bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
161 Dietary oxidized protein result in growth and histology differences in pigs
Authors: Frame Carl A , Huff-Lonergan Elisabeth , Kerr Brian J , Rossoni Serao Mariana C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Rendered by-products are common feedstuffs in diets. During processing, these sources have potential to become oxidized. While most research on oxidative stress has focused on dietary oxidized lipids, little research has been done in dietary oxidized proteins and the potential to induce oxidative stress. Recent studies have shown consumption of dietary oxidized proteins resulted in shifts in oxidative status. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of dietary oxidized protein on oxidative stress in pigs as a model for canines. Fifty-six, 3 weeks old pigs (5.55 ± 0.71 Kg) were fed 4 dietary treatments each varying in dietary oxidized protein. Each treatment was fed the same diet, with the exception of the degree of oxidation in chicken by-product meal which was included in the diet at 23 percent to represent typical inclusion levels of a companion animal diet. Oxidation was induced by 2 levels of heating and 2 levels of antioxidants (mixed tocopherol), in a 2 x 2 factorial design. A significant antioxidant effect was observed in villi height (P-value &lt; 0.05) where pigs fed diets without antioxidant had increased villi height (674 μm) compared to those fed diets with antioxidants (576 μm). Additionally, pigs fed diets without antioxidant had significantly greater villi:crypt (3.22) compared to those fed diets with antioxidants (2.84 ; P-value &lt; 0.05). Additionally, feed efficiency measured by gain:feed, was significantly decreased in pigs fed heated protein (0.65) compared to not heated (0.69; P-value &lt; 0.05). Results from this study are consistent with previous studies (Dibner, et al., 1996). Future studies should examine the effects of feeding oxidized proteins in regard to oxidative status, such as markers of protein, lipid, DNA, and antioxidative enzyme damage. In conclusion, dietary oxidized protein can reduce feed efficiency in pigs.
207 Improving Performance of Finishing Pigs with Added Val, Ile, and Trp: Validating a Meta-analysis Model
Authors: Kerkaert Hayden R , Cemin Henrique S , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Dritz Steve S , Haydon Keith , Hastad Chad W , Post Zach 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Based on a recent meta-analysis, we hypothesized that increased dietary Val, Ile, or Trp could correct possible amino acid interactions caused by high dietary Leu in diets containing high levels of corn protein, namely dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). A total of 1,200 pigs (PIC TR4×(Fast LW×PIC L02); initially 33.6±0.63 kg) were used in a 103-d study. The 6 dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based diets as follow: low level of Lys-HCl (SBM), high Lys-HCl and moderate Ile, Val, Trp (NC; AA above NRC 2012 estimates), moderate Lys-HCl and high Ile, Val, Trp (PC), and PC with either increased L-Val (Val), L-Ile (Ile), or L-Trp (Trp). Diets contained 30% DDGS until pigs reached approximately 100 kg and then 20% DDGS until market. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using lmer function in lme4 package in R with pen considered as the experimental unit, body weight as blocking factor, and treatment as a fixed effect with 10 replicates/treatment. Overall final BW and ADG were greater for pigs fed SBM, Val, and Ile diets than the NC with PC and Trp intermediate. Pigs fed the Val diet had greater (R&lt; 0.05) ADFI than the NC with pigs fed SBM, PC, Ile, and Trp intermediate. No differences were detected between treatments for G:F. In conclusion, increasing Val or Ile in high Lys-HCl-DDGS-based diets improved growth performance and final BW compared with pigs fed diets containing high levels of HCl-Lys without added Val and Ile. These results demonstrate that negative effects of high Leu in corn-DDGS-based diets can be overcome by increasing the ratios of Val and Ile to Lys.
