bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. triggers oxidative stress mediated apoptosis via intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in HepG2 cells
Authors: Thakur Rohit Singh , Devaraj Ezhilarasan 
Published: July 2020

AbstractHepatocellular carcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer‐related mortality worldwide. Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers. (Lythraceae) commonly known as Banaba has been used in different forms in traditional medicinal systems for treating various diseases which include diabetes and obesity. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic potential of ethanolic Banaba leaf extract (EBLE) in HepG2 cells. The phytochemical analysis of EBLE was performed by HPTLC. HepG2 cells were treated with EBLE at 25, 50, 100, and 150 μg/mL concentrations, and cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Oxidative stress was assessed by the evaluation of lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione. Apoptosis‐related morphology was investigated by acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO/EB) dual staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was evaluated by JC‐1 staining. Apoptosis‐related marker genes were evaluated by qPCR. HPTLC analysis confirmed the presence of corosolic acid (12.87 μg/mg), berberine (3.19 μg/mg), and gallic acid (2.94 μg/mg) in EBLE. EBLE treatments caused significant and concentration‐dependent cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Dual staining with AO/EB confirmed membrane distortion and nuclear chromatin condensation upon EBLE treatments. JC‐I staining revealed the loss of ΔΨm. Furthermore, at a molecular level, EBLE treatments interfere with Bax/Bcl‐2 homeostasis and induced the pro‐apoptotic marker genes such as cytochrome c, Apaf‐1, and caspases 9 and 3. EBLE treatments caused cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, and this could be due to the induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis via the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway.
Mass hierarchy from the flavor symmetry in supersymmetric multi-Higgs doublet model
Authors: Hinata Atsushi 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
We study the supersymmetric standard model with multiple Higgs doublets with gauged U(1)X flavor symmetry. When the flavor symmetry is broken by the vacuum expectation value of flavon, the ℤ3 symmetry M3 called matter triality remains and it prohibits the baryon number violation up to dimension-5 operators. We study the contribution of the extra-Higgs fields to the anomaly cancellation of flavor symmetry and analyze the mass spectra including the multiple generations of Higgs fields as well as quarks and leptons. We show a series of U(1)X charge assignments, which reproduce the observed masses and mixing angles of quark and lepton. We also find that, with such realistic charge assignments, the extra-Higgs fields obtain masses around the intermediate scale and decouple from the electroweak physics because of the holomorphy of superpotential.
Fixed Points on Asymmetric Riemann Surfaces
Authors: Kozłowska-Walania Ewa , Tyszkowska Ewa 
Published: July 2020

AbstractWe study actions of cyclic groups on asymmetric Riemann surfaces for which all conformal automorphisms of prime orders have the same number of fixed points. We find the sharp upper bound on the number of points fixed by the square of an anticonformal automorphism of an asymmetric surface. Moreover, we determine the minimal genus of an asymmetric Riemann surface on which a given finite group G acts without fixed points.
Microstructural damage of the cortico-striatal and thalamo-cortical fibers in Fabry disease: a diffusion MRI tractometry study
Authors: Cocozza Sirio , Schiavi Simona , Pontillo Giuseppe , Battocchio Matteo , Riccio Eleonora , Caccavallo Simona , Russo Camilla , Di Risi Teodolinda , Pisani Antonio , Daducci Alessandro , Brunetti Arturo 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Recent evidences have suggested the possible presence of an involvement of the extrapyramidal system in Fabry disease (FD), a rare X-linked lysosomal storage disorder. We aimed to investigate the microstructural integrity of the main tracts of the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loop in FD patients.

Methods
Forty-seven FD patients (mean age = 42.3 ± 16.3 years, M/F = 28/21) and 49 healthy controls (mean age = 42.3 ± 13.1 years, M/F = 19/28) were enrolled in this study. Fractional anisotropy (FA), axial (AD), radial (RD), and mean diffusivity (MD) maps were computed for each subject, and connectomes were built using a standard atlas. Diffusion metrics and connectomes were then combined to carry on a diffusion MRI tractometry analysis. The main afferent and efferent pathways of the cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loop (namely, bundles connecting the precentral gyrus (PreCG) with the striatum and the thalamus) were evaluated.

