bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strangers in a strange land: Globally unusual thermal tolerance in Collembola from the Cape Floristic Region
Authors: Liu W. P. Amy , Phillips Laura M. , Terblanche John S. , Janion‐Scheepers Charlene , Chown Steven L. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSpecific trait–environment interactions have led to globally unusual botanical radiations in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) of South Africa. Yet it is unclear whether such interactions have similarly resulted in the diversification of the fauna independently of associations with plants.We explore this question for the Collembola genusSeira, which includes 89 species in the CFR, and appears to have diversified substantially into warm, dry fynbos shrublands—habitats atypical of those usually occupied by Collembola. Specifically, we determine whether thermal tolerance is higher for members of the genus in these shrublands compared with congeners in cooler, moister Afrotemperate Forests in the region, and with Collembola globally.Fynbos‐inhabitingSeiraspecies have remarkable critical thermal maxima (CTmax) of on average 43°C, 5–6°C higher than congeners occupying the Southern Afrotemperate Forests, and Collembola globally, even when taking CTmaxvariation associated with regional climate into consideration.Thermal tolerance trait variation among theSeiraspecies from different habitats is likely the consequence of variation in habitat temperature: fynbos shrublands are on average ~17°C warmer than Afrotemperate Forests. Moreover, periodic fires in the fynbos have a large effect on microhabitat temperatures, increasing them substantially (by ~7.5°C) in the year after fire, which may be especially relevant in selecting for higher thermal tolerance in species from this habitat.These results suggest that the remarkable richness ofSeirain the CFR may in part be due to the evolution of very high CTmaxvalues which have enabled them to take advantage of a hot, dry habitat that is unusual for Collembola.A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Multi‐parameter reflection waveform inversion for acoustic transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis
Authors: Li Yuanyuan , Alkhalifah Tariq 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTFull waveform inversion in transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis provides an opportunity to better match the data at the near and far offsets. However, multi‐parameter full waveform inversion, in general, suffers from serious cycle‐skipping and trade‐off problems. Reflection waveform inversion can help us recover a background model by projecting the residuals of the reflected wavefield along the reflection wavepath. Thus, we extend reflection waveform inversion to acoustic transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis utilizing the proper parameterization for reduced parameter trade‐off. From a radiation patterns analysis, an acoustic transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis is better described by a combination of the normal‐moveout velocity and the anisotropic parameters η and δ for reflection waveform inversion applications. We design a three‐stage inversion strategy to construct the optimal resulting model. In the first stage, we only invert for the background by matching the simulated reflected wavefield from the perturbations of and δ with the observed reflected wavefield. In the second stage, the background and η are optimized simultaneously and the far‐offset reflected wavefield mainly contribute to their updates. We perform Born modelling to compute the reflected wavefield for the two stages of reflection waveform inversion. In the third stage, we perform full waveform inversion for the acoustic transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis to delineate the high‐wavenumber structures. For this stage, the medium is described by a combination of the horizontal velocity , η and ε instead of , η and δ. The acoustic multi‐parameter full waveform inversion utilizes the diving waves to improve the background as well as utilizes reflection for high‐resolution information. Finally, we test our inversion algorithm on the modified Sigsbee 2A model (a salt free part) and a two‐dimensional line from a three‐dimensional ocean bottom cable dataset. The results demonstrate that the proposed reflection waveform inversion approach can recover the background model for acoustic transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis starting from an isotropic model. This recovered background model can mitigate the cycle skipping of full waveform inversion and help the inversion recover higher resolution structures.
Can multi‐species shark longline fisheries be managed sustainably using size limits? Theoretically, yes. Realistically, no
Authors: Smart Jonathan J. , White William T. , Baje Leontine , Chin Andrew , D'Alberto Brooke M. , Grant Michael I. , Mukherji Sushmita , Simpfendorfer Colin A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Size limits are a common fisheries management strategy that are applied to many fisheries and species. Most size limits use a minimum legal size to protect adult fish as per the ‘reproduce at least once’ paradigm, where stock collapse becomes impossible if every adult can produce one spawner prior to harvest. These approaches can be useful in fisheries where determining catch is difficult and therefore catch limits can be ineffective and potentially cause stock decline.

Shark longline fisheries can be complicated to manage due to a deficiency of species‐level reporting. Catch limits are therefore difficult to determine, creating a need for other management measures. Here, three different size‐based management approaches were tested using the shark longline fishery from Papua New Guinea as a case study. These approaches included minimum size, maximum size and harvest slot approaches.

Age‐structured Leslie matrix models revealed a broad range of productivities for 12 commonly caught species, ranging from low population growth rates of 1% per year for pelagic thresher sharks Alopias pelagicus to >33% per year for blue sharks Prionace glauca. Therefore, different harvest strategies were required for each species to be fished sustainably. However, management could be applied by grouping similar and easily distinguishable groups of species together.

