bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Ozone: Superstoichiometric Oxygen in Atomic Layer Deposition of Fe2O3 Using tert‐Butylferrocene and O3
Authors: Schneider Joel R. , Baker Jon G. , Bent Stacey F. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractUnderstanding the chemical mechanisms at play in atomic layer deposition (ALD) is critical for effective process development and expansion of ALD into more complex classes of materials. In this work, a mechanistic study of iron oxide deposited by ALD using tert‐butylferrocene and ozone as reactants is performed. Iron oxide ALD using ozone is a useful model system for mechanistic studies due to the prevalence of ozone‐based ALD processes and the uses of iron oxide in ternary and quaternary metal oxides. Results show that saturation conditions require significantly greater exposures of both reactants than is typically reported in the literature, and growths per cycle of greater than one monolayer of Fe2O3 per cycle are observed and explained. A growth mechanism is proposed whereby increased ozone exposure results in uptake of superstoichiometric oxygen into the film. X‐ray characterizations reveal the presence of excess oxygen stored near the surface of films deposited with larger ozone exposures and show that increased ozone exposures cause crystalline domain rearrangement and conversion of the film from the γ‐maghemite phase to the α‐hematite phase. The mechanism described here has implications for the wider class of ozone‐based ALD processes, and potential applications of this growth phenomenon are discussed.
Hybrid Manufacturing of 3D Hierarchical Porous Carbons for Electrochemical Storage
Authors: Wang Panfeng , Zhang Hao , Wang Huizhi , Li Dawei , Xuan Jin , Zhang Li 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCarbon is one of the most attractive electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage. An ideal electrode structure requires a pore distribution ranging from nanoscale to milliscale to simultaneously enable efficient mass transfer, enlarge the specific surface area, and minimize the electrical resistance. Here, a novel hybrid method to fabricate carbon electrodes with a designable hierarchical pore structure is presented. The proposed manufacturing combines stereolithography, pyrolysis, and chemical activation, which contribute to producing pores in millimeter, micrometer, and nanometer, respectively. The prepared hierarchical microarchitectural material outperforms the commercial carbon paper by five times in current density. Further enhancement in the electrochemical performance can be achieved through optimizing the distribution of hierarchical pores, which is proved feasible in the applications of vanadium redox flow battery and supercapacitor applications.
Laser‐Induced Forward Transfer: A Digital Approach for Printing Devices on Regular Paper
Authors: Sopeña Pol , Sieiro Javier , Fernández‐Pradas Juan M. , López‐Villegas José M. , Serra Pere 
Published: April 2020

AbstractInkjet printing (IJP) is the most widespread direct‐write technique in paper electronics. However, this technique cannot be used for printing devices on untreated regular paper, since its low‐viscosity nanoinks leak through the cellulose fibers. Thus, a planarization coating is frequently used as a barrier, even though this makes substrates more expensive and less eco‐friendly. Alternatively, high solid content screen printing (SP) inks could allow printing on regular paper due to their high viscosity and large particle size; however, they cannot be printed through IJP. Another digital technique is then required: laser‐induced forward transfer (LIFT). This work aims at proving the feasibility of LIFT for printing devices on regular paper. The main transfer parameters are systematically varied to obtain uniform Ag‐SP interconnects, whose performance is improved by a multiple‐printing approach. It results in low resistances with much better performance than those typical of IJP. After optimizing the functionality of the printed lines, a proof‐of‐concept consisting of a radio‐frequency inductor is provided. The characterization of the device shows a substantially higher performance than that of the same device printed with IJP ink in similar conditions, which proves the potential of LIFT for digitally fabricating devices on regular paper.