Results
We found the presence of a microstructural involvement of cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loop in FD patients, predominantly affecting the left side. In particular, we found significant lower mean FA values of the left cortico-striatal fibers (p = 0.001), coupled to higher MD (p = 0.001) and RD (p < 0.001) values, as well as higher MD (p = 0.01) and RD (p = 0.01) values at the level of the thalamo-cortical fibers.

Conclusion
We confirmed the presence of an alteration of the extrapyramidal system in FD patients, in line with recent evidences suggesting the presence of brain changes as a possible reflection of the subtle motor symptoms present in this condition. Our results suggest that, along with functional changes, microstructural damage of this pathway is also present in FD patients.
MR-Guided High-Power Microwave Ablation in Hepatic Malignancies: Initial Results in Clinical Routine
Authors: Winkelmann Moritz T. , Gohla Georg , Kübler Jens , Weiß Jakob , Clasen Stephan , Nikolaou Konstantin , Hoffmann Rüdiger 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Evaluation of technique effectiveness, patient safety and ablation parameters of MR-guided microwave ablation in hepatic malignancies using an MR-conditional high-power microwave ablation system.

Materials and Methods
Institutional review board approval and informed patient consent were obtained. Patients who underwent MR-guided microwave ablation of hepatic malignancies in a 1.5T wide-bore scanner using a perfusion-cooled high-power microwave ablation system with a maximum generator power of 150 W were included. Ablation parameters comprising procedure durations, net ablation duration, applicator positions and ablation zone dimensions were recorded. Adverse events were classified according to the CIRSE classification system. Technique effectiveness was assessed after 1 month. Follow-up was conducted with contrast-enhanced MRI and ranged from 1 to 20 months (mean: 6.1 ± 5.4 months).

Results
Twenty-one consecutive patients (age: 63.4 ± 10.5 years; 5 female) underwent 22 procedures for 28 tumours (9 hepatocellular carcinomas, 19 metastases) with a mean tumour diameter of 14.6 ± 5.4 mm (range: 6–24 mm). Technique effectiveness was achieved in all lesions. Tumours were treated using 1.7 ± 0.7 applicator positions (range: 1–3). Mean energy and ablation duration per tumour were 75.3 ± 35.4 kJ and 13.3 ± 6.2 min, respectively. Coagulation zone short- and long-axis diameters were 29.1 ± 6.4 mm and 39.9 ± 7.4 mm, respectively. Average procedure duration was 146.4 ± 26.2 min (range: 98–187 min). One minor complication was reported. Five patients developed new tumour manifestations in the untreated liver. Local tumour progression was not observed during initial follow-up.

Conclusion
MR-guided high-power microwave ablation provides safe and effective treatment of hepatic malignancies with short ablation times and within acceptable procedure durations.
How I do it: flexible endoscopic aspiration of intraventricular hemorrhage
Authors: Feletti Alberto , Basaldella Luca , Fiorindi Alessandro 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background
As intraventricular blood is a strong negative prognostic factor, intraventricular hemorrhage requires prompt and aggressive management to reduce intracranial hypertension.

Method
A flexible scope can be used to navigate and to aspirate blood clots from all four ventricles. Complete restoration of CSF pathways from the lateral ventricle to the foramen of Magendie can be obtained.

