bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kant, Hume, and the Interruption of Dogmatic Slumber
Authors: Anderson Abraham 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Kant, Hume, and the Interruption of Dogmatic Slumber offers an interpretation of Kant’s “confession,” in the Prolegomena, that “it was the objection of David Hume that first, many years ago, interrupted my dogmatic slumber.” It argues that Hume roused Kant not, as has often been thought, by challenging the principle “every event has a cause” that governs experience, but by attacking the principle of sufficient reason, the basis of rationalist metaphysics and of the cosmological proof of the existence of God. This proposal makes it possible to reconcile Kant’s declaration about Hume with his later assertion that it was the Antinomy of pure reason that first woke him from dogmatic slumber, because the Antinomy, like Hume’s challenge, is directed against the dogmatic use of the principle of sufficient reason. The proposal put forward here also makes it possible to understand why Kant speaks of “the objection of David Hume” after mentioning Hume’s attack on metaphysics; for the “objection” that Kant has in mind, it is argued here, is a challenge to metaphysics, rather than to the foundations of empirical knowledge. This work also leads to a new view of Hume himself—as primarily interested not in the foundations of experience but in the problem of metaphysics. It thereby lets us see both Kant and Hume as champions of the Enlightenment in its struggle with superstition.
Interpreting Hume on the Causal Principle
Authors: Anderson Abraham 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 supports by means of collateral evidence the claim that Hume woke Kant by attacking the principle of sufficient reason. First, it considers Treatise 1.3.3, though without supposing that Kant knew this text, in order to show that there, where Kemp Smith and others thought Hume was attacking the principle that every event has a cause, he was actually attacking the principle of sufficient reason. Second, it explains Hume’s lack of explicitness in the Enquiry about the fact that he was attacking the principle of sufficient reason; he avoided explicitness on this score, I argue, in order to veil his antitheological intentions. Third, it examines Sulzer’s commentary on Enquiry Section 4, which Kant surely knew well, to show that Sulzer read Section 4 as attacking the principle of sufficient reason. The fact that Kant’s contemporaries such as Sulzer and Tetens read Hume in this way makes it plausible to suppose that Kant did too.
Humanity and the Incarnation
Authors: Peterson Michael L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In presenting an exalted concept of humanity, Lewis endorses historic Christian orthodoxy, which corrects and transcends distorted versions of humanity that devalue it in order to accent God’s glory and our fallen condition. Lewis continues to explain how human nature is meant for relationship with God and how persons can find that relation through the historical person of Jesus Christ who, as Athanasius said, “assumed” our humanity in order to heal and redeem it. Lewis navigated early and mid twentieth-century criticisms of the historical Jesus, which are not greatly different from current criticisms by the Jesus Seminar and others, and Lewis concludes that the Gospels reliably reveal an underlying historical personality. Thus, we see the relevance of Lewis’s “Liar, Lunatic, or Lord” trilemma argument. In fact, in his own journey, he held some of these same criticisms and doubts, even after becoming a theist, such that it took a lengthy talk with J. R. R. Tolkien and Hugo Dyson to convince him that the Gospels contained some “myths” (conceived as symbolic stories that communicate higher truth) but that in the person of Jesus the higher truth had become uniquely manifested in our world.
Heaven, Hell, and the Trajectory of Finite Personality
Authors: Peterson Michael L. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Lewis’s book The Great Divorce. In this work, he imagines having had a dream about the irreconcilability of heaven and hell, the opposition of good and evil, and the necessity of choice. In that imaginary dream, Lewis witnesses deceased people who are allowed to visit the outskirts of heaven in order to consider whether they would like to stay. In many cases, the personalities involved are so trapped by their habits and desires that they justify their position and refuse to stay in heaven. As the chapter proceeds, it discusses hindrances to choosing God and heaven—such as desires that are out of balance (seeking a genuine good, but in a way disproportionate to other goods, such as God) and heretical ideas (identifying heaven and the good with an ethereal spirituality and evil and distance from God with the fact that we are physical material beings). The lesson surfaces that the Trinitarian God, who is Happiness itself and thus heaven, is our true good and ultimate fulfilment, the only way to human happiness. Hence, hell (and heaven too) is not a place or container: it is life apart from our True Source. Heaven, then, is life in proper relation to our True Source, which is ultimate happiness.
