bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unpacking the Genetic Metanarrative
Authors: Lejano Raul P. , Nero Shondel J. , Chua Michael 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 reviews the genetic metanarrative that underlies not just the narrative of climate skepticism but those found in other issue areas, as well, analogous to the work of literary theorist Vladimir Propp who sought a foundational set of universal plots behind children’s tales. The chapter presents analysis of texts from diverse issue areas (climate skepticism, immigration, the gun lobby) that reveals strong commonalities in plot and structure and allows reconstruction of an elemental or genetic metanarrative that underlies each of these issue areas to uncover foundational themes that speak to social fracturing and societal divisions. As the chapter shows, people’s beliefs about different issues translate to narratives that all have a common underlying plot and are essentially the same story told and retold in varying ways. The implication is that anti-climate science narratives are founded on elemental plots that are not even about science or climate to begin with. Instead, their roots lie deeper in the social fracturing of present-day society.
Introduction
Authors: Biess Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the central arguments, conceptual framework, and main themes of the book. The book challenges a dominant narrative of West German linear progress. Instead, it tells the history of the Federal Republic as a history of recurring episodes of fear. Contrary to a long tradition of associating fear with authoritarian regimes, the book highlights its importance in a democratizing society. The book criticizes previous attempts at diagnosing German angst as a German collective pathology. It instead explains the origins of fear with shifting memories of a catastrophic past that postwar West Germans projected into the future. The introduction also highlights some recent findings of interdisciplinary research on emotions, which are particularly useful for writing a history of emotions. These include the emphasis on the cognitive dimension of emotions as well as the rejection of a clear dichotomy between “reason” and “emotions.” The introduction outlines the three major interpretive thrusts of the book. First, a shift from a repressive to an expressive emotional regime; second, a shift from external to internal fears; and, finally, a shift from the containment of fear “from above” to the mobilization of fear “from below.”
Postwar Angst
Authors: Biess Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines German fears of retribution in the early postwar period, roughly from 1945 to 1948. It focuses on three main groups on which Germans trained this fear: Jewish Holocaust survivors, former slave laborers from Eastern Europe who had become displaced persons after 1945, and American occupation officials. By analyzing German fears of retribution, the chapter highlights massive uncertainty and fear as formative popular experiences of the early postwar period. Fear and insecurity emanated as much from Germans’ imagination of the consequences of their defeat as from the threat or reality of actual acts of retribution. By analyzing both dimensions—actual experiences of retribution as well as popular fantasies of revenge—this chapter highlights the extent to which a specific postwar fear shaped German subjectivities and anticipations of the future. Fears of retribution were based on Germans’ widespread knowledge of National Socialist crimes. Germans’ increasingly frequent self-perception as “victims” derived from their expectations that what they had done to the victims of Nazism would now be inflicted on them. Fears of retribution therefore also displaced emotions such as guilt and shame, and hence enabled postwar Germans to avoid a more comprehensive confrontation with the Nazi past.
Moral Angst
Authors: Biess Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes a little-known episode of moral panic during the 1950s: the alleged abduction of young German men into the French Foreign Legion. Fears and fantasies of the Foreign Legion reflected a widespread sense of popular humiliation and limited sovereignty vis-à-vis the Western allies during that decade. Fears of the abduction of young Germans into the Legion reflected deep-seated concerns regarding the safety and integrity of male youth, which formed the core constituency of postwar reconstruction. The alleged “recruiter” as “folk devil” represented the absolute opposite of normative male citizenship. Cultural representations cast the recruiter as effeminate, foreign, and potentially homosexual, as well as displaying some of the stereotypical antisemitic features of the Jewish “other.” By the late 1950s, the growing recognition that young men entered the Legion out of their own volition shifted public attention from fear of recruiters to concerns about the fragility of male youth in postwar society. West German anxieties regarding the Legion began to focus on the inner resilience and resistance of young German men rather than the external threat of seduction by French-paid recruiters. This shift from externally to internally generated fears and anxieties anticipated a general shift in the history of fear and anxiety in West Germany from the late 1950s onward.
