bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources and severity of stress in a Southwestern police department
Authors: Padilla K E 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Policing is a stressful occupation. Most research examining police stress focuses solely on patrol officers, and often focuses on black and white officers only. Further, organizational sources of stress tend to be more important for police officers generally.

Aims
To explore sources and severity of stress in a predominately Hispanic, mid-sized, Southwestern police department.

Methods
A cross-sectional study of 147 police officers of all ranks was conducted. A modified version of the Police Stress Survey (PSS) was administered during daily briefings. Logistical regression models were utilized to examine predictors of stress based on gender, race/ethnicity, rank and tenure.

Results
Overall, occupational stressors proved more prominent than organizational stressors, contrary to previous research. Additionally, race/ethnicity was predictive of both total stress and occupational stress; rank was predictive of organizational stress; and tenure in law enforcement was predictive of occupational stress.

Conclusions
The sources of stress that impact police officers may be shifting as the climate surrounding law enforcement changes. What is stressful for officers depends on the race/ethnicity, rank and tenure of the officer within the organizational structure. Potential interventions designed to alleviate stress should be mindful of the variety of needs within any given department.
UK military women: mental health, military service and occupational adjustment
Authors: Jones N , Jones M , Greenberg N , Phillips A , Simms A , Wessely S 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Background
Recently, the UK Armed Forces have revised the ground close combat role to include women.

Aims
To assess the potential mental health impact of this initiative we examined gender differences in deployment patterns, work strain, occupational factors, mental health, alcohol use and help-seeking following operational deployment.

Methods
The study was a secondary analysis of self-report survey data; 8799 men (88%) and 1185 women (12%) provided data. A sub-sample (47%, n = 4659) provided data concerning post-deployment help-seeking. The latter consisted of 408 women (8.8%) and 4251 men (91%).

Results
With the exception of alcohol misuse, which was significantly lower for women, women reported significantly more common mental disorder symptoms, subjective depression and self-harm. Women were significantly more likely to seek help from healthcare providers. Men were significantly more likely to have deployed operationally and for longer cumulative periods. Subjective work strain, but not job control, was significantly lower for women whose military careers were significantly shorter. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom intensity was similar to men.

Conclusions
With the exception of PTSD and alcohol misuse, UK military women experience more mental health-related problems than military men. This finding was not related to the more arduous aspects of military service as women served for shorter times, deployed less and for shorter cumulative periods and were less likely to report work-related stress.
Impaired HDL cholesterol efflux capacity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients is related to subclinical carotid atherosclerosis
Authors: Sánchez-Pérez Hiurma , Quevedo-Abeledo Juan Carlos , de Armas-Rillo Laura , Rua--Figueroa Íñigo  , Tejera-Segura Beatriz , Armas-González Estefanía , Machado José David  , García-Dopico Jose A , Jimenez-Sosa Alejandro , Rodríguez--Lozano Carlos  , Díaz-González Federico , González-Gay Miguel A , Ferraz-Amaro Iván 
Published: January 2020

Abstract

Objectives
Lipid profiles appear to be altered in SLE patients due to disease activity and inflammation. Cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) is the ability of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to accept cholesterol from macrophages. CEC has been linked to cardiovascular events in the general population and is impaired in SLE patients. The aim of this study was to establish whether CEC is related to subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in SLE patients.

Methods
The present report is of a cross-sectional study that encompassed 418 individuals: 195 SLE patients and 223 controls. CEC, using an in vitro assay, and lipoprotein serum concentrations were assessed in patients and controls. Carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaques were evaluated in SLE patients. A multivariable analysis was performed to study the relationship of CEC to SLE-related data, lipid profile and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.

