bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemic Parathyroid Hormone Enhances Fracture Healing in Multiple Murine Models of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Alder Kareme D , White Andrew HA , Chung Yeon‐Ho , Lee Inkyu , Back JungHo , Kwon Hyuk‐Kwon , Cahill Sean V , Hao Zichen , Li Lu , Chen Fancheng , Lee Saelim , Riedel Matthew D , Lee Francis Y 
Published: March 2020

ABSTRACTType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a multisystemic disease that afflicts more than 415 million people globally—the incidence and prevalence of T2DM continues to rise. It is well‐known that T2DM has detrimental effects on bone quality that increase skeletal fragility, which predisposes subjects to an increased risk of fracture and fracture healing that results in non‐ or malunion. Diabetics have been found to have perturbations in metabolism, hormone production, and calcium homeostasis—particularly PTH expression—that contribute to the increased risk of fracture and decreased fracture healing. Given the perturbations in PTH expression and the establishment of hPTH (1–34) for use in age‐related osteoporosis, it was determined logical to attempt to ameliorate the bone phenotype found in T2DM using hPTH (1–34). Therefore, the present study had two aims: (i) to establish a suitable murine model of the skeletal fragility present in T2DM because no current consensus model exists; and (ii) to determine the effects of hPTH (1–34) on bone fractures in T2DM. The results of the present study suggest that the polygenic mouse of T2DM, TALLYHO/JngJ, most accurately recapitulates the diabetic osteoporotic phenotype seen in humans and that the intermittent systemic administration of hPTH (1–34) increases fracture healing in T2DM murine models by increasing the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Evidence of sociodemographic heterogeneity across the HIV treatment cascade and progress towards 90‐90‐90 in sub‐Saharan Africa – a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Green Dylan , Tordoff Diana M , Kharono Brenda , Akullian Adam , Bershteyn Anna , Morrison Michelle , Garnett Geoff , Duerr Ann , Drain Paul K 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIntroductionHeterogeneity of sociodemographics and risk behaviours across the HIV treatment cascade could influence the public health impact of universal ART in sub‐Saharan Africa if those not virologically suppressed are more likely to be part of a risk group contributing to onward infections. Sociodemographic and risk heterogeneity across the treatment cascade has not yet been comprehensively described or quantified and we seek to systematically review and synthesize research on this topic among adults in Africa.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of peer‐reviewed literature in Embase and MEDLINE databases as well as grey literature sources published in English between 2014 and 2018. We included studies that included people living with HIV (PLHIV) aged ≥15 years, and reported a 90‐90‐90 outcome: awareness of HIV‐positive status, ART use among those diagnosed or viral suppression among those on ART. We summarized measures of association between sociodemographics, within each outcome, and as a composite measure of population‐wide viral suppression.Results and discussionFrom 3533 screened titles, we extracted data from 92 studies (50 peer‐reviewed, 42 grey sources). Of included studies, 32 reported on awareness, 53 on ART use, 32 on viral suppression and 