bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
199 Inclusion of Sweet Bran™ and wet distillers grains alone or in combination improves performance, carcass merit, and rumen buffering characteristics of feedlot cattle fed steam-flaked corn diets
Authors: Spowart Paige R , Richeson John T , Crawford David M , Samuelson Kendall L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of Sweet Bran™ (SB) and/or wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) in the diet alone or in combination on performance, carcass characteristics, ruminal pH, and rumination of finishing beef cattle. Steers (n = 455) were randomly allocated to 48 pens and assigned to 1 of 4 steam-flaked corn-based dietary treatments containing: no byproducts (CON), 20% WDGS (WDGS), 20% SB (SB), or 20% SB and 10% WDGS (COMBO). Within each pen, 2 steers were randomly selected to receive a ruminal pH bolus and ear tag to quantify pH and rumination. Diet samples were collected weekly to determine particle size and physically effective fiber. Final BW, DMI, and ADG were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for WDGS, SB, and COMBO than CON. Hot carcass weight was greatest (P = 0.04) for WDGS and SB, intermediate for COMBO, and least for CON. Yield grade tended (P = 0.09) to be greater for WDGS, SB, and COMBO than CON. A numerical increase in abscessed livers was observed for CON. The percentage of particles &gt; 4 mm was greatest (P &lt; 0.01) for CON, intermediate for SB, and least for WDGS and COMBO. However, NDF (P &lt; 0.01) and peNDF (P &lt; 0.01) were greatest for COMBO, intermediate for WDGS and SB, and least for CON. A treatment × time interaction was observed as CON cattle spent less time ruminating at 0800 and 1000 h (P &lt; 0.01) in a 24h period. Ruminal pH was least (P &lt; 0.01) for CON from 0800 to 1800 h. Addition of WDGS and/or SB improved performance and reduced feed cost of gain when incorporated into steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets. Relationships between peNDF, rumination behavior, and ruminal pH suggest that SB and/or WDGS enhance buffering capacity when steam-flaked corn is replaced in the diet.
387 Effect of trace minerals (25-hydroxycholecalciferol, Zinc and Manganese) supplementation on the immune responses of livestock
Authors: Selvaraj Ramesh K 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Micronutrients such as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, zinc and manganese are included in livestock feed to achieve optimal growth and improved immune function. Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) modulates immune responses. The effect of Vitamin D on immune cells depends on the subtype of immune cells. Monocytes and macrophages constitutively express Vitamin D receptor and hence 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol increases maturation and the microbicidal activity of macrophages by increasing the production of nitric oxide, antimicrobial proteins and inflammatory cytokines and eventually acts to stimulate the innate immune system. On the other hand, 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol suppresses the action of adaptive immune responses by inducing T regulatory cells and increasing the production of IL-10. Superoxide dismutases (SOD) catalyzes conversion of superoxide radicals to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide and is considered a major antioxidant defense system in livestock. SOD is a metalloenzyme with zinc, copper, and manganese as a cofactor. Though trace minerals have traditionally been supplemented in animal diets as inorganic salts such as zinc sulfate and manganese sulfate, other forms of trace minerals have recently been promoted owing to better stability, bioavailability and absorption. Feeding layer diets marginally deficient in zinc and manganese as sulfates decreased the SOD activity, spleen, IL-1 and cathelicidin relative mRNA levels and supplementing zinc and manganese as hydroxychloride (OHCl) reversed the decrease in SOD activity, spleen IL-1 and cathelicidin relative mRNA levels. Feeding broiler diets low in zinc and manganese as sulfates decreased SOD activity, while supplementing the feed with ZnOHCl reversed the decrease in SOD. Increasing the MnOHCl in birds fed higher amounts of ZnOHCl further increased the SOD activity suggesting synergistic effects between ZnOHCl and MnOHCl on SOD activity and IL-1 production. In conclusion, micronutrients act to modify the immune response in livestock, and the form of micronutrients fed can increase the bioavailability of the micronutrients to improve the immune response.
