bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conventional and underwater friction stir welded AA2024-T351 aluminium alloy – a comparative analysis
Authors: Balaji Swathi , B. Sujay Aadithya , K. Balachandar 
Published: September 2020

Purpose
Friction stir welding (FSW) and underwater friction stir welding (UWFSW) of aluminium alloy 2024-T351 was carried out, with a chosen set of parameters, namely, rotational speed of 450 rpm, 560 rpm and 710 rpm, welding speed of 25 mm/min, 40 mm/min and 63 mm/min and tool tilt angle of 0º, 1° and 2º. This study aims to understand the correlation between temperatures and weld parameters, finite element simulation was carried out using Abaqus®.

Design/methodology/approach
Comparative analysis of the mechanical properties of the samples welded with FSW and UWFSW was carried out and correlated with that of the microstructures. Microhardness survey was also conducted across the weldments to support the findings.

Findings
Samples welded with higher rotational speed and low traverse speed favoured good quality, defect-free welds with enhanced material flow. Underwater welded samples resulted in improved mechanical properties than that of the samples welded with conventional FSW. Higher cooling rates resulted in finer grains in all UWFSW samples than that of conventional FSW samples, which, in turn, also reflected in the microhardness survey done across the weldments. Among the chosen window of the parameter, samples welded with 710 rpm, 25 mm/min and 2° had shown improvement in mechanical properties.

Research limitations/implications
This work was carried out in a milling machine, which limits the rotational speed which could be used. Optimistically, this limitation also paves way for using the commonly available milling to be used for FSW.

Originality/value
This original research study shall open opportunities to enable FSW and UWFSW to be done on similar/dissimilar joints of varying composition. Additionally, this research study throws enough light on the age – hardenable aluminium alloy being welded in a commonly available milling machine.
Positive and negative interspecific interactions between coexisting rice planthoppers neutralise the effects of elevated temperatures
Authors: Horgan Finbarr G. , Arida Arriza , Ardestani Goli , Almazan Maria Liberty P. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Global warming is often predicted to increase damage to plants through direct effects on insect herbivores. However, the indirect impacts of rising temperatures on herbivores, mediated through interactions with their biotic environment, could dampen these effects.

Using a series of reciprocal density experiments with gravid females and developing nymphs, we examined interspecific competition between two coexisting phloem feeders Nilaparvata lugens (BPH) and Sogatella furcifera (WBPH), on rice at 25 and 30°C.

WBPH performed better (i.e. adults survived longer, nymphs developed faster and grew larger) at 25°C and BPH (i.e. nymphs developed faster) at 30°C. However, contrary to predictions, WBPH had a greater effect in reducing oviposition and nymph performance in BPH at 30°C.

A decoupling of resource use by WBPH and its antagonistic effects on BPH at the higher temperature suggests that WBPH feeding induces host defences that reduce BPH fitness (i.e. interference competition). Meanwhile, BPH facilitated WBPH oviposition at 30°C and facilitated WBPH nymph performance at 25 and 30°C. Greater facilitation of feeding in WBPH nymphs by BPH at high densities suggests that mechanical damage and host responses to damage increased the fitness of the heterospecific nymphs.

Although BPH also facilitated egg‐laying by WBPH, intra‐ and interspecific crowding countered this facilitation at both temperatures. Simulated life tables for planthoppers at 25 and 30°C depicted significantly lower offspring numbers on rice infested by WBPH alone and from mixed BPH‐WBPH infestations than from infestations by BPH alone.

Our results indicate how interference competition—mediated through host plant defences—can increase ecosystem resilience to the warmer temperatures predicted under global climate change.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
How butterflies keep their cool: Physical and ecological traits influence thermoregulatory ability and population trends
Authors: Bladon Andrew J. , Lewis Matthew , Bladon Eleanor K. , Buckton Sam J. , Corbett Stuart , Ewing Steven R. , Hayes Matthew P. , Hitchcock Gwen E. , Knock Richard , Lucas Colin , McVeigh Adam , Menéndez Rosa , Walker Jonah M. , Fayle Tom M. , Turner Edgar C. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Understanding which factors influence the ability of individuals to respond to changing temperatures is fundamental to species conservation under climate change.

We investigated how a community of butterflies responded to fine‐scale changes in air temperature, and whether species‐specific responses were predicted by ecological or morphological traits.

Using data collected across a UK reserve network, we investigated the ability of 29 butterfly species to buffer thoracic temperature against changes in air temperature. First, we tested whether differences were attributable to taxonomic family, morphology or habitat association. We then investigated the relative importance of two buffering mechanisms: behavioural thermoregulation versus fine‐scale microclimate selection. Finally, we tested whether species' responses to changing temperatures predicted their population trends from a UK‐wide dataset.

