bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
118 Where we are at and evolving in management systems that are consumer focused?
Authors: Brad Morgan J 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Begin with the end in mind. Sounds simple enough. In other words, consumer wants, and needs have to be the major focus of everyone in the food production chain. Today’s consumer has questions about food – where it comes from, who’s producing it and how, food safety, animal well-being, environmental impact, labor and human rights as well as business ethics – just to name a few. A study by the Center for Food Integrity (CFI, 2018) found a "trust deficit" that exists between consumers and food companies, federal regulators and farmers. Only 33% of survey respondents said they "strongly agree" that they are confident in the safety of the food they eat, compared to 47% in 2017. Food traceability is no longer an option for manufactures, it’s a requirement. In fact, this increasing focus by consumers on sustainability, health and freshness has placed significant pressure on the food industry to innovate and communicate. This presentation will overview technologies/programs/efforts that are continuing to play an increasingly critical role in how the food we eat is produced, how it is packaged, how it is delivered, how it tastes, feels and smells and how it is reused and repurposed. After all, we are what we eat.
126 Porcine in vitro digestion and fermentation characteristics of heat and multi-enzyme pretreated whole stillage
Authors: Jerez Bogota Kevin S , Woyengo Tofuko A 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Effects of heat pretreatment (HT) and multi-enzyme predigestion (MP) of whole stillage on porcine in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM) and fermentation characteristics of WS were investigated. Four WS samples were obtained from 4 different sources. Half amount of WS from each source was pretreated at 70psi and 160°C for 20 min. Untreated and pretreated WS samples from each source were divided into 4 sub-samples (4 sub-samples of untreated WS per source and 4 sub-samples of pretreated WS per source) to give 32 sub-samples. Four treatments were applied to 32 sub-samples WS (1 untreated or 1 pretreated sub-sample per treatment per sample source). The treatments were WS undigested or pre-digested with 1 of 3 multi-enzymes (MTE1, MTE2, and MTE3). The MTE1 contained xylanase, β-glucanase, cellulase, mannanase, protease, and amylase; MTE2 contained xylanase, α-galactosidase, and celullase; and MTE3 contained xylanase, cellulase, β-glucanase, and mannanase. The 32 sub-samples were subjected to porcine in vitro digestion in 3 cycles of 2 batches (16 sub-samples/batch). Subsequently, residues were subjected to porcine in vitro fermentation for 72 hours, during which accumulated gas production was recorded and modeled to estimate kinetics of gas production. The IVDDM of untreated WS was 73.4%. HT improved (P&lt; 0.05) of WS IVDMM by 8.2 percentage points. MP improved IVDDM of untreated WS and heat-pretreated WS by a means 9.1 and 6.8 percentage points, respectively. However, the magnitude of improvement in IVDDM of pretreated WS due to predigestion was lower (P&lt; 0.05) for MTE3 than that for MTE2 (4.8 vs. 9.0 percentage points), but similar to that for MTE1 (6.7 percentage points). Similar interactions were observed for total gas production. In conclusion, the digestibility of WS was improved by the HT and MP. Combination of HT and MTE2 predigestion was the most effective in improving digestibility of WS.
