bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Cu9S5 nanoparticle-based CpG delivery system for synergistic photothermal-, photodynamic- and immunotherapy
Authors: Zhou Lulu , Chen Lv , Hu Xiaochun , Lu Yonglin , Liu Wenjie , Sun Yanting , Yao Tianming , Dong Chunyan , Shi Shuo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractDespite its great potential in cancer therapy, phototherapy, including photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), often cause metastasis of tumors. Immunotherapy has revolutionized the cancer treatment owing to the capability of activating immune system to eliminate tumors. However, the integration of phototherapy and immunotherapy in a single nanoagent for cancer therapy is still a challenging task. Here, we fabricated (Cu9S5@mSiO2-PpIX@MnO2@CpG (CSPM@CpG)) as a synergistic therapeutic model for phototherapy enhanced immunotherapy. The intracellular uptake of cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) promoted the infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in tumor tissue, further stimulating the production of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and remarkably elevating the immune response level. Excellent anti-tumor effects have been achieved by synergistic PTT/PDT/immunotherapy. The metastasis of tumors was effectively inhibited by the immune response of CpG. Thus, our proposed work provides a strategy to combine phototherapy with immunotherapy to enhance the therapeutic efficiency and further inhibit metastasis of tumors.
Select amino acids in DGCR8 are essential for the UGU-pri-miRNA interaction and processing
Authors: Dang Thi Lieu , Le Cong Truc , Le Minh Ngoc , Nguyen Trung Duc , Nguyen Thuy Linh , Bao Sheng , Li Shaohua , Nguyen Tuan Anh 
Published: July 2020

AbstractMicroprocessor, composed of DROSHA and DGCR8, processes primary microRNAs (pri-miRNAs) in miRNA biogenesis. Its cleavage efficiency and accuracy are enhanced because DGCR8 interacts with the apical UGU motif of pri-miRNAs. However, the mechanism and influence of DGCR8–UGU interaction on cellular miRNA expression are still elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that Rhed (i.e., the RNA-binding heme domain, amino acids 285–478) of DGCR8 interacts with UGU. In addition, we identified three amino acids 461–463 in Rhed, which are critical for the UGU interaction and essential for Microprocessor to accurately and efficiently process UGU-pri-miRNAs in vitro and UGU-miRNA expression in human cells. Furthermore, we found that within the DGCR8 dimer, the amino acids 461–463 from one monomer are capable of discriminating between UGU- and noUGU-pri-miRNAs. Our findings improve the current understanding of the substrate-recognizing mechanism of DGCR8 and implicate the roles of this recognition in differentiating miRNA expression in human cells.
Rapid activation of distinct members of multigene families in Plasmodium spp
Authors: Omelianczyk Radoslaw Igor , Loh Han Ping , Chew Marvin , Hoo Regina , Baumgarten Sebastian , Renia Laurent , Chen Jianzhu , Preiser Peter R. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe genomes ofPlasmodium spp. encode a number of different multigene families that are thought to play a critical role for survival. However, with the exception of theP. falciparum vargenes, very little is known about the biological roles of any of the other multigene families. Using the recently developed Selection Linked Integration method, we have been able to activate the expression of a single member of a multigene family of our choice inPlasmodium spp. from its endogenous promoter. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach by activating the expression of a uniquevar, rifinandstevorinP. falciparumas well asyirinP. yoelii. Characterization of the selected parasites reveals differences between the different families in terms of mutual exclusive control, co-regulation, and host adaptation. Our results further support the application of the approach for the study of multigene families inPlasmodiumand other organisms.
Flow-to-fracture transition and pattern formation in a discontinuous shear thickening fluid
Authors: Ozturk Deren , Morgan Miles L. , Sandnes Bjørnar 
Published: July 2020

AbstractRecent theoretical and experimental work suggests a frictionless-frictional transition with increasing inter-particle pressure explains the extreme solid-like response of discontinuous shear thickening suspensions. However, analysis of macroscopic discontinuous shear thickening flow in geometries other than the standard rheometry tools remain scarce. Here we use a Hele-Shaw cell geometry to visualise gas-driven invasion patterns in discontinuous shear thickening cornstarch suspensions. We plot quantitative results from pattern analysis in a volume fraction-pressure phase diagram and explain them in context of rheological measurements. We observe three distinct pattern morphologies: viscous fingering, dendritic fracturing, and system-wide fracturing, which correspond to the same packing fraction ranges as weak shear thickening, discontinuous shear thickening, and shear-jammed regimes.
