bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Counterfeit Detection Strategies: When to Do It / How to Do It
Authors: Caswell Greg 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Counterfeit components have been defined as a growing concern in recent years as demand increases for reducing costs. In fact the Department of Commerce has identified a 141% increase in the last three years alone. A counterfeit is any item that is not as it is represented with the intention to deceive its buyer or user. The misrepresentation is often driven by the known presence of defects or other inadequacies in regards to performance. Whether it is used for a commercial, medical or military application, a counterfeit component could cause catastrophic failure at a critical moment. The market for long life electronics, based on commercial off the shelf (COTS) parts, such as those used in medical, military, commercial depot repair, or long term use applications (e.g. street and traffic lights, photovoltaic systems), seems to create a perfect scenario for counterfeiters. With these products, components wear out and need to be replaced long before the overall product fails. The availability of these devices can be derived in many ways. For example, a typical manufacturer may render a component obsolete by changing the design, changing the functionality, or simply discontinuing manufacture. Also, the parts that are available after a design has been discontinued are often distributed by brokers who have very little control over the source or supply. Recycling of devices has also emerged as a means of creating counterfeit devices that are presented as new. And finally, as demand and price increase, the likelihood of counterfeits also increases. This paper will address the four unique sources of counterfeit components and insight into how they occur. Detection methodologies, such as visual inspection, mechanical robustness, X-Ray, XRF, C-SAM, Infrared Thermography, electrical characterization, decapsulation, and marking evaluations, will be compared and contrasted, as well as multiple examples of counterfeit parts identified by DfR.
Time-Resolved Thermoreflectance Imaging for Thermal Testing and Analysis
Authors: Yazawa Kazuaki , Kendig Dustin , Shakouri Ali 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
High speed, time-resolved, thermoreflectance imaging is a novel way to locate defects or regions of potential failures in microelectronic devices. This paper reports on our thermoreflectance technique for dynamic imaging of circuit temperature distributions. This transient imaging method is based on a precise electrical lock-in technique with image processing similar to an old fashioned animation movie. An ordinal shutter speed camera is used in conjunction with an illumination LED that is pulsed for sampling the temperature distribution. This paper presents the method and gives a description of the system hardware. A theoretical comparison to lock-in thermography, which is based on infrared emission imaging, will be given. Limitations of thermoreflectance and the driving factors for spatial and time resolution will be discussed. Finally, we highlight and provide examples of near infrared (NIR) wavelength imaging, to enable both through-silicon thermal imaging and emission imaging in the same system. The combination of these two techniques is expected to enable hotspot temperatures and any anomalous emission sites to be correlated, hopefully leading to a better understanding of the nature of the defect.
Defect Localization and Root Cause Analysis on e-Fuse Read Reliability Failure
Authors: Chen Hung Chin , Tsai Chih Yang , Liu Shih Yuan , Chang Yu Pang , Lin Jian Chang 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Fault isolation is the most important step for Failure Analysis (FA), and it is closely linked with the success rate of failure mechanism finding. In this paper, we will introduce a case that hard to debug with traditional FA skills. In order to find out its root cause, several advanced techniques such as layout tracing, circuit edit and Infrared Ray–Optical Beam Induced Resistance Change (IR-OBIRCH) analysis had been applied. The circuit edit was performed following layout tracing for depositing probing pads by Focused Ion Beam (FIB). Then, IR-OBIRCH analysis with biasing on the two FIB deposited probing pads and a failure location was detected. Finally, the root cause of inter- metal layer bridge was found in subsequent physical failure analysis.
How Xe and Ga FIB Differ in Inducing Lateral Damage on TEM Samples
Authors: Hrnčíř Tomáš , Oboňa Jozef Vincenc , Petrenec Martin , Michalička Jan , Lang Christian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Reducing FIB induced damage on TEM samples is very important in order to preserve the sample structure, especially on modern semiconductor devices. We have compared the damage caused by Ga ion beam to our measurements of the damage caused by Xe ion beam and came to the conclusion that Xe ion beam induced damage is significantly lower at 30 keV beam energy. This has been proven by several independent analytical methods. Our results show that TEM sample preparation by Xe ion beam causes less amorphous damage and increase the quality of the lamella and in many cases it will allow to prepare the lamella by finishing it even at 30 keV, without the final cleaning step at the low beam energy. Final polishing step by Xe beam at beam energy 3 keV further reduces the amorphous layer, but the difference against Ga beam is not so significant like at 30 keV.
