bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of the new integrated algorithm for diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Karnataka State, India: How well are we doing?
Authors: Shankar S. Uma , Kumar Ajay M. V. , Venkateshmurthy Nikhil Srinivasapura , Nair Divya , Kingsbury Reena , R. Padmesha , Velu Magesh , P. Suganthi , Gupta Joydev , Ahmed Jameel , G. Puttaswamy , Hiremath Somashekarayya , Jaiswal Ravi K. , Kokkad Rony Jose , N. Somashekar 
Published: January 2021

Background
As per national policy, all diagnosed tuberculosis patients in India are to be tested using Xpert® MTB/RIF assay at the district level to diagnose rifampicin resistance. Regardless of the result, samples are transported to the reference laboratories for further testing: first-line Line Probe Assay (FL-LPA) for rifampicin-sensitive samples and second-line LPA(SL-LPA) for rifampicin-resistant samples. Based on the results, samples undergo culture and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. We assessed among patients diagnosed with tuberculosis at 13 selected Xpert laboratories of Karnataka state, India, i) the proportion whose samples reached the reference laboratories and among them, proportion who completed the diagnostic algorithm ii) factors associated with non-reaching and non-completion and iii) the delays involved.

Methods
This was a cohort study involving review of programme records. For each TB patient diagnosed between 1st July and 31st August 2018 at the Xpert laboratory, we tracked the laboratory register at the linked reference laboratory until 30th September (censor date) using Nikshay ID (a unique patient identifier), phone number, name, age and sex.

Results
Of 1660 TB patients, 1208(73%) samples reached the reference laboratories and among those reached, 1124(93%) completed the algorithm. Of 1590 rifampicin-sensitive samples, 1170(74%) reached and 1104(94%) completed the algorithm. Of 64 rifampicin-resistant samples, only 35(55%) reached and 17(49%) completed the algorithm. Samples from rifampicin-resistant TB, extra-pulmonary TB and two districts were less likely to reach the reference laboratory. Non-completion was more likely among rifampicin-resistant TB and sputum-negative samples. The median time for conducting and reporting results of Xpert® MTB/RIF was one day, of FL-LPA 5 days and of SL-LPA16 days.

Conclusion
These findings are encouraging given the complexity of the algorithm. High non-reaching and non-completion rates in rifampicin-resistant patients is a major concern. Future research should focus on understanding the reasons for the gaps identified using qualitative research methods.
Occult hepatitis B virus infection in a Kenyan cohort of HIV infected anti-retroviral therapy naïve adults
Authors: Salyani Adil , Shah Jasmit , Adam Rodney , Otieno George , Mbugua Evelyn , Shah Reena 
Published: January 2021

Background
Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) is a phase of HBV infection characterised by the presence of HBV DNA in the absence of detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). OBI is of concern in the HIV-infected due to high prevalence and risk of HBV reactivation. The prevalence and clinico-demographic characteristics of OBI in anti-retroviral therapy (ART) naïve HIV infected adults in Kenya is unknown.

Methods
A cross sectional study carried was out at three sites in Kenya. HIV infected ART naïve adults were enrolled and demographic data collected. Blood samples were assayed for HBsAg, HBV DNA, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc). Data on CD4 count, HIV viral load and platelet count were obtained from medical records.

Results
Of 208 patients, 199 (95.7%) did not report HBV vaccination, 196 (94.2%) were HBsAg negative, 119 (57.2%) had no HBV markers, 58 (27.9%) had previous HBV infection (anti-HBc positive) and 11 (5.3%) had OBI. All 11 (100%) OBI patients were anti-HBc positive. OBI patients comprised 19.0% of HBsAg negative, anti-HBc positive patients. There was no difference in clinico-demographic characteristics between the overt HBV, OBI and HBV negative patients.

Conclusion
This was the first study on OBI in ART naïve HIV infected adults in Kenya. The lower OBI prevalence compared to other sub-Saharan African countries could be attributed to lower HBV exposure. Most patients were HBV unexposed and unimmunized, outlining the need to implement guideline recommended immunization strategies.
Sustentabilidade Ambiental e Práticas Turísticas na Praia de Bilene - Uma Leitura Interpretativa das Principais Mudanças
Authors: Bernardo Bernardino Jose , Neves José Lourenço 
Published: January 2021

