bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Prevalence of Salmonellosis in Patients with Malaria Attending an Urban Hospital in Douala, Littoral Region, Cameroon
Authors: Njolle Alice Belle , Tientche Bonaventure , Asaah Smith , Forfuet David Foncha , Kamga Henri Lucien Fouamno 
Published: February 2020

Aims: This study was carried out to determine the rate of co-infection of Malaria/typhoid fever among patients attending the hospital.
Study Design: The study was a hospital based cross-sectional.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Centre Medical Camrail, de Bassa (CMCD), Douala, Littoral Region, Cameroon, from April to May 2015.
Methods: One hundred and sixty (160) blood and stool Samples were collected. Blood samples were subjected to microscopic examination used for the malaria parasite. Widal agglutination slide and tube test were performed for the identification of antibodies to Salmonella typhi and stool culture used for isolation of Salmonella species.
Results: Overall malaria prevalence was 19.4% (31/160) with a geometric mean parasite density (GMPD) of 788.62±1945.763 parasites/µL of blood. The overall prevalence of typhoid fever by stool culture was 32.5% (52/160) while malaria/typhoid fever and malaria/non-typhoidal salmonella co-infection rates were 29% (9) and 7% (3) respectively. Of the positive malaria samples, 03 (4%) were identified as Salmonella typhi, 4 (5.3%) as S. typhimirium, 02 (2.6%) as S. paratyphi A and 03 (4%) as S. paratyphi B. They were no significant relationship between malaria and typhoid fever (χ2=.609; p= .738). Typhoid fever was grossly under diagnosed by Widal test 1.25% (2/160) compared to stool culture 34.4% (55/160).
Conclusion: The study showed the rate of co-infections of malaria and typhoid fever is relatively high. Malaria was the most prevalent disease among febrile patients in the study area. There was a substantial result discrepancy between Widal test and stool culture for the diagnosis of typhoid fever.
Does community violence exposure moderate the associations between maternal spanking and early child behavior problems?
Authors: Ma Julie , Grogan‐Kaylor Andrew , Lee Shawna J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractA robust research literature links parental spanking with negative behavioral outcomes for children, however, it remains unclear whether conditions in the community may moderate the associations between spanking and behavior problems in early childhood. In the current study, we examined whether community violence exposure moderated the associations of maternal spanking with externalizing and internalizing behavior problems of young children. The sample used in this study was urban families and their children ages 3–5 (n = 2,472). We used fixed effects regression models, which yield stronger statistical control for baseline behavior problems, selection bias, and omitted variables bias. Mother's spanking was associated with elevated levels of both externalizing (β = .037, p < .001) and internalizing (β = .016, p < .001) behavior problems. Community violence exposure also predicted higher levels of externalizing (β = .071, p < .01) and internalizing (β = .043, p < .05) behavior problems. Community violence exposure did not moderate the associations between maternal spanking and behavior problems. Professionals working with families should promote the use of nonphysical disciplinary practices, regardless of the level of violence and crime in the community in which the family resides.
The Phenotype of Axial Spondyloarthritis: Is It Dependent on HLA–B27 Status?
Authors: Coates Laura C. , Baraliakos Xenofon , Blanco Francisco J. , Blanco‐Morales Elena Alonso , Braun Jurgen , Chandran Vinod , Fernandez‐Sueiro Jose Luis , FitzGerald Oliver , Gallagher Phil , Gladman Dafna D. , Gubar Elena , Korotaeva Tatiana , Loginova Elena , Lubrano Ennio , Mulero Juan , Pinto‐Tasende Jose , Queiro Ruben , Sanz Sanz Jesús , Szentpetery Agnes , Helliwell Philip S. 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveTo describe the radiographic phenotype of axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) according to the presence of HLA–B27.MethodsAn international collaboration compared the radiographic phenotype of axial SpA according to HLA–B27 status. Patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and axial psoriatic arthritis (PsA) were collected. Radiographs were read centrally, blinded to clinical details. The symmetry of the sacroiliac joints and lumbar syndesmophytes and the morphology of syndesmophytes (typical marginal versus atypical chunky), together with the modified Stoke Ankylosing Spondylitis Spine Score and the Psoriatic Arthritis Spondylitis Radiographic Index, were recorded.ResultsA total of 244 patients with PsA and 198 patients with AS were included. In PsA, 60 patients (25%) were HLA–B27 positive while in AS, 148 patients (75%) were HLA–B27 positive. Patients with HLA–B27 were younger and more often male and had a longer duration of disease. In multivariable logistic regression, HLA–B27 was significantly associated with syndesmophyte symmetry (odds ratio [OR] 3.02 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.38, 6.61]) and marginal syndesmophytes (OR 1.97 [95% CI 1.16, 3.36]) but not with sacroiliac symmetry. Mean radiographic scores were higher for patients with HLA–B27.ConclusionPatients with axial SpA who are positive for HLA–B27 have more severe radiographic damage, more marginal syndesmophytes, and more frequent syndesmophyte symmetry compared to patients who are negative for HLA–B27.
