bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Genetic Predictors of Priapism in Sickle Cell Disease: Results from the Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study III Brazil Cohort Study
Authors: Cintho Ozahata Mina , Page Grier P. , Guo Yuelong , Ferreira João Eduardo , Dinardo Carla Luana , Carneiro-Proietti Anna Bárbara F. , Loureiro Paula , Mota Rosimere Afonso , Rodrigues Daniela O.W. , Belisario André Rolim , Maximo Claudia , Flor-Park Miriam V. , Custer Brian , Kelly Shannon , Sabino Ester Cerdeira 
Published: October 2019

AbstractIntroductionPriapism is the persistent and painful erection of the penis and is a common sickle cell disease (SCD) complication.AimThe goal of this study was to characterize clinical and genetic factors associated with priapism within a large multi-center SCD cohort in Brazil.MethodsCases with priapism were compared to SCD type-matched controls within defined age strata to identify clinical outcomes associated with priapism. Whole blood single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping was performed using a customized array, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with priapism.Main Outcome MeasureOf the 1,314 male patients in the cohort, 188 experienced priapism (14.3%).ResultsPriapism was more common among older patients (P = .006) and more severe SCD genotypes such as homozygous SS (P &lt; .0001). In the genotype- and age-matched analyses, associations with priapism were found for pulmonary hypertension (P = .05) and avascular necrosis (P = .01). The GWAS suggested replication of a previously reported candidate gene association of priapism for the gene transforming growth factor beta receptor 3 (TGFBR3) (P = 2 × 10−4).Clinical ImplicationsOlder patients with more severe genotypes are at higher risk of priapism, and there is a lack of consensus on standard treatment strategies for priapism in SCD.Strengths & LimitationsThis study characterizes SCD patients with any history of priapism from a large multi-center cohort. Replication of the GWAS in an independent cohort is required to validate the results.ConclusionThese findings extend the understanding of risk factors associated with priapism in SCD and identify genetic markers to be investigated in future studies to further elucidate priapism pathophysiology.
Metaphysical Constraints, Primitivism, and Reduction
Authors: BERTRAND MICHAEL 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe argument from absence of analysis (AAA) infers primitivism about some x from the absence of a reductive analysis ofx. But philosophers use the word ‘primitive’ to mean many distinct things. I argue that there is a robust sense of ‘primitive’ present in the metaphysics literature that cannot be inferred via the AAA. Successfully demonstrating robust primitivism about somexrequires showing two things at once: that a reduction ofxis not possible and that an explanatorily deep characterization ofxis not available. In order to secure this second explanatory claim, the AAA must wrongly assume that reductive analysis is our only source of explanatory characterization. I argue that this is false by offering a distinct way of providing explanatory characterizations backed by suitably understood metaphysical constraints. While there remains a minimal sense of ‘primitive’ inferable via the AAA, this sense is exhausted by the denial of reduction. With minimal primitivism as its target, the AAA is uninteresting.
Impact of an electronic hard-stop clinical decision support tool to limit repeat Clostridioides difficile toxin enzyme immunoassay testing on test utilization
Authors: Kwon Jennie H. , Reske Kimberly A. , Hink Tiffany , Jackups Ronald , Burnham Carey-Ann D. , Dubberke Erik R. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWe performed an intervention evaluating the impact of an electronic hard-stop clinical decision support tool on repeat Clostridioides difficile (CD) toxin enzyme immunoassay (T-EIA) testing. The CD testing rate and number of admissions with repeat tests decreased significantly postintervention (P < .01 for both); the percentage of positive tests was unchanged (P = .27).
Women, Legal Records, and the Problem of the Lawyer's Hand
Authors: Stretton Tim 
Published: October 2019