We found significant interspecific variation in buffering ability, which varied between families and increased with wing length. We also found interspecific differences in the relative importance of the two buffering mechanisms, with species relying on microclimate selection suffering larger population declines over the last 40 years than those that could alter their temperature behaviourally.

Our results highlight the importance of understanding how different species respond to fine‐scale temperature variation, and the value of taking microclimate into account in conservation management to ensure favourable conditions are maintained for temperature‐sensitive species.
Individual specialization in the use of space by frugivorous bats
Authors: Kerches‐Rogeri Patricia , Niebuhr Bernardo Brandão , Muylaert Renata Lara , Mello Marco Aurelio Ribeiro 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Natural populations are not homogenous systems but sets of individuals that occupy subsets of the species’ niche. This phenomenon is known as individual specialization. Recently, several studies found evidence of individual specialization in animal diets. Diet is a critical dimension of a species’ niche that affects several other dimensions, including space use, which has been poorly studied under the light of individual specialization.

In this study, which harnesses the framework of the movement ecology paradigm and uses yellow–shouldered bats Sturnira lilium as a model, we ask how food preferences lead individual bats of the same population to forage mainly in different locations and habitats.

Ten individual bats were radiotracked in a heterogeneous Brazilian savanna. First, we modelled intraspecific variation in space use as a network of individual bats and the landscape elements visited by them. Second, we developed two novel metrics, the spatial individual specialization index (SpatIS) and the spatial individual complementary specialization index (SpatICS). Additionally, we tested food‐plant availability as a driver of interindividual differences in space use.

There was large interindividual variation in space use not explained by sex or weight. Our results point to individual specialization in space use in the studied population of S. lilium, most probably linked to food–plant distribution.

Individual specialization affects not only which plant species frugivores consume, but also the way they move in space, ultimately with consequences for seed dispersal and landscape connectivity.
The projected degradation of subtropical coral assemblages by recurrent thermal stress
Authors: Cant James , Salguero‐Gómez Roberto , Kim Sun W. , Sims Carrie A. , Sommer Brigitte , Brooks Maxime , Malcolm Hamish A. , Pandolfi John M. , Beger Maria 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Subtropical coral assemblages are threatened by similar extreme thermal stress events to their tropical counterparts. Yet, the mid‐ and long‐term thermal stress responses of corals in subtropical environments remain largely unquantified, limiting our capacity to predict their future viability.

The annual survival, growth and recruitment of 311 individual corals within the Solitary Islands Marine Park (Australia) was recorded over a 3‐year period (2016–2018), including the 2015/2016 thermal stress event. These data were used to parameterise integral projection models quantifying the effect of thermal stress within a subtropical coral assemblage. Stochastic simulations were also applied to evaluate the implications of recurrent thermal stress scenarios predicted by four different Representative Concentration Pathways.

We report differential shifts in population growth rates (λ) among coral populations during both stress and non‐stress periods, confirming contrasting bleaching responses among taxa. However, even during non‐stress periods, the observed dynamics for all taxa were unable to maintain current community composition, highlighting the need for external recruitment sources to support the community structure.

Across all coral taxa, projected stochastic growth rates (λs) were found to be lowest under higher emissions scenarios. Correspondingly, predicted increases in recurrent thermal stress regimes may accelerate the loss of coral coverage, species diversity and structural complexity within subtropical regions.

We suggest that these trends are primarily due to the susceptibility of subtropical specialists and endemic species, such as Pocillopora aliciae, to thermal stress. Similarly, the viability of many tropical coral populations at higher latitudes is highly dependent on the persistence of up‐current tropical systems. As such, the inherent dynamics of subtropical coral populations appear unable to support their future persistence under unprecedented thermal disturbance scenarios.
Citizen science involving farmers as a means to document temporal trends in farmland biodiversity and relate them to agricultural practices
Authors: Billaud Olivier , Vermeersch Rose‐Line , Porcher Emmanuelle 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Agricultural intensification is often recognized as a major driver of the decline of wild biodiversity in farmland. However, few studies have managed to collect relevant data to link the temporal dynamics of farmland biodiversity to the characteristics of intensive agriculture over large geographical areas.

We used 7 years of data from a French citizen science programme, wherein 1,216 farmers monitored biodiversity in 2,382 fields encompassing field crops, meadows, vineyards or orchards, to examine the temporal trends in abundance of five taxonomic groups of invertebrates (solitary bees, earthworms, butterflies, beetles, molluscs) and their links with agronomic practices and surrounding landscape.

