bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refeeding syndrome in small ruminants receiving parenteral nutrition
Authors: Luethy Daniela , Stefanovski Darko , Sweeney Raymond W. 
Published: June 2020

AbstractBackgroundSmall ruminants presented to tertiary care facilities commonly suffer from severe protein‐calorie malnutrition. Some of these patients require parenteral nutrition (PN; amino acids and dextrose with or without lipids) during hospitalization. Refeeding syndrome, a potentially fatal shift of electrolytes seen in malnourished patients during refeeding, may occur.Objective(a) To report the prevalence of refeeding syndrome in small ruminants receiving PN and (b) to determine risk factors for the development of refeeding syndrome.AnimalsHospitalized small ruminants (n = 20) that received PN from 2010 to 2018 and that had serial (≥2) monitoring of serum electrolyte concentrations after initiation of PN.MethodsRetrospective case series. Refeeding syndrome was defined as the presence of at least 2 of the following electrolyte abnormalities after initiation of PN: hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, or some combination of these. Data was analyzed using Fisher's exact test, followed by univariate logistic regression.ResultsEleven of 20 (55%) animals met the definition of refeeding syndrome. Mean minimum serum phosphorus concentration in animals with refeeding syndrome was 1.96 ± 0.69 mg/dL (reference range, 4.2‐7.6 mg/dL). Eleven of 20 animals survived to discharge. Survival rate did not differ significantly between refeeding cases (4/11, 36.3%) and nonrefeeding cases (7/9, 77.8%; P = .09). Mean serum phosphorus concentration was significantly lower in nonsurvivors than in survivors (1.88 ± 0.10 mg/dL vs 4.32 ± 0.70 mg/dL, P = .006).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceWe report the prevalence of refeeding syndrome in small ruminants receiving PN. Clinicians should anticipate refeeding syndrome after initiation of PN and consider pre‐emptive supplementation with phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, or some combination of these.
Muslim Televangelists in the Making: Conversion Narratives and the Construction of Religious Authority
Authors: Burhani Ahmad Najib 
Published: June 2020

AbstractThe rapid proliferation of TV channels in Indonesia in the 1990s provided crucial opportunities for a new type of Muslim preacher to rise to national fame: relatively young men lacking substantial formal religious schooling but able to project charm on screen. Four of these young televangelists became true megastars, topping the national charts in the first decade of the twentieth century. Since they became nationally famous at a young age, without the conventional markers of authoritative knowledge of Islam, the question is, what kind of justification did they use to establish their authority as preachers? Analyzing the rise of four young preachers who achieved nationwide stardom in that period, Abdullah Gymnastiar, Arifin Ilham, Jeffri Al‐Bukhari, and Yusuf Mansur, this article shows that conversion narratives play a key role in building social acceptance of their status as preachers. These narratives take various forms with differing themes but all work to compensate for a lack of traditional markers of religious authority. Besides informally authorizing the transformation of these laymen into credible religious preachers, their narratives of miraculous spiritual transformation also shaped the specific themes of their evangelicalism. This article shows how transformation narratives authorize the four top television preachers of the first decade of the twentieth century, and demonstrate the power of those narratives to recast even youthful deviance into an asset in the youth religion market when woven into a story of divinely empowered personal change.
Iqbal’s and Hassan’s Complaints: A Study of “To the Holy Prophet” and “SMS to Sir Muhammad Iqbal”
Authors: Hasan Md. Mahmudul 
Published: June 2020

