bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Montessori, Waldorf, and Reggio Emilia: A Comparative Analysis of Alternative Models of Early Childhood Education
Authors: Aljabreen Haifa 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMontessori, Waldorf, and Reggio Emilia education remain three of the most popular models for alternative early childhood education. Each of these approaches has developed globally, with a rich history of supporting children’s educational freedom. This narrative analysis provides a means for early childhood educators and scholars to understand the aims, philosophical and theoretical frameworks, historical development, benefits, and challenges in these models and their methods of practice. As early childhood education evolves with technology and as re-conceptualizations about early education occur, an understanding of these alternatives to traditional education models is important. While adaptive options of these models may emerge in education systems across national contexts, this review allows educators to consider their applications and cultural appropriateness in specific local and community contexts.
Increased prevalence of impulse control disorder symptoms in endocrine diseases treated with dopamine agonists: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Beccuti G. , Guaraldi F. , Natta G. , Cambria V. , Prencipe N. , Cicolin A. , Montanaro E. , Lopiano L. , Ghigo E. , Zibetti M. , Grottoli S. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Introduction
Impulse control disorders (ICDs) have been described as a side effect of dopamine agonists (DAs) in neurological as well as endocrine conditions. Few studies have evaluated the neuropsychological effect of DAs in hyperprolactinemic patients, and these have reported a relationship between DAs and ICDs. Our objective was to screen for ICD symptoms in individuals with DA-treated endocrine conditions.

Materials and methods
A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 132 patients with pituitary disorders treated with DAs (DA exposed), as well as 58 patients with pituitary disorders and no history of DA exposure (non-DA exposed). Participants responded to the full version of the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s disease (QUIP).

Results
Compared with the non-DA-exposed group, a higher prevalence of DA-exposed patients tested positive for symptoms of any ICD or related behavior (52% vs. 31%, p < 0.01), any ICD (46% vs. 24%, p < 0.01), any related behavior (31% vs. 17%, p < 0.05), compulsive sexual behavior (27% vs. 14%, p < 0.04), and punding (20% vs. 7%, p < 0.02) by QUIP. On univariate analysis, DA treatment was associated with a two- to threefold increased risk of any ICD or related behavior [odds ratio (OR) 2.43] and any ICD (OR 2.70). In a multivariate analysis, independent risk factors for any ICD or related behavior were DA use (adjusted OR 2.22) and age (adjusted OR 6.76). Male gender was predictive of the risk of hypersexuality (adjusted OR 3.82).

Discussion
Despite the QUIP limitations, a clear sign of increased risk of ICDs emerges in individuals with DA-treated pituitary disorders. Our data contribute to the growing evidence of DA-induced ICDs in endocrine conditions.
Tissue-Specific Gene Expression Changes are Associated with Aging in Mice
Authors: Srivastava Akash , Barth Emanuel , Ermolaeva Maria A. , Guenther Madlen , Frahm Christiane , Marz Manja , Witte Otto W. 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
Aging is a complex process that can be characterized by functional and cognitive decline in an individual. Aging can be assessed based on the functional capacity of vital organs and their intricate interactions with one another. Thus, the nature of aging can be described by focusing on a specific organ and an individual itself. However, to fully understand the complexity of aging, one must investigate not only a single tissue or biological process but also its complex interplay and interdependencies with other biological processes. Here, using RNA-seq, we monitored changes in the transcriptome during aging in four tissues (including brain, blood, skin and liver) in mice at 9 months, 15 months, and 24 months, with a final evaluation at the very old age of 30 months. We identified several genes and processes that were differentially regulated during aging in both tissue-dependent and tissue-independent manners. Most importantly, we found that the electron transport chain (ETC) of mitochondria was similarly affected at the transcriptome level in the four tissues during the aging process. We also identified the liver as the tissue showing the largest variety of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) over time. Lcn2 (Lipocalin-2) was found to be similarly regulated among all tissues, and its effect on longevity and survival was validated using its orthologue in Caenorhabditis elegans. Our study demonstrated that the molecular processes of aging are relatively subtle in their progress, and the aging process of every tissue depends on the tissue’s specialized function and environment. Hence, individual gene or process alone cannot be described as the key of aging in the whole organism.
State-Induced Migration and the Creation of State Spaces in Early Chinese Empires: Perspectives from History and Archaeology
Authors: Korolkov Maxim , Hein Anke 
Published: December 2020

