bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Poetics of the Great Depression
Authors: Parker Robert Dale 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In a hyper-representative example of the poetics of the stiff, Tom Kromer’s acclaimed but underknown 1935 novel Waiting for Nothing invents a spare, barebones literary style and aesthetic keyed specifically to the Depression’s sense of lives reduced to their inescapable, all-encompassing, and ever-imminent suffering, a world where millions of people no longer know whether they will find something to eat that day or someplace to sleep that night. Building on the understated style of Ernest Hemingway and the lively lingo of bums, tramps, and hobos, Kromer’s novel epitomizes the way that the poetics of the stiff paralyzes character and action in a frozen time free from progress that represents the paralysis of Depression life and the static despair of extreme Depression poverty.
Postscript
Authors: Shukman Ann 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The postscript includes additional information about the outcomes for some of the main people featured in the book, including Walter Runciman, Neville Chamberlain, President Beneš, Jan Masaryk, Milan Hodza, Ernst Kundt, Karl Herman Frank, Konrad Henlein, William Sebekowsky, Robert Stopford, Basil Newton, and Karel Schwartzenberg.
The Afghan Communist–Mujahideen Civil War, 1979–1992
Authors: Anderson Noel 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter takes the book’s analysis to one of the most infamous battlefields afflicted by competitive intervention: the Afghan civil war (1979–1992). Drawing on archival documents, official histories of the Afghan campaign, declassified intelligence reports, and memoirs of former military and political elites, it unpacks the strategic logic motivating the Soviet Union’s intervention in support of the Afghan communist regime as it faced off against the mujahideen rebels that were backed by Pakistan and the United States. The chapter explains how the interveners navigated the strategic dilemmas inherent in competitive intervention by signaling restraint through the imposition of limitations on the scope of their support to the domestic combatants. While limits proved fruitful in controlling escalation between the interveners, its consequences for the dynamics and outcomes of the Afghan conflict were significant: with the aid of their external backers, neither rebel nor government forces faced the resource constraints inherent in war; yet precisely because the interveners sought to avoid escalation, neither side was conferred a decisive military advantage that could help them attain victory. These arguments challenge conventional accounts of the conflict and offer new insights into a quintessential Cold War era “proxy war” between the United States and Soviet Union, illustrating how the dilemmas of competitive intervention affect even the most powerful states in the international system.
Military Reform in Imperial Iran
Authors: Ansari Ali M. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper looks at attempts to reform the Iranian military in the nineteenth century, focusing on the various approaches and the debate as to whether military reform might catalyze wider state reform or, as some European advisors argued, that political and economic reform had to underpin and support the modernization of the military. The paper charts the attempts of Abbas Mirza to impose reform, the challenges he faced, both foreign and domestic, the failure of that reform, and the ultimate decision by the end of the nineteenth century to adopt foreign officered military establishments, principally the Russian-backed Cossack Brigade, which became the principle military force in the country through the Great War. The paper argues that the failure to reform the military reflected wider political failures and was not a reflection of instinctive martial failure. On the contrary, European observers repeatedly applauded the aptitude of Iran’s military to adopt new techniques, not least the new science of artillery.
Diplomatic Encounters between Qing China and the West
Authors: Wang Wensheng 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into China’s diplomatic interactions with European powers during the final imperial dynasty, the Qing. It commences by exploring deep-rooted traditional beliefs in the Chinese state’s universal authority and its global relations, as exemplified by the Sino-centric tributary system. It further dissects the predominant spatial framework centered around this system and its main features. From the sixteenth century onward, Western powers began employing a mix of diplomacy and military endeavors to gain economic and political access to China. This chapter traces a sequence of such initiatives, with a particular focus on the Macartney embassy of 1793, marking the first concerted effort by a European power to establish an equal relationship with China. The intensifying Western incursions, both during and after the two Opium Wars, destabilized the underpinnings of the traditional Chinese world order hinged on the tributary system. This turbulent period witnessed an unprecedented wave of diplomatic experimentation, including the establishment of the Zongli Yamen and a notable shift in Chinese diplomatic emphasis from continental affairs to maritime concerns. While forging new diplomatic ties with Western powers via treaty ports, the late Qing regime also adapted its tributary relationships with the remaining vassal states. This dual-track diplomatic approach enabled the declining empire to better navigate the exceptional array of geopolitical challenges posed by an increasingly intricate global and regional landscape.
