bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alborz Heritage: geographic distribution and genetic differentiation of the Iranian Paradactylodon (Amphibia: Hynobiidae)
Authors: Ahmadzadeh Faraham , Shahrokhi Golya , Saberi-Pirooz Reihaneh , Oladi Mahshid , Taati Mehrnaz , Poyarkov Nikolay A. , Rödder Dennis 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Paradactylodon, a genus of Hynobiidae, is distributed in mountainous regions of the Middle East. This genus comprises three species, Paradactylodon mustersi (Afghanistan), Paradactylodon persicus, and Paradactylodon gorganensis (Iran). Initially, P. persicus was reported from Talysh Mountains, and afterward, P. gorganensis was described from the eastern Alborz Mountains. Although these two Iranian Paradactylodon species were distinguished based on morphological features, there are arguments about their systematic status. In this contribution, 30 samples of hynobiid salamanders were collected from Talysh and Alborz Mountains and the phylogenetic relationship between the two species was assessed using two mtDNA markers (COI and 16S). Additionally, in order to survey the potential habitat suitability for the species, Species Distribution Models (SDMs) were performed and projected on climate scenarios that reflect current and past (6 ky and 21 ky before present) conditions. Our results indicated that P. gorganensis is nested within P. persicus. Overall, both SDM and molecular analyses suggest that the Iranian Paradactylodon population was affected by the Quaternary glacial period, and according to haplotype networks, haplotype diversity was higher in the western part of the distribution range of the species. Given the low genetic distance among all samples, we suggest P. gorganensis be synonymized with P. persicus. Considering the conservational values and numerous threats that this endemic species is facing, we encourage a revision of the IUCN Red List category of the species immediately.
Patterns of diet composition of a whiptail lizard species conforms to the Shared Preferences Model of interindividual variation in prey consumption
Authors: Zanchi-Silva Djan , Galdino Conrado , Borges-Nojosa Diva 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
We analysed the interindividual variation in diet, patterns of food resource use and topology of the trophic networks of juvenile, male, and female Ameivula ocellifera (Spix, 1825) during one year, covering wet and dry seasons. Using a network-based approach, we evaluated the degree of variation in the diet of individuals, and the degree of nestedness and clustering to identify patterns of resource use and the topology of individuals food webs. We found a high degree of interindividual variation in the diet of juveniles, males, and females during the study period, which seems to be related to nested patterns of resource use of males and females. These results also suggest that males and females seem to have both generalist and specialist individuals, of which the diets of specialists are nested within the diets of generalists. For juveniles, we found evidence of interindividual variation in diet in both seasons, although patterns of food resource partition that may cause it could not be identified. Insect larvae of several groups were the main food resource in all three lizard groups during the wet season, while termites were the dominant food item during the dry season. Our results conform to the Shared Preferences Model where individuals should consume the same top-ranked prey when they are abundant in the environment, replacing it with suboptimal items as preferred ones become scarce.
Protecting Difference: Protectionist Strategies and the Parting of the Ways
Authors: Tong M Adryael 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article takes an interdisciplinary look at protectionist doxa at the intersection of two distinct fields: early Christian studies and rabbinics. I argue that both fields maintain a protectionist doxa of difference; that is, a doxa that early Christianity and rabbinic Judaism are fundamentally different from each other. This difference, which supports the constitution of each field as separate from the other, nevertheless has a secondary effect of shaping our approach to our objects of study—early Christianity and rabbinic Judaism. Specifically, this doxa of difference occludes the ways in which early Christianity and rabbinic Judaism can be similar. I focus specifically on the current “polysemy” debate within rabbinics and show how this doxa has functioned to obstruct comparative approaches across disciplines rather than facilitate them.
The Role of Canon in the Study of Hinduism and Some Notes About Bourdieu: A Response to Stephen L. Young
Authors: Llewellyn J. E. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This response to Stephen Young’s article begins with his use of the term doxa, drawn from Pierre Bourdieu. For Bourdieu doxa are the unspoken assumptions that undergird social hierarchy, assumptions that are only exposed during times of historical change. It is unclear if Young intends that the exposure of what he calls New Testament studies’ “protectionism” is a sign that the field has undergone such a change. The second part of the response is about the applicability of this kind of analysis to the study of Hinduism in North America, concluding that protectionism concerning the interpretation of the scriptural canon does not seem to be operative there. However, there is a more or less similar controversy about the study of Hinduism by outsiders.
A Critical Examination of Pascal Boyer’s Religion Explained The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Thought
Authors: Dubuisson Daniel 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Behind its theoretical and scientific ambition, Pascal Boyer’s work mobilizes several ideas and notions (starting with that of “religion”) that belong to the old Western cultural tradition. It is precisely this ideological substratum and its indispensable cognitive “crutches” that this article seeks to identify.
Meno’s Paradox and First Principles in Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī
Authors: Jacobsen Ben Hammed Nora 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article examines Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s (d. 606/1210) epistemology and his understanding of syllogistic reasoning through a consideration of Meno’s paradox. It focuses on later works, namely,al-Maṭālib al-ʿāliya,Kitāb al-Jabr, andal-Tafsīr al-kabīras well as his treatment of the subject inal-Mulakhkhaṣ fī l-ḥikma. Informed by the theories of epistemology developed through the philosophical tradition of Meno’s paradox and first principles, Rāzī views all knowledge formed through syllogistic reasoning as dependent on axiomatic truths (al-badīhiyyāt), a concept with roots in both the philosophical and theological traditions. These first principles are formed immediately upon the presence of the requisite concepts in the mind, and thus comprise Rāzī’s implicit response to the paradox in that all subsequent knowledge does indeed require previous fundamental knowledge that is not sought nor acquired voluntarily. Finally, the article discusses a separate paradox implicit in Rāzī’s works, namely that he both asserts in sections treating divine determinism that no knowledge can in fact be acquired whatsoever while elsewhere emphasizing the fundamental importance of knowledge acquisition.
Security, Islam, and Indonesia
Authors: Nakissa Aria 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article provides an anthropological analysis of counterterrorism in Indonesia. In doing so, it draws on several complementary ideas which have shaped anthropological scholarship on security, addressing ‘states of exception’, ‘securitization’, ‘governmentality’, and ‘human security’. The article develops its analysis through the first ethnographic study of Indonesia’s national counterterrorism agency. Data comes from special access to the agency’s facilities and events as well as interviews with agency personnel and ex-terrorists. The article also argues that post-9/11 security agencies frequently embrace a distinctive ‘Muslim security strategy’ built upon several contestable assumptions. Hence, it is assumed that Islam poses extraordinary threats to physical safety, human rights, and national identity. These threats justify suspending ordinary laws, making enormous investments in security measures, and extending such measures across the globe. It is also assumed that measures to prevent threats should focus on combating radical Islamic ideas, especially in educational institutions and on the Internet.
Cold War Polarization, Delegated Party Authority, and Diminishing Exilic Options
Authors: Hill David T. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Several thousand Indonesians were in China on 1 October 1965, when six senior military officers were killed in Jakarta by the Thirtieth of September Movement (G30S) in a putsch blamed upon the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). The event changed the lives of Indonesians—in China and in their homeland—irrevocably. This article examines the impact of bilateral state relations upon the fate of those Indonesian political exiles in China and assesses the role of the Beijing-based leadership of the PKI (known as the Delegation of the Central Committee) as it attempted to manage the party in exile. Oral and written accounts by individual exiles are drawn upon to illustrate the broader community experience and trauma of exile, which was particularly harsh during the Cultural Revolution. The fate of the Indonesian exiles during this tempestuous period of Chinese politics was exacerbated by the failure of the delegation and, ultimately, by the exiles’ eventual rejection by the Chinese state.
Between Revenues and Public Service Delivery
Authors: Shidarta  , van Huis Stijn Cornelis 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This article examines the development of policies regarding the state-owned enterprises (SOE s) and public service agencies (PSA s) in Indonesia. In 2004, the government of Indonesia introduced PSA s—government agencies that were given large autonomy to manage their financial affairs. The rationale behind this autonomy is consistent with the New Public Management ideal: the creation of more market-oriented government institutions with the objective of increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of public service delivery. The PSA policy has increased state revenues significantly, yet the quality of services and accountability has not improved accordingly. A comparison with SOE s reveals that the restructuring of government agencies and SOE s took place before a supportive framework was set in place. We argue that to tackle informality and to safeguard the social functions of public services, the spearheads of efficiency and revenues in Indonesian bureaucratic reform policies require a strong foundation, consisting of regulatory and ideological components.
Reformed Theology
Authors: Moore-Keish Martha L. 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
This research guide introduces scholars to the field of Reformed theology, focusing on works of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries in the English language. After a brief introductory section on the debates about what counts as “Reformed theology,” the guide explores twenty-one major theological themes, with attention to classical as well as current works. It is demonstrated that this stream of Protestantism is both internally diverse and ecumenically interwoven with other Christian families, not just a single clearly defined group set apart from others. In addition, this guide shows that contemporary Reformed theology has been rethinking the doctrines of God, humanity, and their relationship in significant ways that challenge old stereotypes and offer fresh wisdom for our world today.
Social Movement Consolidation and Strategic Shifts: The Brazilian Landless Movement during the Lula and Dilma Administrations
Authors: Pahnke Anthony 
Published: June 2020

