bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomass-burning-derived particles from a wide variety of fuels – Part 1: Properties of primary particles
Authors: McClure Crystal D. , Lim Christopher Y. , Hagan David H. , Kroll Jesse H. , Cappa Christopher D. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract. Relationships between various optical, physical, and chemical properties of
biomass-combustion-derived particles are characterized for particles
produced in the laboratory from a wide range of fuels and burn conditions.
The modified combustion efficiency (MCE), commonly used to parameterize
biomass particle emissions and properties, is shown to generally have weak
predictive capabilities, especially for more efficient combustion
conditions. There is, however, a strong relationship between many intensive
optical properties (e.g., single-scatter albedo, Ångström absorption
exponent, mass absorption efficiency) and the organic aerosol-to-black
carbon ([OA] ∕ [BC]) mass ratio over a wider range than previously considered
(0.3 to 105). The properties of brown carbon (BrC, i.e., light-absorbing organic carbon) also vary with [OA] ∕ [BC]. Coating-induced enhancements
(i.e., “lensing” effects) contribute only a minor amount to BC absorption
for all of the burns despite some burns producing particles having large
ensemble-average coating-to-core mass ratios. The BC–OA mixing state varies
strongly with [OA] ∕ [BC]; the fraction of OA that is internally mixed with BC
decreases with [OA] ∕ [BC] while the relative amount of OA coated on BC
increases. In contrast, there is little relationship between many OA bulk
chemical properties and [OA] ∕ [BC], with the O : C and H : C atomic ratios and
the relative abundance of a key marker ion (m/z=60, linked to
levoglucosan) all showing no dependence on [OA] ∕ [BC]. In contrast, both the
organic nitrate fraction of OA and the OA volatility do depend on the
[OA] ∕ [BC]. Neither the total particle nor BC-specific size distributions
exhibit any clear dependence on the burn conditions or [OA] ∕ [BC], although
there is perhaps a dependence on fuel type. Overall, our results expand on
existing knowledge to contribute new understanding of the properties of
particles emitted from biomass combustion.
Cavity treatment in primary molars and malocclusion: quasi-randomised clinical trial
Authors: Gomide Rafael T. , Frencken Jo E. , Faber Jorge , Kuijpers-Jagtman Anne Marie , Leal Soraya C. 
Published: February 2020

Background
An innovative caries treatment protocol for primary teeth, termed Ultra-Conservative Treatment (UCT), restores small cavities through the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) protocol and cleans medium to large open cavities with toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. However, UCT-treated primary molars were found to exfoliate earlier than amalgam (CRT) and ART-restored cavities, which may lead to unacceptable loss of space for normal eruption of permanent successors. The null-hypothesis tested was that there is no difference between the three treatment protocols and the intra-arch distances, and index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) after 4 years.

Methods
Dental casts were taken at baseline (T0) and four (T4) years. The space of the premolars (D + E space), arch perimeter, anterior and total arch depth were measured using a morphometric computer programme. The presence and level of malocclusion were assessed according to the IOTN index. Dependent variables were all intra-arch distances and the IOTN while the independent variable was treatment protocol (CRT, ART and UCT). Data were analysed using linear and logistic regression.

Results
The sample consisted of 867 pairs of casts of 272 initial 6–7-year-olds. No difference was observed between the UCT protocol and the two restorative protocols for the intra-arch variables in both maxilla and mandible over the 4 year period. There was no difference between the UCT and the CRT and ART protocols regarding the occurrence of orthodontic treatment need (malocclusion). In conclusion, the UCT treatment protocol does not differ significantly from the traditional amalgam (CRT) and ART restorative protocols with respect to intra-arch distances and malocclusion. The earlier exfoliation of UCT-treated primary molars does not lead to a worsening of the eruption pattern of permanent successors.
