bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reputation and Reality
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter attempts to explain the discrepancy between Strauß’s reputation and reality. Strauß is often portrayed as a revolutionary because he had written a radical book which undermined the authority of state and church. Yet Strauß was a moderate in both religion and politics. In religion, it was his intention to replace the weak historical foundation of Christianity in the Bible with a stronger philosophical foundation in the idea. In politics, Strauß dissociated himself from the left wing in the Württemberg Parliament and spurned the radical Junges Deutschland (New Germany) movement; on the whole, his politics was that of a moderate liberalism. Contrary to a widely accepted view, the chapter argues that Strauß was not a left-wing Hegelian.
Context and Background
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 is a study of Strauß’s early intellectual context. It examines his early faith, his educational institutions (the Blaubeuren school and Tübinger Stift), his early devotion to mysticism and romanticism, his conversion to Hegel’s philosophy, his stint as an apprentice pastor in the village of Klein-Ingersheim, and his trip to Berlin to learn the master’s philosophy directly from its source. The chapter also discusses the influence of Kant, Schelling, Schleiermacher, and Boehme on the young Strauß, and attempts to reconstruct the major philosophical problem facing Strauß: the conflict between reason and faith in the early nineteenth century.
Tübingen Lectures
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter is a survey of Strauß’s early lectures in Tübingen. It first considers the context of Strauß’s lectures and their success with the audience. It then examines the question of why Strauß, after such initial success, abandoned his career as a lecturer. There follows a brief summary of the three lecture series: the 1832 lectures on logic and metaphysics, which were primarily an exposition of Hegel’s Wissenschaft der Logik; the 1832–3 lectures on the history of philosophy since Kant, which give us Strauß’s own views about the history of philosophy, though they are still heavily influenced by Hegel; and the 1833 lectures on the history of moral philosophy.
The Theory of Myth
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 6 is an account of Strauß’s concept of myth, which he considered the central characteristic of his approach to the Bible. It first discusses the origin of the theory in the eighteenth century and how Strauß extended the theory to the New Testament. It then considers the problems with Strauß’s various definitions of myth in the first edition of Das Leben Jesu. Finally, it treats the basic concept behind Strauβ’s theory of myth: the Volksgeist. This concept is often misunderstood as a metaphysical postulate, although it was essentially a heuristic maxim demanding an understanding of the cultural context of myth.
Reaction, Demotion, and Exile
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The main subject of this chapter is the immediate consequences for Strauß’s career of the publication of Das Leben Jesu. It first treats Strauß’s self-defense before the Inspektorat in Tübingen: that his critique was only developing a tendency already present in Protestant theology. It then examines the consequences of the failure of this defense: Strauß’s banishment to a minor post in Ludwigsburg. Strauß’s failure to adjust to this new life led to his decision to move to Stuttgart and to become a freelance writer. Another concern of this chapter is the changes Strauß introduced into the second edition of Das Leben Jesu.
Crisis and Compromise
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 9 examines the fallout from the reaction against Das Leben Jesu on Strauß’s life and writing. It first considers Strauß’s personal crisis from the spring of 1837 to 1838 when he fell into a deep depression because of his social isolation, which was the result of his reputation as a heretic. It then treats Strauß’s attempt to restore his reputation by revising some of his critical conclusions about the gospel of John in the third edition of Das Leben Jesu. It is argued that Strauß did not really retract his earlier conclusions but only slightly qualified them. This chapter also examines Strauß’s Zwei friedliche Blätter, where he attempted to modify his concept of Jesus so that he would be acceptable to a more orthodox Christian public. Though he was no longer divine in status, Jesus was now regarded as a genius.
The Zurich Affair
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers two important developments in Strauß’s life in the late 1830s: his attempt to gain a position on the Zurich faculty of theology, and the composition of his long essay on Schleiermacher and Daub. Strauß’s attempt to join the Zurich faculty was a disaster, closing the door on all his attempts to acquire a professional position. The ups and downs of his attempt are described in this chapter. The essay on Schleiermacher and Daub, one of Strauß’s finest, contrasts these two contemporary theologians, who represent the “subjective” and “objective” poles of contemporary theology. Strauß found both views deficient because of their vacillation about the power of reason.
