bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal control of visceral, cutaneous and post kala-azar leishmaniasis
Authors: Zamir M. , Nadeem F. , Zaman G. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis article focuses on the eradication of different strains of leishmaniasis with the help of almost nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). A comprehensive mathematical model of the disease is formulated incorporating three types of populations: sandflies, humans and dogs (reservoirs), and 3-types of strains: $C_{l}$

C
l

, cutaneous leishmaniasis; $V_{l}$

V
l

, kala-azar; and PKDL, post kala-azar. We find $R_{0}$

R
0

, the basic reproduction number of the infection. On the basis of sensitivity test of $R_{0}$

R
0

, the most active/sensitive parameters are investigated. These active parameters are controlled with the help of control variables. In some cases different parameters depend on the same single parameter, like ovigenesis and biting rate, both of which are linked to the blood source. Therefore we introduce three nonpharmaceutical control variables in the proposed model to control the biting rate of sandflies, density of seropositive dogs, and density of vector population. Nonpharmaceutical interventions include bed nets, eradiation of infectious dogs, and residual sprays, and thus extend the proposed model to an optimal control model. Using Lagrangian and Hamiltonian, we minimize the densities infected classes in human, sandfly and vector populations. Adopting optimality approach, we check the existence of the optimal control for the system. Using Matlab, we produce numerical simulations for the validation of results of control variables.
Half-linear dynamic equations and investigating weighted Hardy and Copson inequalities
Authors: Saker S. H. , Sayed A. G. , AlNemer Ghada , Zakarya M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn this paper, we employ some algebraic equations due to Hardy and Littlewood to establish some conditions on weights in dynamic inequalities of Hardy and Copson type. For illustrations, we derive some dynamic inequalities of Wirtinger, Copson and Hardy types and formulate the classical integral and discrete inequalities with sharp constants as particular cases. The results improve some results obtained in the literature.
Dutch DALYs, current and future burden of disease in the Netherlands
Authors: Hilderink Henk B. M. , Plasmans Marjanne H. D. , Poos M. J. J. C. , Eysink Petra E. D. , Gijsen Ronald 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
The Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is a measure to prioritize in the public health field. In the Netherlands, the DALY estimates are calculated since 1997 and are included in the Public Health Status and Foresight studies which is an input for public health priority setting and policy making. Over these 20 years, methodological advancements have been made, including accounting for multimorbidity and performing projections for DALYs into the future. Most important methodological choices and improvements are described and results are presented.

Methods
The DALY is composed of the two components years of life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality and years lost due to disability (YLD). Both the YLL and the YLD are distinguished by sex, age and health condition, allowing aggregation to the ICD-10 chapters. The YLD is corrected for multimorbidity, assuming independent occurrence of health conditions and a multiplicative method for the calculation of combined disability weights. Future DALYs are calculated based on projections for causes of death, and prevalence and incidence.

Results
The results for 2015 show that cancer is the ICD-10 chapter with the highest disease burden, followed by cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders. For the individual health conditions, coronary heart disease had the highest disease burden in 2015. In 2040, we see a strong increase in disease burden of dementia and arthrosis. For dementia this is due to a threefold increase in dementia as a cause of death, while for arthrosis this is mainly due to the increase in prevalence.

Conclusions
To calculate the DALY requires a substantial amount of data, methodological choices, interpretation and presentation of results, and the personnel capacity to carry out all these tasks. However, doing a National Burden of Disease study, and especially doing that for more than 20 years, proved to have an enormous additional value in population health information and thus supports better public health policies.
Etiology and antimicrobial resistance of secondary bacterial infections in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Li Jie , Wang Junwei , Yang Yi , Cai Peishan , Cao Jingchao , Cai Xuefeng , Zhang Yu 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
A considerable proportion of patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acquired secondary bacterial infections (SBIs). The etiology and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria were reported and used to provide a theoretical basis for appropriate infection therapy.

