bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brexit and Britain’s Changing Constitution
Authors: Grote Rainer 
Published: December 2020

The Brexit saga which culminated in the sweeping victory of the Conservative Party in the parliamentary elections of December 2019 and the British withdrawal from the European Union the following months caused a major upheaval in the relationship between Britain’s main constitutional actors, especially between the government and the judiciary. In the course of the long-winded and acrimonious Brexit debate, the courts were repeatedly asked to intervene at critical junctures of the withdrawal process, first to secure a central role for Parliament in discussing and approving the terms of withdrawal and then to protect Parliament against attempts by the government to curtail and render ineffective this role through the questionable use of its prerogative powers.
This development reached its climax with the UK Supreme Court’s judgment of 24 September 2019 on the unlawfulness of the prorogation of Parliament decided by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister in the run-up to Brexit, an unprecedented interference by the courts with the exercise of prerogative powers in the name of a functioning parliamentary democracy. While the reasoning of the Court does not appear entirely convincing, there can be no doubt that the ruling was crucial in upholding the central role of Parliament in the Brexit negotiations and, by implication, of the authority of the courts which had defined that role at the beginning of the negotiations. That the Supreme Court felt it necessary to take the unprecedented step of confronting the executive over the use of its prerogative powers in a highly polarized political debate also demonstrates the extent to which the political consensus which in former times had underpinned the functioning of Britain’s flexible constitutional democracy has broken down as a result of the Brexit debate, and the divisions it has engendered within Britain’s political class and in the public at large. This gives rise to the concern that the reforms announced by the Conservative government following its sweeping victory in the parliamentary elections of December 2019 will destroy any progress which had been made in the UK prior to the Brexit referendum towards a modern practice of parliamentary majority government based on incomplete but genuine checks and balances.
Reassessment and systematic position of the sinistral snails of genus Hemiplecta from Thailand (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species
Authors: Sutcharit Chirasak , Jeratthitikul Ekgachai , Tongkerd Piyoros , Panha Somsak 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Indochina land snails of the family Ariophantidae are in need of thorough systematic revision. Here we comprehensively revise the systematics of the large-shelled, sinistral (counterclockwise) coiling snails from Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. Molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial (coi and 16S) and nuclear (28S) gene sequences demonstrates that these sinistral snails are not members of Dyakiidae as previously thought, but instead are more closely related to the genus Hemiplecta in the family Ariophantidae. Comparative morphology also reveals similarity of reproductive organ features (globular gametolytic organ, well-developed dart apparatus, and lack of amatorial organ complex). Based on this evidence, we propose to transfer these sinistral snails to the genus Hemiplecta. Molecular phylogenetic analyses further strongly support the monophyly of this sinistral lineage with respect to other members of Hemiplecta. This monophyletic clade consists of five members including three species that were previously classified as “Dyakia”, H. lahatensis, H. retrorsa and H. salangana, and two new species described herein, H. ligorica n. sp. and H. thailandica n. sp. This study also suggests that the anatomy of the gametolytic organ in the genus Hemiplecta corresponds well with the phylogenetic relationships and appears to be a taxonomically informative character, while the penial verge has little utility for generic recognition.
Definition of “Waste” in Cross-Border Context: Un-Typical Story of TPS-NOLO (Geobal)
Authors: Hadrousek David 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The boundaries of EU waste legislation are drawn by the definition of “waste”. This is also true of the Waste Shipments Regulation. What if the authorities of dispatch and destination disagree on the classification of a particular substance? A recent judgment of the EU Court of Justice shows that the rule according to which, in case of such a disagreement, the substance “shall be treated as if it were waste” is in the end of limited value. There is no way the European Commission or the Member State of (typically) destination can win their case on this basis.
Semi-Presidential Reform and Referendums in France and Romania
Authors: Murphy Anthony 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper seeks to examine how direct democracy was used as a means to achieve or to strengthen semi-presidentialism in France and Romania. Whereas the Fifth Republic is widely seen as the archetypal semi-presidential regime, Romania relied heavily on this particular model for its post-communist constitution but opted to drastically reduce the powers of an otherwise directly-elected head of state. Nevertheless, the Gaullist reforms of postwar France echoed through the turn of the century. Traian Băsescu used referendums in an uncanny resemblance to Charles de Gaulle’s own pursuit of constitutional reform. Both aimed to increase the president’s role and decrease parliamentary involvement in the dual executive. However, only de Gaulle achieved partial success in shaping the political system.
Development of cambial variant and parenchyma proliferation in Hewittia malabarica (Convolvulaceae) from India and South Africa
Authors: Rajput Kishore S. , Gondaliya Amit D. , Baijnath Himansu 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Members of the Convolvulaceae are characterized by the climbing habit and occurrence of variant secondary growth. From a histological perspective, the genus Ipomoea L. is the most extensively studied, while other genera have been less studied. Here, stem anatomy of the least studied genus in the family, Hewittia Wight & Arn., represented by Hewittia malabarica (L.) Suresh was investigated using classical histological techniques. In both the samples collected from India and South Africa, stem thickness increased by developing different types of cambial variants such as: neo-formed vascular cylinders, parenchyma proliferation at the phloem wedges, ray-derived cambia from dilating phloem rays, internal cambium, intra- and interxylary phloem. Neo-formed vascular cylinders develop from the parenchyma cells external to the phloem as a meristemoid in thick stems and later in dilating ray cells. With the increase in stem diameter, cells of the phloem wedges showed proliferation by meristematic activity, which form a connection with the cortex by rupturing the primary tissue ring of eustele. Subsequently, development of cambium in phloem wedges and deposition of its derivatives increased the tangential width of rays. Mature thick stems (25–30 mm) give rise to a fissured stem. Intraxylary (internal) phloem development on the pith margin was observed from primary growth onwards and in thick stems secondary intraxylary phloem developed from the internal cambium. Internal cambium is functionally bidirectional and produces secondary xylem internally and secondary phloem externally. In all the samples, patches of unlignified parenchyma embedded within the secondary xylem dedifferentiate and mature into interxylary phloem with the increasing age. Development of cambial variant and structure of the secondary xylem is correlated with the functional significance of the climbing habit.
