bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Male-Origin Microchimerism on Cardiovascular Disease in Women: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Hallum Sara , Gerds Thomas Alexander , Sehested Thomas Steen Gyldenstierne , Jakobsen Marianne Antonius , Tjønneland Anne , Kamper-Jørgensen Mads 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Increasing parity is associated with an increased risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke in women. This is probably attributable to biological responses of pregnancy. Male cells of presumed fetal origin are commonly present in women years after pregnancy—a phenomenon termed male-origin microchimerism (MOM). In this study, we investigated whether MOM was associated with risk of IHD and ischemic stroke in women. We evaluated the association between MOM and ischemic events in a cohort of 766 Danish women enrolled in the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort during 1993–1997 when aged 50–64 years. Of these women, 545 (71.2%) tested positive for MOM through targeting of the Y chromosome (DYS14 DNA sequence) in their blood. Multiple Cox regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals. We found that MOM was associated with a significantly reduced rate of IHD (hazard ratio = 0.44, 95% confidence interval: 0.23, 0.83) but not ischemic stroke (hazard ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval: 0.46, 1.41). Our findings show that microchimerism positivity is associated with a lower rate of later IHD development in women. Although the underlying mechanisms are presently unknown, MOM may be relevant in women’s cardiovascular health. More studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Male fairy-wrens produce and maintain vibrant breeding colors irrespective of individual quality
Authors: McQueen Alexandra , Delhey Kaspar , Barzan Flavia R , Naimo Annalise C , Peters Anne 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Conspicuous colors may signal individual quality if high-quality individuals produce more elaborate colors or have a greater capacity to invest in color maintenance. We investigate these hypotheses using repeated within-individual observations and experimentally induced color production in a wild bird, the superb fairy-wren (Malurus cyaneus). Male superb fairy-wrens undergo an annual molt from brown, nonbreeding plumage to an ultraviolet-blue and black breeding plumage. Color maintenance is especially relevant for this species because structural, ultraviolet-blue plumage colors are particularly susceptible to fading. Further, only the most sexually attractive males molt to breeding plumage early (before spring) and thereby keep their colors for an extended time before the breeding season. Our results show that (i) sexually attractive, early-molting males do not have higher quality breeding colors and (ii) breeding colors are not impacted by experimentally inducing males to molt early and while in low body condition. We found that (iii) breeding colors do not fade but remain consistent or become more saturated within individuals over time. Despite this, (iv) males do not spend more time preening while in breeding plumage. Instead, males keep their colors in pristine condition by re-molting parts of their breeding plumage throughout the breeding season, suggesting an alternative, potential cost of maintaining ornamental colors. We conclude that variation in structural breeding colors is unlikely to indicate individual quality in superb fairy-wrens.
A review on viral data sources and search systems for perspective mitigation of COVID-19
Authors: Bernasconi Anna , Canakoglu Arif , Masseroli Marco , Pinoli Pietro , Ceri Stefano 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
With the outbreak of the COVID-19 disease, the research community is producing unprecedented efforts dedicated to better understand and mitigate the effects of the pandemic. In this context, we review the data integration efforts required for accessing and searching genome sequences and metadata of SARS-CoV2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 disease, which have been deposited into the most important repositories of viral sequences. Organizations that were already present in the virus domain are now dedicating special interest to the emergence of COVID-19 pandemics, by emphasizing specific SARS-CoV2 data and services. At the same time, novel organizations and resources were born in this critical period to serve specifically the purposes of COVID-19 mitigation while setting the research ground for contrasting possible future pandemics. Accessibility and integration of viral sequence data, possibly in conjunction with the human host genotype and clinical data, are paramount to better understand the COVID-19 disease and mitigate its effects. Few examples of host-pathogen integrated datasets exist so far, but we expect them to grow together with the knowledge of COVID-19 disease; once such datasets will be available, useful integrative surveillance mechanisms can be put in place by observing how common variants distribute in time and space, relating them to the phenotypic impact evidenced in the literature.
