bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Pythium spp. and Phytopythium spp. and tolerance mechanism of Pythium spp. to oxathiapiprolin
Authors: Miao Jianqiang , Liu Xiaofei , Du Xiaoran , Li Guixiang , Li Chengcheng , Zhao Deyou , Liu Xili 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDOxathiapiprolin, developed by DuPont, is the only commercial oxysterol‐binding protein inhibitor (OSBPI) of oomycete pathogens. Although the activity of oxathiapiprolin on some Pythium spp. and Phytopythium spp. has been reported, it has not been tested on many other species, and little is known about the mechanisms of Pythium spp. that are tolerant to it.RESULTSOxathiapiprolin exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of Phy. litorale, Phy. helicoides and Phy. chamaehyphon, with EC50 values ranging from 0.002 to 0.013 μg mL−1. It also showed good effectiveness against Py. splendens and two Py. ultimum isolates, with EC50 values ranging from 0.167 to 0.706 μg mL−1, but showed no activity against 14 other Pythium spp. Oxathiapiprolin provoked a slight upregulation of PuORP1 in Py. ultimum, but it did not lead to PaORP1‐1 or PaORP1‐2 overexpression in Py. aphanidermatum. Transformation and expression of PuORP1, PaORP1‐1 or PaORP1‐2 in the sensitive wild‐type Phytophthora sojae isolate P6497 confirmed that either the PuORP1, PaORP1‐1 or PaORP1‐2 was responsible for the observed oxathiapiprolin tolerance.CONCLUSIONThis study showed that oxathiapiprolin had excellent activity against Phytopythium spp. but displayed a differentiated activity against different Pythium spp. ORP1s in Pythium spp. are positively related to the tolerance of Pythium species to oxathiapiprolin. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Temporospatial modulation of Lymantria dispar immune system against an entomopathogenic fungal infection
Authors: Bai Jianyang , Xu Zhe , Li Lu , Ma Wei , Xu Letian , Ma Ling 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDLymantria dispar is an economically impactful forest pest worldwide. The entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana shows great promise in pest management due to its high lethality in Lymantria dispar. A complete understanding of the immune interactions between the pest and the pathogenic fungus is essential to actualizing biological pest management.RESULTSFollowing the infection of Lymantria dispar by Beauveria bassiana spores, we performed a time‐course analysis of transcriptome in Lymantria dispar fat bodies and hemocytes to explore host immune response. A total of 244 immunity‐related genes including pattern recognition receptors, extracellular signal modulators, immune pathways (Toll, IMD, JNK and JAK/STAT), and response effectors were identified. We observed contrasting tissue and time‐specific differences in the expression of immune genes. At the early stage of infection, several recognition receptors and effector genes were activated, while the signal modulation and effector genes were suppressed at later stages. Further enzyme activity‐based assays coupled with gene expression analysis of prophenoloxidase revealed a significant upregulation of phenoloxidase activity at 48‐ and 72‐h post‐infection. Moreover, fungal infection led to dysbiosis in gut microbiota that seems to be partially attributed to reduced gut hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) amount, which indicates a significant impact of fungal infection on host gut microbes.CONCLUSIONOur study provides a comprehensive sequence resource and crucial new insights about an economically important forest pest. Specifically, we elucidate the complicated multipartite interaction between host and fungal pathogen and contribute to a better understanding of Lymantria dispar anti‐fungal immunity, resulting in better tools for biological pest control. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Discovery of a species‐specific novel antifungal compound against Fusarium graminearum through an integrated molecular modeling strategy
Authors: Fu Weitao , Wu Ningjie , Ke Di , Chen Yun , Xu Tianming , Tang Guangfei 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe cyanoacrylate fungicide phenamacril targeting fungal myosin I has been widely used for controlling Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat caused by the pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum worldwide. Therefore, there is great interest in the discovery and development of novel FgMyo1 inhibitors through structure‐based drug design for the treatment of FHB.RESULTSIn this study, the binding mechanism of phenamacril with FgMyo1 was predicted by an integrated molecular modeling strategy. The predicted key phenamacril‐binding residues of FgMyo1 were further experimentally validated by point mutagenesis and phenamacril sensitivity assessment. Four novel key residues responsible for phenamacril binding were identified, highlighting the reliability of the theoretical predictions. The subsequent optimization of phenamacril derivatives led to the discovery of a novel compound (10) which shows better activity than phenamacril against conidial germination of F. graminearum, but not against other fungal species. Moreover, 10 also inhibits conidial germination of phenamacril‐resistant strains effectively. Further experiments illustrated that application of 10 could dramatically inhibit deoxynivalenol biosynthesis.CONCLUSIONOverall, our results further optimize and develop the binding model of phenamacril‐myosin I. Furthermore, 10 was found and has the potential to be developed as a species‐specific fungicide for management of FHB. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Isoflucypram, the first representative of a new succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide subclass: Its chemical discovery and unusual binding mode
Authors: Desbordes Philippe , Essigmann Bernd , Gary Stephanie , Gutbrod Oliver , Maue Michael , Schwarz Hans‐Georg 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSuccinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) have played a crucial role in disease control to protect cereals as well as fruit and vegetables for more than a decade. Isoflucypram, the first representative of a newly installed subclass of SDHIs inside the Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) family of complex II inhibitors, offers unparalleled long‐lasting efficacy against major foliar diseases in cereals. Herein we report the chemical optimization from early discovery towards isoflucypram and the first hypothesis of its altered binding mode in the ubiquinone binding site of succinate dehydrogenase. © 2020 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Assimilating visible satellite images for convective‐scale numerical weather prediction: A case‐study
Authors: Scheck Leonhard , Weissmann Martin , Bach Liselotte 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSatellite images in the visible spectral range contain high‐resolution cloud information, but have not been assimilated directly before. This paper presents a case‐study on the assimilation of visible Meteosat SEVIRI images in a convective‐scale data assimilation system based on a local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) in a near‐operational set‐up. For this purpose, a fast look‐up table‐based forward operator is used to generated synthetic satellite images from the model state. Single‐observation experiments show that the assimilation of visible reflectances improves cloud cover under most conditions and often reduces temperature and humidity errors. In cycled experiments for two summer days with convective precipitation, the assimilation strongly reduces the errors of cloud cover and improves the precipitation forecast. While these results are promising, several issues are identified that limit the efficacy of the assimilation process. First, the linearity assumption of the LETKF can lead to errors as reflectance is a nonlinear function of the model state. Second, errors can arise from the fact that visible reflectances alone are ambiguous and only weakly sensitive to the water phase and cloud‐top height. And lastly, it is not obvious how to localise vertical covariances as visible reflectances are sensitive to clouds at all heights. For the latter reason, no vertical localisation was used in this study. To investigate the robustness of the results, the horizontal localisation scale, the assigned observation error and the spatial density of observations were varied in sensitivity experiments. The best results were obtained for an observation error close to the Desroziers estimate. High observation density combined with small localisation radii resulted in the smallest 1 hr forecast error. These settings were also beneficial for 3 hr forecasts, but forecasts at that lead time were less sensitive to the observation density and the localisation scale.
Approaches toward improving the modelling of midlatitude cyclones entering at the lateral boundary corner in the limited area WRF model
Authors: Imberger Marc , Guo Larsén Xiaoli , Davis Neil , Du Jianting 
Published: June 2020

