bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How light and biomass density influence the reproduction of delayed Saccharina latissima gametophytes (Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Ebbing Alexander , Pierik Ronald , Bouma Tjeerd , Kromkamp Jacco C. , Timmermans Klaas 
Published: February 2020

Kelp life‐cycle transitions are complex and susceptible to various (a)biotic controls. Understanding the microscopic part of the kelp's lifecycle is of key importance, as gametophytes form a critical phase influencing, among others, the distributional limits of the species. Many environmental controls have been identified that affect kelp gametogenesis, whose interactive effects can be subtle and counterintuitive. Here we performed a fully factorial experiment on the (interactive) influences of light intensity, light quality, and the Initial Gametophyte Density (IGD) on Saccharina latissima reproduction and vegetative growth of delayed gametophytes. A total of 144 cultures were followed over a period of 21 d. The IGD was a key determinant for reproductive success, with increased IGDs (≥0.04 mg DW · mL−1) practically halting reproduction. Interestingly, the effects of IGDs were not affected by nutrient availability, suggesting a resource‐independent effect of density on reproduction. The Photosynthetically Usable Radiation (PUR), overarching the quantitative contribution of both light intensity and light quality, correlated with both reproduction and vegetative growth. The PUR furthermore specifies that the contribution of light quality, as a lifecycle control, is a matter of absorbed photon flux instead of color signaling. We hypothesize that (i) the number of photons absorbed, independent of their specific wavelength, and (ii) IGD interactions, independent of nutrient availability, are major determinants of reproduction in S. latissima gametophytes. These insights help understand kelp gametophyte development and dispersal under natural conditions, while also aiding the control of in vitro gametophyte cultures.
Managing data locally to answer questions globally: The role of collaborative science in ecology
Authors: Aubin Isabelle , Cardou Françoise , Boisvert‐Marsh Laura , Garnier Eric , Strukelj Manuella , Munson Alison D. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEcologists are increasingly asking large‐scale and/or broad‐scope questions that require vast datasets. In response, various top‐down efforts and incentives have been implemented to encourage data sharing and integration. However, despite general consensus on the critical need for more open ecological data, several roadblocks still discourage compliance and participation in these projects; as a result, ecological data remain largely unavailable. Grassroots initiatives (i.e. efforts initiated and led by cohesive groups of scientists focused on specific goals) have thus far been overlooked as a powerful means to meet these challenges. These bottom‐up collaborative data integration projects can play a crucial role in making high quality datasets available because they tackle the heterogeneity of ecological data at a scale where it is still manageable, all the while offering the support and structure to do so. These initiatives foster best practices in data management and provide tangible rewards to researchers who choose to invest time in sound data stewardship. By maintaining proximity between data generators and data users, grassroots initiatives improve data interpretation and ensure high‐quality data integration while providing fair acknowledgement to data generators. We encourage researchers to formalize existing collaborations and to engage in local activities that improve the availability and distribution of ecological data. By fostering communication and interaction among scientists, we are convinced that grassroots initiatives can significantly support the development of global‐scale data repositories. In doing so, these projects help address important ecological questions and support policy decisions.
The relative role of climate and herbivory in driving treeline dynamics along a latitudinal gradient
Authors: Mienna Ida Marielle , Speed James David Mervyn , Klanderud Kari , Austrheim Gunnar , Næsset Erik , Bollandsås Ole Martin 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAimThe treeline is an obvious ecotone between forest and tundra ecosystems. Climatic warming is expected to lead to the treeline advancing, although in many cases this has not been observed. This is most likely because other factors can also influence treeline dynamics, notably land use and herbivory in European treelines. In this study, the roles of climate and herbivory as determinants for change in stem number, growth and mortality responses of treeline ecotone trees were investigated.LocationThirty‐six sites along a 1,000 km latitudinal gradient in the Scandes Mountains in Norway (60–69° N).MethodsWe recorded changes in stem numbers and height, and mortality between 2008 and 2012. A partial least‐squares regression analysis (PLS) was carried out to find the relative importance of groups of variables representing climate, herbivory, site and tree properties for explaining the variation in these three response variables. We also fitted general additive models for each response with selected variables from the PLS analysis.ResultsWe found an increase in number of stems and tree height for short and medium tall trees. The climatic variables explained the greatest proportion of the variation of the change in stem numbers, while tree height growth and mortality were best predicted by the growth stage of the tree and climate.ConclusionsOur study shows that climate explains more of the variance in treeline performance than herbivory, tree properties or latitude. Relatively weak explanatory power of all variables suggests high context dependency of treeline dynamics between sites. It seems that at large scales, variables known to be important in regulating treeline dynamics within sites are poor predictors of treeline change in the short term.
