bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of alcohol screening and brief intervention in primary health care in Kazakhstan: study protocol of a pilot cluster randomised trial
Authors: Schulte Bernd , O’Donnell Amy , Lahusen Harald , Lindemann Christina , Prilutskaya Mariya , Yussopov Oleg , Kaliyeva Zhanar , Martens Marcus-Sebastian , Verthein Uwe 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Identifying and addressing heavy drinking represents a major public health priority worldwide. Whilst the majority of alcohol screening and brief intervention (ASBI) research has been conducted in western, high-income countries, evidence is growing that ASBI can also impact positively on heavy drinkers in low- and middle-income country populations. This mixed methods study aims to assess the feasibility of conducting a fully randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of ASBI in primary care in Kazakhstan and explore the feasibility and acceptability of implementing ASBI in this setting from patients’ and physicians’ perspectives.

Methods
Six primary health care units in the region of Pavlodar will be cluster randomised to either an intervention (WHO manualised 5 min alcohol brief intervention plus alcohol leaflet) or control group (simple feedback plus alcohol leaflet). Primary feasibility measures will be rates of participation at baseline and retention of eligible patients at the 3-month follow-up point. Patient/physician questionnaires and physician focus groups will assess additional dimensions of feasibility, as well as acceptability, according to the RE-AIM framework: Reach (rates of eligible patients screened/received advice); Effectiveness (change in AUDIT-C score); Adoption (rate/representativeness of participating physicians); Implementation (quality of ASBI/barriers and facilitators to delivery); and Maintenance (potential sustainability of intervention).

Discussion
This is the first trial of the feasibility and acceptability of ASBI in Kazakhstan. As the planning and assessment of implementation determinants is based on the RE-AIM framework, the project outcomes will be relevant for the future development, tailoring and implementation of ASBI in Kazakhstan.

Trial registration
DRKS, DRKS00015882, Registered 17 December 2018.
Factors influencing the persistence of reindeer lichens (Cladonia subgenus Cladina) within frequent-fire environments of the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA
Authors: Ray David G. , Cahalan Gabriel D. , Lendemer James C. 
Published: January 2020

Abstract
Background
Prescribed fire is increasingly used to accomplish management goals in fire-adapted systems, yet our understanding of effects on non-target organisms remains underdeveloped. Terricolous lichens in the genus Cladonia P. Browne, particularly cushion-forming reindeer lichens belonging to Cladonia subgenus Cladina Nyl., fit into this category, being characteristic of fire-adapted ecosystems, yet highly vulnerable to damage or consumption during burns. Moreover, inherently slow dispersal and growth rates raise questions about how to conserve these taxa in the context of fire-mediated restoration management. This research was undertaken to identify factors that contribute to Cladonia persistence within areas subject to repeated burning and involved tracking the fate of 228 spatially isolated individuals distributed across seven sites previously burned zero to two times. Site selection was determined by edaphic factors associated with a rare inland dune woodland community type known to support relatively high densities of Cladonia.

Results
Evaluated across all sites, the post-burn condition of Cladonia subtenuis (Abbayes) Mattick samples, categorized as intact (32%), fragmented (33%), or consumed (36%) individuals, approximated a uniform distribution. However, their status was highly variable at the different sites, where from 0 to 70% were assessed as intact and 11 to 60% consumed. Machine-learning statistical techniques were used to identify the factors most strongly associated with fire damage, drawing from variables describing the proximate fuel bed, growth substrate, and fire weather. The final descriptive model was dominated by variables characterizing the understory fuel matrix.

