bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronically Driven Regioselective Iridium‐Catalyzed C−H Borylation of Donor‐π‐Acceptor Chromophores Containing Triarylboron Acceptors
Authors: Rauch Florian , Krebs Johannes , Günther Julian , Friedrich Alexandra , Hähnel Martin , Krummenacher Ivo , Braunschweig Holger , Finze Maik , Marder Todd B. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe observed a surprisingly high electronically driven regioselectivity for the iridium‐catalyzed C−H borylation of donor‐π‐acceptor (D‐π‐A) systems with diphenylamino (1) or carbazolyl (2) moieties as the donor, bis(2,6‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)boryl (B(FXyl)2) as the acceptor, and 1,4‐phenylene as the π‐bridge. Under our conditions, borylation was observed only at the sterically least encumbered para‐positions of the acceptor group. As boronate esters are versatile building blocks for organic synthesis (C−C coupling, functional group transformations) the C−H borylation represents a simple potential method for post‐functionalization by which electronic or other properties of D‐π‐A systems can be fine‐tuned for specific applications. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of the borylated (1‐(Bpin)2) and unborylated (1) diphenylamino‐substituted D‐π‐A systems were investigated. Interestingly, the borylated derivative exhibits coordination of THF to the boronate ester moieties, influencing the photophysical properties and exemplifying the non‐innocence of boronate esters.
How does nitrogen and forage harvest affect belowground biomass and nonstructural carbohydrates in dual‐use Kernza intermediate wheatgrass?
Authors: Sakiroglu Muhammet , Dong Chenfei , Hall Mary Beth , Jungers Jacob , Picasso Valentin 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIntermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey] is a cool‐season perennial forage grass, whose grain is commercialized in the United States as “Kernza.” Its extensive root system may help in reducing soil erosion, water pollution, and C emissions. Nitrogen fertilization and forage harvest intensity may affect the belowground biomass and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations, which may affect growth in subsequent years. We compared N doses and forage harvest treatments in a replicated complete block experiment in three environments (location‐years: Arlington, WI, 2016 and 2017; and St. Paul, MN, 2016). Seeds were sown in the fall, Kernza grain was harvested in the following summer, and rhizomes and roots were sampled in fall to a depth of 0.1 m over 2 yr. The water‐soluble carbohydrates (WSC) accounted for 97–99% of NSC, across environments. The WSC concentration was higher in rhizomes than in roots in both years, but WSC mass was higher in roots than rhizomes due to greater root biomass. Nitrogen generally did not change NSC concentrations across years, but reduced WSC in rhizome the second year in WI. Forage harvest did not affect NSC concentrations across locations and years. Belowground biomass to 1‐m depth in the fall of the second year in Wisconsin averaged 478.3 g m−2 regardless of treatment. Summer forage yield in the following year was positively associated with root biomass in the fall. These results suggest that harvesting forage in a Kernza dual‐use system is not detrimental to intermediate wheatgrass above‐ and belowground productivity.
Fusion of airways during avian lung development constitutes a novel mechanism for the formation of continuous lumena in multicellular epithelia
Authors: Palmer Michael A. , Nelson Celeste M. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundDuring development of the avian lung, the initially terminally branched epithelial tree later forms a continuous network of airways. This occurs via a large‐scale epithelial fusion event, wherein airways that originate proximally collide with those that originate distally to form one continuous lumen.ResultsHere, we found that prior to fusion, the epithelium of the embryonic chicken lung undergoes a shape change to permit the initiation and extension of new branches which contain the cells that initiate contact. These changes in epithelial shape coincide with the differentiation of smooth muscle cells that wrap the airways. From these nascent epithelial branches, individual cells form cytoskeletal protrusions that extend toward and form a bridge with their target airway. Additional cells then join the fusion site, forming a bilayered epithelium. During this process, the basement membrane around the prefusion epithelium degrades and then reforms after fusion. The epithelial bilayer then undergoes apoptosis, clearing the path between the two lumens.ConclusionsThe process of airway epithelial fusion in the developing chicken lung constitutes a novel mechanism for the generation of complex multicellular tubes and suggests a conserved role for smooth muscle in the shaping of airway epithelia.