Methods
This retrospective study reviewed electronic medical records of all the patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the Wuhan Union Hospital between January 27 and March 17, 2020. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients who acquired SBIs were enrolled. Demographic, clinical course, etiology, and antimicrobial resistance data of the SBIs were collected. Outcomes were also compared between patients who were classified as severe and critical on admission.

Results
Among 1495 patients hospitalized with COVID-19, 102 (6.8%) patients had acquired SBIs, and almost half of them (49.0%, 50/102) died during hospitalization. Compared with severe patients, critical patients had a higher chance of SBIs. Among the 159 strains of bacteria isolated from the SBIs, 136 strains (85.5%) were Gram-negative bacteria. The top three bacteria of SBIs were A. baumannii (35.8%, 57/159), K. pneumoniae (30.8%, 49/159), and S. maltophilia (6.3%, 10/159). The isolation rates of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae were 91.2 and 75.5%, respectively. Meticillin resistance was present in 100% of Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase negative staphylococci, and vancomycin resistance was not found.

Conclusions
SBIs may occur in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and lead to high mortality. The incidence of SBIs was associated with the severity of illness on admission. Gram-negative bacteria, especially A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae, were the main bacteria, and the resistance rates of the major isolated bacteria were generally high. This was a single-center study; thus, our results should be externally examined when applied in other institutions.
Comparison of three fixation methods for orotracheal intubation in 95 adults
Authors: Sun Ye , Fan Hua , Song Xiao-Xia , Zhang Hua 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Background
The present study aimed to compare three fixation methods for orotracheal intubation.

Methods
Through literature retrieval, the effects of the adhesive/twill tape method, fixator method, and adhesive/twill tape–fixator alternation method on patients with tracheal intubation in the intensive care unit (ICU) were compared.

Results
The fixator and alternation methods were more effective in protecting the tongue mucosa and teeth. The alternation method was superior to the other two methods in maintaining the position of the endotracheal intubation. However, the difference in facial and lip injuries between the three methods was not statistically significant.

Conclusion
The fixator method can significantly reduce intraoral injury and is more suitable for older people with weak tongue mucosa and loose teeth. These are worth popularizing among a wider group.
Trophic interactions as determinants of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community with cascading plant-promoting consequences
Authors: Jiang Yuji , Luan Lu , Hu Kaijie , Liu Manqiang , Chen Ziyun , Geisen Stefan , Chen Xiaoyun , Li Huixin , Xu Qinsong , Bonkowski Michael , Sun Bo 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe soil mycobiome is composed of a complex and diverse fungal community, which includes functionally diverse species ranging from plant pathogens to mutualists. Among the latter are arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that provide phosphorous (P) to plants. While plant hosts and abiotic parameters are known to structure AMF communities, it remains largely unknown how higher trophic level organisms, including protists and nematodes, affect AMF abundance and community composition.ResultsHere, we explored the connections between AMF, fungivorous protists and nematodes that could partly reflect trophic interactions, and linked those to rhizosphere P dynamics and plant performance in a long-term manure application setting. Our results revealed that manure addition increased AMF biomass and the density of fungivorous nematodes, and tailored the community structures of AMF, fungivorous protists, and nematodes. We detected a higher abundance of AMF digested by the dominant fungivorous nematodesAphelenchoidesandAphelenchusin high manure treatments compared to no manure and low manure treatments. Structural equation modeling combined with network analysis suggested that predation by fungivorous protists and nematodes stimulated AMF biomass and modified the AMF community composition. The mycorrhizal-fungivore interactions catalyzed AMF colonization and expression levels of the P transporter geneZMPht1;6in maize roots, which resulted in enhanced plant productivity.ConclusionsOur study highlights the importance of predation as a key element in shaping the composition and enhancing the biomass of AMF, leading to increased plant performance. As such, we clarify novel biological mechanism of the complex interactions between AMF, fungivorous protists, and nematodes in driving P absorption and plant performance.
Two cheers for Migration Studies
Authors: Vertovec Steven 
Published: October 2020

