bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A General Hypoxia‐Responsive Molecular Container for Tumor‐Targeted Therapy
Authors: Zhang Tian‐Xing , Zhang Zhan‐Zhan , Yue Yu‐Xin , Hu Xin‐Yue , Huang Fan , Shi Linqi , Liu Yang , Guo Dong‐Sheng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractEnhanced drug delivery can improve the therapeutic efficacy of drugs and help overcome side effects. However, many reported drug‐delivery systems are too complex and irreproducible for practical use. In this work, the design of a hypoxia‐responsive molecular container based on calixarene, called CAC4A, which presents a significant advance in practical, hypoxia‐targeted drug‐delivery, is reported. CAC4A enables a wide variety of clinical drugs to be quantitatively loaded to improve their solubility and stability, as well as enable the administration of reduced doses. Furthermore, as a result of its azo functional groups, which are sensitive to reduction within a hypoxic environment, it is possible to achieve tumor‐targeted drug‐release with reduced side effects. CAC4A fulfils all essential requirements for a drug‐delivery system in addition to multiple advantages, including facile preparation, well‐defined molecular weight, and structure, and universal applicability. Such features collectively enable supramolecular prodrugs to be formulated simply and reproducibly, with potential for bench‐to‐bedside translation. Moreover, CAC4A is amenable to other therapy modalities and can be facilely decorated with functional groups and hybridized with nanomaterials, providing ample possibilities for its role in future drug‐delivery systems.
The C‐Terminal Domain of α‐Synuclein Confers Steric Stabilization on Synaptic Vesicle‐Like Surfaces
Authors: Chung Peter J. , Hwang Hyeondo Luke , Slaw Benjamin R. , Leong Alessandra , Adams Erin J. , Lee Ka Yee C. 
Published: May 2020

AbstractWhile α‐synuclein, an intrinsically disordered protein linked to Parkinson's disease, has been shown to associate with membrane organelles, its overall cellular function remains nebulous. α‐Synuclein binds to membranes through its amino‐terminal domain (first ≈100 residues), but there is no consensus on the biophysical function of the carboxyl‐terminal domain (last ≈40 residues) due, in part, to its lack of strong interaction partners and persisting intrinsic disorder even when membrane bound. Here, by directly applying force on α‐synuclein bound to spherical nanoparticle‐supported lipid bilayers (SSLBs) and tracking higher‐order structural changes through small‐angle X‐ray scattering, strong evidence is presented that α‐synuclein sterically stabilizes membrane surfaces through its carboxyl‐terminal domain. Full‐length α‐synuclein dramatically increases the critical osmotic pressure at which SSLBs cluster (PC ≈ 1.3 × 105 Pa) compared to α‐synuclein without the carboxyl‐terminal domain (PC ≈ 1.9 × 104 Pa) at physiological salt and temperature conditions. This clustering of α‐synuclein‐bound SSLBs is shown to be reversible and sensitive to monovalent/divalent salt, both features of grafted polyelectrolyte‐mediated steric stabilization. In elucidating the biophysical function of α‐synuclein in the framework of polymer science, it is demonstrated that the carboxyl‐terminal domain can potentially utilize its persisting intrinsic disorder to functionalize membrane surfaces.
Tuning Interfacial Thermal and Electrical Conductance across a Metal/MoS2 Monolayer through N‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone Wet Cleaning
Authors: Wu Yen‐Ju , Lan Yann‐Wen , Hsu Shih‐Chieh , Yeh Chen‐Hao , Ku Yu‐Seng , Jiang Jyh‐Chiang , Xu Yibin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractExtensive effort is dedicated to developing 2D materials as an alternative to Si‐based semiconductor technology. As the size decreases, heat dissipation at various interfaces becomes increasingly important in controlling device performance. On the other hand, the high interfacial thermal resistances can be applied for thermoelectric devices or thermal insulators by achieving ultralow thermal conductivity via nanostructuring. Here, it is found that a) the thermal and electrical conductance of the Au/MoS2 monolayer interface can be tuned by changing the interfacial chemical properties through N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) wet cleaning while preserving the MoS2 structure; b) the effectiveness of the NMP cleaning process, which removes surface adsorbates, exhibits a temperature dependence; c) experimental results demonstrate that adequate oxygen adsorbates at the Au/MoS2 interface significantly improve the thermal and electrical conductance, in agreement with the simulation results. The interfacial thermal conductance increases by 339.87% when oxygen adsorbates are partially removed and decreases by 74.37% as a sharp interface exists (oxygen adsorbates are removed) compared to the as‐deposited interfaces. The electrical conductance shows up to 2 order increase after NMP cleaning. This finding can both enhance the heat dissipation in functional devices and provide new options for the interface design of thermal insulating thin films.
Ophthalmic Wearable Devices for Color Blindness Management
Authors: Salih Ahmed E. , Elsherif Mohamed , Ali Murad , Vahdati Nader , Yetisen Ali K. , Butt Haider 
Published: May 2020

