bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
This Isn’t 1964 Anymore—Or Is It?
Authors: McClain Linda C. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission, which held that the Colorado Civil Rights Commission showed animosity and hostility toward the religion of baker Jack Phillips. This case shows that rhetoric matters: the commissioners drew criticism for their comments about appealing to religion to justify discrimination. The chapter analyzes the arguments made in Masterpiece, highlighting competing appeals to Obergefell and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Kennedy’s majority opinion enlisted civil rights precedent Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises on the general rule that religious objections to gay marriage do not allow business owners to deny service to customers protected by public accommodations law. Masterpiece indicated guidelines for resolving future cases. The concurring opinion by Justice Bosson in Elane Photography, LLC v. Willock provides a valuable model: it speaks respectfully about religious beliefs, while also explaining what tolerance demands in the public square as the “price of citizenship.”
Brains as Engines of Association
Authors: Purves Dale 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Brains as Engines of Association seeks an operating principle of the human brain and is divided into four parts. The first part (“What Nervous Systems Do for Animals”) is intended to set the stage for understanding the emergence of neural systems as promoting what all organisms must accomplish: survival and reproduction. The second part (“Neural Systems as Engines of Association”) lays out the general argument that biological sensing systems face a daunting problem: they cannot measure the parameters of the world in the way physical instruments can. As a result, nervous systems must make and update associations (synaptic connections) on the basis of empirical success or failure over both evolutionary and individual time. The third part (“Evidence that Neural Systems Operate Empirically”) reviews evidence accumulated over the past 20 years that supports this interpretation in vision and audition, the sensory systems that have been most studied from this or any other perspective. Finally, the fourth part (“Alternative Concepts of Neural Function”) considers the pros and cons of other interpretations of how brains operate. The overarching theme is that the nervous systems of humans and every other animal operate on the basis associations between stimuli and behavior made by trial and error over species and lifetime experience.
Organisms Without Nervous Systems
Authors: Purves Dale 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
According to current estimates, the kingdoms of life on Earth comprise at least 8.7 million eukaryotic species (protists, fungi, plants, and animals) and many more prokaryotic species (eubacteria and archaebacteria). The fuzziness of these numbers is understandable: new species are being discovered daily, and extant species are going extinct, as they always have. Whatever the number may actually be, the great majority of past and present species don’t have nervous systems. Thus, before asking what function or functions nervous systems add to animal biology, an obvious question is how organisms without them get along so well. This chapter explores the answer.
Evidence from Geometry
Authors: Purves Dale 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Dealing successfully with objects and conditions in the world entails another basic visual category: the geometry of objects. This domain is also rich in perceptual phenomenology that needs to be explained. The problem in understanding perceived geometry is much the same as the problem of understanding lightness values and colors: biological vision lacks the tools—in this case rulers, protractors, radar guns, laser range scanners—needed to measure geometrical reality. As a result, the geometries we see always differ from the measured parameters of the physical world. The aim of this chapter is to consider geometrical examples that further support the conclusion that vision operates by ranking perceptual values according to the frequency of occurrence of biologically useful stimulus patterns.
What Is a Memory That It Can Be Changed?
Authors: Nadel Lynn 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of current thinking about certain aspects of memory, in particular, those most relevant in the clinic. It briefly sketches some early history and then discusses those features of memory that are important in understanding what is going on when one changes one’s mind. Major conclusions include (a) there are multiple forms of memory, governed by unique rules—some forms are relatively easy to change; others, less so; (b) reactivating a memory can enable change in that memory, but the conditions governing this remain unclear; (c) memory and emotion interact, affecting the likelihood of a memory being formed, or reformed, after reactivation; and (d) prediction is at the core of what all forms of memory do.
The Role of Language in the Construction of Emotion and Memory
Authors: Satpute Ajay B. , Nook Erik C. , Cakar Melis E. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Language is known to play an important role in communicating our thoughts, memories, and emotions. This chapter proposes that the role of language extends much more deeply to further shape and constitutively create these mental phenomena. Research on emotion has shown that language can powerfully influence experiences and perceptions that are affective or emotional. Research on memory, too, has also shown that language can be used to shape autobiographical experiences. The authors organize this work by the many forms and aspects that language may take such as rich narratives, specific emotion words, words that focus on the situation versus words that focus on the body, and even words that convey psychological distance from grammatical tense and pronoun usage. They describe a constructionist theoretical model to understand how language shapes emotion and memory in terms of psychological and neural mechanisms. Their model integrates with recent predictive coding models of neural processing. Finally, the chapter relates this work to clinical and translational models of therapeutic change.
