bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A transgenic genetic algorithm design method that helps to increase the design freedom of metasurfaces
Authors: Yuan Qi , Ma Hua , Sui Sai , Wang Jiafu , Meng Yueyu , Pang Yongqiang , Qu Shaobo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
While the optimization of design is an effective way to increase the performance of metasurfaces, there is still much to be done to improve optimization algorithms. In this work, a transgenic genetic algorithm (TGA) proposed for metasurface design offers higher performance and more design freedom. Based on GAs, transgenic technology is introduced into metasurface design to improve both performance and flexibility. We describe the generation of a transgenic factor (TF), how it operates on metasurface design, and explain the feasibility of enhancing design freedom using a TGA. To target the broadband regime and high efficiency, an electromagnetic polarization converter and an absorber are then designed by TGA, respectively. As a result, polarization conversion of more than −1 dB and absorption of over 90% were achieved from 8.09 GHz to 24.90 GHz and 7.71 GHz to 20.01 GHz, respectively. Both simulated and measured results are highly consistent, which validates the stable performance achieved by the proposed TGA design. What is more, a performance comparison between different TFs illustrates the subtle influence of TFs, revealing that the performance is improved to some extent by an increase of surface-design freedom. Significantly, this effort provides more freedom in the design method, leading to the realization of many expected improvements.
Dynamics of polystyrene probed by muon spin spectroscopy
Authors: McKenzie Iain , Cordoni-Jordan Danaan , Cannon Joseph , Cottrell Stephen P 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Muon spin spectroscopic measurements were made on atactic low-molecular-weight (LMW) (1.3 kg mol−1) and high-molecular-weight (HMW) (202 kg mol−1) polystyrene. Muoniated cyclohexadienyl radicals, which are formed by muonium addition to the phenyl side groups, are used as local probes of bulk dynamics. Muon spin relaxation is caused by the secondary γ-relaxation process, which involves motion of the phenyl rings, and is sensitive to the glass transition. The activation energy of the γ-relaxation process in the rubbery state is 0.60(2) eV in the HMW sample and 0.37(3) eV in the LMW sample.
First-principles discovery of stable two-dimensional materials with high-level piezoelectric response
Authors: Kocabaş Tuğbey , Çakır Deniz , Sevik Cem 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The rational design of two-dimensional (2D) piezoelectric materials has recently garnered great interest due to their increasing use in technological applications, including sensor technology, actuating devices, energy harvesting, and medical applications. Several materials possessing high piezoelectric response have been reported so far, but a high-throughput first-principles approach to estimate the piezoelectric potential of layered materials has not been performed yet. In this study, we systematically investigated the piezoelectric (e
11, d
11) and elastic (C11 and C12) properties of 128 thermodynamically stable 2D semiconductor materials by employing first-principle methods. Our high-throughput approach demonstrates that the materials containing Group-V elements produce significantly high piezoelectric strain constants, d
11 > 40 pm V−1, and 49 of the materials considered have the e
11 coefficient higher than MoS2 insomuch as BrSSb has one of the largest d
11 with a value of 373.0 pm V−1. Moreover, we established a simple empirical model in order to estimate the d
11 coefficients by utilizing the relative ionic motion in the unit cell and the polarizability of the individual elements in the compounds.
Tailoring the structure of MoS2 using ball-milled MoO3 powders: hexagonal, triangular, and fullerene-like shapes
Authors: Jiménez-Ramírez Luis E , Muñoz-Sandoval Emilio , López-Urías Florentino 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Single and few-layered MoS2 materials have attracted attention due to their outstanding physicochemical properties with potential applications in optoelectronics, catalysis, and energy storage. In the past, these materials have been produced using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using MoO3 films and powders as Mo precursors. In this work, we demonstrate that the size and morphology of few-layered MoS2 nanostructures can be controlled, modifying the Mo precursor mechanically. We synthesized few-layered MoS2 materials using MoO3 powders previously exposed to a high-energy ball milling treatment by the salt-assisted CVD method. The MoO3 powders milled for 30, 120, and 300 min were used to synthesize sample MoS2-30, MoS2-120, and MoS2-300, respectively. We found morphologies mainly of hexagons (MoS2-30), triangles (MoS2-120), and fullerenes (MoS2-300). The MoS2 nanostructures and MoO3 powders were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that MoO3 milled powders exhibit oxygen loss and decrease in crystallite size as milling time increases. Oxygen deficiency in the Mo precursor prevents the growth of large MoS2 crystals and a large number of milled MoO3-x
+ NaCl promote greater nucleation sites for the formation of MoS2, achieving a high density of nanoflakes in the 2H and 3R phases, with diameter sizes in the range of ∼30–600 nm with 1–12 layers. Photoluminescence characterization at room temperature revealed a direct bandgap and exciting trends for the different MoS2 samples. We envisage that our work provides a route for modifying the structure and optical properties for future device design via precursor engineering.
