bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An optimized trusted‐cluster–based routing in disruption‐tolerant network using experiential learning model
Authors: Juyal Vandana , Saggar Ravish , Pandey Nitin 
Published: October 2019

SummaryDisruption‐tolerant network (DTN) implementation is subject to many routing constraints like limited knowledge of the network and intermittent connections with no end‐to‐end path existence. In this paper, the researchers propose trusted‐cluster–based routing protocol (TCR) for routing in DTN. TCR uses the experiential learning model that integrates neural network‐based bipolar sigmoid activation function to form trusted‐cluster DTN. TCR works in two phases: firstly to form a trusted‐cluster and secondly to identify cluster heads to direct network traffic through them. After the formation of the trusted‐cluster, a cluster head is chosen for a set period, thus instigating stability in the network. These trust values are attached to the node's route cache to make competitive routing decisions by relaying a message to the other trusted intermediate nodes only. With negative trust value, any node is deprived of participation in the network. This way, TCR eliminates malicious or selfish nodes to participate in the DTN network and minimizes the number of messages forwarded in a densely populated DTN. Also, this implementation conserves sufficient buffer memory to reach the destined node. The TCR's performance with other DTN routing schemes, namely, epidemic and trust‐based routing, is compared using multiple simulations runs. The proposed work is verified using mobility traces from Community Resource for Archiving Wireless Data At Dartmouth, and the experimental result shows the elimination of selfish nodes participating in the DTN. The simulation result shows an increase of 19% in message delivery by forwarding only to a trusted intermediate node possible.
Online CQI‐based optimization using k‐means and machine learning approach under sparse system knowledge
Authors: Shah Brijesh , Dalwadi Gaurav , Pandey Anupkumar , Shah Hardip , Kothari Nikhil 
Published: October 2019

SummaryModern cellular mobile networks are becoming more complicated and too expensive in terms of deployment, operation, and maintenance. Traffic demand in cellular networks typically experiences spatio‐temporal variations because of users' mobility and usage behaviour, which lead some of the cells to get overloaded without fully utilizing network capacity. To tackle these challenges, nowadays, self‐organizing networks (SONs) become an essential feature. This paper offers the development of an optimization framework for SONs based on channel quality indicator (CQI) and loading condition without detail knowledge of the network environment. Since the electrical tilt plays a key role in optimizing both coverage and capacity, the main motive is to ensure efficient network operation by electrical tilt‐based radio frequency (RF) performance optimization using a machine learning approach. This novel methodology shows two‐step optimization algorithms: (a) cluster formation based on handover success rate using k‐means algorithm and (b) reinforcement learning‐based optimization. Simulation and field trial shows that the proposed approach provides better results than the conventional method of prediction using genetic algorithm (GA) and other online approaches.
Stateful firewall‐enabled software‐defined network with distributed controllers: A network performance study
Authors: Prabakaran Senthil , Ramar Ramalakshmi 
Published: October 2019

SummarySummarySoftware‐defined network (SDN) is constructed by decoupling the control and data plane from the forwarding devices. The control plane operations are managed by centralized or distributed controllers, and the data plane operation is managed by respective forwarding devices. SDN provides an easy and efficient management solutions for software‐programmed consolidated middlebox in virtual machines. Additionally, SDN with centralized controller faces complications like scalability, network bottle neck, and single point failure. In this study, a stateful inspection firewall acts as a middlebox in distributed SDN‐controlled network. The controller is programmed with a failure detection and recovery mechanism to provide reliability and redundancy and enhance the overall performance of the network. The objective of stateful firewall on SDN architecture is to secure the network by monitoring the current connections and maintain its state information until the connection is active. In this paper, the performance of firewall‐enabled SDN with centralized and distributed controllers are measured, compared, and analyzed. The experiments are done using POX controller, and the results are verified by Mininet network emulation tool. The results show that the stateful firewall‐enabled SDN with distributed controller network improves the security, reliability, availability, and overall performance of the network. In the proposed SDN, average network throughput is improved by 43%, average network delay is reduced by 4%, average channel utilization is increased by 40%, average network overhead is reduced by 26%, and average network response time is reduced by 23%.
