bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Core components of mental health stigma reduction interventions in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Clay J. , Eaton J. , Gronholm P. C. , Semrau M. , Votruba N. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract

Aims
To identify and categorise core components of effective stigma reduction interventions in the field of mental health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and compare these components across cultural contexts and between intervention characteristics.

Methods
Seven databases were searched with a strategy including four categories of terms ('stigma’, ‘mental health’, ‘intervention’ and ‘low- and middle-income countries’). Additional methods included citation chaining of all papers identified for inclusion, consultation with experts and hand searching reference lists from other related reviews. Studies on interventions in LMICs aiming to reduce stigma related to mental health with a stigma-related outcome measure were included. All relevant intervention characteristics and components were extracted and a quality assessment was undertaken. A ‘best fit’ framework synthesis was used to organise data, followed by a narrative synthesis.

Results
Fifty-six studies were included in this review, of which four were ineffective and analysed separately. A framework was developed which presents a new categorisation of stigma intervention components based on the included studies. Most interventions utilised multiple methods and of the 52 effective studies educational methods were used most frequently (n = 83), and both social contact (n = 8) and therapeutic methods (n = 3) were used infrequently. Most interventions (n = 42) based their intervention on medical knowledge, but a variety of other themes were addressed. All regions with LMICs were represented, but every region was dominated by studies from one country. Components varied between regions for most categories indicating variation between cultures, but only a minority of studies were developed in the local setting or culturally adapted.

