bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ontogeny of maximum bite force in humans
Authors: Edmonds Hallie M. , Glowacka Halszka 
Published: May 2020

AbstractOntogenetic changes in the human masticatory complex suggest that bite force, a key measure of chewing performance, increases throughout growth and development. Current published bite force values for humans exist for molar and incisal biting, but few studies measure bite forces across all tooth types, or measure bite force potentials in subjects of different ages. In the absence of live data, models of bite force such as the Constrained Lever Model (CLM), are employed to predict bite force at different bite points for adults, but it is unclear whether such a model can accurately predict bite force potentials for juveniles or subadults. This study compares theoretically derived bite forces and live bite force data, and places these within an ontogenetic context in humans. Specifically, we test whether (1) patterns of maximum bite force increase along the tooth row throughout ontogeny, (2) bite force patterns estimated using the CLM match patterns observed from live bite force data, and (3) changes in bite forces along the tooth row and throughout ontogeny are associated with concomitant changes in adductor muscle leverage. Our findings show that maximum bite forces increase throughout ontogeny and change along the tooth row, with the highest forces occurring at the posterior dentition. These findings adhere to the expectations under the CLM and validate the model’s utility in predicting bite force values throughout development. Furthermore, adductor muscle leverage values reflect this pattern, with the greatest leverage values occurring at the posterior dentition throughout ontogeny. The CLM informs our study of mammalian chewing mechanics by providing a model of how morphological changes of the masticatory apparatus during ontogeny affect bite force distribution along the tooth row. Furthermore, the decreased bite force magnitudes observed in juveniles and subadults compared with adults suggest that differences in juvenile and subadult diets may partially be due to differences in bite force production potentials.
Early prediction of methotrexate treatment outcome in tubal ectopic pregnancy based on days 0 and 4 human chorionic gonadotropin levels
Authors: Shatkin Hamish Noy , Wolf Maya , Tendler Rene , Sharon Avishalom , Bornstein Jacob , Odeh Marwan 
Published: May 2020

AbstractAimMethotrexate (MTX) is an efficient treatment for ectopic pregnancy, used according to ‘single‐dose’ protocol. Treatment success is evaluated on days 4 and 7 after dose administration, and defined as a decline of ≥15% in beta‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) levels, with a positive predictive value of 93%. A decrease on day 4 β‐hCG levels was determined to be a good predictor for treatment success. We retrospectively examined changes in β‐hCG levels between days 0 and 4 after MTX treatment as an early predictor for treatment outcome.MethodsThe ‘success group’ consisted of patients with resolved ectopic pregnancy after a single MTX dose and ‘failure group’ included patients who required additional MTX doses or underwent surgery after the first dose. For each group, demographic and pregnancy data were analyzed as well as initial (admission day), days 0, 4 and 7 β‐hCG levels.ResultsOf 159 women included in the study, MTX treatment was successful in 117 patients (73.6%) while 42 patients (26.4%) were defined as treatment failure. In the success group, most patients (58.9%) demonstrated a decrease in β‐hCG values between days 0 and 4 as opposed to the failure group in which an increase in β‐hCG values was observed (76.2%). Decrease of >18% in β‐hCG levels was predictive of treatment success (positive predictive value 92%). Increase in β‐hCG values is less predictive of treatment failure with positive predictive value of 54%.ConclusionDifferences in β‐hCG levels between days 0 and 4 may serve as an early predictor for treatment outcome.
