bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of simulators in medical education
Authors: Buck George H. 
Published: December 2020

The historical development of simulators is presented in respect to their application in medical training. Simulators allow, to some extent, practical training without any inconvenience for patien ts. The earliest sim ula tors in the history of medicine were the obstetrical manikins introduced toivards 1700 by father and son Grégoire of Paris and primarily intended for the instruction of lay people, i.e. midwives. Their further development is followed up to contemporary models of highly specialized use.
Since 1960 simulators are more and more used for the training of doctors, nurses and laymen in resuscitation techniques. Tn combination with computers, high-fidelity Simulators were created which, e.g., react to anaesthetics like real human beings. Conclusions about future developments and uses of simulators in medical education, in view of their history, are provided.
Rudolf Wolf: Lehrer, Forschungsorganisator und Wissenschaftshistoriker. Zu seinem 100.Todesjahr
Authors: Glaus Beat 
Published: December 2020

Rudolf Wolf (1816-1893): Astronomer;, Research Organizer, Historian of Sciences
Rudolf Wolf is remembered by the scientific comm unity above all as a pion eer of sun spots research. On the centennial anniversary of his death it is appropriate to review his other achievements, which have been wrongly neglected. Wolf organized various astronomical, geodetic and meteorological projects. For example, it ivas on his initiative that the Federal Observatory in Zurich, designed by the famous architect Gottfried Semper, was built. He taught at academic institutions m Berne and Zurich and developed the library of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich, from its beginnings. His contributions to the history of science are still of interest today: Biographien zur Kulturgeschichte der Schweiz (4 vol., 1858-1862) ; Geschichte der Astronomie (Munich 1877, reprint 1965) ; Geschichte der Vermessungen in der Schweiz (1879) ; Handbuch der Astronomie, ihrer Geschichte und Literatur (2 vol., 1890—1893; reprints 1973).
Betrayal! The 1806 English Translation of Pinel’s Traité médico-philosophique sur l’aliénation mentale ou la manie
Authors: Weiner Dora B. 
Published: December 2020

The translation of important work in science and medicine into the major vernacular languages became imperative when Latin went out of fashion some two hundred years ago. Unfortunately the choice of the translators remained haphazard and without standards as to their qualifications.
The only English translation of Philippe Pinel’s masterpiece, the Traité médico-philosophique sur Taliénation mentale on la manie, is a sad example of betrayal by its translator. The Traité appeared in Paris in 1800 and was issued in English in 1806 by the well-known London publishers Cadelt and Davies.
Why did they choose a young obstetrician from Sheffield, David Daniel Davis (1777-1841)? Fragmentary sources indicate that one Sayer Walker, M.D., who had known Pinel in Montpellier, acted as intermediary.
This article investigates the flaws of the translation and the bias of the translator, with fatal consequences for the Anglo-American literature in the history of mental illness.
Spanish Influenza in the Heart of Europe. A Study of a Significant Sample of the Basque Population
Authors: Erkoreka Anton 
Published: December 2020

This article presents calculations and comparisons of mortality rates for influenza, for diseases of the respiratory system (with the exception of tuberculosis) and for all the causes of death, in 21 locations in the Basque Country (between Spain and France). The data were collected from all the entries in the death registers for the period between May 1918 and April 1919. The Spanish influenza pandemic affected this population sample to a varying extent. Depending on the characteristic of the different locations, the mortality rate varied between 2.2 and 19.7‰ for influenza, and between 7.5 and 25.7‰ for influenza and other diseases of the respiratory system. The mortality rate for the total population studied has been calculated to be 6.8‰ for Spanish influenza and 12.1‰ for influenza and other diseases of the respiratory system.
The first wave of the pandemic (spring 1918) was benign like a seasonal influenza. The second wave (autumn 1918) was extremely virulent owing to the mutation of the virus in Europe during the summer. This article identifies one of the sites, on the border between France and Spain, from which the second wave of the Spanish flu spread.
Ernst von Metternich (1656–1727). Ein patientenzentrierter Einblick in den medizinischen Markt um 1720
Authors: Jankrift Kay Peter , Kinzelbach Annemarie , Ruisinger Marion Maria 
Published: December 2020

