bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Female Circumcision Controversy
Authors: Jafri Gui Joya 
Published: October 2020

Female circumcision is a highly contested "tradition" practiced in many parts of the world, particularly Africa. International human rights campaigns refer to the practice as "female genital mutilation" (FGM) and seek to elim­inate it; its practitioners tend to defend it even after it has been declared ille­gal. Within this charged environment, Ellen Gruenbaum has undertaken the difficult task of examining the controversy from a more culturally sensitive perspective based on her years of fieldwork in Sudan.
In many respects, her attempt to present the issue's multiple sides is successful. Using ethnographic description, she explores the range of fac­tors giving this practice its importance, from socioeconomic to aesthetic, while also suggesting why and how there are more appropriate means to alter, reduce, and eradicate the practice.
In accordance with her list of influencing factors, Gruenbaum themat­ically divides her chapters into such sections as "patriarchy," "marriage and morality," and "ethnicity." However, the ethnographic passages within are crucial to the book, because they show the humanity of those involved and help explain the contexts and circumstances of women's lives outside their objectified status as "victims of tradition." Also noteworthy is her support of advocacy for change, using ethnography to promote activism that is sen­sitive to and respectful of the needs of those affected. She repeatedly emphasizes the need to address poverty and women's basic needs as more effective means to move forward, rather than focusing on circumcision in isolation ...
Body of Text
Authors: Moghul Umar F. 
Published: October 2020

This book is perhaps the first study in English devoted to the development and rationale of ritual purity laws. The author, Marion Holmes Katz, a pro­fessor at Mount Holyoke College, chooses not to write from the traditional Muslim or Islamic jurisprudential perspectives. Though this does not invalidate an argument per se, it certainly renders her premises troublesome from a traditional Islamic legal perspective. Katz's attempt to formulate an alternative interpretive methodology, however, fails due to internal inconsistencies in her argument as well as the prevalence of poor and often speculative reasoning.
Body of Text is divided into four chapters, an introduction, and a con­clusion. The introduction begins with a discussion of Islamic law's com­prehensive nature, noting that it even addresses washing after relieving one­self. Most interestingly, she points out similarities among various religions in matters of ritual purity, but unfortunately assumes that this necessarily is proof of simple borrowing. The author excludes the possibility that these religious rules had a common source. Katz proceeds to reconstruct Islamic law's methodological and historical development and sets out her approach to its sources. However, while asserting that relying on ahadith is inappro­ priate, she nevertheless employs ahadith as well as various athar ( deeds and precedents of the Companions) to reach several conclusions. Given that she effectively rejects the Hadith literature, as understood by Muslim jurists and Hadith scholars, the work as a whole is rendered unpersuasive ...
Islam, Memory, and Morality in Yemen
Authors: Varisco Daniel Martin 
Published: October 2020

The anthropological literature on Yemen has had little to say about the classof sadah (plural of sayyid) who dominated the Zaydi imamate in NorthYemen from the tenth century until 1962. Gabriele vom Bruck’s account ofthe sadah, based on interviews and an extended stay in Yemen starting in1983, includes a wide range of information on perceptions of this class,especially after the 1962 revolution, with an emphasis on how personal identityis established and attitudes about marriage with non-sadah. There is anextensive bibliography of western sources, but little indication of the widerange of relevant Arabic sources available. It should be noted that vomBruck almost totally ignores the sadah of southern Yemen as well as of theTihama, although her text sometimes reads as if it were describing a genericclass of sadah for Yemen as a whole.
The author’s stated goal is “to examine the relationship of experience,social practice, and moral reasoning among the hereditary elite in the contextof revolutionary change” (p. 5). Her theoretical focus is on the social processof remembrance as the sadah were forced into new roles after the imamate’sdemise. Vom Bruck argues that we should avoid “a monolithic understandingof sayyid as a ‘vessel of charisma’ and ‘paragon of piety’” (p. 250) and suggeststhat the “descent metaphor” (p. 6) was the “principle self-defining criterion”of the sadah as well as the “core of the Imamate’s political culture.”(p. 6) However, the idiom of descent has also been the defining feature ofYemen’s tribes, so the role of descent per se is less relevant as a distinguishingmarker than how the sadah relate to other social categories.Although the relationship with tribesmen is mentioned at several points,it is not analyzed in depth apart from anecdotal evidence. For example, it ishighly problematic to label musicians al-akhdam (p. 44), who were actuallyquite rare in Zaydi towns and villages, a nuanced pariah category. There islittle sense of how the sadah fit into actual communities, and no effectiveintegration of the available literature previously published on Yemeni socialcategories (including Tomas Gerholm’s Market, Mosque, and Mafraj [StockholmUniversity Press: 1977] and Eduard Glaser’s important late-nineteenthcentury articles) ...
Knowledge Triumphant
Authors: Rizvi Sajjad H. 
Published: October 2020

