bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remade
Authors: Calè Luisa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Extra-illustration remakes a book through a series of interventions that modify its bibliographic form. The smallest of these involves pasting materials in the margin, but often the book’s gatherings are disbound, the pages mounted on larger sheets, and additional sheets are interleaved to accommodate materials such as prints, watercolors, and manuscript pages. As the book’s format and size are altered from octavo to folio, from one to many volumes, its new partitions rearticulate its units of perception, the rhythm, and hand-eye coordination that mark the act of reading. The extra-illustrated book is a composite of objects and interventions from different periods. This chapter considers the extra-illustration of Shakespeare. When and why is a book remade? What happens to the book as a medium? Is it an updated, backdated, embellished support for reading or viewing, or does it become something else? At what point does the book stop being a book?
How The Bookworm Got its Glasses, or a Natural History of Bookishness
Authors: Favret Mary A. , Ross Sarah 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Robert Hooke’s Micrographia (1665) presented an engraving of a bookworm, a creature who devoured books and already figured the avid reader. The image launches a history of efforts to render visible—empirically verifiable—the bookworm. Repeatedly, the effort fails: Hooke is not the last to claim that he captured the critter, nor the last to mistake what he finds (his is a silverfish). Traces of devoured books appeared in every library, but what did devouring books look like? Unlike the scholastics before them, natural history’s proponents understood themselves as learning directly from nature, reading the bookworm as the sign of everything wrong about bookishness. Yet for centuries, empirical science could not nail down what (or if) a bookworm was, nor how it performed its work. Natural history thus shows itself as a sort of fable, creating the bookworm who destroys—and creates—the art of reading.
Book Microbiomes
Authors: Calhoun Joshua 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter posits the value of learning to read and interpret non-textual and even nonhuman markings—what we might call eco-annotations—on the pages of the aging books we investigate. Manuscript annotations in a book can reveal patterns of readerly use and interaction; similarly, biomatter on the pages of our books allow us to see unexpected patterns and gain new insights into book production, transmission, storage, and deterioration. My case-study here is foxing, the rust-colored blotches that stain the pages of books. After considering the ways book lovers, librarians, and scientists have attempted to make sense of foxing, I suggest a few approaches one might use to read and revalue biomatter in books as biodata: legible, living records that can reveal new insights about the history of books and about the ecosystems in which they are made, preserved, and eventually cease to be.
Ordinatio
Authors: Kraebel Andrew 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBeginning especially in the twelfth century, developments in the presentation of texts in medieval manuscripts became increasingly bound up with understandings of textual forms, the structures inherent in texts. Scribes sought ways to express ideas of what was called a text’s ordinatio (or the forma tractatus) visually, in their approaches to copying and their organization of the page, and—especially insofar as scholastic literature increasingly favored ever greater subdivisions of texts—emphasis was placed on distinguishing and quickly locating these smaller textual pieces. After reviewing earlier scholarship on these intersecting issues of intellectual and material history, this essay extends this work in two ways: first, by exploring the overlapping contributions of scribes and authors to the visual presentation of their texts, and, second, by tracking “ordinational” impulses beyond single texts, to the organization of whole books, multiple volumes, and entire libraries.
Books on the Loose
Authors: McGill Meredith L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
While much of book history addresses itself to bound books or assumes that publishing a book is an author’s ultimate goal, an enormous amount of literature and para-literary writing circulated in ephemeral formats, in cheaply produced and loosely bound pamphlets that were addressed to particular audiences as well as to an anonymous print public sphere. The provisionality of pamphlets—broadcast in the cheapness of their production, the informality of their means of circulation, the looseness of their binding, and their capacity to be bound up by readers and collectors in varying groupings and orders—is crucial to understanding how print helped constitute and extend voluntary associations of all kinds. This essay addresses the difficulty pamphlets have posed for those who collect and preserve them and brings together two senses of the word gathering: the arrangement of folded sheets prior to binding, and a public assembly or meeting.