Manipulation of epithelial integrity and mucosal immunity by host and microbiota‐derived metabolites
Authors: Kayama Hisako , Takeda Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe human intestinal tract contains a large number of microbes, their metabolites, and potentially harmful food antigens. The intestinal epithelium separates the mucosa where immune cells are located from luminal microbes by expressing various factors that assemble into physical and chemical barriers. In addition to epithelial cells, immune cells are essential for enforcing mucosal barriers through production of inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory mediators. Intestinal microbiota, represented by gut ecological communities of living microorganisms, influences maturation and homeostasis of host immune system and contributes to the maintenance of the epithelial integrity with small molecules derived from their metabolism, termed metabolites. In turn, immune cells receive signals from microbiota, and may play key role in maintenance of a healthy bacterial composition and reinforcement of epithelial barrier functions, leading to the establishment of a host‐bacterial mutualism. Alterations in the microbiota community and metabolome profiles are observed in patients with various disorders including inflammatory bowel disease. In this review, we will discuss physiological functions of the microbiota and its metabolites in regulating host immune system and reinforcing epithelial barrier functions. Further understanding of these processes will aid in identification of novel therapeutic targets and subsequent development of therapeutic interventions in a range of chronic inflammatory diseases.
Comparison of l‐tyrosine containing dipeptides reveals maximum ATP availability for l‐prolyl‐l‐tyrosine in CHO cells
Authors: Verhagen Natascha , Wijaya Andy Wiranata , Teleki Attila , Fadhlullah Muhammad , Unsöld Andreas , Schilling Martin , Heinrich Christoph , Takors Ralf 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIncreasing markets for biopharmaceuticals, including monoclonal antibodies, have triggered a permanent need for bioprocess optimization. Biochemical engineering approaches often include the optimization of basal and feed media to improve productivities of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell cultures. Often, l‐tyrosine is added as dipeptide to deal with its poor solubility at neutral pH. Showcasing IgG1 production with CHO cells, we investigated the supplementation of three l‐tyrosine (TYR, Y) containing dipeptides: glycyl‐l‐tyrosine (GY), l‐tyrosyl‐l‐valine (YV), and l‐prolyl‐l‐tyrosine (PY). While GY and YV led to almost no phenotypic and metabolic differences compared to reference samples, PY significantly amplified TYR uptake thus maximizing related catabolic activity. Consequently, ATP formation was roughly four times higher upon PY application than in reference samples.
A taxonomy of blockchain envisioned edge‐as‐a‐connected autonomous vehicles
Authors: Gupta Rajesh , Kumari Aparna , Tanwar Sudeep 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn the past few decades, Intelligent Transport System (ITS) has gained the popularity in smart society. Global automotive stakeholders such as Google, Uber, and Toshiba are the driving force in that and also looking for the interconnection of autonomous vehicles (AVs) for road traffic management, that is, connected AVs (CAV). CAVs are vulnerable to various safety and security issues, for instance, denial‐of‐service, global positioning system (GPS) spoofing, man‐in‐the‐middle, and timing attacks, which raise serious concerns for their development in application specific areas. Although many solutions exist in the literature, most of them are focused on centralized systems, which is having a single‐point‐failure. In light of the above facts, we analyze and classify the security and privacy issues in CAV and proposed a solution taxonomy in this article. We emphasized the defense mechanism for these attacks on the CAV system along with their enactment on issues and discovered how emergent blockchain technology could handle it. Furthermore, we proposed a blockchain‐based secure and decentralized CAV architecture to mitigate security and privacy issues such as denial of service, man‐in‐the‐middle, hijacking, GPS spoofing, and replay attacks. Finally, we reconnoiter the open research challenges associated with the blockchain‐based CAV system. To validate the efficacy of the proposed system, a real‐time case study on smart city integration over edge computing using computation and communication costs is proposed in this article.