AbstractMuhammad Iqbal and Mohd. Kamal Hassan respectively wrote “To the Holy Prophet” and “SMS to Sir Muhammad Iqbal” in the 1930s and in the 2000s – two extremely challenging times, as in the former most Muslim‐majority countries were under European colonial rule and in the latter, Western global powers wove an all‐pervasive web of domination and exploitation of them. They focus on the internal weaknesses of subjugated Muslims and lament that, since the attitude of many of them is characterized by inaction and reliance on others, domination by foreign powers became an inevitable corollary. A culture of self‐indulgence, stagnation, and complacency precipitated their decline and facilitated their exploitation by powerful outside interests. In their pursuit to understand the reasons for Western domination over Muslim societies, they studied the “moral paralysis” of colonized Muslims in order to reform them. Accordingly, their analysis of the subordinate position of Muslim peoples and countries can clearly be viewed through the lens of Bennabi’s notion of “colonizability,” as Iqbal’s and Hassan’s complaints in the poems mostly involve exposing several of their weaknesses that prevented them from playing their actual role, and hindered them from realising their potential, in the world.
Mucosal impedance for esophageal disease: evaluating the evidence
Authors: Clarke John O. , Ahuja Nitin K. , Chan Walter W. , Gyawali C. Prakash , Horsley‐Silva Jennifer L. , Kamal Afrin N. , Vela Marcelo F. , Xiao Yinglian 
Published: June 2020

AbstractImpedance has traditionally been employed in esophageal disease as a means to assess bolus flow and reflux episodes. Recent and ongoing research has provided new and novel applications for this technology. Measurement of esophageal mucosal impedance, via either multichannel intraluminal impedance catheters or specially designed endoscopically deployed impedance catheters, provides a marker of mucosal integrity. Mucosal impedance has been shown to segregate gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and eosinophilic esophagitis from non‐GERD controls and may play a role in predicting response to reflux intervention. More data are needed with regard to other esophageal subgroups, outcome studies, and functional disease. Our paper reviews the history of impedance in esophageal disease, the means of assessing baseline and mucosal impedance, data with regard to the newly developed mucosal impedance probes, the clinical utility of mucosal impedance in specific clinical conditions, and limitations in our existing knowledge, along with suggestions for future studies.
How to … do longitudinal qualitative research
Authors: Bennett Deirdre , Kajamaa Anu , Johnston Jenny 
Published: June 2020

SummaryIn health professions education, we are often interested in researching change over time, for example the development of professional identity or the adoption of new practices. Taking a longitudinal qualitative approach to such research can provide valuable insights. In this article, we present some longitudinal qualitative methods to support researchers interested in getting started with this type of research. We discuss what longitudinal qualitative approaches offer, consider the challenges and suggest how to go about it. We also highlight some specific ethical considerations that may arise in longitudinal studies.
A Statistical Study to Evaluate the Performance of Liquid Cooling Garments Considering Thermal Comfort
Authors: Shu Weicheng , Wang Jiawen , Zhang Xinfeng , Luo Xiaobing 
Published: June 2020

Abstract
Liquid cooling garments (LCGs) are considered feasible cooling equipment to protect individuals from hyperthermia and heat-related illness when working in extremely hot and stressful environments. So far, the goals for the optimization design of LCGs are mostly from the perspective of enhancing its efficiency and working time. However, thermal comfort is the key factor that is often not considered. In fact, many situations may cause discomfort. For example, the inlet temperature of the liquid-cooling vest changes constantly resulting in the change of thermal states of the human body. So, it is very significative to develop a method to evaluate the performance of LCGs considering thermal comfort. In this paper, an uncomfortable time ratio was proposed to evaluate the performance of LCGs considering thermal comfort. A series of tests were conducted by a modified thermal manikin method to evaluate the thermal properties. According to the analyses, the duration working time was 82.77 min, while the uncomfortable time ratio was too large, up to 57.6%. It showed that the thermal comfort should be considered when optimizing the performance of LCGs. The influences of different parameters such as volume of ice, flowrate, inlet temperature on the performance of LCGs were investigated through orthogonal experimental design. The statistical analysis illustrated that the influence of the volume of ice on the uncomfortable time ratio is greater than that of flowrate and ambient temperature. It is concluded that this method is useful for the control and design of LCGs considering thermal comfort.
Review of pathological findings in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy specimens performed for morbid obesity
Authors: Nowak Klaudia , DiPalma Adam , Serra Stefano , Quereshy Fayez , Jackson Timothy , Okrainec Allan , Chetty Runjan 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundBariatric surgical procedures are employed when there is a failure of lifestyle modification in arresting obesity. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is quickly becoming the bariatric surgical procedure of choice. LSG results in a gastric remnant that is subject to pathological examination. The objective of this paper is to review the literature in regard to histological findings identified in gastric remnants post-LSG and identify the most pertinent histological findings.Materials and methodsA literature search was performed to identify relevant case series. Data gathered from relevant case series then underwent statistical analysis.ResultsThe most common histological findings in an LSG specimen were clinically indolent findings such as no pathological abnormalities identified followed by non-specific gastritis. A minority of cases demonstrated clinically actionable findings for whichHelicobacter pylorirepresented the majority of these findings.ConclusionThere is a broad spectrum of pathological findings in LSG specimens, ranging from clinically indolent to clinically actionable. The most common histological findings are clinically indolent and only a small portion are of clinical significance and, hence, actionable.
Analysis of real-world PD-L1 IHC 28-8 and 22C3 pharmDx assay utilisation, turnaround times and analytical concordance across multiple tumour types
Authors: Krigsfeld Gabriel S , Prince Emily A , Pratt James , Chizhevsky Vladislav , William Ragheb Josette , Novotny Jr James , Huron David 
Published: June 2020