Ebb Tide of the West
Authors: Kilcullen David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the declining efficacy of the Western military model since 2003, canvasses various strategic responses to it—including doubling down on the current approach, embracing decline, and “going Byzantine”—and recommends a strategy of strategic delay. It argues that the high point of Western military dominance in the post–Cold War era—the “high tide of the West”—coincided with the failed decapitation strike against Saddam Hussein in March 2003, and that since then Western powers have acted as if they were still in a Woolseyan security environment (where the principal threats originated from weak states, failing states and nonstate actors) when actually the environment was post-Woolseyan; that is, characterized by a return of state-based threats and great-power military competition. The chapter considers three possible responses to this problem, evaluates their strengths and weaknesses, and concludes that our best bet (though by no means a certain solution) is to play for time, adopt a light footprint offshore balancing strategy, and attempt to create space for a potentially acceptable successor order to emerge.
Epilogue
Authors: Kilcullen David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The epilogue traces what happened to James Woolsey after 1993, explores issues of resilience and sustainability in the Western approach to war, and emphasizes the need to look beyond military victory to a better peace, which after all is the ultimate object of war. The epilogue looks at the key issues (including climate, energy, vulnerability to cyber and electronic attack, and political stability) that have become Woolsey’s primary focus since leaving government. It examines the issue of societal resilience, including against natural disasters and events beyond human agency, and emphasizes the need for societies—not just military strategists and planners—to adapt and respond to the changing environment.
Introduction
Authors: Brereton Joel P. , Jamison Stephanie W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the text, situating it in the textual universe of the Veda, briefly describing its structure and contents, as well as the language in it which it was composed. It locates the text between the literary tradition from which it derives, that of Indo-European praise poetry, and the religious tradition into which it feeds, that of Classical Hinduism. It also contextualizes the text in world literature as a whole, arguing that, though the Rigveda is the first attested Sanskrit text, it displays a mature mastery of poetic technique, and also argues that the ritual system it evinces shows a similar degree of sophistication.
The Gods
Authors: Brereton Joel P. , Jamison Stephanie W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses both the nature of Ṛgvedic divinity and the qualities and characteristic deeds of the most important individual gods. It draws the distinction between the organized pantheons familiar from Classical sources and the more complex and less integrated collection of gods in the Ṛgveda. Older attempts to find organizing principles, such as associating each god with a cosmic region or a force of nature, were not successful. Some gods are associated with natural forces, while others belong to the social sphere and still others have primarily ritual analogues. Many of the prominent gods of later Hinduism, such as Viṣṇu and Śiva, have only a shadowy presence in the Ṛgveda, and later tropes, such as the enmity between the Devas and the Asuras, have not yet developed.
Canonical Status and the Reception of the R̥gveda
Authors: Brereton Joel P. , Jamison Stephanie W. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter treats use and reception of the Ṛgveda from its collection through the Indian tradition to modern times. It starts with the formation of the canonical Ṛgveda, then the repurposing of the hymns in the middle Vedic śrauta ritual, and the formation of the priestly schools (śākhās), charged with preserving and transmitting the Vedic texts as well as interpreting them. It also discusses the recensions of the Ṛgveda, which differ minimally from each other, and the development of recitation traditions devoted to preserving every syllable of the text faithfully, as well as the development of interpretive tools. The Western reception of the text is also treated.
Building Roads, Designing Bridges (1825–29)
Authors: Haw Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
John spent almost four years in Westphalia as a construction site supervisor laying roads, building bridges, and designing all manner of small buildings. In the process, he received an education in both the Prussian bureaucratic machine and the construction practices that were coming to define the Industrial Revolution. During his time there, John evolved into an excellent general contractor and engineer and received exactly the sort of hands-on apprenticeship he needed to complement his more theoretical university education. Despite working full-time for the state, John also found time to design and submit proposals for two separate suspension bridges, the details of which have only recently been discovered. Both were remarkably sophisticated designs for their time, especially as John had yet to see a suspension bridge in person. Neither proposal, unfortunately, was acceptable to the cautious and reactionary Prussian State Building Directorate, and John returned to Mühlhausen.
Across the Atlantic (1831)
Authors: Haw Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
John and his band of emigrants set sail for the United States in May 1831. John kept a diary during the voyage. In its pages, we glimpse the young John “in full”: the science geek, the nature lover, the social animal, the intellectual omnivore, the natural philosopher, the strict organizer, the staunch champion of the steerage, and the comfortable member of the cabin. It is a startling portrait of a little known man, Johann Röbling—as distinct from John Roebling, the famous manufacturer, inventor, and engineer—the excited, hopeful young emigrant. The first thing the Mühlhausen Emigration Society did in the New World was head off in separate directions. The handful of followers that remained loyal to John spent two weeks fixing their priorities and principles (they sought to avoid the odious institution of slavery at all costs) in Philadelphia, before gathering themselves and moving off into the interior.
