bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Dimensional Full‐Wave Modeling of Propagation of Low‐Altitude Hiss in the Ionosphere
Authors: Xu Xiang , Zhou Chen , Chen Lunjin , Xia Zhiyang , Liu Xu , Simpson Jamesina J. , Zhang Yuannong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe investigate the propagation characteristics of low‐altitude hiss in the ionosphere by numerical simulation with a two‐dimensional full‐wave model. The simulation results demonstrate that linear mode conversion from whistler to H+ band electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave and polarization reversal occur simultaneously where wave frequency matches the H+−He+ crossover frequency. This mode conversion efficiency shows sensitive dependence on wave normal angle and plays a significant role in the propagation of whistler emission near the local proton gyro‐frequency in the ionosphere by redistributing the wave energy below and above the H+−He+ cutoff frequency, which can explain the low‐altitude hiss observed by the Freja and Detection of Electromagnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions satellites, respectively. The energy of whistler‐mode low‐altitude hiss emission can be transferred to reflected left‐hand polarized electromagnetic ion cyclotron through mode conversion and the efficiency reaches a maximum for intermediate incident wave normal angle (of 45°).
Stochastic pulsing of gene expression enables the generation of spatial patterns in Bacillus subtilis biofilms
Authors: Nadezhdin Eugene , Murphy Niall , Dalchau Neil , Phillips Andrew , Locke James C. W. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractStochastic pulsing of gene expression can generate phenotypic diversity in a genetically identical population of cells, but it is unclear whether it has a role in the development of multicellular systems. Here, we show how stochastic pulsing of gene expression enables spatial patterns to form in a model multicellular system, Bacillus subtilis bacterial biofilms. We use quantitative microscopy and time-lapse imaging to observe pulses in the activity of the general stress response sigma factor σB in individual cells during biofilm development. Both σB and sporulation activity increase in a gradient, peaking at the top of the biofilm, even though σB represses sporulation. As predicted by a simple mathematical model, increasing σB expression shifts the peak of sporulation to the middle of the biofilm. Our results demonstrate how stochastic pulsing of gene expression can play a key role in pattern formation during biofilm development.
Predicting clinical benefit of immunotherapy by antigenic or functional mutations affecting tumour immunogenicity
Authors: Kim Kwoneel , Kim Hong Sook , Kim Jeong Yeon , Jung Hyunchul , Sun Jong-Mu , Ahn Jin Seok , Ahn Myung-Ju , Park Keunchil , Lee Se-Hoon , Choi Jung Kyoon 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNeoantigen burden is regarded as a fundamental determinant of response to immunotherapy. However, its predictive value remains in question because some tumours with high neoantigen load show resistance. Here, we investigate our patient cohort together with a public cohort by our algorithms for the modelling of peptide-MHC binding and inter-cohort genomic prediction of therapeutic resistance. We first attempt to predict MHC-binding peptides at high accuracy with convolutional neural networks. Our prediction outperforms previous methods in > 70% of test cases. We then develop a classifier that can predict resistance from functional mutations. The predictive genes are involved in immune response and EGFR signalling, whereas their mutation patterns reflect positive selection. When integrated with our neoantigen profiling, these anti-immunogenic mutations reveal higher predictive power than known resistance factors. Our results suggest that the clinical benefit of immunotherapy can be determined by neoantigens that induce immunity and functional mutations that facilitate immune evasion.
Alterations in promoter interaction landscape and transcriptional network underlying metabolic adaptation to diet
Authors: Qin Yufeng , Grimm Sara A. , Roberts John D. , Chrysovergis Kaliopi , Wade Paul A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMetabolic adaptation to nutritional state requires alterations in gene expression in key tissues. Here, we investigated chromatin interaction dynamics, as well as alterations in cis-regulatory loci and transcriptional network in a mouse model system. Chronic consumption of a diet high in saturated fat, when compared to a diet high in carbohydrate, led to dramatic reprogramming of the liver transcriptional network. Long-range interaction of promoters with distal regulatory loci, monitored by promoter capture Hi-C, was regulated by metabolic status in distinct fashion depending on diet. Adaptation to a lipid-rich diet, mediated largely by nuclear receptors including Hnf4α, relied on activation of preformed enhancer/promoter loops. Adaptation to carbohydrate-rich diet led to activation of preformed loops and to de novo formation of new promoter/enhancer interactions. These results suggest that adaptation to nutritional changes and metabolic stress occurs through both de novo and pre-existing chromatin interactions which respond differently to metabolic signals.
