bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Rogers Asha 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The introduction complicates the Orwellian orthodoxies we have inherited regarding literary vulnerability and monolithic state power by explaining how Matthew Arnold’s ideas about the state a guardian of culture found full expression in post-war Britain. Moving from examples including Reith’s BBC and Keynes’ Arts Council, it then discusses how institutional beliefs about the identity of literature’s publics and what they needed were gradually disrupted by the increasing ethnic and cultural diversification of Britain after the 1948 Nationality Act. The final sections of the Introduction set out the book’s conceptual challenge to the Manicheanism structuring both Bourdieu’s concept of the literary field, and ideas of the state as either censor or ultimate saviour. It concludes by evaluating the implications of viewing sponsorship as an expressive act for ideas of autonomy, and why archival work has the potential to transform our understanding of literature and its reading publics.
First Aid for Writers
Authors: Rogers Asha 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the aesthetic commitments of the welfare state through the lens of the Arts Council Literature Department, which emerged belatedly in the mid-1960s. Focusing on the influential scheme of literary ‘first aid’ grants introduced by the poet Cecil Day-Lewis in 1966, it discusses the relatively idealist terms in which the Arts Council envisioned the obligations of writers to a wider public. The third section centres on three emblematic beneficiaries of state funding between 1966 and 1981, the avant-gardists B.S. Johnson and Dambudzo Marechera, who both tended to strain against the ideals of invested institutions, and the Caribbean Artists Movement, which encompassed a more socially inclusive, though no less contested, idea of literature as a collective enterprise.
The Satanic Verses and the State (I)
Authors: Rogers Asha 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This first of two chapters on The Satanic Verses discusses Salman Rushdie’s conflicted status as a critic of state racism and a feted literary celebrity that criticized multiculturalism. Beginning with his quarrel with Stuart Hall over the political and aesthetic commitments of ‘black’ art in 1987, it then shifts to two key sources shaping Rushdie’s early polemical essays and the London sections of The Satanic Verses: racism as an intellectual problem rooted in white society as discussed in Ann Dummett’s A Portrait of English Racism (1973), and the migrant underclass Rushdie encountered through the grassroots Camden Committee for Community Relations. The chapter concludes by tracing the emerging tensions between Rushdie’s idea of an anti-racist critical practice and his evolving commitment to free literary expression.
An Ontology of Capitalism
Authors: Adams Zoe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter develops an ontological framework through which to explore law’s relationship with capitalist social relations. It draws on insights from critical realism, before developing its ontology through an engagement with the immanent social critique associated with Marx’s Capital. The first section introduces critical realism and its theory of social reality and explains what we can take away from this theory for the purposes of law and legal analysis. This section focuses specifically on how critical realism can contribute to our understanding of the nature, and origins, of social structures and how they influence human behaviour. The second section makes some suggestions about how to refine the critical realist ontology, with a particular focus on the importance of exploring the historical specificity of particular forms of society, and relatedly, of the concepts and categories that are intrinsic to them. Drawing on Marx’s mature critical theory, the third section uses the insights from the previous sections to explore in detail the basic structure of capitalism and to identify and explain the emergence of its constitutive categories before teasing out the implications of this analysis for our understanding of law’s ‘constitutive’ role—the various functions it performs in the context of capitalism. The analysis in this chapter will lay the groundwork for a more detailed analysis of the legal form in Chapter 3.
Legal Form
Authors: Adams Zoe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The chapter builds on the analysis in Chapter 1 with a view to exploring the nature of law and its relationship with capitalist society in more detail. The previous chapter used an analysis of capitalism’s deep structures to explore the nature of law’s role(s) in capitalism, engaging with the various legal ‘functions’ that capitalism presupposes. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the implications of this understanding of law’s role (or function) when it comes to understanding law’s form. The first section begins by developing a theory of the legal form by engaging with the work of Evgeny Pashukanis. The second section teases out the implications of this analysis for our understanding of the relationship between the legal form and capitalism’s contradictions. The third section draws on this analysis to shed light on the relationship between legal form and content. The fourth section makes some tentative conclusions about the implications of this analysis for our understanding of labour law.
