bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fault Lines and the Future of ISDS
Authors: Van Harten Gus 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, it is argued that removing foreign investor protections is a feasible and important step to re-invigorate the institutions needed to confront pressing concerns of humanity. By limiting government capacity to employ the policy levers recommended by scientists to protect society from climate-related damage, for example, investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) hampers state action to confront a global emergency. Reform efforts in Europe, North America, and developing or transition countries are surveyed, and the deleterious role of the ISDS industry is revisited. Countries are encouraged to terminate their ISDS treaties to bolster their position in relation to ISDS reform. If ISDS continues to expand, however, a foreseeable outcome is that it will ultimately play a role in the collapse of society.
The Question of Moral Philosophy
Authors: Christensen Anne-Marie Søndergaard 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides the motivation for the book by arguing for a need to address the question of the role and status of moral philosophy in light of the criticisms directed against the theory-based understanding of moral philosophy of the twentieth century. The chapter also presents the three main aims of the book, to discuss what form of moral theory—if any—can be a fruitful part of moral philosophy; to investigate the moral importance of the particular; and to offer an alternative descriptive, pluralistic, and elucidatory conception of moral philosophy. In addition, it identifies the context of the discussion which is that of contemporary analytical moral philosophy, broadly conceived, and it determines the central categories of the book, moral philosophy, moral theory, and moral life; all chosen to avoid the ambiguity of ‘ethics’ which covers both moral philosophy and what is investigated in moral philosophy, the moral. Finally, the chapter clarifies the philosophical approach adopted in the book which is modelled on an understanding of the dialogical structure and the conception of philosophy found in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s later writings. The final section of the chapter offers a short summary of the remaining chapters and an overview of the overall argument of the book.
The Critique of Moral Theories
Authors: Christensen Anne-Marie Søndergaard 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter surveys criticisms raised against moral theory from positions such as virtue ethics, particularism, anti-theory, and Wittgensteinian moral philosophy in order to identify the most central and damaging objections. It locates the origin of theory critique in two classic papers by Iris Murdoch and Elizabeth Anscombe and proceeds to give an overview of the most influential points of criticism from the second half of the twentieth century. This overview is contrasted with an explication of the dominant understanding of moral theory presented in the work of Martha Nussbaum, which allows for an identification of the crucial objections to moral theory, here presented in the form they take in the work of Bernard Williams. The objections are that theories cannot provide a foundation for moral practice, and that they do not possess the authority necessary to serve as action-guiding in any substantial sense. The conclusion of the chapter is that proponents of the dominant understanding of moral theory cannot offer convincing answers to these objections, and that this points to a need to re-evaluate our understanding of both the role and the form of moral theories.
Polytheism and Christian Belief
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Christian philosophers and theologians have long been concerned with the question of how to reconcile their belief in three fully divine Persons with their commitment to monotheism. The most popular strategy for doing this—the social trinitarian strategy—argues that, though the divine Persons are in no sense the same God, monotheism is secured by certain relations that obtain among them. It is argued that if the social trinitarian understanding of the doctrine of the Trinity is correct, then Christianity is not interestingly different from the polytheistic Amun-Re theology of Egypt’s New Kingdom period. Thus, social trinitarianism should be classified as a version of polytheism rather than monotheism.
Hylomorphism and the Incarnation
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a metaphysical account of the incarnation that starts from substantive assumptions about the nature of natures and about the metaphysics of the Trinity and develops in light of these a story about the relations among the elements involved in the incarnation. Central to the view described are two features of Aristotle’s metaphysics: (i) a hylomorphic understanding of material objects, (ii) a doctrine of numerical sameness without identity, and (iii) the view that the nature of a thing can appropriately be identified with its form. These ideas, along with other important aspects of the metaphysical framework which are discussed, form the bulk of the chapter. They are followed by a brief sketch of the account of the Trinity that the author and Jeffrey Brower have presented in detail elsewhere. In the final section, the author’s account of the incarnation is presented.
The Ill-Made Knight and the Stain on the Soul