AimsProgrammed death-1/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitor therapy is accompanied by companion or complementary PD-L1 testing in some tumour types. We investigated utilisation of the Dako PD-L1 IHC 28-8 and 22C3 pharmDx assays and the Ventana PD-L1 (SP142) assay and evaluated concordance between the 28-8 and 22C3 assays in a real-world cohort of patients tested at a single US national reference laboratory.MethodsNeoGenomics Laboratories performed PD-L1 testing on tumour samples between October 2015 and March 2018. PD-L1 test results were matched with patient characteristics using unique identifiers. Concordance between the 28-8 and 22C3 assays was evaluated in matched tumour samples. Data were evaluated across multiple tumour types and in subgroups of patients with lung cancer, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and urothelial carcinoma.Results62 180 individual PD-L1 tests were conducted on samples from 55 652 patients. PD-L1 test volume increased ~10-fold over the period evaluated. Test failure rates were typically low, and test turnaround time (TAT) ranged between 2 and 4 days. Concordance between the 28-8 and 22C3 assays was strong in the overall population and across tumour type subgroups (Kendall’s tau correlations of 0.94 and 0.92–0.98, respectively).ConclusionsTest failure rates for PD-L1 tests were low and TAT remained reasonable despite marked increases in test volume. Concordance was high between the 28-8 and 22C3 assays across a range of tumour types and biopsy locations. These findings add to the literature showing high concordance between the 28-8 and 22C3 assays.
Lung metastases share common immune features regardless of primary tumor origin
Authors: García-Mulero Sandra , Alonso M Henar , Pardo Julián , Santos Cristina , Sanjuan Xavier , Salazar Ramón , Moreno Victor , Piulats Josep María , Sanz-Pamplona Rebeca 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundOnly certain disseminated cells are able to grow in secondary organs to create a metastatic tumor. Under the hypothesis that the immune microenvironment of the host tissue may play an important role in this process, we have categorized metastatic samples based on their immune features.MethodsGene expression data of metastatic samples (n=374) from four secondary sites (brain, bone, liver and lung) were used to characterize samples based on their immune and stromal infiltration using gene signatures and cell quantification tools. A clustering analysis was done that separated metastatic samples into three different immune categories: high, medium and low.ResultsSignificant differences were found between the immune profiles of samples metastasizing in distinct organs. Metastases in lung showed a higher immunogenic score than metastases in brain, liver or bone, regardless of their primary site of origin. Also, they preferentially clustered in the high immune group. Samples in this cluster exhibited a clear inflammatory phenotype, higher levels of immune infiltrate, overexpression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) pathways and upregulation of genes predicting clinical response to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade (T-cell inflammatory signature). A decision tree algorithm was used to select CD74 as a biomarker that identify samples belonging to this high-immune subtype of metastases, having specificity of 0.96 and sensitivity of 1.ConclusionsWe have found a group of lung-enriched metastases showing an inflammatory phenotype susceptible to be treated with immunotherapy.
Novel form of rhizomelic skeletal dysplasia associated with a homozygous variant inGNPNAT1
Authors: Ain Noor Ul , Baroncelli Marta , Costantini Alice , Ishaq Tayyaba , Taylan Fulya , Nilsson Ola , Mäkitie Outi , Naz Sadaf 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundStudies exploring molecular mechanisms underlying congenital skeletal disorders have revealed novel regulators of skeletal homeostasis and shown protein glycosylation to play an important role.ObjectiveTo identify the genetic cause of rhizomelic skeletal dysplasia in a consanguineous Pakistani family.MethodsClinical investigations were carried out for four affected individuals in the recruited family. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was completed using DNA from two affected and two unaffected individuals from the family. Sequencing data were processed, filtered and analysed. In silico analyses were performed to predict the effects of the candidate variant on the protein structure and function. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were used to study the effect ofGnpnat1gene knockdown in primary rat chondrocytes.ResultsThe patients presented with short stature due to extreme shortening of the proximal segments of the limbs. Radiographs of one individual showed hip dysplasia and severe platyspondyly. WGS data analyses identified a homozygous missense variant c.226G>A; p.(Glu76Lys) inGNPNAT1, segregating with the disease. Glucosamine 6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase, encoded by the highly conserved geneGNPNAT1, is one of the enzymes required for synthesis of uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine, which participates in protein glycosylation. Knockdown ofGnpnat1by siRNAs decreased cellular proliferation and expression of chondrocyte differentiation markers collagen type 2 and alkaline phosphatase, indicating thatGnpnat1is important for growth plate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation.ConclusionsThis study describes a novel severe skeletal dysplasia associated with a biallelic, variant inGNPNAT1. Our data suggest that GNPNAT1 is important for growth plate chondrogenesis.
Variant type and position predict two distinct limb phenotypes in patients with GLI3-mediated polydactyly syndromes
Authors: Baas Martijn , Burger Elise Bette , van den Ouweland Ans MW , Hovius Steven ER , de Klein Annelies , van Nieuwenhoven Christianne A , Galjaard Robert Jan H 
Published: June 2020

