bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A pH‐Responsive Polymer‐CeO2 Hybrid to Catalytically Generate Oxidative Stress for Tumor Therapy
Authors: Tian Zhimin , Liu Hongbao , Guo Zhixiong , Gou Wangyan , Liang Zechen , Qu Yongquan , Han Lili , Liu Lei 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCatalytic generation of reactive oxygen species has been developed as a promising methodology for tumor therapy. Direct O2•− production from intratumor oxygen exhibits exceptional tumor therapeutic efficacy. Herein, this therapy strategy is demonstrated by a pH‐responsive hybrid of porous CeO2 nanorods and sodium polystyrene sulfonate that delivers high oxidative activity for O2•− generation within acidic tumor microenvironments for chemodynamic therapy and only limited oxidative activity in neutral media to limit damage to healthy organs. The hydrated polymer–nanorod hybrids with large hydrodynamic diameters form nanoreactors that locally trap oxygen and biological substrates inside and improve the charge transfer between the catalysts and substrates in the tumor microenvironment, leading to enhanced catalytic O2•− production and consequent oxidation. Together with successful in vitro and in vivo experiments, these data show that the use of hybrids provides a compelling opportunity for the delivery selective chemodynamic tumor therapy.
In Situ Conversion of Metal–Organic Frameworks into VO2–V3S4 Heterocatalyst Embedded Layered Porous Carbon as an “All‐in‐One” Host for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Seo Seung‐Deok , Yu Seungho , Park Sangbaek , Kim Dong‐Wan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAlthough lithium–sulfur batteries exhibit a fivefold higher energy density than commercial lithium‐ion batteries, their volume expansion and insulating nature, and intrinsic polysulfide shuttle have hindered their practical application. An alternative sulfur host is necessary to realize porous, conductive, and polar functions; however, there is a tradeoff among these three critical factors in material design. Here, the authors report a layered porous carbon (LPC) with VO2/V3S4 heterostructures using one‐step carbonization–sulfidation of metal–organic framework templates as a sulfur host that meets all the criteria. In situ conversion of V–O ions into V3S4 nuclei in the confined 2D space generated by dynamic formation of the LPC matrix creates {200}‐facet‐exposed V3S4 nanosheets decorated with tiny VO2 nanoparticles. The VO2/V3S4 @ LPC composite facilitates high sulfur loading (70 wt%), superior energy density (1022 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C, 100 cycles), and long‐term cyclability (665 mA h g−1 at 1 C, 1000 cycles). The enhanced Li–S chemistry is attributed to the synergistic heterocatalytic behavior of polar VO2 and conductive V3S4 in the soft porous LPC scaffold, which accelerates polysulfide adsorption, conversion, and charge‐transfer ability simultaneously.
Additive Engineering by Bifunctional Guanidine Sulfamate for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskites Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Xuping , Wu Jihuai , Yang Yuqian , Wang Deng , Li Guodong , Wang Xiaobing , Sun Weihai , Wei Yuelin , Huang Yunfang , Huang Miaoliang , Fan Leqing , Lan Zhang , Lin Jianming , Ho Kuo‐Chuan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractHigh efficiency and good stability are the challenges for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) toward commercialization. However, the intrinsic high defect density and internal nonradiative recombination of perovskite (PVK) limit its development. In this work, a facile additive strategy is devised by introducing bifunctional guanidine sulfamate (GuaSM; CH6N3+, Gua+; H2N−SO3−, SM−) into PVK. The size of Gua+ ion is suitable with Pb(BrI)2 cavity relatively, so it can participate in the formation of low‐dimensional PVK when mixed with Pb(BrI)2. The O and N atoms of SM− can coordinate with Pb2+. The synergistic effect of the anions and cations effectively reduces the trap density and the recombination in PVK, so that it can improve the efficiency and stability of PSCs. At an optimal concentration of GuaSM (2 mol%), the PSC presents a champion power conversion efficiency of 21.66% and a remarkably improved stability and hysteresis. The results provide a novel strategy for highly efficient and stable PSCs by bifunctional additive.
