bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whitefly and Lace Bug Performance on Lantana spp. Cultivars in the Greenhouse
Authors: Townsend Monica L. , Oetting Ronald D. , Braman S. Kristine 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Performance of greenhouse whitefly, silverleaf whitefly, and lantana lace bug for eleven cultivars of Lantana spp. was assessed in greenhouse experiments. Insect population growth was monitored for seven weeks in three experiments. Relative damage at three weeks post-infestation with lantana lace bug was also evaluated. All cultivars supported growth and development of all insect species evaluated. Initial population development occurred differentially on cultivars with larger leaves, e.g., ‘Miss Huff’ and ‘Confetti’. However, by week seven all cultivars supported high populations of greenhouse and silverleaf whitefly and lantana lace bug.
Accelerator™ Containers Alter Plant Growth and the Root-zone Environment
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , McDonald Garry V. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Five species of trees, Fraxinus velutina Torr., Pistacia chinensis Bunge, Platanus occidentalis L., Quercus virginiana Mill., and Ulmus parvifolia Jacq., were first grown in conventional black plastic liner containers (0.45 liter, 0.41 qt) then transplanted to black plastic containers filled with 25 liters (7 gal) of substrate and grown to marketable size. The same species were grown in Accelerator liners and then transplanted to open bottom, air-root pruning, cylindrical, aluminum (Accelerator) containers filled with equal volumes of substrate. Plant growth characteristics, root-zone temperatures, and substrate moisture status were measured. As with many container technologies, responses were species dependent. Growth of Q. virginiana was reduced in Accelerator liner containers compared to conventional black plastic liners. Root coverage on the periphery of the rootballs were reduced on U. parvifolia grown in 25 liter (7 gal) containers compared to those in black plastic containers. Growth of U. parvifolia, F. velutina, and Q. virginiana were similar in the larger black plastic and Accelerator containers. Growth of P. chinensis and P. occidentalis were greater in the larger Accelerator containers than in the larger conventional black plastic containers. Root-zone temperatures, particularly at the periphery of the rootball, were significantly reduced on warm days in Accelerator containers compared to those in black plastic containers. Substrate in Accelerator containers were slightly drier than that in black plastic containers.
School Gardening: Improving Environmental Attitudes of Children Through Hands-On Learning
Authors: Waliczek Tina M. , Zajicek Jayne M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Project GREEN (Garden Resources for Environmental Education Now), a school garden program, was integrated into the curriculum of seven elementary and junior high schools in Kansas and Texas. The objective of the study was to evaluate whether students participating in garden activities were gaining more positive attitudes about environmental issues. Students' environmental attitudes were significantly more positive after participating in the school garden program with post-test mean scores 0.26 points higher than the pre-test mean scores. Demographic comparisons indicated that female and Caucasian students, as well as students from rural areas, had more positive environmental attitudes after participating in the garden program compared to other students within each respective group.
Effect of Reclaimed Wastewater on the Growth and Nutrient Content of Three Landscape Shrubs
Authors: Gori R. , Ferrini F. , Nicese F.P. , Lubello C. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
An experiment was set up to determine the effects of treated municipal wastewater irrigation and fertilization on growth, leaf morphological characteristics, chlorophyll content, and ion uptake of three container-grown landscape shrubs characterized by different growth habits (Abutilon ‘Kentish Belle’, Viburnum tinus ‘French White’, Weigelia florida ‘Bouquet Rose’). The study was conducted in Tuscany (Central Italy) in a typical landscape plant production area. One-hundred plants per species were watered with treated sewage effluent from the nearby wastewater treatment facility (RW) and 100 with well water after ponding (WW) from the nursery where the research plots were located. Fifty plants per species and within each irrigation treatment received controlled-release fertilizer application at transplant and 50 received no fertilization. The experiment showed no major limitations to the use of sprinkle-irrigated wastewater for container-grown landscape plant production and a general, positive, influence on growth of the plants. However, the species under observation showed a different behavior in response to the effluent irrigation for all the parameters considered. Weigelia was the most responsive and Abutilon the least. The influence of fertilizer addition at transplanting was less evident and the combined effect of RW and fertilization was rarely found and seemed to be species-specific.
