bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degree of concordance of Clostridioides difficile strains in adults with community-associated C. difficile infection and infants with C. difficile colonization
Authors: Clayton Jason A. , Cadnum Jennifer L. , Senders Shelly , Jinadatha Chetan , Chatterjee Piyali , Choi Hosoon , Allton Yonhui , Donskey Curtis J. , Toltzis Philip 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground:Infants asymptomatically excrete Clostridioides difficile during their first year of life, suggesting that they may represent a source of infection for adults who acquire community-associated C. difficile infection (CA-CDI). The genetic relationship of C. difficile strains from asymptomatic infants and adults with CA-CDI is not well defined.Methods:In this study, 50 infants were recruited at birth, and stool samples were collected at routine well-child visits. Adult stool samples collected during the same period and geographical area from patients who were diagnosed with CA-CDI were selected for comparison. C. difficile was cultivated and probed by PCR for toxin genes and were typed by PCR fluorescent ribotyping. Isolates from adults and infants with shared ribotypes were subjected to whole-genome sequencing (WGS).Results:Of these 50 infants, 36 were positive for C. difficile at least once in their first year of life, with a peak incidence at 6 months. Among 180 infant stool samples, 48 were positive. Of 48 isolates from positive stools, 29 were toxigenic by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and 8 of 48 stool samples were positive for toxin by enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Ribotypes F106 and F014-020 were present in both colonized infants and adults with CA-CDI. WGS identified 1 adult–infant pair that differed by 5 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Also, 4 additional adult–infant clusters differed by ≤16 SNPs.Conclusions:Infants that are colonized with C. difficile share ribotypes with adults from the same geographical region with CA-CDI. Selected isolates in the 2 populations show a genetic relationship by WGS.
Digital food environment during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Brazil: an analysis of food advertising in an online food delivery platform
Authors: Horta Paula Martins , Matos Juliana de Paula , Mendes Larissa Loures 
Published: November 2020

AbstractOnline food delivery (OFD) platforms guarantee access to food during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic when commercial food establishments are closed and access to food retail is controlled. The present study aimed to describe the advertisements published in an OFD platform in Brazilian capitals, during the 13th and 14th weeks of the pandemic. Data collection occurred on 1 d of the week and 1 d of the weekend and during lunch and dinner time. A random sample of 25 % of the advertisements (n1754) published in this period was classified in accordance with the presence of food groups and to the use of marketing strategies. Sandwiches, ultra-processed beverages, traditional meals or pasta were the most common food groups shown in the advertisements. Free delivery prevailed in advertisements of ice cream, candies or salty packages snacks and pizza (P< 0·01). Combos were more frequently shown in the advertising of natural juices or smoothies, ultra-processed beverages, sandwiches and pizzas (P< 0·01). Messages about healthiness were more seen among natural juices or smoothies, vegetables and traditional meals and pasta advertisements (P< 0·01) and less seen in sandwiches (P= 0·02) and pizza advertisements (P< 0·01). Economy messages were rare in advertisements of traditional meals or pasta (P< 0·01) and more common in ultra-processed beverages (P= 0·03) and ice cream, candies or salty packages snacks (P< 0·01) advertisements. The OFD platform promoted unhealthy eating during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil due to the expressive presence of unhealthy foods advertising.
