bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Malawi's Missing Court Files and the Kafantayeni Resentencing Project
Authors: Carreau Emile 
Published: October 2020

AbstractMissing court files pose a serious issue regarding access to justice for illiterate and indigent prisoners, especially if the files go missing after the prisoner has been convicted and sentenced. Malawi's High Court recently grappled with the issue of missing court files post-conviction in the course of a large resentencing process, known to the legal community as the Kafantayeni Project. The Kafantayeni Project resentenced over 150 prisoners whose mandatory death sentences for murder were deemed unconstitutional, despite the majority of them missing court files. This article outlines the state of judicial record keeping in sub-Saharan Africa, the origins of the Kafantayeni Project, the extent of the record keeping problem it uncovered, how the judiciary resolved those issues while adding to the jurisprudence on missing court files, and the future implications for Malawi and elsewhere.
Biodiversity narratives: stories of the evolving conservation landscape
Authors: Louder Elena , Wyborn Carina 
Published: October 2020

SummaryNarratives shape human understanding and underscore policy, practice and action. From individuals to multilateral institutions, humans act based on collective stories. As such, narratives have important implications for revisiting biodiversity. There have been growing calls for a ‘new narrative’ to underpin efforts to address biodiversity decline that, for example, foreground optimism, a more people-centred narrative or technological advances. This review presents some of the main contemporary narratives from within the biodiversity space to reflect on their underpinning categories, myths and causal assumptions. It begins by reviewing various interpretations of narrative, which range from critical views where narrative is a heuristic for understanding structures of domination, to advocacy approaches where it is a tool for reimagining ontologies and transitioning to sustainable futures. The work reveals how the conservation space is flush with narratives. As such, efforts to search for a ‘new narrative’ for conservation can be usefully informed by social science scholarship on narratives and related constructs and should reflect critically on the power of narrative to entrench old ways of thought and practice and, alternatively, make space for new ones. Importantly, the transformative potential of narrative may not lie in superficial changes in messaging, but in using narrative to bring multiple ways of knowing into productive dialogue to revisit biodiversity and foster critical reflection.
Differential associations of parental harshness and parental disengagement with overall cortisol output at 15 years: Implications for adolescent mental health
Authors: Doom Jenalee R. , Peckins Melissa K. , Hein Tyler C. , Dotterer Hailey L. , Mitchell Colter , Lopez-Duran Nestor L. , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , McLanahan Sara , Hyde Luke W. , Abelson James L. , Monk Christopher S. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractPsychosocial stress in childhood and adolescence is linked to stress system dysregulation, although few studies have examined the relative impacts of parental harshness and parental disengagement. This study prospectively tested whether parental harshness and disengagement show differential associations with overall cortisol output in adolescence. Associations between overall cortisol output and adolescent mental health problems were tested concurrently. Adolescents from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) provided hair samples for cortisol assay at 15 years (N= 171). Caregivers reported on parental harshness and disengagement experiences at 1, 3, 5, 9, and 15 years, and adolescents reported at 15 years. Both parent and adolescent reported depressive and anxiety symptoms and antisocial behaviors at 15. Greater parental harshness from 1–15 years, and harshness reported at 15 years in particular, was associated with higher overall cortisol output at 15. Greater parental disengagement from 1–15 years, and disengagement at 1 year specifically, was associated with lower cortisol output. There were no significant associations between cortisol output and depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or antisocial behaviors. These results suggest that the unique variances of parental harshness and disengagement may have opposing associations with cortisol output at 15 years, with unclear implications for adolescent mental health.
Atrial fibrillation in a child with COVID-19 infection
Authors: Santi Aura Daniella , Aquino Paolo , Dorfman Molly 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic has challenged our initial predictions of its ramifications, both short and long term. Cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 in children remain a topic of investigation as literature is lacking. We describe new onset atrial fibrillation in a child with a history of COVID-19 infection. Understanding of cardiogenic effects of COVID-19 can help minimise the delay in diagnosis.
Targeting affect leads to reduced paranoia in people with psychosis: a single case series
Authors: Silva Daniel , Maguire Tess , McSherry Pamela , Newman-Taylor Katherine 
Published: October 2020