Anti-Discrimination Rules and Religious Minorities in the Workplace
Authors: Alidadi Katayoun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHuman rights and anti-discrimination law address social inequalities faced by religious minorities in today’s societies, including their discrimination in the workplace. Legal rules are necessarily abstract, separated from current realities of vulnerable minorities. Abstract rules do not speak for themselves (what does the prohibition of ‘indirect discrimination’ really mean?), but require interpretation, and since much is at stake they become the subject of continuous contestations over meanings. Judicial decisions mediate between the abstract and the concrete, and create ‘semi-abstract’ norms; decisions interpret and apply the abstract norms in the law on the books, but are in turn themselves the subject of (re)interpretation in the legal, social, and political realm. Thus, the specific and serendipitous facts and circumstances of particular workplace disputes provide the material for constructing meaningful understandings of legal norms. These interpretations are not neutral, but are, rather, products of judicial policy.To illustrate the importance of taking stock of judicial decisions and their role in moving abstract legal norms towards the ‘shop floor of social life’, this chapter uses as case studies two European anti-discrimination cases – Achbita and Bougnaoui (2017) – involving female Muslim employees seeking to wear a headscarf in the workplace. A holistic law and society viewpoint should engage deeply with judicial decisions that interpret and apply abstract anti-discrimination norms. Developments in case law thus merit not only the close attention of legal scholars but of legal anthropologists as well, as the latter are interested in the percolation of enacted norms on the ground.
Law, Science, and Technologies
Authors: Turner Bertram , Wiber Melanie G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractOver the past twenty years, scholars in both anthropology and law (L) have found the approaches and concepts in Science and Technology Studies (STS) useful to understand techno-scientific transformations of the world. Legal scholars recognized that new scientific discoveries and technology interfered in the processes of routinization of social practices, creating new norms and influencing law. In the legal approach to STS, however, the focus has been on the law of the state and/or law deriving from the production of global governance institutions. Meanwhile, the encounter between anthropology and law has always had to take into consideration normatively effective mechanisms of social ordering that were not conventionally identified as law. Thus, the adoption of an STS perspective in legal anthropology was more open to exploring the normative power invested in other domains, such as the built environment, technologies, and inventories of knowledge and convictions such as religion. While L and STS are viewed as mutually constitutive of modernity, anthropological studies of legal pluralism (LP) have focused in recent years on multiple normative orders generated by world-making initiatives, including the normative power of technology under the influence of neoliberalism. In this contribution, then, we bring together law, science and technology studies, and legal pluralism to explore how normative orders are affected by materiality, technology, and scientific knowledge. In discussing the intersection of these three knowledge regimes, we find particularly useful concepts coming out of Actor Network Theory such as co-production, translation, boundary objects, and infrastructure.
It’s Not (Only) the International New Venture But (Also) the Micromultinational, Daftie!
Authors: Dimitratos Pavlos 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter advances the argument that, together with the international new venture (INV; or, born global (BG) firm), the unit of analysis in international business (IB) strategy should also be the micromultinational enterprise (mMNE). Based on the IB strategy and international entrepreneurship (IE) literatures, the chapter posits that the mMNE is a salient international entrepreneurial firm that has been neglected from most empirical work. The argument is built on an IE literature search and subsequent conceptualization around the dimensions of international entrepreneurial orientation (IEO). It is posited that risk attitude manifested in hefty resource mode commitments (contractual joint ventures and wholly owned subsidiaries) forms a key entrepreneurial dimension that should be a major focus of empirical analysis beyond innovativeness and proactiveness. The main contribution of this chapter is that it delineates the dimensions and manifestations of IEO and advances research in this area. The aim is to persuade the reader that the mMNE should be a focal firm of interest in the IB strategy and entrepreneurship arenas.
Internationalization of Emerging-Market Multinationals
Authors: Cuervo-Cazurra Alvaro , Rodríguez Alicia , Un C. Annique 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the internationalization of emerging-market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) to clarify past contributions and outline suggestions for future research. We critically review the novelty of the phenomenon associated with the foreign expansion of firms from emerging markets, the new theoretical concepts introduced from analyzing these firms, and the new explanations related to their internationalization. We propose that future research can advance our understanding of these firms by studying how the underdevelopment of the home country’s economy and institutions influences firm internationalization. We specifically discuss four areas that can yield promising insights for internationalization research: frugal innovation, contractual innovation, upgrading escape, and institutional escape.
Looking back to move Forward
Authors: Sousa Carlos M. P. , Tan Qun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
By now, it is known that multinational enterprises (MNEs) make important decisions associated with entering international markets for the first time, dealing with competitors in their host markets via their international subsidiaries, exploiting firm-specific resources while acquiring new ones in order to organize their global value chains most effectively. However, firms also divest their operations and exit foreign market operations. The stigma associated with divesting from international markets previously entered may cause managerial decision makers to become more risk-averse, or to be removed from their current positions and replaced with other, more internationally experienced managers. The chapter discusses the antecedents and outcomes associated with the decision to divest international operations. It is proposed that a more comprehensive understanding of the divestment process can be achieved by understanding organizational and individual behavior through the lens of attribution theory.
