bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4539 Building a Translational Science pipeline: The Indiana CTSI STEM K-12 Program
Authors: Sanders Elmer , Barth Vanessa , Cruz Leigh-Ann , Sherrer Ilesha , Olson Jacob , Speidell Emily , Solis Elvia , Harrison Sharon , Hinshaw Amy , McAteer James A. 
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVES/GOALS:
Develop strong network of science teachers interested in promoting scientific research to their students.Place students in an immersive summer research internship that, when possible, matches their career interests.Expose students to the numerous career paths within the STEM field.METHODS/STUDY POPULATION:
The program recruits socio-economically disadvantaged students and provides them a stipend, and also accepts students who can participate unpaid.Local school teachers are engaged in a summer fellowship to learn biotechnologies and research. In Spring these teachers help recruit students and during the subsequent Fall help students with college and scholarship applications.Students are placed in a variety of laboratories within the Schools of Medicine, Science, Dentistry, Public Health, Informatics, Health and Human Sciences, Engineering and Technology, especially in biomedical engineering. Students are also placed in industry laboratories such as Eli Lilly and the Indiana Bioscience Research Institute.Long-term program follow-up is done through post-internship surveys to assess impact on graduate and professional school admission.RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS:
Since the Indiana CTSI was established in 2008, 872 students have participated in the summer internship.71% of past interns are underrepresented minorities in science or classified as disadvantaged by NIH criteria.17% of students interned during grade 10, 72% during grade 11, and 11% during grade 12.21% of students engage in the program for more than one year.100% of past interns are currently enrolled in or have graduated college.Over 60% of those with a bachelors degree proceed to graduate and professional schools and over 80% stay in STEM related fields. These rates are equal for interns from underrepresented minorities or those classified as disadvantaged by NIH criteria.DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT:
Students engaged in the Indiana CTSI STEM program are progressing through the translational science pipeline based on their graduating from college and remaining in the STEM field.
4409 Indiana Clinical & Translational Science Monon Collaborative – Community Impact Hubs
Authors: Wiehe Sarah , Craig David , Wilcox Matthew , Hardwick Emily , Lawrence Carrie , Schicho Fiona , Hudson Brenda 
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVES/GOALS:
Conduct an environmental scan of Marion County (Indianapolis) neighborhoods using electronic medical record data, state health data, and social and economic dataDevelop strong network of community collaboratorsConduct a thorough assessment for each targeted neighborhood by listening and understanding the pressing health issues in the community and working together to design and deliver solutionsMETHODS/STUDY POPULATION:
Identify measures in the 3 domains of vulnerability, health and assets for the targeted neighborhoods and conduct bivariate descriptive statistics and multivariable regression analyses to investigate association between measures of vulnerability and health outcomes.Initiate relationships with leaders and residents in targeted neighborhoodsLocate organizations working in targeted neighborhoods through online mapping software and word-of-mouth at neighborhood events, and created a spreadsheet with contact information.Conduct multidisciplinary assessment (i.e. key informant interviews, focus groups, town hall meetings) of the targeted neighborhood.Iteratively synthesize assessments to develop areas of interest and relevance to the community.Develop a road map for solutions identified by the community.RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The results from the environmental scan conducted will be displayed in a report and visual “map” of health outcomes and health determinants, including assets and barriers for the targeted neighborhoods. The research team will use results from the environmental scan coupled with listening activities including attendance at community events, key informant interviews and focus groups to develop relationships and strong collaborations with the targeted neighborhood stakeholders. The relationship building between the research team and community will provide increased trust and engagement that will further enhance the effectiveness of the assessments completed with the targeted neighborhood. The assessments will help to empower communities to develop sustainable solutions and drive future work that will lead to future grant applications and larger-scale implementation in other community impact hub neighborhoods. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Through the community impact hub work, we will develop collaborative efforts with targeted neighborhoods with the greatest health inequities in the Marion County area. In partnership with these neighborhoods, we will build a foundation – a network of community collaborators and a focused plan – upon which we will improve the health outcomes of residents while learning best practices on how to do so.
