bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety and Efficacy of Pediatric Sedation Protocols for Painless Diagnostic Examination in A Pediatric Emergency Room of A Single Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Park Junsung , Byun Young-Hoon , Lee Jeong-Yong , Lee Jong Seung , Ryu Jeong-Min , Choi Seung Jun 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic tests in the pediatric emergency room are frequently sedated. Although efforts are made to prevent adverse events, no sedation protocol has specified the optimal regimen, dosage, and interval of medication to prevent adverse events. This study analyzed the safety and efficacy of sequential pediatric sedation protocols for pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic tests in the pediatric emergency room of a single tertiary medical center.Methods: The medical records of patients aged <18 years who visited the pediatric emergency room of Seoul Asan Medical Center between January and December 2019 for diagnostic testing were retrospectively reviewed. Sedation protocols consisted of 50 and 25 mg/kg chloral hydrate, 0.1 and 0.1 mg/kg midazolam, and 1 and 0.5–1 mg/kg ketamine, administered sequentially at intervals of 30, 20, 10, 10, and 10 min, respectively. Patients were assessed prior to sedation, and adverse events were investigated.Results: Of the 289 included patients, 20 (6.9%) experienced adverse events, none serious, and nine (3.1%) failed to reach the depth of sedation required to complete the test. The regimen (P=0.622) and dosage (P=0.777) of the sedatives were unrelated to the occurrence of adverse events when sedation was performed according to protocol.Conclusion: The sedation protocol used in these patients, consisting of sequential administration of minimum dosages, achieved a sufficient depth of sedation with relatively few adverse events, indicating that this protocol can be used safely and effectively for painless sedation in pediatric patients undergoing diagnostic testing.
Machine Learning-Based Prediction Model for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Recurrence
Authors: Park Young Min , Lee Byung-Joo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: This study analyzed the prognostic significance of nodal factors, including the number of metastatic LNs and LNR, in patients with PTC, and attempted to construct a disease recurrence prediction model using machine learning techniques.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinico-pathologic data from 1040 patients diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer between 2003 and 2009. Results: We analyzed clinico-pathologic factors related to recurrence through logistic regression analysis. Among the factors that we included, only sex and tumor size were significantly correlated with disease recurrence. Parameters such as age, sex, tumor size, tumor multiplicity, ETE, ENE, pT, pN, ipsilateral central LN metastasis, contralateral central LNs metastasis, number of metastatic LNs, and LNR were input for construction of a machine learning prediction model. The performance of five machine learning models related to recurrence prediction was compared based on accuracy. The Decision Tree model showed the best accuracy at 95%, and the lightGBM and stacking model together showed 93% accuracy. Conclusions: We confirmed that all machine learning prediction models showed an accuracy of 90% or more for predicting disease recurrence in PTC. Large-scale multicenter clinical studies should be performed to improve the performance of our prediction models and verify their clinical effectiveness.
Separation of Phenyl Acetic Acid and 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid Applying Aqueous Two-Phase Systems Based on Copolymers and Salts
Authors: Ahsaie Farzaneh Ghazizadeh , Pazuki Gholamreza 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
6-Aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) is used for synthesis of semisynthetic antibiotics. Polymer-salt aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) were applied for separation of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA) and phenyl acetic acid (PAA), as the products of hydrolyzation reaction of Penicillin G / Penicillin V. The binodal curves of ATPS composed of a copolymer (reverse Pluronic 10R5, Pluronic L35 and PEG-ran-PPG) and a salt (Tri-sodium citrate, tri-potassium citrate, di-potassium phosphate, sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate) were obtained. The results show that, at a fixed PPG/PEG ratio, block copolymers have larger two-phase region compared with random copolymer. After screening on the partition coefficient of PAA and 6-APA separately, Na2SO4 was selected for studying the effect of the copolymer structure and the composition of salt and copolymer on partitioning, considering higher selectivity of PAA and 6-APA. 10R5-Na2SO4 ATPS was selected as the most appropriate system for separation of 6-APA and PAA. This system was used for separation of mixture of 6-APA and PAA. The results show that selectivity was 53 and smaller in a system, containing a mixture of 6-APA and PAA. This observation can be justified by the interaction between 6-APA and PAA. Molecular interaction between these two molecules were investigated by the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter.