Sustainability Strategies
Authors: Orsato Renato J. , Barakat Simone R. , de Campos José Guilherme F. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Sustainability strategies are choices available to managers to align environmental and social investments with the general strategy of the multinational enterprise (MNE). Opportunities to profit from sustainability strategies are available to MNEs of different sizes, in different sectors and stages of the internationalization process. Return on social and environmental investments depends on internal and external circumstances, which can either facilitate or hinder potential opportunities. This chapter discusses sustainability strategies that MNEs implement in both home countries and foreign host markets. Such strategies are based on the analysis of internal capabilities and of the external environment. More than complying with regulations or responding to stakeholder pressures, firms may proactively develop eco-efficiency strategies that reduce costs and environmental impacts, differentiate products and services based on ecological prerogatives, or develop new value propositions through innovative business models and market development. The chapter proposes a set of future research opportunities sitting at the interface between sustainability strategies and the international business decisions of the MNE.
International New Ventures
Authors: Ebeigbe Isibor Jerry , Rose Elizabeth L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
There is growing research interest in firms that engage in international business (IB) very early in their histories. We consider these international new ventures (INVs) as research-worthy entities in their own right, and as providing extreme examples of internationalization that have the potential to yield deeper insights into the IB strategies of a much broader collection of firms, including the traditional multinational enterprise (MNE). In this chapter, we review the development of the literature on INVs, discuss how INV research can inform our understanding of IB strategy more generally, and suggest areas in which research into INVs can be developed and enhanced.
The Nineteenth Century
Authors: Dorschel Andreas 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Music seems to touch human beings more immediately than any other art form; yet it can be an elaborate medium steeped in complex thought. The paradox of this “immediate medium” was pursued in nineteenth-century philosophy’s significant encounters with music. Giacomo Leopardi (1798–1837) addressed music’s immediacy through sound, suggesting that if music is a sonic bodily practice, sensualism is an adequate philosophy of listening. Søren Kierkegaard (1813–55) dismantled that recommendation, paving the way to account for the intellectual dimensions of music, including the key issue of its temporality. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) moved from considering psychological time to historical time: music creates meaning by absorbing the complementary elements of word and gesture over time. Of course, intriguing philosophies of music may not be all there is to the nineteenth century. Did music in that era acquire a capacity to articulate philosophical insight, as some have said? That argument is still open.
Deconstruction
Authors: Waltham-Smith Naomi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This essay explores the complex, yet intimate relation between music and philosophy, arguing that this opposition has always already gone into deconstruction. If the tradition of Western philosophy from Plato to contemporary Continental thought has founded itself through the exclusion of music as its other, this essay explores how philosophy might let music be in its singularity without appropriating it and reducing it to the order of the concept. It focuses in particular on the approaches to music and listening found in the thought of Jacques Derrida, Jean-Luc Nancy, and Giorgio Agamben, locating music at the thresholds between sound and sense and between sensation and signification.
Historical Musicology and Philosophy
Authors: Johnson Julian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins from the failure of both musicology and philosophy to grasp the aesthetic experience afforded by music. It argues instead for an approach that explores the gap between the sensuous particularity of musical thought and the kinds of language brought to it. This hinges on recognising that key terms are not absolute but historically constructed – issues of musical beauty, taste, expression, representation, meaning, ontology – and that the aesthetic experience of music resists the generality of conceptual language. It proposes four key issues for rethinking the relation of music and philosophy: (1) the persistence of the aesthetic (what is not reducible in music to either history or philosophy); (2) the restoration of the body (music as an embodied practice that resists being the object of language); (3) the particularity of listening; (4) the challenge of contemporary music to ahistorical ‘normative’ ideas about music.
Posthumanism
Authors: Tomlinson Gary 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Several distinct strains of posthumanist discourse have pointed beyond twentieth-century humanisms, but their project of alienating the human in a transhuman or transspecies commons remains elusive. Human music can aid in this project, if we gauge it against nonhuman communicative means that we habitually describe as “music” or “song.” All these behaviours are semiotic in nature, their human and nonhuman forms at once related and distinct by virtue of the supernormal animal capacities they marshal. To understand their relations requires the operation of deep-historical abstract machines or modes of virtuality that formed them and shaped the distinctive turn marking the late stages of hominin evolution. Evolutionary musical studies can describe the emergence of human music from this semiotic evolution, distancing music from both nonhuman song and human symbolism and language in features such as discrete pitch perception and rhythmic entrainment. Together these efforts build a prehuman scaffold for posthumanist thought.
