bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion maps embedding and transition matrix analysis of the large-scale flow structure in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection
Authors: Koltai Péter , Weiss Stephan 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
By utilizing diffusion maps embedding and transition matrix analysis we investigate sparse temperature measurement time-series data from Rayleigh–Bénard convection experiments in a cylindrical container of aspect ratio

between its diameter (D) and height (L). We consider the two cases of a cylinder at rest and rotating around its cylinder axis. We find that the relative amplitude of the large-scale circulation (LSC) and its orientation inside the container at different points in time are associated to prominent geometric features in the embedding space spanned by the two dominant diffusion-maps eigenvectors. From this two-dimensional embedding we can measure azimuthal drift and diffusion rates, as well as coherence times of the LSC. In addition, we can distinguish from the data clearly the single roll state (SRS), when a single roll extends through the whole cell, from the double roll state (DRS), when two counter-rotating rolls are on top of each other. Based on this embedding we also build a transition matrix (a discrete transfer operator), whose eigenvectors and eigenvalues reveal typical time scales for the stability of the SRS and DRS as well as for the azimuthal drift velocity of the flow structures inside the cylinder. Thus, the combination of nonlinear dimension reduction and dynamical systems tools enables to gain insight into turbulent flows without relying on model assumptions.
Trotterized adiabatic quantum simulation and its application to a simple all-optical system
Authors: Sun Yifan , Zhang Jun-Yi , Byrd Mark S , Wu Lian-Ao 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
As first proposed for the adiabatic quantum information processing by Wu et al (2002 Phys. Rev. Lett.
89 057904), the Trotterization technique is a very useful tool for universal quantum computing, and in particular, the adiabatic quantum simulation of quantum systems. Given a boson Hamiltonian involving arbitrary bilinear interactions, we propose a static version of this technique to perform an optical simulation that would enable the identification of the ground state of the Hamiltonian. By this method, the dynamical process of the adiabatic evolution is mapped to a static linear optical array which is robust to the errors caused by dynamical fluctuations. We examine the cost of the physical implementation of the Trotterization, i.e. the number of discrete steps required for a given accuracy. Two conclusions are drawn. One is that the number of required steps grows much more slowly than the system size if the number of non-zero matrix elements of Hamiltonian is not too large. The second is that small fluctuations of the parameters of optical elements do not affect the first conclusion. This implies that the method is robust against the certain type of errors as we considered. Last but not least, we present an example of implementation of the simulation on a photonic chip as well as an optimized scheme. By such examples, we show a reduction of the costs compared to its classical counterpart and the potential for further improvement, which promotes a more general application.
Perturbative many-body transfer
Authors: Chetcuti Wayne Jordan , Sanavio Claudio , Lorenzo Salvatore , Apollaro Tony J G 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The transfer of excitations between different locations of a quantum many-body system is of primary importance in many research areas, from transport properties in spintronics and atomtronics to quantum state transfer in quantum information processing. We address the transfer of n > 1 bosonic and fermionic excitations between the edges of a one-dimensional chain modelled by a quadratic hopping Hamiltonian, where the block edges, embodying the sender and the receiver sites, are weakly coupled to the quantum wire. We find that perturbative high-quality transfer is attainable in the weak-coupling limit, for both bosons and fermions, only for certain modular arithmetic equivalence classes of the wire’s length. Finally we apply our findings to the transport of spins and the charging of a many-body quantum battery.
Prefrontal Cortical Reactivity and Connectivity Markers Distinguish Youth Depression from Healthy Youth
