bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nature and significance of intraspecific variation in the early Cambrian oryctocephalid trilobiteOryctocephalites palmeriSundberg and McCollum, 1997
Authors: Webster Mark , Sundberg Frederick A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractOryctocephalid trilobites are seldom abundant and often tectonically deformed, creating problems for robust species delimitation and compromising their utility in biostratigraphic and evolutionary studies. By studying more than 140 specimens recovered from the upper portion of the Combined Metals Member (Pioche Formation, Nevada; Cambrian Stage 4, Series 2), we exploit a rare opportunity to explore how morphological variation among oryctocephalid specimens is partitioned into intraspecific variation versus interspecific disparity. Qualitative and quantitative analyses reveal that two species are represented:Oryctocephalites palmeriSundberg and McCollum, 1997 andOryctocephalitessp. A, the latter known from a single cranidium stratigraphically below all occurrences of the former. In contrast to the conclusions of a previous study, there is no evidence of cranidial dimorphism inO. palmeri. However, that species exhibits considerable variation in cranidial shape and pygidial spine arrangement and number. Cranidial shape variation withinO. palmeriis approximately one-half of the among-species disparity within the genus. Comparison of cranidial shape between noncompacted and compacted samples reveals that compaction causes significant change in mean shape and an increase in shape variation; such changes are interpretable in terms of observed fracture patterns. Nontaphonomic variation is partitioned into ontogenetic and nonallometric components. Those components share similar structure with each other and with interspecific disparity, suggesting that ontogenetic shape change might be an important source of variation available for selection. This highlights the importance of ontogenetic and taphonomic sources of variation with respect to species delimitation, morphospace occupation, and investigation of evolutionary patterns and processes.
NEGOTIATING FEMALE PROPERTY- AND SLAVE-OWNERSHIP IN THE ARISTOCRATIC WORLD
Authors: YOUNG HANNAH 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article uses Anna Eliza Grenville, first duchess of Buckingham and Chandos, as a lens through which to explore the gendering of aristocratic property- and slave-ownership in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain. Alongside the extensive metropolitan property that Grenville brought to her marriage was Hope estate, a Jamaican plantation upon which worked 379 enslaved men, women, and children. Using legal records, family papers, and correspondence, the article examines the ways in which Grenville negotiated her position as a married woman and substantial property-owner, and considers what it meant for a married woman to ‘own’ property, landed and in the form of other human beings, in the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century aristocratic world. Examining her absentee slave-ownership alongside her metropolitan property-ownership highlights the complex intersections between race, class, and gender across both metropole and colony. In doing so, the article makes an important contribution to the rapidly expanding scholarship exploring female property-ownership in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain, hitherto almost entirely metropolitan in focus. It demonstrates how seamlessly enslaved property could be integrated into aristocratic forms of property-ownership and transmission, and highlights the important role that women played in bringing slave-ownership ‘home’ to metropolitan Britain.
Democratization, De Facto Power, and Taxation: Evidence from Military Occupation during Reconstruction
Authors: Chacón Mario L. , Jensen Jeffrey L. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractHow important is the enforcement of political rights in new democracies? The authors use the enfranchisement of the emancipated slaves following the American Civil War to study this question. Critical to their strategy, black suffrage was externally enforced by the United States Army in ten Southern states during Reconstruction. The authors employ a triple-difference model to estimate the joint effect of enfranchisement and its enforcement on taxation. They find that counties with greater black-population shares that were occupied by the military levied higher taxes compared to similar nonoccupied counties. These counties later experienced a comparatively greater decline in taxation after the troops were withdrawn. The authors also demonstrate that in occupied counties, black politicians were more likely to be elected and political murders by white supremacist groups occurred less frequently. The findings provide evidence on the key role of federal troops in limiting elite capture by force during this period.
