bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomical and surface ultrastructural investigation of the tongue in the straw‐coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum, Kerr 1972)
Authors: Igbokwe Casmir Onwuaso , Bello Umar Muhammed , Mbajiorgu Felix Ejikeme 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe morphology of tongue in straw‐coloured fruit bat from tropical forests was evaluated in relation to frugivorous diets and in comparison with other species that consumes other food types. Gross, stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscope and histological methods were used. The tongue was relatively long with round tip, which closely fitted into oral cavity. Five types of mechanical papillae included crown‐like and trifid filiform papillae. Also bulky, cone‐shaped papillae and long conical papillae were identified. These mechanical types also showed variations in shape, size and number of processes of papillae. Transitional forms of these mechanical papillae were present. Fungiform papillae with taste pores were interposed amongst filiform types in apex and body; three ovoid‐shaped vallate papillae were in triangular arrangement on root and displayed taste pores. Some bulky, cone‐shaped papillae surrounded the vallate papillae. Histologically, mechanical filiform types showed highly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and dense connective tissue core with secondary papillae. Taste buds appeared in fungiform and vallate papillae. Neutral and acidic secretions were identified in lingual glands of root. The presence of prominent filamentous processes of filiform papillae and conical papillae of the tongue in conjunction with gustatory papillae ensures adaptation to copious fruit diets. The gross morphometric and histometric parameters of the tongue did not differ remarkably from previous values obtained for some fruit bats with comparable weight. This investigation showed similarities with fruit bats such as large flying fox and Egyptian fruit bat and reflect common diet and feeding habits but varied from insectivorous and nectivorous bats.
Transition from gynaecomastia to lipomastia in pubertal boys
Authors: Reinehr Thomas , Kulle Alexandra , Barth Andre , Ackermann Jonas , Holl Reinhard W. , Holterhus Paul‐Martin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveGynaecomastia is frequent in pubertal boys and is regarded as a self‐limiting abnormality. However, longitudinal studies proving this hypothesis are scarce.DesignLongitudinal follow‐up study (median 2.4, range 1.0‐4.8 years).MethodsThe regression of breast diameter was analysed in 31 pubertal boys aged 11.7‐16.1 (median 13.2) years with gynaecomastia. Furthermore, weight changes (as BMI‐SDS) and pubertal stage, oestradiol [E2], oestriol, oestrone, androstenedione, testosterone [T], dihydrotestosterone, gonadotropins, IGF‐1, and IGFBP‐3 serum concentrations determined at first clinical presentation were related to breast diameter regression determined by palpation and disappearance of breast glandular tissue in ultrasound in follow‐up to identify possible predictors of breast regression.ResultsDuring the observation period, the breast diameter decreased (in median −1 (interquartile range [IQR] −5 to +1) cm). At follow‐up, 6% of boys had no breast enlargement any more, and 65% developed lipomastia. Gynaecomastia was still present in 29%. None of the analysed hormones was related significantly to breast diameter regression or disappearance of breast glandular tissue. In multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for observational period, as well as age and BMI‐SDS at first presentation, changes in BMI‐SDS (β‐coefficient 6.0 ± 2.3, p = .015) but not the E2/T ratio or any other hormone determined at baseline was related to changes in breast diameter.ConclusionsBreast diameter regression seems not to be predictable by a hormone profile in pubertal boys with gynaecomastia. In pubertal boys presenting with gynaecomastia, conversion to lipomastia of smaller volume is common. The reduction of weight status was the best predictor of breast diameter regression.
