bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Multispecies Cluster of GES-5 Carbapenemase–Producing Enterobacterales Linked by a Geographically Disseminated Plasmid
Authors: Ellington Matthew J , Davies Frances , Jauneikaite Elita , Hopkins Katie L , Turton Jane F , Adams George , Pavlu Jiri , Innes Andrew J , Eades Christopher , Brannigan Eimear T , Findlay Jacqueline , White Leila , Bolt Frances , Kadhani Tokozani , Chow Yimmy , Patel Bharat , Mookerjee Siddharth , Otter Jonathan A , Sriskandan Shiranee , Woodford Neil , Holmes Alison 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
Early and accurate treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant organisms is facilitated by rapid diagnostics, but rare resistance mechanisms can compromise detection. One year after a Guiana Extended-Spectrum (GES)-5 carbapenemase–positive Klebsiella oxytoca infection was identified by whole-genome sequencing (WGS; later found to be part of a cluster of 3 cases), a cluster of 11 patients with GES-5–positive K. oxytoca was identified over 18 weeks in the same hospital.

Methods
Bacteria were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry, antimicrobial susceptibility testing followed European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing guidelines. Ertapenem-resistant isolates were referred to Public Health England for characterization using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of GES, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and WGS for the second cluster.

Results
The identification of the first GES-5 K. oxytoca isolate was delayed, being identified by WGS. Implementation of a GES-gene PCR informed the occurrence of the second cluster in real time. In contrast to PFGE, WGS phylogenetic analysis refuted an epidemiological link between the 2 clusters; it also suggested a cascade of patient-to-patient transmission in the later cluster. A novel GES-5–encoding plasmid was present in K. oxytoca, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter cloacae isolates from unlinked patients within the same hospital group and in human and wastewater isolates from 3 hospitals elsewhere in the United Kingdom.

Conclusions
Genomic sequencing revolutionized the epidemiological understanding of the clusters; it also underlined the risk of covert plasmid propagation in healthcare settings and revealed the national distribution of the resistance-encoding plasmid. Sequencing results also informed and led to the ongoing use of enhanced diagnostic tests for detecting carbapenemases locally and nationally.
The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand
Authors: Acemoglu Daron , Restrepo Pascual 
Published: November 2019

