bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Quest for an Eco-centric Approach to International Law: the COVID-19 Pandemic as Game Changer
Authors: De Vido Sara 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis Reflection starts from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic as unprecedented occasio to reflect on the approach to international law, which—it is contended—is anthropocentric, and its inadequacy to respond to current challenges. In the first part, the Reflection argues that there is, more than ever, an undeferrable need for a change of approach to international law toward ecocentrism, which puts the environment at the center and conceives the environment as us, including humans, non-human beings, and natural objects. To encourage the incorporation of ecocentrism in the entire discipline, the Reflection will rely on some insight of ecofeminism, whose potential has not been fully investigated in international legal scholarship. In the second part, the Reflection illustrates what an eco-centric international law would mean, imagining three possible applications: first, what the author has called environmental global health, which is connected to the current pandemic and puts into question the proposals dealing with global health that completely miss the theorization of the environment as a whole; second, how actors of international law would change according to an eco-centric perspective; and, third, how the rules prohibiting the use of force might be reconceptualized. The analysis contained in these pages cannot itself exhaust all the possible nuances of the legal reasoning, but it is aimed at being a provocative starting point for a change in the mindset and approach of international legal scholarship.
Offering jobs to persons with disabilities
Authors: Pas Irmgard Borghouts-van de , Freese Charissa 
Published: November 2020

The study investigates which considerations employers take into account in response to a social policy measure that requires employers to hire persons with disabilities (PwD). It also looks at if and how employers shape their human resource practices dependent of their organisational context. The decision to hire PwD was theoretically positioned in the Contextual Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) Framework. In a qualitative study carried out among 38 Dutch employers who are inclusive, or are having a positive, neutral or negative attitude to employing PwD, three questions were explored: (1) Which strategic issues in response to a social policy measure do employers consider in their decision (not) to hire PwD?; (2) Which conditions have to be met to assess the organisational setting to be suitable to hire PwD?; (3) How do employers hire PwD aligned with their overall HRM system? This article provides evidence that employers respond in a contextual and strategic way to an institutional pressure, and that they assess different levels of fit (environmental, strategic, organization and internal fit) in their considerations to hire PwD. A customised approach is therefore needed in motivating employers to hire PwD which is based on different HRM perspectives.
The Relationship Between the Charter and General Principles: Looking Back and Looking Forward
Authors: HANCOX Emily 
Published: November 2020

AbstractArticle 6 Treaty on European Union sets out two sources of fundamental rights in the EU—the Charter and the general principles of EU law—without specifying a hierarchy between them. Even though the Charter became binding over a decade ago, the Court of Justice of the European Union (‘CJEU’) is yet to clarify unequivocally how these two sources interact. In this article I argue based upon the relevant legal framework that the Charter ought to replace the general principles it enshrines. This leaves a role for general principles in the incorporation of new and additional rights into the EU legal framework. Such an approach is necessary to ensure that the Charter achieves its aims in enhancing the visibility of the rights protected by EU law, while also providing the impetus for more coherent rights protection within the EU. What an extensive survey of CJEU case law in the field of non-discrimination shows, however, is that the CJEU has struggled to let its general principles case law go, potentially hampering the transformative potential of the Charter.
Positive deviance in infection prevention and control: A systematic literature review
Authors: Alzunitan Mohammed A. , Edmond Michael B. , Alsuhaibani Mohammed A. , Samuelson Riley J. , Schweizer Marin L. , Marra Alexandre R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractBackground:Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) remain a major challenge. Various strategies have been tried to prevent or control HAIs. Positive deviance, a strategy that has been used in the last decade, is based on the observation that a few at-risk individuals follow uncommon, useful practices and that, consequently, they experience better outcomes than their peers who share similar risks. We performed a systematic literature review to measure the impact of positive deviance in controlling HAIs.Methods:A systematic search strategy was used to search PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Embase through May 2020 for studies evaluating positive deviance as a single intervention or as part of an initiative to prevent or control healthcare-associated infections. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Downs and Black score.Results:Of 542 articles potentially eligible for review, 14 articles were included for further analysis. All studies were observational, quasi-experimental (before-and-after intervention) studies. Hand hygiene was the outcome in 8 studies (57%), and an improvement was observed in association with implementation of positive deviance as a single intervention in all of them. Overall HAI rates were measured in 5 studies (36%), and positive deviance was associated with an observed reduction in 4 (80%) of them. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections were evaluated in 5 studies (36%), and positive deviance containing bundles were successful in all of them.Conclusions:Positive deviance may be an effective strategy to improve hand hygiene and control HAIs. Further studies are needed to confirm this effect.
