bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Power SiC-MOSFET Using Super-Higher-Order Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscopy—Imaging of Carrier Distribution and Depletion Layer
Authors: Chinone N. , Cho Y. , Nakamura T. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Evaluation techniques for semiconductor devices are keys for device development with low cost and short time to market. Especially, dopant and depletion layer distribution in devices is a critical electrical property that needs to be evaluated. Super-higher-order nonlinear dielectric microscopy (SHOSNDM) is one of the promising techniques for semiconductor device evaluation. We developed a method for imaging detailed dopant distribution and depletion layers in semiconductor devices using SHO-SNDM. As a demonstration, a cross-section of a SiC power semiconductor device was measured by this method and detailed dopant distribution and depletion layer distributions were imaged.
Laser Voltage Tracing—A Novel Approach for Imaging Pulsed Signals
Authors: Nemirow Christopher , Leslie Neel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
LVx, a workhorse in many failure analysis laboratories, consists of laser voltage imaging (LVI) and laser voltage probing. Laser voltage tracing (LVT) eliminates the inherent restrictions bestowed by LVI and reduces the need for costly probing. It monitors a distinct feature of the test pattern and creates a corresponding signal map. This weapon in the LVx arsenal significantly decreases debug time and will prove as invaluable as LVI. Beginning with an overview of the limitations of traditional LVx, this paper provides information on the process steps, experimental setup, and applications of LVT. LVT introduces a new approach to monitoring LVx signals. The most obvious LVT application is debugging problematic peripheral NAND circuitry.
Sample Preparation Challenges in Removing Copper Pillar WLCSP Device Embedded in PCB Module for Electrical Testing and Failure Analysis
Authors: Cheong Kah Chin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Copper pillar WLCSP device embedded in large PCB module with passive devices to create one hybrid package are growing widely in smart communication and mobile electronic devices. The crucial challenges in electrical testing and failure analysis on it are to remove the embedded copper pillar CSP device from the module without inducing mechanical defects, and solder ball placement on the CSP for ATE testing. This paper discusses the sample preparation process step-by-step, which includes de-soldering of external components from the PCB, top side up and down parallel polishing to remove copper pillars, chemical etching the PCB module, solder ball placement on CSP devices and the soldering process on a plain coupon board. The established process enables electrical testing, evaluations and failure analysis performed on a demounted CSP device. A simulation of an electrical testing and failure analysis will also be highlighted in this paper.
Towards Perfection in Large Area, High-Resolution SEM for Integrated Circuit Reverse Engineering
Authors: Fridmann J.R. , Sanabia J.E. , Rasche M. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
For large area, high resolution SEM imaging applications, such as integrated circuit (IC) reverse engineering and connectomics [1-3], SEM instruments are limited by small, uncalibrated fields of view (FOVs) and imprecise sample positioning. These limitations affect image capture throughput, requiring more stage drive time and larger image overlaps. Furthermore, these instrument limitations introduce stitching errors in 4 dimensions of the image data, X, Y, Z and I (signal intensity). Throughput and stitching errors are cited challenges [2] and software alone cannot tenably correct stitching errors in large image datasets [3]. Furthermore, software corrections can introduce additional errors into the image data via the scaling, rotation, and twisting of the images. So software has proven insufficient for reverse engineering of modern integrated circuits. Our methodology addresses the challenges brought on by small, uncalibrated FOVs and imprecise sample positioning by combining the resolution and flexibility of the SEM instrument with the accuracy (of the order 10 nm), stability, and automation of the electron beam lithography (EBL) instrument. With its unique combination of high resolution SEM imaging (up to 50,000 pixels x 50,000 pixels for each image), laser interferometer stage positioning, and FOV mapping, the reverse engineering scanning electron microscope (RE-SEM) produces the most accurate large area, high resolution images directly acquired by an SEM instrument [4]. Since the absolute position of each pixel is known ultimately to the accuracy afforded by the laser interferometer stage, these images can be stacked (3D-stitched) with the highest possible accuracy. Thus, the RE-SEM has been used to successfully reconstruct a current PC-CPU at the 22 nm node.
