bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trajectory of change in brain complement factors from neonatal to young adult humans
Authors: Sager Rachel E. H. , Walker Adam K. , Middleton Frank , Robinson Kate , Webster Maree J. , Weickert Cynthia Shannon 
Published: November 2020

AbstractImmune system components also regulate synapse formation and refinement in neurodevelopment. The complement pathway, associated with cell lysis and phagocytosis, is implicated in synaptic elimination. Aberrant adolescent synaptic pruning may underpin schizophrenia onset; thus, changes in cortical complement activity during human development are of major interest. Complement is genetically linked to schizophrenia via increased C4 copy number variants, but the developmental trajectory of complement expression in the human brain is undetermined. As complement increases during periods of active synaptic engulfment in rodents, we hypothesized that complement expression would increase during postnatal development in humans, particularly during adolescence. Using human postmortem prefrontal cortex, we observed that complement activator (C1QB and C3) transcripts peaked in early neurodevelopment, and were highest in toddlers, declining in teenagers (all ANCOVAs between F = 2.41 –3.325, p = .01–0.05). We found that C4 protein was higher at 1–5 years (H = 16.378, p = .012), whereas C3 protein levels were unchanged with age. The microglial complement receptor subunit CD11b increased in mRNA early in life and peaked in the toddler brain (ANCOVA: pH, F = 4.186, p = .003). Complement inhibitors (CD46 and CD55) increased at school age, but failed to decrease like complement activators (both ANCOVAs, F > 4.4, p < .01). These data suggest the activation of complement in the human prefrontal cortex occurs between 1 and 5 years. We did not find evidence of induction of complement factors during adolescence and instead found increased or sustained levels of complement inhibitor mRNA at maturation. Dysregulation of these typical patterns of complement may predispose the brain to neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism or schizophrenia.
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The necessity of patch testing in determining the causative drug of AGEP
Authors: Mofarrah Ramin , Mofarrah Ramina , Oshriehye Mostafa , Ghobadi Aski Sueshianth , Nazemi Nazanin , Nooshiravanpoor Peyman 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundAcute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP)is a rare, severe skin reactionmainly caused by medications such as antibiotics, anti fungals, Calcium channel blockers and Anti malarias. Although it resolves spontaneously in most patients, systemic corticosteroids are neededin severe cases.AimsIn order to determine the drug that is causing this condition, patch testing must be performed. Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that is used for the treatment of rheumatic and dermatologic conditions. And although it has been rarely seen to cause this reaction, we report a case of Hydroxychloroquine‐induced (HCQ) AGEP which was confirmed by Patch testing.PatientsA woman 49 years of age with an18 month history of mild, untreated Rheumatoid Arthritis experienced an acute episode of arthritis in her right elbow. Upon going to a rheumatologist, Prednisolone 5 mg BID and HCQ 200 mg daily were administered for a 30‐day period. But after only 17 days of this treatment, the patient developed generalized erythema and painful pustular eruptions. Prednisolone dosage was changedto 7.5 mg per day andHCQ was discontinued one day afterthe appearance of eruptions. The diffuse erythema started improving a week after the patient’s hospitalization.Considering the factthat our patient was receiving multiple potentially causative medications, patch testing was necessary to distinguish the drug responsible for this reaction.ResultsAfter the patch testing was done, HCQ‐induced AGEP was confirmed.ConclusionsPatch testing is the gold standard of determining the responsible drug for an AGEP reaction. It should also be kept in mind that HCQ, although rarely, can cause this condition.
On the core of economies with multilateral environmental externalities
Authors: Stamatopoulos Giorgos 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe revisit the cooperative model of coalition formation in economies with environmental externalities. Motivated by recent concerns over the true behavior and incentives of key players in international negotiations over the climate and the environment, we construct a cooperative game where the members of each coalition have uncertainty over the behavior of the nonmembers, and in particular they face uncertainty over their coalition structure. As a result, a coalition assigns various probability distributions over the set of partitions the outsiders can form. We compute the payoff of each coalition under this assumption and we derive conditions under which the core of the induced cooperative game is nonempty.
SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in patients with a normal or abnormal liver
Authors: Cabibbo Giuseppe , Rizzo Giacomo Emanuele Maria , Stornello Caterina , Craxì Antonio 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), a novel coronavirus causing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19), with an estimated 22 million people infected worldwide so far although involving primarily the respiratory tract, has a remarkable tropism for the liver and the biliary tract. Patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and no antecedent liver disease may display evidence of cytolytic liver damage, proportional to the severity of COVID‐19 but rarely of clinical significance. The mechanism of hepatocellular injury is unclear and possibly multifactorial. The clinical impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in patients with underlying chronic liver disease, a cohort whose global size is difficult to estimate, has been assessed appropriately only recently and data are still evolving. Patients with cirrhosis are at higher risk of developing severe COVID‐19 and worse liver‐related outcomes as compared to those with non‐cirrhotic liver disease. OLT patients have an intermediate risk. Specific interventions in order to reduce the risk of transmission of infection among this high‐risk population have been outlined by international societies, together with recommendations for modified treatment and follow‐up regimens during the COVID‐19 pandemic. When a vaccine against SARS‐CoV‐2 becomes available, patients with fibrotic liver disease and those with OLT should be considered as prime targets for prophylaxis of COVID‐19, as all other highly susceptible subjects.
Pathophysiological mechanisms of liver injury in COVID‐19
Authors: Nardo Alexander D. , Schneeweiss‐Gleixner Mathias , Bakail May , Dixon Emmanuel D. , Lax Sigurd F. , Trauner Michael 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has resulted in a world‐wide pandemic. Disseminated lung injury with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the main cause of mortality in COVID‐19. Although liver failure does not seem to occur in the absence of pre‐existing liver disease, hepatic involvement in COVID‐19 may correlate with overall disease severity and serve as a prognostic factor for the development of ARDS. The spectrum of liver injury in COVID‐19 may range from direct infection by SARS‐CoV‐2, indirect involvement by systemic inflammation, hypoxic changes, iatrogenic causes such as drugs and ventilation to exacerbation of underlying liver disease. This concise review discusses the potential pathophysiological mechanisms for SARS‐CoV‐2 hepatic tropism as well as acute and possibly long‐term liver injury in COVID‐19.
Mutable yeast prion variants are stabilized by a defective Hsp104 chaperone
Authors: Huang Yu‐Wen , Kushnirov Vitaly V. , King Chih‐Yen 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGorkovskiy et al. observed that many [PSI+] prion isolates, obtained in yeast with the mutant Hsp104T160Mchaperone, propagate poorly in wild‐type cells and suggested that Hsp104 is part of the cellular anti‐prion system, curing many nascent [PSI+] variants. Here, we argue that the concept may require reassessment. We induced [PSI+] variants in both the wild‐type and the mutant background. Three new variants were isolated in the T160M background. They exhibited lower thermostability, possessed novel structural features, and were inherently mutable, changing to well‐characterized VH, VK, and VL variants in wild‐type cells. In contrast, VH, VK, and VL of the wild‐type background, could not change freely and were lost in the mutant, due to insufficient chaperone activity. Thus, mutant Hsp104 can impose as much restriction against emerging prion variants as the wild‐type protein. Such restriction conserved the transmutable variants in the T160M background, since new structures mis‐templated from them could not gain a foothold. We further demonstrate excess Hsp104T160Mor Hsp104∆2‐147can eliminate nearly all of the [PSI+] variants in their native background. This finding contradicts the generally held belief that Hsp104‐induced [PSI+] curing requires its N‐terminal domain, and may help settling the current contention regarding how excess Hsp104 cures [PSI+].