Qajar Iran’s Global Diplomacy
Authors: Chehabi H. E. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Beginning the early nineteenth century, Iran under the new Qajar dynasty was embroiled in European diplomacy because of its geographic location between Russia and British India. As a buffer state, it was able to remain sovereign, maintain a diplomatic presence on the world scene, and sign treaties with other powers. Most importantly, it settled old conflicts with the Ottoman Empire, which in some ways became a role model because it was a fellow Muslim state. Over the course of the nineteenth century, Iran established legations and consulates around the world, by the early twentieth century even in South America. But the state remained weak, and dissatisfaction with the way the country was governed exploded in the Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which was followed by a civil war. With the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 Iran was divided into zones of influence. The country’s sovereignty was further undermined when Russians and Ottomans fought on Iranian territory in the First World War. The government attempted to attend the Versailles conference to obtain reparations, but the Iranian delegation was not allowed to participate. Through astute maneuvering, however, the Iranian diplomats in Europe managed to extract guarantees for Iran’s sovereignty from the powers, culminating in an invitation to become a member of the League of Nations.
Ethiopia’s Monarchy and European Imperial Domination
Authors: Orlowska Izabela 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter sheds light on how the Ethiopian monarchy reinvented itself and adopted symbolic forms and political spectacle to re-establish strong imperial power at the time of European colonial expansion. It further addresses how, in the same period, this African government engaged with Western powers and managed to maintain sovereignty. The chapter further illustrates how in the process of dealing with internal challenges, Ethiopia opened up to modernity recognizing the technological advances it had to offer and embracing the necessary changes it demanded. It pays particular attention to how familiar symbols were channeled to fit Western patterns as well as convey authenticity and longevity of the Ethiopian statehood. From Western-type clothing, new gender conventions, or Western-style magazines to the Constitution, changes introduced served the purpose of “catching up” and creating the international language of diplomacy acceptable to the Western world.
Siam’s Monarchy and European Imperialism
Authors: Jory Patrick 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Alone among the kingdoms of Southeast Asia, Siam famously avoided colonization in the second half of the nineteenth century. Despite this, however, historians tend to regard this period as one of “Westernization.” Yet within Siamese society a process of economic transformation had already begun prior to European encroachment in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. As this process accelerated during the Age of Empire, Siam’s courtly class took on a more bourgeois character in such areas as dress, manners, speech, social and gender relations, religious belief, and courtly ritual. What is commonly understood as “Westernization” should thus better be understood as the bourgeoisification of Siamese society in which the Siamese were active agents.
Closing the Moroccan Question
Authors: Roslington James 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The downfall of the Sultanate of Morocco, described in the European press as the “Sick Man of the West,” was long prophesied by Western policy-makers. Yet Morocco was not inevitably doomed to lose its independence. From the mid-nineteenth century, Moroccan diplomats were active participants in the so-called Moroccan Question, seeking to maintain the sultanate’s sovereignty by playing rival European states off against each other. In the face of external pressures, Moroccan diplomats successfully maintained their country’s independence by cultivating bilateral relations with European states. However, a series of policy missteps under Sultan ‘Abd al-Aziz led to a contingent crisis in 1901–1905, culminating in an ill-fated attempt at multilateral diplomacy at the Algeciras Conference in 1906. European states closed ranks at Algeciras, setting in train the closing of the Moroccan Question and ultimately the surrender of Moroccan independence in 1912.
Belief as Emotion
Authors: McCormick Miriam Schleifer 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Belief as Emotion argues that belief is a type of emotion, where emotions are understood as irreducibly blended states that transcend the cognitive/non-cognitive divide. On this view, to believe is to feel that the way one represents the world is accurate and this feeling is a kind of evaluation. This view helps explain a number of puzzling phenomena in epistemology, philosophy of mind, philosophy of action, and philosophy of religion. Further, thinking of beliefs as emotions helps us to understand the ethics of belief. It offers a better understanding of what are sometimes called “edge cases” of beliefs, ones that seem belief-like but that are hard to fit into most standard pictures of belief. These include delusions, religious and political attitudes, and belief in the context of trust. The view also illuminates the phenomena of self-deception, implicit bias, and deep disagreement. Ideal emotional maintenance is complex; thinking of beliefs as emotions acknowledges and embraces this complexity of our doxastic lives.
