bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cheetah behaviour at scent‐marking sites indicates differential use by sex and social rank
Authors: Cornhill Kristina L. , Kerley Graham I. H. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractScent‐marking is an important form of communication for solitary species, as the information remains for the receiver after the sender has left the area. Individuals of different demographic or dominance classes (ranks) need to provide different information to conspecifics. Therefore, the use of scent‐marking sites is of particular value for solitary species, but their functional role may vary between demographic classes. Using camera traps, we video‐recorded the behaviour of cheetahs at scent‐marking sites, assessing how individuals of different sex and social rank use the sites for different roles. We tested hypotheses that these sites are for territorial marking, reproductive signalling and information gathering. We found that females visit the sites infrequently, apparently to signal oestrous events, while males visit the sites frequently for territorial marking and information gathering. Among males, dominant individuals scent‐marked the most and reacted to female visitation by vocalizing. In contrast, subordinate males, although also visiting the sites, were not recorded scent‐marking nor vocalizing. These differences in the functional use of scent‐marking sites among sex and social rank support the hypotheses that cheetahs use these scent‐marking sites for both territorial and reproductive signalling, as well as to gather information.
The new normal?: A pandemic of task engagement in language learning
Authors: Egbert Joy 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis article demonstrates how, at a time when learners may be experiencing fear and chaos in other aspects of their lives, a focus on language task engagement is essential across both online and offline language learning contexts. It presents a model of language task engagement and describes why and how teachers can use it to support learner achievement during the current crisis and in the future.
Negotiating displacement, regaining community: The Harvard Language Center's response to the COVID‐19 crisis
Authors: Ross Andrew F. , DiSalvo Mary L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe COVID‐19 crisis has fundamentally disrupted teaching and learning practices at many post‐secondary institutions with a highly residential population. The present article outlines the situation at Harvard University and details the steps taken by the Language Center to mitigate the effects of the transition to remote teaching and learning. These include changes in communication strategies, support mechanisms for faculty and students, and modifications to the Center's operational policies. The authors provide a number of concrete recommendations for academic support units in transitions of this type.
Corpora as open educational resources for language teaching
Authors: Vyatkina Nina 
Published: June 2020

AbstractCorpora, large electronic collections of texts, have been used in language teaching for several decades. Also known as Data‐Driven Learning (DDL), this method has been gaining popularity because empirical research has consistently shown its effectiveness for learning. However, corpora are still underutilized, especially with learners of languages other than English, at lower proficiency levels, and in non‐university contexts. This is regrettable because DDL has a great potential for developing modular flipped content, especially for hybrid, remote, and online courses. This article first provides an overview of DDL applications and findings of empirical research. Next, it outlines obstacles to wider DDL implementation as well as available and possible solutions. Corpus user guides and exercise collections tied to specific corpora are discussed as one promising direction, and an example of such new open educational resources for teaching German is presented. The article concludes with a discussion of implications and future directions.
Concurrent shifts in wintering distribution and phenology in migratory swans: Individual and generational effects
Authors: Nuijten Rascha J. M. , Wood Kevin A. , Haitjema Trinus , Rees Eileen C. , Nolet Bart A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractRange shifts and phenological change are two processes by which organisms respond to environmental warming. Understanding the mechanisms that drive these changes is key for optimal conservation and management. Here we study both processes in the migratory Bewick's swan (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) using different methods, analysing nearly 50 years of resighting data (1970–2017). In this period the wintering area of the Bewick's swans shifted eastwards (‘short‐stopping’) at a rate of ~13 km/year, thereby shortening individual migration distance on an average by 353 km. Concurrently, the time spent at the wintering grounds has reduced (‘short‐staying’) by ~38 days since 1989. We show that individuals are consistent in their migratory timing in winter, indicating that the frequency of individuals with different migratory schedules has changed over time (a generational shift). In contrast, for short‐stopping we found evidence for both individual plasticity (individuals decrease their migration distances over their lifetime) and generational shift. Additional analysis of swan resightings with temperature data showed that, throughout the winter, Bewick's swans frequent areas where air temperatures are c. 5.5°C. These areas have also shifted eastwards over time, hinting that climate warming is a contributing factor behind the observed changes in the swans' distribution. The occurrence of winter short‐stopping and short‐staying suggests that this species is to some extent able to adjust to climate warming, but benefits or repercussions at other times of the annual cycle need to be assessed. Furthermore, these phenomena could lead to changes in abundance in certain areas, with resulting monitoring and conservation implications. Understanding the processes and driving mechanisms behind population changes therefore is important for population management, both locally and across the species range.
Association of anemia and SRH in older people: the SONIC study
Authors: Noma Tomoko , Kabayama Mai , Gondo Yasuyuki , Yasumoto Saori , Masui Yukie , Sugimoto Ken , Akasaka Hiroshi , Godai Kayo , Higuchi Atsuko , Akagi Yuya , Takami Yoichi , Takeya Yasushi , Yamamoto Koichi , Ikebe Kazunori , Arai Yasumichi , Ishizaki Tatsuro , Rakugi Hiromi , Kamide Kei 
Published: June 2020

