bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Experience of Designing Building Materials
Authors: Garkina Irina , Danilov Alexander 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The evolution of views on the development of composite materials is analyzed from the point of view of paradigm shift based on basic models of a continuous self-developing environment towards paradigms based on models of a structured self-developing environment based on ideas and methods of a systematic approach and synergetics. A system approach can reduce or even eliminate the uncertainty inherent in the problem being solved; to reconstruct it in models that meet the objectives of the study; identify objects, properties and relationships of the investigated system, taking into account the mutual influence of the external environment. It is shown that the structural organization of the material determines the structural design of the product or structure and largely determines the functional properties of the entire system. Composite materials are considered as large complex systems formed on a modular principle: integrative properties are approximately determined on the basis of autonomous studies of separate subsystems. Separate subsystems are supposed to have a certain degree of autonomy; the introduction of custom reference models with the simultaneous decentralization of modules by inputs is possible. It is shown that the conditions for transferring the results of autonomous studies to the system as a whole are determined by the completeness of understanding the processes of formation of the structure and properties of the system. When developing composites, the PATTERN method and the SATURN technology are used to determine the criteria for assessing the relative importance, mutual utility, state and timing of research and development, maintaining a reasonable balance between the internal logic of science and its practical significance. Partial criteria and formalization of the generalized quality criterion of building material are analyzed. As an illustration, the definition of flocculation conditions in a disperse system is given on the basis of its representation as a system of particles moving under the action of gravitational and pair interaction forces, interaction with boundaries and a dispersion medium. It is shown that the uniformity of the steady-state configuration and the sedimentation stability of the polydisperse system are mainly determined by the volumetric degree of filling. Given the complexity of the composite as an object of study (multidimensionality, multiconnectedness, incompleteness of diagnostic information), diagnostic interpretation of the analyzed factors, the probabilistic nature of diagnostic information the necessity of using methods of both specific and abstract logical cognition is shown (each new logical stage continues the previous one and serves as the initial prerequisite for the previous one).
Historical Centers of Small Cities in Slovakia – Problems and Potentials of Creating Livable Public Spaces
Authors: Kristianova Katarina , Jaszczak Agnieszka 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Public spaces in the historic cores of cities need to adapt to changing requirements for their use, reflecting the current needs of their users. High-quality public spaces provide a safe, accessible, suitable and pleasant environment for various types of activities and meet the needs of residents - users. Based on their good functioning, cities are generally evaluated by their inhabitants as more or less attractive for life. Within the project “LIVA - The concept of livability in the context of small towns” we have examined public spaces in the historic city cores of selected small cities in Slovakia, to identify the problems and potentials of forming environmentally and people-friendly public spaces. The research shows, that today’s architectural-urban forms of public spaces in the historical centers of small towns in Slovakia are burdened with many problems, the most serious of which are usually their unsatisfactory functional content, unsatisfactory organization of transit transport, the poor state of public greenery, or unsatisfactory conditions of the physical environment – pavements or equipment with urban furnishings. The public spaces reflect the overall problems of small towns, remoteness, lack of investments, departure of young people and aging of the population, resulting in a lack of basic infrastructure and underdeveloped amenities for providing public services. In many cases, the historical centers of small towns do not provide sufficient attractiveness for businesses and cultural and social facilities in the parterre of buildings, nor variability of functional use of the public space. On the other hand, public spaces in the centers of small cities show the potential to offer a better quality of the environment. The central zones, the amenities, and public services, green infrastructure or recreation and sports areas in small cities are usually accessible within walking distances, which supports pedestrian movement and reduces the use of cars. The historical cores of small towns in many cases successfully preserved their cultural heritage values, their historical identity, and their character.
