bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PENGEMBANGAN PEMBELAJARAN PADA MATERI TEKANAN ZAT UNTUK KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KRITIS DAN PENGUASAAN KONSEP SISWA SMP
Authors: Kania Dewi , Rubini Bibin , Ardianto Didit 
Published: January 2020

Keterampilan berpikir siswa, baik berpikir kritis maupun penguasaan konsep merupakan keterampilan yang penting untuk dimiliki agar dapat memecahkan persoalan-persoalan yang dihadapi dalam dunia yang senantiasa berubah. Pembelajaran IPA dengan pendekatan Kontekstual merupakan suatu alternatif pendekatan yang berupaya meningkatkan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan penguasaan konsep siswa agar terus terlatih dengan baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah peningkatan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan penguasaan konsep antara siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran IPA dengan pendekatan Kontekstual dan siswa yang memperoleh pembelajaran dengan pembelajaran konvensional baik ditinjau secara keseluruhan maupun ditinjau secara kelompok siswa (kelompok atas dan kelompok bawah). Selain itu diungkap pula sikap siswa terhadap pembelajaran IPA dengan pendekatan Kontekstual Desain penelitian ini adalah pre-test post-test control group design. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SMP pada kelas VIII. Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui tes . Analisis data dilakukan terhadap rerata gain ternormalisasi antara kedua kelompok sampel dengan menggunakan kesamaan dua rerata. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan keterampilan berpikir kritis dan penguasaan konsep siswa yang belajar dengan pendekatan Kontekstual lebih baik secara signifikan daripada siswa yang belajar dengan pembelajaran konvensional,.. Selanjutnya analisis data angket sikap siswa memperlihatkan bahwa siswa menunjukan sikap positif terhadap pembelajaran IPA dengan pendekatan Kontekstual. Kata Kunci: Keterampilan berpikir kritis dan Penguasaan konsep, pendekatan Kontekstual
AMPLIFIKASI GEN 16S-rRNA BAKTERI EPIFIT PADA ALGA MERAH Kappaphycus alvarezii
Authors: Rico Taareluan Rico , Wantania Letha L , Ginting Elvy L , Mangindaan Remy E.P. , Kumampung Deislie R.H. , Kreckhoff Reni Lusia , Wullur Stnly 
Published: January 2020

Bacteria are microscopic organism found living in marine algae. So far, species of bacteria in marine algae are not well known. In this study, epiphytic bacteria in algal species of Kappaphycus alvarezii (red algae) were isolated to amplify their 16S-rRNA gene. Sample K.alvarezii was collected from the island of Nain. The isolated epiphytic bacteria from the red algae K.alvarezii were grown in Nutrient Broth (NB) media. DNA extraction was carried out using InnuPREP DNA Mini Kit. 16SrRNA genes was performed using primer pair of 8F and 1492R. Two different character of epiphytic bacteria were successfully isolated from K. alvarezii. 16S-rRNA genes from the two isolates was successfully amplified, indicated by the presence of DNA band in each sample gel electrophoreses at around 1500 bp.Keywords : Amplification, 16S-rRNA Genes, Kappapchycus alvarezii, Bacterial, Epiphytic Abstrak Bakteri adalah organisme mikroskopis yang ditemukan hidup di alga laut. Sejauh ini, spesies bakteri di alga laut belum dikenal. Dalam penelitian ini, bakteri epifit pada spesies alga Kappaphycus alvarezii (alga merah) diisolasi untuk memperkuat gen 16S-rRNA mereka. Sampel K.alvarezii dikumpulkan dari pulau Nain. Bakteri epifit terisolasi dari alga merah K.alvarezii ditanam dalam media Nutrient Broth (NB). Ekstraksi DNA dilakukan dengan menggunakan InnuPREP DNA Mini Kit. Gen 16S-rRNA dilakukan dengan menggunakan pasangan primer 8F dan 1492R. Dua karakter bakteri epifit yang berbeda berhasil diisolasi dari K. alvarezii. Gen 16S-rRNA dari dua isolat berhasil diamplifikasi, ditunjukkan oleh adanya pita DNA pada setiap sampel gel elektroforesis sekitar 1500 bp. Kata Kunci: Amplifikasi, gen 16S-rRNA, Kappapycus alvarezii, Bakteri, Epifit
IMPLEMENTASI METODE TOPSIS UNTUK ANALISIS FAKTOR KEBERHASILAN PENGELOLAAN SEKOLAH BERBASIS WEB
Authors: Efenie Yuri , Hozairi Hozairi 
Published: January 2020