Emotion–Memory Interactions
Authors: Dunsmoor Joseph E. , Kroes Marijn C. W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Emotional events are better remembered with more vividness and confidence than everyday occurrences. This prioritization of emotional events in memory can be helpful by ensuring that we remember important information associated with meaningful events. But persistent and intrusive memories of negative experiences presents a burden to daily life, exemplified in anxiety and stress disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder. Here, we describe emerging cognitive neuroscience research detailing how emotion shapes learning and memory. This research is framed in a historical context of pioneering studies in laboratory animals on Pavlovian fear conditioning and the role of stress and arousal on memory formation. Translating advances in the neuroscience of learning and memory from rodents to humans has opened the way for several lines of research that may ultimately lead to a better understanding and innovative treatments for mental health disorders. This includes new insights on how memory might be persistently attenuated so as to diminish the psychological and physiological effects of unwanted emotional memories.
Autobiographical Memory and the Self-Concept
Authors: Grilli Matthew D. , Ryan Lee 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Autobiographical memory plays a central role in one’s conceptualization of the self. It does so not only by storing the content of one’s life history, but also by providing the memories that are used to construct who we are and what we hope to become. Based on theories and evidence from cognitive neuroscience, the authors of this chapter discuss the contents and organization of autobiographical memory and the neural mechanisms that support the retrieval of autobiographical memories. They also cover core self-related functions served by this type of memory. The chapter closes by considering how the cognitive neuroscience of autobiographical memory and its self-related functions can provide insight into mechanisms of enduring change.
Emotion-Focused Therapy
Authors: Pascual-Leone Antonio , Greenberg Leslie 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the theory and practice of emotion-focused therapy (EFT), while giving special attention to the neuropsychological perspectives that help explain this approach to treatment. The authors elaborate how emotion theory is a fundamental part of the approach and discuss how this theory informs the treatment principles or ways of understanding emotional processing. They discuss how EFT focuses on accessing and utilizing adaptive emotions to promote transformation of maladaptive emotion structures and show how this promotes changing painful memories from the past by a process of memory reconsolidation. In addition, they refer to the outcome and process research of this approach and outline the principles of clinical practice.
CBT for Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Huppert Jonathan D. , Fradkin Isaac , Cahill Shawn P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Although exposure is considered one of the most effective treatments for the anxiety disorders, theories underlying the efficacy of the treatments vary. This chapter examines various forms of exposure in terms of emotional processing theory, the inhibitory learning model, and cognitive theory. The authors discuss how each relates to current literature on memory reconsolidation. They suggest that, ultimately, all three models have strengths and weaknesses that can be improved upon via their integration and raise questions for further research in terms of each theory as well as their relationship to memory reconsolidation. In addition, some proposals for integrating these theories via consideration of the brain as a Bayesian predictive coding processor and use of computational modeling are suggested.
Erasing Problematic Emotional Learnings
Authors: Ecker Bruce 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines how the effectiveness and unification of psychotherapy are advanced by neuroscientists’ findings on memory reconsolidation, the brain’s innate mechanism for profound unlearning. Research relevant to psychotherapy is reviewed and mapped unambiguously into a clinical methodology of transformational change, the therapeutic reconsolidation process (TRP), applicable to all symptoms arising from memory contents. The TRP is defined as a set of experiences required by the brain, allowing implementation by any suitable experiential techniques, without dictating particular forms of therapy. Detection of TRP fulfillment in published case studies from diverse therapy systems suggests that the TRP provides psychotherapy unification and, functioning as both a specific and a common factor, may be responsible for transformational change occurring in any therapy sessions, which would confirm and advance the “corrective experience” paradigm. A coherence therapy case example serves to demonstrate TRP implementation, and research priorities are suggested.
Viewing Psychodynamic/Interpersonal Theory and Practice Through the Lens of Memory Reconsolidation
Authors: Levenson Hanna , Angus Lynne , Pool Erica 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, the case is made that the procedure for memory reconsolidation (MR) is compatible with the strategies and interventions of modern psychodynamic psychotherapy. In particular the concept of the corrective emotional experience (CEE) is seen as integral to the MR process. A measure (the Narrative-Emotional Processing Coding System [NEPCS]) was used to code transcripts from a case being seen in Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy. Results indicate that the NEPCS was able to track key shifts consistent with the MR process and CEE. One implication of this work is that psychodynamic therapists might be able to use an MR framework intentionally to foster enduring change more effectively and efficiently.
