bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the underlying relationship among risks in BOT transportation projects in developing countries: the case of Vietnam
Authors: Le Phuong Thi , Chileshe Nicholas , Kirytopoulos Konstantinos , Rameezdeen Raufdeen 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
Despite the fact that extensive studies on public-private partnerships have focused on risk identification and classification, research still lacks concentration on studying the latent structure of risks in build operate transfer (BOT) transportation projects, especially in developing countries. The research was carried out in Vietnam and this paper aims to explore the underlying relationships among risks in the context of BOT transportation projects.

Design/methodology/approach
A questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate the perception of stakeholders regarding the probability of occurrence and the severity of the impact of risks related to BOT transportation projects. Factor analysis was performed based on a total of 40 risks.

Findings
Seven risk groups were formed as a result of factor analysis, namely, “projects’ viability and political-regulatory risks”, “macroeconomic risks”, “projects’ feasibility study and market risks”, “financial risks”, “organization/coordination and force majeure risks”, “tolling, contractual, approvals risks” and “media and land expropriation risks”.

Originality/value
The research contributes to the current body of knowledge by providing deep insight into the structure of risks in BOT transportation projects in Vietnam through exploring the underlying relationships among risks, to form a latent risk structure from practical viewpoints. The findings are beneficial for involved stakeholders and policymakers to set up and propose suitable management strategies and related policies.
Superabsorbent polymer: application in natural rubber for making rubber roofing sheets
Authors: Mahmoud Doaa Samir , Tawfic Medhat Lotfy , Rabie Abdel Gawad , El-Sabbagh Salwa H. 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to prepare superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) based on acrylic acid, which is considered hygroscopic material to incorporate in rubber formulation, which results in producing moisten rubber that is used as roofing sheets.

Design/methodology/approach
SAPs were synthesized via free radical bulk polymerization technique using different content of cross-linker N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide and potassium persulfate. Differential scanning calorimeter, thermal gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize SAPs and confirmed the formation of cross-linked hydrogel structure. The water absorbency and the gel fraction for sodium polyacrylate (NaPA) were investigated. Then, the influence of obtained NaPA on the swelling behavior of the prepared natural rubber (NR) compound has been discussed.

Findings
Absorption characteristics and gel fraction of NaPA were found to depend on the content of the cross-linker in the system. SAPs are used to improve the absorbance behavior and performance of the NR to produce, roofing sheets using in hot weather. The morphology of the obtained rubber compound was well-explained by using a scanning electron microscope.

Research limitations/implications
The research provides a simple way to produce moisten rubber that can be used as a roofing sheet to overcome warm weather.

Originality/value
Moisten rubber roofing sheets provide a low-cost option in many developing countries with hot climates, and thus, help save the environment from global warming.
Commentary on a “unified approach to behaviours that challenge”: getting it right? A family carer perspective
Authors: Cooper Vivien 
Published: November 2020

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to provide an individual family-carer perspective on navigating the complex child, adult, education, health and social care systems focussing on what might be needed to get the right support in the right place at the right time for individuals with learning disabilities who display behaviour that challenges.

Design/methodology/approach
This is a conceptual analysis, drawing on lived experience, policy and practice.

Findings
Policy and best practice advocate a holistic, person-centred, outcome-focussed approach to supporting individuals with learning disabilities whose behaviour challenges, but the existing complex multiple organisational structures are not conducive to delivering this. Making the system work for people requires focussed leadership across all levels to co-ordinate and align the component parts. It is certainly possible to achieve, but it is currently unclear who will take responsibility for making this happen.

