bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune checkpoint expression on peripheral cytotoxic lymphocytes in cervical cancer patients: moving beyond the PD-1/PD-L1 axis
Authors: Solorzano-Ibarra F , Alejandre-Gonzalez A G , Ortiz-Lazareno P C , Bastidas-Ramirez B E , Zepeda-Moreno A , Tellez-Bañuelos M C , Banu N , Carrillo-Garibaldi O J , Chavira-Alvarado A , Bueno-Topete M R , del Toro-Arreola S , Haramati J 
Published: December 2020

SummaryImmune checkpoint therapy to reverse natural killer (NK) and T cell exhaustion has emerged as a promising treatment in various cancers. While anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pembrolizumab has recently gained Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for use in recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer, other checkpoint molecules, such as T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin (Ig) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) domains (TIGIT) and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (Tim-3), have yet to be fully explored in this disease. We report expression of TIGIT, Tim-3 and PD-1 on subsets of peripheral blood NK (CD56dim/negCD16bright/dim/neg and CD56brightCD16dim/neg) and T cells. The percentages of these cells were increased in women with cervical cancer and pre-malignant lesions. PD-1+ NK and T cells were likely to co-express TIGIT and/or Tim-3. These cells, with an apparently ‘exhausted’ phenotype, were augmented in patients. A subset of cells were also natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D)- and DNAX accessory molecule 1 (DNAM-1)-positive. PD-1int and PD-1high T cells were notably increased in cervical cancer. Soluble programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was higher in cancer patient blood versus healthy donors and we observed a positive correlation between sPD-L1 and PD-1+ T cells in women with low-grade lesions. Within the cancer group, there were no significant correlations between sPD-L1 levels and cervical cancer stage. However, when comparing cancer versus healthy donors, we observed an inverse association between sPD-L1 and total T cells and a correlation between sPD-L1 and CD56dim NK cells. Our results may show an overview of the immune response towards pre-cancerous lesions and cervical cancer, perhaps giving an early clue as to whom to administer blocking therapies. The increase of multiple checkpoint markers may aid in identifying patients uniquely responsive to combined antibody therapies.
IgG4 immunohistochemistry in Riedel's thyroiditis and the recommended criteria for diagnosis: A case series and literature review
Authors: Yu Yang , Liu Jumei , Yu Nan , Zhang Yang , Zhang Shuang , Li Ting , Gao Ying , Lu Guizhi , Zhang Junqing , Guo Xiaohui 
Published: December 2020

AbstractObjectiveRiedel’s thyroiditis (RT) is a very rare chronic fibrosing thyroiditis that is often associated with multifocal fibrosclerosis. Although the relationship of RT and IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) has been suggested, the expression of IgG and IgG4 in thyroid tissues of patients with RT has seldom been studied.DesignA case series and literature review.Patients and MeasurementsWe searched our hospital's pathology database and identified five cases of RT between 2000 and 2019. The expression levels of IgG4 and IgG in thyroid tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. We also performed a literature search of the electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI). Eight papers were included in this study.ResultsAccording to immunohistochemistry, the numbers of IgG4+ plasma cells per high‐power field (HPF) of the five RT patients at our hospital were 80, 8, 50, 10 and 22, and the respective IgG4+/IgG+ ratios were 76%, 80%, 43%, 19% and 28%. In the literature, 15 RT patients with confirmed IgG4 and IgG immunohistochemical findings were identified. Only seven of them fulfilled the IgG4‐RD diagnostic criteria in terms of immunohistochemistry (IgG4+ > 10/HPF, IgG4+/IgG+ > 40%). In order to ensure that most RT cases can meet the IgG4 immunohistochemical criteria, an organ‐specific cut‐off value (≥10 IgG4+ plasma cells/HPF and ≥ an IgG4+/IgG ratio of 20%) was finally selected in our study.ConclusionOur findings of IgG4 expression in patients with RT suggest that a cut‐off of 10 IgG4+ plasma cells/HPF and an IgG4+/IgG ratio of 20% are more suitable diagnostic criteria for RT in IgG4‐RD.
Modelling Material Microstructure Using the Perlin Noise Function
Authors: Conde‐Rodríguez F. , García‐Fernández Á‐.L. , Torres J.C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis paper introduces a precise and easy to use method for defining the microstructure of heterogeneous solids. This method is based on the concept of Heterogeneous Composite Bézier Hyperpatch, and allows to accurately represent the primary material proportions, as well as the size and shape of the material phases. The solid microstructure is modelled using two functions: a material distribution function (to compute the portion of the solid volume occupied by each primary material), and a modified Perlin noise function that determines the shape and size of each primary material phase.With this method, the position and orientation of the solid in the modeling space does not affect the portion of its volume that is occupied by each primary material, nor the shape and size of the phases. However, the solid microstructure is coherently and automatically modified when the shape of the solid is edited. Regarding continuity, this method allows to define to which extent continuity (both in shape and material distribution) has to be preserved at the junction of the cells that compose the solid. This makes modeling geometrically complex figures very easy.
