bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Daphnia performance on diets containing different combinations of high‐quality algae, heterotrophic bacteria, and allochthonous particulate organic matter
Authors: Wenzel Anja , Vrede Tobias , Jansson Mats , Bergström Ann‐Kristin 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Filter‐feeding zooplankton in lakes feed on a mixture of phytoplankton, bacteria, and terrestrial particles and the proportions and nutritional value of these components can be highly variable. However, the extent to which food quality interacts with food quantity in affecting overall zooplankton performance is not yet fully resolved.

Here we performed laboratory feeding experiments to test how the performance of the unselective filter feeder Daphnia galeata was affected if various quantities of high‐quality food (the phytoplankton Rhodomonas) were diluted with low‐quality food such as heterotrophic bacteria (Pseudomonas) or terrestrial detritus particles (t‐POM) from the riparian zone of a boreal forest stream. We hypothesised: that increased proportions of bacteria and t‐POM in the diet will lead to decreased survival, somatic growth; and reproduction of Daphnia despite the presence of phytoplankton; that these effects are more pronounced for t‐POM than for heterotrophic bacteria; and that this response is stronger when phytoplankton availability is low.

Increasing the concentrations of Pseudomonas affected Daphnia survival, growth, and reproduction negatively when Rhodomonas was available at intermediate (0.37 mgC/L) and high (0.55 mgC/L) quantities. When Rhodomonas quantity was low (0.22 mgC/L), the addition of Pseudomonas generally resulted in better Daphnia performance except at very high concentrations of the bacterium relative to Rhodomonas. In contrast, the addition of t‐POM was detrimental for overall Daphnia performance at all Rhodomonas concentrations.

Daphnia performance was best described by a model including the interaction between food quality and quantity, with stronger negative effects on Daphnia when high‐quality food was supplemented with t‐POM than with Pseudomonas.

The results indicate that the ability of zooplankton to use low‐quality food is affected by the concurrent availability of high‐quality food. Furthermore, food sources that can be used but do not fulfil dietary requirements of grazers (e.g. bacteria), may still provide nutritional benefits as long as other complementary food components are available in sufficient quantities to compensate for biochemical deficiencies.

Therefore, we conclude that heterotrophic bacteria, but not peat layer t‐POM, can be an important component of zooplankton diets in boreal lakes, especially if the concentration of phytoplankton is low.
Trophic interactions will expand geographically but be less intense as oceans warm
Authors: Inagaki Kelly Y. , Pennino Maria Grazia , Floeter Sergio R. , Hay Mark E. , Longo Guilherme O. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInteractions among species are likely to change geographically due to climate‐driven species range shifts and in intensity due to physiological responses to increasing temperatures. Marine ectotherms experience temperatures closer to their upper thermal limits due to the paucity of temporary thermal refugia compared to those available to terrestrial organisms. Thermal limits of marine ectotherms also vary among species and trophic levels, making their trophic interactions more prone to changes as oceans warm. We assessed how temperature affects reef fish trophic interactions in the Western Atlantic and modeled projections of changes in fish occurrence, biomass, and feeding intensity across latitudes due to climate change. Under ocean warming, tropical reefs will experience diminished trophic interactions, particularly herbivory and invertivory, potentially reinforcing algal dominance in this region. Tropicalization events are more likely to occur in the northern hemisphere, where feeding by tropical herbivores is predicted to expand from the northern Caribbean to extratropical reefs. Conversely, feeding by omnivores is predicted to decrease in this area with minor increases in the Caribbean and southern Brazil. Feeding by invertivores declines across all latitudes in future predictions, jeopardizing a critical trophic link. Most changes are predicted to occur by 2050 and can significantly affect ecosystem functioning, causing dominance shifts and the rise of novel ecosystems.
The role of SCFSkp2 and SCFβ‐TrCP1/2 in the cerebellar granule cell precursors
Authors: Yamashita Mariko , Owa Tomoo , Shiraishi Ryo , Adachi Toma , Ichijo Kentaro , Taya Shinichiro , Miyashita Satoshi , Hoshino Mikio 
Published: October 2020

