bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symptom Clusters and Influencing Factors in Family Caregivers of Individuals With Cancer
Authors: Lee Lena J. , Wehrlen Leslie , Wallen Gwenyth R. , Ding Ya , Ross Alyson 
Published: December 2020

Background
A symptom cluster is a group of 2 or more symptoms that occur together and are related to each other. Although family caregivers of individuals with cancer experience multiple concurrent symptoms, the majority of symptom research has focused on assessing and managing individual, isolated symptoms.

Objective
The study purpose was to investigate symptom clusters in cancer caregivers and to explore factors that influence symptom clusters.

Methods
Cluster analysis was performed using cross-sectional survey data from 129 family caregivers of individuals receiving cancer treatment at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) measures of 5 common symptoms in caregivers (fatigue, sleep disturbance, depression, anxiety, impaired cognition) were used to identify symptom clusters.

Results
Two symptom cluster groups were identified: low symptom burden (n = 106, 82.2%) and high symptom burden (n = 23, 17.8%). Individuals who reported higher levels of caregiving burden (impact on health subscale) (β = 1.31, P = .005) and loneliness (β = 0.18, P = .024) were significantly more likely to be in the high symptom burden group.

Conclusions
This study provides evidence that 5 key symptoms among cancer caregivers appear to cluster into 2 groups, those with low symptom burden and those with high symptom burden. Caregiving burden (impact of health) and loneliness were significant factors differentiating symptom cluster membership.

Implications for Practice
Identifying symptom clusters may lead to better prevention and treatment strategies that target symptoms in cancer caregivers. Identifying factors that place a group at high risk of symptom burden can be used to guide individualized and tailored interventions.
Predictive Biomarkers for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Bhalla Sheena , Doroshow Deborah Blythe , Hirsch Fred R. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment paradigm for advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although certain patients achieve significant, long-lasting responses from checkpoint blockade, the majority of patients with NSCLC do not and may be unnecessarily exposed to inadequate therapies and immune-related toxicities. Therefore, there is a critical need to identify biomarkers predictive of immunotherapy response. While tumor and immune cell expression of programmed death ligand-1 and, more recently, tumor mutational burden are used in clinical practice and may correlate with immunotherapy response in selected circumstances, neither consistently predicts an individual patient's likelihood of clinical benefit from ICI therapy. More recently, innovative approaches such as blood-based assays and combination biomarker strategies are under active investigation. This review will focus on the current role and challenges of programmed death ligand-1 and tumor mutational burden as predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy response in advanced NSCLC and explore promising novel biomarker strategies.
Mechanical detection and pain thresholds: comparability of devices using stepped and ramped stimuli
Authors: Pfau Doreen B. , Haroun Omer , Lockwood Diana N. , Maier Christoph , Schmitter Marc , Vollert Jan , Rice Andrew S.C. , Treede Rolf-Detlef 
Published: December 2020

Introduction:
Quantitative sensory testing is used to assess somatosensory function in humans. The protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS) provides comprehensive normative values using defined tools; however, some of these may not be feasible in low-resource settings.

Objectives:
To compare the standard DFNS devices for assessment of mechanosensory function to a low resource tool, the Sorri-Bauru-monofilaments.

Methods:
Mechanical detection thresholds (MDT), pain thresholds (MPT), and suprathreshold pinprick ratings (pain sensitivity: MPS) were measured over cheek, hand dorsum, and fingertip in 13 healthy subjects (7 female, aged 21–44 years). Mechanical detection threshold was assessed with DFNS standard glass monofilaments (0.25–512 mN, 0.5 mm tip) and nylon monofilaments (Sorri-Bauru; 0.5–3000 mN). MPT was assessed with DFNS standard cylindrical probes (8–512 mN, 0.25 mm tip), Sorri-Bauru monofilaments, and with ramped stimuli using an electronic von Frey aesthesiometer (10 mN/s or 100 mN/s, 0.20 mm tip). MPS was measured in response to stepped and ramped pinpricks (128 and 256 mN).

Results:
Mechanical detection thresholds were the same for DFNS and Sorri-Bauru monofilaments. For MPT, Sorri-Bauru filaments yielded lower values than PinPricks over face but not hand. Pain thresholds were higher at all test sites for ramped than stepped pinpricks (P < 0.01). Suprathreshold ratings were lower for ramped than stepped pinpricks (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Sorri-Bauru filaments are acceptable substitutes for DFNS standards in estimating tactile sensitivity, but are not consistent with standard probes for pinprick sensitivity because of their nonstandardized tips. Ramped stimuli overestimated MPT and underestimated MPS due to reaction time artefacts and therefore need their own normative values.
Mental Health and Psychological Responses During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Epidemic: A Comparison Between Wuhan and Other Areas in China
Authors: Wang Qunfeng , Feng Hongliang , Wang Meiyao , Xie Yu , Hou Botong , Lu Xuanzhen , Liu Zhenxing , Ouyang Keni , Zhang Renwei , Cai Qi , Xu Zhipeng , Li Huagang , Chao Hao , Yang Xiaohua , Hong Yan , Hu Xiaohua , Liu Zhigang , Liu Yumin 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACT

Objective
This study aimed to compare the mental health and psychological responses in Wuhan, a severely affected area, and other areas of China during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic.

Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted on February 10–20, 2020. A set of online questionnaires was used to measure mental health and responses. A total of 1397 participants from Wuhan (age, 36.4 ± 10.7 years; male, 36.1%) and 2794 age- and sex-matched participants from other areas of China (age, 35.9 ± 9.9 years; male, 39.0%) were recruited.

Results
Compared with their counterparts, participants from Wuhan had a significantly higher prevalence of any mental health problems (46.6% versus 32.2%; adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.65–2.17), anxiety (15.2% versus 6.2%; adjusted OR = 2.65, 95% CI = 2.14–3.29), depression (18.3% versus 9.7%; adjusted OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.74–2.54), suicidal ideation (10.5% versus 7.1%; adjusted OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.28–2.02), and insomnia (38.6% versus 27.6%; adjusted OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.48–1.96). Participants from Wuhan had a slightly higher rate of help-seeking behavior (7.1% versus 4.2%; adjusted OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.12–2.77) but similar rate of treatment (3.5% versus 2.7%; adjusted OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.68–2.24) for mental problems than did their counterparts. In addition, compared with their counterparts, participants from Wuhan gave higher proportions of responses regarding “fearful” (52% versus 36%, p < .001), “discrimination against COVID-19 cases” (64% versus 58%, p = .006), “strictly comply with preventive behaviors” (98.7% versus 96%, p = .003), and “fewer living and medical supplies” (<2 weeks: 62% versus 57%, p = .015).

Conclusions
The COVID-19 epidemic has raised enormous challenges regarding public mental health and psychological responses, especially in the highly affected Wuhan area. The present findings provide important information for developing appropriate strategies for the prevention and management of mental health problems during COVID-19 and other epidemics.
Cognitive Versus Magnetic Resonance-Ultrasound Fusion Prostate Biopsy: Which One Is Worthier to Perform?
Authors: Turkay Rustu , Inci Ercan , Yildiz Omer , Ozgur Eren , Taşci Ali İhsan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The aim of our study is to compare 2 prostate fusion biopsy models in terms of accurate target sampling. One hundred patients who had Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System score 3, 4, or 5 lesions (lesion diameter, >5 mm in long axis) in multiparametric-magnetic resonance imaging and prostate-specific antigen levels between 3 and 10 ng/mL were enrolled in the study. All patients were biopsy naive. Two groups were composed with 50 patients each. Group 1 patients had cognitive fusion (CF) biopsy, and group 2 had magnetic resonance-ultrasound fusion platform biopsy. After fusion biopsy, standard biopsy was also performed. Outcomes of histopathologic and demographic data were evaluated statistically. There were no statistical differences between the 2 groups in terms of age, prostate-specific antigen levels, prostate volume, and lesion length (P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in sampling targeted lesions (P > 0.05). Also, no difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of random biopsy cancer detection rates (P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between CF and magnetic resonance-ultrasound fusion in terms of cancer detection rates. For the experienced operators, we recommend lesions that are longer than 5 mm can be sampled using CF, an inexpensive and faster technique.
Diagnostic Efficiency of Gynecologic Imaging Reporting and Data System Combined With 3-dimensional Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Scoring System in Evaluating Ovarian Tumor
Authors: Yang Lin , Lv Guorong , Chen Huie , Yang Shuping , Liao Jianmei , Zhang Weina , Ke Linfang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
To estimate the value of gynecologic imaging reporting and data system (GI-RADS) combined with 3-dimensional contrast-enhanced ultrasound (3D-CEUS) scoring system in the differential diagnosis of ovarian tumor. Both of 2-dimensional ultrasound (2D-US) and 3D-CEUS were performed on 114 patients with ovarian masses by Voluson E8 with SonoVue (Bracco, Italy). Besides, dynamic contrast-enhanced-magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) (Siemens Magneton Verio 3.0T, Germany) was performed on the patients. There were totally 62 benign and 52 malignant ovarian tumors in all patients. The ability of GI-RADS combined with 3D-CEUS scoring system to distinguish benign and malignant ovarian tumors was superior to conventional ultrasound GI-RADS classification. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of GI-RADS combined with 3D-CEUS scoring system were 96.2% and 98.1%, 87.10%, whereas those of MRI were 87.10%, 91.23%, and 92.11% respectively, indicating that there was high concordance in ovarian tumors assessment between the 2 diagnostic methods. The new scoring system has a good correlation with microvessel density (P = 0.000, r = 0.73), estrogen receptor (P = 0.000, r = 0.59), progesterone receptor (P = 0.000, r = 0.56), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (P = 0.000, r = 0.61). The GI-RADS combined with 3D-CEUS scoring system was valuable in clinical diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ovarian tumor and show good agreement with MRI.
Efficacy and feasibility of amniotic membrane for the treatment of burn wounds: A meta-analysis
Authors: Yang Chao , Xiong Ai Bing , He Xiao Chuan , Ding Xiao Bin , Tian Xin Li , Li Ying , Yan Hong 
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND
Burns cause a huge economic burden to society, and the wounds can be very difficult to manage. Clinical experience suggests that amniotic membrane (AM) is an economical and effective biological dressing for burns. However, few systematic reviews or meta-analyses have been published on such use. We aimed to evaluate the role of AM dressings in burn wounds.

METHODS
A systematic search of the PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted in March 2020. The search was conducted to identify randomized control trials that compared selected features of AM with those of other dressings, such as silver sulfadiazine, polyurethane membrane, and honey. For skin-grafted wounds, we compared AM-covered skin grafts and traditional staple-fixed skin grafts. Outcomes of interest for the efficacy analysis included wound infection, pain, itching, scarring, and healing time. The number of adverse events in each treatment group, the rate of withdrawal because of adverse effects, the cost of treatment, and patient acceptability were assessed for the feasibility analysis.

RESULTS
Eleven randomized controlled trials with 816 participants total were identified in our review. Amniotic membrane treatment was more effective than conventional methods, silver sulfadiazine, and polyurethane membrane in treating burn wounds, but AM appears to be less effective than honey. No reports of AM-related disease transmission or adverse reactions were described in the included articles.

CONCLUSION
Amniotic membrane has beneficial effects in treating burn wounds; however, the evidence needs to be strengthened by further robust randomized controlled trials.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Systematic Review/Meta-analysis, level III.
Preparations for a European R&D roadmap for an inertial fusion demo reactor
Authors: Norreys P. A. , Ceurvorst L. , Sadler J. D. , Spiers B. T. , Aboushelbaya R. , Mayr M. W. , Paddock R. , Ratan N. , Savin A. F. , Wang R. H. W. , Glize K. , Trines R. M. G. M. , Bingham R. , Hill M. P. , Sircombe N. , Ramsay M. , Allan P. , Hobbs L. , James S. , Skidmore J. , Fyrth J. , Luis J. , Floyd E. , Brown C. , Haines B. M. , Olson R. E. , Yi S. A. , Zylstra A. B. , Flippo K. , Bradley P. A. , Peterson R. R. , Kline J. L. , Leeper R. J. 
Published: December 2020

A European consortium of 15 laboratories across nine nations have worked together under the EUROFusion Enabling Research grants for the past decade with three principle objectives. These are: (a) investigating obstacles to ignition on megaJoule-class laser facilities; (b) investigating novel alternative approaches to ignition, including basic studies for fast ignition (both electron and ion-driven), auxiliary heating, shock ignition, etc.; and (c) developing technologies that will be required in the future for a fusion reactor. A brief overview of these activities, presented here, along with new calculations relates the concept of auxiliary heating of inertial fusion targets, and provides possible future directions of research and development for the updated European Roadmap that is due at the end of 2020.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)’.
The inadequacy of a magnetohydrodynamic approach to the Biermann battery
Authors: Ridgers C. P. , Arran C. , Bissell J. J. , Kingham R. J. 
Published: December 2020

Magnetic fields can be generated in plasmas by the Biermann battery when the electric field produced by the electron pressure gradient has a curl. The commonly employed magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of the Biermann battery breaks down when the electron distribution function is distorted away from Maxwellian. Using both MHD and kinetic simulations of a laser-plasma interaction relevant to inertial confinement fusion we have shown that this distortion can reduce the Biermann-producing electric field by around 50%. More importantly, the use of a flux limiter in an MHD treatment to deal with the effect of the non-Maxwellian electron distribution on electron thermal transport leads to a completely unphysical prediction of the Biermann-producing electric field and so results in erroneous predictions for the generated magnetic field.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)’.
Recent progress in quantifying hydrodynamics instabilities and turbulence in inertial confinement fusion and high-energy-density experiments
Authors: Casner A. 
Published: December 2020

Since the seminal paper of Nuckolls triggering the quest of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) with lasers, hydrodynamic instabilities have been recognized as one of the principal hurdles towards ignition. This remains true nowadays for both main approaches (indirect drive and direct drive), despite the advent of MJ scale lasers with tremendous technological capabilities. From a fundamental science perspective, these gigantic laser facilities enable also the possibility to create dense plasma flows evolving towards turbulence, being magnetized or not. We review the state of the art of nonlinear hydrodynamics and turbulent experiments, simulations and theory in ICF and high-energy-density plasmas and draw perspectives towards in-depth understanding and control of these fascinating phenomena.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)’.
Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy: an introduction to the second edition
Authors: Norreys Peter A. , Ridgers Christopher , Lancaster Kate , Koepke Mark , Tynan George 
Published: December 2020

Part II of this special edition contains the remaining 11 papers arising from a Hooke discussion meeting held in March 2020 devoted to exploring the current status of inertial confinement fusion research worldwide and its application to electrical power generation in the future, via the development of an international inertial fusion energy programme. It builds upon increased coordination within Europe over the past decade by researchers supported by the EUROFusion Enabling Research grants, as well as collaborations that have arisen naturally with some of America's and Asia's leading researchers, both in the universities and national laboratories. The articles are devoted to informing an update to the European roadmap for an inertial fusion energy demonstration reactor, building upon the commonalities between the magnetic and inertial fusion communities’ approaches to fusion energy. A number of studies devoted to understanding the physics barriers to ignition on current facilities are then presented. The special issue concludes with four state-of-the-art articles describing recent significant advances in fast ignition inertial fusion research.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)’.
Collisionless shock acceleration in the corona of an inertial confinement fusion pellet with possible application to ion fast ignition
Authors: Boella E. , Bingham R. , Cairns R. A. , Norreys P. , Trines R. , Scott R. , Vranic M. , Shukla N. , Silva L. O. 
Published: December 2020

Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are used to explore collisionless shock acceleration in the corona plasma surrounding the compressed core of an inertial confinement fusion pellet. We show that an intense laser pulse interacting with the long scale-length plasma corona is able to launch a collisionless shock around the critical density. The nonlinear wave travels up-ramp through the plasma reflecting and accelerating the background ions. Our results suggest that protons with characteristics suitable for ion fast ignition may be achieved in this way.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)’.
Fast electron transport dynamics and energy deposition in magnetized, imploded cylindrical plasma
Authors: Kawahito D. , Bailly-Grandvaux M. , Dozières M. , McGuffey C. , Forestier-Colleoni P. , Peebles J. , Honrubia J. J. , Khiar B. , Hansen S. , Tzeferacos P. , Wei M. S. , Krauland C. M. , Gourdain P. , Davies J. R. , Matsuo K. , Fujioka S. , Campbell E. M. , Santos J. J. , Batani D. , Bhutwala K. , Zhang S. , Beg F. N. 
Published: December 2020

Inertial confinement fusion approaches involve the creation of high-energy-density states through compression. High gain scenarios may be enabled by the beneficial heating from fast electrons produced with an intense laser and by energy containment with a high-strength magnetic field. Here, we report experimental measurements from a configuration integrating a magnetized, imploded cylindrical plasma and intense laser-driven electrons as well as multi-stage simulations that show fast electrons transport pathways at different times during the implosion and quantify their energy deposition contribution. The experiment consisted of a CH foam cylinder, inside an external coaxial magnetic field of 5 T, that was imploded using 36 OMEGA laser beams. Two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic modelling predicts the CH density reaches

9.0

g cm

−
3

, the temperature reaches 920 eV and the external B-field is amplified at maximum compression to 580 T. At pre-determined times during the compression, the intense OMEGA EP laser irradiated one end of the cylinder to accelerate relativistic electrons into the dense imploded plasma providing additional heating. The relativistic electron beam generation was simulated using a 2D particle-in-cell (PIC) code. Finally, three-dimensional hybrid-PIC simulations calculated the electron propagation and energy deposition inside the target and revealed the roles the compressed and self-generated B-fields play in transport. During a time window before the maximum compression time, the self-generated B-field on the compression front confines the injected electrons inside the target, increasing the temperature through Joule heating. For a stronger B-field seed of 20 T, the electrons are predicted to be guided into the compressed target and provide additional collisional heating.

This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)’.
Whole-beam self-focusing in fusion-relevant plasma
Authors: Spiers B. T. , Hill M. P. , Brown C. , Ceurvorst L. , Ratan N. , Savin A. F. , Allan P. , Floyd E. , Fyrth J. , Hobbs L. , James S. , Luis J. , Ramsay M. , Sircombe N. , Skidmore J. , Aboushelbaya R. , Mayr M. W. , Paddock R. , Wang R. H. W. , Norreys P. A. 
Published: December 2020

Fast ignition inertial confinement fusion requires the production of a low-density channel in plasma with density scale-lengths of several hundred microns. The channel assists in the propagation of an ultra-intense laser pulse used to generate fast electrons which form a hot spot on the side of pre-compressed fusion fuel. We present a systematic characterization of an expanding laser-produced plasma using optical interferometry, benchmarked against three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. Magnetic fields associated with channel formation are probed using proton radiography, and compared to magnetic field structures generated in full-scale particle-in-cell simulations. We present observations of long-lived, straight channels produced by the Habara–Kodama–Tanaka whole-beam self-focusing mechanism, overcoming a critical barrier on the path to realizing fast ignition.
This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Prospects for high gain inertial fusion energy (part 2)’.