bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exercise with End-expiratory Breath Holding Induces Large Increase in
Stroke Volume
Authors: Woorons Xavier , Lemaitre Frederic , Claessen Guido , Woorons Cloé , Vandewalle Henri 
Published: August 2020

AbstractEight well-trained male cyclists participated in two testing sessions each
including two sets of 10 cycle exercise bouts at 150% of maximal
aerobic power. In the first session, subjects performed the exercise bouts
with end-expiratory breath holding (EEBH) of maximal duration. Each exercise
bout started at the onset of EEBH and ended at its release (mean duration:
9.6±0.9 s; range: 8.6–11.1 s). At the second testing
session, subjects performed the exercise bouts (same duration as in the
first session) with normal breathing. Heart rate, left ventricular stroke
volume (LVSV), and cardiac output were continuously measured through
bio-impedancemetry. Data were analysed for the 4 s preceding and following
the end of each exercise bout. LVSV (peak values: 163±33 vs.
124±17 mL, p<0.01) was higher and heart rate lower both in
the end phase and in the early recovery of the exercise bouts with EEBH as
compared with exercise with normal breathing. Cardiac output was generally
not different between exercise conditions. This study showed that performing
maximal EEBH during high-intensity exercise led to a large increase in LVSV.
This phenomenon is likely explained by greater left ventricular filling as a
result of an augmented filling time and decreased right ventricular volume
at peak EEBH.
Physiologie der Schmerzentstehung in der Peripherie
Authors: Eitner Annett , Richter Frank , Schaible Hans-Georg 
Published: August 2020

ZusammenfassungDieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den Kenntnisstand zu den
Mechanismen der Schmerzentstehung im Gelenk. Er fokussiert sich auf den Vorgang
der Nozizeption in nozizeptiven Nervenfasern des Gelenks und stellt dar, wie
Krankheitsprozesse im Gelenk auf Nozizeptoren wirken. Während
Nozizeptoren im normalen Gelenk eine hohe Erregungsschwelle besitzen und nur
durch hochintensive Reize aktiviert werden, kommt es bei Gelenkerkrankungen
häufig zu einer Sensibilisierung dieser Nervenfasern, sodass sie bereits
auf leichte Reize (Bewegungen, Palpation) ansprechen und nach zentraler
Verarbeitung Schmerzempfindungen auslösen. Eine Sensibilisierung wird
meistens durch Entzündungsmediatoren ausgelöst, für die
die Nozizeptoren Rezeptoren besitzen. Werden Nervenfasern im Erkrankungsprozess
geschädigt, können neuropathische Schmerzmechanismen
hinzukommen. Chronische Gelenkerkrankungen sind durch entzündliche und
destruktive Prozesse charakterisiert. Sowohl bei primären Arthritiden
als auch bei Arthrosen sind entzündliche Prozesse für die
Sensibilisierung der Nozizeptoren verantwortlich. Dafür werden neben den
Prostaglandinen auch proinflammatorische Zytokine und der Nervenwachstumsfaktor
(NGF) verantwortlich gemacht, für die viele Nozizeptoren Rezeptoren
exprimieren. Demgemäß sind diese Moleküle auch Target
innovativer Schmerztherapien, z. B. die Gabe von Antikörpern
gegen NGF bei Arthrose. Besonders für die Neutralisation von TNF ist ein
direkt schmerzlindernder Effekt nachgewiesen, der aus der Unterbrechung von
nozizeptiven Vorgängen am Nozizeptor resultiert. Der direkte
pronozizeptive Effekt der Zytokine und Bindungsstellen für Fc-Fragmente
von Antikörpern an Nozizeptoren zeigen, dass Immunmechanismen auch
für die Schmerzentstehung große Bedeutung haben. Auch
destruktive Gelenkprozesse können Schmerzen verursachen. So kann bereits
die Osteoklastenaktivität im präklinischen Stadium einer
Arthritis Schmerzen verursachen, und nach Ausbruch der Arthritis tragen
Destruktionsprozesse zu Schmerzen bei. Inwieweit die Hemmung der
Osteoklastenaktivität Gelenkschmerzen lindert, wird derzeit erforscht.