Iatrogenic allergic contact dermatitis in the (peri)anal and genital area
Authors: Gilissen Liesbeth , Schollaert Isabelle , Huygens Sara , Goossens An 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAllergic contact dermatitis (ACD) from topical medication often occurs in occluded areas, for example, with wound treatment, but also in certain body locations, such as the anogenital area.ObjectivesTo investigate the demographics and specific lesion location of patients with ACD from topical drugs applied onto the (peri)anal/genital area, and to identify the respective causal topical pharmaceutical products and ingredients involved.MethodsFrom January 2000 to December 10, 2018, 532 patients were tested with the baseline series, sometimes with additional series, and the topical medication used along with the ingredients. The relevant data were extracted from our electronic databases developed in‐house.ResultsForty‐four patients (9%) out of 473 patients suffering from lesions in the (peri)anal/genital area had positive patch test results to topical drug preparations and/or their ingredients, sometimes in association with cosmetics for intimate hygiene. The most frequent sensitizing active principles were local anaesthetics and corticosteroids, while wool alcohols and to a minor extent benzoic acid were the most frequent culprits among the vehicle components and preservative agents, respectively.ConclusionsThe local conditions (eg, occlusion, sweating, moist) in the anogenital area may favour skin sensitization to topical medication used to treat various skin diseases.
Histopathologic reaction patterns to differentially cross‐linked hyaluronic acid fillers: A retrospective case series
Authors: Mu Euphemia W. , Stokar Evan , Franks Linda , Meehan Shane A. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundHyaluronic acid filler reactions have been increasingly observed in recent years. Our study investigates whether the increased number of filler reactions observed since 2014 is associated with a specific histopathologic inflammatory pattern and type of filler.MethodsThe institution's dermatopathology electronic database was retrospectively searched for histopathologic reactions to hyaluronic acid from January 2014 to December 2019. The age, sex, type of filler, procedure, location, and histopathologic patterns were recorded.ResultsFrom 2014 to 2019, there were 15 cases of granulomatous reactions to hyaluronic acid filler. In 10 of these cases, there was a characteristic inflammatory pattern characterized by tightly cuffed palisades of histiocytes with varying numbers of eosinophils. Of the 11 cases in which the type of filler was known, all used Vycross technology, a novel manufacturing process in the production of hyaluronic acid filler.ConclusionA characteristic histopathologic pattern of discrete foci of tightly cuffed palisaded granulomas with eosinophils is associated with fillers manufactured using Vycross technology.
Chemical defence responses of Norway spruce to two fungal pathogens
Authors: Axelsson Karolin , Zendegi‐Shiraz Amene , Swedjemark Gunilla , Borg‐Karlson Anna‐Karin , Zhao Tao 
Published: December 2020

AbstractConstitutive and inducible terpene production is involved in conifer resistance against insects and fungal infestations. To gain knowledge about local defence responses of Norway spruce bark against pathogens and to find potential chemical markers for resistance breeding, we inoculated the stem of 8‐year‐old Norway spruce (Picea abies) clonal trees with both Endoconidiophora polonica (Ep, a common fungal pathogen associated with the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus) and Heterobasidion parviporum (Hp, a severe pathogen causing root and stem rot disease). Three weeks after inoculation, the fungal‐inoculated and intact bark from each tree was sampled. The terpenes in tree bark were extracted with hexane and characterized by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The two fungi induced varied terpene responses in the four spruce clones used. Three of the clones showed a 2.3‐fold to 5.7‐fold stronger terpene response to Hp relative to Ep inoculation, while one clone responded similarly to inoculation with the two fungal pathogens. The amount of the diterpenes thunbergol and geranyllinalool varied between the clones. The level of thunbergol was higher in both intact and fungal‐inoculated bark from the less susceptible clones compared with the more susceptible clones. Geranyllinalool was present in higher amounts in the susceptible clones and is thus a possible marker for susceptibility. Our observations show that Norway spruce employs a similar chemical mechanism against the two fungal pathogens. Based on the present and earlier published data, we suggest that certain Norway spruce genotypes have a strong defence reaction against these two pathogens. The diterpenes thunbergol and geranyllinalool might be useful markers of susceptibility in tree‐breeding programmes and should be the focus of further detailed investigations.
