bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and factors associated with HIV and syphilis infection among children aged 0–36 months in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: a community-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Chotta Nikolas A. S. , Mgongo Melina , Msuya Sia E. , Nyombi Balthazar M. , Uriyo Jacqueline G. , Stray-Pedersen Babill , Stray-Pedersen Arne 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
Childhood mortality is high in sub-Saharan Africa. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV and congenital syphilis are among significant causes. Dual elimination of these two infections is one of the international goals. Community-based studies on the burden of HIV and syphilis among children will contribute to fine-tuning the interventions to achieve the elimination goal. This study aims to describe the prevalence of HIV and syphilis among children aged 0–36 months and associated factors in northern Tanzania.

Methods
This was a community-based cross-sectional study, which was conducted in all the seven districts of Kilimanjaro region. Multistage sampling was used, and a total of 2452 children aged 0 to 36 months and their primary caretakers were enrolled. Interviews were conducted with the mother/caretaker, and dried blood samples were collected from the children and processed for laboratory diagnosis of HIV and syphilis. HIV ELISA was first performed on all the samples. Positive samples of children < 18 months were confirmed using PCR.

Results
The prevalence of HIV among 2452 children aged 0–36 months was 1.7% (n = 42). There was a significant difference in the distribution of HIV by age of the child, maternal antenatal attendance, and breastfeeding history.
The prevalence of syphilis was 0.4% (n = 10). Five of the children were more than 1 year old. All children with a positive test for syphilis were from Moshi rural district, and their mothers consumed alcohol. No child was co-infected with HIV and syphilis.

Conclusions
Though the prevalence of the two infections was low, detecting syphilis in children suggests a missed opportunity in screening women during pregnancy. The region may be on track with the goal to achieve dual elimination of mother-to-child transmitted HIV and syphilis. However, efforts are needed to reduce missed opportunities for screening women for syphilis and HIV early in pregnancy and retesting at 3rd trimester/delivery. Strategies to improve testing for HIV-exposed children are needed.
More human than human: a Turing test for photographed faces
Authors: Sanders Jet Gabrielle , Ueda Yoshiyuki , Yoshikawa Sakiko , Jenkins Rob 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
Recent experimental work has shown that hyper-realistic face masks can pass for real faces during live viewing. However, live viewing embeds the perceptual task (mask detection) in a powerful social context that may influence respondents’ behaviour. To remove this social context, we assessed viewers’ ability to distinguish photos of hyper-realistic masks from photos of real faces in a computerised two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) procedure.

Results
In experiment 1 (N = 120), we observed an error rate of 33% when viewing time was restricted to 500 ms. In experiment 2 (N = 120), we observed an error rate of 20% when viewing time was unlimited. In both experiments we saw a significant performance cost for other-race comparisons relative to own-race comparisons.

Conclusions
We conclude that viewers could not reliably distinguish hyper-realistic face masks from real faces in photographic presentations. As well as its theoretical interest, failure to detect synthetic faces has important implications for security and crime prevention, which often rely on facial appearance and personal identity being related.
Local Trichoderma strains as a control strategy of complex black root rot disease of strawberry in Egypt
Authors: Abd-El-Kareem Farid , Elshahawy Ibrahim E. , Abd-Elgawad Mahfouz M. M. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
Economics and human safety to avoid health risks caused by fungicides are materializing new era of biological pest control. Trichoderma species ranked high among other agents to control complex black root rot disease of strawberry caused by Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and Pythium sp. Our study aimed to document the efficacy of local strains representing T. harzianum, T. viride, T. virinis, and T. koningii against such a disease.

Materials/methods
These strains were cultured separately on potato dextrose broth medium to test their inhibitory effect against strawberry black root rot in vitro and in vivo. Strawberry growth and yield were also assessed relative to the untreated check and the fungicide Actamyl. Activity of peroxidase and chitinase were measured in plant leaves using spectrophotometer.