Results
CEC was downregulated in SLE patients [8.1  (4.2) % vs 16.9 (10.4) %, P = 0.004). This occurred independently of traditional cardiovascular risk factors, statin use or other variations in the lipid profile related to the disease. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, both in patients and controls, and SLE-related data such as activity, severity or damage were not associated with CEC. After multivariable regression analysis including lipid profile–related molecules, CEC was inversely and independently associated with the presence of carotid plaques in SLE patients [odds ratio 0.87 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.97), P = 0.014].

Conclusion
CEC is impaired in SLE patients independently of other inflammation-related lipid profile modifications that occur during the disease. CEC is associated with carotid plaques in SLE patients.
Gender Difference in Willingness and Capacity for Deliberation
Authors: Afsahi Afsoun 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis article examines the gender gap in deliberation, focusing on three facets: willingness to deliberate, capacity for deliberation, and facilitation techniques aimed at reducing the gender gap. It hypothesizes that women will be less willing to deliberate but more likely to engage in strictly defined desired deliberative behaviors. Relying on original survey and experimental data, this paper finds women to be more willing to deliberate. However, men’s negative deliberative behaviors—particularly cutting others off or dominating speech––undermine women’s efforts to be effective deliberators. Finally, the two innovative facilitation methods outlined in the article eliminate the gender gap.
Effect of elevated ozone, nitrogen availability and mesophyll conductance on the temperature responses of leaf photosynthetic parameters in poplar
Authors: Xu Yansen , Shang Bo , Feng Zhaozhong , Tarvainen Lasse 
Published: January 2020

AbstractAlthough ozone (O3) concentration and nitrogen (N) availability are well known to affect plant physiology, their impacts on the photosynthetic temperature response are poorly understood. We addressed this knowledge gap by exposing seedlings of hybrid poplar clone ‘107’ (Populous euramericana cv. ‘74/76’) to elevated O3 (E-O3) and N availability variation in a factorial experiment. E-O3 decreased light-saturated net photosynthesis (Asat), mesophyll conductance (gm) and apparent maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax, based on intercellular CO2 concentration) but not actual Vcmax (based on chloroplast CO2 concentration) and increased respiration in light (Rd) at 25 °C. Nitrogen fertilization increased Asat, gm, Vcmax and the maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax) and reduced Rd at 25 °C and the activation energy of actual Vcmax. No E-O3 or E-O3 x N interaction effects on the temperature response parameters were detected, simplifying the inclusion of O3 impacts on photosynthesis in vegetation models. gm peaked at 30 °C, apparent Vcmax and Jmax at 32–33 °C, while the optimum temperatures of actual Vcmax and Jmax exceeded the measured temperature range (15–35 °C). Ignoring gm would, thus, have resulted in mistakenly attributing the decrease in Asat at high temperatures to reduced biochemical capacity rather than to greater diffusion limitation.
Norway spruce deploys tissue specific canonical responses to acclimate to cold
Authors: Vergara Alexander , Haas Julia Christa , Stachula Paulina , Street Nathaniel Robert , Hurry Vaughan 
Published: January 2020

SummaryCold acclimation in plants is a complex phenomenon involving numerous stress-responsive transcriptional and metabolic pathways. Existing gene expression studies have primarily addressed short-term cold acclimation responses in herbaceous plants, while few have focused on perennial evergreens, such as conifers, that survive extremely low temperatures during winter. To characterize the transcriptome changes during cold acclimation inPicea abies(L.) H. Karst (Norway spruce), we performed RNA-Sequencing analysis of needles and roots subjected to a chilling progression (5 °C) followed by 10 days at freezing temperature (−5 °C). Comparing gene expression responses of needles againstArabidopsis thalianaL. (Arabidopsis) leaves, our results showed that early transient inductions were observed in both species but the transcriptional response of Norway spruce was delayed. Our results indicate that, similar to herbaceous species, Norway spruce principally utilizes early response transcription factors (TFs) that belong to theAPETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily and NACs. However, unique to the Norway spruce response was a large group of TFs that mounted a late transcriptional response to low temperature. A predicted regulatory network analysis identified key conserved TFs, including a root-specificbHLH101homolog and other members of the same family with a pervasive role in cold regulation, such as homologs ofICE1andAKS3and also homologs of the NAC (anac47andanac28) and AP2/ERF superfamilies (DREB2andERF3), providing new functional insights into cold stress response strategies in Norway spruce.One sentence summaryNorway spruce shares elements of the cold regulon described in herbaceous species but has undescribed components that contribute to the cold tolerance of this evergreen coniferous species.
Estimating the rate of cell type degeneration from epigenetic sequencing of cell-free DNA
Authors: Caggiano Christa , Celona Barbara , Garton Fleur , Mefford Joel , Black Brian , Lomen-Hoerth Catherine , Dahl Andrew , Zaitlen Noah 
Published: January 2020

