bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying Maltreatment in Infants and Young Children Presenting With Fractures: Does Age Matter?
Authors: Mitchell Ian C. , Norat Bradley J. , Auerbach Marc , Bressler Colleen J. , Como John J , Escobar Mauricio A. , Flynn‐O’Brien Katherine T. , Lindberg Daniel M. , Nickoles Todd , Rosado Norell , Weeks Kerri , Maguire Sabine 
Published: September 2020

AbstractObjectivesChild abuse is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in preverbal children who cannot explain their injuries. Fractures are among the most common injuries associated with abuse but of themselves fractures may not be recognized as abusive until a comprehensive child abuse evaluation is completed, often prompted by other signs or subjective features. We sought to determine which children presenting with rib or long‐bone fractures should undergo a routine abuse evaluation based on age.MethodsA systematic review searching Ovid, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and CINAHL from 1980 to 2020 was performed. An evidence‐based framework was generated by a consensus panel and applied to the results of the systematic review to form recommendations. Fifteen articles were suitable for final analysis.ResultsStudies with comparable age ranges of subjects and sufficient evidence to meet the determination of abuse standard for pediatric patients with rib, humeral, and femoral fractures were identified. Seventy‐seven percent of children presenting with rib fractures aged less than 3 years were abused; when those involved in motor vehicle collisions were excluded, 96% were abused. Abuse was identified in 48% of children less than 18 months with humeral fractures. Among those with femoral fractures, abuse was diagnosed in 34% and 25% of children aged less than 12 and 18 months, respectively.ConclusionAmong children who were not in an independently verified incident, the authors strongly recommend routine evaluation for child abuse, including specialty child abuse consultation, for: 1) children aged less than 3 years old presenting with rib fractures and 2) children aged less than 18 months presenting with humeral or femoral fractures (Level of Evidence: III Review).
Randomized Double‐blind Trial of Intramuscular Droperidol, Ziprasidone, and Lorazepam for Acute Undifferentiated Agitation in the Emergency Department
Authors: Martel Marc L. , Driver Brian E. , Miner James R. , Biros Michelle H. , Cole Jon B. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe optimal agent to treat acute agitation in the emergency department (ED) has not been determined. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness and safety of intramuscular droperidol, ziprasidone, and lorazepam for acute agitation in the ED.MethodsThis was a randomized, double‐blind trial of ED patients with acute agitation requiring parenteral sedation. The study was conducted under exception from informed consent (21 CFR 50.24) from July 2004 to March 2005. Patients were randomized to receive 5 mg of droperidol, 10 mg of ziprasidone, 20 mg of ziprasidone, or 2 mg of lorazepam intramuscularly. We recorded Altered Mental Status Scale (AMSS) scores, nasal end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), and pulse oximetry (SpO2) at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes as well as QTc durations and dysrhythmias. Respiratory depression was defined as a change in ETCO2 consistent with respiratory depression or SpO2 < 90%. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients adequately sedated (AMSS ≤ 0) at 15 minutes.ResultsWe enrolled 115 patients. Baseline AMSS scores were similar between groups. For the primary outcome, adequate sedation at 15 minutes, droperidol administration was effective in 16 of 25 (64%) patients, compared to seven of 28 (25%) for 10 mg of ziprasidone, 11 of 31 (35%) for 20 mg of ziprasidone, and nine of 31 (29%) for lorazepam. Pairwise comparisons revealed that droperidol was more effective that the other medications, with 39% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3% to 54%) more compared to 20 mg of ziprasidone and 33% (95% CI = 8% to 58%) more compared to lorazepam. There was no significant difference between groups in need of additional rescue sedation. Numerically, respiratory depression was lower with droperidol (3/25 [12%]) compared to 10 mg of ziprasidone (10/28 [36%]), 20 mg of ziprasidone (12/31 [39%]), or lorazepam (15/31 [48%]). One patient receiving 20 mg of ziprasidone required intubation to manage an acute subdural hematoma. No patients had ventricular dysrhythmias. QTc durations were similar in all groups.ConclusionsDroperidol was more effective than lorazepam or either dose of ziprasidone for the treatment of acute agitation in the ED and caused fewer episodes of respiratory depression.
