bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innateness Stories
Authors: Berent Iris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Innate knowledge—the possibility that certain notions might be inborn in us simply because we are humans—has been the topic of endless controversy throughout our intellectual history. This chapter reviews some of these exchanges in philosophy and in modern cognitive and brain sciences. But these discussions are not the sole purview of academia. Laypeople also have some strong opinions on such matters. This chapter thus begins by describing some of our nativist intuitions. We next contrast these views with science. While laypeople maintain that knowledge cannot be innate, the results emerging from science suggest that innateness is a viable possibility. What is the source of our antinativist intuitions? We explore several explanations, and in short order, the conclusions point back right at innate knowledge itself. We see that the very principles that make the human mind tick (principles that are likely innate) can explain why people are reluctant to accept that knowledge can be innate.
Nativist Intuitions
Authors: Berent Iris 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Having shown that innate knowledge is a viable scientific hypothesis with considerable evidence in its support, the next three chapters examine laypeople’s intuitions about innate knowledge. We describe a series of experiments that contrasts people’s intuitions about the origins of cognitive traits (those that capture knowledge) and noncognitive traits (either sensory, motor, or emotive capacities). Results show that people believe that cognitive traits are not innate. People maintain these convictions even when they are provided with detailed descriptions of experiments from infant research (those reviewed in previous chapters), complete with an explanation of the rationale and method; while science clearly suggests these principles are present in newborns, people insist that they aren’t. Other results demonstrate that our antinativist intuitions are a bias, as people maintain these intuitions despite explicit evidence to the contrary, and even when they are presented with innate knowledge of nonhuman species. These results show that people are systematically and selectively biased against innate ideas.
Introduction
Authors: Turner Alicia , Cox Laurence , Bocking Brian 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the radical Irish Buddhist monk U Dhammaloka with a vignette of his trial for sedition in the Chief Court of colonial Rangoon, Burma, in 1911. It discusses his analysis of colonialism as “the Bible, the bottle, and the Gatling gun” and outlines the bare essentials of his life. The chapter discusses Dhammaloka as a window into Asian networks of the period, the anomalous position of “poor whites” in colonial Asia and the establishment fear of such people “going native,” epitomized by converts to Buddhism. It discusses the challenges of researching Dhammaloka’s life as “history from below” through the available sources, as well as how his biography challenges received notions of early Western Buddhists. Finally, it discusses the long-term impact of pan-Asian Buddhist movements in the high colonial period and the alternative visions they represented of a world after empire.
The Vagabond Traveler’s Account
Authors: Turner Alicia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In May 1905 the American “vagabond writer,” Harry Franck, interviewed the Irish Buddhist monk U Dhammaloka at length in India, and watched him in action debating with a Christian evangelist. Franck’s book, published in 1910, would briefly make Dhammaloka a global celebrity. This chapter introduces Franck and considers his experiences in Ceylon. It discusses his assessment of Dhammaloka’s credibility, as ex-hobo and Buddhist traveler, and explores the interview with Dhammaloka and the debate about Christianity. It shows Dhammaloka’s ability to arrange for Franck and his two companions to find board and lodging at monasteries in Chittagong and Rangoon. Most importantly, it shows us how Dhammaloka appeared to the eyes of his “poor white” beachcombing peers.
Epitaph
Authors: Turner Alicia 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This short chapter discusses the last days of the anti-colonial Irish Buddhist monk U Dhammaloka, following his reported death in Australia. It discusses sightings in Singapore, the Federated Malay States (Malaysia), and Siam (Thailand), as well as reports of time spent in Cambodia. The last recorded sightings are in Singapore in late 1913, including diary entries from the Sinhalese Buddhist activist Anagarika Dharmapala. It is not known what happened next, and surprising given his celebrity that the facts were not recorded. Did he perhaps die far from media attention following the outbreak of war, or change his identity in response to renewed police pressure?
Introduction
Authors: Markowitz Jonathan N. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the book’s core research question: why do some states have a stronger preference than others to project power to secure control over territory and resources as a source of rents and wealth? The book’s core argument is that what states make influences what they want to take. States that rely primarily on income from making goods and services have less interest in taking territory. In contrast, states that rely primarily on income from extracting natural resources have a stronger interest in taking territory. This argument is derived from Rent-Addiction Theory, which is briefly summarized in this chapter along with its contribution to the fields of international relations and existing research on territorial conflict. The chapter concludes with an overview of the layout of the book with brief descriptions of the subsequent chapters.
