bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal-infant nutrition and development programming of offspring appetite and obesity
Authors: Desai Mina , Ross Michael G 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIn the United States and Mexico, the obesity epidemic represents a significant public health problem. Although obesity is often attributed to a Western-style, high-fat diet and decreased activity, there is now compelling evidence that this, in part, occurs because of the developmental programming effects resulting from exposure to maternal overnutrition. Human and animal studies demonstrate that maternal obesity and high-fat diet result in an increased risk for childhood and adult obesity. The potential programming effects of obesity have been partly attributed to hyperphagia, which occurs as a result of increased appetite with reduced satiety neuropeptides or neurons. However, depending on maternal nutritional status during the nursing period, the programmed hyperphagia and obesity can be exacerbated or prevented in offspring born to obese mothers. The underlying mechanism of this phenomenon likely involves the plasticity of the appetite regulatory center and thus presents an opportunity to modulate feeding and satiety regulation and break the obesity cycle.
METHODOLOGY FOR SIMPLE SPOT MEASUREMENT OF EQUILIBRIUM EQUIVALENT RADON CONCENTRATION
Authors: Sakoda Akihiro , Ishimori Yuu , Kanzaki Norie , Tanaka Hiroshi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Estimation of the effective inhalation dose of short half-life radon progeny requires the quantification of radon equilibrium equivalent activity concentrations (EEC, Ceq). The aim of the present study is to develop new methodology that focuses on spot measurements to determine EEC from single gross alpha counts and determine an optimised protocol. The core of the approach is to measure alpha particles over time when the radon progeny attached to the sampling filter are significantly disintegrated. The calibration curve of single counts to EEC is theoretically deduced and validated by a comparison test. The advantage of the present method is its minimal requirements, including the use of common instruments and simple sampling, alpha counting and analysis procedures. This approach offers an option for radon practitioners working in a variety of fields, as well as the possibility for non-experts to easily measure Ceq.
Pelleting and starch characteristics of diets containing different corn varieties
Authors: Truelock Courtney N , Tokach Mike D , Stark Charles R , Paulk Chad B 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This experiment determined the effects of die thickness and conditioning temperature on pelleting and starch characteristics in diets containing conventional or Enogen Feed corn (Syngenta Seeds, LLC). Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial of corn type [conventional (CON) and Enogen Feed corn [EFC]), die thickness [5.6 and 8 length:diameter (L:D)], and conditioning temperature (74, 79, and 85 °C). Diets were steam conditioned (Wenger twin staff preconditioner, Model 150) and pelleted (CPM, Model 1012-2) with a 4- × 22.2-mm (L:D 5.6) or 4- × 31.8-mm (L:D 8) pellet die. Conditioner retention time was set at 30 s and production rate was set at 15 kg/min. All treatments were represented within three replicate days. Pellets were composited and analyzed for gelatinized starch and pellet durability index (PDI). Conditioning temperature, hot pellet temperature, production rate, and pellet mill energy consumption were recorded throughout each processing run. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (v. 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with pelleting run as the experimental unit and day as the blocking factor. Pelleting with a larger die L:D improved PDI (P = 0.01) and increased (P = 0.02) pellet mill energy consumption. Increasing conditioning temperature from 74 to 85 °C increased (linear, P &lt; 0.03) PDI and tended to decrease energy consumption (quadratic, P = 0.07). There was a corn × conditioning temperature interaction (P = 0.01) for gelatinized starch in conditioned mash. Enogen Feed corn diets steam conditioned at 85 °C had the greatest quantity of gelatinized starch. Cooked starch in conditioned mash and pellets was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for EFC diets compared to CON diets and increased (linear, P &lt; 0.01) with increasing conditioning temperature in conditioned mash. Similarly, starch gelatinization was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in pelleted EFC diets compared to CON diets and was increased (linear, P = 0.05) by increasing conditioning temperature from 74 to 85 °C. In conclusion, increasing die L:D and increasing conditioning temperature improved PDI. Starch gelatinization was increased when diets were pelleted at the highest conditioning temperature of 85 °C, and EFC diets resulted in greater starch gelatinization than conventional corn.
Effect of elevated gibberellic acid application on growth and gene expression patterns in white spruce families from a tree improvement program in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Galeano Esteban , Thomas Barb R 
Published: October 2020