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is set to influence every aspect of our lives, not least the way production is organised. AI, as a technology platform, can automate tasks previously performed by labour or create new tasks and activities in which humans can be productively employed. Recent technological change has been biased towards automation, with insufficient focus on creating new tasks where labour can be productively employed. The consequences of this choice have been stagnating labour demand, declining labour share in national income, rising inequality and lowering productivity growth. The current tendency is to develop AI in the direction of further automation, but this might mean missing out on the promise of the ‘right’ kind of AI, with better economic and social outcomes.
Assembly of an atrazine catabolic operon and its introduction to Gram-negative hosts for robust and stable degradation of triazine herbicides
Authors: Lazarini-Martínez Alfredo , Pérez-Valdespino Abigail , Martínez Fernando Hernández , Ordaz Nora Ruiz , Galíndez-Mayer Juvencio , Juárez-Ramírez Cleotilde , Curiel-Quesada Everardo 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
In 1995, Pseudomonas sp. ADP, capable of metabolizing atrazine, was isolated from contaminated soil. Genes responsible for atrazine mineralization were found scattered in the 108.8 kb pADP-1 plasmid carried by this strain, some of them flanked by insertion sequences rendering them unstable. The goal of this work was to construct a transcriptional unit containing the atz operon in an easy to transfer manner, to be introduced and inherited stably by Gram-negative bacteria. atz genes were PCR amplified, joined into an operon and inserted onto the mobilizable plasmid pBAMD1–2. Primers were designed to add efficient transcription and translation signals. Plasmid bearing the atz operon was transferred to different Gram-negative strains by conjugation, which resulted in Tn5 transposase-mediated chromosomal insertion of the atz operon. To test the operon activity, atrazine degradation by transposants was assessed both colorimetrically and by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Transposants mineralized atrazine more efficiently than wild-type Pseudomonas sp. ADP and did not accumulate cyanuric acid. Atrazine degradation was not repressed by simple nitrogen sources. Genes conferring atrazine-mineralizing capacities were stable and had little or null effect on the fitness of different transposants. Introduction of catabolic operons in a stable fashion could be used to develop bacteria with better degrading capabilities useful in bioremediation.
Improving health literacy among older people through primary health care units in Brazil: feasibility study
Authors: Serbim Andreivna , Paskulin Lisiane , Nutbeam Don 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
There are only a small number of reported intervention studies to improve health literacy among older populations. This paper reports on a study designed to investigate the feasibility and potential impact on health literacy and health practices of embedding an intervention programme to improve health literacy with older people through established primary health care units (PHCUs) in a disadvantaged urban community in Brazil. This investigation utilized a quasi-experimental design, with 42 participants recruited for the intervention group and comparison group. The Alfa-Health Program was offered by a nurse in a PHCU as part of the public universal health system over a period of 5 months, and was compared for its impact on a range of health literacy and self-reported health outcomes with routine health care available for older people. The intervention achieved relatively high levels of participation, and positive feedback from participants. Some improvements in vaccination rates, health literacy and reported health behaviours related to food choices and physical activity were observed. The intervention made good use of existing facilities; the content and methods were well received by the participants. However, there were some difficulties in recruitment and in retention of participants. The study has demonstrated the practical feasibility of delivering a comprehensive health education programme designed to improve health literacy in a PHCU in Brazil.
Resistance of Cynomolgus Monkeys to Nipah and Hendra Virus Disease Is Associated With Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immunity
Authors: Prasad Abhishek N , Woolsey Courtney , Geisbert Joan B , Agans Krystle N , Borisevich Viktoriya , Deer Daniel J , Mire Chad E , Cross Robert W , Fenton Karla A , Broder Christopher C , Geisbert Thomas W 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackgroundThe henipaviruses, Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), are capable of causing severe and often lethal respiratory and/or neurologic disease in animals and humans. Given the sporadic nature of henipavirus outbreaks, licensure of vaccines and therapeutics for human use will likely require demonstration of efficacy in animal models that faithfully reproduce the human condition. Currently, the African green monkey (AGM) best mimics human henipavirus-induced disease.MethodsThe pathogenic potential of HeV and both strains of NiV (Malaysia, Bangladesh) was assessed in cynomolgus monkeys and compared with henipavirus-infected historical control AGMs. Multiplex gene and protein expression assays were used to compare host responses.ResultsIn contrast to AGMs, in which henipaviruses cause severe and usually lethal disease, HeV and NiVs caused only mild or asymptomatic infections in macaques. All henipaviruses replicated in macaques with similar kinetics as in AGMs. Infection in macaques was associated with activation and predicted recruitment of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, Th1 cells, IgM+ B cells, and plasma cells. Conversely, fatal outcome in AGMs was associated with aberrant innate immune signaling, complement dysregulation, Th2 skewing, and increased secretion of MCP-1.ConclusionThe restriction factors identified in macaques can be harnessed for development of effective countermeasures against henipavirus disease.
Refugee entrepreneurship and self-reliance: the UNHCR and sustainability in post-conflict Sierra Leone
Authors: Skran Claudena 
Published: November 2019

AbstractEntrepreneurship has been advocated as a path to self-reliance for refugees, but little scholarship has been produced about refugee entrepreneurs operating in their country of origin during reintegration. In 2003–04, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) implemented a group of ‘entrepreneurial ventures’ in urban and peri-urban locations in Kambia, Sierra Leone. Fifteen years later, 20 per cent of these ventures were still operating—a figure comparable with the success of start-ups in the United States. This paper examines the reasons for the sustainability of some ventures and the limited lifespan of others, using five interrelated metrics: ownership, management, mission and activities, financing and physical capital. It will be argued that, in the start-up phase, the UNHCR had a positive impact on the formation of entrepreneurial ventures by negotiating rules about property rights and credit, and by adopting a bottom-up approach to promote innovation among returnees. In the transition phase, however, the UNHCR’s planned handover to other UN agencies as part of the 4 R’s process largely failed because of inadequate attention to transition funding. In the mature phase, refugee enterprises survived if they could secure property rights to their facilities and adapt their management structures, activities and financing, while still preserving their social missions.
Hybrid numerical simulations of pulsar magnetospheres
Authors: Contopoulos Ioannis , Pétri Jerome , Stefanou Petros 
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT
We continue our investigation of particle acceleration in the pulsar equatorial current sheet (ECS). Our basic premise has been that the charge carriers in the current sheet originate in the polar caps as electron–positron pairs, and are carried along field lines that enter the ECS beyond the magnetospheric Y-point. In this work, we investigate further the charge replenishment of the ECS. We discovered that the flow of pairs from the rims of the polar caps cannot supply both the electric charge and the electric current of the ECS. The ECS must contain an extra amount of positronic (or electronic depending on orientation) electric current that originates in the stellar surface and flows outwards along the separatrices. We develop an iterative hybrid approach that self-consistently combines ideal force-free electrodynamics in the bulk of the magnetosphere with particle acceleration along the ECS. We derive analytic approximations for the orbits of the particles, and obtain the structure of the pulsar magnetosphere for various values of the pair formation multiplicity parameter κ. For realistic values κ ≫ 1, the magnetosphere is practically indistinguishable from the ideal force-free one, and therefore, the calculation of the spectrum of high energy radiation must rely on analytic approximations for the distribution of the accelerating electric field in the ECS.
Clinical Epidemiology of 7,126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System
Authors: Hantrakun Viriya , Kongyu Somkid , Klaytong Preeyarach , Rongsumlee Sittikorn , Day Nicholas P J , Peacock Sharon J , Hinjoy Soawapak , Limmathurotsakul Direk 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Background
National notifiable diseases surveillance system (NNDSS) data in developing countries is usually incomplete, yet the total number of fatal cases reported is commonly used for national priority setting. Melioidosis, an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is largely underrecognized by policy makers due to the underreporting of fatal cases via the NNDSS.

