bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary macronutrient regulation of acyl and desacyl ghrelin concentrations in children with Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS)
Authors: Alsaif Maha , Pakseresht Mohammadreza , Mackenzie Michelle L. , Gaylinn Bruce , Thorner Michael O. , Freemark Michael , Field Catherine J. , Prado Carla M. , Haqq Andrea M. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe effects of dietary macronutrients on orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones in children are poorly understood.ObjectiveTo explore effects of varying dietary macronutrients on appetite‐regulating hormones [acyl ghrelin (AG) and desacyl ghrelin (DAG), glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and insulin] in children with PWS and healthy children (HC).DesignRandomized, cross‐over experiments compared two test diets [high protein‐low carbohydrate (HP‐LC) and high protein‐low fat (HP‐LF)] to a STANDARD meal (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 15% protein). Experiment 1 included ten children with PWS (median age 6.63 years; BMI z 1.05); experiment 2 had seven HC (median age 12.54 years; BMI z 0.95). Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 60‐minute intervals for 4 hours. Independent linear mixed models were adjusted for age, sex and BMI z‐score.ResultsFasting and post‐prandial AG and DAG concentrations are elevated in PWS children; the ratio of AG/DAG is normal. Food consumption reduced AG and DAG concentrations in both PWS and HC. GLP‐1 levels were higher in PWS after the HP‐LC and HP‐LF meals than the STANDARD meal (P = .02‐0.04). The fasting proinsulin to insulin ratio (0.08 vs 0.05) was higher in children with PWS (P = .05) than in HC. Average appetite scores in HC declined after all three meals (P = .02) but were lower after the HP‐LC and HP‐LF meals than the STANDARD meal.ConclusionAltered processing of proinsulin and increased GLP‐1 secretion in children with PWS after a high protein meal intake might enhance satiety and reduce energy intake.
Fungal endophthalmitis: A 20‐year experience at a tertiary referral centre
Authors: Bhullar Gursimrat K. , Dawkins Rosie C. H. , Paul Rodger A. , Allen Penelope J. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractImportanceFungal endophthalmitis is an uncommon and serious intraocular infection, often with poor outcomes. This study examines the trend in this disease over 20 years, to inform clinician decision‐making and optimize patient outcomes.BackgroundDue to infrequent presentation of fungal endophthalmitis, there is limited understanding to formulate a standardized approach to management.DesignA prospective case series over the period January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2018.ParticipantsPatients with clinically diagnosed fungal endophthalmitis managed at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.MethodsReview of the Victorian Endophthalmitis Registry for endophthalmitis episode of each patient.Main outcome measuresPatient demographics, co‐morbidities, visual acuity (VA) at presentation, aetiology, treatment, microbiology results and final VA outcome.ResultsEighty‐four cases of fungal endophthalmitis were identified over the study period with a median age of 43.5 years [IQR 30.8‐63.0]. Then, 65.5% (n = 55) of patients were male; 81.0% (n = 68) of these cases were secondary to endogenous causes, of which 55.9% were associated with intravenous drug use (IVDU). Among the exogenous causes, penetrating eye injury (56.3%) was the most common aetiological factor. Thirty‐nine patients (46.4%) grew Candida species from ocular fluid specimens, all of which were sensitive to fluconazole.Conclusion and relevanceOur case series provides important insights into fungal endophthalmitis—a high degree of suspicion for fungal endophthalmitis in patients with history of IVDU, and relatively good outlook for vision when Candida is the causative organism. This should allow institutions to implement a standardized management strategy based on evidence.
Association between intraocular lens diopter and posterior capsular opacification
Authors: Hecht Idan , Dubinsky‐Pertzov Biana , Karesvuo Petteri , Achiron Asaf , Tuuminen Raimo 
Published: July 2020

AbstractImportancePosterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the most common complication after cataract surgery.BackgroundWe aimed to assess the relationship between intraocular lens (IOL) diopter and formation of PCO among a consecutive real‐world registry.DesignCohort study.ParticipantsIncluded were 14 264 consecutive cases of uncomplicated cataract surgery performed during 2014 to 2018 in Helsinki University Hospital in Finland.MethodsNd:YAG capsulotomies were used as an estimate of clinically significant PCO. A single eye of each patient and a single type of IOL were included.Main Outcome MeasureNd:YAG posterior capsulotomy free survival.ResultsMean age was 73.2 ± 9.9 years and 61.8% were female. Mean follow‐up time was 25.4 ± 16.8 months. Overall PCO rates were 1.1% at 1‐year, 3.0% at 2‐year, 7.1% at 3‐year and 10.2% at 4‐year. Patients with IOL diopters (D) in the lower quartile (≤20.0 D) had significantly higher rates of PCO (1.3% at 1‐year, 4.4% at 2‐years, 9.4% at 3‐years and 14.2% at 4‐years, P < .001). A logistic regression model showed increased risk for PCO formation with lower diopter IOLs; for ≤20.0 D: OR 1.343 (95% CI: 1.132‐1.593), for ≤10.0 D: OR 2.409 (95% CI 1.203‐4.287), P < .001 for all comparisons. In a multivariant regression accounting for possible confounders, results remained consistent.Conclusions and RelevanceAmong a cohort of patients undergoing cataract surgery, use of lower diopter IOLs was associated with increased incidence of clinically significant PCO. Research into IOL biomechanics to decrease PCO may be warranted especially in lower diopter IOLs.
A case of adult‐onset longitudinal melanonychia due to nail matrix compound nevus
Authors: Güneş Pembegül , Göktay Fatih , Haneke Eckart 
Published: July 2020

AbstractA case of adult‐onset longitudinal melanonychia caused by a compound nevus is described. Longitudinal melanonychias are mainly caused by melanocytic activation (hypermelanosis), lentigo (benign melanocytic hyperplasia), nevus, and melanoma. Nevi are more commonly seen in children than adults; however, melanocytic activation, atypical melanocytic proliferation, and melanoma are more frequent in adults. The majority of nail matrix nevi causing longitudinal melanonychia first appear in childhood and are junctional. Rarely, compound nevi are reported to cause longitudinal melanonychia in childhood.
Improved classification and localization approach to small bowel capsule endoscopy using convolutional neural network
Authors: Hwang Yunseob , Lee Han Hee , Park Chunghyun , Tama Bayu Adhi , Kim Jin Su , Cheung Dae Young , Chung Woo Chul , Cho Young‐Seok , Lee Kang‐Moon , Choi Myung‐Gyu , Lee Seungchul , Lee Bo‐In 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundAlthough great advances in artificial intelligence for interpreting small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) images have been made in recent years, its practical use is still limited. The aim of this study was to develop a more practical convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm for the automatic detection of various small bowel lesions.MethodsA total of 7556 images were collected for the training dataset from 526 SBCE videos. Abnormal images were classified into two categories: hemorrhagic lesions (red spot/angioectasia/active bleeding) and ulcerative lesions (erosion/ulcer/stricture). A CNN algorithm based on VGGNet was trained in two different ways: the combined model (hemorrhagic and ulcerative lesions trained separately) and the binary model (all abnormal images trained without discrimination). The detected lesions were visualized using a gradient class activation map (Grad‐CAM). The two models were validated using 5,760 independent images taken at two other academic hospitals.ResultsBoth the combined and binary models acquired high accuracy for lesion detection, and the difference between the two models was not significant (96.83% vs 96.62%, P = 0.122). However, the combined model showed higher sensitivity (97.61% vs 95.07%, P < 0.001) and higher accuracy for individual lesions from the hemorrhagic and ulcerative categories than the binary model. The combined model also revealed more accurate localization of the culprit area on images evaluated by the Grad‐CAM.ConclusionsDiagnostic sensitivity and classification of small bowel lesions using a convolutional neural network are improved by the independent training for hemorrhagic and ulcerative lesions. Grad‐CAM is highly effective in localizing the lesions.
Combined effects of an anthropogenic (forest harvesting) and natural (extreme rainfall event) disturbance on headwater streams in New Zealand
Authors: Baillie Brenda Robin , Evanson Anthony William , Kimberley Mark Owen , Bergin David Oliver 
Published: July 2020