The Doctrine of the Christian Faith
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 11 provides an account of Strauß’s main work on Christian theology, his 1840 Die christliche Glaubenslehre. This work was Strauß’s critique of Christian dogma and therefore concerned more than the historical reliability of the New Testament. But the work was marred by a deep ambivalence: Strauβ’s work was meant as a compendium and therefore needed to provide the student with an introduction to Christian dogma; but Strauß also had deep personal reservations about Christianity which resurface in the text. The work contains a severe critique of the Christian beliefs in miracles, immortality, the trinity, and incarnation; but it also provides a demonstration of the existence of God. Though Strauß now distances himself from Hegel, he still does not completely disavow him.
Career in Politics and Political Writings
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Strauß’s brief career in politics and his chief political writings, which took place from 1847 to1848. It first examines Strauβ’s attitude toward politics and his initial ambivalence about entering the political sphere It then examines his Der Romantiker auf dem Throne der Cäsaren, Strauß’s satire of the political ambitions of Friedrich Wilhelm IV. It then studies some of Strauß’s political articles in Jahrbücher der Gegenwart and Schwäbische Kronik. Strauß’s election campaign and his speeches for a seat in the Frankfurt Parliament are considered. It concludes with an account of his brief career in the Württemberg Parliament.
Das Leben Jesu für das deutsche Volk
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines Strauß’s restatement of his biblical criticism. It is argued that Das Leben Jesu für das deutsche Volke bearbeitet is not simply a popular version of Das Leben Jesu but that it contains a completely new method of exposition. Rather than simplifying his work for a popular audience, Strauß rewrote it and replied to the latest scholarly objections against it. This work also contains Strauß’s final formulation of his theory of myth and his response to the Tübingen school of theologians. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of the major similarities and differences between the 1864 version of Das Leben Jesu and the 1835 version.
Two Polemics of the 1860s
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines two polemical writings of the 1860s: Die Halben und die Ganzen and Der Christus des Glaubens und Jesu der Geschichte. The first writing was a critique of the liberal theologian David Schenkel. Strauß has been criticized for his savage treatment of Schenkel, but it turns out that Schenkel was not really so liberal after all: in his early days he persecuted the young neo-Kantian Kuno Fischer; Strauß wanted to expose the hypocrisy of Schenkel and the discrepancy between his later liberal posture and his earlier reactionary attitude. The second writing was a critique of Schleiermacher’s theology, especially his attempt to defend the divine status of Jesus. This helps to explain some of Strauß’s early biblical criticism, which was a reaction to Schleiermacher.
Three Critics
Authors: Beiser Frederick C. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the criticisms of three prominent Strauß critics: Nietzsche, Treitschke, and Schweitzer. Nietzsche’s criticism is disarmed by showing how it applies entirely to the later Strauß; though he does not admit it, Nietzsche was inspired by the early Strauß. Treitschke’s critique of Strauß fails because it accuses Strauß of problems that he foresaw and already replied to. Although Schweitzer was very sympathetic to Strauβ and truly appreciated his achievement, his criticisms of Strauβ—that his critique is too negative—do not carry much weight because they do not consider the problems anyone would face in coming to more positive conclusions.
Time Out of Mind
Authors: Elsky Stephanie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines aspects of common-law custom crucial to early modern literary production. It sets the stage for understanding how a key concept of legal and constitutionalist thought shaped sixteenth-century literature, while this literature, in turn, transformed a legal-political concept into an evocative mythopoetics. It does so by focusing on a central aspect of custom that allowed for this relationship: the long duration of a practice, its supposed use since “time immemorial.” Temporality played a role not only in establishing the practice itself as a pattern, but also in legal education and professional knowledge about the practices that made up common law, often called “common learning.” Finally, “time immemorial” undergirded the increasingly political idea of the “ancient constitution.” This temporality was dynamic in nature and, as a result, it rendered custom and the ancient constitution a poetics that proved crucial for early modern literary writers.
Inventing Custom
Authors: Elsky Stephanie 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter considers custom’s function in colonial conquest, juxtaposing England’s conquest-filled history, which emerges in Edmund Spenser and Gabriel Harvey’s debate about the imposition of classical meter, or quantitative verse, on English verse, with English attempts at expansion in Ireland, the subject of Spenser’s A View. I argue that their debate reveals the method by which the foreign becomes native via custom, a process that Spenser draws upon in order to justify his violent approach to conquering Ireland and imposing common law. At the same time, however, by exploring the history of Ireland’s equally customary Brehon law, Spenser reveals the difficulty of establishing linguistic—and therefore political—chronologies within a global history that stretches beyond the vexed borders of Ireland and England.
