bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective Study on Human Leukocyte Antigen Types and Haplotypes in a South African Population
Authors: Gandini Anastasia , Mampeule Nakampe , Jugwanth Sarika , Gededzha Maemu P. , Mayne Elizabeth 
Published: September 2020

Context.—
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is a polymorphic protein of the immune system with a central role in organ transplantation. Organ recipients can be sensitized against HLA from previous exposure, which increases the likelihood of antidonor immune responses and subsequently organ rejection. HLA matching represents an attractive option to improve graft function, reduce sensitization of recipients in first transplantations, and improve organ allocation.

Objective.—
To examine the feasibility of the reintroduction of HLA matching into the criteria in the Johannesburg program, we retrospectively assessed HLA types in our donor population.

Design.—
HLA types of 782 deceased and related living donors from 2015 until 2019 were recorded and analyzed to identify the most common HLA types and haplotypes. A virtual crossmatch was also done to examine the anti-HLA antibodies in the recipient population compared with the common HLA types identified in this study.

Results.—
Of the most common HLA types identified, at least 1 was present in 732 (93.6%) of the renal donors assessed. The virtual crossmatch confirmed that most recipients are sensitized against most donors, and this greatly impacts the number of recipients who can receive organ transplants.

Conclusions.—
This study determined the most common HLA types and haplotypes in a South African organ donor population. This information, combined with the evidence suggesting the immunogenic potential of these common types, the high number of recipients with antibodies against common HLA types, and the ethnic distribution of the donor and recipient populations, informs the recommendation that the pretransplantation workup should not reinclude HLA matching.
Autism BrainNet: A Collaboration Between Medical Examiners, Pathologists, Researchers, and Families to Advance the Understanding and Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Anderson Matthew P. , Quinton Reade , Kelly Karen , Falzon Andrew , Halladay Alycia , Schumann Cynthia M. , Hof Patrick R. , Tamminga Carol A. , Hare Carolyn Komich , Amaral David G. 
Published: September 2020

Context.—
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects over 1% of the population worldwide. Developing effective preventions and treatments for autism will depend on understanding the neuropathology of the disorder. While evidence from magnetic resonance imaging indicates altered development of the autistic brain, it lacks the resolution needed to identify the cellular and molecular underpinnings of the disorder. Postmortem studies of human brain tissue currently represent the only viable option to pursuing these critical studies. Historically, the availability of autism brain tissue has been extremely limited.

Objective.—
To overcome this limitation, Autism BrainNet, funded by the Simons Foundation, was formed as a network of brain collection sites that work in a coordinated fashion to develop a library of human postmortem brain tissues for distribution to researchers worldwide. Autism BrainNet has collection sites (or Nodes) in California, Texas, and Massachusetts; affiliated, international Nodes are located in Oxford, England and Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Data Sources.—
Pubmed, Autism BrainNet.

Conclusions.—
Because the death of autistic individuals is often because of an accident, drowning, suicide, or sudden unexpected death in epilepsy, they often are seen in a medical examiner's or coroner's office. Yet, autism is rarely considered when evaluating the cause of death. Advances in our understanding of chronic traumatic encephalopathy have occurred because medical examiners and neuropathologists questioned whether a pathologic change might exist in individuals who played contact sports and later developed severe behavioral problems. This article highlights the potential for equally significant breakthroughs in autism arising from the proactive efforts of medical examiners, pathologists, and coroners in partnership with Autism BrainNet.
Theodore Wan and the Subject of Medical Illustration
Authors: Conley Christine 
Published: September 2020