AbstractAlthough extreme hydrological events are a natural component of river ecosystem disturbance regimes, their frequency is predicted to increase with climate change. Anthropogenic activities have the potential to exacerbate the impact of such disturbances but there are few studies on the combined effects of both anthropogenic and extreme hydrological disturbances on stream ecosystems.We investigated the recovery of stream ecosystems over a 5‐year period following the impact of an anthropogenic (forest clear‐cut harvesting) and an extreme rainfall disturbance (estimated one‐in‐100 year average return interval) that generated debris flows in three headwater streams in New Zealand.Initially, most of the riparian vegetation was eliminated and showed little recovery 1 year later. Subsequent riparian recovery was led by wind‐borne, light‐demanding, pioneering exotic weed species, lengthening and altering the long‐term successional and recovery trajectories to a pre‐disturbance composition of indigenous shrubs.Stream shade, water temperature, and habitat had largely recovered after 5 years. However, the contribution of large wood to channel morphology and in‐stream habitat was compromised due to diminished wood supplies in the stream channel and a hiatus in up‐slope wood inputs until the riparian vegetation re‐establishes and the next crop of trees matures.After an initial decline, most indigenous fish taxa thrived in the post‐disturbance conditions, with significant increases in densities and biomass. The more sensitive fish taxa were scarce or absent, particularly those taxa that prefer pools with overhead and in‐stream cover provided by riparian vegetation and wood. Recovery of these taxa was outside the time frame of this study. Riffle dwelling fish communities were more resilient than pool dwelling fish communities.Invertebrate densities showed a similar response to fish. Post‐event invertebrate community composition differed from that typically found in post‐harvest headwater streams, comprising comparatively lower proportions of Chironomidae, Oligochaetes, and Mollusca taxa, and higher proportions of Trichoptera taxa. Progression toward pre‐event community composition was evident 5 years after the event.The compounding effect of forest removal from harvesting, along with riparian vegetation and wood removal by debris flows, lengthened the recovery of riparian vegetation and wood supplies with cascading effects on in‐stream habitat and biological communities.
Characterisation of amylose and amylopectin with various moisture contents after frying process: effect of starch–lipid complex formation
Authors: Li Qi , Shi Shaoxia , Dong Yaoyao , Yu Xiuzhu 
Published: July 2020

SummaryFrying is commonly used to process starchy foods. This work explored the interactions of amylose (AM) and amylopectin (AP) with lipids during frying. Maize‐derived AM and AP that were adjusted to various moisture contents were fried at 180 °C. The significant effects of moisture content and formation of starch–lipid complexes were confirmed. Rheological analysis indicated that the elasticity of the fried AM paste decreased. This change was observed in AM but not in AP. Viscoelasticity decreased as the initial starch moisture content was increased. The presence of a V‐type structure was confirmed by XRD. In general, relative crystallinity decreased as moisture content was increased. On the other hand, the increasement of starch–lipid complex could elevated the degree of crystallisation. AM was more likely than AP to undergo complexation with lipids during frying. Increasing the moisture content of starch within 20%~60% promoted the formation of starch–lipid complexes.
Effect of commercial processing on polyphenols and antioxidant activity of buckwheat seeds
Authors: Klepacka Joanna , Najda Agnieszka 
Published: July 2020

SummaryThis study analysed the influence of technological processes used in the various buckwheat groat mills on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of common buckwheat grains and groats. Dehulling, to a greater extent, influenced the quantitative changes in rutin and caused its lowering. Due to this process, the antioxidant activity decreased to a lower degree, and the content of most phenolic acids increased. The roasting process had a negative impact on the content of phenolic compounds, causing the greatest loss in the level of coumaric acid and rutin. It was found that in shaping the health benefits of buckwheat groats, the grain processing temperature is more important than the time of the treatment. In order to obtain the best health value of buckwheat groats, the roasting process should be carried out at a temperature close to 100 °C for a time that will ensure good sensory characteristics, even if it is for several hours.
Significance of autoantibody seropositivity in children with obesity and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Yodoshi Toshifumi , Orkin Sarah , Arce‐Clachar Ana Catalina , Bramlage Kristin , Xanthakos Stavra A. , Mouzaki Marialena , Valentino Pamela L. 
Published: July 2020