AbstractLateral boundaries can have a large effect on the introduction of external large‐scale structures in limited area models. This case study of a midlatitude cyclone using the advanced Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model examines challenges in simulating the storm intensity (characterised by sea level pressure, relative vorticity and wind speed) when a storm centre enters close to the lateral boundary corner in the outermost model domain. A domain shift, nudging techniques, adjustments of the WRF relaxation layer and the influence of the boundary condition update frequency are investigated as possible solutions. The update frequency of the lateral boundary conditions is found to be the most efficient in improving the storm intensity, while adjustments to the relaxation layer or nudging techniques did not overcome the lack of sufficiently updated lateral boundary conditions. This suggests that the modelling of the storm intensification requires sufficiently high temporal resolution.
Misspecification analysis of two‐phase gamma‐Wiener degradation models
Authors: Liu Kai , Zou Tian‐Ji , Dang Wei , Lv Cong‐Min , Xin Min‐Cheng , Li Peng 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA degradation model is used to analyze degradation data and product reliability. Owing to model uncertainty, the assumed degradation model may be improper, which can create a difference between the evaluated and actual product reliabilities. Thus, model misspecification analysis is essential. Recent studies on misspecification analysis have mainly considered single‐phase degradation models; two‐phase degradation models have not been investigated intensively. In this study, an approach to model misspecification analysis was developed for a two‐phase gamma‐Wiener process, where the change point was assumed to be known. The gamma and Wiener processes in a two‐phase degradation model may be incorrectly assumed, so five misspecified degradation models were considered: the two‐phase Wiener process, two‐phase gamma process, two‐phase Wiener‐gamma process, one‐phase Wiener process, and one‐phase gamma process. A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to examine the effects of model misspecification on the relative bias and relative variability. A case study was performed to examine the effects of model misspecification on the evaluated mean time to failure and median lifetime of a product for different sample sizes, termination time, and change points. The results clearly demonstrated the effects of model misspecification on the evaluated reliability of a product.
Is it possible to synthesize bulk salt compounds?
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Yong 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe existence and stability of bulk salt compounds are theoretically investigated in this study. This undertaking is carried out to address the following challenge: synthesizing a bulk salt compound containing a noble gas lighter than Kr. The reliability of theoretical calculations on systems is assessed by benchmark calculations of the well‐known salt. In the benchmark calculations, a two‐pronged evaluation strategy, including direct and indirect evaluation methods, is used to theoretically investigate the spectroscopic constants of cation and the existence and stability of the salt. The validity of the theoretical calculation methods in the benchmark calculations of salt allows us to adopt a similar methodology to effectively predict the existence and stability of salt compounds. Calculations based on the Born‐Haber cycle using estimated lattice energies and some necessary ancillary thermochemical data show that salt compounds can be synthesized, and their upper‐limit stable temperatures are estimated to be −237.589, −197.76, and −80.539°C. The salt compound is the most promising candidate. Calculations also show that the salt compounds cannot be stabilized.
Absence of laws regarding sperm and oocyte donation in Japan and the impacts on donors, parents, and the people born as a result
Authors: Hibino Yuri , Allan Sonia 
Published: June 2020