203 Efficiency of SID lysine utilization and maximum SID lysine retention for gilts in early, mid and late gestation
Authors: Ramirez-Camba Christian D , Navales Ron , Dunn James , Htoo John K , Gonzalez-Vega Caroline , Touchette Kevin , Thaler Robert , Samuel Ryan S , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Efficiency of amino acid (AA) use is presumed constant across gestation but may not reflect changes in metabolic demand during gestation nor consider changes in efficiency depending on level of AA intake. Two experiments were conducted to determine efficiency of SID Lys utilization in gilts during early (d 48-52), mid (d 75-79) and late gestation (d 103-107). Each experiment provided 4 isocaloric (3,335 kcal ME/kg) and isoproteic (11.75 % CP) diets containing 4 SID Lys levels (Table 1). Diets were randomly assigned to 45 gilts (PIC 1050, 158.0 ± 8.0 kg at d 39.4 ± 1 of gestation) in Exp. 1 and 27 gilts (PIC 1050, 169.0 ± 7.5 kg at d 41 ± 1 of gestation) in Exp. 2. Dietary indispensable AA were set to meet or exceed 100% of AA:Lys ratios in both experiments. The SID Lys retention was estimated from whole body nitrogen (N) retention balance studies in each period (7 d diet adaptation, 5 d total urine collection and grab fecal sampling) according to the NRC (2012) equations. The relationship between SID Lys intake and SID Lys retention was determined by nonlinear regression models using the CurveExpert Professional software. According to the Hoerl regression model: E(y)=exp(β 0+β 1X)[Xβ2] best-fitting line, maximum efficiency of SID Lys utilization (i.e. g SID Lys retention/g SID Lys intake) was 65%, 57%, and 53% in early, mid and late gestation and occurred at 6.6, 8 and 12 g of SID Lys intake/d, respectively. Maximum SID Lys retention occurred at 8.1 and 9.8 g of SID Lys intake/d for early and mid-gestation. The SID Lys retention did not reach a maximum value in late gestation. These results suggest that efficiency of SID Lys utilization is not constant across gestation and that maximal efficiency occurs at intake below current recommendations.
180 Effects of copper hydroxychloride and distillers dried grains with solubles on intestinal microbial protein concentration and digestibility of energy, crude protein, and fat by growing pigs
Authors: Espinosa Charmaine , Fry Robert Scott , Kocher Matthew , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Cu hydroxychloride (IntelliBond CII, Micronutrients, LLC, Indianapolis, IN) improves nutrient digestibility and alters microbial protein concentration in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. Twenty-four barrows (33.3 ± 3.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 0 or 45%) and 2 levels of supplemental Cu from Cu hydroxychloride (0 or 150 mg/kg). Pigs were allotted to a 2-period switch back design with 4 diets and 6 replicate pigs per diet in each period resulting in 12 replicate pigs per diet for the 2 periods. For each period, feces were collected on d 10, 11, and 12, and ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on d 13 and 14. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement using SAS. Fixed effects included Cu, DDGS, and the interaction between Cu and DDGS, whereas random effects included pig and period. Results indicated that inclusion of 45% DDGS to diets reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, gross energy, and crude protein (Table 1), and increased (P &lt; 0.05) the microbial protein concentration in the hindgut. The AID and ATTD of crude protein were not affected by dietary Cu concentrations, but the AID and ATTD of fat were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in diets with Cu hydroxychloride than diets without Cu hydroxychloride. There was a reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in microbial protein and concentration of volatile fatty acids in feces when diets were supplemented with Cu hydroxychloride. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to diets improved AID and ATTD of fat and reduced concentration of microbial protein in the hindgut.