Status of Sleep Apnea and Snoring Disorder Curriculum in U.S. Advanced Education Prosthodontic Programs
Authors: Manzotti Anna , Roenitz Christine , Yuan Judy Chia‐Chun , Sukotjo Cortino , Vieira Marques Isabella da Silva , Alfaro Maria F. , Wee Alvin G. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPurposeTo assess the management of sleep apnea and snoring disorders in Advanced Education Programs in Prosthodontics (AEPP) in the United States.Materials and MethodsA 51 item, online survey was sent to program directors at 48 AEPPs in the United States in 2015. Data results were analyzed descriptively.ResultsThirty‐five program directors responded to the survey. Twenty‐four (68.6%, N = 35) programs report not having a dedicated course for the treatment of sleep apnea and snoring disorders. The majority (94.3%) of programs chose to treat sleep disordered breathing with oral appliance therapy and 80.0% (N = 35) of programs utilize customized sleep apnea oral devices. However, only 48.6% (N = 35) and 51.4% (N = 35) of programs regularly address sleep apnea and snoring disorders at initial examination during the comprehensive exam and medical history questionnaire, respectively.ConclusionsThe confidence interval for this survey is 8.71 at a confidence level of 95% due to a response rate of 72.9%. This confidence interval suggests there is responder bias in the survey results. Therefore, the results of this survey provide a suggestion of how sleep disorders are managed in AEPPs. Programs appear to be consistent among each other with regards to treatment modalities for sleep disordered breathing. The results suggest that patients are not screened enough to receive treatment addressing sleep disorders.
Bullying Victimization and e‐Cigarette Use among Middle and High School Students
Authors: Azagba Sunday , Mensah Nana Akofua , Shan Lingpeng , Latham Keely 
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDBullying has been associated with several adverse health outcomes, including substance use. However, little is known about the association between bullying and e‐cigarette use. This study examined the association between bully victimization and the frequency of e‐cigarette
use.METHODSData from the 2016‐2017 Canadian Student Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey were used (N = 49,543). The target population consists of Canadian students enrolled in grades 7‐12. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between bullying victimization status and e‐cigarette
use.RESULTSAmong the students included in the study, 14.1% were bullied less than once a week. Bullying victimization was statistically significantly associated with higher odds of any e‐cigarette use in the last 30 days. Likewise, those bullied daily or almost daily were more likely to use e‐cigarettes more frequently compared to students not bullied. We found a statistically significant difference in analysis stratified by sex, with female bullying victims having higher odds of all measures of e‐cigarette
use.CONCLUSIONSBullying victims were significantly more likely to use an e‐cigarette, and findings appeared to vary by sex. Female bullying victims had a higher likelihood of e‐cigarette
use.
Trimethoprim–Sulfamethoxazole: new lessons on an old antimicrobial; a retrospective analysis
Authors: Bakdach Dana , Elajez Reem 
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the appropriateness of TMP-SMX prescriptions as part of drug utilization review.

Method
Charts of all patients (adults and paediatrics) admitted to Hamad General Hospital who received TMP-SMX from December 2016 till May 2017 were reviewed and assessed for prescribing/administering appropriateness.

Key findings
Total of 149 patients was included (55 paediatrics, 94 adults). None of the adults were tested for G6PD before initiating TMP-SMX, while most of the paediatrics (85.5%) had a record of G6PD status. Dosing of TMP-SMX was considered appropriate in 65% of the paediatrics, whereas only in 49% of adults. Bone infections and S. maltophilia were the uppermost indications associated with inappropriate dosing (85.7 and 74.3%, respectively). Errors in dosing were observed to be higher with intravenous formulations (51.2%) compared to orals (35.2%). With regard to pharmacy verification/dispensing, 135 out of 149 orders (90.6%) were correctly verified/dispensed. Appropriateness of the prescribed dosing was only significantly affected by the indication for TMP-SMX use (P-value &lt; 0.001), while the route of administration was the only variable that correlated significantly with pharmacy verification/dispensing errors (P-value 0.032).

Conclusion
TMP-SMX prescribing patterns were not always optimum. The results of this study should promote healthcare facilities to review/ensure optimal utilization of TMP-SMX which can consequently help in diminishing burden of antimicrobial resistance.
