bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of glyphosate-resistant junglerice (Echinochloa colona) accessions in dicamba-resistant crops in Tennessee
Authors: Perkins Clay M. , Mueller Thomas C. , Steckel Lawrence E. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractJunglerice has become a major weed in Tennessee cotton and soybean fields. Glyphosate has been relied on to control these accessions over the past two decades, but in recent years cotton and soybean producers have reported junglerice escapes after glyphosate + dicamba and/or clethodim applications. In the growing seasons of 2018 and 2019, a survey was conducted of weed escapes in dicamba-resistant (DR) crops. Junglerice was the most prevalent weed escape in these DR (Roundup Ready Xtend®) cotton and soybean fields in both years of the study. In 2018 and 2019, junglerice was found 76% and 64% of the time in DR cotton and soybean fields, respectively. Progeny from junglerice seeds collected during this survey was screened for glyphosate and clethodim resistance. Seventy percent of the junglerice accessions tested had an effective relative resistance factor to glyphosate of 3.1 to 8.5. In all, 13% of the junglerice accessions could no longer be effectively controlled with glyphosate. This research also showed that all sampled accessions could still be controlled with clethodim in a greenhouse environment, but less control was observed in the field. These data also suggest that another cause for the poor junglerice control is dicamba antagonism of glyphosate and clethodim activity.
Germination biology of three populations of Navua sedge (Cyperus aromaticus)
Authors: Chadha Aakansha , Florentine Singarayer K. , Dhileepan Kunjithapatham , Dowling Kim , Turville Christopher 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNavua sedge [Cyperus aromaticus(Ridley) Mattf. & Kük.] is an aggressive perennial sedge native to equatorial Africa that has become problematic in many Pacific islands and wet, tropical Queensland, Australia. It has had a significant impact on the livestock-grazing industry, sugarcane (Saccharum officinarumL.) and banana (Musa acuminataColla) plantations, and various other ecosystems. A laboratory-based research investigation was conducted to understand germination and emergence requirements under various environmental conditions of three geographically varied populations sourced from South Johnstone (SJ), Mackay (M) and Nyleta Creek (NC) in Queensland. Germination was identified to be stimulated by light, with no germination recorded under darkness. Populations SJ and NC had optimal germination at alternating temperatures of 25/15, 30/20, and 35/25 C, whereas population M had optimal germination at 25/15 and 30/20 C. All populations recorded greater than 85% germination at all pH levels tested. Seeds of population SJ were more sensitive to salinity compared with populations M and NC, with SJ showing no germination at 100 mM, whereas populations M and NC had 23% and 9% germination, respectively. An inverse relationship was observed between osmotic potential and germination, with no germination recorded at osmotic potentials below −0.8 MPa in any population, indicating moisture availability is a critical requirement for germination. Exposing seeds to 120 C radiant heat completely inhibited germination in populations M and NC, whereas 3% of population SJ germinated following a 180-s exposure at 120 C. Seedling emergence decreased as planting depth increased. Emergence was greatest for seeds on the soil surface or at 0.5-cm burial depth, consistent with germination being stimulated by light. Knowledge of these biological characteristics ofC. aromaticusseed germination will assist in investigation of suitable control actions for this species, particularly in the early stage of its invasion into new areas, and will contribute to significant reduction in the soil seedbank.
Through Their Own Eyes: The Implications of COVID-19 for PhD Students
Authors: Haas Nicholas , Gureghian Aida , Jusino Díaz Cristel , Williams Abby 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCOVID-19 is expected to radically alter higher education in the United States and to further limit the availability of tenure-track academic positions. How has the pandemic and its associated fallout affected doctoral students’ career aspirations and priorities? We investigate this question by comparing responses to a PhD career survey prior to and following significant developments in the pandemic. We find little evidence that the pandemic caused substantial shifts in PhD students’ aspirations and priorities. However, some differences emerge when considering later dates in our survey period, particularly among more senior students who express a greater interest in some non-academic careers and job characteristics. Contrary to expectation, we also find evidence that the pandemic improved some students’ perceptions of their academic departments. In our conclusion, we speculate whether steps taken by the comparatively well-resourced institution that we study helped to mitigate some of the more negative consequences of the pandemic.