Keberhasilan pengelolaan suatu sekolah merupakan indikator yang menentukan kualitas sekolah. Sehingga orang tua mempercayakan putra maupun putri mereka untuk belajar di sekolah tersebut. Adapun faktor – faktor yang berpengaruh pada keberhasilan pengelolaan sekolah, antara lain : kepemimpinan (C1), guru (C2), komite sekolah (C3), siswa (C4), tata usaha (C5) dan pengawas sekolah (C6). Keenam faktor di analisis menggunakan metode TOPSIS yang diimplementasikan ke dalam aplikasi berbasis web. TOPSIS merupakan metode perangkingan dimana alternatif dirangking berdasarkan bobot masing-masing alternatif. Aplikasi ini bertujuan memudahkan pengguna untuk melakukan proses analisis faktor penentu keberhasilan sekolah. Kontribusi penelitian ini sangat membantu sekolah mengambil keputusan untuk meningkatkan kualitas sekolah dengan mempertimbangkan faktor yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap kualitas sekolah.
DÖNÜŞTÜRÜCÜ LİDERLİK VE ÖRGÜTSEL YENİLİKÇİLİK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİ: BİR KAMU KURUMU ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: AYKANAT Zafer , ÇALIŞKAN Mehmet 
Published: January 2020

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, bir
kamu kurumu olan T.C. Ardahan
Valiliği’nde ve Valiliğe bağlı birimlerde çalışanların gösterdikleri
dönüştürücü liderlik davranışları ile örgütsel yenilikçilik algıları arasındaki
ilişkiyi incelemektir. Öncelikli
olarak; dönüştürücü liderlik ve örgütsel
yenilikçilik teorik olarak incelenmiştir. Özel sektördeki firmalar için
örgütsel yenilikçilik faaliyetleri hakkında geniş bir literatür varken kamu
kurumlarında örgütsel yenilikçilik faaliyetlerine ilişkin çalışmalar oldukça
sınırlıdır. Bu çalışma kamu sektörü için literatüre katkı yapması amaçlanmıştır.
Anket çalışması 2016 yılında T.C.
Ardahan Valiliği’nde ve Valiliğe bağlı birimlerde çalışan 184 kişi üzerinde
yapılmış ve yapılan bu çalışma sonunda çalışanların dönüştürücü liderlik
davranışlarının örgütsel yenilikçiliği olumlu yönde etkilediği tespit
edilmiştir
İNTERNETTEN SATIN ALIMLARDA CİNSİYET KİMLİĞİNİN ROLÜ: Z KUŞAĞI ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: GELİBOLU Levent 
Published: January 2020

İnternet üzerinden
satın alma eğilimlerinin artması, tüketicilerin daha iyi tanınması
gerekliliğini doğurmuş, tüketicileri anlama oranında rekabet edebilme avantajı
oluşmuştur. Dolayısıyla işletmelerin yeni stratejiler geliştirmesi gerekmektedir.
Bu doğrultuda tüketicilerin biyolojik cinsiyet özellikleri yanında psikolojik
cinsiyet özellikleri de araştırılmaktadır.

Bu çalışmada;
teknolojiyi iyi kullanabilen, internet üzerinden ürün satın almada istekli olan
Z kuşağına odaklanılmıştır. Bu kuşakta yer alan bireylere yönelik anket
uygulaması yapılmış ve katılımcılar feminen, maskülen ve androjen cinsiyet
kimliği özelliklerine göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Temel analiz yöntemlerinin
kullanıldığı çalışmada feminen karakteristik özellik gösteren bireylerin
internette daha fazla zaman geçirdiği ve daha çok dergi-kitap ve kıyafet satın
almayı tercih ettiği belirlenmiştir. Androjen
karakter özelliği gösteren bireylerin ise daha çok elektronik eşya ve kıyafet
satın almayı tercih ettiği; özellikle androjen karakter özellik taşıyan
bireylerin feminen karakter özelliği eğilimi gösterdiği gibi bulgulara
ulaşılmıştır.
FİNANSAL GELİŞME VE ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ ARASINDA SAKLI EŞ BÜTÜNLEŞME İLİŞKİSİ VAR MIDIR ?
Authors: BARUT Abdulkadir , AYAYDIN Hasan , ÇAM Alper Veli , PALA Fahrettin 
Published: January 2020

