bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mining Nanopore Big Data to Reveal the Single Molecule Heterogeneity
Authors: Ying Yi-Lun , Li Xin-Yi , Long Yi-Tao 
Published: May 2020

The recent development of nanopore techniques pushes the envelope in precision and complexity to maximize the information content. However, uncovering the interaction and kinetics of single molecules acquires statistical datasets by thousands of single molecule information. 1-2 The challenge still exists from effectively grouping the time-dependent ionic current trace into subpopulations. In this study, we applied the modified Hidden Markov Model to identify the ionic blockage merging inside current noise, which increase the temporal resolution and current resolution for nanopore techniques.3-4 Then, we traced the multi-level current variations inside a blockade event by using Markov Chain Model, which reveals the dynamic kinetics for the conversion of multi-intermediates.5 Since the ions migrate at different frequency inside nanopore, it acts as the smallest sensor to perceive and feedback the non-covalent interaction into the of ionic current frequency. We further employed Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) to uncover these varied ionic frequencies which buried in the noise of the ionic current traces.6 The HHT-based frequency analysis arises a two-dimension signal from time domain (time and current) into a three-dimension spectrum of energy-frequency-time distribution. The frequency-energy spectrum represents the fingerprint spectra for the characterization of non-covalent interaction due to the interaction between residues inside nanopore and the analyte. The very beginning frequency analysis let us mine more information from the data, which could help to unravel different hierarchical pathways and enables to discovery the subpopulations and hidden kinetic during the dynamic motion of single molecules.
REFERENCES
1. Yi-Lun Ying, and Yi-Tao Long; Nanopore-Based Single-Biomolecule Interfaces: From Information to Knowledge. J. Am Chem. Soc. 2019, 10.1021/jacs.8b11970.
2. R.-J. Yu, Y.-L. Ying, R. Gao, Y.-T. Long, Confined Nanopipette Sensing: From Single Molecules, Single Nanoparticles to Single Cells, Angew. Chem. Inter. Ed., 2019, 10.1002/anie.201803229.
3. J. Zhang, X. Liu, Y.-L. Ying, Z. Gu, F.-N. Meng, Y.-T. Long, High-bandwidth nanopore data analysis by using a modified hidden Markov model, Nanoscale, 2018, 3458-3465.
4. J. Zhang, X. Liu, Z. Hu, Y.-L. Ying, Y.-T. Long, Intelligent identification of multi-level nanopore signatures for accurate detection of cancer biomarkers, Chem. Commun., 2017, 10176-10179.
5. Y.-L. Ying, S. Liu, X. Shi, W. Li, Y. Wan, Y.-T. Long, The Hidden Transition Paths During the Unfolding of Individual Peptides with a Confined Nanopore. 2018, ChemRxiv. https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.6394925.v1
6. S. Liu, M. Li, M. Li, Y. Wang, Y.-L. Ying, Y.-J. Wan, Y.-T. Long, Measuring a Frequency Spectrum for the Single-Molecule Interactions with A Confined Nanopore, Faraday Discuss., 2018, 210, 97-99.

Figure 1
Implantable Smart Stent with Nanomembrane Soft Sensors for Wireless Monitoring of Hemodynamics
Authors: Herbert Robert , Lim Hyo-Ryoung , Yeo Woon-Hong 
Published: May 2020

Cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension and atherosclerosis, account for over 30% of deaths worldwide. To diagnose and monitor these diseases, hemodynamic parameters, such as pressures, flow rates, and flow resistances, are measured. Current measurement techniques include expensive imaging processes and repetitive invasive catheterizations. These methods provide a narrow view of hemodynamics that may fail to capture significant abnormalities and may be inaccurate due to patient discomfort. Continuous monitoring would offer distinct advantages for clinical and research applications. However, implantable hemodynamic sensors are lacking due to stringent mechanical and electrical requirements. Wireless communication through tissue is required for noninvasive monitoring, but narrow blood vessels (<5 mm-diameter) with tortuous geometries prevent the use of conventional rigid electronic components. Additionally, implantable vascular sensors should be compatible with conventional catheter deployment procedures, which require mechanical stability under crimping, sheath introduction, and expansion. The only commercially available implantable sensor is a bulky, rigid package restricted for blood pressure monitoring in larger vessels. Existing research works are severely limited by short wireless communication distances and fragile designs.
Here, we introduce a low-profile, wireless biosensor system comprised of an inductive medical stent and capacitive pressure sensor. The smart stent is designed and fabricated to maximize inductance to achieve functional readout distances, while maintaining its medical purpose. Analytical and experimental study optimizes the stent design for wireless communication via inductive coupling. The low-profile capacitive sensor is fabricated via aerosol jet printing, an additive manufacturing process. The sensor employs a microstructured PDMS layer as the dielectric of a highly flexible parallel-plate structure to achieve high pressure sensitivity (6 fF/mmHg). Experimental study optimizes the printed PDMS structures to maximize sensitivity. The capacitive sensor is integrated with the inductive stent to form an LC circuit with a resonant frequency dependent on pressure. The device is experimentally proven to be readily expandable by balloon catheter to allow for compatibility with existing catheter and stent placement procedures. The low-profile biosensor system is also shown to minimize disruption to normal hemodynamics compared to available commercial devices. Quantitative analysis of transient sensor signals identifies resonant frequency to allow for wireless monitoring of hemodynamics. Sensor functionality is displayed in mock blood vessels with pulsatile flow, which will enable continuous, wireless monitoring of hemodynamics throughout the vascular system.

Figure 1
Exosomal Biomarkers-Based Biosensors for the Noninvasive Early Cancer Detection
Authors: Stobiecka Magdalena , Ratajczak Katarzyna , Jakiela Slawomir 
Published: May 2020

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles released from cells, which contain in their membranes many ligands/receptors and membrane proteins, such as tetraspanins or major histocompatibility complex (MHC), that characterize the cell of origin. They can also carry various biomarkers depending on the type and state of the originating cell (proteins, mRNA, miRNA).
Recently, it has been found, that the serum-derived exosomes from patients with malignant gliomas contain survivin protein (Sur) on their surface [1]. Survivin is the smallest member of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) family. It is strongly expressed in embryos and malignant tumors but very weakly in the normal cells. Due to its active role in tumor growth and metastasis, Sur became a prime cancer biomarker [2].
It was also found by Li at al. [3] that the exosomal programmed cell death ligand 1 (Exo-PD-L1) level was correlated with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) disease progression. The programmed cell-death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immuno-suppressive molecule commonly upregulated on the surface of tumor cells.
In this work, we have investigated the interactions of proteins expressed on the surface of exosomes with the anti-CD274 and anti-survivin antibodies immobilized on a gold piezoelectrode using the electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance (EQCN) technique.
The biosensors developed in this work have enabled gaining further insides into the peculiar nature of the exosomes and their great potential for enhancing clinical diagnostics and therapy by identifying cancer biomarkers for early cancer detection without any invasive biopsies.
We would like to thank for financial support from the National Science Centre (NCN), Poland: Program OPUS Grant No. 2017/25/B/ST4/01362.
References:
[1] P.M. Galbo Jr., M.J. Ciesielski, S. Figel, O. Maguire, J. Qiu, L. Wiltsie, H. Minderman, R.A. Fenstermaker, 2017, Oncotarget, 8, 114722–114735.
[2] M. Stobiecka, K. Ratajczak, S. Jakiela, 2019, Biosens. Bioelectron., 137, 58–71.
[3] C. Li, C. Li, C. Zhi, W. Liang, X. Wang, X. Chen, T. Lv, Q. Shen,Y. Song, D. Lin, H. Liu, 2019, J. Transl. Med., 17, 355.
(Invited) Passive Eccrine Sweat Analysis Technologies; A New Paradigm in Sweat Analytics
Authors: Prasad Shalini , Muthukumar Sriram 
Published: May 2020

Wearable electronic monitors hold great promise in helping people to reach their health goals. These increasingly sophisticated devices help the wearers improve their wellness by constantly monitoring their activities and bodily responses. While consumer wearables that are non–sweat based have been useful for monitoring body vital parameters. However, solutions leveraging human sweat are still in the early stages of development. Wearable devices hold the potential to transform some industries most importantly the health care industry.
Wearable sweat based diagnostic biosensors for the detection and monitoring of analytes in transdermal sweat present an intriguing pathway toward improving user health outcomes in an inexpensive and noninvasive manner. Transdermal biosensors have become a more viable option in recent years, due in large part to the miniaturization of conventional sensing mechanisms. Current minimally invasive strategies demonstrate encouraging results in the monitoring of select biomarkers in peripheral blood and interstitial fluid, but these devices are still minimally invasive as they puncture the skin. Current transdermal sweat biosensors require relatively large volumes in a localized region and count on chemically-induced sweating to attain sufficient sample volume. Thus, there exists a challenge in designing wearable sweat-based sensors that can report and quantify biomarkers of interest from low volumes of human sweat in a completely non-invasive yet still cost-effective manner.
In this talk I will present some non-invasive sweat sensing technologies that detect and quantify biomarkers in human sweat.
(Invited) Wearable Electrochemical Sensors for Noninvasive Monitoring of Health
Authors: Liu Hong 
Published: May 2020

