bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Online viewers’ choices over advertisement number and duration
Authors: Nettelhorst Stephen , Brannon Laura , Rose Angela , Whitaker Whitney 
Published: May 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate online viewers’ preferences concerning the number and duration of video advertisements to watch during commercial breaks. The goal of the investigations was to assess whether online viewers preferred watching a fewer number of advertisements with longer durations or a greater number of advertisements with shorter durations.Design/methodology/approachTwo studies used experimental research designs to assess viewers’ preferences regarding advertisements. These designs used two independent variables and one dependent variable. The first independent variable manipulated the type of choice options given to online viewers (e.g. one 60 s or two 30 s advertisements). The second independent variable manipulated when the choice was given to online viewers (i.e. at the beginning of the viewing experience or in the middle of the experience). The dependent variable measured viewers’ choices concerning their preferred advertisement option.FindingsThe results across both studies found that participants made choices that minimized total advertisement exposure time when possible. When minimizing total exposure time was not possible, participants made choices that minimized the number of exposures instead.Originality/valueThese investigations extend the literature on advertisement choice by examining online viewers’ preferences about the format of their advertising experience rather than the content of the persuasive messages themselves. In addition, these investigations provide value by investigating viewers’ responses to stimuli within realistic online simulations rather than abstract hypotheticals.
Investigating risk disclosures in Italian integrated reports
Authors: Guthrie James , Manes Rossi Francesca , Orelli Rebecca Levy , Nicolò Giuseppe 
Published: May 2020

PurposeThe paper identifies the types of risks disclosed by Italian organisations using integrated reporting (IR). This paper aims to understand the level and features of risk disclosure with the adoption of IR.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use risk classifications already provided in the literature to develop a content analysis of Italian organisations’ integrated reports published.FindingsThe content analysis reveals that most of the Italian organisations incorporate many types of risk disclosure into their integrated reports. Organisations use this alternative form of reporting to communicate risk differently from how they disclose risks in traditional annual financial reporting. That is, the study finds that the organisations use their integrated reports to disclose a broader group of risks, related to the environment and society, and do so using narrative and visual representation.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to a narrow stream of research investigating risk disclosure provided through IR, contributing to the understanding of the role of IR in representing an organisational risk.
Efficient degradation of indigo wastewater by one-step electrochemical oxidation and electro-flocculation
Authors: Lv Weiwei , Huangfu Zhijie , Wang Kangkang , Zhang Wei , Yao Jiming 
Published: May 2020

Purpose
Indirect electrochemical oxidation and electro-flocculation were combined to degrade indigo wastewater.

Design/methodology/approach
The degradation efficiency of indigo wastewater in single-cell and double-cell were investigated. Based on the previous single factor experiments, the oxidative degradation conditions of indigo wastewater in single cell were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The decolorization rate, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate, the contents of flocculation precipitation and indigo were measured and analyzed.

Findings
The degradation efficiency in single cell was higher than in double cell. The electrolysis conditions were optimized by RSM and the decolorization rate was 99.01% with COD removal rate of 60.34% and conductivity of 89.75 mS/cm. The amount of flocculated precipitation decreased by 53.33% and the indigo increased by 86.34%. The content of Na and S decreased by 12.13 and 6.49%, respectively. The ratio of Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the solution was 4.62:1, indicating that most of the iron dropped on the electrode sheet was converted to Fe3+.

Research limitations/implications
The one-step electrochemical oxidation and flocculation method with the advantages of simple operation and environmental protection, provided a reference for the actual treatment of dyeing wastewater.

Practical implications
Combining the electrochemical flocculation and oxidation provided an efficient and practical solution for degradation of indigo wastewater.

Originality/value
Combining the advantages of electrochemical oxidation and electroflocculation, the application of electrochemistry in printing and dyeing wastewater treatment technology has been expanded.
Everybody S***s: how defecation stigma reduces care quality in dementia
Authors: Hewer-Richards Leah , Goodall Dawn 
Published: May 2020

Purpose
This paper aims to raise awareness of the ways in which faecal incontinence can impact the provision of dementia care by examining this through the lens of stigma.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper contains a scoping review of available literature relating to faecal incontinence, dementia and stigma.

Findings
Literature was organised into three themes: the origins of the stigma, the purpose of stigma and the care context.

Research limitations/implications
Limitations of this paper include the lack of literature discussing faecal incontinence and dementia in relation to stigma.

Practical implications
Stigma regarding faecal incontinence has the potential to impact quality of life of people with a dementia and contributes towards the invisible work of unqualified care workers.