Does Drinking Initiation of Young Thai Drinkers Vary Over Time and Generation? Results of the National Surveys on Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption of the Thai Populations 2007 to 2017
Authors: Assanangkornchai Sawitri , Vichitkunakorn Polathep 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundEarly age at drinking initiation may be one factor responsible for underage drinking in Thailand and this may be affected by cultural and generational changes over certain periods of time. This study aimed to explore the effects of time period and generation on drinking onset of young Thai drinkers in the past decade.MethodsWe analyzed data from a total of 60,018 Thais aged 15 to 24 years from 4 national surveys conducted in 2007, 2011, 2014, and 2017. We used multilevel and event history analysis to examine the effects of period (survey year) and cohort (birth year of participants), adjusted for sex, age, area of residence, and region on drinking onset.ResultsThe overall prevalence of past‐year drinking was 23.6 % (95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.2, 23.9) among participants of all surveys. Cox proportional hazards model revealed significantly different probabilities to have initiated drinking between participants of different surveys and birth years, indicating significant period and cohort effects. After adjusting for sex, age, cohort, living region, and area of residence, participants in the 2014 survey had the highest likelihood to have started drinking (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.25 CI: 1.15 to 1.36), compared to the participants of the same age in the 2007 survey while those in the 2011 (HR: 0.89, CI: 0.85, 0.93) and 2017 (HR: 0.63, CI: 0.58, 0.68) surveys had less likelihood. Participants born in 1993 to 2002 (later cohort) had higher probability to have started drinking than those born in 1983 to 1992 (HR: 1.80, CI: 1.69, 1.92).ConclusionThai youths of the recent generations living in recent years tend to have a higher probability of initiating drinking than those in the past. Interventions to prevent underage drinking should begin earlier for the young generation.
Influence of Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders on the Risk of Development of Alcohol Dependence by Genetic Variations of ALDH2 and ADH1B
Authors: Itoh Mitsuru , Yonemoto Tomoko , Ueno Fumihiko , Iwahara Chie , Yumoto Yosuke , Nakayama Hideki , Maesato Hitoshi , Kimura Mitsuru , Matsushita Sachio 
Published: September 2020

BackgroundInactive aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) is a well‐known deterrent to the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD), and however, some individuals with inactive ALDH2 do go on to develop AUD. These alcoholics are likely to have strong risk factors for the development of this disorder. Using a model of alcoholics with inactive ALDH2 (the AIA model), we investigated the unique characteristics of alcoholics with inactive ALDH2 in an attempt to identify the risk factors for AUD. In this study, we focused on comorbid psychiatric and personality disorders as potential risk factors for AUD.MethodsThe subjects were 103 male alcoholics with inactive ALDH2 (AIAs), 87 age‐ and ADH1B genotype‐matched alcoholics with active ALDH2 (AAAs) and 200 age‐matched healthy men. The alcoholics were divided into 4 subgroups according to their ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes (inactive ALDH2 vs. active ALDH2, usual ADH1B vs. superactive ADH1B). To assess the participants’ comorbid psychiatric disorders, we conducted semi‐structured interviews using the Japanese translation of SSAGA version 2. We compared the prevalence of comorbid psychiatric and personality disorders among groups with different combinations of the ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes.ResultsThe prevalence of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was significantly higher in the AIAs with usual ADH1B than in the other 3 subgroups of alcoholics. In contrast, the prevalence rates of agoraphobia and panic disorder were significantly lower in the AIAs with superactive ADH1B than in the other 3 subgroups of alcoholics.ConclusionsThis study suggested that (i) ADHD is a risk factor for AUD, consistent with previous reports; (ii) agoraphobia and panic disorder may have deterrent effects against the development of AUD in individuals with inactive ALDH2, probably attributable to the similarity between the symptoms of agoraphobia and panic disorder and the adverse reactions to consumption of alcohol in subjects with inactive ALDH2.
Pharmacotherapeutic strategies for treating cocaine use disorder—what do we have to offer?
Authors: Brandt Laura , Chao Thomas , Comer Sandra D. , Levin Frances R. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackgroundCocaine use contines to be a significant public health problem world‐wide. However, despite substantial research efforts, no pharmacotherapies are approved for the treatment of cocaine use disorder (CUD).ArgumentStudies have identified positive signals for a range of medications for treating CUD. These include long‐acting amphetamine formulations, modafinil, topiramate, doxazosin and combined topiramate and mixed amphetamine salts extended‐release (MAS‐ER). However, valid conclusions about a medication's clinical efficacy require nuanced approaches that take into account behavioural phenotypes of the target population (frequency of use, co‐abuse of cocaine and other substances, genetic subgroups, psychiatric comorbidity), variables related to the medication (dose, short‐/long‐acting formulations, titration speed, medication adherence) and other factors that may affect treatment outcomes. Meta‐analyses frequently do not account for these co‐varying factors, which contributes to a somewhat nihilistic view on pharmacotherapeutic options for CUD. In addition, the predominant focus on abstinence, which is difficult for most patients to achieve, may overshadow more nuanced therapeutic signals.ConclusionWhile there is an emphasis on finding new medications with novel mechanisms of action for treating CUD, currently available medications deserve further investigation based on the existing literature. Evaluating refined metrics of treatment success in well‐defined subgroups of patients, and further exploring combination therapies and their synergy with behavioural/psychosocial interventions, are promising avenues to establishing effective therapies for CUD.