Canada
Authors: Markowitz Jonathan N. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Chapter 7 assesses how Canada, the production-oriented state most reliant on resource rents, responded to newly accessible stocks of Arctic resources. This chapter demonstrates that Canadian officials responded to the shock with assertive statements promising billions to build ice-hardened patrol ships, new bases, and Arctic training facilities. However, despite the prominent role the Arctic has played in speeches by Canadian leaders, Ottawa has been reluctant to follow through on promises to upgrade its Arctic force structure and military presence. Whereas Russia has backed its rhetoric and commitments by investing in its Arctic force structure and military capabilities, Canada has not. Talk is cheap, but ships and bases are expensive; and, as this chapter shows, Canada was unwilling to back its commitments with costly investments. If the United States is the dog that does not bark, then Canada is the dog that barks but does not bite.
Conclusion
Authors: Ikuta Jennie C. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The conclusion offers three final remarks on the value of Tocqueville, Mill, and Nietzsche for refining our contemporary public rhetoric concerning nonconformity. First, we ought to revise the prevalent image of the nonconformist as a singular, heroic individual who rejects social recognition; instead we ought to consider social recognition as a condition of nonconformity. Second, we need a more nuanced account of the role of shame in a democracy. Shame—and the conformity it encourages—is neither good nor bad, but must be wielded correctly and carefully by democratic individuals. Third, we need to insist on democracy as a relational ideal of equality. This enables us to better respond to appeals to nonconformity that advance antidemocratic values and to clearly articulate the relationship between democracy and nonconformity.
Understanding Paracomedy
Authors: Jendza Craig 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter uses genre theory to contextualize paracomedy among other forms of generic interaction in Greek drama. It proposes a methodology for determining occurrences of paracomedy: detecting distinctive correspondences between tragic and comic elements, establishing the priority of the comic element, and ascertaining the motivation for and the effects of the paracomedy. It also provides an overview of how the three major Greek tragedians differ in their use of paracomedy: Aeschylus uses it to great effect in the Oresteia, Sophocles avoids it almost entirely, and Euripides embraces it frequently. The chapter suggests that paracomedy and paratragedy can be used within the context of literary rivalry between tragedians and comedians, and it compares the competitive relationship between Euripides and Aristophanes to that between Aristophanes and fellow comedian Cratinus.
Paracomedy and the Structure of Euripides’s Helen
Authors: Jendza Craig 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Euripides’s Helen in terms of paracomedy and suggests that the structure of the play should be interpreted as staging a metaliterary conflict between tragedy and comedy. This conflict is expressed in the play through the characters of Helen, who represents tragedy, and Menelaus, who represents comedy. Euripides distinguishes the two characters by constantly characterizing Helen as tragic (through tragic themes, tragic beauty, and tragic piety) and Menelaus as paracomic (through comic jokes, comic alazoneia (“boastfulness”), comic ugliness, comic violence, and comic “knocking at the door” scenes). When Helen is finally established as superior to Menelaus, tragedy is established as superior to comedy. This chapter suggests that the structure, characterization, performance, and tone of the play are motivated by Euripides’s goals to assert dominance over comedy.
Euripides’s Orestes
Authors: Jendza Craig 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Euripides’s Orestes as a corrective paracomic response to the parodies and poetic criticisms from Aristophanes’s Women at the Thesmophoria. It suggests that Euripides reappropriates salient features from Aristophanes’s parodies of Euripides’s Helen, Palamedes, Andromeda, and Telephus in an attempt to show how Aristophanes’s views on tragic stagecraft are reductive. Various aspects of the plot, stagecraft, character, and symbolism of Orestes are interpreted as paracomic responses, including an escape plot with a large number of sword-bearing men, a metaphor in which Pylades is Orestes’s “oar blade,” a joke about the Gorgon’s head, and a threat to incinerate a hostage. Additionally, Euripides paracomically targets Aristophanes’s Peace and Clouds at key points at the beginning and end of the play. The chapter argues that Euripides employs paracomedy the way Aristophanes employs paratragedy—to establish his own genre’s primacy through a series of pointed contrasts with the other genre.
Searching for the Gods’ Minds the Hard Way
Authors: McCauley Robert N. , Graham George 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The only exceptions that prove principles are those whose exceptional status those principles explain. People with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to be more attentive to details, more likely to apprehend events mechanistically, and more inclined to systemize about both than does the general population. Considerable evidence suggests that they are also far less likely to possess ready intuitions about the workings of people’s minds and that even high-functioning people with ASD are mindblind. If the by-product theory of religious representations is correct, then people with ASD will lack intuitive insight about religious representations of gods as minded agents and find creative inferences with them challenging. Theorists differ about how extensive such limitations will be, especially in light of the ability of some people with ASD to laboriously piece together a partial, ersatz theory of mind over time. Overall the available empirical research mostly corroborates these proposals about these limitations.