At the intersection: Race, gender, and discretion in police traffic stop outcomes
Authors: Roach Kevin , Baumgartner Frank R. , Christiani Leah , Epp Derek A. , Shoub Kelsey 
Published: November 2020

AbstractRacial disparities in traffic stop outcomes are widespread and well documented. Less well understood is how racial disparities may be amplified or muted in different contexts. Here we focus on one such situational factor: whether the initial traffic stop was related to a traffic safety violation or a (broadly defined) investigatory purpose. This is a salient contextual characteristic as stop type relates to different levels of assumed discretion and purpose. While all traffic stops involve some officer discretion, investigatory stops are more easily used as justifications to conduct a search based on an officer's diffuse suspicion; traffic safety stops are more often just what they seem. Using millions of traffic stops from several states, we show that black male drivers are more likely to be searched and less likely to be found with contraband and that this relationship is amplified where the initial stop purpose is investigatory. One implication of this is that one path to alleviating disparities in traffic stops for agencies is emphasizing traffic safety, rather than using stops as a supplemental investigatory tool.
Effects of consuming later evening mealv. earlier evening meal on weight loss during a weight loss diet: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Madjd Ameneh , Taylor Moira A. , Delavari Alireza , Malekzadeh Reza , Macdonald Ian A. , Farshchi Hamid R. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPrevious evidence confirms a relationship between the timing of food intake and weight loss. We aimed to evaluate the effect of latev.early evening meal (EEM) consumption on weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors in women during a weight loss programme. Eighty-two healthy women (BMI 27−35 kg/m2; age 18−45 years) were randomly assigned to two groups: EEM group (eating at 19.00−19.30 hours) or late evening meal (LEM) group (eating at 22.30−23.00 hours), for 12 weeks. Compared with the LEM group, the EEM group had a greater mean reduction in weight (EEM: −6·74 (sd1·92) kg; LEM: −4·81 (sd2·22) kg;P< 0·001), BMI (EEM: −2·60 (sd0·71) kg/m2; LEM: −1·87 (sd0·85) kg/m2;P< 0·001), waist circumference (EEM: −8 (sd3·25) cm; LEM: −6 (sd3·05) cm,P= 0·007), total cholesterol (EEM: −0·51 (sd0·19) mmol/l, LEM: −0·43 (sd0·19) mmol/l,P= 0·038), TAG (EEM: −0·28 (sd0·10) mmol/l, LEM: −0·19 (sd0·10) mmol/l,P< 0·001) and homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (EEM: −0·83 (sd0·37); LEM: −0·55 (sd0·28),P< 0·001) after 12 weeks. In conclusion, eating an earlier evening meal resulted in favourable changes in weight loss and plasma cardiometabolic risk markers during a weight loss programme.
Reconsidering Local versus Central: Empire, Notables, and Employment in Ottoman Albania and Kurdistan, 1835–1878
Authors: Bayraktar Uğur 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe present article is a study of provincial administration in the nineteenth-century Ottoman Albania and Kurdistan. It examines the transformation of provincial administration in Dibra and Hazro after two towns’ hereditary rulers were exiled. Focusing on the employment patterns of the notables in exile as well as the ones who occupied the posts in the absence of the former, this study challenges the binary framework mostly employed in conceptualizing the making of the modern Ottoman state. Particularly, the employment of the notables exiled to the distant parts of the empire necessitates a revision in the presumptions about the origins of appointed Ottoman officials. By focusing on the partnership operating by means of employment, this study argues that the making of Ottoman state follows a trajectory of flexible centralization based on the partnership between the government and notables, terms of which were constantly negotiated.