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Eleonore Stump’s Atonement is a masterful and historic contribution to the project of Christian soteriology. Among its many virtues is the fact that it manages to be richly novel and innovative while at the same time hewing close and doing justice to what has been most widely and traditionally affirmed about the salvific work of Christ. One of the most interesting and important novelties in the book is her treatment of what she, following Aquinas, calls the problem of the stain on the soul. Chapter 3 presents this problem and Stump’s solution to it, explains why her solution falls short, and then suggests an alternative way of addressing it.
In Defence of Sceptical Theism
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Some evidential arguments from evil rely on an inference of the following sort: ‘If, after thinking hard, we can’t think of any God-justifying reason for permitting some horrific evil then it is likely that there is no such reason.’ Sceptical theists, ourselves included, say that this inference is not a good one and that evidential arguments from evil that depend on it are, as a result, unsound. Michael Almeida and Graham Oppy have argued that Michael Bergmann’s way of developing the sceptical theist response to such arguments fails because it commits those who endorse it to a sort of scepticism that undermines ordinary moral practice. This chapter defends Bergmann’s sceptical theist response against this charge.
Sceptical Theism and the ‘Too-Much-Scepticism’ Objection
Authors: Rea Michael C. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The most prominent objection against sceptical theism is that the sceptical theses typically adduced in support of it have ramifications that range far more widely than sceptical theists hope or should tolerate: they lead to scepticism about various aspects of commonsense morality, about divine honesty and goodness, about the evidential value of religious experience, and much else besides. This chapter responds to various different defences of this objection presented by Stephen Maitzen, David O’Connor, and Ian Wilks.
The Changing Retail Cost Model
Authors: Treadgold Alan , Reynolds Jonathan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the changing retail cost model. As established firms re-think existing business models, most will need to come to terms with a rather different operating cost model than the one they have been used to in a pre-internet era, when retailing was conducted entirely out of physical stores. Equally, new entrants may struggle to achieve sustainable performance without understanding the full implications of their evolving cost base. In an omni-channel world where shoppers are, as we have discussed, showing much more appetite to shop online and across multiple touchpoints, the implications for the cost model of traditional retailers are considerable. The extent to which any additional costs of omni-channel retailing become ‘baked in’ to the model is also up for discussion.
Reimagining the Retail Store
Authors: Treadgold Alan , Reynolds Jonathan 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
One of the most important questions that traditional retail enterprises need to address is what is the role of the physical store in a world where retailing no longer needs to be conducted through physical stores and where shoppers live in a ‘digital first, stores maybe’ world. Chapter 8 considers this theme by discussing different ways that retailers can look to reinvent their stores such that they remain relevant and desired. For many, the absolute number of stores may be reduced sharply and the configuration of remaining physical points of presence will change from a network of largely similar stores to a far more diverse set of points of presence.
Strike Ballots, Democracy, and Law
Authors: Creighton Breen , Denvir Catrina , Johnstone Richard , McCrystal Shae , Orchiston Alice 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The purpose of the research upon which this book is based was empirically to investigate whether the ballot requirements in the Fair Work Act do indeed impose a significant obstacle to the taking of industrial action, and whether those provisions are indeed impelled by a legitimate ‘democratic imperative’. The book starts from the proposition that virtually all national legal systems, and international law, recognise the right to strike as a fundamental human right. It acknowledges, however, that in no case is this recognition without qualification. Amongst the most common qualifications is a requirement that to be lawful strike action must first be approved by a ballot of workers concerned. Often, these requirements are said to be necessary to protect the democratic rights of the workers concerned: this is the so-called ‘democratic imperative’. In order to evaluate the true purpose and effect of ballot requirements the book draws upon the detailed empirical study of the operation of the Australian legislative provisions noted above; a comparative analysis of law and practice in a broad range of countries, with special reference to Canada, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States; and the jurisprudence of the supervisory bodies of the International Labour Organisation. It finds that in many instances ballot requirements – especially those relating to quorum – are more concerned with curtailing strike activity than with constructively responding to the democratic imperative. Frequently, they also proceed from a distorted perception of what ‘democracy’ could and should entail in an industrial context. Paradoxically, the study also finds that in some contexts ballot requirements can provide additional bargaining leverage for unions. Overall, however, the study confirms our hypothesis that the principal purpose of ballot requirements – especially in Australia and the United Kingdom – is to curtail strike activity rather than to vindicate the democratic imperative, other than on the basis of a highly attenuated reading of that term. We believe that the end-result constitutes an important study of the practical operation of a complex set of legal rules, and one which exposes the dichotomy between the ostensible and real objectives underpinning the adoption of those rules. It also furnishes a worked example of multi-methods empirical, comparative and doctrinal legal research in law, which we hope will inspire similar approaches to other areas of labour law.
