methodology/approachA mixed-methods approach was used that included a literature review, quantitative data from retail, field studies, 11 interviews and a media study consisting of newspaper articles spanning 10 years. The combined methods provided qualitative rigor and saturation.FindingsResults show that the increased interest in the issue stems from several factors working together. These factors include the availability of data, the formation of actor networks working together, increased societal environmental awareness, attitude change amongst consumers and retail, and the role of media as an actor and a method for making the issue visible. In addition, results show how the issue surfaced further, as more data became available. Findings suggest that food waste became an environmental issue, and later, the focus shifted to finding solutions for retail.Originality/valueThe results highlight the importance for policy to implement preventive measures and strengthen incentives for retail to work with reducing food waste. Such incentives should target cheap food, education, routines, legislation and business models throughout the food chain.
Incremental learning for text categorization using rough set boundary based optimized Support Vector Neural Network
Authors: Venkata Sailaja N. , Padmasree L. , Mangathayaru N. 
Published: July 2020

PurposeText mining has been used for various knowledge discovery based applications, and thus, a lot of research has been contributed towards it. Latest trending research in the text mining is adopting the incremental learning data, as it is economical while dealing with large volume of information.Design/methodology/approachThe primary intention of this research is to design and develop a technique for incremental text categorization using optimized Support Vector Neural Network (SVNN). The proposed technique involves four major steps, such as pre-processing, feature selection, classification and feature extraction. Initially, the data is pre-processed based on stop word removal and stemming. Then, the feature extraction is done by extracting semantic word-based features and Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF). From the extracted features, the important features are selected using Bhattacharya distance measure and the features are subjected as the input to the proposed classifier. The proposed classifier performs incremental learning using SVNN, wherein the weights are bounded in a limit using rough set theory. Moreover, for the optimal selection of weights in SVNN, Moth Search (MS) algorithm is used. Thus, the proposed classifier, named Rough set MS-SVNN, performs the text categorization for the incremental data, given as the input.FindingsFor the experimentation, the 20 News group dataset, and the Reuters dataset are used. Simulation results indicate that the proposed Rough set based MS-SVNN has achieved 0.7743, 0.7774 and 0.7745 for the precision, recall andF-measure, respectively.Originality/valueIn this paper, an online incremental learner is developed for the text categorization. The text categorization is done by developing the Rough set MS-SVNN classifier, which classifies the incoming texts based on the boundary condition evaluated by the Rough set theory, and the optimal weights from the MS. The proposed online text categorization scheme has the basic steps, like pre-processing, feature extraction, feature selection and classification. The pre-processing is carried out to identify the unique words from the dataset, and the features like semantic word-based features and TF-IDF are obtained from the keyword set. Feature selection is done by setting a minimum Bhattacharya distance measure, and the selected features are provided to the proposed Rough set MS-SVNN for the classification.
Open innovation in the new context of proof of concepts: evidence from Italy
Authors: Passarelli Mariacarmela , Landi Giovanni Catello , Cariola Alfio , Sciarelli Mauro 
Published: July 2020

PurposeThe paper aims to advance knowledge by investigating the main factors that impact on innovation through the co-development process between researchers and firms at the very early stage of proof of concept.Design/methodology/approachThe authors developed an empirical analysis on the proof of concept network project, through a mixed empirical analysis. They explored the main factors that affect the enactment of the co-development process and tested the impact of such factors on the probability for partners to enact a co-development project and generate innovation.FindingsFrom the quantitative analysis comes out that the trust of the research team into the potentiality of the technology, the commitment of researchers concerning the scalability of technology and the IP value issued by external experts have a positive impact on the probability to create a match among partners and generate innovation.Research limitations/implicationsEven if all the population of technologies (108) considered in the project implementation are analyzed, the development of the empirical analysis on a specific project within a single country represents a limitation. Future analysis will concentrate on a larger panel of proof of concept experience across Europe.Practical implicationsThe success of a co-development process between researchers and companies at the embryonic phase of the technology considers the opportunity to exploit the technologies into real products for the market.Originality/valueThis is an empirical analysis of the first Italian proof of concept implementation that deeply investigates which critical factors can enable innovation by enacting a co-development process between researchers and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).
HRM formality differences in Pakistani SMEs: a three-sector comparative study
Authors: Burhan Muhammad , Swailes Stephen , Hameed Zahid , Ali Imran 
Published: July 2020