The Politics of Change. Coalitional politics and labour market reforms during the sovereign debt crisis in Portugal
Authors: BRANCO RUI , CARDOSO DANIEL 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis article describes and explains labour market reforms in Portugal during the sovereign debt crisis from 2011 to 2014. Policy outputs were not homogenous, but differentiated between a first phase where recalibration co-existed alongside hard liberalising measures and a second phase, from late 2012, where recalibration was dropped and liberalisation further deregulated employment protection and security and eroded collective bargaining. This variation is explained by the changing coalitional politics and blame allocation underpinning policymaking under conditionality. Initial reforms resulted from a broad informal political coalition spanning the governing centre-right parties, the main opposition party, a trade union and employer confederations; its breakdown in late 2012 led to the executive’s increasing centralisation, the shut down of social concertation, and more radical policy outputs. The article shows that cooperation between government and opposition and government and social partners is possible even under external conditionality, how coalition politics affects the nature and direction of reforms, and highlights how political dynamics of blame allocation drive the process of coalition building and breakdown.
The attrition of school-learned foreign languages: A multilingual perspective
Authors: Jessner Ulrike , Oberhofer Kathrin , Megens Manon 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the vast body of research on language learning, there is still surprisingly little work on the attrition or retention of second/foreign languages, particularly in multilinguals, once learning and/or use of these languages ceases. The present study focuses on foreign language attrition and examines lexical diversity and (dis)fluency in the oral productions of 114 multilingual young adults, first language German speakers who learned English as their first (FL1) and French or Italian as their second foreign language (FL2), shortly before and approximately 16 months after graduation from upper secondary school. The level of foreign language use after graduation was found to have a noticeable impact on the measured change in output quality in the FL2, but only little in the FL1, where participants’ initial proficiency was considerably higher. The amount of use in the FL1 had no visible connection with attrition/maintenance in a rarely used FL2. Those participants who felt their speaking skills in one of their foreign languages had improved were correct in their self-assessment, but the degree to which the remaining subjects felt their speaking skills had deteriorated was not reflected in their productions.
Lower‐Hybrid‐Drift Vortices in the Electron‐Scale Magnetic Reconnection Layer
Authors: Ng J. , Chen L.‐J. , Le A. , Stanier A. , Wang S. , Bessho N. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLower‐hybrid‐drift waves driving vortical flows have recently been discovered in the electron current layer during magnetic reconnection in the terrestrial magnetotail. Yet, spacecraft measurements cannot address how pervasive the waves are. We perform three‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell simulations of guide field reconnection to demonstrate that electron vortices driven by the lower‐hybrid‐drift instability (LHDI) are excited immediately downstream from the electron jet reversal in 3‐D channels of enhanced electron outflow. The resulting fluctuations generate a series of alternating vortices, producing magnetic field perturbations opposing and enhancing the local guide field and causing kinking of the enhanced electron outflow and patches of increased current. Our results demonstrate for the first time that LHDI exists in the electron current layer and enhanced outflow channels, providing a conceptual breakthrough on the LHDI in reconnection.
