bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unpacking students’ epistemic cognition in a physics problem‐solving environment
Authors: Lindfors Maria , Bodin Madelen , Simon Shirley 
Published: November 2019

AbstractIt is a widely held view that students’ epistemic beliefs influence the way they think and learn in a given context, however, in the science learning context, the relationship between sophisticated epistemic beliefs and success in scientific practice is sometimes ambiguous. Taking this inconsistency as a point of departure, we examined the relationship between students’ scientific epistemic beliefs (SEB), their epistemic practices, and their epistemic cognition in a computer simulation in classical mechanics. Tenth grade students’ manipulations of the simulation, spoken comments, and behavior were screen and video‐recorded and subsequently transcribed and coded. In addition, a stimulated recall interview was undertaken to access students’ thinking and reflections on their practice, in order to understand their practice and make inferences about their process of epistemic cognition. The paper reports on the detailed analysis of the data sets for three students of widely different SEB and performance levels. Comparing the SEB, problem solutions and epistemic practices of the three students has enabled us to examine the interplay between SEB, problem‐solving strategies (PS), conceptual understanding (CU), and metacognitive reflection (MCR), to see how these operate together to facilitate problem solutions. From the analysis, we can better understand how different students’ epistemic cognition is adaptive to the context. The findings have implications for teaching science and further research into epistemic cognition.
Positioning participation in the NGSS era: What counts as success?
Authors: Zangori Laura , Pinnow Rachel J. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) strives to shift science learning from the teacher as a single cognitive agent, to a classroom community in which participants are working together in directing the classroom's communal knowledge to figure out questions about how phenomena occur, and building, testing, and refining their ideas to address those questions. To achieve this type of classroom environment, teachers should attend to students' knowledge and ideas and pay attention to how students are located within teacher‐led interactions, such as being positioned as active discussants or designated listeners. In this study, we explore if and how this is occurring in the NGSS era. We used a naturalistic inquiry to explore how an experienced first‐grade teacher used a new NGSS‐aligned unit that called for students to use the science and engineering practices (SEP) to build content knowledge. We used a macro‐analytic lens to answer the research question “how are class discussions shaped to address the SEP”? We used a micro‐analytic lens to answer the research question “how are students positioned during these science discussions in this classroom?” Evidence suggests that the teachers' whole class discussions incorporated and involved the SEP which were specified in the unit lessons for content learning. However, on a micro‐analytic level, we found that few students were positioned as active discussants. The teacher heavily relied on those students who could provide succinct and clearly relevant answers while positioning the remainder of the students as silent spectators. Implications from this research suggest that not only new NGSS curriculum materials need to focus on what students should know and do but they also need to address heuristics for teachers that show them how to position all of their students as active doers of science so all students have opportunities to build deeper, core science knowledge.
mRNA 3′ end formation in plants: Novel connections to growth, development and environmental responses
Authors: Hunt Arthur G. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract3′ end processing and mRNA polyadenylation is a vital aspect of gene expression in eukaryotes, and also a step at which expression may be regulated. A spate of recent research in plants links different subunits of the polyadenylation complex with growth and development. These reports provide insight into mechanisms by which APA may be regulated, and perhaps into mechanisms by which pre‐mRNAs are processed and polyadenylated. In this review, several of these recent reports are discussed, with the purpose of highlighting novel features of mRNA 3′ end formation in plants and also developing broad themes that connect APA with plant growth, development, and responses to the environment.This article is categorized under:
RNA Processing > 3′ End Processing
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
Thermodynamic instabilities of generalized exotic BTZ black holes
Authors: Cong Wan , Mann Robert B. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We examine the conjecture that black holes violating the reverse isoperimetric inequality have negative specific heat at constant volume CV [1]. We test this conjecture on the family of generalized exotic Bañados, Teitelboim and Zanelli (BTZ) black holes and find that CV can be positive even when the reverse isoperimetric inequality is violated, providing a counter example to the conjecture. However in all cases where CV is positive, the specific heat at constant pressure CP is negative, indicating that generalized exotic black holes are thermodynamically unstable, suggesting that a broader version of the conjecture might hold.
Double Higgs boson production at NLO: combining the exact numerical result and high-energy expansion
Authors: Davies Joshua , Heinrich Gudrun , Jones Stephen P. , Kerner Matthias , Mishima Go , Steinhauser Matthias , Wellmann David 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We consider the next-to-leading order QCD corrections to Higgs boson pair production, using our recent calculation of the form factors in the high-energy limit. We compute the virtual corrections to the partonic cross section, applying Padé approximations to extend the range of validity of the high-energy expansion. This enables us to compare to the exact numerical calculation in a significant part of the phase space and allows us to extend the virtual matrix element grid, based on the exact numerical calculation, to larger values of the (partonic) transverse momentum of the Higgs boson, which is important for boosted Higgs studies. Improved predictions for hadron colliders with centre-of-mass energies of 14 TeV and 100 TeV are presented. The updated grid is made publicly available.
The Burgers’ equation with stochastic transport: shock formation, local and global existence of smooth solutions
Authors: Alonso-Orán Diego , Bethencourt de León Aythami , Takao So 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
In this work, we examine the solution properties of the Burgers’ equation with stochastic transport. First, we prove results on the formation of shocks in the stochastic equation and then obtain a stochastic Rankine–Hugoniot condition that the shocks satisfy. Next, we establish the local existence and uniqueness of smooth solutions in the inviscid case and construct a blow-up criterion. Finally, in the viscous case, we prove global existence and uniqueness of smooth solutions.
Modulation of radiation-induced oral mucositis (mouse) by dermatan sulfate: effects on differentiation processes
Authors: Cini Nilsu , Gruber Sylvia , Arican Alicikus Zumre , Dörr Wolfgang 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Purpose
During head and neck cancer radiotherapy, oral mucositis is the most frequent early side effect. Systemic dermatan sulfate (DS) administration has been shown to significantly decrease oral mucosal radiation reactions during daily fractionated irradiation (IR) in an established mouse model. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the oral epithelial differentiation process, during IR alone and in combination with DS treatment in the same mouse model.

