bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financial Inclusion And The Growth Of Small Medium Enterprises In Uganda: Empirical Evidence From Selected Districts In Lango Sub Region
Authors: Eton Marus - , Mwosi Fabian , Okello-Obura Constant , Turyehebwa Abanis , Uwonda Gilbert 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
The growth and failure of small and medium enterprises has been a topic of discussions world over amongst policy makers and researchers. This study was guided by the following objectives: To examine the contributions of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs), to determine the challenges affecting Small Medium Enterprises, to examine how financial inclusiveness supports the growth of Small medium enterprises and to establish the relationship between financial inclusion and Small Medium Enterprises. The study used a cross sectional research design. Descriptive design was used and supplemented by inferential statistics. Correlation and regression analysis were adopted. The study revealed that financial inclusion is significant in supporting SMEs growth. The study also revealed that cost of acquiring and servicing financial services are high, there is also difficulty in using some of the financial services, and the way financial providers treat financial users, some lacked some degree of respect and dignity. The study recommends that financial providers should continue sensitizing the public on the available financial services beyond credit services, which are common and known. Digital financial service providers should encourage their clientele to use digitalized financial services which are cheap, secure and risk averse. Cost of capital should also be reduced to encourage borrowing while SMEs should innovatively produce goods that can be competitive at both domestic and international markets.
Relationship Between Foot Flexibility and Leg Muscle Stiffness After Running: a Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Kudo Shintarou 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
BackgroundDeformation of the foot is related to the development of running injuries. The prevention of running injuries requires the management of changes in leg muscle stiffness after running. However, the relationship of muscle stiffness and the structure and flexibility of the foot arch is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in muscle stiffness and flexibility of the arch before and after running.MethodsTwenty lower limbs of 10 healthy volunteers were enrolled. All of the subjects performed the same running task on a treadmill set at an incline of 7%, running at a speed of 8 km/h for 60 min. The shear elastic modulus of the longitudinal axis of the medial and lateral gastrocnemius (MG, LG), flexor digitorum longus (FDL), and abductor hallucis muscles were measured both before and after running using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Arch height index (AHI) and arch height flexibility (AHF) were measured at 10, 50, and 90% of the body weight loaded position, respectively. The correlation of AHI, AHF, and alterations in each muscle stiffness before and after running was assessed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.ResultsThe FDL, LG, and MG were significantly harder after running than before running. The AHI and AHF had no significantly difference between before and after running. There were significant moderate correlations between AHF50 before running and stiffness of the FDL after running.ConclusionIncreased stiffness of the FDL is related to medial tibial stress syndrome. Our results indicate that stiffness of the arch is associated with greater stiffness of the FDL, which restricts performance of the dynamic function of stretching the muscle and tendon complex of the toe flexor with weight loading on the foot.
Association between the Methylation of CpG Islands in JAK-STAT Pathway-Related Genes and Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Pu Rui , Sun Hongru , Liu Yupeng , Tian Tian , Bi Haoran , Xia Tingting , Zhang Lei , Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhu Lin , Rong Jiesheng , Zhao Yashuang 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is involved in a series of biological processes. Aberrant promoter methylation of CpG islands plays an important role in carcinogenesis. However, the association between the DNA methylation of JAK-STAT pathway-related genes in peripheral blood leukocytes and colorectal cancer (CRC) susceptibility remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a case-control study of 403 patients with CRC and 419 cancer free controls, and the DNA methylation levels of four genes (JAK2, STAT1, STAT3, and SOCS3) in peripheral blood samples from all subjects were assessed using a methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) analysis. Results: Compared with controls, the methylation of the JAK2, STAT1 and SOCS3 genes significantly increased the CRC risk (ORadjusted=1.96, 95% CI, 1.12-3.41, P=0.01; ORadjusted=5.37, 95% CI, 3.74-7.71, P<0.01; ORadjusted=3.30, 95% CI, 1.58-6.87, P<0.01, respectively). This trend was also found via stratified analysis. In the multiple CpG site methylation (MCSM) analysis, a high MCSM value denoted a significantly increased risk of CRC (ORadjusted=4.97, 95% CI, 3.34-7.37, P<0.01). Antagonistic interactions were identified between the methylation of JAK2, STAT1 and high levels of MCSM and environmental factors with CRC risk (P<0.05). Conclusion: In peripheral blood, the methylation statuses of JAK2, STAT1, and high levels of MCSM, which are promising biomarkers, were significantly associated with CRC risk. An interaction between gene methylation and environmental factors contributed to the risk of CRC.