Developmental cascades from child maltreatment to negative friend and romantic interactions in emerging adulthood
Authors: Handley Elizabeth D. , Russotti Justin , Rogosch Fred A. , Cicchetti Dante 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMaltreatment during childhood is associated with difficult interpersonal relationships throughout the life course. The aim of the current study was to investigate differential pathways from child maltreatment to emerging adult relationship dysfunction. Specifically, we prospectively tested whether child maltreatment initiates a developmental cascade resulting in coercive negative romantic and friend interactions in emerging adulthood via childhood antisocial tendencies and via childhood relational aggression. Utilizing a longitudinal sample of emerging adult participants (N= 392; mean age = 20 years old) who took part in a summer research camp program as children (mean age = 11 years old), results supported pathways via both childhood antisocial behavior and childhood relational aggression. We found specificity within these pathways such that childhood antisocial behavior was a mediator of child maltreatment effects on emerging adult negativeromanticinteractions, whereas childhood relational aggression was a mediator of child maltreatment effects on emerging adult negativefriendinteractions. Taken together, results indicate that children exposed to maltreatment face significant interpersonal challenges in emerging adulthood, within both the friend and the romantic domains, and point to distinct childhood pathways to these negative interactions. Our findings are consistent with Dishion's (2016) theoretical framework for understanding the development of coercion in relationships and highlight the criticality of early intervention with maltreating families.
Associations between cognitive errors and mental health status in New Zealand adolescents
Authors: Tairi Tatiana 
Published: November 2019

AbstractBackground:Cognitive models of psychopathology suggest that negatively biased thinking styles are involved in the development and maintenance of emotional disturbances.Aims:The present study examined the relationships between negative cognitive errors and indices of mental health status (i.e. anxiety and depression) in New Zealand adolescents.Method:A community sample of 490 youth aged 16–18 years completed an anonymous online survey consisting of the Children’s Negative Cognitive Error Questionnaire (CNCEQ), the Trait subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T) and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).Results:Negative cognitive errors correlated positively with greater levels of anxious and depressive symptoms. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that overall cognitive error score was a strong predictor of adolescents’ self-reported anxious symptoms and, to a lesser extent, depressive symptoms. Moreover, cognitive errors significantly differentiated between adolescents with high scores from adolescents with low scores on both the anxiety (STAI-T) and the depression (CES-D) scales.Conclusions:These findings lend support to the generalizability of Beck’s cognitive theory to a New Zealand adolescent population and highlight the importance of focusing on prevention and early intervention programmes that directly target these faulty or biased ways of thinking in adolescents with anxious and/or depressive symptoms before meeting diagnostic criteria.
Volumetric modulated arc therapy: a dosimetric comparison with dynamic IMRT and step-and-shoot IMRT
Authors: Raina Payal , Singh Sudha , Tudu Rajanigandha , Singh Rashmi , Kumar Anup 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAim:The aim of this study was to compare volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with dynamic intensity-modulated radiation therapy (dIMRT) and step-and-shoot IMRT (ssIMRT) for different treatment sites.Materials and methods:Twelve patients were selected for the planning comparison study. This included three head and neck, three brain, three rectal and three cervical cancer patients. Total dose of 50 Gy was given for all the plans. Plans were done for Elekta synergy with Monaco treatment planning system. All plans were generated with 6 MV photons beam. Plan evaluation was based on the ability to meet the dose volume histogram, dose homogeneity index, conformity index and radiation delivery time, and monitor unit needs to deliver the prescribed dose.Results:The VMAT and dIMRT plans achieved the better conformity (CI98% = 0·965 ± 0·023) and (CI98% = 0·939 ± 0·01), respectively, while ssIMRT plans were slightly inferior (CI98% = 0·901 ± 0·038). The inhomogeneity in the planning target volume (PTV) was highest with ssIMRT with HI equal to 0·097 ± 0·015 when compared to VMAT with HI equal to 0·092 ± 0·0369 and 0·095 ± 0·023 with dIMRT. The integral dose is found to be inferior with VMAT 105·31 ± 53·6 (Gy L) when compared with dIMRT 110·75 ± 52·9 (Gy L) and ssIMRT 115 38 ± 55·1(Gy L). All the techniques respected the planning objective for all organs at risk. The delivery time per fraction for VMAT was much lower than dIMRT and ssIMRT.Findings:Our results indicate that dIMRT and VMAT provide better sparing of normal tissue, homogeneity and conformity than ssIMRT with reduced treatment delivery time.