Patterning in an Imperfect World—Limitations of Focused Ion Beam Systems and Their Effects on Advanced Applications at the 14 nm Process Node
Authors: Scheffler Christopher M. , Livengood Richard H. , Prakasam Haripriya E. , Phaneuf Michael W. , Lagarec Ken 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper provides information on ion beam dose delivery and machining a perfect pattern in an ideal world and summarizes the various beam control limitations of the current generation systems. It discusses conventional and proposed solutions to these limitations and highlights their effect on minimum dimension nanomachining applications at the 14 nm Si process node and beyond. The paper highlights the solutions that can be implemented to help negate inconsequential effects of systems. With that in mind, the most significant of these factors in limiting a tool's ability to complete a perfect pattern can be grouped into two categories: timing and placement and non-uniform dose delivery. With good understanding and discipline, most of these issues described can be corrected, significantly minimized, or simply avoided.
Temperature-Dependent Die Warpage Measurements Up to 400°C
Authors: Mittereder Tobias , Ferstl Bernhard , Heidmann Terry , Hollerith Christian 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Temperature-dependent die warpage measurements show the possibility to analyze the thermomechanical behavior during assembly, e.g. within soldering processes. The warpage data acquisition is realized by confocal chromatic white light profilometry in combination with a precision heating/cooling chuck encapsulated in a chamber with optical access. The combination of these two tools allows precise die warpage evaluation under varied device temperature up to +400°C. This method helps to solve emerging challenges due to warpage during assembly of state of the art packages including thin dies and stacked dies as in e.g. 3D-SIPs.
Fast and Robust Topology-Based Logic Gate Identification for Automated IC Reverse Engineering
Authors: Durà Roger , Pallarès Jofre , Quijada Raúl , Formatjé Xavier , Hidalgo Salvador , Serra-Graells Francisco 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper proposes a compact and robust topology descriptor for the automated identification of logic gates during the reverse engineering of full integrated circuits (ICs). This gate signature proves to be very insensitive to technology scaling, device sizing or layout extraction accuracy. Based on this new descriptor, an automated gate identification tool named Gate-X is implemented on top of commercial IC design tools. The speed tests for a practical 100k-gate digital IC example show that the complete sea of gates can be identified in a few hours.
Case Study of a DDR Loopback Test Failure Encountered on a Map Ball Grid Array Packaged Device
Authors: Garcia Jose Z. , Dickson Kris 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This paper describes how a DDR loopback test failure was analyzed successfully after being repackaged from an MBGA into a TBGA package substrate. DDR loopback test methodology is discussed as well as the advanced failure analysis techniques that were used to identify the root cause of failure.
Coating-Based PCB Protection against Tampering, Snooping, EM Attack, and X-ray Reverse Engineering
Authors: Shen Haoting , Rahman M Tanjidur , Asadizanjani Navid , Tehranipoor Mark , Bhunia Swarup 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
In the last decades, the supply chain of printed circuit boards (PCBs) becomes distributed with growing complexity of PCB designs and the economic trend of outsourcing the PCB manufacturing. This makes the PCBs more vulnerable to security attacks, such as tampering, snooping, and electromagnetic (EM) attacks. Because of the large feature size of PCBs (compared to integrated circuits), it is challenging to protect the PCBs from those attacks or proof the suspected attacks. For the same reason, PCBs are vulnerable to non-invasive reverse engineering by X-ray tomography as well. In this paper, we propose a novel silicon carbide (SiC) coating technique to provide passive protection for PCBs from in-field tampering, snooping and EM attacks. In addition, capacitive sensors are designed based on the SiC coating, offering active defense against those attacks. The coating and sensors can be implemented on PCBs in cost-efficient ways and the area overheads are minimized. The insulating coating also allows an extra tungsten-based painting to be applied to prevent the X-ray reverse engineering.
