bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Progress in Nanomaterial Enabled Chemical Sensors for Wearable Environmental Monitoring Applications
Authors: Mamun Md Abdulla Al , Yuce Mehmet Rasit 
Published: September 2020

AbstractIn the present era of the Internet of Things, wearable sensors have been receiving considerable attention owing to their great potential in a plethora of applications. Highly sensitive chemical type wearable sensors that can conformably adhere to the epidermis or textiles for monitoring personal microenvironment have gained incredible interest. Attributable to the large surface area and excellent mechanical, chemical, physical, thermal as well as biocompatible properties, nanomaterials have become a prominent building block to develop wearable sensors. In this review, recent progress in the development of nanomaterial enabled wearable chemical environmental sensors (WCESs) is presented by focusing on the chemistry‐based transduction principles. The developments in sensor structures, selection of materials, and fabrication methods are highlighted. The recent WCESs are summarized by grouping in three major types according to their transduction principles: electrical, photochemical, and electrochemical. In addition, sensors with multimodal sensing capability as well as sensors immobilized in wireless tags are summarized. Finally, issues, challenges, and future perspectives are discussed to develop next‐generation WCESs with long life, biocompatibility, self‐healing, and real‐time communication capabilities.
ROS‐Responsive Camptothecin Prodrug Nanoparticles for On‐Demand Drug Release and Combination of Chemotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Chu Bingyang , Qu Ying , He Xinlong , Hao Ying , Yang Chengli , Yang Yun , Hu Danrong , Wang Fangfang , Qian Zhiyong 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMinimizing drug leakage in systemic circulation, synchronizing the in vivo fate of multiple drugs, and precisely controlling tumor locoregional drug release, remain challenging for nanomedicine‐based cancer therapy. Here, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive camptothecin (CPT) prodrug delivery system (MPEG‐(TK‐CPT)‐PPa) is developed, in which CPT and photosensitizer pyropheophorbide‐a (PPa) are concurrently conjugated to the same poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (MPEG) via ROS‐responsive thioketal (TK) and lipid linkage. The synthesized MPEG‐(TK‐CPT)‐PPa conjugate self‐assembles to form nanoparticles (NPs) (43.6 ± 0.8 nm) in solution. The covalently conjugated prodrug prevents drug leakage during systemic circulation and synchronizes the in vivo distribution of the two drugs. The generated fluorescence signal of PPa helps precisely track and locate the NPs at tumor sites. Under the guidance of imaging, a near‐infrared laser locally irradiates tumor tissue upon reaching the strongest fluorescence. The ROS generated by PPa not only cleaves the TK linkage and then triggers locoregional, controllable and on‐demand CPT release, but also exhibits cytotoxic effects on tumor cells. Thus, CPT‐mediated chemotherapy and PPa‐induced photodynamic therapy lead to the combined and enhanced suppression of tumor growth. Accordingly, such laser‐triggered, localized, controllable, and on‐demand drug release systems may provide an alternative option for CPT formulations.
High Throughput Methods in the Synthesis, Characterization, and Optimization of Porous Materials
Authors: Clayson Ivan G. , Hewitt Daniel , Hutereau Martin , Pope Tom , Slater Ben 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPorous materials are widely employed in a large range of applications, in particular, for storage, separation, and catalysis of fine chemicals. Synthesis, characterization, and pre‐ and post‐synthetic computer simulations are mostly carried out in a piecemeal and ad hoc manner. Whilst high throughput approaches have been used for more than 30 years in the porous material fields, routine integration of experimental and computational processes is only now becoming more established. Herein, important developments are highlighted and emerging challenges for the community identified, including the need to work toward more integrated workflows.