The effect of informational prompts about survivor benefits for spouses on Social Security claim intentions
Authors: Perez-Arce Francisco , Rabinovich Lila , Samek Anya , Yoong Joanne 
Published: November 2019

AbstractMarried men's Social Security claiming behavior does not always take into account spouse and survivor benefits. Specifically, married men tend to choose claiming ages that do not maximize the household's and widow's expected present value of benefits. To understand what contributes to this pattern, we conduct an online survey experiment with a representative sample of Americans. We randomly assign respondents to one of four vignettes that present information about a character who is choosing when to claim his retirement benefits. The vignettes differ by whether the character is married or not, whether information about survivor benefits is presented, and whether the information includes an illustrative example. We next ask respondents to provide advice to the character about when to claim. We find that (1) respondents do value survivor benefits for spouses, and (2) information about survivor benefits tends to increase the suggested claiming ages only among the subgroup of respondents who are the least knowledgeable about these benefits.
Do we need an ethics of planetary sustainability?
Authors: Beisbart Claus 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The politics of the United Nations aims at sustainable development (i.e., development that can continue with future generations). Andreas Losch has recently proposed to expand our current notion of sustainability to what he calls ‘planetary sustainability’, and he has urged an ethics of planetary sustainability. This comment article discusses these proposals. The proposed conceptual change is assessed, drawing on desiderata suggested by Carnap. To the extent to which the current notion of sustainability has excluded consideration of outer space, we gain in simplicity. To the extent to which it has been unclear about this issue, we gain in exactness. The proposed concept is fruitful because it points to important considerations, in particular if there are extra-terrestrial beings that share moral status with human beings. But to some extent this fruitfulness requires a clear deviation from the anthropocentric outlook of our current notion of sustainability, and costs regarding similarity arise. As far as an ethics of sustainability is concerned, we certainly need to address ethical issues that arise in relation to outer space. However, the notion of planetary sustainability is not likely to figure prominently in related thoughts because the notion of sustainability is not a key concept in known ethical theories.
What Fraction of the Outer Radiation Belt Relativistic Electron Flux at L ≈ 3‐4.5 Was Lost to the Atmosphere During the Dropout Event of the St. Patrick's Day Storm of 2015?
Authors: Gokani Sneha A. , Kosch Mike , Clilverd Mark , Rodger Craig J. , Sinha Ashwini K. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObservations of relativistic energetic electron fluxes in the outer radiation belt can show dropouts, that is, sudden electron flux depletions during the main phase of a geomagnetic storm. Many recent studies show that these dropouts typically involve a true loss of particles, that is, nonadiabatic losses in nature. Precipitation into the atmosphere of relativistic electrons driven into the bounce loss cone, through wave‐particle interactions, is envisaged as one of the primary loss mechanisms. Such precipitation can be studied using ground‐based observations such as VLF narrowband radio waves, due to the deposition of energy into the lower ionospheric D‐region, thereby modifying the subionospheric waveguide. The present study focuses on the dropout event observed during the St. Patrick's Day storm of March 2015. Perturbations lasting several hours were observed in the received VLF amplitude and phase of the NAA transmitter signal measured at Seattle and Edmonton and the NML transmitter signal received at St. John's and Edmonton. All these L ≈ 3–4.5 paths were located on the nightside of the Earth during dropout phase of the storm. Observations of relativistic electron characteristics from Van Allen Probes, and ionospheric perturbation characterization from VLF radio waves, are used to calculate that during the time interval of the dropout event, <0.5% of the relativistic fluxes involved in the dropout event were lost to the atmosphere. This leads to the conclusion that relativistic electron precipitation was not the major contributor to the observed dropout event at L ≈ 4 that occurred during the St. Patrick's Day storm of March 2015.