Synthesis and applications. The most pragmatic harvest strategy for all shark species included in this study was to limit harvest to mature individuals using minimum legal sizes. This provided sufficient resilience for all species to tolerate higher levels of fishing mortality than the Papua New Guinea (PNG) longline fishery could impose. Legal minimum lengths were derived from the largest length‐at‐maturity within each species group. However, while this produced a sustainable harvest strategy, issues with selectivity, post‐release mortality, interactions with other fisheries, economic viability and illegal, underreported and unregulated fishing were challenges to restricting fishing to the correct size classes and overall management efficacy. Therefore, while theoretically viable harvest strategies were outlined, it is apparent that size limits would not ensure that these shark species are fished sustainably. Therefore, the PNG longline fishery cannot operate sustainably if it were to reopen using size limits as its sole management strategy.
Plant traits, biotopes and urbanization dynamics explain the survival of endangered urban plant populations
Authors: Planchuelo Greg , Kowarik Ingo , von der Lippe Moritz 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

With accelerating urbanization, the urban contribution to biodiversity conservation becomes increasingly important. Previous research shows that cities can host many endangered plant species. However, fundamental questions for urban nature conservation remain open: to what extent and where can endangered plant species persist in the long term and which mechanisms underlie population survival?

We evaluate the survival of 858 precisely monitored populations of 179 endangered plant species in Berlin, Germany, by assessing population survival throughout different urban ecosystems over a period of 7.6 years on average. By linking population survival to various landscape variables and plant traits, we unravel the underlying drivers.

More than one–third of populations went extinct during the observation period. Population survival was inversely correlated to the increase in impervious surfaces in the vicinity following the first 11 years after the fall of the Berlin wall. Additionally, populations in semi‐natural habitats like forests and bogs were surprisingly more prone to local extinction than populations in anthropogenic habitats. Survival was highest for competitive species with a preference for drier soils (Ellenberg indicator for soil humidity).

Synthesis and applications. Considerable levels of local population extinction demonstrate that the presence of endangered plants cannot be directly linked with their long‐term survival in cities. However, the survival of remaining populations indicates opportunities for urban biodiversity conservation both within and outside conservation areas. The elucidated links between population survival, urbanization dynamics, biotope class and species traits support urban conservation strategies that reduce the proportion of impervious surface, prioritize conservation management in forests and grasslands and explore the opportunities of green spaces and built‐up areas.
A feeding guild indicator to assess environmental change impacts on marine ecosystem structure and functioning
Authors: Thompson Murray S. A. , Pontalier Hugo , Spence Michael A. , Pinnegar John K. , Greenstreet Simon P. R. , Moriarty Meadhbh , Hélaouët Pierre , Lynam Christopher P. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Integrating food web indicators into ecological status assessments is central to developing effective management measures that can improve degraded ecosystems. This is because they can reveal how ecosystems respond to environmental change that cannot be inferred from studying habitat, species or assemblages alone. However, the substantial investment required to monitor food webs (e.g. via stomach contents analysis) and the lack of internationally agreed approaches to assessing them has hampered their development.

Inventories of trophic interactions have been collated world‐wide and across biomes, and can be applied to infer food web structure and energy flow. Here, we compile a new marine dataset containing 8,092 unique predator–prey interactions from 415,294 fish stomachs. We demonstrate how feeding guilds (i.e. groupings based on diet and life stage) could be defined systematically and in a way that is conducive to their application internationally across ecosystems; and apply them to the North Sea fish assemblage to demonstrate their responsiveness to anthropogenic pressures.

We found evidence for seven distinct feeding guilds. Differences between guilds were related to predator size, which positively correlated with piscivory, phylogeny, with multiple size classes of a species often in the same guild, and habitat, as pelagic, benthic and shallow‐coastal foraging was apparent.

Guild biomasses were largely consistent through time at the North Sea‐level and spatially aggregated at the regional level with change relating to changes in resource availability, temperature, fishing and the biomass of other guilds. This suggests that fish biomass was partitioned across broad feeding and environmental niches, and changes over time were governed partly by guild carrying capacities, but also by a combination of covariates with contrasting patterns of change. Management of the North Sea ecosystem could therefore be adaptive and focused towards specific guilds and pressures in a given area.

Synthesis and applications. We propose a food web indicator which has been explicitly called for to inform policy via food web status assessment as part of the European Union's Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the indicator toolkit supporting The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North‐East Atlantic (the ‘OSPAR Convention’).
Differential impacts of nitrogen addition on rhizosphere and bulk‐soil carbon sequestration in an alpine shrubland
Authors: Zhu Xiaomin , Zhang Ziliang , Liu Dongyan , Kou Yongping , Zheng Qian , Liu Mei , Xiao Juan , Liu Qing , Yin Huajun 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Due to complex root–soil interactions, the responses of carbon (C) dynamics in the rhizosphere to elevated nitrogen (N) deposition may be different from those in bulk soil. However, the potentially different response of C dynamics in the rhizosphere and bulk soils and their contributions to soil C sequestration under N deposition is still not elucidated.