Reforming teaching methods by integrating dental theory with clinical practice for dental students
Authors: Wang Wei , Bi Xuewei , Zhu Yuhe , Li Xiaoming 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundTransitioning from theoretical medicine to clinical practice is both an important and difficult process in dental education. Thus, there is an urgent need for teaching methods that can improve the ability of dental students to integrate dental theory with clinical practice.MethodsFirst, we conducted training for problem-based learning based on real clinical cases for dental students. The students were then assigned to dentist/patient roles to rehearse and perform simulated clinical scenarios. Finally, questionnaires, clinical patient care scores, and performance assessments were utilized to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of this training with that of traditional teaching methods.ResultsStudents’ abilities to treat and communicate with patients markedly improved after using this reformed teaching method. Among the 30 enrolled students, 29 liked the method, found it time-efficient, and believed that it could help enhance their problem-solving confidence and interest in prosthodontics. They also believed that this teaching method could help them gain a good understanding of related theoretical material, generally thought that the reformed teaching method was more valuable than the traditional approach, and would like to introduce it to others.ConclusionAfter the reformed teaching method was implemented, the students not only achieved better scholastically, but also demonstrated greater accuracy in diagnosing the conditions of patients and formulating treatment plans. They were also more frequently acknowledged by patients, indicating that this method is effective for dental students.
Relative Abundance and Status of Arthropod Pests and Diseases of Honey Bees at South Ari District of South Western Ethiopia
Authors: Ayalew Mulugeta , Hiruy Berhanu 
Published: February 2020

Aim: To determine the species composition, relative abundance and status of honey bee pests and diseases in South Ari district of South Omo Zone of Southern Western Ethiopia.
Study Design: Four major honey producing peasant associations (PAs) representing diverse ecological zones were selected purposively, while the sub-localities, villages and beekeepers were selected randomly using a nested design.
Place and Duration of Study: Survey was conducted between 1, August – 30, December 2019 with the interval of one month in major honey producing peasant associations representing diverse ecological zones of Ari district of South Western Ethiopia.
Methodology: The assessment on abundance and status was made from of half kilogram of fresh and dry honey comb samples that were taken from 720 farmer’s hives of four peasant associations using taxonomic key of books related to arthropod pests and diseases of honey bee.
Results: Five species of predators and parasitoids belonging to four orders were recorded. Of these 76.63% accounts for small hive beetles, followed ants (38.31%) and wasps (19.92%). Besides, six type’s diseases of honey bee caused by different pathogens were recorded. Of which, Chalk brood, other virosis, European foulbrood and American foulbrood, respectively were the most frequently occurring. In terms of the status, the diseases of honey bee were in the following orders, i.e., Chalk brood > other virosis > European foulbrood > American foulbrood > Sac Brood Virus, while their pests were in the following orders, i.e., Small hive beetles > Ants > Wasps > Wax moths > Spiders.
Conclusion: Arthropod pests and diseases were the most important constraints of honey colony and honey production in the study areas. Thus, it is important to design and implement effective management strategies to reduce loss of honey colony and honey production in the study area.
Prognostic value of amplitude‐integrated EEG in neonates with high risk of neurological sequelae
Authors: Yuan Xiao , Kang Wenqing , Song Juan , Guo Jing , Guo Lanlan , Zhang Ruili , Liu Shasha , Zhang Yaodong , Liu Dapeng , Wang Yong , Ding Xue , Dong Huimin , Chen Xi , Cheng Yanchao , Zhang Xiaoli , Xu Falin , Zhu Changlian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the efficacy and the prognostic value of amplitude‐integrated electroencephalography (aEEG) in term and near‐term neonates with high risk of neurological sequelae.MethodsInfants of ≥35 weeks of gestation diagnosed with neonatal encephalopathy or with high risk of brain injury were included. All eligible infants underwent aEEG within 6 h after clinical assessment. The infants were followed up 12 months to evaluate neurological development.ResultsA total of 250 infants were eligible, of which 85 had normal aEEG, 81 had mildly abnormal aEEG, and 84 had severely abnormal aEEG. Of these infants, 168 were diagnosed with different neonatal encephalopathies, 27 with congenital or metabolic diseases, and 55 with high risk of brain injury. In all, 22 infants died, 19 were lost to follow‐up, and 209 completed the follow‐up at 12 months, of which 62 were diagnosed with a neurological disability. Statistical analysis showed that severely abnormal aEEG predicted adverse neurological outcome with a sensitivity of 70.2%, a specificity of 87.1%, a positive predictive value of 75.6%, and a negative predictive value of 83.7%.InterpretationaEEG can predict adverse outcomes in high‐risk neonates and is a useful method for monitoring neonates with high risk of adverse neurological outcomes.
