bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trophic interactions and diel feeding rhythms of microzooplankton in a productive Swedish Fjord
Authors: Arias Anna , Saiz Enric , Tiselius Peter , Calbet Albert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Microzooplankton play a pivotal role in the energy transfer between lower and upper trophic levels in marine planktonic food webs. While laboratory data suggest that microzooplankton exhibit higher feeding rates during the daytime, evidence from the field is scarce and contradictory. In this study, we first characterized the nano- and microplanktonic communities of the Gullmar Fjord (Sweden) and its environmental conditions during July and August 2017. Then, we explored the grazing impact of microzooplankton on the phytoplankton community of this ecosystem and assessed their diel grazing activity using the dilution technique. Finally, we evaluated the impact of mesozooplankton at natural concentrations during the experiments. Microzooplankton removed 26% of the phytoplankton standing stock and 96% of the primary production daily, while mesozooplankton did not exert a significant impact on microplankton activity. We did not detect significant diel microzooplankton grazing rhythms during the first experimental period; however, during the second part of the study, after an upwelling event, grazing rates were significantly higher during the night. Therefore, the microzooplankton grazing rhythm in natural systems may vary according to the species composition and abundances of both microzooplankton and prey communities.
How to measure hospital antibiotic consumption: comparison of two methods from data surveillance in France
Authors: Stordeur Florence , Miliani Katiuska , Lacavé Ludivine , Rogues Anne-Marie , Dumartin Catherine , Alfandari Serge , Astagneau Pascal , L’Hériteau François ,   ATB-Raisin 2012 steering committee and the ENP 2012 steering committee, Bertrand X , Boussat S , Crémieux A-C , Dugravot L , Ingels A , Jarno P , Machut A , Péfau M , Rémy E , Schlemmer B , Touratier S , Vaux S , Bajolet O , Bernet C , Bervas C , Coignard B , Dégéfa M , Gautier C , Garreau N , Giard M , Jarno P , Hoff O , Lamy M , Léon L , Machut A , Migueres B , Péfau M , Simon L , Thiolet J-M , Vaux S , Verjat-Trannoy D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract

Background
Antibiotic use (ABU) surveillance in healthcare facilities (HCFs) is essential to guide stewardship. Two methods are recommended: antibiotic consumption (ABC), expressed as the number of DDD/1000 patient-days; and prevalence of antibiotic prescription (ABP) measured through point prevalence surveys. However, no evidence is provided about whether they lead to similar conclusions.

Objectives
To compare ABC and ABP regarding HCF ranking and their ability to identify outliers.

Methods
The comparison was made using 2012 national databases from the antibiotic surveillance network and prevalence study. HCF rankings according to each method were compared with Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Analyses included the ABU from entire HCFs as well as according to type, clinical ward and by antibiotic class and specific molecule.

Results
A total of 1076 HCFs were included. HCF rankings were strongly correlated in the whole cohort. The correlation was stronger for HCFs with a higher number of beds or with a low or moderate proportion of acute care beds. ABU correlation between ABC or ABP was globally moderate or weak in specific wards. Furthermore, the two methods did not identify the same outliers, whichever HCF characteristics were analysed. Correlation between HCF ranking varied according to the antibiotic class.

Conclusions
Both methods ranked HCFs similarly overall according to ABC or ABP; however, major differences were observed in ranking of clinical wards, antibiotic classes and detection of outliers. ABC and ABP are two markers of ABU that could be used as two complementary approaches to identify targets for improvement.
Comparative amino acid digestibility between broiler chickens and pigs fed different poultry by-products and meat and bone meal
Authors: Park Chan Sol , Naranjo Victor Daniel , Htoo John Kyaw , Adeola Olayiwola 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in 3 poultry by-products including hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), flash dried poultry protein (FDPP), and poultry meal (PM) and also a meat and bone meal (MBM) between broiler chickens and pigs. Experimental diets consisted of 4 diets containing each test ingredient as a sole source of nitrogen and a nitrogen-free diet. In experiment 1, 416 male broiler chickens with a mean initial body weight (BW) of 705 ± 100 g were allotted to 5 diets with 8 replicate cages per diet in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor at day 18 posthatching. After 5 d of feeding experimental diets, birds were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, and ileal digesta samples were collected from distal two-thirds of the ileum. In experiment 2, 10 barrows with a mean initial BW of 22.1 ± 1.59 kg were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and allotted to a duplicate 5 × 4 incomplete Latin Square design with 5 diets and 4 periods. Each period lasted for 7 d including 5 d of adaptation and 2 d of ileal digesta collection. Data from experiments 1 and 2 were pooled together and analyzed as a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement with the effects of species (broiler chickens or pigs) and 4 experimental diets (HFM, FDPP, PM, or MBM). There were interactions (P &lt; 0.05) between experimental diets and species in the SID of His, Lys, Thr, Trp, Val, and all dispensable AA except Tyr. In broiler chickens, the SID of Lys in FDPP (73.3%) was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in HFM (55.7%) but was lower (P &lt; 0.05) than in MBM (86.5%), which was not different from PM (78.7%). In pigs, however, the SID of Lys in FDPP and PM (70.0 and 70.1%, respectively) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in HFM (39.0%) but were lower (P &lt; 0.05) than in MBM (79.2%). Broiler chickens fed FDPP and PM had lower (P &lt; 0.05) SID of His, Thr, and Trp than those fed MBM; however, there was no difference in the SID of His, Thr, or Trp among pigs fed FDPP, PM, or MBM. The SID of Val in MBM was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in the other test ingredients for broiler chickens, but there was no difference in the SID of Val among test ingredients for pigs. Pigs had greater (P &lt; 0.05) SID of Ile and Met than broiler chickens. In conclusion, the pattern of differences in the SID of His, Lys, Thr, Trp, and Val, but not the other indispensable AA, among poultry by-products and MBM were different between broiler chickens and pigs.
Genetic Color Polymorphism of the Whitelined Sphinx Moth larva (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Authors: Francois C L , Davidowitz G 
Published: July 2020

AbstractFor a trait to be considered polymorphic, it must fulfill both genetic and ecological criteria. Genetically, a polymorphic trait must have multiple heritable variants, potentially from the same female, in high-enough frequency as to not be due to mutation. Ecologically, in a single wild population, these variants must co-occur, and be capable of interbreeding. Polymorphism is frequently considered in the context of either geographical cause or genetic consequence. However, the incorporation of both in a single study can facilitate our understanding of the role that polymorphism may play in speciation. Here, we ask if the two color morphs (green and yellow) exhibited by larvae of the whitelined sphinx moth, Hyles lineata (Fabricius), co-occur in wild populations, in what frequencies, and whether they are genetically determined. Upon confirmation from field surveys that the two color morphs do co-occur in wild populations, we determined heritability. We conducted a series of outcrosses, intercrosses and backcrosses using individuals that had exhibited yellow or green as laboratory-reared larvae. Ratios of yellow:green color distribution from each familial cross were then compared with ratios one would expect from a single gene, yellow-recessive model using a two-sided binomial exact test. The offspring from several crosses indicate that the yellow and green coloration is a genetic polymorphism, primarily controlled by one gene in a single-locus, two-allele Mendelian-inheritance pattern. Results further suggest that while one gene primarily controls color, there may be several modifier genes interacting with it.
