bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVALUASI PENCAPAIAN TARGET PRODUKTIVITAS ALAT GALI MUAT DAN ALAT ANGKUT PADA AKTIVITAS PEMINDAHAN OVERBURDEN DI PIT1 BLOK15 PT RIMAU ENERGY MINING, SITE PUTUT TAWULUH
Authors: Khair Abdul , Triantoro Agus , Riswan Riswan , Hidayat Wahyu Nur 
Published: April 2020

Dalam kegiatan penambangan batubara, peralatan mekanis seperti alat gali muat digunakan untuk pembongkaran overburden. Ketidaktercapaian produktivitas alat gali muat dan alat angkut sangat berpengaruh terhadap biaya pembongkaran overburden. Ada beberapa parameter yang menyebabkan ketidaktercapaian produktivitas alat gali muat dan alat angkut tersebut. Oleh karena itu, objek penelitian ini ditekankan untuk dapat mengetahui faktor-faktor penyebab ketidaktercapaian produktivitas alat gali muat dan alat angkut pada Pit. 1 Blok 15 PT Rimau Energy Mining untuk pencapaian target produktivitas berdasarkan analisis nilai waktu edar (cycle time), kondisi front kerja, tinggi jenjang, pola pemuatan, efisiensi kerja, geometri jalan angkut, grade resistance dan rolling resistance.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini didasarkanpada metode pengukuran actual dilapangan yang bertujuan mendapatkan hasil pada waktu sekarang. Proses pemecahan masalah menggunakan metode komputasi dan analisis disertai data-data berupa peta, gambar, grafik dan table yang dapat membantu dalam penyampaian informasi hasil penelitian.Dari Target Produktivitas alat gali muat PC 800 SE-7 Komatsu sebesar 265 BCM/Jam dan alat angkut ADT 40F Volvo sebesar 65 BCM/Jam pada blok 15 bulan Desember 2016. Produktivitas aktual alat gali muat PC 800 SE-7 Komatsu sebesar 247,25 BCM/Jam dengan tingkat ketercapaian 93,30% dan produktivitas aktual alat angkut ADT 40F Volvo sebesar 49,36 BCM/Jam (perunit) dengan tingkat ketercapaian 75,92% pada Blok 15 bulan Desember 2016. Upaya peningkatan produktivitas alat gali muat dan alat angkut dilakukan dengan simulasi yaitu: a. Simulasi peningkatan produktivitas dengan cara mengganti kapasitas bucket aktual sebesar 4,6m3 menjadi sebesar 4,95 m3 pada alat gali muat PC 800 SE-7 sehingga produktivitas alat gali muat menjadi 266,06 BCM/Jam dengan pencapaian terhadap target sebesar 100,04%. b. Simulasi peningkatan produktivitas alat angkut dengan cara simulasi penambahan jumlah alat angkut, sehingga produktivitas alat angkut menjadi 76,05 BCM/Jam perunit pencapaian terhadap target produktivitas 117. Kata-kata kunci : cycle time, pemindahan overburden, produktivitas
EVALUASI DRAUGHT SURVEY BATUBARA DI ATAS TONGKANG DAN VESSEL PT ADARO INDONESIA SITE KELANIS
Authors: Yusuf Muhammad , Triantoro Agus , Riswan Riswan 
Published: April 2020