Temporal dynamics of migration‐linked genetic variation are driven by streamflows and riverscape permeability
Authors: Kelson Suzanne J. , Miller Michael R. , Thompson Tasha Q. , O’Rourke Sean M. , Carlson Stephanie M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLandscape permeability is often explored spatially, but may also vary temporally. Landscape permeability, including partial barriers, influences migratory animals that move across the landscape. Partial barriers are common in rivers where barrier passage varies with streamflow. We explore the influence of partial barriers on the spatial and temporal distribution of migration‐linked genotypes ofOncorhynchus mykiss, a salmonid fish with co‐occurring resident and migratory forms, in tributaries to the South Fork Eel River, California, USA, Elder and Fox Creeks. We genotyped >4,000 individuals using RAD‐capture and classified individuals as resident, heterozygous or migratory genotypes using life history‐associated loci. Across four years of study (2014–2017), the permeability of partial barriers varied across dry and wet years. In Elder Creek, the largest waterfall was passable for adults migrating up‐river 4–39 days each year. In this stream, the overall spatial pattern, with fewer migratory genotypes above the waterfall, remained true across dry and wet years (67%–76% of migratory alleles were downstream of the waterfall). We also observed a strong relationship between distance upstream and proportion of migratory alleles. In Fox Creek, the primary barrier is at the mouth, and we found that the migratory allele frequency varied with the annual timing of high flow events. In years when rain events occurred during the peak breeding season, migratory allele frequency was high (60%–68%), but otherwise it was low (30% in two years). We highlight that partial barriers and landscape permeability can be temporally dynamic, and this effect can be observed through changing genotype frequencies in migratory animals.
Naming God: Or Why Names are not Attributes
Authors: Soskice Janet 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe article argues that philosophers of religion and theologians should pay less attention to the so-called ‘classical attributes’ of God and more attention to the neglected, but venerable, tradition of the divine names. Grounded in Scripture, these reflections are predicated on the doctrine of Creation, and what it is for human beings as creatures to speak of their Creator. The article demonstrates that, even the so-called ‘classical attributes’, when placed in the divine names tradition, are far from being mere ‘natural theology’ but Christological to the core and lead us, through intellect, into the mysteries of awe and prayer.
“Words Enfleshing the Word”: Joseph Ratzinger on the Prophetic Interpretation of Revelation in the Church
Authors: McCaughey Mary 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThis paper begins by exploring how Joseph Ratzinger's post-doctoral work on the Theology of History in St Bonaventure is shaped by his interest in how theology can be grounded in salvation history. Through this lens, he examines Bonaventure's multi-form theories of scripture and the place of St Francis in salvation history to show how prophetic interpretations of scripture are consistent with Christ as the apex of history. The paper goes on to demonstrate that these insights also influence Ratzinger's later work, particularly his reading of Dei Verbum, his recognition of the Mariological dimensions of hermeneutics, as well as his consideration of various prophetical manifestations of the life of the Church such as the monastic movement and the new ecclesial movements.
