bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical student well‐being during rural clinical placement: A cross‐sectional national survey
Authors: Saikal Aiasha , Pit Sabrina Winona , McCarthy Louella 
Published: February 2020

AbstractContextUnderstanding rural student well‐being is essential to inform the development and training of the future rural medical workforce so as to ensure a pipeline of rural doctors to meet rural communities' needs. However, little is known about the well‐being of students who are on rural placement. This study aims to identify the predictors of well‐being amongst a national sample of medical students on rural clinical placement.MethodsThe Federation of Rural Australian Medical Educators (FRAME) 2015 national exit survey of medical students, completed at the end of rural terms, was used (n = 644) to test the associations between well‐being and demographic, financial, academic, supervisor, placement and clinical skills factors, and attitude to future rural work. Univariate and logistic regression were used.ResultsStudents aged 18‐24 years (odds ratio [OR], 8.07 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.07‐31.46]) and 25‐34 years (OR, 4.06 [95% CI, 1.35‐12.18]) reported higher levels of well‐being compared to students aged over 35 years. Academic support from the rural clinical school (OR, 5.74 [95% CI, 2.59‐12.73]), perceived respect from supervisors (OR, 3.13 [95% CI, 1.23‐7.99]), not feeling socially isolated (OR, 2.7 [95% CI, 1.40‐5.20]), access to counselling services (OR, 2.05 [95% CI, 1.10‐3.83]), rural placement being a first choice (OR, 3.04 [95% CI, 1.58‐5.86]) and positive attitudes to being part of a rural workforce in the future (OR, 4.0 [95% CI, 2.0‐8.3]) were associated with higher odds of well‐being compared to students who felt the opposite. Gender, rural background, financial support, clinical skills and role clarity were not found to be associated with well‐being (P > .5).ConclusionsThis study may provide guidance to rural clinical schools, policymakers and medical educators in developing rural placement programmes that enhance student well‐being so we can address workforce shortages in rural areas.
Opposite effects of dopamine on the mechanical activity of circular and longitudinal muscle of human colon
Authors: Zizzo Maria Grazia , Bellanca Annalisa , Amato Antonella , Serio Rosa 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundBecause dopamine (DA) has gained increasing evidence as modulator of gut motility, we aimed to characterize dopaminergic response in human colon, evaluating function and distribution of dopamine receptors in circular vs longitudinal muscle strips.MethodsMechanical responses to DA and dopaminergic agonists on slow phasic contractions and on basal tone were examined in vitro as changes in isometric tension. RT‐PCR was used to reveal the distribution of dopaminergic receptors.Key ResultsIn spontaneous active circular muscle, DA induced an increase in the amplitude of slow phasic contractions and of the basal tone, via activation of D1‐like receptors. DA contractile responses were insensitive to neural blockers or to atropine and inhibited by phospholipase C (PLC) pathway inhibitors. In precontracted circular muscle strips, DA, at the higher concentrations tested, caused a relaxant response via activation of D2‐like receptors. In the longitudinal muscle, DA caused only muscular relaxation due to activation of D2‐like receptors. DA relaxant responses were insensitive to neural blockers or to nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and reduced by a wide‐spectrum K+ channel blockers. Transcripts encoding for all the dopaminergic receptor subtypes was observed in both circular and longitudinal preparations.Conclusions and inferencesDopamine is able to modulate contractile activity of the human colon. In the circular muscle layer, DA induces mainly muscular contraction activating non‐neural D1‐like receptors, coupled to PLC/IP3 pathway. In the longitudinal muscle layer, DA induces muscular relaxation acting on non‐neural D2‐like receptors leading to the increase in K+ conductance.