Threshold peat burn severity breaks evaporation‐limiting feedback
Authors: Wilkinson Sophie L. , Verkaik Gregory J. , Moore Paul A. , Waddington James M. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractA suite of autogenic ecohydrological feedbacks and moss traits are important for protecting vast peatland carbon stocks following wildfire disturbance. Here, we examine how peat burn severity and water table depth (WTD) affect the strength of one such feedback—the hydrophobicity–evaporation feedback (HEF). The HEF is an evaporation‐limiting feedback known to minimize water loss following wildfire. The peatland surface becomes hydrophobic creating an evaporative cap and thereby reducing post‐fire evaporation; however, recent studies hypothesize that this is dependent on peat burn severity. To test this hypothesis, we studied plots along a peat burn severity gradient in a partially drained black spruce peatland that burned during the 2016 Fort McMurray Horse River wildfire. Evaporation rates were significantly lower in plots where hydrophobicity was present. Hydrophobicity was lowest in the severely burned area, and the average instantaneous evaporation rate (2.75 mm day−1) was significantly higher than moderately and typical‐lightly burned areas (0.82 and 1.64 mm day−1, respectively). Based on lab results, increasing WTD affected hydrophobicity within lightly burned (singed) feather moss samples but not in heavily burned feather moss, showing the importance of post‐fire ground cover and in situ WTD. Our results provide evidence of a burn severity threshold where increased depth of burn removes the feather moss evaporative cap and causes the HEF to break down. We argue that this threshold has important implications for boreal peatlands, which are predicted to undergo climate‐mediated pre‐fire drying and increasing burn severities, potentially leading to further carbon losses due to enhanced post‐fire drying and concomitant decomposition.
Rapid pre‐concentration of Escherichia coli in a microfluidic paper‐based device using ion concentration polarization
Authors: Perera A.T.K. , Pudasaini Sanam , Ahmed Syed Shaheer Uddin , Phan Dinh‐Tuan , Liu Yu , Yang Chun 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe report a microfluidic paper based analytical device implementing ion concentration polarization (ICP) for rapid pre‐concentration of Escherichia coli in water. The fabricated device consists of a paper channel with a Nafion® membrane and in‐built micro wire electrodes to supply electric voltage to induce the ICP effect. E. coli cells were stained with SYTO 9 and fluorescence was used as a sensing method. The device achieved high concentration factor up to 2 × 105 within minutes. The effect of total ion concentration, on ICP and fluorescence intensity was studied. The reported device and method are suitable and effective for detection of E. coli during ballast water quality monitoring, coastal water quality monitoring where high salinity water is present.
Image and command hybrid model for vehicle control using Internet of Vehicles
Authors: Malik Kaleem Razzaq , Ahmad Mughees , Khalid Shehzad , Ahmad Haseeb , Al‐Turjman Fadi , Jabbar Sohail 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe growing volume of traffic generates the ultimate challenge on the research for traffic control. Vehicle automation is getting closer to reality due to the massive mobile communication capacity provided by fifth‐generation (5G) wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Nowadays, manually controlling and monitoring vehicles at traffic rush hours is becoming difficult for safety control. Thus, the present condition requires providing control services and devices, which are functioning in real‐time worldwide mode through soft Internet of Vehicles (IoV) services over a software‐defined network (SDN). The SDN makes software integration and progress monitoring much easier and convenient. This article focuses on WSN‐based vehicle automation following controlling and observation through speech recognition and image processing. The article also demonstrates the working prototype of the proposed mechanism to automatically drive a car and to detect obstacles through voice and image‐based deep learning, respectively. Moreover, obstacle detection on the road is a major concern in vehicle controlling systems. The system detects every obstacle on roads using cameras mounted to cover the view for driver assistance. Once the obstacle found, it generates alert for the driver to stop a collision. All these experiments require a high‐speed communication platform for evaluations. A case study is used on vehicle observation and controlling using speech commands and image processing with real‐world on‐road vehicle data sets.