Performance Evaluation of CMIP5 and CMIP6 Models on Heatwaves in Korea and Associated Teleconnection Patterns
Authors: Kim Maeng‐Ki , Yu Dae‐Geun , Oh Ji‐Seon , Byun Young‐Hwa , Boo Kyung‐On , Chung Il‐Ung , Park Jeong‐Soo , Park Doo‐Sun R. , Min Seung‐Ki , Sung Hyun Min 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis study assesses the performance of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) models for simulating summer heatwaves in Korea during a historical simulation period (1979–2014) using four diagnostic indices that represent the teleconnection mechanism of summer heatwaves in Korea. Four skill metrics are used for the model evaluation, namely, relative error (RE), interannual variability skill‐score (IVS), correlation coefficient (CC), and total ranking (TR) based on daily maximum temperature (TMAX) in Korea and the four diagnostic indices. The results show that the REs of CMIP5 models do not differ significantly from those of the CMIP6 models while the IVSs in the CMIP6 models are significantly improved compared with the CMIP5 models. Observations show that the heatwave circulation index (HWCI) contributes more to the interannual variability in TMAX in Korea than that of the Indian Monsoon Rainfall Index (IMRI), indicating that the teleconnection from the northwestern Pacific is more important than that from northwestern India. Interestingly, the CMIP6 models simulate this property better than the CMIP5 ensemble. The higher TR of CMIP6 models than CMIP5 supports that CMIP6 models are better overall in simulating heatwaves in Korea and the associated diagnostic indices.
Evaluation of spontaneous regional brain activity in weight-recovered anorexia nervosa
Authors: Seidel Maria , Geisler Daniel , Borchardt Viola , King Joseph A. , Bernardoni Fabio , Jaite Charlotte , Roessner Veit , Calhoun Vince , Walter Martin , Ehrlich Stefan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractWhereas research using structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) reports sizable grey matter reductions in patients suffering from acute anorexia nervosa (AN) to be largely reversible already after short-term weight gain, many task-based and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) studies suggest persistent brain alterations even after long-term weight rehabilitation. First investigations into spontaneous regional brain activity using voxel-wise resting-state measures found widespread abnormalities in acute AN, but no studies have compared intrinsic brain activity properties in weight-recovered individuals with a history of AN (recAN) with healthy controls (HCs). SMRI and RSFC data were analysed from a sample of 130 female volunteers: 65 recAN and 65 pairwise age-matched HC. Cortical grey matter thickness was assessed using FreeSurfer software. Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFFs), mean-square successive difference (MSSD), regional homogeneity (ReHo), voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VHMC), and degree centrality (DC) were calculated. SMRI and RSFC data were analysed from a sample of 130 female volunteers: 65 recAN and 65 pairwise age-matched HCs. Cortical grey matter thickness was assessed using FreeSurfer software. Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), mean-square successive difference (MSSD), regional homogeneity (ReHo), voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VHMC), and degree centrality (DC) were calculated. Abnormal regional homogeneity found in acute AN seems to normalize in recAN, supporting assumptions of a state rather than a trait marker. Aberrant fALFF values in the cerebellum and the infertior temporal gyrus could possibly hint towards trait factors or a scar (the latter, e.g., from prolonged periods of undernutrition), warranting further longitudinal research.
Oncogenic role of lncRNA CRNDE in acute promyelocytic leukemia and NPM1-mutant acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Ma Xuefei , Zhang Wei , Zhao Ming , Li Shufen , Jin Wen , Wang Kankan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe PML/RARα fusion protein acts in concert with cooperative genetic events in the development of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, oncogenic long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) cooperating with PML/RARα remain under-explored. Here, we first identified a set of pathogenesis-related lncRNAs, aberrantly expressed in APL using RNA-seq data from a large cohort of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and normal counterparts. Among the pathogenesis-related lncRNAs, one of the evolutionarily conservative lncRNAs CRNDE (Colorectal Neoplasia Differentially Expressed) drew our attention. We found that CRNDE was highly expressed in the disease state but not in the preleukemic stage of APL, suggesting that CRNDE might be a secondary event coordinating with PML/RARα to promote APL development. Functional analysis showed that CRNDE knockdown induced differentiation and inhibited proliferation of APL cells, and prolonged survival of APL mice. Further mechanistic studies showed that CRNDE elicited its oncogenic effects through binding the miR-181 family and thereby regulating NOTCH2. Finally, we found that high CRNDE expression was also significantly correlated with NPM1 mutations and contributed to the differentiation block in NPM1-mutant AML. Collectively, our findings shed light on the importance of oncogenic lncRNAs in the development of AML and provide a promising target for AML therapy.
