bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute coronary syndrome with spontaneous coronary artery dissection: which therapeutic option for a different pathophysiology?
Authors: Calderone Dario , Capodanno Davide 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) has been recognized as an emergent cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction, and sudden death. Patients mostly affected by SCAD are individuals without or with few cardiovascular risk factors, particularly young women, thus suggesting a clearly different pathophysiology than the more common atherosclerosis. Present research efforts outlined an improved characterization of the prevalence, natural history, and clinical outcome of SCAD. Intracoronary imaging has been an important asset in this condition, providing an improved diagnostic and therapeutic understanding. Current evidences suggest not only that this condition is more common than previously thought but also that the clinical management could be distinctly different from ACS secondary to atherosclerosis. Both medical and interventional treatment should consider the different cause of ACS, as well as the clinical stability of the patient, taking into account that the risk of recurrence is particularly high, predominantly during the first few days after the acute event. Stemming from new scientific evidences in terms of pathophysiology, clinical approach, therapy strategies, and follow-up of SCAD, it is important to identify spontaneous coronary dissection in the differential diagnosis of ACS.
Stroke and mortality risk after atrial fibrillation ablation: lesson from the CABANA trial
Authors: Balla Cristina , Cappato Riccardo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The CABANA trial is a randomized controlled study comparing catheter ablation vs. conventional medical therapy in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. The results of the study showed that catheter ablation did not have a significant reduction of strokes, deaths, serious bleeding, or cardiac arrest compared to medical therapy. However, a significant improvement in AF recurrences, quality of life, and symptom relief has been shown after catheter ablation compared to drug therapy. The mixed results of the study emphasized an active controversy in the cardiology community on the interpretation of the data and their use in current clinical practice. In this review, we summarized the principal controversy points of the trial describing the strengths and weaknesses of the study design and analysis.
The uraemic hypertensive patient: a therapeutic challenge—right you are (if you think so)
Authors: Cice Gennaro , Monzo Luca , Calo Leonardo 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
High blood pressure (BP) is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and at the same time represents its most frequent complication. High BP is an independent risk factor for advanced CKD; on the other hand, at least 40% of patients with normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and virtually all patients with GFR &lt;30 mL/min are hypertensive. CKD and microalbuminuria are powerful risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Consequently, in uraemic hypertension, it is of utmost importance to carefully manage both high BP and microalbuminuria, in order to slow down the progression of kidney damage and to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular events. The first purpose of the medical treatment in hypertensive patients is to normalize BP, regardless of the drug used. Nevertheless, some drugs have an ‘additional’ nephroprotective effect at the same BP target achieved. In this regard, first-line drugs are definitely renin–angiotensin–aldosterone inhibitors, mainly for their proved efficacy in reducing hypertension-related kidney damage and proteinuria. Anyway, a combined approach (two or more drugs) is usually needed to achieve the optimal BP target and reduce the worsening of CKD.
How far should guidelines be followed?
Authors: Rapezzi Claudio , Lorenzini Massimiliano 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Clinical guidelines irreparably characterize contemporary medicine. Referring to guidelines has become routine in both medical literature and daily clinical activity, with the risk of becoming the only—or at least the main—inspiring element of the physician's behaviour. This would lead to the mortification of clinical reasoning, a term that is synonymous with an individualized approach, focused on the single patient, and not on a population.
Summer school: a warm journey through teaching microbiology to undergraduate students
Authors: Gonçalves Osiel Silva , Nogueira Jéssica Rosa , da Silva Leandro Lopes , da Silva Giarlã Cunha , Martin José Guilherme Prado , Santana Mateus Ferreira , Bazzolli Denise Mara Soares , de Queiroz Marisa Vieira , Kasuya Maria Catarina Megumi 
Published: November 2020