Case‐control versus case‐only estimates of gene‐environment interactions with common and misclassified clinical diagnosis
Authors: Lobach Iryna , Sheng Ying , Lobach Siarhei , Zablotska Lydia , Huang Chiung‐Yu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractGenetic studies provide valuable information to assess if the effect of genetic variants varies by the nongenetic “environmental” variables, what is traditionally defined to be gene–environment interaction (GxE). A common complication is that multiple disease states present with the same set of symptoms, and hence share the clinical diagnosis. Because (a) disease states might have distinct genetic bases; and (b) frequencies of the disease states within the clinical diagnosis vary by the environmental variables, analyses of association with the clinical diagnosis as an outcome variable might result in false positive or false negative findings. We develop estimates for this setting to be able to assess GxE in a case‐only study and we compare the case‐control and case‐only estimates. We report extensive simulation studies that evaluate empirical properties of the estimates and show the application to a study of Alzheimer's disease.
Minimally invasive surgery for laryngopharyngeal cancer: Multicenter feasibility study of a combination strategy involving transoral surgery and real‐time indocyanine green fluorescence‐navigated sentinel node navigation surgery
Authors: Araki Koji , Tomifuji Masayuki , Shiotani Akihiro , Hirano Shigeru , Yokoyama Junkichi , Tsukahara Kiyoaki , Homma Akihiro , Yoshimoto Seichi , Hasegawa Yasuhisa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBackgroundSentinel node navigation surgery using indocyanine green (ICG‐SNNS) can be performed in the operation room. The combination of minimally invasive transoral surgery (TOS) with ICG‐SNNS can provide functional preservation options for both primary lesions and lymph node (LN) metastasis. This multicenter feasibility study of this strategy was conducted in Japan.MethodsPatients with clinical T1 or T2, N0 oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, or supraglottic cancer were enrolled. The identification rate of sentinel nodes, delayed cervical LN metastasis in 2 years, and survival rate were assessed.ResultsTwenty‐two patients (10 oropharynx, 8 hypopharynx, 4 supraglottic cancer) were enrolled. The identification rate was 100%. One case had delayed nodal metastasis. The accuracy was 95.5%, sensitivity was 75%, and specificity was 100%. The 5‐year disease‐specific survival was 100%, overall survival was 72.3%, and disease‐free survival was 60.5%.ConclusionsThe combination of TOS with ICG‐SNNS is feasible as a minimally invasive strategy and has favorable oncological outcomes.
Keteniminium Salts as Key Intermediates for the Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐Indoles and ‐Benzofurans
Authors: Dagoneau Dylan , Kolleth Amandine , Quinodoz Pierre , Tanriver Gamze , Catak Saron , Lumbroso Alexandre , Sulzer‐Mossé Sarah , De Mesmaeker Alain 
Published: October 2019

AbstractHerein, we describe a high yielding approach towards the synthesis of 3‐amino‐indoles and ‐benzofurans through 6π‐electrocyclization. This was made possible by taking advantage of the high reactivity of keteniminium salts, formed in‐situ by treating with triflic anhydride and 2‐fluoropyridine amides bearing at the α‐position either an aniline or a phenoxy moiety. These mild conditions, on top of furnishing rapidly the 3‐aminobenzoheteroles, allow the tolerance of various functional groups. Control experiments were carried out to highlight that the keteniminium is, indeed, in most cases, the reactive intermediate and conformational preferences of such species were investigated through a DFT study.