Contact Engineering of Layered MoS2 via Chemically Dipping Treatments
Authors: Bang Seungho , Lee Sangyeob , Rai Amritesh , Duong Ngoc Thanh , Kawk Iljo , Wolf Steven , Chung Choong‐Heui , Banerjee Sanjay K. , Kummel Andrew C. , Jeong Mun Seok , Park Jun Hong 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe performance of electronic/optoelectronic devices is governed by carrier injection through metal–semiconductor contact; therefore, it is crucial to employ low‐resistance source/drain contacts. However, unintentional introduction of extrinsic defects, such as substoichiometric oxidation states at the metal–semiconductor interface, can degrade carrier injection. In this report, controlling the unintentional extrinsic defect states in layered MoS2 is demonstrated using a two‐step chemical treatment, (NH4)2S(aq) treatment and vacuum annealing, to enhance the contact behavior of metal/MoS2 interfaces. The two‐step treatment induces changes in the contact of single layer MoS2 field effect transistors from nonlinear Schottky to Ohmic behavior, along with a reduction of contact resistance from 35.2 to 5.2 kΩ. Moreover, the enhancement of ION and electron field effect mobility of single layer MoS2 field effect transistors is nearly double for n‐branch operation. This enhanced contact behavior resulting from the two‐step treatment is likely due to the removal of oxidation defects, which can be unintentionally introduced during synthesis or fabrication processes. The removal of oxygen defects is confirmed by scanning tunneling microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This two‐step (NH4)2S(aq) chemical functionalization process provides a facile pathway to controlling the defect states in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), to enhance the metal‐contact behavior of TMDs.
Core Fluorination Enhances Solubility and Ambient Stability of an IDT‐Based n‐Type Semiconductor in Transistor Devices
Authors: Hodsden Thomas , Thorley Karl J. , Panidi Julianna , Basu Aniruddha , Marsh Adam V. , Dai Haojie , White Andrew J. P. , Wang Changsheng , Mitchell William , Glöcklhofer Florian , Anthopoulos Thomas D. , Heeney Martin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe synthesis of a novel fluorinated n‐type small molecule based on an indacenodithiophene core is reported. Fluorination is found to have a significant impact on the physical properties, including a surprisingly dramatic improvement in solubility, in addition to effectively stabilizing the lowest‐unoccupied molecular orbital energy (−4.24 eV). Single‐crystal analysis and density functional theory calculations indicate the improved solubility can be attributed to backbone torsion resulting from the positioning of the fluorine group in close proximity to the strongly electron‐withdrawing dicyanomethylene group. Organic thin‐film transistors made via blade coating display high electron mobility (up to 0.49 cm2 V−1 s−1) along with good retention of performance in ambient conditions.
Phase Engineering of High‐Entropy Alloys
Authors: Chang Xuejiao , Zeng Mengqi , Liu Keli , Fu Lei 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHigh‐entropy alloys (HEAs) are based on five or more principal elements with equal or nearly equal molar fractions and possess many significant advantages over traditional alloys, including high strength and hardness, excellent corrosion resistance, outstanding thermal stability, and irradiation resistance. Phase structure plays a vital role in determining the property of HEAs. For further enhancing the performance of HEAs in various application fields, a controllable synthesis with desired phases is required. In this review, the diverse phase structures of HEAs and the related properties are first introduced. Then, alternative tuning strategies to promote the desired phase structure of HEAs are focused upon. Property adjusting of phase‐engineered HEAs is also discussed in depth. Lastly, some insights into the challenges and future prospects in this rapidly emerging research field are provided.
