bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of particle detachment from the rotating wheel in indoor environment
Authors: Song J W , Qian H , Zheng X H , Liu F 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
There are various wheels are required for indoor activities, such as spinning bike wheels in the gym, various mechanical equipment wheels in the factory. Obviously, these rotational movements of wheels will cause the detachment of particles adhering to the wheel. This common phenomenon is regarded as an important contributor to particulate matter concentrations in indoor environment. The work performed in this study mainly focused on the description and understanding of the process of particles detachment from the rotating wheel into the air. A set of theoretical models were proposed to clarify particle detachment mechanisms. Since the detachment occurs when the sum of external force moments exceed the maximum adhesion resistance moment, different forces acting on the particles should be considered before the particles detached. There are adhesion forces between the particles and the wheel surface, hydrodynamic forces acting on the particles and centrifugal forces due to the rotating wheel. In order to verify models, the corresponding experiments were carried out and the experimental results were quite consistent with the calculation results of models. Results showed that adhesion force, hydrodynamic drag force and centrifugal force were important and critical detachment diameters of particles adhering to the wheel can be influenced by these forces. Effects of different relevant parameters on these forces, including surface roughness, wheel speed, particle size were analysed. Higher roughness, larger particle and faster wheel speed are more conducive to the detachment of particles.
The effect of student activity and outdoor conditions on particulate matter concentration in university classroom
Authors: Park S W , Song D S 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe university lecture room is one of the places where the fine dust concentration can rise easily. Generally, since students move in each lecture, particulate matter formed in the outdoors is adsorbed on the clothes surface of the students and then re-suspended in the room. Also, university classrooms are often blocked for more than one hour of class, and the university’s old buildings do not have a special ventilation system. In addition, when the number of students per unit area per class is large, much particulate matter can be re-suspended due to the activities of the students. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between factors affecting the concentration of particulate matter in the classroom by long-term field measurements.Particulate matter has been measured for long periods in two classrooms, hallway, and outdoor. At the same time, factors affecting the indoor particulate matter concentration such as cleaning status, window and door opening status, air conditioner operating status, and number of occupants per unit area were monitored. As a result, the increase and decrease of the outdoor particulate matter concentration had a great influence on the increase and decrease of particulate matter concentration in the classroom. At the beginning or end of the lesson, indoor and corridor particulate matter concentrations increased sharply with the movement of many students. The increased particulate matter concentration was maintained for a long time despite the window and door open condition.
On the temporal dimension of adaptive thermal comfort mechanisms in residential buildings
Authors: Ryu Jihye , Kim Jungsoo , Hong Wonhwa , de Dear Richard 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In response to the change of indoor thermal environment, building occupants constantly interact with the surrounding environment through various adaptive behaviours. The purpose of this study is to better understand the adaptive thermal comfort mechanisms by investigating the interrelationship between the expectation of the occupants (the psychological adaption), their behavioural adjustment (the physical adaption), and the indoor thermal environment in the context of residential buildings. Eleven households in South Korea participated in this longitudinal field study carried out between 2015 and 2017. The indoor thermal environmental parameters, the occupant subjective evaluations of thermal comfort, and their adaptive behaviour pattern were monitored. On average, 1,512 datasets from each household and a total of 16,632 datasets were collected and analyzed. Our analysis focused on understanding both the temporal dimension (i.e. duration of thermal discomfort episodes) and the intensity of stimuli (i.e. deviation from the comfort zone) both before- and after the participants’ decision on the use of air-conditioners. The study proposes the constructs of ‘discomfort capacity’ and ‘comfort restoration’ as multi-dimensional indices to better understand the triggering mechanisms for household air-conditioner usage. Using these indices, the study quantified householders’ tolerance of thermal discomfort events before they resort to air-conditioning.
Measurement of airborne ultrafine particles in work and life environments: study design and preliminary trends in an Italian university site.