AbstractBackground:Current psychological interventions for psychosis focus primarily on cognitive and behavioural management of delusions and hallucinations, with modest outcomes. Emotions are not usually targeted directly, despite evidence that people with psychosis have difficulty identifying, accepting and modifying affective states.Aims:This study assessed the impact of emotion regulation skills practice on affect and paranoia in seven people who met criteria for a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.Method:The study utilised a single case ABA design and measured emotion regulation skills, affect and paranoia over baseline, intervention and withdrawal of intervention phases. We predicted that eight sessions of skills rehearsal would lead to improved emotion regulation, reduced negative affect, increased positive affect, and reduced paranoia.Results:Most participants were able to learn to regulate their emotions, and reported reduced negative affect and paranoia. There was no clear pattern of change for positive affect.Conclusions:These findings suggest that emotion can be targeted in psychosis, and is associated with reduced paranoia. Emotion regulation may constitute a key treatment target in cognitive behavioural therapy for psychosis.
Political but incontestable: A review of ‘political constitutionalism’ in China
Authors: BIAN SU 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAlthough all constitutional issues are political in essence, ‘political constitutionalism’ as a school is specifically critical of court-centred understandings. Such a school of political constitutionalism has emerged in Chinese constitutional debates since 2008. Its rapid development has both enriched and challenged Chinese constitutional studies, but it has also left certain impacts on the political reality of China. Is this school comparable to the Western political constitutionalism tradition and how is ‘the political’ defined? By discerning three political registers from the school’s main arguments as the ‘constitutional moment’, ‘polity’ and ‘governance’, this article aims to critically examine the aims and functions of political constitutionalism in China and to argue that while constitutional reflexivity requires contestability, the political registers of this wide-ranging school in fact deny it.
Impact of maternal mental health interventions on child-related outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tol W. A. , Greene M. C. , Lasater M. E. , Le Roch K. , Bizouerne C. , Purgato M. , Tomlinson M. , Barbui C. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractAimsObservational studies have shown a relationship between maternal mental health (MMH) and child development, but few studies have evaluated whether MMH interventions improve child-related outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this review is to synthesise findings on the effectiveness of MMH interventions to improve child-related outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsWe searched for randomised controlled trials conducted in LMICs evaluating interventions with a MMH component and reporting children's outcomes. Meta-analysis was performed on outcomes included in at least two trials.ResultsWe identified 21 trials with 28 284 mother–child dyads. Most trials were conducted in middle-income countries, evaluating home visiting interventions delivered by general health workers, starting in the third trimester of pregnancy. Only ten trials described acceptable methods for blinding outcome assessors. Four trials showed high risk of bias in at least two of the seven domains assessed in this review. Narrative synthesis showed promising but inconclusive findings for child-related outcomes. Meta-analysis identified a sizeable impact of interventions on exclusive breastfeeding (risk ratio = 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13–1.71, ten trials,N= 4749 mother–child dyads,I2= 61%) and a small effect on child height-for-age at 6-months (std. mean difference = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.02–0.24, three trials,N= 1388,I2= 0%). Meta-analyses did not identify intervention benefits for child cognitive and other growth outcomes; however, few trials measured these outcomes.ConclusionsThese findings support the importance of MMH to improve child-related outcomes in LMICs, particularly exclusive breastfeeding. Given, the small number of trials and methodological limitations, more rigorous trials should be conducted.
Magnetic Properties of Late Holocene Dead Sea Sediments as a Monitor of Regional Hydroclimate
Authors: Ebert Y. , Shaar R. , Levy E. J. , Zhao X. , Roberts A. P. , Stein M. 
Published: October 2020