We conducted an N addition experiment in an alpine shrubland dominated by Sibiraea angustata located on the eastern Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP). We measured the soil organic C (SOC) contents and density fractions in the rhizosphere and bulk soils in the top 15 cm of mineral soil and then employed a numerical model based on the rhizosphere extent to evaluate how the rhizosphere modulates soil C sequestration under N addition. We also measured the microbial gene abundance and C‐acquisition enzyme activities to assess microbial community responses to N addition.

The results showed that nitrogen addition had opposite effects on the rhizosphere and bulk‐soil C stocks. Specifically, N addition decreased the rhizosphere SOC content by increasing bacterial abundance, β‐glucosidase activity, and thus accelerating the loss of free light fraction C (FLF‐C). However, N addition increased the bulk‐soil C content, which was corresponding with the reduced oxidase activities and the accelerated accumulation of heavy fraction C (HF‐C) under N addition. Numerical model analysis showed that the decrease induced by N addition in rhizosphere SOC stock ranged from 0.11 to 3.01 kg C/m2 as root exudation diffusion distance extended from 0.5 to 2 mm, while the corresponding increase in the bulk‐soil C stock ranged from 1.91 to 4.08 kg C/m2. By synthesizing the dynamics of the SOC stocks in these two soil compartments under N addition, the SOC stock at the ecosystem level exhibited an increase in range of 0.73–2.44 kg C/m2.

Synthesis. Our results suggest that alpine shrublands on the eastern QTP have great potential for soil C sequestration under N deposition, and the magnitude of the sequestration would depend closely on the responses of rhizosphere microbial C processes and the rhizosphere extent. Our results highlight the importance of integrating rhizosphere processes into land surface models to accurately predict ecosystem functions in the background of elevated N deposition.
Managing healthcare worker well‐being in an Australian emergency department during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Poonian Jasmine , Walsham Nicola , Kilner Thomas , Bradbury Elizabeth , Brooks Kristen , West Emma 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEmergency Medicine staff in Australia and New Zealand are at the forefront of the healthcare response to COVID‐19. This article describes a well‐being plan for ED staff that has been devised to mitigate against the negative psychological impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic.
COVID‐19 and medical litigation: More than just the obvious
Authors: Kelly Anne‐Maree 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCOVID‐19 has massively changed the health landscape around the world. Wide‐ranging changes to healthcare delivery have occurred, especially in hospitals and EDs. Health services have made local decisions about care pathways, in some cases deviating from what would, until recently, have been considered widely accepted care. These changes bring with them new medicolegal risk for clinicians. In Australia, civil liability Acts provide protection for professionals when the criterion of having undertaken ‘competent’ practice that would be ‘widely accepted’ ‘in the circumstances’ is met. There is doubt how courts, and the medical experts who advise them, will evaluate clinical care provided during the pandemic when health services have developed local care pathways and there is no nationally accepted standard.
Biochemical analysis of cross‐feeding behaviour between two common gut commensals when cultivated on plant‐derived arabinogalactan
Authors: Munoz Jose , James Kieran , Bottacini Francesca , Van Sinderen Douwe 
Published: May 2020

SummaryIn this paper, we reveal and characterize cross‐feeding behaviour between the common gut commensal Bacteroides cellulosilyticus (Baccell) and certain bifidobacterial strains, including Bifidobacterium breve UCC2003, when grown on a medium containing Larch Wood Arabinogalactan (LW‐AG). We furthermore show that cross‐feeding is dependent on the release of β‐1,3‐galacto‐di/trisaccharides (β‐1,3‐GOS), and identified that the bga gene cluster of B. breve UCC2003 allows β‐1,3‐GOS metabolism. The product of bgaB is presumed to be responsible for the import of β‐1,3‐GOS, while the bgaA gene product, a glycoside hydrolase family 2 member, was shown to hydrolyse both β‐1,3‐galactobiose and β‐1,3‐galactotriose into galactose monomers. This study advances our understanding of strain‐specific syntrophic interactions between two glycan degraders in the human gut in the presence of AG‐type dietary polysaccharides.
Adverse respiratory outcomes following conventional long‐course radiotherapy for non‐small‐cell lung cancer in patients with pre‐existing pulmonary fibrosis: A comparative retrospective study
Authors: Bajraszewski Clare , Manser Renee , Chu James , Cox R Ashley , Tran Phillip , Duffy Mary , Irving Louis , Herschtal Alan , Siva Shankar , Ball David 
Published: May 2020