AbstractAn absence of any statutory law in Japan regarding donor conception creates uncertainty about the status of donors in relation to the child(ren) born as a result. Laws that provide for certainty regarding the status of the donor are called for, as are laws that address donor anonymity. It would be pragmatic to introduce a prospective system that requires open donation, allowing information to be recorded and released to donor‐conceived people upon request. For past donations, a voluntary register should be established, which would allow those people who are seeking information to register this.
Purified Starches from 18 Pulses Have Markedly Different Morphology, Oil Absorption and Water Absorption Capacities, Swelling Power, and Turbidity
Authors: Sangokunle Oluwatoyin O. , Sathe Shridhar K. , Singh Prashant 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPulse starch is a promising alternative food ingredient. The demand for pulse starch is increasing due to attributed functionalities, healthier food preferences, and its clean label. However, the functional attributes that would facilitate utilization of pulse starch by food industries require additional investigation. In this study, starch from 18 pulses are purified and selected functional properties are characterized. 18‐pulse seed types are wet milled and used for starch isolation. Yield, proximate compositions, solubility, swelling power, least gelation concentration, oil and water absorption capacities (OAC and WAC), and water absorption and solubility indexes (WAI and WSI) are characterized for each of the starches. Additionally, the effect of moist‐heat treatment and oil‐type on WAC, WAI, WSI, and OAC are determined. Results indicate differences in yield, proximate composition, L* color value, granule morphology, and starch WAC and OAC based on biotypes and significantly (p < 0.05) differed by moist‐heat treatment, and oil type, respectively. The WAC is correlated to amylose content (Pearson correlation coefficient; r = 0.551, p < 0.01). This study provides a basis for better understanding the functionality of pulse starches, enabling their improved usage as food ingredients.
Study of a new type of self‐centering beam‐column joint in steel frame structures
Authors: Jiang Huanjun , Bu Haifeng , He Liusheng 
Published: June 2020