A presente pesquisa intitulada: A sustentabilidade ambiental e práticas turísticas na praia de Bilene - Uma leitura interpretativa das principais mudanças, tem por objectivo avaliar a dinâmica da actividade turística e a sua influencia na sustentabilidade ambiental na praia de Bilene. A pesquisa privilegiou a abordagem qualitativa apoiada pelo método de revisão bibliográfica, observação directa, método cartográfico e técnica de entrevista a 60 indivíduos, seguido da análise e síntese. O estudo revela que o turismo é o principal sector de actividade socioeconómica e que mais cresce no município. Por sua vez, este crescimento tem sido acompanhado por fortes alterações de sistemas ambientais que sustentam esta actividade, como por exemplo a praia, dunas e biodiversidade local. O estudo conclui que a actividade turística na praia de Bilene tende à sustentabilidade embora persistem alguns desafios referentes a degradação da paisagem. O estudo sugere a necessidade de uma Educação ambiental aos intervenientes, a comunidade, operadores, turistas, líderes locais, representantes locais do estado e estruturas municipais de forma a reduzir os riscos do equilíbrio dos ecossistemas locais. Sugere ainda a intensificação da fiscalização da costa, das lagoas, das dunas, da fauna endémica, em particular as Tartarugas marinha e outros é extremamente necessária de forma a reduzir os riscos do equilíbrio dos ecossistemas e infra-estruturas locais.
A Geodiversidade do Baixo Umbelúzi, usos e impactos sócio-ambientais: Caso do Bairro 7 de Setembro, Boane – Moçambique
Authors: Bernardo Bernardino Jose , Ombe Zacarias , De Jesus Octávio Manuel , Chichango David Benjamin 
Published: January 2021

A Geologia de Moçambique está repartida em dois grandes terrenos, o Pré-câmbrico e Fanerozóico. Estes dois complexos geológicos são responsáveis por uma diversidade de recursos naturais, dentre eles os recursos da geodiversidade, que são variedades de elementos da geologia (rochas, minerais, fósseis, solos) e os elementos da geomorfologia (formas de relevo), e esses recursos são aplicados para vários fins. O objectivo desta pesquisa consiste em analisar os impactos sócio - ambientais derivados dos usos da geodiversidade do baixo Umbelúzi no Bairro 7 de Setembro em Boane, entre os anos 2005 e 2018. Esta pesquisa, apoiou-se na abordagem qualiquanti e nos métodos descritivos, explicativo, observação, cartográfico, análise e síntese. Os resultados demonstram que as actividades de uso e extracção da geodiversidade presente (areias inertes, solos mistos, cascalho, argila e sebes vivas) levam a degradação ambiental e alteração da paisagem. Consta também que as mesmas actividades apresentam impactos sociais como produção de alimentos, geração de empregos, produção de material de construção civil, pastoreio entre outros. Contudo, o crescimento da população e pressões económicas, algumas ligadas a crise global tem o seu impacto negativo na disponibilidade destes recursos e na emergência de desafios ligados ao uso da terra havendo muitas vezes sobreposição de interesses de uso sobre o mesmo espaço. Desta forma, a pesquisa recomenda um uso sustentável dos recursos que perpassa por um zoneamento ecológico.
Palavras-chave: Geodiversidade, Baixo Umbelúzi, Usos e Impactos.
Kapital Politik: Kuasa yang Mengikat dalam Relasi Kerja Nelayan dan Pangamba’ di Pondok Mimbo
Authors: Rivaldi Adhe Yoga 
Published: January 2021