Results
Each of the antagonistic fungal strains significantly reduced growth area of all pathogenic fungi collectively causing the disease. Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, and T. koningii reduced the growth area more than 90.6% for all tested pathogenic fungi. Each species significantly reduced disease incidence and severity under field conditions. The highest reduction in the disease incidence and severity, 83.3 and 88.5% respectively, was attained by mixture of the four species. This mixture increased the strawberry fresh and dry weight by 83.3 and 176.9%, respectively, and the yield by 117.1%. All Trichoderma species tested significantly increased the activity of two plant defense-related enzymes of strawberry plants against the pathogens. Their mixture attained the highest increase of peroxidase and chitinase activity by 150 and 160.9%, respectively.

Conclusions
While the fungal mixture could considerably increase the strawberry fresh and dry weight as well as the yield, it suppressed the incidence and severity of the disease. So, integrated pest management in ways that make these biocontrol agents complementary or superior to chemical fungicides should further be examined against this disease.
The use of tranexamic acid to reduce blood loss in uncemented total hip arthroplasty for avascular necrosis of femoral head: a prospective blinded randomized controlled study
Authors: Pachore Javahir A. , Shah Vikram Indrajit , Upadhyay Sachin , Shah Kalpesh , Sheth Ashish , Kshatriya Amish 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
The purpose of this prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled study is to assess the efficacy of administration of intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) for reducing blood loss in uncemented total hip arthroplasty (THA) for the treatment of osteonecrosis of femoral head.

Methods
Between April 2012 and March 2014, 73 patients with avascular necrosis of femoral head were treated in our center. The patients were randomized and allocated to study group (n = 36; treated with TXA) and control group (n = 37). Intra- and postoperative blood loss, blood transfusion, and incidence of deep vein thrombosis were assessed. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
The intraoperative, postoperative, and total (clinical method and Gross’ formula) blood loss were significantly greater in the control group (p < 0.05). On the first, second, and third postoperative days, the levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly better in the study group (p < 0.05). There was a significantly greater number of patients who required blood transfusion in the control group (p = .027). Deep vein thrombosis was not found in either group.

Conclusions
A single dose of TXA used preoperatively may minimize intraoperative, postoperative, and total blood loss in uncemented THA for the treatment of osteonecrosis of femoral head, and may not increase the risk of prothrombotic complications.
Diffusion-weighted MR imaging diagnostic merits in the post-therapeutic assessment of musculoskeletal soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: Moustafa Amr Farouk Ibrahim , El Said Shaimaa Shokry Mohammed Al Shahat , Moustafa Maged Abdelrahman , Hussein Marwa Mahmoud , Shokry Ahmed Mohamed 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
The purpose of the study is assessing the diagnostic merits of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping in evaluating tumor response to chemo-radiotherapy. The study included 36 patients with soft tissue sarcoma, who received chemo/radiotherapy. Tumor longest dimension according to response evaluation criteria in solid tumors 1.1 (RECIST 1.1), the longest dimension of the contrast-enhanced portion of the tumor according to modified response evaluation criteria in solid tumors: (mRECIST), the tumor volume (VOL) (cm3), and DWI with ADC values were recorded.

Results
ADC values in the non-progressive group were higher than those of the progressive group after neoadjuvant treatment (1.63 ± 0.42 vs. 1.24 ± 0.35) with (p < 0.005). ADC variations in the non-progressive group were higher than those of the progressive group (27.09 ± 48.09 vs. − 3.08 ± 23.5)% with (p < 0.05). ADC values after neoadjuvant treatment were negatively related to tumor volume variations (VOL%) after neoadjuvant treatment. ADC variations (ADC%) were inversely correlated with morphologic changes, regardless of the effectiveness of anticancer therapy expressed as changes in tumor size based on (RECIST, mRECIST, and three-dimensional volumetric assessment). An increase in the ADC value was not always associated with a reduction of tumor volume.