High‐Contrast Optical Modulation from Strain‐Induced Nanogaps at 3D Heterogeneous Interfaces
Authors: Cho Donghwi , Shim Young‐Seok , Jung Jae‐Wook , Nam Sang‐Hyeon , Min Seokhwan , Lee Sang‐Eon , Ham Youngjin , Lee Kwangjae , Park Junyong , Shin Jonghwa , Hong Jung‐Wuk , Jeon Seokwoo 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe realization of high‐contrast modulation in optically transparent media is of great significance for emerging mechano‐responsive smart windows. However, no study has provided fundamental strategies for maximizing light scattering during mechanical deformations. Here, a new type of 3D nanocomposite film consisting of an ultrathin (≈60 nm) Al2O3 nanoshell inserted between the elastomers in a periodic 3D nanonetwork is proposed. Regardless of the stretching direction, numerous light‐scattering nanogaps (corresponding to the porosity of up to ≈37.4 vol%) form at the interfaces of Al2O3 and the elastomers under stretching. This results in the gradual modulation of transmission from ≈90% to 16% at visible wavelengths and does not degrade with repeated stretching/releasing over more than 10 000 cycles. The underlying physics is precisely predicted by finite element analysis of the unit cells. As a proof of concept, a mobile‐app‐enabled smart window device for Internet of Things applications is realized using the proposed 3D nanocomposite with successful expansion to the 3 × 3 in. scale.
Inorganic Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Challenges
Authors: Tian Jingjing , Xue Qifan , Yao Qin , Li Ning , Brabec Christoph J. , Yip Hin‐Lap 
Published: April 2020

AbstractAll‐inorganic perovskite semiconductors have recently drawn increasing attention owing to their outstanding thermal stability. Although all‐inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved significant progress in recent years, they still fall behind their prototype organic–inorganic counterparts owing to severe energy losses. Therefore, there is considerable interest in further improving the performance of all‐inorganic PSCs by synergic optimization of perovskite films and device interfaces. This review article provides an overview of recent progress in inorganic PSCs in terms of lead‐based and lead‐free composition. The physical properties of all‐inorganic perovskite semiconductors as well as the hole/electron transporting materials are discussed to unveil the important role of composition engineering and interface modification. Finally, a discussion of the prospects and challenges for all‐inorganic PSCs in the near future is presented.
Mechanical Regulation Triboelectric Nanogenerator with Controllable Output Performance for Random Energy Harvesting
Authors: Yin Mengfei , Lu Xiaohui , Qiao Guangda , Xu Yuhong , Wang Yuqi , Cheng Tinghai , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractRecycling of random mechanical energy in the environment has become an important research hotspot. The triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) were invented to harvest energy, and have been widely applied due to their simple structure, small size, and low cost. This paper reports a mechanical regulation triboelectric nanogenerator (MR‐TENG) for the first time with controllable output performance used to harvest random or irregular energy in the environment. It comprises a transmission unit, switch structure, generator unit, flywheel, and shell. Random linear motion or rocking motion is transferred via the transmission unit to the flywheel. The rotor of the generator unit fixed on the flywheel and the stator of the generator unit fixed on the shell combine. By controlling the storage and release of energy in the flywheel, the switch structure assists the flywheel to convert random or irregular energy into a controllable and stable energy output. The MR‐TENG can generate an open‐circuit voltage of 350 V, a short‐circuit current of 12 μA, a transfer charge of 130 nC, and a peak power of 2.52 mW. Furthermore, a thermometer and more than 300 light emitting diodes (LEDs) are separately powered by this MR‐TENG in simulated water waves, demonstrating its potential application in water wave energy harvesting.
Role of New Plant Breeding Technologies for Food Security and Sustainable Agricultural Development
Authors: Qaim Matin 
Published: April 2020

AbstractNew plant breeding technologies (NPBTs), including genetically modified and gene‐edited crops, offer large potentials for sustainable agricultural development and food security while addressing shortcomings of the Green Revolution. This article reviews potentials, risks, and actually observed impacts of NPBTs. Regulatory aspects are also discussed. While the science is exciting and some clear benefits are already observable, overregulation and public misperceptions may obstruct efficient development and use of NPBTs. Overregulation is particularly observed in Europe, but also affects developing countries in Africa and Asia, which could benefit the most from NPBTs. Regulatory reforms and a more science‐based public debate are required.