Conclusions
Areas with highly contiguous fuels dominated by pyrogenic pine needles were most likely to result in consumption of individual Cladonia, whereas those growing in areas with low fuel continuity or in areas dominated by hardwood litter were more likely to persist (intact or as fragments). Further, substrates including bare soil and moss mats afforded more protection than coarse woody debris or leaf litter in settings where fuels were both contiguous and highly flammable. Our findings describe the characteristics of within-site fire refugia, the abundance of which may be enhanced over time through restoration and maintenance treatments including thinning, promotion of mixed-species overstory composition, and periodic burning. Because lichens contribute to, and are considered reliable indicators of forest health, fire-based restoration management efforts will benefit from improved understanding of how these vulnerable organisms are able to persist.
Integrated electrochemical processes for textile industry wastewater treatment: system performances and sludge settling characteristics
Authors: Afanga Hanane , Zazou Hicham , Titchou Fatima Ezzahra , Rakhila Youness , Akbour Rachid Ait , Elmchaouri Abdellah , Ghanbaja Jaafar , Hamdani Mohamed 
Published: January 2020

AbstractTextile wastewater containing toxic dyes needs efficient treatment before being released into the environment. Certain dyes are known or presumed to have carcinogenic potential for humans. In this work, hybrid electrochemical processes including electrocoagulation (EC) alone and combined with electro Fenton (EF), anodic oxidation (AO) and peroxi-coagulation (PC) were tested to treat real textile wastewater using a batch reactor. A sequential EC and EF (EC-EF) process was found to be more effective. The experimental results indicated that the effectiveness of the treatment decreases in the following order: EC-EF > EC-AO > EC-PC > EC. EC-EF results showed a decrease in chemical oxygen demand (COD, 97%), total organic carbon (98%), total suspended solids (98%), and the concentration of metal species; showing that the treatment of such wastewater type can be achieved by combined EC-EF process in a one-pot bench-scale reactor. The electrical energy consumption, the iron dissolution, and the biological oxygen demand/COD ratios of EC and EC-EF processes were evaluated. Characterization of the sludge generated during EC treatment at current density of 20 mA cm− 2 was carried out. Precipitation, adsorption, and electrochemical oxidation/reduction of organic dyes and metallic ions occurred during the treatment. This investigation shows the efficiency of combined EC-EF to treat textile wastewater.
A Polygenic Risk Score Suggests Shared Genetic Architecture of Voice Break With Early Markers of Pubertal Onset in Boys
Authors: Lardone María C , Busch Alexander S , Santos José L , Miranda Patricio , Eyheramendy Susana , Pereira Ana , Juul Anders , Almstrup Kristian , Mericq Verónica 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Context
Voice break, as a landmark of advanced male puberty in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), has revealed that pubertal timing is a highly polygenic trait. Although voice break is easily recorded in large cohorts, it holds quite low precision as a marker of puberty. In contrast, gonadarche and pubarche are early and clinically well-defined measures of puberty onset.

Objective
To determine whether a polygenic risk score (PRS) of alleles that confer risk for voice break associates with age at gonadarche (AAG) and age at pubarche (AAP) in Chilean boys.

Experimental Design
Longitudinal study.

Subjects and Methods
401 boys from the Growth and Obesity Chilean Cohort Study (n = 1194; 49.2% boys).

Main Outcome Measures
Biannual clinical pubertal staging including orchidometry. AAG and AAP were estimated by censoring methods. Genotyping was performed using the Multi-Ethnic Global Array (Illumina). Using GWAS summary statistics from the UK-Biobank, 29 significant and independent single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with age at voice break were extracted. Individual PRS were computed as the sum of risk alleles weighted by the effect size.

Results
The PRS was associated with AAG (β=0.01, P = 0.04) and AAP (β=0.185, P = 0.0004). In addition, boys within the 20% highest PRS experienced gonadarche and pubarche 0.55 and 0.67 years later than those in the lowest 20%, respectively (P = 0.013 and P = 0.007).

