bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population-Poverty Linkages and Health Consequences
Authors: Acharya Sanghmitra Sheel 
Published: February 2020

Population dynamics and determinants of poverty are associated in a way that affects access to resources which influence health. The popular belief often is that population growth causes problems including poverty. Scientific arguments, however, have fairy well established that it is the nature of development, which is important to ensures availability, access and utilization of resources, services and opportunities for different population groups. Population growth is an insufficient explanation for denial of access to resources because development disparities across globe render different populations exposed to vulnerabilities of varied kinds. Disparities in health between different social groups are the function of unequal way in which the determinants of health are distributed in society. Beyond its effects on health, inequality has far reaching consequences on social trust and cohesion affecting social institutions; and also on mortality and health outcomes. Factors such as income, employment status, housing, education, social position, and social exclusion have direct and indirect bearings on health over lifetimes. In many countries there is evidence of a social gradient in health, with those in more advantaged positions enjoying generally better health and lower mortality. In India, caste is an important axes on which discrimination and denial occurs causing poor health outcome. In term of income and social indicators, India is one of the most unequal countries in the world. The present paper endeavours to understand the determinants of disparity among population groups across countries which influence access to health care with special reference to India.
Improvement of methodological support of expert research of specific software in the field of cyber crime
Authors: LEONOV B. , SEREGIN V. 
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems of expert support for activities in law enforcement in the field of countering cyber crime. The article examines the problematic issues of the development of methodological materials for the conduct of expert studies of special software. Prospective directions for further research of the problem of countering cyber crime, upgrading and improving the methods of conducting expert studies of special software have been proposed.
Constructing Na‐Ion Cathodes via Alkali‐Site Substitution
Authors: Zhao Chenglong , Yao Zhenpeng , Zhou Dong , Jiang Liwei , Wang Jianlin , Murzin Vadim , Lu Yaxiang , Bai Xuedong , Aspuru‐Guzik Alán , Chen Liquan , Hu Yong‐Sheng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNa‐ion batteries have experienced rapid development over the past decade and received significant attention from the academic and industrial communities. Although a large amount of effort has been made on material innovations, accessible design strategies on peculiar structural chemistry remain elusive. An approach to in situ construction of new Na‐based cathode materials by substitution in alkali sites is proposed to realize long‐term cycling stability and high‐energy density in low‐cost Na‐ion cathodes. A new compound, [K0.444(1)Na1.414(1)][Mn3/4Fe5/4](CN)6, is obtained through a rational control of K+ content from electrochemical reaction. Results demonstrate that the remaining K+ (≈0.444 mol per unit) in the host matrix can stabilize the intrinsic K‐based structure during reversible Na+ extraction/insertion process without the structural evolution to the Na‐based structure after cycles. Thereby, the as‐prepared cathode shows the remarkably enhanced structural stability with the capacity retention of >78% after 1800 cycles, and a higher average operation voltage of ≈3.65 V versus Na+/Na, directly contrasting the non‐alkali‐site‐substitution cathode materials. This provides new insights into alkali‐site‐substitution constructing advanced Na‐ion cathode materials.
Detrimental Effect of Unreacted PbI2 on the Long‐Term Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Tumen‐Ulzii Ganbaatar , Qin Chuanjiang , Klotz Dino , Leyden Matthew R. , Wang Pangpang , Auffray Morgan , Fujihara Takashi , Matsushima Toshinori , Lee Jin‐Wook , Lee Sung‐Joon , Yang Yang , Adachi Chihaya 
Published: February 2020

AbstractExcess/unreacted lead iodide (PbI2) has been commonly used in perovskite films for the state‐of‐the‐art solar cell applications. However, an understanding of intrinsic degradation mechanisms of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) containing unreacted PbI2 has been still insufficient and, therefore, needs to be clarified for better operational durability. Here, it is shown that degradation of PSCs is hastened by unreacted PbI2 crystals under continuous light illumination. Unreacted PbI2 undergoes photodecomposition under illumination, resulting in the formation of lead and iodine in films. Thus, this photodecomposition of PbI2 is one of the main reasons for accelerated device degradation. Therefore, this work reveals that carefully controlling the formation of unreacted PbI2 crystals in perovskite films is very important to improve device operational stability for diverse opto‐electronic applications in the future.
