bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
β2‐adrenergic receptor signaling drives prostate cancer progression by targeting the Sonic hedgehog‐Gli1 signaling activation
Authors: Zhang Mi , Wang Qianhui , Sun Xueqing , Yin Qingqing , Chen Jinying , Xu Linhui , Xu Chen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundConsiderable evidence suggests that the sympathetic nervous system, mainly via adrenergic signaling, contributes to prostate cancer (PCa) progression. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown.MethodsThe expression level of β2‐adrenergic receptor (β2‐AR) in tissue microarray was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The effects of isoproterenol (ISO) or Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling inhibitor on tumor growth were analyzed in proliferation and colony formation assays. The apoptosis of cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Small hairpin RNA‐based knockdown of β2‐AR or Gli1 was validated by Western blot analysis and real‐time PCR. Effects of β2‐AR on prostate carcinogenesis in vivo were observed in a mouse xenograft model. The expression levels of the indicated proteins in xenograft tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Expression levels of Shh signaling components and downstream proteins were assessed by immunoblotting.ResultsWe determined that β2‐AR was expressed at significantly higher levels in carcinoma than in normal prostate tissues. β2‐AR signaling also played an essential role in sustaining PCa cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro. We also found that inhibition of Shh signaling or knockdown of Gli1 expression significantly restrained ISO‐induced cell proliferation in vitro. ISO alleviated the apoptosis induced by suppressing or knocking down of Gli1. The β2‐AR agonist ISO upregulated the transcription and protein expression of target genes of Shh signaling, including c‐Myc, Cyclin D1, and VEGFA. Conversely, knocking down β2‐AR markedly suppressed the expression of Shh components in vivo and in vitro. In Gli1 knockdown cells, ISO failed to increase the expression of target genes of Shh signaling.ConclusionsIn this study, we uncovered an important role of β2‐AR signaling in regulating the Shh pathway activity in PCa tumorigenesis and provide further insight into the mechanism of the involvement of the Hh signaling pathway. Furthermore, given the efficacy of β2‐adrenergic modulation on PCa, our study might also add evidence for potential therapeutic options of β‐blockers for PCa.
Interactive effect of TLR SNPs and exposure to sexually transmitted infections on prostate cancer risk in Jamaican men
Authors: Dubey Bhawna , Jackson Maria , Zeigler‐Johnson Charnita , Devarajan Karthik , Flores‐Obando Rafael E , McFarlane‐Anderson Norma , Tulloch‐Reid Marshall , Aiken William , Kimbro Kevin , Reed Dominique , Kidd LaCreis R. , Gibbs Denise , Kumar Sudhir , Ragin Camille 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundProstate cancer (PC) risk increases with African ancestry and a history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Also, single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in toll‐like receptor (TLR) genes influence PC risk. This pilot study explores interactions between STIs and TLR‐related SNPs in relation to PC risk among Jamaican men.MethodsThis case‐control study evaluates two TLR related SNPs in 356 Jamaican men (194 controls and 162 cases) with or without history of STIs using stepwise penalized logistic regression in multivariable analyses.ResultsAge (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04–1>.12; p < .001) and IRF3_rs2304206 GG genotype (OR = 0.47; 95% CI: 0.29–0<.78; p = .003) modulated PC risk in people with history of STIs. In the population with no history of STIs, resulting interactions between risk factors did not survive correction for multiple hypothesis testing.ConclusionOverall, an interaction between the IFR3_rs2304206 variant and a history of exposure to STIs leads to greater decrease of PC risk than the presence of polymorphic genotype alone. These findings are suggestive and require further validation. Identification of gene variants along with detection of lifestyle behaviors may contribute to identification of men at a greater risk of PC development in the population.
Augmented reality in neurosurgical navigation: A survey
Authors: Liu Tao , Tai Yonghang , Zhao Chengming , Wei Lei , Zhang Jun , Pan Junjun , Shi Junsheng 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundNeurosurgery has exceptionally high requirements for minimally invasive and safety. This survey attempts to analyse the practical application of AR in neurosurgical navigation. Also, this survey describes future trends in augmented reality neurosurgical navigation systems.MethodsIn this survey, we searched related keywords ‘augmented reality’, ‘virtual reality’, ‘neurosurgery’, ‘surgical simulation’, ‘brain tumour surgery’, ‘neurovascular surgery’, ‘temporal bone surgery’ and ‘spinal surgery’ through Google Scholar, World Neurosurgery, PubMed and Science Direct. We collected 85 articles published over the past 5 years in areas related to this survey.ResultsDetailed study has been conducted on the application of AR in neurosurgery and found that AR is constantly improving the overall efficiency of doctor training and treatment, which can help neurosurgeons learn and practice surgical procedures with zero risks.ConclusionsNeurosurgical navigation is essential in neurosurgery. Despite certain technical limitations, it is still a necessary tool for the pursuit of maximum security and minimal intrusiveness.
Disrupting Racism and Whiteness in Researching a Science of Reading
Authors: Milner H. Richard 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThe author poses racialized questions and issues about the science of reading to address and disrupt implicit and overt racist practices in producing and disseminating knowledge. Roles, complexities, nuances, and challenges related to racial identity, special education lenses, and motivation are explored to reimagine how we conceptualize, construct, and build knowledge about the science of reading. Drawing from critical theories in education, the multicultural education movement, and a developing conceptual framework that the author calls disruptive movement to advance a racial justice agenda in the science of reading, the author questions who builds knowledge, what counts as knowledge, and why knowledge is constructed in the science of reading.
Chromatic design and application of restoration mortars on smooth surfaces of white and GRAY concrete
Authors: Miranda Judite , Valença Jónatas , Costa Hugo , Júlio Eduardo 
Published: September 2020