Inverse Design Strategies for 3D Surfaces Formed by Mechanically Guided Assembly
Authors: Fan Zhichao , Yang Yiyuan , Zhang Fan , Xu Zheng , Zhao Hangbo , Wang Taoyi , Song Honglie , Huang Yonggang , Rogers John A. , Zhang Yihui 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDeterministic transformations of 2D patterns of materials into well‐controlled 3D mesostructures serve as the basis for manufacturing methods that can bypass limitations of conventional 3D micro/nanofabrication. Here, guided mechanical buckling processes provide access to a rich range of complex 3D mesostructures in high‐performance materials, from inorganic and organic semiconductors, metals and dielectrics, to ceramics and even 2D materials (e.g., graphene, MoS2). Previous studies demonstrate that iterative computational procedures can define design parameters for certain targeted 3D configurations, but without the ability to address complex shapes. A technical need is in efficient, generalized inverse design algorithms that directly yield sets of optimized parameters. Here, such schemes are introduced, where the distributions of thicknesses across arrays of separated or interconnected ribbons provide scalable routes to 3D surfaces with a broad range of targeted shapes. Specifically, discretizing desired shapes into 2D ribbon components allows for analytic solutions to the inverse design of centrally symmetric and even general surfaces, in an approximate manner. Combined theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies of ≈20 different 3D structures with characteristic sizes (e.g., ribbon width) ranging from ≈200 µm to ≈2 cm and with geometries that resemble hemispheres, fire balloons, flowers, concave lenses, saddle surfaces, waterdrops, and rodents, illustrate the essential ideas.
Chlorosome‐Like Molecular Aggregation of Chlorophyll Derivative on Ti3C2Tx MXene Nanosheets for Efficient Noble Metal‐Free Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Li Yuanlin , Chen Xin , Sun Yuliang , Meng Xing , Dall'Agnese Yohan , Chen Gang , Dall'Agnese Chunxiang , Ren Hangchen , Sasaki Shin‐ichi , Tamiaki Hitoshi , Wang Xiao‐Feng 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEfficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in the visible‐to‐near infrared region at a low cost remains a challenging issue. This work demonstrates the fabrication of organic‐inorganic composites by deposition of supramolecular aggregates of a chlorophyll derivative, namely, zinc methyl 3‐devinyl‐3‐hydroxymethyl‐pyropheophorbide a (Chl) on the surface of Ti3C2Tx MXene with 2D accordion‐like morphology. This composite material is employed as noble metal‐free catalyst in photocatalytic HER under the white light illumination, where Chl serves as a small molecule organic semiconductor component instead of ordinary inorganic and polymer organic semiconductors such as TiO2 and g‐C3N4, and Ti3C2Tx serves as a co‐catalyst. Different composition ratios of Chl/Ti3C2Tx are compared for their light‐harvesting ability, morphology, charge transfer efficiency, and photocatalytic performance. The best HER performance is found to be as high as 52 ± 5 µmol h−1 gcat−1 after optimization. Such a large HER activity is attributed to the efficient light harvesting followed by exciton transfer in Chl aggregates and the resultant charge separation at the interface of Chl/Ti3C2Tx.
Liquid‐Exfoliated Few‐Layer InSe Nanosheets for Broadband Nonlinear All‐Optical Applications
Authors: Liao Yunlong , Shan Youxian , Wu Leiming , Xiang Yuanjiang , Dai Xiaoyu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe nonlinear optical response of 2D materials has attracted wide attention in the recent year due to their strong nonlinearity and broadband characteristics. A new optical scheme is presented enabling the implementation of the broadband nonlinear optical response and their all‐optical applications of few‐layered InSe nanosheets. First, few‐layer InSe nanosheets are synthesized by using the liquid‐phase exfoliated method; then the third‐order nonlinear susceptibility is measured with the spatial self‐phase modulation. Based on the obtained nonlinear optical response, a method is proposed for forming a nonreciprocal propagation photonic diode based on a mixed structure of InSe/C3N4. In addition, through the cross‐phase modulation of the two beams, the all‐optical switches and all‐optical information conversion have also been discussed. The implementations of these few‐layered InSe‐based all‐optical devices show that the layered InSe is indeed an excellent candidate for use in future all‐optical photonic circuits as an optical diode and optical switching.