Theodore Wan, originaire de Hong Kong et établi à Vancouver, a produit une intrigante série de photographies médicales alors qu’il était étudiant de maîtrise à NSCAD en 1977. Ces oeuvres, inspirées par la trope du readymade duchampien, ont servi de média d’apprentissage à la faculté de médecine de Dalhousie et d’une forme d’autoportrait ; elles utilisent un régime visuel associé au traumatisme physique qui permet d’inscrire le traumatisme psychique. L’auteur soutient que Wan a exploité une impulsion expressionniste de la rigueur systématique du domaine de l’illustration médicale qui correspond à une période subjective sur la scène artistique des années 1970 ; qui mettaient en question l’héritage d’indifférence légué par les readymades de Duchamp et épousé par le mouvement conceptualiste. Cette époque marque un tournant important pour le mouvement féministe. Wan travaillait en relation étroite avec les leçons du conceptualisme pour explorer les questions de subjectivité sur lesquelles des artistes, dont Mary Kelly, insistaient et qu’ils légitimaient. La fascinante ambivalence du média qu’est la photographie et, en particulier celle de l’oeuvre de Wan qui est à la fois readymade et traumatique est considérée par Roland Barthes dans Camera Lucida. L’auteur se penche sur la façon dont les photographies médicales se fondent en plusieurs voix : le reniement par le conceptualisme de l’art traditionnel et des plaisirs scopiques, l’oeuvre de l’artiste dans le contexte de l’art occidental, l’insertion du sujet colonial et de l’immigrant dans la culture occidentale, ainsi que l’instabilité du genre même.
The Commodification of William Morris: Emotive Links in a Mass-Produced World
Authors: Alfoldy Sandra 
Published: September 2020

Cet article cherche à comprendre les inconsistences entre les idées socialistes de William Morris et ses pratiques commerciales, en explorant leurs impacts constants sur les consommateurs de produits inspirés par Morris. Quoique d’agréables motifs décoratifs, les reproductions commerciales des designs de Morris sont souvent perçues comme étant dépourvues de sens, puisqu’elles ne soutiennent aucune idéologie particulière. Tout en offrant au lecteur quelques détails de la vie et l’oeuvre de Morris, en particulier sur la fondation de Morris & Co. et sa conversion au socialisme, la croissance du conflit entre ces deux intérêts peut êtres souligné. Le développement réussi, par Morris, de produits de design d’intérieur qu’on pourrait qualifier « d’éthique » a eu pour résultat un changement d’idéaux de la part du designer face aux artisans, qui avaient été jusqu’alors responsables de la création d’un objet en entier, mais qui devenaient avec la création du nouveau rôle de designer, des exécutants dans la fabrication de produits de design. Cet article puise aux sources premières afin de donner sens au traitement réservé par Morris à ses travailleurs, dans le context de ses principes socialistes. Utilisant les nouvelles théories culturelles, particulièrement celles formulées par Raymond Williams, Antonio Gramsci et Stuart Hall, l’auteur termine son article en établissant un lien entre les philosophies originales de Morris et les usages contemporains de ses designs, et le pouvoir d’identité de consommation et d’identité politique cernant le travail de William Morris.
Knowledge, Practice and Problems of Exclusive Breastfeeding among Mothers Attending the Outpatient Clinic of a Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative Designated Hospital in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Okari T. G. , Aitafo J. E. , Onubogu U. , West B. A. 
Published: September 2020

