bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HECTD1 promotes base excision repair in nucleosomes through chromatin remodelling
Authors: Bennett Laura , Madders Eleanor C E T , Parsons Jason L 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Base excision repair (BER) is the major cellular DNA repair pathway that recognises and excises damaged DNA bases to help maintain genome stability. Whilst the major enzymes and mechanisms co-ordinating BER are well known, the process of BER in chromatin where DNA is compacted with histones, remains unclear. Using reconstituted mononucleosomes containing a site-specific synthetic abasic site (tetrahydrofuran, THF), we demonstrate that the DNA damage is less efficiently incised by recombinant AP endonuclease 1 (APE1) when the DNA backbone is facing the histone core (THF-in) compared to that orientated away (THF-out). However, when utilizing HeLa whole cell extracts, the difference in incision of THF-in versus THF-out is less pronounced suggesting the presence of chromatin remodelling factors that stimulate THF accessibility to APE1. We subsequently purified an activity from HeLa cell extracts and identify this as the E3 ubiquitin ligase, HECTD1. We demonstrate that a recombinant truncated form of HECTD1 can stimulate incision of THF-in by APE1 in vitro by histone ubiquitylation, and that siRNA-mediated depletion of HECTD1 leads to deficiencies in DNA damage repair and decreased cell survival following x-ray irradiation, particularly in normal fibroblasts. Thus, we have now identified HECTD1 as an important factor in promoting BER in chromatin.
Negative cooperativity between Gemin2 and RNA provides insights into RNA selection and the SMN complex's release in snRNP assembly
Authors: Yi Hongfei , Mu Li , Shen Congcong , Kong Xi , Wang Yingzhi , Hou Yan , Zhang Rundong 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The assembly of snRNP cores, in which seven Sm proteins, D1/D2/F/E/G/D3/B, form a ring around the nonameric Sm site of snRNAs, is the early step of spliceosome formation and essential to eukaryotes. It is mediated by the PMRT5 and SMN complexes sequentially in vivo. SMN deficiency causes neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). How the SMN complex assembles snRNP cores is largely unknown, especially how the SMN complex achieves high RNA assembly specificity and how it is released. Here we show, using crystallographic and biochemical approaches, that Gemin2 of the SMN complex enhances RNA specificity of SmD1/D2/F/E/G via a negative cooperativity between Gemin2 and RNA in binding SmD1/D2/F/E/G. Gemin2, independent of its N-tail, constrains the horseshoe-shaped SmD1/D2/F/E/G from outside in a physiologically relevant, narrow state, enabling high RNA specificity. Moreover, the assembly of RNAs inside widens SmD1/D2/F/E/G, causes the release of Gemin2/SMN allosterically and allows SmD3/B to join. The assembly of SmD3/B further facilitates the release of Gemin2/SMN. This is the first to show negative cooperativity in snRNP assembly, which provides insights into RNA selection and the SMN complex's release. These findings reveal a basic mechanism of snRNP core assembly and facilitate pathogenesis studies of SMA.
Dreaming of a Meritocracy, Grappling with Reality
Authors: Stalnaker Aaron 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis chapter examines early Confucian political theory, and argues that they were well aware of both the potentials and pitfalls of politics. This is most visible in their prescriptions about the cultivation, discipline, and employment of elites for the greater benefit of society. Mèngzǐ and Xúnzǐ dreamed of a perfect meritocracy where the wise are recognized, given power, and rule benevolently, overseen and selected by a sage king. This vision led to the persistent utopianism that Metzger and Angle criticize in later Chinese political thought. But Mèngzǐ and Xúnzǐ were also vividly aware of the extreme difference between actual conditions and their meritocratic dream, and developed a number of thoughtful responses to the failures of existing politics. These ideas form a philosophy of elite cultivation and discipline that analyzes the “rule by people” necessary to complement and implement the “rule of law.”
Social Democratic Capitalism
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
What configuration of institutions and policies is most conducive to human flourishing? The historical and comparative evidence suggests that the answer is social democratic capitalism — a democratic political system, a capitalist economy, good elementary and secondary schooling, a big welfare state, pro-employment public services, and moderate regulation of product and labor markets. Lane Kenworthy shows that this system improves living standards for the least well-off, enhances economic security, and boosts equality of opportunity. And it does so without sacrificing other things we want in a good society, from liberty to economic growth to health and happiness. Its chief practitioners have been the Nordic nations. The Nordics have gone farther than other rich democratic countries in coupling a big welfare state with public services that promote high employment and modest product- and labor-market regulations. Many believe this system isn’t transferable beyond Scandinavia, but Kenworthy shows that social democratic capitalism and its successes can be replicated in other affluent nations, including the United States. Today, the U.S. lags behind other countries in economic security, opportunity, and shared prosperity. If the U.S. expanded existing social programs and added some additional ones, many Americans would have better lives. Kenworthy argues that, despite formidable political obstacles, the U.S. is likely to move toward social democratic capitalism in coming decades. As a country gets richer, he explains, it becomes more willing to spend more in order to safeguard against risk and enhance fairness. He lays out a detailed policy agenda that could alleviate many of America’s problems.