Older patients and geographic barriers to pharmacy access: When nonadherence translates to an increased use of other components of health care
Authors: Di Novi Cinzia , Leporatti Lucia , Montefiori Marcello 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis paper studies whether geographic barriers can influence nonadherence to prescription drugs and its effect on patients' health. We used a multivariate probit model estimated by maximum simulated likelihood that considers individual unobserved heterogeneity, which may characterize the relationship between adherence, medical care utilization, and health outcome. We used administrative data from Liguria, Italy, the region with the highest rate of individuals over the age of 65 in Europe. Our sample included older individuals affected by cardiovascular diseases, which remain one of the leading causes of death in most OECD countries. Our results showed that geographic barriers to pharmacies negatively influence patients' adherence. According to our results, patients' nonadherence to pharmacological therapy is responsible for an increased probability of patients' mortality and the overuse of other medical services, namely, hospitalizations and emergency department visits. Nonadherence may thus represent a potential source of waste for the health care system.
A novel reaction force‐fluorescence measurement system for evaluating pancreatic juice leakage from an excised swine pancreas during distal pancreatectomy
Authors: Kobayashi Etsuko , Tsuchiya Shuto , Akagi Yuki , Tomii Naoki , Nakagawa Keiichi , Inai Kunihiro , Muragaki Yoshihiro , Asano Takehide , Kim Daeyoung 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundResection using a stapler is a popular approach to distal pancreatectomy. However, the resulting leakage of pancreatic juice represents a serious problem. We have developed a force‐fluorescence measurement as a first step towards the quantitative evaluation of pancreatic leakage due to tissue tearing under compression.MethodsThe system comprises a testing machine with an indenter, similar in size to a stapler, which controls compression speed and measures reaction force, and a fluorescence measurement system to measure pancreatic juice leakage. Pancreatic juice leakage is measured as the maximum value of the increasing rate of fluorescence intensity (max value). Ten excised swine pancreases were compressed at a speed of 500, 100, and 10 mm/min until their thicknesses became 2 mm.ResultsA strong positive correlation (0.804) was observed between the increase in max value before and after compression and the amount of reaction force drop due to tissue destruction. No pancreatic juice leakage was observed when compressed slowly (10 mm/min).ConclusionsWe have successfully developed a novel force‐fluorescence measurement system that can detect and quantify pancreatic juice leakage caused by tissue tearing. This system can determine the optimal compression conditions for preventing pancreatic juice leakage.
Risk factors and characteristics of young patients with the biliary tract carcinoma: results of a project study for biliary surgery by the Japanese Society of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery
Authors: Ariake Kyohei , Unno Michiaki , Yoshida Hiroshi , Kubo Shoji , Horiguchi Akihiko , Yamaue Hiroki , Yamamoto Masakazu 
Published: June 2020

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to elucidate the characteristics of biliary tract carcinoma (BTC) in young patients.MethodsThis is a nationwide multicenter, retrospective cohort study supervised by the Japanese Society of Hepato‐Biliary‐Pancreatic Surgery (JSHBPS). Clinicopathological data of patients aged <50 years diagnosed with BTC from January 1997 to December 2011 were collected from 211 training institutes for highly advanced surgery registered by the JHBPS.ResultsData of 774 young patients aged <50 years were obtained from 102 institutes. Pancreaticobiliary maljunction (PBM) (10.6%) was most frequently associated with young BTC. However, organic solvents caused by printing or other occupations were only 2.5%. PBM was further associated with early onset of BTC and was noted in 38.9% of patients aged <30 years. Subgroup analysis revealed that the distributions of PBM, choledochal cysts, cholelithiasis, hepatitis B virus, and past history of cancer were significantly varied depending on the site of BTC. These results suggested that each site of BTC has a different mechanism for cancer development.ConclusionAlthough the most frequent factor for young BTC patients was PBM, cancer‐associated factors were dramatically different in each BTC site. These results might be useful to elucidate the etiology of young BTC patients.
