bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KEABSAHAN PERKAWINAN KULI KAWIN DI DESA PAMANUKAN HILIR KABUPATEN SUBANG DIHUBUNGKAN DENGAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 1 TAHUN 1974 TENTANG PERKAWINAN DAN HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Kusmayanti Hazar , Sandra Eidy , Rahmatullah Rijalullah 
Published: January 2020

Pada umumnya, seorang pria maupun seorang wanita timbul kebutuhan untuk hidup bersama. Hidup bersama antara seorang pria dan seorang wanita mempunyai akibat yang sangat penting dalam masyarakat, baik terhadap kedua belah pihak maupun keturunannya serta anggota masyarkat yang lainnya. Pelaksanaan perkawinan di Indonesia selalu bervariasi bentuknya. Perkawinan kuli kawin di Desa Pamanukan Hilir Kabupaten Subang bertujuan untuk menghalalkan mantan istri yang sudah ditalak 3 (tiga) oleh suaminya agar dapat kembali rujuk. Tulisan ini akan mengkaji mengenai bagaimana keabsahan perkawinan kuli kawin dan bagaimana akibat hukum dari perkawinan tersebut. Perkawinan kuli kawin yang terjadi di kehidupan masyarakat dinyatakan tidak sah menurut Pasal 2 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan, serta bagi masyarakat Islam setiap peristiwa perkawinan harus dicatatkan berdasarkan ketentuan Pasal 5 ayat (1) Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Akibat hukum dari perkawinan kuli kawin menurut Hukum Islam adalah haram hukumnya berdasarkan Pasal 2 Kompilasi Hukum Islam karena melanggar tujuan perkawinan sebagai mitssaqa ghalidzan, oleh karena itu perkawinan yang tidak sah menurut hukum agama dan kepercayaannya maka mengakibatkan tidak sah juga menurut Pasal 2 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan.
OPTIMALISASI PEMANFAATAN KULIT, DAGING, DAN TULANG IKAN UNTUK PEMBERDAYAAN PEREMPUAN DI DESA TASIKMADU KECAMATAN PALANG KABUPATEN TUBAN
Authors: Jumiati Jumiati , Rahmaningsih Sri , Pujiastuti Hernik 
Published: January 2020

Masyarakat di Desa Tasikmadu Kecamatan Palang Kabupaten Tuban pada umumnya mempunyai kebiasaan mengkonsumsi ikan, karena lokasi desa yang berbatasan dengan laut sehingga keberadaan ikan cukup melimpah. Kesadaran masyarakat dalam mengkonsumsi ikan cukup tinggi, karena harga ikan terjangkau dan mempunyai nilai gizi yang tidak kalah dengan daging hewan ternak. Ikan mempunyai kandungan lemak tak jenuh yang rendah, sehingga baik dikonsumsi untuk semua usia. Konsumsi ikan yang tinggi di masyarakat tidak diimbangi dengan pengetahuan tentang pemanfaatan ikan yang baik, sehingga hampir semua orang akan membuang bagian-bagian tubuh ikan selain daging. Padahal tulang ikan dan kulit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan makanan. Solusi yang ditawarkan dalam mengatasi permasalahan yaitu dengan memberikan pemahaman kepada sasaran bahwa pengolahan ikan dapat dilakukan secara optimal yaitu dengan memanfaatkan tidak hanya daging tetapi juga kulit dan tulang menjadi makanan yang lezat dan bergizi, serta untuk pemberdayaan perempuan dengan tujuan menciptakan wirausaha bidang perikanan. Metode pada pelaksanaan program ini adalah dengan melakukan sosialisasi dan pelatihan kepada para perempuan anggota PKK Desa Tasikmadu sebagai upaya pemberdayaan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan, ketrampilan dan kesejahteraan. Tahapan pelaksanaan meliputi survey lokasi, sosialisasi dan pelatihan tehnis.Pelaksanaan pengabdian berupa survey lokasi, berkoordinasi dengan pengurus PKK, pengajuan surat permohonan ijin pengabdian kepada kepala desa, persiapan peralatan dan bahan, persiapan pembuatan beberapa sampel olahan daging, kulit dan tulang ikan, sosialisasi tentang manfaat ikan dan pelatihan pengolahan daging, kulit, dan tulang ikan.
METODE PENGEPRESAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KUALITAS INDUSTRI PEMBUATAN TAHU DI KELURAHAN KEKALIK JAYA KOTA MATARAM
Authors: Priyati Asih , Abdullah Sirajuddin Haji , Muttalib Surya Abdul , Hidayat Agriananta Fahmi , MS Nanang Apriandi , Baskara Zulhan Widya 
Published: January 2020