Authors: Dhami Prabhjot , Atluri Sravya , Lee Jonathan C , Knyahnytska Yuliya , Croarkin Paul E , Blumberger Daniel M , Daskalakis Zafiris J , Farzan Faranak 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Up to 50% of youth with depression do not respond to conventional first-line treatments. However, little research has been conducted on the pathophysiology of youth depression, hindering the identification of more effective treatments. Our goal was to identify neurophysiological markers that differentiate youth with depression from healthy youth and could serve as targets of novel treatments. We hypothesized that youth with depression would exhibit network-specific cortical reactivity and connectivity abnormalities compared with healthy youth. Transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging was employed in combination with clinical and behavioral assessments to study cortical reactivity and connectivity in bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), motor cortex, and inferior parietal lobule, sites linked to the frontoparietal network, sensorimotor network, and default mode network, respectively. In youth depression, greater cortical reactivity was observed specific to the left and right DLPFC stimulation only, which correlated with anhedonia scores. Additionally, the connectivity of the right DLPFC was significantly higher in youth depression. Source reconstruction attributed the observed connectivity dysregulation to regions belonging to the default mode network. The neurophysiological signatures identified in this study have high potential to inform the development of more effective and targeted interventions for the youth depression population.
Age-Dependent Changes in Synaptic NMDA Receptor Composition in Adult Human Cortical Neurons
Authors: Pegasiou Chrysia M , Zolnourian Ardalan , Gomez-Nicola Diego , Deinhardt Katrin , Nicoll James A R , Ahmed Aminul I , Vajramani Girish , Grundy Paul , Verhoog Matthijs B , Mansvelder Huibert D , Perry V H , Bulters Diederik , Vargas-Caballero Mariana 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The molecular processes underlying the aging-related decline in cognitive performance and memory observed in humans are poorly understood. Studies in rodents have shown a decrease in N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) that contain the GluN2B subunit in aging synapses, and this decrease is correlated with impaired memory functions. However, the age-dependent contribution of GluN2B-containing receptors to synaptic transmission in human cortical synapses has not been previously studied. We investigated the synaptic contribution of GluN2A and GluN2B-containing NMDARs in adult human neurons using fresh nonpathological temporal cortical tissue resected during neurosurgical procedures. The tissue we obtained fulfilled quality criteria by the absence of inflammation markers and proteomic degradation. We show an age-dependent decline in the NMDA/AMPA receptor ratio in adult human temporal cortical synapses. We demonstrate that GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors contribute to synaptic responses in the adult human brain with a reduced contribution in older individuals. With previous evidence demonstrating the critical role of synaptic GluN2B in regulating synaptic strength and memory storage in mice, this progressive reduction of GluN2B in the human brain during aging may underlie a molecular mechanism in the age-related decline in cognitive abilities and memory observed in humans.
Traceable Payments and VAT Design: Effects on VAT Performance
Authors: Madzharova Boryana 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article studies the role of cashless payments in third-party reporting for the purposes of value-added tax (VAT) compliance management. In economies with well-developed financial institutions, the traceability of digital payments could serve as a deterrent to sales suppression even in the absence of explicit policies utilizing electronic payments for tax enforcement. Using country-level data for the European Union, this article shows that a 1% increase in the value of payments made with cards to gross domestic product (GDP) improves VAT performance by 0.05–0.09%. This effect is found to be strongest in economies characterized by low level of trust in public institutions, and does not vary with the extent of third-party reported information used by tax administrations, or the presence of a large-scale VAT invoice matching system. The result is robust to a rich number of characteristics controlling for various aspects of VAT’s design.