Magnetic plasmon resonances in nanostructured topological insulators for strongly enhanced light–MoS2 interactions
Authors: Lu Hua , Yue Zengji , Li Yangwu , Zhang Yinan , Zhang Mingwen , Zeng Wei , Gan Xuetao , Mao Dong , Xiao Fajun , Mei Ting , Zhao Weiyao , Wang Xiaolin , Gu Min , Zhao Jianlin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMagnetic resonances not only play crucial roles in artificial magnetic materials but also offer a promising way for light control and interaction with matter. Recently, magnetic resonance effects have attracted special attention in plasmonic systems for overcoming magnetic response saturation at high frequencies and realizing high-performance optical functionalities. As novel states of matter, topological insulators (TIs) present topologically protected conducting surfaces and insulating bulks in a broad optical range, providing new building blocks for plasmonics. However, until now, high-frequency (e.g. visible range) magnetic resonances and related applications have not been demonstrated in TI systems. Herein, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, a kind of visible range magnetic plasmon resonances (MPRs) in TI structures composed of nanofabricated Sb2Te3 nanogrooves. The experimental results show that the MPR response can be tailored by adjusting the nanogroove height, width, and pitch, which agrees well with the simulations and theoretical calculations. Moreover, we innovatively integrated monolayer MoS2 onto a TI nanostructure and observed strongly reinforced light–MoS2 interactions induced by a significant MPR-induced electric field enhancement, remarkable compared with TI-based electric plasmon resonances (EPRs). The MoS2 photoluminescence can be flexibly tuned by controlling the incident light polarization. These results enrich TI optical physics and applications in highly efficient optical functionalities as well as artificial magnetic materials at high frequencies.
Marine Dadabacteria exhibit genome streamlining and phototrophy-driven niche partitioning
Authors: Graham Elaina D , Tully Benjamin J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The remineralization of organic material via heterotrophy in the marine environment is performed by a diverse and varied group of microorganisms that can specialize in the type of organic material degraded and the niche they occupy. The marine Dadabacteria are cosmopolitan in the marine environment and belong to a candidate phylum for which there has not been a comprehensive assessment of the available genomic data to date. Here in, we assess the functional potential of the marine pelagic Dadabacteria in comparison to members of the phylum that originate from terrestrial, hydrothermal, and subsurface environments. Our analysis reveals that the marine pelagic Dadabacteria have streamlined genomes, corresponding to smaller genome sizes and lower nitrogen content of their DNA and predicted proteome, relative to their phylogenetic counterparts. Collectively, the Dadabacteria have the potential to degrade microbial dissolved organic matter, specifically peptidoglycan and phospholipids. The marine Dadabacteria belong to two clades with apparent distinct ecological niches in global metagenomic data: a clade with the potential for photoheterotrophy through the use of proteorhodopsin, present predominantly in surface waters up to 100 m depth; and a clade lacking the potential for photoheterotrophy that is more abundant in the deep photic zone.
Surveying biomolecular frustration at atomic resolution
Authors: Chen Mingchen , Chen Xun , Schafer Nicholas P. , Clementi Cecilia , Komives Elizabeth A. , Ferreiro Diego U. , Wolynes Peter G. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTo function, biomolecules require sufficient specificity of interaction as well as stability to live in the cell while still being able to move. Thermodynamic stability of only a limited number of specific structures is important so as to prevent promiscuous interactions. The individual interactions in proteins, therefore, have evolved collectively to give funneled minimally frustrated landscapes but some strategic parts of biomolecular sequences located at specific sites in the structure have been selected to be frustrated in order to allow both motion and interaction with partners. We describe a framework efficiently to quantify and localize biomolecular frustration at atomic resolution by examining the statistics of the energy changes that occur when the local environment of a site is changed. The location of patches of highly frustrated interactions correlates with key biological locations needed for physiological function. At atomic resolution, it becomes possible to extend frustration analysis to protein-ligand complexes. At this resolution one sees that drug specificity is correlated with there being a minimally frustrated binding pocket leading to a funneled binding landscape. Atomistic frustration analysis provides a route for screening for more specific compounds for drug discovery.
