bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of birth weight and dietary fat on intake, body composition, and plasma thyroxine in neonatal lambs
Authors: Ramos-Nieves Jose M , Giesy Sarah L , McGuckin Molly M , Boisclair Yves R 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is often observed in one of the fetuses carried by well-fed prolific ewes. This condition is the result of an insufficient placental size to cover the nutritional needs of the fetus during the near exponential growth phase of the last trimester. After birth, these IUGR offspring have an elevated appetite and lower maintenance energy requirements, suggesting dysregulation of homeostatic systems governing energy metabolism. It is also unknown whether the consequent increase in fatness occurs similarly in both visceral and carcass fractions. To address these questions, lambs differing in birth size (BS, IUGR vs. Normal, 2.6 ± 0.05 vs. 4.2 ± 0.07 kg, P &lt; 0.001) were offered unlimited amounts of a low fat [LF; 22% of dry matter (DM)] or a high fat (HF; 38% of DM) milk replacer and slaughtered on day 14 of postnatal age (n = 7 to 8 for each BS × Diet); a second group of IUGR lambs (n = 3 for each diet) was slaughtered when they reached 8.5 kg, corresponding to the weight of Normal lambs on day 14. When normalized to body weight (BW), the DM and energy intake of IUGR lambs were higher than those of Normal lambs over the first 14 d of life (BS, P &lt; 0.01), but contrary to expectations, the HF diet did not exacerbate these effects of the IUGR condition. Intrauterine growth restricted lambs had increased viscera fat with both diets (BS and Diet, P &lt; 0.05) but increased carcass fat only with the LF diet (BS × Diet, P = 0.08); the fatness promoting effect of the IUGR condition was increased in both body fractions when lamb groups were compared at the fixed BW of 8.5 kg. A subset of metabolic hormones was analyzed, including the metabolic rate-setting hormone thyroxine (T4) and its possible positive regulator leptin. Plasma T4 was lower in IUGR than in Normal lambs at birth (P &lt; 0.05) but then disappeared by day 7 of postnatal life (BS × Day, P &lt; 0.01). On the other hand, the HF diet had no effect on plasma T4 over the first 3 d but caused an increase, irrespective of BS by day 11 (Diet × Day, P &lt; 0.001). Plasma leptin increased with dietary fat and time (P &lt; 0.06) but bore no relation to the effects of BS or Diet on plasma T4. These data show that IUGR and Normal lambs are similarly unable to adjust caloric intake in early life and that the fatness promoting effects of the IUGR condition are more pronounced in the viscera than in the carcass. These data also reveal dynamic regulation of plasma T4 by BS and Diet in neonatal lambs.
Primary capicua transcriptional repressor-rearranged sarcoma of the lung
Authors: Mizukami Yasushi , Takahashi Yuki , Sugita Shintaro , Wakabayashi Kento , Suzuki Hiroaki , Hasegawa Tadashi , Noguchi Hiroko , Adachi Hirofumi 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A 60-year-old man had a malignant left lower lung tumour with no metastases and underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic left lower lobectomy and lymphadenectomy. Pathological examination led to a diagnosis of capicua transcriptional repressor (CIC)-rearranged sarcoma. He has had 3.5 years of recurrence-free survival. CIC-rearranged sarcoma is a Ewing-like sarcoma that shows pathological findings similar to Ewing sarcoma. Most of CIC-rearranged sarcoma is CIC-double homeobox 4 protein (DUX4) fusion. Pulmonary CIC-rearranged sarcoma is extremely rare and has an unfavourable prognosis. However, complete resection can produce prognosis of long-term survival, and thus, surgery is an important option.
Civil Dissent and Repression: An Agency-Centric Perspective
Authors: Koren Ore , Mukherjee Bumba 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Do governments make a strategic choice in deciding what type of security agent to use for repression? Research acknowledges the role of auxiliary groups such as militias in repression, yet surprisingly little attention is given to the state's formal domestic security agents, such as the police. We show that formal security organizations and auxiliary groups enhance the government's ability to repress by acting as strategic complements. As the better-regulated force, formal agents are often employed against violent riots, when regimes worry more about the ability to control the agents and their behavior more than about being visibly linked to the violence. In contrast, auxiliaries are often used to repress nonviolent campaigns, when the government seeks to benefit from agency loss in order not to be associated with the violence, which can be costly in these contexts. We empirically verify these linkages on country-month data for Africa using panel vector-autoregression (pVAR), which accounts for endogeneity, not only between the dependent and independent variables, but also the dependent variables. We complement these statistical results with case-based evidence and descriptive original data from non-African countries.
Risk trade-off analysis of returning home and radiation exposure after a nuclear disaster using a happy life expectancy indicator
Authors: Murakami Michio , Takebayashi Yoshitake , Ono Kyoko , Tsubokura Masaharu 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
It is crucial to evaluate ethical issues regarding evacuation orders, especially after a nuclear disaster. After the Fukushima accident in 2011, the Japanese government ordered the affected people to evacuate. The evacuation orders have now been lifted in many areas. A risk trade-off analysis between benefits and risk associated with returning home would help in evaluating the justification for the lifting of the evacuation order in the aftermath of a nuclear disaster. Here, we performed a risk trade-off analysis among people returning home after the lifting of an evacuation order between an increase in emotional happiness (positive effect) and loss of life expectancy due to additional radiation exposure (negative effect), using a happy life expectancy (HpLE) indicator. Emotional happiness was estimated using questionnaires distributed among the affected people who lived in municipalities where evacuation orders were lifted. Loss of life expectancy was estimated under a scenario that returnees received 20 mSv in the year of return and subsequent radiation exposure. Increase in emotional happiness due to returning home was ~1–2 orders of magnitude higher among women aged 20, 40 and 65 years than the loss of life expectancy due to additional radiation exposure. This finding has implications for the justification for the lifting of evacuation orders.
Epidemiology of imported infectious diseases, China, 2014–18
Authors: Wu Yang , Liu Meng-Yang , Wang Jin-Long , Zhang Hai-Yang , Sun Yu , Yuan Yang , Zhou Shi-Xia , Wang Yi-Xing , Wang Zhi-Bo , Zhu Ying-Xuan , Han Yong , Liu Meng-Meng , Li Wei-Ming , Wang Li-Ping , Guo Xiu-Hua , Fang Li-Qun , Liu Wei 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
The frequent movement of population between countries brings an increasing number of travel-related infections. This study aims to define the spectrum and dynamics of imported infections observed from international travel in the Chinese mainland.