388 Nutrition and the Ruminal Microbiome: Emerging Frontiers from an Old Friend
Authors: Nagaraja T G 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Rumen, a pregastric anaerobic gut ecosystem, inhabits arguably the most diverse and complex microbial community, with a mutualistic relationship with the host. The relationship is best exemplified in the utilization of lignocellulosic material and non-protein nitrogen to provide energy and protein to the host. The microbial community of the rumen is composed of bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi and bacteriophages. Culture- or microscopy-based procedures have identified over 200 species of bacteria, methanogens, ciliated protozoa and zoosporic fungi. The community analysis based on the genetic material of all microbial cells, called microbiome, has vastly expanded our understanding of the ruminal ecosystem. Microbiome analysis is based on sequencing of the targeted amplicons (16S rDNA variable regions for bacteria and archaea, 18S rDNA for protozoa or Internal Transcribed Regions for fungi) or whole genome shotgun metagenomics analysis. Rapid advancements in nucleic acid sequencing technologies and bioinformatics pipelines have provided unprecedented opportunities to delineate the diversity and complexity of the microbial community in relation ruminal function and dysfunctions and link ruminal microbes to host nutrition and productivity. Culture-independent methods have identified thousands of microbial species in the rumen, suggesting that a major fraction of the microbiome has not been cultured and functionally identified. A core microbiome in bacterial and archaeal populations of the rumen has been identified across a wide geographical regions, but significant variations in diversity, abundance, and individual taxa do exist because of diet and host genetics. However, there is evidence of signature microbiome among individual animals on the same diet and environment. Microbiome-wide association studies in relation to dietary changes, ruminal function and dysfunctions have begun to link and define the complexity of the host-microbe relationships. Translation of the potential of the microbiome analysis is supported by emerging evidences that specific microbiota can be linked to ruminal activity and productivity.
239 Effect of carbohydrate source on dry matter intake and digestibility, and nutritional status of ewes milked year-round on an accelerated lambing system
Authors: Kochendoerfer Nikola , Thonney Michael L , Brown Dan L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The effect of level of soyhull inclusion on dry matter intake, feed efficiency, apparent dry matter digestibility, in-vitro NDF appearance and body weight changes was investigated in this triply replicated, 3′3 Latin square design. Finnsheep ′ Dorset ewes (n = 53) were managed in 3 management groups. Ewes in each management group were housed in 3 pens, lactated 3 times in the 22-month experiment, and were fed a different experimental diet in each lactation. Diets L-SH, M-SH, and H-SH contained 34.4, 42.4, and 50.9% soyhulls and measured 31.9, 36.5, and 40.0 ± 0.60% NDF (P &lt; 0.001), and 41.1, 37.1, and 32.8 ± 0.58% NFC (P &lt; 0.001), respectively. Individual equations were fitted to each of the 27 pens, and the resulting data were analyzed with a model including Square Number, Pen and Lactation within Square Number, and Diet, with 3 to 6 ewes in each cell of each Latin Square. Dry matter intake was 2.54, 2.70, and 2.67 ± 0.05 kg per day, feed efficiency was 0.56, 0.60, and 0.54 ± 0.02 kg milk/kg DM per day and weight gains were 131.0, 144.0, and 138.0 ± 0.04 g per day for ewes consuming the L-SH, M-SH, and H-SH diets, respectively, with no significant differences among diets. Fermentable NDF in the diets increased linearly with soyhull inclusion (17.6, 21.1, and 24.3 ± 1.28%, P &lt; 0.001). Apparent DM digestibility, measured with acid insoluble ash as marker, decreased nonsignificantly with soyhull inclusion (66.3, 64.5, and 63.9 ± 1.57%). The rate of in vitro NDF digestion decreased linearly with soyhull inclusion (166, 150, and 125 ± 5.7 g per hour, P &lt; 0.01) for the L-SH, M-SH, and H-SH diet, respectively. In this experiment the M-SH diet resulted in the most favorable results of highest dry matter intake, milk yields, and feed efficiencies.