Cold War Angst
Authors: Biess Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Cold War fears. The emotional politics of the West German Cold War consisted of a carefully calibrated balance between mobilizing fears of Communism and containing fears of a nuclear war. The chapter demonstrates the function of anti-Communism as a primary fear object in postwar West Germany, which also displayed numerous continuities to the Nazi mobilization of fears of Bolshevism. The chapter then analyzes a failed official attempt to contain fears of a nuclear war through civil defense. It analyzes the production, distribution, and popular reception of the first West German civil defense brochure, “Everybody Has a Chance,” in December 1961. The chapter uses this case study to demonstrate the (mal)functioning of an emotional regime that sought to contain fears and emotions in general in favour of a cool, rational, and male anti-emotionality. The chapter then also provides a multifaceted explanation as to why Cold War fears of nuclear war eventually subsided by the mid 1960s. Changing domestic and international political contexts played an important role, as did a more comprehensive commemorative culture that brought into view Germans as perpetrators rather than primarily as victims.
Proliferating Angst
Authors: Biess Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines proliferating fears in the wake of the student movement and during the 1970s. This period saw the establishment of an expressive emotional culture within West German culture at large. The proliferation of fears was therefore not simply a reaction to the onset of the economic crisis in 1973 but rather resulted from broader sociocultural changes. The open and public expression of emotions increasingly appeared as an indication of a healthy and authentic personality, partly as a result of the considerable expansion of psychotherapy and the emergence of a “therapeutic society.” Fear also no longer appeared as a predominantly negative emotion but rather as a reflection of a “new subjectivity.” The new expressive emotional culture was practiced and enacted especially within a left-alternative milieu. But it eventually shaped mainstream society as well. The chapter also analyzes the emotionalization of public life with respect to the public reaction to the TV series Holocaust in 1979. This allowed large segments of German society for the first time to express publicly their empathy with the victims of Nazism. Finally, the chapter focuses on the escalation of political fears in response to the left-wing terrorism of the Red Army Faction. The dialectics of political fears reached its apex in the late 1970s.
Apocalyptic Angst
Authors: Biess Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the culmination of the history of fear in postwar West Germany during the 1980s. A culture of emotional expressiveness now merged with two new external threats: environmental disaster and a nuclear war. Apocalyptic fears served as the emotional driving forces of two new social movements: the environmental and the peace movements. The environmental movement did not emerge only as a result of new environmental threats but also derived from a changed emotional culture that increased individuals’ susceptibility to environmental threats. The chapter analyzes the emerging perception of a global ecological crisis, the anti-nuclear movement, and the debate over the dying forest in the 1980s. It then explains the emergence of the largest protest movement in the history of West Germany—the peace movement of the 1980s—as a result of a new culture of emotional expressiveness. Peace activists enacted this new emotional culture by publicly displaying and performing fear. The emergence of a popular Holocaust memory also enabled apocalyptic fears of, as it was called, a “nuclear Holocaust.”
German Angst
Authors: Biess Frank 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter analyzes contemporary fears in the post-unification Berlin Republic since 1990. It first historicizes the slogan of a “German angst” that is often used to diagnose a German collective pathology. Instead, the chapter argues that the concept emerged in the 1980s and 1990s as part of a conservative critique of the West German environmental and peace movements. The chapter then analyzes the emergence of deterritorialized fears that were no longer primarily bound to a national context. These deterritorialized fears manifested themselves above all in the discussion of unified Germany’s place in the world, especially with respect to the question of German participation in military interventions. Similar fears emerged with respect to the increasing presence of the world in Germany—that is, with respect to immigrants and refugees. The chapter then seeks to locate the current mobilization of such fears by right-wing populist parties in the longer history of fear in postwar Germany. Right-wing populism is part of, and draws on, an expressive emotional culture, but it turns these fears against an ethnic or religious “other,” and at times also against the democratic state itself. The chapter concludes with a reflection on what a democratic politics of emotion might look like.
Us Antitrust Law: Central, but Unique
Authors: Gerber David J. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
US antitrust law has long influenced all who deal with competition law—sometimes as a model, sometimes as a source of experience and insights, and sometimes as a surrogate for an “international standard.” It also has great practical importance in international business. This chapter provides information and insights necessary for understanding its roles and engaging with its rules and procedures. The chapter explains its institutional structures, basic principles of substantive law, and the central role of economic analysis in deciding cases. In particular, it throws light on the unique way in which judicial decisions (case law) guide decisions in all institutions and on the central significance of the categories of “rule of reason” and “per se treatment.” It also provides insights into the dynamics of the regime—the factors that drive antitrust decisions. It also sketches the ways in which it exercises influence on other competition law regimes.
