bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amyloid and Amyloid-Like Aggregates: Diversity and the Term Crisis
Authors: Matiiv A. B. , Trubitsina N. P. , Matveenko A. G. , Barbitoff Y. A. , Zhouravleva G. A. , Bondarev S. A. 
Published: September 2020

AbstractActive accumulation of the data on new amyloids continuing nowadays dissolves boundaries of the term “amyloid”. Currently, it is most often used to designate aggregates with cross-β structure. At the same time, amyloids also exhibit a number of other unusual properties, such as: detergent and protease resistance, interaction with specific dyes, and ability to induce transition of some proteins from a soluble form to an aggregated one. The same features have been also demonstrated for the aggregates lacking cross-β structure, which are commonly called “amyloid-like” and combined into one group, although they are very diverse. We have collected and systematized information on the properties of more than two hundred known amyloids and amyloid-like proteins with emphasis on conflicting examples. In particular, a number of proteins in membraneless organelles form aggregates with cross-β structure that are morphologically indistinguishable from the other amyloids, but they can be dissolved in the presence of detergents, which is not typical for amyloids. Such paradoxes signify the need to clarify the existing definition of the term amyloid. On the other hand, the demonstrated structural diversity of the amyloid-like aggregates shows the necessity of their classification.
Teaching clinicians shared decision making and risk communication online: an evaluation study
Authors: Hoffmann Tammy C , Del Mar Chris , Santhirapala Ramai , Freeman Alexandra 
Published: September 2020

Objectives
To describe the development and initial evaluation of a brief e-learning course as a means of teaching shared decision making and risk communication skills to clinicians of all specialties.

Design
Comparison pre-course and post-course of scores in subjective confidence and objective knowledge about shared decision making and risk communication.

Setting
Online and open to all specialties and levels of clinical experience, including students.

Participants
The course is freely available online and all who started the course from September 2018 to May 2020 were invited to participate in the evaluation study.

Intervention
The self-guided e-learning course is made up of four modules and takes approximately 2 hours to complete. It is hosted on the website of the Winton Centre for Risk Communication and the UK’s National Health Service e-learning platform.

Main outcome measures
Pre-course and post-course confidence in performing shared decision making (as measured by a 10-item scale adapted from the OPTION tool; total score range 10–50), and objective knowledge about basic principles of shared decision making and risk communication, as measured by performance on four knowledge questions and three calculations. At course commencement, a single item from the Berlin Numeracy Test, and the eight-item Subjective Numeracy Test were also asked.

Results
Of 366 unique participants who consented and commenced the course, 210 completed all modules and the final post-course test. Participants’ mean age was 38.1 years, 69% were in current clinical practice and had a mean of 10.5 years of clinical practice. Numeracy was relatively low, with 50.7% correctly answering the Berlin Numeracy Test item pre-course. Participants who completed the course showed a significant improvement in their confidence by a mean summed score of 3.7 units (95% CI 2.9 to 4.6, p<0.0001) from a mean pre-course of 37.4 (SD 6.1) to post-course of 41.1 (SD 6.9). There was an increase in the proportion of correct answers for most knowledge questions (p<0.0001, p=0.013 for two directly compared), although no improvement in most skill questions that involved numbers (eg, calculating relative risks). Participants with higher numeracy appeared to show higher skill and confidence on most questions.

Conclusions
This online, free e-learning course was successful in increasing participants’ confidence in, and some aspects of knowledge about, shared decision making and risk communication. It also highlighted the need for improvements in clinicians’ numerical skills as a vital part of training. We suggest that the course is used in combination with practical face-to-face experience and more intensive numerical skills training.
Regulation of the K
ATP
-JNK gap junction signaling pathway by immunomodulator astragaloside IV attenuates neuropathic pain
Authors: Dai Wen-Ling , Zhang Li , Han Liu , Yang Xing , Hu Liang , Miao Chen , Song Ling , Xiao Hang , Liu Ji-Hua , Liu Wen-Tao 
Published: September 2020

Background and objectives
Gap junctions play a pivotal role in contributing to the formation of astroglial networks and in chronic pain. However, the mechanisms underlying the dysfunction of astroglial gap junctions in chronic pain have not been fully elucidated.