4162 Improving Data Capacity and Predictive Capability of NSQIP-P Using Designed Sampling from Databases
Authors: Ingram Martha-Conley , Tian Yao , Mehrotra Sanjay , Apley Dan , Raval Mehul V 
Published: July 2020

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Designed sampling from databases (DSD) methods have been used to cross-check electronic medical records for errors, structure study design, and, we hypothesize, can be used to make data collection for surgical quality metrics more efficient, particularly within national databases. We plan to apply statistical and DSD methods to accomplish the following aims:
1.Identify the most important elements in managing post-operative pain2.Identify the most informative procedure or population-based targets to focus collection of additional, labor-intense detail surrounding adequacy of pain control (i.e., Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs)).METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Our study population includes all children, ages 1-18 years, captured in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Project-Pediatric (NSQIP-P) from 2019 to 2021. We plan to apply statistical (regression modeling) and DSD methods to accomplish the aims listed above. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: For Aim 1, we expect to identify patient, procedure, and perioperative pain management practices that influence postoperative pain. For Aim 2, we will focus on outcomes such as PROMs that are challenging to obtain. By applying DSD methods, we will identify specific procedure and/or population-based cohorts to capture PROMs and decrease data collection burdens, while maintaining power, as the project is scaled nationally to all of NSQIP-P. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Data from this study will inform expansion of NSQIP-P to collect novel outcomes of clinical and societal importance without prohibitively increasing data collection burden.
High levels of endemism and local differentiation in the fungal and algal symbionts of saxicolous lecideoid lichens along a latitudinal gradient in southern South America
Authors: Ruprecht Ulrike , Fernández-Mendoza Fernando , Türk Roman , Fryday Alan M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSaxicolous, lecideoid lichenized fungi have a cosmopolitan distribution but, being mostly cold adapted, are especially abundant in polar and high-mountain regions. To date, little is known of their origin or the extent of their trans-equatorial dispersal. Several mycobiont genera and species are thought to be restricted to either the Northern or the Southern Hemisphere, whereas others are thought to be widely distributed and occur in both hemispheres. However, these assumptions often rely on morphological analyses and lack supporting molecular genetic data. Also unknown is the extent of regional differentiation in the southern polar regions. An extensive set of lecideoid lichens (185 samples) was collected along a latitudinal gradient at the southern end of South America. Subantarctic climate conditions were maintained by increasing the elevation of the collecting sites with decreasing latitude. The investigated specimens were placed in a global context by including Antarctic and cosmopolitan sequences from other studies. For each symbiont three markers were used to identify intraspecific variation (mycobiont: ITS, mtSSU,RPB1; photobiont: ITS, psbJ-L, COX2). For the mycobiont, the saxicolous generaLecidea,Porpidia,PoeltideaandLecidellawere phylogenetically re-evaluated, along with their photobiontsAsterochlorisandTrebouxia. For several globally distributed species groups, the results show geographically highly differentiated subclades, classified as operational taxonomical units (OTUs), which were assigned to the different regions of southern South America (sSA). Furthermore, several small endemic and well-supported clades apparently restricted to sSA were detected at the species level for both symbionts.
Why do interest groups prioritise some policy issues over others? Explaining variation in the drivers of policy agendas
Authors: Fraussen Bert , Halpin Darren R. , Nownes Anthony J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractInterest groups cannot advocate on every issue they might consider relevant. They must decide what issues to prioritise and which ones to leave to one side. In this article, we examine how groups seek to balance different internal and external considerations when prioritizing issues, and which factors might explain variation in the relative strength of these drivers. We integrate data of a survey of national interest groups in Australia with findings from interviews with a cross section of high-profile groups. While the literature often suggests a clash between external political considerations and internal membership demands, we find that groups view these drivers as largely compatible. Our explanatory analysis points to the policy orientation and insider status of the group, its democratic character, and the extent to which it faces competition for membership contributions, as important factors shaping the relative strength of distinct drivers of internal agenda setting.
Daily grandchild care and grandparents' employment: a comparison of four European child-care policy regimes
Authors: Floridi Ginevra 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHaving grandchildren is known to reduce individuals’ labour supply. However, it is unclear whether there is a negative association between grandchild care provision and employment among grandparents. Moreover, we do not know how the magnitude of any association between the two activities may vary across countries characterised by different child-care policy regimes. Using data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, this paper investigates the association between daily grandchild care provision and two employment outcomes for grandmothers and grandfathers aged 50–69: the probability of being employed and the average weekly working hours. Recursive bivariate models are used to account for the potential selection of grandparents with different unobserved traits into work and family care. Estimates are compared across four country groups characterised by different child-care policy orientations: optional de-familisation, service de-familisation, supported familism and familism by default. On average, across 20 European countries, grandparents looking after grandchildren daily are no less likely to work than grandparents who do not; however, employed grandfathers work eight hours less per week if providing daily child care. Evidence of a negative association between daily grandchild care and employment is strongest in countries with familistic approaches to child care, with no association in countries characterised by optional de-familisation. This suggests that public support to child care may help retain grandparents in the labour force.