Kelurahan Kekalik Jaya adalah kawasan di Kota Mataram yang terdapat banyak industri rumah tangga pengrajin olahan kedelai berupa tahu. Berdasarkan hasil survei yang dilakukan oleh tim Kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, proses pengepresan sekaligus pencetakan tahu masih dilakukan secara manual yaitu meletakkan beban berat berupa beton cor di atas cetakan tahu. Proses pengepresan dengan cara tersebut kurang menjamin kualitas tahu yang dihasilkan karena tingkat kepadatan tahu yang dihasilkan tidak seragam serta memakan waktu lama. Dalam aspek keselamatan kerja, aktivitas pengrajin tahu dalam proses pengepresan secara manual termasuk tidak aman karena aktivitas memindahkan beban berat secara berulang-ulang dapat menimbulkan resiko cidera. Hasil diskusi tim penyuluh dengan pengrajin tahu menyimpulkan bahwa perlu dilakukan kegiatan penyuluhan dan praktek penggunaan metode pengepresan tahu dengan alat pres ulir. Program pemberdayaan masyarakat dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kualitas proses pembuatan tahu pada industri tahu Kelurahan Kekalik Jaya Mataram. Penggunaan pres ulir dalam proses pencetakan tahu dapat meningkatkan kualitas tahu karena tahu hasil pengepresan memiliki tingkat kepadatan yang seragam, serta memakan waktu proses yang lebih singkat. Kegiatan dilakukan dengan metode penyuluhan dan praktek. Penyuluhan dilakukan oleh tim pengabdian kepada masyarakat dengan materi berupa 1) Kadar air pada tahu dan umur simpan; 2) Postur tubuh saat kerja yang aman secara ergonomika; 3) Prinsip kerja penekanan sistem ulir; dan 4) Petunjuk pengoperasian dan pemeliharaan alat pres ulir tahu. Hasil kegiatan meunjukkan bahwa pengrajin tahu telah mendapat wawasan dan ketrampilan tentang metode pengepresan tahu menggunakan alat pres ulir yang dapat mengatasi masalah keselamatan kerja, meringkas waktu proses pengepresan, serta meningkatkan kepadatan tahu yang dibuat.
Comparative study of Pelvi-calyceal system and relationship of structures at hilum of kidney between Nepalese and North Americans
Authors: Baral P. , Koju S. , Shrestha R. , Kumar S. , Baidya R. 
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Pelvi-calyceal system consists of renal pelvis along with major and minor calyces.The minor calyces unite with their neighbors two or three chambers to form the major calyces. The major calyces drain into the infundibula. The renal pelvis is formed from the junction of the infundibula. The common pattern of arrangement of structures at the renal hilum, antero-poteriorly is renal vein, renal artery and pelvis.
Objectives: To compare the study of pelvi-calyceal system and relationship of structures at hilum of kidney between Nepalese and North Americans.
Methodology: The gross and prosected kidney specimens were studied for pelvi-calyceal system and relationship of structures at hilum of kidney in Anatomy department. In Nepal, the study was undertaken in Gandaki Medical College, Kaski and in USA, it was done in Well-cornel University, New York.
Result: Tricalyceal major calyx were found in 63.8% in Nepalese and Bicalyceal were found in 65.6% North Americans which is statistically significant variations. The number of minor calyces and pyramids varying 6 in Nepalese and 9 in North Americans were also statistically significant (p<0.05). The arrangement of structures at hilum of kidney from anterior to posterior(renal vein, artery and pelvis) in Nepalese and North American kidneys was 86.1% and 62.5% respectively whereas the structures arranged as renal artery, vein and pelvis from anterior to posterior was 13.9% and 37.5% .
Conclusion: There are significant variations in pelvicalyceal system and relations of structures at hilum of kidneys of Nepalese and North-Americans.
Knowledge of Radiation Exposure and it Risk among Radiographers and Radio Technologists
Authors: Sharma B.R. , Singh S. , Mandal S. , Poudel N. 
Published: January 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the awareness, concern and practice on hazards of ionizing radiation and radiation protection among radiographers and technologists of Pokhara, Nepal and to evaluate the knowledge of radiation and its protection among them.
Materials and Methods: A validated questionnaire was used to collect data from radiographers and Technologists. The survey included multiple choice questions (MCQs) related to demographic characteristics (age, gender), academic qualification, and knowledge of radiation and radiation protection. Obtained data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 software and shown in frequency, percentages.
Results: Among 103 participants, only 73.8% were NHPC registered and 46.7% had attended classes/seminar on the topic of radiation protection. Only 8.7% used dosimeters to measure the radiation dose. Among participants, 77.7% knew that annual whole-body dose for a radiation worker is 20 mSv and 87.4% knew that there should be distance of more than six feet from the X-ray tube while taking X-ray in the case of non-barrier protection. This study shows that the knowledge and the perceptions regarding radiation and its protection among the radiographers/technologist is just satisfactory and needs to be improved.
Conclusion: Overall awareness and knowledge of radiation protection and radiological procedures of radiologic technologist were satisfactory. However, there were some question that they needed mandatory training and knowledge. Therefore, we recommend that further workshops, seminars, symposium, training courses and Continuing Medical Education (CME) programs are recommended on a regular basis in collaboration with ISSRT and other national and international organizations to raise the level of radiation awareness.
Partial Edentulousness in Patients Visiting the Dental Out-Patient Department of Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara, Nepal
Authors: Bhandari A. , Manandhar A. , Manandhar P. 
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Partial edentulousness is a dental arch in which one or more but not all natural teeth are missing due to dental caries, periodontal problems, trauma etc. It causes difficulty in chewing food, alteration of speech and unpleasant esthetics which adversely affect the general health and quality of life.
Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dental Surgery, Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara from November 2017 to March 2018. All patients above the age of 15 years presenting with partial loss of dentition and willing to give informed consent were included in the study. Data regarding age, gender, missing teeth, cause of permanent tooth loss and denture status were collected from 342 patients.
Results: The most common cause of permanent tooth loss was dental caries (58.2%) followed by periodontal (18.1%), dental caries and periodontal (9.4%), trauma (7.9%), dental caries and trauma (2.9%), periodontal and trauma (2.3%) and others (1.2%).The distribution of partially edentulous areas in maxillary arch (35.7%), mandibular arch (45.9%) and both arches (18.4%).The most common type of partial edentulism was found to be Kennedy’s class III followed by class II, class I and class IV in both the arches.
Conclusion: The most common cause of permanent tooth loss was dental caries. Mandibular arch was more affected than the maxillary arch. The most common type of partial edentulism was Kennedy’s class III.
Measurement of Anteroposterior diameters of normal brainstem by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Singh S. , Sharma BR , Bhatta M. , Poudel N. 
Published: January 2020