AbstractAlthough the recognized importance of color match both in white and gray Concrete Heritage interventions, the production and application of restoration mortars are often performed without an accurate color matching between the concrete surface and the repaired area. This paper presents the Gray Concrete Restoration Method (GCR‐method), developed to define and apply restoration mortars to smooth white and gray concrete surfaces. The GCR‐method comprises: (i) production of restoration mortars (from white to different gray levels) by adding black pigment to reference mortars; (ii) chromatic characterization by image processing; (iii) production and application of restoration mortar; (iv) chromatic evaluation of the restoration; and (v) chromatic reintegration in the transition zone and/or in the restoration, by applying pointillism and glaze techniques depending on whether are white or gray surfaces. The GCR‐method was experimentally calibrated in color spaces HSV and CIELAB, respectively for brightness (V) and color differences (ΔE00) evaluation; then, it was applied and validated to the restoration of white and gray concrete panels with smooth surfaces. The results show the desired chromatic compatibility between the original surface and the restoration, not noticeable to the naked eye. Further, the chromatic reintegration procedures demonstrate that color analysis is fundamental for the decision‐making of restoration interventions in Concrete Heritage.
Mangiferin induces immune responses and evaluates the survival rate in WEHI‐3 cell generated mouse leukemia in vivo
Authors: Shang Hung‐Sheng , Chen Chiung‐Ju , Shih Yung‐Luen , Peng Shu‐Fen , Chen Yung‐Liang , Liu Kuo‐Ching , Huang Hsieh‐Chou , Hsueh Shu‐Ching , Chen Kuo‐Wei , Lu Hsu‐Feng , Lee Mei‐Hui , Lee Ming‐Zhe , Lu Kung‐Wen 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMangiferin is a naturally occurring polyphenol, widely distributed in Thymeraceae families, and presents pharmacological activity, including anti‐cancer activities in many human cancer cell lines. Mangiferin has also been reported to affect immune responses; however, no available information concerning the effects of mangiferin on immune reactions in leukemia mice in vivo. In the present study, we investigated the effects of mangiferin on leukemia WEHI‐3 cell generated leukemia BLAB/c mice. Overall, the experiments were divided into two parts, one part was immune responses experiment and the other was the survival rate experiment. The immune responses and survival rate study, 40 mice for each part, were randomly separated into five groups (N = 8): Group I was normal animals and groups II‐V WEHI‐3 cell generated leukemia mice. Group II mice were fed normal diet as a positive control; group III, IV, and V mice received mangiferin at 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg, respectively, by intraperitoneal injection every 2 days for 20 days. Leukocytes cell population, macrophage phagocytosis, and NK cell activities were analyzed by flow cytometry. Isolated splenocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and concanavalin A (Con A) were used to determine the proliferation of B and T cells, respectively, and subsequently were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results indicated that mangiferin significantly increased body weight, decreased the liver and spleen weights of leukemia mice. Mangiferin also increased CD3 T‐cell and CD19 B cell population but decreased Mac‐3 macrophage and CD11b monocyte. Furthermore, mangiferin decreased phagocytosis of macrophages from PBMC and peritoneal cavity at 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg treatment. However, it also increased NK cell activity at 40 and 120 mg/kg treatment. There were no effects on T and B cell proliferation at three examined doses. In survival rate studies, mangiferin significantly elevated survival rate at 40 and 120 mg/kg treatment of leukemia mice in vivo.
Camera Trap Feasibility for Ecological Studies of Elusive Forest Deer
Authors: Grotta‐Neto Francisco , Peres Pedro H. F. , Piovezan Ubiratan , Passos Fernando C. , Duarte José M. B. 
Published: September 2020

