bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of a province-wide commercial food store dataset in a heterogeneous predominantly rural food environment
Authors: Taylor Nathan GA , Stymest Jillian , Mah Catherine L 
Published: April 2020

AbstractObjective:Commercially available business (CAB) datasets for food environments have been investigated for error in large urban contexts and some rural areas, but there is a relative dearth of literature that reports error across regions of variable rurality. The objective of the current study was to assess the validity of a CAB dataset using a government dataset at the provincial scale.Design:A ground-truthed dataset provided by the government of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) was used to assess a popular commercial dataset. Concordance, sensitivity, positive-predictive value (PPV) and geocoding errors were calculated. Measures were stratified by store types and rurality to investigate any association between these variables and database accuracy.Setting:NL, Canada.Participants:The current analysis used store-level (ecological) data.Results:Of 1125 stores, there were 380 stores that existed in both datasets and were considered true-positive stores. The mean positional error between a ground-truthed and test point was 17·72 km. When compared with the provincial dataset of businesses, grocery stores had the greatest agreement, sensitivity = 0·64, PPV = 0·60 and concordance = 0·45. Gas stations had the least agreement, sensitivity = 0·26, PPV = 0·32 and concordance = 0·17. Only 4 % of commercial data points in rural areas matched every criterion examined.Conclusions:The commercial dataset exhibits a low level of agreement with the ground-truthed provincial data. Particularly retailers in rural areas or belonging to the gas station category suffered from misclassification and/or geocoding errors. Taken together, the commercial dataset is differentially representative of the ground-truthed reality based on store-type and rurality/urbanity.
Comparison of skin doses of treated and contralateral breasts during whole breast radiotherapy for different treatment techniques using optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Zhenia , Nair RaghuRam K. , Raghukumar P. , Bhasi Saju , Menon Sharika V. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractPurpose:To measure and compare the skin doses received by treated left breast and contralateral breast (CB) during whole breast radiotherapy using five treatment techniques in an indigenously prepared wax breast phantom.Materials and methods:Computed tomography (CT) images of the breast phantom were used for treatment planning and comparison of skin dose calculated from treatment planning system (TPS) with measured dose. Planning target volume (PTV) and the CB were drawn arbitrarily on the CT images acquired for the breast phantom with 10 numbers of calibrated optically stimulated luminescent dosimeters (OSLDs) fixed on the surface of both breasts. The TPS calculated surface doses of PTV breast and CB for five treatment planning techniques, viz., conventional wedge (CW), irregular surface compensator-based (ISC), field-in-field (FiF), intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and rapid arc (RA) techniques were obtained for comparison. The plans were executed in Clinac iX Linear Accelerator with the OSLDs fixed at the same locations on the phantom as in simulation. The TPS calculated mean dose at the surface of the treated left breast and CB was noted for the 10 OSLDs from dose-volume histogram (DVH) and compared with the measured dose. Also, the mean chamber dose at the centre of the left breast was noted from the DVH for comparing with ion chamber measured dose.Results:With reference to the results, it is seen that the dose to the CB is lowest in ISC technique and FiF technique and greatest in IMRT technique. The CW technique also delivered a dose comparable to IMRT to the CB of the phantom. The dose to the surface of PTV breast was highest and comparable in CW plans and FiF plans (68% and 67%) and lowest in IMRT and RA plans (50% each).Findings:Analysis of the results shows that the FiF and ISC techniques are preferred while planning breast radiotherapy due to the reduced dose to the CB.
