bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening preemergence herbicides for weed control in cassava
Authors: Ekeleme Friday , Dixon Alfred , Atser Godwin , Hauser Stefan , Chikoye David , Olorunmaiye Patience M. , Olojede Adeyemi , Korie Sam , Weller Stephen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWeed competition severely constrains cassava root yield in sub-Saharan Africa; thus, good weed control measures, including the use of herbicides, are increasingly important. Herbicide trials were conducted at five locations across eastern, western, and north-central Nigeria over two cropping seasons (2014 and 2015). Nineteen premixed PRE herbicides applied at different rates were evaluated for efficacy on weeds and selectivity on cassava. Manual hoe-weeding at 4, 8, and 12 wk after planting (WAP) and two S-metolachlor + atrazine treatments commonly used by cassava growers were included for comparison. Six of the 19 PRE herbicide treatments (indaziflam + isoxaflutole, indaziflam + metribuzin, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone, isoxaflutole, acetochlor + atrazine + terbuthylazine, and terbuthylazine + S-metolachlor) consistently provided 80% to 98% broadleaf and grass weed control up to 8 wk after treatment. Overall, PRE herbicide treatments and cassava yield were significantly positively correlated. Herbicide treatments terbuthylazine + S-metolachlor, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone, diflufenican + flufenacet + flurtamone (respectively, 60 + 60 + 60, 120 + 120 + 120, 90 + 360 + 120, and 135 + 360 + 180 g ha−1), acetochlor + atrazine + terbuthylazine (875 + 875 + 875 g ha−1), S-metolachlor + atrazine (870 + 1,110 g ha−1), oxyfluorfen (240 g ha−1), indaziflam + isoxaflutole (75 + 225 g ha−1), indaziflam + metribuzin (75 + 960 g ha−1), and aclonifen + isoxaflutole (500 + 75 g ha−1) contributed to yields exceeding twice the Nigerian national average of 8.76 tonnes ha−1. These treatments had root yields of 1.4 to 2 times higher than plots that had been hoe-weeded three times. There were some adverse herbicide treatment effects such as delayed cassava sprouting and temporary leaf bleaching observed in indaziflam and diflufenican + flufenacet + flurtamone treatments, whereas sulfentrazone caused prolonged leaf crinkling. The PRE applications alone at rates safe for cassava did not provide adequate season-long weed control; supplemental POST weed control is needed about 10 WAP for satisfactory season-long control.
Structural Control on Megathrust Rupture and Slip Behavior: Insights From the 2016 Mw 7.8 Pedernales Ecuador Earthquake
Authors: Soto‐Cordero Lillian , Meltzer Anne , Bergman Eric , Hoskins Mariah , Stachnik Joshua C. , Agurto‐Detzel Hans , Alvarado Alexandra , Beck Susan , Charvis Philippe , Font Yvonne , Hayes Gavin P. , Hernandez Stephen , Lynner Colton , Leon‐Rios Sergio , Nocquet Jean‐Mathieu , Regnier Marc , Rietbrock Andreas , Rolandone Frederique , Ruiz Mario 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe heterogeneous seafloor topography of the Nazca Plate as it enters the Ecuador subduction zone provides an opportunity to document the influence of seafloor roughness on slip behavior and megathrust rupture. The 2016 Mw 7.8 Pedernales Ecuador earthquake was followed by a rich and active postseismic sequence. An internationally coordinated rapid response effort installed a temporary seismic network to densify coastal stations of the permanent Ecuadorian national seismic network. A combination of 82 onshore short and intermediate period and broadband seismic stations and six ocean bottom seismometers recorded the postseismic Pedernales sequence for over a year after the mainshock. A robust earthquake catalog combined with calibrated relocations for a subset of magnitude ≥4 earthquakes shows pronounced spatial and temporal clustering. A range of slip behavior accommodates postseismic deformation including earthquakes, slow slip events, and earthquake swarms. Models of plate coupling and the consistency of earthquake clustering and slip behavior through multiple seismic cycles reveal a segmented subduction zone primarily controlled by subducted seafloor topography, accreted terranes, and inherited structure. The 2016 Pedernales mainshock triggered moderate to strong earthquakes (5 ≤ M ≤ 7) and earthquake swarms north of the mainshock rupture close to the epicenter of the 1906 Mw 8.8 earthquake and in the segment of the subduction zone that ruptured in 1958 in a Mw 7.7 earthquake.