Conclusions
Our study suggests effective mental health stigma reduction interventions in LMICs have increased in quantity and quality over the past five years, and a wide variety of components have been utilised successfully – from creative methods to emphasis on recovery and strength of people with mental illness. Yet there is minimal mention of social contact, despite existing strong evidence for it. There is also a lack of robust research designs, a high number of short-term interventions and follow-up, nominal use of local expertise and the research is limited to a small number of LMICs. More research is needed to address these issues. Some congruity exists in components between cultures, but generally they vary widely. The review gives an in-depth overview of mental health stigma reduction core components, providing researchers in varied resource-poor settings additional knowledge to help with planning mental health stigma reduction interventions.
Mars' Ionopause: A Matter of Pressures
Authors: Sánchez‐Cano Beatriz , Narvaez Clara , Lester Mark , Mendillo Michael , Mayyasi Majd , Holmstrom Mats , Halekas Jasper , Andersson Laila , Fowler Christopher M. , McFadden James P. , Durward Sofija 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis study assesses under what circumstances the Martian ionopause is formed on the dayside, both in regions where there are strong crustal magnetic fields and areas where these fields are small (<30 nT). Multiple data sets from three MAVEN dayside deep dip campaigns are utilized between periapsis and 600–1,000 km, as well as solar wind observations from Mars Express. The ionopause is identified as a sudden decrease of the electron density with increasing altitude and a simultaneous increase of the electron temperature and variability below 400 km. This is a physically robust approach as the electron temperature is a key parameter in determining the structure of the ionospheric profile, and, therefore, also a strong indicator of the ionopause location. We find that 36% (54%) of the electron density profiles over strong (weak) crustal magnetic field regions had an ionopause event. We also evaluate the roles of ionospheric thermal and magnetic pressures on the ionopause formation as well as the presence of solar wind particles, H+, down to the location of the ionopause. We found that the topside ionosphere is typically magnetized at mostly all altitudes. The ionopause, if formed, occurs where the total ionospheric pressure (magnetic + thermal) equals the upstream solar wind dynamic pressure. Moreover, the lower edge of the ionopause coincides with the altitude where the solar wind flow stops: The thermal pressure suffers a significant reduction with increasing altitude and the solar wind proton density has a prominent increase.
Transient Enhancement and Decoupling of Carbon and Opal Export in Cyclonic Eddies
Authors: Zhou Kuanbo , Dai Minhan , Xiu Peng , Wang Lei , Hu Jianyu , Benitez‐Nelson Claudia R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractGiven their ephemeral nature, eddies have proven difficult to study, with contrary results from field observations that typically sample at the center during a specific stage of an eddy lifespan. Using the natural occurring radionuclide 234Th, we examined particle fluxes within two cyclonic eddies (CEs) at different evolutionary stages (mature stage eddy, C2, and a decay stage eddy, C1) in the oligotrophic western South China Sea (SCS). Using a 1‐D steady state model, 234Th derived particulate organic carbon (POC) and opal fluxes at 100 m were determined. Both POC and opal fluxes were significantly higher at the eddy edges relative to the eddy cores, with integrated eddy POC and opal fluxes of 6.2 (2.1) mmol C m−2 day−1 and 1.5 (0.28) mmol Si m−2 day−1 in C2 (C1). When compared to non‐eddy regimes, both POC (by 2.6‐fold) and opal fluxes (by 7.5‐fold) in C2 were enhanced; they were reduced and decoupled (0.9‐fold and 1.4‐fold) in C1. The difference in enhancement of particle fluxes and the coupling/decoupling between POC and opal flux likely reflects changes in phytoplankton community structures resulting from eddy evolution. Scaling these results to the entire SCS basin suggests that CEs contribute <4% of the net POC flux but >15% of the opal flux. Therefore, CEs may regulate the biogeochemical cycling of silica to a much greater extent than carbon in the ocean.
Elotuzumab, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone in RRMM: final overall survival results from the phase 3 randomized ELOQUENT-2 study
Authors: Dimopoulos Meletios A. , Lonial Sagar , White Darrell , Moreau Philippe , Weisel Katja , San-Miguel Jesus , Shpilberg Ofer , Grosicki Sebastian , Špička Ivan , Walter-Croneck Adam , Magen Hila , Mateos Maria-Victoria , Belch Andrew , Reece Donna , Beksac Meral , Spencer Andrew , Oakervee Heather , Orlowski Robert Z. , Taniwaki Masafumi , Röllig Christoph , Einsele Hermann , Matsumoto Morio , Wu Ka Lung , Anderson Kenneth C. , Jou Ying-Ming , Ganetsky Alex , Singhal Anil K. , Richardson Paul G. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractProlonging overall survival (OS) remains an unmet need in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). In ELOQUENT-2 (NCT01239797), elotuzumab plus lenalidomide/dexamethasone (ERd) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) versus lenalidomide/dexamethasone (Rd) in patients with RRMM and 1–3 prior lines of therapy (LoTs). We report results from the pre-planned final OS analysis after a minimum follow-up of 70.6 months, the longest reported for an antibody-based triplet in RRMM. Overall, 646 patients with RRMM and 1–3 prior LoTs were randomized 1:1 to ERd or Rd. PFS and overall response rate were co-primary endpoints. OS was a key secondary endpoint, with the final analysis planned after 427 deaths. ERd demonstrated a statistically significant 8.7-month improvement in OS versus Rd (median, 48.3 vs 39.6 months; hazard ratio, 0.82 [95.4% Cl, 0.68–1.00]; P = 0.0408 [less than allotted α of 0.046]), which was consistently observed across key predefined subgroups. No additional safety signals with ERd at extended follow-up were reported. ERd is the first antibody-based triplet regimen shown to significantly prolong OS in patients with RRMM and 1–3 prior LoTs. The magnitude of OS benefit was greatest among patients with adverse prognostic factors, including older age, ISS stage III, IMWG high-risk disease, and 2–3 prior LoTs.
Identifiability of structural networks of nonlinear electronic oscillators
Authors: Vera-Ávila V. P. , Sevilla-Escoboza R. , Goñi J. , Rivera-Durón R. R. , Buldú J. M. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe interplay between structure and function is critical in the understanding of complex systems, their dynamics and their behavior. We investigated the interplay between structural and functional networks by means of the differential identifiability framework, which here quantifies the ability of identifying a particular network structure based on (1) the observation of its functional network and (2) the comparison with a prior observation under different initial conditions. We carried out an experiment consisting of the construction of $$M=20$$