Conclusion
Flexible neuroendoscopic aspiration of IVH offers the opportunity to immediately reduce intracranial hypertension, reduce EVD obstruction and replacement rates, and decrease infections and shunt dependency.
Live Electron Holography: Window to the Phase World
Authors: Völkl E. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
While the idea of electron holography has been around for over 50 years,
the technology necessary to establish a window to the phase world is only
now becoming available. This is the first report of an all digital system
for displaying the image phase continuously and live, instead of looking at
one frame at a time after initiation of the reconstruction procedure. The
technical requirements, including the necessary image processing steps which
differ from the standard reconstruction procedure for single frame
holograms, will be discussed, and current time demands for image acquisition
and the different elements of image processing will be laid out. The
modified requirements for continuous, live processing will be discussed in
detail, and images obtained in the live mode will be shown.
Insights into the Electronic Structure of Ceramics through Quantitative
Analysis of Valence Electron Energy-loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Müllejans Harald , French Roger H. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Valence electron energy-loss (VEEL) spectroscopy was performed on six
ceramic materials in a dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope
(STEM). Quantitative analysis of these data is described yielding access to
the complex optical properties and the electronic structure of the
materials. Comparisons are made on the basis of the interband transition
strength describing transitions between occupied states in the valence band
and empty states in the conduction band. This proves that the quantitative
analysis of VEEL data is a competitive and complementary method to be
considered when investigating the electronic structure of materials.
Possibilities for improvement and extension of the analysis are discussed
extensively.
Direct Observation of the Atomic Structure in a Solid–Liquid
Interface
Authors: Arai Shigeo , Tsukimoto Susumu , Muto Shunsuke , Saka Hiroyasu 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
An experimental high-resolution image of a solid–liquid interface of
solid Si and liquid Al–Si alloy has been compared with theoretical images
obtained by computer simulation. It has been concluded that the solid–liquid
interface has a transition layer, the structure of which is compatible with
the 1 × 1 Si-{111} surface.
Annihilation Behaviors of Athermal ω-Phase Crystals Due to Electron
Irradiation
Authors: Matsumoto Hajime , Sukedai Eiichi , Hashimoto Hatsujiro 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Annihilation behaviors of athermal ω-phase crystals formed by cooling at
131 K for 10.8 ks under four different electron irradiation conditions of
acceleration voltages of 200 kV and 160 kV, and beam currents of
approximately 20 pA/cm2 and 5
pA/cm2 were investigated using in situ dark field
and HREM observation methods at 131 K. The effect of acceleration voltages
on the lifetimes is recognized, i.e., in the case of approximately equal
electron beam current, lifetimes at 200 kV become shorter than those at 160
kV. Also, lifetimes depend on the electron beam current at 200 kV, i.e., the
higher the beam currents, the shorter the lifetimes become. However, no
distinct dependence can be seen at 160 kV. Since annihilations of athermal
ω-phase crystals begin after the electron irradiation for a certain period
in each condition, which depends on acceleration voltages and beam currents,
it is suggested that the annihilation behaviors have incubation
periods.
Contrast of Highly Dispersed Metal Nanoparticles in High-resolution
Secondary Electron and Backscattered Electron Images of Supported Metal
Catalysts
Authors: Liu Jingyue 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Platinum nanoparticles finely dispersed in activated carbon powders have
been observed with high contrast in secondary electron (SE) and
backscattered electron (BE) images. The factors that contribute to the
visibility of small metal particles in high-resolution BE and SE images are
discussed. Monte Carlo simulations provided insight into the scattering of
electrons by small, heavy-element particles located on, or embedded in,
light-element supports. The visibility of Pt nanoparticles in BE images
depends on many factors including the size and the location of the Pt
particles, the energy of the incident electrons, and the size of the
electron probe. The SE signals generated by backscattered electrons may not
significantly contribute to the visibility of small Pt particles in
high-resolution SE images of carbon supported Pt catalysts. Only those small
Pt particles that are located on or very close to the surface of the carbon
support can be revealed in high-resolution SE images.
On Low Voltage Scanning Electron Microscopy and Chemical
Microanalysis
Authors: Boyes E.D. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The current status and general applicability of scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) at low voltages is reviewed for both imaging (low voltage
scanning electron microscopy, LVSEM) and chemical microanalysis (low voltage
energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, LVEDX). With improved instrument
performance low beam energies continue to have the expected advantages for
the secondary electron imaging of low atomic number (Z) and electrically
non-conducting samples. They also provide general improvements in the
veracity of surface topographic analysis with conducting samples of all Z
and at both low and high magnifications. In new experiments the
backscattered electron (BSE) signal retains monotonic Z dependence to low
voltages (<1 kV). This is contrary to long standing results in the prior
literature and opens up fast chemical mapping with low dose and very high
(nm-scale) spatial resolution. Similarly, energy-dispersive X-ray chemical