Climate analogue and future appearance of novel climate in Southeast Asia
Authors: Nguyen‐Thi Tuyet , Ngo‐Duc Thanh , Tangang Fredolin T. , Cruz Faye , Juneng Liew , Santisirisomboon Jerasorn , Aldrian Edvin , Phan‐Van Tan , Narisma Gemma 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThis study identified the analogue locations of five big cities and the future appearance of novel climate in Southeast Asia (SEA) at the end of the 21st century under the Representative Concentration Pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5) and 4.5 (RCP4.5) scenarios. A modified version of an existing formulation to estimate climate distance is introduced, using the monthly means of temperature and precipitation from six regional climate experiments and from six global climate models (GCMs). Results showed that regional downscaling allowed a more accurate representation of temperature but displayed a higher variability in rainfall over SEA compared to the GCM performance. The ensemble mean (ENS) experiment had a relatively better performance compared to each individual experiment in representing the monthly time series of temperature and precipitation. The common tendency of climatic relocation towards warmer regions for the five big cities in SEA (Hanoi, Bangkok, Manila, Kuala Lumpur and Jakarta) was prominent with the regional ENS experiment. At the end of the 21st century, the ratio of novel climate areas over SEA, mainly located in low elevation, coastal, equatorial regions, and islands, was less than 2% under RCP4.5, but increased to 24 and 21% under RCP8.5 for the ensemble regional and global experiments, respectively.
Perception of communities when managing exclosures as common pool resources in northwestern Ethiopia
Authors: Mekuria Wolde , Getnet Kindie , Yami Mastewal , Langan Simon , Amare Dagninet 
Published: June 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the different perceptions of the local community regarding the use and management of common pool resources, such as exclosures, could better support targeted interventions by government and development partners. Here, we report on a study conducted in the Gomit watershed, northwestern Ethiopia, using a survey and key informant interviews, to examine community perceptions on (a) the biophysical condition (i.e., challenge of land degradation and restoration), (b) the action situations (user's access to and control over resources and decision‐making processes involved in taking actions in managing the exclosure), (c) actors' interactions (formal and informal institutions involved in the management of exclosures), and (d) perceived outcomes (benefits and tradeoffs of managing exclosures). Many people in the Gomit watershed recognize land degradation as a serious problem and believe that exclosures support restoration of degraded landscapes and improve ecosystem services. Informal institutions play a key role in managing exclosures by improving benefit sharing and mobilizing the local community for collective action. However, some community members have concerns about recent expansion of exclosures because of (a) limited short‐term derived benefits, (b) reductions in fuelwood availability, (c) increased degradation of remaining communal grazing lands, and (d) poor participation of marginalized groups in decision making. Addressing such concerns through the promotion of short‐term benefits of exclosures and increasing community participation in decision‐making and benefit sharing is crucial. The study provides evidence to support government and development partners on the establishment and management of exclosures through identifying the benefits and drawbacks as perceived by different sectors of the community.
Endoscopic management of lateral sphenoid cerebrospinal fluid leaks: Identifying a radiographic parameter for surgical planning
Authors: Maxfield Alice Z. , Mueller Sarina K. , Raquib Aaishah R. , Sedaghat Ahmad R. , Bergmark Regan W. , Metson Ralph B. , Holbrook Eric H. , Bleier Benjamin S. , Gray Stacey T. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractObjectiveRepair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks of the lateral recess of the sphenoid (LRS) sinus can be challenging to accomplish via an endoscopic transphenoidal approach. The endoscopic transpterygoid approach can improve surgical access to the lateral recess but requires more extensive surgical dissection. We review our experience with LRS CSF leak repair via both techniques to determine whether preoperative radiologic data can help predict the most appropriate surgical approach.MethodsElectronic medical records of patients with LRS CSF leaks were retrospectively reviewed at a single tertiary referral center. Radiographic measurements from preoperative computed tomography images were reviewed.ResultsTwenty‐two LRS CSF leaks were identified. The transphenoidal and transpterygoid approach were used in 6 (27.3%) and 16 (72.7%) cases, respectively.The mean vidian canal to foramen rotundum angle of the repairs accessed transphenoidally as compared to the transptyergoid approach were not significantly different (41.93° ±10.91, 40.72° ±19.49, respectively; P = .63). However, the mean volume of the LRS accessed by the transpterygoid approach was significantly greater compared to those accessed through the transphenoidal approach (0.97 cm3 ± 0.48, 0.39 cm3 ± 0.40, respectively; P = .04). A LRS volume of 0.400 cm3 or greater predicted the use of the transpterygoid approach with 93.3% sensitivity and 60.0% specificity.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that LRS CSF leaks that necessitated repair by the transpterygoid approach, rather than transphenoidal approach, were in the context of significantly larger lateral recess. Assessment of the LRS volume is a quantifiable parameter to aid in preoperative surgical planning.Level of EvidenceLevel 4.