A framework to evaluate climate effects on forest tree diseases
Authors: Hennon Paul E. , Frankel Susan J. , Woods Alex J. , Worrall James J. , Norlander Daniel , Zambino Paul J. , Warwell Marcus V. , Shaw Charles G. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractA conceptual framework for evaluation of climate effects on tree diseases is presented. Climate can exacerbate tree diseases by favouring pathogen biology, including reproduction and infection processes. Climatic conditions can also cause abiotic disease—direct stress or mortality when trees’ physiological limits are exceeded. When stress is sublethal, weakened trees may subsequently be killed by secondary organisms. To demonstrate climate's involvement in disease, associations between climatic conditions and disease expression provide the primary evidence of atmospheric involvement because experimentation is often impractical for mature trees. This framework tests spatial and temporal relationships of climate and disease at several scales to document climate effects, if any. The presence and absence of the disease can be contrasted with climate data and models at geographic scales: stand, regional and species range. Temporal variation in weather, climate and climate change is examined during onset, development and remission of the disease. Predisposing factors such as site and stand conditions can modify the climate effects of some diseases, especially at finer spatial scales. Spatially explicit climate models that display temperature and precipitation or derivative models such as snow and drought stress provide useful data, and however, information on disease extent at different spatial scales and monitoring through time are often incomplete. The framework can be used to overcome limitations in other disease causality approaches, such as Koch's postulates, and allow for the integration of vegetation, pathogen and environmental data into causality determinations.
Phenolic compound concentrations in Picea abies wood as an indicator of susceptibility towards root pathogens
Authors: Bartnik Czesław , Nawrot‐Chorabik Katarzyna , Woodward Stephen 
Published: December 2020

AbstractQuantification of total phenolic compounds in the heartwood of Picea abies using the Folin–Ciocalteu methods showed that concentrations of phenolic compounds in the heart‐ and sapwood of Picea abies varied, depending on the decay class to which boles were allocated. In the heartwood, mean phenolic concentration was 3.28 mg/g, compared with 2.44 mg/g in sapwood. Experiments using different concentrations of phenolic compounds showed that Heterobasidion parviporum is more sensitive to the effects of phenolic compounds found in sapwood, and less sensitive to phenolic compounds found in heartwood. The high concentration of phenolic compounds extracted from spruce stimulated the decomposition of wood by Armillaria ostoyae. This demonstrates the great ability of A. ostoyae to metabolize phenolic compounds. This is confirmed by natural conditions, where A. ostoyae attacks mainly sapwood and H. parviporum attacks heartwood of P. abies. In heartwood, the average antioxidant activity was approximately 10% higher than in the sapwood. The extraction process and presence of amino acids and reducing sugars might influence on the results. The results suggest that timber quality monitoring in spruce stands could be partly based on measurements of phenol compound concentrations in sapwood, as the technique enables prediction of the potential impact of decay fungi early in succession.
The impact of climate change and climate extremes on sugarcane production
Authors: Flack‐Prain Sophie , Shi Liangsheng , Zhu Penghui , da Rocha Humberto R. , Cabral Osvaldo , Hu Shun , Williams Mathew 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSugarcane production supports the livelihoods of millions of small‐scale farmers in developing countries, and the bioenergy needs of millions of consumers. Yet, future sugarcane yields remain uncertain due to differences in climate projections, and because the sensitivity of sugarcane ecophysiology to individual climate drivers (i.e. temperature, precipitation, shortwave radiation, VPD and CO2) and their interactions is largely unresolved. Here we ask: how sensitive is sugarcane yield to future climate change, including climate extremes, and what are its key climate drivers? We combine the Soil‐Plant‐Atmosphere model with detailed time‐series measurements from experimental plots in Guangxi, China, and São Paulo State, Brazil. We first calibrated and validated modelled carbon and water cycling against field flux and biometric data. Second, we simulated sugarcane growth under the historical climate (1980–2018), and six future climate projections (2015–2100). We computed the ‘yield‐effect’ of each climate driver by generating synthetic climate forcings in which the driver time series was alternated to that of the historical median. In Guangxi, median yield and yield lows (i.e. lower decile) were relatively insensitive to forecast climate change. In São Paulo, median yield and yield lows decreased under all future climates projections ( = −4% and −12% respectively). At Guangxi, where moisture stress was low, radiation was the principal driver of yield variability (yield‐effect = −1.2%). Conversely, high moisture stress at São Paulo raised yield sensitivity to temperature (yield‐effect = −7.9%). In contrast, a number of other modelling studies report a positive effect of increased temperatures on sugarcane yield. We ascribe the disparity between model predictions to the representation of key phenological processes, including the link between leaf ageing and thermal time, and the role of ageing in driving leaf senescence. We highlight climate sensitivity of phenological processes as a key focus for future research efforts.
