bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elemental and structural changes associated with white spot formation in sun‐dried Pacific white shrimp shells
Authors: Singh Avtar , Benjakul Soottawat , Nuthong Pornpot , Prodpran Thummanoon 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStructural and elemental properties of dried Pacific white shrimp (WSS) (Litopenaeus vannamei) shell having the white spots were compared with non‐white spot shrimp (NWSS) shell. Based on X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, both samples showed two characteristic peaks representing chitin. However, WSS sample had two additional major peaks at 2θ of 26.65 and 29.53º, which were related to quartz and calcite, respectively. Scanning electron microscope coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrophotometer (SEM‐EDX) mapping showed the movement of various elements towards the exo‐ and endocuticle. The Raman spectroscopic study confirmed the formation of calcite crystals in the white spots. The looser chitin matrix was obtained for WSS as compared to that of NWSS as depicted in SEM micrographs. Therefore, the white spots developed in the shell were caused by the formation of calcite, which exhibited different structural arrangements and elemental positioning as compared to shrimp shell without white spots.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress in human chronic wound healing: Rescue by 4‐phenylbutyrate
Authors: Bachar‐Wikstrom Etty , Manchanda Mansi , Bansal Ritu , Karlsson Magnus , Kelly‐Pettersson Paula , Sköldenberg Olof , Wikstrom Jakob D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDuring wound healing, cells have a high rate of protein synthesis and many proteins need to be folded post‐translationally to function, which occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In addition to proliferation, several cellular stress conditions, such as hypoxia, in the wound micro‐environment lead to the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER, causing ER stress. Eukaryotic cells have a signalling system to manage ER stress called the unfolded protein response (UPR). Mild UPR activation has a beneficial homeostatic effect; however, excessive UPR induces cell death. Herein, we examined venous leg ulcer biopsies versus normal acute incisional wounds in age‐matched elderly subjects and found a large increase in ER stress markers. To study the underlying mechanism, we established several cell cultures from amputated legs from the elderly that showed inherent ER stress. While both keratinocytes and fibroblasts migration was impaired by ER stress, migration of elderly leg skin keratinocytes was markedly improved after treatment with the chemical chaperone and clinically established drug 4‐phenylbutyrate (4‐PBA) and demonstrated a reduction in ER stress markers. In a full‐thickness human skin wound healing model, 4‐PBA improved the reepithelialisation rate, which suggests it as a promising drug repurposing candidate for wound healing.
Cultivating creative thinking in engineering student teams: Can a computer‐mediated virtual laboratory help?
Authors: Hirshfield Laura J. , Koretsky Milo D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn engineering design, engineers must be able to think creatively, effectively toggling between divergent thinking (developing multiple novel ideas) and convergent thinking (pursuing an appropriate idea using engineering analyses). However, creative thinking is not emphasized in many undergraduate engineering programs. In this empirical study, we analyze the divergent thinking of teams working on a virtual laboratory project. Fifteen student teams' solution paths–as represented by Model Maps–were analyzed to characterize and compare the various elements of divergent thinking: fluency, flexibility, and originality. The solution paths of these teams were compared in two physical laboratory projects and to experts completing the same virtual laboratory project. We found that students demonstrated more divergent thinking in the virtual laboratory project than in the physical laboratory projects; yet, divergent thinking and quality of solution did not correlate. There was little difference between measured elements of divergent thinking between student teams and experts.
Auctions with signaling concerns
Authors: Bos Olivier , Truyts Tom 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe study a symmetric private value auction with signaling, in which the auction outcome is used by an outside observer to infer the bidders' types. We elicit conditions under which an essentially unique D1 equilibrium bidding function exists in the second‐price and the English auctions. We establish there is no equivalence between these two auction designs, neither in bidding strategies nor in expected revenue. This is because the presence or the absence of an increasing price clock affects signaling incentives differently in both auction formats, and thereby also the bidders' incentives to overbid their types. This leads to a strictly higher expected revenue in the second‐price auction than in the English auction. Our analysis is completed by a comparison with other disclosure policies. Applications include art auctions and charity auctions.