259 Effects of dietary crude protein level on growth performance, fecal score, gastrointestinal pH, and blood characteristics in weanling pigs fed antibiotic-free diets
Authors: Limbach Joseph R , Calvo Estefania Pérez , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Reducing dietary CP with crystalline AA supplementation has been proposed as a nutritional strategy to control post-weaning diarrhea in response to global concerns about negative effects of sub-therapeutic use of antibiotics. One hundred eighty weaned pigs (5.53 ± 0.88 kg) were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 12 replicate pens per treatment for 28 d. Treatments included antibiotic-free, corn-soybean meal diets containing 22% and 19% CP, adequate in AA, and a 16% CP diet that provided AA below the requirement. Daily feed provisions and pig weights were recorded weekly. Fecal scores were assessed every other day. Blood samples were collected on d 1, 6, 13, 20, and 27 and 1 pig per pen was euthanized on d 12. Data for growth performance, fecal scores, and intestinal pH were analyzed by contrast statements and data for blood characteristics were analyzed using repeated measures. Results indicated that reducing dietary CP linearly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced overall ADG, G:F, body weight, and fecal scores of pigs. Reduction in dietary CP resulted in greater reduction in BUN after d 13 (treatment × day interaction, P ≤ 0.05). Total protein, albumin, and vitamin A and E in serum were lowest (P ≤ 0.05) on d 13, and pigs fed 16% CP had reduced (P ≤ 0.05) albumin compared with pigs fed other diets. The pH in the ileum was reduced (P ≤ 0.05) as dietary CP decreased but pH in the colon of pigs fed 19% CP was the lowest (P &lt; 0.05) at d 13. In conclusion, reducing CP to 19% and 16% in antibiotic-free diets for weanling pigs reduces fecal score without impairing the growth performance during the first 14 d after weaning. However, additional strategies are needed to maintain growth performance during the next two weeks.
267 Determining the effects of diet complexity and body weight categories on growth performance of nursery pigs
Authors: Lunedo Raquel , Perondi Dani , Vier Carine , Orlando Uislei , Lima Gustavo , Junior Ademir , Kummer Rafael 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding complex or simple diets to nursery pigs sorted by body weight (BW) on growth performance. A total of 1,296 pigs (PIC 337×Camborough, initially 5.8±0.10 kg) were used in a 35-d study. Pens of pigs were blocked by gender and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 treatments. Treatments included three BW categories: light (4.7±0.10 kg), medium (5.8±0.10 kg), and heavy (7.1±0.10 kg); and two dietary strategies: simple (SD) or complex (CD) diets. Treatments were fed in two phases from d 0-10 and 10-20, followed by 15-d with common diet. Simple diets had greater soybean meal (20/26 vs 12/20%) and phytase levels (2,000 vs 500FTU/kg), lower specialty protein (8.1/4.2 vs 12.0/6.8%) and lactose levels (12/5.3 vs 18/11.5%) compared to CD. There were 8 or 11 pens per treatment and 24 pigs per pen. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with pen as the experimental unit. There was no evidence of interaction for any response criteria. During the treatment period (d 0-20), pigs fed CD had greater (P&lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and improved (P&lt; 0.10) feed efficiency (G:F) compared to pigs fed SD. During the common period (d 20-35), pigs fed SD had greater (P&lt; 0.05) ADG and ADFI compared to pigs fed CD. Overall (d 0-35), there was no evidence of differences in ADG, ADFI, G:F, and final BW between SD or CD. Heavy pigs had the greatest (P&lt; 0.05) ADG and ADFI followed by medium and light pigs. In conclusion, pigs fed SD after weaning had poorer performance compared to pigs fed CD but were able to recover the loss in performance when switched to a common diet. This indicates nursery nutrition programs can be simplified without negatively affecting performance from 5.8 to 16.6 kg.
288 Dietary calcium decreases digestibility of phosphorus in late gestating sows, but blood biomarkers may be used to predict bone formation and resorption
Authors: Lee Su A , Bedford Mike R , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to test the hypothesis that Ca levels in diets fed to late gestating sows affect apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and retention of Ca and P, blood Ca and P, and serum concentrations of hormones and blood biomarkers. Thirty-six sows (parity = 2.8) were divided in 3 blocks, housed individually in metabolism crates from d 91 to 105 of gestation and randomly allotted to 4 experimental diets containing 25, 50, 75, or 100% of the requirement for Ca with a constant P concentration. Fecal and urine samples were collected for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. At the conclusion of the experiment, a blood sample from all sows was collected. The statistical model included diet as fixed effect and parity, block, and replicate within block as random effects. Values for the ATTD and retention of Ca increased quadratically (P &lt; 0.05) as dietary Ca increased. Fecal P output increased linearly (P &lt; 0.001) as dietary Ca increased, which resulted in a linear decrease (P &lt; 0.001) in the ATTD of P. Urine P output decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.001) as dietary Ca increased with a linear increase (P &lt; 0.05) in P retention. Serum Ca and P and estrogen, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone were not affected by dietary Ca. Carboxyterminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) in serum decreased linearly (P = 0.033) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.091) as Ca in diets increased. Osteocalcin in serum was not affected by Ca levels, but the ratio between osteocalcin and CTX-I tended to increase (P = 0.055) as dietary Ca increased. In conclusion, P digestibility decreases, but retention of P increases, as dietary Ca increases and blood biomarkers may be useful to predict bone formation and resorption by late gestating sows.
