bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Use of Liquid Dishwashing Compounds To Control Bacteria in Kitchen Sponges
Authors: Nielsen Peter , Brumbaugh Ernie , Kananen Lafonna 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A test procedure for evaluating the effect of adding commercial liquid hand dishwashing detergents to kitchen sponges to control microbial growth is described. Claims for this type of application are being made on dishwashing detergents throughout the world. In this evaluation, commercially available kitchen sponges were stripped of antimicrobial compounds. Sponges were then inoculated with a pool of 7 microorganisms which consisted of Gram positives, Gram negatives, and yeast. Inoculated sponges were treated with the detergent as recommended by the manufacturer and allowed to incubate for 16 h at ambient temperature. Surviving microorganisms were then quantitated using either the spiral or pour plate method. Tests were run using both clean sponges and sponges soiled with 0.5% nonfat dry milk (NFDM). Untreated sponges showed stasis or slightly increased bacterial populations after the incubation period in the absence of NFDM. Significant increases of up to 3 log cfu/mL were observed for untreated sponges when soiled with NFDM. Statistically significant reductions were observed for clean sponges (99.8–99.9998%) and sponges soiled with NFDM (87.6–99.9%) when detergents making “antibacterial sponge” claims were added to the inoculated sponges. Statistically significant differences between detergents making “antibacterial sponge” claims were also observed.
Dietary Exposure of Thais to Pesticides During 1989–1996
Authors: Vongbuddhapitak Amara , Atisook Kanokporn , Thoophom Gobthong , Sungwaranond Boonpai , Lertreungdej Yuwadee , Suntudrob Jitpaka , Kaewklapanyachareon Ladda 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
To monitor the exposure of the Thai to pesticide residues in foods, the intake of pesticides based on the total diet approach has been studied in Thailand continually since 1989. Food items were chosen and their proportions of daily consumption were calculated from the national food consumption survey conducted by the Department of Health in 1986. Seventy-seven items of food including drinking water were classified into 12 groups according to their sources of contamination and the analytical methods used. Shopping lists and standard procedures for collecting samples and cooking were developed. Twelve food composites from each of the 4 regions were analyzed for nearly 100 pesticides. All analyses used multiresidue analytical methods, and the total daily dietary intakes of pesticide residues were estimated from the average amount of food consumed by Thais. Among 24 pesticides found in the 8 year study, DDT, dimethoate, methamidophos, and parathion methyl were found every year. However, dietary intakes of all pesticides were far below the established acceptable daily intake. In 1999, the study methodology was redesigned to accommodate the new national food consumption survey data.
Qualitative and Quantitative Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography of a New Bisisoxazolylnaphthoquinone
Authors: Ferreyra Carola F , Ortiz Cristina S , Bertorello María M de 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The main objective of this study was to develop and test the applicability of a sensitive, accurate, and precise liquid chromatographic (LC) method for evaluating the stability characteristics of a new bisisoxazolylnaphthoquinone, 2-(3,5-dimethyl-4-isoxazolylamino)-N-(3,5-dimethyl-4-isoxazolyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone-4-imine compound 1. The method was shown to be selective and stability-indicating. Isocratic elution with a mobile phase of methanol–water (75 + 25, v/v) on a reversed-phase column with UV detection at ambient temperature completely resolved compound 1 from its degradation products. The LC system was calibrated by plotting peak responses versus known concentrations of a reference standard by using an internal standardization procedure. Complete elution occurred after 12 min with a peak symmetry factor of 0.95 for the drug peak. The kinetic degradation of compound 1 was studied over a pH range of 0.88–14.00 to determine the kinetic parameters involved in its decomposition path in aqueous solution.
Testing Antimicrobials Against Biofilm Bacteria
Authors: Hamilton Martin Alva 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Standard laboratory methods are needed to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial agents that are applied to biofilm bacteria. Existing standard suspension tests and dried surface tests show much greater efficacy than antimicrobial agents applied to biofilms. The greater resistance of biofilm bacteria to antimicrobial agents can be attributed to a number of interacting factors, including reaction and diffusion processes that limit an agent's accessibility to bacteria, phenotypic changes in biofilm bacteria caused by stress, and adaptation of the bacteria. Because biofilm systems are so diverse, a variety of new biofilm tests with features that differ in important ways from existing tests will ultimately be required. For example, the biofilm test apparatus may include a pump and a continuous flow stirred tank reactor. This report provides an overview of biofilm testing and suggests a strategy for creating standard test methods.