M
=
20

different structural networks composed of $$N=28$$

N
=
28

nonlinear electronic circuits and studied the regions where network structures are identifiable. Specifically, we analyzed how differential identifiability is related to the coupling strength between dynamical units (modifying the level of synchronization) and what are the consequences of increasing the amount of noise existing in the functional networks. We observed that differential identifiability reaches its highest value for low to intermediate coupling strengths. Furthermore, it is possible to increase the identifiability parameter by including a principal component analysis in the comparison of functional networks, being especially beneficial for scenarios where noise reaches intermediate levels. Finally, we showed that the regime of the parameter space where differential identifiability is the highest is highly overlapped with the region where structural and functional networks correlate the most.
Artificial iris performance for smart contact lens vision correction applications
Authors: Vásquez Quintero Andrés , Pérez-Merino Pablo , De Smet Herbert 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper presents the simulated performance assessment of an artificial iris embedded on a scleral contact lens using real data from an aniridia patient. The artificial iris is based on guest–host liquid crystal cells (GH-LCD) in order to actively modify the transmittance of the lens and effective pupil size. Experimental validation of the GH-LCD spectrum and iris contrast (determined to be 1:2.1) enabled the development of optical models that include the effect of a small pupil on image quality and visual quality on an optical system with aniridia characteristics. Visual simulations at different light conditions (high/low photopic and mesopic) demonstrated the theoretical capacity of the customized artificial iris smart contact lens to expand the depth-of-focus and decrease the optical aberrations (in particular, the spherical aberration). The visual modelling suggests a maximum depth-of-focus value for a 2-mm pupil diameter for both eyes as follows: 3D (1,000 cd/m2), 2D (10 cd/m2) and 0.75D (1 cd/m2). This work demonstrates the beneficial optical effects of an active artificial iris, based on visual simulations in response to different light levels, and enables further experimental investigation on patients to validate the dynamic light attenuation and visual performance of smart contact lenses with GH-LCD.
Impact of benzodiazepine consumption reduction on future burden of dementia
Authors: Jacqmin-Gadda Hélène , Guillet Florian , Mathieu Clément , Helmer Catherine , Pariente Antoine , Joly Pierre 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDementia is a major public health issue worldwide and chronic use of benzodiazepine, which is very frequent in northern countries, was found to be a risk factor of dementia. This work aims at evaluating the impact of a reduction in chronic use of benzodiazepine on the future burden of dementia in France. Using estimations of dementia incidence and of benzodiazepine use and nation-wide projections of mortality and population sizes, a Monte Carlo approach based on an illness-death model provided projections of several indicators of dementia burden. With no change in benzodiazepine consumption, the prevalence of dementia between age 65 and 99 in France in 2040 was estimated at 2.16 millions (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.93–2.38), with a life expectancy without dementia at 65 years equal to 25.0 years (24.7–25.3) for women and 23.8 years (23.5–24.2) for men. Assuming a disappearance of chronic use of benzodiazepine in 2020, the prevalence would be reduced by about 6.6% in 2040 and the life expectancy without dementia would increase by 0.99 (0.93–1.06) year among women and 0.56 (0.50–0.62) among men. To conclude, a modest but significant reduction in future dementia burden could be obtained by applying current recommendation for duration of benzodiazepine use.
Low levels of salivary metals, oral microbiome composition and dental decay
Authors: Davis Elyse , Bakulski Kelly M. , Goodrich Jaclyn M. , Peterson Karen E. , Marazita Mary L. , Foxman Betsy 
Published: September 2020

