bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cytotoxic molecule granulysin is capable of inducing either chemotaxis or fugetaxis in dendritic cells depending on maturation: a role for Vδ2+γδ T cells in the modulation of immune response to tumour?
Authors: Sparrow Emma L. , Fowler Daniel W. , Fenn Joe , Caron Jonathan , Copier John , Dalgleish Angus G. , Bodman‐Smith Mark D. 
Published: August 2020

SummaryRelease of granulysin by γδ T cells contributes to tumour cell killing. A cytolytic 9000 MW isoform of granulysin kills tumour cells directly, whereas a 15 000 MW precursor has been hypothesized to cause both the maturation and migration of dendritic cell (DC) populations. Recruiting DC to a tumour is beneficial as these cells initiate adaptive immune responses, which contribute to the eradication of malignancies. In this study, Vδ2+ γδ T cells were activated by stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with zoledronic acid or Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), or were isolated and cultured with tumour targets. Although a large proportion of resting Vδ2+ γδ T cells expressed 15 000 MW granulysin, 9000 MW granulysin expression was induced only after stimulation with BCG. Increased levels of activation and granulysin secretion were also observed when Vδ2+ γδ T cells were cultured with the human B‐cell lymphoma line Daudi. High concentrations of recombinant 15 000 MW granulysin caused migration and maturation of immature DC, and also initiated fugetaxis in mature DC. Conversely, low concentrations of recombinant 15 000 MW granulysin resulted in migration of mature DC, but not immature DC. Our data therefore support the hypothesis that Vδ2+ γδ T cells can release granulysin, which may modulate recruitment of DC, initiating adaptive immune responses.
Six‐month‐old infants recognize phrases in song and speech
Authors: Hahn Laura E. , Benders Titia , Snijders Tineke M. , Fikkert Paula 
Published: August 2020

AbstractInfants exploit acoustic boundaries to perceptually organize phrases in speech. This prosodic parsing ability is well‐attested and is a cornerstone to the development of speech perception and grammar. However, infants also receive linguistic input in child songs. This study provides evidence that infants parse songs into meaningful phrasal units and replicates previous research for speech. Six‐month‐old Dutch infants (n = 80) were tested in the song or speech modality in the head‐turn preference procedure. First, infants were familiarized to two versions of the same word sequence: One version represented a well‐formed unit, and the other contained a phrase boundary halfway through. At test, infants were presented two passages, each containing one version of the familiarized sequence. The results for speech replicated the previously observed preference for the passage containing the well‐formed sequence, but only in a more fine‐grained analysis. The preference for well‐formed phrases was also observed in the song modality, indicating that infants recognize phrase structure in song. There were acoustic differences between stimuli of the current and previous studies, suggesting that infants are flexible in their processing of boundary cues while also providing a possible explanation for differences in effect sizes.
The experience of being a father of a son or daughter with an intellectual disability: Older fathers’ perspectives
Authors: Dunn Kirsty , Jahoda Andrew , Kinnear Deborah 
Published: August 2020

AbstractBackgroundAs life expectancy for people with an intellectual disability increases, there is a growing cohort of older father carers. This study aimed to gain a more in‐depth understanding of older father carers’ experiences of parenting.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 7 older fathers (M = 63.9 years) and analysed using constructivist grounded theory.ResultsThree conceptual categories were identified. “Wearing different hats: how fathers’ sense of identity had altered over the years. “Family comes first”: importance placed on the family unit. “Getting on in years”: the challenges faced by ageing fathers parenting their son/daughter.ConclusionsFathers re‐evaluated their priorities and found a new identity in their parenting role, although they continued to see themselves as secondary carers. Fathers worried about the future as their health declined but drew strength from the benefits they had derived and the challenges that they had overcome to do their best for their son/daughter and their family.
Macro‐scale variation and environmental predictors of flowering and fruiting phenology in the Chinese angiosperm flora
Authors: Du Yanjun , Mao Lingfeng , Queenborough Simon A. , Primack Richard , Comita Liza S. , Hampe Arndt , Ma Keping 
Published: August 2020