Priming Wildflower Seed Mixtures Increases Sod Production Rate
Authors: Pill Wallace G. , Veacock Erin E. , Polston Clinton E. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Wildflower sod was established in a greenhouse by sowing primed or non-primed seeds of two seed mixtures at 2× (2.44 g/m2, 0.5 lb/1000 ft2) or 10 × (12.20 g/m2, 2.5 lb/1000 ft2) the supplier's recommended field broadcast rate onto a 2.5 cm (1 in) settled depth of commercial peat-lite (ProMix BX) contained in 28 × 52 × 5 cm (11 × 20.5 × 2 in) flats. One seed mixture (NE, Northeast) contained 54% of the species as annuals, the remainder being biennial and perennial species. The other mixture (NEANN) was a 1:1 (weight) combination of NE with a 100% annual species mixture. Seeds were primed matrically in expanded, fine-grade vermiculite for four days at −0.5 MPa at 15C (59F) in darkness (vermiculite:water:seed, 5:5:1 by wgt). At five weeks after sowing, root rating (an estimate of rooting magnitude), sod stability (an estimate of resistance to sod separation), and shoot dry weights were increased as a result of sowing primed NEANN seeds at 10×. Sod netting with 2.8 cm (1.1 in) openings, whether placed at the bottom or top of the substrate, had no effect on these variables. Sod of a duplicate, concurrent experiment was transplanted in the field at five weeks after sowing. By 12 weeks after sowing, the 10 × seeding rate increased shoot dry weight, but the effect of seed priming on shoot dry weight had been lost.
Insecticide Dips for Control of Japanese Beetle and Other Soil-Infesting White Grubs in B&B Nursery Stock
Authors: Mannion Catharine M. , McLane Win , Klein Michael G. , Nielsen David G. , Herms Daniel A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Studies conducted in 1996, 1998 and 1999 show that immersion of root balls in Dursban® (chlorpyrifos) significantly reduces the number of white grubs, particularly Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, in B&B (ball and burlap) nursery stock. In 1996, the influence of root ball size, soil type, and dip time on the efficacy of Dursban® 50WP, Dursban® 4E, and Oftanol® 2F (isofenphos) for white grub control in dipped B&B nursery stock was evaluated. The grubs found within the root balls were primarily oriental beetle, Exomala orientalis (Waterhouse), European chafer, Rhizotrogus majalis (Razoumowsky), Asiatic garden beetle, Maladera castanea (Arrow), northern masked chafer, Cyclocephala borealis Arrow and Japanese beetle. With one exception, all the insecticide treatments caused similar grub mortality (96–100%) in 61.0 and 81.3 cm (24 and 32 in) root balls, respectively, and in sand or clay soil. There were no significant differences in grub survival due to dip time (1, 2, and 5 min). However, there were consistently fewer live grubs recovered from the root balls dipped 2 or 5 min compared with the number of live grubs recovered from root balls dipped for 1 min. In 1998, trees with 30.5, 45.7 and 61.0 cm (12, 18 and 24 in) root balls were dipped in either 0.453 or 0.906 kg ai/378.5 liter (1 or 2 lbs ai/100 gal) of Dursban® 4E for 2 mins. Both rates of Dursban® provided 100% control of Japanese beetle grubs in all three root ball sizes. Five trees from each treatment were planted one week after dipping and were evaluated for phytotoxicity up to 12 months after dipping. Most of the trees with 30.5 cm (12 in) root balls dipped in Dursban® died. Three of five trees with 45.7 (18 in) root balls dipped in the low rate of Dursban® and all five root balls dipped in the high rate had small leaves. One tree dipped in the low rate and 2 trees dipped in the high rate died 12 months after dipping. All of the trees with 61.0 cm (24 in) root balls dipped in the low rate of Dursban® survived and showed no signs of phytotoxicity. Trees with the same root ball size dipped in the high rate of Dursban® exhibited smaller leaves in 3 of the 5 trees. In 1999, trees with 61.0 cm (24 in) root balls were dipped in either 0.453, 0.226 or 0.113 kg ai/378.5 liter (1, 0.5 or 0.25 lbs ai/100 gal) of Dursban® 4E for 2 mins. All rates of Dursban® provided 100% control of Japanese beetle grubs.