Genomic variation patterns of subspecies defined by phenotypic criteria: Analyses of the mangrove species complex, Avicennia marina
Authors: Wang Zheng‐Zhen , Guo Zi‐Xiao , Zhong Cai‐Rong , Lyu Hao‐Min , Li Xin‐Nian , Duke Norman C. , Shi Su‐Hua 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSubspecies is used to designate taxa below species but above geographical populations. What patterns of genomic variation are expected if taxa are designated as subspecies? In this study, we carry out such a survey on the mangrove tree Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. of the Indo‐West Pacific coasts. This species has three subspecies, distinguished by morphological traits and geographical distribution. We collected samples from 16 populations (577 individuals) covering all three subspecies and sequenced 94 nuclear genes. We reveal comprehensive genetic divergence among subspecies, generally higher than among geographical populations within subspecies. The level of genetic diversity differs among the three subspecies, possibly hinting at a degree of separation among their gene pools. We observed that divergence varies from locus to locus across the genome. A small portion of the genome is most informative about subspecies delineation, whereas the rest is undifferentiated or slightly differentiated, hinting at uneven gene flow and incomplete isolation. The three subspecies likely split simultaneously with gene flow among lineages. This reticulate evolution results in some discordance between morphology and genetics in areas of population contact. In short, A. marina subspecies show species‐like patterns in some respects and population‐like patterns in others. We propose that the subspecies designated in A. marina are informative in predicting genetic divergences and useful in making conservation decisions.
New resources for genetic studies in maize (Zea mays L.): a genome‐wide Maize6H‐60K single nucleotide polymorphism array and its application
Authors: Tian Hongli , Yang Yang , Yi Hongmei , Xu Liwen , He Hang , Fan Yaming , Wang Lu , Ge Jianrong , Liu Yawei , Wang Fengge , Zhao Jiuran 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARYDespite the availability of numerous molecular markers in maize, effective evaluation of all types of germplasm resources, accurate identification of varieties and analysis of a large number of materials in a timely, low‐cost manner is challenging. Here, we present Maize6H‐60K, a genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array to facilitate maize genotyping. We first identified 160 million variants by sequencing data of 388 representative inbreds and then tiled 200 000 high‐quality variants on a screening array. These variants were further narrowed down to 61 282 using stringent filtering criteria. Among the 60 000 markers, 21 460 SNPs (35%) were within genic regions and 12 835 (21%) were located in coding regions. To assess their effectiveness, 329 inbreds, 221 hybrids, 34 parent–offspring sets and six breeding samples were genotyped. Overall, 48 972 SNPs (80%) were categorized into the highest quality class, that of ‘poly high resolution’. A total of 54 658 (89.29%) and 53 091 (86.73%) SNPs had minor allele frequency values ≥ 0.20 in inbreds and hybrids respectively. A linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis revealed that LD decline was in equilibrium when r2 was between 0.10 and 0.15, which corresponds to a physical distance of 400–600 kb. UPGMA clustering analysis divided the 329 inbred lines into nine groups that were consistent with known pedigrees. A background analysis of breeding materials indicated that the 60 000 markers were suitable for evaluation of breeding populations constructed by materials between or within heterotic groups. The developed Maize6H‐60K array should be an important tool in maize genetic studies, variety identification and molecular breeding.
