bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comorbidity within mental disorders: a comprehensive analysis based on 145 990 survey respondents from 27 countries
Authors: McGrath J. J. , Lim C. C. W. , Plana-Ripoll O. , Holtz Y. , Agerbo E. , Momen N. C. , Mortensen P. B. , Pedersen C. B. , Abdulmalik J. , Aguilar-Gaxiola S. , Al-Hamzawi A. , Alonso J. , Bromet E. J. , Bruffaerts R. , Bunting B. , de Almeida J. M. C. , de Girolamo G. , De Vries Y. A. , Florescu S. , Gureje O. , Haro J. M. , Harris M. G. , Hu C. , Karam E. G. , Kawakami N. , Kiejna A. , Kovess-Masfety V. , Lee S. , Mneimneh Z. , Navarro-Mateu F. , Orozco R. , Posada-Villa J. , Roest A. M. , Saha S. , Scott K. M. , Stagnaro J. C. , Stein D. J. , Torres Y. , Viana M. C. , Ziv Y. , Kessler R. C. , de Jonge P. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Aims
Epidemiological studies indicate that individuals with one type of mental disorder have an increased risk of subsequently developing other types of mental disorders. This study aimed to undertake a comprehensive analysis of pair-wise lifetime comorbidity across a range of common mental disorders based on a diverse range of population-based surveys.

Methods
The WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys assessed 145 990 adult respondents from 27 countries. Based on retrospectively-reported age-of-onset for 24 DSM-IV mental disorders, associations were examined between all 548 logically possible temporally-ordered disorder pairs. Overall and time-dependent hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Absolute risks were estimated using the product-limit method. Estimates were generated separately for men and women.

Results
Each prior lifetime mental disorder was associated with an increased risk of subsequent first onset of each other disorder. The median HR was 12.1 (mean = 14.4; range 5.2–110.8, interquartile range = 6.0–19.4). The HRs were most prominent between closely-related mental disorder types and in the first 1–2 years after the onset of the prior disorder. Although HRs declined with time since prior disorder, significantly elevated risk of subsequent comorbidity persisted for at least 15 years. Appreciable absolute risks of secondary disorders were found over time for many pairs.

Conclusions
Survey data from a range of sites confirms that comorbidity between mental disorders is common. Understanding the risks of temporally secondary disorders may help design practical programs for primary prevention of secondary disorders.
Meta-Cognition Predicts Attitude Depolarization and Intentions to Engage With the Opposition Following Pro-Attitudinal Advocacy
Authors: Abeywickrama Ravini S. , Laham Simon M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Across two studies we show that attitudes can paradoxically depolarize when people advocate for their own opinions. In Study 1 ( n = 276), we show that attitude depolarization is driven by how much meta-cognitive confidence people place in their advocacy attempt, such that those who experience low confidence during advocacy are more likely to depolarize. In Study 2 ( n = 495), we show that meta-cognitive confidence predicts communicative intentions, such as intentions to engage with those holding dissimilar views. In Study 2, we also show that the confidence–polarization and confidence–engagement links are unaffected by audience attitudes, but are moderated by Need-for-Cognition. The findings suggest that confidence and level of elaboration may predict some self-persuasive effects of pro-attitudinal advocacy.
Is the Substorm Current Wedge an Ensemble of Wedgelets?: Revisit to Midlatitude Positive Bays
Authors: Ohtani Shinichi , Gjerloev Jesper W. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe goal of the present study is to observationally test the idea that the substorm current wedge (SCW) is an ensemble of wedgelets, mesoscale current systems that correspond to plasma sheet flow channels. According to this hypothesis, the SML index, SuperMAG equivalent to the AL index, represents a single particular wedgelet at a given time, whereas midlatitude positive bays are a sum of the remote effects of all wedgelets but with more weighting on ones closer in longitude. However, both event‐based and statistical studies of isolated substorms show that (1) midlatitude N (northward) and E (eastward) ground magnetic variations are highly correlated with SML even far from midnight; (2) the correlation between midlatitude magnetic variations and SML are organized by the magnetic local time (MLT) of the peak westward electrojet intensity (as identified by SML), and their longitudinal structures are consistent with the conventional SCW model; and (3) eastward and westward midlatitude E variations observed at dusk and dawn, respectively, are well correlated. If the SCW is an ensemble of wedgelets, these results would imply that wedgelets with similar intensities are formed side by side throughout the SCW and evolve in parallel with each other, which is highly questionable from both physical and morphological points of view. Instead, it is suggested that the SCW is basically a globally coherent system. Although the SCW may evolve from a wedgelet formed at the onset of substorms, wedgelets are probably not a primary constituent of the SCW for most of the subsequent expansion phase.
