bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Hazard Assessment for Nonstationary Seasonal Flood Extremes Considering Climate Change
Authors: Xu Pengcheng , Wang Dong , Singh Vijay P. , Lu Huayu , Wang Yuankun , Wu Jichun , Wang Lachun , Liu Jiufu , Zhang Jianyun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn recent years copulas have been widely employed in multivariate modeling of hydrological extremes. However, anthropogenic and climate changes have greatly impacted the probabilistic behavior of these extremes and have challenged the stationarity assumption of the marginal distributions of individual characteristics of the extremes as well as their dependence structure inherent in copula‐based modeling. This study developed a dynamic copula‐based multivariate risk analysis model (DCM) to analyze seasonal flood extremes (MWL and AMS), observed at Yichang Station in Yangtze River basin, China. The model entailed three parts: (1) Time‐varying moment models, combined with log‐likelihood ratio tests, were employed to explore whether the trend‐caused nonstationarity existed in the marginal distributions or the dependence structure of the seasonal flood extremes; (2) a nonstationary multivariate probability distribution was developed using a dynamic marginal and copula‐based model, incorporating different large‐scale climate forcings (NAO, SOI, and NINO3.4), meteorological factor (rainfall and temperature) and reservoir index as covariates; and (3) flood hazard was quantified using the multivariate hazard model. The climate‐related nonstationarity‐based multivariate frequency model through the incorporation of climatic indices would help predict the hazard level of a certain quantile pair for the next year of the observed period.
High Vapor Pressure Deficit Decreases the Productivity and Water Use Efficiency of Rain‐Induced Pulses in Semiarid Ecosystems
Authors: Roby Matthew C. , Scott Russell L. , Moore David J. P. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIntermittent rain events drive dynamic pulses of carbon and water exchange in many arid and semiarid ecosystems. Although soil moisture is known to control these pulses, the effect of atmospheric dryness on pulses is not well documented. Here we hypothesized that vapor pressure deficit (VPD) modulates net ecosystem production (NEP) and ecosystem‐scale water use efficiency (WUE) during pulse events due to its effects on canopy stomatal conductance and evapotranspiration. We quantified relationships between VPD and carbon and water exchange during growing season rain events and tested their generality across four semiarid flux sites with varied vegetation in the southwest United States. Across grassland, shrubland, and savanna sites, we found that high VPD during pulses suppressed ecosystem photosynthesis and surface conductance to a greater degree than respiration or evapotranspiration, particularly when soil moisture was high. Thus, periods of high VPD were associated with a 13–64% reduction in NEP and an 11–25% decrease in WUE, relative to moderate VPD conditions. Sites dominated by shrubs with the C3 photosynthetic pathway were more sensitive to VPD than sites dominated by C4 grasses. We found that a 1 kPa increase in VPD reduced the average NEP of pulse events by 13–56%, which illustrates the potential for projected increases in atmospheric demand to reduce the net productivity of semiarid ecosystems.
Childhood trauma, suicide risk and inflammatory phenotypes of depression: insights from monocyte gene expression
Authors: Schiweck Carmen , Claes Stephan , Van Oudenhove Lukas , Lafit Ginette , Vaessen Thomas , de Beeck Gommaar Op , Berghmans Raf , Wijkhuijs Annemarie , Müller Norbert , Arolt Volker , Drexhage Hemmo , Vrieze Elske 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCirculating monocytes contribute to inflammatory processes. We here validate abnormal expression of inflammation-related genes in monocytes of a large and well-characterised group of MDD patients, and relate the outcomes to pertinent clinical characteristics. Thirty-two genes of a previously established inflammation-related gene signature were assessed in 197 patients with MDD, and 151 controls collected during the EU-MOODINFLAME project. Monocyte gene- expression data were related to age, sex, BMI, depression severity, childhood adversity (CA) and suicide risk (SR). Three distinct gene profiles were identified within the MDD group (downregulated, mixed upregulated and strongly upregulated genes). Patients in the merged upregulated groups had a significantly higher prevalence of CA and high SR. Using hierarchical clustering of the genes, we found a cluster of mainly cytokine (production)-related genes; patients with SR had a significantly higher expression of this cluster than patients without SR (particularly for IL-6, IL1A and IL1B). Such difference did not emerge for patients with and without CA. A downregulated gene profile was found for patients not exposed to CA and without SR (particularly for glucocorticoid-signalling genes NR3C1a and HSPA1/B). No inflammatory changes were observed for healthy controls exposed to CA. Our data show that inflammatory activation in MDD is not uniform, and that immunologically discernible phenotypes of depression can be linked to CA and high SR. The absence of monocyte inflammatory activation in healthy controls exposed to CA suggests an inflammatory involvement in MDD-prone individuals exposed to early stressors, but not healthy controls.
Manganese is critical for antitumor immune responses via cGAS-STING and improves the efficacy of clinical immunotherapy
Authors: Lv Mengze , Chen Meixia , Zhang Rui , Zhang Wen , Wang Chenguang , Zhang Yan , Wei Xiaoming , Guan Yukun , Liu Jiejie , Feng Kaichao , Jing Miao , Wang Xurui , Liu Yun-Cai , Mei Qian , Han Weidong , Jiang Zhengfan 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCD8+T cell-mediated cancer clearance is often suppressed by the interaction between inhibitory molecules like PD-1 and PD-L1, an interaction acts like brakes to prevent T cell overreaction under normal conditions but is exploited by tumor cells to escape the immune surveillance. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer therapeutics by removing such brakes. Unfortunately, only a minority of cancer patients respond to immunotherapies presumably due to inadequate immunity. Antitumor immunity depends on the activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, as STING-deficient mice fail to stimulate tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs) to activate CD8+T cells. STING agonists also enhance natural killer (NK) cells to mediate the clearance of CD8+T cell-resistant tumors. Therefore STING agonists have been intensively sought after. We previously discovered that manganese (Mn) is indispensable for the host defense against cytosolic dsDNA by activating cGAS-STING. Here we report that Mn is also essential in innate immune sensing of tumors and enhances adaptive immune responses against tumors. Mn-insufficient mice had significantly enhanced tumor growth and metastasis, with greatly reduced tumor-infiltrating CD8+T cells. Mechanically, Mn2+promoted DC and macrophage maturation and tumor-specific antigen presentation, augmented CD8+T cell differentiation, activation and NK cell activation, and increased memory CD8+T cells. Combining Mn2+with immune checkpoint inhibition synergistically boosted antitumor efficacies and reduced the anti-PD-1 antibody dosage required in mice. Importantly, a completed phase 1 clinical trial with the combined regimen of Mn2+and anti-PD-1 antibody showed promising efficacy, exhibiting type I IFN induction, manageable safety and revived responses to immunotherapy in most patients with advanced metastatic solid tumors. We propose that this combination strategy warrants further clinical translation.
Strong ice-ocean interaction beneath Shirase Glacier Tongue in East Antarctica
Authors: Hirano Daisuke , Tamura Takeshi , Kusahara Kazuya , Ohshima Kay I. , Nicholls Keith W. , Ushio Shuki , Simizu Daisuke , Ono Kazuya , Fujii Masakazu , Nogi Yoshifumi , Aoki Shigeru 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMass loss from the Antarctic ice sheet, Earth’s largest freshwater reservoir, results directly in global sea-level rise and Southern Ocean freshening. Observational and modeling studies have demonstrated that ice shelf basal melting, resulting from the inflow of warm water onto the Antarctic continental shelf, plays a key role in the ice sheet’s mass balance. In recent decades, warm ocean-cryosphere interaction in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas has received a great deal of attention. However, except for Totten Ice Shelf, East Antarctic ice shelves typically have cold ice cavities with low basal melt rates. Here we present direct observational evidence of high basal melt rates (7–16 m yr−1) beneath an East Antarctic ice shelf, Shirase Glacier Tongue, driven by southward-flowing warm water guided by a deep continuous trough extending to the continental slope. The strength of the alongshore wind controls the thickness of the inflowing warm water layer and the rate of basal melting.
Uniaxial-strain control of nematic superconductivity in SrxBi2Se3
Authors: Kostylev Ivan , Yonezawa Shingo , Wang Zhiwei , Ando Yoichi , Maeno Yoshiteru 
Published: August 2020

