bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distance-to-target weighting in LCA—A matter of perspective
Authors: Muhl Marco , Berger Markus , Finkbeiner Matthias 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Weighting can enable valuable support for decision-makers when interpreting life cycle assessment (LCA) results. Distance-to-target (DtT) weighting is based on the distance of policy (desired) targets to current environmental situations, and recent methodological DtT developments are based on a weighting perspective of a single region or country, considering mainly environmental situations in consuming countries or regions. However, as product supply chains are spread over many countries, this study aims at developing additional weighting approaches (producer regions and worst-case regions) and applying them in a theoretical case study on a global scale.

Methods
The current study is carried out to understand the influence of and the effect on weighting results of different countries and regions with their specific environmental policy targets. Based on the existing Ecological Scarcity Method (ESM), eco-factors for the three environmental issues climate change, acidification, and water resources were derived for as many countries as possible. The regional eco-factors were applied in a case study for steel and aluminum considering the three different weighting approaches on different regional scales.

Results and discussion
The analysis revealed significant differences in the obtained weighting results as well as strengths and limitations in the applicability of the examined perspectives. Acidification was showed to be highly important with between 80 and 92% of the aggregated weighting results among the perspectives where water-scarce countries were not involved. Water-scarce countries had a significant influence (75–95%) when they were part of the examined case study.