The Use of Genipin as an Effective, Biocompatible, Anti‐Inflammatory Cross‐Linking Method for Nerve Guidance Conduits
Authors: Kočí Zuzana , Sridharan Rukmani , Hibbitts Alan J. , Kneafsey Simone L. , Kearney Cathal J. , O'Brien Fergal J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA number of natural polymer biomaterial‐based nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) are developed to facilitate repair of peripheral nerve injuries. Cross‐linking ensures mechanical integrity and desired degradation properties of the NGCs; however, common methods such as formaldehyde are associated with cellular toxicity. Hence, there is an unmet clinical need for alternative nontoxic cross‐linking agents. In this study, collagen‐based NGCs with a collagen/chondroitin sulfate luminal filler are used to study the effect of cross‐linking on mechanical and structural properties, degradation, biocompatibility, and immunological response. A simplified manufacturing method of genipin cross‐linking is developed, by incorporating genipin into solution prior to freeze‐drying the NGCs. This leads to successful cross‐linking as demonstrated by higher cross‐linking degree and similar tensile strength of genipin cross‐linked conduits compared to formaldehyde cross‐linked conduits. Genipin cross‐linking also preserves NGC macro and microstructure as observed through scanning electron microscopy and spectral analysis. Most importantly, in vitro cell studies show that genipin, unlike the formaldehyde cross‐linked conduits, supports the viability of Schwann cells. Moreover, genipin cross‐linked conduits direct macrophages away from a pro‐inflammatory and toward a pro‐repair state. Overall, genipin is demonstrated to be an effective, safe, biocompatible, and anti‐inflammatory alternative to formaldehyde for cross‐linking clinical grade NGCs.
In Vivo Shaping of Inorganic Functional Devices using Microalgae
Authors: Santomauro Giulia , Stiefel Michael , Jeurgens Lars P. H. , Bill Joachim 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe usage of biomineralization processes performed by living microalgae to create 3D nanostructured materials are advantageous compared to conventional synthesis routes. Exploitation of in vivo shaping using living cells leads to inorganic intricate biominerals, produced with low environmental impact. Since biomineralization processes are genetically controlled, the formation of nanostructured materials is highly reproducible. The shells of microalgae, like coccoliths, are particularly of great interest. This study shows the generation of mesoporous highly structured functional materials with induced optoelectronical properties using in vivo processes of the microalga species Emiliania huxleyi. It demonstrates the metabolically driven incorporation of the lanthanide terbium into the coccoliths of E. huxleyi as a route for the synthesis of finely patterned photoluminescent particles by feeding the microalgae with this luminescent element. The resulting green luminescent particles have hierarchical ordered pores on the nano‐ and microscale and may act as powerful tools for many applications; they may serve as imaging probes for biomedical applications, or in microoptics. The luminescent coccoliths combine a unique hierarchical structure with a characteristic luminescence pattern, which make them superior to conventional produced Tb doted material. With this study, the possibility of the further exploitation of coccoliths as advanced functional materials for nanotechnological applications is given.
Droplets Crawling on Peristome‐Mimetic Surfaces
Authors: Zhou Shan , Yu Cunlong , Li Chuxin , Jiang Lei , Dong Zhichao 
Published: February 2020

AbstractControlling the mobility of liquids along surfaces is widely exploited in various technologies to achieve self‐lubrication, phase‐change heat transfer, and microfluidics. Despite commendable progress in directional liquid transport on peristome‐mimetic surfaces, liquid merely spreads directionally with a wetted trail remaining. It is a challenge to achieve directional contracting of spreading liquid at the rear side and ultimately unidirectional motion in bulk from one site to another. Here it is shown that liquids resting on the peristome‐mimetic surfaces can crawl directionally and rapidly in an inchworms‐like way under the action of sudden spontaneous bubbles levitation. Vacuuming or chemical reaction induces sudden nucleation, growth, coalescence (Ostwald ripening process), and rupture of bubbles in the asymmetric microcavities of the peristome‐mimetic surface with directional overpressure beneath the liquid, resulting in the guided contracting and spreading of the liquid. Bubbles regulate this new mode of liquid directional motion. The strategy offers opportunities for liquids directional motion for various applications, such as in microfluidic devices, oil–water separation, and water collection systems.