Human Speech and God's Word: On a Latent Divine Attribute
Authors: Tóth Beáta 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe idea that God speaks to humans and responds to their call is often taken for granted in the Judeo-Christian tradition. This paper reflects on the significance of the fact that God is Deus loquens: one who speaks in revelation and who is also inner Trinitarian eternal utterance. To outline an anthropology and a theology of speech, two Hungarian interlocutors are summoned: twentieth century poet János Pilinszky (1921-1981) and exegete and literary critic István Jelenits (b. 1932), whose accounts are instructive concerning the nature of human and divine communication. As a next step, the post-synodal apostolic exhortation Verbum Domini (2010) by Pope Benedict XVI is examined, which can be seen as providing the outlines of a systematic “theology of the word.” Such theology is aware that the word of God is an analogical concept rooted in the Trinitarian reality of divine communication.
From political correctness to reflexivity: A norm‐critical perspective on nursing education
Authors: Tengelin Ellinor , Dahlborg Elisabeth , Berndtsson Ina , Bülow Pia H. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractEducation is important in shaping professional identity, including how one approaches norms and normalisation. In the analysis presented in this study, nursing students' own constructions of norms and normality from the outlook of their education are highlighted and problematised. To deepen the understanding of these matters, the aim of this study was to explore constructions of norms and normality among students in nursing education. Students studying in a nursing department at a Swedish university college were approached and asked to consider open survey questions targeting their views on norms and normality; 154 of them replied. After a discourse analytic approach to the data, we could see how the students constructed norms and normality as (a) instrumental instructions, consisting of easy‐to‐digest statements grounded in the profession's obvious moral and ethical values, (b) limiting and frustrating obstacles for personal freedom that were important to challenge, (c) rules to be obeyed for the stability of society and (d) a matter of reflection, with each individual being responsible for understanding differences in norms, perspectives and opinions. We conclude that nursing education would benefit from norm‐critical perspectives, problematising students' own positions to norms, power and privilege.
Prevalence of oral human papillomavirus infections by race in the United States: An association with sexual behavior
Authors: Choi Janet S. , Tang Liyang , Yu Alison J. , Swanson Mark S. , Chambers Tamara N. , Kokot Niels C. , Sinha Uttam K. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the differences in oral HPV infection and sexual behaviors by race in the US.Materials and MethodsWe analyzed data from the 2011–2014 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during which participants aged 18–69 years completed oral rinse exam for HPV detection (n = 8,229). Logistic regression was used to examine the associations of race with various types of oral HPV infection and sexual behaviors.ResultsThe prevalence of overall oral HPV infection and HPV type16 infection was 7.5% [95% CI: 6.6–8.4] and 1.1% [95% CI: 0.7–1.3], respectively. Blacks were more likely to have any oral HPV infection [OR: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.01–1.47] and Asian Americans were less likely to have any oral HPV infection [OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.24–0.49] than Whites. In a multivariate model, Whites were less likely to have any oral HPV infections than Blacks while having higher order of impact by the number of lifetime sex partners. Overall, Asian Americans were less likely to have type16 infection [OR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.06–0.67] than Whites; however, that difference disappears when adjusting for sexual behaviors.ConclusionsIn this nationally representative sample of US adults, the prevalence of overall oral HPV infections was higher among Blacks and lower among Asians in comparison to Whites. Further analysis with sexual behavior data suggested that the racial differences in prevalence are likely due to different sexual behaviors.