AbstractSalivary microbiome composition can change following exposure to environmental toxicants, e.g., heavy metals. We hypothesized that levels of salivary nutrients and metals would correlate with salivary microbiome composition and be associated with dental decay. Here we assess the salivary concentrations of 5 essential minerals (cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc), 4 metals with some evidence of normal physiological function (chromium, nickel, tungsten, and vanadium), and 12 with known toxicity (antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cesium, lead, mercury, platinum, thallium, tin, and uranium), and their associations with salivary microbiome composition and dental decay in 61 children and adults. 16 metals were detected in 54% of participants; 8 were found in all. Marked differences in salivary bacterial taxa were associated with levels of antimony, arsenic, and mercury, after adjusting for multiple testing. Further, antimony levels were associated with the presence of decayed teeth. Thus, salivary metal levels, even at low concentrations, may impact oral health.
Large zooming range adaptive microscope employing tunable objective and eyepiece
Authors: Kuang Feng-Lin , Yuan Rong-Ying , Wang Qiong-Hua , Li Lei 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe conventional microscope has discrete magnification and slow response time in zoom process, which is difficult to capture the dynamic activity of the live specimen. We demonstrate an adaptive microscope employing a tunable objective and a tunable eyepiece with large zooming range. The tunable objective consists of three glass lenses and four electrowetting liquid lenses. The tunable eyepiece consists of an achromatic eyepiece and an electrowetting liquid lens. The focal point between the objective and the eyepiece is designed to be tunable, which are controlled by voltages. Thus, the tuning range is relatively large. We fabricate the adaptive microscope and observe the specimen. In the experiment, the magnification of the microscope changes continuously from ~ 59.1 × to ~ 159.2 × , and the largest numerical aperture is ~ 0.212. The tunable eyepiece can release the back focal length of the tunable objective, which increases the zoom range of the microscope. No mechanical movement is required and the aberrations can be corrected over a wide wavelength range. Thus, the proposed adaptive microscope has a potential application in biological research and clinical medical examination.
Canagliflozin ameliorates renal oxidative stress and inflammation by stimulating AMPK–Akt–eNOS pathway in the isoprenaline-induced oxidative stress model
Authors: Hasan Raquibul , Lasker Shoumen , Hasan Ahasanul , Zerin Farzana , Zamila Mushfera , Parvez Faisal , Rahman Md. Mizanur , Khan Ferdous , Subhan Nusrat , Alam Md. Ashraful 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDiabetes is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease, and the high prevalence of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) hyperactivity in diabetic patients makes them further susceptible to SNS-mediated oxidative stress and accelerated kidney damage. Here, we investigated if canagliflozin can reverse isoprenaline (ISO)-induced renal oxidative damage in rats, a model that mimics SNS overstimulation-induced organ injuries in humans. We found that ISO administration elevates renal oxidative stress markers including malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced protein oxidation product (APOP), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitric oxide (NO), while depleting levels of endogenous antioxidants such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). Strikingly, canagliflozin treatment of ISO-treated rats not only prevents elevation of oxidative stress markers but also rescues levels of depleted antioxidants. Our results also show that canagliflozin stimulates antioxidant/anti-inflammatory signaling pathways involving AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), Akt and eNOS, and inhibits iNOS and NADPH oxidase isoform 4 (NOX4), all of which are associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Further, canagliflozin prevents ISO-induced apoptosis of kidney cells by inhibiting Bax protein upregulation and caspase-3 activation. Histological examination of kidney sections reveal that canagliflozin attenuates ISO-mediated increases in inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen deposition and fibrosis. Finally, consistent with these findings, canagliflozin treatment improves kidney function in ISO-treated rats, suggesting that the antioxidant effects may be clinically translatable.
A double dissociation between action and perception in bimanual grasping: evidence from the Ponzo and the Wundt–Jastrow illusions
Authors: Ozana Aviad , Ganel Tzvi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractResearch on visuomotor control suggests that visually guided actions toward objects rely on functionally distinct computations with respect to perception. For example, a double dissociation between grasping and between perceptual estimates was reported in previous experiments that pit real against illusory object size differences in the context of the Ponzo illusion. While most previous research on the relation between action and perception focused on one-handed grasping, everyday visuomotor interactions also entail the simultaneous use of both hands to grasp objects that are larger in size. Here, we examined whether this double dissociation extends to bimanual movement control. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with different-sized objects embedded in the Ponzo Illusion. In Experiment 2, we tested whether the dissociation between perception and action extends to a different illusion, the Wundt–Jastrow illusion, which has not been previously used in grasping experiments. In both experiments, bimanual grasping trajectories reflected the differences in physical size between the objects; At the same time, perceptual estimates reflected the differences in illusory size between the objects. These results suggest that the double dissociation between action and perception generalizes to bimanual movement control. Unlike conscious perception, bimanual grasping movements are tuned to real-world metrics, and can potentially resist irrelevant information on relative size and depth.
Pilotprojekt zur betrieblichen zahnmedizinischen
Prävention
Authors: Zimmer Stefan , Su Filiz , Su Enis 
Published: September 2020