Improving gene network inference with graph wavelets and making insights about ageing-associated regulatory changes in lungs
Authors: Mishra Shreya , Srivastava Divyanshu , Kumar Vibhor 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Using gene-regulatory-networks-based approach for single-cell expression profiles can reveal unprecedented details about the effects of external and internal factors. However, noise and batch effect in sparse single-cell expression profiles can hamper correct estimation of dependencies among genes and regulatory changes. Here, we devise a conceptually different method using graphwavelet filters for improving gene network (GWNet)-based analysis of the transcriptome. Our approach improved the performance of several gene network-inference methods. Most Importantly, GWNet improved consistency in the prediction of gene regulatory network using single-cell transcriptome even in the presence of batch effect. The consistency of predicted gene network enabled reliable estimates of changes in the influence of genes not highlighted by differential-expression analysis. Applying GWNet on the single-cell transcriptome profile of lung cells, revealed biologically relevant changes in the influence of pathways and master regulators due to ageing. Surprisingly, the regulatory influence of ageing on pneumocytes type II cells showed noticeable similarity with patterns due to the effect of novel coronavirus infection in human lung.
The Camphor War of 1868: Anglo-Chinese Relations and Imperial Realignments within East Asia
Authors: Po Ronald C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The most totemic nineteenth-century military conflict between Britain and China was the First Opium War; the least memorable, perhaps, was the brief Camphor War of 1868, which broke out twenty-nine years later in Taiwan. As in the First Opium War, the Qing was defeated in the Camphor War as a result of Britain’s clear technological edge over China. Yet this was more than a minor military skirmish: it was an encounter that indicates the eagerness of the Qing to reposition itself in the global arena, both politically and economically. The Camphor War reminds us that the ‘clash of empires’ was very much part of a process of global consumption and commercialisation, which forced the Qing court for the first time to grapple with defending its natural resources and its existing monopoly over an established market. By tracing the social and material history of camphor, we can also see how demand for this commodity set the gears of the Qing, the British and the American empires into motion. The Camphor War was not concerned with a territorial dispute or the opening of a port city; its essential interest lies in revealing how, in the post-Opium age, competition between the Qing Empire and foreign powers could revolve around access to, and control over, a truly global commodity.
The interpretation of CHA2DS2-VASc score components in clinical practice: a joint survey by the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) Scientific Initiatives Committee, the EHRA Young Electrophysiologists, the Association of Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professionals, and the European Society of Cardiology Council on Stroke
Authors: Zhang Juqian , Lenarczyk Radoslaw , Marin Francisco , Malaczynska-Rajpold Katarzyna , Kosiuk Jedrzej , Doehner Wolfram , Van Gelder Isabelle C , Lee Geraldine , Hendriks Jeroen M , Lip Gregory Y H , Potpara Tatjana S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) Scientific Initiatives Committee, EHRA Young Electrophysiologists, Association of Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professionals, and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Council on Stroke joint survey aimed to assess the interpretation of the CHA2DS2-VASc score components and preferred resources for calculating the score. Of 439 respondents, most were general cardiologists (46.7%) or electrophysiologists (EPs) (42.1%). The overall adherence to the ESC-defined scoring criteria was good. Most variation was observed in the interpretation of the significance of left ventricular ejection fraction and brain natriuretic peptide in the scoring for the ‘C’ component, as well as the ‘one-off high reading of blood pressure’ to score on the ‘H’ component. Greater confidence was expressed in scoring the ‘H’ component (72.3%) compared with the ‘C’ (46.2%) and ‘V’ (45.9%) components. Respondents mainly relied on their recall for the scoring of CHA2DS2-VASc score (64.2%). The three most favoured referencing resources varied among different professionals, with pharmacists and physicians relying mainly on memory or web/mobile app, whereas nurses favoured using a web/mobile app followed by memory or guidelines/protocol. In conclusion, this survey revealed overall good adherence to the correct definition of each component in scoring of the ‘C’, ‘H’, and ‘V’ elements of the CHA2DS2-VASc score, although the variation in their interpretations warrants further clarifications. The preferred referencing resources to calculate the score varied among different healthcare professionals. Guideline education to healthcare professionals and updated and unified online/mobile scoring tools are suggested to improve the accuracy in scoring the CHA2DS2-VASc score.