Enhancement of UV emission and optical bandgap of ZnO nanowires via doping and post-growth annealing
Authors: Ghosh Hrilina , Sadeghimakki Bahareh , Sivoththaman Siva 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires (NWs) are gaining importance in optoelectronics because of their excellent electrical and optical properties. However, defects in the NW structure leads to suppression of the near-band-edge (NBE) ultraviolet (UV) emission, limiting their full potential for applications in optoelectronic devices. In this work, we present enhancement in NBE emission and bandgap modulation in ZnO NWs hydrothermally grown on sputtered Al-ZnO (AZO) films. Al dopant incorporation and post-synthesis thermal annealing are found to increase the NBE emission. Compared to Al-doping, the post-growth annealing produces a more significant enhancement in the NBE emission and a substantial increase of 34.5 meV in the optical bandgap, along with suppression of defect-related deep level emissions caused by oxygen vacancies and interstitials. This further improves the applicability of the ZnO NWs in stable, room temperature emission devices.
Effect of target power on the structure and tribological Properties of La-Ti/WS2 composite films prepared by unbalanced magnetron sputtering
Authors: Cai Haichao , Xue Yujun , He Jiangtao , Yang Fang , Ma Xiqiang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The properties of Physical Vacuum Deposit (PVD) films could be improved by doping rare earth elements and other metal elements. In this paper, La-Ti/WS2 composite films were prepared by unbalanced magnetron sputtering. The effect of target power on the structure and properties of La-Ti/WS2 composite films was studied. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the micro morphology, composition and crystal structure of the film. The hardness and friction and wear properties of the film were tested by nano-indentation and friction and wear testing machine. The results show that the structure and composition of La-Ti/WS2 composite films prepared by magnetron sputtering are affected by the target power. With the increase of the target power, the diffraction peak of WS2 (002) was shifted to the low θ value, the crystal surface spacing was decreased, the crystal lattice shrinked, the porous structure of La-Ti/WS2 composite films was decreased significantly, the coarse columnar crystal was refined significantly, and the film density was improved effectively. When the target power is 20 W, the sliding surface of La-Ti/WS2 composite film (002) is parallel to the surface, showing lower friction coefficient and better wear resistance; when the target power is 50 W, La-Ti/WS2 composite film has higher hardness, higher wear rate and poor wear resistance. The density and friction and wear properties of La-Ti/WS2 composite films can be improved by suitable La-Ti content.
A structured model for immune exposures
Authors: Vita Randi , Overton James A , Dunn Patrick , Cheung Kei-Hoi , Kleinstein Steven H , Sette Alessandro , Peters Bjoern 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
An Immune Exposure is the process by which components of the immune system first encounter a potential trigger. The ability to describe consistently the details of the Immune Exposure process was needed for data resources responsible for housing scientific data related to the immune response. This need was met through the development of a structured model for Immune Exposures. This model was created during curation of the immunology literature, resulting in a robust model capable of meeting the requirements of such data. We present this model with the hope that overlapping projects will adopt and or contribute to this work.
Digital Dead Body Management (DDBM): Time to Think it Through
Authors: Sandvik Kristin Bergtora 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEffective, safe and dignified dead body management (DBM) in the context of disasters, atrocities and wars has long been an important task—primarily for the humanitarian sector, but also for the human rights and international criminal justice community. How will the digitization of the human rights field and the adjacent spheres of humanitarian action and international criminal justice reshape ideas about death and the practices of care and control of the dead in the international space? To approach that question, the article coins the term ‘digital dead body management’ (DDBM) and offers an initial framing of this concept and some tentative pointers for a human rights research agenda. It focuses on the concept of ‘digital bodies’. Noting that the management of digital identities after death is becoming a significant governance challenge for the global technology sector, with thousands of ghost-accounts appearing every day, the article discusses the structural difference between how ‘digital deaths’ are dealt with in emergencies and in the marketplace, with a focus on DDBM as a problem of global equality. The article contributes to the critical conceptualization of DDBM by mapping a set of the tensions existing between the norms, objectives and operational approaches of humanitarian, human rights and international criminal justice practices and reflecting on where normative perils might arise in the context of digitization.
Infectious Diseases Consultation Is Associated With Decreased Mortality in Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Lee Rachael A , Vo Daniel T , Zurko Joanna C , Griffin Russell L , Rodriguez J Martin , Camins Bernard C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Background
Enterococcus species frequently cause health care–associated bacteremia, with high attributable mortality. The benefit of consultation with infectious disease (ID) specialists has been previously illustrated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Whether ID consultation (IDC) improves mortality in enterococcal bacteremia is unknown.

Methods
This is a retrospective cohort single-center study from January 1, 2015, to June 30, 2016, that included all patients &gt;18 years of age admitted with a first episode of Enterococcus bacteremia. Patients were excluded if death or transfer to palliative care occurred within 2 days of positive blood culture.