ABSTRACT
The Núcleo de Estudos em Microbiologia Agrícola (NEMA) is an academic-scientific group created by graduate students in the Post Graduate in Agricultural Microbiology in the Department of Microbiology at Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil. NEMA's purposes include promoting and sharing research and knowledge on microbiology in different fields of application. Here, we will comment on our experience in organizing the Summer School on Microbiology and teaching microbiology to undergraduate students during the program. NEMA offers this annual event to disseminate and stimulate knowledge about microbiology for undergraduate students in a participatory, collaborative and interactive way.
ECG Restitution Analysis and Machine Learning to Detect Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Insight from the Equine Athlete as a Model for Human Athletes
Authors: Huang Ying H , Alexeenko Vadim , Tse Gary , Huang Christopher L-H , Marr Celia M , Jeevaratnam Kamalan 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Atrial fibrillation is the most frequent arrhythmia in both equine and human athletes. Currently, this condition is diagnosed via electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring which lacks sensitivity in about half of cases when it presents in paroxysmal form. We investigated whether the arrhythmogenic substrate present between the episodes of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) can be detected using restitution analysis of normal sinus-rhythm ECGs. In this work, ECG recordings were obtained during routine clinical work from control and horses with PAF. The extracted QT, TQ, and RR intervals were used for ECG restitution analysis. The restitution data were trained and tested using k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm with various values of neighbors k to derive a discrimination tool. A combination of QT, RR, and TQ intervals was used to analyze the relationship between these intervals and their effects on PAF. A simple majority vote on individual record (one beat) classifications was used to determine the final classification. The k-NN classifiers using two-interval measures were able to predict the diagnosis of PAF with area under the receiving operating characteristic curve close to 0.8 (RR, TQ with k ≥ 9) and 0.9 (RR, QT with k ≥ 21 or TQ, QT with k ≥ 25). By simultaneously using all three intervals for each beat and a majority vote, mean area under the curves of 0.9 were obtained for all tested k-values (3–41). We concluded that 3D ECG restitution analysis can potentially be used as a metric of an automated method for screening of PAF.
Phylogenomics Identifies a New Major Subgroup of Apicomplexans, Marosporida class nov., with Extreme Apicoplast Genome Reduction
Authors: Mathur Varsha , Kwong Waldan K , Husnik Filip , Irwin Nicholas A T , Kristmundsson Árni , Gestal Camino , Freeman Mark , Keeling Patrick J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The phylum Apicomplexa consists largely of obligate animal parasites that include the causative agents of human diseases such as malaria. Apicomplexans have also emerged as models to study the evolution of nonphotosynthetic plastids, as they contain a relict chloroplast known as the apicoplast. The apicoplast offers important clues into how apicomplexan parasites evolved from free-living ancestors and can provide insights into reductive organelle evolution. Here, we sequenced the transcriptomes and apicoplast genomes of three deep-branching apicomplexans, Margolisiella islandica, Aggregata octopiana, and Merocystis kathae. Phylogenomic analyses show that these taxa, together with Rhytidocystis, form a new lineage of apicomplexans that is sister to the Coccidia and Hematozoa (the lineages including most medically significant taxa). Members of this clade retain plastid genomes and the canonical apicomplexan plastid metabolism. However, the apicoplast genomes of Margolisiella and Rhytidocystis are the most reduced of any apicoplast, are extremely GC-poor, and have even lost genes for the canonical plastidial RNA polymerase. This new lineage of apicomplexans, for which we propose the class Marosporida class nov., occupies a key intermediate position in the apicomplexan phylogeny, and adds a new complexity to the models of stepwise reductive evolution of genome structure and organelle function in these parasites.
Azimuthal anisotropy in Bayesian surface wave tomography: application to northern Cascadia and Haida Gwaii, British Columbia
Authors: Gosselin Jeremy M , Audet Pascal , Schaeffer Andrew J , Darbyshire Fiona A , Estève Clément 
Published: November 2020

