bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal variations in quantitative and qualitative sperm characteristics in fertile and subfertile stallions
Authors: Suliman Yara , Becker Frank , Tuchscherer Armin , Wimmers Klaus 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Horses are seasonal breeders with a natural breeding season beginning in
spring and extending through midsummer. In this study, quantitative and
qualitative parameters of chilled stallion semen were compared between
fertile and subfertile stallions and between the breeding and the
non-breeding season. Semen quality parameters compared included ejaculate
volume, sperm concentration, total sperm number, sperm morphology, and
computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA)-derived sperm movement
characteristics obtained from two groups of warmblood stallions (n=8; four fertile stallions and four subfertile stallions), which differ in the seasonal
pregnancy rate 80 %–90 % (fertile) vs. 40 %–60 % (subfertile). A total of
64 ejaculates were collected from the stallions (n=8; four in the
breeding season and four in the non-breeding season of each stallion). No
significant differences in the semen quality parameters between the fertile
and the subfertile stallions in the non-breeding season were observed.
However, in the breeding season the proportion of morphologically normal
sperm, total motility, progressive motility, average path velocity (VAP),
and curvilinear velocity (VCL) were significantly higher in the fertile
group (P<0.05) when compared with the subfertile group. In
addition, a significant seasonal variation in the proportion of
morphological normal sperm was found in the fertile group between the
breeding and the non-breeding season (P<0.05). Moreover,
significant seasonal variations (P<0.05) in CASA parameters of mean
VAP, straight line velocity (VSL), and beat-cross frequency (BCF) were
observed in the fertile and the subfertile stallions, which tended to be
lower in the non-breeding season. In conclusion, differences between the
fertile and the subfertile stallions were observed only in the breeding
season, and a few of CASA-derived parameters seemed to be significantly lower
during the non-breeding season in both the fertile and the subfertile
stallions.
Mixing characteristics of refractory black carbon aerosols at an urban site in Beijing
Authors: Liu Hang , Pan Xiaole , Liu Dantong , Liu Xiaoyong , Chen Xueshun , Tian Yu , Sun Yele , Fu Pingqing , Wang Zifa 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Black carbon aerosols play an important role in climate
change because they directly absorb solar radiation. In this study, the
mixing state of refractory black carbon (rBC) at an urban site in Beijing in
the early summer of 2018 was studied with a single-particle soot photometer
(SP2) as well as a tandem observation system with a centrifugal particle
mass analyzer (CPMA) and a differential mobility analyzer (DMA). The results
demonstrated that the mass-equivalent size distribution of rBC exhibited an
approximately lognormal distribution with a mass median diameter (MMD) of
171 nm. When the site experienced prevailing southerly winds, the MMD of rBC
increased notably, by 19 %. During the observational period, the ratio of
the diameter of rBC-containing particles (Dp) to the rBC core
(Dc) was 1.20 on average for Dc=180 nm, indicating that the
majority of rBC particles were thinly coated. The Dp∕Dc value
exhibited a clear diurnal pattern, with a maximum at 14:00 LST and a
Dp growth rate of 2.3 nm h−1; higher Ox conditions increased the
coating growth rate. The microphysical properties of rBC were also studied. Bare rBC particles
were mostly found in fractal structures with a mass fractal dimensions
(Dfm) of 2.35, with limited variation during both clean and polluted
periods. The morphology of rBC changed with coating thickness increasing.
When the mass ratio of nonrefractory matter to rBC (MR) was <1.5,
rBC-containing particles were primarily found in external fractal structures,
and they changed to a core–shell structure when MR>6, at
which point the measured scattering cross section of rBC-containing
particles was consistent with that based on the Mie-scattering simulation.
We found that only 28 % of the rBC-containing particles were in core–shell
structures with a particle mass of 10 fg in the clean period but that proportion
increased considerably, to 45 %, in the polluted period. Due to the morphology
change, the absorption enhancement (Eabs) was 12 % lower than that
predicted for core–shell structures.
