bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine Oils as Biodiesel
Authors: Dave Deepika , Pohling Julia , Routray Winny 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Biodiesel has become a promising replacement to petroleum‐derived diesel recently as it is derived from renewable resources and waste biomass. Diversion of high value oil seed plants for biodiesel production has raised concerns about use of cultivated land and food supply. This article has summarized the availability and use of marine (fish and seal) waste as a feedstock, suitability of marine oil, required marine oils pretreatment and transesterification approach for biodiesel production. It has also summarized characteristics, challenges and future prospects of marine oil derived biodiesel. Fisheries and seal industries face lot of unique challenges in handling and disposal of waste generated from mortalities and processing. However, valorization of waste generated from these industries and production of marine oil and biodiesel can enhance their value chain and economic viability while addressing environmental issues of waste management. The main challenges for marine oil derived biodiesel are in terms of seasonality and availability variation, remote locations, handling, pretreatment and storage of raw material and storage of biodiesel.
Lipids and Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Sun Guang , Oh Won Y. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe effect of dietary fat intake on human health has been a hot topic in public for the past four decades. You are what you eat. Dietary fat, as one of the three macronutrients, plays a critical role in health, both bad and good. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is one of the common clinical disorder. The prevalence of MetS has steadily increased and is linked to a number of major chronic diseases. Intense research has produced massive findings with some pointing out to dramatic changes that may cause significant modification of what we eat, the type of food with various contents of fats and the percentage of all sorts of fats. This article reviews the research findings from animal models, mainly from cross‐sectional, longitudinal and ultimately from clinical trials regarding the prevalence of MetS, the relationship between dietary fat intake and MetS, as well as physiological and clinical effects of dietary fat on MetS. The negative and positive effects of fat on waist circumference, serum levels of triacylglycerol and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐c), blood pressure, and fasting blood sugar, were individually reviewed as well. Moreover, the effects of mono‐ and polyunsaturated fatty acids substitution of saturated fats (MUFA and PUFA) and trans unsaturated fatty acids on MetS are separately discussed. Finally, contradictory findings and challenges regarding the relationship between dietary fat intake and prevalence of MetS have been explained.
Lipids in Infant Formula
Authors: Zou Xiaoqiang , Zhang Hong , Pedersen Jacob Nedergaard , Zhang Hai , Wang Xiangyu , Yang Juan , Xu Xuebing , Guo Zheng 
Published: February 2020

Abstract
Human milk (HM) provides the ideal nourishment for infant growth and cognitive development. The new advances in component and microstructure analyses of HM provide solid knowledge for developing better infant formulas to mimic HM to the largest extent possible. In this article, we reviewed the latest progress in the analysis and understanding of the physical structures, composition, and phospholipids and other minor components in HM lipids, as well as in its counterpart infant formula (IF) lipids. The similarities and differences of lipids between HM and IF suggest the gaps to be narrowed for improved IF development, as the theme of IF lipids studies, which are not only on fatty acid composition, but also on triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles and minor lipid species and level of supplements. The efforts and researches in searching alternative oils and fats and development of related chemical/enzymatic processes comprise a key focus of this article. The specifications to regulate IF market, marketing trend, and patenting status are also intensively discussed. Moreover, the risk substance controls of 3‐monochloro‐1,2‐propanediol (3‐MCPD esters) and glycidyl esters (GE) and the strategy to mitigate them during IF lipid process are also reviewed.
Lipids in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Yost Haley , Patel Riya , Kipp Anders , Reed Tanea T. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractLipids play an essential role in maintaining healthy function of the human body. They serve as an energy source and contribute to multiple metabolic and cell signaling pathways. Although vital to human health, these molecules can also pose a risk for neurodegeneration after undergoing such reactions as peroxidation. Lipids, such as sphingolipids, cholesterol, and phospholipids, are currently being investigated for their contributions to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, lipid dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neurodegeneration in regard to their use as viable biomarkers of disease. In some respects, specific lipids and essential fatty acids are being evaluated in preclinical studies as potential therapeutics for a variety of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. With the advancement of modern technology and the advent of better diagnostic tools, earlier diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease is more common. Treatment strategies have become more innovative and effective. This article will focus on the relationship between lipids and neurodegenerative diseases. The citations chosen for this article are the most recent literature regarding lipids and neurodegenerative disorders. They serve as a comprehensive compendium to facilitate the comprehension of the studies discussed in this work. It will also demonstrate how current research supports the link of lipid biomarkers, neurodegenerative disorders, and restorative treatment strategies.
Toxicity of Lipid Oxidation Products Consumed in the Diet
Authors: Schaich Karen M. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractToxicity of food components is now under intense scrutiny as the public has become increasingly concerned about the safety of our food supply. Products of lipid oxidation and thermal degradation have long been suspected as potential toxins when consumed in the diet, and numerous changes induced by lipid oxidation products have been reported. However, animals have extensive endogenous protection mechanisms throughout the gastrointestinal system in the liver, and in all tissues, so presumed toxicity must be differentiated from normal physiological metabolism and detoxification. This article reevaluates whether and how oxidizing lipids consumed in foods may or may not be toxic, with focus on levels ingested, modification during digestion, absorption vs action only in the gut, physiological processing, effects of other diet components, and differentiating normal responses from actual toxicity. Recommended guidelines for future research are included.
How Much Oxygen Can a MXene Surface Take Before It Breaks?
Authors: Persson Ingemar , Halim Joseph , Hansen Thomas W. , Wagner Jakob B. , Darakchieva Vanya , Palisaitis Justinas , Rosen Johanna , Persson Per O. Å. 
Published: February 2020

