bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Settlement and Recruitment of Pelagic Larvae to Benthic Habitats
Authors: Nishizaki Michael T. , Ackerman Josef D. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMany organism that live on the benthos (or bottom) of aquatic ecosystems have biphasic life histories because they reproduce by releasing eggs and sperm in the water column that develop into plankton larvae, which are dispersed by water currents. These populations are considered open systems because postlarval juveniles recruit in regions separate from the adult population. In this article, we present some of the diversity of larval types that have evolved in different organisms. We focus primarily on marine organisms, but include a few examples from freshwater as appropriate. We also discuss the processes that affect the recruitment of new individuals into benthic populations, which involve (i) larval supply, (ii) larval settlement, and (iii) post‐settlement. We note that these processes act over a variety of temporal and spatial scales and we identify the hypotheses that have been presented to explain how variations in these affect recruitment. A large number of processes and hypotheses have been proposed for the settlement and recruitment of pelagic larvae to benthic habitats, which is not surprising given the diversity of organisms involved.
Groundwater Remediation:In SituPassive Methods
Authors: Jacobs James A. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractGroundwater remediation by passivein situremediation technologies uses a variety of physical, chemical, or biological processes that act without significant human intervention in the subsurface to reduce the mass, toxicity, mobility, volume, or concentration of contaminants in soil or groundwater. Passive and semi‐passive remedial methods use minimal or no power, have few or no moving parts, have few or no time constraints, and meet local and national regulatory guidelines. As for all forms ofin situremediation, proper assessment and hydrogeological characterization are the keys to success.
High‐Speed Train Channels
Authors: Guan Ke , Yi Haofan , He Danping , Ai Bo , Zhong Zhangdui 
Published: December 2019

AbstractSince rail transportation has become a major transportation model, increasing demand for seamless high‐data‐rate wireless communication is required in high‐speed trains (HSTs) to improve the quality of services. This article introduces the Global System for Mobile Communication‐Railway (GSM‐R), which is currently widely utilized for train communication and control, and the Long‐Term Evolution‐Railway (LTE‐R), which is to replace GSM‐R for future high‐data transmission. Different HST propagation scenarios are detailed according to the typical geometries in reality. Path loss, shadow factor, RiceanK‐factor, root‐mean‐square (RMS) delay spread, and the angular spreads are the main characteristics to describe an HST channel. These analyzed channel characteristics provide the foundation for future work. Finally, key challenges and developing orientation in this area are outlined.
Energy‐Aware Heterogeneous Networks
Authors: Zhong Yi , Wang Gang 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCloud radio access network (C‐RAN) architecture is a cost‐ and energy‐efficient solution to increase the capacity of the cellular network. In order to adapt the traffic and reduce the system cost, we propose the complementary networking architecture for the C‐RAN, which takes advantages of both the C‐RAN and the traditional base stations (BSs). We propose to combine the Neyman–Scott cluster process and the Poisson hole process to model the architecture; then, the interference in the large‐scale network with cooperation is well characterized through the Poisson point process approximation. By mixing the two multiple association mechanisms, i.e. the RRH‐selection mode and the cooperation mode, we explore the trade‐offs among the area spectrum efficiency (ASE), the mean delay, and the system cost, both analytically and numerically. The results reveal that the mean delay is negatively correlated to the ASE for small ASE and is reversed for large ASE, while the cost is always positively correlated to the ASE. The cooperation mode increases the useful signal, and it also increases the interference which becomes dominant when the radius of the RRH cluster is large. The proportion of subframes operating in the two modes can be configured to trade off the ASE, the mean delay, and the cost.
Energy‐Efficient Radio Resource Management
Authors: Wei Zhiqiang , Cai Yuanxin , Ng Derrick W.K. , Yuan Jinhong 
Published: December 2019

AbstractEnergy‐efficient resource management is a promising solution to enable environment friendly and cost‐effective wireless communication networks. This article presents the basic principles of the energy‐efficient resource allocation design in wireless networks. Two types of energy‐efficiency (EE) definitions, system‐centric EE and user‐centric EE, are introduced, discussed, and analyzed. We reveal that when the circuit power consumption is not negligible, there is a nontrivial trade‐off between the EE and spectral efficiency, which should be taken into account for the optimal resource allocation algorithm design. In general, the system‐ and the user‐centric EE maximization can be classified as a single‐ratio problem and a sum‐of‐ratios problem, respectively, and they can be solved via various iterative parametric algorithms. As an illustrative example, we have also presented the energy‐efficient resource allocation design in an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system.The design is formulated as a nonconvex optimization problem. By exploiting the factional programming and dual decomposition, the globally optimal solution is obtained. Furthermore, our simulation results demonstrate the fast convergence and the superior EE achieved by our proposed resource allocation design. In addition, some future research extensions for realizing energy‐efficient wireless communication networks are identified and discussed.
Cloud Radio Access Networks
Authors: Peng Mugen , Yan Shi 
Published: December 2019

