bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence and frequency of cancer cachexia during chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mitsunaga Shuichi , Kasamatsu Eiji , Machii Koji 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose
Cachexia influences the patient’s physical wellbeing and quality of life, and the patient’s ability to tolerate their cancer therapies, especially cytotoxic chemotherapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency and timing of onset of cancer cachexia during chemotherapy and its association with prognosis and toxicity in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

Methods
We performed a retrospective study in patients who underwent first-line chemotherapy after diagnosis of advanced PDAC between 6 June 2008 and 31 March 2017. Base cachexia (weight loss up to 6 months before starting first-line chemotherapy) and follow-up cachexia (after starting first-line chemotherapy) were defined as weight loss > 2% with a body mass index (BMI) < 20 kg/m2 or weight loss > 5%.

Results
A total of 150 patients were registered. The median age and BMI were 65 years and 21.7 kg/m2, respectively. Base cachexia occurred in 50% of patients. Follow-up cachexia occurred in 32% within 12 weeks of starting first-line chemotherapy, reaching 64% at 1 year. Overall survival was not significantly different between patients with and without follow-up cachexia, regardless of whether cancer cachexia occurred within 12, 24, or 48 weeks of starting first-line treatment. Appetite loss, fatigue, nausea, and diarrhea were more frequent in patients with follow-up cachexia than in those without follow-up cachexia.

Conclusion
Follow-up cachexia had an early onset, but was not a prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with PDAC. Some adverse events tended to be more frequent in patients with follow-up cachexia than in those without follow-up cachexia.
Reply to Klocksiem on the Counterfactual Comparative Account of Harm
Authors: Carlson Erik 
Published: February 2020

AbstractIn a recent article in this journal, I claimed that the widely held counterfactual comparative account of harm (CCA) violates two very plausible principles about harm and prudential reasons. Justin Klocksiem argues, in a reply, that CCA is in fact compatible with these principles. In this rejoinder, I shall try to show that Klocksiem’s defense of CCA fails.
General and Specific Considerations as to why Osteoporosis-Related Care Is Often Suboptimal
Authors: Curtis Elizabeth M , Woolford Stephen , Holmes Claire , Cooper Cyrus , Harvey Nicholas C 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Purpose of Review
The assessment of fracture risk and use of antiosteoporosis medications have increased greatly over the last 20–30 years. However, despite this, osteoporosis care remains suboptimal worldwide. Even in patients who have sustained a fragility fracture, fewer than 20% actually receive appropriate antiosteoporosis therapy in the year following the fracture. There is also evidence that treatment rates have declined substantially in the last 5–10 years, in many countries. The goal of this article is to consider the causes for this decline and consider how this situation could be remedied.

Recent Findings
A number of possible reasons, including the lack of prioritisation of osteoporosis therapy in ageing populations with multimorbidity, disproportionate concerns regarding the rare side effects of anti-resorptives and adverse changes in reimbursement in the USA, have been identified as contributing factors in poor osteoporosis care.

Summary
Improved secondary prevention strategies; screening measures (primary prevention) and appropriate, cost-effective guideline and treatment threshold development could support the optimisation of osteoporosis care and prevention of future fractures.
Ternary Pt/Re/SnO2/C catalyst for EOR: Electrocatalytic activity and durability enhancement
Authors: Drzymała Elżbieta , Gruzeł Grzegorz , Depciuch Joanna , Pawlyta Miroslawa , Donten Mikołaj , Parlinska-Wojtan Magdalena 
Published: February 2020