133 Supplementing xylanase increased the digestibility of non-starch polysaccharides, particularly arabinoxylan, in diets high in insoluble corn fiber fed to swine with a 36-d dietary adaptation period
Authors: Petry Amy , Huntley Nichole , Bedford Mike R , Zijlstra R T , Patience John 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Xylanase should increase arabinoxylan digestibility in swine, but the responses in corn-based diets are inconsistent. The experimental objective was to investigate xylanase efficacy in growing pigs fed a diet high in insoluble corn fiber and afforded a longer adaptation period than typically reported in the literature. Sixty gilts (25.4 ± 0.9 kg BW; L337 × Camborough), were blocked by weight, housed individually, and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments: a low-fiber control [LF; 6.9% non-starch polysaccharides (NSP)], a 30% corn bran high-fiber control (HF; 17.6% NSP), HF + 100 mg xylanase/kg (HF+XY; Econase XT 25P; AB Vista, Marlborough, UK), and HF + 50 mg arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide/kg (HF+AX; 3-7 degrees of polymerization). Diets contained 0.5% CrO3. Gilts were fed ad libitum for 36 d, followed by 10-d of limit feeding (80% of average ad libitum intake) and were housed in metabolism crates. On d 46, pigs were necropsied and ileal, cecal, and colonic digesta were collected; ileal digesta was pooled within replicate for NSP analysis (n=6 per treatment). Data were analyzed as a linear mixed model using replicate and block as random effects, and treatment as a fixed effect. Compared to LF, the HF diet reduced (P&lt; 0.01) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of total NSP (32.7 vs. 16.3%), insoluble NSP (50.0 vs. 21.5%), and insoluble arabinoxylan (29.8 vs. 15.4%). Xylanase (HF+XY vs. HF) increased (P&lt; 0.01) AID of total NSP by 39.8% (27.1 vs. 16.3%) and insoluble NSP by 34.0%. This may be attributed to xylanase increasing AID of total arabinoxylan by 54.5% over HF, 44.5% over LF, and 56.9% over HF+AX (33.0, 15.1, 18.3, and 14.2%, respectively; P=0.02). In conclusion, increasing insoluble fiber reduces NSP digestibility, but xylanase can increase AID of arabinoxylan and NSP. Supplementing an arabinoxylan-oligosaccharide, a potential release product of the xylanase, did not increase NSP digestibility.
198 Effects of different dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine specifications on growth performance of grow-finish pigs
Authors: Lu Ning , Vier Carine , Cast Wayne , Orlando Uislei , Hamilton Dan , Van De Stroet Denise , Spath Isaiah , Hanson Dan , Edler Roy , Scholtz Emily 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of different standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) specifications on performance of grow-finish pigs. A total of 2,106 pigs (PIC 359×Camborough, initially 22.0±0.43 kg) were used in a 72-d growth trial with 27 pigs per pen and 13 pens per treatment in a randomized complete block design. Pigs were fed corn-soybean-meal-based diets in three phases from 22-41, 41-62, and 62-91 kg body weight (BW). Treatments consisted of low (L) or high (H) SID Lys in each phase: LLL (1.05, 0.88, and 0.73%); LLH (1.05, 0.88, and 0.82%); LHH (1.05, 0.99, and 0.82%); HLL (1.18, 0.88, and 0.73%); HHL (1.18, 0.99, and 0.73%); and HHH (1.18, 0.99, and 0.82%). Lysine curves from PIC2008 and PIC2016 nutrient specification manuals were used to estimate SID Lys levels for L or H diets, respectively. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with pen as the experimental unit. From 22-41 kg, feeding high Lys improved (P&lt; 0.10) average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), and final BW compared to low Lys. From 22-62 kg, feeding HH Lys increased (P&lt; 0.05) ADG compared feeding LL or HL Lys. Pigs fed HH Lys or LH Lys had improved (P&lt; 0.05) G:F compared to those fed LL Lys. Pigs fed LH or HH Lys had greater (P&lt; 0.05) final BW compared to pigs fed HL. Pigs fed HH Lys had greater (P&lt; 0.05) feed intake compared to pigs fed HL. From 22-91 kg, there was no evidence for differences in ADG, feed intake, G:F, or final BW. In summary, pigs fed 1.18% SID Lys had improved ADG, G:F, and final BW compared to pigs fed 1.05% SID Lys from 22-41 kg. Feeding a range of Lys specifications resulted in similar growth performance from 22-91 kg.