A Winding Road to Peace Building: Longitudinal Outcomes of a Peace Intervention for Survivors and Génocidaires of the1994 Genocide Against the Tutsiin Rwanda
Authors: Kang Ezer , Delzell Darcie A.P. , Snyder Jordan , Mwemere Grace K. , Mbonyingabo Christophe 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis longitudinal study examined outcomes of a local peace‐building intervention that applied principles of intergroup contact to promote reconciliation between génocidaires and survivors whom they have directly harmed during the1994 Genocide Against the Tutsiin Rwanda. Individual interviews were conducted with 46 génocidaires and 45 survivors whom they have directly harmed during the genocide at 7‐time points over the course of their 22‐month participation in three programmatic activities (workshops, cell groups, and cooperative cow raising). One thousand bootstrapped samples generated to measure changes in outcomes indicated that survivors and génocidaires regarded themselves and those who directly impacted them during the genocide more positively after 22 months. Although both survivors and génocidaires experienced significant decline in trauma symptomatology after 22 months, they responded to programmatic activities differently. Cell group interactionssustainedsome positive outcomes (génocidaires perceived forgiveness by others) after the workshops andfurther improvedothers (génocidaires self‐forgiveness). Survivors who participated in cell groups and raised cows with génocidaires demonstrated further willingness to reconcile compared to survivors who participated in cell groups alone. Our findings empirically support the benefits of promoting different forms of intergroup interactions long after a period of intense violence and highlight the importance of considering how the trajectories of outcomes can inform program and theory development.HighlightsSurvivors and génocidaires in Rwanda benefited from a local intergroup contact intervention (CI).However, génocidaires and survivors they directly harmed benefited differently over 22‐months.Preparing survivors and génocidaires with skills to participate in communal life is critical for CI.Highlighting both CI outcomes and trajectories are essential for program and theory development.
Measurement of Social Processes at the Neighborhood Level in Baltimore City
Authors: Williams Stacey C. , Milam Adam J. , Furr‐Holden C. Debra M. , Salgado Carlos Castillo 
Published: April 2020

Abstract
Small‐area ecological research is critical to inform place‐based interventions at the neighborhood level; however, objective measurement of the social context has been limited. The current study extends the application of the Neighborhood Inventory for Environmental Typology (NIfETy) through the development and evaluation of measures of social context for a longer period of observation (3 years) and at a larger area of aggregation (census tract clusters) compared to previous studies using measures at the block‐face level from a single observation. Observations from the 172‐item inventory were collected from a random sample of block faces (n = 793) in Baltimore City annually over a three‐year period. Through a multistep process including replication of previous measures, data reduction, and factor analysis, six unique neighborhood‐level indices were generated to describe the environmental context: drug and alcohol use, violence, physical disorder, epicenter, youth activity, and improvements. An assessment of measurement consistency and validity provided support for some indices, while others had notable limitations. These indices can assist local policymakers and public health practitioners assessing the needs of individual neighborhoods and evaluating the effectiveness of place‐based interventions designed to improve the neighborhood environment and population health outcomes.
Wässrige Hochleistungsbatterien: Herausforderungen und Strategien
Authors: Zhang Huang , Liu Xu , Li Huihua , Hasa Ivana , Passerini Stefano 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWässrige wiederaufladbare Batterien sind eine zentrale Technologie für die Realisierung erneuerbarer Energiequellen. Sie versprechen, den Anforderungen stationärer Speicheranwendungen in Bezug auf Kosteneffizienz und Leistung gerecht zu werden. In den letzten zehn Jahren lag der Fokus der Bemühungen auf der Verbesserung von Elektrodenmaterialien und ihrer Anwendung in hochkonzentrierten Elektrolyten. Dieser Aufsatz beleuchtet die neuesten Erkenntnisse zu diesen Elektrolyten und deren wässrigen Batteriesystemen, die eine erhöhte Energiedichte, Zyklenfestigkeit und Sicherheit bieten. Es wird eine aktuelle Zusammenfassung der vorgeschlagenen Strategien zur Überwindung der noch bestehenden Herausforderungen bei konzentrierten wässrigen Elektrolyten präsentiert. Der Fokus liegt dabei auf wässrigen Batteriesystemen mit Lithium und Post‐Lithium‐Ansätzen, die verbesserte Energiedichten infolge einzigartiger Vorteile konzentrierter Elektrolyten bieten.