Influence of weather and climate on cryptosporidiosis—A review
Authors: Ikiroma Isotein Adalia , Pollock Kevin George 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStudies have shown that climatic factors can significantly influence transmission of many waterborne diseases. However, knowledge of the impact of climate variability on cryptosporidiosis is much less certain. Associations between the incidence of cryptosporidiosis and climatic variables have been reported in several countries. Given that the identified relationships were not consistently reported across studies, it is not known whether these were country‐specific observations or can be considered more globally. Variation in the disease risk in both low‐ and middle‐income countries and high‐income countries presents new challenges and opportunities to enact responsive changes in research and public health policies. Available epidemiological evidence of the influence of weather and climate on cryptosporidiosis is reviewed. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria, and most studies showed that the incidence of cryptosporidiosis is highly sensitive to climatic conditions, especially temperature, rainfall and relative humidity. The identified associations varied across studies, with different conditions of importance and lag times across different locations. Therefore, there is a need for countries at risk to assess Cryptosporidium transmission routes based on the spatiotemporal patterns of the disease and what role climate and other socio‐ecological changes play in the transmission. Information gathering will then allow us to provide information for evidence‐based control strategies and mitigation of transmission. This review offers new perspectives on the role of climate variability on Cryptosporidium transmission. It highlights different epidemiological approaches adopted and provides the potential for future research and surveillance to reduce the disease burden. By evaluating the epidemiological transmission of this organism in high‐income countries, all mitigation strategies, for example filtration and water catchment management, can be used as exemplars of preventing infection in low‐ to middle‐income countries.
Recognizing and responding to deterioration in care homes: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Hodge Sevim Y. , Ali Mohammad R. , Gordon Adam L. 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To identify the available published primary research and any relevant policies, guidelines, or protocols regarding how care home staff recognize and respond to an acutely deteriorating resident.

Introduction:
Older people living in care homes have complex health care needs. Chronic illnesses, comorbidities, frailty, cognitive impairment, and physical dependency can contribute to unpredictable changes in their health status that can lead to residents becoming unwell and acutely deteriorating. Exploring how care home staff recognize and respond to acutely deteriorating health among residents is important to understand whether opportunities exist to minimize these unpredictable changes in health.

Inclusion criteria:
This scoping review will consider studies that feature the recognition and response to acute deterioration in care home residents. This review will consider qualitative and quantitative primary research. Non-indexed and gray literature such as policies, deterioration tools, and reports from health policy organizations will also be included.

Methods:
The searches will be conducted using bibliographic databases, university repositories, and non-indexed and gray literature, such as reports by health care and health policy organizations. The studies will be independently selected from the inclusion criteria by two researchers based on their title and abstract. In case of disagreement, a third researcher will be consulted. An adapted version of the JBI data extraction form will be used to extrapolate data from included studies. The results will be presented in tabular form, accompanied by a narrative summary related to the objectives of the scoping review.
TriRhino: A Five-Degrees-of-Freedom of Hybrid Serial–Parallel Manipulator With All Rotating Axes Being Continuous: Stiffness Analysis and Experiments
Authors: Xu Yundou , Yang Fan , Xu Zhenghe , Yao Jiantao , Zhou Yulin , Zhao Yongsheng 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper studies the stiffness and experiment of a five-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) hybrid, serial–parallel, manipulator, with all rotating axes being continuous: TriRhino. First, the motion principle of the hybrid manipulator is introduced and the structural design is presented. Next, the stiffness analysis of the hybrid manipulator is carried out. Specifically, a stiffness test, based on prototype and loading device, is performed, proving that the real stiffness is lower than that obtained by the finite element analysis. Following, the main geometric parameters, involving error, are determined, while the real values of the parameters with an error are identified, through performed calibration experiments. Finally, the measurement results show that the positioning accuracy of the manipulator is significantly improved, after kinematic calibration. Moreover, machining experiments on a workpiece show the great ability of the proposed manipulator, in machining parts with curved surface; thus, great application prospects, in the machining of structural parts with complex surfaces, are quite realistic.