Soil‐borne pathogens as determinants of regeneration patterns at community level in Mediterranean forests
Authors: Domínguez‐Begines Jara , Ávila José M. , García Luis V. , Gómez‐Aparicio Lorena 
Published: February 2020

SummaryEmergent diseases are an increasing problem in forests worldwide. Exotic pathogens are now threatening forests where pathogens have not traditionally been considered to be major ecological drivers of tree demography, such as water‐limited Mediterranean forests. However, how pathogens might limit regeneration in invaded forests is largely unknown.Here we used fungicide to analyse the impact of soil‐borne oomycete pathogens on seedling establishment at community level in Mediterranean forests invaded by the exotic oomycetePhytophthora cinnamomi. Fungicide effects were modelled as a function of the tree neighbourhood composition, the seed mass of the target species, and the abiotic environment.Fungicide application had positive effects on seedling performance that varied in magnitude and spatial structure among coexisting species. Seed mass predicted fungicide effects on seedling emergence, but not on survival or growth. Positive fungicide effects were modulated by levels of abiotic resources, mainly water, increasing with soil moisture.Our results support a novel role for soil‐borne oomycete pathogens as one more axis of the regeneration niche of woody species in water‐limited forests. Given the increasing numbers of exotic oomycete pathogens worldwide, more research is needed to understand the role of this relevant microbial group as a factor shaping seedling establishment.
Alveolar bone histological necrosis observed prior to extractions in patients, who received bone‐targeting agents
Authors: Nicolatou‐Galitis Ourania , Papadopoulou Erofili , Vardas Emmanouil , Kouri Maria , Galiti Dimitra , Galitis Evangelos , Alexiou Konstantina‐Eleni , Tsiklakis Kostas , Ardavanis Alexandros , Razis Evangelia , Athanasiadis Ilias , Droufakou Stavroula , Psyrri Amanda , Karamouzis Michalis V. , Linardou Helena , Daliani Danai , Tzanninis Dimitrios , Sachanas Sotirios , Laschos Konstantinos , Kyrtsonis Marie‐Christine , Antoniou Fotini , Laskarakis Apostolos , Giassas Styllianos , Nikolaidi Adamantia , Rigakos George , Ntokou Anna , Migliorati Cesar A. , Ripamonti Carla I. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveWe reported the alveolar bone histology prior to dental extractions in cancer patients, who received bone‐targeting agents (BTA).Subjects and MethodsFifty‐four patients were included. Patients underwent extractions, and bone biopsies were taken.ResultsExtractions were performed due to pain, swelling, purulence, fistula, and numbness, not responding to treatment, in 40 patients (group A); extractions due to asymptomatic, non‐restorable teeth, were performed in 14 patients (group B). Complete alveolar jaw bone histological necrosis was observed in 28 of 40 (70%) patients of group A and none of group B (p < .001). The development of clinical osteonecrosis (MRON) was assessed in 44 patients; 10 patients, who were also treated with Low Level Laser Treatments‐LLLT, were excluded from this analysis, as the alternative therapies were a confounding factor. Twelve patients, with alveolar bone histological necrosis prior to extraction, developed medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) compared with two patients with vital or mixed vital/non‐vital bone (p < .0007). BTAs >1 year and concurrent targeted therapy were also significantly associated with MRONJ (p = .016 and p = .050).ConclusionPain, swelling, purulence, fistula, and numbness were significantly associated with complete bone histological necrosis prior to extractions and increased MRONJ development. Research is justified to explore whether histological necrosis represents an early stage of osteonecrosis.
Analgesic Efficacy and Safety of Local Infiltration of Tramadol in Pediatric Tonsillectomy Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Tsaousi Georgia G. , Chatzistravou Anastasia , Papazisis George , Grosomanidis Vasilios , Kouvelas Dimitrios , Pourzitaki Chryssa 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to appraise clinical evidence of the impact of peritonsillar infiltration of tramadol, on postoperative pain control and the occurrence of adverse effects in children undergoing tonsillectomy.MethodsA database search was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) pertinent to peritonsillar infiltration of tramadol compared to no treatment (placebo) or other analgesic regimens. The outcomes of interest were postoperative pain intensity, time to first analgesic demand, rescue analgesic consumption up to 24 hours after intervention, and the occurrence of adverse events.ResultsTwelve RCTs enrolling 972 pediatric patients were selected for qualitative analysis, among which eight were suitable for meta‐analysis. Tramadol infiltration induced a significant reduction of pain intensity up to 24 hours post‐tonsillectomy (mean difference [MD], −2.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], −3.49 to −1.12; P < 0.001; I2 = 97%) and time to first analgesic (MD 180.54; 95% CI, 56.91 to 304.18; P = 0.004; I2 = 99%), with no profound impact on postoperative nausea and vomiting (risk ratio [RR] 0.98; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.32; P = 0.90; I2 = 0%) compared to the placebo group. The analgesic efficacy of tramadol infiltration was equivalent to the local or systematic use of ketamine or infiltration with local anesthetics. This effect was further enhanced when tramadol infiltration served as an adjunct to other analgesic interventions. No serious adverse events were reported.ConclusionsIn children undergoing tonsillectomy, peritonsillar infiltration of tramadol is associated with a postoperative analgesic benefit when compared to placebo, with negligible adverse events. Yet, no definite conclusion can be drawn due to the low quality, considerable heterogeneity, and paucity of the available data.