PurposeGuided by institutional theory, this empirical paper examines variations in the adoption of HRM practices among SMEs in three different business sectors (services, manufacturing and trade).Design/methodology/approachData from 300 owners/managers representing three business sectors were collected through a survey method.FindingsThe results suggest that service SMEs use more formal HRM practices than manufacturing and trade SMEs. Manufacturing SMEs are more formal than trade firms. Results are not affected by firm age.Research limitations/implicationsSocial desirability bias may have influenced respondents into portraying a positive image of the organization by inflating HRM sophistication. A further limitation is that the performance of the firms was not measured. As such, it is not possible to judge whether greater HRM formality correlated with improved organizational performance.Practical implicationsThis study shows how the business sector shapes HRM practices in Pakistani SMEs. Findings help to inform Pakistan's Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority (SMEDA) in dealings with manufacturing and trade firms in terms of improving HRM practices.Originality/valueGiven the important role of SMEs in economic development, comparative research on HRM in SME contexts is scarce. Since SMEs are vital for Pakistan's economy, an improved understanding of the sector's approach to human resource development is important. The findings extend the boundaries of prior comparative HRM literature in SMEs by addressing sector influences while controlling for contextual factors.
Connected literacies of anti-racist youth organizers
Authors: Rombalski Abigail 
Published: July 2020

PurposeThis article aims to share findings from a youth-informed study with interracial anti-racist youth activist groups in two urban high schools.Design/methodology/approachThe study used mostly critical ethnographic methods.FindingsThe findings showed that the agency of youth activists amplified their literacies of love and resistance, organizing, critical teaching, and knowledge. More research is needed in English education related to youth organizing activities across contexts as youth organizing work is largely unknown or underused by educators and schools.Originality/valueOverall, this research supports humanizing collectives that amplify the literacies of youth and position youth-centered education for liberation.
The impacts of World Bank education programs in alleviating Middle East economies within Syrian refugee crisis
Authors: Shaya Nessrin , Shayya Rabih 
Published: July 2020

Purpose
This study aims to investigate the World Bank achievements in reinforcing Middle Eastern economies in the light of the Syrian refugees’ crisis. It aims to analyze the influence of the World Bank activities in sustaining and developing a key Lebanese sector under pressure, namely, education.

Design/methodology/approach
Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted, followed by thematic analysis of gathered data. The study participants included senior Lebanese World Bank professionals and education experts, who once held major leadership roles in the World Bank.

Findings
Data analysis revealed major contributions in human development, substantial governmental support and controlling damaging consequences of the Syrian crisis, which helped in supporting economic stabilization and prevented education sector from collapsing.

Originality/value
The desire of evaluating the World Bank activities in the education sector will help in understanding the World Bank’s role in the development process of the education sector and the associated local government support. In addition, the study seeks to assess governmental performance in adapting the required changes to achieve development and revealing strategies used for refugee crisis. Due to a shortage of relevant studies, this study seeks to fill the associated gap with implications and recommendations guiding educational development in the Middle East, in addition to operational recommendations and indications for further studies in the field.
Share determination of stakeholder delays, based on targeted delay analysis of projects, with incursive and defensive (In-De) approach
Authors: Rooholelm Vahid , Sheikh Aboumasoudi Abbas 
Published: July 2020

PurposeAlmost all projects in the world are delayed, and sometimes even lead to the full bankruptcy of their beneficiaries. These delays can be calculated using techniques, but most importantly, there must be a fair and realistic division of delays between project beneficiaries. The most valid delay calculation techniques belong to the SCL Global Protocol, but they also have significant drawbacks, such as these: (1) They do not have the capability to prevent project delays (Delay Risk Management); (2) The protocol identifies and introduces any delays in activities with a ratio of one to one as a delay (Effective Delay); (3) It also does not offer the capability to share delays between stakeholders, which is a huge weakness. Floating in the base schedule activities is one of the cost control tools of projects, but it can hide project delays. In this paper, the researchers believe that the floating ownership belongs to the project and not belong to the stakeholders. This is the main tool for analyzing and sharing delays in this research.Design/methodology/approachThe research methodology adopted included an extensive literature review, expert interviews, use of questionnaire and designing three innovative linked together models by researchers.FindingsIn this research, an integrated technique is introduced which has the following capabilities; delay risk control, result-based delay analysis and stakeholders delay sharing. This technique with an incursive and defensive approach implements claims management principles and calculates, respectively, non-attributable and attributable delays for each beneficiary.Originality/valueThis creativity led to the introduction of the Incursive and Defensive (In-De) technique; in the SCL protocol techniques, none of these capabilities exist.
The vegan shift in the Australian animal movement
Authors: Pendergrast Nick 
Published: July 2020

