bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association between paternal psychopathology and adolescent depression and anxiety: A systematic review
Authors: Wickersham Alice , Leightley Daniel , Archer Marc , Fear Nicola T. 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTIntroductionPaternal psychopathology is associated with various adolescent outcomes. With emotional disorders presenting a significant public health concern in the adolescent age group, the aim of this systematic review was to synthesize evidence on the relationship between paternal mental health and adolescent anxiety or depression.MethodsPubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, Global Health, and PsycINFO were searched for articles which primarily aimed to investigate the relationship between paternal mental health (exposure) and adolescent anxiety or depression (outcome). Articles were assessed for risk of bias, and findings are presented in a narrative synthesis. The protocol is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018094076).ResultsFindings from the fourteen included studies indicated that paternal depression is associated with adolescent depression and anxiety. Findings relating to other paternal mental health disorders were inconclusive. Results largely suggested that adolescent depression and anxiety is equally associated with paternal and maternal mental health. The included studies were mostly cross‐sectional, and the quality of included studies was mixed. Attempts to focus on the 11–17 year age range were hampered by the variability of age ranges included in studies.ConclusionsFurther longitudinal research is needed to clarify the association between paternal mental health disorders other than depression, and adolescent anxiety or depression. Mechanisms in this relationship should also be further explored, and could be informed by existing models on younger children.
Relationship between breastfeeding duration and undernutrition conditions among children aged 0–3 Years in Pakistan
Authors: Syeda Batool , Agho Kingsley , Wilson Leigh , Maheshwari Greesh Kumar , Raza Muhammad Qasim 
Published: January 2020

Background:
The World Health Organization recommends that a child should be breastfed up to 2 years of age as it is essential for proper growth and development but population-based studies around the world have found conflicting results on the subject. Our study aims to analyze whether there is a relationship between the duration of breastfeeding and undernutrition among children aged from birth up to 3 years of age in Pakistan.

Methods:
A secondary analysis of the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2013-2014 with 1072 children aged 3 years and under was conducted. The relationship between breastfeeding duration and undernutrition status was estimated through multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results:
The prevalence of stunting, wasting and underweight were 40.6%, 15.8% and 33.9% respectively, while prevalence of severe stunting is at 22.5%; severe wasting at 4.5% and severe underweight at 12.2% in children in our study. Odds of being stunted were significantly higher for children in their 3rd year of life [AOR: 4.35, CI 95% = (2.01, 9.33)] compared to children being breastfed in their 2nd year of life [AOR: 2.43, CI 95% = (1.55, 3.79) after being adjusted for maternal, child, demographic and healthcare access variables. Similarly, children being breastfed in their third year of life were more susceptible to developing severe stunting [AOR: 6.19, CI 95% = (3.31, 11.56)] in comparison to children in their second year [AOR: 2.84, CI 95% = (1.81, 4.46)]. There was no significant association between breastfeeding and wasting/severe wasting, or between breastfeeding and underweight/severe underweight.

Conclusion:
Breastfeeding in the 2nd and 3rd year of life was found to have significant relationship with stunting and severe stunting. Mothers need to be educated about the risks of prolonged breastfeeding to reduce the burden of undernutrition in the country.
Comorbidity and health services' usage in children with autism spectrum disorder: a nested case–control study
Authors: Dizitzer Yotam , Meiri Gal , Flusser Hagit , Michaelovski Analya , Dinstein Ilan , Menashe Idan 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Aims
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to suffer from various medical comorbidities. We studied the comorbidity burden and health services' utilisation of children with ASD to highlight potential aetiologies and to better understand the medical needs of these children.

Methods
In this nested case–control study, ASD cases and controls – matched by age, sex and ethnicity in a 1:5 ratio – were sampled from all children born between 2009 and 2016 at a tertiary medical centre. Data were obtained from the hospital's electronic database. Comorbid diagnoses were classified according to pathophysiological aetiology and anatomical/systemic classification of disease. Standard univariate and multivariate statistics were used to demonstrate comorbidities and health services' utilisation patterns that are significantly associated with ASD.

