bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2-Chloroethyl Fatty Acid Esters as Indicators of 2-Chloroethanol in Black Walnuts,
Seasoning Mixes, and Spices
Authors: Yurawecz Martin P 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Residues of 2-chloroethyl fatty acid esters (CEEs) and 2-chloroethanol (ECH), by-products of ethylene oxide fumigation, were determined in black walnuts, seasoning mixes, and spices. Extracts containing ECH and CEE were cleaned up by previously described procedures, and residue levels were quantitatively determined using a gas chromatograph equipped with a halogen-selective electrolytic conductivity detector. All food products that contained CEE residues also contained ECH. ECH residues ranged from &lt;0.2 to 880 ppm and were &lt;0.2-7 times the CEE levels found.
Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Spiked Soil
Authors: Coover Mervin P , Sims Ronald C , Doucette William 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A homogenization method was evaluated for extracting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soils. Fifteen PAHs were spiked and recovered from 2 soils at concentrations ranging from 1 to 1000 Mg/g. using the homogenization method and a Soxhlet extraction method. Each extraction method performed well in removing the 15 PAHs from both soils over a broad range of concentrations. In general, Soxhlet extraction yielded slightly but significantly (P &lt;0.05) higher recoveries than did the homogenization method. The homogenization method, however, was easy to use, and the extraction step turnaround time was less than 15 min/sample. The method should be suitable for other applications requiring the extraction of hydrophobic organic compounds from soils.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Sulfamoyldapsone in Swine Tissues
Authors: Endoh Yuuko S , Yamaoka Ryozo , Sasaki Nobuo 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for the quantitative determination of sulfamoyldapsone (2-sulfamoyl-4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone) in swine muscle, liver, kidney, and fat. Sulfamoyldapsone was extracted from tissues with acetonitrile saturated with n-hexane. The extract was washed with n-hexane saturated with acetonitrile, concentrated, and cleaned up by alumina column chromatography. Sulfamoyldapsone was separated on an ODS column by using acetonitrile-methanol-water (6 + 18 + 76) and was detected at 292 nm. Overall average recovery of sulfamoyldapsone added to tissues at levels of 0.1 and 0.5 /μg/g was 93.3% ± 6.0. Detection limit was 0.02 μg/g in these tissues.
Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Cholecalciferol m Rodent Baits
Authors: Gehrig Connie C , Stringham Rodger W 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is extracted In acetonitrile on a Goldfisch apparatus, diluted to volume, and determined by reverse phase liquid chromatography (LC). The sum of the peak heights of pre-vitamin D3, and cfr-vitamin D3, is used for quantitation. The method was tested for precision, linearity, and recovery. Quadruplicate analyses of 5 formulation samples gave relative standard deviations of 1.56- 2.65%. Linearity was excellent with regression and correlation coefficients of 0.9997 and 0.9998, respectively. Recovery was 98.0 ± 2.7%. The method is applicable to 0.075% cholecalciferol rodent baits.
Titrimetric Determination of Carbon Dioxide in Wine: Collaborative Study
Authors: Caputi Arthur , Walker Durward R 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The AOAC official methods for determination of carbon dioxide in wine are time-consuming, relatively complex, and may not be suitable for newer wine products with higher levels of carbonation. A different procedure was collaboratively studied. In this method, NaOH is added to convert CO2, in the wine to the carbonate form. The solution is then titrated with a standard H2S04 solution, and the titer is recorded between pH 8.6 and 4.0. A degassed sample of the same wine is analyzed in the same manner to provide a blank, and that titer is subtracted before the C02 concentration is calculated. Ten laboratories participated in the collaborative study. Each laboratory received 6 pairs of coded samples covering a range of approximately 200 to 380 mg CO2/100 mL. The results from 2 laboratories were excluded as outliers. Although the samples used were commercially produced wines whose carbon dioxide content can vary due to normal bottling equipment variations, average standard deviations for reproducibility and repeatability were 10.97 and 9.96, respectively. The method has been adopted official first action.