Applying a ‘harm to others’ research framework to illicit drugs: political discourses and ambiguous policy implications
Authors: Wilkinson Claire , Ritter Alison 
Published: September 2020

AbstractDuring the past decade, ‘alcohol's harm to others’ (AHTO) has emerged as an international approach to studying alcohol problems and informing policy. The AHTO approach seeks to increase political will for alcohol policy by mapping, measuring and often costing harms beyond the person who drinks (e.g. family members, co‐workers). In this paper we consider the implications of a ‘harm to others’ approach for illicit drugs. We ask whether it could and should be used as a policy tool, given the high risks of further stigmatizing people who use drugs. We consider the ways in which the concept and measurement of ‘harm to others’ may be either productive or potentially harmful, depending on the extent to which the AHTO is replicated for illicit drugs. Shifting the language may assist: the term ‘harm from others’ appears to carry less risk of stigma. In addition, all harms inclusive of drug supply and drug consumption need to be included if a full picture of harms that accrue to other people from illicit drugs is to be achieved.
Gateway or common liability? A systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies of adolescent e‐cigarette use and future smoking initiation
Authors: Chan Gary C. K. , Stjepanović Daniel , Lim Carmen , Sun Tianze , Shanmuga Anandan Aathavan , Connor Jason P. , Gartner Coral , Hall Wayne D. , Leung Janni 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsStudies have consistently found a longitudinal association between e‐cigarette use (vaping) and cigarette smoking. Many have interpreted such association as causal. This systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluated the plausibility of a causal interpretation by (1) estimating the effect of adolescent vaping on smoking initiation, adjusted for study quality characteristics, (2) evaluating the sufficiency of adjustment for confounding based on the social development model (SDM) and the social ecological model (SEM) and E‐value analyses and (3) investigating sample attrition and publication bias.MethodsSystematic review and meta‐analysis of longitudinal studies that examined the association between e‐cigarette use at baseline and smoking at follow‐up. Participants were non‐smokers aged < 18 at baseline.ResultsMeta‐analysis of 11 studies showed a significant longitudinal association between vaping and smoking [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.22, 3.87]. Studies with sample sizes < 1000 had a significantly higher odds ratio (OR = 6.68, 95% CI = 3.63, 12.31) than studies with sample sizes > 1000 (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.97, 3.15). Overall, the attrition rate was very high (median = 30%). All but one study reported results from complete sample analysis, despite those dropping out having higher risk profiles. Only two studies comprehensively adjusted for confounding. The median E‐value was 2.90, indicating that the estimates were not robust against unmeasured confounding.ConclusionsThere is a longitudinal association between adolescent vaping and smoking initiation; however, the evidence is limited by publication bias, high sample attrition and inadequate adjustment for potential confounders.
Does intentional asphyxiation by strangulation have addictive properties?
Authors: Chater Angel Marie 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground and aimsIntentional asphyxiation leads to cerebral hypoxia, starving the brain of oxygen and inducing hypoxic euphoria, but carries a serious risk of accidental death, especially if practised alone. This article raises the question as to whether it could usefully be regarded as having addictive properties.Methods and resultsA review of the literature, together with eight case study vignettes, are presented. Intentional asphyxiation can occur with or without sexual activity. Initiation often occurs in adolescence, with development in some cases of an entrenched behaviour pattern, driven by a strong euphoriant effect, without adequate safeguarding from serious harm, and being undertaken by people with comorbidities. There does not appear to be strong evidence of seeking support for cessation of the practice.ConclusionsIntentional asphyxiation behaviours may have addictive properties, and understanding this aspect of the problem may be fruitful in guiding research and interventions aimed at addressing it.