Results
ASD children had higher rates of comorbidities according to both pathophysiological and anatomical/systemic classifications (p < 0.001). The most marked significant differences were observed for: hearing impairments (OR = 4.728; 95% CI 2.207–10.127) and other auricular conditions (OR = 5.040; 95% CI 1.759–14.438); neurological (OR = 8.198; 95% CI 5.690–11.813) and ophthalmological (OR = 3.381; 95% CI 1.617–7.068) conditions; and ADD/ADHD (OR = 3.246; 95% CI 1.811–5.818). A subgroup analysis revealed a more profound case–control difference in anaemia rates among girls than in boys (OR = 3.25; 95% CI 1.04–10.19 v. OR = 0.74; 95% CI 0.33–1.64 respectively) and an opposite trend (larger differences in males than in females in cardiovascular diseases (OR = 1.99; 95% CI 1.23–3.23 v. OR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.17–3.45, respectively)). In addition, larger case–control differences were seen among Bedouin children than in Jewish children in a number of medical comorbidities (Breslow–Day test for homogeneity of odds ratio p-value <0.05). Finally, we found that children with ASD tended to be referred to the emergency department and to be admitted to the hospital more frequently than children without ASD, even after adjusting for their comorbidity burden (aOR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.08–1.50 and aOR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.11–1.47 for >1 referrals and admissions per year, respectively).

Conclusions
The findings of this study contribute to the overall understanding of comorbid conditions and health services' utilisation for children with ASD. The higher prevalences of comorbidities and healthcare services' utilisation for children with ASD highlight the additional medical burden associated with this condition.
Experimental and Model‐Based Investigation of the Effect of the Free‐Surface Flow Regime on the Detection Threshold of Warm Water Inflows
Authors: Le Lay Hugo , Thomas Zahra , Bour Olivier , Rouault François , Pichelin Pascal , Moatar Florentina 
Published: January 2020