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) provides all an infant requires for optimal growth and development in the first six months of life. Although most babies are breastfed in Nigeria, only 23% are exclusively breastfed. This study was carried out to ascertain the knowledge, practice and problems associated with EBF amongst mothers attending the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH).
Methods: A 5-month cross sectional study was carried out in the Paediatric outpatient clinic (POPC) of RSUTH. A total of 343 mothers were randomly recruited and a pre-tested structured questionnaire administered after obtaining informed consent.
Results: Ninety eight percent of the mothers had heard of EBF, 88% knew of its content and 80.2% knew that the duration of EBF was for 6 months. Only 46.4% exclusively breastfed their babies for 6 months and about 66% of participants knew of its benefits to both mother and child. Breastfeeding was commenced within 1 hour of delivery by 40.8% of mothers and pre-lacteal feeds given by 34.1% of mothers. Tertiary education, attending antenatal clinic and hospital delivery were significantly associated with good knowledge of EBF, while hospital delivery and multiparous women with at least 4 pregnancies were significantly associated with good EBF practice. Common challenges to EBF were perception that breast milk was insufficient for the babies (17.5%) and the need for mothers to return to work (9.3%).
Conclusion: Knowledge of EBF was high among mothers attending the POPC in RSUTH but the EBF rate was suboptimal. Increased health education on the importance of EBF, the provision of creches at work places and the extension of maternity leave is advocated.
Petroleum
Authors: Walters Clifford 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPetroleum is one of the most chemically complex materials on Earth. Its origins begin in certain depositional conditions that favors the accumulation and preservation organic matter from once living organisms. Petroleum is formed when these organic‐rich rocks are heated and the expelled fluids move into reservoirs. A petroleum system is established when key elements, and processes occur within a basin allowing for petroleum to be exploited. Petroleum is mostly composed saturated (paraffins and naphthenes) and aromatic hydrocarbons. These are the desired species most easily in refined into fuels and lubes. Petroleum also contains compounds with other elements, mostly nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. These heteroatomic species require additional processing, influencing the value of a crude. Although pressure continues to build to curtail the use of fossil fuels, petroleum demand is expected to remain close to current levels and there is more than enough oil reserves and resources to meet future demands. A large portion of the world's conventional reserves resides in the Middle East. However, the United States is currently the largest producer largely from the development of unconventional resources that are produced from shales and microporous carbonates using long lateral wells and hydraulic fracturing. The fear that “peak” oil production occurred in the late twentieth century has proven to be false.
Terpenoids from Essential Oils
Authors: Pragadheesh VS , Bisht Deepa , Chanotiya CS 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Essential oils contain terpenoids and phenylpropanoids as major constituents. Terpene‐bearing aromatic plants play an important role in food, flavor, and fragrance.
Essential oils rarely reach the consumers in their natural composition. They are adjusted to meet either the desired quality or specification of a legal regulatory body such as BIS and ISO. The adulterants can be inexpensive synthetic or essential oils of another origin, which ultimately leads to a variable product with less demand.

