bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of Cornus Species to Two Genera of Powdery Mildew
Authors: Windham M.T. , Trigiano R.N. , Windham A.S. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Powdery mildew disease severity was assessed in fourteen species of Cornus. Seedlings of C. alternifolia, C. controversa and C. mas were not infected with powdery mildew. One cultivar of C. alba, ‘Bud's Yellow’, was also not infected, whereas ‘Ivory Halo’ was parasitized with Phyllactinia guttata. Cultivars of C. florida (‘Cherokee Brave’, ‘Cloud 9’, and ‘Cherokee Sunset’) and lines of C. kousa (seedlings and clones of C. kousa var. chinensis) significantly differed in their susceptibility to powdery mildew. All trees of C. florida and C. kousa had thalli and cleistothecia of Erysiphe pulchra on abaxial and adaxial surfaces. Location of mycelia and cleistothecia of P. guttata on leaves were variable for blue berry dogwood species.
Night-Interrupted Lighting Accelerates Flowering of Herbaceous Perennials Under Nursery Conditions in the Southern United States
Authors: Keever Gary J. , Raymond Kessler J. , Stephenson James C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Night-interrupted lighting (NIL) outdoors in a southern nursery setting was evaluated as a system for accelerated production of herbaceous perennials requiring long days to flower. Treatments were NIL beginning February 1, February 15, March 1, or March 15, and a natural photoperiod control. Compared to plants under the natural photoperiod and depending upon initiation of NIL treatment and year, NIL accelerated and increased flowering of ‘Moonbeam’ coreopsis (Coreopsis verticillata L. ‘Moonbeam’) 7 to 36 days and 20 to 244%, ‘Early Sunrise’ coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet. ‘Early Sunrise’) 3 to 20 days and 26 to 64%, ‘Sunray’ coreopsis (Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet. ‘Sunray’) 6 to 13 days and 21 to 44%, ‘Autumn Joy’ stonecrop (Sedum x ‘Autumn Joy’) 26 to 57 days and 200 to 300%, and ‘Blue Queen’ salvia (Salvia x superba Stapf ‘Blue Queen’) 7 to 12 days and 56 to 83%. Flowering of ‘Red Beauty’ obedient plant (Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth. ‘Red Beauty) was accelerated 20 to 54 days; however, inflorescence counts decreased 38 to 46% in one year and was not affected by treatments in the second year. Plants of all cultivars, except ‘Autumn Joy’ sedum and ‘Red Beauty’ obedient plant, were taller when exposed to NIL than when grown under the natural photoperiod, however plant quality rating of all cultivars was as high or higher under NIL.
Estimation of U.S. Bark Generation and Implications for Horticultural Industries
Authors: Lu Wenliang , Sibley Jeff L. , Gilliam Charles H. , Bannon James S. , Zhang Yaoqi 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The historical, current, and projected supply of bark was evaluated. Since the 1980s more than 95 percent of the U.S. bark supply has been utilized in some way. Industrial fuel consumes the largest share of the market for bark, absorbing about 83 percent of softwood bark and 66 to 71 percent of hardwood bark. Current market share of bark for horticulture use (categorized in the miscellaneous group), is about 15 percent of softwood bark supply and about 30 percent of hardwood bark supply. In recent years, domestic timber harvest has been relatively stable or has slightly decreased. During the same time period, there has been an increasing demand for bark as an energy resource. Based on historical data, linear models were fitted between U.S. timber harvest and bark generation at the regional level. With those fitted models, projected bark generation was estimated based on the timber harvest data of the fifth Renewable Resources Planning Act (RPA) timber assessment. It is estimated that only a minor increase in the long term bark output will occur. For softwood bark which has the greatest demand, projected supply will be below the level of 2001 until about 2020. With expected horticulture industry growth, increased value of bark as a readily available energy source for wood processing mills, and a shift in pulp generation from domestic paper mills to international sources, the total amount and share of bark to the horticulture market will likely decrease.