AimThe incidence of anemia increases with aging, and it is considered to affect mortality through complex pathophysiological outcomes. Although it has been suggested that self‐rated health may also contribute to the prognosis of anemia in older people, the relationship between anemia and self‐rated health is not well understood. This study thus examined the actual status of anemia in older community‐dwelling Japanese people and clarified the relationship between anemia and self‐rated health.MethodsWe conducted medical interviews, physical measurements and blood testing in 2083 people aged 69–91 years who participated in the long‐term observational Septuagenarians, Octogenarians, Nonagenarians, Investigation with Centenarians (SONIC) study. Subjects were divided into two groups according to whether they had anemia. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between anemia and self‐rated health after adjusting for possible confounding factors.ResultsThe prevalence of anemia was 22.3% in all participants, 7.2% in men and 11.6% in women aged 69–71 years, 27.4% in men and 26.3% in women aged 79–81 years, and 55.8% in men and 44.9% in women aged 89–91 years. Multivariate analysis revealed a correlation between the presence of anemia and poor self‐rated health in all (odds ratio 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.48–0.93) and aged 69–71 years (odds ratio 0.47, 95% confidence interval 0.25–0.86).ConclusionsAnemia was associated with self‐rated health in older Japanese people, suggesting that careful management of anemia may contribute to health and longevity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; ••: ••–••.
High‐Precision Zinc Isotopic Measurement of Certified Reference Materials Relevant to the Environmental, Earth, Planetary and Biomedical Sciences
Authors: Druce Matthew , Stirling Claudine H. , Rolison John M. 
Published: June 2020

The zinc (Zn) stable isotope system has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating natural and anthropogenic processes of interest to disciplines ranging from the Earth and planetary sciences to biomedical research. In nature, Zn isotopes typically fractionate (66Zn/64Zn) within the range of −1 and +1 permil (‰), and however, analytical limitations restrict the application of the Zn isotope system. Specifically, there is a lack of well‐characterised matrix‐matched reference materials covering most Zn isotope applications that are essential for validating laboratory performance, particularly given the contamination prone nature of Zn. Furthermore, the increasing demand for analysis of size‐limited materials and sample types displaying small, sub‐permil level Zn isotope variations requires improvements in measurement procedures. To address these limitations, the δ66Zn values of two pure Zn solutions and eighteen reference materials including the previously uncharacterised RGM‐2, BCR‐279, DOLT‐4, DOLT‐5, NASS‐7, SBC‐1, SGR‐1b, MESS‐3 and HISS‐1, and the understudied QLO‐1, SDC‐1, BCR‐414, NASS‐6 and COQ‐1 materials are reported. Furthermore, a 70Zn‐67Zn double‐spike design has been implemented that routinely achieves intermediate measurement precision better than ± 0.02‰. This represents at least a two‐fold improvement when compared with other double‐spike designs, providing a robust platform of δ66Zn values required for quality control procedures.
‘Give me my pathway!‘: multinational migration, transnational skills regimes and migrant subjectification
Authors: COLLINS FRANCIS L. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this article, I address the interplay between migration regimes and migrant subjectivities in stepwise multinational migration through a comparative analysis of biographical interviews with migrants in the healthcare and dairy farm work sectors in New Zealand. In both sectors, migrants' trajectories involve movements from Asia to locations in the Middle East, North Africa or Japan before arrival in New Zealand, and in some cases plans for onward migration. The analysis of these migration patterns and the narratives of migrants, reveal an emergent transnational skills regime that involves connected but uncoordinated systems of skills recognition; negotiating this regime occurs through increased attunement to migration on the part of multinational migrants, as well as adaptation to the expectations of authorities and employers. I conclude the article by suggesting that while multinational migration involves new opportunities for people on the move it also entails greater entanglement in the unequal conditioning of transnational migration.
Calcitonin Gene‐Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists (Gepants) for the Acute Treatment of Nausea in Episodic Migraine: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Chan Tommy Lik Hang , Cowan Robert P. , Woldeamanuel Yohannes W. 
Published: June 2020