High‐Mobility 2D Hole Gas at a SrTiO3 Interface
Authors: Anh Le Duc , Kaneta Shingo , Tokunaga Masashi , Seki Munetoshi , Tabata Hitoshi , Tanaka Masaaki , Ohya Shinobu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractStrontium titanate (SrTiO3 or STO) is important for oxide‐based electronics as it serves as a standard substrate for a wide range of high‐temperature superconducting cuprates, colossal magnetoresistive manganites, and multiferroics. Moreover, in its heterostructures with different materials, STO exhibits a broad spectrum of important physics such as superconductivity, magnetism, the quantum Hall effect, giant thermoelectric effect, and colossal ionic conductivity, most of which emerge in a two‐dimensional (2D) electron gas (2DEG) formed at an STO interface. However, little is known about its counterpart system, a 2D hole gas (2DHG) at the STO interface. Here, a simple way of realizing a 2DHG with an ultrahigh mobility of 24 000 cm2 V−1 s−1 is demonstrated using an interface between STO and a thin amorphous FeOy layer, made by depositing a sub‐nanometer‐thick Fe layer on an STO substrate at room temperature. This mobility is the highest among those reported for holes in oxides. The carrier type can be switched from p‐type (2DHG) to n‐type (2DEG) by controlling the Fe thickness. This unprecedented method of forming a 2DHG at an STO interface provides a pathway to unexplored hole‐related physics in this system and enables extremely low‐cost and high‐speed oxide electronics.
Biomolecular Piezoelectric Materials: From Amino Acids to Living Tissues
Authors: Kim Daeyeong , Han Sang A , Kim Jung Ho , Lee Ju‐Hyuck , Kim Sang‐Woo , Lee Seung‐Wuk 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBiomolecular piezoelectric materials are considered a strong candidate material for biomedical applications due to their robust piezoelectricity, biocompatibility, and low dielectric property. The electric field has been found to affect tissue development and regeneration, and the piezoelectric properties of biological materials in the human body are known to provide electric fields by pressure. Therefore, great attention has been paid to the understanding of piezoelectricity in biological tissues and its building blocks. The aim herein is to describe the principle of piezoelectricity in biological materials from the very basic building blocks (i.e., amino acids, peptides, proteins, etc.) to highly organized tissues (i.e., bones, skin, etc.). Research progress on the piezoelectricity within various biological materials is summarized, including amino acids, peptides, proteins, and tissues. The mechanisms and origin of piezoelectricity within various biological materials are also covered.
ATO (Arsenic Trioxide) Effects on Promyelocytic Leukemia Nuclear Bodies Reveals Antiviral Intervention Capacity
Authors: Hofmann Samuel , Mai Julia , Masser Sawinee , Groitl Peter , Herrmann Alexander , Sternsdorf Thomas , Brack‐Werner Ruth , Schreiner Sabrina 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHuman adenoviruses (HAdV) are associated with clinical symptoms such as gastroenteritis, keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, hepatitis, and encephalitis. In the absence of protective immunity, as in allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients, HAdV infections can become lethal. Alarmingly, various outbreaks of highly pathogenic, pneumotropic HAdV types have been recently reported, causing severe and lethal respiratory diseases. Effective drugs for treatment of HAdV infections are still lacking. The repurposing of drugs approved for other indications is a valuable alternative for the development of new antiviral therapies and is less risky and costly than de novo development. Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is approved for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Here, it is shown that ATO is a potent inhibitor of HAdV. ATO treatment blocks virus expression and replication by reducing the number and integrity of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies, important subnuclear structures for HAdV replication. Modification of HAdV proteins with small ubiquitin‐like modifiers (SUMO) is also key to HAdV replication. ATO reduces levels of viral SUMO‐E2A protein, while increasing SUMO‐PML, suggesting that ATO interferes with SUMOylation of proteins crucial for HAdV replication. It is concluded that ATO targets cellular processes key to HAdV replication and is relevant for the development of antiviral intervention strategies.