AbstractCloud radio access networks (C‐RANs) have been proposed as promising solutions to provide high spectral and reduce energy consumption. Based on the centralized baseband processing, the user‐centric objectives can be achieved through the adaptive technique and will relieve the high capital expenditure and operation expenditure. In this article, we first comprehensively summarize the recent advances of the C‐RAN architecture in both industries and academic community views. Then, the key features of C‐RAN performance enhancement technologies, fronthaul compression, and cooperative radio resource allocation are discussed. Meanwhile, the challenges and C‐RAN evolutions are discussed to provide research topics on the potential insights in the future.
Vehicular Networks
Authors: Liu Jiajia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractWith the development of modern automobile industry and the evergrowing demand for all kinds of advanced vehicular services, automobile ushered in its changing era. To achieve efficient and accident‐free transportation, both academia and industry have made positive efforts. However, as the basis of vehicle intelligence and security, sensors have intrinsic limitations and are sometimes susceptible to the external environment. At the same time, there is a huge market demand for providing high‐quality infotainment services for vehicle passengers. Therefore, to further enhance transportation safety and meet business trends, information sharing among vehicles is particularly important. Subsequently, the concept of vehicular networks is heating up, which can realize information sharing and cooperative control by establishing the connection between vehicles and external nodes through communication technology, thus greatly improving the efficiency, safety, and comfort of road transportation. The realization of vehicular networks depends on various vehicular communication technologies. In addition to the existing standardized automotive communication technologies, such as DSRC and LTE‐V, the research on the upcoming 5G vehicular networks is also in full swing, which is envisioned as a promising and diverse ecosystem that can provide customers with a variety of communication services. This article will take communication technology as the starting point to carry on the latest and comprehensive investigation to the vehicular networks.
Integrated Terrestrial–Satellite Networks
Authors: Jiang Chunxiao , Zhu Xiangming , Kuang Linling , Ge Ning , Lu Jianhua 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Satellite networks are able to provide seamless services for ground users with the wide coverage, which is intrinsically suitable for providing broadcasting or multicasting services. While terrestrial networks have experienced rapid development in the past years, in the next‐generation communications, the architecture of integrated terrestrial–satellite networks is promising to enable users to seamlessly access all types of services. In this article, we investigate the problem of cooperative transmission in integrated terrestrial–satellite networks, where two cases of unicast transmission and multicast transmission are discussed separately. Overall, this article aims to provide a comprehensive discussion and also propose a general framework of cooperative transmission in future terrestrial–satellite networks.
Wireless Content Caching Networks
Authors: Song Jaeyoung , Choi Wan 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
To overcome the present challenges on wireless communication system, content caching, which uses memory as communication resource, emerges as one of the promising solutions in the aspects of its low cost and high efficiency. In this article, significant results on wireless content caching networks are introduced. In order to design efficient wireless content caching networks, various approaches and methods are studied. Mainly, content placement, transmission strategy, and resource allocations are investigated, and substantial works for each category are covered throughout this article. Content placement is the fundamental design factor which impacts the performance of caching system dominantly. Considering distinct properties of wireless communication, several unique features which content placement of wireless content caching networks shows are covered first in the main body of this article. Next, based on the given content placement, novel transmission scheme will be introduced in the point of utilizing memory as storage for side information. Lastly, optimal schemes, which allocate resources of the wireless content caching networks including memory, are	presented.
Slicing and Radio Resource Management
Authors: Samdanis Konstantinos , Foukas Xenofon , Pateromichelakis Emmanouil , Ksentini Adlen 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis article provides an overview of radio resource management (RRM) in the context of network slicing considering a range of different deployment options and practicalities. Initially, it elaborates the 3GPP radio access network (RAN) sharing in terms of business and architecture. Slice‐tailored RRM solutions are then considered for various base station deployments focusing on RRM principles and customization, which result in different paradigms of resource sharing including full isolation, sharing, and hybrid approaches. The concept of slice broker is also elaborated, which aims to allocate radio resources related to slice requests considering the desired service performance, highlighting the need of traffic and mobility forecasting. The notion of resource sharing is further analyzed, considering various RRM and scheduling schemes including multi‐objective and hierarchical RRM, slice‐aware flexible function split, TDD service‐oriented solutions, and joint radio and backhaul optimization and licensed assisted configurations.
Applicability of Network Function Virtualization in 5GNetwork
Authors: Trivisonno Riccardo 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDespite being a concept dating back to the sixties, virtualization technology has made its way into telecommunication systems only in recent times. In this paper, the genesis of virtualization has been revisited and its evolution, leading to significant impacts both on implementation and management of legacy networks as well as on the definition of the just born 5G system, has been analyzed. The paper elaborates on the benefits offered by the virtualization of flexible deployment and easier operations of 4G system, and shows how these potentials have been stretched into the design principles of 5G system architecture, natively enhancing its flexibility and programmability. The dissertation explores all components of 5G: the access network, the core network, and the management system. The excursus is studded with reference to relevant scientific papers and tightly coupled to the related industrial standardization activities, which have been running over the past decade. A few notable practical examples of virtualization‐related technologies and protocols, developed and tested over the past years, have also been briefly presented. The paper concludes with a short list of open issues to be addressed in the coming month for a successful application of virtualization on carrier grade telecommunication systems.
On the Support ofNFV: Available Tools and Solutions
Authors: Monserrat Jose F. , Vicente Javier , Bouchmal Faiza , Carrasco Oscar 
Published: December 2019

AbstractMuch has been written about the virtualization of mobile networks but very little about the practical aspects of this important paradigm shift. In this article, we address the practical aspects of creating an Infrastructure‐as‐a‐Service (IaaS). We first discuss some basic concepts and then focus on most promising technologies that allow the creation of such an infrastructure. Technologies such as OpenStack and Docker are discussed, and a practical implementation with libvirt deployed using Terraform solution is presented. Finally, we discuss specific aspects of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and how a 5G network can really make use of an IaaS.
Techno‐Economic Analysis for Programmable Networks
Authors: Bouras Christos , Kollia Anastasia 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThe advent of the fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks will boost technology, as new solutions are needed to meet the growing 5G‐related demands identified both by scientists and telecommunication providers. Programmable logic solutions will be used, as they provide financial, performance, and environmental benefits. The programmable logic nowadays is represented by the combination of the software‐defined networking (SDN) technology with network function virtualization (NFV). This combination not only reduces hardware – as most network components are replaced by network functions or virtual machines (VMs) – but also offers better resource allocation and provides more bandwidth, CPU, etc., to the parts of the network that have become more congested.Solutions, such as SDN, may concentrate fundamental advantages and profits, but they appear to face basic problems, therefore raising key questions concerning their cost and safety. One of these issues contains all the expenses for the acquisition of the technology and the adjustments that need to be incorporated into current infrastructure in order to cover SDN networks as well. This article analyzes a programmable model of SDN combined with NFVs. A sensitivity analysis (SA) is conducted to determine the factors that largely influence the pricing so as to propose ways to significantly reduce several types of costs and propose solutions or research directions to cut down on the expenses of these network factors.
Multi‐RAT D2D Communication Paradigms: Potential Benefits and Challenging Issues
Authors: Atat Rachad , Ismail Muhammad 
Published: December 2019

AbstractDevice‐centric communications will constitute a key technology in the fifth‐generation (5G) networks, where mobile devices in near proximity participate in direct communications among each other bypassing the cellular base station. Such communication schemes are known as device‐to‐device (D2D) communications, which are anticipated to improve energy efficiency, decrease latency, improve spectrum utilization, and many other benefits. With the technological advancement in smartphones, multiple radio interfaces can be supported within the same mobile device. When these multi‐radio access technologies (RATs) are efficiently exploited, they give rise to a new emerging feature in device‐centric systems, such as devices‐to‐device (Ds2D) and devices‐to‐devices (Ds2Ds) communication modes. In this chapter, we highlight the different multi‐RAT D2D architectures, where we discuss the different criteria for switching between multi‐RAT D2D and cellular operation modes. The radio channel model and the different spectrum access techniques are also discussed. Then, the major benefits of multi‐RAT D2D such as energy efficiency and low latency are highlighted. Challenging issues that arise at different layers of the network protocol stack are discussed, with an emphasis on the medium access control, network, and transport layers. Finally, open research issues that require further investigations to get the most out of multi‐RAT D2D communications are discussed.
D2D and Game Theoretic Models
Authors: Wang Chih‐Yu 
Published: December 2019