AbstractCarbon-supported Pt/C, Pt/Re/C, Pt/SnO2/C and Pt/Re/SnO2/C, with 20 wt.% overall metal loading were prepared and their electrochemical activity towards ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) was investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed, that indeed binary and ternary combinations of the designed nanoparticles (NPs) were formed and successfully uniformly deposited on a carbon support. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) allowed to assess the chemical composition of the nanocatalysts and X-ray diffraction (XRD) allowed to determine the catalyst structure. Potentiodynamic and chronoamperometric measurements were used to establish its catalytic activity and stability. The influence of Re addition on the electrochemical activity towards ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) was verified. Indeed, the addition of Re to the binary Pt/SnO2/C catalyst leads to the formation of ternary Pt/Re/SnO2/C with physical contact between the individual NPs, enhancing the EOR. Furthermore, the onset potential of the synthesized ternary catalyst is shifted to more negative potentials and the current densities and specific activity are nearly 11 and 5 times higher, respectively, than for commercial Pt catalyst. Additionally ternary Pt/Re/SnO2/C catalyst retained 96% of its electrochemical surface area.
Potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from diverse habitats in Spitsbergen, Svalbard
Authors: Mogrovejo-Arias Diana C. , Brill Florian H. H. , Wagner Dirk 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe Arctic ecosystem, a reservoir of genetic microbial diversity, represents a virtually unlimited source of microorganisms that could interact with human beings. Despite continuous exploration of Arctic habitats and description of their microbial communities, bacterial phenotypes commonly associated with pathogenicity, such as hemolytic activity, have rarely been reported. In this study, samples of snow, fresh and marine water, soil, and sediment from several habitats in the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard were collected during Summer, 2017. Bacterial isolates were obtained after incubation on oligotrophic media at different temperatures and their hemolytic potential was assessed on sheep blood agar plates. Partial (α) or true (β) hemolysis was observed in 32 out of 78 bacterial species. Genes expressing cytolytic compounds, such as hemolysins, likely increase the general fitness of the producing microorganisms and confer a competitive advantage over the availability of nutrients in natural habitats. In environmental species, the nutrient-acquisition function of these compounds presumably precedes their function as toxins for mammalian erythrocytes. However, in the light of global warming, the presence of hemolytic bacteria in Arctic environments highlights the possible risks associated with these microorganisms in the event of habitat melting/destruction, ecosystem transition, and re-colonization.
Behandeling van prostaatkanker bij mannen met een somatische of BRCA-kiembaanmutatie
Authors: Mehra Niven 
Published: February 2020

SamenvattingEr zijn nieuwe inzichten in een subgroep van prostaatkankerpatiënten met veranderingen in de breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1/2. BRCA1/2 zijn eiwitten met een belangrijke rol in DNA-schadeherstel en zijn betrokken bij het foutloos herstel van dubbelstrengs DNA-breuken. De BRCA2-mutatiestatus blijkt met name relevant bij het ontstaan en de progressie van prostaatkanker. Prostaatkankerpatiënten met een somatische of BRCA2-kiembaanmutatie, hebben bij de diagnose een slechter stadium, en hebben een agressiever ziektebeloop. BRCA-mutatiestatus is tevens relevant als predictieve biomarker. Bij patiënten met een castratieresistent prostaatcarcinoom en een BRCA1/2-variant in de tumor is er een belangrijke rol weggelegd voor poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) remmers. Medio 2020 wordt de registratie van de eerste PARP-remmer voor deze indicatie verwacht. Kennis van de BRCA-mutatiestatus heeft – naast belangrijke therapeutische consequenties voor de patiënt – ook eventuele implicaties voor zijn familie wanneer het om een BRCA-kiembaanmutatie blijkt te gaan. DNA-onderzoek zal veelvuldiger worden toegepast voor optimale risico-inschatting en persoonsgerichte behandeling van zowel patiënten met gelokaliseerd als gemetastaseerd prostaatkanker.
Geospatial Artificial Intelligence: Potentials of Machine Learning for 3D Point Clouds and Geospatial Digital Twins
Authors: Döllner Jürgen 
Published: February 2020

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) is changing fundamentally the way how IT solutions are implemented and operated across all application domains, including the geospatial domain. This contribution outlines AI-based techniques for 3D point clouds and geospatial digital twins as generic components of geospatial AI. First, we briefly reflect on the term “AI” and outline technology developments needed to apply AI to IT solutions, seen from a software engineering perspective. Next, we characterize 3D point clouds as key category of geodata and their role for creating the basis for geospatial digital twins; we explain the feasibility of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches for 3D point clouds. In particular, we argue that 3D point clouds can be seen as a corpus with similar properties as natural language corpora and formulate a “Naturalness Hypothesis” for 3D point clouds. In the main part, we introduce a workflow for interpreting 3D point clouds based on ML/DL approaches that derive domain-specific and application-specific semantics for 3D point clouds without having to create explicit spatial 3D models or explicit rule sets. Finally, examples are shown how ML/DL enables us to efficiently build and maintain base data for geospatial digital twins such as virtual 3D city models, indoor models, or building information models.
Hühnerlaus
Authors: Borgards Roland 
Published: February 2020