In his medical diary the physician Johann Christoph Götz from Nuremberg recorded his visits as well as his consiliary correspondence. The case of Count Ernst of Metternich who dwelled in Ratisbon and suffered from a bladder stone is particularly well documented. Thus, the source which is focusing the doctor permits to take a look at a section of the medical market managed by the patient around 1720.
Besides the Medicus ordinarius Metternich’s specific network, the patient’s network, comprised quite a number of local or transmigratory doctors, surgeons or lay healers as well as (former) invalids, whom he consulted in direct interviews or – in the case of Götz – by letter. The example reveals in which way the medical market was determined by the ego-network.
Analyzing this section of the market, which becomes visible through the interaction between Metternich and Götz, one can profit from Pierre Bourdieu’s conception of different forms of capital. Financial capital, the exchange of goods or services against money, seems of minor importance. In lieu thereof, different cohesions become obvious, in which social, cultural and symbolical capital could become decisive for the doctor’s as well as for the patient’s actions and assertive for the market.
Representation of Dangerous Sexuality in Interwar Non-Fiction Sex Hygiene Films: A Franco-German Comparison
Authors: Danet Joël 
Published: December 2020

In the interwar period VD prevention films accompanied the introduction of new “permanent” treatments for syphilis. While they still warned the audience about the dangers of infection, these films were primarily designed to inform about these new methods for curing syphilis. These methods could only be effective if the infected patient immediately consulted a certified doctor (as opposed to a charlatan) upon experiencing the first symptoms.
The objectives of the commissioners of health education films tended to go beyond simply conveying a propaganda message. They adhere to and act on the educational potential that the film medium offers to an adult audience. In addressing subjects like sexual health, the films speak to the intimate lives of the audience members, faced with characters whose sexual behaviour is meant to echo their own or that of their friends and relatives. In order to properly raise awareness, the film must escort them, help them overcome their disarray, and persuade them that they are morally able to adopt the necessary measures to avoid contagion.
This paper consists in an in-depth comparative study of three anti-vene-real films produced and shown between 1928 and 1931, a short but pivotal period in the development of continental European syphilis prevention films. The three films illustrate two forms of screenplay action. In the French films, the patient is identified with a tragic hero and the medical institution embodied by a providential man. Contrary to these French films, the German film tends to display a more matter-of-fact-approach, which is not meant to downplay the risks but rather to clearly identify and address the community exposed to danger and to present how the infection is taken care of once it is diagnosed. Here I consider these films together to show how different ways of conveying the same medical discourse were adopted to adjust to national cinematographic environments.
The Rong Ngeng of the Andaman Coast: History, Ecology, and the Preservation of a Traditional Performing Art
Authors: Ross Lawrence 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
This article examines recent grassroots strategies for preserving traditional performing arts along southern Thailand’s Andaman Sea Coast, focusing on rong ngeng, an idiomatic form of social dance and music, widely popular there in the post-World War Two years. Between 1935 and 1960 a small, mixed cohort of rural performing artists created networks of communities, scattered on Thai-Andaman, with a distinctive regional culture based in the shared repertoire of songs and dances they adapted, created an innovative lyrical style called phleng tanyong (Tanyong song), and a star system that turned village performers into local celebrities (Ross 2017, 68). More than a mere vibrant, short-lived micro-tradition which declined in the wake of a growing, hegemonic pan-Thai performing arts culture, however, rong ngeng has, since the 2000s, experienced a revival. The new incarnation was tied to economics, nostalgia, and a reawakening of local identity. Using a broadly cultural ecology approach which draws on more than a decade of fieldwork in the Thailand-Malaysia border region, oral accounts of rong ngeng performers, past and present, and comparisons with performance practices across the regions, this paper argues that efforts toward revival and sustainability have seen their greatest success among communities that possess several characteristics, including strong historical and genealogical links to erstwhile cultural practices, participatory forms of entertainment, and the ability among its members to articulate the relevance of performing arts to the society-at-large.
Interpretive Constructs in Contrast: The Case of Flattery in Hebrew and in Palestinian Arabic
Authors: Danziger Roni , Kampf Zohar 
Published: December 2020

