bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Effect of Solid Electrolyte Structure on Properties through 3D-Printing
Authors: McOwen Dennis W. , Gong Yunhui , Fu Zhezhen , Godbey Griffin L. , Gritton Jack E. , Zhang Lei , Wachsman Eric D. 
Published: February 2020

Over the last decade there has been a sizeable effort within the battery community to improve upon the safety and performance of conventional Li-ion batteries to satisfy market demand. A large fraction of that effort has been devoted to solid-state garnet-type Li-conducting electrolytes, due to their inherent nonflammability, relatively high Li+ conductivity (~1 mS/cm), and stability to both lithium metal anodes and high voltage cathodes. Recently, improved materials properties and a paradigm shift in electrolyte microstructure have begun to make solid-state electrolytes competitive with liquid electrolyte counterparts in terms of performance [1,2]. Specifically, researchers have demonstrated 3 mA/cm2current density in Li|LLZ|Li symmetric cells and successfully cycled full cells using a porous-dense-porous multilayered LLZ solid electrolyte framework which dramatically reduces the bulk and interfacial impedance of the battery and increases the energy density by reducing excess electrolyte materials [2]. It is clear then that the solid electrolyte microstructure can have a substantial impact on cell electrochemical performance. However, the effect of the electrolyte microstructure on the cell properties has yet to be investigated, properties which are critical to ensuring high battery performance, long-lifetime of the battery and tolerance to abuse. An optimized solid electrolyte microstructure will need to balance electrochemical and mechanical properties for a marketable battery design.
In this work, we utilize 3D-printing to rapidly explore the relationship between solid electrolyte microstructure and resulting electrolyte and cell properties (e.g. mechanical strength). Specifically, we 3D-print a variety of different solid electrolyte geometries, including columns (Figure 1), grids, and stacked geometries using recently developed LLZ inks, and correlate the structure type and characteristics (e.g., aspect ratio) with properties of the electrolyte. First, we investigate the properties of the 3D-printed solid electrolyte itself, followed by a study including infiltration of electrode materials which is more representative of the final battery design. This study will help inform the best solid electrolyte microstructure, ensuring the structure of solid-state batteries will be suitable for a wide variety of real-world applications.
[1] J. van den Broek, S. Afyon, J. L. M. Rupp, Adv. Energy Mater., 2016, 6, 1600736.
[2] G. T. Hitz, D. W. McOwen, Y. Wen, Y. Gong, J. Dai, X. Han, T. R. Hamann, A. L. Ruth, P. C. Latorre, L. Hu, E. D. Wachsman, submitted.

Figure 1. 3D-printed LLZ columns.

Figure 1
Unrivaled Combination of Surface Area and Pore Volume in Micelle-Templated Carbon for Supercapacitor Energy Storage
Authors: Mitlin David 
Published: February 2020

We created Immense Surface Area Carbons (ISACs) by a novel heat treatment that stabilized the micelle structure in a biological based precursor prior to high temperature combined activation – pyrolysis. While displaying the morphology akin to commercial activated carbon, ISACs contain an unparalleled combination of electrochemically active surface area and pore volume (up to 4051 m2 g-1, total pore volume 2.60 cm3 g-1, 76% small mesopores). The carbons also possess the benefit of being quite pure (combined O and N: 2.6 – 4.1 at.%), thus allowing for a capacitive response that is primarily EDLC. Tested at commercial mass loadings (~ 10 mg cm-2) ISACs demonstrate exceptional specific capacitance values throughout the entire relevant current density regime, with superior rate capability primarily due to the large fraction of mesopores. In the optimized ISAC, the specific capacitance (Cg) is 540 F g-1 at 0.2 A g-1, 409 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 and 226 F g-1 at a very high current density of 300 A g-1 (~0.15 second charge time). At intermediate and high currents such capacitance values have not been previously reported for any carbon. Tested with a stable 1.8 V window in a 1M Li2SO4 electrolyte, a symmetric supercapacitor cell yields a flat energy – power profile that is fully competitive with organic electrolyte systems: 29 Wh kg-1 at 442 W kg-1 and 17 Wh kg-1 at 3940 W kg-1. The cyclability of symmetric ISAC –cells is also exceptional due to the minimization of faradaic reactions on the carbon surface, with 80% capacitance retention at over 100,000 cycles in 1M Li2SO4 and 75,000 cycles in 6M KOH.
MCO-Coated Interconnects: Stack Testing and Results
Authors: Benhaddad Sofiane , He Hongpeng , Chen Chen , Steedman Dale 
Published: February 2020

