bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost‐effectiveness of three different concepts for the rehabilitation of edentulous mandibles: Overdentures with 1 or 2 implant attachments and hybrid prosthesis on four implants
Authors: Hartmann Roberto , de Menezes Bandeira Ana Clara Freitas , de Araújo Sara Cristina , McKenna Gerald , Brägger Urs , Schimmel Martin , Leles Cláudio R. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThere are scarce data regarding the combined assessment of the costs and effects of implant treatments for edentulous patients when multiple options are available.AimThis randomised clinical trial aimed to assess the cost‐effectiveness of three different concepts for treatment: mandibular overdenture retained by a single (Group I; n = 11) or two implants (Group II; n = 13) and fixed hybrid prosthesis on four implants (Group III; n = 13).MethodsTreatment effectiveness was measured as the 1‐year before‐after changes in patient satisfaction with the mandibular prosthesis. Costs were prospectively quantified from the perspective of the health provider, including all direct cost items attributed to the delivery of treatments and up to the 1‐year follow‐up, using a “bottom‐up” costing estimation method.ResultsPatient satisfaction after treatment improved significantly for the three groups. The overall costs were R$ 2370.66, R$ 3185.21 and R$ 5739.52 for Groups I, II and III, respectively (P < .001). Analysis of incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios suggested that the overdentures retained by one or two implants were more cost‐effective than the fixed implant treatment, considering the mean cost and effectiveness values and the ±20% one‐way sensitivity analysis.ConclusionThis study suggests that the incremental costs for the fixed hybrid prosthesis, compared to the overdenture treatments, is not proportional to the respective gain in effectiveness. Therefore, although all treatment options had satisfactory outcomes, the use of implants to retain a mandibular overdenture, irrespective of the use of one or two implants, is more cost‐effective than the fixed implant treatment for the edentulous mandible.
When guiding principles do not guide: The moderating effects of cultural tightness on value‐behavior links
Authors: Elster Andrey , Gelfand Michele J. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractObjectiveAmple research documented the effects of guiding principles in people's lives, as reflected in personal values, on a variety of behaviors. But do these principles universally guide behaviors across all cultural contexts? To address this question, we investigated the effect of cross‐cultural differences in the strength of social norms (i.e., tightness‐looseness) on value‐behavior relationships.MethodUsing the archival data from the World Value Survey for 24 nations (N = 38,924; 51.40% female; Mage = 44.98, SD = 16.87), a multi‐level analysis revealed that cultural tightness moderated the effects of individual differences in personal values on behaviors from different life‐domains.ResultsAs hypothesized, the relationships between self‐transcendence values with civic involvement and pro‐environmental behaviors, and between conservation values with religious behavior were significantly stronger in loose cultures that have weak norms and were almost nonexistent in tight cultures that have strong norms, even when controlling for individualism‐collectivism or GDP.ConclusionsThus, despite the common belief that people behave in line with their guiding principles, our findings suggest this might not be the case in cultural contexts that put a strong emphasis on norms.
Increased fire severity triggers positive feedbacks of greater vegetation flammability and favors plant community‐type conversions
Authors: Landesmann Jennifer Brenda , Tiribelli Florencia , Paritsis Juan , Veblen Thomas Thorstein , Kitzberger Thomas 
Published: August 2020

