bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental evidence of Wolbachia introgressive acquisition between terrestrial isopod subspecies
Authors: Bech Nicolas , Beltran-Bech Sophie , Chupeau Cassandre , Peccoud Jean , Thierry Magali , Raimond Roland , Caubet Yves , Sicard Mathieu , Grève Pierre 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Wolbachia are the most widespread endosymbiotic bacteria in animals. In many arthropod host species, they manipulate reproduction via several mechanisms that favor their maternal transmission to offspring. Among them, cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) promotes the spread of the symbiont by specifically decreasing the fertility of crosses involving infected males and uninfected females, via embryo mortality. These differences in reproductive efficiency may select for the avoidance of incompatible mating, a process called reinforcement, and thus contribute to population divergence. In the terrestrial isopod Porcellio dilatatus, the Wolbachia wPet strain infecting the subspecies P. d. petiti induces unidirectional CI with uninfected individuals of the subspecies P. d. dilatatus. To study the consequences of CI on P. d. dilatatus and P. d. petiti hybridization, mitochondrial haplotypes and Wolbachia infection dynamics, we used population cages seeded with different proportions of the 2 subspecies in which we monitored these genetic parameters 5 and 7 years after the initial setup. Analysis of microsatellite markers allowed evaluating the degree of hybridization between individuals of the 2 subspecies. These markers revealed an increase in P. d. dilatatus nuclear genetic signature in all mixed cages, reflecting an asymmetry in hybridization. Hybridization led to the introgressive acquisition of Wolbachia and mitochondrial haplotype from P. d. petiti into nuclear genomes dominated by alleles of P. d. dilatatus. We discuss these results with regards to Wolbachia effects on their host (CI and putative fitness cost), and to a possible reinforcement that may have led to assortative mating, as possible factors contributing to the observed results.
Predicting Outcome in Acute Severe Colitis—Controversies in Clinical Practice in 2021
Authors: Gupta Vipin , Mohsen Waled , Chapman Thomas P , Satsangi Jack 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Acute severe ulcerative colitis [ASUC] remains a common medical emergency, with 25% of patients with ulcerative colitis experiencing at least one event in their disease course. Despite advances in medical therapy, ASUC continues to be associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, with up to 30% of patients requiring colectomy during initial admission. Our aim was to review the current controversies and recent progress in risk stratification, prediction of outcome, and personalisation of care in ASUC. We re-assess the use of Truelove and Witts’ criteria, serum biomarkers, and the use of composite clinical indices in current clinical practice. We explore the potential for endoscopic prediction using defined validated indices for accurate and early prognostication, and the need to define outcome. We also consider the impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, we discuss the current research agenda, including the application of new and emerging biomarkers coupled with multi-omics and the implications in management and optimisation of outcome. Research priorities for the prediction of outcome in acute severe colitis include the following.
1. Development of an accurate admission score to guide early medical rescue therapy or colectomy.
2. Utility of point-of-care faecal calprotectin, with determination of optimal cut-off values.
3. Role of serum and faecal infliximab levels to both predict outcome and guide accelerated infliximab dosing.
4. Role of novel biomarkers, including serum calprotectin, in predicting response to corticosteroids or rescue therapy.
5. Specific predictors of response to ciclosporin and infliximab to allow rationalisation of drug use.
6. Utility of validated endoscopic scores.
7. Utility of radiological assessment beyond use of plain abdominal X-ray.
8. The use of multiomics and machine learning to predict risk of Acute Severe Colitis in patients with Ulcerative Colitis.
‘The bubble heart’: an unusual natural history told by multimodality imaging- a case report
Authors: Locorotondo Gabriella , Fedele Elisa , Napolitano Carmela , Galiuto Leonarda 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Intracardiac thrombosis is a relatively common pathological condition. Often, it is diagnosed at echocardiography during the subacute or chronic phase. In the very acute phase, tissue composition can make thrombus appearance very different from that usually seen. Fresh thrombosis has been previously found also in peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPC), but with imaging features different from our case.