The Unity of Christ and the Historical Jesus: Aquinas and Locke on Personal Identity1
Authors: Stevenson Austin 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlbert Schweitzer wrote that, at Chalcedon, the “doctrine of the two natures dissolved the unity of the Person, and thereby cut off the last possibility of a return to the historical Jesus.” In this article, I argue that a likely cause of this pervasive perception of Chalcedon is the reflexive deployment by modern thinkers of a Lockean concept of personhood grounded in consciousness. I argue, by way of contrast, that Thomas Aquinas’s substantial account of personhood provides greater space for historical approaches to Jesus by protecting the finite integrity of Christ’s human nature and the unity of his personhood. I conclude by highlighting an implication of this discussion for the role of metaphysics in theological reflection.
Investigation of in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing and genetic diversity of clinical isolates of Trichophyton benhamiae and Trichophyton eriotrephon in Iran
Authors: Ansari Saham , Ahmadi Bahram , Hedayati Mohammad T. , Nouripour‐Sisakht Sadegh , Taghizadeh‐Armaki Mojtaba , Fathi Mobina , Deravi Niloofar , Shokoohi Gholam‐Reza , Rezaei‐Matehkolaei Ali 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundTrichophyton benhamiae is a zoophilic dermatophyte, known as one of the causative agents of dermatophytosis.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to explore the genotypes of T. benhamiae strains isolated from geographically different areas of Iran and also to evaluate in vitro antifungal susceptibility profile of these strains against seven antifungal drugs.MethodsTwenty‐two strains of T. benhamiae and two strains of T. eriotrephon were isolated from patients with distinct types of dermatophytosis. DNA extraction and amplification of rDNA regions using ITS1 and ITS4 primers were conducted on the isolates. The in vitro antifungal susceptibility of posaconazole (PSC), voriconazole (VRC), itraconazole (ITC), ketoconazole (KET), caspofungin (CAS), terbinafine (TRB) and griseofulvin (GRZ) was evaluated according to CLSI M38‐A2 protocol.ResultsThe multiple alignment of the ITS‐rDNA sequences of T. benhamiae indicated a mean similarity of 99.5%, with 0–3 interspecies nucleotide difference. The geometric mean (GM) values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum effective concentrations (MECs) across the all isolates were respectively: TRB: 0.025 mg/L, PSC: 0.032 mg/L, ITC: 0.050 mg/L and VRC: 0.059 mg/L with lower values and CAS: 0.31 mg/L, KTZ: 0.56 mg/L and GRZ: 0.76 mg/L with higher values.ConclusionDiverse ITS sequence types of T. benhamiae were shown in different geographical regions of Iran. The TRB, PSC and ITC were the most effective drugs against T. benhamiae strains, respectively. Furthermore, in our study, two strains of T. eriotrephon as a scarce dermatophyte species were described.
DLX6 promotes cell proliferation and survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Liang Jun , Liu Jingang , Deng Zhaoming , Liu Zhigang , Liang Lizhong 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectiveDistal‐less homeobox 6 (DLX6) has been reported to play important roles in the development of craniofacial structures, inner ear, limb, and brain. We found in our previous investigation that DLX6 was significantly highly expressed in oral cancer tissues in The Cancer Genome Atlas database. This study aimed to explore its roles and regulation mechanism in oral squamous cell carcinoma.Materials and methodsWe analyzed the expression of DLX6 and its association with overall survival in OSCC by real‐time quantitative PCR. Besides, clone formation, proliferation, and apoptosis were detected after knocking down DLX6 and microarray analysis was performed to explore the possible regulatory mechanism.ResultsDLX6 was overexpressed in oral cancer tissues and was associated with advance tumor stage and poor prognosis. In vitro studies have shown that DLX6 promotes proliferation and inhibits cell apoptosis in oral cancer cells. Microarray analysis along with Western blotting results indicated that DLX6 significantly associated with malignant tumors and may regulate OSCC cells proliferation through EGFR‐CCND1 axis.ConclusionDLX6 promotes cell proliferation and suppresses cell apoptosis in oral cancer cells. EGFR‐CCND1 pathway might be the potential mechanism participating in the regulating axis.
