bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colloquium 1 Commentary on Gabor
Authors: Miller Dana 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This paper gives a brief discussion of the problem of ascribing authorship to ancient philosophical texts when there is evidence both for and against traditional ascription. The case in point is tradition’s claim that Simplicius is the author of the De Anima commentary. It is argued here that, while Gabor provides new and important methodological evidence for Simplicius’s authorship, we should not expect certainty. It is suggested that, in cases where historical fact may never be ascertained, we will be better served by the notion of credences.
Multilingualism and Ageing
Authors: de Bot Kees , Plejert Charlotta , Simonsen Hanne Gram , Fyndanis Valantis , Hansen Pernille , Norvik Monica I. , Svendsen Bente A. , Svennevig Jan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This publication provides an overview of research on a large range of topics relating to language processing and language use from a life-span perspective. It is unique in covering and combining psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic approaches, discussing questions such as: Is it beneficial to speak more than one language when growing old? How are languages processed in multilingual persons, and how does this change over time? What happens to language and communication in multilingual aphasia or dementia? How is multilingual ageing portrayed in the media? It is a joint, cross-disciplinary venture of researchers from the Centre for Multilingualism in Society across the Lifespan at The University of Oslo and the editors of this publication.
Scale Shifting: New Insights into Global Literary Circulation
Authors: Sievers Wiebke , Levitt Peggy 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This special issue on scale shifting brings into sharper focus the complexity of global literary circulation, especially when viewed from the perspective of global literary peripheries. In this introduction, we present the idea of scale shifting, a concept we use to move beyond translation to include circulation in global languages, such as English and French. We build on earlier analyses that mapped previous literary worlds and shed light on the aesthetic and sociological factors that enabled outsiders to enter them by (1) focusing on how peripheralised writers scale up to gain global recognition in multiscalar literary fields and (2) analysing how, in turn, this scale shifting changes the national, regional and global levels of these fields. In addition, we provide a preview of each article included in this volume and summarise the collective takeaways gleaned from our individual case studies.
A Theory of Law and Literature
Authors: Condello Angela , Toracca Tiziano 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The present publication stems from the idea that a comparison between law and literature must be framed starting from the modes in which law and literature function. In this sense, we read law and literature as arts of compromising characterised by an analogous and yet, at the same time, profoundly different structure. Both, in fact, mediate conflicts between norms and transgressions, and more precisely between a principle of normativity (repression) on the one hand, and a principle of counternormativity (repressed) on the other hand. Through a progression in three steps, aimed at clarifying some peculiarities of law (1) and literature (2), and by referring to examples of their interaction (3), some hypotheses are sketched on why a placement across these two arts of compromising suggests some theoretical itineraries on their threshold.
Body Performance and the Engagement within the City: Women Artists Reframing Gender Roles in Amman
Authors: Bellingreri Marta 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This article focuses on women artists in the capital of Jordan, Amman, and particularly on their cultural practices as an expression of creative agency. Analyzing the work of visual artist and performer Samah Hijawi and of the co-founders of the art program Spring Sessions, Toleen Touq and Noura al-Khawsaneh, allows us to see the engagement in the city as the reframing of gender roles in neoliberal contemporary patriarchal societies. Their resistance to the codified norms affecting the female presence in public and in the field of cultural management is expressed and experimented with in the visual arts, within the contemporary cultural scene of Amman, the geography of the city and the political commitment, often in informal domains rather than in institutionalized contexts. Women’s creative agency in Amman challenges the status of the State’s monitorial and surveillance system within their city and their country. Artistic itineraries, performances, collective practices, urban cartographies, personal stories, individual or shared initiatives and artworks are portrayed in this article as one of the different modalities of creative agency that re-signifies feminisms today in the Middle East.
Temporary Art Platform and the Reconfiguration of the Public Space in Beirut
Authors: Castellano Carlos Garrido 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The main objective of this article is to understand the ways in which Lebanese artists are dealing with issues of normativity and legibility while operating in public spaces. By looking at the work developed by Temporary Art Platform (TAP) during the last ten years, I argue that public art has been crucial in the production of alternative understandings of civic agency and the public space. Simultaneously, by looking at A Few Things You Need to Know When Creating an Art Project in a Public Space in Lebanon, a toolkit designed by TAP in 2014, I intend to problematize the lexicon and strategies that are usually associated with understanding art activism, both as forcefully contextual and provisional.
Mutations of Heroism: The Case of the Egyptian Superheroine
Authors: Soliman Mounira 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The history of heroism in Egyptian culture has mostly been perceived as a male attribute, centering on the figure of the male hero, and generally excluding figures of female heroines. In this article, I explore the representation of one type of female heroism, the rising phenomenon of the superheroine. In contrast to popular definitions of heroism connected to the superhero genre wherein heroism is perceived as an extra-terrestrial superpower, recent depictions of superheroines in Egyptian popular culture focus on representing the mundane aspect of the lives of these characters, leading to a reconceptualization of heroism. I examine three examples of superheroines by three women writers, Qahera by Deena Mohamed, Nano Volta by Hanan El-Karargy, and Lamis by Safia Baraka. I focus on the concept of ‘normalcy’ by way of reading the depiction of the three superheroine characters, arguing that the emphasis on the mundane reality of the three superheroine figures proposes an alternative reading of heroism that depends on women’s agency as it explores their potential for empowerment.
When Students Misuse iPads in the Classroom
Authors: LI Pearl Han , SELMAN Robert L. , TIVNAN Terrence 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In the current study, we analyzed 400 essays from 4th and 8th grade students in a city in the northeastern region of the United States on the topic of whether iPads should be used in the classroom setting, especially when students abuse the privilege. Using thematic analyses to code the essays, we found that students from both grades were sophisticated and discerning in their attitudes and views about the potential benefits and limitations of using iPads in schools. We also found that although a majority of 4th and 8th grade students (87.5% 4th grade; 68% 8th grade) generally supported the use of iPads in their classrooms, a larger percentage of 8th grade students (30%) were opposed to the decision. Students from both grades spontaneously justified their attitudes by explaining how iPad might affect individual and collaborative learning.
Digital Curation of Online Resources among English Learners at Chinese Universities
Authors: ZENG Shuang , ZHANG Jingjing 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Moving beyond the ‘digital native’ rhetoric, this paper investigates what Chinese undergraduates are actually doing with online resources to learn English outside the classroom. Particular attention is paid to their dealing and managing online resources in their English learning context. A sociocultural framework is adopted to understand learners’ behaviours surrounding digital technology. This theoretical position guides the exploration into the contextually mediated choices and practices of English learners in the information-rich age. Data collection for this study includes semi-structured interviews with 49 undergraduates from two large Chinese universities. The data demonstrate that when it comes to digital curations of English learning resources, learners personalize online data and build towards a digital library. Yet, many online resources were rashly disposed and consumed. More importantly, the ways that learners deal with digital information and resources are largely shaped by their context of language learning. In light of the above, the paper goes on to consider the number of contextual factors that appear to constrain learners’ curation of online learning resources – not least the cultural artefact of examination and the existing beliefs about language learning.
Exploring New College Entrance Examination (“Xin Gao Kao”) Policy in China
Authors: Jian LI 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In China, college entrance examination is the sensitive and important theoretical and practical problem concerned by the whole education system and society. The college entrance examination refers to the unified national entrance examination system for accessing the ordinary higher education institutions. In this study, the national values are examined to analyze the fairness and justice of China’s new college entrance examination system. The regional practices involve the process of new college entrance examination reform. The new college entrance examination is composed of a series of examination systems, including China’s current unified national college entrance examination system, as well as the comprehensive college entrance examination reform pilot program and independent enrollment reform program. In addition, the conclusion and implication have been offered to explore the rationales of shaping new college entrance examination in current China.
The North Korean Economy: Current Situation, Crisis, and Possible Scenarios
Authors: Kim Seok-Hyang 
Published: November 2020