Conclusion
Quantitative DW imaging after neoadjuvant therapy provides added value in determining treatment response in soft tissue sarcomas. Therapeutic response to neoadjuvant therapy can be underestimated using RECIST 1.1; therefore, the mRECIST should also be considered.
Using Quality Improvement Methodology to Implement Survivorship Care Plans
Authors: Smith Christine Moore , Friedman Debra L. , Patterson Barron L. 
Published: November 2019

PURPOSE: Accreditation requirements for cancer centers by the American College of Surgeons’ Commission on Cancer have included provision of survivorship care plans (SCPs) to patients treated with curative intent soon after completion of therapy. These were traditionally provided in a dedicated survivorship clinic for our pediatric oncology patients later in the survivorship time period. Our goal was to increase timely provision of SCPs to eligible patients in our acute care pediatric oncology clinic and to have this serve as a bridge to longer-term survivorship care. METHODS: Our pediatric oncology clinic used quality improvement methodology to implement a process for creation of SCPs. We defined eligible patients on the basis of curative intent. Cancer registry data were queried to find eligible patients, and chart reviews were done weekly. A P chart and run chart were used to monitor our process for creation of plans and overall completion rate, respectively. RESULTS: During the intervention period, we increased the percentage of eligible patients with an SCP from 28% on June 30, 2017, to 53% by December 31, 2017. Since that time, we have continued to increase the percentage of patients with SCPs, reaching 69% by June 30, 2019. CONCLUSION: By using quality improvement methodology, our pediatric oncology clinic was able to change its clinical practice and implement a sustainable process for provision of SCPs and survivorship planning earlier in the post-treatment course, and meet the Commission on Cancer accreditation standard.
ART AS THE MORPHOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURAL EXPOSITION
Authors: Горожанкин В. , Gorozhankin V. 
Published: November 2019

ART AS THE MORPHOLOGY OF ARCHITECTURAL EXPOSITION
Art objects and art landscapes are works of popular art created from industrial materials and by means of industrial technologies. Art morphology shifts the audience's attention from the substantial values of the previously bodily and visible matter of an object to its figurative and symbolic "broadcasting". Focused on the means of communication, art objects are multi-layered and bring us back to the forms of "pure art", which now require the plot-thematic modeling of their exposition. Art-shaping is connected with making symbols out of objects in the spatial environment and with the process of semiosis (the expansion of their meanings through a combination of symbolic forms). A method of creating art morphology involves organizing mise-en-scenes and consists in finding (or creating) symbols (art objects) and their placement in the view area of art facilities.
Aphaenogaster ichnusa Santschi, 1925, bona species, and Redescription of Aphaenogaster subterranea (Latreille, 1798) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Authors: Galkowski Christophe , Aubert Clément , Blatrix Rumsais 
Published: November 2019

Morphological and molecular investigation conducted in France and the Tyrrhenian islands reveal that Aphaenogaster subterranea is composed of two distinct species. We propose to raise A. subterranea var. ichnusa Santschi, 1925, described from Sardinia, to the species status, A. ichnusa Santschi, 1925 stat. nov. This species differs from A. subterranea by having shorter propodeal spines and a less sculptured cuticle. Phylogenetic reconstruction using the mitochondrial marker COI shows that the two species form well separated clades, with a genetic distance (K2p) of 9.8 %. In the studied area, the two species are parapatric, A. ichnusa occurring in Sardinia, Corsica and the Mediterranean area of continental France, and A. subterranea occurring North of this area. We propose a redescription of both species and designation of a neotype for A. subterranea.
Drone Production by the Giant Honey Bee Apis dorsata F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Chuttong Bajaree , Buawangpong Ninat , Burgett Michael 
Published: November 2019