162 Digestibility of energy and nutrients and concentration of metabolizable energy in soybean expellers and soybean meal fed to growing pigs
Authors: Rodriguez Diego A , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that energy and nutrient digestibility and concentrations of DE and ME are greater in soybean expellers than in soybean meal (SBM) fed to growing pigs. In Exp. 1, two diets based on soybean expellers or SBM as the sole source of AA and an N-free diet were formulated. Nine cannulated barrows (BW: 55.98 ± 13.75 kg) were allotted to a triplicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 3 diets and 3 periods. Ileal digesta were collected on d 6 and 7 of each 7-d period. The statistical model included ingredient as fixed effect and square, period, and animal as random effects. Results indicated that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of most AA were greater (P &lt; 0.05) or tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.10) in soybean expellers compared with SBM (Table 1). In Exp. 2, a corn-based diet and 2 diets based on corn and each of the 2 soybean products were formulated. Twenty-four barrows (BW: 44.88 ± 2.17 kg) were allotted to 1 of the 3 diets with 8 pigs per diet. Urine and fecal samples were collected for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. The statistical model included diet or ingredient as fixed effect and replicate as random effect. Results indicated that the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE was not different among pigs fed the 3 diets. Concentrations of DE and ME in soybean expellers were greater (P &lt; 0.05) compared with SBM, but the ATTD of total dietary fiber was not different between the 2 soybean products. In conclusion, values for SID of most AA and the DE and ME in soybean expellers were greater than in SBM.
156 Influence of viscosity and fiber on nutrient digestibility and intestinal physiology in growing pigs
Authors: Hung Yuan-Tai , Zhu Jinlong , Shurson Gerald C , Saqui-Salces Milena , Urriola Pedro E 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Fiber is known for decreasing nutrient utilization in pigs. The addition of fiber alters diet viscosity, but our understanding of the effect of diet viscosity on nutrient digestibility is limited. This knowledge is necessary for improving dietary fiber utilization and when evaluating alternative feed ingredients. Thirty-six T-cannulated barrows (n = 6/treatment; initial BW = 26.5 ± 3.9 kg) were fed either corn-soybean meal (CSBM) basal diets or CSBM with 30% distillers dried grains with solubles as fiber source (CSBM+DDGS). The viscosity of diets were modified by using non-viscous cellulose (CEL), medium-viscosity carboxymethylcellulose (MCMC), or high-viscosity carboxymethylcellulose (HCMC) to assess viscosity effects on nutrient digestibility and intestinal physiology. After 29 d on diets, ileal digesta were collected to determine viscosity and apparent ileal digestibility (AID). Also, intestinal tissue and contents were harvested to determine morphometry, goblet cell quantitation, and digestive enzymatic activity. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model with treatments as fixed effects and initial BW as a random effect. Results are shown in Table 1. No interactions were observed between viscosity and diets. Inclusion of MCMC and HCMC increased viscosity of supernatant and whole digesta compared with CEL. Increasing diet viscosity decreased AID of DM and CP in pigs fed MCMC and HCMC compared with pigs fed CEL, respectively. The AID of DM and CP were greater in CSBM than CSBM+DDGS. Inclusion of CMC increased crypt depth in the jejunum and goblet cell area in the ileum compared with pigs fed CEL regardless of basal diet fed. Digesta trypsin activity was not different among treatments, but inclusion of CMC increased amylase activity by 43% in jejunal digesta compared with CEL. The addition of DDGS reduced AID; however, viscosity affected intestinal morphology and function, suggesting that viscosity is the main characteristics of fiber affecting nutrient utilization of pigs.
