bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conscience
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBuilding upon Fichte’s theory of drives discussed in the previous chapter, the present chapter offers a new interpretation of his theory of conscience from §§14–15 of the System of Ethics. At the heart of this interpretation is the idea that we can access the alignment between our actual willing and our original drive only in the mode of feeling. When that alignment occurs, Fichte explains, we feel a pleasurable self-harmony; when that alignment does not occur, we feel a painful self-disharmony. For this reason only the feelings of self-harmony and self-disharmony afforded by the power of conscience give immediate certainty to our convictions of duty. That is the basis of Fichte’s claim that conscience gives us an unerring criterion in practical deliberation.
Community
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThis chapter and the next consider the final shape of Fichte’s moral philosophy as it appears in Part III of the System of Ethics. It has surprised many readers that Fichte ends up defending a vision of our ethical vocation in terms of acting for the sake of the rational community to which we belong. This chapter traces the origin of this claim to Fichte’s social theory of intersubjective relations, in particular his theory that we require a ‘summons’ issued by another rational being to exercise free choice at all. A crucial feature of Fichte’s moral philosophy comes to light when we begin to understand the parallels between his view of our natural drive, which strives to unite with objects in reciprocal interaction, and his view of our ethical vocation to agree with others in open dialogue.
Conclusion
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe goal of this conclusion is to summarize the main discoveries of the present book, with a focus on Fichte’s idea of wholeness. What animates this idea is Fichte’s claim that our higher and lower capacities of desire are but two expressions of a single drive, our ‘original drive’ (Urtrieb), which only becomes divided in the space of reflection. This serves to highlight the overarching thesis of the present book: that our highest vocation is one of striving for wholeness and re-uniting our fragmented natures. In the final section, this conclusion returns to Fichte’s view of what it means to ground a system of ethics, ending with a reminder to the reader that a system of ethics has ‘science’ (Wissenschaft) as its primary end.
An Essay on Women’s Political Representation
Authors: Celis Karen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The Introductory Essay asks readers to consider four vignettes—on prostitution, Muslim women’s dress, abortion, and Marine Le Pen. The vignettes illustrate what the authors term the poverty of women’s political representation, representational problematics experienced by women in established democracies. These are also core issues identified in contemporary gender and politics research: of women’s ideological and intersectional differences, skewed political and parliamentary agendas, and disconnect from political parties and electoral politics. The vignettes adopt a dialogical style to clarify and magnify core concerns of the book, highlighting the contemporary relevance and importance of the book to academic scholarship and democratic practice. The discussion of the vignettes weaves through reflection on “representation as it should be,” what women’s good representation might be. There would be significant change to political institutions, political representatives, political parties, and parliaments; elected representatives would be institutionally and systemically required to represent women.
Introduction
Authors: Celis Karen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 1 makes a defense of representative democracy even as it acknowledges long-standing and contemporary feminist criticism and surveys the appeal of more fashionable non-representative alternatives. As part of this, the authors consider the failure of political parties to “do good by women.” Adopting a problem-based approach, they remake the case for women’s group representation, reviewing the 1990s politics-of-presence literature in light of criticism based on women’s ideological and intersectional differences. Instead of regarding this as undermining the possibility of women’s group representation, the authors hold that these differences should become central to its successful realization. A second observation is the tendency of gender and politics scholars to disaggregate the concept of representation. Eschewing this approach, they instead hold that political representation is better understood as indivisible: a mélange of its many, overlapping, and connected dimensions. The final section of Chapter 1 introduces the structure and component parts of the book’s argument, introducing the reader to the “affected representatives of women,” and the authors’ twin augmentations, group advocacy and account giving.
The Promise of Feminist Democratic Representation
Authors: Celis Karen 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 fully elaborates the promise of the authors’ parliamentary design. Ideal representational effects go beyond bringing more women in—through the inclusion of the affected representatives of women—and generating just and fair laws and policies for women. Chapter 6 focuses on the broader effects on both the elected representatives and the represented women—this is what the shift from discrete dimensions of representation to conceiving it as a mélange implies. In short, elected representatives become more knowledgeable, care more about women, and are better connected to women and their experiences. Twin augmentations provide both the means and the incentives for a transformation in elected representatives’ attitudes and behavior. In turn, women finally feel recognized as legitimate members of the polity, are more knowledgeable about their own and others’ interests, are positioned to judge their representatives and are thus empowered, and participate more in a democratic politics now that it is belatedly interested in them.