Improving povidone‐iodine and iodine preparations for patch testing
Authors: Forkel Susann , Beutner Caroline , Amschler Katharina , Schröder Silke Sabina , Schön Michael P. , Geier Johannes , Buhl Timo 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundAllergy evaluation by patch testing with povidone‐iodine (PVP‐I) or iodine remains challenging, because current patch test preparations frequently lead to false‐positive or irritant skin reactions.ObjectivesTo investigate different preparations for iodine patch tests and to assess their clinical relevance with repeated open application tests (ROATs).MethodsWe monocentrically analyzed 95 patients with suspected allergy to disinfectants in retrospect who underwent parallel iodine patch testing with four preparations: PVP‐I 2% aq., 5% aq., 10% aq., and iodine 0.5% pet.ResultsIn 27 of 95 patients (28.4%), we found positive reactions to one of the four test preparations. After ROATs in 22 of these 27 positively tested individuals, only one patient was diagnosed with iodine allergy. In contrast, 31 of 95 patients (32.6%) showed irritant or questionable patch test reactions on day 2 (D2) and/or D3 and/or D7 to one or more test preparations. Testing with PVP‐I 2% aq. resulted in the lowest number of doubtful skin reactions while detecting the single allergic patient.ConclusionPVP‐I 2% aq. was found to be the optimal patch test preparation. In general, iodine allergy appears to be substantially overestimated, and positive patch test responses to iodine should prompt an urgent ROAT for confirmation before diagnosing iodine allergy.
Definition of large bowel obstruction by primary colorectal cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Veld Joyce V. , Beek Kim J. , Consten Esther C.J. , ter Borg Frank , van Westreenen Henderik L. , Bemelman Wilhelmus A. , van Hooft Jeanin E. , Tanis Pieter J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAimControversies on therapeutic strategy for large bowel obstruction by primary colorectal cancer mainly concern acute conditions, being essentially different from subacute obstruction. Clearly defining acute obstruction is important for design and interpretation of studies as well as for guidelines and daily practice. This systematic review aimed to evaluate definitions of obstruction by colorectal cancer in prospective studies.MethodA systematic search was performed in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. Eligibility criteria included randomized or prospective observational design, publication between 2000 and 2019, and the inclusion of patients with an obstruction caused by colorectal cancer. Provided definitions of obstruction were extracted with assessment of common elements.ResultsA total of 16 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 99 prospective observational studies were included. Obstruction was specified as acute in 28 studies, complete/emergency in five, (sub)acute or similar terms in four and unspecified in 78. Five of 16 RCTs (31%) and 37 of 99 cohort studies (37%) provided a definition. The definitions included any combination of clinical symptoms, physical signs, endoscopic features and radiological imaging findings in 25 studies. The definition was only based on clinical symptoms in 11 and radiological imaging in six studies. Definitions included a radiological component in 100% of evaluable RCTs (5/5) vs. 54% of prospective observational studies (20/37, P = 0.07).ConclusionIn this systematic review, the majority of prospective studies did not define obstruction by colorectal cancer and its urgency, whereas provided definitions varied hugely. Radiological confirmation seems to be an essential component in defining acute obstruction.
The Effect of Language‐Specific Characteristics on English and Japanese Speakers' Ability to Recall Number Information
Authors: Kirjavainen Minna , Kite Yuriko , Piasecki Anna E. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThe current paper presents two experiments investigating the effect of presence versus absence of compulsory number marking in a native language on a speaker's ability to recall number information from photos. In Experiment 1, monolingual English and Japanese adults were shown a sequence of 110 photos after which they were asked questions about the photos. We found that the English participants showed a significantly higher accuracy rate for questions testing recall for number information when the correct answer was “2” (instead of “1”) than Japanese participants. In Experiment 2, English and Japanese adults engaged in the same task as in Experiment 1 with an addition that explored reasons for the results found in Experiment 1. The results of Experiment 2 were in line with the results of Experiment 1, but also suggested that the results could not be attributed to differences in guessing patterns between the two groups or the type of linguistic constructions used in the test situations. The current study suggests that native language affects speakers' ability to recall number information from scenes and thus provides evidence for the Whorfian hypothesis.