Conclusions
The developed approaches enable the assessment of global value chains in different producer regions as well as the utilization of the conservative worst-case-regions approach. The approaches can foster future decision-making in LCA contexts while providing country-specific results based on different weighting perspectives in national, regional, and global contexts. However, for a complete implementation of the presented approaches, further data gathering is needed on environmental situations and policy targets in different countries as well as regionalized life cycle data.
Validation of a simple hypoplastic constitutive model for overconsolidated clays
Authors: Wang Shun , Wu Wei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHypoplastic constitutive models are able to describe history dependence using a single nonlinear tensorial function with a set of parameters. A hypoplastic model including a structure tensor for consolidation history was introduced in our previous paper (Wang and Wu in Acta Geotechnica, 2020, 10.1007/s11440-020-01000-z). The present paper focuses mainly on the model validation with experiments. This model is as simple as the modified Cam Clay model but with better performance. The model requires five parameters, which are easy to calibrate from standard laboratory tests. In particular, the model is capable of capturing the unloading behavior without introducing loading criteria. Numerical simulations of element tests and comparison with experiments show that the proposed model is able to reproduce the salient features of normally consolidated and overconsolidated clays.
Fear of COVID-19, Mindfulness, Humor, and Hopelessness: A Multiple Mediation Analysis
Authors: Saricali Mehmet , Satici Seydi Ahmet , Satici Begum , Gocet-Tekin Emine , Griffiths Mark D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHopelessness is an important vulnerability factor for depressive symptomology and suicidal ideations. It may also play an important role in the fear of coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, the present study tested the mediating role of mindful awareness and humor (both identified as coping strategies for dealing with stressful situations) in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and hopelessness. Participants comprised 786 Turkish individuals (562 females and 224 males; aged between 18 and 67 years) from 71 of 81 cities in Turkey. An online convenience sampling method was used to recruit participants. Participants completed surveys including the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and Coping Humor Scale. The model was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM) and utilizing bootstrapping. The results of SEM showed that the effect of fear of COVID-19 on hopelessness was partly mediated by mindfulness and humor, and which was supported by bootstrapping. Therefore, higher fear of COVID-19 was associated with lower mindfulness and humor. In turn, lower mindfulness and humor were related with higher hopelessness. Findings are discussed in the context of COVID-19 and the hopelessness literature, and practical implications for counselors are also provided.
Authorship Policies at U.S. Doctoral Universities: A Review and Recommendations for Future Policies
Authors: Rasmussen Lisa M. , Williams Courtney E. , Hausfeld Mary M. , Banks George C. , Davis Bailey C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIntellectual contribution in the form of authorship is a fundamental component of the academic career. While research has addressed questionable and harmful authorship practices, there has largely been no discussion of how U.S. academic institutions interpret and potentially mitigate such practices through the use of institution-level authorship policies. To gain a better understanding of the role of U.S. academic institutions in authorship practices, we conducted a systematic review of publicly available authorship policies for U.S. doctoral institutions (using the 266 2018 Carnegie-classified R1 and R2 Universities), focusing on components such as specification of authorship criteria, recommendations for discussing authorship, dispute resolution processes, and guidance for faculty-student collaborations. We found that only 24% of the 266 Carnegie R1 and R2 Universities had publicly available authorship policies. Within these policies, the majority (93%) specified criteria for authorship, but provided less guidance about actual processes for applying such criteria (62%), handling authorship disputes (62%), and managing faculty-student author teams (49%). Further, we found that any discussion of dispute resolution practices typically lacked specificity. Recommendations grounded in these findings are offered for institutions to leverage their ability to guide the authorship process by adopting an authorship policy that acknowledges disciplinary diversity while still offering substantive guidance.
Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Diseases: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Authors: Guo Haiyan , Su Yue , Deng Fang 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) as a kind of pluripotent adult stem cell have shown great therapeutic potential in relation to many diseases in anti-inflammation and regeneration. The results of preclinical experiments and clinical trials have demonstrated that MSC-derived secretome possesses immunoregulatory and reparative abilities and that this secretome is capable of modulating innate and adaptive immunity and reprograming the metabolism of recipient cells via paracrine mechanisms. It has been recognized that MSC-derived secretome, including soluble proteins (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, proteases), extracellular vesicles (EVs) and organelles, plays a key role in tissue repair and regeneration in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), pulmonary arterial hypertension, and silicosis. This review summarizes the known functions of MSC-EV modulation in lung diseases, coupled with the future challenges of MSC-EVs as a new pharmaceutical agent. The identification of underlying mechanisms for MSC-EV might provide a new direction for MSC-centered treatment in lung diseases.Graphical abstract
Biological information
Authors: Jost Jürgen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn computer science, we can theoretically neatly separate transmission and processing of information, hardware and software, and programs and their inputs. This is much more intricate in biology. Nevertheless, I argue that Shannon’s concept of information is useful in biology, although its application is not as straightforward as many people think. In fact, the recently developed theory of information decomposition can shed much light on the complementarity between coding and regulatory, or internal and environmental information. The key challenge that we formulate in this contribution is to understand how genetic information and external factors combine to create an organism, and conversely how the genome has learned in the course of evolution how to harness the environment, and analogously how coding, regulation and spatial organization interact in cellular processes.
Measuring meanings of democracy—methods of differentiation
Authors: Osterberg-Kaufmann Norma , Stadelmaier Ulrich 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe question of the contested nature of the concept of democracy is neither in doubt within the political science debate, nor new. What is new, however, is the attention paid to the knowledge of competing ideas of democracy in literature. The development of concepts of the “D-word” beyond Eurocentric hegemony was accompanied by a critical review of methodological approaches. Against the background of these methodological challenges, the requirements for more differentiated or mixed methodological approaches are discussed in the literature. In this article, a combined approach of the repertory grid and the semantic differential methods is proposed to enrich the innovative methodological dynamics of investigating the meaning of democracy. The article gives an introduction to the repertory grid method and illustrates, with a case study, how the Singaporean middle-class views democracy. These repertory grid face-to-face interviews serve as a starting point for the creation of valid polarity profiles for the semantic differential method—a method which, like the repertory grid, is used to measure the connotative or affective meaning of objects, but in a quantitative design so that representativeness can be achieved. Through this approach, the constructivist approach of repertory grid is partly combined with positivistic survey research, and thus the approach is inductive with deductive research.
Cost-effectiveness of introducing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the management of complex phalangeal fractures: economic simulation
Authors: Faccioli N. , Santi E. , Foti G. , Mansueto G. , Corain M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of introducing cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the management of the complex finger fractures with articular involvement.

Methods
We created a decision tree model simulating the diagnostic pathway of complex finger fractures, suggesting the use of CBCT as alternative to multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT), and we compared their clinical outcomes, costs, and cost-effectiveness for a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 patients. Measures of effectiveness are analysed by using quality-adjusted life years, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, and net monetary benefit.

Results
Diagnosis of a complex finger fracture performed with CBCT costed 67.33€ per patient, yielded 9.08 quality-adjusted life years, and gained an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 29.94€ and a net monetary benefit of 9.07 € at 30,000€ threshold. Using MSCT for diagnosis costed 106.23 €, yielded 8.18 quality-adjusted life years, and gained an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 371.15 € and a net monetary benefit of 8.09 €. CBCT strategy dominated the MSCT strategy. The acceptability curve shows that there is 98% probability of CBCT being the optimal strategy at 30,000€ threshold (1 EUR equal to 1.11 USD; updated on 02/02/2020).