23 on population‐wide viral suppression. The majority of studies were conducted in South Africa, Uganda, and Malawi and reported data for age and gender. When stratified, PLHIV ages 15 to 24 years had lower median achievement of the treatment cascade (60‐49‐81), as compared to PLHIV ≥25 years (70‐63‐91). Men also had lower median achievement of the treatment cascade (66‐72‐85), compared to women (79‐76‐89). For population‐wide viral suppression, women aged ≥45 years had achieved the 73% target, while the lowest medians were among 15‐ to 24‐year‐old men (37%) and women (49%).ConclusionsConsiderable heterogeneity exists by age and gender for achieving the HIV 90‐90‐90 treatment goals. These results may inform delivery of HIV testing and treatment in sub‐Saharan Africa, as targeting youth and men could be a strategic way to maximize the population‐level impact of ART.
Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation changes after dabigatran availability in China: The GLORIA‐AF registry
Authors: Ma Changsheng , Riou França Lionel , Lu Shihai , Diener Hans‐Christoph , Dubner Sergio J. , Halperin Jonathan L. , Li Qiang , Paquette Miney , Teutsch Christine , Huisman Menno V. , Lip Gregory Y. H. , Rothman Kenneth J. ,   the GLORIA‐AF Investigators
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackgroundUntil the approval of dabigatran etexilate, treatment choices for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) were vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) or antiplatelet drugs. This analysis explored whether availability of non‐vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants post‐dabigatran approval was associated with changing treatment patterns in China.MethodsGlobal Registry on Long‐Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (GLORIA‐AF) collected data on antithrombotic therapy choices for patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular AF at risk for stroke. In China, enrollment in phase 1 (before dabigatran approval) and phase 2 (after dabigatran approval) occurred from 2011 to 2013 and 2013 to 2014, respectively. Analyses were restricted to sites within China that contributed patients to both phases. The weighted average of the site‐specific results was estimated for standardization. Sensitivity analyses used multiple regression.ResultsThirteen sites participated in both phase 1 (419 patients) and phase 2 (276 patients), 76.1% and 16.0% were known to be at high risk for stroke (CHA2DS2‐VASc ≥2) and bleeding (HAS‐BLED ≥3); 55.5% were male. In phase 1, 16.7%, 61.6%, and 21.7% of patients were prescribed oral anticoagulants (OACs), antiplatelet agents, and no treatment, respectively. Respective proportions were 26.4%, 40.6%, and 33.0% in phase 2. The absolute increase in the site‐standardized proportion of patients prescribed OACs after dabigatran availability was 9.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.7%‐16.0%). There was a standardized 17.3% (95% CI: −24.3% to −10.4%) absolute decrease in antiplatelet agent use.ConclusionsThere was an increase in OAC and decrease in antiplatelet agent prescription since dabigatran availability in China. However, a large proportion of AF patients at risk for stroke remained untreated.
Does age influence disease‐specific survival in patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck?
Authors: Lop Joan , Valero Cristina , García Jacinto , Quer Miquel , Ganly Ian , Shah Jatin P. , Patel Snehal G. , León Xavier 
Published: March 2020