Auch weitere neue Ansätze, peripher wirksame Opioide, Cannabinoide und
Ionenkanalblocker werden dargestellt. Schließlich geht der Beitrag auf
generelle/systemische Faktoren ein, die Krankheitsprozesse im Gelenk und
die Schmerzentstehung beeinflussen. Hier wird in erster Linie die Bedeutung des
Diabetes mellitus angesprochen. Diese Stoffwechselerkrankung stellt einen
Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung von Arthrosen dar, und sie
trägt zur Schmerzintensivierung bei. Dabei können
verstärkte Entzündungsprozesse und auch neuropathische
Schmerzkomponenten beteiligt sein.
Recent Advances in Copper-Catalyzed Radical C–H Bond Activation Using N–F Reagents
Authors: Muñoz-Molina José María , Belderrain Tomás R. , Pérez Pedro J. 
Published: August 2020

This Short Review is aimed at giving an update in the area of copper-catalyzed C–H functionalization involving nitrogen-centered radicals generated from substrates containing N–F bonds. These processes include intermolecular Csp3–H bond functionalization, remote Csp3–H bond functionalization via intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), and Csp2–H bond functionalization, which might be of potential use in industrial applications in the future.1	Introduction2	Intermolecular Csp3–H Functionalization3	Remote Csp3–H Functionalization4	Csp2–H Functionalization5	Conclusion
Recent Advances in Denitrogenative Reactions of Pyridotriazoles
Authors: Filippov Ilya P. , Titov Gleb D. , Rostovskii Nikolai V. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractDiazo compounds display versatile reactivity and therefore are widely used in organic synthesis. Diazo compounds bearing a 2-pyridyl or a related azine moiety on the diazo carbon exist in the form of fused 1,2,3-triazoles. In this short review, we summarize the recent advances in denitrogenative reactions of [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines (‘pyridotriazoles’) and related fused 1,2,3-triazoles. Over the past decade, there has been a surge of activity in this field, with novel denitrogenative reactions of pyridotriazoles induced by metal compounds, light, and Brønsted and Lewis acids having been devised. As a result, heterocyclic compounds and functionalized α-picolines as well as bio­active molecules have been synthesized. In the review, emphasis is also placed on the mechanisms of the new reactions.1	Introduction2	Ring-Chain Isomerization of Pyridotriazoles3	Metal-Catalyzed Reactions3.1	Rh(II) Catalysis3.2	Rh(III) Catalysis3.3	Cu Catalysis3.4	Pd Catalysis3.5	Catalysis by Other Metals4	Metal-Free Reactions5	Conclusion
Stability of 0.5% Glucose-Containing Balanced Electrolyte Solutions for Patients on Ketogenic Diets: A Laboratory Study
Authors: Heiderich Sebastian , Dennhardt Nils , Hartmann Hans , Kluger Gerhard Joseph , Sümpelmann Robert , Herberhold Thomas 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Purpose Ketogenic diets (KDs) are used to treat epilepsies resistant to pharmacotherapy or some inborn errors of metabolism. For prolonged anesthesia, use of balanced electrolyte solutions (BESs) supplemented with 0.5% glucose has been advocated to maintain ketosis while preventing hypoglycemia. Unfortunately, there is no BES containing 0.5% glucose available from pharmacies. In a laboratory study, we investigated the physical and chemical stability of different BES mixtures containing 0.5% glucose.
Methods In total, six approaches were chosen to create a BES with 0.5% glucose: three different glucose-free BESs were supplemented with glucose. Additionally, commercially available BES containing 1% glucose was diluted with three different glucose-free BESs to obtain a solution containing 0.5% glucose. Turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, and macroscopic appearance of these solutions were measured immediately, at 24 hours, and after 7 days, and were compared with the original BES.
Results Turbidity, pH, and electrical conductivity, as well as macroscopic appearance did not exceed the changes of the controls.
Conclusions No signs of incompatibility reactions could be observed in a 1-week time period. Our study supports the stability of the examined BES containing 0.5% glucose for prolonged anesthesia in patients on KD. Clinical studies are needed to evaluate if BES containing 0.5% glucose is superior in patients on KDs.
Biomass combustion produces ice-active minerals in biomass-burning aerosol and bottom ash
Authors: Jahn Leif G. , Polen Michael J. , Jahl Lydia G. , Brubaker Thomas A. , Somers Joshua , Sullivan Ryan C. 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceIce-nucleating particles significantly alter cloud properties and lifetime, causing large but poorly constrained climate impacts. Biomass-burning aerosol emitted by wildfires is a major and growing source of atmospheric pollution. Prior work suggested that ice-nucleating particles can sometimes be emitted by biomass combustion, but the production and characteristics of these particles are poorly understood. Here we show that mineral phases are a significant ice-active component of both biomass-burning aerosol and ash particles. These mineral phases are derived from plant inorganic material that decomposes and reforms as ice-active minerals during combustion; they form more commonly from tall grass versus wood fuels. Aerosolized mineral and ash are now understood as a major source of the ice-nucleating particles in biomass-burning smoke.
