bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Ethnic Bias: Can Misattribution-Based Tools from Social Psychology Reveal Group Biases that Economics Games Cannot?
Authors: Blum Ashley , Hazlett Chad , Posner Daniel N. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEconomics games such as the Dictator and Public Goods Games have been widely used to measure ethnic bias in political science and economics. Yet these tools may fail to measure bias as intended because they are vulnerable to self-presentational concerns and/or fail to capture bias rooted in more automatic associative and affective reactions. We examine a set of misattribution-based approaches, adapted from social psychology, that may sidestep these concerns. Participants in Nairobi, Kenya completed a series of common economics games alongside versions of these misattribution tasks adapted for this setting, each designed to detect bias toward noncoethnics relative to coethnics. Several of the misattribution tasks show clear evidence of (expected) bias, arguably reflecting differences in positive/negative affect and heightened threat perception toward noncoethnics. The Dictator and Public Goods Games, by contrast, are unable to detect any bias in behavior toward noncoethnics versus coethnics. We conclude that researchers of ethnic and other biases may benefit from including misattribution-based procedures in their tool kits to widen the set of biases to which their investigations are sensitive.
In Defence of David Armstrong's Materialist Theory of Perception
Authors: Goldstick D. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTThere are no qualia. The phenomenological difference between seeing and visualizing something is that the propositions which the experient begins to believe in the first case are only entertained in the second. We can know what it's like to be a bat by knowing that their echolocation informs them non-inferentially of the shapes, sizes, and directional distances away of nearby surfaces. The terms for secondary qualities like colours, though, are names of the type-properties they designate, tracing back causally to a verbal ‘baptism,’ and so experients don't know the character of colour experiences until they study brain physiology.
The Belt and Road Initiative Agreements: Characteristics, Rationale, and Challenges
Authors: Wang Heng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has brought with it an unprecedented number of agreements. BRI agreements consist of primary agreements (particularly MOUs) and secondary agreements (like performance agreements). They are a distinct, landmark feature of the BRI. Focusing on primary agreements and their close link with secondary agreements, this paper explores the following questions: What are the legal status and characteristics of primary agreements? Why are they adopted by China? What challenges do they face? BRI primary agreements can be regarded as a form of soft law, but that repurposes soft law characteristics for project development rather than rule development. BRI primary agreements have the following unique characteristics: (i) minimal legalization, (ii) a coordinated, project-based nature, and (iii) a hub-and-spoke network structure. While BRI primary agreements benefit from the advantages of soft law (e.g., reduced contracting costs, flexibility), they face challenges including those concerning underlying interests and their effectiveness.
Ammonium sulfate improves the efficacy of glyphosate on South African lovegrass (Eragrostis plana) under water stress
Authors: Bastiani Marlon O. , Roma-Burgos Nilda , Langaro Ana C. , Salas-Perez Reiofeli A. , Rouse Christopher E. , Fipke Marcus V. , Lamego Fabiane P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSouth African lovegrass (Eragrostis planaNees) is the most important weed of native pastures in southern Brazil. Management options are limited under water-stress conditions, and glyphosate has been the main tool for control. This study compared four salts of glyphosate applied at three growth stages and determined the glyphosate tolerance level. In addition, the performance of ammonium sulfate (AMS) under two soil moisture conditions (50% and 100% of water-holding capacity) and the effect of AMS on absorption and translocation of radiolabeled [14C]glyphosate were evaluated. The potassium salt of glyphosate had the fastest activity across growth stages ofE. plana, which is more vulnerable to glyphosate at the panicle initiation stage. Isopropylamine salt was the slowest-acting glyphosate formulation. Younger plants were typically more easily controlled than older plants at the full tillering stage. The addition of AMS increased the level of control of drought-stressedE. planacompared with glyphosate alone by increasing translocation out of the treated leaf and consequently increasing the concentration of glyphosate in the primary culm. These data can be used to plan an effective management program forE. planathat takes into account the developmental stage of desired pasture grass species.