Authors: Boccuni F , Ferrante R , Tombolini F , Iavicoli S , Pelliccioni A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Airborne ultrafine particles (UFPs) potentially have adverse health effects for the exposed population both in life and work environments. Main objective of this study is to propose a strategy to measure multiple parameters that may influence human exposure to UFPs and apply it in a case study at the university site of “La Sapienza” in Rome (Italy). The measurements allow the characterization of UFPs in terms of particle number concentration (PNC), particle size distribution (PSD), lung deposited surface area (LDSA), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration (PAHs), using data collected in indoor and outdoor conditions by real-time instruments with high time resolution. The study design includes: i) inter-comparison of devices based on different principles of operation to harmonize the outputs in relation to a reference instrument; ii) case study site description and sampling points identification to allow indoor vs outdoor relations at different height; iii) extensive measurement campaigns to provide a dataset useful to data comparison; iv) statistical data series analysis. The preliminary results reported here are related to the values of PNC and calculated average diameter (Davg) for airborne UFPs, obtained in three different sampling points of the research workplaces at the university site: auditorium (about 300 places - ground floor), computer science laboratory (about 50 workstations - first floor) and external roof (top of the building). Major relations between PNC and Davg have been highlighted in daily trends.
Residential indoor pollution by nitrogen dioxide: conference series
Authors: Miškinytė A , Dėdelė A 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, indoor air quality (IAQ) is defined as air quality within and around buildings and structures and it is related to the health and comfort of building occupants. A better understanding of IAQ is essential, since people spend more than 90 percent of their time indoors. The greatest amount of time spent indoors is at home, so it is important to control indoor air pollution and to reduce the risk of health effects related with indoor air pollutants exposure. The aim of this study was to determine indoor air pollution of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in different seasons and to compare indoor and outdoor NO2 concentrations. The sampling of NO2 was performed in cold, warm and intermediate seasons using passive sampling technique inside and outside of the residential houses. The results of the study showed that the average NO2 concentration in cold season was 10.5 μg/m3 and 20.0 μg/m3, respectively in indoor and outdoor air. The lowest indoor and outdoor levels of NO2 were observed in warm season, 9.7 and 11.3 μg/m3, respectively. The strongest positive relationship between indoor and outdoor concentrations of NO2 was determined in warm season.
A field study on the effect of cold radiation on human thermal comfort in winter
Authors: Xu Yunyan , Wang Zhaojun , Su Xiaowen , Lu Wenjing 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
A field survey of indoor thermal environment was conducted on four office buildings in Harbin. It aims to research the effect of cold radiation on human thermal comfort in winter. The results showed that the average indoor temperature of buildings with floor heating (FH) systems was as high as 27.53 °C, which was 3.2 °C higher than that of the buildings with radiator heating (RH) systems. And thus indoor environment was too warm in FH rooms which seriously affected occupants’ thermal comfort. In addition, FH building was less affected by cold radiation from the external windows and walls. However, people complained local thermal discomfort of legs and feet under the overheated environment. In RH buildings, among the votes of local thermal sensation, a large amount of subjects who were within 2m from external windows voted “cold” and complained “shoulder” and “back” were significantly suffered by the cold radiation from exterior envelope.
The impact of some factors (building materials, seasonality) on indoor radon content in Chelyabinsk region, Russia
Authors: Mashkova I V , Kostryukova A M , Schelkanova E E , Slavnaya A I 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
This paper reports the results of a study which explores the rate of indoor radon content in four settlements of Chebarkul district in Chelyabinsk region, Russia. A large number of heterogeneous rock formation areas with inclusions of thorium and uranium mineralization is a distinguishing feature of Chelyabinsk region. The natural γ-background in the study area is 110 mSv⋅h−1. The study provides the obtained results of radon content in winter, spring, summer and autumn in rooms in buildings made of wood, brick, concrete panels. Y-background and equivalent equilibrium volume activity were measured in open areas and in premises with ergonometric PAA-10 and “Alpha Guard 2000”. The average annual equivalent equilibrium volume activity of radon for all buildings varied greatly depending on the materials used for construction (from 21.5±2.2 to 176.2±15.6 Bq⋅m−3). The highest values were recorded for the premises made of wood. According to the indoor radon content in the premises made of different building materials, the studied settlements were classified into several categories of being radon hazardous (the first, second and third). The range of annual average values of equivalent equilibrium volume activity in different premises was identified in the reducing order which is the following: winter - autumn - spring - summer. The differences of the mean radon content in different seasons were statistically significant. Conservative estimates of annual doses of radon in all the studied premises ranged from 120 mSv⋅year−1 to 195 mSv⋅year−1, depending on the type of construction.