Model simulations of atmospheric methane (1997–2016) and their evaluation using NOAA and AGAGE surface and IAGOS-CARIBIC aircraft observations
Authors: Zimmermann Peter H. , Brenninkmeijer Carl A. M. , Pozzer Andrea , Jöckel Patrick , Winterstein Franziska , Zahn Andreas , Houweling Sander , Lelieveld Jos 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Methane (CH4) is an important greenhouse gas, and its atmospheric
budget is determined by interacting sources and sinks in a dynamic global
environment. Methane observations indicate that after almost a decade of
stagnation, from 2006, a sudden and continuing global mixing ratio increase
took place. We applied a general circulation model to simulate the global
atmospheric budget, variability, and trends of methane for the period
1997–2016. Using interannually constant CH4 a priori emissions from
11 biogenic and fossil source categories, the model results are compared
with observations from 17 Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE)
and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) surface stations and
intercontinental Civil Aircraft for
the Regular observation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrumented
Container (CARIBIC) flights, with > 4800 CH4 samples,
gathered on > 320 flights in the upper troposphere and lowermost
stratosphere. Based on a simple optimization procedure, methane emission categories have
been scaled to reduce discrepancies with the observational data for the
period 1997–2006. With this approach, the all-station mean dry air mole
fraction of 1780 nmol mol−1 could be improved from an a priori root mean
square deviation (RMSD) of 1.31 % to just 0.61 %, associated with a
coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.79. The simulated a priori
interhemispheric difference of 143.12 nmol mol−1 was improved to
131.28 nmol mol−1, which matched the observations quite well (130.82 nmol mol−1). Analogously, aircraft measurements were reproduced well, with a global RMSD
of 1.1 % for the measurements before 2007, with even better results on a
regional level (e.g., over India, with an RMSD of 0.98 % and R2=0.65). With regard to emission optimization, this implied a
30.2 Tg CH4 yr−1 reduction in predominantly fossil-fuel-related
emissions and a 28.7 Tg CH4 yr−1 increase of biogenic sources. With the same methodology, the CH4 growth that started in 2007 and
continued almost linearly through 2013 was investigated, exploring the
contributions by four potential causes, namely biogenic emissions from
tropical wetlands, from agriculture including ruminant animals, and from
rice cultivation, and anthropogenic emissions (fossil fuel sources, e.g.,
shale gas fracking) in North America. The optimization procedure adopted in
this work showed that an increase in emissions from shale gas (7.67 Tg yr−1),
rice cultivation (7.15 Tg yr−1), and tropical wetlands (0.58 Tg yr−1) for the
period 2006–2013 leads to an optimal agreement (i.e., lowest RMSD) between
model results and observations.
Assessing the performance of climate change simulation results from BESM-OA2.5 compared with a CMIP5 model ensemble
Authors: Capistrano Vinicius Buscioli , Nobre Paulo , Veiga Sandro F. , Tedeschi Renata , Silva Josiane , Bottino Marcus , da Silva Jr. Manoel Baptista , Menezes Neto Otacílio Leandro , Figueroa Silvio Nilo , Bonatti José Paulo , Kubota Paulo Yoshio , Fernandez Julio Pablo Reyes , Giarolla Emanuel , Vial Jessica , Nobre Carlos A. 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The main features of climate change patterns, as simulated by the coupled ocean–atmosphere version 2.5 of the Brazilian Earth System Model (BESM), are compared with those of 25 other CMIP5 models, focusing on temperature, precipitation, atmospheric circulation, and radiative feedbacks. The climate sensitivity to quadrupling the atmospheric CO2 concentration was investigated via two methods: linear regression (Gregory et al., 2004) and radiative kernels (Soden and Held, 2006; Soden et al., 2008). Radiative kernels from both the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) were used to decompose the climate feedback responses of the CMIP5 models and BESM into different processes. By applying the linear regression method for equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) estimation, we obtained a BESM value close to the ensemble mean value. This study reveals that the BESM simulations yield zonally average feedbacks, as estimated from radiative kernels, that lie within the ensemble standard deviation. Exceptions were found in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and over the ocean near Antarctica, where BESM showed values for lapse rate, humidity feedback, and albedo that were marginally outside the standard deviation of the values from the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble. For those areas, BESM also featured a strong positive cloud feedback that appeared as an outlier compared with all analyzed models. However, BESM showed physically consistent changes in the temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation patterns relative to the CMIP5 ensemble mean.