Originality/value
Families are often the only constant in the lives of people with disabilities. This commentary highlights what is important to and for families when attempts are made to get the right support in the right place at the right time for individuals with learning disabilities who display behaviour that challenges.
Assessing temporal dynamics of predation and effectiveness of caterpillar visual defense using sawfly larval color and resting posture as a model
Authors: Pan Xia , Mizuno Takafumi , Ito Kaiki , Ohsugi Tsuguhiro , Nishimichi Saki , Nomiya Riku , Ohno Misuzu , Yamawo Akira , Nakamura Akihiro 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCaterpillars (Lepidoptera and Symphyta larvae) employ diverse visual defensive tactics, and effectiveness of such tactics may be highly dynamic across time due to seasonal changes in the predator assemblages and their preferences. However, this has rarely been studied especially in tropical regions. Here we assessed temporal changes in the defensive value of caterpillar color and shape, using six types of plasticine dummy caterpillars: three colors (green, black, and white) × two shapes (curled and straight). These dummy caterpillars were deployed five times over different seasons in tropical forests of Xishuangbanna (China) and, as a comparison, twice in a temperate forest of Hirosaki (Japan). The colors and shapes of dummy caterpillars simulate visual traits of black sawfly larvae which take the curled resting posture in tropical rainforests of Xishuangbanna, apparently masquerading excrements commonly found on plants, while in Hirosaki there is no black‐curled sawfly larvae and few excrements on plants. We found no significant effects of caterpillar colors or shapes on predation in Hirosaki. In contrast, black and curled caterpillars received significantly lower predation by birds in Xishuangbanna constantly across time. However, we were unable to provide evidence that the black‐curled sawfly larvae are masquerading as excrements. Shapes of the dummy caterpillars also affected the predation by ants and parasitoid wasps at certain times. This is the first report on ecological function of the curled posture of sawfly larvae, and we demonstrated the importance to assess the temporal dynamics of predation and effectiveness of defensive tactics in tropical forests.
Exposure and Preferences: Evidence from Indian Slums
Authors: Spater Jeremy 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHow is physical proximity to ethnic outgroups related to intergroup hostility and coethnic voting? These relationships remain murky despite extensive study, in part because existing measures of heterogeneity are too geographically coarse and provide little insight into interpersonal contact. I introduce a measure of outgroup exposure, the k‐nearest‐neighbors score, which sidesteps fundamental measurement issues by disaggregating to the level of the individual. Using original geocoded network data from eight neighborhoods, I confirm that this metric reflects social contact at the individual level. I then apply this exposure metric to an original, large‐n survey experiment from surveys in 149 neighborhoods in cities across India to test whether individual residential exposure is associated with outgroup hostility and coethnic voting. I find that proximity to an ethnic outgroup is associated with a preference for coethnic candidates, but is not associated with greater hostility toward members of the outgroup.
Ultrastructural study of the mucocytes in the dermal glands of Bufotes pewzowi (Amphibia, Bufonidae), with some reflections on the polymorphism of the secretory epithelium
Authors: Fedotovskikh Galina V. , Arifulova Irina I. , Dujsebayeva Tatjana N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLight microscopy (LM) of the dermal mucous glands (MGs) of the green toads, Bufotes pewzowi, has revealed five basophilic and oxyphilic staining variations in the secretory cells that were combined in three groups (here, TYPEs) under transmission electron microscope (TEM). TYPE I MCs are characterized by a well‐developed Golgi complex (GC), numerous large granules from a finely grained to flaky central content varying from low to increased electron density and rare electron‐dense osmiophilic granules. TYPE II MCs have a well‐developed granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER), GC and secretory homogeneous granules of high electron density with clear membranes. Some MCs demonstrate a sharp expansion of GER with complete membrane reduction and the formation of a homogeneous secret of “varnished” appearance and were presumably assigned to TYPE III MCs of a seromucous nature. Three types of mucocytes are suggested as different directions of cytodifferentiation of the stem cells. The data on MC polymorphism is discussed in the light of the pluripotent nature and high evolutionary plasticity of the skin's secretory epithelium. The development of MCs with seromucous secretion is proposed as a sort of MGs “proteinization,” in some way connected with the adaptation of tetraploid toads to the severe environment of Central Asia.
Accounting for research fatigue in research ethics
Authors: Ashley Florence 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHow to account for participants’ psychological and emotional exhaustion with research has been under‐explored in the research ethics literature. Research fatigue, as it is known, has significant impacts on patients’ well‐being and their ongoing and future participation in studies. From the perspective of researchers and researched communities, research fatigue also creates selection bias and opportunity costs, negatively impacting the collective scientific enterprise. Institutional Review Boards should systematically consider research fatigue during the research approval process and strive to mitigate it.
More robust local governance suggests positive effects of long‐term community conservation
Authors: Salerno Jonathan , Andersson Krister , Bailey Karen M. , Hilton Tom , Mwaviko Kephania K. , Simon Isaya Donald , Bracebridge Claire , Mangewa Lazaro Johana , Nicholas Aaron , Rutabanzibwa Harold , Hartter Joel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCommunity‐based conservation (CBC) is essential to promoting biodiversity protection and livelihood development. Despite significant financial and institutional investment, performance of CBC interventions is mixed, with shortcomings especially evident in wildlife‐based CBC in Africa. CBC outcomes are typically evaluated through household livelihood gains, or through policy analysis at higher administrative levels such as the central state. Surprisingly, village or local governance capacity is often missing from project assessment. Through a controlled study, we evaluate CBC interventions at multiple scales in Tanzania. Employing Bayesian multilevel latent trait models, we find that CBC participation predicts stronger village governance institutions. Additionally, compared to control villages, CBC villages have more local civic organizations and small business enterprise, but do not experience greater elite capture of public goods. Together, and in the absence of direct CBC benefits provisioned to households or signs of success at the higher level of multi‐village CBC bodies, these findings point to the possibility that village‐level governance institutions can adapt in beneficial ways to prolonged CBC interventions.