Improved Meet-in-the-Middle Attacks on Reduced-Round Deoxys-BC-256
Authors: Liu Ya , Shi Bing , Gu Dawu , Zhao Fengyu , Li Wei , Liu Zhiqiang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In ASIACRYPT 2014, Jean et al. proposed the authentication encryption scheme Deoxys, which is one of the third-round candidates in CAESAR competition. Its internal block cipher is called Deoxys-BC that adopts the tweakey frame. Deoxys-BC has two versions of the tweakey size that are 256 bits and 384 bits, denoted by Deoxys-BC-256 and Deoxys-BC-384, respectively. In this paper, we revaluate the security of Deoxys-BC-256 against the meet-in-the-middle attack to obtain some new results. First, we append one round at the top and two rounds at the bottom of a 6-round distinguisher to form a 9-round truncated differential path with the probability of $2^{-144}$. Based on it, the adversary can attack 9-round Deoxys-BC-256 with $2^{108}$ chosen plaintext-tweaks, $2^{113.6}$ encryptions and $2^{102}$ blocks. Second, we construct a new 6.5-round distinguisher to form 10-round attacking path with the probability of $2^{-152}$. On the basis of it, the adversary could attack 10-round Deoxys-BC-256 with $2^{115}$ chosen plaintext-tweaks, $2^{171}$ encryptions and $2^{152}$ blocks. These two attacks improve the previous cryptanalytic results on reduced-round Deoxys-BC-256 against the meet-in-the-middle attack.
Health service costs and their association with functional impairment among adults receiving integrated mental health care in five low- and middle-income countries: the PRIME cohort study
Authors: Chisholm Dan , Garman Emily , Breuer Erica , Fekadu Abebaw , Hanlon Charlotte , Jordans Mark , Kathree Tasneem , Kigozi Fred , Luitel Nagendra , Medhin Girmay , Murhar Vaibhav , Petersen Inge , Rathod Sujit D , Shidhaye Rahul , Ssebunnya Joshua , Patel Vikram , Lund Crick 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This study examines the level and distribution of service costs—and their association with functional impairment at baseline and over time—for persons with mental disorder receiving integrated primary mental health care. The study was conducted over a 12-month follow-up period in five low- and middle-income countries participating in the Programme for Improving Mental health carE study (Ethiopia, India, Nepal, South Africa and Uganda). Data were drawn from a multi-country intervention cohort study, made up of adults identified by primary care providers as having alcohol use disorders, depression, psychosis and, in the three low-income countries, epilepsy. Health service, travel and time costs, including any out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures by households, were calculated (in US dollars for the year 2015) and assessed at baseline as well as prospectively using linear regression for their association with functional impairment. Cohort samples were characterized by low levels of educational attainment (Ethiopia and Uganda) and/or high levels of unemployment (Nepal, South Africa and Uganda). Total health service costs per case for the 3 months preceding baseline assessment averaged more than US$20 in South Africa, $10 in Nepal and US$3–7 in Ethiopia, India and Uganda; OOP expenditures ranged from $2 per case in India to $16 in Ethiopia. Higher service costs and OOP expenditure were found to be associated with greater functional impairment in all five sites, but differences only reached statistical significance in Ethiopia and India for service costs and India and Uganda for OOP expenditure. At the 12-month assessment, following initiation of treatment, service costs and OOP expenditure were found to be lower in Ethiopia, South Africa and Uganda, but higher in India and Nepal. There was a pattern of greater reduction in service costs and OOP spending for those whose functional status had improved in all five sites, but this was only statistically significant in Nepal.
The changing contribution of childhood social characteristics to mortality: a comparison of Finnish cohorts born in 1936–50 and 1961–75
Authors: Martikainen Pekka , Elo Irma , Tarkiainen Lasse , Mikkonen Janne , Myrskylä Mikko , Moustgaard Heta 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Life course epidemiology suggests that early life circumstances affect adult mortality, but most of the evidence is based on cohorts born in the beginning of the 20th century. It remains unclear whether and how the influences of early life circumstances on mortality have changed in later birth cohorts.

