bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Volatile organic compounds and ozone air pollution in an oil production region in northern China
Authors: Chen Tianshu , Xue Likun , Zheng Penggang , Zhang Yingnan , Liu Yuhong , Sun Jingjing , Han Guangxuan , Li Hongyong , Zhang Xin , Li Yunfeng , Li Hong , Dong Can , Xu Fei , Zhang Qingzhu , Wang Wenxing 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Oil and natural gas (O&amp;NG) exploration presents a significant source of
atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are central players of
tropospheric chemistry and contribute to formations of ozone (O3) and
secondary organic aerosols. The impacts of O&amp;NG extraction on regional
air quality have been investigated in recent years in North America, but
have long been overlooked in China. To assess the impacts of O&amp;NG
exploration on tropospheric O3 and regional air quality in China,
intensive field observations were conducted during February–March and
June–July 2017 in the Yellow River delta, an oil extraction region in
northern China. Very high concentrations of ambient VOCs were observed at a
rural site, with the highest alkane mixing ratios reaching 2498 ppbv. High-O3 episodes were not encountered during wintertime but were frequently
observed in summer. The emission profiles of VOCs from the oil fields were
directly measured for the first time in China. The chemical budgets of
ROx radicals and O3 were dissected with a detailed chemical box
model constrained by in situ observations. The highly abundant VOCs
facilitated strong atmospheric oxidation capacity and O3 formation in
the region. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) played an essential role in the ROx
primary production, OH loss, and radical recycling. Photolysis of OVOCs,
O3, and HONO as well as ozonolysis reactions of unsaturated VOCs were
major primary sources of ROx. NOx was the limiting factor of
radical recycling and O3 formation. This study underlines the important
impacts of O&amp;NG extraction on atmospheric chemistry and regional air
quality in China.
Benchmarking and parameter sensitivity of physiological and vegetation dynamics using the Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator (FATES) at Barro Colorado Island, Panama
Authors: Koven Charles D. , Knox Ryan G. , Fisher Rosie A. , Chambers Jeffrey Q. , Christoffersen Bradley O. , Davies Stuart J. , Detto Matteo , Dietze Michael C. , Faybishenko Boris , Holm Jennifer , Huang Maoyi , Kovenock Marlies , Kueppers Lara M. , Lemieux Gregory , Massoud Elias , McDowell Nathan G. , Muller-Landau Helene C. , Needham Jessica F. , Norby Richard J. , Powell Thomas , Rogers Alistair , Serbin Shawn P. , Shuman Jacquelyn K. , Swann Abigail L. S. , Varadharajan Charuleka , Walker Anthony P. , Wright S. Joseph , Xu Chonggang 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Plant functional traits determine vegetation responses to
environmental variation, but variation in trait values is large, even within
a single site. Likewise, uncertainty in how these traits map to Earth system
feedbacks is large. We use a vegetation demographic model (VDM), the
Functionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator (FATES), to explore
parameter sensitivity of model predictions, and comparison to observations,
at a tropical forest site: Barro Colorado Island in Panama. We define a
single 12-dimensional distribution of plant trait variation, derived
primarily from observations in Panama, and define plant functional types
(PFTs) as random draws from this distribution. We compare several model
ensembles, where individual ensemble members vary only in the plant traits
that define PFTs, and separate ensembles differ from each other based on
either model structural assumptions or non-trait, ecosystem-level
parameters, which include (a) the number of competing PFTs present in any
simulation and (b) parameters that govern disturbance and height-based
light competition. While single-PFT simulations are roughly consistent with
observations of productivity at Barro Colorado Island, increasing the number
of competing PFTs strongly shifts model predictions towards higher
productivity and biomass forests. Different ecosystem variables show greater
sensitivity than others to the number of competing PFTs, with the
predictions that are most dominated by large trees, such as biomass, being
the most sensitive. Changing disturbance and height-sorting parameters, i.e., the rules of competitive trait filtering, shifts regimes of dominance or
coexistence between early- and late-successional PFTs in the model. Increases
to the extent or severity of disturbance, or to the degree of determinism in
height-based light competition, all act to shift the community towards
early-successional PFTs. In turn, these shifts in competitive outcomes alter
predictions of ecosystem states and fluxes, with more early-successional-dominated forests having lower biomass. It is thus crucial to differentiate
between plant traits, which are under competitive pressure in VDMs, from
those model parameters that are not and to better understand the
relationships between these two types of model parameters to quantify
sources of uncertainty in VDMs.
Multivariate bias corrections of climate simulations: which benefits for which losses?
Authors: François Bastien , Vrac Mathieu , Cannon Alex J. , Robin Yoann , Allard Denis 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Climate models are the major tools to study the climate system and its evolutions in the future. However, climate simulations often present statistical biases and have to be corrected against observations before being used in impact assessments. Several bias correction (BC) methods have therefore been developed in the literature over the last 2 decades, in order to adjust simulations according to historical records and obtain climate projections with appropriate statistical attributes. Most of the existing and popular BC methods are univariate, i.e., correcting one physical variable and one location at a time and, thus, can fail to reconstruct inter-variable, spatial or temporal dependencies of the observations. These remaining biases in the correction can then affect the subsequent analyses. This has led to further research on multivariate aspects for statistical postprocessing BC methods. Recently, some multivariate bias correction (MBC) methods have been proposed, with different approaches to restore multidimensional dependencies. However, these methods are not yet fully apprehended by researchers and practitioners due to differences in their applicability and assumptions, therefore leading potentially to different results.
This study is intended to intercompare four existing MBCs to provide end users with aid in choosing such methods for their applications.
For evaluation and illustration purposes, these methods are applied to correct simulation outputs from one climate model through a cross-validation method, which allows for the assessment of inter-variable, spatial and temporal criteria. Then, a second cross-validation method is performed for assessing the ability of the MBC methods to account for the multidimensional evolutions of the climate model.
Additionally, two reference datasets are used to assess the influence of their spatial resolution on (M)BC results.
Most of the methods reasonably correct inter-variable and intersite correlations. However, none of them adjust correctly the temporal structure as they generate bias-corrected data with usually weak temporal dependencies compared to observations. Major differences are found concerning the applicability and stability of the methods in high-dimensional contexts and in their capability to reproduce the multidimensional changes in the model.
Based on these conclusions, perspectives for MBC developments are suggested, such as methods to adjust not only multivariate correlations but also temporal structures and allowing multidimensional evolutions of the model to be accounted for in the correction.
Is the Blade Element Momentum theory overestimating wind turbine loads? – An aeroelastic comparison between OpenFAST's AeroDyn and QBlade's Lifting-Line Free Vortex Wake method
Authors: Perez-Becker Sebastian , Papi Francesco , Saverin Joseph , Marten David , Bianchini Alessandro , Paschereit Christian Oliver 
Published: June 2020

