bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LSAPSP: Load distribution‐based slot allocation and path establishment using optimized substance particle selection in sensor networks
Authors: Natarajan Mahendran , Subramanian Shankar , Thangavel Mekala 
Published: January 2020

SummarySensor node energy conservation is the primary design parameters in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Energy efficiency in sensor networks directly prolongs the network lifetime. In the process of route discovery, each node cooperates to forward the data to the base station using multi‐hop routing. But, the nodes nearer to the base station are loaded more than the other nodes that lead to network portioning, packet loss and delay as a result nodes may completely loss its energy during the routing process. To rectify these issues, path establishment considers optimized substance particle selection, load distribution, and an efficient slot allocation scheme for data transmission between the sensor nodes in this paper. The selection of forwarders and conscious multi‐hop path is selected based on the route cost value that is derived directly by taking energy, node degree and distance as crucial metrics. Load distribution based slot allocation method ensures the balance of data traffic and residual energy of the node in areal‐time environment. The proposed LSAPSP simulation results show that our algorithm not only can balance the real‐time environment load and increase the network lifetime but also meet the needs of packet loss and delay.
Contrasting responses to climate change at Himalayan treelines revealed by population demographics of two dominant species
Authors: Mainali Kumar , Shrestha Bharat Babu , Sharma Ravi Kumar , Adhikari Arjun , Gurarie Eliezer , Singer Michael , Parmesan Camille 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Alpine treelines are expected to shift upward due to recent climate change. However, interpretation of changes in montane systems has been problematic because effects of climate change are frequently confounded with those of land use changes. The eastern Himalaya, particularly Langtang National Park, Central Nepal, has been relatively undisturbed for centuries and thus presents an opportunity for studying climate change impacts on alpine treeline uncontaminated by potential confounding factors.

We studied two dominant species, Abies spectabilis (AS) and Rhododendron campanulatum (RC), above and below the treeline on two mountains. We constructed 13 transects, each spanning up to 400 m in elevation, in which we recorded height and state (dead or alive) of all trees, as well as slope, aspect, canopy density, and measures of anthropogenic and animal disturbance.

All size classes of RC plants had lower mortality above treeline than below it, and young RC plants (<2 m tall) were at higher density above treeline than below. AS shows little evidence of a position change from the historic treeline, with a sudden extreme drop in density above treeline compared to below. Recruitment, as measured by size–class distribution, was greater above treeline than below for both species but AS is confined to ~25 m above treeline whereas RC is luxuriantly growing up to 200 m above treeline.

Synthesis. Evidence suggests that the elevational limits of RC have shifted upward both because (a) young plants above treeline benefited from facilitation of recruitment by surrounding vegetation, allowing upward expansion of recruitment, and (b) temperature amelioration to mature plants increased adult survival. We predict that the current pure stand of RC growing above treeline will be colonized by AS that will, in turn, outshade and eventually relegate RC to be a minor component of the community, as is the current situation below the treeline.