Pre-Strike Ballot Regulation in Australia
Authors: Creighton Breen , Denvir Catrina , Johnstone Richard , McCrystal Shae , Orchiston Alice 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Chapter 4 provides a detailed description and explanation of the Australian pre-strike ballot provisions, and includes the history and development of the provisions, and a detailed description of their operation in practice. The chapter describes how a pre-strike ballot application is made, the process that the industrial tribunal, Fair Work Commission, must—and does—follow in considering the application, and the role that that affected employers can play in the process. In includes details of the number of applications made annually, the forms of strike action included in applications, and the outcomes of ballot applications (almost all ballot applications are approved). It then examines the ballot process—including the mode of ballot (secret), who conducts ballots (almost invariably the Australian Electoral Commission), the voting method, the rate of voter turnout, the time interval between the lodging of the pre-strike ballot application and the declaration of the ballot result, ballot results, the process of deciding whether or not strike action will actually be taken, and whether enterprise bargain negotiations resulted in an enterprise agreement being approved by the Fair Work Commission. The chapter concludes by arguing that the Australian pre-strike ballot provisions are overelaborate, and that they need to be examined in their totality in order properly to understand how they operate, and their impact on industrial relations processes.
The Impact of Ballot Requirements on Organizing and Taking Strike Action
Authors: Creighton Breen , Denvir Catrina , Johnstone Richard , McCrystal Shae , Orchiston Alice 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the impact of the pre-strike ballot requirements on the capacity of trade unions to organize and take strike action. It argues that even though the legislative requirements for a pre-strike ballot appear to be neutral, they are not always neutral in practice. The analysis in the chapter demonstrates that, in practice, the combined effect of the pre-strike ballot provisions under the Fair Work Act 2009 is to inhibit the capacity of unions to organize industrial action, and to impede their capacity to use industrial action in the most strategically effective manner. In particular, the chapter explains how the processes in which employers oppose, or threaten to oppose, applications to run pre-strike ballots can delay the application, or extract concessions from the union applicant. The quorum requirement that 50 per cent of eligible members vote, and that 50 per cent of those vote affirmatively impedes access to protected strike action, more so for postal votes than for attendance votes—and in practice the system provides positive incentives to use postal votes rather than attendance votes, and electronic balloting is rarely used. The system places significant administrative burdens on unions to comply with the rules and to ensure that they meet quorum, and a rule that industrial action must commence within thirty days of the declaration of the ballot result can trip up unions and result in their losing the capacity to engage in industrial action.
What Is Justified Group Belief?
Authors: Lackey Jennifer 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This chapter, develops and defends a view of justified group belief—the Group Epistemic Agent Account: groups are understood as epistemic agents in their own right, ones that have evidential and normative constraints that arise only at the group level, such as a sensitivity to the relations among the evidence possessed by group members and the epistemic obligations that arise via membership in the group. These constraints bear significantly on whether groups have justified belief. At the same time, however, group justifiedness is still largely a matter of member justifiedness, where the latter is understood as involving both beliefs and their bases. The result is a view that neither inflates nor deflates group epistemology, but instead recognizes that a group’s justified beliefs are constrained by, but are not ultimately reducible to, members’ justified beliefs.
Increased proportion of comorbidities but no deterioration of sexual quality of life during a 5-year follow-up in patients with axial spondyloarthritis in the biologic treatment era
Authors: Berg Kari Hansen , Rohde Gudrun , Pripp Are , Prøven Anne , Pirelli Benestad Esben Ester , Østensen Monika , Haugeberg Glenn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Objective
To explore patient perception of sexual quality of life (SQOL), an important category of QOL, in male and female patients with axial SpA (axSpA) after a 5 year follow-up.