ABSTRACTThe difficulty in observing and capturing elusive species in the wild is one of the main reasons for the limited number of studies on such species. This knowledge gap affects the development of conservation and management plans. Hence, testing the feasibility of research tools is essential for the future use and reliability of such tools. Camera traps increasingly are used as an alternative to capturing animals for wildlife research, and to generate important data for the management and conservation of many species. We identified individual free‐ranging gray brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) from the Brazilian Pantanal by their natural markings. From October 2011 through September 2012, we investigated the feasibility of using camera traps for home range, habitat use, and activity period studies based on individuals with natural marks compared with the concurrent data collected from Global Positioning System (GPS) collars. Home range studies based on camera traps have limitations related to the quantity of individuals with natural marks and need for population premonitoring to detect them. The irregular performance of camera traps and lower detection probability in open habitats restricted its application in the habitat use study, especially among highly heterogeneous habitats. However, the positive correlation (r = 0.98, P < 0.001) between the frequency of photographic records and distances travelled by deer with GPS locations indicated reliable use of camera traps for research into activity periods. Camera traps can be used as an alternative to telemetry, potentially expanding the perspective and scope of noninvasive ecological studies for elusive and cryptic species. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Quantum Ostrogradsky theorem
Authors: Motohashi Hayato , Suyama Teruaki 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The Ostrogradsky theorem states that any classical Lagrangian that contains time derivatives higher than the first order and is nondegenerate with respect to the highest-order derivatives leads to an unbounded Hamiltonian which linearly depends on the canonical momenta. Recently, the original theorem has been generalized to nondegeneracy with respect to non-highest-order derivatives. These theorems have been playing a central role in construction of sensible higher-derivative theories. We explore quantization of such non-degenerate theories, and prove that Hamiltonian is still unbounded at the level of quantum field theory.
Complete leading-order standard model corrections to quantum leptogenesis
Authors: Depta Paul Frederik , Halsch Andreas , Hütig Janine , Mendizabal Sebastian , Philipsen Owe 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Thermal leptogenesis, in the framework of the standard model with three additional heavy Majorana neutrinos, provides an attractive scenario to explain the observed baryon asymmetry in the universe. It is based on the out-of-equilibrium decay of Majorana neutrinos in a thermal bath of standard model particles, which in a fully quantum field theoretical formalism is obtained by solving Kadanoff-Baym equations. So far, the leading two-loop contributions from leptons and Higgs particles are included, but not yet gauge corrections. These enter at three-loop level but, in certain kinematical regimes, require a resummation to infinite loop order for a result to leading order in the gauge coupling. In this work, we apply such a resummation to the calculation of the lepton number density. The full result for the simplest “vanilla leptogenesis” scenario is by $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(1) increased compared to that of quantum Boltzmann equations, and for the first time permits an estimate of all theoretical uncertainties. This step completes the quantum theory of leptogenesis and forms the basis for quantitative evaluations, as well as extensions to other scenarios.
Fermion mass hierarchies from modular symmetry
Authors: King Simon J.D. , King Stephen F. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We show how quark and lepton mass hierarchies can be reproduced in the framework of modular symmetry. The mechanism is analogous to the Froggatt-Nielsen (FN) mechanism, but without requiring any Abelian symmetry to be introduced, nor any Standard Model (SM) singlet flavon to break it. The modular weights of fermion fields play the role of FN charges, and SM singlet fields with non-zero modular weight called weightons play the role of flavons. We illustrate the mechanism by analysing A4 (modular level 3) models of quark and lepton (including neutrino) masses and mixing, with a single modulus field. We discuss two examples in some detail, both numerically and analytically, showing how both fermion mass and mixing hierarchies emerge from different aspects of the modular symmetry.
Power expansion for heavy quarkonium production at next-to-leading order in e+e− annihilation
Authors: Lee Kyle , Sterman George 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
We study heavy quarkonium production associated with gluons in e+e− annihilation as an illustration of the perturbative QCD (pQCD) factorization approach, which incorporates the first nonleading power in the energy of the produced heavy quark pair. We show how the renormalization of the four-quark operators that define the heavy quark pair fragmentation functions using dimensional regularization induces “evanescent” operators that are absent in four dimensions. We derive closed forms for short-distance coefficients for quark pair production to next-to-leading order ($$ {\alpha}_s^2 $$