Economic Impact of Florida's Environmental Horticulture Industry
Authors: Hodges Alan W. , Haydu John J. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The economic impact of Florida's environmental horticulture industry in 1997 was estimated based on a telephone survey of wholesale plant nurseries, horticultural retailers, and landscape service firms. Sales of ornamental plants and related horticultural goods and services by the production, retail, and service sectors were estimated at $1.46 billion (B), $1.75B, and $2.70B, respectively. Domestic and international exports of horticultural products and services from Florida amounted to $659 million (M). Economic multiplier effects of commercial activity associated with purchased inputs from other industries and personal consumption expenditures by employees were estimated with an input-output model. Regional impacts of the wholesale nursery sector were also estimated separately for seven areas of the state. Economic impacts of Florida's environmental horticulture industry included total value added of $5.42B and employment of 187,000 people. These impacts are greater than for any other sector of agriculture and associated manufacturing in Florida, including the large fruit and vegetable industry.
Management of Blackspot on Three Rose Cultivars Using Antitranspirants in Combination with Chlorothalonil
Authors: Roark Roland S. , Bowen K.L. , Behe B.K. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The efficacy of reducing fungicide use, by combining chlorothalonil with film-forming antitranspirant products and lengthening intervals between applications, was evaluated for control of blackspot of rose. Antitranspirants included three highly refined pine oil (pinolene) products (Nu Film 17, Vapor Gard, and Wilt Pruf) and two latex products (Stressguard and Transfilm), each of which were applied in combination with chlorothalonil fungicide. Antitranspirant solutions were applied at 2- or 3-week intervals, depending on recommended use of the antitranspirant. Blackspot severity, based on proportion of symptomatic foliage, did not differ among treatments in either year of the study. In both study years, defoliation was lower on plants treated weekly with the fungicide alone, with Stressguard (applied at 0.25% in combination with chlorothalonil every 2 weeks), or with Vapor Gard (applied at 2% in solution with chlorothalonil every 3 weeks) compared to nontreated plants. Overall, the above fungicide and antitranspirant solutions reduced season-long fungicide use by 40-69%, without a decrease in disease control, compared to the weekly chlorothalonil treatment. Plant vigor and/or growth, however, was lower with the antitranspirant treatments compared to chlorothalonil alone.
Nitrogen Nutrition of Containerized Anemone x hybrida
Authors: Dubois Jean-Jacques B. , Warren Stuart L. , Blazich Frank A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Uniform single crown plantlets of Anemone x hybrida Paxton ‘Margarete’ were grown in 3.8-liter (#1) containers filled with a substrate of composted pine bark:sand (8:1 by vol). Plants were fertilized three times weekly for 15 weeks with a complete nutrient solution at nitrogen application rates (NARs) of 10, 40, 80, 150 or 300 mg/liter (ppm) nitrogen (N), in a constant ratio of 1 ammonium:2 nitrate. All other nutrients were held constant. Leaf area, top dry weight, and root dry weight increased with increasing NAR until reaching a plateau at a NAR of 144 ± 21 mg/liter (ppm), 158 ± 28 mg/liter (ppm), and 119 ± 30 mg/liter (ppm), respectively. The proportion of fine roots to thick roots was unaffected, and production of propagation material (root cuttings) reached a plateau at a NAR of 108 ± 28 mg/liter (ppm). Leaf concentrations of N, P, and K at maximum leaf area were 4.7%, 0.5%, and 3.5%, respectively.
Growth Regulation of Canna x generalis ‘Florence Vaughan’
Authors: Bruner L. , Keever G.J. , Gilliam C.H. , Kessler J.R. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A study conducted in 1998 and 1999 determined the effects of B-Nine (daminozide) at rates of 2500 to 7500 ppm, Pistill (ethephon) at rates of 125 to 1000 ppm, Bonzi (paclobutrazol) at rates of 33 to 99 ppm, and Cutless (flurprimidol) at rates of 50 to 150 ppm on vegetative growth and flowering of Canna x generalis ‘Florence Vaughan’ during nursery container production and landscape establishment. Vegetative height 30 and 60 days after treatment (DAT), vegetative and inflorescence heights at first flower, and vegetative height at 30 days after planting (DAP) in the landscape were reduced by Cutless in 1998 and 1999. Vegetative height was suppressed quadratically by increasing rates of Cutless, an average of 46% and 42% (1998) and 19.5% and 30% (1999) at 30 and 60 DAT, respectively. In 1998, Cutless delayed flowering one to six days, while in 1999 flowering was accelerated one to eleven days compared to untreated plants. At 30 DAP, height suppression from the lowest rate of Cutless was 5% in 1998 and 14% in 1999; however the effect was not significant at 60 DAP. With increasing rates of Bonzi, vegetative heights at 30 DAT and at first flower were suppressed 16% to 29% and 12% to 25% in 1998, respectively, but not at all in 1999. In 1998, inflorescence height at first flower decreased linearly to a maximum of 20% as Bonzi rate increased, with no effect in 1999. B-Nine did not affect vegetative or inflorescence height or flowering in 1998 or 1999, except for a three-to eight-day delay in flowering in 1998 and an one-to six-day acceleration in flowering in 1999. The only observed treatment effect of Pistill was a 9% to 17% linear height reduction at 30 DAT in 1999. B-Nine and Pistill did not exhibit effective, consistent height suppression in the 1998 or 1999 experiment and do not appear useful in controlling canna lily height.
