bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field evaluation of four commercial light traps, trap placement, and effect of carbon dioxide on phlebotomine sand fly collection in Thailand
Authors: Somwang Puckavadee , Khositharattanakool Pathamet , Pathawong Nattaphol , Pongsiri Arissara , Davidson Silas A. , Ponlawat Alongkot 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background
Several light trap devices have been invented and developed to assess the abundance of sand flies. Traps available in the market have different designs and attractant combinations to catch sand fly vectors. We evaluated the efficacy of four commercial light traps and determined the effect of trap placement and carbon dioxide (CO2) on sand fly collection in northern Thailand.
Methods
Trap evaluations were conducted at two natural caves located in Chiang Rai province, Thailand. In the first part of the study, the efficacies of four trap types including the Centers for Disease Control miniature light trap (CDC LT), Encephalitis Vector Survey trap (EVS), CDC Updraft Blacklight trap (CDC UB), and Laika trap (LK) were evaluated and compared using a Latin square experimental design. The second half of the study evaluated the influence of trap placement and CO2 on sand fly collection. Additionally, CDC LT were placed inside, outside, and at the entrance of caves to compare the number of sand flies collected.
Results
For the trap efficacy experiment, a total of 11,876 phlebotomine sand flies were collected over 32 trap-nights. Results demonstrated that CDC LT, CDC UB, and LK collected significantly more sand flies than EVS (P > 0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the numbers of sand flies collected by CDC LT, CDC UB, and LK. A total of 6,698 sand flies were collected from the trap placement and CO2 experiment over 72 trap-nights. Results showed that CO2 did not influence the numbers of sand flies captured (P < 0.05), whereas trap placement at the entrance of the caves resulted in collection of significantly more sand flies than traps placed inside and outside of the caves.
Conclusion
We found the CDC LT, CDC UB, and LK without CO2 captured the greatest amount of sand flies. This was particularly observed when traps were placed at the entrance of a cave, perhaps because of the greater passage of stimuli caused by wind flow at the entrance of the cave. The light traps in this study can be used effectively to collect sand fly vectors in northern Thailand.
Model for Utilizing Distance Learning post COVID-19 using (PACT)™ A Cross Sectional Qualitative Study
Authors: Ahmed Samar A , Hegazy Nagwa Nashat , Malak Hany W. Abdel , Kayser Cliff W. , Elrafie Noha M , Hassanien Mohammed , Al-Hayani Abdulmonem A , Saadany Sherif A El , AI-Youbi Abdulrahman O , Shehata Mohamed Hany Kamel 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background COVID -19 pandemic pressured medical schools globally to shift to Distance learning (DL) as an alternative way to make sure that the content delivered is satisfactory for student progression.Methods This qualitative study aimed to develop a model for utilizing DL using The Polarity Approach for Continuity and Transformation (PACT)™. A virtual mapping session was held with 79 faculty from 19 countries. They worked in small groups to determine upsides and downsides of face-to-face and DL subsequently. An initial polarity map was generated identifying five tension areas; Faculty, Students, Curriculum, Social aspects and Logistics. A 32-item assessment tool was generated based on this map, piloted and then distributed as a self-administered assessment. The outcomes of this assessment were utilized for another mapping session to discuss warning signs and actions to maintain upsides and avoid downsides of each method.Results Participants agreed that face-to-face teaching allows them to inspire students and have meaningful connections with them. Participants agreed that DL provides a good environment for most students. However, students with financial challenges and special needs may not have equal chances to access technology. As regards social issues, participants agreed that face-to-face learning provides a better chance for professionalism through enhanced team-work. Cognitive, communication and clinical skills are best achieved in face-to-face. Participants agreed that logistics for conducting DL is much more complicated when compared to face-to-face learning. Participants identified around 10 warning signs for each method that need to be continuously monitored in order to minimize the drawbacks. Action steps were determined to ensure best experience in either method.Conclusion In order to plan for the future, we need to understand the dynamics of education within the context of polarities. Educators need to understand that the choice of DL, although was imposed as a no-alternative solution during the COVID era, yet it has always existed as a possible alternative and will continue to exist after this era. The value of polarity mapping and leveraging allows us to maximize the benefit of each method and guide educators' decisions to minimize the downsides for the good of the learning process.
The roles of E2Fs in gastric cancer: the transcription factors E2F1/2/3/4/5 as potential therapeutic targets and E2F6/7/8 as new prognostic biomarkers in gastric cancer