AbstractNine open-pollinated families of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss from the Region D1 Controlled Parentage Program (Alberta, Canada) were systematically chosen from fast, medium and slow-growth rankings based on breeding values for height from field progeny tests at age 30 years. Seeds from these families were sown and grown to age 3 years to analyze the performance and correlations of growth, physiological traits and expression of gibberellin-related genes, with and without elevated gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) application, under greenhouse conditions. We observed a significant interaction effect between families and growth groups subjected to 50 μg μl−1 of GA3 treatment, causing a decrease in apical internode length, diameter, volume and absolute transcript level for fast-growing families but an increase for families in the slow-growth group for the same traits. We also observed that in the apical internode, the gene PgGA20ox1 had significantly more relative expression under the elevated GA3 treatment than the control trees. In the stem, PgGA3ox1 showed a significantly higher relative expression under elevated GA3 treatment compared with control trees. Also, the slow-growth group showed more relative expression of PgGA20ox1 (in the apical internode) and PgGA3ox1 (in the stem) than the fast-growth group. The apical internode length and diameter significantly increased by 24% and 16%, respectively, with the hormone treatment in the slow growing group. In general, the PgGID1 and PgDELLA1 genes were upregulated and downregulated respectively, in spruce shoots under the GA3 treatment, meaning a positive feedback regulation by those genes were influencing PgGA20ox1 and PgGA3ox1 expression in that tissue type. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between absolute transcript levels of PgGA20ox1 in the apical internode and apical internode length, and absolute transcript levels of PgGA3ox1 in the stem and the diameter, in the fast-growth group families. This study shows that expression of GA genes is a limiting factor for growth in certain white spruce families with a complex feedback mechanism. Finally, absolute transcript levels of endogenous GA relative to growth parameters in juvenile seedlings could potentially be used to accelerate the early selection of families with inherently rapid apical and radial growth expansion.
Screening diabetes mellitus patients for pulmonary tuberculosis: a multisite study in Indonesia, Peru, Romania and South Africa
Authors: Alisjahbana Bachti , McAllister Susan M , Ugarte-Gil Cesar , Panduru Nicolae Mircea , Ronacher Katharina , Koesoemadinata Raspati C , Zubiate Carlos , Riza Anca Lelia , Malherbe Stephanus T , Kleynhans Leanie , Lopez Sonia , Dockrell Hazel M , Ruslami Rovina , Ioana Mihai , Walzl Gerhard , Pearson Fiona , Critchley Julia A , Moore David A J , van Crevel Reinout , Hill Philip C 
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Background
Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients are three times more likely to develop tuberculosis (TB) than the general population. Active TB screening in people with DM is part of a bidirectional approach. The aim of this study was to conduct pragmatic active TB screening among DM patients in four countries to inform policy.

Methods
DM patients were recruited in Indonesia (n=809), Peru (n=600), Romania (n=603) and South Africa (n=51). TB cases were diagnosed using an algorithm including clinical symptoms and chest X-ray. Presumptive TB patients were examined with sputum smear and culture.

Results
A total of 171 (8.3%) individuals reported ever having had TB (South Africa, 26%; Indonesia, 12%; Peru, 7%; Romania, 4%), 15 of whom were already on TB treatment. Overall, 14 (0.73% [95% confidence interval 0.40 to 1.23]) TB cases were identified from screening. Poor glucose control, smoking, lower body mass index, education and socio-economic status were associated with newly diagnosed/current TB. Thirteen of the 14 TB cases diagnosed from this screening would have been found using a symptom-based approach.

