bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear laser absorption over a dielectric embedded with nanorods
Authors: Sharma Soni , Vijay A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractAn analytical formalism of laser absorption in a nanorod embedded dielectric surface has been developed. Nanorods lie in the plane of the dielectric, in the form of a planar array. A laser, impinged on them with an electric field perpendicular to the lengths of the nanorods, imparts oscillatory velocity to nanorod electrons. As the free electrons of a nanorod are displaced, a space charge field is developed in the nanorod that exerts restoration force on the electrons and their drift velocity shows a resonance at ${\rm \omega} = {\rm \omega} _{\rm p}/\sqrt 2 $, where ωp denotes the plasma frequency of free electrons inside the nanorod. It is inhibited by collisions and nanorod expansion. At the resonance, the electrons are efficiently heated by the laser and laser energy is strongly absorbed, resulting in significant reduction in laser transmissivity. The transmissivity decreases with laser intensity.
Extensions of tensor categories by finite group fusion categories
Authors: NATALE SONIA ,   CIEM – CONICET
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe study exact sequences of finite tensor categories of the form Rep G → 𝒞 → 𝒟, where G is a finite group. We show that, under suitable assumptions, there exists a group Γ and mutual actions by permutations ⊳ : Γ × G → G and ⊲ : Γ × G→ Γ that make (G, Γ) into matched pair of groups endowed with a natural crossed action on 𝒟 such that 𝒞 is equivalent to a certain associated crossed extension 𝒟(G,Γ) of 𝒟. Dually, we show that an exact sequence of finite tensor categories VecG → 𝒞 → 𝒟 induces an Aut(G)-grading on 𝒞 whose neutral homogeneous component is a (Z(G), Γ)-crossed extension of a tensor subcategory of 𝒟. As an application we prove that such extensions 𝒞 of 𝒟 are weakly group-theoretical fusion categories if and only if 𝒟 is a weakly group-theoretical fusion category. In particular, we conclude that every semisolvable semisimple Hopf algebra is weakly group-theoretical.
Infectious disease outbreaks in the African region: overview of events reported to the World Health Organization in 2018
Authors: Mboussou F. , Ndumbi P. , Ngom R. , Kassamali Z. , Ogundiran O. , Van Beek J. , Williams G. , Okot C. , Hamblion E. L. , Impouma B. 
Published: November 2019

Abstract
The WHO African region is characterised by the largest infectious disease burden in the world. We conducted a retrospective descriptive analysis using records of all infectious disease outbreaks formally reported to the WHO in 2018 by Member States of the African region. We analysed the spatio-temporal distribution, the notification delay as well as the morbidity and mortality associated with these outbreaks. In 2018, 96 new disease outbreaks were reported across 36 of the 47 Member States. The most commonly reported disease outbreak was cholera which accounted for 20.8% (n = 20) of all events, followed by measles (n = 11, 11.5%) and Yellow fever (n = 7, 7.3%). About a quarter of the outbreaks (n = 23) were reported following signals detected through media monitoring conducted at the WHO regional office for Africa. The median delay between the disease onset and WHO notification was 16 days (range: 0–184). A total of 107 167 people were directly affected including 1221 deaths (mean case fatality ratio (CFR): 1.14% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07%–1.20%)). The highest CFR was observed for diseases targeted for eradication or elimination: 3.45% (95% CI 0.89%–10.45%). The African region remains prone to outbreaks of infectious diseases. It is therefore critical that Member States improve their capacities to rapidly detect, report and respond to public health events.
Deservingness Transfers
Authors: Skarsaune Knut Olav 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThis article seeks to cause trouble for a brand of consequentialism known as ‘desertarianism’. In somewhat different ways, views of this kind evaluate outcomes more favourably, other things equal, the better the fit between the welfare different people enjoy and the welfare they each deserve. These views imply that we can improve outcomes by redistributing welfare to fit desert, which seems plausible enough. Unfortunately, they also imply that we can improve outcomes by redistributing desert to fit welfare: in other words, by making happy people more deserving, at the cost of making unhappy people less deserving. Extant versions of desertarianism predict that such ‘deservingness transfers’ are improvements and that we ought to carry them out. Even worse, they will sometimes rank deservingness transfers higher than simply benefitting deserving people who are poorly off.