A dynamo amplifying the magnetic field of a Milky-Way-like galaxy
Authors: Ntormousi Evangelia , Tassis Konstantinos , Del Sordo Fabio , Fragkoudi Francesca , Pakmor Rüdiger 
Published: July 2020

Context.The magnetic fields of spiral galaxies are so strong that they cannot qualify as primordial. Their typical values are over one billion times higher than any value predicted for the early Universe. Explaining this immense growth and incorporating it in galaxy evolution theories is one of the long-standing challenges in astrophysics.Aims.So far, the most successful theory for the sustained growth of the galactic magnetic field is the alpha-omega dynamo. This theory predicts a characteristic dipolar or quadrupolar morphology for the galactic magnetic field, which has been observed in external galaxies. So far, however, there has been no direct demonstration of a mean-field dynamo operating in direct, multi-physics simulations of spiral galaxies. We carry out such a demonstration in this work.Methods.We employed numerical models of isolated, star-forming spiral galaxies that include a magnetized gaseous disk, a dark matter halo, stars, and stellar feedback. Naturally, the resulting magnetic field has a complex morphology that includes a strong random component. Using a smoothing of the magnetic field on small scales, we were able to separate the mean from the turbulent component and analyze them individually.Results.We find that a mean-field dynamo naturally occurs as a result of the dynamical evolution of the galaxy and amplifies the magnetic field by an order of magnitude over half a Gyr. Despite the highly dynamical nature of these models, the morphology of the mean component of the field is identical to analytical predictions.Conclusions.This result underlines the importance of the mean-field dynamo in galactic evolution. Moreover, by demonstrating the natural growth of the magnetic field in a complex galactic environment, it brings us a step closer to understanding the cosmic origin of magnetic fields.
Magnifying i-scan Imaging for Endoscopic Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Prospective Study
Authors: Balekuduru Avinash Bhat , Rau Aarathi , Gouri Mangala , Shetty Athish , Subbaraj Satyaprakash Bonthala 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background DEFINA (EPK 3000) plus (with i-scan) is a digital chromoendoscopy. It uses surface/tone/contrast enhancement for detection, demarcation, and characterization of lesions. The aim of this study was to compare the usefulness of i-scan and conventional magnification white light endoscopy (M-WLE) for diagnosing Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in stomach.
Patients and Methods Subjects undergoing evaluation for functional dyspepsia were prospectively enrolled at Ramaiah Medical College and Hospitals, Bangalore from November 2018 to February 2019. In total, 68 participants underwent gastroscopy with standard M-WLE followed by i-scan. Two biopsies from greater curve at 3 cm from the angulus were collected for histology. Successful diagnosis of Hp using imaging modality with M-WLE and i-scan were compared with histology.
Results A total of 68 (36 men and 32 women) patients with a mean age of 47 ± 13 years (range 18–75 years) were enrolled in our study. The prevalence of Hp on the biopsies was 41%; 64% of the patients used proton pump inhibitors, 20% were current smokers; 25% of the patients were consuming alcohol. The sensitivity: 96.4%; specificity: 95%; accuracy: 95.5% of i-scan in diagnosis of Hp gastritis is better than the sensitivity: 50%; specificity: 50%; accuracy: 50% with M-WLE.
Conclusion In conclusion, the diagnostic ability of i-scan (95%) for predicting Hp status is acceptable as compared with M-WLE (50%) for accurate diagnosis. The results suggest that i-scan improves endoscopic diagnostic accuracy of Hp infection compared with M-WLE.
Endoscopic Management of Double Esophageal Perforation by Ingested Foreign Body Using Over-the-Scope Clip: A Case Report
Authors: Debnath Prasanta , Rathi Pravin , Nair Sujit , Udgirkar Suhas , Chandnani Sanjay 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEsophageal perforation is a life-threatening condition with a high mortality rate. First described around 300 years ago, management of this fatal condition has emerged from surgical to endoscopic modalities with much less morbidity and mortality when instituted early. We present this case of 55-year-old male, with double esophageal perforation by meat bone, perforating lower esophageal wall, leading to localized hydropneumothorax on right side with mild bilateral pleural effusion managed endoscopically with Over-the-Scope-Clip. Endoscopic management of esophageal perforation has been well mentioned in literature, without any mention of such management in case of double esophageal perforation. Surgery with or without endoscopy remains the main stay of management of such cases.
Interpretation of Benign Gastric Mucosal Lesions Using Narrow-Band Imaging
Authors: Paghadhar Sameer , Jain Mayank , Mahadevan B. , Venkataraman Jayanthi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe major drawback of conventional white light endoscopy (WLE) is that it lacks accuracy in diagnosis and differentiation of various benign and premalignant mucosal gastrointestinal lesions. To overcome this, image-enhanced endoscopy techniques, which provide high-definition images with good resolution and contrast enhancement, have been developed. One such technique is narrow-band imaging (NBI). NBI functions by filtering the illumination light. The red component of the standard red, green, and blue filters is rejected and the selected bandwidth of the blue and green light is transmitted. The present review highlights the role of NBI in diagnosis of benign gastric lesions like atrophic gastritis, Helicobacter pylori–related gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and other rarer conditions. NBI is a simple procedure which does not require any additional equipment and does not have a long learning curve. Use of NBI in daily practice is likely to improve detection of mucosal abnormalities.