Wearable electronic devices equipped with physical sensors that can monitor physical activity and vital signs have been commercially available for years. The last several years have witnessed a trend to integrate sensors for electrochemical analysis onto wearable devices that can at the molecular level provide insight into the state of human health for applications such as early diagnostics. Sensors for perspiration glucose monitoring has attracted much attention and has been reported by several researchers owing to the growing worldwide problem of diabetes. We have reported a nonenzymatic wearable sensor for electrochemical perspiration glucose analysis. Multipotential steps are applied on a Au electrode, including a high negative potential step for pretreatment of the sample which produces a localized alkaline condition on the electrode surface, a moderate potential for glucose detection under the alkaline condition, and a positive potential to clean the electrode surface. Fluorocarbon-based materials are coated on the Au electrode for improving the selectivity and robustness of the sensor. A fully integrated wristband is developed for real-time monitoring of perspiration glucose, and uploading the test results to a smartphone app via Bluetooth, as shown in Figure 1. The analytical results are also compared with that obtained using a HPLC-MS.
1. Xiaofei Zhu, Shuai Yuan, Yinhui Ju, Jun Yang, Chao Zhao*, Hong Liu* Water Splitting-Assisted Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glucose with a Metal Organic Framework for Wearable Nonenzymatic Perspiration Sensing. Anal. Chem., DOI:10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02328.
2. Jian Chen, Xiaofei Zhu, Yinhui Ju, Biao Ma, Chao Zhao,* Hong Liu, * Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Glucose on Bronze for Monitoring of Saliva Glucose Using a Smart Toothbrush. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2019, 285, 56-61.
3. Xiaofei Zhu, Yinhui Ju, Jian Chen, Deye Liu, and Hong Liu,* Nonenzymatic Wearable Sensor for Electrochemical Analysis of Perspiration Glucose. ACS Sensors 2018, 2018, 3, 1135–1141.
Multi-Arches Structured All-Carbon Aerogels with Super Elasticity and High Fatigue Resistance As Sensitive Wearable Sensors
Authors: Huang Jiankun , Zeng Jingbin , Yan Zifeng 
Published: May 2020

Lightweight, conductive and flexible all-carbon aerogels are promising candidates for piezoresistive sensors. Although there are several techniques developed to produce aerogels, the required flexibility and ductility of all-carbon aerogels are yet to be satisfied due to the structure-derived fatigue failure and energy loss. Herein, we present a two-stage solvothermal freeze-casting approach to fabricate multi-arch structured all-carbon aerogel. Our results and calculations reveal that such a multi-arch shaping is enabled by the solvothermal reduction of graphene oxide and unidirectional “bottom-up” ice-crystal growth. Systematic investigations on stress-strain performances indicate that the multi-arch all-carbon aerogel produces anisotropic fatigue-resistive behaviour in both axial and radial directions under 80% strain and exhibits lower mechanical energy loss coefficient (0.03) in the radial direction. Further ball-falling test indicates that the aerogel can rebound the ball (1400 times heavier than the aerogel) in 0.13 s with a fast recovery speed (720 mm s-1). The remarkable mechanical ductility and conductivity endow the aerogel with high-performance piezoresistivities, such as a wide sensing pressure range (1.43~13.56 kPa), tunable linear sensitivity (9.13~7.29 kPa-1) and incremental gauge factor (38~118). The aerogel is processed as a wearable pressure sensor, which can measure tiny pulses and sound vibrations of an adult. The results reveal that it has high sensitivity with fast response (96 ms) and low power consumption (4 mW), demonstrating its potential practicability in monitoring human healthy activity and distinguishing sounds.
Reference
[1] J.Huang, Z.Yan, Adsorption Mechanism of Oil by Resilient Graphene Aerogels from Oil–Water Emulsion.
Langmuir
, 2018, 34(5): 1890-1898.
[2] J. Huang, H. Wang, B. Liang, Etim. J, Y. Liu, Y. Li, Z. Yan, Oriented freeze-casting fabrication of resilient copper nanowire-based aerogel as robust piezoresistive sensor.
Chemical Engineering Journal
, 2019, 364, 28-36.
[3] J. Huang, J. Zeng, B. Liang, Z. Yan, Multi-arches Structured All-carbon Aerogels with Super Elasticity and High Fatigue Resistance as Sensitive Wearable Sensors.
ACS Applied Material& Interface
, Under revision