And out to Western Pennsylvania (1831–32)
Authors: Haw Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
After a long and trying journey across the length of Pennsylvania, John found himself in Pittsburgh and decided to stay. “Pittsburgh meets all [our] demands more than any other [city],” John wrote home; “life and activity here are astonishing . . . it is the key to the West.” He began to look for a large parcel of land on which to begin a large-scale farming community. He found one about thirty miles north of Pittsburgh in Butler County and then started to write home to convince others to join him. That winter he composed a remarkable 101-page handwritten letter to a friend back in Mühlhausen. It is a remarkable record of his evolving thoughts on race, independence, freedom, equality, and the needs and aims and of his (as yet unbuilt and unplanned) utopian farming community.
Crossing Niagara (1846–51)
Authors: Haw Richard 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Ellet’s time at Niagara was packed with incident. He built a pulley system between the two shores, to which he attached an iron basket so as to transfer men, materials, and paying tourists across the chasm. He then used his swinging basket to build a temporary suspension bridge, built of wood and wire. The plan was to turn the temporary bridge into a permanent structure, but relations between Ellet and the Bridge Company quickly deteriorated. The company fired Ellet during one of his scheduled absences and took command of his bridge. Ellet’s agents subsequently retook the span, posting an armed guard and cannon at the bridge’s entrance. The standoff was eventually resolved through the courts. Ellet was paid off. John, who had avidly followed the whole episode and spent his time writing a series of articles for the press on a range of subjects, from the Atlantic Cable to a national university for technical education, was brought in.
How I Think
Authors: Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines adolescent brain growth, musical thinking, and motivation. Adolescents on music share how they think about music, how they view themselves, and what challenges they have faced in their musical development. Included in chapter 3 is an exploration of Ryan and Deci’s metatheory of motivation, titled self-determination, and Dweck and Molden’s self-theories or mindset. In the middle of the chapter, a brief discussion ensues of adolescents’ experiences as creative thinkers. At the end of the chapter, recommendations are proposed as to how educators’ regular and consistent communication and positive modeling represent critical supports to adolescent musical development.
The Problem
Authors: Purves Dale 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Although understanding neural functions has progressed at a remarkable pace in recent decades, a fundamental question remains: How does the nervous system relate the objective world to the subjective domain of perception? Everyday experience implies that the neural connections on which we and other animals depend link physical parameters in the environment with useful responses. But that interpretation won't work: biological sensory systems cannot measure the physical world. Whereas something is linking sensory inputs to useful responses, it is not the physical world that instruments measure. How, then, have we animals met this challenge, and what is it that we end up perceiving? The purpose of this chapter is to suggest how nervous systems have evolved to deal with the inability to convey the objective properties of the real world.
Summing Up
Authors: Purves Dale 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
A major challenge in neuroscience today is to decipher the operating principle of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in the same straightforward way that biologists have come to understand the functions of other organs and organ systems (e.g., the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, and so on). The argument here has been that the function of nervous systems is to make, maintain, and modify neural associations that ultimately promote survival and reproduction in a world that sensory systems can’t apprehend. In this way, we and other animals can link the subjective domain of perception to successful behavior without ever recovering the properties of the world. Neural function on a wholly empirical basis may be the key to understanding how brains operate.
What Is Moral Grandstanding?
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Drawing on empirical research from psychology, this chapter gives an account of moral grandstanding. Grandstanding is a contribution to public moral discourse that is significantly motivated by the desire that others think one is morally respectable. This chapter then answers several important questions about moral grandstanding. Must grandstanders think they are morally great? Do grandstanders always know that they are trying to impress others? Can grandstanders speak the truth? Does grandstanding work? Is grandstanding just a left-wing problem? And are the authors themselves grandstanding? The chapter concludes by explaining the differences between moral grandstanding and virtue signaling.