Crystallization-induced mechanofluorescence for visualization of polymer crystallization
Authors: Kato Sota , Furukawa Shigeki , Aoki Daisuke , Goseki Raita , Oikawa Kazusato , Tsuchiya Kousuke , Shimada Naohiko , Maruyama Atsushi , Numata Keiji , Otsuka Hideyuki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe growth of lamellar crystals has been studied in particular for spherulites in polymeric materials. Even though such spherulitic structures and their growth are of crucial importance for the mechanical and optical properties of the resulting polymeric materials, several issues regarding the residual stress remain unresolved in the wider context of crystal growth. To gain further insight into micro-mechanical forces during the crystallization process of lamellar crystals in polymeric materials, herein, we introduce tetraarylsuccinonitrile (TASN), which generates relatively stable radicals with yellow fluorescence upon homolytic cleavage at the central C–C bond in response to mechanical stress, into crystalline polymers. The obtained crystalline polymers with TASN at the center of the polymer chain allow not only to visualize the stress arising from micro-mechanical forces during polymer crystallization via fluorescence microscopy but also to evaluate the micro-mechanical forces upon growing polymer lamellar crystals by electron paramagnetic resonance, which is able to detect the radicals generated during polymer crystallization.
Climate warming from managed grasslands cancels the cooling effect of carbon sinks in sparsely grazed and natural grasslands
Authors: Chang Jinfeng , Ciais Philippe , Gasser Thomas , Smith Pete , Herrero Mario , Havlík Petr , Obersteiner Michael , Guenet Bertrand , Goll Daniel S. , Li Wei , Naipal Victoria , Peng Shushi , Qiu Chunjing , Tian Hanqin , Viovy Nicolas , Yue Chao , Zhu Dan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGrasslands absorb and release carbon dioxide (CO2), emit methane (CH4) from grazing livestock, and emit nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils. Little is known about how the fluxes of these three greenhouse gases, from managed and natural grasslands worldwide, have contributed to past climate change, or the roles of managed pastures versus natural grasslands. Here, global trends and regional patterns of the full greenhouse gas balance of grasslands are estimated for the period 1750 to 2012. A new spatially explicit land surface model is applied, to separate the direct effects of human activities from land management and the indirect effects from climate change, increasing CO2 and regional changes in nitrogen deposition. Direct human management activities are simulated to have caused grasslands to switch from a sink to a source of greenhouse gas, because of increased livestock numbers and accelerated conversion of natural lands to pasture. However, climate change drivers contributed a net carbon sink in soil organic matter, mainly from the increased productivity of grasslands due to increased CO2 and nitrogen deposition. The net radiative forcing of all grasslands is currently close to neutral, but has been increasing since the 1960s. Here, we show that the net global climate warming caused by managed grassland cancels the net climate cooling from carbon sinks in sparsely grazed and natural grasslands. In the face of future climate change and increased demand for livestock products, these findings highlight the need to use sustainable management to preserve and enhance soil carbon storage in grasslands and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from managed grasslands.
Four-dimensional imaging of lattice dynamics using ab-initio simulation
Authors: Rana Navdeep , Roy Aditya Prasad , Bansal Dipanshu , Dixit Gopal 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTime-resolved mapping of lattice dynamics in real- and momentum-space is essential to better understand several ubiquitous phenomena such as heat transport, displacive phase transition, thermal conductivity, and many more. In this regard, time-resolved diffraction and microscopy methods are employed to image the induced lattice dynamics within a pump–probe configuration. In this work, we demonstrate that inelastic scattering methods, with the aid of theoretical simulation, are competent to provide similar information as one could obtain from the time-resolved diffraction and imaging measurements. To illustrate the robustness of the proposed method, our simulated result of lattice dynamics in germanium is in excellent agreement with the time-resolved x-ray diffuse scattering measurement performed using x-ray free-electron laser. For a given inelastic scattering data in energy and momentum space, the proposed method is useful to image in-situ lattice dynamics under different environmental conditions of temperature, pressure, and magnetic field. Moreover, the technique will profoundly impact where time-resolved diffraction within the pump–probe setup is not feasible, for instance, in inelastic neutron scattering.