Methods
Collaborating with the Epidemiology Division (ED), Ministry of Public Health (MoPH), we conducted a retrospective study to determine incidence and mortality of melioidosis cases already identified by clinical microbiology laboratories nationwide. A case of melioidosis was defined as a patient with any clinical specimen culture positive for B. pseudomallei. Routinely available microbiology and hospital databases of secondary-care and tertiary-care hospitals, the national death registry, and NNDSS data were obtained for analysis.

Results
A total of 7,126 culture-confirmed melioidosis patients were identified from 2012 to 2015 in 60 hospitals countrywide. The total number of cases diagnosed in Northeast, Central, South, East, North, and West Thailand were 5,475, 536, 374, 364, 358 and 19 cases, respectively. Overall 30-day mortality was 39% (2,805/7,126). Only 126 (4%) of deaths were reported to the NNDSS. Age, presentation with bacteremia and pneumonia, prevalence of diabetes, and 30-day mortality were different by geographical regions (all p values<0.001). ED, MoPH has agreed to include the findings of our study in the next annual report of the NNDSS.

Conclusions
Melioidosis is an important cause of death in Thailand nationwide, and its clinical epidemiology may be different by region. In developing countries, NNDSS data can be supplemented by integrating information from readily available routine datasets.
Gravitino condensate in N = 1 supergravity coupled to the N = 1 supersymmetric Born–Infeld theory
Authors: Ishikawa Ryotaro , Ketov Sergei V 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The $N=1$ supersymmetric Born–Infeld theory coupled to $N=1$ supergravity in four spacetime dimensions is studied in the presence of a cosmological term with spontaneous supersymmetry breaking. The consistency is achieved by compensating a negative contribution to the cosmological term from the Born–Infeld theory by a positive contribution originating from the gravitino condensate. This leads to an identification of the Born–Infeld scale with the supersymmetry-breaking scale. The dynamical formation of the gravitino condensate in supergravity is reconsidered and the induced one-loop effective potential is derived. Slow-roll cosmological inflation with the gravitino condensate as the inflaton (near the maximum of the effective potential) is viable against the Planck 2018 data and can lead to the inflationary (Hubble) scale as high as $10^{12}$ GeV. Uplifting the Minkowski vacuum (after inflation) to a de Sitter vacuum (dark energy) is possible by the use of the alternative Fayet–Iliopoulos term. Some major physical consequences of our scenario for reheating are also briefly discussed.
Antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles during in-vitro culture of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni
Authors: Ramírez-Mosqueda Marco A. , Sánchez-Segura Lino , Hernández-Valladolid Sandra L. , Bello-Bello Elohim , Bello-Bello Jericó J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractContamination by fungi and bacteria during the in-vitro propagation of plants leads to considerable losses of biological material and precludes phytosanitary certification. The anti-microbial effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) may be an alternative for the eradication of in-vitro contaminants. This study evaluated the microbicidal activity of AgNPs on a recurrent fungus during the micropropagation of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni). First, the fungus was isolated and identified at a molecular level by the sequencing and analysis of the ITS4/ITS5 rDNA region. The results of the phylogenetic analysis of various fungi species showed that the strain under study (16-166-H) belongs to the genus Sordaria and is 86.74% similar to S. tomento-alba (strain CBS 260.78). Subsequently, the inhibition of the growth of S. tomento-alba was tested under different concentrations of AgNPs (0, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg L−1), observing that 50 and 100 mg L−1 achieve ca. 50% growth inhibition (IC50), while 200 mg L−1 produces a drastic inhibition. On the other hand, the shape and size of AgNPs was examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the transport and accumulation of AgNPs in S. tomento-alba cells were monitored through multiphoton microscopy. The morphological and fluorescence analyses showed that AgNPs display different sizes, with larger nanoparticles retained in fungal cell walls while smaller AgNPs penetrate into fungal cells. Probably, apoplastic and symplastic mechanisms involved in the accumulation and transport of AgNPs affect the metabolic processes of the fungus, thus inhibiting its growth. These results suggest that AgNPs possess antifungal activity and can be used in the eradication of contaminants during the in-vitro culture of plant species.
Unravelling the modulation of intracortical inhibition during motor imagery: An adaptive threshold-hunting study
Authors: Neige Cécilia , Monany Dylan Rannaud , Stinear Cathy M. , Byblow Winston D. , Papaxanthis Charalambos , Lebon Florent 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMotor imagery (MI) is the mental simulation of an action without any apparent muscular contraction. By means of transcranial magnetic stimulation, few studies revealed a decrease of short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) within the primary motor cortex. However, this decrease is ambiguous, as one would expect greater inhibition during MI to prevent overt motor output. The current study investigated the extent of SICI modulation during MI through a methodological and a conceptual reconsideration of i) the importance of parameters to assess SICI (Exp.1) and ii) the inhibitory process within the primary motor cortex as an inherent feature of MI (Exp.2). Participants performed two tasks: 1) rest and 2) imagery of isometric abduction of the right index finger. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, motor evoked potentials were elicited in the right first dorsal interosseous muscle. An adaptive threshold-hunting paradigm was used, where the stimulus intensity required to maintain a fixed motor evoked potential amplitude was quantified. To test SICI, we conditioned the test stimulus with a conditioning stimulus (CS) of different intensities. Results revealed an Intensity by Task interaction showing that SICI decreased during MI as compared to rest only for the higher CS intensity (Exp.1). At the lowest CS intensities, a Task main effect revealed that SICI increased during MI (Exp.2). SICI modulation during MI depends critically on the CS intensity. By optimising CS intensity, we have shown that SICI circuits may increase during MI, revealing a potential mechanism to prevent the production of a movement while the motor system is activated.HighlightsExcitatory and inhibitory neural processes interact during motor imagery, as the motor regions are activated but no movement is produced.The current study investigated the extent of short interval intracortical inhibition modulation (SICI) during motor imagery.When using optimal settings, SICI increased during motor imagery, likely to prevent the production of an overt movement.
Classification and Analysis of Minimally-Processed Data from a Large Magnetoencephalography Dataset using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Garry Jon , Trappenberg Thomas , Beyea Steven , Bardouille Timothy 
Published: November 2019