Conclusions
Genetic variants identified in large GWAS on age at VB significantly associate with age at testicular growth and pubic hair development, suggesting that these events share a genetic architecture across ethnically distinct populations.
Epidemiological evidence relating environmental smoke to COPD in lifelong non-smokers: a systematic review
Authors: Lee Peter N. , Forey Barbara A. , Coombs Katharine J. , Hamling Jan S. , Thornton Alison J. 
Published: January 2020

Background: Some evidence suggests environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) might cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We reviewed available epidemiological data in never smokers. Methods: We identified epidemiological studies providing estimates of relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for various ETS exposure indices. Confounder-adjusted RRs for COPD were extracted, or derived using standard methods. Meta-analyses were conducted for each exposure index, with tests for heterogeneity and publication bias. For the main index (spouse ever smoked or nearest equivalent), analyses investigated variation in RR by location, publication period, study type, sex, diagnosis, study size, confounder adjustment, never smoker definition, and exposure index definition. Results: Twenty-eight relevant studies were identified; nine European or Middle Eastern, nine Asian, eight American and two from multiple countries. Five were prospective, seven case-control and 16 cross-sectional. The COPD definition involved death or hospitalisation in seven studies, GOLD stage 1+ criteria in twelve, and other definitions in nine. For the main index, random-effects meta-analysis of 33 heterogeneous (p<0.001) estimates gave a RR of 1.20 (95%CI 1.08-1.34). Higher estimates for females (1.59,1.16-2.19, n=11) than males (1.29,0.94-1.76, n=7) or sexes combined (1.10,0.99-1.22, n=15 where sex-specific not available), and lower estimates for studies of 150+ cases (1.08,0.97-1.20, n=13) partly explained the heterogeneity. Estimates were higher for Asian studies (1.34,1.08-1.67, n=10), case-control studies (1.55,1.04-2.32, n=8), and COPD mortality or hospitalisation (1.40,1.12-1.74, n=11). Some increase was seen for severer COPD (1.29,1.10-1.52, n=7). Dose-response evidence was heterogeneous. Evidence for childhood (0.88,0.72-1.07, n=2) and workplace (1.12,0.77-1.64, n=4) exposure was limited, but an increase was seen for overall adulthood exposure (1.20,1.03-1.39, n=17). We discuss study weaknesses that may bias estimation of the association of COPD with ETS. Conclusions: Although the evidence strongly suggests that ETS increases COPD, study weaknesses and absence of well-designed large studies preclude reliable effect estimation. More definitive evidence is required.
Cardiovascular, carcinogenic and reproductive effects of nicotine exposure: A narrative review of the scientific literature
Authors: Price Leonie R. , Martinez Javier 
Published: January 2020

The emergence of new tobacco heating products and electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is changing the way humans are exposed to nicotine. The purpose of this narrative review is to provide a broad overview of published scientific literature with respect to the effects of nicotine on three key health-related areas: 1) cardiovascular risk, 2) carcinogenesis and 3) reproductive outcomes. These areas are known to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of cigarette smoke, and in addition, nicotine has been hypothesized to play a role in disease pathogenesis. Acute toxicity will also be discussed. The literature to February 2019 suggests that there is no increased cardiovascular risk of nicotine exposure in consumers who have no underlying cardiovascular pathology. There is scientific consensus that nicotine is not a direct or complete carcinogen, however, it remains to be established whether it plays some role in human cancer propagation and metastasis. These cancer progression pathways have been proposed in models in vitro and in transgenic rodent lines in vivo but have not been demonstrated in cases of human cancer. Further studies are needed to determine whether nicotine is linked to decreased fertility in humans. The results from animal studies indicate that nicotine has the potential to act across many mechanisms during fetal development. More studies are needed to address questions regarding nicotine exposure in humans, and this may lead to additional guidance concerning new ENDS entering the market.
The impact of birth-related injury and pain on breastfeeding outcomes
Authors: Bourdillon Katie , McCausland Tom , Jones Stephanie 
Published: January 2020

