bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties of a hypothetical cold pulsar wind in LS 5039
Authors: Bosch-Ramon V. 
Published: December 2020

Context. LS 5039 is a powerful high-mass gamma-ray binary that probably hosts a young non-accreting pulsar. However, despite the wealth of data available, the means by which the non-thermal emitter is powered are still unknown.
Aims. We use a dynamical-radiative numerical model, and multiwavelength data, to constrain the properties of a hypothetical pulsar wind that would power the non-thermal emitter in LS 5039.
Methods. We ran simulations of an ultrarelativistic (weakly magnetized) cold e±-wind that Compton scatters stellar photons and that dynamically interacts with the stellar wind. The effects of energy losses on the unshocked e±-wind dynamics, and the geometry of the two-wind contact discontinuity, are computed for different wind models. The predicted unshocked e±-wind radiation at periastron, when expected to be the highest, is compared to LS 5039 data.
Results. The minimum possible radiation from an isotropic cold e±-wind overpredicts the X-ray to gamma-ray fluxes at periastron by a factor of ∼3. In the anisotropic (axisymmetric) wind case X-ray and ≳100 MeV data are not violated by wind radiation if the wind axis is at ≲20−40° from the line of sight (chance probability of ≲6−24%), depending on the anisotropic wind model, or if the wind Lorentz factor ∈102 − 103, in which case the wind power can be higher, but it requires e±-multiplicities of ∼106 and 109 for a 10−2 s and 10 s pulsar period, respectively.
Conclusions. The studied model predicts that a weakly magnetized cold pulsar e±-wind in LS 5039 should be strongly anisotropic, with either a wind Lorentz factor ∈102 − 103 and very high multiplicities or with a fine-tuned wind orientation. A weakly magnetized, cold baryon-dominated wind would be a possible alternative, but then the multiplicities should be rather low, while the baryon-to-e± energy transfer should be very efficient at wind termination. A strongly magnetized cold wind seems to be the most favorable option as it is consistent with recent research on pulsar winds and does not require fine-tuning of the pulsar wind orientation, and the wind multiplicity and Lorentz factor are less constrained.
Influence of the presence of children taken care of in work motivation
Authors: Usheva Mariana , Ivanov Philip 
Published: December 2020

Motivation is one of the most important aspects in human resources management. Motivated employees are often the difference between the good and great companies. The ever-complicating environment is demanding more and more from companies. In the current economical era, namely the human capital is the one thing, providing the requirements of the environment so that companies can afford to stay on the market. Therefore, everything linked to the proper human resources management should be examined in detail, which is the main purpose of the current study.
Here we aim to examine the link between the number of children for which the respondents are required to take care of and the most valuable motivators in workplace motivation. We firmly believe that the preferred motivators are directly linked to the number of children, with which we describe as the stage of the life cycle for each respondent.
First of all, in our article we would like to examine motivation as a part of the human resource management. Afterwards, we will examine the results from our survey, held among 595 respondents from various sectors of the Bulgarian economy. The survey was held in online format, guaranteeing the anonymity of the respondents. The larger part of the response group is part of a governmentally owned railway company.
Unterschiede in der Inanspruchnahme von Gesundheits- und Förderangeboten zwischen adoleszenten und erwachsenen Müttern und ihren Kindern
Authors: An Nguyen-Dang Thien , Firk Christine , Konrad Kerstin , Herpertz-Dahlmann Beate , Dahmen Brigitte 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungAdoleszente Mütter und ihre Kinder stellen eine Hochrisikogruppe für ungünstige Entwicklungsverläufe dar. Frühe Gesundheits- und Förderangebote sollen belastete Mutter-Kind-Dyaden unterstützen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung und der Vergleich der Inanspruchnahme dieser Angebote durch adoleszente Mutter-Kind-Dyaden im Vergleich zu erwachsenen Müttern und ihren Kindern in einer deutschen Großstadt. N=99 Mütter (Alter der Kinder: 5,3±1,0 Monate) wurden bezüglich der Inanspruchnahme von Interventionen befragt, die drei Gruppen zugeordnet („Interaktionsförderung“, „Mütterliche Förderung“, „Kindliche Förderung“) und nach Kosten unterteilt wurden. Es wurden die Unterschiede zwischen adoleszenten und erwachsenen Müttern untersucht, zudem explorativ Unterschiede bezüglich der vermittelnden Stellen. Angebote der „Interaktionsförderung“ wurden signifikant häufiger von adoleszenten Müttern (U: 605,50, p<0,001) wahrgenommen, Angebote in den Bereichen „Kindliche Förderung“ ( U: 633,50, p<0,001) und „Mütterliche Förderung“ (U: 477,50, p<0,001) und kostenpflichtige Angebote (U: 582,00, p<0,001) hingegen von erwachsenen Müttern. Soziale Kontakte (U: 817,00 p=0,003) und Hausärzte/Gynäkologen (U: 879,00, p=0,054) vermittelten den erwachsenen Müttern signifikant häufiger Angebote, bei den adoleszenten Müttern andere professionelle Kontakte (U: 877,50, p=0,01) und das Jugendamt (U: 962,50, p=0,021). Frühe Gesundheits- und Förderangebote für das Kind oder die Mutter allein und kostenpflichtige Angebote erreichen die adoleszenten Mütter signifikant seltener. Insbesondere Akteure des Gesundheitswesens wie Hausärzte, Gynäkologen und Pädiater sollten ihr Beratungsangebot zu frühen Gesundheits- und Förderangeboten bei der Hochrisikogruppe der adoleszenten Mütter erweitern.