Abstract. Load calculations play a key role in determining the design loads of different wind turbine components. To obtain the aerodynamic loads for these calculations, the industry relies heavily on the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory. BEM methods use several engineering correction models to capture the aerodynamic phenomena present in Design Load Cases (DLCs) with turbulent wind. Because of this, BEM methods can overestimate aerodynamic loads under challenging conditions when compared to higher-order aerodynamic methods – such as the Lifting-Line Free Vortex Wake (LLFVW) method – leading to unnecessarily high design loads and component costs. In this paper, we give a quantitative answer to the question of load overestimation of a particular BEM implementation by comparing the results of aeroelastic load calculations done with the BEM-based OpenFAST code and the QBlade code, which uses a particular implementation of the LLFVW method. We compare extreme and fatigue load
predictions from both codes using sixty-six 10 min load simulations of the Danish Technical University (DTU) 10 MW Reference Wind Turbine according to the IEC 61400-1 power production DLC group. Results from both codes show differences in fatigue and extreme load estimations for the considered sensors of the turbine. LLFVW simulations predict 9 % lower lifetime damage equivalent loads (DELs) for the out-of-plane blade root and the tower base fore–aft bending moments
compared to BEM simulations. The results also show that lifetime DELs for the yaw-bearing tilt and yaw moments are 3 % and 4 % lower when calculated with the LLFVW code. An ultimate state analysis shows that extreme loads of the blade root out-of-plane bending moment predicted by the LLFVW simulations are 3 % lower than the moments predicted by BEM simulations. For the maximum tower base fore–aft bending moment, the LLFVW simulations predict an increase of 2 %. Further analysis reveals that there are two main contributors to these load differences. The first is the different way both codes treat the effect of the nonuniform wind field on the local blade aerodynamics. The second is the higher average aerodynamic torque in the LLFVW simulations. It influences the transition between operating modes of the controller and changes the aeroelastic behavior of the turbine, thus affecting the loads.
Las 'Epistolae Magni Turci' de Laudivio Zacchia en dos ediciones incunables españolas: nuevos datos para su identificación
Authors: Domingo Malvadi Arantxa 
Published: June 2020