Brill’s new “Classics in Islam” series, a systematic reprinting of some ofthe seminal works in Islamic studies that have been out of print fordecades, is a welcome initiative.As Dimitri Gutas, a former student, indicatesin his introduction, Rosenthal’s achievement in this monograph is outstandingwithin an exceptionally productive and influential career. It isalso somewhat unusual that a work first published over thirty years ago stillremains unsurpassed, even if one may question some of the argument’sdetails and tendencies. Rosenthal often worked with manuscripts andunedited sources and, while we have the luxury of criticizing his judgmentsbased on our access to superior critical editions, the contribution of the bookremains singular.
As befits a social and intellectual historian, Rosenthal’s survey commenceswith the philology of the word knowledge (`ilm) and works throughinstances in early Islam andArabic poetry before moving on to chapters ondefinition, theology, Sufism, philosophy, and finally concluding with a chapteron the social contexts and uses of knowledge. While there are now anumber of works that deal with aspects of these chapters, no one hasattempted to reconstruct a survey quite like this. Each chapter could well bethe subject of monographs and, as Gutas suggests, numerous sections couldact as inspiration for “untold dissertations.” Rosenthal begins with the claimthat civilizations tend to revolve around meaningful concepts of an abstractnature that,more than anything else, give themtheir distinctive nature; in thecase of Islam, this is the centrality of knowledge and the pursuit of knowledge.While he shifts from the plural to the singular and back, one retains thecentral point that the field of knowledge is unified. The fact is that Muslimscholars in very different fields of inquiry were able to retain a concept of`ilm that was broadly cognate and transferable ...
Ibn Hazm’s Legal Contribution
Authors: Ibrahim Zakyi 
Published: October 2020

In profiling Ibn Hazm, the previous editorial shed some light on his genealogy,
early life and education, and breadth of knowledge. In this issue, I concentrate
only on his legal dimensions.
A Shot at a Political Career?
Ibn Hazm’s childhood of luxury ended abruptly when his family estate was
destroyed in 1013 and the family fled to Jativa. Like his father, Ibn Hazm’s
early career began in political arena. Sympathetic to the the Umayyads, he
was imprisoned after Sulayman’s overthrow in 1016.1A few years later, however,
Abd al-Rahman IV al-Murtada appointed Ibn Hazm his vizier, which
caused him to fight in the battle of Granada. In 1023, released after years in
jail, he returned to Cordoba and, in 1023, was again appointed vizier by Abd
al-Rahman V al-Mustazhir. Seven weeks later the caliph was murdered and
Ibn Hazm was again imprisoned. Upon his release, he became an academic
and withdrew from political and public life ...
Capitalism and Class in the Gulf Arab States
Authors: Ahmad Junaid S. 
Published: October 2020

