bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined HIV Adolescent Prevention Study (CHAPS): comparison of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis regimens for adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa—study protocol for a mixed-methods study including a randomised controlled trial
Authors:   on behalf of the CHAPS team, Nash S. , Dietrich J. , Ssemata A. S. , Herrera C. , O’Hagan K. , Else L. , Chiodi F. , Kelly C. , Shattock R. , Chirenje M. , Lebina L. , Khoo S. , Bekker L-G , Weiss H. A. , Gray C. , Stranix-Chibanda L. , Kaleebu P. , Seeley J. , Martinson N. , Fox J. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundHIV remains a major public health issue, especially in Eastern and Southern Africa. Pre-exposure prophylaxis is highly effective when adhered to, but its effectiveness is limited by cost, user acceptability and uptake. The cost of a non-inferiority phase III trial is likely to be prohibitive, and thus, it is essential to select the best possible drug, dose and schedule in advance. The aim of this study, the Combined HIV Adolescent PrEP and Prevention Study (CHAPS), is to investigate the drug, dose and schedule of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) required for the protection against HIV and the acceptability of PrEP amongst young people in sub-Saharan Africa, and hence to inform the choice of intervention for future phase III PrEP studies and to improve strategies for PrEP implementation.MethodsWe propose a mixed-methods study amongst young people aged 13–24 years. The first component consists of qualitative research to identify the barriers and motivators towards the uptake of PrEP amongst young people in South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The second component is a randomised clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03986970, June 2019) using a novel ex vivo HIV challenge method to investigate the optimal PrEP treatment (FTC-TDF vs FTC-TAF), dose and schedule. We will recruit 144 amongst HIV-negative uncircumcised men aged 13–24 years from voluntary male medical circumcision clinics in two sites (South Africa and Uganda) and randomise them into one of nine arms. One group will receive no PrEP prior to surgery; the other arms will receive either FTC-TDF or FTC-TAF, over 1 or 2 days, and with the final dose given either 6 or 20 h prior to surgery. We will conduct an ex vivo HIV challenge on their resected foreskin tissue.DiscussionThis study will provide both qualitative and quantitative results to help decide the optimum drug, dose and schedule for a future phase III trial of PrEP. The study will also provide crucial information on successful strategies for providing PrEP to young people in sub-Saharan Africa.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.govNCT03986970. Registered on 14 June 2019
Review on the molecular study of the Diplozoidae: analyses of currently available genetic data, what it tells us, and where to go from here
Authors: Dos Santos Quinton Marco , Avenant-Oldewage Annemariè 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe use of molecular tools in the study of parasite taxonomy and systematics have become a substantial and crucial component of parasitology. Having genetic characterisation at the disposal of researchers has produced mostly useful, and arguably more objective conclusions. However, there are several groups for which limited genetic information is available and, coupled with the lack of standardised protocols, renders molecular study of these groups challenging. The Diplozoidae are fascinating and unique monogeneans parasitizing mainly freshwater cyprinid fishes in Europe, Asia and Africa. This group was studied from a molecular aspect since the turn of the century and as such, limitations and variability concerning the use of these techniques have not been clearly defined. In this review, all literature and molecular information, primarily from online databases such as GenBank, were compiled and scrupulously analysed for the Diplozoidae. This was done to review the information, detect possible pitfalls, and provide a “checkpoint” for future molecular studies of the family. Hindrances detected are the availability of sequence data for only a limited number of species, frequently limited to a single sequence per species, and the heavy reliance on one non-coding ribosomal marker (ITS2 rDNA) which is difficult to align objectively and displays massive divergences between taxa. Challenging species identification and limited understanding of diplozoid species diversity and plasticity are also likely restricting factors, all of which hamper the accurate taxonomic and phylogenetic study of this group. Thus, a more integrated taxonomic approach through the inclusion of additional markers, application of more rigorous morphological assessment, more structured barcoding techniques, alongside thorough capturing of species descriptions including genetypes, genophore vouchers and reference collections in open sources are encouraged. The pitfalls highlighted are not singular to the Diplozoidae, and the study of other groups may benefit from the points raised here as well.
Is sex a proxy for mechanical variables during an upper limb repetitive movement task? An investigation of the effects of sex and of anthropometric load on muscle fatigue
Authors: Slopecki Matthew , Messing Karen , Côté Julie N. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Women report more work-related pain and neck/shoulder musculoskeletal disorders than men. For the same absolute workload, due to lower strength, females generally work at a higher relative intensity, which could induce more fatigue. However, the arm’s anthropometric load (AL) of men is higher. Therefore, simply lifting their arm could be more fatiguing. Sex as a variable is formed of many constructs, and analyses can become muddied by their differing responses to fatigue. No studies have considered AL, when comparing how fatigue affects men and women. The purpose was to determine if including the arm’s AL in the statistical analysis would impact findings of sex-specific effects of shoulder fatigue on muscle EMG.

