bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Passive Scalar Mixing in a Shear-Free Turbulent Front
Authors: Watanabe Tomoaki 
Published: December 2024

AbstractA localized turbulent region expands spatially by entraining surrounding non-turbulent fluid, demarcated by the turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI) layer. Small-scale vortex tubes and shear layers within this TNTI layer play a pivotal role in the process of entrainment. Shear layers in turbulence are known to be unstable against perturbations with wavelengths approximately 30 times the Kolmogorov scale. This study conducts numerical experiments aimed at investigating the potential for enhancing passive scalar mixing through the excitation of small-scale shear instability. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) are conducted for a turbulent front with a passive scalar transfer evolving in the absence of mean shear, where solenoidal velocity perturbations of constant wavelength are introduced outside the turbulent region. These perturbations are found to enhance the entrainment rate significantly when their wavelength coincides with the unstable mode of shear layers. Despite the increased entrainment rate facilitated by the excitation of small-scale shear instability, passive scalar statistics dominated by large-scale scalar distributions, such as mean scalar and root-mean-squared scalar fluctuations, remain largely unaffected. However, this enhanced entrainment rate results in the amplification of the scalar dissipation rate, which provides a measure of scalar mixing at small scales. These findings indicate that exciting small-scale shear instability can effectively enhance entrainment and small-scale scalar mixing in intermittent turbulent flows.
Universal Features of Turbulent/Non-turbulent and Turbulent/Turbulent Interfaces
Authors: D. Alves Pedro , Zecchetto Marco , P. Xavier Ricardo , Buxton Oliver , B. da Silva Carlos 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe characteristics of turbulent/non-turbulent interfaces and turbulent/turbulent interfaces (TNTI and TTI) are analysed by new carefully designed direct numerical simulations (DNS). Whereas TNTIs separate the turbulent from the non-turbulent region in free shear flows and turbulent boundary layers, TTIs appear whenever two regions of distinct turbulent characteristics interact such as in turbulent jets and wakes surrounded by external turbulent flow, or strongly perturbed turbulent boundary layers, i.e., when the external flow is in turbulent condition. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of temporally evolving and spatially evolving TTIs are carried out to analyse the conditional mean profiles of enstrophy. Preliminary results suggest that, if properly normalised using the mean local Kolmogorov velocity and length scale, these conditional mean profiles are universal.
Entrainment Across a Turbulent/Turbulent Interface: Points of Distinction from the Turbulent/Non-turbulent Interface
Authors: R. H. Buxton Oliver 
Published: December 2024

AbstractWe show that the physics of a turbulent/turbulent interface (TTI) are different from those of a turbulent/non-turbulent interface (TNTI), with inertial vorticity stretching being wholly responsible for creating the enstrophy discontinuity in the former, whilst viscous diffusion dominates in the outermost region of the latter. We show how the entrainment velocity evolves spatially across a TTI formed between a planar-wake and turbulent backgrounds of various characteristic turbulence intensities and length scales. Background turbulence is shown to enhance entrainment in the near-wake where both nibbling and engulfment are active, whilst it suppresses entrainment in the far-wake where nibbling is the predominant entrainment mechanism. Finally, we consider the entrainment of streamwise momentum and kinetic energy and show that the presence of background turbulence can modify the efficiency with which these quantities are entrained with respect to mass but these effects are only important in the near-wake.