Potential anticancer activity of a new pro-apoptotic peptide–thioctic acid gold nanoparticle platform
Authors: Akrami Mohammad , Samimi Shabnam , Alipour Mohsen , Bardania Hassan , Ramezanpour Sorour , Najafi Niayesh , Hosseinkhani Saman , Kamankesh Mojtaba , Haririan Ismaeil , Hassanshahi Fatemeh 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Targeted nanoparticle platforms designed to induce cell death by apoptosis can bypass the resistance mechanisms of cancer cells. With this in mind we have constructed a new cancer-targeting peptide-functionalized nanoparticle using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and a thioctic acid–DMPGTVLP peptide (TA-peptide) conjugate. Morphological analysis of the nanoparticles by transmission electron microscopy showed average diameters of about 3.52 nm and 26.2 nm for the AuNP core and shell, respectively. Strong affinity toward the nucleolin receptors of breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and T47D was observed for the TA-peptide gold nanoparticles (TAP@AuNPs) based on IC50 values. Furthermore, the nanoparticles showed excellent hemocompatibility. Quantitative results of atomic absorption showed improved uptake of TAP@AuNPs. Treatment of the cells with TAP@AuNPS resulted in greater release of cytochrome c following caspase-3/7 activation compared with free TA-peptide. The cytosolic level of adenosine triphosphate for TAP@AuNPs was higher than in controls. Higher anti-tumor efficiency was observed for TAP@AuNPs than TA-peptide compared with phosphate-buffered saline after intratumoral injection in tumor-bearing mice. It can be concluded that the design and development of a receptor-specific peptide-AuNP platform will be valuable for theranostic applications in cancer nanomedicine.
End-to-end validation of the geometric dose delivery performance of MR linac adaptive radiotherapy
Authors: Bernchou Uffe , Christiansen Rasmus L , Bertelsen Anders , Tilly David , Riis Hans L , Jensen Henrik R , Mahmood Faisal , Hansen Christian R , Hansen Vibeke N , Schytte Tine , Brink Carsten 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The clinical introduction of hybrid magnetic resonance (MR) guided radiotherapy (RT) delivery systems has led to the need to validate the end-to-end dose delivery performance on such machines. In the current study, an MR visible phantom was developed and used to test the spatial deviation between planned and delivered dose at two 1.5 T MR linear accelerator (MR linac) systems, including pre-treatment imaging, dose planning, online imaging, image registration, plan adaptation, and dose delivery. The phantom consisted of 3D printed plastic and MR visible silicone rubber. It was designed to minimise air gaps close to the radiochromic film used as a dosimeter. Furthermore, the phantom was designed to allow submillimetre, reproducible positioning of the film in the phantom. At both MR linac systems, 54 complete adaptive, MR guided RT workflow sessions were performed. To test the dose delivery performance of the MR linac systems in various adaptive RT (ART) scenarios, the sessions comprised a range of systematic positional shifts of the phantom and imaging or plan adaptation conditions. In each workflow session, the positional translation between the film and the adaptive planned dose was determined. The results showed that the accuracy of the MR linac systems was between 0.1 and 0.9 mm depending on direction. The highest mean deviance observed was in the posterior–anterior direction, and the direction of the error was consistent between centres. The precision of the systems was related to whether the workflow utilized the internal image registration algorithm of the MR linac. Workflows using the internal registration algorithm led to a worse precision (0.2–0.7 mm) compared to workflows where the algorithm was decoupled (0.2 mm). In summary, the spatial deviation between planned and delivered dose of MR-guided ART at the two MR linac systems was well below 1 mm and thus acceptable for clinical use.
Effect of microdistribution of alpha and beta-emitters in targeted radionuclide therapies on delivered absorbed dose in a GATE model of bone marrow
Authors: Tranel Jonathan , Feng Felix Y , James Sara St , Hope Thomas A 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Acute hematologic toxicity is a frequent adverse effect of beta-emitter targeted radionuclide therapies (TRTs). Alpha emitters have the potential of delivering high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation to the tumor attributed to its shorter range. Antibody-based TRTs have increased blood-pool half-lives, and therefore increased marrow toxicity, which is a particular concern with alpha emitters. Accurate 3D absorbed dose calculations focusing on the interface region of blood vessels and bone can elucidate energy deposition patterns. Firstly, a cylindrical geometry model with a central blood vessel embedded in the trabecular tissue was modeled. Monte Carlo simulations in GATE were performed considering beta (177Lu, 90Y) and alpha emitters (211At, 225Ac) as sources restricted to the blood pool. Subsequently, the radioactive sources were added in the trabecular bone compartment in order to model bone marrow metastases infiltration (BMMI). Radial profiles, dose-volume histograms and voxel relative differences were used to evaluate the absorbed dose results. We demonstrated that alpha emitters have a higher localized energy deposition compared to beta emitters. In the cylindrical geometry model, when the sources are confined to the blood pool, the dose to the trabecular bone is greater for beta emitting radionuclides, as alpha emitters deposit the majority of their energy within 70 μm of the vessel wall. In the BMMI model, alpha emitters have a lower dose to untargeted trabecular bone. Our results suggest that when alpha emitters are restricted to the blood pool, as when labeled to antibodies, hematologic toxicities may be lower than expected due to differences in the microdistribution of delivered absorbed dose.