Electro-Optical Frequency Mapping Phase Image Simulation Technique for Failure Analysis
Authors: Nonaka Junpei , Matsui Nakaba , Honbu Seiichi , Shigeta Kazuki , Funatsu Yukihisa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
We propose a phase image simulation method for Electro-Optical Frequency Mapping (EOFM). The proposed method eases the matching of phase images and circuit layout data, which was previously difficult because phase images are very complex. Physical failure analysis based on this matching result is enabled. Further works are required for understandings of simulated phase images in compound logic cells having many states or high-Z states.
Power Device Burned Completely—And Now, How to Find the Root Cause?
Authors: Jacob Peter 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
If power modules suffer failures, frequently the destruction energy is so high that the component (and also neighbored circuitry) burns down completely. For failure analysis, just some pieces of carbonized leftovers and molten metal balls are available. Of course, no useful analysis on component level is possible in such cases. However, a combination of system-related failure anamnesis and dedicated measurements on new reference systems and surviving parts of the failed system, allows many useful conclusions towards the failure root cause. This paper highlights the most important approaches and questions to be evaluated in such cases.
Yield and Failure Analysis of 14nm On-Chip MIMCAP
Authors: Beaudoin Felix , Chen Wei-Hang , Babighian Pietro , Wei Yuting , de la Garza Ernesto Gene , Sreenivasan Nimisha C. , Cheng Lili 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
A BEOL compatible Metal-Insulator-Metal capacitor (MIMCAP) was successfully developed for GlobalFoundries 14nm technology node, and subsequently introduced on customer designs as decoupling capacitors. The lead production silicon wafers with MIMCAP showed good functionality at wafer SORT functional test. However, upon testing more wafers, it became evident that the wafer center was impacted by abnormal scan logic fallout. The observed yield loss did not correlate with the MIMCAP scribe line Health Of Line (HOL) structures and the failure root cause could not be directly pin pointed to the MIMCAP process integration. Product scan diagnostic was performed and several systematic failing logical nets were identified. Subsequent failure analysis showed open via contacts in the MIMCAP vicinity. A detailed layout analysis of the FA confirmed weak-points and repeating logic nets allowed identifying a chip design topography issue resulting in a narrower process window compared to the scribe line MIMCAP HOL structure. Thanks to this knowledge the MIMCAP process was further optimized and the wafer center fallout was fully recovered in volume production.
Conductive-AFM for Inline Voltage Contrast Defect Characterization at Advanced Technology Nodes
Authors: Zhang Chuan , Nxumalo Jochonia , Chen Esther P.Y. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Voltage contrast (VC) mode inline E-beam inspection (EBI) at post contact layer provides electrical readout of critical yield signals at an early stage, which could be months before a wafer reaches functional test. Similar to the passive voltage contrast (PVC) technique that is widely used in failure analysis labs, inline VC scanning is based on scanning electron microscopy, where a low keV electron beam scans across the wafer. Conductive atomic force microscopy (CAFM) was successfully implemented as a characterization method for inline VC defects. In this paper, three challenging VC defect analysis case studies are considered: bright voltage contrast (BVC) gate to active short, BVC Junction leakage, and Dark Voltage Contrast gate contact open. Defects exhibiting a hard electrical short, junctional leakage, and open gate contact are used to illustrate how CAFM provides a powerful and comprehensive solution for in-depth characterization of the inline VC defects.
Localizing IC Defect Using Nanoprobing: A 3D Approach
Authors: Li Jane Y. , Zhang Chuan , Aguada John , Nemirow Christopher , Marks Howard 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper demonstrates a methodology for chip level defect localization that allows complex logic nets to be approached from multiple perspectives during failure analysis of modern flip-chip CMOS IC devices. By combining chip backside deprocessing with site-specific plasma Focused Ion Beam (pFIB) low angle milling, the area of interest in a failure IC device is made accessible from any direction for nanoprobing and Electron Beam Absorbed Current (EBAC) analysis. This methodology allows subtle defects to be more accurately localized and analyzed for thorough root-cause understanding.