Sequence-independent recognition of the amyloid structural motif by GFP protein family
Authors: Xu Sherry C. S. , LoRicco Josephine G. , Bishop Anthony C. , James Nathan A. , Huynh Welby H. , McCallum Scott A. , Roan Nadia R. , Makhatadze George I. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
GFP and other related fluorescent proteins (FPs) are widely used in biological sciences. We discovered that FPs have an intrinsic high binding propensity for the core of amyloid fibrils. We have demonstrated this using over 10 different amyloid fibrils, characterized the binding interface, probed binding interface via mutagenesis, and performed a number of controls to show that binding is specific to amyloid structures and not to other nonamyloid fibrillar structures or soluble proteins with extended β-structure. This previously unrecognized functionality of FPs has two major implications: 1) It provides a tool to study amyloid structures, and 2) It suggests that caution should be taken when FPs are used as a fusion to visualize the cellular localization of proteins of interest.
Unique biodiversity in Arctic marine forests is shaped by diverse recolonization pathways and far northern glacial refugia
Authors: Bringloe Trevor T. , Verbruggen Heroen , Saunders Gary W. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Our work challenges the existing paradigm that marine Arctic ecosystems are depauperate extensions of southerly (temperate) communities established in the wake of recent glaciation, fundamentally changing how these systems should be viewed and interpreted. We forward hypotheses regarding the history of Arctic marine systems, particularly with regards to endemism being an integral feature of Arctic biomes, and present a firm framework for future evolutionary research in this system typically viewed as “ecologically immature.”
Elucidating the G″ overshoot in soft materials with a yield transition via a time-resolved experimental strain decomposition
Authors: Donley Gavin J. , Singh Piyush K. , Shetty Abhishek , Rogers Simon A. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
The yielding transition in soft materials manifests macroscopically as a reversible transition from solid-like deformation to liquid-like flow under sufficiently large loading or deformation. Despite the ubiquity of materials that exhibit yielding, an understanding of the transition has remained elusive due to experimental limitations of the simple rheological tests typically used to study it. We present here a more thorough understanding of yielding, obtained via an iterative test protocol and analysis that allow for the separation of solid-like and liquid-like behaviors in the response of these materials. We show that yielding is a gradual transition, occurring to an increased extent as the deformation increases.
Testosterone and hippocampal trajectories mediate relationship of poverty to emotion dysregulation and depression
Authors: Barch Deanna M. , Shirtcliff Elizabeth A. , Elsayed Nourhan M. , Whalen Diana , Gilbert Kirsten , Vogel Alecia C. , Tillman Rebecca , Luby Joan L. 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Experiencing poverty early in life is associated with continued risk for mental and physical health problems in childhood and adulthood. As such, it is important to understand the mechanisms by which poverty contributes to lasting risk for poor developmental outcomes. Here we use longitudinal prospectively acquired data starting in preschool to demonstrate that early poverty is associated with disruptions in developmental testosterone trajectories and hippocampal volume growth across school age and adolescent development, as well as with greater emotion dysregulation and depression in adolescence. Further, we provide evidence that such disruptions in hormonal and brain development are part of the pathway linking poverty to subsequent problems with emotion regulation and depression.
A noncanonical role of NOD-like receptor NLRP14 in PGCLC differentiation and spermatogenesis
Authors: Yin Yike , Cao Shiyu , Fu Huancheng , Fan Xueying , Xiong Jingfei , Huang Qiuyue , Liu Yu , Xie Kun , Meng Tie-Gang , Liu Yuliang , Tang Dan , Yang Tingting , Dong Biao , Qi Shiqian , Nie Ling , Zhang Huiyuan , Hu Hongbo , Xu Wenming , Li Fuping , Dai Lunzhi , Sun Qing-Yuan , Li Zhonghan 
Published: August 2020

Significance
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are traditionally recognized as key surveillance pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) during innate immune regulation. Several NLRs exhibit highly restricted expression in mammalian germline, where their physiological functions are largely unknown. Here we report that Nlrp14, an NLR specifically expressed in testis and ovary, plays a critical role in regulating germ cell differentiation and reproduction. Nlrp14 deficiency led to decreased primordial germ cell-like cell (PGCLC) differentiation in vitro and reproduction failure in both male and female mice in vivo. In the male mice, Nlrp14 knockout strongly compromised differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells and meiosis. Mechanistically, NLRP14 protected HSPA2 from proteasome-mediated degradation by recruiting BAG2, loss of which was further confirmed in a human mutation associated with male sterility.