Abstract
The contrastive study of interpretive constructs, the end products of evaluative processes, enables identification of patterns of meaning-making that may result in cross-cultural misunderstandings. The study focuses on judgments of flattery in Israeli Hebrew and Palestinian Arabic. Using contrastive metapragmatic methodology, it examines how flattery is used and perceived in two neighbouring speech communities with different cultural speaking styles: Israeli dugri (and its related firgun) and Arabic musayara. Findings indicate more similarities than differences in the performance and evaluation of flattery, with a slight departure with regard to evaluation and stance. We hypothesize that following the asymmetrical contact between Hebrew speakers and Arabic speakers in Israel, younger Arabic speakers tend to adopt the majority group’s patterns of politeness.
Filozoficzne i religijne korzenie narodowego socjalizmu
Authors: Strutyński Maciej 
Published: December 2020

Philosophical and Religious Roots of National SocialismUnderstanding the sources of national socialism requires exploring religious and philosophical sources of German culture. Such research was carried out by Bogdan Suchodolski and Leon Halban, whose work was included in this book. Their research shows that it is necessary to refer to axiological issues when analyzing contemporary political phenomena. Filozoficzne i religijne korzenie narodowego socjalizmuPoznanie źródeł narodowego socjalizmu wymaga odniesienia się do religijnych i filozoficznych źródeł kultury niemieckiej. Takie badania przeprowadzili Bogdan Suchodolski oraz Leon Halban, których prace zostały zamieszczone w recenzowanej książce. Ich badania pokazują, że także przy analizowaniu współczesnych zjawisk politycznych konieczne jest sięgnięcie do zagadnień aksjologicznych.
Tożsamości rozmyte. Tożsamość kulturowa pogranicza polsko-niemieckiego w XXI wieku. Zarys problemów
Authors: Dudziak Maciej J. 
Published: December 2020

Fuzzy Identities. Cultural Identity of the Polish-German Borderland in the 21st Century: An OutlineThis text is an attempt to summarize the three decades (1989–2019) of NGO activity in the broadly understood Polish-German borderland, with a particular emphasis on the area of the so-called Central Nadodrze. Two organizations, The Society of Witnica’s Friends and the daughter organization of the Polish-German Educatio Association “Pro Europa Viadrina,” were chosen as an exemplification of a certain way of coping with cultural reality, also in the historical aspect in the border area. Tożsamości rozmyte. Tożsamość kulturowa pogranicza polsko-niemieckiego w XXI wieku. Zarys problemówNiniejszy tekst stanowi próbę podsumowania trzech dekad (1989–2019) działalności organizacji pozarządowych na szeroko rozumianym pograniczu polsko-niemieckim, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem obszaru tzw. Środkowego Nadodrza. Jako egzemplifikację pewnego sposobu radzenia sobie z rzeczywistością kulturową, również w aspekcie historycznym na obszarze pogranicza, wybrano Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Witnicy oraz organizację-córkę Polsko-Niemieckie Stowarzyszenie Educatio „Pro Europa Viadrina”. Autor zarysował problematykę tzw. tożsamości rozmytych jako odmianę tożsamości kulturowej pogranicza polsko-niemieckiego w XXI wieku.
Spatiotemporal Lightning Activity Detected by WWLLN over the Tibetan Plateau and Its Comparison with LIS Lightning
Authors: Ma Ruiyang , Zheng Dong , Zhang Yijun , Yao Wen , Zhang Wenjuan , Cuomu Deqing 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHerein, we compared data on the spatiotemporal distribution of lightning activity obtained from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) with that from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). The WWLLN and LIS both suggest intense lightning activity over the central and southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) during May–September. Meanwhile, the WWLLN indicates relatively weak lightning activity over the northeastern TP, where the LIS suggests very intense lightning activity, and it also indicates a high-density lightning center over the southwestern TP that is not suggested by the LIS. Furthermore, the WWLLN lightning peaks in August in terms of monthly variation and in late August in terms of 10-day variation, unlike the corresponding LIS lightning peaks of July and late June, respectively. Other observation data were also introduced into the comparison. The blackbody temperature (TBB) data from the Fengyun-2E geostationary satellite (as a proxy of deep convection) and thunderstorm-day data support the spatial distribution of the WWLLN lightning more. Meanwhile, for seasonal variation, the TBB data are more analogous to the LIS data, whereas the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning data from a local CG lightning location system are closer to the WWLLN data. It is speculated that the different WWLLN and LIS observation modes may cause their data to represent different dominant types of lightning, thereby leading to differences in the spatiotemporal distributions of their data. The results may further imply that there exist regional differences and seasonal variations in the electrical properties of thunderstorms over the TP.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for COVID-19-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in a 5-year-old
Authors: Schwartz Stephanie P. , Walker Tracie C. , Kihlstrom Margaret , Isani Mubina , Smith Melissa M. , Smith Rebecca L. , McLean Sean E. , Clement Katherine C. , Phillips Michael R. 
Published: December 2020

Severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) that ranges from mild symptoms to cardiopulmonary collapse. A 5-year-old girl presented with shock and a rapid decline in left ventricular function requiring intubation. SARS-CoV-2 was diagnosed by viral Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and she received remdesivir and COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Initial echocardiogram (ECHO) demonstrated low normal left ventricular function and mild left anterior descending coronary artery dilation. She remained hypotensive, despite high-dose epinephrine and norepinephrine infusions as well as stress-dose hydrocortisone. Admission SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay was positive, meeting the criteria for MIS-C. An ECHO 9 hours after admission demonstrated a severe decline in left ventricular function. Due to severe cardiogenic shock, she was cannulated for venoarterial extracorporeal support (ECMO). During her ECMO course, she was treated with remdesivir, intravenous methylprednisolone, intravenous immunoglobulin, and anakinra. She was decannulated on ECMO day 7, extubated the following day, and discharged home 2 weeks later without respiratory or cardiac support. The use of ECMO for cardiopulmonary support for pediatric patients with MIS-C is feasible and should be considered early as part of the treatment algorithm for patients with severe cardiopulmonary dysfunction.
Psychometric properties of the Cumulated Ambulation Score French translation
Authors: Jérôme Valcarenghi , Esfandiar Chahidi , Morten Tange Kristensen , Amandine Ledoux , Harold Jennart , Matteo Luisetto , Lindsey Heurion , Jacques Hernigou , Thibaut Thüngen 
Published: December 2020

Objective: To examine measurement properties (inter-rater reliability, agreement, validity, and responsiveness) of the Cumulated Ambulation Score French translation in patients with hip fracture. Design: Methodological study. Setting: A 20-bed orthopedic unit and 20-bed geriatric unit. Subjects: About 140 consecutive patients with a mean (SD) age of 83 (12) years. Interventions: The English version of the Cumulated Ambulation Score used to evaluate basic mobility was translated into French following international guidelines. Two raters independently assessed all patients on postoperative days one, two, three, and 30 after a hip fracture surgery. Relative and absolute inter-rater reliability and responsiveness (effect size for improvement from postoperative day two to 30) were evaluated. Convergent validity was analyzed by Spearman’s correlation coefficient comparing the Cumulated Ambulation Score with two other measures on postoperative day two and 30. Main measure: Cumulated Ambulation Score. Results: The weighted Kappa value ranged from 0.89 to 1.0. The standard error of measurement and the smallest real difference of the Cumulated Ambulation Score ranged, respectively, from 0.12 to 0.23 and from 0.32 to 0.6 points, while the effect size reached 1.03 (95% CI 0.87–1.26). There was a strong positive correlation comparing the Cumulated Ambulation Score with the French Tinetti Assessment Tool ( r ⩾ 0.83) and the French Mini Motor Test ( r ⩾ 0.79). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that the Cumulated Ambulation Score’s French version is a reliable and valid tool to assess patients’ basic mobility with hip fractures.
Observer Ratings of Shared Decision Making Do Not Match Patient Reports: An Observational Study in 5 Family Medicine Practices
Authors: Diendéré Gisèle , Farhat Imen , Witteman Holly , Ndjaboue Ruth 
Published: December 2020