Putative second hit rare genetic variants in families with seemingly GBA-associated Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Aslam Muhammad , Kandasamy Nirosiya , Ullah Anwar , Paramasivam Nagarajan , Öztürk Mehmet Ali , Naureen Saima , Arshad Abida , Badshah Mazhar , Khan Kafaitullah , Wajid Muhammad , Abbasi Rashda , Ilyas Muhammad , Eils Roland , Schlesner Matthias , Wade Rebecca C. , Ahmad Nafees , von Engelhardt Jakob 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRare variants in the beta-glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA1) are common genetic risk factors for alpha synucleinopathy, which often manifests clinically as GBA-associated Parkinson’s disease (GBA-PD). Clinically, GBA-PD closely mimics idiopathic PD, but it may present at a younger age and often aggregates in families. Most carriers of GBA variants are, however, asymptomatic. Moreover, symptomatic PD patients without GBA variant have been reported in families with seemingly GBA-PD. These observations obscure the link between GBA variants and PD pathogenesis and point towards a role for unidentified additional genetic and/or environmental risk factors or second hits in GBA-PD. In this study, we explored whether rare genetic variants may be additional risk factors for PD in two families segregating the PD-associated GBA1 variants c.115+1G>A (ClinVar ID: 93445) and p.L444P (ClinVar ID: 4288). Our analysis identified rare genetic variants of the HSP70 co-chaperone DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 6 (DNAJB6) and lysosomal protein prosaposin (PSAP) as additional factors possibly influencing PD risk in the two families. In comparison to the wild-type proteins, variant DNAJB6 and PSAP proteins show altered functions in the context of cellular alpha-synuclein homeostasis when expressed in reporter cells. Furthermore, the segregation pattern of the rare variants in the genes encoding DNAJB6 and PSAP indicated a possible association with PD in the respective families. The occurrence of second hits or additional PD cosegregating rare variants has important implications for genetic counseling in PD families with GBA1 variant carriers and for the selection of PD patients for GBA targeted treatments.
Parkinson’s disease with restless legs syndrome—an in vivo corneal confocal microscopy study
Authors: Andréasson Mattias , Lagali Neil , Badian Reza A. , Utheim Tor Paaske , Scarpa Fabio , Colonna Alessia , Allgeier Stephan , Bartschat Andreas , Köhler Bernd , Mikut Ralf , Reichert Klaus-Martin , Solders Göran , Samuelsson Kristin , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Svenningsson Per 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSmall fiber neuropathy (SFN) has been suggested as a trigger of restless legs syndrome (RLS). An increased prevalence of peripheral neuropathy has been demonstrated in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We aimed to investigate, in a cross-sectional manner, whether SFN is overrepresented in PD patients with concurrent RLS relative to PD patients without RLS, using in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (IVCCM) and quantitative sensory testing (QST) as part of small fiber assessment. Study participants comprised of age- and sex-matched PD patients with (n = 21) and without RLS (n = 21), and controls (n = 13). Diagnosis of RLS was consolidated with the sensory suggested immobilization test. Assessments included nerve conduction studies (NCS), Utah Early Neuropathy Scale (UENS), QST, and IVCCM, with automated determination of corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) and branch density (CNBD) from wide-area mosaics of the subbasal nerve plexus. Plasma neurofilament light (p-NfL) was determined as a measure of axonal degeneration. No significant differences were found between groups when comparing CNFL (p = 0.81), CNBD (p = 0.92), NCS (p = 0.82), and QST (minimum p = 0.54). UENS scores, however, differed significantly (p = 0.001), with post-hoc pairwise testing revealing higher scores in both PD groups relative to controls (p = 0.018 and p = 0.001). Analysis of all PD patients (n = 42) revealed a correlation between the duration of l-dopa therapy and CNBD (ρ = −0.36, p = 0.022), and p-NfL correlated with UENS (ρ = 0.35, p = 0.026) and NCS (ρ = −0.51, p = 0.001). Small and large fiber neuropathy do not appear to be associated with RLS in PD. Whether peripheral small and/or large fiber pathology associates with central neurodegeneration in PD merits further longitudinal studies.