Exploring the application of topographic indices in urban areas as indicators of pluvial flooding locations
Authors: Kelleher Christa , McPhillips Lauren 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIn urban areas, the presence of impervious surfaces limits natural drainage and routes water to stormwater infrastructure with finite capacity, making these areas especially prone to flooding. Though large floods are responsible for endangering lives and causing extensive damage, there is growing evidence that more frequent floods with shallow water depths, termed nuisance flooding, can have a high cumulative cost and many direct and indirect damages. To determine whether locations of nuisance flooding may be linked to topography, we took a parsimonious, spatially distributed approach to explore whether high topographic index values co‐occur with citizen‐reported nuisance flooding. We obtained nuisance flood reports from the municipal data service 311 for several watersheds in New York City and Baltimore, USA. Our analysis tested two topographic indices (TI)—topographic wetness index (TWI) and sink depth—both calculated from high‐resolution (~1 m) digital elevation models. Generally, our findings suggest that not all but many locations of reported flooding tend to coincide with deep sinks or large TWI. However, nuisance flooding reports most commonly coincided with deep sinks and high TWI when using a maximum, instead of coincident, TI value extracted around each reported location of flooding, an approach we used due to the uncertainty in location accuracy of flooding reports. Overall, our results show promise for application of topographic indices, typically applied in more natural settings, as indicators of nuisance flooding areas in urbanized environments. Although limitations to this approach exist, the application of TIs and crowd‐sourced reporting in tandem could provide a useful starting point for mapping flood‐prone areas in many cities with technologically adept community members and ample geospatial data.
Quantifying spatiotemporal influences of climate index on seasonal extreme precipitation based on hierarchical Bayesian method
Authors: Xiao Mingzhong 
Published: October 2019

AbstractQuantifying spatiotemporal influence of climate index on extreme precipitation will help to better understand the variability of extreme precipitation. The extreme precipitation is usually influenced by different climate indices, and mutual offset is unavoidable to occur, thus the rotated empirical orthogonal function was used to identify the different influences of climate indices on extreme precipitation in space and time. The variation of extreme precipitation in data‐scarce region is also concerned, hence, an improved spatiotemporal regional frequency analysis model was further developed, therein the identified spatiotemporal influences of climate indices on extreme precipitation were quantified using Bayesian hierarchical method. In this study, the in situ seasonal maximum one‐day precipitation amount (Rx1day) was used to represent seasonal precipitation extremes from 1957 to 2010 in the Poyang Lake basin, and spatiotemporal influences of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) on seasonal Rx1day were quantified. Results indicated that the seasonal Rx1day was influenced by different climate indices in the Poyang Lake basin, ENSO tends to affect spring and autumn Rx1day, IOD tends to affect summer Rx1day, and NAO tends to affect spring and winter Rx1day. The response of extreme precipitation on climate index is varied in different regions, and this was well distinguished and verified, such as negative ENSO (in the same year) events tends to cause spring Rx1day slight decrease in the southern part of the basin while increase about 15% in the northern part with center around the Poyang lake.
Could squalene be an added value to use olive by‐products?