290 Phosphorus and calcium requirements of growing pigs predicted by mechanistic modelling
Authors: Lautrou Marion , Pomar Candido , Dourmad Jean-Yves , Narcy Agnès , Schmidely Philippe , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is a key element for the sustainability of pork production systems. The response of pigs to P intake is complex and optimize P utilization requires a multicriteria approach. A mechanistic mathematical model representing the P and Ca absorption and bone and soft tissues deposition was developed and used to optimize these minerals utilization. Model P and Ca requirements (g/kg) were also compared to those of INRA (Jondreville and Dourmad, 2005; apparent total tract digestible P, ATTD-P) and NRC (2012; standardized total tract digestible P, STTD-P) requirements in different bone mineralisation scenarios (100 and 85%). The proposed model showed lower ATTD-P and STTD-P requirements than INRA (6%) and NRC (7%), between 29 to about 98 kg of body weight (BW) and higher (up to 17%) at other weights. The proposed model Ca requirements increase after 95 kg BW unlike NRC and INRA Ca requirements that decrease. For 100 % of bone mineralisation, INRA show the highest Ca requirements (21%) while NRC requirements are similar between 35 to 65 kg and the model requirements are higher for other weights. For 85% objective, the model showed lower Ca requirements than NRC from 25 to 82 kg of BW (9%). The Ca:ATTD-P ratio increased curvilinearly with BW varying from 2.2 to 2.6. The differences observed with the current model and NRC and INRA are due to the structure of the model, that simulates the bone independently of the protein, the first evolving linearly with the weight while the second follows a Gompertz function. Therefore a non-fixed Ca:ATTD-P (or STTD-P) ratio could be consider to maximize bone mineralisation. By predicting bone and muscle growth independently the model offers greater allometric insight into nutrient requirements and their interactions. Studies such as this one will help to usher in a new era of sustainable and eco-friendly livestock production.
291 Determining the effects of manganese source and level on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and economics of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Kerkaert Hayden R , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Dritz Steve S , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 1,944 pigs (PIC 337×1050; initially 34.5±0.50 kg) were used in a 107-d growth trial to determine two different manganese source at 3 doses level effects on performance of growing-finishing pigs. Pens (27 pigs) were assigned to treatments in a RCB based on weight with 12 replicates/treatment. Diets were corn-SBM-based and fed in 4 phases. Treatments were arranged in a 2×3 factorial with Mn source (MnSO4 or Mn hydroxychloride: IBM, Micronutrients, Indianapolis, IN) and level (8, 16, or 32 ppm) as main effects. Overall, there was a marginal Mn source×level interaction (quadratic, R=0.057) for G:F, with the lowest and highest level of Mn IBM being best, but G:F improved with increasing Mn from MnSO4. There was no evidence for Mn source differences for ADG or ADFI, but 16 ppm of Mn tended to have the poorest (quadratic, R&lt; 0.097) ADG and final BW (quadratic, R&lt; 0.05) compared to other levels. There was a tendency for Mn source′level interaction (quadratic, R=0.075) for carcass yield, where yield did not change by increasing MnSO4, but was greatest for 16 ppm Mn from IBM. Loin depth increased (source×level, R=0.041) for increasing Mn from MnSO4 but decreased when Mn was increased from IBM. The intermediate level of Mn had the lightest HCW (quadratic, R=0.071) and decreased loin depth (quadratic, R=0.044). No evidence of difference (R &gt;0.10) was observed for concentration of Cu and Zn in the liver. Manganese concentration increased (linear, R=0.015) as Mn supplementation increased and tended to be greater (P=0.075) when Mn was supplied by MnSO4 compared to IBM. These data suggest little difference between source but did show improvements in growth performance for 8 and 32 ppm of Mn compared with 16 ppm. Further research is needed to understand why the poorest performance was observed at the intermediate level of Mn.