Systems of Oppression in Geriatric Clinical Service Delivery
Authors: Kendall Diane L. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this article was to extend the concepts of systems of oppression in higher education to the clinical setting where communication and swallowing services are delivered to geriatric persons, and to begin a conversation as to how clinicians can disrupt oppression in their workplace.

Conclusions
As clinical service providers to geriatric persons, it is imperative to understand systems of oppression to affect meaningful change. As trained speech-language pathologists and audiologists, we hold power and privilege in the medical institutions in which we work and are therefore obligated to do the hard work. Suggestions offered in this article are only the start of this important work.
Matter accretion in metal-poor stars down to extremely metal-poor stars and the lithium problem
Authors: Deal M. , Richard O. , Vauclair S. 
Published: January 2021

Context. The formation and evolution of light elements in the Universe act as important cosmological constraints. It has long been assumed that the oldest stars of the Galaxy display the primordial lithium abundance in their outer layers, although studies of stellar physics have proven that this abundance must have decreased with time. The primordial Li abundance deduced from the observations of the cosmic background is, indeed, larger than the maximum observed in these stars. Recent observations have given evidence of a large Li abundance dispersion in very metal-poor stars. Many of these stars are carbon-rich, that is, the so-called carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars. A large number of them also present overabundances of s process elements (CEMP-s).
Aims. We address the general question of the observed abundances in metal-poor stars and we focus our study on the case of CEMP-s stars. We study how the accretion of the wind of stellar companions, especially asymptotic giant branch stars, modifies the element abundances of metal-poor stars and, in particular, lithium, taking into account the stellar structure and the hydrodynamic processes that take place after accretion. We compare the results with the observations of lithium and heavier elements in these old stars on the main sequence.
Methods. We use the Montréal/Montpellier stellar evolution code, which includes atomic diffusion and thermohaline convection, to compute the internal structure of the proto-CEMP-s stars and their evolution, from [Fe/H] = −2.31 down to [Fe/H] = −5.45. We study a number of cases that vary according to the masses of the stars, their ages, metallicities, and the distances to their respective companions.
Results. We show that the observations of lithium dispersion that is associated (or not) with carbon enrichment are well accounted for in terms of accretion on to the metal-poor stars of the winds of stellar companions, with accreted masses smaller than those considered in previous studies. The derived primordial value is in accordance with the cosmological results.
Formation and dynamics of water clouds on temperate sub-Neptunes: the example of K2-18b
Authors: Charnay B. , Blain D. , Bézard B. , Leconte J. , Turbet M. , Falco A. 
Published: January 2021

Context. Hubble Space Telescope (HST) spectroscopic transit observations of the temperate sub-Neptune K2-18b were interpreted as the presence of water vapour with potential water clouds. 1D modelling studies also predict the formation of water clouds in K2-18b’s atmosphere in some conditions. However, such models cannot predict the cloud cover, which is driven by atmospheric dynamics and thermal contrasts, and thus neither can they predict the real impact of clouds on spectra.
Aims. The main goal of this study is to understand the formation, distribution, and observational consequences of water clouds on K2-18b and other temperate sub-Neptunes.
Methods. We simulated the atmospheric dynamics, water cloud formation, and spectra of K2-18b for a H2-dominated atmosphere using a 3D general circulation model. We analysed the impact of atmospheric composition (with metallicity from 1× solar to 1000× solar), concentration of cloud condensation nuclei, and planetary rotation rate.