Hydrogen sulfide and rhizobia synergistically regulate nitrogen (N) assimilation and remobilization during N deficiency‐induced senescence in soybean
Authors: Zhang Ni‐Na , Zou Hang , Lin Xue‐Yuan , Pan Qing , Zhang Wei‐Qin , Zhang Jian‐Hua , Wei Ge‐Hong , Shangguan Zhou‐Ping , Chen Juan 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emerging as an important signalling molecule that regulates plant growth and abiotic stress responses. However, the roles of H2S in symbiotic nitrogen (N) assimilation and remobilization have not been characterized. Therefore, we examined how H2S influences the soybean (Glycine max)/rhizobia interaction in terms of symbiotic N fixation and mobilization during N deficiency‐induced senescence. H2S enhanced biomass accumulation and delayed leaf senescence through effects on nodule numbers, leaf chlorophyll contents, leaf N resorption efficiency, and the N contents in different tissues. Moreover, grain numbers and yield were regulated by H2S and rhizobia, together with N accumulation in the organs, and N use efficiency. The synergistic effects of H2S and rhizobia were also demonstrated by effects on the enzyme activities, protein abundances, and gene expressions associated with N metabolism, and senescence‐associated genes (SAGs) expression in soybeans grown under conditions of N deficiency. Taken together, these results show that H2S and rhizobia accelerate N assimilation and remobilization by regulation of the expression of SAGs during N deficiency‐induced senescence. Thus, H2S enhances the vegetative and reproductive growth of soybean, presumably through interactions with rhizobia under conditions of N deficiency.
Low‐temperature tolerance of the Antarctic species Deschampsia antarctica: A complex metabolic response associated with nutrient remobilization
Authors: Clemente‐Moreno María José , Omranian Nooshin , Sáez Patricia L. , Figueroa Carlos María , Del‐Saz Néstor , Elso Mhartyn , Poblete Leticia , Orf Isabel , Cuadros‐Inostroza Alvaro , Cavieres Lohengrin A. , Bravo León , Fernie Alisdair R. , Ribas‐Carbó Miquel , Flexas Jaume , Nikoloski Zoran , Brotman Yariv , Gago Jorge 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe species Deschampsia antarctica (DA) is one of the only two native vascular species that live in Antarctica. We performed ecophysiological, biochemical, and metabolomic studies to investigate the responses of DA to low temperature. In parallel, we assessed the responses in a non‐Antarctic reference species (Triticum aestivum [TA]) from the same family (Poaceae). At low temperature (4°C), both species showed lower photosynthetic rates (reductions were 70% and 80% for DA and TA, respectively) and symptoms of oxidative stress but opposite responses of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidases and catalase). We employed fused least absolute shrinkage and selection operator statistical modelling to associate the species‐dependent physiological and antioxidant responses to primary metabolism. Model results for DA indicated associations with osmoprotection, cell wall remodelling, membrane stabilization, and antioxidant secondary metabolism (synthesis of flavonols and phenylpropanoids), coordinated with nutrient mobilization from source to sink tissues (confirmed by elemental analysis), which were not observed in TA. The metabolic behaviour of DA, with significant changes in particular metabolites, was compared with a newly compiled multispecies dataset showing a general accumulation of metabolites in response to low temperatures. Altogether, the responses displayed by DA suggest a compromise between catabolism and maintenance of leaf functionality.