System models and model classification in tribological system development
Authors: Faustmann Clemens , Bajzek Matthias , Hick Hannes , Edtmayer Josef , Walch Simon 
Published: November 2020

AbstractCurrent requirements for the reduction of CO2 emissions, as well as for the improvement of durability and reliability of sociotechnical systems such as passenger cars, lead to an increase in development effort in order to increase efficiency and system lifetime. Tribological systems play an essential role in the development of sociotechnical systems, but have proved to be particularly complex. The development of tribological systems, as part of the overall system under development, is an interdisciplinary effort. Involvement of solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, rheology, and many more scientific disciplines is essential to cope with the high number of nonlinear relationships, which often cause unpredictable system behavior. This paper contributes to the scientific field of tribology by introducing concepts of model‐based systems engineering for the specific case of elastohydrodynamic lubrication states. The elastohydrodynamic lubrication state of tribological system has been chosen as example to show how system models can be used to better describe the behavior of a system by connecting several specific models. In order to gain an overview of the models used in tribological system development, a system cube was used to structure the models. The system cube enabled gaps and overlapping model zones to be identified. Finally, the role of system models in development and the benefit of using system models to solve problems that cannot be solved by a single technical discipline but only in an interdisciplinary effort are discussed. An approach to connect models and methods to describe a system in an elastohydrodynamic lubrication state is presented.
Ternary Laves phases Sc0.22(1)Ta0.78(1)Fe2 and Sc0.63(1)In0.37(1)Co2 – coloring variants of the MgZn2 and MgNi2 type
Authors: Gulay Nataliya L. , Kalychak Ya. M. , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe ternary Laves phases Sc0.22(1)Ta0.78(1)Fe2 and Sc0.63(1)In0.37(1)Co2 were synthesized by arc‐melting appropriate amounts of the binary phases ScFe2 and TaFe2 or Sc, In and Co, respectively. The samples were studied by powder X‐ray diffraction and the structures were refined from single crystal X‐ray diffraction data: P63/mmc, a=484.96(7), c=793.17(11) pm, wR2=0.0604, 147 F2 values, 12 variables for Sc0.22(1)Ta0.78(1)Fe2 and P63mc, a=488.61(4), c=1599.54(12) pm, wR2=0.0389, 553 F2 values, 35 variables for Sc0.63(1)In0.37(1)Co2. Sc0.22(1)Ta0.78(1)Fe2 derives from the MgZn2 type having a mixed Sc/Ta occupancy on the 4 f magnesium position. Sc0.63(1)In0.37(1)Co2 crystallizes with a new structure type which derives from the Laves phase MgNi2. A translationengleiche symmetry reduction leads to the non‐centrosymmetric space group P63mc which allows partial Sc/In ordering with different Sc/In ratios on four crystallographically independent sites. While ScFe2 and TaFe2 build a complete solid solution Sc1–xTaxFe2 with MgZn2 type structure, we observe a switch in structure type for Sc1–xInxCo2 from the cubic MgCu2 type (x=0–0.22) to the non‐centrosymmetric derivative from MgNi2 at x=0.37.
Comparison analysis of analytical and lattice Boltzmann methods for simulation of turbulence decay in flows in converging and diverging channels
Authors: Avramenko Andriy A. , Tyrinov Andrii I. , Shevchuk Igor V. , Dmitrenko Nataliia P. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe paper focuses on a study of turbulence decay in flow with streamwise gradient. For the first time, an analytical solution of this problem was obtained based on the k‐ε model of turbulence in one‐dimensional (1D) approximation, as well as on the symmetry properties of the system of differential equations. Lie group technique enabled reducing the problem to a linear differential equation. The analytical solution enabled parametric studies, which are computationally cheap in comparison to CFD based simulations. The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) in two‐dimensional approximation (2D) was used to validate the analytical results. Large eddy simulation (LES) Smagorinsky approach was used to close the LBM model. Computations revealed that the rate of turbulence decay is significantly different for the cases of positive and negative streamwise pressure gradient. The further comparisons showed that the analytical solution underpredicts the predictions by the numerical methodology, which can be attributed to the simplified problem statement used to derive the closed‐form analytical solution. Comparisons of calculations with experiments revealed that the theoretical models used in the study underpredict the measurements for flows with a positive pressure gradient. Hence it can be concluded that the LBM technique combined with the LES Smagorinsky model requires the further modification.
Vectors
Authors: Reinders James , Ashbaugh Ben , Brodman James , Kinsner Michael , Pennycook John , Tian Xinmin 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Vectors are collections of data. These can be useful because parallelism in our computers comes from collections of compute hardware, and data is often processed in related groupings (e.g., the color channels in an RGB pixel). Sound like a marriage made in heaven? It is so important, we’ll spend a chapter discussing the merits of vector types and how to utilize them. We will not dive into vectorization in this chapter, since that varies based on device type and implementations. Vectorization is covered in Chapters 10.1007/978-1-4842-5574-2_15 and 10.1007/978-1-4842-5574-2_16.
Comfort for the Computationally Crippled
Authors: Garrett Steven L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe difference between engineering and science, and all other human activity, is the fact that engineers and scientists make quantitative predictions about measurable outcomes and can specify their uncertainty in such predictions. Because those predictions are quantitative, they must employ mathematics. This chapter is intended as review of some of the more useful mathematical concepts, strategies, and techniques that are employed in the description of vibrational and acoustical systems and in the calculation of their behavior. Topics in this review include techniques such as Taylor series expansions, integration by parts, and logarithmic differentiation. Equilibrium and stability considerations lead to relations between potential energies and forces. The concept of linearity leads to superposition and Fourier analysis. Complex numbers and phasors are introduced along with the techniques for their algebraic manipulation. The discussion of physical units is extended to include their use for predicting functional dependencies of resonance frequencies, quality factors, propagation speeds, flow noise, and other system behaviors using similitude and the Buckingham Π-theorem to form dimensionless variables. Linearized least-squares fitting is introduced as a method for extraction of experimental parameters and their uncertainties and error propagation is presented to allow those uncertainties to be combined.
Attenuation of Sound
Authors: Garrett Steven L. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWe will capitalize on our understanding of thermoviscous loss to develop an understanding of the attenuation of sound waves in fluids that are not influenced by proximity to solid surfaces. Such dissipation mechanisms are particularly important at very high frequencies and short distances (for ultrasound) or very low frequencies over geological distances (for infrasound). The Standard Linear Model of viscoelasticity introduced the nondimensional frequency,ωτR, that controlled the medium’s elastic (in-phase) and dissipative (quadrature) responses. Those response curves were “universal” in the sense that causality linked the elastic and dissipative responses through the Kramers-Kronig relations. That relaxation-time perspective is essential for attenuation of sound in media that can be characterized by one or more relaxation times related to those internal degrees of freedom that make their equation of state a function of frequency. Examples of these relaxation-time effects include the rate of collisions between different molecular species in a gas (e.g., nitrogen and water vapor in air), the pressure dependence of ionic association-dissociation of dissolved salts in sea water (e.g., MgSO4and H3BO3), and evaporation-condensation effects when a fluid is oscillating about equilibrium with its vapor (e.g., fog droplets in air or gas bubbles in liquids).
Introduction
Authors: McNamee Terence , Muyangwa Monde 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The introduction briefly summarizes the thematic chapters in the book (conflict prevention, mediation and management; post-conflict reconstruction, justice and DDR; the role of women, religion, humanitarianism, grassroots organizations and early warning systems; and regional and continental bodies) as well as the country/region case studies (the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Sudan/South Sudan, Mozambique and the Sahel/Mali). The introduction also outlines the key conceptual and definitional challenges and explains what sets this volume apart from others in the ever-expanding literature on peacebuilding in Africa. Of several recurrent themes in the book that merit closer scrutiny, the introduction highlights: funding challenges; managing expectations; tensions between grassroots dynamics and peace-building at the elite level; varying effectiveness of regional economic communities and the African Union; and frequent lack of coordination between donors and partners on the ground.
Contributions of Early Warning to the African Peace and Security Architecture: The Experience of the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP)
Authors: Eze Chukwuemeka B. , Frimpong Osei Baffour 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The African Union’s African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) was established in 2002 in response to the myriad post-Cold War peace and security challenges confronting Africa. The fundamental goal of APSA is to prevent, manage, and resolve conflict in Africa. Since the establishment of APSA, conflict-related early warning mechanisms have been a key component of its operationalization. This chapter examines the experience of one regional body, the West Africa Network for Peacebuilding (WANEP), in its efforts to support peace and security at the national, regional, and continental levels. It argues that despite its successes, WANEP—and conflict-related early warning systems in general—will not be able to fulfill its potential without reforms in the areas of funding, partnerships with civil society organizations, and the chasm between early warning and early response.
The African Union in Peacebuilding in Africa
Authors: Khadiagala Gilbert M. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Since its launch in 2002 the African Union (AU) has advanced post-conflict peacebuilding frameworks and institutions as part of the broad project of deepening local solutions to African problems. This chapter argues that while the AU has made significant strides in building norms around peace, security, stability, and governance, it faces tremendous obstacles in realizing the vision and objectives articulated in the 2006 Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development (PCRD) policy. It, therefore, urges national ownership of peacebuilding as well as a deepening and advancing of normative frameworks amongst various stakeholders. Conflict prevention is viewed as key to sustained peacebuilding in Africa. The chapter concludes that in the absence of mobilization of local resources and capacity, the AU will remain unprepared for the complex and multiple tasks entailed in peacebuilding.
Humanitarian Action and Peacebuilding: Incompatible or Complementary?
Authors: Pedersen Jens 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter examines the changing role of humanitarian organizations in Africa’s conflict zones and how humanitarianism has become a highly contested space on the battlefield. Through an analysis of several ongoing peace operations in Africa, this chapter demonstrates how the principles of humanitarian relief have been undermined by the major powers and the UN in their pursuit of ostensibly noble objectives. Organizations and donors have become complicit in compromising humanitarianism, especially in multi-mandated UN missions, by inserting humanitarian workers into the realm of both service delivery (associated with the process of building a state) and as a political tool to win “hearts and minds.” Peacebuilding will be better served, the chapter concludes, by restoring humanitarianism to its original role and ethos.
Peace Management and Conflict Resolution: A Practitioner’s Perspective
Authors: Gambari Ibrahim A. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a firsthand perspective on the broad issues of prevention and mediation of conflicts, with special reference to two conflict environments outside Africa—Cyprus, Myanmar—and one at its heart (Darfur), where the author was deployed as a senior envoy of the United Nations Secretary General. The aim is to provide a global view on best practice for peacebuilding in Africa against the backdrop of three fundamental shifts in conflict in the post-Cold War era: from inter- to intra-state war; from primarily state-based to non-state actors; and from largely mono- to multi-causal understandings of why wars begin and end. It provides key recommendations on improving mediation, strengthening relations between the UN and NGOs, and dealing with spoilers
Violence, Peacebuilding, and Elite Bargains in Mozambique Since Independence
Authors: Vines Alex 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This chapter provides a unique account of Mozambique’s long, often fraught peacebuilding journey, from the end of its 16-year civil war in 1992 through fifteen years of relative stability despite extreme poverty, corruption and social dislocation, to recent peace negotiations between the ruling FRELIMO party and its rebel nemesis—RENAMO. It examines the diverse initiatives—from financial and diplomatic to the contribution of church-based mediation and grassroots initiatives for justice and reconciliation—that brought the parties to a negotiated settlement, against a backdrop of changing regional and international dynamics. In some ways, the chapter concludes, FRELIMO’s landslide victory in 2019 is likely to complicate the elite bargaining that has helped Mozambique avoid any large-scale recurrence of violence.
Lessons in Failure: Peacebuilding in Sudan/South Sudan
Authors: Jok Jok Madut 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Common to most protracted conflicts that relapse into war is a disconnect between elites and local communities, which typically suffer the most when the former undermine peace agreements to further their own narrow interests. The central argument in this chapter, drawing heavily on the recent history of Sudan/South Sudan and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), is that African conflict resolution and peacebuilding relies too heavily on political agreements between politico-military elites. These deals focus largely on elite power and resource-sharing arrangements. Mostly ignored are the communal and societal dynamics that initially fed the violence. Sudan/South Sudan’s persistent conflict and instability is a prime example of what happens when peace agreements are signed without due regard for the true nature and genesis of the conflict.
United Nations Peacekeeping, Human Rights, and the Protection of Civilians
Authors: Wani Ibrahim J. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Drawing on lessons from United Nations (UN) led peacekeeping operations in Africa, this chapter discusses the background and evolution of peacekeeping engagement on issues related to human rights, refugees, and internal displacement; the array of norms and institutions that have developed to formalize the mandate in the UN peacekeeping framework; and the experiences, lessons, and challenges in its implementation. Due to escalating challenges around protecting civilians and human rights violations, the chapter argues that UN peacekeeping must move beyond rhetoric. A genuine commitment to implement the recommendations of the United Nations High-Level Independent Panel on Peace Operations (HIPPO) is a necessary first step. Enhanced mechanisms to compel host states to protect human rights within their borders and more regional engagement on thwarting “spoilers” are among several key follow-on measures.
The “Global History Paradox” in China: Sinocentred Approaches Along the Silk Road
Authors: Perez-Garcia Manuel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis chapter presents a synthesis of the diverse academic traditions in China and Europe to implement global history. Supremacy and exceptionalism have characterized the socio-economic and cultural development of European powers, mainly Great Britain, the Netherlands, France, and Germany, on one side, and, on the other side, there is the long-lasting civilization and uniqueness of Chinese culture and history which is present today in the rise of China’s economy.
Conclusions
Authors: Perez-Garcia Manuel 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Spanish and Qing empires were connected through the agency of merchants, the trade networks they created, and the circulation of goods which fostered local demand. Trade routes, mainly the maritime economic arteries such as the Manila galleons, connected and integrated Western markets and polities, in this case the Spanish empire with the Middle Kingdom. The constant inflow of American silver into China and the outflow of highly prized Chinese goods (i.e. silk, tea, porcelain) into European and American markets were the main features for such market integration between the Bourbon (French) Spanish empire and the Qing (Manchu, non-Han) dynasty. This surpassed the realm of official institutions of both empires along with their concomitant weak state capacity.