In this article, chiral differentiation using enantioselective gas chromatographic technique is described for high‐value chiral terpenes identified in essential oils. The technique is based on the separation of enantiomers in different cyclodextrin‐coated fused silica capillary columns. The chiral distribution of citronellol enantiomers in
Rosa damascena
and
Cympbopogon winterianus
showed the presence of opposite images in each oil.
R. damascena
contained (−)‐citronellol, whereas (+)‐citronellol was recorded in citronella oil. (+)‐Linalool was a unique feature of
Lippia alba
. On the contrary,
Ocimum basilicum
possessed pure (−)‐linalool. Camphor was separated in
Ocimum
spp. and
Cinnamomum camphora
with exclusive presence of (+)‐enantiomer. Limonene, menthone, menthol, and menthyl acetate were identified as pure (−)‐enantiomers, whereas isomenthone, neomenthol, pulegone, and piperitone as pure (+)‐enantiomers in Indian menthol mint and peppermint oils, respectively. The usefulness of unique chiral signatures in setting up regulatory guidelines for the most traded essential oils is also discussed.
Relative contributions of fixed and dynamic heterogeneity to variation in lifetime reproductive success in kestrels (Falco tinnunculus)
Authors: Broekman Maarten J. E. , Jongejans Eelke , Tuljapurkar Shripad 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMany species show large variation in lifetime reproductive success (LRS), with a few individuals producing the majority of offspring. This variation can be explained by factors related to individuals (fixed heterogeneity) and stochastic differences in survival and reproduction (dynamic heterogeneity). In this study, we study the relative effects of these processes on the LRS of a Dutch Kestrel population, using three different methods. First, we extended neutral simulations by simulating LRS distributions of populations consisting of groups with increasingly different population parameters. Decomposition of total LRS variance into contributions from fixed and dynamic heterogeneity revealed that the proportion of fixed heterogeneity is probably lower than 10% of the total variance. Secondly, we used sensitivities of the mean and variance in LRS to each parameter to analytically show that it is impossible to get equal contributions of fixed and dynamic heterogeneity when only one parameter differs between groups. Finally, we computed the LRS probability distribution to show that even when all individuals have identical survival and reproduction rates, the variance in LRS is large (females: 27.52, males: 12.99). Although each method has its limitations, they all lead to the conclusion that the majority of the variation in kestrel LRS is caused by dynamic heterogeneity. This large effect of dynamic heterogeneity on LRS is similar to results for other species and contributes to the evidence that in most species the majority of individual variation in LRS is due to dynamic heterogeneity.
Niche relations in a small world: Epizoic algae on an intertidal gastropod
Authors: Osawa Yumiko , Tokeshi Mutsunori 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe patterns of microhabitat use were investigated in three coexisting epizoic algae on an intertidal gastropod, Lunella correensis in an attempt to enhance understanding of the niche relations among ecologically similar species in a space‐limited environment. Our analysis of field‐derived data showed clear spatiotemporal partitioning of shell microhabitats by epizoic algae with different degrees of resource specialization. As a substrate‐specializing, obligate epizoic alga, Pseudocladophora conchopheria occupied wider micro‐niches on the host of different sizes than facultative epizoic algae (encrusting rhodophytes, crustose Corallina and Gelidium). While Pseudocladophora demonstrated uniform use of all shell microhabitats on hosts of all sizes, crustose Corallina and Gelidium showed more varied microhabitat use with shifting positions on hosts of different sizes. Furthermore, in addition to slight differences in microhabitat use, crustose Corallina and Gelidium demonstrated differences in their interspecific relationship with Pseudocladophora. Our generalized linear models (GLM) analyses indicated that the occurrence/abundance of crustose Corallina was negatively affected by Pseudocladophora but that of Gelidium was positively affected, while Pseudocladophora appeared to be competitively inferior to both rhodophytes when they co‐occurred on hosts of relatively large sizes. The present study, therefore, points to variable niche partitioning among algae even on a small spatial scale, which may result from complex interactions between spatio‐temporal substrate heterogeneity on a live host and interspecific interactions.
Effect of plasma exchange in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kosiyakul Punchika , Songwisit Sakdipat , Ungprasert Patompong , Siritho Sasitorn , Prayoonwiwat Naraporn , Jitprapaikulsan Jiraporn 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo conduct systematic review and meta‐analysis for the efficacy of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) with an acute attack.MethodsSystematic review was performed using EMBASE and OVID/Medline database. The eligible studies must be the studies of NMOSD patients treated with TPE during the acute phase. They must report treatment outcomes using either Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) or visual acuity (VA) before and after the therapy. Pooled mean difference (MD) was then calculated by combining MDs of each study using the random‐effects model.ResultsFifteen studies were identified; eleven with 241 NMOSD patients reported