From Canopy‐Leaving to Total Canopy Far‐Red Fluorescence Emission for Remote Sensing of Photosynthesis: First Results From TROPOMI
Authors: Zhang Zhaoying , Chen Jing M. , Guanter Luis , He Liming , Zhang Yongguang 
Published: November 2019

AbstractSolar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which has substantially improved spatial and temporal resolutions, will improve the global estimations of gross primary production (GPP) than previous satellite SIF data. However, the canopy‐leaving SIF observed by sensors (SIFobs) represents only a portion of the total canopy SIF emission (SIFtotal). This portion is sensitive to the canopy structure and observation direction, resulting in uncertainties in GPP estimations using SIFobs. Here we used the spectral invariant theory to derive global soil‐resistant SIFtotal (SIFtotal‐SR) from TROPOMI SIFobs and evaluated the SIFtotal‐SR performance in estimating GPP. We found that the clear differences in SIFobs between needleleaf forest and crops diminished for SIFtotal‐SR. SIFtotal‐SR increased the coefficient of determination (R2) by 0.09 and 0.11 against the flux tower instantaneous and daily GPP, respectively. This derived SIFtotal‐SR can be used to develop more robust GPP models and better constrain carbon cycle models.
Seasonal Cycle of Background in the Tropical Pacific as a Cause of ENSO Spring Persistence Barrier
Authors: Jin Yishuai , Liu Zhengyu , Lu Zhengyao , He Chengfei 
Published: November 2019

AbstractStatistical model results suggest that the declining growth rate from autumn to spring is the key to cause El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) spring persistence barrier (SPB). Using a dynamical approach, we develop the physical mechanisms responsible for ENSO SPB in the framework of recharge oscillator by adding a seasonally varying Bjerknes (BJ) stability index and linking it with ENSO growth rate. By decomposing BJ index, it is indicated that seasonal thermodynamic damping and thermocline positive feedback play an important role in determining the ENSO SPB. We further show that the increasing/decreasing upper‐level cloud/low‐level cloud and the deepening thermocline from autumn to spring are the main factors to control the SPB of ENSO. Our proposed mechanisms also have useful implications for the understanding of ENSO prediction.
Surface Warming and Atmospheric Circulation Dominate Rainfall Changes Over Tropical Rainforests Under Global Warming
Authors: Saint‐Lu Marion , Chadwick Robin , Lambert F. Hugo , Collins Matthew 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis study investigates how the direct effects of CO2 quadrupling on plant physiology impact precipitation in three main rainforests. We show that differences between the regions lie in how land‐surface warming (driven by reduced transpiration) interacts with their climatological atmospheric circulations, regardless of their reliance on evapotranspiration. Various atmosphere‐only experiments from two General Circulation Models are used. We find that over New Guinea, land‐surface warming amplifies moisture convergence from the ocean and increases rainfall. In the Congo, no clear rainfall changes emerge as the land‐surface warming effect is offset by migrations of rainfall. In Amazonia, the interaction of land‐surface warming with the climatological circulation pattern leads to a precipitation‐change dipole, with reduced rainfall in central and eastern Amazonia and increased rainfall in the west.
Oxygen Ion Flow Reversals in Earth's Magnetotail: A Cluster Statistical Study
Authors: De Spiegeleer A. , Hamrin M. , Volwerk M. , Karlsson T. , Gunell H. , Chong G. S. , Pitkänen T. , Nilsson H. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe present a statistical study of magnetotail flows that change direction from earthward to tailward using Cluster spacecraft. More precisely, we study 318 events of particle flux enhancements in the O+ data for which the pitch angle continuously changes with time, either from 0° to 180° or from 180° to 0°. These structures are called “Pitch Angle Slope Structures” (PASSes). PASSes for which the pitch angle changes from 0° to 180° are observed in the Northern Hemisphere while those for which the pitch angle changes from 180° to 0° are observed in the Southern Hemisphere. These flux enhancements result in a reversal of the flow direction from earthward to tailward regardless of the hemisphere where they are observed. Sometimes, several PASSes can be observed consecutively which can therefore result in oscillatory velocity signatures in the earth‐tail direction. The PASS occurrence rate increases from 1.8% to 3.7% as the AE index increases from ∼0 to ∼600 nT. Also, simultaneously to PASSes, there is typically a decrease in the magnetic field magnitude due to a decrease (increase) of the sunward component of the magnetic field in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere. Finally, based on the 115 (out of 318) PASSes that show energy‐dispersed structures, the distance to the source from the spacecraft is estimated to be typically <25RE along the magnetic field line. This study is important as it sheds light on one of the causes of tailward velocities in Earth's magnetotail.
Chemical Characteristics and Ozone Production in the Northern Colorado Front Range
Authors: Pfister Gabriele , Wang Chi‐Tsan , Barth Mary , Flocke Frank , Vizuete William , Walters Stacy 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe use the extensive set of aircraft and ground‐based observations from the NSF/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) and State of Colorado Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment and the NASA DISCOVER‐AQ experiments in summer 2014 together with the regional chemical transport model Weather Research and Forecast Model with Chemistry (WRF‐Chem) to study the ozone production and chemical regimes in the Northern Colorado Front Range (NFR). We apply the model's Integrated Reaction Rate capability and chemical tendencies diagnostics and present results from an in‐depth analysis of the ozone formation in various NFR regions for a case study of 12 August 2014. We further apply these diagnostics along a WRF online trajectory to assess the chemical evolution of an airmass during transport. The results show efficient ozone production within the NFR driven by the availability of NOx and an abundance of highly reactive volatile organic compound and also continued ozone production during the transport into the mountains. We identify CO, formaldehyde, higher alkanes, acetaldehyde, and isoprene among the volatile organic compound species with the highest efficiency in ozone production. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations in the NFR have a significant contribution from photochemical production, which in turn is linked back to methane oxidation and to emissions of higher alkanes, isoprene, ethane, and propane. This study provides valuable policy information into the chemical fingerprint of surface ozone in the NFR, an area that is in nonattainment of the U.S. EPA ozone health standards and demonstrates the capability of the newly added diagnostic tool in WRF‐Chem to address the drivers behind secondary production of pollutants in greater detail.
Impact of breast cancer molecular subtypes on the incidence, kinetics and prognosis of central nervous system metastases in a large multicentre real-life cohort
Authors: Darlix Amélie , Louvel Guillaume , Fraisse Julien , Jacot William , Brain Etienne , Debled Marc , Mouret-Reynier Marie Ange , Goncalves Anthony , Dalenc Florence , Delaloge Suzette , Campone Mario , Augereau Paule , Ferrero Jean Marc , Levy Christelle , Fumet Jean-David , Lecouillard Isabelle , Cottu Paul , Petit Thierry , Uwer Lionel , Jouannaud Christelle , Leheurteur Marianne , Dieras Véronique , Robain Mathieu , Chevrot Michaël , Pasquier David , Bachelot Thomas 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background
Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) behaviour differs depending on hormone receptors (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) statuses.

Methods
The kinetics of central nervous system (CNS) metastases (CNS metastasis-free survival, CNSM-FS) and subsequent patient’s prognosis (overall survival, OS) according to the molecular subtype were retrospectively assessed in 16703 MBC patients of the ESME nationwide multicentre MBC database (Kaplan–Meier method).

Results
CNS metastases occurred in 4118 patients (24.6%) (7.2% at MBC diagnosis and 17.5% later during follow-up). Tumours were HER2−/HR+ (45.3%), HER2+/HR+ (14.5%), HER2+/HR− (14.9%) and triple negative (25.4%). Median age at CNS metastasis diagnosis was 58.1 years (range: 22.8–92.0). The median CNSM-FS was 10.8 months (95% CI: 16.5–17.9) among patients who developed CNS metastases. Molecular subtype was independently associated with CNSM-FS (HR = 3.45, 95% CI: 3.18–3.75, triple-negative and HER2−/HR+ tumours). After a 30-month follow-up, median OS after CNS metastasis diagnosis was 7.9 months (95% CI: 7.2–8.4). OS was independently associated with subtypes: median OS was 18.9 months (HR = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.50–0.64) for HER2+/HR+ , 13.1 months (HR = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.65–0.81) for HER2+/HR−, 4.4 months (HR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.42–1.69) for triple-negative and 7.1 months for HER2−/HR+ patients (p <0.0001).

Conclusions
Tumour molecular subtypes strongly impact incidence, kinetics and prognosis of CNS metastases in MBC patients.

Clinical trial registration
NCT03275311.