AbstractNematic states are characterized by rotational symmetry breaking without translational ordering. Recently, nematic superconductivity, in which the superconducting gap spontaneously lifts the rotational symmetry of the lattice, has been discovered. In nematic superconductivity, multiple superconducting domains with different nematic orientations can exist, and these domains can be controlled by a conjugate external stimulus. Domain engineering is quite common in magnets but has not been achieved in superconductors. Here, we report control of the nematic superconductivity and their domains of SrxBi2Se3, through externally-applied uniaxial stress. The suppression of subdomains indicates that it is the Δ4y state that is most favoured under compression along the basal Bi-Bi bonds. This fact allows us to determine the coupling parameter between the nematicity and lattice distortion. These results provide an inevitable step towards microscopic understanding and future utilization of the unique topological nematic superconductivity.
Rhodium(II)-catalyzed multicomponent assembly of α,α,α-trisubstituted esters via formal insertion of O–C(sp3)–C(sp2) into C–C bonds
Authors: Ba Dan , Wen Si , Tian Qingyu , Chen Yanhui , Lv Weiwei , Cheng Guolin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe direct cleavage of C(CO)−C single bonds, delivering otherwise inaccessible compounds, is a significant challenge. Although the transition metal-catalyzed insertion of functional groups into C(CO)−C bonds has been studied, strained ketone substrates or chelating assistance were commonly required. In this article, we describe a rhodium(II)-catalyzed three-component reaction of 1,3-diones, diazoesters, and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), leading to an unusual formal insertion of O–C(sp3)–C(sp2) into unstrained C(CO)−C bonds. This procedure provides a rapid entry to a gamut of otherwise inaccessible α,α,α-trisubstituted esters/amide from relatively simple substrates in a straightforward manner. 55 examples of highly decorated products demonstrate the broad functional group tolerance and substrate scope. The combination of control experiments and isotope-labeling reactions support that O, C(sp3), and C(sp2) units derive from 1,3-diones, diazoesters, and DMF, respectively.
A discrete serotonergic circuit regulates vulnerability to social stress
Authors: Zou Wen-Jun , Song Yun-Long , Wu Min-Yi , Chen Xiang-Tian , You Qiang-Long , Yang Qian , Luo Zheng-Yi , Huang Lang , Kong Yin , Feng Jing , Fang Dong-Xiang , Li Xiao-Wen , Yang Jian-Ming , Mei Lin , Gao Tian-Ming 
Published: August 2020

