bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between the Economic Environment and the Living Organ Donation Rate: Evidence and Implications
Authors: Lee Sean S. , Sielski Michael W. , Charpentier Kevin P. 
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND:
We studied the contribution of the economic environment to an individual's decision to donate an organ by examining the relationship between the unemployment rate and the living donation rate.

STUDY DESIGN:
We obtained living organ donation data from the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN) containing 134,138 organ donation events from 1990 through 2016. We obtained monthly unemployment rates from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from 1990 through 2016, and obtained quarterly real gross domestic product (real GDP) by state from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) from 2005 through 2016. We conducted graphical and statistical analysis with regression modeling using state and time fixed effects.

RESULTS:
Descriptive graphical plots suggest that unlike the unemployment rate, the donation rate is non-cyclical over time, implying little association between the two factors. This is conferred by a linear regression model using state and calendar month fixed effects, where we found no significant association between the unemployment and donation rates (95% CI [-0.004, 0.008], interpreted as the change in number of donations per 100,000 people associated with 1% change in the unemployment rate). We also did not find any significant association between the real GDP and the donation rates. Subgroup analysis by sex, race, and age also revealed no significant associations.

CONCLUSIONS:
The unemployment rate and the real GDP do not appear to be associated with the living organ donation rate, suggesting that the economic environment may not play a major role in the decision to donate an organ.
Self-Consciousness as a Living Kind: On the Fourth Chapter of Hegel's Phenomenology
Authors: Ionel Lucian 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThis paper discusses Hegel's conception of self-consciousness in the fourth chapter of the Phenomenology of Spirit. It argues that Hegel articulates self-consciousness as a living being's capacity to conceive of itself in light of the life-form it instantiates. I start by critically reassessing the prevalent readings of the Self-Consciousness chapter, each of which focuses on one of three constitutive aspects of self-consciousness: sociality, corporeality or practicality. Second, I reconstruct how the opening of the chapter aims to reveal that the initial rift between the sensory and the conceptual capacities of consciousness is resolved by the unity of consciousness as a life-form. Third, I discuss the specification of this life-form as Geist and argue that, by introducing the notion of Geist, Hegel indicates that the generic capacity of the human being to conceive of itself in light of its life-form always particularizes itself in a conception of human life that determines a historic and social form of life. Fourth, I outline how the master-slave dialectic illustrates the interdependency between sensory and conceptual capacities. Hegel's tale undermines the assumption of a self-contained capacity for reason by displaying how conceptual capacities, actualized by a living being, rely from the outset on objective constraints. I conclude by contending that the Self-Consciousness chapter paves the way for the central role that the idea of life plays in the Logic in exemplifying the objectivity of the concept.
Three-dimensional dynamics of falling films in the presence of insoluble surfactants
Authors: Batchvarov Assen , Kahouadji Lyes , Constante-Amores Cristian R. , Norões Gonçalves Gabriel Farah , Shin Seungwon , Chergui Jalel , Juric Damir , Craster Richard V. , Matar Omar K. 
Published: November 2020

Abstract
Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene aeolian deposits of Tasmania and their climatic implications
Authors: McIntosh Peter D. , Neudorf Christina , Lian Olav B. , Slee Adrian J. , Walker Brianna , Eberhard Rolan , Doyle Richard , Dixon Grant 
Published: November 2020

