bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Chronic Otitis Media among Undernourished Children
Authors: Shajahan Shehanaaz , Aroor Rajeshwary 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Objective This study aimed to identify the role of nutrition in the etiology of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) by comparing the prevalence of CSOM between undernourished children with normal children aged between 10 and 12 years.
Materials and Methods A total of 200 children aged between 10 and 12 years studying in government schools were selected for the study. All the children underwent a general and detailed ENT examination in addition to nutritional assessment based on body mass index calculation, using World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards Chart. The children were divided into two groups: Group A and Group B. Group A consisted of 100 children who were malnourished and Group B consisted of 100 children who were normal. The presence of CSOM in the two groups was noted.
Results and Observations Of the total 200 children, 112 were boys (56%) and 88 were girls (44%). Of the 112 boys, 22 (19.64%) had CSOM and out of 88 girls, 24 (27.27%) had CSOM. Of the total 46 children found to have CSOM, 35 children (76.1%) belonged to Group A and 11 children (23.9%) belonged to Group B.
Conclusion Our study shows that there is a higher prevalence of CSOM among undernourished children than in normal children. High prevalence of CSOM in undernourished children is a preventable health problem that needs health education and active intervention.
Intrathoracic Liver Heterotopia: An Incidental Finding at Autopsy
Authors: Bhat Shubha Padmanabha , Pradeep Aswathy , Laxminarayana Kishan Prasad Hosapatna , Kaliyat Sajitha , Kurian Cherian Philemon , Srinivas Teerthanath 
Published: May 2020

