bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
تأثير استخدام البطاقة في تعليم مهارة القراءة
Authors: Nelis Selvia 
Published: December 2020

Masalah pada penelitian ini yaitu Bagaimana pengaruh penggunaan kartu pada pembelajaran keterampilan membaca. Metodologi penelitian adalah penelitian lapangan yang berbentuk kuantitatif jenis eksperimen yang digunakan adalah metode statistic pengumpulan data dengan tes, dan sumber data yang terdiri dari guru bahasa arab dan siswa. Dan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh penulis adalah bahwa terdapat pengaruh penggunaan kartu terhadap pembelajaran keterampilan membaca, dapat diketahui dari hasil tes pada kelas eksperimental dan kelas kontrol. Penulis menemukan pengucapan dengan T-test adalah 21,21, dan hasil pada pengucapan kosa kata dengan T-test adalah 9,87, sedangkan hasil pada keseluruhannya dari T-test adalah 17,01. Oleh karena itu penulis menemukan perbedaan antara keterampilan membaca menggunakan kartu dan tanpa menggunakan kartu. Dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan kartu berpengaruh terhadap pembelajaran kemahiran membaca. Jadi ada perbedaan antara pembelajaran membaca menggunakan kartu dan tanpa menggunakan kartu.
Sources and characteristics of size-resolved particulate organic acids and methanesulfonate in a coastal megacity: Manila, Philippines
Authors: Stahl Connor , Cruz Melliza Templonuevo , Bañaga Paola Angela , Betito Grace , Braun Rachel A. , Aghdam Mojtaba Azadi , Cambaliza Maria Obiminda , Lorenzo Genevieve Rose , MacDonald Alexander B. , Hilario Miguel Ricardo A. , Pabroa Preciosa Corazon , Yee John Robin , Simpas James Bernard , Sorooshian Armin 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. A 16-month (July 2018–October 2019) dataset of size-resolved aerosol
composition is used to examine the sources and characteristics of five
organic acids (oxalate, succinate, adipate, maleate, phthalate) and
methanesulfonate (MSA) in Metro Manila, Philippines. As one of the most
polluted megacities globally, Metro Manila offers a view of how diverse
sources and meteorology impact the relative amounts and size distributions
of these species. A total of 66 sample sets were collected with a
Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI), of which 54 sets were
analyzed for composition. Organic acids and MSA surprisingly were less
abundant than in other global regions that are also densely populated. The
combined species accounted for an average of 0.80 ± 0.66 % of total
gravimetric mass between 0.056 and 18 µm, still leaving 33.74 % of
mass unaccounted for after considering black carbon and water-soluble ions
and elements. The unresolved mass is suggested to consist of
non-water-soluble metals as well as both water-soluble and non-water-soluble
organics. Oxalate was approximately an order of magnitude more abundant than
the other five species (149 ± 94 ng m−3 versus others being
< 10 ng m−3) across the 0.056–18 µm size range. Both
positive matrix factorization (PMF) and correlation analysis are conducted
with tracer species to investigate the possible sources of organic acids
and MSA. Enhanced biomass burning influence in the 2018 southwest monsoon
resulted in especially high levels of submicrometer succinate, MSA, oxalate,
and phthalate. Peculiarly, MSA had negligible contributions from marine
sources but instead was linked to biomass burning and combustion. Enhanced
precipitation during the two monsoon seasons (8 June–4 October 2018 and
14 June–7 October 2019) coincided with a stronger influence from local
emissions rather than long-range transport, leading to notable concentration
enhancements in both the sub- and supermicrometer ranges for some species
(e.g., maleate and phthalate). While secondary formation via gas-to-particle
conversion is consistent with submicrometer peaks for the organic acids and
MSA, several species (i.e., phthalate, adipate, succinate, oxalate)
exhibited a prominent peak in the coarse mode, largely owing to their
association with crustal emissions (i.e., more alkaline aerosol type) rather
than sea salt. Oxalate's strong association with sulfate in the
submicrometer mode supports an aqueous-phase formation pathway for the study
region. However, high concentrations during periods of low rain and high
solar radiation suggest photo-oxidation is an important formation pathway.
Effects of the prewhitening method, the time granularity, and the time segmentation on the Mann–Kendall trend detection and the associated Sen's slope
Authors: Collaud Coen Martine , Andrews Elisabeth , Bigi Alessandro , Martucci Giovanni , Romanens Gonzague , Vogt Frédéric P. A. , Vuilleumier Laurent 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The Mann–Kendall test associated with the Sen's slope is a very widely used non-parametric method for trend analysis. It requires serially uncorrelated
time series, yet most of the atmospheric processes exhibit positive
autocorrelation. Several prewhitening methods have therefore been designed
to overcome the presence of lag-1 autocorrelation. These include a
prewhitening, a detrending and/or a correction of the detrended slope and
the original variance of the time series. The choice of which prewhitening
method and temporal segmentation to apply has consequences for the
statistical significance, the value of the slope and of the confidence limits. Here, the effects of various prewhitening methods are analyzed for
seven time series comprising in situ aerosol measurements (scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, number concentration and aerosol
optical depth), Raman lidar water vapor mixing ratio,
as well as tropopause and zero-degree temperature levels measured by radio-sounding. These time series are characterized by a broad variety of distributions, ranges and lag-1
autocorrelation values and vary in length between 10 and 60 years. A common
way to work around the autocorrelation problem is to decrease it by
averaging the data over longer time intervals than in the original time
series. Thus, the second focus of this study evaluates the effect of time
granularity on long-term trend analysis. Finally, a new algorithm involving
three prewhitening methods is proposed in order to maximize the power of the test, to minimize the number of erroneous detected trends in the absence of a real trend and to ensure the best slope estimate for the considered length of the time series.
Applying deep learning to NASA MODIS data to create a community record of marine low-cloud mesoscale morphology
Authors: Yuan Tianle , Song Hua , Wood Robert , Mohrmann Johannes , Meyer Kerry , Oreopoulos Lazaros , Platnick Steven 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Marine low clouds display rich mesoscale morphological types and distinct
spatial patterns of cloud fields. Being able to differentiate low-cloud
morphology offers a tool for the research community to go one step beyond
bulk cloud statistics such as cloud fraction and advance the understanding
of low clouds. Here we report the progress of our project that aims to
create an observational record of low-cloud mesoscale morphology at a
near-global (60∘ S–60∘ N) scale. First, a training set is created by our team members manually labeling thousands of mesoscale (128×128) MODIS scenes into six different categories: stratus, closed cellular convection, disorganized convection, open cellular convection, clustered cumulus convection, and suppressed cumulus convection. Then we train a deep convolutional neural network model using this training set to classify individual MODIS scenes at 128×128 resolution and test it on a test set. The trained model achieves a
cross-type average precision of about 93 %. We apply the trained model to 16 years of data over the southeastern Pacific. The resulting climatological distribution of low-cloud morphology types shows both expected and unexpected features and suggests promising potential for low-cloud studies as a data product.
Validation of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) surface UV radiation product
Authors: Lakkala Kaisa , Kujanpää Jukka , Brogniez Colette , Henriot Nicolas , Arola Antti , Aun Margit , Auriol Frédérique , Bais Alkiviadis F. , Bernhard Germar , De Bock Veerle , Catalfamo Maxime , Deroo Christine , Diémoz Henri , Egli Luca , Forestier Jean-Baptiste , Fountoulakis Ilias , Garane Katerina , Garcia Rosa Delia , Gröbner Julian , Hassinen Seppo , Heikkilä Anu , Henderson Stuart , Hülsen Gregor , Johnsen Bjørn , Kalakoski Niilo , Karanikolas Angelos , Karppinen Tomi , Lamy Kevin , León-Luis Sergio F. , Lindfors Anders V. , Metzger Jean-Marc , Minvielle Fanny , Muskatel Harel B. , Portafaix Thierry , Redondas Alberto , Sanchez Ricardo , Siani Anna Maria , Svendby Tove , Tamminen Johanna 
Published: December 2020

Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite was launched on 13 October 2017 to provide the atmospheric composition for atmosphere and climate research. The S5P is a Sun-synchronous polar-orbiting satellite providing global daily coverage. The TROPOMI swath is 2600 km wide, and the ground resolution for most data products is 7.2×3.5 km2 (5.6×3.5 km2 since 6 August 2019) at nadir. The Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) is responsible for the development of the TROPOMI UV algorithm and the processing of the TROPOMI surface ultraviolet (UV) radiation product which includes 36 UV parameters in total. Ground-based data from 25 sites located in arctic, subarctic, temperate, equatorial and Antarctic areas were used for validation of the TROPOMI overpass irradiance at 305, 310, 324 and 380 nm, overpass erythemally weighted dose rate/UV index, and erythemally weighted daily dose for the period from 1 January 2018 to 31 August 2019. The validation results showed that for most sites 60 %–80 % of TROPOMI data was within ±20 % of ground-based data for snow-free surface conditions. The median relative differences to ground-based measurements of TROPOMI snow-free surface daily doses were within ±10 % and ±5 % at two-thirds and at half of the sites, respectively. At several sites more than 90 % of cloud-free TROPOMI data was within ±20 % of ground-based measurements. Generally median relative differences between TROPOMI data and ground-based measurements were a little biased towards negative values (i.e. satellite data < ground-based measurement), but at high latitudes where non-homogeneous topography and albedo or snow conditions occurred, the negative bias was exceptionally high: from −30 % to −65 %. Positive biases of 10 %–15 % were also found for mountainous sites due to challenging topography. The TROPOMI surface UV radiation product includes quality flags to detect increased uncertainties in the data due to heterogeneous surface albedo and rough terrain, which can be used to filter the data retrieved under challenging conditions.
La construcción sensible del espacio privado en la modernidad líquida: el cuarto propio conectado
Authors: Ríos Coello Yolanda , Matesanz Chelo 
Published: December 2020