Strukturierte Ersteinschätzung in der Notaufnahme mittels des intelligenten Assistenzdienstes OPTINOFA
Authors: Blaschke Sabine , Dormann Harald , Somasundaram Rajan , Dodt Christoph , Graeff Ingo , Busch Hans-Jörg , Erdmann Bernadett , Wieckenberg Marc , Haedicke Christoph , Esslinger Katrin , Nyoungui Elisabeth , Friede Tim , Walcher Felix , Talamo Julia , Wolff Julia K. ,   OPTINOFA Study Group, Behringer Wilhelm , Heida Ulrich , Ruhnke Thomas , Günster Christian , Dröge Patrik , Schmucker Michael , Haag Martin , Dietrich Michael , Schirrmeister Wiebke , Greiner Felix , Ludolph Paul , Nolting Hans-Dieter , Pischek-Koch Kerstin , Wache Stefanie , Chaplinskaya-Sobol Irina , Krefting Dagmar , Antweiler Kai , Hummers Eva , Karg Marina , Lenz Jennifer , Munski Kathrein , Brockmann Andreas , Boehne Wiebke , Teupe Heike 
Published: December 2024

ZusammenfassungDie Organisation der Notfallversorgung in Deutschland bedarf einer grundlegenden Reform. Die Steuerung der Patientenströme in den ambulanten bzw. stationären Sektor stellt hierbei eine der zentralen Herausforderungen dar.Im Innovationsfondsprojekt OPTINOFA wurde ein neues Triageinstrument zur strukturierten Ersteinschätzung von Behandlungsdringlichkeit und Notfallversorgungsstufe entwickelt und in einer clusterrandomisierten kontrollierten Studie im Stepped-wedge-Design in 8 Modellkliniken (davon 2 Per-protocol-Modellkliniken) im Zeitraum vom 01.07.2019 bis zum 31.05.2021 evaluiert. Zudem wurden Vergleichsdaten für allgemeine zeitliche Trends von einer Modellklinik im gleichen Zeitraum erhoben. Der primäre Endpunkt der Studie umfasste den Anstieg der Weiterleitung in den ambulanten Sektor; die sekundären Endpunkte bezogen sich auf Outcome, Prozess- und Qualitätsindikatoren sowie Kosten der Notfallbehandlung.Im Kontrollzeitraum wurden in den Modellkliniken n = 46.558 und im Interventionszeitraum n = 37.485 Notfälle in die Studie eingeschlossen. Für den primären Endpunkt ergab sich in den Per-protocol-Modellkliniken ein signifikanter Anstieg der Zuweisungen in den ambulanten Sektor (p < 0,001; OR = 10,59). In Bezug auf die Wartezeiten fand sich eine signifikante Reduktion um durchschnittlich 20 min im Interventionszeitraum. Die stationäre Aufnahmerate innerhalb von 3 Tagen nach primär ambulanter Notfallbehandlung blieb im Interventionszeitraum stabil. In der Kostenanalyse ergab sich keine Kostensteigerung innerhalb von 28 Tagen nach der Notaufnahmevorstellung.Im Innovationsfondsprojekt OPTINOFA konnte ein valider Assistenzdienst zur strukturierten Ersteinschätzung von Behandlungsdringlichkeit und Versorgungsstufe in der Notaufnahme entwickelt und als digitales Triageinstrument im interoperablen Format zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Die Studienergebnisse belegen ein großes Potenzial für die OPTINOFA-Triage zur transsektoralen Steuerung der Patientenströme in der Notfall- und Akutmedizin.
