bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Delayed Examination on the Results of Certain Hepatic Tests
Authors: Yonan Virginia L , Reinhold John G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Decreased thymol and zinc sulfate turbidity values often were observed after separated serum was refrigerated overnight. In some instances the changes were sufficient to affect appreciably the significance of the results. Phenol turbidity tended to increase considerably after refrigeration. Changes in thymol, zinc, and phenol turbidities were largely prevented by allowing serum to remain in contact with the clot during storage.
The use of anaerobic technic in the collection and storage of serum also prevented changes in the thymol turbidity measurements and, to a lesser extent, in the zinc turbidity. However, a large change in phenol turbidity persisted under these conditions.
The changes in zinc turbidity were related to the CO2 content of the sera being tested.
Serum bilirubin concentration tended to decrease slightly during storage.
Spectroscopic Data for Steroids Subjected to Zak Color Reaction
Authors: Bischoff Fritz , Turner John G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Spectral data in the range 320 to 700 mµ of the reaction products of 18 steroids subjected to the Zak color reaction were determined for possible use in identification and qualitative and quantitative determination. High extinction coefficients with characteristic peaks were found for a number of groupings.
Sources of Variation in a Standardized and a Semi-micro Procedure for the Spectrophotometric Assay of Serum Glutamic-Oxalacetic Transaminase Concentration
Authors: Schneider A J , Willis Myron J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
1. Both a standard method and a semi-micro method for the spectrophotometric assay of serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (S-GOT) concentrations have been described.
2. Either procedure is associated with an error defined by a factor of less than 1.03.
3. The temperature dependence of the rate of transamination was shown to follow Arrhenius' law over the range of temperature from 25° to 38°.
4. A tabulation of temperature factors calculated from the derived Arrhenius equation was presented. These factors permit correction of rates observed at temperature T to rates expected at 32°.
5. A comparison of normal S-GOT values from various sources was made, with correction for temperature differences. Based on 779 values from four different laboratories, the combined mean for adults was 21.9.
6. A standard unit of transaminase activity was defined and referred to as a Karmen unit. A Karmen unit represents that amount of transaminase in 1 ml. of sample which will cause a decrease in optical density at 340 mµ of 0.001 per minute at a temperature of 32°, an effective light path of 1 cm., and a volume of test solution of 3 ml. According to this definition, the mean normal adult S-GOT concentration is 21.9 Karmen units. The practical upper limit of normal will be defined in another publication.
Buffer Capacities of Human Blood and Plasma
Authors: Ellison George , Straumfjord Jon V , Hummel J P 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Normal values for buffer capacity of blood and plasma of a number of normal subjects over various intervals between pH 7.5 and 6.1 were determined. The buffer capacities of blood and plasma were 38.5 and 16.1 mEq/L/pH respectively at physiologic pH values. Normal blood and plasma buffer capacities were relatively constant from pH 7.4-6.6. The buffer capacity of plasma proteins was found to be greater than that of bicarbonate at physiologic pH range. Variations of buffer capacity caused by certain disease processes are reported and discussed.
An Improved Periodic Acid Fuchsin Sulfite Staining Method for Evaluation of Glycoproteins
Authors: McGuckin Warren F , McKenzie Bernard F 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Modification of the Köiw and Grönwall procedure for the staining of glycoproteins separated by paper electrophoresis has adapted this method to papers of the Whatman 3MM class, with achievement of results comparable to those reported by direct chemical determination of hexose in the individual protein fractions. Preliminary concentration of specimen fluids was achieved by ultrafiltration through collodion sacks. A preliminary wash of the oven-dried paper strips with 95 per cent ethanol was found essential to clear the paper of buffer salts and insure that the pH in the oxidation procedure remained in the 3.0-3.5 range. Close control of the reagent composition and timing of each step were found necessary. Inclusion of 40 per cent ethanol in the oxidation bath and immersion of dry strips were required to insure rapid penetration of the periodic acid. Control of the oxidation procedure at 20 ± 0.5° for 12 minutes was of prime necessity to maintain a low background color. Also, the concentrations of hydrochloric acid in the dye bath and in the wash solutions were found to affect the quality of the final stain. The ethanol wash served to remove residual sulfite and hydrochloric acid and stabilize the color.