Coating development at Fuel Cell Energy is a continuous activity looking at optimizing chemistry, application process and features of the coating for longer life of the SOFC stack in high humidity level. Cathode interconnects surfaces are protected with manganese cobalt oxide (MCO) coatings to minimize chrome evaporation and poisoning of the fuel cell.
Protecting the surface of cathode interconnects becomes necessary to extend the SOFC life. Two different coatings have been studied at FCE. MCO was either deposited as a perovskite by dip coating or formed in situ during stack operation. A direct comparison of the two methods was studied after hundreds of hours in SOFC stack testing both in dry and humid air environment. The stacks were tested in normal conditions with dry air in cathode and also in air with additional humidity. A significant improvement in degradation rate and cell stability have been observed and achieved with those stacks.
Comparison of Pr-Based Cathodes for IT-SOFCs in the Ruddlesden-Popper Family
Authors: Bassat Jean-Marc , Vibhu Vaibhav , Nicollet Clément , Flura Aurélien , Fourcade Sébastien , Grenier Jean-Claude , Rougier Aline 
Published: February 2020

The present study is focused on alternative oxygen electrodes for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (IT-SOFCs). Among the K2NiF4 type compounds, the nickelates Ln2NiO4+δ (Ln = La, Pr or Nd) have already shown their suitability as oxygen electrode due to their mixed ionic and electronic conductivity (i.e. MIEC properties). Pr2NiO4+δ showed the best electrochemical properties [1] at intermediate temperature among the three nickelates: R
p
= 0.15 Ω∙cm² at 600 °C for instance, for screen printed electrode. Interestingly, the ageing of the Pr2NiO4+δ//CGO//8YSZ symmetrical half cells during 1 month under air shows no significant change in the R
p value at i
dc = 0 condition, despite the decomposition of Pr2NiO4+δ into the third term of the R.P. series (Prn+1NinO3n+1), Pr4Ni3O10+δ, the perovskite PrNiO3-δ and Pr6O11. Such decomposition was observed after one month at different SOFC operating temperatures, namely 600, 700 and 800 °C under air [2]. Aiming at further understanding the relationship between the electrochemical behavior and the phase stability, the physico-chemical and electrochemical properties of Pr4Ni3O10+δ and PrNiO3-δwere thoroughly studied.
PrNiO3-δ is chemically very stable at operating temperatures up to one month while the electrochemical properties remain limited. The symmetrical half-cell with PrNiO3-δ electrode shows relatively high R
p value, for instance R
p = 0.9 Ω∙cm² at 600 °C, which is almost six times higher than the one of Pr2NiO4+δ [3]. On the other hand, Pr4Ni3O10+δ is a very promising material. In addition, Pr4Ni3O10+δ is highly chemically stable during long term up to 1 month under air at 600, 700 and 800 °C, contrarily to Pr2NiO4+δ [4]. Moreover, a single cell Pr4Ni3O10+δ//CGO//8YSZ//Ni-YSZ produces a very high power density of 1.60 W·cm-2 at 800 °C and 0.68 W·cm-2 at 700 °C. Hence, the electrochemical behaviors of Pr4Ni3O10+δ and Pr2NiO4+δ are similar, but Pr4Ni3O10+δis a more promising oxygen electrode since it is highly chemically stable.
Herein, the comparison of Pr-based cathodes, and more especially their chemical stability, conductivity and electrochemical properties will be presented and discussed in details.

References

[1] V. Vibhu, A. Rougier, C. Nicollet, A. Flura, J.-C. Grenier, J.-M. Bassat, Solid State Ionics, 278(2015) 32-37.
[2] V. Vibhu, J.-M. Bassat, A. Flura, C. Nicollet, J.-C. Grenier, A. Rougier, ECS Transaction, 68(2015) 825-835.
[3] V. Vibhu, J.-M. Bassat, A. Flura, C. Nicollet, N. Penin, J.-C. Grenier, A. Rougier, to be submitted in Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2017.