AbstractOver the last 30 years, as the CrossMigration project demonstrates, Migration Studies has been positively institutionalized in a number of ways. Further, a number of new theoretical interventions have significantly altered the ways we understand migration. What unfortunately has not changed, I believe, is the low level of impact that academic studies of migration has had on public understanding. For these reasons, we can call for a limited “two cheers for Migration studies”, but not the conventional three cheers.
Self-administered EMDR therapy: potential solution for expanding the availability of psychotherapy for PTSD or unregulated recipe for disaster?
Authors: Waterman Lauren Z. , Cooper Maxwell 
Published: October 2020

Background
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) carries a high disease burden worldwide, yet significant barriers exist to providing and accessing treatment for PTSD, particularly in refugee populations and in low- and middle-income countries. There is emerging evidence that self-administered psychological therapies, such as those accessed via online and mobile applications, are efficacious for many mental illnesses and increase access to treatment. Online and mobile applications offering self-help tools for eye movement desensitisation reprocessing (EMDR) therapy, an internationally recommended treatment for PTSD, are already widely distributed to the public.

Aims
To present a commentary evaluating the potential benefits and risks of self-administered EMDR therapy: first, by conducting a search for existing peer-reviewed evidence relating to self-administered EMDR therapy; second, by presenting existing evidence for other self-help psychotherapies and evaluating what additional insight this could provide into the potential efficacy, safety, tolerability and accessibility of self-administered EMDR therapy; and, third, by describing the conflicting views of EMDR experts on the topic.

Method
A search was conducted for articles related to internet, mobile, book or computerised self-help EMDR therapy. The following databases were searched systematically: Medline, PsycInfo, EMBASE, AMED, CINAHL, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Cochrane Database and the EMDR Library.

Results
Only one small primary research study was found relating to self-administered EMDR therapy. The results indicated significantly reduced symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, distress and disability between pre-treatment and 3 month follow-up. No serious adverse events were reported. However, substantial methodological issues were discovered.

Conclusions
There is evidence that self-administered psychotherapies, in general, can be safe, effective and highly accessible. However, controversies persist regarding the safety and potential efficacy of self-administered EMDR therapy, and more robust research is needed. It is vital that methods are found to improve worldwide access to effective PTSD treatment, particularly given the current scale of migration to flee civil unrest.
Barriers to Schooling in Survivorship: The Role of Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Jacobson Lisa A. , Paré-Blagoev E. Juliana , Ruble Kathy 
Published: October 2020

PURPOSE: Pediatric cancer survivorship rates continue to improve, although disease- and treatment-related neurocognitive impacts substantively affect survivors’ educational access and availability for learning. Receiving formal educational supports substantially improves survivors’ academic progress and graduation rates; however, parents of survivors report obtaining such support is stressful, in part due to limited knowledge on their part and that of their oncology providers. METHODS: Parents (N = 195) of pediatric survivors across the United States were surveyed to explore specific barriers to obtaining appropriate educational supports and the facilitating role of the oncologist. RESULTS: Parent-reported barriers included limited access to formal educational supports, under-referral to neuropsychology services, and need for more information about available supports and how best to advocate for these, when needed. Not only were few survivors (35.4%) referred for neuropsychological evaluation, standard of care for many pediatric survivors, but survivors were more than five times more likely to be retained in grade compared with the national retention rate. When obtained, parents reported that the neuropsychological consultation and associated report were helpful in increasing their own understanding and addressing barriers to obtaining adequate supports for their children. CONCLUSION: Given the important role of neuropsychological evaluation for survivors and their families, bringing referral rates more in line with national guidelines represents a critical target for oncologists. With adequate training in relevant issues, the oncologist is positioned to be a key support to survivors and their families in ensuring access to neuropsychological services and reducing barriers to an appropriate education.
Nearly Half of TP53 Germline Variants Predicted To Be Pathogenic in Patients With Osteosarcoma Are De Novo: A Report From the Children’s Oncology Group
Authors: Diessner Brandon J. , Pankratz Nathan , Hooten Anthony J. , Mirabello Lisa , Sarver Aaron L. , Mills Lauren J. , Malkin David , Kelley Ava C. , Spector Logan G. 
Published: October 2020

