bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reference dose determination in 60Co and high-energy radiotherapy photon beams by using Farmer-type cylindrical ionization chambers – an experimental investigation
Authors: Swanpalmer John 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Ionization chamber dosimetry is predominantly used for determination of the absorbed dose to water in 60Co and high-energy radiotherapy photon beams. The most widespread ionization chambers employed for absolute or reference dose determinations in reference conditions are the Farmer-type cylindrical ionization chambers. The Farmer-type ionization chambers have a variety of constructions and materials and their responses vary in the radiation beam. Clinical accelerators, in addition to conventional photon beams with flattening-filter, can also deliver flattening-filter-free (FFF) photon beams. The responses of five different Farmer-type cylindrical ionization chambers were experimentally examined with reference to absorbed dose determination in reference conditions when using the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Technical Reports Series no. 483 (TRS-483) and the IAEA TRS-398 dosimetry protocol in the present investigation. The irradiations were performed using 60Co and megavoltage photon beams with 6 MV, 15 MV, 6 MV FFF and 10 MV FFF nominal photon energies. The chamber calibrations were performed at different Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories and are traceable to primary standards at different Primary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories. The chambers were also cross-calibrated at our laboratory using 60Co γ-beam. The variation found in the data regarding the reference dose determination using the various Farmer-type chambers in the photon beams employed was about 1% at maximum. Thus, the selection of the ionization chamber in reference dose determinations may affect the outcomes. The differences in the absorbed dose values were similar in the conventional as well as in the FFF photon beams. For the FFF photon beams the absorbed dose computations were performed using the IAEA-AAPM TRS-483 dosimetry protocol. Two of the ionization chambers used had identical construction but different central electrodes, i.e. graphite versus aluminium. The results obtained using these two chambers show that, in the photon beams examined, the employed correction for the central electrode (p

cel
) regarding these two chambers is associated with an inaccuracy which is larger than the calculated uncertainty for this correction. The outcomes found in the present experimental investigation using the various ionization chambers also indicate possible inaccuracy in the employed beam quality correction factors (k