microanalysis of bulk samples is extended to submicron, and in some cases to
<0.1 μm, spatial resolution in three dimensions at voltages <5 kV. In
favorable cases, such as the analysis of carbon overlayers at 1.5 kV, the
thickness sensitivity for surface layers is extended to <2 nm, but the
integrity of the sample surface is then of concern. At low beam energies
(E0) the penetration range into the sample, and
hence the X-ray escape path length out of it, is systematically restricted
(R = F(E05/3)), with advantages
for the accuracy or elimination of complex analysis-by-analysis matrix
corrections for absorption (A) and fluorescence (F). The Z terms become more
sensitive to E0 but they require only one-time
calibrations for each element. The new approach is to make the physics of
the beam–specimen interactions the primary factor and to design enabling
instrumentation accordingly.
Characterization of Amorphous Materials by Electron Diffraction and
Atomistic Modeling
Authors: Cockayne D.J.H. , McKenzie D.R. , McBride W. , Goringe C. , McCulloch D. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The technique of energy selected electron diffraction gives information
about amorphous structures which can be used to characterize amorphous
materials in terms of their structure. The diffraction data can be used to
refine models obtained using molecular dynamics, resulting in physically
reasonable models consistent with the diffraction data.
Radiofrequency Gaseous Detection Device
Authors: Danilatos Gerasimos D. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
A radiofrequency gaseous detection device is proposed for use with
instruments employing charged particle beams, such as electron microscopes
and ion beam technologies, as well as for detection of ionizing radiations
as in proportional counters. An alternating (oscillating) electromagnetic
field in the radiofrequency range is applied in a gaseous environment of the
instrument. Both the frequency and amplitude of oscillation are adjustable.
The electron or ion beam interacts with a specimen and releases free
electrons in the gas. Similarly, an ionizing radiation source releases free
electrons in the gas. The free electrons are acted upon by the alternating
electromagnetic field and undergo an oscillatory motion resulting in
multiple collisions with the gas molecules, or atoms. At sufficiently low
pressures, the oscillating electrons also collide with surrounding walls.
These processes result in an amplified electron signal and an amplified
photon signal in a controlled discharge. The amplified signals, which are
proportional to the initial number of free electrons, are collected by
suitable means for further processing and analysis.
Development of a System to Provide Full, Real-time Remote Control of a
Scanning Electron Microscope across the Second Generation Internet: The
Teaching SEM
Authors: Mansfield John F. , Adamson Andy , Coffman Kevin 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The development and makeup of a real-time full remote control system for
the University of Michigan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering
Teaching SEM is described. The instrument was initially controlled via the
campus local area Ethernet network and cable TV network. The latest
implementation employs Fast Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
networks, and moving picture experts group (MPEG) video encoding to effect
the remote control via the computer network alone. Remote control
demonstrations from Washington, DC, Dearborn, MI, and Emerson School, Ann
Arbor, MI are described.
Immunoprobe Localization by Correlative Microscopy
Authors: Calarco Patricia G. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Mammalian oocytes present challenges for optimal study by electron
microscopy (EM) due to their high level of hydration, their large size, and
their relatively undifferentiated cytoplasm. This is particularly true for
immunoprobe localization which has led to a dependence on light microscopic
(LM) techniques, such as immunofluorescence. This study presents correlative
LM and EM data to describe an example of the failure of light microscopy to
correctly predict the ultrastructure of one particular organelle.
Immunoprobe localization of centrosome and microtubule organizing center
(MTOC) antigens in the mammalian egg was made by immunofluorescence and
post-embedding immuno-EM, with best EM results achieved in Lowicryl-embedded
material. Centrosome and MTOC antigens were detected by 5051 and an antibody
to gamma tubulin (γtubulin). Gamma tubulin is a highly conserved element of
MTOCs in many species and, thus, is highly diagnostic for them; it is also
considered essential for microtubule (MT) nucleation. Results indicate that
prior to nuclear breakdown, 5051 antigens and γ-tubulin are found
exclusively in a type of “organelle,” the multivesicular aggregate (MVA),
that bears no resemblance to MTOCs at the ultrastructural level. Until
recently, the MVA was considered an organelle without a known function,
while standard MTOCs were presumed to be the entities that carry the
proteins recognized by centrosome antibodies. LM localization of centrosomal
antigens carried the presumption that standard MTOCs were the entities
labeled. Whether or not other molecules are shown to co-localize to these
MVA, the presence of γ-tubulin supports the contention that MVA, or their
contents, serve as centrosomal precursors with a unique ultrastructure.
Thus, dependence on LM techniques alone can lead to erroneous conclusions on
organelle identity and function.
Interim analysis for post-marketing surveillance of dabrafenib and trametinib combination therapy in Japanese patients with unresectable and metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600 mutation
Authors: Teshima Yasutomo , Kizaki Minako , Kurihara Ryohei , Kano Ryosuke , Harumiya Miki 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the safety and efficacy of dabrafenib and trametinib combination therapy for BRAF V600 mutation-positive unresectable and metastatic melanoma in over 100 Japanese patients of a real-world clinical setting.

