bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal changes in body composition and waist circumference by self-reported levels of physical activity in leisure among adolescents: the Tromsø study, Fit Futures
Authors: Aars Nils Abel , Jacobsen Bjarne K. , Morseth Bente , Emaus Nina , Grimsgaard Sameline 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
It is not clear how physical activity affects body composition in adolescents. Physical activity levels are often reduced during this period, and the relative proportion of body fat mass and lean mass undergo natural changes in growing adolescents. We aimed to examine whether self-reported physical activity in leisure time at baseline or change in activity during follow-up affect changes in four measures of body composition; body mass index (kg/m2), waist circumference, fat mass index (fat mass in kg/m2) and lean mass index (lean mass in kg/m2).

Methods
We used data from the Tromsø Study Fit Futures, which invited all first year students in upper secondary high school in two municipalities in northern Norway in 2010–2011. They were reexamined in 2012–2013. Longitudinal data was available for 292 boys and 354 girls. We used multiple linear regression analyses to assess whether self-reported level of physical activity in leisure time at baseline predicted changes in body composition, and analysis of covariance to assess the effects of change in level of activity during follow-up on change in body composition. All analyses were performed sex-specific, and a p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
There were no associations between self-reported leisure time physical activity in the first year of upper secondary high school and changes in any of the considered measure of body composition after 2 years of follow up, with the exception of waist circumference in boys (p = 0.05). In boys, change in fat mass index differed significantly between groups of activity change (p < 0.01), with boys adopting activity or remaining physically active having less increase in fat mass index than the consistently inactive. In girls, change in lean mass index differed significantly between groups of activity change (p = 0.04), with girls adopting physical activity having the highest increase.

Conclusions
Self-reported leisure time physical activity does not predict changes in body composition in adolescents after 2 years of follow up. Change in the level of physical activity is associated with change in fat mass index in boys and lean mass index in girls.
Predictors of clinically important improvements in occupational and quality of life outcomes among mental health service users after completion and follow-up of a lifestyle intervention: multiple regression modelling based on longitudinal data
Authors: Hultqvist Jenny , Lund Kristine , Argentzell Elisabeth , Eklund Mona 
Published: December 2019

Abstract
Background
Balancing Everyday Life (BEL) is a new activity-based lifestyle intervention for mental health service users. An earlier study found BEL to be effective in increasing occupational engagement, occupational balance, activity level, and quality of life scores when compared with a care-as-usual group. However, it is unclear whether care context and socio-demographic, clinical and self-related factors at baseline also influence the results. Thus, the aim of the current study was to explore whether such factors could predict clinically important improvements in occupational and quality of life aspects.

Methods
Participants were interviewed and filled out self-report questionnaires before starting the 16-week intervention (n = 133), upon completion (n = 100), and 6 months following (n = 89). Bi-variate and multi-variate statistical analyses were performed.

Results
Several baseline factors were associated with clinically important improvements, but few predictors were found in the multivariate analyses. Having children was found to be a predictor of improvement in occupational engagement at BEL completion, but reduced the chance of belonging to the group with clinically important improvement in activity level at follow-up. Regarding occupational balance, having a close friend predicted belonging to the group with clinically important improvement in the leisure domain. At BEL completion, other predictors for improvements were female gender for the self-care domain, and self-esteem for the home chores domain. At follow-up, psychosocial functioning and lower education level predicted general balance. None of the factors explored in this study were found to be predictors for improvements in quality of life.

Conclusions
Few of the studied care context, socio-demographic, clinical and self-related factors were found to predict clinically important improvements in occupational engagement, activity level, occupational balance, or QOL. This study, together with previous studies showing positive results, suggests that BEL can be an appropriate intervention in both community and clinical settings, and can support improvement in occupational aspects and QOL for participants with diverse socio-demographic, clinical, and self-related characteristics.