Liquid Metal Initiator of Ring‐Opening Polymerization: Self‐Capsulation into Thermal/Photomoldable Powder for Multifunctional Composites
Authors: Li Xiankai , Li Mingjie , Shou Qinghui , Zhou Li , Ge Anle , Pei Danfeng , Li Chaoxu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLiquid metal nanodroplets not only share similar metallic properties and nanoscale effect with solid metal nanoparticles, but also possess the additional uniqueness in nonvolatile fluidity and ambient sintering ability into continuous conductors. In most cases, liquid metal nanodroplets are encapsulated into ultrathin and fragile shells of oxides and amphiphile monolayers, and may be hindered from incorporating homogeneously into various composites through conventional processing methods. In this study, ring‐opening polymerization is found to be initiated by sonicating the liquid metal EGaIn in fluidic lactones. By this in situ polymerization, EGaIn nanodroplets are encapsulated into polylactone shells with tunable thickness, which can further be dried into a solid powder. Besides high chemical stability and dispersibility in organic solvents, the powder of the EGaIn capsules combines the exceptional properties of the EGaIn droplets (e.g., photothermal effect) and the polylactone shells (e.g., biocompatibility, biodegradability, and compatibility with different polymer matrixes), being capable of being introduced into thermoplastic composites through liquid casting and thermal‐ or photomolding for the notch‐insensitive tearing property, sintering‐induced electric conductivity, and photothermal effect. Thus, the EGaIn initiator of ring‐opening polymerization may start a pathway to produce stable andthermal/photomoldable powders of EGaIn capsules and their multifunctionalcomposites, applicable in biomedicines, soft electronics, and smart robots.
Recent Advances in Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Oxidative Annulations to Benzazepines and Benzodiazepines
Authors: Velasco‐Rubio Álvaro , Varela Jesús A. , Saá Carlos 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBenzazepines and benzodiazepines, benzofused seven‐membered N‐heterocycles, compose an important family of natural products and pharmaceuticals. Although certainly important and effectives, classical synthetic methods of these cyclic compounds involve methodologies that often require multistep procedures, with generation of waste materials and lack of sustainability. By contrast, cycloadditions based on transition metal catalyzed C−H bond activations (oxidative annulations) have emerged as appealing strategies for more sustainable synthetic processes. In this review, we focus our attention to describe the state‐of‐the‐art transition‐metal‐catalyzed annulations via C−H activations to benzazepines and benzodiazepines.magnified image
An Overview of Water‐Mediated Alkyne Functionalization by Neighboring Group Participation of Carbonyl Groups
Authors: Pradhan Tapas R. , Park Jin Kyoon 
Published: September 2020

AbstractReviewed herein, the progress employing the assistance of a neighboring carbonyl group for alkyne functionalization reactions that are mediated by water. Proper arrangement of these transformations is synthetically worthwhile because it will allow chemists to design straightforward synthetic routes for the construction of complex architectures with perfect regio‐ and chemoselectivity. Researchers must understand the mechanism before aiming a new idea based on these types of transformations as they proceed through a different way in comparison to the strategies that employ carbonyl groups as a directing group for C−H functionalization reactions. In general, an oxygen transposition event occurs in the presence of an alkyne activator. In an aim to expose the molecular diversity that can now be accessed employing intramolecular carbonyl assistance, all the precedents are organized systematically for the first time and can be expected to serve as a comprehensive reference work. Therefore, the key arrangement of this review is schemes accompanied by a concise explanatory text describing both advantages and limitations along with the mechanism. Different transformations are ordered in sections according to the chemical structure of the assisted groups. The overall objective of this review is to promote the application of carbonyl‐assisted reactions beyond the methodologies dedicated to the regioselective synthesis of carbonyl derivatives and hence, serving it as a valuable reaction archetype in modern‐day research for the synthesis of carbo‐ and heterocycles.magnified image
A Logic‐Memory Transistor with the Integration of Visible Information Sensing‐Memory‐Processing
Authors: Hou Xiang , Liu Chunsen , Ding Yi , Liu Lan , Wang Shuiyuan , Zhou Peng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractTo meet the demands of future intelligent application scenarios, the time‐efficient information acquisition and energy‐efficient data processing capabilities of terminal electronic systems are indispensable. However, in current commercial visual systems, the visible information is collected by image sensors, converted into digital format data, and transferred to memory units and processors for subsequent processing tasks. As a result, most of the time and energy are wasted in the data conversion and movement, which leads to large time latency and low energy efficiency. Here, based on 2D semiconductor WSe2, a logic‐memory transistor that integrates visible information sensing‐memory‐processing capabilities is successfully demonstrated. Furthermore, based on 3 × 3 fabricated devices, an artificial visible information sensing‐memory‐processing system is proposed to perform image distinction tasks, in which the time latency and energy consumption caused by data conversion and movement can be avoided. On the other hand, the logic‐memory transistor can also execute digital logic processing (logic) and logic results storage (memory) at the same time, such as AND logic function. Such a logic‐memory transistor could provide a compact approach to develop next‐generation efficient visual systems.