Agapic love and justice
Authors: Lippitt John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Does valorizing ‘love’s forgiveness’ amount to prioritizing agapic love over justice? Or is there some other picture, according to which forgiveness manages to combine love and justice? This chapter, addresses this question through a discussion of Nicholas Wolterstorff’s important distinction between ‘benevolence-agapism’ and ‘care-agapism’, and his defence of the latter. The framework for this is laid out (drawing on several key New Testament passages), before showing the reasons for diverging from Wolterstorff on the question of conditional versus unconditional (invitational) forgiveness. It is argued that forgiveness as a work of love need not—as some of its defenders assume—be an instance of benevolence-agapism, but can rather be an instance of care-agapism. This shows that there is available an understanding of forgiveness as a work of love that manages to incorporate both agapic love and a proper concern for justice.
On learning humility from the lilies and the birds
Authors: Lippitt John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter begins to explore what other virtues might complement ‘forgivingness’. After a justification of the use of the very language of ‘virtues’, it is argued that a key part of the answer is a certain view of humility: one that can be teased out from several Kierkegaardian discourses, and which has recently been gaining increasing support against competing views. Humility is understood not in terms of self-abasement, underestimating oneself, or being ignorant of one’s good qualities, but rather in terms of decentring the self, being focused on others and sources of value besides oneself. In exploring the centrality of future-oriented worries to Kierkegaard’s lily and bird discourses, it is argued that such worries often stem from excessive, debilitating self-absorption, which the kind of humility sketched here enables us to avoid. All this is connected to the forgiving person through a discussion of the relationship between humility and gratitude, and the distinction between the virtue of humility and the vice of servility.
Self-forgiveness and the moral perspective of humility
Authors: Lippitt John 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter presents the argument that the conception of humility outlined in chapter 7—whose features include radical dependence and other-focus—is important in the process of morally responsible self-forgiveness. The case of Briony Tallis in Ian McEwan’s Atonement illustrates this and allows us to recognize (in line with an insight of Robin S. Dillon’s) a kind of self-forgiveness that includes continued self-reproach. Briony illustrates aspects of the kind of self-absorption about which critics of continued self-reproach (such as Margaret Holmgren) are rightly concerned, but she also illustrates a way of getting beyond this, such that the delicate balance between self-forgiveness and self-condemnation is plausibly upheld. Atonement also shows the significance of a particular kind of narrative continuity in the task of self-forgiveness.
Basic Concepts
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic properties of the neutron and its interactions with matter. The principal methods for neutron production are described, especially reactor and spallation sources. The kinematics of scattering are explained, and a simple interpretation is given in terms of the interference of matter waves. Nuclear scattering is separated into coherent and incoherent contributions, and the neutron scattering length is defined. The concept of the cross-section is introduced, and the total, differential, and partial differential scattering cross-sections, as well as the absorption cross-section, are defined.
Magnetic Scattering: General Properties
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The basic theory of magnetic scattering is presented. A response function for magnetic scattering is defined, and expressed in terms partial response functions. The relation between the partial response functions and the correlation function for components of the magnetization is obtained, and the dynamical part of the partial reponse functions is linked via the fluctuation-dissipation theorem to the absorptive part of the generalized susceptibility. It is shown how the dipole approximation can be used to simply the magnetic scattering operator for localized electrons, and the magnetic form factor is introduced. Examples of the use of the dipole magnetic form factor, as well as more general anisotropic magnetic form factors, are given. A comparison with the X-ray atomic form factor is given. Various sum rules for the magnetic response function and generalized susceptibility are obtained.
Magnetic Diffraction
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The basic concepts of magnetic order in crystals are reviewed, including magnetic unit cells, propagation vectors and magnetic domains. Some commonly-occuring magnetic structures are discussed, such as ferromagnets, antiferromagnets, ferrimagnets, and noncollinear and incommensurate magnetic structures. The differential cross-section for neutron diffraction from a magnetic structure is derived, and the magnetic structure factor is defined. The use of neutron polarization analysis, including spherical neutron polarimetry, in the determination of magnetic structures and of the spatial distribution of magnetization is described in detail. Diffuse magnetic scattering due to magnetic frustration and magnetic phase transitions is discussed, and the relevance of the static approximation is explained. Neutron diffraction studies of nuclear spin order are described.