AbstractQuestionsIncreased wildfire activity is resulting in plant community‐type conversions worldwide. In some regions, fire‐sensitive forests are being replaced by flammable fire‐resilient communities, increasing the likelihood of reburning due to positive fire feedbacks. Here we evaluated whether fire severity affects post‐fire plant community flammability attributes that lead to community‐type conversions and changes in the likelihood of reburning. Specifically, we assessed how fire severity, the dominant pre‐fire vegetation, and distance to unburned remnant forest may shape post‐fire community properties and flammability trajectories in northwestern Patagonia.LocationNorthwestern Patagonia, Argentina.MethodsWe repeated sampling of Nothofagus pumilio, Nothofagus dombeyi, and Austrocedrus chilensis forests and native shrublands (composed of multiple shrub species) two and 18 years after fires that burned at low‐ to very high‐severity levels, and measured community structure and flammability attributes.ResultsEighteen years after fire, forests that burned at moderate to very high severity were unable to recover and were replaced by more flammable shrublands and grasslands. Following low‐severity fire, fine‐fuel density was lower and forest recovery was enhanced by greater survival of remnant seed trees. Burnt shrublands increased in abundance across all severity classes but attained highest fine‐fuel production after moderate‐ to very high‐severity fire.ConclusionsLow fire severity, by enabling regeneration of forests that are less flammable than shrublands, diminishes the likelihood of reburning, thus establishing a negative feedback favorable to forest perpetuation. Conversely, moderate to very high fire severity leads to a positive feedback by promoting conversion to shrublands and greater fine‐fuel accumulation. This increases the likelihood of reburning, reinforcing the persistence of pyrophytic communities and favoring landscape‐scale loss of fire‐sensitive forests. This fire severity‐mediated positive feedback may in many regions worldwide further amplify warming‐related wildfire activity increases, posing serious threats to the persistence of fire‐sensitive ecosystems.
Water ‘on the rocks’: a summer drink for thirsty trees?
Authors: Nardini Andrea , Petruzzellis Francesco , Marusig Daniel , Tomasella Martina , Natale Sara , Altobelli Alfredo , Calligaris Chiara , Floriddia Gabriele , Cucchi Franco , Forte Emanuele , Zini Luca 
Published: August 2020

SummaryDrought‐induced tree mortality frequently occurs in patches with different spatial and temporal distributions, which is only partly explained by inter‐ and intraspecific variation in drought tolerance. We investigated whether bedrock properties, with special reference to rock water storage capacity, affects tree water status and drought response in a rock‐dominated landscape.We measured primary porosity and available water content of breccia (B) and dolostone (D) rocks. Saplings ofFraxinus ornuswere grown in pots filled with soil or soil mixed with B and D rocks, and subjected to an experimental drought. Finally, we measured seasonal changes in water status of trees in field sites overlying B or D bedrock.B rocks were more porous and stored more available water than D rocks. Potted saplings grown with D rocks had less biomass and suffered more severe water stress than those with B rocks. Trees in sites with B bedrock had more favourable water status than those on D bedrock which also suffered drought‐induced canopy dieback.Bedrock represents an important water source for plants under drought. Different bedrock features translate into contrasting below‐ground water availability, leading to landscape‐level heterogeneity of the impact of drought on tree water status and dieback.
Two metallothionein genes highly expressed in rice nodes are involved in distribution of Zn to the grain
Authors: Lei Gui Jie , Yamaji Naoki , Ma Jian Feng 
Published: August 2020

Summary

A rice node is a hub for distribution of mineral elements; however, most genes highly expressed in the node have not been functionally characterized.

Transcriptomic analysis of a rice node revealed that two metallothionein genes, OsMT2b and OsMT2c, were highly expressed in the node I. We functionally characterized these genes in terms of gene expression pattern, cellular and subcellular localization, phenotypic analysis of the single and double knockout mutants and metal‐binding ability.

Both OsMT2b and OsMT2c were mainly and constitutively expressed in the phloem region of enlarged and diffuse vascular bundles in the nodes and of the anther. Knockout of either OsMT2b or OsMT2c increased zinc (Zn) accumulation in the nodes, but decreased Zn distribution to the panicle, resulting in decreased grain yield. A double mutant, osmt2bmt2c, showed further negative effects on the Zn distribution and grain yield. By contrast, knockout of OsMT2b had a small effect on copper (Cu) accumulation. Both OsMT2b and OsMT2c showed binding ability with Zn, whereas only OsMT2b showed binding ability with Cu in yeast.