285 Effects of dietary MINTREX trace minerals and validation of serum biomarkers in measuring lameness in pigs
Authors: Wedekind Karen J , Provin Ashley , Foran Chelsie , Hampton Tom , Ren Ping , Chen Juxing , Herbstreit Sara , Vazquez-Anon Mercedes 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Lameness is a welfare issue and is the most common involuntary reason for culling pigs. Study objectives were to compare objective measures of lameness to gait score and assess effects of dietary chelated trace minerals in finisher pigs. The study was a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement consisting of naturally- occurring lame vs healthy pigs and 2 dietary treatments: 1) metal methionine hydroxy analogue chelate (MMHAC) supplied as MINTREX® Zn-Cu-Mn (Novus International, Inc.) supplemented at 80-10-20 mg/kg diet; and 2) sulfates Zn-Cu-Mn supplemented at 120-20-40 mg/kg diet. The study consisted of 4 groups of pigs (50-70 kg; 8 lame/8 non-lame per group) staggered one month apart. Dietary treatments were fed 53d. Measurements included gait scoring (0-4) and a panel of serum biomarkers (P2CP, CTX2, C2C, CTX1, osteocalcin) and were measured at baseline, d28 and d53. Serum biomarkers included bone synthesis (osteocalcin), bone degradation (CTXI), cartilage synthesis (P2CP), and cartilage degradation (C2C, CTX2) as well as the ratio of synthesis/ degradation for a total of 8 biomarkers. Proc Mixed GLM procedure of SAS was used and means were determined using a Tukey test. The main effects of healthy vs lame and dietary treatment were significant, but no diet x lameness interactions were observed. Lame pigs had elevated CTX2 (P&lt; .01), C2C (P=.02) and tended to have reduced ratio of P2CP:CTX2 (P=.09) compared to healthy pigs. MMHAC increased P2CP (P=.01) and P2CP:CTX2 ratio (P=.03) in both healthy and lame pigs compared to sulfates. These findings demonstrate that biomarkers can distinguish mildly lame pigs (average score of 1) from healthy pigs and lower concentrations of MMHAC vs commercial level of sulfates increased cartilage synthesis and the ratio of cartilage synthesis/degradation in both lame and healthy pigs.
281 Young Scholar Presentation: Digestibility of calcium and phosphorus in feed ingredients fed to gestating sows and growing pigs
Authors: Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In practical diet formulation, values for standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of Ca and P obtained in growing pigs are also applied to sows. However, gestating sows have reduced digestibility and retention of Ca and P compared with growing pigs, and the impact of microbial phytase on the digestibility of P and Ca is much less in sows than in growing pigs. Applying STTD values for Ca and P obtained in growing pigs to diets for gestating sows, therefore, results in an overestimation of the absorbed Ca and P in sows (Table 1). Further research, however, indicated that the digestibility of Ca and P in late gestating sows is greater than in sows in early or mid-gestation and retention of Ca and P was greater in late-gestation compared with earlier gestation periods, which indicates that digestion and absorption of Ca and P may be under hormonal control in sows (Table 2). It was also demonstrated that a wide Ca:P ratio decreased P digestibility in both growing pigs and sows in late-gestation, which demonstrates the need for not overfeeding STTD Ca. In follow-up research, it was demonstrated that several serum biomarkers may be used to predict if a sow is in a positive or a negative Ca and P state, but more research is needed to quantify this effect and to determine if biomarkers can be used in Ca and P requirement experiments. In conclusion, gestating sows have much lower digestibility of Ca and P than growing pigs, which demonstrates that digestibility values obtained in growing pigs cannot be used to accurately formulate diets for gestating sows. Likewise, effects of microbial phytase on digestibility of Ca and P are much less predictable in gestating sows than in growing pigs and phytase effects in sows are much smaller than in growing pigs.