Islamic Law and International Law
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Islamic Law and International Law is a comprehensive examination of differences and similarities between the Islamic legal tradition and international law, especially in the context of dispute settlement. Sharia embraces a unique logic and culture of justice—based on nonconfrontational dispute resolution—as taught by the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad. This book explains how the creeds of Islamic dispute resolution shape the Islamic milieu’s views of international law. Is the Islamic legal tradition ab initio incompatible with international law, and how do states of the Islamic milieu view international courts, mediation, and arbitration? Islamic law constitutes an important part of the domestic legal system in many states of the Islamic milieu—Islamic law states—displacing secular law in state governance and affecting these states’ contemporary international dealings. The book analyzes constitutional and sub-constitutional laws in Islamic law states. The answer to the “Islamic law–international law nexus puzzle” lies in the diversity of how secular laws and religious laws fuse in domestic legal systems across the Islamic milieu. These states are not Islamic to the same degree or in the same way. Thus, different international conflict management methods appeal to different states, depending on each one’s domestic legal system. The main claim of the book is that in many instances the Islamic legal tradition points in one direction while Western-based, secularized international law points in another direction. This conflict is partially softened by the reality that the Islamic legal tradition itself has elements fundamentally compatible with modern international law.
Introduction
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
How do Islamic law states prefer to resolve their international disputes? Is it possible to identify general patterns that apply to all these states? Why are only some Islamic law states open to using international courts in attempting to solve their interstate disputes? A common Western attitude toward Islam has often served to create the assumption of a massive dichotomy between the Islamic legal tradition and international law across the entire Islamic milieu, projecting a continuing divergence between the two legal systems. Chapter 1 discusses the importance of understanding the Islamic milieu’s preferences with respect to international conflict management venues. It presents a short version of the Islamic theory of peaceful resolution (fully presented later in chapter 4) and discusses the broader significance of the project, locating it within the broader scholarly literature of interstate dispute resolution.
Islamic Law States and the International Court of Justice
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the main judicial organ of the United Nations, the International Court of Justice (ICJ), and its relation to the Islamic milieu. It examines the Islamic milieu’s views of the Court’s compulsory and compromissory jurisdictions. The Court has been constructed according to the secular Western legal logic, and its jurisprudence rarely refers to the Islamic legal tradition. The chapter presents an analysis of the ICJ’s jurisprudence—judgments and advisory opinions—and the position of Islamic law-based arguments in the Court. Empirical analyses show that the Islamic milieu does not project a uniform attitude toward the ICJ. Depending on their domestic legal systems, some ILS are likely to accept the jurisdiction of the Court and some shy away from international adjudication. In particular, the presence of a secular court system and constitutional mentions of peaceful resolution of disputes promote a favorable attitude toward the ICJ among its Islamic audience.
Conclusion
Authors: Powell Emilia Justyna 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main arguments and the main empirical findings, stressing the timeliness of insights gained through this inquiry. It situates this research in the broader international law and political science literature, discussing the implications for policymakers. However disconcerting the dissonance between the Islamic legal tradition and international law may appear, there are more similarities between these two legal systems than the policy world and the scholarship take into account. The chapter discusses the importance of Islamic education in shaping states’ preferences vis-à-vis international conflict management. The inherent diversity of the Islamic milieu cannot be overlooked. International dispute resolution is what states make of it and it is up to them to define these mechanisms. In an important way, international law constitutes a broad enough framework to grant ILS space to tailor conflict management venues to their own needs and preferences, as dictated by their domestic legal systems.