The Wage
Authors: Adams Zoe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The purpose of Part II of this book is to explore, at a more concrete level, the relationship between law and capitalist social relations, through a close genealogical study of the social category of the wage. This means tracing the evolution of this category through legal discourse, as capitalism developed in the United Kingdom. Chapter 4 will lay the groundwork for this analysis by specifying the methodological assumptions underpinning this genealogical analysis, while exploring, in more detail, how the contradictions inherent in capitalism manifest in the social category of the wage. The first section explains the nature, and importance, of ‘genealogy’. The second section explores two different conceptions of the wage in economic theory, with a view to teasing out the nature and significance of the wage as a social category and the contradictory functions it performs in capitalist society. The third section discusses the relevance of these ideas to our understanding of law’s role in relation to wage regulation, and employment status, by showing how approaches to these questions are influenced by legal actors’ beliefs about law’s ontology.
The (Return of the) ‘Market Wage’
Authors: Adams Zoe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter explores the legal framework concerning workers’ right to be paid as it developed from the late 1970s. The first section explains the background of the Wages Act 1986 before explaining how the Act has altered the legal regime concerning the worker’s right to be paid. The second section explores reforms to the wages councils system and to the legal regime governing deductions from wages. It also discusses how changes in the way that the concepts of the wage, the salary, and remuneration, came to be conceptualized in the common law in the context of workers’ claims for payment, particularly in cases concerning the worker’s right to be paid during periods of industrial action.
Mutuality of Obligation and the Social Wage
Authors: Adams Zoe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
This chapter draws on the analysis in the previous chapters to illustrate how the courts’ conception of the relationship between law and social practices influences approaches to employment status and, relatedly, the effectiveness of labour law when it comes to securing or coordinating the provision of a ‘social wage’. It does this through the lens of the concept of ‘mutuality of obligation’. The first section explores the concept of ‘mutuality of obligation’ as it is conceived today. The second section then traces the development of this concept over time. The third section concludes with some observations about how the conception of law’s ontology we find implicit in the case law relates to the so-called ‘crisis’ we see today in labour law’s personal scope.
Labour Law: Limits and Potential
Authors: Adams Zoe 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The purpose of this concluding chapter is twofold. It is, first, to situate the book in the wider literature and demonstrate the book’s contribution to the field, both its contribution to the critical study of labour law, and to the study of social ontology and legal form more generally; and second, to revisit the questions posed in Chapter 1, with a view to exploring the wider theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the analysis. In this respect, it draws on previous chapters to demonstrate how the analysis in the book might be used to inform debates about labour law reform.
Language and Nonverbal Communication
Authors: Holmes Robyn M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 explores the ways culture shapes how we communicate through our verbal language, gestures, and eye gaze. It discusses language, language components, how we acquire language, communicative styles, contexts for learning communicative styles, and culture-specific and cross-cultural studies. It addresses language development; second language learning; language socialization; contemporary positions on the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; language, culture, and cognition; sociolinguistics; dialects; code-mixing and code-switching; and the interconnectedness of language and cultural identity. Finally, it discusses nonverbal behavior, social media and nonverbal communication, eye gaze, and examples of language translation miscommunications in marketing. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Emotion
Authors: Holmes Robyn M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 13 explores the ways culture shapes how we process, express, and experience our emotions. It discusses emotional intelligence; defining emotions; the James-Lange, two-factor, and Mesquita’s emoting models; emoting in different life stages; and Holodynski’s and Shweder’s views of emotions as cultural constructions. It addresses whether emotions are universal; Darwin’s, Ekman’s, and Izard’s contributions; emotions and facial expressions; the Facial Action Coding System; and socially engaging and disengaging emotions. It also discusses self-construals and emotions, how we learn culturally proper emotional expression, cultural display rules, culture-specific and cross-cultural studies on emotions, emotion and self-regulation, and cultural worldviews and self-regulation. Finally, it explores emotion and language through Natural Semantic Metalanguage and indigenous and cross-cultural examples. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Motivation
Authors: Holmes Robyn M. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Chapter 14 explores the ways culture shapes our thoughts and actions regarding motivation and achievement. It discusses motivation models including humanistic, learning, achievement, expectancy value, cognitive, and social cognitive approaches. It addresses the application of motivation models to everyday interactions and contexts, including school, the workplace, and job satisfaction. It also examines incentives and culture, factors impacting motivation in the classroom, extrinsic and intrinsic incentives, and motivation and stereotypical threat. Finally, it discusses the connection between achievement and culture, family values and educational outcomes, and presents indigenous, cross-cultural, and case studies on achievement. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
How Russia Learned to Talk
Authors: Lovell Stephen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Russia in the late nineteenth century may have been an autocracy, but it was far from silent. In the 1860s, new venues for public speech sprang up: local and municipal assemblies, the courtroom, and universities and learned societies. Theatre became more lively and vernacular, while the Orthodox Church exhorted its priests to become better preachers. Although the tsarist government attempted to restrain Russia’s emerging orators, the empire was entering an era of vigorous modern politics. All the while, the spoken word was amplified by the written: the new institutions of the 1860s brought with them the adoption of stenography. Russian political culture reached a new peak of intensity with the 1905 revolution and the creation of a parliament, the State Duma, whose debates were printed in the major newspapers. Sometimes considered a failure as a legislative body, the Duma was a formidable school of modern political rhetoric. It was followed by the cacophonous freedom of 1917, when Aleksandr Kerensky, dubbed Russia’s ‘persuader-in-chief’, emerged as Russia’s leading orator only to see his charisma wane. The Bolsheviks could boast charismatic orators of their own, but after the October Revolution they also turned public speaking into a core ritual of Soviet ‘democracy’. The Party’s own gatherings remained vigorous (if also sometimes vicious) throughout the 1920s; and here again, the stenographer was in attendance to disseminate proceedings to a public of newspaper readers or Party functionaries.