Molecular investigation of organ‐autonomous expression of Arabidopsis circadian oscillators
Authors: Li Yue , Wang Lingbao , Yuan Li , Song Yang , Sun Junqiu , Jia Qian , Xie Qiguang , Xu Xiaodong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe circadian pacemaker in plants is a hierarchical multioscillator system that directs and maintains a 24‐hr oscillation required for organism homeostasis and environmental fitness. Molecular clockwork within individual tissues and organs acts cell autonomously, showing differences in circadian expression of core oscillators and their target genes; there are functional dominance and coupling in the complex regulatory network. However, molecular characteristics of organ‐specific clocks are still unknown. Here, we showed the detached shoot and root possess dynamic circadian protein–protein interactions between clock core components, periodicity in organs exhibits a difference. The period length difference between shoot and root was not remarkable in prr7‐3 and prr7‐3 prr9‐1 mutants. In addition, the phase transition curve indicated that shoot and root clock respond differently to the resetting cues of ambient temperature. PRR9 and PRR7 compensate circadian period between 22°C and 28°C in shoot, not in root. The circadian rhythms of PRR9 or PRR7 transcript accumulation showed no difference at 22°C and 28°C in shoot, but differences were observed in root. In summary, our results reveal the specificity of dynamic circadian protein–protein interactions in organ‐autonomous clocks and the critical roles of PRR9 and PRR7 in mechanisms regulating temperature compensation in aerial shoot system.
Recapitulation of Hypoxic Tumor–stroma Microenvironment to Study Photodynamic Therapy Implications
Authors: Lamberti María Julia , Morales Vasconsuelo Ana Belén , Ferrara María Gracia , Rumie Vittar Natalia Belén 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTumor microenvironment (TME) is a dynamic ecosystem where fibroblasts are recruited in order to provide a niche to support growth and, in some extent, to promote therapeutic resistance. However, the role of fibroblasts in stimulating or impairing photodynamic therapy (PDT) outcome has not yet been fully addressed. PDT is based on interactions between light, oxygen and photosensitizer, leading to phototoxic reactions that culminate in cell death. In this study, we demonstrated the consequences of a hypoxic stromal phenotype on tumor mass for exploring PDT response. We mimicked TME complexity implementing colon cancer cells and fibroblasts 3D cultures called spheroids. Using hypoxia reporting lines, we verified that homotypic spheroids exhibited a size‐dependent transcriptional HIF‐1 activity. When cocultured, fibroblasts were localized in the hypoxic core. In homotypic stromal spheroids, the distribution of the endogenous photosensitizer PpIX was homogeneous while decreased in hypoxic areas of tumor 3D cultures. When monocultured, fibroblasts were more efficient to produce PpIX from its prodrug Me‐ALA. Interestingly, the cross talk between cancer cells and fibroblasts attenuated PpIX accumulation and conferred tumor PDT resistance when compared to homotypic 3D cultures. Overall, our data suggest that stroma and tumor act in an integrated, reciprocal fashion which could ultimately influence on therapeutic response.
Identifying when it is financially beneficial to increase or decrease fungicide dose as resistance develops: An evaluation from long‐term field experiments
Authors: van den Bosch Frank , Blake Jonathan , Gosling Paul , Helps Joe C. , Paveley Neil 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAs the frequency of fungicide resistant strains increases in a pathogen population, there is a change in the shape of the response curve of disease severity to fungicide dose. We showed previously, in a theoretical analysis, that such changes can result in an increase or a decrease in the economically optimal dose of fungicide; this depends on how the response curve changes (which is determined jointly by the degree of insensitivity and frequency of a new strain) and the shape of the disease–yield loss relationship (which is a characteristic of the pathogen and crop). Here, we use field dose–response data to estimate economic optimum doses for the control of Zymoseptoria tritici on wheat over a 21‐year period. Resistance to fungicide developed to varying degrees against three modes of action (MoA). Changes of optimal dose across years differed according to MoA, but there was an underlying pattern of initial increase in optimal dose, followed by a decrease (ultimately to zero dose at high levels of fungicide resistance). Fungicides are often applied in mixture and analysis shows that, provided the mixture partner is effective, the economic optimal dose increases less as resistance develops than when the fungicide is used as solo product; however, the subsequent decrease in optimal dose remains.