CTRP5-Overexpression Attenuated Ischemia-Reperfusion Associated Heart Injuries and Improved Infarction Induced Heart Failure
Authors: Peng Meng , Liu Yuan , Zhang Xiang-qin , Xu Ya-wei , Zhao Yin-tao , Yang Hai-bo 
Published: December 2020

Aims: C1q/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein 5 (CTRP5) belongs to the C1q/TNF-α related protein family and regulates glucose, lipid metabolism, and inflammation production. However, the roles of CTRP5 in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) associated with cardiac injuries and heart failure (HF) needs to be elaborated. This study aimed to investigate the roles of CTRP5 in I/R associated cardiac injuries and heart failure.Materials and Methods: Adeno-associated virus serum type 9 （AAV9）vectors were established for CTRP5 overexpression in a mouse heart (AAV9-CTRP5 mouse). AAV9-CTRP5, AMPKα2 global knock out （AMPKα2−/−）and AAV9-CTRP5+ AMPKα2−/− mice were used to establish cardiac I/R or infarction associated HF models to investigate the roles and mechanisms of CTRP5 in vivo. Isolated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMS) transfected with or without CTRP5 adenovirus were used to establish a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/O) model to study the roles and mechanisms of CTRP5 in vitro.Key Findings: CTRP5 was up-regulated after MI but was quickly down-regulated. CTRP5 overexpression significantly decreased I/R induced IA/AAR and cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and attenuated infarction area, and improved cardiac functions. Mechanistically, CTRP5 overexpression markedly increased AMPKα2 and ACC phosphorylation and PGC1-α expression but inhibited mTORC1 phosphorylation. In in vitro experiments, CTRP5 overexpression could also enhance AMPKα2 and ACC phosphorylation and protect against H/O induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis. Finally, we showed that CTPR5 overexpression could not protect against I/R associated cardiac injuries and HF in AMPKα2−/− mice.Significance: CTRP5 overexpression protected against I/R induced mouse cardiac injuries and attenuated myocardial infarction induced cardiac dysfunction by activating the AMPKαsignaling pathway.
CRYPTOCURRENCY, NILAI TUKAR DAN REAL ASSET TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM PADA PERBANKAN INDONESIA YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA
Authors: Sihombing Marganda Saut Parulian , Nawir Jubaedah , Mulyantini Sri 
Published: December 2020

Abstrak Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis pengaruh Cryptocurrency, Nilai Tukar dan Real Asset terhadap Harga Saham pada Perbankan Indonesia yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2016- 2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan desain explanatory research. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh perusahaan perbankan yang listed di Bursa Efek Indonesia yang berjumlah 43 perusahaan perbankan. Penarikan jumlah sampel menggunakan metode probability sampling dengan teknik simple random sampling, dan berdasarkan rumus slovin jumlah minimum yang di jadikan sampel sebanyak 39 perusahaan. Teknikoanalisispdata menggunakan analisisyregresii lineariberganda dengan menggunakan program Eviews 7.Hasil hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa Cryptocurrency berpengaruh positif terhadap Harga Saham. Nilai Tukar Rupiah berpengaruh positif terhadap Harga Saham. Harga Emas berpengaruh positif terhadap Harga Saham. Untuk itu disarankan kepada calon investor yang ingin membeli saham agar terlebih dahulu melihat kondisi pasar saham berdasarkan analisa makro ekonomi seperti cryptocurrency, nilai tukar rupiah dan harga emas dunia, karena ketiga faktor ini terbukti dapat mempengaruhi naik turunnya harga saham sektor perbankan.
La persistencia de la visión andina de la muerte en el virreinato del Perú
Authors: Negro Sandra 
Published: December 2020

Abstract/short description:
The article describes the persistence of Andean system of beliefs related with death. It discusses the portrayal of death in colonial sources, namely the concepts disseminated by Christian missionaries. The "Mallquis" are an of Andean death related tradition. Mallquis are cults of the ancestors' skeletons. Such practices were regarded by the Catholic Church as a form of idolatry and the Church fiercely opposed them.