AbstractA proper balance between proliferation and differentiation of cerebellar granule cell precursors (GCPs) is required for appropriate cerebellar morphogenesis. The Skp1‐Cullin1‐F‐box (SCF) complex, an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, is involved in polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of various cell cycle regulators and transcription factors. However, it remains unknown how the SCF complex affects proliferation and differentiation of GCPs. In this study, we found that the scaffold protein Cullin1, and F‐box proteins Skp2, β‐TrCP1 and β‐TrCP2 are expressed in the external granule layer (EGL). Knockdown of these molecules in the EGL showed that Cullin1, Skp2 and β‐TrCP2 enhanced differentiation of GCPs. We also observed accumulation of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p27 in GCPs when treated with a Cullin1 inhibitor or proteasome inhibitor. Furthermore, knockdown of p27 rescued enhancement of differentiation by Cullin1 knockdown. These results suggest that the SCF complex is involved in the maintenance of the proliferative state of GCPs through p27 degradation. In addition, inhibition of Cullin1 activity also prevented cell proliferation and enhanced accumulation of p27 in Daoy cells, a cell line derived from the sonic hedgehog subtype of medulloblastoma. This suggested that excess degradation of p27 through the SCF complex causes overproliferation of medulloblastoma cells.
Public preference for COVID‐19 vaccines in China: A discrete choice experiment
Authors: Dong Dong , Xu Richard Huan , Wong Eliza Lai‐yi , Hung Chi‐Tim , Feng Da , Feng Zhanchun , Yeoh Eng‐kiong , Wong Samuel Yeung‐shan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundAs the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic is sweeping across the globe, there is an urgent need to develop effective vaccines as the most powerful strategy to end the pandemic. This study aimed to examine how factors related to vaccine characteristics, their social normative influence and convenience of vaccination can affect the public's preference for the uptake of the COVID‐19 vaccine in China.MethodsAn online discrete choice experiment (DCE) survey was administered to a sample of China's general population. Participants were asked to make a series of hypothetical choices and estimate their preference for different attributes of the vaccine. A mixed logit regression model was used to analyse the DCE data. Willingness to pay for each attribute was also calculated.ResultsData of 1236 participants who provided valid responses were included in the analysis. There was strong public preference for high effectiveness of the vaccine, followed by long protective duration, very few adverse events and being manufactured overseas. Price was the least important attribute affecting the public preference in selecting the COVID‐19 vaccine.ConclusionsThe strong public preferences detected in this study should be considered when developing COVID‐19 vaccination programme in China. The results provide useful information for policymakers to identify the individual and social values for a good vaccination strategy.Patient or Public ContributionThe design of the experimental choices was fully based on interviews and focus group discussions participated by 26 Chinese people with diverse socio‐economic backgrounds. Without their participation, the study would not be possible.
Managing HIV‐associated inflammation and ageing in the era of modern ART
Authors: Bloch M , John M , Smith D , Rasmussen TA , Wright E 
Published: October 2020

ObjectivesThis paper aims to address the concerns around ongoing immune activation, inflammation, and resistance in those ageing with HIV that represent current challenges for clinicians.MethodsPresentations at a symposium addressing issues of ageing with HIV infection were reviewed and synthesised.ResultsThe changing natural history and demographics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected individuals means new challenges in contemporary management. In the early years of the epidemic,management was focussed on acute, potentially life‐threatening AIDS‐related complications. From initial monotherapy with first‐generation antiretroviral therapy (ART), the development of combination highly active ART (HAART) allowed HIV control but ART toxicities, treatment adherence and drug resistance emerged as major issues. Today, the availability of potent and tolerable ART has made viral suppression achievable in most people living with HIV (PLHIV), and clinicians are confronted with managing a chronic condition among an ageing population. The combination of diseases of ageing and the co‐morbidities associated with HIV‐infection, even when well controlled, results in a complex set of challenges for many older PLHIV. There is a growing appreciation that many non‐AIDS‐related co‐morbidities are caused, at least in part, by persistent, low‐grade immune activation, inflammation, and hypercoagulability, despite suppressive ART.ConclusionsIn order to further improve HIV management, it is important to understand the enduring effects of chronically suppressed HIV infection, the potential contribution of these factors to the ageing process, the possibility of drug resistance, and the impact of different treatment strategies, including early ART initiation.
TNFRp75‐dependent immune regulation of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils during early Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection
Authors: Walters Avril , Keeton Roanne , Labuschagné Antoinette , Hsu Nai‐Jen , Jacobs Muazzam 
Published: October 2020