SummaryBackgroundAutoantibodies are frequently positive in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) without concurrent autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The clinical significance of this is unknown in children.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of autoantibody positivity in pediatric NAFLD and to evaluate its association with disease severity.MethodsMulticenter, retrospective study of patients ≤18 years of age with biopsy‐confirmed NAFLD. Descriptive statistics were used and groups were compared using Wilcoxon‐Mann Whitney or χ2 testing, and multivariable logistic regression was used for binary or ordinal outcomes.ResultsOne hundred and thirty six patients with a median age of 14 years were included. The median body mass index Z‐score was 2.5 (interquartile range 2.2, 2.6). Positive antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti‐smooth muscle antibody (ASMA), anti‐liver‐kidney microsomal antibody, or any combination of autoantibodies were observed in 22%, 14%, 0%, and 33% of patients, respectively. The proportion of patients with a steatosis score ≥2 was significantly higher in those with positive ANA (P = .045). In the multivariable regression analysis, positive ANA was associated with increased odds of steatosis score ≥2 (odds ratio, 5.91; 95% confidential interval, 1.50‐23.26), after controlling for potential confounders. No other significant histology differences were seen between the groups.ConclusionsPositive ANA and ASMA are common in children with NAFLD; however, anti‐LKM positivity is not. ANA positivity is associated with more severe steatosis.
Becoming Permanent: The Transition Characteristics of Temporary Foreign Workers to Permanent Residents in Canada
Authors: Haan Michael , Yoshida Yoko , Amoyaw Jonathan , Iciaszczyk Natalie 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn recent years, Canada has been not only welcoming growing numbers of temporary foreign workers (TFWs), but also, increasingly, creating pathways that allow workers and their families to become permanent residents. In this paper, we use a series of unique longitudinal files to study the factors that predict a TFW’s transition to permanence. We find that age, sex, skill level and duration as a temporary resident are all important factors for understanding who obtains legal residency in Canada, but that source country wealth is not. We discuss the implications of our findings and make suggestions for future research.
Primary immunodeficiencies in cytosolic pattern‐recognition receptor pathways: Toward host‐directed treatment strategies
Authors: van der Made Caspar I. , Hoischen Alexander , Netea Mihai G. , van de Veerdonk Frank L. 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn the last decade, the paradigm of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) as rare recessive familial diseases that lead to broad, severe, and early‐onset immunological defects has shifted toward collectively more common, but sporadic autosomal dominantly inherited isolated defects in the immune response. Patients with PIDs constitute a formidable area of research to study the genetics and the molecular mechanisms of complex immunological pathways. A significant subset of PIDs affect the innate immune response, which is a crucial initial host defense mechanism equipped with pattern‐recognition receptors. These receptors recognize pathogen‐ and damage‐associated molecular patterns in both the extracellular and intracellular space. In this review, we will focus on primary immunodeficiencies caused by genetic defects in cytosolic pattern‐recognition receptor pathways. We discuss these PIDs organized according to their mutational mechanisms and consequences for the innate host response. The advanced understanding of these pathways obtained by the study of PIDs creates the opportunity for the development of new host‐directed treatment strategies.
P‐cresyl sulfate causes mitochondrial hyperfusion in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts
Authors: Huang Tien‐Hung , Yip Hon‐Kan , Sun Cheuk‐Kwan , Chen Yi‐Ling , Yang Chih‐Chao , Lee Fan‐Yen 
Published: July 2020

AbstractIncreased circulating level of uraemic solute p‐cresyl sulphate (PCS) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is known to increase myocardial burden relevant to mitochondrial abnormalities. This study aimed at investigating mitochondrial response to PCS in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. H9C2 cardiomyoblasts were treated with four different concentrations of PCS (3.125, 6.25, 12.5 and 25.0 µg/mL) to study the changes in cell proliferation, cell size and mitochondrial parameters including morphology, respiration, biogenesis and membrane potential. The lowest effective dose of PCS (6.25 µg/mL) induced mitochondrial hyperfusion with enhanced mitochondrial connectivity, mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates, mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial DNA copy number and increased volume of cardiomyoblasts. After PCS treatment, phosphorylation of energy‐sensing adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) was increased without induction of apoptosis. In contrast, mitochondrial mass was recovered after AMPK silencing. Additionally, mitochondrial hyperfusion and cell volume were reversed after cessation of PCS treatment. The results of the present study showed that low‐level PCS not only caused AMPK‐dependent mitochondrial hyperfusion but also induced cell enlargement in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts in vitro.
Bidirectional links between adolescent brain function and substance use moderated by cognitive control
Authors: Kim‐Spoon Jungmeen , Herd Toria , Brieant Alexis , Peviani Kristin M. , Lauharatanahirun Nina , Lee Jacob , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Bickel Warren K. , King‐Casas Brooks 
Published: July 2020