The new method has been applied to the analysis of several body fluids of normal persons and patients with certain disease entities, and satisfactory glycoprotein distribution patterns have been obtained.
Micro Determination of Glutamic-Oxalacetic Transaminase in Blood Serum
Authors: Hermann Freya , Brookes Martha H , Storvick Clara A 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A micro method for the determination of glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase activity in blood serum has been described. The method is a modification of the original method by Karmen as adapted by Steinberg, Baldwin, and Ostrow. A comparison of the methods indicates that equally reliable results were obtained by either method.
Staining Properties of Oil Red O and a Method of Partial Purification of the Commercial Product
Authors: Kutt Henn , Tsaltas Theodore T 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
1. A yellow-brown component of commercial oil red O separated by our technic of paper chromatography is shown to stain human serum proteins, particularly those that are coagulated by heat. The patterns of serum electropherograms obtained by coloring with the crude oil red O solution consist of a red lipid pattern superimposed on a brownish protein pattern.
2. A method is described for partial removal of the nonred components from the crude oil red O. Satisfactory coloration of lipoproteins was obtained with the "purified" oil red O.
3. It is demonstrated that areas of paper strip covered with protein may stain lighter with some oil red O fractions than the background filter paper.
A Microbiologic Method for Detecting Folic Acid Deficiency in Man
Authors: Baker Herman , Herbert V , Frank O , Pasher I , Hutner S H , Wasserman L R , Sobotka Harry 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A microbiologic method based on Lactobacillus casei for assaying folic acid activity in serum is presented. The assay correlates directly with the clinical diagnosis. Comparison with formimino-L-glutamic acid determinations and other microbiologic assay methods shows the assay here described to yield a more dependable estimate of the folic acid status in humans.
Determination of Chloride in Blood Serum, Plasma, or Other Biologic Fluids by a New Rapid Precision Method
Authors: Malmstadt H V , Winefordner J D 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The new, extremely sensitive and accurate precision null-point potentiometric method has been applied to the determination of chloride in blood serum or plasma and 2 simple procedures are described, one for deproteinized serum and the other for serum directly.
Measurements of chloride in diluted serum samples containing only 0.02 ml. blood serum can be carried out in less than 1 minute by the precision null-point potentiometric method with relative errors less than 0.5% for the complete procedure. Sample manipulations and all other operations for the chloride determination require about 1 to 3 minutes, the longer time for deproteinizing the serum. The same procedure is suitable for chloride determinations in other biologic samples, and the general considerations are presented.
Some Laboratory Aids for a Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Schepers Hiram H , Martinek Robert G 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A power supply for laboratory instruments is described which has the following advantages.
1. It has greater utility than any commercially available unit now on the market and includes disaster planning in its construction.
2. It is relatively cheap to construct and does not require specialized knowledge for its assemblage.
3. It is relatively trouble-free and requires comparatively little routine maintenance.
A reliable, cheap, and convenient high intensity gas-air burner has been described for heat sealing the capillary tubes used in the micro hematocrit technic.
Studies of Cholesterol Methodology and Application to Population Surveys
Authors: Hollinger Nell F , Austin Elizabeth , Chandler Dorothy , Lansing Richard K 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Comment is made on 7 methods with respect to replicate analysis and correlation with results of the Schoenheimer-Sperry determination of serum cholesterol. Estimates of variance are tabulated for 5 of the methods in terms of twice the coefficient of variation (2CVx); values range from 6.2% to 11.8%, averaging approximately 10%. For cholesterol standards, reproducibility of color development is somewhat better for standards equivalent to more than 200 mg./100ml.; the range of values for 2CVx is 3.8% to 39% above 200 mg. per 100 ml.; below that level 2CVx is 9.4% to 16.6% for photometric methods. On the basis of reproducibility and ease of performance the method of choice for the determination of total cholesterol is the Carr-Drekter.