Plant use at Funnel Beaker sites: combined macro- and microremains analysis at the Early Neolithic site of Frydenlund, Denmark (ca. 3600 bce)
Authors: Out Welmoed A. , García-Granero Juan José , Andreasen Marianne H. , Patús Cristina N. , Kirleis Wiebke , Barfod Gry H. , Andersen Niels H. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Understanding the neolithisation process in northern Europe requires detailed knowledge of both the type of crop plants as well as gathered food plants from Neolithic Funnel Beaker sites (4000–2800 bce). However, although many sites from this culture are known, significant gaps remain in our knowledge on which taxa were used as well as on how plant food was prepared. Here, we present the results of combined plant macro- and microremains from the Early Neolithic site of Frydenlund in present-day Denmark. The macroremains include carbonised seeds, fruits and underground storage organs from a variety of contexts. The microremains are phytoliths and starch granules recovered from 14 grinding stones that are among the oldest from Denmark as well as the first from this region analysed using state-of-the-art methods. The data are discussed in the context of an updated overview of crop spectra, evidence of gathered plants and of plant food preparation techniques at Funnel Beaker sites in the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark and Sweden. The results from the Early Neolithic site of Frydenlund show that the macroremains assemblage was dominated by Triticum turgidum ssp. durum (durum wheat), T. turgidum ssp. dicoccum (emmer wheat) and Hordeum vulgare var. nudum (naked barley), which apart from durum wheat fits the observed pattern from other Funnel Beaker sites in northwestern Europe. These crops were presumably cultivated separately as summer crops. Corylus avellana (hazel), Rubus fruticosus (blackberry) and R. idaeus (raspberry) were probably consumed as well, and possibly R. caesius (dewberry). While cereals were abundant in the macroremains assemblage, the microremains from the grinding stones indicate that these were used for grinding solely wild plants. The carbonised cereal grain fragments are therefore interpreted as possible evidence of cereal consumption mainly in the form of porridge or gruel, which corresponds well to comparable finds at other contemporary northwestern European sites. Future analysis of comparable high-quality data on combined macro- and microremains analysis is necessary to further refine our understanding of plant diets and plant food preparation techniques of the Funnel Beaker Culture as well as during the neolithisation process.
Sampling-free investigation of microbial carbon source preferences on renewable feedstocks via online monitoring of oxygen transfer rate
Authors: Grebe Luca Antonia , Richter Paul , Altenkirch Torben , Mann Marcel , Müller Markus Jan , Büchs Jochen , Magnus Jørgen Barsett 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The transition towards sustainable bioprocesses requires renewable feedstocks to reduce dependency on finite resources. While plant-based feedstocks offer significant potential, their complex composition poses new challenges. The microorganisms often exhibit polyauxic growth when presented with multiple carbon sources simultaneously, consuming them in a distinct order according to their carbon source preferences. The traditional investigation of polyauxic growth involves laborious sampling and offline analysis, hindering high-throughput screenings. This study introduces an efficient method for identifying carbon source consumption and their order of metabolization by various microorganisms using the respiration activity monitoring system (RAMOS) in shake flasks. As aerobic carbon metabolization and oxygen consumption are strictly correlated, the characteristic phases of polyauxic growth are visible in the oxygen transfer rate (OTR) and can be assigned to the respective carbon sources. An extended 16-flask RAMOS enables real-time monitoring of microbial respiration on up to seven carbon sources and one reference cultivation simultaneously, thus providing crucial insights into their metabolization without extensive sampling and offline analysis. The method’s accuracy was validated against traditional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Its applicability to both fast-growing Escherichia coli (investigated carbon sources: glucose, arabinose, sorbitol, xylose, and glycerol) and slow-growing Ustilago trichophora (glucose, glycerol, xylose, sorbitol, rhamnose, galacturonic acid, and lactic acid) was demonstrated. Additionally, it was successfully applied to the plant-based second-generation feedstock corn leaf hydrolysate, revealing the bioavailability of the included carbon sources (glucose, sucrose, arabinose, xylose, and galactose) and their order of metabolization by Ustilago maydis.
Trade-offs and management strategies for ecosystem services in mixed Scots pine and Maritime pine forests
Authors: Vázquez-Veloso A. , Ruano I. , Bravo F. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMixed forests are increasingly recognized for their resilience to climate change and enhanced ecosystem services (ESs) provision, making them a focal point for sustainable forest management strategies. This study examines the trade-offs in ESs provision between pure and different proportions of mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) in the Northern Iberian Range, Spain. Using the SIMANFOR simulation platform, we evaluated various silvicultural scenarios developed to obtain different ESs such as carbon sequestration, timber and mushroom yields. Our findings reveal that ESs provision varies depending on the forest type (pure or mixed) and the mixture proportion, following different trends on each ES. The initial species proportions and their maintenance were less critical than the management approach itself, which significantly influenced ESs outcomes. Focusing solely on individual ESs can lead to trade-offs, as highlighted by our study on silviculture focused on large saw timber yields. However, adopting a balanced approach that considers multiple ESs can mitigate these trade-offs. Our findings underscore the effectiveness of this approach in maximizing yields of mushrooms, sequestered carbon, and small saw timber. This research provides valuable insights for forest managers aiming to balance productivity and sustainability in ESs provision, providing strategies to maximize compatible ESs effectively.