Melatonin‐triggered post‐transcriptional and post‐translational modifications of ADAMTS1 coordinately retard tumorigenesis and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Wen Yu‐Ching , Lin Yung‐Wei , Chu Chih‐Ying , Yang Yi‐Chieh , Yang Shun‐Fa , Liu Yu‐Fan , Hsiao Michael , Lee Wei‐Jiunn , Chien Ming‐Hsien 
Published: May 2020

AbstractA disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) family are widely implicated in tissue remodeling events manifested in cancer development. ADAMTS1, the most fully characterized ADAMTS, plays conflicting roles in different cancer types; however, the role of ADAMTS1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unclear. Herein, we found that ADAMTS1 is highly expressed in RCC tissues compared to normal renal tissues, and its expression was correlated with an advanced stage and a poor prognosis of RCC patients. In vitro, we observed higher expression of ADAMTS1 in metastatic (m)RCC cells compared to primary cells, and manipulation of ADAMTS1 expression affected cell invasion and clonogenicity. Results from protease array showed that ADAMTS1 is modulated by melatonin through mechanisms independent of the MT1 receptor in mRCC cells, and overexpression of ADAMTS1 relieved the invasion/clonogenicity and growth/metastasis inhibition imposed by melatonin treatment in vitro and in an orthotopic xenograft model. The human microRNA (miR) OneArray showed that miR‐181d and miR‐let‐7f were induced by melatonin and, respectively, targeted the 3’‐UTR and non‐3'‐UTR of ADAMTS1 to suppress its expression and mRCC invasive ability. Clinically, RCC patients with high levels of miR‐181d or miR‐let‐7f and a low level of ADAMTS1 had the most favorable prognoses. In addition, ubiquitin/proteasome‐mediated degradation of ADAMTS1 can also be triggered by melatonin. Together, our study indicates that ADAMTS1 may be a useful biomarker for predicting RCC progression. The novel convergence between melatonin and ADAMTS1 post‐transcriptional and post‐translational regulation provides new insights into the role of melatonin‐induced molecular regulation in suppressing RCC progression.
The effect of crude protein content of the diet on renal energy losses in horses
Authors: Kuchler Marleen , Zeyner Annette , Susenbeth Andreas , Kienzle Ellen 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRenal energy losses of horses are high in comparison with other species. In the present study, more data were obtained on this parameter to improve predictive equations for renal energy losses. Four adult ponies (247–344 kg body weight [BW]) were fed with eight different diets based on first cut hay, second cut hay, early first cut fresh grass, late cut herbs–grass mix, early cut clover–grass mix, sugar beet pulp, rice bran and straw. Feed intake was measured, and urine and faeces were quantitatively collected for 3 × 12 hr at daytime and afterwards 3 × 12 hr at nighttime. Feed was analysed for crude nutrients, gross energy, amino acids and neutral‐detergent‐insoluble crude protein (NDICP); faeces were analysed for crude nutrients and gross energy; and urine was analysed for nitrogen (N) and gross energy. Renal energy losses per gram dry matter (DM) intake (y; kJ/g DM) were strictly correlated to protein content in DM (x; g/kg DM): y = 0.325 + 0.00431x; r2 = .81; n = 38; p < .001. The data suggest that the intercept represents energy losses by detoxification products such as hippuric acid and the regression coefficient by protein metabolites such as urea.
The effect of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) distillation residues and linseed supply on fatty acid profile, meat colour, lipid oxidation and sensorial and hygienic quality of cull Barbarine ewes' meat
Authors: Ben Abdelmalek Yomna , Smeti Samir , Essid Ines , Yagoubi Yathreb , Tibaoui Souha , Atti Naziha 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTo test the hypothesis that feeding cull ewes with Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) distillation residues (RR) and linseed improves meat quality traits; fatty acid (FA) profile, lipid oxidation, meat colour, sensory and microbiological analysis were investigated. For this, 28 Barbarine ewes received 500 g of basal diet and 700 g of concentrate. Two groups received the control concentrate (CC) with, as basal diet, straw for CCC and straw plus 200 g of RR for RCC group. The two other groups received the concentrate containing 10% of linseed (LC) with straw for CLC and straw plus 200 g of RR for RLC group. The linseed intake increased n‐3 PUFA (+28.7%) and C18:3n‐3(+41%) and decreased n‐6/n‐3 ratio from 4.55 to 3.25; while the RR diet affected only the content of branched chain fatty acid in cull ewes’ meat. Feeding RR combined to linseed delayed lipid oxidation at almost ½ at Day 9 (2.38 vs. 4.63 for RLC and CLC respectively). Meat from rosemary diet had higher tenderness and lower resilience. It is concluded that the meat obtained after rosemary and linseed supply can be regarded as healthier and shows higher quality traits and greater oxidation stability under chilling storage.