Methods
Analyses rely on 10% register-based samples of households drawn from the 1950 and the 1975 Finnish censuses, with consistent follow-up of socioeconomic and housing-related characteristics and early mid-life mortality (at ages 30–55 years). We estimate survival models for the associations between childhood circumstances and all-cause, internal and external mortality for cohorts born in 1936–50 and 1961–75 adjusting for attained social characteristics. We estimate sibling intraclass correlations as summary measures of all early life and familial influences.

Results
Adverse childhood social circumstances were typically associated with about 10–30% excess cause-specific mortality. These associations were almost fully attenuated by adjustment for achieved later life social characteristics. Early life influences have grown over time for mortality from external causes, particularly as related to home ownership and family type. Differentials have remained stable for internal causes. The intraclass correlations further confirmed the increasing association of early life circumstances on external-cause mortality.

Conclusions
Our analyses show that the associations between childhood characteristics and mid-life mortality are substantial and almost fully mediated by achieved adult social characteristics. The increase in the contribution of childhood circumstances to mid-life mortality is driven by ever stronger associations with external causes of death.
Optimization of a Low-Cost, Sensitive PNA Clamping PCR Method for JAK2 V617F Variant Detection
Authors: Di Francia Raffaele , Crisci Stefania , Muto Tommaso , Giancola Concetta , Petriccone Luigi , Catapano Oriana , Cummarro Annunziata , Pinto Antonio , Frigeri Ferdinando 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
The JAK2 V617F variant is diagnostic for myeloproliferative neoplasms, a group of clonal disorders of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Although several approaches have been developed to detect the variant, a gold standard diagnostic method has not yet been defined. We describe a simple, fast, and cost-effective PCR-based approach that enhances test specificity and sensitivity by blocking the amplification of the large excess of wild-type DNA.

Methods
The method involves using an oligo peptide nucleic acid (PNA) perfectly matching its corresponding DNA sequence. The PCR protocol was optimized by collecting a detailed thermodynamic data set on PNA-DNA wild-type duplexes by circular dichroism melting experiments. The specificity and sensitivity of PNA clamping PCR were assessed by genotyping 50 patients with myeloproliferative neoplasm who carried the JAK2 V617F variant and 50 healthy donors.

Results
The optimized protocol enabled selective amplification of the variant alleles, achieving maximum sensitivity (100%) and specificity (100%). Analytical sensitivity was 0.05% of variant alleles as assessed by serial dilutions of DNA from the HEL cell line (which carries the JAK2 V617F variant) mixed to wild-type DNA from healthy donors. The JAK2 V617F variant test performed according to this method has better diagnostic performance than its 2 main PCR-based competitors, at much lower cost.

Conclusions
High sensitivity and specificity and cost-effectiveness make PNA clamping PCR a useful testing platform for the detection of minor allele variants in small-scale diagnostic laboratories. It promises to improve patient care while enabling significant healthcare savings.
724 Factors Influencing Healing Time After Enzymatic Debridement
Authors: Sander Frank , Haller Herbert , Hartmann Bernd 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
Enzymatic debridement (ED) as a noninvasive method is widely used and has been researched in several studies. The influence of key components of the trauma and overall treatment on healing time are often underrepresented. This paper describes the results from 56 wounds treated in a burn unit to evaluate factors influencing the healing time.

Methods
From all patients admitted to our unit from the year 2014 to 2016, 56 were treated with ED. Preclinical data and clinical data were compared in a retrospective review. Patients were divided into two groups with a separator of healing time of 30 days.

Results
ED was provided in 56 wounds in 52 patients on average to 7.0% ± 6.0 %, median 4.8% of patient’s body surface area. Comparing the group with a healing time of more than 30 days and less than 30 days. Statistically significant differences with a p&lt; 0.05 were found in the rate of preclinical intubations, inhalation injuries, the application of fluids before admission, the type of dressing used and the BAUX index. Highly significant differences with a p&lt; 0.01 were found in the ratio of pseudoeschars which had to be operated on and in the modified BAUX index (MBI). Mostly used dressings were a polylactic membrane (PLM) and silicone dressings. In the silicone group, MBI was significantly higher than in the polylactic group and healing time was significantly faster in the PLM group. Comparing groups with a higher than average MBI of 67.5 the PLM and the silicone group had a comparable MBI (p=0.337), but the PLM group had a five days shorter healing time of 43 days (p=0.2768). In a logistic regression formula over all PLM and Silicone patients (Days for healing after ED = 1.53 + 8.9 * dressing (PLM=1, silicone=2) + 0.35*MBI - 5.15483*incomplete debridement (Yes=1, No=0) + 7.96*pseudoeschar to be operated on (Yes=1, No=0) the influence of dressings could be demonstrated. No statistical differences (p &gt;0.05) could be found in age, etiology of burn (fire scald, electric current injury or electrical arch with a p=0.4), location of accident out- or inside a building, cold water therapy applied or not, in TBSA, percentage of partial deep burns and full-thickness burns or the percentage of patients taken to ICU as inpatients and the timing of ED as well as the completeness of ED and in ABSI.