BackgroundNo clear consensus exists as to whether neurodevelopmental abnormalities among substance users reflect predisposing neural risk factors, neurotoxic effects of substances, or both. Using a longitudinal design, we examined developmental patterns of the bidirectional links between neural mechanisms and substance use throughout adolescence.Method167 adolescents (aged 13–14 years at Time 1, 53% male) were assessed annually four times. Risk‐related neural processing was assessed by blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent responses in the insula during a lottery choice task, cognitive control by behavioral performance during the Multi‐Source Interference Task, and substance use by adolescents’ self‐reported cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use.ResultsLatent change score modeling indicated that greater substance use predicted increased insula activation during risk processing, but the effects of insula activation on changes in substance use were not significant. The coupling effect from substance use to insula activation was particularly strong for adolescents with low cognitive control, which supports the theorized moderating role of cognitive control.ConclusionsOur results elucidate how substance use may alter brain development to be biased toward maladaptive decision‐making, particularly among adolescents with poor cognitive control. Furthermore, the current findings underscore that cognitive control may be an important target in the prevention and treatment of adolescent substance use given its moderating role in the neuroadaptive effects of substance use on brain development.
Recurrence or Relapse of COVID‐19 in Older Patients: A Description of Three Cases
Authors: Lafaie Ludovic , Célarier Thomas , Goethals Luc , Pozzetto Bruno , Grange Sylvain , Ojardias Etienne , Annweiler Cédric , Botelho‐Nevers Elisabeth 
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUNDCOVID‐19 has infected millions of people worldwide, particularly in older adults. The first cases of possible reinfection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) were reported in April 2020 among older adults.DESIGN/SETTINGIn this brief report, we present three geriatric cases with two episodes of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection separated by a symptom‐free interval.PARTICIPANTSThe participants of this brief report are three cases of hospitalized geriatric women.MEASUREMENTS/RESULTSWe note clinical and biological worsening during the second episode of COVID‐19 for all three patients. Also, there is a radiological aggravation. The second episode of COVID‐19 was fatal in all three cases.CONCLUSIONThis series of three geriatric cases with COVID‐19 diagnosed two times apart for several weeks questions the possibility of reinfection with SARS‐CoV‐2. It raises questions in clinical practice about the value of testing for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection again in the event of symptomatic reoccurrence. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:2179–2183, 2020.
“Our Land Is Not for Sale!” Contesting Oil and Translating Environmental Politics in Amazonian Ecuador
Authors: High Casey 
Published: July 2020

RESUMENEn abril de 2019 el pueblo Waorani en la Amazonía ecuatoriana ganó una batalla legal contra planes de vender concesiones petroleras en su territorio indígena. En este artículo analizo sus relaciones con petróleo como parte de un emergente “middle ground” politico que se caracteriza por hombres Waorani trabajando en las empresas petroleras y nuevas alianzas contra la extracción de petróleo. Muchos Waorani describen su tierra (wao öme) o territorio (ögïpo) como un nexo de relaciones interdependientes entre seres humanos y no humanos amenezados por la presencia de petróleo. No lamentan la violación de una naturaleza pristina independiente de ellos mismos, sino las amenazas para las cualidades de wao öme que permitan que los humanos y otros seres “viven bien.” En el contexto de cambios generacionales y una agenda de desarrollo nacional que promueve “los derechos de la naturaleza,” activistas Waorani dependen de la abilidad de traducir wao öme como “naturaleza” y “cultura.” Aunque estas traducciones indican la fragilidad de las alianzas del “middle ground,” algunos adultos jóvenes Waorani hoy en día operan eficazmente a través de tal diferencias para desafiar el petróleo. Este middle ground en construcción demuestra que conceptos indígenas como wao öme no son fijos en oposición a’ “occidente,” sino son una parte importante de la participación reflexiva y estretégica en las politícas ambientales. [Amazonía, “middle ground,” economías extractivas, petróleo, traducción, Waorani/Huaorani, Ecuador]