AbstractColor vision deficiency (CVD) or color blindness is an ocular disorder that hinders the patients from distinguishing shades of certain colors. Color blind patients are often not considered for critical occupations (e.g., military, police) and cannot differentiate colors in public places or media (i.e., watching TV). The most common form of color blindness is red‐green, which is a result of either a missing or defective red or green photoreceptor cone. Since no cure for this disorder exists, sufferers opt for methods to enhance their color perception. The products and methods that have been developed to aid CVD patients are discussed. These technologies include contemporary work on gene therapy, tinted glasses, lenses, optoelectronic glasses, and advanced features developed on smartphones and computers. Among these wearables, tinted glasses, developed by companies such as Enchroma, are the most widely used by CVD patients.
Transformable Pneumatic Balloon‐Type Soft Robot Using Attachable Shells
Authors: Nakajima Toshiki , Yamaguchi Takafumi , Wakabayashi Seiji , Arie Takayuki , Akita Seiji , Takei Kuniharu 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSafe and convenient human‐interactive robots are of great interests to support human life. A pneumatic balloon‐type soft robot operated by air or water pressure has potential for soft and gentle interactions with humans. However, the device design often limits the actuation direction. If this motion can be readily tuned, one design can be used in different applications. This study proposes a transformable pneumatic balloon‐type soft robot using attachable shells. The actuating direction can be tuned by the shell structure over a pneumatic balloon‐based tube. The shells can be fabricated via a 3D printer using hard‐ or soft‐materials. After characterizing the bending force and angle of the soft actuator, three robot applications are demonstrated—walking, grabbing a ball, and an octopus‐like motion. Although the mechanical robustness, especially for soft shells, needs to be improved for practical applications, this concept has potential to realize innovative pneumatic balloon‐based robotics.
Breaking rice yield barrier with the ratooning method under changing climatic conditions: A paradigm shift in rice‐cropping systems in southwestern Japan
Authors: Nakano Hiroshi , Tanaka Ryo , Wada Hiroshi , Okami Midori , Nakagomi Koji , Hakata Makoto 
Published: May 2020

AbstractRice (Oryza sativa L.) ratooning has recently attracted attention since it possesses higher yield potential compared to conventional rice‐growing methods; however, it requires a longer growing season. Field experiments were conducted in southwestern Japan in 2017 and 2018 to determine the effect of harvest time (early and normal) and cutting height (high and low) of the first crop on grain yield of the first and second crops using a high‐yielding line under high N application and high air temperature conditions in rice ratooning. The highest total yield of the first and second crops was produced when the first crop was harvested at the normal time with the high cutting height in 2018. This yield reached 14.4 t ha−1, which is equivalent to threefold the average yield achieved by Japanese farmers. Plants harvested at the high cutting height produced higher grain yield of the second crop because of the larger spikelet number m−2 and better grain filling using abundant leaf area index (LAI) and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) in the stubble. In southwestern Japan, the daily mean air temperatures during the early growth stage of the first crop and the late ripening stage of the second crop have been increasing over time. Our results suggest that increasing LAI and NSC in the stubble by harvesting at the normal time harvest with the high cutting height under high level N application conditions may provide an adaptive strategy to increase yield with a rice‐ratooning system as growing seasons extend due to global climate change.
Sinus pericranii, skull defects, and structural brain anomalies inTRAF7‐related disorder
Authors: Accogli Andrea , Scala Marcello , Pavanello Marco , Severino Mariasavina , Gandolfo Carlo , De Marco Patrizia , Musacchia Francesco , Torella Annalaura , Pinelli Michele , Nigro Vincenzo , Capra Valeria 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundSeveral somatic mutations inTRAF7have been reported in cancers, whereas a few germline heterozygous mutations have been recently linked to a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by craniofacial dysmorphisms, congenital heart defects, and digital anomalies.CasesWe report two subjects harboring de novo heterozygous missense variants inTRAF7, namely the recurrent 1964G>A(p.Arg655Gln) and thenovelmissense c.1204C>G(p.Leu402Val) variants. In addition to the typical hallmarks of the TRAF7‐related disorder, both subjects presented with a recognizable “pear‐shaped” skull due to multiple craniosynostosis, sinus pericranii, skull base/cranio‐cervical junction anomalies, dysgyria, and inferior cerebellar vermis hypoplasia.ConclusionsHence, we expand the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of this neurodevelopmental disorder, discussing possible implications for clinical management of subjects with germlineTRAF7mutations.
Capillary electrophoresis and ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography methods in clinical monitoring of creatinine in human urine: A comparative study
Authors: Piestansky Juraj , Galba Jaroslav , Kovacech Branislav , Parrak Vojtech , Kovac Andrej , Mikuš Peter 
Published: May 2020

