bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanism for Increasing Tropical Rainfall Unevenness With Global Warming
Authors: Zhang Yi , Fueglistaler Stephan 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGlobal climate models predict that tropical rainfall will be distributed more unevenly with global warming; that is, dry regions or months will get drier and wet regions or months will get wetter. Previous mechanisms such as “dry‐get‐drier, wet‐get‐wetter”; “rich‐get‐richer”; or “upped‐ante” focus on the spatial pattern of rainfall changes rather than the changes in probability distribution. Here, we present a quantitative explanation of the warming‐induced probability distribution change of rainfall: Subcloud moist static energy (MSE) gradients are amplified by Clausius‐Clapeyron relationship given roughly uniform warming and constant relative humidity. Therefore, the present‐day wet regions will become more competitive for convection in a warmer world. Though changes in the atmospheric circulation pattern can enhance rainfall in one place and suppress rainfall in another, our results show that the total effect should be a decrease in the area of active convection even with uniform warming.
Controlling refractive index of transformation-optics devices via optical path rescaling
Authors: Eskandari Hossein , Tyc Tomáš 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWe present a general method of designing optical devices based on optical conformal mapping and rescaling the optical path along a given bunch of rays. It provides devices with the same functionality as those based purely on conformal mapping, but enables to manipulate the refractive index to a great extent—for instance, eliminate superluminal regions of space as well as reduce the refractive index in other regions significantly. The method is illustrated in two examples, a waveguide coupler and a plasmonic bump cloak, and numerical simulations confirm its functionality.
Decreased electrocortical temporal complexity distinguishes sleep from wakefulness
Authors: González Joaquín , Cavelli Matias , Mondino Alejandra , Pascovich Claudia , Castro-Zaballa Santiago , Torterolo Pablo , Rubido Nicolás 
Published: December 2019

AbstractIn most mammals, the sleep-wake cycle is constituted by three behavioral states: wakefulness (W), non-REM (NREM) sleep, and REM sleep. These states are associated with drastic changes in cognitive capacities, mostly determined by the function of the thalamo-cortical system. The intra-cranial electroencephalogram or electocorticogram (ECoG), is an important tool for measuring the changes in the thalamo-cortical activity during W and sleep. In the present study we analyzed broad-band ECoG recordings of the rat by means of a time-series complexity measure that is easy to implement and robust to noise: the Permutation Entropy (PeEn). We found that PeEn is maximal during W and decreases during sleep. These results bring to light the different thalamo-cortical dynamics emerging during sleep-wake states, which are associated with the well-known spectral changes that occur when passing from W to sleep. Moreover, the PeEn analysis allows us to determine behavioral states independently of the electrodes’ cortical location, which points to an underlying global pattern in the signal that differs among the cycle states that is missed by classical methods. Consequently, our data suggest that PeEn analysis of a single EEG channel could allow for cheap, easy, and efficient sleep monitoring.
The consequences of Brugia malayi infection on the flight and energy resources of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes
Authors: Somerville Alastair G. T. , Gleave Katherine , Jones Christopher M. , Reimer Lisa J. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEvidence from experimental infection studies has shown that infected mosquitoes exhibit altered host-seeking behaviours, with suppression and activation of behaviours dependent on the parasite’s development stage. The mechanisms are poorly characterised; however, infections can impact mosquito energy reserves, thereby influencing key life-history traits and behaviours. In addition, filarial infection is likely detrimental to flight due to damage caused by developing worms. This study aimed to evaluate the impacts of Brugia malayi infection on Aedes aegypti flight parameters: distance, average speed, maximum speed and number of flight bursts, using a tethered flight mill. In addition, we explored whether differences in flight capacity may be due to the effect of infection on glycogen and lipid reserves. Infection with filarial worms significantly reduced flight distance but increased the number of flight bursts. Exposure to microfilaermic blood led to a significant decrease in average and maximum flight speeds even in the absence of an established infection. Mosquitoes fed on microfilaraemic blood showed reduced levels of glycogen (−37.9%) and lipids (−49.7%) compared to controls at nine days post-exposure. However, a one-hour period of flight activity caused an increase in lipid content for both infected and control mosquitoes. Consequential flight incapacitation may serve in explaining the heterogeneous distribution of lymphatic filariasis.
Resveratrol inhibits IL-33–mediated mast cell activation by targeting the MK2/3–PI3K/Akt axis
Authors: Nakajima Shotaro , Ishimaru Kayoko , Kobayashi Anna , Yu Guannan , Nakamura Yuki , Oh-oka Kyoko , Suzuki-Inoue Katsue , Kono Koji , Nakao Atsuhito 
Published: December 2019