Location Patterns of Small Sacral Architecture in Rural Landscapes – Case Studies from Eastern Slovakia
Authors: Kristianova Katarina , Jaszczak Agnieszka , Illes Juraj 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Specific locations of small objects of sacral architecture in the landscape represent both tangible and intangible values, which are the result of long-lasting ties between man – society and the landscape. The objects of small sacral architecture, small chapels, statues of saints, crucifixes, small belfries or other typological forms of small sacral objects, are located at specific places, important sites linked to the life of local inhabitants, on places with good visibility and accessibility, for example along roads, at crossroads, at borders of settlements, field boundaries, or elevated locations, determining compositional linkages in space. We have examined the location patterns of objects of small sacral architecture in rural landscapes of Eastern Slovakia, in selected cadastral areas of village settlements in the district Vranov nad Topľou, in the Prešov region. The results of the research show that most of the locations in the open landscape outside of the built-up area of settlements are the road-side locations along currently used roads or along the field roads and abandoned former roads which in the past connected the villages. Only a few are found on sites near springs of mineral water, or on elevated top-hill position. Within the built-up areas of settlements, the most of objects of small sacral architecture are located in the private fenced spaces of front gardens; only a few are located in public space. Many objects of small sacral architecture are abandoned, vanish from the rural landscape, deteriorate and fall into decay. The reinvention of their values and their valorization will help to preserve the character and traditional local identity of rural cultural landscapes.
New “Revolution” - Green Solutions in Urban Design
Authors: Jaszczak Agnieszka , Kristianova Katarina , Pochodyła Ewelina , Vaznonienė Gintarė 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The urban environment is constantly changing, which results in the depreciation of its natural elements. Progressing urbanization means that a person ceases to perceive larger cities as an attractive place to live or relax, while the city becomes first and foremost a place of work or an economic center. The thing that may change the attitude of the inhabitants to the attractiveness of the environment is green infrastructure. Greenery in the city space plays biological, recreational and aesthetic functions. What is more, it is a habitat for animal life, increases biodiversity, improves air quality and reduces the effects of climate change. Certainly, the preservation of open spaces and greenery is justified, because of the numerous advantages. That is why innovative solutions are applied for the identification, assessment, and planning as well as management of greenery in cities. A relatively new concept, used by the authors during the research, which relates the design and management of green areas to the needs of a better life of inhabitants, is “green livability”. Thus, ecological solutions appear in space based on balancing the expected economic effects in relation to the growing social and environmental needs. The revolution in planning is also increasingly associated with climate change and the migration of the population to a previously unknown scale. This paper presents selected design trends in Poland, Slovakia, and Lithuania, covering green solutions in small scale – including roof gardens, vertical vegetation, rain gardens, community and pocket gardens in cities. In the countries analyzed, there is increasing recognition of the need to change the way of thinking about planning, which results solely from economic or aesthetic needs, towards ecological planning with the participation of society.
Ecosystem Services in Strategic Environmental Assessment: a Case Study of an Urban Development Plan in Gallipoli City
Authors: Semeraro Teodoro , Arzeni Stefano , Turco Alessio , Medagli Pietro 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The growth of urban populations leads to cities and their suburbs to spread, expand, and replace agricultural and natural lands. Indeed, urbanization brings to land-use change, altering the relationship between human societies and environmental resources with loss of important natural and rural ecosystem goods and services. In urban areas, the elements that provide ecosystem services are defined as ‘green infrastructure’. The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is an appraisal process introduced in the EU regulation with Directive 2001/42/CE to assess the effect of the Plans and Programmes on the environment and human well-being. An important part of SEA processes is represented by the analysis of different scenarios of the urban development with mitigation measures: actions must be implemented in order to avoid and reduce the expected adverse environmental impacts. Currently, among these measures, few or none takes into consideration the assessment of ecosystem services, and therefore, the concept of ecosystem services in urban planning is purely conceptual than practical. Starting from a case study in the Gallipoli municipality, South Italy, we propose a methodological analysis to evaluate ecosystem services in a SEA process. In particular, we have analyzed different urban scenarios in synergy with the mitigation measures proposed. The results show a decrease in ecosystem services passing from the current agricultural land use to an urban development forecast with the enhancement of ecosystem services if we apply specific mitigation actions to the original urban plan. Authors believe that a correct and profitable assessment of ecosystem services in SEA strategy allows passing from an approach mainly oriented towards a conservation purpose to an approach aimed also to the improvement of ecosystem services within the territory transformation processes. In accordance with the spontaneous vegetation and the typical crops of the area, the mitigation measures developed are mainly focalized on green infrastructures that can increase the ecological functions.