Increased Organic Carbon Burial in Northern Florida Mangrove‐Salt Marsh Transition Zones
Authors: Vaughn Derrick R. , Bianchi Thomas S. , Shields Michael R. , Kenney William F. , Osborne Todd Z. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBlue carbon habitats like salt marshes and mangroves bury large amounts of carbon with limited area; however, they also are increasingly susceptible to current climate change. Combined effects of rising temperatures, decreasing freeze frequencies, and increasing sea level rise rates are resulting in mangrove replacement of salt marshes along the southern United States. Surface soils analyzed here from wetlands along northern Florida Atlantic and Gulf Coasts showed higher apparent sedimentation rates in mangrove‐dominated sites (1.5–3.2 mm yr−1) and where mangroves are migrating into the marsh (termed transition sites, 2.3–3.8 mm yr−1). Average carbon burial rates were higher in transition sites for both coasts (27–47 g C·m−2·yr−1) compared to the respective mangrove (10–22 g C·m−2·yr−1) and salt marsh (4–7 g C·m−2·yr−1) sites. Lignin biomarker data (Λ‐6, Λ‐8, and C/V) indicated that mangrove and transition sites had higher lignin inputs from woody vascular plants compared to salt marsh sites, which may slow decadal‐ to centennial‐scale decay. Higher amino acid concentrations in mangrove soils relative to mangrove biomass (1.8–2.3 mmol g C−1 vs. 0.2–0.9 mmol g C−1) and lower C/N indicated that these mangrove sites receive higher algal inputs than the transition and salt marsh sites, attributed to greater tidal inundation in the mangrove sites given their position near the shoreline. Overall, increased accretion, carbon burial, and lignin in mangrove transition sites indicate that this migration may increase carbon burial and increase the stability and residence time of buried soil carbon. Future studies on mangrove migration in northern Florida can verify this through replication and elevation analysis.
All‐Sky Imaging Observations of the Interaction Between the Brightness Wave and ESF Airglow Depletions
Authors: Hickey Dustin A. , Martinis Carlos R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe midnight temperature maximum (MTM) and equatorial spread F (ESF) are common processes in the low‐latitude ionosphere and thermosphere. This work shows the first interaction between the brightness wave (BW), associated with the MTM, and plasma depletions, associated with ESF. Observations from the El Leoncito all‐sky imager (ASI) (31.8°S, 69.3°W, 19.7°S magnetic latitude) show concurrent observations of a plasma depletion and a BW. As the BW passes through the depletion, the depletion is modified and becomes an enhancement. Concurrent measurements at the conjugate location show an airglow depletion, indicating that the enhancement is an evolution of the depletion and not a separate feature and that it only occurs in one hemisphere. Previous model results were able to recreate the evolution of an airglow depletion into an enhancement when there is a poleward wind combined with converging zonal winds. We discuss how these wind conditions are often associated with the MTM/BW and can explain this observed enhancement.
The Dynamics of the Inner Boundary of the Outer Radiation Belt During Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Shi Xiaofei , Ren Jie , Zong Q. G. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractWe investigate the shapes of the inner boundary of the outer radiation belt during different geomagnetic storm phases using energetic electron observations from Van Allen Probes. The case of two consecutive but isolated storms in April 2016 shows that (a) the inner boundary, as a function of L shell and energy, exhibits a “V‐shaped” form with the energetic electrons showing a kappa‐like energy spectrum (electron flux steeply falling with increasing energies), whereas it is in a “S‐shaped” form as the energetic electrons show a reversed energy spectrum (electron flux going up with increasing energies from hundreds of keV to ∼1 MeV); (b) the boundary is abruptly transformed from S to V shape during the storm main phase and retains in V shape for several days until it evolves into S shape during the late recovery phase. The main statistical results from 37 isolated geomagnetic storms between 2013 and 2017 present that (a) the more SYM‐H drops, the closest to Earth the transition from V to S shape starts, with a linear correlation coefficient of ∼0.7; (b) the minimum energy at which the transition starts is between 100 and 550 keV (typically, less than 250 keV); (c) the transition from V to S shape typically occurs in the plasmasphere.