AbstractHeterotopia is the presence of a particular tissue at a nonphysiological site. The most common sites are gastric, pancreatic, and splenic heterotopias. While liver heterotopias are rare, intrathoracic heterotopias are much more limited. It is usually reported incidentally on imaging investigations or at autopsy. There is a high incidence of malignant transformation of heterotopic livers, and hence resection is always recommended. Here we report a case of heterotopic liver tissue in the right lung in a 42-year-old male, incidentally found at the gross examination of autopsy specimen of the lung.
Neurotrauma in the Time of SARS-COV 2: A Checklist for Its Safe Management
Authors: Salazar Luis Rafael Moscote , Agrawal Deepak , Deora Harsh , Agrawal Amit 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Neurotrauma is a critical public health problem that deserves the attention of the world health community. The unprecedented pandemic of SARS-COV 2 has led to a tremendous strain on medical facilities including intensive care and availability of blood products. In addition, due to lockdown in most nations and diverting of medical attention elsewhere, neurotrauma has taken a back seat. Despite this, any case of trauma presenting during this time should receive the best possible care. However, it is also imperative to safeguard the health care workers from this infection, too. The number of health care workers losing their lives to this infection is ever rising. We here present a possible workflow using a checklist approach such that errors and cross-infections are minimized and there is no reduction in the level of care received by any trauma case. This article has been written with a special focus on middle-income countries where resources may already be strained due to the sudden case burden. We hope to minimize death “caused” by COVID-19 and “related” to it.
Humour and irony in George Mikes’ How to be a Brit
Authors: Ruiz-Moneva Maria Angeles 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Within relevance theory, and contrarily to classical formalist models, it is claimed that
figurative language does not require any special processing route, other than the steps followed in the
addressee’s inferential recognition of the speaker’s communicative intention made manifest through the message
encoded in a certain context. The present paper sets out to analyse humour and irony as used by Mikes in
How to be a Brit as manifestations of figurative language following a relevance-theoretic
approach. It will be shown that the inferential steps followed by the addressee in coping with the message
communicated by the speaker with different degrees of strength can be exploited for the expression of irony
and humour.
Language contact
Authors: Diebowski Jessica 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This paper examines the effect of language contact on the knowledge of Spanish gender assignment and agreement in adult second language learners and simultaneous bilinguals (heritage speakers of Spanish), all residing in the Geneva area of New York State. The data comes from 27 English-speaking learners of Spanish and 27 bilingual speakers, who completed a grammatical judgment task (GJT) and an oral elicitation production task (OPT). In particular, the paper investigates whether the successful acquisition of gender is dependent on the extent of exposure to the target language. The results show successful acquisition of gender assignment and agreement in all groups. In addition, the findings indicate that the extent to which Spanish is used seems to affect the gender accuracy of Spanish L2 learners as opposed to heritage speakers, who perform at ceiling in the GJT and oral task regardless of the frequency of heritage language (hl) use.
Does extensive L2 exposure trigger L1 attrition of perfective and durative aspect marking in Mandarin Chinese?
Authors: Zhang Shi 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
This study concerns whether extended exposure to a second language would lead to first language (L1) attrition, i.e. changes of L1 linguistic behavior/knowledge. An acceptability judgement task, which examined the perceptive knowledge of perfective and durative aspect marking in Mandarin Chinese, was employed, and the performance of 14 Mandarin-English bilinguals in the UK was examined. The results did not suggest that the bilinguals showed L1 attrition in perceiving perfective/durative aspect marking. The paper also discusses how research on heritage language acquisition could benefit from L1 attrition research.
The new contraceptive revolution: developing innovative products outside of industry†,‡
Authors: Callahan Rebecca L , Mehta Neha J , Nanda Kavita , Kopf Gregory S 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
A significant global unmet need for new contraceptive options for both women and men remains due to side effect profiles, medical concerns, and inconvenience of many currently available products. The pharmaceutical industry has largely abandoned early research and development for contraception and will not likely engage to bring new products to the market unless they have been significantly de-risked by showing promise in early phase clinical trials. This lack of interest by big pharma comes at a time when scientific and technological advances in biology and medicine are creating more opportunities than ever for the development of new and innovative drug products. Novel partnerships between the academic sector, small biotechnology companies, foundations, non-government organizations (NGOs), and the federal government could accelerate the development of new contraceptive products. We discuss the challenges and opportunities that we have encountered as an NGO with a mission to develop novel contraceptive products for low- and middle-income countries and how it differs from developing products for higher-income markets. We hope that our experiences and “lessons learned” will be of value to others as they proceed down the product development path, be it for female or male or for hormonal or nonhormonal contraceptives.
Klotho: a link between cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality
Authors: Lanzani Chiara , Citterio Lorena , Vezzoli Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