Results. Assuming that K2-18b has a synchronous rotation, we show that the atmospheric circulation in the upper atmosphere essentially corresponds to a symmetric day-to-night circulation with very efficient heat redistribution. This regime preferentially leads to cloud formation at the sub-stellar point or at the terminator. Clouds form at metallicity ≥100× solar with relatively large particles (radius = 30–450 μm). At 100–300× solar metallicity, the cloud fraction at the terminators is small with a limited impact on transit spectra. At 1000× solar metallicity, very thick clouds form at the terminator, greatly flattening the transit spectrum. The cloud distribution appears very sensitive to the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei and to the planetary rotation rate, although the impact on transit spectra is modest in the near-infrared. Fitting HST transit data with our simulated spectra suggests a metallicity of ~100–300× solar, which is consistent with the mass-metallicity trend of giant planets in the Solar System. In addition, we found that the cloud fraction at the terminator can be highly variable in some conditions, leading to a potential variability in transit spectra that is correlated with spectral windows. This effect could be common on cloudy exoplanets and could be detectable with multiple transit observations. Finally, the complex cloud dynamics revealed in this study highlight the inherent 3D nature of clouds shaped by couplings between microphysics, radiation, and atmospheric circulation.
Water maser variability in a high-mass YSO outburst
Authors: Hirota Tomoya , Cesaroni Riccardo , Moscadelli Luca , Sugiyama Koichiro , Burns Ross A. , Kim Jungha , Sunada Kazuyoshi , Yonekura Yoshinori 
Published: January 2021

Context. Clarifying the relationship between mass accretion and ejection history is one of the key issues in understanding high-mass star formation processes.
Aims. We aim to investigate the possible relationship between the mass accretion burst event in mid-June 2015 and the jet ejection in the high-mass protostar S255 NIRS 3.
Methods. The Very Long Baseline Interferometer (VLBI) monitoring observations of the 22 GHz H2O masers were carried out using VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA) to reveal the 3D velocity and spatial structure of the outflow/jet traced by the H2O masers in S255 NIRS 3. In addition, we conducted follow-up observations of the submillimeter continuum and the 321 GHz H2O masers with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) at Band 7.
Results. We successfully measured the proper motions of the 22 GHz H2O masers associated with a bipolar outflow. The structure is almost the same as was observed in 2005 and 2010. The expansion velocity of the blueshifted bow shock traced by the 22 GHz H2O masers was measured to be 28 km s−1, corresponding to a dynamical timescale of 60 yr. The direction of the maser outflow is slightly tilted compared with the radio jet, which could suggest a more recent ejection episode during the accretion burst event. The total flux density of the 22 GHz H2O masers gradually increases from the beginning of the VLBI monitoring in early 2017 and becomes almost constant in subsequent single-dish monitoring in 2018. The brightening of the H2O masers is more prominent in the northeast outflow lobe. For the first time, we revealed extended H2O maser emission at 22 GHz in a star-forming region, which is partly resolved out by VERA and even by the most extended Very Large Array (VLA) configurations. We find that the flux variation of such an extended component is similar to that of the unresolved maser emission. The ALMA Band 7 continuum emission did not show significant variations compared with the previous observations performed five months before. We mapped the 321 GHz H2O masers in S255 NIRS 3 providing the fourth example, for this maser, of the spatial distribution in a high-mass star-forming region.
Conclusions. We conclude that the bow shock structure traced by the 22 GHz H2O maser features is unlikely to originate at the interface between the radio jet powered by the recent accretion outburst and the surrounding medium. The brightening of the 22 GHz H2O masers could be due to radiative excitation by photons form the (declining) infrared (IR) outburst escaping along the cavity created by the newly ejected material. The lower ratio of the 22 GHz/321 GHz maser luminosity in the blueshifted bow shock suggests a temperature ( >1000 K), higher than for the other maser features in this region.