Early Silurian granitic rocks and associated enclaves as evidence of rapid cooling in a cognate magma system: the case of the Xuehuading–Panshanchong pluton, South China Block
Authors: Ou Quan , Lai Jian-Qing , Carvalho Bruna B. , Zi Feng , Jiang Zi-Qi , Wang Kun , Liu Yi-Zhi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe study of enclaves in granitic plutons provides fundamental information on the petrogenesis of their host rocks. Here we combine U–Pb zircon ages, petrography, geochemistry and Nd–Hf isotope composition to investigate the origin of dioritic–granodioritic enclaves and their host granodiorites and biotite granites in the Xuehuading–Panshanchong area, which is a pivotal site to study the Palaeozoic intracontinental orogenic processes of the South China Block. Obtained ages indicate that the host rocks were formed in early Silurian time (c. 432 Ma). The enclaves are fine grained, but with mineral assemblages similar to their hosts and contain amphibole, biotite and plagioclase. All rocks have fractionated rare earth element patterns ((La/Yb)N = 2.86–8.16), except for one biotite granite that has a concave rare earth element pattern ((La/Yb)N = 1.50). Most rocks are depleted in Ta–Nb–Ti, and have negative Eu anomalies and ϵNd(t) (–8.86 to –5.75) and zircon ϵHf(t) (–13.30 to –4.11, except for one, –39.08). We interpret that the enclaves were formed at the borders of magma-ascending conduits, where the mafic mineral crystallization was enhanced by rapid cooling. Conversely, the biotite granites were produced by fractional crystallization from a related granodiorite magma. The sample with a concave rare earth element pattern may have been influenced by hydrothermal fluid–melt interaction. Geochemical modelling suggests that the granodiorites were likely generated by disequilibrium melting of heterogeneous amphibolites in the middle–lower crust. Considering the geological data for the Palaeozoic magmatic rocks in the South China Block, we propose that the Xuehuading–Panshanchong magmatism was likely triggered by piecemeal removal of the thickened lithospheric root and subsequent thermal upwelling of mantle, without a mantle-derived magma contribution to the granites.
REASSESSING THE POLISH BRETHREN ON MAGISTRACY, PACIFISM, AND WARFARE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: QUATRINI FRANCESCO 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Polish Brethren, usually known as Socinians, were perhaps the most infamous Christian sect belonging to the so-called ‘Radical Reformation’. Renowned for their anti-Trinitarian beliefs and their rationalistic approach towards religion, the Brethren also discussed theological-political concepts such as the legitimacy of magistracy and warfare. Relevant literature on the Brethren's socio-political views underestimates their participation in contemporary debates on the ius belli, describing them as pacifists who generally opposed politics and violence until the 1650s, when some of them began defending a more conventional approach towards magistracy and warfare. This article proves that this shift toward a more standard Protestant position occurred as early as the 1620s, when Johannes Crell and Jonas Szlichtyng, two of the most prominent spokespersons among the Brethren, reconciled politics and the Brethren's faith in their writings. The article highlights how the historical situation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth urged them to revise their views on magistracy and warfare, and it argues that they were assisted in this by their education in European universities, especially the Lutheran Academy of Altdorf near Nuremberg, which provided them with different perspectives on the legitimacy of defensive warfare.
Cultural Heritage Protection in Islamic Tradition
Authors: Alshehaby Fatimah 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCultural heritage is a crucial component that plays a fundamental role in defining an individual’s identity and advancing the protection of his or her human rights. Reinforcing cultural distinctions and human differences are significant and therefore recognized in Islam. This article enhances the understanding of an Islamic approach to cultural heritage and human rights through the lens offered by three examples: the right to education, freedom of religion, and the right to development. The discussion of the protection of cultural heritage in Islam is essential because Islam is one of the legal sources in many Muslim states, and, therefore, the examination of its intersection with international law could enhance the protection of cultural heritage and promote human rights in the Islamic world. The article develops principles of cultural heritage protection that are in conformity with international law. These principles are the promising common ground for the possibility of universal cultural heritage policy. Despite the fact that there is no clear reference to the notion of cultural heritage in Islamic teaching, this article shows that principles of the protection of cultural heritage are established.
Transmission dynamics of COVID-19 among index case family clusters in Beijing, China
Authors: Cao Ying , Wang Yueh , Das Aritra , Pan Calvin Q. , Xie Wen 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) impacts public health dramatically around the world. The demographic characteristics, exposure history, dates of illness onset and dates of confirmed diagnosis were collected from the data of 24 family clusters from Beijing. The characteristics of the cases and the estimated key epidemiologic time-to-event distributions were described. The basic reproductive number (R0) was calculated. Among 89 confirmed COVID-19 patients from 24 family clusters, the median age was 38.0 years and 43.8% were male. The median of incubation period was 5.08 days (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.17–6.21). The median of serial interval was 6.00 days (95% CI 5.00–7.00). The basic reproductive number (R0) was 2.06 (95% CI 2.02–2.08). The median of onset-to-care-seeking days and the median of onset-to-hospital admission days were significantly reduced after 23 January 2020, which implied the enhanced public health awareness among families. With epidemic containment measures in place, the results can inform health authorities about possible extent of epidemic transmission within families. Furthermore, following initiation of interventions, public health measures are not only important for curbing the epidemic spread at the community level but also improve health seeking behaviour at the individual level.