Results
Two hundred five patients were included in the study, of whom 64% received IDC. Participants who received IDC were more likely to undergo repeat cultures to ensure clearance (99% vs 74%; P &lt; .001), echocardiography (79% vs 45%; P &lt; .001), surgical intervention (20% vs 7%; P = 0.01), and have appropriate antibiotic duration (90% vs 46%; P &lt; .001). Thirty-day mortality was significantly higher in the no-IDC group (27 % vs 12 %; P &lt; .007). In multivariate analysis, 30-day in-hospital mortality was associated with both E. faecium bacteremia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–5.23) and IDC (aOR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.16–0.76).

Conclusions
Patients who received IDC for Enterococcus bacteremia had significantly lower 30-day mortality. Further prospective studies are necessary to determine if these outcomes can be validated in other institutions for patients who receive IDC with Enterococcus bacteremia.
PCSK9 Inhibitors in Secondary Prevention—An Opportunity for Personalized Therapy
Authors: Board Chase , Kelly Michael S. , Shapiro Michael D. , Dixon Dave L. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract:
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is the primary cause of ASCVD and reducing LDL-C levels with statin therapy significantly reduces ASCVD risk; however, significant residual risk remains. Two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), alirocumab and evolocumab, that target proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-type 9 (PCSK9), reduce LDL-C levels by up to 60% when used in combination with statins and significantly reduce the risk of recurrent ASCVD events in both stable secondary prevention and acute coronary syndrome populations. Prespecified analyses of recent randomized controlled trials have shed light on how best to prioritize these therapies to maximize their value in select high-risk groups. These data have also informed recent clinical practice guidelines and scientific statements resulting in an expanded role for PCSK9-mAbs compared with previous guidelines, albeit there are notable differences between these recommendations. Ongoing research is exploring the long-term safety of PCSK9-mAbs and their role in the acute setting and patients without prior myocardial infarction or stroke. Novel therapies that inhibit PCSK9 synthesis via small interfering RNA, such as inclisiran, are also in development and may reduce LDL-C levels similar to PCSK9-mAbs, but with less frequent administration. Nonetheless, the PCSK9-mAbs are a breakthrough therapy and warrant consideration in very high-risk patients who are most likely to benefit. Such a personalized approach can help to ensure cost-effectiveness and maximize their value.
A detailed analysis of the current status of intestinal transplantation in the middle east
Authors: Nikeghbalian Saman , Arasteh Peyman , Nikoupour Hamed 
Published: February 2020

Purpose of reviewIntestinal transplantations are among the most complex transplantations, which are performed in few centers in the world. When patients develop intestinal failure, different treatment modalities including parenteral nutrition, autologous gastrointestinal tract reconstructive surgery, and intestinal transplantations are considered. The Middle East is a region where reports on intestinal failures and intestinal transplantations are mainly lacking. In the present review, we highlighted the status of intestinal transplantations in the Middle East and focused on existing reports from this region.Recent findingsVery few countries in the Middle East have the facilities for home parenteral nutrition and only two countries including Iran and Turkey perform intestinal transplantations in the region. With advances in intestinal rehabilitation units and development of autologous gastrointestinal tract reconstructive surgery, some centers have been able to reduce the number of patients in need of intestinal transplantations.SummaryAn overview of the condition of intestinal transplantations in the Middle East shows that the issue of intestinal failure and the treatment facilities still remain an unsolved problem. Although there exists a high need for intestinal transplantation, advances in reconstructive surgeries and the development of parenteral nutrition in this region can significantly reduce the need for intestinal transplantations among patients with intestinal failure.
Promoting career awareness among IT students in a South African context
Authors: Janse van Rensburg J.T. , Goede Roelien 
Published: February 2020

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an intervention strategy for promoting career awareness among IT students in a South African context, followed by a reflection thereof based on qualitative data collected from students. Career awareness during study has shown to be a factor in the work-readiness of IT graduates.Design/methodology/approachThe paper suggests an intervention strategy aimed at promoting IT students' career awareness. It provides context of the exit-level higher education (HE) module used to implement the intervention. Career awareness is achieved by industry talks, projects and events. Interpretive data collection and content analysis are used to understand the impact of the intervention from the students' perspective.FindingsRecommendations are made towards productive interventions for raising career awareness among IT students using industry participation in higher education. The proposed intervention comprises of a combination of industry talks, capstone projects and specific events. Students had largely positive reactions and made suggestions for additional interventions they would find beneficial. A hackathon attended proved the most influential where seven out of eight involved students received job offers from one company. Other students became aware of their own employability, limitations and preferred career paths.Originality/valueFindings provide confirmation on existing feasible approaches and also introduces new interventions that may be generalised to other fields of study. The paper not only provides an instructional design for a module to raise career awareness but also reflects on the feedback of the students. The reflection provided by students acts as a point of reference to ensure that the process followed for the intervention is practical within a South African context. The paper highlights the perceived benefits of involving industry in higher education to raise career awareness, factors that may prevent career awareness among IT students and valuable suggestions made by students to further enhance the intervention strategy. An implication of the research is a set of guidelines identified towards bridging the IT theory–practice gap. These guidelines can be used by many educators in similar environments to justify their interventions.