Belief as a Blended State
Authors: McCormick Miriam Schleifer 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains what it means for belief to be an emotion—namely, an irreducibly blended state—showing how beliefs satisfy widely accepted criteria of emotions, and argues that a number of prominent theories of emotions can accommodate beliefs as emotions. It is argued that to believe is to feel something is accurate, just as to fear is to feel something is dangerous. The chapter also explores the implications of this view and addresses common concerns about it, especially concerning seeming differences between beliefs and emotions. Once it is recognized that beliefs are evaluative in the same way as other emotions, these seeming differences dissolve. The chapter ends by considering how three distinct theories of emotion—neo-judgmentalist theories, perceptual theories, and attitudinal theories—would characterize beliefs as emotions.
Chronic diseases
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Many consumers of tobacco, sugar and other causes of chronic diseases are trapped in a world of limited options (nothing but junk food), hard choices (tobacco addiction) and few resources (economic hardship), temporarily eased by postponing (discounting) the personal costs of future illness. Consumers are ultimately responsible for ‘behavioural’ risks to their health, but the behaviours in question are also those of manufacturers and governments. The burden of choice on consumers is lighter when shared. Governments, in particular, have the means to intervene between commercial supply and consumer demand. The most effective instruments of government are the most forceful—taxes and regulations—especially for the control of single, major causes of illness such as tobacco and sugar. In practice, governments under pressure from manufacturers tend to under-tax and under-regulate harmful commodities, so other enticements are needed too. Empirical studies show that campaigns to improve health (better food choices, greater physical activity) can complement those to prevent disease, especially when the joint benefits for health are large. The greater task, however, is to empower public demand for government action that favours health, and disempower commercial interests that drive the consumption of sugar, tobacco, and other causes of chronic disease.
Future positive
Authors: Dye Christopher 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This book explores ways to resolve one of humanity’s most enduring dilemmas: whether to invest in staying healthy (‘prevention’ in the larger sense, both protecting and improving health) or take a chance on illness and medical treatment (‘cure’)? Resolution of this age-old dilemma begins with a timeless truth: the benefits of good health come at a cost; prevention is not better than cure at any price. Any study of health choices should begin without preconception—observing ‘what is’ (positive economics) before prescribing ‘what should be’ (normative economics), because rational choices are the logical consequences of subjective values. The six case studies in Chapters 3–8 investigate how choices depend on the circumstances in which they are made: in health services (cost of prevention in primary healthcare), and for epidemics (managing risk and uncertainty), endemic infections (recalibrating perceptions of hazard), chronic diseases (valuing the future, today), sanitation (health and the quality of life), and climate change (mitigation and adaptation on large and small population scales). Facing a variety of threats and opportunities, each of these challenges demands a different set of solutions to achieve the same ultimate goal—health as WHO’s ‘state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing’.
Global Mixed Migration Governance
Authors: Kortendiek Nele 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
What is “mixed migration” and how is it governed at the European and global level? This chapter provides the background for the empirical analysis. In 2015–16, migration and asylum were governed at the border with scanty, overlapping IO mandates, as well as fragmentary norms and policies. Ever-growing numbers of migrants and displaced people, along with the lack of a suitable institutional structures to process them, created a crisis. The chapter sketches the formal global governance landscape to show that mixed migration is increasingly becoming recognized as a topic of global political salience but still lacks an international regime. The chapter then presents current patterns of mixed movements and introduces the basic parameters of the European migration and refugee crisis. It discusses the EU’s policy response and introduces Chios as a central border crossing site and hotspot of the crisis.
Introduction
Authors: Bavoso Vincenzo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides the background of the book as well as a preliminary understanding of the importance of this area of financial markets, and the urgency to rethink its regulation. It introduces the main functions of financial markets and key traditional distinctions between different channels of intermediation, namely bank finance and capital markets finance. Within the latter, this chapter highlights the centrality of debt channels and products relative to equity. It is critically observed that while there has been a functional integration of banks and capital markets, a distinction between different financing channels is still relevant for legal and regulatory purposes. This chapter also provides an overview of current regulatory and policy trends and illustrates the difficulty, to date, of regulating this area of finance. A structure of the rest of the monograph concludes this chapter.