Our results suggest that both OsMT2b and OsMT2c play an important role mainly in the distribution of Zn to grain through chelation and subsequent transport of Zn in the phloem in rice.
Bridging the genotype–phenotype gap for a Mediterranean pine by semi‐automatic crown identification and multispectral imagery
Authors: Santini Filippo , Kefauver Shawn Carlisle , Araus José Luis , Resco de Dios Víctor , Martín García Saray , Grivet Delphine , Voltas Jordi 
Published: August 2020

SummaryProgress in high‐throughput phenotyping and genomics provides the potential to understand the genetic basis of plant functional differentiation. We developed a semi‐automatic methodology based on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery for deriving tree‐level phenotypes followed by genome‐wide association study (GWAS).An RGB‐based point cloud was used for tree crown identification in a common garden ofPinus halepensisin Spain. Crowns were combined with multispectral and thermal orthomosaics to retrieve growth traits, vegetation indices and canopy temperature. Thereafter, GWAS was performed to analyse the association between phenotypes and genomic variation at 235 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).Growth traits were associated with 12 SNPs involved in cellulose and carbohydrate metabolism. Indices related to transpiration and leaf water content were associated with six SNPs involved in stomata dynamics. Indices related to leaf pigments and leaf area were associated with 11 SNPs involved in signalling and peroxisome metabolism. About 16–20% of trait variance was explained by combinations of several SNPs, indicating polygenic control of morpho‐physiological traits.Despite a limited availability of markers and individuals, this study is provides a successful proof‐of‐concept for the combination of high‐throughput UAV‐based phenotyping with cost‐effective genotyping to disentangle the genetic architecture of phenotypic variation in a widespread conifer.
Mortality predispositions of conifers across western USA
Authors: Wang Wenzhi , English Nathan B. , Grossiord Charlotte , Gessler Arthur , Das Adrian J. , Stephenson Nathan L. , Baisan Christopher H. , Allen Craig D. , McDowell Nate G. 
Published: August 2020

Summary

Conifer mortality rates are increasing in western North America, but the physiological mechanisms underlying this trend are not well understood.

We examined tree‐ring‐based radial growth along with stable carbon (C) and oxygen (O) isotope composition (δ13C and δ18O, respectively) of dying and surviving conifers at eight old‐growth forest sites across a strong moisture gradient in the western USA to retrospectively investigate mortality predispositions.

Compared with surviving trees, lower growth of dying trees was detected at least one decade before mortality at seven of the eight sites. Intrinsic water‐use efficiency increased over time in both dying and surviving trees, with a weaker increase in dying trees at five of the eight sites.

C starvation was a strong correlate of conifer mortality based on a conceptual model incorporating growth, δ13C, and δ18O. However, this approach does not capture processes that occur in the final months of survival. Ultimately, C starvation may lead to increased mortality vulnerability, but hydraulic failure or biotic attack may dominate the process during the end stages of mortality in these conifers.
Root exudation as a major competitive fine‐root functional trait of 18 coexisting species in a subtropical forest
Authors: Sun Lijuan , Ataka Mioko , Han Mengguang , Han Yunfeng , Gan Dayong , Xu Tianle , Guo Yanpei , Zhu Biao 
Published: August 2020

Summary

Root exudation stimulates microbial decomposition and enhances nutrient availability to plants. It remains difficult to measure and predict this carbon flux in natural conditions, especially for mature woody plants. Based on a known conceptual framework of root functional traits coordination, we proposed that root functional traits may predict root exudation.

We measured root exudation and other seven root morphological/chemical/physiological traits for 18 coexisting woody species in a deciduous‐evergreen mixed forest in subtropical China.

Root exudation, respiration, diameter and nitrogen (N) concentration all exhibited significant phylogenetic signals. We found that root exudation positively correlated with competitive traits (root respiration, N concentration) and negatively with a conservative trait (root tissue density). Furthermore, these relationships were independent of phylogenetic signals. A principal component analysis showed that root exudation and morphological traits loaded on two perpendicular axes.