AbstractCirculating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the bloodstream originates from dying cells and is a promising non-invasive biomarker for cell death. Here, we develop a method to accurately estimate the relative abundances of cell types contributing to cfDNA. We leverage the distinct DNA methylation profile of each cell type throughout the body. Decomposing the cfDNA mixture is difficult, as fragments from relevant cell types may only be present in a small amount. We propose an algorithm, CelFiE, that estimates cell type proportion from both whole genome cfDNA input and reference data. CelFiE accommodates low coverage data, does not rely on CpG site curation, and estimates contributions from multiple unknown cell types that are not available in reference data. In simulations we show that CelFiE can accurately estimate known and unknown cell type of origin of cfDNA mixtures in low coverage and noisy data. Simulations also demonstrate that we can effectively estimate cfDNA originating from rare cell types composing less than 0.01% of the total cfDNA. To validate CelFiE, we use a positive control: cfDNA extracted from pregnant and non-pregnant women. CelFiE estimates a large placenta component specifically in pregnant women (p= 9.1 × 10−5). Finally, we use CelFiE to decompose cfDNA from ALS patients and age matched controls. We find increased cfDNA concentrations in ALS patients (p= 3.0 × 10−3). Specifically, CelFiE estimates increased skeletal muscle component in the cfDNA of ALS patients (p= 2.6 × 10−3), which is consistent with muscle impairment characterizing ALS. Quantification of skeletal muscle death in ALS is novel, and overall suggests that CelFiE may be a useful tool for biomarker discovery and monitoring of disease progression.
vRNA-vRNA interactions in influenza A virus HA vRNA packaging
Authors: Miyamoto Sho , Muramoto Yukiko , Shindo Keiko , Fujita Yoko , Morikawa Takeshi , Tamura Ryoma , Gilmore Jamie L , Nakano Masahiro , Noda Takeshi 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThe genome of the influenza A virus is composed of eight single-stranded negative-sense RNA segments (vRNAs). The eight different vRNAs are selectively packaged into progeny virions. This process likely involves specific interactions among vRNAs via segment-specific packaging signals located in the 3’ and 5’ terminal coding regions of vRNAs. To identify vRNA(s) that interact with hemagglutinin (HA) vRNA during genome packaging, we generated a mutant virus, HA 5m2, which possessed five silent mutations in the 5’ packaging signal region of HA vRNA. The HA 5m2 virus had a specific defect in HA vRNA incorporation, which reduced the viral replication efficiency. After serial passaging in cells, the virus acquired additional mutations in the 5’ terminal packaging signal regions of both HA and PB2 vRNAs. These mutations contributed to recovery of viral growth and packaging efficiency of HA vRNA. A direct RNA-RNA interaction between the 5’ ends of HA and PB2 vRNAs was confirmedin vitro. Our results indicate that direct interactions of HA vRNA with PB2 vRNA via their packaging signal regions are important for selective genome packaging and enhance our knowledge on the emergence of pandemic influenza viruses through genetic reassortment.
fMRI-guided white matter connectivity in fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities in healthy adults
Authors: Gazes Yunglin , Sakhardande Jayant , Mensing Ashley , Razlighi Qolamreza , Ohkawa Ann , Pleshkevich Maria , Luo Linggang , Habeck Christian 
Published: January 2020