We observed significant temporal trends in abundance for many taxonomic groups and in many crop types. Flying taxa (solitary bees and butterflies) were generally declining, while the trends of soil taxa were more variable. Most trends were significantly related to farming practices or landscape features. We observed a negative link between use of synthetic inputs (pesticides, mineral fertilization) and the trend in abundance of flying taxa in field crops, while in meadows organic or mineral fertilization was the main explanatory practice, with contrasting relationships across taxonomic groups. Besides, the trend in abundance of beetles and molluscs was more positive in permanent versus temporary meadows. Finally, in vineyards, the trend in abundance of solitary bees was positively related to the presence of woodland in the landscape, whereas the reverse was true in meadows.

Synthesis and applications. Our results provide further support for the role of citizen science as a promising source of large‐scale spatial and temporal data in farmland, contributing to the identification of agronomic practices that can help mitigate biodiversity decline. Our analyses suggest that reducing chemical inputs may not only reduce the decline in bees and butterflies, but sometimes even promote their regrowth. Increasing organic fertilization may foster bee and beetle abundance in meadows but reduce mollusc abundance, while preventing ploughing of meadows may promote soil invertebrate abundance. Finally, such citizen science programmes engage farmers to undertake monitoring. Whether such group engagement may also contribute to biodiversity conservation by raising farmers’ awareness remains to be addressed.
Initial psychometric evaluation of the Hartley Knows Writing Shapes Assessment Version 2 with typically developing children between the ages of 4 and 8
Authors: Pavlos Katerina , McKenzie Maria , Knightbridge Elizabeth , Bourke‐Taylor Helen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIntroductionDespite advances in technology, handwriting still remains an important part of the school curriculum. Especially during the early years of schooling, handwriting difficulties have been shown to negatively affect academic success. Consequently, occupational therapists rely on sound psychometric tools to assess a child's visual motor abilities and implement appropriate strategies to facilitate their handwriting outcomes. The Hartley Knows Writing Shapes Assessment Version 2 (HKWSA‐V2) evaluates knowledge of writing shapes, ability to replicate writing shapes and knowledge of handwriting concepts used in the Hartley Knows Writing Program (HKWP). The current study describes the initial development and psychometric evaluation of the HKWSA‐V2.MethodTypically developing children (N = 50) between 4 and 8 years old, completed two visual motor assessments: the HKWSA‐V2 and the Beery Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration 6th Ed. (Beery VMI). Guided by the COnsensus‐based standards for the Selection of health Measurement INstruments, statistical analysis was conducted using various non‐parametric tests to assess the internal consistency, construct, and criterion validity of the HKWSA‐V2.ResultsThe internal consistency of the HKWSA‐V2 ranged between adequate and excellent (Cronbach's α = 0.61–0.88). Construct validity as hypothesised, was supported with strong correlations found between groups of children who had and had not been involved in the HKWP. Statistically significant differences were also found in HKWSA‐V2 scores based on the child's chronological age (r = .51, p < .01; r = .34, p < .05) and year level (p = .00). Criterion validity was substantiated with moderate to strong correlations found between all HKWSA‐V2 scales and subscales and the Beery VMI subscales (ρ = 0.06–0.53).ConclusionEvaluation of the tool provides promising initial psychometric findings. The tool allows professionals and clinicians to evaluate a child's visual motor abilities according to concepts learnt within the HKWP. Further development of the HKWSA‐V2 is warranted.
Making financial uncertainty count: Unit‐linked insurance, investment and the individualisation of financial risk in British life insurance
Authors: van der Heide Arjen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWhile most scholarship in the sociology of insurance has focused on the making of insurance risk by investigating mechanisms of pooling and spreading, this article examines insurers’ management of financial uncertainty. Based on a large corpus of written sources and 44 semi‐structured oral history interviews, this article seeks to describe and explain a shift in how financial uncertainty is dealt with in British life insurance, away from traditional multipolar arrangements revolving around actuarial prudence and discretion, towards bipolar arrangements that rely on explicit risk quantification and the logic of risk‐based capital to “individualise” financial risk. The article identifies two factors that were key in bringing about this shift: first, the competitive dynamics that unfolded with the emergence of challenger “unit‐linked” insurers in the 1960s, and, second, changes in the professional ecology, as manifested by the changing relations between the actuarial profession and insurance supervisors.
Codifying a crisis: Progressing from information sharing to distributed decision‐making
Authors: Treurniet Willem , Wolbers Jeroen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA key challenge in crisis management is maintaining an adequate information position to support coherent decision‐making between a range of actors. Such distributed decision‐making is often supported by a common operational picture that not only conveys factual information but also attempts to codify a dynamic and vibrant crisis management process. In this paper, we explain why it is so difficult to move from information sharing towards support for distributed decision‐making. We argue that two key processes need to be considered: supporting both the translation of meaning and the transformation of interests between those on the front line and those in the remote response network. Our analysis compares the information‐sharing processes in three large‐scale emergency response operations in the Netherlands. Results indicate that on several occasions the collaborative decision‐making process was hampered because actors limited themselves to factual information exchange. The decision‐making process only succeeds when actors take steps to resolve their varying interpretations and interests. This insight offers important lessons for improving information management doctrines and for supporting distributed decision‐making processes.
Cervical cancer prevention in transgender men: a review
Authors: Weyers S , Garland SM , Cruickshank M , Kyrgiou M , Arbyn M 
Published: September 2020