The Evolution of a Spacecraft‐Generated Lunar Exosphere
Authors: Prem Parvathy , Hurley Dana M. , Goldstein David B. , Varghese Philip L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractUnderstanding how spacecraft alter planetary environments can offer important insights into key physical processes, as well as being critical to planning mission operations and observations. In this context, it is important to recognize that almost any powered lunar landing will be an active volatile release experiment, due to the release of exhaust gases during descent. This presents both an opportunity to study the interaction of volatiles with the lunar surface and a need to predict how nonindigenous gases are dispersed, and how long they persist in the lunar environment. This work investigates these questions through numerical simulations of the transport of water vapor during a nominal lunar landing and for two lunar days afterward. Simulation results indicate that the water vapor component of spacecraft exhaust is globally redistributed, with a significant amount reaching permanently shadowed regions (cold traps) near the closest pole, where temperatures are sufficiently low that volatiles may remain stable over geological timescales. Exospheric evolution and surface deposition patterns are highly sensitive to desorption activation energy, providing a means to constrain this critical parameter through landed or orbital measurements during future missions. Contamination of cold traps by exhaust gases is likely to scale with exhaust mass and proximity of the landing site to the poles. Exhaust propagation is perhaps the most widespread and long‐lived impact of spacecraft operations on a nominally airless solar system body and should be a key consideration in mission planning and in interpreting measurements made by landed lunar missions, particularly at near‐polar regions.
EGFR/FOXO3a/BIM signaling pathway determines chemosensitivity of BMP4-differentiated glioma stem cells to temozolomide
Authors: Ciechomska Iwona Anna , Gielniewski Bartlomiej , Wojtas Bartosz , Kaminska Bozena , Mieczkowski Jakub 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that glioma stem cells (GSCs), which are rare cells characterized by pluripotency and self-renewal ability, are responsible for glioblastoma (GBM) propagation, recurrence and resistance to therapies. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) induce GSC differentiation, which leads to elimination of GSCs and sensitization of glioma to chemotherapeutics. Alterations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene are detected in more than half of GBMs; however, the role of EGFR in the chemoresistance of GSCs remains unknown. Here, we examined whether EGFR signaling affects BMP4-induced differentiation of GSCs and their response to the alkylating drug temozolomide (TMZ). We show that BMP4 triggers the SMAD signaling cascade in GSCs independent of the EGFR level. BMP4 downregulated the levels of pluripotency markers (SOX2 and OLIG2) with a concomitant induction of an astrocytic marker (GFAP) and a neuronal marker (β-Tubulin III). However, GSCs with different EGFR levels responded differently to treatments. BMP4-induced differentiation did not enhance sensitivity to TMZ in EGFRlow GSCs, in contrast to EGFRhigh GSCs, which underwent apoptosis. We then identified differences in cell cycle regulation. In EGFRlow cells, BMP4-triggered G1 cell cycle arrest which was not detected in EGFRhigh cells. RNA-seq profiles further highlighted transcriptomic alterations and distinct processes characterizing EGFR-dependent responses in the course of BMP4-induced differentiation. We found that the control of BIM (the pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family protein) by the AKT/FOXO3a axis only operated in BMP4-differentiated EGFRhigh cells upon TMZ treatment.
Reduced axonal caliber and structural changes in a rat model of Fragile X syndrome with a deletion of a K-Homology domain of Fmr1
Authors: Golden Carla E. M. , Yee Yohan , Wang Victoria X. , Harony-Nicolas Hala , Hof Patrick R. , Lerch Jason P. , Buxbaum Joseph D. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is caused by mutations in the FMR1 gene. Neuroanatomical alterations have been reported in both male and female individuals with FXS, yet the morphological underpinnings of these alterations have not been elucidated. In the current study, we found structural changes in both male and female rats that model FXS, some of which are similarly impaired in both sexes, including the superior colliculus and periaqueductal gray, and others that show sex-specific changes. The splenium of the corpus callosum, for example, was only impaired in males. We also found reduced axonal caliber in the splenium, offering a mechanism for its structural changes. Furthermore, we found that overall, male rats have higher brain-wide diffusion than female rats. Our results provide insight into which brain regions are vulnerable to a loss of Fmr1 expression and reveal an impairment at the level of the axon that could cause structural changes in white matter regions.