Short description written by Michal Gilewski
Moralność publiczna a konstytucyjne podstawy ochrony zwierząt
Authors: Pietrzykowski Tomasz 
Published: December 2020

Problematyka konstytucyjnych podstaw prawodawstwa ochrony zwierząt stanowi kluczowy warunek rozstrzygania sporów o granice dopuszczalności ograniczeń praw i wolności obywatelskich, dokonywanych w imię humanitarnej ochrony zwierząt jako istot zdolnych do odczuwania cierpienia. W odróżnieniu od rosnącej liczby krajów, w Polsce konstytucja nie zawiera żadnego wyraźnego przepisu nakazującego prawną ochronę zwierząt. Jej podstawy poszukiwać można jednak w pojęciu moralności publicznej zawartym w art. 31 ust. 3 Konstytucji. Analiza tego pojęcia wskazuje na konieczność jego interpretacji w świetle przede wszystkim uznanego społecznie katalogu podstawowych wartości moralnych. Wymaga także odróżnienia pozytywnego i krytycznego ujęcia funkcjonujących w społeczeństwie przekonań i postaw moralnych. Moralność publiczną w rozumieniu konstytucyjnym należy utożsamiać raczej z moralnością krytyczną, stanowiącą rodzaj racjonalnej rekonstrukcji faktycznych przekonań i praktyk moralnych rozpowszechnionych w społeczeństwie. Racje humanitarnej ochrony zwierząt w sposób niebudzący wątpliwości mieszczą się w tak rozumianym pojęciu moralności publicznej.
Child Data Citizen
Authors: Barassi Veronica 
Published: December 2020

An examination of the datafication of family life—in particular, the construction of our children into data subjects.
Our families are being turned into data, as the digital traces we leave are shared, sold, and commodified. Children are datafied even before birth, with pregnancy apps and social media postings, and then tracked through childhood with learning apps, smart home devices, and medical records. In Child Data Citizen, Veronica Barassi examines the construction of children into data subjects, describing how their personal information is collected, archived, sold, and aggregated into unique profiles that can follow them across a lifetime. Children today are the very first generation of citizens to be datafied from before birth, and Barassi points to critical implications for our democratic futures.
Barassi draws on a three-year research project with parents in London and Los Angeles, which included the collection of fifty in-depth interviews, a digital ethnography of “sharenting” activities on social media by eight families over the course of eight months, and a two-year exploration of the datafication of her own family. She complements her ethnographic findings with a platform analysis of four social media platforms, ten health tracking apps, four home hubs, and four educational platforms, investigating the privacy policies, business models, and patent applications that enable the mining of children's data. Barassi considers the implications of building a society where data traces are made to speak for and about citizens across a lifetime. What should we do when we realize that the narratives that algorithms construct about individuals are inaccurate and biased?
Fetal transverse cerebellar diameter/abdominal circumference ratio in assessing fetal size
Authors: Haller H. , Petrović O. , Rukavina B. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To test the usefulness of the fetal transverse cerebellar diameter/abdominal circumference (TCD/AC) ratio in predicting known small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) infants. Method: The relationship between fetal TCD and AC throughout the second half of pregnancy was investigated in 635 well‐dated, normal pregnancies and examined with regard to gestational age and infant birth weight percentiles. Results: One hundred eighteen (19%) fetuses were excluded due to inadequate visualization of the fetal cerebellum. A strong correlation was noted between gestational age determined by the last menstrual period and both fetal TCD (r2 = 0.91338) and AC (r2 = 0.89361) in fetuses with birth weights between the 10th and 90th percentiles (n = 407; mean 14.4, S.D. 1.2). Although the TCD/AC ratio showed a poor correlation with gestational age (r2 = 0.15788), a slight increase was noted during gestation. A TCD/AC ratio greater than 15.5 was present in 80% of SGA infants when measurements were performed within 1 week of delivery. Conclusion: Fetal TCD/AC ratio as a gestational age‐independent method could improve diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in the early detection of fetal growth abnormalities.