Genetic diversity within and between British and Irish breeds: The maternal and paternal history of native ponies
Authors: Winton Clare L. , McMahon Robert , Hegarty Matthew J. , McEwan Neil R. , Davies‐Morel Mina C. G. , Morgan Charly , Nash Deborah M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe UK and Ireland have many native pony breeds with historical and cultural importance as well as being a source of uncharacterized genetic diversity. However, there is a lack of comprehensive research investigating their genetic diversity and phylogenetic interrelationships. Many studies contain a limited number of pony breeds or small sample sizes for these breeds. This may result in erroneous grouping of pony breeds that otherwise have intricate interrelationships with each other and are not evaluated correctly when placed as a token subset of a larger dataset. This is the first study that specifically investigates the genetic diversity within and between British and Irish native pony breeds using large sample numbers from locations of their native origin.This study used a panel of microsatellite markers and sequence analysis of the mitochondrial control region to analyze the genetic diversity within and between 11 pony breeds from Britain and Ireland. A large dataset was collected (a total of 485 animals were used for mtDNA analysis and 450 for microsatellite analysis), and previously published data were used to place the British and Irish ponies in a global context.The native ponies of Britain and Ireland were found to have had a complex history, and the interrelationships between the breeds were revealed. Overall, high levels of genetic diversity were maintained in native breeds, although some reduction was evident in small or isolated populations (Shetland, Carneddau, and Section C). Unusual mitochondrial diversity distribution patterns were apparent for the Carneddau and Dartmoor, although among breeds and global haplogroups there was a high degree of haplotype sharing evident, well‐represented within British and Irish ponies. Ancestral maternal diversity was maintained by most populations, particularly the Fells and Welsh ponies, which exhibited rare and ancient lineages. The maternal and paternal histories of the breeds are distinct, with male‐biased crossings between native breeds, and other shared influences, likely Arabs and Thoroughbreds, are apparent. The data generated herein provide valuable information to guide and implement the conservation of increasingly rare native genetic resources.
Nitrogen economy of alpine plants on the north Tibetan Plateau: Nitrogen conservation by resorption rather than open sources through biological symbiotic fixation
Authors: Zong Ning , Song Minghua , Zhao Guangshuai , Shi Peili 
Published: January 2020

AbstractNitrogen (N) is one of the most important factors limiting plant productivity, and N fixation by legume species is an important source of N input into ecosystems. Meanwhile, N resorption from senescent plant tissues conserves nutrients taken up in the current season, which may alleviate ecosystem N limitation. N fixation was assessed by the 15N dilution technique in four types of alpine grasslands along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients. The N resorption efficiency (NRE) was also measured in these alpine grasslands. The aboveground biomass in the alpine meadow was 4–6 times higher than in the alpine meadow steppe, alpine steppe, and alpine desert steppe. However, the proportion of legume species to community biomass in the alpine steppe and the alpine desert steppe was significantly higher than the proportion in the alpine meadow. N fixation by the legume plants in the alpine meadow was 0.236 g N/m2, which was significantly higher than N fixation in other alpine grasslands (0.041 to 0.089 g N/m2). The NRE in the alpine meadows was lower than in the other three alpine grasslands. Both the aboveground biomass and N fixation of the legume plants showed decreasing trends with the decline of precipitation and soil N gradients from east to west, while the NRE of alpine plants showed increasing trends along the gradients, which indicates that alpine plants enhance the NRE to adapt to the increasing droughts and nutrient‐poor environments. The opposite trends of N fixation and NRE along the precipitation and soil nutrient gradients indicate that alpine plants adapt to precipitation and soil nutrient limitation by promoting NRE (conservative nutrient use by alpine plants) rather than biological N fixation (open sources by legume plants) on the north Tibetan Plateau.
Soil moisture variations in response to precipitation in different vegetation types: A multi‐year study in the loess hilly region in China
Authors: Cheng Ran‐Ran , Chen Qiu‐Wen , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Shi Wei‐Yu , Li Guoqing , Du Sheng 
Published: January 2020

AbstractVegetation restoration has been widely implemented as an effective approach to the control of soil erosion. However, severe soil desiccation is likely to occur if vegetation types and local precipitation conditions are not accounted for. In this study, an abandoned farmland and three typical vegetation types, including a natural shrubland, a plantation of black locust, and a natural oak secondary forest, were investigated to determine the characteristics of soil moisture in different hydrological years. The responses of soil moisture to precipitation were analysed at different timescales. Higher soil water contents were observed either in wet years or for natural vegetation types. The temporal response of soil moisture to precipitation was largely dependent on the timescale. At monthly scale, shallow soil moisture (0–100 cm) varied consistently with precipitation, whereas on interannual scale, precipitation is positively related to soil moisture along the whole profiles. Black locust and oak lands consumed more soil moisture than the shrubland, and severe soil desiccation developed in deep soil layers in the black locust plantation. The shrubland showed steeper regression slopes than other types for both the changes in soil water storage over time (ΔSWSt) versus the growing season precipitation and the difference in soil water storage with the abandoned farmland (ΔSWSv) versus the growing season precipitation, suggesting its higher adaptability to precipitation changes in this region. The results indicate that the shrubland develops optimal water use strategies through coevolution with local conditions and should be given precedence in vegetation restoration initiatives in this region.