SUMMARYSurface wave tomography is a valuable tool for constraining azimuthal anisotropy at regional scales. However, sparse and uneven coverage of dispersion measurements make meaningful uncertainty estimation challenging, especially when applying subjective model regularization. This paper considers azimuthal anisotropy constrained by measurements of surface wave dispersion data within a Bayesian trans-dimensional (trans-d) tomographic inversion. A recently proposed alternative model parametrization for trans-d inversion is implemented in order to produce more realistic models than previous studies considering trans-d surface wave tomography. The reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling technique is used to numerically estimate the posterior probability density of the model parameters. Isotropic and azimuthally anisotropic components of surface wave group velocity maps (and their associated uncertainties) are estimated while avoiding model regularization and allowing model complexity to be determined by the data information content. Furthermore, data errors are treated as unknown, and solved for within the inversion. The inversion method is applied to measurements of surface wave dispersion from regional earthquakes recorded over northern Cascadia and Haida Gwaii, a region of complex active tectonics but highly heterogeneous station coverage. Results for isotropic group velocity are consistent with previous studies that considered the southern part of the study region over Cascadia. Azimuthal anisotropic fast-axis directions are generally margin-parallel between Vancouver Island and Haida Gwaii, with a small change in direction and magnitude along the margin which may be attributed to the changing tectonic regime (from subduction to transform tectonics). Estimated errors on the dispersion data (solved for within the inversion) reveal a correlation between surface wave period and the dependence of data errors on travel path length. This paper demonstrates the value of considering azimuthal anisotropy within Bayesian tomographic inversions. Furthermore, this work provides structural context for future studies of tectonic structure and dynamics of northern Cascadia and Haida Gwaii, with the aim of improving our understanding of seismic and tsunami hazards.
A skipping rope translocation mechanism in a widespread family of DNA repair helicases
Authors: Roske Johann J , Liu Sunbin , Loll Bernhard , Neu Ursula , Wahl Markus C 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Mitomycin repair factor A represents a family of DNA helicases that harbor a domain of unknown function (DUF1998) and support repair of mitomycin C-induced DNA damage by presently unknown molecular mechanisms. We determined crystal structures of Bacillus subtilis Mitomycin repair factor A alone and in complex with an ATP analog and/or DNA and conducted structure-informed functional analyses. Our results reveal a unique set of auxiliary domains appended to a dual-RecA domain core. Upon DNA binding, a Zn2+-binding domain, encompassing the domain of unknown function, acts like a drum that rolls out a canopy of helicase-associated domains, entrapping the substrate and tautening an inter-domain linker across the loading strand. Quantification of DNA binding, stimulated ATPase and helicase activities in the wild type and mutant enzyme variants in conjunction with the mode of coordination of the ATP analog suggest that Mitomycin repair factor A employs similar ATPase-driven conformational changes to translocate on DNA, with the linker ratcheting through the nucleotides like a ‘skipping rope’. The electrostatic surface topology outlines a likely path for the displaced DNA strand. Our results reveal unique molecular mechanisms in a widespread family of DNA repair helicases linked to bacterial antibiotics resistance.
Circulating Biomarkers for Glioma: A Review
Authors: Jones Jordan , Nguyen Hong , Drummond Katharine , Morokoff Andrew 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Accurate circulating biomarkers have potential clinical applications in population screening, tumor subclassification, monitoring tumor status, and the delivery of individualized treatments resulting from tumor genotyping. Recently, significant progress has been made within this field in several cancer types, but despite the many potential benefits, currently there is no validated circulating biomarker test for patients with glioma. A number of circulating factors have been examined, including circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA, microRNA, exosomes, and proteins from both peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid with variable results. In the following article, we provide a narrative review of the current evidence pertaining to circulating biomarkers in patients with glioma, including discussion of the advantages and challenges encountered with the current methods used for discovery. Additionally, the potential clinical applications are described with reference to the literature.
Time well spent versus a life considered: changing subjective Well-Being in China
Authors: Cai Shu , Park Albert , Yip Winnie 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Using unique longitudinal survey data that employed the Day Reconstruction Method to measure experienced utility (EU) in rural China, this study reveals striking differences in the trends for life satisfaction and EU. We find that reported life satisfaction changed little over the period from 2006 to 2009. However, EU increased significantly during the same period. The improvement in EU is mainly due to more positive feelings about specific activities rather than changes in the time spent on different activities. These findings are consistent with the predictions of aspiration adaptation theory.
COVID-19 infection among first responders in Broward County, Florida, March–April 2020
Authors: Niu Jianli , Rodriguez Jose A , Sareli Candice , Goldman Jennifer , Puga Monica , Eckardt Paula A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Background
First responders (FRs) may have a significant risk of coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) infection than the general population due to job-related exposures. We aimed to determine the prevalence and exposure patterns of COVID-19 among FRs.