Case summary
A 27-year-old woman was referred to our hospital for PPC, with echocardiographic finding of intraventricular masses, resembling big bubbles. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) allowed definitively diagnosing intracardiac ‘very acute’ thrombosis, which is rarely detected.

Discussion
Our case provides a practical lesson about management of an unusual presentation of a common problem. When early echocardiography does not allow making a certain diagnosis, CMR can be helpful and decisive, due to its unique ability to provide characterization of intracardiac masses.
Revisiting the Hypothesis of High Discounts and High Unemployment
Authors: Martellini Paolo , Menzio Guido , Visschers Ludo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe revisit the hypothesis that cyclical fluctuations in unemployment are caused by shocks to the discount rate. We use a simple but rich search-theoretic model of the labour market in which the UE, EU and EE rates are all endogenous. Analytically, we show that an increase in the discount rate lowers the UE rate and, under some natural conditions, it lowers the EU rate. Quantitatively, we show that an increase in the discount rate from 4% to 10% generates a 3.5% decline in the UE rate and a 6% decline in the EU rate. These findings are at odds with the actual behaviour of the US labour market over the business cycle, which features a negative comovement between the UE and EU rates.
T-cell chimerism prior to graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Noguchi Misa , Shindo Takero , Yamada Yosuke , Date Hiroshi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a serious complication of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, can occur following solid organ transplantation. However, diagnosing solid organ transplantation-associated GVHD is difficult, and its risk factors are not fully understood. Here, we report a GVHD case in a 59-year-old woman with dermatomyositis-associated interstitial pneumonia, who took immunosuppressants including corticosteroids before receiving right lung transplantation from a 13-year-old brain-dead male donor. She developed systemic erythema with desquamation and pancytopenia by day 20. Mixed chimerism with donor- and recipient-type cells in the bone marrow and skin led to the diagnosis of GVHD. Corticosteroid pulse therapy reduced the symptoms and decreased donor-type cell percentage. On day 50, the patient developed donor lung injury and was diagnosed with acute rejection, which was treated using steroid pulse therapy again. Although the granulocytes were recipient type, donor chimerism of peripheral blood T cells exacerbated on day 68. Subsequent deterioration of liver function and pulmonary injury in the patient’s own lung led to the diagnosis of relapsing GVHD. The patient died of multiple organ failure despite treatment with anti-thymocyte globulin. Thus, repeated steroid pulse therapy and age difference between donors and recipients may predispose to GVHD and T-cell mixed chimerism can be an important diagnostic indicator of GVHD.
Can International Law Survive a Rising China?
Authors: Chesterman Simon 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The founding myth of international law is the sovereign equality of its member states. How, then, can and should it accommodate the rise of one potential hegemon and the decline of another? This review essay discusses an important new book by Cai Congyan, of Xiamen University, that tries to reconcile an international rule of law with rising powers in general and the rise of China in particular. The larger theoretical project is less successful than a more immediate one, which is describing and explaining China’s instrumentalist approach to the rule of law at the domestic and international levels. Though the tone of the book is assured and reassuring, Cai’s diplomacy at times leaves some interesting questions unanswered – and a few crucial ones unasked. It is, nonetheless, essential reading for anyone seeking to understand how China sees and uses international norms and institutions.
Belgium and the Fabrication of the International Legal Discipline
Authors: d’Aspremont Jean 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In recounting the interventions of Belgian lawyers in the institutionalization of the discipline of international law at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Vincent Genin’s Le laboratoire belge du droit international offers new materials and documentary evidence of the complicity between the construction of the international legal discipline and the colonial project. Taking his cue from Martti Koskenniemi’s Gentle Civilizer, Genin has produced a biographical and agent-based historicization of an unprecedented archival rigour, allowing international lawyers, and especially Belgian international lawyers, to take another hard look at the dark roots of their tradition.