Q
) and imply the need for a revision of these factors.
MOVPE growth of GaN on patterned 6-inch Si wafer
Authors: Kim Iurii , Holmi Joonas , Raju Ramesh , Haapalinna Atte , Suihkonen Sami 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
We demonstrate that thicker layers can be achieved in gallium nitride (GaN) epitaxy by using a patterned silicon (Si) substrate compared to a planar Si substrate. GaN films were grown by metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy on 6-inch Si (111) substrates patterned with arrays of squares with various corner shapes, height and lateral dimensions. Stress spatial distributions in the GaN pattern units were mapped out using confocal Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the corner shapes have an effect on the uniformity of the stress distribution. Patterns with round corners were found to have more uniform stress distribution than those with sharp corners. The largest crack-free square size for a 1.5 μm thick GaN film is 500 × 500 μm2.
Sleeping in Church: Preaching, Boredom, and the Struggle for Attention in Medieval and Early Modern Europe
Authors: Jütte Daniel 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The word “boredom” was not used in English before the eighteenth century. Does this mean that pre-eighteenth-century people did not experience boredom? Or did their experience of boredom differ from ours? This article approaches these questions by exploring the history of people falling asleep in church, and asking whether boredom played a role in their slumber. Across the confessional spectrum in premodern Europe, religious somnolence was depicted as a common and grave problem. The preoccupation with this problem went hand in hand with longstanding ecclesiastic concerns about deficient attention among the flock. Probing medieval and early modern controversies about somnolence and boredom offers insight on two levels: First, it helps to correct the problematic presentism that identifies boredom as a quintessentially modern condition. Second, exploring the long history of boredom adds nuance to our understanding of premodern culture and mentalities, revealing—in the case of religious audiences—a struggle for attention that we would not expect to find in a world in which religion reigned supreme. The article also touches on other social and institutional contexts (such as court life) in which boredom was both endogenous and endemic.
Only One Way To Swim? The Offence And The Life Course In Accounts Of Adaptation To Life Imprisonment
Authors: Jarman Ben 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Recent studies of long-term imprisonment describe a largely invariant pattern of prisoner adaptation. Using data from a qualitative study of men serving life sentences in England, I argue that adaptation may in fact vary more than these studies imply both because of the prisoner’s age when sentenced and because of the circumstances of particular offences. Participants’ engagement with the prison’s rehabilitative ‘offer’ depended on how the sentence affected their life course and what they understood to be the moral ramifications of the offence. These findings refine understanding of adaptation and suggest that a renewed focus on moral reflexivity may bear fruit in future prison research.
Remaking the #Syllabus: Crowdsourcing Resistance Praxis as Critical Public Pedagogy
Authors: Clark Meredith D 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBetween 2014 and 2017, the creation of hashtag syllabi—bricolage iterations of reading lists created by or circulated among educators on Twitter—emerged as a direct response for teaching about three highly publicized incidents of racial violence in the United States. Educators used hashtags as a means of sharing resources with their networks to provide non-normative literatures from marginalized scholars for teaching to transgress in the wake of Mike Brown’s slaying in Ferguson, Missouri; the massacre of nine congregants at Emmanuel AME Church in Charleston, South Carolina; and the fatal car attack on anti-fascist protestors in Charlottesville, Virginia. Acting on Chakravartty et al.’s provocation to center scholars of color in course syllabi as a pedagogical strategy to disrupt the reification of white supremacy in communication and media studies, I consider the creation of three hashtag syllabi related to these events as a form of critical resistance praxis in the emerging framework of digital intersectionality theory. I present a brief textual analysis of the aforementioned syllabi, triangulated with data from online conversations linked to them via their hashtags and derivative works produced by their creators and users to map two social media assisted strategies for doing critical public pedagogy.
Evolutionary selection against short nucleotide sequences in viruses and their related hosts
Authors: Zarai Yoram , Zafrir Zohar , Siridechadilok Bunpote , Suphatrakul Amporn , Roopin Modi , Julander Justin , Tuller Tamir 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Viruses are under constant evolutionary pressure to effectively interact with the host intracellular factors, while evading its immune system. Understanding how viruses co-evolve with their hosts is a fundamental topic in molecular evolution and may also aid in developing novel viral based applications such as vaccines, oncologic therapies, and anti-bacterial treatments. Here, based on a novel statistical framework and a large-scale genomic analysis of 2,625 viruses from all classes infecting 439 host organisms from all kingdoms of life, we identify short nucleotide sequences that are under-represented in the coding regions of viruses and their hosts. These sequences cannot be explained by the coding regions’ amino acid content, codon, and dinucleotide frequencies. We specifically show that short homooligonucleotide and palindromic sequences tend to be under-represented in many viruses probably due to their effect on gene expression regulation and the interaction with the host immune system. In addition, we show that more sequences tend to be under-represented in dsDNA viruses than in other viral groups. Finally, we demonstrate, based on in vitro and in vivo experiments, how under-represented sequences can be used to attenuated Zika virus strains.
Left ventricular trabeculation and major adverse cardiovascular events: the Copenhagen General Population Study
Authors: Sigvardsen Per E , Fuchs Andreas , Kühl Jørgen T , Afzal Shoaib , Køber Lars , Nordestgaard Børge G , Kofoed Klaus F 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Aims
Prominent left ventricular trabeculations is a phenotypic trait observed in cardiovascular diseases. In the general population, the extent of left ventricular trabeculations is highly variable, yet it is unknown whether increased trabeculation is associated with adverse outcome.

Methods and results
Left ventricular trabeculated mass (g/m2) was measured with contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography in 10 097 individuals from the Copenhagen General Population Study. The primary endpoint was a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events and defined as death, heart failure, myocardial infarction, or stroke. The secondary endpoints were the individual components of the primary endpoint. Cox regression models were adjusted for clinical parameters, medical history, electrocardiographic parameters, and cardiac chamber sizes. The mean trabeculated mass was 19.1 g/m2 (standard deviation 4.9 g/m2). During a median follow-up of 4.0 years (interquartile range 1.5–6.7), 710 major adverse cardiovascular events occurred in 619 individuals. Individuals with a left ventricular trabeculated mass in the highest quartile had a hazard ratio for major adverse cardiovascular events of 1.64 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30–2.08; P &lt; 0.001] compared to those in the lowest quartile. Corresponding hazard ratios were 2.08 (95% CI 1.38–3.14; P &lt; 0.001) for death, 2.63 (95% CI 1.61–4.31; P &lt; 0.001) for heart failure, 1.08 (95% CI 0.56–2.08; P = 0.82) for myocardial infarction, and 1.07 (95% CI 0.72–1.57; P = 0.74) for stroke.

Conclusion
Increased left ventricular trabeculation is independently associated with an increased rate of major adverse cardiovascular events in the general population.
Sex differences in shigellosis incidence rates: analysis of national data from nine countries using meta-analytic method
Authors: Peer Victoria , Schwartz Naama , Green Manfred S 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Sex differences in the incidence of infectious diseases can provide insight to the biological mechanism of infection, disease susceptibility, severity and vaccine development. The consistency of age-specific sex differences in the incidence rates (IRs) of shigellosis is unclear.