Root exudation is a competitive trait in a multidimensional fine‐root functional coordination. The metabolic dimension on which root exudation loaded was relatively independent of the morphological dimension, indicating that increasing nutrient availability by root exudation might be a complementary strategy for plant nutrient acquisition. The positive relationship between root exudation and root respiration and N concentration is a promising approach for the future prediction of root exudation.
Comparison of gingival crevicular fluid and serum human beta‐defensin‐2 levels between periodontal health and disease
Authors: Öztürk Ayla , Kurt‐Bayrakdar Sevda , Avci Bahattin 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) human beta‐defensin‐2 (hBD‐2), an antimicrobial peptide that takes roles in inflammatory diseases, in patients with chronic periodontitis (CP).Subjects and MethodsA total of one hundred and one individuals, 59 controls and 42 patients with CP, participated in this study. Clinical index measurements were recorded during the periodontal examination, and radiographic evaluation was also performed. The serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples were taken from all of the participants, and the hBD‐2 levels were determined biochemically by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsIn our study, hBD‐2 GCF levels in CP (stages II‐IV periodontitis based on the new 2018 classification of periodontal diseases) group (2.77 ng/30 s) were higher than in the periodontally healthy (2.51 ng/30 s; p = .047) individuals. In contrast, serum hBD‐2 levels in CP (2.92 ng/ml) were lower compared with those in healthy controls (7.75 ng/ml, p < .001).ConclusionInterestingly, our results showed that while higher hBD‐2 GCF levels are associated with CP, lower serum hBD‐2 levels were detected in CP.
DNA repair enzymes in sunscreens and their impact on photoageing—A systematic review
Authors: Luze Hanna , Nischwitz Sebastian Philipp , Zalaudek Iris , Müllegger Robert , Kamolz Lars Peter 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundDNA damage is one of the main factors responsible for photoageing and is predominantly attributed to ultraviolet irradiation (UV‐R). Photoprotection by conventional sunscreens is exclusively prophylactic, and of no value, once DNA damage has occurred. As a result, the demand for DNA repair mechanisms inhibiting, reversing or delaying the pathologic events in UV‐exposed skin has sparked research on anti‐photoageing and strategies to improve the effect of conventional sunscreens. This review provides an overview of recent developments in DNA repair enzymes used in sunscreens and their impact on photoageing.MethodsA systematic review of the literature, up to March 2019, was conducted using the electronic databases, PubMed and Web of Science. Quality assessment was carried out using the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale (NOS) to ensure inclusion of adequate quality studies only (NOS > 5).ResultsOut of the 352 publications, 52 were considered relevant to the key question and included in the present review. Two major enzymes were found to play a major role in DNA damage repair in sunscreens: photolyase and T4 endonuclease V. These enzymes are capable of identifying and removing UV‐R‐induced dimeric photoproducts. Clinical studies revealed that sunscreens with liposome‐encapsulated types of photolyase and/or T4 endonuclease V can enhance these repair mechanisms.ConclusionThere is a lack of randomized controlled trials demonstrating the efficacy of DNA repair enzymes on photoageing, or a superiority of sunscreens with DNA repair enzymes compared to conventional sunscreens. Further studies are mandatory to further reveal pathogenic factors of photoageing and possible therapeutic strategies against it.
Development of evidence‐based consensus on critical issues in the management of patients with vitiligo: A modified Delphi study