The Affective Origin and Treatment of Recurrent Maladaptive Patterns
Authors: Lane Richard D. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Recurrent maladaptive patterns (RMPs) have been a foundational concept in psychodynamic therapy (PDT) and psychoanalysis for over a century. Typically associated with character pathology (i.e., personality disorders), they highlight the remarkable correspondences frequently observed between relationship patterns in a person’s family of origin, their current adult relationships, and the transference relationship with the therapist. These patterns can be understood as an expression of schemas and therefore share a common conceptual foundation with other major psychotherapy modalities. Yet, the centrality of affect in the origin/development of these maladaptive patterns and their treatment may not be widely appreciated among practitioners of PDT or any other modality. The basic thesis of this chapter is that RMPs as described in the PDT literature could potentially become more widely recognized, understood, and treated in an integrated manner if their developmental and affective origin were more generally appreciated. Doing so would not only improve interpersonal functioning but could also alter the affective dysfunction that predisposes to the development of symptoms that are a common reason for seeking treatment. Consistent with newer developments in psychodynamic theory grounded in observations from early childhood development, this chapter briefly reconsiders the fundamental elements of RMPs, including unconscious processes, development, conflict, defenses, and mechanisms of change from the perspective of affective science and computational neuroscience. In so doing, the goals are to broaden appreciation of the importance and ubiquity of RMPs by explaining them in nonclinical language, to increase the likelihood of enduring change by promoting an integrative approach to their treatment focusing on new emotional experiences in meaningful contexts and to facilitate research that can potentially establish the benefits of such an approach.
Grandstanding and Respect
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents several ways that moral grandstanding can involve a failure to show appropriate respect for persons. Grandstanders often use the putative moral failings of others as opportunities to showcase their own moral qualities. This phenomenon is common in cases of viral outrage and online shaming. Grandstanders also deceive other people by encouraging inaccurate impressions of their own moral credentials, thus gaining trust they do not deserve, and sometimes greater leeway to behave immorally. Grandstanding is also presented as a form of free-riding. If everyone engaged in grandstanding all the time, it would not impress anyone, and moral talk would not work. Grandstanders get the best of both worlds, while others restrain themselves to avoid abusing moral talk.
Would a Virtuous Person Grandstand?
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses moral grandstanding from the standpoint of virtue ethics. Three common approaches to virtue ethics are considered. A virtuous person would not grandstand according to the classical conception of virtue, on which virtue is doing the right thing for the right reason. People would be disappointed if they found out that a widely admired, historic speech turned out to be grandstanding. Vanity, the general character trait most closely associated with grandstanding, is not plausibly a virtue according to virtue consequentialism. Finally, grandstanding is an abuse of morality, like the one Nietzsche labels the slave revolt in morals, as grandstanders use moral talk as an underhanded shortcut to satisfy their will to power.
What to Do About Grandstanding
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
How can we cut down on grandstanding and all the damage it causes? Drawing from empirical research in psychology, this chapter explains how individuals can avoid grandstanding and help change social norms so others grandstand less, too. People can reduce their grandstanding by altering their situations, forming implementation intentions about how to talk about morality and politics, and satisfying their desires for moral recognition with activities that are more likely to do good. One tempting and obvious way to get others to stop grandstanding is to call them out and criticize them. But this is a bad idea for moral, epistemic, and practical reasons. A more promising route is to change social norms so that grandstanding becomes embarrassing. This can be done by correcting peoples’ beliefs about grandstanding and moral talk, setting a good example in public discourse, and withholding from suspected grandstanders the praise and attention they seek.
Earth Space, Planetary Geopolitics, and World Governments
Authors: Deudney Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Contrary to expansionist views, space around Earth, dominated by its gravitational attraction, is part of the planet, its astrosphere. While solar space is vast, the practical geography of Earth space is small because effective distances are so small. Analogies with terrestrial oceans and frontiers are very misleading. Space activities have amplified, not reduced, global closure. The applied propositions of geopolitics indicate the superiority of Clarke-Sagan over von Braun programs for achieving security. The deployment of ballistic missile space weapons has increased the probability of catastrophic nuclear war. Escaping nuclear vulnerability with a vast orbital Earth Net is unlikely to be successful. Orbital space is an axial region with integral tendencies, but realizing planetary military dominance is unlikely. Building Orbita of large orbital civil infrastructures will probably require or produce hierarchical world government. Anticipations of Earth identity-formation remain unrealized. Information satellites support a repressive planetary panopticon, but intensive expansion in microspace enables continued growth.