Determination of WR-1065 and WR-33278 by Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection: PVM 1:2002
Authors: Pendergrass James A , Srinivasan Venkataraman , Kumar K Sree , Jackson William E , Seed Thomas M , Pendergrass James A , Kleinman Wayne A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method using electrochemical detection is presented for measuring the thiol WR-1065 [2-(3-aminopropylamino) ethanethiol] and its symmetrical disulfide WR-33278 [NH2(CH2)3NHCH2CH2S]2. WR-1065 is the active, radioprotective drug derived from the phosphorothioate pro-drug WR-2721 (amifostine). External standard curves for both compounds were linear over the range of 40-200 pmol injected (r2 = 0.999 and 0.996 for the thiol and disulfide, respectively). The detection and quantitation limits for WR-1065 were 9 and 18 pmol, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for WR-33278 were 30 and 59 pmol, respectively. Within- and between-day determinations of measurement precision and accuracy for both compounds validated the suitability of this assay method.
Evaluation of VIDAS® Immuno-Concentration Salmonella Assay Plus Selective Plate Method (Hektoen Enteric, Bismuth Sulfite, Salmonella Identification) for Detection of Salmonella in Selected Foods: Collaborative Study
Authors: Lepper Wendy A , Schultz Ann M , Curiale Michael S , Johnson Ronald L ,   Collaborators:, Agin J , Campbell S , Carver C , Cherney D , Copeland F , Ekholm D , Eklund C , Gangar V , Gardner F , Herbst K , High E , Kallstrom C , Lee J , Lucas J , Lyons W , Maselli M , Miele M , Muehlenkamp E , Muzzy T , Nutsch A , Parra G , Post L , Ryser E , Schultz A , Scorah C , Shebuski J , Shields J , Smith J , Smith M , Stawick B , Trefla J , Vasavada P C , Vought K , Williams J , Witt J , Woodruff T 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The VIDAS Immuno-concentration Salmonella (ICS) plus selective plate method (Hektoen enteric, bismuth sulfite, Salmonella identification) method for the detection of Salmonella was compared to the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM)/AOAC culture method in a collaborative study. Thirty-two laboratories participated in the evaluation. Each laboratory tested one or more of the 6 test products: milk chocolate, nonfat dry milk, dried whole egg, soy flour, ground black pepper, and ground raw turkey. The 2 methods were in agreement for 1283 of the 1440 test samples. Of the 157 test samples not in agreement, 82 were VIDAS ICS plus selective plate-positive and BAM/AOAC-negative, and 75 were VIDAS ICS plus selective plate-negative and BAM/AOAC-positive.
Salmonella in Selected Foods by VIDAS® Immuno-Concentration Salmonella Plus Selective Plate Method (Hektoen Enteric, Xylose Lysine Desoxycholate, Bismuth Sulfite): Collaborative Study
Authors: Lepper Wendy A , Schultz Ann M , Curiale Michael S , Johnson Ronald L ,   Collaborators:, Agin J , Campbell S , Carver C , Cherney D , Copeland F , Ekholm D , Eklund C , Gangar V , Gardner F , Herbst K , High E , Kallstrom C , Lee J , Lucas J , Lyons W , Maselli M , Miele M , Muehlenkamp E , Muzzy T , Nutsch A , Parra G , Post L , Ryser E , Schultz A , Scorah C , Shebuski J , Shields J , Smith J , Smith M , Stawick B , Trefla J , Vasavada P C , Vought K , Williams J , Witt J , Woodruff T 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The VIDAS Immuno-concentration Salmonella (ICS) plus selective plate method (Hektoen enteric, xylose lysine desoxycholate, bismuth sulfite) method for the detection of Salmonella was compared to the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM)/AOAC culture method in a collaborative study. Thirty-two laboratories participated in the evaluation. Each laboratory tested one or more of the 6 test products: milk chocolate, nonfat dry milk, dried whole egg, soy flour, ground black pepper, and ground raw turkey. The 2 methods were in agreement for 1297 of the 1455 samples. Of the 158 samples not in agreement, 82 were VIDAS ICS plus selective plate-positive and BAM/AOAC-negative, and 76 were VIDAS ICS plus selective plate-negative and BAM/AOAC-positive.