The sensory ecology of fear: African elephants show aversion to olfactory predator signals
Authors: Valenta Kim , Schmitt Melissa H. , Ayasse Manfred , Nevo Omer 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHuman–elephant conflict is a persistent problem across elephant home ranges, that results in economic damage to commercial and subsistence farmers, and physical harm and death to humans and elephants. This problem is likely to intensify with increased development, dwindling of natural habitats, and climate change‐driven environmental shifts. Various methods to mitigate human–elephant conflict have been employed, but to date these have been hampered by financial and logistical considerations. Based on the fact that African elephants are predated by lions and possess a remarkable sense of smell, we hypothesize that elephants are strongly averse to olfactory signals of lion presence, and that this can be utilized to create invisible barriers which elephants will not cross. We conducted a series of tests that show that lion dung is an effective deterrent of elephants. We conducted chemical analyses of lion dung and identified the main compounds. We then used synthetic mixtures containing these compounds, and show that they successfully elicit the deterrence effect, even in miniscule concentrations. These results indicate that elephants can be deterred using simple and low‐concentration mixtures based on available commercial products, that can be developed into products that offer a safe, sustainable, and cost‐effective method to mitigate human–elephant conflict.
Treating latent autoimmune diabetes in adults in the era of cardiovascular outcomes trials: Old dog should learn new tricks
Authors: Koufakis Theocharis , Vas Prashanth , Kotsa Kalliopi 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundLatent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is characterised by pathophysiological and clinical heterogeneity. Hence, the optimal treatment strategy for this type of diabetes remains a clinical challenge.AimTo discuss the potential of a modern therapeutic approach for LADA in the context of the novel findings of cardiovascular outcomes trials and stress the controversies surrounding LADA and the barriers in the effective management of people with this type of diabetes.MethodsWe performed a literature search in major biomedical databases in order to retrieve relevant literature. The results of key studies, along with the authors' clinical experience and perspective, are summarised and discussed in this narrative, mini review article.ResultsInsulin remains the primary treatment choice in individuals with low C‐peptide levels. Although cardiovascular outcomes trials have mainly recruited participants with type 2 diabetes, recent data suggest that the cardiorenal protective properties of the new therapies are even present in people without diabetes and thus, the extrapolation of their results on LADA individuals sounds reasonable. Therefore, sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists should be considered for the management of people with preserved insulin production being at high cardiovascular risk. The risk of diabetic ketoacidosis with SGLT2is requires increased vigilance by treating physicians.ConclusionsIndividualisation, preservation of beta‐cell mass and function and cardiorenal protection are the new challenges in LADA therapy.
Multiattempt Quizzes in an MBA‐Level Statistics Course
Authors: Robbins Thomas R. 
Published: December 2020

ABSTRACTStatistics is a difficult subject for many students, but it is also a requirement for most graduate‐level business programs. Mastery of difficult subject matter is achieved through repetition. In this article, we review the process for setting up a multiattempt quiz system in an MBA‐level introductory statistics course and investigate the impact it had on student behavior and learning. We analyzed a dataset of more than 3,000 quiz attempts to determine the impact repeated trials had on the time required to complete the quiz and the resulting score. We also examined the probability students will make an additional attempt and students’ bias for a round number score. We found that scores improved and that quiz duration times decreased with repetition. We also discovered that student's preference to achieve round number goals impacts their willingness to make additional attempts.
Phonophobia and brainstem excitability in migraine
Authors: Kalita Jayantee , Misra Usha K. , Bansal Robin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractPhonophobia in migraineurs may be due to lower hearing threshold (HT) and higher brainstem neuronal excitability. We report the correlation of phonophobia in migraineurs with HT, brain stem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) findings, and auditory triggers. Sixty‐one migraineurs and 101 controls were included for HT, of whom 59 migraineurs and 31 controls had BAEP studies. Clinical details, migraine triggers, and headache frequency were noted. Hearing threshold was measured, and amplitudes of waves I to V of BAEP studies were measured. Migraineurs had lower HT compared with controls (41.61 ± 5.25 versus 45.39 ± 6.26 dB; p < 0.001) especially in chronic migraine (40.24 ± 4.81; p < 0.001). Hearing threshold correlated with headache frequency (p < 0.05) and auditory, visual, and tactile (p < 0.05) triggers. Hearing threshold was lower during headache (p < 0.001). Wave II, III, and IV amplitudes of BAEP were higher in migraineurs than the controls. Wave II (p < 0.05) and III (p < 0.05) amplitudes correlated with HT. Migraineurs have lower HT, especially in those having chronic migraine, ictal HT recording, and multiple sensory triggers. Higher amplitudes of BAEP waves in migraineurs and their relationship with the frequency of headache and HT suggest the sensitization of brainstem auditory neurons.