Deepening the Conversation on Systemic Sustainability Risks: A Social-Ecological Systems Approach
Authors: Ahlström Hanna , Williams Amanda , Wassénius Emmy , Downing Andrea S. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractNarrow views of systemic sustainability risks can result in ecological concerns being neglected, as well as giving rise to unequal distribution and exploitation of natural resources, creating injustice. Given recent advancements in integrating justice with the safe space environmentally, as defined by the planetary boundaries, now is a critical moment for business ethics researchers to deepen the conversation on managing systemic sustainability risks to create a safe and just operating space. We argue that the social-ecological systems approach, that views humans as embedded in and dependent on the natural environment, provides a foundation for business ethics scholars to deepen the conversation. We build on two key dimensions from the social-ecological systems approach, social-ecological connectivity and cross-scale dynamics to develop a framework that illustrates four ways for business ethics scholars to research systemic sustainability risks. We demonstrate the relevance of these dimensions for understanding systemic sustainability risks, discuss their ethical implications, and outline opportunities for future research.
Young children’s understanding of AI
Authors: Heeg Dagmar Mercedes , Avraamidou Lucy 
Published: December 2024

AbstractAI has become integral to daily life. Teaching, learning, and research are no exception. However, most studies on education have approached AI as a technology and focused mostly on learning outcomes rather than understanding student engagement and sense-making of AI as a socio-cultural tool with impact on their daily lives. To address this gap in the knowledge base, we performed a qualitative case study to explore young children’s conceptualization of AI not only as a technology but also as a tool utilised in their everyday lives. We collected data through semi-structured group interviews with eighteen children aged 11 to 12 and thematically analyzed the data through a combination of deductive and inductive coding techniques. The findings suggest that: a) children’s conceptualizations of AI as a technology are grounded in their personal experiences; b) children have a socio-cultural approach to AI in which they experience and understand AI as first and foremost a supportive tool; and, c) children exhibit a high level of engagement with ethics of AI, showing a keen interest in the socio-cultural implications, particularly about AI applications with which they are familiar. Based on these findings and grounded within existing literature, we offer a set of recommendations for the design of engaging and personally relevant AI education curriculum materials for young children with critical AI literacy at the forefront.
The Effectiveness of Interventions to Increase Employment in Education and Healthcare: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Fleck Lara , Somers Melline , Stolp Tom , Groot Wim , van Merode Frits , de Vries Ralph 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Both the healthcare and education sector suffer from considerable staff shortages. In the healthcare sector, shortages are particularly prominent for nurses, while the education sector experiences significant teacher shortages. In this systematic literature review, we examine the effectiveness of interventions and policies to reduce staff shortages in healthcare and education in high-income countries. We focus our analysis on studies that apply research designs that allow for causal inference to inform policymakers about the effectiveness of interventions. In total, we include 85 studies that meet our inclusion criteria. Out of these studies, 71 studies focus on teachers and 14 on nurses, and 72 of the retrieved studies were conducted in the US. The majority of studies examine the impact of financial incentives and a large share of these studies report positive effects on teacher employment. Moreover, different types of interventions that invest in workers’ human capital show predominantly positive effects on employment. Interventions that equip nurses with skills to better cope with the stressors of their profession seem to be particularly effective. The same holds for policies that increase the scope of practice for nurses. Finally, effective school leaders are better capable of retaining (high-quality) teachers.