Patients
The surveillance period of interim post-marketing surveillance (PMS) analysis was from June 2016 to November 2018, and 112 patients with unresectable and metastatic BRAF V600 melanoma who received dabrafenib and trametinib were enrolled.

Results
The safety analysis set included 112 patients whom almost all patients had stage IV disease (n = 97, 86.61%) with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 or 1 (n = 102, 91.07%), and mean (standard deviation) lactate dehydrogenase level was 354.3 (456.4) U/L (n = 105) at baseline. Median daily dose of dabrafenib was 300.0 mg/day (118–300), and median daily dose of trametinib was 2.00 mg/day (1.0–4.0). Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported in 84 patients (75%), and common ADRs (incidence ≥ 5%) were pyrexia (n = 49, 43.75%), hepatic function abnormal (n = 11, 9.82%), rash and blood creatine phosphokinase increased (n = 9 each, 8.04%), and erythema nodosum (n = 6, 5.36%). Majority of ADRs reported in this study were consistent with that reported in previous trials. In the efficacy analysis set of 110 patients, the objective response rate was 55.45% (95% confidence interval 45.67–64.93%), and median progression-free survival was 384.0 days (251.0 days-not reached).

Conclusions
No new safety or efficacy concerns were observed in this interim PMS analysis in Japanese patients with unresectable and metastatic melanoma with BRAF gene mutation who received dabrafenib and trametinib combination therapy.
How Humean is Bohumianism?
Authors: Bigaj Tomasz , Vassallo Antonio 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAn important part of the influential Humean doctrine in philosophy is the supervenience principle (sometimes referred to as the principle of separability). This principle asserts that the complete state of the world supervenes on the intrinsic properties of its most fundamental components and their spatiotemporal relations (the so-called Humean mosaic). There are well-known arguments in the literature purporting to show that in quantum mechanics the Humean supervenience principle is violated, due to the existence of entangled states. Recently, however, arguments have been presented to the effect that the supervenience principle can be defended in Bohmian mechanics. The key element of this strategy lies in the observation that according to Bohmian mechanics the fundamental facts about particles are facts about their spatial locations, and moreover, for any proper subsystem of the world its state may non-trivially depend on the spatial configuration of the rest of the universe. Thus quantum-mechanical states of subsystems do not represent their intrinsic properties but rather characterize their relations with the environment. In this paper we point out the worry that this Bohmian strategy—known as Bohumianism—saves the letter but not the spirit of the Humean doctrine of supervenience, since it prima facie violates another seemingly important Humean principle, which we call Strong Supervenience and whose denial implies the existence of necessary connections among distinct individuals. We argue that the best defense for Bohumians is to question the fundamental existence of complex physical systems and their states by treating any reference to them as a convenient description of the underlying collection of Bohmian particles. We consider several pros and cons of this strategy.