ZusammenfassungTiere erlauben einen ertragreichen Zugriff auf Büchners literarisches Werk. Exemplarisch zeigt sich dies an der »Hühnerlaus« aus dem Woyzeck. Ein Animal Reading dieses Tieres entfaltet zunächst vor dem wissensgeschichtlichen Hintergrund der Parasitenforschung die Rätselhaftigkeit von Büchners literarischer Hühnerlaus und schlägt dann vier mögliche Perspektiven vor, wie diese Rätselhaftigkeit für eine Interpretation fruchtbar gemacht werden kann: einen editionsphilologischen Lesartenstreit, die Debatten um den Wissenshorizont des Autors und seiner Figuren, eine Verortung in der Geschichte der Biotheorie sowie die Frage nach einer Tier-Ästhetik der Groteske.
Extinction of North AmericanCuvieronius(Mammalia: Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) driven by dietary resource competition with sympatric mammoths and mastodons
Authors: Smith Gregory James , DeSantis Larisa R. G. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe gomphotheres were a diverse and widespread group of proboscideans occupying Eurasia, North America, and South America throughout the Neogene. Their decline was temporally and spatially heterogeneous, and the gomphotheres ultimately became extinct during the late Pleistocene; however, the genusCuvieroniusis rarely represented in late Pleistocene assemblages in North America. Two alternative hypotheses have been invoked to explain this phenomenon: (1) competitive exclusion by sympatric mammoths and mastodons or (2) ecologic displacement due to an environmental transition from closed forests to open grasslands. To test whether competition for resources contributed to the demise of North AmericanCuvieronius, we present herein a large collection of stable isotope and dental microwear data from populations occupying their Pleistocene refugium in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Results suggest thatCuvieroniusconsumed a wide range of resources with variable textural and photosynthetic properties and was not specialized on either grasses or browse. Further, we document evidence for the consumption of similar foods between contemporaneous gomphotheres, mammoths, and mastodons. The generalist feeding strategy of the gomphotheres likely facilitated their high Miocene abundance and diversity. However, this “jack of all trades and master of none” feeding strategy may have proved challenging following the arrival of mammoths and likely contributed to the extirpation ofCuvieroniusin North America.
Within-person, between-person and seasonal variance in nutrient intakes among 4- to 8-year-old rural Zambian children
Authors: Caswell Bess L. , Talegawkar Sameera A. , Siamusantu Ward , West Keith P. , Palmer Amanda C. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEstimates of the components of nutrient intake variation are needed for modelling distributions of usual intake or predicting the usual intake of individuals. Season is a potential source of variation in nutrient intakes in addition to within- and between-person variation, particularly in low- or middle-income countries. We aimed to describe seasonal variation in nutrient intakes and estimate within-person, between-person and other major components of intake variance among Zambian children. Children from rural villages and peri-urban towns in Mkushi District, Zambia aged 4–8 years were enrolled in the non-intervened arm of a randomised controlled trial of pro-vitamin A carotenoid biofortified maize (n 200). Up to seven 24-h dietary recalls per child were obtained at monthly intervals over a 6-month period covering the late post-harvest (August–October), early lean (November–January) and late lean (February–April) seasons (2012–2013). Nutrient intakes varied significantly by season. For energy and most nutrients, intakes were highest in the early lean season and lower in the late post-harvest and late lean seasons. Season and recall on a market day had the strongest effects on nutrient intakes among covariates examined. Unadjusted within- to between-person variance ratios ranged from 4·5 to 31·3. In components of variance models, season accounted for 3–20 % of nutrient intake variance. Particularly in rural settings in low- and middle-income countries, where availability of locally grown, nutrient-rich foods may vary seasonally, studies should include replicates across seasons to more precisely estimate long-term usual intakes.
Brown manuring optimization in maize: impacts on weeds, crop productivity and profitability