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie Untersuchung der Umsetzbarkeit und Wirksamkeit eines
niedrigschwelligen Präventionsangebotes in einem Pilotprojekt zur
betrieblichen Prävention.
Methodik Berufstätige eines Unternehmens mit Tätigkeit in
Büro oder Produktion (n=144; 90w, 54m) mit einem
durchschnittlichen Alter von 39,25 (StA 11,5) Jahren wurden mithilfe eines
Fragebogens zu Gewohnheiten und Wissen in der zahnmedizinischen
Prävention befragt und klinisch untersucht. Die Mundhygiene-Indizes
Papillen-Blutungs-Index (PBI) und der modifizierte Approximal-Plaque-Index
(mAPI) sowie Sondierungstiefenmessungen (STM) wurden erhoben.
Anschließend erfolgte eine Schulung in zahnmedizinischer
Prävention mit einem eigens produzierten Video sowie die Bereitstellung
von zuckerfreiem Kaugummi und Mundspüllösungen zur jeweils 2-mal
täglichen Anwendung für den Zeitraum eines Jahres. Nach einem
Jahr wurden erneut der Fragebogen ausgegeben und die klinischen Parameter
erhoben. Die Studie wurde von der Ethik-Kommission der UW/H genehmigt.
Die statistische Analyse erfolgte mit SPSS 26.
Ergebnisse 85 Patienten mit einem durchschnittlichen Alter von 39,23 (StA
11,3) Jahren konnten nach einem Jahr nachuntersucht werden (59w, 26 m). Die
Analyse des Fragebogens ergab eine signifikante Verbesserung des
Mundgesundheitsverhaltens. Der entsprechende Summenscore verbesserte sich von
10,68 (1,93) auf 9,97 (1,60) (p<0,05). Der PBI verbesserte sich von 0,43
(0,40) auf 0,31 (0,36) (p<0,05), der mAPI von 1,54 (0,51) auf 1,35
(0,39) (p<0,01). Die STM waren von 1,83 (0,39) auf 1,56 (0,36)
(p<0,001) reduziert.
Schlussfolgerung Das Programm erscheint zur Implementierung in die
betriebliche Prävention geeignet und zeigte signifikante Verbesserungen
im Mundgesundheitsverhalten sowie in klinischen Parametern.
Unterlassene Biopsie und verspätete Diagnose eines malignen Melanoms
Authors: Elsner P. 
Published: September 2020

ZusammenfassungEine 41-jährige Patientin konsultierte eine Hautärztin wiederholt wegen einer nach einer Schwangerschaft aufgetretenen Melanom-verdächtigen Pigmentläsion im Bereich der Schulter; die Hautärztin vermerkte die Differenzialdiagnose eines malignen Melanoms, führte aber erst nach 2 Jahren eine Biopsie durch, die ein Melanom ergab (3,3 × 2,3 cm großes superfiziell spreitendes malignes Melanom mit Regression und Ulzeration sowie Satellitenmetastasen).Sowohl die von der Patientin angerufene Gutachterkommission bei der zuständigen Ärztekammer als auch das Landgericht, an dem die Patientin eine Arzthaftungsklage gegen die Hautärztin erhob, als auch schließlich das Oberlandesgericht als Berufungsinstanz bestätigten einen vorwerfbaren Behandlungsfehler der Hautärztin, da die Unterlassung einer Biopsie nicht dem Facharztstandard entsprochen habe. Aufgrund des Befunderhebungsfehlers trat eine Beweislastumkehr für die bei der Patientin aufgetretenen Gesundheitsschäden ein.Auch unter Einsatz zusätzlicher diagnostischer Verfahren wie der Dermatoskopie verbleibt eine diagnostische Ungewissheit bei einem Teil von Pigmentläsionen und das Vorliegen eines malignen Melanoms kann in diesen Fällen nicht mit Sicherheit ausgeschlossen werden. Diese Ungewissheit sollte mit dem Patienten besprochen und darauf hingewiesen werden, dass eine definitive diagnostische Klärung unklarer Pigmentveränderungen eine Exzision oder Biopsie der Läsion erforderlich macht mit der potenziellen Konsequenz, einen negativen dermatopathologischen Befund zu erhalten und damit retrospektiv eine „Übertherapie“ durchgeführt zu haben. Im Sinne der Einhaltung des Facharztstandards ist diese „Übertherapie“ anzuraten, da die mit einer im Nachhinein als unnötig beurteilten Exzision einhergehenden Folgen wie eine Narbenbildung geringer wiegen als die Diagnoseverspätung beim malignen Melanom. Die Entscheidung des Patienten für oder gegen eine Exzision oder Biopsie sollte zur Vermeidung haftungsrechtlicher Konsequenzen schriftlich dokumentiert werden.