Methods
Fifty-five (29m/26f) participants completed a repetitive pointing task (RPT) at shoulder height until they reported fatigue of 8+ on the BORG CR-10 scale. Muscle activities were measured using surface electrodes placed over the anterior deltoid (AD) and upper trapezius (UT) muscles. Muscle activity amplitude was quantified using root mean square (RMS). First- and last-minute data were used to assess change from no-fatigue (NF) to fatigue-terminal (FT) conditions. AL was calculated using sex-specific body parameter equations. General estimating equations (GEE) were used to determine the effects of sex and fatigue on RMS values, while including AL in the GEE.

Results
There was no sex difference in time to reach fatigue. A significant main effect of sex on RMS was observed (χ2(1) = 4.17, p = 0.04) when including AL as a covariate. Females displayed a significantly higher percentage change in AD RMS from NF to FT, compared to males (p = 0.03), when AL was included in the GEE. No sex differences in UT were observed.

Conclusions
This sex difference emerged when AL was included as a covariate, suggesting that sex-associated anthropometric differences may contribute to sex differences in the fatigue response. Differences in the impact of AL on AD compared to UT could be explained by differences in their respective mechanical roles or muscle fiber content. Anthropometrics may be useful to include as covariates in future research to separate individual anthropometric differences from sex differences.
Day-to-day variability of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 accumulation in primary prostate cancer: effects on tracer uptake and visual interpretation
Authors: olde Heuvel Judith , de Wit-van der Veen Berlinda J. , Donswijk Maarten L. , Slump Cornelis H. , Stokkel Marcel P. M. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Purpose
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) agents, such as [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11, have an unprecedented accuracy in staging prostate cancer (PCa) and detecting disease recurrence. PSMA PET/CT may also be used for response monitoring by displaying molecular changes, instead of morphological changes alone. However, there are still limited data available on the variability in biodistribution and intra-prostatic uptake of PSMA targeting radiotracers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the repeatability of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 uptake in primary PCa patients in a 4-week interval.

Methods
Twenty-four primary PCa patients were prospectively included, who already were scheduled for [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scan on clinical indication (≥ cT3, Gleason score ≥ 7 or PSA ≥ 20 ng/mL). These patients received two [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scans with a 4-week interval. No treatment was started in between the scans. Semiquantitative measurements (SULmax, SULmean, and SULpeak) were determined in the prostate tumor, normal tissues, and blood pool. The repeatability coefficient of every region was determined. All scans were visually analyzed by two nuclear medicine physicians.

Results
Within-subject coefficient of variation of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 uptake between the two scans was on average 10% in the prostate tumor, normal tissues (liver, kidney, parotid), and blood pool. The repeatability coefficient of the prostate tumor was 18% for SULpeak and 22% for SULmax. Lesion uptake was visually different in 5 patients, though not clinically relevant.