The impact of survey mode on US national estimates of adolescent drug prevalence: results from a randomized controlled study
Authors: Miech Richard A. , Couper Mick P. , Heeringa Steven G. , Patrick Megan E. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractBackground and AimsIncreasing numbers of school‐based drug surveys are transitioning data collection to electronic tablets from paper‐and‐pencil, which may produce a survey mode effect and consequent discontinuity in time trends for population estimates of drug prevalence. This study tested whether (a) overall, self‐reported drug use prevalence is higher on electronic tablets versus paper‐and‐pencil surveys, (b) socio‐demographics moderate survey mode effects and (c) levels of missing data are lower for electronic tablet versus paper‐and‐pencil modes.DesignA randomized controlled experiment.SettingResults are nationally representative of students in the contiguous United States.ParticipantsA total of 41 866 8th, 10th and 12th grade students who participated in the 2019 Monitoring the Future school‐based survey administration.Intervention and comparatorSurveys were administered to students in a randomly selected half of schools with electronic tablets (intervention) and with paper‐and‐pencil format (comparator) for the other half.MeasurementsPrimary outcome was the total number of positive drug use responses. Secondary outcomes were the percentage of respondents completing all drug questions, percentage of drug questions unanswered and mean number of missing drug items.FindingsThe relative risk (RR) for total number of positive drug use responses for electronic tablets versus paper‐and‐pencil surveys were small and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) included the value of one for reporting intervals of life‐time (RR = 1.03; 95% CI, 0.93–1.14), past 12 months (RR = 1.01; 95% CI, 0.91–1.11), past 30 days (RR = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.93–1.20) and for heavy use (RR = 1.10; 95% CI, 0.93–1.29). Multiplicative interaction tests indicated no moderation of these relative risks by race (white versus non‐white), population density, census region, public/private school, year of school participation, survey version or non‐complete drug responses. Levels of missing data were significantly lower for electronic tablets versus paper‐and‐pencil surveys.ConclusionsAdolescent drug prevalence estimates in the United States differed little across electronic tablet versus paper‐and‐pencil survey modes, and showed little to no effect modification by socio‐demographics. Levels of missing data were lower for electronic tablets.
Morphology, ultrasonographic and computed tomography configuration of the dog pelvis and perineum
Authors: El‐gendy Samir , Alsafy Mohamed , Hanafy Basma , Karkoura Ashraf , Enany El‐said 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThe current study used topographic anatomy, distribution of arteries and nerves, sectional anatomy of the pelvis, computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography examination to describe the canine pelvis and its organs. This study was conducted on twenty male and female baladi dogs, weighing 30–35 kg and aged between 1.5 and 2 years. The pelvis dorsal boundary appeared long and reached to the level of the third caudal vertebra. The vesicogenital pouch in the female extended further caudally than the rectogenital pouch while in the male the two pouches were at the same level and extended to the level of the first sacral vertebra. The plexus lumbosacralis formed from the ventral branches of the last three lumbar nerves and the first three sacral nerves. The obturator nerve arose from the ventral branches of the fifth and sixth lumbar nerves. We developed an anatomical atlas of the pelvis of both sexes of the dog using CT scans compared to anatomical sections. Our study is the first research on the pelvis in both sexes of the dog to compare sagittal CT scan data to sagittal anatomical sections. In the CT slices, the prostate appeared homogenous, relatively hypodense presenting with a soft tissue density. It appeared oval in the longitudinal sections and elliptical to round at the cross sections. It was situated on the floor of the pelvic cavity or the pelvic brim depending on its size. The present study is also the first to describe the fascia diaphragmatic pelvis.
Examining Managerial Misbehavior in Asian Banks through Loan Loss Provisions*☆
Authors: Saona Paolo , Azad Md. Abul Kalam 
Published: September 2020

AbstractThis paper reviews the impact of corporate ownership concentration, insider ownership, and the development of regulatory and financial systems on the opportunistic behavior of managers to alter financial reporting. By using the panel data technique with a sample of banks from 25 Asian countries, the major findings indicate that ownership concentration as well as insider ownership positively impact the banks’ accrual‐based earnings management. Results also reveal that an improvement in regulatory and financial systems restricts executives’ capacity to manage earnings. Islamic banking and IFRS adoption reduce the manipulation of earnings. Policy implications from the results are also discussed.
Determinants of support for the “Recycling Demonstration Project for the Soil Generated from Decontamination Activities” in postdisaster Fukushima, Japan
Authors: Mukai Tomoya , Nozawa Yuki , Ohta Takeshi , Miyagawa Ryu , Nakagawa Keiichi 
Published: September 2020

Since 2018, the Japanese Ministry of the Environment (MoE) has worked on the “Recycling Demonstration Project for the Soil Generated from Decontamination Activities” (the Project), which aims to offer empirical evidence for the final disposal of radiation‐contaminated substances. To offer practical suggestions for the Project, this study aimed to explore determinants of its support. More specifically, building on previous studies on trust, this study proposed a hypothetical model in which support for the Project was determined by trust in the MoE, which in turn was determined by salient value similarity, ability, and motivation. Additionally, it was hypothesised that the relationships between trust and its different determinants differed: Salient value similarity showed a stronger relationship with trust in those who lived near the place where the Project is taking place whereas ability and motivation showed stronger relationships with trust in those who did not. Questionnaire‐based research was conducted in both Iitate village (n = 106), Fukushima, where the Project had been taking place, and Tokyo (n = 163), located approximately 220 km from Fukushima. Multilevel structural equation modelling supported the hypothesis. These results suggest that emphasising the similarity of values between the MoE and the public would help obtain the public’s support for the Project.