A historical overview of debt capital markets
Authors: Bavoso Vincenzo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter charts the historical development of debt capital markets. It shows their exponential growth since the 1980s, due primarily to the liberalization of financial markets that occurred as a result of regulatory changes implemented from the 1970s (with the end of Bretton Woods) until the end of the 1990s (with the final liberalization of derivatives markets, and the contextual legalization of mergers between different types of financial institutions). The analysis developed in this chapter employs data to show that much of the transactional innovation started in the 1980s and reached its climax in the early 2000s. In the same period, disintermediated forms of debt financing were becoming increasingly popular among different market participants. For corporations they became the chief mechanism to fund large-scale acquisitions, whereas for banks they contributed to shaping their business model and funding structure, creating a close interdependence between banks and wholesale channels of finance.
The regulatory framework of debt capital markets
Authors: Bavoso Vincenzo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a critical analysis of the regulatory framework that operates around capital markets, particularly since their growth in the 1980s. The general framework governing financial markets, and debt capital markets too, still hinges on the disclosure obligations that were engineered in the 1930s (in the US first under New Deal legislation and then across the most developed financial centres). Notwithstanding the evolution and growth of debt capital markets, this chapter observes how disclosure has remained the main regulatory technique. Attention in this chapter is also drawn to other attendant regulatory strategies, and particularly market discipline and private ordering, both consistent with the ideas of market efficiency explored earlier in this book. This chapter ultimately points at the shortcomings of disclosure in the context of markets (such as securitization), where in most cases disclosure rules are not applicable due to exemptions. Similarly, ideas of market discipline fell short in the realm of debt capital markets, where increased complexity led to widespread information failures.
Muddling through crises: Ways forward in debt capital markets
Authors: Bavoso Vincenzo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter starts by providing a picture of the current state of affairs in debt capital markets, pointing in particular at the risks arising in specific segments. It shows the ever-increasing level of private debt being created through channels of debt capital markets, and the expanding size of the shadow banking system—rebranded as market-based finance. This chapter recapitulates the overarching critique of post-2008 regulatory adjustments, building on the analysis developed in Chapter 7. It finally puts forward possible future directions in policies and regulation of debt capital markets.
Laboratory Lasers
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Although laser emission has been described for many materials, only a few of these provide useful devices with the efficient and reliable performance needed for laboratory instruments. The most common lasers used in laboratory instrumentation and experiments are introduced here, including their operating principles, performance characteristics, and typical applications. These include helium–-neon lasers, argon ion lasers, nitrogen lasers, and CO2 lasers, Nd:YAG and excimer lasers, dye lasers, optical parametric oscillators, diode lasers, and free-electron lasers. The wavelengths or spectral coverage of these lasers are given and pulsed versus continuous-wave (CW) laser output pulse energies or average powers are discussed. Electronic circuits and optical design configurations are discussed for gas versus solid versus liquid lasing materials.
Laser Refractometry
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The refractive index of materials is one of their most basic optical properties. In the case of liquids, the refractive index has been employed by chemists for many years to document sample purity. The simplest way to determine the refractive index is by measuring the angle at which light bends at an interface between two materials having different refractive indices. This experiment provides a simple configuration using a helium–neon laser transmitted through a carefully designed liquid–air interface that allows the refractive index of various liquids to be determined. Variations on the experiment such as the wavelength or temperature dependence of the refractive index are suggested.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) represents a useful analytical tool for elemental analysis of solid or liquid materials. An intense pulsed laser can be employed, focused on the surface of the material, to ignite a spark and generate a plume of gaseous atoms and molecules in a distribution of excited states. By delaying the time between the laser impact and the recording of the emission spectrum, atomic and molecular spectra can be delineated. In this chapter the utility of LIBS is employed to record molecular spectra of carbon clusters from graphite, specifically the Swan bands of C2. The Swan bands are prominent in the spectra from which molecular constants can be determined. Also, using LIBS of a carbon sample in air, the emission from CN excited states can be detected and analyzed. Different kinds of pulsed lasers and spectrometers that can be used for this experiment are discussed.
Faraday Rotation
Authors: Compton Robert N. , Duncan Michael A. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The first observation of the relation between light and magnetism was by Michael Faraday and is known as the Faraday effect. Faraday noted that linearly polarized light passing through a transparent medium will be rotated by a magnetic field which is collinear with the propagation of the light. Unlike optical activity, which also rotates the polarization of light, the Faraday rotation increases upon multiple reflections through the material. The experiment described in this chapter is the first to perform multiple reflections in the Faraday measurements. The Verdet constant is determined for carbon disulfide.