bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Context Matters
Authors: Cleveland Jeanette N. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Contexts shape the way the performance appraisal (PA) and performance management (PM) systems are designed and utilized. Yet, the analysis of situations, especially more macro-context, including cultural, economic, and political/legal values, is one of the most underresearched areas in applied psychology despite the fact that context is likely to be critical to understanding the success and the failures associated with individual and team PM in organizations. To date, most research on situations has focused on proximal factors that impinge directly on raters’ and ratees’ motivation and goals, with less attention given to variations in macro and meso context across and within organizations, nations, and cultures. In the present chapter, the current research linking context with PA and PM is reviewed. Drawing from both situational strength and institutional theories, the mechanisms (e.g., norms and constraints) by which situations can shape the design and process of PA/PM within and across organizations are discussed. The chapter concludes by translating key features from the context and situation assessment literature into action that can be taken by industrial and organizational psychologists to help improve PA/PM research and practice in organizations.
Instructional Strategies for Academic Courses
Authors: Conway Colleen M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 8 outlines strategies most commonly utilized in courses in music theory, musicology, composition, conducting, and music education. However, the suggestions for lecture, discussion, and asking questions may also provide useful information for applied instructors when considering studio class interactions. I begin the chapter with a presentation of information regarding lectures and discussion-based lessons and interactions. The second part of the chapter presents strategies for getting students to read and helping students to write. I conclude with questions for discussion and suggested activities. A key focus of the chapter is on student questioning, getting students to read, and helping students to write.
The Job Search in Higher Education
Authors: Conway Colleen M. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 12 focuses on assisting the reader in finding and securing a position teaching music in higher education. It begins with an extended discussion of the postings and types of positions. Instructions are provided for preparing resumes, curriculum vitaes, cover letters, teaching philosophy statements and other materials. Protocols for communicating with references and other stakeholders. Details are provided for teaching and research. The middle section of the chapter is devoted to sample interview questions and recommended answers. Master classes and teaching presentations during the interview process are also discussed.
Story
Authors: McAdams Dan P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The first full chapter, “Story,” presents the central thesis of the book: Donald Trump has never developed an inner story in his mind to explain who he is and how he came to be. Refusing to be introspective, retrospective, or prospective, Trump lives outside of time, as an episodic man. Each moment in life presents Trump with a battle that he must win. But the battles do not add up; his psychological existence is, and always has been, continual warfare with no end in sight and no long-term reason to fight, except to win. The chapter describes psychological research on people’s inner life stories—their narrative identity—and takes the reader through early years in Trump’s life, leading up to his decision to collaborate on the writing of his first book, The Art of the Deal.
Deal
Authors: McAdams Dan P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The second chapter, “Deal,” examines Donald Trump’s unique manner of making deals, focusing ultimately on his efforts to broker a nuclear deal with North Korea’s Kim Jong-un in the summer of 2018. For Trump, deal-making is always about wielding power in the ever-present moment, operating as the quintessential episodic man who pays no heed to long-term consequences. The chapter delineates five principles of Trumpian deal-making: (i) fill a need, (ii) bend the rules, (iii) put on a show, (iv) exert maximum pressure, and (v) always win. The chapter traces the origins of the first three principles back to the deal-making displayed by Trump’s grandfather, Friedrich Trump, when he immigrated to the United States, and by his father, Fred Trump, as a builder and real estate mogul in Queens during the middle years of the 20th century. The latter two principles derive from Trump’s book, The Art of the Deal, as well as his life.
Reward
Authors: McAdams Dan P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
“Reward” explores the personality trait of extraversion in the life of Donald Trump. The chapter begins with an evolutionary account of extraversion’s powerful role in human groups, as a personality trait that enables social actors to attract and hold the attention of others. Studied for over 70 years by personality psychologists, extraversion entails social dominance, gregariousness, and the relentless seeking of reward. Donald Trump is one of the most extraverted human beings on the planet today. The chapter traces the development of this trait in Trump’s life and illustrates how it has served Trump well, infusing tremendous energy and primal charisma into many of his social moments, as he moves from one moment to the next in life. Extraversion is one of five broad and basic traits identified by personality psychologists, often called the Big Five.