PURPOSE To ascertain the prevalence of recurrent de novo variants among 240 pediatric patients with osteosarcoma (OS; age < 20 years) unselected for family history of cancer. METHODS The identification of de novo variants was implemented in 2 phases. In the first, we identified genes with a rare (minor allele frequency < 0.01) de novo variant in > 1 of the 95 case-parent trios examined by whole-exome sequencing (WES) who passed quality control measures. In phase 2, 145 additional patients with OS were evaluated by targeted sequencing to identify rare de novo variants in genes nominated from phase 1. Recurrent rare variants identified from phase 1 and 2 were verified as either de novo or inherited by Sanger sequencing of affected patients and their parents. Categorical and continuous data were analyzed using Fisher exact test and t tests, respectively. RESULTS Among 95 case-parent trios who underwent WES, we observed 61 de novo variants in 60 genes among 47 patients, with TP53 identified as the only gene with a pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) de novo variant in more than one case-parent trio. Among all 240 patients with OS, 13 (5.4%) harbored a P/LP TP53 germline variant, of which 6 (46.2%) were confirmed to be de novo. CONCLUSION Apart from TP53, we did not observe any other recurrent de novo P/LP variants in the case-parent trios, suggesting that new mutations in other genes are not a frequent cause of pediatric OS. That nearly half of P/LP TP53 variants in our sample were de novo suggests universal screening for germline TP53 P/LP variants among pediatric patients with OS should be considered.
Dual Asymmetric Centrifugation Efficiently Produces a Poloxamer-Based Nanoemulsion Gel for Topical Delivery of Pirfenidone
Authors: Chung Eugene P. , Wells Adrienne R. , Kiamco Mia Mae , Leung Kai P. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis study used dual asymmetric centrifugation (DAC) to produce a topical vehicle for Pirfenidone (Pf; 5-methyl-1-phenyl-2[1H]-pyridone)—a Food and Drug Administration-approved antifibrotic drug indicated for idiopathic fibrosis treatment. Pf was loaded (8 wt%) in a poloxamer nanoemulsion gel (PNG) formulation consisting of water (47.8 wt%), triacetin (27.6 wt%), poloxamer 407 (P407, 13.8 wt%), polysorbate 80 (1.8 wt%), and benzyl alcohol (0.9 wt%). To our knowledge, poloxamer gels are typically processed with either high-shear methods or temperature regulation and have not been emulsified using DAC. Using a single-step emulsification process, 2 min mixed at 2500 RPM resulted in the lowest Pf loading variability with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.96% for a 1.5 g batch size. Batch sizes of 15 g and 100 g yield higher RSD of 4.18% and 3.05%, respectively, but still in compliance with USP guidelines. Ex vivo permeation in full thickness porcine skin after 24 h showed total Pf permeation of 404.90 ± 67.07 μg/cm2. Tested in vitro on human dermal fibroblasts stimulated with transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1), Pf-PNG resulted in a > 2 fold decrease in α-SMA expression over vehicle control demonstrating that formulated Pf retained its biological activity. One-month stability testing at 25°C/60% relative humidity (RH) and 40°C/75% RH showed that % drug content, release kinetics, and biological activity were largely unchanged for both conditions; however, pH decreased from 6.7 to 5.5 (25°C/60% RH) and 4.5 (40°C/75% RH) after 1 month. Overall, these data demonstrate the utility of DAC to rapidly and reproducibly prepare lab-scale batches of emulsified gels for pharmaceutical formulation development.
Discrepancies in Thermodynamic Information Obtained from Calorimetry and Spectroscopy in Ligand Binding Reactions: Implications on Correct Analysis in Systems of Biological Importance
Authors: Judy Eva , Kishore Nand 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Thermodynamic signatures accompanying ligand binding interactions with proteins and nucleic acids have great potential in drug discovery and help in deriving guidelines for rational drug design. Frequent discrepancies have been observed between the results obtained from routinely used fluorescence spectroscopy and direct high sensitivity isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). These discrepancies lead to incorrect data analysis even though experiments are done with extensive care. We analyze these discrepancies and discuss possible causes by taking eleven examples from literature where the data on binding processes has been obtained both by fluorescence spectroscopy and ITC. Further, a protocol has been suggested to obtain accurate thermodynamic signatures so that the information resulting from studies of biologically important ligand binding reactions is complete and leads to correct direction. Results from fluorescence quenching data on drug binding interactions have frequently been analyzed incorrectly, many times without even establishing the nature of the quenching process. This results in incorrect proposals for mechanism of binding of drugs with the target biological macromolecules. Relatively lesser problems have been observed when isothermal titration calorimetry has been employed. The analysis and suggested protocol have implications in deriving accurate thermodynamic signatures focused on rational drug design and hence in target oriented drug discovery.
Molecular Motions of Imidazole in Poly(vinylphosphonic acid)-Imidazole Composites Investigated by Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Hori Yuta , Suetake Toshiya , Shigeta Yasuteru , Ida Tomonori , Mizuno Motohiro 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Poly(vinylphosphonic acid)-imidazole (PVPA-xIm) exhibits high proton conductivity above 100 °C. The high proton conductivity of PVPA-2Im depends on the molecular motions of Im. Molecular dynamics simulations conducted herein showed that the intercalation of Im and imidazolium into PVPA reduces the translational motion of Im in PVPA-2Im. The activation energy of the internal motion of Im is lower than that of the translational motion, indicating that proton conduction in PVPA-2Im occurs via a Grotthuss-type mechanism.
The effect of two clinical criteria in the assessment of caries lesions around restorations in children (CARDEC-03): study protocol for a diagnostic randomized clinical trial
Authors: Moro Bruna Lorena Pereira , Signori Cácia , Freitas Raiza Dias , Pontes Laura Regina Antunes , Lenzi Tathiane Larissa , Tedesco Tamara Kerber , Raggio Daniela Prócida , Braga Mariana Minatel , Ekstrand Kim Rud , Cenci Maximiliano Sérgio , Mendes Fausto Medeiros ,   CARDEC collaborative group,   CaCIA collaborative group
Published: October 2020