Expanding and Tracking the Capabilities of Pesticide Multiresidue Methodology Used in the
Food and Drug Administration's Pesticide Monitoring Programs
Authors: Mcmahon Bernadette M , Burke Jerry A 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Foods analyzed for pesticide residues in the monitoring programs of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are most often examined by using one or more of the multiresidue methods developed for this purpose over the years. Because no single method can be used for all potential residues, each commodity is examined by a method or methods which will identify and/or determine the chemicals most likely to have been used. FDA conducts research to develop new multiresidue methods, which are included in monitoring programs as needed to cover additional chemicals. FDA's multiresidue methods have undergone continuous study over a 20 year period to ascertain which compounds can and cannot be recovered by them. FDA continues to perform tests to discover a compound's analytical characteristics. Protocols have been published to direct the testing of additional compounds so that new information can be added to the existing compilations. Methods capable of determining residues of single pesticides are used to analyze selected commodities for residues of high priority that cannot be determined by existing multiresidue methods. Pestrak, a computerized listing of pesticide analytical information, has been developed by FDA to keep track of the capabilities of multiresidue methods and the coverage of residues by the single residue methods used in FDA monitoring.
Importance of Quality Assurance in Canadian Pesticide Analysis
Authors: Conacher Henry B S 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Three important elements of the pesticide quality assurance program in the Health Protection Branch of Canada are described—the sampling protocol, the repository of pesticide standards, and the check sample program of the Federal Interdepartmental Committee on Pesticides. All play an important role in ensuring the production of sound, valid pesticide residue data. Efforts to improve each element will continue in the future.
Determination of Cinnamyl Anthranilate in Perfume, Cologne, and Toilet Water by Liquid
Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Demers Francois X , Yates Ronald L , Davis Henry M 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection was developed for the determination of cinnamyl anthranilate in perfumes and other fragrance compositions. The method was evaluated by conducting recovery studies of 10 different commercial fragrance compositions to which cinnamyl anthranilate had been added at levels of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL. Recoveries ranged from 91 to 103% with a mean of 97% and a standard deviation of ±3.3%.
Francis Place (1647–1728) and his collection of works on paper
Authors: Pierce Helen 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Within the modest archive of materials relating to the artist Francis Place at Hospitalfield House in Arbroath is an eighteenth-century notebook listing a selection of drawings by Place and others, which were inherited by his daughter Frances Wyndham. Although Place’s original and significant collection of prints, drawings and paintings is now widely dispersed, the drawings notebook at Hospitalfield and a corresponding notebook listing intaglio prints go some way to reconstructing the contents of his studio or ‘painting room’ at York, and aid our understanding of the influences that informed this largely self-taught artist. The details in the drawings notebook of sketches now lost or in private hands also greatly develop Place’s known oeuvre in this medium; evidence is provided for a far broader range of subjects, including nude figure studies and biblical subjects, than has previously been acknowledged.
The relationship between black hole mass and galaxy properties: examining the black hole feedback model in IllustrisTNG
Authors: Terrazas Bryan A , Bell Eric F , Pillepich Annalisa , Nelson Dylan , Somerville Rachel S , Genel Shy , Weinberger Rainer , Habouzit Mélanie , Li Yuan , Hernquist Lars , Vogelsberger Mark 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
Supermassive black hole feedback is thought to be responsible for the lack of star formation, or quiescence, in a significant fraction of galaxies. We explore how observable correlations between the specific star formation rate (sSFR), stellar mass (Mstar), and black hole mass (MBH) are sensitive to the physics of black hole feedback in a galaxy formation model. We use the IllustrisTNG simulation suite, specifically the TNG100 simulation and 10 model variations that alter the parameters of the black hole model. Focusing on central galaxies at z = 0 with Mstar &gt; 1010 M⊙, we find that the sSFR of galaxies in IllustrisTNG decreases once the energy from black hole kinetic winds at low accretion rates becomes larger than the gravitational binding energy of gas within the galaxy stellar radius. This occurs at a particular MBH threshold above which galaxies are found to sharply transition from being mostly star forming to mostly quiescent. As a result of this behaviour, the fraction of quiescent galaxies as a function of Mstar is sensitive to both the normalization of the MBH–Mstar relation and the MBH threshold for quiescence in IllustrisTNG. Finally, we compare these model results to observations of 91 central galaxies with dynamical MBH measurements with the caveat that this sample is not representative of the whole galaxy population. While IllustrisTNG reproduces the observed trend that quiescent galaxies host more massive black holes, the observations exhibit a broader scatter in MBH at a given Mstar and show a smoother decline in sSFR with MBH.