Assessing the adequacy of a protected area network in conserving a wide‐ranging apex predator: The case for tiger (Panthera tigris) conservation in Bhutan
Authors: Thinley Phuntsho , Rajaratnam Rajanathan , Morreale Stephen J. , Lassoie James P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractProtected area networks (PAN) are essential for conserving wide‐ranging apex predators but their adequacy in species protection has rarely been assessed. Here, we assess the adequacy of Bhutan's PAN in conserving and providing connectivity to the endangered tiger (Panthera tigris). We determine the current extent of tiger habitat, predict new suitable habitat, identify potential corridors, and empirically estimate the range of tiger numbers that Bhutan can spatially support. We use two spatial models with different approaches to ascertain current tiger distribution and predict new suitable tiger areas: (a) an expert model based on tiger ecology and (b) an observation model from observed tiger distribution. The expert model identified more suitable tiger areas (32,887 km2) over the observation model (29,962 km2), with the PAN encompassing 46% and 45% of predicted suitable areas, respectively. Vast suitable tiger habitat remains unprotected. Based on our estimates of total suitable habitats, Bhutan can spatially support 138–151 tigers compared to the current estimate of 103, thereby precluding a doubling in tiger numbers. To ensure adequate protection of tigers in Bhutan, we recommend readjusting and/or expanding existing PAN boundaries, including the designation of new corridors, protecting habitats, and conserving prey populations.
Global phylogeography and invasion history of the spotted lanternfly revealed by mitochondrial phylogenomics
Authors: Du Zhenyong , Wu Yunfei , Chen Zhuo , Cao Liangming , Ishikawa Tadashi , Kamitani Satoshi , Sota Teiji , Song Fan , Tian Li , Cai Wanzhi , Li Hu 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBiological invasion has been a serious global threat due to increasing international trade and population movements. Tracking the source and route of invasive species and evaluating the genetic differences in their native regions have great significance for the effective monitoring and management, and further resolving the invasive mechanism. The spotted lanternflyLycorma delicatulais native to China and invaded South Korea, Japan, and the United States during the last decade, causing severe damages to the fruits and timber industries. However, its global phylogeographic pattern and invasion history are not clearly understood. We applied high‐throughput sequencing to obtain 392 whole mitochondrial genome sequences from four countries to ascertain the origin, dispersal, and invasion history of the spotted lanternfly. Phylogenomic analyses revealed that the spotted lanternfly originated from southwestern China, diverged into six phylogeographic lineages, and experienced northward expansion across the Yangtze River in the late Pleistocene. South Korea populations were derived from multiple invasions from eastern China and Japan with two different genetic sources of northwestern (Loess Plateau) and eastern (East Plain) lineages in China, whereas the each of Japan and the United States had only one. The United States populations originated through single invasive event from South Korea, which served as a bridgehead of invasion. The environmental conditions, especially the distribution of host Ailanthus trees, and adaptability possibly account for the rapid spread of the spotted lanternfly in the native and introduced regions.
Incidence and causes of pregnancy loss after Day 70 of gestation in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Roach Jessica M. , Foote Alastair K. , Smith Ken C. , Verheyen Kristien L. , de Mestre Amanda M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackgroundPregnancy loss after Day 70 of gestation manifests as abortion, stillbirth or perinatal death. While previous studies have reported the diagnoses of laboratory submissions, none have quantified the incidence and causes of abortions, stillbirths and perinatal mortality at a population level.ObjectivesTo report the incidence and causes of pregnancy loss after Day 70 of gestation in a cohort of Thoroughbreds.Study designRetrospective cohort study.MethodsOutcomes of Day 70 pregnancies were collected from eight Thoroughbred farms over the 2013‐2017 breeding seasons. Stud, veterinary and laboratory records were supplemented with publicly available data. Cause of loss was categorised using custom criteria.ResultsData were collected on 3,586 pregnancies from 1,802 mares. The incidence risk of a pregnancy failing to produce a live foal at 24 hours post parturition was 7.3% (95% confidence interval (CI) 6.5‐8.2, equating to 7.3 cases per 100 Day‐70 pregnancies). The incidence of pregnancy loss between Day 70 and 300 of gestation, Day 301‐315 and stillbirth/perinatal death was 4.0% (95% CI 3.4‐4.7), 0.3% (95% CI 0.2‐0.6) and 1.4% (95% CI 1.1‐1.9) respectively. Of the pregnancy losses where tissue was available, 61.1% were submitted for post‐mortem examination. The incidence risk of loss due to umbilical cord‐related pathologies was 1.5% (95% CI 1.1‐1.9), 0.4% (95% CI 0.2‐0.6) for noninfectious placental disease and 0.3% (95% CI 0.2‐0.6) for both infectious placentitis and Equine Herpesvirus infection. No primary diagnosis was made in 11.2% of the cases which underwent full post‐mortem examination.Main limitationsIt was not possible to differentiate between intra‐partum stillbirth and early post‐partum death.ConclusionPregnancy loss after Day 70 of gestation is a significant source of loss in the Thoroughbred with umbilical cord‐related pathologies being the most commonly diagnosed cause. Reporting the incidence of pregnancy loss at a population level with clear case definitions will allow for accurate global comparisons.
Two novel heteropolymer‐forming proteins maintain the multicellular shape of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120
Authors: Springstein Benjamin L. , Nürnberg Dennis J. , Woehle Christian , Weissenbach Julia , Theune Marius L. , Helbig Andreas O. , Maldener Iris , Dagan Tal , Stucken Karina 
Published: November 2020