AbstractLate Pleistocene and Early Holocene aeolian deposits in Tasmania are extensive in the present subhumid climate zone but also occur in areas receiving >1000 mm of rain annually. Thermoluminescence, optically stimulated luminescence, and radiocarbon ages indicate that most of the deposits formed during periods of cold climate. Some dunes are remnants of longitudinal desert dunes sourced from now-inundated continental shelves which were previously semi-arid. Others formed near source, often in the form of lunettes east of seasonally-dry lagoons in the previously semi-arid Midlands and southeast of Tasmania, or as accumulations close to floodplains of major rivers, or as sandsheets in exposed areas. Burning of vegetation by the Aboriginal population after 40 ka is likely to have influenced sediment supply. A key site for determining climate variability in southern Tasmania is Maynes Junction which records three periods of aeolian deposition (at ca. 90, 32 and 20 ka), interspersed with periods of hillslope instability. Whether wind speeds were higher than at present during the last glacial period is uncertain, but shells in the Mary Ann Bay sandsheet near Hobart and particle size analysis of the Ainslie dunes in northeast Tasmania suggest stronger winds during the last glacial period than at present.
The Examiner and the Evangelist: Authorities of Music and Empire,c.1894
Authors: JOHNSON-WILLIAMS ERIN 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIn the 1890s, two musicians travelled between Britain and South Africa. One was the first examiner to travel abroad to examine for the Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, Franklin Taylor. At the same time as Taylor’s arrival in the Cape in 1894, a black South African composer, John Knox Bokwe, prepared to republish a tonic sol-fa hymnal containing many hymns that eventually became popular in Britain, to which Bokwe travelled multiple times. Although these narratives might appear to reflect highly divergent contexts for musical experience, the fluctuating constructions of imperial authority encountered in the careers of both these men link their stories together more deeply than their geographical and cultural disparities set them apart. The synchronous presentation of their stories in this article thus raises questions of how music emerged as a metaphor for constructions of imperial knowledge across shifting cultural boundaries.
A Global Macroeconomic Risk Model for Value, Momentum, and Other Asset Classes
Authors: Cooper Ilan , Mitrache Andreea , Priestley Richard 
Published: November 2020

AbstractValue and momentum returns and combinations of them across both countries and asset classes are explained by their loadings on global macroeconomic risk factors. These loadings describe why value and momentum have positive return premia, although being negatively correlated. The global macroeconomic risk factors also perform well in capturing the returns on other characteristic-based portfolios. The findings identify a global macroeconomic source of the common variation in returns across countries and asset classes.
Effects of parasites upon non-host predator avoidance behaviour in native and invasive gammarids
Authors: Farahani Sajad , Palsbøll Per J. , Pen Ido , Komdeur Jan 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe acanthocephalan parasite, Polymorphus minutus, manipulates its intermediate hosts' (gammarids) behaviour, presumably to facilitate its transmission to the definitive hosts. A fundamental question is whether this capability has evolved to target gammarids in general, or specifically sympatric gammarids. We assessed the responses to chemical cues from a non-host predator (the three-spined sticklebacks Gasterosteus aculeatus) in infected and non-infected gammarids; two native (Gammarus pulex and Gammarus fossarum), and one invasive (Echinogammarus berilloni) species, all sampled in the Paderborn Plateau (Germany). The level of predator avoidance was assessed by subjecting gammarids to choice experiments with the presence or absence of predator chemical cues. We did not detect any behavioural differences between uninfected and infected G. pulex and E. berilloni, but an elevated degree of predator avoidance in infected G. fossarum. Avoiding non-host predators may ultimately increase the probability of P. minutus' of predation by the definitive host. Our results suggested that P. minutus' ability to alter the host's behaviour may have evolved to specifically target sympatric gammarid host species. Uninfected gammarids did not appear to avoid the non-host predator chemical cues. Overall the results also opened the possibility that parasites may play a critical role in the success or failure of invasive species.
Nutrition and packaging characteristics of toddler foods and milks in Australia
Authors: McCann Jennifer R , Russell Georgina C , Campbell Karen J , Woods Julie L 
Published: November 2020