Sustaining Saturn's Electron Radiation Belts Through Episodic, Global‐Scale Relativistic Electron Flux Enhancements
Authors: Yuan C.‐J. , Roussos E. , Wei Y. , Krupp N. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe L shell distributions of MeV electrons in Saturn's radiation belt are investigated orbit by orbit for the 13‐year exploration of Cassini. It is found that in addition to the monotonic decrease profiles, there are orbits showing superimposed transient extensions. The extensions are found to stand out above the background population during 50% of belt crossings. We estimate that there is high probability (>72%) that transient extensions contribute more than 10% electron content in the radiation belt. The high occurrence frequency of one extension every 2–3 weeks, together with the relative content, demonstrate that the extensions constitute a regular and fundamental process populating and sustaining the electron belts of Saturn. The transients regularity excludes interplanetary coronal mass ejections as dominant trigger and implies corotation interaction regions and/or internal processes as candidates. Statistical results suggest that the communication of electrons between the middle magnetosphere and the radiation belts is largely through convective radial transport, which produces transient radiation belt extensions.
The Near‐Fault Ground Motion Characteristics of Sustained and Unsustained Free Surface‐Induced Supershear Rupture on Strike‐Slip Faults
Authors: Hu Feng , Oglesby David D. , Chen Xiaofei 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThe free surface is shown to be one of the key factors that may promote supershear rupture propagation on strike‐slip faults even if its initial shear stress is not larger enough as predicted by the Burridge‐Andrews mechanism. However, previous study has shown the free surface‐induced supershear rupture may be unsustained, which turns to sub‐Rayleigh rupture itself as the rupture propagates. We study the near‐field ground motion of sustained and unsustained supershear ruptures using the finite difference method based on the dynamic rupture processes of three vertical strike‐slip faults with the same initial stresses and different hypocenter depths. Both the unsustained supershear ruptures with shallower hypocenter depths show the sub‐Rayleigh characteristics in the peak ground velocity distribution, that is, strong amplitude is noticed beyond the end of the fault without any observed Mach cone. We observe that the arrival time differences between the maximum fault‐perpendicular and fault‐parallel velocity reveal the Mach cone clearly for the sustained supershear rupture. A distinct supershear phase in the high‐frequency seismograms is observed. We also compare the 70° dip strike‐slip case in which unsustained supershear rupture may still present sub‐Rayleigh characteristics in the near‐field ground motion, and the break of symmetry perturbs the normal stress as rupture propagates, which has a key influence in the rupture propagation and ground motion. Our work provides a new insight to understand the supershear rupture in nature earthquakes and the relationship between the ground motion and the rupture process on the fault.
A Process‐Based Framework to Characterize and Classify Runoff Events: The Event Typology of Germany
Authors: Tarasova L. , Basso S. , Wendi D. , Viglione A. , Kumar R. , Merz R. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractThis study proposes a new process‐based framework to characterize and classify runoff events of various magnitudes occurring in a wide range of catchments. The framework uses dimensionless indicators that characterize space–time dynamics of precipitation events and their spatial interaction with antecedent catchment states, described as snow cover, distribution of frozen soils, and soil moisture content. A rigorous uncertainty analysis showed that the developed indicators are robust and regionally consistent. Relying on covariance‐ and ratio‐based indicators leads to reduced classification uncertainty compared to commonly used (event‐based) indicators based on absolute values of metrics such as duration, volume, and intensity of precipitation events. The event typology derived from the proposed framework is able to stratify events that exhibit distinct hydrograph dynamics even if streamflow is not directly used for classification. The derived typology is therefore able to capture first‐order controls of event runoff response in a wide variety of catchments. Application of this typology to about 180,000 runoff events observed in 392 German catchments revealed six distinct regions with homogeneous event type frequency that match well regions with similar behavior in terms of runoff response identified in Germany. The detected seasonal pattern of event type occurrence is regionally consistent and agrees well with the seasonality of hydroclimatic conditions. The proposed framework can be a useful tool for comparative analyses of regional differences and similarities of runoff generation processes at catchment scale and their possible spatial and temporal evolution.