Terdapat beberapa faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi keakuratan data dalam melakukan kegiatan draught survey. Faktor – faktor tersebut dapat mempengaruhi pembacaan draft kapal, deductible maupun perhitungan draught survey tersebut sehingga dapat mengakibatkan cargo losses (kehilangan muatan). Berdasarkan kebutuhan keakurasian data di lapangan, maka perlu dilakukan analisis teknik dan mekanisme mengenai perhitungan volume batubara pada kegiatan pemuatan batubara pada tongkang sebagai penghitungan yang tepat dan akurat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan mengevaluasi kegiatan draught survey, menganalisis faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi kegiatan draught survey dan selisih volume muatan tongkang dengan muatan vessel.Berdasarkan data aktual selama penelitian didapatkan data volume muat tongkang sebesar 79.143 MT dan volume muat vessel sebesar 77.000 MT. Berdasarkan data aktual terdapat selisih antara volume muat tongkang dan volume muat vessel sebesar 2.143 MT dari 79.143 MT dengan persentase losses muatan sebesar 2,71 %. Adapun faktor - faktor yang menyebabkan kehilangan muatan (losses) pada tongkang meliputi faktor cuaca, tumpahan atau kebocoran, kejahatan atau pencurian dan kesalahan dalam pengukuran draft tongkang maupun vessel. Kata-kata kunci : Draught Survey, Draft, Volume, Losses
ANALISIS OPTIMALISASI FUEL RATIO PERALATAN MEKANIS DALAM AKTIFITAS PENGGALIAN DAN PENGANGKUTAN OVERBURDEN PT MADHANI TALATAH NUSANTARA
Authors: Himawan M. Arief Rahman , Nurhakim Nurhakim , Annisa Annisa 
Published: April 2020

PT Madhani Talatah Nusantara menggunakan alat gali muat PC 2000 dengan bucket 14 m3 memiliki target produktivitas sebesar 750 bcm/jam serta target fuel burn sebesar 130 liter/jam dengan target nilai fuel ratio sebesar 0,173 liter/bcm dan alat angkut HD 785-7 memiliki target produktivitas sebesar 160 bcm/jam serta target memiliki target fuel burn sebesar 60 liter/jam dengan target nilai fuel ratio sebesar 0,37 liter/bcm material overburden, setelah melakukan kegiatan penggalian dan pengangkutan maka perlu adanya analisa untuk mengetahui tingkat pencapaian target dan pemakaian fuel burn tersebut.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan pengumpulan data primer dan sekunder serta menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai dari fuel ratio alat gali muat dan alat angkut melebihi dari target yang telah ditetapkan oleh perusahaan. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas PC 2000 dan HD 785-7 adalah waktu edar, efisiensi kerja dan kondisi jalan angkut. Waktu edar PC 2000 berdasarkan hasil pengamatan masih belum sesuai dengan besar waktu edar secara teoritis, kondisi jalan angkut berdasarkan hasil pengamatan belum sesuai dengan standar perusahaan sehingga dapat membuat waktu edar alat angkut menjadi belum maksimal.Produktivitas aktual PC 2000 didapatkan sebesar 722,27 bcm/jam serta fuel burn aktual sebesar 132 liter/jam dengan nilai fuel ratio aktual sebesar 0,183 liter/bcm dan produktivitas aktual HD 785-7 didapatkan sebesar 144,11 bcm/jam serta fuel burn aktual 66,92 liter/jam dengan nilai fuel ratio aktual sebesar 0,467 liter/bcm. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa fuel ratio aktual belum mencapai target perhitungan secara teoritis. Setelah dilakukan simulasi perbaikan nilai fuel ratio didapatkan produktivitas alat gali muat sebesar 805,93 bcm/jam dan fuel burn sebesar 134 liter/jam dengan simulasi perbaikan nilai cycle time dan efisiensi kerja alat gali muat dan didapatkan nilai simulasi produktivitas alat angkut sebesar 186,5 bcm/jam dengan melakukan simulasi perbaikan cycle time alat angkut. Sehingga didaptkan nilai fuel ratio simulasi alat gali muat sebesar 0,166 liter/bcm dan fuel ratio simulasi alat angkut sebesar 0,321 liter/bcm. Kata-kata kunci: Cycle Time, Fuel Burn, Produktivitas, Fuel Ratio
ANALISIS DEBIT ALIRAN SUNGAI KAHAYAN PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TENGAH
Authors: Riady Rendro Rismae 
Published: April 2020