AbstractObjective:To analyse nutritional and packaging characteristics of toddler-specific foods and milks in the Australian retail food environment to identify how such products fit within the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG) and the NOVA classification.Design:Cross-sectional retail audit of toddler foods and milks. On-pack product attributes were recorded. Products were categorised as (1) food or milk; (2) snack food or meal and (3) snacks sub-categorised depending on main ingredients. Products were classified as a discretionary or core food as per the ADG and level of processing according to NOVA classification.Setting:Supermarkets and pharmacies in Australia.Results:A total of 154 foods and thirty-two milks were identified. Eighty percentage of foods were snacks, and 60 % of foods were classified as core foods, while 85 % were ultraprocessed (UP). Per 100 g, discretionary foods provided significantly more energy, protein, total and saturated fat, carbohydrate, total sugar and Na (P < 0·001) than core foods. Total sugars were significantly higher (P < 0·001) and Na significantly lower (P < 0·001) in minimally processed foods than in UP foods. All toddler milks (n 32) were found to have higher energy, carbohydrate and total sugar levels than full-fat cow’s milk per 100 ml. Claims and messages were present on 99 % of foods and all milks.Conclusions:The majority of toddler foods available in Australia are UP snack foods and do not align with the ADG. Toddler milks, despite being UP, do align with the ADG. A strengthened regulatory approach may address this issue.
Impact of smoking and fetal gender on preterm delivery
Authors: Günther Veronika , Alkatout Ibrahim , Stein Alexandra , Maass Nicolai , Strauss Alexander , Voigt Manfred 
Published: November 2020

AbstractAccording to the World Health Organization, smoking is the most important risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes in industrialized nations. We aimed to establish how fetal gender and smoking interact with regard to perinatal outcomes, especially preterm delivery. Data from 220,339 singleton pregnancies, obtained from the German Perinatal Survey in Schleswig-Holstein and registered between 2004 and 2017 were analyzed in regard to smoking behavior, fetal gender, and preterm delivery. The rate of preterm births was directly proportional to the women’s consumption of nicotine. The rate of preterm deliveries was 6.8% among nonsmokers, and 13.2% in women who were very heavy smokers (≥22 cigarettes/day). Very heavy smoking (≥22 cigarettes/day) had a marked impact on extremely preterm births (<28 weeks of gestation) and very preterm births (28–31 weeks of gestation). Preterm births increased by 1.2% from heavy smokers to very heavy smokers; the differences between the other groups ranged between 0.1% and 0.4%. Fetal gender also had an impact on preterm birth: male infants were predominant in nearly all groups of women who delivered preterm infants. Smoking during pregnancy and male gender are both risk factors for preterm delivery. Fetal gender should be given greater attention as one of the several risk factors of preterm birth. Due to the high rate of morbidity among preterm infants and enormous costs for the healthcare system, women should be encouraged to cease or at least reduce smoking during pregnancy.
Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Cycling in the South China Sea From an Isotopic Perspective
Authors: Zhang Run , Wang Xingchen T. , Ren Haojia , Huang Jie , Chen Min , Sigman Daniel M. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractDissolved organic nitrogen (DON) is the dominant form of fixed nitrogen in most low and middle latitude ocean surface waters. Here, we report measurements of DON isotopic composition (δ15N) from the west South China Sea (SCS), with the goal of providing new insight into DON cycling. The concentration of DON in the surface ocean is correlated (r = 0.70, p < 0.0001) with chlorophyll a concentration, indicating DON production in these surface waters. The concentration and δ15N of DON fall in a relatively narrow range in the surface ocean (4.6 ± 0.1 μM and 4.3 ± 0.2‰ vs. air, respectively; ±SD), similar to other ocean regions. The mean DON δ15N above 50 m (4.5 ± 0.3‰) is similar to the δ15N of nitrate in the “shallow subsurface” (i.e., immediately below the euphotic zone; 4.6 ± 0.2‰) but is higher than the δ15N of suspended particles in the surface ocean (~2.3‰). This set of isotopic relationships has been observed previously (e.g., in the oligotrophic North Atlantic and North Pacific) and can be explained by the cycling of N between particulate organic nitrogen (PON), DON, and ammonium, in which an isotope effect associated with DON degradation preferentially concentrates 15N in DON. Consistent with this view, a negative correlation (r = 0.70) between the concentration and the δ15N of DON is observed in the upper 75 m, suggesting an isotope effect of ~4.9 ± 0.4‰ for DON degradation. Comparing the DON δ15N data from the SCS with other regions, we find that the δ15N difference between euphotic zone DON and shallow subsurface nitrate δ15N (Δδ15N(DON‐NO3)) rises from ocean regions of inferred net DON production to regions of net DON consumption, with the SCS representing an intermediate case.
Isopycnal Transport and Scavenging of 230Th and 231Pa in the Pacific Southern Ocean
Authors: Pavia Frank J. , Anderson Robert F. , Pinedo‐Gonzalez Paulina , Fleisher Martin Q. , Brzezinski Mark A. , Robinson Rebecca S. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe Southern Ocean hosts complex connections between ocean physics, chemistry, and biology. Changes in these connections are hypothesized to be responsible for significant alterations of ocean biogeochemistry and carbon storage both on glacial‐interglacial timescales and in the future due to anthropogenic forcing. Isotopes of thorium (230Th and 232Th) and protactinium (231Pa) have been widely applied as tools to study paleoceanographic conditions in the Southern Ocean. However, understanding of the chemical behavior of these isotopes in the modern Southern Ocean has been limited by a paucity of high‐resolution observations. In this study, we present measurements of dissolved 230Th, 231Pa, and 232Th on a meridional transect along 170°W from 67°S to 54°S in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, with high vertical and meridional sampling resolution. We find Th/Pa fractionation factors below 1, highlighting the preferential removal of Pa relative to Th in a region with low lithogenic inputs where the particle flux is dominated by biogenic opal. We also find steep gradients in all three of these isotopes along neutral density surfaces from north to south, demonstrating the importance of isopycnal mixing in transporting these nuclides to the Southern Ocean. Our results suggest that 231Pa and 230Th in the Southern Ocean are highly sensitive tracers of physical transport that may find use in studies of Southern Ocean biogeochemical‐physical connections in the past, present, and future.
The Dynamics of Nonlinear Atmospheric Acoustic‐Gravity Waves Generated by Tsunamis Over Realistic Bathymetry
Authors: Inchin P. A. , Heale C. J. , Snively J. B. , Zettergren M. D. 
Published: November 2020