Cerebrospinal fluid, antineuronal autoantibody, EEG, and MRI findings from 992 patients with schizophreniform and affective psychosis
Authors: Endres Dominique , Meixensberger Sophie , Dersch Rick , Feige Bernd , Stich Oliver , Venhoff Nils , Matysik Miriam , Maier Simon J. , Michel Maike , Runge Kimon , Nickel Kathrin , Urbach Horst , Domschke Katharina , Prüss Harald , Tebartz van Elst Ludger 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe central role played by cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) examinations including antineuronal autoantibody (Ab) testing is increasingly recognized in psychiatry. The rationale of this study was to present a multimodally investigated group of patients. In total, 992 patients were analyzed for CSF alterations: 456 patients with schizophreniform and 536 with affective syndromes. Ab measurement included testing for established antineuronal IgG-Abs against intracellular antigens in serum (Yo/Hu/Ri/cv2[CRMP5]/Ma1/Ma2/SOX1/TR[DNER]/Zic4/amphiphysin/GAD65) and for cell surface antigens in the CSF (NMDAR/AMPA-1/2-R/GABA-B-R/LGI1/CASPR2/DPPX). In 30 patients with “red flags” for autoimmune psychosis, “tissue tests” were performed. Additional diagnostics included MRI and EEG analyses. CSF white-blood-cell counts were increased in 4% and IgG indices in 2%; CSF-specific oligoclonal bands were detected in 4%; overall, 8% displayed signs of neuroinflammation. In addition, 18% revealed increased albumin quotients. Antineuronal Abs against intracellular antigens were detected in serum in 0.6%. Antineuronal Abs against established cell surface antigens were detected in serum of 1% and in the CSF of 0.3% (CSF samples were only questionably positive). Abnormal IgG binding in “tissue tests” was detected in serum of 23% and in CSF of 27%. In total, 92% of the Ab-positive patients demonstrated at least one sign of brain involvement in additional diagnostics using CSF, MRI, EEG, and FDG-PET. In summary, CSF basic analyses revealed signs of blood–brain-barrier dysfunction and neuroinflammation in relevant subgroups of patients. Established antineuronal IgG-Abs were rare in serum and even rarer in the CSF. “Tissue tests” revealed frequent occurrences of Ab-binding; therefore, novel antineuronal Abs could play a relevant role in psychiatry.
Parcel-guided rTMS for depression
Authors: Moreno-Ortega M. , Kangarlu A. , Lee S. , Perera T. , Kangarlu J. , Palomo T. , Glasser M. F. , Javitt D. C. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is an approved intervention for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but current targeting approaches are only partially successful. Our objectives were (1) to examine the feasibility of MRI-guided TMS in the clinical setting using a recently published surface-based, multimodal parcellation in patients with TRD who failed standard TMS (sdTMS); (2) to examine the neurobiological mechanisms and clinical outcomes underlying MRI-guided TMS compared to that of sdTMS. We used parcel-guided TMS (pgTMS) to target the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex parcel 46. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsfc) was assessed between parcel 46 and predefined nodes within the default mode and visual networks, following both pgTMS and sdTMS. All patients (n = 10) who had previously failed sdTMS responded to pgTMS. Alterations in rsfc between frontal, default mode, and visual networks differed significantly over time between groups. Improvements in symptoms correlated with alterations in rsfc within each treatment group. The outcome of our study supports the feasibility of pgTMS within the clinical setting. Future prospective, double-blind studies of pgTMS vs. sdTMS appear warranted.
A quality improvement project to assess the use of visual aids to improve understanding and motivation in periodontal patients
Authors: Momin Pushpa , Mahmood Sophina 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Aims
A quality improvement project was carried out in a General Dental Practice in London. The aim was to improve understanding and motivation in periodontal patients.