The microbiota and immune‐mediated diseases: Opportunities for therapeutic intervention
Authors: Fitzgibbon Gillian , Mills Kingston H. G. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractA multitude of diverse microorganisms, termed the microbiota, reside in the gut, respiratory tract, skin, and genital tract of humans and other animals. Recent advances in metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatics have enabled detailed characterization of these vital microbial communities. Studies in animal models have uncovered vital previously unrecognized roles for the microbiota in normal function of the immune responses, and when perturbed, in the pathogenesis of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs, but also at distant sites in the body including the brain. The composition of gut and respiratory microbiota can influence systemic inflammatory responses that mediate asthma, allergy, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity‐related diseases, and neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative conditions. Experiments in mouse models as well as emerging clinical studies have revealed that therapeutic manipulation of the microbiota, using fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, or engineered probiotics represent effective nontoxic approaches for the treatment or prevention of Clostridium difficile infection, allergy, and autoimmune diseases and may enhance the efficacy of certain cancer immunotherapeutics. This review discusses how commensal bacteria can influence immune responses that mediate a range of human diseases and how the microbiota are being targeted to treat these diseases, especially those resistant to pharmacological therapies.
Pre‐trained convolutional neural networks as feature extractors for diagnosis of breast cancer using histopathology
Authors: Saxena Shweta , Shukla Sanyam , Gyanchandani Manasi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractSeveral researchers are trying to develop different computer‐aided diagnosis system for breast cancer employing machine learning (ML) methods. The inputs to these ML algorithms are labeled histopathological images which have complex visual patterns. So, it is difficult to identify quality features for cancer diagnosis. The pre‐trained Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have recently emerged as an unsupervised feature extractor. However, a limited investigation has been done for breast cancer recognition using histopathology images with CNN as a feature extractor. This work investigates ten different pre‐trained CNNs for extracting the features from breast cancer histopathology images. The breast cancer histopathological images are obtained from publicly available BreakHis dataset. The classification models for the different feature sets, which are obtained using different pre‐trained CNNs in consideration, are developed using a linear support vector machine. The proposed method outperforms the other state of art methods for cancer detection, which can be observed from the results obtained.
Red Cell Distribution Width Is a Risk Factor for Hip Fracture in Elderly Men Without Anemia
Authors: Kim Kyoung Min , Lui Li-Yung , Cauley Jane A , Ensrud Kristine E , Orwoll Eric S , Schousboe John T , Cummings Steven R ,   the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research Group
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACT
Red cell distribution width (RDW), routinely assessed as a component of a complete blood count (CBC), quantifies the variation in the size of red blood cells. It increases with age, and increased RDW predicts many aging-related diseases and mortality. However, whether it also predicts hip fracture is unknown. We prospectively evaluated the association between RDW and hip fracture using data from the Osteoporotic Fracture in Men (MrOS) study. RDW was measured in 3635 men (aged 71 to 99 years) along with bone mineral density (BMD) in MrOS. RDW ranged from 11.3% to 32.9% (median 14.0%; interquartile range 13.5% to 14.8%) and was categorized into four groups (≤13.0%, 13.1% to 14.0%, 14.1% to 15.0%, ≥15.1%). Study participants with a hemoglobin level &lt;13.0 g/dL were classified as having anemia. During an average 8.1 years, 164 men suffered hip fractures. The risks of hip fractures increased with increase of RDW category. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between anemia and RDW: An association between RDW and hip fractures was only observed in participants without anemia. In those without anemia, the relative hazard of hip fractures increased with increases in RDW category: Men in the highest RDW category had a 2.8 times higher risk of hip fractures than men in the lowest group (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 7.1). The risks of all-clinical fractures were also increased along with higher RDW values. Additionally, RDW was significantly associated with the risk of having a fall but not with femoral neck or total hip BMD. In conclusion, RDW and anemia defined by hemoglobin are widely available routine laboratory measurements that together could indicate increased risk of hip fracture, reflecting the neuromuscular effects of aging rather than lower hip BMD. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Overexpression of CFL1 in gastric cancer and the effects of its silencing by siRNA with a nanoparticle delivery system in the gastric cancer cell line
Authors: Daryabari Seyedeh Saideh , Fathi Marziyeh , Mahdavi Majid , Moaddab Yaghoub , Hosseinpour Feizi Mohammad Ali , Shokoohi Behrouz , Safaralizadeh Reza 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGastric adenocarcinoma, like other cancers, is a multifactorial genetic disease, and metastasis of cancer cells is one of the main features of this illness. The expression levels of the CFL1 gene have been modulated in this pathway. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in the treatment of gastric cancer is considered a hopeful gene therapeutic approach. The present study reported the level of CFL1 genes between tumor and margin and healthy tissue of gastric cancer. Also, the features of a cationic nanoparticle with a polymer coating containing polyacrylic acid and polyethyleneimine that were used in the delivery of CFL1 siRNA, were shown. Then the cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and gene silencing efficiency of this nanoparticle were evaluated with CFL1siRNA.MethodIn this study, the CFL1 gene expression was measured in 40 gastric adenocarcinoma, marginal and 15 healthy biopsy samples by a real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Physicochemical characteristics, apoptosis, and inhibition of migration of the delivery of CFL1 siRNA by nanoparticle and lipofectamine were investigated in gastric cancer cells.ResultThe CFL1 expression was remarkably increased in gastric cancer tissues in comparison with the marginal samples and normal tissues (p < .05) and the biomarker index for CFL1 was obtained as 0.94, then this gene can be probably used as a biomarker for gastric cancer. After treatment of the AGS cell line by CFL1 siRNA, the CFL1 expression level of mRNA and migration in AGS cells were remarkably suppressed after transfection. Furthermore, the amount of apoptosis increased (p < .05).ConclusionOur results demonstrated that CFL1 downregulation in AGS cells can interdict cell migration. Finally, our outcomes propose that CFL1 can function as an oncogenic gene in gastric cancer and would be considered as a potential purpose of gene therapy for gastric cancer treatment.
Goldfish adipocytes are pancreatic beta cell‐like, glucose‐responsive insulin‐producing cells
Authors: Blanco Ayelén Melisa , Bertucci Juan Ignacio , Unniappan Suraj 
Published: January 2020

AbstractGlucose homeostasis plays a key role in maintaining stable physiological conditions, and its dysfunction causes severe chronic health issues including diabetes. In this study, we have characterized goldfish adipocytes as cells with properties similar to that of pancreatic β‐cells: they express considerable high levels of preproinsulin mRNAs, possess the necessary machinery for processing preproinsulin (prohormone convertases 1 and 2, carboxypeptidase E and trypsin) and responding to extracellular glucose (glucokinase and the glucose transporters 1, 2, and 4), produce insulin in a glucose‐responsive manner and express key transcription factors typically involved in pancreas development (Pdx1, Neurogenin3, Nkx2.2, Pax6, and FOXO1A). These findings reinforce the feature of fish adipocytes as alternate sources of active insulin, holding the promise that they could eventually be developed as transplantable sources of this vital hormone.
The mechanisms and treatments for sarcopenia: could exosomes be a perspective research strategy in the future?