During the center-left Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers’ Party—PT) governments of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2002–2010) and Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016), the Brazilian Landless Movement took advantage of particular governmental changes—increased access to education, improved small-farmer support programs, and expanded agrarian reform development policies—to strengthen its leadership and organization. Instead of expanding, the movement turned inward to address internal weaknesses. It benefited from the PT’s ambiguous position with respect to the politics of agrarian reform. Since each administration dedicated considerable resources to public policies that the movement favored, neither government engaged in significant land redistribution. Durante los gobiernos de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2002–2010) y Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016), ambos pertenecientes al centro-izquierdista Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), el Movimiento Brasileño Sin Tierra aprovechó cambios gubernamentales particulares, como mejores programas de apoyo a los pequeños agricultores, mejor acceso a la educación y políticas ampliadas para el desarrollo de reformas agrarias, para fortalecer su liderazgo y organización. En lugar de expandirse, el movimiento se tornó hacia sí mismo para abordar debilidades internas. Se benefició de la posición ambigua del PT con respecto a las políticas de reforma agraria. Y dado que ambas administraciones dedicaron considerables recursos a políticas públicas favorecidas por el movimiento, ninguno se abocó a supervisar una redistribución significativa de la tierra.
Party-Base Linkages and Contestatory Mobilization in Bolivia’s El Alto: Subduing the Ciudad Rebelde
Authors: Brown John 
Published: June 2020