Religion and the Arts in The Hunger Games
Authors: Ni Zhange 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this selective overview of scholarship generated by The Hunger Games—the young adult dystopian fiction and film series which has won popular and critical acclaim—Zhange Ni showcases various investigations into the entanglement of religion and the arts in the new millennium. Ni introduces theories, methods, and the latest developments in the study of religion in relation to state politics, audio/visual art, material culture, reality TV, and transmedia projects, whilst also reading The Hunger Games as a story that explores the variety, complexity, and ambiguity of enchantment. In popular texts such as The Hunger Games, religion and art—both broadly construed, that is, beyond conventional boundaries—converge in creating an enchantment that makes life more bearable and effects change in the world.
Arjunopākhyāna: An Idealist Non-dualistic Translation of the Bhagavadgītā
Authors: Cohen Tamara 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper suggests that the narrative retelling of the Bhagavadgītā (BhG) dialogue that occurs in the sixth book of the Mokṣopāya (MU) (ca. 950 CE) known as the Arjunopākhyāna (AU) functions as a polemic style semantic translation that shifts the meaning of the original story with which it shares content, characters, elements and verses, illustrating a different doctrine in the process. Just over thirty quoted verses from the BhG are recontextualized and merged seamlessly with verses that are original to the MU, translating them into the non-dualistic, idealist conceptual language of the MU. The nonduality at the heart of Vasiṣṭha’s teaching in the MU is different from the theistic Sāṃkhya-influenced duality of Kṛṣṇa’s discourse in the BhG. Puruṣa and prakṛti are consistently replaced in the AU by an all-encompassing singular consciousness whose cosmic mind imagines everything, including Kṛṣṇa, all subjective agency, worship and liberation.
Taming Pandemics in International Relations
Authors: de Graaf Beatrice 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article introduces three historical situations where governments, or more accurately, specific leaders in office, shaped the international context in dealing with a transboundary crisis—and were in turn crucially affected in their reign by this crisis. The question at stake is: under what conditions did leaders (and their governments) engage in international cooperation to deal with the transboundary crisis at hand, and how did this cooperation impact the development of the crisis? An informed argument is made for combining crisis management research—in particular a model operationalizing conditions for transboundary cooperation—with an applied history perspective to shed light on the current obstacles to international cooperation in Covid-19 times.
Extreme Lake-Effect Snow from a GPM Microwave Imager Perspective: Observational Analysis and Precipitation Retrieval Evaluation
Authors: Milani Lisa , Kulie Mark S. , Casella Daniele , Kirstetter Pierre E. , Panegrossi Giulia , Petkovic Veljko , Ringerud Sarah E. , Rysman Jean-François , Sanò Paolo , Wang Nai-Yu , You Yalei , Skofronick-Jackson Gail 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study focuses on the ability of the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) passive microwave sensors to detect and provide quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE) for extreme lake-effect snowfall events over the U.S. lower Great Lakes region. GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) high-frequency channels can clearly detect intense shallow convective snowfall events. However, GMI Goddard Profiling (GPROF) QPE retrievals produce inconsistent results when compared with the Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) ground-based radar reference dataset. While GPROF retrievals adequately capture intense snowfall rates and spatial patterns of one event, GPROF systematically underestimates intense snowfall rates in another event. Furthermore, GPROF produces abundant light snowfall rates that do not accord with MRMS observations. Ad hoc precipitation-rate thresholds are suggested to partially mitigate GPROF’s overproduction of light snowfall rates. The sensitivity and retrieval efficiency of GPROF to key parameters (2-m temperature, total precipitable water, and background surface type) used to constrain the GPROF a priori retrieval database are investigated. Results demonstrate that typical lake-effect snow environmental and surface conditions, especially coastal surfaces, are underpopulated in the database and adversely affect GPROF retrievals. For the two presented case studies, using a snow-cover a priori database in the locations originally deemed as coastline improves retrieval. This study suggests that it is particularly important to have more accurate GPROF surface classifications and better representativeness of the a priori databases to improve intense lake-effect snow detection and retrieval performance.
Natural IgM antibodies inhibit microvesicle-driven coagulation and thrombosis
Authors: Obermayer Georg , Afonyushkin Taras , Göderle Laura , Puhm Florian , Schrottmaier Waltraud , Taqi Soreen , Schwameis Michael , Ay Cihan , Pabinger Ingrid , Jilma Bernd , Assinger Alice , Mackman Nigel , Binder Christoph J. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Thrombosis and its associated complications are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Microvesicles (MVs), a class of extracellular vesicles, are increasingly recognized as mediators of coagulation and biomarkers of thrombotic risk. Thus, identifying factors targeting MV-driven coagulation may help in the development of novel antithrombotic treatments. We have previously identified a subset of circulating MVs that is characterized by the presence of oxidation-specific epitopes and bound by natural immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies targeting these structures. This study investigated whether natural IgM antibodies, which are known to have important anti-inflammatory housekeeping functions, inhibit the procoagulatory properties of MVs. We found that the extent of plasma coagulation is inversely associated with the levels of both free and MV-bound endogenous IgM. Moreover, the oxidation epitope-specific natural IgM antibody LR04, which recognizes malondialdehyde adducts, reduced MV-dependent plasmatic coagulation and whole blood clotting without affecting thrombocyte aggregation. Intravenous injection of LR04 protected mice from MV-induced pulmonary thrombosis. Of note, LR04 competed the binding of coagulation factor X/Xa to MVs, providing a mechanistic explanation for its anticoagulatory effect. Thus, our data identify natural IgM antibodies as hitherto unknown modulators of MV-induced coagulation in vitro and in vivo and their prognostic and therapeutic potential in the management of thrombosis.
Safety and efficacy of CAR T cells in a patient with lymphoma and a coexisting autoimmune neuropathy
Authors: Jhaveri Khushali S. , Schlam Ilana , Holtzman Noa G. , Peravali Monica , Richardson Perry K. , Dahiya Saurabh , Malkovska Vera , Rapoport Aaron P. 
Published: December 2020