AbstractInterleukin-33 (IL-33)/ST2–mediated mast cell activation plays important roles in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases. Hence, pharmacologically targeting the IL-33/ST2 pathway in mast cells could help to treat such diseases. We found that resveratrol inhibits IL-33/ST2–mediated mast cell activation. Resveratrol suppressed IL-33–induced IL-6, IL-13, and TNF-α production in mouse bone marrow–derived mast cells (BMMCs), mouse fetal skin–derived mast cells, and human basophils. Resveratrol also attenuated cytokine expression induced by intranasal administration of IL-33 in mouse lung. IL-33–mediated cytokine production in mast cells requires activation of the NF-κB and MAPK p38–MAPK-activated protein kinase-2/3 (MK2/3)–PI3K/Akt pathway, and resveratrol clearly inhibited IL-33–induced activation of the MK2/3–PI3K/Akt pathway, but not the NF-κB pathway, without affecting p38 in BMMCs. Importantly, resveratrol inhibited the kinase activity of MK2, and an MK2/3 inhibitor recapitulated the suppressive effects of resveratrol. Resveratrol and an MK2/3 inhibitor also inhibited IgE-dependent degranulation and cytokine production in BMMCs, concomitant with suppression of the MK2/3–PI3K/Akt pathway. These findings indicate that resveratrol inhibits both IL-33/ST2–mediated and IgE-dependent mast cell activation principally by targeting the MK2/3–PI3K/Akt axis downstream of p38. Thus, resveratrol may have potential for the prevention and treatment of broad ranges of allergic diseases.
Phase-Field Simulation of Grain Boundary Evolution In Microstructures Containing Second-Phase Particles with Heterogeneous Thermal Properties
Authors: Flint T. F. , Sun Y. L. , Xiong Q. , Smith M. C. , Francis J. A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractUnderstanding the interaction between complex thermal fields and metallic structures at the meso-scale is crucial for the prediction of microstructural evolution during thermomechanical processing. The competitive growth of crystal grains, driven by thermodynamic forces at the grain boundaries, is one of the most fundamental phenomena in metallurgy and solid state physics. The presence of second phase particles, which act as pinning sites for boundaries, drastically alters the coarsening behaviour of the system; particularly when considering that these particles have different thermal properties to the primary phase. In this work a multi-phase field model, incorporating thermal gradient and curvature driving forces, is used to predict grain growth in a Ti6Al4V alloy system with second phase particle inclusions representative of oxide and carbide precipitates. The multi-phase field framework is fully coupled to the heat equation. The incorporation of the thermal gradient driving force enables the detailed behaviour of the grain boundaries around the particles to be predicted. It is shown that the inclusion of particles with a lower thermal conductivity has a significant influence on the coarsening behaviour of various systems of grains, due to the combined effects of thermal shielding and the generation of thermal gradient driving forces between the boundaries and pinning particles.
Resting-state functional connectivity alterations in periventricular nodular heterotopia related epilepsy
Authors: Liu Wenyu , Hu Xinyu , An Dongmei , Zhou Dong , Gong Qiyong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractPeriventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) is a neural migration disorder which often presents clinically with seizures. However, the underlying functional neural basis of PNH is still unclear. We aimed to explore the underlying pathological mechanism of PNH by combining both whole brain functional connectivity (FC) and seed-based FC analyses. We utilized resting-state fMRI to measure functional connectivity strength (FCS) in 38 patients with PNH-related epilepsy and 38 control subjects. The regions with FCS alterations were selected as seeds in the following FC analyses. Pearson correlation analyses were performed to explore associations between these functional neural correlates and clinical features. In comparison with controls, PNH patients showed lower FCS in bilateral insula (P < 0.05, family wise error (FWE) correction), higher FC in the default mode network and lower FC in the fronto-limbic-cerebellar circuits (P < 0.05, FWE correction). Pearson correlation analyses revealed that FCS in bilateral insula was negatively correlated with the epilepsy duration (P < 0.05); medial prefronto-insular connectivity was negatively correlated with Hamilton Anxiety Scale (P < 0.05) and cerebellar-insular connectivity was also negatively correlated with Hamilton Depression Scale (P < 0.05). Using the resting-state FCS analytical approach, we identified significant insular hypoactivation in PNH patients, which suggests that the insula might represent the cortical hub of the whole-brain networks in this condition. Additionally, disruption of resting state FC in large-scale neural networks pointed to a connectivity-based neuropathological process in PNH.