AbstractIn ancient China, as elsewhere, states did not simply occupy a given territory but actively engaged in the production of space by transforming landscapes, moving populations, and enacting territorial hierarchies, thus creating “state spaces,” to borrow a term coined by James C. Scott. In the case of the early Chinese empires of Qin (221–207 BCE) and Han (202 BCE–220 CE), state-induced migration and settlement were key instruments of military control, administrative incorporation, economic intensification, and other processes connected with spatial distribution of state power. This article combines insights from transmitted texts, excavated documents, and archaeological evidence to explore factors and effects of migration in early Chinese empires, discussing the interconnection between state-organized resettlement and private migration as well as their embeddedness in the local geography. As the situation varies according to location, the present article introduces the approach and tests it on a case study, the Guanzhong metropolitan region.
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK: the Oxford coronavirus explanations, attitudes, and narratives survey (Oceans) II
Authors: Freeman Daniel , Loe Bao S. , Chadwick Andrew , Vaccari Cristian , Waite Felicity , Rosebrock Laina , Jenner Lucy , Petit Ariane , Lewandowsky Stephan , Vanderslott Samantha , Innocenti Stefania , Larkin Michael , Giubilini Alberto , Yu Ly-Mee , McShane Helen , Pollard Andrew J. , Lambe Sinéad 
Published: December 2020

AbstractBackgroundOur aim was to estimate provisional willingness to receive a coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, identify predictive socio-demographic factors, and, principally, determine potential causes in order to guide information provision.MethodsA non-probability online survey was conducted (24th September−17th October 2020) with 5,114 UK adults, quota sampled to match the population for age, gender, ethnicity, income, and region. The Oxford COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy scale assessed intent to take an approved vaccine. Structural equation modelling estimated explanatory factor relationships.Results71.7% (n=3,667) were willing to be vaccinated, 16.6% (n=849) were very unsure, and 11.7% (n=598) were strongly hesitant. An excellent model fit (RMSEA=0.05/CFI=0.97/TLI=0.97), explaining 86% of variance in hesitancy, was provided by beliefs about the collective importance, efficacy, side-effects, and speed of development of a COVID-19 vaccine. A second model, with reasonable fit (RMSEA=0.03/CFI=0.93/TLI=0.92), explaining 32% of variance, highlighted two higher-order explanatory factors: ‘excessive mistrust’ (r=0.51), including conspiracy beliefs, negative views of doctors, and need for chaos, and ‘positive healthcare experiences’ (r=−0.48), including supportive doctor interactions and good NHS care. Hesitancy was associated with younger age, female gender, lower income, and ethnicity, but socio-demographic information explained little variance (9.8%). Hesitancy was associated with lower adherence to social distancing guidelines.ConclusionsCOVID-19 vaccine hesitancy is relatively evenly spread across the population. Willingness to take a vaccine is closely bound to recognition of the collective importance. Vaccine public information that highlights prosocial benefits may be especially effective. Factors such as conspiracy beliefs that foster mistrust and erode social cohesion will lower vaccine up-take.
Preformed Properties for Marine Organic Matter and Carbonate Mineral Cycling Quantification
Authors: Carter B. R. , Feely R. A. , Lauvset S. K. , Olsen A. , DeVries T. , Sonnerup R. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe estimate preformed ocean phosphate, nitrate, oxygen, silicate, and alkalinity by combining a reconstruction of ventilation pathways in the ocean interior with estimates of submixed layer properties. These new preformed property estimates are intended to aid biogeochemical cycling studies and validation of modeled preformed property distributions and are available online. Analyses of net property accumulations (observed minus preformed properties) indicate net remineralization ratios in the ocean interior of [1 P]: [14.1 ± 0.6 N]: [−141 ± 12 O2]: [95 ± 25 Si]: [89 ± 9 TA]. These ratios imply that the interior ocean stores 1,300 (±230) PgC through organic matter remineralization and 540 (±60) PgC through carbonate mineral dissolution and that apparent oxygen utilization can overestimate the interior ocean oxygen consumption by ~25%. Further, only 4 (±1%) and 46 (±5%) of the total alkalinity accumulated from carbonate mineral dissolution are found in seawater that is supersaturated with respect to the aragonite and calcite mineral forms of calcium carbonate, respectively. These small excess alkalinity inventories are due to smaller volumes of the supersaturated water masses and shorter ventilation timescales, as carbonate mineral dissolution rates appear nearly independent of depth and saturation state.