Trial registration
This study is part of a larger research project that is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. Reg. No. NCT02619318.
The effect of methane and odd-chain fatty acids on 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) synthesis by a Methylosinus-dominated mixed culture
Authors: Luangthongkam Pawarisa , Strong Peter James , Syed Mahamud Syarifah Nuraqmar , Evans Paul , Jensen Paul , Tyson Gene , Laycock Bronwyn , Lant Paul Andrew , Pratt Steven 
Published: December 2019

AbstractA methanotrophic community was enriched in a semi-continuous reactor under non-aseptic conditions with methane and ammonia as carbon and nitrogen source. After a year of operation, Methylosinus sp., accounted for 80% relative abundance of the total sequences identified from potential polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) producers, dominated the methane-fed enrichment. Prior to induction of PHA accumulation, cells harvested from the parent reactor contained low level of PHA at 4.0 ± 0.3 wt%. The cells were later incubated in the absence of ammonia with various combinations of methane, propionic acid, and valeric acid to induce biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). Previous studies reported that methanotrophic utilization of odd-chain fatty acids for the production of PHAs requires reducing power from methane oxidation. However, our findings demonstrated that the PHB-containing methanotrophic enrichment does not require methane availability to generate 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV)—when odd-chain fatty acids are presented. The enrichment yielded up to 14 wt% PHA with various mole fractions of 3HV monomer depending on the availability of methane and odd-fatty acids. Overall, the addition of valeric acid resulted in a higher PHA content and a higher 3HV fraction. The highest 3HV fraction (up to 65 mol%) was obtained from the methane–valeric acid experiment, which is higher than those previously reported for PHA-producing methanotrophic mixed microbial cultures.
Prevalence of Lawsonia intracellularis in pig herds in different European countries
Authors: Arnold Mirjam , Crienen Annelies , Swam Hanny , von Berg Stephan , Jolie Rika , Nathues Heiko 
Published: December 2019

AbstractBackgroundLawsonia intracellulariscauses large economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Pigs suffer from reduced daily weight gain, poor feed conversion ratio and increased mortality. The number of affected animals and herds in Europe remains unknown. This study will provide an overview of the prevalence ofLawsonia intracellularisin herds with a history of diarrhoea in different European countries and thereby identify country specific differences.ResultsOut of the 144 herds sampled in Germany, Denmark, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, 90.3% (79.2–100.0%) contained at least one positive faecal sample on quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Of the 6450 nursery, growing and finishing pigs of the previously mentioned herds, 26.2% (15.9–41.5%) of the animals were tested positive in faecal samples. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results of 60 herds were 91.7% (70–100%) positive. The percentage of positive samples in these 1791 blood samples was 31.6% (20.3–51.0%). Herd prevalence did not differ significantly by qPCR or ELISA. Significant differences between the countries were found regarding: Within-herd prevalence- qPCR: Samples from Denmark were more often positive than samples of Spain or the United Kingdom. Within-herd prevalence- ELISA: Samples from Denmark were more often positive than samples from Spain and the Netherlands. Affected age category- qPCR: Nursery pigs in Denmark were more often positive and shed more genome equivalents than nursery pigs in the other countries. Concentration of detected genome equivalents- qPCR: The concentration of genome equivalents fromLawsonia intracellularisin herds in Denmark was higher compared to all other countries.ConclusionA widespread ofLawsonia intracellularisin the six European countries was confirmed, whereby a large part of the positive animals only excreted small amounts of genome equivalents. Country specific differences were found with Denmark in particular diagnosing moreLawsonia intracellularisthen the other countries. Herd data collected in this study needs to be analysed to get more information about possible reasons for the differences found between the countries.
Formation of two-dimensional MoS2 and one-dimensional MoO2 nanowire hybrids
Authors: Yoon Aram , Lee Zonghoon 
Published: December 2019

AbstractOxidation of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides have received great interests because it significantly influences their electrical, optical, and catalytic properties. Monoclinic MoO2 nanowires grow along the zigzag direction of 2D MoS2 via thermal annealing at a high temperature with a low oxygen partial pressure. The hybrids of semiconducting 2D MoS2 and metallic 1D MoO2 nanowires have potential to be applied to various devices such as electrical devices, gas sensors, photodetectors, and catalysts.
Estoñol, a computer-assisted pronunciation training tool for Spanish L1 speakers to improve the pronunciation and perception of Estonian vowels
Authors: Leppik Katrin , Tejedor-García Cristian 
Published: December 2019