Supersingular O’Grady Varieties of Dimension Six
Authors: Fu Lie , Li Zhiyuan , Zou Haitao 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
O’Grady constructed a 6-dimensional irreducible holomorphic symplectic variety by taking a crepant resolution of some moduli space of stable sheaves on an abelian surface. In this paper, we naturally extend O’Grady’s construction to fields of positive characteristic $p\neq 2$, called OG6 varieties. Assuming $p\geq 3$, we show that a supersingular OG6 variety is unirational, its rational cohomology group is generated by algebraic classes, and its rational Chow motive is of Tate type. These results confirm in this case the generalized Artin–Shioda conjecture, the supersingular Tate conjecture and the supersingular Bloch conjecture proposed in our previous work, in analogy with the theory of supersingular K3 surfaces.
Refocusing Human Microbiota Research in Infectious and Immune-mediated Diseases: Advancing to the Next Stage
Authors: Giovanni Maria Y , Schneider Johanna S , Calder Thomas , Fauci Anthony S 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Changes in the microbiota are associated with disease susceptibility, immune system development, and responses to treatment. Refocusing research to elucidate the causal links between the human microbiota and infectious and immune-mediated diseases will be critical to harnessing its power to prevent, diagnose, and treat such diseases.
Second-line injectable drugs for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis: better the devil we know?
Authors: Tahseen Sabira , Van Deun Armand , de Jong Bouke C , Decroo Tom 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
In its 2020 guidelines for the treatment of rifampicin-resistant TB (RR-TB), the WHO recommends all-oral fluoroquinolone-based regimens, with bedaquiline replacing the second-line injectable drugs (SLIDs). SLIDs were used for their strong acquired resistance-preventing activity. Data from three cohorts showed acquired bedaquiline resistance ranging between 2.5% and 30.8%, with no protection from a SLID in most cases. If bedaquiline resistance is that easily acquired, it will fail to protect fluoroquinolones and other drugs from acquiring resistance. Until evidence on resistance-preventing activity shows that SLIDs can safely be replaced, we call for more prudent use of the few potent second-line TB drugs available. Studies on new treatment regimens need to prioritize the prevention of acquired resistance along with treatment success. Meanwhile, reducing the dosing of SLIDs to thrice weekly from Day 1, and their replacement for any degree of audiometry abnormalities before or during treatment will largely avoid serious ototoxicity.
The Nigeria–Sao Tome and Principe Joint Development—a model for a successful joint development agreement
Authors: Eze Nicholas Chinedu 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This work analyses the concrete application of Articles 74 and 83 of UNCLOS, 1982 which enjoins states to find a resolution to their maritime boundary disputes. It uses the Nigeria–Sao Tome and Principe model of joint development agreement to achieve this by critiquing the important provisions of the agreement. It demonstrates that amicable maritime disputes resolution for resources ownership and control can be achieved by negotiations and agreements. This is authoritative third-party authorities like the ICJ and international arbitral institutions. And pending a more permanent delimitation and resolution, cooperative resources development would emerge and possibly thrive.
The rice LRR-like1 protein YELLOW AND PREMATURE DWARF 1 is involved in leaf senescence induced by high light
Authors: Chen Dongdong , Qiu Zhennan , He Lei , Hou Linlin , Li Man , Zhang Guangheng , Wang Xiaoqi , Chen Guang , Hu Jiang , Gao Zhenyu , Dong Guojun , Ren Deyong , Shen Lan , Zhang Qiang , Guo Longbiao , Qian Qian , Zeng Dali , Zhu Li 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Senescence in plants is induced by endogenous physiological changes and exogenous stresses. In this study, we isolated two alleles of a novel rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, yellow and premature dwarf 1 (ypd1). The ypd1 mutants exhibited a yellow and dwarf phenotype from germination, and premature senescence starting at tillering. Moreover, the ypd1 mutants were sensitive to high light, which accelerated cell death and senescence. Consistent with their yellow phenotype, the ypd1 mutants had abnormal chloroplasts and lower levels of photosynthetic pigments. TUNEL assays together with histochemical staining demonstrated that ypd1 mutants showed cell death and that they accumulated reactive oxygen species. The ypd1 mutants also showed increased expression of genes associated with senescence. Map-based cloning revealed a G→A substitution in exon 6 (ypd1-1) and exon 13 (ypd1-2) of LOC_Os06g13050 that affected splicing and caused premature termination of the encoded protein. YPD1 was found to be preferentially expressed in the leaf and it encodes a LRR-like1 protein. Complementation, overexpression, and targeted deletion confirmed that the mutations in YPD1 caused the ypd1 phenotype. YPD1 was localized on the chloroplast membrane. Our results thus demonstrate that the novel rice LRR-like1 protein YPD1 affects chloroplast development and leaf senescence.