Confrontations between Evo Morales’s Movement toward Socialism (MAS)-led government and sectors of his original support base have raised concerns regarding Bolivia’s “process of change.” An empirical analysis of the Regional Workers’ Union and the Federation of Neighborhood Associations in El Alto reveals that extensive and intensive linkages forged between the MAS and its base during confrontations with conservative forces weakened their contestatory efforts and fostered internal splits that the MAS and the right-wing Unidad Nacional (UN) parties actively promoted. The upshot was the emergence of two versions of each organization that existed side-by-side, one aligned with the MAS, the other with UN, and the capacity of the base to hold the government to popular demands was greatly diminished. Los enfrentamientos entre el gobierno liderado por Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) de Evo Morales y sectores de su base de apoyo original han suscitado preocupaciones con respecto al “proceso de cambio” de Bolivia. Un análisis empírico del Sindicato Regional de Trabajadores y la Federación de Asociaciones Vecinales de El Alto revela que los amplios e intensivos vínculos forjados entre el MAS y su base durante los enfrentamientos con fuerzas conservadoras debilitaron su capacidad de impugnación y fomentaron divisiones internas que tanto el MAS como los partidos de derecha de Unidad Nacional (UN) promovieron activamente. El resultado fue el surgimiento de dos versiones de cada organización que existen lado a lado, una alineada a favor del MAS y la otra a favor de UN. La capacidad de las bases para exigir al gobierno que atendiera las demandas populares se vio muy disminuida.
What Happens to Social Movements When They Succeed: The Case of the 4 Percent for Education in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Betances Emelio 
Published: June 2020

A political opportunity structure that emerged in the Dominican Republic between 2009 and 2012 facilitated the victory of a movement that forced the government to begin spending 4 percent of the gross domestic product on preuniversity education, but the movement was unable to develop a social base that would ensure the effective implementation of its demand. This case suggests that a movement’s success in reaching its formal goal is just the first stage in a struggle whose second stage is continued pressure on the state to ensure that demands are implemented. La estructura de oportunidad política surgida en la República Dominicana entre 2009 y 2012 facilitó la victoria de un movimiento que obligó al gobierno a comenzar a gastar el 4 por ciento del producto interno bruto en la educación preuniversitaria. Sin embargo, dicho movimiento no pudo desarrollar una base social que asegurara la implementación efectiva de sus demandas. Este caso sugiere que el éxito de un movimiento en torno al cumplimiento formal de sus metas es sólo la primera etapa en una lucha cuya segunda etapa exige presión continua sobre el estado para asegurar que se implementen los cambios deseados.
Old Friends in New Times: Progressive Parties and Union Movements in the Southern Cone
Authors: Carneiro Fabricio , Fuentes Guillermo , Midaglia Carmen 
Published: June 2020

An analysis of the course of relations between union movements and left parties in four Southern Cone countries shows that, while in Uruguay and Argentina the progressive parties were able to maintain alliances with union actors and empower them, in Brazil and Chile left parties and unions experienced conflicts that hindered the formation of alliances. In the four countries studied, two variables had a strong influence on the possibilities for forming and maintaining a coalition among unions and parties: the electoral strategy of the leftist party and union fragmentation. Un análisis del curso de las relaciones entre los movimientos sindicales y los partidos de izquierda en cuatro países del Cono Sur muestra que, mientras que en Uruguay y Argentina los partidos progresistas pudieron mantener alianzas con los actores sindicales y empoderarlos, en Brasil y Chile los partidos y sindicatos izquierdistas experimentaron conflictos que obstaculizaron la formación de alianzas. En los casos de los cuatro países analizados, dos variables influyeron fuertemente las posibilidades de formar y mantener una coalición entre sindicatos y partidos: la estrategia electoral de los partidos de izquierda y la fragmentación sindical.
Social Conflict in Argentina (1989–2017): Democracy in Dispute
Authors: Gamallo Leandro 
Published: June 2020

