bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bedbug Infestation Affects Utilization of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets in Kola Shara, South-West Ethiopia: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Wuletaw Yonas , Massebo Fekadu , Woyessa Adugna , Mohammed Hussein , Wegayehu Teklu 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background: Despite the social and psychological influences posed by bedbugs, so far there is no pest control to aver their public health impacts in Ethiopia. In addition, bedbugs are assumed to compromise the effective utilization of chemical-based malaria vector control like mosquito nets. However, there is a paucity of evidence on the influences of bedbug infestation on long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) utilization in rural settings like Kola Shara, south-west Ethiopia.Methods: A community-based longitudinal study was conducted between April and December 2017 in 330 households who obtained new LLINs. Socio-demographic, geolocation, bedbug infestation of LLINs and utilization status of the households was documented by trained data collectors. Descriptive statistics was employed to describe the findings.Result: Bedbug infestation and the subsequent removal net varied among each round. Although varying from month to month, there was a consistent decline in the number of nets in use. During round one and round two 11.8% (39/330) and 15.4% (51/330) nets were not in place, respectively. Moreover, the number of nets removed during round three increased to 30.6% (101/330) and a slight reduction to 27% (89/330) during round four. Both corrugated iron and thatched tukuls roof types (93.4%, 256/274 versus 92.9%, 52/56) had similar prevalence of bedbug infestation during the baseline survey, April 2017. Prevalence of bedbug infestation was similar for both types of floors, 89.4% (245/274) in mud and (89.1% (50/56) with plastic. The proportion of LLINs infested by bedbugs has shown an increasing trend (81.8%, 270/330; 93.3%, 308/330; 92.1%, 304/330; 94.5%, 312/330) during Rounds 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the role of LLINs infestation by bedbug that not only discouraged its persistent utilization but also discarded too early in less than six months. It is recommendable to design integrated vector control options that address pests of public health significance for a collateral benefit in malaria control. Furthermore, similar studies might emphasize on varying epidemiological settings.
Containing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Belize
Authors: Habet Kyle A. , Habet Diomne , Marin Gliselle 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objective: To demonstrate how Belize, a small country in Central America with limited resources, contained the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19).Methods:Information was gathered from official press releases from the Government of Belize. Statistics were accessed from the Ministry of Health’s website. Additional information was acquired from internet searches on Pubmed and the World Health Organization.Results:Total Cases: 18; Male to female ratio: 1:1; Deaths: 2; Total Tests Done: 1,128; Percentage of positive tests: 1.59%, New cases per day since first case to plateau: 0.812.Conclusion: Early intervention on a national level was key to preventing importation of cases and subsequent community transmission. Limiting the conglomeration of people, curfews, closures of school and universities, government-mandated social distancing, and extensive contact tracing may have mitigated the exponential spread of COVID-19. Mandatory mask-wearing in public may have helped to prevent spread between asymptomatic carriers to susceptible individuals. A low population density may have also contributed to containing the virus.
Central Nervous System Disorders in Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection: detailed clinical work-up of eight cases
Authors: Keller Emanuela , Brandi Giovanna , Winklhofer Sebastian , Imbach Lukas , Kirschenbaum Daniel , Frontzek Karl Joachim , Steiger Peter , Dietler Sabeth Aurelia , Haeberlin Marcellina Isabelle , Willms Jan Folkard , Porta Francesca , Waeckerlin Adrian , Abela Irene Alma , Lutterotti Andreas , Stippich Christoph , Jelcic Ilijas 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Objective Case series with different clinical presentations indicating central nervous system (CNS) involvement in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been published. Comprehensive work-ups including clinical characteristics, laboratory, electroencephalography (EEG), neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings are needed to understand the mechanisms.DesignWe evaluated 32 consecutive patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection treated at a tertiary care centre from March 09 to April 03, 2020 for concomitant severe central nervous system (CNS) symptoms occurring during their critical disease state. Those with CNS disorders were examined in detail regarding clinical characteristics and undergoing additional examinations, e.g. computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), (EEG), (CSF) analysis and autopsy if they had died.ResultsOf 32 critically ill patients with COVID-19 eight (18%) had severe CNS involvement (mean [SD] age, 67.6 [6.8] years; seven men; two patients died). All eight patients had cardiovascular risk factors, most frequently arterial hypertension. Two patients presented with lacunar ischemic stroke and one with status epilepticus in the early phase. As most common presentation, six patients presented with prolonged impaired consciousness after termination of analgosedation. In all but one with delayed wake-up, neuroimaging or autopsy showed multiple cerebral microbleeds, in three of them with additional subarachnoid haemorrhage and in another two with additional small ischemic lesions. In three patients intracranial vessel wall sequence MRI was performed, for the first time to our knowledge. All cases showed contrast-enhancement of vessel walls in large and middle-sized cerebral arteries, suggesting vascular wall pathologies with an inflammatory component. CSF analysis showed normal cells counts and chemistry. RT-PCRs for SARS-CoV-2 in CSF were all negative, and no intrathecal SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG synthesis was detectable.ConclusionsCNS disorders are common in patients with severe COVID-19. Different mechanisms might be involved. Besides unspecific encephalopathy and encephalitic syndromes, large vessel strokes might occur early after disease onset. In a later phase, microbleeds and microinfarctions indicate potential CNS small vessel disease. MRI vessel wall contrast enhancement suggests cerebral vascular wall pathologies with an inflammatory component. CNS disorders associated with COVID-19 may lead to long-term disabilities aggravating socio-economic damage. The mechanisms have to be investigated urgently in order to develop preventive and therapeutic neuroprotective strategies.
Ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 in Iran: challenges and signs of concern with under-reporting of prevalence and deaths
Authors: Ghafari Mahan , Hejazi Bardia , Karshenas Arman , Dascalu Stefan , Ferretti Luca , Ledda Alice , Khosravi Mohammad Ali , Abbasalipour Maryam , Zeinali Sirous , Katzourakis Aris 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Iran was among the first group of countries with a major outbreak of COVID-19 in Asia. With nearly 100 exported cases to various other countries by Feb 25, 2020 it has since been the epicentre of the outbreak in the Middle East. By examining the age- and gender-stratified national data taken from PCR-confirmed cases and deaths related to COVID-19 on Mar 13 (reported by the Iranian ministry of health) and those taken from hospitalised patients in 14 university hospitals across Tehran on Apr 4 (reported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences), we find that the crude case fatality ratio of the two reports in those aged 60 and younger are identical and are almost 10 times higher than those reported from China, Italy, Spain and several other European countries (reported from government or ministry of health websites). Assuming a constant attack rate across all age-groups, we adjust for demography, delay from confirmation to death, and under-ascertainment of cases, to estimate the infection fatality ratio based on the reports from Mar 13. We find that our estimates are aligned with reports from China and the UK for those aged 60 and above [n=4609], but are 2-3 times higher in younger age-groups [n=6756] suggesting that only less than 10% of symptomatic cases were detected across the country at the time. Using inbound travel data (from China to Iran) and matching the dates of the flights with prevalence of cases in China from Jan to Mar 2020, we assess the risk of importation of active cases into the country. Further, using outbound travel data, based on detected cases exported from Iran to several other countries, we estimate the size of the outbreak in the country on Feb 25 and Mar 6 to be 13,700 (95% CI: 7,600 - 33,300) and 60,500 (43,200 - 209,200), respectively. We next estimate the start of the outbreak using 18 whole-genome sequences obtained from cases with a travel history to Iran and the first sequence obtained from inside the country. Finally, we use a mathematical model to predict the evolution of the epidemic and assess its burden on the healthcare system. Our modelling analysis suggests the first peak of the epidemic was on Apr 5 and the next one likely follows within the next 6-10 weeks with approximately 30,000 ICU beds required (IQR: 12K - 60K) and over 1 million active cases (IQR: 740K - 3.7M) during the peak weeks. We caution that relaxed, stringent intervention measures, during a period of highly under-reported spread, would result in misinformed public health decisions and a significant burden on the hospitals in the coming weeks.﻿
Detection limit of viruses in mosquitoes by one-step real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR
Authors: Tang Zhaoyang , Yamada Hanano , Kraupa Carina , Canic Sumejja , Busquets Núria , Talavera Sandra , Jiolle Davy , Vreysen Marc J. B. , Bouyer Jérémy , Abd-Alla Adly 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
BackgroundMosquitoes are the deadliest animals in the world. Their ability to carry and spread diseases to humans causes millions of deaths every year. Due to the lack of efficient vaccines, the control of mosquito-borne diseases often relies on management of the vector. Traditional control methods such as source reduction and chemical insecticides, have proven not to be sufficient to prevent the proliferation and spread of mosquito populations. The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an additional control method that can be combined with other control tactics to suppress specific mosquito populations. The SIT requires the mass-rearing and release of sterile males that would induce sterility in the wild female population. Samples collected from the environment for laboratory colonization, as well as released males, should be free from mosquito-borne viruses (MBV). Therefore, efficient detection methods with defined detection limits for MBV are required. Although a one-step reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) method was developed to detect arboviruses in human and mosquito samples, its detection limit in mosquito samples has yet to be defined. MethodsWe evaluated the detection sensitivity of one step RT-qPCR for targeted arboviruses in large mosquito pools, using pools of non-infected mosquitoes of various sizes (165, 320 and 1600 mosquitoes) containing one infected mosquito body with defined virus titers of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), usutu virus (USUV), West Nile (WNV) virus and Zika virus (ZIKV).ResultsCHIK, USUV, ZIKV, and WNV virus were detected in all tested pools using the RT-qPCR assay. Moreover, in the largest mosquito pools (1600 mosquitoes), RT-qPCR was able to detect the targeted viruses using different total RNA quantities (10, 1, 0.1 ng per reaction) as a template. Correlating the virus titer with the total RNA quantity allowed predicting the maximum number of mosquitoes per pool in which the RT-qPCR can theoretically detect the virus infection. The corresponding equation uses a Ct value of 36 as a cut-off value for virus detection and a virus copy number of 108 for the positive mosquito body. Based on this formula, the detection limits of CHIK, USUV, ZIKV and WNV were 5.08 x 105, 8.74 x 106, 2.33 x 107, and 5.24 x 105, respectively.ConclusionMosquito borne viruses can be reliably detected by RT-qPCR assay in pools of mosquitoes exceeding 1000 specimens. This will represent an important step to expand pathogen-free colonies for mass-rearing sterile males for programmes that have an SIT component.
Removal of hazardous substances in municipal wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Kõrgmaa Vallo , Laht Mailis , Rebane Riin , Lember Erki , Pachel Karin , Kriipsalu Mait , Tenno Taavo , Iital Arvo 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Chemical pollution poses a threat to the aquatic environment and to human health. Wastewater treatment plants are the last defensive line between the aquatic environment and emissions of pollutants. This study focuses on identification of most relevant hazardous substances in Estonian municipal wastewater and their fate in the treatment process. During this study, seasonal wastewater and sewage sludge samples were collected from nine municipal wastewater treatment plants and analyzed for 282 hazardous substances, including EU (n = 45) and Estonian (n = 31) priority substances. Results of this study show that several substances that are subject to international restrictions (e.g. Stockholm Convention) are still present in untreated sewage. Wastewater treatment systems that had a greater level of complexity (TEC &gt;5) were more successful in removing hazardous substances. Statistical analyses showed that removal efficiency of organic hazardous substances had significant (p-value &lt;0.05) linear correlation with removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solids (TSS), but a monotonic relationship with operators' competency. This study showed that operators' competency had a strong influence on the stability of the wastewater treatment efficiency and removal of organic hazardous substances.
Agricultural Wastes For Electricity Generation Using Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Rojas Flores Segundo , Naveda Renny Nazario , Paredes Evelyn Abanto , Orbegoso Jessica Alza , Céspedes Tiffany Cruz , Salvatierra Angie Rodríguez , Rodríguez Milagros Sánchez 
Published: June 2020