A Methodology for Estimating the Cost of Educating Military Physicians at the Uniformed Services University
Authors: Luan William Patrick , Bishop James , Lindly Jamie , Prugh George , John Sarah K 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The Department of Defense (DoD) operates a large, multi-channeled physician accession pipeline to maintain a professional workforce of over 10,000 active duty physicians. The Uniformed Services University (USU) operates the nation’s only federal medical school providing trained doctors to the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Public Health Service. Although the school serves an essential purpose, policymakers question the cost of operating the University’s medical school. One challenge is to develop reproducible and transparent costing methods that can be used to evaluate the University’s value and efficiency.

Methods
This work proposes a replicable methodology for estimating the cost per student-year at USU. Using detailed data from USU encompassing facility use, budgeting and expenditures, and faculty and student rosters, we break out and attribute costs to the University’s component schools. Using faculty and staff time-use surveys, we further break out education-related personnel costs from other University activities such as research and service. We can then calculate the School of Medicine’s annual cost to educate a uniformed physician.

Results
In Fiscal Year 2017, it cost the DoD approximately $253,000 per year (more than $1 million dollars total over a 4-year curriculum) to directly educate a physician though the USU School of Medicine. Data from the following Fiscal Year show that education costs grew a modest 2.1% per student-year.

Conclusions
This work provides a foundational framework and approach to estimate the costs of accessioning a physician at USU. This methodology can be replicated for subsequent value analyses of physician accession and retention as budgetary pressures change to match the DoD operating environment. Uniformed Services University’s costs should be periodically reassessed against those of alternative accession sources.
Comparing foreground removal techniques for recovery of the LOFAR-EoR 21 cm power spectrum
Authors: Hothi Ian , Chapman Emma , Pritchard Jonathan R , Mertens F G , Koopmans L V E , Ciardi B , Gehlot B K , Ghara R , Ghosh A , Giri S K , Iliev I T , Jelić V , Zaroubi S 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
We compare various foreground removal techniques that are being utilized to remove bright foregrounds in various experiments aiming to detect the redshifted 21 cm signal of neutral hydrogen from the epoch of reionization. In this work, we test the performance of removal techniques (FastICA, GMCA, and GPR) on 10 nights of LOFAR data and investigate the possibility of recovering the latest upper limit on the 21 cm signal. Interestingly, we find that GMCA and FastICA reproduce the most recent 2σ upper limit of $\Delta ^2_{21} \lt $ (73)2 mK2 at k = 0.075 hcMpc−1, which resulted from the application of GPR. We also find that FastICA and GMCA begin to deviate from the noise-limit at k-scales larger than ∼0.1 hcMpc−1. We then replicate the data via simulations to see the source of FastICA and GMCA’s limitations, by testing them against various instrumental effects. We find that no single instrumental effect, such as primary beam effects or mode-mixing, can explain the poorer recovery by FastICA and GMCA at larger k-scales. We then test scale-independence of FastICA and GMCA, and find that lower k-scales can be modelled by a smaller number of independent components. For larger scales (k ≳ 0.1 hcMpc−1), more independent components are needed to fit the foregrounds. We conclude that, the current usage of GPR by the LOFAR collaboration is the appropriate removal technique. It is both robust and less prone to overfitting, with future improvements to GPR’s fitting optimization to yield deeper limits.