Multivariate analysis and selection criteria for identification of African rice(Oryza glaberrima)for genetic improvement ofindicarice cultivars
Authors: Ishwarya Lakshmi V. G. , Sreedhar M. , Vanisri S. , Anantha M. S. , Subba Rao L. V. , Gireesh C. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThirty-one accessions ofOryza glaberrimawere evaluated to study the genetic variability, correlation, path, principal component analysis (PCA) andD2analysis. Box plots depicted high estimates of variability for days to 50% flowering and grain yield per plant inKharif2016, plant height, productive tillers, panicle length and 1000 seed weight inKharif2017. Correlation studies revealed days to 50% flowering, plant height, panicle length, number of productive tillers, spikelets per panicle having a high direct positive association with grain yield, while path analysis identified the number of productive tillers having the maximum direct positive effect on grain yield. Days to 50% floweringviaspikelets per panicle, productive tillers and plant heightviaspikelets per panicle exhibited high positive indirect effects on grain yield per plant. PCA showed that a cumulative variance of 54.752% from yield per plant, days to 50% flowering, spikelets per panicle and panicle length, contributing almost all the variation of traits whileD2analysis identified days to 50% flowering and grain yield per plant contributing maximum to the genetic diversity. Therefore, selection of accessions with more number of productive tillers and early maturity would be most suitable for yield improvement programme. The study has revealed the utility of African rice germplasm and its potential to utilize in the genetic improvement ofindica rice varieties.
Does individual and collective remembrance of past violence impede or foster reconciliation? From Argentina to Sri Lanka
Authors: Stockwell Jill 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWhile the dominant human rights discourse on transitional justice constitutes a mix of reinforcing aims that seek to “make peace with” a violent past, this article complicates this notion by exploring how affective memories can prevent individuals from envisioning a future for themselves in which their individual and their nation's past is safely left behind. In the context of ongoing debates over whether to remember or forget a country's traumatic past, the article will show how affective memories of violence and disappearance prevail and disrupt the reconciliation paradigm, and need to be taken into account in transitional justice processes.
Considering the Role of Adaptive Evolution in Models of the Ocean and Climate System
Authors: Ward B. A. , Collins S. , Dutkiewicz S. , Gibbs S. , Bown P. , Ridgwell A. , Sauterey B. , Wilson J. D. , Oschlies A. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractNumerical models have been highly successful in simulating global carbon and nutrient cycles in today's ocean, together with observed spatial and temporal patterns of chlorophyll and plankton biomass at the surface. With this success has come some confidence in projecting the century‐scale response to continuing anthropogenic warming. There is also increasing interest in using such models to understand the role of plankton ecosystems in past oceans. However, today's marine environment is the product of billions of years of continual evolution—a process that continues today. In this paper, we address the questions of whether an assumption of species invariance is sufficient, and if not, under what circumstances current model projections might break down. To do this, we first identify the key timescales and questions asked of models. We then review how current marine ecosystem models work and what alternative approaches are available to account for evolution. We argue that for timescales of climate change overlapping with evolutionary timescales, accounting for evolution may to lead to very different projected outcomes regarding the timescales of ecosystem response and associated global biogeochemical cycling. This is particularly the case for past extinction events but may also be true in the future, depending on the eventual degree of anthropogenic disruption. The discipline of building new numerical models that incorporate evolution is also hugely beneficial in itself, as it forces us to question what we know about adaptive evolution, irrespective of its quantitative role in any specific event or environmental changes.
Systematic Variation in Marine Dissolved Organic Matter Stoichiometry and Remineralization Ratios as a Function of Lability
Authors: Zakem Emily J. , Levine Naomi M. 