AbstractCourt records provide invaluable evidence of the existence of laws and notional rights affecting women and how these were (or were not) enforced and exercised. Many documents provide tantalizing glimpses of female thinking and echoes of female voices, but these remain elusive because of the influence of the lawyers, scribes, and officials who helped shape and record them. This article examines the multiple difficulties that researchers face in distinguishing women's contributions from those of lawyers in legal records, and argues that the artificial nature of legal processes complicates conceptions of “authentic” female voices. It suggests ways to address methodological problems and concludes that focusing on multiple voices and processes of collaboration may bear more fruit than seeking to extract individual women's private thoughts and words.
Coverture and the Marital Partnership in Late Medieval Nottingham: Women's Litigation at the Borough Court, ca. 1300–ca.1500
Authors: Phipps Teresa 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWomen engaged in litigation in Nottingham's borough court as both plaintiffs and defendants for a variety of reasons relating to trade, household provisioning, misbehavior and interpersonal disputes. This article examines how women's litigation was determined by the doctrine of coverture and the way that women's marital status shaped and defined their experience of the law. In doing so, it explores how these pleas reveal the workings of the marital partnership within a late medieval English town. In order to contextualize the experiences of women “under coverture,” the article first traces the ways in which all manner of female marital and household identities were documented in the court records, analyzing the descriptors that court scribes attached to individual women's names. The article highlights inconsistency in the way that women's identities were recorded and in the way that the marital partnership was represented through the litigation of spouses in the borough court. The dual focus of this article not only adds new evidence to ongoing discussions of the nature of medieval coverture but also interrogates how we identify coverture and women's marital statuses based on the evidence of court records.
Breakage, coalescence and size distribution of surfactant-laden droplets in turbulent flow
Authors: Soligo Giovanni , Roccon Alessio , Soldati Alfredo 
Published: October 2019

In this work, we compute numerically breakage/coalescence rates and size distribution of surfactant-laden droplets in turbulent flow. We use direct numerical simulation of turbulence coupled with a two-order-parameter phase-field method to describe droplets and surfactant dynamics. We consider two different values of the surface tension (i.e. two values for the Weber number, $We$, the ratio between inertial and surface tension forces) and four types of surfactant (i.e. four values of the elasticity number, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{s}$, which defines the strength of the surfactant). Stretching, breakage and merging of droplet interfaces are controlled by the complex interplay among shear stresses, surface tension and surfactant distribution, which are deeply intertwined. Shear stresses deform the interface, changing the local curvature and thus surface tension forces, but also advect surfactant over the interface. In turn, local increases of surfactant concentration reduce surface tension, changing the interface deformability and producing tangential (Marangoni) stresses. Finally, the interface feeds back to the local shear stresses via the capillary stresses, and changes the local surfactant distribution as it deforms, breaks and merges. We find that Marangoni stresses have a major role in restoring a uniform surfactant distribution over the interface, contrasting, in particular, the action of shear stresses: this restoring effect is proportional to the elasticity number and is stronger for smaller droplets. We also find that lower surface tension (higher $We$ or higher $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}_{s}$) increases the number of breakage events, as expected, but also the number of coalescence events, more unexpected. The increase of the number of coalescence events can be traced back to two main factors: the higher probability of inter-droplet collisions, favoured by the larger number of available droplets, and the decreased deformability of smaller droplets. Finally, we show that, for all investigated cases, the steady-state droplet size distribution is in good agreement with the $-10/3$ power-law scaling (Garrett et al., J. Phys. Oceanogr., vol. 30 (9), 2000, pp. 2163–2171), conforming to previous experimental observations (Deane & Stokes, Nature, vol. 418 (6900), 2002, p. 839) and numerical simulations (Skartlien et al., J. Chem. Phys., vol. 139 (17), 2013).
Nurse managers: being deviant to make a difference
Authors: Crewe Sandra , Girardi Antonia 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWithin healthcare, studies support that nurse manager leadership behaviours positively influence nursing outcomes. However, how this behaviour promotes positive outcomes is less well understood. Integrating a ‘positive deviance framework’ and a ‘model for reflection’, this paper uniquely uncovers positive nurse manager behaviours that deviate from ‘business as usual’ in managing and leading healthcare staff. Applying an interpretivist lens to qualitative data collected from 24 nurse managers from Australia and Seychelles, the outcomes illustrate examples of positive leadership, exemplary performance, and uncommon behaviours and actions amongst nurse managers resulting in positive nursing experiences and positive organisational outcomes. Nurse managers practising positive leadership and taking on an employee champion role, underscore these behaviours. This study contributes to the research of positive outcomes, processes, and attributes of healthcare organisations and their members.
Combining and competing effects between precipitation and temperature on Holocene fire regime evolution inferred from a sedimentary black carbon record in southwestern China
Authors: Ning Dongliang , Zhang Enlou , Shulmeister James , Chang Jie , Sun Weiwei , Ni Zhenyu 
Published: October 2019