Este artículo analiza las transformaciones que las nuevas tecnologías de los medios de información y comunicación han generado sobre los individuos, su forma de relacionarse y su noción de privacidad. Desde finales del siglo XX hasta hoy, en un escenario hipervinculado y global, constituido por personas igualmente hiperconectadas, éstas a su vez han modificado y adaptado su entorno dibujando un nuevo concepto de espacio privado: el cuarto propio conectado. Este habitáculo escenifica la inmaterialidad e inestabilidad de la “modernidad líquida” descrita por Zygmunt Bauman. El proyecto New Babylon que Constant construye basándose en el homo ludens de Huizinga nos va a servir como referencia para identificar las alteraciones que se están produciendo en el uso del ámbito privado en la actualidad condicionado por las nuevas tecnologías. La generación Z, jóvenes que han nacido y se están educando en perpetua interacción con pantallas, ordenadores y redes sociales ya están ilustrando una compleja área privada sin límites precisos, fluida e interactiva. Nos proponemos delimitar algunas metamorfosis vitales que están sucediendo en los individuos y constatar cómo éstas desmaterializan y diluyen el límite de lo público y lo privado, así como los procesos que configuran la obra de arte.
Theoretical Insights into the Mechanism of Selective Nitrate‐to‐Ammonia Electroreduction on Single‐Atom Catalysts
Authors: Niu Huan , Zhang Zhaofu , Wang Xiting , Wan Xuhao , Shao Chen , Guo Yuzheng 
Published: December 2020

AbstractSelective nitrate‐to‐ammonia electrochemical conversion is an efficient pathway to solve the pollution of nitrate and an attractive strategy for low‐temperature ammonia synthesis. However, current studies for nitrate electroreduction (NO3RR) mainly focus on metal‐based catalysts, which remains challenging because of the poor understanding of the catalytic mechanism. Herein, taking single transition metal atom supported on graphitic carbon nitrides (g‐CN) as an example, the NO3RR feasibility of single‐atom catalysts (SACs) is first demonstrated by using density functional theory calculations. The results reveal that highly efficient NO3RR toward NH3 can be achieved on Ti/g‐CN and Zr/g‐CN with low limiting potentials of −0.39 and −0.41 V, respectively. Furthermore, the considerable energy barriers are observed during the formation of byproducts NO2, NO, N2O, and N2 on Ti/g‐CN and Zr/g‐CN, guaranteeing their high selectivity. This work provides a new route for the application of SACs and paves the way to the development of NO3RR.
Failing Forward: Stability of Transparent Electrodes Based on Metal Nanowire Networks
Authors: Patil Jatin J. , Chae Woo Hyun , Trebach Adam , Carter Ki‐Jana , Lee Eric , Sannicolo Thomas , Grossman Jeffrey C. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractMetal nanowire (MNW)‐based transparent electrode technologies have significantly matured over the last decade to become a prominent low‐cost alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO). Beyond reaching the same level of performance as ITO, MNW networks offer additional advantages including flexibility and low materials cost. To facilitate adoption of MNW networks as a replacement to ITO, they must overcome their inherent stability issues while maintaining their properties and cost‐effectiveness. Herein, the fundamental failure mechanisms of MNW networks are discussed in detail. Recent strategies to computationally model MNWs from the nano‐ to macroscale and suggest future work to capture dynamic failure to unravel mechanisms that account for convolution of the failure modes are highlighted. Strategies to characterize MNW network failure in situ and postmortem are also discussed. In addition, recent work about improving the stability of MNW networks via encapsulation is discussed. Lastly, a perspective is given on how to frame the requirements of MNW‐encapsulant hybrids with reference to their target applications, namely: solar cells, transparent film heaters, sensors, and displays. A cost analysis to comment on the feasibility of implementing MNW hybrids is provided, and critical areas to focus on for future work on MNW networks are suggested.
Cholesterol in the Viral Membrane is a Molecular Switch Governing HIV‐1 Env Clustering
Authors: Nieto‐Garai Jon Ander , Arboleya Aroa , Otaegi Sara , Chojnacki Jakub , Casas Josefina , Fabriàs Gemma , Contreras F‐Xabier , Kräusslich Hans‐Georg , Lorizate Maier 
Published: December 2020