A Study on the Construction of Informal Learning Spaces (ILSs) on University Campuses in China
Authors: Wang Jierui 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The main research object of this paper is informal learning spaces (ILSs) on Chinese university campuses. Due to the traditional educational system, Chinese dominated pedagogy is examination-oriented and talent training, which restrict students’ abilities of self-learning and group collaboration, so students lack reasonable and effective independent and cooperative learning opportunities and awareness. Additionally, because of the influence of national government will, most of Chinese university campuses construction process lack the consideration of the main users of them-students. They are hard to meet the students’ rich daily lives, lacking the construction of ILSs. The students’ learning and life on the campus are fixed on the three points of “classroom-dining hall-dormitory”. Lacking the construction of spatial layers and atmosphere, public spaces on campuses are difficult to attract students to stay, to carry out various activities and to meet the diverse learning patterns of contemporary university students. According to the problems above, this paper puts forward the construction strategy of ILSs on university campuses by means of interviews and questionnaire. On the basis of this theory, this paper analyses the various environmental factors on the campuses based on the survey questionnaire, and further puts forward the conceptive ILSs unit model, which is suitable for outdoor and indoor spaces on campuses. Finally, according to the classification of external space and internal space, the six sorts of campus spaces which are square, landscape, pedestrian, architectural entrance, architectural transport and architectural atrium, are discussed respectively, and the construction strategies and theoretical models of ILSs which are suitable for these spaces are summarised. With the reforming of China’s education, the pedagogy of higher education is changing gradually. The proportion of formal learning and informal learning will be balanced. Thus, the strategies and models this paper points out will help to advance this trend and the development of informal learning in Chinese higher educational institutions. However, the limitation is obvious, lacking of real cases to verify the validity of the results, so they are still theoretical.
Health-Promoting Places: Architectural Variety
Authors: Trojanowska Monika 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
There are pristine landscapes that are believed to stimulate the processes of healing. The purpose of this research is to find the features which can be installed into the urban environment to promote health and well-being. Many researchers stipulate that one of such qualities is a certain level of complexity and details. Dull, repetitious environments are linked to modern diseases. One of the important health-promoting features seems to be the architectural variety. In this paper selected aspects of architecture and health-promotion are discussed using examples from ecological neighborhoods in Europe.
Comparison of Geometric and Experimental Models for the Assessment of the Runout and Deposition Height of a Debris Flow in Cohesive Soils
Authors: Hurtado María Isabel , Vega Johnny Alexander , Hidalgo César Augusto 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to validate if one dimensional runout and height deposition prediction models are suitable for large-scale landslides (debris flows in cohesive soils) based on a small-laboratory-scale test, because landslides are unpredictable hazards and involve a great quantity of triggering variables which in most cases determine the mass movement behavior during its trajectory. Due to many of these variables cannot be obtained from theoretical methods, since they are natural to the soil composition, and to the high rheological variation this soil masses suffer during all the deposition process, it is necessary finding adaptable tools and assessment methods that require simple information, such as terrain slope and soil water content. This becomes one of the main reasons for this type researches. A laboratory experiment was designed which ground slope and soil water content were involved. Several laboratory-scale trials were performed, analysed, compared and validated with one-dimensional runout prediction models as Fahrböschung model and modified gradient model, where its suitability is discussed. Regarding models that involve more advanced tools for the analysis of a landslide, like the modified gradient model, it can be affirmed that its results are reliable and clearly reflect the sliding mass behaviour in a real scenario, without mentioning the advantages using a tool like geographic information system in cases where an exhaustive analysis of all the variables that influence a landslide is needed. In conclusion, a geometric model as the modified gradient model can be used for important analysis that require runout and height deposition estimations for the calculation of a structure physical vulnerability subject to the lateral forces of a sliding soil mass. This is an important parameter to cities planning.
Short Review on Soil-Structure Implementation in Base Isolated Structures
Authors: Bezha Kristiana , Yanik Arcan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Structural control is a subject that has been gaining interest for almost the last forty years. However, soil-structure interaction (SSI) implementation in control studies is relatively new, but it has attracted many researchers’ attention for both theoretical and experimental research. Besides structural control SSI is an important topic which should be studied more. SSI was not considered during the design stages of different structures, which led in the unexpected results after the earthquakes. In this paper the studies considering SSI in base isolated structures are reviewed. From the structural and earthquake engineering point of view, many studies considered near or far fault earthquakes and used scaled mathematical models for numerical examples. Most of the research is based on existing results of the earthquakes and real building damages. On the other hand, there are some researchers who designed scaled structures to perform experimental works under artificial earthquake excitation in order to investigate the seismic performance of the structures. This study aims to demonstrate the conclusion and numerical examples obtained from base isolation studies considering SSI. With regards to the short review, it can be mentioned that SSI affects the structure and the behaviour of the base isolation. Considering SSI in base isolation research might increase the authenticity of the corresponding study and might result in more realistic results than fixed base structural analysis.