Methods
National data on cases of shigellosis by sex, age group and calendar year were obtained from nine countries, for a period of 6–25 years. The male to female incidence rate ratios (RR) were calculated by country, years and age group. For each age group, meta-analytic methods were used for computing pooled incidence RRs by country and years. Meta-regression was performed to estimate the contribution of age, country and time period to the differences in the male : female RRs.

Results
In the age groups &lt;1, 1–4, 5–9 and 10–14, there were excess IRs in males. The pooled incidence RRs (with 95% CI) were 1.21 (1.14–1.28), 1.17 (1.12–1.22), 1.04 (1.00–1.09) and 1.09 (1.01–1.18), respectively. In young adults, there was excess IR in females with RR = 0.80 (0.72–0.9). In middle aged and older adults, there was a slight excess in males with RR = 1.01 (0.89–1.15) and RR = 1.18 (1.09–1.28), respectively. In the meta-regression, age was the only variable that significantly contributed to the variation in the RRs.

Conclusions
The higher IRs in male infants and young children does not appear to be related to behavioral factors and genetic and hormonal factors could be important. In the older age groups, the higher rates in adult females may be due to behavioral factors.
Comparative Genomics Suggests Mechanisms of Genetic Adaptation toward the Catabolism of the Phenylurea Herbicide Linuron in Variovorax
Authors: Öztürk Başak , Werner Johannes , Meier-Kolthoff Jan P , Bunk Boyke , Spröer Cathrin , Springael Dirk 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBiodegradation of the phenylurea herbicide linuron appears a specialization within a specific clade of the Variovorax genus. The linuron catabolic ability is likely acquired by horizontal gene transfer but the mechanisms involved are not known. The full-genome sequences of six linuron-degrading Variovorax strains isolated from geographically distant locations were analyzed to acquire insight into the mechanisms of genetic adaptation toward linuron metabolism. Whole-genome sequence analysis confirmed the phylogenetic position of the linuron degraders in a separate clade within Variovorax and indicated that they unlikely originate from a common ancestral linuron degrader. The linuron degraders differentiated from Variovorax strains that do not degrade linuron by the presence of multiple plasmids of 20–839 kb, including plasmids of unknown plasmid groups. The linuron catabolic gene clusters showed 1) high conservation and synteny and 2) strain-dependent distribution among the different plasmids. Most of them were bordered by IS1071 elements forming composite transposon structures, often in a multimeric array configuration, appointing IS1071 as a key element in the recruitment of linuron catabolic genes in Variovorax. Most of the strains carried at least one (catabolic) broad host range plasmid that might have been a second instrument for catabolic gene acquisition. We conclude that clade 1 Variovorax strains, despite their different geographical origin, made use of a limited genetic repertoire regarding both catabolic functions and vehicles to acquire linuron biodegradation.
Interactional Effects Between Relational and Cognitive Reserves on Decline in Executive Functioning
Authors: Sauter Julia , Widmer Eric , Baeriswyl Marie , Ballhausen Nicola , Vallet Fanny , Fagot Delphine , Kliegel Matthias , Ihle Andreas 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
The present study set out to investigate associations of cognitive reserve (as indicated by education) and relational reserve (as indicated by the family network size and indices of emotional support) to decline in executive functioning over 6 years as measured by changes in Trail Making Test (TMT) completion time in older adults and whether education and network size interacted with age and sex as covariates with respect to this longitudinal association.

Method
We analyzed data from 897 participants tested on TMT parts A and B in two waves 6 years apart. The mean age in the first wave was 74.33 years. Participants reported information on their family networks and their level of education.

Results
Latent change score modeling testing for moderation effects revealed a significant interaction of network size in the first wave of data assessment with education. Specifically, for lower levels of cognitive reserve (−1 SD of education), the longitudinal association between relational reserve in the first wave and subsequent changes in executive functioning was not significant. In contrast, for higher levels of cognitive reserve (+1 SD of education), a higher relational reserve in the first wave significantly predicted a smaller subsequent increase in TMT completion time from the first to the second wave (i.e., a smaller decline in executive functioning).

Discussion
The present longitudinal study provides evidence for the interaction between cognitive and relational reserves. This confirms the hypothesis that reserves from different domains are intertwined and their combined effects contribute to less cognitive decline in old age.
Poor Disgust Suppression Is Associated with Increased Anxiety in Caregivers of People with Neurodegenerative Disease
Authors: Wells Jenna L , Hua Alice Y , Levenson Robert W 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Caregivers of persons with neurodegenerative disease have high rates of mental health problems compared to noncaregiving adults. Emotion regulation may play an important role in preserving caregivers’ mental health. We examined the associations between caregivers’ emotion regulation measured in several ways (ability, habitual use, and self-ratings) and their mental health symptoms.