Klotho is a membrane-bound protein acting as an obligatory coreceptor for fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in the kidney and parathyroid glands. The extracellular portion of its molecule may be cleaved and released into the blood and produces multiple endocrine effects. Klotho exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities that may explain its ageing suppression effects evidenced in mice; it also modulates mineral metabolism and FGF23 activities and limits their negative impact on cardiovascular system. Clinical studies have found that circulating Klotho is associated with myocardial hypertrophy, coronary artery disease and stroke and may also be involved in the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension with a mechanism sustained by inflammatory cytokines. As a consequence, patients maintaining high serum levels of Klotho not only show decreased cardiovascular mortality but also non-cardiovascular mortality. Klotho genetic polymorphisms may influence these clinical relationships and predict cardiovascular risk; rs9536314 was the polymorphism most frequently involved in these associations. These findings suggest that Klotho and its genetic polymorphisms may represent a bridge between inflammation, salt sensitivity, hypertension and mortality. This may be particularly relevant in patients with chronic kidney disease who have decreased Klotho levels in tissues and blood.
Stable and Unstable Theories of Truth and Syntax
Authors: Mount Beau Madison , Waxman Daniel 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRecent work on formal theories of truth has revived an approach, due originally to Tarski, on which syntax and truth theories are sharply distinguished—‘disentangled’—from mathematical base theories. In this paper, we defend a novel philosophical constraint on disentangled theories. We argue that these theories must be epistemically stable: they must possess an intrinsic motivation justifying no strictly stronger theory. In a disentangled setting, even if the base and the syntax theory are individually stable, they may be jointly unstable. We contend that this flaw afflicts many proposals discussed in the literature; we defend a new, stable disentangled theory, double second-order arithmetic.
The near-infrared polarization of the pre-planetary nebula Frosty Leo
Authors: Serrano Bernal E O , Sabin L , Luna A , Devaraj R , Mayya Y D , Carrasco L 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We present a near-infrared imaging polarimetric study of the pre-planetary nebula: Frosty Leo. The observations were carried out in J, H, and K′ bands using the new polarimeter POLICAN mounted on the 2.1-m telescope of the Guillermo Haro Astrophysical Observatory, Sonora, Mexico. The most prominent result observed in the polarization maps is a large and well-defined dusty envelope (35 arcsec diameter in H band). The polarization position angles in the envelope are particularly well ordered and nearly parallel to the equator of the nebula (seen in J and H bands). The nebula presents a known bipolar outflow and the envelope completely wraps around it. Within the bipolar lobes, we find high polarization levels ranging from $60{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (J band) to $90{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (K′ band) and the polarization angles trace a centrosymmetric pattern. We found the remnants of superwind shells at the edges of the bipolar lobes and the duration of this phase is around 600 yr. The origin of polarization features in the nebula is most likely due to a combination of single and multiple scattering. Our results clearly demonstrate new structures that provide new hints on the evolution of Frosty Leo from its previous asymptotic giant branch phase.
Optical spectroscopy and X-ray observations of the D-type symbiotic star EF Aql
Authors: Stoyanov K A , Iłkiewicz K , Luna G J M , Mikołajewska J , Mukai K , Martí J , Latev G , Boeva S , Zamanov R K 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT
We performed high-resolution optical spectroscopy and X-ray observations of the recently identified Mira-type symbiotic star EF Aql. Based on high-resolution optical spectroscopy obtained with the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), we determine the temperature (∼55 000 K) and the luminosity (∼5.3 L⊙) of the hot component in the system. The heliocentric radial velocities of the emission lines in the spectra reveal possible stratification of the chemical elements. We also estimate the mass-loss rate of the Mira donor star. Our Swift observation did not detect EF Aql in X-rays. The upper limit of the X-ray observations is 10−12 erg cm−2 s−1, which means that EF Aql is consistent with the faintest X-ray systems detected so far. Otherwise we detected it with the UltraViolet and Optical Telescope (UVOT) instrument with an average UVM2 magnitude of 14.05. During the exposure, EF Aql became approximately 0.2 UVM2 magnitudes fainter. The periodogram analysis of the V-band data reveals an improved period of 320.4 ± 0.3 d caused by the pulsations of the Mira-type donor star.
Diagram Complexes, Formality, and Configuration Space Integrals for Spaces of Braids
Authors: Komendarczyk Rafal , Koytcheff Robin , Volić Ismar 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWe use rational formality of configuration spaces and the bar construction to study the cohomology of the space of braids in dimension four or greater. We provide a diagram complex for braids and a quasi-isomorphism to the de Rham cochains on the space of braids. The quasi-isomorphism is given by a configuration space integral followed by Chen’s iterated integrals. This extends results of Kohno and of Cohen and Gitler on the cohomology of the space of braids to a commutative differential graded algebra suitable for integration. We show that this integration is compatible with Bott–Taubes configuration space integrals for long links via a map between two diagram complexes. As a corollary, we get a surjection in cohomology from the space of long links to the space of braids. We also discuss to what extent our results apply to the case of classical braids.
Decreasing Admissions to the NICU
Authors: Baker Erika L. , Parker Leslie A. , Alissa Rana 
Published: May 2020