Over the past few years the number of online language teaching materials for non-native speakers of Estonian has increased. However, they focus mainly on vocabulary and pay little attention to pronunciation. In this study we introduce a computerassisted pronunciation training tool, Estoñol, developed to help native speakers of Spanish to train their perception and production of Estonian vowels. The tool’s training program involves seven vowel contrasts, /i-y/, /u-y/, /ɑ-o/, /ɑ-æ/, /e-æ/, /o-ø/, and /o-ɤ/, which have proven to be difficult for native speakers of Spanish. The training activities include theoretical videos and four training modes (exposure, discrimination, pronunciation, and mixed) in every lesson. The tool is integrated into a pre/post-test design experiment with native speakers of Spanish and Estonian to assess the language learners’ perception and production improvement. It is expected that the tool will have a positive effect on the results, as has been shown in previous studies using similar methodology.
Kokkuvõte. Katrin Leppik ja Cristian Tejedor-García: Estoñol, mobiilirakendus hispaania emakeelega eesti keele õppijatele vokaalide häälduse ja taju treenimiseks. Eesti keele õppimiseks on loodud mitmeid e-kursusi ja mobiilirakendusi, kuid need keskenduvad peamiselt sõnavara ja gram matika õpetamisele ning pööravad väga vähe tähelepanu hääldusele. Eesti keele häälduse omandamise lihtsustamiseks töötati välja mobiilirakendus Estoñol, mis on mõeldud hispaania emakeelega eesti keele õppijatele. Varasemad uurimused on näidanud, et hispaania emakeelega eesti keele õppijatele valmistab raskusi vokaalide /ɑ, y, ø, æ, ɤ/ hääldamine. Mobiilirakenduse sisu on jagatud seitsmeks peatükiks, kus on võimalik harjutada vokaalipaaride /i-y/, /u-y/, /ɑ-o/, /ɑ-æ/, /e-æ/, /o-ø/, /o-ɤ/ tajumist ja hääldamist. Iga peatükk algab teoreetilise videoga, millele järgnevad taju- ja hääldusharjutused. Mobiilirakenduse mõju hindamiseks keeleõppija hääldusele ja tajule plaanitakse läbi viia eksperiment.
Märksõnad: CAPT, eesti keel, hispaania keel, L2, hääldus, taju, vokaalid, Estoñol
Intensiivsus, rõhk ja välde eesti keeles
Authors: Sahkai Heete , Mihkla Meelis 
Published: December 2019

Uurimuses vaadeldakse, kas ja millised intensiivsuse parameetrid eristavad eesti keeles (a) lauserõhutut, lauserõhulist ja emfaatilise lauserõhuga sõna, (b) sõnarõhulist ja -rõhutut silpi ning (c) kolme väldet, ning kas võimalikud korrelatsioonid on sõltu matud põhitoonist. Intensiivsuse parameetritest on vaatluse all sõnarõhulise silbi intensiivsuse tase, intensiivsuse ulatus sõnas ja intensiivsuse kontuur rõhulises silbis. Uurimuse tulemusena leiti, et lause tasandi tingimusi ‒ lauserõhutut, lauserõhulist ja emfaatilise lauserõhuga sõna ‒ eristab üksteisest rõhulise silbi intensiivsuse tase, mis on tugevalt seotud rõhulise silbi põhitoonitasemega. Sõna tasandi tingimusi ‒ sõna rõhulist silpi ja välteastmeid ‒ eristavad intensiivsuse parameetrid seevastu on põhitoonist sõltumatumad. Sõnarõhulist silpi eristab rõhutust kõrgem intensiivsuse tase, ning välteastmeid eristavad intensiivsuse ulatus sõnas ja intensiivsusekontuur rõhulises silbis.
Abstract. Heete Sahkai and Meelis Mihkla: Intensity, stress, and quantity in Estonian. The study examines the correlations of overall intensity with a) deaccented, accented and emphatically accented words; b) stressed and unstressed syllables; and c) short, long and overlong word quantities. The study considers three intensity parameters: the intensity level and the intensity contour of the stressed syllable, and the intensity range of the word. The authors ask whether and which of these parameters correlate with the examined categories, and whether the possible correlations are independent of fundamental frequency. The study finds that the phrase level categories – deaccented, accented, and emphatically accented words – are distinguished by the intensity level of the stressed syllable, which correlates strongly with F0. The intensity parameters that correlate with the word level categories are more independent of F0. The stressed syllable is distinguished from the unstressed syllable by a higher intensity level. The three quantity degrees are distinguished by the intensity range of the word and the intensity contour in the stressed syllable.
Keywords: Estonian, word quantity, word stress, phrasal stress, emphasis, acoustic correlates, intensity, fundamental frequency
Sõnaalgulise /h/ hääldus samadel kõnelejatel avalikus ja argisuhtluses
Authors: Teras Pire 
Published: December 2019