Sensory substitution reveals a manipulation bias
Authors: Zai Anja T. , Cavé-Lopez Sophie , Rolland Manon , Giret Nicolas , Hahnloser Richard H. R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSensory substitution is a promising therapeutic approach for replacing a missing or diseased sensory organ by translating inaccessible information into another sensory modality. However, many substitution systems are not well accepted by subjects. To explore the effect of sensory substitution on voluntary action repertoires and their associated affective valence, we study deaf songbirds to which we provide visual feedback as a substitute of auditory feedback. Surprisingly, deaf birds respond appetitively to song-contingent binary visual stimuli. They skillfully adapt their songs to increase the rate of visual stimuli, showing that auditory feedback is not required for making targeted changes to vocal repertoires. We find that visually instructed song learning is basal-ganglia dependent. Because hearing birds respond aversively to the same visual stimuli, sensory substitution reveals a preference for actions that elicit sensory feedback over actions that do not, suggesting that substitution systems should be designed to exploit the drive to manipulate.
Common and distinct neural representations of aversive somatic and visceral stimulation in healthy individuals
Authors: Van Oudenhove Lukas , Kragel Philip A. , Dupont Patrick , Ly Huynh Giao , Pazmany Els , Enzlin Paul , Rubio Amandine , Delon-Martin Chantal , Bonaz Bruno , Aziz Qasim , Tack Jan , Fukudo Shin , Kano Michiko , Wager Tor D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDifferent pain types may be encoded in different brain circuits. Here, we examine similarities and differences in brain processing of visceral and somatic pain. We analyze data from seven fMRI studies (N = 165) and five types of pain and discomfort (esophageal, gastric, and rectal distension, cutaneous thermal stimulation, and vulvar pressure) to establish and validate generalizable pain representations. We first evaluate an established multivariate brain measure, the Neurologic Pain Signature (NPS), as a common nociceptive pain system across pain types. Then, we develop a multivariate classifier to distinguish visceral from somatic pain. The NPS responds robustly in 98% of participants across pain types, correlates with perceived intensity of visceral pain and discomfort, and shows specificity to pain when compared with cognitive and affective conditions from twelve additional studies (N = 180). Pre-defined signatures for non-pain negative affect do not respond to visceral pain. The visceral versus the somatic classifier reliably distinguishes somatic (thermal) from visceral (rectal) stimulation in both cross-validation and independent cohorts. Other pain types reflect mixtures of somatic and visceral patterns. These results validate the NPS as measuring a common core nociceptive pain system across pain types, and provide a new classifier for visceral versus somatic pain.
Extreme anti-reflection enhanced magneto-optic Kerr effect microscopy
Authors: Kim Dongha , Oh Young-Wan , Kim Jong Uk , Lee Soogil , Baucour Arthur , Shin Jonghwa , Kim Kab-Jin , Park Byong-Guk , Seo Min-Kyo 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMagnetic and spintronic media have offered fundamental scientific subjects and technological applications. Magneto-optic Kerr effect (MOKE) microscopy provides the most accessible platform to study the dynamics of spins, magnetic quasi-particles, and domain walls. However, in the research of nanoscale spin textures and state-of-the-art spintronic devices, optical techniques are generally restricted by the extremely weak magneto-optical activity and diffraction limit. Highly sophisticated, expensive electron microscopy and scanning probe methods thus have come to the forefront. Here, we show that extreme anti-reflection (EAR) dramatically improves the performance and functionality of MOKE microscopy. For 1-nm-thin Co film, we demonstrate a Kerr amplitude as large as 20° and magnetic domain imaging visibility of 0.47. Especially, EAR-enhanced MOKE microscopy enables real-time detection and statistical analysis of sub-wavelength magnetic domain reversals. Furthermore, we exploit enhanced magneto-optic birefringence and demonstrate analyser-free MOKE microscopy. The EAR technique is promising for optical investigations and applications of nanomagnetic systems.