Lausanne 1974
Authors: Swartz David R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
At the International Congress on World Evangelization in Lausanne, Switzerland, which brought together major figures such as Billy Graham and Samuel Escobar, American evangelicals were stunned by the intensity of global critiques. Sparked by the Latin American Theological Fraternity and a wildcat “Discipleship Caucus,” over 500 dissenting evangelicals from the Global South denounced American imperialism. They cited devastation caused by Western armies and corporations, and they described attempts to separate evangelism and social action as demonic. Their advocacy was successful; the resulting Lausanne Covenant underwent telling revisions in the wake of global dissent, and their activism began to reshape American institutions. Going forward, missiology would no longer develop in North American isolation.
Occidental Mindoro 1983
Authors: Swartz David R. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
In the 1970s the relief organization World Vision “de-Americanized.” Recipient nations from Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Africa became full partners of World Vision International. These new global voices urged a more structural approach to world hunger and poverty. By the early 1990s, World Vision, a behemoth NGO of one hundred entities overseen by 6,000 full-time staff, had transformed, in fits and starts, from an American-dominated, relief-oriented charity to an international organization that stressed partnerships and long-term solutions to world poverty. This chapter, which charts the trajectory of evangelical social justice work in the postwar era, describes the promise and limits of development work on the Filipino island of Occidental Mindoro.
Experiencing Emotions
Authors: Copenhaver Rebecca , Odenbaugh Jay 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis chapter provides an account of the basic emotions and their expression. Emotions are experiences that have the function of indicating how we are faring in our environment. Emotions are also objects of experience: our perceptual systems are sensitive to the expression of emotion in our environment by features that have the function of indicating emotions. Thus, we come to have to knowledge of emotions by perceptually representing properties that function to indicate them. The chapter applies this account to expression in art. What does it mean to say that an artwork expresses sadness? Is perceiving joy in an artwork the same kind of experience as perceiving joy in a friend’s face? How may artworks express emotions without having emotions? The chapter offers a representationalist account of the basic emotions on which exteroceptive and interoceptive systems combine to constitute a system whose states—emotions—indicate how we are faring. Building on the work of Dominic Lopes (2005) and Mitchell Green (2007), the chapter offers a teleosemantic account of emotional expression in art that is impersonal and continuous with a representationalist account of the basic emotions. Features in the environment express emotions even in conditions in which there is no person to whom the emotion is attributable. We experience emotions in two ways: we may have emotions, and we experience emotions as represented properties of the environment. In both cases, experiencing emotions is a matter of experiencing how things are in the world and thus provides perceptual knowledge.
Sisterhood and After
Authors: Jolly Margaretta 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This ground-breaking history of the UK Women’s Liberation Movement explores the individual and collective memories of women at its heart. Spanning at least two generations and four nations, and moving through the tumultuous decades from the 1970s to the present, the narrative is powered by feminist oral history, notably the British Library’s Sisterhood and After: The Women’s Liberation Oral History Project. The book mines these precious archives to bring fresh insight into the lives of activists and the campaigns and ideas they mobilised. It navigates still-contested questions of class, race, violence, and upbringing—as well as the intimacies, sexualities and passions that helped fire women’s liberation—and shows why many feminists still regard notions of ‘equality’ or even ‘equal rights’ as insufficient. It casts new light on iconic campaigns and actions in what is sometimes simplified as feminism’s ‘second wave’, and enlivens a narrative too easily framed by ideological abstraction with candid, insightful, sometimes painful personal accounts of national and less well-known women activists. They describe lives shaped not only by structures of race, class, gender, sexuality and physical ability, but by education, age, love and cultural taste. At the same time, they offer extraordinary insights into feminist lifestyles and domestic pleasures, and the crossovers and conflicts between feminists. The work draws on oral history’s strength as creative method, as seen with its conclusion, where readers are urged to enter the archives of feminist memory and use what they find there to shape their own political futures.