α
s
2

) in the relevant color singlet and octet channels. Using non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) to calculate the heavy quark pair fragmentation functions up to v4 in the velocity expansion, we derive analytical results for the differential energy fraction distribution of the heavy quarkonium. Calculations for $$ {}^3{S}_1^{\left[1\right]} $$

3

S
1

1

and $$ {}^1{S}_0^{\left[8\right]} $$

1

S
0

8

channels agree with analogous NRQCD analytical results available in the literature, while several color-octet calculations of energy fraction distributions are new. We show that the remaining corrections due to the heavy quark mass fall off rapidly in the energy of the produced state. To explore the importance of evolution at energies much larger than the mass of the heavy quark, we solve the renormalization group equation perturbatively to two-loop order for the $$ {}^1{S}_0^{\left[8\right]} $$

1

S
0

8

case.
Optimal design of fixture layouts for compliant sheet metal assemblies
Authors: Rezaei Aderiani Abolfazl , Wärmefjord Kristina , Söderberg Rikard , Lindkvist Lars , Lindau Björn 
Published: September 2020

AbstractA preeminent factor in the geometrical quality of a compliant sheet metal assembly is the fixture layout that is utilized to perform the assembly procedure. Despite the presence of a great number of studies about the optimization of assembly fixture layouts, there is not a comprehensive algorithm to optimize all design parameters of fixture layouts for compliant sheet metal assemblies. These parameters are the location and type of hole and slot in each part, the slot orientation, and the number and location of additional clamps. This paper presents a novel optimization method that optimizes all these parameters simultaneously to maximize the geometrical quality of the assemblies. To attain this goal, compliant variation simulations of the assemblies are utilized along with evolutionary optimization algorithms. The assembly springback and contacts between parts are considered in the simulations. After determining the optimal design parameters, the optimal positions of locators are fine-tuned in another stage of optimization. Besides, a top-down design procedure is proposed for applying this method to multi-station compliant assemblies. The presented method is applied to two industrial sample cases from the automotive industry. The results evidence a significant improvement of geometrical quality by utilizing the determined fixture layout from the presented method compared with the original fixture layouts of the sample cases.
Impact of Randomized Controlled Trials in the Social Media: Does Science Trend As Much As Everyday Events?
Authors: Lorenzon Laura , Grossman Rebecca C. , Soreide Kjetil 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe approach to the scientific literature is evolving. Currently, dissemination of articles happens in real time through social media (SoMe) channels, and little is known about its impact in medicine. The aim of this study was to investigate if SoMe dissemination followed trends independent from articles type and content.MethodsFirst, the SoMe engagement of a popular theme (#BlackFriday) and a relevant theme (#ClimateChange) was compared using a SoMe analytic tool to test if the popular theme would reach more engagement. In a second analysis, themes in colorectal surgery in the SoMe community were explored. Altmetric Explorer was searched for the term “colorectal surgery” and the outputs were categorized into ‘randomized controlled trials’ (RCTs) and ‘other studies’. Subgroups were compared for the Altmetric scores using statistical analyses.ResultsThe analytic tool documented that #BlackFriday outnumbered #ClimateChange in mentions and engagement (1.6 million vs 127.000 mentions). Following, Altmetric Explorer identified 1381 articles, including 92 RCTs (7.1%). Overall, 25,554 mentions were documented from 1205 outputs (97.0% by Twitter). A greater percentage of “other studies” ranked in the lower Altmetric score categories (p = 0.0007). Similarly, the median Altmetric score was higher in the RCT subgroup comparing with “other studies” (6.5 vs. 2.0, Mann–Whitney p = 0.0001).ConclusionsIn this study, RCTs represented just the 7.1% of the studies and produced 11% of Twitter outputs. The median Altmetric scores obtained by RCTs were higher than those of other studies.
What is the Role of Over 100 Excipients in Over the Counter (OTC) Cough Medicines?
Authors: Eccles Ronald 
Published: September 2020