Determination of Cadmium, Aluminium, and Copper in Beer and Products Used in Its Manufacture by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Viñas Pilar , Aguinaga Nerea , López-García Ignacio , Hernández-Córdoba Manuel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Procedures were developed for determining cadmium, aluminium, and copper in beer and the products used in its manufacture by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Beer samples were injected into the furnace and solid samples were introduced as suspensions after preparation in a medium containing hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate for cadmium atomization. Calibration was performed with aqueous standards, and characteristic masses and detection limits were, respectively, 1 and 0.3 pg for cadmium, 18 and 5.4 pg for aluminium, and 5.6 and 6.8 pg for copper. Different samples of beer, wort, brewer's yeast, malt, raw grain, and hops were analyzed by the proposed procedures. Cadmium was found in low concentrations (0.001–0.08 μg/g and 0–1.3 μg/mL); copper (3–13 μg/g and 25–137 μg/mL) and aluminium (0.6–9 μg/g and 0.1–2 μg/mL) were found at higher levels. The reliability of the procedure was confirmed by comparing the results obtained with others based on microwave oven sample digestion, and by analyzing several certified reference materials.
Detection of Genetically Modified Organisms in Foods by Protein- and DNA-Based Techniques: Bridging the Methods
Authors: Duijn Gert van , Biert Ria van , Bleeker-Marcelis Henriette , Boeijen Ineke van , Adan Abdi Jama , Jhakrie Soeniel , Hessing Martin 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
According to European Commission (EC) Regulation 1139/98, foods and food ingredients that are to be delivered to the final consumer in which either protein or DNA resulting from genetic modification is present, shall be subject to additional specific labeling requirements. Since 1994, genetically altered tomatoes, squash, potatoes, canola, cotton, and soy have been on the market. Recently, insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize varieties have been introduced. Soy and maize are 2 of the most important vegetable crops in the world. During the past 4 years, both protein- and DNA-based methods have been developed and applied for detection of transgenic soy and maize, and their derivatives. For protein-based detection, specific monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies have been developed; for immunochemical detection, Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are the most prominent examples. For detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) at the level of DNA, polymerase chain reaction-based methods are mainly used. For these reactions, highly specific primer sets are needed. This study compares the principally different methods. Specificity of methods and the possible risks of false-positive or false-negative results are considered in relation to sampling, matrix effects, and food processing procedures. In addition, quantitative aspects of protein- and DNA-based GM detection methods are presented and discussed. This is especially relevant as EC regulation 49/2000, which defines a threshold for an unintentional comingling of 1%, came into force on April 10, 2000.
Development and Validation of a Cost-Effective, Efficient, and Robust Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Simultaneous Determination of the Acetyl and Succinoyl Content in Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate Polymer
Authors: Chen Raymond , Sekulic Sonja , Zelesky Todd 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of the content of free acetic acid, free succinic acid, acetyl substituents, and succinoyl substituents in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS; Chemical Abstracts Service Registry No. 71138-97-1) polymer. This single new method gave accurate and precise measurement of both acetyl and succinoyl substituents, which had previously required 3 Japanese Pharmaceutical Excipients (JPE) methods to accomplish. Consequently, analysis time and turnaround time are decreased significantly. Furthermore, this method can also separate and determine the free acetic and succinic acids in HPMCAS polymer, a task that the corresponding JPE method cannot achieve. The values for accuracy (average recovery from 12 standard samples) were 99.9% for acetic acid and 99.8% for succinic acid. The values for injection precision (relative standard deviation [RSD]) were 0.11% for acetic acid and 0.28% for succinic acid. The values for intermediate precision (RSD) were 1.25% for determination of the acetyl content at the 8.78% (w/w) level and 1.33% for determination of the succinoyl content at the 10.9% (w/w) level. The values for intermediate precision (RSD) were 5.98% for determination of free acetic acid at the 0.12% (w/w) level and 5.13% for determination of free succinic acid at the 0.029% (w/w) level. The method was proven to be robust with respect to variation in the pH of the mobile phase, the concentration of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and the flow rate. The method is well suited for quality control in today's fast-paced pharmaceutical laboratories.
Biosensor Immunoassay of Ivermectin in Bovine Milk
Authors: Samsonova Jeanne V , Baxter G Andrew , Crooks Steven R H , Elliott Christopher T 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A rapid and sensitive biosensor immunoassay was developed for determination of ivermectin residues in bovine milk. A detection limit of 16.2 ng/mL was achieved. A Biacore optical biosensor based on surface plasmon resonance was used, and a range of extraction techniques was investigated. In the final assay procedure, ivermectin was extracted with acetonitrile followed by C8 solid-phase extraction cleanup. It was proven experimentally that 2 methods of milk storage, freezing or addition of mercury-containing compounds as preservatives, could be used without considerable change in detected concentrations (samples were fortified with ivermectin after storage). The average values for milk samples spiked at 100 and 50 ng/mL concentrations were 102.6 and 51.5 ng/mL, respectively. Extraction and analysis of 20 milk samples were performed within a single working day.
Method Validation Study of Hypoglycin A Determination in Ackee Fruit
Authors: Ware George M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A study was conducted to validate the performance characteristics of a published method entitled “Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Detection of Hypoglycin A in Canned Ackee Fruit Sample.” Hypoglycin A (HG-A) was extracted from ackee fruit with 80% ethanol–water, centrifuged, and filtered; the sample extract then was reacted with phenylisothiocyanate. HG-A was separated by reversed-phase chromatography as the phenylthiocarbamyl derivative and detected at the low nanogram level using a UV detector at 254 nm. A study was conducted to determine recovery of HG-A added to a control ackee fruit sample. A control sample containing a low level of HG-A was spiked with 403.2, 201.6, 96.8, and 48.4 μg HG-A/g ackee fruit, respectively. Twelve replicates were analyzed for each spike level. The mean percent recovery ± standard deviation for spike levels 403.2, 201.6, 96.8, and 48.4 μg HG-A/g were 94.37 ± 1.27, 99.12 ± 2.09, 107.95 ± 5.42, and 129.18 ± 15.32%, respectively. The percent coefficient of variation (%CV) for spike levels 403.2, 201.6, 96.8, and 48.4 μg HG-A/g were 1.35, 2.11, 5.02, and 11.86%, respectively. The recovery data indicate that HG-A can be recovered from ackee fruit with excellent accuracy and precision. Precision data obtained from replicate assays of ackee fruit naturally contaminated with low, medium, and high HG-A levels is presented.
Optimized Determination of Calcium in Grape Juice, Wines, and Other Alcoholic Beverages by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Olalla Manuel , González Maria Cruz , Cabrera Carmen , Gimenez Rafael , López Maria Carmen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
This paper describes a study of the different methods of sample preparation for the determination of calcium in grape juice, wines, and other alcoholic beverages by flame atomic absorption spectrometry; results are also reported for the practical application of these methods to the analysis of commercial samples produced in Spain. The methods tested included dealcoholization, dry mineralization, and wet mineralization with heating by using different acids and/or mixtures of acids. The sensitivity, detection limit, accuracy, precision, and selectiviy of each method were established. Such research is necessary because of the better analytical indexes obtained after acid digestion of the sample, as recommended by the European Union, which advocates the direct method. In addition, although high-temperature mineralization with an HNO3–HClO4 mixture gave the best analytical results, mineralization with nitric acid at 80°C for 15 min gave the most satisfactory results in all cases, including those for wines with high levels of sugar and beverages with high alcoholic content. The results for table wines subjected to the latter treatment had an accuracy of 98.70–99.90%, a relative standard deviation of 2.46%, a detection limit of 19.0 μg/L, and a determination limit of 31.7 μg/L. The method was found to be sufficiently sensitive and selective. It was applied to the determination of Ca in grape juice, different types of wines, and beverages with high alcoholic content, all of which are produced and widely consumed in Spain. The values obtained for Ca were 90.00 ± 20.40 mg/L in the grape juices, 82.30 ± 23.80 mg/L in the white wines, 85.00 ± 30.25 mg/L in the sweet wines, 84.92 ± 23.11 mg/L in the red wines, 85.75 ± 27.65 mg/L in the rosé wines, 9.51 ± 6.65 mg/L in the brandies, 11.53 ± 6.55 mg/L in the gin, 7.3 ± 6.32 mg/L in the pacharán, and 8.41 ± 4.85 mg/L in the anisettes. The method is therefore useful for routine analysis in the quality control of these beverages.
Simultaneous Determination of Nickel, Iron, and Copper in Margarine by Inductively Coupled Plasma–Atomic Emission Spectroscopy after Sample Emulsification
Authors: Benzo Zully , Marcano Eunice , Gómez Clara , Ruiz Frine , Salas Janeth , Quintal Manuelita , Garaboto Angel , Murillo Miguel 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Nickel, iron, and copper were determined in margarine samples by using emulsification followed by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy. Sample treatment and instrumental conditions were optimized, and the results were compared with those obtained by a pseudodigestion method in order to evaluate the compatibility of both methodologies. The optimum amount of margarine in the emulsion was 35% when the surfactant Tween 80 was added as the emulsifier. Copper was below the detection limits of both methodologies, i.e., digestion and emulsion; iron and nickel concentrations found by both methodologies were similar. The detection limits of the emulsion method were 0.002, 0.015, and 0.092 mg/kg for copper, iron, and nickel, respectively. A benefit of the emulsion method is that laborious and lengthy sample digestion procedures are avoided. In addition, accurate and precise results are obtained. Recoveries with the emulsion method ranged from 101 to 104%, with relative standard deviations of ≤6%.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Three Anti-Ulcer Drugs Through Charge-Transfer Complexation
Authors: Al-Ghannam Sheikha , Belal Fathalla 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A simple charge-transfer complexation method is described for the spectrophotometric assay of nizatidine, ranitidine, and famotidine. This method is based on interaction of these drugs, as n-electron donors, with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, as the π-acceptor, in acetonitrile to give highly colored green radical anions that are measured at 840 nm. Calibration graphs for the 3 compounds are linear over the concentration ranges of 1–6 μg/mL for nizatidine and ranitidine and 1–7 μg/mL for famotidine, with correlation coefficients (n = 6) of &gt;0.999. The conditioned stability constants and the free energy changes were measured; the values obtained were generally high and negative, respectively, suggesting highly stable complexes. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of the drugs in pharmaceutical preparations. The assay results were in accordance with those obtained by using reference methods.
Detection of Enteroviruses in Shellfish by Fluorogenic Polymerase Chain Reaction Integrated with 96-Well Microplate Scanning
Authors: Shiekh Y Carol , Baric Ralph S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A one-step procedure was developed to confirm viral targets by using a fluorometric 96-well microplate scanner following polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The fluorogenic PCR, integrated with fluorometric scanning, measured the end point fluorescence of viral PCR amplicon/probe hybrids and permitted the use of nonfluorogenic PCR conditions with addition of a Cy3 fluorophore-labeled linear probe for viruses. This linear probe generated higher ratios of viral signal-to-noise than a comparative beacon probe. Detection efficiency with a Cy3/quencher linear probe was comparable with Southern analysis at the level ≥0.27 plaque-forming units (PFU) of poliovirus/PCR. For the reaction containing &lt;0.27 PFU, the fluorometric measurements of the first-round PCR viral amplicon were not as sensitive as Southern analysis; however, equivalent sensitivities were achieved with fluorogenic nested PCR. Concentrates of 11 oyster samples exposed to municipal sewage were tested for enteroviruses; the fluorogenic detection correlated 100% with Southern analysis. This method using fluorometric scanning of viral amplicon is simple; it requires neither continuously monitoring equipment nor redesigning PCR primers; and it accurately detects enteroviruses in oyster sample concentrates in less time than classic spectrophotometry or Southern analysis.