Originality/value
Stigma and faecal incontinence have only a small amount of research around them in residential dementia care.
Why a culture of experimentation requires management transformation
Authors: Denning Stephen 
Published: May 2020

Purpose
Some organizations are responding to the opportunity of innovation, while others are not. Harvard innovation expert Stefan H. Thomke says a key reason for the slow pace of innovation is that most organizations lack "a culture of experimentation." In this article the author explains the impediments to establishing such a culture. 10;

Design/methodology/approach
In his latest book, Experimentation Works: The Surprising Power of Business Experiments, 10;Thomke says, to create a culture of experimentation, firms need “a new model of leadership,” which cultivates curiosity, emphasizes data-informed decisions, experiments ethically, sets grand challenges and establishes systematic training and support for rapid experimentation. Those are all positive steps in the direction of creating a culture of experimentation.

Findings
But they won’t be enough because the underlying management model of most big organizations is explicitly aimed at preventing the very kind of experimentation that Thomke is recommending.

Practical implications
In a digital world, technology has made it radically simpler and quicker and cheaper to carry out and evaluate multiple experiments. The whole organization needs to become an organic living network of high-performance teams. In such firms competence resides throughout the organization and that innovation can and must come from anywhere. 10;

Originality/value
An important discussion of how top down managements squelch experimentation and thus throttle innovation.
Green synthesis of calcium oxide nanoparticles at different calcination temperatures
Authors: Bano Sofiya , Pillai Sandhya 
Published: May 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to prepare calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles by green synthesis technique and study its structural, morphological and optical properties. The prepared samples were calcined at, 200°C, 300°C and 500°C, and the variation in the properties at different temperatures were investigated.Design/methodology/approachGreen approach has been used in the present work to synthesise the CaO nanoparticles using Murraya Koenigii leaf (curry leaves) extract as a capping agent. This technique involves the use of nontoxic reagents and natural products derived from various parts of plants.FindingsStudies reveal that CaO nanoparticles with good optical properties can be synthesized successfully by green approach. The optical absorbance spectra show a broad absorption peak around 400–500 nm. FTIR studies confirm the presence of different functional groups that help in the stabilization of CaO nanoparticles. PL emission spectra show a high intensity emission peak at around 231 nm in addition to peaks at 375 nm and 400 nm. XRD studies show planes of CaO cubic phase. SEM images show a nonuniform distribution of spherical particles along with some clusters. EDX spectra confirm the presence of calcium and oxygen.Practical implicationsCaO nanoparticles have wide applications in optical devices as well as in phototherapy. It is thus interesting to devise new and eco-friendly techniques to synthesise these nanoparticles to suit these applications.Originality/valueThis work would provide a new insight into the preparation of different metal oxide nanoparticles by a very simple and cost-effective green technique without the use of toxic reagents.
Personalized Medicine, Disruptive Innovation, and “Trailblazer” Guidelines: Case Study and Theorization of an Unsuccessful Change Effort
Authors: RUSHFORTH ALEX , GREENHALGH TRISHA 
Published: May 2020

Policy Points

For complex reasons, the promise of “precision medicine” based on molecular pathways remains unrealized for many conditions.
Clinical practice guidelines (theoretically, at least) can act as “trailblazers” to introduce tests and treatments that reflect precision medicine discoveries.
We describe a detailed case study from the United Kingdom in which such an attempt was (so far) unsuccessful and show how this case provides generalizable lessons.
Policymakers should be wary of using clinical practice guidelines as the sole, or even the primary, lever for introducing precision medicine.