Conclusions
These data support the World Health Organization recommendation for routine symptom-based screening for TB in known DM patients in high TB-burden countries. DM patients with any symptoms consistent with TB should be investigated and diagnostic tools should be easily accessible.
Intimate Association of PRR- and NLR-Mediated Signaling in Plant Immunity
Authors: Lu You , Tsuda Kenichi 
Published: October 2020

This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series. Plants recognize the presence or invasion of microbes through cell surface-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs). Although PRRs and NLRs are activated by ligands located in different subcellular compartments through distinct mechanisms, signals initiated from PRRs and NLRs converge into several common signaling pathways with different dynamics. Increasing evidence suggests that PRR- and NLR-mediated signaling extensively crosstalk and such interaction can greatly influence immune response outcomes. Sophisticated experimental setups enabled dissection of the signaling events downstream of PRRs and NLRs with fine temporal and spatial resolution; however, the molecular links underlying the observed interactions in PRR and NLR signaling remain to be elucidated. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge about activation and signaling mediated by PRRs and NLRs, deconvolute the intimate association between PRR- and NLR-mediated signaling, and propose hypotheses to guide further research on key topics. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
A Core Outcome Set for Pediatric Critical Care*
Authors: Fink Ericka L , Maddux Aline B. , Pinto Neethi , Sorenson Samuel , Notterman Daniel , Dean J. Michael , Carcillo Joseph A. , Berg Robert A. , Zuppa Athena , Pollack Murray M. , Meert Kathleen L. , Hall Mark W. , Sapru Anil , McQuillen Patrick S. , Mourani Peter M. , Wessel David , Amey Deborah , Argent Andrew , Brunow de Carvalho Werther , Butt Warwick , Choong Karen , Curley Martha A. Q. , del Pilar Arias Lopez Maria , Demirkol Demet , Grosskreuz Ruth , Houtrow Amy J. , Knoester Hennie , Lee Jan Hau , Long Debbie , Manning Joseph C. , Morrow Brenda , Sankar Jhuma , Slomine Beth S. , Smith McKenna , Olson Lenora M. , Watson R. Scott ,   for the Pediatric Outcomes STudies after PICU (POST-PICU) Investigators of the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network (CPCCRN)
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
More children are surviving critical illness but are at risk of residual or new health conditions. An evidence-informed and stakeholder-recommended core outcome set is lacking for pediatric critical care outcomes. Our objective was to create a multinational, multistakeholder-recommended pediatric critical care core outcome set for inclusion in clinical and research programs.

Design:
A two-round modified Delphi electronic survey was conducted with 333 invited research, clinical, and family/advocate stakeholders. Stakeholders completing the first round were invited to participate in the second. Outcomes scoring greater than 69% “critical” and less than 15% “not important” advanced to round 2 with write-in outcomes considered. The Steering Committee held a virtual consensus conference to determine the final components.

Setting:
Multinational survey.

Patients:
Stakeholder participants from six continents representing clinicians, researchers, and family/advocates.

Measurements and Main Results:
Overall response rates were 75% and 82% for each round. Participants voted on seven Global Domains and 45 Specific Outcomes in round 1, and six Global Domains and 30 Specific Outcomes in round 2. Using overall (three stakeholder groups combined) results, consensus was defined as outcomes scoring greater than 90% “critical” and less than 15% “not important” and were included in the final PICU core outcome set: four Global Domains (Cognitive, Emotional, Physical, and Overall Health) and four Specific Outcomes (Child Health-Related Quality of Life, Pain, Survival, and Communication). Families (n = 21) suggested additional critically important outcomes that did not meet consensus, which were included in the PICU core outcome set—extended.

Conclusions:
The PICU core outcome set and PICU core outcome set—extended are multistakeholder-recommended resources for clinical and research programs that seek to improve outcomes for children with critical illness and their families.
Sight-Threatening Thyroid Eye Disease: Role of Diabetes Mellitus and Interaction with Other Risk Factors
Authors: Rath Suryasnata , Pattnaik Monalisha , Tripathy Devjyoti , Mohapatra Samir , Panigrahy Bharat , Ali Mohammad Hasnat 
Published: October 2020

Purpose:
The aim of the study was to investigate whether diabetes mellitus (DM) is an independent risk factor in sight-threatening thyroid eye disease (ST-TED) and explore the interaction of DM with other known risk factors in TED.