Enacting Musical Time
Authors: Kozak Mariusz 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
What is musical time? Where is it manifested? How does it show up in our experience, and how do we capture it in our analyses? Enacting Musical Time offers several answers to these questions by considering musical time as the form of the listener’s interaction with music. Building on evidence from music theory, phenomenology, cognitive science, and social anthropology, the book develops a philosophical and critical argument that musical time is created by the moving bodies of participants engaged in musical activities. The central thesis is that musical time describes the form of a specific kind of interaction between musical sounds and a situated, embodied listener. This musical time emerges when the listener enacts his or her implicit kinesthetic knowledge about “how music goes”—knowledge expressed in the entire spectrum of behavior, from deliberate inactivity, through the simple action of tapping one’s foot in synchrony with the beat, to dancing in a way that engages the whole body. This idea is explored in the context of recent Western classical art music, where composers create temporal experiences that might feel unfamiliar or idiosyncratic, that blur the line between spectatorship and participation, and even challenge conventional notions of musical form. Basing the discussion on the phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty, and on the ecological psychology of J. J. Gibson, the volume examines different aspects of musical structure through the lens of embodied cognition and what phenomenologists call “lived time,” or time as it shows up in human lives.
Measuring Well-Being
Authors: Adler Matthew D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses the well-being measure: a key component of the social welfare function (SWF) framework. This measure, w(·), assigns well-being numbers to individuals in outcomes so as to reflect admissible well-being comparisons (of well-being levels and/or well-being differences). In order for the SWF framework to function, these admissible comparisons must include interpersonal as well as intrapersonal comparisons; the chapter explains why. It then shows how von Neumann/Morgenstern (vNM) utility functions can be used to construct an interpersonally comparable well-being measure that respects individual preferences. A different preference-based well-being measure, the equivalent-income measure, is also reviewed. Although the preference view of well-being is dominant in the SWF literature, w(·) may instead be based upon a non-preference view of well-being, such as an hedonic or objective-good account. The chapter concludes by considering why some economists have been skeptical about interpersonal comparisons.
Research Frontiers
Authors: Adler Matthew D. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the SWF framework can be generalized to accommodate variable-population cases and differentiated individual responsibility. The framework, as presented in earlier chapters, assumes a fixed-population setup (the very same individuals exist in all outcomes). Conversely, a variable-population setup allows for individuals who exist in some outcomes but not others. Extending the SWF framework to this case means grappling with the philosophical literature on population ethics—specifically, grappling with the ethical significance of non-identity and deciding how to make ethical comparisons between outcomes with different total population sizes. Earlier chapters also focus solely on the pattern of well-being in outcomes—ignoring that two individuals who are at the same well-being level may be differentially responsible for their condition and thus have unequal ethical claims to a well-being improvement. The economic literature on equality of opportunity (EOp) provides a structure for generalizing the SWF framework to reflect differentiated responsibility.
The Case for Decriminalization
Authors: Flanigan Jessica 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Sex work should be decriminalized because the criminalization of sex work violates the rights of sex workers and their clients and it has bad consequences. The case for decriminalization has three parts. First, criminalization violates the rights of sex workers and their clients. Second, decriminalization would be better on balance for sex workers’ and clients’ well-being. Third, criminalization is inegalitarian, especially because laws that prohibit the sale or purchase of sex subordinate both sex workers and their clients to fines and incarceration. Throughout this analysis, arguments are developed that fall along a spectrum of idealization.
Introduction
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book, beginning with its theoretical foundations in the study of nationalism and colonialism. It opens with the work of Lord Acton on how “the passengers exist for the sake of the ship,” in which the passengers are sovereign citizens in the nation-state. It considers the work of Eugen Weber on processes of cultural change that are fundamental to both colonization and nationalist projects. Introducing the modern state of Israel, it puts forth a thesis on how nationalism might be better understood as a form of self-colonizing, in which people must assimilate to the nation. In the case of Israel where “religion” and “nation” are conflated in the figure of the Jew, sovereign citizens must be Jewish in particular ways that limit Jewishness and freedom of religion. The chapter also explains why the book is framed with Kafka’s writing.
Before the Law There Stands a Jew
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter is framed by Kafka’s parable, “Before the Law,” which deals with the paradoxes of social inclusion. This chapter includes a number of stories gathered during fieldwork that demonstrate some of the seemingly strange ways in which Israeli Jews struggle over Jewishness. It raises questions about those who have purportedly already gained political liberation through the establishment of their own nation-state to consider what such liberation means. The chapter provides historical background about the paradoxes of assimilation for Jews in Europe, and about pre-state arrangements that are often cited as the foundations of current struggles over Jewishness in Israel.
Self-Elimination
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Hannah Arendt wrote that “emancipation” of the European Jews should have been their admission into humanity as Jews. But attempts at assimilation actually made their future more precarious. They seemed to become part of European society but were neither admitted into society nor, indeed, into humanity. This chapter argues that assimilation does not end when Jews become sovereign citizens of their own state. Expanding on Patrick Wolfe’s theorizing on assimilation, it argues that self-determination in the Jewish state is also a form of self-elimination. Zionism is the ultimate Kafkaesque attempt at assimilation, an attempt to gain acceptance by mimicking those by whom one has been oppressed. The modern state was supposed to create the conditions in which Jews could flourish “as Jews.” Yet, because of the conflation of “religion” and “nation” in the figure of the Jew, the modern state actually limits the possible ways of being Jewish.