178 Efficacy of commercial products on growth performance of nursery pigs fed diets with fumonisin-contaminated corn
Authors: Rao Zhong-Xing , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Calderon Cartagena Hilda I 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of commercial products on growth performance of nursery pigs fed high fumonisin diets. In Exp. 1,350 pigs (241 × 600; DNA; initially 9.9 kg) were used with 5 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Five dietary treatments consisted of a positive control (low fumonisin, 4 ppm fumonisin; FB1 + FB2), negative control (50 ppm fumonisin;) and the negative control with one of three products (0.3% of Kallsil Dry, Kemin Industries Inc., Des Moines, IA; 0.3% of Feed Aid Wide Spectrum, NutriQuest, Mason City, IA; 0.17% of Biofix Select Pro, Biomin America Inc., Overland Park, KS). Diets were fed for 14 d. Pens were assigned to treatments in a randomized complete block design with initial weight as the blocking factor. Data were analyzed using nlme package in R program (version 3.5.2) with pen as experimental unit. Pigs fed the negative control, or diets with Kallsil Dry or Feed Aid had decreased (P&lt; 0.05) ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with those fed the positive control and diet with Biofix. Pigs fed the positive control diet had decreased (P&lt; 0.05) d 14 serum sphinganine to sphingosine (Sa:So) ratio than those fed other diets. In Exp. 2, 300 pigs (241 × 600; initially 10.4 kg) were used and fed experimental diets for 28 d. Procedures were similar to Exp. 1 except there were 12 replicates per treatment and diets contained 30 ppm fumonisin. Pigs fed the negative control, or diets with Kallsil Dry or Feed Aid had decreased (P&lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F, and greater (P&lt; 0.05) d 14 and 28 Sa:So ratios compared with the positive control and diet with Biofix. In summary, adding Biofix to high fumonisin diets mitigated the negative effects of fumonisin while Kallsil Dry and Feed Aid did not.
176 Evaluation of a novel threonine source for nursery pig diets
Authors: Humphrey Dalton , Becker Spenser , Lee Jason , Haydon Keith , Greiner Laura L 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Four hundred and eighty (PIC 337 X 1050, PIC Genus, Hendersonville, TN) pigs were used to evaluate a novel threonine source (ThrPro, CJ America-Bio, Fort Dodge, IA) for nursery pigs from approximately 7 kg to 20 kg. At weaning, pigs were sorted by gender and fed a common diet for one week. Upon completion of the first week, pigs were sorted into randomized complete blocks, equalized by weight, within 16 replications. Pigs were allocated to one of three dietary treatments: positive control (POS)-SID LYS:THR 0.60, negative control (NEG)-SID LYS:THR ≤0.46 and alternative threonine source (TEST)-SID LYS:THR 0.60. All other nutrients met or exceeded the NRC (2012) recommendations. Growth and intake data were analyzed using PROC MIXED procedure in SAS. The experimental unit was the pen. During the first 14 days, pigs fed TEST had similar ADG (0.417 vs. 0.414 kg/d, P=0.81) and G:F (0.977 vs. 1.030, P=0.18) compared to POS, and increased ADG (0.417 vs. 0.387 kg/d, P=0.01) and G:F (0.977 vs. 0.898, P=0.05) compared to NEG. Over days 14-28, pigs fed TEST had similar ADG (0.523 vs. 0.532 kg/d, P=0.49) and G:F (0.712 vs. 0.707, P=0.71) compared to POS, and increased ADG (0.523 vs. 0.479 kg/d, P=0.002) and G:F (0.712 vs. 0.627, P&lt; 0.0001) compared to NEG. Overall (d 0 to 28), pigs fed TEST had similar ADG (0.466 vs. 0.474 kg/d, P=0.48) and G:F (0.808 vs. 0.816, P=0.55) compared to POS, and increased ADG (0.466 vs. 0.433 kg/d, P=0.002) and G:F (0.808 vs. 0.725, P&lt; 0.0001) compared to NEG. ADFI was not significantly different across treatments for the entirety of the study. In conclusion, the replacement of L-threonine with a novel threonine source resulted in similar growth performance in nursery pigs from approximately 7 kg to 20 kg.