Figure 1
(Invited) Eight Channel Microphysiometry Using a Lab on a Chip Microclinical Analyzer
Authors: Miller Dusty R. , Melow Sara Lynn , Cliffel David E. 
Published: May 2020

We have built a multianalyte microphysiometer that detects multiple analytes involved in the cellular bioenergetics simultaneously. Monitoring the uptake of glucose and oxygen, and the production of lactate and acid gives a more complete picture of the metabolic processes within the cell than just acidification microphysiometry alone. Metabolic processes such as glycolysis, mitochondrial ATP generation, and glycogenesis are all directly related to the flux of these analytes. Temporal resolution of metabolic responses is much faster than conventional well-plate studies, leading to dynamic metabolic data. Electrochemical sensors are easily adapted into microfluidic formats for microphysiology readouts.
Our newest instrumental designs include a complete overhaul of the microfluidic chambers, screen printed electrodes, and microfluidic pumps, valves, and drivers that will enable easy adoption of this methodology in the development of 3D cell and tissue studies using 8 separate electrochemical measurements at a time. In the first design, 8 separate amperometric sensors are developed using a screen printed electrode with isolated microfluidic channels. In the second design, 4 amperometric sensors are combined with 4 potentiometric sensors using the newly created CH1440 created by CH Instruments. The adaption of this technology to instrumenting organs-on-a-chip is currently underway.
Wearable Electrochemical Sensors for Rapid and on-Site Chemical Threat Assessment
Authors: Hubble Lee John , Wang Joseph 
Published: May 2020

First responders, such as law enforcement officers or emergency medical personnel, are often faced with making critical decisions for scene management before knowing the root cause of the incident. Unfortunately, the threat of chemical and biological terror acts remains a growing global concern and when such events occur the timing of chemical and biological information is critical. Therefore, it is imperative that advances be made in bringing rapid chemical analysis directly into the field.
Wearable electrochemical sensors are well placed to fill this technology gap to advance real-time chemical analytics at the point-of-need. The seamless integration of chemical sensors and biosensors within wearable platforms brings the power of laboratory-based chemical analyses directly to the wearer’s body [1]. While the majority of these wearable sensor systems have focused on healthcare and fitness applications, there are growing demands for developing wearable sensor platforms for rapid and on-site chemical threat assessment for a diverse range of forensic, security and defence applications.
To this effect, this presentation will detail recent progress in glove-based wearable electrochemical sensors, where electrochemical sensing modalities are coupled to dexterous and tactile sampling strategies to provide critical chemical information where needed the most [2]. In particular, there will be a focus on the integration of enzymatic biosensors for the detection of organophosphorus chemical threats [3], through to the development of an electrochemical assay for the synthetic opioid fentanyl [4] and subsequent translation to a glove-based wearable platform [5]. Challenges and future prospects for glove-based wearable electrochemical sensors will be discussed in relation to on-site chemical threat assessment applications.