Prognostic significance of microRNA-135 in patients with digestive system cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chao Ce , Sang Chen , Wang Min , Wang Zijin , Li Yanfei , Luo Guanghua , Zhang Xiaoying 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background: MicroRNA-135 (miR-135) is a well-known non-coding RNA that has been demonstrated to participate in tumorigenesis and cancer development; however, the clinical prognostic value of miR-135 in digestive system cancers remains controversial. This meta-analysis aims to explore the potential value of miR-135 as a prognostic marker for digestive system cancers.
Methods: The PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched for eligible articles published before 31 August 2019. Stata 12.0 software was used to analyze the overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates to access the prognostic value of miR-135 in digestive system cancers. We then used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets to validate the meta-analysis results.
Results A total of 1470 patients from 17 studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed that enhanced miR-135 expression was significantly associated with poor OR (hazard ratio (HR): 1.790; 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.577–2.031; P=0.000), DFS (HR: 1.482; 95% CI: 0.914–2.403; P=0.110), and RFS (HR: 3.994; 95% CI: 1.363–11.697; P=0.012) in digestive system cancers. A sensitivity analysis confirmed the reliability of our findings, and no significant publication bias was observed.
Conclusion: MiR-135 can be used as a novel biomarker for patients with digestive system cancers. We look forward to future large-scale clinical studies that will investigate the prognostic value of miR-135.
Analysis of CASP12 diagnostic and prognostic values in cervical cancer based on TCGA database
Authors: Feng Guo , Beilei Zhang , Caizhi Chen , Wen Zou 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The present study aims to find a differential protein-coding gene caspase 12 (CASP12) in cervical cancer (CC) based on the (TCGA) database and verify its clinical diagnostic and prognostic values. The transcriptome and clinicopathological data of CC were downloaded from the TCGA database and through screening, we found that PDE2A and CASP12 were independent prognostic factors for CC patients. According to the median expression, the patients were divided into groups with high and low CASP12 and PDE2A expression. There was no difference in survival between PDE2A high and low expression groups (P=0.099), whereas there was a significant difference between CASP12 high and low expression groups (P=0.033). The serum from 68 CC patients (experimental group) and 50 healthy people (control group) was collected to detect the relative expression of CASP12 using qRT-PCR and plotted the ROC curve. The relative expression of CASP12 in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the control group (P&lt;0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of CASP12 was 0.865. There were statistically significant differences between CASP12 groups with high and low expression in terms of differentiation, lymph node metastasis, tumor size, FIGO staging, and clinical outcomes (P&lt;0.05), but not in terms of age, HPV types and pathological types (P&gt;0.05). The 3-year survival in the CASP12 low expression group was significantly worse than in the CASP12 high expression group (P=0.028). In conclusion, the expression level of CASP12 can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for patients with CC.
Adjective Learning in Young Typically Developing Children and Children With Developmental Language Disorder: A Retrieval-Based Approach
Authors: Leonard Laurence B. , Deevy Patricia , Karpicke Jeffrey D. , Christ Sharon , Weber Christine , Kueser Justin B. , Haebig Eileen 
Published: December 2019