AbstractDiagenetic processes in anoxic sedimentary environments influence sediment magnetic properties mainly through dissolution of detrital magnetite and precipitation of authigenic greigite. Recently exposed late Holocene Dead Sea sediments provide an opportunity to study the processes governing greigite formation and preservation, and their relation to different hydrological settings. Magnetic data and pore‐fluid compositions were obtained from three Holocene sections along a N‐S transect on the western Dead Sea shore: Og, Ein‐Feshkha (EF), and Ein‐Gedi. The northern sections are closer to the major freshwater source to the Dead Sea‐the Jordan River. Detrital titanomagnetite is present at all sections, but greigite is the dominant magnetic phase at Og and EF. Bulk rock magnetic data vary between and within the sections by over 3 orders of magnitude, where higher values indicate higher greigite concentrations. At the three sites, pore fluids have similar or lower salinity than the modern and Holocene Dead Sea brine, with variable and dissolved iron (Fe2+) and sulfate (SO42−). Magnetic property changes are reflected by iron and/or sulfate microbial reduction that controlled sedimentary greigite formation. We propose that the N‐S greigite decrease suggests that anoxic microbial activity was controlled by labile organic matter and/or reactive iron brought by, or formed as a result of, freshwater influx from the Jordan River. Hence, greigite concentration changes depended on past freshwater input to the hypersaline lake and proximity to the freshwater source. The apparent relationship between hydrological conditions and magnetic properties provides a new method to trace past hydrological changes in the Dead Sea.
Gridded Versus Station Temperatures: Time Evolution of Relationships With Atmospheric Circulation
Authors: Hynčica Martin , Huth Radan 
Published: October 2020

AbstractInterpolated data sets are often considered to be a reliable source of information on a variety of meteorological variables, such as temperature and precipitation. Users expect the interpolated data to be rather similar to those directly observed at stations, which is not always true: well documented is the influence of interpolation on, e.g., extremes. Here another kind of discrepancy between gridpoints and station observations is presented: the time evolution of relationships between temperature and atmospheric circulation. One of the most widely utilized gridded temperature data sets, CRU TS (Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series), is compared with 634 station time series from GHCN (Global Historical Climatology Network) in the Northern Extratropics. We analyze running correlations (calculated for 15‐year windows) of monthly values between modes of atmospheric circulation variability (identified in the ERA‐40 reanalysis) and temperature anomalies in winter from 1957 to 2002. The smallest differences in the running correlations are found in Europe and North America due to a dense station network. On the other hand, the sites with considerable differences are located mainly in mountainous regions or in isolated locations. In order to uncover causes of these differences, we analyze two sites in more detail. Mike (the North Sea) is an isolated site where the gridpoint temperature is affected by rather distant Scandinavian stations. At Songpan (central China; 2,852 m a.s.l), the terrain configuration in mountainous region influences the gridpoint value, in which the effect of stations with much lower altitude and different climate conditions is dominant.
Donor-derived CD19 CAR-T cell therapy of relapse of CD19-positive B-ALL post allotransplant
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Wang Xiao-Qi , Zhang Rong-Li , Liu Fang , Wang Yi , Yan Zhi-Ling , Song Yong-Ping , Yang Ting , Li Ping , Wang Zhen , Ma Ying-Ying , Gao Lei , Liu Yao , Gao Li , Kong Pei-Yan , Liu Jun , Tan Xu , Zhong Jiang F. , Chen Yu-Qing , Liang Ai-Bin , Ren Jin-Hua , Li Zhen-Yu , Cao Jiang , Gao Quan-Li , Zhou Jian , Gao Ying , Zhang Ding , Fan Fang-Yi , Han Ming-Zhe , Gale Robert Peter , Zhang Xi 
Published: October 2020