Optimizing automatic morphological classification of galaxies with machine learning and deep learning using Dark Energy Survey imaging
Authors: Cheng Ting-Yun , Conselice Christopher J , Aragón-Salamanca Alfonso , Li Nan , Bluck Asa F L , Hartley Will G , Annis James , Brooks David , Doel Peter , García-Bellido Juan , James David J , Kuehn Kyler , Kuropatkin Nikolay , Smith Mathew , Sobreira Flavia , Tarle Gregory 
Published: February 2020

ABSTRACT
There are several supervised machine learning methods used for the application of automated morphological classification of galaxies; however, there has not yet been a clear comparison of these different methods using imaging data, or an investigation for maximizing their effectiveness. We carry out a comparison between several common machine learning methods for galaxy classification [Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), K-nearest neighbour, logistic regression, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Neural Networks] by using Dark Energy Survey (DES) data combined with visual classifications from the Galaxy Zoo 1 project (GZ1). Our goal is to determine the optimal machine learning methods when using imaging data for galaxy classification. We show that CNN is the most successful method of these ten methods in our study. Using a sample of ∼2800 galaxies with visual classification from GZ1, we reach an accuracy of ∼0.99 for the morphological classification of ellipticals and spirals. The further investigation of the galaxies that have a different ML and visual classification but with high predicted probabilities in our CNN usually reveals the incorrect classification provided by GZ1. We further find the galaxies having a low probability of being either spirals or ellipticals are visually lenticulars (S0), demonstrating that supervised learning is able to rediscover that this class of galaxy is distinct from both ellipticals and spirals. We confirm that ∼2.5 per cent galaxies are misclassified by GZ1 in our study. After correcting these galaxies’ labels, we improve our CNN performance to an average accuracy of over 0.99 (accuracy of 0.994 is our best result).
Long noncoding RNA HCP5 participates in premature ovarian insufficiency by transcriptionally regulating MSH5 and DNA damage repair via YB1
Authors: Wang Xiaoyan , Zhang Xinyue , Dang Yujie , Li Duan , Lu Gang , Chan Wai-Yee , Leung Peter C K , Zhao Shidou , Qin Yingying , Chen Zi-Jiang 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The genetic etiology of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) has been well established to date, however, the role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in POI is largely unknown. In this study, we identified a down-expressed lncRNA HCP5 in granulosa cells (GCs) from biochemical POI (bPOI) patients, which impaired DNA damage repair and promoted apoptosis of GCs. Mechanistically, we discovered that HCP5 stabilized the interaction between YB1 and its partner ILF2, which could mediate YB1 transferring into the nucleus of GCs. HCP5 silencing affected the localization of YB1 into nucleus and reduced the binding of YB1 to the promoter of MSH5 gene, thereby diminishing MSH5 expression. Taken together, we identified that the decreased expression of HCP5 in bPOI contributed to dysfunctional GCs by regulating MSH5 transcription and DNA damage repair via the interaction with YB1, providing a novel epigenetic mechanism for POI pathogenesis.