For more than a half century, the international community largely ignored North Korea. Since 1990, however, the situation has changed dramatically and North Korea has begun to attract increasing international attention. Throughout the 1990s, scenarios of a North Korean collapse were in vogue. Yet, these estimations were proved to be wrong. It is now widely accepted that North Korea is relatively stable in the sense that it seems to have little trouble keeping its political system intact and functioning. By now, the most striking aspect of the North Korean political system is its extraordinary resilience. Why then has the North not yet collapsed, despite the chronic shortages of food, energy, and foreign currency?
In this paper, I would like to raise two main questions. The first question is: “How serious are the difficulties of the North Korean economy?” And the second is: “What actions has the North Korean regime taken to resolve these difficulties and how effective those actions have been?”
The North Korean regime has been striving to readjust and improve its economic strucrure since the 1970s. The regime has sought foreign capital and technology. However, the regime has been attempting to reformulate its economic structure within the strict framework of the existing political system whose survival was its paramount concern, and therefore it has failed to link the domestic economy with the world economy. What the regime has been doing is, on the one hand, to map out policy measures designed to open up its doors, while on the other hand escalating its ideological and political campaigns to prevent the people from being “contaminated” by a capiralist culture which it anticipated would develop as a result of such measures. It is no wonder that, under these conditions, all attempts at reforming met with only limited success at best.
The North Korean regime, however, has negotiated with its people the expansion of its second economy, despite its reluctance to do so. In fact, the regime explicitly defined farmers' markets as remnants of “backward” capitalism which would become extinct as socialism reached a higher stage of development.
It is expected that the ruling hierarchy in North Korea will be able to survive for a considerable period of time, despite the threatening economic crisis. So far in North Korea, the need to safeguard the existing political regime has been given far greater priority than the need to bring about reform. However, the North Korean regime, if it intends to survive, will be compelled to carry out full-scale reforms sooner or later.
Fuzzy Ownership: A Theory of Corporate Governance and Evidence from Korea
Authors: Yun Eugene , Pak Buss Burdett 
Published: November 2020