Cardioprotective Effects of Exercise Training on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies
Authors: Ghignatti Paola , Nogueira Laura , Lehnen Alexandre , Leguisamo Natalia 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Objective: Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity in chemotherapy is a major treatment drawback. Clinical trials on the cardioprotective effects of exercise in cancer patients have not yet been published. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies for to assess the efficacy of exercise training on DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. Methods: We included studies with animal models of DOX-induced cardiomyopathy and exercise training from PubMed, Web of Sciences and Scopus databases. The outcome was the mean difference (MD) in fractional shortening (FS, %) assessed by echocardiography between sedentary and trained DOX-treated animals. Results: Trained DOX-treated animals improved 7.46% (95%CI 5.58 to 9.34, p<0.001) in FS vs. sedentary animals. Subgroup analyses identified a superior effect of exercise training prior to DOX exposure (MD=8.20, 95%CI 6.27 to 10.13, p=0.010). The assessment of cardiac function up to 10 days after DOX exposure and completion of exercise protocol was associated with superior effect size in FS (MD=7.13, 95%CI 5.44 to 8.81, p=0.030) vs. an echocardiography after over 4 weeks. Modality and duration of exercise, animal species, gender and cumulative DOX dose did not influence on FS. Conclusions: Exercise training is a cardioprotective approach in rodent models of DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. Exercise prior to DOX exposure exerts greater effect sizes on FS preservation.
The Evolutionary Conserved Transmembrane BAX Inhibitor Motif (TMBIM) Containing Protein Family is Essential for the Development and Survival of Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Zhang Li , Buhr Sebastian , Prasad Vibha , Voigt Aaron , Methner Axel 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The Transmembrane BAX Inhibitor Motif (TMBIM) protein family consists of six evolutionarily conserved hydrophobic proteins that affect programmed cell death and the regulation of intracellular calcium levels. The bacterial orthologue BsYetJ is a pH-dependent calcium channel. We here identified six TMBIM family members in Drosophila melanogaster and studied the effect of their RNAi-mediated knockdown using ubiquitous and tissue-specific drivers. Mammalian TMBIM6 and TMBIM5 have obvious orthologs while this is more dubious for the other family members. Ubiquitous knockdown of family members dmTMBIM1,4,5, and 6 caused failed eclosing and tissue-specific knockdown resulted in a dramatically decreased lifespan. On the contrary, knockdown of dmTMBIM3, surprisingly, extended lifespan. Only knockdown of dmTMBIM6 increased the ER calcium levels of Pdf neurons. Neural knockdown of dmTMBIM2,3, and 4 increased ER stress, as indicated by increased Xbp1 splicing. Interestingly, TMBIM1 and TMBIM6 have a very similar expression pattern and their knockdown phenocopied each other. Also, knockdown of TMBIM1 resulted in upregulation of TMBIM6 and vice versa further suggesting a genetic interaction between these two genes. Our data demonstrate that most TMBIM proteins are essential for fly development and survival but, despite their shared protein structure, affect cell survival through different mechanisms.
Surveillance of The Major Pathogenic Arboviruses of Public Health Concern in Gabon, Central Africa: Increased Risk of West Nile Virus and Dengue Virus Infection
Authors: Ushijima Yuri , Abe Haruka , Ondo Georgelin , Bikangui Rodrigue , Loembe Marguerite , Zadeh Vahid , Essimenfane Gahell , Mbouna Armel , Bache Emmanuel , Agnandji Selidji , Lell Bertrand , Yasuda Jiro 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background: Increasing arbovirus infections have been a global burden in recent decades. Many countries have experienced the periodic emergence of arbovirus diseases. However, information on the prevalence of arboviruses is largely unknown or infrequently updated because of the lack of surveillance studies, especially in Africa. Methods: A surveillance study was conducted in Gabon, Central Africa, on arboviruses, which are a major public health concern in Africa, including: West Nile virus (WNV), dengue virus (DENV), Zika virus (ZIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Serological and molecular assays were performed to investigate past infection history and the current status of infection, using serum samples collected from healthy individuals and febrile patients, respectively. Results: The overall seroprevalence during 2014˗2017 was estimated to be 25.3% for WNV, 20.4% for DENV, 40.3% for ZIKV, 60.7% for YFV, 61.2% for CHIKV, and 14.3% for RVFV. No significant differences were found in the seroprevalence of any of the viruses between the male and female populations. However, a focus on the mean age in each arbovirus-seropositive individual showed a significantly younger age in WNV- and DENV-seropositive individuals than in CHIKV-seropositive individuals, indicating that WNV and DENV caused a relatively recent epidemic in the region, whereas CHIKV had actively circulated before. Of note, this indication was supported by the detection of both WNV and DENV genomes in serum samples collected from febrile patients after 2016. Conclusions: This study revealed the recent re-emergence of WNV and DENV in Gabon as well as the latest seroprevalence state of the major arboviruses, which indicated the different potential risks of virus infections and virus-specific circulation patterns. This information will be helpful for public health organizations and will enable a rapid response towards these arbovirus infections, thereby preventing future spread in the country.
Both Irbit and Long-Irbit Bind to and Coordinately Regulate Cl-/hco3-Exchanger Ae2 Activity Through Modulating the Lysosomal Degradation of Ae2.