AbstractTuning and tailoring of surface terminating functional species hold the key to unlock unprecedented properties for a wide range of applications of the largest 2D family known as MXenes. However, a few routes for surface tailoring are explored and little is known about the extent to which the terminating species can saturate the MXene surfaces. Among available terminations, atomic oxygen is of interest for electrochemical energy storage, hydrogen evolution reaction, photocatalysis, etc. However, controlled oxidation of the surfaces is not trivial due to the favored formation of oxides. In the present contribution, single sheets of Ti3C2Tx MXene, inherently terminated by F and O, are defluorinated by heating in vacuum and subsequentially exposed to O2 gas at temperatures up to 450 °C in situ, in an environmental transmission electron microscope. Results include exclusive termination by O on the MXene surfaces and eventual supersaturation (x > 2) with a retained MXene sheet structure. Upon extended O exposure, the MXene structure transforms into TiO2 and desorbs surface bound H2O and CO2 reaction products. These results are fundamental for understanding the oxidation, the presence of water on MXene surfaces, and the degradation of MXenes, and pave way for further tailoring of MXene surfaces.
Whole‐Genome Promoter Profiling of Plasma DNA Exhibits Diagnostic Value for Placenta‐Origin Pregnancy Complications
Authors: Guo Zhiwei , Yang Fang , Zhang Jun , Zhang Zhigang , Li Kun , Tian Qi , Hou Hongying , Xu Cailing , Lu Qianwen , Ren Zhonglu , Yang Xiaoxue , Lv Zenglu , Wang Ke , Yang Xinping , Wu Yingsong , Yang Xuexi 
Published: February 2020

AbstractPlacenta‐origin pregnancy complications, including preeclampsia (PE), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and macrosomia (MA) are common occurrences in pregnancy, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality for both mother and fetus. However, despite their frequency, there are no reliable methods for the early diagnosis of these complications. Since cfDNA is mainly derived from placental trophoblasts and maternal hematopoietic cells, it might have information for gene expression which can be used for disease prediction. Here, low coverage whole‐genome sequencing on plasma DNA from 2,199 pregnancies is performed based on retrospective cohorts of 3,200 pregnant women. Read depth in the promoter regions is examined to define read‐depth distribution patterns of promoters for pregnancy complications and controls. Using machine learning methods, classifiers for predicting pregnancy complications are developed. Using these classifiers, complications are successfully predicted with an accuracy of 80.3%, 78.9%, 72.1%, and 83.0% for MA, FGR, GDM, and PE, respectively. The findings suggest that promoter profiling of cfDNA may be used as a biological biomarker for predicting pregnancy complications at early gestational age.
4D Self‐Morphing Culture Substrate for Modulating Cell Differentiation
Authors: Miao Shida , Cui Haitao , Esworthy Timothy , Mahadik Bhushan , Lee Se‐jun , Zhou Xuan , Hann Sung Yun , Fisher John P. , Zhang Lijie Grace 
Published: February 2020

AbstractAs the most versatile and promising cell source, stem cells have been studied in regenerative medicine for two decades. Currently available culturing techniques utilize a 2D or 3D microenvironment for supporting the growth and proliferation of stem cells. However, these culture systems fail to fully reflect the supportive biological environment in which stem cells reside in vivo, which contain dynamic biophysical growth cues. Herein, a 4D programmable culture substrate with a self‐morphing capability is presented as a means to enhance dynamic cell growth and induce differentiation of stem cells. To function as a model system, a 4D neural culture substrate is fabricated using a combination of printing and imprinting techniques keyed to the different biological features of neural stem cells (NSCs) at different differentiation stages. Results show the 4D culture substrate demonstrates a time‐dependent self‐morphing process that plays an essential role in regulating NSC behaviors in a spatiotemporal manner and enhances neural differentiation of NSCs along with significant axonal alignment. This study of a customized, dynamic substrate revolutionizes current stem cell therapies, and can further have a far‐reaching impact on improving tissue regeneration and mimicking specific disease progression, as well as other impacts on materials and life science research.
3D Graphene‐Based H2‐Production Photocatalyst and Electrocatalyst
Authors: Kuang Panyong , Sayed Mahmoud , Fan Jiajie , Cheng Bei , Yu Jiaguo 
Published: February 2020