Reversible Dehalogenation in On‐Surface Aryl–Aryl Coupling
Authors: Stolz Samuel , Di Giovannantonio Marco , Urgel José I. , Sun Qiang , Kinikar Amogh , Borin Barin Gabriela , Bommert Max , Fasel Roman , Widmer Roland 
Published: April 2020

AbstractIn the emerging field of on‐surface synthesis, dehalogenative aryl–aryl coupling is unarguably the most prominent tool for the fabrication of covalently bonded carbon‐based nanomaterials. Despite its importance, the reaction kinetics are still poorly understood. Here we present a comprehensive temperature‐programmed x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation of reaction kinetics and energetics in the prototypical on‐surface dehalogenative polymerization of 4,4′′‐dibromo‐p‐terphenyl into poly(para‐phenylene) on two coinage metal surfaces, Cu(111) and Au(111). We find clear evidence for reversible dehalogenation on Au(111), which is inhibited on Cu(111) owing to the formation of organometallic intermediates. The incorporation of reversible dehalogenation in the reaction rate equations leads to excellent agreement with experimental data and allows extracting the relevant energy barriers. Our findings deepen the mechanistic understanding and call for its reassessment for surface‐confined aryl–aryl coupling on the most frequently used metal substrates.
Transient DNA‐Based Nanostructures Controlled by Redox Inputs
Authors: Del Grosso Erica , Prins Leonard J. , Ricci Francesco 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSynthetic DNA has emerged as a powerful self‐assembled material for the engineering of nanoscale supramolecular devices and materials. Recently dissipative self‐assembly of DNA‐based supramolecular structures has emerged as a novel approach providing access to a new class of kinetically controlled DNA materials with unprecedented life‐like properties. So far, dissipative control has been achieved using DNA‐recognizing enzymes as energy dissipating units. Although highly efficient, enzymes pose limits in terms of long‐term stability and inhibition of enzyme activity by waste products. Herein, we provide the first example of kinetically controlled DNA nanostructures in which energy dissipation is achieved through a non‐enzymatic chemical reaction. More specifically, inspired by redox signalling, we employ redox cycles of disulfide‐bond formation/breakage to kinetically control the assembly and disassembly of tubular DNA nanostructures in a highly controllable and reversible fashion.
Magnetic Anisotropy in Divalent Lanthanide Compounds
Authors: Zhang Weibing , Muhtadi Almas , Iwahara Naoya , Ungur Liviu , Chibotaru Liviu F. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractComplexes of trivalent lanthanides (Ln) are known to possess strong magnetic anisotropy, which enables them to be efficient single‐molecule magnets. High‐level ab initio calculations are reported for [LnO] (where Ln is terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), or holmium (Ho)), which show that divalent lanthanides can exhibit equally strong magnetic anisotropy and magnetization blocking barriers. In particular, detailed calculations predict a multilevel magnetization blocking barrier exceeding 3000 K for a [DyO] complex deposited on a hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) surface, bringing the expected performance of single‐molecule magnets to a qualitatively new level compared to the current state‐of‐the art complexes.