Tata guna lahan di daerah Kelurahan Bereng Bengkel yang merupakan daerah hilir sungai Kahayan cenderung meningkat diantaranya dibuat jalan permanen di tebing sungai Kahayan, padahal permasalahan tersebut berdampak pada lingkungan sungai Kahayan, diantaranya adalah tanah longsor ke sungai dan air melimpas. Oleh sebab itu perlu adanya penelitian tentang debit sungai Kahayan. Adapun tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis debit banjir dan tinggi muka air dengan metode HSS Snyder dan alat ukur papan duga air serta menganalisis fenomena aliran sungai Kahayan. Penelitian ini menggunakan program HEC-RAS 4.1.0 dengan simulasi profil aliran, untuk menghitung profil muka air aliran tetap dan aliran tidak tetap dengan kala ulang 5 tahun, 10 tahun, 25 tahun, 50 tahun dan 100 tahun. Debit Puncak yang diperoleh menggunakan HSS Snyder diperoleh pada periode ulang 5 tahun, 10 tahun, 25 tahun, 50 tahun, dan 100 tahun, sebesar 4209.558 m3/detik, 4933.268 m3/detik, 5627.375 m3/detik, 5847.525 m3/detik, dan 6524.949 m3/detik. Liku kalibrasi didaerah Bereng Bengkel sungai Kahayan diselesaikan dengan persaman regresi polynomial orde tiga sebagai berikut: y = -2.7103x3 + 104.48x2 - 763.96x + 1323 dengan nilai korelasi (R²) = 0.945. Adapun hasil menggunakan Program HEC-RAS 4.1.0 diperoleh debit pada periode ulang 5, 10, 25, 50, dan 100 tahunan, sebesar 4100 m3/s, 5000 m3/, 5500 m3/s, 6000 m3/s, dan 6500 m3/s, dengan bilangan Froude 0,11 atau Fr < 1 (aliran subkritis).
EFEKTIFITAS PENGGUNAAN DOSIS KALSIUM KARBONAT (CaCO3) DAN PAC (POLY ALUMUNIUM CLORIDE) DALAM MENJERNIHKAN AIR SUMUR GALI DI KELURAHAN LALOLARA KECAMATAN KAMBU
Authors: Rachman Ranno Marlany , Syaban Abdul Rahim 
Published: April 2020

Air sumur gali oleh masyarakat digunakan sebagai sumber air minum dan air bersih untuk keperluan sehari-hari. Air sumur gali yang digunakan masyarakat di Kelurahan Lalolara memiliki tingkat kekeruhan sebesar 56 NTU. Kekeruhan tersebut belum memenuhi persyaratan air bersih berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor 32 Tahun 2017 tentang Persyaratan Kualitas Air Bersih sebesar 25 NTU. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan dosis Kalsium karbonat (CaCO3) dan Poly Alumunium Cloride (PAC) dalam menjernihkan sumur gali. Hasil penelitian untuk komposisi kapur maupun PAC untuk dosis 5g/L 10 gr/L, 15 g/L masih belum efektif menurunkan tingkat kekeruhan sesuai baku mutu peraturan yang ada, sedangkan untuk dosis dan 20 g/L sudah efektif menjernihkan air sumur gali sesuai ketentuan peraturan yang berlaku. Kata Kunci: Air sumur, kapur, PAC. Dug well water by the community is used as a source of drinking water and clean water for daily needs. The dug well water used by the community in the Lalolara Village has a turbidity level of 56 NTU. This turbidity has not met the clean water requirements based on the Minister of Health Regulation Number 32 the Year 2017 concerning Clean Water Quality Requirements of 25 NTU. The purpose of this study is to determine the use of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) and Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) doses in clearing dug wells. The results of the study for the composition of lime or PAC for a dose of 5g / L 10 gr / L, 15 g / L is still not effective in reducing the turbidity level in accordance with the existing quality standards, whereas for doses and 20 g / L it has been effective in purifying dug well water according to the provisions applicable regulation Keywords: Lime, PAC, well water.
PENYISIHAN KADAR AMONIAK PADA LIMBAH CAIR DOMESTIK DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM CONSTRUCTED WETLAND BIO-RACK
Authors: Kholif Muhammad Al , Sugito Sugito 
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji efisiensi jenis tanaman dan waktu tinggal dalam menurunkan kandungan amoniak pada air limbah domestik menggunakan Bio-Rack Wetland. Bio-rack merupakan sistem baru dalam media pengolahan constructed wetland. Bio-rack wetland dijalankan dengan variasi waktu tinggal selama 15 jam dan 20 jam. Media bio-rack terbuat dari pipa PVC dengan ukuran diameter 22 mm. Tumbuhan yang ditanam pada media bio-rack adalah Typha latifolia dan Phragmites australis. Efisiensi penyisihan suhu, pH, dan amoniak pada reaktor bio-rack wetland dilakukan berdasarkan prosedur laboratorium. Efisiensi sistem bio-rack wetland yang terbaik dalam menyisihkan pencemar amoniak yaitu tanaman Typha latifolia dengan efisiensi penyisihan sebesar 35,2% pada waktu tinggal 20 jam. Sedangkan pada tanaman Phragmites australis mampu menyisihkan kadar amoniak sebesar 28,4% dengan waktu tinggal 20 jam. Efisiensi penyisihan parameter uji terbukti lebih baik pada bio-rack wetland dengan tanaman Typha latifolia pada waktu tinggal 20 jam. Kata Kunci: Amoniak, Bio-rack Wetland, Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, Waktu Tinggal. This study aims to assess the efficiency of plant species and residence time in reducing ammonia content in domestic wastewater using Bio-Rack Wetland. Bio-rack is a new system in the constructed wetland processing media. Wetland bio-rack is run with a variation of the residence time of 15 hours and 20 hours. Bio-rack media is made of PVC pipes with a diameter of 22 mm. Plants grown on bio-rack media are Typha latifolia and Phragmites australis. The removal efficiency of temperature, pH, and ammonia in the wetland bio-rack reactor is carried out based on laboratory procedures. The best efficiency of the bio-rack wetland system in removing ammonia pollutants is Typha latifolia plants with a removal efficiency of 35.2% at a residence time of 20 hours. Whereas the Phragmites australis plant can set aside ammonia levels of 28.4% with a residence time of 20 hours. The removal efficiency of the test parameters was proven to be better in the wetland bio-rack with Typha latifolia plants at a residence time of 20 hours. Keywords: Ammonia, Bio-rack Wetland, Phragmites australis, Typha latifolia, the length of time.
PROSES FOTO FENTON DALAM REAKTOR RESIRKULASI UNTUK MENYISIHKAN BEBAN PENCEMAR PADA LINDI
Authors: Lesa William Steviano , Ali Munawar , Rosariawari Firra 
Published: April 2020

