bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
My Neighbor’s Honour, 1921–1939
Authors: Harper Tobias 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the aftermath of the expansion of the imperial honours system through the experiences of those social groups who had been newly included in the system: especially the broad, insecure middle classes. Groups who continued to be marginalized by the system, such as professional women, clamored for increased recognition or argued that the system was rotten to the core and needed to be removed. In the empire critiques of honours crystallized around nationalist causes, while elites who were willing to exchange loyalty for status enjoyed the greater variety of honours available to them, doubling down on their commitment to the empire-wide system of hierarchy and distinction that defined them against nationalists. Official honours policy and the behavior of those who had been included in the “democratization” of 1917–1921 sought to defend a status quo rather than continue the inclusion of the years at the end of the war. The Treasury retrenched, reducing the number of honours distributed throughout the empire, and narrowed the range of people who could receive them, focusing on honouring state servants rather than the wider public in Britain. At the same time, recipients of the Order also sought to defend its honour against people in lower ranks of society by policing in minute detail the use of the privileges of holding honours. The honours system thus defined a form of proximity to social and political elites within and outside Britain. This definition prioritized state service, thus creating a connection between hierarchy and state expansion that would continue through the century.
Drawing Together? 1945–1979
Authors: Harper Tobias 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores how the honours system in Britain adjusted to post-war challenges to the legitimacy of established institutions in British social and cultural life in a slow and difficult process that was in certain ways made possible by the divorce of the imperial and domestic honours systems discussed in Chapter 4. It charts attempts at reform and reorientation of the honours system in the 1960s and 1970s that were only partly successful in moving it away from its focus on direct state service as the most worthy service. Harold Wilson, in particular, sought to modify honours to be more populist and socially broad but was hindered at every turn by civil and royal servants. At the same time, the honours system continued to broaden in that it recognized state service—especially in medicine and education—beyond Whitehall to a much greater extent in the 1950s through to the 1970s. A wider range of professions became accustomed to and invested in being included in honours lists and, therefore, in the hierarchies that honours lists enacted.
Conclusion
Authors: Harper Tobias 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The conclusion discusses two recent cases of people who have been stripped (or who people tried to strip) of their honour: Fred Goodwin and Jimmy Savile. Using them and other examples, it poses questions about the successes and failures of the honours system to adapt to rapid social changes at the end of the century, and to the legacy of empire in Britain. In contemporary politics, the honours system continues to raise tensions between ideological positions about the relative public worth of different forms of service, the meaning of citizenship in Britain and the former British Empire, and the interactions between social and economic hierarchies. In a globalized, rapidly-changing Britain, honours may seem incongruous or obsolete with their pseudo-medieval imagery; however, they are as important in the twenty-first century as in the twentieth because they reinforce hierarchies, and provide a means of debating these tensions.
The Anglo-Irish Agreement, 1985
Authors: Coakley John , Todd Jennifer 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The decisive collapse of the Sunningdale initiative delivered a severe blow to the prospects for settlement in Northern Ireland, setting the negotiation process back for almost a decade. The stand-off between the parties was accompanied by continuing violence. Efforts to relaunch a political initiative began in the early 1980s, this time centred on a direct government-to-government axis. The outcome was the Anglo-Irish Agreement of 1985, which established machinery for involving the Irish government in the management of Northern Ireland. This chapter examines the perspective of officials on the two sides in arriving at an accommodation. In particular, it illustrates the manner in which civil servants sought to redefine the character of the new institutional architecture, designed to withstand unionist efforts to bring it down. The witness seminar at the core of the chapter provides a fascinating insight into the effective working relationship between civil servants at the highest levels within the two states, and their success in facilitating accommodation between their political leaders.
Introduction
Authors: Ortino Federico 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This section sets out the overall aim, structure and main arguments of the present study. It also identifies the scope of the research, which will focus on both the broader context at the time when the first modern investment treaty was concluded (the origin) and the many decisions of arbitral tribunals that, in the past twenty years, have been called upon to apply these treaties as well as some of the recent investment treaties that have attempted to clarify and/or reform the content and scope of investment protection guarantees (the evolution). This section also puts forward the book’s two underlying arguments.