Environmental exposures and child and maternal gut microbiota in rural Malawi
Authors: Kortekangas Emma , Kamng'ona Arox W. , Fan Yue‐Mei , Cheung Yin Bun , Ashorn Ulla , Matchado Andrew , Poelman Basho , Maleta Kenneth , Dewey Kathryn G. , Ashorn Per 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundGut microbiota composition is associated with child health, but the effect of the environment on microbiota composition is not well understood. Few studies have been conducted in low‐income settings where childhood malnutrition is common and possibly related to microbiota composition.ObjectivesTo investigate whether gut microbiota composition in young children and their mothers is associated with different environmental exposures in rural Malawi. We hypothesized that more adverse environmental exposures would be associated with lower levels of microbiota maturity and diversity.MethodsFaecal samples from up to 631 children and mothers participating in a nutrition intervention trial were collected at 1, 6, 12, 18, and 30 months (children) and at 1 month (mothers) after birth and analysed for microbiota composition with 16S rRNA sequencing. Bacterial OTU and genus abundances, measures of microbiota maturity and diversity, and UniFrac distances were compared between participants with different environmental exposures. The exposure variables included socio‐economic status, water source, sanitary facility, domestic animals, maternal characteristics, season, antibiotic use, and delivery mode.ResultsMeasures of microbiota maturity and diversity in children were inversely associated with maternal education at 6, 18, and 30 months and did not otherwise differ consistently between participants with different environmental exposures. Phylogenetic distance was related to season of stool sample collection at all time points. At the level of individual OTUs and genera, season of stool sample collection, type of water source, and maternal education showed most associations with child gut microbiota, while HIV status was the most important predictor of relative OTU and genus abundances in mothers.ConclusionThe results do not support the hypothesis that adverse environmental exposures are broadly associated with lower microbiota maturity and diversity but suggest that environmental exposures influence the abundance of several bacterial OTUs and genera and that low maternal education is associated with higher microbiota maturity and diversity.
Auditory stimulus‐ and response‐locked ERP components and behavior
Authors: Fogarty Jack S. , Barry Robert J. , Steiner Genevieve Z. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTo clarify the functional significance of Go event‐related potential (ERP) components, this study aimed to explore stimulus‐ and response‐locked ERP averaging effects on the series of ERP components elicited during an auditory Go/NoGo task. Go stimulus‐ and response‐locked ERP data from 126 healthy young adults (Mage = 20.3, SD = 2.8 years, 83 female) were decomposed using temporal principal components analysis (PCA). The extracted components were then identified as stimulus‐specific, response‐specific, or common to both stimulus‐ and response‐locked data. MANOVAs were then used to test for stimulus‐ versus response‐locked averaging effects on common component amplitudes to determine their primary functional significance (i.e., stimulus‐ or response‐related). Go stimulus‐ and response‐related component amplitudes were then entered into stepwise linear regressions predicting the reaction time (RT), RT variability, and omission errors. Nine ERP components were extracted from the stimulus‐ and response‐locked data, including N1‐1, processing negativity (PN), P2, response‐related N2 (RN2), motor potential (MP), P3b, P420, and two slow wave components; SW1 and SW2. N1‐1, PN, and P2 were stimulus‐specific, whereas, RN2, MP, and P420 were response‐specific; P3b, SW1, and SW2 were common to both data sets. P3b, SW1, and SW2 were significantly larger in the response‐locked data, indicating that they were primarily response‐related. RT, RT variability, and omission errors were predicted by various stimulus‐ and response‐related components, providing further insight into ERP markers of auditory information processing and cognitive control. Further, the results of this study indicate the utility of quantifying some common components (i.e., Go P3b, SW1, and SW2) using the response‐locked ERP.