Factors associated with utilisation of dental services by the elders from São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Soares Gustavo Hermes , Ortiz‐Rosa Ezequiel , Alves Caroline Paula , Paz Dayanne , An Ki Sung , Pereira Antonio Carlos , Biazevic Maria Gabriela Haye , Frias Antônio Carlos , Michel‐Crosato Edgard 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundPopulation ageing in Brazil is rapid and is likely to place additional pressure over the Brazilian public health system.ObjectiveThis study aims to examine the factors associated with utilisation of dental services in the previous year among a representative sample of older adults from São Paulo, Brazil.MethodsThe sample included 5951 older adults who participated in the SBSP‐15 study, an epidemiological survey conducted in 2015 in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The outcome “utilisation of dental services” was defined as having visited a dentist in the previous year. Chi‐square tests were employed in the bivariate analyses and Poisson regressions with robust variance in the multilevel analysis.ResultsOnly 30.5% of the participants had their last dental appointment within the previous year. Number of teeth and dental pain presented the strongest effects on the investigated outcome. Education, income, age, ethnicity, living alone, higher Family Health Strategy coverage and the Metropolitan area were associated with having visited a dentist in the previous year. Older adults who rated their oral health as positive did not report treatment need nor prosthodontic need, presented negative oral health‐related quality of life, had their last dental appointment in the public health system and sought treatment due to pain or extraction also were more likely to report the utilisation of dental services in the previous year.ConclusionRegional, sociodemographic and subjective factors are associated with utilisation of dental services in the previous year among the elders from the State of São Paulo, Brazil.
Accessible and affordable healthcare? Views of Australians with and without chronic conditions
Authors: Zurynski Yvonne , Ansell James , Ellis Louise A , Pomare Chiara , Smith Carolynn L , Holt Joanna , Root Jo , Gillespie James , Wells Leanne , Braithwaite Jeffrey 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundWith 50% of Australians having chronic disease, health consumer views are an important barometer of the ‘health’ of the healthcare system for system improvement and sustainability.AimsTo describe the views of Australian health consumers with and without chronic conditions when accessing healthcare.MethodsA survey of a representative sample of 1024 Australians aged over 18 years, distributed electronically and incorporating standardised questions and questions co‐designed with consumers.ResultsRespondents were aged 18–88 years (432 males, 592 females) representing all states and territories, and rural and urban locations. General practices (84.6%), pharmacies (62.1%) and public hospitals (32.9%) were the most frequently accessed services. Most care was received through face‐to‐face consultations; only 16.5% of respondents accessed care via telehealth. The 605 (59.0%) respondents with chronic conditions were less likely to have private health insurance (50.3% vs 57.9%), more likely to skip doses of prescribed medicines (53.6% vs 28.6%), and miss appointments with doctors (15.3% vs 10.1%) or dentists (52.8% vs 40.4%) because of cost. Among 480 respondents without private health insurance, unaffordability (73.5%) or poor value for money (35.3%) were the most common reasons. Most respondents (87.7%) were confident that they would receive high quality and safe care. However, only 57% of people with chronic conditions were confident that they could afford needed healthcare compared with 71.3% without.ConclusionsHealth consumers, especially those with chronic conditions, identified significant cost barriers to access of healthcare. Equitable access to healthcare must be at the centre of health reform.