Perception of Structure-Borne Sound in Buildings in Context of Vibration Comfort of Human in the Buildings
Authors: Nering Krzysztof 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Structure-borne noise is an extremely complex issue considering comfort of room users. The purpose of this work is to focus on the impact of vibration on humans in building together with the structure-borne noise generated by vibrating partitions of the room. Radiation of noise from vibrating partitions creates structure-borne noise, which is an additional stimulus, in addition to mechanical vibration of the floor. This means it may result in reduced comfort. Based on the review of current knowledge, it can be concluded that the perception of two simultaneous stimuli causes more annoyance than considering stimuli separately. Considering the fact that vibrations and structure-borne noise, due to the mechanics of the phenomenon, usually occur together, it is necessary to analyse the existing comfort assessment criteria. In addition, validity of given existing criteria has to be verified in the light of the phenomenon of structure-borne noise. This task was carried out using models with different approaches to the phenomenon. Basing on the given values of accelerations or velocities of floor two models were created. First model consists of single vibrating plate, with known vibration velocity. Vibrating plate radiates sound inside the modelled room. Sound pressure level was estimated using simple theoretical formulas present in literature. Second model is prepared as 3D FEM model with shell elements surrounding the room. Air was modelled inside room with 3D elements. Sound pressure level was calculated from simulations. The work aimed at determining the legitimacy of the assumption in the Polish standard PN-B-02171:2017 of mechanical vibration perception threshold and the admissible values determining mechanical vibrations.
Deformability of Steel-Fiber Beams with External Tape Reinforcement
Authors: Kinasz Roman , Bilozir Vitaliy , Shmyh Roman , Bidenko Ivanna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In 2013, the Lviv National Agrarian University patented the construction of a steel-fiber concrete beam, additionally reinforced with an external steel ribbon armature with end anchors. This technical solution allows reducing the cost of the structure by reducing the complexity of its manufacture, due to the absence of a reinforcing frame in the structure. The purpose of this work is to develop proposals for a refined calculation method of deflections of steel-fiber concrete beams with tape reinforcement on the basis of our experimental studies. 3 beams with dimensions 1500x150x60 mm were manufactured. Beam B-1, reinforced with steel tape 1500x60x3 mm with end stops, did not contain fiber. Beams BF-2 and BF-3 in addition to the specified reinforcement contained fiber, corresponding the coefficient of fiber reinforcement by volume, ρfν
= 1,5% i 2% respectively. Compressed prisms of 400x100x100 mm and stretched samples of 700x100x60 mm were also tested to determine the mechanical characteristics of concrete and steel-fiber concrete. Loose beams with a working run of 1400 mm were tested with concentrated force applied along the middle of the length. Mass production fiber produced both in Ukraine and abroad with bent ends HE 1050 1 mm in diameter and 50 mm in length was used for reinforcement. The percentage of fiber reinforcement by volume of concrete beams was taken ρfν
= 1.5% and 2% to provide enough bearing capacity of the inclined sections. The cement of grade 400 (activity 42.3 MPa) of the Ivano-Frankivsk plant was used to obtain C20 /25 concrete. The test samples were made of fine-grained concrete containing sand from the Yasinets quarry with a fineness modulus of not more than 2.5. Mixtures for beams were made in a forced mixer. The composition of the mixture was chosen so that the settling of the cone did not exceed 4-6 cm and that the fiber did not settle to the bottom of the form. The composition of the mixture per 1 m3 of the mixture was as follows: cement - 549 kg, sand - 1647 kg, water - 285,5 l. The deflections of the steel-concrete beams were smaller than the steel-concrete beams at equal moments. For example, at the moment of 210 kN·cm the experimental deflection values of beams B-1, BF-2 and BF-3 were equal to 0.116; 0.081 and 0.064 cm, and at the moment 420 kN·cm - 0.380; 0.213 and 0.140 cm, respectively. In this paper, it is proposed to determine deflections using the Mora integral and taking into account the results of the calculation of beams by deformation method. The ratio of theoretical and experimental values of deflections was equal to 0.93 … 1.14.