Inverse Design of Mechanical Metamaterials That Undergo Buckling
Authors: Oliveri Giorgio , Overvelde Johannes T.B. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMetamaterials are man‐made materials which get their properties from their structure rather than their chemical composition. Their mesostructure is specifically designed to create functionalities not found in nature. However, despite the broad variety of metamaterials developed in recent years, a straightforward procedure to design these complex materials with tailored properties has not yet been established. Here, the inverse design problem is tackled by introducing a general optimization tool to explore the range of material properties that can be achieved. Specifically, a stochastic optimization algorithm is applied and its applicability to disjoint problems is demonstrated, with a focus on tuning the buckling properties of mechanical metamaterials, including experimental verification of the predictions. Besides this problem, this algorithm can be applied to a large variety of systems that, because of their complexity, would be challenging otherwise. Potential applications range from the design of optomechanical resonators, acoustic band gap materials, to dielectric metasurfaces.
Highly Stable Lithium−Sulfur Batteries Promised by Siloxene: An Effective Cathode Material to Regulate the Adsorption and Conversion of Polysulfides
Authors: Wang Yang , Zhou Liping , Huang Jingyun , Wang Xinyang , Xu Xinling , Lu Jianguo , Tian Yang , Ye Zhizhen , Tang Haichao , Lee Shuit‐Tong , Lu Yingying 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDesigning an appropriate cathode is still a challenge for lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) to overcome the polysulfides shuttling and sluggish redox reactions. Herein, 2D siloxene nanosheets are developed by a rational wet‐chemistry exfoliation approach, from which S@siloxene@graphene (Si/G) hybrids are constructed as cathodes in Li‐S cells. The siloxene possesses corrugated 2D Si backbone with abundant O grafted in Si6 rings and hydroxyl‐functionalized surface, which can effectively intercept polysulfides via synergistic effects of chemical trapping capability and kinetically enhanced polysulfides conversion. Theoretical analysis further reveals that siloxene can significantly elevate the adsorption energies and lower energy barrier for Li+ diffusion. The LSBs assembled with 2D Si/G hybrid cathodes exhibit greatly enhanced rate performance (919, 759, and 646 mAh g−1 at 4 C with sulfur loading of 1, 2.9, and 4.2 mg cm−2, respectively) and superb durability (demonstrated by 1000 cycles with an initial capacity of 951 mAh g−1 and negligible 0.032% decay rate at 1 C with sulfur loading of 4.2 mg cm−2). It is expected that the study presented here may open up a new vision toward developing high‐performance LSBs with siloxene for practical applications.
Synthesis of Benzothiazoles via Photooxidative Decarboxylation of α‐Keto Acids
Authors: Monga Aparna , Bagchi Sourav , Soni Raj Kumar , Sharma Anuj 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHerein, synthesis of benzothiazoles via decarboxylative cross‐coupling between α‐keto acids and 2‐aminothiophenols under blue LED irradiation without using any photocatalyst or metal at room temperature is described. The formation of benzothiazole is driven by the EDA (electron donor‐acceptor) complex formed between α‐keto acid and 2‐aminothiophenol. This methodology gives easy access to 2‐substituted and ‐unsubstituted benzothiazoles in moderate to good yields. α‐Keto acids and 2‐aminothiophenols bearing different functional groups were easily transformed under the given conditions.magnified image
Melanin‐Like Nanomaterials for Advanced Biomedical Applications: A Versatile Platform with Extraordinary Promise
Authors: Liu Heng , Yang Youyuan , Liu Yu , Pan Jingjing , Wang Junqing , Man Fengyuan , Zhang Weiguo , Liu Gang 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDeveloping efficient, sustainable, and biocompatible high‐tech nanoplatforms derived from naturally existing components in living organisms is highly beneficial for diverse advanced biomedical applications. Melanins are nontoxic natural biopolymers owning widespread distribution in various biosystems, possessing fascinating physicochemical properties and playing significant physiological roles. The multifunctionality together with intrinsic biocompatibility renders bioinspired melanin‐like nanomaterials considerably promising as a versatile and powerful nanoplatform with broad bioapplication prospects. This panoramic Review starts with an overview of the fundamental physicochemical properties, preparation methods, and polymerization mechanisms of melanins. A systematical and well‐bedded description of recent advancements of melanin‐like nanomaterials regarding diverse biomedical applications is then given, mainly focusing on biological imaging, photothermal therapy, drug delivery for tumor treatment, and other emerging biomedicine‐related implementations. Finally, current challenges toward clinical translation with an emphasis on innovative design strategies and future striving directions are rationally discussed. This comprehensive and detailed Review provides a deep understanding of the current research status of melanin‐like nanomaterials and is expected to motivate further optimization of the design of novel tailorable and marketable multifunctional nanoplatforms in biomedicine.