AbstractSafety and efficacy of allogeneic anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) in persons with CD19-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) relapsing after an allotransplant remain unclear. Forty-three subjects with B-ALL relapsing post allotransplant received CAR-T cells were analyzed. 34 (79%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 66, 92%) achieved complete histological remission (CR). Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) occurred in 38 (88%; 78, 98%) and was ≥grade-3 in 7. Two subjects died from multiorgan failure and CRS. Nine subjects (21%; 8, 34%) developed ≤grade-2 immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). Two subjects developed ≤grade-2 acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). 1-year event-free survival (EFS) and survival was 43% (25, 62%). In 32 subjects with a complete histological remission without a second transplant, 1-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 41% (25, 62%) and 1-year EFS and survival, 59% (37, 81%). Therapy of B-ALL subjects relapsing post transplant with donor-derived CAR-T cells is safe and effective but associated with a high rate of CRS. Outcomes seem comparable to those achieved with alternative therapies but data from a randomized trial are lacking.
Microbial competition reduces metabolic interaction distances to the low µm-range
Authors: van Tatenhove-Pel Rinke J , Rijavec Tomaž , Lapanje Aleš , van Swam Iris , Zwering Emile , Hernandez-Valdes Jhonatan A , Kuipers Oscar P , Picioreanu Cristian , Teusink Bas , Bachmann Herwig 
Published: October 2020

Abstract
Metabolic interactions between cells affect microbial community compositions and hence their function in ecosystems. It is well-known that under competition for the exchanged metabolite, concentration gradients constrain the distances over which interactions can occur. However, interaction distances are typically quantified in two-dimensional systems or without accounting for competition or other metabolite-removal, conditions which may not very often match natural ecosystems. We here analyze the impact of cell-to-cell distance on unidirectional cross-feeding in a three-dimensional aqueous system with competition for the exchanged metabolite. Effective interaction distances were computed with a reaction-diffusion model and experimentally verified by growing a synthetic consortium of 1 µm-sized metabolite producer, receiver, and competitor cells in different spatial structures. We show that receivers cannot interact with producers located on average 15 µm away from them, as product concentration gradients flatten close to producer cells. We developed an aggregation protocol and varied the receiver cells’ product affinity, to show that within producer–receiver aggregates even low-affinity receiver cells could interact with producers. These results show that competition or other metabolite-removal of a public good in a three-dimensional system reduces metabolic interaction distances to the low µm-range, highlighting the importance of concentration gradients as physical constraint for cellular interactions.
Mining zebrafish microbiota reveals key community-level resistance against fish pathogen infection
Authors: Stressmann Franziska A , Bernal-Bayard Joaquín , Perez-Pascual David , Audrain Bianca , Rendueles Olaya , Briolat Valérie , Bruchmann Sebastian , Volant Stevenn , Ghozlane Amine , Häussler Susanne , Duchaud Eric , Levraud Jean-Pierre , Ghigo Jean-Marc 
Published: October 2020

AbstractThe long-known resistance to pathogens provided by host-associated microbiota fostered the notion that adding protective bacteria could prevent or attenuate infection. However, the identification of endogenous or exogenous bacteria conferring such protection is often hindered by the complexity of host microbial communities. Here, we used zebrafish and the fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare as a model system to study the determinants of microbiota-associated colonization resistance. We compared infection susceptibility in germ-free, conventional and reconventionalized larvae and showed that a consortium of 10 culturable bacterial species are sufficient to protect zebrafish. Whereas survival to F. columnare infection does not rely on host innate immunity, we used antibiotic dysbiosis to alter zebrafish microbiota composition, leading to the identification of two different protection strategies. We first identified that the bacterium Chryseobacterium massiliae individually protects both larvae and adult zebrafish. We also showed that an assembly of 9 endogenous zebrafish species that do not otherwise protect individually confer a community-level resistance to infection. Our study therefore provides a rational approach to identify key endogenous protecting bacteria and promising candidates to engineer resilient microbial communities. It also shows how direct experimental analysis of colonization resistance in low-complexity in vivo models can reveal unsuspected ecological strategies at play in microbiota-based protection against pathogens.
3D histopathology of human tumours by fast clearing and ultramicroscopy
Authors: Sabdyusheva Litschauer Inna , Becker Klaus , Saghafi Saiedeh , Ballke Simone , Bollwein Christine , Foroughipour Meraaj , Gaugeler Julia , Foroughipour Massih , Schavelová Viktória , László Viktória , Döme Balazs , Brostjan Christine , Weichert Wilko , Dodt Hans-Ulrich 
Published: October 2020

AbstractHere, we describe a novel approach that allows pathologists to three-dimensionally analyse malignant tissues, including the tumour-host tissue interface. Our visualization technique utilizes a combination of ultrafast chemical tissue clearing and light-sheet microscopy to obtain virtual slices and 3D reconstructions of up to multiple centimetre sized tumour resectates. For the clearing of tumours we propose a preparation technique comprising three steps: (a) Fixation and enhancement of tissue autofluorescence with formalin/5-sulfosalicylic acid. (b) Ultrafast active chemical dehydration with 2,2-dimethoxypropane and (c) refractive index matching with dibenzyl ether at up to 56 °C. After clearing, the tumour resectates are imaged. The images are computationally post-processed for contrast enhancement and artefact removal and then 3D reconstructed. Importantly, the sequence a–c is fully reversible, allowing the morphological correlation of one and the same histological structures, once visualized with our novel technique and once visualized by standard H&E- and IHC-staining. After reverting the clearing procedure followed by standard H&E processing, the hallmarks of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) found in the cleared samples could be successfully correlated with the corresponding structures present in H&E and IHC staining. Since the imaging of several thousands of optical sections is a fast process, it is possible to analyse a larger part of the tumour than by mechanical slicing. As this also adds further information about the 3D structure of malignancies, we expect that our technology will become a valuable addition for histological diagnosis in clinical pathology.
The mouse model of fragile X syndrome exhibits deficits in contagious itch behavior
Authors: Gonzales-Rojas Rodrigo , Rana Amtul-Noor , Mason Peter , Renfro Christopher , Annaluru Vallabhi , Panda Shree , Lee Hye Young 
Published: October 2020

AbstractIndividuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) imitate observed behavior less than age-matched and typically developing peers, resulting in deterred learning ability and social interaction. However, this deficit lacks preclinical assessment tools. A previous study has shown that mice exhibit contagious itch behavior while viewing a scratching demonstrator mouse, as opposed to an ambulating demonstrator mouse, but whether autism mouse models imitate observed scratching behavior remains unknown. Here, we investigated contagious itch behavior in the mouse model of fragile X syndrome (FXS), a common form of inherited intellectual disabilities with a high risk for ASDs. We found that the mouse model of FXS shows deficits in contagious itch behavior. Our findings can be used as a new preclinical assessment tool for measuring imitative deficits in the study of neurodevelopmental disorders including FXS.
The utility of PET/CT in large vessel vasculitis
Authors: Ben Shimol Jennifer , Amital Howard , Lidar Merav , Domachevsky Liran , Shoenfeld Yehuda , Davidson Tima 
Published: October 2020

Abstract18F-FDG PET/CT occupies a growing role in the diagnosis of large vessel vasculitis (LVV), illustrating enhanced uptake in the lining of large vessels. A retrospective single center study was conducted of patients who underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT scans between 2009 and 2019 at Sheba Medical Center, Israel. The imaging results were analyzed for evidence of LVV. We reviewed the PET/CT scans of 126 patients and identified 57 studies that either showed evidence of active LVV or that had been performed in patients previously treated for systemic vasculitis. In 6 patients with fevers of unknown origin and elevated inflammatory markers, PET/CT revealed LVV. Six of 13 patients previously treated for systemic vasculitis demonstrated persistent large vessel uptake. LVV was identified in 8 patients with other autoimmune diseases, and in 4 diagnosed with infectious aortitis. In 26 patients who underwent malignancy surveillance, PET/CT revealed more localized large vessel wall inflammation. Our results illustrate that PET/CT may identify large vessel wall inflammation in patients with a suspicion of LVV, and incidentally in patients who undergo malignancy surveillance. PET/CT may also help delineate the presence and extent of vessel inflammation in patients with LVV and in those with other autoimmune diseases.