Butterfly Feeding Preferences for Buddleja Selections in the Landscape
Authors: Bruner L.L. , Eakes D.J. , Keever G.J. , Baier J.W. , Stuart Whitman C. , Knight P.R. , Altland J.E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In landscape studies conducted in 2002 and 2003, Buddleja davidii (Franch.) ‘White Profusion’, ‘Pink Delight’, and ‘Honeycomb’ were visited by native butterflies to a greater extent than to the remaining four Buddleja examined. In general, the lowest visitation was experienced by B. crispa (Benth.) and B. lindleyana (Fortune) ‘Miss Vicie’. Overall, B. davidii ‘Pink Delight’ was visited by the greatest number of species, while B. crispa and B. lindleyana ‘Miss Vicie’ were visited by the least. Total visit duration by one randomly selected butterfly was greater for B. davidii ‘White Profusion’, ‘Honeycomb’, ‘Pink Delight’, and ‘Royal Red’ in 2003, while no differences among cultivars were found in 2002. Differences in duration per visit were observed in 2003 with B. davidii ‘White Profusion’, ‘Pink Delight’, and ‘Royal Red’ having the greatest and B. crispa the least. Plant characteristics including inflorescence number, growth index, flower morphology, and flower color characteristics differed among cultivars. Through correlation analysis plant characteristics that contributed in part to cultivar differences in visitation were determined. Cultivar differences that consistently correlated with visitation preferences were inflorescence number and growth index. Based on correlation analysis, the cultivar characteristics that did not contribute to visitation differences included flower morphology and flower color characteristics.
Effect of Application Variables on Spray Deposition, Coverage, and Ground Losses in Nursery Tree Applications
Authors: Derksen Richard C. , Krause Charles R. , Fox Robert D. , Brazee Ross D. , Zondag Randy 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An experimental cross-flow (CF) fan sprayer and a conventional, axial-fan (AF), orchard sprayer were used to treat multiple rows consisting of four year old, multi-stem, red maple trees, Acer rubrum L. and Turkish filbert trees, Corylus colurna L. The effects of sprayer type, fan orientation, application volume, and ground speed on canopy and ground spray deposits and canopy spray coverage across multiple target rows were evaluated. Variations in deposits and coverage across the canopies were generally smaller for the CF sprayer than the AF sprayer. The AF sprayer produced the highest overall deposits in the first row nearest the sprayer. Reducing fan speed kept more material in the tree row adjacent to the sprayer while decreasing spray volume did not affect the spray deposits in that row. Tower sprayer fan orientation did not affect canopy deposits but could be used to minimize spray drift. These results indicate that the most uniform spray distribution in a tree canopy is obtained by treating the canopy from each side. These findings also suggest growers should experiment with different spray volume and speed settings that can provide efficacious applications more efficiently.
Preemergence and Early Postemergence Control of Selected Container Nursery Weeds with BroadStar, OH2, and Snapshot TG
Authors: Judge Caren A. , Neal Joseph C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Preemergence and early postemergence control of three common nursery weeds with BroadStar (flumioxazin), OH2 (oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin), and Snapshot TG (isoxaben + trifluralin) was compared in greenhouse and outdoor experiments. Hairy bittercress (Cardamine hirsuta), spotted spurge (Chamaesyce maculata), and common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) were container-grown in the absence of ornamental crops and each herbicide was applied preemergence (labeled application) or postemergence to plants either at the cotyledon to one-leaf stage or at the two- to four-leaf stage. Each of the herbicides controlled hairy bittercress and spotted spurge preemergence and when applied to plants at the cotyledon to one-leaf stage. The herbicides were less effective on hairy bittercress and spotted spurge at the two- to four-leaf stage, yet control was 60 to 89%. Common groundsel was controlled preemergence by each herbicide; however, only BroadStar and OH2 controlled common groundsel ≥ 81% when applied at the cotyledon to one-leaf stage. No postemergence treatment controlled common groundsel when applied at the two-to four-leaf stage.