Background Measuring shared decision making (SDM) in clinical practice is important to improve the quality of health care. Measurement can be done by trained observers and by people participating in the clinical encounter, namely, patients. This study aimed to describe the correlations between patients’ and observers’ ratings of SDM using 2 validated and 2 nonvalidated SDM measures in clinical consultations. Methods In this cross-sectional study, we recruited 238 complete dyads of health professionals and patients in 5 university-affiliated family medicine clinics in Canada. Participants completed self-administered questionnaires before and after audio-recorded medical consultations. Observers rated the occurrence of SDM during medical consultations using both the validated OPTION-5 (the 5-item “observing patient involvement” score) and binary questions on risk communication and values clarification (RCVC-observer). Patients rated SDM using both the 9-item Shared Decision-Making Questionnaire (SDM-Q9) and binary questions on risk communication and values clarification (RCVC-patient). Results Agreement was low between observers’ and patients’ ratings of SDM using validated OPTION-5 and SDM-Q9, respectively (ρ = 0.07; P = 0.38). Observers’ ratings using RCVC-observer were correlated to patients’ ratings using either SDM-Q9 ( rpb = −0.16; P = 0.01) or RCVC-patients ( rpb = 0.24; P = 0.03). Observers’ OPTION-5 scores and patients’ ratings using RCVC-questions were moderately correlated ( rφ = 0.33; P = 0.04). Conclusion There was moderate to no alignment between observers’ and patients’ ratings of SDM using both validated and nonvalidated measures. This lack of strong correlation emphasizes that observer and patient perspectives are not interchangeable. When assessing the presence, absence, or extent of SDM, it is important to clearly state whose perspectives are reflected.
Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is associated with favorable outcomes in patients with sepsis: an updated meta-analysis
Authors: Wang Chenyang , Han Dong , Feng Xiaojing , Wu Jing 
Published: December 2020

Objectives The efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of sepsis is controversial. We conducted an updated meta-analysis to clarify the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with sepsis. Methods PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in adults with sepsis. Results Twenty eligible RCTs involving 1514 patients were included in the meta-analysis. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation was linked to reductions of mortality ( I2 = 0, relative risk [RR] = 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.69–0.97), the duration of mechanical ventilation (DMV; I2 = 74%, weighted mean difference [WMD] = −2.20, 95% CI = −4.00 to −0.40), and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS; I2 = 91%, WMD = −3.86, 95% CI = −5.72 to −2.01). Subgroup analysis illustrated that mortality was significantly reduced in patients with sepsis and gastrointestinal dysfunction (RR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.29–0.86, I2 = 0). Conclusion Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation might be associated with reduced mortality in patients with sepsis, especially those with gastrointestinal dysfunction. Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acid administration could shorten DMV and ICU LOS.
Clinical characteristics and quality of life among Sri Lankan patients with chronic pancreatitis
Authors: Jayarajah Umesh , Widyarathne Thisaru , Nawarathne Metthananda , Raguvaran Sivananthan , Subramaniam Nishanthan , Riza Rishdha , De Zoysa Ishan , Seneviratne Suranjith L 
Published: December 2020

Objective We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics of chronic pancreatitis (CP) and patient quality of life (QOL) in a resource-limited setting. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study including patients with clinical and radiological features of CP. We collected clinical data and assessed QOL using the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire. Results We included 103 patients (median age 44 years, 84 men). Median age at symptom onset was 36 (4–78) years. Around 70% of patients had diabetes mellitus and 62.1% had consumed alcohol; 36 (35%) were current smokers. The mean overall global QOL score was 68.7. Most patients (91.3%) sought treatment from multiple centers. Nineteen (18.5%) had pancreatic stone disease, 38 (36.9%) had persistent abdominal pain (median severity 7.8/10, 59 (57.3%) had steatorrhea, and 56 (54.4%) had jaundice. Poor QOL was significantly associated with weight loss, loss of appetite, and intractable pain. No correlation with age, sex, or alcohol consumption was noted. Conclusion A considerable proportion of patients with CP had troublesome symptoms. Intractable pain, loss of appetite, and weight loss were significantly associated with poor QOL. Further assessment is needed of patients’ psychosocial well-being and its association with QOL.