To label Adam Hanieh’s Capitalism and Class in the Gulf Arab States an afterstudy
of the 2008 financial crisis is a grossly unfair assessment. While the
book does explore the implications of the Gulf states’ financial slump, it also
provides a nuanced analysis of their class structures and relation to the global
capital system. The exponential growth of the Gulf Cooperation Council
(GCC) states is the book’s main subject; however, Hanieh dexterously avoids
the common errors involved in the region’s economic analysis and thus adds
to the corpus of literature pertaining to both the GCC and the wider global
economy.
The class structures and wealth prevailing in the GCC are often seen as
an outcome of the states being oil rich. Hanieh problematizes this narrative
by positing that this wealth and structuring is not “accidental” and that while
oil is undeniably important, it is not the sole reason for the region’s situation.
He urges the reader to look beyond the hydrocarbon wealth, because “much
like its desert cousin, the mirage – what visitors actually see in the oil-fueled
boom is not the full picture” (p. 2).
Hanieh’s choice of viewing the GCC holistically, instead of addressing
specific nation-states, is significant. The “internationalization” of the local
economy and class structure results in the dissolution of class boundaries
among the states and paves the way for capitalism. But at the same time, however,
capitalism needs to be valorized in a coherent and material time and
space. This valorization has taken the special form of the regional GCC and
becomes the study’s focal point. This regionalization has displaced “power
upwards to the regional scale, weakening the ability of the individual member
states to control the movement of goods and capital within the intra-GCC
space” (p. 104).
The author also problematizes the “rentier-state” theory through a Marxian
framework. He urges the reader not to consider the state, and particularly
the states of the Gulf nations, as a “thing” or an automatic reflection of the
capitalist class, but rather as “a particular expression of class formation” (p.
12). This also implies that the state has greatly facilitated the development of
the GCC’s prevailing “hot-house” economy (p. 15).
The study’s regional nature culminates in the analysis of “Khaliji” capital.
In the Gulf states, the internationalization of capital manifests itself in a
regional form as the “circuits of capital are themselves elaborated at the ...
Reading the Qur’an Contextually
Authors: Willoughby Jay 
Published: October 2020

On June 6, 2013, at the IIIT headquarters in Herndon, VA, Abdulla Saeed
(Sultan of Oman Professor of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Melbourne,
Australia), spoke to the audience about how a “contextualist” reading
of the Qur’an is becoming popular among those Muslims who are often referred
to as “progressives,” “ijtihadis,” or “contextualists.”
Saeed began his presentation by defining context, which he said goes hand
in hand with text, in two ways: (1) the linguistic context of the text in which
the verse actually functions and (2) the macro-context of the text, which encompasses
the social, politicial, economic, intellectual, and cultural milieux in
which a particular text functions. But despite the importance of this latter approach,
many Qur’anic scholars do not use it because they have traditionally
been far more interested in a word for word analysis, examining particular
phrases, and maybe providing some explanations in light of hadith or juristic
understandings. Thus it has never really been part of the tafs¥r tradition. The
science of asbOEb al-nuz´l (the occasions of the revelation) is of some help, but
only gives a rather limited and insufficient understanding of the context.
He then moved to what he terms the textualist and contextualist approaches.
People who follow the first one are very focused on the text’s linguistic
meaning and see it as the basis – and maybe the only way – to
understanding the text. Those who follow the second one are more interested
in keeping an eye on the linguistic meaning as well as the macro-context in
which the text functions. A grey area, which can be thought of as a continuum,
exists between them ...
Arab Spring, Islamist Ice Age
Authors: El-Affendi Abdelwahab 
Published: October 2020

Between June 30th, the twenty-fourth anniversary of the Islamist military takeover
in Sudan, and July 4th, Independence Day in the United States, something
miraculous happened in the Middle East. Suddenly everyone was in agreement,
and – almost – everyone was happy. President Bashar al-Assad was ecstatic.
In an interview with the Baath Party’s newspaper Al-Thawra shortly after the
army deposed Muhammad Morsi, Egypt’s first-ever freely elected civilian president,
on July 3, Assad applauded the coup as marking “essentially the fall of
political Islam.”1 In his lengthy interview, he categorized his enemies into two
groups: those “who completely abandoned their identity and embraced a ‘Western
Dream’ even with all its flaws” and those “who went in exactly the opposite
direction and abandoned their identity and embraced religious extremism.”2
The latter he alternatively designated as “Wahhabis” or “Takfiris.”
In the presumed bastions of Wahhabism in the Gulf, Morsi’s downfall
was received with even more elation. Within days, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and
the UAE pledged an aid package worth USD 12 billion to cash-strapped
Egypt, showing how much they appreciated this outcome.3 And while Israel
joined its sworn enemy Hamas in maintaining a guarded silence,4 its media
(and some politicians) did not hide their glee at Morsi’s political demise.5
As usual, the Obama administration was either unable to make up its mind
or was too embarrassed to say what it believed. But that was in itself a clear
stance, since the United States was happy to permit its key allies to provide
massive cash injections to the new army-backed regime. It also refrained from ...
Modern Islamist Movements
Authors: Cory Stephen 
Published: October 2020