As estimated from findings for 12 cases of atherosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) in a 4.9% sample representative of a survey of 3992 longshoremen, the incidence of ASHD is 87 per 1000 longshoremen having a total cholesterol of 230 mg./100 ml. or over; below that cholesterol level the incidence is 54 per 1000.
Spectrophotometric Behavior of Azobilirubin and Azotaurobilirubin
Authors: Jirsa M , Jirsová V 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The authors studied the influence of pH, alcohol, and albumin on the spectrophotometric behavior of azo dyes prepared from direct and indirect bilirubin by coupling with sulphanilic acid. Synthetically prepared taurobilirubin was used as a model for direct bilirubin. It was found that extinction and absorption maximum values depend on all 3 factors. Most important for practical purposes is the observed rise of azo dye extinction in serum and in albumin caused by alcohol. This means, if the Malloy and Evelyn method for the quantitative colometric estimation of direct bilirubin in serum is used, that part of the directly reacting taurobilirubin is estimated as indirect bilirubin. Revision of colorimetric methods for direct bilirubin estimation in serum is recommended.
Improved Spectrophotometric Determination of Amylase with a New Stable Starch Substrate Solution
Authors: Rice Eugene W 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A rapid spectrophotometric procedure for the determination of α-amylase activity by the use of the blue starch-triiodide ion complex is described. The method employs a Litner starch substrate solution which is preserved indefinitely by the incorporation of sorbic acid. Human cerebrospinal fluids consistently exhibit low amylase activity with the proposed method, the mean value being 2 "Somogyi" units.
An Assay for Pantothenic Acid in Biologic Fluids
Authors: Baker Herman , Frank Oscar , Pasher Inez , Dinnerstein Allan , Sobotka Harry 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Methods for the assay of pantothenic acid in blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid using Lactobacillus plantarum and Tetrahymena pyriformis are presented. Tetrahymena, grown in a synthetic medium, provides a reliable assay control for establishing the range of the vitamin content in biologic fluids. The results show that pantothenic acid exists in the combined form and is equally concentrated in blood and cerebrospinal fluid; in urine it exists in the unconjugated form.
The Albumin/Globulin Ratio in Serum
Authors: Yeoman W B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
1. A simple method is given for testing the efficiency of a salt fractionation method for the separation of albumin from globulins in serum or plasma. This consists of electrophoresis of the concentrated filtrate obtained by treatment of the specimen with the fractionating agent.
2. A method is presented for total precipitation of globulins in serum, or plasma with the use of a 27.2% sodium sulfate solution. Electrophoresis of the concentrated filtrates from such preparations reveals similarities close to the electrophoresis of pure albumin.
3. A comparison is made between the proposed salt fractionation technic and the results of electrophoresis in a series of 25 specimens. In this comparison, allowance of albumin trailing during protein paper electrophoresis is made. It is thought that the degree of agreement between the two methods would not have been so favorable if such an allowance had not been made.
Colorimetric Determination of Serum Isocitric Dehydrogenase
Authors: Taylor Thomas H , Friedman Michael E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A colorimetric assay of serum isocitric dehydrogenase has been described in which the α-ketoglutaric acid formed is determined as the hydrazone. A standard unit of lCD activity is defined as millimicromoles KG-A formed per milliliter serum per hour of incubation at 37°.
Analyses of KGA and TPNH as reaction products show that 1.58 moles of KGA are formed for each mole of TPNH under the conditions of this experiment.
Contamination of Malic Dehydrogenase with Apotransaminase
Authors: Zimmerman Hyman J , Silverberg Ivan J , West Michael 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Studies of 4 commercially available malic dehydrogenase preparations have shown very small amounts of transaminase activity. Incubation of these preparations with pyridoxal 5-phosphate has revealed an enhanced transaminase activity. The data reported here suggest that the enhanced transaminase activity represents apotransaminase contaminating the malic dehydrogenase preparation.