SummaryTNF signalling through TNFRp55 and TNFRp75, and receptor shedding is important for immune activation and regulation. TNFRp75 deficiency leads to improved control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection, but the effects of early innate immune events in this process are unclear. We investigated the role of TNFRp75 on cell activation and apoptosis of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils during M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG infection. We found increased microbicidal activity against M. tuberculosis occurred independently of IFNy and NO generation, and displayed an inverse correlation with alveolar macrophages (AMs) apoptosis. Both M. tuberculosis and M. bovis BCG induced higher expression of MHC‐II in TNFRp75−/− AMs; however, M bovis BCG infection did not alter AM apoptosis in the absence of TNFRp75. Pulmonary concentrations of CCL2, CCL3 and IL‐1β were increased in TNFRp75−/− mice during M, bovis BCG infection, but had no effect on neutrophil responses. Thus, TNFRp75‐dependent regulation of mycobacterial replication is virulence dependent and occurs independently of early alveolar macrophage apoptosis and neutrophil responses.
Using network analysis to capture developmental change: An illustration from infants’ postural transitions
Authors: Thurman Sabrina L. , Corbetta Daniela 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNetwork analysis is a tool typically used to assess interrelationships between social entities in a system. In this methodological report, we introduce how concepts from network analysis can be utilized to capture, condense, and extract complex developmental changes in individual behaviors over time. Using infant postural‐locomotor development as an example, we demonstrate how network analysis principles can be applied to rich empirical data. We used existing free‐play data from 13 infants followed longitudinally as they progressed from sitting to walking. We documented the range of postures adopted during play, how often infants transitioned between postures in their postural networks, and derived parameters of density and centrality. Analysis revealed that posture network density increased after infants learned to crawl and gained crawling experience as one might expect, but density did not further expand with gains in upright locomotion. Certain postures held different roles in the overall posture network displayed by an infant, and these centrality patterns depended on the time period involved. More central postures in the network were not always postures in which infants spent the most time. We discuss how network analysis might be utilized to better understand infant behaviors in other contexts (e.g., problem‐solving, interventions, humanoid robotics).
Analysis of routine blood markers for predicting amputation/re‐amputation risk in diabetic foot
Authors: Gülcü Anıl , Etli Mustafa , Karahan Oğuz , Aslan Ahmet 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDiabetic foot is challenging progressive disease which requires multisystemic control. Neuropathy, arteriopathy, and cellular responses should treated collaboratively. Despite all medical advances, diabetic foot can highly resulted with amputation and also re‐amputation can be required because of failed wound healing. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relation between blood parameters and amputation events. Diabetic 323 patients include to the study who referred to orthopaedic clinic for amputation. Amputation levels (amputation levels phalanx, metatarsal, lisfranc, syme, below knee, knee‐disarticulation, above‐knee amputation) and re‐amputations recorded and compared with routine blood parameters. Re‐amputation was observed at 69 patients. The significant difference detected between lower albumin, higher HbA1c, higher CRP levels (P < 0.05) in regards to gross amputation levels, and increased wound depth. Furthermore, lower albumin levels and higher levels of WBC, HbA1c, CRP, and Creatinine were detected in re‐amputation levels. Especially, HbA1c, CRP, and Creatinine levels were found as upper bound of reference line for re‐amputation. The statistically optimal HbA1c cutoff point for diabetes was ≥7.05%, with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 59%. In according to our results, simple blood parameters can be useful for observing the progress of amputation in diabetic foot. Particularly, lower albumin, and higher HbA1c, CRP, and Creatinine levels detected as related with poor prognosis. Besides, screening of HbA1c level seems to be highly sensitive for detecting of re‐amputation possibility.
Clinical and cardiac characteristics of COVID‐19 mortalities in a diverse New York City Cohort
Authors: Abrams Mark P. , Wan Elaine Y. , Waase Marc P. , Morrow John P. , Dizon Jose M. , Yarmohammadi Hirad , Berman Jeremy P. , Rubin Geoffrey A. , Kushnir Alexander , Poterucha Timothy J. , Elias Pierre A. , Rubin David A. , Ehlert Frederick , Biviano Angelo , Uriel Nir , Garan Hasan , Saluja Deepak 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIntroductionElectrocardiographic characteristics in COVID‐19‐related mortality have not yet been reported, particularly in racial/ethnic minorities.Methods and ResultsWe reviewed demographics, laboratory and cardiac tests, medications, and cardiac rhythm proximate to death or initiation of comfort care for patients hospitalized with a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in three New York City hospitals between March 1 and April 3, 2020 who died. We described clinical characteristics and compared factors