Jon Armajani’s book seeks to explain developments within Islam that have
led to the rise of such radical Islamist groups as al-Qaida and the Taliban. The
text provides an intellectual background for these movements in an attempt
to explain how groups that profess to pursue religious objectives could justify
engaging in horrific acts of terror.
Armajani opens with a thirty-six-page introduction (including notes) in
which he lays out the book’s theoretical foundations. He begins by defining
Islamism as a subset of Islamic fundamentalism. His interest in al-Qaida and
9/11 quickly becomes clear, particularly in his discussion on whether or not
the September 11 attacks could legitimately be viewed as acts of self-defense ...
Islam in the Balance
Authors: Sabet Amr G.E. 
Published: October 2020

This concise and important book deals with the dimensional change in internationalconflicts and security pertaining to the power of ideas: Do ideas and/or political ideologies threaten the security of regimes and states in ways thatdiffer from those conventionally attributed to the mere balance of militarypower? By studying the role of religious or transnational ideology in the MiddleEast in particular, the study aims to advance an understanding of “how,why, and when ideology affects threat perception and state policy” (p. vii) viatwo aspects, one related to ideational threat perception and the other toideational balancing. Together they provide an analytical framework for understandingstrategic interaction as an “ideational security dilemma” (p. vii)with a specific focus on how Egypt and Saudi Arabia have responded to threatperceptions emanating both from the rise and the activities of Iran and Sudan.These four dyads attempt to examine changes in threat perceptions before andafter Islamists came to power in the latter two countries (p. 4).
The idea behind this dyadic approach is to show how threat perceptionsto national security are not altered due to increased hard power capabilities,but rather due to soft power projections. Rubin makes the interesting pointthat Egypt and Saudi Arabia felt more threatened by a militarily weak Sudanas well as a militarily degraded post-revolutionary Iran far more than theydid during the time of the militarily powerful Shah (pp. 2-3). Much of thishas to do with the point that it is not mere ideology or ideas that pose a threatto national security, but rather that they become so in their “projected” form(p. 4).The following six chapters elaborate on this simple and straightforward,yet highly significant and relevant, proposition. In the introductory chapter,Rubin develops his framework of analysis (the “ideational securitydilemma”) and makes it clear that one of the study’s main purposes is “totake ideology seriously.” This is done within the realist framework that acceptsthe centrality of the state, as well as that of neo-classical realism (p.124) which focuses on the foreign policy emanating from domestic culturaland perceptual variables (p. 18). The study refocuses attention on ideationalprojections that resonate with a foreign domestic audience and that may consequentlybring about a transnational response, thereby exacerbating internalsocietal unrest ...
The Qur’ānic Pagans and Related Matters
Authors: Berg Herbert 
Published: October 2020

The late Patricia Crone (d. 2015) was one of the most provocative scholars ofearly Islam. She is infamous for Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World(1977), which she co-authored with Michael Cook. That she has disavowedsome of its more skeptical conclusions may surprise many of her fiercest critics,as well as those revisionists who still invoke them. This current volume,however, demonstrates that while she has not disavowed any of her skepticalapproaches to the study of this field, to her great credit she remained open torevising her views as new evidence presented itself. Reprints comprise mostof this volume, although two chapters have not previously been published.Even the reprints, however, were selected, arranged, and in some cases revisedby Crone herself.
All of the articles are tied together by subject matter and methodology.They focus on the mushrikūn (lit. associators), whom she calls “Qur’ānic pagans,”and for the most part seeks to reconstruct their religion, particularlyduring the Makkan period. She takes as her point of departure G. R. Hawting’sThe Idea of Idolatry and the Emergence of Islam (1999), which argues thatthe mushrikūn were monotheists and not idolaters (another common translationof the term). In hoping to show that he was mistaken, Crone was promptedto read the Qur’an systematically and, in so doing, discovered that these peoplewere not the pagans depicted in the Hadith, sīrah, tafsīr, or Ibn al-Kalbi’sBook of Idols ...
Terror in France
Authors: Aloush Abeer 
Published: October 2020