Conclusion
CBCT in complex finger fractures management is cost saving compared with MSCT and may be considered a valuable imaging tool in preoperative assessment, allowing early detection and appropriate treatment. It shortens the time to completion of diagnostic work-up, reduces the number of additional diagnostic procedures, improves quality of life, and may reduce costs in a societal perspective.
Cyst of the Filum Terminale: Potpourri of 3 Prenatally Diagnosed Cases
Authors: Mandal Debasmita , Roy Prasanna , Dey Shankar 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe filum terminale (FT) is an extension of pia mater, a fibrous band that connects the conus medullaris and the posterior body of the coccyx.
Current advanced technology in ultrasonography has enabled visualisation of the FT and small structures like a FT cyst can be diagnosed prenatally. Reports pf these cysts are rare. We report three cases of a FT cyst diagnosed prenatally. The objective of reporting these is to make clinicians aware of the importance of the relevance of this clinical entity.
Diagnostic Value of Ultrasonography and MR in Antenatal Diagnosis of Placenta Accreta Spectrum
Authors: Allameh Zahra , Hajiahmadi Somayeh , Adibi Atoosa , Ebrahimi Oloun Abadi Zahra , Mahmoodian Dehkordi Shaghayegh 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MR) in the antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta. We also determined the most relevant sonographic and MR features associated with the diagnosis of placenta accreta. In a prospective observational study approved by the Ethical Board of the Radiology Department, 109 pregnant women who were at high risk for Placenta Accreta were enrolled. The placentas of all cases were scanned using both gray-scale and color Doppler transabdominal sonography. MR was performed when sonographic findings were equivocal or inconclusive. The sonographic and MR features were compared with the final pathologic or clinical findings. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated for both sonography and MR. The role of each sonographic and MR feature was calculated by logistic regression. P < 0.05 was considered as the significance level. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of Placenta Accreta spectrum were 87% and 85% (P < 0.001), while those of MR were 100% and 42% (P = 0.1), respectively. In ultrasonography, myometrium thickness ≤ 1 mm with a sensitivity of 83% (95 CI: 0.765, 0.927) and loss of retroplacental clear space with a sensitivity of 81% (95 CI: 0.755, 0.920) had the best sensitivity for the detection of the placental invasion. On MR, the heterogeneous signal intensity of placenta and uterine bulging with a sensitivity of 87% (95 CI: 0.698, 1.04) had the best sensitivity. Placenta accreta can be successfully detected prenatally using ultrasound. MR is useful in equivocal cases.
Learning Outcome After Different Combinations of Seven Learning Activities in Basic Life Support on Laypersons in Workplaces: a Cluster Randomised, Controlled Trial
Authors: Bylow Helene , Karlsson Thomas , Lepp Margret , Claesson Andreas , Lindqvist Jonny , Svensson Leif , Herlitz Johan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Background
The goal for laypersons after training in basic life support (BLS) is to act effectively in an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest situation. However, it is still unclear whether BLS training targeting laypersons at workplaces is optimal or whether other effective learning activities are possible.

Aim
The primary aim was to evaluate whether there were other modes of BLS training that improved learning outcome as compared with a control group, i.e. standard BLS training, six months after training, and secondarily directly after training.

Methods
In this multi-arm trial, lay participants (n = 2623) from workplaces were cluster randomised into 16 different BLS interventions, of which one, instructor-led and film-based BLS training, was classified as control and standard, with which the other 15 were compared. The learning outcome was the total score for practical skills in BLS calculated using the modified Cardiff Test.

Results
Four different training modes showed a significantly higher total score compared with standard (mean difference 2.3–2.9). The highest score was for the BLS intervention including a preparatory web-based education, instructor-led training, film-based instructions, reflective questions and a chest compression feedback device (95% CI for difference 0.9–5.0), 6 months after training.