contributing toward arrhythmic versus nonarrhythmic death. Of 1258 patients screened, 133 died and were enrolled. Of these, 55.6% (74/133) were male, 69.9% (93/133) were racial/ethnic minorities, and 88.0% (117/133) had cardiovascular disease. The last cardiac rhythm recorded was VT or fibrillation in 5.3% (7/133), pulseless electrical activity in 7.5% (10/133), unspecified bradycardia in 0.8% (1/133), and asystole in 26.3% (35/133). Most 74.4% (99/133) died receiving comfort measures only. The most common abnormalities on admission electrocardiogram included abnormal QRS axis (25.8%), atrial fibrillation/flutter (14.3%), atrial ectopy (12.0%), and right bundle branch block (11.9%). During hospitalization, an additional 17.6% developed atrial ectopy, 14.7% ventricular ectopy, 10.1% atrial fibrillation/flutter, and 7.8% a right ventricular abnormality. Arrhythmic death was confirmed or suspected in 8.3% (11/133) associated with age, coronary artery disease, asthma, vasopressor use, longer admission corrected QT interval, and left bundle branch block (LBBB).ConclusionsConduction, rhythm, and electrocardiographic abnormalities were common during COVID‐19‐related hospitalization. Arrhythmic death was associated with age, coronary artery disease, asthma, longer admission corrected QT interval, LBBB, ventricular ectopy, and usage of vasopressors. Most died receiving comfort measures.
Weak and fragmented regulatory frameworks on the accuracy of blood pressure‐measuring devices pose a major impediment for the implementation of HEARTS in the Americas
Authors: Lombardi Cintia , Sharman James E. , Padwal Raj , Picone Dean , Alcolea Ernesto , Ayala Roberto , Gittens Anselm , Lawrence‐Williams Patrice , Malcolm Taraleen , Neira Carolina , Perez Vivian , Rosende Andres , Tesser Juliano , Villacres Nilda , Campbell Norm R. C. , Ordunez Pedro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractGlobal HEARTS is a WHO initiative for cardiovascular disease prevention and control. Accurate blood pressure (BP) measurement is an essential component of the initiative. This study aimed to determine the regulatory frameworks governing the accuracy of BPMDs in countries of the Americas participating in the HEARTS initiative. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the laws and regulations relevant to ensuring the accuracy of BPMDs were determined from the Ministries of Health/Regulatory Agencies among 13 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Analysis included characterizing the scope of regulations (ie, pre‐market approval, sales and promotion, labeling, cuff sizes, and procurement), information systems for monitoring the models of BPMDs used in primary health care (PHC), and systems to enforce compliance with regulations. Ten of the 13 countries had medical device laws, but regulations that specifically address BPMDs only existed in three countries. Only one country (Brazil) had regulations for mandatory accuracy validation testing and only two countries regulated internet sales of BPMDs. Labeling and cuff size regulations existed in four and two countries, respectively. Less than half the countries reported having a data repository on the BPMD models being used in PHC facilities (four countries) or sold (five countries). Weak and fragmented regulatory frameworks on the accuracy of BPMDs exist among countries of the Americas. This will adversely affect the accuracy of blood pressure assessment and hence poses a major impediment for successful implementation of HEARTS initiative.
Perceptions, attitudes and barriers to obesity management: Japanese data from the ACTION‐IO study
Authors: Iwabu Masato , Yamauchi Toshimasa , Shimomura Iichiro , Eguchi Kosei , Ogawa Yoshihiro 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe prevalence of obesity is rising in Japan and represents a considerable unmet medical need. The Awareness, Care and Treatment in Obesity MaNagement – International Observation (ACTION‐IO) study was designed to identify the perceptions, attitudes and barriers to obesity care among people with obesity (PwO) and healthcare professionals (HCPs) in Japan.Materials and MethodsAn online, cross‐sectional survey was carried out in 11 countries, including Japan.ResultsThe survey was completed by 2,001 PwO and 302 HCPs in Japan. Fewer PwO (58%) than HCPs (85%) perceived obesity as a chronic disease. Most PwO (81%) thought that weight loss was their own responsibility, and waited a considerable time before seeking support from their HCP (mean 6 years). Most PwO (64%) had made one or more serious weight loss attempt in the past. In contrast, a serious attempt at losing weight was reported by HCPs for just 21% of their patients. Just 24% of PwO had weight discussions with an HCP in the past 5 years; of those, 56% expressed positive feelings after such a conversation, and just 2% felt offended. Lack of patient motivation (68%) and patient disinterest (61%) were reported by HCPs as barriers to weight management conversations. A higher proportion of obesity specialists (37%) than non‐specialists (22%) thought their patients were motivated to lose weight.ConclusionsOur Japanese dataset shows a need to raise awareness of the pathophysiological basis and clinical management of obesity among PwO and HCPs. The largely positive feelings expressed by PwO after weight loss conversations should encourage HCPs to initiate earlier discussions before obesity‐related complications occur.
State Actions and Shortages of Personal Protective Equipment and Staff in U.S. Nursing Homes
Authors: Gibson Diane M. , Greene Jessica 
Published: October 2020

