bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broad distributions of transition-path times are fingerprints of multidimensionality of the underlying free energy landscapes
Authors: Satija Rohit , Berezhkovskii Alexander M. , Makarov Dmitrii E. 
Published: October 2020

Significance
The function of biomolecules is controlled by the energy landscapes traversed when they fold, bind to other molecules, generate mechanical motion, or catalyze chemical reactions. Information about such landscapes is encoded in single-molecule observations of transition paths, i.e., brief events where molecules cross activation barriers, but teasing out dynamical details from inherently low-dimensional experimental signals is a challenge. Here, we ask a question of principle: How can one decide whether an observed biomolecular transition can be represented as motion along a one-dimensional reaction coordinate or multidimensionality is essential? We establish a rigorous constraint on the width of the distribution of transition path times, violation of which necessitates use of multidimensional models for the interpretation of experimental data.
Strong sequentially bridged MXene sheets
Authors: Wan Sijie , Li Xiang , Wang Yanlei , Chen Ying , Xie Xi , Yang Rui , Tomsia Antoni P. , Jiang Lei , Cheng Qunfeng 
Published: October 2020

Significance
The obstacles limiting the practical applications of promising titanium carbide MXene macroscopic sheets are poor mechanical and oxidation-resistant properties. Herein, we demonstrate strong and highly electrically conductive MXene sheets through sequential bridging of hydrogen and ionic bonding, also achieving high shielding efficiency and excellent fatigue and oxidation resistance. The synergistic strengthening and toughening mechanism was thoroughly revealed by experiments and molecular dynamics simulations. The proposed sequential bridging strategy in this article provides an avenue for assembling high-performance MXene materials having potential applications in flexible electronic devices and aerospace in the near future.
Neurotypical individuals fail to understand action vitality form in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Casartelli Luca , Federici Alessandra , Fumagalli Lucia , Cesareo Ambra , Nicoli Monica , Ronconi Luca , Vitale Andrea , Molteni Massimo , Rizzolatti Giacomo , Sinigaglia Corrado 
Published: October 2020