AbstractThis study examined within-subject differences among three fluid abilities that decline with age: reasoning, episodic memory and processing speed, compared with vocabulary, a crystallized ability that is maintained with age. The data were obtained from the Reference Ability Neural Network (RANN) study from which 221 participants had complete behavioral data for all 12 cognitive tasks, three per ability, along with fMRI and diffusion weighted imaging data. We used fMRI task activation to guide white matter tractography, and generated mean percent signal change in the regions associated with the processing of each ability along with diffusion tensor imaging measures, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), for each cognitive ability. Qualitatively brain regions associated with vocabulary were more localized and lateralized to the left hemisphere whereas the fluid abilities were associated with brain activations that were more distributed across the brain and bilaterally situated. Using continuous age, we observed smaller correlations between MD and age for white matter tracts connecting brain regions associated with the vocabulary ability than that for the fluid abilities, suggesting that vocabulary white matter tracts were better maintained with age. Furthermore, after multiple comparisons correction, the mean percent signal change for the episodic memory showed positive associations with behavioral performance, and the associations between MD and percent signal change differed by age such that, when divided into three age groups to further explore this interaction, only the oldest age group show a significant negative correlation between the two brain measures. Overall, the vocabulary ability may be better maintained with age due to the more localized brain regions involved, which places smaller reliance on long distance white matter tracts for signal transduction. These results support the hypothesis that functional activation and white matter structures underlying the vocabulary ability contribute to the ability’s greater resistance against aging.
Assessment of statistical methods from single cell, bulk RNA-seq and metagenomics applied to microbiome data
Authors: Calgaro Matteo , Romualdi Chiara , Waldron Levi , Risso Davide , Vitulo Nicola 
Published: January 2020

AbstractBackgroundThe correct identification of differentially abundant microbial taxa between experimental conditions is a methodological and computational challenge. Recent work has produced methods to deal with the high sparsity and compositionality characteristic of microbiome data, but independent benchmarks comparing these to alternatives developed for RNA-seq data analysis are lacking.ResultsHere, we compare methods developed for single cell, bulk RNA-seq, and microbiome data, in terms of suitability of distributional assumptions, ability to control false discoveries, concordance, and power. We benchmark these methods using 100 manually curated datasets from 16S and whole metagenome shotgun sequencing.ConclusionsThe multivariate and compositional methods developed specifically for microbiome analysis did not outperform univariate methods developed for differential expression analysis of RNA-seq data. We recommend a careful exploratory data analysis prior to application of any inferential model and we present a framework to help scientists make an informed choice of analysis methods in a dataset-specific manner.
Urban warming inverse contribution on risk of dengue transmission in the southeastern North America
Authors: Simon Lorena M. , Pinto-Ledezma Jesús N. , Dunn Robert R. , Rangel Thiago 
Published: January 2020

ABSTRACTPreventing diseases from becoming a problem where they are not is a common ground for disease ecology. The expectation for vector-borne diseases, especially those transmitted by mosquitos, is that warm and wet conditions favor vector traits increasing transmission potential. The advent of urbanization altering inner climate conditions hazards to increase mosquito’s transmission potential on “disease-free” cooler areas as a consequence of a warming urban heat island (UHI) effect.We assessed the realism of the anticipated dengue transmission potential into the southern United States in a causal pathway with the ongoing UHI effect, vectors’ spatial distribution patterns, and exogenous environment; We also measured the climatic niche similarity between both dengue vectors species.Our path model revealed that the UHI effect presents negative or no relation with dengue transmission potential. Instead, the surrounding non-urban temperature was rather suitable for the expected mosquitos’ transmission potential.Both dengue vectors’ occurrence revealed to be more aggregated then expected by chance. These mosquitos’ density patterns were responsive to the warming effect of UHI-especiallyAedes Aegypti-but not a reliable predictor for the anticipated dengue transmission potential pattern. The climatic niches of both vectors are not equivalent. Although currently highly overlapped, there is a wide space of their climatic niche still to be filled.Policy implications.We highlight that the warming UHI effect on urban sites is not congruent with the expected suitability for dengue transmission. Instead, non-urban areas would be a better focus for dengue hazards into the southern United States. Our study also highlights the need for including low scale temperature on further mosquito-borne disease transmission models and track vectors niche filling under anthropogenic changes.
Expanding the utility of sequence comparisons using data from whole genomes
Authors: Gosselin Sean , Fullmer Matthew S. , Feng Yutian , Gogarten Johann Peter 
Published: January 2020