Methods
Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve was used to establish rat neuropathic pain model. C6 cells were used to perform experiments in vitro. Von Frey hairs and Hargreave’s method were used to determine the withdrawal threshold of rats. Protein expression was detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting.

Results

Astragaloside IV (AST IV) significantly attenuated neuropathic pain and suppressed the excitation of spinal astrocytes in rats with CCI. The antinociceptive effect of AST IV was reversed by the gap junction decoupler carbenoxolone (CBX). AST IV inhibited the high expression of phosphorylated connexin 43 (p-Cx43) and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) in spinal cord of rats with CCI. JNK inhibitor alleviated neuropathic pain, which was reversed by CBX. JNK inhibitor decreased the high expression of p-Cx43 in both rats with CCI and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-treated C6 cells. Additionally, the analgesic effect of AST IV was reversed by the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (K
ATP
) channel blocker, glibenclamide (Glib). Glib abolished the inhibitory effects of AST IV on p-JNK and p-Cx43 both in vivo and in vitro. K
ATP
channel opener (KCO) mimicked the inhibitory effects of AST IV on p-JNK and p-Cx43 in TNF-α-treated C6 cells.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that the sciatic nerve CCI induces the dysfunction of gap junctions in the spinal cord by activating K
ATP
/JNK signaling to contribute to neuropathic pain. AST IV attenuates neuropathic pain via regulating the K
ATP
-JNK gap junction axis.
Suspected venous air embolism during thoracic limb amputation in a dog
Authors: Bautista Díaz‐Delgado Oscar , Campagna Ivo 
Published: September 2020

SUMMARYA six‐year‐old dog was anaesthetised for the amputation of her left forequarter. Preoperative haematology, biochemistry and physical examination were unremarkable. Twenty minutes into surgery, a sudden decrease in end tidal carbon dioxide (50–14 mm Hg) and arterial haemoglobin oxygen saturation (95–87 per cent) was noted. After briefly excluding some differentials, an iatrogenic venous air embolism (VAE) was suspected secondary to the dissection of the axillary vein. The vein was clamped and mechanical ventilation initiated delivering 100 per cent oxygen. The surgery was completed, the dog was recovered and closely monitored. The animal was discharged three days after the event. This article discusses the pathophysiology, diagnosis, different treatments and outcome of a suspected VAE. This case emphasises the importance of an early recognition of this complication during procedures such as limb amputations.
Rational nonlinear electrodynamics causes the inflation of the universe
Authors: Kruglov S. I. 
Published: September 2020

The source of the universe inflation is electromagnetic fields obeying rational nonlinear electrodynamics proposed earlier. Within this model the singularities of the electric field at the center of charges, the Ricci scalar, the Ricci tensor squared and the Kretschmann scalar are absent. We consider the universe which is filled by stochastic magnetic fields. It is demonstrated that the inflation lasts approximately [Formula: see text] s with the reasonable [Formula: see text]-folding number [Formula: see text]. The inflation starts from de Sitter space–time and after the universe inflation end it decelerates approaching the radiation era.
Dhimmī-s de la Syrie rurale et institutions mameloukes: de l’utilisation de la théorie shāfiʿite à l’autonomie juridictionnelle du Patriarcat maronite d’après cinq actes d’achat inédits (IXe/XVe siècle)
Authors: Halawi Wissam H. , Voguet Élise 
Published: September 2020