Methods
Research into interventions in the medical field to improve understanding and motivation amongst patients, lead to the idea of using visual aids to help motivate periodontal patients and to improve their understanding of the disease. The results from the first Plan-Do-Study-Act cycle using visual aids are presented.

Results
After the use of visual aids, patients felt more motivated in maintaining good oral hygiene, felt the visual aids improved their understanding of gum disease and how to take care of their gums and teeth. One hundred percent of patients preferred their diagnosis to be explained to them with visual aids.

Discussion
The project supported the increase in motivation and understanding in periodontal patients. However further data is required to learn more about how visual aids influence patient behaviour, how effective they are in improving patients’ understanding and motivation, and other factors which play a role in this.

Conclusions
The results of this quality improvement project are promising; it has highlighted that visual aids can have a place in the management of periodontitis in general practice.
Measurement of the spin-forbidden dark excitons in MoS2 and MoSe2 monolayers
Authors: Robert C. , Han B. , Kapuscinski P. , Delhomme A. , Faugeras C. , Amand T. , Molas M. R. , Bartos M. , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Urbaszek B. , Potemski M. , Marie X. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractExcitons with binding energies of a few hundreds of meV control the optical properties of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers. Knowledge of the fine structure of these excitons is therefore essential to understand the optoelectronic properties of these 2D materials. Here we measure the exciton fine structure of MoS2 and MoSe2 monolayers encapsulated in boron nitride by magneto-photoluminescence spectroscopy in magnetic fields up to 30 T. The experiments performed in transverse magnetic field reveal a brightening of the spin-forbidden dark excitons in MoS2 monolayer: we find that the dark excitons appear at 14 meV below the bright ones. Measurements performed in tilted magnetic field provide a conceivable description of the neutral exciton fine structure. The experimental results are in agreement with a model taking into account the effect of the exchange interaction on both the bright and dark exciton states as well as the interaction with the magnetic field.
Discovery of EMRE in fungi resolves the true evolutionary history of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter
Authors: Pittis Alexandros A. , Goh Valerie , Cebrian-Serrano Alberto , Wettmarshausen Jennifer , Perocchi Fabiana , Gabaldón Toni 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCalcium (Ca2+) influx into mitochondria occurs through a Ca2+-selective uniporter channel, which regulates essential cellular processes in eukaryotic organisms. Previous evolutionary analyses of its pore-forming subunits MCU and EMRE, and gatekeeper MICU1, pinpointed an evolutionary paradox: the presence of MCU homologs in fungal species devoid of any other uniporter components and of mt-Ca2+ uptake. Here, we trace the mt-Ca2+ uniporter evolution across 1,156 fully-sequenced eukaryotes and show that animal and fungal MCUs represent two distinct paralogous subfamilies originating from an ancestral duplication. Accordingly, we find EMRE orthologs outside Holoza and uncover the existence of an animal-like uniporter within chytrid fungi, which enables mt-Ca2+ uptake when reconstituted in vivo in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our study represents the most comprehensive phylogenomic analysis of the mt-Ca2+ uptake system and demonstrates that MCU, EMRE, and MICU formed the core of the ancestral opisthokont uniporter, with major implications for comparative structural and functional studies.
Labile carbon limits late winter microbial activity near Arctic treeline
Authors: Sullivan Patrick F. , Stokes Madeline C. , McMillan Cameron K. , Weintraub Michael N. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSoil microbial communities remain active during much of the Arctic winter, despite deeply frozen soils. Overwinter microbial activity affects the global carbon (C) budget, nutrient cycling, and vegetation composition. Microbial respiration is highly temperature sensitive in frozen soils, as liquid water and solute availability decrease rapidly with declining temperature. Climate warming and changes in snowpack are leading to warmer Arctic winter soils. Warmer winter soils are thought to yield greater microbial respiration of available C, greater overwinter CO2efflux and greater nutrient availability to plants at thaw. Using field and laboratory observations and experiments, we demonstrate that persistently warm winter soils can lead to labile C starvation and reduced microbial respiration, despite the high C content of most Arctic soils. If winter soils continue to warm, microbial C limitation will reduce expected CO2emissions and alter soil nutrient cycling, if not countered by greater labile C inputs.