Exposure to Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid and Long-Term Neurological-Related Hospitalizations throughout Childhood
Authors: Matalon Ron , Wainstock Tamar , Walfisch Asnat , Sheiner Eyal 
Published: July 2020

Objective This study aimed to investigate the possible impact of meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) on the occurrence of neurological-related hospitalizations throughout childhood and adolescence.
Study Design In this population-based cohort analysis, all singleton deliveries occurring between 1991 and 2014 at the Soroka University Medical center were included and the long-term neurological-related hospitalizations were compared between children with and without MSAF during their delivery. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was constructed for the evaluation of cumulative hospitalization rate due to neurological morbidity over the 18 years of follow-up, and a Cox proportional hazards model was used to study the independent association between MSAF and childhood neurological morbidity while controlling for potential confounders.
Results During the study period, 243,725 deliveries met the inclusion criteria; 35,897 of the cohort (15%) constituted the exposed group (MSAF), while the rest of the cohort (n = 207,828) constituted the unexposed group (no MSAF). A total of 7,543 hospitalizations due to neurological-related morbidity were documented with a rate of 3.2% (1,152) in children exposed to MSAF as compared with 3.1% (6,391) in the unexposed group (OR 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.9–1.1, p = 0.149). The survival curve showed a comparable cumulative hospitalization rate in the MSAF-exposed group compared with the unexposed group (log rank p = 0.349). The Cox analysis, controlled for gestational diabetes and hypertension, gestational and maternal ages, demonstrated MSAF exposure not to be an independent risk factor for neurological-related hospitalizations during childhood (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.03, 0.96–1.09).
Conclusion Fetal exposure to MSAF, at any gestational age, does not appear to be an independent risk factor for later neurological-related hospitalizations throughout childhood and adolescence.
Key Points
Revealing 29 sets of independently modulated genes inStaphylococcus aureus, their regulators, and role in key physiological response
Authors: Poudel Saugat , Tsunemoto Hannah , Seif Yara , Sastry Anand V. , Szubin Richard , Xu Sibei , Machado Henrique , Olson Connor A. , Anand Amitesh , Pogliano Joe , Nizet Victor , Palsson Bernhard O. 
Published: July 2020

SignificanceStaphylococcus aureusinfections impose an immense burden on the healthcare system. To establish a successful infection in a hostile host environment,S. aureusmust coordinate its gene expression to respond to a wide array of challenges. This balancing act is largely orchestrated by the transcriptional regulatory network. Here, we present a model of 29 independently modulated sets of genes that form the basis for a segment of the transcriptional regulatory network in clinical USA300 strains ofS. aureus. Using this model, we demonstrate the concerted role of various cellular systems (e.g., metabolism, virulence, and stress response) underlying key physiological responses, including response during blood infection.
Where do complementizers come from and how did they come about?
Authors: Weiß Helmut 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIt is an old and widespread assumption in historical linguistics that hypotactic structures evolved out from paratactic structures. In more recent times, the parataxis-to-hypotaxis hypothesis was associated with the assumption that syntactic structures are discourse-based. This means that hypotactic structures evolved via syntacticization, i.e., via “a process by which flat, paratactic discourse-pragmatic structures transform over time into tight, hierarchic syntactic structures” (Givón 1979: 82f.). One special aspect of this assumption is that complementizers are held to have grammaticalized from nouns, verbs, prepositions, or pronouns in bi-sentential, paratactic source structures. In this paper, I will re-evaluate the existing evidence for the parataxis-to-hypotaxis hypothesis with special focus on the emergence of complementizers. The result of the re-evaluation is that in all cases, where we have enough historical data to reconstruct the development in detail, we have to assume a source structure that already displays subordination. In most cases, the subordinate clause is a relative clause suggesting that relativization is probably the oldest form of subordination. The over-all result of the re-evaluation is that there is no reliable evidence at all for the parataxis-to-hypotaxis hypothesis in its current form.