Conclusion
BLS training adding several different combinations of a preparatory web-based education, reflective questions and chest compression feedback to instructor-led training and film-based instructions obtained higher modified Cardiff Test total scores 6 months after training compared with standard BLS training alone. The differences were small in magnitude and the clinical relevance of our findings needs to be further explored.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03618888. Registered August 07, 2018—Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03618888
Photocatalytic and biological oxidation treatment of real textile wastewater
Authors: Ambaye Teklit Gebregiorgis , Hagos Kiros 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In this study, the discoloration of wastewater containing azo dyes by chemical oxidation process combined with a biological treatment was evaluated and applied to real textile wastewater generated from one Ethiopian industrial site. The use of TiO2 as photocatalyst and the effect of the addition of H2O2 on color removal was first investigated. Photocatalysis was followed by aerobic biological treatment, and their combination resulted in a high extent of color removal (93.3%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction (90.4%). This was reached without pH correction and with low energy consumption compared to the implementation of AOPs alone. This study performed with real textile wastewater allows the direct extrapolation of the data for the design of a cost-effective and applicable treatment procedure at a pilot scale.

Graphic abstract
Mapping Access to Affordable Early Childhood Education and Care: Methodology and Application to Community Advocacy
Authors: Azuma Javzandulam T. , DeBaryshe Barbara D. , Gauci Kathleen T. , Stern Ivette Rodriguez 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAccessible and affordable early childhood care and education (ECE) is crucial to child, family, and community well-being. High quality ECE programs set the stage for lifelong learning, health, and overall well-being and yield a high rate of return on public investment. Equitable access to ECE remains an intractable challenge in the U.S. and elsewhere. We used spatial analysis to create a single micro-level indicator of ECE affordability for an urban county. This indicator combined information on supply (number of nearby sets), demand (number of children competing for these seats), and cost burden (cost as a percentage of median family income). We measured and mapped the affordability of programs within a 3-mile driving distance of a prototypical family home using a two-step floating catchment area method. Overall, affordability was low, with only 14% of young children having access to ECE that met the federal affordability threshold. Although affordability was inversely related to neighborhood income, not all low-income areas were under-resourced. The ECE affordability indicator can arm community advocates and help policymakers identify inequities and direct resources to the highest-need communities. The computational procedures and mapping techniques applied are flexible and can be scaled up to visualize inequities across large areas (e.g., a province or state), or used at a micro level to identify where in a community a new childcare center would have the most impact.
A system design for multi-phase, hybrid DDoS detection
Authors: Rathore Mudit , Vaish Abhishek 
Published: November 2020

A dominant form of cyber attack is the distributed denial of service (DDoS), which involves routing superfluous traffic to a server from multiple sources to exhaust its resources. Mudit Rathore and Abhishek Vaish at IIIT Allahabad propose a detection system for DDoS attacks. Packet filtering is used, based on the legitimacy of the origin of incoming requests, and suspicious requests are identified based on a machine learning algorithm. Features are extracted at the target end and the possibility of an attack is determined. The widespread use of the Internet has made cyber attacks a global issue. 1 A dominant form of such attacks is distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS), which involves routing superfluous traffic to a server from multiple sources, making the target incapable of serving requests from legitimate users. A sophisticated and integrated mechanism is required to distinguish malicious data flow from the legitimate data flow, and differentiate between genuine and malicious sources because of the many-to-one dimension of the attack.
Experience of the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Patient Care in the Amsterdam Region: Optimization of Acute Care Organization
Authors: Berkeveld Eva , Mikdad Sarah , Zandbergen Harmen R. , Kraal Adriaan , Terra Maartje , Kramer Mark H. H. , Bloemers Frank W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic causes a large number of patients to simultaneously be in need of specialized care. In the Netherlands, hospitals scaled up their intensive care unit and clinical admission capacity at an early stage of the pandemic. The importance of coordinating resources during a pandemic has already been emphasized in the literature. Therefore, in order to prevent hospitals from being overwhelmed by COVID-19 admissions, national and regional task forces were established for the purpose of coordinating patient transfers. This review describes the experience of Regionaal Overleg Acute Zorg (ROAZ) region Noord-Holland Flevoland, in coordinating patient transfers in the Amsterdam region. In total, 130 patient transfers were coordinated by our region, of which 73% patients were transferred to a hospital within the region. Over a 2-month period, similarities regarding days with increased patient transfers were seen between our region and the national task force. In parallel, an increased incidence in hospital admissions in the Netherlands was observed. During a pandemic, an early upscale (an increase in surge spaces) of hospital admission capacity is imperative. Furthermore, it is preferred to establish national and regional task forces, coordinated by physicians experienced and trained in handling crisis situations, adhering full transparency regarding hospital admission capacity.