Results of the FUEL Trial
Authors: Goldberg David J. , Zak Victor , Goldstein Bryan H. , Schumacher Kurt R. , Rhodes Jonathan , Penny Daniel J. , Petit Christopher J. , Ginde Salil , Menon Shaji C. , Kim Seong-Ho , Kim Gi Beom , Nowlen Todd T. , DiMaria Michael V. , Frischhertz Benjamin P. , Wagner Jonathan B. , McHugh Kimberly E. , McCrindle Brian W. , Shillingford Amanda J. , Sabati Arash A. , Yetman Anji T. , John Anitha S. , Richmond Marc E. , Files Matthew D. , Payne R. Mark , Mackie Andrew S. , Davis Christopher K. , Shahanavaz Shabana , Hill Kevin D. , Garg Ruchira , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Hamstra Michelle S. , Woyciechowski Stacy , Rathge Kathleen A. , McBride Michael G. , Frommelt Peter C. , Russell Mark W. , Urbina Elaine M. , Yeager James L. , Pemberton Victoria L. , Stylianou Mario P. , Pearson Gail D. , Paridon Stephen M. ,   For the Pediatric Heart Network Investigators
Published: November 2019

Background:
The Fontan operation creates a total cavopulmonary connection, a circulation in which the importance of pulmonary vascular resistance is magnified. Over time, this circulation leads to deterioration of cardiovascular efficiency associated with a decline in exercise performance. Rigorous clinical trials aimed at improving physiology and guiding pharmacotherapy are lacking.

Methods:
The FUEL trial (Fontan Udenafil Exercise Longitudinal) was a phase III clinical trial conducted at 30 centers. Participants were randomly assigned udenafil, 87.5 mg twice daily, or placebo in a 1:1 ratio. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in change in oxygen consumption at peak exercise. Secondary outcomes included between-group differences in changes in submaximal exercise at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold, the myocardial performance index, the natural log of the reactive hyperemia index, and serum brain-type natriuretic peptide.

Results:

Between 2017 and 2019, 30 clinical sites in North America and the Republic of Korea randomly assigned 400 participants with Fontan physiology. The mean age at randomization was 15.5±2 years; 60% of participants were male, and 81% were white. All 400 participants were included in the primary analysis with imputation of the 26-week end point for 21 participants with missing data (11 randomly assigned to udenafil and 10 to placebo). Among randomly assigned participants, peak oxygen consumption increased by 44±245 mL/min (2.8%) in the udenafil group and declined by 3.7±228 mL/min (–0.2%) in the placebo group (
P
=0.071). Analysis at ventilatory anaerobic threshold demonstrated improvements in the udenafil group versus the placebo group in oxygen consumption (+33±185 [3.2%] versus –9±193 [–0.9%] mL/min,
P
=0.012), ventilatory equivalents of carbon dioxide (–0.8 versus –0.06,
P
=0.014), and work rate (+3.8 versus +0.34 W,
P
=0.021). There was no an improvement in myocardial performance index (–0.02 vs 0.01,
P
=0.030), but no change in reactive hyperemia index, or serum brain-type natriuretic peptide level.

Conclusions:
In the FUEL trial, treatment with udenafil (87.5 mg twice daily) was not associated with an improvement in oxygen consumption at peak exercise but was associated with improvements in multiple measures of exercise performance at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02741115.