This article discusses the role of power on the work relations of fishermen and the middle man at Pondok Mimbo. Engagement occurs when the fisherman builds a partnership and accept a work contract, as long as the contract has not been completed. The fisherman must provide the fish catch to the middle man before it is sold to the trader and then share the results according to the work agreement which is 10% to 20% for the middle man from the income of the fisherman. The absence of work contract restrictions makes the relationship so binding because fishermen must comply with the amba system 'or the prevailing norms. As a result, fishermen will continue to be bound to the middle man but, because the relationship is for capital needs, it requires fishermen to pay it to the middle man to be free from the employment contract. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the role of political capital in the relations of fishermen and the middle man. This research method is qualitative, supported by participant observation, and in-depth interviews to collect data. The results showed the existence of power in the work relations of fishermen and the middle man especially in the attitude of compliance, even showing the existence of work competition in the relationship. And each party is cheating work for more profit, whether it's from the fishermen themselves or the middle man. Artikel ini membahas tentang tindakan kuasa atau penggunaan kekuasaan dalam relasi kerja nelayan dan pangamba’ di Pondok Mimbo. Keterikatan terjadi ketika nelayan membangun kerja sama dan menyepakati kontrak kerja dengan pangamba’, tselama kontrak belum selesai maka nelayan harus memberikan hasil tangkapan ikan kepada pangamba’ sebelum di jual ke pedagang yang kemudian dilakukan pembagian hasil sesuai kesepakatan kerja yaitu 10% hingga 20% untuk pangamba’ dari hasil pendapatan nelayan. Tidak adanya batasan kontrak kerja menjadikan relasi tersebut begitu mengikat, karena nelayan harus mematuhi sistim amba’ atau norma yang berlaku. Alhasil, nelayan akan terus terikat dengan pangamba’ namun, karena relasi tersebut untuk kebutuhan modal, mengharuskan nelayan untuk melunasinya kepada pangamba’ agar dapat lepas dari kontrak kerja tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis peran kapital politik dalam relasi nelayan dan pangamba’. Metode penelitian ini adalah kualitatif, didukung dengan melakukan observasi partisipan dan wawancara mendalam untuk mengumpulkan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya kekuasaan dalam relasi kerja nelayan dan pangamba’, terutama pada sikap kepatuhan, bahkan menunjukan adanya persaingan kerja dalam relasi tersebut. Selanjurnya, penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa masing-masing pihak melakukan kecurangan kerja demi keuntungan yang lebih, entah itu dari diri nelayan maupun pangamba’.
HISTÓRIAS ALÉM DAS JANELAS
Authors: Oliveira Gislene Da Silva , Neves Joana d’Arc Vasconcelos 
Published: January 2021

Tenho pelo menos 200 vizinhos e não conhecia nenhum. Em dez anos, não sei suas origens, seus nomes, seus ofícios, suas histórias. Sobre eles, não aprendi absolutamente nada! A vida para além da abertura retangular na parede externa, com função única de trazer iluminação e ventilar meu apartamento, sempre foi um mistério, que eu, por pressa, falta de interesse, ou, simplesmente, nenhum motivo aparente, encobri com escuras cortinas e nunca procurei desvendar...
Manajemen Ekstrakulikuler Rohis di Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) Palembang
Authors: Arumsari Asri , Misdar Muh , Samiha Yulia Tri 
Published: January 2021

Latar belakang dalam penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui bagaimana manajemen ekstrakulikuler rohis di Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) yang ada di sekolah unggulan Palembang meliputi SMA Plus N 17 Palembang, SMA N 1 Palembang dan SMA N 5 Palembang. Manjemen ekstrakulikuler rohis ini sangat diperlukan agar tujuan dari ekstrakulikuler ini dapat berjalan dengan lancar. Adapun rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu bagaimana manajemen ektrakulikuler rohis yang meliputi perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan dan pengawasan di di SMA N 1, SMA N 5, dan SMA 17 Palembang. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian Manajemen Program Keagamaan Rohis di SMA Unggulan Palembang, yaitu penelitian kualitatif. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan dokumentasi, wawancara, observasi serta trianggulasi. Dan analisa data menggunakan reduksi, penyajian data dan verifikasi data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa manajemen program keagamaan rohis di Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) unggulan Palembang ketiga sekolah melakukan perencanaan di awal tahun ajaran baru tiap tahunnya untuk mentukan kegiatan apa saja yang akan dilakukan. Pengorganisasian, semua anggota mentoring dan pembina selalu bekerja sama saling membantu dalam kegiatan mentoring. Pelaksanaan, kegiatan mentoring dilakukan di luar kegiatan belajar mengajar siswa. Pengawasan, dari ketiga sekolah pembina melakukan pengawasan tidak secara berkala dan waktunya tidak menentu, kapan saja pembina bisa melakukan pengawasan.
Fungsi Actuating Dalam Layanan Perpustakaan di SMAIT Kota Palembang
Authors: Purnama Adek , Badaruddin Kms , Febriyanti Febriyanti 
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tentang fungsi actuating dalam layanan perpustakaan yang akan membahas tentang bagaimana fungsi actuating dalam layanan perpustakaan, bagaimana layanan perpustakaan yang ada di SMAIT Kota Palembang serta faktor penghambat dan pendukung layanan perpustakaan di SMAIT Kota Palembang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan jenis kualitatif, dan pendekatan fenomenologi. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu 1) fungsi actuating dalam layanan perpustakaan di SMAIT adalah usaha yang dilakukan kepala sekolah untuk menggerakkan pustakawan agar dapat memberikan layanan perpustakaan dengan baik, usaha –usaha yang kepala lakukan adalah sekap kepemimpinan yang baik, komunikasi yang efektif dan pemberian motivasi kepada pustakawan, 2) layanan perpustakaan pustakawan menggunakan sistem layanan terbuka dan campuran dan menyediakan beberapa jenis layanan yaitu layanan sirkulasi, layanan referensi, Layanan literasi, layanan ruang baca, dan layanan pendidikan pemustaka di lakukan setiap 1 tahun sekali. Adapun faktor penghambat layanan perpustakaan meliputi lokasi dan luas gedung perpustakaan, waktu yang dimiliki pemustaka untuk berkunjung ke perpustakaan, kurangnya perhatian dari pemerintah mengenai perpustakaan. Sedangkan faktor pendukung layanan perpustakaan meliputi fasilitas ruangan perpustakaan yang memadai , dana anggaran perpustakaan , sumber daya manusia yang profesional dan memiliki latar belakang pendidikan perpustakaan dan ilmu komunikasi, dukungan dari kepala sekolah, beragamnya bahan pustaka yang di milki SMAIT Kota Palembang dan progaram pojok baca dan bebas pustaka.
Teaching Narrative Reading by Using the Sub-text Strategy for Islamic Senior High School Students
Authors: Holandyah Muhamad , Pitaloka Nova Lingga , Wahyudiyanto Wahyudiyanto 
Published: January 2021