Background:
Evidence supports the need to decrease healthcare costs. One approach may be minimizing use of low-value care by reducing the number of unnecessary neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions through the use of official neonatal transition beds.

Purpose:
To evaluate whether transition beds decrease unnecessary NICU admissions and estimate the cost savings of this practice change.

Methods:
This retrospective chart review examined the records of all neonates of 350/7 weeks' gestational age and greater with birth weights of 2000 g and more admitted to a neonatal transition bed from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2017. Outcomes evaluated were number of neonates returned to their mothers and an estimate of dollars saved for a 1-year period.

Results:
A total of 194 neonates were admitted to transition beds, which resulted in 144 NICU admissions averted. Respiratory distress was the most common reason for admission to transition beds. There was a statistically significant difference in length of stay in transition beds between neonates admitted to the NICU and those returned to couplet care after admission to transition beds (135.92 minutes vs 159.27 minutes; P = .047). There was no difference in gestational age based on admission to NICU or returned to couplet care (37.9 weeks vs 38 weeks; P = .772). The estimated cost savings was $3000 per neonate returned to couplet care totaling $432,000 annually.

Implications for Practice:
The use of neonatal transition beds is a potential strategy to decrease unnecessary NICU admissions and reduce low value care.

Implications for Research:
Research regarding potential benefits of transition beds including the effect on hospital resources and low-value care at other institutions is needed. Additional research regarding potential benefits to the family including parent satisfaction and the effect of transition beds on rates of breastfeeding and skin-to-skin care is important.
Transcriptomics Curation of SARS-CoV-2 Related Host Genes in Mice With COVID-19 Comorbidity: A Pilot Study
Authors: Su Kunkai , Huang Xin , Xu Kaijin , Du Weibo , Zhu Danhua , Yang Meifang , Yuan Wenji , Li Lanjuan 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, is causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Along with the respiratory symptoms, underlying diseases in senior patients, such as diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease, are the most common comorbidities, which cause more severe outcomes and even death. During cellular attachment and entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the key protein involved is the angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is located on the membrane of host cells. Here, we aim to curate an expression profile of Ace2 and other COVID-19 related genes across the available diabetes murine strains. Based on strictly manual curation and bioinformatics analysis of the publicly deposited expression datasets, Ace2 and other potentially involved genes such as Furin, Tmprss2, Ang, and Ang2 were examined. We found that Ace2 expression is rather ubiquitous in three selected diabetes prone strains (db/db, ob/ob and diet-induced obese). With the most abundant datasets present, the liver shows a medium Ace2 expression level compared with the lungs, pancreatic islets, brain and even T cells. Age is a more critical factor for Ace2 expression in db/db compared with the other two strains. Besides Ace2, the other four host genes showed varied levels of correlation to each other. To accelerate research on the interaction between COVID-19 and underlying diseases, the Murine4Covid transcriptomics database (www.geneureka.org/Murine4Covid) will facilitate the design of research on COVID-19 and comorbidities.
Surgical management of growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas
Authors: Zheng Yong , Chen Dong-Ming , Wang Yan , Mai Rong-Kang , Zhu Zi-Feng 
Published: May 2020

Abstract
The endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (EETA) is the primary treatment for growth hormone (GH) adenoma. This study aimed to investigate the outcomes of EETA in 33 patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenoma (PA).
Thirty-three patients who underwent EETA in Eighth People's Hospital of Shenzhen between January 2013 and December 2017 were included in the comprehensive analysis. Factors affecting the extent of resection and postoperative remission rates were also reviewed.
The total cut rate was 63.6% (21), and the total remission rate was 66.7% (22) in all patients after surgery. The cure rate was 60.6% (20) for 33 patients. The total removal rate and remission rate were significantly different (P = .01, P = .007) for microadenomas, macroadenomas, and giant adenomas. In addition, the total removal rate and remission rate were significantly different (P = .004, P = .007) for patients with noninvasive and invasive GH-secreting PAs. Furthermore, there were significant differences (P = .003, P = .005) in the total removal rate and remission rate of patients with different preoperative GH levels. All patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus were normalized. Three patients exhibited recurrence after surgery. Several patients suffered from postoperative complications, including transient diabetes insipidus in 3 (9.1%) patients and postoperative transient cerebrospinal fluid leakage in 2 (6.1%) patients.
EETA is an effective therapeutic approach for treating patients with GH-secreting PA with high remission and low complication rates. Therefore, EETA should be considered a primary treatment for patients with GH-secreting PA.
Evaluating transmission heterogeneity and super-spreading event of COVID-19 in a metropolis of China
Authors: Zhang Yunjun , Li Yuying , Wang Lu , Li Mingyuan , Zhou Xiaohua 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundCOVID-19 caused rapid mass infection worldwide. Understanding its transmission characteristics including heterogeneity is of vital importance for prediction and intervention of future epidemics. In addition, transmission heterogeneity usually envokes super spreading events (SSEs) where certain individuals infect large numbers of secondary cases. Till now, studies of transmission heterogeneity of COVID-19 and its underlying reason are far from reaching an agreement.MethodsWe collected information of all infected cases between January 21 and February 26, 2020 from official public sources in Tianjin, a metropolis of China. . Utilizing a heterogeneous transmission model based on branching process along with a negative binomial offspring distribution, we estimated the reproductive numberRand the dispersion parameterkwhich characterized the transmission potential and heterogeneity, respectively. Furthermore, we studied the SSE in Tianjin outbreak and evaluated the effect of control measures undertaken by local government based on the heterogeneous model.ResultsA total of 135 confirmed cases (including 34 imported cases and 101 local infections) in Tianjin by February 26th 2020 entered the study. We grouped them into 43 transmission chains with the largest chain of 45 cases and the longest chain of 4 generations. The estimated reproduction numberRwas at 0.67 (95%CI: 0.54~0.84), and the dispersion parameterkwas at 0.25 (95% CI: 0.13~0.88). A super spreader causing six infections in Tianjin, was identified. In addition, our simulation results showed that the outbreak in Tianjin would have caused 165 infections and sustained for 7.56 generations on average if no control measures had been taken by local government since January 28th.ConclusionsOur analysis suggested that the transmission of COVID-19 was subcritical but with significant heterogeneity and may incur SSE. More efforts are needed to verify the transmission heterogeneity of COVID-19 in other populations and its contributing factors, which is important for developing targeted measures to curb the pandemic.