Mapping Economic Growth and Employment in EU-Funded Research Projects: Trac(k)ing the SDG 8 Trajectory
Authors: Boudt Kris , Inghels Yanick , Spithoven André 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Research on Sustainable Development Goal 8 (SDG 8) promotes sustained economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work. This paper presents a complementary approach to standard systematic literature reviews and monitors the intended ex-ante research efforts on SDG 8. We introduce a large-scale research project analysis framework to trace and track the prevalence of SDGs within research funded by the European Union (EU) since 1984, underscoring the EU's significant role in promoting research on sustainable development. Using the publicly available CORDIS database, we identify the extent to which SDG 8 related targets have been represented in the titles and abstracts of projects funded by the EU's Framework Programmes. Our findings reveal that SDG 8-related research projects are dominated by four targets: economic growth, productivity, entrepreneurship and decent work, and full and decent employment.
Psychiatry as Mind-shaping
Authors: Russell Jodie Louise 
Published: December 2024

AbstractI argue that psychiatric researchers, clinicians, and the wider public actively regulate the minds of individuals with mental disorder through the prescriptive processes of mind-shaping (see Andrews in South J Philos 53:50–67, 2015a; Andrews in Philos Explor 18(2):282–296, 2015b; McGeer, in: Folk psychology re-assessed, Springer, Berlin, 2007; McGeer in Philos Explor 18:259–281, 2015; Mameli in Biol Philos 16(5):595–626, 2001; Zawidzki in Philos Explor 11(3):193–210, 2008; Zawidzki, in: Kiverstein (ed) The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of the Social Mind, Taylor and Francis Group, London, 2016). Consequently, all those with a vested interest in the language of mental disorder should take a critical and dialogical approach in how concepts of psychopathology are developed, disseminated and used. Mind-shaping describes how our folk-psychological categorizations actively regulate the behaviour of those categorized. This is done through setting certain norms, which can be achieved through the application of folk-psychological concepts. I argue that psychiatry has embedded norms and goals in its activities that are non-epistemic in nature and these are not only bound up in disorder concepts, but also in the social roles that clinicians, researchers and patients play. In this way, psychiatry uses folk-psychological type tools for the social understanding of individuals with mental disorder, and the application of these tools also helps it meet these non-epistemic goals. Given this, I characterise psychiatry as partaking in mind-shaping. When we characterise psychiatry as mind-shaping, we are then able to explain occurrences of looping effects between disorder categories and individuals categorized (Haslam in J Psychopathol 22(1):4–9, 2016) and provide a theoretical basis for the occurrence of hermeneutical injustice in the field of mental health.
The influence of seeding method and water depth on the morphology and biomass yield of farmed sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) at a small-scale cultivation site in the northeast Atlantic
Authors: Wilding Catherine M. , Smith Kathryn E. , Daniels Carly L. , Knoop Jessica , Smale Dan A. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSeaweed farming is a rapidly growing global industry, driven by increasing demand for biomass with a range of commercial applications. A major barrier limiting expansion of the industry is the need for cost-effective approaches to production. Established twine seeding methods are reliable, but recently developed binder methods offer potential scalability while minimising hatchery costs. Here, we compared growth of the farmed kelp Saccharina latissima using these two seeding methods. We also examined the influence of water depth on biomass production within a vertical cultivation system. Twine consistently achieved greater S. latissima biomass yield, with mean biomass almost four times higher than from binder seeding, and sporophytes reaching significantly greater density and total length. The biomass, length and density of S. latissima decreased with increasing water depth, a pattern which was more pronounced with twine seeding. We also observed morphological variability, with larger individuals on twine compared with binder treatments at all depths. Natural settlement of the non-target macroalga Sacchoriza polyschides was also recorded, at significantly greater biomass on binder treatments and at greater depths. Further work is needed to examine the predictability and extent of natural settlement of S. polyschides, and its potential as a commercially-viable species. Overall, twine seeding methods out-performed binder at a relatively dynamic, open coast, small-scale cultivation site. Moreover, while vertical cultivation systems can maximise yield relative to the spatial footprint of a seaweed farm, the marked reduction in cultivated biomass with increasing water depth should be considered within the local environmental context.