ContextPrecision medicine, which addresses underlying molecular mechanisms of disease, depends on new technologies that measure specific biomarkers, leading (it is anticipated) to more accurate diagnosis, patient stratification, and tailored treatment. These technologies can be disruptive—that is, they make possible, and often require, radical changes to clinical practice and service organization—thereby improving quality, safety, or efficiency of care. Clinical practice guidelines may act as “trailblazers,” introducing and legitimizing novel technologies and practices.MethodsWe describe a case study of an attempt by academic researchers to radically change asthma management in the United Kingdom using a precision medicine biomarker (fractional exhaled nitric oxide, FeNO), measured using a portable breath device. We collected a wide‐ranging data set that included more than 100 documents, 61 interviews, and 150 hours of ethnographic observation, and we analyzed it using technology‐enhanced strong structuration theory (TESST).FindingsOur study describes a so‐far unsuccessful attempt by academic respiratory medicine researchers to pave the way for a precision medicine approach to asthma using a government‐endorsed national guideline. These researchers considered asthma management, especially in primary care, to be characterized by overdiagnosis and poor tailoring of treatment; engaged a national guideline development body in an effort to fix this problem; and ensured that the guideline required primary care clinicians to use FeNO technology for diagnosis and monitoring. However, clinicians working outside the tertiary referral centers did not accept, or agree to enact, the vision of precision medicine inscribed in the guideline—for multiple professional, operational, and economic reasons.Conclusions“Trailblazer” guidelines, in which new technologies are recommended, may succeed as catalysts of change only in a limited way for interested individuals and groups. In the absence of a wider program of professionally led and adequately resourced change efforts, such guidelines will lack meaning, legitimacy, and authority among intended users and may be strongly resisted.
Comparative aroma and taste profiles of oil furu (soybean curd) fermented with different mucor strains
Authors: Wei Guanmian , Regenstein Joe M , Liu Xiaoming , Zhou Peng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe effects of different mucor strains (Mucor racemosus, Actinomucor, and Mucor wutungkiao) on aroma and taste profiles based on proteolysis, lipolysis, and their catabolism in oil furu were studied. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and relative odor activity were used to monitor the changes of key volatile compounds and the differences in the characteristic aroma contents of oil furu. Using principal component analysis, the different fermentation strains had an effect on aroma profiles. The volatile compounds from metabolism of protein and fatty acid contributed to the aroma of oil furu with different contribution from the different strains, presumably due to their different enzymes. The electronic tongue and free amino acid profiles also showed strain differences of taste. Based on these results, optimization of the amount of each of the different mucor strains during cofermentation might achieve better flavor.
Continental Scale Heterogeneous Channel Flow Routing Strategy for Operational Forecasting Models
Authors: Meselhe Ehab , Lamjiri Maryam A. , Flint Kelly , Matus Sean , White Eric D. , Mandli Kyle 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe benefits of operational forecasting models to the general public are numerous. They support water management decisions, provide the opportunity to mitigate the impacts of weather‐ and flood‐related disasters and potentially save lives and properties. Channel flow routing is a key component of these models and affects their ability to forecast flood depth, duration, and extent. Continental scale channel flow routing within the operational forecasting environments encounters a broad spectrum of hydraulic characteristics. Deploying computationally demanding approaches, such as the dynamic wave, should be limited in time and space to conditions where the inertia terms are significant (typically in low‐gradient environments and whenever backwater effects are prominent); otherwise, efficient and robust methods, e.g., Kinematic, Muskingum‐Cunge or diffusive waves should be the default. The heterogeneous routing approach presented here provides a framework to evaluate the balance between friction, inertia, and pressure and strategically triggers the appropriate wave approximation. The strategy recommended here is to activate the appropriate wave approximation based on the ambient hydraulic conditions, and smoothly transitions among these approximations. This strategy, if successfully implemented, would strike a balance among the performance metrics of operational forecasting models, namely, computational efficiency, accuracy, and minimization of computational instabilities.
Literacy and State–Society Interactions in Nineteenth‐Century France
Authors: Zhang Nan , Lee Melissa M. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractModern states are distinguished by the breadth and depth of public regulation over private affairs. This aspect of state capacity and state power is predicated on frequent and dense encounters between the state and the population it seeks to control. We argue that literacy in the language of state administration facilitates state–society interaction by lowering the transaction costs of those encounters. We support this claim with evidence drawing upon detailed historical data from nineteenth‐century France during a crucial period of state and nation building. Focusing on the specific domain of French marriage regulations, we find that increasing literacy predicts greater popular involvement with local authorities across French regions over time. These results demonstrate that literacy plays an important role in political development not solely by enhancing loyalty to the state, as the literature has recognized, but also by lowering linguistic and human capital barriers to state–society interaction.
Current status of organ donation after brain death in the UK
Authors: Manara A. R. , Thomas I. 
Published: May 2020