Herbicide-Treated Mulches for Weed Control in Nursery Container Crops
Authors: Case L.T. , Mathers H.M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Weed control is the largest expense faced in the nursery and landscape industries. Nursery growers spend $967 to $2,228/A, depending on species, for supplemental hand weeding in addition to three to four yearly herbicide applications. Herbicide-treated mulches have utility in addressing many current nursery/landscape weed control issues such as non-target herbicide losses, leaching and off-site herbicide movement, and reduction of weed control costs. The objectives of this study were to compare seven types of mulches, including Douglas fir nuggets, pine nuggets, shredded hardwood, shredded Cypress, PennMulch™, rice hulls, and cocoa shells sprayed with Surflan [aqueous solution (AS) (oryzalin) at 1.12 (0.5×) and 2.24 (1×) kg ai/ha (1.0 and 2.0 lb ai/A)] and SureGuard [(water dispersible granular (WDG) (flumioxazin) at 0.19 (0.5×) and 0.38 (1×) kg ai/ha (0.17 and 0.34 lb ai/A)] to determine efficacy on common chickweed (Stellaria media), annual bluegrass (Poa annua) and spotted spurge (Chamaesyce humistrata) and phytotoxicity to Golden vicary privet (Ligustrum × vicaryi), creeping juniper (Juniperus horizontalis ‘P.C. Youngstown’), and wintergreen boxwood (Buxusmicrophylla ‘Wintergreen’) at 45 and 115 days after treatment (DAT). The herbicide-treated mulches were compared to untreated mulches, over-the-top sprays of the herbicides and a combination spray of Surflan + SureGuard each applied at the 1× rate, described above, an industry-standard granular formulation Rout (oxyfluorfen + oryzalin) at 3.41 kg ai/ha (3.0 lb ai/A), an industry standard nonchemical alternative Geodisc™, and an untreated control. The experiment was conducted in 2001 and repeated in 2002. In 2001, 17 of 43 treatments provided commercially acceptable visual ratings at 45 DAT; 14 were herbicide treated mulches. Four of five treatments in 2001 providing acceptable control at 115 DAT were herbicide treated mulches. In 2002, three treatments providing commercially acceptable control at 45 DAT were: PennMulch™ + 0.5 × Surflan, PennMulch™ + SureGuard, and Rout. Rout was the only treatment providing commercially acceptable control at 115 DAT in 2002. Golden vicary privet exhibited the greatest phytotoxicity in both years. In 2001-2002, the over-the-top sprays of Surflan + SureGuard were the most phytotoxic treatments to Golden vicary privet when averaged across 45 and 115 DAT. The data indicated a significant herbicide × mulch interaction and that some combinations, such as hardwood + SureGuard or pine nuggets + SureGuard, increased and extended efficacy and reduced phytotoxicity versus mulches or herbicides applied alone.
Substrate pH Suppression Using Incorporated Sulfur-based Compounds in Nursery Container Production
Authors: Giblin Chad P. , Gillman Jeffrey H. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Container production of ericaceous plants requires maintenance of a long-term substrate pH of 4.0 to 5.5. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of incorporated elemental sulfur, ferrous sulfate, and aluminum sulfate on long-term pH suppression in an acidic container substrate irrigated with highly alkaline water. ‘Northcountry’ blueberry liners were planted into a peat/pine bark based container substrate containing one of six different commercial amendments for pH reduction at three different rates of actual sulfur: 0.89 kg S/m3 (1.5 lb S/yd3), 1.78 kg S/m3 (3 lb S/yd3), and 2.67 kg S/m3 (4.5 lb. S/yd3). After fourteen weeks, only one elemental sulfur treatment had a substrate pH significantly lower than untreated substrate pH. Elemental sulfur particle size played a role in ability to control substrate pH.
Evaluating North and South Florida Landscape Performance and Fruiting of Ten Cultivars and a Wild-type Selection of Nandina domestica, a Potentially Invasive Shrub
Authors: Knox Gary W. , Wilson Sandra B. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A wild-type selection of heavenly bamboo (Nandina domestica) and ten cultivars were evaluated for plant performance, growth, flowering, and fruiting in north and south Florida. Onset of flowering generally began by March and April in south Florida and 4 to 8 weeks later in north Florida. Fruit was first noted 8 to 16 weeks after most selections began flowering. Landscape performance and fruit production varied widely among taxa and locations. The dwarf selections ‘Filamentosa’ and ‘Firepower’ failed to flower or fruit in either location; while the medium-sized selection, ‘Moon Bay’, did not flower or fruit in south Florida, and the medium-sized selection, ‘Gulf Stream’, flowered but did not fruit in south Florida. Large-sized selections produced more fruit than did dwarf and medium-sized cultivars. Greater plant survival with generally heavier fruiting was observed in north Florida than in south Florida. In north and south Florida, ‘Monum’ and ‘Compacta’ produced more fruit than did the wild-type selection. Seed viability was fairly consistent among cultivars, ranging from 73 to 86%.