AbstractHydrogen (H2) has been deemed as the most promising and valuable alternative to nonrenewable fossil fuels. Photocatalytic and electrocatalytic water splitting are considered to be the most efficient and environmentally friendly approaches for the sustainable H2 evolution reaction (HER). Graphene with a 3D framework has been utilized for the HER due to its unique structure and properties, including its hierarchical network, large specific surface area, diverse pore distribution, outstanding light absorption ability, and excellent electrical conductivity. The large specific surface area and hierarchically porous structure of 3D graphene can not only maximize the exposure of active sites but also promote electron transfer and gas product diffusion. In addition, the free‐standing 3D graphene monolith is easily recycled compared with powder phase support, which can prevent the loss of active catalysts. By making full use of the aforementioned merits, 3D graphene‐based composite materials show great promise as high‐performance catalysts toward photocatalytic and electrocatalytic HER. In this review, recent advances in fabricating 3D graphene‐based composite materials and their applications in both photocatalytic and electrocatalytic HER are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, the current challenges and future vision associated with the design, fabrication, and integration of 3D graphene‐based composite materials toward HER are put forward.
Adhesion between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes in salt solution
Authors: Alfhaid Latifah , Williams Nicholas H. , Geoghegan Mark 
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe adhesion at the aqueous interface between a polyacid hydrogel and a grafted polycation layer (brush) is shown to be reversible on the addition of sodium chloride, which screens the charges on the gel and brush. Furthermore, it is shown that a double‐network (DN) hydrogel both exhibits adhesive failure and stronger adhesion with the brush than a simple poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) hydrogel, which undergoes cohesive failure on detachment. The adhesive force at the hydrogel–brush interface significantly increases after adding dilute salt solution (of 0.001 M). Once the concentration of salt solution is raised above 0.05 M, both the adhesive force and work done in detaching both single‐network and DN hydrogels from the brush surface are notably reduced. This result confirms that reversible adhesion between a hydrogel and polymer brush in salt solutions is possible, although a DN gel is required for adhesive failure.
Feeding ecology and population delineation of south‐eastern Atlantic and south‐western Indian Ocean humpback whales using stable isotope analysis
Authors: Montanari Shaena , Kershaw Francine , Rosenbaum Howard C. 
Published: February 2020

Abstract

Population delineation is vital for effectively managing and protecting populations of all at‐risk species. Population boundaries of Southern Hemisphere humpback whales on their breeding and feeding grounds have not been fully resolved. A number of methods have been used to delineate breeding stocks of Southern Hemisphere humpbacks, but ecological characteristics determined via stable isotope analysis provide valuable information to contrast other data sources.
In this study, stable isotope analysis is used to investigate potential separation of humpback whale populations on Southern Hemisphere feeding grounds as evidenced by carbon and nitrogen isotope values in their skin as proxies of diet.
One hundred samples of whale skin obtained from biopsies in sampling localities off the coasts of Gabon, Mayotte (Mozambique Channel), and Madagascar were analysed for carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope ratios. The results showed a statistically significant difference in the mean δ15N values for whales between the populations from Gabon and Madagascar (7.0 ± 0.1‰ and 7.6 ± 0.1‰), and Gabon and Mayotte (7.6 ± 0.1‰ and 7.2 ± 0.1‰), indicating that these breeding stocks are potentially visiting different areas of the feeding grounds outside of the breeding season.
The results from this study indicate that at least some breeding stocks may show fidelity to separate feeding areas and do not widely mix with individuals from other breeding stocks while feeding.
Positive Effects of a Young Systemic Environment and High Growth Differentiation Factor 11 Levels on Chondrocyte Proliferation and Cartilage Matrix Synthesis in Old Mice
Authors: Li Lu , Wei Xiaochun , Wang Dongming , Lv Zhi , Geng Xiang , Li Pengcui , Lu Jiangong , Wang Kaihang , Wang Xiaohu , Sun Jian , Cao Xiaoming , Wei Lei 
Published: February 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of a young systemic environment and growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF‐11) on aging cartilage.MethodsA heterochronic parabiosis model (2‐month‐old mouse and 12‐month‐old mouse [Y/O]), an isochronic parabiosis model (12‐month‐old mouse and 12‐month‐old mouse [O/O]), and 12‐month‐old mice alone (O) were evaluated. Knee joints and chondrocytes from old mice were examined by radiography, histology, cell proliferation assays, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction 16 weeks after parabiosis surgery. GDF‐11 was injected into 12‐month‐old mouse joints daily for 16 weeks. Cartilage degeneration, cell proliferation, and osteoarthritis‐related gene expression were evaluated.ResultsOsteoarthritis Research Society International scores in old mice were significantly lower in the Y/O group than in the O/O and O groups (both P < 0.05). The percentage of 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine–positive chondrocytes in old mice was significantly higher in the Y/O group than in the other groups (P < 0.05). Type II collagen (CII) and SOX9 messenger RNA levels differed in cartilage from old mice in the Y/O group compared to the O/O and O groups (both P < 0.05). RUNX‐2, CX, and matrix metalloproteinase 13 levels were significantly lower in cartilage from old mice in the Y/O group compared to the O/O and O groups (both P < 0.05). Similar results were obtained for protein expression levels and after GDF‐11 treatment in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) levels were higher in the recombinant GDF‐11–treated group than in the control group.ConclusionA young systemic environment promotes chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage matrix synthesis in old mice. GDF‐11, a “young factor,” contributes to these effects through the up‐regulation of pSmad2/3.
Spectrum of EGFR aberrations and potential clinical implications: insights from integrative pan‐cancer analysis
Authors: Liu Haijing , Zhang Bo , Sun Zhifu 
Published: February 2020