Introduction
Authors: Lovell Stephen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The introduction considers the place of the spoken word in Russian history, presenting a pre-history of rhetoric and oratory in Russia before the 1860s. Examples are drawn from sermons, literature, theatre, and the universities, as well as from the political practice of Russia’s rulers. The introduction goes on to explain the significance of public speaking in Russia’s ‘stenographic age’, highlighting the challenges of modern mass politics and communications. It further offers comparisons between Russian political culture and the political culture of Britain, Germany, and the United States, paying particular attention to the place of oratory in the political imagination. It concludes by outlining the structure and rationale of the book.
Public Speaking in the Age of the State Duma
Authors: Lovell Stephen 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
The main fruit of the 1905 revolution had been the creation of an imperial parliament, the State Duma. Although the status of this body was challenged by the tsarist government and its legislative achievements are sometimes considered modest, it was a formidable rhetorical school for Russia’s new political class. Its debates were recorded by stenographers and brought to an eager newspaper-reading public. This chapter reviews the rhetorical performance and significance of the Duma through its four iterations: the short-lived first and second, which were dominated by outspoken critics of the government; the more conservative third, which nonetheless saw a good deal of rhetorical combat between left and Right; and the chequered fourth, which by late 1916 was producing fierce criticism of the government’s wartime performance. The chapter also explores various forms of extra-parliamentary rhetoric (public lectures, zemstvo and municipal assemblies, preaching).
Imagining and Knowing
Authors: Currie Gregory 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Works of fiction are works of and for the imagination. Additionally, they very often provide opportunities for learning—for the acquisition of knowledge and of skills. And the learning they provide comes to us through our imaginative engagement with them. We learn from them in surprisingly effective ways, and what we learn is often the sort of thing we can hardly ever learn in other ways. So it is said. This book defends the connection between fiction and imagination; it responds to a number of challenges to that idea, and argues that there lies within the domain of the imagination a number of not well-recognized capacities that make that connection work. The book is less enthusiastic about the connection between fiction and learning. The connection is surely one that exists, but it is easy to exaggerate it, to ignore countervailing tendencies to create error and ignorance, and to suppose that claims about learning from fiction require no serious empirical support. The book makes a case for modesty about learning from fiction: it suggests that a lot of what we take to be learning in this area is itself a kind of pretence, that we are too optimistic about the psychological and moral insights of authors, that works of fiction bear little resemblance to the celebrated thought experiments of the sciences, that the case for fiction as a Darwinian adaptation is weak, and that empathy is both hard to acquire from fiction and not always morally advantageous.
Ants in Space
Authors: Heller Nicole E. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Patterns in space can be used to infer ecological and evolutionary processes. This is a foundational practice in the study of natural history. To make good inferences, patterns must be viewed at the appropriate scale. Humans may perceive and study phenomena on scales that accord with their own experiences rather than the experiences of the organism under consideration. Using the global invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, as a case study, this reflection shows how a bias toward studying phenomena at the anthropocentric scale, relevant to the imagination and experience of human researchers, can lead to bizarre ideas about the lives of other organisms. To avoid such scaling problems in the venture to know something about another being it is essential that research stays with the embodied experience of that being.