Wetropolis extreme rainfall and flood demonstrator: from mathematical design to outreach
Authors: Bokhove Onno , Hicks Tiffany , Zweers Wout , Kent Thomas 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Government and consulting experts on flood mitigation generally face difficulties when trying to explain the science of extreme flooding to the general public, in particular the concept of a return period.
Too often, for example, people perceive they are safe for the next 100 years after a 1:100-year return-period flood has hit their town. UK flood practitioners therefore gave us the challenge to design an outreach tool that conceptualises the science of flooding in a way that is accessible to and directly engages the public, and in particular demonstrates what a return period is. Furthermore, we were tasked with designing a live 3-D physical model rather than a graphical or animated 2-D game on a screen. We show here how we tackled that challenge by designing, constructing, and showcasing the Wetropolis Flood Demonstrator. Wetropolis is a transportable and conceptual physical model with random rainfall, river flow, a flood plain, an upland reservoir, a porous moor, representing the upper catchment and visualising groundwater flow, and a city which can flood following extreme and random rainfall. A key novelty is the supply of rainfall every Wetropolis day. Several aspects of Wetropolis are considered.
i. We present the modular mathematical and numerical design on which Wetropolis is based. It guided the choice of parameter values of Wetropolis, which was loosely inspired by the Leeds Boxing Day floods of the River Aire in 2015. The design model further serves as the building block and inspiration for adaptations suited to particular local demands. Moreover, the model is purposely lean and therefore quick to compute, serving flexibility in the outreach-tool design, but is less suitable for any detailed scientific validation.ii. The constructed Wetropolis is described here in broad terms, but we include a link to a GitHub site with details to inspire other bespoke designs. The goal, again, is to facilitate new adaptations of Wetropolis for particular catchments different to the Leeds River Aire case.iii. Our experience in showcasing Wetropolis is summarised and discussed, with the purpose of giving an overview as well as inspiring improved and bespoke adaptations. While Wetropolis should be experienced live, with videos found on the GitHub site, here we provide a photographic overview. To date, Wetropolis has been showcased to 500 to 1000 people at public workshops and exhibitions on recent UK floods, as well as to flood practitioners and scientists at various research and stakeholder workshops.iv. We conclude with some ongoing design changes, including how people can experience natural flood management in a revised Wetropolis design. Finally, we also discuss how Wetropolis, although originally focussed solely on outreach, led to a new cost-effectiveness analysis and protocol for assessing flood-mitigation plans and inspired other physical models for use in education and water management.
Classification and susceptibility assessment of debris flow based on a semi-quantitative method combination of the fuzzy C-means algorithm, factor analysis and efficacy coefficient
Authors: Liang Zhu , Wang Changming , Han Songling , Ullah Jan Khan Kaleem , Liu Yiao 
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The existence of debris flows not only destroys the facilities but also seriously threatens human lives, especially in scenic areas. Therefore, the classification and susceptibility analysis of debris flow are particularly important. In this paper, 21 debris flow catchments located in Huangsongyu Township, Pinggu District, Beijing, China, were investigated. Besides field investigation, a geographic information system, a global positioning system and remote-sensing technology were applied to determine the characteristics of debris flows. This article introduced a clustering validity index to determine the clustering number, and the fuzzy C-means
algorithm and factor analysis method were combined to classify 21 debris
flow catchments in the study area. The results were divided into four types: debris flow closely related to scale–topography–human activity, topography–human activity–matter source, scale–matter source–geology and topography–scale–matter source–human activity. Nine major factors screened from the classification result
were selected for susceptibility analysis, using both the efficacy coefficient method and the combination weighting. Susceptibility results
showed that the susceptibility levels of 2 debris flow catchments were high, 6 were moderate and 13 were low. The assessment results were consistent with the field investigation. Finally, a comprehensive assessment including
classification and susceptibility evaluation of debris flow was obtained,
which was useful for risk mitigation and land use planning in the study area and provided a reference for the research on related issues in other
areas.
Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales)
Authors: Del Rio Cédric , Stull Gregory W. , De Franceschi Dario 
Published: May 2020

Icacinaceae Miers are a well-described family. However, the family lacks a comprehensive guide to endocarp morphology, which would be an important tool for interpreting the family’s extensive fossil record of endocarp remains. In this survey, we describe fruits and endocarps of 88 species of Icacinaceae s. str., four of Icacinaceae s. lat. (now Metteniusaceae) and one of Oncothecaceae. We investigated the value of the endocarp in species recognition. In addition, we generated an Xper3 database with an associated e-key to increase the availability of raw data and the understanding of the characters used. This study documents great diversity in epicarp hairs, mesocarp thickness, endocarp ornamentation, tubercle shape (if present), endocarp structure and thickness, and the locule lining. Some morphological features appear diagnostic for individual genera. In particular, the genus Iodes Blume, which is very common in the fossil record, is the only clade with the three following characters: papillae on the inner locule lining, ridged ornamentation on the endocarp surface, and a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall. Finally, we discuss issues related to the preservation of fruit material in herbarium collections.
Organic Ionic Plastic Crystals as Hole Transporting Layer for Stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Sonigara Keval K. , Shao Zhipeng , Prasad Jyoti , Machhi Hiren K. , Cui Guanglei , Pang Shuping , Soni Saurabh S. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOrganic ionic plastic crystals (OIPCs) are synthesized through a simple metal‐free, cost‐effective approach. The strategized synchronization of electron‐rich phenoxazine with benzimidazolium iodide (OIPC‐I) and bromide (OIPC‐Br) salts lead to enhanced hole mobility and conductivity of OIPCs which is suitable for an efficient alternative to conventional organic hole transporting materials (HTMs) for stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The fabricated PSCs with OIPC‐I as hole transporting layer yielded a power conversion efficiency of 15.0% and 18.1% without and with additive (Li salt) respectively, which are comparable with spiro‐OMeTAD based devices prepared under similar conditions. Furthermore, the PSCs with OIPCs show good stability compared to the spiro‐OMeTAD with or without additives. Here, first time benzimidazolium‐based OIPCs have been used as an alternative organic HTM for perovskite solar cells, which opens a window for the design of effective OIPCs for highly efficient PSCs with long‐term stability.
Rational Design of Mixed Electronic‐Ionic Conducting Ti‐Doping Li7La3Zr2O12 for Lithium Dendrites Suppression
Authors: Gao Jian , Zhu Jianxun , Li Xiaolei , Li Junpeng , Guo Xiangxin , Li Hong , Zhou Weidong 
Published: May 2020

AbstractGarnet structured ceramic electrolyte Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) attracts much attention in solid‐state lithium batteries for its high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and lack of reducible element. However, the application of LLZO has been hindered by severe dendrite penetration. The theoretical investigations on the mechanisms of lithium dendrite evolution are carried out, aiming at quantifying the promotion effects of overpotential and the limitation counterpart of bulk modulus. Since dendrites preferentially propagate along connected defects, while intrinsic defects are difficult to be compeletely eliminated, manipulation of overpotential should be a more feasible way for dendrites suppression. The mixed electronic‐ionic conducting interphase, which in situ forms by introducing a Ti‐doping Li56La24Zr15TiO96 (T‐LLZO) interlayer between Li and LLZO, is suggested based on the proposed mechanisms, which effectively facilitates to alleviate the overpotential thus suppress the lithium dendrites theoretically. This strategy is verified experimentally by obviously improved stability of Li/Li symmetric cell using T‐LLZO ceramic pellet electrolyte.
Experimental study of diffusivity of hexane in bitumen‐saturated porous media under high temperature/pressure conditions
Authors: Huang Cunkui , Hawrelechko Craig , Donald James , Huang Haibo , Deng Xiaohui 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSolvent mass transfer plays a key role in a thermal gravity drainage process involving solvent. The diffusion coefficients of solvent in such a process are not well studied. This article presents the effective diffusion coefficients of solvent in bitumen‐saturated sands under high temperature/pressure conditions measured using a CT scanning technique. Experimental results show that the effective diffusion coefficient of n‐hexane in bitumen‐saturated sands varied with the solvent concentration or with the viscosity of solvent–bitumen mixture (i.e., De ∝ c0.4 or De ∝ μm−0.46). The solvent concentration weighted diffusion coefficient of n‐hexane in the bitumen under the condition 160–170°C/1,900 kPa had an order of magnitude of about 10−5 cm2/s for solvent volume concentration less than 0.2. The penetration distance of n‐hexane in bitumen‐saturated sands depended on the nonlinearity of diffusion and had a value of −2 cm after 1‐day diffusion. The stronger the nonlinearity of diffusion, the shorter the penetration distance.