Love
Authors: McAdams Dan P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
“Love” traces Donald Trump’s relationships with the women he has claimed to love in his life, beginning with his mother and running through his three wives—Ivana, Marla, and Melania. Each personified a different kind of love object for Trump, with Melania coming closest to re-enacting the emotional dynamics that Trump may have experienced with his own mother, Mary MacLeod Trump. The chapter considers Trump’s love life in the context of contemporary research on attachment relationships and romantic love. The chapter also takes up accusations of sexual improprieties aimed at Trump by at least 22 different women. It is clear that Trump objectifies women, in the sense of considering them to be dehumanized objects of his desire and utility. But the surprising thing is that he looks upon himself in the same objective way. He loves himself as an object, as a beautiful thing, and not as a person.
Us
Authors: McAdams Dan P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The chapter us considers the many implications and ramifications of authoritarianism in the presidency of Donald J. Trump. The authoritarian leader pits the good us against the bad “them,” and he promulgates a doctrine that aims to defend against the them while purging all dissent within the “us.” The chapter discusses the origins of the concept of the authoritarian personality, and it examines instances of authoritarian leadership in “illiberal” democracies today, as in Poland and Hungary. Coming back to the United States, the chapter examines Trump’s authoritarian dynamic from many different perspectives, including race relations and the emergence of the alt-right in American society, the changing demographics of the United States, Trump’s appeal to evangelical white Christians, and the president’s assault on Congress, the courts, the institutions of American law enforcement, the government bureaucracy, and the press.
Primate
Authors: McAdams Dan P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
“Primate” delves into evolutionary biology and primatology to unearth the psychological roots of human leadership as they apply to the case of President Donald J. Trump. In broad terms, evolved patterns of human leadership follow one of two forms. The older form, dominance leadership, traces back over 7 million years to our common ancestor with chimpanzees. The latter form, prestige leadership, traces back about 1 million years or so, reflecting our evolution as hunters and gatherers living in migrating groups. More than any president in American history, Trump personifies the pure dominance leader. The chapter documents the uncanny similarities between the behavior of alpha male chimpanzees and the leadership style of President Donald Trump. Dominance leaders rely upon force, bluffing, intimidation, and the power of their presence, whereas prestige leaders rely upon expertise and the promulgation of a narrative to justify authority. This characterization recalls the central thesis of the book: Donald Trump is a man without a story.
Redemption
Authors: McAdams Dan P. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The last chapter in the book, entitled “Redemption,” begins with a summary of the book’s argument up to this point and then considers the broad cultural and political role of redemptive narratives in American life. Redemptive narratives affirm triumph over suffering and adversity and they hold out hope of progress in the future. Both Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama constructed redemptive stories for their own lives, and they projected those stories onto America. By contrast, President Trump has no story for his own life—which marks the central thesis of this book—and the story he does project for America is little more than a motto: Make American Great Again (MAGA). The chapter analyses the meaning of MAGA and then considers the possibility that many Americans no longer believe in redemptive narratives. As such, Trump’s bleak view of the world and his episodic approach to life—a life without a redemptive narrative arc—may resonate with many Americans today. Nonetheless, many Americans do still see their own lives in redemptive terms; whether or not they can project that kind of narrative onto their nation remains an open question.
Introduction
Authors: Purcell Kate 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The question of the implications of geographical change for maritime jurisdiction has taken on a new urgency in view of the present and projected impacts of climate change on the coastal and marine environment. However, this introductory chapter argues that climate-related change is properly located within a broader category of geographical change of potential significance for entitlement to maritime space and maritime limits and boundaries. The existing literature has emphasized the novelty of climate-related change, concluding that the law as it stands is ill equipped to respond to this phenomenon and even exacerbates its harms. This chapter recalls that an awareness of the dynamic character of the coastal environment has accompanied the development of a legal order that gives coastal geography a key role in connection with entitlement to maritime space and its spatial specification. It outlines the book’s central arguments, which are grounded in a close analysis of the existing law.
Article 7(2) and the Special Case of Deltaic Coasts
Authors: Purcell Kate 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed analysis of UNCLOS Article 7(2), which provides that ‘notwithstanding subsequent regression of the low-water line’ straight baselines on deltaic coasts ‘shall remain effective until changed by the coastal State in accordance with [UNCLOS]’. Examining the treaty text, drafting history, and relevant State practice, the chapter challenges the idea that Article 7(2) exceptionally ‘fixes’ baselines that would otherwise shift with the coast. It is suggested that an alternative reading is more consistent with the ordinary meaning of Article 7(2) in context and in light of UNCLOS’s object and purpose. Turning to the drafting history for confirmation, however, reveals a surprising disjunction between (a) the proposals on which Article 7(2) is widely understood to be based, and (b) the meaning and effect of that provision. This has consequences in terms of what Article 7(2) can be said to imply about the fluidity of baselines.