AbstractHeat has been used as a tracer to identify and quantify groundwater inflows into streams. Over the last decade, a few methods have used fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensing to facilitate assessment of such inflows into small streams. However, these methods focused mainly on the groundwater percentage and the thermal contrast between groundwater and surface water without considering the flow regime of the surface water. In this study, artificial water inflows into a controlled flume were examined using fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensing to quantify the thermal anomalies induced as a function of the flow regime (turbulent or laminar). Computer simulations were then performed to widen the range of the parameters tested and provide insight into the physical processes involved. Experiments conducted under the turbulent regime were in accordance with results and uncertainties of previous studies. Under the laminar regime, however, the inflow‐induced thermal anomalies were always smaller than those under the turbulent regime for a given inflow percentage. Therefore, the actual inflow percentage may be underestimated when using a classic method under a laminar regime.
Shear Velocity and Radial Anisotropy beneath Southwestern Canada: Evidence for Crustal Extension and Thick‐Skinned Tectonics
Authors: Wang Jingchuan , Gu Yu Jeffrey , Chen Yunfeng 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDeformation‐associated craton assembly and Cordilleran orogenesis played major roles during the crustal formation beneath the western margin of North America. To improve the understanding of the deformation history in this region, we investigate the crustal shear velocity and anisotropy by analyzing fundamental mode Rayleigh and Love waves from ambient seismic noise. Continuous recordings from 118 regional broadband stations reveal lateral variations in both velocity and anisotropy with strong spatial affinities to major geological domains. Strong variations in radial anisotropy, which dips westward and extends to at least midcrustal depths, suggest a “thick‐skinned” foreland thrust‐and‐fold belt beneath the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Our regional data also suggest increased horizontal shear velocities beneath the southern Canadian Cordillera, particularly near the Omineca Belt, which may have resulted from strong zonal deformation within the Cordilleran crust. This anisotropic anomaly migrates southward, and its spatial extent agrees well with the normal fault distribution to the west of the Rocky Mountain Trench. Our observations offer new evidence for the Eocene extension of the orogenic hinterland during the trans‐tensional motion of the Cordillera to the North American craton.
Analyzing the Synoptic‐, Meso‐ and Local‐ Scale Involved in Sea Breeze Formation and Frontal Characteristics
Authors: Arrillaga Jon A. , Jiménez Pedro , Vilà‐Guerau de Arellano Jordi , Jiménez Maria A. , Román‐Cascón Carlos , Sastre Mariano , Yagüe Carlos 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSea breeze (SB) frontal passages, the relevant factors influencing their formation and their interaction with local turbulence, are analyzed. To proceed, numerical simulations from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are compared with a comprehensive observational database from the Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research site, spanning a 10‐year period (January 2001 to December 2010). The fine horizontal resolution of 2 km and the replication of the observational vertical levels allow for a more precise comparison. An algorithm based on objective and strict criteria was applied to both observations and simulations to select the SB events. By carrying out a filter‐by‐filter comparison, we find that the simulated large‐scale conditions show a good rate of coincidence with the reanalysis (69%). Small biases in the large‐scale wind direction, however, induce important deviations in the surface‐wind evolution. Regarding mesoscale forcings, the land‐sea temperature gradient is overestimated in average up to 4 K, producing stronger SB fronts in WRF. The analysis of the SB characteristics and impacts is carried out by classifying the events into three boundary‐layer regimes (convective, transition, and stable) based on the value of the sensible‐heat flux at the SB onset. The stronger SB in the model leads to enhanced turbulence particularly in the convective and transition regimes: The friction velocity, for instance, is overstated by around 50% at the SB onset. In addition, the arrival of the SB front enhances the stable stratification and gives rise to faster afternoon and evening transitions compared with situations solely driven by local atmospheric turbulence.