266 Dietary strategies in diets without zinc oxide for nursery pigs
Authors: Laskoski Fernanda , Hutchens Wade M , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Dritz Steve S , DeRouchey Joel M 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 300 pigs (DNA 241 × 600; initially 4.2 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of different nutritional strategies to replace zinc oxide (ZnO) in nursery diets. Treatments consisted of A) Positive control (21% CP; ZnO providing 3,000 ppm Zn from d 0 to 7, and 2,000 ppm Zn from d 7 to 25); B) Negative control (NC; no ZnO); C) NC plus 1.2% Na diformate; D) NC with 4% coarse ground wheat bran; E) NC with low crude protein (18%) by adding high levels of feed grade amino acids; and F) the combination of NC with 18% crude protein (CP), 1.2% Na diformate, and 4% coarse ground wheat bran. There were 5 pigs per pen and 10 pens per treatment in a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed with the Proc Mixed procedure in SAS. For the overall period (d 0 to 46), pigs fed diets containing ZnO had greater (P &lt; 0.001) ADG, ADFI, and final BW than other treatments, with pigs fed the NC with 18% CP having the lowest performance. Pigs fed the NC diet without any nutritional alternative had the lowest fecal dry matter (DM; P &lt; 0.050) and highest fecal scores (P &lt; 0.050). Pigs fed diets with ZnO had similar fecal DM and scores as pigs fed the diet containing the combination of 1.2% Na diformate, 4% coarse ground wheat bran, and low (18%) CP, but greater (P &lt; 0.023) fecal DM than pigs fed the alternatives used individually. This study suggests none of the strategies used alone were effective at replacing ZnO while the use of low CP and amino acids reduced performance further. Combining the three alternatives tested as a replacement to ZnO improved fecal DM content and fecal score but did not result in improved growth performance.
275 Feeding a whole-cell inactivated Pichia guilliermondi yeast to gestating and lactating sows in a commercial production system
Authors: Thayer Morgan T , Garcia Ricardo M , Duttlinger Alan W , Mahoney Julie F , Schinckel Allan P , Asmus Matthew D , Jones Daniel B , Dunn James L , Richert Brian T 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
A total of 606 sows (PIC 1050) and their progeny (PIC 1050×280) were used to determine if feeding gestating and lactating sows a proprietary strain of Pichia guilliermondi as a whole-cell inactivated yeast product (WCY; CitriStim, ADM Animal Nutrition, Quincy, IL) improves sow and litter performance in a commercial production system. Once confirmed pregnant at d 35 post-breeding pregnancy check, sows were fed either a basal gestation control (CON) diet (0.55% SID Lysine) or the control diet fortified with 0.15% (1.36 kg/ton) of the WCY replacing corn in the CON diet. Dietary treatments were also fed in lactation (1.05% SID Lysine) once sows were moved into farrowing crates on approximately d 112 of gestation until weaning. Sows supplemented with WCY in gestation and lactation had a greater number of total born piglets by 0.45 pigs (P=0.040), born alive (P&lt; 0.04), heavier born alive litter weight (P&lt; 0.001), and greater post cross-foster litter size (P&lt; 0.001) compared to CON fed sows. Litter size at weaning was increased by 0.54 pigs when sows were fed WCY compared to CON (P&lt; 0.001). However, the average piglet weaning weights from CON fed sows were heavier by 0.35 kg compared to WCY (P&lt; 0.001). This increase in body weight of piglets from CON fed sows is partially explained by their 0.93 days longer lactation (P&lt; 0.001), and may also be due to the smaller litter size nursed throughout lactation. The percent of litters treated for scours decreased from 38.3% to 14.2% when sows were fed WCY (P&lt; 0.001). The distribution of birth weights by body weight range was not different (P=0.2461) between treatments. In conclusion, feeding gestating and lactating sows a proprietary strain of Pichia guilliermondi as a whole-cell inactivated yeast product increased the number of piglets born and number weaned as well as decreased the prevalence of scours during lactation.