395 Impact of pig mortality on U.S. pig producers
Authors: Shull Caleb M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Swine producers in the U.S. face a significant challenge. On top of the ever-changing market dynamics that lead to wide swings in profitability or loss, is an underlying issue of pig mortality that the industry must address. While significant improvements in total piglets born per litter have been achieved over the last 10 years, pig mortality has seen no improvement or has worsened (Figure 1). When expressed as a percentage of piglets born (excluding mummies), a total of 7.9% were recorded as stillborn and 13.4% died prior to weaning in 2019. Assuming a typical mortality range of 7–10% from weaning to harvest, a typical U.S. producer could expect to lose around 27–30% of all piglets born. In addition, the average producer had around 12% annual sow mortality (Figure 1). Litter size and post-weaning growth rate and feed efficiency will always factor heavily into research priorities due to the economic impact associated with those traits; however, the opportunity to drive value through reduction in pig losses across the production cycle is staggering. In defense of the industry, improving pig survival is not an easy task for a number of reasons. The sample size (i.e., number of pigs) required to do mortality research correctly is often a limiting factor for many production systems. Furthermore, a cross-functional approach is likely required to make significant improvements in mortality. Specifically, the relationship between genetics, health, and management practices warrant consideration. Recent collaboration across the industry to improve mortality is a positive step forward and this collaboration should continue moving forward.
292 Altering the particle size of supplemental zeolite (clinoptilolite): Effects on nitrogen utilization and nutrient digestibility in backgrounding cattle
Authors: Klaeui Caitlin , Martí Mario de Haro , Chahine Mireille , Chibisa Gwinyai E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of feeding supplemental clinoptilolite with a particle size of either 30 microns or 400 microns (US 40 mesh) on measures of nitrogen (N) utilization and nutrient digestibility in backgrounding cattle. Six ruminally cannulated beef heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 21-d periods. The dietary treatments were: 1) a basal forage-based backgrounding TMR with no supplement (CON), 2) CON + 30-micron clinoptilolite (CL-30), and 3) CON + 400-micron clinoptilolite (CL-400). Clinoptilolite was top-dressed (2.5% of diet DM) during morning feeding (1100 h). Ruminal fluid (d 19 at 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 h post-feeding), spot urine and grab fecal (d 19 at 1400 and 1900; d 20 at 0300, 0700, 1500, and 2300 h; d 21 at 0500 and 1100 h), and blood samples (d 21 at 3 h post-feeding) were collected and analyzed for nutrients and metabolites. There was no diet effect (P = 0.50) on ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N) and plasma urea-N (PUN) concentrations. Similarly, urine N and urea-N (UUN), and fecal N excretion did not differ (P ≥ 0.28) across diets. There was no diet effect (P ≥ 0.11) on dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intake, and apparent total tract DM, crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. However, although it did not differ for the CL-400 compared to CON and CL-30 heifers, apparent total tract OM digestibility was greater for CL-30 than CON heifers. In summary, although feeding supplemental clinoptilolite with a particle size of either 30- or 400-microns to beef heifers did not enhance N utilization, apparent total tract OM digestibility was greater for heifers fed supplemental 30-micron but not 400-micron clinoptilolite compared to the CON diet.
PSV-6 Detection of sex-by-maternal immune activation effects on the molecular pathways of the pig amygdala
Authors: Keever Marissa R , Zhang Pan , Bolt Courtni R , Rymut Haley E , Antonson Adrienne M , Corbett Megan P , Houser Alexandra K , Southy Bruce R , Rund Laurie A , Johnson Rodney W , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The prolonged and sex-dependent impact of maternal immune activation (MIA) on the molecular pathways of the amygdala, a brain region that influences social, cognitive, and sexually dimorphic behaviors, is only partially understood. To address this gap, the effect of MIA elicited by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection during gestation on the amygdala transcriptome of pigs was studied. Gene expression levels were measured using RNA-Seq on the amygdala for 3-week-old female and male offspring from MIA and control groups. Among the 328 genes that exhibited an MIA-by-sex effect, the majority annotated to functional categories relevant to behavioral abnormalities, including neuroactive ligand-receptor pathways, glutamatergic functions, and neuropeptide systems. Genes in these categories included corticotropin releasing hormone receptor 2, glutamate metabotropic receptor 4, glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide, parathyroid hormone 1 receptor, vasointestinal peptide receptor 2, neurotensin, proenkephalin, and gastrin releasing peptide. These genes and functional categories have been associated with MIA-related schizophrenia and autism spectrum behavior disorders. The transcript and network dysregulation uncovered in this study advances the understanding necessary to develop treatments that ameliorate the effects of neurodevelopmental disorders caused by gestational MIA exposure. This study is supported by USDA NIFA AFRI, grant number 2018-67015-27413.