Published: November 2019

Remineralization of organic matter by heterotrophic organisms regulates the biological sequestration of carbon, thereby mediating atmospheric CO2. While surface nutrient supply impacts the elemental ratios of primary production, stoichiometric control by remineralization remains unclear. Here we develop a mechanistic description of remineralization and its stoichiometry in a marine microbial ecosystem model. The model simulates the observed elemental plasticity of phytoplankton and the relatively constant, lower C:N of heterotrophic biomass. In addition, the model captures the observed decreases in the C:N of more labile dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the C:N of its remineralization with depth, which are driven by a switch in the dominant source of DOM from phytoplankton to heterotrophic biomass. Only a model version with targeted remineralization of N‐rich components is able to simulate the observed profiles of preferential remineralization of N relative to C and the elevated C:N of bulk DOM. The model suggests that more labile substrates are associated with C‐limited heterotrophic growth and not with preferential remineralization, while less labile substrates are associated with growth limited by processing rates and with preferential remineralization. The resulting patterns of variable remineralization stoichiometry mediate the extent to which a proportional increase in carbon production resulting from changes in phytoplankton stoichiometry can increase the efficiency of the biological pump. Results emphasize the importance of understanding the physiology of both phytoplankton and heterotrophs for anticipating changes in biologically driven ocean carbon storage.
Ductile Deformation Without Localization: Insights From Numerical Modeling
Authors: Gardner Robyn L. , Piazolo Sandra , Daczko Nathan R. , Evans Lynn 
Published: November 2019

AbstractStrain is easily localized in a polyphase rock, especially if the rock undergoes syntectonic weakening processes. However, there is ample field evidence for distributed, rather than localized, deformation at the outcrop to hundreds of square kilometer scale. In these areas, distributed strain is evidenced by the presence of continuous foliations and a lack of distinct high‐strain zones. Here, we use numerical modeling of viscous deformation to investigate the conditions that allow distributed rather than localized deformation. We identify three strain localization regimes for a system with rheologically strong and weak phases with or without stress‐induced weakening. Regime I is characterized by distributed strain. It forms where either deformation‐induced interconnection of the weak phase is not possible or the initial weak phase area is intermediate to high (i.e., > ~40–60% of total depending on weak phase geometry). Their resultant bulk strength is either strong or weak, respectively. Regime II is characterized by variably distributed areas of strain localization and develops if the initial proportion of weak phases is intermediate (i.e., 40–60% weak phase depending on geometry) and syntectonic weakening causes an increase (up to ~12%) of weak phase proportion. Regime III exhibits significant strain localization and only develops if the initial proportion of weak phases is relatively low (<20%) and syntectonic weakening increases the proportion of weak phases by over ~12%. Here, high‐strain zones readily form irrespective of the initial distribution of rheologically weak and hard phases, and bulk strength is intermediate.
Can Precursory Moment Release Scale With Earthquake Magnitude? A View From the Laboratory
Authors: Acosta Mateo , Passelègue François X. , Schubnel Alexandre , Madariaga Raúl , Violay Marie 
Published: November 2019

AbstractToday, earthquake precursors remain debated. While precursory slow slip is an important feature of earthquake nucleation, foreshock sequences are not always observed, and their temporal evolution remains poorly constrained. We report on laboratory earthquakes conducted under upper‐crustal stress and fluid pressure conditions. The dynamics of precursors (slip, seismicity, and fault coupling) prior to the mainshock are dramatically affected by slight changes in fault conditions (fluid pressure and slip history). A relationship between precursory moment release and mainshock magnitude is systematically observed, independent of fault conditions. Based on nucleation theory, we derive a semiempirical scaling relationship which explains this trend for laboratory earthquakes. Several natural observations of earthquakes ranging from ~Mw 6.0–9.0, where precursory moment release could be estimated, seem to follow the extrapolation of the laboratory‐derived scaling law. Notwithstanding spatiotemporal complexity in natural seismicity, some moderate to large earthquake magnitudes might be estimated through integrated seismological and geodetic measurements of both seismic and aseismic slips during nucleation.