Heat Transfer Enhancement From Inline and Staggered Arrays of Cylinders in a Heat Exchanger Using Alumina–Water Nanofluid
Authors: Asif Mohd , Chaturvedi Rashi , Dhiman Amit 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The flow of alumina–water nanofluid across heated circular tubes arranged in inline and staggered arrays in a heat exchanger has been studied numerically using the finite volume method (FVM). For calculating the nanofluid’s thermophysical properties such as effective thermal conductivity and effective viscosity, Corcione’s correlations are utilized. Corcione’s correlations consider nanoparticles size, their Brownian motion, and operating temperature while calculating these effective properties of nanofluids. The impact of three parameters on heat transfer characteristics across inline and staggered arrays of heated circular cylinders has been examined. These parameters are nanoparticle diameter dp, which is varied between 10 nm and 50 nm, nanoparticle volume fraction ɸ varying from 0.01 to 0.05, and Reynolds number Re ranging from 10 to 200. It is observed that heat transfer augmentation across both inline and staggered arrays occurs when nanoparticle concentration is increased and smaller diameter nanoparticles are used. Mean Nusselt number NuM is increased by 31% when ɸ is increased from 0.01 to 0.05 at Re = 200 and dp = 10 nm in an inline array and by 25% in a staggered array. NuM is enhanced by 20% for the inline array and 16% for the staggering array when dp decreases from 50 nm to 10 nm at Re = 200 and ɸ = 0.05. At any given value of dp, ɸ, and Re, the mean Nusselt number is always higher for staggered array in comparison with the inline array. The results reported in the present study can be utilized for the optimal design of various heat exchange systems under the given operating conditions. The present results are extensively validated with the available experimental/numerical studies.
Polymeric Heterogeneous Catalysts in the Hydroformylation of
Unsaturated Compounds
Authors: Zhuchkov D. P. , Nenasheva M. V. , Terenina M. V. , Kardasheva Yu. S. , Gorbunov D. N. , Karakhanov E. A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This review deals with heterogeneous hydroformylation catalysts, specifically
metal complexes fixed in an organic polymer structure. It describes the main
catalyst synthesis methods, provides data on hydroformylation of unsaturated
compounds (including asymmetric hydroformylation), and shows how those compounds
can be used. The special focus is on the systematization of data on
heterogeneous catalysts developed on the basis of porous organic polymers. Due
to their porous structure, resistance to organic media and the high
concentration of heteroatoms they contain, these materials can be considered
promising for developing highly active, selective and stable heterogeneous
catalysts for hydroformylation of unsaturated compounds, particularly higher
linear olefins.
Genetic testing in patients with possible foetal alcohol spectrum disorder
Authors: Lam Zena , Johnson Kathryn , Jewell Rosalyn 
Published: November 2020

ObjectiveTo assess the diagnostic yield of genetic conditions in patients referred to a regional genetics service to consider a diagnosis of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder.DesignRetrospective case series.SettingA regional genetics centre in Yorkshire.PatientsAll referrals to the Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service coded with mentions of maternal alcoholism or foetal alcohol were considered for inclusion. Exclusion criteria were follow-up patients, patients with missing case notes and patients failing to attend their appointment.MethodsMedical records were reviewed and the following information was extracted: referring specialty, reason for referral, gender, age at assessment by clinical genetics, accompanying individual, history of alcohol exposure in pregnancy, clinical examination details, neurodevelopmental deficits, genetic testing prior to referral, genetic testing organised by the genetics department and diagnosis made by clinical genetics.Results and conclusion110 patients were included. 130 tests were carried out, including 86 array comparative genomic hybridisation tests. The overall diagnostic rate for a contributing genetic disorder was 3.6%, all being chromosomal disorders and chromosome copy number variants.
Severe acute disseminated encephalomyelitis complicating measles infection
Authors: Morrison Hamish Duncan , Clarke Clemency , James Richard , Giffin Nicola 
Published: November 2020

A 36-year-old man presented with an acute progressive encephalopathy, followed by tetraparesis and was diagnosed with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) complicating infection with measles virus. Despite demonstrating a typical rash and other early symptoms of measles infection, there was uncertainty around the initial diagnosis. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and MRI of the brain and spinal cord were consistent with severe ADEM. He required treatment on intensive care but responded favourably to immunosuppressive therapy.This case highlights the importance of recognising acute measles infection, familiarity with the neurological complications and the potential for good outcome. Healthcare professionals must continue to play an active role in educating the public on the importance of maintaining herd immunity through universal immunisation.