AbstractExposure to social stress and dysregulated serotonergic neurotransmission have both been implicated in the etiology of psychiatric disorders. However, the serotonergic circuit involved in stress vulnerability is still unknown. Here, we explored whether a serotonergic input from the dorsal raphe (DR) to ventral tegmental area (VTA) influences vulnerability to social stress. We identified a distinct, anatomically and functionally defined serotonergic subpopulation in the DR that projects to the VTA (5-HTDR→VTA neurons). Moreover, we found that susceptibility to social stress decreased the firing activity of 5-HTDR→VTA neurons. Importantly, the bidirectional manipulation of 5-HTDR→VTA neurons could modulate susceptibility to social stress. Our findings reveal that the activity of 5-HTDR→VTA neurons may be an essential factor in determining individual levels of susceptibility to social stress and suggest that targeting specific serotonergic circuits may aid the development of therapies for the treatment of stress-related disorders.
Probing nanoscale spatial distribution of plasmonically excited hot carriers
Authors: Huang Sheng-Chao , Wang Xiang , Zhao Qing-Qing , Zhu Jin-Feng , Li Cha-Wei , He Yu-Han , Hu Shu , Sartin Matthew M. , Yan Sen , Ren Bin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSurface plasmons (SPs) of metals enable the tight focusing and strong absorption of light to realize an efficient utilization of photons at nanoscale. In particular, the SP-generated hot carriers have emerged as a promising way to efficiently drive photochemical and photoelectric processes under moderate conditions. In situ measuring of the transport process and spatial distribution of hot carriers in real space is crucial to efficiently capture the hot carriers. Here, we use electrochemical tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-TERS) to in situ monitor an SP-driven decarboxylation and resolve the spatial distribution of hot carriers with a nanometer spatial resolution. The transport distance of about 20 nm for the reactive hot carriers is obtained from the TERS imaging result. The hot carriers with a higher energy have a shorter transport distance. These conclusions can be guides for the design and arrangement of reactants and devices to efficiently make use of plasmonic hot carriers.
Genome-wide functional analysis of phosphatases in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Jin Jae-Hyung , Lee Kyung-Tae , Hong Joohyeon , Lee Dongpil , Jang Eun-Ha , Kim Jin-Young , Lee Yeonseon , Lee Seung-Heon , So Yee-Seul , Jung Kwang-Woo , Lee Dong-Gi , Jeong Eunji , Lee Minjae , Jang Yu-Byeong , Choi Yeseul , Lee Myung Ha , Kim Ji-Seok , Yu Seong-Ryong , Choi Jin-Tae , La Jae-Won , Choi Haneul , Kim Sun-Woo , Seo Kyung Jin , Lee Yelin , Thak Eun Jung , Choi Jaeyoung , Averette Anna F. , Lee Yong-Hwan , Heitman Joseph , Kang Hyun Ah , Cheong Eunji , Bahn Yong-Sun 
Published: August 2020