Las Epistolae Magni Turci de Laudivio Zacchia, durante mucho tiempo atribuidas a Mehmet II, tuvieron un notable éxito editorial en el siglo XV de forma que se llebgaron a imprimir hasta en 20 ocasiones entre 1473 y 1500. En España se conocían hasta el momento 2 ediciones: la primera, sin datos de identificación editorial pero atribuida al taller de Pablo Hurus en Zaragoza en torno a 1480-1484, y otra edición fechada en 1490 y adscrita al taller de Heinrich Botel en Lérida. En las líneas que se siguen se revela la existencia de una nueva edición de la obra que no figura en los repertorios bibliográficos, cuya identificación y adscripción al taller de Pablo Hurus, obliga a una reinterpretación de los datos existentes sobre las ediciones incunables de la obra en España y los ejemplares conservados.
Las fotografías de Robert Capa y Gerda Taro durante el asedio del Alcázar de Toledo (1936). Revisión del catálogo de Magnum Photos y el International Center of Photography
Authors: Vega Hidalgo Carlos 
Published: June 2020

Robert Capa y Gerda Taro llegaron a España en agosto de 1936 cargados con sus cámaras fotográficas para cubrir la Guerra Civil. En pocas semanas, la pareja realizó un viaje por todo el territorio leal en busca de impactantes fotografías y victorias republicanas. Su estancia en Toledo es de las menos conocidas. En la ciudad, el coronel Moscardó, junto con un grupo de cadetes y guardias civiles que habían apoyado la sublevación militar, resistía en el interior del Alcázar desde el 22 de julio. En los archivos de la Agencia Magnum y el International Center of Photography se conservan varias fotografías erróneamente catalogadas, en cuanto a fecha y localización, realizadas por Capa y Taro durante su estancia en Toledo. Es objeto de estudio el análisis de las fotografías identificadas en Toledo, sobre las que apena se ha investigado. Como resultado se aportan datos que permiten reconocer espacios y acotar fechas. Entre las imágenes consultadas podemos hacer una distinción entre el primer viaje de los reporteros a finales de agosto y el segundo viaje el 18 de septiembre, incluyendo una diferenciación en los formatos de la película utilizada por Capa y Taro. Por último, se valora el papel de la alemana, quien se inició como fotoperiodista en esta etapa y que fue olvidada tras haber sido principal protagonista en la vida y la trayectoria de Robert Capa.
Towards Unsteady Approach for Future Flutter Calculations
Authors: Mouton Luc , Leroyer Alban , Deng Gan Bo , Queutey Patrick , Soler Thibaut , Ward Britt 
Published: June 2020