Belastungen, Ressourcen und der berufliche Verbleib von Mitarbeitenden in der spezialisierten ambulanten Palliativversorgung (SAPV) in Bayern
Authors: Kauffmann Jessica , Müller Evelyn , Becker Gerhild 
Published: December 2020

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund Ziel der Studie ist es, Belastungen und Ressourcen von SAPV-Mitarbeitenden sowie deren Auswirkungen auf die Einschätzung des beruflichen Verbleibs in der SAPV zu untersuchen.
Methode Fragebogenerhebung in 30 SAPV-Teams in Bayern (457 Mitarbeitende) in Kooperation mit dem Landesverband SAPV Bayern e. V. Auswertung: deskriptive Statistik, T-Tests, logistische Regression (IBM SPSS 24).
Ergebnisse Die Rücklaufquote beträgt 53,4 % (n = 244). 64 Befragte (26,2 %) sind bzgl. des beruflichen Verbleibs in der SAPV unsicher. Die höchsten Belastungen werden auf den Skalen »Eigene Betroffenheit« und »Unkontrollierbarkeit« berichtet. Befragte, die höhere Belastung durch »Arbeitszeitorganisation« und »Überlastung« oder geringe »persönliche Ressourcen« berichten, sind eher unsicher bezüglich des beruflichen Verbleibs in der SAPV.
Schlussfolgerungen Es sind nicht Belastungen mit besonderer Relevanz in der SAPV (z. B. Unkontrollierbarkeit), sondern Arbeitszeitorganisation und Überlastung, die im Gesundheitswesen weitverbreitet sind, welche Mitarbeitende bzgl. ihres beruflichen Verbleibs in der SAPV unsicher sein lassen.
Weaning in der Situation einer Pandemie – Ein Positionspapier
Authors: Westhoff M. , Geiseler J. , Schönhofer B. , Pfeifer M. , Dellweg D. , Bachmann M. , Randerath W. 
Published: December 2020

ZusammenfassungDie logistischen und infektiologischen Besonderheiten und Erfordernisse in der Pandemie stellen die intensivmedizinischen Behandlungsteams vor außerordentliche Herausforderungen, die eine erfolgreiche Liberation von Patienten im prolongierten Weaning erschweren können. Gerade in der Pandemie gilt es daher, alle Potenziale zur Beatmungsentwöhnung und Dekanülierung von Patienten im prolongierten Weaning oder in der Langzeitbeatmung auszuschöpfen. Weaning-Zentren stellen Einheiten der intensivmedizinischen Betreuung mit besonderer Spezialisierung auf prolongiertes Weaning dar und sind integraler Bestandteil eines kontinuierlichen Versorgungskonzeptes dieser Patienten. Ein systematisches Weaning-Konzept in der Pandemie setzt strukturelle, personelle, apparative, infektiologische und hygienische Aspekte voraus. Im Mittelpunkt dieses Positionspapiers stehen als Ergänzung zur S2k-Leitlinie „Prolongiertes Weaning“ eine neue Klassifikation im prolongierten Weaning und zukünftig erforderliche Organisationsstrukturen für die Pandemie-Situation. Patienten der Kategorie A mit hohem Weaning-Potenzial bedürfen der strukturierten Respiratorentwöhnung in spezialisierten Weaning-Einheiten, um so die größtmögliche Chance auf erfolgreiches Weaning zu realisieren. Patienten der Kategorie B mit geringem oder aktuell nicht vorhandenem Weaning-Potenzial sollten verzögert nach einer Zwischenphase der weiteren Stabilsierung in einer außerklinischen Beatmungseinrichtung einen Weaning-Versuch erhalten. Patienten der Kategorie C ohne Weaning-Potenzial benötigen eine dauerhafte außerklinische Versorgung, alternativ eine palliativmedizinisch begleitete Beendigung der Beatmung. Die sich aus den 3 Kategorien ergebenden Aufgaben für die Weaning-Zentren werden im Positionspapier vertieft.Schließlich werden unter perspektivischer Betrachtung im Positionspapier folgende zukünftig denkbare Netzwerke und Register benannt: 1. lokal organisierte regionale Netzwerke von zertifizierten Weaning-Zentren, 2. ein zentrales, bundesweites Register der Weaning-Kapazitäten entsprechend dem DIVI-Register und 3. eine Registrierung der Patienten im schwierigen oder prolongierten Weaning.