Selles artiklis käsitletakse sõnaalgulise /h/ hääldamist. Varem tehtud uurimused on osutanud /h/ häälduse olenemisele suhtlusolukorrast: argisuhtluses jääb /h/ tihti hääldamata, aga teksti lugedes ja avalikus suhtluses juhtub seda pigem harva. Lisaks suhtlusolukorrale on leitud muidki /h/ hääldust mõjutavaid tegureid. Tähelepanu ei ole aga pööratud sellele, kuivõrd varieerub /h/ hääldus samal kõnelejal eri suhtlusolukorras. Kaheksa keelejuhi häälduse analüüs näitab, et kõik hääldavad /h/-d rohkem avalikus kui argisuhtluses. Peamiseks /h/ hääldamist mõjutavaks teguriks osutus sõna lauserõhulisus: /h/-d hääldatakse oluliselt sagedamini rõhulistes kui rõhututes sõnades. Rõhuliste sõnade puhul oli keelejuhtide vahel oluline erinevus: kaks keelejuhti hääldas /h/-d teistest oluliselt vähem (enim rõhulistes sõnades pärast pausi ja vokaaliga lõppevat sõna ning harva esinevates sõnades), teised hääldasid /h/-d pea alati avalikus suhtluses ning argisuhtluses enim lausungialgulistes ja -lõpulistes sõnades. Rõhututes sõnades hääldas enamik keelejuhte /h/-d oluliselt rohkem avalikus suhtluses ning argisuhtluses hääldasid kõik kõnelejad /h/-d oluliselt rohkem pärast pausi.
Abstract. Pire Teras: Pronunciation of word-initial /h/ by same speakers in formal and informal speech. In the present paper, the pronunciation of word-initial /h/ is considered. Previous research has pointed to the influence of the communicative situation: in informal speech /h/ is frequently dropped, but while reading texts and in formal speech this rarely happens. In addition, other factors influencing the pronunciation of /h/ have been found. However, no attention has been paid to how the same speaker pronounces the wordinitial /h/ in different communicative situations. This analysis of the pronunciation of eight speakers shows that all of them retained /h/ more often in formal than in informal speech. The main factor influencing the pronunciation of /h/ is accentuation: /h/ is pronounced significantly more often in accented than in deaccented words. In the case of accented words, differences between speakers were found: two speakers dropped /h/ significantly more often (/h/ was more often retained after a pause, after a vowel-final word and in not frequent words), others pronounced it almost always in formal speech and in informal speech they used it more often in utterance initial and final words. In deaccented words, /h/ was significantly more often pronounced in formal speech (except for two speakers) and in informal speech after a pause.
Keywords: phonetics, word-initial /h/, variation, Estonian
Alterações Climáticas, incêndios florestais (2017) e as ideias reveladas por alunos do 1.º e 2.ºanos do 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico da região de Pombal
Authors: Sousa Cátia Rodrigues , Oliveira Mário Acácio 
Published: December 2019

Resumo: Este artigo revela como as ideias de um grupo de 20 alunos, com 6 e 7 anos, residentes na região de Pombal (litoral centro de Portugal), relativamente a incêndios florestais, se sobrepõem às ideias anteriormente trabalhadas, em contexto formal, sobre alterações climáticas. Este facto resulta, muito provavelmente, das experiências (traumáticas) vividas aquando dos incêndios florestais ocorridos na região, em 2017, bem como pela contínua exposição dos alunos à abordagem deste tema por parte dos meios de comunicação social e das conversas informais, na comunidade.
Metodologicamente o trabalho assentou na análise ao conteúdo das representações pictóricas e respostas a um inquérito efetuado pelos alunos relativamente a alterações climáticas - numa primeira fase - e a fogos florestais - numa segunda fase, decorrente dos resultados anteriormente alcançados.
Palavras-chave: Educação Ambiental, Fogos florestais, Ideias prévias
Apontamentos sobre a pedologia de Vigotski: alguns conceitos importantes em seu contexto histórico
Authors: Aquino Pabliny Marques de , Toassa Gisele 
Published: December 2019