Toxicity of fatty acid profiles of popular edible oils in human EndoC-βH1 beta-cells
Authors: von Hanstein Anna-Sophie , Lenzen Sigurd , Plötz Thomas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAn inappropriate diet, particularly excessive consumption of dietary fats and oils, may have a major negative impact on beta-cell function and cause type 2 diabetes mellitus. To investigate this issue, we examined the toxicity of free fatty acid (FFA) compositions mirroring the FFA profiles of various popular edible oils in human EndoC-βH1 beta-cells and in rat islets. For this purpose, we made compositions consisting exclusively of various FFAs in different volumetric percentages mimicking these oils and additionally mixtures of these compositions. Human EndoC-βH1 beta-cells were incubated with different oil compositions and the toxicity, lipid droplet formation, ER-stress, and H2O2 production were analyzed. Compositions with prominent content of saturated as well as unsaturated long-chain FFAs showed moderate but significant toxicity both in human EndoC-βH1 beta-cells and rat islets, however, without further measurable metabolic impairments. On the other hand compositions with high content of medium-chain FFAs revealed no toxicity. A composition with 50% of the very long-chain unsaturated FFA erucic acid caused high toxicity with concomitant peroxisomal H2O2 production. The toxicity of FFAs to human EndoC-βH1 beta-cells was dampened in mixtures of FFA compositions with a significant content of medium-chain FFAs, but not with a significant proportion of unsaturated FFAs.
Protein expression of prenyltransferase subunits in postmortem schizophrenia dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Authors: Pinner Anita L. , Mueller Toni M. , Alganem Khaled , McCullumsmith Robert , Meador-Woodruff James H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe pathophysiology of schizophrenia includes altered neurotransmission, dysregulated intracellular signaling pathway activity, and abnormal dendritic morphology that contribute to deficits of synaptic plasticity in the disorder. These processes all require dynamic protein–protein interactions at cell membranes. Lipid modifications target proteins to membranes by increasing substrate hydrophobicity by the addition of a fatty acid or isoprenyl moiety, and recent evidence suggests that dysregulated posttranslational lipid modifications may play a role in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Consistent with these emerging findings, we have recently reported decreased protein S-palmitoylation in schizophrenia. Protein prenylation is a lipid modification that occurs upstream of S-palmitoylation on many protein substrates, facilitating membrane localization and activity of key intracellular signaling proteins. Accordingly, we hypothesized that, in addition to palmitoylation, protein prenylation may be abnormal in schizophrenia. To test this, we assayed protein expression of the five prenyltransferase subunits (FNTA, FNTB, PGGT1B, RABGGTA, and RABGGTB) in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from patients with schizophrenia and paired comparison subjects (n = 13 pairs). We found decreased levels of FNTA (14%), PGGT1B (13%), and RABGGTB (8%) in schizophrenia. To determine whether upstream or downstream factors may be driving these changes, we also assayed protein expression of the isoprenoid synthases FDPS and GGPS1 and prenylation-dependent processing enzymes RCE and ICMT. We found these upstream and downstream enzymes to have normal protein expression. To rule out effects from chronic antipsychotic treatment, we assayed FNTA, PGGT1B, and RABGGTB in the cortex from rats treated long-term with haloperidol decanoate and found no change in the expression of these proteins. Given the role prenylation plays in localization of key signaling proteins found at the synapse, these data offer a potential mechanism underlying abnormal protein–protein interactions and protein localization in schizophrenia.
Stress impacts sensory variability through cortical sensory activity motifs
Authors: McGirr Alexander , LeDue Jeffrey , Chan Allen W. , Boyd James D. , Metzak Paul D. , Murphy Timothy H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMedically unexplained symptoms in depression are common. These individual-specific complaints are often considered an ‘idiom of distress’, yet animal studies suggest that cortical sensory representations are flexible and influenced by spontaneous cortical activity. We hypothesized that stress would reveal activity dynamics in somatosensory cortex resulting in greater sensory-evoked response variability. Using millisecond resolution in vivo voltage sensitive dye (VSD) imaging in mouse neocortex, we characterized spontaneous regional depolarizations within limb and barrel regions of somatosensory cortex, or spontaneous sensory motifs, and their influence on sensory variability. Stress revealed an idiosyncratic increase in spontaneous sensory motifs that is normalized by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment. Spontaneous motif frequency is associated with increased variability in sensory-evoked responses, and we optogenetically demonstrate that regional depolarization in somatosensory cortex increases sensory-evoked variability for seconds. This reveals a putative circuit level target for changes in sensory processing and for unexplained physical complaints in stress-related psychopathology.