AbstractIntroductionThere is some evidence to suggest that patients with underlying pulmonary fibrosis (PF) have increased risk of adverse respiratory and survival outcomes, when treated with conventional, long‐course radiotherapy (RT) for non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We performed a retrospective analysis to determine the size of these risks.MethodsData from 21 patients with PF (cases) were retrospectively analysed for respiratory toxicity and mortality outcomes, and compared with 84 patients without PF (non‐cases). Age and mean lung dose were included as covariates in regression analyses. The additional predictive value of other patient, disease and treatment characteristics on radiation pneumonitis (RP) risk and severity was explored.ResultsThere was a numerical (though not statistically significant) increase in grade ≥ 2 RP among PF cases (OR 2.74, P = 0.074). Cases were significantly more likely to discontinue radical treatment early (OR 6.10, P = 0.015). There was a significant association between increased RP severity and underlying PF (P = 0.039), with RP strongly implicated in the death in 3 of 21 cases (14.3%) compared to 1 non‐case (1.2%). Cases experienced increased grade ≥ 2 respiratory toxicity otherwise (OR 4.35, P = 0.020) and poorer median overall survival (0.6 versus 1.7 years, P < 0.001). Two cases, and no non‐cases, died during the proposed RT period. None of the analysed patient, disease or treatment factors, was a significant additional predictor of RP risk/severity.ConclusionPatients with PF are at increased risk of treatment discontinuation, respiratory morbidity and mortality, and poor survival following conventional RT for NSCLC. Caution should be exercised when offering high‐dose RT to these patients.
Words and Numbers: Financialization and Accounting Standard Setting in the United Kingdom
Authors: Chahed Yasmine 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTHow is it possible that British policymakers resisted market‐based measurement for decades while financial economic concepts of decision making and valuation still gained widespread acceptance as a justification for accounting standard setting? This study introduces the concept of “technologies of financialization” to develop the theorizing of the rise of finance in the domain of accounting. Based on a genealogical history of narrative reporting in the United Kingdom, it demonstrates how references to qualitative reporting techniques helped to address recurring crises of measurement from 1969 to 1993, and ultimately contributed to the practical acceptance of market‐based measurement in the UK standard‐setting context. The data are interpreted through a cultural economy framework that directs attention to the power of referring to financial reporting as a combination of words and numbers in sustaining its theoretical redefinition “from below”—that is, by relating it to the experience of practicing accountants rather than accounting theory. As a technology of financialization, narrative reporting made financial economic ideals of market‐based measurement, decision usefulness, and future orientation appear operable in a real‐life reporting context. Whenever measurement reached its practical limits, narratives were relied on to explain the impact of price‐level changes, frame economic decisions, and relate unobservable future cash flows to present‐day strategies and resources. The insight into how narrative reporting practices have been laced into the reasoning of capital markets for over 40 years is timely because it illustrates that narratives can also play a more encompassing role and drive the turn toward wider corporate accountability on social and environmental impacts while hard measurements in this area are still being figured out.
Long‐term mortality in the Intermediate care after emergency abdominal surgery (InCare) trial—A post‐hoc follow‐up study
Authors: Hansted Anna K. , Møller Morten H. , Møller Ann M. , Wetterslev Jørn , Rosenberg Jacob , Jorgensen Lars N. , Waldau Tina , Vester‐Andersen Morten ,   the InCare trial Group
Published: May 2020

BackgroundPatients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery are at high risk of post‐operative complications. Although post‐operative treatment at an intermediate care unit may improve early outcome, there is a lack of studies on the long‐term effects of such therapy. The aim of this study was to assess the long‐term effect of intermediate care versus standard surgical ward care on mortality in the Intermediate Care After Emergency Abdominal Surgery (InCare) trial.MethodsWe included adult patients undergoing emergency major laparoscopy or laparotomy with an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score of 10 or more, who participated in the InCare trial from October 2010 to November 2012. In the InCare trial, patients were randomized to either post‐operative intermediate care or standard surgical ward care. The primary outcome was time to death within 6 years after surgery. We assessed mortality with Coxregression analysis.ResultsA total of 286 patients were included. The all‐cause 6‐year landmark mortality was 52.8% (76 of 144 patients) in the intermediate care group and 47.9% (68 of 142 patients) in the ward care group. There was no statistically significant difference in mortality risk between the two groups (hazard ratio 1.06 (95% confidence interval 0.76‐1.47), P = .73).ConclusionWe found no statistically significant difference in 6‐year mortality between patients randomized to post‐operative intermediate care or ward care after emergency abdominal surgery. However, we detected an absolute mortality risk reduction of 5% in favour of ward care, possibly due to random error.