IntroductionPathogenic DNA variants in the GLI-Kruppel family member 3 (GLI3) gene are known to cause multiple syndromes: for example, Greig syndrome, preaxial polydactyly-type 4 (PPD4) and Pallister-Hall syndrome. Out of these, Pallister-Hall is a different entity, but the distinction between Greig syndrome and PPD4 is less evident. Using latent class analysis (LCA), our study aimed to investigate the correlation between reported limb anomalies and the reported GLI3 variants in these GLI3-mediated polydactyly syndromes. We identified two subclasses of limb anomalies that relate to the underlying variant.MethodsBoth local and published cases were included for analysis. The presence of individual limb phenotypes was dichotomised and an exploratory LCA was performed. Distribution of phenotypes and genotypes over the classes were explored and subsequently the key predictors of latent class membership were correlated to the different clustered genotypes.Results297 cases were identified with 127 different variants in the GLI3 gene. A two-class model was fitted revealing two subgroups of patients with anterior versus posterior anomalies. Posterior anomalies were observed in cases with truncating variants in the activator domain (postaxial polydactyly; hand, OR: 12.7; foot, OR: 33.9). Multivariate analysis supports these results (Beta: 1.467, p=0.013 and Beta: 2.548, p<0.001, respectively). Corpus callosum agenesis was significantly correlated to these variants (OR: 8.8, p<0.001).ConclusionThere are two distinct phenotypes within the GLI3-mediated polydactyly population: anteriorly and posteriorly orientated. Variants that likely produce haploinsufficiency are associated with anterior phenotypes. Posterior phenotypes are associated with truncating variants in the activator domain. Patients with these truncating variants have a greater risk for corpus callosum anomalies.
Living with heart failure: perspectives of ethnic minority families
Authors: Shamali Mahdi , Østergaard Birte , Konradsen Hanne 
Published: June 2020