A disinhibitory nigra-parafascicular pathway amplifies seizure in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Chen Bin , Xu Cenglin , Wang Yi , Lin Wenkai , Wang Ying , Chen Liying , Cheng Heming , Xu Lingyu , Hu Tingting , Zhao Junli , Dong Ping , Guo Yi , Zhang Shihong , Wang Shuang , Zhou Yudong , Hu Weiwei , Duan Shuming , Chen Zhong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe precise circuit of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) involved in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is still unclear. Here we found that optogenetic or chemogenetic activation of SNr parvalbumin+ (PV) GABAergic neurons amplifies seizure activities in kindling- and kainic acid-induced TLE models, whereas selective inhibition of these neurons alleviates seizure activities. The severity of seizures is bidirectionally regulated by optogenetic manipulation of SNr PV fibers projecting to the parafascicular nucleus (PF). Electrophysiology combined with rabies virus-assisted circuit mapping shows that SNr PV neurons directly project to and functionally inhibit posterior PF GABAergic neurons. Activity of these neurons also regulates seizure activity. Collectively, our results reveal that a long-range SNr-PF disinhibitory circuit participates in regulating seizure in TLE and inactivation of this circuit can alleviate severity of epileptic seizures. These findings provide a better understanding of pathological changes from a circuit perspective and suggest a possibility to precisely control epilepsy.
The first Australian plant foods at Madjedbebe, 65,000–53,000 years ago
Authors: Florin S. Anna , Fairbairn Andrew S. , Nango May , Djandjomerr Djaykuk , Marwick Ben , Fullagar Richard , Smith Mike , Wallis Lynley A. , Clarkson Chris 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThere is little evidence for the role of plant foods in the dispersal of early modern humans into new habitats globally. Researchers have hypothesised that early movements of human populations through Island Southeast Asia and into Sahul were driven by the lure of high-calorie, low-handling-cost foods, and that the use of plant foods requiring processing was not common in Sahul until the Holocene. Here we present the analysis of charred plant food remains from Madjedbebe rockshelter in northern Australia, dated to between 65 kya and 53 kya. We demonstrate that Australia’s earliest known human population exploited a range of plant foods, including those requiring processing. Our finds predate existing evidence for such subsistence practices in Sahul by at least 23ky. These results suggest that dietary breadth underpinned the success of early modern human populations in this region, with the expenditure of labour on the processing of plants guaranteeing reliable access to nutrients in new environments.
Convergent Evolution of Boats with Sails
Authors: Bejan A. , Ferber L. , Lorente S. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article unveils the geometric characteristics of boats with sails of many sizes, covering the range 102–105 kg. Data from one hundred boat models are collected and tabulated. The data show distinct trends of convergent evolution across the entire range of sizes, namely: (i) the proportionality between beam and draft, (ii) the proportionality between overall boat length and beam, and (iii) the proportionality between mast height and overall boat length. The review shows that the geometric aspect ratios (i)–(iii) are predictable from the physics of evolution toward architectures that offer greater flow access through the medium.
Multiple Growth Factor Targeting by Engineered Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Augments EGF Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Efficacy
Authors: Wang Elizabeth A. , Chen Wan-Yu , Wong Chi-Huey 
Published: February 2020

AbstractResistance to cancer therapy is a challenge because of innate tumor heterogeneity and constant tumor evolution. Since the pathway of resistance cannot be predicted, combination therapies may address this progression. We discovered that in addition to IGF1 and IGF2, IGFBP-3 binds bFGF, HGF, neuregulin, and PDGF AB with nanomolar affinity. Because growth factors drive resistance, simultaneous inhibition of multiple growth factor pathways may improve the efficacy of precision therapy. Growth factor sequestration by IGFBP-3-Fc enhances the activity of EGFR inhibitors by decreasing cell survival and inhibiting bFGF, HGF, and IGF1 growth factor rescue and also potentiates the activity of other cancer drugs. Inhibition of tumor growth in vivo with adjuvant IGFBP-3-Fc with erlotinib versus erlotinib after treatment cessation supports that the combination reduces cell survival. Inhibition of multiple growth factor pathways may postpone resistance and extend progression-free survival in many cancer indications.