Significance
Action vitality forms are highly pervasive aspects of daily life and have been widely assumed to be critical for basic social interactions. Previous evidence indicates that ASD children express their own vitality forms in a way that is motorically dissimilar to TD children. Here we demonstrate that this motor dissimilarity prevents neurotypical adults from recognizing vitality forms, when observing ASD children acting gently or rudely. Although ASD children differentiate these vitality forms, neurotypical adults were remarkably inaccurate in identifying them. This indicates that difficulty in social interaction for ASD individuals should not be entirely ascribed to their lack of understanding others, as standardly assumed. The failure of neurotypical individuals to understand them plays a critical role too.
Learning from Vernon’s Isotype test
Authors: Waller Robert 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper goes back to the 1970s, the decade when IDJ was born, to recall a collaboration with Marie Neurath of the Isotype Institute. The project challenged a widely published research project on Isotype charts by psychologist Magdalen Vernon, and the original sketches and design drafts are used to make observations about Isotype, design expertise and design research.
The DNA of information design for charts and diagrams
Authors: Richards Clive , Engelhardt Yuri 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
A comprehensive framework is presented for analyzing and specifying an extensive range of visualizations, such as
statistical charts, maps, family trees, Venn diagrams, flow charts, texts using indenting, technical drawings and scientific
illustrations. This paper describes how the fundamental ‘DNA’ building blocks of visual encoding and composition can be combined
into ‘visualization patterns’ that specify these and other types of visualizations. We offer different ways of specifying each
visualization pattern, including through a DNA tree diagram and through a rigorously systematic natural language sentence. Using
this framework, a design tool is proposed for exploring visualization design options.
Working Royals, Megxit and Prince Andrew’s disastrous BBC interview
Authors: Chichon Jagon P. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This research incorporates Corpus Linguistic techniques with the socio-cognitive approach (SCA) to Critical Discourse
Studies (CDS) to analyse the discursive representation of the British Monarchy (BM) through the categorisation of its individual members
within the Now Corpus from 2010–2020. Analysis concentrated on their categorisation around key events over the ten-year period, most notably
the accusations that Prince Andrew had sexual relations with a minor and Prince Harry’s and Meghan Markle’s decision to relinquish their
roles within the Monarchy. Significantly, the Royals were positively represented through the affixation of agency and active form to attach
them to positive actions, for instance, performing work and charity related duties. Negativity was deemphasised via the removal of agency,
passive use and a refocus onto less serious acts which distanced them, particularly the Queen and Prince Andrew, from scandal.
Alternative questions and their responses in English interaction
Authors: Drake Veronika 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This conversation analytic study investigates the sequential organization and question constraints of alternative
questions in English with a focus on response formats. Building on research on polar and wh-questions (among others, Enfield, Stivers and Levinson 2010; Raymond 2003; Thompson, Fox and Couper-Kuhlen 2015), this article shows that responses to alternative questions that include a
repeat of one of the alternatives are type-conforming, those that do not are nonconforming. Additionally, even though the concept of
contiguity (Sacks 1973/1987) might suggest that the second alternative be confirmed, participants
confirm either alternative unproblematically. Finally, my work shows that alternative questions can create difficulties for action
ascription, because as they are being produced, they often resemble polar questions. My study adds to our understanding of question-answer
sequences in English by providing an overview of an understudied question type in English. The data are in American English.
Metapragmatic comments on relating across cultures
Authors: Kim Kyung Hye , Spencer-Oatey Helen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This paper analyses postings made by student applicants on Korean online communities about how best to handle interactions
with potential future PhD supervisors at UK universities. The questions they posed reveal the lack of relevant contextual information they
experienced, especially around the rights and obligations of supervisors. This paper thus analyses students’ metapragmatic comments and
argues for greater attention to be paid within interpersonal and intercultural pragmatics to interactional goals and conceptions of role
relations, especially the rights and obligations associated with them. The analysis has revealed that background information on role
relations is of great importance for relational management and communication planning in high stakes intercultural interaction. This
suggests that potential cultural variation in the perceived rights and obligations associated with a given role (in this case, PhD
supervisor) and their implications for assessments of role relations are of central concern.
Ion-plasma sputtering of Co and Mo nanometer thin films near the sputtering threshold
Authors: Amirov I I , Izyumov M O , Naumov V V , Gorlachev E S 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this work, we present results of a study of low-energy (Е
i < 200 eV) sputtering of Co and Mo nanometer thin films in high-density argon plasma of a low-pressure radio-frequency inductive discharge with a controlled incident ion energy and ion current density onto the sample. The average ion energy was determined by the negative self-bias potential, which arises when the RF bias power is applied to the substrate. The ion current density was determined from the ratio of the increments in the RF bias power and the self-bias potential. The sputtering rate was determined in situ by a refractometric method from a sharp change in the intensity of a reflected laser beam signal at the moment of a removal of a metal film. Precise control of sputtering made it possible to detect a formation of nanoscale structures at a stage near the end of sputtering of metal films. The experimentally determined sputtering yields of Co and Mo were in agreement with the results of semiempirical calculations. We demonstrate that for ion-plasma sputtering, removal of Co and Mo atoms occurs at ion energy lower than the sputtering threshold.
Discovering heavy U(1)-gauged Higgs bosons at the HL-LHC
Authors: Camargo Daniel A , Klasen Michael , Zeinstra Sybrand 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We determine the discovery potential of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at 13 TeV center-of-mass energy for a heavy scalar resonance in the dilepton channel. In particular, we consider the singlet-like heavy mass eigenstate of a mixed two Higgs doublet and scalar singlet model in the U(1)
B−L
extension of the standard model. We find that, despite the small coupling of the singlet scalar with the doublets, this heavy scalar can be discovered with 5σ at the LHC with integrated luminosities of ∼300 to 1400 fb−1 in the mass range between 500 GeV and 1 TeV.
A new parton fragmentation procedure for heavy hadron production in proton–proton collisions
Authors: Szczurek Antoni 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We propose a new procedure for parton-to-hadron fragmentation in proton–proton collisions. The hadronization is considered in the parton-parton center-of-mass (CM) system and hadrons are assumed to be emitted in the direction of outgoing partons in that frame and then their four-momenta are transformed to the overall CM system using relevant Lorentz transformations and appropriate distributions are constructed. For heavy hadron production the energy–momentum condition is imposed. In many cases our procedure disagrees with the commonly used rule that rapidity of produced hadron is the same as rapidity of the parent parton. We illustrate the newly proposed scheme for production of D mesons, Λ
c
baryon and η