Carrier Profiling of the 10-nm-order Structure in a 3D Flash Memory Cell Using Scanning Nonlinear Dielectric Microscopy
Authors: Hirota Jun , Hoshino Ken , Nakai Tsukasa , Yamasue Kohei , Cho Yasuo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this paper, the authors report their successful attempt to acquire the scanning nonlinear dielectric microscopy (SNDM) signals around the floating gate and channel structures of the 3D Flash memory device, utilizing the custom-built SNDM tool with a super-sharp diamond tip. The report includes details of the SNDM measurement and process involved in sample preparation. With the super-sharp diamond tips with radius of less than 5 nm to achieve the supreme spatial resolution, the authors successfully obtained the SNDM signals of floating gate in high contrast to the background in the selected areas. They deduced the minimum spatial resolution and seized a clear evidence that the diffusion length differences of the n-type impurity among the channels are less than 21 nm. Thus, they concluded that SNDM is one of the most powerful analytical techniques to evaluate the carrier distribution in the superfine three dimensionally structured memory devices.
Authors: Hepilita Yohana , Mariati Lusia Henny 
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Smoking is a risk factor that can increase blood pressure. Clinically, arterial blood pressure is described as systolic pressure per diastolic pressure, with normal values ​​for blood pressure ≥120 / 80 mmH. Screening for cardiovascular risk factors is recommended starting at age 20 years. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of the risk of cardiovascular health (blood pressure) and smoking behavior in the younger age group and to determine the relationship between smoking behavior and blood pressure. Methodology: This research is an observational study with descriptive research type. The sample technique used is non-probability sampling using judgmental sampling or purposive sampling. The number of respondents in this study were 123 students. The data analysis used in this study was univariate analysis, namely the calculation of the frequency and presentation of blood pressure variables, smoking behavior (age of the smoker, duration of smoking and number of cigarettes consumed per day and the Brinkman index). The bivariate data analysis used in this study was the Lambda test to determine the correlation test for smoking behavior and blood pressure variables. Results: The results of this study showed that from 123 respondents, the majority of respondents were classified as light smokers with a total of 109 students (88.6%). respondents and the majority of respondents who had pre-hypertensive blood pressure were 105 students (85.4%). The results of the correlation test with the Lambda test found that there was no relationship between smoking behavior (Brinkman index) and blood pressure, with a value of λ = 0.000. Discussion: Based on this study, it was concluded that the majority of young smokers were light smokers and the majority had pre-hypertensive blood pressure levels. The results of this study also concluded that there was no relationship between smoking behavior and blood pressure levels. Suggestions for further research are to conduct research using a larger number of respondents and the need for intervention in the study and using a control group
Keywords: Smokers, Young Age, Blood Pressure
Study on candidate genes for milk production traits of Red Chittagong Cattle
Authors: Mostari MP , Khan MYA 
Published: December 2020

The study was carried out on Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD,) diacylglycerolacyltransferase-1 (DGAT1) and ATP-binding cassette G2 (ABCG2) genes which are responsible for variation in milk production traits (milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, and SNF yield) in cattle. These genes were used as candidate genes in Red Chittagong Cattle (RCC) breed of Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) herd for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) causing variation in milk production traits. Focusing on the effects of SNPs on milk production traits, phenotypic variation within RCC breed was identified and categorized based on milk production traits. Average lactation yield varied from 527 to 1436 kg (n=29) per lactation. About 18% of lactating cows showed an average of >1000 kg per lactation. Average fat percent ranged from 4.71 to 6.25 (n=15). Eighteen (18) set of primers were designed to amplify targeted regions of SCD, DGAT1 and ABCG2 genes, where 8 set from DGAT1, 6 set from SCD and 4 set from ABCG2 gene. Pooled DNA from 50 RCC cows and 5 RCC bulls were used in sequencing. In sequence analysis, the SCD, DGAT1 and ABCG2 alleles found fixed in RCC. This study suggests an evidence that RCC breed has fixed alleles with respect to SCD, DGAT1 and ABCG2 genes reported to be responsible for higher milk fat yield, higher fat and protein percent.