Conclusions
Healing time was dependent on parameters such as preclinical intubations, inhalation injuries, dressings used, and the severity calculated by MBI. Dressings are one of the few settings which can be changed proactively to achieve better outcomes. PLM over all clinical conditions have a shorter healing time (31 days) compared to silicon dressings (49 days)

Applicability of Research to Practice
Immediate.
731 The Wound Rounds Survey: Measuring Burn Wound Reading Skills
Authors: Lee Christina , Ketner Abigail , Rabbitts Angela , Gallagher James 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
The assessment of burn depth and the prediction of spontaneous wound healing potential is one of the most important roles of any provider assessing burn wounds. In an attempt to determine whether burn wound reading by physical exam to determine best clinical treatment is a skill that can be measured, this article describes a method developed and employed at this urban burn center for assessment of burn wounds.

Methods
This study was conducted from August 8, 2019 to September 19, 2019. Study participants were attending physicians, fellows, residents and physician assistants. Cases were anonymized by the removal of personal identifiers, and participants were sent an SMS via mobile phone of a link to a Google Forms survey. After in person examination of the burn wounds, participants voted on each patient seen. Survey answer choices were 1 (healing without need for surgery), 2 (unsure), and 3 (need for surgical excision). Wound evaluations with unanimous responses were felt not to demonstrate the skill of burn wound assessment, as some wounds were obviously in need of surgery or were going to heal to even the most inexperienced examiner. The participants were grouped into expert, intermediate and novice groups, and the responses were classified as correct or incorrect based on the final outcome of the patient. Mean percentage of correct responses were calculated for each group, and statistical analysis of the means was performed using a one-way weighted ANOVA test.

Results
During the study period a total of 56 voting events were recorded, 26 of which were excluded based on exclusion criteria. The percentage of correct responses was 58.5 ±8.2% in the expert group (n=94), 50.8 ±11.7% in the intermediate group (n=65), and 41.7 ±16.8% in the novice group (n=72). ANOVA analysis showed that these were statistically significant differences (p &lt; 0.01).

Conclusions
This pilot study shows that the current survey method of assessing burn wounds resulted in higher scores in experts when compared to intermediate and novice level practitioners, suggesting that burn wound reading is a skill that can be measured. Further development of a formative assessment could aid in the development of an educational module to improve wound reading skills.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Utilizing a daily survey as an instrument of formative assessment on burn wound reading.
797 Estimated Blood Loss in Burns: A Quality Metric That Defies Measurement?
Authors: Pasch Stuart , Joolukuntla Adithya , Hauck Ellen , Rae Lisa 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Introduction
There are a handful of publications over the past 3 decades evaluating single institution blood loss during excision and grafting procedures (E/G) for thermal injuries. The average estimated blood loss (EBL) reported ranges from 0.75ml/cm2 excised to 9.2% total blood volume/1% E/G, with disparate standard deviations. EBL should be benchmarked and evaluated for improvement in quality metrics.

Methods
We performed a retrospective evaluation of 66 burn E/G cases. They were analyzed for blood loss at 24 and 72 hours post procedure, accounting for any intra-operative or immediate post-operative transfusions using the Mercuriali formula. Each unit of transfused blood was estimated to increase hemoglobin 1g/dL.

Results
Means and standard deviations for calculated EBL, taking into account transfused blood and ongoing donor site bleeding up to 72 hours is depicted in Table 1. EBL in &lt; 20% TBSA and &gt;20% TBSA cases were compared as well as those with and without tourniquet use. Means and standard deviations for calculated EBL, taking into account transfused blood and ongoing donor site bleeding up to 72 hours is depicted in Table 1. EBL in &lt; 20% TBSA and &gt;20% TBSA cases were compared as well as those with and without tourniquet use.

Conclusions
Benchmark quality measures for burn should include EBL. These preliminary data suggest that results could guide intraoperative transfusion decisions if enough cases are analyzed (data collection is ongoing). Evaluation of EBL may also provide insight for transfusion ratios for coagulopathy of burn.

Applicability of Research to Practice
Evaluation of blood loss during surgical treatment of thermal injuries is an important benchmark and its study may lead to improvements in care.