Background:Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are promising devices that enable the employment of discarded organic matter, typically gathered around food supply chains, to generate electricity.Aims:In this work, low-cost MFCs in the absence of a proton exchange membrane were fabricated.Methods:They were built on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic tubes with square acrylic sheets at the ends serving as a framework of anode/cathode chambers and using zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) metals as electrodes. Tomatoes, onions, and potatoes were used as substrates in MFCs and monitored for 21 days. Variables of interest such as voltage, current, pH, and volume were measured through a 100 Ω resistor.Results:The voltage measurements for the onion-based cell showed an upward trend that reaches a peak of 1.01 volts on the last day. Moreover, the greatest current generation was observed in onion cells, in which the current gradually increases from 10.2 to 24.7 mA on the last day. On the other hand, in all substrates, pH ranged from 7.5 and 10, which indicates the slightly alkaline behavior of the solutions.Conclusion:A reduction in the volume of the substrate was observed during the voltage generation. Finally, during the last day, MFCs were connected in series which allowed for the successful generation of 2.35 volts, and consequently, illumination of LED light.
KARAKTER TUANG DALAM BUDAYA MASYARAKAT KAMPUNG ADAT CIREUNDEU
Authors: Mu'min U. Abdullah 
Published: June 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap makna tuang bagi masyarakat Cireundeu. Tuang tidak sekedar bahasa simbolik, namum mengandung makna budaya, tradisi, adat istiadat bahkan ritual adat. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan studi literatur. Dihasilkan dari penelitian ini, tuang dimaknai bukan sekedar hajat jasmaniah semata, tapi hakikat-nya sumber kekuatan spiritual dengan singkong sebagai kebutuhan pokok. Istilah teu dahar asal kuat, bermakna filosofis sebagai sumber kekuatan, kehidupan, dan kemandirian bagi masyarakat Cireundeu. This study aims to reveal the meaning of Tuang for the people of Cireundeu. Tuang is not just a symbolic language, but contains the meaning of culture, tradition, customs and even traditional rituals. This study uses a qualitative approach to the case study method. Collecting data through observation, interviews, documentation and literature studies. As a result of this research, pour is interpreted not merely as a physical necessity, but the essence of the source of spiritual strength with cassava as a basic need. The term "teu dahar asal kuat", philosophical meaning as a source of strength, life, and independence for the people of Cireundeu.
STRATEGI PADEPOKAN KARAKTER DALAM MEMPERKUAT KARAKTER BERPIKIR KRITIS PADA WARGA NEGARA MUDA ABAD 21
Authors: Sutiyono Sutiyono , Prasetyo Danang 
Published: June 2020

Universitas Negeri Semarang sebagai lembaga pendidikan tinggi memiliki tanggung jawab menciptakan lulusan yang berkarakter. Inovasi yang dilakukan oleh Universitas Negeri Semarang adalah menciptakan Padepokan Karakter yang merupakan inovasi di bidang pendidikan karakter. Salah satu focus Padepokan Karakter adalah mengembangkan model pembelajaran berbasis nilai untuk menguatkan berpikir kritis mahasiswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi secara kualitatif strategi Padepokan Karakter Universitas Negeri Semarang dengan model pembelajaran berbasis bursa nilai sebagai upaya menguatkan karakter berpikir kritis mahasiswa di abad 21. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode fenomenologi. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Padepokan Karakter Universitas Negeri Semarang. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik dokumentasi, observasi, dan wawancara. Analisis data menggunakan model interaktif dari Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Padepokan Karakter yang dibentuk oleh Universitas Negeri Semarang telah mampu memperkuat karakter mahasiswa, terutama dalam kakakter berpikir kritis. Metode yang dikembangkan dalam Padepokan Karakter tersebut yaitu model pembelajaran berbasis bursa nilai. Hasil penelitian ini mendukung teori tentang berpikir kritis yang mencakup kemampuan menganalisis, mengevaluasi, menilai, dan memecahkan suatu masalah. Kata kunci: strategi Padepokan Karakter, berpikir kritis, warga negara muda. THE STRATEGY OF PADEPOKAN KARAKTER IN STRENGTEN CRITICAL THINKING CHARACTER ON YOUNG CITIZENS IN THE 21ST CENTURY Abstract: Universitas Negeri Semarang as an institution of higher education has the responsibility of creating graduates with noble character. The innovation undertaken by Universitas Negeri Semarang is creating Padepokan Karakter which is an innovation in the field of character education. One focus of Padepokan Karakter is developing value-based learning models to strengthen students’ critical thinking. This study aims to qualitatively identify the strategy of Padepokan Karakter in Universitas Negeri Semarang with a value exchange-based learning model as an effort to strengthen the character of students’ critical thinking in the 21st century. This study uses a qualitative approach with a phenomenological method. This research was conducted at Padepokan Karakter in Universitas Negeri Semarang. Data collection uses documentation, observation, and interview techniques. Data analysis uses interactive models of Miles and Huberman. The results showed that the Padepokan Karakter formed by Universitas Negeri Semarang has been able to strengthen the character of students, especially in critical thinking. The method developed in the Padepokan Karakter is a value-based learning model. The results of this study support the theory of critical thinking that includes the ability to analyze, evaluate, assess, and solve a problem. Keywords: strategy of Padepokan Karakter, critical thinking, young citizens
Landscape of Participant-Centric Initiatives for Medical Research in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan: Scoping Review
Authors: Hamakawa Nao , Nakano Rumiko , Kogetsu Atsushi , Coathup Victoria , Kaye Jane , Yamamoto Beverley Anne , Kato Kazuto 
Published: June 2020