Extensive fluid–rock interaction and pressure solution in a UHP fluid pathway recorded by garnetite, Lago di Cignana, Western Alps
Authors: van Schrojenstein Lantman Hugo W. , Scambelluri Marco , Gilio Mattia , Wallis David , Alvaro Matteo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study combines the microstructural and petrological analysis of garnet and its inclusions in quartzite‐hosted garnetite from the ultrahigh‐pressure Lago di Cignana metaophiolite (Western Alps). We present a comprehensive record of metamorphism, compaction, and the state of stress during interaction between oceanic metasediments and infiltrating fluids along a major open‐system fluid pathway. The arrangement of garnet into garnetite layers is attributed to concomitant compaction and dissolution that resulted in the formation of a garnet stylolite. The fluid pulses that were accommodated by this pathway subsequently resulted in several stages of garnet deformation, dissolution, local reprecipitation, and recrystallization. Abundant evidence for pressure solution in garnet, alongside near‐hydrostatic to hydrostatic conditions indicated by elastic strains of quartz inclusions in garnet obtained through Raman spectroscopy, support low differential stresses during fluid–rock interaction. The high degree of dissolution recorded by the garnetite showcases the strong potential for compaction by fluid‐assisted volume loss and mass transfer. Dehydration of subducting rocks with subsequent migration of resulting fluids through the slab provides a mechanism of mass transfer and has the potential to drive compaction and exert control on differential stress along fluid pathways.
The impact of critical incidents on nurses and midwives: A systematic review
Authors: Buhlmann Melanie , Ewens Beverley , Rashidi Amineh 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimsTo synthesise the existing literature, which focuses on the impact of critical incidents on nurses and midwives, and to explore their experiences related to the support they received in the current healthcare environment to move on from the event.DesignSystematic review and qualitative synthesis.Data sourcesThe electronic databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, PubMed, Embase and Nursing and Allied Health (ProQuest) were systematically searched from 2013–2018, and core authors and journals identified in the literature were manually investigated.Review methodsQualitative studies of all research design types written in English were included according to the PRISMA reporting guidelines. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research.ResultsA total of 7,520 potential publications were identified. After removal of duplicate citations, study selection and appraisal process, 11 qualitative primary research papers progressed to the meta‐synthesis by meta‐aggregation. The 179 findings and sub‐findings from the included studies were extracted, combined and synthesised into three statements addressing three different aspects within the context of critical incidents: the experiences of the impact, the perceptions of support and the ability to move on.ConclusionThis review illuminated that moving‐on after critical incidents is a complex and wearisome journey for nurses and midwives. More attention should to be drawn to second victims within general nursing and midwifery practice to strengthen their ability to navigate the aftermath of critical incidents and reclaim the professional confidence indispensable to remain in the workforce.
Detection of Cortical and Deep Gray Matter Lesions in Multiple Sclerosis Using DIR and FLAIR at 3T
Authors: Park Charlie C. , Thongkham Dean W. , Sadigh Gelareh , Saindane Amit M. , Chu Renxin , Bakshi Rohit , Allen Jason W. , Hu Ranliang 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe comparative detection rates of deep gray matter (GM) multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions using double inversion recovery (DIR) and fluid‐attenuated inversion‐recovery (FLAIR) on 3T MR imaging remain unknown. We aimed to assess the detectability of cortical and deep GM MS lesions using DIR and FLAIR on 3T clinical exams and evaluate the relationship between deep GM lesions and brain atrophy.METHODSOne hundred fifty consecutive MS patients underwent routine brain MRI that included 3D DIR and 2D T2 FLAIR on the same 3T scanner. Three neuroradiologists independently reviewed all exams for cortical and deep GM lesions. Statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and FMRIB software library (FSL)‐FIRST pipelines were used to determine normalized whole brain and deep GM volumes.RESULTSA total of 65 cortical and 98 deep lesions were detected on DIR versus 24 and 20, respectively, on FLAIR. Among all 150 patients, the number and percentage of patients with GM lesions on DIR and FLAIR were as follows: cortical 43 (28.7%) versus 24 (16.0%) (P < .001), thalamus 47 (31.3%) versus 20 (13.3%) (P < .001), putamen 10 (6.7%) versus 3 (2.0%) (P = .02), globus pallidus 9 (6.0%) versus 3 (1.3%) (P = .02), and caudate 5 (3.3%) versus 1 (0.7%) (P = .125). Presence of deep GM lesions weakly correlated with deep GM volume fractions.CONCLUSIONDeep GM MS lesions can be detected using routine clinical brain MRI including DIR and FLAIR at 3T. Future studies to optimize these sequences may improve the detection rates of cortical and deep GM lesions. The presence of GM lesions showed weak correlation with GM atrophy.