References

[1] Kim, J., Jeerapan, I., Sempionatto, J.R., Barfidokht, A., Mishra, R.K., Campbell, A.S., Hubble, L.J., Wang, J., Wearable bioelectronics: Enzyme-based body-worn electronic devices, Accounts of Chemical Research, 51 (2018) 2820-2828.
[2] Hubble, L.J., Wang, J., Sensing at your fingertips: Glove-based wearable chemical sensors, Electroanalysis, 31 (2019) 428-436.
[3] Mishra, R.K., Hubble, L.J., Martin, A., Kumar, R., Barfidokht, A., Kim, J., Musameh, M.M., Kyratzis, I.L., Wang, J., Wearable flexible and stretchable glove biosensor for on-site detection of organophosphorus chemical threats, ACS Sensors, 2 (2017) 553-561.
[4] Goodchild, S.A., Hubble, L.J., Mishra, R.K., Li, Z., Goud, K.Y., Barfidokht, A., Shah, R., Bagot, K.S., McIntosh, A.J.S., Wang, J., Ionic liquid-modified disposable electrochemical sensor strip for analysis of fentanyl, Analytical Chemistry, 91 (2019) 3747-3753.
[5] Barfidokht, A., Mishra, R.K., Seenivasan, R., Liu, S., Hubble, L.J., Wang, J., Hall, D.A., Wearable electrochemical glove-based sensor for rapid and on-site detection of fentanyl, Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, 296 (2019) 126422.
(Plenary) From Gene to Device: The Route to Diagnostics in Low Resource Countries
Authors: Hall Elizabeth A. H. , Henderson Cassi , Seevaratnam Dushanth , Pumford Elizabeth , Daly Ronan 
Published: May 2020

Infectious diseases remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the low income countries. Patients present with fever, which is difficult to diagnose without specialist laboratory tests. This results in presumptive diagnosis and treatment, which may be incorrect. Without tools to identify infection, antibiotic administration is an attractive generic treatment. The situation is similar for non-communicable diseases. Thus, instead of having accurate diagnosis, patients are more often managed based on probability and clinical judgment. The healthcare economics therefore make antibiotic administration an attractive generic treatment, but now antibiotic resistance is so serious that in some regions half the patients with pneumonia do not respond to the first-line antibiotics. There have been numerous attempts to propose low cost diagnostics for LMICs, but when they are produced in high income countries they remain at high cost when taken in the local context. The required biological reagents for a diagnostic is often be the largest proportion of its total cost (eg >80% in the Philippines for a polymerase in a nucleic acid test, and similar price to US/ Europe, despite the average household income being 80-90% lower). We have revisited the ‘unaffordable’ diagnostics and created a novel design that can be manufactured locally, with only basic infrastructure. We have used synthetic biology to design a protein fusion for nucleic acid amplification, that incorporates locally resourced materials and is targeted to easy local production in resource poor areas.
By taking a ‘gene to diagnostic’ approach, a rational design will be discussed for a diagnostic platform that uses a multifunctional fusion enzyme for point-of-care diagnostics. The platform is demonstrated in nucleic acid tests for leptospirosis, dengue and malaria and a device for sarcosine determination in urine presented (as a marker of early-stage prostate cancer). We have the first step towards providing low cost diagnostics in resource poor areas, which could deliver a sustained improvement in healthcare, while also developing the local economy.
(Invited) Role of Surface p-n Heterojunctions in the Gas Sensing with Smox Based Devices - Operando Studies Insights
Authors: Barsan Nicolae 
Published: May 2020

Resistive gas sensors based on semiconducting metal oxides (SMOX), such as SnO2, WO3 and In2O3, are widely applied for the detection of flammable or toxic gases such as hydrogen, methane or carbon monoxide. Because of their good sensitivity and stability, simplicity of use, low power consumption, ease of integration and low cost they are also obvious candidates to provide the IoT with the sense of smell. In their pristine form they have, however, inherent disadvantages such as strong interference with water vapour and poor stability. To overcome them, the semiconducting oxides are loaded with catalytically active metals, such as Pd, Pt, Rh or Au; this procedure is often referred to as doping. The understanding of the way in which these additives are impacting the sensor performance is crucial for the further improvement. The models that are generally used were established more than 25 years ago and are not in line with the wealth of new information acquired by applying the newest investigation approaches.
This contribution discusses the different chemical and electrical sensitization mechanisms of noble metal additives by examining their impact on the reception and transduction functions of the gas sensors. Based on state-of-the-art experimental findings, it revises and updates the concepts that are used to explain the mechanisms through which the additives influence the performance of typical gas sensing materials, i.e., oxide nanoparticles arranged in a porous layer. It will explain the differences between doping and loading and the importance of the accurate determination of their chemical state. It will also show how the chemical and electrical contributions to the sensitization are mutually influencing each other and the complex way in which they impact the sensing properties. It will also demonstrate that the understanding of the complex role of additives provides the basis for a knowledge-based design of gas sensors based on semiconducting metal oxide nanoparticles.
Experimental results obtained with the help of various operando investigation techniques will be presented and interpreted with the help of novel mechanistic concepts for the exemplary cases of SnO2:Au,Pt and WO3: Rh, Pd, Pt..