Enerji,
ekonominin vazgeçilmezidir ve ekonomik büyüme için önemlidir. İnsanoğlunun
hayatta kalması ve ekonomik büyümesi için enerji temel bir gereksinimdir ve
enerji modern toplumların temelini oluşturmaktadır. Ekonomik gelişimin can
damarı ve sırt kemiğidir. Ticaretin artırılmasında ve büyüme düzeyinin
yükseltilmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Literatüre göre büyüme düzeyini
artırır. Ekonomik literatürde; ekonomik büyüme, ticaret, enerji ve finansal
gelişmeyi içeren dinamik ilişkiler dikkat çekmektedir. Bu bağlamada çalışmanın
amacı; E-7 ülkelerinde (Brezilya, Çin, Hindistan,
Endonezya, Meksika, Rusya ve Türkiye)
finansal gelişme, enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasında saklı bir
ilişkinin varlığının 2003-2016 dönemi için incelenmesidir. Bu amaçla Hatemi- J
(2011) tarafından geliştirilen saklı eş-bütünleşme analizi ve Hatemi-
j (2012) Asimetrik nedensellik analizleri kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına
göre negatif bileşenler arasında saklı bir eş-bütünleşme ilişkisi tespit
edilmiştir. Diğer yandan ekonomik büyüme ve finansal gelişmeden enerji
tüketimine doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik tespit edilmiştir.
تقويم الاختبارات التحصيلية بمرحلة الدراسات العليا بقسم اللغة العربية وآدابها بكلية الآداب جامعة مصراتة في ضوء معايير الجودة الشاملة
Authors: الغزال محمد عمر 
Published: January 2020

يهدف البحث إلى تقويم الاختبارات التحصيلية بمرحلة الدراسات العليا بكلية الآداب- جامعة مصراتة، في ضوء معايير الجودة الشاملة، وتكوَّن المجتمع الأصلي لهذا البحث من جميع الاختبارات التحصيلية بقسم اللّغة العربية، والبالغ عددها (49) اختباراً تحصيلياً لمواد مختلفة، خلال السنوات (2012-2018)، واعتمد الباحث قائمة المعايير المُعدة من قبل الغزال (2012)، و عُرضت القائمة على مجموعة من المحكمين للتأكد من صدقها، وتم استخراج تباثها عن طريق حساب معامل (ألفا كرونباخ). وأشارت المعالجات الإحصائية إلى مجموعة من النتائج أهمها:-
1.	معظم الاختبارات كانت مكتوبة بلغة واضحة بنسبة (96.6%).
2.	بلغت نسبة الاختبارات التي تقيس قدرة الطلبة على ممارسة عمليات عقلية متنوعة(83.4%).
3.	تركيز بعض أساتذة الدراسات العليا على الأسئلة المقالية، وقلة الاهتمام بإعداد الأسئلة الموضوعية ضمن اختباراتهم.
4. اتسام الاختبارات المدروسة بالتوازن والموضوعية والعدالة.
Finansowanie „amerykańskich filmów polskich” w świetle badań archiwalnych. Przypadek Władysława Pasikowskiego
Authors: Sowiński Emil 
Published: January 2020

Artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie kontekstów produkcyjnych tzw. amerykańskich filmów polskich. Szczególna uwaga została poświęcona – odgrywającej znaczącą rolę w finansowaniu tego typu obrazów – Agencji Produkcji Filmowej (APF). Autor – na podstawie materiałów archiwalnych zgromadzonych w Archiwum Akt Nowych i Archiwum Państwowym Dokumentacji Płacowej i Osobowej w Milanówku – dokonuje analizy systemu oceny eksperckiej APF. W analizie tej odwołuje się do projektów autorstwa Władysława Pasikowskiego z pierwszej połowy lat 90., a więc z okresu, gdy nie był on szeroko rozpoznawalny (karty ocen filmu Psy), a także momentu, gdy przylgnęła do niego łatka skandalisty i twórcy kasowych filmów (karty ocen filmu Psy II. Ostatnia krew oraz Glock 17).
Stary mit w nowej odsłonie. Kinematografia rosyjska wobec kryzysu tożsamości
Authors: Tsibets Ilya 
Published: January 2020