Performance of different criteria for refractory myasthenia gravis
Authors: Tran Christopher , Biswas Aishani , Mendoza Meg , Katzberg Hans , Bril Vera , Barnett Carolina 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackground and purposeDefining refractory myasthenia gravis is important, as this can drive clinical decision making, for example, by escalating treatments in refractory individuals. There are several definitions of refractory myasthenia, and their performances have not been compared. Having valid and reliable criteria can help select patients in whom more aggressive treatments may be needed.MethodsWe applied five different refractory myasthenia criteria (Drachman, Mantegazza, Suh, the International Consensus Guideline (ICG), and the randomised controlled trial of eculizumab in refractory, anti‐acetylcholine receptor positive, generalised myasthenia gravis (REGAIN), to a cohort of 237 patients. We compared the proportion of refractory patients among different criteria and their scores on disease severity, fatigue, and quality‐of‐life (QoL) scales. We also assessed the agreement for each criterion between two trained assessors.ResultsThe Drachman, Mantegazza, and Suh criteria resulted in high proportions of refractory individuals (40.1%, 39.2%, and 38.8%, respectively), compared with the ICG and REGAIN criteria (9.7% and 3.0%, respectively). Refractory patients by the ICG and REGAIN criteria had worse disease severity, QoL, and fatigue scores, compared with patients classified as refractory by other criteria. All criteria had high agreement between raters (between 70% and 100%).ConclusionsThere is high variability in the proportion of refractory myasthenia gravis patients depending on the criteria used, with ICG and REGAIN criteria capturing patients with worse disease severity. This reflects conceptual differences as to what refractory means. Further multicenter studies are needed to determine appropriate criteria for refractory myasthenia gravis.
Give Them Money: An Illustrative History of Forms of Reimagined Rehabilitation in Probation Practice in England and Wales
Authors: VANSTONE MAURICE 
Published: December 2020

AbstractTraditionally, in its efforts to help people lead offence‐free lives, the probation service has focused on work aimed at changing the individual and there has been much less focus on the context of offending. Recent commentators have called for a reimagined definition of rehabilitative work that includes paying attention to the social context of offending. This article argues that this aspect of probation practice has been neglected and attempts to trace its history in order to draw out lessons that might inform the policies of the newly nationalised Service.
The relationship between excessive dietary fructose consumption and paediatric fatty liver disease
Authors: DiStefano Johanna K. , Shaibi Gabriel Q. 
Published: December 2020

SummaryThe global prevalence of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children and adolescents is escalating and currently represents the most common chronic liver disease in the paediatric population. NAFLD is associated with high daily caloric intake and sedentary behaviour, with excessive consumption of added sugar emerging as an important contributor to NAFLD risk in children. This is a particularly important factor for adolescents with obesity, who are the heaviest consumers of added sugar. Table sugar, or sucrose, is a disaccharide comprised of fructose and glucose, yet only fructose has been strongly linked to NAFLD pathogenesis largely due to the unique characteristics of its metabolism and detrimental effects on key metabolic pathways. To date, the relationship between excessive fructose intake and risk of NAFLD in children and adolescents remains incompletely understood, and it is not yet known whether fructose actually causes NAFLD or instead exacerbates hepatic fat accumulation and possible hepatocellular injury only within the context of cardiometabolic factors. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies linking fructose consumption with NAFLD in the paediatric population and integrate results from interventional studies of fructose restriction in children and adolescents on NAFLD and related metabolic markers. Given the overall positive impact of lifestyle modifications in the management of paediatric NAFLD, reduction of added sugar consumption may represent an important, early opportunity to mitigate or prevent NAFLD in high‐risk children and adolescents.
Impact of antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome in castration‐resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone or enzalutamide
Authors: Shiota Masaki , Machidori Asako , Abe Tatsuro , Monji Keisuke , Kashiwagi Eiji , Takeuchi Ario , Takahashi Ryosuke , Inokuchi Junichi , Yokomizo Akira , Naito Seiji , Eto Masatoshi 
Published: December 2020

ObjectivesTo assess the impact of antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome after bicalutamide withdrawal in castration‐resistant prostate cancer patients treated with androgen receptor‐axis targeted agents.MethodsThe study cohort comprised 94 patients treated with abiraterone (n = 34) or enzalutamide (n = 60) as a first‐line androgen receptor‐axis targeted agent for castration‐resistant prostate cancer despite combined androgen blockade by castration with bicalutamide as the first‐line therapy. The association between clinicopathological factors (including antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome) and therapeutic outcome after using abiraterone and enzalutamide was investigated.ResultsThe decline in the prostate‐specific antigen level after use of abiraterone or enzalutamide was comparable between patients with and without antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome. Antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome (hazard ratio 3.84, 95% confidence interval 1.29–11.45; P = 0.016) was associated with a higher risk of progression on multivariate analysis, but not all‐cause death after abiraterone use. Progression‐free survival and overall survival after enzalutamide use did not differ between patients with and without antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome.ConclusionsThe present data suggest a modest therapeutic efficacy of abiraterone in castration‐resistant prostate cancer patients with anti‐androgen withdrawal syndrome after bicalutamide withdrawal.