Dark Skies
Authors: Deudney Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Dark Skies is the first work to assess the full impacts of space expansion, past, present, and future. Thinking about space, and the visions fervently promoted by the global space movement, is dominated by geographic misperceptions and utopian illusions. The parts of space where almost all activity has occurred are part of the planet Earth, its astrosphere, and, in practical terms, are smaller than the atmosphere. Contrary to frontier visions, orbital space is already congested and degraded with dangerous space debris. The largest impact of actual space activities is an increased likelihood of catastrophic nuclear war stemming from the use of orbital space and space technology to lob nuclear weapons at intercontinental distances. Building large-scale orbital infrastructures will probably require or produce world government. The ultimate goal of space advocates, the colonization of Mars and asteroids, is promoted to guarantee the survival of humanity if major catastrophes strike Earth. But the spread of humanity into a multiplanet species will likely produce an interstate anarchy highly prone to total war, with Earth having many disadvantages. Altering the orbits of asteroids, a readily achievable technology vital for space colonization, also makes possible “planetoid bombs” with destructive potentials millions of times greater than all nuclear weapons. The biological diversification of humanity into multiple species, anticipated by space advocates, will further stoke interworld wars. Astrocide—the extinction of humanity resulting from significant space expansion—must join the lengthening list of potential threats to human survival. Large-scale space expansion should be relinquished in favor of an Earth-oriented space program of arms control and planetary security.
The Drive to Personalize
Authors: Kant Tanya 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
How did the ubiquitous tracking and commodification of web user interactions come to dominate as the primary form of revenue generation on the internet? Why is it that the once “free” and “public” service ethos championed as the underpinning rationale of the web is now a “free” but very-much “private” service ethos? This chapter considers these questions, by defining some overarching characteristics of personalization and charting a history of commercial data tracking. As this chapter argues, it is by historically mapping both the technological and discursive development of data tracking that it becomes possible to critically understand why algorithmic personalization both seeks to “dividuate” the user but also co-constitutes the individual outside of the algorithm. It also evaluates the development of discourses that champion algorithmic personalization as “aiding” users in their decision-making, even as the same practices also bring about a struggle for autonomy between user and system.
Validating the Self through Google
Authors: Kant Tanya 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on mobile app Google Assistant as an example of algorithmic personalization. The chapter draws on the accounts of six Google users who engaged with the app over the space of six weeks. The chapter explores participants’ framing of the app as “smart” and “impressive” even as the app failed to be “useful”; participants’ invocation of self-blame in order to explain the app’s failures; their faith that Google would uphold its side in the data-for-services exchange; and finally, participants’ expectations that the app could and should know them to an extraordinarily complex degree. The chapter proposes that the Google app’s interface constructs and evokes an ideologically normative “ideal user” in order to present “personalized” information. The author argues that participants articulated an enduring sense of trust to predict, construct, and legitimize identity articulation. This trust is embedded not only in the app itself, but also in Google as a broader technological, sociocultural, and commercial force.
An Integrative Framework for Evaluating the Impact of Career Pathways
Authors: Bragg Debra D. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
During the past several years, career pathway systems have expanded to prepare adults for the workforce. Although career pathways are not new, numerous states, the federal government, and philanthropic foundations continue to advance the idea to offer more postsecondary education and workforce training opportunities for adults. Coordinated policies, programs, and services involving adult basic education, community colleges, and workforce development are viewed as vital to creating highly functioning career pathways systems. This chapter describes three core functions of career pathways systems—pathway entry, integrated training, and career progression—and advances the notion that evaluations should be aligned to these functions to inform future policy and practice. Recognizing the value that these functions play independently and collectively in implementation and evaluation is key to supporting continuing efforts to scale career pathways systems nationwide.
Exit from Hegemony
Authors: Cooley Alexander , Nexon Daniel 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
We live in a period of uncertainty about the fate of American global leadership and the future of international order. The 2016 election of Donald Trump led many to pronounce the death, or at least terminal decline, of liberal international order—the system of institutions, rules, and values associated with the American-dominated international system. But the truth is that the unraveling of American global order began over a decade earlier. Exit from Hegemony develops an integrated approach to understanding the rise and decline of hegemonic orders. It calls attention to three drivers of transformation in contemporary order. First, great powers, most notably Russia and China, contest existing norms and values while simultaneously building new spheres of international order through regional institutions. Second, the loss of the “patronage monopoly” once enjoyed by the United States and its allies allows weaker states to seek alternative providers of economic and military goods—providers who do not condition their support on compliance with liberal economic and political principles. Third, transnational counter-order movements, usually in the form of illiberal and right-wing nationalists, undermine support for liberal order and the American international system, including within the United States itself. Exit from Hegemony demonstrates that these broad sources of transformation—from above, below, and within—have transformed past international orders and undermine prior hegemonic powers. It provides evidence that all three are, in the present, mutually reinforcing one another and, therefore, that the texture of world politics may be facing major changes.