W artykule autor skupia się na problematyce kina o przeszłości imperialnej Rosji, które w XXI w. jest aktywnie wspierane przez obecne władze tego kraju. W pierwszej części tekstu autor odwołuje się do przykładów filmowych z lat 90. i pierwszej dekady XXI w. nawiązujących do wątku imperialnego, udowadniając, że medium filmowe stopniowo stało się narzędziem rosyjskiej polityki historycznej, która sprowadza się do odbudowywania mitu „wielkiej Rosji”. Nasilające się tendencje imperialistyczne są objawem ideowego i tożsamościowego kryzysu, który zaktualizował się podczas transformacji ustrojowej na początku lat 90. i trwa w zmodyfikowanej formie do dnia dzisiejszego. Druga część tekstu jest analizą recepcji filmu Matylda (reż. Aleksiej Uczitiel, 2017). Reakcja przedstawicieli władzy i części społeczeństwa rosyjskiego na ten film świadczy o kryzysie rosyjskiej ideologii i o szerzeniu się autokracji, co w perspektywie może doprowadzić do demontażu państwa rosyjskiego.
TIERRA Y CIELOS: ¿DOS UNIVERSOS SEPARADOS?
Authors: Carrascosa Jaime , Gil-Pérez Daniel , Solbes Jordi , Vilches Amparo 
Published: January 2020

O estudo da gravitação constitui uma ocasião excepcional para mostrar a ciência e a tecnologia em toda sua riqueza e complexidade, considerando, entre outros aspectos: as situações problemáticas relevantes que levaram à construção dos conhecimentos, as dificuldades de todo tipo que se teve que enfrentar nessa construção e, muito em particular,a necessidade de se superar as “evidências do senso comum” que estabeleciam uma suposta barreira intransponível entre a Terra e os Céus e que foram um obstáculo durante séculos para o desenvolvimento científico. Neste trabalho apresentamos um programa de atividades para o estudo da gravitação nos últimos anos do ensino médio, orientado a favorecer a participação dos estudantes, em alguma medida, na reconstrução deste processo que constituiu a denominada primeira grande revolução científica e a nos aproximarmos do estudo de uma das ciências mais antigas, a Astronomia, que hoje continua despertando grande interesse.
Development and calculation of a new constructive scheme of spiral potato heap cleaner
Authors: V. Bulgakov, , I. Holovach, , Z. Ruzhylo, , V. Rybalko, 
Published: January 2020

Purpose. Improvement of quality and productivity of potato peeling process by means of development and substantiation of new construction of spiral peeler taking into account reduction of losses and damages of potato tubers.
Methods. Development of a new construction of a spiral cleaner is based on the application of basic principles of agricultural machinery construction, patent search and methods of calculation of basic construction parameters of the machine.
Results. In the paper the authors developed a new construction of spiral potato peeler capable of active self-cleaning from sticky soil, effective removal of soil and plant impurities and qualitative cleaning of potato tubers with their minimal losses and damages. Presence of five wave-likely located working spirals has given the chance to expand considerably a working zone of separation of an arriving potato heap that promotes its better dispersal on a working surface of a cleaner, more intensive destruction of soil clods, and hence improvement of sifting of soil and vegetative impurity and reduction of clogging of working spirals that finally raises productivity and working capacity of a potato cleaner. The process of cleaning the tubers from soil and plant impurities is carried out due to the movement of the potato heap by means of the coils of the console fixed spiral springs rotating at a certain angular speed and the oscillatory movement of the springs themselves, arising due to the deflection of their longitudinal axes under the influence of the weight of the heap cleaner entering the working area. Soil and vegetable impurities are sieved through separating gaps and spiral coils, and potato tubers are transported by spiral coils towards the discharge conveyor.
Conclusions
1.	A new construction of the potato peeler has been developed, the main difference of which is five cantilever mounted cleaning spirals,arranged in waves at different heights, which allowed to expand the cleaning working area and improve the quality of cleaning potato tubers from soil impurities and plant residues.
2.	The expediency of developing a new construction of the potato heap cleaner is confirmed by its efficient operation, high quality of cleaning of tubers from soil and plant impurities, ability of working bodies to self-clean from sticky soil, simplicity of construction and reliability in operation, increase of the cleaner's productivity.
3.	Calculations of the required power for the drive of the new spiral cleaner have shown that it does not exceed 1.3 kW.
4.	Preliminary calculations show that the use of the proposed spiral potato peeler cleaner will improve the quality of potato tubers cleaning from impurities by 15...20% in comparison with the triochspiral cleaner.
Keywords: potato heap, tuber, impurities, purification spiral, coils, oscillatory motion, self-cleaning.
Experimental inspection of the dosing-sowing device by unmanned aerial vehicle for the resettlement of trichogrammes
Authors: S. Maranda, 
Published: January 2020