Methods
Between March and April 2020, FRs in Broward County, Florida, were screened for COVID-19 infection by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay using nasopharyngeal swabs. Demographics and COVID-19 positive rate of the FRs were summarized.

Results
A total of 3375 FRs were screened for COVID-19 infection. The median age of FRs tested was 42 years (IQR 33–52 years), and 1464 (43.4%) were men. A total of 2902 (85.9%) were asymptomatic, and 473 (14.1%) reported symptoms associated with COVID-19. Overall, 289 (8.6%) were positive, with the highest rates among the age between 25 and 49 years. Of those testing positive, 235 (81.3%) were asymptomatic. Fourteen days after their first positive test, 81 (69.8%) of the 116 asymptomatically infected FRs were negative, and 35 (30.2%) remained positive and asymptomatic.

Conclusions
The FRs in Broward County, FL, had an overall infection rate of 8.6% at the time of COVID-19 testing, and asymptomatic FRs accounted for 81.3% of infection. Active surveillance should be focused on the asymptomatic FRs with COVID-19.
The number of risk factors for persistent disease determines the clinical course of early arthritis
Authors: Luurssen-Masurel N , Weel A E A M , Koc G H , Hazes J M W , de Jong P H P ,   for the tREACH group investigators
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Management of early arthritis is based upon early recognition of individuals at high risk of developing persistent arthritis. Therefore, this study investigates whether the number of risk factors for persistent disease or treatment determines the clinical course of early arthritis by comparing the chance at (sustained) DMARD-free remission ((S)DFR) after 2 years follow-up.

Methods
Data from the tREACH trial, a stratified single-blinded multicentre strategy trial with a treat-to-target approach were used. We selected all patients with ≥1 swollen joint who did not fulfil 1987 and/or 2010 criteria for RA. The number of risk factors present; autoantibody-positivity, polyarthritis (&gt;4), erosive disease and elevated acute phase reactants, determined risk group stratification. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed with (S)DFR as dependent variables and baseline disease activity score (DAS), treatment, symptom duration and number of risk factors present as independent variables.

Results
In total, 130 early arthritis patients were included and respectively 31, 66 and 33 had 0, 1 and ≥2 risk factors present. DFR rates were respectively 74%, 48% and 45% for early arthritis patients with 0, 1 and ≥2 risk factors present. In accordance SDFR rates were 61%, 32% and 30%. In our logistic model (S)DFR was not influenced by the initial treatment strategies when stratified for risk groups.

Conclusion
The chance at (S)DFR in early arthritis diminishes when more risk factors are present, which is irrespective of the given initial treatment. Our data point out to a stratified management approach in early arthritis based on their risk profile, but validation is needed.