EDGE2D-EIRENE modeling of the impact of wall materials on core edge, scrape-off layer and divertor parameters
Authors: Chankin A V , Corrigan G 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A series of EDGE2D-EIRENE cases was run in different wall materials of JET L-mode plasma with the input power close to the H-mode power threshold in ITER-like wall (ILW), with tungsten (W) covering the divertor, and beryllium (Be)—main chamber surfaces. Cases with all carbon (C) and all W walls were run at the same input power as in ILW cases. Contrary to expectations based on the idea that deeper penetration of neutrals re-emitted from surfaces with higher atomic mass into the plasma core raises core density, EDGE2D-EIRENE cases had the highest density in the C wall case. This is explained via the effect of the ‘power deficit’ in the divertor, as recycling neutrals deposit a fraction of their power into walls, thereby cooling the divertor plasma. This effect is stronger in C compared to W divertor surfaces. The plasma cooling in the divertor increases plasma density and neutral recycling, with more neutrals penetrating into the core. Metal wall (ILW and W wall) EDGE2D-EIRENE cases were found to have larger radial electric field (E
r) both inside and outside of the separatrix, in line with the mechanism of the E × B shear turbulence suppression and experimental observations of lower H-mode power threshold in metal wall machines. The originally expected trend for higher core densities in metal wall machines, based on the effect of deeper penetration of neutrals re-emitted from higher atomic mass surfaces, was recovered in much lower density EDGE2D-EIRENE cases, where the effect of the power deficit in the divertor was less important. Subtle effects of interplay among mechanisms involving neutral circulation in the divertor and in the main chamber wall are considered to explain differences between ILW and W wall cases.
Analysis of nonclassical features in a coupled macroscopic binary system
Authors: Ham Byoung S 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Nonclassical phenomena of quantum mechanics such as anticorrelation and photonic de Broglie waves (PBWs) have been recently understood as a special case of coherence optics with a particular phase relation between orthogonal bases composing a classical system. Such a macroscopic understanding of nonclassical features has also been confirmed experimentally for a coherence version of PBWs in a doubly-coupled Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI). Here, a multi-coupled MZI system is analyzed and discussed to obtain a general understanding of the nonclassical feature using tensor products of binary bases of a classical system. This analysis should intrigue a fundamental question on quantumness or nonclassicality limited to a microscopic world of a single photon or a single particle.
Bright-dark solitons and interaction phenomenon for p-gBKP equation by using bilinear neural network method
Authors: Zhang Run-Fa , Bilige Sudao , Liu Jian-Guo , Li Mingchu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the present paper, we focus on the bright-dark solitons and interaction behavior associated with a dimensionally reduced p-gBKP equation. New test functions are constructed by using the Bilinear Neural Network Method (BNNM). These test functions are composed of arbitrary functions in ‘3-2-2-2’ neural network model or specific activation functions in single-layer model. The bright-dark solitons and interaction solutions between lump and double exponential function or hyperbolic tangent function are obtained by choosing appropriate values and activation functions. Via various three-dimensional plots, 2D plots, contour plots and density plots, the evolution characteristics of these waves are exhibited well.
A novel high accuracy micrometer for the measurement of diameter
Authors: Stoup John , Doiron Ted 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The dimensional metrology group at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed an ultra-high accuracy laser micrometer capable of external diameter measurements with a targeted expanded uncertainty, U(k = 2), of less than 20 nm. This instrument is an advanced iteration of a design developed at NIST in the 1990s and has been continuously improved since its inception. This newest approach takes advantage of the lessons learned through two decades of operation, process control measurement data, and performance analysis. This approach advances the state of the art for diameter measurements within an artifact diameter range of 0.02 mm to 55 mm. The instrument makes use of low thermal expansion materials, a stable structural design, environmental control, and remote manipulation of the artifacts to address the most significant uncertainty sources identified in previous versions of the instrument. A review of the instrument development and components will be presented. We will outline the significant contributions to the operational measurement uncertainty budget for this instrument along with identifying the high accuracy applications that will benefit from this effort.