AbstractAimThe timing of reproduction is a major determinant of the geographical distribution of plant species and resulting patterns of community assembly, yet few studies have assessed how the reproductive phenology of plant assemblages varies across large geographical and environmental gradients. In addition, it remains poorly known to what extent phenological trends and their drivers differ between flowering and fruiting phases or among different growth forms. To address these knowledge gaps, we examined the reproductive phenology and potential climatic drivers in herbaceous and woody species in ecosystems across China that varied in climate (temperate to tropical) seasonality and elevation.LocationChina.MethodsWe used data from theFlora Republicae Popularis Sinicaeto estimate angiosperm flowering (n = 16,717 species) and fruiting (n = 11,605) phenology for 100 x 100 km grid cells (n = 943) throughout China. We assessed large‐scale geographical trends in mean flowering and fruiting date and the time needed for fruit development. The relationships of these phenological variables with seven climate variables were examined using both ordinary and spatial linear regression.ResultsHigher latitudes and elevations had considerably reduced length of the reproductive season, with later flowering and earlier fruiting than lower latitudes and elevations. Woody plant assemblages flowered markedly earlier and needed three times longer for fruit development, and tended to show steeper geographical trends in reproductive phenology than herbaceous assemblages. Herbs and woody species differed strongly in their climatic triggers of flowering but largely shared the same cues for fruiting.Main conclusionsWoody species compensate for longer seed development times by an earlier onset of flowering, yet reproduction in both life‐forms has stronger climatic constraints. Distinct climatic drivers suggest that herbaceous and woody species assemblages will respond differently to climate change. Overall, our findings underpin the role of reproductive phenology as a key biological mechanism through which climate shapes large‐scale geographical trends in species richness, phylogenetic diversity and community assembly.
Habitat suitability ofRhincodon typusin three localities of the Gulf of California: Environmental drivers of seasonal aggregations
Authors: Petatán‐Ramírez David , Whitehead Darren A. , Guerrero‐Izquierdo Triana , Ojeda‐Ruiz Miguel A. , Becerril‐García Edgar E. 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe whale shark is an endangered species that usually feeds in coastal areas of highly productive seas such as the Gulf of California, Mexico. This study aims to describe the effect of sea surface temperature, chlorophylla, bathymetry and slope on the habitat suitability of whale sharks in three important aggregation sites of the Gulf of California. A total of 2396 records of occurrence of whale sharks were obtained from international databases and scientific literature between 1996 and 2018. These records were used for the creation of a species distribution model using MaxEnt for each of the three aggregation sites. The concentration of chlorophyllaexplained 71% of the habitat suitability, followed by bathymetry and slope with a combined 17%, and sea surface temperature constituting 10% of the model. Habitat suitability was related to areas where nontargeted fisheries may impact whale sharks through bycatch, entanglement and ship strikes. The implications for the conservation of whale sharks should be considered for management decisions in terms of marine protected areas, fishing refugees or bans, and other regulations regarding fisheries activities.
Ultrasound‐assisted heat pump intermittent drying of adzuki bean seeds: Drying characteristics and parameter optimization
Authors: Yang Zongyu , Yang Zhao , Yu Fei , Tao Zhichao 
Published: August 2020