BackgroundThe family perspective on heart failure (HF) has an important role in patients’ self-care patterns, adjustment to the disease and quality of life. Little is known about families’ experiences of living with HF, particularly in ethnic minority families. This study describes the experiences of Iranian families living with HF as an ethnic minority family in Denmark.MethodsIn this descriptive qualitative study, we conducted eight face-to-face joint family interviews of Iranian patients with HF and their family members living in Denmark. We used content analysis with an inductive approach for data analysis.ResultsWe identified three categories: family daily life, process of independence and family relationships. Families were faced with physical restrictions, emotional distress and social limitations in their daily lives that threatened the patients’ independence. Different strategies were used to promote independence. One strategy was normalisation and avoiding the sick role; another strategy was accepting and adjusting themselves to challenges and limitations. The independence process itself had an impact on family relationships. Adjusting well to the new situation strengthened the relationship, while having problems in adjustment strained the relationship within the family.ConclusionsThis study highlights the process of independence as perceived by families living with HF. It is crucial to both families and healthcare professionals to maintain a balance between providing adequate support and ensuring independence when dealing with patients with HF. Understanding patients’ stories and their needs seems to be helpful in gaining this balance.
Investigating the effects of COVID-19 on global male sex work populations: a longitudinal study of digital data
Authors: Callander Denton , Meunier Étienne , DeVeau Ryan , Grov Christian , Donovan Basil , Minichiello Victor , Kim Jules , Duncan Dustin 
Published: June 2020

Objectives
Recommendations of ‘social distancing’ and home quarantines to combat the global COVID-19 pandemic have implications for sex and intimacy, including sex work. This study examined the effects of COVID-19 on male sex work globally and investigated how men who sold sex responded to and engaged with the virus in the context of work.

Methods
This study made use of an existing database of deidentified data extracted from the online profiles maintained by male sex workers on a large, international website. Website engagement metrics were calculated for the periods before (September to December 2019) and during COVID-19 (January to May 2020); Poisson regression analyses were used to assess changes over time before and after, while a content analysis was undertaken to identify modes of engagement with the virus.

Results
Data were collected from 78 399 profiles representing 19 388 individuals. In the ‘before’ period, the number of active profiles was stable (inter-rate ratio (IRR)=1.01, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.01, p=0.339) but during COVID-19 decreased by 26.3% (IRR=0.90, 95% CI 0.89 to 0.91, p<0.001). Newly created profiles also decreased during COVID-19 (59.4%; IRR=0.71, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.74, p<0.001) after a period of stability. In total, 211 unique profiles explicitly referenced COVID-19; 185 (85.8%) evoked risk reduction strategies, including discontinuation of in-person services (41.2%), pivoting to virtual services (38.9%), COVID-19 status disclosure (20.9%), enhanced sanitary and screening requirements (12.3%) and restricted travel (5.2%). Some profiles, however, seemed to downplay the seriousness of COVID-19 or resist protective measures (14.7%).

Conclusions
These findings support the contention that COVID-19 has dramatically impacted the sex industry; globally, male sex workers may be facing considerable economic strain. Targeted education and outreach are needed to support male sex workers grappling with COVID-19, including around the most effective risk reduction strategies. Those involved with the sex industry must have access to state-sponsored COVID-19 financial and other aid programmes to support individual and public health.
Micronutrient fortification of caffeinated energy drinks and supplemented foods marketed in Canada
Authors: Zamani Rehona , Tarasuk Valerie 
Published: June 2020

To examine the micronutrient content of discretionarily fortified products marketed under Canada’s current regulations, we conducted an in-store and online search for products granted Temporary Marketing Authorizations in 2018. We located 129 caffeinated energy drinks and 98 other beverage products. Most were fortified at levels well below permitted maximums, but 82.2% of energy drinks and 35.7% of other beverage products contained nutrients above 100% of Daily Values, suggesting that current fortification practices are largely gratuitous. Novelty The micronutrients in a sample of discretionarily fortified products marketed under Canada’s current regulations were generally below permitted maximum levels, but many greatly exceeded nutrient requirements.