ObjectiveTo synthesize the evidence on the efficacy of calcitonin gene‐related peptide receptor antagonists (gepants) from all clinical trials addressing nausea treatment for episodic migraine.IntroductionNausea is one of the most bothersome symptoms in patients with migraine. The most bothersome symptom is part of the outcomes explored in clinical trials.MethodsPublished clinical trials for this project were identified via searches of 4 bibliographic databases: PubMed (includes MEDLINE), Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Individual search strategies included terms related to calcitonin gene‐related peptide, nausea, and vomiting. Random‐effects meta‐analysis was conducted to estimate the overall efficacy of gepants for nausea treatment. Heterogeneity, publication bias, small‐study bias, and potential confounders were explored using Galbraith plot, sensitivity analysis, meta‐regression, and Egger’s regression tests. Cumulative meta‐analysis was done to detect temporal trend from accumulating trials.ResultsThe meta‐analysis involved 23,008 participants in 65 clinical trials from 14 published articles; 10,770 subjects participated in gepant treatment arms while 12,238 subjects participated in placebo or non‐gepant arms (85% females, mean age 41 years in both arms). Nearly all studies used a 2‐hour incidence of nausea as an outcome measure. An overall combined effect size with an odds ratio of 1.29 (95% CI 1.18, 1.40, P = .001; I2 = 42.8%) showed the efficacy of gepants for the treatment of nausea in episodic migraine. Galbraith plot demonstrated that 98.4% of studies were within 2 standard deviations from the regression line, indicating lack of significant heterogeneity and outliers. Meta‐analysis results were robust to sensitivity analysis, small‐study bias, and publication bias (Kendall’s Tau −0.09, P = .29; Egger's regression P = .67). Meta‐regression showed that both age and sex ratio were not confounding the meta‐analysis (omnibus P = .69). Cumulative meta‐analysis indicated that the effect size remained stable for studies conducted after 2011, with accumulating evidence continuing to favor efficacy of gepants for the treatment of nausea in episodic migraine.ConclusionThere is sufficient evidence to support the efficacy of gepants for the treatment of nausea in episodic migraine. Future research may focus on examining this efficacy in under‐represented patient populations (males, older age groups) and in chronic migraine.
UNIVERSAL AND PROFANE: THE HISTORIOGRAPHICAL CONSEQUENCES OF NATURAL RELIGION
Authors: CRIMMINS TIMOTHY 
Published: June 2020

ABSTRACTNatural religion in the eighteenth century was seemingly unhistorical or even antihistorical: it “dehistoricized” morality. It posited a morality that was uniform in all ages, not dependent on any particular revelation, watermarked onto the fabric of our nature, and accessible merely by the light of reason. Even so, natural religion played an important role in the secular historiographical turn in eighteenth‐century England. There was in fact an organic relationship between the two, one that historians have failed to articulate. Precisely because natural religion was thought to rest on timeless and universally valid rational foundations, it became possible to treat traditional religion (meaning above all, but not only, Christianity) as a subject of secular historical study, in the sense that it was subject to the same laws of historical knowledge and historical development as all other subjects of historical study, and left no room for miracles. A central figure in this conceptual relationship was Conyers Middleton, a once‐famous, now‐obscure Cambridge librarian. Middleton's account of natural religion has been swamped by the attention lavished on Matthew Tindal, and his turn to secular historiography lies in the shadows cast by Edward Gibbon. Yet Middleton played a crucial and distinctive role in laying historiographical foundations without which Gibbon could not have written as he did. His understanding of natural religion differed from that of other participants in the “deist controversy” in ultimately far‐reaching ways. Those differences explain why he could treat Cicero as a kind of saint in the church of natural religion, reversing, as it were, the elevation of the Bible above Cicero that Augustine had put into effect at the beginning of medieval history. They explain above all why Middleton could approach the history of Christianity in a manner that anticipated both Voltaire and Gibbon and made their historical writings possible.
Potentially inappropriate medications in older adults living with HIV
Authors: López‐Centeno B , Badenes‐Olmedo C , Mataix‐Sanjuan A , Bellón JM , Pérez‐Latorre L , López JC , Benedí J , Khoo S , Marzolini C , Calvo‐Alcántara MJ , Berenguer J 
Published: June 2020