AbstractTo avoid the damage to seed quality and the extra energy consumption due to long time application of ultrasound, the feasibility of ultrasound‐assisted heat pump intermittent drying was studied. The effects of temperature, ultrasound power and intermittency ratio on the drying characteristics of adzuki bean seeds was investigated. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the three parameters to evaluate their combined influence on effective moisture diffusivity (Deff), specific energy consumption, and germination percentage (GP). The results showed the introduction of intermittent process was of great significance to reduce energy consumption, but its influence on seed germination was not as good as expected. High GP could be obtained at low‐temperature drying with a proper fixed ultrasound power assisted. Proper ultrasound application had significant enhancing of drying characteristics of adzuki bean seeds. However, high power ultrasound would cause structural damage and weaken the seed viability through scanning electron microscopy analysis. Additionally, the optimum drying parameters determined by RSM were 37.10°C of temperature, 102.80 W of ultrasound power, and 0.59 of intermittency ratio. The results of verification experiments all performed better than the predicted values, proving the optimality of the combined drying strategy.Practical applicationsUltrasound technology has been confirmed to enhance drying in the food processing field. However, some problems caused by ultrasound such as extra energy consumption and uncertain impact on product quality have been controversial. In this case, intermittent drying was applied in the ultrasound‐assisted heat pump system and the results confirmed the proposed drying technique could solve or alleviate these problems. The exploration of the optimum drying parameters based on response surface methodology further proved that it is suitable to introduce ultrasound assistance and intermittent treatment during heat pump drying. Under the general trend of reducing energy consumption and pursuing high drying quality, the proposed drying technique is extraordinarily promising.
Impact of Weight Status on the Cardiopulmonary Fitness Outcome of a School‐Based Physical Activity Program
Authors: Moon Rena C. , Cunningham Solveig A. , Gazmararian Julie 
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe effectiveness of school‐based physical activity interventions for improving cardiopulmonary fitness (CPF) of overweight and obese children is not well established. In this study, we evaluated whether overweight and obese children had similar changes in body mass index (BMI) and CPF as normal weight children after participating in a program for one academic year.METHODSUsing purposive sampling at the school level, we selected 16 program and 7 control schools in a large metropolitan area in the Southeast during the 2015‐2016 academic year. In these schools, 3396 fourth‐graders participated with parental consent. Of these, 2332 (68.7%) participated in BMI measures and 1780 (52.4%) in Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) measures for CPF at two time points.RESULTSStudents of all weight statuses pre‐program did not show changes in BMI after program implementation. All students showed statistically significant improvements in the PACER test at follow‐up, regardless of their participation in the program. However, overweight and obese children showed less improvement in CPF level than their normal weight classmates, regardless of their participation in the program.CONCLUSIONSpecial attention for improving engagements of overweight and obese children may be needed to achieve improvements in their CPF level similar to that of normal weight students.
Factors associated with the level of knowledge about hypertension in Malaysia: A short communication
Authors: Mohammed Ali Haider , Hassan Bassam Abdul Rasool , Suhaimi Azyyati Mohd , Blebil Ali , Dujaili Juman 
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to identify factors that have a correlation with hypertensive patients’ knowledge in Malaysia.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey and face-to-face interview methods were applied, and 1000 Malaysian adults were recruited to be involved in this study. The study was carried out in Hospital Kuala Lumpur, and self-administered questionnaire was adopted from previous literature study.

Key findings
Most respondents were female, and the mean age was 48 years old. Analytical test showed that there is an association between gender, age, race, location, education level, and source of information and their knowledge about hypertension. The odds of knowledge were higher among female, urban, higher level of education, young (≤50 years old), and Chinese and Malay respondents and those who got their information from health professionals.

Conclusions
There are several factors have a great impact on hypertension knowledge in Malaysia; hence, understanding them makes it possible for the community to change public policies and educational programmes for the population that need it the most.
Deletion of csn2 gene affects acid tolerance and exopolysaccharide synthesis in Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Zhang Anqi , Chen Jiamin , Gong Tao , Lu Miao , Tang Boyu , Zhou Xuedong , Li Yuqing 
Published: August 2020