DNA nano-pocket for ultra-selective uranyl extraction from seawater
Authors: Yuan Yihui , Liu Tingting , Xiao Juanxiu , Yu Qiuhan , Feng Lijuan , Niu Biye , Feng Shiwei , Zhang Jiacheng , Wang Ning 
Published: November 2020

AbstractExtraction of uranium from seawater is critical for the sustainable development of nuclear energy. However, the currently available uranium adsorbents are hampered by co-existing metal ion interference. DNAzymes exhibit high selectivity to specific metal ions, yet there is no DNA-based adsorbent for extraction of soluble minerals from seawater. Herein, the uranyl-binding DNA strand from the DNAzyme is polymerized into DNA-based uranium extraction hydrogel (DNA-UEH) that exhibits a high uranium adsorption capacity of 6.06 mg g−1 with 18.95 times high selectivity for uranium against vanadium in natural seawater. The uranium is found to be bound by oxygen atoms from the phosphate groups and the carbonyl groups, which formed the specific nano-pocket that empowers DNA-UEH with high selectivity and high binding affinity. This study both provides an adsorbent for uranium extraction from seawater and broadens the application of DNA for being used in recovery of high-value soluble minerals from seawater.
Comparing LAMA with LABA and LTRA as add-on therapies in primary care asthma management
Authors: Kaplan Alan , FitzGerald J. Mark , Buhl Roland , Vogelberg Christian , Hamelmann Eckard 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Global Initiative for Asthma recommends a stepwise approach to adjust asthma treatment to the needs of individual patients; inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) remain the core pharmacological treatment. However, many patients remain poorly controlled, and evidence-based algorithms to decide on the best order and rationale for add-on therapies are lacking. We explore the challenges of asthma management in primary care and review outcomes from randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses comparing the long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) tiotropium with long-acting β2-agonists (LABAs) or leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs) as add-on to ICS in patients with asthma. In adults, LAMAs and LABAs provide a greater improvement in lung function than LTRAs as add-on to ICS. In children, results were positive and comparable between therapies, but data are scarce. This information could aid decision-making in primary care, supporting the use of add-on therapy to ICS to help improve lung function, control asthma symptoms and prevent exacerbations.
Progressive Cactus is a multiple-genome aligner for the thousand-genome era
Authors: Armstrong Joel , Hickey Glenn , Diekhans Mark , Fiddes Ian T. , Novak Adam M. , Deran Alden , Fang Qi , Xie Duo , Feng Shaohong , Stiller Josefin , Genereux Diane , Johnson Jeremy , Marinescu Voichita Dana , Alföldi Jessica , Harris Robert S. , Lindblad-Toh Kerstin , Haussler David , Karlsson Elinor , Jarvis Erich D. , Zhang Guojie , Paten Benedict 
Published: November 2020

AbstractNew genome assemblies have been arriving at a rapidly increasing pace, thanks to decreases in sequencing costs and improvements in third-generation sequencing technologies1–3. For example, the number of vertebrate genome assemblies currently in the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) database4increased by more than 50% to 1,485 assemblies in the year from July 2018 to July 2019. In addition to this influx of assemblies from different species, new human de novo assemblies5are being produced, which enable the analysis of not only small polymorphisms, but also complex, large-scale structural differences between human individuals and haplotypes. This coming era and its unprecedented amount of data offer the opportunity to uncover many insights into genome evolution but also present challenges in how to adapt current analysis methods to meet the increased scale. Cactus6, a reference-free multiple genome alignment program, has been shown to be highly accurate, but the existing implementation scales poorly with increasing numbers of genomes, and struggles in regions of highly duplicated sequences. Here we describe progressive extensions to Cactus to create Progressive Cactus, which enables the reference-free alignment of tens to thousands of large vertebrate genomes while maintaining high alignment quality. We describe results from an alignment of more than 600 amniote genomes, which is to our knowledge the largest multiple vertebrate genome alignment created so far.