AbstractD2D communications enable direct communications between devices in proximity. The unique local transmission property makes it especially vulnerable to selfish behaviors. Game theory is a trending approach to solve conflicts, competitions, and collaborations in D2D communications. With the help of game theory, we may predict selfish behaviors or configurations in D2D communications, which could cause system performance degradation. Such undesired behaviors can then be prevented through game‐theoretic mechanism designs, such as pricing, contract, auction, and matching. In addition, many game‐theoretic solutions are distributed in nature, which would be perfect choices of large‐scale D2D communications for self‐organization and self‐management In this article, we will first introduce the basic materials and concepts of game theory. Then, several technical problems in D2D communications, such as mode selection, QoS guarantee, resource allocation, and group formulation are presented. In each problem, we illustrate how to formulate the problem with proper game‐theoretic models, and how these formulations can help us to derive practical solutions to improve efficiency while regulating the undesired selfish behaviors. Finally, we point out potential research directions in this area.
IMT‐2020 Requirements and Realization
Authors: Romano Giovanni 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
The detailed specifications of the terrestrial radio interfaces of IMT‐2020 (International Mobile Telecommunications‐2020) are the end results of a process spanning several years. The main players, the time plan, and the relevant documentation are described in this article. The process can be subdivided in three phases: preparation; definition of requirements and process; and submission, evaluation of proposals, and finalization of a Recommendation on IMT‐2020. The first phase started in 2013 and provided the ITU‐R view on the overall process and timeline toward IMT‐2020. In particular, three main usage scenarios were identified: eMBB (enhanced mobile broadband); URLLC (ultra‐reliable and low‐latency communications); and mMTC, massive machine type communications. The second phase started in 2016 and defined the detailed time plan, the minimum requirements, and the evaluation criteria. The last phase started in October 2017 and encompasses the submission of the candidate proposals, their subsequent evaluation by independent evaluation groups, and the completion of a recommendation containing the technical specifications of the IMT‐2020 radio access technologies (anticipated to be finalized in the last quarter of 2020).
5
G
‐
NR
Spectrum Aspects
Authors: Zhou Xutao 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
In this article, detailed ITU‐R spectrum for IMT‐2020 system, 3GPP specifications for 5G‐NR frequency bands are introduced. In particularly, UE requirements of transmitting power, unwanted emission, and receiver sensitivity for both 3.5 GHz and mmWave bands have been presented in this article.
Design and Analysis of Millimeter‐Wave Antennas for the Fifth Generation Networks and Beyond
Authors: Jilani Syeda F. , Abbasi Qammer H. , Imran Muhammad A. , Alomainy Akram 
Published: December 2019

AbstractFuture 5G systems and beyond are anticipated to deploy compact, efficient, and versatile antennas in short‐range, ultradense millimeter‐wave (mmWave) wireless networks. This article emphasizes on the requirement of realizing antennas with wide bandwidth, high gain, adaptability, preferably conformal, and feasible and cost‐effective bulk manufacturing for the upcoming 5G networks.Ka‐band (26.5–40 GHz) is selected based on recent 5G standardization, and state‐of‐the‐art research contributions regarding antenna geometries are discussed on both rigid and flexible substrates by using advanced techniques of multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO), as well as wideband antennas and arrays to enhance the spectrum usability. mmWave wideband antennas have been developed for 5G networks, recommending that the spatial diversity at the antenna front ends could be significantly improved by deploying wideband antennas in a MIMO topology for simultaneous multiple‐channel communication. In addition, an efficient antenna front‐end solution is demonstrated, which integrates defected ground structures (DGS) for bandwidth improvement and integrated with MIMO technology. Flexible mmWave antenna is also suggested by using the DGS to implement wideband. Antenna gain is critically important for 5G systems to mitigate high propagation losses. Antenna design with both high gain and bandwidth is challenging as traditional wideband antennas are gain‐limited, while conventional arrays deliver high gain over a restricted bandwidth. Several attempts have been made to come up with such antenna designs, which provide reasonable gain performance over wide bandwidth at mmWave frequencies. These proposed 5G antennas are expected as potential contribution in the progress toward the realization of next generation of wireless networks.
The Ontological We as Prescription for Black Female Faculty Surviving and Thriving in the Academy
Authors: Merriweather Lisa R. 
Published: December 2019

AbstractThis chapter discusses and unpacks the ways in which gendered racism impacts African American female academics. An understanding of gendered racist realism exposes dominant racist ideologies in the academy, in general. Ontological beingness, specifically the ontological we, affords African American women the opportunity to confront and dismantle race combative discourses that attempt to circumscribe their beingness and identity. The ideological foundation of the ontological we is derived from DuBois’ double consciousness and womanism. It provides both perspective and a plan for addressing racist behavior experienced by African American female academics as part of their everyday reality in the academy.