Background
Information and communication technology (ICT) has made remarkable progress in recent years and is being increasingly applied to medical research. This technology has the potential to facilitate the active involvement of research participants. Digital platforms that enable participants to be involved in the research process are called participant-centric initiatives (PCIs). Several PCIs have been reported in the literature, but no scoping reviews have been carried out. Moreover, detailed methods and features to aid in developing a clear definition of PCIs have not been sufficiently elucidated to date.

Objective
The objective of this scoping review is to describe the recent trends in, and features of, PCIs across the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan.

Methods
We applied a methodology suggested by Levac et al to conduct this scoping review. We searched electronic databases—MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online), Embase (Excerpta Medica Database), CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature), PsycINFO, and Ichushi-Web—and sources of grey literature, as well as internet search engines—Google and Bing. We hand-searched through key journals and reference lists of the relevant articles. Medical research using ICT was eligible for inclusion if there was a description of the active involvement of the participants.

Results
Ultimately, 21 PCIs were identified that have implemented practical methods and modes of various communication activities, such as patient forums and use of social media, in the field of medical research. Various methods of decision making that enable participants to become involved in setting the agenda were also evident.

Conclusions
This scoping review is the first study to analyze the detailed features of PCIs and how they are being implemented. By clarifying the modes and methods of various forms of communication and decision making with patients, this review contributes to a better understanding of patient-centric involvement, which can be facilitated by PCIs.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
RR2-10.2196/resprot.7407