Experimental study and CFD numerical simulation of an innovative vapor splitter in dividing wall column
Authors: Li Chunli , Li Jingyu , Li Dongchuan , Ma Shuaiming , Li Hao 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe vapor split ratio (RV) adjustment plays an important role on energy efficiency during dividing wall column (DWC) operation. In order to achieve active control of RV, this aticle presents an innovative vapor splitter driven by hydraulics. The vapor flows into main tower from prefractionation section through the rectangle hole located at the end of the partition. Vapor splitting is implemented by the change of flow resistance at the rectangular hole caused by adjusting the liquid level on the bottom plate. This design makes full use of the hydraulic properties in DWC, employing simpler construction with single tunable parameter. Numerical simulations and laboratory tests were both carried out to validate its performance in the DWC with a diameter of 600 mm. The results demonstrate that the desired RV can be handled effectively in the approximate range from 0.5 to 2, basically satisfying the industrial demand for the gas distribution.
Globally optimal synthesis of heat exchanger networks. Part I: Minimal networks
Authors: Chang Chenglin , Peccini Alice , Wang Yufei , Costa André L. H. , Bagajewicz Miguel J. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThis article introduces the concept of minimal structure (MSTR) and presents an enumeration algorithm for the synthesis of heat exchanger networks based on MSTR. Minimal Structures refer to a class of heat exchanger networks featuring acyclic heat transfer networks without energy loops. The enumerations used are either exhaustive or smart with a stopping criterion. Without loss of generality we use the isothermal mixing Synheat model, that is, the method applies identically to other superstructures, with likely variations in the optimization models associated to each step. A conjecture is used to state that the algorithm renders solutions that are globally optimal. Literature examples are used to demonstrate the capabilities of the enumeration algorithm. Most of our solutions compare favorably with the best reported ones in literature, with exceptions where the reported solution is not minimal.
EoceneAraucariaSect.Eutactafrom Patagonia and floristic turnover during the initial isolation of South America
Authors: Rossetto‐Harris Gabriella , Wilf Peter , Escapa Ignacio H. , Andruchow‐Colombo Ana 
Published: May 2020

PremiseEocene floras of Patagonia document biotic response to the final separation of Gondwana. The conifer genusAraucaria, distributed worldwide during the Mesozoic, has a disjunct extant distribution between South America and Australasia. Fossils assigned to AustralasianAraucariaSect.Eutactausually are represented by isolated organs, making diagnosis difficult.Araucaria pichileufensisE.W. Berry, from the middle Eocene Río Pichileufú (RP) site in Argentine Patagonia, was originally placed in Sect.Eutactaand later reported from the early Eocene Laguna del Hunco (LH) locality. However, the relationship ofA. pichileufensisto Sect.Eutactaand the conspecificity of theAraucariamaterial among these Patagonian floras have not been tested using modern methods.MethodsWe review the type material ofA. pichileufensisalongside large (n= 192) new fossil collections ofAraucariafromLHandRP, including multi‐organ preservation of leafy branches, ovuliferous complexes, and pollen cones. We use a total evidence phylogenetic analysis to analyze relationships of the fossils to Sect.Eutacta.ResultsWe describeAraucaria huncoensissp. nov. fromLHand improve the whole‐plant concept forAraucaria pichileufensisfromRP. The two species respectively resolve in the crown and stem of Sect.Eutacta.ConclusionsOur results confirm the presence and indicate the survival of Sect.Eutactain South America during early Antarctic separation. The exceptionally complete fossils significantly predate several molecular age estimates for crownEutacta. The differentiation of twoAraucariaspecies demonstrates conifer turnover during climate change and initial South American isolation from the early to middle Eocene.