Development human thermoregulation model for Korean young and older men
Authors: Choi HeeWon , An YoungMin , Cho SungWon , Park Junseok , Yun SeoYeon , Kwak JiYoung , Chun ChungYoon 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The Purpose of this research is to develop the Korean of human physiology model and thermal comfort assessment. As a first step, we developed models for young men and older men, which calculate the skin temperature of each body segments and predict the thermal sensation of indoor environment. The typical body for 20-30 (younger) and 40-50 (older) years old of Korean men modelled using the data that gathered from ‘National Anthropometric Survey of Korea 2010 (Size Korea)’. In order to calculate the surface area and mass of the models, these data used to calculate the surface area of each segment using the formula of Dubois and Dubois’s and the mass of each segment using a study of Stolwijk. Using the developed models, the local skin temperature was predicted and compared. In the neutral environment, the body parts in the 4-50s were smaller in surface area and mass than those in the 2-30s, resulting in smaller predicted skin temperatures. In case of the mass of the segment was increased, the change of skin temperature was different according to the part.
Primary air treatment vs energy saving: comparison between different design solutions
Authors: Emmi Giuseppe , Zarrella Angelo , Mariotti Marco , De Carli Michele 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
In civil application the most diffuse type of HVAC is the mixed one made by fancoils and primary air system. Usually the primary air has not only the aim of replace the exhaust air in the rooms. During the cooling season air plants have the task of dehumidification of the indoor air which is humidified by the indoor humidity sources, like the human skin transpiration and breathing of the people. On the other hand, during the heating period the fresh air must be humidified to compensate the low humidity ratio of the external air. With the aim of energy saving related to the ventilation in buildings, from the beginning 2018 the new European Regulation EU 1253/2014 has been introduced some limits in terms of energy efficiencies. The present work investigates different layouts of plants for the primary air treatment in HVAC systems. Several types of heat recovery units have been considered in the study in order to find which is the best solution for the optimization of the air treatment. Several case studies have been considered in the energy analysis and the results obtained through numerical simulations have highlighted the critical nature of the interventions aimed at limiting energy consumption in primary air treatment systems.
Introduction of hybrid radiant cooling system for adapting hot and humid climates
Authors: Kim M K 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to introduce a hybrid radiant cooling system which combines a conventional radiant cooling panel with an Airbox convector hydronically connected in series for adapting hot and humid climates as a novel radiant cooling strategy. This novel system can reduce moisture condensation risks on a surface of chilled ceiling panel and generates additional cooling capacity because the Airbox convector can dehumidify indoor air when indoor humidity level is increased and it enhances a mixed convection effect which combines natural convection with mechanical forced convection effect. And this system simply adjusts cooling output by the Airbox’s fan control and indoor air pollution rate because the Airbox includes an air filter, therefore, this system can be adapted to various indoor thermal conditions. This paper presents strategies to use the system effectively and to save cooling energy consumptions. And this study demonstrates systematic strategies how the hybrid radiant cooling system can minimize main challenges of using typical radiant cooling system and improve cooling and dehumidification performance in various thermal conditions.
Application of air-source heat pump (ASHP) technology for residential buildings in Canada
Authors: Udovichenko Artur , Zhong Lexuan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The air-source heat pump (ASHP) is a relatively new, highly efficient technology which has been proven to be a feasible alternative in mild temperature climates. However, an ASHP’s application tends to be limited by outdoor temperature in cold climate zones. This study was intended to explore the feasibility of ASHPs in conjunction with traditional furnaces to serve as an innovative energy efficient method for heating homes in Canada. The goal was to quantify the cost and emissions savings of an ASHP hybrid heating system as compared with a furnace-only system for a residence in three Canadian cities. A prototypical residential building with a hybrid heating system was generated for heating load calculations. The theoretical analysis included the determination of the outdoor-temperature-dependent heat loss rate from the residence and heat supply rate of ASHPs. The building model has proved to be useful for further analyses, while the feasibility of the hybrid system has been determined to be highly region dependent.
Performance comparison between metal-organic framework (MOFs) and conventional desiccants (silica gel, zeolite) for a novel high temperature cooling system
Authors: Zu Kan , Cui Shuqing , Qin Menghao 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The use of desiccant-coated heat exchangers (DCHE) in air conditioning systems possesses great advantages in the independent control of both temperature and humidity, as well as low energy consumption and high coefficient of performance (COP). The paper presents a novel high temperature cooling system that uses metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as sorbents for humidity control. MOFs are a new class of porous crystalline materials consisted of metal clusters and organic linkers, which have an excellent performance of water sorption due to the large specific surface areas and high porosity. In this research, we directly coat MOFs on the heat exchange surface of evaporator and condenser. The evaporator can simultaneously remove both the sensible and latent loads of the incoming air without reducing the temperature below its dew point. The regeneration of wet MOFs is completely driven by the residual heat from the condenser. We also make comparison between the MOF-coated cooling system and conventional desiccants coated ones (i.e. silica gel, zeolite) by way of tests and calculation. The results indicate that the dehumidification capacity of the MOF-coated heat exchanger outperforms other conventional desiccant coated ones under low regeneration temperature (∼50°C). The MOF-coated system has a high COP, up to 7.9, and can save 36.1% of the energy required, compared to the traditional vapour compression system with reheating. The amphiphilic MOFs used in the study have high water uptake and low regeneration temperature, and they thus have the potential for being scaled up for large-scale applications in energy efficient air conditioning systems.