Methods:
This was a retrospective cohort study and included 202 consecutive TED patients presenting between 2013 and 2019. Data collected included demography, history of smoking, thyroid dysmetabolism, and presence of DM, TED-duration, activity and severity, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and follow-up. Primary outcome measure was development of ST-TED and secondary outcome measures included change in BCVA, activity, and bilateral ST-TED.

Results:
Mean age of the cohort was 52.14 + 9.14 years and 74 (36%) were male. DM was present in 49 (24%) and a positive history of smoking in 65 (32%) TED patients. Cox’s proportional hazards showed the presence of DM (hazard ratio [HR] 2.22; P = 0.02) and a positive history of smoking (HR 3.62; P = 0.003) were significant risk factors for development of ST-TED and dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON). Older age was a risk factor (HR 1.05; P = 0.02) for DON. DM increased the risk of developing bilateral ST-TED (OR 4.14; P = 0.004). Median follow-up was 4 months (range 0.1–96 months). A linear mixed model to predict longitudinal interaction between risk factors, found TED patients in DM group were likely to have worsening of visual function and a positive history of smoking accentuated this adverse outcome.

Conclusion:
DM and smoking are major independent risk factors predictive of ST-TED. Coexisting DM either singularly or in combination with smoking may predict worsening of visual function in TED patients.
Maternal HIV status skews transcriptomic response in infant cord blood monocytes exposed to Bacillus Calmette--Guerín
Authors: Jones Chloe I. , Rose Suzanne L. , Shutt Ashley , Cairo Cristiana , Bourgeois Natasha M. , Charurat Manhattan , Sodora Donald L. , Wood Matthew P. 
Published: October 2020

Objectives:
HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants exhibit altered vaccine responses and an increased mortality compared with HIV-unexposed infants. Here, vaccine responses in HEU and HIV-unexposed cord blood monocytes (CBMs) were assessed following Bacillus Calmette--Guerín (BCG) treatment.

Design:
Innate responses to in-vitro BCG treatment were assessed through transcriptional profiling using CBMs obtained from a Nigerian cohort of HIV-infected and uninfected women.

Methods:
HIV-unexposed (n = 9) and HEU (n = 10) infant CBMs were treated with BCG and transcriptionally profiled with the Nanostring nCounter platform. Differential expression and pathway enrichment analyses were performed, and transcripts were identified with enhanced or dampened BCG responses.

Results:
Following BCG stimulation, several pathways associated with inflammatory gene expression were upregulated irrespective of HIV exposure status. Both HIV-unexposed and HEU monocytes increased expression of several cytokines characteristic of innate BCG responses, including IL1β, TNFα, and IL-6. Using differential expression analysis, we identified genes significantly upregulated in HEU compared with HIV-unexposed monocytes including monocyte chemokine CCL7 and anti-inflammatory cytokine TNFAIP6. In contrast, genes significantly upregulated in HIV-unexposed compared with HEU monocytes include chemokine CCL3 and cytokine IL23A, both of which influence anti-mycobacterial T-cell responses. Finally, two genes, which regulate prostaglandin production, CSF2 and PTGS2, were also more significantly upregulated in the HIV-unexposed cord blood indicating that inflammatory mediators are suppressed in the HEU infants.