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe number of patients diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) at an advanced age has increased. The aim of this study is to evaluate the age at which disease‐specific survival (DSS) significantly decreases in HNSCC.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study of 5469 patients with HNSCC treated at our center (1985‐2016). External validation with 2082 oral squamous cell carcinomas from a collaborative institution from another continent was performed.ResultsWe observed an orderly decrease in overall survival as age at diagnosis increased. There were no differences in DSS based on age for patients <80 years old (P = .623), while older patients had a significant decrease in DSS. These results were validated in the independent dataset. In a multivariable analysis performed in the test set, compared to patients <80 years old, patients between 80 to 85 had a 1.50 times higher risk of disease‐specific death (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19‐1.89; P = .001), and patients >85 had a 2.19 times higher risk (95% CI: 1.68‐2.87; P < .001).ConclusionsDSS started to significantly decrease in HNSCC at 80 years old. These findings, validated in an independent cohort, indicate that chronological age on its own should not withhold curative treatment in the majority of patients with HNSCC.
Design of pH‐Degradable Polymer‐Lipid Amphiphiles Using a Ketal‐Functionalized RAFT Chain Transfer Agent
Authors: De Vrieze Jana , Van Herck Simon , Nuhn Lutz , De Geest Bruno G. 
Published: March 2020

AbstractConjugation of small molecule drug to lipid‐polymer amphiphiles is a powerful strategy to alter the pharmacokinetic profile of these molecules by promoting binding to albumin or other serum molecules. Incorporation of a responsive linker between the lipid anchor and the polymer chain can be of interest to avoid indefinite binding of the conjugates to hydrophobic pockets of serum proteins or phospholipid membranes when reaching a target cell or tissue. Here, the synthesis of pH‐sensitive lipid‐polymer conjugates by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using a RAFT chain transfer agent that is equipped with a pH‐sensitive ketal bond between a cholesterol moiety and the trithiocarbonate RAFT chain transfer group is reported. It is demonstrated that in native form these conjugates exhibit a high affinity to albumin and cell membranes but loose this ability in response to a mild acidic trigger in aqueous medium.
Bycatch in a Commercial Lobster Fishery: Effects on Two Benthic Predators, Sea Raven and Longhorn Sculpin
Authors: Anderson Brooke N. , Weissman Amelia M. , Sweezey Brett , Mandelman John , Rudders David B. , Sulikowski James A. 
Published: March 2020

Abstract
Studying the species-specific responses to fishing capture is critical for effective management and conservation of bycatch species given that acute stress incurred from capture and handling may ultimately lead to mortality. While species of low commercial value are often overlooked, having accurate information on the effects of capture on all species is necessary for ecosystem-based management. Sea Raven (SR) Hemitripterus americanus and Longhorn Sculpin (LHS) Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus are routinely captured in the commercial American lobster Homarus americanus fishery in the Gulf of Maine, and they are discarded due to low commercial value. Despite a lack of economic value, these predatory species play important roles in shaping the benthic communities that they inhabit, highlighting the need to study their stress and mortality due to capture and handling. To help understand the effects of the lobster fishery on these species, the current study evaluated the physical, behavioral, and physiological stress responses of SR and LHS to capture in the state of Maine Zone G commercial lobster fishery. Collectively, our results suggest that although these species appeared to be resilient to capture based on an overt injury assessment, stress responses occurred based on reflex impairment and physiological perturbations, and these responses were species-specific. Given the prevalence of behavioral and physiological stress in this study, further research into the survival outcomes of SR and LHS following release in the commercial lobster fishery is warranted.
Influence of varying time scale flows on tropical cyclone track changes
Authors: Chen Xiaoyu , Li Chao , Duan Jingjing , Cao Lu 
Published: March 2020

AbstractIt is often difficult to predict tropical cyclone (TC) tracks for the case of binary or even multiple TCs. To investigate this issue, two TCs over the western North Pacific basin in September 2016, Meranti and Malakas, were explored in this study. The two TCs formed close to each other, and their tracks were similar at an early stage but then deflected northward over different regions. The results indicate that the Meranti track change may be due to the asymmetric high‐frequency flows induced by topography, while the Malakas track change is attributed to the formation and strengthening of low‐frequency southerlies. It was found that the formation and evolution of low‐frequency monsoon circulation is the main cause for the emergence of the low‐frequency flows, and the process is accompanied by the enhancement and movement of low‐frequency positive vorticity. Therefore, based on the diagnostic results using the low‐frequency vorticity budget equation, it is shown that the low‐frequency vorticity advection and convergence induced by the low‐frequency flows play varying roles in the development of low‐frequency positive vorticity. More noteworthy is that the high‐frequency positive vorticity of TCs can trigger the enhancement of low‐frequency positive vorticity through nonlinear interactions, which have rarely been discussed in previous studies. It can be concluded that the interactions between high‐ and low‐frequency flows and vorticity may affect the development and evolution of the TCs at different time scales, finally leading to TC track deflection.
Technical Note: Integrating an open source Monte Carlo code “MCsquare” for clinical use in intensity‐modulated proton therapy
Authors: Deng Wei , Younkin James E. , Souris Kevin , Huang Sheng , Augustine Kurt , Fatyga Mirek , Ding Xiaoning , Cohilis Marie , Bues Martin , Shan Jie , Stoker Joshua , Lin Liyong , Shen Jiajian , Liu Wei 
Published: March 2020