The global value of water in agriculture
Authors: D’Odorico Paolo , Chiarelli Davide Danilo , Rosa Lorenzo , Bini Alfredo , Zilberman David , Rulli Maria Cristina 
Published: August 2020

Significance
Water’s ability to generate value in irrigated agriculture remains poorly quantified at the global scale. The valuation of irrigation water is an important piece of information not only for agribusiness investors interested in the acquisition of land and water entitlements but also for farmers and rural communities that are negotiating with such investors. To make an informed decision about the acquisition or relinquishment of water rights or about investments in irrigation infrastructure there is a need for a better understanding of the value generated by irrigation water in agriculture using methods that rely on globally available data. This study provides a high-resolution global assessment of irrigation water value as a function of crop type and geographic location.
Dietary trends in herbivores from the Shungura Formation, southwestern Ethiopia
Authors: Negash Enquye W. , Alemseged Zeresenay , Bobe René , Grine Frederick , Sponheimer Matt , Wynn Jonathan G. 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceStudying the diet of fossil herbivores is a critical aspect of understanding past ecology. Here, we present carbon isotope data from the collective herbivore fauna in the Shungura Formation, Ethiopia, a key sequence for the study of mammalian evolution in eastern Africa. We document temporal patterns in the diet of nine mammalian herbivore families in the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. The diet of herbivores has significantly changed in the last 3.5 Ma, and major dietary transitions are observed in several taxa around ∼2.7 Ma and then at ∼2.0 Ma. These patterns reflect response of the fauna to major ecological and environmental changes and provide a comparative framework for the study of hominin diet during this time.
A network-based explanation of why most COVID-19 infection curves are linear
Authors: Thurner Stefan , Klimek Peter , Hanel Rudolf 
Published: August 2020

SignificanceFor many countries a plain-eye inspection of the COVID-19 infection curves reveals a remarkable linear growth over extended time periods. This observation is practically impossible to understand with traditional epidemiological models. These, to make them expressible in compact mathematical form, typically ignore the structure of real contact networks that are essential in the characteristic spreading dynamics of COVID-19. Here we show that by properly taking some relevant network features into account, linear growth can be naturally explained. Further, the effect of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), like national lockdowns, can be modeled with a remarkable degree of precision without fitting or fine-tuning of parameters.
How can we improve the codes of ethics for translators?
Authors: Lee Hyang , Yun Seong Woo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
As early as 1963, the FIT adopted the Translator’s Charter during the Congress at Dubrovnik, stipulating the rights,
obligations, and social responsibilities of translators. The document inspired many professional translator associations to draft their own
codes. These codes share a common goal: to inform the ethical decision-making of translators. However, some practitioners as well as
scholars have questioned their value, pointing to the inconsistencies within or between codes and the difficulty of applying them to
real-life situations. They view the codes as declarative documents that lay down the most basic ethical principles. Why does this gap exist
between codes and practice? What should be addressed first to answer this question? We believe that these codes tend to overlook a
fundamental aspect of translation. Their focus is on the relationship between translators and clients. In other words, gaining the
confidence and meeting the expectations of clients are often treated as the most important elements of a code. However, the act of
translation, like any human act, is a social one that impacts the community the translator belongs to. Therefore, a translator is a social
agent who supports the ethical goal of living better together in a community. How can these codes be improved? To explore this question, we
review the discussions of authors who have emphasized the social role of translators and interpreters, including Chesterman, Baker, and
Inghilleri. We finally suggest community-related ethical principles and virtues for translator codes of ethics.