A novel NGS library preparation method to characterize native termini of fragmented DNA
Authors: Harkins Kelly M , Schaefer Nathan K , Troll Christopher J , Rao Varsha , Kapp Joshua , Naughton Colin , Shapiro Beth , Green Richard E 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBiological and chemical DNA fragmentation generates DNA molecules with a variety of termini, including blunt ends and single-stranded overhangs. We have developed a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) assay, XACTLY, to interrogate the termini of fragmented DNA, information traditionally lost in standard NGS library preparation methods. Here we describe the XACTLY method, showcase its sensitivity and specificity, and demonstrate its utility in in vitro experiments. The XACTLY assay is able to report relative abundances of all lengths and types (5′ and 3′) of single-stranded overhangs, if present, on each DNA fragment with an overall accuracy between 80–90%. In addition, XACTLY retains the sequence of each native DNA molecule after fragmentation and can capture the genomic landscape of cleavage events at single nucleotide resolution. The XACTLY assay can be applied as a novel research and discovery tool for fragmentation analyses and in cell-free DNA.
EGFR blockade in GBM brain tumor stem cells synergizes with JAK2/STAT3 pathway inhibition to abrogate compensatory mechanisms in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Jensen Katharine V , Hao Xiaoguang , Aman Ahmed , Luchman H Artee , Weiss Samuel 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe EGFR pathway is frequently mutated in glioblastoma (GBM). However, to date, EGFR therapies have not demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials. Poor brain penetration of conventional inhibitors, lack of patient stratification for EGFR status, and mechanisms of resistance are likely responsible for the failure of EGFR-targeted therapy. We aimed to address these elements in a large panel of molecularly diverse patient-derived GBM brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs).MethodsIn vitro growth inhibition and on-target efficacy of afatinib, pacritinib, or a combination were assessed by cell viability, neurosphere formation, cytotoxicity, limiting dilution assays, and western blotting. In vivo efficacy was assessed with mass spectrometry, immunohistochemistry, magnetic resonance imaging, and intracranial xenograft models.ResultsWe show that afatinib and pacritinib decreased BTSC growth and sphere-forming capacity in vitro. Combinations of the 2 drugs were synergistic and abrogated the activation of STAT3 signaling observed upon EGFR inhibition in vitro and in vivo. We further demonstrate that the brain-penetrant EGFR inhibitor, afatinib, improved survival in EGFRvIII mt orthotopic xenograft models. However, upregulation of the oncogenic STAT3 signaling pathway was observed following afatinib treatment. Combined inhibition with 2 clinically relevant drugs, afatinib and pacritinib, synergistically decreased BTSC viability and abrogated this compensatory mechanism of resistance to EGFR inhibition. A significant decrease in tumor burden in vivo was observed with the combinatorial treatment.ConclusionsThese data demonstrate that brain-penetrant combinatorial therapies targeting the EGFR and STAT3 signaling pathways hold therapeutic promise for GBM.
The Great Persian Famine of 1871, Parsi Refugees and the Making of Irani Identity in Bombay
Authors: Patel Simin 
Published: February 2020

This essay examines how the relief efforts occasioned by the Great Persian Famine of 1871 crystallized a new sense of community consciousness among the Parsis as well as created the new identity of ‘Iranis’ amongst the Persian Zoroastrian refugee population that was rehabilitated in Bombay. It draws on Jim Masselos’ work on migration and identity in Bombay to show how framing a new identity enabled Persian Zoroastrians to be considered on their own terms, rather than being subsumed as part of the Parsi poor in the city.
Remembering Bombay
Authors: Masselos Jim 
Published: February 2020

This chapter focuses on understanding Bombay’s social and political complexities as it grew exponentially over the 19th and 20th centuries. A typical colonial city it had a function as an entrepot in the trade routes that tracked around the globe as well as about the subcontinent. Its particularity as a city however was in part a product of the mix of its produce and its industries but also of what was brought to the city – social, political and economic diversity with elements of cultural, intellectual and creative benefit. It was a city that from its beginnings gloried in accommodating a mix of populations, ethnicities, social groups and religious adherents and of the urban spaces they severally occupied. In considering the locality as a city feature and as an active phenomenon implicitly and explicitly understood by its inhabitants, the chapter uses the idea of mental maps or templates that gave city spaces their characteristics as was also evident in those times of massive social conflict evident during riots and Bombay’s other forms of crowd aggregations. In drawing on notions of physical space as represented in the city’s localities or in mental maps of what might be understood as accustomed space, the research methods adopted in this chapter involved using city space and its patterns of customary behavior through the prism of the author’s subjective memories of the city from the 1960s as also textual research and analysis.