SummaryA new type of self‐centering beam‐column joint with installed steel arc plates is proposed in this study. First, mechanical behavior of the self‐centering joint using prestressed steel strands to provide the centering force is theoretically analyzed in detail, followed by experimental validation. New joints with different arc plate parameters are designed and tested under cyclic loading. Test results show that the hysteretic curve of the new joint exhibits typical characteristic of self‐centering capacity. By parametric analysis of five design parameters of the arc plate, it is found that vector height has the greatest influence on the joint's moment‐rotation skeleton curve, which is consistent with experimental findings. A simplified model of the joint is built in OpenSees to simulate its hysteretic behavior, which agrees well with the tested results. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the new joint to improve the seismic performance of the overall structure, a series of nonlinear time history analysis on a steel frame structure with the new joint under earthquakes are conducted, which show that the joint is particularly effective in reducing the residual interstory drift response.
Darcy‐Brinkman flow through a slider bearing with surface roughnesses
Authors: Faltas M.S. , Sherief H.H. , Mansour M.A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractA double perturbation analysis is performed to the Darcy–Brinkman equations for a two‐dimensional slider bearing with homogeneous surface roughness. The surface roughness is parallel to the flow direction. The stationary random model is used to mimic the surface roughness of the slider bearing walls. The slider is filled with a porous medium. The effect of the corrugations on the average load capacity is examined as function of wave length and the permeability of the slider bearing. The limiting cases of Stokes and Darcy's flows are discussed.
Dynamic intensity factors for multiple permeable cracks in piezoelectric materials
Authors: Liu Hai‐Tao 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article presents the dynamic intensity factors for multiple permeable Mode‐I cracks in piezoelectric materials plane by means of the generalized Almansi's theorem. The Fourier transform is used and the present problem is formulated into two pairs of dual integral equations. The dual integral equations are solved by the Schmidt method. The dynamic stress intensity factors (DSIFs) and the dynamic electric displacement intensity factor (DEDIF) at the crack tips are given. It is shown that the effects of the crack length, the distance between two parallel cracks and the circular frequency of incident wave near the crack tips on the DSIFs and DEDIF.
Sparse basis pursuit for compliance minimization in the vanishing volume ratio limit
Authors: Evgrafov Anton , Sigmund Ole 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe consider a non‐smooth convex variational problem appearing as a formal limit of compliance minimization in the vanishing volume ratio limit. The problem has a classical basis pursuit form, and several successful algorithms have been utilized to solve problems of this class in other application contexts. We discuss the well‐posedness and regularity of solutions to these problems, possible solution algorithms, and their discretizations as relevant in this mechanical engineering context. We then test the algorithms on a few benchmark problems with available analytical solutions.We find that whereas many algorithms are successful in estimating the optimal objective value to the problem to a high accuracy, the same cannot be said about finding the optimal solutions themselves. In particular, in some examples the algorithms struggle to properly identify the areas where the solutions should vanish entirely. We also discuss an example where the found optimal solutions are not sparse even though sparse(r) solutions exist.
The cortical oscillatory patterns associated with varying levels of reward during an effortful vigilance task
Authors: Byrne Adam , Kokmotou Katerina , Roberts Hannah , Soto Vicente , Tyson-Carr John , Hewitt Danielle , Giesbrecht Timo , Stancak Andrej 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe explored how reward and value of effort shapes performance in a sustained vigilance, reaction time (RT) task. It was posited that reward and value would hasten RTs and increase cognitive effort by boosting activation in the sensorimotor cortex and inhibition in the frontal cortex, similar to the horse-race model of motor actions. Participants performed a series of speeded responses while expecting differing monetary rewards (0 pence (p), 1 p, and 10 p) if they responded faster than their median RT. Amplitudes of cortical alpha, beta, and theta oscillations were analysed using the event-related desynchronization method. In experiment 1 (N = 29, with 12 females), reward was consistent within block, while in experiment 2 (N = 17, with 12 females), reward amount was displayed before each trial. Each experiment evaluated the baseline amplitude of cortical oscillations differently. The value of effort was evaluated using a cognitive effort discounting task (COGED). In both experiments, RTs decreased significantly with higher rewards. Reward level sharpened the increased amplitudes of beta oscillations during fast responses in experiment 1. In experiment 2, reward decreased the amplitudes of beta oscillations in the ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex. Individual effort values did not significantly correlate with oscillatory changes in either experiment. Results suggest that reward level and response speed interacted with the task- and baseline-dependent patterns of cortical inhibition in the frontal cortex and with activation in the sensorimotor cortex during the period of motor preparation in a sustained vigilance task. However, neither the shortening of RT with increasing reward nor the value of effort correlated with oscillatory changes. This implies that amplitudes of cortical oscillations may shape upcoming motor responses but do not translate higher-order motivational factors into motor performance.
Abdominal lymph node size in children at computed tomography
Authors: Spijkers Suzanne , Staats Judith M. , Littooij Annemieke S. , Nievelstein Rutger A. J. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Background
Lymph node enlargement is commonly used to indicate abnormality.

Objective
To evaluate the normal size and prevalence of abdominal lymph nodes in children at CT.

Materials and methods
In this retrospective study, we included a total of 152 children ages 1–17 years who underwent abdominal CT examination after high-energy trauma. We measured abdominal lymph nodes in five lymph node stations (inguinal, iliac, para-aortic, hepatic and mesenteric). For the largest lymph node in each level, we measured long- and short-axis diameters in both the axial and coronal planes. We then calculated distribution parameters, correlation coefficients between lymph node size and age, and reference intervals.

Results
The prevalence of detectable lymph nodes was high for the inguinal (100%), iliac (98%), para-aortic (97%) and mesenteric (99%) stations and lower for the hepatic station (32%). Lymph node size showed small to medium significant correlations (ranging from 0.21 to 0.50) with age. When applying the Lugano criteria and RECIST (Response Criteria in Solid Tumors), 29 children (19%) would have had one or more enlarged abdominal lymph nodes.

Conclusion
The results of this study provide normative data of abdominal lymph node size in children. The current adult guidelines for enlarged lymph nodes seem adequate for most children with the exception of young adolescents, in which larger lymph nodes were relatively common, particularly in the inguinal region.