Imaging the coupling between itinerant electrons and localised moments in the centrosymmetric skyrmion magnet GdRu2Si2
Authors: Yasui Yuuki , Butler Christopher J. , Khanh Nguyen Duy , Hayami Satoru , Nomoto Takuya , Hanaguri Tetsuo , Motome Yukitoshi , Arita Ryotaro , Arima Taka-hisa , Tokura Yoshinori , Seki Shinichiro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractMagnetic skyrmions were thought to be stabilised only in inversion-symmetry breaking structures, but skyrmion lattices were recently discovered in inversion symmetric Gd-based compounds, spurring questions of the stabilisation mechanism. A natural consequence of a recent theoretical proposal, a coupling between itinerant electrons and localised magnetic moments, is that the skyrmions are amenable to detection using even non-magnetic probes such as spectroscopic-imaging scanning tunnelling microscopy (SI-STM). Here SI-STM observations of GdRu2Si2 reveal patterns in the local density of states that indeed vary with the underlying magnetic structures. These patterns are qualitatively reproduced by model calculations which assume exchange coupling between itinerant electrons and localised moments. These findings provide a clue to understand the skyrmion formation mechanism in GdRu2Si2.
Structural basis for assembly of non-canonical small subunits into type I-C Cascade
Authors: O’Brien Roisin E. , Santos Inês C. , Wrapp Daniel , Bravo Jack P. K. , Schwartz Evan A. , Brodbelt Jennifer S. , Taylor David W. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBacteria and archaea employ CRISPR (clustered, regularly, interspaced, short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) systems as a type of adaptive immunity to target and degrade foreign nucleic acids. While a myriad of CRISPR-Cas systems have been identified to date, type I-C is one of the most commonly found subtypes in nature. Interestingly, the type I-C system employs a minimal Cascade effector complex, which encodes only three unique subunits in its operon. Here, we present a 3.1 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the Desulfovibrio vulgaris type I-C Cascade, revealing the molecular mechanisms that underlie RNA-directed complex assembly. We demonstrate how this minimal Cascade utilizes previously overlooked, non-canonical small subunits to stabilize R-loop formation. Furthermore, we describe putative PAM and Cas3 binding sites. These findings provide the structural basis for harnessing the type I-C Cascade as a genome-engineering tool.
Universal light-guiding geometry for on-chip resonators having extremely high Q-factor
Authors: Kim Dae-Gon , Han Sangyoon , Hwang Joonhyuk , Do In Hwan , Jeong Dongin , Lim Ji-Hun , Lee Yong-Hoon , Choi Muhan , Lee Yong-Hee , Choi Duk-Yong , Lee Hansuek 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBy providing an effective way to leverage nonlinear phenomena in integrated devices, high-Q optical resonators have led to recent advances in on-chip photonics. However, developing fabrication processes to shape any new material into a resonator with extremely smooth surfaces on a chip has been an exceptionally challenging task. Here, we describe a universal method to implement ultra-high-Q resonators with any new material having desirable properties that can be deposited by physical vapor deposition. Using this method light-guiding cores with surface roughness on the molecular-scale are created automatically on pre-patterned substrates. Its efficacy has been verified using As2S3, a chalcogenide glass that has high-nonlinearity. The Q-factor of the As2S3 resonator so-developed approached the propagation loss record achieved in chalcogenide fibers which were limited by material losses. Owing to the boosted Q-factor, lasing by stimulated Brillouin scattering has been demonstrated with 100 times lower threshold power than the previous record.