Giant Asymmetric Transmission and Circular Dichroism with Angular Tunability in Chiral Terahertz Metamaterials
Authors: Liu Changji , Huang Yuanyuan , Hu Fangrong , E Yiwen , Dong Xiaoxiang , Yang Yong , Jin Yanping , Xu Xinlong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractInspired by the chiral structure from mode interaction, a chiral terahertz metamaterial and its complementary structure with the coexistence of asymmetric transmission and circular dichroism response are designed. The asymmetric transmission happens in the presence of electric and magnetic modes perpendicular to each other, resulting from intrinsic chirality under normal incidence. Circular dichroism exists in the presence of electric and magnetic modes parallel to each other under oblique incidence because of extrinsic chirality. Both asymmetric transmission and circular dichroism are enhanced by complementary structures, benefitting from the coupling between adjacent units. The maximum of chiral parameter κ can achieve 450, which is one hundred times higher than previously reported. The chiral response can be tuned by the incident angle and is sensitive to the environmental refractive index. The results highlight the potential applications of these metamaterials in chiral sensing and polarization transformation devices.
Autocatalytic Carbonyl Arylation through In Situ Release of Aryl Nucleophiles from N‐Aryl‐N′‐Silyldiazenes
Authors: Chauvier Clément , Finck Lucie , Irran Elisabeth , Oestreich Martin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA method for the catalytic generation of functionalized aryl alkali metals is reported. These highly reactive intermediates are liberated from silyl‐protected aryl‐substituted diazenes by the action of Lewis basic alkali metal silanolates, resulting in desilylation and loss of N2. Catalytic quantities of these Lewis bases initiate the transfer of the aryl nucleophile from the diazene to carbonyl and carboxyl compounds with superb functional‐group tolerance. The aryl alkali metal can be decorated with electrophilic substituents such as methoxycarbonyl or cyano as well as halogen groups. The synthesis of a previously unknown cyclophane‐like [4]arene macrocycle from a 1,3‐bisdiazene combined with a 1,4‐dialdehyde underlines the potential of the approach.
Toward an understanding of how red phosphorus and expandable graphite enhance the fire resistance of expandable polystyrene foams
Authors: Ji Wenfei , Yao Yuan , Guo Jia , Fei Bin , Gu Xiaoyu , Li Hongfei , Sun Jun , Zhang Sheng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFlame retardant expandable polystyrene (EPS) foams were prepared by coating method. Red phosphorus (RP) and expandable graphite (EG) were chosen as the flame retardants to be coated on the surface of expanded PS beads. By the presence of 33 phr RP/EG with a mass ratio of 1:1, the limiting oxygen index of EPS foam could reach up to 26.9%, with V‐0 rating obtained in UL‐94 test. The peak heat release rate could also decrease to 180.67 kW/m2, which was 72.9% lower than that of neat EPS sample. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed an obvious increase of thermal stability and residue char amount by the presence of RP and EG. From the observation and analysis of char residue, it could be proposed that there existed a significant synergistic effect between RP and EG. RP could be oxidized and further react with graphite by the presence of oxygen at high temperature, forming isolated char layer and releasing nonflammable gases. Moreover, P radicals were generated at high temperature and could capture the radicals formed during the combustion of polystyrene and eliminate the burning chain reactions.