Assimilation of Cosmic‐Ray Neutron Counts for the Estimation of Soil Ice Content on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Mwangi Samuel , Zeng Yijian , Montzka Carsten , Yu Lianyu , Su Zhongbo 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAccurate observations and simulations of soil moisture phasal forms are crucial in cold region hydrological studies. In the seasonally frozen ground of eastern Tibetan Plateau, water vapor, liquid, and ice coexist in the frost‐susceptible silty‐loam soil during winter. Quantification of soil ice content is thus vital in the investigation and understanding of the region's freezing‐thawing processes. This study focuses on the retrieval of soil ice content utilizing the in situ soil moisture (i.e., liquid phase) and cosmic ray neutron measurements (i.e., total water including liquid and ice), with Observing System Simulation Experiments. To derive the total soil water from neutron counts, different weighting methods (revised, conventional, and uniform) for calibrating the cosmic‐ray neutron probe (CRNP) were intercompared. The comparison showed that the conventional nonlinear method performed the best. Furthermore, to assimilate fast neutrons using the particle filter, the STEMMUS‐FT (Simultaneous Transfer of Energy, Mass and Momentum in Unsaturated Soil) model was used as the physically based process model, and the COSMIC model (Cosmic‐ray Soil Moisture Interaction Code) used as the observation operator (i.e., forward neutron simulator). Other than background inputs from disturbed initializations in the STEMMUS‐FT, model uncertainties were predefined to assimilate fast neutrons. We observed that with enough spread of uncertainties, the updated states could mimic the CRNP observation. In all setups, assimilating CRNP measurements could enhance total soil water analyses, which consequently led to the improved detection of soil ice content and therefore the freezing thawing‐process at the field scale.
Characterization of the Global Sources of Atmospheric Ammonia from Agricultural Soils
Authors: Aneja Viney P. , Schlesinger William H. , Li Qi , Nahas Alberth , Battye William H. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGlobal ammonia (NH3) emissions to the atmosphere are projected to increase in the coming years with the increased use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and cultivation of nitrogen‐fixing crops. A statistical model (NH3_STAT) is developed for characterizing atmospheric NH3 emissions from agricultural soils and compared to the performance of other global and regional NH3 models (e.g., Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research, Magnitude and Seasonality of Agricultural Emissions, MIX, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). The statistical model was developed from a multiple linear regression between NH3 emission and the physicochemical variables. The model was evaluated for 2012 NH3 emissions. The results indicate that, in comparison to other data sets, the model provides a lower global NH3 estimate by 58%, (NH3_STAT: 13.9 Tg N yr−1; Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research: 33.0 Tg N yr−1). We also performed a region‐based analysis (United States, India, and China) using the NH3_STAT model. For the United States, our model produces an estimate that is a ~1.4 times higher in comparison to the Environmental Protection Agency. Meanwhile, the NH3_STAT estimate for India shows NH3 emissions between 0.8 and 1.4 times lower when compared to other data sets. A lower estimate is also seen for China, where the model estimates NH3 emissions 0.4 to 5 times lower than other data sets. The difference in the global estimates is attributed to the lower estimates in major agricultural countries like China and India. The statistical model captures the spatial distribution of global NH3 emissions by utilizing a simplified approach compared to other readily available data sets. Moreover, the NH3_STAT model provides an opportunity to predict future NH3 emissions in a changing world.
Denudation Rate Changes Along a Fast‐Eroding Mountainous River With Slate Headwaters in Taiwan From 10Be (Meteoric)/9Be Ratios
Authors: Deng Kai , Yang Shouye , von Blanckenburg Friedhelm , Wittmann Hella 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe novel 10Be (meteoric)/9Be system, where 10Be is delivered by precipitation and stable 9Be is released by weathering, provides denudation rates over weathering‐erosion timescales. The new tool is applicable to quartz‐poor lithologies, for example, mafic rock and claystone, which are not readily accessible by the commonly used in situ‐produced 10Be in quartz. We provide a first application of this proxy to a tectonically active mountainous river, the Zhuoshui River in Taiwan. Taiwan Rivers supply a disproportionately high suspended and dissolved flux to the oceans and are often underlain by fine‐grained shale/slate. 10Be (meteoric)/9Be‐derived denudation rates (Dmet) from the Zhuoshui Catchment are highest in the slate‐dominated headwaters (4–8 mm/year), and much lower (1–2 mm/year) along the midlower reaches with mixed lithologies. At the basin‐wide scale, we find a poor correlation between Dmet and basin‐averaged channel steepness despite a small climatic gradient. Because large lithological heterogeneities exist in this basin, we invoke a lithological effect to explain this poor correlation. Relying on a revised stream power incision model that incorporates rock erodibility, the resulting lithology‐ and runoff‐adjusted ksn (kLrsn) can be reconciled with denudation rates with the highest erodibility predicted to prevail in the Miocene slate of low metamorphic grade and high fracture density. This model suggests that the lithological heterogeneity can alter the coupling between surface denudation and channel morphology. On a broader perspective, the successful application of the 10Be (meteoric)/9Be proxy shows its applicability as a tracer for erosion and sediment transport processes in fast‐eroding mountain belts underlain by slate lithologies.
Seasonality of Organic Matter Degradation Regulates Nutrient and Metal Net Fluxes in a High Energy Sandy Beach
Authors: Ahrens Janis , Beck Melanie , Marchant Hannah K. , Ahmerkamp Soeren , Schnetger Bernhard , Brumsack Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: January 2020