The Molecular Basis for the Heat Capacity and Thermal Expansion of Natural Waters
Authors: Brewer Peter G. , Peltzer Edward T. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe high heat capacity of seawater has been cited as why 93% of the heat trapped by anthropogenic greenhouse gases is absorbed by the ocean. Specific heats (CP) are closely tied to molecular weight. The mean molecular weight of pure water over the range 0–40 °C is 86.1–80.7 and 89.4–84.5 for seawater. Warming of water increases the kinetic energy of the molecules and induces breaking of hydrogen bonds (8.364 kJ/mol); both effects increase the volume of the fluid. Warming pure water from 0–10 °C increases the single H2O molecular form by 1.64%, accounting for 36.3% of the energy consumed. The specific heat of pure water is thus attributable (63.7%) to increasing the kinetic energy of the water, and (36.3%) to the energy required to break hydrogen bonds. For seawater, 34.7% of the energy goes to breaking hydrogen bonds while the rest (65.3%) is attributable to increasing the kinetic energy of the molecules.
Thermospheric Heating and Cooling Times During Geomagnetic Storms, Including Extreme Events
Authors: Zesta Eftyhia , Oliveira Denny M. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractWe present the first quantitative calculations of thermospheric heating and cooling times for geomagnetic storms of different intensity, including extreme events. We utilize the neutral mass density database of the CHAllenging Mini‐satellite Payload and Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment missions to produce thermospheric global system response to geomagnetic storms caused by coronal mass ejections via superposed epoch analysis during May 2001 to December 2015. Storm events are grouped in five different categories based on the minimum value of the SYM‐H index. We calculate the time from storm onset for the thermosphere to reach maximum intensification (heating time) and the time from onset for the thermosphere to recover (cooling time). We find that heating and cooling times decrease as storm intensity increases and the effect is more pronounced for the cooling times. For extreme storms, the thermospheric heating time is 9.5 hr, while the cooling time is 22 hr.
Dynamic Evolution of Permeability in Response to Chemo‐Mechanical Compaction
Authors: Macente Alice , Vanorio Tiziana , Miller Kevin J. , Fusseis Florian , Butler Ian B. 
Published: November 2019

AbstractPressure‐solution creep is an important fluid‐mediated deformation mechanism, causing chemo‐mechanical transformations and porosity and permeability changes in rocks. The presence of phyllosilicates, in particular, has previously been hypothesized to further reduce porosity and pore connectivity. Nevertheless, a full characterization of the spatiotemporal evolution of permeability during this process has yet to be reported. A pure NaCl aggregate and a mixture of NaCl and biotite were deformed through pressure‐solution creep while monitoring their microstructural evolution through computed X‐ray microtomography. The evolution of permeability and fluid velocity of the samples were computed by using the pore geometries from the X‐ray microtomography as input for the Lattice‐Boltzmann modeling. The results indicate that, as deformation proceeds, porosity and permeability decrease in both samples. In the salt‐biotite sample pressure solution creep causes the formation of a compaction band perpendicular to the direction of loading, forming a barrier for permeability. Along the other two directions, pore connectivity and permeability are retained in the marginal salt layers, making the sample strongly anisotropic. The presence of biotite controls the way pore coordination number evolves and hence the connectivity of the pathways. Biotite flakes create an enhanced porosity decrease leading to compaction and reduction of pore connectivity. This reduction in porosity affects local stresses and local contact areas, reducing over time the driving force. According to a texture‐porosity process, the reduction in porosity causes salt ions to dissolve in the marginal salt and precipitate within the biotite‐bearing layer, where the bulk volume of salt grains increases over time.