Corporate Environmental Accountability in International Law
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book explores the evolving role of international law in directing and controlling the conduct of business enterprises, in particular multinational corporations, with respect to the protection of the environment, the sustainable use of natural resources, and the respect of inter-related human rights. It assesses the progress and continuing limitations in the identification of international standards of corporate environmental accountability and responsibility, and their implementation by international organizations. This assessment indicates the extent to which the international community has conceptually and operationally clarified its expectations about acceptable corporate conduct. This second edition relates the intensified convergence of international standard-setting efforts on corporate environmental accountability, with parallel international developments on business and human rights and on the inter-relationship between human rights and the environment. It also explores the more recent emergence of substantive international standards of corporate environmental responsibility, which have arisen from a growing number of sectoral guidelines. In addition, this edition points to remaining divergences in the content of international standards of corporate environmental accountability and responsibility, which reflect differing views between States of their international obligations to ensure the protection of the environment and the respect of human rights.
Introduction
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter explains the need for an international approach to address the question of acceptable corporate environmental conduct both on the basis of egregious cases of environmental damage and day-to-day negative impacts of corporations that appear to defy States’ regulations and controls. It also points to the desirability of private companies’ proactive contribution to the attainment of internationally agreed goals. The chapter provides a historical and conceptual introduction to evolving approaches in addressing corporate environmental conduct in the framework of public international law, with a view to introducing two key concepts—corporate responsibility and corporate accountability. The chapter explains how these two concepts have emerged, and how they have reached different stages of development and acceptance in international environmental law. The chapter further relates these concepts to business responsibility to respect human rights under the UN Framework on Business and Human Rights.
The Shortcomings of Traditional Legal Solutions
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ineffectiveness of national-level control over multinational enterprises—the legal control over a subsidiary of a multinational company by the host State, and the legal control over a multinational parent company by the home State. In addition, the chapter discusses the significant limitations to ensuring the environmentally sound conduct of business under international law. To that end, it focuses on State responsibility, civil and criminal liability in international environmental law, and international criminal law. The chapter then contrasts multinationals’ significant degree of protection under international investment law, to the protection afforded by international human rights law to victims of substandard conduct by private companies, including from an environmental perspective.
International Oversight
Authors: Morgera Elisa 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter assesses the evolving mandate and practices of the international initiatives on corporate environmental accountability and responsibility, with a view to drawing comparative observations about the functions they perform. The chapter will first place international oversight approaches in the context of the academic debate on compliance. It will focus on analysing the practice of the most well-developed initiatives (the OECD implementation procedure and the IFC Ombudsman) and then contrast them with more incipient initiatives, such as the country visits by UN Special Rapporteurs and the integrity measures under the UN Global Compact. The aim of the analysis is to understand the contribution of these processes not only to the implementation of international standards in a particular context, but also to further international standard-setting.
Compressed Development
Authors: Whittaker D. Hugh , Sturgeon Timothy , Okita Toshie , Zhu Tianbiao 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book highlights the importance of time and timing in economic and social development. ‘Compressed development’ consists of two key features and their interaction: the tendency for development processes to unfold more rapidly (compression) and the institution-shaping influences of major periods of change and growth, especially when countries become integrated into the global economy (era). Using an interdisciplinary conceptual framework of state–market and organization–technology co-evolution, the authors contrast the experiences of ‘early’ and ‘late’ developers such as the United Kingdom and Japan, with countries–most notably China–which have become more deeply integrated with the global economy since the 1990s. Compressed developers experience ‘thin industrialization’, layered types of employment, and ‘double burdens’ or challenges in social development. National development strategies must accommodate global value chains and powerful international actors on the one hand, and decentralization on the other. To cope, and thrive, states must remain developmental, whilst being increasingly engaged and adaptive in multiple levels of governance. Compressed Development explores the historical and contemporary features of economic and social development at the intersection of development studies and studies of globalization. By bringing a new perspective on the ‘middle-income trap’, as well as the emerging digital economy, and the state–market and geopolitical tensions that are currently upending conventional wisdoms, the book offers timely insights that will be useful, not only for students of development, but for policymakers, business, and labour organization seeking to navigate the rushing currents of contemporary capitalism.