Maternal antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and the risk of allergic diseases in childhood: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhong Yongjin , Zhang Yuheng , Wang Yan , Huang Ruijie 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing studies suggest that antibiotic exposure during pregnancy may increase the risk of childhood allergic diseases; however, controversy still exists. Thus, we conducted this meta‐analysis to evaluate the association between antibiotic use during pregnancy and childhood asthma/wheeze, eczema/atopic dermatitis, and food allergy.MethodsCENTRAL, EMBASE, and PubMed were searched for studies up to July 20, 2020. Cohort studies and case‐control studies that estimated the association of antibiotic exposure in pregnancy with the risk of childhood asthma/wheeze, eczema/atopic dermatitis, and food allergy were included. A random‐effects model or fixed‐effects model was used to calculate the pooled estimates. The quality of the included studies was assessed by the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS). Stata12.0 software was used to analyze the association through a meta‐analysis.ResultsA total of 26 studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The results showed that maternal antibiotic exposure in pregnancy and the summary OR for the risk of childhood asthma/wheeze was 1.29 (95% CI = 1.16‐1.43), the summary OR for eczema/atopic dermatitis was 1.62 (95% CI = 1.16‐2.27), and the pooled OR for food allergy was 1.36 (95% CI = 0.94‐1.96).ConclusionsOur results indicated that maternal antibiotic use during pregnancy might increase the risk of asthma/wheeze and eczema/atopic dermatitis but not food allergy in children. Further studies with larger sample size and robust multivariable adjustment are needed to confirm our findings. Nevertheless, the appropriate use of antibiotics during pregnancy is incredibly important, and healthcare professionals should be selective when prescribing antibiotics for pregnant women.
Audit of blood product utilization in the care of injured children
Authors: McGovern Patrick E. , Wu Lezhou , Rao Sieta , Ahumada Luis , Friedman David F. , Nance Michael L. , Gálvez Jorge A. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundBlood product utilization in injured children is poorly characterized; the decision to prepare products or transfuse patients can be difficult due to a lack of reliable evidence of transfusion needs across pediatric age‐groups and injury types. We conducted an audit of transfusion practices in pediatric trauma based on age, injuries, and mechanism of injury.MethodsWe reviewed and cross‐referenced blood product transfusion practice data from the trauma registry and the anesthesia transfusion record database at a level 1 pediatric trauma center over a 10‐year period. Demographic data, injury severity scores, and survival statistics were obtained from the trauma registry. Transfusion rates are reported separately for hospital admission and for intraoperative transfusions for procedures performed during the first two hospital days. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to compare specific groups based on age, injury type, and mechanism of injury.ResultsWe report 14 569 trauma admissions of 14 606 patients. The transfusion rate during the admission was 1.56% (227/14 569). 4591 (30.9%) admissions had surgical interventions in first two days of hospitalization with an intraoperative transfusion rate of 2.98%. Patients younger than one year had the highest transfusion rate during admission (2.8%), and the highest transfusion rate during surgical procedures performed in the first two days of the admission (18.87%). Admissions due to vascular injuries had the highest transfusion rates in infancy followed by hollow visceral injuries in adolescents (71.4% and 25%, respectively). Vascular injuries in most age‐groups also had high transfusion rates ranging from 11% in 5‐ to 9‐year age‐group to 71% in infants. Mechanisms with the highest transfusion rates were firearm wounds in patients older than one year and vehicular accidents for patients younger than one year.ConclusionsThe overall blood product needs in the pediatric trauma population are low (1.56%). Selected populations requiring higher rates of need include infants younger than one year, and children with thoracic and vascular injuries. Understanding transfusion patterns is important to optimize resource allocation.
Stacking disease resistance and mineral biofortification in cassava varieties to enhance yields and consumer health
Authors: Narayanan Narayanan , Beyene Getu , Chauhan Raj Deepika , Grusak Michael A. , Taylor Nigel J. 