Polymerizing and filament‐forming proteins are instrumental for numerous cellular processes such as cell division and growth. Their function in stabilization and localization of protein complexes and replicons is achieved by a filamentous structure. Known filamentous proteins assemble into homopolymers consisting of single subunits – for example, MreB and FtsZ in bacteria – or heteropolymers that are composed of two subunits, for example, keratin and α/β tubulin in eukaryotes. Here, we describe two novel coiled‐coil‐rich proteins (CCRPs) in the filament‐forming cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 (hereafter Anabaena) that assemble into a heteropolymer and function in the maintenance of the Anabaena multicellular shape (termed trichome). The two CCRPs – Alr4504 and Alr4505 (named ZicK and ZacK) – are strictly interdependent for the assembly of protein filaments in vivo and polymerize nucleotide independently in vitro, similar to known intermediate filament (IF) proteins. A ΔzicKΔzacK double mutant is characterized by a zigzagged cell arrangement and hence a loss of the typical linear Anabaena trichome shape. ZicK and ZacK interact with themselves, with each other, with the elongasome protein MreB, the septal junction protein SepJ and the divisome associate septal protein SepI. Our results suggest that ZicK and ZacK function in cooperation with SepJ and MreB to stabilize the Anabaena trichome and are likely essential for the manifestation of the multicellular shape in Anabaena. Our study reveals the presence of filament‐forming IF‐like proteins whose function is achieved through the formation of heteropolymers in cyanobacteria.
PARP1 and PRC2 double deficiency promotes BRCA‐proficient breast cancer growth by modification of the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Yang A‐Yeong , Choi Eun‐Bee , So Park Mi , Kim Seon‐Kyu , Park Min‐Seok , Kim Mi‐Young 
Published: November 2020

Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and polycomb‐repressive complex 2 (PRC2) are each known for their individual roles in cancer, but their cooperative roles have only been studied in the DNA damage repair process in the context of BRCA‐mutant cancers. Here, we show that simultaneous inhibition of PARP1 and PRC2 in the MDA‐MB‐231 BRCA‐proficient triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line leads to a synthetic viability independent of the mechanisms of DNA damage repair. Specifically, we find that either genetic depletion or pharmacological inhibition of both PARP1 and PRC2 can accelerate tumor growth rate. We attribute this to modifications in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that are induced by double‐depleted breast cancer cells, such as promoting intratumoral angiogenesis and increasing the proportion of tumor‐promoting type 2 (M2) macrophages. These changes subsequently inhibit cell death and promote proliferation. Mechanistically, we find that PARP1 and PRC2 double depletion induces not only a basal activation of the NF‐κB pathway but also a maximal activation of NF‐κB within the TME in response to external stimuli such as hypoxia and the presence of macrophages. In summary, our study reveals an unprecedented synthetic viable interaction between PARP1 and PRC2 in BRCA‐proficient TNBC and identifies NF‐κB as the downstream mediator.DatabaseRNA‐seq data are available in the GEO databases under the accession GSE142769.
American trade with the British colony of New South Wales, 1792–1816—A reappraisal
Authors: Stuart David 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe founders of the penal colony established in New South Wales (NSW) in 1788 envisaged it as a limited agricultural economy, self‐sufficient but fully respecting the East India Company's mercantilist interests in the Pacific. These expectations were soon confounded. The article explores how American merchant mariners, frequent visitors between 1792 and 1811, contributed to Sydney's precocious emergence as a trading port. Historians have recognized this contact in the context of the US–China trade that developed after American independence. The resulting commerce has, however, been largely overlooked or understated. Synthesizing research into Australian colonial history records and American archival collections, the article reviews: engagement from 1792 when Providence merchants took the initiative in importing basic provisions and liquor, the evolving pattern of contact until the 1812 War and the end to this era of pragmatic commerce dictated by London in 1816. An analysis of the substance and drivers of this commerce highlights the American contribution to meeting the new colony's basic needs and their relationships with its key economic actors, both the officer‐traders of the NSW Corps and, after 1800, the emerging Sydney merchant class.
Using the shifting standards model of stereotype‐based judgments to examine the impact of race on compensation decisions
Authors: Weeks Matthew , Weeks Kelly P. , Watkins Emily C. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Shifting Standards Model (SSM) of stereotypic judgments is presented as a model of implicit bias that produces a psychological mechanism contributing to continued racial wage disparities. The SSM is used to explain race‐based differences in subjective evaluations of compensation decisions. We report three experimental studies in which research participants made compensation decisions for either a White or Black employee. Across three studies, participants judged a Black employee's raise as subjectively better than a comparably described White employee's raise. Participants who work in Human Resources fields (Study 3) and those with experience making compensation decisions (Study 2) were as likely as other participants to show evidence of the shifting standards effect. The findings are discussed in the context of individual implicit biases contributing to continued wage disparities and potential organizational practices to ameliorate these influences.