Methods
A broad spectrum of demographic, disease-related, treatment and SQOL data was collected at baseline and at the 5 year follow-up. SQOL was assessed by the SQOL-Female (SQOL-F) questionnaire. For statistical analysis, McNemar’s tests, paired t-tests and multiple regression analyses were applied.

Results
A total of 245 axSpA patients (168 men and 77 women) from outpatient clinics were examined (mean age 46 years, mean disease duration 11.9 years at baseline). Compared with baseline, the patients had lower CRP, lower Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Scores, lower BASFI scores, less use of smoking and significantly more patients were treated with biologic DMARDs at the 5 year follow-up. Patient perception of SQOL was basically unchanged at the 5 year follow-up despite a significantly increased proportion of comorbidities, including cardiovascular, endocrine and gastrointestinal disease. A decrease in SQOL after 5 years was observed only in patients exercising &lt;1 h/week at baseline (P = 0.048) and in patients &gt;65 years old.

Conclusion
In our axSpA patients, no statistically significant changes in SQOL were observed over 5 years, despite a significant increase in comorbidities. Overall disease symptoms decreased, indicating better disease control. Increased use of biologic drugs at the 5 year follow-up may have contributed to this favourable outcome.
Analysis of Pathogen Distribution and Its Antimicrobial Resistance in Bloodstream Infections in Hospitalized Children in East China, 2015–2018
Authors: Wang Cuicui , Hao Wei , Yu Ruihua , Wang Xiaokang , Zhang Jing , Wang Bo 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This study analyzed the pathogen distribution in bloodstream-infected (BSI) children hospitalized in Shandong Province from 2015 to 2018, to identify prevention strategies and select empiric antimicrobial therapy for BSI in children. Blood sample data from 14 107 children from 162 hospitals of Shandong Province were obtained from the China Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System and analyzed with WHONET 5.6 software. The results of the blood culture test showed the growth of 70.6% Gram-positive and 29.4% Gram-negative bacteria. Of the 14 107 blood isolates, 59.3% were collected from males and 40.7% were from females. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (47.1%) were the most commonly distributed pathogens. The distribution of pathogens varied according to age group and season. All Staphylococcus isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid. Clinically, significant declines in penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli were observed during the study period; however, detection rates of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae increased over time (p &lt; 0.05). Empiric antimicrobial therapy should be prescribed according to corresponding regional pediatric antimicrobial-resistant data.
Effect of Continuing Professional Development on Health Professionals’ Performance and Patient Outcomes: A Scoping Review of Knowledge Syntheses
Authors: Samuel Anita , Cervero Ronald M. , Durning Steven J. , Maggio Lauren A. 
Published: December 2020

Purpose
Continuing professional development (CPD) programs, which aim to enhance health professionals’ practice and improve patient outcomes, are offered to practitioners across the spectrum of health professions through both formal and informal learning activities. Various knowledge syntheses (or reviews) have attempted to summarize the CPD literature; however, these have primarily focused on continuing medical education or formal learning activities. Through this scoping review, the authors seek to answer the question, What is the current landscape of knowledge syntheses focused on the impact of CPD on health professionals’ performance, defined as behavior change and/or patient outcomes?

Method
In September 2019, the authors searched PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, ERIC, and PsycINFO for knowledge syntheses published between 2008 and 2019 that focused on independently practicing health professionals and reported outcomes at Kirkpatrick’s level 3 and/or 4.

Results
Of the 7,157 citations retrieved from databases, 63 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Of these 63 syntheses, 38 (60%) included multicomponent approaches, and 29 (46%) incorporated eLearning interventions—either standalone or in combination with other interventions. While a majority of syntheses (n = 42 [67%]) reported outcomes affecting health care practitioners’ behavior change and/or patient outcomes, most of the findings reported at Kirkpatrick level 4 were not statistically significant. Ten of the syntheses (16%) mentioned the cost of interventions though this was not their primary focus.

Conclusions
Across health professions, CPD is an umbrella term incorporating formal and informal approaches in a multicomponent approach. eLearning is increasing in popularity but remains an emerging technology. Several of the knowledge syntheses highlighted concerns regarding both the financial and human costs of CPD offerings, and such costs are being increasingly addressed in the CPD literature.
Seizures
Authors: Hessler Amy , Dolbec Katelyn 
Published: December 2020

Abstract:
Epilepsy is a common disease that affects 1.5 million women of childbearing age in the United States. Approximately 24,000 women with epilepsy give birth each year. The challenges for women with epilepsy extend from menarche to postmenopause, including prepregnancy, pregnancy, intrapartum and postpartum periods, menopause, and postreproductive age. The most up-to-date neurology and epilepsy guidelines provided in this monograph will enable obstetrician–gynecologists to provide care to women with this complex condition across the life span.
Histopathologic Spectrum of Morphea
Authors: Chiu Yvonne E. , Abban Cynthia Y. , Konicke Kathryn , Segura Annette , Sokumbi Olayemi 
Published: December 2020

Abstract:
Morphea is an autoimmune skin disease with protean clinical manifestations. Histologic features are similarly variable, and skin biopsies may be nondiagnostic. A single-institution retrospective cohort study was conducted. Morphea patients who had a biopsy in 2005–2015 were included, and a histopathological review was conducted by 2 pathologists. There were 51 biopsy specimens from 40 subjects. The most common histologic features were dermal sclerosis (90%), dermal thickening (78%), collagen homogenization (86%), a superficial and deep infiltrate (76%), a moderate–abundant inflammatory infiltrate (73%), and periadnexal fat loss/decreased skin appendages (71%). Twenty-four specimens were not diagnostic of morphea. In these specimens, the main clues to diagnosis included the presence of dermal sclerosis (79%), subtle collagen homogenization (75%), dermal thickening (58%), moderate-to-abundant plasma cells (50%), and perineural inflammation (50%). There were no statistically significant differences between active and inactive lesions, nor untreated and treated lesions. The histopathologic features of morphea are variable and a high proportion of biopsies are not diagnostic. Clinicians and pathologists should have a high degree of suspicion to correctly make the diagnosis of morphea.