Innovation in project management through framing and challenge redefinition
Authors: Sanz-Llopis Jorge , Ostermann Matthias 
Published: February 2020

PurposeThis paper investigates the framing and redefinition of innovation challenges as an approach to generate creative solutions in the field of project management.Design/methodology/approachThe study applies the Innovation Challenge Canvas (ICC), a new conceptual model that redefines innovation challenges. The research undertakes a review of the literature in the field of project management, followed by seven in-depth interviews with innovation directors to ascertain the professional view. Finally, usefulness of ICC was tested in three case studies.FindingsAn innovative approach focusing on redefining a challenge instead of proposing solutions to a problem fosters creative thinking and encourages innovative proposals. This ideation challenges the organization's traditional way of managing innovation projects. The ICC provides a better means by which to manage projects that embody high uncertainty, while helping to generate more innovative solutions.Originality/valueThe review of the literature shows that project management has given little attention to the redefining of innovation challenges. This study aims to fill this gap by orienting and adapting the traditional literature on framing to project management. From a practical point of view, the ICC is proposed as a model that can be used to consider the most relevant elements needed to redefine an innovation challenge and enhance the management of those projects.
Christian economics at the origin
Authors: Koehler Benedikt 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe New Testament contained copious information on how Jesus and the Apostles managed their households and personal finances. Christian economics originated in references made by Jesus, Paul, and Peter to oikonomia. Peter in Jerusalem introduced the incipient practice of Christian oikonomia through dispensing welfare, and Christians in Rome unfolded oikonomia when they acquired the catacombs. The funding and owning of built structures transformed Christianity from a private collective to a corporate institution. Constantine the Great marked this transition when he designated the recipient of a substantial endowment as the Corpus Christianorum. A trajectory that began in New Testament oikonomia concluded when Christianity had become an institutional actor in the economic sphere.
Code‐switching in conversation‐for‐learning: Creating opportunities for learning while on study abroad
Authors: Zimmerman Erica 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis article evaluates the use of audio‐recorded conversations and reflections for assisting study abroad participants in critically analyzing conversational interactions. The participants recorded a series of conversations with native speakers of Japanese using digital audio recorders, and, subsequently, analyzed the recordings in a journal and a final paper. After noticing the use of code‐switching by native speakers of Japanese, the participants concluded that the use of English code‐switching was disadvantageous to their learning process. This article explores code‐switching in conversations recorded on study abroad to examine if code‐switching creates opportunities for learning and, if so, what conclusions learners/researchers made based on their observations and analysis. The native speakers used code‐switching for various purposes: repairing a source of trouble, indexing their identities as speakers of another language, and marking opportunities for learning. The results exposed the participants’ misconceptions and demonstrated that code‐switching offered opportunities for learning.
Synthesis and characterization of a titanium phosphate‐tellurite glass for Faraday rotators
Authors: Elisa Mihail , Boroica Lucica , Sava Bogdan Alexandru , Iordache Stefan Marian , Iordache Ana‐Maria , Vasiliu Ileana Cristina , Stefan Raluca Constantina , Galca Aurelian Catalin , Kuncser Victor , Eftimie Mihai 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis work is focused on investigation of thermal, structural, optical, magnetic, and magneto‐optical properties of novel titanium phosphate‐tellurite glass applied as Faraday rotators. The glass belonging to the system 35Li2O–10Al2O3–5TiO2–45P2O5–5TeO2was prepared by a nonconventional wet route of raw materials processing, followed by melting‐quenching‐annealing steps. Some important physical properties of the investigated glass have been measured and calculated, providing knowledge related to glass compactness, electronic structure, glass forming capability, etc. XRD analysis evidenced an amorphous network structure of the investigated glass. The optical absorption in the Vis domain is mainly due to Ti3+ions and Te2clusters formed during the glass melting process. A relatively low optical absorption is noticed over 600 nm that activates a significant Faraday magneto‐optical effect. Photoluminescence bands in the blue, red, and infrared domains are observed, caused by Te2clusters formed during the glass melting process. The magnetization in dependency on applied magnetic field reveals a complex behavior of the glass, depending on temperature. Thus, it is found a ferromagnetic behavior up to 2000 Oe, a paramagnetic component up to 40 000 Oe, followed by a diamagnetic one over 40 000 Oe. Faraday rotation angle and Verdet constant values in the visible domain are correlated with the reduced TeO2content of the glass.