Multimodal Surgical Management of Cerebral Lesions in Motor-Eloquent Areas Combining Intraoperative 3D Ultrasound with Neurophysiological Mapping
Authors: Policicchio Domenico , Ticca Stefano , Dipellegrini Giosuè , Doda Artan , Muggianu Giampiero , Boccaletti Riccardo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background Resection of tumors adjacent to motor pathways carries risks of both postoperative motor deficit and incomplete resection. Our aim was to assess usefulness and limitations of a multimodal strategy that combines intraoperative ultrasound (iUS) guided resection with intraoperative neurophysiology.
Methodology This is a prospective study of 25 patients with brain lesions adjacent to motor areas who underwent intracranial surgery with assistance of the iUS guidance system and intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring and mapping. Pathologies treated included 19 gliomas, 3 metastases, 1 anaplastic meningioma, 1 arteriovenous malformation (AVM), and 1 ependymoma. The iUS-guided lesion removal accuracy and the extent of resection were estimated and compared with a 30-day postoperative brain MRI. The results were assessed considering the extent of resection related to 6-month motor function outcome.
Results iUS was accurate in checking the extent of resection in 17 patients, whereas in 8 cases the decline of the iUS images quality did not allow a valuable assessment. Positive mapping was obtained in 16 patients. Gross total resection was achieved in 16 patients. In five of nine cases with subtotal resection, surgery was stopped because a functional area was reached. In four patients, tumor removal was limited due to the difficulty of identifying neoplastic tissue. Motor function worsening was transient in six patients and permanent in two.
Conclusions The integrated use of intraoperative neuromonitoring to identify motor areas and iUS to identify tumor–tissue interface could help increase the rate of radical resection respecting the eloquent areas.
Lesiones oncológicas intracraneales de apariencia quística
Authors: Sartori Pablo , Sgarbi Nicolás 
Published: December 2020

ResumenLa presencia de lesiones quísticas de etiología oncológica en el encéfalo es cada vez más frecuente. El rol del especialista en imágenes es describir sus características, morfología y comportamiento con el contraste endovenoso, para llegar a realizar un diagnóstico presuntivo y enumerar sus diagnósticos diferenciales, y así orientar al médico tratante. Haremos una revisión de las lesiones quísticas de etiología oncológica de presentación frecuente en el encéfalo.
Bur Hole–Based Resections of Intrinsic Brain Tumors with Exoscopic Visualization
Authors: Marenco-Hillembrand Lina , Suarez-Meade Paola , Chaichana Kaisorn L. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground The primary goal of brain tumor surgery is maximal safe resection while avoiding iatrogenic injury. As surgical technology increases, it is becoming more possible to resect these lesions using minimally invasive approaches. While keyhole surgeries are being advocated, the lower limit of these approaches is unclear. Bur hole–based approaches may represent a standardized minimally invasive approach. The exoscope may provide increased visualization over standard microscopic visualization, making this approach possible. This approach has yet to be described strictly for intra-axial brain tumors.Material and Methods All patients who underwent a bur hole–based surgery of an intra-axial tumor with exoscopic visualization by the senior author from January 2018 to December 2019 were prospectively identified and patient information and outcomes were collected.Results Fifteen consecutive patients underwent surgical resection of an intrinsic brain tumor using a bur hole–based approach with exoscopic visualization. The average ± standard deviation age was 57.9 ± 24.2 years. The pathology was a metastatic brain tumor in eight patients (53%), low-grade glioma in four patients (27%), and high-grade glioma in three patients (20%). The average percent resection was 100 ± 1%, where 14 (93%) underwent gross total resection. Following surgery, the median (interquartile range) Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) score was 90 (90–90), where 11 (73%) and four patients (27%) had improved and stable KPS, respectively. Zero patients had complications. The average length of stay following surgery was 1.4 ± 0.5 days, where nine patients (60%) were discharged on postoperative day 1.Conclusion This study shows that intra-axial tumors can be resected through a bur hole–based approach with exoscopic visualization with extensive resection, minimal morbidity, and early discharge rates.