Conclusion:
HEU monocytes exhibit altered induction of several key innate immune responses, providing mechanistic insights into dysregulated innate response pathways that can be therapeutically targeted to improve vaccine responses in HEU infants.
Ending an HIV epidemic among persons who inject drugs in a middle-income country: extremely low HIV incidence among persons who inject drugs in Hai Phong, Viet Nam
Authors: Des Jarlais Don C. , Huong Duong Thi , Oanh Khuat Thi Hai , Feelemyer Jonathan P. , Arasteh Kamyar , Khue Pham Minh , Giang Hoang Thi , Thanh Nham Thi Tuyet , Vinh Vu Hai , Le Sao Mai , Vallo Roselyne , Quillet Catherine , Rapoud Delphine , Michel Laurent , Laureillard Didier , Moles Jean Pierre , Nagot Nicolas 
Published: October 2020

Objective:
To determine whether it is possible to ‘end an HIV epidemic’ among persons who inject drugs (PWID) in a low/middle income country.

Design:
Serial cross-sectional surveys with a cohort of HIV seronegative participants with 6-month follow-up visits recruited from surveys.

Methods:
Surveys of PWID using respondent driven and snowball sampling were conducted in 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 (N = 1383, 1451, 1444, and 1268). HIV recency testing was used to identify possible seroconversions in the window period prior to study entry. Structured interviews covering drug use histories, current drug use, and use of HIV-related services were administered by trained interviewers. Urinalysis was used to confirm current drug use. HIV and hepatitis C virus testing were conducted. Electronic fingerprint readers were used to avoid multiple participation in each survey and to link participants across surveys. A cohort of HIV seronegative participants with 6-month follow-up visits was recruited from the surveys, 480 from 2016, 233 from 2017, and 213 from 2018.

Results:
Participants were predominantly male (95%), mean age approximately 40, all reported injecting heroin, HIV prevalence ranged between 26 and 30%. We had three seroconversions in 1483 person-years at risk (PYAR) in the cohort study, and 0 in 696 PYAR among repeat survey participants, and 0 seroconversions in 1344 PYAR in recency testing. Overall HIV incidence was 0.085/100 PYAR, 95% confidence interval 0.02–0.25/100 PYAR.

Conclusion:
The data from Hai Phong clearly demonstrate that it is possible to achieve very low HIV incidence – ‘end an HIV epidemic’ – among PWID in a middle-income country.
Decision-making regarding condom use among daily and event-driven users of preexposure prophylaxis in the Netherlands
Authors: Zimmermann Hanne M.L. , Jongen Vita W. , Boyd Anders , Hoornenborg Elske , Prins Maria , de Vries Henry J.C. , Schim van der Loeff Maarten F. , Davidovich Udi 
Published: October 2020

Objective:
To explore the frequency of and reasons for using condoms among men who have sex with men (MSM) on preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Design:
We analyzed quantitative app-based diary data on daily sexual practices (August 2015–February 2019) and qualitative in-depth interviews among MSM using daily PrEP and event-driven PrEP (edPrEP) in the Amsterdam PrEP demonstration project.

Methods:
Participants could report daily about sex acts, PrEP use and condom use per partner type (steady and casual partners). We examined four strategies of PrEP and condom use: PrEP only, PrEP and condoms, condoms only, and neither strategy. We compared the proportions of sex acts per strategy between PrEP regimens. In 43 in-depth interviews, we explored motives for implementing each strategy.

Results:
Three hundred and fifty-two participants reported 48 949 anal sex acts. PrEP only was the most common strategy employed with any partner type (81%, n = 39 650/48 949) and was motivated by anticipating more pleasurable sex, sexually transmitted infection's perceived curability, and habituation to condomless sex. Combining PrEP and condoms was more often chosen for sex acts with casual partners (18%, n = 6829/37 317) than with steady partners (5%, n = 614/11 632) and was linked to, for example, higher perceived vulnerability for sexually transmitted infections or HIV and avoidance of PrEP disclosure. Condoms only was uncommon but occurred particularly among edPrEP users (4%, n = 379/8695). Applying neither strategy was common among edPrEP users with steady partners (25%, n = 538/2122) and was motivated by low perceived HIV risk.

Conclusion:
Condoms remain a viable option for PrEP users in certain settings. Condoms were applied in higher risk settings, to avoid PrEP disclosure, or as substitute for PrEP, especially among edPrEP users.