An analysis of the evolution of social conflicts in Argentina between 1989 and 2017 in terms of three aspects of collective action—the actors in contention, their main demands, and their chosen forms of struggle—reveals important changes since the country’s return to democracy. Collective action has extended to multiple actors, channeled weightier demands, and expanded its forms. With the emergence of progovernment and conservative social movements, it has become apparent that not all movement participation in the state implies weakness, subordination, or co-optation and that social movement action does not necessarily mean democratization or expansion of rights. The right-wing government of 2015 opened up a new field of confrontation in which old divisions and alliances are being reconfigured. Un análisis de la evolución de los conflictos sociales en Argentina entre 1989 y 2017 realizado a partir de tres grandes dimensiones de la acción colectiva (los actores contenciosos, las demandas principales que enuncian y las formas de lucha que emplean) revela cambios importantes. La acción colectiva se ha extendido a más actores, ha canalizado demandas más amplias y se ha expresado de maneras más heterogéneas. Con el surgimiento de movimientos sociales oficialistas y opositores de índole conservador, se ha hecho evidente que la participación de las organizaciones sociales en el estado no siempre significa debilidad, subordinación o cooptación por parte del estado y que la movilización social no necesariamente implica procesos de democratización o expansión de derechos. La llegada de una alianza de derecha en 2015 abrió un nuevo campo de confrontaciones que redefinió antiguas alianzas y divisiones.
Social Movements in Latin America: Paradigms, People, and Politics
Authors: Munck Ronaldo 
Published: June 2020

Social movements in Latin America have always attracted attention, but there is no agreed-upon paradigm, certainly not one accepted in Latin America. A review from a Latin American perspective of the strengths and weaknesses of the theoretical paradigms used to understand these movements suggests a revitalized paradigm that foregrounds the agency of people and, above all, brings politics back in. A proposed new, poststructuralist Marxist frame for research on both theory and practice puts a Foucauldian emphasis on the dissoluble links between power and resistance and a Laclau-inspired emphasis on the national-popular. Aunque los movimientos sociales en América Latina siempre han llamado la atención, no hay un paradigma acordado; ciertamente, no uno que se acepte en la región. Un análisis desde una perspectiva latinoamericana de las fortalezas y debilidades de los paradigmas teóricos utilizados para entender estos movimientos sugiere un marco revitalizado que pone en primer plano la agencia de las personas y, sobre todo, recupera el tema de la política. El nuevo paradigma marxista postestructuralista aquí propuesto para la investigación tanto teórica como práctica pone un énfasis foucauldiano en los vínculos disolubles entre el poder y la resistencia, así como un énfasis en lo nacional y popular inspirado por Laclau.
A clinical method of evaluating simple reaction time and reaction accuracy is sensitive to a single dose of lorazepam
Authors: Richardson James K , Eckner James T , Kim Hogene , Ashton-Miller James A 
Published: June 2020

Rationale: Benzodiazepines are useful and commonly prescribed. Unfortunately, they are associated with subtle but functionally significant neurocognitive side effects that increase the risk of motor vehicle accidents and falls. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether clinically feasible measures of simple reaction time and reaction accuracy are sensitive to a single dose of lorazepam. Methods: Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 26 healthy adults (13 women; age = 26.9 ± 8.2 yr) were given 1.0 mg lorazepam or placebo 90 minutes prior to two data collection sessions. Participants completed simple and reaction accuracy tasks using a standardized “ruler drop” testing paradigm during each session. Outcomes were mean and variability of simple reaction time and reaction accuracy, which evaluates a participant’s ability to catch the device solely on the random 50% of trials that lights affixed to it illuminate on release. Reaction accuracy requires a go/no-go decision within 420 ms before the falling device strikes the floor. Results: As compared with placebo, lorazepam increased simple reaction time variability (range = 43 ± 18 vs. 60 ± 23 ms, respectively; p = 0.004 and standard deviation = 14.6 ± 5.7 vs. 19.7 ± 7.3 ms, respectively; = 0.006) and decreased reaction accuracy (90 ± 7% vs. 84 ± 11%, respectively; p = 0.010). Conclusion: Given prior work demonstrating associations between simple reaction time and reaction accuracy and functional outcomes such as self-protection, response to perturbations, and fall risk, these clinically available measures may have a role in identifying subtle, functionally significant cognitive changes related to short-term benzodiazepine use.