Methods
Fractionated IR 5 × 3 Gy/week was given to the snouts of mice over two weeks, either alone (IR) or in combination with daily DS treatment of 4 mg/kg (IR + DS). Groups of mice (n = 3) were sacrificed every second day over the course of 14 days in both experimental arms. Their tongue was excised and subjected to immunohistochemical processing.

Results
In the p16 analysis as a proliferation marker, the difference between IR alone and IR + DS in the germinal (proliferation) layer was not significant, not stimulating the proliferation process. For the p21 analysis as a differentiation marker on the functional (differentiation) layer, the difference between IR alone and IR + DS arms was significant, indicating that DS inhibited the differentiation process. In the cytokeratin (CK) analysis as the indicator of cellular skeletal integrity, the percentage of antibody-positive cells was above the normal level in both experimental arms and significantly superior in the IR + DS arm.

Conclusion
The mucosal protective activity of DS, instead of stimulating proliferation, is based on prevention of cell loss by a combination of effects leading to the inhibition of cellular differentiation and an increase in the expression of epithelial mechanical strength between intercellular mechanical junctions.
Derivation of the Time Dependent Gross–Pitaevskii Equation in Two Dimensions
Authors: Jeblick Maximilian , Leopold Nikolai , Pickl Peter 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
We present microscopic derivations of the defocusing two-dimensional cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation and the Gross–Pitaevskii equation starting from an interacting N-particle system of bosons. We consider the interaction potential to be given either by $$W_\beta (x)=N^{-1+2 \beta }W(N^\beta x)$$Wβ(x)=N-1+2βW(Nβx), for any $$\beta >0$$β>0, or to be given by $$V_N(x)=e^{2N} V(e^N x)$$VN(x)=e2NV(eNx), for some spherical symmetric, nonnegative and compactly supported $$W,V \in L^\infty ({\mathbb {R}}^2,{\mathbb {R}})$$W,V∈L∞(R2,R). In both cases we prove the convergence of the reduced density corresponding to the exact time evolution to the projector onto the solution of the corresponding nonlinear Schrödinger equation in trace norm. For the latter potential $$V_N$$VN we show that it is crucial to take the microscopic structure of the condensate into account in order to obtain the correct dynamics.
Atherosclerotic ICA stenosis coinciding with ICA asymmetry associated with Circle of Willis variations can mimic near-occlusion
Authors: Johansson Elias , Aviv Richard I. , Fox Allan J. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Differentiating carotid near-occlusion (tight atherosclerotic stenosis causing distal artery size reduction) from conventional stenosis is the first step when grading carotid stenoses with NASCET method. The internal carotid artery (ICA) can be asymmetrically associated with Circle of Willis variations. When such ICA asymmetry coincides with stenosis, it may mimic near-occlusion. We studied ICA anatomical variant prevalence in 4042 consecutive CTA exams from all indications, 53 excluded due to carotid occlusion, 814 with any ≥ 50% steno-occlusive disease intra- or extracranially, 3228 without. Of the 3989 included cases, 568 (14%) had ICA asymmetry, of which 335 (59%) were from associated with Circle of Willis variations. Of 3228 patients without ≥ 50% stenosis or other steno-occlusive disease intra- and extracranially; 257 (8.0%) demonstrated ICA asymmetry associated with Circle of Willis variations, equally common among sexes and age unrelated and most frequently attributed to an ipsilateral A1 hypoplasia/aplasia, less often attributed to large contralateral posterior communicating artery. As ICA asymmetry associated with Circle of Willis variations are common, caution should be exercised diagnosing near-occlusion on asymmetry alone.
Variation in the Concentration of Metals in Road Dust Size Fractions Between 2 µm and 2 mm: Results from Three Metallurgical Centres in Poland