Toxicity of Pesticides Registered for Use in Landscape Nurseries to the Acarine Biological Control Agent, Neoseiulus fallacis
Authors: Pratt P.D. , Croft B.A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The predatory mite Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) is an important biological control agent of spider mites in landscape plants produced in the Pacific Northwest. Using pesticide toxicity information from the SELCTV database and recent literature reports, we estimated toxicity of several general pesticide classes to N. fallacis, compared susceptibility of N. fallacis to 3 other predatory mites and developed summary tables of pesticide toxicity to N. fallacis. Pesticide classes ranged from low or non-toxic to N. fallacis (i.e., organosulfur) to highly toxic (i.e., oxime carbamate). Pesticide susceptibility data for N. fallacis within or between chemical classes was similar to data for either of Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten, Galendromus occidentalis Nesbitt, or Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot. While all pesticide types (i.e., insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, etc.) contained representatives that were highly toxic to N. fallacis, various compounds were rated low or non-toxic. On average, insecticides were most toxic to N. fallacis, fungicides least toxic and herbicides intermediate. Probability of exposure and integration of N. fallacis into current control practices are discussed.
Use of Compost as a Media Amendment for Containerized Production of Two Subtropical Perennials
Authors: Wilson S.B. , Stoffella P.J. , Graetz D.A. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Growth of Orthosiphon stamineus (cat whiskers) and Angelonia angustifolia Benth. (angelonia) was evaluated in media containing 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% compost (biosolids and yard trimmings mixture, 1:1, by weight). Compost was added to a commercial coir-or peat-based medium. As % compost increased, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), % nitrogen (N), and % carbon (C) increased, and the initial moisture content decreased. Orthosiphon and Angelonia growth was reduced when grown in peat or coir-based media amended with high rates of compost (75 or 100%), but flowering time was generally not affected. All plants were considered visually acceptable, except Angelonia grown in 100% compost.
Resistance of Selected Cultivars of Indian Hawthorn to Entomosporium Leaf Spot, Fireblight, and Anthracnose in Alabama
Authors: Hagan A. K. , Akridge J. R. , Bowen K. L. , Olive J. W. , Tilt K. M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Resistance of 19 cultivars of Indian hawthorn (R. umbellata and R. × delacourii) to the diseases Entomosporium leaf spot (Entomosporiummespili), fireblight (Erwinia amylovora), and anthracnose (Colletotrichium gloeosporioides) was evaluated in a simulated landscape planting in Brewton, AL. Although symptoms of Entomosporium leaf spot were observed each year on the foliage of all cultivars, significant differences in disease severity were noted. Over the four-year test period, the lowest level of leaf spotting and premature leaf shed was consistently seen on Indian Princess® and Olivia™. Significant differences in the susceptibility of Indian hawthorn cultivars to fireblight, particularly in 1997 and 1998, were also noted. ‘Janice’ and ‘Jack Evans’, which proved particularly susceptible to this disease, resulted in the death on nearly all plants. In those same years, minor fireblight damage was also seen on Olivia™. Noticeable anthracnose-induced leaf damage and premature defoliation was recorded in 1997 only on Majestic Beauty®. Among the cultivars of Indian hawthorn screened, Indian Princess® suffered the least damage due to Entomosporium leaf spot, fireblight, and anthracnose over the four-year trial period. Olivia™ has excellent resistance to Entomosporium leaf spot but may prove sensitive to fireblight.