Method
Ninety-one caregivers of persons with neurodegenerative disease participated in a laboratory-based assessment of emotion regulation. In two series of tasks, caregivers were given different instructions (no instruction, suppress) regarding altering their emotional behavioral responses to disgusting films and acoustic startle stimuli. Caregivers’ emotional behavior was measured via behavioral coding and caregivers rated “how much emotion” they showed during each task. Anxiety, depression, and habitual use of expressive suppression were measured via questionnaires.

Results
Poor emotion regulation in the disgust suppression condition (i.e., greater emotional behavior) was associated with greater anxiety. Associations were not found for the startle suppression condition, depression, or self-report measures of emotion regulation.

Discussion
Findings suggest that caregivers who are unable to suppress emotional behavior in response to disgusting stimuli may be at greater risk for anxiety. Given high levels of anxiety in caregivers, it may be useful to evaluate interventions that improve ability to downregulate emotional behavior.
Implementation of a multilevel, multicomponent intervention for obesity control in Native American communities (OPREVENT2): challenges and lessons learned
Authors: Gittelsohn J , Jock B , Poirier L , Wensel C , Pardilla M , Fleischhacker S , Bleich S , Swartz J , Trude Angela C B 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
OPREVENT2 was a multilevel, multicomponent (MLMC) adult obesity prevention that sought to improve access and demand for healthier food and physical activity opportunities in six Native American communities in the Southwest and Midwest. OPREVENT2 worked with worksites, food stores, schools (grades 2–6), through social media and mailings, and with a local community action committee (CAC), in each of the three intervention communities, and was implemented in six phases. We conducted a process evaluation to assess implementation of each intervention component in terms of reach, dose delivered and fidelity. Implementation of each component was classified as high, medium or low according to set standards, and reported back at the end of each phase, allowing for improvements. The school and worksite components were implemented with high reach, dose delivered and fidelity, with improvement over time. The school program had only moderate reach and dose delivered, as did the social media component. The CAC achieved high reach and dose delivered. Overall, study reach and dose delivered reached a high implementation level, whereas fidelity was medium. Great challenges exist in the consistent implementation of MLMC interventions. The detailed process evaluation of the OPREVENT2 trial allowed us to carefully assess the relative strengths and limitations of each intervention component.
Reconstructing the European Court of Human Rights’ Article 8 Jurisprudence in Deportation Cases: The Family’s Right and the Public Interest
Authors: Collinson Jonathan 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This article rationalises the case law of the European Court of Human Rights under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights in deportation cases involving children. The Court engages in a balancing exercise between the right to family life of the deportee’s family on the one side, and the public interest in deportation on the other. This article expands on existing case law analysis by suggesting that in deportation cases, the Court considers Article 8 as a form of commonly held right, rather than an individual right held by one member of the family. Furthermore, the balance is argued to be constructed as a relationship between two factors on both sides, rather than of a sole factor on either side as being determinative. This article concludes that the best interests of the child (one of the ‘Üner criteria’) is not adequately reflected in the Court’s deportation decision-making practice.
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 671 COVID-19 patients in Henan Province, China
Authors: Nie Yifei , Li Jitian , Huang Xueyong , Guo Wanshen , Zhang Xiaobai , Ma Yan , Wang Haifeng , Qi Muge , Tang Xiaoyan , Shen Xiaojing , Dai Xiaofeng 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Background
Despite many reports on the characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China, relatively little is known about the transmission features of COVID-19 outside Wuhan, especially at the provincial level.

Methods
We collected epidemiological, demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological and occupation information, along with contact history, of 671 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 reported from January 23 to February 5, 2020, in Henan province, China. We described characteristics of these cases, compared the diagnostic accuracy and features of blood testing, computed tomography (CT) scans and X-rays, and analysed SARS-CoV-2 transmission sources and patients’ occupations in Henan province.

Results
The mean age of patients in this case series was 43 years, 56.2% were male and 22.4% had coexisting medical disorders. The death rate was 0.3%. Fourteen patients did not show any symptoms. Lymphocyte percentage was associated with disease severity (χ2 = 6.71, P = 0.035) but had a large variation in each sample group. The mean time from illness onset to diagnosis was 5.6 days. A total of 330 patients had ever lived in or visited Wuhan, 150 had contact with confirmed cases, 323 had been to a hospital and 119 had been to a wet market. There were 33 patients who did not have a traceable transmission source, with 21.2% of these being farmers and 15.2% being workmen.

Conclusions
Lymphocyte percentage was a sign of severe COVID-19 in general but was not a good diagnostic index. Longer time from illness onset to diagnosis was associated with higher COVID-19 severity, older age, higher likelihood of having coexisting cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, and being male. Farming was found to be a high-risk occupation in Henan province, China.