Influence of Biostimulants and Water-Retaining Polymer Root Dips on Survival and Growth of Newly Transplanted Bare-Rooted Silver Birch and Rowan
Authors: Barnes Sally , Percival Glynn C 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The influence of five commercially available biostimulant products (Trade names; Generate, Resistim, Fulcrum CRV, Bioplex, Maxicrop) in combination with a water-retaining polymer applied to the root system of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.) during the winter period under field conditions was investigated. The short and long-term efficacy of biostimulants on growth was quantified by assessing root and shoot vigor and survival rates at week 8 and 20 post bud break. Improvements in tree vitality were also assessed by measurement of leaf photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll fluorescence emissions and chlorophyll content. Significant effects of species, biostimulant and concentration were found on the majority of growth and tree vitality parameters measured. Only two of the biostimulants tested induced significant growth responses in both tree species. Regardless of species, applications of a water retaining polymer alone had no significant effect on tree survival rates or tree vitality. However, growth of birch was significantly reduced compared to controls indicating a detrimental effect of polymer application alone on this species. Results conclude that use of commercially available biostimulant product in combination with a water retaining polymer can be of use to reduce transplant losses and improve tree vitality and growth over a growing season in silver birch and rowan. Selection of an appropriate biostimulant(s), however, is important as effects on growth and vitality varied widely between species and concentration of biostimulant applied.
Pendimethalin Influence on Azalea Shoot and Root Growth
Authors: Derr Jeffrey F. , Simmons Lori D. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Preemergence herbicides, especially members of the dinitroaniline class, are commonly applied to container-grown nursery stock. Dinitroaniline herbicides inhibit the development of new roots in susceptible plants, and can injure nursery crops. The effect of pendimethalin on root and shoot growth of ‘Tradition’ azalea was evaluated at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. Pendimethalin was applied to azalea tops (shoot exposure), the growing medium (root exposure), or to the tops plus growing medium. Initial plant heights and root volumes were used to calculate percent increase in growth as affected by application method. Four weeks after treatment, plant height of shoot-only and shoot plus root treatments increased by 17 and 25%, respectively, while height in root-only and untreated control plots increased by 34%. Eight weeks after treatment (WAT), plant height of shoot-only and shoot plus root treatment increased by 61 and 63%, respectively, compared to root-only and untreated control plots, which increased by 105 and 108%, respectively. Greatest reductions in root growth were found in the shoot plus root and root-only treatments at 4 and 8 WAT, likely due to pendimethalin movement into the upper 3 cm of the growing mix. Pendimethalin can directly affect azalea shoot growth following exposure to only the foliage, and directly reduce root development following application to the growing medium. Any stunting of growth following over-the-top application of a sprayable pendimethalin formulation likely results from impacts on both the root and shoot systems.
Growth Stage and Time of the Year Effects on Nursery Crop Tolerance to Diuron
Authors: Simpson C.V. , Gilliam C.H. , Wehtje G.R. , Sibley J.L. , Altland J.E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the tolerance of three landscape crops to over the top spray applications of diuron. Rates ≥ 0.56 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A) provided excellent (100%) yellow woodsorrel control regardless of the time of year the treatment was made. Diuron applications ≤ 1.12 kg ai/ha (1.0 lb ai/A) in fall and spring caused slight to no injury to dormant abelia, barberry, and spirea. Plants leafed out normally in the spring after application and there was no difference in growth 180 days after treatment (DAT). Application at 2.24 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb ai/A) caused slight to no injury on abelia, moderate injury to spirea, and severe injury to barberry by the following spring. Spring application to actively growing abelia and spirea caused slight to moderate injury from which plants treated with ≤ 0.56 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A) completely recovered by 90 DAT. Abelia treated with 1.12 kg ai/ha (1.0 lb ai/A) were slightly injured 90 DAT, and spirea were moderately injured 90 DAT. Abelia and spirea treated with 2.24 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb ai/A) were severely injured with many dead plants 60 DAT. Actively growing barberry treated with 0.28 kg ai/ha (0.25 lb ai/A) remained moderately injured by 90 DAT. Rates ≥ 0.56 kg ai/ha (0.5 lb ai/A) caused death to actively growing barberry by 60 DAT.