AbstractDuring seawater circulation in permeable intertidal sands, organic matter degradation alters the composition of percolating fluids and remineralization products discharge into surficial waters. Concurrently, coastal seawater nutrient and organic matter composition change seasonally due to variations in pelagic productivity. To assess seasonal changes in organic matter degradation in the intertidal zone of a high energy beach (Spiekeroog Island, southern North Sea, Germany), we analyzed shallow pore waters for major redox constituents (oxygen [O2], manganese [Mn], and iron [Fe]) and inorganic nitrogen species (nitrite [NO2−], nitrate [NO3−], and ammonium [NH4+]) in March, August, and October. Surface water samples from a local time series station were used to monitor seasonal changes in pelagic productivity. O2 and NO3− were the dominating pore water constituents in March and October. Dissolved Mn, Fe, and NH4+ were more widely distributed in August. Seasonal changes in seawater temperature as well as organic matter and nitrate supply by seawater were assumed to affect microbial rates and degradation pathways. Pore water and seawater variability led to seasonally changing constituent effluxes to surface waters. Mn, Fe, and NH4+ effluxes are minimal in March and reached their maximum in August. Furthermore, the intertidal sands switched from a net dissolved inorganic nitrogen sink in March to a net source in August. In conclusion, seasonal effects on intertidal pore water biogeochemistry affect constituent fluxes across the sediment‐water interface. The seasonality of the beach bioreactor must be considered when fluxes are extrapolated to annual timescales.
The Central Amazon Biomass Sink Under Current and Future Atmospheric CO2: Predictions From Big‐Leaf and Demographic Vegetation Models
Authors: Holm Jennifer A. , Knox Ryan G. , Zhu Qing , Fisher Rosie A. , Koven Charles D. , Nogueira Lima Adriano J. , Riley William J. , Longo Marcos , Negrón‐Juárez Robinson I. , de Araujo Alessandro C. , Kueppers Lara M. , Moorcroft Paul R. , Higuchi Niro , Chambers Jeffrey Q. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThere is large uncertainty whether Amazon forests will remain a carbon sink as atmospheric CO2 increases. Hence, we simulated an old‐growth tropical forest using six versions of four terrestrial models differing in scale of vegetation structure and representation of biogeochemical (BGC) cycling, all driven with CO2 forcing from the preindustrial period to 2100. The models were benchmarked against tree inventory and eddy covariance data from a Brazilian site for present‐day predictions. All models predicted positive vegetation growth that outpaced mortality, leading to continual increases in present‐day biomass accumulation. Notably, the two vegetation demographic models (VDMs) (ED2 and ELM‐FATES) always predicted positive stem diameter growth in all size classes. The field data, however, indicated that a quarter of canopy trees didn't grow over the 15‐year period, and while high interannual variation existed, biomass change was near neutral. With a doubling of CO2, three of the four models predicted an appreciable biomass sink (0.77 to 1.24 Mg ha−1 year−1). ELMv1‐ECA, the only model used here that includes phosphorus constraints, predicted the lowest biomass sink relative to initial biomass stocks (+21%), lower than the other BGC model, CLM5 (+48%). Models projections differed primarily through variations in nutrient constraints, then carbon allocation, initial biomass, and density‐dependent mortality. The VDM's performance was similar or better than the BGC models run in carbon‐only mode, suggesting that nutrient competition in VDMs will improve predictions. We demonstrate that VDMs are comparable to nondemographic (i.e., “big‐leaf”) models but also include finer scale demography and competition that can be evaluated against field observations.
Statistically Steady State Large‐Eddy Simulations Forced by an Idealized GCM: 1. Forcing Framework and Simulation Characteristics
Authors: Shen Zhaoyi , Pressel Kyle G. , Tan Zhihong , Schneider Tapio 
Published: January 2020

AbstractUsing large‐eddy simulations (LES) systematically has the potential to inform parameterizations of subgrid‐scale processes in general circulation models (GCMs), such as turbulence, convection, and clouds. Here we show how LES can be run to simulate grid columns of GCMs to generate LES across a cross section of dynamical regimes. The LES setup approximately replicates the thermodynamic and water budgets in GCM grid columns. Resolved horizontal and vertical transports of heat and water and large‐scale pressure gradients from the GCM are prescribed as forcing in the LES. The LES are forced with prescribed surface temperatures, but atmospheric temperature and moisture are free to adjust, reducing the imprinting of GCM fields on the LES. In both the GCM and LES, radiative transfer is treated in a unified but idealized manner (semigray atmosphere without water vapor feedback or cloud radiative effects). We show that the LES in this setup reaches statistically steady states without nudging to thermodynamic GCM profiles. The steady states provide training data for developing GCM parameterizations. The same LES setup also provides a good basis for studying the cloud response to global warming.