Authors: Bae Jung Min , Jeong Ki‐Heon , Choi Chong Won , Park Ji Hun , Lee Hee Jung , Kim Hee Jung , Lee Sang Hoon , Oh Sang Ho , Shin Jeonghyun , Kang Hee Young , Lee Weon Ju , Ju Hyun Jeong , Kim Dong Hyun , Chang Sung Eun , Lee Dong Youn , Kim You Chan , Choi Gwang Seong , Kim Ki‐Ho , Kim Tae Heung , Lee Seung Chul , Lee Ai‐Young , Hann Seung‐Kyung , Lee Mu‐Hyoung , Park Chul Jong 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackground/purposeVitiligo remains a major challenge in dermatology. However, much of the treatment remains unclear, because little evidence is available. We sought to answer some critical questions pertaining to management of vitiligo patients.MethodsA modified Delphi process among 31 vitiligo experts was conducted. A total of 12 clinical vitiligo treatment questions without clear answers were collected via a vote. To address each question, two members performed systematic literature reviews and prepared draft statements along with the levels of evidence and strength of recommendation. After reviewing the draft, all expressed their extent of agreement from 1 (strong disagreement) to 9 (strong agreement) for each item. The drafts were revised to reflect suggested comments. Discussion continued until all members agreed with the ultimate decision.ResultsThe consensus process was completed after five rounds. We identified the best answers to 12 key questions, including issues on long‐term phototherapy, systemic and topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors, immunosuppressants, excimer laser treatment, and surgical interventions.ConclusionThis consensus would complement current guidelines and aid both physician and patient decision‐making in the treatment of vitiligo.
Parasitological and immunological evaluation of a novel chemotherapeutic agent against visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Pereira Isabela A. G. , Mendonça Débora V. C. , Tavares Grasiele S. V. , Lage Daniela P. , Ramos Fernanda F. , Oliveira‐da‐Silva João A. , Antinarelli Luciana M. R. , Machado Amanda S. , Carvalho Lívia M. , Carvalho Ana Maria R. S. , Salustiano Iorrana V. , Reis Thiago A. R. , Bandeira Raquel S. , Silva Alessandra M. , Martins Vívian T. , Chávez‐Fumagalli Miguel A. , Humbert Maria V. , Roatt Bruno M. , Duarte Mariana C. , Menezes‐Souza Daniel , Coimbra Elaine S. , Leite João Paulo V. , Coelho Eduardo A. F. , Gonçalves Denise U. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimsTreatment for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is hampered by the toxicity and/or high cost of drugs, as well as by emergence of parasite resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new antileishmanial agents.Methods and ResultsIn this study, the antileishmanial activity of a diprenylated flavonoid called 5,7,3,4’‐tetrahydroxy‐6,8‐diprenylisoflavone (CMt) was tested against Leishmania infantum and L amazonensis species. Results showed that CMt presented selectivity index (SI) of 70.0 and 165.0 against L infantum and L amazonensis promastigotes, respectively, and of 181.9 and 397.8 against respective axenic amastigotes. Amphotericin B (AmpB) showed lower SI values of 9.1 and 11.1 against L infantum and L amazonensis promastigotes, respectively, and of 12.5 and 14.3 against amastigotes, respectively. CMt was effective in the treatment of infected macrophages and caused alterations in the parasite mitochondria. L infantum‐infected mice treated with miltefosine, CMt alone or incorporated in polymeric micelles (CMt/Mic) presented significant reductions in the parasite load in distinct organs, when compared to the control groups. An antileishmanial Th1‐type cellular and humoral immune response were developed one and 15 days after treatment, with CMt/Mic‐treated mice presenting a better protective response.ConclusionOur data suggest that CMt/Mic could be evaluated as a chemotherapeutic agent against VL.
Alterations in leaf photosynthetic electron transport in Welsh onion (Allium fistulosum L.) under different light intensity and soil water conditions
Authors: Liu X. , Gao S. , Liu Y. , Cao B. , Chen Z. , Xu K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Welsh onions (Allium fistulosum L.) are often affected by stressful environments, such as high light and drought, during summer cultivation, which hinders their growth.

We used CO2 assimilation, OJIP transient and MR curves to analyse the photosynthetic characteristics of Welsh onion.

The results showed that single high light stress caused a decrease in the net photosynthesis rate through stomatal limitation, while the single drought treatment and the combined stress induced nonstomatal limitation. FO and FJ increased, Fm decreased, and a distinct K‐phase was induced. High light and drought stress blocked MR transients, leading to a gradual decrease in VPSI and VPSII‐PSI.

In general, photosynthesis of Welsh onion was inhibited by high light and drought, which destroyed the receptor and donor side of PSII and reduced electron transport capacity of PSII and PSI.