The objectives of this study were to find out whether or not there was a significant improvement before and after the treatment on the eleventh grade students’ reading comprehension scores at one Islamic senior high school in Palembang by using Subtext strategy and to find out whether or not there was a significant difference on the eleventh grade students’ reading comprehension scores between the students who were taught by using Subtext Strategy and those who were not. In this study, Quasi Experimental Design using pretest-posttest nonequivalent groups design was used. There were 60 students taken as sample. Each class consisted of 30 students from class XI IPS 2 as control group and class XI IPS 3 as experimental group. In collecting the data, reading comprehension test was used. The test was given twice to both experimental and control groups, as a pretest and posttest. To verify the hypotheses, the data of pretest and posttest were analyzed by using independent sample t-test and paired sample t-test in SPSS program. The findings showed that the p-output from paired sample t-test (sig2-tailed) was 0.000 which was lower than 0.05 and t-value 11.399 was higher than t-table with df=29 (2.0452). The result of p-output from independent sample t-test was 0.001 which was lower than 0.05, and the t-value 3.465 was higher than t-table with df=58 (2.0017). It means that teaching reading narrative text by using Subtext strategy had significant effect on the students’ reading comprehension scores.
Pesantren-Based Higher Education Institutions: The Format of Modern Islamic Education
Authors: Mashudi Mashudi 
Published: January 2021