BACKGROUNDIt is crucial that nursing homes have adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) and staff to protect residents and staff from COVID‐19. Some states have taken actions to mitigate shortages of PPE and staffing in nursing homes, including creating dedicated long‐term care (LTC) teams and supporting staffing capacity.OBJECTIVETo examine whether state actions and nursing home characteristics are associated with shortages of PPE and staffing.DESIGN AND SETTINGFacility‐level data, released July 31, 2020, from the Nursing Home COVID‐19 Public File, were combined with data from other sources. Our sample was the 13,445 facilities with information about PPE and staffing shortages for each of the 5 weeks between the week ending June 21, 2020, and the week ending July 19, 2020. Associations between facility characteristics and shortages were examined using descriptive statistics and logistic regression models.MEASUREMENTSOutcome variables were whether or not a facility lacked a 1‐week supply of PPE (“PPE shortage”) and whether or not a facility had a staffing shortage during 1 or more weeks over the 5‐week study period.RESULTSOver the 5‐week study period, 27.6% of facilities reported 1 or more weeks of PPE shortage, 30.2% of facilities reported at least 1 week of staffing shortage, and 46.5% of facilities lacked PPE and/or staff. Facilities located in states in the Northeast PPE Consortium or with LTC teams were modestly less likely to have had a PPE shortage, and facilities located in states that implemented processes to match job seekers with LTC facilities were marginally significantly less likely to have had a staffing shortage.CONCLUSIONGiven that nearly half of U.S. nursing homes recently faced a shortage of PPE and/or staff, and that state budget deficits may limit further state actions, ongoing federal assistance with PPE and staffing of nursing homes is needed.