Neoliberal Theory as a Source of Orientation
Authors: McKean Benjamin L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter substantiates the author’s interpretation of the neoliberal theory of political legitimacy through a reconstruction of the views of Friedrich Hayek and Milton Friedman, whose works were key to popularizing neoliberalism and its attendant orientation. The task for those who want to resist neoliberalism is to provide people in such circumstances with another way of attending to their situation. Neoliberal theory divides the world up into the economic realm of freedom and the political realm of coercion, but in order to get people to see the world this way, it relies on the techniques of power that Michel Foucault dubbed “governmentality,” which escape this neat dichotomy. Neoliberalism’s tacit acknowledgment of its reliance on these forms of power, which preserve freedom of choice but nevertheless reliably guide people to particular perceptions and actions, lays the groundwork for an emancipatory reorientation that recognizes the political nature inherent to the economic realm.
Seeing (Like) Supply Chain Managers
Authors: McKean Benjamin L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines transnational supply chains to make visible their actual operation and show how it diverges from the neoliberal way of dividing up and legitimating the political and economic realms. In practice, supply chains diverge significantly from the neoliberal vision of spontaneous, self-organizing market activity and more closely resemble the kind of economic planning neoliberals decry. When pressed to explain these prevalent economic forms, even neoliberals concede that economic activity is not only dependent on extraeconomic coercion from the political realm, but itself shot through with claims to authority, which is demonstrated through an interpretation of Ronald Coase’s theory of the firm. Workers and consumers who are subject to supply chains can contest these claims to authority—in the first place, by insisting on their right to freedom of association with each other—and thus begin to repoliticize the economic realm that neoliberals seek to encase.
Ugly Progress and Unhopeful Hope
Authors: McKean Benjamin L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In order to provide an account of orientation to unjust circumstances, the book’s account of freedom must confront a tension within it: What is the value of this ideal to people who have grown up under unjust institutions and who consequently have not developed freely but instead have been profoundly habituated by unjustified inequality and oppressive hierarchy? The chapter shows how thinkers like W. E. B. Du Bois, Gloria Anzaldúa, and Theodor Adorno transform the dispositional conception of freedom to navigate unjust circumstances. People alive today will never be able to enjoy the kind of free development possible for those who grow up in a just society, but it is still possible to use such an ideal critically to orient people today to both constraints on freedom and opportunities to express what freedom they do have.
Conclusion
Authors: McKean Benjamin L. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The conclusion considers widespread dispositions to resentment and pity that can appear motivate resistance to neoliberalism and shows why they instead shore up unjustified hierarchies. Instead, it is argued that the disposition to solidarity can become prevalent by looking at the crucial role that social movements play in making it possible to call for solidarity and to respond to such calls. Participating in social movements can be an attractive expression of freedom for both workers and consumers governed by supply chains and, by repoliticizing neoliberalism, can create additional political possibilities that cannot yet be anticipated. These social movements are a crucial form of political power undertheorized by egalitarian liberals and neoliberals alike. It is argued that social movement organizing should be understood as a widely available, reversible form of governmentality compatible with freedom.
Armed Guests
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the years around the Second World War, policymakers in the United States and Western Europe faced unique security challenges occasioned by the development of new technologies and the emergence of transnational ideological conflict. In coming to terms with these challenges, they developed the historically novel practice in which a state might maintain a long-term, peacetime military presence on the territory of another sovereign state without the subjugation of the latter. Such basing arrangements between substantive equals were previously unthinkable: under the inherited understanding of sovereignty, in which there was a tight linkage between military presence and territorial authority, such military presences could be understood only in terms of occupation or annexation. These “sovereign basing” practices, as I call them, are now central to many aspects of contemporary security politics. This book applies concepts derived from pragmatist thought to a historical study of the relations between the United States and its wartime allies to explain the origin of this phenomenon. A pragmatist lens draws attention to how the actors involved creatively recombined inherited practices in response to changes in the material and social context of action and thereby transformed the practice of sovereignty. The tools offered by pragmatism provide needed analytical leverage over the emergence of novelty and offer valuable insight into the dynamics of stability and change. The practice of sovereign basing, bound up as it is now with the constitution of interests and understanding of how states exercise power, is likely a durable feature of international politics.