Concepts of Space in the Fourteenth Century
Authors: Sylla Edith Dudley 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Spatium or “space” was not a technical term of late medieval natural philosophy. Instead, scholastic Aristotelians took locus or “place” as the relevant physical concept. The major topics to be considered here are (1) Aristotle’s concept of “place” in book IV of the Physics and in commentaries on it; (2) the appearance and use of the Latin word spatium in works of abstract or concrete mathematics; and (3) discussions of imaginary space outside the physical cosmos, often in connection with the ubiquity of God or the place and motion of angels. Examples are taken from the works of John Philoponus, Henry of Ghent, and most often from the work of the fourteenth-century natural philosopher and theologian Nicole Oresme.
Space, Vision, and Faith
Authors: Hara Mari Yoko 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Linear perspective served as a useful tool in the pursuit of verisimilitude in early modern art. But the technique’s enduring appeal among visual artists from this period did not stem from its ability to transcribe the world’s appearance alone. Rather, as this Reflection highlights, it was the perspectival image’s capacity to build a direct, one-to-one rapport with a viewer that most excited art practitioners. Painters like Piero della Francesca and Giovanni Bellini took full advantage of linear perspective’s potential for simulating vision. The spaces they constructed in altarpieces and other devotional imagery often showed supernatural realms that clearly defy human optical function. This essay presents several examples of early modern works that evoke spiritual vision through linear perspective constructions.
Frequency of Early Refills for Opioids in the United States
Authors: Kern David M , Cepeda M Soledad , Salas Maribel , Phillips Syd , Secrest Matthew H , Wedin Gregory P 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

Objective
Refilling an opioid prescription early is an important risk factor of prescription opioid abuse and misuse; we aimed to understand the scope of this behavior. This study was conducted to quantify the prevalence and distribution of early refills among patients prescribed opioids.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing dispensed prescription records. Patients filling one or more prescription opioids were identified and followed for one year. Early refills were defined as having a second prescription filled ≥15% early relative to the days’ supply of the previous prescription for the same opioid (according to the National Drug Code [NDC]). The distribution of the number of early refills and patient characteristics were assessed.

Results
A total of 60.6 million patients met the study criteria; 28.8% had two or more opioid prescriptions for the same opioid during follow-up. Less than 3% of all patients receiving an opioid had an early refill. Approximately 10% of those with two or more opioid prescriptions for the same drug had an early refill. For patients with multiple fills (N = 1.5 million with extended-release long-acting [ER/LA] opioids; N = 17.1 million with immediate-release short-acting [IR/SA] opioids), early refills were more common among patients with an ER/LA opioid (18.5%) compared with an IR/SA opioid (8.7%). Three-quarters of patients with an early refill had only one (70.9% and 78.4% for ER/LA and IR/SA, respectively).

Conclusion
Refilling an opioid prescription with the same opioid early is an infrequent behavior within all opioid users, but more common in ER/LA users. Patients who refilled early tended to do so just once.
Housing Wealth Effects: The Long View
Authors: Guren Adam M , McKay Alisdair , Nakamura Emi , Steinsson Jón 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe provide new time-varying estimates of the housing wealth effect back to the 1980s. We use three identification strategies: ordinary least squares with a rich set of controls, the Saiz housing supply elasticity instrument, and a new instrument that exploits systematic differences in city-level exposure to regional house price cycles. All three identification strategies indicate that housing wealth elasticities were if anything slightly smaller in the 2000s than in earlier time periods. This implies that the important role housing played in the boom and bust of the 2000s was due to larger price movements rather than an increase in the sensitivity of consumption to house prices. Full-sample estimates based on our new instrument are smaller than recent estimates, though they remain economically important. We find no significant evidence of a boom–bust asymmetry in the housing wealth elasticity. We show that these empirical results are consistent with the behaviour of the housing wealth elasticity in a standard life-cycle model with borrowing constraints, uninsurable income risk, illiquid housing, and long-term mortgages. In our model, the housing wealth elasticity is relatively insensitive to changes in the distribution of loan-to-value (LTV) for two reasons: first, low-leverage homeowners account for a substantial and stable part of the aggregate housing wealth elasticity; second, a rightward shift in the LTV distribution increases not only the number of highly sensitive constrained agents but also the number of underwater agents whose consumption is insensitive to house prices.