Pascal's Mugger Strikes Again
Authors: Balfour Dylan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn a well-known paper, Nick Bostrom presents a confrontation between a fictionalised Blaise Pascal and a mysterious mugger. The mugger persuades Pascal to hand over his wallet by exploiting Pascal's commitment to expected utility maximisation. He does so by offering Pascal an astronomically high reward such that, despite Pascal's low credence in the mugger's truthfulness, the expected utility of accepting the mugging is higher than rejecting it. In this article, I present another sort of high value, low credence mugging. This time, the mugger utilises research on existential risk and the long-term potential of humanity to exploit Pascal's expected-utility-maximising descendant. This mugging is more insidious than Bostrom's original as it relies on plausible facts about the long-term future, as well as realistic credences about how our everyday actions could, albeit with infinitesimally low likelihood, affect the future of humanity.
Impact of peak respiratory exchange ratio on the prognostic power of symptoms-limited exercise testing using Bruce protocol in patients with Fontan physiology
Authors: Niu Jianli , Godoy Aliana , Kadish Talya , Das Bibhuti B. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjectives:We evaluated the impact of peak respiratory exchange ratio on the prognostic values of cardiopulmonary exercise variables during symptoms-limited incremental exercise tests in patients with Fontan physiology.Methods:Retrospective single-centre chart review study of Fontan patients who underwent exercise testing using the Bruce protocol between 2014 and 2018 and follow-up.Results:A total of 34 patients (age > 18 years) had a Borg score of ≥7 on the Borg 10-point scale, but only 50% of patients achieved a peak respiratory exchange ratio of ≥ 1.10 (maximal test). Peak oxygen consumption, percent-predicted peak oxygen consumption, and peak oxygen consumption at the ventilatory threshold was reduced significantly in patients with a peak respiratory exchange ratio of < 1.10. Peak oxygen consumption and percent-predicted peak oxygen consumption was positively correlated with peak respiratory exchange ratio values (r = 0.356, p = 0.039). After a median follow-up of 21 months, cardiac-related events occurred in 16 (47%) patients, with no proportional differences in patients due to their respiratory exchange ratio (odds ratio, 0.62; 95% CI: 0.18–2.58; p = 0.492). Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis showed percent-predicted peak oxygen consumption, peak heart rate, and the oxygen uptake efficient slope were highly related to the occurrence of events in patients only with a peak respiratory exchange ratio of ≥ 1.10.Conclusions:The value of peak cardiopulmonary exercise variables is limited for the determination of prognosis and assessment of interventions in Fontan patients with sub-maximal effort. Our findings deserve further research and clinical application.
Surface Roughness Evolution and Implications for the Age of the North Polar Residual Cap of Mars
Authors: Wilcoski A. X. , Hayne P. O. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAn understanding of the current state of the Martian North Polar Residual Cap (NPRC) is needed to understand the North Polar Layered Deposits (NPLD) as a whole and the recent climate history of Mars. We investigate the evolution of small‐scale (∼10s of m) surface topography on the NPRC using an insolation‐driven ice accumulation/ablation model. We apply a coupled thermal and atmospheric model that calculates ice fluxes at each point on a model surface, allowing the topography to evolve through time. Our thermal model is validated using NPRC surface temperature data gathered by the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). Roughness developed on the model surface is comparable to that of the NPRC, as we demonstrate using two examples of NPRC surface texture observed using the High‐Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) onboard MRO. We find that insolation‐driven accumulation and/or ablation yields surface roughness with characteristic spatial wavelengths ∼10 − 50 m—comparable to those observed on the NPRC—over timescales of 1–10 ka. The dominant topographic wavelength of a model surface increases as the surface evolves, implying that the wavelengths of topographic features observed on the NPRC may be indicative of the surface ages of those regions.