On‐Chip Nanomechanical Filtering of Quantum‐Dot Single‐Photon Sources
Authors: Zhou Xiaoyan , Uppu Ravitej , Liu Zhe , Papon Camille , Schott Rüdiger , Wieck Andreas D. , Ludwig Arne , Lodahl Peter , Midolo Leonardo 
Published: June 2020

AbstractSemiconductor quantum dots in photonic integrated circuits enable scaling quantum‐information processing to many single photons and quantum‐optical gates. Obtaining high‐purity and coherent single photons from quantum dots requires spectral filtering to select individual excitonic transitions. Here, an on‐chip wavelength‐tunable filter integrated with a single‐photon source, which preserves the optical properties of the emitter, is demonstrated. Nanomechanical motion is used for tuning the resonant wavelength over 10 nm, enabling operation at cryogenic temperatures, and single‐photon emission from a quantum dot under non‐resonant excitation is demonstrated without resorting to free‐space optical filters. These results are key for the development of fully integrated de‐multiplexing, multi‐path photon encoding schemes, and multi‐emitter circuits.
Perpendicular and In‐Plane Conductivity of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Composite Films Filled with Carbon‐Based Fillers Prepared from Solution Casting Process
Authors: Xu Huagen , Schubert Dirk W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractIn this study, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/carbon black (CB), PMMA/carbon fiber (CF), and PMMA/carbon nanotube (CNT) conductive composite films with different filler concentrations are prepared using the solution casting technique. Both perpendicular and in‐plane direction conductivity of all the binary composite films are investigated, percolation thresholds (ϕc) of both directions of PMMA/CB, PMMA/CF, and PMMA/CNT composite films are investigated and the experimental data are fitted using McLachlan’s equation. For all the three investigated films, the perpendicular ϕc,⊥ and in‐plane ϕc,∥ with different fillers show totally different behaviors. Pristine CB, CF, and CNT as well as PMMA/CB, PMMA/CF, and PMMA/CNT composite films are discussed. The gravity effect of the fillers is found to be most significant in the PMMA/CB system. A schematic diagram of PMMA composite films with CB, CF, and CNT as filler prepared from solution casting process is presented to explain the distribution gradient of the fillers in the perpendicular direction of the film after solution casting. A power law behavior is revealed for different filler types (CB, CF, CNT) correlating the exponent t for McLachlan’s equation and corresponding ϕc for in‐plane and perpendicular directions.
Null screen quasi‐conformal hypersurfaces in semi‐Riemannian manifolds and applications
Authors: Navarro Matias , Palmas Oscar , Solis Didier A. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractWe introduce a class of null hypersurfaces of a semi‐Riemannian manifold, namely, screen quasi‐conformal hypersurfaces, whose geometry may be studied through the geometry of its screen distribution. In particular, this notion allows us to extend some results of previous works to the case in which the sectional curvature of the ambient space is different from zero. As applications, we study umbilical, isoparametric and Einstein null hypersurfaces in Lorentzian space forms and provide several classification results.