Purpose. Improving the quality of the trichograms' resettlement by establishing rational operating modes of the dosing and sowing device of an unmanned aerial vehicle.
Methods. Experimental studies using the method of planning a three-factor experiment, methods of statistical data processing.
Results. Based on the analysis of the technical means for resettlement of the trichograms, the design of the dosing-sowing device of a unmanned aerial vehicle for the resettlement of the trichogram was substantiated. As a result of the experimental studies, it was established that during the deployment of a trichogram with a dosing-seeding device, a stable leakage of the material due to ejection was ensured by using diaphragms with a diameter of 2.5 mm or more.
According to the results of the research it was established that with the increase in flight altitude, the quality of material distribution does not change significantly. But factors such as the height of the plants and the presence of obstacles on the field must be taken into account, so it is necessary to keep the flight altitude not less than 5 m.
Due to changing the size of the confuser, the range of flight of the particle did not change, which leads to the conclusion to use a smaller cone of diameter due to which reduces the frontal resistance.
When using a dosing-seeding device for resettlement of a trichogram on a quadracycle, due to air flow from propellers, the width of the capture significantly decreases. Therefore, for the qualitative distribution of biomaterials on the surface of the field, the distance between adjacent passages should be 6 m.
Conclusions
1.	The height of the flight of an unmanned aerial vehicle during the resettlement of the trichogram must not be less 5 m from the upper edge of the plant.
2.	The uniform distribution of material on the surface of the field depends on the flight speed, which should be within the range of 3–5 m/s.
3.	The quality of the material distribution increases from the right choice of the width of the ceiling, which should be about 6 m.
Conclusions: dosing sowing device, ejector, unmanned aerial vehicle, biological protection of plants, reshaping of trichograms, norm of settlement, width of capture.
On the Volumes and Affine Types of Trades
Authors: Ghorbani Ebrahim , Kamali Sara , Khosrovshahi Gholamreza B. , Krotov Denis 
Published: January 2020

A $[t]$-trade is a pair $T=(T_+, T_-)$ of disjoint collections of subsets (blocks) of a $v$-set $V$ such that for every $0\le i\le t$, any $i$-subset of $V$ is included in the same number of blocks of $T_+$ and of $T_-$. It follows that $|T_+| = |T_-|$ and this common value is called the volume of $T$. If we restrict all the blocks to have the same size, we obtain the classical $t$-trades as a special case of $[t]$-trades. It is known that the minimum volume of a nonempty $[t]$-trade is $2^t$. Simple $[t]$-trades (i.e., those with no repeated blocks) correspond to a Boolean function of degree at most $v-t-1$. From the characterization of Kasami–Tokura of such functions with small number of ones, it is known that any simple $[t]$-trade of volume at most $2\cdot2^t$ belongs to one of two affine types, called Type (A) and Type (B) where Type (A) $[t]$-trades are known to exist. By considering the affine rank, we prove that $[t]$-trades of Type (B) do not exist. Further, we derive the spectrum of volumes of simple trades up to $2.5\cdot 2^t$, extending the known result for volumes less than $2\cdot 2^t$. We also give a characterization of "small" $[t]$-trades for $t=1,2$. Finally, an algorithm to produce $[t]$-trades for specified $t$, $v$ is given. The result of the implementation of the algorithm for $t\le4$, $v\le7$ is reported.
Lattice Representations with Set Partitions Induced by Pairings
Authors: Chiaselotti Giampiero , Gentile Tommaso , Infusino Federico 
Published: January 2020