Key Points
CAR T-cell therapy was safe and effective in a DLBCL patient with coexisting autoimmune neuropathy. CD19 CAR T-cell therapy may control refractory autoantibodies and monoclonal gammopathies.
The involvement of neuroimmune cells in adipose innervation
Authors: Blaszkiewicz Magdalena , Wood Elizabeth , Koizar Sigi , Willows Jake , Anderson Ryan , Tseng Yu-Hua , Godwin James , Townsend Kristy L. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Innervation of adipose tissue is essential for the proper function of this critical metabolic organ. Numerous surgical and chemical denervation studies have demonstrated how maintenance of brain-adipose communication through both sympathetic efferent and sensory afferent nerves helps regulate adipocyte size, cell number, lipolysis, and ‘browning’ of white adipose tissue. Neurotrophic factors are growth factors that promote neuron survival, regeneration, and plasticity, including neurite outgrowth and synapse formation. Peripheral immune cells have been shown to be a source of neurotrophic factors in humans and mice. Although a number of immune cells reside in the adipose stromal vascular fraction (SVF), it has remained unclear what roles they play in adipose innervation. We previously demonstrated that adipose SVF secretes brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).

Methods
We now show that deletion of this neurotrophic factor from the myeloid lineage of immune cells led to a ‘genetic denervation’ of inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT), thereby causing decreased energy expenditure, increased adipose mass, and a blunted UCP1 response to cold stimulation.

Results
We and others have previously shown that noradrenergic stimulation via cold exposure increases adipose innervation in the inguinal depot. Here we have identified a subset of myeloid cells that home to scWAT upon cold exposure and are Ly6C+ CCR2+ Cx3CR1+ monocytes/macrophages that express noradrenergic receptors and BDNF. This subset of myeloid lineage cells also clearly interacted with peripheral nerves in the scWAT and were therefore considered neuroimmune cells.