AbstractConvolutional neural networks were used to classify and analyse a large magnetoencephalography (MEG) dataset. Networks were trained to classify between active and baseline intervals of minimally-processed data recorded during cued button pressing. There were two primary objectives for this study: (1) develop networks that can effectively classify MEG data, and (2) identify the important data features that inform classification. Networks with a simple architecture were trained using sensor and source-localised data. Networks trained with sensor data were also trained using varying amounts of data. The important features within the data were identified via saliency and occlusion mapping. An ensemble of networks trained using sensor data performed best (average test accuracy 0.974 ± 0.001). A dataset containing on the order of hundreds of participants was required for optimal performance of this network with these data. Visualisation maps highlighted features known to occur during neuromagnetic recordings of cued button pressing.
A qualitative examination of urban vs rural sustainable consumption behaviours of energy and water consumers in the emerging Egyptian market
Authors: Marzouk Omneya A. 
Published: November 2019

Purpose
The study aims to investigate the differences among urban and rural consumers in terms of their energy and water sustainable consumption behaviour levels and drivers and also empirically blueprint conceptual frameworks highlighting urban and rural consumer drivers to consume sustainably.

Design/methodology/approach
This research follows an exploratory design using a qualitative approach; 14 in-depth interviews followed by one focus group were conducted with urban consumers; on the other hand, 18 in-depth interviews followed by one focus group were conducted with rural consumers.

Findings
The findings show that no differences exist among urban and rural consumers in terms of both their sustainable consumption levels and their drivers to consume sustainably; such findings were encapsulated in the form of one conceptual framework pertinent to both urban and rural consumers; it has the following relevant factors: consumers’ attitudes toward conservation, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, self-preference, public media influence, perceived economic value and perceived moral obligation to be relevant antecedents of conservation behaviour, which – in turn – drives sustainable purchase behaviours with the moderating effect of socio-demographic variables.

Originality/value
This paper contributes to extant literature as it provides evidence for the drivers of sustainable consumption behaviours of urban versus rural consumers in emerging countries; it also tentatively answers the question of whether the socio-demographic variables infer a difference in consumers’ sustainable consumption; finally, it studies sustainable consumption from a novel perspective with a focus on the relationship between its two pillars.