c
quarkonium in leading-order approach to parton production. The transverse momentum, rapidity and Feynman-x
F distributions are shown. We consider c → D and g → D as well as c → η

c
and g → η

c
hadronization processes. The resulting x
F distributions are much narrower than those obtained in the traditional approach with parton–hadron rapidity equivalence. This has consequences both for mid- and forward rapidities and could have consequences for high-energy neutrino production in the Earth’s atmosphere. We discuss also

c
→

Λ

c

+

and

b
→

Λ

c

+

fragmentation and find that the second mechanism could be partly responsible for the enhanced production of

Λ

c

±

observed recently by the ALICE collaboration.
New potential stable structures of XMg
n
(X
= Ge, C, Sn; n
= 2–12) clusters: XMg8 with high stability
Authors: Zeng Lu , Liang Mei-Kun , Wei Xiao-Fan , Guo Jia , Dai Wei , Zhu Ben-Chao 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Several potential stable structures of X-doped magnesium (X = Ge, C, Sn) clusters have been fully investigated by using CALYPSO structure searching software together with density functional theory calculations. XMg
n
(X = Ge, C, Sn; n = 3–7) clusters have similar geometric structure grows in tetrahedron, while the structures of XMg
n
(X = Ge, C, Sn; n = 8–12) are based on a kind of tower-like geometry. Interestingly, the relative stability computations indicate that XMg8 (X = Ge, C, Sn) are more stable than other clusters, and thus can be identified as magic clusters. In addition, XMg8's (X = Ge, C, Sn) high stability and atomic interactions contained in structures are studied through their electronic localization function and molecular orbitals. It is shown that the covalent σ bond interaction of X–Mg and Mg–Mg are mainly responsible for their robust stability. Finally, the theoretical calculations of IR and Raman spectra of XMg8 (X = Ge, C, Sn) clusters were implemented for guiding further experimental observation.
Optimization measurement for the ballscrew raceway profile based on optical measuring system
Authors: Wang Kai , Feng Hu-Tian , Zhou Chang-Guang , Ou Yi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Given that the ballscrew raceway profile directly affects the service characteristics and precision retention of ball screws, this paper proposes an optimized continuous measuring method for the ballscrew raceway profile, without the need to adjust the sensor for the measurement of each raceway. Based on a comparison with existing measuring methods and principles, an optical measuring system is constructed, in which installation errors in the LED sensor and the linear calibration system, together with the straightness of the mobile platform, are obtained and analyzed. More importantly, in this work, we propose a transformation algorithm for the helix angle as well as an arc-selecting principle. Compared to the measurment results and time consumption of the profilometer, the maximum error for the measured radius and contact angle of the system proposed in this paper is 1.5 μm and 35′, and the measuring efficiency is increased by 15.8%, 58.6%, and 67.5% for 1, 5, and 20 continuous raceways, respectively, indicating effective performance in terms of accuracy, repeatability, and efficiency. Moreover, the system is also capable of measuring the pitch diameter and lead error of the ballscrew, which is significant in regard to classifying the accuracy of the ballscrew raceway profile, and improving machining precision.
In situ study of sensor behavior of MoS2 field effect transistor for methyl orange molecule in ultra high vacuum condition
Authors: Mamun Muhammad Shamim Al , Waizumi Hiroki , Takaoka Tsuyoshi , Alam Md Iftekharul , Tanaka Yudai , Ando Atsushi , Wang Zhipeng , Komeda Tadahiro 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
We investigate the sensor behavior of the MoS2 field effect transistor (FET) device with the deposition of methyl orange (MO) molecule which is widely used as a chemical probe. The channel of the FET is made of the single layer of MoS2 which makes it highly sensitive to the molecule adsorption, but at the same time the behavior depends much on the surface conditions of the MoS2 channel. In order to make the channel-surface conditions more defined, we prepare an in situ experimental system in which the molecule deposition and the surface- and electrical-characterization of the MoS2 FET are executed in a single ultra-high vacuum chamber. This system makes it possible to examine the change of the FET properties with precise control of the molecule coverage in the sub-monolayer region without the effect of the atmosphere. We detected the shift of the I
d–V
g curve of the MoS2-FET device with the increase of the molecule coverage (θ) of the MO molecule, which is quantitatively analyzed by plotting the threshold voltage (V
th) of the I
d–V
g curve as a function of θ. The V
th shifts towards the negative direction and the initial change with θ can be expressed with an exponential function of θ, which can be accounted for with the Langmuir type adsorption of the molecule for the first layer and the charge transfer from the molecule to the substrate. The V
th versus θ curve shows a kink at a certain θ, which is conserved as the starting of the second layer growth. We detected the adsorption of MO far less than monolayer and the phase change from the first layer to the second layer growth, which is realized by the benefit of the in situ UHV experimental condition.
Computational modelling of modern cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Valentinuzzi Damijan , Jeraj Robert 
Published: October 2020