AbstractWhole genome comparisons based on Average Nucleotide Identities (ANI), and the Genome-to-genome distance calculator have risen to prominence in rapidly classifying taxa using whole genome sequences. Some implementations have even been proposed as a new standard in species classification and have become a common technique for papers describing newly sequenced genomes. However, attempts to apply whole genome divergence data to delineation of higher taxonomic units, and to phylogenetic inference have had difficulty matching those produced by more complex phylogenetics methods. We present a novel method for generating reliable and statistically supported phylogenies using established ANI techniques. For the test cases to which we applied the developed approach we obtained accurate results up to at least the family level. The developed method uses non-parametric bootstrapping to gauge reliability of inferred groups. This method offers the opportunity make use of whole-genome comparison data that is already being generated to quickly produce accurate phylogenies. Additionally, the developed ANI methodology can assist classification of higher order taxonomic groups.Significance StatementThe average nucleotide identity (ANI) measure and its iterations have come to dominatein-silicospecies delimitation in the past decade. Yet the problem of gene content has not been fully resolved, and attempts made to do so contain two metrics which makes interpretation difficult at times. We provide a new single based ANI metric created from the combination of genomic content and genomic identity measures. Our results show that this method can handle comparisons of genomes with divergent content or identity. Additionally, the metric can be used to create distance based phylogenetic trees that are comparable to other tree building methods, while also providing a tentative metric for categorizing organisms into higher level taxonomic classifications.
Macrofaunal Diversity and Community Structure of the DeSoto Canyon and Adjacent Slope
Authors: Shantharam Arvind K. , Wei Chih-Lin , Silva Mauricio , Baco Amy R. 
Published: January 2020

AbstractMacrofauna within the DeSoto Canyon, northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM), along the canyon wall and axis, and on the adjacent slope, were sampled along with sediment, terrain, and water mass parameters. Within the canyon, abundance and species richness decreased with depth, while evenness increased. Cluster analysis identified three depth-related groups within the canyon that conformed to previously established bathymetric boundaries: stations at 464 – 485 m, 669 – 1834 m, and > 2000 m. Abundance differed between depth groups. Species richness was lowest for the deepest group and evenness was lowest for the shallowest. Community structure within the canyon most related to fluorometry and oxygen saturation, combined with any of salinity, particulate organic carbon, sediment organic carbon, or slope.Canyon wall abundances were higher than the canyon axis or adjacent slope. Community structure differed between all three habitat types. Ordination of community structure suggests a longitudinal pattern that potentially tracks with increasing sea-surface chlorophyll that occurs in the eastward direction across the northern GOM. Canyon and slope differences may result from seasonal water masses entrained by canyon topography characterized by high salinity, oxygen saturation, fluorometry, and turbidity. Higher fluorescence and turbidity in the canyon did not translate into higher sediment organic matter. Flushing along canyon wall channels and the canyon axis may explain the low organic matter. Differences in abundance and structure between the canyon wall and axis may result from microhabitat heterogeneity due to potential hydrocarbon seepage, organically enriched sediment deposits along channels, or remnant influence from the Deepwater Horizon blowout.