PurposeThis article explores the different ways in which the vegan turn within the animal advocacy movement in Australia has played out for two organisations, Animal Liberation Victoria (ALV) and Animals Australia. Previous research has found that this promotion of veganism has occurred to varying degrees for different organisations and this article will analyse some of these variations in greater depth, drawing on the sociological theory of resource mobilisation.Design/methodology/approachThis article provides a case study on the campaigning of ALV and Animals Australia on the issue of the dairy industry, as well as an overview of their histories, with a focus on the changing level of vegan campaigning over time. In order to explore this issue, this article will draw on the campaigning materials of the organisations studied, a wide range of academic literature and interviews with key figures from both of these organisations.FindingsLarger organisations have a limited ability to regularly promote a vegan message due to their need to bring in a large amount of resources to sustain costs such as their office costs and paid staff. It is more grassroots organisations that have far greater scope to consistently and strongly promote a vegan message, although they reach fewer people.Social implicationsThe increasing uptake of veganism will have important implications for animals as well as for human health and the environment. The environmental benefits of veganism become even more significant in light of the urgent need to tackle the substantial threat of climate change.Originality/valueThis article is a contribution to the expanding field of critical animal studies as well as to the literature on sociology and animals. It builds on the limited amount of existing sociological literature on vegan activism and contributes an analysis in Australian context.
Surviving trafficking, seeking asylum: waiting, status and the state
Authors: Murphy Carole 
Published: July 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the support available from identification through to recovery for survivors of modern slavery and human trafficking in the United Kingdom (UK) following the introduction of the Modern Slavery Act in 2015.Design/methodology/approachTwenty-nine semi-structured individual and group interviews were conducted with non-governmental organisations (NGOs) providing direct support to survivors and law enforcement engaged in initial identification, rescue and support.FindingsThematic analysis identified that survivors' experiences of support and negotiation of state processes is challenging, requiring lengthy periods of waiting. This experience is often compounded by variations in knowledge of processes and systems by front line staff, resulting in negative impacts on outcomes for survivors.Research limitations/implicationsThe small number of research participants could be regarded as a limitation but is common in qualitative, exploratory studies. A larger study should be conducted to test these initial findings. The implications propose a revision of policy especially for asylum-seeking survivors.Originality/valueThe study was conducted two years after the introduction of the Modern Slavery Act, 2015, during a period in which gaps in processes and support for survivors were beginning to emerge. This study offers a timely assessment of these gaps and argues for a review of policy and its implementation.
Towards a model of Latin American tourist cities? The case of San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
Authors: Medina Víctor Damián , Niembro= Andrés 
Published: July 2020

PurposeTaking as a case study the city of San Carlos de Bariloche – in northern Patagonia, Argentina – this paper aims to compare its urban structure with previous urbanization models and identify some characteristics of this tourist city that could inspire the construction of an adapted urban model for Latin American tourist cities, particularly those based on natural attractions.Design/methodology/approachBased on multivariate analysis of population census data and local economic statistics, this paper compares the residential location of different social groups and the location of main economic activities in Bariloche. First, principal component analysis (PCA) is combined with cluster analysis to classify Bariloche’s neighborhoods. Second, different maps are analyzed to study the location of economic activities, in comparison with previous clusters.FindingsThe results of this paper show that Bariloche partially adjusts to previous urbanization models, as the landscape and physical environment determine the characteristics of its urban growth, as well as the development of tourist activities. Therefore, this paper then proposes an adapted urban model for the case of Bariloche, which could be also contrasted with other Latin American tourist cities in the future.Originality/valueBearing in mind that there is no model of Latin American tourist cities so far, this paper tries to analyze to what extent the assumptions and patterns of previous urban models could be adapted to Latin American tourist cities, such as Bariloche, which base their attractiveness and economic dynamism on its natural physical environment.
Tribological performance of non-asbestos brake friction material in contact with brake disc of varying topography
Authors: Shinde Dinesh , Bulsara Mukesh , Mistry K.N. 
Published: July 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate experimentally the influence of different surface roughness of the contacting disc on tribological performance of the non-asbestos brake friction material (BFM).Design/methodology/approachTaguchi method was applied to design an experiment using three different discs of gray cast iron with different surface roughness, which is measured using optical profilometer. These discs were subjected to sliding against pins prepared with the developed non-asbestos BFM, using pin on disc friction and wear monitor.FindingsThe experimental results shows that the disc 2 (Ra = 3.77µm) gives wear of 22.78µm and coefficient of friction of 0.462, which is recommended for extreme brake performance. Analysis of Taguchi design revealed that the disc surface was most significant parameter among the parameters under study.Practical implicationsDuring braking, continuous sliding between the BFM and brake disc or drum not only results into wear of BFM but also changes the surface finish of the brake drum or disc. This leads to variation in surface topography of the drum or disc surface with application of brakes, which further affects the characteristics of the BFM.Originality/valueThe tribological performance of BFM depends upon the topography of the surface on which it was sliding. To get best performance of the non-asbestos friction materials, disc having moderate surface finish is recommended. Scanning electron microscope micrographs had shown the different plateaus formed and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy spectra identified presence of different chemical elements prior to sliding of the pins surface over different discs surface topography.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at:https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-04-2020-0120/