PSIII-6 Comparisons of high-density genomic data in Holsteins differing in coat type
Authors: López-Nieves Lourdes E , Negrón-Pérez Verónica M , Sánchez-Rodríguez Héctor L , Patiño-Chaparro Joan M , Ortiz-Colón Guillermo , Pagán-Morales Melvin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Preliminary studies have reported that wild type-haired (WT) Holstein cattle have greater productive potential at a genomic level than their slick-haired (SL) counterpart. The objective of the present study was to evaluate, through a panel of commercial genetic markers (Igenity Elite, Neogen Corp), 49 Holsteins descendants SL [32 SL (n = 11 males and 21 females) and 17 WT (n = 2 males and 15 females)] from the Agricultural Experiment Station of Puerto Rico. These animals received a predictive genomic transmission capacity (PTA) based on DNA tests using more than 100,000 bovine genome markers, which contain information from their parents for a more accurate measure of genetic potential. Traits evaluated included measures of productivity, health, type and other indexes such as: net merit, milk yield, somatic cell score, among others. The data was analyzed using Proc GLIMMIX in SAS and the differences between means were determined by the Tukey test. Various subsets of animals were compared; however, no main differences were found between SL and WT (P &gt;0.05), except for stature (-1.07±0.17 vs -0.39±0.26; P = 0.02, respectively). In a second subset, only lactating cows were evaluated (SL n = 7 and WT n = 7) and differences were found for: hypocalcemia (0.03±0.06 vs -0.21±0.06; P = 0.01), mastitis (-0.11±0.24 vs 0.90±0.24; P = 0.01), PTA type (-0.98±0.26 vs -0.11±0.26; P = 0.03), udder composite (-0.96±0.26 vs -0.07±0.26; P = 0.02), stature (-0.91±0.30 vs 0.04±0.30; P = 0.04), dairy form (-1.64±0.26 vs -0.65±0.26; P = 0.02), fore udder attachment (-0.77±0.30 vs 0.41±0.30; P = 0.02), rear udder height (-1.39±0.34 vs -0.18±0.34; P = 0.03) and width (-1.42±0.29 vs -0.17±0.29; P = 0.01), and udder depth (-0.73±0.27 vs 0.82±0.27; P = 0.002), respectively. These results suggest that SL males and females are genomically similar to WT for the most important economic traits when descending from a SL dam and when compared as a single group. However, differences in type and health traits may occur if the females are compared alone.
PSVIII-1 A transcriptomic study of the effect of PRRSV infection during gestation on the piglet amygdala
Authors: Keever Marissa R , Zhang Pan , Bolt Courtni R , Rymut Haley E , Antonson Adrienne M , Corbett Megan P , Houser Alexandra K , Southy Bruce R , Rund Laurie A , Johnson Rodney W , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economic burden on the swine industry, resulting in losses not only related to animal death but also to reduced offspring productivity. Understanding the underlying molecular pathways that contribute to decreased feed efficiency and behaviors that result in poorer performance is important for the implementation of management practices that aim to mitigate the effects of PRRSV. To uncover the long-term effects of PRRSV infection during gestation, a transcriptome analysis of the amygdala of 22-day-old piglet offspring from maternal PRRSV activated and control gilts was undertaken. Overall, 161 genes were differentially expressed between the PRRSV and control piglet offspring. Many of the genes were over-expressed in pigs from PRRSV compared to control gilts, such as interferon induced transmembrane protein 3 and neuron derived neurotrophic factor. Few genes were under-expressed, including insulin-like growth factor 2 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1. The detection of these dysregulated genes and the directionality of their differential expression yielded insights into the effects that maternal PRRSV infection has on the neural pathways of the offspring amygdala. This furthers our understanding of molecular processes underlying pathological behaviors that may be exhibited by these pigs, affecting management and production. This study is supported by USDA NIFA AFRI, grant number 2018-67015-27413.