Air lindi dari proses rembesan air sampah organik yang ada pada rumah kompos umumnya mengandung beban pencemar yang sukar terurai. Air lindi tersebut akan menyebabkan masalah terhadap lingkungan jika dibuang langsung ke badan air apabila tanpa adanya pengolahan. Penanganan beban pencemar ini dapat dilakukan dengan metode Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP). Salah satu dari metode AOP adalah FotoFenton. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi pengolahan air lindi dengan metode fotofenton secara resirkulasi berdasarkan perbandingan molar H2O2:FeSO4 dan Debit aliran resirkulasi. Pada penelitian ini, parameter yang diamati meliputi TSS, COD, BOD, Total N, dan PO4. Pada penelitian batch yang dilakukan dengan 5 liter air lindi ditetapkan variabel perbandingan molar H2O2:FeSO4 dengan variasi 10:0,10, 10:0,15, 10:0,20, 10:0,25, dan 10:0,30 dan variabel Debit aliran resirkulasi dengan variasi debit 0,2, 0,25, 0,34, 0,4, dan 0,6 liter/detik. Selain secara batch, penelitian ini juga dilakukan percobaan kontinu fotofenton secara resirkulasi dengan variabel terbaik dari proses batch. Berdasarkan penelitian, efisiensi pengolahan TSS, COD, BOD, Total N, dan PO4 pada lindi menggunakan fotofenton secara resirkulasi masing-masing sebesar 91%, 87%, 70%, 65% dan 79% pada perbandingan molar 10:0,30 dengan debit aliran 0,6 liter /detik. Kata kunci: Air lindi, fosfat, fotofenton, limbah organik, total nitrogen, total suspended solid (TSS). Leachate from seepage process of organic waste water in compost houses generally contains pollutant load which is difficult to decompose. Leachate will cause problems to the environment if it is discharged directly into water if there is no treatment. The handling of these pollutants can be done by the Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) method. One of the AOP methods is PhotoFenton. This study aims to determine the efficiency of leachate water treatment with the photofenton method by recirculation based on H2O2: FeSO4 molar ratio and recirculation flow discharge. In this study, the parameters observed included TSS, COD, BOD, Total N, and PO4. In a batch study conducted with 5 liters of leachate water, the molar ratio variables of H2O2: FeSO4 were determined with variations of 10: 0.10, 10: 0.15, 10: 0.20, 10: 0.25, and 10: 0.30 and variable discharge of recirculation flow with discharge variations of 0,2, 0,25, 0,34, 0,4, and 0,6 liter / second. Aside from being batch, this research also carried out a continuous fotofenton recirculation experiment with the best variables from the batch process. Based on the research, the processing efficiency of TSS, COD, BOD, Total N, and PO4 in leachate using photofenton by recirculation were respectively 91%, 87%, 70%, 65% and 79% at a molar ratio of 10: 0.30 with discharge flow of 0.6 liters / second. Keywords: fosfat, leachate, organic waste, photofenton, total nitrogen, TSS.
Increased Expression of EZH2 Is Mediated by Higher Glycolysis and mTORC1 Activation in Lupus CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Zheng Xiaoqing , Tsou Pei‐Suen , Sawalha Amr H. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective:
EZH2 is overexpressed in CD4+ T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Increased disease activity in SLE patients is associated with a proinflammatory epigenetic shift in naïve CD4+ T cells, likely mediated by EZH2. Here we aim to understand the upstream mechanisms underlying EZH2 overexpression in SLE CD4+ T cells.