Gilles Kepel is a French political scientist and Arabist with a global reputationfor understanding Islam as an ideological, political, and social force.Among his books are Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet andPharaoh (1985), Allah in the West: Islamic Movements in America and Europe(1996), Jihad: The Trial of Political Islam (2003), The Roots of RadicalIslam (2005), Al Qaeda in Its Own Words (2006; co-edited with Jean-PereerMilelli), The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West (2006), and BeyondTerror and Martyrdom: The Future of the Middle East (2010).
In Terror in France: The Rise of Jihad in the West, his latest and bestsellingbook for 2016, he makes the case that this phenomenon has passedthrough two phases and recently entered a third one. The first phase began inthe 1990s with Mohamed Kelkal and was related to the Algerian civil war.Terrorism was used as a tool to force France to end its support for the coupthat had negated the Islamists’ electoral victory. The second phase began in2012 with the Toulouse and Montauban shootings that were linked to al-Qaeda. Globalization now enabled a network of jihadists linked to Afghanistanto serve the Muslim cause. The (posited) third phase, which would developafter the Arab Spring was launched, would see French jihadists sent to fight ...
Análisis polimórfico de interleucina IL-1β en pacientes con diagnóstico de Helicobacter pylori, en Tabasco, México
Authors: Fuentes-Márquez Liliam A. , Jiménez-Martínez Luis D. , Frías-Quintana Carlos A. 
Published: October 2020

Introducción. Los estudios sobre la infección de Helicobacter pylori y el gen de IL-1B juega un importante rol dentro de la inflamación y sus propiedades proinflamatorias que promueven a la defensa contra patógenos. Los polimorfismos se han relacionados con una mayor producción de IL-1β asociada a cuadros de hipoclorhidria y desarrollo de cáncer bajo la infección de H. pylori, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el polimorfismo en la región +3954 (IL-1B C>T) del gen interleucina IL1β.
Método. las muestras de sangre fueron donadas y colectadas para ser procesadas para la determinación de H. pylori, mediante Test de ureasa (Proindusquim), en la ciudad de Villahermosa Tabasco, México, separando muestras positivas y negativas (control), las muestras positivas fueron analizadas mediante PCR y digestión enzimática para el análisis polimórfico en la región +3954 (IL-1B C>T).
Resultados. Se analizaron 245 muestras 78 casos de infección por H. pylori, 49 fueron hombres (62.8%) y 29 mujeres (37.17%), con edad media de 58.5 años (21-77 años). Las frecuencias genotípicas y alélicas observadas, 45 individuos fueron homocigotos normales (CC), 12 homocigotos raros (TT) y 21 heterocigotos (CT), en el grupo de controles se encontró que 74 individuos eran homocigotos normales (CC), 32 eran homocigotos raros (TT) y 61 fueron heterocigotos (CT).
Conclusión. Este estudio muestran una asociación entre el polimorfismo de interleucina IL-1β+3954(C>T) y la predisposición de la población portador del genotipo homocigoto CC infectado con H. pylori desarrolle cáncer.
Pengaruh Corporate Governance terhadap Efisiensi Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia
Authors: Jamil Muhammad , Refi Teuku Muana 
Published: October 2020

This study analyzes the functional relationship between the efficiency of Islamic Commercial Banks (BUS) and the implementation of good corporate governance (GCG) as a variable predictor. Using panel dataset of 6 BUS listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2014-2018 period, the fixed effect panel regression model was used to analyze the relationship between variables. This study proves that the simultaneous implementation of GCG consisting of the proportion of share ownership, size of board, and board composition have a significant effect on the efficiency of BUS. Partially, the proportion of share ownership and the boad composition have a positive and significant effect, on the other hand, the board size has no significant effect on the efficiency of BUS. Keywords: Efficiency of sharia commercial bank, implementation of GCG and panel regression