Trial registration
ISRCTN registry: ISRCTN26791028 (http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN26791028).
Differential Toxicological Outcome of Corn Oil Exposure in Rats and Mice as Assessed by Microbial Composition, Epithelial Permeability, and Ileal Mucosa-Associated Immune Status
Authors: Gokulan Kuppan , Kumar Amit , Lahiani Mohamed H , Sutherland Vicki L , Cerniglia Carl E , Khare Sangeeta 
Published: November 2020

AbstractStudies to evaluate the toxicity of xenobiotics on the human gut microbiome and related health effects require a diligent selection of (1) an appropriate animal model to facilitate toxicity assessment in predicting human exposure, and (2) an appropriate non-interfering vehicle for the administration of water insoluble compounds. In biomedical studies with water insoluble xenobiotics, corn oil is one of the most commonly used nonaqueous vehicles. This study evaluated the suitability of corn oil as a vehicle in adult female Sprague Dawley rats and adult CD-1 mice; the rodent models that are often utilized in toxicological studies. We studied the host response in terms of change in the intestinal microbiome and mRNA expression of intestinal permeability and immune response-related genes when water (control) and corn oil (2 ml/kg) were administered as a vehicle through oral gavage. The results showed that the use of corn oil as a vehicle has no adverse impact in rats for either the immune response or the intestinal microbial population. On the other hand, mice treated with corn oil showed changes in bacterial community adhered to the ileum, as well as changes in the mRNA expression of intestinal permeability-related and ileal mucosa-associated immune response genes. Overall, results of this study suggest that the type of rodent species and vehicle used in toxicological risk assessments of xenobiotics studies should be taken into consideration in the experimental setup and study design.
Longitudinal sampling is required to maximize detection of intrahost A/H3N2 virus variants
Authors: Koel B F , Vigeveno R M , Pater M , Koekkoek S M , Han A X , Tuan H M , Anh T T N , Hung N T , Thinh L Q , Hai L T , Ngoc H T B , Chau N V V , Ngoc N M , Chokephaibulkit K , Puthavathana P , Kinh N V , Trinh T , Lee R T C , Maurer-Stroh S , Eggink D , Thanh T T , Tan L V , van Doorn H R , de Jong M D 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Seasonal human influenza viruses continually change antigenically to escape from neutralizing antibodies. It remains unclear how genetic variation in the intrahost virus population and selection at the level of individual hosts translates to the fast-paced evolution observed at the global level because emerging intrahost antigenic variants are rarely detected. We tracked intrahost variants in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface proteins using longitudinally collected samples from 52 patients infected by A/H3N2 influenza virus, mostly young children, who received oseltamivir treatment. We identified emerging putative antigenic variants and oseltamivir-resistant variants, most of which remained detectable in samples collected at subsequent days, and identified variants that emerged intrahost immediately prior to increases in global rates. In contrast to most putative antigenic variants, oseltamivir-resistant variants rapidly increased to high frequencies in the virus population. Importantly, the majority of putative antigenic variants and oseltamivir-resistant variants were first detectable four or more days after onset of symptoms or start of treatment, respectively. Our observations demonstrate that de novo variants emerge, and may be positively selected, during the course of infection. Additionally, based on the 4–7 days post-treatment delay in emergence of oseltamivir-resistant variants in six out of the eight individuals with such variants, we find that limiting sample collection for routine surveillance and diagnostic testing to early timepoints after onset of symptoms can potentially preclude detection of emerging, positively selected variants.
Confidence Intervals in Clinical Research
Authors: Schober P. , Vetter T.R. 
Published: November 2020

(Anesth Analg. 2020;130:1303)
A recent issue of Anesthesia & Analgesia published an article wherein Reale and colleagues reported an increase in the risk of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) from 2010 with 2.9% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.7%-3.1%] of deliveries affected to 2014 with 3.2% with PPH (95% CI, 3.1%-3.3%). The CIs recorded in these circumstances are critical to the results of the study, as varying samples are affected by the randomness of their selections. CIs, to combat this, provide a range of values of the plausible true parameter value in the underlying population (assuming a representative sample). A 95% CI indicates that 95% of the repeated random samples contain a true population parameter.