Conclusions
We propose that these myeloid lineage, cold induced neuroimmune cells (CINCs) are key players in maintaining adipose innervation as well as promoting adipose nerve remodeling under noradrenergic stimulation, such as cold exposure.
Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Spintronics
Authors: Hu Guojing , Xiang Bin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSpintronics is the most promising technology to develop alternative multi-functional, high-speed, low-energy electronic devices. Due to their unusual physical characteristics, emerging two-dimensional (2D) materials provide a new platform for exploring novel spintronic devices. Recently, 2D spintronics has made great progress in both theoretical and experimental researches. Here, the progress of 2D spintronics has been reviewed. In the last, the current challenges and future opportunities have been pointed out in this field.
Idiopathic central precocious puberty in a Klinefelter patient: highlights on gonadotropin levels and pathophysiology
Authors: Maqdasy Salwan , Barres Bertrand , Salaun Gaelle , Batisse-Lignier Marie , Pebrel-Richard Celine , Kwok Kelvin H. M. , Labbé André , Touraine Philippe , Brugnon Florence , Tauveron Igor 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
Idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) is supposed to be non-existent in a context of testicular destruction that is typically present in Klinefelter syndrome (KS). Herein, we describe a rare case of ICPP in a Klinefelter patient (47,XXY) with 2 maternal X chromosomes. Moreover, we highlight the differences in gonadotropin levels in comparison to males with ICPP and a normal karyotype.

Case presentation
An 8 years old boy with a history of cryptorchidism was evaluated for precocious puberty (Tanner staging: P2/G3). Both testes measured 25x35mm. His hormonal profile confirmed a central origin of precocious puberty with high serum testosterone (4.3 ng/ml), luteinizing hormone [LH (3.5 UI/l)] and follicle stimulating hormone [FSH (7.7 UI/l)] levels. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) test amplified LH and FSH secretion to 24 and 14 UI/l respectively. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was normal. No MKRN3 mutation was detected. He was treated for ICPP for two years. During puberty, he suffered from hypergonadotropic hypogonadism leading to the diagnosis of KS (47,XXY karyotype). Chromosomal analysis by fluorescent multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using X chromosome microsatellite markers identified 2 maternal X chromosomes.
Analysing 8 cases of KS developing ICPP (our reported case and 7 other published cases) revealed that these KS patients with ICPP have higher LH and FSH levels during ICPP episode than in ICPP patients with a normal karyotype (ICPP with KS vs ICPP with a normal karyotype: LH levels 9.4 ± 12 vs 1.1 ± 0.6 UI/l; FSH levels 23.1 ± 38.5 vs 2.7 ± 1.5 UI/l). Furthermore, their response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation is characterized by excessive LH and FSH secretion (LH levels post-GnRH: 58 ± 48 vs 15.5 ± 0.8 UI/l; FSH levels post-GnRH: 49.1 ± 62.1 vs 5.7 ± 3.9 UI/l).

Conclusions
ICPP in boys is extremely rare. The pathophysiology of ICPP in KS is unknown. However, maternal X supplementary chromosome and early testicular destruction may play a significant role in the initiation of ICPP, in part explaining the relative “overrepresentation of ICPP in KS. Thus, karyotype analysis could be considered for boys suffering from ICPP, especially if testicular size is smaller or gonadotropins are significantly elevated.
ideal: an R/Bioconductor package for interactive differential expression analysis
Authors: Marini Federico , Linke Jan , Binder Harald 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is an ever increasingly popular tool for transcriptome profiling. A key point to make the best use of the available data is to provide software tools that are easy to use but still provide flexibility and transparency in the adopted methods. Despite the availability of many packages focused on detecting differential expression, a method to streamline this type of bioinformatics analysis in a comprehensive, accessible, and reproducible way is lacking.

Results
We developed the software package, which serves as a web application for interactive and reproducible RNA-seq analysis, while producing a wealth of visualizations to facilitate data interpretation. is implemented in R using the Shiny framework, and is fully integrated with the existing core structures of the Bioconductor project. Users can perform the essential steps of the differential expression analysis workflow in an assisted way, and generate a broad spectrum of publication-ready outputs, including diagnostic and summary visualizations in each module, all the way down to functional analysis. also offers the possibility to seamlessly generate a full HTML report for storing and sharing results together with code for reproducibility.

Conclusion
is distributed as an R package in the Bioconductor project (http://bioconductor.org/packages/ideal/), and provides a solution for performing interactive and reproducible analyses of summarized RNA-seq expression data, empowering researchers with many different profiles (life scientists, clinicians, but also experienced bioinformaticians) to make the ideal use of the data at hand.