Pathways to Success Through Career and Technical Education
Authors: Eyster Lauren 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Career pathways has become a popular career and technical education strategy, especially among the nation’s community colleges. This chapter discusses how community colleges have built career pathways programs during the past two decades, with the support of the federal government and foundations, and the evidence on how well they work to improve educational and employment outcomes. Early evidence shows that community college career pathways help individuals succeed in completing an initial step in their education and the workforce. However, more needs to be known about what works for their students, how community colleges can scale their current efforts, and supporting advancement along a career pathway. Policymakers and community college leadership should consider how successful programs can be sustained and scaled and better support advancement to middle- to higher skill jobs.
The Interplay Between Career Support and Career Pathways
Authors: Bimrose Jenny , Brown Alan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Much has been written about the impacts of labor market volatility on societies, organizations, and individuals. One example relates to career transitions. Multiple career transitions into, and through, labor markets are now experienced by citizens throughout the world, across lifetimes, with the shape of these career transitions transformed from the stereotypically one-off to those that are various and complex. This chapter focuses on the nature of support required by individuals to navigate increasingly volatile labor markets by examining the interplay between career practice and career pathways in the 21st century. In particular, the chapter considers how career practice is adapting to new challenges and how social justice is being accommodated. The chapter also examines the pivotal role of labor market information and explores the impact of occupational identity transformation on career development, where individuals are confronted with unavoidable change to their work processes within organizations.
Connecting College and the Workplace Through Pathway Development in Kansas
Authors: Staklis Sandra , Rasmussen Foster Laura , Mikulka Debra , Smith Christa 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
To meet the high demand for skilled workers in health care and advanced manufacturing, three higher education institutions in Kansas recently strengthened their training in these fields through a U.S. Department of Labor’s Trade Adjustment Assistance Community College and Career Training program. From 2013 to 2018, the Washburn Institute of Technology, Washburn University, and the Wichita State University Campus of Applied Sciences and Technology partnered with employers to develop industry-aligned career pathways by introducing new specialties, upgrading curricula and equipment, and introducing new credentials and options for further education. This chapter describes the changes that the institutions made to equip their students with the skills needed to meet critical workforce needs.
How to Steer Your Career?
Authors: Koen Jessie , Sijbom Roy B. L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Today’s world of work is rapidly changing. The on-demand economy is on the rise, the number of temporary contracts is increasing, major industries are being disrupted by the latest wave of digital innovation, and increasingly more jobs are being replaced by machines. As a result of these labor market developments, people’s careers have become more dynamic and more uncertain. With regard to fostering career progress in this dynamic career landscape, however, existing perspectives still draw heavily on linear frameworks that involve the development of a clear set of career goals and plans. Such approaches to career progress are at odds with the reality of today’s world of work. That is, contemporary careers rarely unfold as intended or imagined: No matter how much people analyze their aspirations and opportunities while planning their careers, unexpected developments can bring unforeseen changes. Drawing on the career pathways framework, this chapter proposes a proactive approach to career pathways and discusses the key factors that can contribute to career progress in today’s dynamic work context. This framework also encapsulates the dialogical dynamics between one’s “internal” and “external” career management. Such a framework can be helpful for workers to successfully steer their careers in today’s world of work.
Career Pathways Case Study
Authors: Bruskiewicz Kenneth T. , Mach Sherer Lindsay 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents results from a recent effort conducted by Advance Auto Parts and PDRI to develop and implement career paths and developmental tools for employees. Advance Auto Parts was going through a cultural transformation, and there was a need to build capabilities and reduce turnover. Career paths and the associated development tools were viewed as critical to achieving this cultural transformation. This chapter discusses the catalyst behind the project, as well as the processes used to develop the career paths and associated developmental tools for several different functional areas within Advance Auto Parts. All of these tools can be used by both associates and leaders in a variety of ways to support Advance Auto Parts’ efforts to provide employees with job and career developmental opportunities.