AbstractModern cancer immunotherapy has revolutionised oncology and carries the potential to radically change the approach to cancer treatment. However, numerous questions remain to be answered to understand immunotherapy response better and further improve the benefit for future cancer patients. Computational models are promising tools that can contribute to accelerated immunotherapy research by providing new clues and hypotheses that could be tested in future trials, based on preceding simulations in addition to the empirical rationale. In this topical review, we briefly summarise the history of cancer immunotherapy, including computational modelling of traditional cancer immunotherapy, and comprehensively review computational models of modern cancer immunotherapy, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors (as monotherapy and combination treatment), co-stimulatory agonistic antibodies, bispecific antibodies, and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. The modelling approaches are classified into one of the following categories: data-driven top-down vs mechanistic bottom-up, simplistic vs detailed, continuous vs discrete, and hybrid. Several common modelling approaches are summarised, such as pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models, Lotka–Volterra models, evolutionary game theory models, quantitative systems pharmacology models, spatio-temporal models, agent-based models, and logic-based models. Pros and cons of each modelling approach are critically discussed, particularly with the focus on the potential for successful translation into immuno-oncology research and routine clinical practice. Specific attention is paid to calibration and validation of each model, which is a necessary prerequisite for any successful model, and at the same time, one of the main obstacles. Lastly, we provide guidelines and suggestions for the future development of the field.
Mass production-ready characteristics of AlGaN/AlN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor structures grown on 200 mm diameter silicon substrates using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Ikejiri Keitaro , Hiroyama Yuichi , Kasahara Kenji , Hirooka Chihiro , Osada Takenori , Tanaka Mitsuhiro , Takada Tomoyuki , Egawa Takashi 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Mass production-ready technologies of AlGaN/AlN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) structures on 200 mm diameter silicon substrates are developed using a large-scale metal-organic chemical vapor deposition system. High-yield epitaxial substrates on large-diameter wafers are required for reducing the cost of industrializing power device applications. Through multi-point vertical leakage current measurements, it was confirmed that the AlGaN/AlN/GaN HEMT, under optimum growth conditions, showed high yield characteristics such as a highly uniform leakage current and a low number of breaking points over the entire 200 mm diameter wafer. On introducing an AlN spacer layer between the AlGaN Schottky barrier and the GaN channel, a lower on-state resistance for power devices can be expected. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images revealed that the thin AlN spacer layer was grown between the AlGaN and GaN layers with atomically abrupt and flat interfaces. HEMT structures with an AlN spacer layer exhibited a considerably high two-dimensional-electron-gas mobility of 2000 cm2 V−1 s−1 at room temperature and 10 700 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 77 K. The AlN spacer layer between the AlGaN and GaN layers was successfully fabricated and suppressed the alloy disorder scattering effect.
Stabilized single-longitudinal-mode fiber laser with broadband and flat wavelength output