Ensuring Reasonableness in the Conduct of Host States
Authors: Ortino Federico 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The aim of the chapter is twofold. First, it investigates the extent to which investment treaties include a guarantee of ‘substantive reasonableness’ as one of the key protections granted to foreign investments. Second, it attempts to identify the standard of review that have been employed by investment tribunals in assessing the lawfulness of host States’ conduct. The analysis focuses on the following treaty provisions: (a) full protection and security; (b) non-impairment through arbitrary or unjustifiable measures; and (iii) fair and equitable treatment. This chapter also examines the application by investment tribunals of the ‘police powers’ doctrine in defining an indirect expropriation. One key finding stems from the present analysis. While investment treaty tribunals have (at least for the most part) applied these open-ended standards as reasonableness-based provisions, tribunals have crucially differed with regard to the specific reasonableness test employed in order to review the lawfulness of the host State conduct.
The Invaluable Civilian Risk Mitigation Contribution of Recognizing the Value of Precautionary Measures
Authors: Corn Geoffrey 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter emphasizes the value of precautionary measures for the effective protection of civilians from an IHL perspective. The author specifies the contents of the obligation to take precautions by providing details on the measures to be taken at the planning stage as well as the impact on soldiers’ training. He argues for the importance of strong and coherent processes that implement precautionary measures and illustrates that precautions need to be taken long before an actual attack is planned or executed. These long-term precautions and the processes with which they are implemented, it is argued, are as important as the more specific precautions that need to be taken in relation to each and every attack.
Human Rights Obligations of Armed Groups
Authors: Th Müller Andreas 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
One of the asymmetries faced by military missions in areas of limited statehood are diverging legal obligations of state and non-state actors, in particular in relation to human rights duties. From a perspective of states bound by human rights treaties, there is a certain danger that armed groups opposing them might abuse the obligations incumbent upon state actors. Against this perception, the potential application of human rights law to armed groups is not only relevant as a tool for protecting civilians but also from a reciprocity perspective in view of the fluidity of armed conflicts and with a view to convergence of standards. The chapter assesses how international law and international legal practice in relation to armed groups have evolved over the past decade. It takes stock of recent developments and analyses the degree to which human rights obligations apply to armed groups.
Telling Tales with Words
Authors: Macintosh Fiona , McConnell Justine 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the twenty-first-century turn to orality exemplified in the works of poets such as Kate Tempest, Titilope Sonuga, and Alice Oswald. Engaging with Graeco-Roman epic in their work, these poets do so via a mode of performance that bears similarities with that of the Homeric bard. But this is not the composition-in-performance that Milman Parry and Albert Lord posited as the mode of Homeric performance; rather, these poets compose what John Miles Foley termed ‘Voiced Texts’. Such works hold the written and the spoken word in tension, denying primacy to the written even in our literacy-obsessed age, and making space for a new kind of orality that meets the demands of the contemporary era, while retaining the composite role of composer/performer that is a hallmark of oral traditions. Key to the popularity of this approach is the capacity of oral poetry to merge myth and history (as Jack Goody and Ian Watt argued), and to constantly rewrite its stories, even those that have been staunchly canonized, as the Graeco-Roman epics have been. The chapter concludes by exploring the ways that narrative podcasts, such as Serial and S-Town, evoke epic and mark another route along which the performance of epic is now being developed.
Bodies
Authors: Watson Nicola J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 considers alternative evocations of the author’s body, focusing on how and why animal-bodies in the form of taxidermied remains are deployed as surrogates for the figure of the author within the writer’s house museum. It tours Arqua, Olney, London, Philadelphia, Coxwold, and Amherst in pursuit of the stories and fantasies old and new that lie behind the celebrity of Petrarch’s cat, Cowper’s hares, Poe’s raven, Sterne’s starling, and Dickinson’s hummingbirds. It argues that these animals serve to describe the doubled body of the author, at once dead and alive, mortal and immortal, body and voice, corpse and textual corpus.
Enchanted ground
Authors: Watson Nicola J. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 explores the ways that nineteenth-century writers constructed houses as ‘enchanted ground’ to display their own mythos as national writers. It argues that these houses initiate and model the very concept of the writer’s house as museum, modelling how the writer’s physical and imaginative life work in mysterious symbiosis and amalgamation. It argues further that such houses—and their ‘enchanted grounds’—dramatized the way the writer’s imagination has saved and reanimated the hitherto mute detritus of the nation’s past. It focuses on Walter Scott’s self-dramatization at Abbotsford and the transatlantic portability of that model in Washington Irving’s Sunnyside, and concludes by looking at a modern reiteration of some of these ideas in the redevelopment of Shakespeare’s New Place for the 400th anniversary of his death in 2016.