“Pulling the Parachute”: A Qualitative Study of Burnout’s Influence on Emergency Medicine Resident Career Choices
Authors: Lu Dave W. , Germann Carl A. , Nelson Sara W. , Jauregui Joshua , Strout Tania D. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesAbout half of all resident physicians report symptoms of burnout. Burnout negatively influences multiple aspects of their education and training. How burnout may impact residents’ career choices remains unclear. The authors explored the role burnout played in residents’ career decisions.MethodsThis was a qualitative study among a sample of 29 emergency medicine residents from four institutions. Qualitative data were generated through four semistructured focus groups. The authors employed a constructivist approach to thematic analysis. Transcripts were coded and organized into major themes.ResultsFive major themes connecting burnout with residents’ career choices emerged: 1) residents’ current burnout and the prevention of future burnout figured prominently in their career considerations, 2) residents aimed to mitigate sources of burnout through their career choices, 3) residents’ view of clinical work as a burden and a burnout contributor spurred the pursuit of other interests, 4) faculty advice and role modeling in relation to burnout shaped residents’ career perspectives, and 5) residents weighed long‐term burnout concerns with short‐term financial needs.ConclusionBurnout played an important role in multiple aspects of residents’ career considerations. Educators, program directors, and organization leaders can focus on identified target areas to address burnout’s influence on residents’ career decisions.
Neonatal nipple preference and maternal cradling laterality in wild Taihangshan macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis)
Authors: Guo Yongman , Garber Paul A. , Tian Jundong , Lu Jiqi 
Published: September 2020

AbstractLateralized behavior is considered an observable phenotype of cerebral functional asymmetry and has been documented in many mammalian species. In the present study, we examined evidence of lateralization in neonatal nipple contact, maternal cradling, and the relationship between these two behaviors during the first 12 weeks of life in wild Taihangshan macaques (Macaca mulatta tcheliensis). The results showed that across our sample of nine mother–infant dyads: (1) Seven of nine neonates exhibited a significant left‐side nipple preference during the first 12 weeks of life, whereas eight of nine mothers displayed a significant right‐side cradling preference; (2) at the population level, there was a significant preference for left nipple contact by neonatal Taihangshan macaques and a significant right‐hand maternal cradling preference; (3) at the population level, there was a nonsignificant negative correlation between neonatal nipple preference and maternal cradling bias; and (4) the strength of individual neonatal nipple preference and maternal cradling laterality were not correlated. We conclude that asymmetry in nipple contact of Taihangshan macaques occurs early in behavioral development. Given that infant Taihangshan macaques are able to nurse and cling unassisted to their mothers within a few days after birth, it appears that the infant rather than its mother is responsible for determining a nipple‐side preference. Our results indicating a left‐side nipple bias in 78% of wild neonatal Taihangshan macaques are most consistent with the heartbeat hypothesis.
Hexafluoroisopropanol‐Promoted Haloamidation and Halolactonization of Unactivated Alkenes
Authors: Qi Chenxiao , Force Guillaume , Gandon Vincent , Lebœuf David 
Published: September 2020

AbstractPyrrolidine and piperidine derivatives bearing halide functional groups are prevalent building blocks in drug discovery as halides can serve as an anchor for post‐modifications. In principle, one of the simplest ways to build these frameworks is the haloamination of alkenes. While progress has been made in this field, notably with the development of enantioselective versions, this reaction is still fraught with limitations in terms of reactivity. Besides, a major question remaining is to understand the mechanism at work. The formation of a haliranium intermediate is typically mentioned, but limited mechanistic evidence supports it. Reported here is an efficient metal‐ and oxidant‐free protocol to achieve the haloamidation of olefins, promoted by hexafluoroisopropanol, along with a DFT investigation of the mechanism. These findings should guide the future development of more complex transformations in the field of halofunctionalization.