Authors: Das T. K. , Ghosh S. , Nath C. P. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractField experiments were carried out in order to investigate if brown manuring (BM) usingSesbaniaplants can be used to control weeds in maize, especiallyCyperus rotundus(Experiment I), and further to optimize the BM technology through appropriateSesbaniaseed rate (S), 2,4-D application time (T) and dose (D) (Experiment II). Each BM treatment received a pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i./ha. Experiment I showed that the BM practice using 15 kg/haSesbaniaseed and 2,4-D 0.50 kg a.i./ha applied at 25 DAS led to better control of weeds, especiallyC. rotundusand higher maize grain yield. Further optimization studies (Experiment II) indicated that among the factors S, T and D, the BM combination S~25 kg/ha, D~0.50 kg a.i./ha and T~25 DAS (i.e. S25T25D0.50) resulted in lowest weed density (3.1/m2) and dry weight (3.8 g/m2) and highest weed control index (89.2%) at 60 days after sowing (DAS) which was at par with another BM practice S15T25D0.50. However, the later BM combination led to significantly higher maize productivity (5.25 t/ha) and profitability (net returns (NR) $878/ha), which were 103 and 280% higher, respectively, than the weedy check (WC). TheSesbaniaseed rate S~15 kg/ha gave 7% higher maize grain yield and 12% higher NR than its corresponding level S~25 kg/ha. Therefore,SesbaniaBM with 15 kg seeds/ha and 2,4-D at 0.50 kg a.i/ha applied at 25 DAS can be recommended for effective and eco-friendly weed management in maize, which would provide higher maize grain yield and enhance farmers' profitability.
Seroepidemiology of dengue and chikungunya fever in patients with rash and fever in Iran, 2017
Authors: Tavakoli Forough , Rezaei Farhad , Shafiei-Jandaghi Nazanin Zahra , Shadab Azadeh , Mokhtari-Azad Talat 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAfter the mass campaign of Measles and Rubella vaccination in 2003 in Iran, the cases of measles and rubella infection decreased but still, the cases of rash and fever were reported. It is worth noting that some other viral infections show signs similar to measles and rubella such as some arboviruses. Considering the epidemic outbreak of arbovirus infections in countries neighbouring Iran, we performed this study to estimate the possibility of chikungunya and dengue fever among measles and rubella IgM negative patients presenting with rash and fever from December 2016 to November 2017 in the National Measles Laboratory at Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Serum samples were selected at random from patients from eight provinces. The presence of DENV IgM and CHIKV IgM was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Of the 1306 sera tested, 210 were CHIKV seropositive and 82 were dengue seropositive. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the CHIKV IgM antibody seropositivity rate in Kerman (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.10–3.92;P= 0.024) and Fars (OR = 1.77, 95% CI: 1.06–2.93;P= 0.027). The DENV and CHIKV seropositivity rate in summer is higher than in other seasons (P< 0.01). Our seropositive samples suggest possible CHIKV and DENV infection in Iran. It is likely that these viruses are circulating in Iran and there is a need to study vector carriage of these two viruses.
C-reactive protein and albumin kinetics before community-acquired bloodstream infections – a Danish population-based cohort study
Authors: Garvik O. S. , Póvoa P. , Magnussen B. , Vinholt P. J. , Pedersen C. , Jensen T. G. , Kolmos H. J. , Lassen A. T. , Gradel K. O. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Early changes in biomarker levels probably occur before bloodstream infection (BSI) is diagnosed. However, this issue has not been fully addressed. We aimed at evaluating the kinetics of C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma albumin (PA) in the 30 days before community-acquired (CA) BSI diagnosis. From a population-based BSI database we identified 658 patients with at least one measurement of CRP or PA from day −30 (D–30) through day −1 (D–1) before the day of CA-BSI (D0) and a measurement of the same biomarker at D0 or D1. Amongst these, 502 had both CRP and PA measurements which fitted these criteria. CRP and PA concentrations began to change inversely some days before CA-BSI diagnosis, CRP increasing by day −3.1 and PA decreasing by day −1.3. From D–30 to D–4, CRP kinetics (expressed as slopes – rate of concentration change per day) was −1.5 mg/l/day. From D–3 to D1, the CRP slope increased to 36.3 mg/l/day. For albumin, the slope between D–30 to D–2 was 0.1 g/l/day and changed to −1.8 g/l/day between D–1 and D1. We showed that biomarker levels begin to change some days before the CA-BSI diagnosis, CRP 3.1 days and PA 1.3 days before.
Phylogeography of the rare Australian endemic Grey Falcon Falco hypoleucos: implications for conservation
Authors: MULLIN DALE W. , MCCULLOCH GRAHAM A. , SCHOENJAHN JONNY , WALTER GIMME H. 
Published: February 2020