[4] V. Vibhu, A. Rougier, C. Nicollet, A. Flura, S. Fourcade, N. Penin, J.-C. Grenier, J.-M. Bassat, Journal of Power Sources, 317 (2016) 184-193.
Systematic Lifetime Testing of Stacks in CO2 Electrolysis
Authors: Küngas Rainer , Blennow Peter , Heiredal-Clausen Thomas , Holt Tobias , Rass-Hansen Jeppe , Primdahl Søren 
Published: February 2020

Haldor Topsoe is commercializing a system for on-site CO generation (eCOs®) based on solid oxide electrolysis technology. The standard system is capable of producing CO at 99.5% purity, but can also be customized to produce CO at 99.999% purity.
In this patented system, the electrochemical conversion of CO2 into CO is carried out in solid oxide stacks, each stack producing approximately 1.5 Nm3 CO/h. In contrast to SOFC operation, the performance of a stack operating in electrolysis mode is not exclusively determined by the area-specific resistance (ASR). While resistance determines the overall efficiency of the stack, other parameters, such as the purity of the produced gas, can be more critical in a commercial system.
A systematic approach to screening and evaluating stack and cell-level improvements is presented. Several long-term tests were carried out for 2000 hours at a reference operating point and then intentionally stopped to evaluate the extent of degradation in stacks and to qualify/disqualify different design modifications. The described approach was used to significantly improve stack robustness and lifetime in CO2 electrolysis.
Finally, some un-solved issues will be presented, in order to spur discussion on lifetime-limiting issues specific to electrolysis.
From in-Situ to in-Operando Evaluation of SOFC Cathodes for Enhanced ORR Activity and Durability
Authors: Wachsman Eric D. , Cohn Gil , Huang Yi-Lin , Pellegrinelli Christopher 
Published: February 2020

To study the SOFC cathode oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism and the effects of ambient gas composition on ORR, we used in-situ
18O isotope exchange techniques to probe the exchange of H2O and CO2 with two of the most common SOFC cathode materials, (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3-x (LSM) and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-x (LSCF). A series of temperature programmed isotope exchange measurements were performed to comprehensively study the interaction of H2O and CO2 with the cathode surface as a function of temperature, oxygen partial pressure, and contaminant gas concentration. The experimental data are summarized in a Temperature-PO2 diagram to visualize the dominant reactions at each temperature and PO2 for the two cathode materials.
We further report on the development of a novel in-operando
18O isotope exchange technique by modifying our heterogeneous catalysis system for operation and measurement under electrochemical polarization. The system allows ORR investigations under real time, real life, operating conditions. We will present our studies on the effect of cathodic polarization on LSM and LSCF. The studies show the effects of operating voltage, temperature, and oxygen partial pressure on the oxygen exchange coefficient. We will also present our model for the understanding and analysis of the isotope oxygen exchange profiles under in-operando conditions.
The Demosofc Project: Preliminary Results from an Industrial-Size Biogas-Fed Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Gandiglio Marta , Lanzini Andrea , Santarelli Massimo , Hakala Tuomas , Rautanen Markus 
Published: February 2020

The EU-funded DEMOSOFC project (www.demosofc.eu) aims to demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of operating a 174 kWe SOFC in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The fuel for the three SOFC modules (3x58 kWe) is biogas, which is available on-site from the anaerobic digestion of sludge collected from the treated wastewater. A heat-recovery loop allows to recover useful thermal energy from the hot SOFC exhaust gases (90-100 kWth). The recovered heat is transferred through a water loop to the sludge, which is pre-heated to 40-45 °C before feeding the digester. A full thermal recovery within the WWPT is thus achieved. Energy generated and recovered from the SOFCs will be consumed at the WWTP and will cover about 30% of the overall electricity demand and 50% of the yearly thermal demand.
The WWTP is located in Collegno, in the Turin premises (IT). The Collegno plant is serving around 180’000 Person Equivalent (P.E.), both residential and industrial users, and currently, exploits biogas for heating-only in a boiler.
The integrated biogas-SOFC plant includes three main units: 1) the biogas clean-up and compression section; 2) the three SOFC power modules, and 3) the heat recovery loop. The scope of the project is demonstrating the high-efficiency conversion of renewable fuel into electricity and heat.
The three SOFC modules are supplied by Convion (www.convion.fi), partner of the DEMOSOFC project. The first module has been shipped to Turin during April 2017, and the demonstration phase will last four years (2017-2020). The expected net electric efficiency of the SOFC is in the range 52-55%.
A special focus of the demonstration is the deep and reliable removal of harmful contaminants for the SOFC (mostly H2S and siloxanes) that are found in the raw biogas. In-line and real-time gas analysis are installed to monitor the removal efficiency of the biogas clean-up unit, which relies on solid sorbents (e.g., activated carbons).
The present work is related to the first on-field test of the SOFC units and the starting of the entire plant. After having completed mechanical and electrical connections, the first module has been fed by clean and compressed biogas on site produced and activated with a dedicated start-up procedure. The analysis is related to the SOFC operation, with a description of the starting procedure and preliminary performance results. The on-site produced and measured AC electric power is employed for the calculation of the net electrical efficiency; dedicated emissions measurements have been performed with simulated biogas at Convion facilities and will be replied on-site during the system operation.

Figure 1
Corrosion Analysis of Fuel Cell Metallic Materials at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Finsgar Matjaz 
Published: February 2020

Corrosion of fuel cell metallic materials cannot be prevented, but there are ways to mitigate it. Environment in the fuel cells can be extremely corrosive and materials for fuel cells construction can deteriorate very fast if appropriate design is not employed [1].
In this work, different metallic materials for fuel cell construction will be tested under various conditions. Especially, an autoclave test will be designed to established corrosion monitoring of these materials at high temperature. Moreover, we will construct an autoclave corrosion cell to monitor corrosion electrochemically by various electrochemical techniques. After the corrosion tests a surface analytical techniques will be employed to reveal the composition of the corroded material (if corrosion will occur) by employing atomic force microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry.
[1] Renato A. Antunes, Mara Cristina L. Oliveira, Gerhard Ett, Volkmar Ett, Corrosion of metal bipolar plates for PEM fuel cells: A review, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35 (2010) 3632–3647.
[2] Jixin Chen, Jingwei Hu, James R. Waldecker, Comprehensive Model for Carbon Corrosion during Fuel Cell Start-Up, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 162 (2015) F878-F889.
Development of Ammonia-Fueled SOFC
Authors: Satomi Erika , Iwai Hiroyuki , Suzuki Shinsuke , Koide Takeshi , Takahashi Yosuke , Eguchi Koichi 
Published: February 2020

Ammonia has been studied as an energy carrier because of carbon-free and high hydrogen capacity.
We have investigated performance of ammonia-fueled SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) to study the possibility of ammonia as an energy carrier.
In SOFC generation system, stack, which is made by cells, sealing glass and other materials, are main parts. These parts need ammonia resistance at 700-800 degree. So we developed sealing glass which has an ammonia resistance at 700-800 degree and fabricated 200W class stack.
Ammonia was directly supplied to the anode chamber. The performance of ammonia-fueled SOFC was same as well as that of hydrogen-fueled SOFC.
Properties of Gadolinium-doped Ceria (GDC) Films Deposited by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering Processes
Authors: Hernandez Londono Carlos , Combemale Lionel , Gao Fei , Billard Alain , Briois Pascal 
Published: February 2020

Reactive magnetron sputtering deposition technique was used for formation of gadolinium doped ceria oxide (GDC) thin films 5- 10µm. Material characteristics and chemical compositions of GDC films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D profilometry. In order to optimize the deposition of GDC to obtain high electrochemical performance of the cells, the influence of film thickness is studied. The GDC thin films were deposited on porous NiO–GDC (nickel oxide–Gadolinium stabilized ceria), the pre-sintered anode green tape were coated with a GDC electrolyte film by reactive magnetron sputtering using PEM (Plasma Emission Monitoring). An Alcatel SCM650 sputtering chamber was used for synthesizing the dense GDC layers. A Ce-Gd metallic target (90-10% at) was powered by a pinnacle + pulsed current generator from Advanced Energy. The structural, microstructural and morphological features of the half-cells were determined by XRD, SEM and 3D profilometry as deposited and after different annealing treatments. The obtained half-cell, 28 mm of diameter, anode supported solid oxide fuel cell, the porous and density of Ni-GDC10 composite anodes have been elaborated by tape casting method. The chosen ceramic powders in suspension were prepared with the mass ratio of 65:35 for NiO to GDC10. The microstructural morphological /porosity/surface features of the half-cell were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRD and 3D profilometry before and after different annealing treatment. Pycnometry and porosimetry techniques were primarily used to determine pore size and pore volume by equation Washburn and Ideal gas law-method. Finally, the EIS (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy) measurements were done on Ni-GDC10/GDC10 half-cells under 60 sccm nitrogen by the means of a Solartron SI 1260 impedance / gain analyser from 20 MHz to 0.1 Hz with 11 points per decade.
Effect of Carbon-Neutral Fuel Fed Solid Oxide Fuel Cell System on CO2 Emission Reduction
Authors: Tachikawa Yuya , Matsuzaki Yoshio , Kawabata Yasuharu , Sugahara Mariko , Somekawa Takaaki , Taniguchi Shunsuke , Sasaki Kazunari 
Published: February 2020

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system shows a significant potential to achieve carbon emission reduction and highly efficient power generation compared with typical power generation systems. The Paris Agreement requires decreasing greenhouse gas emissions for preventing tragic climate change. Hence SOFC conventional fuels are hydrocarbons (CxHy), the hydrocarbon would generate carbon dioxide (CO2) after fuel oxidation.
Ammonia and biomass-derived fuel are carbon-neutral fuels. Therefore, there are no carbon emissions after power generation. While those fuel supplied SOFC systems have an advantage without CO2 emissions, the influence on the system performance should be quantified to compare with conventional fuel supplied SOFCs. In this study, 100kW scale SOFC system model shown in Fig.1 (a) was evaluated in heat and mass balance analysis to consider the effect of supplied fuel on the SOFC system performance. A protonic ceramic electrolyte application was also evaluated to increase its electrical efficiency. The carbon-neutral fuel fed protonic ceramic fuel cells (PCFCs) had an advantage to enhance the electrical efficiencies compared with the same fuel fed typical SOFCs shown in Fig.1 (b). As highly efficient power generation system without CO2 emissions, the effects of carbon-neutral fuels on the electrical efficiency and the emission reduction were investigated by the process simulation of total fuel cell system.

Figure 1
Carbon Tolerant Double Site Doped Perovskite Cathodes for High-Temperature Electrolysis Cells
Authors: Hu Boxun , Aphale Ashish N , Liang Chiying , Heo Su Jeong , Uddin Md Aman , Singh Prabhakar 
Published: February 2020

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) of configuration La0.85Sr0.15Cr0.2Co0.1Ti0.7O3-δ (LSCCT)//ScSZ//GDC-LSM have been fabricated and electrochemically tested for the electrolysis of CO2 and H2O. Performance of the cell has been compared with standard Ni-SDC/ScSZ/GDC-LSM cell. EIS results show that LSCCT//ScSZ//GDC-LSM cell has higher non-ohmic resistance than the standard cell in 5% H2-CO2 containing environment. However, Cu impregnation of the LSCCT cathode using wet impregnation technique results in significant reduction in the non-ohmic resistance. Decrease in the thickness of the LSCCT cathode also reduces both ohmic and non-ohmic resistances. With the applied electrolysis voltage of 1.6 V at an operating temperature of 800 °C, the cell exhibited stable performance in 5% H2O/CO2 for more than 50 h with the electrolysis current density of 0.45 A.cm-2. Post-tested LSCCT cathode showed no carbon deposition whereas standard cell showed filamentary carbon formation and pulverization. Observations pertaining to surface (gas – electrode) and interface (electrode – electrolyte) will be presented.
Mechanical Properties of SOFC Anode Support Materials at Operating Conditions
Authors: Stanley Patrick , Hays Thomas H , Langdo Thomas , Wachsman Eric D. 
Published: February 2020

The mechanical properties of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and the materials they are fabricated from play an important role in manufacturability, durability and lifetime of the devices. Functioning cells must maintain a gas-tight seal though the cell, with no cracks or pores from anode or cathode, through a range of temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The cell must be able to withstand intrinsic stresses in addition to those introduced by the stacking and sealing of the cells. It is known that the environmental conditions can affect the mechanical properties of materials. It has been shown that point defect concentration and temperature change the elastic modulus and strength of fluorite-structured oxides, but these tests were done using quenched samples or at high temperature in air, not at operating conditions.
In this work the flexural modulus and strength of SOFC support materials are investigated under varying oxygen partial pressures at elevated temperatures, under the same conditions SOFCs experience during operation. This is achieved by using a three-point bend fixture on a universal testing machine, with a chamber and furnace to control the environmental conditions. From this information, relationships are built relating materials’ modulus and strength to the defect concentrations and temperatures that it would experience during operation.