AbstractMost medicines are white bitter powders that are formulated as tablets and capsules but cough medicines are an exception where the taste and appearance of the medicine are more important to the patient than the pharmacology of the active ingredient. Excipients are generally defined as any ingredient in a medicine other than the active ingredient. In most medicines excipients play a supportive role in delivering the medicine, but in the case of cough medicines, excipients have more important and complex roles and they can also be the main active ingredient of the cough medicine as menthol, glycerol, and sugars, which are declared as active ingredients. This review searched the United Kingdom electronic medicines compendium (emc) and found over 100 excipients in 60 different liquid formulations of over the counter cough medicines. The excipients were divided into functional groups: sweeteners, thickeners, flavors, colors, antimicrobials, and buffers, and the incidence and function of the different excipients is discussed. When considering the efficacy of a cough medicine, clinicians and pharmacists tend to think of the pharmacology of antitussives such as dextromethorphan or expectorants such as guaifenesin, and they rarely consider the role of excipients in the efficacy of the medicine. This review discusses the functions and importance of excipients in cough medicines and provides some new information for clinicians, pharmacists, and all interested in the treatment of cough when considering the composition and efficacy of a cough medicine.
Force enhancement in the human vastus lateralis is muscle-length-dependent following stretch but not during stretch
Authors: Bakenecker Patrick , Raiteri Brent J. , Hahn Daniel 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Force enhancement is the phenomenon of increased forces during (transient force enhancement; tFE) and after (residual force enhancement; rFE) eccentric muscle actions compared with fixed-end contractions. Although tFE and rFE have been observed at short and long muscle lengths, whether both are length-dependent remains unclear in vivo.

Methods
We determined maximal-effort vastus lateralis (VL) force-angle relationships of eleven healthy males and selected one knee joint angle at a short and long muscle lengths where VL produced approximately the same force (85% of maximum). We then examined tFE and rFE at these two lengths during and following the same amount of knee joint rotation.

Results
We found tFE at both short (11.7%, P = 0.017) and long (15.2%, P = 0.001) muscle lengths. rFE was only observed at the long (10.6%, P < 0.001; short: 1.3%, P = 0.439) muscle length. Ultrasound imaging revealed that VL muscle fascicle stretch magnitude was greater at long compared with short muscle lengths (mean difference: (tFE) 1.7 mm, (rFE) 1.9 mm, P ≤ 0.046), despite similar isometric VL forces across lengths (P ≥ 0.923). Greater fascicle stretch magnitude was likely to be due to greater preload forces at the long compared with short muscle length (P ≤ 0.001).

Conclusion
At a similar isometric VL force capacity, tFE was not muscle-length-dependent at the lengths we tested, whereas rFE was greater at longer muscle length. We speculate that the in vivo mechanical factors affecting tFE and rFE are different and that greater stretch of a passive component is likely contributing more to rFE at longer muscle lengths.