Mapping a Rhythmic Revolution Through Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Sources on Rhythm and Drumming in North India
Authors: Kippen James 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The Indo-Persian and vernacular literatures from the late seventeenth to nineteenth centuries on rhythm and drumming in northern India bridge an enormous gap between archaic Sanskrit sources and the theory and practice of the last 100 years. This chapter sets many of these key texts in historical perspective and explores the trajectory of their descriptions and notations of tāl-metric-rhythmic structures that have always served to organize composition and improvisation. A shift is noted from quantitative to qualitative measurements as writers employed the tools of Arabic prosody and began to articulate new concepts: ṭheka-configurations of strokes by which tāls are identified and maintained in performance; ḵẖālī, the “empty” or “unsounded” beat; and band, patterns transformed by the absence of bass drum sonorities. Such changes are arguably due to the rapid rise of the tabla in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which gradually usurped the roles of other drums.
“Rhythm,” “Beat,” and “Freedom” in South Asian Musical Traditions
Authors: Wolf Richard K. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This chapter argues that a family of common rhythmic conceptions underlies many of the musical traditions of South Asia despite sometimes dramatic regional differences in language, culture, and religion. Two contrasting kinds of rhythmic representation are examined: one that objectifies through names and numbers, and one that points toward freedom and resists numeration. Evidence for the first is drawn from the analysis of ritual drumming in India and Pakistan as well as concepts and structures in the art music traditions of North and South India. The second concerns both drumming and the elastic rhythm of rāga ālāpana. Examination of a range of data turns many common conceptions of rhythm, beat, and freedom in South Asian music on their heads.
The Reception and Interpretation of “Old Testament” Figures in Literature and Art from Antiquity through the Reformation: Studies, 1983–2018
Authors: DiTommaso Lorenzo 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive bibliography of studies on Adam, Moses, Joseph, and other figures from the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament in the thirty-five years since the publication of Charlesworth’s two-volume Old Testament Pseudepigrapha. It focuses on the reception and interpretation of these figures in both literature and art from the antiquity through the Reformation. It is limited to survey-style studies and comprehensive works rather than those that examine a biblical figure in a single text or work of art, and in this respect is meant to serve as a gateway to advanced research.
Parents' Beliefs About Children
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This book addresses what parents believe about children—both children in general and their own children in particular. Its scope is broad, encompassing beliefs directed to numerous aspects of children’s development in both the cognitive and social realms, developments that span the age periods from birth through adolescence. Although the focus is on typical development, departures from the norm in both children’s functioning and parental practices are also discussed. Four questions are addressed for every topic considered: What is the nature of parents’ beliefs? What are the origins of parents’ beliefs? How do parents’ beliefs relate to parents’ behavior? And how do parents’ beliefs relate to children’s development? These questions tie in to long-standing theoretical issues in psychology, they are central to our understanding of both parenting practices and children’s development, and they speak to some of the most important pragmatic issues for which psychology can provide answers. The major goal of the book is to convey the main conclusions from the large body of work that has addressed these questions. Because much still remains to be learned, a second goal is to identify needed directions for further study.
Images of Mohammad Reza Beg
Authors: Mokhberi Susan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Engravings of Mohammad Reza Beg were struck for his visit to France in 1715. Many of the images highlighted his foreign clothing and habits such as smoking and bathing, which in most cases were recognizable curiosities and already had stimulated trends in French fashion and culture. In France, consumers bought and consumed goods, such as coffee and expensive fabrics, that had been considered exotic but, by the time of the Beg’s visit in 1715, had been adapted as their own. The prints functioned to highlight his foreign tastes, but at the same time, they tempered his exoticness to make him accessible to the French and more like themselves.
Epilogue
Authors: Mokhberi Susan 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
With the publication of Montesquieu’s Persian Letters in 1721, Persians transform from objects of curiosity—as witnessed in the reception of Mohammad Reza Beg in 1715—to objects of critical reflection. The experience of Montesquieu’s two fictional foreigners in France draws from the descriptions of the Beg’s encounter. Moreover, Montesquieu compares France and Persia based upon similarities, such as monarchy and luxury, that the two countries had been known to share. The Persian-French relationship that culminates in the Letters presents a model for France’s relationship to other Asian countries. France imagined foreign countries according to the current context and the French response to Asian countries could not be reproduced by other European nations.