Variation among American Elm Clones in Long-term Dieback, Growth, and Survival following Ophiostoma Inoculation
Authors: Townsend A.M. , Douglass L.W. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Rooted stem cuttings of eight American elm (Ulmus americana L.) cultivars or selections, in addition to rooted stem cuttings of two non-American elm cultivars, ‘Prospector’ (U. wilsoniana Schneid.) and ‘Frontier’ (U. carpinifolia Gleditsch x U. parvifolia Jacq.), all planted in a randomized block, split-plot design, were inoculated on either one of two dates in May 1992 with a mixed spore suspension of Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) C. Nannf. and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier, the causal fungi for Dutch elm disease (DED). Crown dieback and survival were recorded once yearly for 7 years following inoculations, and height growth was measured after the sixth growing season. Analyses of variance and regression showed significant differences in disease severity among all clones tested. Among the American elms, crown dieback and mortality over time were least for ‘Valley Forge,’ ‘Princeton,’ and ‘New Harmony; ’ intermediate for ‘Delaware’ and selection R18-2; and greatest for selections 57845 and 11 and the cultivar American Liberty. Dieback and survival of ‘Prospector’ and ‘Frontier,’ the non-American elms, were comparable to that of the more disease-tolerant American elm clones. Height growth on surviving American elms for six years after inoculation was greatest for ‘Valley Forge’ and ‘Princeton’ and least for 57845, 11, and ‘American Liberty.’ Results demonstrate the ability of certain American elm cultivars and selections to respond and then recover from heavy doses of the two fungi which cause DED.
Pansy Tolerance to Preemergence Herbicides
Authors: Altland James E. , Gilliam Charles H. , Kessler J. Raymond , Wallace Elizabeth M. , Riggs Amy M. 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Three studies were conducted to determine tolerance of pansy cultivars to preemergence applied herbicides. In the first two studies, three cultivars were evaluated for tolerance. In the first study plants were small at the time of treatment [5 cm (2 in) in height]. Herbicides that caused no injury or shoot dry weight (SDW) reduction of ‘Crystal Bowl True Blue’ and ‘Maxim Orange’ were Corral (pendimethalin) and Pennant (metholachlor). With ‘Imperial Antique Shades’, only Pennant 5G caused no injury or SDW reduction. In the second study, with larger transplants [12 to 15 cm (5 to 6 in) in height], the same three pansy cultivars appeared more tolerant of applied herbicides. With ‘Crystal Bowl True Blue’ only Rout 3G and Pendulum 60WDG caused injury and reduced SDW, while with ‘Maxim Orange’ those two plus Ronstar caused injury or SDW reduction. ‘Imperial Antique Shades’ again was the most sensitive cultivar with five herbicides causing injury or SDW reduction. In the third study, two cultivars, ‘Bingo’ and ‘Majestic Giant’, were treated with 11 herbicides. Corral, Treflan, and Factor caused no injury to either cultivar.
Feeding and Ovipositional Responses of Adult Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Simple and Complex Asian Elm Hybrid Selections
Authors: Miller Fredric , Ware George 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Nine recently developed simple and complex Asian hybrids with Ulmus davidiana, U. japonica, U. parvifolia, U. pumila, U. szechuanica and/or U. wilsoniana parentage were evaluated in no-choice laboratory bioassays for their suitability for the adult elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller). Suitability of each biotype was defined by the mean percentage of leaf tissue removed, the mean percentage of females ovipositing, and the mean number of eggs laid per female. Adult female beetles laid significantly more eggs on U. pumila (control) and the complex hybrid U. ‘Morton Red Tip’-Danada Charm™ indicating their greater suitability for ELB. The least suitable single and complex hybrids for adult elm leaf beetles as indicated by feeding and reproduction were U. davidiana x U. ‘ Morton’ -Accolade™ and U. szechuanica x U. japonica. Females feeding on more suitable elms oviposited 3 days earlier than females feeding on less suitable elms. Adult beetle fecundity was correlated with the length of the preovipositional period but mean percentage of females ovipositing was not correlated with length of the preovipositional period. Adult males and females lived approximately 4 days longer on the more suitable elms than on less suitable elms but adult longevity was not correlated with suitability. The percentage of leaf tissue removed by adult beetles on the different biotypes was correlated with beetle fecundity. Less suitable selections of U. davidiana x U. ‘ Morton’ -Accolade™ and U. szechuanica x U. japonica seem promising for future elm breeding programs.