Symptoms of Adenomyosis and Overlapping Diseases
Authors: Isaacson Keith , Loring Megan 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTo summarize and update our current knowledge regarding adenomyosis diagnosis, prevalence, and symptoms. Systematic review of PubMed between January 1972 and April 2020. Search strategy included: “adenomyosis [MeSH Terms] AND (endometriosis[MeSH Term OR prevalence study [MeSH Terms] OR dysmenorrhea[Text Word] OR prevalence[Text Word] OR young adults [Text Word] OR adolesce* [Text Word] OR symptoms[Text Word] OR imaging diagnosis [Text Word] OR pathology[Text Word]. Articles published in English that addressed adenomyosis and discussed prevalence, diagnosis, and symptoms were included. Included articles described: pathology diagnosis, imaging, biopsy diagnosis, prevalence and age of onset, symptoms, and concomitant endometriosis. Sixteen articles were included in the qualitative analysis. The studies are heterogeneous when diagnosing adenomyosis with differing criteria, protocols, and patient populations. Prevalence estimates range from 20% to 88.8% in symptomatic women (average 30–35%) with most diagnosed between 32–38 years old. The correlation between imaging and pathology continues to evolve. As imaging advances, newer studies report younger symptomatic women are being diagnosed with adenomyosis based on both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS). High rates of concomitant endometriosis create challenges when discerning the etiology of pelvic pain. Symptoms that are historically attributed to endometriosis may actually be caused by adenomyosis. Adenomyosis remains a challenge to identify, assess and research because of the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria, especially in women who wish to retain their uterus. As noninvasive diagnostics such as imaging and myometrial biopsies continue to improve, younger women with variable symptoms will likely create criteria for diagnosis with adenomyosis. The priority should be to create standardized histopathological and imaging diagnoses to gain deeper understandings of adenomyosis.
Transtemporal Venous Decompression for Idiopathic Venous Pulsatile Tinnitus
Authors: Slater Patrick , Korla Neha , Slater Caroline 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics and present surgical outcomes of transtemporal venous decompression technique in the treatment of pulsatile tinnitus (PT).
Study Design This is a prospective cohort study.
Setting This study was done at the tertiary private neurotologic skull base clinic.
Participants The primary author, between March 2012 and February 2013, evaluated 55 patients with the complaint of PT. Seven out of the 55 patients were diagnosed with severe, unrelenting idiopathic pulsatile tinnitus (IPT), and were placed into the study. These seven patients had temporal bone computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, arteriogram, videonystagmography, electrocochleography, and lumbar puncture based on the symptoms. All the seven patients underwent transtemporal venous decompression surgery.
Main Outcome Measure Resolution of PT was determined as the primary outcome measure.
Results Six out of seven patients had complete resolution of their PT immediately after surgery and at 3 to 4 years follow-up. One patient developed intracranial hypertension after 3 months requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunt, which resolved PT as well. No complications occurred.
Conclusion A significant subset of the PT patient population has known reversible causes. The more common includes conductive hearing loss, superior canal dehiscence, benign intracranial hypertension, jugulosigmoid venous anomalies, stapedial myoclonus, etc. There exists a subset of patients who have IPT. Transtemporal venous decompression is a surgical technique that can be employed to give patients with IPT long-term relief.
R-spondin substitutes for neuronal input for taste cell regeneration in adult mice
Authors: Lin Xiaoli , Lu Chanyi , Ohmoto Makoto , Choma Katarzyna , Margolskee Robert F. , Matsumoto Ichiro , Jiang Peihua 
Published: December 2020

Significance
A long-standing observation is that taste bud cell replenishment requires neuronal input. The molecular basis for neuronal regulation of taste tissue homeostasis is unclear. We demonstrate that Rspo2 is selectively expressed in sensory ganglion neurons. We further demonstrate that exogenous R-spondin can substitute for neuronal input to maintain taste tissue homeostasis by promoting generation of differentiated taste cells in vivo and that R-spondin is required for generation of differentiated taste cells in an ex vivo organoid culture system. We thus propose that Rspo2 may be the long-sought neuron-supplied niche factor for maintaining taste tissue homeostasis. The ability of R-spondin to promote generation of differentiated taste cells may provide a therapeutic approach for those who suffer from taste loss.