Jurassic–Early Cenozoic Tectonic Inversion in the Qilian Shan and Qaidam Basin, North Tibet: New Insight From Seismic Reflection, Isopach Mapping, and Drill Core Data
Authors: Cheng Feng , Jolivet Marc , Guo Zhaojie , Lu Huayu , Zhang Bo , Li Xiangzhong , Zhang Daowei , Zhang Changhao , Zhang Hanzhi , Wang Lin , Wang Zhenqiang , Zhang Qiquan 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThe pre‐Cenozoic structural pattern of Asia has had a strong impact on the localization and propagation of the Cenozoic deformation that gave birth to the Tibetan Plateau. Northern Tibet represents a key area to decipher the structural and kinematic links between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic evolution of Tibet. Nonetheless, the Mesozoic tectonic setting of the North Tibet and the role that the Paleozoic inherited Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) shearing zone played in controlling the regional tectonic pattern during the deposition of the Mesozoic strata remain controversial. This study is based on seismic reflections, isopach maps of the Mesozoic strata in the Qaidam Basin, and provenance analysis using detrital zircon geochronological and heavy mineral contents. Seismic reflections and isopach maps demonstrate that sustained strike‐slip motion along the ATF during the Early to Late Jurassic induced transtensional basin formation. Further away from the main ATF (eastern parts of the Qilian Shan and the northern Qaidam Basin), transtension also occurred along major faults, although local transpression developed in relay zones. Rotation in the regional stress field induced compression and basin inversion during the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. The Cenozoic sedimentary rocks in these regions display widespread growth strata and angular unconformities characteristic of compression. This is consistent with topographic changes marked by sediment source variation evidenced by detrital zircon geochronology and heavy mineral analysis. We propose that the mechanism driving the Jurassic extension/transtension in North Tibet could be related to far‐field effects of subduction processes along the southern margins of the continent.
Three‐Dimensional Structure of a Cold‐Core Arctic Eddy Interacting with the Chukchi Slope Current
Authors: Scott Ryan M. , Pickart Robert S. , Lin Peigen , Münchow Andreas , Li Min , Stockwell Dean A. , Brearley J. Alexander 
Published: November 2019

AbstractA rapid, high‐resolution shipboard survey, using a combination of lowered and expendable hydrographic measurements and vessel‐mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler data, provided a unique three‐dimensional view of an Arctic anti‐cyclonic cold‐core eddy. The eddy was situated 50‐km seaward of the Chukchi Sea shelfbreak over the 1,000 m isobath, embedded in the offshore side of the Chukchi slope current. The eddy core, centered near 150‐m depth, consisted of newly ventilated Pacific winter water which was high in nitrate and dissolved oxygen. Its fluorescence signal was due to phaeopigments rather than chlorophyll, indicating that photosynthesis was no longer active, consistent with an eddy age on the order of months. Subtracting out the slope current signal demonstrated that the eddy velocity field was symmetrical with a peak azimuthal speed of order 10 cm s−1. Its Rossby number was ~0.4, consistent with the fact that the measured cyclogeostrophic velocity was dominated by the geostrophic component. Different scenarios are discussed regarding how the eddy became embedded in the slope current, and what the associated ramifications are with respect to eddy spin‐down and ventilation of the Canada Basin halocline.
Impacts of ENSO and IOD on Snow Depth Over the Tibetan Plateau: Roles of Convections Over the Western North Pacific and Indian Ocean
Authors: Jiang Xingwen , Zhang Tuantuan , Tam Chi‐Yung , Chen Junwen , Lau Ngar‐Cheung , Yang Song , Wang Zunya 
Published: November 2019

AbstractThere is a consensus that snow over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) modulates the regional climate significantly. Possible causes for the interannual variability of snow over the TP, however, are under debate, especially regarding the independent roles of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). Based on in situ observational data analyses and model simulations, our study shows that impacts of ENSO and IOD on snow depth (SD) over the TP are different during early winter. In particular, ENSO mostly affects SD over the eastern TP, while IOD affects SD over the central western TP. Both above‐normal snowfall and cold temperature anomaly contribute to deeper‐than‐normal SD, with the former playing a more important role. Diabatic cooling of the suppressed convection over the western North Pacific that related to the positive phase of ENSO could excite an anomalous cyclonic circulation and strong cold temperature anomalies over the eastern TP. There is an enhanced moisture transported over the eastern TP from the tropics due to the anomalous cyclonic circulation, along with strong cold temperature anomalies, resulting in above‐normal snowfall in the eastern TP. On the other hand, anomalous convection over the western Indian Ocean related to the positive IOD could generate a wave train propagating northeastward and induce an anomalous cyclonic circulation over the central western TP. The associated anomalous circulation transports extra moisture from the tropics to the central western TP, providing conditions favorable for more snowfall over the central western TP. Opposite conditions tend to occur during negative phases of ENSO and IOD.