The Antiemetic Effect of Xiao-Ban-Xia-Tang Formula is Associated With Regulating CaM/CaMKII/ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway in Cisplatin and 1-phenylbiguanide Hydrochloride Induced Rat Pica Models
Authors: Xia Lei , Xian Yihong , Feng Xiaodi , Cheng Qianqian , Chen Siqi , Li Yaqi , Meng Qi , Nie Ke 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
Background: Xiao-Ban-Xia-Tang (XBXT) formula is a traditional Chinese herbal formula for treating emesis. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) are serious side effects of chemotherapy, which was closely related to the activation of 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor (5-HT3R). In this paper, the effect of XBXT on cisplatin- and 1-phenylbiguanide hydrochloride (1-PBG, a selective 5-HT3R agonist)- induced pica behavior in male Wistar rats and inhibition of calmodulin/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (CaM/CaMKII/ERK1/2) signaling pathway were investigated. Methods: XBXT (1.6 g/kg, twice daily) was orally administered from day 1 after intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (6 mg/kg) and 1-PBG (25 mg/kg) to day 3. Pica behavior (consumption of kaolin, a type of clay) was recorded every 24 h. The expression and co-localization of CaM and 5-HT3R in small intestine and brain were detected by immunofluorescence. The expression of CaMKII, pCaMKII, ERK1/2, and pERK1/2 proteins were detected by Western blot. Results: XBXT treatment significantly decreased kaolin ingestion (pica) of rats after treatment of cisplatin and 1-PBG during both 0 - 24 h (respectively, from 1.57 g to 0.87 g; from 1.04 g to 0.11 g) and 0 - 72 h (respectively, from 2.98 g to 1.85 g; from 2.29 g to 0.35 g) periods. The fluorescence expression of CaM and 5-HT3R and expression of CaMKII, pCaMKII, ERK1/2 and pERK1/2 in the small intestine and brain of cisplatin- and 1-PBG-treated rats were remarkably suppressed by XBXT.Conclusions: The present study implies that inhibiting CaM/CaMKII/ERK1/2 signaling is an underlying mechanism of XBXT for treating CINV. These insights provide an experimental basis of XBXT for the clinical treatment of CINV.
Epidemiological Survey and Screening Strategy for Dengue Virus in Blood Donors from Yunnan Province
Authors: LI LING , LI YING , Lu Shaofang , Dong Jing , Xu Haixia , Zhang Qian , Weng Rong , Yin Yundi , He Rui , Fang Peng , Shi Hua , Yu Yinghan , Wu Ji , Liu Zhong , Hess John R. 
Published: July 2020

Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue virus (DENV) can be transmitted through blood transfusion. DENV was not screened regularly in Xishuangbanna Blood Center. This study was conducted in Xishuangbanna Blood Center with an attempt to develop DENV screening strategies in one of China’s high-incidence areas.METHODS Blood samples were collected randomly between June 2019 and August 2019. These samples were first screened for dengue IgG and IgM antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All reactive samples and some randomly-chosen non-reactive samples were used to detect DENV RNAs using real time polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assay. After RT-PCR assay, these samples were further tested for soluble nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) using colloidal gold method. The demographic data of DENV positive donors were collected.RESULTS A total of 2,254 donor samples were collected and tested for dengue IgG and IgM antibodies by ELISA between June 2019 and August 2019. ELISA testing revealed that 598 donor samples were anti-IgG and/or anti-IgM reactive, with a serological prevalence rate of 26.53%. Among all the donor samples, 26 were RT-PCR positive and/or NS1 positive. Moreover, there were significant differences in the prevalence rate of DENV in terms of occupation (P=0.001), education(P<0.001) and ethnicity (P=0.026). CONCLUSION The prevalence of DENV in Xishuangbanna Blood Center was higher than most other blood centers that have implemented DENV donor screening. Our study provides the first-hand data about the prevalence of DENV and allows development of a screening strategy for clinical use.
Usage of glucometer with mobile application in real clinical practice
Authors: Vitebskaya A. V. 