PurposeTo commission an open source Monte Carlo (MC) dose engine, “MCsquare” for a synchrotron‐based proton machine, integrate it into our in‐house C++‐based I/O user interface and our web‐based software platform, expand its functionalities, and improve calculation efficiency for intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT).MethodsWe commissioned MCsquare using a double Gaussian beam model based on in‐air lateral profiles, integrated depth dose of 97 beam energies, and measurements of various spread‐out Bragg peaks (SOBPs). Then we integrated MCsquare into our C++‐based dose calculation code and web‐based second check platform “DOSeCHECK.” We validated the commissioned MCsquare based on 12 different patient geometries and compared the dose calculation with a well‐benchmarked GPU‐accelerated MC (gMC) dose engine. We further improved the MCsquare efficiency by employing the computed tomography (CT) resampling approach. We also expanded its functionality by adding a linear energy transfer (LET)‐related model‐dependent biological dose calculation.ResultsDifferences between MCsquare calculations and SOBP measurements were <2.5% (<1.5% for ~85% of measurements) in water. The dose distributions calculated using MCsquare agreed well with the results calculated using gMC in patient geometries. The average 3D gamma analysis (2%/2 mm) passing rates comparing MCsquare and gMC calculations in the 12 patient geometries were 98.0 ± 1.0%. The computation time to calculate one IMPT plan in patients’ geometries using an inexpensive CPU workstation (Intel Xeon E5‐2680 2.50 GHz) was 2.3 ± 1.8 min after the variable resolution technique was adopted. All calculations except for one craniospinal patient were finished within 3.5 min.ConclusionsMCsquare was successfully commissioned for a synchrotron‐based proton beam therapy delivery system and integrated into our web‐based second check platform. After adopting CT resampling and implementing LET model‐dependent biological dose calculation capabilities, MCsquare will be sufficiently efficient and powerful to achieve Monte Carlo‐based and LET‐guided robust optimization in IMPT, which will be done in the future studies.
Estimation of Reactivity Ratios in the Copolymerization of Styrene and VeoVa‐10
Authors: Santos Murilo P. , Torraga Maria G. F. , Barbosa Natália B. , Tavares Denise T. , Giudici Reinaldo 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe styrene and vinyl neodecanoate copolymerization system shows a strong tendency to form two separate homopolymers. In order to improve the feeding strategies and hence the copolymer uniformity, it is necessary to know the reactivity ratios between these monomers. The error‐in‐variables‐method (EVM) is the most recommended mathematical procedure for estimating these parameters. Experiments on free‐radical copolymerization in solution in sealed ampoules are carried out to provide data for the conversion (via gravimetry) and fractional monomer compositions (via Fourier transform mid‐infrared (mid‐FT‐IR) spectroscopy). These data allow estimation of the reactivity ratios. EVM appropriately takes into account the experimental errors in the data and allows determination of the reactivity ratio values by the Mayo–Lewis model (r1 = 28.60 and r2 = 1.23). The convergence and robustness of the method decrease considerably with a larger discrepancy between the reactivity values.
From nouns to verbs: How process ontologies enhance our understanding of social‐ecological systems understood as complex adaptive systems
Authors: Hertz Tilman , Mancilla Garcia Maria , Schlüter Maja 
Published: March 2020

Abstract

Research on social‐ecological systems (SES) has highlighted their complex and adaptive character and pointed to the importance of recognizing their intertwined nature.

Yet, we often base our analysis and governance of SES on static and independent objects, such as actors and resources which are not well suited to address complexity and intertwinedness. This bias, which is largely implicit, has its roots in substance ontologies that have influenced most of contemporary science.

This paper argues that it is useful to critically reflect on this ontological grounding and develop SES research from a process ontological perspective.

Key insights are that process ontological concepts such as process, event and possibility space are able to overcome the dichotomy between the social and the ecological and allow for a conceptualization of continuous change (dynamism) that enhances our understanding of SES as truly intertwined and complex systems.

This will enable SES researchers to conceptualize problems as well as corresponding solutions in novel ways which will ultimately support the development of novel governance approaches, from rethinking the aims of policies from managing people towards managing relations between and among people and the natural system.