Spin-structures of the Bose-Einstein condensates with three kinds of spin-1 atoms
Authors: He Y. Z. , Liu Y. M. , Bao C. G. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe have performed a quantum mechanic calculation (including solving the coupled Gross-Pitaevskii equations to obtain the spatial wave functions, and diagonalizing the spin-dependent Hamiltonian in the spin-space to obtain the total spin state) together with an analytical analysis based on a classical model. Then, according to the relative orientations of the spins SA, SB and SC of the three species, the spin-structures of the ground state can be classified into two types. In Type-I the three spins are either parallel or anti-parallel to each other, while in Type-II they point to different directions but remain to be coplanar. Moreover, according to the magnitudes of SA, SB and SC, the spin-structures can be further classified into four kinds, namely, p + p + p (all atoms of each species are in singlet-pairs), one species in f (fully polarized) and two species in q (a mixture of polarized atoms and singlet-pairs), two in f and one in q, and f + f + f. Other combinations are not allowed. The scopes of the parameters that supports a specific spin-structure have been specified. A number of spin-structure-transitions have been found. For Type-I, the critical values at which a transition takes place are given by simple analytical formulae, therefore these values can be predict.
PEGylated nano-graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for delivering mixed anticancer drugs to improve anticancer activity
Authors: Pei Xibo , Zhu Zhou , Gan Zhoujie , Chen Junyu , Zhang Xin , Cheng Xinting , Wan Qianbing , Wang Jian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDue to their high specific surface area, graphene oxide and graphene oxide-base nanoparticles have great potential both in dual-drug delivery and combination chemotherapy. Herein, we developed cisplatin (Pt) and doxorubicin (DOX) dual-drug-loaded PEGylated nano-graphene oxide (pGO) to facilitate combined chemotherapy in one system. In this study, nano-sized pGO-Pt/DOX ranged around 161.50 nm was fabricated and characterized using zeta-potential, AFM, TEM, Raman, UV-Vis, and FTIR analyses. The drug delivery efficacy of Pt was enhanced through the introduction of pGO, and the final weight ratio of DOX: Pt: pGO was optimized to 0.376: 0.376: 1. In vitro studies revealed that pGO-Pt/DOX nanoparticles could be effectively delivered into tumor cells, in which they induced prominent cell apoptosis and necrosis and exhibited higher growth inhibition than the single drug delivery system or free drugs. The pGO-Pt/DOX induced the most prominent cancer cell apoptosis and necrosis rate with 18.6%, which was observed almost 2 times higher than that of pGO-Pt or pGO-DOX groups. in the apoptosis and necrotic quadrants In vivo data confirmed that the pGO-Pt/DOX dual-drug delivery system attenuated the toxicity of Pt and DOX to normal organs compared to free drugs. The tumor inhibition data, histopathology observations, and immunohistochemical staining confirmed that the dual-drug delivery system presented a better anticancer effect than free drugs. These results clearly indicated that the pGO-Pt/DOX dual-drug delivery system provided the means for combination drug delivery in cancer treatment.
Similar levels of emotional contagion in male and female rats
Authors: Han Yingying , Sichterman Bo , Carrillo Maria , Gazzola Valeria , Keysers Christian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEmotional contagion, the ability to feel what other individuals feel without necessarily understanding the feeling or knowing its source, is thought to be an important element of social life. In humans, emotional contagion has been shown to be stronger in women than men. Emotional contagion has been shown to exist also in rodents, and a growing number of studies explore the neural basis of emotional contagion in male rats and mice. Here we explore whether there are sex differences in emotional contagion in rats. We use an established paradigm in which a demonstrator rat receives footshocks while freezing is measured in both the demonstrator and an observer rat. The two rats can hear, smell and see each other. By comparing pairs of male rats with pairs of female rats, we found (i) that female demonstrators froze less when submitted to footshocks, but that (ii) the emotional contagion response, i.e. the degree of influence across the rats, did not depend on the sex of the rats. This was true whether emotional contagion was quantified based on the slope of a regression linking demonstrator and observer average freezing, or on Granger causality estimates of moment-to-moment freezing. The lack of sex differences in emotional contagion is compatible with an interpretation of emotional contagion as serving selfish danger detection.