AbstractWildfires are sensitive to climate change, but their response to changes in temperature and precipitation on long timescales is still disputed. In this study, we present a ~9.4 ka black carbon mass sedimentation rate (BCMSR) record from Lake Ximenglongtan (XMLT), southwestern China, to elucidate the Holocene fire regime and its linkages to climatic conditions. The results indicate that the regional fire activity was low during the early Holocene (before 7.6 cal ka BP), increased notably at 7.6 cal ka BP, and continued to increase gradually during the mid- to late Holocene until 2.2 ka. The episodes of higher fire occurrence reflected by higher BCMSR over the last 2.2 ka might be more likely related to the intensified human activities. The cool and humid climate during the early Holocene limited the spread of fire, while warming and drying at ~7.6 cal ka BP triggered higher fire occurrence. Instead of temperature, changes in precipitation dominated fire regime variation during the mid- to late Holocene. On millennial timescales, we suggest that Holocene fire variability has been predominantly controlled by the combined effects of Northern Hemisphere (NH) summer and winter insolation that influenced monsoonal precipitation and fire season temperature, respectively. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events may also have affected fire incidence through influencing monsoon intensity.
New Radiocarbon Dates for the Late Gravettian in Eastern Central Europe
Authors: Wilczyński Jarosław , Goslar Tomasz , Wojtal Piotr , Oliva Martin , Göhlich Ursula B , Antl-Weiser Walpurga , Šída Petr , Verpoorte Alexander , Lengyel György 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe Middle Upper Palaeolithic (MUP) in eastern Central Europe (ECE) comprises three variants of Gravettian culture: Early Gravettian, Pavlovian, and Late Gravettian. While Early Gravettian and Pavlovian are merely located in Lower Austria and Moravia, the Late Gravettian occupations occurred over the entire territory of ECE. Compared to the number of sites the radiocarbon dating and the absolute chronology of the Late Gravettian is rather poor. The results presented here bring a new set of radiocarbon (14C) dates for the Late Gravettian period in ECE and propose that this period began and ended earlier than previously suggested.
Women in the Silver Mines of Potosí: Rethinking the History of “Informality” and “Precarity” (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)
Authors: Romano Rossana Barragán 
Published: October 2019

AbstractUnderground mining in Potosí was a male sphere. Nevertheless, women were actively involved in the early stages of silver mining in Potosí, when traditional technologies were still in use. They also played an important role in the local ore market. After the introduction of new technology and the reorganization of the labour force, the process of refining ore was much more complicated. Women then participated in some stages of the process: in selecting the ores and sieving. This implies that mining is a complex process with a labour and gender division that has been underrated and underestimated. More importantly, women became owners of rudimentary mills (trapiches) where the ore was processed, selling different amounts of silver to the Spanish authorities, making their living in this way.
Scandal in Mesopotamia: Press, empire, and India during the First World War
Authors: SEHGAL MANU , SEHRAWAT SAMIKSHA 
Published: October 2019