AbstractCsn2 is an important protein of the CRISPR‐Cas system. The physiological function of this protein and its regulatory role in Streptococcus mutans, as the primary causative agent of human dental caries, is still unclear. In this study, we investigated whether csn2 deletion would affect S. mutans physiology and virulence gene expression. We used microscopic imaging, acid killing assays, pH drop, biofilm formation, and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production tests to determine whether csn2 deletion influenced S. mutans colony morphology, acid tolerance/production, and glucan formation abilities. Comparisons were made between quantitative Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT‐PCR) data from the UA159 and csn2 deletion strain to determine the impact of csn2 knockout on S. mutans gene expression. The results showed that deletion of S. mutans csn2 changed its colony morphotype and made it more sensitive to acid. The expression levels of aciduricity genes, including leuA, leuB, leuC, and leuD, were significantly down‐regulated. Acid adaptation restored the aciduricity of csn2 mutant and enhanced the ability to synthesize EPS. The expression levels of EPS synthesis‐related genes, including gtfC and gtfD, were significantly up‐regulated after acid adaptation. In summary, deletion of S. mutans csn2 exerted multiple effects on the virulence traits of this pathogen, including acid tolerance and EPS formation, and that these alterations could partially be attributed to changes in gene expression upon loss of csn2. Understanding the function of csn2 in S. mutans might lead to novel strategies to prevent or treat imbalances in oral microbiota that may favor diseases.
Pediatric retransplantation of the liver: A prognostic scoring tool
Authors: Vock David M. , Kuehne Alexander , Northrop Elise F. , Matas Arthur J. , Larson Nath Catherine , Chinnakotla Srinath 
Published: August 2020

AbstractFew prognostic models have been created in children that receive liver retransplantation (rLT). We examined the SRTR database of 731 children that underwent second liver transplant between 2002 and 2018. Proportional hazards models using backward variable selection were used to identify recipient, donor, and surgical characteristics associated with survival. A simple prognostic scoring system or nomogram (ie, each risk factor was weighted on a five‐point scale) was constructed based on the fitted model. Recipient age (P < .001), MELD/PELD (P < .001), recipient ventilated (P = .003), donor cause of death (P = .024), graft type (P = .045), first graft loss due to biliary tract complications (P = .048), and survival time of the first graft (P = .006) were significant predictors of retransplant survival. The bias‐corrected Harrell's C‐index for the multivariable model was 0.63. Survival was significantly different (P < .001) for those at low risk (0‐4 points), medium risk (5‐7 points), and high risk (8+ points). Survival was equivalent between low risk pediatric second transplant recipients and pediatric primary liver transplant recipients (P = .67) but significantly worse for medium‐ (P < .001) and high‐risk (P < .001) recipients. With simple clinical characteristics, this scoring tool can modestly discriminate between those children at high risk and those children at low risk of poor outcomes after second liver transplant.
Antennal sensitivity to female sex pheromone compounds of Spodoptera frugiperda males (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and associated field behaviour
Authors: Cruz‐Esteban Samuel 
Published: August 2020

AbstractThe fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the most important insect pests of corn, sorghum, rice, and grasses. The sex pheromone produced by S. frugiperda is composed of a mixture of esters. In this study, I determined the antennal responses of FAW males from 22 populations in Mexico to the components of the sex pheromone of this species: (Z)‐7‐dodecenyl acetate (Z7‐12:OAc), (Z)‐9‐tetradecenyl acetate (Z9‐14:OAc), and (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate (Z11‐16:OAc) at four doses (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 μg). In addition, I evaluated the behavioural activity of single compounds in the field. The largest antennal responses of FAW males from all the sampled regions were elicited by Z9‐14:OAc (all doses evaluated) and Z7‐12:OAc (0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg). The male antennal responses evoked by Z11‐16:OAc were smaller but similar to responses to Z7‐12:OAc at lower doses (0.01 and 0.1 μg). In the field test, Z9‐14:OAc produced significantly higher captures of S. frugiperda males compared to Z7‐12:AOc and Z11‐16:OAc. Antennal responses were related to captures obtained in the field, supported by the positive correlation of these variables [electroantennography (EAG) response and behaviour], with the exception of Z7‐12:OAc, which elicited relatively large EAG responses but did not produce high captures of S. frugiperda. These results are of importance to agriculture, enabling the implementation of better methods of monitoring and controlling this pest, and support the suggestion that a mixture of Z9‐14:OAc and Z7‐12:OAc could represent an effective attractant for all evaluated populations of S. frugiperda in Mexico.
Bayesian Analysis of Tests with Unknown Specificity and Sensitivity
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Carpenter Bob 
Published: August 2020