Fluidity in Maritime Boundaries
Authors: Purcell Kate 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter investigates what, if anything, the law of the sea treaties have to say about the implications of geographical change for interstate maritime boundaries. It draws attention to a provision strangely neglected by proponents of the ambulatory thesis. Article 6(3) of the CSC appears to reflect a belief that baselines following the low-water line will be ambulatory, responding with measures to ensure that the location of a boundary in the continental shelf will be fixed. A closer examination of this provision and its drafting history in context shows that it cannot stand as evidence of a common understanding that baselines are ambulatory or that boundaries defined by reference to baselines require specific measures in order to be fixed. There is equally no support for such an understanding in UNCLOS.
Principles and Presumptions in an Assessment of Boundary Fluidity
Authors: Purcell Kate 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter argues that the question of the implications of geographical change for international boundaries is properly answered by an interpretation of the boundary treaty, award, or decision in the particular case. Emphasizing the difference between the finality of the agreements or decisions establishing a boundary and the question of whether the boundary they establish is ambulatory, it seeks to clarify the legal principles and presumptions informing the latter enquiry. The chapter explains how and why the implications of geographical change for international boundaries may vary, examining both maritime and land boundaries in this regard. It interrogates and qualifies the familiar claim that a ‘rule of accretion’ governs geographical change in the case of river boundaries, which has been drawn on analogically in some versions of the ambulatory thesis. The principle of stability has an important bearing upon an assessment of the implications of geographical change for interstate boundaries.
Conditions over Time
Authors: Purcell Kate 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers what may be the most influential assumption underlying the ambulatory thesis—a belief that the conditions set out in the baselines provisions require satisfaction on a continuing basis. The same assumption is at work in claims that geographical change will precipitate a loss of entitlement to maritime space where such entitlement appertains to a feature defined in geographical terms—e.g. an island or archipelago. This (implicit) line of reasoning raises broad questions relating to intertemporality, which Max Huber’s distinction between the creation and subsistence of rights helps to both clarify and answer. This chapter explores a legal distinction between the creation and continuing existence of entitlement to maritime space and the construction and subsistence of maritime limits and boundaries. It also considers the conditions in which territorial sovereignty and statehood may be lost, offering a new analysis of the significance of effectiveness in this context.
Community and Representation
Authors: Hanna Erika 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores community photography and the new radicalism it brought to amateur photographic practice during the 1970s. This movement, begun in London and disseminated through the pages of Camerawork magazine, propounded the potential of photography as a form of collective action which could bring communities together and empower individuals. Through groups such as the Shankill Photographic Workshop, Derry Camerawork, and the NorthCentre City Community Action Project, activists taught photography to community organizations, as well as prisoners, the unemployed, and women’s groups. This new form of photographic activism served a variety of functions. It was a form of practice that brought people together and taught unemployed and demoralized residents of the inner-city skills and self-respect. It enabled communities that had become the object of a media gaze which turned their lives into stereotypes to create representations of themselves, which they felt more accurately reflected the reality of their lives. In these evening classes and dark rooms, photography became a mechanism of raising consciousness and building communal cohesion. Moreover, it provided a way of making sense of the agglomeration of power, class, and gaze which rendered the lives of the unemployed, or inner-city residents only as ‘types’, and so provided these new photographers with a way of critiquing—if not resisting—these processes.
Attentive Deviance from Standards at CraneSolutions
Authors: Gey Ronny , Langer Sarah , Fried Andrea 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, Ronny Gey, Sarah Langer, and Andrea Fried draw attention to the actual enactment of standards in organizations. They describe a software developing project of the crane manufacturer CraneSolutions which is confronted with a situation where no standards are directly suitable for its niche products. The case of CraneSolutions is a striking example of mainly attentive deviance from standards. The chapter analyses how the organization succeeds in committing to standards while deviating from them attentively. Based on a structurationist framework, the analysis of CraneSolutions enables understanding of the enactment of standards as represented in the interpretative schemes, the facilities, and the social norms of the organization. Moreover, the authors explain organizational deviance from standards as a way of how organizations deal effectively with emerging asymmetries and contradictions during the enactment of standards. This chapter represents one of the two commitment-oriented types of organizational deviance introduced in the book.