SummaryOrgan donation after brain death remains the deceased organ donation pathway of choice. In the UK, the current identification and referral rate for potential donation after brain death donors is 99%, the testing rate for determining death using neurological criteria is 86% and the approach to families for donation is 91%. Increasing donation after brain death donation will primarily require a large increase in the current consent rate of 72% to one matching the consent rate of 80–90% achieved in other European countries. Implementing the use of evidence‐based donor optimisation bundles may increase the number of organs available for transplantation. Alternatively, the UK will need to look at more challenging ways of increasing the pool of potential donors after brain death. The first would be to delay the withdrawal of life‐sustaining treatment in patients with devastating brain injury to allow progression to brain death after the family have given consent to organ donation and with their consent to this delay. Even more challenging would be the consideration of re‐introducing intensive care to facilitate organ donation programmes that have been so successful at increasing the number of organ donors elsewhere.
Evaluation showed that stakeholders valued the support provided by the Implementing Pediatric Advance Care Planning Toolkit
Authors: Fahner Jurrianne , Rietjens Judith , van der Heide Agnes , Milota Megan , van Delden Johannes , Kars Marijke 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimThis study described the development, and pilot evaluation, of the Implementing Pediatric Advance Care Planning Toolkit (IMPACT).MethodsKey elements of paediatric advance care planning (ACP) were defined using a systematic review, a survey of 168 paediatricians and qualitative studies of 13 children with life‐limiting conditions, 20 parents and 18 paediatricians. Participants were purposively recruited from six Dutch university hospitals during September 2016 and November 2018. Key elements were translated into intervention components guided by theory. The acceptability of the content was evaluated by a qualitative pilot study during February and September 2019. This focused on 27 children with life‐limiting conditions from hospitals, a hospice and home care, together with 41 parents, 11 physicians and seven nurses who cared for them.ResultsIMPACT provided a holistic, caring approach to ACP, gave children a voice and cared for their parents. It provided information on ACP for families and clinicians, manuals to structure ACP conversations and training for clinicians in communication skills and supportive attitudes. The 53 pilot study participants felt that IMPACT was appropriate for paediatric ACP.ConclusionIMPACT was an appropriate intervention that supported a holistic approach towards paediatric ACP, focused on the child's perspective and provided care for their parents.
Children are unlikely to be the main drivers of the COVID‐19 pandemic – A systematic review
Authors: Ludvigsson Jonas F. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimMany countries have closed schools and kindergartens to minimise COVID‐19, but the role that children play in disease transmission is unclear.MethodsA systematic literature review of the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and medRxiv/bioRxiv preprint servers to 11 May 2020 identified published and unpublished papers on COVID‐19 transmission by children.ResultsWe identified 700 scientific papers and letters and 47 full texts were studied in detail. Children accounted for a small fraction of COVID‐19 cases and mostly had social contacts with peers or parents, rather than older people at risk of severe disease. Data on viral loads were scarce, but indicated that children may have lower levels than adults, partly because they often have fewer symptoms, and this should decrease the transmission risk. Household transmission studies showed that children were rarely the index case and case studies suggested that children with COVID‐19 seldom caused outbreaks. However, it is highly likely that children can transmit the SARS‐COV‐2 virus, which causes COVID‐19, and even asymptomatic children can have viral loads.ConclusionChildren are unlikely to be the main drivers of the pandemic. Opening up schools and kindergartens is unlikely to impact COVID‐19 mortality rates in older people.
Letter: does vitamin D have a potential role against COVID‐19?
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Gupta Prakamya , Banerjee Dibyajyoti 
Published: May 2020

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Tian et al and Tian and Rong papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15731 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15817.
Sedimentary biomarkers reaffirm human impacts on northern Beringian ecosystems during the Last Glacial period
Authors: Vachula Richard S. , Huang Yongsong , Russell James M. , Abbott Mark B. , Finkenbinder Matthew S. , O'Donnell Jonathan A. 
Published: May 2020

Our understanding of the timing of human arrival to the Americas remains fragmented, despite decades of active research and debate. Genetic research has recently led to the ‘Beringian standstill hypothesis’ (BSH), which suggests an isolated group of humans lived somewhere in Beringia for millennia during the Last Glacial, before a subgroup migrated southward into the American continents about 14 ka. Recently published organic geochemical data suggest human presence around Lake E5 on the Alaskan North Slope during the Last Glacial; however, these biomarker proxies, namely faecal sterols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are relatively novel and require replication to bolster their support of the BSH. We present new analyses of these biomarkers in the sediment archive of Burial Lake (latitude 68°26′N, longitude 159°10′W m a.s.l.) in northwestern Alaska. Our analyses corroborate that humans were present in Beringia during the Last Glacial and that they likely promoted fire activity. Our data also suggest that humans coexisted with Ice Age megafauna for millennia prior to their eventual extinction at the end of the Last Glacial. Lastly, we identify fire as an overlooked ecological component of the mammoth steppe ecosystem.