Methods
Sick travellers were screened by inbound sentinel surveillance and post-travel clinic visits from 2014 to 18. The infections were classified as respiratory, gastrointestinal, vector-borne, blood/sexually transmitted and mucocutaneous. The analysed variables included the place of origin of the travellers (Chinese or foreign) and the time when travel-related infection was present (at the time of return, during travel and post-travel visits to the clinic).

Results
In total, 58 677 cases were identified amongst 1 409 265 253 travellers, with an incidence of 41.64/million, comprising during-travel incidence of 27.44/million and a post-travel incidence of 14.20/million. Respiratory infections constituted the highest proportion of illnesses during travel (81.19%, 31 393 of 38 667), which mainly came from Asian countries and tourists; with influenza virus and rhinovirus infections being mainly diagnosed. Vector-borne diseases constituted the highest proportion of post-travel illnesses (98.14%, 19 638 of 20 010), which were mainly diagnosed from African countries and labourers; with malaria and dengue fever being mainly diagnosed. The differential infection spectrum varied in terms of the traveller’s demography, travel destination and travel purpose. As such, a higher proportion of foreign travellers had blood/sexually transmitted diseases (89.85%, 2832 of 3152), while Chinese citizens had a higher prevalence of vector-borne diseases (85.98%, 19 247 of 22 387) and gastrointestinal diseases (79.36%, 1115 of 1405). The highest incidence rate was observed amongst travellers arriving from Africa, while the lowest was observed amongst travellers arriving from Europe.

Conclusions
The findings might help in preparing recommendations for travellers and also aid in primary care or other clinics that prepare travellers before trips abroad. The findings will also help to identify locations and the associated types of infections that might require attention.
Machine Learning Prediction of SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase Chain Reaction Results with Routine Blood Tests
Authors: Tschoellitsch Thomas , Dünser Martin , Böck Carl , Schwarzbauer Karin , Meier Jens 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective
The diagnosis of COVID-19 is based on the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory secretions, blood, or stool. Currently, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the most commonly used method to test for SARS-CoV-2.