AbstractBackgroundHuman epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is an oncogenic gene and one of top targets of precision therapy in lung cancer with EGFR mutations. Although there are many reports for some individual cancers, comprehensive profiling of EGFR mutations, overexpression, amplification, DNA methylation, and their clinical associations across many different cancers simultaneously was not available. This study aimed to fill the gap and provide insights to the alteration spectrum of EGFR and its therapeutic and prognostic implications.MethodsThe Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets for 32 cancer types involving 11,314 patients were analyzed for alterations (mutations and amplification/deletion), abnormal expression and DNA methylation in EGFR gene. Mutation frequency, genomic location distribution, functional impact, and clinical targeted therapy implication were compared among different cancer types, and their associations with patient survival were analyzed.Results
EGFR alteration frequency, mutation sites across functional domains, amplification, overexpression, and DNA methylation patterns differed greatly among different cancer types. The overall mutation frequency in all cancers combined was relatively low. Targetable mutations, mainly in lung cancer, were primarily found in the Pkinase_Tyr domain. Glioblastoma multiforme had the highest rate of alterations, but it was dominated by gene amplification and most mutations were in the Furin‐like domain where targeted therapy was less effective. Low‐grade glioma often had gene amplification and increased EGFR expression which was associated with poor outcome. Colon and pancreatic adenocarcinoma had very few EGFR mutations; however, high EGFR expression was significantly associated with short patient survival. Squamous cell carcinoma regardless of their sites (the head and neck, lung, or esophagus) exhibited similar characteristics with an alteration frequency of about 5.0%, was dominated by gene amplification, and had increased EGFR expression generally associated with short patient survival. DNA methylation was highly associated with EGFR expression and patient outcomes in some cancers.ConclusionsEGFR aberration type, frequency, distribution in functional domains, and expression vary from cancer to cancer. While mutations in the Pkinase_Tyr domain are more important for treatment selection, increased expression from amplification or deregulation affects more tumor types and leads to worse outcome, which calls for new treatment strategies for these EGFR‐driven tumors.
A signature of 33 immune‐related gene pairs predicts clinical outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sun Xiao‐Yan , Yu Shi‐Zhe , Zhang Hua‐Peng , Li Jie , Guo Wen‐Zhi , Zhang Shui‐Jun 
Published: February 2020

AbstractObjectiveHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become the second most common tumor type that contributes to cancer‐related death worldwide. The study aimed to establish a robust immune‐related gene pair (IRGP) signature for predicting the prognosis of HCC patients.MethodsTwo RNA‐seq datasets (The Cancer Genome Atlas Program and International Cancer Genome Consortium) and one microarray dataset (GSE14520) were included in this study. We used a series of immune‐related genes from the ImmPort database to construct gene pairs. Lasso penalized Cox proportional hazards regression was employed to develop the best prognostic signature. We assigned patients into two groups with low immune risk and high immune risk. Then, the prognostic ability of the signature was evaluated by a log‐rank test and a Cox proportional hazards regression model.ResultsAfter 1000 iterations, the 33‐immune gene pair model obtained the highest frequency. As a result, we chose the 33 immune gene pairs to establish the immune‐related prognostic signature. As we expected, the immune‐related signature accurately predicted the prognosis of HCC patients, and high‐risk groups showed poor prognosis in the training datasets and testing datasets as well as in the validation datasets. Furthermore, the immune‐related gene pair (IRGP) signature also showed higher predictive accuracy than three existing prognostic signatures.ConclusionOur prognostic signature, which reflects the link between the immune microenvironment and HCC patient outcome, is promising for prognosis prediction in HCC.