Authors: Itoh Ryo , Hatano Naoya , Murakami Momoko , Mitsumori Kosuke , Kawasaki Satoko , Wakagi Tomoka , Kanzaki Yoshino , Kojima Hiroyuki , Kawaai Katsuhiro , Mikoshiba Katsuhiko , Hamada Koichi , Mizutani Akihiro 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Anion exchanger 2 (AE2) plays crucial roles in regulating cell volume homeostasis and cell migration. We found that both IRBIT and Long-IRBIT (L-IRBIT) interact with anion exchanger 2 (AE2). The interaction occurred between the conserved AHCY-homologous domain of IRBIT/L-IRBIT and the N-terminal cytoplasmic region of AE2. Interestingly, AE2 activity was reduced in L-IRIBT KO cells, but not in IRBIT KO cells. Moreover, AE2 activity was slightly increased in IRBIT/L-IRBIT double KO cells. These changes in AE2 activity resulted from changes in the AE2 expression level of each mutant cell, and affected the regulatory volume increase and cell migration. The activity and expression level of AE2 in IRBIT/L-IRBIT double KO cells were downregulated if IRBIT, but not LIRBIT, was expressed again in the cells, and the downregulation was cancelled by the co-expression of L-IRBIT. The mRNA levels of AE2 in each KO cell did not change, and the downregulation of AE2 in L-IRBIT KO cells was inhibited by bafilomycin A1. These results indicate that IRBIT binding facilitates the lysosomal degradation of AE2, which is inhibited by coexisting L-IRBIT, suggesting a novel regulatory mode of AE2 activity through the binding of two homologous proteins with opposing functions.
Molecular origin of the extreme mechanical strength of an ester bond containing pathogen surface protein
Authors: Lei Hai , Ma Quan , Li Wenfei , Wen Jing , Ma Haibo , Qin Meng , Wang Wei , Cao Yi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Gram-positive bacteria can resist large mechanical perturbations during their invasion and colonization by secreting various surface proteins with intramolecular isopeptide or ester bonds. Previous studies showed that the isopeptide bond containing proteins are inextensible under mechanical load. However, compared to isopeptide bonds, ester bonds are prone to hydrolysis; it remains elusive whether ester bonds play similar roles as isopetide bonds to completely block mechanical extension, or alternatively dissipate mechanical energy by bond rupture. Here, we show that an ester bond containing protein, the C1 domain of Cpe0147, is not extensible even at forces > 2 nN. The ester bond locks the structure to a partially unfolded conformation, in which the ester bond remains largely water inaccessible. This allows the ester bond to withstand considerable mechanical forces and in turn prevent complete protein unfolding. Inspired by this design principle, we engineer a disulfide mutant resistant to mechanical unfolding under reducing conditions.
Comparative bench study evaluation of a modified snorkeling mask used during COVID-19 pandemia and standard interfaces for Non-Invasive Ventilation
Authors: Ferrone Giuliano , Spinazzola Giorgia , Costa Roberta , Piervincezi Edoardo , Gullì Antonio , Scapigliati Andrea , Antonelli Massimo , Conti Giorgio 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background

COVID-19 infection has put enormous pressure on the healthcare systems worldwide and especially on Intensive Care Units (ICUs). In this particular situation, a modified snorkeling mask into a mask for non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) and non-invasive ventilation (NIV), with the help of 3D printers, has been proposed for clinical use. We designed a bench study to compare a Helmet (H), a Full face mask (RFF) and a modified full face snorkeling mask (MFF) for delivering nCPAP and NIV in pressure support mode (PSV).
Methods

A mannequin was connected to an active lung simulator. The inspiratory and expiratory variations in airways pressure observed with a high simulated effort (Pmus), were determined relative to the preset CPAP level. NIV was applied in PSV at two simulated respiratory rates and two cycling-off flow thresholds. During the bench study we measured the variables defining patient-ventilator interaction and performance.
Results

During nCPAP, the MFF presented significantly lower values of ΔPawi and ∆Pawe compared to the other interfaces tested (H and RFF). During NIV, the MFF demonstrated a better patient-ventilator interaction compared to RFF, as shown by significantly shorter Timepress and Delaytrexp (p < 0.01), but no significant differences were found in terms of Delaytrinsp and Timesync between the interfaces tested. At RR 20sim, the MFF presented the shorter ΔPtrigger (p < 0.01), moreover during all the conditions tested the MFF showed the longer PTP 200, 300 and 500 compared to RFF (p < 0.01). A major limitation of MFF is that during NIV with this interface it is possible to reach at maximum 18 cmH2O of peak inspiratory pressure. Over this pressure value, the presence of air leaks determined important asynchrony phenomena. For this reason, our test was limited to one pressure support and PEEP set (PS 10 cmH2O and PEEP 8 cmH2O).
Conclusions

The modified full face snorkeling mask can be used as an acceptable alternative to other interfaces for both nCPAP and NIV in emergency situations.