This study investigates male (drone) production by the giant honey bee (Apis dorsata F.). The entire brood populations from 10 colonies were counted to determine the immature population of drones relative to workers. As the condition of each cell was determined the cell’s position and content were noted using the Microsoft Excel platform. The contents of the brood comb, including eggs, larvae, prepupae, capped worker pupae, capped drone pupae, pollen storage cells and finally empty brood cells were recorded. Results reveal the percent of pupal drones averaged 5.9 ± 6.2% of the total pupal cohort with a range of 0.1 to 17.3%. The size of the drone pupal population relative to the worker pupae was highly variable and displayed no correlation (r2 = 0.076). Pupal drone distribution was scattered throughout the brood comb in a random manner when drone populations were low; in instances of higher drone production, the drones appeared in banded patterns concomitant with the worker pupal distribution.
Facets of Faith: Spirituality, Religiosity, and Parents of Individuals With Intellectual Disability
Authors: Boehm Thomas L. , Carter Erik W. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAlthough faith has particular prominence in the contemporary American landscape, its intersection with disability and families has received little attention. We examined the spiritual and religious lives of 530 parents and caregivers of family members who have intellectual disability. For most participants, faith had clear relevance and was reflected in their congregational participation, beliefs, practices, and strength of faith. Yet considerable diversity was apparent in the ways in which each was evidenced, which included a modest number of families for whom this was not a salient aspect of their lives. Most participants identified ways in which their spirituality and religious participation contributed to their well-being. However, access to social supports through a local congregation was more muted. We address implications for professionals who support these families and congregations who welcome them. We also offer recommendations for expanding the opportunities and supports parents and caregivers need to flourish in their faith.
Redefining Electronic Health Records (EHR) and Electronic Medical Records (EMR) to Promote Patient Empowerment
Authors: Anshari Muhammad 
Published: November 2019

A successful healthcare organization exists when it provides good quality service. Powered by technological changes like big data, cloud computing, and Internet of Things, healthcare information is accessed and owned and the patient has become evolving within the healthcare environment. This affects the relationship between healthcare provider and customers, and between patients. Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) are considered as a building block for electronic health development. Many literatures use both terms EHR and EMR interchangeably with no clear distinction in terms of scope and dimensions. The aim of the research is to examine the distinct role of EHR from EMR in order to promote patients’ empowerment. While, patient empowerment in e-health will enhance patients’ satisfaction, improve their health literacy, and involve patient in the process of health decision making.
Xenocrates and the Two-Category Scheme
Authors: Granieri Roberto 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSimplicius reports that Xenocrates and Andronicus reproached Aristotle for positing an excessive number of categories, which can conveniently be reduced to two: τὰ καθ᾽αὑτά and τὰ πρός τι. Simplicius, followed by several modern commentators, interprets this move as being equivalent to a division into substance and accidents. I aim to show that, as far as Xenocrates is concerned, this interpretation is untenable and that the substance-accidents contrast cannot be equivalent to Xenocrates’per se-relative one. Rather, Xenocrates aimed to stress the primacy of Plato’s binary distinction of beings, as presented atSophist255c13–4, over Aristotle’s list of the categories.
Symptomatic and lethal congenital primary cardiac rhabdomyoma
Authors: Olaya-C Mercedes , Franco Jorge Andres , Messa Oscar Alberto 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Congenital tumors, including mesenchymal rhabdomyoma, are highly infrequent. The combination of a congenital tumor and rhabdomyoma is rarer yet, even more so when primary origin is in the heart.

Case presentation
We present a case of fetal hydrops fetalis, wherein the post-mortem exam revealed a cardiac tumor more than twice the size of the heart itself; histological study confirmed primary rhabdomyoma involving the left ventricle.