A disease and production index (DPI) for selection of cacao (Theobroma cacao) clones highly productive and tolerant to pod rot diseases
Authors: Jaimez Ramón E. , Vera Danilo I. , Mora Argenis , Loor Rey G. , Bailey Bryan A. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractFrosty pod rot (FPR) (Moniliophthora roreri), along with black pod rot (Phytophthora species) and witches’ broom disease (Moniliophthora perniciosa) constitute the main phytosanitary problems limiting cacao (Theobroma cacao) production causing severe yield losses. One of the main sought after methods of pod rot management is the selection of tolerant cacao genotypes. Typically, the selection is carried out through the quantification of the percentage of diseased pods (PDP). However, PDP does not consider the relative productivity, or production potential (PT) of the genotype. Production potential can vary among cacao genotypes. Consequently, genotypes with similar PT can have similar or vastly different disease tolerance levels as measured by PDP. The disease and production index (DPI) was developed to integrate a genotype's tolerance to M. roreri and other diseases as measured by PDP, with its PT. Here, we evaluated the number of healthy pods, number of diseased pods, and weight of fresh seed for 29 clones grown in replicated five‐tree plots over 4 years. The data obtained was used to calculate PDP and DPI for each clone for three different disease combinations: frosty pod rot alone, pod rots other than frosty pod rot, and the combination of all pod rots. Multivariate analysis verified that DPI discriminated between clones based on productivity and disease tolerance. Surprisingly, there was a close ranking of clones between resistance to FPR and resistance to all other pod rots. The DPI can be used in breeding programmes focused on the selection of high yielding disease‐tolerant cacao genotypes.
Hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract infections after early‐, late‐, and post‐term birth
Authors: Haataja Paula , Korhonen Päivi , Ojala Riitta , Hirvonen Mikko , Korppi Matti , Gissler Mika , Luukkaala Tiina , Tammela Outi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundRecent data suggest that early‐term births are associated with later respiratory morbidity (LRTI), and post‐term births may decrease this risk.ObjectivesThe objective was to determine the impact of early‐term, late‐term, and post‐term birth on hospital admission for LRTI up to the age of seven years. Additionally, we explored maternal and perinatal factors associated with the risk of admission for LRTIs.MethodsThe association of early‐term (37+0‐38+6 weeks), late‐term (41+0‐41+6 weeks), and post‐term (≥42 weeks) birth with hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in comparison with infants born full‐term (39+0‐40+6 weeks) was assessed and early predictors of LRTI were established. The register study included 948 695 infants born in Finland in 1991‐2008. Data were analysed in four‐term subgroups. Hospital admissions for bronchiolitis/bronchitis and pneumonia were collected up to 7 years of age. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess risk factors of LRTI admissions.ResultsThe rates of hospital admission in the early‐, full‐, late‐, and post‐term groups were 6.7%, 5.5%, 5.1%, and 4.8% for bronchiolitis/bronchitis, and 2.8%, 2.4%, 2.3%, and 2.3% for pneumonia. Early‐term birth was associated with an increased risk of admission for bronchiolitis/bronchitis (hazard ratio HR 1.21, 95% confidence interval CI 1.18, 1.23) and pneumonia (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.12, 1.20), while late‐term (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.91, 0.95) and post‐term births (HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.85, 0.93) were associated with a decreased risk of bronchiolitis/bronchitis admission compared with the full‐term group. Maternal age ≤ 20 years, smoking during pregnancy, male sex, caesarean delivery, small for gestational age, 1‐minute Apgar score < 4, ventilator support, and neonatal antibiotic therapy were associated with an increased risk of LRTI admission, while being firstborn, born in a level‐II hospital and in the Northern region was associated with decreased risk.ConclusionEarly‐term birth was associated with a higher risk of all LRTI admissions while late‐term and post‐term births were associated with lower risk of bronchiolitis/bronchitis admission. Modifiable risk factors of LRTIs were smoking during pregnancy, birth by elective caesarean delivery, neonatal ventilator support, and antibiotic therapy.
Political values in independent agencies
Authors: Eriksen Andreas 
Published: February 2020

AbstractDespite that independent agencies are typically justified in terms of technical efficiency, they inevitably have to make political judgments. How can political reasoning be legitimate in such institutions? This paper starts by investigating the merits of two prominent models. The “avoidance model” asks agency reasoning to stick to empirical facts and as far as possible stay clear of political values. By contrast, the “specification model” recognizes the need for constructive normative work, but confines it to the refinement of given statutes. This paper challenges both models and defends a third alternative. The “public reason model” requires agencies to ground their value judgments in a publicly accessible framework of reasoning, which is here interpreted as their overarching mandate. The paper argues that agency mandates should be conceived as distinct domains of reasoning, and it delineates three institutional virtues that enable agencies to track this domain.