Practical Aspects of Neutron Scattering
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
In this chapter, aspects of the planning and optimization of a neutron scattering experiment are covered, including attenuation, multiple scattering, data normalization, counting statistics, resolution, corrections for polarization analysis, and spurions. Practical aspects of diffraction experiments are described, including instrumentation, Rietveld refinement, anisotropic displacement parameters, the Ewald sphere construction, Lorentz factors, extinction and multiple scattering. Practical aspects of spectroscopy are also described, including triple-axis, time-of-flight and backscattering spectrometers, direct and indirect geometry, and some specific points arising in time-of flight inelastic scattering.
Post-Quantum Blockchains
Authors: Bolfing Andreas 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 10 deals with the fact that quantum computers will break all current practical digital signature schemes once large-scale quantum computers become reality. The chapter starts with an outline of the major cryptographic primitives that are considered to be quantum-safe and compare their efficiency and usability for blockchain networks. For this, it compares the basic factors of the most popular classical public-key schemes and some chosen post-quantum approaches. This is followed by an introduction to hash-based cryptosystems. Based on Lamport-Diffie one-time signatures, it shows how hash-based signature schemes work and how they can be transformed to multi-signature schemes.
‘We Were All Very Sick and Very Stupid’
Authors: Butler Lise 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Conference on the Psychological and Sociological Problems of Modern Socialism held at University College Oxford in 1945. This event featured prominent left-wing policy makers, intellectuals, and social scientists, including the MP Evan Durbin, the political theorist G. D. H. Cole, the writer and politician Margaret Cole, the child psychologist John Bowlby, the historian R. H. Tawney, and Michael Young, who was then the Secretary of the Labour Party Research Department. The conference reflected multiple strands of inter-war and mid-twentieth century political thought and social science which emphasized the political and social importance of small groups, notably through guild socialist arguments for pluralistic forms of political organization, and theories about human attachment drawn from child psychology. The views expressed at the conference reflected a sense that active and participatory democracy was not just morally right but psychologically necessary to prevent popular political radicalization, limit the appeal of totalitarianism, and promote peaceful civil society. The chapter concludes by noting that the events of the conference, and the intellectual influences that it represented, would subsequently shape Michael Young’s project to promote social science within the Labour Party during the later years of the Attlee government.
‘For Richer, For Poorer’
Authors: Butler Lise 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines an unpublished policy document that Young submitted to the Labour Party Policy Committee in 1952 called ‘For Richer, For Poorer’, which marked a transition from Young’s public policy career towards sociology and social research. Young left his position in the Labour Party Research Department after the Conservative election victory in the 1951 general election, and undertook a Ph.D. in social administration at the London School of Economics supervised by the social policy thinker Richard Titmuss. Responding to the Labour Party’s failure to appeal to women voters in the 1951 election, ‘For Richer, For Poorer’ urged the Labour Party to pay more attention to family policy. Young integrated a historical vision of declining social cohesion caused by industrialization and suburbanization with contemporary concerns about the poverty of women and children that built on the work of earlier social poverty researchers and the feminist campaigns for a family allowance led by Eleanor Rathbone. This document reflected a turn in Young’s thought away from the focus on full employment and macro-economic planning which had characterized much of his policy work during the Attlee government, and towards thinking about social policy from the perspective of those he conceived of as non-workers, including the elderly, the unemployed, children, and women.
Conclusion
Authors: Butler Lise 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
The conclusion describes how the Social Science Research Council, and in particular the discipline of sociology, came under increasing attack by Conservative policy makers in the 1970s and 1980s. It briefly outlines Young’s biography and career after 1970, and summarizes the key arguments of the book as a whole. The conclusion cautions against populist and communitarian arguments which idealize nostalgic visions of community, pointing out that Young’s portrayals of the East London working class were ideologically and politically motivated, and did not fully account for changing gender norms or the impact of immigration. The book concludes by re-emphasizing the importance of the social sciences in twentieth-century politics and political thought, and argues that historians should continue to take their role in modern British history seriously.
Introduction
Authors: Conley Carolyn A. 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
This book examines how the types of homicides women were accused of and the responses these women encountered in the courts and the press reflected and challenged prevailing gender norms. The primary sources are the Old Bailey Sessions Papers which include the trials heard at the Central Criminal Court in London between 1674 and 1913. The introduction discusses the strengths and limitations of the Old Bailey Sessions Papers as well as other primary sources such as the Ordinary Accounts, broadsheets, pamphlets, and newspapers. It offers an overview of changing norms and stereotypes for women during the period as well as a summary of changes in criminal procedures.