Conceptual Fragmentation and the Use of ‘Race’ in Scientific Theorizing
Authors: Andreasen Robin O. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter defends two closely related theses. The first is that race is a fragmented concept with at least two divergent, yet theoretically important, meanings. One is a social race concept; the second is a population naturalist race concept. The second turns on the question of what to do in the face of conceptual fragmentation. Should a single theoretical term (‘race’) be used to refer to each concept? Or should ‘race’ be eliminated in one or more context(s)? Currently fashionable among race scholars is the idea that ‘race’ ought to be selectively eliminated and replaced with closely related terminology when the population naturalist concept is at work, but retained when a social race concept is at work. This chapter argues that this is not the right way to go and consider the pros and cons of ‘race’ pluralism and ‘race’ eliminativism.
The Politics of Mass Violence in the Middle East
Authors: Robson Laura 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Mashriq today is characterized by an astonishingly bloody civil war in Syria; an ever more highly racialized and militarized approach to the concept of a Jewish state in Israel and the Palestinian territories; an Iraqi state paralyzed by the emergence of class- and region-inflected sectarian identifications; a Lebanon teetering on the edge of collapse from the pressures of its huge numbers of refugees and its sect-bound political system; and the rise of a wide variety of Islamist paramilitary organizations seeking to operate outside all these states. The region’s emergence as a “zone of violence” characterized by a viciously dystopian politics of identity is a relatively recent phenomenon, developing only over the past century or so; but despite these shallow historical roots, the mass violence and dispossession now characterizing Syria, Lebanon, Israel/Palestine, and Iraq have emerged as some of the twenty-first century’s most intractable problems. This book uses a framework of mass violence—encompassing the concepts of genocide, ethnic cleansing, forced migration, appropriation of resources, mass deportation, and forcible denationalization—to explain the emergence of a dystopian politics of identity across the Eastern Mediterranean in the modern era and illuminate the contemporary breakdown of the state from Syria to Iraq to Israel.
Liberal Rhetoric and Colonial Violence, 1920–1939
Authors: Robson Laura 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The third chapter looks at the imposition of European colonial rule via the mandates system in the former Arab provinces. It focuses particularly on the League of Nations’ formal legitimization of European colonial rule across the region and Zionist settlement in Palestine, and the subsequent creation and enforcement of new communal and ethnic identities through new colonial legal and political systems across the mandate territories. Though many varieties of nationalist resistance to colonial occupation and mandate authority emerged during this period, the successes of the Zionist movement in Palestine and the ethno-communal legal and political structures of all the mandate states served to encourage the emergence of communally based political organization as a primary mode of anti-colonial resistance.
Violence and the Ethnic Nation-State, 1939–1949
Authors: Robson Laura 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the Mashriq, the Second World War saw not only the British reoccupation of territory as insurance against Axis expansionism, and the French doubling down on colonial claims to land, resources, and people, but also an ongoing battle—sometimes literally—between these competing European concepts of postwar empire, both of which made use of local iterations of ethnicity, religion, and nationhood to bolster particular visions of ongoing imperial possession. This appropriation of communal identities for imperial purposes culminated in the war for Palestine in 1948, which resulted in the mass dispossession of the Palestinians and the foundation of a Jewish state of Israel—a confirmation of the ethno-national state as the primary mode of political organization in the modern global order.
Militarization and Violence in the Postcolonial State, 1949–1967
Authors: Robson Laura 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The end of the 1948 war marked a new era across the Mashriq in which postcolonial actors from Israel to Iraq to Syria consolidated their gains through the creation of forms of state rule centered on violence, increasingly directed against internal enemies. Despite their mutual antagonism and their very different—indeed, actively oppositional—paths to nation-statehood, Israel, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon in many ways followed similar trajectories during the subsequent two decades: they all became ethnically and communally defined nations in which postcolonial administrations enforced boundaries of citizenship and political belonging through the deliberate deployment of state violence against particular communities—defined both ethnically and politically—within their borders. This institutionalization of violence at the heart of the postcolonial state unfolded in a context of continued British, French, and, increasingly, Soviet and American intervention in the economic and political life of the Mashriq.