Discovering Causal Structures in Bayesian Gaussian Directed Acyclic Graph Models
Authors: Castelletti Federico , Consonni Guido 
Published: February 2020

SummaryCausal directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) are naturally tailored to represent biological signalling pathways. However, a causal DAG is only identifiable up to Markov equivalence if only observational data are available. Interventional data, based on exogenous perturbations of the system, can greatly improve identifiability. Since the gain of an intervention crucially depends on the intervened variables, a natural issue is devising efficient strategies for optimal causal discovery. We present a Bayesian active learning procedure for Gaussian DAGs which requires no subjective specification on the side of the user, explicitly takes into account the uncertainty on the space of equivalence classes (through the posterior distribution) and sequentially proposes the choice of the optimal intervention variable. In simulation experiments our method, besides surpassing designs based on a random choice of intervention nodes, shows decisive improvements over currently available algorithms and is competitive with the best alternative benchmarks. An important reason behind this strong performance is that, unlike non-Bayesian algorithms, our utility function naturally incorporates graph estimation uncertainty through the posterior edge inclusion probability. We also reanalyse the Sachs data on protein signalling pathways from an active learning perspective and show that DAG identification can be achieved by using only a subset of the available intervention samples.
Intensifying aeolian activity following the end‐Permian mass extinction: Evidence from the Late Permian–Early Triassic terrestrial sedimentary record of the Ordos Basin, North China
Authors: Zhu Zhicai , Kuang Hongwei , Liu Yongqing , Benton Michael J. , Newell Andrew J. , Xu Huan , An Wei , Ji Shu'an , Xu Shichao , Peng Nan , Zhai Qingguo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractSedimentary successions provide direct evidence of climate and tectonics, and these give clues about the causes of the mass extinction around the Permian–Triassic boundary. Terrestrial Permian–Triassic boundary strata in the eastern Ordos Basin, North China, include the Late Permian Sunjiagou, Early Triassic Liujiagou and late Early Triassic Heshanggou formations in ascending order. The Sunjiagou Formation comprises cross‐bedded sandstones overlaid by mudstones, indicating meandering rivers with channel, point bar and floodplain deposits. The Liujiagou Formation was formed in braided rivers of arid sand bars interacting with some aeolian dune deposits, distinguished by abundant sandstones where diverse trough and planar cross‐bedding and aeolian structures (for example, inverse climbing‐ripple, translatent‐ripple lamination, grainfall and grainflow laminations) interchange vertically and laterally. The Heshanggou Formation is a rhythmic succession of mudstones interbedded with thin medium‐grained sandstones mainly deposited in a shallow lacustrine environment. Overall, the sharp meandering to braided to shallow lake sedimentary transition documents palaeoenvironmental changes from semi‐arid to arid and then to semi‐humid conditions across the Permian–Triassic boundary. The die‐off of tetrapods and plants, decreased bioturbation levels in the uppermost Sunjiagou Formation, and the bloom of microbially‐induced sedimentary structures in the Liujiagou Formation marks the mass extinction around the Permian–Triassic boundary. The disappearance of microbially‐induced sedimentary structures, increasingly intense bioturbation from bottom to top and the reoccurrence of reptile footprints in the Heshanggou Formation reveal gradual recovery of the ecosystem after the Permian–Triassic boundary extinction. This study is the first to identify the intensification of aeolian activity following the end‐Permian mass extinction in North China. Moreover, while northern North China continued to be uplifted tectonically from the Late Palaeozoic to Late Mesozoic, the switch of sedimentary patterns across the Permian–Triassic boundary in Shanxi is largely linked to the development of an arid and subsequently semi‐humid climate condition, which probably directly affected the collapse and delayed recovery in palaeoecosystems.