Bang. J. Livs. Res. Vol. 26 (1&2), 2019: P. 1-7
PROSES KREATIF DALAM UPAYA PEMBERDAYAAN UMKM MELALUI RANGKAIAN ACARA CLINIC DESIGN - STD BALI DESIGN WEEK
Authors: Pratama I Gede Yudha 
Published: December 2020

Kreativitas dalam kehidupan manusia selalu dapat memberikan suatu perubahan yang dinamis. Setiap manusia dilahirkan dengan memiliki potensi kreatif. Namun, terkadang ada individu yang kreatif dan ada yang tidak kreatif, hal ini lebih disebabkan oleh adanya individu yang mengembangkan kreativitasnya dan ada yang tidak sama sekali. Berbeda dengan kemampuan fisik dan rasio, kreativitas tak bisa dibina sendirian. Kreativitas hanya akan bekerja bila hadir bersama kemampuan-kemampuan lainnya. Kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat dalam rangkaian acara Clinic Desing – STD Bali Design Week, bertujuan untuk melakukan pemberdayaan pada usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah (UMKM). Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah metode proses kreatif melalui konsultasi dalam bidang desain khusunya pada desain kemasan. Hasil yang didapat dalam kegiatan konsultasi dalam bidang desain ini dapat menyatakan bahwa, bila segala sesuatu begitu mudah sehingga dapat dicerna oleh kemampuan fisik dan rasio yang telah dimiliki, maka kreativitas tidak akan ikut terlibat dan tidak akan ikut terbina. Selain itu, pemberian suatu kehormatan maupun apresiasi dalam upaya penemuan pemecahan masalah mampun mebuatn kreativitas dari para pelaku UMKM untuk berkembang.
Elezioni in Italia – Referendum 2011 e regionali in Molise: torna il quorum, Iorio è confermato, crescono i segnali di insofferenza
Authors: Di Virgilio Aldo 
Published: December 2020

Review of Italian elections, Referenda and Molise regional elections in 2011
Referendum di nuovo validi, risultati non privi di ambiguità
Il voto regionale in Molise
Producción de composta mediante descomposición aeróbica de residuos orgánicos en huertos de guayaba
Authors: De Luna Jiménez Alfonso , Luna Ruíz José de Jesús , Martínez de Lara J. 
Published: December 2020

La investigación se realizó en 2016, en Calvillo, Aguascalientes, con el propósito de elaborar abono orgánico a partir del compostaje de los residuos orgánicos producidos en las huertas de guayabo, mediante distintas proporciones de poda (ramas molidas), estiércol de bovino; fruta de desecho y zacate nativo, se elaboraron seis compostas. Los porcentajes más altos de MO, CO y N, se obtuvieron en la composta 4 (P (33.3%) + Z (33.3%) + E (33.3%)). La CE dSm-1 y los porcentajes de K y Mg fueron mayores en composta 1 (F (50%) + E (50%)). El porcentaje de Ca resulto elevado en la composta 5 (P (50%) + E (50%)). El contenido más grande de Zn mg kg-1 y Mn mg kg-1 se registró en la composta 6 (Z (50%) + E (50%)). Se concluye que el compostaje produce un abono orgánico de calidad agronómica y puede utilizarse como mejorador físico-químico del suelo.
REALITI DAN ASPIRASI PEMBANGUNAN MASYARAKAT IBAN DI PEDALAMAN DAERAH SONG, KAPIT, SARAWAK: KAJIAN KES DI TIGA BUAH RUMAH PANJANG
Authors: KELABU MULA ANAK , FADZIL KAMAL SOLHAIMI BIN 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRAK
Pembangunan di Sarawak semakin rancak setelah penggabungan dengan Tanah Melayu dan Sabah pada tahun 1963. Namun begitu, selepas lima dekad bergabung membentuk negara Malaysia, pembangunan di Sarawak tidak seimbang. Terdapat jurang yang agak luas di antara bandar dengan luar bandar, terutamanya di kawasan pedalaman. Pembangunan fizikal dan sosioekonomi di kawasan pedalaman tidak menyerlah, sama ada kurang berjaya atau tidak sampai. Kajian ini akan membincangkan status pembangunan masyarakat Iban yang terletak di pedalaman Sarawak dan meneroka aspirasi pembangunan menurut pandangan lokal. Kajian akan menggunakan teori pembangunan yang dipelopori oleh Sen (1999), iaitu pembangunan sebagai kebebasan untuk menganalisis isu, kebebasan dan aspirasi pembangunan masyarakat Iban tersebut dengan menggunakan pendekatan kajian kes di tiga rumah panjang untuk mengumpul data kajian. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa wujud jurang yang agak luas antara orang Iban di rumah panjang dengan masyarakat bandar. Antaranya ialah ketinggalan dari segi pembangunan infrastruktur seperti kemudahan bekalan elektrik 24 jam dan jalan raya berturap. Isu-isu penting yang turut ditemui ialah tentang aspirasi pembangunan mereka dan penerokaan tanah adat masyarakat Iban di kawasan kajian.