Résumé
Cet article propose l’édition-traduction de cinq actes de vente notariés inédits, qui décrivent l’achat de terres au profit du Patriarcat maronite de Qannūbīn au IXe/XVe siècle. Ils attestent la reconnaissance de cette institution ecclésiastique par les autorités mameloukes, si bien que ses représentants pouvaient conclure des transactions pour son compte, ce devant le substitut du cadi shāfi‘ite. S’ensuit le respect et l’utilisation par le Patriarcat de la théorie juridique et notariale islamique laquelle règlemente la pratique commerciale entre dhimmī-s mais aussi entre musulmans et non-musulmans. Ces documents fournissent en sus des indications sur le statut et la nature des terres dans cette région et sur le montant du kharāj. L’acte V, établi par une autorité notariale chrétienne, reflète l’autonomie des institutions dhimmī-s sous les Mamelouks ; sa reproduction et conservation montrent également le besoin du Patriarcat d’apporter à tout moment une preuve de propriété de ses biens immeubles.
Vernacular Legalism in the Ottoman Empire: Confession, Law, and Popular Politics in the Debate over the “Religion of Abraham (millet-i Ibrāhīm)”
Authors: Shafir Nir 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In the seventeenth century, Ottoman jurists repeatedly tried to stop Muslims from stating that they “belonged to the religion of Abraham.” A century earlier, however, the expression had been a core part of the new confessional identity of the empire’s Muslims. This article explores how the phrase changed from an attestation of faith to a sign of heresy through a study of a short pamphlet by Minḳārīzāde Yaḥyā Efendi. Minḳārīzāde argued that the use of the phrase is not permissible and addressed his arguments not to learned scholars, but to the semi-educated. I argue that Minḳārīzāde’s pamphlet provides a glimpse into “vernacular legalism” in action in the Ottoman Empire, that is, how semi-educated audiences received and understood legal debates and subsequently turned law into a space of popular politics.
A new tree-spider crab of the genus Leptarma (Brachyura, Sesarmidae) from mangroves in Kerala, India
Authors: Ng Peter K. L. , Devi Suvarna S. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
A new species of long-legged sesarmid crab of the Leptarma leptosoma (Hilgendorf, 1869) species-group is described from mangroves in south-western India. In the general carapace features as well as in the proportions of the long ambulatory legs, L. biju n. sp. is most similar to L. gracilipes (Li, Rahayu & Ng, 2018), from eastern Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, but can easily be distinguished by the structure of the gonopods as well as the leg proportions.
Update on crustaceans known from the Amazonian continental shelf and adjacent oceanic areas
Authors: Silva K. C. A. , Cintra I. H. A. , Ramos-Porto M. , Viana G. F. S. , Abrunhosa F. A. , Cruz R. 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
The major biodiversity on the planet is present in coastal and oceanic environments, despite this, on the northern continental shelf of Brazil, data on most of the marine groups still are deficient, especially in areas deeper than 20 m and in the continental slope area. This lack of data is aggravated by high fisheries exploitation, which causes a decline in large, abundant populations, even leading them to threat of extinction. Among that marine biodiversity, no group has a larger morphological variety than crustaceans. In this scenario, knowledge about the local biodiversity, its richness and seasonality, is essential for a qualified fisheries management. The Amazon continental shelf has one of the largest shrimp fisheries in the country, and due to the ecological and economic importance that crustaceans have in the region, a detailed study on their diversity is necessary. In this article, we use data collected in the Revizee Program. We identified 91 species: crabs (32.97%), shrimp (28.57%), anomurans (10.99%), soft crabs (10.99%), lobsters (9.89%), stomatopods (4.40%) and isopods (2.20%). The State of Amapá had fewer species () compared to Pará (). The data analysis shows there is a lack of knowledge about the real biodiversity present on the Amazon continental shelf.
Critiquing the Ambivalent Spatialities of Resilience: the European Union’s Economic Policies on Promoting Resilience in Africa
Authors: Gudalov Nikolay 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
In this article I aim to critically clarify the spatial dimensions of the notion of resilience, particularly in economic policies important for development. The EU’s policies towards Africa, specifically the External Investment Plan (EIP) and the European Investment Bank’s Economic Resilience Initiative (ERI), provide an empirical illustration. Within International Relations, theorizations have sometimes lacked logical clarity, risked overemphasizing the local factors influencing resilience, and undertheorizing the external ones. Resilience is not wholly determined at a given local scale. There are also influences external to the scale, including other resilience’s scales. There may be tradeoffs between scales. Building upon local resources boosts resilience, but understanding the local as decontextualized does not. External help to local populations and bearing due responsibility support resilience, but external interventionism and/or one scale excessively depending on another do not. The EIP’s and the ERI’s problems illustrate those visions of the external and local that affect resilience rather negatively.
Perceptions of Foreign Governance by African Youth
Authors: Dodo Obediah 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This study explores the thoughts of the youth about foreign powers’ governance. The concept of African Governance Architecture underpins the study. A review of archival material and other relevant publications and policy documents shows that youth have condemned Western prescriptions for the improvement of their economies and general governance systems, describing them as an attempt at re-colonization and an infringement on their sovereignty. Some have also rubbished foreign advice as ‘alien’ and irrelevant to their needs and problems. In view of the serious levels of suspicion, there is need for stakeholders to appropriately socialize and educate each other on the ideals of governance. The study also established that youth in Africa have been pounded with an ideology and doctrine that may require a lot of investment to undo.
Next Generation Environmental Assessment in the Emerging High Seas Regime? An Evaluation of the State of the Negotiations
Authors: Doelle Meinhard , Sander Gunnar 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
This article evaluates prospects for an effective environmental assessment (EA) regime through the biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (BBNJ) process and suggests improvements to the results of the negotiations as of March 2020. The review starts by offering key elements of existing international law as it relates to EA as context. Twelve elements of ‘Next Generation EA’ are introduced as a standard against which to evaluate the results of the negotiations and as inspiration for the EA elements of a new legally binding instrument. While the negotiations have established a reasonably solid basis for effective project level assessments, further improvements are needed. Much more work remains on regional and strategic assessments and the proper integration of the EA regime into effective governance of the world’s ocean.
Implementing International Watercourses Law through the WEF Nexus and SDGs: an Integrated Approach Illustrated in the Zambezi River Basin
Authors: Yihdego Zeray , Gibson Julie 
Published: September 2020