AbstractBy providing the first comprehensive account of the role of the British and Indian press in war propaganda, this article makes an intervention in the global history of the First World War. The positive propaganda early in the war, intertwined with a rhetoric of loyalism, contrasted with how the conservative British press affixed blame for military defeats in Mesopotamia upon the colonial regime's failure to effectively mobilize India's resources. Using a highly emotive and enduring trope of the ‘Mesopotamia muddle’, the Northcliffe press was successful in channelling a high degree of public scrutiny onto the campaign. The effectiveness of this criticism ensured that debates about the Mesopotamian debacle became a vehicle for registering criticism of structures of colonial rule and control in India. On the one hand, this critique hastened constitutional reforms and devolution in colonial India and, on the other, it led to demands that the inadequacy of India's contribution to the war be remedied by raising war loans. Both the colonial government and its nationalist critics were briefly and paradoxically united in opposing these demands. The coercive extraction of funds for the imperial war effort as well as the British press's vituperative criticism contributed to a post-war, anti-colonial political upsurge. The procedure of creating a colonial ‘scandal’ out of a military disaster required a specific politics for assessing the regulated flows of information, which proved to be highly effective in shaping both the enquiry that followed and the politics of interwar colonial South Asia.
What role should randomized control trials play in providing the evidence base for conservation?
Authors: Pynegar Edwin L. , Gibbons James M. , Asquith Nigel M. , Jones Julia P. G. 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThe effectiveness of many widely used conservation interventions is poorly understood because of a lack of high-quality impact evaluations. Randomized control trials (RCTs), in which experimental units are randomly allocated to treatment or control groups, offer an intuitive way to calculate the impact of an intervention by establishing a reliable counterfactual scenario. As many conservation interventions depend on changing people's behaviour, conservation impact evaluation can learn a great deal from RCTs in fields such as development economics, where RCTs have become widely used but are controversial. We build on relevant literature from other fields to discuss how RCTs, despite their potential, are just one of a number of ways to evaluate impact, are not feasible in all circumstances, and how factors such as spillover between units and behavioural effects must be considered in their design. We offer guidance and a set of criteria for deciding when RCTs may be an appropriate approach for evaluating conservation interventions, and factors to consider to ensure an RCT is of high quality. We illustrate this with examples from one of the few concluded RCTs of a large-scale conservation intervention: an incentive-based conservation programme in the Bolivian Andes. We argue that conservation should aim to avoid a rerun of the polarized debate surrounding the use of RCTs in other fields. Randomized control trials will not be feasible or appropriate in many circumstances, but if used carefully they can be useful and could become a more widely used tool for the evaluation of conservation impact.
When the workplace is the home: labour inspectors’ discretionary power in the field of domestic work – an institutional analysis
Authors: Paraciani Rebecca , Rizza Roberto 
Published: October 2019

AbstractThis article builds on previous studies concerning the question of street-level bureaucracy, an expression coined by Lipsky (1980) – Street-Level Bureaucracy. Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services (New York: Russel Sage Foundation) – to highlight the importance of the discretionary power that professionals in public agencies exercise during the implementation of laws, standards and guidelines. Discretion may depend on the need to compromise between the limited resources available and the claims of citizens, or between administrative policy directives and assessments, on the one hand, and their interpretation by “street-level” bureaucrats, on the other. This article focuses on the dilemmas that labour inspectors face when dealing with employment irregularities involving domestic workers. Based on nine months of observations in a local office of the Italian Labour Inspectorate, it aims to understand how labour inspectors make use of their discretionary power when the workplace is the home. This article connects studies of street-level bureaucracy with the new institutional organisational analysis, focusing on the isomorphic pressures from the institutional field in which the labour inspectors operate, together with the manner in which such pressures shape labour inspectors’ discretion. Through this connection, the article aims to extend the scope of both theories.
Google Books Ngrams and Political Science: Two Validity Tests for a Novel Data Source
Authors: Richey Sean , Taylor J. Benjamin 
Published: October 2019