ABSTRACT
Sarawak has developed significantly since its decision to unite with Malaya and Sabah in 1963. However, after five decades since forming Malaysia, the development of Sarawak appears to be imbalanced with huge gaps in development between urban and rural areas, especially among communities in the interior. The physical and socioeconomic conditions in these rural and interior areas are underdeveloped, as they are either less successful or have not been seen to have achieved their potential. This paper will discuss findings from our research on development aspirations among the Iban in the interior of Sarawak. This study applies the Development Theory by Sen (1999) which proposes development as a means of freedom to analyse the development aspirations of the Iban using the case study approach in three longhouses in the interior. The research findings document the wide gap between Iban communities in the longhouses and those living in cities. These gaps include exclusion from infrastructure development such as having access to 24-hour electricity supply and the lack of paved roads. Fundamental issues discussed are those regarding their aspirations for development and exploration of customary land in the areas of research.
O repertório de tipos da Typographia Imparcial de Marques & Irmão entre 1857 e 1862 | The typographic repertoire of Typographia Imparcial de Marques & Irmão between 1857 and 1862
Authors: Oliveira Vitor Martins , Farias Priscila Lena 
Published: December 2020

Este artigo apresenta um estudo baseado na coleta de amostras do repertório de tipos empregados nos almanaques comerciais da Typographia Imparcial de Marques Irmão entre os anos de 1857 e 1862. O objetivo principal da pesquisa foi melhor compreender a cultura visual de São Paulo. Como resultados, foram encontradas 11 famílias tipográficas, que permitiram verificar como o repertório de tipos desta oficina evoluiu em cinco anos.*****This paper presents a study based on the collection of samples from the typographic repertoire of used in the commercial almanacs printed by Typographia Imparcial de Marques Irmão between 1857 and 1862. The main purpose of the research was a better understanding of São Paulo visual culture. As a result, 11 typefaces were found, which allowed to verifying how the typographic repertoire of this printing shop evolved in 5 years.
LOS “BIENES” DEL ARTÍCULO 1 DEL PROTOCOLO ADICIONAL AL CONVENIO PARA LA PROTECCIÓN DE LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS Y DE LAS LIBERTADES FUNDAMENTALES
Authors: Riquelme Vázquez Pablo 
Published: December 2020

En este artículo se analizan, desde una perspectiva estrictamente dogmática, las implicaciones de la progresiva dilatación del concepto de “bienes” llevada a cabo por el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos. El trabajo consta de tres partes. En la primera de ellas se describe en líneas muy generales el aludido proceso de dilatación conceptual a que ha sido sometido el derecho a la propiedad privada garantizado en el art. 1 del primer Protocolo Adicional el Convenio. A tal fin se analiza la estructura del precepto, se discute el peculiar uso de algunas de las herramientas argumentativas del Tribunal y se introduce la problemática las pensiones públicas como calibre por medio del cual valorar la naturaleza de los bienes protegidos en el marco del Convenio. En la segunda parte del trabajo se analizan la índole y la extensión de la protección otorgada por el Tribunal a los intereses de los beneficiarios de tales prestaciones sociales. Por último, se efectúa una serie de consideraciones que, a pesar de su diferente naturaleza, ahondan en lo que se ha denominado la “disolución del concepto tradicional de propiedad privada”.
This paper discusses –from a strictly legal perspective– the implications of the progressive dilation of the concept of “goods” carried out by the European Court of Human Rights. The work consists of three parts. The first describes in broad, outline form the alluded process of conceptual expansion to which the right to property has been subjected. To this end, it analyses the structure of the provision, discusses the peculiar use of some of the Court's argumentative tools and introduces the problem of public pensions to illustrate the nature of the assets protected under the Convention. The second part of the article discusses the features and extent of the protection afforded by the Court to the beneficiaries of such welfare benefits. Finally, the paper delves in its third part into what has been called the "dissolution of the traditional concept of private property”.