YI 2.3 Methylglyoxal, 3-Deoxyglucosone, and Glyoxal – Precursors of Advanced Glycation Endproducts – are not Independently Associated with Indices of Carotid Stiffness: The Maastricht Study
Authors: van der Bruggen Myrthe , van Greevenbroek Marleen M. J. , Reesink Koen D. , Stehouwer Coen D. A. , Delhaas Tammo , Spronck Bart , Schalkwijk Casper G. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Arterial stiffness is a strong predictor of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality [1]. Increased fasting plasma concentrations of highly reactive dicarbonyl compounds – methylglyoxal (MGO), 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), and/or glyoxal (GO) – may cause arterial stiffening via for mation of advanced glycation endproducts, triggering maladaptive responses in vascular tissue, e.g. elastin degradation and collagen cross-linking [2]. We assessed the cross-sectional associations between MGO, 3-DG, and GO concentrations with local carotid stiffness measures (distensibility coefficient (cDC), radius-wall thickness ratio (cRWT), pulse wave velocity (cPWV), and Young’s elastic modulus (cE) using standardized main variables.

Methods
Fasting dicarbonyl concentrations were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in EDTA plasma collected from 2275 participants (age: 60 ± 8 years, mean ± SD; 49% women, 605 with type 2 diabetes mellitus) of the Maastricht Study [3], an observational, population-based cohort study. Cross-sectional associations were assessed using multivariable linear regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate, lifestyle factors, and medication. Since arterial stiffness measures are intrinsically pressure dependent, we additionally assessed the associations with pressure-corrected counterparts [4], instead of statistically correcting for MAP.

Results
Fasting dicarbonyl concentrations were associated with arterial stiffening (smaller cDC; larger cPWV and cE) in most crude models, but not in adjusted models (Table). cRWT was associated with 3-DG, but only in the crude model. The use of pressure-corrected metrics did not materially change the final models.

Conclusion
Fasting plasma concentrations of either MGO, 3-DG, or GO are not independently associated with carotid stiffness in this cross-sectional analysis.
Table
Associations between fasting plasma dicarbonyls and carotid stiffness measures

cDC
cRWT
cPWV
cE

Model

a (95% CI)
a (95% CI)
a (95% CI)
a (95% CI)

MGO
0
−0.104(−0.145;−0.063)
0.011(−0.030;0.052)
0.103(0.062;0.144)
0.099(0.059;0.140)

1
−0.032(−0.070;0.005)
0.010(−0.032;0.052)
0.032(−0.006;0.071)
0.033(−0.007;0.072)

2
0.005(−0.029;0.039)
0.000(−0.042;0.042)
−0.004(−0.039;0.030)
−0.006(−0.042;0.030)

3
0.003(−0.031;0.037)
0.000(–0. 043; 0.042)
−0.003(−0.038;0.032)
−0.005(−0.040;0.031)

3-DG
0
−0.164(−0.205;−0.123)
0.067(0.026;0.108)
0.149(0.108;0.190)
0.171(0.131;0.212)

1
−0.102(−0.154;−0.051)
0.024(–0. 033; 0.082)
0.075(0.023;0.127)
0.093(0.039;0.147)

2
−0.037(−0.084;0.009)
0.009(-0.049;0.066)
0.012(−0.036;0.060)
0.027(−0.023;0.076)

3
−0.018(−0.065;0.029)
–0. 004(–0.062; 0.054)
−0.007(−0.056;0.041)
0.004(−0.045;0.054)

GO
0
−0.054(−0.095;−0.013)
−0.032(−0.074;0.009)
0.054(0.012;0.095)
0.038(−0.003;0.079)

1
−0.015(−0.051;0.022)
–0.014(–0.055; 0.026)
0.015(−0.022;0.052)
0.008(−0.030;0.046)

2
0.002(−0.031;0.035)
−0.015(−0.056;0.025)
−0.002(−0.035;0.032)
–0.008(–0. 042;0. 027)

3
−0.009(−0.042;0.024)
–0.013(–0.053; 0.028)
0.011(−0.022;0.045)
0.005(−0.030;0.040)

Model 0: crude associations. Model 1: model 0 + age, sex, and glucose metabolism status. Model 2: model 1 + mean arterial pressure and mean heart rate, and anti-hypertensive drugs. Model 3: model 2 + body mass index, smoking status, physical activity, use of lipid-modifying drugs, fasting triglycerides and total-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, alcohol use, history of cardiovascular disease, kidney function, and Dutch healthy diet score. MGO, methylglyoxal; 3DG, 3-deoxyglucosone; GO, glyoxal; cDC, carotid distensibility coefficient; cRWT, carotid radius-wall thickness ratio; cPWV, carotid pulse wave velocity; cE, carotid Young’s elastic modulus. Significant associations (p < 0.05) printed in bold.