AbstractHIV‐1 entry requires the redistribution of envelope glycoproteins (Env) into a cluster and the presence of cholesterol (chol) in the viral membrane. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the specific role of chol in infectivity and the driving force behind Env clustering remain unknown. Here, gp41 is demonstrated to directly interact with chol in the viral membrane via residues 751–854 in the cytoplasmic tail (CT751–854). Super‐resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy analysis of Env distribution further demonstrates that both truncation of gp41 CT751–854 and depletion of chol leads to dispersion of Env clusters in the viral membrane and inhibition of virus entry. This work reveals a direct interaction of gp41 CT with chol and indicates that this interaction is an important orchestrator of Env clustering.
Opportunities of Aqueous Manganese‐Based Batteries with Deposition and Stripping Chemistry
Authors: Wang Mingming , Zheng Xinhua , Zhang Xiang , Chao Dongliang , Qiao Shi‐Zhang , Alshareef Husam N. , Cui Yi , Chen Wei 
Published: December 2020

AbstractRechargeable aqueous manganese‐based batteries have been attracting significant attention owing to their advantages of low cost, high safety, and ease of manufacturing, which are promising attributes for grid‐scale energy storage applications. However, most traditional manganese‐based batteries with solid‐state conversion and intercalation reactions suffer from low capacity and poor long‐term cycling stability. The recent novel storage mechanism based on cathode Mn2+/MnO2 deposition/stripping chemistry has fundamentally tackled these issues, enabling a new generation of manganese‐based batteries with superior electrochemical performance. Here, the recent advances in aqueous manganese‐based batteries with the Mn2+/MnO2 deposition/stripping chemistry are reviewed. A summary of the development of manganese‐based batteries with different storage mechanisms is provided and new opportunities for the emerging Mn2+/MnO2 chemistry in the latest generation are highlighted. Then, the current understanding of the Mn2+/MnO2 charge storage mechanism and its potential in manganese‐based batteries for large‐scale energy storage applications is presented. Moreover, insights into opportunities and future directions for manganese‐based batteries with the Mn2+/MnO2 chemistry are proposed.
Efficient, Thermally Stable, and Mechanically Robust All‐Polymer Solar Cells Consisting of the Same Benzodithiophene Unit‐Based Polymer Acceptor and Donor with High Molecular Compatibility
Authors: Lee Jin‐Woo , Sun Cheng , Ma Boo Soo , Kim Hyeong Jun , Wang Cheng , Ryu Jong Min , Lim Chulhee , Kim Taek‐Soo , Kim Yun‐Hi , Kwon Soon‐Ki , Kim Bumjoon J. 
Published: December 2020