Curcumin induces apoptosis in lung cancer cells by 14-3-3 protein-mediated activation of Bad
Authors: Endo Hiroshi , Inoue Izumi , Masunaka Kimiko , Tanaka Masaya , Yano Mihiro 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
The anticancer effects of curcumin are based on the induction of apoptosis, but the specific mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. To address this issue, we investigated the effects of curcumin on the intrinsic apoptosis pathway using mitochondria from A549 cells. Curcumin decreased the levels of 14-3-3 proteins, key molecules that inhibit the activation of proapoptotic factors known as BH3-only proteins (e.g. Bad). Curcumin-induced suppression of 14-3-3 protein levels was associated with reduced cytosolic Bad and elevation of mitochondrial Bad, leading to a drop in the mitochondrial membrane potential. 14-3-3 proteins generally interact with Bad phosphorylated by AKT, thus preventing its translocation to the mitochondria where it can promote cell death. Curcumin not only decreased the expression of 14-3-3 proteins but also promoted Bad dephosphorylation in an AKT-dependent fashion. Our results provide novel evidence for the induction of apoptosis by curcumin at multiple stages of the mitochondrial cascade.
Chemical-free transfer of patterned reduced graphene oxide thin films for large area flexible electronics and nanoelectromechanical systems
Authors: Patil Nikhil , Gupta Aparna , Jaiswal Manu , Dutta Soumya 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this paper, a wet-dry hybrid technique to transfer patterned reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thin film to arbitrary substrates at predetermined locations without using any chemicals is reported. The transfer process involves water-assisted delamination of rGO, followed by dry transfer to an acceptor substrate using viscoelastic stamp. Patterned reduced graphene oxide films are transferred to silicon dioxide (SiO2/Si) substrate to begin with. Subsequently, the method is deployed to transfer rGO to different polymer substrates such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and crosslinked poly(4-vinylphenol) (c-PVP), which are commonly used as gate dielectric in flexible electronic applications. The credibility of the transfer process with precise spatial positioning on the target substrate leads to fabrication of freely suspended reduced graphene oxide membrane towards nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) based devices such as nanomechanical drum resonators.
Numerical investigation of optimal divertor gas baffle closure on TCV
Authors: Galassi D , Reimerdes H , Theiler C , Wensing M , Bufferand H , Ciraolo G , Innocente P , Marandet Y , Tamain P , EUROfusion MST1 Team the , TCV Team the 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
A first set of divertor gas baffles has recently been installed in the TCV tokamak. In order to explore the physics determining the benefits and limitations of divertor baffling and to guide the design of a possible second generation of baffles, the effect of baffle closure is investigated using the 2D transport code SolEdge2D-EIRENE with realistic wall geometries. The baffle extension is scanned, first imposing the same upstream conditions as in previous SOLPS-ITER studies, then extending the parameter space to access detached plasma conditions. In attached plasma cases, divertor neutral compression is maximised by a Low-Field Side baffle length with an opening between the separatrix and the baffle tip of approximately 5 λ

q
, resulting in an increase in neutral compression by a factor 4 with respect to the unbaffled case. In detached cases this ratio can be improved by up to a factor 25 using higher baffle closures. This difference in behaviour between attached and detached conditions is explained by a model based on the ionisation mean free path of neutral particles recycled from the target. In some conditions, the optimal baffle extension in terms of neutral compression is found to be subject to high levels of intercepted upstream heat flux, which results in a peak heat flux on the baffles comparable to the one impinging on the outer target. The individual roles of the High-Field Side and Low-Field Side baffles are disentangled by means of dedicated simulations, which show a lower global impact of the inner baffle. This study suggests that an outer baffle with a gap of approximately 3 λ

q
, slightly more closed than the one presently installed, could further enhance the neutral compression ratio in cases where the ionisation front is detached. The biggest unknown in these simulations is related to far SOL particle transport, which could result in higher levels of baffle recycling and thus limit baffle performance.
Effects of Exogenous Melatonin and ABA on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Naturally Aging Kiwi Seedlings
Authors: Hu Rongping , Fan Zhonghan , Chen Qinghua , Xu Xiaoyan , Chen Song , Chen Qingdong , Yang Dongsheng 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
In this study, the annual yellow kiwi seedlings which were treated with 200μmol/L melatonin (MT), 15μmmol/L abscisic acid (ABA) and 5mmol/L sodium tungstate solution (STD) were used as experimental materials to study the changes in physiological indicators of kiwi fruit under natural aging. After comprehensive analysis, we can speculate that MT may affect the photosynthetic characteristics of aging kiwi by affecting ABA production and keeping its content at a moderate level. The experiment results provided theoretical basis and practical guidance for delaying the production and application of kiwi seedlings.