Landscape-wide flight activity by wintering bats predictably follows pulses of warmth in the Midwestern United States
Authors: Arndt Robert J , Lima Steven L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
During winter hibernation, bats may become active for a variety of reasons. Such winter activity occurs at or near hibernacula, but the degree to which this activity represents long-distance travel across a wider landscape largely is unstudied. We documented patterns in landscape-wide winter activity across a west-central Indiana study site, providing some new insights into winter flight activity. We deployed acoustic recording devices in areas without any known hibernacula, each night from December through March over three consecutive winters. Twilight temperatures (1 h post-sunset) ranged from −23°C to 21°C across three winters. We recorded 4,392 call files and attributed 89% to a phonic group based on characteristic frequencies. Flight activity was recorded at all stations and during all winter months. Nightly activity mainly was a function of the temperature on that night. We recorded low-phonic bats (most likely big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus) down to −4°C, but most activity occurred when twilight temperatures were &gt; 0°C. Mid-phonic bat activity (most likely eastern red bats, Lasiurus borealis) occurred when temperatures were &gt; 0°C, with most activity occurring when temperatures were &gt; 5°C. Wind speeds &gt; 6 m/s tended to suppress activity. The duration of inactive periods during cold spells had no effect on activity during subsequent warm nights, indicating no increasing drive for activity following long periods of inactivity. Most activity occurred within a few hours of sunset, regardless of temperature. Little pre-sunset activity was recorded in low-phonic bats, but mid-phonic bats sometimes were active in the hour before sunset. Our results suggest widespread and potentially long-distance travel by bats across our study area during warm periods, but the impetus behind this activity remains unclear.
Highlights in Medical Entomology, 2019: Familiar Foes and New Frontiers
Authors: Smith Ryan C 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The 2019 Entomological Society of America annual meeting was held in St. Louis, Missouri, just blocks away from the iconic Gateway Arch. Representing a ‘gateway to the West’, this inspired the theme of the Highlights in Medical Entomology to reflect on the accomplishments of the past year as we move into a ‘new frontier’ of vector biology research. Papers were selected broadly across arthropods that influence public health, focusing on topics ranging from West Nile virus transmission, ticks and tick-borne disease, to advances in genetics and ‘big data’ studies. This included current perspectives on West Nile virus ecology and epidemiology, which has now been endemic in the United States for 20 yr. Additional topics such as the advantages of citizen science and the importance of scientific communication were also discussed. Together, these papers demonstrate the achievements of the vector community while emphasizing the challenges that we collectively face to reduce the burden of vector-borne disease.
Terrorism and the Varieties of Civil Liberties
Authors: Rubin Michael A , Morgan Richard K 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHow do government protections, and violations, of its citizens’ civil liberties influence the country's exposure to terrorism? Existing research remains divided. We contribute clarity to these debates by examining the distinct effects of specific types of civil liberties: physical integrity (e.g., freedom from extra-judicial torture and killing), political liberties (e.g., freedom of expression and assembly), and private liberties (e.g., freedom of thought and religion and property rights). We distinguish these civil liberties dimensions from the role of institutions for political selection (e.g., elections) and horizontal accountability (e.g., checks and balances, executive constraints). We argue physical integrity rights decrease terrorism, by reducing grievances against and increasing trust in the state, while political liberties increase terrorism, by both incentivizing violence among those with extremist goals and protecting their ability to organize. Empirically, we measure a country's exposure to terrorism using the Global Terrorism Database. We isolate the effects of government actions on these civil liberties dimensions from each other, and from the effects of the state's political institutions, by leveraging the Varieties of Democracy data. Our sample covers 177 states from 1970 to 2018. We find evidence consistent with our hypotheses regarding the effects of the distinct component dimensions of civil liberties.
Strengthening Resiliency During Pacific Partnership Missions: Leadership Matters
Authors: King Heather C , Spritzer Natalie , Eadens Phonthip , Fisak Jean 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The role of military leaders to promote resilience has never been more relevant. The following case highlights a Navy Nurse Corps Officer’s challenges with deployment stressors and building resilience during a ship-based Global Health Engagement. The case also highlights a follow-on project to enhance the resilience of deployed service members.