Methods
In this retrospective cohort analysis, we evaluated whether machine learning could exclude SARS-CoV-2 infection using routinely available laboratory values. A Random Forests algorithm with 28 unique features was trained to predict the RT-PCR results.

Results
Out of 12,848 patients undergoing SARS-CoV-2 testing, routine blood tests were simultaneously performed in 1357 patients. The machine learning model could predict SARS-CoV-2 test results with an accuracy of 86% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.74.

Conclusion
Machine learning methods can reliably predict a negative SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test result using standard blood tests.
Accelerating computation of the density-field filtering scale σ(R) and non-linear mass by an order of magnitude
Authors: Krolewski Alex , Slepian Zachary 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The non-linear mass is a characteristic scale in halo formation that has many applications across cosmology. Naively, computing it requires repeated numerical integration to calculate the variance of the power spectrum on different scales and determine which scales exceed the threshold for non-linear collapse. We accelerate calculation of both the non-linear mass and the rms amplitude of the power spectrum σ(R) by working in configuration space and approximating the correlation function as a polynomial at r ≤ 5 h−1 Mpc. This enables an analytic rather than numerical solution for the non-linear mass, accurate across a variety of cosmologies to 0.1–$1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ in mass (depending on redshift) and 20–60× faster than the standard numerical method. We also present a further acceleration of the non-linear mass (400–1000× faster than the standard method) in which we determine the polynomial coefficients using a Taylor expansion in the cosmological parameters rather than re-fitting a polynomial to the correlation function. Our method is also 500× faster than the standard method for σ(R) for a typical case of NR = 100 desired R values, with timing essentially independent of NR. Our approach can be used for quick calculation of the halo mass function, halo mass–bias relation, and cosmological calculations involving the non-linear mass.
The Human Phenotype Ontology in 2021
Authors: Köhler Sebastian , Gargano Michael , Matentzoglu Nicolas , Carmody Leigh C , Lewis-Smith David , Vasilevsky Nicole A , Danis Daniel , Balagura Ganna , Baynam Gareth , Brower Amy M , Callahan Tiffany J , Chute Christopher G , Est Johanna L , Galer Peter D , Ganesan Shiva , Griese Matthias , Haimel Matthias , Pazmandi Julia , Hanauer Marc , Harris Nomi L , Hartnett Michael J , Hastreiter Maximilian , Hauck Fabian , He Yongqun , Jeske Tim , Kearney Hugh , Kindle Gerhard , Klein Christoph , Knoflach Katrin , Krause Roland , Lagorce David , McMurry Julie A , Miller Jillian A , Munoz-Torres Monica C , Peters Rebecca L , Rapp Christina K , Rath Ana M , Rind Shahmir A , Rosenberg Avi Z , Segal Michael M , Seidel Markus G , Smedley Damian , Talmy Tomer , Thomas Yarlalu , Wiafe Samuel A , Xian Julie , Yüksel Zafer , Helbig Ingo , Mungall Christopher J , Haendel Melissa A , Robinson Peter N 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO, https://hpo.jax.org) was launched in 2008 to provide a comprehensive logical standard to describe and computationally analyze phenotypic abnormalities found in human disease. The HPO is now a worldwide standard for phenotype exchange. The HPO has grown steadily since its inception due to considerable contributions from clinical experts and researchers from a diverse range of disciplines. Here, we present recent major extensions of the HPO for neurology, nephrology, immunology, pulmonology, newborn screening, and other areas. For example, the seizure subontology now reflects the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) guidelines and these enhancements have already shown clinical validity. We present new efforts to harmonize computational definitions of phenotypic abnormalities across the HPO and multiple phenotype ontologies used for animal models of disease. These efforts will benefit software such as Exomiser by improving the accuracy and scope of cross-species phenotype matching. The computational modeling strategy used by the HPO to define disease entities and phenotypic features and distinguish between them is explained in detail.We also report on recent efforts to translate the HPO into indigenous languages. Finally, we summarize recent advances in the use of HPO in electronic health record systems.
Demographic change and regional labour markets
Authors: Böhm Michael J , Gregory Terry , Qendrai Pamela , Siegel Christian 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Like many other countries, Germany has experienced rapid population and workforce ageing, yet with substantial variation across regions. In this paper we first use this spatial variation between 1975 and 2014 to estimate quasi-causal supply effects of ageing on regional labour market outcomes, drawing on the identification strategy of Böhm and Siegel (2020). We find in our panel of German labour market regions that workforce mean age has considerable negative effects on the wage returns to age. We also obtain suggestive evidence that relative employment rates of older workers decline when mean age rises. A decomposition of the heterogeneous regional trends using our estimates shows that ageing of rural regions is mainly driven by supply (reflecting local population dynamics) whereas urban ageing is driven by demand (reflecting responses to economic conditions). We discuss the differential implications of these drivers for regional policy.
Role of placental inflammatory mediators and growth factors in patients with rheumatic diseases with a focus on systemic sclerosis
Authors: Motta Francesca , Codullo Veronica , Ramoni Véronique , Cesari Stefania , Ferrario Giuseppina , Fiandrino Giacomo , Beneventi Fausta , Rampello Stefania , Johnsson Hanna , Montecucco Carlomaurizio , Graham Gerard J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Pregnancy in SSc is burdened with an increased risk of obstetric complications. Little is known about the underlying placental alterations. This study aimed to better understand pathological changes and the role of inflammation in SSc placentas. Leucocyte infiltration, inflammatory mediators and atypical chemokine receptor 2 (ACKR2) expression in SSc placentas were compared with those in other rheumatic diseases (ORD) and healthy controls (HC).