Predicting difference in mean survival time from cause-specific hazard ratios for women diagnosed with breast cancer
Authors: Røssell Eeva-Liisa , Bornhøft Laura O , Lousdal Mette Lise , Støvring Henrik 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Relative reduction in breast cancer mortality is the preferred outcome measure for evaluation of mammography screening. However, mean survival time has been advocated as a better and more intuitive outcome for risk communication. We have previously introduced a method to predict difference in mean survival time from empirical hazard ratios for all-cause mortality. In this article, we aim to investigate the association between hazard ratios for breast cancer mortality and the difference in mean survival time for women diagnosed with breast cancer.

Methods
We retrieved data on all women diagnosed with first-time invasive breast cancer in Norway from 1960 through 2004. Women were followed until emigration or end of follow-up on 31 December 2015, whichever came first. Observed differences in mean survival times and hazard ratios for both breast cancer death and death from causes other than breast cancer were obtained for neighbouring time periods defined by women’s age and year of diagnosis. Based on previously developed methods, we fitted a linear relationship between observed differences in mean survival and logarithmic hazard ratios.

Results
A linear association was found between breast cancer-specific hazard ratios and difference in mean survival time for women diagnosed with breast cancer. This association was also estimated with adjustment for other causes of death than breast cancer.

Conclusions
The change in mean survival time could be predicted from an estimated reduction in breast cancer mortality. This outcome measure can contribute to better and more understandable risk information about the effect of mammography screening programmes.
In the Shadow of ‘Euthanasia’: The Long Road to the Nazi Murder of Tuberculosis Patients
Authors: Bernhard Patrick 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The social stigmatization, persecution and murder of tuberculosis patients in Nazi Germany is a topic that has long been overshadowed by euthanasia crimes. Based on extensive archival research, this article shows that over 30,000 patients, labelled as deviant, became victims of forced detention. In so-called ‘special institutions’, which were part of the regime’s terror apparatus, these people suffered severe physical abuse. An estimated 4,000 were deliberately starved to death or murdered by overdoses of medication. As the article argues, a long road led to the Nazi murder of tuberculosis patients and began with medical experience gathered during the First World War and in the 1920s. When the regime’s handling of the disease and of tuberculosis patients is located within this much wider time frame, the notion that the exigencies of the Second World War caused the regime’s radicalization falters.
Renal Aging Resembles a Continuum Between Normal and Diseased Kidneys That Potentiates Inflammatory Response to Injury
Authors: Jung Su Woong , Kim Dong Jin , Kim Yang Gyun , Moon Ju-Young , Jeong Kyung Hwan , Lee Sang-Ho 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Renal aging is a natural process that can lead to structural changes and functional decline in the kidneys. These age-related changes are considered irreversible physiological processes, but resemble diseased kidneys. To enhance understanding of the molecular nature of renal aging, we first compared whole-kidney RNA sequencing between naturally aging mice (24-month-old) and adenine-induced nephropathy in young mice (2-month-old). Young mice (2-month-old) without intervention were used as the control group to investigate transcription alteration with aging or by adenine-enriched diet. Next, we compared the functional and structural renal consequences of aging and adenine-induced nephropathy between young (2-month-old) and old mice (18- to 22-month-old). C57BL/6 male mice were used in all experimental studies. Both aging kidneys and adenine-induced nephropathy showed similar transcriptional profiles characterized by upregulation in innate and adaptive immune system activation and inflammation, although these alterations were generally less significant in the aging kidneys. In contrast to aging kidneys, adenine-induced nephropathy showed prominent expression of the genes related to cytokines, T-cell activation, and fibrosis and decreased expression of the genes implicated in transporter activity and metabolism. The subclinical immunological micromilieu in aging kidneys potentially causes augmented kidney damage in response to injurious stimulus. When mice were fed with adenine-enriched diet, aging kidneys showed more extensive tubular injury and fibrosis with stronger inflammatory response than young kidneys. Taken together, our results suggest that renal aging may lie on a continuum between normal kidneys and diseased kidneys in the context of immune system upregulation that can worsen kidney damage upon injury.
State Standards for Insurance Access to Oncologists
Authors: Moore Catherine J , Shalowitz David I 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
As the market for health insurance plans expands, each state is responsible for setting standards to ensure that plans contain adequate coverage for cancer care. Little is currently known about what criteria states use for network adequacy of insurance plans. We contacted representatives of the Department of Insurance (or equivalent) for 50 states and the District of Columbia, as well as searched official state websites to compile data on network adequacy standards for cancer care nationwide. The standards of 16 (31.4%) states contained only qualitative elements for access to an oncologist (eg, “reasonable access”), 7 (13.7%) states included only quantitative elements (eg, travel distance and time restrictions), and 24 (47.1%) states included standards with both qualitative and quantitative elements. Standards from 4 states were not available. States should make certain that robust, transparent protections exist to ensure that patients are able to access high-quality cancer care without experiencing the financial toxicity associated with out-of-network billing.
PTEN Blocking Stimulates Corticospinal and Raphespinal Axonal Regeneration and Promotes Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Bhowmick Saurav , Abdul-Muneer P M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The long-term disabilities associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) are primarily due to the absence of robust neuronal regeneration and functional plasticity. The inability of the axon to regenerate after SCI is contributed by several intrinsic factors that trigger a cascade of molecular growth program and modulates axonal sprouting. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is one of the intrinsic factors contributing to growth failure after SCI, however, the underlying mechanism is not well known. Here, we developed a novel therapeutic approach for treating SCI by suppressing the action of PTEN in a mouse model of hemisection SCI. We have used a novel peptide, PTEN antagonistic peptide (PAP) to block the critical domains of PTEN to demonstrate its ability to potentially promote axon growth. PAP treatment not only enhanced regeneration of corticospinal axons into the caudal spinal cord but also promoted the regrowth of descending serotonergic axons in SCI mice. Furthermore, expression levels of p-mTOR, p-S6, p-Akt, p-Erk, p-GSK, p-PI3K downstream of PTEN signaling pathway were increased significantly in the spinal cord of SCI mice systemically treated with PAP than control TAT peptide-treated mice. Our novel strategy of administering deliverable compounds postinjury may facilitate translational feasibility for central nervous system injury.
The Evolution of Merger Enforcement Intensity: What do the Data Show?
Authors: Macher Jeffrey T , Mayo John W 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A growing narrative has arisen that antitrust regulators have systematically relaxed enforcement over time. This narrative has led to calls for reinvigorated enforcement and the passage of new tougher antitrust legislation. In this paper, we employ data drawn directly from the antitrust agencies to examine this claim. Data collected from 1979 to 2017 indicate that, contrary to the popular narrative, regulators have become more likely to challenge proposed mergers over time. Controlling for the number of merger proposals submitted to the agencies, the likelihood of a merger challenge has more than doubled over this period. After remaining relatively constant over previous administrations, merger enforcement intensity (MEI) rose in the G.W. Bush and even more so in the Obama administrations. The data also reveal that MEI is positively influenced by the agency budget size. Were historical enforcement tendencies to continue, a ten percent increase in the agencies’ budgets would yield an eight percent increase in merger challenges. This finding suggests that, independent of any statutory changes to existing antitrust laws, variation in agency budgets provides a viable pathway to enhanced merger enforcement.
Initial Guidance on Use of Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Wolf Joshua , Abzug Mark J , Wattier Rachel L , Sue Paul K , Vora Surabhi B , Zachariah Philip , Dulek Daniel E , Waghmare Alpana , Olivero Rosemary , Downes Kevin J , James Scott H , Pinninti Swetha G , Yarbrough April , Aldrich Margaret L , MacBrayne Christine E , Soma Vijaya L , Grapentine Steven P , Oliveira Carlos R , Hayes Molly , Kimberlin David W , Jones Sarah B , Bio Laura L , Morton Theodore H , Hankins Jane S , Maron Gabriela M , Timberlake Kathryn , Young Jennifer L , Orscheln Rachel C , Schwenk Hayden T , Goldman David L , Groves Helen E , Huskins W Charles , Rajapakse Nipunie S , Lamb Gabriella S , Tribble Alison C , Lloyd Elizabeth C , Hersh Adam L , Thorell Emily A , Ratner Adam J , Chiotos Kathleen , Nakamura Mari M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
In November 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) provided Emergency Use Authorizations (EUA) for 2 novel virus-neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapies, bamlanivimab and REGN-COV2 (casirivimab plus imdevimab), for the treatment of mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in adolescents and adults in specified high-risk groups. This has challenged clinicians to determine the best approach to use of these products.

Methods
A panel of experts in pediatric infectious diseases, pediatric infectious diseases pharmacy, pediatric intensive care medicine, and pediatric hematology from 29 geographically diverse North American institutions was convened. Through a series of teleconferences and web-based surveys, a guidance statement was developed and refined based on review of the best available evidence and expert opinion.

Results
The course of COVID-19 in children and adolescents is typically mild and there is no high-quality evidence supporting any high-risk groups. There is no evidence for safety and efficacy of monoclonal antibody therapy for treatment of COVID-19 in children or adolescents, limited evidence of modest benefit in adults, and evidence for potential harm associated with infusion reactions or anaphylaxis.

Conclusions
Based on evidence available as of December 20, 2020, the panel suggests against routine administration of monoclonal antibody therapy (bamlanivimab, or casirivimab and imdevimab), for treatment of COVID-19 in children or adolescents, including those designated by the FDA as at high risk of progression to hospitalization or severe disease. Clinicians and health systems choosing to use these agents on an individualized basis should consider risk factors supported by pediatric-specific evidence and ensure the implementation of a system for safe and timely administration that does not exacerbate existing healthcare disparities.
A 20-year latency between hysterectomy for endometrial adenocarcinoma and solitary pulmonary metastasis: a case report
Authors: Kodia Karishma , Richards Stephanie , Pinto Andre , Pearson Joseph M , Nguyen Dao M 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We present a rare case pulmonary metastasis of an early stage endometrial cancer nearly 20 years after curative surgical resection. Our patient had a remote history of hysterectomy for endometrial cancer in 1998 and later had Stage 1B right upper lobe lung cancer treated with lobectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy in 2014. She was found to have an enlarging nodule in the left upper lobe in 2018, which was thought to be another primary lung cancer. She underwent left upper lobe segmentectomy for an intraoperative diagnosis of adenocarcinoma by diagnostic wedge resection of the lung nodule. Final pathologic examination of the resected tumor demonstrated an endometrial adenocarcinoma. It is important for thoracic surgeons to remain vigilant, keeping secondary lung cancer in the differential diagnosis for patients with complex oncologic histories.
The 1993 World Conference on Human Rights and the retreat of a redistributive rights vision
Authors: Burke Roland 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The 1993 UN World Conference on Human Rights, the second held in the history of the UN, and the sequel to the 1968 conference in Tehran, was convened as the faith in the liberal democratic human rights order was renascent. Economic and social rights, one of the dominant notes of Tehran a quarter century earlier, were—in comparative terms—marginal to Western priorities. This paper draws on new archival research to assess the new equilibrium in post-Cold War human rights that emerged from Vienna. The interrelationship between political, civil, and legal freedoms, and economic and social provisions was pared down to mere exhortation. After the transnational ‘Breakthrough’ of human rights NGOs in the 1970s, almost everyone had begun to transliterate their cause to the language of human rights—but it had become a language which required the excision of economic radicalism as a prerequisite for drawing on its newly inflated moral currency.