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the anteroposterior diameter of brainstem (midbrain, pons and medulla) of normal Nepalese people to establish normal ranges and to correlate the measurement with pa­tient’s age and gender.
Method: The study is a cross-sectional prospective study which is per­formed in Gandaki Medical College, Pokhara. The data is collected over the period of 5 months from May 2018 to September 2018. The data of total 103 patients are collected who underwent (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) MRI head. Measurements of sagittal diameter at predefined levels i.e. distance between upper border of pons to midway between superior and inferior colliculi (A) for midbrain, distance between an­terior surface of pons to the floor of fourth ventricle (B) for pons and anteroposterior diameter perpendicular to the long axis of medulla just above the posterior kink at cervicomedullary junction for medulla ob­longata were made and noted.
Result: The mean anteroposterior diameter of midbrain, pons and me­dulla oblongata was found to be 1.7048 ± 0.12 cm, 2.27 ± 0.13cm and 1.3 ± 0.088 cm respectively. The average ratio of sagittal diameter of pons to sagittal diameter of midbrain was 1.34 ± 0.099 cm and average ratio of sagittal diameter of pons to medulla oblongata was 1.75 ± 0.123 cm.
Conclusion: There was no statistically significant correlation of the sagittal diameter of midbrain, pons and medulla with patient’s gender. The sagittal diameter of brainstem reached maximum at the age 20 and stopped increasing. The sagittal diameter of midbrain and medulla ob­longata decreased slightly after the age of 50 and decreased significant­ly after the age of 70. There was no decrease in the sagittal diameter of pons after age.
Laparoscopic surgery for intestinal obstruction in children due to water absorbing gel beads
Authors: Liang Zhou , Guangjun Hou , Xianjie Geng , Xianwei Zhang , Shah Jay N. 
Published: January 2020