Authors: Li Hui , Zhao Shufen , Shen Liwei , Wang Peige , Liu Shihai , Ma Yingji , Liang Zhiwei , Wang Gongjun , Lv Jing , Qiu Wensheng 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Background E2F is a family of transcription factor proteins with multiple functions; E2F proteins are involved in cell cycle regulation, cell differentiation, the DNA damage response and cell death. Studies have shown that E2Fs have prognostic significance in many cancers, but the expression patterns and prognostic values of E2Fs in gastric cancer have not been systematically elucidated. Methods In this study, we used the ONCOMINE database and UALCAN online analysis website to compare the transcriptional levels and expression of eight E2F family members between gastric cancer and normal samples. UALCAN was also used to analyze the relationship between the expression of 8 E2F members and clinicopathological parameters. The prognostic value of the E2Fs were determined by Kaplan-Meier Plotter. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING database. The functions and pathways of E2F family and its neighboring 50 frequently changed genes were analyzed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) software. Finally, quantitative PCR was used to verify the expression of E2Fs in gastric cancer cells. Results The expression patterns of 8 E2F members were significantly related to the clinical cancer stage and tumor grade of gastric cancer patients. High mRNA expression of E2F1/2/3/4/5 was a prognostic factor for poor OS in gastric cancer patients, while high expression of E2F6/7/8 was associated with better OS. In addition, a high mutation rate (46%) for E2Fs was observed in patients with gastric cancer. The expression levels of E2F1/2/3/5/8 in AGS and HGC27 cell lines were higher than those in normal cells, while E2F7 showed the opposite trend. Conclusions In summary, these results indicate that E2F1/2/3/4/5 can be used as potential therapeutic targets in gastric cancer, and E2F6/7/8 can be used as new prognostic markers to improve the survival rate and prognostic accuracy in gastric cancer.
Urban and Peri-urban Milk Market Channel Choice Using Multivariate Probit Approach: Evidence from Arsi Highland of Ethiopia
Authors: Zeleke Bedilu Demissie , Assegidaw Endashaw Terefe , . Abiot Deddefo 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This article aims at analyzing the factors that affect urban and peri-urban dairy farmers’ milk market channel choice in the Arsi Highland of Ethiopia. The reason for focusing on milk is because the product is a key dairy product that contributes to dairy households' economic development, employment creation, and a pathway out of poverty. Four milk marketing channels were thoroughly investigated: a) cooperative channel, b) cafeteria/restaurant channel, c) consumer channel, and d) assembler/trader channel. Primary data collected from 259 dairy farmers through a field survey were used to analyze the simultaneous selection of multiple milk marketing channels. A multivariate probit approach was used and showed that market distance, milk production, artificial insemination (AI), market satisfaction, contractual agreement, quality management, cooperative membership, average milk price, number of the dairy cow, and quantity of milk sold affected farmers milk marketing channel choice. The outcome suggests that policies aimed at strengthening the use of well-organized milk cooperative to access appropriate technology; enhancing milk quality management to ensure milk safety along the milk channel; introducing milk quality incentives; promoting vertical coordination through strengthening the existing informal contractual agreement; establishing advanced milk payment system and improving the volume of milk production could enhance the distribution channel of the study area milk marketing particularly, and developing nation generally.
COVID-19 Associated Coagulopathy In The Setting of Underlying Malignancy
Authors: Lim Su Lin , Chan Kok Hoe , Guron Gunwant , Shaaban Hamid S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated coagulopathy is growingly recognized as the predictor for morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) have been increasingly observed in COVID-19 patients. Nonetheless, there are no consensus guidelines on the use of therapeutic coagulation in this group of patients. We herein presenting a unique case of a COVID-19 patient with metastatic ovarian cancer who presented with DVT/PE despite being on therapeutic anticoagulation, highlighting the unpredictability of COVID-19 associated coagulopathy. This is to raise the awareness that thrombophilic state in metastatic malignancies is potentially augmented by COVID-19. We also discussed the complexity of making anticoagulation treatment decision in COVID-19 patients in the absence of evidence-based guidelines.
Study of Radiation Damage with the Radiation Workers by Low Dose Irradiation
Authors: Liu Gang , Li Ye 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objective To explore the sensitivity index of radiation injury of radiation workers was analyzed and investigate whether the body changes and radiation doses of workers exposed to low-dose radiation have a dose-effect relationship. Methods The occupational health monitoring data of radiology staff were analyzed by retrospectively. Results Individual dose monitoring data, interventional radiology workers had the highest average cumulative annual dose, 0.86mSv. Lens opacity has a high detection rate, Compared with the control group, the lymphocyte count was increased. Annual cumulative dose reached 2.04 mSv, and single cycle average dose reached 1.62 mSv, dicentric chromosome was detected. Conclusions Radiation workers have certain radiation damage, and the focus is on those engaged in interventional radiology. The chromosome aberration rate was highest in people with more than 20 years of working life. Annual cumulative dose reached 2.04 mSv, and single cycle average dose reached 1.62 mSv, dicentric chromosome was detected, it suggests that the chromosome aberration analysis is an important index in occupational health monitoring of radiological workers.
Dissemination of Plasmid-Mediated Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzymes Among MDR Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates from a Tertiary Care Egyptian Hospital
Authors: Tawfick Mahmoud M. , Rady Hamada F. , El-Borhamy Mervat I. , Maraqa Anwar D. 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most challenging multidrug-resistant (MDR) nosocomial pathogens worldwide. Aminoglycosides are used for the treatment of A. baumannii infections, however, resistance to aminoglycosides is currently emerging, limiting therapeutic choices.