Purpose
There are strong retention benefits when learners frequently test themselves during the learning period. This practice of repeated retrieval has recently been applied successfully to children's word learning. In this study, we apply a repeated retrieval procedure to the learning of novel adjectives by preschool-age children with developmental language disorder (DLD) and their typically developing (TD) peers. We ask whether the benefits of retrieval extend to children's ability to apply the novel adjectives to newly introduced objects sharing the same characteristics as the objects used during the learning period.

Method

Fourteen children with DLD (
M
age
= 62.64 months) and 13 TD children (
M
= 62.54 months) learned novel adjectives in 2 sessions. For each child, half of the adjectives were learned in a repeated spaced retrieval condition, and half were learned in a repeated study–only condition. Recall was assessed immediately after the second learning session and 1 week later. A recognition test was also administered at the 1-week mark.

Results
On the recall tests, for both groups of children, recall was better for adjectives learned in the repeated spaced retrieval condition. Adjectives learned by the 2nd day were retained 1 week later. Every adjective correctly applied to an object used during the learning period was also extended accurately to new objects with the same characteristics. On these recall tests, the children with DLD did not differ from the TD group in the number of items recalled, though their phonetic accuracy was lower. On the recognition test, the DLD group showed greater accuracy for adjectives that had been learned in the repeated spaced retrieval condition than for those learned in the repeated study condition, whereas the TD group performed at high levels in both conditions.

Conclusion
Repeated spaced retrieval appears to provide an effective boost to word learning. Because its benefits are seen even when a word must be extended to new objects, the application of this procedure seems well suited for learning new language material rather than being limited to item-specific memorization.
W‐band out‐of‐phase active power divider with continuously tunable power division ratio and invariant phase difference
Authors: Dong Haoyi , Chen Jixin , Hou Debin 
Published: December 2019

In this study, a W‐band out‐of‐phase active power divider, with continuously tunable power division ratio, has been presented. Out‐of‐phase signal is generated by the compact transform balun with accurate phase and amplitude response. To stabilise the phase difference in different power division ratio, phase‐invariant cascode variable gain amplifier (VGA) is designed in the two paths of the active power divider and 4‐bits proportional to absolute temperature current source is designed to control voltage of VGA. The active power divider is implemented in SiGe BiCMOS process with measured tunable power division ratio from 1:16 up to 16:1, the phase shift from 74 to 90 GHz is about 10° as the gain changes up to 12 dB, which guarantees a good phase‐invariant performance.
Human identification based on radar micro‐Doppler signatures separation
Authors: Qiao Xingshuai , Shan Tao , Tao Ran 
Published: December 2019

In this Letter, the authors propose a method for personnel recognition using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) based on human micro‐Doppler (m‐D) signal separation. In which, the m‐D separation algorithm is firstly performed to separate m‐D signal induced by limbs movement and Doppler signal caused by torso motion, which can highlight the difference contained limbs’ m‐D signatures between the same activity of different people. Afterwards, a five‐layer DCNN is used to learn the necessary features directly from the separated m‐D spectrogram of walking human and then implement human identification task. The method is validated on real data measured with a 5.8 GHz radar system. Experimental results show that an average recognition accuracy of about 90% can be achieved for different human group sizes.
Jupiter’s heavy-element enrichment expected from formation models
Authors: Venturini Julia , Helled Ravit 
Published: December 2019

Aims.The goal of this work is to investigate Jupiter’s growth by focusing on the amount of heavy elements accreted by the planet, and to compare this with recent structure models of Jupiter.Methods.Our model assumes an initial core growth dominated by pebble accretion, and a second growth phase that is characterised by a moderate accretion of both planetesimals and gas. The third phase is dominated by runaway gas accretion during which the planet becomes detached from the disc. The second and third phases were computed in detail, considering two different prescriptions for the planetesimal accretion and fits from hydrodynamical studies to compute the gas accretion in the detached phase.Results.In order for Jupiter to consist of ~20–40M⊕of heavy elements as suggested by structure models, we find that Jupiter’s formation location is preferably at an orbital distance of 1 ≲a≲ 10 au once the accretion of planetesimals dominates. We find that Jupiter could accrete between ~1 and ~15M⊕of heavy elements during runaway gas accretion, depending on the assumed initial surface density of planetesimals and the prescription used to estimate the heavy-element accretion during the final stage of the planetary formation. This would yield an envelope metallicity of ~0.5 to ~3 times solar. By computing the solid (heavy-element) accretion during the detached phase, we infer a planetary mass-metallicity (MP–MZ) relation ofMZ~MP2/5, when a gap in the planetesimal disc is created, and ofMZ~MP1/6without a planetesimal gap.Conclusions.Our hybrid pebble-planetesimal model can account for Jupiter’s bulk and atmospheric enrichment. The high bulk metallicity inferred for many giant exoplanets is difficult to explain from standard formation models. This might suggest a migration history for such highly enriched giant exoplanets and/or giant impacts after the disc’s dispersal.
Automatisierte Zellzählung in Spenderhornhäuten aus Organkultur mittels „Deep Learning“ erreicht hohe Präzision und Genauigkeit
Authors: Heinzelmann Sonja , Daniel Moritz Claudius , Maier Philip Christian , Reinhard Thomas , Böhringer Daniel 
Published: December 2019