Observation and Lagrangian Analysis of Quasi‐Stationary Kamchatka Trench Eddies
Authors: Prants S. V. , Budyansky M. V. , Lobanov V. B. , Sergeev A. F. , Uleysky M. Yu. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractBased on satellite altimeter data for the last 25 years, an area over the Kuril‐Kamchatka Trench (KKT) was found near the southern tip of Kamchatka Peninsula where mesoscale anticyclonic eddies have stalled for a long period of time. Using altimetry‐based Lagrangian maps, we detected 24 quasi‐stationary Kamchatka trench eddies (KTEs). Their genesis is related to anticyclonic eddies generated in the Kamchatka bays. After reaching the western slope of the KKT, those eddies slowdown and stagnate there. During the stagnation phase, all the KTEs were found to merger with anticyclonic eddies advected from the north. This feed up was accompanied by a significant increase of the KTEs in size and eventually by their destabilization. By arranging the data in Hovmöller diagrams, we got spatial patterns of the variability in the eddy kinetic energy and vorticity in the altimetry era. The typical eddy in this family KTE2017 has stagnated in the catching area during 8 months and was sampled in September 2017 in a cruise. The conductivity, temperature, pressure (CTD) measurements and Argo T/S vertical profiles demonstrated a typical subarctic vertical structure of water masses in summer. Different kinds of Lagrangian indicators were computed to study the life cycle of KTE2017. The KTE2017 during the stagnation phase of its life was found to be a shielded anticyclonic vortex surrounded by smaller‐scale cyclones. This configuration maintained its stability and stagnation over the KKT. We discuss different reasons by which KTE2017 and other KTEs have stagnated in the catching area.
A comparative pharmaco-metabolomic study of glutaminase inhibitors in glioma stem-like cells confirms biological effectiveness but reveals differences in target-specificity
Authors: Koch Katharina , Hartmann Rudolf , Tsiampali Julia , Uhlmann Constanze , Nickel Ann-Christin , He Xiaoling , Kamp Marcel A. , Sabel Michael , Barker Roger A. , Steiger Hans-Jakob , Hänggi Daniel , Willbold Dieter , Maciaczyk Jaroslaw , Kahlert Ulf D. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractCancer cells upregulate anabolic processes to maintain high rates of cellular turnover. Limiting the supply of macromolecular precursors by targeting enzymes involved in biosynthesis is a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Several tumors excessively metabolize glutamine to generate precursors for nonessential amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids, in a process called glutaminolysis. Here we show that pharmacological inhibition of glutaminase (GLS) eradicates glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), a small cell subpopulation in glioblastoma (GBM) responsible for therapy resistance and tumor recurrence. Treatment with small molecule inhibitors compound 968 and CB839 effectively diminished cell growth and in vitro clonogenicity of GSC neurosphere cultures. However, our pharmaco-metabolic studies revealed that only CB839 inhibited GLS enzymatic activity thereby limiting the influx of glutamine derivates into the TCA cycle. Nevertheless, the effects of both inhibitors were highly GLS specific, since treatment sensitivity markedly correlated with GLS protein expression. Strikingly, we found GLS overexpressed in in vitro GSC models as compared with neural stem cells (NSC). Moreover, our study demonstrates the usefulness of in vitro pharmaco-metabolomics to score target specificity of compounds thereby refining drug development and risk assessment.
Sea-level rise exponentially increases coastal flood frequency
Authors: Taherkhani Mohsen , Vitousek Sean , Barnard Patrick L. , Frazer Neil , Anderson Tiffany R. , Fletcher Charles H. 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSea-level rise will radically redefine the coastline of the 21st century. For many coastal regions, projections of global sea-level rise by the year 2100 (e.g., 0.5–2 meters) are comparable in magnitude to today’s extreme but short-lived increases in water level due to storms. Thus, the 21st century will see significant changes to coastal flooding regimes (where present-day, extreme-but-rare events become common), which poses a major risk to the safety and sustainability of coastal communities worldwide. So far, estimates of future coastal flooding frequency focus on endpoint scenarios, such as the increase in flooding by 2050 or 2100. Here, we investigate the continuous shift in coastal flooding regimes by quantifying continuous rates of increase in the occurrence of extreme water-level events due to sea-level rise. We find that the odds of exceeding critical water-level thresholds increases exponentially with sea-level rise, meaning that fixed amounts of sea-level rise of only ~1–10 cm in areas with a narrow range of present-day extreme water levels can double the odds of flooding. Combining these growth rates with established sea-level rise projections, we find that the odds of extreme flooding double approximately every 5 years into the future. Further, we find that the present-day 50-year extreme water level (i.e., 2% annual chance of exceedance, based on historical records) will be exceeded annually before 2050 for most (i.e., 70%) of the coastal regions in the United States. Looking even farther into the future, the present-day 50-year extreme water level will be exceeded almost every day during peak tide (i.e., daily mean higher high water) before the end of the 21st century for 90% of the U.S. coast. Our findings underscore the need for immediate planning and adaptation to mitigate the societal impacts of future flooding.