European Data Protection Regulation, Journalism, and Traditional Publishers
Authors: Erdos David 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
This book explores the interface between European data protection and the freedom of expression activities of traditional journalism, professional artists, and both academic and non-academic writers from both an empirical and normative perspective. It draws on an exhaustive examination of both historical and contemporary public domain material and a comprehensive questionnaire of European Data Protection Authorities (DPAs). Empirically it is found that, notwithstanding an often confusing statutory landscape, DPAs have sought to develop an approach to regulating the journalistic media based on contextual rights balancing. However, they have struggled to secure a clear and specified criterion of strictness as regards standard-setting or a consistent and reliable approach to enforcement. DPAs have appeared even more confused as regards other traditional publishers, largely abstaining from regulating most professional artists and writers but attempting to subject all academic disciplines to onerous statutory restrictions established for medical, scientific, and related research. From these findings, it is argued that balancing contextual rights has value and should be both generalized across all traditional publishers and systematically and sensitively developed through structured and robust co-regulation. Such co-regulation should adopt the new code of conduct and monitoring provisions included in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) as a broad guideline. DPAs should accord strong deference to any codes and monitoring bodies which verifiably meet the accredited criteria but must engage more proactively when these are absent. In any case, DPAs should also intervene directly as regards particularly serious or systematic issues and have an increasingly important role in ensuring a joined-up approach between traditional publishing and new media activity.
Borders and Freedom of Movement in the Holy Roman Empire
Authors: Scholz Luca 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Abstract: Borders and Freedom of Movement in the Holy Roman Empire tells the history of free movement in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, one of the most fractured landscapes in human history. The boundaries that divided its hundreds of territories make the Old Reich a uniquely valuable site for studying the ordering of movement. The focus is on safe conduct, an institution that was common throughout the early modern world but became a key framework for negotiating free movement and its restriction in the Old Reich. The book shows that attempts to escort travellers, issue letters of passage, or to criminalize the use of ‘forbidden’ roads served to transform rights of passage into excludable and fiscally exploitable goods. Mobile populations—from emperors to peasants—defied attempts to govern their mobility with actions ranging from formal protest to bloodshed. Newly designed maps show that restrictions upon moving goods and people were rarely concentrated at borders before the mid-eighteenth century, but unevenly distributed along roads and rivers. In addition, the book unearths intense intellectual debates around the rulers’ right to interfere with freedom of movement. The Empire’s political order guaranteed extensive transit rights, but apologies of free movement and claims of protection could also mask aggressive attempts of territorial expansion. Drawing on sources discovered in more than twenty archives and covering the period between the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth century, the book offers a new perspective on the unstable relationship of political authority and human mobility in the heartlands of old-regime Europe.
Protection
Authors: Scholz Luca 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The protection of roads and rivers was often a precondition of mobility, but protection could also serve as an excuse for self-interested interference with traffic flows. This was the case on the River Weser, which was contested between the City of Bremen and the counts of Oldenburg. Bremen employed armed vessels to protect the river from privateers but also impeded Oldenburg from levying customs duties, to the point of a virtual ‘toll war’. Bremen also struggled to discipline its soldiers whose exactions sparked the protest of boatmen and the riverine population. The way in which safe conduct justified self-serving economic and political goals—on the Lower Weser as elsewhere—can be understood as a dynamic of ‘securitization’, a process in which an issue is presented as existentially threatened and requiring extraordinary emergency measures. In academic debates, some jurists sublimated these tensions into an exclusionary and selective conception of free movement.
The EU Citizenship Directive: A Commentary
Authors: Guild Elspeth , Peers Steve , Tomkin Jonathan 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
The EU Citizenship Directive defines the right of free movement for citizens of the European Economic Area. It applies to EU citizens and their family members who move to visit or reside in another Member State. This might at first seem like a straightforward definition, but immediately questions arise. Who determines if a person is an EU citizen at all? What about dual citizens of two Member States, or of one Member State and a non-Member State (a ‘third State’)? What is the position of EU citizens who move to one Member State, and then return to their home Member State? This book provides a comprehensive commentary of the EU’s Citizens’ Directive tracing the evolution of the Directive’s provisions, placing each article in its historical and legislative context. Special emphasis is placed on highlighting the connections and interactions between the Directive’s constituent provisions so as to permit a global appreciation of the system of free movement rights to which the Directive gives effect. Each provision is annotated containing a detailed analysis of the case law of the Court of Justice as well as of related measures impacting upon the Directive’s interpretation including European Commission reports and guidelines on the Directive’s implementation.