Introduction: The detection of caries lesions around restoration can be challenging. Therefore, the use of some criteria has been proposed in order to give more objectivity to the diagnosis process. Two of them are the International Dental Federation (FDI) and the Caries Associated with Restorations and Sealants (CARS) criteria. Both methods have a different approach to caries, and it is not possible to know which one of them is the best to use in clinical practice to assess restorations in children. Thus, the present protocol aims to evaluate the effect of the use of the FDI and CARS criteria in the assessment of caries lesions around restorations in primary teeth on outcomes related to oral health in children and costs resulting from the assessments. Methods and analysis: A total of 626 restorations of children from three to 10 years were randomly assessed and are being treated following the FDI criteria (FDI group) or CARS criteria (CARS group). Participants will be followed-up after six, 12, 18, and 24 months. The primary outcome will be the need for a new intervention in the evaluated restorations. This outcome consists of several components, and each of these events will be analyzed separately as secondary outcomes. The changes in children’s oral health-related quality of life and the cost of the restoration dental treatments will also be analyzed as secondary outcomes. The methods will be compared using the Cox regression model with shared frailty. A significance level of 5% will be adopted for all statistical analyses. Discussion: This will be the first randomized clinical study carried out regarding the detection of caries lesions around restorations in primary teeth. Trial registration: The study underwent registration in Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03520309) on 9 May 2018.