Objective:
In this study, the prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance and plasmid-mediated mechanisms of aminoglycoside resistance were investigated in A. baumannii clinical isolates collected from ICU patients at a tertiary care hospital in Egypt.

Methods:
The automated Vitek 2 system was used to identify A. baumannii species and determination of the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. The identification of A. baumannii was confirmed by the detection of the blaOXA-51-like gene intrinsic to this species. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of gentamicin was determined using E-test following the CLSI breakpoints. Isolates were screened for the prevalence and diversity of the plasmid-carried aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes encoding genes aacC1, aadA1, aadB and aphA6. For genetic diversity analysis, the ERIC-PCR method was performed.

Results:
All A. baumannii isolates were MDR with high resistance rates to tested antimicrobials. The resistance rate to gentamicin was 92.9% with elevated MICs (≥ 32 μg/mL). The gentamicin-resistant isolates harboured one or more of the studied genes with the prevalence of aphA6 (81%). ERIC-based genotyping revealed that there was no evidence of A. baumannii clonal dissemination among isolates.

Conclusion:
The study concluded that MDR A. baumannii isolates were highly resistant to gentamicin. The plasmid-carried aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes encoding genes were disseminated among isolates with the AphA6 gene, which was the most prevalent one. The acquisition of more than one aminoglycoside resistance gene was associated with an elevated MIC of gentamicin. Thus, regular surveillance studies of the emerging resistance to antimicrobials and strict measures to control the dissemination of resistance determinants genes are warranted.
Effect of Pentoxifylline on Organ Dysfunction and Mortality in Severe Sepsis
Authors: Elgendy Hanaa A. , Ibrahim Haytham M. , Hasan Bahaa Eldeen E. , Elkawe Amr Sobhy A. 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Sepsis and infection are among the leading causes of death world-wide. The annual burden of sepsis in high-income countries is rising with a mortality rate of 40% and 90% of the worldwide deaths from pneumonia, meningitis or other infections occur in less developed countries. This study was performed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of pentoxifylline as an adjuvant therapy in septic patients and its effect on multiple organ dysfunction and mortality in septic patients.

Methods:
This randomized, double-blinded prospective study was conducted from October 2017 to November 2018, which included a total sample size of 52 cases of septic patients. Organ dysfunction was used as a primary outcome with proposed large effect size ((0.8) and alfa =0.05 and power=0.80, so, 26 cases were needed in each group). Secondary outcomes were inflammatory markers C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and pro-calcitonin, duration of hospital stay, need for hemodialysis, need for vasopressor & inotropes, need for mechanical ventilation and 28 days survival.

Results:
Fifty-two patients with sepsis were divided in 1: 1 ratio to receive pentoxifylline or not. The average age of the included patients was almost 53 years, chest disorders were the main cause of sepsis in both groups. There were no statistically significant differences between both groups in terms of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, lactate level, CRP level and pro-calcitonin level. As regards secondary outcomes, there were no statistically significant differences between study’s groups in terms of length of hospital stay (p =0.707), need for hemodialysis (p =0.541), need for vasopressor & inotropes (p =0.249), need for mechanical ventilation (p =0.703), and 28 days survival (p =0.5).

Conclusion:
We concluded that pentoxifylline as an adjuvant therapy in septic patients had no significant influence on multiple organ dysfunction and mortality.
Looming of Ecological Toxinology
Authors: Liu Zhirui , Zhou You , De Lima Maria Elena , Ji Yonghua 
Published: May 2020

:
Ecological and environmental management are key factors governing the sustainable
development of society. For years, persistent and severe problems have occurred in many aspects
that have greatly influenced the environment with the rise of economy and technology worldwide.
Although efforts have been made to reduce the pollutants, it remains a substantial problem to be
solved due to the lack of knowledge of ecological toxinology. In this review, we will begin with
several ecological disasters happened in past decades, originated from toxic pollutants, human activity,
venomous species and deadly virus. By exemplifying the long-lasting influence and cause of
these biological events, extensive warning and social recognition will hopefully be promoted. Furthermore,
from a more academic view, this review will also propose new thinking on some public
concerns, such as the unexpected prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), transgenic
food and beyond this. Finally, by combining the ongoing advances in techniques, ways to
make a reasonable use of these bio-toxins will be approached, which may help to balance the relationship
of environment, human life and economic development.
Medical Knowledge Graph to Enhance Fraud, Waste, and Abuse Detection on Claim Data: Model Development and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Sun Haixia , Xiao Jin , Zhu Wei , He Yilong , Zhang Sheng , Xu Xiaowei , Hou Li , Li Jiao , Ni Yuan , Xie Guotong 
Published: May 2020