Curved neuromorphic image sensor array using a MoS2-organic heterostructure inspired by the human visual recognition system
Authors: Choi Changsoon , Leem Juyoung , Kim Minsung , Taqieddin Amir , Cho Chullhee , Cho Kyoung Won , Lee Gil Ju , Seung Hyojin , Bae Hyung Jong , Song Young Min , Hyeon Taeghwan , Aluru Narayana R. , Nam SungWoo , Kim Dae-Hyeong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractConventional imaging and recognition systems require an extensive amount of data storage, pre-processing, and chip-to-chip communications as well as aberration-proof light focusing with multiple lenses for recognizing an object from massive optical inputs. This is because separate chips (i.e., flat image sensor array, memory device, and CPU) in conjunction with complicated optics should capture, store, and process massive image information independently. In contrast, human vision employs a highly efficient imaging and recognition process. Here, inspired by the human visual recognition system, we present a novel imaging device for efficient image acquisition and data pre-processing by conferring the neuromorphic data processing function on a curved image sensor array. The curved neuromorphic image sensor array is based on a heterostructure of MoS2 and poly(1,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,5-trivinyl cyclotrisiloxane). The curved neuromorphic image sensor array features photon-triggered synaptic plasticity owing to its quasi-linear time-dependent photocurrent generation and prolonged photocurrent decay, originated from charge trapping in the MoS2-organic vertical stack. The curved neuromorphic image sensor array integrated with a plano-convex lens derives a pre-processed image from a set of noisy optical inputs without redundant data storage, processing, and communications as well as without complex optics. The proposed imaging device can substantially improve efficiency of the image acquisition and recognition process, a step forward to the next generation machine vision.
Ni-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of N-aryl imino esters for the efficient synthesis of chiral α-aryl glycines
Authors: Liu Dan , Li Bowen , Chen Jianzhong , Gridnev Ilya D. , Yan Deyue , Zhang Wanbin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractChiral α-aryl glycines play a key role in the preparation of some bioactive products, however, their catalytic asymmetric synthesis is far from being satisfactory. Herein, we report an efficient nickel-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of N-aryl imino esters, affording chiral α-aryl glycines in high yields and enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee). The hydrogenation can be conducted on a gram scale with a substrate/catalyst ratio of up to 2000. The obtained chiral N-p-methoxyphenyl α-aryl glycine derivatives are not only directly useful chiral secondary amino acid esters but can also be easily deprotected by treatment with cerium ammonium nitrate for further transformations to several widely used molecules including drug intermediates and chiral ligands. Formation of a chiral Ni-H species in hydrogenation is detected by 1H NMR. Computational results indicate that the stereo selection is determined during the approach of the substrate to the catalyst.
A novel Schmallenberg virus subunit vaccine candidate protects IFNAR-/- mice against virulent SBV challenge
Authors: Boshra Hani , Lorenzo Gema , Charro Diego , Moreno Sandra , Guerra Gabriel Soares , Sanchez Isbene , Garrido Joseba M. , Geijo Marivi , Brun Alejandro , Abrescia Nicola G. A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSchmallenberg virus (SBV), an arthropod-transmitted pathogenic bunyavirus, continues to be a threat to the European livestock industry, causing morbidity and mortality among young ruminant livestock. Here, we describe a novel SBV subunit vaccine, based on bacterially expressed SBV nucleoprotein (SBV-N) administered with a veterinary-grade Saponin adjuvant. When assayed in an IFNAR-/- mouse model, SBV-N with Saponin induced strong non-neutralizing broadly virus-reactive antibodies, decreased clinical signs, as well as significantly reduced viremia. Vaccination assays also suggest that this level of immune protection is cell mediated, as evidenced by the lack of neutralizing antibodies, as well as interferon-γ secretion observed in vitro. Therefore, based on these results, bacterially expressed SBV-N, co-administered with veterinary-grade Saponin adjuvant may serve as a promising economical alternative to current SBV vaccines, and warrant further evaluation in large ruminant animal models. Moreover, we propose that this strategy may be applicable to other bunyaviruses.