Effects of Hemolysis on Serum Electrolyte Values
Authors: Mather Alan , Mackie Nellie Ray 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The correction of serum potassium and phosphate values for erythrocyte contribution arising from hemolysis during blood collection may be made with a fair degree of confidence by evaluating the cellular potassium and phosphorus from the serum hemoglobin. The correction for potassium is appreciable, about 3.3 mEq./L. for each gram of liberated hemoglobin; the correction for phosphorus in fresh specimens is about one tenth as great, and may ordinarily be neglected.
Determination of Cholesterol with Special Reference to the Use of p-Toluenesulfonic Acid
Authors: Wright L A , Tonks D B , Allen R H 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
1. The Pearson, Stern, and McGavack method for the determination of cholesterol was found to be rapid and suitable for routine clinical purposes. It gave, within experimental error, total cholesterol values in agreement with the method of Bloor.
2. A proposed modification of the method, providing for a final volume of 6.3 ml., and a shorter operational time, was found to give values in excellent agreement with the original method.
3. Sulfosalicylic acid may be used as a substitute for p-toluenesulfonic acid. However, no evidence of the excessive reactivity reported from one source has been experienced at any time in this laboratory with the p-toluenesulfonic acid reagent.
4. Similar optical densities were obtained from equimolar quantities of cholesterol and cholesteryl palmitate when the Pearson, Stern, and McGavack method was used.
5. Serum cholesterol values for 61 normal males were found to range from 150 to 320 mg./100 ml. of serum.
Rapid Method for the Quantitative Determination of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: klein Bernard , Read Prunella A , Babson Arthur L 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A new procedure is described for the simple, rapid, quantitative measurement of serum alkaline phosphatase. The procedure is based on the direct photometric measurement of phenolphthalein released from sodium phenolphthalein phosphate. The substrate is available in a convenient, stabilized form as a tablet containing buffer and substrate in optimum amounts for a single analysis. As many as 30 analyses can be performed in an hour.
X-Ray Spectroscopy in the Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Natelson Samuel , Sheid Bertrum 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Sulfur analysis in serum is performed with the X-ray spectrometer. The total sulfur content of normal serum in healthy adults is found to be 98 mg./100 ml. of serum ± 2.0 (2σ). This calculates to 1.44 gm. sulfur per 100 gm. of serum proteins ± 0.1 (2σ).
The distribution of sulfur in the paper electrophoretic fractions was assayed by performing the electrophoresis and passing the unstained paper through the X-ray field at a constant velocity; 69.3 per cent of the total serum sulfur is found in the albumin fraction. The other fractions contain, for alpha1, alpha2, beta, and gamma globulins, 4.2, 9.5, 9.5, and 7.5 per cent, respectively, as mean values for the 16 healthy adults. From the protein content of each fraction, determined by staining, the gm. of sulfur per 100 gm. protein is calculated for each fraction as follows: Albumin, 1.74; A,, 1.61; A2, 1.37; beta, 1.09; and gamma, 0.67.
The distribution of sulfur in the paper electrophoretic fractions from the two sera containing an abnormal fraction migrating with the gamma globulins was studied. The abnormal protein sulfur was low in these patients—only 0.18 and 0.16 gm. sulfur per 100 gm. of protein being found—as compared to 0.67 per cent in the normal. Both these sera came from patients with multiple myeloma.
In the serum of 2 patients, which had abnormal globulins traveling with the beta globulins, one contained level of sulfur elevated to 1.42 gm./100 gm. protein, as compared with 1.09 for normal beta globulin. The diagnosis in this case was multiple myeloma. In the second case the sulfur content was low-0.43 gm. sulfur per 100 gm. protein. In this case the diagnosis in the patient was equivocal.
Technics are described for determining the sulfur content of the different electrophoretic fractions with the X-ray spectrometer.