Published: November 2020

SummaryDelivering the benefits of agricultural biotechnology to smallholder farmers requires that resources be directed towards staple food crops. To achieve effect at scale, beneficial traits must be integrated into multiple, elite farmer‐preferred varieties with relevance across geographical regions. The staple root crop cassava (Manihot esculenta) is consumed for dietary calories by more than 800 million people, but its tuberous roots provide insufficient iron and zinc to meet nutritional needs. In Africa, cassava yields are furthermore limited by the virus diseases, cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). In this study, we strove to develop cassava displaying high‐level resistance to CBSD and CMD to attain food and economic security for cassava farmers, along with biofortified levels of iron and zinc to enhance consumer health. RNAi‐mediated technology was used to achieve resistance to CBSD in two East African and one Nigerian farmer‐preferred cultivars that harboured resistance to CMD. The Nigerian cvs. TMS 95/0505 and TMS 91/02324 were modified with T‐DNA imparting resistance to CBSD, along with AtIRT1 (major iron transporter) and AtFER1 (ferritin) transgenes to achieve nutritionally significant levels of iron and zinc in cassava storage roots (145 and 40 µg/g dry weight, respectively). The inherent resistance to CMD was maintained in all four disease resistant and mineral enhanced cassava cultivars described here, demonstrating that this technique could be deployed across multiple farmer‐preferred varieties to benefit the food and nutritional security of consumers in Africa.
Soybean CHX‐type ion transport protein GmSALT3 confers leaf Na+ exclusion via a root derived mechanism, and Cl− exclusion via a shoot derived process
Authors: Qu Yue , Guan Rongxia , Bose Jayakumar , Henderson Sam W. , Wege Stefanie , Qiu Lijuan , Gilliham Matthew 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSoybean (Glycine max) yields are threatened by multiple stresses including soil salinity. GmSALT3 (a cation‐proton exchanger protein) confers net shoot exclusion for both Na+ and Cl− and improves salt tolerance of soybean; however, how the ER‐localized GmSALT3 achieves this is unknown. Here, GmSALT3's function was investigated in heterologous systems and near isogenic lines that contained the full‐length GmSALT3 (NIL‐T; salt‐tolerant) or a truncated transcript Gmsalt3 (NIL‐S; salt‐sensitive). GmSALT3 restored growth of K+‐uptake‐defective Escherichia coli and contributed towards net influx and accumulation of Na+, K+ and Cl− in Xenopus laevis oocytes, while Gmsalt3 was non‐functional. Time‐course analysis of NILs confirmed shoot Cl− exclusion occurs distinctly from Na+ exclusion. Grafting showed that shoot Na+ exclusion occurs via a root xylem‐based mechanism; in contrast, NIL‐T plants exhibited significantly greater Cl− content in both the stem xylem and phloem sap compared to NIL‐S, indicating that shoot Cl− exclusion likely depends upon novel phloem‐based Cl− recirculation. NIL‐T shoots grafted on NIL‐S roots contained low shoot Cl−, which confirmed that Cl− recirculation is dependent on the presence of GmSALT3 in shoots. Overall, these findings provide new insights on GmSALT3's impact on salinity tolerance and reveal a novel mechanism for shoot Cl− exclusion in plants.
Light acts as a stressor and influences abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants
Authors: Roeber Venja M. , Bajaj Ishita , Rohde Mareike , Schmülling Thomas , Cortleven Anne 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLight is important for plants as an energy source and a developmental signal, but it can also cause stress to plants and modulates responses to stress. Excess and fluctuating light result in photoinhibition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation around photosystems II and I, respectively. Ultraviolet light causes photodamage to DNA and a prolongation of the light period initiates the photoperiod stress syndrome. Changes in light quality and quantity, as well as in light duration are also key factors impacting the outcome of diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Short day or shady environments enhance thermotolerance and increase cold acclimation. Similarly, shade conditions improve drought stress tolerance in plants. Additionally, the light environment affects the plants' responses to biotic intruders, such as pathogens or insect herbivores, often reducing growth‐defence trade‐offs. Understanding how plants use light information to modulate stress responses will support breeding strategies to enhance crop stress resilience. This review summarizes the effect of light as a stressor and the impact of the light environment on abiotic and biotic stress responses. There is a special focus on the role of the different light receptors and the crosstalk between light signalling and stress response pathways.