EDSS outcome and four studies with 103 NMOSD reported visual outcomes. The meta‐analysis demonstrated a significantly decreased in EDSS after TPE treatment for NMOSD with an acute attack with the pooled MD of 0.83 (95% CI, 0.26–1.40; I2 69%) comparing pretreatment to immediate posttreatment and 2.13 (95% CI, 1.55–2.70; I2 31%) comparing pretreatment to posttreatment at 6 months to 1‐year follow‐up. Unfortunately, only one of the four studies evaluating visual outcomes reported standard deviation in association with mean LogMAR; therefore, the meta‐analysis cannot be conducted. Nonetheless, all studies consistently demonstrated the benefit of TPE with improved VA and/or LogMAR after treatment.InterpretationThis systematic review and meta‐analysis showed the benefit of TPE during the NMOSD attack with a significantly improved disability status immediately after treatment and during follow‐up.
Molecular‐Scale Interface Engineering of Metal–Organic Frameworks toward Ion Transport Enables High‐Performance Solid Lithium Metal Battery
Authors: Li Dixiong , Wang Jia , Guo Sijia , Xiao Yingbo , Zeng Qinghan , He Wenchao , Gan Liyong , Zhang Qi , Huang Shaoming 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have drawn considerable interest as solid electrolytes (SEs) by virtue of their talents for rational design as ion channels. The crystal interface plays a significant role in ion transport and is thus of vital importance to the performance of solid batteries, however, interface effects of MOFs in SEs are not yet fully understood, especially at the molecular level, and not engineered as well. In this work, MOFs engineered with diverse molecules (Lewis bases) are designed for an optimized interfaces and the impact of interfaces for ion transport is analyzed by using engineered MOFs as SEs. The results show that the ion conductivity of MOFs decorated with a long chain Lewis base (LCLB) has been greatly improved. The interface resistance of the SEs composed of MOFs with LCLB has decreased markedly. Most importantly, the corresponding Li|SE|LiPO4 solid‐state battery (SSB) shows an improved specific capacity of 47% and longer lifetime at 5 C compared with the SSB without interface engineering. Such results shed new light on the understanding of ion transport at interfaces and suggest the feasibility of interface engineered MOFs as advanced SEs.
Self‐Adaptive Magnetic Photonic Nanochain Cilia Arrays
Authors: Kong Lei , Feng Yizheng , Luo Wei , Mou Fangzhi , Ying Kaili , Pu Yu , You Ming , Fang Kai , Ma Huiru , Guan Jianguo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe development of multifunctional artificial cilia may inspire a new generation of intelligent biomimetic microdevices and microfluidic systems, but remains a great challenge. Here, self‐adaptive magnetic photonic nanochain cilia arrays (SMPNCAs) capable of achieving real‐time and in situ visual microenvironment detection and self‐adaptive fluid pumping are shown. By combining magnetic assembly and UV‐assisted hydrogen bond‐guided template polymerization in printing, SMPNCAs consisting of individual 1D periodic structure of magnetic nanoparticles encapsulated in pH‐responsive hydrogel shells, as an example, are demonstrated to be printed on a glass substrate with defined patterns in one step. The as‐printed SMPNCAs exhibit real‐time adjustable interparticle distance (lattice constant) and total length in response to the reversible volume change of the hydrogel shell with the pH value of the pumped fluids. Consequently, they can sense the surrounding pH variation in real time by in situ displaying different diffracted color, and pump directional flows with self‐adaptive flow velocity under a rotating magnetic field. Benefiting from the integration of the facile, robust printing fabrication, structure‐color‐based fast sensing, and self‐adaptive fluid pumping, the SMPNCAs that are developed here promise a significant advancement in biomimicry and microfluidic systems.
Impact of Tin Fluoride Additive on the Properties of Mixed Tin‐Lead Iodide Perovskite Semiconductors
Authors: Savill Kimberley J. , Ulatowski Aleksander M. , Farrar Michael D. , Johnston Michael B. , Snaith Henry J. , Herz Laura M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMixed tin‐lead halide perovskites are promising low‐bandgap absorbers for all‐perovskite tandem solar cells that offer higher efficiencies than single‐junction devices. A significant barrier to higher performance and stability is the ready oxidation of tin, commonly mitigated by various additives whose impact is still poorly understood for mixed tin‐lead perovskites. Here, the effects of the commonly used SnF2 additive are revealed for FA0.83Cs0.17SnxPb1−xI3 perovskites across the full compositional lead‐tin range and SnF2 percentages of 0.1–20% of precursor tin content. SnF2 addition causes a significant reduction in the background hole density associated with tin vacancies, yielding longer photoluminescence lifetimes, decreased energetic disorder, reduced Burstein–Moss shifts, and higher charge‐carrier mobilities. Such effects are optimized for SnF2 addition of 1%, while for 5% SnF2 and above, additional nonradiative recombination pathways begin to appear. It is further found that the addition of SnF2 reduces a tetragonal distortion in the perovskite structure deriving from the presence of tin vacancies that cause strain, particularly for high tin content. The optical phonon response associated with inorganic lattice vibrations is further explored, exhibiting a shift to higher frequency and significant broadening with increasing tin fraction, in accordance with lower effective atomic metal masses and shorter phonon lifetimes.