287 Effects of copper hydroxychloride on growth performance and abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism of growing pigs
Authors: Espinosa Charmaine , Fry Robert Scott , Kocher Matthew , Stein Hans H 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Cu hydroxychloride (IntelliBond CII, Micronutrients, LLC, Indianapolis, IN) improves growth performance by upregulating the mRNA transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism of pigs. Thirty-two pigs (15.05 ± 0.98 kg) were allotted to 2 dietary treatments with 2 pigs per pen for a total of 8 replicate pens per treatment. Pigs were fed a control diet based on corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles that included Cu to meet the requirement. A second diet was formulated by adding 150 mg Cu/kg from Cu hydroxychloride to the control diet. On the last day of the experiment, one pig per pen was sacrificed and samples from liver, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous adipose tissue were collected to analyze relative mRNA abundance of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Data were analyzed using SAS with pen as the experimental unit. Diet was the fixed effect and replicate was the random effect. Results indicated that overall average daily gain and gain:feed were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for pigs fed the diet containing Cu hydroxychloride compared with pigs fed the control diet (Table 1). Pigs fed the diet supplemented with Cu hydroxychloride had increased (P &lt; 0.05) abundance of cluster of differentiation 36 in liver and increased (P &lt; 0.05) abundance of fatty acid binding protein 4 and lipoprotein lipase in subcutaneous adipose tissue. Inclusion of Cu hydroxychloride also tended to increase (P &lt; 0.10) abundance of fatty acid binding protein 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 B in liver, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous adipose tissue, respectively. In conclusion, supplementation of Cu hydroxychloride to the control diet improved growth performance and may affect signaling pathways associated with lipid metabolism by upregulating abundance of some genes involved in post-absorptive metabolism of lipids.
289 Effects of supranutritional levels of dietary zinc oxide on zinc, copper, and iron metabolism in post-weaned pigs
Authors: Dalto Danyel Bueno , Guay Frédéric , Martel-Kennes Yan , Talbot Guylaine , Lessard Martin , Matte Jacques , Lapointe Jérôme 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of supranutritional levels of dietary zinc oxide (ZnO) on zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) homeostasis in post-weaned pigs. One hundred twenty piglets were selected at d14 of age (5.65 ± 0.68 kg). At weaning (d21), they were fed a basal post-weaning diet (without antibiotics) supplemented (n = 40/treatment) with 100 mg/kg (low; LZn), 1000 mg/kg (medium; MZn) or 3000 mg/kg (high; HZn) of ZnO until d42. Dietary levels of Cu (130 mg/kg) and Fe (260 mg/kg) remained constant throughout the experimental period. Piglets were sacrificed at d21, d23, d35, and d42 of age (n = 10/treatment/d) for samples collection. Serum concentrations and total liver content of Zn and Cu were not different among treatments on d21 and d23 (P ≥ 0.10). For Zn, treatment effects were detected at d35 and d42 (P &lt; 0.01) on both serum concentration and total Zn content in liver. For both parameters, values were greatest for HZn, intermediary for MZn, and lowest for LZn irrespective of ages in the two periods. For Cu, treatment effects were detected at d35 and d42 (P &lt; 0.01) on both serum concentration and total Cu content in liver. For both parameters, values were greatest for LZn and MZn and lowest for HZn irrespective of ages. For Fe, no treatment effect was detected either on whole blood Fe concentrations (P = 0.81) or hemoglobin levels (P = 0.76). However, for total Fe content in liver, treatment effects were detected (P &lt; 0.01). Values were greatest for LZn and lowest for HZn at d35 and d42 whereas for MZn they were intermediary at d35 and similar to LZn at d42 (P ≤ 0.01). In conclusion, supranutritional levels of dietary ZnO fed to piglets during 3 weeks post-weaning significantly impacted Zn, Cu, and Fe homeostasis. These results emphasise the potential risk of Cu deficiency as well as impairment in building body Fe reserves under long-term supranutritional supplementation of ZnO.