Temporal associations between morningness/eveningness, problematic social media use, psychological distress and daytime sleepiness: Mediated roles of sleep quality and insomnia among young adults
Authors: Lin Chung‐Ying , Imani Vida , Griffiths Mark D. , Broström Anders , Nygårdh Annette , Demetrovics Zsolt , Pakpour Amir H. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe extant literature has suggested relationships between an individual's chronotype (in relation to morningness/eveningness) and several outcomes, including addictive disorders, psychological distress and daytime sleepiness. Moreover, sleep quality has been proposed to be a mediator in the aforementioned relationships. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to investigate the complex relationship between morningness/eveningness, problematic social media use, psychological distress and daytime sleepiness, with the potential mediators of sleep quality and insomnia. All participants (N = 1,791 [30.1% males]; mean age = 27.2 years,SD = 10.1) completed a battery of psychometric scales, including a reduced version of the Morningness‐Eveningness Questionnaire (at baseline), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index (1 month after baseline assessment), the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (2 months after baseline assessment). The impacts of morningness‐eveningness on problematic social media use, anxiety, depression and daytime sleepiness were found in the mediation models. Furthermore, the mediated effects of insomnia and sleep quality were observed. The present study's results emphasize the importance of promoting healthy sleep habits and sleep hygiene behaviours, and that of early detection of sleep problems among individuals who have the eveningness chronotype, because this would significantly improve their health outcomes.
Workplace‐based assessments in postgraduate medical education: A hermeneutic review
Authors: Prentice Shaun , Benson Jill , Kirkpatrick Emily , Schuwirth Lambert 
Published: May 2020

AbstractObjectivesSince their introduction, workplace‐based assessments (WBAs) have proliferated throughout postgraduate medical education. Previous reviews have identified mixed findings regarding WBAs' effectiveness, but have not considered the importance of user‐tool‐context interactions. The present review was conducted to address this gap by generating a thematic overview of factors important to the acceptability, effectiveness and utility of WBAs in postgraduate medical education.MethodThis review utilised a hermeneutic cycle for analysis of the literature. Four databases were searched to identify articles pertaining to WBAs in postgraduate medical education from the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Netherlands and Scandinavian countries. Over the course of three rounds, 30 published articles were thematically analysed in an iterative fashion to deeply engage with the literature in order to answer three scoping questions concerning acceptability, effectiveness and assessment training. As each round was coded, themes were refined and questions added until saturation was reached.ResultsStakeholders value WBAs for permitting assessment of trainees' performance in an authentic context. Negative perceptions of WBAs stem from misuse due to low assessment literacy, disagreement with definitions and frameworks, and inadequate summative use of WBAs. Effectiveness is influenced by user (eg, engagement and assessment literacy) and tool attributes (eg, definitions and scales), but most fundamentally by user‐tool‐context interactions, particularly trainee‐assessor relationships. Assessors’ assessment literacy must be combined with cultural and administrative factors in organisations and the broader medical discipline.ConclusionsThe pivotal determinants of WBAs' effectiveness and utility are the user‐tool‐context interactions. From the identified themes, we present 12 lessons learned regarding users, tools and contexts to maximise WBA utility, including the separation of formative and summative WBA assessors, use of maximally useful scales, and instituting measures to reduce competitive demands.