Background Reasons for premature discontinuation of breastfeeding are complex; a variety of social, psychological and physical factors may contribute to a deviation from a mother's breastfeeding plan. Aims To investigate how actual experiences of birth and breastfeeding differed from the mother's pre-birth intentions, and any subsequent perceived impact on breastfeeding experience. Methods Data was collected via an online survey of UK-based women (n=1 000). Findings Respondents faced a variety of challenges when breastfeeding, including nipple soreness and pain, concerns around milk insufficiency, and birth-related pain which impacted their ability to breastfeed comfortably. Predominantly, birth-related pain made breastfeeding difficult rather than preventing it, however 5% of mothers surveyed cited it as contributing to premature cessation of breastfeeding. Conclusions Pain relating to birth may be an under-considered factor in early cessation of breastfeeding. Considering the challenges experienced when establishing and maintaining breastfeeding, it is essential to consider the cumulative pain and discomfort experienced from all sources.
Short Communication: Two new species and new record of Psydrax Gaertn. (Rubiaceae: Vanguerieae) in Borneo
Authors: MAHYUNI RIDHA , CHIKMAWATI TATIK , ARIYANTI NUNIK SRI 
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Mahyuni R, Chikmawati T, Ariyanti NS. 2019. Short Communication: Two new species and new record of Psydrax Gaertn. (Rubiaceae: Vanguerieae) in Borneo. Biodiversitas 20: 2011-2015. Psydrax sabahensis Mahyuni and P. wongii Mahyuni are two new species endemic to Borneo proposed in this present study with descriptions, illustrations and map of distribution provided. Psydrax sabahensis has blades ovate to elliptic, with angle 60º to the midrib, tertiary venation conspicuous on both side, petiole length 10-13 mm long, inflorescence sub-umbellate and pedicels 23-27 mm long. Psydrax wongii has blade elliptic, with angle 45º to midrib, apex acuminate to caudate, secondary veins 3-4 pairs, tertiary venation inconspicuous on upper side and slightly wrinkled on lower surface. The presence of P. maingayi (Hook.f.) Bridson in Borneo, previously thought to be a Malay Peninsula endemic species, is also confirmed as a new record.
Rangeland conversion to dryland and its effects on species diversity and richness
Authors: Hasanpori REZA , Sepehry ADEL , Barani HOSSEIN 
Published: January 2020

Abstract. Hasanpori R, Sepehry A, Barani H. 2019. Rangeland conversion to dryland and its effects on species diversity and richness. Biodiversitas 20: 2043-2047. Species diversity and richness status in ecosystem is important in confront to environmental threats and is guidance in plant management. Due to increasing land use changes and destruction of rangelands in western Iran, this research was conducted to study the effects of land use change from rangeland to dryland on species diversity and richness of vegetation cover in three land uses of rangeland, dryland and abandoned dryland. Vegetation cover data were collected from established plots in each land use. Species diversity and richness were calculated in each land use by Simpson and Shannon indices and Menhinick and Margalef ones, respectively. Results showed that these indices are significantly different at 95% level in three land uses. The highest species diversity and richness indices were in rangeland and the least were in dryland. So, we found that four above measured indices, are illustrative and accurate enough to demonstrate differences between several land-use diversity and richness. Simplification on a dynamic and diverse ecosystem, and land conversion to dryland reduced plant species numbers in the new ecosystem, and simplify species composition, so simple dryland ecosystem would be fragile against environmental threats. Therefore to reduce unfavorable effects of land use changing, paying more attention to species diversity conservation must be a base to management decisions.
Hyperspectral polarimetric imaging of the water surface and retrieval of water optical parameters from multi-angular polarimetric data
Authors: Gilerson Alexander , Carrizo Carlos , Ibrahim Amir , Foster Robert , Harmel Tristan , El-Habashi Ahmed , Lee ZhongPing , Yu Xiaolong , Ladner Sherwin , Ondrusek Michael 
Published: January 2020

Total and polarized radiances from above the ocean surface are measured by a state-of-the-art snapshot hyperspectral imager. A computer-controlled filter wheel is installed in front of the imager allowing for recording of division-of-time Stokes vector images from the ocean surface. This system, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time provided a capability of hyperspectral polarimetric multi-angular measurements of radiances from above the water surface. Several sets of measurements used in the analysis were acquired from ocean platforms and from shipborne observations. Measurements made by the imager are compared with simulations using a vector radiative transfer (VRT) code showing reasonable agreement. Analysis of pixel-to-pixel variability of the total and polarized above-water radiance for the viewing angles of 20°–60° in different wind conditions enable the estimation of uncertainties in measurements of these radiances in the polarized mode for the spectral range of 450–750 nm, thus setting requirements for the quality of polarized measurements. It is shown that there is a noticeable increase of above-water degree of linear polarization (DoLP) as a function of the viewing angle, which is due both to the larger DoLP of the light from the water body and the light reflected from the ocean surface. Results of measurements and VRT simulations are applied for the multi-angular retrieval of the ratio of beam attenuation coefficient (