Methods:
Naïve CD4+ T cells were isolated from SLE patients and then stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28. qPCR and Western blotting were used to measure mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) was used to inhibit glycolysis. mTORC1 signaling was inhibited using rapamycin. Oxidative stress was induced by H2O2.

Results:
Because glycolysis is increased in SLE CD4+ T cells and glycolysis regulates miR-26a and miR-101, which target EZH2, we examined the effect of inhibiting glycolysis on EZH2 expression. 2-DG significantly inhibited EZH2 expression in SLE CD4+ T cells. In addition, 2-DG restored the expression of miR-26a and miR-101, suggesting that suppression of EZH2 by 2-DG occurs at the post-transcriptional level. Because mTORC1 is activated in SLE CD4+ T cells in part due to increased oxidative stress, and mTORC1 activation increases glycolysis, we hypothesized that mTORC1 mediates increased EZH2 expression. Indeed, inhibiting mTORC1 increased miR-26a and miR-101 and suppressed EZH2 expression in SLE CD4+ T cells. Further, H2O2 treatment increased EZH2 expression, however, this effect appears to be independent of miR-26a and miR-101.

Conclusion:
Increased EZH2 is mediated by activation of mTORC1 and increased glycolysis in SLE CD4+ T cells. Therapeutic effects from inhibiting mTOR or glycolysis in SLE might be in part mediated by suppression of EZH2.
Infectious Endocarditis in the Elderly – Comparative Study of Clinical Features, Course and Outcomes
Authors: Chipigina N. S. , Karpova N. Yu. , Anichkov D. A. , Kondratieva T. B. 
Published: April 2020

In the context of the increased incidence of infectious endocarditis (IE) in the elderly, an assessment of clinical features of IE in elderly patients is still controversial.Aim. To study the clinical features and outcomes of IE in patients aged ≥65 years.Material and methods. А comparative assessment of risk factors, etiology, clinical manifestations, outcomes was performed in 75 IE patients ≥65 years old and in 356 IE patients <65 years old.Results. In patients ≥65 years old IE was more often associated with previous medical care (odds ratio [OR]=14.9; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 8.6;25.9), infections and tumors of the genitourinary system or tumors of the gastrointestinal tract (OR=12.6; 95%CI 6.4;24.6); there were more concomitant oncological diseases (OR=66.2; 95%CI 19.3;226.8), diabetes mellitus (OR=9.9; 95%CI 4.5;22.1), chronic kidney disease (OR=27.0; 95%CI 13.6;53.3). In patients ≥65 years old compared with non-drug users IE patients <65 years old (n=266), the incidence of enterococcal IE was higher (OR=3.3; 95%CI 1.4;7.9); the timing of IE diagnosis was longer – 60 (37;152) vs 30 (20;110) days (p<0.05); cardiac surgery was performed less often (8% vs 24.8%; p<0.05); in-hospital mortality was almost two-fold higher. However, with the exclusion from the mortality rate assessment of postmortem diagnosed IE cases in-hospital mortality in patients ≥65 years old and patients <65 years old did not differ significantly (14.8% vs 12.2% in non-drug users <65 years old and 14.9% in drug-users IE).Conclusion. Late diagnosis of IE and comorbidity, which limits the possibility of cardiac surgery, are the most important prognostic unfavorable features of IE in the elderly.
Toxic Effects of Purified Microcystins from Soil Blue-Green Alga Oscillatoria pseudogeminata on Tomato Plant Lycopersicon esculentum
Authors: Et al. Al-Sultan 
Published: April 2020