First estimations of gravity wave potential energy in the Martian thermosphere: an analysis using MAVEN NGIMS data
Authors: Manju G , Mridula N 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
First estimations of Gravity Wave Potential Energy (GWPE) for Martian thermosphere are reported herein using the height profile of CO2 density derived temperature fluctuations for different Martian seasons during the 33rd Martian year. Explicit diurnal evolution of GWPE (52⁰ to 73⁰ latitude bin) with a post sunset maximum is delineated for summer. The higher values of GWPE are observed during morning, compared to post-midnight (35⁰ to 55⁰ latitude bin) for summer. As latitude increases from 16⁰ to 45⁰, GWPE (1-4 LT bin) is found to be nearly doubled for summer. Further, GWPE estimates in autumn are 6 times higher during night compared to day (-45⁰ to -72⁰ latitude bin) and day time (-53⁰ to -72⁰ latitude bin) GWPE is much lower in autumn compared to spring for all longitudes. Overall, from the available data, southern autumn daytime periods appear better suited for aero-braking operations of Martian landing missions.
The function of RAD52 N-terminal domain is essential for viability of BRCA-deficient cells
Authors: Hanamshet Kritika , Mazin Alexander V 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRAD52 is a member of the homologous recombination pathway that is important for survival of BRCA-deficient cells. Inhibition of RAD52 leads to lethality in BRCA-deficient cells. However, the exact mechanism of how RAD52 contributes to viability of BRCA-deficient cells remains unknown. Two major activities of RAD52 were previously identified: DNA or RNA pairing, which includes DNA/RNA annealing and strand exchange, and mediator, which is to assist RAD51 loading on RPA-covered ssDNA. Here, we report that the N-terminal domain (NTD) of RAD52 devoid of the potential mediator function is essential for maintaining viability of BRCA-deficient cells owing to its ability to promote DNA/RNA pairing. We show that RAD52 NTD forms nuclear foci upon DNA damage in BRCA-deficient human cells and promotes DNA double-strand break repair through two pathways: homology-directed repair (HDR) and single-strand annealing (SSA). Furthermore, we show that mutations in the RAD52 NTD that disrupt these activities fail to maintain viability of BRCA-deficient cells.
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)a.k.a. Ecstasy
Authors: Winter Jerrold 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
As these words are written, the chemical we will call MDMA is a Schedule I drug. This means that MDMA (a) has no currently accepted medical use, (b) no currently accepted safety even under medical supervision, and (c) has a high potential for abuse. On the other hand, there are those who see great therapeutic potential in MDMA, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has designated MDMA- assisted psychotherapy as a breakthrough therapy. We can foresee the day when it will be available by prescription. There is no doubt as to the chemical identity of MDMA, and much is known of its pharmacological effects in humans and in animals. The recreational drug commonly known as Ecstasy is more complicated. As is true for any illegal drug used by millions of people, demand for the drug has been met by persons not noted for their high ethical or manufacturing standards. Simply stated, short of chemical analysis, one can never be sure what street-bought Ecstasy is. For example, investigators at Vanderbilt University determined the contents of 1,214 tablets sold as Ecstasy. Only 39% contained only MDMA, while fully 46% were “substances other than MDMA.” Mixtures of MDMA and other drugs comprised the remaining 15%. On the other hand, sometimes in some places over the past several decades, nearly pure MDMA has been available on the illicit market. Nonetheless, a buyer of Ecstasy may ingest, rather than MDMA, drugs such as ketamine, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), cathinone, ephedrine, caffeine, or any one of the so-called designer drugs, many of which are amphetamine derivatives. A consequence of this pharmacological chaos is that many of the hazards associated with the use of Ecstasy have been uncritically attributed to MDMA. This fact has been a boon for those who would continue the Schedule I status of MDMA and a bane for those who would explore its therapeutic potential. However, in contrast with recreational use where purity of the drug is uncertain, MDMA in clinical trials is FDA approved and of known composition.