SummaryThe Grey Falcon Falco hypoleucos is one of the world’s rarest raptors, with an estimated population size of fewer than 1,000 individuals. Our knowledge of threats posed to the Grey Falcon remains scant. Understanding the genetic variation in this species would help to assess its conservation status more realistically and its prospects for survival in a changing environment. We amplified the cytochrome b region of mitochondrial DNA from the feathers of 26 individuals captured from the wild across the distribution of the species and assessed the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structuring of the species. Genetic diversity was low, with only six haplotypes identified, but there was no evidence of a recent genetic bottleneck. No population genetic structuring was detected, indicating that the Grey Falcon population is effectively continuous across the species’ entire distribution, covering much of Australia’s arid/semi-arid zone. Our results indicate that the Grey Falcon should be managed as a single population and suggest conservation efforts that benefit the species at a local level should be good for the species as a whole. Future studies should employ next generation sequencing approaches, which may provide finer-scale information on the extent these birds move among breeding sites. Further research into the species’ ecology is also required to identify effective conservation measures.
Individualization of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder treatment: pharmacotherapy considerations by age and co-occurring conditions
Authors: Mattingly Greg W. , Wilson Joshua , Ugarte Leticia , Glaser Paul 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests in childhood and can persist into adolescence and adulthood. Impairments associated with ADHD can impact quality of life, social interactions, and increase the risk of morbidity and mortality; however, for many patients, effective treatment can lessen these effects. Pharmacotherapy with stimulants or nonstimulants is recommended in conjunction with psychosocial therapy for most patients. Determining the optimal pharmacotherapy can be complex, and the clinician needs to consider many factors such as the patient’s age, comorbidities, and lifestyle. Furthermore, the needs of the patient with ADHD will change over time, with specific challenges to consider at each stage of life. A variety of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved stimulant and nonstimulant formulations are available with different modes of delivery and durations of effect. This armamentarium of ADHD medications can be used to individualize ADHD treatment for each patient’s needs. This article combines current information from the literature and the first-hand experience of the authors to provide guidance on ADHD treatment options for patients of different ages and for some of the more common comorbidities.
The Impact of Sleep on the Relationship between Soccer Heading Exposure and Neuropsychological Function in College-Age Soccer Players
Authors: Levitch Cara F. , McConathey Eric , Aghvinian Maral , Himmelstein Mark , Lipton Michael L. , Zimmerman Molly E. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjective:Soccer is the most popular sport worldwide and is the only sport where athletes purposely use their head to deflect the ball during play, termed “heading” the ball. These repetitive head impacts (RHI) are associated with worse neuropsychological function; however, factors that can increase risk of injury following exposure to such head impacts have been largely unexamined. The present study provided a novel examination of the modifying role of sleep on the relationship between RHI exposure and neuropsychological function in college-age soccer players.Methods:Fifty varsity and intramural college soccer players completed questionnaires assessing recent and long-term heading exposure, a self-report measure of sleep function, and a battery of neuropsychological tests.Results:A high level of recent heading exposure was significantly associated with poorer processing speed, independent of concussion history. With reduced sleep duration, a high level of recent heading exposure was related to worse sustained attention. However, with greater hours of sleep duration, heading exposure was related to preserved neuropsychological outcome in sustained attention.Conclusions:We replicated our earlier finding of an association between recent head impact exposure and worse processing speed in an independent sample. In addition, we found that sleep may serve as a risk or protective factor for soccer players following extensive exposure to head impacts. Ultimately, this study furthers the understanding of factors impacting neuropsychological function in soccer players and provides empirical support for sleep interventions to help ensure safer soccer play and recovery from injury.