Measuring norms using social survey data
Authors: de Wit Juliette R. , Lisciandra Chiara 
Published: July 2020

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel measure of civic norm compliance. We combine the literature on norm compliance from institutional economics and social philosophy. Institutional economics draws on survey data to measure civic norms, whereas social philosophy offers a theoretical framework that proves fruitful when used to operationalize civic norms. This paper shows that significantly different results emerge when the operationalization of civic norms in institutional economics draws on the theoretical framework that social philosophy offers. Furthermore, this study is relevant for social philosophy too, as it shows the potential of survey data as a test-bed for philosophical theories of norm compliance.
Age of cow milk introduction and growth among 3–5-year-old children
Authors: Soczynska Izabela , Dai David , O’Connor Deborah L , Birken Catherine S , Maguire Jonathon L 
Published: July 2020

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the association between the age of cow milk introduction and childhood growth.Design:A secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study.Setting:Toronto, Canada.Participants:Healthy children <5 years of age enrolled in the TARGet Kids! practice-based research network. The primary exposure was the age of cow milk introduction. The primary outcome was height-for-age z-score. Secondary outcomes were volume of cow milk consumed (cups/d) and BMI z-score. Outcomes were measured at the last visit before 5 years of age. Multiple linear regression was used to examine these relationships.Results:Among 1981 children, introduction of cow milk at a younger age was associated with greater height by 3–5 years of age (P < 0·001). Each month earlier that cow milk was introduced was associated with 0·03 higher height-for-age z-score unit (95 % CI –0·05, –0·02) or 0·1 cm (95 % CI –0·15, –0·12 cm). At 4 years of age, the height difference between a child introduced to cow milk at 9 v. 12 months was 0·4 cm (95 % CI –0·45, –0·35 cm). There was no association between the timing of cow milk introduction and volume of cow milk consumed per day or BMI z-score.Conclusions:Earlier introduction of cow milk was associated with greater height but not with weight status in children aged 3–5 years. Further research is needed to understand the casual relationship between earlier cow milk consumption and childhood height. These findings may be important for paediatricians and parents when considering when to introduce cow milk.
A Very Young Age for True Polar Wander on Europa From Related Fracturing
Authors: Schenk Paul , Matsuyama Isamu , Nimmo Francis 
Published: July 2020

AbstractEn echelon fissures 100–300 km long on Europa are found to be concentric and external to arcuate troughs previously attributed to true polar wander (TPW) of Europa's ice shell, strengthening the case for TPW. Fissures are composed of parallel faults distributed over 10‐to‐20‐km‐wide zones, with deformation focused in a main fissure 1–2 km wide and up to 200 m deep. Fissures crosscut all known terrains, including (apparently) ejecta of bright ray crater Manannan, establishing that fissures and by inference TPW are among the most recent geologic events on Europa. Very late ~70° of TPW shell rotation requires that most observed structures on Europa are not in their original configuration with respect to other stress regimes, requiring complete reanalysis of Europa's strain history. If reorientation happened recently, we predict that any crater distribution asymmetries and shell thickness variations measured by Europa Clipper will be offset from expected equilibrium patterns.
Summer PM2.5 Pollution Extremes Caused by Wildfires Over the Western United States During 2017–2018
Authors: Xie Yuanyu , Lin Meiyun , Horowitz Larry W. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractUsing observations and model simulations (ESM4.1) during 1988–2018, we show large year‐to‐year variability in western U.S. PM2.5 pollution caused by regional and distant fires. Widespread wildfires, combined with stagnation, caused summer PM2.5 pollution in 2017 and 2018 to exceed 2 standard deviations over long‐term averages. ESM4.1 with a fire emission inventory constrained by satellite‐derived fire radiative energy and aerosol optical depth captures the observed surface PM2.5 means and extremes above the 35 μg/m3 U.S. air quality standard. However, aerosol emissions from the widely used Global Fire Emissions Database (GFED) must be increased by 5 times for ESM4.1 to match observations. On days when observed PM2.5 reached 35–175 μg/m3, wildfire emissions can explain 90% of total PM2.5, with smoke transported from Canada contributing 25–50% in northern states, according to model sensitivity simulations. Fire emission uncertainties pose challenges to accurately assessing the impacts of fire smoke on air quality, radiation, and climate.