Multiple regression analysis on the HVAC energy consumption of railway passenger stations
Authors: Su Z , Li X 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
With the rapid development of high-speed railway transport in the last decade, the number of railway passenger stations in China has surged. Distinguished by its large floor space, high quality of service, long operation time and high occupancy rate throughout the year, the electricity consumption of the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system for current railway stations is much higher than other types of public buildings. Despite of its huge amount of energy consumption, the assessment standard and benchmarking for the railway passenger stations is not completely established. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the energy use level and the associated factors of influence. In this paper, extensive field tests have been conducted to collect detailed energy data of stations in different climate zones in China. Multiple regression model is adopted to determine relevant impacting parameters. The results showed that building area tends to be the primary factor affecting the energy consumed by the HVAC system in each of the four climate zones. Furthermore, for each climate region, regression equations are developed, which serve as an effective standard to evaluate the energy consumption of stations.
Energy flexibility analysis of office building using pre-cooling with structural thermal mass
Authors: Lu Fei , Yu Zhenyu , Yang Xudong , Zou Yu 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
The increasing share of renewable energy sources (RES) increases the imbalance between supply and demand, due to its fluctuation and intermittence. Eenergy flexible buildings are proposed as an important part of the solution to balance supply and demand. However, the thermal storage of a building is not utilized for reducing the considerable peak-to-valley difference in conventional night setup control strategies. In this context, pre-cooling is the most commonly used approach for charging cooling in building thermal mass to achieve energy flexibility. The objective of this paper is to assess the building flexibility potential using pre-cooling with structural thermal mass. We proposed quantitative indexes including valley-filling capacity, peak-shaving capacity and energy-shifting efficiency based on the improvement of existing indicators according to previous research. As considering the impact of structural thermal mass, heat transfer coefficient, pre-cooling duration, pre-cooling temperature on energy flexibility, a total of 35 scenarios are simulated using TRNSYS and evaluated using the quantitative indexes. Finally, the results may supply suggestions to utilize building energy flexibility with pre-cooling and optimize the corresponding control strategy.
Optimal control for the natural ventilation in buildings with large depth
Authors: Wang Fulin , Yan Rui , Liu Yansheng 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article proposes an optimal control method for the natural ventilation in buildings with large depth. Through designing control strategy, constructing building model, simulating the performance of natural ventilation under different control strategies, the optimal positions of the natural ventilation opening at different floors are decided to achieve the maximum free cooling and minimum cooling consumptions while ensuring the indoor air quality healthy. By using simulation, the cooling energy consumptions at three typical climate conditions, i.e. cool day, warm day, and moderate day, are simulated under two different control strategies, i.e. the proposed optimal control and traditional on/off control of natural ventilation opening. Based on the simulated energy consumptions at the three typical climate conditions, the annual total cooling energy consumptions are estimated. The annual total energy consumptions of optimal control can save cooling energy by 43.5% compared with the traditional on/off control, which shows the energy saving potential and the application prospective of the proposed optimal control method.
Auto-tuning method for data-driven models in building energy consumption prediction: a case of cooling load prediction
Authors: Kang Xuyuan , Yan Da , Jin Yuan , Sun Hongsan 
Published: October 2019

Abstract
Building consumes a significant portion of energy in the world. Improving energy use efficiency in building sector is a key approach of achieving sustainable and environmental friendly development targets. Building energy consumption prediction is essential for energy planning, equipment control and system management. Traditional physics-based model is widely used but requires sophisticated input parameter. Data-driven models, on the other perspective, utilize historical data to make predictions for future scenarios. However, the accuracy of this model greatly relies on the parameters of the machine learning algorithms within. This research proposes an auto-tuning method for machine learning algorithms in building energy prediction models, and discusses the difference between global optimum and local optimum. Based on this research, the accuracy and efficiency of the data-driven models are significantly improved.