Introductions: Super absorbent polymer gel bead (SAPGB) is increasingly available as toys for children. When ingested it swells by absorbs water and leads to acute intestinal obstruction. Diagnosis and surgery is challenging as its radiolucent, fragile and slippery. We present outcome of our innovative technique of stabilization and removal SAPGBs by laparoscopy minimal invasive surgery (lap-MIS).
Methods: This retrospective analyse of outcome of lap-MIS in intestinal obstruction caused by ingestion of foreign body, the SAPGBs, in children who were managed at Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, China. The outcome variables included removal of SAPGBs, length of hospital stay and postoperative occurrence of anastomotic leak, wound infection, wound dehiscence, re-surgery, or mortality.
Results: There were 15 children, male 9 (60%), average age 2 years, and duration of ingestion of SAPGBSs 1.5 days (range 2-4 days), parents gave history of accidental ingestion in 6 (40%). All children had uneventful postoperative recovery after lap-MIS removal of foreign body with no wound infection, anastomotic leak, re-surgery or mortality. Average hospital stay was 4 days (range 3 to 5 days).
Conclusions: We had successful outcome lap-MIS with our innovative technique to stabilize and extract foreign bodies, the super water absorbent gel beads, ingested by children.
Age specific clinicopathological profile of ovarian mass
Authors: Karki Laxmi R.C. , Bogati Nishchal 
Published: January 2020

Introductions: Ovarian cancer is seventh leading cause of cancer death among women. Ovarian mass has age specific occurrence and may may help in screening and management plans. This study was conducted to determine the age-wise clinical profile of the ovarian mass.
Methods: This review done to analyse the histologically diagnosed ovarian masses in cases operated during three years at Patan Hospital, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Nepal. Clinical profile of the patients and age-wise distribution of histological types of ovarian mass were analyzed descriptively using Microsoft Excel.
Results: Peak incidence of ovarian tumor was in age group of 20-29 years with 93 (36%) cases out of 258 ovarian masses. All eight malignant tumors were in age group of ≥40 years. Neoplastic masses were 188 (72.9%), 95 (50.5%) germ cell tumor. In 70 (27.1%) non-neoplastic lesion, corpus luteal cyst were 24 (34.3%).
Conclusions: Peak incidence of ovarian tumor was seen in age group of 20-29 years. Germ cell tumors accounted for half of the neoplastic lesions. All malignant ovarian tumors were in found in age group ≥40 years.
Bremen’s trade with the North Atlantic, c. 1400–1700
Authors: Hofmeister Adolf E. 
Published: January 2020

There is little evidence of Bremen merchants in Norway before the royal charters issued from 1279 onwards, even though Bremen had been the seat of the missionary archbishop for the Nordic countries since the ninth century. Trade in Bergen in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was dominated by the Hanseatic cities of the Baltic Sea coast led by merchants from Lübeck. Despite opposition from Hanseatic merchants sailing to Bergen, merchants from Hamburg and Bremen developed new trading posts to barter cod on Iceland and Shetland in the fifteenth century. Traders from Hamburg and Bremen on Iceland competed for licences issued by the Danish king. The 1558 debt register of a merchant from Bremen in Kumbaravogur provides considerable insight into this trade. The Danish king restricted sailings to Iceland to Danish merchants from 1601. On Shetland the Scottish foud allotted landing places to foreign skippers and traders. Merchants from Bremen became respected members of the island communities and in the seventeenth century they changed to trading in herring. Several tariff rate rises led to the end of Bremen sailings to Shetland by the beginning of the eighteenth century. Bremen merchants in Norway succeeded in breaking the Lübeck dominance in Bergen in the sixteenth century. By 1600, other Norwegian harbours in the North Atlantic, notably Stavanger, were also destinations for ships from Bremen.
Cultural colonialism as a result of commercial activities: the linguistic perspective
Authors: Bauer Alessia 
Published: January 2020