Conclusion
It is essential to keep in mind that fetal tumors should always be differentiated from malformations; in fetuses tissue immaturity must be taken into account for categorization; despite benign labeling, they can be lethal.
Extending the Private Language Argument
Authors: Trybulec Marcin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The paper poses the question of how the use of external artifacts contributes to the stabilization of meaning and thought. On the basis of the private language argument and the problem of objective meaning, I argue that Wittgenstein’s considerations regarding meaning-making should be sensitive to how materiality bears on the interactions with semiotic artifacts produced in speech and writing. The distributed language perspective and the concept of languaging (Cowley 2011, 2007; Steffensen 2011) is then linked to a metacognitive theory of writing (Goody 1977; Olson 1994, 2016) to clarify how social and material settings contribute to the lived experience and metalinguistic awareness that is essential to meaning-making. It is argued that, if material characteristics of symbolizations change metalinguistic awareness, the interpretation of the private language argument partly depends on the types of external artifacts the private linguist is allowed to exploit. The frameworks of distributed language and the theory of writing thus shed new light on the private language argument by making it even more radical than has previously been assumed.
The Wanderer’s Promise: Nietzsche’s Philosophy of the “Nearest Things”
Authors: Marsden Jill 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this essay I explore what might be meant by the “nearest things” in Nietzsche’s philosophy. In the first part of the essay I contextualise Nietzsche’s concerns with “the closest things of all” in the “free spirit” period (1878–1882) and raise the question of how knowledge of them is possible. This idea is developed in the second part of the paper in relation to the claim that dominant (Platonic/Christian) habits of thought impede our understanding of the body. In the third section, I suggest that Nietzsche’s interest in Epicurean thinking in this period enables us to situate the nearest things within the political aesthetics of a transfigured physis. In the final section, I examine how Nietzsche’s 1881 notes on eternal return provide a less-well known locus for his philosophy of the nearest things, one which suggests that to “incorporate” eternal return we need to become “good neighbours” to what is close.
Nihilism, Neonihilism, Hypernihilism: ‘Nietzsche aujourd’hui’ Today?
Authors: Woodward Ashley 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The ‘French reading’ of Nietzsche crystallized almost 50 years ago at the 1972 conference at Cerisy-la-Salle, Nietzsche aujourd’hui.<fnote> An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual conference of the Friedrich Nietzsche Society, with the theme of ‘The Politics of Difference’, Newcastle University, 20–21 September 2018.</fnote> Nietzsche’s fortunes have since undergone some dramatic shifts in France, but there are signs that he is once again on the ascendency, in particular the 2016 edited collection Pourquoi nous sommes Nietzschéens (a direct riposte to the 1991 Pourquoi nous ne sommes pas Nietzschéens). Taking a bearing from the French readings, I want to explore the question of what ‘Nietzsche today’ might mean for us today. At Cerisy in 1972, the meaning of Nietzsche was centred on the twin critiques of humanism and capitalism. While these issues persist, several articles in the 2016 collection indicate that they are now inflected through the vast contemporary significance of technology. One of the key debates here is Nietzsche’s significance for transhumanism. For Bernard Stiegler, transhumanism is the culmination of nihilism, understood as the reign of big data and the total quantification of the self. In this regard, he alludes to a ‘hypernihilism’ of the contemporary era, characterised by the quantifying effects of information technologies, which work in conjunction with capitalism to produce an ultimate ‘averaging’ force. I will argue that Stiegler gives an essential corrective to the largely critical engagements with neonihilism of the Nietzscheans of the previous generation, but that his emphasis on the value of negentropy risks reaffirming the logic of the transhumanism he critiques. Nietzscheanism today, I will argue, requires an appreciation of the dual tendencies of nihilism – identified here as neonihilism and hypernihilism – such that we must draw on contributions from both generations of French Nietzscheans in order to think and respond to the problems of our contemporary era.
Let’s Call their Bluff: The Politics of Econometric Methodology
Authors: Azam Jean-Paul 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This short paper focuses on econometric issues raised by intentional government interventions aimed at influencing some politically sensitive outcomes. It first presents an example where multiple regression analysis provides quite a misleading diagnosis about foreign aid and immigration that can be rectified by using a causal analysis based on instrumental variables. It then offers a simple theoretical framework to bring out the basic information asymmetries affecting the game between the econometrician and the policy maker and their implications for the choice of instruments in a near-identification strategy. This approach is shown to provide a strong political judgement in the case of the armed violence between local governments and “Maoist” insurgents in eight states of India. Proper econometric analysis shows that the initiative of the insurgency cannot be blamed on the rebels.