H2O Windows and CO2 Radiator Fins: A Clear‐Sky Explanation for the Peak in Equilibrium Climate Sensitivity
Authors: Seeley Jacob T. , Jeevanjee Nadir 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRecent explorations of the state‐dependence of Earth’s equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) have revealed a pronounced peak in ECS at a surface temperature of ∼310 K. This ECS peak has been observed in models spanning the model hierarchy, suggesting a robust physical source. Here, we propose an explanation for this ECS peak using a novel spectrally resolved decomposition of clear‐sky longwave feedbacks. We show that the interplay between spectral feedbacks in H2O‐dominated and CO2‐dominated portions of the longwave spectrum, along with moist‐adiabatic amplification of upper‐tropospheric warming, conspire to produce a minimum in the feedback parameter, and a corresponding peak in ECS, at a surface temperature of 310 K. Mechanism‐denial tests highlight three key ingredients for the ECS peak: (1) H2O continuum absorption to quickly close spectral windows at high surface temperature; (2) moist‐adiabatic tropospheric temperatures to enhance upper‐tropospheric warming; and (3) energetically consistent increases of CO2 with surface temperature.
Seismic Imaging of the Subducted Australian Continental Margin Beneath Timor and the Banda Arc Collision Zone
Authors: Zhang Ping , Miller Meghan S. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractDetailed crustal and uppermost mantle structure is imaged for the first time utilizing ∼4 years of broadband seismic data newly collected in the Timor‐Leste and Nusa Tenggara Timor region of Indonesia. We apply three techniques, ambient noise tomography, teleseismic P wave receiver function, and coda autocorrelation, to resolve a 3D Vs model and Moho structure. Our tomographic images show low‐velocity anomalies (<30 km) beneath Timor related to underthrusted Gondwana sequence from the Australian plate, which are vertically offset by the high‐velocity backstop of the Banda forearc terrane. The structure progressively changes along strike, reflecting different collisional stages developed as a result of the oblique convergence. At greater depth, we detect seismically fast lithospheric mantle (>30 km) and the arc‐ward dipping Moho beneath Timor, both interpreted to be from the Australian plate. Our findings provide direct structural evidence of the Australian continental margin at lithospheric depths beneath the Banda Arc collisional zone.
Solitary Magnetic Structures at Quasi‐Parallel Collisionless Shocks: Formation
Authors: Chen Li‐Jen , Wang Shan , Ng Jonathan , Bessho Naoki , Tang Jian‐Ming , Fung Shing F. , Le Guan , Gershman Daniel , Giles Barbara , Russell Christopher T. , Torbert Roy , Burch James 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSolitary magnetic structures known as SLAMS (short large‐amplitude magnetic structures) have been considered as essential elements of collisionless shocks with quasi‐parallel geometries. Yet the physics underlying their formation remains an open question. In this paper, we use measurements from the magnetospheric multiscale mission combined with fully kinetic simulations to study the formation of SLAMS. We find that gyro‐resonance between solar wind ions and right‐hand circularly polarized electromagnetic waves results in magnetic field amplification. Gyro‐trapping by the growing magnetic field buildup the plasma density that further enhances the current and field. The solitary nature of SLAMS stems from a beat‐like magnetic field envelope where the maximum sets the initial location for nonlinear growth. Our results present a conceptual advance on SLAMS, and may shed new light on the open question of magnetic field amplification at astrophysical shocks.
African Low‐Level Jets and Their Importance for Water Vapor Transport and Rainfall
Authors: Munday Callum , Washington Richard , Hart Neil 
Published: December 2020

AbstractUncertainty in the future evolution of tropical rainfall is linked to circulation changes under warming. In Africa, a key barrier to interpreting rainfall changes is our limited understanding of water vapor transport across the continent. Here, we show that a series of nocturnal easterly Low‐Level Jets (LLJs), which form in the valleys punctuating the East African rift system, transport the majority of water vapor to central Africa from the Indian Ocean. There is a robust connection between strengthened LLJs and drought in eastern and southern Africa at interannual timescales, mediated by an increase in low‐level divergence and water vapor export. Analysis of climate model simulations at a wide range of resolutions (250–4.5 km) suggests that grid lengths <60 km are needed to simulate the salient structures of LLJs. The failure of coarse resolution models to capture LLJs is linked with biases in rainfall climatology and variability across the continent.
Scaling in Internally Heated Convection: A Unifying Theory
Authors: Wang Qi , Lohse Detlef , Shishkina Olga 
Published: December 2020

AbstractWe offer a unifying theory for turbulent, purely internally heated convection, generalizing the unifying theories of Grossmann and Lohse (2000, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112099007545; 2001, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.3316) for Rayleigh‐Bénard turbulence and of Shishkina et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL067003) for turbulent horizontal convection, which are both based on the splitting of the kinetic and thermal dissipation rates in respective boundary and bulk contributions. We obtain the mean temperature of the system and the Reynolds number (which are the response parameters) as function of the control parameters, namely the internal thermal driving strength (called, when nondimensionalized, the Rayleigh‐Roberts number) and the Prandtl number. The results of the theory are consistent with our direct numerical simulations of the Boussinesq equations.
Interplay Between Subseasonal Rainfall and Global Predictors in Modulating Interannual to Multidecadal Predictability of the ISMR
Authors: Saha Subodh Kumar , Konwar Mahen , Pokhrel Samir , Hazra Anupam , Chaudhari Hemantkumar S. , Rai Archana 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSkillful prediction of the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) has been a bottleneck problem for more than 100 years. The low seasonal predictability is attributed primarily to the chaotic nature of the subseasonal variability. Here, we show that these subseasonal variabilities rather have significant predictable contributions to the seasonal ISMR, varying on the interannual to multidecadal timescale. The subseasonal modes being the building blocks of the monsoon, their net linear contribution may approximate the predictability limit of the ISMR. It is estimated that an average of about 76% (R ∼ 0.87) of the ISMR variance predictable around the 1960s is decreased to about 64% (R ∼ 0.79) in the recent past four decades. It is suggested that improvements in the simulation of subseasonal, particularly the synoptic variability will be key to further improve the seasonal ISMR forecast skill.
Proton Outflow Associated With Jupiter's Auroral Processes
Authors: Szalay J. R. , Allegrini F. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. J. , Clark G. , Connerney J. E. P. , Ebert R. W. , Ergun R. E. , Mauk B. , McComas D. J. , Valek P. , Wilson R. J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractField‐aligned proton beams are a systematic and identifiable feature associated with Jupiter's auroral emissions, transporting 3 ± 2 kg s−1 away from Jupiter's ionosphere. This mass loss occurs at all longitudes sampled by Juno around the southern auroral oval, while the northern hemisphere exhibits upward proton beams predominantly on one portion in System III, near the auroral kink region. These beams are associated with upward inverted‐V structures indicative of quasi‐static magnetic field‐aligned parallel potentials. A lack of bidirectionality indicates these proton populations are pitch‐angle and/or energy scattered and incorporated into the magnetospheric charged particle environment. This mechanism is a significant, and potentially dominant, source of protons in Jupiter's middle and outer magnetosphere. If Jupiter's ionosphere is the primary source for protons in the inner magnetosphere, they are likely sourced equatorward of the main emissions and at energies <100 eV.
Sea Ice Properties in High‐Resolution Sea Ice Models
Authors: Zhang Jinlun 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAn Arctic sea ice‐ocean model is run with three uniform horizontal resolutions (6, 4, and 2 km) and identical sea ice and ocean model parameterizations, including an isotropic viscous‐plastic sea ice rheology, a mechanical ice strength parameterization, and an ice ridging parameterization. Driven by the same atmospheric forcing, the three model versions all produce similar spatial patterns and temporal variations of ice thickness and motion fields, resulting in almost identical magnitude and seasonal evolution of total ice volume and mean ice concentration, ice speed, and fractions of ice of various thickness categories over the Arctic Ocean. Increasing model resolution from 6 to 2 km does not significantly improve model performance when compared to NASA IceBridge ice thickness observations. This suggests that the large‐scale sea ice properties of the model are insensitive to varying high resolutions within the multifloe scale (2–10 km), and it may be unnecessary to adjust model parameters constantly with increasingly high resolutions. This is also true with models within the aggregate scale (10–75 km), indicating that model parameters used at coarse resolution may be used at high or multiscale resolution. However, even though the three versions all yield similar mean state of sea ice, they differ in representing anisotropic properties of sea ice. While they produce a basic pattern of major sea ice leads similar to satellite observations, their leads are distributed differently in space and time. Without changing model parameters and sea ice spatiotemporal variability, the 2‐km resolution model tends to capture more leads than the other two models.
Changes in Atlantic Water Circulation Patterns and Volume Transports North of Svalbard Over the Last 12 Years (2008–2020)
Authors: Athanase Marylou , Provost Christine , Artana Camila , Pérez‐Hernández M. Dolores , Sennéchael Nathalie , Bertosio Cécilia , Garric Gilles , Lellouche Jean‐Michel , Prandi Pierre 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAtlantic Water (AW) enters the Arctic through Fram Strait as the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC). When reaching the south of Yermak Plateau, the WSC splits into the Svalbard, Yermak Pass, and Yermak Branches. Downstream of Yermak Plateau, AW pathways remain unclear and uncertainties persist on how AW branches eventually merge and contribute to the boundary current along the continental slope. We took advantage of the good performance of the 1/12° Mercator Ocean model in the Western Nansen Basin (WNB) to examine the AW circulation and volume transports in the area. The model showed that the circulation changed in 2008–2020. The Yermak Branch (YB) strengthened over the northern Yermak Plateau, feeding the Return YB along the eastern flank of the Plateau. West of Yermak Plateau, the Transpolar Drift likely shifted westward while AW recirculations progressed further north. Downstream of the Yermak Plateau, an offshore current developed above the 3,800 m isobath, fed by waters from the Yermak Plateau tip. East of 18°E, enhanced mesoscale activity from the boundary current injected additional AW basin‐ward, further contributing to the offshore circulation. A recurrent anticyclonic circulation developed in the Sofia Deep, which also occasionally fed the western part of the offshore flow. The intensification of the circulation coincided with an overall warming in the upper WNB (0–1,000 m), consistent with the progression of AW. This regional description of the changing circulation provides a background for the interpretation of upcoming observations.