Published: July 2020

Introduction. Glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) can be held using glucometer with mobile application, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and intermediately scanned CGM (isCGM). isCGM do not need calibration with glucometer as CGM, but its usage in children and adolescents is recommended only together with glucometer.Aim: to study characteristics of glucometer usage in real clinical practice in a patient which utilizes glucometer with mobile application and is CGM simultaneously.Materials and methods. A 17-year-old girl with diabetes mellitus type 1 was advised to use isCGM together with glucometer Contour Plus One (ISO 15197:2013) and mobile application Contour Diabetes.Results. The first three months, while insulin dose titration and education, the patient used glucometer 1–9 times a day (3.0 (2.0; 4.0)), filled in diary. These led to decrease of glycaemia (10.7 (5.5; 14.7) – 7.8 (5.2; 9.5) mmol/L) and variability (56–45%), increase of percent of measurements within range (38–57%), according to glucometer; decrease of mean glycaemia (11.8–8.5 mmol/L) and increase of time in range (TIR) (14–59%), according to isCGM. The next three months, while diabetes mellitus type 1 compensation, according to glucometer (glycaemia 6.9 (4.9; 9.7) mmol/L, variability 48%, percent of measurements within range 71%) and isCGM (mean glycaemia mean glycaemia 7.3 mmol/L, TIR 67%), the patient stopped to fill in diary, decreased number of measurements by glucometer to 1.0 (1.0; 2.0) times a day. Mean month glycaemia was 5.5–9.8% lower according to glucometer than isCGM. The patient used glucometer in cases with relatively high risk of hypoglycemia more often.Conclusion. Usage of glucometer with mobile application can increase adherence to treatment. If glucometer and isCGM used simultaneously the patients measure glycaemia with glucometer in cases of decompensated diabetes mellitus type 1 and while insulin titration more often. Mean month glycaemia according to glucometer, if used every day, corresponds with isCGM data. We must discuss with patients circumstances when they use glucometer because this can influence glycemic control indicators in mobile application reports.
Inherited heart rhythm and conduction disorders in children with infectious diseases
Authors: Chuprova S. N. , Rudneva E. P. , Lobzin Yu. V. 
Published: July 2020

Introduction. One of the causes of sudden cardiac death in children is inherited arrhythmias. In view of the links between the increase in body temperature and the manifestation of some inherited cardiac arrhythmias (including typical electrocardiographic changes), the frequency of inherited cardiac arrhythmias in children with infectious diseases have been analyzed.The relevance of the study: is initiated by the necessity of timely diagnosis of inherited cardiac arrhythmias and conduction in children in order to prevent sudden cardiac death in them.The purpose of the study: to determine the frequency of inherited arrhythmias in children with infectious diseases based on clinical and electrocardiographic analysis.Materials and methods: 3584 electrocardiograms (ECGs) of children with infectious diseases (average age 8.5 ± 5.3 years old; boys – 57.5%, girls – 42.5%) hospitalized in the Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases were analyzed. Patients with changes in the ECGs were given additional examination depending on the intended diagnosis (inherited arrhythmias): 24-Hour Holter ECG monitoring, stress test, echocardiography. The family history was also clarified, and the parents’ ECG was analyzed.Results and conclusions. ECG changes, which are typical for Brugada syndrome (type 1), were detected in two children (0.05%) at first. Long QT syndrome was also detected in two children (0,05%). Mutations in the SCN5A gene were identified in children with Brugada syndrome, and in the KCNQ1 gene with long QT syndrome. An episode of monomorphic ventricular tachycardia was recorded at night in a 5-year-old girl with atrioventricular block 1 degree, hypoadaptation of the QT interval with repeated Holter ECG monitoring during sleep. Cases of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias have previously been described in the literature in patients with Brugada syndrome. An increase in body temperature leads to disruption of the sodium ion channels which underlie the development of this syndrome, thereby, on the one hand, increasing the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death, on the other hand, to the clinical manifestation of the disease, allowing the diagnosis to be made in time. In the cases of long QT syndrome, in our study, the increase in the corrected QT interval (QTc) is most likely due to a change in heart rate rather than a direct effect of an increase in body temperature on the ion channels.