AbstractPhosphatases, together with kinases and transcription factors, are key components in cellular signalling networks. Here, we present a systematic functional analysis of the phosphatases inCryptococcus neoformans, a fungal pathogen that causes life-threatening fungal meningoencephalitis. We analyse 230 signature-tagged mutant strains for 114 putative phosphatases under 30 distinct in vitro growth conditions, revealing at least one function for 60 of these proteins. Large-scale virulence and infectivity assays using insect and mouse models indicate roles in pathogenicity for 31 phosphatases involved in various processes such as thermotolerance, melanin and capsule production, stress responses,O-mannosylation, or retromer function. Notably, phosphatases Xpp1, Ssu72, Siw14, and Sit4 promote blood-brain barrier adhesion and crossing byC. neoformans. Together with our previous systematic studies of transcription factors and kinases, our results provide comprehensive insight into the pathobiological signalling circuitry ofC. neoformans.
Band insulator to Mott insulator transition in 1T-TaS2
Authors: Wang Y. D. , Yao W. L. , Xin Z. M. , Han T. T. , Wang Z. G. , Chen L. , Cai C. , Li Yuan , Zhang Y. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract1T-TaS2 undergoes successive phase transitions upon cooling and eventually enters an insulating state of mysterious origin. Some consider this state to be a band insulator with interlayer stacking order, yet others attribute it to Mott physics that support a quantum spin liquid state. Here, we determine the electronic and structural properties of 1T-TaS2 using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction. At low temperatures, the 2π/2c-periodic band dispersion, along with half-integer-indexed diffraction peaks along the c axis, unambiguously indicates that the ground state of 1T-TaS2 is a band insulator with interlayer dimerization. Upon heating, however, the system undergoes a transition into a Mott insulating state, which only exists in a narrow temperature window. Our results refute the idea of searching for quantum magnetism in 1T-TaS2 only at low temperatures, and highlight the competition between on-site Coulomb repulsion and interlayer hopping as a crucial aspect for understanding the material’s electronic properties.
Whole-genome sequencing and gene network modules predict gemcitabine/carboplatin-induced myelosuppression in non-small cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Björn Niclas , Badam Tejaswi Venkata Satya , Spalinskas Rapolas , Brandén Eva , Koyi Hirsh , Lewensohn Rolf , De Petris Luigi , Lubovac-Pilav Zelmina , Sahlén Pelin , Lundeberg Joakim , Gustafsson Mika , Gréen Henrik 
Published: August 2020

AbstractGemcitabine/carboplatin chemotherapy commonly induces myelosuppression, including neutropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Predicting patients at risk of these adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and adjusting treatments accordingly is a long-term goal of personalized medicine. This study used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of blood samples from 96 gemcitabine/carboplatin-treated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and gene network modules for predicting myelosuppression. Association of genetic variants in PLINK found 4594, 5019, and 5066 autosomal SNVs/INDELs with p ≤ 1 × 10−3 for neutropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, respectively. Based on the SNVs/INDELs we identified the toxicity module, consisting of 215 unique overlapping genes inferred from MCODE-generated gene network modules of 350, 345, and 313 genes, respectively. These module genes showed enrichment for differentially expressed genes in rat bone marrow, human bone marrow, and human cell lines exposed to carboplatin and gemcitabine (p < 0.05). Then using 80% of the patients as training data, random LASSO reduced the number of SNVs/INDELs in the toxicity module into a feasible prediction model consisting of 62 SNVs/INDELs that accurately predict both the training and the test (remaining 20%) data with high (CTCAE 3–4) and low (CTCAE 0–1) maximal myelosuppressive toxicity completely, with the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) of 100%. The present study shows how WGS, gene network modules, and random LASSO can be used to develop a feasible and tested model for predicting myelosuppressive toxicity. Although the proposed model predicts myelosuppression in this study, further evaluation in other studies is required to determine its reproducibility, usability, and clinical effect.
Athermal strength of pure aluminum is significantly decreased by severe plastic deformation and it is markedly augmented by subsequent annealing
Authors: Koizumi Takayuki , Kurumatani Anna , Kuroda Mitsutoshi 
Published: August 2020