To fully tap the potential which comes with a change in worldview towards a process ontology, changing research approaches and ways of abstracting are required.
The T‐box transcription factor brachyury behaves as a tumor suppressor in gliomas
Authors: Pinto Filipe , Costa Ângela M , Santos Gisele C , Matsushita Marcus M , Costa Sandra , Silva Viviane AO , Miranda‐Gonçalves Vera , Lopes Celeste M , Clara Carlos A , Becker Aline P , Neder Luciano , Hajj Glaucia NM , da Cunha Isabela W , Jones Chris , Andrade Raquel P , Reis Rui M 
Published: March 2020

AbstractThe oncogene brachyury (TBXT) is a T‐box transcription factor that is overexpressed in multiple solid tumors and is associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor patient prognosis. Gliomas comprise the most common and aggressive group of brain tumors, and at the present time the functional and clinical impact of brachyury expression has not been investigated previously in these neoplasms. Brachyury expression (mRNA and protein) was assessed in normal brain (n = 67), glioma tissues (n = 716) and cell lines (n = 42), and further in silico studies were undertaken using genomic databases totaling 3115 samples. Our glioma samples were analyzed for copy number (n = 372), promoter methylation status (n = 170), and mutation status (n = 1569 tissues and n = 52 cell lines) of the brachyury gene. The prognostic impact of brachyury expression was studied in 1524 glioma patient tumors. The functional impact of brachyury on glioma proliferation, viability, and cell death was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.Brachyury was expressed in the normal brain, and significantly downregulated in glioma tissues. Loss of brachyury was associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor survival in glioma patients. Downregulation of brachyury was not associated with gene deletion, promoter methylation, or inactivating point mutations. Brachyury re‐expression in glioma cells was found to decrease glioma tumorigenesis by induction of autophagy. These data strongly suggest that brachyury behaves as a tumor suppressor gene in gliomas by modulating autophagy. It is important to note that brachyury constitutes an independent positive biomarker of patient prognosis. Our findings indicate that the role of brachyury in tumorigenesis may be tissue‐dependent and demands additional investigation to guide rational interventions. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐assisted in situ polymerization of polycaprolactone/boron nitride composites with enhanced thermal conductivity and mechanical properties
Authors: Tian Hongli , Wu Fangjuan , Chen Peng , Peng Xiangfang , Fang Hui 
Published: March 2020

AbstractPolycaprolactone/boron nitride (PCL/BN) composites were prepared by microwave‐assisted ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL). In order to improve the dispersibility and interfacial interaction between BN fillers and PCL matrix, hydroxyl functional BN (mBN) was first prepared to be used as a macroinitiator for ε‐CL. Then BN grafted PCL (BN‐g‐PCL) copolymers were obtained via the in situ method, which acted as in situ compatibilizers in the PCL/BN composites. Various techniques were applied to characterize the mBN and PCL/BN composites. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results confirm the structure of the BN‐g‐PCL copolymer. Field emission SEM graphs exhibit that, for the PCL/mBN composites, the mBN presents a homogeneous dispersion in the matrix and interfacial adhesion between the PCL and mBN is improved. These are beneficial for enhancing the thermal conductivity of the PCL/mBN composites. Notably, the PCL/mBN composite with 5 wt% mBN loading achieves the highest thermal conductivity of 0.55 W m−1 K−1, which is 2.75 times higher than that of pure PCL, 0.20 W m−1 K−1. This indicates that the excellent dispersion and interfacial adhesion could lead to the construction of continuous thermal conductive paths at a low BN loading and reduce the heat loss caused by phonon scattering in the interface. Furthermore, mBN could help to improve the mechanical properties of the composite. On adding 5 wt% mBN, the tensile strength and tensile modulus of the composite are 1.58 and 2.05 times higher, respectively, than those of PCL. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry