bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Crimean Goths in the Russian Imperial and Soviet Periods
Authors: Khrapunov Nikita 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This paper addresses scholarly and ideological interpretations of Crimean Goths from the late eighteenth century to the collapse of the Soviet Union. At the first stage, intellectual travellers and armchair researchers discovered the basic set of written sources, using archaeology often as illustrations and producing many long-living phantoms. From the mid-nineteenth century on, archaeological and historical researches made a big step towards understanding Crimean Gothic history. However, the Crimean War destroyed sites and museum collections, thus being a prologue to the terrible events of the Russian Civil War and the Second World War. The first Soviet decades were an ambivalent period: advancement of scientific research combined with ideological pressure. The shock of the Second World War put Crimean Goths into the focus of ideological struggle: the Nazis used them in substantiation of their rights to the Crimea as imagined “Land of the Goths” (Gotenland), while Soviet ideologists preferred to erase the Goths from Crimea’s history. However, continuing excavations collected abundant materials related to different periods and features of the Crimean Goths’ history.
Die Blonden des 11. Buches des Pseudo-Maurikios
Authors: Shuvalov Petr 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This analysis of the text of Pseudo-Maurice’s Strategikon ch. xi,3, discussing the “light-haired peoples,” is based on a new investigation of the MSS by the on-line photocopies, and shows that in the text there are many inner citations and paraphrases as well as some traces of redactions previous to the archetype (i.e. common ancestor of the MSS). The analysis of the punctuation allows to propose the hypothesis that the cola in Leo’s Problemata do reflect directly the system of punctuation in the hyparchetype α (i.e. the ancestor of β, which is the progenitor of the main MSS). The text’s development before the first split of the tradition between MSS families could be separated into the following phases for ch. xi,3: (1) Xanth (the Urtext of the chapter), (2) Kairos (many interpolations and possible extraction of the text of Xanth including the first part of the title), and (3) Abar (some additional interpolations, including the names of the Franks and Lombards). The blonds (xantha ethne) of the first phase are neither Franks nor Lombards. More likely they are different gentes of the Middle Danube between the time of Attila and the appearance of the Avars – like Ostrogoths, Gepids, Heruls, etc.
Genitive of Negation in Gothic
Authors: Bucci Giacomo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The “genitive of negation” (GenNeg) is a morphosyntactic phenomenon that has seldom been addressed in Germanic, and Gothic in particular. By means of internal and typological comparison, this article aims to pinpoint the major features of this phenomenon, as found in the Gothic Bible, from a semantic perspective. I will put forth the hypothesis that the genitive of negation was a non-productive phenomenon in Gothic, and that there are reasons to distinguish it from the partitive genitive (PartGen), at least synchronically.
al-Uṣūl al-Muhaḏḏabiyya
Authors: Ben-Shammai Haggai 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Ms. St. Petersburg, Russian National Library, Evr Arab I 3951 has 14 leaves, which consist of three fragments: 1) Fols. 1–10, include part of al-Uṣūl al-Muhaḏḏabiyya, the subject of the present paper. 2–3) Fragments of a responsum on forbidden marriages and a theological work. al-Uṣūl al-Muhaḏḏabiyya was written as a concise compendium of Muʿtazili theology, written by a Karaite scholar Sahl b. al-Faḍl al-Tustarī, who was active in Jerusalem (and perhaps later in Egypt) at the end of the 10th century, at the request of al-Qaḍī al-Muhaḏḏab Saniyy al-Dawla, (apparently) a dignitary in the service of the Fāṭimid government. No person with this, or a similar name could be identified in historical or biographic sources as fitting the role of instigator of such an inter-confessional project. On the basis of a comparison between a quotation of a statement on the definition of prophecy by al-Sahl b. al-Faḍl al-Tustarī at an inter-confessional debate, which took place on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem ca. 1095 (quoted in Ibn al-ʿArabī’s Qānūn al-taʾwīl) and a similar statement on prophecy found in the fragment of al-Uṣūl al-Muhaḏḏabiyya, it is quite safe to conclude that the same person is the author of the compendium, and also of the important work Kitāb al-Īmāʾ.
Simone de Beauvoir et ses lectrices
Authors: Rouch Marine 
Published: August 2020

Résumé
À partir des lettres reçues par Beauvoir de la part de ses lectrices, l’ article étudie d’ abord la réception et l’ appropriation de l’ œuvre de l’ écrivaine par une partie des femmes des années 1950 et 1960 : Le Deuxième Sexe et l’ entreprise autobiographique sont au centre de ce processus. La lettre à l’ écrivain.e permettant une concrétisation du lectorat aux yeux de l’ écrivain.e, l’ hypothèse d’ une influence en retour des lectrices sur le parcours féministe de Simone de Beauvoir est ensuite poursuivie.
The State of the Art of the Genetic Relationship of Japonic: the Turanian and Altaic Hypotheses
Authors: Orlandi Giorgio (Georg) 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The history of several attempts, both long-range and short-range, at linking the Japanese language is surveyed and scrutinized in the present paper. Special attention is given to some earlier proposals which are largely ignored by current scholarship, albeit it can be demonstrated that they still define certain long-range comparisons which continue to enjoy some popularity among modern scholars. The two most important hypotheses examined in the present paper are those linking Japanese (Japonic) with the languages that have been classified under the labels “Turanian” and “Altaic”. It is shown that the (Macro-)Altaic hypothesis, recently also called “Transeurasian”, has close historical connections with the Turanian hypothesis and its predecessors.
Altaicization and De-Altaicization of Japonic and Koreanic
Authors: Yurayong Chingduang , Szeto Pui Yiu 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
This article discusses 40 grammatical features in Japonic and Koreanic in relation to their neighbouring languages in Northeast Asia. The data comprise 66 modern language varieties of 13 different linguistic affinities, and 12 historical languages (including Old and Middle Japanese and Old and Middle Korean). The results generated from a computational phylogenetic tool show a significant distance in the typological profiles of three main clades: Northeast Asian, Japonic-Koreanic, and Sinitic spheres. Typologically, the Japonic and Koreanic languages form a common grammatical type by sharing up to 26/40 features. By tracing their attestation in the historical languages we can see that the converged grammars are likely to be results of typological Altaicization and de-Altaicization. The combination of linguistic and historical evidence points to a chronology in which Japonic and Koreanic had mutually converged by Altaicization and de-Altaicization, respectively, during the 1st millennium BC and AD before eventually diverging in the 2nd millennium AD.
Drier North American Monsoon in Contrast to Asian–African Monsoon under Global Warming
Authors: He Chao , Li Tim , Zhou Wen 
Published: August 2020

AbstractSummer monsoon rainfall supplies over 55% of annual precipitation to global monsoon regions. As shown by more than 70% of models, including 30 models from CMIP5 and 30 models from CMIP6 under high-emission scenarios, North American (NAM) monsoon rainfall decreases in a warmer climate, in sharp contrast to the robust increase in Asian–African monsoon rainfall. A hierarchy of model experiments is analyzed to understand the mechanism for the reduced NAM monsoon rainfall in this study. Modeling evidence shows that the reduction of NAM monsoon rainfall is related to both direct radiative forcing of increased CO2 concentration and SST warming, manifested as fast and slow responses to abrupt CO2 quadrupling in coupled GCMs. A cyclone anomaly forms over the Eurasian–African continental area due to enhanced land–sea thermal contrast under increased CO2 concentration, and this leads to a subsidence anomaly on its western flank, suppressing the NAM monsoon rainfall. The SST warming acts to further reduce the rainfall over the NAM monsoon region, and the El Niño–like SST warming pattern with enhanced SST warming over the equatorial Pacific plays a key role in suppressing NAM rainfall, whereas relative cooling over the subtropical North Atlantic has no contribution. A positive feedback between monsoon precipitation and atmospheric circulation helps to amplify the responses of monsoon rainfall.
The ‘economy for the common good’, job quality and workers’ well-being in Austria and Germany
Authors: Ollé-Espluga Laia , Muckenhuber Johanna , Hadler Markus 
Published: August 2020

The Economy for the Common Good movement proposes an alternative economic model, which promises to offset many of the detrimental effects of the contemporary labour market. Yet, despite its increasing economic and social relevance in Europe, there is little research on Economy for the Common Good firms and the quality of the jobs they offer their employees. We thus, first, introduce the ideas of this movement and then present findings on workplace characteristics and the well-being of workers. Our results are based on our own survey of Economy for the Common Good employees from 2018 and on the sixth wave of the European Working Conditions Survey. Our analyses offer mixed support for the claims of the Economy for the Common Good – while Economy for the Common Good workers can be found in high-quality work settings, their absenteeism and presenteeism, as well as indicators of control, time pressure, direct participation and financial participation do not differ from other workers when controlled in a propensity score matching approach. Based on our findings and feedback from Economy for the Common Good representatives, we conclude that the introduction of Economy for the Common Good ideas might be too recent to see any positive effects, but also that Economy for the Common Good companies should place more focus on their employees’ well-being. JEL codes: P40, P52, J81, I14
3-Methylxanthine production through biodegradation of theobromine by Aspergillus sydowii PT-2
Authors: Zhou Binxing , Ma Cunqiang , Zheng Chengqin , Xia Tao , Ma Bingsong , Liu Xiaohui 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Methylxanthines, including caffeine, theobromine and theophylline, are natural and synthetic compounds in tea, which could be metabolized by certain kinds of bacteria and fungi. Previous studies confirmed that several microbial isolates from Pu-erh tea could degrade and convert caffeine and theophylline. We speculated that these candidate isolates also could degrade and convert theobromine through N-demethylation and oxidation. In this study, seven tea-derived fungal strains were inoculated into various theobromine agar medias and theobromine liquid mediums to assess their capacity in theobromine utilization. Related metabolites with theobromine degradation were detected by using HPLC in the liquid culture to investigate their potential application in the production of 3-methylxanthine.

Results
Based on theobromine utilization capacity, Aspergillus niger PT-1, Aspergillus sydowii PT-2, Aspergillus ustus PT-6 and Aspergillus tamarii PT-7 have demonstrated the potential for theobromine biodegradation. Particularly, A. sydowii PT-2 and A. tamarii PT-7 could degrade theobromine significantly (p < 0.05) in all given liquid mediums. 3,7-Dimethyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine, 7-methylxanthine, 3-methyluric acid, xanthine, and uric acid were detected in A. sydowii PT-2 and A. tamarii PT-7 culture, respectively, which confirmed the existence of N-demethylation and oxidation in theobromine catabolism. 3-Methylxanthine was common and main demethylated metabolite of theobromine in the liquid culture. 3-Methylxanthine in A. sydowii PT-2 culture showed a linear relation with initial theobromine concentrations that 177.12 ± 14.06 mg/L 3-methylxanthine was accumulated in TLM-S with 300 mg/L theobromine. Additionally, pH at 5 and metal ion of Fe2+ promoted 3-methylxanthine production significantly (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
This study is the first to confirm that A. sydowii PT-2 and A. tamarii PT-7 degrade theobromine through N-demethylation and oxidation, respectively. A. sydowii PT-2 showed the potential application in 3-methylxanthine production with theobromine as feedstock through the N-demethylation at N-7 position.
Full-length transcriptome analysis of Phytolacca americana and its congener P. icosandra and gene expression normalization in three Phytolaccaceae species
Authors: Liu Danfeng , Chen Li , Chen Chao , An Xingkui , Zhang Yongjun , Wang Yi , Li Qingjun 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Phytolaccaceae species in China are not only ornamental plants but also perennial herbs that are closely related to human health. However, both large-scale full-length cDNA sequencing and reference gene validation of Phytolaccaceae members are still lacking. Therefore, single-molecule real-time sequencing technology was employed to generate full-length transcriptome in invasive Phytolacca americana and non-invasive exotic P. icosandra. Based on the transcriptome data, RT-qPCR was employed to evaluate the gene expression stability in the two plant species and another indigenous congener P. acinosa.

Results
Total of 19.96 Gb and 19.75 Gb clean reads of P. americana and P. icosandra were generated, including 200,857 and 208,865 full length non-chimeric (FLNC) reads, respectively. Transcript clustering analysis of FLNC reads identified 89,082 and 98,448 consensus isoforms, including 86,989 and 96,764 high-quality ones. After removing redundant reads, 46,369 and 50,220 transcripts were obtained. Based on structure analysis, total 1675 and 1908 alternative splicing variants, 25,641 and 31,800 simple sequence repeats (SSR) as well as 34,971 and 36,841 complete coding sequences were detected separately. Furthermore, 3574 and 3833 lncRNA were predicted and 41,676 and 45,050 transcripts were annotated respectively. Subsequently, seven reference genes in the two plant species and a native species P. acinosa were selected and evaluated by RT-qPCR for gene expression analysis. When tested in different tissues (leaves, stems, roots and flowers), 18S rRNA showed the highest stability in P. americana, whether infested by Spodoptera litura or not. EF2 had the most stable expression in P. icosandra, while EF1-α was the most appropriate one when attacked by S. litura. EF1-α showed the highest stability in P.acinosa, whereas GAPDH was recommended when infested by S. litura. Moreover, EF1-α was the most stable one among the three plant species whenever germinating seeds or flowers only were considered.

Conclusion
Full-length transcriptome of P. americana and P. icosandra were produced individually. Based on the transcriptome data, the expression stability of seven candidate reference genes under different experimental conditions was evaluated. These results would facilitate further exploration of functional and comparative genomic studies in Phytolaccaceae and provide insights into invasion success of P. americana.
The burden of disease and the cost of illness attributable to child maltreatment in Japan: long-term health consequences largely matter
Authors: Mo Xiuting , Gai Ruoyan Tobe , Tachibana Yoshiyuki , Bolt Timothy , Takahashi Yoshimitsu , Nakayama Takeo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Child maltreatment leads to enormous adverse short- and long-term health outcomes. The aim of this study is to estimate the burden of disease and the cost of illness attributable to child maltreatment in Japan.

Methods
An incidence-based top-down cost of illness analysis was conducted to estimate medical costs and burden of disease attributable to child maltreatment based on a societal perspective. The assessment included short-term and long-term medical costs and burden of disease measured by Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) that generates mortality and morbidities, based on several national surveys and systematic review. We considered the main types of child maltreatment as exposure, for which the incidence was obtained from literature review. Based on population attributable fractions (PAFs), burden of disease of physical and mental health consequences attributable to child maltreatment were estimated. Then DALYs were converted into monetary value. The lifetime economic burden was finally estimated by combining with medical costs and subject to sensitivity analysis.

Results
The lifetime disease burden expressed in DALYs was estimated at 1,047,580 DALYs (95% CI 788,388 - 1326,80 DALYs) for the cohort victims in 2016. Based on the incidence according to literature review, the overall lifetime economic burden was 50.24 billion USD, equivalent to 1.3 million times of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Among the total economic burden, costs of suffering and pain based on DALYs were accounting for 81.3%. These estimates were 7–8 times of conservative estimates which used incidence data from official reported cases.

Conclusions
This study found that the national lifetime cost was huge and equivalent to 1.3 million GDP per capita, and its burden of disease was approximately equal to that of colon and rectum cancers or stomach cancer. Our findings particularly in terms of revealed the considerable burden of disease in long term and potential effects of the strengthened maternal and child care as the preventive strategy.
Succeeding with prolonged usage of consumer-based activity trackers in clinical studies: a mixed methods approach
Authors: Henriksen André , Sand Anne-Sofie , Deraas Trygve , Grimsgaard Sameline , Hartvigsen Gunnar , Hopstock Laila 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Background
Lack of physical activity (PA) is a risk factor for death and non-communicable disease. Despite this, more than one fourth of adults worldwide do not follow PA guidelines. As part of a feasibility study to test a complex intervention for increasing PA, we included a consumer-based activity tracker (AT) as a tool to measure PA outcomes and to track heart rate during exercise sessions. The aim of the present study was to identify factors that increase wear time when using a consumer-based AT for monitoring of participants in clinical research.

Methods
Sixteen participants aged 55–74 years, with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and elevated cardiovascular risk were recruited to a 12-month feasibility study. Participants wore a Polar M430 AT to collect continuous PA data during a six-month intervention followed by 6 months of follow-up. We performed quantitative wear time analysis, tested the validity of the AT, and completed two rounds of qualitative interviews to investigate how individual wear-time was linked to participant responses.

Results
From 1 year of tracking, mean number of valid wear days were 292 (SD = 86), i.e. 80%. The Polar M430 provides acceptable measurements for total energy expenditure. Motivations for increased wear time were that participants were asked to wear it and the ability to track PA progress. Perceived usefulness included time keeping, heart rate- and sleep tracking, becoming more conscious about day-to-day activity, and improved understanding of which activity types were more effective for energy expenditure. Sources of AT annoyance were measurement inaccuracies and limited instruction for use. Suggestions for improvement were that the AT was big, unattractive, and complicated to use.

Conclusions
Adherence to wearing a consumer-based AT was high. Results indicate that it is feasible to use a consumer-based AT to measure PA over a longer period. Potential success factors for increased wear time includes adequate instruction for AT use, allowing participants to choose different AT designs, and using trackers with accurate measurements. To identify accurate trackers, AT validation studies in the target cohort may be needed.

Trial registration
U.S. National Library of Medicine, Clinical Trial registry: NCT03807323; Registered 16 September 2019 – Retrospectively registered.
Monitoring the decomposition of wealth-related inequality in the use of regular antenatal care in Egypt (1995–2014)
Authors: Khadr Zeinab 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundBetween 1995 and 2014 Egypt successfully increased the use of regular antenatal care (URAC) among women from 30.4 to 82.9%. The same period saw a decrease in the wealth-based inequality in URAC. This paper investigates the changes in the main determinants contributing to the wealth-based inequality in URAC for the 2 years of 1995 and 2014, and the determinants that underlined the declines in this inequality.MethodsThe secondary analysis was based on data from the 1995 and 2014 rounds of the Egypt Demographic and Health Survey. Logistic regression was implemented to model URAC for the 2 years and inequality was measured using the concentration index. Decomposition of the concentration index and Blinder -Oaxaca decomposition were implemented to assess the contribution of the URAC determinants to its inequality and the changes between 1995 and 2014.ResultsDecomposition of inequalities in URAC in 1995 and 2014 showed that social determinants were the main contributors to these inequalities. More than 90% of the inequalities were explained by the living in rural Upper Egypt, women and their husbands secondary and higher education, the household standard of living, and birth order. These same determinants were responsible for more than 76% of the decline in the inequality in URAC between 1995 and 2014. Wide spread of poverty in rural Upper Egypt was found to contribute significantly to the inequality in URAC. Women and their husbands who have secondary or higher education maintained their high odds of URAC.ConclusionSince poverty in rural Upper Egypt, and inequality in education and parity are crucial social determinants of URAC inequality and its change overtime, new policies and interventions need to focus not only on the health system but on social initiatives with an equity lens to tackle the structural causes underlying these factors and their inequalities.