AbstractThe investigation of atmospheric tsunamigenic acoustic and gravity wave (TAGW) dynamics, from the ocean surface to the thermosphere, is performed through the numerical computations of the 3D compressible nonlinear Navier‐Stokes equations. Tsunami propagation is first simulated using a nonlinear shallow water model, which incorporates instantaneous or temporal evolutions of initial tsunami distributions (ITD). Ocean surface dynamics are then imposed as a boundary condition to excite TAGWs into the atmosphere from the ground level. We perform a case study of a large tsunami associated with the 2011 M9.1 Tohuku‐Oki earthquake and parametric studies with simplified and demonstrative bathymetry and ITD. Our results demonstrate that TAGW propagation, controlled by the atmospheric state, can evolve nonlinearly and lead to wave self‐acceleration effects and instabilities, followed by the excitation of secondary acoustic and gravity waves (SAGWs), spanning a broad frequency range. The variations of the ocean depth result in a change of tsunami characteristics and subsequent tilt of the TAGW packet, as the wave's intrinsic frequency spectrum is varied. In addition, focusing of tsunamis and their interactions with seamounts and islands may result in localized enhancements of TAGWs, which further indicates the crucial role of bathymetry variations. Along with SAGWs, leading long‐period phases of the TAGW packet propagate ahead of the tsunami wavefront and thus can be observed prior to the tsunami arrival. Our modeling results suggest that TAGWs from large tsunamis can drive detectable and quantifiable perturbations in the upper atmosphere under a wide range of scenarios and uncover new challenges and opportunities for their observations.
Wind Tunnel‐Based Comparison of PM10 Emission Rates for Volcanic Ash and Glaciogenic Aerosol Sources Within Iceland
Authors: Richards‐Thomas Tamar , McKenna‐Neuman Cheryl 
Published: November 2020