Mechanical clamp stress on poly(vinyl chloride) infusion tubing: Impact on the surface degradation
Authors: Saunier Johanna , Marlière Christian , Dazzi Alexandre , Deniset‐Besseau Ariane , Yagoubi Najet 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSeveral commercial infusion tubes made of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) were shown to present a layer of bloomed species on their internal wall (lubricants and stabilizers), which are poorly soluble in water. During infusion, tubes are crushed and pinched to regulate the flow. The impact of mechanical stress on these layers infusion was studied. Device inner surfaces were characterized by atomic force microscopy in order to put into evidence surface degradations before and after infusion. This was correlated with a global and local infrared analysis. Because of the clamp stress, the deposits were damaged. Thus, injecting water into the damaged tubing increased the layer degradation. Roller clamp and pinch clamp may have very different effects on the inner layer morphology and degradation and this may be modulated by the initial layer morphology. Injecting water into clamp stressed tubing may increase the risk of detaching parts of the internal layer and be a supplementary factor of particulate contamination for the patient.
Rescue and relocation of benthic organisms during an urban‐port development project: Port of Manzanillo, case study
Authors: Liñán‐Rico Viridiana , Cruz‐Ramírez Angélica , Michel‐Morfín Jesús Emilio , Liñán‐Cabello Marco A. 
Published: April 2020

Abstract

The present study originated with the expansion of the boardwalk within the urban and port area of Manzanillo, México. Prior to civil works related to the placement of tetrapods, surveys of potential sites for the relocation of benthic organisms in alternative areas were carried out.
Based on indicators of the physical–chemical environment and biotic factors, nine areas with potential for relocation were evaluated. The areas of greatest potential were associated with environments located away from the influence of the port environment.
A total of 13,559 benthic organisms belonging to 68 species associated with three main substratum types (rocky, sandy, and mixed) were collected. There were no differences in the ecological indices between the three substrata.
The proximity of the collection area to the influence of port traffic and sources of pollution associated with the physical environment could be an important factor that affects ecological indices and the reduction in the abundance of some protected species and species of commercial interest.
The success of collection and relocation processes depends on minimizing possible errors, especially during transportation, when overcrowding, handling, and damage resulting from variable physico‐chemical conditions should be avoided.
Through a scheme of actions based on ecological principles, management actions, and civil engineering technology, it was possible to carry out mitigation, conservation, and habitat improvement actions in coastal marine environments exposed to anthropogenic impacts.
Contemporary use of balloon aortic valvuloplasty and evaluation of its success in different hemodynamic entities of severe aortic valve stenosis
Authors: Piayda Kerstin , Wimmer Anna Christina , Sievert Horst , Hellhammer Katharina , Afzal Shazia , Veulemans Verena , Jung Christian , Kelm Malte , Zeus Tobias 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate outcome assessment of percutaneous balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) in different flow and gradient patterns of severe aortic stenosis (AS).BackgroundThe mean pressure gradient reduction after BAV is an often‐used surrogate parameter to evaluate procedural success. The definition of a successful BAV has not been evaluated in different subgroups of severe AS, which were introduced in the latest guidelines on the management of patients with valvular heart disease.MethodsIn this observational study, consecutive patients from July 2009 to March 2018 undergoing BAV were divided into normal‐flow high‐gradient (NFHG), low‐flow low‐gradient (LFLG), and paradoxical low‐flow low‐gradient (pLFLG) AS. Baseline characteristics, hemodynamic, and clinical information were collected and compared.ResultsOne‐hundred‐fifty‐six patients were grouped into NFHG (n = 68, 43.5%), LFLG (n = 68, 43.5%), and pLFLG (n = 20, 12.8%) AS. Mean age of the study population was 81 years. Cardiogenic shock or refractory heart failure (46.8%) was the most common underlying reasons for BAV. Spearman correlation revealed that the mean pressure gradient reduction, determined by echocardiography, had a moderate correlation with the increase in the aortic valve area (AVA) in patients with NFHG AS (ρ: 0.529, p < .001) but showed no association in patients with LFLG (ρ: 0.017, p = .289) and pLFLG (ρ: 0.030, p = .889) AS. BAV as bridge to surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement was possible in 44.2% of patients, with no difference between groups (p = .070).ConclusionThe mean pressure gradient reduction might be an adequate surrogate parameter for BAV success in patients with NFHG AS but is not suitable for patients with other hemodynamic entities.