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Ein Hornhauttransplantat aus Organkultur darf i. d. R. nur verwendet werden, wenn präoperativ eine Endothelzelldichte von mindestens 2000 Zellen pro mm2 nachgewiesen ist. Die Messung der Endothelzelldichte ist dadurch erschwert, dass in der Phasenkontrastmikroskopie die Zellgrenzen der Endothelzellen nicht immer gut sichtbar sind und die zählbare Fläche durch quellungsbedingte Descemet-Falten limitiert ist. Bislang ist daher keine automatische Methode zur Endothelzelldichtebestimmung in Hornhauttransplantaten verfügbar. Das neuronale Netzwerk U-Net hat sich in der vollautomatischen Analyse von spiegelmikroskopischen Aufnahmen des Hornhautendothels bewährt. Ziel dieser Studie war die Anwendung des U-Net in der Qualitätssicherung von Hornhauttransplantaten.
Material und Methoden Das U-Net wurde zunächst anhand von 100 manuell markierten Befundungsbildern von Hornhäuten aus der Lions-Hornhautbank Baden-Württemberg trainiert. Für die Prüfung der Messgenauigkeit des U-Net wurden 100 weitere Befundungsbilder von der o. g. Hornhautbank zur Verfügung gestellt. Diese wurden jeweils von a) einer erfahrenen Befunderin und b) einem weniger erfahrenen Augenarzt manuell gezählt. Die identischen Bilder wurden vollautomatisch über das trainierte U-Net ausgezählt und dieses Ergebnis mit beiden manuellen Analysen mittels Pearson-Korrelation verglichen.
Ergebnisse Der Korrelationskoeffizient zwischen dem U-Net und der erfahren Untersucherin als „Goldstandard“ betrug 0,90. Der Korrelationskoeffizient des weniger erfahrenen Augenarztes mit dem Goldstandard betrug nur 0,81. Beide Korrelationen erwiesen sich als statistisch hochsignifikant (p < 0,0001).
Schlussfolgerung Die enge Korrelation des U-Net mit dem „Goldstandard“ deutet darauf hin, dass mit dem U-Net, die medizintechnische Zulassung vorausgesetzt, eine effektive Unterstützung in der Qualitätsbeurteilung von Hornhauttransplantaten in der Hornhautbank möglich ist. Dies hätte Vorteile für die Objektivität und die Arbeitseffizienz.
Heilmittel richtig und ohne Angst vor Regress verordnen
Authors: Dominok Antje 
Published: December 2019

AbstractTrotz deutlicher Verbesserung der medikamentösen Therapieoptionen bei rheumatischen Erkrankungen sind physikalische Therapiemaßnahmen weiterhin ein wichtiger Bestandteil des Behandlungszyklus und werden in den Therapieleitlinien berücksichtigt. Besonders bei Funktionseinschränkungen von muskuloskeletalen Erkrankungen besitzen die physikalischen Therapieoptionen weiterhin ihre volle Berechtigung. Trotz dieser Tatsachen werden physikalische Therapien gerade von Rheumatologen relativ selten verschrieben. Die Ursache dieses Verhaltens mag in Unsicherheiten bezüglich der Verschreibungsfähigkeit dieser Heilmittel liegen. Diese Übersichtarbeit gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die wichtigsten Informationen bezüglich der Verordnung von diesen Therapien und beschreibt potenzielle Fallstricke mit dem Ziel die Verordnung dieser Heilmittel in der täglichen Praxis zu erleichtern.