This paper presents a model with “fuzzy ownership rights” for explaining corporate governance. The purpose of this model is to capture the theoretical underpinnings of corporate governance in real-world situations, which emphasize social, economic and cultural networks. The existence of strong fuzzy ownership rights affects corporate governance in many important ways, beginning with the firm being forced to go beyond solving the shareholder interest maximization problem: instead, the firm attempts to solve a more complex problem, which is to maximize the interests of other fuzzy ownership right-holders as well.
In the wake of the Asian financial crisis in 1997, many countries in Asia were encouraged to adopt western-style corporate governance reforms. Although systemic changes are being adopted, with particular emphasis placed on strengthening minority shareholders’ legal rights, these reforms fail to remove fuzzy ownership rights. This paper predicts that the reform effort will be ineffectual since it leaves the behavior of the firm and its corporate governance structure fundamentally unchanged.
This paper challenges the proposition that globally disparate corporate governance systems in the long run will converge to the Anglo-Saxon shareholder primacy model. Fuzzy ownership rights holders can be expected to protect and refuse to surrender their rights when targeted by corporate reform efforts. The vested interests, which are personal to the holders because they arise from the holder’s position in the economy or in relation to the firm, present a high barrier to convergence toward a global standard based on the shareholder primacy model.
Outer Mongolia and the Changing Dynamics of UN Representation: Impacts on U.S. China Policy, 1961
Authors: Kang Jean S. 
Published: November 2020

In 1961, the Kennedy administration confronted wides-pread domestic and foreign anticipation that significant changes would be made to existing U.S. China policy. Although the new administration proposed to liberate the United States from past policies and offer fresh, innova-tive solutions to problems confronted worldwide, the major issues that characterized and defined the American relationship with both the Chinese Communists on the mainland and the Chinese Nationalists on Taiwan posed a challenge for the new President and his top advisers.
This study examines the Kennedy administration’s deli-berations at the United Nations with regard to the Outer Mongolian representation matter and mounting interna-tional pressures from U.S. allies and other nations for the United States to assume a more flexible posture toward Communist China. Despite the lack of a major departure from existing policies, initiatives proposing a reappraisal of U.S. China policy during the Kennedy administration precipitated discussions and debates that contributed sig-nificantly to the eventual transformation of Sino-Ameri-can relations.
Relevance of Exchange Rates on the Trade Imbalance in the Eurozone
Authors: Choi Myoung Shik 
Published: November 2020

European monetary integration is causing economic imbalances because the optimal currency area criterion is not being properly met. Euro countries are experiencing chronic current account deficits. The purpose of this study is to explore the long-running divergent dynamics of real exchange rates and their determinants and influence.
In this estimation, we find that the real effective exchange rate (REER) has a long term equilibrium relation to the balance of current account, the demographic aging effect, and the stage of development effect as a Euro-zone group. Also, we find that individual REER discrepancies have greatly diminished in recent years while the misalignments of individual and group REERs show a steady converging tendency of their equilibrium rates. The co-movement effect on the REER misalignment indicates a weak influence of determinant factors. In addition, the Euro-zone drives the undervalued rate of 3.44% with the current account deficit of 0.08% for the sample period, and the REER misalignment is not closely related to the trade deficit.
The results for the future of the Eurozone would imply that the misalignments of currency cooperation members show an increasingly converging tendency of their equilibrium over time, and they also display co-integration regarding the current account balance and development phase as well as population aging.
Can Affirming National Identity Increase International Trust? Experimental Evidence from South Korean, Chinese, and Japanese Nationals
Authors: Chung Eun Bin 
Published: November 2020