Role of IRE1α in podocyte proteostasis and mitochondrial health
Authors: Navarro-Betancourt José R. , Papillon Joan , Guillemette Julie , Iwawaki Takao , Chung Chen-Fang , Cybulsky Andrey V. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGlomerular epithelial cell (GEC)/podocyte proteostasis is dysregulated in glomerular diseases. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that upregulates proteostasis resources. This study characterizes mechanisms by which inositol requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α), a UPR transducer, regulates proteostasis in GECs. Mice with podocyte-specific deletion of IRE1α (IRE1α KO) were produced and nephrosis was induced with adriamycin. Compared with control, IRE1α KO mice had greater albuminuria. Adriamycin increased glomerular ER chaperones in control mice, but this upregulation was impaired in IRE1α KO mice. Likewise, autophagy was blunted in adriamycin-treated IRE1α KO animals, evidenced by reduced LC3-II and increased p62. Mitochondrial ultrastructure was markedly disrupted in podocytes of adriamycin-treated IRE1α KO mice. To pursue mechanistic studies, GECs were cultured from glomeruli of IRE1α flox/flox mice and IRE1α was deleted by Cre–lox recombination. In GECs incubated with tunicamycin, deletion of IRE1α attenuated upregulation of ER chaperones, LC3 lipidation, and LC3 transcription, compared with control GECs. Deletion of IRE1α decreased maximal and ATP-linked oxygen consumption, as well as mitochondrial membrane potential. In summary, stress-induced chaperone production, autophagy, and mitochondrial health are compromised by deletion of IRE1α. The IRE1α pathway is cytoprotective in glomerular disease associated with podocyte injury and ER stress.
A novel TSC1 variant associated with tuberous sclerosis and sacrococcygeal teratoma
Authors: Ahmad Saba , Manon Luis , Bhat Gifty , Machado Jerry , Zalan Alice , Mata-Machado Nikolas , Garzon Steven , Yoshii Akira 
Published: November 2020

AbstractTuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disease associated with tumors and malformed tissues in the brain and other vital organs. We report a novel de novo frameshift variant of the TSC1 gene (c.434dup;p. Ser146Valfs*8) in a child with TSC who initially presented with a sacral teratoma. This previously unreported association between TSC and teratoma has broad implications for the pathophysiology of embryonic tumors and mechanisms underlying cellular differentiation.
Application of phase-field method in rechargeable batteries
Authors: Wang Qiao , Zhang Geng , Li Yajie , Hong Zijian , Wang Da , Shi Siqi 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRechargeable batteries have a profound impact on our daily life so that it is urgent to capture the physical and chemical fundamentals affecting the operation and lifetime. The phase-field method is a powerful computational approach to describe and predict the evolution of mesoscale microstructures, which can help to understand the dynamic behavior of the material systems. In this review, we briefly introduce the theoretical framework of the phase-field model and its application in electrochemical systems, summarize the existing phase-field simulations in rechargeable batteries, and provide improvement, development, and problems to be considered of the future phase-field simulation in rechargeable batteries.
Systematic review of clinical effectiveness, components, and delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation in low-resource settings
Authors: Habib GM Monsur , Rabinovich Roberto , Divgi Kalyani , Ahmed Salahuddin , Saha Samir Kumar , Singh Sally , Uddin Aftab , Uzzaman Md. Nazim , Pinnock Hilary 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a guideline-recommended multifaceted intervention that improves the physical and psychological well-being of people with chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), though most of the evidence derives from trials in high-resource settings. In low- and middle-income countries, PR services are under-provided. We aimed to review the effectiveness, components and mode of delivery of PR in low-resource settings. Following Cochrane methodology, we systematically searched (1990 to October 2018; pre-publication update March 2020) MEDLINE, EMBASE, CABI, AMED, PUBMED, and CENTRAL for controlled clinical trials of adults with CRD (including but not restricted to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) comparing PR with usual care in low-resource settings. After duplicate selection, we extracted data on exercise tolerance, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), breathlessness, included components, and mode of delivery. We used Cochrane risk of bias (RoB) to assess study quality and synthesised data narratively. From 8912 hits, we included 13 studies: 11 were at high RoB; 2 at moderate RoB. PR improved functional exercise capacity in 10 studies, HRQoL in 12, and breathlessness in 9 studies. One of the two studies at moderate RoB showed no benefit. All programmes included exercise training; most provided education, chest physiotherapy, and breathing exercises. Low cost services, adapted to the setting, used limited equipment and typically combined outpatient/centre delivery with a home/community-based service. Multicomponent PR programmes can be delivered in low-resource settings, employing a range of modes of delivery. There is a need for a high-quality trial to confirm the positive findings of these high/moderate RoB studies.
A dataset of plant and microbial community structure after long-term grazing and mowing in a semiarid steppe
Authors: Li Wenhuai , Hodzic Jasna , Su Jishuai , Zheng Shuxia , Bai Yongfei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractGrazing and mowing are two dominant management regimes used in grasslands. Although many studies have focused on the effects of grazing intensity on plant community structure, far fewer test how grazing impacts the soil microbial community. Furthermore, the effects of long-term grazing and mowing on plant and microbial community structure are poorly understood. To elucidate how these management regimes affect plant and microbial communities, we collected data from 280 quadrats in a semiarid steppe after 12-year of grazing and mowing treatments. We measured plant species abundance, height, coverage, plant species diversity, microbial biomass, and microbial community composition (G+ and G− bacteria; arbuscular mycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi; G+/G− and Fungi/Bacteria). In addition, we determined the soil’s physical and chemical properties, including soil hardness, moisture, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. This is a long-term and multifactorial dataset with plant, soil, and microbial attributes which can be used to answer questions regarding the mechanisms of sustainable grassland management in terms of plant and microbial community structure.
Diffraction data from aerosolized Coliphage PR772 virus particles imaged with the Linac Coherent Light Source
Authors: Li Haoyuan , Nazari Reza , Abbey Brian , Alvarez Roberto , Aquila Andrew , Ayyer Kartik , Barty Anton , Berntsen Peter , Bielecki Johan , Pietrini Alberto , Bucher Maximilian , Carini Gabriella , Chapman Henry N. , Contreras Alice , Daurer Benedikt J. , DeMirci Hasan , Flűckiger Leonie , Frank Matthias , Hajdu Janos , Hantke Max F. , Hogue Brenda G. , Hosseinizadeh Ahmad , Hunter Mark S. , Jönsson H. Olof , Kirian Richard A. , Kurta Ruslan P. , Loh Duane , Maia Filipe R. N. C. , Mancuso Adrian P. , Morgan Andrew J. , McFadden Matthew , Muehlig Kerstin , Munke Anna , Reddy Hemanth Kumar Narayana , Nettelblad Carl , Ourmazd Abbas , Rose Max , Schwander Peter , Marvin Seibert M. , Sellberg Jonas A. , Sierra Raymond G. , Sun Zhibin , Svenda Martin , Vartanyants Ivan A. , Walter Peter , Westphal Daniel , Williams Garth , Xavier P. Lourdu , Yoon Chun Hong , Zaare Sahba 
Published: November 2020

AbstractSingle Particle Imaging (SPI) with intense coherent X-ray pulses from X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has the potential to produce molecular structures without the need for crystallization or freezing. Here we present a dataset of 285,944 diffraction patterns from aerosolized Coliphage PR772 virus particles injected into the femtosecond X-ray pulses of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). Additional exposures with background information are also deposited. The diffraction data were collected at the Atomic, Molecular and Optical Science Instrument (AMO) of the LCLS in 4 experimental beam times during a period of four years. The photon energy was either 1.2 or 1.7 keV and the pulse energy was between 2 and 4 mJ in a focal spot of about 1.3 μm x 1.7 μm full width at half maximum (FWHM). The X-ray laser pulses captured the particles in random orientations. The data offer insight into aerosolised virus particles in the gas phase, contain information relevant to improving experimental parameters, and provide a basis for developing algorithms for image analysis and reconstruction.