Abstract
International watercourses law, as primarily codified in the UN Watercourses Convention which reflects the basic principles of customary international water law, provides only a broad framework for states to follow. It does not explicitly address the trade-offs of water uses across multiple sectors, such as energy and food, and the interplay between water and sustainable development. These gaps could be filled by turning to policy frameworks such as the Water-Energy-Food Nexus (WEF) and the global development agendas, such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This monograph argues that utilizing these frameworks in an integrated manner, could aid riparian states and non-state actors in the consideration of competing water uses, thereby helping to resolve tensions and promoting cooperation among concerned states, as demonstrated using the Zambezi River Basin as a case study.
Subcutaneous Ports for Chronic Nerve Cuff and Intramuscular Electrode Stimulation in Animal Models
Authors: Heaton James T. , Kobler James B. , Ottensmeyer Mark P. , Petrillo Robert H. , Tynan Monica A. , Hillman Robert E. , Zeitels Steven M. 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveTracking recovery after nerve injury may require many intermittent assessments over long periods, preferably with non‐ or minimally invasive methods. We developed subcutaneous electrical connection ports (ECPs) for repeated connection to nerve cuff or intramuscular electrodes via transdermal needles and evaluated them during studies of laryngeal reinnervation.Study DesignAnimal experiment.SettingLaboratory.MethodsECPs were designed and 3‐dimensionally printed for connection to bipolar electrodes with biocompatible polymers. Dual compartments filled with conductive silicone capped with nonconductive silicone were used to make the connections between electrode leads and transdermally inserted needles. Ten dogs (19‐29 kg) were implanted with 22 ECPs. In 7 dogs, 11 electrodes were placed on recurrent laryngeal nerves proximal to transection and suture repair to track laryngeal reinnervation. In 6 dogs, 8 spinal accessory nerve cuff electrodes were used to stimulate neck muscle contraction. In 2 dogs, 3 electrodes were implanted in the thyroarytenoid muscle. Stimulation thresholds, electromyography, and videolaryngoscopic imaging were obtained in 156 tests over survival periods up to 32 months. Stimulation data provided information about ECP performance.ResultsECPs added negligible resistance to electrodes (mean ± SD, 2.14 ± 0.9 Ω). Despite some electrode leads breaking distally, ECPs were reliable and well tolerated at implant sites and enabled periodic assessment of nerve and muscle function over the time course of laryngeal reinnervation. Histology showed ECP encapsulation as thin layers of connective tissue and minimal acute inflammation.ConclusionCustom ECPs are easily fabricated and cause little tissue reaction over months to years of subcutaneous implantation, facilitating long‐term physiologic studies.
Implications of Treatment Modality on Chronic Opioid Use Following Treatment for Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Bollig Craig A. , Kinealy Brian P. , Gilley David R. , Clark Andrew D. , Galloway Tabitha L.I. , Zitsch Robert P. , Jorgensen Jeffrey B. , Biedermann Gregory B. 
Published: September 2020