Conclusion
Results of test-retest [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scans in a 4-week interval show that [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 uptake is repeatable, with a clinical irrelevant variation in tumor and physiological distribution. Based on the presented repeatable uptake, [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scans can potentially be used for disease surveillance and therapy response monitoring. Changes in uptake larger than the RC are therefore likely to reflect actual biological changes in PSMA expression.
Trial registration NL8263 at Trialregister.nl retrospectively registered on 03-01-2020. https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/8263
Quantitative proteomics revealed modulation of macrophages by MetQ gene of Streptococcus suis serotype 2
Authors: Pei Xiaomeng , Liu Junchi , Liu Mingxing , Zhou Hong , Wang Xiaomin , Fan Hongjie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) is a serious zoonotic pathogen; it can lead to symptoms of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) in humans and sepsis in pigs, and poses a great threat to public health. The SS2 MetQ gene deletion strain has attenuated antiphagocytosis, although the mechanism of antiphagocytosis and pathogenesis of MetQ in SS2 has remained unclear. In this study, stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) based liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) and subsequent bioinformatics analysis was used to determine differentially expressed proteins of RAW264.7 cells infected with △MetQ and ZY05719. Proteomic results were verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting for selected proteins. Further research was focused mainly on immune system processes related to downregulated proteins, such as Src and Ccl9, and actin cytoskeleton and endocytosis related upregulated proteins, like Pstpip1 and Ppp1r9b. The proteomic results in this study shed light on the mechanism of antiphagocytosis and innate immunity of macrophages infected with △MetQ and ZY05719, which might provide novel targets to prevent or control the infection of SS2.
An intelligent loader-digger heat balance system based on simulation and wireless sensor networks
Authors: Li Lei , Chen Xi , Liu Di , Zhou Hong-gen , Wu Haiyan 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
High temperature of the radiator group is harmful to the power system and hydraulic system. In order to improve the heat dissipation performance of the loader, the flow field characteristics of the cooling chamber are analyzed by simulation and heat balance test. Firstly, the mathematical model of heat flow is established. Secondly, the flow field in the cooling chamber under different speeds is simulated based on CFX. And then the influence of fan position and internal flow field distribution on radiator performance is studied. Through the simulation of four different distances, it is concluded that the optimal distance between cooling fan and radiator is 76 mm. Finally, the heat balance test system based on wireless sensor network is established, and the simulation results are verified. The test results show that the heat dissipation performance of the whole machine meets the requirements after optimization. In this paper, the proposed scheme can dynamically adjust the heat dissipation performance and make the loader excavator in an efficient and energy-saving operation state.
PRISMA extension for moxibustion 2020: recommendations, explanation, and elaboration
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Tan Ran , Lam Wai Ching , Cheng Chung Wah , Yao Liang , Wang Xiao-Qin , Li Si-Yao , Aixinjueluo Qi-Ying , Yang Ke-Hu , Shang Hong-Cai , Wu Tai-Xiang , Lyu Ai-Ping , Bian Zhao-Xiang 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
Moxibustion is a common intervention of Chinese medicine (CM). Systematic reviews (SRs) on moxibustion are increasing. Although the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement provides guidelines for SRs, the quality of moxibustion-related SRs is still not satisfactory. In particular, descriptions of the interventions and the rationale for using moxibustion are insufficient. To address these inadequacies, the working group developed this PRISMA extension for reporting SRs of moxibustion (PRISMA-M 2020).

Methods
A group of CM clinical professionals, methodologists of SRs, reporting guideline developers, and journal editors developed this PRISMA-M 2020 through a comprehensive process that includes registration, literature review, consensus meetings, Delphi exercises for soliciting comments, and revision, resulting in this final draft.

Results
Seven of the 27 PRISMA checklist items, namely title (1), rationale (3), eligibility criteria (6), data item (11), additional analyses (16), study characteristics (18), and additional analysis (23), were extended, with specific reference to the application of moxibustion. Illustrative examples and explanations for each item are provided.

Conclusion
The PRISMA-M 2020 will help improve the reporting quality of SRs with moxibustion.