Methods
A case–control study was conducted on eight pregnant SSc patients compared with 16 patients with ORD and 16 HC matched for gestational age. Clinical data were collected. Placentas were obtained for histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry (CD3, CD20, CD11c, CD68, ACKR2). Samples from four SSc, eight ORD and eight HC were analysed by qPCR for ACKR2 expression and by multiplex assay for cytokines, chemokines and growth factors involved in angiogenesis and inflammation.

Results
The number of placental CD3, CD68 and CD11 cells was significantly higher in patients affected by rheumatic diseases (SSc+ORD) compared with HC. Hepatocyte growth factor was significantly increased in the group of rheumatic diseases patients (SSc+ORD) compared with HC, while chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) was significantly higher in SSc patients compared with ORD and HC. CCL5 levels directly correlated with the number of all local inflammatory cells and higher levels were associated with histological villitis.

Conclusions
Inflammatory alterations characterize placentas from rheumatic disease patients and could predispose to obstetric complications in these subjects.
Revisiting Schizophrenia from an Evolutionary Perspective: An Association Study of Recent Evolutionary Markers and Schizophrenia
Authors: Bhattacharyya Upasana , Deshpande Smita N , Bhatia Triptish , Thelma B K 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe persistence of schizophrenia in human populations at a high prevalence and with a large heritability estimate despite reduced fertility and increased mortality rate is a Darwinian paradox. This may be likely if the genomic components that predispose to schizophrenia are also advantageous for the acquisition of important human traits, such as language and cognition. Accordingly, an emerging group of genomic markers of recent evolution in humans, namely human accelerated regions (HARs), since our divergence from chimpanzees, are gaining importance for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia. We hypothesize that variants within HARs may affect the expression of genes under their control, thus contributing to disease etiology. A total of 49 HAR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were prioritized from the complete repertoire of HARs (n = 2737) based on their functional relevance and prevalence in the South Asian population. Test of association using 2 independent schizophrenia case-control cohorts of north Indian ethnicity (discovery: n = 930; replication: n = 1104) revealed 3 SNPs (rs3800926, rs3801844, and rs764453) from chromosome 7 and rs77047799 from chromosome 3 to be significantly associated (combined analysis: Bonferroni corrected P &lt; .002–.000004). Of note, these SNPs were found to alter the expression of neurodevelopmental genes such as SLC25A13, MAD1L1, and ULK4; a few from the HOX gene family; and a few genes that are implicated in mitochondrial function. These SNPs may most likely alter binding sites of transcription factors, including TFCP2, MAFK, SREBF2, E2F1, and/or methylation signatures around these genes. These findings reiterate a neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia and also open up a promising avenue to investigate HAR-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia etiology.
Public Service Reform in Post-Conflict Societies
Authors: Blum Jurgen Rene , Rogger Daniel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBuilding a capable public service is a key component of post-conflict state building. An effective public service is fundamental to the regulation of society, to managing public funds, and to service delivery. Yet in post-conflict environments, there is typically a tradeoff between the long-term objective of state building and securing the peace in the short term. To buy peace, political elites hand out public jobs and resources to constituents regardless of merit. Donors frequently rely on “parallel” project delivery structures rather than public servants to address citizens’ pressing service delivery needs. Both of these practices may achieve short-term objectives but undermine state building. In the face of these trade-offs, how can capable public services be built in post-conflict societies? This paper aims to summarize the evidence base regarding this question. It does so by reviewing the evidence from post-conflict settings, and by discussing the validity of findings on public service reform from non-conflict settings. Given the distinctive tradeoffs invoked by securing the peace, and limited prior research on post-conflict settings, this topic presents a wide-open research agenda.