AbstractCreatinine is an important diagnostic marker and is also used as a standardization tool for the quantitative evaluation of exogenous/endogenous substances in urine. This study aimed at evaluating and comparing three analytical approaches, based on hyphenations of different separation [two‐dimensional capillary isotachophoresis (CITP–CITP), capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)] and detection [conductivity (CD), ultraviolet (UV), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)] techniques, for their ability to provide reliable clinical data along with their suitability for the routine clinical use (cost, simplicity, sample throughput). The developed UHPLC–MS/MS, CITP–CITP–CD, and CZE–UV methods were characterized by favorable performance parameters, such as linearity (r ˃ 0.99), precision (relative standard deviation, 0.22–2.97% for the creatinine position in analytical profiles), and recovery (87.1–115.1%). Clinical data, obtained from the analysis of 24 human urine samples by a reference enzymatic method, were comparable with those obtained by the tested methods (Passing–Bablok regression and Bland–Altman analysis), approving their usefulness for the routine clinical use. In this context, the UHPLC–MS/MS method provides benefits of enhanced orthogonality/accuracy and high sample throughput (threefold shorter total analysis times than the CE methods), whereas advantages of the CE methods for routine labs are simplicity and low cost of both the instrumentation and measurements.
The association of COMT genotype with buproprion treatment response in the treatment of major depressive disorder
Authors: Fawver Jay , Flanagan Mindy , Smith Thomas , Drouin Michelle , Mirro Michael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundPharmacodynamics and pharmacogenetics are being explored in pharmacological treatment response for major depressive disorder (MDD). Interactions between genotype and treatment response may be dose dependent. In this study, we examined whether MDD patients with Met/Met, Met/Val, and Val/Val COMT genotypes differed in their response to bupropion in terms of depression scores.MethodsThis study utilized a convenience sample of 241 adult outpatients (≥18 years) who met DSM‐5 criteria for MDD and had visits at a Midwest psychopharmacology clinic between February 2016 and January 2017. Exclusion criteria included various comorbid medical, neurological, and psychiatric conditions and current use of benzodiazepines or narcotics. Participants completed genetic testing and the 9 question patient‐rated Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ‐9) at each clinic visit (M = 3.8 visits, SD = 1.5) and were prescribed bupropion or another antidepressant drug. All participants were adherent to pharmacotherapy treatment recommendations for >2 months following genetic testing.ResultsParticipants were mostly Caucasian (85.9%) outpatients (154 female and 87 male) who were 44.5 years old, on average (SD = 17.9). For Val carriers, high bupropion doses resulted in significantly lower PHQ‐9 scores than no bupropion (t(868) = 5.04, p < .001) or low dose bupropion (t(868) = 3.29, p = .001). Val carriers differed significantly from Met/Met patients in response to high dose bupropion (t(868) = −2.03, p = .04), but not to low dose bupropion.ConclusionHigh‐dose bupropion is beneficial for MDD patients with Met/Val or Val/Val COMT genotypes, but not for patients with Met/Met genotype. Prospective studies are necessary to replicate this pharmacodynamic relationship between bupropion and COMT genotypes and explore economic and clinical outcomes.
BRD2 induces drug resistance through activation of the RasGRP1/Ras/ERK signaling pathway in adult T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma
Authors: Tian Xiao‐Peng , Cai Jun , Ma Shu‐Yun , Fang Yu , Huang Hui‐Qiang , Lin Tong‐Yu , Rao Hui‐Lan , Li Mei , Xia Zhong‐Jun , Kang Tie‐Bang , Xie Dan , Cai Qing‐Qing 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundAdult patients with T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T‐LBL) are treated with high‐intensity chemotherapy regimens, but the response rate is still unsatisfactory because of frequent drug resistance. We aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms of drug resistance in adults with T‐LBL.MethodsGene expression microarray was used to identify differential mRNA expression profiles between chemotherapy‐resistant and chemotherapy‐sensitive adult T‐LBL tissues. Real‐time PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the expression of bromodomain‐containing protein 2 (BRD2) and c‐Myc in fresh‐frozen T‐LBL tissues from 85 adult patients. The Ras pull‐down assay was performed to monitor Ras activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays were used to analyze the binding of E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1)/BRD2 to the RAS guanyl releasing protein 1 (RasGRP1) promoter region. The drug resistance effect and mechanism of BRD2 were determined by both in vivo and in vitro studies.ResultsA total of 86 chemotherapy resistance‐related genes in adult T‐LBL were identified by gene expression microarray. Among them, BRD2 was upregulated in chemotherapy‐resistant adult T‐LBL tissues and associated with worse progression‐free survival and overall survival of 85 adult T‐LBL patients. Furthermore, BRD2 suppressed doxorubicin (Dox)‐induced cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. The activation of RasGRP1/Ras/ERK signaling might contribute to the Dox resistance effect of BRD2. Besides, OTX015, a bromodomain and extra‐terminal (BET) inhibitor, reversed the Dox resistance effect of BRD2. Patient‐derived tumor xenograft demonstrated that the sequential use of OTX015 after Dox showed superior therapeutic effects.ConclusionsOur data showed that BRD2 promotes drug resistance in adult T‐LBL through the RasGRP1/Ras/ERK signaling pathway. Targeting BRD2 may be a novel strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy and prolong survival of adults with T‐LBL.
1,3,2‐Diazaphospholenes Catalyze the Conjugate Reduction of Substituted Acrylic Acids
Authors: Reed John H. , Cramer Nicolai 
Published: May 2020