Theology
Authors: Begbie Jeremy 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The history of philosophy has been repeatedly and profoundly interwoven with theology, and the same applies to the philosophy of music. In the Christian West, for centuries the most prominent way of viewing music theologically was to see it as an expression of a God-given, cosmic order. With the advent of modernity and the phenomenon of “disenchantment,” this vision came under heavy suspicion, giving way to various anthropologically centred accounts of music, allied to what were often questionable theological schemes. It is argued that theological engagement with music in the future could benefit from far greater attention to the foundational texts of the Christian tradition, especially with respect to their focus on the integrity of the material environment, on the intrinsic worth of the human body, and on a highly distinctive understanding of transcendence.
Listening
Authors: Cobussen Marcel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Engaging in music, being affected by it, and experiencing its in/audible effects, is achieved first of all by listening. Responding to music’s call happens in and through several different active–passive regimes of listening. However, this essay will demonstrate, first, that our contact with musical (as well as non-musical) sounds is most often multisensorial. Second, it will stand up for regimes of everyday listening that frequently have been treated with scorn by proponents of structural listening. Listening involves the whole body: visual, tactile, and even olfactory systems contribute in specific ways to auditory experiences. Listening also involves the mind: it triggers our intellect, emotions, imagination, and memories. Listening is influenced by the environment: and immaterial developments determine not only what we are listening to and when we can listen, but also how we listen: attentively, analytically, but also—and perhaps more frequently—distractedly, dipping in and out of concentrated contact with music.
Electronic Music
Authors: Demers Joanna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This essay contends that the primary philosophical question posed by electronic music has been one of ontology. Musicians and listeners derive theories about electronic music and its ontology, rendering electronic music an especially self-reflexive art form. Philosophical and aesthetic treatments have attempted to identify that which distinguishes electronic from non-electronic music. It argues that the philosophy of electronic music needs to be updated to reflect new realities in electronic music as well as music at large. Examples drawn from drone music, Scott Walker and Sunn O))), and psychedelic rock group Acid Mothers Temple demonstrate that the distinctions between electronic music and non-electronic music have been blurred, if not effaced altogether. In this new soundscape, the updated ontological questions will have to do with listening, history, and genre.
Jazz
Authors: Hagberg Garry L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the practices that define jazz as an art form, including its rhythmic character, its harmonic language, and its distinctive approach to melody. Issues of swing, of the creativity of jazz that is found within its harmonic realization and chord voicings, and of the character of melodic invention in jazz are all considered. The nature of improvisation as a form of pathfinding is also discussed, with particular foci including ethical issues in performance and the artistic obligations under which jazz players perform, group attention and the way attention is distributed across players, jazz as a representational art and the ways we can see representational content within it, the special way that collective intention and distributed creativity work within an improvising ensemble, and relations between jazz and another great American contribution, philosophical Pragmatism.
Opera
Authors: Fend Michael 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter aims to combat common philosophical and aesthetic reservations against opera by investigating opera’s potential for gaining insight into subjectivity, understood as a way of living reflexively. First, it shows that operatic heroes and heroines in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries rarely succeeded in self-determination and self-realization against superior powers, often residing in themselves. Second, it demonstrates that Rousseau’s and Diderot’s advocacy for increasing operatic expressiveness left audiences little time for reflection, once composers put it into practice. Third, it reconstructs Wagner’s endeavour to provide his operatic-political Gesamtkunstwerk with Schopenhauerian metaphysical meaning and investigates its demolition by Nietzsche, for whom Bizet’s Carmen became the source of absolute knowledge about the emotional self. Fourth, the chapter engages with theories of emotion from analytic philosophy as they relate to opera. In conclusion, it promotes the cultural value of opera in a near-valueless society, while arguing against the endowment of some canonical operas with metaphysical importance.
Evolution
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Making or listening to music is pan-cultural, nearly universal, and highly valued. Musical behaviours probably appeared between 500,000 and 60,000 years ago. The more recent date captures the era when Homo sapiens spread globally from Africa. The older date corresponds with a time when song might have produced individual or social benefits and the physiological and cognitive conditions for its production were present (in our predecessor, Homo heidelbergensis). Music is so multifunctional, however, that it is not clear if it was an evolutionary adaptation (as opposed to a by-product or non-biological technology) or, if so, what it was an adaptation for. This chapter examines these issues with a particular focus on questions of musicality, fitness, language, and sound processing.