Searching for Security, 1942–1947
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In the uncertain security climate after the conclusion of the Second World War but before the intensification of the Cold War, the major factor that shaped US strategic planning was the impact of novel destructive technologies that radically increased the speed and scale of warfare. American planners responded by seeking to enlarge the defensive perimeter of the United States beyond its territory. How to realize this and what it meant in concrete terms, however, was an open question. Over time, the wartime allies worked out a variety of arrangements premised on different rationales in light of the political difficulties associated with a foreign peacetime military presence. Where US military presences were maintained, they were predicated on temporary conditions, and none were fated to become the kind of arrangements we are familiar with today. The discussion develops case studies of American interactions with Canada, Portugal, Britain, France, Iceland, and Saudi Arabia.
Settling in, 1948–1951
Authors: Schmidt Sebastian 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The deterioration of relations between the West and the Soviet Union highlighted the salience of a perceived transnational communist threat to the security of Western Europe. Together with the emergence of novel destructive technologies, this development constituted a major change in the security environment that policymakers grappled with in the wake of the war. It helped catalyze the transformation of foreign US military presences tied to temporary conditions into longer-term arrangements. This development played out across a number of host countries in largely simultaneous and interlinked processes. Central to the emergence of what became recognized as a distinct practice of foreign military basing was a change in the understanding of sovereignty in terms of the nature of territoriality. Recalling the theoretical emphasis on process, the states that emerged from these developments were significantly changed, with different capabilities and the ability to take advantage of new strategies.
Converging Values for Avogadro’s Number
Authors: Smith George E. , Seth Raghav 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Perrin’s values for Avogadro’s numbers presuppose that the mean kinetic energies in Brownian motion match those of molecules in the surrounding liquid. In support of these values and the presupposition, Perrin turns to values of Avogadro’s number and mean kinetic energies of molecules obtained by means of theory-mediated measurements by Planck (from blackbody radiation), Rutherford and his colleagues (from α-particle radiation), and Millikan (from ionization). While Perrin’s values differed from these others, they all collectively yielded values for the molecular constants within a theretofore unachievable window of ±5 percent. This chapter assesses first the evidence for Perrin’s values from his appeals to each of these “agreeing” complementary determinations, and then the evidence that molecules exist from all of them taken together. The conclusion is that the latter warranted taking molecules to exist in ongoing research into microphysics even though the referent of the word “molecule” remained seriously underspecified.
Learning Isn’t Earning
Authors: Brown Phillip 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter offers a systematic review of the evidence used to support the key claims of orthodox theory. These include the body of literature showing that investment in education and skills has become more valuable over time as technologically advanced economies come to depend on the brainpower of the workforce. To support this view, orthodox theorists typically compare average rates of return between college and non-college students. There are a number of propositions that can be tested to determine if “learning equals earning.” First, wages reflect human capital investments in education. Second, the value of human capital increases over time. Third, learning equals earnings in all countries. Fourth, reward in the labor market is biased toward the most highly educated workers who will attract higher wages.
A Revisionist History
Authors: Brown Phillip 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter reconsiders a number of the as if assumptions that shaped the orthodox theory and policy initiative developed around the world. It argues that these as if assumptions need to be rejected at a time when the increasing competition for decent jobs in both developed and emerging economies has resulted in a narrowing of freedom. Within this context, people need to invest more time and effort jumping through more and higher hoops in order to stay in the competition. This is a manifestation of the “impossible pressures” put on people in today’s global economy. The chapter contends that this has narrowed rather than extended human freedom as predicted by the orthodox approach. An urgent need therefore exists to present a radically different interpretation of human flourishing under conditions of economic and social transformation.
Rethinking Labor Supply
Authors: Brown Phillip 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter redefines labor supply within the context of the new human capital. It seeks to recapture a wider understanding of education and human capabilities, given long-standing objections to treating individuals as passive consumers of knowledge. Labor supply is thus understood as a way of developing individual freedom and rebuilding social cohesion at a time of profound social and economic change. The chapter points out that the relationship between individuals, education, and employment in an era of twentieth-century industrialism is no longer appropriate in an age of machine intelligence. What it means to be educated, along with what it means to be employable, changes in different economic and spatial contexts and in relation to different models of employment.