Evolutionary adaptations in four hippoboscid fly species belonging to three different subfamilies
Authors: Andreani A. , Sacchetti P. , Belcari A. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractLipoptena cervi (Linnaeus, 1758), Lipoptena fortisetosa Maa, 1965, Hippobosca equina Linnaeus, 1758, and Pseudolynchia canariensis (Macquart, 1840) (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) are haematophagous ectoparasites that infest different mammal and bird species and occasionally attack humans. They are known for the health implications they have as vectors of pathogens to humans and animals, and for the injuries they inflict on their host's skin. This study focused on the morphological structures evolved by parasites in terms of their biology and the different environment types that they inhabit. To this aim, we examined four hippoboscid species, as well as their hosts' fur (ungulate and horse), and feather (pigeon) through light and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations in order to highlight the main morphological features that evolved differently in these flies and to explain the effect of hosts' fur/feather microhabitats on the morphological specializations observed in the investigated ectoparasites. The studied species showed main convergent characters in mouthparts while remarkable differences have been detected on the antennal sensillar pattern as well as on the leg acropod that displayed divergent characters evolved in relation to the
host.
Prevention of occupational injuries and accidents: A social capital perspective
Authors: Hafeez Hira , Abdullah Muhammad Ibrahim , Riaz Amir , Shafique Imran 
Published: May 2020

AbstractPrior research has consistently established the pragmatic nature of literature regarding occupational injuries and accidental happenings faced by nursing professionals. However, current realities require a subjective approach to identify preventative measures that could influence occupational health and safety in healthcare sectors. A qualitative design followed a descriptive approach to assess unbiased opinions towards occupational obstructions that lead to accidental happenings. This study used the social capital framework in particular as a support resource to eliminate its detrimental effects on nurse's capacity to serve their patients. The findings extended the fundamental understanding of social capital from social ties to workplace and personal ties as potential mechanisms of support. Healthcare organizations need to redefine their control policies to provide the ultimate support to their care agents. A social capital model offers nursing practitioners and nursing managers an approach for building evidence‐based policies with implications for nurse's safety, education and training.
Jackhammer esophagus: A meta‐analysis of patient demographics, disease presentation, high‐resolution manometry data, and treatment outcomes
Authors: Wahba George , Bouin Mickael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundJackhammer esophagus (JE) is a newly described esophageal motility disorder. However, there are limited data on JE and this entity remains misunderstood.MethodsWe performed a systematic review of clinical series on JE through MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Data from included studies were then extracted, and random‐effects meta‐analyses were performed.ResultsThirty‐eight studies met inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence of JE was 1.97% [95% CI: 1.39%‐2.78%] among patients referred for high‐resolution manometry (HRM). The mean age at diagnosis was 60.8 years [95% CI: 57.1‐64.4] and 65% [95% CI: 58%‐72%] of patients were female. JE was significantly more prevalent in postlung transplant patients and morbidly obese patients undergoing HRM (23.99% [95% CI: 9.00%‐38.97%] and 5.18% [95% CI: 1.76%‐14.3%] respectively). Dysphagia was the most common presentation of JE (64% [95% CI: 52%‐77%]) followed by gastroesophageal reflux disease (46% [95% CI: 26%‐67%]). The pooled mean distal contractile integral (DCI) of all standard HRM swallows was 9249 mm Hg·s·cm [95% CI: 7834‐10 663], and the pooled mean integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) was 13.9 mm Hg [95% CI: 8.2‐19.7]. Overall, 73.6% [95% CI: 64.0%‐83.1%] of JE patients who underwent treatment achieved clinical symptom improvement (79% [95% CI: 74%‐85%] for endoscopic treatment and 63% [95% CI: 47%‐79%] for medical treatment). The pooled clinical success rate of peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) specifically was 82% [95% CI: 75%‐90%].ConclusionsJE is a new motility disorder most commonly presenting with dysphagia. High clinical suspicion is important because the diagnosis can only be made through HRM.