Authors: Rong Shuang , Wang Liangliang , Peng Zhao , Liao Yuxiao , Li Dan , Yang Xuefeng , Nuessler Andreas K. , Liu Liegang , Bao Wei , Yang Wei 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe age‐related loss of muscle mass and muscle function known as sarcopenia is a primary contributor to the problems faced by the old people. Sarcopenia has been a major public health problem with high prevalence in many countries. The related underlying molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia are not completely understood. This review is focused on the potential mechanisms and current research strategies for sarcopenia with the aim of facilitating the recognition and treatment of age‐related sarcopenia. Previous studies suggested that protein synthesis and degradation, autophagy, impaired satellite cell activation, mitochondria dysfunction, and other factors associated with muscle weakness and muscle degeneration may be potential molecular pathophysiology of sarcopenia. Importantly, we also prospectively highlight that exosomes (small vesicles) as carriers can regulate muscle regeneration and protein synthesis according to recent researches. Dietary strategies and exercise represent the interventions that can also alleviate the progression of sarcopenia. At last, building on recent studies pointing to exosomes with the roles in increasing muscle regeneration, mediating the beneficial effects of exercise, and serving as messengers of intercellular communication and as carriers for research strategies of many diseases, we propose that exosomes could be a potential research direction or strategies of sarcopenia in the future.
Macrophage subtype and cytokine expression characterization during the acute inflammatory phase of mouse bone fracture repair
Authors: McCauley James , Bitsaktsis Constantine , Cottrell Jessica 
Published: January 2020

AbstractFracture repair is a complex process requiring heterotypic interactions between osteogenic cells and immune cells. Recent evidence indicates that macrophages are critically involved in fracture repair. Polarized macrophage populations differentially promote and regulate inflammation in other tissues, but little is known about the various macrophage subtypes and their signaling activities following a bone fracture. The authors hypothesized that classically activated (M1 subtype) and alternatively activated (M2 subtype) macrophages are active during the early repair process to initiate and regulate the inflammatory response. To test our hypothesis, bone marrow was collected from intact femurs (naïve group), contralateral and fractured femurs of mice on days 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7 postfracture. Macrophages were isolated from the bone marrow and macrophage subtypes were identified using flow cytometry with antibodies to F4/80, MHC II, CD86, CD11c, and CD40. Bone marrow cytokine levels were measured using xMAP. Flow cytometry revealed dynamic changes in M1 subtype (F4/80+/MHC II+/CD86+), M2 subtype (F4/80+/MHC II−/CD86−), and dendritic cell (DCs; MHCII+/CD11c+/CD40+) populations following fracture as compared to naïve controls. M1 subtype levels were correlated with IL‐1α, IL‐1ß, IL‐2, IL‐17, Eotaxin, and MCP‐1, while DCs were correlated with IL‐6, G‐CSF, LIF, KC, and VEGF‐A. The results indicate that M1 and M2 subtypes and DCs are recruited to the fracture site early during the repair process and consequently may work in tandem to regulate the inflammatory response required to recruit osteogenic cells needed for later stages of repair.
HPLC method transfer study for simultaneous determination of seven angiotensin II receptor blockers
Authors: Marghany Khaled A. , Abdelsalam Randa A. , Haddad Ghada M. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractIn this study, a sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of seven angiotensin II receptor blockers, namely, hydrochlorothiazide, chlorthalidone, eprosartan mesylate, valsartan, losartan potassium, irbesartan, and candesartan cilexetil. Different chromatographic parameters were tested and fully optimized. Best chromatographic separation was accomplished on a reversed‐phase octadecylsilyl column (250 × 4.6 mm id; 5 μm) under gradient elution using methanol/sodium phosphate monobasic buffer (0.01 M, pH 6.5) as mobile phase. The detection of target analytes was obtained at 254 nm. The pH of the buffer has been selected according to Marvin® sketch software. The proposed method was validated according to ICH guidelines and showed good precision (relative standard deviation < 1), good linearity (square of correlation coefficient ≥ 0.999), and high accuracy (between 98 and 102%) with detection limit and quantitation limit (40 and 160 ng/mL, respectively) for all the detected analytes.