We call a quadruple $\mathcal{W}:=\langle F,U,\Omega,\Lambda \rangle$, where $U$ and $\Omega$ are two given non-empty finite sets, $\Lambda$ is a non-empty set and $F$ is a map having domain $U\times \Omega$ and codomain $\Lambda$, a pairing on $\Omega$. With this structure we associate a set operator $M_{\mathcal{W}}$ by means of which it is possible to define a preorder $\ge_{\mathcal{W}}$ on the power set $\mathcal{P}(\Omega)$ preserving set-theoretical union. The main results of our paper are two representation theorems. In the first theorem we show that for any finite lattice $\mathbb{L}$ there exist a finite set $\Omega_{\mathbb{L}}$ and a pairing $\mathcal{W}$ on $\Omega_\mathbb{L}$ such that the quotient of the preordered set $(\mathcal{P}(\Omega_\mathbb{L}), \ge_\mathcal{W})$ with respect to its symmetrization is a lattice that is order-isomorphic to $\mathbb{L}$. In the second result, we prove that when the lattice $\mathbb{L}$ is endowed with an order-reversing involutory map $\psi: L \to L$ such that $\psi(\hat 0_{\mathbb{L}})=\hat 1_{\mathbb{L}}$, $\psi(\hat 1_{\mathbb{L}})=\hat 0_{\mathbb{L}}$, $\psi(\alpha) \wedge \alpha=\hat 0_{\mathbb{L}}$ and $\psi(\alpha) \vee \alpha=\hat 1_{\mathbb{L}}$, there exist a finite set $\Omega_{\mathbb{L},\psi}$ and a pairing on it inducing a specific poset which is order-isomorphic to $\mathbb{L}$.
On Forbidden Poset Problems in the Linear Lattice
Authors: Xiao Jimeng , Tompkins Casey 
Published: January 2020

In this note, we determine the maximum size of a $\{\mathrm{V}_{k}, \Lambda_{l}\}$-free family in the lattice of vector subspaces of a finite vector space both in the non-induced case as well as the induced case, for a large range of parameters $k$ and $l$. These results generalize earlier work by Shahriari and Yu. We also prove a general LYM-type lemma for the linear lattice which resolves a conjecture of Shahriari and Yu.
الوقف والابتداء في القرآن الكريم والاستفادة منهما في تعليم اللغة العربيةفي سورة الشورى نموذجا
Authors: IDRIS SAAD , MULYADI  
Published: January 2020

Surely Arabic language has a very high degree in Islam, in which the last holy book was revealed, and that’s Alqur’an. It is also the language of Islamic society and civilization whose authenticity will endlessly be protected until the judgement day, since Alloh guaranteed its authenticity as he said in surah Al hijr : 9 ) “ indeed, it is We who sent down the Qur’an and indeed, We will be its guardian” because of its very high degree, the muslim scholars encourage all muslims to learn and teach this language. Mastering Arabic language requires complete understanding of Arabic grammars, two of which are “alwaqf” and “Al Ibtida’I”. They are one of the important grammars that help readers of Qur’an, teachers and students to understand the meaning of Qur’anic Verses correctly so that they make no mistake or problem that might lead to false meaning when reading or speaking about Quranic Verses. In this topic researcher used an analytical descriptive approach, that is to find information related to the topic to gain the result, analyze it and lastly implement it in the teaching of Arabic language.This research proved that Waqf, a study which studies about how to cut reading intended to avoid any fallacy of meaning among Quranic Verses, and Al-Ibtida, a study that studies how to begin a reading intended to complete the meaning of Qur'anic verses, And that the Waqf and Al ibtida’ is divided into four sections namely Tam, Kaf, Hassan, and qobih, and can be used in the field of teaching the Arabic language, by putting them in the sentences useful and in the texts of reading and dialogue, and then the teacher to explain the positions of stop and start in the sentences useful in view of grammatical provisions.