How can states with a history of conflict promote trust with one another? Distrust between South Korea-Japan and China-Japan aggravates security fears and limits institutional cooperation in the region. Existing studies support the promotion of a common, overarching identity (e.g. “Asian-ness”) over a strong sense of national belonging. Are salient national identities harmful or helpful for increasing trust between countries?
Applying the psychological theory of group-affirmation to an international context and integrating experimental methods from behavioral economics, I aim to examine whether affirming national identities can increase trust of another country. In a novel experiment with South Korean, Chinese, and Japanese participants, I find that group-affirmed individuals reported higher levels of trust, measured by payments in a trust game.
The Expectation and Reality Gap in South Korea’s Relations with China
Authors: Park Hwee-Rhak 
Published: November 2020

This paper identifies a gap between expectation and reality in South Korea-China relations. It applies the theory of “Autonomy-Security Trade-off” and analyzes incidents such as North Korea’s sinking of the Cheonan, its bombardment of the Yeonpyeong Island, and the deployment of the U.S. THAAD system in South Korea.
As a result, this paper concludes that South Korea expected more from China than it merited. Contrary to South Korean expectations, China was not ready to help South Korea on security issues. The Strategic Cooperative Partnership, which was signed in 2008 between the two countries, appeared to be just a friendly gesture, although South Korea expected cooperation in security sector.
South Korea should recognize that its partnership with China cannot replace its alliance with the U.S. It should settle for economic, social, and cultural cooperation with China and maintain security cooperation with the U.S. If South Korea reminds China of this limitation in its mutual relationship, China could also settle for its cooperation with South Korea on sectors other than security. China would therefore not intervene into South Korean security decisions as we witnessed over the deployment of the U.S. THAAD system.
Renewable Energy Strategies Leading to Closer Europe-Japan Cooperation after 3/11
Authors: Vosse Wilhelm 
Published: November 2020

The EU and Japan have intensified its cooperation and a broad range of fields since the early 1990s. Political, industrial and academic cooperation in the area of science and technology including in the improvement of new technologies to production of energy had become one core element since the early 1990s, and even more so with the 2001 EU-Japan Action Plan.
The 3/11 disaster and the post-Fukushima energy future promise another area of cooperation, namely in dealing with the global energy crisis. Despite common interests between Japan and many European countries and the EU in regard to energy policy, research and development in nuclear safety and renewable energy resources, post-3/11 cooperation between Japan and European countries remained far from optimal. In the immediate post-disaster period, it was the initiatives of businesses and R&D interests rather than national government initiatives that provided first evidence that cooperation between Japan and the EU and individual EU member states might become more prominent in the face of a global energy crisis. This article analyzes the changes in bilateral and multilateral relations of the EU and some of its member states with Japan, and asks whether 3/11 can act as a trigger for the development of a joint Japanese-European energy strategy.
United Nations Contributions to Promoting Human Rights in the DPRK: Impetus for Change
Authors: Choi Jina , Howe Brendan 
Published: November 2020

The United Nations (UN) has been the key contributor to the diffusion of human rights norms and practices in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). The process of promoting human rights in the DPRK has been beset with challenges. The UN has had to steer its way through a complex web of international politics in order consistently to apply pressure on Pyongyang to amend its human rights norm-violating behavior. While achievements to date have been limited, this paper identifies the processes of socialization rather than coercion or inducements, as constituting the most promising avenue for the UN to impact North Korean governance. The paper will examine the evolution of UN socialization efforts in the DPRK to date, including how and under what mechanisms or conditions, socialization occurred, and what progress has been made by UN socialization dynamics.
Although the progress so far may have been limited at best, what has been achieved merits greater scholarly attention, in order to derive implications for future policy prescription with regard to promoting human rights in North Korea and beyond.
Comments on “An Evaluation of Hurricane Superintensity in Axisymmetric Numerical Models”
Authors: Makarieva A. M. , Nefiodov A. V. , Sheil D. , Nobre A. D. , Chikunov A. V. , Plunien G. , Li B.-L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn a recent paper Rousseau-Rizzi and Emanuel (2019) presented a derivation of an upper limit on maximum hurricane velocity at the ocean surface. This derivation was based on a consideration of an infinitely narrow (differential) Carnot cycle with the warmer isotherm at the point of the maximum wind velocity. Here we show that this derivation neglected a significant term describing the kinetic energy change in the outflow. Additionally, we highlight the importance of a proper accounting for the power needed to lift liquid water. Finally, we provide a revision to the formula for surface fluxes of heat and momentum showing that, if we accept the assumptions adopted by Rousseau-Rizzi and Emanuel (2019), the resulting velocity estimate does not depend on the flux of sensible heat.