The Promotion of Unification
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The nineteenth-century cultural elevation of science puts it in some respects in an analogous position to that previously occupied by religion in marking out Western civilization. Beginning in the nineteenth century in Germany, France, and Britain, there developed a comprehensive cultural investment in the idea of the unity of science, which played a crucial role in taking over this task from religion. In this chapter the political, social, and ideological motivations behind the nineteenth-century advocacy of the unity of science are explored. At the same time, it examines the formative moves in the establishment of the unity of science, particularly the attempts of the British Association for the Advancement of Science to regiment the sciences, that is, to decide what to include and what to exclude from the rubric of science, and to order and rank those that it included.
The Autonomy of the Material Sciences
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the history of chemistry in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The experimental nature of nineteenth-century chemistry is explored. The kinds of considerations that concerned chemists are distinguished from those that concerned physicists, at the theoretical and experimental levels, but also in terms of the models deployed. The chapter shows the impossibility of unifying physics and chemistry. By examining the case of the establishment of atomism in the first decade of the twentieth century, it demonstrates that it is a mistake to consider this to be a case of unification of physics and chemistry. In the final part of the chapter, it is shown that particle physics offers no more prospects for the reduction of chemistry to physics than did nineteenth-century developments.
The Unity of the Life Sciences
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter deals with the historical path in the life sciences, exploring attempts to unify evolutionary theory with other developments in the life sciences. The development of the life sciences in the nineteenth century not only involved the meeting of trajectories along two distinct and seemingly autonomous paths, the physiological and the historical, but the latter involved at least three distinct forms of enquiry which came to align themselves with one another, in a process of qualified mutual reinforcement rather than assimilation. The central argument is that the life sciences remain irreducibly pluralistic, despite the attempts at unification pursued by advocates of the ‘New Synthesis’, and in this capacity can act as a model for the sciences more generally.
Science For and By the Public
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
As scientific values became embedded in those of civilization, a new set of demands was made on science. The association of science and civilization, crucial to the standing of science in the modern era, would not be possible without popular science because science doesn’t have the resources to effect this association in its own right. To meet the expectations of the vastly expanded role that it had assumed from the end of the eighteenth century, one in which it was displacing religion as the key to understanding our place in the world, it was crucial that science be able to engage with the world in terms of desires, expectations, anxieties, fears, hopes, goals, raw beliefs, etc. Only popular science could achieve this, for it was not science as a model of truth that placed it at the centre of modern culture, but science as a model for the future.
Science and the Shaping of Modernity
Authors: Gaukroger Stephen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of all four volumes of the Science and the Shaping of Modernity series, by drawing together key themes that run through the volumes. It explores some of the main historiographical questions—particularly the difference between the emergence of science and the consolidation of a scientific culture—and looks at the relations between science and religion, science and technology, and science and civilization.
The Old Fashioned Flapper
Authors: Mendelman Lisa 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines the politics of emotion and corporeality in Anita Loos’s 1925 satire of Jazz Age femininity, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. Blondes is both a satire of a nineteenth-century sentimental novel and a sentimental novel in its own right. The chapter argues that such indeterminacy undergirds Loos’s send-up of the flapper as a figure whose interiority and exteriority are vitally opaque. Loos’s “more old fashioned girl” performs the flapper’s conflicted sexuality and exposes the gendered contradictions of Freudian psychoanalysis and the modernist language experiments exemplified by Gertrude Stein. The chapter connects the novel to contemporary legal debates about minimum wage and prostitution. It therefore argues that Blondes can also be seen as a mock manifesto, a companion piece to other period texts that tread an unclear line between irony and sincerity as they engage politicized discourse about women’s bodies.
Free Love and Hard-Boiled Sentiment
Authors: Mendelman Lisa 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines Frances Newman’s neglected avant-garde novel The Hard-Boiled Virgin (1926), as the book elaborates the exchanges between the sentimental tradition, the evolving free love movement, and the nascent concept of hard-boiled fiction. The chapter details how these developing cultural ideals reconfigure sentimental narratives of emotion and the body and doom their female versions to inevitable failure. The chapter further analyzes Newman’s synthesis of sentimental and modernist style to register these circumstances. Newman’s trenchant irony and elaborate prose experiments dovetail with writings by free love advocates like Emma Goldman and Margaret Sanger, particularly in their treatment of gendered corporeal concerns like birth control and abortion. Like the disillusioned free lover whose experience the novel relates, Virgin’s negative aesthetic of feminine emotion affirms sentimental ideals.