Systematic review registration
We have registered it on the EQUATOR (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) network, particularly under the item of PRISMA-TCM: http://www.equator-network.org/library/reporting-guidelines-under-development/reporting-guidelines-under-development-for-systematic-reviews/#65.
Ionospheric irregularities and scintillations: a direct comparison of in situ density observations with ground-based L-band receivers
Authors: Aol Sharon , Buchert Stephan , Jurua Edward 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIonospheric irregularities can affect satellite communication and navigation by causing scintillations of radio signals. The scintillations are routinely measured using ground-based networks of receivers. This study presents observations of ionospheric irregularities by Langmuir probes on the Swarm satellites. They are compared with amplitude scintillation events recorded by the Global Positioning System-Scintillation Network and Decision Aid (GPS-SCINDA) receiver installed in Mbarara (Lat:$$0.6^{\circ }\hbox {S}$$0.6∘S, Lon:$$30.8^{\circ }\hbox {E}$$30.8∘E, Mag. lat:$$10.2^{\circ }\hbox {S}$$10.2∘S). The study covers the years from 2014 to 2018 when both data sets were available. It was found that the ground-based amplitude scintillations were enhanced when Swarm registered ionospheric irregularities for a large number of passes. The number of matching observations was greater for Swarm A and C which orbited at lower altitudes compared to Swarm B. However, some counterexamples, i.e., cases when in situ electron density fluctuations were not associated with any observed L-band amplitude scintillation and vice versa, were also found. Therefore, mismatches between observed irregularity structures and scintillations can occur just over a few minutes and within distances of a few tens of kilometers. The amplitude scintillation strength, characterized by theS4 index was estimated from the electron density data using the well-known phase screen model for weak scattering. The derived amplitude scintillation was on average lower for Swarm B than for A and C and less in accordance with the observed range. Irregularities at an altitude of about 450 km contribute strongly to scintillations in the L-band, while irregularities at about 510-km altitude contribute significantly less. We infer that in situ density fluctuations observed on passes over or near Mbarara may be used to indicate the risk that ionospheric radio wave scintillations occur at that site.
iCREATE: imaging features of primary and metastatic alveolar soft part sarcoma from the EORTC CREATE study
Authors: Mcaddy Naami Charlotte , Saffar Hind , Litière Saskia , Jespers Pieter , Schöffski Patrick , Messiou Christina 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare, slow-growing, but highly vascular soft tissue sarcoma, characterised by a high rate of metastases at presentation. Although imaging features of the primary are well described, less detail is available on the imaging pattern of metastatic ASPS. The EORTC 90101 (CREATE) study assessed the efficacy of Crizotinib in patients with metastatic ASPS and presents a unique opportunity to describe the imaging phenotype of primary and metastatic ASPS, based on prospectively collected imaging.

Methods
A retrospective review of the staging CT scans of 32 patients with ASPS from the CREATE study was undertaken and the imaging features of primary and metastatic disease were assessed.

Results
Imaging of the primary tumour was available in 7/32 cases (28%). All primary tumours demonstrated marked vascularity with prominent feeding vessels (7/7, 100%). The most frequent sites of metastases included lung (30/32, 94%), nodal (7/32, 22%), bone (5/32, 16%) and muscle/subcutaneous (5/32, 16%). Features of hypervascularity were identified at all sites, more appreciable in the lungs, with feeding vessels frequently demonstrated in pulmonary metastases (21/32, 66%).

Conclusion
Analysis of imaging from the CREATE cohort of patients with metastatic ASPS demonstrates that metastases from ASPS are predominantly hypervascular and demonstrate feeding vessels comparable to primary ASPS, suggesting potential sensitivity of this rare sarcoma for antivascular/antiangiogenic treatment approaches.
Design as an interactive boundary object
Authors: Tharchen Thinley , Garud Raghu , Henn Rebecca L. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractWhat is it about the term ‘design’ that facilitates the emergence of interdisciplinary interactions even though the term may hold different meanings for those involved? To address this question, we analyzed the vocabularies, practices and orders of worth proposed by the members of an interdisciplinaryCenter for Design. Our analysis revealed similarities and differences in the meanings accorded by these individuals to the term design. The analysis also revealed an awareness on their part that their notions of design were incomplete, and that they had to rely on the inputs of others. Such reflexivity was an important factor in fostering meaningful interactions between these individuals. Based on these findings, we argue that design is aninteractive boundary object, which enables different meaning structures to co-exist and co-inform actors from multiple disciplines and domains. Within such a view, the emergence of interactions occurs not despite but because of the diversity of views about the notion of design itself.
Comanagement Strategy Between Academic Institutions and Community Practices to Reduce Induction Mortality in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Authors: Jillella Anand P. , Arellano Martha L. , Gaddh Manila , Langston Amy A. , Heffner Leonard T. , Winton Elliott F. , McLemore Morgan L. , Zhang Chao , Caprara Catherine R. , Simon Kathryn S. , Bolds Sheldon L. , DeBragga Stephanie , Karkhanis Prachi , Krishnamurthy Shruthi H. , Tongol Jose , El Geneidy Mohamed M. , Pati Asim , Gerber Jonathan M. , Grunwald Michael R. , Cortes Jorge , Bashey Asad , Stuart Robert K. , Kota Vamsi K. 
Published: October 2020