There is increased awareness of transgender physical and mental health widely and in academic research. A significant proportion of transgender men will retain their cervix with an increased risk of cervical cancer. In this review of cervical cancer screening among transgender men, we try to estimate how many transgender men still have a cervix, understand to identify challenges and barriers to cervical screening and propose possible solutions. Organised cervical screening programmes need to consider the needs of this population, in particular the provision of HPV self‐sampling.Tweetable abstractTransgender men need access to cervical screening.
Identification of bacteriophages in the vagina of pregnant women: a descriptive study
Authors: da Costa AC , Moron AF , Forney LJ , Linhares IM , Sabino E , Costa SF , Mendes‐Correa MC , Witkin SS 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveTo determine the presence and identity of extracellular bacteriophage (phage) families, genera and species in the vagina of pregnant women.DesignDescriptive, observational cohort study.SettingSão Paulo, Brazil.PopulationPregnant women at 21–24 weeks’ gestation.MethodsVaginal samples from 107 women whose vaginal microbiome and pregnancy outcomes were previously determined were analysed for phages by metagenomic sequencing.Main outcome measuresIdentification of phage families, genera and species.ResultsPhages were detected in 96 (89.7%) of the samples. Six different phage families were identified: Siphoviridae in 69.2%, Myoviridae in 49.5%, Microviridae in 37.4%, Podoviridae in 20.6%, Herelleviridae in 10.3% and Inviridae in 1.9% of the women. Four different phage families were present in 14 women (13.1%), three families in 20 women (18.7%), two families in 31 women (29.1%) and one family in 31 women (29.1%). The most common phage species detected were Bacillus phages in 48 (43.6%), Escherichia phages in 45 (40.9%), Staphylococcus phages in 40 (36.4%), Gokushovirus in 33 (30.0%) and Lactobacillus phages in 29 (26.4%) women. In a preliminary exploratory analysis, there were no associations between a particular phage family, the number of phage families present in the vagina or any particular phage species and either gestational age at delivery or the bacterial community state type present in the vagina.ConclusionsMultiple phages are present in the vagina of most mid‐trimester pregnant women.Tweetable abstractBacteriophages are present in the vagina of most pregnant women.
Radiodense bullet wipe around osseous entrance gunshot wounds
Authors: Lukefahr Ashley L. , Vollner Jennifer M. , Anderson Bruce E. , Winston David C. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract“Bullet wipe” is the material deposited by a bullet on any surface with which it comes into contact after it is fired and may contain debris from the gun barrel, including particles of primer and metal fragments from previously fired bullets. X‐ray analysis is a non‐destructive method by which traces of metallic elements can be visually detected. The analysis of osseous defects for radiodense bullet wipe (RBW) assists in determining the presence or absence of perforating gunshot wounds, especially in fragmented, skeletonized remains. The aim of our current study was to determine the frequency of RBW around entrance firearms injuries that perforated bone. We prospectively analyzed entrance gunshot wounds for RBW over a three‐year period using digital X‐ray analysis (n = 59). We retrospectively reviewed the corresponding autopsy reports to determine the frequency of RBW by biologic sex, reported ancestry, age‐at‐death, location of wound, manner of death, range of fire, bullet caliber, and presence of bullet jacket. Data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test or Chi‐square test with significance levels accepted at p < 0.05. RBW was present in 66% (n = 39) of examined cases. Decedent characteristics did not significantly alter RBW distribution, including biologic sex (p = 0.75), reported ancestry (p = 0.49), and age‐at‐death (p = 0.43). Additionally, the location of the osseous entrance gunshot wound, manner of death, range of fire, and cartridge caliber did not affect RBW detection. All cases involving non‐jacketed rounds (n = 5) showed RBW (p = 0.30). To our knowledge, this study is the first to report the frequency of RBW detection from osseous entrance gunshot wounds.