Study of Cholinesterase Activity in Nervous and Mental Disorders
Authors: Plum Claus Munk 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Serum cholinesterase activity was measured in 193 patients with different mental diseases. It was found that there is an increase in the serum cholinesterase activity in patients suffering from manic depressive psychosis, schizophrenia, psychosis psychogenica, anxiety neurosis, and depressive neurosis. The results confirm some of those found in the literature. The reason for the increase in the serum cholinesterase activity cannot be explained. Drug therapy seems to have no direct influence on the enzyme activity, our experiments having been carried out over a period of about 4 years, with many different drugs used. The values reported in this paper are results of examinations carried out on the patients without any regard to their immediate psychic or mental condition, making it impossible to report on the influence of mental condition on the serum cholinesterase activity. No effect on the serum cholinesterase activity was found following electroshock treatment.
Nonionic Surfactants in Paper Electrophoresis
Authors: Graham W Donald 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
1. A modification of the usual paper electrophoretic procedure has been made by including in the buffer medium 0.05 per cent of certain alkylphenyl ethers of polyethylene glycol.
2. This modified procedure yields electrophoretic patterns of blood serum proteins that may be subdivided into 12 fractions— albumin, α1-globulin, three α2-globulins, three β-globulins, and four γ-globulins.
3. The method was applied to blood serum from 70 patients apparently free of significant disease and to sera from a number of patients with varied disease. More specific location of the altered protein levels was possible in a number of disease states.
4. Glycoprotein distribution was not seriously disturbed by the presence of the nonionic surfactants, but lipoproteins migrated at a decreased rate.
Studies on the Determination of Bile Pigments I. Standard of Purity for Bilirubin
Authors: Henry Richard J , Jacobs S L , Chiamori Neil 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The purity of a number of commercial bilirubin preparations has been examined. A technic of purification of bilirubin is presented and certain characteristics of the product examined. Tentative standards of purity for bilirubin are proposed.
Rapid Method for Determination of Ascorbic Acid in Urine
Authors: Polk Andrew , Flanagan Thomas L , Van Loon Edward J 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
A rapid and accurate method for the determination of ascorbic acid in urine utilizing 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPP) is described. This method eliminates the use of washed norit and reduces the incubation period from 3 hr. to 10 min.
Osmolarity of Human Serum and of Chemical Solutions of Biologic Importance
Authors: Hendry Edward B 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
With the use of the Fiske Osmometer, the mean total osmolarity of normal human serum was found to be 289 mOsM (S.D., 4), which is equivalent to a mean freezing point of -0.537°. The isosmotic concentrations of some important biologic solutions were determined. It was also found that M/15 solutions of disodium hydrogen phosphate and of potassium dihydrogen phosphate are very hypotonic, and that 3.8% sodium citrate is hypertonic. Hemolysis of erythrocytes in isosmotic ammonium chloride solution can be considerably delayed by the addition of 3.0% glucose to the solution. Isosmotic concentrations of disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate were precisely determined, as were pH levels of buffer solutions made from these two salts. The cause of the slight changes in osmolarity that occur when these two isosmotic solutions are mixed is discussed.
Photometric Microdetermination of Serum Lipase with a Phenyl Laurate Substrate
Authors: Saifer Abraham , Perle Guta 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
The Raderecht and Moskau procedure for pancreatic lipase (6) has been modified for determining the small amounts of this enzyme present in normal blood serum. The present investigation confirmed their findings: that phenyl laurate provides a stable easily-prepared substrate of uniform composition; that the substrate is specifically split by serum and pancreatic lipase; and that the reaction product (phenol) can be readily determined by a simple and sensitive colorimetric procedure.
The lipase units are expressed in the same manner as are phosphatase units; i.e., milligrams of phenol liberated per 100 ml. serum at 370° in 30 min. The normal range, based on 40 sera, was found to be 2.5-5.6 units.
The serum lipase values were shown to be significantly elevated in a number of cases with acute pancreatic disease. The advantage of this procedure over others presently employed for diagnostic evaluation of these conditions is discussed.