ABSTRACTGoogle Books Ngrams data are freely available and contain billions of words used in tens of millions of digitized books, which begin in the 1500s for some languages. We explore the benefits and pitfalls of these data by showing examples from comparative and American politics. Specifically, we show how usage of the phrase “political corruption” in Italian, French, German, and Hebrew books strongly correlates with Transparency International’s well-cited Corruption Index for France, Italy, German, and Israel. We also use Ngrams to show that the explosive growth in usage of the phrases “Asian American,” “Latino,” and “Hispanic” correlates with real-world changes in these populations after the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. These applications show that Ngram data correlate strongly with similar data from well-respected sources. This suggests that Ngrams has content validity and can be used as a proxy measure for previously difficult-to-research phenomena and questions.
Ist die psychologische Forschung durchlässig für aktuelle gesellschaftliche Themen?
Authors: Bittermann André , Klos Eva Maria 
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung. Vor dem Hintergrund der Beziehung zwischen gesellschaftlichen Herausforderungen und entsprechenden Beiträgen der Wissenschaft wurde am Beispiel des Themenbereichs Flucht und Migration untersucht, inwiefern die psychologische Forschung jeweils aktuelle gesellschaftliche und politische Fragestellungen aufgreift, ob sie eine evidenzbasierte Grundlage für diese Fragestellungen schafft und welchen Teildisziplinen der Psychologie die Forschungsthemen zugeordnet werden können. Dazu wurden mit Structural Topic Modeling die Abstracts von 4.073 Publikationen aus den deutschsprachigen Ländern, dokumentiert in der psychologischen Referenzdatenbank PSYNDEX und veröffentlicht zwischen 1980 und 2017, analysiert. Es konnten 19 Themen identifiziert werden. Den stärksten zunehmenden Trend zeigten Traumatisierung von Flüchtlingen, transkulturelle Psychotherapie sowie die rehabilitative Behandlung von Patienten mit Migrationshintergrund. Im Bereich der Situation von Ausländern und Gastarbeitern, der Kriminalität von Jugendlichen sowie der sozialen Integration und Akkulturation mit Bezug zur ehemaligen DDR zeigte sich die deutlichste Abnahme der Wahrscheinlichkeit. Das Thema Sprachentwicklung von Migrantenkindern wies die höchste Wahrscheinlichkeit auf, von empirischen Studien behandelt zu werden, das Thema Identitätsentwicklung die höchste Wahrscheinlichkeit von nicht-empirischen Beiträgen. Zusammenfassend wird konstatiert, dass sich im Bereich von Flucht und Migration wesentliche gesellschaftliche und politische Entwicklungen in der psychologischen Fachliteratur widerspiegeln. Hinsichtlich empirischer Beiträge zu den Themen zeigt sich ein gemischtes Bild. Die meisten Themen haben einen klinisch-psychologischen Schwerpunkt, wobei jedoch auch andere Disziplinen vertreten sind. Methodisch kann festgehalten werden, dass der Topic-Model-Ansatz eine hilfreiche Methode für szientometrische Untersuchungen mit großen Textmengen darstellt.
An Improved Finite‐difference Time‐domain Solution for Three‐dimensional Transient Electromagnetic Modeling in Source‐free Media
Authors: Zhao Xuejiao , Yu Yibing , Ji Yanju , Luan Hui 
Published: October 2019

AbstractAn improved finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) solution is developed for three‐dimensional transient electromagnetic modeling in source‐free media. Based on Guptasarma's linear filtering method and the fast Hankel transform, the improved method selects the electric fields (E) at the first two time‐steps, and the time derivative of the magnetic induction (∂B/∂t) at the second time‐step as initial conditions. This selection can avoid approximating ∂E/∂t at initial times and improve initial accuracies. During the iterations, the electric fields and ∂B/∂t are both defined at the same integer time indices and the deriving equations are modified based on the FDTD method. Consequently, it can avoid the approximation of the electric fields at intermediate time indices and magnetic fields at integer time indices, and improve the iteration precisions. The convolutional perfectly matched layer (C‐PML) boundary condition is employed to reduce the reflection errors and the effects are verified. At last the proposed approach is checked via homogeneous half‐space models, layered models and 3D anomalous models with complex backgrounds. The results show that the improved method can reduce simulation errors twice or thrice and deepen effective exploration depth by 20%, which has verified the effectiveness of the improved method for three‐dimensional transient electromagnetic modeling, especially for long‐time and high‐resistance modeling.