Effect of herpes simplex keratitis scar location on bilateral corneal nerve alterations: an in vivo confocal microscopy study
Authors: Chirapapaisan Chareenun , Muller Rodrigo T. , Sahin Afsun , Cruzat Andrea , Cavalcanti Bernardo M. , Jamali Arsia , Pavan-Langston Deborah , Hamrah Pedram 
Published: November 2020

AimsTo evaluate the impact of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced scar location on bilateral corneal nerve alterations using laser in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).MethodsCentral and peripheral corneal subbasal nerve density (CSND) were assessed bilaterally in 39 patients with unilateral HSV-induced corneal scars (21 central scars (CS), 18 peripheral scars (PS)) using IVCM. Results were compared between patients and 24 age-matched controls. CSND was correlated to corneal sensation for all locations.ResultsOverall patients revealed significant decrease of CSND in the central and peripheral cornea (9.13±0.98 and 6.26±0.53 mm/mm2, p<0.001), compared with controls (22.60±0.77 and 9.88±0.49 mm/mm2). CS group showed a decrease in central (8.09±1.30 mm/mm2) and total peripheral nerves (5.15±0.62 mm/mm2) of the affected eyes, whereas PS group demonstrated a decrease in central (10.34±1.48 mm/mm2) and localised peripheral nerves only in the scar area (4.22±0.77 mm/mm2) (all p<0.001). In contralateral eyes, CSND decreased in the central cornea of the CS group (16.88±1.27, p=0.004), and in the peripheral area, mirroring the scar area in the affected eyes of the PS group (7.20±0.87, p=0.032). Corneal sensation significantly decreased in the whole cornea of the affected, but not in contralateral eyes (p<0.001). A positive correlation between CSND and corneal sensation was found in all locations (p<0.001).ConclusionsPatients with HSV scar demonstrate bilateral CSND decrease as shown by IVCM. CSND and corneal sensation decrease in both central and peripheral cornea in affected eyes, although only in the scar area in PS group. Interestingly, diminishment of CSND was found locally in the contralateral eyes, corresponding and mirroring the scar location in the affected eyes.
Deep learning-based classification and segmentation of retinal cavitations on optical coherence tomography images of macular telangiectasia type 2
Authors: Loo Jessica , Cai Cindy X , Choong John , Chew Emily Y , Friedlander Martin , Jaffe Glenn J , Farsiu Sina 
Published: November 2020

AimTo develop a fully automatic algorithm to segment retinal cavitations on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of macular telangiectasia type 2 (MacTel2).MethodsThe dataset consisted of 99 eyes from 67 participants enrolled in an international, multicentre, phase 2 MacTel2 clinical trial (NCT01949324). Each eye was imaged with spectral-domain OCT at three time points over 2 years. Retinal cavitations were manually segmented by a trained Reader and the retinal cavitation volume was calculated. Two convolutional neural networks (CNNs) were developed that operated in sequential stages. In the first stage, CNN1 classified whether a B-scan contained any retinal cavitations. In the second stage, CNN2 segmented the retinal cavitations in a B-scan. We evaluated the performance of the proposed method against alternative methods using several performance metrics and manual segmentations as the gold standard.ResultsThe proposed method was computationally efficient and accurately classified and segmented retinal cavitations on OCT images, with a sensitivity of 0.94, specificity of 0.80 and average Dice similarity coefficient of 0.94±0.07 across all time points. The proposed method produced measurements that were highly correlated with the manual measurements of retinal cavitation volume and change in retinal cavitation volume over time.ConclusionThe proposed method will be useful to help clinicians quantify retinal cavitations, assess changes over time and further investigate the clinical significance of these early structural changes observed in MacTel2.