In prior work to define an improved hydrodynamic approach to flutter calculations, Centrale Nantes, Bureau Veritas Marine & Offshore and Farr Yacht design investigated the possibility of defining a linearized unsteady hydrodynamic model using a fluid response database coming from a series of 2D unsteady RANSE computations. The approach is compared to the Theodorsen theory. The linearized hydrodynamic model was used in a strip theory model for frequency domain flutter analysis. In this latest work, the IMOCA 2006 keel which has been used previously in frequential domain flutter calculation is also analyzed using an alternative and more accurate solution, featuring a fully coupled FSI modal approach with CFD.
As described in the literature, the results present a large impact of the unsteadiness on the phase and module for both lift and moment with a fairly good match compared to Theodorsen theory. The implementation of the results on a frequency domain flutter analysis tool reduces the critical speed for the studied model. Thus the results are closer to the 3D modal CFD approach which gave an lower critical speed.
The Prevalence of Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis among First Year Female Students of a Tertiary Institution in Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Udoh Usanga Victor , Erem Kalu Michael , Ama Ibiam Gideon , Kiran Eze Ibe , Onyema Azi Simon , Nwofoke Ukwah Boniface 
Published: June 2020

Aim: To determining the prevalence of Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis infections among first year female students of Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, a tertiary institution in Southeastern Nigeria.
Study Design: A cross sectional exposed case study.
Place and Duration of Study: Ultramodern Diagnostic Laboratory and Research Center, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, between June and November, 2019.
Methodology: The study involved 350 randomly selected students who consented to the study. Urine and high vagina swab (HVS) samples were carefully and aseptically collected using sterile universal containers and sterile cotton swabs respectively and analysed within 30 minutes of collection. Analytical methods including plate culturing, Gram staining, wet mount preparation and germ tube tests were used to diagnose these infections.
Results: The overall results showed a Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence of 11.1% and 6.0% respectively, while 2.0% were co-infected. The subjects within the age group 21-25 years had the highest prevalence of C.albicans and T. vaginalis, 14.5% and 8.5% respectively, while subjects between the ages of 26-30 years had the least prevalence;5.5% and 0% respectively. However, a weak association was observed between C. albicans infection and age difference of the subjects (P = .11), while a strong association was observed between age difference of subjects and T. vaginalis infection (P = .04).
Conclusion: The study confirms the prevalence of these infections among the students of Ebonyi State University. There is need for provision of proper counseling on sexual behavior and genital hygiene as well as public health education for creation of awareness and sensitization for students through regular seminars is recommended.
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine could be an Available Weapons to Treat COVID-19 Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J. 
Published: June 2020

Aims: This study aims to review the efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated pneumonia.
Methodology: This review includes searching Google scholar for publications about the use of hydroxychloroquinein the treatment of COVID-19 using the words of (Covid-19) AND hydroxychloroquine.
Results: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have proven effective in treating coronavirus in China in vitro, but till now only few clinical trials are available and these trials were conducted on a small sample size of the patients. The efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine is mainly due to its effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2).
Conclusion: The use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine could be very promising but more trials are needed that include larger sample size and more data are required about the comparison between chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine with other antivirals.
A Review of Recent Phytomedicinal Investigations and the Need for DNA Barcoding of Endemic Plants of Northern Cyprus
Authors: Yavuz Dudu Özkum , Modu Mustapha Bulama- 
Published: June 2020

Aims: To review the phytomedicinal researches on endemic plants of Northern Cyprus and to assess the plants of their DNA barcoding status.
Study Design: A review.
Methodology: This work reviewed available and accessible original articles in EBSCO, Ovid MEDLINE®, PubMed®, ScienceDirectTM, Scopus® and Web of ScienceTM databases on phytomedicinal investigations and BOLD System, MMDBD version 1.5 and GenBank® on DNA barcodes of the endemic plants of Northern Cyprus until May, 2020. Using keywords searches related to phytochemistry, biological activity and DNA barcoding, DNA Sequences and the data obtain evaluated and the information that does not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. We believe that this information would tentatively help researchers to ethically explore these plants for their Medicinal and Aromatic potentials.
Results: Only 6 of the 20 endemic plants of Northern Cyprus were phytopharmaceutically investigated, while DNA sequences of 5 were found to be deposited in the publicly accessible databases accounting for 30% and 25% of the total plants respectively.
Conclusion: Endemism is related to uniqueness in features including the phytomedicinal features, thus Northern Cyprus endemic plants hold ample of such. However the results of this review showed that only few were harnessed for their medicinal properties and hence the need for their pharmacological properties and comprehensive barcoding for proper authentication, detection of adulteration, and quality control.
Pulp
Authors: van Heiningen Adriaan 
Published: June 2020