Prevalence and correlates of non-daily and daily cannabis use among persons 15 years and older in South Africa: Results of a national survey in 2017
Authors: Ramlagan Shandir , Peltzer Karl , Pengpid Supa 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
BackgroundThe study aimed to assess the prevalence and correlates of non-daily and daily cannabis use among persons 15 years and older in South Africa.MethodIn a national cross-sectional 2017 survey, 39,207 persons 15 years and older (Median = 34 years) responded to a questionnaire on substance use and health variables. Multinominal logistic regression was used to assess the determinants of nondaily and daily cannabis use and logistic regression for the determinants of daily cannabis use among active cannabis users.ResultsResults indicate that 5.0% of the participants engaged in non-daily and 2.8% in daily cannabis use in the past 3 months. In adjusted multinomial logistic regression analysis, male sex, having Grade 8–11 education, Coloureds, alcohol use disorder, living with husband or wife, not living with a partner, and other drug use were positively and students were negatively associated with daily cannabis use. Male sex, younger age, living alone or single, living with a partner, alcohol use disorder, and other drug use were positively and multimorbidity was negatively associated with nondaily cannabis use. Compared to nondaily cannabis users, male sex had higher odds and students and other drug use had lower odds of daily cannabis use.ConclusionAbout one in ten participants engaged past 3-month cannabis use, and several sociodemographic and health indicators were identified associated with non-daily and daily cannabis use.
Health Risks in a Street Population Using Illegal Drugs in Norway 2010 to 2012, with a Long-Term Follow-up Regarding Mortality and Morbidity, As Well As Local and National Harm Reduction Measures
Authors: Amundsen Ellen Johanna , Løchen Maja-Lisa , Melsom Anne-Karine M. , Eriksen Bjørn O. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Background Mapping the heterogeneity of high-risk drug users is necessary to target harm reduction measures and drug policy. The aim of this study was to find if and how risk factors of adverse health outcomes varied for subgroups among illicit drug users from 2010 to 2012 and explore whether harm reduction measures, low-threshold services and treatment met such health risks from 2010 to 2019. Methods We interviewed 413 drug users at low-threshold facilities in three Norwegian cities from 2010 to 2012, and 351 respondents had a full dataset. The inclusion criterion was use of amphetamines, cocaine, heroin or opioids during the previous 12 months. Latent profile analysis was applied to establish subgroups with different health risk profiles. City-specific as well as national drug-induced deaths (2010-18) and injecting-related infectious diseases (2010-2019) were applied as outcomes. Harm reduction measures, low-threshold services and treatment in Norway from 2010 to 2019 are described. Results Reporting amphetamines (68%), heroin (60%) and opioids (65%) last 30 days were frequent, while reporting of cocaine was not (14%). Frequent use, injecting and co-use of amphetamines, heroin, and other opioids (prescribed or illicit) was high. The latent profile analysis separated users into five subgroups. Time since debut of use of amphetamines, cocaine, heroin or opioids varied between groups, as did types of psychoactive substances used and dependence. Injecting practices varied from 51% to 97% in the subgroups. Harm reduction measures in Norway since 2010 have been targeted to reduce the high level of injecting practices and their health consequences. However, drug-induced deaths at the national level and in the cities of the interviewees did not decline up to 2018. HIV among people who inject drugs at the national level declined from 2010 to 2019, while Hepatitis B did not, and the result for Hepatitis C was inconclusive. Conclusions Even though harm reduction measures for high-risk drug users in Norway have been targeted to reduce the high level of injecting practices and other health risks found in five subgroups in our sample from 2010 to 2012, further measures to reduce such risks and their health consequences must be tailored.
A generative network model of neurodevelopment
Authors: Akarca Danyal , Vertes Petra , Bullmore Edward , team The CALM , Astle Duncan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The emergence of large-scale brain networks, and their continual refinement, represent crucial developmental processes that can drive individual differences in cognition and which are associated with multiple neurodevelopmental conditions. But how does this organization arise, and what mechanisms govern the diversity of these developmental processes? There are many existing descriptive theories, but to date none are computationally formalized. We provide a mathematical framework that specifies the growth of a brain network over developmental time. Within this framework macroscopic brain organization, complete with spatial embedding of its organization, is an emergent property of a generative wiring equation that optimizes its connectivity by renegotiating its biological costs and topological values continuously over development. The rules that govern these iterative wiring properties are controlled by a set of tightly framed parameters, with subtle differences in these parameters steering network growth towards different neurodiverse outcomes. Regional expression of genes associated with the developmental simulations converge on biological processes and cellular components predominantly involved in synaptic signaling, neuronal projection, catabolic intracellular processes and protein transport. Together, this provides a unifying computational framework for conceptualizing the mechanisms and diversity of childhood brain development, capable of integrating different levels of analysis – from genes to cognition.