Stimulated plasmon polariton scattering
Authors: Wolff C. , Mortensen N. A. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPlasmon and phonon polaritons of two-dimensional (2D) and van-der-Waals materials have recently gained substantial interest. Unfortunately, they are notoriously hard to observe in linear response because of their strong confinement, low frequency and longitudinal mode symmetry. Here, we propose an approach of harnessing nonlinear resonant scattering that we call stimulated plasmon polariton scattering (SPPS) in analogy to the opto-acoustic stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). We show that SPPS allows to excite, amplify and detect 2D plasmon and phonon polaritons all across the THz-range while requiring only optical components in the near-IR or visible range. We present a coupled-mode theory framework for SPPS and based on this find that SPPS power gains exceed the very top gains observed in on-chip SBS by at least an order of magnitude. This opens exciting possibilities to fundamental studies of 2D materials and will help closing the THz gap in spectroscopy and information technology.
Inhibition of autophagy curtails visual loss in a model of autosomal dominant optic atrophy
Authors: Zaninello Marta , Palikaras Konstantinos , Naon Deborah , Iwata Keiko , Herkenne Stephanie , Quintana-Cabrera Ruben , Semenzato Martina , Grespi Francesca , Ross-Cisneros Fred N. , Carelli Valerio , Sadun Alfredo A. , Tavernarakis Nektarios , Scorrano Luca 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn autosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA), caused by mutations in the mitochondrial cristae biogenesis and fusion protein optic atrophy 1 (Opa1), retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction and visual loss occur by unknown mechanisms. Here, we show a role for autophagy in ADOA pathogenesis. In RGCs expressing mutated Opa1, active 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its autophagy effector ULK1 accumulate at axonal hillocks. This AMPK activation triggers localized hillock autophagosome accumulation and mitophagy, ultimately resulting in reduced axonal mitochondrial content that is restored by genetic inhibition of AMPK and autophagy. In C. elegans, deletion of AMPK or of key autophagy and mitophagy genes normalizes the axonal mitochondrial content that is reduced upon mitochondrial dysfunction. In conditional, RGC specific Opa1-deficient mice, depletion of the essential autophagy gene Atg7 normalizes the excess autophagy and corrects the visual defects caused by Opa1 ablation. Thus, our data identify AMPK and autophagy as targetable components of ADOA pathogenesis.
Identification of a likely pathogenic structural variation in the LAMA1 gene by Bionano optical mapping
Authors: Chen Min , Zhang Min , Qian Yeqing , Yang Yanmei , Sun Yixi , Liu Bei , Wang Liya , Dong Minyue 
Published: August 2020

AbstractRecent advances in Bionano optical mapping (BOM) provide a great insight into the determination of structural variants (SVs), but its utility in identification of clinical likely pathogenic variants needs to be further demonstrated and proved. In a family with two consecutive pregnancies affected with ventriculomegaly, a splicing likely pathogenic variant at the LAMA1 locus (NM_005559: c. 4663 + 1 G > C) inherited from the father was identified in the proband by whole-exome sequencing, and no other pathogenic variant associated with the clinical phenotypes was detected. SV analysis by BOM revealed an ~48 kb duplication at the LAMA1 locus in the maternal sample. Real-time quantitative PCR and Sanger sequencing further confirmed the duplication as c.859-153_4806 + 910dup. Based on these variants, we hypothesize that the fetuses have Poretti-Boltshauser syndrome (PBS) presenting with ventriculomegaly. With the ability to determine single nucleotide variants and SVs, the strategy adopted here might be useful to detect cases missed by current routine screening methods. In addition, our study may broaden the phenotypic spectrum of fetuses with PBS.
Pathway-specific model estimation for improved pathway annotation by network crosstalk
Authors: Castresana-Aguirre Miguel , Sonnhammer Erik L. L. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPathway enrichment analysis is the most common approach for understanding which biological processes are affected by altered gene activities under specific conditions. However, it has been challenging to find a method that efficiently avoids false positives while keeping a high sensitivity. We here present a new network-based method ANUBIX based on sampling random gene sets against intact pathway. Benchmarking shows that ANUBIX is considerably more accurate than previous network crosstalk based methods, which have the drawback of modelling pathways as random gene sets. We demonstrate that ANUBIX does not have a bias for finding certain pathways, which previous methods do, and show that ANUBIX finds biologically relevant pathways that are missed by other methods.