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between treatment modality and chronic opioid use in a large cohort of patients with head and neck cancer.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingSingle academic center.MethodsThere were 388 patients with head and neck cancer treated between January 2011 and December 2017 who met inclusion criteria. Clinical risk factors for opioid use at 3 and 6 months were determined with univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsThe prevalence of opioid use was 43.0% at 3 months and 33.2% at 6 months. On multivariate analysis, primary chemoradiation (odds ratio [OR], 4.04; 95% CI, 1.91‐8.55) and surgery with adjuvant chemoradiation (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.09‐5.26) were associated with opioid use at 3 months. Additional risk factors at that time point included pretreatment opioid use (OR, 7.63; 95% CI, 4.09‐14.21) and decreasing age (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01‐1.06). At 6 months, primary chemoradiation (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.34‐4.28), pretreatment opioid use (OR, 5.86; 95% CI, 3.30‐10.38), current tobacco use (OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.18‐3.40), and psychiatric disorder (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.02‐3.14) were associated with opioid use.ConclusionOf the patients who receive different treatment modalities, those receiving primary chemoradiation are independently at highest risk for chronic opioid use. Other risk factors include pretreatment opioid use, tobacco use, and a psychiatric disorder. In an effort to reduce their risk of chronic opioid use, preventative strategies should be especially directed to these patients.
The relation between the placebo response, observed treatment effect, and failure to meet primary endpoint: A systematic review of clinical trials of preventative pharmacological migraine treatments
Authors: Evans Kathryn , Romero Heather , Spierings Egilius LH , Katz Nathaniel 
Published: September 2020

Objective To evaluate the association between the degree of response to placebo in migraine studies and the observed difference between drug and placebo across studies of preventative treatments for migraine. Methods A systematic review was performed using MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials from January 1988 to June 2019. Randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trials on oral or injection preventative treatments for migraine were included. Single- and multi-variable linear regression analyses were performed on the placebo-subtracted response rate (i.e. placebo responders subtracted from active responders), and the proportion of placebo responders. Fisher’s exact tests were performed on the level of placebo response and the success in meeting the study’s primary endpoint. Results After adjusting for route of administration and number of randomized subjects, there was a statistically significant association between the proportion of patients who were placebo responders and the placebo-subtracted response rate (b = −0.27, p = 0.02). There was a statistically significant difference in trial success rate (60%) between studies with ≤20% placebo responders and studies with > 30% placebo responders ( p = 0.03). Conclusion Considering the detrimental impact that high placebo response can have on clinical trials, it is imperative to find effective solutions to decrease the placebo response and increase assay sensitivity.
Delivering CaRMS Transparency: Applicant Review and Selection Process of a Single-Center Diagnostic Radiology Residency Training Program
Authors: Cherpak Lindsay , Chan Jason , Verma Raman , McInnes Matthew D. F. , Hibbert Rebecca 
Published: September 2020

Purpose: To report the current application review and selection process in our Canadian diagnostic radiology program at the University of Ottawa for both Canadian and international medical graduates. Application Review and Selection Process: Submitted applications fulfilling institutional requirements were selected for a detailed file review after preliminary screening. A diverse group of file reviewers and interviewers was selected. Interviews were offered based on file review score sheet outcomes. Each interviewer generated a postinterview rank list. Applicants were reviewed and discussed from highest to lowest rank based on a preliminary compiled rank list generated from the average of the postinterview rank lists. Group discussion and a consensus model were used to create a final applicant rank list. Conclusions: We outlined our systematic, consistent selection process which aligns with current best practices. This description may inform other programs wishing to adopt or optimize strategies to improve candidate assessments and selection processes.