Darwin’s closet: the queer sides of The descent of man (1871)
Authors: Brooks Ross 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Charles Darwin’s published and unpublished writings contain a plethora of references to sex variations, including intersexualities (‘hermaphroditism’), transformations of sex and non-heteronormative sexual behaviours. Marking the 150th anniversary of his major sexological work The descent of man, this historical review examines a range of strategies that Darwin deployed in order to accommodate such variations within his evolutionism, while simultaneously attempting to mitigate the potential for condoning sexual phenomena that were feared and reviled in Victorian bourgeois society. Although he moved to cast sex-variant animals, human and non-human, as biological misfits and failures, Darwin’s commitment to the principle of primordial intersexuality (dual-sexed origins) nonetheless occasioned some of the queerest evolutionary narratives of the 19th century. Similarly, his construal of the ‘unnatural crimes’ of indigenous peoples was contained within a hierarchical narrative of the backwardness of ‘savages’ and civilizational supremacy but was readily subject to challenge and queer reinterpretations, not least with reference to the ‘extreme sensuality’ of the classical Greeks. Despite working to subdue the queer potentialities of his evolutionism, Darwin nonetheless laid the foundations for a new, modernist sexology to emerge, a situation that was exploited by a cohort of Darwinist sexologists, Sigmund Freud chief among them, who followed in his path.
Integrity of the Post-LRR Domain Is Required for TIR-NB-LRR Function
Authors: Saucet Simon B. , Esmenjaud Daniel , Van Ghelder Cyril 
Published: November 2020

Plants trigger appropriate defense responses, notably, through intracellular nucleotide-binding (NB) and leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-containing receptors (NLRs) that detect secreted pathogen effector proteins. In NLR resistance genes, the toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-NB-LRR proteins (TNLs) are an important subfamily, out of which approximately half the members carry a post-LRR (PL) domain of unknown role. We first investigated the requirement of the PL domain for TNL-mediated immune response by mutating the most conserved amino acids across PL domains of Arabidopsis thaliana TNLs. We identified several amino acids in the PL domain of RPS4, required for its ability to trigger a hypersensitive response to AvrRps4 in a Nicotiana tabacum transient assay. Mutating the corresponding amino acids within the PL domain of the tobacco TNL gene N also affected its function. Consequently, our results indicate that the integrity of the PL domain at conserved positions is crucial for at least two unrelated TNLs. We then tested the PL domain specificity for function by swapping PL domains between the paralogs RPS4 and RPS4B. Our results suggest that the PL domain is involved in their TNL pair specificity, ‘off state’ stability, and NLR complex activation. Considering genetically paired Arabidopsis TNLs, we finally compared the PL and TIR domains of their sensor and executor sequences, respectively. While TIR and PL domains from executors present complete motifs, sensors showed a lack of conservation with degenerated motifs. We here provide a contribution to the functional analysis of the PL domain in order to decipher its role for TNL function. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .