bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Preclinical Blood Test for Scrapie in Sheep Using Immunocapillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Jackman Roy , Everest David J , Schmerr Mary Jo , Khawaja Mohammed , Keep Pat , Docherty John 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An analytical method is described for detection of endogenous disease-associated prion protein in the buffy coat fraction from the blood of sheep infected with scrapie. The method has been improved and evaluated for its performance in the preclinical diagnosis of ovine transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The test system uses a protocol for sample preparation that includes extraction and concentration and a test method that uses a liquid-phase competitive immunoassay for prion protein. Antibodies directed to a peptide sequence at the C-terminus of the prion protein (PrP) and a fluorescein-labeled peptide conjugate are used in the assay. Free zone capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence for detection is used to separate the antibody-bound fluorescently labeled peptide and free labeled peptide. In this assay, the PrP competes with the fluorescently labeled peptide for limited antibody binding sites, which results in a reduction of the peak representing the immunocomplex of the antibody bound to the fluorescently labeled peptide. When blood samples from scrapie-infected sheep aged 712 months and of the scrapie-susceptible PrP genotypes VRQ/VRQ and VRQ/ARQ were analyzed, the abnormal PrP was found in blood samples. These results correlated with the post-mortem diagnosis of scrapie. The sheep were preclinical and appeared normal at the time of testing but later died with clinical disease approximately 12 months after testing. In older animals, and those with clinical signs, a smaller percentage of animals tested positive. This study has demonstrated that this technology can be used as a sensitive, rapid preclinical test to detect the disease-associated PrP in the blood of scrapie-infected sheep. Improvements in the extraction protocol and capillary electrophoresis conditions will enhance the robustness of this test.
Biosensor Screening for Veterinary Drug Residues in Foodstuffs
Authors: Haughey Simon A , Baxter G Andrew 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The advent of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor has led to many applications in diverse fields from the pharmaceutical industry to the life sciences and other areas within biotechnology. One area that has seen a significant increase in applications is the testing for veterinary drug residues in foodstuffs. These include tests for antibiotics, β-agonists, and antiparasitic drugs. The introduction of the Biacorer&lt;sup/&gt;Q in the late 1990s, an SPR biosensor dedicated to the food industry, and the complementary development of kits to test for these residues mean that end users have a viable alternative screening test to the established enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. This paper reviews many SPR biosensor veterinary drug tests that have been developed, with particular emphasis placed on kit-based assays.
Sampling Hazelnuts for Aflatoxin: Uncertainty Associated with Sampling, Sample Preparation, and Analysis
Authors: Ozay Guner , Seyhan Ferda , Yilmaz Aysun , Whitaker Thomas B , Slate Andrew B , Giesbrecht Francis 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The variability associated with the aflatoxin test procedure used to estimate aflatoxin levels in bulk shipments of hazelnuts was investigated. Sixteen 10 kg samples of shelled hazelnuts were taken from each of 20 lots that were suspected of aflatoxin contamination. The total variance associated with testing shelled hazelnuts was estimated and partitioned into sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variance components. Each variance component increased as aflatoxin concentration (either B1 or total) increased. With the use of regression analysis, mathematical expressions were developed to model the relationship between aflatoxin concentration and the total, sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variances. The expressions for these relationships were used to estimate the variance for any sample size, subsample size, and number of analyses for a specific aflatoxin concentration. The sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variances associated with estimating aflatoxin in a hazelnut lot at a total aflatoxin level of 10 ng/g and using a 10 kg sample, a 50 g subsample, dry comminution with a Robot Coupe mill, and a highperformance liquid chromatographic analytical method are 174.40, 0.74, and 0.27, respectively. The sampling, sample preparation, and analytical steps of the aflatoxin test procedure accounted for 99.4, 0.4, and 0.2% of the total variability, respectively.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Deoxynivalenol in Baby Food and Animal Feed: Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Stroka Joerg , Derbyshire Michelle , Mischke Carsten , Ambrosio Massimo , Kroeger Katy , Arranz Isabel , Sizoo Eric , van Egmond Hans ,   Collaborators:, De Girolama A , Herry M-P , Kereszturi J , Klaffke H , Koch P , Krska R , Lauber U , Petrová J , Petterson H , Reif K , Reutter M , Sunderland J , Sundin P , Vögler P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An interlaboratory study was conducted for the determination of deoxynivalenol in baby food and animal feed by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. The study included 14 participants representing a cross section of industry, official food control, and research facilities. Mean recoveries reported ranged from 89% (at 120 g/kg) to 85% (at 240 g/kg) for baby food and from 100% (at 200 g/kg) to 93% (at 400 g/kg) for animal feed. On the basis of the results for spiked samples (blind duplicates at 2 levels), as well as those for naturally contaminated samples (blind duplicates at 3 levels), the relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) in analyses of baby food ranged from 6.4 to 14.0% and in analyses of animal feed, from 6.1 to 16.5%. The relative standard deviation for reproducibility (RSDR) in analyses of baby food ranged from 9.4 to 19.5% and in analyses of animal feed, from 10.5 to 25.2%. The HorRat values ranged from 0.4 to 1.0 and from 0.7 to 1.3, for baby food and animal feed, respectively. The method showed acceptable performance for within-laboratory and between-laboratory precision for each matrix, as required by European legislation.
Sampling Almonds for Aflatoxin, Part I: Estimation of Uncertainty Associated with Sampling, Sample Preparation, and Analysis
Authors: Whitaker Thomas B , Slate Andrew B , Jacobs Merle , Hurley J Michael , Adams Julie G , Giesbrecht Francis G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Domestic and international regulatory limits have been established for aflatoxin in almonds and other tree nuts. It is difficult to obtain an accurate and precise estimate of the true aflatoxin concentration in a bulk lot because of the uncertainty associated with the sampling, sample preparation, and analytical steps of the aflatoxin test procedure. To evaluate the performance of aflatoxin sampling plans, the uncertainty associated with sampling lots of shelled almonds for aflatoxin was investigated. Twenty lots of shelled almonds were sampled for aflatoxin contamination. The total variance associated with measuring B1 and total aflatoxins in bulk almond lots was estimated and partitioned into sampling, sample preparation, and analytical variance components. All variances were found to increase with an increase in aflatoxin concentration (both B1 and total). By using regression analysis, mathematical expressions were developed to predict the relationship between each variance component (total, sampling, sample preparation, and analysis variances) and aflatoxin concentration. Variance estimates were the same for B1 and total aflatoxins. The mathematical relationships can be used to estimate each variance for a given sample size, subsample size, and number of analyses other than that measured in the study. When a lot with total aflatoxins at 15 ng/g was tested by using a 10 kg sample, a vertical cutter mixer type of mill, a 100 g subsample, and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, the sampling, sample preparation, analytical, and total variances (coefficient of variation, CV) were 394.7 (CV, 132.4%), 14.7 (CV, 25.5%), 0.8 (CV, 6.1%), and 410.2 (CV, 135.0%), respectively. The percentages of the total variance associated with sampling, sample preparation, and analytical steps were 96.2, 3.6, and 0.2, respectively.
Evaluation of a Chemiluminescence Method for Measuring Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in WholeMilk of Multiple Species and Bovine Dairy Drinks: Interlaboratory Study
Authors: Salter Robert S , Fitchen John ,   Collaborators:, Bain B , Bella M , Bergman S , Biotelle A C , Bulthaus M , Butterworth F , Collins P , Davag R , Farrington D , Gaunt W , Greenwood M , Hickey B , High E , Irvine F , Lupi L , Martin G , Maturin L , Mode G , Nicholas M , O'Grady F , Pearce L , Reddy R , Robertson R , Schwartz J , Shelley S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a ubiquitous enzyme in milk with timetemperature destruction similar to that of certain pathogens destroyed in pasteurization. Measurement of ALP to indicate proper pasteurization is a common practice. Recently the public health level for ALP was decreased to 350 mU/L, a level below the sensitivity of older colorimetric ALP methods. This study was conducted within the structure of the International Dairy Federation and the International Organization for Standardization to evaluate the reproducibility of the chemiluminescence method (Charm PasLite) for ALP at 50, 100, 350, and 500 mU/L in whole milk of multiple species to meet new regulations in the United States and proposed regulations in the European Union (EU). Fifteen laboratories from 8 countries evaluated bovine, goat, sheep, and buffalo milk, bovine skim milk, 20% fat cream, and 2% fat chocolate milk. At ALP levels of 350 and 500 mU/L, the average relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSDr) was 7.5%, and the average relative standard deviation of reproducibility was (RSDR) 15%. For ALP at 100 and 50 mU/L, the average RSDr values were 10.5 and 12.6%, respectively, and the average RSDR values were 18 and 25%, respectively. The limit of detection was 20 mU/L. Results are comparable to those obtained with other enzymatic photo-activated system methods such as the fluorometric method. Results indicate that the method is suitable for measuring ALP in the milk of multiple species and in dairy drinks at U.S. and proposed EU levels.
Multiresidue Analysis of Avermectins in Cattle Liver by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Hou Xiaolin , Jiang Haiyang , Ding Shuangyang , Zhang Suxia , Li Xiaowei , Shen Jianzhong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple multiresidue analysis method was developed for the confirmation and quantification of eprinomectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin in cattle liver. The target analytes were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up with C18 and C8 solid-phase extraction cartridges before analysis by liquid chromatography combined with positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The residue mean recoveries of the 4 drugs were 64.1699.53%. The limit of detection was 2.5 ng/g for eprinomectin, abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin.
An Accurate and Reproducible Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Isoflavones and Their Metabolites in Rat Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Combined with Photodiode Array Detection
Authors: Sepehr Estatira , Robertson Patrick , Gilani G Sarwar , Cooke Gerard , Pui-Yan Lau Benjamin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To study the safety and potential health benefits of soy isoflavones, a rapid and simple method based on liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and photodiode array detector (PDA) was developed for the determination of isoflavones in rat plasma. The analytes included daidzein, genistein, glycitein, equol, 4-ethyl phenol, and biochanin A over a concentration range of 1.04320.0 nM using 75 L of rat plasma. Rat plasma samples were hydrolyzed by adding an enzyme mixture from Helix pomatia containing glucuronidase and sulfatase to convert the isoflavone -glycosides daidzin, genistin, and glycitin to their active aglycone forms. A liquidliquid extraction method using ethyl acetate as the extraction solvent was used to extract aglycones and the internal standards (phenolphthalein -d glucuronide, 4-methylumbelliferyl sulfate, and apigenin) from digested plasma samples. The extract was evaporated to dryness under a nitrogen stream, reconstituted with 0.1%formic acid in wateracetonitrile (85 + 15), and injected into a Zorbax SB-CN reversed-phase column (4.6 75 mm, 3.5 m particle size). The Micromass ZQ detector was operated in the positive ion selected-ion monitoring mode. The flow rate for LC was 1.0 mL/ min, with a split where 25% of the effluent was introduced into the electrospray ionization probe of the MS instrument and 75% into the PDA. The chromatographic run time was 16.0 min, with delay of 10 min/injection. The interday precision and accuracy of the standard samples were &lt;2.6% relative standard deviation and &lt;10% relative error, respectively. Recovery of the reported isoflavones with this method varied from 86 to 100%.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Maleic Hydrazide in Technical and Formulated Products: Collaborative Study
Authors: Mertz James L , Lau Dora Y , Borth David M ,   Collaborators:, Ausan E D , Bennett O , Bontoyan W , Colvin T , Curry M , Firman M , Golden P , Goodwin V , Krol W , Kosse M , Lacroix M , Mattina M , Phillips T , Podhorniak L , Porticos L , Qian Y , Rose J , Schermerhorn P , Weiss C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Fourteen collaborating laboratories assayed maleic hydrazide (MH), 6-hydroxypyridazin-3(2H)-one, in technical and formulated products by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with sulfanilic acid as an internal standard. The active MH in the samples (6 lots) ranged from 16% (expressed as the potassium salt) to 98% (MH in the technical). A small amount of 1 M KOH was added to the technical MH and analytical standards to create the potassium salt of the analyte which is soluble in water. Test samples and standards were extracted with water containing the internal standard before analysis by LC on a C8 column with an ion-pairing eluting solution and UV detection at 254 nm. The concentration of MH was calculated by comparing the peak area response ratios of the analyte and the internal standard with those in the analytical standard solution. Eleven laboratories weighed each test sample twice with single analysis. Three laboratories weighed each sample once and made duplicate injections on the LC system. The data were analyzed using the 11 laboratories' results. A second data analysis was done including all laboratory results using a Youden pair approach, selecting one of 2 duplicate assay values randomly for each laboratory and sample. In the first data analysis, the repeatability standard deviation ranged from 0.07 to 1.39%; reproducibility standard deviation ranged from 0.22 to 1.39%. In the second data analysis (using all laboratory data), repeatability standard deviation ranged from 0.09 to 0.86%; reproducibility standard deviation ranged from 0.22 to 1.31%.
Affinity Liquid Chromatography Method for the Quantification of Immunoglobulin G in Bovine Colostrum Powders
Authors: Copestake David E J , Indyk Harvey E , Otter Don E 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An affinity liquid chromatography (LC) method for the determination of bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG), using protein G coupled to an agarose support, was modified to permit the quantification of IgG in colostrum-based powders. Sample preparation included pH adjustment to 4.6 to precipitate casein and denatured whey protein. The method was applied to a range of colostrum powders and was compared with the alternative independent methods of surface plasmon resonance immunoassay, radial immunodiffusion, and reversed-phase LC. The method was rapid, and performance parameters included a working range of 10-150 μg IgG and precision relative standard deviation values of &lt;10%.
Detection of Bovine Meat and Bone Meal in Animal Feed at a Level of 0.1%
Authors: Aarts Henk J M , Bouw El M , Buntjer Jaap B , Lenstra Johannes A , Raamsdonk Leo W D  van 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
For the control of the transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle via feedstuff, a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was developed with ruminant-specific Bov-B SINE primers, SYBR® Green fluorescence detection, and melting curve analysis. In formulated cattle and chicken feed samples spiked with pure bovine and sheep meat and bone meal heated at 133C for 20 min, a contamination level of 0.1% was detected.
Spectrofluorometric Determination of Verapamil Hydrochloride in Pharmaceutical Preparations and Human Plasma Using Organized Media: Application to Stability Studies
Authors: Walash Mohamed , Belal Fathalla , El-Enany Nahed , Abdelsalam Amina 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A highly sensitive spectrofluorometric method was developed for the determination of verapamil hydrochloride (VP HCl) in pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids. The proposed method is based on investigation of the fluorescence spectral behavior of VP HCl in micellar systems, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). In aqueous solutions of borate buffer of pH 9 and 8.5, VP HCl was well incorporated into SDS and β-CD, respectively, with enhancement of its native fluorescence. The fluorescence was measured at 318 nm after excitation at 231 nm. The fluorescence intensity enhancements were 183 and 107% in SDS and in β-CD, respectively. The fluorescence-concentration plots were rectilinear over the range of 0.020.2 and 0.020.25 μg/mL, with lower detection limits of 5.58 × 103 and 3.62 × 103 μg/mL in SDS and β-CD, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of commercial tablets and the results were in good agreement with those obtained with the official method. The method was further applied to the determination of VP HCl in real and spiked human plasma. The mean % recoveries in the case of spiked human plasma (n 4) was 92.59 3.11 and 88.35 2.55 using SDS and β-CD, respectively, while that in real human plasma (n 3) was 90.17 6.93 and 89.17 6.50 using SDS and β-CD, respectively. The application of the method was extended to the stability studies of VP HCl after exposureto ultraviolet radiation and upon oxidation with hydrogen peroxide.
Method Modification (2004.08) to Field Testing of Visible Powders on a Variety of Nonporous Environmental Surfaces: Field Study
Authors: Harper Bruce , Robinson Matthew ,   Collaborators:, Agle N , Badar T , Bartle D , Decker A , Gailey J , Hall M , Hoffman G , Jennings B , Johnson L , Jorgensen C , Lesson A , Marsh B , McLean J , Merrill K , Piland M , Salitros N , Trigg M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The RAMP® Anthrax Test Cartridge for detecting Bacillus anthracis was validated for use in the field for detection of B. anthracis spores in visible powder residues on 7 nonporous environmental surfaces. Six teams of trained first responders and civil support personnel in Class C personal protective equipment sampled visible powder residues on plastic, stainless steel, ceramic tile, wood, rubber, sealed concrete, and food-grade painted wood and analyzed the samples on the RAMP Anthrax Test System. The accuracy for each surface was at least 97% and the overall average was 98.8%. The overall average false-positive rate was 1.79% and false-negative rate was 1.07% for all surfaces. There were no significant differences between surfaces or between spore levels.
Multiresidue Determination of Zeranol and Related Compounds in Bovine Muscle by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry with Immunoaffinity Cleanup
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wang Hejia , Wang Jianping , Li Xiaowei , Jiang Haiyang , Shen Jianzhong 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) method with immunoaffinity cleanup was developed for the determination of zeranol and related compounds, taleranol, zearalanone, and α-zearalenol in bovine muscle. Muscle samples were extracted with methanol and cleaned up with immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) columns containing monoclonal antibodies raised against zeranol coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. After derivatization, the compounds were analyzed by GC/MS. The dynamic column capacities for zeranol, taleranol, zearalanone, and α-zearalenol were 2639.7, 2840.3, 2731.5, and 2736.3 ng/mL Sepharose gel, respectively. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.5 and 1.0 ng/g, respectively, for all 4 compounds. Mean recoveries were 79.6110.7% with coefficients of variation of 3.211.4% at spiked levels of 1.05.0 ng/g. This IAC-GC/MS method may be used for the determination of zeranol, taleranol, zearalanone, and α-zearalenol residues in bovine muscle, and possibly other tissues.
Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA for Authentication of Meats from Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), Pyrenean Ibex (Capra pyrenaica), and Mouflon (Ovis ammon) by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
Authors: Fajardo Violeta , González Isabel , López-Calleja Inés , Martín Irene , Rojas María , Pavón Miguel Ángel , Hernández Pablo E , García Teresa , Martín Rosario 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The prevention of fraudulent labeling of game meat constitutes an important part of food regulatory control and quality assurance systems. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis based on mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was developed for authentication of meats from chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), pyrenean ibex (Capra pyrenaica), and mouflon (Ovis ammon). Amplification and restriction site analysis of a DNA fragment about 720 base pairs (bp) from the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene of all analyzed species permitted the selection of MseI and ApoI endonucleases for meat speciation. The 12S rRNA restriction profiles obtained allowed the unequivocal identification of chamois, pyrenean ibex, and mouflon/sheep and their differentiation from meats of domestic species such as cattle, goat, and swine. The highly variable mitochondrial D-loop gene was also targeted to attempt discrimination between mouflon and sheep meats. A D-loop region (700-1000 bp) was amplified and sequenced in all game and domestic species analyzed, and a primer set was designed for the selective amplification of a 370 bp DNA fragment from mouflon and sheep. PCR-RFLP analysis with the selected MaeII enzyme generated a single electrophoretic profile characteristic for sheep, whereas 3 different fragment patterns were obtained for mouflon meats. Consequently, the PCR-RFLP technique developed can be routinely applied in inspection programs in order to verify the correct labeling of game species.