Prolonged reception of cholecalcipherol – the basis of effective prevention of hypovitaminosis D in young years
Authors: Zakharova I. N. , Klimov L. Ya. , Dolbnya S. V. , Kuryaninova V. A. , Maltsev S. V. , Malyavskaya S. I. , Yagupova A. V. , Tsutsaeva A. N. , Soloveva E. A. , Golysheva E. V. , Dyatlova A. A. , Alhimidi A. A. , Kipkeev Sh. O. 
Published: July 2020

Introduction. Vitamin D plays a fundamental role in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, and in recent decades its non-calcemic effects have been intensively studied.The aim of the work was to analyze the patterns of vitamin D availability in young children against the background of prolonged use of an aqueous solution of cholecalciferol in preventive doses.Materials and methods: 192 children of the first three years of life were examined (Arkhangelsk – 77 (40.1%), Moscow – 38 (19.8%), Stavropol – 77 (40.1%) children). Assessment of vitamin D availability was carried out by the level of serum calcidiol (25(OH)D). Based on the initial vitamin D supply, patients were divided into groups, and participants used cholecalciferol preparations for 30 days.Results. The baseline vitamin D supply was 26.0 (19.5–35.4) ng/ml. Median 25(OH)D in children in the Moscow region is higher than in Arkhangelsk and Stavropol (p<0.0001). After using vitamin D in therapeutic doses, the median 25 (OH) D in Arkhangelsk was 46.7 (32.3–64.5) ng/ml, in Moscow – 52.6 (40.2–64.9) ng/ml, in Stavropol – 51.4 (41.3–69.8) ng/ml. According to the results of taking the prophylactic dose (1000 IU/day), satisfactory vitamin D was detected in 105 (54.7%) patients, insufficiency (from 20 to 30 ng/ml) – in 70 (36.5%), deficiency (from 10 up to 20 ng/ml) – in 17 (8.8%) children. Among children who had a 25(OH)D level of more than 30 ng/ml at the end of the study, the use of vitamin D preparations of 50–100 IU/kg and in 42 (41.0%) was effective in 62 (59.0%) children – in a dose of 100–150 IU/day, and in the group of patients with a level of 25(OH)D less than 30 ng/ml – a dose of 50 to 100 IU/kg was used in 69 (79.3%) patients, and a dosage of 100–150 IU/kg in only 18 (20.7%) children (p < 0.0005).Conclusion. The used prophylactic dosage of 1000 IU/day of an aqueous solution of cholecalciferol was effective in most compliance children. The elimination of deficiency and the prevention of vitamin D deficiency is most effective when used for 6 months or more.
Place of combination drugs in the therapy of acute bronchitis in children
Authors: Kolosova N. G. , Grebeneva I. V. , Denisova V. D. , Maksimova E. M. 
Published: July 2020

Acute respiratory tract infections accompanied by cough play a significant role in respiratory pathology in childhood. The incidence of acute respiratory infections among children is 4–5 times higher than among the adult population and accounts for more than 90% of all infectious and parasitic diseases registered in Russia. The highest rates of acute respiratory infections are observed among children of preschool age, especially in the first three years of life. As in adults, children’s cough, described as a symptom of «upper respiratory infection» or «acute bronchitis», is the most commonly diagnosed acute manifestation in primary care. These 2 diagnoses represent 75% of all cough cases. The most common etiological agents in acute bronchitis are respiratory viruses: adenovirus, influenza viruses and parainfluenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, human Bocavirus, Coxsackievirus, herpes simplex virus, etc. Drug therapy for coughing is prescribed when there is a nonproductive cough that does not perform its protective function, meaning it does not contribute to the purification of the respiratory tract, and is aimed at dilution of sputum, reducing its adhesiveness (viscosity) and thus increase the effectiveness of coughing. The main groups of mucoactive drugs that are usually considered in this case are mucolytics, mucoregulators, mucokinetics, expectorants, and combination drugs. Combination drugs created to eliminate various elements of pathogenesis of respiratory diseases, accompanied by a nonproductive cough and bronchoobstruction, deserve close attention due to the possibility of using several active substances in fixed drug combinations with accurate dosages and proven clinical effectiveness, reducing the number of simultaneously taken drugs, reducing the risk of developing undesirable events. Oral administration of combined medicines becomes especially important in conditions when inhalation therapy is impossible.
Mukolitics in the therapy of respiratory diseases in pediatric practice
Authors: Rashitova E. L. , Zakirova A. M. , Kadriev A. G. , Kadriev A. A. 