AbstractIceland contributes 30–40 million tons of mineral dust to the atmosphere each year. Emission events are linked to exceedingly high concentrations of PM10, poor air quality, and respiratory disease, particularly in Reykjavík. Volcaniclastic aerosols have unique microphysical properties, and usually are porous and highly angular, with large surface areas bearing ultrafine, nanoscale dustcoats. The large internal void space contributes to low particle density, believed to affect emission and deposition rates in the atmospheric boundary layer, as well as the range of transport. However, the aerodynamic and sedimentological factors that govern dust entrainment in these high‐latitude settings are not well constrained empirically, providing little guidance for the parameterization of aerosol dispersion models. A series of laboratory wind tunnel simulations were carried out under full climate control to evaluate these effects for Icelandic samples collected from five active dust sources, inclusive of volcanic ash and glaciofluvial sediments. PM10 emission rates measured in this study are similar in magnitude to those obtained in a small number of field studies within selected high‐latitude regions, and for volcanic ash using a PI‐SWERL. The scaling with friction velocity is well described by the 1988 dust emission model of Gillette and Passi, while the parameterization appears to be strongly dependent on the median particle size. Sediments from the coarsest Icelandic dust sources were found to be most emissive, owing to the importance of particle impact, while the proportionate amount of PM10 within the test bed was not found to correlate with the emission rate.
Updated Perspectives and Hypotheses on the Mineralogy of Lower Mt. Sharp, Mars, as Seen From Orbit
Authors: Sheppard Rachel Y. , Milliken Ralph E. , Parente Mario , Itoh Yuki 
Published: November 2020

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that Mt. Sharp has stratigraphic variation in mineralogy that may record a global transition from a climate more conducive to clay mineral formation to one marked by increased sulfate production. To better understand how small‐scale observations along the traverse path of NASA's Curiosity rover might be linked to such large‐scale processes, it is necessary to understand the extent to which mineral signatures observed from orbit vary laterally and vertically. This study uses newly processed visible‐shortwave infrared Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars data and corresponding visible images to reexamine the mineralogy of lower Mt. Sharp, map mineral distribution, and evaluate stratigraphic relationships. We demonstrate the presence of darker‐toned strata that appears to be throughgoing with spectral signatures of monohydrated sulfate. Strata above and below this zone are lighter‐toned and contain polyhydrated sulfate and variable distribution of Fe/Mg clay minerals. Clay minerals are observed at multiple stratigraphic positions; unlike the kieserite zone these units cannot be traced laterally across Mt. Sharp. The kieserite zone appears to be stratigraphically confined, but in most locations the orbital data do not provide sufficient detail to determine whether mineral signatures conform to or cut across stratigraphic boundaries, leaving open the question as to whether the clay minerals and sulfates occur as detrital, primary chemical precipitates, and/or diagenetic phases. Future observations along Curiosity's traverse will help distinguish between these possibilities. Rover observations of clay‐bearing strata in northwest Mt. Sharp may be more reflective of local conditions that could be distinct from those associated with other clay‐bearing strata.
Experimental Insights Into the Threshold of Motion in Alluvial Channels: Sediment Supply and Streambed State
Authors: Hassan Marwan A. , Saletti Matteo , Johnson Joel P. L. , Ferrer‐Boix Carles , Venditti Jeremy G. , Church Michael 
Published: November 2020

AbstractFlume experiments were conducted to understand the role of episodic sediment supply on the threshold of motion, streambed state, and stability in gravel bed channels. We demonstrate the importance of bed surface evolution on grain entrainment and hence channel stability. The grain‐size distribution (GSD) of the bed surface coarsened quickly under no feed conditions to develop an armored surface. Armor continued to experience particle exchange but remained intact throughout the experiment, and was relatively insensitive to subsequent sediment supply pulses. Bed surface structures (coarse‐grain clusters, stone cells, and imbrication) developed during the experiments and continued to respond dynamically to sediment pulses. Thresholds of motion estimated by various methods increased during the experiment and fluctuated in response to changes in sediment supply, though they were poorly predicted either by surface grain‐size changes or by surface structure. This reinforces the idea that the threshold for motion is not constant in poorly sorted gravel‐bed streams, and it confirms that the critical Shields number in transport models represents a bed state parameter, not a grain mobility number. Changes are controlled by a variety of factors including sediment supply regime, the degree of bed structuring, and the history of bed evolution. Our results highlight the importance of sediment supply regime as a control on bed surface evolution and the channel stabilizing function played by surface structures.