Authors: Logiewa Agata , Miazgowicz Agnieszka , Krennhuber Klaus , Lanzerstorfer Christof 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The composition of road dust is influenced by emissions from local industry as well as by traffic emissions. Thus, the composition of urban road dust can be used as an indicator for environmental pollution. Pollutants contained in road dust also are transferred into the atmosphere by resuspension and into the aquatic system by wash-off. In this transfer, the particle size of the road dust particles is of extreme importance. Therefore, information about the composition of road dust in dependence of the particle size is crucial. In this study, road dust samples were separated by air classification into size fractions down to 2 µm. The chemical analysis of the size fractions also revealed a significant size dependence of the metal concentrations in the finest size fractions. The least polluted size fraction was generally the fraction 200–500 µm, whereas the highest concentrations were measured in the finest size fraction < 2 µm. These results are important for the assessment of the mass fraction of the various pollutants in the mobile size fractions in re-entrainment as well as in run-off during rainfall.
In vivo three-dimensional evaluation of tumour hypoxia in nasopharyngeal carcinomas using FMT-CT and MSOT
Authors: Huang Wenhui , Wang Kun , An Yu , Meng Hui , Gao Yuan , Xiong Zhiyuan , Yan Hao , Wang Qian , Cai Xuekang , Yang Xin , Zhang Bin , Chen Qiuying , Yang Xing , Tian Jie , Zhang Shuixing 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPurposeAccurate evaluation of hypoxia is particularly important in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) undergoing radiotherapy. The aim of this study was to propose a novel imaging strategy for quantitative three-dimensional (3D) evaluation of hypoxia in a small animal model of NPC.MethodsA carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX)-specific molecular probe (CAIX-800) was developed for imaging of hypoxia. Mouse models of subcutaneous, orthotopic, and spontaneous lymph node metastasis from NPC (5 mice per group) were established to assess the imaging strategy. A multi-modality imaging method that consisted of a hybrid combination of fluorescence molecular tomography-computed tomography (FMT-CT) and multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) was used for 3D quantitative evaluation of tumour hypoxia. Magnetic resonance imaging, histological examination, and immunohistochemical analysis were used as references for comparison and validation.ResultsIn the early stage of NPC (2 weeks after implantation), FMT-CT enabled precise 3D localisation of the hypoxia biomarker with high sensitivity. At the advanced stage (6 weeks after implantation), MSOT allowed multispectral analysis of the biomarker and haemoglobin molecules with high resolution. The combination of high sensitivity and high resolution from FMT-CT and MSOT could not only detect hypoxia in small-sized NPCs but also visualise the heterogeneity of hypoxia in 3D.ConclusionsIntegration of FMT-CT and MSOT could allow comprehensive and quantifiable evaluation of hypoxia in NPC. These findings may potentially benefit patients with NPC undergoing radiotherapy in the future.
The P2X7 receptor tracer [11C]SMW139 as an in vivo marker of neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis: a first-in man study
Authors: Hagens Marloes H. J. , Golla Sandeep S. V. , Janssen Bieneke , Vugts Danielle J. , Beaino Wissam , Windhorst Albert D. , O’Brien-Brown James , Kassiou Michael , Schuit Robert C. , Schwarte Lothar A. , de Vries Helga E. , Killestein Joep , Barkhof Frederik , van Berckel Bart N. M. , Lammertsma Adriaan A. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract

Purpose
The novel PET tracer [11C]SMW139 binds with high affinity to the P2X7 receptor, which is expressed on pro-inflammatory microglia. The purposes of this first in-man study were to characterise pharmacokinetics of [11C]SMW139 in patients with active relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and healthy controls (HC) and to evaluate its potential to identify in vivo neuroinflammation in RRMS.