SummaryWhen testing for a rare disease, prevalence estimates can be highly sensitive to uncertainty in the specificity and sensitivity of the test. Bayesian inference is a natural way to propagate these uncertainties, with hierarchical modelling capturing variation in these parameters across experiments. Another concern is the people in the sample not being representative of the general population. Statistical adjustment cannot without strong assumptions correct for selection bias in an opt-in sample, but multilevel regression and post-stratification can at least adjust for known differences between the sample and the population. We demonstrate hierarchical regression and post-stratification models with code in Stan and discuss their application to a controversial recent study of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in a sample of people from the Stanford University area. Wide posterior intervals make it impossible to evaluate the quantitative claims of that study regarding the number of unreported infections. For future studies, the methods described here should facilitate more accurate estimates of disease prevalence from imperfect tests performed on non-representative samples.
Shale Digital Core Image Generation Based on Generative Adversarial Networks
Authors: Zha Wenshu , Li Xingbao , Li Daolun , Xing Yan , He Lei , Tan Jieqing 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Stochastic reconstruction of digital core images is a vital part of digital core physics analysis, aiming to generate representative microstructure samples for sampling and uncertainty quantification analysis. This paper proposes a novel reconstruction method of the digital core of shale based on generative adversarial networks (GANs) with powerful capabilities of the generation of samples. GANs are a series of unsupervised generative artificial intelligence models that take the noise vector as an input. In this paper, the GANs with a generative and a discriminative network are created respectively, and the shale image with 45 nm/pixel preprocessed by the three-value-segmentation method is used as training samples. The generative network is used to learn the distribution of real training samples, and the discriminative network is used to distinguish real samples from synthetic ones. Finally, realistic digital core samples of shale are successfully reconstructed through the adversarial training process. We used the Fréchet inception distance (FID) and Kernel inception distance (KID) to evaluate the ability of GANs to generate real digital core samples of shale. The comparison of the morphological characteristics between them, such as the ratio of organic matter and specific surface area of organic matter, indicates that real and reconstructed samples are highly close. The results show that deep convolutional generative adversarial networks with full convolution properties can reconstruct digital core samples of shale effectively. Therefore, compared with the classical methods of reconstruction, the new reconstruction method is more promising.
Investigation of Gasoline Compression Ignition for Combustion Control
Authors: Ravaglioli Vittorio , Ponti Fabrizio , De Cesare Matteo 
Published: August 2020

Abstract
Future emission regulations for internal combustion engines require increasingly stringent reductions of engine-out emissions, especially NOx and particulate matter (PM), together with the continuous improvement of engine efficiency. In the current scenario, even though compression-ignited engines are still considered the most efficient and reliable technology for automotive applications, the use of diesel-like fuels has become a critical issue, since it is usually not compatible with the required emissions reduction. A large amount of research and experimentation is being carried out to investigate the combined use of compression-ignited engines and gasoline-like fuels, which proved to be very promising, especially in case the fuel is directly injected in the combustion chamber at high pressure. This work investigates the combustion process occurring in a light-duty compression-ignited engine while directly injecting only gasoline. A specific experimental setup has been designed to guarantee combustion stability over the whole operating range that is achieved controlling boost pressure and temperature together with all the injection parameters of the multijet pattern. The analysis of the experimental data clearly highlights how the variation of the control parameters affect the ignition process of small amounts of directly injected gasoline and the maximum achievable efficiency. In particular, the analysis of the sensitivity to the injection parameters allows identifying an ignition delay model and the key control parameters that might be varied to guarantee a robust control of combustion phasing within the cycle.