Authors: Li Guan-Hong , Lin Yuan-Zhe , Chang Hung-Wei , Yeh Chien-Hung , Chen Jhao-Ren , Wang Bo-Yin , Hsu Wei-Hung , Chow Chi-Wai , Liaw Shien-Kuei 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this study, we present and experimentally demonstrate an erbium-doped fiber (EDF) quad-fiber-ring (QFR) laser with selectable and flat single-longitudinal-mode (SLM) wavelength output. The designed QFR scheme not only can suppress dense multi-mode oscillation, but also can broaden and flatten the output wavelength covering C- and part of L-bands over a bandwidth from 1519.0 to 1579.0 nm when using a C-band EDF as gain medium. Additionally, the output power, optical signal to signal ratio (OSNR), linewidth, stability and tunability of the proposed EDF laser are also discussed.
Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics of the quantum ideal gas in the canonical ensemble
Authors: Markham Tyler , Ji Jeong-Young , Held Eric D 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics of the quantum ideal gas is studied through the canonical partition function by exactly counting discrete quantum states without the continuum approximation. Analytic expressions for energy, pressure, entropy, and heat capacity are expressed in terms of Jacobi theta functions and complete elliptic integrals. The results show typical effects of discrete energy levels in the low temperature limit while they reproduce thermodynamics of the classical ideal gas in the high temperature limit.
Neutron capture measurement at the n TOF facility of the 204Tl and 205Tl s-process branching points
Authors: Casanovas A , Tarifeño-Saldivia A E , Domingo-Pardo C , Calviño F , Maugeri E , Guerrero C , Lerendegui-Marco J , Dressler R , Heinitz S , Schumann D , Tain J L , Quesada J M , Aberle O , Alcayne V , Amaducci S , Andrzejewski J , Audouin L , Babiano-Suarez V , Bacak M , Balibrea J , Barbagallo M , Bennett S , Berthoumieux E , Bosnar D , Brown A S , Busso M , Caamaño M , Caballero L , Calviani M , Cano-Ott D , Cerutti F , Chiaveri E , Colonna N , Cortés G P , Cortés-Giraldo M A , Cosentino L , Cristallo S , Damone L A , Davies P J , Diakaki M , Dietz M , Ducasse Q , Dupont E , Durán I , Eleme Z , Fernández-Domíngez B , Ferrari A , Ferro-Gonçalves I , Finocchiaro P , Furman V , Garg R , Gawlik A , Gilardoni S , Göbel K , González-Romero E , Gunsing F , Heyse J , Jenkins D G , Jericha E , Jiri U , Junghans A , Kadi Y , Käppeler F , Kimura A , Knapová I , Kokkoris M , Kopatch Y , Krticka M , Kurtulgil D , Ladarescu I , Lederer-Woods C , Lonsdale S.-J , Macina D , Manna A , Martínez T , Masi A , Massimi C , Mastinu P F , Mastromarco M , Mazzone A , Mendoza E , Mengoni A , Michalopoulou V , Milazzo P M , Millán-Callado M A , Mingrone F , Moreno-Soto J , Musumarra A , Negret A , Ogállar F , Oprea A , Patronis N , Pavlik A , Perkowski J , Petrone C , Piersanti L , Pirovano E , Porras I , Praena J , Ramos Doval D , Reifarth R , Rochman D , Rubbia C , Sabaté-Gilarte M , Saxena A , Schillebeeckx P , Sekhar A , Smith A G , Sosnin N , Sprung P , Stamatopoulos A , Tagliente G , Tassan-Got L , Thomas B , Torres-Sánchez P , Tsinganis A , Urlass S , Valenta S , Vannini G , Variale V , Vaz P , Ventura A , Vescovi D , Vlachoudis V , Vlastou R , Wallner A , Woods P J , Wright T J , Žugec P , Koester U 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Neutron capture cross sections are one of the fundamental nuclear data in the study of the s (slow) process of nucleosynthesis. More interestingly, the competition between the capture and the decay rates in some unstable nuclei determines the local isotopic abundance pattern. Since decay rates are often sensible to temperature and electron density, the study of the nuclear properties of these nuclei can provide valuable constraints to the physical magnitudes of the nucleosynthesis stellar environment. Here we report on the capture cross section measurement of two thallium isotopes, 204Tl and 205Tl performed by the time-of-flight technique at the n TOF facility at CERN. At some particular stellar s-process environments, the decay of both nuclei is strongly enhanced, and determines decisively the abundance of two s-only isotopes of lead, 204Pb and 205Pb. The latter, as a long-lived radioactive nucleus, has potential use as a chronometer of the last s-process events that contributed to final solar isotopic abundances.