Methods
Five RRMS patients and 5 age-matched HC underwent 90-min dynamic [11C]SMW139 PET scans, with online continuous and manual arterial sampling to generate a metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input function. Tissue time activity curves were fitted to single- and two-tissue compartment models, and the model that provided the best fits was determined using the Akaike information criterion.

Results
The optimal model for describing [11C]SMW139 kinetics in both RRMS and HC was a reversible two-tissue compartment model with blood volume parameter and with the dissociation rate k4 fixed to the whole-brain value. Exploratory group level comparisons demonstrated an increased volume of distribution (VT) and binding potential (BPND) in RRMS compared with HC in normal appearing brain regions. BPND in MS lesions was decreased compared with non-lesional white matter, and a further decrease was observed in gadolinium-enhancing lesions. In contrast, increased VT was observed in enhancing lesions, possibly resulting from disruption of the blood-brain barrier in active MS lesions. In addition, there was a high correlation between parameters obtained from 60- to 90-min datasets, although analyses using 60-min data led to a slight underestimation in regional VT and BPND values.

Conclusions
This first in-man study demonstrated that uptake of [11C]SMW139 can be quantified with PET using BPND as a measure for specific binding in healthy controls and RRMS patients. Additional studies are warranted for further clinical evaluation of this novel neuroinflammation tracer.
Assessment of Socio-Economic and Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Four European Lagoon Catchments
Authors: Stefanova Anastassi , Hesse Cornelia , Krysanova Valentina , Volk Martin 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
This study demonstrates the importance of considering potential land use and management changes in climate impact research. By taking into account possible trends of economic development and environmental awareness, we assess effects of global warming on water availability and quality in the catchments of four European lagoons: Ria de Aveiro (Portugal), Mar Menor (Spain), Vistula Lagoon (Poland and Russia), and Tyligulskyi Liman (Ukraine). Different setups of the process-based soil and water integrated model (SWIM), representing one reference and four socio-economic scenarios for each study area: the “business as usual”, “crisis”, “managed horizons”, and “set-aside” scenarios are driven by sets of 15 climate scenarios for a reference (1971–2000) and near future (2011–2040) scenario period. Modeling results suggest a large spatial variability of potential impacts across the study areas, due to differences in the projected precipitation trends and the current environmental and socio-economic conditions. While climate change may reduce water and nutrients input to the Ria de Aveiro and Tyligulsyi Liman and increase water inflow to the Vistula Lagoon the socio-economic scenarios and their implications may balance out or reverse these trends. In the intensely managed Mar Menor catchment, climate change has no notable direct impact on water resources, but changes in land use and water management may certainly aggravate the current environmental problems. The great heterogeneity among results does not allow formulating adaptation or mitigation measures at pan-European level, as initially intended by this study. It rather implies the need of a regional approach in coastal zone management.
Patients’ views on the implementation of artificial intelligence in radiology: development and validation of a standardized questionnaire
Authors: Ongena Yfke P. , Haan Marieke , Yakar Derya , Kwee Thomas C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractObjectivesThe patients’ view on the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology is still mainly unexplored territory. The aim of this article is to develop and validate a standardized patient questionnaire on the implementation of AI in radiology.MethodsSix domains derived from a previous qualitative study were used to develop a questionnaire, and cognitive interviews were used as pretest method. One hundred fifty-five patients scheduled for CT, MRI, and/or conventional radiography filled out the questionnaire. To find underlying latent variables, we used exploratory factor analysis with principal axis factoring and oblique promax rotation. Internal consistency of the factors was measured with Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability.ResultsThe exploratory factor analysis revealed five factors on AI in radiology: (1) distrust and accountability (overall, patients were moderately negative on this subject), (2) procedural knowledge (patients generally indicated the need for their active engagement), (3) personal interaction (overall, patients preferred personal interaction), (4) efficiency (overall, patients were ambiguous on this subject), and (5) being informed (overall, scores on these items were not outspoken within this factor). Internal consistency was good for three factors (1, 2, and 3), and acceptable for two (4 and 5).ConclusionsThis study yielded a viable questionnaire to measure acceptance among patients of the implementation of AI in radiology. Additional data collection with confirmatory factor analysis may provide further refinement of the scale.Key Points• Although AI systems are increasingly developed, not much is known about patients’ views on AI in radiology.• Since it is important that newly developed questionnaires are adequately tested and validated, we did so for a questionnaire measuring patients’ views on AI in radiology, revealing five factors.• Successful implementation of AI in radiology requires assessment of social factors such as subjective norms towards the technology.