The current study included the isolation, purification and cultivation of blue-green alga Oscillatoria pseudogeminata G.Schmidle from soil using the BG-11liquid culture medium for 60 days of cultivation. The growth constant (k) and generation time (G) were measured which (K=0.144) and (G=2.09 days).
Microcystins were purified and determined qualitatively and quantitatively from this alga by using the technique of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa Kits). The alga showed the ability to produce microcystins in concentration reached 1.47 µg/L for each 50 mg DW. Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) aged two months were irrigated with three concentrations of purified microcystins 0.5 , 3.0 and 6.0 µg/L for 24 days. The results showed that the highest bioaccumulation of these toxins was found in the plant group treated with concentration 6.0 μg/L, with an average of 12.278 µg/L in the entire plant body, with a daily accumulation rate of 0.511 µg/day compared with control group and other treatments (p≤0.05).
The highly accumulation of toxin was found in roots followed in descending order by stems and leaves respectively and were directly proportional to the increased concentration of purified microcystins. The study indicated that there were significant changes (p≤0.05) in the plant height, length of roots and surface area of the leaves and the leaves appeared pale green in color, which increased with increasing the concentration of purified toxin. The obtained results also showed a significant decrease in the concentration of carbohydrates and chlorophylls by increasing concentrations of purified toxins.
How community engagement in water and sanitation interventions impacts human health, infrastructure and service longevity in low- and middle-income countries: a realist review
Authors: Nelson Sarah , Drabarek Dorothy , Jenkins Aaron , Negin Joel , Abimbola Seye 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Background Access to safe water and sanitation is considered a basic human right and a focus of the Sustainable Development Goals. However, many water and sanitation interventions do not have long lasting impacts in communities and are generally associated with high levels of failure. Limited information is available to understand what types of interventions work for whom and under what circumstances. Methods A realist review to understand how, and under what circumstances community engagement in water and sanitation interventions impacts access (to safe water and sanitation), change (in health status or behaviour), and sustainability (of resources and services). We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases to identify studies from low- and middle-income countries.Results We reviewed 56 studies conducted in 25 countries. We identified five mechanisms that explain access, change and sustainability outcomes: 1) accountability (policies and procedures to hold communities and committees responsible for their actions and outcomes of an initiative), 2) diffusion (spread of an idea or behaviour by innovators over time through communication amongst members of a community), 3) market (the interplay between demand and supply of a service or resource), 4) ownership (sense of possession and control of the service or resource), and 5) shame (a feeling of disgust in one’s behaviour or actions). Contextual elements identified include: community location, communities with similar characteristics, communication, leadership, fines/penalties, seasonality, resource dependency, access to resources and funding, community financial and technical skills and knowledge, leadership, ongoing support and acknowledgement of change, community connectedness and social cohesion, community willingness to pay, committees that followed and understood responsibilities, rules and management plans, active committees with women and community/committee involvement in the design, planning or implementation of the intervention. Conclusion The findings highlight five key mechanisms, impacted by 19 contextual factors that explain outcomes of community-based water and sanitation interventions. Policy makers, program implementers and institutions need to consider community dynamics, location, resources, committees and level of community involvement, prior to the introduction of community-based water and sanitation interventions.