c

tot

) to absorption coefficient (

a

tot

) in addition to the other parameters such as absorption and backscattering coefficients retrieved from traditional unpolarized methods.
Symplectic ray tracing based on Hamiltonian optics in gradient-index media
Authors: Ohno Hiroshi 
Published: January 2020

A method based on Hamiltonian optics for ray tracing through
gradient-index (GRIN) media is proposed. The ray equation that
describes light-ray paths can be written in the form of the
Hamiltonian equations. Although the Hamiltonian equations can be
numerically calculated using a finite-difference explicit method,
deviations from the exact equations are generally inevitable at
subsequent time steps. An optical Hamiltonian can be constructed of
two independent terms, i.e., one term dependent on position and the
other term dependent on momentum. The symplectic integrator is
applicable to such a separable optical Hamiltonian system and makes
the optical Hamiltonian equations form invariant at each time step of
numerical calculations. Accuracies of light-ray paths calculated using
the first-order symplectic ray tracing in GRIN lenses approximate
those calculated on the basis of the fourth-order Runge–Kutta
algorithm, which shows the promising potential of the
symplectic-ray-tracing method.
Metamaterial nonlinear and polarization-dependent bi-frequency THz switch
Authors: Sharifi Nahid , Granpayeh Nosrat 
Published: January 2020

In this work, we propose a novel metamaterial structure with two concentric split-ring resonators. The splits are filled by photoconductive Si. Illuminating the structure using an oblique optical pump with a wavelength of 800 nm, in addition to the normal THz signal wave, excites the structure by varying the Si conductivity. Also, by changing the direction of the incident TE wave by 90°, the transmission frequency is changed. Therefore, the structure operates as a switch at two different windows using two different methods. The response time of the photoconductive switch is less than 3 ps. The substrate was replaced by a more cost-effective and flexible material, polyimide, to achieve even more exciting results in broadening the switching windows. Also, the response time of this switch is less than 1 ps. Finally, for verification of the simulation results, a circuit model of the photoconductive switch is proposed, and the results comply very well with the simulation results. The proposed switch can be used in fast optical systems and networks.
Attosecond pulse generation from $H_2^ + $H2+ ions using a multicolor beam superposition method
Authors: Ebrahimzadeh S. , Barzi M. , Lotfollahi M. , Tabatabaei S. N. , Sarikhani S. 
Published: January 2020

The behavior of the high-order harmonics and output attosecond pulses from hydrogen molecule ions with various internuclear distances that are exposed to high intensity incoming pulses are investigated. The incoming pulses that are spectrally wide yield from a superposition of monochromatic beams with a constant frequency distance. Our simulations show that the most intense and shortest attosecond pulses can result from hydrogen molecular ions with large internuclear distances which are exposed to irradiation of intense pulses with a frequency width greater than 0.03 a.u.
Carmen Pinillos y José Javier Azanza (eds.). Et nunc et semper festa. Pamplona: Ediciones de la Universidad de Navarra, 2019.
Authors: Gutiérrez Gil Alberto 
Published: January 2020

Reseña de la publicación de Carmen Pinillos y José Javier Azanza (eds.). Et nunc et semper festa. Pamplona: Ediciones de la Universidad de Navarra, 2019. 348 páginas, ISBN: 9788431333621.
José Carlos González Boixo. Juan Rulfo. Estudios sobre literatura, fotografía y cine. Madrid: Cátedra, 2018
Authors: Zevallos María Angélica 
Published: January 2020

Reseña de la publicación de José Carlos González Boixo. Juan Rulfo. Estudios sobre literatura, fotografía y cine. Madrid: Cátedra, 2018. ISBN: 9788437639161.