“The New Home of Men”
Authors: Phillips Victoria 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
While Eisenhower had called Japan the “mega-domino” in his domino theory, Graham’s tour locations also addressed concerns about the Bandung Conference in Indonesia that brought together nonaligned nations in Asia and the Middle East, and rejected Israel. As US government officials watched the planning of the Bandung Conference in 1954, Graham was being considered as an export to the region. Graham would land in Korea, as well as the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Malaya, Burma, India, Ceylon, Pakistan, and Iran. In addition, under private funding Graham could continue to Israel, which was not allowed to join the conference, and was very much on the geopolitical radar. While in Asia, Graham used her “orientalist” techniques to promote the idea of “cultural convergences” for diplomatic purposes. She brought religion and Americana to promote the American message to newly decolonizing nations. In Israel, the tour concluded with her announcement that “faith means repetition, repetition and again repetition, crushing obstacles; it means also faith in having a vision and will.” In many nations, Graham’s modernism again displaced the interwar German “free dance” that had been used in leftist practices, and local folk traditions modernized American folk. Artistic modernism supported ideas of modernization and the fruits of democracy; all cities closed with Appalachian Spring.
Introduction
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Plunkett David 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In this Introduction, we aim to introduce the reader to the basic topic of this book. As part of this, we explain why we are using two different expressions (‘conceptual engineering’ and ‘conceptual ethics’) to describe the topics in the book. We then turn to some of the central foundational issues that arise for conceptual engineering and conceptual ethics, and finally we outline various views one might have about their role in philosophy and inquiry more generally.
Variance Theses in Ontology and Metaethics
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
The chapter illustrates conceptual engineering by bringing up a number of issues in metaontology and metaethics. A prominent debate in metaontology relates to whether some existence concept is metaphysically privileged. On the one hand, ontological realists say yes, and, on the other hand, friends of quantifier variance say no. The chapter brings up the corresponding question in metaethics by asking, is some rightness concept normatively privileged? It investigates this question, and compares the metaethics case and the metaontology case. One aim is to arrive at conclusions regarding possible limits to the project of conceptual engineering.
Evolutionary Medicine, Pregnancy, and the Mismatch Pathways to Increased Disease Risk
Authors: Gluckman Peter D. , Low Felicia M. , Hanson Mark A. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Evolutionary medicine aims to understand the ultimate rather than proximate causation of health and disease. Multiple evolutionary pathways can lead to an increased risk of disease. Two evolutionary pathways are discussed in depth, firstly, to illustrate the value of an evolutionary perspective in understanding the physiology of pregnancy and fetal and infant development, and secondly, to provide an explanation for the role of fetal and infant life in influencing later-life outcomes, in particular the risks of developing non-communicable disease. The first pathway is evolutionary mismatch, which arises when an evolutionarily novel environment is encountered at any stage of the life course. The second pathway is developmental mismatch, which results from a discordance between a developmentally induced phenotype early in life, and the later-life environment. Environmental challenges during development that threaten survival may induce immediate adaptive responses and/or predictive adaptive responses (PARs) that confer a longer term fitness advantage.
Darwin’s Impact on the Medical Sciences
Authors: Zampieri Fabio 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
In early nineteenth century medicine, the concepts of organic evolution and natural selection emerged in different contexts, partly anticipating Darwinian revolution. In particular, the anatomical concept of disease favored the perception that men and animals were very similar from a morphological, physiological and pathological point of view, and that this could indicate a certain degree of kinship between them. The debate around human races and human pathological heredity saw first formulations of the principle of natural selection, even if without a full appraisal of its evolutionary implications. Charles Darwin took many inspirations from these medical theories. The impact of the theory of evolution formulated by him in 1859 was only apparently slight in medicine. It is even possible to support that evolutionary concepts contributed in a significant way to the most important medical issues, debates and new discipline in the period between 1880 and 1940.