AbstractGlobal virgin pulp production in 2017 was 196 million tonnes. Combined with recycled fibers, the global paper and paperboard production was 413 million tonnes with packaging paper being dominant. The two major chemical processes, kraft and sulfite, cook wood chips at high temperature and pressure to liberate fibers after about 90% of the lignin is dissolved to allow the release of pulp fibers without mechanical force. The mass yield of chemical pulp is 45–55% because most hemicelluloses and some cellulose are also dissolved. Kraft pulp represented 83% of a total chemical pulp production of 123 million tonnes in 2018. Mechanical pulp fibers are obtained by pure mechanical action such as grinding and refining and are called groundwood pulp (GWP) and thermomechanical pulp (TMP), respectively. However, because of its global dominance, this article focuses on kraft chemical pulp. The wood anatomy and chemical composition and fiber dimensions and properties of different species are described. The ultrastructure of pulp fibers and cell walls is interpreted in terms of their relevance for lignin removal during pulping and the structural properties of the final chemical pulp, respectively. Flow sheets for the production of softwood and hardwood bleached kraft and sulfite pulps are presented. Different unit operations of chemical pulping and the governing physical and chemical phenomena are described. The article reviews the mechanisms and kinetics of delignification and carbohydrate degradation and retention that occur inside the wood chips during impregnation with and subsequent pulping in cooking liquor. Oxygen delignification and pulp bleaching conclude this article.
Audiovisual Translation
Authors: Chiaro Delia 
Published: June 2020

Audiovisual translation (AVT) refers to the transfer from one language to another of the verbal components contained in audiovisual works and products. Because audiovisual materials are meant to be seen and heard simultaneously, their translation is different from translating print. Written works are primarily meant to be read whereas audiovisual works are typically watched and listened to. Audiovisual products are often but not always created with the support of technological apparatus, and their translations are also created and accessed through one or more electronic devices. The main modalities for screen translation of fictional products are dubbing and subtitling. The aim of dubbing is to make the translated dialogue appear as though it is being uttered by the actors. Subtitles are an abbreviated written translation of what can be heard on screen.
Fansubbing, considered a forerunner of crowdsourced translation, arose in response to the dissatisfaction of fans with what they considered inadequate dubbing and subtitling of TV series. Fans took on the translation job themselves. Audiovisual translation plays an important role in making audiovisual materials accessible to all.
Lightweight and Wearable X‐Ray Shielding Material with Biological Structure for Low Secondary Radiation and Metabolic Saving Performance
Authors: Wang Yaping , Zhong Rui , Li Qian , Liao Jiali , Liu Ning , Joshi Neel S. , Shi Bi , Liao Xuepin , Guo Junling 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPreventing X‐rays from reaching the human body is of great significance for the safe implementation of a wide range of related technologies. However, the current materials are commonly accompanied with low mechanical properties and backscatter radiation hazards. In this study, a structural material with high mass attenuation coefficients in a wide energy range (10–100 keV) is developed. The integration of high‐Z elements in hierarchical collagen nanofibers strongly reduces the backscatter radiation, resulting in only 28% of secondary radiation compared with a standard lead plate. The water vapor permeability of the engineered leather is nearly 340 times higher than commonly used synthetic and natural polymers. Compared with the commercial rubber‐based materials, the tensile strength of the engineered leather increased to 27.22 MPa (tenfold increase) and tear strength to 78.5 N mm−1 (threefold increase), respectively. A fully tailored engineered leather suit provides a 24.7% lower metabolic rate of locomotion and 67% reduced body heat compared with commercial lead aprons, which can facilitate better performance and safety during intensive activities in the health care and nuclear industries. This work lays a foundation for the engineering of next‐generation X‐ray shielding materials with potential large impact on the X‐ray application landscape.