PSVIII-6 Cytomorphological features of the bone marrow of hypotrophic piglets
Authors: Mikhaylov Evgeniy , Shaposhnikova Yulia , Shabunin Boris , Tolkachev Igor , Vorotnikova Svetlana , Anipchenko Polina 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on newborn hypotrophic piglets obtained from sows of the 3rd–4th farrow on the farm in the Voronezh region. Bone marrow for histochemical and ultrastructural studies was selected from hypotrophic piglets with a body weight less than 800 g (n = 13). The material for electron microscopy was carried out in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.114 M colloid buffer in the cold with postfixation in 1% solution of osmium tetroxide in the same buffer. The material was enclosed in epon-812. Semithin sections were stained with azur-2 in combination with the main fuchsin and were examined under Leica light microscope. Ultrathin sections were prepared on Ultracut (Leica) ultramicrotome, contrasted with lead citrate and uranyl acetate and examined under EM-208 (Philips) electron microscope. In hypotrophic piglets, the cells forming in the red bone marrow are located as islands. Hypoplasia of cells of the hemopoetic series occurred, proerythroblasts and megacaryoblasts were observed in insignificant quantity. Megakaryocytes were closely adjacent to sinusoidal capillaries, and a part of their cytoplasm penetrated into the lumen of blood vessels. Separating fragments of cytoplasm in the form of platelets were transferred to the blood flow. Light mitochondria with a few small electron-dense cristae were observed in the ultrastructure of cells of the bone marrow. The emergence of immature forms, which indicated bone marrow function disorder or its barrier damage, was also observed in the blood flow. At the same time there occurred a decrease in the number of differentiated cells and their differentiation disorder, which could lead to immunodeficiency state. Differentiation of cells in the bone marrow of hypotrophic piglets is impaired, and that is why the body is not provided with a sufficient number of blood cells. Blast cells, which appear in the blood flow, cannot fully perform their functions, resulting in immunodeficiency and anemia.
PSI-12 Effects of supplementing propionate in a finishing diet on dry matter intake, glucose clearance, and blood metabolites
Authors: Rathert Abbey R , Salisbury Carlee M , Zapalac Dakota J , Foote Andrew P 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine if supplementing propionate alters DMI, glucose clearance rate, and blood metabolite concentrations in steers fed a finishing diet. Holstein (n = 15) steers were individually fed a finishing diet ad-libitum. Steers were allocated by BW to receive: no Ca propionate (CON), 100 g/d (LOW), or 300 g/d (HIGH) in the diet. Orts were collected and weighed daily to determine DMI. Blood samples were collected on d 0, 7, and 21, and BW recorded on d 0, 14, and 28. A glucose tolerance test was conducted on d 14 and 28 of the trial. Samples were analyzed for whole blood glucose and lactate, and plasma NEFA. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with treatment, day and their interaction included, with day as a repeated measure. The CON treatment had greater (P &lt; 0.01) DMI than LOW and HIGH. BW was greater for CON throughout the experiment and all treatments had an increased BW on day 28 (P = 0.03 for the interaction). Whole blood glucose concentrations tended (P = 0.09) to be higher on d 21 than d 0 and 7, but was not affected by treatment (P = 0.58). Plasma NEFA concentrations were lower (P = 0.05) for CON than other treatments, and greater (P = 0.002) on d 0 than d 7 and 21. Whole blood lactate concentrations were greater (P = 0.05) on d 7, than d 0 and 21, but was not effected by treatment (P = 0.13). There was no treatment (P ≥ 0.16) or day effect (P ≥ 0.36) on glucose peak, plateau, or clearance rate. These data indicate that supplemental propionate may decrease dry matter intake but might not alter glucose clearance rate.