Background
Fraud, Waste, and Abuse (FWA) detection is a significant yet challenging problem in the health insurance industry. An essential step in FWA detection is to check whether the medication is clinically reasonable with respect to the diagnosis. Currently, human experts with sufficient medical knowledge are required to perform this task. To reduce the cost, insurance inspectors tend to build an intelligent system to detect suspicious claims with inappropriate diagnoses/medications automatically.

Objective
The aim of this study was to develop an automated method for making use of a medical knowledge graph to identify clinically suspected claims for FWA detection.

Methods
First, we identified the medical knowledge that is required to assess the clinical rationality of the claims. We then searched for data sources that contain information to build such knowledge. In this study, we focused on Chinese medical knowledge. Second, we constructed a medical knowledge graph using unstructured knowledge. We used a deep learning–based method to extract the entities and relationships from the knowledge sources and developed a multilevel similarity matching approach to conduct the entity linking. To guarantee the quality of the medical knowledge graph, we involved human experts to review the entity and relationships with lower confidence. These reviewed results could be used to further improve the machine-learning models. Finally, we developed the rules to identify the suspected claims by reasoning according to the medical knowledge graph.

Results
We collected 185,796 drug labels from the China Food and Drug Administration, 3390 types of disease information from medical textbooks (eg, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis), and information from 5272 examinations as the knowledge sources. The final medical knowledge graph includes 1,616,549 nodes and 5,963,444 edges. We designed three knowledge graph reasoning rules to identify three kinds of inappropriate diagnosis/medications. The experimental results showed that the medical knowledge graph helps to detect 70% of the suspected claims.

Conclusions
The medical knowledge graph–based method successfully identified suspected cases of FWA (such as fraud diagnosis, excess prescription, and irrational prescription) from the claim documents, which helped to improve the efficiency of claim processing.
FORWARD LOOKING DISCLOSURE INDEX: KOMPARASI PREDIKSI KEBANGRUTAN PERUSAHAAN
Authors: Widjajanto Fransiska Natasya , Kristanto Ari Budi , Rita Maria Rio 
Published: May 2020

<em>Valid information content is a useful input for stakeholders in making a decision. This study aims to examine the differences in the Forward Looking Disclosure Index (FLDI) in companies detected in bankruptcy in 2017 by comparing previous annual reports (T-5). The population consisted of non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in the period 2013 and 2017. The samples were determined using a purposive sampling technique and obtained as many as 77 companies. Tests were carried out using the Altman Z-Score Modification Method to find out the number of detected companies went bankrupt in 2017. Thirty items of quantitative and qualitative FLDI were measured using the disclosure index. The results showed that there were differences in FLDI in companies detected as bankrupt in 2013 and 2017. The difference was shown by an increase in qualitative disclosures when companies were detected as bankrupt or experiencing financial difficulties. This difference is captured by stakeholders as a signal of financial difficulties experienced by companies, even further can be a warning of potential bankruptcy.</em><div> </div><div> </div><div>Kandungan informasi yang valid menjadi input yang bermanfaat bagi para pemangku kepentingan dalam mengambil suatu keputusan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji perbedaan <em>Forward Looking Disclosure Index</em> (FLDI) pada perusahaan yang terdeteksi bangkrut di tahun 2017 dengan membandingkan laporan tahunan sebelumnya (T-5). Populasi terdiri dari perusahaan-perusahaan nonkeuangan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode 2013 dan 2017. Sampel ditetapkan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling dan diperoleh sebanyak 77 perusahaan. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan Metode Modifikasi Altman Z-Score untuk mengetahui jumlah perusahaan yang terdeteksi bangkrut pada tahun 2017. Sebanyak 30 item kuantitatif dan kualitatif FLDI diukur dengan menggunakan indeks pengungkapan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan FLDI pada perusahaan yang terdeteksi bangkrut tahun 2013 dengan 2017. Perbedaan tersebut ditunjukkan dari peningkatan pengungkapan secara kualitatif ketika perusahaan terdeteksi bangkrut atau mengalami kesulitan keuangan. Perbedaan ini ditangkap oleh para pemangku kepentingan sebagai suatu sinyal adanya kesulitan keuangan yang dialami oleh perusahaan, bahkan lebih jauh dapat menjadi peringatan potensi kebangkrutan.</div>