Impact of dose heterogeneity in target on TCP and NTCP for various radiobiological models in liver SBRT: different isodose prescription strategy
Authors: Thaper Deepak , Singh Gaganpreet , Kamal Rose , Oinam Arun S. , Yadav Hanuman P , Kumar Rishabh , Kumar Vivek 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Introduction: The impact of dose heterogeneity within the tumor on TCP and NTCP was studied using various radiobiological models. The effect of the degree of heterogeneity index (HI) on TCP was also analyzed. Materials and Methods: Thirty-seven pre-treated liver SBRT cases were included in this study. Two different kinds of treatment techniques were employed. In both arms, the prescribed dose was received by 95% of the PTV. Initially, the inhomogeneous treatment plans (IHTP) were made in which the spatial change of dose within the PTV was high and the maximum dose within the PTV can go up to 160%. Subsequently, in another arm, homogeneous treatment plans (HTP) were generated in which PTV was covered with the same prescription isodose and the maximum dose can go up to 120%. As per RTOG 1112, all organs at risk (OAR’s) were considered while optimization of the treatment plans. TCP was calculated using the Niemierko and Poisson model. NTCP was calculated using the Niemierko and LKB fractionated model. Results: For the IHTP, TCP was decreasing as ‘a’ value decreased in the Niemierko model whereas, for HTP, TCP was found to be the same. NTCP of the normal liver was less in IHTP as compared to HTP, and the Niemierko model overestimates the NTCP as compared to LKB fractionated model. NTCP for all other OAR’s was <1% in both kinds of treatment plans. Conclusion: IHTP is found to be clinically better than HTP because NTCP of the normal liver was significantly less and TCP was more for certain ‘a’ values of the Niemierko model and the Poisson model. There is not any effect of HI on TCP was observed. Advances in knowledge: IHTP could be used clinically because of the dose-escalation and subsequently, leads to an increase in the TCP.
Perilipin2 is an Earlier Marker Than Perilipin1 for Identifying Adipocyte Regeneration in Fat Grafts
Authors: Zhang Kaili , Chen Xi , Zhang Peng , Liu Guangpeng 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
Both perilipin1 (Plin1) and perilipin2 (Plin2) play a crucial role in regulating lipid droplet (LD) formation in fat cells. Plin2 is expressed early in the adipocyte differentiation process but is replaced by Plin1 after cell maturation. In free fat grafts, only a small number of adipocytes remain alive or are replaced by newly regenerated fat cells. It is known that Plin1-positive adipocytes participate in regeneration, but the characteristics of Plin2 expression during this process are still poorly understood.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate whether Plin2 is a more precise early marker for detecting adipocyte regeneration in fat grafts than Plin1.

Methods
Autologous fat tissue (120 mg) harvested from inguinal fat pads was injected under the scalps of C57 mice. Samples were explanted at days 3, 7, 15, and 30 after transplantation. Changes in sample size and weight were evaluated. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunostaining of Plin1 and Plin2 expression were performed.

Results
Plin1, but not Plin2, expression was detected in the freshly harvested fat, but the latter was activated after grafting. Newly regenerated Plin2-positive adipocytes increased from day 3 to day 7 and then declined, whereas the number of Plin1-positive fat cells decreased first and began to increase after day 15. The expression levels of Plin1 and Plin2 mRNA demonstrated similar changes over time. At day 30, adipocytes lost Plin2 expression and were positive for Plin1 again.

Conclusions
Our experiments showed convincing evidence that Plin2 expression could be used to detect early adipocyte regeneration in grafted fat tissue.
The Aging Parotid Gland: A Longitudinal Volumetric Study and Implications for Treatment
Authors: Tower Jacob I , Sawan Tareq , Gordon Neil A , Paskhover Boris 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Background
The parotid gland accounts for significant soft tissue volume in the face and is therefore of central relevance to facial and neck rejuvenation.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine how parotid gland volume is predicted by age and other factors.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study of patients with multiple computed tomography (CT) scans of the neck performed at least 7 years apart. Parotid gland volumes were measured and multiple linear regression analysis was performed to model the relations between age, body mass index (BMI), and parotid volume.

Results
The study cohort comprised 70 patients. The mean [standard deviation] ages at initial and final imaging time points were 47.5 [12.6] and 58.8 [12.2] years, respectively, with an average of 11.3 years elapsed between CT scans. The mean parotid gland volume increased from 28.7 [10.0] to 32.2 [10.7] mL over the average 11.3-year period (P = 0.03). However, the results of the multiple linear regression analysis show that when controlling for BMI and sex, age alone does not predict parotid volume (P = 0.29). BMI was directly correlated with gland volume (P &lt; 0.01). An increase of 1.0 kg/m2 in BMI predicted an increase in parotid volume by 1.1 mL. Male sex was also associated with significantly greater parotid volume.

Conclusions
Mean parotid volume increased over time but these gains were driven by increases in BMI and not age alone. These findings are highly relevant to the treatment of the aging face and neck.