The diagnostic value of laparoscopy in 2365 patients with acute and chronic pelvic pain
Authors: Kontoravdis A. , Chryssikopoulos A. , Hassiakos D. , Liapis A. , Zourlas P.A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjective: To discriminate the etiology in 2365 patients with acute and chronic pelvic pain (APP, CPP). Methods: Diagnostic laparoscopy was carried out in 736 patients (31.1%) with APP and in 1629 (68.9%) with CPP. In 315 patients (13.3%) the diagnostic procedure was extended to operative laparoscopy. Results: The most frequent laparoscopic findings in patients with APP were acute salpingitis and pelvic adhesions (22.8%) and ectopic pregnancy (19%), while in patients with CPP the most frequent findings were pelvic adhesions (35.4%) and endometriosis (24.6%). In 7.5% of patients with APP and 24% with CPP, laparoscopy did not reveal any pathological finding in the pelvis. Among the 315 patients in whom operative laparoscopy was carried out, 40% suffered from APP and 60% from CPP. In the 446 patients (18.9%) without laparoscopic findings no treatment was given, while of the remaining 905 patients 40% were subjected to laparotomy and 60% received conservative treatment. The total incidence of side effects reached 4.7% and serious side effects resulting from emergency laparotomy occurred in 0.15% of patients with pelvic pain. Conclusion: Our results in a large group of patients with pelvic pain show that there are discrepancies in the incidence of laparoscopic findings between patients with APP and CPP. Discrepancies between the two groups of patients were also found during operative laparoscopy, the treatment administered after laparoscopic diagnosis and the complications encountered.
The postpartum period: the key to maternal mortality
Authors: Li X.F. , Fortney J.A. , Kotelchuck M. , Glover L.H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: To assess postpartum care at an international level, we reviewed published literature on postpartum maternal deaths. Methods: Meta‐analysis was used to summarize the literature reviewed. Postpartum deaths in developing countries were compared with those in the United States. Results: In both developing countries and the United States, >60% of maternal deaths occurred in the postpartum period; 45% of postpartum deaths occurred within 1 day of delivery, >65% within 1 week, >80% within 2 weeks. In developing countries, 80% of postpartum deaths caused by obstetric factors occurred within 1 week. Conclusions: The first 24 h postpartum and the first postpartum week is the high risk of postpartum deaths, and the risk remains significant until the second week after delivery. In developing countries, hemorrhage, pregnancy‐induced hypertension complications, and obstetric infection are commonest causes of postpartum deaths. We suggest primary prevention, early detection, and secondary prevention of postpartum deaths.
Myomectomy during cesarean section
Authors: Ehigiegba A.E. , Ande A.B. , Ojobo S.I. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractObjectives: To assess the intra‐ and post‐operative complications of cesarean myomectomy. Methods: The study design was descriptive, and the setting was the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital and two private consultant units, all in Benin City. The subjects were 25 pregnant women undergoing elective or emergency cesarean section at these units. The outcome measures were blood loss and need for blood transfusion, intra‐ and post‐operative complications and duration of hospital stay. Results: Eighty‐four fibroids of various sizes (2–10 cm) were removed from the 25 women. The fibroids were on the anterior uterine wall with most (94.8%) being sub‐serous or intramural, and only few (five) sub‐mucous. The mean blood loss was 876±312 ml, range 400–1700 ml. Five patients (20%) had two units of whole blood transfusion. There was no case of severe hemorrhage necessitating hysterectomy. Eighteen patients (72%) had post‐operative morbidities mainly of anemia [15 (60%); hematocrit 26±2.9%). The average duration of post‐operative hospital stay was 7.4±2.2 days (range 3–12 days). Three (12%) patients have subsequently become pregnant, two (66.7%) of whom had normal vaginal deliveries, while the third had a repeat elective cesarean section. Conclusions: With adequate experience and the use of high dose oxytocin infusion (intra‐ and post‐operatively), myomectomy at cesarean section is not as hazardous as many now believe.