AbstractAll‐polymer solar cells (all‐PSCs) are a highly attractive class of photovoltaics for wearable and portable electronics due to their excellent morphological and mechanical stabilities. Recently, new types of polymer acceptors (PAs) consisting of non‐fullerene small molecule acceptors (NFSMAs) with strong light absorption have been proposed to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of all‐PSCs. However, polymerization of NFSMAs often reduces entropy of mixing in PSC blends and prevents the formation of intermixed blend domains required for efficient charge generation and morphological stability. One approach to increase compatibility in these systems is to design PAs that contain the same building blocks as their polymer donor (PD) counterparts. Here, a series of NFSMA‐based PAs [P(BDT2BOY5‐X), (X = H, F, Cl)] are reported, by copolymerizing NFSMA (Y5‐2BO) with benzodithiophene (BDT), a common donating unit in high‐performance PDs such as PBDB‐T. All‐PSC blends composed of PBDB‐T PD and P(BDT2BOY5‐X) PA show enhanced molecular compatibility, resulting in excellent morphological and electronic properties. Specifically, PBDB‐T:P(BDT2BOY5‐Cl) all‐PSC has a PCE of 11.12%, which is significantly higher than previous PBDB‐T:Y5‐2BO (7.02%) and PBDB‐T:P(NDI2OD‐T2) (6.00%) PSCs. Additionally, the increased compatibility of these all‐PSCs greatly improves their thermal stability and mechanical robustness. For example, the crack onset strain (COS) and toughness of the PBDB‐T:P(BDT2BOY5‐Cl) blend are 15.9% and 3.24 MJ m–3, respectively, in comparison to the PBDB‐T:Y5‐2BO blends at 2.21% and 0.32 MJ m–3.
The ancient settlement of Piammiano‐Statonia (Bomarzo, Italy): New data from 2D and 3D electrical tomography
Authors: Leucci Giovanni , De Giorgi Lara , Ditaranto Immacolata , Miccoli Ilaria , Scardozzi Giuseppe 
Published: December 2020

AbstractThis study presents new archaeological data concerning the ancient layout of Piammiano, an Etruscan and Roman settlement located in the Tiberine internal Etruria (probably corresponding to the ancient town of Statonia), still little known. These data have been obtained by geophysical surveys performed using the Electrical Resistivity Tomography technique. These investigations were carried out in the central sector of the plateau where the settlement lies, and they have documented the presence of ancient buried structures at a depth of between about 0.5 and 2.5 m. These structures has the same orientation of the main road of the ancient settlement, and they are also consistent with the orientation of the structures documented in previous geophysical surveys and archaeological excavations carried out in the westernmost sector of the investigated area. Specifically, the new geophysical surveys have highlighted the presence of the buried remains of the road and numerous walls, some of which are pertaining to a large building with porticoes on the two sides overlooking the Tiber valley. Furthermore, a channel network perhaps linked to a cistern was documented at more depth.
Generalized ground motion prediction model using hybrid recurrent neural network
Authors: Fayaz Jawad , Xiang Yijun , Zareian Farzin 
Published: December 2020

AbstractModern seismic hazard analysis utilizes various ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) to estimate intensity measures (IMs) such as spectral acceleration (Sa), Arias intensity (Ia), significant duration (D5‐95), and cumulative absolute velocity (CAV) as scalar parameters. The use of these GMPEs leads to independent estimations of IMs for the same earthquake scenario. Since the IMs belonging to the same earthquake scenario are naturally correlated, the GMPEs used for characterization of seismic hazard are expected to incorporate such correlation structure. Particularly, Sa corresponding to different periods of a single‐degree‐of‐freedom oscillator is estimated by GMPEs that do not explicitly account for internal correlations between the Sa at various periods for the same ground motion. The current approach to incorporate such a correlation for Sa spectrum is through a post‐processing technique developed by Baker and Jayaram; their method relates the spectral accelerations of different periods using functional forms describing linear correlations. However, the proposed correlation functions can be further improved and extended to more accurately estimate the spectrum of near‐fault high‐magnitude ground motions using high order dependencies among the spectral accelerations. This study proposes a generalized ground motion prediction model (GGMPM) using a hybrid recurrent neural network (RNN) framework that can be used to estimate a 29 × 1 correlated vector (denoted as IM) of RotD50 Sa at 26 periods and geometric means of Ia, D5‐95, and CAV using a set of seismic source and site parameters as inputs. This is an improvement to the current body of knowledge because the high order dependencies between the individual components of IM are incorporated. A RNN framework is developed that estimates the median vector of IM. The discrepancy between the IM estimated using the RNN framework and the IM computed from recorded motions is further minimized using the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA‐ES), which is a non‐convex optimization method. The residuals of the RNN framework are used to construct the inter‐event and the intra‐event covariance matrices to account for the inter‐event and intra‐event variabilities of the ground motions. Hence, given the source and site parameters, the RNN‐framework returns a median prediction of the IM, which is then combined with estimated inter‐event and intra‐event covariance matrices to obtain the probabilistic estimation of IM. Furthermore, this GGMPM framework is compared against various currently used GMPEs, and the results of these comparisons demonstrate that the proposed GGMPM leads to improved predictions while maintaining the internal dependencies of the IM components.