Telling Feminist Histories
Authors: Jolly Margaretta 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The chapter traces the WLM’s compelling, contested and elusive political genealogies, recalling their socialist, radical, black, liberal, national or revisionist versions and fierce debates over strategy, tactics, structure, leadership and resources. It deploys feminist oral histories to re-tell movement ‘origin stories’ (women-led activism within the Hull fishing community and at Ford’s, Dagenham) but principally to parallel the first WLM conference at Ruskin College, Oxford (1970) with the inaugural meeting of the Organisation for Women of African and Asian Descent in Brixton, London (1979). The chapter recounts the ‘feminist composure’ required in remembering, and considers oral history’s significance as a medium of memories, subjectivities and feelings. It looks at how these approaches to movement history highlight the challenges of managing relationships and differences, and the thorny question of feminist identity. It ends with Beatrix Campbell’s oral history recollections of co-authoring Sweet Freedom, the first full-length history of the UK WLM. 149 words
Forming Feminists: Growing Up in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s
Authors: Jolly Margaretta 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The chapter delves into the S&A oral history archive to unearth memories of growing up that help answer the question: what makes a feminist? It locates 1970s/80s feminist socialisation in the context of contrasting ideologies of family, childhood, sexuality, social reconstruction, consumerism, post-colonial change and global tensions in the post-WW2 era, especially the ‘lengthening’ of childhood itself. It considers the formative and highly-contested influences of family and mother-daughter relations, of educational opportunity, and of the highs and lows of adolescence and emergent sexualities, making use of S&A interviews including Sandie Wyles, Jenni Murray, Mukami McCrum and Mary McIntosh. The chapter emphasises the significance for feminist formation of growing up in families with strong political affiliations and engagements, and illustrates this by concluding with a detailed presentation based on the S&A oral history of Susie Orbach, the well-known campaigner for women’s psychotherapeutic and physical rights and wellbeing. 146 words
Happiness: Late Feminist Lives and Beyond in the 2000s
Authors: Jolly Margaretta 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The chapter enters the later lives of activists, considering the biographical consequences of activism. It anticipates the question ‘did the movement succeed?’ by wondering whether the goal of ‘women’s liberation’ means ‘happiness’ or ‘to be fully alive’, especially given the new century’s neo-liberal triumphalism. It celebrates women’s solidarity and creativity, qualities that help redeem the demands of political conscience, and the raptures of song which unexpectedly interrupt many oral histories. Sometimes silly and romantic, feminist singing affirms purpose in the face of power or mortality, and the pleasures of protest community, especially at Greenham Common, one of the most celebrated actions. The chapter concludes with reflections on feminist faith-political, spiritual but not necessarily religious-commenting on death (Una Kroll, Audrey Jones, Sheila Kitzinger) before recounting the story of Muslim feminist educator Nadira Mirza, whose S&A oral history demonstrates the importance of feminist faith when many movement demands remain unfulfilled. 150 words
Improvisation and new frontiers in creative practice
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws together recent advances across musical fields to frame improvising as an innovative and vibrant way of doing creative practice at a professional level and in everyday life. It presents examples of cross-disciplinary improvised work and festivals at the cutting edge of the performing arts. Improvised music is discussed in relation to broader social and cultural change and transformations within the media and music industry. The possibilities of new digital technologies for expanding improvising are reviewed and help set the context for the proceeding chapters. It shows how group improvisation involves the spontaneous generation of novel music, dance, or art by two or more people. It describes the groundswell of interest across the arts in improvisation with artists, festivals, and venues dedicated to pushing this creative approach beyond genre boundaries.
Distributed creativity and the myth of shared understanding
Authors: MacDonald Raymond A. R. , Wilson Graeme B. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the prevalent assumption that improvisers must share understanding of what they are trying to achieve and how they are thought to do so, investigating the importance of identities and how they are constructed among co-improvisers. The role of talk between musicians in constructing understanding is examined with reference to interviews with improvisers. Implications for teaching and new creative practice are discussed with specific examples of how improvisation can be taught. Research on improvisation tends to assume that in a successful group performance, musicians must have the same conception of the quality and meaning of the music they play. This chapter compares the accounts of different improvisers within a group, to reach an explanation of whether and how these are negotiated while playing together. This chapter demonstrates that if participants feel invested in the group process, improvisation can take place to participants’ satisfaction in the absence of their shared understanding.
The Kamikaze Mission
Authors: Saldin Robert P. , Teles Steven M. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at how, once the GOP made its decision (Trump for president), a horrified team of the party's political professionals—who were eager to put their skills to work on behalf of a client they could believe in—led a frantic and flailing search to find a statesman willing to launch an independent run for the presidency. After soliciting some of the Republican Party's senior statesmen to take on the job of providing an alternative to Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, the party's political professionals simply took on the job themselves. Joel Searby, a mid-level political consultant based in Florida, and William Kristol were at the center of the effort to run a “Real Republican” against Trump. Having failed to stop their party from nominating Donald Trump, or the country from electing him, the network of Never Trump operatives has been reduced to keeping the flame of resistance alive, in the hope that the party will one day come to its senses. Indeed, Kristol launched a number of initiatives explicitly designed to carry on the Never Trump crusade.