AbstractOver the last two decades, it has been considered that fine crystal grains produced by severe plastic deformation (SPD) lead to an extraordinarily high metal strength. The present study reveals that this understanding is basically incorrect. In our uniaxial tensile tests on industrial pure aluminum at an ultralow strain rate of $$\sim 10^{ - 7} /{\text{s}}$$

∼

10

-
7

/
s

, we observed that SPD accompanied by grain refining significantly softened the material. The fundamental strength effective for real structures and structural materials should mean an eternal capability to bear stresses caused by external forces, which is independent of time, that is, athermal. We tried to extract quantitatively the athermal (time-independent) strength from the total strength measured in uniaxial tensile tests under the assumption that the total stress can be additively divided into athermal and thermal (time-dependent) components. As a result of systematic experimental investigation, we found that the athermal strength is significantly reduced by SPD and then markedly increased by subsequent low-temperature annealing. In addition, we confirmed that SPD promotes an increase in the time dependence (viscosity) of the material and that subsequent annealing removes most of the viscosity caused by SPD. The material processed by SPD acquires its prominent time-independent strength after low-temperature annealing.
Full use of factors promoting catalytic performance of chitosan supported manganese porphyrin
Authors: Mo Lin-Qiang , Huang Xian-Fei , Wang Gao-Cai , Huang Guan , Liu Peng 
Published: August 2020

AbstractIn order to make full use of the impact of internal and external factors on the performance of title catalyst for ethyl benzene oxidation, the key internal influencing factors on the catalytic performance were modulated by coordinating and grafting manganese porphyrin to mesoporous and macroporous chitosan, and the important external factors (i.e. oxidation reaction conditions) were optimized using Response Surface Methodology. Under the Response Surface Methodology optimized oxidation reaction conditions (176.56 °C, 0.59 MPa, and 0.25 mg amount of manganese porphyrin), the catalyst could be used at least five times. The ethyl benzene conversion, catalyst turnover numbers, and yields reached up to 51.2%, 4.37 × 106 and 36.4% in average, respectively. Compared with the other optimized oxidation reaction conditions, the corresponding values increased 17%, 26% and 53%. Relative to the manganese porphyrin, the catalytic performance and efficiency of the immobilized catalyst had notably increased.
Identification of tidal trapping of microplastics in a temperate salt marsh system using sea surface microlayer sampling
Authors: Stead Jessica L. , Cundy Andrew B. , Hudson Malcolm D. , Thompson Charlie E. L. , Williams Ian D. , Russell Andrea E. , Pabortsava Katsiaryna 
Published: August 2020

AbstractMicroplastics are contaminants of increasing global environmental concern. Estuaries are a major transport pathway for land-derived plastics to the open ocean but are relatively understudied compared to coastal and open marine environments. The role of the “estuarine filter”, by which the supply of sediments and contaminants to the sea is moderated by processes including vegetative trapping and particle flocculation, remains poorly defined for microplastics land to sea transfer. Here, we focus on the sea surface microlayer (SML) as a vector for microplastics, and use SML sampling to assess microplastic trapping in a temperate marsh system in Southampton Water, UK. The SML is known to concentrate microplastics relative to the underlying water and is the first part of rising tidal waters to traverse intertidal and upper tidal surfaces. Sampling a salt marsh creek at high temporal resolution allowed assessment of microplastics in-wash and outflow from the salt marsh, and its relationship with tidal state and bulk suspended sediment concentrations (SSC), over spring and neap tides. A statistically significant decrease in microplastics abundance from the flood tide to the ebb tide was found, and a weak positive relationship with SSC observed.