Low‐Cost, Scalable, and Reusable Photothermal Layers for Highly Efficient Solar Steam Generation and Versatile Energy Conversion
Authors: Shan Xiaoli , Zhao Aiqing , Lin Yawen , Hu Yujing , Di Yunsong , Liu Cihui , Gan Zhixing 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSolar steam generation (SSG) based on the photothermal effect has been considered to be a promising avenue for freshwater production. However, the fabrication of highly‐efficient photothermal layers, at large‐scale and low‐cost is still a challenge, hindering practical applications. Herein, it is demonstrated that carbonized towel‐gourd sponges (CTGS) are excellent photothermal materials. And a capillarity‐driven interfacial self‐coating method is developed to prepare the super‐hydrophilic CTGS/paper photothermal layer. The SSG device based on the CTGS/paper exhibits a high evaporation rate of 1.53 kg m−2 h−1 with an efficiency of 95.9% under 1 sun irradiation. The high evaporation rate only slightly reduces when confronting the diverse and complex practical SSG conditions, such as seawater and waste water. Moreover, CTGS/paper has the advantages of simple preparation, recyclablability, low‐cost (≈4 $ per m2), high‐efficiency, flexibility, and scalability, which are the important prerequisites for promoting SSG techniques for industrialization and practical applications. In addition, the versatile energy conversion ability of the CTGS/paper is also demonstrated. Assisted by the photothermal effect of CTGS/paper, solar energy is converted to mechanical energy and electricity.
The Case for a Lemon Bioeconomy
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Fidalgo Alexandra , Scurria Antonino , Sciortino Marzia , Lino Claudia , Meneguzzo Francesco , Ilharco Laura M. , Pagliaro Mario 
Published: February 2020

AbstractToday's green chemistry technologies open the route to a broader and richer economy for lemons, well beyond the fresh fruit and fruit juice markets. This has important social, environmental, and economic consequences for all lemon‐growing countries and for many industries. Which are the new bioproducts obtainable from lemon and its by‐products? And what are the unforeseen new applications of old bioproducts such as pectin? Following an updated outlook on the global lemon economy, it is shown through selected examples how the lemon bioeconomy might unfold in the course of the next few years (2021–2025).
A New Route for Dioxygen Activation Uncovered from Quantum Mechanics Investigations of X‐Ray‐Diffraction‐Captured Intermediates of the Ferroxidase Reaction of Ferritins from Gram‐Negative Bacteria
Authors: Pietra Francesco 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFollowing the recent reassessment from X‐ray‐diffraction‐caught short‐path uptake to wide permeation of the S20A mutant Escherichia coli ferritin by ferrous ions, what happens when dioxygen gets to the diiron system is investigated. It is shown that the previously X‐ray‐caught situation of an unbound‐dioxygen diferrous state actually is an ephemeral state that changes into a P‐type peroxodiferric state, while a water molecule moves to bridge the two ferric ions, in what appears to be a remarkable redox process. All this stems from density functional theory (DFT)‐based quantum mechanics‐molecular mechanics and broken symmetry (BS) calculations that are extended to X‐ray‐diffraction‐caught oxodiferric and I‐type peroxodiferric systems from other subunits of the same crystal structure, validating them while determining antiferromagnetic coupling with all such diiron systems except the oxodiferric one. The latter converged, on BS, to ferromagnetic coupling under a wide variety of hybrid DFT functionals and basis sets. The trend of the Heisenberg J coupling reflects and substantiates the structures of the diiron core.
A Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheet‐Assembled Frame Film with High Permeability and Stability
Authors: Huang Chuanhui , Liu Cong , Chen Xiangyu , Xue Zhenjie , Liu Keyan , Qiao Xuezhi , Li Xiao , Lu Zhili , Zhang Lan , Lin Zhenyu , Wang Tie 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe engineering of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) into membranes and films is being investigated, to transform laboratory‐synthesized MOFs into industrially viable products for a range of attractive applications. However, rational design and construction of highly permeable MOF thin films, without trade‐offs in terms of structural mechanical stability, remains a significant challenge. Herein, a simple, general strategy is reported to prepare thin MOF nanosheet (NS)‐assembled frame film via heteroepitaxial growth from metal hydroxide film. As the thin MOF NS‐assembled film significantly enhances the permeability of mass though the film, the resultant gold nanoparticle (Au NP)@MOF film exhibits much higher catalytic efficiency than the Au NP@MOF bulk film. Meanwhile, the unique framework of the MOF NS‐assembled film resists torsion and collapse, so the composite catalyst exhibits long‐term stability.
Net return and risk analysis of winter cover crops in dryland cotton systems
Authors: Fan Yubing , Liu Yangxuan , DeLaune Paul B. , Mubvumba Partson , Park Seong C. , Bevers Stanley J. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWinter cover crop and no‐till are two promising conservation practices to reduce soil erosion and promote long‐term sustainability. This research evaluates the net returns of two different tillage methods and five cover crop treatments in dryland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production and identifies risk‐efficient tillage and cover crop management practices. Four‐year field experiments (2013−2016) were conducted for a continuous cotton production system under conventional tillage and no‐till without a cover crop, as well as no‐till with cover crops including winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), Austrian winter field pea (Pisum sativum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), and mixed cover crops. Results showed no statistical differences in lint yields (P = .98) or net returns (P = .82). No‐till with crimson clover decreased yield variation compared to conventional tillage, while hairy vetch and mixed cover crops increased yield variation. The average net returns were US$454 and $461 ha−1 for conventional tillage and no‐till without a cover crop, respectively. The average net returns ranged from $346 to $389 ha−1 for the cover crop treatments. Producers have a higher probability of getting a higher net return if switching from conventional tillage to no‐till. The risk analysis results showed that no‐till without a cover crop was the most preferred practice by risk‐neutral, somewhat and rather risk‐averse producers. For very and extremely risk‐averse producers, no‐till with crimson clover was the most preferred management practice.
Cutaneous findings of familial cerebral cavernous malformation syndrome due to the common Hispanic mutation
Authors: Manole Athanasios K. , Forrester Vernon J. , Zlotoff Barrett J. , Hart Blaine L. , Morrison Leslie A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFamilial cerebral cavernous malformations due to the common Hispanic mutation (FCCM1‐CHM) is an endemic condition among the Hispanic population of the Southwestern United States associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Cutaneous vascular malformations (CVMs) can be found in individuals with FCCM1‐CHM, but their morphology, prevalence, and association with cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) has not been well characterized. A cross‐sectional study of 140 individuals with confirmed FCCM1‐CHM was performed with statistical analyses of CVM, CCM, and patient characteristics. We then compared these findings to other cohorts with Familial cerebral cavernous malformations (FCCM) due to other mutations. We observed a higher overall prevalence and a different predominant morphological subtype of CVM compared to previous FCCM cohorts. While the number of CVMs was not a reliable indicator of the number of CCMs present, each person with one or more CVMs had evidence of central nervous system (CNS) disease. Awareness of the morphology of these cutaneous lesions can aid in the diagnosis of individuals with FCCM‐CHM in Hispanic patients or those with family history of CCM.
Carbon Dioxide Activation at Metal Centers: Evolution of Charge Transfer from Mg .+ to CO2 in [MgCO2(H2O)n].+, n=0–8
Authors: Barwa Erik , Pascher Tobias F. , Ončák Milan , van der Linde Christian , Beyer Martin K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractWe investigate activation of carbon dioxide by singly charged hydrated magnesium cations Mg .+(H2O)n, through infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy combined with quantum chemical calculations. The spectra of [MgCO2(H2O)n].+ in the 1250–4000 cm−1 region show a sharp transition from n=2 to n=3 for the position of the CO2 antisymmetric stretching mode. This is evidence for the activation of CO2 via charge transfer from Mg .+ to CO2 for n≥3, while smaller clusters feature linear CO2 coordinated end‐on to the metal center. Starting with n=5, we see a further conformational change, with CO2.− coordination to Mg2+ gradually shifting from bidentate to monodentate, consistent with preferential hexa‐coordination of Mg2+. Our results reveal in detail how hydration promotes CO2 activation by charge transfer at metal centers.