A thermodynamic atlas of carbon redox chemical space
Authors: Jinich Adrian , Sanchez-Lengeling Benjamin , Ren Haniu , Goldford Joshua E. , Noor Elad , Sanders Jacob N. , Segrè Daniel , Aspuru-Guzik Alán 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Carbon redox chemistry plays a fundamental role in biology. However, the thermodynamic and physicochemical principles underlying the rise of metabolites involved in redox biochemistry remain poorly understood. Our work introduces the theory and techniques that allow us to quantify and understand the global energy landscape of carbon redox biochemistry. We analyze the space of all possible oxidation states of linear-chain molecules with two to five carbon atoms and generate a detailed atlas of the thermodynamic stability of metabolites in comparison to nonbiological molecules. Although the emergence of life required the underlying chemistry to bootstrap itself out of equilibrium, a quantitative understanding of the environment-dependent thermodynamic landscape of prebiotic molecules will be extremely valuable for future origins of life models.
Evolutionarily related small viral fusogens hijack distinct but modular actin nucleation pathways to drive cell-cell fusion
Authors: Chan Ka Man Carmen , Arthur Ashley L. , Morstein Johannes , Jin Meiyan , Bhat Abrar , Schlesinger Dörte , Son Sungmin , Stevens Donté A. , Drubin David G. , Fletcher Daniel A. 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Most cell-cell fusogens have tall ectodomains that drive fusion by undergoing conformational changes that pull two membranes together, akin to the mechanism used by viral fusogens during enveloped virus entry. In contrast, fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins from reovirus have short, structurally minimal, membrane-disruptive ectodomains. In this work, we show that evolutionarily distant FAST proteins from aquareovirus and orthoreovirus use different adaptor proteins to hijack host actin assembly and push two membranes together during cell-cell fusion. Despite minimal sequence similarity, the cytoplasmic tails from divergent FAST proteins can be functionally exchanged and even replaced with different actin nucleators while maintaining fusogenicity. This feature suggests a conserved biophysical strategy shared by FAST proteins that could be used by other cell-cell fusogens.
A protease-activated, near-infrared fluorescent probe for early endoscopic detection of premalignant gastrointestinal lesions
Authors: Yim Joshua J. , Harmsen Stefan , Flisikowski Krzysztof , Flisikowska Tatiana , Namkoong Hong , Garland Megan , van den Berg Nynke S. , Vilches-Moure José G. , Schnieke Angelika , Saur Dieter , Glasl Sarah , Gorpas Dimitris , Habtezion Aida , Ntziachristos Vasilis , Contag Christopher H. , Gambhir Sanjiv S. , Bogyo Matthew , Rogalla Stephan 
Published: December 2020

Significance
Early detection by white-light endoscopy (WLE) is the key procedure used in clinical care to prevent colorectal cancer (CRC). In high-risk patients to develop CRC, like in inflammatory bowel disease, the miss-rate of dysplastic lesions is three times higher compared to healthy individuals. In this study we explored the use of a near-infrared probe with fluorescence endoscopy as an adjunct to WLE to highlight adenomas. We demonstrated in clinically relevant animal models of colorectal carcinogenesis and ulcerative colitis that our strategy enabled improved detection using near-infrared fluorescence-guided colonoscopy without interfering in the clinical workflow. Since combined near-infrared fluorescent/WLE systems are already being clinically translated, our approach could result in improving the adenoma detection rate during colonoscopy particularly in high-risk patients.
Multiple constraints cause positive and negative feedbacks limiting grassland soil CO2efflux under CO2enrichment
Authors: Fay Philip A. , Hui Dafeng , Jackson Robert B. , Collins Harold P. , Reichmann Lara G. , Aspinwall Michael J. , Jin Virginia L. , Khasanova Albina R. , Heckman Robert W. , Polley H. Wayne 
Published: December 2020

SignificanceUnderstanding ecosystem carbon-cycling responses to atmospheric CO2enrichment is critical to preserve biodiversity and maintain vital ecosystem services in grasslands impacted by global change. We conducted an 8-y experiment enriching CO2concentrations from preindustrial to midtwenty-first century levels on grassland plant communities on upland, lowland, and alluvial soils. CO2enrichment increased the CO2efflux from soils to atmosphere in amounts depending on whether the dominant limitation was CO2or feedbacks (net positive or negative) from soil moisture and plant species turnover. These findings highlight how multiple concurrent limitations, not single limitations in sequence, regulate the impacts of global change drivers in diverse grasslands. Incorporating multiple limitations will improve forecasts of terrestrial carbon sequestration and ecosystem services.