High throughput membrane emulsification using a single‐pass annular flow crossflow membrane
Authors: Holdich Richard , Dragosavac Marijana , Williams Bruce , Trotter Samuel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractMembrane emulsification has the potential to revolutionize the energy‐efficient production of uniform emulsions and dispersions, relevant to diverse fields from pharmaceutical active ingredient controlled release particles to Fast Moving Consumer Goods. A novel highly robust single‐pass continuous phase crossflow system has been developed providing dispersed phase concentrations up to 40% vol/vol and dispersed phase fluxes up to 5,730 L m−2 hr−1, from a single 100 mm long membrane tube. Extensive results of two oil‐in‐water systems (vegetable oil and PolyCaproLactone dissolved in DiChloroMethane) and one water‐in‐oil system (sodium silicate solution) are reported, using hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes respectively. Mathematical models are validated enabling comprehensive engineering analysis of processes including predicted droplet size, membrane pressure drops, and energy requirement for dispersion production. Surfactant depletion, pore utilization, and droplet interaction at the membrane surface were investigated to provide a comprehensive analysis of the capabilities of novel annular‐flow membrane emulsification for high throughput emulsion generation.
Lateral nasal wall flap for endoscopic reconstruction of the skull base: anatomical study and clinical series
Authors: Lavigne Philippe , Vega Maria Belen , Ahmed Omar H. , Gardner Paul A. , Snyderman Carl H. , Wang Eric W. 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundThe lateral nasal wall (LNW) flap provides vascularized endonasal reconstruction primarily in revision surgery. Although the harvesting technique and reconstructive surface have been reported, the arterial supply to the LNW flap and its clinical implications is not well defined. This study presents anatomical dissections to clarify the vascular supply to this flap, and the associated clinical outcomes from this reconstructive technique.MethodsThe course and branching pattern of the sphenopalatine artery (SPA) to the LNW were studied in 6 vascular latex‐injected heads (11 LNW flaps total). Patients undergoing an LNW flap since 2008 were identified and the underlying pathology, indication, flap viability, and clinical outcomes were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThe inferior turbinate artery arises from the LNW artery and divides into 2 branches at the most posterior aspect of the inferior turbinate bone. A smaller‐caliber superficial branch travels anteriorly and branches to the LNW. A larger dominant branch travels into the inferior meatus and tangentially supplies the nasal floor. Twenty‐four patients with sellar or posterior cranial fossa (PCF) defects were reconstructed with an LNW flap. Postoperative contrast enhancement of the LWN flap was identified in 95.5% of cases. Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks were identified in 6 cases.ConclusionBlood supply to the nasal floor by the dominant inferior meatus branch is more robust than the supply to the anterior LNW by the superficial arterial branch. The LNW flap is the preferred vascularized reconstructive option to the PCF and sella in the absence of a nasoseptal flap (NSF).
Impact of induction chemotherapy and socioeconomics on sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma survival
Authors: Lehrich Brandon M. , Goshtasbi Khodayar , Abiri Arash , Yasaka Tyler , Sahyouni Ronald , Papagiannopoulos Peter , Tajudeen Bobby A. , Kuan Edward C. 
Published: February 2020

BackgroundSinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) is an uncommon malignancy of the nasal cavity and accessory sinuses with limited available studies evaluating role of induction chemotherapy (IC), demographics, and socioeconomic factors on overall survival (OS).MethodsThe 2004‐2015 National Cancer Database was queried for patients with histologically confirmed SNUC. IC was defined as chemotherapy administered 6 months to 2 weeks before surgery or ≥45 days before radiotherapy.ResultsOf 440 identified patients, 70 (16%) underwent treatments involving IC. This consisted of 52 (12%), 15 (3%), and 3 (1%) patients receiving IC before definitive radiation therapy, surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy, or surgery only, respectively. On univariate analysis, IC (p = 0.34) did not affect OS, whereas having government insurance (hazard ratio [HR], 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37‐2.34; p < 0.001) and living in regions with ≥13% of the population without a high school diploma (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.06‐1.79; p = 0.02) were associated with worse OS. On log‐rank test, patients with advanced stage had similar OS regardless of whether or not they received IC (p = 0.96). Patients who received IC lived closer to their treatment site (p = 0.02) and had worse overall health, with more comorbidities (p = 0.02). The timing of IC before definitive surgery or radiation did not affect OS (p = 0.69).ConclusionIn this SNUC population‐based analysis, IC did not appear to provide additional OS benefit regardless of disease stage or timing before definitive treatment. Distance to treatment and level of comorbidities may be associated with receiving IC, whereas type of insurance and residence education level may impact SNUC OS, regardless of treatment.