Vigotski, na busca de compreender cientificamente a formação dos processos psicológicos tipicamente humanos, dialogou com a pedologia, ciência multidisciplinar que tinha como foco de estudo a criança. Considerando o comentário aos textos pedológicos do autor, este artigo tem por objetivo central compreender a mencionada ciência na perspectiva de Vigotski, em alguns de seus conceitos basilares. Exploramos, ainda, elementos da história da pedologia, além do Decreto de proibição à pedologia, que descrevemos brevemente. Trazemos resultados de pesquisas bibliográficas de textos de Vigotski traduzidos para o espanhol e para o português, tendo como corpus as obras presentes no Tomo IV, a publicação recente das “Sete aulas sobre pedologia”. O texto descreve a pedologia e a forma como aborda o desenvolvimento, envolvendo a relação com os conceitos de periodização, crise, meio, consciência, personalidade, neoformação e vivências.
Perspektiva študentov zdravstvene nege do istospolno usmerjenih
Authors: Šavli Danijela , Ličen Sabina 
Published: December 2019

Uvod: Istospolno usmerjeni posamezniki še danes znotraj zdravstvenega sistema večinoma niso nakopravno obravnavani. Namen raziskave je bil prepoznati znanja študentov zdravstvene nege o istospolno usmerjenih in stališča do njih.Metode: V opisni neeksperimentalni kvantitativni raziskavi sta bili uporabljeni v slovenščino prevedeni inačici vprašalnika: The Sex Education and Knowledge about Homosexuality, v slovenščini Vprašalnik o spolni vzgoji in znanju glede homoseksualnosti (Cronbach α = 0,97) in The Attitudes towards Homosexuals, v slovenščini. Vprašalnik o stališčih do homoseksualnosti (Cronbach α = 0,95). Sodelovalo je 70 študentov dodiplomskega študijskega programa Zdravstvena nega. Zbiranje podatkov je potekalo s pomočjo spletnega vprašalnika od junija do avgusta 2018. Podatki so bili analizirani z deskriptivno statistiko, Mann Whitneyevim U-testom, Kruskal Wallisovim H-testom, linearno regresijo in testom hi-kvadrat. Upoštevana stopnja statistične značilnosti je bila 0,05.Rezultati: Študenti izkazujejo nezadostno znanje o homoseksualnosti, saj so le na 6 vprašanj od 32 odgovorili pravilno. Ugotovitve kažejo, da pozitivno stališče do homoseksualnosti izražajo moški anketiranci (p < 0,05), študenti iz starostne skupine od 28 do 37 let, poročeni študenti, študenti katoliške vere in študenti 3. letnika. Vendar pri omenjenih spremenljivkah razlike v stališčih med študenti niso statistično značilne (p ≥ 0,05).Diskusija in zaključek: Raziskava je pokazala, da študentom zdravstvene nege primanjkuje znanja o homoseksualnosti ter da imajo do nje negativen odnos. Da bi dosegli enakopravno obravnavo za vse paciente, so v izobraževanju za zdravstveno nego potrebne spremembe – vključitev vsebin, povezanih s kulturnimi kompetencami.
Factors affecting dental services accessibility
Authors: Forjanič Miran , Dermol Valerij , Prevolnik Rupel Valentina 
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Access to dental services is a basic right included in the compulsory health insurance for patients and thus an important part of the healthcare system in Slovenia. The purpose of this research was to identify and explore the factors that have the greatest impact on the accessibility of dental services from the perspective of the system stakeholders in Slovenia.Methods: A qualitative study was conducted based on the focus group method. The focus group consisted of relevant system stakeholders, namely two representatives of the regulator, provider and payer, a total of six participants. A thematic analysis was carried out in order to identify the patterns and themes within thequalitative data obtained.Results: The results of the focus group revealed the views of system stakeholder on the accessibility of dental services in Slovenia. According to the system stakeholders' perspective, accessibility of dental services in Slovenia is not optimal and significant changes in terms of financing and organisation are required.Discussion and conclusion: We found that the lack of adequate human resources, insufficient health insurance and payment for services are the crucial factors in providing adequate access to dental health in Slovenia. In order to increase its accessibility, the dental programme needs to be expanded and the number of teams for its implementation increased.