Functional characterization of SOX2 as an anticancer target
Authors: Zhang Shizhen , Xiong Xiufang , Sun Yi 
Published: July 2020

AbstractSOX2 is a well-characterized pluripotent factor that is essential for stem cell self-renewal, reprogramming, and homeostasis. The cellular levels of SOX2 are precisely regulated by a complicated network at the levels of transcription, post-transcription, and post-translation. In many types of human cancer, SOX2 is dysregulated due to gene amplification and protein overexpression. SOX2 overexpression is associated with poor survival of cancer patients. Mechanistically, SOX2 promotes proliferation, survival, invasion/metastasis, cancer stemness, and drug resistance. SOX2 is, therefore, an attractive anticancer target. However, little progress has been made in the efforts to discover SOX2 inhibitors, largely due to undruggable nature of SOX2 as a transcription factor. In this review, we first briefly introduced SOX2 as a transcription factor, its domain structure, normal physiological functions, and its involvement in human cancers. We next discussed its role in embryonic development and stem cell-renewal. We then mainly focused on three aspects of SOX2: (a) the regulatory mechanisms of SOX2, including how SOX2 level is regulated, and how SOX2 cross-talks with multiple signaling pathways to control growth and survival; (b) the role of SOX2 in tumorigenesis and drug resistance; and (c) current drug discovery efforts on targeting SOX2, and the future perspectives to discover specific SOX2 inhibitors for effective cancer therapy.
Ab initio modeling of the energy landscape for screw dislocations in body-centered cubic high-entropy alloys
Authors: Yin Sheng , Ding Jun , Asta Mark , Ritchie Robert O. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn traditional body-centered cubic (bcc) metals, the core properties of screw dislocations play a critical role in plastic deformation at low temperatures. Recently, much attention has been focused on refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs), which also possess bcc crystal structures. However, unlike face-centered cubic high-entropy alloys (HEAs), there have been far fewer investigations into bcc HEAs, specifically on the possible effects of chemical short-range order (SRO) in these multiple principal element alloys on dislocation mobility. Here, using density functional theory, we investigate the distribution of dislocation core properties in MoNbTaW RHEAs alloys, and how they are influenced by SRO. The average values of the core energies in the RHEA are found to be larger than those in the corresponding pure constituent bcc metals, and are relatively insensitive to the degree of SRO. However, the presence of SRO is shown to have a large effect on narrowing the distribution of dislocation core energies and decreasing the spatial heterogeneity of dislocation core energies in the RHEA. It is argued that the consequences of the mechanical behavior of HEAs is a change in the energy landscape of the dislocations, which would likely heterogeneously inhibit their motion.
Bioactive glass granules S53P4 in osteotomy Le Fort I
Authors: de Souza Cruz Eduardo Luis , de Souza Fernando Jordão , de Menezes Lucas Machado , Tuji Fabrício Mesquita , Carneiro José Thiers 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe evaluated bioactive glass graft (S53P4) in patients undergoing Le Fort I osteotomy, with non-grafted patients as controls. Computed tomography facial scans of the 25 patients submitted for Le Fort I were divided into two groups: Group 1—S53P4 group and Group 2—without grafting. CT scans were analyzed in the immediate postoperative period (T1) and 6 months later (T2), for linear bone gap measurements, tomographic radiodensity and behavior of the maxillary sinus. A Kruskal–Wallis test on bone gap data adopted α significance levels (p ≤ 0.05). The Friedman test (p ≤ 0.05) was used to evaluate sinus reaction cores. For gap measurements, we observed a decrease in median data between T1 and T2 in both groups, with statistical significances observed between groups in T0; G1 presented statistical difference in its two studied times (p ≤ 0.0001). For bone density, the studied data behaved inversely. G1′s bone density decreased from T1 to T2, whereas in G2 there was an increase from T1 to T2. S53P4 did not elicit increased reactions and/or sinus infections in the G1 group (p ≥ 1.00). S53P4 did not impact on Le Fort I osteotomies as a coadjuvant and a favorable factor in bone formation, and appeared innocuous in the maxillary sinus.
Unveiling functional heterogeneity in breast cancer multicellular tumor spheroids through single-cell RNA-seq
Authors: Muciño-Olmos Erick Andrés , Vázquez-Jiménez Aarón , Avila-Ponce de León Ugo , Matadamas-Guzman Meztli , Maldonado Vilma , López-Santaella Tayde , Hernández-Hernández Abrahan , Resendis-Antonio Osbaldo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHeterogeneity is an intrinsic characteristic of cancer. Even in isogenic tumors, cell populations exhibit differential cellular programs that overall supply malignancy and decrease treatment efficiency. In this study, we investigated the functional relationship among cell subtypes and how this interdependency can promote tumor development in a cancer cell line. To do so, we performed single-cell RNA-seq of MCF7 Multicellular Tumor Spheroids as a tumor model. Analysis of single-cell transcriptomes at two-time points of the spheroid growth, allowed us to dissect their functional relationship. As a result, three major robust cellular clusters, with a non-redundant complementary composition, were found. Meanwhile, one cluster promotes proliferation, others mainly activate mechanisms to invade other tissues and serve as a reservoir population conserved over time. Our results provide evidence to see cancer as a systemic unit that has cell populations with task stratification with the ultimate goal of preserving the hallmarks in tumors.