ObjectivesWe assessed the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) among older (≥ 65 years) people living with HIV (O‐PLWH) in the region of Madrid.MethodsWe analysed the dispensation registry of community and hospital pharmacies from the Madrid Regional Health Service (SERMAS) for the period between 1 January and 30 June 2017, looking specifically at PIMs according to the 2019 Beers criteria. Co‐medications were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system.ResultsA total of 6 636 451 individuals received medications. Of these individuals, 22 945 received antiretrovirals (ARVs), and of these 1292 were O‐PLWH. Overall, 1135 (87.8%) O‐PLWH were taking at least one co‐medication, and polypharmacy (at least five co‐medications) was observed in 852 individuals (65.9%). A PIM was identified in 482 (37.3%) O‐PLWH. Factors independently associated with PIM were polypharmacy [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 7.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.16–9.72] and female sex (aOR 1.75; 95% CI 1.30–2.35). The distribution of PIMs according to ATC drug class were nervous system drugs (n = 369; 28.6%), musculoskeletal system drugs (n = 140; 10.8%), gastrointestinal and metabolism drugs (n = 72; 5.6%), cardiovascular drugs (n = 61; 4.7%), respiratory system drugs (n = 13; 1.0%), antineoplastic and immunomodulating drugs (n = 10; 0.8%), and systemic anti‐infectives (n = 2; 0.2%). Five drugs accounted for 84.8% of the 482O PLWH with PIMs: lorazepam (38.2%), ibuprofen (18.0%), diazepam (10.2%), metoclopramide (9.9%), and zolpidem (8.5%).ConclusionsPrescription of PIMs is highly prevalent in O‐PLWH. Consistent with data in uninfected elderly people, the most frequently observed PIMs were benzodiazepines and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs . Targeted interventions are warranted to reduce inappropriate prescribing and polypharmacy in this vulnerable population.
House Wrens Troglodytes aedon reduce repertoire size and change song element frequencies in response to anthropogenic noise
Authors: Juárez Roselvy , Araya‐Ajoy Yimen G. , Barrantes Gilbert , Sandoval Luis 
Published: June 2020

Anthropogenic noise (≤ 3 kHz) can affect key features of birds’ acoustic communication via two different processes: (1) song‐learning, because songbirds need to hear themselves and other birds to crystallize their song, and (2) avoidance of song elements that overlap with anthropogenic noise. In this study we tested whether anthropogenic noise reduces the number of song elements in the repertoire of House Wren Troglodytes aedon, an urban species. Additionally, we tested whether the proportion of high‐frequency elements (i.e. elements where the minimum frequency is above 3 kHz) is related to anthropogenic noise levels, and how the frequencies and duration of shared elements between males change with different levels of anthropogenic noise. We recorded 29 House Wren males exposed to different anthropogenic noise levels (36.50–79.50 dB) during two consecutive breeding seasons from four locations. We recorded each male on 2 days during each season continuously for 50 min (we collected 104 h of recordings) and measured anthropogenic noise levels every 10 min inside each male territory during the recording period. In general, individuals inhabiting noisier territories had smaller repertoires. However, only in two locations with anthropogenic noise levels between 38.60 and 79.50 dB did males inhabiting noisier territories have smaller repertoires. In the other two locations with lower anthropogenic noise (36.50–66.50 dB), the anthropogenic noise inside each territory was not related to the repertoire size. Individuals inhabiting the noisiest location showed a tendency to include more high‐frequency elements in their songs. In 26% of the elements, the anthropogenic noise affected their frequency features. Our results showed that not all House Wrens inhabiting urban environments modify their songs at the highest level of organization (i.e. repertoire) to reduce the masking effect of anthropogenic noise on acoustic communication.
Design of high‐performance curling mascara through utilization of smart thermoresponsive polymer
Authors: Chen S. , Amin S. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveIn this study, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(D,L‐lactide), or mPEG‐PLA, was used as the smart thermoresponsive polymer in our mascara formulation. The utility of mPEG‐PLA in a mascara formulation was investigated by a stepwise build‐up in an oil in water (O/W) emulsion. The experimental results may pave the way to a strategy of developing more cosmetic formulation with thermoresponsive shape memory polymers (SMPs).MethodmPEG‐PLA was first incorporated in a simple emulsion for rheological evaluation such as shear flow viscosity and small deformation oscillation measurements over the relevant temperature settings to mascara application. Then, wax and pigment were incorporated to complete the basic formulation as an O/W mascara and evaluated rheologically as before. Finally, the formulation was applied by a heated mascara applicator to false lashes to evaluate its curing and lifting effect.ResultsWith 0.8% concentration of mPEG‐PLA, the viscosity was able to increase from 0.20 Pas·s to 1.00 Pas·s. At 1.0% concentration of mPEG‐PLA, the emulsion samples with mineral oil were evaluated from 55°C to 25°C for its storage modulus (G’) and were found to have a consistent shear‐thinning characteristic across all temperature range. The sample containing the polymer (M‐1) arrived at a markedly higher elasticity when compared against the sample without (M‐0). The same result holds true for the set of samples formulated with beeswax instead of mineral oil. When the formulations were applied with a heated mascara applicator on false eyelashes, the formulation containing mPEG‐PLA was found to produce a more pronounced and longer‐lasting curl.ConclusionThis preliminary rheological study of an O/W mascara containing mPEG‐PLA demonstrated that thermoresponsive SMP can be added to enhance the curl and lifting effect of a mascara formulation.