PURPOSE: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a curable leukemia with > 90% survival in clinical trials. Population-based studies from Sweden and US SEER data have shown long-term survival rates of 62% and 65.7%, with the lower rate being from a higher percentage of early deaths. METHODS: In this prospective, multicenter trial, we developed a simplified algorithm that focused on prevention and early treatment of the three main causes of death: bleeding, differentiation syndrome, and infection. All patients with a diagnosis of APL were included. The initial 6 months were spent educating oncologists about early deaths in APL. At the time of suspicion of an APL, an expert was contacted. The algorithm was made available followed by discussion of the treatment plan. Communication between expert and treating physician was frequent in the first 2 weeks, during which time most deaths take place. RESULTS: Between September 2013 and April 2016, 120 patients enrolled in the study from 32 hospitals. The median age was 52.5 years, with 39% > 60 years and 25% with an age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index > 4. Sixty-three percent of patients were managed at community centers. Two patients did not meet the criteria for analysis, and of 118 evaluable patients, 10 died, with an early mortality rate of 8.5%. With a median follow-up of 27.3 months, the overall survival was 84.5%. CONCLUSION: Induction mortality can be decreased and population-wide survival improved in APL with the use of standardized treatment guidelines. Support from experts who have more experience with induction therapy is crucial and helps to improve the outcomes.
Development of Machine Learning Models for Predicting Postoperative Delayed Remission in Patients With Cushing’s Disease
Authors: Fan Yanghua , Li Yichao , Bao Xinjie , Zhu Huijuan , Lu Lin , Yao Yong , Li Yansheng , Su Mingliang , Feng Feng , Feng Shanshan , Feng Ming , Wang Renzhi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Context
Postoperative hypercortisolemia mandates further therapy in patients with Cushing’s disease (CD). Delayed remission (DR) is defined as not achieving postoperative immediate remission (IR), but having spontaneous remission during long-term follow-up.

Objective
We aimed to develop and validate machine learning (ML) models for predicting DR in non-IR patients with CD.

Methods
We enrolled 201 CD patients, and randomly divided them into training and test datasets. We then used the recursive feature elimination (RFE) algorithm to select features and applied 5 ML algorithms to construct DR prediction models. We used permutation importance and local interpretable model–agnostic explanation (LIME) algorithms to determine the importance of the selected features and interpret the ML models.

Results
Eighty-eight (43.8%) of the 201 CD patients met the criteria for DR. Overall, patients who were younger, had a low body mass index, a Knosp grade of III–IV, and a tumor not found by pathological examination tended to achieve a lower rate of DR. After RFE feature selection, the Adaboost model, which comprised 18 features, had the greatest discriminatory ability, and its predictive ability was significantly better than using Knosp grading and postoperative immediate morning serum cortisol (PoC). The results obtained from permutation importance and LIME algorithms showed that preoperative 24-hour urine free cortisol, PoC, and age were the most important features, and showed the reliability and clinical practicability of the Adaboost model in DC prediction.

Conclusions
Machine learning–based models could serve as an effective noninvasive approach to predicting DR, and could aid in determining individual treatment and follow-up strategies for CD patients.