Stechmückenübertragene Krankheiten in Zeiten des globalen Wandels
Authors: Beierkuhnlein Carl , Thomas Stephanie Margarete 
Published: February 2020

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn jüngster Zeit wurden verschiedene stechmückenübertragene Krankheiten erstmalig in Europa autochthon übertragen. Eine Kombination von Veränderungen greift hier ineinander. Zunächst wurden nicht heimische und sich invasiv ausbreitende kompetente Stechmücken (Insekten) nach Europa eingeschleppt. Außerdem nimmt die Reisetätigkeit kontinuierlich zu, und damit die Einschleppung potenziell übertragbarer Pathogene. Der Klimawandel verbessert die Lebensbedingungen der Stechmücken, fördert deren Etablierung in neuen Gebieten und mit wärmeren Temperaturen werden zunehmend Bedingungen für die Krankheitsübertragung erfüllt. Bisher konnten viele solcher Reisekrankheiten nicht übertragen werden, da die kompetenten Vektoren fehlten. Es kann deshalb sein, dass solche Krankheiten nicht richtig oder frühzeitig erkannt werden und somit weitere Übertragungen erfolgen können. Es gilt, solche neuen Risiken durch fächerübergreifende Kommunikation einzugrenzen.
Behandlung von Sportverletzungen mit pflanzlichen Externa
Authors: Chrubasik-Hausmann Sigrun 
Published: February 2020

SummarySymphytum officinale L. und Arnica montana L. werden im “Traditional Use” häufig bei Sportverletzungen topisch angewendet. Bei Sportlern sind die Phytotherapeutika wegen entzündungshemmender, schmerzlindernder und abschwellender Wirkungen bei stumpfen Sportverletzungen beliebt. Der Beitrag fasst die aktuelle Datenlage, die Indikationen zusammen und gibt Hinweise zur Dosierung und Applikation.
Zum Gesundheitszustand Hochschulbeschäftigter im Altersgang am Beispiel aerober Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit und der Einfluss sportlicher Aktivität
Authors: Wegener Florian , Preuß Hartmut 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungNeben dem natürlichen Alterungsprozess ist insbesondere die körperliche Inaktivität für die Abnahme der Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit im Altersgang verantwortlich zu machen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung besteht zunächst in der Einschätzung der Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit Hochschulbeschäftigter. Hierfür erfolgt anschließend der Vergleich sportlich aktiver (≥ 2 Stunden Sport / Woche) und inaktiver (< 2 Stunden Sport / Woche) Personen. Die retrospektiv durchgeführte Untersuchung an 218 Rostocker Hochschulbeschäftigten zeigt für die Gesamtstichprobe eine im IPN-Test erhobene leicht überdurchschnittliche Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit. Beginnend mit dem mittleren Erwachsenenalter nimmt diese unabhängig vom Sporttyp deutlich ab (p < 0,05). In den Altersgruppen der 30–44-Jährigen und der 45–60-Jährigen weisen sportlich Aktive wesentlich bessere Werte als sportlich Inaktive auf (p < 0,05). Die Ergebnisse zeigen außerdem, dass Aktive 45–60-Jährige eine annähernd vergleichbare Ausdauerleistungsfähigkeit wie die Inaktiven 30–40-Jährigen erreichen. Der altersbedingte Rückgang ab dem mittleren Lebensalter kann nicht gänzlich aufgehalten, aber über sportliche Aktivität um zumindest eine Altersklasse erhalten und deutlich begünstigt werden. Unter Nutzung der vorliegenden Ergebnisse kann die Organisation und Bewertung von Interventionen zur Gesundheitsförderung im Hochschulwesen gezielter erfolgen.
A qualidade da alimentação para suprir as necessidades de energia de crianças, jovens e adultos
Authors: de Almeida Carlos Alberto Nogueira , Fernandes Geórgia de Castro 
Published: February 2020

RESUMOO artigo discute sobre a importância da energia na garantia de uma alimentação saudável. São abordadas questões relativas à distribuição da necessidade energética diária, as principais fontes e o balanço energético no ser humano.
Nutrology and type 2 diabetes: Nutrient pathophysiology and the transition from health to disease
Authors: Cersosimo Eugenio , de Oliveira José Eduardo Dutra 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACTFrom a Nutrology point of view, type 2 diabetes is a multi-factorial form of clinical “malnutrition” resulting from the intake of an imbalanced diet in combination with adverse environmental conditions and in the presence of predisposing genetic factors. In this review article, we present evidence of a close association between clinical obesity in a specific genetic background as the pillars of the process underlying the development of type 2 diabetes. We review the basics of the energy balance and the role of fat storage and body distribution in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. We describe some molecular aspects of nutrients under normal physiology and during the metabolic and hormonal abnormalities that accompany type 2 diabetes. We conclude with a brief discussion of the principles behind popular dietary recommendations aimed at preventing the full development of diabetes mellitus and its complications.