Authors: Martínez‐Beamonte Roberto , Sanclemente Teresa , Surra Joaquín C , Osada Jesús 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSqualene (SQ) is an intermediate hydrocarbon in the biosynthesis of phytosterols and terpenes in plants. It is widely used for applications such as skin moisturizers, vaccines, or in carriers for active lipophilic molecules. It has commonly been obtained from sharks, but restrictions on their use have created a need to find alternative sources. We present a review of studies concerning SQ in olive groves to characterize its content and to provide new aspects that may increase the circular economy of the olive tree. There is a large variation in SQ content in virgin olive oil due to cultivars and agronomic issues such as region, climate, types of soil, crop practices, and harvest date. Cultivars with the highest SQ content in their virgin olive oil were ‘Nocellara de Belice’, ‘Drobnica’, ‘Souri’, and ‘Oblica’. An interaction between cultivar and aspects such as irrigation practices or agricultural season is frequently observed. Likewise, the production of high SQ content needs precise control of fruit maturation. Leaves represent an interesting source, if its extraction and yield compensate for the expenses of their disposal. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction from olive oil deodorizer distillates offers an opportunity to obtain high‐purity SQ from this derivative. Exploiting SQ obtained from olive groves for the pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries poses new challenges and opportunities to add value and recycle by‐products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Concurrent improvement and deterioration of epilimnetic water quality in an oligotrophic lake over 37 years
Authors: Hintz William D. , Schuler Matthew S. , Borrelli Jonathan J. , Eichler Lawrence W. , Stoler Aaron B. , Moriarty Vincent W. , Ahrens Laurie E. , Boylen Charles W. , Nierzwicki‐Bauer Sandra A. , Relyea Rick A. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractSingle‐lake studies offer an opportunity for understanding, predicting, and mitigating local or regional threats to lake ecosystems. Our goal was to understand how concurrent environmental stressors such as climate change, eutrophication, and salinization affect long‐term lake water quality. We report epilimnetic changes in 18 water‐quality parameters collected at seven sites from 1980 to 2016 in Lake George, a large oligotrophic lake in the Adirondack Park, New York, USA. Improvements and deteriorations in water quality occurred over 37 years. We observed a 32% increase in chlorophyll a associated with an increase in orthophosphate, but not total phosphorus or a warming epilimnion (0.05°C/year). Salinization from road deicing salts contributed to the largest deterioration in water quality. However, chloride concentrations and the current rate of increase are low enough that few ecological impacts are likely to occur over the next few decades. Increasing calcium concentrations were not high enough to facilitate the persistence of invasive species in the lake such as zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) but are sufficient for Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) and the spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimanus). Similar to other lakes, environmental legislation has supported recovery from acidification, indicated by reduced sulfate and nitrate, and increased alkalinity and pH. Declines in water quality were minor relative to other lakes, suggesting that decades of tourism and development occurred without major deterioration in water quality, but management efforts are needed to curb salinization in the Lake George watershed, particularly as it relates to sodium concentrations to prevent a loss of drinking water quality.
Mineral iron dissolution in Trichodesmium colonies: The role of O2 and pH microenvironments
Authors: Eichner Meri , Basu Subhajit , Wang Siyuan , de Beer Dirk , Shaked Yeala 
Published: October 2019

AbstractColonies of the N2‐fixing cyanobacterium Trichodesmium can harbor distinct chemical microenvironments that may assist the colonies in acquiring mineral iron from dust. Here, we characterized O2 and pH gradients in and around Trichodesmium colonies by microsensor measurements on > 170 colonies collected in the Gulf of Eilat over ∼ 2 months. O2 concentrations and pH values in the center of single colonies decreased in the dark due to respiration, reaching minimum values of 70 μmol L−1 and 7.7, whereas in the light, O2 and pH increased due to photosynthesis, reaching maximum values of 410 μmol L−1 and 8.6. Addition of dust and bacteria and increasing colony size influenced O2 and pH levels in the colonies, yet values remained within the range observed in single natural colonies. However, lower values down to 60 μmol L−1 O2 and pH 7.5 were recorded in the dark in dense surface accumulations of Trichodesmium. Using radiolabelled ferrihydrite, we examined the effect of these conditions on mineral iron dissolution and availability to Trichodesmium. Dark‐incubated colonies did not acquire iron from ferrihydrite faster than light‐incubated colonies, indicating that the dark‐induced decrease in pH and O2 within single colonies is too small to significantly increase mineral iron bioavailability. Yet, ligand‐promoted dissolution of ferrihydrite, a mechanism likely applied by Trichodesmum for acquiring mineral iron, did increase at the lower pH levels observed in surface accumulations. Thus, Trichodesmium surface blooms in their final stage may harbor chemical conditions that enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of mineral iron to the associated microbial community.