Rethinking Labor Demand
Authors: Brown Phillip 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter turns to questions of labor demand at the heart of the new human capital. It rejects Gary Becker’s claim that orthodox theory offered an entirely new way of looking at labor markets, where the main focus is on labor scarcity and a skills competition, in which individuals, firms, and nations compete on differential investments in education and training. It also rejects David Autor’s claim that the issue is not that middle-class workers are doomed by automation and technology, but instead that human capital investment must be at the heart of any long-term strategy for producing skills that are complemented by rather than substituted for by technological change. The chapter argues that the new human capital rejects the view that demand issues can be resolved through a combination of technological and educational solutions. Rather a jobs lens is required to shed new light on changes in the occupational structure, transforming the way people capitalize on their education, along with the distribution of individual life chances.
Strategies for Measuring Virtues
Authors: Wright Jennifer Cole , Warren Michael T. , Snow Nancy E. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In Chapter 3 we use our working conception of virtue developed in Chapter 1 to anchor an integrated proposal for virtue measurement. More specifically, we argue that what is needed to accurately measure any virtue is a multilayered research program that allows us to track the degree to which a person exhibits each of several aspects of trait manifestation: (1) the perception of virtue-relevant stimuli (the “inputs”); (2) the processing of those inputs by various social-cognitive systems (the “intermediates”); and (3) the production of situation-specific virtue-appropriate behaviors (the “outputs”). Sensitivity to the connections between these components is of prime importance for accurately measuring virtue. We provide an inclusive overview of these elements of virtue and strategies for their measurement.
Introduction
Authors: Brayne Sarah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides a definition of big data as well as an overview of the use of big data in policing. Big data is a data environment made possible by the mass digitization of information and is associated with the use of advanced analytics, including network analysis and machine learning algorithms. Law enforcement’s adoption of big data is part of a broader shift toward the use of big data and machine-learned decisions throughout the criminal justice system. From surveillance to pretrial determinations and sentencing, big data saturates American criminal justice. It is also the subject of contentious debate in policy, media, legal, regulatory, advocacy, and academic circles. Focusing on the Los Angeles Police Department’s use of big data and associated surveillance technologies, this book studies how big data is actually used by police in practice—and to what consequence.
Policing by Numbers
Authors: Brayne Sarah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of quantification in policing, from pin maps to predictive algorithms. It examines the surveillance landscape, starting with the “scientific turn” in policing in the early 20th century, then moving to the rise of evidence-based policing, the Information Sharing Environment (ISE) that emerged after the terrorist attacks of 9/11, and then predictive algorithms and big data analytics put to work in modern policing. Historically, the police collected most of the information they use in the course of their daily operations themselves. However, the chapter highlights the growing role of the private sector—for data collection and the provision of analytic platforms—in policing. Both the past and present of policing are highly racialized, so it also describes how data is positioned as an antidote to racism and bias in policing. The chapter concludes with an overview of data use and technologies at work in the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD).
Directed Surveillance
Authors: Brayne Sarah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter focuses on directed surveillance, or the surveillance of people and places deemed suspicious. Big data is associated with a shift from reactive to predictive policing. Predictive policing refers to analytic techniques used by law enforcement to forecast potential criminal activity. It involves using data to determine current crime patterns and direct patrol resources, such as where officers should go and who they should stop. In general terms, the stages of predictive policing are collection, analysis, intervention, and response. The chapter analyzes how the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) conducts person- and place-based predictive policing; why it adopted different forms of predictive policing; how it uses algorithms to quantify criminal risk; how the police do—and do not—incorporate insights from the algorithms into their work in the field; and how predictive policing serves as a foundation for ongoing intelligence gathering.
Coding Inequality
Authors: Brayne Sarah 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter looks at the promise and peril of police use of big data analytics for inequality. On the one hand, big data analytics may be a means by which to ameliorate persistent inequalities in policing. Data can be used to “police the police” and replace unparticularized suspicion of racial minorities and human exaggeration of patterns with less biased predictions of risk. On the other hand, data-intensive police surveillance practices are implicated in the reproduction of inequality in at least four ways: by deepening the surveillance of individuals already under suspicion, codifying a secondary surveillance network of individuals with no direct police contact, widening the criminal justice dragnet unequally, and leading people to avoid institutions that collect data and are fundamental to social integration. Crucially, as currently implemented, “data-driven” decision-making techwashes, both obscuring and amplifying social inequalities under a patina of objectivity.