Growth Response of Crapemyrtle to Geographical Area and Production Light Level
Authors: Brooks K.M. , Keever G.J. , Altland J.E. , Sibley J.L. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The effects of geographic location and production light level on vegetative growth and flowering were evaluated as a means of accelerating the development of tree-form crapemyrtles. By the end of the first year of the experiment, Dynamite™, ‘Muskogee’, ‘Natchez’, and ‘Tuscarora’ grown in Oregon were as much as 42, 51, 43, and 92% taller, respectively, than plants in Alabama, while plants generally had less trunk diameter in Oregon. ‘Muskogee’ and ‘Natchez’ in both locations and ‘Tuscarora’ in Alabama were generally taller when grown under 50% shade than plants in full sun, while height of Dynamite™ was not affected by production light level. Trunk diameter of ‘Natchez’ in both locations and of Dynamite™ in Alabama was less when plants were grown under shade, while trunk diameter of ‘Muskogee’ and ‘Tuscarora’ was not affected by production light level. Flowering of plants grown under shade in Alabama was delayed, while no plants in Oregon flowered the first year. In the second year of the experiment when all plants were grown in full sun, all cultivars continued to be taller in Oregon, while trunk diameter remained greater in Alabama. The height advantage gained from growing plants under shade the previous year was not evident in any cultivar by the end of the second year, while trunk diameter was similar for all cultivars previously grown in full sun and under 50% shade. There was no difference in flowering of plants in Alabama previously grown under 50% shade and in full sun, while 50 to 100% of the four cultivars in Oregon flowered with no obvious difference due to prior production light level.
Cyclanilide Alterations In Growth Of Five Landscape Plant Species During Container Production Are Location Specific
Authors: Mackay Wayne A. , Arnold Michael A. , McDonald Garry V. , Sankhla Narendra 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Five species of tropical and warm temperate shrubs, bush morning glory (Ipomoea carnea N. von Jacquin subsp. fistulosa (K. von Martinus ex J. Choisy) D. Austin), Indian hawthorn (Raphiolepis indica (L.) J. Lindley), tropical hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. ‘Brilliantissima’), jatropha (Jatropha integerrima N. von Jacquin), and nandina (Nandina domestica C.P. Thunberg), were grown in 2.8-liter (#1) black plastic containers at two contrasting nursery locations and regimes. In College Station, TX, plants were grown in full sun under high fertility conditions, while in Dallas, TX, plants were grown under 40% light exclusion and a lower fertility level. Plants at each location were sprayed to runoff, either once or twice, with a distilled water only control, a Latron B-1956 spreader sticker surfactant at 0.063 mg/liter (0.063 ppm) in distilled water, or cyclanilide [1-(2,4-dichlorophenyaminocarbonyl)-cyclopropane carboxylic acid] at 56, 112, or 223 mg/liter (56, 112, or 223 ppm, respectively) with the Latron surfactant in a distilled water carrier. Half of the plants in all treatments received a single application, while the other half received a second application two to three weeks later. Although growth responses and release of dormancy varied among species and with cyclanilide concentration, plants of most species had greater release of lateral buds from a dormant or quiescent state under the high irradiance and fertility conditions in College Station, compared to the lower irradiance and fertility conditions in Dallas. However, phytotoxicity symptoms as evidenced by lower quality ratings were also more prevalent in College Station. Phytotoxicity was moderate to severe on nearly all jatropha and tropical hibiscus plants exposed to cyclanilide. Toxicity symptoms and significant growth reductions were present on several species at 112 or 223 mg/liter (112 or 223 ppm, respectively). A second application usually increased the effects on growth responses at all concentrations and often induced phytotoxicity symptoms at 56 mg/liter (56 ppm). The disparate responses between the two locations suggest the importance of local growing conditions on the potential efficacy and predictability of responses to cyclanilide applications.