Complex Cascade Reaction Networks via Cross β Amyloid Nanotubes
Authors: Chatterjee Ayan , Mahato Chiranjit , Das Dibyendu 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBiocatalytic reaction networks integrate complex cascade transformations via spatial localization of multiple enzymes confined within the cellular milieu. Inspired by nature's ingenuity, we demonstrate that short peptide‐based cross‐β amyloid nanotubular hybrids can promote different kinds of cascade reactions, from simple two‐step, to multistep, to complex convergent cascades. The compartmentalizing ability of paracrystalline cross‐β phases was utilized to colocalize sarcosine oxidase (SOX) and hemin as an artificial peroxidase. Further, the catalytic potential of the amyloid nanotubes with ordered arrays of imidazoles were used as hydrolase mimic. The SOX‐hemin amyloid nanohybrids featuring a single extant enzyme could integrate different logic networks to access complex digital designs with the help of three concatenated AND gates and biologically relevant stimuli as inputs.
α‐Selective Ring‐Opening Reactions of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Boronic Ester with Nucleophiles
Authors: Guo Lin , Noble Adam , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe reaction of bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl pinacol boronic ester (BCB‐Bpin) with nucleophiles has been studied. Unlike BCBs bearing electron‐withdrawing groups, which react with nucleophiles at the β‐position, BCB‐Bpin reacts with a diverse set of heteroatom (O, S, N)‐centred nucleophiles exclusively at the α‐position. Aliphatic alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, thiols and sulfonamides were found to be competent nucleophiles, providing ready access to α‐heteroatom‐substituted cyclobutyl boronic esters. In contrast, sterically hindered bis‐sulfonamides and related nucleophiles reacted with BCB‐Bpin at the β′‐position leading to cyclopropanes with high trans‐selectivity. The origin of selectivity is discussed.
Scalable and Recyclable All‐Organic Colloidal Cascade Catalysts
Authors: Chen Chen , Janoszka Nicole , Wong Chin Ken , Gramse Christian , Weberskirch Ralf , Gröschel André H. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractWe report on the synthesis of core–shell microparticles (CSMs) with an acid catalyst in the core and a base catalyst in the shell by surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization (SFEP). The organocatalytic monomers were separately copolymerized in three synthetic steps allowing the spatial separation of incompatible acid and base catalysts within the CSMs. Importantly, a protected and thermo‐decomposable sulfonate monomer was used as acid source to circumvent the neutralization of the base catalyst during shell formation, which was key to obtain stable, catalytically active CSMs. The catalysts showed excellent performance in an established one‐pot model cascade reaction in various solvents (including water), which involved an acid‐catalyzed deacetalization followed by a base‐catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation. The CSMs are easily recycled, modified, and their synthesis is scalable, making them promising candidates for organocatalytic applications.
Hydroxylamine‐Derived Reagent as a Dual Oxidant and Amino Group Donor for the Iron‐Catalyzed Preparation of Unprotected Sulfinamides from Thiols
Authors: Chatterjee Sayanti , Makai Szabolcs , Morandi Bill 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAn iron catalyzed reaction for the selective transformation of thiols (‐SH) to sulfinamides (‐SONH2) by a direct transfer of ‐O and free ‐NH2 groups has been developed. The reaction operates under mild conditions using a bench stable hydroxylamine derived reagent, exhibits broad functional group tolerance, is scalable and proceeds without the use of any precious metal catalyst or additional oxidant. This novel, practical reaction leads to the formation of two distinct new bonds (S=O and S−N) in a single step to chemoselectively form valuable, unprotected sulfinamide products. Preliminary mechanistic studies implicate the role of the alcoholic solvent as an oxygen atom donor.
Preparation of 3D crimped ZnO/PAN hybrid nanofiber mats with photocatalytic activity and antibacterial properties by blow‐spinning
Authors: Du Zhiqiang , Chen Yang , Jensen Martin , Wang Ning , Li Xianfeng , Zhang Xingxiang 
Published: September 2020

AbstractZinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures have received widespread attention due to their unique structure and broad application possibilities, but high preparation costs and agglomeration limit their usage. In this article, low‐cost and environmentally friendly cellulose and ZnCl2 are used to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs). Subsequently, multifunctional ZnO/polyacrylonitrile hybrid nanofiber mats (ZnO/PAN@NFMs) with mechanical stability suitable for large‐scale application are prepared via solution blow‐spinning. The synthesized ZnO/PAN@NFMs exhibit higher photodegradation of organic dyes than earlier reported semiconductors and good recycling performance with an organic dye degradation above 94%–98% after five cycles, which is ascribed to fixation of the ZnO NPs in the nanofibers. In addition, the inhibition rate for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus is above 99.9% and the bacteriostatic rate against E. coli remains as high as 99% after 10 cycles. From these properties, the synthesized composite ZnO/PAN@NFMs are promising for wastewater cleaning and antibacterial fabrics.
Spotlight on the Shift to Remote Anatomical Teaching During Covid‐19 Pandemic: Perspectives and Experiences from the University of Malta
Authors: Cuschieri Sarah , Calleja Agius Jean 
Published: September 2020

Covid‐19 has spread globally, affecting all nations. Preventive measures were implemented by governments including the closure of universities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the student's perspectives and experiences on the shift to remote preclinical medical education while inquiring whether there has been any psychological impact on the students. A customized questionnaire utilizing Likert‐scale‐based questions and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 assessment tool was distributed online to enrolled preclinical medical students at the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery at the University of Malta. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the data gathered was carried out. Multivariate logistic regression analyses was performed to establish independent variables associated with anxiety symptoms. A total of 172 responded out of a cohort of 299 preclinical students (58%). The majority perceived a positive learning experience following the shift to remote lectures, however, it was not the case for small group teaching including dissection sessions. Nonetheless students reported concerns about their education, examinations, progression to next academic year and wellbeing. Less than half the students exhibited symptoms of anxiety. Students exhibiting “moderate” worry (OR:7.6; CI 95%:1.98–29.31; P < 0.01) and “severe” worry (OR: 2.0; CI 95%: 5.0–80.5; P < 0.01) on their mental, emotional, and wellbeing due to Covid‐19 were associated with anxiety symptoms after adjusting for cofounders. Apart from the short‐term effects, the Covid‐19 pandemic may have a long‐term impact on both the medical education and the students' future careers. It is important that the implemented changes in medical education are recorded and studied since such data will be essential on how to proceed post‐Covid‐19 pandemic.
Children with ASD Show Impaired Item‐Space Recollection, But Preserved Item‐Color Recollection
Authors: Mooney Lindsey N. , Nordahl Christine Wu , Solomon Marjorie , Ghetti Simona 
Published: September 2020

Although individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been often shown to display similar memory performance on semantic memory tasks compared to typically developing (TD) children, there is ongoing debate about whether and how their ability to remember specific past events (i.e., episodic memory) is impaired. We assessed a sample of 62 children with ASD and 72 TD children, ranging in age between 8 and 12 years on 2 memory tasks. Participants encoded a series of images and their association with either where they appeared on the screen (item‐space association task) or with the color of an image's border (item‐color association task). Children with ASD showed worse memory in the item‐space association task compared to their TD peers, but comparable memory for the item‐color association task. These differences persisted when age, intellectual quotient, and general item recognition memory were accounted for statistically. We interpret these results in light of evidence for specific deficits along the dorsal stream affecting processing of spatiotemporal information in ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1985‐1997. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLCLay SummaryEpisodic memory requires the ability to bind contextual details (such as color, location, etc.) to an item or event in order to remember the past with specific detail. Here, we compared children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing (TD) children on tasks examining episodic memory. Children with ASD recalled more poorly previously seen items and their associated space‐related details, but they performed comparably to TD children on color details. We discuss the possible mechanisms that contribute to worse spatial processing/recall in ASD.