On the nature of roots
Authors: Panagiotidis Phoevos 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This paper offers a review of a current understanding of the content and the form of linguistic roots. It first
updates and buttresses the case against semantic content of uncategorised roots and for Late Insertion of roots; then it
investigates how native speakers identify roots. More specifically, the idea that roots may be polysemous or may encode the shadow
of a denotation, namely the common denominator of the denotations of words derived from it, is refuted on the basis of conceptual
and empirical arguments from a number of languages. Subsequently, the existence of a spectrum of content to which roots belong,
with roots ranging from contentless to semantically specific and concrete, is also shown to be illusory, and to result from the
actual productivity, hence diversity, of the words derived from it. Arguments for Late Insertion of roots are then reviewed and
updated, divorcing roots from the forms that realise them. These arguments are systematically combined with the semantic
contentlessness of roots in support of Acquaviva’s analysis of them as abstract indices, i.e. as the syntax-internal criteria of
lexical identity. This account is taken to its logical conclusion in the final section: if roots are indeed abstract indices, then
they cannot be identified either by the semantic content they realise within grammatical structures or by their forms. An account
is therefore advanced according to which roots are identified just once by native speakers over their lexicon at a given moment
and on the basis of three heuristic principles: one form-based, one based on the feature content and the exponence of the
structures in which roots are embedded, and one taking care of root suppletion.
On twittizens and city residents
Authors: Tarasova Elizaveta , Beliaeva Natalia 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The present study analyses native speaker perceptions of the differences in the semantic structure of compounds and blends
to specify whether the formal differences between compounds and blends are reflected on the semantic level. Viewpoints on blending vary,
with some researchers considering it to be an instance of compounding (Kubozono, 1990), while
others identify blending as an interim word formation mechanism between compounding and shortening (López Rúa, 2004). The semantic characteristics of English determinative blends and N+N subordinative compounds are compared by
evaluating the differences in native speakers’ perceptions of the semantic relationships between constituents of the analysed structures.
The results of two web-based experiments demonstrate that readers’ interpretations of both compounds and blends differ in terms of lexical
indicators of semantic relations between the elements of these units. The experimental findings indicate that language users’ interpretation
of both compounds and blends includes information on semantic relationships. The differences in the effect of the semantic relations on
interpretations is likely to be connected to the degree of formal transparency of these units.
A (distributional) semantic perspective on the processing of morphologically complex words
Authors: Amenta Simona , Günther Fritz , Marelli Marco 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
While morphemes are theoretically defined as linguistic units linking form and meaning, semantic effects in morphological
processing are not reported consistently in the literature on derived and compound words. The lack of consistency in this line of research
has often been attributed to methodological differences between studies or contextual effects. In this paper, we advance a different
proposal where semantic effects emerge quite consistently if semantics is defined in a dynamic and flexible way, relying on distributional
semantics approaches. In this light, we revisit morphological processing, taking a markedly cognitive perspective, as allowed by models that
focus on morphology as systematic meaning transformation or that focus on the mapping between the orthographic form of words and their
meanings.
Remarks on the semantics and paradigmaticity of NN compounds
Authors: Fernández-Domínguez Jesús 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEnglish Noun+Noun compounding has garnered the attention of morphologists due to characteristics that involve its semantics (Bauer & Tarasova, 2010;Jackendoff, 2009), degree of productivity (Bauer, Beliaeva, & Tarasova, 2019;Maguire, Wisniewski, & Storms, 2010) and possible paradigmatic nature (Bagasheva, in press;Boyé & Schalchli, 2016). This article addresses the above questions from an inclusive perspective with the aim of bringing together various unsolved issues in the study of this morphological process. The experiment exploits data from the BNC Sampler and theOxford English Dictionary, from which morphological and semantic information is extracted in order to fathom the contribution of nominal root compounding to the lexicon. The results show that the paradigmatic nature, semantics and high productivity of NN compounding are all closely interrelated, which explains certain characteristics associated to the current status of this process and its role in the enrichment of the lexicon.
Mobilizing Policy (In)Capacity to Fight COVID-19: Understanding Variations in State Responses
Authors: Capano Giliberto , Howlett Michael , Jarvis Darryl S L , Ramesh M , Goyal Nihit 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACTThe objective of this collection of essays is to gain insights into the different national-level state responses to COVID-19 around the world and the conditions that shaped them. The pandemic offers a natural experiment wherein the policy problem governments faced was the same but the responses they made were different, creating opportunities for comparison of both the kinds of policy tools being used and the factors that accounted for their choice. Accordingly, after surveying on-line databases of policy tools used in the pandemic and subjecting these to topic modelling to reveal the characteristics of a ‘standard’ national pandemic response, we discuss the similarities and differences found in specific responses. This is done with reference to the nature and level of policy capacity of respective governments, highlighting the critical roles played by (in)adequate preparation and lesson-drawing from past experiences with similar outbreaks or crises. Taken together the articles show how the national responses to the COVID-19 pandemic were shaped by the opportunity and capacity each government had to learn from previous pandemics and their capacity to operationalize and build political support for the standard portfolio of policy measures deployed to deal with the crisis. However, they also show how other factors such as the nature of national leadership, the organization of government and civil society, and blindspots towards the vulnerabilities of certain population segments also helped to shape policy responses to the pandemic.