A Late Nineteenth-Century Rabbinic Critique of the Status of Women in Judaism
Authors: Schwartzmann Julia 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
This article aims to show that long before the famous debate over women’s suffrage (1918–25), women’s alienation from significant parts of Judaism was a fact that was obvious to those in the Orthodox community who were ready to admit it. To prove this, I discuss the late nineteenth-century essay Netiv Moshe: Maamar Mehkari 'al Mishpat haNashim baEmunah (A Scholarly Enquiry into the Case of Women in Religious Faith).1 This essay, written in Hungary by Mózes Salamon, the rabbi of a small provincial community, analyzes the gender problem in Judaism and reveals that the basic arguments of Jewish religious feminism had been expressed even before feminism as a movement came to terms with its objectives. This is the first scholarly analysis of this little known essay.
The impact of non-Gaussianity on the Epoch of Reionization parameter forecast using 21-cm power-spectrum measurements
Authors: Shaw Abinash Kumar , Bharadwaj Somnath , Mondal Rajesh 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Measurements of the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) 21-cm signal hold the potential to constrain models of reionization. In this paper, we consider a reionization model with three astrophysical parameters namely (1) the minimum halo mass that can host ionizing sources, Mmin, (2) the number of ionizing photons escaping into the IGM per baryon within the halo, Nion, and (3) the mean free path of the ionizing photons within the IGM, Rmfp. We predict the accuracy with which these parameters can be measured from future observations of the 21-cm power spectrum (PS) using the upcoming SKA-Low. Unlike several earlier works, we account for the non-Gaussianity of the inherent EoR 21-cm signal. Considering cosmic variance only and assuming that foregrounds are completely removed, we find that non-Gaussianity increases the volume of the 1σ error ellipsoid of the parameters by a factor of 133 relative to the Gaussian predictions, the orientation is also different. The ratio of the volume of error ellipsoids is 1.65 and 2.67 for observation times of 1024 and 10 000 h, respectively, when all the $\boldsymbol {k}$ modes within the foreground wedge are excluded. With foreground wedge excluded and for 1024 h, the 1D marginalized errors are (ΔMmin/Mmin, ΔNion/Nion, ΔRmfp/Rmfp) = (6.54, 2.71, 7.75) × 10−2 that are, respectively, $2 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, $5 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$, and $23 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ larger than the respective Gaussian predictions. The impact of non-Gaussianity increases for longer observations, and it is particularly important for Rmfp.
Improved photometric redshifts with colour-constrained galaxy templates for future wide-area surveys
Authors: Lee Bomee , Chary Ranga-Ram 
Published: July 2020

ABSTRACT
Cosmology and galaxy evolution studies with LSST, Euclid, and Roman, will require accurate redshifts for the detected galaxies. In this study, we present improved photometric redshift estimates for galaxies using a template library that populates three-colour space and is constrained by HST/CANDELS photometry. For the training sample, we use a sample of galaxies having photometric redshifts that allows us to train on a large, unbiased galaxy sample having deep, unconfused photometry at optical-to-mid infrared wavelengths. Galaxies in the training sample are assigned to cubes in 3D colour space, V − H, I − J, and z − H. We then derive the best-fitting spectral energy distributions of the training sample at the fixed CANDELS median photometric redshifts to construct the new template library for each individual colour cube (i.e. colour-cube-based template library). We derive photometric redshifts (photo-z) of our target galaxies using our new colour-cube-based template library and with photometry in only a limited set of bands, as expected for the aforementioned surveys. As a result, our method yields σNMAD of 0.026 and an outlier fraction of 6 per cent using only photometry in the LSST and Euclid/Roman bands. This is an improvement of ∼10 per cent on σNMAD and a reduction in outlier fraction of ∼13 per cent compared to other techniques. In particular, we improve the photo-z precision by about 30 per cent at 2 &lt; z &lt; 3. We also assess photo-z improvements by including K or mid-infrared bands to the ugrizYJH photometry. Our colour-cube-based template library is a powerful tool to constrain photometric redshifts for future large surveys.
Evidence for Strong Mutation Bias toward, and Selection against, U Content in SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Vaccine Design
Authors: Rice Alan M , Castillo Morales Atahualpa , Ho Alexander T , Mordstein Christine , Mühlhausen Stefanie , Watson Samir , Cano Laura , Young Bethan , Kudla Grzegorz , Hurst Laurence D 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Large-scale re-engineering of synonymous sites is a promising strategy to generate vaccines either through synthesis of attenuated viruses or via codon-optimized genes in DNA vaccines. Attenuation typically relies on deoptimization of codon pairs and maximization of CpG dinucleotide frequencies. So as to formulate evolutionarily informed attenuation strategies that aim to force nucleotide usage against the direction favored by selection, here, we examine available whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 to infer patterns of mutation and selection on synonymous sites. Analysis of mutational profiles indicates a strong mutation bias toward U. In turn, analysis of observed synonymous site composition implicates selection against U. Accounting for dinucleotide effects reinforces this conclusion, observed UU content being a quarter of that expected under neutrality. Possible mechanisms of selection against U mutations include selection for higher expression, for high mRNA stability or lower immunogenicity of viral genes. Consistent with gene-specific selection against CpG dinucleotides, we observe systematic differences of CpG content between SARS-CoV-2 genes. We propose an evolutionarily informed approach to attenuation that, unusually, seeks to increase usage of the already most common synonymous codons. Comparable analysis of H1N1 and Ebola finds that GC3 deviated from neutral equilibrium is not a universal feature, cautioning against generalization of results.
Leadership, academia, and the role of career coaching
Authors: Cheesebrough Kevin R , Bronzert Jessica , Frazier-De La Torre Elizabeth 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
In academia, the competencies necessary to be an effective leader, including focused training in leadership skills are often overlooked. Incorporating a coaching component in leadership training programs has shown to have a beneficial impact. The purpose of this commentary is to present the rationale, description, and process of the executive coaching component of the Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) Mid-Career Leadership Institute. Institute Fellows are provided with a list of executive career coaches that includes their biography and coaching philosophy. Fellows are asked to rank their preferences from 1 to 3. Usually, Fellows are paired with their first choice. Rigorous evaluations of the benefit of career coaching within a comprehensive leadership program, such as the SBM Leadership Institute has not been conducted However, our evaluations to date show that the coaching component is highly rated by the Fellows and over 90% report using their allotted three sessions. Career coaching, conducted as part of a comprehensive leadership program, has the potential to positively influence career trajectories. A more rigorous evaluation of the SBM coaching program is needed to assess the true benefits.
A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Naphthalene With Inhalation and Skin Routes of Exposure
Authors: Kapraun Dustin F , Schlosser Paul M , Nylander-French Leena A , Kim David , Yost Erin E , Druwe Ingrid L 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Naphthalene, a volatile organic compound present in moth repellants and petroleum-based fuels, has been shown to induce toxicity in mice and rats during chronic inhalation exposures. Although simpler default methods exist for extrapolating toxicity points of departure from animals to humans, using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to perform such extrapolations is generally preferred. Confidence in PBPK models increases when they have been validated using both animal and human in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) data. A published inhalation PBPK model for naphthalene was previously shown to predict rodent PK data well, so we sought to evaluate this model using human PK data. The most reliable human data available come from a controlled skin exposure study, but the inhalation PBPK model does not include a skin exposure route; therefore, we extended the model by incorporating compartments representing the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis and parameters that determine absorption and rate of transport through the skin. The human data revealed measurable blood concentrations of naphthalene present in the subjects prior to skin exposure, so we also introduced a continuous dose-rate parameter to account for these baseline blood concentration levels. We calibrated the three new parameters in the modified PBPK model using data from the controlled skin exposure study but did not modify values for any other parameters. Model predictions then fell within a factor of 2 of most (96%) of the human PK observations, demonstrating that this model can accurately predict internal doses of naphthalene and is thus a viable tool for use in human health risk assessment.