This study aimed to describe and formulate the format of pesantren-based higher education institutions on the aspects of the scientific structure and management at the University of Nurul Jadid Probolinggo and the University of Ibrahimy Situbondo. The data were collected through observation, interviews, and review of documents. Data analysis was performed by reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The validity of the data used member check, source, and triangulation method. The results of the study revealed that the pesantren-based higher education institutions had characteristics in scientific integration, such as students had to stay in the boarding school, studied the kitab kuning and join Madrasah Diniyah, and took special compulsory subjects. In the management aspect, the recruitment of educators was based on skills and qualifications, as well as the ability to recite the Qur'an. In terms of higher education policy, the Rector has the highest position but still consults the boarding school caretakers regarding the policies that will be carried out.
Wafer-scale van der Waals Dielectrics of Inorganic Molecular Crystals
Authors: Liu Kailang , Jin Bao , Han Wei , Chen Xiang , Gong Penglai , Huang Li , Zhao Yinghe , Li Liang , Yang Sanjun , Hu Xiaozong , Duan Junyuan , Liu Lixin , Zhuge Fuwei , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Van der Waals (vdW) dielectrics such as hBN are widely used to preserve the intrinsic properties of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors and support the fabrication of high-performance 2D devices. This is fundamentally attributed to their dangling-bond-free surface, carrying far lower density of charged scattering sources and trap states with respect to the conventional dielectrics (SiO2 etc.). However, their wafer-scale fabrication and compatible integration with 2D semiconductors remain cumbersome, giving rise to the difficulties in scalable fabrication of high-performance 2D devices. Here we report a high-κ vdW dielectric (εr=11.5) composed of inorganic molecular crystal (IMC) Sb2O3, allowing for large-scale fabrication and facile integration via standard thermal evaporation process thanks to its particular crystal structure. Similarly, our vdW dielectric also supports remarkably improved 2D devices with respect to the typical conventional dielectric SiO2. The monolayer MoS2 field effect transistors (FET) supported by our vdW dielectric exhibits high on/off ratio (108), greatly enhanced electron mobility (from 20 to 80 cm2/Vs) and reduced transfer-curve hysteresis over an order of magnitude. Our results may open a new avenue towards compatible fabrication of vdW dielectrics using IMCs and lead to the scalable fabrication of high-performance 2D devices.
Exploring Fabrication Characterization and Functionalization of Transition Iron Oxide, Rare Earth Erbium Oxide, and Dual Oxides Nanocomposites for Biomedical Assay
Authors: P Umadevi , Irusan Baskaran , Balaraman Sathyaseelan , K Senthilnathan , Malik Maaza , Elayaperumal Manikandan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this report, we intend to synthesis the iron oxide (Fe2O3), erbium oxide (Er2O3) and a composite of erbium oxide/iron oxide (Er2O3/Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) by a microwave irradiation technique. After the synthesis, we explore the various physicochemical properties of the sample with the help of various systematic characterization techniques. First, the prepared sample has been subjected to XRD for determining the crystal structure. Then, we confirm the functional groups of the sample with the help of FTIR. Further, we analyze the absorbance and the band gap by UV-Vis spectrometer. Besides, we also investigate the microbial studies, namely, the anti-bacterial and the anti-fungal. Finally, we also analyze the response of human breast cancer cells when they are exposed to iron oxide (Fe2O3), erbium oxide (Er2O3) and a composite of erbium oxide/iron oxide (Er2O3/Fe2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) with MDA MB 231 by MTT assay.
Cortical oscillations to measure anti-epileptic drug activity in clinical trials
Authors: Biondi Andrea , Rocchi Lorenzo , Santoro Viviana , Beatch Gregory , Rossini Pierre , Richardson Mark , Premoli Isabella 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The frequency analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, either spontaneous or evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS-EEG), is a powerful tool to investigate changes in brain activity and excitability following the administration of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). However, a systematic evaluation of the effect of AEDs on spontaneous and TMS-induced brain oscillations has not yet been provided. We studied the effects of lamotrigine, levetiracetam, and of a novel potassium channel opener (XEN1101) on TMS-induced and spontaneous brain oscillations in a group of healthy volunteers. Levetiracetam suppressed TMS-induced theta, alpha and beta power, whereas lamotrigine increased TMS-induced alpha power. XEN1101 decreased TMS-induced delta, theta and beta power. Resting-state EEG showed a decrease of theta band power after lamotrigine intake. Levetiracetam increased theta, beta and gamma power, while XEN1101 produced an increase of delta, theta, beta and gamma power. Different AEDs induce specific patterns of power changes in spontaneous and TMS-induced brain oscillations. Spontaneous and TMS-induced cortical oscillations represent a powerful tool to characterize the effect of AEDs on in vivo brain activity. Spectral fingerprints of specific AEDs should be further investigated to provide robust and objective biomarkers of biological effect in human clinical trials.
Tenascin-C promotes bladder cancer progression, depends on syndecan-4 and involves NF-κB signaling activation
Authors: guan zhenfeng , sun yi , mu liang , jiang yazhuo , fan Jinhai 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is an unfortunately critical genitourinary tract disease with an uncertain pathology. Increasing evidence indicates that the tumor microenvironment is decisive with respect to cancer progression, and that this is driven by tumor cell interactions with stromal components. Tenascin-C (TN-C) is an important extracellular matrix (ECM) component and TN-C has been reported to be involved in other cancers, i.e. breast cancer. Expression of TN-C in BCa tissue is reported to positively correlate to BCa pathologic grade, yet the presence of urine TN-C is regarded as an independent risk factor for BCa. Thus, we assessed the value of TN-C in BCa tissues and noted that it also was increased according to tumor grade and was an independent risk factor for BCa. In fact, TN-C contributes to BCa cell migration, invasion and proliferation and this is dependent on syndecan-4 and involves NF-κB signaling activation. How syndecan-4 is linked to activation of NF-κB signaling is unclear. Our data provide a foundation for future investigations into TN-C’s contribution to BCa progression.