Semi-Counterfactual Quantum Bit Commitment Protocol
Authors: Song Yaqi , Yang Li 
Published: April 2020

AbstractA semi-counterfactual quantum bit commitment (SCQBC) protocol is presented here for the first time, which makes use of counterfactual property. Similar to a counterfactual quantum key distribution scheme, half-photons are not transmitted through the quantum channel in our proposed protocol. In the SCQBC protocol, Bob, the verification party of the quantum bit commitment (QBC), sends the states while Alice, the commitment party, receives. Since Alice cannot receive all the states and entangle the commit bits with the verifier’s registers, it is not subject to Mayers’ and Lo-Chau’s no-go theorem. In addition, a general bit commitment framework can be extracted from the SCQBC scheme, which opens up a new class of cryptographic protocols in counterfactual cryptography.
Designing a species-selective lure based on microbial volatiles to target Lobesia botrana
Authors: Larsson Herrera Sebastian , Rikk Péter , Köblös Gabriella , Szelényi Magdolna Olívia , Molnár Béla Péter , Dekker Teun , Tasin Marco 
Published: April 2020

AbstractSustainable, low impact control methods, including mating disruption and microbial insecticides againstL. botranahave been available for decades. Yet, successful implementation has been restricted to only a few grapevine districts in the world. A limiting factor is the lack of a female attractant to either monitor or control the damaging sex. Volatile attractants for both female and male insects can be used to assess whenL. botranapopulations exceed economic thresholds, and to decrease the use of synthetic pesticides within both conventional and pheromone programs. Rather than using host-plant volatiles, which are readily masked by background volatiles released by the main crop, we tested the attractiveness of volatiles that signify microbial breakdown and more likely stand out against the background odour. A two-component blend of 2-phenylethanol (2-PET) and acetic acid (AA) caught significant numbers of both sexes. Catches increased with AA and, to a minimal extent, 2-PET loads. However, a higher load of 2-PET also increased bycatches, especially of Lepidoptera and Neuroptera. Major (ethanol, ethyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol) or minor (esters, aldehydes, alcohols and a ketone) fermentation volatiles, did surprisingly not improve the attraction ofL. botranacompared to the binary blend of 2-PET and AA alone, but strongly increased bycatches. The most attractive lure may thus not be the best choice in terms of specificity. We suggest that future research papers always disclose all bycatches to permit evaluation of lures in terms of sustainability.
Understanding Inequalities in Ride-Hailing Services Through Simulations
Authors: Bokányi Eszter , Hannák Anikó 
Published: April 2020

AbstractDespite the potential of ride-hailing services to democratize the labor market, they are often accused of fostering unfair working conditions and low wages. This paper investigates the effect of algorithm design decisions on wage inequality in ride-hailing platforms. We create a simplified city environment where taxis serve passengers to emulate a working week in a worker’s life. Our simulation approach overcomes the difficulties stemming from both the complexity of transportation systems and the lack of data and algorithmic transparency. We calibrate the model based on empirical data, including conditions about locations of drivers and passengers, traffic, the layout of the city, and the algorithm that matches requests with drivers. Our results show that small changes in the system parameters can cause large deviations in the income distributions of drivers, leading to an unpredictable system that often distributes vastly different incomes to identically performing drivers. As suggested by recent studies about feedback loops in algorithmic systems, these short-term income differences may result in enforced and long-term wage gaps.