Robust Markers and Sample Sizes for Multicenter Trials of Huntington Disease
Authors: Wijeratne Peter A. , Johnson Eileanoir B. , Eshaghi Arman , Aksman Leon , Gregory Sarah , Johnson Hans J. , Poudel Govinda R. , Mohan Amrita , Sampaio Cristina , Georgiou‐Karistianis Nellie , Paulsen Jane S. , Tabrizi Sarah J. , Scahill Rachael I. ,   the IMAGE‐HD, PREDICT‐HD, and TRACK‐HD investigators, Alexander Daniel C. 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveThe identification of sensitive biomarkers is essential to validate therapeutics for Huntington disease (HD). We directly compare structural imaging markers across the largest collective imaging HD dataset to identify a set of imaging markers robust to multicenter variation and to derive upper estimates on sample sizes for clinical trials in HD.MethodsWe used 1 postprocessing pipeline to retrospectively analyze T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 624 participants at 3 time points, from the PREDICT‐HD, TRACK‐HD, and IMAGE‐HD studies. We used mixed effects models to adjust regional brain volumes for covariates, calculate effect sizes, and simulate possible treatment effects in disease‐affected anatomical regions. We used our model to estimate the statistical power of possible treatment effects for anatomical regions and clinical markers.ResultsWe identified a set of common anatomical regions that have similarly large standardized effect sizes (>0.5) between healthy control and premanifest HD (PreHD) groups. These included subcortical, white matter, and cortical regions and nonventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). We also observed a consistent spatial distribution of effect size by region across the whole brain. We found that multicenter studies were necessary to capture treatment effect variance; for a 20% treatment effect, power of >80% was achieved for the caudate (n = 661), pallidum (n = 687), and nonventricular CSF (n = 939), and, crucially, these imaging markers provided greater power than standard clinical markers.InterpretationOur findings provide the first cross‐study validation of structural imaging markers in HD, supporting the use of these measurements as endpoints for both observational studies and clinical trials. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:751–762
Effect of melting processes on the structure and precipitation of a heavy rainstorm in Beijing
Authors: Guo Chunwei , Xiao Hui , Wen Wei , Yang Huiling 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBeijing and its surrounding areas experienced a torrential rainstorm from July 21 to 22, 2012. Previous studies have shown that melting was the main rainwater source in this process. In this paper, melting conversion processes were set to zero (NPMLT test) to analyze the effect of microphysical processes on the structure and precipitation of the convective system. The results showed that without the melting processes, the wind shear at the 700 hPa level decreased, and the wind field in Beijing and its surrounding areas changed. The cold front system moved faster, and the rainfall amount only reached the low rain level, much lower than that during the actual rainstorm. The hydrometeors sources had apparently changed. Though the latent heat release was large and little latent heat absorption occurred in the NPMLT test, the net latent heat did not affect the development of the convective system, and the precipitation was low. Therefore, microphysical processes greatly influence precipitation and convective system.