AbstractThe potent nucleophilicity and remarkably low basicity of 1,3,2‐diazaphospholenes (DAPs) is exploited in a catalytic, metal‐free 1,4‐reduction of free α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids. Notably, the reduction occurs without a prior deprotonation of the carboxylic acid moiety and hence does not consume an additional hydride equivalent. This highlights the excellent nucleophilic character and low basicity of DAP‐hydrides. Functional groups such as Cbz group or alkyl halides which can be problematic with classical transition‐metal catalysts are well tolerated in the DAP‐catalyzed process. Moreover, the transformation is characterized by a low catalyst loading, mild reaction conditions at ambient temperature as well as fast reaction times and high yields. The proof‐of‐principle for a catalytic enantioselective version is described.
Urea Electrooxidation: Current Development and Understanding of Ni‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Hu Xinrang , Zhu Jiaye , Li Jiangfeng , Wu Qingsheng 
Published: May 2020

AbstractNowadays, urea‐rich wastewater has become a big threat to human health. Electrocatalytic techniques can convert urea from urea‐rich wastewater to hydrogen for ecological protection and clean energy generation. But, the urea oxidation reaction suffers sluggish kinetics, which requires effective catalysts to promote the oxidation process. Recently, Ni‐based materials have been widely researched as catalysts in the field of urea electrooxidation, owing to their low cost, low overpotential, high current density and good catalytic stability. However, urea‐based fuel cells cannot be compared with other types of cryogenic fuel cells, owing to the high action temperature, sluggish anode reaction for urea electrooxidation and limited current density. In this Review, the morphological structure and elemental content ratio of nickel‐based catalysts for urea electrooxidation and their application in urea‐based fuel cells are summarized. Based on a literature review, the 3D structure of complex nickel‐based composites with high conductivity and abundant active sites will be part of developing trends in the future nickel‐based catalysts.
Two‐Dimensional Metal‐Containing Nanomaterials for Battery Anode Applications
Authors: Chen Yuning , Li Lidong , Guo Lin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractSecondary batteries, as portable energy storage and supply devices, are becoming an attractive research field that is drawing a lot of attention. Selection of electrode materials plays a crucial role in the battery performances. However, most bulk materials have a lot of limitations when used as battery anodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Recently, two‐dimensional nanomaterials (2D materials) have been fabricated to address these problems. The high specific surface area of 2D materials can facilitate the electrochemical process during charge–discharge cycles. Therefore, anode materials with expected performances can be designed and be synthesized. In this Review, we summarize the recent development of metal‐containing 2D nanomaterials for battery anode applications. The relation between 2D structure and electrochemical performance of materials have been presented. Additionally, existing problems and possible solutions have also been discussed.
Propeller‐Shaped Semi‐fused Porphyrin Trimers: Molecular‐Symmetry‐Dependent Chiroptical Response
Authors: Kato Kenichi , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: May 2020