Modern Sentimentalism and the New Negro
Authors: Mendelman Lisa 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on Jessie Redmon Fauset’s acerbic use of sentimentalism to diagnose the tensions inherent in New Negro femininity and artistic production, as exemplified by her novel Plum Bun: A Novel Without A Moral (1929). Fauset’s anti-didactic Künstlerroman highlights the conflicted demands of Harlem Renaissance/New Negro ideology and the particularly fraught position of the black female writer. The chapter extends recent scholarship on racial feeling and the gendering of double consciousness to theorize Fauset’s sentimentalism as an ironic and melancholic mode that registers the New Negro woman’s unique form of self-estrangement. Plum Bun ultimately proposes racial laughter as an apt response to the position of a black female artist in late 1920s America: a mode that is at once an adaptive gift of internal distance and a creative prison of the same.
Radical Interpretation and the Referential Stability of Wrongness
Authors: Williams J. Robert G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This chapter is one of three that draws out the consequences of Radical Interpretation for how concepts represent the world. This chapter introduces a famous ‘moral twin earth’ puzzle about the normative concept wrongness. It appears to have a distinctive referential stability: individuals or whole communities can be very mistaken in what they think makes an act morally right or wrong, but somehow they remain locked onto the moral subject matter. This chapter derives this stability as a prediction of Radical Interpretation. Radical Interpretation predicts the result when combined with first-order normative premises and premises about the conceptual role of the concept of wrongness.
The Basis of Radical Interpretation
Authors: Williams J. Robert G. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The metaphysics of linguistic representation is built atop mental representation, and the metaphysics of mental representation is built atop facts about action and perception. This chapter turns to the final, foundational elements of this account. This chapter argues that these are themselves representational facts; trying to do things in terms of raw sensation or behaviour won’t work. Within a broadly Bayesian account of the rationalization of belief-change and choice, it identifies some representational facts that would do the job, to do with facts about what action-guiding states the agent is in, and what experiences they are undergoing. Not all action-guiding states are the objects of choice, nor are all experiences the content of evidence, but functional role allows us to pick out those that are.
Confronting the China–Japan History Problem in Northeast Asia
Authors: Buzan Barry , Goh Evelyn 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 2 looks at the general nature of the history problem in Northeast Asia, and sets up the analytical framework used to put the problem into a wider context. This framework takes the form of a historical accounting that puts NEA’s history since 1840 into a world historical perspective, seeing it not only as a collective encounter with the West, but also as a dual encounter. From the nineteenth century, China, Japan, and Korea faced not just overwhelming Western power, but also had to deal with the existential challenge to their social orders posed by the nineteenth-century revolutions of modernity that underpinned Western power. These twin challenges took much the same form for both China and Japan, and the starting positions from which they had to make their responses shared many similarities. This perspective exposes two layers of history problem: a global one between NEA and the West, and a regional one within NEA. Focusing on the narrowness and selectivity of the history problem discourse between China and Japan, the chapter sets out the case for constructing a much broader, more globally situated, story of their relationship. The local histories are the main focus of the history problem, and are understandably imbued with intense emotion, both personal and national. The collective global history is colder and more remote, and has largely been left out of the history problem discourse. The two sides of this equation need to be put back together.
Unpacking the Contemporary Strategic Problem in Northeast Asia
Authors: Buzan Barry , Goh Evelyn 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 begins in present-day NEA, and unpacks its core strategic problem of uncertainty associated with an apparent power transition, relating it squarely to the enforced alienation between the two indigenous great powers, China and Japan. It argues that neither a purely power-political understanding nor one that overly emphasizes nationalism and domestic impediments has been especially helpful to advancing our understanding of how Sino-Japanese alienation serves to constrain the development of East Asia’s post-Cold War order. Instead, one should understand the contemporary problem as resulting from the disintegration of the region’s post-Second World War settlement that centred on the United States acting as a ring-holder between China and Japan. Introducing the great power bargain framework, it shows how we might usefully distinguish between the constitutive and regulative aspects of such bargains. It then employs this framework to analyse Sino-Japanese alienation after the long nineteenth century, examining how efforts to create a partial new bargain between 1945 and 1989 were eventually undermined by the two countries’ changing characters and politics after the Cold War.