The Hanse played not only a prominent economical role in the North Atlantic but the Germans also consistently influenced the culture of the people with whom they interacted and traded. Their presence led to a sort of cultural colonialism in Northern Europe, which, among others things, substantially shaped the Scandinavian languages. For several reasons, the Icelandic language was not influenced in the same way as the other Scandinavian languages; yet, one can find some traces of German in administrative language dating back to the Middle Ages. Furthermore, ‘cultural colonization’ by the Germans also certainly took place through the Reformation in Iceland. It was the German merchants who took the first seeds of the new faith with them to Iceland and marked their ‘conquest’ by building a Lutheran church. In this way, the merchants – like colonialists – claimed a space on foreign ground for themselves, where language played a very central role.
The ships that headed north - an archaeological perspective
Authors: Belasus Mike 
Published: January 2020

Information on ships that were used for the North Atlantic trade, mainly from Hamburg and Bremen, is scarce and, to date, has been completely derived from historical documents. This is problematic because the terms used for ship types do not represent technical definitions. As there is currently no direct archaeological evidence for the ships that headed north, finds of ships and ship timbers from other areas had been considered to offer a first glance into shipbuilding and the mechanisms of change in building methods. Two main building methods can be distinguished in the medieval period for sea-going and coastal craft: the bottom-based Bremen-type shipbuilding method and clinker shipbuilding methods. The new carvel shipbuilding method was established in the late fifteenth century in north-west Europe. The archaeological evidence shows that there was no immediate change over but that in many cases, there was instead a convergence to achieve flush carvel-built hulls. Considering the Bremen-type with its flat bottom and limited sailing abilities and the fact that the German merchants only started to participate in the North Atlantic trade in the late fifteenth century, the question arises of whether there were other technical issues that prevented them from this enterprise until they managed to gain the knowledge required to build ocean-going vessels that could withstand a journey of several weeks across the North Sea and Norwegian Sea.
A fifteenth-century shipwreck with Scandinavian features from Bremen. Interpreting the Beluga ship in the context of late medieval clinker construction in northwestern Europe
Authors: Zwick Daniel 
Published: January 2020

While most of this volume’s contributions trace Hanseatic influences throughout the North Atlantic, this paper examines a possible counter-influence in the shape of a medieval shipwreck discovered in Bremen in 2007, the construction of which is reminiscent of the Scandinavian shipbuilding tradition. With its radially cleft planks, inlaid wool caulking and clinkerfastenings, the wreck displays a number of features that point typologically to a vernacular Scandinavian origin. However, the planks fall into two groups outside of Scandinavia: high quality wainscot planks cut in the Baltic region in the course of the fourteenth century, and a group of locally cut timber — arguably for repairs — dating from the second quarter of the fifteenth century. This period coincides with a peak of Baltic timber export, especially wainscot for shipbuilders. Hence, the wreck is discussed within the wider context of clinker-built wrecks from this period in general and wrecks built of Baltic oak in particular.
Notau – the Hanseatic harbour at Avaldsnes, south-west Norway: written sources, maps and place-names
Authors: Fyllingsnes Frode 
Published: January 2020

Written sources, mostly of German origin from the fifteenth century, mention Notau, a Hanseatic harbour somewhere in the south-western part of Norway. Ships from towns, including Lübeck, Danzig and Kampen, called here. Dutch maps from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries show that Notau was situated on the island of Karmøy in Rogaland county. The placename ‘Nottå’ has been used in modern times for locations at two islands belonging to the royal farm of Avaldsnes. Most probably one of these islands was called ‘Nautøy’ in the medieval period, becoming Notau in German. The written sources indicate that the Germans built houses in Notau, where the merchants are likely to have traded with the inhabitants of the region.
Maritime-archaeological investigations of the Hanseatic harbour at Avaldsnes
Authors: Elvestad Endre , Opedal Arnfrid 
Published: January 2020

Investigations of the medieval harbour at the important royal manor of Avaldsnes, south-west Norway, revealed extensive underwater cultural layers and structures like ballast heaps and jetty foundations from the thirteenth until the early sixteenth century. The finds cover a large area and the conditions for preservation of the archaeological material is excellent. A waiting harbour at this strategic site along the fairway to Bergen probably got new functions and became the arena for intense activity during a 100-year period c. 1350–1450. The site known from written sources as Notau was most likely part of the same economic network as Bergen with ties to Hanseatic cities like Lübeck and Danzig. The pottery found on the sea bottom reveals an even wider range of international connections. The results have implications for the relationship between the Norwegian king and the Hanse and the Hanse’s activity outside of the medieval towns. The site is largely undisturbed by modern development and thus very well suited for future research.