AbstractTriple helicene‐like semi‐fused trimeric NiIIporphyrins were constructed by alkyne trimerization of an ethynyl‐substituted porphyrin and subsequent three‐fold Grignard addition to the formyl groups and acid‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclization. The presence of stereogenic sp3carbons in the central bridge leads to small inter‐porphyrin conjugative interactions as was revealed by electrochemical and optical properties. Two diastereomers with stable chiral conformations were optically resolved, and the separated enantiomers displayed considerably intense circular dichroism. Importantly, the chiroptical response ofC3‐symmetric helical isomer (|Δϵ|=830 m−1 cm−1) is 1.8 times amplified from that ofC1‐symmetric one (|Δϵ|=470 m−1 cm−1). The observed amplification has been interpreted in terms of different spatial arrangements of the three porphyrins.
The E2 mechanism: β‐eliminations at haloalkanes – New model experiments for concept learning in teacher training
Authors: Schmitt Catharina , Kissel Hendrik , Schween Michael 
Published: May 2020

AbstractReaktionsmechanismen zu verstehen oder vorherzusagen gehört zu den schwierigsten Aufgaben von Lernenden in der Organischen Chemie. Oft beziehen sie sich auf auswendig gelernte Regeln und argumentieren ausgehend von den Produkten oder äußerlichen Merkmalen der Reaktanden. Um ein flexibel abrufbares Wissen zu erzeugen, das sich auch auf andere Mechanismen übertragen oder in neuen Kontexten anwenden lässt, haben wir Experimente zu einem grundlegenden Mechanismus, der E2‐Eliminierung, entwickelt. Sie sind als Contrasting Cases konzipiert, indem sie sich in Konkurrenzexperimenten auf die Untersuchung der Molekularität sowie des Einflusses der Basenstärke auf den Reaktionsverlauf bei E2‐Reaktionen konzentrieren. Dazu wird 2‐Brom‐2‐methylpropan in zwei Experimentgruppen mit unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen der Base (Molekularität) und mit verschiedenen Basen (Basenstärke) umgesetzt und der Verlauf der Reaktion mit einer einfachen Analytik anhand von Leitwertmessungen und qualitativen Doppelbindungsnachweisen verfolgt.
Association between severity of obstructive sleep apnea and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
Authors: Wang Juan , Xu Haobo , Guo Chao , Duan Xin , Hu Fenghuan , Yang Weixian , Cui Jingang , Song Lei , Chun Yushi , Yuan Jiansong , Qiao Shubin 
Published: May 2020

AbstractBackgroundObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent in patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM). Inflammatory responses are increased in patients with OSA, meanwhile, inflammation is also associated with adverse outcomes in HOCM.HypothesisTo investigate the association between severity of OSA and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) in patients with HOCM.MethodsThree hundred and ninteen patients with HOCM who underwent sleep evaluations at Fuwai Hospital were retrospectively included between February 2010 and December 2018. Data from baseline clinical characteristics and polysomnography studies were collected.ResultsOSA was present in 168 (52.7%). Patients with OSA were older, more likely to be male, had a higher body mass index and more clinical comorbidities. Patients with OSA had enlarged left ventricular diameter and similar left ventricular outflow tract obstruction compared with those without. In multivariate logistic analysis, apnea‐hypopnea index (OR, 1.024; 95% CI, 1.005‐1.044; P = .014), oxygen desaturation index (OR, 1.025; 95% CI, 1.004‐1.046; P = .018) and lowest oxygen saturation (OR, 0.951; 95% CI, 0.915‐0.989; P = .011) were independently associated with high risk hs‐CRP (>3 mg/L) after adjusting for confounders. In addition, decreasing lowest oxygen saturation (β = −.159, P = .004) was also independently correlated with increasing hs‐CRP concentrations in multivariate linear analysis after adjusting for confounders.ConclusionsSeverity of OSA was independently associated with elevated hs‐CRP levels in patients with HOCM. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effects of treating OSA on hs‐CRP as well as clinical outcomes in these patients.