Published: July 2020

Introduction. Mucolytic drugs are included in treatment standards and clinical guidelines for the management of children with respiratory diseases.Target. To study the effectiveness of mucoactive therapy through its comparative evaluation in pediatric practice with respiratory pathology.Materials and methods. A total of 48 patients (mean age 8.6 ± 4.1 years) with respiratory diseases were examined. They received conventional therapy and were divided into groups: the main one took Ambroxol (26) in syrup 15 mg/5 ml three times a day 4 days; comparison – a complex cough syrup with marshmallow (22) three times a day – 7 days. Dynamic control of clinical symptoms through statistical analysis and on special scales, accounting for clinical symptoms were evaluated out on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 10th day from the start of mucoactive therapy.Results and discussion. The reception of ambroxol was accompanied by a pronounced muco-regulatory effect. On the 2nd day of treatment: significant relief of sputum discharge (p = 0.0002), dry cough stopped faster (p = 0.0007), wet cough remained in the recovery period for a short time (p = 0.003); by the 4th–6th day of treatment, a significant decrease in sputum volume and its production period (p = 0.017), shorter duration of dry (3.82 ± 0.84 and 1.79 ± 0.18 days; p = 0.022) and wet rales in the lungs (3.57 ± 0.78 and 1.61 ± 0.21 days; p = 0.024), the severity of dry cough in the main group by 5–7 days in children with allergopathology was less (p = 0.0001). On the 7th day, the severity of wet rales in patients of the main group was 0.08 ± 0.05 points, and in the comparison group 0.18 ± 0.07 points (p = 0.0003), the duration of wet cough (4.4 ± 0.23 against 5.71 ± 0.38 points), sputum discharge (4.63 ± 0.38 against 5.74 ± 0.35 points) and rhinorrhea (2.69 ± 0.57 against 4.42 ± 0.32 points) (p < 0.05).Findings. The clinical effectiveness of secretolitics is confirmed by reliably quick relief of dry and wet cough, sputum production intensity.
Lactase deficiency and gastrointestinal allergies in young children
Authors: Ziatdinova N. V. , Malanicheva T. G. , Bareeva L. A. 
Published: July 2020

Intestinal colic, food allergies are one of the common causes of the initial treatment of children in their first year of life in outpatient practice. Gastrointestinal allergy is a lesion of the gastrointestinal tract of an allergic nature, is in second place among the pathologies associated with food allergies, where allergy to cow’s milk proteins leads. In recent years, the diagnosis of lactase deficiency, unreasonably leads to an unreasonable transfer of the child to artificial curing and the appointment of lactose-free mixtures. In some patients with gastrointestinal manifestations, secondary LN is quite often formed. The article discusses the clinical forms of LN and GA. Undigested lactose increases the cell-mediated pro-inflammatory processes in the body, which, in turn, leads to the stimulation of the development of inflammatory and allergic processes in children. The possibilities and effectiveness of concomitant diet therapy are discussed, including using replacement therapy with the enzyme lactase, which eliminates the main cause of childhood colic, helps the absorption of breast milk or mixture, thus providing babies with the necessary nutrients for physiological development. The article presents results of the clinical observation carried out in a group of 20 full term babies aged 2–5 months with secondary lactase deficiency in the setting of gastrointestinal allergy with positive clinical response: highly quick control of symptoms of intestinal dyspepsia, improvement in stool frequency and consistency were detected on Day 7 from the start of enzyme therapy in 85% of children. Symptoms of intestinal colic (95%), flatulence (80%) were also reversed, regurgitation decreased in frequency and volume (85%) by the end of Week 1 of the therapy and completely disappeared by the end of Week 2. Lab tests confirmed the clinical efficacy of the therapy. A significant improvement in coprogram indicators was identified in 80% of children by the end of Week 2 from the start of therapy. The researchers found out that the carbohydrate content in the coprogram decreased by 1.8 times from 1.3% ± 0.5 to 0.7% ± 0.5 (p <0.05) in most children, and there was no significant decrease of this indicator in 20% of patients. The results show that the prescription of enzyme replacement therapy in combined gastrointestinal allergy and secondary lactase deficiency in children aged 6 months helped keep breastfeeding volumes, and reverse symptoms of lactase deficiency in most cases.