Assessment of the feedstock supply for siting single‐ and multiple‐feedstock biorefineries in the USA and identification of prevalent feedstocks
Authors: Sharma Bhavna , Brandt Craig , McCullough‐Amal Devita , Langholtz Matthew , Webb Erin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAn integrated multi‐feedstock bioenergy (i.e., biofuel, biopower, or bioproduct) supply system has potential to reduce biomass supply system uncertainties and costs. This study identifies optimal configurations of multi‐feedstock biomass‐to‐biorefinery supply chains and pertinent feedstock combinations based on spatial distribution of feedstock and lowest delivered cost to the biorefinery. We used the Supply Characterization Model (SCM) to allocate feedstock supplies to candidate biorefinery facilities. Model runs were performed for herbaceous energy crops, agriculture residue, and woody biomass available in 2017, 2022, 2025, and 2030 as estimated by the Policy Analysis System (POLYSYS) and Forest Sustainable and Economic Analysis Model (ForSEAM) models. Three feedstock supply scenarios were compared: (a) an herbaceous scenario: switchgrass, miscanthus, biosorghum, and corn stover; (b) a woody scenario: coppice wood, noncoppice wood, whole trees, and forestry residues, and (c) a mixed scenario: a combination of all feedstocks in herbaceous and woody scenarios. By 2030 the analyses predicted that 323, 168, and 473 biorefineries were sited in the herbaceous, woody, and mixed scenario, respectively, in the conterminous USA. Feedstock mixes supplied to the biorefineries were mostly dominated by a single feedstock. The most prominent feedstock mixes identified were: (1) switchgrass and miscanthus; (2) coppice and noncoppice wood; and (3) coppice wood, noncoppice wood, switchgrass and miscanthus. Biorefineries using multi‐feedstock would be beneficial for growth of bioeconomy, however flexible and cost‐effective conversion platforms should be developed to efficiently utilize multiple feedstocks. This analysis identifies biorefinery locations and feedstock supply mixes while minimizing delivered feedstock costs based on spatial and temporal feedstock availability. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Ionizing radiation modulates vascular endothelial growth factor expression through STAT3 signaling pathway in rat neonatal primary astrocyte cultures
Authors: Zhou Guijuan , Xu Yan , He Bing , Ma Rundong , Wang Yilin , Chang Yunqian , Xie Yangzhi , Wu Lin , Huang Jianghua , Xiao Zijian 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackground and PurposeRadiation‐induced brain injury (RBI) usually occurs six months to three years after irradiation, often shows cognitive dysfunction, epilepsy, and other neurological dysfunction. In severe cases, it can cause a wide range of cerebral edema, even herniation. It seriously threatens the survival of patients and their quality of life, and it becomes a key factor in limiting the radiation dose and lowering the therapeutic efficacy in recent years. Therefore, studying the pathogenesis of RBI and exploring new therapeutic targets are of great significance.MethodsIn our study, we observed the activation and secretory function in astrocytes as well as the intracellular signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signal transduction pathway activation status after exposing different doses of X‐ray irradiation by using MTT, Immunocytologic analysis, and Western blot analysis. Further, we used the same way to explore the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in signal transduction pathways playing in the activation of astrocytes after irradiating through the use of specificInhivascular endothelial growth factorbitors of STAT3.ResultsAst can be directly activated, reactive hyperplasia and hypertrophy, the expression of the activation marker glial fibrillary acidic protein is increased, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the cells is increased, which may lead to RBI. After the addition of STAT3 pathway inhibitor, most of the Ast radiation activation was suppressed, and the expression of high‐level expression of VEGF decreased after irradiation.ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that X‐ray irradiation directly induced the activation of astrocytes in a persistent manner and X‐ray irradiation activated STAT3 signaling pathway. As the same time, we found that X‐ray irradiation induced the activation of astrocytes and secretion cytokine. The STAT3 signaling pathway may participate in the pathogenesis of radiation‐induced brain injury.
Selective binding of Ni2+ and Cu2+ metal ions with naphthazarin esters isolated from Arnebia euchroma
Authors: Sharma Nidhi , Gulati Ashu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractNaphthazarin esters (C1–C4) isolated from the roots of Arnebia euchroma are found as skilled dual chemosensors for Ni2+ and Cu2+ among Pb2+, Na2+, K2+, Hg2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ metal ions. C1–C4 esters exhibited a red shift of 54 nm with Ni2+ and 30 nm with Cu2+ metal ions in absorption. There is a formation of red‐shifted bands between 517 and 613 nm in the absorption spectrum of C1–C4 sensors on binding with Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions. The addition of Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions to sensors C1–C4 stimulates a remarkable color change from reddish pink to purple and light blue, respectively. These color changes can be identified with the naked eye. The significant downfield shifts of CO and OH peaks in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum confirm the chelation as binding mechanism. With ultraviolet–visble and NMR studies, it is found that C1–C4 esters possessed notable selectivity and sensitivity toward Ni2+ and Cu2+ over other metal ions.